bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The duration of lot‐feeding of sheep before sea transport
Authors: NORRIS RT , RICHARDS RB , NORMAN GJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Adult wethers (n=750) were lot‐fed for 13 days, 8 days or 3 days before a simulated voyage lasting 18 days to examine whether the period of lot‐feeding affected the proportion of sheep that ate pelleted feed and their body weight change during simulated shipping.

There was no significant difference in the proportion of non‐feeders between treatment groups on days 7 and 14 of the voyage. Body weights were not significantly different between the treatment groups on days 14 and 18 of the voyage. Overall body weight loss, from the farm to the end of simulated shipping, was 4.08 kg (<0.28, s.e.m.), 4.58 kg (<0.28) and 4.51 kg (<0.28) in sheep lot‐fed for 13 days, 8 days and 3 days, respectively, and was not significantly different between treatments.

It was concluded that lot‐feeding for 13 days conferred no advantage in body weight or numbers of non‐feeders compared with shorter periods in this study.
Volvulus of the colon in a horse associated with a mesocolic‐umbilical band
Authors: MOGG TD , GROENENDYK S. , SUTTON RH
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A 7‐years‐old Clydesdale mare was presented with severe abdominal distension and acute colic. Dilated large intestine was palpated per rectum and a ventral midline exploratory laparotomy was performed. A180d̀ volvulus of the pelvic flexure was present, associated with an inelastic band of tissue connecting the mesocolon to the umbilicus. The band was ligated and transected, and the volvulus reduced. Postoperative complications included hyponatraemia, metabolic acidosis and laminltis. The possible aetiology of the mesocolic‐umbilical band is discussed.
A comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of hog cholera virus: 2. Virological studies
Authors: KAMOLSIRIPRICHAIPORN S. , MORRISSY CJ , WESTBURY HA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Quantitative and qualitative differences were demonstrated in the amount of virus in a range of tissues from pigs infected with either the Weybridge or New South Wales (NSW) strains of hog cholera (HC) virus. The titre of the Weybridge strain in samples, as assessed by either virus titration in cell culture or by the density of specific fluorescing cells in tissue sections, was higher than that for the NSW strain. This correlated with the greater severity of the clinico‐pathological syndrome induced by the Weybridge strain. The implications of the differences in the virus content of tissues in the diagnosis of HC is discussed as is the use of monoclonal antibodies to differentiate HC and bovine virus diarrhoea viruses.
Serum biochemical values of rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in New Caledonia
Authors: AUDIGÉ L.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Blood samples were collected from 91 rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa), Immediately after being shot. Serum mean blochemical values from shot deer are presented for blood urea nitrogen, creatlnine, creat***ine k***inase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total billrubin, total protein, albumin, calcium, and phosphorus. Mean total protein and albumin Increased with age. There was an age‐associated Increase of gamma globulins. Mean creatine kinase activity and creatinine, albumin and phosphorus concentrations were higher in stags than in hinds. Pregnant hinds had lower mean creatine kinase activity and phosphorus and higher mean alanine aminotransferase and total protein than non‐pregnant hinds. Mean calcium concentration increased when deer were agitated before bleeding.
The survival and fecundity of buffalo flies after treatment of cattle with three anthelmintics
Authors: KERLIN RL , EAST IJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Two antheimintics with known insecticidal action (ivermectin and closantel) and one with no recorded effect on insects (levamisole) were tested to evaluate their effects on buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua). Blood from animals given closantel or levamisole had no significant effect on mortality of buffalo files in an in‐vitro assay. In contrast, blood from animals given ivermectin showed a dose‐dependent effect on the mortality of buffalo flies. At 24 h after one injection of the recommended dose of ivermectin, 98% of the flies applied to cattle in an in‐vivo assay are killed. Blood from cattle injected with ivermectin killed 95% of flies 8 d after injection and still killed 15% of flies at 18 days after injection. Surviving flies laid almost no eggs and this effect on flies was significant up to 33 d after injection. The results indicate that Ivermectin may be useful to control buffalo fly populations in the field.
Handbook of Animal Sclence,
Authors: Holmes J.
Published: March 2008

Handbook of Animal Science
Catarrh in sheep
Authors: MYLREA PJ
Published: March 2008

Catarrh or influenza in sheep occupies a unique position in livestock diseases in Australia. The condition, recognised in 1834, was the subject of government enquiries and the passing of special legislation for its control. Within 30 years it had disappeared. The identity of the condition was not determined then nor has it been identified in subsequent years. The purpose of the article is to review what was recorded about the disorder and to speculate on its nature.
Production responses to internal parasite control in dairy cattle
Authors: SPENCE SA , FRASER GC , DETTMANN EB , BATTESE DF
Published: March 2008

A significant increase in milk production, averaging 164 litres per cow per lactation (a 4.8% increase), was seen after cows infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, paramphistomes andFasciola hepaticawere treated with broad‐spectrum anthelmintics. Three hundred and ninety pairs of cows from eight herds with year‐round calving were studied. One cow in each matched pair was given 7.5 mg/kg fenbendazole, 7.5 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride and 15 mg/kg oxyclozanide in March, May and August of one year; the other cow in the pair received no anthelmintic. The number of nematode and trematode eggs was significantly decreased in the faeces of treated cows.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gee Bill
Published: March 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Training and Working Dogs, Scott Lithgow

Australian Sheep Dogs, Rod Cavanagh
Experiences with a vaccine being developed for the control of swine dysentery
Authors: HAMPSON DJ , ROBERTSON ID , MHOMA JRL
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A prototype vaccine that is being developed for the control of swine dysentery (SD) was tested in two groups of experimental pigs. Vaccination induced high circulating antibody titres against the aetiological agent, Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae.

