bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Infant and Toddler Curiosity Questionnaire: A validated caregiver-report measure of curiosity in children from 5 to 24 months
Authors: Altmann Elena C. , Bazhydai Marina , Karadağ Didar , Westermann Gert
Published: March 2024

Humans are curious. Especially children are known for their drive to explore and learn, which is crucial for developing in and navigating through our complex world. Naturally, some children may be more curious than others, leading to differences in how they structure their own learning experiences, subsequently impacting their developmental trajectories. However, there is a gap in the research field for a reliable measure of such differences early in development. Across three studies, we present the development and assessment of the Infant and Toddler Curiosity Questionnaire (ITCQ), the first caregiver report measure to fill this gap. Items cover observable exploration behaviours in 5- to 24-month-olds to capture general tendencies of their desire to actively explore their immediate surroundings and are evaluated on a 7-point Likert-scale. Exploratory factor analyses and structural equation modelling on a sample of N = 370 UK caregivers led to the final selection of 23 items and provided evidence that the scale is unidimensional enough to allow for an overall curiosity score, whereas three emergent sub-factors of exploration types (sensory, investigative, and social exploration) showed acceptable internal consistency explaining additional variance in the data. Furthermore, the scale had good test-retest reliability after 7 to 14 days (N = 67) and related to the child’s temperament (N = 75; positively with surgency and effortful control, negatively with negative affect) offering evidence of its validity as a trait measure. Together, these results strongly support the scale’s reliability and validity, showcasing the ITCQ as a powerful tool for developmental research.
The role of intrinsic reward in adolescent word learning
Authors: Bains Amrita , Ripolles Pablo , Krishnan Saloni
Published: March 2024

Relatively little work has focused on why we are motivated to learn words. In adults, a new series of experiments has shown that intrinsic reward signals accompany successful word learning from context. In addition, this experience of reward facilitated long-term memory for words. In adolescence, developmental changes are seen in both reward and motivation systems, as well as in reading and language systems. Here, in the face of this developmental change, we ask whether adolescents experience reward from word learning, and how the reward and memory benefit seen in adults is modulated by age. We used a naturalistic reading paradigm, which involved extracting novel word meanings from sentence context without the need for explicit feedback. By exploring ratings of enjoyment during the learning phase, as well as recognition memory for words a day later, we assessed whether adolescents show the same reward and learning patterns as adults. We tested 345 children between the ages of 10-18 (N>84 in each 2-year age-band) using this paradigm. We found evidence for our first prediction: children aged 10-18 report greater enjoyment for successful word learning. However, we did not find evidence for age-related change in this developmental period, or memory benefits. This work gives us greater insight into the process of language acquisition and sets the stage for further investigations of intrinsic reward in typical and atypical development.
On Shocks
Authors: Khan Tariq
Published: March 2024

A speculative and philosophical essay on the possibility of gene pool regulation of large-scale human population, akin to ant colonies in Nature. Human gene pools are considered as oscillating entities wavering between expansionist, peaceful, and open phases, to phases of consolidated, militaristic, and closed societies. Religion is considered as a beneficial evolutionary fitness creation to help safeguard excess extremism during consolidated phases and as a critical archive of techniques to assist populations when presented with rare and dangerous existential shocks.
Losing the thread: How three- and five-year-olds predict the outcome of a story when non-literal language is used to update events.
Authors: Prendergast Claire
Published: March 2024

How do children learn to interpret nonliteral utterances nonliterally? A multidisciplinary report highlighting the role of reasoning about abstract meanings in nonliteral language comprehension is presented to shed light on why young children struggle to infer some, but not all, nonliteral meanings. An experimental paradigm using picture selection is then used to test differences in three- and five-year-old’s predictions when idioms are used to update stories. Norwegian-speaking children (N=162; N=86 females) are asked to predict story outcomes that are based on cognitive heuristics. The results show that five-year-olds are more likely than three-year-olds to choose literal interpretations of idioms as outcomes (δ = 0.12). Five-year-olds choose the correct outcome more when there is no literal outcome available (δ=0.15). The increase in literalism observed with age is explained through development in metalinguistic reflexivity. This suggests that children may increasingly hold speakers at their word, enabling access to abstract meanings over time.
Cognitive Economics: Minds and Markets as Complex Systems
Authors: Johnson Samuel Gregory Blane , Schotanus Patrick R. , Kelso JA Scott
Published: March 2024

This article reviews cognitive economics—an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses the tools of cognitive science to study economic and social decision-making. Despite its eclecticism, Cognitive Economics shares several intellectual commitments: (i) Conceptualizing minds and markets each as complex adaptive systems; (ii) Bridging cognitive, behavioral, and systems levels of analysis; and (iii) Embracing interdisciplinary approaches, including social sciences beyond the traditional scope of cognitive science. We describe three ongoing research programs that strive toward these goals: (i) The study of narratives as a cognitive and social representation used to guide decision-making; (ii) The use of cognitively informed agent based models; and (iii) Understanding markets as an extended mind, analyzed using the concepts, methods, and tools of Coordination Dynamics.
Social Identities Increase Susceptibility to Congruent Misinformation: Testing Norm and Nudge Interventions
Authors: Cosgrove Tylor , Bahr Mark , Fritzon Katarina
Published: March 2024

