bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrimination and Violence in Alfarabi's Virtuous City:
Authors: L'Arrivee Robert
Published: October 2014

In a 2013 issue of Utopian Studies, Alireza Omid Bakhsh argues that Alfarabi established the foundation of Iranian and Islamic utopianism. According to Bakhsh, Alfarabi bases utopianism on (1) a conception of justice that resists social discrimination and (2) opposition to violence. While social equality and nonviolence are worthy political aspirations, Alfarabi does not endorse them in the way Bakhsh suggests. In actuality, Alfarabi's view of justice entails that the virtuous society should be hierarchically organized according to the inherent worth of individuals and the tasks they perform. Alfarabi also allows some leeway for offensive wars to enforce happiness. In addition, he advises the virtuous ruler to use coercion against rebellious individuals he calls “weeds” and to enslave or execute feral human beings who roam the wild. Bakhsh's misinterpretation masks these crucial issues and, consequently, Alfarabi's nuanced theoretical reflections on the virtuous city and the political realities it faces.
The Structure Elucidation and Antimicrobial Activities of Nonsterol Triterpenoids from Ixeris chinensis
Authors: Wang Qing-Hu , Han Na-Ren-Chao-Ke-Tu , Dai Na-Yin-Tai , Wu Xiao-Lan , Tai Wen-Quan , Wu Jie-Si , Wu Rong-Jun
Published: October 2014

An investigation of the petroleum ether extract from Ixeris chinensis Nakai has led to the isolation of a new compound, 3-O-acetyl-22,28-cyclobauer-7-en-3β-ol (1), together with four known compounds which have been isolated from this plant for the first time, namely taraxast-20-en-3β-ol (2), 3-O-acetyl-taraxast-20-en-3β-ol (3), taraxast-20(30)-en-3β-ol (4), and 3-O-acetyl-taraxast-20(30)- en-3β-ol (5). The structures of the isolated compounds have been elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, ESI-MS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR techniques, and by comparison with data reported in the literature. All compounds have been evaluated for their activity against various bacteria and shown to give good results
PPh3-Mediated Borylation of Arenediazonium Salts with Bis(pinacolato)diborane
Authors: Chen Shuangshuang , Pan Zhangjin , Wang Yan
Published: October 2014

A metal-free, PPh3-mediated borylation reaction of arenediazonium salts with bis(pinacolato)diborane has been developed under mild conditions. The process provides an attractive alternative to the traditional preparation of arylboronates, albeit in moderate yields
La3Ir2 with Rhombohedral Er3Ni2- type Structure
Authors: Schäfer Konrad , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: October 2014

La3Ir2 is formed upon reaction of the elements at 1273 K in a sealed silica ampoule. The structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Er3Ni2-type structure, R3̅, a=895.26(2), c=1713:01(5) pm, wR=0.0578, 766 F2 values, 25 variables. The structure is composed of two simple basic building units: slightly distorted La1@La36La22 cubes resembling the tungsten structure and Ir2@La11La22La35 units with an AlB2-related coordination (298 pm Ir-Ir in the dumb-bell). Each cube is coordinated by six of the AlB2 units. The relationship with the U3Si2-type structure is discussed.
Compound with Coexisting Mono- and Dinuclear Cu(II) Complexes Hosting a New Water Tape Cluster (H2O)22
Authors: Xu Wei , Zheng Yue-Qing
Published: October 2014

A new compound containing mono- and dinuclear Cu(II) complexes, [Cu2(phen)2(H2O)2(OH)2] [Cu(phen)2(CO3)]2(HCO3)2 · 22H2O] (phen=1,10-phenanthroline), has been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, thermoanalytical techniques and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. The hydroxo-bridged dinuclear [Cu2(phen)2(H2O)2(OH)2]2+ complex cations and the mononuclear [Cu(phen)2(CO3)] complex molecules are assembled via π···π stacking interactions into layers. A novel water tape containing (H2O)22 cluster units has been observed in the structure of the title complex. In hydrogen bond interactions HCO3
- anions act as donor and acceptor to link the water tapes to form an infinite 2D network parallel to (010). According to the magnetic analyses, the coupling interactions in the dinuclear complex cation is ferromagnetic (J=34:5 cm-1)
El potencial de la corresponsabilidad en el ámbito universitario: una experiencia de trabajo colaborativo desde la biblioteca para la formación en la prevención de la violencia de género
Authors: Rincón Muñoz Clara Isabel , Stolle Arranz Azucena , Rodríguez Sumaza Carmen
Published: October 2014

