bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of AMULSE (Atmospheric Measurements by Ultra-Light Spectrometer) and its interest in atmospheric applications. Results of the Atmospheric Profiles Of GreenhousE gasEs (APOGEE) weather balloon release campaign for satellite retrieval validation
Authors: Joly Lilian , Coopmann Olivier , Guidard Vincent , Decarpenterie Thomas , Dumelié Nicolas , Cousin Julien , Burgalat Jérémie , Chauvin Nicolas , Albora Grégory , Maamary Rabih , Miftah El Khair Zineb , Tzanos Diane , Barrie Joël , Moulin Eric , Aressy Patrick , Belleudy Anne
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We report in this paper the development of an embedded ultralight spectrometer (< 3 kg) based on tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (with a sampling rate of 24 Hz) in the mid-infrared spectral region. This instrument is dedicated to in-situ measurements of the vertical profile concentrations of three main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and water vapour (H2O) under weather and tethered balloons. The plug and play instrument is compact, robust and cost-effective, autonomous, having a low power consumption, a non-intrusive probe. It was first calibrated during an in situ campaign on an ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) site for several days, then used in a tethered balloon campaign and for a balloon campaign several balloon flights up to 30 km altitude in the Reims-France in 2017–2018 in collaboration with Météo-France/CNRM. This paper shows the valuable interest of the data measured by AMULSE instrument during the APOGEE measurement campaign, specifically for the vertical profiles of CO2 and CH4, which remain very sparse. We have carried out several experiments showing that the measured profiles have several applications: for the validation of simulations of infrared satellite observations, for evaluating the quality of chemical profiles from Chemistry Transport Models (CTM) and for evaluating the quality of retrieved chemical profiles from the assimilation of infrared satellite observations. The results show that the simulations of infrared satellite observations from IASI and CrIS instruments performed in operational mode for NWP by the Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) RTTOV are of good quality. We also show that the MOCAGE and CAMS CTMs modeled ozone profiles fairly accurately and that the CAMS CTM represents the methane in the troposphere well compared to MOCAGE. Finally, the measured in situ ozone profiles allowed us to show the good quality of the retrieved ozone profiles by assimilating ozone-sensitive infrared spectral radiances from IASI and CrIS.
GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2
Authors: Olsen Are , Lange Nico , Key Robert M. , Tanhua Toste , Álvarez Marta , Becker Susan , Bittig Henry C. , Carter Brendan R. , Cotrim da Cunha Leticia , Feely Richard A. , van Heuven Steven , Hoppema Mario , Ishii Masao , Jeansson Emil , Jones Steve D. , Jutterström Sara , Karlsen Maren K. , Kozyr Alex , Lauvset Siv K. , Lo Monaco Claire , Murata Akihiko , Pérez Fiz F. , Pfeil Benjamin , Schirnick Carsten , Steinfeldt Reiner , Suzuki Toru , Telszewski Maciej , Tilbrook Bronte , Velo Anton , Wanninkhof Rik
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a
synthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface to bottom ocean
biogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry
and related variables determined through chemical analysis of water samples.
This update of GLODAPv2, v2.2019, adds data from 116 cruises to the previous
version, extending its coverage in time from 2013 to 2017, while also adding
some data from prior years. GLODAPv2.2019 includes measurements from more
than 1.1 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 840
cruises. The data for the 12 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen,
nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity,
pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CCl4) have undergone extensive quality
control, especially systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in
two formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but updated to WOCE
exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments applied
to minimize bias. These adjustments were derived by comparing the data from
the 116 new cruises with the data from the 724 quality-controlled cruises of
the GLODAPv2 data product. They correct for errors related to measurement,
calibration, and data handling practices, taking into account any known or
likely time trends or variations. The compiled and adjusted data product is
believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen,
2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4 µmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4 µmol kg−1 in total
alkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH, and 5 % in the halogenated transient
tracers. The compilation also includes data for several other variables,
such as isotopic tracers. These were not subjected to bias comparison or
adjustments. The original data, their documentation and DOI codes are available in the
Ocean Carbon Data System of NOAA NCEI
(https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/GLODAPv2_2019/, last access: 17 September 2019). This
site also provides access to the merged data product, which is provided as a
single global file and as four regional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian,
and Pacific oceans – under https://doi.org/10.25921/xnme-wr20
(Olsen et al., 2019). The
product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data.
These were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data.
This paper documents the GLODAPv2.2019 methods and provides a broad overview
of the secondary quality control procedures and results.
The influence of water table depth on evapotranspiration in the Amazon arc of deforestation
Authors: O'Connor John , Santos Maria J. , Rebel Karin T. , Dekker Stefan C.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Amazon rainforest evapotranspiration (ET) flux provides climate-regulating and moisture-provisioning ecosystem services through a moisture
recycling system. The dense complex canopy and deep root system creates an
optimum structure to provide large ET fluxes to the atmosphere, forming the
source of precipitation. Extensive land use and land cover change (LULCC)
from forest to agriculture in the arc of deforestation breaks this moisture
recycling system. Crops such as soybean are planted in large homogeneous
monocultures and the maximum rooting depth of these crops is far shallower
than forest. This difference in rooting depth is key as forests can access
deep soil moisture and show no signs of water stress during the dry season,
while in contrast crops are highly seasonal with a growing season dependent
on rainfall. As access to soil moisture is a limiting factor in vegetation
growth, we hypothesised that if crops could access soil moisture, they would
undergo less water stress and therefore would have higher evapotranspiration
rates than crops which could not access soil moisture. We combined remote-sensing data with modelled groundwater table depth (WTD)
to assess whether vegetation in areas with a shallow WTD had higher ET than
vegetation in deep WTD areas. We randomly selected areas of forest, savanna,
and crop with deep and shallow WTD and examined whether they differ on MODIS
Evapotranspiration (ET), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Enhanced
Vegetation Index (EVI), from 2001 to 2012, annually and during transition
periods between the wet and dry seasons. As expected, we found no differences
in ET, LST, and EVI for forest vegetation between deep and shallow WTD,
which because of their deep roots could access water and maintain
evapotranspiration for moisture recycling during the entire year. We found
significantly higher ET and lower LST in shallow WTD crop areas than in deep WTD during the dry season transition, suggesting that crops in deep WTD undergo higher water stress than crops in shallow WTD areas. The differences found between crop in deep and shallow WTD, however, are of
low significance with regards to the moisture recycling system, as the
difference resulting from conversion of forest to crop has an overwhelming
influence (ET in forest is ≈2 mm d−1 higher than that in
crops) and has the strongest impact on energy balance and ET. However,
access to water during the transition between wet and dry seasons may
positively influence growing season length in crop areas.
Systematic errors analysis of heavy precipitating events prediction using a
30-year hindcast dataset
Authors: Ponzano Matteo , Joly Bruno , Descamps Laurent , Arbogast Philippe
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The western Mediterranean region is prone to devastating flash-flood induced by heavy precipitation events (HPEs), which are responsible for considerable human and material damage. Quantitative precipitation forecasts have improved dramatically in recent years to produce realistic accumulated rainfall estimations. Nevertheless, challenging issues remain in reducing uncertainties in the initial conditions assimilation and the modeling of physical processes. In this study, the spatial errors resulting from a 30-year (1981–2010) ensemble hindcast which implement the same physical parametrizations as in the operational Météo-France short-range ensemble prediction system, Prévision d'Ensemble ARPEGE (PEARP), are analysed. The hindcast consists of a 10-member ensemble reforecast, run every 4-days, covering the period from September to December. 24-hour precipitation fields are classified in order to investigate the local variation of spatial properties and intensities of rainfall fields, with particular focus on the HPEs. The feature-based quality measure SAL is then performed on the model forecast and reference rainfall fields, which shows that both the amplitude and structure components are basically driven by the deep convection parametrization. Between the two main deep convection schemes used in PEARP, we qualify that the PCMT parametrization scheme performs better than the B85 scheme. A further analysis of spatial features of the rainfall objects to which the SAL metric pertains shows the predominance of large objects in the verification measure. It is for the most extreme events that the model has the best representation of the distribution of object integrated rain.
Succession Under Customary Law in Nigeria. The Rule of Primogeniture versus the Deposition of a Traditional Ruler (Onojie) in Edo State: A critique of the Provisions of the Traditional Rulers and Chiefs Edicts No 16 of 1979
Authors: Itua Paul Okhaide
Published: September 2019