The study examined strength of social identities and susceptibility to misinformation congruent with ideology. We find robust evidence across various social identities, that the strength of identity plays a crucial role in susceptibility. Testing an established and novel intervention, we find some support that interventions priming participants to consider how their social identities influence their evaluation of information may be effective in reducing susceptibility to misinformation.
Aphantasia and alexithymia predict complex PTSD symptoms
Authors: Ale Emmanual , Burns Edwin James
Published: March 2024

Aphantasia is characterised by a complete, or almost complete, absence of visual imagery. Prior work has hinted that these individuals may experience qualitative alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) in contrast to neurotypicals. However, higher levels of alexithymia (i.e., difficulties identifying one’s own emotions) and trauma exposure have been linked to PTSD and possibly aphantasia. We therefore wondered if aphantasia would be associated with the most widely used PTSD symptom measures (i.e., the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5: PCL-5; and the International Trauma Questionnaire: ITQ) when alexithymia, trauma levels, sex at birth and age were considered. We replicated prior work in finding alexithymia positively predicts symptoms across all PTSD and complex PTSD measures, their subscales, and their related functional impairments. By contrast, aphantasia was not clearly linked to PTSD symptoms in global PCL-5 or ITQ scores, nor in any of the PCL-5 subscales. Despite this, aphantasia was associated with a reduction in the ITQ’s re-experiencing of traumatic events subscale, and an increase in complex PTSD symptoms, i.e., disturbances in self-organization and its related functional impairments, negative self-concepts, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Given their elevated levels of complex PTSD symptoms, those with aphantasia may require greater support than is currently considered. Moreover, these findings support suggestions that the disturbances in self-organisation associated with complex PTSD may be partially distinct from the core symptoms of PTSD.
Development of self-derivation through memory integration and relations with world knowledge
Authors: Bauer Patricia , Dugan Jessica A , Cronin-Golomb Lucy M. , Lee Katherine , Del Solar Britney , Hanft Melanie , Miller Alissa G.
Published: March 2024

Accumulating world knowledge is a major task. Self-derivation through integration seemingly is a valid model of the process. To test the model, we examined relations between generation and retention of new factual knowledge via self-derivation through integration and world knowledge as measured by standardized tests. Participants were 162 children ages 8-12 years (53% female; 6% Asian, 1% Arab, 15% Black, 66% White, 5% mixed race, 7% unreported; 9% Latinx). Age accounted for a maximum of 4% of variance in self-derivation and retention. In contrast, substantial individual variability related to general knowledge and content knowledge in several domains, explaining 20%-40% variance. The findings imply that individual variability in self-derivation has functional consequences for accumulation of semantic knowledge across the elementary-school years.
Assessing diversity and representativeness of big team science in psychology [Stage 1 RR Protocol]
Authors: liu weibiao , Ghai Sakshi , Forscher Patrick S. , Chuan-Peng Hu
Published: March 2024

Psychological science has a persistent diversity problem: samples, authors, and journal editors are predominantly from the Global North. Big team science, characterized by collaborative projects involving researchers worldwide, has emerged as a potential solution to these diversity and generalizability concerns. Despite its widespread adoption and claims of increased generalizability, the actual impact of big team science on improving diversity and representation in psychological studies remains unknown. Here, we plan to systematically examine the diversity and representativeness of big team science by comparing big team science to (1) traditional psychological studies and (2) its target population (the world population or a specific population). Specifically, we will compare the demographics of participants and authors from big team science to the other two sources. In addition, we will examine how socioeconomic/cultural factors might contribute to the presence of researchers and participants in big team science and traditional psychological research in a country/region.
A Taxonomy of Data Synthesis: A Tutorial
Authors: Beck Emorie D , Willroth Emily C , Delius Julia A. M. , Bennett David , Barnes Lisa L. , James Bryan , Lipton Richard , Katz Mindy , Hassing Linda , Huisman Martijn , Mroczek Dan , Graham Eileen Kranz
Published: March 2024

