bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Runner Thickness and Hydrogen Content on the Mechanical Properties of A356 Alloy Castings
Authors: El-Sayed Mahmoud Ahmed , Essa Khamis , Hassanin Hany
Published: January 2022

Earlier studies demonstrated the detrimental effect of entrained bifilm defects on aluminum cast alloys’ tensile and fatigue properties. It was suggested that hydrogen has a contributing role as it diffuses into the bifilms and swells them out to form hydrogen porosity. In this study, the effect of the runner height and hydrogen content on the properties of A356 alloy castings was investigated using a two-level full factorial design of experiments. Four responses, the Weibull modulus and position parameter of both the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and % elongation, were assessed. The results suggested that decreasing the runner height and adopting procedures intended to decrease the hydrogen content of the casting caused a considerable enhancement of the Weibull moduli and position parameters of the UTS and % elongation. This was reasoned to the more quiescent practice during mold filling, eliminating the possibility of bifilm formation as well as the decreased hydrogen level that eliminated the amount of hydrogen diffused into the bifilms and accordingly decreased the size of the entrained defects. This, in turn, would allow the production of A356 cast alloys with better and more reproducible properties.
Bedeutung der Kompatibilität für eine sichere und belastungsfreie Arbeitsgestaltung – Aktuelle Relevanz des Konstruktes am Beispiel moderner Arbeitsgestaltung
Authors: Sträter Oliver
Published: January 2022

Kompatibilität ist eines der zentralen Konzepte der Arbeitsgestaltung seit den frühen Anfängen arbeitswissenschaftlicher Forschung. Auch wenn, oder gerade weil, das Konstrukt der Kompatibilität etabliert ist, tritt die Bedeutung der Kompatibilität für aktuelle Fragestellungen der Arbeitsgestaltung jedoch oft in den Hintergrund, weil es ein altes und damit vermeintlich antiquiertes Konstrukt ist. Gerade der Umstand, dass Kompatibilität ganz wesentlich physiologisch, also durch unsere Hirnanatomie bedingt ist, zeigt jedoch, dass genau das Gegenteil der Fall ist. Die Bedeutung der Kompatibilität für aktuelle Fragestellungen der Arbeitsgestaltung wird anhand aktueller Beispiele beleuchtet. Diese reichen von psychischen Belastungen, Zuverlässigkeit bis hin zur Gestaltung multimodaler Rückmeldesysteme.

Dieser Beitrag geht zunächst auf das Phänomen und die Bedeutung der Kompatibilität sowie auf das Wickens-Schema als modellhafte Beschreibung und die physiologischen Grundlagen der Kompatibilität ein. Die Bedeutung der Kompatibilität wird anhand von Studien aus der Montage und Fertigungsindustrie, dem Flugbereich, dem Einsatz digitaler Informationssysteme in der Aus- und Weiterbildung und der Gestaltung multimodaler Schnittstellen aufgezeigt. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung des Konstruktes für eine moderne Arbeitsgestaltung hinsichtlich psychischer Gesundheit diskutiert und Kompatibilität von psychischen Effekten der Monotonie und Vigilanz abgegrenzt.

Praktische Relevanz: Kompatibilität ist eines der zentralen arbeitswissenschaftlichen Konstrukte. Es wird seit Anbeginn der ergonomischen Arbeitsgestaltung untersucht und immer wieder stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit das Konstrukt Kompatibilität hinreichend erforscht und in der Praxis umgesetzt ist. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass Kompatibilität keinesfalls ein veraltetes Konstrukt ist, sondern durch neuere – auch physiologische Erkenntnisse – für die moderne Arbeitsgestaltung insbesondere im Rahmen der Digitalisierung ein essenzielles Konstrukt darstellt. Dies wird am Beispiel dreier Gestaltungsprobleme hochmoderner Arbeitssysteme aufgezeigt.
Big data in the food supply chain: a literature review
Authors: Rejeb Abderahman , Keogh John G. , Rejeb Karim
Published: January 2022

The emergence of big data (BD) offers new opportunities for food businesses to address emerging risks and operational challenges. BD denotes the integration and analysis of multiple data sets, which are inherently complex, voluminous and are often of inadequate quality and structure. While BD is a well-established method in supply chain management, academic research on its application in the food ecosystem is still lagging. To fill this knowledge gap and capture the latest developments in this field, a systematic literature review was performed. Forty-one papers were selected and thoroughly examined and analysed to identify the enablers of BD in the food supply chain. The review primarily attempted to obtain an answer to the following research question: “What are the possibilities of leveraging big data in the food supply chain?“ Six significant benefits of applying BD in the food industry were identified, namely, the extraction of valuable knowledge and insights, decision-making support, improvement of food chain efficiencies, reliable forecasting, waste minimization, and food safety. Finally, some challenges and future research directions were outlined.
Glutamine as a Potential Noninvasive Biomarker for Human Embryo Selection
Authors: Miao Sui-Bing , Feng Yan-Ru , Wang Xiao-Dan , Lian Kao-Qi , Meng Fan-Yu , Song Ge , Yuan Jing-Chuan , Geng Cai-Ping , Wu Xiao-Hua
Published: January 2022

