bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Premenstrual symptoms and premenstrual exacerbation in patients with psychiatric disorders
Authors: HSIAO MEI‐CHUN , HSIAO CHENG‐CHENG , LIU CHIA‐YIH
Published: March 2004

Abstract  The aim of the present study was to examine the frequencies of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual exacerbation (PME) of a number of psychiatric disorders in Chinese subjects. Premenstrual syndrome was assessed using a symptom checklist based on International Classification of Diseases (10th revision; ICD‐10) criteria. Premenstrual exacerbation was defined as premenstrual worsening of pre‐existing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder (depressive disorders, DD), panic disorder (PD), or schizophrenia (SCH). Fifty outpatients were randomly sampled for each diagnostic group. Diagnosis was performed by psychiatrists using the structured Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and the frequencies of PMS and PME were compared for the different diagnostic groups. The PMS symptoms were reported by 78%, 80%, 68%, and 52% of GAD, DD, PD, and SCH patients, respectively, with 52%, 52%, 36%, and 20% fulfilling the definition of PME. No significant statistical relationships between diagnostic entities and family history of PMS, years of education, or age were demonstrated, but number of PMS symptoms was associated with severity of PME. No significant relationships were demonstrated between PME and marital status, parity, years of education, age, or family history of PMS. The results showed that high PME rates were noted for a sample of Chinese women with mental disorders, especially those with depressive and anxiety disorders.
Transmission disequilibrium test and haplotype analysis of the NOTCH4 gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia
Authors: KANEKO NAOSHI , MURATAKE TATSUYUKI , AMAGANE HIDEKI , SAKURAI MIKI , TANAKA TOSHIHISA , TSUJI SHOJI , SOMEYA TOSHIYUKI
Published: March 2004

Abstract  A recent study reported that the NOTCH4 gene was highly associated with schizophrenia in the British population. To confirm this association for another population, a case–control study was conducted and a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis was performed on a group of Japanese subjects (235 pairs of schizophrenia patients and controls, and 78 trios consisting of probands and their parents) using two single nucleotide polymorphisms and three microsatellite markers for the NOTCH4 gene. Haplotype analysis was also studied in case–control and family based data sets. In all markers except for (CTG)n (P = 0.012, before correction for multiple testing), no differences were found in the case–control study. The TDT analysis also revealed only a weak transmission disequilibrium in (TTAT)n (genotype‐wise P = 0.012). The finding of the present study could not support the original findings that the NOTCH4 gene itself is associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia.
Psychiatric comorbidity and gender differences of persons incarcerated for methamphetamine abuse in Taiwan
Authors: LIN SHIH‐KU , BALL DAVID , HSIAO CHENG‐CHENG , CHIANG YUAN‐LIN , REE SHAO‐CHUN , CHEN CHIH‐KEN
Published: March 2004

Abstract  Methamphetamine (MAP) abuse has been common in Taiwan for the past decade. The purpose of the present study was to investigate MAP abuse in Taiwan, with specific attention to psychiatric comorbidity and gender differences. A total of 325 MAP abuse subjects (180 male, 145 female) from a detention center in Taipei were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. The following were studied: drug use behavior, treatment‐seeking behavior, lifetime prevalence of mood disorders, MAP psychosis, alcohol use disorders, pathological gambling and antisocial personality. The MAP‐abuse subjects in Taiwan had high psychiatric morbidity and low access to mental health services. There also exist certain differences in the prevalence of psychiatric illnesses and treatment‐seeking behavior between male and female subjects. Compared with their male counterparts, more female subjects reported experience of mental disturbance and experience of psychiatric treatment. The female subjects more commonly reported suicidal behaviors than the male subjects.
Economic slump and suicide method: Preliminary study in Kobe
Authors: ABE RYO , SHIOIRI TOSHIKI , NISHIMURA AKIYOSHI , NUSHIDA HIDEYUKI , UENO YASUHIRO , KOJIMA MAKI , KITAMURA HIDEAKI , AKAZAWA KOHEI , SOMEYA TOSHIYUKI
Published: March 2004

Abstract  During the recent half decade, Japan's suicide rate at approximately 25 deaths per 100 000 people has been one of the highest rates in the world. From the perspective of suicide prevention by restricting access to suicidal means, the aim of the present study was to examine what kind of suicidal method increased during prolonged economic slump. During 21 years (1981–2001), for all suicide victims (5161 cases) the gender, age, and suicide methods were investigated. The yearly full unemployment rate was also used as a representative socioeconomic factor during the same periods in Japan using government statistics, and the relationship between methods of suicide and full unemployment rate was investigated. Pearson's correlation suggested that there was a significant correlation only for hanging rate (r = 0.736, P < 0.001), but not for the percentages of other methods of suicide. This finding that unemployed persons may have a susceptibility towards certain suicide methods could help in the prevention of suicides. Mental health in Japan should be given more attention, especially for the working population, and social programs offering help should be considered widely.
Comparison of high‐functioning atypical autism and childhood autism by Childhood Autism Rating Scale–Tokyo version
Authors: KANAI CHIEKO , KOYAMA TOMONORI , KATO SEIKA , MIYAMOTO YUKI. , OSADA HIROKAZU , KURITA HIROSHI
Published: March 2004