As more data is shared and concerns over the replicability, reproducibility, and generalizability of psychological and other social sciences continue, more researchers aim to conduct multi-study or multi-sample research and synthesize findings via data synthesis, using different parameterizations of individual participant meta-analysis. However, there is no overarching framework organizing different parameterizations and a relatively small number of simulation-based or empirical examples testing or comparing these parameterizations. Thus, this tutorial paper has three main goals. First, we provide an overview of six parameterizations of individual participant meta-analysis, which we organize into a taxonomy based on different features of each parameterization (e.g., sample-specific parameters, meta-analytic parameters, number of models required). Second, using empirical data from 26,205 participants across 11 longitudinal studies, we provide a tutorial estimating each parameterization by investigating prospective meta-analytic and sample-specific associations between the Big Five personality traits and crystallized abilities along with four moderators of these associations. Finally, we compare convergence and divergence of findings across methods. We found that Openness is a robust predictor of crystallized abilities across samples and methods and that there were few moderators of personality trait-crystallized ability associations. Across methods, we largely see convergence in model estimates, with some exceptions. We conclude by making recommendations and providing a flow chart for choosing the most appropriate parameterization of data synthesis given a particular team’s research goals, questions, data availability, and model features.
Is the association between infant regulatory problems and trajectories of childhood co-developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms moderated by early screen media exposure?
Authors: Bilgin Ayten , Sloan Seaneen , Neville Ross D
Published: March 2024

Background: Regulatory problems in infancy are associated with internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories across childhood. It is unknown whether early screen media exposure exacerbates the association between infant regulatory problems and childhood internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories.Methods: We studied 10,170 individuals from the Growing Up in Ireland ’08 cohort. Parents reported on their children’s regulatory problems at 9 months, screen media exposure at 3 years, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 3, 5, 7, and 9 years. Children were categorized based on their patterns of co-developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms using parallel process latent class growth analysis. Subsequently, multinominal logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate whether screen media exposure (>1 hour or >2 hours) moderated the association between regulatory problems in infancy and co-developing internalizing and externalizing symptom classes across childhood. Results: There were four groups of children with distinct patterns of co-developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms: 1) low stable internalizing and low decreasing externalizing symptoms (N= 6236; 61.3%); 2) low stable internalizing and moderate stable externalizing symptoms (N= 2029; 20%); 3) moderate increasing internalizing and moderate decreasing externalizing symptoms (N= 1263; 12.4%); 4) moderate increasing internalizing and high increasing externalizing symptoms (N= 642; 6.3%). Presence of regulatory problems at 9 months and excessive screen media exposure at 3 years (particularly >2 hours) were independently associated with increased likelihood of all classes. Excessive screen media exposure at 3 years did not significantly moderate the association between regulatory problems at 9 months and internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories.Conclusions: Both regulatory problems in infancy and screen media exposure >2 hours in early childhood are early risk factors for the development of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, the association between infant regulatory problems and childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms appears to operate independently of excessive screen media exposure. Clinicians should be aware of, and treat, regulatory problems in infancy to prevent chronic patterns of self-regulatory problems across childhood. Further, they should discuss and advocate for family media plans with parents to help decrease the long-term negative effects on internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Social judgment of Burkinabè immigrants by their peers in the country of origin
Authors: OUOBA Nestor Motemba , NUGIER Armelle , Alnajjar Yara , Badea Constantina
Published: March 2024

The aim of this research was to examine how Burkinabè who emigrated to France are evaluated and approved by their peers in their country of origin (N = 266), depending on the congruency between their acculturation strategies and those preferred by participants. Participants read one of two fictional portraits about a Burkinabè who emigrated to France and who was presented either as having adopted the French culture (assimilation) or as having maintained his original culture (separation). In line with our hypothesis, the target was rated as more moral in the separation condition. In addition, participants who preferred the separation strategy approved more the target who chose the same strategy.
Large Language Models in Psychology: Application in the Context of a Systematic Literature Review.
Authors: Uittenhove Kim , Martinelli Paolo , Roquet Angélique
Published: March 2024

The present study assesses the potential of employing Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of a systematic literature review in psychology. We tasked one of the currently available ChatGPT-4-turbo-preview models from OpenAI with a qualitative coding assignment, which involved identifying elements related to a specific theoretical-analytical framework within 39 scientific empirical papers. We evaluated the quality of LLM-generated outcomes by comparing them with results generated through traditional human coding. In the process, we outlined the capabilities and advantages of using LLMs for systematic literature reviews, including practical considerations for their implementation. Our analyses showed that the LLM produced results that aligned closely with those obtained through traditional human coding. Furthermore, our experience indicated that incorporating LLMs into our research workflow was time- and cost-effective. Our results suggest that researchers and LLMs can work synergistically, improving efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and quality of the systematic literature review process. We underline the critical role of human arbitration in prompt crafting and decision-making.
Students’ emotional experiences with climate change and how universities can help
Authors: Hill-Harding Chiara K. V. , Barsalou Lawrence , Papies Esther K.
Published: March 2024