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda el tema de la corresponsabilidad desde una doble perspectiva. En primer lugar, se reflexiona sobre la importancia de la corresponsabilidad en el ámbito de las organizaciones de enseñanza superior enmarcadas en el modelo educativo impulsado por el Proceso de Bolonia. En este sentido, se entiende que una universidad de calidad es, entre otras cuestiones, una organización donde todos sus miembros (personal docente e investigador, personal de administración y servicios y alumnado) y todos los recursos disponibles se implican de manera más activa, coordinada y comprometida en los procesos de aprendizaje del alumnado.En segundo lugar se presenta una propuesta concreta de trabajo colaborativo, impulsada desde el servicio de biblioteca, para promover una formación de carácter transversal en materia de corresponsabilidad como estrategia para la prevención de la violencia de género, dirigida a estudiantes de Grado y a toda la comunidad universitaria en general.
Non-linear developmental trajectory of electrical phenotype in rat substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Dufour Martial A , Woodhouse Adele , Amendola Julien , Goaillard Jean-Marc
Published: October 2014

Neurons have complex electrophysiological properties, however, it is often difficult to determine which properties are the most relevant to neuronal function. By combining current-clamp measurements of electrophysiological properties with multi-variate analysis (hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis), we were able to characterize the postnatal development of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons' electrical phenotype in an unbiased manner, such that subtle changes in phenotype could be analyzed. We show that the intrinsic electrical phenotype of these neurons follows a non-linear trajectory reaching maturity by postnatal day 14, with two developmental transitions occurring between postnatal days 3–5 and 9–11. This approach also predicted which parameters play a critical role in phenotypic variation, enabling us to determine (using pharmacology, dynamic-clamp) that changes in the leak, sodium and calcium-activated potassium currents are central to these two developmental transitions. This analysis enables an unbiased definition of neuronal type/phenotype that is applicable to a range of research questions.
Molecular data support Orianthera: a new genus of Australian Loganiaceae
Authors: Foster Charles , Conn Barry John , Henwood Murray J , Ho Simon
Published: October 2014

Results from recent molecular systematics have indicated that Logania R.Br. in its current circumscription is polyphyletic, with each of its two constituent sections, Logania sect. Logania and L. sect. Stomandra, representing distinct monophyletic clades. Logania sect. Stomandra is here raised to generic status as Orianthera C.S.P.Foster & B.J.Conn since the name Stomandra has already been applied to a genus in Rubiaceae. Orianthera differs from Logania sensu stricto based on the place of insertion of the stamens (in the sinus between the corolla lobes in Orianthera; in the middle of the corolla tube in Logania); the anthers being exserted from the corolla mouth in Orianthera (anthers included in Logania); the shape of the apex of each calyx lobe (acute to tapering, with membranous margin in Orianthera; obtuse in Logania, without membranous margin); and the sexuality of flowers (bisexual in Orianthera; unisexual in Logania). A key to genera in the tribe Loganieae is provided and 13 species (all new combinations) are enumerated for Orianthera.
The Role of Geodesy in Earthquake and Volcanic Studies
Authors: Hashimoto Manabu , Gross Richard , Freymueller Jeffrey Todd
Published: October 2014

Geodesists from 16 countries met in July to discuss the role of geodesy in earthquake and volcanic studies, natural hazard assessment, and disaster mitigation. The GENAH 2014 international symposium took place in Matsushima, Japan, a town that suffered greatly from the tsunami of 11 March 2011. The symposium featured sessions on seven topics: subduction zone earthquakes, the earthquake deformation cycle, near real‐time warning, the interaction between earthquakes and volcanoes, the impact of great earthquakes on reference frame, geodetic techniques in volcanological research, and natural hazards.
Investigating the surface effects of a tropical cyclone
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: October 2014

Understanding how the topmost layer of the ocean behaves during a tropical cyclone can improve forecasting and prediction of cyclone strength and intensity. Previous studies have shown that the degree of sea‐air heat transfer within this turbulent layer is an important factor in the overall behavior and propagation of tropical cyclones, but because these effects are difficult to observe directly, data are relatively scarce.
Generalized sorting profile of alluvial fans
Authors: Miller Kimberly Litwin , Reitz Meredith D. , Jerolmack Douglas J.
Published: October 2014

Alluvial rivers often exhibit self‐similar gravel size distributions and abrupt gravel‐sand transitions. Experiments suggest that these sorting patterns are established rapidly, but how—and how fast—this convergence occurs in the field is unknown. We examine the establishment of downstream sorting patterns in a kilometer‐scale alluvial fan. The sharp transition from canyon to unconfined, channelized fan provides a well‐defined boundary condition. The channel changes from deep and entrenched at the fan apex to shallow and depositional over a short distance, exhibiting nonequilibrium behavior. The resulting gravel‐fining profile is not self‐similar; the particle size distribution narrows until approximate equal mobility is achieved. Downfan, the gravel‐sand transition appears to exhibit a self‐similar form; field and laboratory data collapse when downstream distance is normalized by the location of the transition. Results suggest a generalized sorting profile for alluvial fans as a consequence of the threshold of motion and nonequilibrium channels.
Biases in southern hemisphere climate trends induced by coarsely specifying the temporal resolution of stratospheric ozone
Authors: Neely R. R. , Marsh D. R. , Smith K. L. , Davis S. M. , Polvani L. M.
Published: October 2014