To determine whether glutamine consumption is associated with embryo quality and aneuploidy, a retrospective study was conducted in an in vitro fertilization center. Spent embryo culture media from patients undergoing assisted reproduction treatment and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) were obtained on day 3 of in vitro culture. Embryo quality was assessed for cell number and fragmentation rate. PGT for aneuploidy was performed using whole genome amplification and DNA sequencing. Glutamine levels in spent embryo culture media were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that glutamine was a primary contributor to the classification of the good-quality and poor-quality embryos based on the orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis model. Glutamine consumption in the poor-quality embryos was significantly higher than that in the good-quality embryos (P < 0.05). A significant increase in glutamine consumption was observed from aneuploid embryos compared with that from euploid embryos (P < 0.01). The Pearson correlation coefficients between embryo quality and glutamine consumption, and between aneuploidy and glutamine consumption, were 0.430 and 0.757, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.938 (95% CI: 0.902–0.975) for identifying aneuploidy. Animal experiments demonstrate that increased glutamine consumption may be a compensatory mechanism to mitigate oxidative stress. Our data suggest that glutamine consumption is associated with embryo quality and aneuploidy. Glutamine may serve as a molecular indicator for embryo assessment and aneuploidy testing.
Impairment of Decidualization of Endometrial Stromal Cells by hsa-miR-375 Through NOX4 Targeting
Authors: Yu Seong-Lan , Jeong Da-Un , Kang Yujin , Kim Tae-Hyun , Lee Sung Ki , Han Ae-Ra , Kang Jaeku , Park Seok-Rae
Published: January 2022

Decidualization of the endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) is essential for successful embryo implantation. It involves the transformation of fibroblastic cells into epithelial-like cells that secrete cytokines, growth factors, and proteins necessary for implantation. Previous studies have revealed altered expression of miR-375 in the endometrium of patients with recurrent implantation failure and the ectopic stromal cells of patients with endometriosis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms, particularly the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of decidualization, remain elusive. In this study, we investigated whether decidualization is affected by miR-375 and its potential target(s). The findings demonstrated the downregulation of the expression of miR-375 in the secretory phase compared to its expression in the proliferative phase of the endometrium in normal donors. In contrast, it was upregulated in the secretory phase of the endometrium in infertility patients. Furthermore, during decidualization of ESCs in vitro, overexpression of miR-375 significantly reduced the transcript-level expression of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), prolactin (PRL), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP1), the well-known decidual cell markers. Overexpression of miR-375 also resulted in reduced decidualization-derived intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Using the luciferase assay, we confirmed that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a direct target of miR-375. Collectively, the study showed that the miR-375-mediated NOX4 downregulation reduced ROS production and attenuated the decidualization of ESCs. It provides evidence that miR-375 is a negative regulator of decidualization and could serve as a potential target for combating infertility.
Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a More Efficient Method of Best-Worst Scaling Data Collection
Authors: Bir Courtney , Delgado Michael , Widmar Nicole
Published: January 2022

Discrete choice experiments are used to collect data that facilitates measurement and understanding of consumer preferences. A sample of 750 respondents was employed to evaluate a new method of best-worst scaling data collection. This new method decreased the number of attributes and questions while discerning preferences for a larger set of attributes through self-stated preference “filter” questions. The new best-worst method resulted in overall equivalent rates of transitivity violations and lower incidences of attribute non-attendance than standard best-worst scaling designs. The new method of best-worst scaling data collection can be successfully employed to efficiently evaluate more attributes while improving data quality.
Finding the Story
Authors: Kaplan-Liss Evonne , Mitchell Lauren , Crossno Chase , Lantz-Gefroh Val
Published: January 2022

Story is the oldest known way of sharing knowledge and information and engages us in our collective humanity. In research settings, story brings meaning to complex ideas, making them feel palpable and connects us with our audience. Historically, the disciplines that take a research interest in the importance of narrative have been largely in fields like the philosophy of science/medicine, medical humanities, and sociology though story is “always already” a part of scientific research. Humanities have gained traction in medical and science education, and researchers are seeking such curricula to communicate more effectively with the public and their students. We believe that story is an effective tool to enable CTS investigators to be effective educators and communicators of translational science. Story-based interdisciplinary pedagogy emphasizes an approach encouraging clinical researchers to keep the human story as the driving force of research design, dissemination, and application of research to diverse audiences. In this article, we provide backgrounds on successful programs that have used story in science communication and education as well as a tool researchers can use to incorporate the structure of story into their own work.
The Exclusion of Early Modern Women Philosophers from the Canon: Causes and Counteractive Strategies from the Digital Humanities
Authors: Zorrilla Natalia
Published: January 2022