Research suggests that a large majority of young people in the UK experience worry and negative emotions about climate change, which affects their functioning in daily life. University students may be particularly likely to experience climate anxiety and worry if, for example, exposed to distressing climate change content in their studies. In a pre-registered online mixed-methods study, we investigated climate anxiety, climate change-related emotions, thoughts, and views about their university’s role in climate change action among 869 students at a large UK university. Results showed that students generally experienced moderate climate anxiety intensity across different situations. Students also reported high levels of negative emotions, including sadness, helplessness, and powerlessness, and low optimism and indifference. Students also experienced moderate to high levels of negative climate change related thoughts, such as “The future is frightening”. As for their university’s role, many students wanted more climate change related teaching and mental health support for climate change impacts. On average, students endorsed the thought that their university was “Dismissing people’s distress” about climate change moderately, which correlated significantly with students’ situationally assessed climate anxiety intensity (r = .32, p < .01) and general climate anxiety frequency (r = .30, p < .01). These results demonstrate the serious negative impact of climate change on university students’ mental health. They also highlight the importance of universities recognising their responsibilities in climate action and protecting students’ wellbeing.
From cognitive psychology to the theory of psychological programs
Authors: 段贤香
Published: March 2024

This article believes that there is a general theory of psychology in various schools of psychology. The establishment of this general psychological theory can be extended from cognitive psychology and cognitive behavioral therapy, and the study of cognitive processes can be extended to all psychological processes. Cognitive behavioral therapy has a "three-step approach", namely: finding the psychological process + describing the psychological process + modifying the psychological process. The article extends this practice to all fields of psychology, so as to establish a general theory of psychology. The article uses a different method from "cognitive psychology analogy to computer structure", compares "psychological process" with computer program, and regards psychological activity as a program. The paper also proposes completely different research methods from the current mainstream psychology, and completely different research methods in physics, namely "introspection" and "physiological observation", but this "introspection" is different from the "introspection" of Wundt. The article believes that the term "psychological process" is not accurate, so it was changed to "psychological program", the real name of the theory is called "psychological program".This paper attempts to reveal through case analysis that psychological activities are a set of programs and that the cause of mental illness is error in operation of the programs or the establishment of erroneous programs. By modifying or learning to use these psychological programs correctly, mental illness can be treated precisely and thoroughly. The complete psychotherapy process is represented by the following: analysis + modification of psychological programs.In order to perform certain tasks, life bodies need to initiate a series of psychological or physiological activities, which is the process of psychological or physiological activities called "psychological program". Psychological program is an abstract concept, and it is not a material entity. The search for psychological activity programs mainly depends on psychological analysis and scientific hypnosis.
Guess of Treatment questionnaire
Authors: Szigeti Balázs
Published: March 2024

The questionnaire was developed to collect treatment guess data to quantify blinding quality in clinical trials.
Imagery-based fear conditioning enhances the Late Positive Potential
Authors: Panitz Christian , Mueller Erik Malte
Published: March 2024

Pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) repeatedly with aversive imagery as unconditioned stimulus (US) induces conditioned subjective and autonomic fear responses which can explain fears without prior aversive experiences. To investigate underlying brain dynamics, we assessed the Late Positive Potential, an electrocortical response sensitive to classically conditioned fear, together with skin conductance, cardiac interbeat interval, and fear ratings in N = 48 participants. Participants underwent either (a) imagery-based fear conditioning, in which aversive CS+ (CS+av), neutral CS+ (CS+neu) and CS- were paired with cues to imagine an aversive electric shock, a mild vibration, or nothing, respectively; or (b) classical fear conditioning in which CS were paired with physical shocks, physical vibrations, or nothing. The imagery-based conditioning group showed increased LPP amplitudes for CS+av compared to CS- and tentatively to CS+neu. Additionally, CS+av evoked higher fear ratings than both non-aversive CS. These effects did not differ significantly between imagery-based and classical conditioning. Meanwhile, strong cardiac deceleration and increased skin conductance responses to CS+av were uniquely observed for classical conditioning. These results suggest that imagery-based conditioning evokes similar cortical and subjective, but not autonomic, responses as conditioning with physical US – advancing our understanding of fear in the absence of aversive real-life experiences.
Beyond Active-Passive: Towards the Next Stage of Social Media and Mental Health Research
Authors: Meier Adrian , Ellison Nicole , Reinecke Leonard , Valkenburg Patti M.
Published: March 2024

How social media impact users’ mental health and well-being is a critical question discussed fiercely by publics around the globe and researchers across disciplines. To overcome challenges of earlier “screen time” research, many recent studies adopted the active-passive approach. This model dichotomizes social media use into “active” social exchanges and “passive” consumption, with active use yielding social benefits and passive use resulting in harmful upward comparison and envy. Yet, this model has produced surprisingly inconsistent evidence, sparking recent theoretical debates and extensions. Here, we critically synthesize six remaining challenges for the active-passive approach and develop an agenda that outlines why and how the field needs to go beyond active-passive. Specifically, we envision three routes for future research alongside an integrated communication-centered model, which proposes to focus research efforts on message effects, cross-platform experiences, and technology features and affordances.
Intraindividual conflicts reduce the polarization of attitudes
Authors: Sassenberg Kai , Winter Kevin
Published: March 2024