Global climate models that do not include interactive middle atmosphere chemistry, such as most of those contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, typically specify stratospheric ozone using monthly mean, zonal mean values and linearly interpolate to the time resolution of the model. We show that this method leads to significant biases in the simulated climate of the southern hemisphere (SH) over the late twentieth century. Previous studies have attributed similar biases in simulated SH climate change to the effect of the spatial smoothing of the specified ozone, i.e., to using zonal mean concentrations. We here show that the bias in climate trends due to undersampling of the rapid temporal changes in ozone during the seasonal evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole is considerable and reaches all the way into the troposphere. Our results suggest that the bias can be substantially reduced by specifying daily ozone concentrations.
Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: The growth of ship traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis
Authors: Tournadre J.
Published: October 2014

Marine ecosystems are under increasing anthropogenic pressures from marine and terrestrial activities. Ship traffic, the major cause of change in the open ocean, and its temporal evolution are still largely unknown because of lack of data. Altimeter data provide a new powerful tool to detect and monitor the ship traffic through a method of analysis of echo waveform. The archive of seven altimeter missions has been processed to create a two decade database of ship locations. The estimated annual density maps compare well with the ones obtained from Automatic Identification System. The ship traffic analysis shows a global fourfold growth between 1992 and 2012, the largest increase being observed in the Indian Ocean and the Chinese seas reflecting the world trade change. Although mainly concentrated along lanes, the traffic has a direct impact on the atmosphere, e.g., on the growth of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide in the Indian Ocean.
Finite difference modeling of coherent wave amplification in the Earth's radiation belts
Authors: Harid V. , Gołkowski M. , Bell T. , Li J. D. , Inan U. S.
Published: October 2014

Modeling of gyroresonant wave‐particle interactions in the radiation belts requires solving the Vlasov‐Maxwell system of equations in an inhomogenous background geomagnetic field. Previous works have employed particle‐in‐cell methods or Eulerian solvers (such as the Vlasov Hybrid Simulation code) to provide numerical solutions to the problem. In this report, we provide an alternative numerical approach by utilizing a first order finite difference upwind scheme. When coupled to the narrowband Maxwell's equations, the model reproduces linear as well as nonlinear wave growth of coherent signals. Wave growth is nonlinear growth when the wave amplitude exceeds the minimum value for phase trapping of counterstreaming particles and is linear otherwise. The model also demonstrates free‐running frequency variation for a case with a high linear growth rate. In addition, the model confirms the theoretical prediction of a stable “phase‐space hole” during the nonlinear growth process. The plasma parameters and L shell used in this study are typical of those associated with the Siple Station wave injection experiment.
Evolution of relativistic outer belt electrons during an extended quiescent period
Authors: Jaynes A. N. , Li X. , Schiller Q. G. , Blum L. W. , Tu W. , Turner D. L. , Ni B. , Bortnik J. , Baker D. N. , Kanekal S. G. , Blake J. B. , Wygant J.
Published: October 2014

To effectively study loss due to hiss‐driven precipitation of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt, it is useful to isolate this loss by studying a time of relatively quiet geomagnetic activity. We present a case of initial enhancement and slow, steady decay of 700 keV–2 MeV electron populations in the outer radiation belt during an extended quiescent period from ∼15 December 2012 to 13 January 2013. We incorporate particle measurements from a constellation of satellites, including the Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment (CSSWE) CubeSat, the Van Allen Probes twin spacecraft, and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), to understand the evolution of the electron populations across pitch angle and energy. Additional data from calculated phase space density, as well as hiss and chorus wave data from Van Allen Probes, help complete the picture of the slow precipitation loss of relativistic electrons during a quiet time. Electron loss to the atmosphere during this event is quantified through use of the Loss Index Method, utilizing CSSWE measurements at low Earth orbit. By comparing these results against equatorial Van Allen Probes electron flux data, we conclude the net precipitation loss of the outer radiation belt content to be greater than 92%, suggesting no significant acceleration during this period, and resulting in faster electron loss rates than have previously been reported.
WTG cloud modeling with spectral decomposition of heating
Authors: Herman Michael J. , Raymond David J.
Published: October 2014

