bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Manajemen Kewirausahaan dalam Meningkatkan Life Skill Santri di Pondok Pesantren Fathul Ulum Diwek Jombang
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Sohib Sohib
Published: November 2021

Seeing in the era of globalization that encourages the rapid development of science and technology, of course a boarding school is required to follow these developments. Edially, pondok pesantren does not only maintain its traditional way to develop the mindset, personality and future of its students. However, it takes extra strength from all outside parties in order to further improve the quality of students, both in the religious, intellectual, and even life skills that are qualified for the students. Because in the world of education is a very basic supporting factor for the change and progress of a society. The results of research on the form of entrepreneurship in the Fathul Ulum Diwek Islamic Boarding School Jombang are in the Culinary Sector, the Agriculture Sector, the Fisheries Sector, the Printing Sector, the Sewing Sector. The Entrepreneurship Management Implementation Process in improving the life skills of the students is through planning. organizing Actuating controlling (PAOC).
Relationship Between Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation to Icreasing Entrepreneurship Implementation From SPP AL-FALAH Group at Blok 10 Village Dolok Masihul
Authors: Majied Sumatrani Saragih Maulana , Hikmah Saragih Ummul , Nur Ilham Rico
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine how the influence of Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation on Entrepreneurial Interest in the SPP (Women's Savings and Loans) Group. The research method used is the method of qualitative data and quantitative data. While the data used is primary data. The data analysis method in this study uses multiple linear regression analysis to obtain a comprehensive picture of the influence between the variables of Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation on Entrepreneurial Interest by using the SPSS 17 for Windows program. To find out whether there is a significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, the multiple linear regression model is used. The results of hypothesis testing using multiple regression analysis and t-test indicate that: that the t-table value of the Intrinsic Motivation variable is 10,064 > the t-table value (df: 58, : 5%) of 2.0017 so it can be concluded if Intrinsic Motivation has an effect positive and significant towards Entrepreneurial Interest. Furthermore, from table 4.11 it can also be seen that the t-table value of the Extrinsic Motivation variable is 1.224 < the t-table value (df: 58, : 5%) of 2.0017 so it can be concluded that Extrinsic Motivation has no significant effect on Entrepreneurial Interest.
Dinámica ambiental en la Eco-región Lachuá: una representación espacial desde la perspectiva de los guardarecursos
Authors: Velásquez Ramírez Diana Gisella , Roldán Díaz Rosa Alejandra
Published: October 2021

El mapeo participativo es una modalidad de interacción horizontal entre los actores implicados en procesos de toma de decisiones, que tiene como finalidad la representación gráfica del territorio. Para ello, se combina la percepción local con herramientas modernas de cartografía. Con la finalidad de documentar la percepción espacial de los guardarecursos del Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) con relación a la dinámica de la biodiversidad actual en la Eco-región Lachuá, se utilizó la herramienta del mapa hablado durante un taller con los 11 guardarecursos del parque en 2018. Los mapas de la Eco-región se dividieron en cuatro zonas: Noreste (NE), Sureste (SE), Suroeste (SO) y Noroeste (NO), dentro del PNLL como en la zona de amortiguamiento. Se contabilizaron los elementos favorables y desfavorables para la biodiversidad reportadas para cada zona. Se comparó la información proporcionada por los  guardarecursos con las imágenes satelitales de la Eco-región mediante un análisis de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). De esta manera, se brinda un enfoque integral para comprender los patrones del paisaje actual, ya que estos son resultado de procesos socio-económicos y políticos que culminaron en conflictos del manejo de la tierra y los recursos. Se identificó que en el PNLL los elementos desfavorables más reportados fueron los cultivos, carreteras y asentamientos humanos. En la zona de amortiguamiento los elementos desfavorables corresponden a los cultivos, (p.ej.: palma africana) y los asentamientos humanos. Además, las áreas con mayor cobertura boscosa son las zonas NE y NO en el PNLL.
Činovnička karijera klasičnih rimskih pravnika u provinciji Dalmaciji / The clerical career of classical Roman jurists in the province of Dalmatia
Authors: Drino Dževad , Londrc Benjamina
Published: November 2021

Epigraphic monuments provide testimony about the service of famous Roman jurists of the classical period in the Roman province of Dalmatia: Pegasus,  Javolenus, Africanus and Modestinus, which has already been stated in the legal and historical literature. They are important representatives of classical Roman jurisprudence and the question arises about their influence and impact on the legal development of the province. As the successor of Proculus, Pegasus worked under Vespasian and Domitian as the leader of the famous law school, while the leader of the rival Sabinian school, Javolenus, was in the Dalmatia around 81 AD as the legatus of the Legio IV Flavia Felix. Marcus Celia Africanus is the most important disciple of Julian, while Herrenius Modestina was the last true representative of classical Roman law and has been included in the so-called “Law of Citations” and was the disciple of the famous Ulpian. The province of Dalmatia was firstly visited by Pegasus  as the Vespasian’s governor of the province. Javolenus came to the province as the  legatus legionis, while in the mid-2  century a young apprentice Africanus was working in the governor’s office. In the early 3rd  century, under Emperor Caracalla, young Modestinus was residing in the province of Dalmatia.  The presence of these famous jurists certainly affected the legal life of the province and even the whole process of Romanization and in many ways is a confirmation of Justinian’s proclamation (Constitutio “Imperatoriam maiestatem”) that  the imperial majesty should be armed with laws as well as glorified with arms!
Pengaruh Likuiditas Dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Price Earning Ratio Pada PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk.
Authors: Amelia Amelia  , Tri Diana
Published: October 2021