Societies are increasingly divided about political issues such as migration or counteracting climate change. This attitudinal polarization is the basis for intergroup conflict and prevents societal progress in addressing pressing challenges. Research on attitude change should provide an answer regarding how people might be persuaded to move away from the extremes to take a moderate stance. However, persuasive communication often most strongly affects those who hold a moderate attitude or are undecided. More importantly, barely any research has explicitly aimed at mitigating extreme attitudes and behavioral tendencies. Addressing this gap, this article summarizes research demonstrating that (different types of) intraindividual conflicts might be a means to mitigate polarized attitudes. Goal conflicts, cognitive conflicts, counterfactual thinking, and paradoxical thinking facilitate cognitive flexibility. This, in turn, seems to initiate the consideration of alternative stances and, in turn, to mitigate polarization of attitudes. We discuss the limitations of the existing research and the potential of this approach for interventions.
Building Tafel Trainer #3: How we designed an adaptive algorithm for learning multiplication facts
Authors: van der Velde Maarten , Wilschut Thomas
Published: March 2024

Learning multiplication facts usually involves transitioning through different solution strategies, going from primarily slow and error-prone computational methods to fast and accurate direct retrieval. We designed the Tafel Trainer adaptive learning system with the aim of supporting learners on this path. The three levels break the learning task down into achievable chunks. They are designed to encourage a shift towards more efficient strategies, helping learners reach fluent mastery through adaptive spaced practice.
Eternal periphery? Toward a socio-political history of Maji, an Ethiopian frontier town, 1898-2020 (Pre-print)
Authors: Abbink Jon
Published: March 2024

The small town of Maji in Southwest Ethiopia has long been considered the periphery of the periphery. It was founded as a kätäma (fortified settlement) in 1898 by officers of Emperor Menelik II’s imperial army after its conquest of the area by his general Ras Woldegiorgis Aboye, and it developed as a small hub for trans-regional trade and as an imperial border post near British Sudan. It was founded in the territory of the Dizi people and was lightly ‘governed’ and economically marginal. Well into the Dergue period, Maji was seen as an economic and social backwater, as a place of ‘exile’ for political administrators and army officers who had ‘failed’ or incurred the displeasure of their superiors. Its reputation was notorious, as it emerged basically a place based on exploitation or predation of the hinterland after its foundation in 1898: for foreigners (Baluchi and Swahili traders, gold diggers and big game hunters), Ethiopian state agents, long-distance traders, modern-day state bureaucrats, and today also for tourist visitors.Building on pioneer work by historian P. Garretson and a few others, in this paper I reconstruct the outlines of Maji’s socio-cultural history as a microcosmos of Ethiopia’s history and political economy, reflecting structures of power on the local and national level as well as cultural ‘ranking’ and diversity. Following Garretson, I thereby rephrase its reputed ‘isolated’ status then and now: while economic and political connections to the wider society., mediated by youth agency and Internet connection, are slowly emerging, its image of an ‘isolated place’ is still dominant, buttressed by the town’s geographic fringe location. Whether Maji’s current modest growth and transport connectivity are redefining its status as a ‘remote periphery’ and reshape its link to wider political-economic-social networks remains to be seen.
An ``Opinion Reproduction Number'' for Infodemics in a Bounded-Confidence Content-Spreading Process on Networks
Authors: Brooks Heather Z. , Porter Mason A.
Published: March 2024

We study the spreading dynamics of content on networks. To do this, we use a model in which content spreads through a bounded-confidence mechanism. In a bounded-confidence model (BCM) of opinion dynamics, the agents of a network have continuous-valued opinions, which they adjust when they interact with agents whose opinions are sufficiently close to theirs. The employed content-spread model introduces a twist into BCMs by using bounded confidence for the content spread itself. To study the spread of content, we define an analogue of the basic reproduction number from disease dynamics that we call an \emph{opinion reproduction number}. A critical value of the opinion reproduction number indicates whether or not there is an ``infodemic'' (i.e., a large content-spreading cascade) of content that reflects a particular opinion. By determining this critical value, one can determine whether or not an opinion will die off or propagate widely as a cascade in a population of agents. Using configuration-model networks, we quantify the size and shape of content dissemination using a variety of summary statistics, and we illustrate how network structure and spreading model parameters affect these statistics. We find that content spreads most widely when the agents have large expected mean degree or large receptiveness to content. When the amount of content spread only slightly exceeds the critical opinion reproduction number (i.e., the infodemic threshold), there can be longer dissemination trees than when the expected mean degree or receptiveness is larger, even though the total number of content shares is smaller.
Subaltern Perspectives of Geographic Thought on Protected Areas Tourism
Authors: Kannarr Seth
Published: March 2024

Geography, like all established academic disciplines, has been dominated for centuries by research and researchers that come from a Western, settler-colonial perspective. Most of the literature and public knowledge about national parks, protected areas, and tourism as we know it are centered in this normative perspective, and many of us have not yet had the opportunity to consider subaltern perspectives to these topics. Here in this work I utilize an analogy of postmodern and poststructuralist theory through the lens of Black geographies and Indigenous geographies to explore other knowledges and the knowledge creation of protected areas and the tourism industry to these sites. I find that our greater understanding of protected areas at large is enriched by disrupting the dominant settler-colonial narrative and integrating knowledges contributed by Black and Indigenous scholarship.
Experimental evidence on how implicit racial bias affects risk preferences
Authors: Auer Daniel , Ruedin Didier
Published: March 2024