A modified form of the relaxed weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation is described and implemented in a cloud resolving model. In this scheme, the vertical heating profile is spectrally decomposed into normal modes. The relaxation time scale of each mode is set proportional to the corresponding vertical wave number of the mode, as would be expected if gravity waves were responsible for the relaxation. Buoyancy adjustment exhibits greater realism than in conventional relaxed WTG, with nonlocal adjustment occurring as in the weak pressure gradient model of Romps. Furthermore, no boundary layer taper is needed when using the improved scheme. Experiments from the literature are revisited; mass flux profiles are smoother and multiple equilibrium experiments are more robust.
Carbon tetrachloride [Air Monitoring Methods, 2012]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 13 (2012)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Pretreatment of the adsorption tubes

Solutions

Test atmospheres and calibration standards

Sampling and sample preparation

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Evaluation of the method

Reliability

Limit of quantification

Recovery

Storage stability

Capacity of the adsorbent

Interference

Quality assurance measures

Discussion
Triarylphosphate [Air Monitoring Methods in German Language, 2013]
Authors: Breuer D. , Werner S. , Friedrich C.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Probenahme und Probenaufarbeitung

Chromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision und Wiederfindung

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Störeinflüsse
N
‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone [Air Monitoring Methods, 2011]
Authors: Breuer D. , Hennig M. , Moritz A.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Air Monitoring Methods
, Vol. 12 (2011)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Sampling and sample preparation

Operating conditions for chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Storage stability

Interference

Blank values

Discussion
Addendum zu Ethylbenzol [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2012]
Authors: Klotz K.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung

Evaluierung

Interpretation
1‐Brompropan [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2011]
Authors: Göen T.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 18. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2011

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung

Interpretation
Addendum zu 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluol (und Isomeren in technischen Gemischen) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2012]
Authors: Klotz K.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung der BAR
Mercapturic acids (N‐acetyl‐S‐2‐carbamoylethyl‐L‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐S‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐L‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐S‐3‐hydroxypropyl‐L‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐S‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐L‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐S‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl)‐L‐cysteine) in urine [Biomonitoring Methods, 2013]
Authors: Schettgen Th.
Published: October 2014

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 13 (2013)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Internal standards

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Specimen collection

Sample preparation

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for high‐performance liquid chromatography

Operational conditions for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Absolute recovery

Matrix effects

Stability of the analytes

Detection limits and quantitation limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method

Appendix
Thiocyanat in Plasma und Speichel [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2012]
Authors: Riedel K. , Hagedorn H. W. , Scherer G.
Published: October 2014

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2012

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

UV‐spektroskopische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Aufteilung der Mikrotiterplatte

Testablauf

Photometrische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Arsenic (total) in urine [Biomonitoring Methods, 2013]
Authors: Heitland P.
Published: October 2014

Published in the seriesBiomonitoring Methods, Vol. 13 (2013)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Operational parameters

Sample introduction and plasma settings

Operational parameters for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limit and quantitation limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method

Appendix
Clinical Outcomes and Progression to Orthopedic Surgery in Juvenile‐ Versus Adult‐Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Jadon Deepak R. , Shaddick Gavin , Jobling Amelia , Ramanan Athimalaipet V. , Sengupta Raj
Published: October 2014

Objective

Juvenile‐ and adult‐onset ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are subtypes of AS that may have different clinical outcomes. We compared cohorts of juvenile‐onset AS and adult‐onset AS in terms of clinical characteristics, clinical outcomes, proceeding to AS‐related orthopedic surgery, and type of orthopedic surgery.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all AS patients attending a teaching hospital. Demographics, clinical parameters, and history of AS‐related orthopedic surgery to the spine, root, or peripheral joints were recorded. Differences between surgery for juvenile‐ and adult‐onset AS patients, and effects of covariates were assessed using logistic regression and survival analyses.

Results

A total of 553 AS patients were studied: 162 juvenile‐onset AS and 391 adult‐onset AS cases. After adjusting for significant covariates, adult‐onset AS cases were less likely to proceed to surgery (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, P < 0.001), have a hip procedure (resurfacing or arthroplasty; OR 0.374, P = 0.001), and have hip arthroplasty (OR 0.43, P = 0.01). Significant differences were also observed when comparing Kaplan‐Meier survival curves (P = 0.001) and using Cox proportional hazards regression (P = 0.002). A history of smoking was not associated with surgery. AS cases with older age at symptom onset were far less likely to have surgery than those with younger onset, in a nonlinear manner.

Conclusion

Juvenile‐onset AS cases are more likely than adult‐onset AS cases to proceed to hip arthroplasty, but equally likely to have hip resurfacing and hip arthroplasty revision/re‐revisions. Smoking was not associated with the risk of orthopedic surgery. Orthopedic surgery was unlikely after 40 years of disease in both subsets.
Work‐related concussion surveillance
Authors: Slavova Svetla , Bunn Terry L.
Published: October 2014

Background

The goal of this study was to use multiple state‐based data sources (emergency department [ED] visits, hospital discharge [HD] data, and workers' compensation [WC] data) to estimate the 2011 work‐related concussion injury rate in Kentucky.