The research objective is to investigate and analyze the influence of current ratio and return on equity on the price earning ratio at the Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk, either partially and simultaneously. The study used survey methods in an attempt to gather more field data assisted with research instruments adapted to the characteristics of descriptive qualitative research, in this case the researcher provides financial ratios are adjusted to the dimensions of the study variables. This research resulted that current ratio and return on equity simultaneously affected significantly to price earning ratio. While partially, only return on equity that has affected price earning ratio while current ratio not significance.
Plans de soins de suivi normalisés et individualisés dédiés aux survivantes du cancer du sein : Évaluation du programme
Authors: Rutkowski Nicole , MacDonald-Liska Carrie , Baines Kelly-Anne , Samuel Vicky , Harris Cheryl , Lebel Sophie
Published: November 2021

Le Programme de bien-être au-delà du cancer fournit des plans de soins de suivi (PSS) aux survivants qui passent du centre de cancérologie à leur médecin traitant une fois leurs traitements terminés. L’évaluation de ce programme a permis de vérifier si les PSS normalisés stimulent autant les connaissances et l’activation des patients que les PSS personnalisés. Les survivantes d’un cancer du sein qui ont reçu un PSS (normalisé ou personnalisé) ont répondu à un premier sondage avant le « rendez-vous de transition » puis à un autre à la fin de la rencontre. On leur demandait alors d’autoévaluer leurs connaissances et de répondre aux questions sur l’Efficacité perçue de la relation médecin-patient (PEPPI) et la Mesure d’activation du patient (MAP). Au total, quatre-vingt-sept survivantes du cancer du sein ont répondu aux sondages (PSS personnalisé, n = 43; PSS normalisé, n = 44). Dans les deux cas, les résultats sur les connaissances et l’activation des patientes étaient comparables. Les PSS normalisés, plus rentables, pourraient donc contribuer à alléger les contraintes relatives aux ressources humaines et faire l’objet d’évaluations plus poussées en vue d’être intégrés dans les centres de cancérologie.
Evaluation of the Effect of Resistance Exercise and Donepezil on Some Neurotrophin-Induced Changes in Gene Expression and Trk Receptors in the Hippocampus of Rats with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jafarzadeh Gholamhasan , Mousavian Asieh Sadat , Shakerian Saeid
Published: October 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of resistance exercise and donepezil on some neurotrophins gene expression and Trk receptors in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: In this study, 32 male adult Wistar rats (mean weight: 230 - 280 g) were assigned into two groups of AD and control. The control and AD groups received normal saline and streptozotocin (STZ) through intraventricular injection, respectively. Then, six subgroups were considered: (1) control rest (Con); (2) control exercise (Con-Exe); (3) Alzheimer’s rest (Alz); (4) Alzheimer’s exercise (Alz-Exe); (5) Alzheimer’s donepezil (Alz-Don); and (6) Alzheimer’s donepezil-exercise (Alz-Don-Exe). Donepezil was fed daily at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg to the treated groups. The three subgroups of exercising rats received exercises for eight weeks (three times a week). Each day, the resting groups were managed to decrease stress impacts. Twenty-four hours after the last session of exercise by the eighth week, deep anesthesia was applied, and the rats' heads were severed. Results: Considering an error rate below 5% (P < 0.05) and a confidence of more than 95%, a significant difference was observed in BDNF, NT3, NGF, TrkA, and TrkB values between exercising and donepezil-exercise rats compared to AD group. These values were considerably greater for donepezil-exercising Alzheimer’s group. Besides, the donepezil group was not significantly different from the Alzheimer’s group. Conclusions: Although the use of donepezil alone did not significantly increase the expression of the studied genes, the concomitant use of the drug and resistance training significantly increased the expression levels.
Authoritarian Populism, Environmentalism and Exceptional Governance in Hungary
Authors: Antal Attila
Published: November 2021