Pigs in the first trial were vaccinated twice before being challenged orally with the bacteria. Five of 6 unvaccinated animals developed dysentery within a fortnight of challenge, but only 1 of 6 vaccinated pigs showed signs of disease at this time. Unexpectedly, 1 mo after challenge, the surviving unvaccinated pig and 2 remaining healthy vaccinated animals succumbed to the disease. The reason for the development of this late‐onset form of dysentery was not clear.

In the second trial, 8 pigs were vaccinated 3 times. Only 2 of these animals (25%) developed severe dysentery after being mixed with infected pigs, whereas 7 of 8 (88%) unvaccinated control pigs in the same pen became diseased. The late‐onset form of dysentery was not observed.

The prototype vaccine for SD provided a useful level of protection, and could be used in programs to control the disease in Australia.
Ultraviolet sterilisation of model viruses important to finfish aquaculture in Australia
Authors: MIOCEVIC I , SMITH J , OWENS L , SPEARE R
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Mortalities approaching 100% have been recorded in larval barramundi and cultured rainbow trout. These have been attributed to a picorna‐like virus and an iridovirus, respectively. Two Australian‐made ultraviolet sterilising units were tested for their effectiveness in inactivating water‐suspended model viruses. These were an iridovirus isolated from frogs and a picornavirus, bovine enterovirus, both of similar structure and size to the pathogenic fish viruses. Both viruses were inactivated by both ultraviolet units at a flow rate comparable to that used in nurseries in aquaculture (5000 L/h). With transmittance reduced to 27.7%, the minimum effective dose was 2.6 times 104u/cm2for both viruses.
Echocardiographic values in the Greyhound
Authors: PAGE A , EDMUNDS G , ATWELL RB
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Serial B‐ and M‐mode echocardiography was performed on Greyhounds to determine normal cardiac values for this breed. These were generally of greater magnitude than predicted from previous echocardiographic research on other breeds and crossbreeds. In particular, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, measured at both systole and diastole, was consistently greater.
Real‐time ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and foetal ageing in fallow deer
Authors: LENZ MF , ENGLISH AW , DRADJAT A
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three groups of 15 to 17 adult fallow does with some additional yearling does in 2 of the groups were treated to synchronise oestrous cycles, and mated. All does were scanned by ultrasound at 4 weeks of gestation and at weekly intervals from week 7 to week 14 of gestation. Growth rates of 13 foetal and uterine characters, which have been used for ageing foetuses of red deer, were similar for adult and yearling does and among the 3 groups. Transrectal ultrasound scanning was a reliable and accurate means of detecting pregnancy and of ageing foetuses of fallow deer during weeks 7 to 17 of pregnancy.
A comparison of the reduction in immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration of frozen equine plasma treated by three thawing techniques
Authors: O'RIELLY JL
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The IgG concentration of plasma from 13 mares was measured by radial immunodiffusion when fresh and after storage at ‐4°C and thawing by 3 methods. There was no significant (P > 0.05) reduction in the IgG concentration when plasma was thawed over 6 hours at 22°C (1352.9 ± 101.6 mg/dL) (mean ± SEM) compared with the fresh sample (1369.5 ± 88.1 mg/dL). In contrast, there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the IgG concentration of plasma that was rapidly thawed at 57°C over 50 minutes (1142.9 ±66.2 mg/dL), or placed in a microwave oven for 20 to 25 minutes (1093.4 ± 74.4 mg/dL). When plasma is administered to hypo‐gammaglobulinaemic newborn foals, a larger volume is required when thawing is rapid than when thawing is slow or when fresh plasma is administered.
Distribution of lesions in ovine salmonellosis
Authors: RICHARDS RB , NORRIS RT , HIGGS ARB
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Four forms of salmonellosis were recognised in feedlots and during transport by sea: septicaemic, and acute, subacute and chronic enteric. The severity and distribution of lesions in the enteric forms varied according to the progression of the pathological process. The acute disease involved the abomasum and small intestine whereas the subacute disease centred on the lower small intestine and upper large intestine. Chronic disease involved considerable mucosal repair in the ileum, caecum and proximal colon. Septicaemic salmoneiiosis was often accompanied by acute enteritis and occasionally by cholecystitis. S typhimurium was the most frequently encountered serotype.
Age‐related changes in plasma biochemical values of farmed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