Whether it be in universities’ curricula or in traditional accounts of the history of philosophy, early modern women philosophers have frequently been treated as secondary, inconsequential characters. Although many valuable efforts are being made to counter this state of affairs, a generalized tendency to focus on well-known male philosophers and to establish them as representative figures of the early modern period still seems to exist. But does this strategy produce an accurate historical account of early modern philosophy? This essay explores diverse causes of the exclusion of early modern women philosophers from the canon, reflecting on the historical and political aspects of this phenomenon. This piece also intends to highlight the importance of the innovative projects that have been recently created in the field of the digital humanities, which aim to mitigate and to counter said exclusion.
Instability of an autochemotactic active suspension
Authors: Murugan Nishanth , Roy Anubhab
Published: January 2022

This study examines the effects of an evolving attractant field, due to the phenomenon of autochemotaxis, on the stability of a dilute suspension of active swimmers in a channel. Motile swimmers typically exhibit an orientation bias that is dependent upon the local gradient in the attractant field. By modelling the autochemotactic behaviour of the swimmers through a non-dimensional number $Da$ that characterizes the rate of attractant secretion, we are able to show that the active stress-driven instability predicted by Kasyap & Koch (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108, issue 3, 2012, p. 038101) for a suspension of pushers is stabilized with increasing $Da$. We also show that the autochemotactic behaviour results in an active stress-driven flow instability for a suspension of pullers. Furthermore, we show analytically and numerically that in the absence of convective transport of the attractant, pushers and pullers undergo a simultaneous switch of stabilities at a critical $Da$.
Variability in soybean yields, nutrient use efficiency, and profitability with application of phosphorus fertilizer and inoculants on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Kiwia Abednego , Kimani David , Rebbie Harawa , Jama Bashir , Sileshi Gudeta W.
Published: January 2022

Although soybean is emerging as an important commercial crop in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), its productivity on smallholder farms is very low. Soybean requires application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and inoculation with the right rhizobium strains to achieve optimum biological nitrogen fixation and higher yields. However, subsistence farmers in SSA rarely invest in P fertilizers and inoculants due to lack of knowledge of their use and benefits. Most of the early reports on soybean in SSA have been based on work on research stations; hence, information is lacking on the profitability of fertilizer and inoculant use on smallholder farms in SSA. The main hypothesis of the present study was that the combined application of P and inoculants significantly reduces yield risks and increases P use efficiency and profitability compared with P fertilizer alone under smallholder farm conditions. We analyzed a data set of over 2,800 observations from on-farm demonstrations across Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Soybean yields, the partial factor productivity of P (PFPP), agronomic efficiency of P (AEP), and the value cost ratio (VCR) were significantly improved by the combined application of P fertilizer with inoculants than with P fertilizer alone. Combining P and inoculants increased yields over P alone by 17.3% in Kenya, 21.4% in Zambia, 25.7% in Ghana, 56.4% in Tanzania, and 57.1% in Malawi. However, soil organic matter was an important determinant of yield response and P use efficiency. The VCR increased linearly with increasing AEP in P + inoculant (R2 = 0.829) and less so with P fertilizer alone (R2 = 0.672). Net present values were positive in all countries, indicating that investments in P fertilizer and inoculants will generate profits over time. In order to increase uptake of fertilizers and inoculants among subsistence farmers and make soybean production more profitable, appropriate policies and market incentives need to be created.
Microscopic differential cell count and specific mastitis pathogens in cow milk from compost-bedded pack barns and cubicle barns
Authors: Wagner Patricia , Brügemann Kerstin , Yin Tong , Engel Petra , Weimann Christina , Schlez Karen , König Sven
Published: January 2022

Compost bedded pack barns (compost) as a new free walk housing system favorably influence udder health due to improved animal welfare and lying comfort. On the other hand, unfavorable effects on udder health are possible, due to the open bedded pack and the associated larger bacterial content in moisture. For in-depth farming system comparisons, the present study aimed to evaluate the specific cell fractions and mastitis pathogens in milk from cows kept in compost and in conventional cubical barns (cubicle). For milk sample collection we used a repeated measurement data structure of 2,198 udder quarters from 537 Holstein cows kept in six herds (3 in compost and 3 in cubicle). Differential cell counting was conducted including lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Specific mastitis pathogens comprised major and minor pathogens. Mixed models were applied to infer environmental and cow associated effects on cell fractions and on prevalences for pathogen infections, with specific focus on system × lactation stage, system × milk yield and system × somatic cell count effects. The interaction between system and lactation stage showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between the systems. A significantly smaller number of bacteriologically positive quarters and lower prevalences for minor pathogens were detected in compost compared to cubicle. Least squares means for pathogen prevalences indicated a quite constant proportion of bacteriologically negative udder quarters across milk yield levels in compost, but a slight increase with increasing milk yield in cubicle. Cell fraction responses in both systems differed in relation to the overall bacteriological infection status and farming system particularities. In conclusion, different cell fractions and specific mastitis pathogens should be considered as an indicator for udder health in different production systems, taking into account cow associated factors (lactation stage, milk yield).
Psychological well-being in midlife following early childhood intervention
Authors: Mondi Christina F. , Reynolds Arthur J.
Published: January 2022