Methods

Deterministic data linkages between the 2011 WC data and ED/HD data were performed. Annual crude rates of work‐related concussions per 100,000 employed civilians age 16 years or older were reported.

Results

Using the three data sources, the 2011 work‐related concussion crude rate was 31.8/100,000, higher for men (38.8/100,000) than for women (24.1/100,000). The use of WC data alone resulted in an estimated rate of only 11.7/100,000. ED data utilization alone resulted in a rate of 21.7/100,000.

Conclusion

This study's primary recommendation is to use WC, ED, and HD data on a routine basis as part of multiple data source surveillance for work‐related concussion injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:40–45, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic variability associated with the invariant SHOC2 c.4A>G (p.Ser2Gly) missense mutation
Authors: Baldassarre Giuseppina , Mussa Alessandro , Banaudi Elena , Rossi Cesare , Tartaglia Marco , Silengo Margherita , Ferrero Giovanni Battista
Published: October 2014

Noonan‐like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH; OMIM 607721) is a developmental disorder clinically related to Noonan syndrome (NS) and characterized by facial dysmorphisms, postnatal growth retardation, cardiac anomalies (in particular dysplasia of the mitral valve and septal defects), variable neurocognitive impairment, and florid ectodermal features. A distinctive trait of NS/LAH is its association with easily pluckable, slow growing, sparse, and thin hair. This rare condition is due to the invariant c.4A > G missense (p.Ser2Gly) change in SHOC2, which encodes a regulatory protein that participate in RAS signaling. Here we report two patients with molecularly confirmed NS/LAH, with extremely different phenotypic expression, in particular concerning the severity of the cardiac phenotype and neurocognitive profile. While the first available clinical records outlined a relatively homogeneous phenotype in NS/LAH, the present data emphasize that the phenotype spectrum associated with this invariant mutation is wider than previously recognized. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular comparison of sinus mucosa vs polyp tissue from a single sinus cavity in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ho Jacqueline , Bailey Michelle , Zaunders John , Mrad Nadine , Sacks Raymond , Sewell William , Harvey Richard J.
Published: October 2014

Background

Nasal polyposis is a common development in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and sinus mucosa and polyp tissue have been used interchangeably in studies investigating CRS. However, potential differences may exist between these 2 tissue types, which have not been entirely characterized.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies and corresponding polyp tissue were obtained from the same sinus cavity via flow cytometry, single‐cell suspensions identified type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), CD4 and CD8 T cells, activated CD4 and CD8 T cells, plasma cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), regulatory T cells, T follicular helper cells, B cells, and immunoglobulin A (IgA)+ and IgG+ B cells. Cells were measured as a percentage of CD45+ cells. Paired nonparametric comparisons between sinus and polyp tissue were performed.

Results

Ten patients (50% female; age 48 ± 16 years) were recruited. Significantly elevated ILC2 levels were found in polyp tissue compared to sinus mucosa (0.12 [0.07 to 0.23] vs 0.07 [0.04 to 0.16], p = 0.02), as well as plasma cells (2.25 [0.84 to 3.68] vs 1.18 [0.74 to 2.41], p = 0.01); pDCs (0.15 [0.12 to 0.50[ vs 0.04 [0.02 to 0.17], p = 0.03); activated CD8 T cells (29.22 [17.60 to 41.43] vs 16.32 [10.07 to 36.16], p = 0.04) and IgG+ B cells (6.96 [0.06 to 11.82] vs 1.51 [0.38 to 5.13], p = 0.04). Other cell populations showed no significant differences.

Conclusion

Polyps have a similar cellular composition to that of mucosa. Higher levels of ILC2s, plasma cells, pDCs, activated CD8 T cells, and IgG+ B cells in polyp tissue may be reflective of cell populations driving nasal polyp development. The cellular machinery of CRS is present in polyps and representative of the disease process. This pilot study strongly suggests that a larger study would provide significant insights into the relationship of sinus mucosa to pathogenesis of nasal polyps.
A comparative analysis of sinonasal and salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma using population‐based data
Authors: Patel Tapan D. , Vázquez Alejandro , Patel Dhruv M. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: October 2014