This paper analyzes how the incumbent authoritarian populist Orbán government started to navi­gate itself from an anti-climate to a conservative green position. First, the theoretical background of environmentalism and democracy/autocracy will be investigated. It is to say that the relationship between democracy and the environment is quite contradictory, although democracy has a demonstrable effect on the quality of the environment and sustainability, it is not worth absolutizing. That is why we should put an emphasis on the environmental approach of authoritarian regimes, here as a case study of the Hungarian regime. From 2010, the Orbán regime elaborated an ambiguous attitude toward the environment and green politics; on the on hand, it was characterized by climate denialism and demolition of environmental institutions, on the other hand, the super-majority behind the regime accepted the Fundamental Law with several green elements. In the second half of 2019 and early 2020, the regime started to create a new conservative green agenda. This authoritarian populist greening is not based on eco-authoritarian traditions. This paper challenges the notion that authoritarian populist actors are hostile to environmental policies. The Orbán regime proved adaptive in the case of the climate emergency and is about to elaborate its own climate agenda. At the same time, the regime is unable to face the real nature of the climate and ecological emergencies. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has been used by the regime to rule by decree based on exceptional powers. In fact, the regime relied on exceptional governance before the COVID-19 crisis, ever since the migration crisis of 2015. The authoritarian populist regime recognized the political opportunities of exceptional governance in terms of overlapping crises and that is why it is characterized by authoritarian climate populism.
Resistance Today
Authors: Anders Günther , Müller Christopher John , Dawsey Jason ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2021

Following decades of neglect, the work of the German Jewish philosopher, literary author, cultural critic, and poet Günther Anders (1902–1992) is gaining increasing recognition in the English-speaking world. This translation of “Résistance heute” (Resistance Today) makes one of Anders’s most programmatic and polemical short texts available. Published at the height of his anti-nuclear activism, “Resistance Today” is the written version of a speech Anders delivered in November 1962 upon acceptance of the northwest Italian city of Omegna’s Resistance Prize (other notable recipients included Jean-Paul Sartre and Frantz Fanon). It first appeared in print in the West German left-wing journal Das Argument in November 1963. Clearly written for the occasion, the text condenses (and often further radicalizes) key premises about the end of history, the amoral character of work, and the continuity between Nazi totalitarianism, the nuclear age and the world of consumerism that are developed in great nuance across a range of books that Anders had recently published. Key co-ordinates include: Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen 1 (The Obsolescence of Human Beings 1, 1956), his groundbreaking critique of technology; Der Mann auf der Brücke (The Man on the Bridge, 1959), a philosophical travel diary occasioned by Anders’s 1958 visit to Japan and his participation at the World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in Tokyo; Burning Conscience (1961), a correspondence with the American reconnaissance pilot Claude Eatherly, who scouted the target area before the Enola Gay went on to drop the atom bomb on Hiroshima. It seems likely that Burning Conscience, which turned into an international bestseller, occasioned the award of the prize.
Fábulas de origen y gramática de nación en la España del siglo XVIII. A propósito de algunos trabajos de Francisco Martínez Marina
Authors: Fernández Albaladejo Pablo
Published: October 2021

Habitualmente recluida dentro del ámbito estricto de la historia jurídica y constitucional, la obra de Martínez Marina encierra no obstante una pluralidad de registros que últimamente empieza a ser reconocida. Estas páginas intentan llamar la atención sobre la nueva perspectiva en la que Marina –con una larga mirada histórica y una actualizada historiografía comparativa– planteó la gestación y el papel que necesariamente tenía que jugar la lengua en la construcción de la identidad española. En un planteamiento innovador Marina puso de manifiesto la imposibilidad de constituir la nación si, previamente, no se dotaba de constitución a la lengua propia.
Political invention of the World Nomad Games in Kyrgyzstan
Authors:   Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of International Relations and Political Science, Hungary, Sheranova Arzuu
Published: November 2021

This paper examines ‘invention’ of a new ‘tradition’, that is of nomadic games in Kyrgyzstan blessed by its prehistoric past of nomadism. Since 2012 the Kyrgyz government had introduced the World Nomad Games (the WNGs) in Kyrgyzstan. The country hosted three spectacular games in the northern oblast of the country – Yssyk-Kul. Hundreds of sportsmen worldwide took part in these events and thousands of tourists rushed into the country to watch the games. In fact, Kyrgyz nomadic games are more than just a revival of old nomadic traditions, but they are political inventions. Using Hobsbawm’s framework of ‘invented traditions’ (1983), I examine the World Nomad Games as invented tradition. I argue that the Kyrgyz leadership invented tradition of nomadic games to tackle with contemporary issues, such as a need for attraction of foreign investment and promotion of tourism. As I illustrate the WNGs project was a timely response to improve the country image after a series of political instabilities the country underwent in its recent history.
SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF CONTAMINATING SMOKED FOOD WITH CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS OF SMOKE
Authors: SHOKIN Gregory , SHOKINA Yulia
Published: November 2021