The present study is the first to examine the relations between participation in a public early childhood intervention (the Child-Parent Center (CPC) program) and psychological well-being (or, positive functioning) into early mid-life. Data are drawn from the Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS), which has followed a cohort of 1,539 individuals who grew up in urban poverty for over four decades. Approximately two-thirds of the original study cohort participated in the CPC program in early childhood; the rest comprise a demographically matched comparison group. Participantsâ€™ psychological functioning at age 35–37 was assessed using the Ryff Scales of Psychological Wellbeing. Results support a positive relationship between CPC preschool participation and long-term psychological wellbeing. Moderated mediation (e.g., whether CPC effects on wellbeing differ across subgroups) and potential mechanisms across multiple social-ecological levels (according to the 5-Hypothesis Model of early intervention) are also empirically investigated. Future directions for child development research, early childhood intervention, and public policy are discussed.
Finding Difference in Emotional Communities: New Feminisms of Women's Lives in the Nineteenth Centuryceand Sixth Millenniumbce
Authors: Morris Kate , Bickle Penny
Published: January 2022

This paper explores notions of relationality and emotional communities to re-tell accounts of women's lives in the nineteenth centuryceand second half of the sixth millenniumbce, within the framework of posthumanist feminism. We argue that in both of these contexts women's work, spaces and material cultures have been devalued in comparison with those categorized as masculine. To counter androcentric accounts, we consider how different tasks and forms of material culture can create ‘emotional communities’ among groups, forming shared participation in social worlds. Our focus is first the mourning cultures of the Victorian period in the UK, where we argue objects of emotion may have operated to create shared spaces outside of the home, breaking down oppositions of domestic and private. Second, we turn to the ways in which tasks considered female have been downplayed in the Neolithic of central Europe, exploring the assemblages of bodies, grinding stones and hide working to show how emotional currents may have flowed through these materials, creating experiences of aging and different forms of prestige. In conclusion, we argue that the concept of emotional communities provides a useful methodology to answer the challenge set by posthumanist feminism of thinking difference as positive.
Removal lemmas and approximate homomorphisms
Authors: Fox Jacob , Zhao Yufei
Published: January 2022

We study quantitative relationships between the triangle removal lemma and several of its variants. One such variant, which we call the triangle-free lemma, states that for each
$\epsilon>0$
there exists M such that every triangle-free graph G has an
$\epsilon$
-approximate homomorphism to a triangle-free graph F on at most M vertices (here an
$\epsilon$
-approximate homomorphism is a map
$V(G) \to V(F)$
where all but at most
$\epsilon \left\lvert{V(G)}\right\rvert^2$
edges of G are mapped to edges of F). One consequence of our results is that the least possible M in the triangle-free lemma grows faster than exponential in any polynomial in
$\epsilon^{-1}$
. We also prove more general results for arbitrary graphs, as well as arithmetic analogues over finite fields, where the bounds are close to optimal.
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) level among children with ventricular septal defect: how big is the risk for pulmonary hypertension?
Authors: Rahayuningsih Sri E. , Kuswiyanto Rahmat B. , Rayani Putria , Wijaya Elrika A. , Syamsunarno Mas R. , Judistiani Raden T. D. , Setiabudiawan Budi
Published: January 2022

Introduction:

Ventricular septal defect is the most common CHD, leading to pulmonary hypertension. Significantly lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was reported in children with CHD compared with healthy controls. The current study aimed to investigate the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pulmonary hypertension in children with ventricular septal defect.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted on ventricular septal defect paediatric patients from January to June, 2019. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured using electrochemiluminescence. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure > 20 mmHg for children >3 months of age at sea level, measured by Doppler echocardiography.

Results:

From forty-four subjects, the majority of the subjects were female (56.8%) with normal nutritional status and perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Bivariate analysis showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was associated with pulmonary hypertension (p < 0.01), type and size of ventricular septal defect (p = 0.02), and heart failure (p < 0.01). Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was correlated with better nutritional status (p = 0.04, r = 0.26), and lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was correlated with the occurence of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (p = 0.01, r = −0.39), larger defect size (p < 0.01, r = −0.70), history of pneumonia (p = 0.02, r = −0.31), and heart failure (p < 0.01, r = −0.64). Subjects with 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency had prevalence ratio of 24.0 times for pulmonary hypertension. Higher pulmonary artery pressure was correlated to the occurence perimembranous ventricular septal defect (p = 0.01, r = 0.47), larger defect size (p < 0.01, r = 0.78), history of pneumonia (p = 0.01, r = 0.38), and heart failure (p < 0.01, r = 0.75).

Conclusion:

Children with ventricular septal defect who had low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level posed a higher risk of having pulmonary hypertension.
Comparison of median sternotomy and left anterior mini-incision for pulmonary valve replacement following primary tetralogy of Fallot repair
Authors: Thornton Steven , Kang Lillian , Nellis Joseph , Andersen Nicholas D. , Haney John , Turek Joseph
Published: January 2022

Objective:

Pulmonary insufficiency requiring reintervention frequently occurs after primary tetralogy of Fallot repair. Repeat interventions present a challenge for both the surgeon and patient. We compare a minimally invasive, 5 cm left anterior mini-incision to redo median sternotomy for pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot patients.