Before the advent of colonial administration in the area, which is presently known as Nigeria, there existed a people occupying vast areas of territories, which were traditionally dominated by highly diverse ethnic groups with highly sophisticated language systems. Apart from the variation in the languages, there also exist shape differences in terms of customs and traditions. However, with the amalgamation of the southern and northern protectorate by Lord Frederick Lugard the former Governor-General of Nigeria in 1914 these territories were brought together for the convenience of British Colonial Administration. The new territory was called Nigeria. In furtherance of their quest for effective colonial administration, the British used to their advantage the traditional institutions that were well established in the country. Although traditional structures differ considerately from one ethnic group to another, but it was a common feature for these various ethnic groups to have their own established traditional institution with a recognised ruler, who may in turn be subordinate to the ruler of a larger community. The procedure regulating succession to the throne of these various traditional institutions are well defined by customs and traditions. These traditional ruler exercises absolute powers, and wade considerable influence in the affairs concerning their area of jurisdiction. However since the attainment of Independence in 1960, and followed by alternating between Military rule and civilian administration saw the decline and in some cases the eroding of the powers once excised by these traditional rulers. The once reviled absolute rulers suddenly discover that they are now subject to the powers of the state as provided in the various Traditional Rulers and Chief Law of the various states in the federation. These laws prescribed the mode of selection, appointment and discipline of a traditional ruler, which could include deposition or dethronement. In Edo State, succession to the throne as a traditional ruler in most of the communities is governed by the rule of primogeniture. Among the Esan people of Edo State their traditional ruler is known as the “Onojie” and succession to the throne is strictly by the principle of primogeniture. Recently, the Onojie of Uromi was deposed by the Edo State Government acting in accordance with provision of the Traditional Rulers and Chief Edict No 6 Laws of Bendel State of Nigeria 1979 applicable to Edo State. This article seeks to examine critically the aforesaid deposition of the Onojie against the Rule of primogeniture that regulate succession to the throne under Esan customary law.
REMOTE SENSING OF WATER BALANCE IN PANTANAL
Authors: Moreira Adriana Aparecida , Fassoni-Andrade Alice César , Ruhoff Anderson Luis , Paiva Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de
Published: September 2019