Meat and fish smoked products, widely produced nowadays, occupy a permanent place in the mass diet. The consumption of smoked meat is estimated by FAO at 15.6 million tons in 2019 (+40 % growth over the past ten years). This is due to the increased incomes of consumers in many countries, which made meat and fish smoked products, once classified as "premium" delicacies, more accessible to the majority. There has been a shortage of high-quality raw materials, which, combined with a highly competitive food market, forces manufacturers to reduce their costs by using non-traditional raw materials. The latter leads to increased use of processing raw materials with smoke to effectively mask individual defects in taste, appearance and consistency of products. As a result, there is a carcinogenic contamination problem because of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) presented in the smoke and smoking liquids, and the growth of cancer. PAHs are formed as a result of pyrolysis of wood during smoke generation at temperatures above 450-480 °C. Currently used smoke generators and schemes for cleaning smoke from PAHs are not effective enough, so they do not eliminate the main cause of PAH formation, uncontrolled pyrolysis. The principal solution to the problem is to develop methods and equipment for producing smoke at temperatures below carcinogenic peaks. A successful solution is the method for producing smoke with an infrared power supply, implemented in the design of IR smoke generator (IRSG). The device allows to reliably maintain the pyrolysis temperature of wood below 450 °C. The effectiveness of the method and apparatus is confirmed by studies of products smoked with IR-SG, in which the content of Benzo(a)pyrene is less than 0.0002 mcg/kg, which is lower than the maximum permissible concentrations of this compound in food.
EFFECTS OF BROWSING PRESSURE ON THE TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L. BRANCHES
Authors: SALDO Jordi , BARTOLOMÉ Jordi
Published: November 2021

In the Montseny Natural Park junipers scattered in the grasslands can be found. In some of these areas of the park, the breeding of small ruminants is allowed, while in others only find wildlife exists. Junipers develop differently if browsed, adopting spherical or conical morphotypes. This paper studies the mechanical characteristics of the shoots according to the sex of the bush and the branching regime to which they are subjected. 729 individual shoots were taken from male and female junipers exposed to browsing from goats and ewes and those not grazed and sampled at a different position from each bush. All the leaves were taken off the non-lignified end of the shot to be studied by a simulated bite. The strength needed to cut the apical twigs of junipers was measured using a Volodkevich jaw, which mimics the way incisors act, using a texturometer. The diameter of the branches differs according to bushes’ sex being larger for females and the individuals not exposed to predation pressure. Although the differences induced by sex were significant, differences due to grazing pressure were larger. The annual branches were thicker and longer in non-grazed junipers. This difference was not due to the partial consumption of the studied branches, as all the samples were collected in full. The continued browsing pressure leads to a survival strategy of growing, with branches tighter packaged as was evident in the analysis of the branching structure. The longer annual branches in non-grazed bushes allow for a more open structure. The force necessary to break the branch was significantly higher on females. This could be related to the fact that the females must bear the weight of the fruits. The elasticity of the annual shots was significantly higher on non-grazed junipers, a fact that could be considered as a way to tolerate herbivory.
The formation of the algorithm of firearms usage and the role of a trainer in this process
Authors: Vorozhtsov Aleksandr Mikhailovich , Zhukov Viktor Mikhailovich
Published: October 2021

The research subject is the sequence of a shooter’s actions at the firing line. It is believed that the repetitions of an action improve the speed of its performance and eventually - its preciseness.  Unnecessary movements stop being made, an action stereotype is being developed, as well as a certain algorithm. A shooter should follow this sequence of actions when shooting, and develop it in the process of training. The more experienced the shooter is, the shorter the sequence becomes, since its length depends on the experience. The development of the algorithm is promoted by the study of the elements of shooting and repeated practicing of dry and charged shots. The formation of an optimal algorithm will be more effective if guided by a supervisor. The process of formation of the sequence of actions with firearms is determined by the use of various techniques of organizing and giving firearms training lessons. The use of individual, group and mixed activities allows the teacher to optimize the process of formation of the algorithm of actions in accordance with individual characteristics of students. Motivation and self consciousness of students become significant for the formation of the algorithm. At the same time, the contents of the educational process should be aimed not only at the formation of technical actions with a gun, but at the formation of the tactics and appropriateness of its usage. Successful performance of training shooting will indicate the completeness of formation of the algorithm of actions with firearms.   
Topical issues of organizing and giving firearms lessons for the staff of temporary detention facilities, guard units and armed escort
Authors: Sinitsyn Evgeniy Igorevich , Gorlov Oleg Yur'evich
Published: October 2021

The official activities of the staff of temporary detention facilities, guard units and armed escort is connected with contacts with the suspects in or accused of crimes, or sentenced to imprisonment for some criminally liable deeds. Work with such persons is connected with higher life and health risks both for officers and for citizens who can be harmed in an emergency situation, for example in the case of a possible escape of a severe offender.  To minimize such risks, it is necessary for officers responsible for guarding and escorting to be ready to suppress illegal actions of detainees and protect themselves and those around. In this context, the authors believe it is important to consider the possibility of organizing firearms training lessons with the staff of temporary detention facilities, guard units and armed escort. The purpose of such lessons would be the mobilization of psychological and physical readiness of officers before the start of their service. In the authors’ opinion, such lessons could be performed as training before releasing from duty. Besides, the authors note the topical problems of firearms training of officers and offer possible ways to solve them.   
La juntadera: recuperación de prácticas comunitarias cotidianas como forma de reparación en Palmirita, municipio de Cocorná, Antioquia
Authors: Ramírez Zuluaga Luis Antonio
Published: October 2021

