bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material Analysis in Fast Industrial Processes by LIBS
Authors: Jochum Tobias , Günther Jens‐Uwe , Bohling Christian
Published: January 2019

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is recognized as a versatile technique for material analysis; especially in applications in which speed of analysis, sensitivity, and need for minimal or no sample preparation are key issues. These features make LIBS attractive for inline process monitoring, e.g. for material screening and sorting as well as for quality control purposes. However, the transfer of LIBS technology from the lab into high‐speed industrial environments entails technical and analytical challenges which we address in this article.
Industrial Color Detection at the Edge of Human Perceptibility
Authors: Stüpmann Frank , Sarcander Mattes
Published: January 2019

To operate economically, modern manufacturing technology has to work reliably at maximum speed. Current developments in color sensor technology allow for detection of color differences barely visible for end users, at sampling rates of over 10 kHz.
Accuracy of Two Ultrasound‐Guided Coracohumeral Ligament Injection Approaches: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Majdalani Carl , Boudier‐Revéret Mathieu , Pape John , Brismée Jean‐Michel , Michaud Johan , Luong Dien Hung , Grabs Detlev , Chang Ke‐Vin , Chen Wen‐Shiang , Wu Chueh Hung , Sobczak Stéphane
Published: January 2019

Background

Glenohumeral idiopathic adhesive capsulitis is a common shoulder condition that hinders functionality. Addressing the pathology has been extensively researched. Ultrasound (US)‐guided injections have shown their efficacy. However, no study has been conducted to compare anatomical accuracy between different approaches in targeting the coracohumeral ligament (CHL).

Objective

To investigate whether US‐guided injection of the CHL can be performed accurately using either the rotator interval (RI) or the coracoidal (CO) approach.

Methods

An experimental cadaveric case series.

Setting

Anatomy laboratory.

Specimens

Both shoulders of 13 Thiel‐embalmed cadavers.

Interventions

Three physiatrists each injected a 0.1 mL bolus of colored dye in both shoulders of each cadaver using either the RI or the CO approach under US guidance. Each cadaver received a total of six injections (three injections per shoulder). The accuracy of the injection was determined following shoulder dissection by an anatomist.

Main Outcome Measure

The accuracy of the US‐guided injection of the CHL.

Results

The RI approach yielded 36 accurate injections, giving it an accuracy of 100%. With the CO approach two injections were deemed inaccurate yielding an accuracy of 94%. There was no significant difference in accuracy between all operators.

Conclusions

US‐guided injection of the CHL can be performed accurately with both the RI and CO approaches. The RI approach was likely to be more accurate.
Concurrent Exertional Compartment Syndrome and Functional Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Drigny Joffrey , Reboursière Emmanuel , Desvergée Antoine , Ruet Alexis , Hulet Christophe
Published: January 2019

Exertional leg pain is a common and disabling condition in athletes with challenging diagnosis and management. We report the case of a 29‐year‐old rugby player with a history and clinical examination consistent with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Compartment pressure measurement was supportive of the diagnosis. However, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with provocative maneuvers showed functional popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES). For the treatment of CECS, bilateral fasciotomy of the anterolateral compartments permitted return to full sport participation in 8 weeks. A follow‐up MR angiogram at 12 months showed resolution of the popliteal entrapment leading us to hypothesize a possible relationship between CECS and functional PAES.
Ultrasound‐Guided Ganglionectomy of a Flexor Hallucis Longus Ganglion Cyst Using Coablation Technology: A Case Report
Authors: Lancaster Patrick Justin , Colberg Ricardo E.
Published: January 2019

A 44‐year‐old woman with a history of an open ganglionectomy 2 years prior presented with a recurrent ganglion cyst. The ganglion cyst, extending from the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath, was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging. The patient declined another surgical incision. An experimental procedure was performed: ultrasound‐guided ganglionectomy using a coablation wand. She achieved full symptom resolution, with no recurrence 1 year afterwards. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in the literature describing the use of this instrument for treating a ganglion cyst.
Display of Potassium Channel–Blocking Tertiapin‐Q Peptides on Gold Nanoparticles Enhances Depolarization of Cellular Membrane Potential
Authors: Muroski Megan E. , Oh Eunkeu , Deschamps JeffreyR. , Delehanty James B.
Published: January 2019

The use of nanoparticle (NP) systems to control cellular physiology, including membrane potential, can facilitate furthered understanding of many disparate cellular processes ranging from cellular proliferation to tissue regeneration. A gold NP (AuNP) bioconjugate system based on the honeybee venom peptide, tertiapin‐Q (AuNP‐TPN‐Q), that depolarizes membrane potential by targeting inward rectifier potassium channels (Kir), is developed. The conjugate elicits, in a peptide concentration–dependent manner, a greater and more rapid depolarization response compared to the free peptide alone. The specificity of the interaction of the AuNP‐TPN‐Q conjugate with the Kir channel using immunocytochemistry and competition binding assays is confirmed. It is further shown that membrane depolarization is photothermally reversible via the laser‐induced plasmonic heating of the AuNP, providing a level of control over Kir channels not afforded by currently available drugs. The functional nanobioconjugate described herein provides a new research tool for understanding the intricacies of ion channel activity and the modulation of cellular membrane potential.
pH as a potential therapeutic target to improve temozolomide antitumor efficacy : A mechanistic modeling study
Authors: Stéphanou Angélique , Ballesta Annabelle
Published: January 2019