Pantanal, located in the Upper Paraguay basin, is the world’s largest tropical wetland. The maintenance of this ecosystem depends on the water balance since precipitation is seasonal and high losses of water occur due to the high evapotranspiration. Water balance assessment using in situ data is still a challenge due to the large extension of the area and the complexity to be represented. In this study, the water balance in the Upper Paraguay basin was investigated based on hydrological variables derived from remote sensing data. Precipitation, evapotranspiration, and water storage change data were estimated with accuracy by the water balance, but the same was not possible for the discharge. However, high uncertainties in the estimates were verified, mainly during the rainy season. The remote sensing data allowed the identification of the seasonality of hydrological variables in the Pantanal system and in the different regions of the basin: Chaco, Pantanal and Planalto. Water deficit in the basin was observed from March/April to September as well as a positive water balance due to precipitation during the rest of the year. The spatial analysis of the basin showed that in the northern region, the precipitation, the evapotranspiration, and the water storage variation are higher than in the southern region. Results demonstrated that remote sensing data can help in the comprehension of hydrological systems operation, especially in large wetland regions.
A Corpus-Based Study of Hypotactic and Paratactic Thematic Relations in English and Urdu Clause Complexes
Authors: Yaqub Humaira , Shakir Aleem
Published: September 2019

The present research inquires the paratactic and hypotactic thematic relations in terms of their grammatical realization, functional significance (Halliday, 1994) and thematic progression (McCabe, 1999). In the paratactic clause complexes, two or more independent clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunctions while in the hypotactic clause complexes, two or more independent and dependent clauses are joined by the subordinating conjunctions. The specific objectives of this research are: (1) to define the grammatical realization of paratactic and hypotactic thematic structures in the English and the Urdu texts, (2) to describe the functional significance of paratactic and hypotactic thematic structures particular to information flow and thematic progression in the English and the Urdu texts, and (3) to discuss how effectively the paratactic and hypotactic thematic structures in the English text have been translated into the Urdu text. The English text, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and its translated Urdu text, Bikharti Duniya by Ikram Ullah have been selected for this study. These texts have been annotated through the annotation scheme of UAM Corpus Tool (O’Donnell, 2008). The results reveal that the Urdu text uses multiple equivalents of conjunction either paratactic or hypotactic in the English text. Thematic progression patterns in both texts are mostly constant, linear and peripheral. The unmotivated displacement of paratactic and hypotactic themes causes ambiguity and change the information flow in the Urdu text. The present research is significant to support the systemic functional grammar of Urdu taking into account of English.
A General Framework for Time Series Forecasting Model Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average-ARIMA and Transfer Functions
Authors: Osho G. Solomon
Published: September 2019

Major current econometric stochastic series forecast research are established on the failure of the scholastic process tests to differentiate between finite and stationary alternative samples of the unit root hypothesis results. The importance of forecast evaluation allows researchers to reasonably monitor and improve forecast performance. While a structured improved forecast framework have often been suggested as one possible alternative, an extended the multivariate model which incorporate distributed-lag period for independent variable gives a unique advantage over the traditional distributed-lag model and the mathematical formulation does essentially guarantee that predicated equation irrespective of the values of the predictor variables. Hence, the primary objective is mainly to determine the likelihood of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method for practicable process choice used for predicting key economic variables for a set of market data. Once the process has been known, parameters have been obtained, and the adequacy of the model has been determined, forecasts can be checked for reliability.
Resistance to ciprofloxacin of respiratory pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Dostai Rene E , Seale J Paul , Yan Barbara J
Published: September 2019

Objective

To determine the incidence of resistance to ciprofloxacin in respiratory pathogens isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared with that of isolates from patients without CF. The hypothesis was that repeated exposure of these respiratory pathogens to ciprofloxacin would reduce their sensitivity.

Design

Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained prospectively from sputa of patients with CF, as part of their routine care. The sensitivities of these isolates to ciprofloxacin were determined by standard agar dilution techniques.

Setting and patients

The study was carried out in patients who attended the outpatient clinic or were treated as inpatients of a tertiary referral hospital. Sputa were obtained from 71 patients with CF (age range, 2‐31 years) and isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were compared with those from 54 hospital patients who did not have CF.