We ask how human behavior changes when racial discrimination is costly and when choices are risky. By asking N = 4,944 participants in Germany to form a soccer team in a series of online experiments, we measure decision-making in an accessible way. Higher costs of discrimination can reduce disparities, but we show that these costs can also trigger implicit racial bias: participants who received an additional financial incentive to select more skilled soccer players outperformed nonincentivized participants and differentiated less based on skin color. However, when confronted with risky choices in a lottery, incentivized participants are more likely to gamble to avoid players with a darker skin color. That is, racial (minority) markers alter the risk preferences of people when their decisions carry costly consequences. This implicit racial bias may partly explain why members of visible minority groups are regularly discriminated against in real-world competitive markets.
Estimating Demand Curves The case of Maize in Nepal
Authors: Cohen Neal P.
Published: March 2024

Not Available.
The Role of a Central Bank in LDCs : A Case of Nepal
Authors: Sharma Gunanidhi
Published: March 2024

Not Available.
Our Economy: Efforts and Results
Authors: Sharma Sharad
Published: March 2024

Not Available.
Obesidad y monocitos macrófagos en el tejido adiposo
Authors: Mejia-Montilla Jorly , Reyna-Villasmil Nadia , Fernández-Ramírez Andreina , Reyna Villasmil Eduardo
Published: March 2024

Introducción: el tejido adiposo ha sido objeto de estudio en las últimas décadas y existen nuevos conceptos de su compleja biología. Se conoce que la obesidad está asociada con un estado inflamatorio crónico de bajo grado tanto local como sistémico y parece desempeñar un papel clave en las consecuencias del aumento en diferentes comorbilidades metabólicas y vasculares. Discusión: de los diversos tipos de células inmunes que contribuyen a la inflamación inducida por la obesidad, los monocitos/macrófagos en el tejido adiposo juegan un papel central. Las modificaciones estructurales y fenotípicas de ambas células pueden contribuir no solo a alteraciones inflamatorias y metabólicas, sino también ayudar a mantener la homeostasis del tejido adiposo en respuesta al aumento de la grasa corporal. Los macrófagos son células efectoras esenciales en la organización de la inflamación, ya que se cree que promueven la progresión de la obesidad y los trastornos relacionados. No está completamente establecido si dichas células ejercen un papel beneficioso o nocivo en el tejido adiposo. En cualquier caso, su presencia modifica la biología de las células adiposas especializadas. Conclusiones: en esta revisión se analiza el conocimiento sobre la contribución de los monocitos/macrófagos dentro del tejido adiposo en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la obesidad y las complicaciones potenciales relacionadas.
Habilidades para la vida y percepción de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias de la salud
Authors: Guerrero Aragón Sandra Catalina , Garcia Perdomo Angel Alberto
Published: March 2024

Objetivo: determinar el nivel de asertividad, resiliencia, autoestima y percepción en situaciones de riesgo en un grupo de estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, el muestreo fue aleatorio con 170 estudiantes. La consistencia interna de las pruebas fue: escala de autoestima (α=.66), cuestionario de confianza situacional (α=.99), cuestionario de asertividad (α=.66) y escala de resiliencia (α=.98). El proyecto fue avalado por el comité de ética del Hospital de San José, FUCS con carta expedita. Resultados: el 87.6% (n=149) eran mujeres, la mediana de la edad fue 20 años (RIQ=19 a 21), la autoestima fue elevada (Me: 34); nivel de asertividad contrariada (Me: 8); nivel de resiliencia alto (Me: 139.5); en cuanto a la percepción de riesgo en las 8 subescalas, el mayor puntaje se obtuvo en situaciones de control de consumo y presión social.
Laura Sofía Prieto Maldonado
Authors: Castro Pulido Luz Dary , Torres Triana Cindy Nataly
Published: March 2024

Laura Sofía, tu partida inesperada ha dejado en nuestras vidas el recuerdo imborrable de tu juventud y alegría que estará presente cada día. Durante el tiempo que compartimos entendimos la pasión y entrega por tu carrera, con el deseo constante de demostrar que no hay obstáculo, así fuera grande que permitiera derrumbar nuestros sueños.
Te recordaremos como una mujer alegre, el alma de la fiesta, preocupada porque todos estuviéramos bien, tu generosidad no conoció límites en lo académico y personal, haciendo de este tiempo un honor haberte conocido compartiendo tu vida y experiencias con alegría y fe.
La   jovialidad que te caracterizó durante este tiempo será una marca, el legado para los compañeros que siempre reconocimos tu entusiasmo y ganas de vivir la vida de la mejor manera.
Quantitative Genetics for Plant Breeding
Authors: Suza Walter , Lamkey Kendall
Published: March 2024