Authors: COSTA ND , McDONALD DE , SWAN RA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBlood samples were collected from 40 emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) of 4 different age groups ranging from 1 week to 14 months. Plasma values of glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were measured. Fourteen‐month‐old birds had lower plasma glucose values and enzyme activities and higher plasma protein values than younger birds. One‐week‐old birds had higher cholesterol and uric acid values than other age groups. Plasma calcium, phosphorus and magnesium values did not differ across the age profiles sampled.
The incidence and severity of intercarpal ligament damage in the equine carpus
Authors: KANNEGIETER NJ , COLGAN SA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The arthroscopic findings in 104 intercarpal joints in 76 horses were reviewed to determine the incidence and severity of changes in the medial intercarpal ligament. Damage to the intercarpal ligament was observed in 43 joints in 35 horses, ranging from mild fraying of the edges of the ligament to complete disruption of all fibres. This represented an incidence of 41% of joints being affected. In 9 joints examined arthroscopically primarily as a further diagnostic procedure, ligament damage was evident in all cases. In horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery primarily for the treatment of osteochondral chip or slab fractures, there was some correlation between the severity of articular cartilage damage and the presence of ligament damage.
Evaluation of an ultrasonic Doppler probe for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle
Authors: CAMERON AR , MALMO J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The use of an ultrasonic Doppler probe for pregnancy diagnosis was evaluated. Data from the examination of 1115 cattle were analysed. Comparison of the probe with manual rectal palpation by an experienced clinician yielded a sensitivity of 92.8 ± 1.6% (± 95% confidence interval) and a specificity of 75.8 ± 7.4%. This level of accuracy was found to be insufficient to recommend the probe be used by farmers for the diagnosis of pregnancy.
Risks of fish imports—the 1993 Aquatic Animal Quarantine Review
Authors: LEHANE LEIGH
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The rapid expansion of knowledge of fish diseases and pathogens in the past decade has led to a realisation that Australian quarantine policy on fish Imports, which has largely evolved on a needs basis, requires substantial revision. As a result, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service has commissioned a major review of quarantine policy with regard to risks of disease associated with Importation of aquatic animals and their products. The review, to be managed by the Bureau of Resource Sciences, will be carried out this year.
Treatment of feline hyperthyroidism using orally administered radioiodine: a study of 40 consecutive cases
Authors: MALIK R. , LAMB WA , CHURCH DB
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYForty cats with hyperthyroidism were treated using 200 to 300 (typically 250) mBq of orally administered131I. Thirty‐six cases (90%) were successfully treated, as assessed by resolution of clinical signs and reduction In plasma thyroxine concentrations to normal or reduced values after treatment. Although higher doses of131I appear to be required when the radioisotope is administered orally rather than Intravenously, a less stressful administration procedure and greater availability of therapy capsules offer useful advantages for treating thyrotoxic cats.
The effects of antigenic competition on the efficacy of multivalent footrot vaccines
Authors: SCHWARTZKOFF CL , EGERTON JR , STEWART DJ , LEHRBACH PR , ELLEMAN TC , HOYNE PA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A multivalent footrot vaccine has been developed, containing pilus antigens produced in recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and representing all nine serogroups of Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodosus commonly recognised in the field. The responses of sheep to the multivalent vaccine have been compared with those to monovalent vaccines representing only a single serogroup. Antigenie competition between serogroups occurred in sheep immunised with the multivalent formulation, but high levels of protection were still achieved. The study showed that in multivalent footrot vaccines, antigenic competition is predominantly due to the presence of a family of immunologically‐related pilus antigens rather than to interference by extraneous proteins.
Nutrient intake of horses in Thoroughbred and Standardbred stables
Authors: SOUTHWOOD LL , EVANS DL , BRYDEN WL , ROSE RJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Twenty‐five Thoroughbred (TB) and 25 Standardbred (SB) stables were visited to determine their feeding practices. The ingredients of the main feed of the day for a mature gelding of average size in full training were weighed at each stable. Nutrient content of diets was calculated using published data for the individual ingredients. Results are expressed as mean±sd. The estimated body weight of TB horses was 493±34 kg and 437±32 kg for SB horses.