Outcome measures

Sensitivities to ciprofloxacin, expressed as the minimal concentrations required to inhibit growth of the organisms (MIC), were used to make comparisons between different isolates and the same isolates within patients at different times.

Results

A higher incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance was displayed by isolates of P. aeruginosa from CF patients who had been previously prescribed ciprofloxacin (MICso of 2.0 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L for mucoid and nonmucoid strains respectively). The MIC of individual organisms tended to rise after a course of ciprofloxacin had been given to their host. A much tower incidence of resistance was displayed by isolates of P. aeruginosa from patients without CF (MICS0, 0.25 mg/L). Similarly, S. aureus isolates from patients with CF exhibited greater resistance to ciprofloxacin (MICso, 32 mg/L) than isolates from other patients (MICso, 0.75 mg/L).

Conclusion

The resistance of P. aeruginosa appears to be related to ciproflox‐acln exposure, so further development of resistance may be diminished by restricting the frequency of ciprofloxacin administration to individual patients.
Mittelstandsorientierte Weiterentwicklung des Einwanderungsrechts mit Blick auf das Handwerk
Authors: Kluth Winfried
Published: September 2019

The lack of skilled workers is posing various challenges to companies depending on their size and location (from those in metropolitan regions to those in village surroundings) in many different respects. In addition to vocational qualifications playing a significant role in this regard, so does enabling skilled workers recruited from third countries to adapt to the new culture they find themselves in. This study discusses the various obstacles and challenges in this respect and, based on an in-depth analysis of previous experiences and practices, reveals which measures can help small and medium-sized artisans’ companies located in rural areas especially to search for and train such workers. In doing so, it focuses on vocational training measures which also facilitate the workers’ transition to a different culture and on means of helping them contact local companies.
United States and the transpacific partnership agreement: an analysis of recent dynamics and possible implications for Brazil
Authors: Becati Bruna Ellen Reis , Silva Sheldon William , Portugal Junior Pedro dos Santos , Paiva Lucas Rosa , Oliveira Gustavo Flausino de
Published: September 2019

The paper aims to demonstrate the possible impacts after the announcement of the exit of the United States of America from the Transpacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), mainly for Brazil. In view of the above, we work with the hypothesis that the consolidation of TPP can bring great negative impacts to Brazil, since it is out of the agreement and also of most megarregional initiatives. To achieve this, the character work exploratory, uses bibliographical and documentary research from records available in newspapers, articles, magazines, books, films and legal documents. The study shows that the exit of the US from the TPP can positively affect the Brazilian economy, considering mainly the agribusiness sector. Therefore, it is necessary that the country adopts a more proactive international policy that allows to leave the supporting role in the great global economic negotiations.
Pollutant release registers are key tools to help curb air pollution
Authors: Walker Tony R
Published: September 2019

Recent articles highlighting potential weakening of air pollution regulations in the United States should be a cause for concern for public health worldwide. Environmental regulations to curb air pollution, particularly fine-particle pollution, should be based on sound scientific evidence, not politics. Unfortunately, members of the public seldom read scientific articles published in reputable journals, but they do listen to politicians. However, members of the public can learn more about atmospheric pollutant releases, including fine-particulate matter from industrial facilities under ‘right-to-know’ legislation and public disclosure principles, using Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs). PRTRs are a key policy tools designed to curb air pollution and are used widely in many countries and help support enforcement of environmental pollution control regulations. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) launched the first PRTR, the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) in 1987 and Canada followed suit with the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) in 1993. Whilst PRTRs have been criticised for data accuracy and under reporting, they are still effective tools to curb air pollution through increased public understanding and engagement in decision-making.
Ethylene induced soil delays ripening in organic bananas.
Authors: Perry Guenevere , Williams Diane
Published: September 2019

The scope of the project was to develop a method to induce soil bacteria to biosynthesize compounds that retard the effects of ethylene induced ripening in climacteric fruits. The study was randomized. Organic bananas selected for the study were visibly inspected to ensure the fruit was unripen with no visible signs of bruising, spotting, or infection from a local distributor. Four trials were conducted from June 5th - August 5th 2014 with 3 replicates (3-4 bananas per experimental unit) in 4 trial studies for 3 days at room temperature. A mixed culture of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were collected from soil surrounding the roots of young fruit bearing trees. Microbes were mixed with no-carbon source media, and cultured with an ethylene for 3 d at room temperature in a closed container. Induced soil was used to delay ripening. Microbes induced with media and ethylene delayed ripening 100% of the time in all experimental units compared to control samples, while microbes cultured with media (no ethylene) delayed ripening less than 10% of the time compared to the control. These cells also appeared to increase the incidence of fungal infection in the fruit. The findings suggest induced microbes may convert ethylene into ethanol then acetaldehyde. The two compounds may form an acetaldehyde/ethanol vapor that delays ripening, and a secondary nitrile compound that inhibits fungal growth.
Gender and Hypertension (Data analysis of The Indonesia Basic Health Research 2007)
Authors: Bantas Krisnawati
Published: September 2019