This article explores the collective actions taken by the inhabitants of Palmirita —a rural area in the municipality of Cocorná, in Antioquia, Colombia— to try to repair the damage caused by the humanitarian crisis resulting from the armed conflict to their emotional and community ties. The objective is to show that the reactivation of daily community practices constitutes a way to repair such damages. In this respect, the Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology, based on the implementation of workshops and participant observations, integrates reflection and practice in order to recognize both the damage caused and the actions and expectations needed to repair. The methodology’s participatory approach also entailed collective work to restore the Palmirita school as a form of collective reparation. The term juntadera was used by one of Palmirita’s inhabitants to denote the importance and satisfaction of getting together on a regular basis to work collectively for the benefit of the community. It is suggested that, in addition to coming together to engage in daily practices that contribute to the recovery of affective and social ties, there is a complementary need to come together with other communities that, working in partnership, can advance the defense and care of these rural community spaces that have been affected both by the armed conflict and by exogenous economic interests intended to exploit natural resources. The article shows that the study of everyday community practices, as well as the analysis of their incidence and persistence in the production of the common in a specific space, is useful in understanding the restoration of moral and social bonds affected by the armed conflict.
Monitoring single-cell dynamics of entry into quiescence during an unperturbed life cycle
Authors: Jacquel Basile , Aspert Théo , Laporte Damien , Sagot Isabelle , Charvin Gilles
Published: November 2021

The life cycle of microorganisms is associated with dynamic metabolic transitions and complex cellular responses. In yeast, how metabolic signals control the progressive choreography of structural reorganizations observed in quiescent cells during a natural life cycle remains unclear. We have developed an integrated microfluidic device to address this question, enabling continuous single-cell tracking in a batch culture experiencing unperturbed nutrient exhaustion to unravel the coordination between metabolic and structural transitions within cells. Our technique reveals an abrupt fate divergence in the population, whereby a fraction of cells is unable to transition to respiratory metabolism and undergoes a reversible entry into a quiescence-like state leading to premature cell death. Further observations reveal that nonmonotonous internal pH fluctuations in respiration-competent cells orchestrate the successive waves of protein superassemblies formation that accompany the entry into a bona fide quiescent state. This ultimately leads to an abrupt cytosolic glass transition that occurs stochastically long after proliferation cessation. This new experimental framework provides a unique way to track single-cell fate dynamics over a long timescale in a population of cells that continuously modify their ecological niche.
Farmers Perception towards Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana in Salem District
Authors: Kumari S. Amutha , Rani R. Jansi , Premavathi R. , Sridevy S.
Published: November 2021

The aim of the study is to ascertain the perception of farmers towards Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).The research design adopted for this study is an ex-post facto. The present investigation was carried out in Konganapuram and Kadayampatti  block of Salem district of Tamil Nadu. The duration of the study is from 2020-2021. As per the list provided by Joint Director of Agriculture and other officials  farmers were selected from each village, who have registered under P.M.F.B.Y. Respondents were selected from each village through proportionate sampling method and the sample size was 117. Based on judges’ opinion and review of literature, the well-structured interview schedule was prepared and used to collect data from the respondents. The collected data were coded, quantified, classified, tabulated and analyzed with the help of frequency and percentage to get the inference. The statement like all farmers can pay the amount of premium under crop insurance ranked as I (MS - 2.52) followed by the damage caused by fire and electricity must be included in Insurance (MS - 2.44), It is mandatory for all farmers to get crop insurance (MS - 2.42) were ranked as 2 and 3 respectively. As crop insurance protects the farmers from the uncertainty of risk in farming like natural calamities (floods, droughts, cyclones, and earth quakes, etc.). That crop insurance is mandatory for every type of farmer; Government should take the initiative to give subsidies for small scale farmers and large-scale farmers as a basis of proportion to their income levels.
Phytoextraction of Lead: Its Feasibility, Constraints and Concerns
Authors: Tang Kuok Ho Daniel
Published: November 2021

Aims: With lead being one of the most common soil contaminants and phytoextraction has been reported as a prospective method for remediation of lead-contaminated soil, this review aims to examine the feasibility of lead phytoextraction as well as its constraints and concerns.

Study Design:  This is a literature review.

Methodology: Peer-reviewed papers were sourced from scholarly databases. The papers included in the review were mainly those about phytoextraction of lead, particularly with the shoot, soil and root concentrations of lead mentioned as well as the bioconcentration and translocation factors stated. Besides, papers discussing the limits, for instance, the duration of lead phytoextraction, and concerns of the approach were also included.