Background

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland (SG) malignancy. Primary sinonasal MEC (SN‐MEC) is rare. This study analyzes the demographic, clinicopathologic, and survival characteristics of SN‐MEC and establishes comparisons with primary major SG‐MEC.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973 to 2010) was queried for SN‐MEC (149 cases) and SG‐MEC (4234 cases). Data were analyzed comparatively with respect to various demographic and clinicopathologic factors. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Mean ±  standard deviation (SD) age at diagnosis for SN‐MEC was 58.6 ±  16.6 years. High histologic grade (ie, grades III and IV) at the time of diagnosis was more common among SN‐MEC than SG‐MEC (42.3% vs 25.5%, p < 0.0001). Overall 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) was 61.7% for SN‐MEC and 84.1% for SG‐MEC (p < 0.001). For SN‐MEC, factors associated with poor prognosis were age (75+ years; hazard ratio [HR], 3.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 9.51), higher tumor grade (grade III and IV; HR, 3.62; 95% CI, 1.75 to 8.22), larger tumor size (>4 cm; HR, 8.36, 95% CI, 1.59 to 153.74), and primary tumor site (ethmoid sinus; HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.28 to 6.23) (all p < 0.05). Survival was better among those treated with surgery (with [64.4% survival] or without [81.3% survival] adjuvant radiation therapy) than those treated with primary radiation therapy alone (25.6% survival) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This report represents the largest series of SN‐MEC to date. Although SN‐MEC and SG‐MEC share a common histology, there are important clinical differences between the 2 conditions.
The quantum/classical transition in mediated interactions
Authors: Buchmann Lukas F. , Stamper‐Kurn Dan M.
Published: October 2014

Two quantum modes interacting via local couplings to a dissipative bosonic field are investigated theoretically. The model considers two mechanical modes with distinct frequencies coupled optomechanically to the same cavity mode. The dissipative cavity field mediates the interaction between the mechanical modes but also leads to decoherence of the mechanical oscillators. Depending on the ratio between effective interaction strength and dissipation rate, which can be chosen via the pump detuning, the interaction assumes a quantum mechanical or classical character. The distinction between the two regimes is made by the ability of the mediated interaction to correlate the two mechanical modes non‐classically. For any cavity decay, there is a regime where the two mechanical modes interact in a non‐classical way, which leads us to conclude that optomechanical systems can serve as a model to experimentally study the transition of effective interactions mediated by classical or quantum‐mechanical fields.
Die Polymorphe von L‐Phenylalanin
Authors: Ihlefeldt Franziska Stefanie , Pettersen Fredrik Bjarte , von Bonin Aidan , Zawadzka Malgorzata , Görbitz Carl Henrik
Published: October 2014

Die Festkörperstruktur der Aminosäure Phenylalanin (Phe) bietet einen möglichen Schlüssel, um das Verhalten einer großen Klasse von wichtigen aromatischen Verbindungen zu verstehen. Gute Einkristalle zu erhalten ist bekanntermaßen dennoch schwierig. Die Struktur des üblichen Polymorphs von Phe, Form I, wurde zuerst von Weiss et al. (als D‐Phe) im Jahr 1990 beschrieben. Die Richtigkeit der veröffentlichten C2‐Elementarzelle mit zwei fehlgeordneten Molekülen in der asymmetrischen Einheit wurde jedoch später hinterfragt. Hier wird gezeigt, dass die Identität der Form I von L‐Phe P21 mit Z′=4 ist, basierend auf Daten aus einem gut beugenden Einkristall, der aus einer essigsauren Lösung der Aminosäure gezüchtet wurde. Ein zweiter neuer Polymorph, Form IV, bietet zusammen mit den beiden kürzlich beschriebenen Formen II und III präzedenzlose Informationen über die strukturelle Komplexität dieser essenziellen Aminosäure. Es ist weiterhin dokumentiert, dass das Racemat dl‐Phe nicht in ordnungsgemäßen Einkristallen wächst.
Sequence and Chiral Selectivity of Drug–DNA Interactions Revealed by Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Qiongzheng , Xu Shoujun
Published: October 2014

Differential binding force has been used to precisely characterize the mechanical effect of a drug molecule binding to a DNA duplex. The high‐resolution binding forces measured by the force‐induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS) enable the binding behavior of drug molecules with different chirality and DNA of various sequences to be distinguished. The sequence specificity of Hg2+ and daunomycin was revealed by force spectroscopy for the first time, and the results are consistent with those obtained by other techniques. Furthermore, the two isomers of d,l‐tetrahydropalmatine showed selectivity for two different DNA sequences. One particular useful feature of this approach is that the small molecules under study do not require any labels.
Excellent Stability of a Lithium‐Ion‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte upon Reversible Li+/H+ Exchange in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Ma Cheng , Rangasamy Ezhiylmurugan , Liang Chengdu , Sakamoto Jeffrey , More Karren L. , Chi Miaofang
Published: October 2014