The objective of this study was to examine whether there was a gender difference in the occurrence of hypertension in Indonesian people, after controlling for individual and environment factors. Data were obtained from the Indonesia Basic Health Research 2007 and a cross-sectional design was used. Samples consisted of 13.262 men and women age 15 years or more. A multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the data. There was a statistically significant association between gender and hypertension. Women were less likely to have hypertension than men (OR 0.86 P value < 0.0033). There was an interaction between variable of gender and variable of age. It suggested that the probability of having hypertension in women and men was varied by the strata of age. In the strata of age more than 60 years, women were more likely to have hypertension than men (OR 1.25, P value 0.0065); in strata of age 30-59 years, there was no difference of having hypertension between women and men (P value > 0.05); in strata of age <30 years, women were less likely to have hypertension than men (OR 0.67 Pvalue 0.0000). Among women, there was an increased of having hypertension with age. Age of ≥ 60 years was the highest risk of having hypertension. Among men, there was an increased of having hypertension with age, but at in the age of ≥ 60 years the increased risk of having hypertension was not as high as in women.
Cloning of a new HSP70 gene from western flowerthrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and expression patterns during thermal stress
Authors: Zhang Xiao-xiang , Qin Jing , Yuan Jia-Wen , Lu Ming-Xing , Du Yu-Zhou
Published: September 2019

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an invasive pest that endangers a wide variety of horticultural and agronomic crops. HSP70 is the most important member of the heat shock protein (HSP) family and plays an important role in insect thermal tolerance. In this study, a new gene encoding HSP70 from F. occidentalis, Fohsp706, was selected from the F. occidentalis transcriptome exposed to thermal stress (40 °C) and cloned by RT-PCR and RACE. Further characterization indicated that Fohsp706 localizes to the cytoplasm and does not contain introns. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR indicated that Fohsp706 expression was significantly up-regulated by thermal stress; furthermore, there were significant differences in Fohsp706 expression in adults and second instar nymphs after heat stress. Our results indicated that Fohsp706 contributes to thermotolerance in F. occidentalis and provides another example of how this pest adapts to unfavorable environmental conditions.
Methadone and buprenorphine in prison: Success in RI
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2019

The omnipresence of substance use disorder in prisons and jails cries out for treatment — and so do the inmates — but until recently, it has been scarce. Leading the way is the small state of Rhode Island, where Cranston‐based CODAC, an opioid treatment program (OTP), is providing methadone inside the state's jail/prison facility, with staff working alongside corrections (see ADAW, May 7, 2018).
Water availability drives population divergence and sex‐specific responses in a dioecious plant
Authors: Delph Lynda F.
Published: September 2019

Premise

Water availability is an important abiotic factor, resulting in differences between plant species growing in xeric and mesic habitats. Species with populations occurring in both habitat types allow examination of whether water availability has acted as a selective force at the intraspecific level. Investigating responses to water availability with a dioecious species allows determination of whether males and females, which often have different physiologies and life histories, respond differently.

Methods

An experiment varying water availability was performed under an outdoor rain‐out shelter using plants from two mesic and two xeric populations of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Early growth rate, flowering propensity, flower size, and specific leaf area were measured. At the end of the season, the plants were harvested, aboveground and root biomass were measured, and the total number of flowers and fruit produced were counted.

Results

Compared to the two mesic populations, plants from the two xeric populations grew more slowly, were less likely to flower, took longer to flower, had thicker leaves, invested less in aboveground biomass and more in root biomass, produced fewer flowers and fruit, but were more likely to live. Many traits exhibited significant habitat type × treatment interactions. Compared to the xeric populations, males—but not females—from mesic populations had less root biomass and greatly reduced their flower production in response to low water availability.

Conclusions

Mesic and xeric populations responded in ways congruent with water availability being a selective force for among‐population divergence, especially for males.
Amplified Emissions Spectroscopy for Sensing Applications
Authors: Sun Tao , Du Zhenhui , Li Jinyi , Ma Yiwen
Published: September 2019

Amplified emission spectroscopy is promising for applications of qualitative and quantitative sensing of elements and their states. This technique has the characteristics of a narrow spectral line, high spectral resolution, and high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Recently, this technology has advanced tremendously with progress in excitation methods, that is, resonance multiphoton absorption and filamentation with ultrafast lasers. The mechanism, conditions, excitation, signal processing, and applications of amplified emission spectroscopy are reviewed herein. In particular, the different formation patterns of the amplified emission spectra produced by an ultrafast laser are analyzed in detail. In addition, a brief introduction is given to the existing applications of amplified emission. Finally, both a conclusion and a perspective of the future for amplified emission are presented.
Reversible Encapsulation of Xenon and CH2Cl2 in a Solid‐State Molecular Organometallic Framework (Guest@SMOM)
Authors: Martínez‐Martínez Antonio J. , Rees Nicholas H. , Weller Andrew S.
Published: September 2019