Methods:

Following Internal Review Board approval, we conducted a single institution retrospective review of patients with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent pulmonary valve replacement via redo median sternotomy or left anterior mini-incision between 13 July, 2016 and 6 March, 2020.

Results:

Twenty-three patients underwent pulmonary valve replacement following primary tetralogy of Fallot repair between March 2016 and March 2020. Twelve patients received a redo-median sternotomy from March 2016 to August 2018. Left anterior mini-incision was first offered in August of 2018 and was chosen by all eleven patients thereafter. The two groups had similar baseline characteristics including preoperative pulmonary valve dysfunction. Early trends suggest a longer cardiopulmonary bypass time for patients who received left anterior mini-incisions. Other outcomes were comparable, including operative times, blood product requirements, residual pulmonary valve dysfunction, postoperative pain, narcotic requirements, ICU length of stay, total length of stay, and postoperative complications.

Conclusions:

In patients who have previously undergone primary repairs of tetralogy of Fallot, outcomes for pulmonary valve replacement via left anterior mini-incision are comparable to those via redo median sternotomy.
Characterisation of anaemia amongst school going adolescent girls in rural Haryana, India
Authors: Gupta Aakriti , Sachdev Harshpal Singh , Kapil Umesh , Prakash Shyam , Pandey Ravindra Mohan , Sati Hem Chandra , Sharma Lokesh Kumar , Lal Priti Rishi
Published: January 2022

Objective:

High burden of anaemia exists amongst rural adolescent girls in India. The objective of this study was to characterise anaemia in school going adolescent girls in rural Haryana, India.

Design:

Linear and multiple logistic regression analysis of data collected prior to an intervention trial was conducted. Participants were classified into anaemic (haemoglobin <12 g/dl) and non-anaemic group and were further classified into deficiencies of Fe, folate or vitamin B12, mixed, anaemia of other causes and inflammation.

Setting:

Three schools in Ballabgarh block of Faridabad District, Haryana, India.

Participants:

One hundered and ninety-eight non-anaemic and 202 anaemic adolescent girls (12–19 years).

Results:

Anaemic girls had 29·6 % Fe deficiency, 28·1 % folate or vitamin B12deficiency, 15·8 % mixed deficiency and 9·7 % acute inflammation. Anaemia of other causes was found in 16·8 % of the anaemic participants. Girls with Fe and isolated folate deficiency had 2·5 times and four times higher odds of developing anaemia, respectively, as compared with non-anaemic girls. Fe deficiency with no anaemia was found amongst 11 % non-anaemic girls. Non-anaemic girls had a high prevalence of combined deficiency of folate or vitamin B12(29·5 %) and acute inflammation (14·4 %).

Conclusions:

The current strategy of Fe and folic acid supplementation alone will not suffice for achieving the desired reduction in the prevalence of anaemia as unknown causes and anaemia of inflammation contribute to a substantial proportion of anaemia. Integrating other nutrition-specific components like improving water, sanitation and hygiene practices with the ongoing micronutrient supplementation program will comprehensively tackle anaemia. Unknown causes of anaemia warrant further research.
Permissive Laws and Teleology in Kant’s Juridical and Political Philosophy
Authors: Klein Joel T.
Published: January 2022

In this article I argue that the current readings of permissive law fall into hermeneutical difficulties and do not completely explain Kant’s complex use of the concept. I argue that the shortcomings of these interpretations can only be overcome by relating permissive law to practical teleology. That teleological thinking has a role in Kant’s moral thought by way of history is not new. Here, however, I argue that the system of rights itself is in some manner teleologically situated. This interpretation allows us to understand that Kant’s Doctrine of Right plays the role of a realist utopia.
Änderungsmotivation fördern
Authors: Hötzel Katrin , von Brachel Ruth
Published: January 2022

Die Förderung der Änderungsmotivation gehört störungsübergreifend zu einem der wichtigsten Behandlungsbausteine in der psychotherapeutischen Praxis. Die Bearbeitung der Ambivalenz und letztlich die Steigerung der Motivation, sich für die Genesung mit all ihren Konsequenzen zu entscheiden, ist eines der Hauptziele in der Behandlung – beispielsweise von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen und Essstörungen. Aber auch bei anderen Störungsbildern, wie z. B. Angststörungen oder subklinischen Schwierigkeiten, ist ein professioneller Umgang mit motivationalen Herausforderungen von großer Bedeutung. Dieses Buch stellt den aktuellen Wissensstand dar und beschreibt praxisnah Interventionen zur Förderung der Änderungsmotivation.
Bei der Bearbeitung ambivalenter Themenbereiche empfehlen sich eine offene, therapeutische Haltung sowie bestimmte Strategien der Gesprächsführung, um Widerstand zu vermeiden. Dies gilt vor allem für ein solches Klientel, welches mit geringem bzw. keinem Problembewusstsein – möglicherweise fremdmotiviert – in die Behandlung kommt. Aber auch diejenigen Patientinnen und Patienten, die von sich aus den Weg in die Psychotherapie finden, können ambivalent gegenüber einiger Aspekte der Veränderung sein oder im Therapieverlauf werden, wenn ein gewisser Nutzen oder „Krankheitsgewinn“ der bisherigen Erkrankung durch die Therapie bedroht wird. Auch diese Personen profitieren im therapeutischen Prozess von Interventionen, die zu einer besseren Einsicht bzw. Klärung der Ambivalenz führen und damit letztlich einer Entscheidungsfindung dienen.
Der Band stellt störungsübergreifend Standard-Interventionen einschließlich der Gesprächsführung vor. Dabei werden zunächst relevante Aspekte zum Verständnis und zur Diagnostik von Änderungsmotivation beleuchtet. Der Hauptfokus liegt dann auf der therapeutischen Gesprächsführung sowie konkreten Interventionen zur Klärung und Steigerung der Änderungsmotivation.
Melt Migration and Chemical Differentiation by Reactive Porosity Waves
Authors: Bessat Annelore , Pilet Sébastien , Podladchikov Yuri Y. , Schmalholz Stefan M.
Published: January 2022