Batteries with an aqueous catholyte and a Li metal anode have attracted interest owing to their exceptional energy density and high charge/discharge rate. The long‐term operation of such batteries requires that the solid electrolyte separator between the anode and aqueous solutions must be compatible with Li and stable over a wide pH range. Unfortunately, no such compound has yet been reported. In this study, an excellent stability in neutral and strongly basic solutions was observed when using the cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet as a Li‐stable solid electrolyte. The material underwent a Li+/H+ exchange in aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, its structure remained unchanged even under a high exchange rate of 63.6 %. When treated with a 2 M LiOH solution, the Li+/H+ exchange was reversed without any structural change. These observations suggest that cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 is a promising candidate for the separator in aqueous lithium batteries.
ZIF‐8 Derived Graphene‐Based Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Sheets as Highly Efficient and Durable Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhong Hai‐xia , Wang Jun , Zhang Yu‐wei , Xu Wei‐lin , Xing Wei , Xu Dan , Zhang Yue‐fei , Zhang Xin‐bo
Published: October 2014

Nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) materials have been proposed as next‐generation oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts to significantly improve scalability and reduce costs, but these alternatives usually exhibit low activity and/or gradual deactivation during use. Here, we develop new 2D sandwich‐like zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) derived graphene‐based nitrogen‐doped porous carbon sheets (GNPCSs) obtained by in situ growing ZIF on graphene oxide (GO). Compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst, the GNPCSs show comparable onset potential, higher current density, and especially an excellent tolerance to methanol and superior durability in the ORR. Those properties might be attributed to a synergistic effect between NC and graphene with regard to structure and composition. Furthermore, higher open‐circuit voltage and power density are obtained in direct methanol fuel cells.
Preparation and properties of β‐phase graphene oxide/PVDF composite films
Authors: An Ningli , Liu Shaolong , Fang Changqing , Yu Ruien , Zhou Xing , Cheng Youliang
Published: October 2014

We report preparation of graphene oxide (GO) from expanded graphite (EG) via a modified Hummers method. GO/PVDF composites films were obtained using solvent N, N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF) and cosolvent comprising deionized water/DMF combination. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed that the main crystal structure of the composite films is β‐phase, and use cosolvent method tends to favor the formation of β‐phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the microstructure of composite films. Storage modulus and loss modulus were measured by Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Broadband dielectric spectrum tests showed an increase in the dielectric constant of the GO/PVDF composite films with the rising content of GO, and by cosolvent method could improve the dielectric constant while reducing the dielectric loss. Our method that uses GO as an additive and deionized water/DMF as the cosolvent provides a promising and low‐cost pathway to obtain high dielectric materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41577.
Amphoteric hydrolyzed poly(acrylamide/dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) as a filtration reducer under high temperatures and high salinities
Authors: Lin Ling , Luo Pingya
Published: October 2014

Poly(acrylamide/dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PAD) samples were synthesized via solution polymerization. Hydrolyzed poly(acrylamide/dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (HPAD) was prepared with NaOH as a hydrolyzation agent. Both PAD and HPAD were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Na2SO3 was added to slow down the decomposition of HPAD under elevated temperatures. The rheological and filtrate properties of the drilling fluids were investigated in saltwater mud. We found that 30 wt % NaCl hampered those properties. Increasing HPAD's percentage in the clay suspensions reduced the filtrate volumes and whereas increased the viscosities. A greater amount of HPAD added to the saltwater mud resulted in a smaller particle medium size and caused the ζ potential to move toward a less negative value. The hydrolysis degree of HPAD needed to be controlled in a proper range to optimize the reduction in filtration. Scanning electron microscopy photos showed that HPAD was distributed in the surface of the high‐temperature and high‐pressure filter cake as bridges. The drilling fluids with 3.5 wt % HPAD had an excellent tolerance to 30 wt % NaCl and a temperature of 200°C. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41581.
Regioselective CH Imidation of Five‐Membered Heterocyclic Compounds through a Metal Catalytic or Organocatalytic Approach
Authors: Wang Xin , Sun Kai , Lv Yunhe , Ma Fengji , Li Gang , Li Donghui , Zhu Zhonghong , Jiang Yongqing , Zhao Feng
Published: October 2014

An efficient method for the synthesis of 2‐amino and β‐amino five‐membered heterocyclic derivatives that are closely related to a variety of biologically active natural products is described. Regioselectivity was achieved through a metal catalytic or organocatalytic approach. Preliminary studies on the reaction mechanism suggest a radical imidation pathway; however, further studies are needed to verify the mechanism.
Effects of warm ischaemia combined with cold preservation on the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α pathway in an experimental renal autotransplantation model
Authors: Delpech P O , Thuillier R , Le Pape S , Rossard L , Jayle C , Billault C , Goujon J M , Hauet T
Published: October 2014

Background

The increased use of marginal donors highlights the importance of organ quality in transplantation and the identification of prognostic biomarkers. This experimental study investigated modulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α pathway in kidney grafts in relation to different degrees of ischaemia.

Methods

In a porcine autotransplantation model, two different kidney graft protocols were compared: standard 24-h cold storage (CS) and 24-h CS preceded by 1 h warm ischaemia (WI + CS). The renal HIF-1α pathway and tubular dedifferentiation were analysed in the early phase of reperfusion and at 3 months.