There was considerable variation in diet composition and nutrient intake between stables. The TB trainers fed 11.0±2.4 kg and SB trainers 11.8±2.5 kg per day. The concentrate component of the diet weighed 7.8±1.6 and 7.7±2.3 kg for TB and SB stables, respectively, and the roughage component for TB horses 3.3±1.4 and SB horses 4.1±1.4 kg per day. The digestible energy intake of horses at TB stables was 129±29 MJ per day and at SB stables 132±31 MJ per day. Crude protein intake of TB horses was 1452±363 g and SB horses 1442±338 g per day. There were differences in some feeding practices at TB and SB stables. Standardbred trainers fed more roughage than TB trainers. Standardbred trainers fed chaffed lucerne (alfalfa) and cereal hays as the major roughage, whereas TB trainers fed more hay. The major hay type fed by TB trainers was lucerne, whereas many SB trainers preferred clover hay. Both trainers fed oats as the major grain, but TB trainers fed slightly more maize (corn) than SB trainers. The SB trainers fed barley as part of the concentrate component of the diet, whereas TB trainers usually fed boiled barley and linseed oil in winter only. Although many trainers used vitamin and mineral supplements, this appeared unnecessary in many Instances, especially with respect to Iron. Calcium and NaCI supplementation was necessary for some diets. We concluded that while there was a wide range in feed intake and diet composition for both TB and SB horses, average nutrient intakes were similar to National Research Council (1989) recommendations for horses performing intense work.
Chlamydiosis in workers at a duck farm and processing plant
Authors: HINTON DG , SHIPLEY A. , GALVIN JW , HARKIN JT , BRUNTON RA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An outbreak of chlamydiosis was Investigated in workers at a duck farm and processing plant during winter 1989. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from ducks, but there was little evidence of clinical chlamydiosis in the ducks. Serological tests showed that 76% of workers had been exposed to Infection, 12% recently, 16% had not been exposed and 8% had inconclusive test results. There was a strong association (P < 0.05) between years of employment and exposure to Infection. Infection appeared to be contracted during the first year of employment. Measures were Implemented to reduce shed contamination and control rodents and wild birds. At the same time, ducks were medicated, the processing plant was modified, work practices were altered and workers were advised about chlamydiosis to reduce the risk of human infection.
The clinical biochemistry of experimentally produced lupinosis in the sheep
Authors: ALLEN JG , RANDALL AG
Published: March 2008

Lupinosis was produced in sheep in four experiments by administering a toxic extract of Phomopsis leptostromiformis by various routes and at various dose rates. The course of the intoxication was followed by plasma biochemical analyses for a number of electrolytes, metabolites and enzymes. Results from these analyses suggested that in addition to being an hepatotoxicity, lupinosis also resulted in injury to muscle, kidney and adrenal cortex. This was confirmed by microscopic examination of these tissues.
Adrenalectomy of sheep: a novel technique
Authors: SCOBIE DR , HYND PI
Published: March 2008

A rapid technique for adrenalectomy of sheep was developed. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in a single stage operation by inducing ischaemia with latex rings of the type used commonly for the castration of lambs and calves. The success of the technique was demonstrated by failure of exogenous ACTH to increase circulating cortisol concentrations. Adrenal steroid replacement was used to maintain the sheep during the post‐operative period (cortisol 0.25 mg.kg‐1, deoxycorticosterone acetate 0.05 mg.kg‐1). Adrenalectomised sheep were maintained for up to 20 days without glucocorticoid, provided a lowered dose of mineralocorticoid was administered (0.04 mg.kg‐1***day‐1). Adrenalectomised sheep had significantly (P < 0.007) lower packed cell volume (23.75%) than normal sheep (31.24%), across a broad range of cortisol concentrations (0 to 734 ng/mL), indicating that plasma cortisol may not reflect true blood concentrations when drawing comparisons between adrenalectomised and normal sheep.
Residues of endosulfan in the tissues of lactating goats
Authors: INDRANINGSIH  , McSWEENEY CS , LADDS PW
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The sites of tissue accumulation in lactating goats of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan were studied. Twelve lactating goats were dosed orally with endosulfan (1 mg/kg body weight per day) for 28 days. Groups of 3 animals were killed on days 1, 8, 15, and 21 after endosulfan treatment ended and their tissues examined for the presence of endosulfan. Total residues of α and β endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate (mg/kg) were detected in kidney (0.29), gastro‐intestinal tract (0.20), liver (0.12), brain (0.06), muscle and spleen (0.04), lung and heart (0.01) and milk (0.02) on the flrst sampllng day but within 15 days, concentrations had fallen to < 0.01 mg/kg in all tissues except kidney (0.20). Endosulfan could not be detected in animals 21 days after dosing had ceased. The residue in milk could only be detected on day 1 of sampling. This study indicates that kidney rather than fatty tissue should be used to monitor the presence of endosulfan in animals intended for human consumption.
Moxidectin against ivermectin‐resistant nematodes—a global view
Authors: KIERAN PETER J
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Macrocyclic lactone endectocides include two chemically distinct compounds moxidectin, a milbemycin, and ivermectin, an avermectin. The significance of the chemical differences between these compounds in relation to nematode resistance remains to be established. Reported studies indicate that moxidectin at the recommended dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg controls identified strains of nematodes, isolated from sheep and goats, with demonstrated resistance to ivermectin. This reflects the significantly greater potency of moxidectin against the 3 genera of nematodes most commonly involved in anthelmintic resistance, Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus. Moxidectin, in recommended strategic treatment programmes, should reduce the risk of further development of resistance to the macrocylic lactone endectocides.
Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats
Authors: WILLS J , HARVEY R
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis paper reviews food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Adverse reactions to ingested food components can affect many systems and can produce signs involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and central nervous system, and these clinical signs are reviewed. Most basic food ingredients have the potential to induce an allergic response, although most reactions are caused by proteins. In particular, dogs and cats can become sensitive to cow's milk, beef, fish or cereal. Food allergy and intolerance is rare in dogs and cats, although the incidence in practice is difficult to establish.