Melt transport across the ductile mantle is essential for oceanic crust formation or intraplate volcanism. However, mechanisms of melt migration and associated chemical interaction between melt and solid mantle remain unclear. Here, we present a thermo‐hydro‐mechanical‐chemical (THMC) model for melt migration coupled to chemical differentiation. We consider melt migration by porosity waves and a chemical system of forsterite‐fayalite‐silica. We solve the one‐dimensional (1D) THMC model numerically using the finite difference method. Variables, such as solid and melt densities or MgO and SiO2 mass concentrations, are functions of pressure (P), temperature (T), and total silica mass fraction (). These variables are pre‐computed with Gibbs energy minimization and their variations with evolving P, T, and are implemented in the THMC model. We consider P and T conditions relevant around the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary. Systematic 1D simulations quantify the impact of initial distributions of porosity and on the melt velocity. Larger perturbations of cause larger melt velocities. An adiabatic or conductive geotherm cause fundamentally different vertical variations of densities and concentrations, and an adiabatic geotherm generates higher melt velocities. We quantify differences between melt transport (considering incompatible tracers), major element transport and porosity evolution. Melt transport is significant in the models. We also quantify the relative importance of four porosity variation mechanisms: (a) mechanical compaction and decompaction, (b) density variation, (c) compositional variation, and (d) solid‐melt mass exchange. In the models, (de)compaction dominates the porosity variation. We further discuss preliminary results of 2D THMC simulations showing blob‐like and channel‐like porosity waves.
Effects of EMIC Wave‐Driven Proton Precipitation on the Ionosphere
Authors: Tian Xingbin , Yu Yiqun , Zhu Minghui , Ma Longxing , Cao Jinbin , PR Shreedevi , Jordanova Vania K. , Solomon Stanley C.
Published: January 2022

We investigate the proton precipitation caused by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and its impact on the ionosphere with the self‐consistent ring current‐atmosphere interactions model (RAM‐SCBE) coupled with an ionospheric particle transport model Global Airglow (GLOW). The EMIC wave diffusion process causes significant precipitation of tens of keV protons, particularly in the afternoon to midnight sector. These precipitating energetic protons further impact the ionosphere‐thermosphere and contribute to the ionization in the E/F regions. The integrated auroral conductance is significantly enhanced in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector. Although the EMIC waves do not directly interact with the ring current electrons, after the EMIC wave scattering included in the model, remarkable changes are found in the global distribution of precipitating electron flux. This means that the addition of proton precipitation driven by EMIC waves results in feedback effects on the ring current electron dynamics through the circulation system. Validation is also conducted by comparing the simulated precipitation flux and ionospheric electron density with observations.
Australian Black Summer Smoke Observed by Lidar at the French Antarctic Station Dumont d’Urville
Authors: Tencé Florent , Jumelet Julien , Bekki Slimane , Khaykin Sergey , Sarkissian Alain , Keckhut Philippe
Published: January 2022

In the follow‐up of the Australian ”Black Summer” event that persisted from August 2019 to March 2020, we present the optical properties of the stratospheric aerosols injected into the atmosphere by these wildfires. The outbreak of pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) activity triggered between 2019/12/29 and 2020/01/04 has raised the stratospheric aerosol load of the Southern Hemisphere to unprecedented levels. Long‐range transport brought some of the plumes down to the Antarctic region, where general circulation patterns kept them circling around the continent. The 532 nm Rayleigh/Mie/Raman ground‐based lidar of the French Antarctic station Dumont d’Urville (66.6°S–140°E) acquired unprecedented time series of these carbonaceous aerosols starting approximately 20 days after the injection and up to the most recent measurements in October 2019 where local radiosonde reported anomalous ozone depletion as compared to the decadal average. The lidar provides a first and unique time series at high vertical and temporal resolution, complemented by satellite measurements from Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite, and Microwave Limb Sounder. Aerosol backscatter ratio decreases from 1.9 to 1.2 between January and June 2020. Aerosol origin and persistence are characterized, as well as their optical properties and vertical distribution over several months.
The Origin of Tree‐Ring Reconstructed Summer Cooling in Northern Europe During the 18th Century Eruption of Laki
Authors: Edwards Julie , Anchukaitis Kevin J. , Gunnarson Björn E. , Pearson Charlotte , Seftigen Kristina , von Arx Georg , Linderholm Hans W.
Published: January 2022