Despite intensive treatments including temozolomide (TMZ) administration, glioblastoma patient prognosis remains dismal and innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. A systems pharmacology approach was undertaken to investigate TMZ pharmacokinetics‐pharmacodynamics (PK‐PD) incorporating the effect of local pH, tumor spatial configuration and micro‐environment. A hybrid mathematical framework was designed coupling ordinary differential equations describing the intracellular reactions, with a spatial cellular automaton to individualize the cells. A differential drug impact on tumor and healthy cells at constant extracellular pH was computationally demonstrated as TMZ‐induced DNA damage was larger in tumor cells as compared to normal cells due to less acidic intracellular pH in cancer cells. Optimality of TMZ efficacy defined as maximum difference between damage in tumor and healthy cells was reached for extracellular pH between 6.8 and 7.5. Next, TMZ PK‐PD in a solid tumor was demonstrated to highly depend on its spatial configuration as spread cancer cells or fragmented tumors presented higher TMZ‐induced damage as compared to compact tumor spheroid. Simulations highlighted that smaller tumors were less acidic than bigger ones allowing for faster TMZ activation and their closer distance to blood capillaries allowed for better drug penetration. For model parameters corresponding to U87 glioma cells, inter‐cell variability in TMZ uptake play no role regarding the mean drug‐induced damage in the whole cell population whereas this quantity was increased by inter‐cell variability in TMZ efflux which was thus a disadvantage in terms of drug resistance. Overall, this study revealed pH as a new potential target to significantly improve TMZ antitumor efficacy.
Sulfurization Growth and HCl Etching Processes for Cubic‐Phase SnS Thin Films
Authors: Tosuke Taichi , Sugiyama Mutsumi
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of cubic‐phase SnS thin films using a sulfurization technique, in particular, the relationship between sulfurization conditions and extra phase contamination such as orthorhombic SnS, Sn2S3, or SnS2 is investigated. In case of SnS films sulfurized for 70–90 min, both cubic and orthorhombic SnS‐related diffractions are observed. Sulfurization time longer than 120 min, orthorhombic SnS and SnS2‐related diffractions are observed because the S vapor reacts with the SnS layer and forms a stable extra phase as SnS2. A single phase of cubic SnS is obtained via 18%‐HCl‐solution etching for 90 min without heating. Since the formation energy of cubic SnS is the same as that of orthorhombic SnS, obtaining single‐phase cubic SnS is difficult by optimizing a sulfurization and/or post‐thermal process. Moreover, because the band discontinuity of CdS/cubic SnS speculates a TYPE‐II band diagram, highly efficient SnS solar cells cannot be realized using CdS as an n‐type layer.
Promoting the use of probabilistic weather forecasts through a dialogue between scientists, developers and end‐users
Authors: Fundel Vanessa J. , Fleischhut Nadine , Herzog Stefan M. , Göber Martin , Hagedorn Renate
Published: January 2019

Today's ensemble weather prediction systems provide reliable and sharp probabilistic forecasts—yet they are still rarely communicated to outside users because of two main worries: the difficulty of communicating probabilities to lay audiences and their presumed reluctance to use probabilistic forecasts. To bridge the gap between the forecasts available and their use in day‐to‐day decision making, we encourage scientists, developers, and end‐users to engage in interdisciplinary collaborations. Here, we discuss our experience with three different approaches of introducing probabilistic forecasts to different user groups and the theoretical and practical challenges that emerged. The approaches range from quantitative analyses of users' revealed preferences online to a participatory developer–user dialogue based on trial cases and interactive demonstration tools. The examples illustrate three key points. First, to make informed decisions, users need access to probabilistic forecasts. Second, forecast uncertainty can be understood if its visual representations follow validated best practices from risk communication and information design; we highlight five important recommendations from that literature for communicating probabilistic forecasts. Third, to appreciate the value of probabilistic forecasts for their decisions, users need the opportunity to experience them in their everyday practice. With these insights and practical pointers, we hope to support future efforts to integrate probabilistic forecasts into everyday decision making.
Impact of high‐resolution ocean–atmosphere coupling on fog formation over the North Sea
Authors: Fallmann Joachim , Lewis Huw , Sanchez Juan Castillo , Lock Adrian
Published: January 2019

Sea‐surface temperature (SST) is a key driver for various interactions and feedbacks between components of the Earth System and can control local weather and climate. The formation of marine fog, for example, can be sensitive to small changes in SST at a scale of a few kilometres. As a contribution to understanding processes at the interface between air and sea, this article discusses results from a state‐of‐the‐art fully coupled regional atmosphere–land–ocean–wave prediction system for the UK at km scale. This study focuses on the impact of the changes in surface forcing resulting from coupling SST in the marine boundary layer and formation of summertime coastal fog over the North Sea.