Clinical signs are quite variable, depending on the individual response, although the major clinical sign is pruritus. Diagnosis can be difficult, as there is no single test available to help the clinician to confirm or refute the presence of food sensitivity. Diagnosis is based on dietary investigation in the form of elimination diets and test meals. Elimination diets for dogs include lamb, chicken, rabbit, horse meat and fish as sources of protein, with rice or potatoes. Successful elimination diets for cats include lamb, chicken, rabbit or venison, with rice. Improvement in clinical signs while on the elimination diet is suggestive of food allergy. The diagnosis should be confirmed by feeding the original diet, with the development of clinical signs within 7 to 14 days of feeding.
Monitoring and surveillance in abattoirs of residues of antibacterial substances – a description of programs in Australia and the USA
Authors: CUPIT JL , BLACKMAN NL , NICHOLLS TJ , STEPHENS IB , WILD RJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Australia and the USA are major international meat exporting countries. Both countries conduct programs to monitor and survey for antibacterial residues. Australian programs use a urine screening test, whereas the US programs use tissue fluids as the test medium. The development of surveillance programs to provide rapid feedback to producers is a feature of the Australian programs. The programs in each country compare favourably with regard to numbers of animals tested, results and action taken to prevent residues. The results of the Australian programs justify the promotion of a ‘clean food’ image for Australian meat products with respect to antibacterial drugs.
Regulation of veterinary chemicals in Australia
Authors: DOUST TREVOR
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY For many years the regulation of veterinary chemicals has been a State responsibility. The clearance process involves the evaluation of a wide range of aspects for each candidate product including quality, efficacy and safety. In recent years the clearance process has been governed by the Commonwealth Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1988. The Act established the Australian Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Council responsible for the evaluation and the granting or refusal of clearance.

Clearance of veterinary chemicals by the Commonwealth is required as a precursor to registration. It is an offence for anyone to sell an unregistered product unless authorised by relevant legislation. Control is therefore exercised principally at the point of sale.

These functions are now the responsibility of the National Registration Authority, which was established on 15 June 1993. Changes are now underway for the Commonwealth to take over the registration responsibilities from the States. A legislative package that will enable the Commonwealth to assume registration responsibilities will be enacted later this year or early 1995.
Epidemiological and clinical investigations into big liver and spleen disease of broiler breeder hens
Authors: CRERAR SK , CROSS GM
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The epidemiological and clinical features of big liver and spleen disease (BLS) in flocks on two broiler breeder farms were investigated by serology and gross pathology. The most common necropsy findings on farm 1 were splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, with kidney enlargement in some birds. In one flock (farm 1), a decline in egg production began at 40 weeks of age and lasted for 9 weeks. Seroconversion to BLS antigen was first detected at 45 weeks (3.1% of birds) and increased to 72% at 50 weeks, which coincided with clinical recovery in the flock. Antigen was detected before antibody at 44 weeks and persisted at low incidence (<15%). Farm egg production statistics and serology indicated that the disease affected all flocks on the farm. In three of eight flocks, seroconversion was detected in birds before peak production. The birds in the remaining sheds did not seroconvert or become sick until after peak production. On the second farm, sampling began within a flock already experiencing BLS. Clinical signs and pathology were similar to those seen in flocks on farm 1. However, the lesions that were seen in the pancreas in 15% of birds have not been reported previously. BLS antibody was detected in 78%, and circulating antigen in 14%, of sick birds.
The experimental production of big liver and spleen disease in broiler breeder hens
Authors: CRERAR SK , CROSS GM
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Big liver and spleen disease (BLS) was reproduced experimentally by intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of BLS inocula to susceptible broiler breeder hens 34 to 36 weeks of age. Serological and pathological signs of BLS similar to those seen in the natural disease occurred in inoculated and in‐contact birds. Splenomegaly was the earliest and often the only necropsy finding, with hepatomegaly and kidney enlargement occurring in some birds later in the course of the disease. After IV administration, serum antigen was detected between 2 and 4 weeks, and antibody between 3 and 5 weeks. After PO administration, antigen was detected between 2 and 4 weeks, and antibody between 3 and 6 weeks. Antibody persisted in all birds to the end of the experiment (6 weeks), and horizontal transmission probably occurred since in‐contact birds developed BLS. Liver probably contained the highest concentration of BLS agent because it had the highest infectivity.
Bluetongue virus infection in sheep: haematological changes and detection by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: McCOLL KA , GOULD AR
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Eight sheep vaccinated with 106 pfu of attenuated Australian bluetongue virus serotype 23 (BTV‐free sheep were challenged with virulent BTV 23. There was little subsequent variation in the mean clinical score, or in the mean lymphocyte and platelet concentrations in the peripheral blood of the eight vaccinated sheep. There was a marked thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia in the naive sheep as the mean lymphocyte and platelet concentrations fell to a minimum at days 8 and 11 after inoculation, respectively. Similar changes were observed in three other naive sheep inoculated with field isolates of BTV 1, 9 or 23. BTV was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction in whole blood of these sheep between days 6 and 28, in mononuclear leukocytes between days 3 and 14, and in platelets between days 6 and 21.
Anthelmintic resistance in Australian sheep nematode populations
Authors: OVEREND DJ , PHILLIPS ML , POULTON AL , FOSTER CED
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The resistance status of gastro–intestinal nematodes to anthelmintics was evaluated on 881 sheep farms throughout Australia during 1991–92. Resistance was shown to be widespread. Overall, 85% of farms had sheep infected with nematodes resistant to benzimidazole, 65% to levamisole and 34% to combination (benzimidazole + levamisole) products. Resistance to ivermectin was not detcted. On only 9% of farms did all anthelmintic groups reduce egg counts by greater than or equal to 95%. The culture of faeces from untreated sheep showed Telodorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp, Chabertia ovina and Haemonchus contortus to be the principal species. The nature and prevalence of resistance was not significantly correlated with stocking rate. However, resistance to combination products was almost twice as prevalent on farms in areas with an average annual rainfall of greater than 500 mm.
BOOK SHELF
Authors: Lloyd LC
Published: March 2008