Results: This review found only 11 plants have been reported to accumulate lead in shoots at nominal threshold of near or above 1,000 mg Pb/kg dry weight and in certain cases, soil amendment was required to achieve this. Only two of the plants had bioconcentration factor > 1 and another two had translocation factor > 1. None of the plants fulfilled all three criteria of a successful hyperaccumulator, indicating the constraints and a lack of feasibility of lead phytoextraction. Besides, lead phytoextraction has been predicted to require significant amount of time, hence increasing the risk of exposure to lead.

Conclusion: This review highlights that lead phytoextraction may not be feasible for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil. It recommends phytostabilization as a more viable alternative to immobilize lead in rhizosphere and reduce lead exposure.
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Strains Lasiododulpodia theobromae (pat) Griffon & Maulk, Pathogen-Associated with Black Rot Cocoa Pods in the Tshopo Province, Kisangani Region (DR Congo)
Authors: Limba K. , Kwembe K. , Asumani K. , Monde T. K. , Hassaert G. , Akwakwa H. , Onautshu O.
Published: November 2021

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L) is a persistent perennial crop in tropical regions whose production period is sufficiently spread out over the whole year.  As a result, it offers pathogens conditions for survival without real disruption of their life cycle.  Symptoms of cocoa pod black rot disease have been observed in both the Bengamisa cocoa growing area and the Yangambi area in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

This study aimed to characterize the strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae on cocoa trees in the Kisangani region.

 Macroscopic and microscopic observations were made on the pods while the identification of the species was confirmed by a molecular approach based on the sequencing of part of the ribosomal DNA including the ITS regions (internal transcribed spacers) and the 5.8S gene.

 The results of this study showed that the phenotypic characteristics of the strains isolated in the two cocoa growing areas were typical of the L. Theobromae species. These are in particular the spots of soft rot, initially brown, gradually evolving into soot-black which subsequently produced a sort of whitish powder on the surface of the diseased pod.  However, the fruiting of the fungus in the PDA medium gave rise to the latter's mycelia, initially whitish, which darkened as they matured.  In addition, PCR amplification followed by sequencing of the fungal strain was beneficial by removing any doubt about the nature of the fungal species isolated in the two cocoa-growing areas.
Comparative Study of the Effects of Lactoferrin versus Oral Iron Therapy in Obese Children and Adolescents with Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Atia Manal Mahmoud , Gama Rasha Mohamed , Saad Mohamed Attia , Hamam Mohammed Amr
Published: November 2021

Greater prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) has been observed in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Hepcidin acts as a key regulator of iron metabolism. Hepcidin synthesis increases in response inflammatory cytokines especially Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Considering that obesity represents a low grade chronic inflammatory state, a high concentration of hepcidin has been found in obese children. Elevated hepcidin level in obese children is associated with diminished response to oral iron therapy. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding multifunctional glycoprotein and has strong capacity to modulate the inflammatory response by its capacity to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vivo, including IL-6 and hepcidin.

Aim of the Work: To compare the efficacy of lactoferrin versus oral iron therapy in treatment of obese children and adolescents with iron deficiency anemia and the effect of therapy on serum hepcidin and interleukin 6 levels.

Methodology: This prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 obese children and adolescents aged between 6 –18 years suffering from iron deficiency anemia (IDA). They were equally randomized into one of 2 groups. Group A received regular oral lactoferrin in a dose of 100 mg/day. Group B received regular oral iron supplementation (Ferric hydroxide polymaltose) in a dose of 6 mg elemental iron/kg /day.Baseline investigations included complete blood count (CBC), iron profile (Serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation), serum Interleukin 6, and serum hepcidin. Reevaluation of CBC was done monthly while iron status parameters, serum IL-6 and serum hepcidin were reevaluated after 3 months of receiving regular therapy.

Results: Significant elevations in hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, Serum ferritin, serum iron and transferrin saturation with lactoferrin therapy compared to oral iron therapy. Significantly Lower TIBC after 3 months of lactoferrin therapy while the decrease in TIBC was insignificant in the iron therapy group.Lower serum hepcidin and IL6 after 3 months of lactoferrin therapy with no significant change in serum hepcidin and IL6 after iron therapy.

Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrated the superiority of lactoferrin over iron use as oral in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in obese children not only for the better response of hematological and iron status parameters and less gastrointestinal side effects but also for its effect on decreasing inflammatory biomarkers as hepcidin and IL6.
Characterization of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Waste Sac Bags into Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels
Authors: Iheonye Kelechi Angelina , Edeh Ifeanyichukwu , Muritala Ibrahim Kolawole , Kuye Ayoade
Published: November 2021

Aim: The use of synthetic catalysts in pyrolysis of waste plastics into hydrocarbon fuels is the common practice, these synthetic/ commercial catalysts are not readily available in Nigeria. The aim of this research paper is to prepare and characterize and test the catalytic performance of a locally made catalyst for waste plastic to hydrocarbon fuel pyrolysis.