A study from July 2013 provided a good case to evaluate the role of SST in fog evolution. The benefit of an evolving SST in the coupled simulation is shown in capturing a warming trend in observed SST over the five‐day case study period, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) against in situ observations of 1.1 K. In contrast, in uncoupled atmosphere‐only simulations, the initial‐condition SST is persisted for the duration of the case, as is more typical in current operational numerical weather prediction (NWP). In the uncoupled simulations, a cold bias develops over the modelling period and the RMSE against observed SST is 2.4 K.

The impact of coupling is shown to propagate into the overlying marine boundary layer and therefore affect the formation of coastal fog. Increased heat flux from a relatively warmer sea surface in the coupled simulations led to near‐surface atmospheric instability, hampering stratus lowering and destroying the fog‐promoting inversion layer. This significantly reduced fog fractions in selected regions. The value of model coupling was assessed by comparing coupled and uncoupled simulations initialized at different times ahead of fog development.
Alpha spending for historical versus surveillance Poisson data with CMaxSPRT
Authors: Silva Ivair R. , Lopes Wilson M. , Dias Philipe , Yih W. Katherine
Published: January 2019

Sequential analysis hypothesis testing is now an important tool for postmarket drug and vaccine safety surveillance. When the number of adverse events accruing in time is assumed to follow a Poisson distribution, and if the baseline Poisson rate is assessed only with uncertainty, the conditional maximized sequential probability ratio test, CMaxSPRT, is a formal solution. CMaxSPRT is based on comparing monitored data with historical matched data, and it was primarily developed under a flat signaling threshold. This paper demonstrates that CMaxSPRT can be performed under nonflat thresholds too. We pose the discussion in the light of the alpha spending approach. In addition, we offer a rule of thumb for establishing the best shape of the signaling threshold in the sense of minimizing expected time to signal and expected sample size. An example involving surveillance for adverse events after influenza vaccination is used to illustrate the method.
Experimental and Ab Initio Study on the Intensitiesof f–f Transitions for the Molecular Eu(III)‐DOTP System
Authors: Janicki Rafał , Kędziorski Andrzej , Mondry Anna
Published: January 2019

The experimental f‐f transition intensities, derived from UV‐vis absorption and emission spectra of Eu(III)‐DOTP systems (where DOTP is 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetrayl)tetrakis‐(methylene))‐tetraphosphonate anion) in [C(NH2)3]5[Eu(DOTP)]⋅12.5H2O and K5[Eu(DOTP)]⋅11H2O crystals and in solution, were analyzed in terms of Judd‐Ofelt theory. A non standard approach was used to calculate Ωλ parameters by including both the absorption 7F0→2S+1LJ and emission 5D0→7FJ bands in the calculation procedure. The f‐f transition intensities of two {K4[Eu(DOTP)]}– clusters representing the two different forms of Eu(III)‐DOTP complex in K5[Eu(DOTP)]⋅11H2O crystal, calculated within ab initio approach were compared with the experimental counterparts. The theoretical results provided a deeper insight into the nature of the hypersensitive and highly‐forbidden f‐f transitions for system under study. The possible improvements of the theoretical approach are discussed in the light of the known mechanisms contributing to the intensities of f‐f transitions. Finally the solution structure of the [Eu(DOTP)]5– complex was examined by complementary techniques including temperature dependent UV‐vis absorption and time‐resolved emission spectroscopy. This enabled us to show that the structure of the [Eu(DOTP)]5– complex in solution is practically the same as those in crystals. In particular it means that there are no water molecules coordinated to the central Eu(III) cation. The observed decrease of luminescence integral intensities of the 5D0→7FJ bands at elevated temperatures of solution, usually assigned to a chemical reaction, is brought about actually by the changes of solution viscosity.
Pt(II)‐Based Artificial Nitroreductase: An Efficient and Highly Stable Nanozyme
Authors: Aghahosseini Hamideh , Tabatabaei Rezaei Seyed Jamal , Maleki Mahshid , Abdolahnjadian Davod , Ramazani Ali , Shahroosvand Hashem
Published: January 2019

The nitroreductases are a family of natural enzymes with great importance. Inspired the integration of biology and nanotechnology, herein, a rational design for the preparation of the platinum(II)‐based artificial nitroreductase is reported. Engineering the individual ligand scaffold, which on the one hand could form a highly stable complex with the platinum(II) as the catalytic active site and on the other hand could provide halogen bonding site for induce catalysis by approximation, creates an efficient and long‐term resistance artificial nitroreductase. The platinum(II)‐based artificial nitroreductase was characterized by FTIR, TEM, XRD, EDAX and ICP techniques. The reaction conditions were fully optimized for the reduction of high concentration p‐nitrophenol as a specific substrate in aqueous solution employing experimental design, which highlights the potential application of the designed artificial nitroreductase in wastewater treatment. Moreover, the enzyme‐like Michaelis‐Menten kinetics of the reaction was investigated. The prepared platinum(II)‐based artificial nitroreductase could be stable even after 20 catalytic cycles with excellent activity and it was represented a good turnover frequency.
Fuzzy Logic with Expert Judgment to Implement an Adaptive Risk-Based Access Control Model for IoT
Authors: Atlam Hany F. , Walters Robert J. , Wills Gary B. , Daniel Joshua
Published: January 2019