Review of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, MJ Meredith.
BOOK SHELF
Authors: Reilly Julie
Published: March 2008

The Status of Animals ‐ Ethics, Education and Welfare editedby David Paterson and Mary Palmer.
BOOK SHELF
Authors: Browning GF
Published: March 2008

Veterinary Diagnostic Virology A Practitioners Guide, edited by A& Castro and WP Heuschele.
BOOK SHELF
Authors: Irwin Peter
Published: March 2008

Small Animal Medicine Dana Allen, Stephen Kruth and Michael Garvey.
Diagnosis of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis by ELISA
Authors: HUM S. , QUINN C. , KENNEDY D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measuring IgA antibodies in the vaginal mucus was used to diagnose bovine venereal campylobacteriosis in 241 herds with infertility and abortions. The presence of the disease was confirmed on 64 farms (34.8%) and it was suspected on a further 27 farms (11.2%). The specificity of the ELISA was found to be 98.5% but in the absence of a reliable comparative test sensitivity can not be estimated. Vaccination against campylobacteriosis will not interfere with the IgA ELISA because only IgG is present in the vaginal mucus of vaccinates. Because of the possibility of false reactions caused by antibody fluctuations in individual cattle, the ELISA is best used as a herd test. It appears that at present the vaginal mucus IgA ELISA is the test of choice for the diagnosis of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis.
BOOK SHELF
Authors: Banyard Michael
Published: March 2008

Managing Vertebrate Pests: Principles and Strategies, M Braysher.
Significance for exercise capacity of some electrocardiographic findings in racehorses
Authors: KING CM , EVANS DL , ROSE RJ
Published: March 2008

Summary Various cardiorespiratory and metabolic indices were assessed during treadmill exercise in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses with T wave changes in 4 or more leads on the electrocardiogram or second‐degree atrio‐ventricular (AV) block, and in horses that had no abnormalities on clinical examination, resting electrocardiography or upper respiratory tract endoscopy. No significant differences in heart rate, plasma lactate concentration, arterial blood gases, oxygen uptake, run time, peak velocity, or blood and red cell volumes were found between normal horses and horses with T wave changes or second‐degree AV block. These results indicate that some electrocardiographic findings that are considered by some clinicians to indicate cardiac dysfunction, may have little effect on exercise capacity.
New infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis reduces wool production
Authors: PATON MW , ROSE IR , HART RA , SUTHERLAND SS , MERCY AR , ELLIS TM , DHALIWAL JA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The effect of natural Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection on wool production and quality in sheep was examined in light of evidence that artificial C pseudotuberculosis infection causes wool production loss. A toxin ELISA was used to identify sheep that had been infected with C pseudo tuberculosis. Greasy and clean fleece weights and fibre diameter were compared in infected and uninfected sheep. C pseudotuberculosis infection caused a 3.8 to 4.8% decrease in greasy wool production and a 4.1 to 6.6% decrease in clean wool production. C pseudotuberculosis infection did not affect fibre diameter. The effects of caseous lymphadenitis (the disease caused by C pseudotuberculosis infection) cause an annual loss of about $17 million in wool production to the Australian wool industry.
Adverse Drug Reactions: Report of the Australian Veterinary Association Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee, 1993
Authors: MADDISON JE
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Fifty‐nine reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee of the Australian Veterinary Association from April 1992–March 1993 inclusive.

The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species was: dogs (30/43); cats (11/14); horses (8/10); cattle (9/30); ferret (1/1). Of these, 37 (63%) were classified as definite ADRs and 12 (20%) as probable ADRs. In 10 (17%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision.