Reversible encapsulation of CH2Cl2 or Xe in a non‐porous solid‐state molecular organometallic framework of [Rh(Cy2PCH2PCy2)(NBD)][BArF4] occurs in single‐crystal to single‐crystal transformations. These processes are probed by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, including 129Xe SSNMR. Non‐covalent interactions with the ‐CF3 groups, and hydrophobic channels formed, of [BArF4]− anions are shown to be important, and thus have similarity to the transport of substrates and products to and from the active site in metalloenzymes.
Straightforward Synthesis and Properties of Highly Fluorescent [5]‐ and [7]‐Helical Dispiroindeno[2,1‐c]fluorenes
Authors: Kaiser Reinhard P. , Nečas David , Cadart Timothée , Gyepes Robert , Císařová Ivana , Mosinger Jiří , Pospíšil Lubomír , Kotora Martin
Published: September 2019

This work presents a general approach for synthesis of substituted [5]‐helical dispiroindeno[2,1‐c]fluorenes based on Rh‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclotrimerization of triynes. This approach was further extended for the first synthesis of configurationally stable [7]‐helical dispiroindeno[2,1‐c]fluorenes. A series of variously substituted derivatives was prepared and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were evaluated. Their fluorescence emission maxima were in the region of 351–428 nm and quantum yields up to 88 % are the highest measured among the full‐carbon helical compounds.
Exploring the Ability of Cyclic Peptides to Target SAM Domains: A Computational and Experimental Study
Authors: Mercurio Flavia A. , Di Natale Concetta , Pirone Luciano , Vincenzi Marian , Marasco Daniela , De Luca Stefania , Pedone Emilia M. , Leone Marilisa
Published: September 2019

Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains are protein interaction modules with a helical fold. SAM–SAM interactions often adopt the mid‐loop (ML)/end‐helix (EH) model, in which the C‐terminal helix and adjacent loops of one SAM unit (EH site) bind the central regions of another SAM domain (ML site). Herein, an original strategy to attack SAM–SAM associations is reported. It relies on the design of cyclic peptides that target a region of the SAM domain positioned at the bottom side of the EH interface, which is thought to be important for the formation of a SAM–SAM complex. This strategy has been preliminarily tested by using a model system of heterotypic SAM–SAM interactions involving the erythropoietin‐producing hepatoma kinase A2 (EphA2) receptor and implementing a multidisciplinary plan made up of computational docking studies, experimental interaction assays (by NMR spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance techniques) and conformational analysis (by NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism). This work further highlights how only a specific balance between flexibility and rigidity may be needed to generate modulators of SAM–SAM interactions.
Adjustable Ternary FeCoNi Nanohybrids for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Yang , Wei Pengkun , Hao Zewei , Yu Qilin , Liu Huajie , Liu Lu
Published: September 2019

Water splitting as a greatly desired technology to produce clean renewable energy, but is hampered by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction. So, the development of highly active and durable water oxidation electrocatalysts is of primarily significance for energy conversion. Here, a facial strategy to synthesize FeCoNi nanohybrids with adjustable morphological structures by using fluorine is introduced. The morphology and electrocatalytic activity of the sample is determined by the innovative introduction of fluorine. Among them, the overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 of the best sample is approximately 97 mV lower than the commercial RuO2 toward the oxygen evolution reaction in 1 m KOH. Additionally, the catalysts also have low Tafel slopes and remarkable stability.
A Convenient Synthesis of Difluoroalkyl Ethers from Thionoesters Using Silver(I) Fluoride
Authors: Newton Josiah , Driedger Daniel , Nodwell Matthew B. , Schaffer Paul , Martin Rainer E. , Britton Robert , Friesen Chadron M.
Published: September 2019

Herein we report the mild and rapid fluorodesulfurization of thionoesters using only silver(I) fluoride. This reaction demonstrates excellent functional group tolerance and complements existing strategies for difluoroalkyl ether synthesis, which rely on toxic and often dangerous reagents that demonstrate limited functional group compatibility. We additionally report the translation of this finding to the production of 18F‐labelled difluoroalkyl ethers using fluoride‐derived [18F]AgF. This new process should enable the synthesis of a wide range of difluoroalkyl ethers with applications in medicinal and materials chemistry, and radiotracer production.
Methode zur Erfassung von Stofftransport an fluiden Phasengrenzflächen
Authors: Schulz Andreas , Wecker Christian , Kenig Eugeny Y.
Published: September 2019