Basaltic fissure eruptions, which are characteristic of Icelandic volcanism, are extremely hazardous due to the large quantities of gases and aerosols they release into the atmosphere. The 1783–1784 CE Laki eruption was one of the most significant high‐latitude eruptions in the last millennium and had substantial environmental and climatic impacts. Contemporary observations recorded the presence of a sulfuric haze over Iceland and Europe, which caused famine from vegetation damage and resulted in a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses and related mortality. Historical records in northern Europe show that the summer of 1783 was anomalously warm, but regional tree‐ring maximum latewood density (MXD) data from that year are low and lead to erroneously colder reconstructed summer temperatures. Here, we measure wood anatomical characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) from Jämtland, Sweden in order to identify the cause of this discrepancy. We show that the presence of intraannual density fluctuations in the majority of 1783 growth rings, a sudden reduction in lumen and cell wall area, and the measurement resolution of traditional X‐ray densitometry led to the observed reduced annual MXD value. Multiple independent lines of evidence suggest these anatomical anomalies were most likely the result of direct acidic damage to trees in Northern Europe and that the normal relationship between summer temperature and MXD can be disrupted by this damage. Our study also demonstrates that quantitative wood anatomy offers a high‐resolution approach to identifying anomalous years and extreme events in the tree‐ring record.
Ethical Quandaries at End of Life: Navigating Real-World Case Examples as a Pediatric Psychologist
Authors: Schneider Nicole M. , Steinberg Dara M. , Pahl Daniel A. , Steffin David H. M. , Gangopadhyay Maalobeeka
Published: January 2022

Objective:

The aim of this article is to illustrate and discuss ethical dilemmas that might occur in the context of pediatric end-of-life care using case examples. The cases highlight ethical principles and are distilled by a multidisciplinary group of pediatric providers (i.e., psychologists, medical student, psychiatrist, bone marrow transplant physician), offering a unique perspective and insight. Familiarity with the principles discussed is important for pediatric psychologists working in medical settings, who might be uniquely suited to help patients, families, and medical teams navigate these challenges.

Method:

Two composite case examples are presented that focus on commonly encountered ethical dilemmas including: disclosing poor prognoses to patients; disagreements between families and medical teams; differing opinions on plans of care between medical team members. Important cultural considerations are also highlighted. Core ethical dilemmas are discussed and potential ways in which pediatric psychologists can offer expertise and intervention.

Results:

Recognition and collaboration around ethical dilemmas is essential to managing complex situations in pediatric palliative care. Moreover, it is imperative to consider the cultural factors of a family, which could provide additional insight into their preferences and values.

Conclusions:

Ethical challenges are prevalent in the field of pediatric palliative care. As the medical field continues to advance, pediatric psychologists are likely to encounter a range of clinical dilemmas. They should be prepared to consider the complex systemic, interpersonal, family, and cultural factors that might arise in their work.

Implications for Impact Statement

This article discusses ethical challenges pediatric psychologists might encounter when treating patients at the end of life. It is written by a group of multidisciplinary providers, thus offering a unique perspective. Two composite case examples are presented which demonstrate the complex ethical dilemmas that often arise when working with critically ill youth, including those with poor prognosis. Pediatric psychologists involved in pediatric palliative care might benefit from being familiar with ethical principles in order to navigate challenging and complex situations.
Parents’ perceptions of their child’s weight among children in their first year of primary school: a mixed-methods analysis of an Australian cross-sectional (complete enumeration) study
Authors: O’Brien Kathleen , Agostino Jason , Ciszek Karen , Douglas Kirsty A.
Published: January 2022

Background/Objectives

To describe trends in overweight/obesity in early childhood for all children and those whose parents are concerned about their weight. To describe parents’ perceptions of their child’s weight and differences by their child’s anthropometric and sociodemographic factors.

Subjects/Methods

Analysis of the Kindergarten Health Check, a survey of all children enrolled in their first year of primary education in the Australian Capital Territory. Analysis of detailed data for 2014–2017, including qualitative analysis of parents’ comments on weight, and trends for 2001–2017.

Results

71,963 children participated in the survey between 2001 and 2017 (20,427 between 2014 and 2017). The average age of children (2001–2017) was 5 years and 9.6 months at the time of their physical health check. 2377 children (3.5%) were classified as obese based on measured body mass index (BMI) between 2001 and 2017, and a further 7766 (11.6%) overweight. Similar proportions were seen for 2014–2017. Among children with overweight/obesity in 2014–2017, 86.4% of parents (2479/2868) described their children’s weight as healthy and 13.3% (382/2868) as overweight/obese. Just 11.5% (339/2946) of parents whose children were later measured with overweight/obesity identified having a concern about their child’s weight.