Twenty‐three reports involved apparent hypersensitivity reactions and 5 reports were associated with ‘off‐label’ use. Of the definite and probable reports of suspect ADRs the most frequent types of drugs involved were antimicrobials (9 reports), anthelmintics (9 reports), vaccines (7 reports), insecticides (6 reports), vitamin preparations (6 reports), topical anti‐inflammatory/antimicrobial/antifungal skin preparations (3 reports) and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory preparations (3 reports). Single reports concerning definite or probable ADRs to an anticholinergic, an anaesthetic agent, a corticosteroid, an anabolic steroid and a chondroprotective drug were received.
The Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee: its history and functions
Authors: McKENZIE RA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee was established in 1937 with Professor HR Seddon as chairman. It has functioned since that year, interrupted by two periods of inactivity in 1951–9 and 1962–8. Professor Seddon, first Dean of the Queensland Veterinary School, and Dr Selwyn Everist, Queensland Government Botanist after the Second World War, provided the main impetus for committee activities in its early and middle years, respectively. The strength of the body has been its multi‐disciplinary approach using contributions from veterinarians, chemists and botanists. The research work of the committee members and their associates has provided most of our current knowledge of the toxins and effects of poisonous plants in Queensland. Much of the information generated is of international significance. In equal partnership with the United States Department of Agriculture, the committee initiated a series of international symposia on plant poisoning of animals, hosting the second. This group held its 4th gathering of world authorities in the field in 1993. The committee's activities have long influenced the veterinary profession in Australia through the close involvement of its members in undergraduate and post‐graduate teaching in the Queensland Veterinary School since 1951. The present committee has members from the Departments of Primary Industries, Health, and Environment and Heritage, CSIRO and the University of Queensland.
Artificial insemination of Bos indicus heifers: The effects of body weight, condition score, ovarian cyclic status and insemination regimen on pregnancy rate
Authors: CAVALIERI J. , FITZPATRICK LA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Effects of body weight, condition score, ovarian cyclic status and insemination regimen on pregnancy rates were investigated in 164 Bos indicus heifers synchronised with norgestomet‐oestradiol and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Oestrus detection techniques were also compared. Heifers were inseminated at either a fixed time (group 1, n = 83) of 48.0 ± 0.2 h (mean ± SEM) after implant removal or at 8.9 ± 0.5 h after oestrus was detected (group 2, n = 81). Group 2 heifers that were not detected in oestrus by 72 h after implant removal were inseminated at that time. Oestrus was detected for the purpose of insemination using heatmount detectors. Tail‐paint and oestrogen treated, chin‐ball harnessed steers were used to compare the efficiency of oestrus detection.

The probability of ovarian cyclicity increased with increasing body weight and condition score (P < 0.001). A higher proportion of heifers that were acyclic at the commencement of treatment, compared with cyclic heifers, were detected in oestrus at the time of insemination in the fixed‐time inseminated group (P <0.01). Analysis of covariance revealed that intervals from implant removal to oestrus were influenced by ovarian cyclic status (P < 0.01) and insemination group (P < 0.05). A higher pregnancy rate (%± SEM) was obtained in acyclic compared with cyclic heifers in the group 1 heifers (50.0 ± 10 vs 28.1 ± 6; P = 0.055) but not among the group 2 heifers (45.8 ± 10 vs 49.1 ± 7; P = 0.787). The probability of pregnancy was found to be associated negatively with body weight (P = 0.01) while a higher pregnancy rate was obtained in the group 2 compared with group 1 heifers (48.2%vs 34.9%; P = 0.093). The efficiency of oestrus detection was highest using heatmount detectors compared with tail‐paint and chin‐ball harnessed steers (90.7%vs 37.0% and 23.5%, respectively; P < 0.0001).