Es wird eine auf finiten Volumen basierende Methode zur Erfassung von Stofftransportphänomenen an bewegten fluiden Grenzflächen vorgestellt. Sie ist geeignet, um ein System aus zwei Phasen und mehreren übergehenden Komponenten abzubilden. Für jede übergehende Komponente werden zwei Konzentrationsfelder definiert, wobei jedes in jeweils einer Phase physikalische Gültigkeit besitzt. Dieser Zweifeld‐Ansatz erlaubt die Formulierung von orts‐ und zeitabhängigen Randbedingungen an der Phasengrenzfläche. Die vorgestellte Methode wird anhand von drei verschiedenen Testfällen validiert, die einen Tropfen in einer kontinuierlichen flüssigen Phase beschreiben. Der Stofftransport mittels reiner Diffusion kann sehr gut abgebildet werden. Die Simulationsergebnisse für das bewegte System zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Daten.
Copper Nanoparticles on Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nitride Support: a Superior Catalyst for Homo‐ and Cross‐Coupling of Terminal Alkynes under Base‐Free Conditions
Authors: Xu Hang , Wu Liangying , Tian Jing , Wang Jun , Wang Peng , Niu Xiyu , Yao Xiaoquan
Published: September 2019

A novel ordered mesoporous carbon nitride (OMCN) was synthesized as a functionalized support with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine and benzidine as starting materials in the presence of SBA‐15 as a template. Copper nanoparticles were then loaded on the C–N material to achieve a novel nanocomposite catalyst (Cu NPs‐OMCN). The nanocomposite was utilized as a highly efficient catalyst for homo‐ and cross‐coupling of terminal alkynes under base‐free conditions in ethanol, and various symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,3‐diynes were obtained with good to excellent yields. Moreover, based on this reaction, a one‐pot approach to synthesize 2,5‐disubstituted thiophenes and furans from terminal alkynes were developed. Furthermore, the heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered and reused conveniently for several times with satisfactory yields.
Rethinking the definition of maternal near‐miss in low‐income countries using data from 104 health facilities in Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: Pembe Andrea B. , Hirose Atsumi , Alwy Al‐beity Fadhlun , Atuhairwe Susan , Morris Jessica L. , Kaharuza Frank , Marrone Gaetano , Hanson Claudia
Published: September 2019

Objective

To assess the consistency of maternal near‐miss incidence and mortality index between two definitions across 104 facilities in Tanzania and Uganda.

Methods

Based on WHO guidance, cross‐sectional near‐miss data were collected in Tanzania (July 2015 to October 2016) and Uganda (June 2016 to September 2017). Prepartum hemorrhage and abortion were included as additional screening events and the number of blood units transfused was recorded. Near‐miss incidence and mortality index were determined by using two near‐miss definitions: the WHO standard definition, and a modified definition including women receiving at least 1 unit of blood. A sensitivity analysis excluded the additional screening events.

Results

Near‐miss incidence differed between Tanzania and Uganda (1.79 and 4.00, respectively, per 100 deliveries) when estimated by the standard definition, but was similar (5.24 and 4.94, respectively) by the modified definition. The mortality index was higher in Tanzania than in Uganda when estimated by the standard definition (8.56% vs 3.54%), but was similar by the modified definition (3.10% vs 2.89%).

Conclusion

The modified definition provided a more consistent estimate of near‐miss incidence and mortality index. Lowering the threshold for units of blood transfusion might improve comparability between settings, but more research is needed.
The emerging roles of hnRNPK
Authors: Wang Ziyi , Qiu Heng , He Jianbo , Liu Langxia , Xue Wei , Fox Archa , Tickner Jennifer , Xu Jiake
Published: September 2019

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) is an DNA/RNA‐binding protein and regulates a wide range of biological processes and disease pathogenesis. It contains 3 K‐homologous (KH) domains, which are conserved in other RNA‐binding proteins, mediate nucleic acid binding activity, and function as an enhancer or repressor of gene transcription. Phosphorylation of the protein alters its regulatory function, which also enables the protein to serve as a docking platform for the signal transduction proteins. In terms of the function of hnRNPK, it is central to many cellular events, including long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulation, cancer development and bone homoeostasis. Many studies have identified hnRNPK as an oncogene, where it is overexpressed in cancer tissues compared with the nonneoplastic tissues and its expression level is related to the prognosis of different types of host malignancies. However, hnRNPK has also been identified as a tumour suppressor, as it is important for the activation of the p53/p21 pathway. Recently, the protein is also found to be exclusively related to the regulation of paraspeckles and lncRNAs such as Neat1, Lncenc1 and Xist. Interestingly, hnRNPK has been found to associate with the Kabuki‐like syndrome and Au‐Kline syndrome with prominent skeletal abnormalities. In vitro study revealed that the hnRNPK protein is essential for the formation of osteoclast, in line with its importance in the skeletal system.
Temporal Changes and Regional Variation in Acceptance of Hepatitis C Virus–Viremic Livers
Authors: Mazur Rafal D. , Goldberg David S.
Published: September 2019