This open textbook is intended to expose students to the application of quantitative genetic models to plant breeding populations. Specific topics include conducting and interpreting multi-environment trials, resource allocation using engineering principles, genetic modeling of quantitative traits, simulation modeling, variance, covariance and heritability, prediction, selection, and genetic gain.
Study and dynamics of potassium in agricultural soils of Uruguay: Doctoral thesis abstract
Authors: Ferrando Urrutia Marcelo Gabriel
Published: March 2024

Exchangeable potassium (K) and K in solution are considered “available” forms of this nutrient for plants. These forms can be estimated through chemical analysis of the soil, which are considered one of the best tools for proper management of soil nutrients. These analyses are also useful for providing accurate fertilization recommendations and for maintaining or improving soil and environmental sustainability. However, there are forms not immediately available (referred to as non-exchangeable forms) that can interact with the other K pools depending on a series of soil and climate factors, resulting in more or less actual K availability for plants. These factors determine the concordance of the analysis results with the real availability of K for the plants and, therefore, the response to potassium fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil analysis methods and sample handling (moisture conditions) to more accurately estimate the K available for crops. For this, it was studied how they affect some soil characteristics such as the content and mineralogy of the clay fraction, as well as soil moisture prior to sampling and at the time of its analysis. Different analysis methodologies were adjusted and carried out, which would later be used to evaluate the results of field experiments. Critical levels were obtained for different soil situations, which were higher than those previously reported by other researchers.
Biological control of the pear psylla: studies of its natural enemies and aspects of its chemical communication: Doctoral thesis abstract
Authors: Valle López Diana
Published: March 2024

The pear psylla, Cacopsylla bidens, is one of the pests that has acquired a primary role in pear cultivation. Finding alternate control methods is required because the management of this hemipteran has relied on the usage of chemical control. To meet this demand, these project aims to improve the understanding of the biology, chemical communication and trophic webs of the predator guild to be able to design a biological control strategy. Molecular approaches were used to determine which of the predators present in the orchard was feeding on C. bidens. Likewise, it was sought to determine at what time of the season these natural enemies begin to act. The findings revealed that many predators from the orders Coleoptera and Neuroptera feed on the pest. Chrysoperla externa was the predator that most frequently fed on C. bidens. In turn, it was determined that these predators begin to act in a more relevant way only on the third generation of C. bidens. To anticipate the arrival of C. externa in the season, it was investigated whether the pear tree changed its volatile profile after being damaged by C. bidens. Likewise, the volatile released following Argyrotaenia sphaleropa damage were identified. The results showed that the pear tree modifies its volatile profile, and this alteration is specific to the herbivore. The predator C. externa was evaluated to determine whether this change could elicit a behavioral response, demonstrating that this predator benefits from the change by discriminating between undamaged plants and plants damaged by both herbivores by being more attracted to volatiles released when the plant is damaged by C. bidens. These finding provides critical information that may be used to move towards a more sustainable management of the pest.
Calculi migration into the left renal vein during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a rare complication and literature review
Authors: ÖRDEK Eser , GOKALP Fatih , KULAK Bilal , UÇURMAK Ferhat , GÖRÜR Sadık
Published: March 2024

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has long been the standard treatment of choice for the management of large and complex renal calculi. PCNL is a safe and well-tolerated surgical procedure when performed systematically and correctly; however, as with any surgical intervention, although mild complications may occur in this surgery, serious complications may also occur. In this article, we report a rare case of migration of residual calculi into the renal vein during PCNL surgery and aim to present its presentation, treatment and management in a tertiary care center.
STUDY OF PATHOGENICITY OF GAEUMANNOMYCES TRITICI - THE TAKE-ALL FUNGUS
Authors: Olifer D.
Published: March 2024

Isolates of Gaeumannomyces spp. obtained from diseased roots of winter wheat showing take-all symptoms were characterized by pathogenicity. All isolates were more pathogenic on wheat and barley than on oat, and were identified as G. tritici. Most isolates of G. tritici were characterized as middle pathogenic, the pathogenicity of one isolate was higher than those of others, and two isolates showed the lowest pathogenicity.

30 isolates of dark-colored fungi were isolated from the affected plants of winter wheat, which according to cultural characteristics were previously assigned to the genus Gaeumannomyces. To establish the species affiliation of the selected Gaeumannomyces isolates, we investigated their pathogenicity and specialization on three grain crops: wheat, barley, and oats. All isolates affected the roots of all three crops, but they were more pathogenic on wheat and barley. Based on this feature, they were previously assigned to the subspecies G. graminis var. tritici (now the species G. tritici). The pathogenic properties of the isolates were studied on seedlings of Yelyk wheat plants. All G. tritici isolates analyzed by us showed a high level of pathogenicity. The G. tritici 9/1 isolate was characterized by significantly higher pathogenicity compared to other isolates according to the "disease development" indicator. Most of the other isolates showed medium pathogenicity (3/20, 7/20, 2/16/21, 3/16/21, 16/22), and only two isolates (1/20, 4/16/21) were low pathogenic.