Study Design: locally made catalyst was prepared from coconut shells, its elemental composition, structural morphology and pore properties investigated using appropriate instruments and methods.

Place and Duration: The experiments were carried out at the Petroleum Development Laboratory, situated at the Gas Engineering building, University of Port-Harcourt Nigeria. It took about 18 months to complete this study.

Methodology: Thermal and chemical activation methods were used to prepare the local catalyst from coconut shells. Scanning electron microscopy method was used to investigate the morphology and texture of the coconut shell activated carbon catalyst. Response Surface Method (RSM) in design expert software 12.0 was used to design the experiment, and investigate the effect of operating parameters on the response variable.

Results: The assessment of coconut shell activated carbon shows it can be used as an alternate to synthetic catalysts. This is because more than 60 % fuel oil was recovered when it was used in the pyrolysis of waste sac bags

Conclusion: Coconut shell activated carbon is effective in the conversion of waste sac bags high purity hydrocarbon fuels such as aviation kerosene.
Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching on Knowledge Regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among Husbands of Primigravida Mother
Authors: Ghugare Suwarna , Sebastian Tessy , Mahakalkar Manjusha Gulabrao , Wankhede Darshana Durgadass
Published: November 2021

Kangaroo care is a practise that allows moms and fathers to have direct skin-to-skin contact with their infants. It has been demonstrated to promote the mother's mental health, strengthen mother-infant connection, and increase maternal lactation. Many studies feel that returning to the original paradigm of infant-mother early care, rather than our current incubator, bottle, and formula-feeding model, will result in happier and healthier newborns [1].

Objective: 1) To determine whether primigravida women' spouses have any awareness of kangaroo mother care. 2) To assess the efficiency of a planned education programme on kangaroo mother care among primigravida moms' husbands.3) To see if there's a link between post-test knowledge scores on kangaroo mother care among primigravida moms' spouses and certain demographic variables.

 Methodology: A total of 60 people took part in the research. Husbands of primigravida women from various hospitals will be used as study subjects.

Results: There is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores when measuring effective planned training on knowledge about kangaroo mother care among husbands. The pretest has a mean of 8.18, while the posttest has a mean of 16.30, and the pretest has a standard deviation of 2.855, while the posttest has a standard deviation of 1.710. The t-value is 18.57, and the p-value is 0.000.

Conclusion: As a result, the planned education on knowledge about kangaroo mother care among primigravida moms' husband is statistically interpreted. The research hypothesis was accepted in this study, while the null hypothesis was denied.
Effectiveness of Health Interventions towards HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Siddiqui Sarmad Jamal , Sutan Rosnah , Isa Zaleeha Md , Laghari Arshad Hussain , Gemnani Vijia Kumar
Published: November 2021

Background: Plentiful development has been achieved in interventions for the prevention of HIV. Although, progression of prevention programs based on evidence – informed methods that interpret the effectiveness of these approaches in population is still a challenge. In developing countries, not many interventions are implemented for reduction of HIV burden. The single most important identified problem is lack of demand, supply, and adherence approaches. In current systemic review, recent evidence for the prevention of HIV in a cascade manner is described to see status of current interventions and further needs for improvements.

Methodology: Systemic reviews regarding effectiveness on interventions of HIV prevention were searched. Primary studies were identified from eligible review that evaluated one of following factors: prevalence of HIV, incidence of HIV, testing uptake of HIV and use of condom. Interventions were categorized that pursued demand for prevention of HIV, improvement in supply for preventive approaches, support related to preventive behaviors or prevent HIV directly. A rating was assigned for each intervention based on evidence strength or randomized controlled trials.

Results: Out of 91 eligible reviews, 264 primary studies were included in this review. Primary studies related to direct mechanisms of prevention that showed strong data for circumcision and effectiveness of pre – exposure prophylaxis. Evidence implies that interventions related to increased supply of preventive methods including clean needles or condoms can be operative. Interventions related to demand – side and adherence approaches were less clear with some studies showing effectiveness. Quality evidence was assessed among various categories. Various interventions showed supportive outcomes and results. In our findings, it was observed that difference between behavioral and structural has not evidently distinguished the interventions.