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming the future of the Internet with a large number of connected devices that are predicted to reach about 50 billion by 2020. With proliferation of IoT devices and need to increase information sharing in IoT applications, risk-based access control model has become the best candidate for both academic and commercial organizations to address access control issues. This model carries out a security risk analysis on the access request by using IoT contextual information to provide access decisions dynamically. This model solves challenges related to flexibility and scalability of the IoT system. Therefore, we propose an adaptive risk-based access control model for the IoT. This model uses real-time contextual information associated with the requesting user to calculate the security risk regarding each access request. It uses user attributes while making the access request, action severity, resource sensitivity and user risk history as inputs to analyze and calculate the risk value to determine the access decision. To detect abnormal and malicious actions, smart contracts are used to track and monitor user activities during the access session to detect and prevent potential security violations. In addition, as the risk estimation process is the essential stage to build a risk-based model, this paper provides a discussion of common risk estimation methods and then proposes the fuzzy inference system with expert judgment as to be the optimal approach to handle risk estimation process of the proposed risk-based model in the IoT system.
Reduced Opioid Use after Surgeon-Administered Genicular Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adults and Adolescents
Authors: Caldwell George L. , Selepec Michael A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Pain management after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may pose a risk of prolonged opioid use.

Questions/Purposes

The purposes of this study in ACLR were to investigate the efficacy of a surgeon-administered local–regional block of specific genicular nerves on post-operative analgesia following ACLR and to quantify the outpatient opioid consumption and duration through the complete post-operative course.

Methods

Prospectively, all patients undergoing primary ACLR by a single surgeon were studied over a 10-month period. Exclusion criteria consisted of history of pre-operative opioid use, revision surgery, multi-ligament surgery, allergy to oral opioids, and allergy to local anesthetic. ACLR was performed using autograft or allograft patellar tendon bone (PTB) graft under general anesthesia. At the conclusion of the procedure, all patients received a local anesthetic (bupivacaine 0.25%) injection by the surgeon including a unique circumferential genicular nerve and fat pad block performed based on anatomic landmarks without use of image guidance. Post-operatively, the quantity and duration of opioid use (hydrocodone 5 mg) and pain scores were recorded for 4 months prospectively. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors for increased opioid use.

Results

A single surgeon performed 75 ACLRs. After exclusions, a total of 70 patients were enrolled and followed prospectively. None were lost to follow-up. Total opioid consumption ranged from 0 to 30 tablets. The average number of opioid tablets used over the 4-month post-operative course was 5.5 (± 6.7). After surgery, 84% of patients took between 0 and 10 tablets and 21% of patients took no opioids throughout their entire post-operative course. The average duration of consumption was 2.6 days (± 3.1). No patients were taking opioids at the 6-week or 4-month follow-up. There were no refills required. No statistically significant differences were seen in regard to graft choice of autograft PTB ( n = 48) vs allograft PTB ( n = 22) in total opioid consumption or duration of use. In comparing adolescent ( n = 31) versus adult ( n = 39), no significant difference was seen in total opioid consumption or duration of use. All patients were satisfied with the post-operative pain management protocol.

Conclusion

Opioid use was unexpectedly low among patients undergoing ACLR after a surgeon-administered circumferential genicular nerve block and fat pad infiltration. With this protocol, the graft choice and patient age did not correlate with increased opioid use. These results could be useful in guiding post-operative opioid prescribing after ACLR.
Progressive research collaborations and the limits of soft power
Authors: Kits Olga , Angus Camille , MacLeod Anna , Tummons Jonathan
Published: January 2019

Collaboration in diverse teams is a central topic area in medical education, health research, and healthcare. As medical education researchers we implemented an internal grant policy to develop a progressive research partnership based on widely accepted guidelines for responsible conduct of research. Our intention was to proactively manage and guide group expectations around issues such as access to data and authorship. Our policy was based on ‘soft power’ principles, using the persuasiveness of ideas, relationships and inducements to encourage people to ‘want what you want.’ This article shares how we developed and implemented the policy, experienced first-hand the limits of soft power, and it explicates some of the lessons learned.
Water entry of rounded cylindrical bodies with different aspect ratios and surface conditions
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Park Hyungmin
Published: January 2019