The high efficacy of current hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy and increased numbers of HCV‐infected deceased donors have changed the paradigm of HCV in liver transplantation (LT). Modeling studies have been performed to evaluate the optimal timing of HCV treatment (before versus after LT) in HCV‐infected patients and to assess the cost‐effectiveness of transplanting HCV‐infected livers into HCV− patients. However, these models rely on historical data and have not quantified the temporal changes in the median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at transplant of recipients of an HCV‐infected liver across geographic areas. We performed a retrospective cohort study of Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data of nonstatus 1 deceased donor LT recipients from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, and we calculated the difference in allocation MELD score in recipients of HCV nucleic acid test (NAT)− versus NAT+ livers by year and UNOS region. We used Pearson correlation coefficients to assess the relationship between MELD score difference in recipients of HCV NAT+ versus HCV NAT− livers and the proportion of non‐HCV recipients of HCV NAT+ livers. Nationally, the allocation MELD score difference at LT in recipients of HCV NAT+ versus NAT− livers did not change (4‐point difference). This stability was seen in regions 3, 5, and 10. In regions 1, 7, 8, 9, and 11, the MELD score difference decreased, which is a diminishing advantage. However, in regions 2 and 4, it increased, which is a rising advantage. In 2018, recipients of HCV NAT+ livers had a lower MELD score in 9/11 regions, and the MELD score advantage of accepting HCV NAT+ livers had a moderate inverse correlation with the regional use in non‐HCV patients (r = −0.53). These data should be used to inform clinicians of the pre‐ and post‐LT trade‐offs of HCV treatment.
Continuation of multiple power series in a sectorial domain
Authors: Mkrtchyan A. J.
Published: September 2019

For multiple power series centered at the origin we consider the problem of its analytic continuability into a sectorial domain. The condition for continuability is formulated in terms of a holomorphic function that interpolates the series coefficients. For series in one variable this problem has been studied in the works of E. Lindelöf, N. Arakelian, and others.
The effect of metal oxide on the cure, morphology, thermal and mechanical characteristics of chloroprene and butadiene rubber blends
Authors: Smejda-Krzewicka Aleksandra , Olejnik Anna , Strzelec Krzysztof
Published: September 2019

This paper discusses the role of metal oxides (MeO) in the cross-linking process and useful properties of chloroprene and butadiene rubber (CR/BR) blends. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), silver(I) oxide (Ag2O) or zinc oxide were used. It has found that every proposed metal oxide can be used as a cross-linking agent of the CR/BR blends. The degree of cross-linking was evaluated by means of vulcametric parameters, equilibrium swelling in selected solvents and Mooney–Rivlin elasticity constants. The properties of the cured CR/BR products, such as tensile strength, stress at elongation, tension set under constant elongation and compression set, were also investigated. The results revealed that all CR/BR/MeO vulcanizates were characterized by a high cross-linking degree and satisfying mechanical properties. The most important advantage of obtained rubber goods is very high resistance to flame. The increase in the oxygen index value for the CR/BR/Fe2O3, CR/BR/Fe3O4 and CR/BR/Ag2O vulcanizates compared to the standard cross-linked chloroprene rubber showed that presented metal oxides provided a positive effect on the resistance to flame of the new CR/BR/MeO composites. Satisfactory properties of the studied blends are related to the presence of the interelastomer bonding of both rubbers in the compositions.
Three-dimensional elasticity analysis of sandwich panels with functionally graded transversely isotropic core
Authors: Woodward B. , Kashtalyan M.
Published: September 2019

In this paper, three-dimensional elastic deformation of rectangular sandwich panels with functionally graded transversely isotropic core subjected to transverse loading is investigated. An exponential variation of Young’s and shear moduli through the thickness is assumed. The approach uses displacement potential functions for transversely isotropic graded media and a three-dimensional elasticity solution for a transversely isotropic graded plate developed by the authors. The effects of transverse shear modulus, loading localisation, panel thickness and anisotropy on the stresses and displacements in the panel are examined and discussed.
A Pilot Study of Smartphone-Based Memory Bias Modification and Its Effect on Memory Bias and Depressive symptoms in an Unselected Population
Authors: Visser Damian A. , Tendolkar Indira , Schene Aart H. , van de Kraats Livia , Ruhe Henricus G. , Vrijsen Janna N.
Published: September 2019

Memory bias modification (MBM) is a relatively new approach at targeting biased processing—a central cognitive factor causing and maintaining depression. In this pilot study we aimed to develop a smartphone-based autobiographical memory training, a novel form of MBM. A total of 153 unselected participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental training conditions (positive, negative or sham memory training) conducted over a period of three days. Autobiographical memory bias and depressive scores were assessed pre- and post-training, whilst recent event recall and explicit self-referent memory bias were assessed post-training. Positive memory bias significantly increased in the positive training condition, however memory bias did not significantly differ post-training between the three conditions. Participants who received positive training recalled a positive autobiographical event more frequently compared to the other conditions. No significant difference between conditions was found in the other outcomes, including symptoms. The novel smartphone-based MBM intervention seems apt to affect autobiographical memory of emotional material. Future research should explore its possible (therapeutic) application.