We conclude that pregnancy rates can be increased in extensive environments when insemination follows oestrus detection using heatmount detectors compared with a fixed‐time insemination. The fertility of heifers inseminated at a fixed time is influenced by ovarian cyclic status due to its influence on oestrus‐to‐insemination intervals.
Use of BACTEC radiometric culture method and polymerase chain reaction for the rapid screening of faeces and tissues for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: COUSINS DV , EVANS RJ , FRANCIS BR
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The BACTEC radiometric culture method for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was evaluated on faeces from cattle on a farm in quarantine for Johne's disease. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the IS900 sequence specific for M paratuberculosis and a genus specific 16S rRNA region was developed and used to test cultures showing evidence of mycobacterial growth in the BACTEC liquid radiometric culture medium. Using the BACTEC ‐ PCR combination, confirmation of M paratuberculosis from faeces and tissue of clinically affected animals was achieved within 2 to 4 weeks and 1 week, respectively, a substantial improvement on traditional culture and identification methods. The PCR provided rapid exclusion of M paratuberculosis when other Mycobacterium spp were grown. The radiometric culture medium proved to be very sensitive for culturing Mycobacterium spp.
Microbiological evaluation of dressing procedures for crocodile carcases in Queensland
Authors: RICKARD MW , THOMAS AD , BRADLEY S. , FORBES‐FAULKNER J. , MAYER RJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Microbiological testing of crocodiles during the dressing procedure has shown that sanitising the skin before skinning reduces the bacterial count on the skin and that dipping crocodile meat in 1.3% acetic acid solution effectively reduces bacterial levels. The total bacterial count on the processed meat sample was comparable with that obtained in the beef, pork and lamb industries. Salmonellae were isolated from 14 of the 72 carcases. Most (65%) of these isolates were in Salmonella subspecies III, formerly classified as Arizona.
Infection of cattle in Queensland with bluetongue viruses: 1. prevalence of antibodies
Authors: WARD MP , FLANAGAN M. , BALDOCK FC
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A survey of nearly 20 000 cattle in Queensland was conducted to describe the prevalence and distribution of infection by serotypes of bluetongue virus. The overall prevalence of serum antibodies to one or more bluetongue viruses was 8.7% (95% confidence interval 8.3 to 9.1). Sera from cattle contained neutralising activity against 2 serotypes, 1 and 21. No evidence was found of infection with other serotypes previously isolated in Australia. The overall prevalence of serotype 1 antibodies was 7.7% (95% CI 7.3 to 8.0) and the prevalence of serotype 21 antibodies was 3.3% (95% CI 3.1 to 3.6). The prevalence of serotype 1 antibodies was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of serotype 21 in every region of the State, except in the central highlands and south‐west Queensland. Overall, 3 significantly (P < 0.05) different zones of prevalence were found: high prevalence (> 20%) in far north Queensland, moderate (5 to 20%) in north‐west, northern and southern coastal Queensland, and low (< 5%) in the central highlands, Darling Downs and south‐west Queensland.
The effect of ivermectin treatment of late pregnant dairy cows in south‐west Victoria on subsequent milk production and reproductive performance
Authors: WALSH TA , YOUNIS PJ , MORTON JM
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A total of 498 dairy cows in 5 predominantly pasture‐fed herds were allocated to pairs. One cow in each pair was treated with a single dose of ivermectin during the dry period. Treated and untreated cows were managed as a single group throughout the trial. Most cows calved between 45 and 115 days after treatment. When data from all herds were pooled, treated cows produced an extra 74 L of milk over the first 100 days of the subsequent lactation (95% confidence interval 20 to 128). Means were greater among treated groups relative to untreated groups in all 5 herds. However, when analysed individually, differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in 1 herd only. Over the complete lactation, mean milk volume for treated cows was 86 L greater than for untreated cows (95% confidence interval of difference ‐57 to 229; P = 0.24). Untreated cows produced 2473 L and 5883 L for the first 100 days of lactation and for the complete lactation, respectively. Milk production responses to treatment did not vary significantly with parity, body condition score, previous production index, calving date category or with plasma pepsinogen concentration or faecal egg count at the time of treatment. Faecal egg counts and plasma pepsinogen concentrations were low at the start of the study. The interval from calving to conception was 4.8 days less in treated cows (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 8.2) relative to untreated cows when data from all 5 herds were pooled. Differences within individual herds were not statistically significant.
Controlling microbial contamination on beef and lamb meat during processing
Authors: WIDDERS PR , COATES KJ , WARNER S. , BEATTIE JC , MORGAN IR , HICKEY MW
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The microbiological quality of carcases, meat and environmental surfaces was evaluated in commercial boning rooms processing beef and lamb. There was considerable variation in the level of microbial contamination on both carcases and meat, with counts ranging from less than 20 to 108/cm2 on carcases and to 2 times 107/cm2 on meat. The level of microbial contamination on meat was influenced by the level of carcase contamination at boning and by the boning process itself. Carcase contamination was the major determinant of microbiological quality, as more than 70% of carcases had microbial counts greater than 103/cm2. Cutting boards were a major source for microbial dissemination during boning, particularly when carcase counts were less than 103/cm2. If carcases were heavily contaminated, the contamination of processing surfaces was irrelevant in determining microbial loads on meat. Where carcase contamination was at low to moderate levels, the contribution of the boning process to the contamination on meat assumed increased significance. Under these conditions, improved sanitation of cutting surfaces in the boning room resulted in a significant reduction in microbial contamination on the surface of meat. These results can form the basis for ensuring that improvements made in carcase management before boning, to improve microbiological quality, will be preserved through attention to cutting board hygiene during boning.
The use of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride for sedation of the mountain brushtail possun Trichosurus caninus Ogilby (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia)
Authors: VIGGERS KL , LINDENMAYER DB
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A combination of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride in a 1:1 ratio by weight was used successfully to sedate mountain brushtail possums, Trichosurus caninus, in the field. A standard total dose of 50 to 60 mg provided adequate sedation for the completion of a range of handling procedures. We describe the induction time, dose rate and side‐effects associated with the use of tiletamine and zolazepam in T caninus.
Outbreaks of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy on two pig farms
Authors: HOLYOAKE PK , CUTLER RS
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Clinical signs of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) including anaemia, dysentery and sudden death were observed in finisher pigs and young breeding stock on 2 farms. On farm A, PHE occurred 12 months after repopulation of the farm. Other outbreaks of PHE occurred after the withdrawal of therapeutic concentrations of in‐feed antibacterial agents (farm A), or after monensin sodium (100 g/t) replaced olaquindox (100 g/t) in feed (farm B). The outbreaks, the possible sources of contamination and the role of antibacterial feed additives in the treatment and control of PHE are described.