Results

There was a relationship between the degree of ischaemic injury and the outcome of the kidney graft. During the first week of reperfusion, WI + CS grafts showed a higher degree of injury. The observed tubular dedifferentiation was associated with delayed HIF-1α expression, and with loss of its role in transcription. In highly injured kidneys, deregulation of the HIF-1α pathway was also observed in the chronic phase, with reduced production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, and upregulation of VEGF receptor 1 (Flt-1) and thrombospondin 1. In addition, these kidneys displayed altered kidney histology and decreased function.

Conclusion

The HIF-1α pathway appears to be abolished early in response to severe ischaemia. A high degree of ischaemic injury also results in chronic activation of the HIF-1α pathway, diverting it away from the beneficial activation of angiogenesis. Further studies on the finely tuned balance of signals in this pathway may provide diagnostic biomarkers that can determine organ quality during kidney transplantation. Surgical relevanceThe increased use of marginal donors has highlighted the importance of organ quality in transplantation. Renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury following transplantation induces graft dysfunction.In a porcine model of renal autotransplantation, the induction of regenerative processes, in response to graded degrees of ischaemia, was studied in the post-transplantation phase. There was early abrogation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α pathway in response to severe ischaemia. High degrees of ischaemic injury induced chronic activation of the HIF-1α pathway, diverting it from the beneficial activation of angiogenesis.Identification of the mechanisms involved in renal regeneration, such as those related to the HIF-1α pathway, are important as these mechanisms can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets or develop diagnostic biomarkers to determine organ quality early in the transplantation process.
PhD trainees should be empowered to leverage dueling priorities
Authors: Callier Viviane , Vanderford Nathan L.
Published: October 2014

For young scientists, awareness of how academic institutions function is key for making the most of their trainee years. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(6):455–456, 2014.
Predicting Voluntary and Involuntary Readmissions to Forensic Hospitals by Insanity Acquittees in Maryland
Authors: Marshall Daniel J. , Vitacco Michael J. , Read Joan B. , Harway Michele
Published: October 2014

The current study investigated factors associated with voluntary and involuntary readmissions to forensic hospitals 356 insanity acquittees on conditional release in the state of Maryland from 2007, 2008, and 2009 and monitored their community progress for a 3‐year follow‐up period. The results indicated that voluntarily readmitted insanity acquittees had fewer reported arrests on conditional release and fewer reported instances of non‐compliance with treatment compared with insanity acquittees who were returned involuntarily to hospital. As expected, arrests and treatment non‐compliance predicted involuntary readmission. A third group of insanity acquittees who were not readmitted on conditional release presented with numerous differences compared with voluntarily and involuntarily readmitted acquittees. These included a longer duration in the community prior to any psychiatric readmission and fewer community psychiatric admissions than both the voluntary and involuntary groups. Data from this study provide useful information on where community monitoring resources for insanity acquittees may best be allocated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statewide Survey of Living Arrangements for Conditionally Released Insanity Acquittees
Authors: Novosad David , Follansbee Juliet , Banfe Shelley , Bloom Joseph D.
Published: October 2014

There is a large population (n =389) of insanity acquittees on monitored conditional release in Oregon. This article focuses on the living situation for these individuals, which can range from a secure residential treatment facility to independent living. This article will define all the different placement options available and then review the current living situation for all conditionally released insanity acquittees in the state of Oregon on a single day, February 1, 2014. This article shows that the majority of individuals on conditional release live in the most highly structured settings available. The article then ends with a discussion of these findings, including a comparison of current placement options, with previous descriptions in the literature demonstrating that current community options offer more structure and more individuals reside in structured settings than was previously the case. Current findings will be related to inpatient psychiatric bed reduction strategies and the question of possible transinstitutionalization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Search for New Amber Ingredients
Authors: Narula Anubhav P. S.
Published: October 2014

There is a constant need for developing new fragrance ingredients in the flavor and fragrance industry, as it allows perfumers to create unique and differentiating perfumes for fine as well as functional products. Among all the categories of notes used in perfume creation, amber notes are indispensible and ubiquitous in their presence in all perfumes. Not only amber notes impart high performance and substantivity to fragrances, but they are paramount in the development of classic and legendary fragrances. This article is based on the plenary lecture delivered at the flavor & fragrance 2013 conference of the German Chemical Society in Leipzig, Germany. The strategy, rationale, and the various synthetic approaches that led to the discovery of two new very powerful, woody, amber materials, Amber Xtreme® (1) and Trisamber® (2), are delineated.
Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1086: RNA Folding: Methods and Protocols. Edited by Christina Waldsich.
Authors: Höbartner Claudia
Published: October 2014

Humana Press, Totowa 2014, X+340 pp., hardcover, € 117.69.—ISBN 978‐1‐62703‐666‐5