In the present study, we experimentally investigate water surface deformation due to the impact of rounded cylindrical projectiles with different aspect ratios (1.0–8.0). The subsequent jet and splash formation is closely related to the dynamics of an underwater cavity. To control the cavity formation, two kinds of surface conditions (smooth and rough) are applied to the front parts of the projectiles, and two impact speeds are considered. The Froude, Reynolds and Weber numbers are in the ranges of 32–90, $5\times 10^{4}{-}8.4\times 10^{4}$ and 1700–5000, respectively. When the front is smooth, the water film rises up along the body surface immediately after impact, and the temporal variation of its height is analytically estimated. The film converges at the rear pole to create an apex jet at lower aspect ratios and simply rises up and falls with the body at higher aspect ratios. The jets could be further distinguished as thin and thick jets, whose breakdown is found to be a function of the viscous force and surface tension, i.e. the Ohnesorge number. On the other hand, when the front is rough, the water film cannot rise up along the body surface, and instead early separation occurs to make the splash above a free surface. The splash size is quantified to assess the effects of the aspect ratio and impact speed. Upon splash formation, a cavity is created under the free surface, which emanates from the nose of the projectile. As the body sinks, the cavity pinch-off occurs due to the imbalance between the hydrostatic pressure and air pressure inside the cavity. At higher aspect ratios, cavity pinch-off occurs on the side wall of the projectile and leaves a portion of the cavity bubble on it. When the surface is smooth, no underwater cavity forms. Finally, we compare the hydrodynamic force acting on the sinking bodies with and without cavity formation, based on the underwater trajectory of each projectile. It is found that the underwater cavity reduces the drag force on the sinking body when it fully encapsulates the body; however, if the air bubbles are partially attached to the body after pinch-off, they tend to detach irregularly or impose additional drag on the body.
Purposive contractual interpretation
Authors: Robertson Andrew
Published: January 2019

It is now well recognised that contractual purposes play an important role in the construction of contracts. The methods by which purposes are taken into account have not, however, been systematically explored. This paper considers three central issues in the purposive construction of contracts: first, the reasons contractual purposes are relevant to the interpretation of express terms and the identification of implied terms; secondly, the way in which contractual purposes are identified and distinguished from individual party interests; and, thirdly, the different ways in which contractual purposes inform the processes of interpretation and implication. It is argued that reference to contractual purposes can both raise and resolve interpretive choices, and that purposive construction plays a significant and under-recognised role in the identification of implied terms.
Constructing an Islamic Nation: National Mosque Building as a Form of Nation-Building
Authors: Sheline Annelle R.
Published: January 2019

A majority of national mosques were built in the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. Why did national mosque construction become important to Islamic states during this period, when it had not been a priority in earlier decades when many of these states achieved independence? This article suggests that national mosque construction was the result of political elites’ anxieties regarding the threat to regime stability posed by Islamist activists. Drawing on a mediumNdataset of all 25 states that recognized Islam as their official religion, the article shows that mosque construction increased after 1979 when political elites adopted a strategy of Islamic nation-building, with one expression of this strategy taking the form of national mosque-building in order to visually manifest the regime’s religious authority. In addition to mediumNanalysis, the article uses process tracing to examine national mosque building in three case studies, as well as interview data, to evaluate whether mosque construction achieved the desired effect of bolstering regimes’ religious legitimacy in these contexts. The findings have implications for understanding the use of symbolic religious structures as tools for nation-building that have often been overlooked due to the tendency to associate nationalism with secular visions of modernity.
Existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for a fourth-order elliptic equation
Authors: Figueiredo Giovany M. , Furtado Marcelo F. , da Silva João Pablo P.
Published: January 2019

We prove existence and multiplicity of solutions for the problem$$\left\{ {\matrix{ {\Delta ^2u + \lambda \Delta u = \vert u \vert ^{2*-2u},{\rm in }\Omega ,} \hfill \hfill \hfill \hfill \cr {u,-\Delta u > 0,\quad {\rm in}\;\Omega ,\quad u = \Delta u = 0,\quad {\rm on}\;\partial \Omega ,} \cr } } \right.$$where$\Omega \subset {\open R}^N$,$N \ges 5$, is a bounded regular domain,$\lambda >0$and$2^*=2N/(N-4)$is the critical Sobolev exponent for the embedding of$W^{2,2}(\Omega )$into the Lebesgue spaces.
14C Exposure from Disposal of Radioactive Waste Compared to14C Exposure from Cosmogenic Origin
Authors: Neeft Erika A C
Published: January 2019

The potential14C (carbon-14, radiocarbon) flux from disposal of14C containing waste into air is compared with the natural14C emanation rate from soil in order to put the14C hazard potential from disposal of this waste in perspective with the14C exposure from cosmogenic origin. Chemical corrosion of neutron irradiated metals, steel and Zircaloy, is bounded by diffusion of water through a thermodynamically stable metal-oxide layer and dissolution of this metal-oxide in a nuclear plant. Many countries process radioactive waste for disposal using cementitious materials, an acknowledged end-point management technique for this waste. The metal-oxides are also stable when these waste forms are embedded in cementitious materials. The14C release rate from this Zircaloy at these alkaline and reducing conditions is comparable to the natural14C emanation rate from soil into air. Neutron irradiated graphite and spent ion exchange resins are chemically inert and therefore other release mechanisms need to be assumed. Radiolytic corrosion is used to determine the14C release rate from this graphite. Moreover, ion exchange—with ingressing anionic species that have a higher affinity than contained anionic14C—is proposed as a release mechanism for these resins.
Inflammatory markers are altered in severe mental disorders independent of comorbid cardiometabolic disease risk factors
Authors: Mørch Ragni H. , Dieset Ingrid , Færden Ann , Reponen Elina J. , Hope Sigrun , Hoseth Eva Z. , Gardsjord Erlend S. , Aas Monica , Iversen Trude , Joa Inge , Morken Gunnar , Agartz Ingrid , Melle Ingrid , Aukrust Pål , Djurovic Srdjan , Ueland Thor , Andreassen Ole A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Inflammation and immune activation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe mental disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite high level of comorbidity, many studies of the immune system in severe mental disorders have not systematically taken cardiometabolic risk factors into account.