Parental comments varied widely and were often incongruent with the known health risks associated with their child’s measured BMI. Comments from parents whose children were measured as obese often were normalising e.g., “born big, always big. Definitely NOT overweight, just bigger all over”, whilst parents of children in the healthy range expressed concerns about underweight.

Conclusion

Parents do not accurately perceive their child’s weight and few document concerns, even among children measuring in the obese BMI category. This lack of concern makes early interventions challenging as parents are in the “pre-contemplative” stage of behaviour change and may see public health campaigns or clinicians’ attempts to address their child’s weight as irrelevant or unhelpful.
Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Yang Shude , Wang Ning , Ma Yutong , Guo Shuaichen , Guo Shu , Sun Hongchen
Published: January 2022

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is widely used for bone tissue engineering technology. Immune regulations play important roles in the process of DO like other bone regeneration mechanisms. Compared with others, the immune regulation processes of DO have their distinct features. In this review, we summarized the immune-related events including changes in and effects of immune cells, immune-related cytokines, and signaling pathways at different periods in the process of DO. We aim to elucidated our understanding and unknowns about the immunomodulatory role of DO. The goal of this is to use the known knowledge to further modify existing methods of DO, and to develop novel DO strategies in our unknown areas through more detailed studies of the work we have done.
Canonical TGFβ signaling induces collective invasion in colorectal carcinogenesis through a Snail1- and Zeb1-independent partial EMT
Authors: Flum Marion , Dicks Severin , Teng Yu-Hsiang , Schrempp Monika , Nyström Alexander , Boerries Melanie , Hecht Andreas
Published: January 2022

Local invasion is the initial step towards metastasis, the main cause of cancer mortality. In human colorectal cancer (CRC), malignant cells predominantly invade as cohesive collectives and may undergo partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT) at the invasive front. How this particular mode of stromal infiltration is generated is unknown. Here we investigated the impact of oncogenic transformation and the microenvironment on tumor cell invasion using genetically engineered organoids as CRC models. We found that inactivation of the Apc tumor suppressor combined with expression of oncogenic KrasG12D and dominant-negative Trp53R172H did not cell-autonomously induce invasion in vitro. However, oncogenic transformation primed organoids for activation of a collective invasion program upon exposure to the prototypical microenvironmental factor TGFβ1. Execution of this program co-depended on a permissive extracellular matrix which was further actively remodeled by invading organoids. Although organoids shed some epithelial properties particularly at the invasive edge, TGFβ1-stimulated organoids largely maintained epithelial gene expression while additionally implementing a mesenchymal transcription pattern, resulting in a pEMT phenotype that did not progress to a fully mesenchymal state. Notably, while TGFβ1 induced pEMT and promoted collective invasion, it abrogated self-renewal capacity of TKA organoids which correlated with the downregulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) marker genes. Mechanistically, induction of the non-progressive pEMT required canonical TGFβ signaling mediated by Smad transcription factors (TFs), whereas the EMT master regulators Snail1 and Zeb1 were dispensable. Gene expression profiling provided further evidence for pEMT of TGFβ1-treated organoids and showed that their transcriptomes resemble those of human poor prognosis CMS4 cancers which likewise exhibit pEMT features. We propose that collective invasion in colorectal carcinogenesis is triggered by microenvironmental stimuli through activation of a novel, transcription-mediated form of non-progressive pEMT independently of classical EMT regulators.
Glucose-regulated protein 78 modulates cell growth, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and oxidative stress in the hyperplastic prostate
Authors: Fu Xun , Liu Jianmin , Liu Daoquan , Zhou Yongying , Guo Yuhang , Wang Zhen , Yang Shu , He Weixiang , Chen Ping , Wang Xinghuan , DiSanto Michael E. , Zhang Xinhua
Published: January 2022

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic condition which mainly affects elderly males. Existing scientific evidences have not completely revealed the pathogenesis of BPH. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a member of the heat shock protein 70 superfamily, which serves as an important regulator in many diseases. This study aims at elucidating the role of GRP78 in the BPH process. Human prostate tissues, cultured human prostate cell lines (BPH-1 and WPMY-1) and clinical data from BPH patients were utilized. The expression and localization of GRP78 were determined with quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. GRP78 knockdown and overexpression cell models were created with GRP78 siRNA and GRP78 plasmid transfection. With these models, cell viability, apoptosis rate, as well as marker levels for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oxidative stress (OS) were detected by CCK8 assay, flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting respectively. AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways were also evaluated. Results showed GRP78 was localized in the epithelium and stroma of the prostate, with higher expression in BPH tissues. There was no significant difference in GRP78 expression between BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cell lines. In addition, GRP78 knockdown (KD) slowed cell growth and induced apoptosis, without effects on the cell cycle stage of both cell lines. Lack of GRP78 affected expression levels of markers for EMT and OS. Consistently, overexpression of GRP78 completely reversed all effects of knocking down GRP78. We further found that GRP78 modulated cell growth and OS via AKT/mTOR signaling, rather than the MAPK/ERK pathway. Overall, our novel data demonstrates that GRP78 plays a significant role in the development of BPH and suggests that GRP78 might be rediscovered as a new target for treatment of BPH.