In our research, in addition to the "disease development" indicator in points (0-4) to assess the pathogenicity of isolates, we used indicators that characterize the growth and development of plants, namely "weight of 1 seedling" and "mass of roots from 1 seedling". Taking into account the data on these indicators, isolate 9/22 was characterized by significantly higher pathogenicity compared to other isolates: when affected by it, the mass of wheat seedlings and roots was significantly lower than in other variants. Isolates 3/20 and 7/20 were characterized by medium pathogenicity, when infected with them, a significant decrease in the mass of the roots of seedlings was noted. Isolates 16/22 and 3/16/21 showed a low level of pathogenicity - the decrease in root mass was insignificant.
عزلة النص في النقد البنيوي الأسباب والنتائج
Authors: محيي أنعام فائق
Published: March 2024

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Chancen und Herausforderungen partizipativer Forschung mit jungen Menschen – Erkenntnisse eines deutschsprachigen Literaturreviews
Authors: Althaus Nadja
Published: March 2024

Partizipative Forschungsansätze haben im sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskurs nach wie vor Anerkennungsund Legitimationsprobleme. Demgegenüber stehen gesetzlich verankerte Beteiligungs- und Mitbestimmungsrechte von Kindern und Jugendlichen, die eingelöst werden müssen. In diesem Artikel werden die Erkenntnisse eines deutschsprachigen Literaturreviews vorgestellt und damit Einblicke in die aktuelle Studienlage partizipativer Forschung mit Kindern und Jugendlichen im außerschulischen Bereich ermöglicht. Besonderes Interesse liegt dabei auf den Möglichkeiten, aber auch den Fallstricken dieser kollaborativen Forschung mit jungen Menschen. Darüber hinaus interessieren erste analytische Perspektiven auf Partizipationsmöglichkeiten im Wissenschaftsbereich. Die qualitativ ausgewerteten Erkenntnisse des Reviews leisten einen Beitrag dazu, das Erfordernis von Gütekriterien und möglicherweise somit die wissenschaftliche Anschlussfähigkeit jener Forschungsmethodologie neu zu bewerten.
Reproduktive Selbstbestimmung und reproduktive Gerechtigkeit – ein intersektionaler Menschenrechtsansatz
Authors: Lembke Ulrike
Published: March 2024

Im Beitrag wird die Diskussion um konzeptionelle Verständnisse von reproduktiven Rechten beleuchtet. Reproduktive Selbstbestimmung hat durch andauernde Delegitimierung an politischer Schlagkraft eingebüßt, steht aber auch in der Kritik, weil sie zu häufig als entsolidarisierendes individuelles Recht privilegierter (weißer) Frauen verstanden und praktiziert würde. Dagegen fordern aus antirassistischen Bewegungen entwickelte Ansätze reproduktiver Gerechtigkeit die Fokussierung auf soziale Rechte statt individuelle Freiheiten und den kollektiven Kampf gegen Strukturen reproduktiver Unterdrückung und intersektionale Diskriminierung. Diesen Ansatz teilen auch die internationalen Menschenrechtsausschüsse, die reproduktive Gesundheit als soziales Menschenrecht konzipieren. Doch verfestigte Traditionen menschenverachtender Bevölkerungspolitiken werfen einen langen Schatten und stellen auf Staatenpflichten basierende Reproduktionspolitiken und deren emanzipatorisches und transformatives Potenzial infrage.
Die Evidenz, die Politik und die Selbstbestimmung: Medizinische Leitlinien für die Geburtshilfe als vielschichtige politische Projekte
Authors: Fröhlich Marie
Published: March 2024

Infolge politischen wie medizinpraktischen Regulierungsbedarfs wurden 2020 zwei große evidenzbasierte Leitlinien veröffentlicht, die zu einer Standardisierung der Geburtshilfe in Deutschland beitragen sollen. Basierend auf Material einer umfangreichen ethnographischen Regimeanalyse der Regulierung von Geburt, beleuchte ich diese Wissensprojekte und arbeite fünf sie kennzeichnende wissenspolitische Dimensionen heraus: Neben der Intention einer Standardisierung der geburtshilflichen Praxis ist dies auch der Anspruch einer Evidenzbasierung der politischen Regulierung von Geburt. Trotz scheinbarer Widersprüche boten die Leitlinien weiterhin die Möglichkeit, auch selbstbestimmungsrelevante Forderungen in Rationalitäten von Evidenz zu codieren – eine Errungenschaft frauen*gesundheitspolitischer Akteure. Aus der Perspektive der Reproduktiven Gerechtigkeit gilt es hingegen, die Leitlinien kritisch zu beleuchten. Angesichts dieser multiplen Agenden erweisen sich Leitlinien als vielfältige, ambivalente, ineinander verwobene, konfligierende wie kokonstitutierende, durch Rückkopplungseffekte gekennzeichnete politische Projekte.