Methods

We investigated if inflammatory markers were increased in schizophrenia (SCZ) and affective (AFF) disorders independently of comorbid CVD risk factors. Cardiometabolic risk factors (blood lipids, body mass index and glucose) and CVD-related inflammatory markers CXCL16, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD14 (sCD14), macrophage inhibitory factor and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) were measured inn= 992 patients (SCZ, AFF), andn= 647 healthy controls. We analyzed the inflammatory markers before and after controlling for comorbid cardiometabolic risk factors, and tested for association with psychotropic medication and symptom levels.

Results

CXCL16 (p= 0.03) and sIL-2R (p= 7.8 × 10−5) were higher, while sCD14 (p= 0.05) were lower in patients compared to controls after controlling for confounders, with significant differences in SCZ for CXCL16 (p= 0.04) and sIL-2R (p= 1.1 × 10−5). After adjustment for cardiometabolic risk factors higher levels of sIL-2R (p= 0.001) and lower sCD14 (p= 0.002) remained, also in SCZ (sIL-2R,p= 3.0 × 10−4and sCD14,p= 0.01). The adjustment revealed lower ALCAM levels (p= 0.03) in patients. We found no significant associations with psychotropic medication or symptom levels.

Conclusion

The results indicate that inflammation, in particular enhanced T cell activation and impaired monocyte activation, are associated with severe mental disorders independent of comorbid cardiometabolic risk factors. This suggests a role of novel pathophysiological mechanisms in severe mental disorders, particularly SCZ.
The role of maternal prenatal thyroid function on offspring depression: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort
Authors: Fetene Dagnachew Muluye , Betts Kim S. , Alati Rosa
Published: January 2019

Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy may contribute to offspring neurobehavioral disorders. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and offspring depression and anxiety. Data were taken from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. A total of 2,920 mother-child pairs were included. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were assessed during the first trimester of pregnancy because maternal supply is the only source of thyroid hormone for the fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation. Child symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment at ages 7.5 and 15 years. The odds of presenting with depression and anxiety were estimated using the generalized estimating equation. The level of FT4 during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with child depression combined at ages 7.5 and 15 (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [1.00, 1.14]. An increase of 1 standard deviation of FT4 during pregnancy increased the odds of child depression by 28% after adjustment made for potential confounders. No association was found among maternal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, FT4, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies and childhood anxiety. In conclusion, increased levels of FT4 during the first trimester of pregnancy appear be linked to greater risk of offspring depression.
Mental imagery in psychiatry: conceptual & clinical implications
Authors: Ji Julie L. , Kavanagh David J. , Holmes Emily A. , MacLeod Colin , Di Simplicio Martina
Published: January 2019

Mental imagery refers to the experience of perception in the absence of external sensory input. Deficits in the ability to generate mental imagery or to distinguish it from actual sensory perception are linked to neurocognitive conditions such as dementia and schizophrenia, respectively. However, the importance of mental imagery to psychiatry extends beyond neurocognitive impairment. Mental imagery has a stronger link to emotion than verbal-linguistic cognition, serving to maintain and amplify emotional states, with downstream impacts on motivation and behavior. As a result, anomalies in the occurrence of emotion-laden mental imagery has transdiagnostic significance for emotion, motivation, and behavioral dysfunction across mental disorders. This review aims to demonstrate the conceptual and clinical significance of mental imagery in psychiatry through examples of mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidality, and addiction. We contend that focusing on mental imagery assessment in research and clinical practice can increase our understanding of the cognitive basis of psychopathology in mental disorders, with the potential to drive the development of algorithms to aid treatment decision-making and inform transdiagnostic treatment innovation.
Bacterial growth in saturated and eutectic solutions of magnesium sulphate and potassium chlorate with relevance to Mars and the ocean worlds
Authors: Wilks Jonathan M. , Chen Fei , Clark Benton C. , Schneegurt Mark A.
Published: January 2019