Conclusion: Growing data is present for the support of effectiveness of products, behaviors, and procedures for prevention of HIV. In developing countries, negligible data is present for implementation of such approaches on community level. Interventions will be required for transforming this evidence to produce impact on population. It will empower the demand for prevention of HIV, supply of preventive technologies and utilization of preventive approaches against HIV. The findings can be eye opener to see actual burden of HIV and their implanted interventions and can be useful to design further intervention programs in future.
Diffusion treatment of quantum mechanics and its consequences
Authors:   Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Zakir Zahid
Published: November 2021

Localized ensemble of free microparticles spreads out as in a frictionless diffusion satisfying the principle of relativity. An ensemble of classical particles in a fluctuating classical scalar field diffuses in a similar way, and this analogy is used to formulate diffusion quantum mechanics (DQM). DQM reproduces quantum mechanics for homogeneous and gravity for inhomogeneous scalar field. Diffusion flux and probability density are related by Fick’s law, diffusion coefficient is constant and invariant. Hamiltonian includes a “thermal” energy, kinetic energies of drift and diffusion flux. The probability density and the action function of drift form a canonical pair and canonical equations for them lead to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Madelung and continuity equations. At canonical transformation to a complex probability amplitude they form a linear Schrödinger equation. DQM explains appearance of quantum statistics, rest energy (“thermal” energy) and gravity (“thermal” diffusion) and leads to a low mass mechanism for composite particles.
Room‐/High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Titanium Matrix Composites Reinforced with Discontinuous Carbon Fibers
Authors: Lv Shun , Li Jinshan , Li Shufeng , Kang Nan , Chen Biao
Published: November 2021

The reinforcing effect of short carbon fibers (CFs) in Ti−6Al−4V (TC4) matrix composites fabricated by powder metallurgy is investigated by mechanical testing at room/high temperatures. Different mass fractions of CFs (0−3%) are dispersed into TC4 matrix by high‐energy ball milling. CFs/TC4 powder mixtures are then consolidated by hot isostatic pressing to obtain CFs/TC4 composites. Microscopic morphology, phase composition, and interfacial microstructure of CFs/TC4 composites are thoroughly characterized by various electron microscopies and Raman spectra. It is found that all composites fail before yielding at room‐temperature tensile tests, which is due to the unpleasant bonding condition between CFs and TC4. However, the 1% CFs/TC4 composite fractures in a ductile mode at elevated temperatures. The reinforcing effect of CFs becomes more prominent with the increase in testing temperature. At 700 °C, the 1% CFs/TC4 composite registers 74% improvement in the yield strength compared with the TC4 matrix, which suggests the excellent reinforcing effect of CFs among available reinforcements in the literature. The results suggest that short CFs might be a suitable reinforcement candidate for high‐temperature applications of titanium matrix composites.
Rosin‐Based Si/P‐Containing Flame Retardant Toward Enhanced Fire Safety Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Wang Shibo , Sun Penghao , Xu Xu , Liu He , Wang Dan , Huang Xujuan
Published: November 2021

Environmentally friendly flame retardant such as polysiloxane has long been sought for varied studies in recent years and can be further improved to overcome the challenges of additional applications. Herein, a novel synergistic‐effect flame retardant containing Si and P is synthesized. Si‐P containing flame retardant (DOPO‐MGSO) is then added into a network to fabricate rigid polyurethane foam via a one‐step process. The bio‐renewable resource maleopimaric acid (MPA) impedes conversion of the cyclic siloxane, thereby enhancing the compactness of the silica layer in condensed phase. Furthermore, the DOPO groups quench free radicals in the gas phase. Compared with the unmodified sample, the limiting oxygen index of the modified foam increases from 17.1% to 25.2%. Moreover, CONE tests show that the peak heat release rate decreases from 260.1 to 136.2 kW m−1 (close to 50%) after modification. Importantly, the generation of silica‐rich char significantly reduces the total smoke release (decrease from 1154.4 to 715.9 m2 m−2). In addition, the improvement of compressive strength benefits from the MPA rigid ring.
Manipulating the Interlayer Spacing of 3D MXenes with Improved Stability and Zinc‐Ion Storage Capability
Authors: Peng Mengke , Wang Li , Li Longbin , Tang Xiannong , Huang Bingyu , Hu Ting , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang
Published: November 2021

2D transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have excellent physical–chemical properties, which makes them promising for electrochemical energy storage devices. However, because of their inherent self‐stacking and narrow interlayer spacing, it is rarely used in multivalent ion energy storage systems. In this study, fatty diamines and aromatic diamines with different molecular sizes are inserted between MXene interlayers as pillars through a one‐step amination process to inhibit the self‐stacking and obtain different expanded interlayer spacings with improved antioxidant stability. X‐ray diffraction results show that interlayer spacing of MXene increases from 1.23 to 1.40 nm. The p‐phenylenediamine‐intercalated MXene (PDA‐MXene) exhibits better matching interlayer spacing (1.38 nm) and pore structure for improved electrolyte‐accessible surface area, enhanced charge‐transport properties, and promoted Zn2+ ions storage. Therefore, zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZHSC) using PDA‐MXene as cathode exhibits higher specific capacitance (124.4 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) in 2 m ZnSO4 electrolyte together with outstanding cycling stability (85% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles at 1 A g−1). This study provides a route for precise control of MXene interlayer spacing by small organic molecules, which can be used to observe efficient charge storage in MXene‐based electrochemical energy storage devices by optimizing interlayer spacing.