Liquid water on Mars might be created by deliquescence of hygroscopic salts or by permafrost melts, both potentially forming saturated brines. Freezing point depression allows these heavy brines to remain liquid in the near-surface environment for extended periods, perhaps as eutectic solutions, at the lowest temperatures and highest salt concentrations where ices and precipitates do not form. Perchlorate and chlorate salts and iron sulphate form brines with low eutectic temperatures and may persist under Mars near-surface conditions, but are chemically harsh at high concentrations and were expected to be incompatible with life, while brines of common sulphate salts on Mars may be more suitable for microbial growth. Microbial growth in saturated brines also may be relevant beyond Mars, to the oceans of Ceres, Enceladus, Europa and Pluto. We have previously shown strong growth of salinotolerant bacteria in media containing 2M MgSO4heptahydrate (~50% w/v) at 25°C. Here we extend those observations to bacterial isolates from Basque Lake, BC and Hot Lake, WA, that grow well in saturated MgSO4medium (67%) at 25°C and in 50% MgSO4medium at 4°C (56% would be saturated). Psychrotolerant, salinotolerant microbes isolated from Basque Lake soils includedHalomonasandMarinococcus, which were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and characterized phenetically. Eutectic liquid medium constituted by 43% MgSO4at −4°C supported copious growth of these psychrotolerantHalomonasisolates, among others. Bacterial isolates also grew well at the eutectic for K chlorate (3% at −3°C). Survival and growth in eutectic solutions increases the possibility that microbes contaminating spacecraft pose a contamination risk to Mars. The cold brines of sulphate and (per)chlorate salts that may form at times on Mars through deliquescence or permafrost melt have now been demonstrated to be suitable microbial habitats, should appropriate nutrients be available and dormant cells become vegetative.
Retirement choices by state and local public sector employees: the role of eligibility and financial incentives
Authors: Papke Leslie E.
Published: January 2019

I analyze the effects of state public pension parameters on the retirement of public employees. Using a panel data set of public sector workers from 12 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, I model the probability of retirement as a function of pension wealth at early and normal retirement eligibility and Social Security coverage in the public sector job. I find that becoming eligible for early retirement, or receiving an early-out offer, significantly increases the probability of retiring. I do not find any effect of retirement wealth levels. These findings suggest that state legislative action to affect retirement decisions and reduce future pension costs would be most effective operating through plan eligibility rules and early-out incentives.
SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SCHOLASTIC SYLLOGISTICS. BETWEEN LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS?
Authors: HANKE MIROSLAV
Published: January 2019

The seventeenth century can be viewed as an era of (closely related) innovation in the formal and natural sciences and of paradigmatic diversity in philosophy (due to the coexistence of at least the humanist, the late scholastic, and the early modern tradition). Within this environment, the present study focuses on scholastic logic and, in particular, syllogistic. In seventeenth-century scholastic logic two different approaches to logic can be identified, one represented by the Dominicans Báñez, Poinsot, and Comas del Brugar, the other represented by the Jesuits Hurtado, Arriaga, Oviedo, and Compton. These two groups of authors can be contrasted in three prominent features. First, in the role of the theory of validity, which is either a common basis for all particular theories (in this case, sentential logic and syllogistic), or a set of observations regarding a particular theory (in this case, syllogistic). Second, in the view of syllogistic, which is either an implication of a general theory of validity and a semantics of terms, or an algebra of structured objects. Third, in the role of the scholastic analysis of language in terms ofsuppositio, which either is a semantic underpinning of syllogistic, or it is replaced by a semantics of propositions.
Influence of Groundwater Extraction Costs and Resource Depletion Limits on Simulated Global Nonrenewable Water Withdrawals Over the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Turner Sean W. D. , Hejazi Mohamad , Yonkofski Catherine , Kim Son H. , Kyle Page
Published: January 2019

Future rates of global groundwater depletion will depend on the economic and environmental viability of extracting water from increasingly stressed aquifers. Here we analyze global groundwater depletion by considering these factors explicitly. Global gridded groundwater availability and extraction cost data are aggregated to produce nonrenewable resource supply curves for 235 major river basins and geopolitical regions. These resources are then exposed to dynamically generated demands for water in a fully coupled, multisectoral, global simulation. As groundwater head levels drop, imposing greater capital and operating costs to bring water to the surface, modeled water use sectors are able to deploy a range of supply‐ and demand‐driven adaptive responses. Results demonstrate large sensitivity in global groundwater depletion rates to adjustments in resource exploitability. Extraction costs moderate demands for nonrenewable water substantially, resulting in the onset of a decline in global groundwater depletion rates within the twenty‐first century. New groundwater depletion hot spots may emerge as crop producers abandon overexploited basins and expand croplands in regions with cheaper, more plentiful water resources.
Multisatellite Analysis of Plasma Pressure in the Inner Magnetosphere During the 1 June 2013 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Stepanova M. , Antonova E.E. , Moya P.S. , Pinto V.A. , Valdivia J.A.
Published: January 2019

Using data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program 16–18, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15–19, and METOP 1–2 satellites, we reconstructed for the first time a two‐dimensional statistical distribution of plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere during the 1 June 2013 geomagnetic storm with time resolution of 6 hr. Simultaneously, we used the data from Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions missions to obtain the in situ plasma pressure in the equatorial plane. This allowed us to corroborate that the dipole mapping works reasonably well during the storm time and that variations of plasma pressure are consistent at low and high altitudes; namely, we observed a drastic increase in plasma pressure a few hours before the storm onset that continued during the storm main phase. Plasma pressure remained elevated during the first 18 hr of the recovery phase and then started to decrease to normal levels. We found that the variation in pressure correlates with the change in the slope of the Dst index, and that the plasma pressure nearly conserved its axial symmetry during the storm, giving one more evidence that the ring current provides the main contribution to the Dst variation. We also found that the plasma pressure in the magnetosphere correlates with the solar wind dynamic pressure with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9, which can be related to the pressure balance at the magnetospheric flanks. The results obtained here agree with the concept of the ring current generation by an inner magnetosphere plasma ring in magnetostatic equilibrium.
Subauroral Neutral Wind Driving and Its Feedback to SAPS During the 17 March 2013 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Ferdousi Banafsheh , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Maruyama Naomi , Lyons Larry R.
Published: January 2019

Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) are associated with closure of region 2 field‐aligned current (R2 FAC) through the low conductivity region. Although SAPS have often been studied from a magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling perspective, recent observations suggest strong interaction also exists between SAPS and the thermosphere. Our study focuses on thermospheric wind driving and its impact on SAPS and R2 FAC during the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm using both observations and the physics‐based Rice Convection Model‐Coupled Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Plasmasphere, electrodynamics (RCM‐CTIPe) model that self‐consistently couples the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)‐18 and Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite observations show that, as the storm progresses, sunward ion flows intensify and expand equatorward and are accompanied by strengthening of subauroral neutral winds with some delay. Our model successfully reproduces time evolution and overall structure of the sunward ion drift and neutral wind. A force term analysis is performed to investigate the momentum transfer to the neutrals from the ions. Contrary to previous studies showing that Coriolis force is the main driver of neutrals during storm time, we find that the ion drag is the largest force driving westward neutral wind in the SAPS region where the ion density is low in the trough region. Furthermore, simulations with and without the neutral wind dynamo effect are compared to quantify the effect of the neutral to plasma flow. The comparison shows that the self‐consistent active ionosphere thermosphere coupling increases the R2 FAC and the westward ion drift equatorward of the SAPS region by 20% and 40% by the flywheel effect, respectively.
Comment on “Evaluation of the Tenax Trap in the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite on the Curiosity Rover as a Potential Hydrocarbon Source for Chlorinated Organics Detected in Gale Crater” by Miller et al. (2015)
Authors: Kenig F. , Chou L. , Wardrop D. J.
Published: January 2019

Plain Language Summary

Miller et al. [2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004825] described the result of experiments testing the potential of Tenax TA, a polymer used on Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), as a source of chlorinated benzene. Miller et al. [2015] conclude that the amount of chlorobenzene produced is low and that Tenax TA cannot be the source of the chlorobenzene observed on Mars by SAM. Miller et al. [2015] did not provide the identification of two unknown compounds produced during these pyrolysis experiments, though their abundance is orders of magnitude higher than that of chlorobenzene. Here, we tentatively identify these compounds based on the mass spectra provided by Miller et al. [2015], the most abundant of which is a chlorinated monomer of Tenax TA. This chlorinated monomer is likely to accumulate in the hydrocarbon Tenax trap and in the transfer line between the trap and the mass spectrometer. Further breakdown of these compounds could lead the high background of chlorobenzene observed on Mars.
Reply to Comment by F. Kenig, L. Chou, and D. J. Wardrop on “Evaluation of the Tenax Trap in the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite on the Curiosity Rover as a Potential Hydrocarbon Source for Chlorinated Organics Detected in Gale Crater” by Miller et al., 2015
Authors: Summons Roger E. , Miller Kristen E. , Kotrc Benjamin , Belmahadi Imene , Buch Arnaud , Eigenbrode Jennifer L. , Freissinet Caroline , Glavin Daniel P. , Szopa Cyril
Published: January 2019

Kenig et al. comment on our 2015 reporting of laboratory analog experiments aimed at testing the stability of the hydrocarbon trap material used in the Sample Analysis on Mars (SAM) instrument on board the Curiosity Rover operating in Gale Crater on Mars. They propose chemical structures for some decomposition products of the Tenax TA polymer when it is exposed at high temperatures to the Cl2 and O2 gases formed by the thermal decomposition of perchlorate. Further, Kenig et al. propose that these decomposition products accumulate and then react further in cooler downstream sections of the SAM analytical pipeline to produce the chlorobenzene that was detected in the Cumberland mudstone of Gale Crater. However, numerous experiments conducted in the laboratory show that Tenax TA decomposition products only appear after repeated exposure to much higher levels of Cl2 and O2 than those seen by the flight instrument. Moreover, the sequence of chlorobenzene detections during gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry experiments conducted on Mars cannot be explained by Tenax TA decomposition, nor can the detection of chlorobenzene in Evolved Gas Analysis experiments that involve pathways devoid of Tenax TA. Kenig et al. are incorrect in their assertion that Tenax TA decomposition products can account for the chlorobenzene detected on Mars by SAM.