Abstract  To assess autistic symptom differences between high‐functioning atypical autism (atypical symptomatology) (HAA; IQ ≥ 70) and childhood autism (HCA), 53 HAA children (mean: 6.0 ± 0.5 years) were compared with 21 HCA children (mean: 8.2 ± 1.1 years) on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale–Tokyo version (CARS‐TV). Because IQ on the Japanese version of the Stanford–Binet and CARS‐TV total scores differed significantly between HAA and HCA, analysis of covariance was conducted with IQ and CARS‐TV total scores controlled for. In two items of CARS‐TV (relationship with people and general impressions) the HAA children were significantly less abnormal than the HCA children. Affect tended to be significantly milder in HAA than HCA. Anxiety reaction was significantly more abnormal in HAA than HCA. These findings may be useful to distinguish between HAA and HCA.
What I learnt from studying epilepsy: Epileptology and myself
Authors: AKIMOTO HARUO
Published: March 2004

Abstract  My life work with epilepsy has allowed me to learn a great deal. As an old soldier, I would like to give an account of some important milestones in my lifetime learning. The first factor that linked me to epilepsy was listening to a lecture delivered by Dr Yushi Uchimura on ‘The pathogenesis of Ammon's horn sclerosis’ at a conference of the Japanese Society of Neurology (now Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology) in 1928 when I was a 4th year medical student at Tokyo University. The following year, I started to study under Dr Uchimura at the Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University School of Medicine. Another factor that linked me to clinical care and research of epilepsy as a psychiatrist was my encounter with the two volumes of ‘Selected Writing of John Hughlings Jackson’ edited by J. Taylor. Jackson's greatest asset and contribution to modern epileptology include (i) the discovery of ‘Jacksonian epilepsy’, (ii) ‘conceptual revolution of epilepsy’ by recognizing transient mental disorders as seizures, (iii) modern definition of epilepsy by defining epileptic seizures as discharges in the gray matter, and (iv) discovery of ‘new epilepsy’ (now temporal lobe epilepsy). In 1940, I reported clinical courses indistinguishable from schizophrenia in epilepsy cases. Through my studies, I disputed the then prevailing interpretation of this condition as epilepsy complicating schizophrenia, and proved that these cases were in fact epileptic mental disorders caused by epilepsy. Many patients with epilepsy require medical care as well as rehabilitation and welfare support. We need to further promote the facilities for rehabilitation and employment in the community for persons with epilepsy, such as co‐operatives and welfare worksites. The issues that epileptology and epilepsy face in the 21st century is to realize the goals of liberating epilepsy from social stigma and protecting all the citizen's rights for persons with epilepsy.
Educational Assessments in Latin America: The State of the Art
Authors: Wolff Laurence
Published: March 2004

On s’intéresse de plus en plus à travers le monde aux évaluations dans la domaine de l’éducation. Cet article décrit les progrès que plusieurs pays d’Amérique latine ont réalisé dans ce secteur, y compris la participation de l’Amérique latine à un ensemble d’initiatives internationales. L’article expose quelques questions et problèmes et indique comment les programmes d’évaluation de ces pays pourrait être mieux exploités pour améliorer la qualité de l’éducation.

Interest in educational assessments has grown throughout the world. This paper examines advances in educational assessments in several countries of Latin America, including Latin American participation in a variety of international efforts. The paper identifies issues and problems and suggests how assessment programs in this region can be used more effectively to improve the quality of education.1
Assessment in Multicultural Groups: The Role of Acculturation
Authors: Van De Vijver Fons J.R. , Phalet Karen
Published: March 2004

On analyse le rôle de l’acculturation dans l’évaluation des groupes multiculturels. Des procédures standardisées doivent être développées pour prendre en compte la composition multiculturelle des sociétés contemporaines où les individus, relevants de références culturelles multiples, ne disposent pas de l’aisance culturelle et langagière que les procédures d’évaluation présupposent lors de la passation des tests psychologie et d’éducation. La première partie de l’article présente un bref survol des modèles d’acculturation et souligne la pertinence de l’acculturation dans le testing multiculturel. La seconde partie aborde des questions conceptuelles et méthodologiques dans l’évaluation de l’acculturation. S’ensuit une discussion sur la façon dont l’acculturation peut être prise en compte dans l’évaluation des groupes multiculturels, par exemple en établissant différentes normes pour des groupes culturels différents, en ajoutant une correction pour le statut d’acculturation, ou en évaluant l’acculturation et en utilisant ce score en covariation ou comme valeur seuil, ce qui décidera si oui ou non un résultat à un test peut être interprété valablement.

The role of acculturation in assessment in multicultural groups is discussed. It is argued that standard procedures are to be developed to deal with the multicultural composition of today's societies, in which clients come from various cultural backgrounds and do not have the familiarity with the language and culture of the psychological and educational tests that is implicitly assumed in the assessment procedure. The first part presents a brief overview of acculturation models and points out the relevance of acculturation in multicultural testing. The second part of the paper discusses conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of acculturation. This is followed by a discussion of ways in which acculturation can be taken into account in assessing multicultural groups, such as establishing different norms for different cultural groups, adding a “correction” for acculturation status, or assessing acculturation, and using this score either as a covariate or as a threshold value that determines whether or not a score on a target instrument can be interpreted adequately. Implications are discussed.
Assessment in Organisations
Authors: Bartram Dave
Published: March 2004

Cet article aborde les pratiques actuelles et les tendances émergentes de l’évaluation dans les organisations. Une attention particulière est accordée a l’évaluation en vue du recrutement et de la selection, là où l’apparition de la méta‐analyse a fondamentalement changé la conception que l’on pouvait avoir des tests psychologiques et autres techniques de sélection. On analyse aussi l’impact d’Internet sur les pratiques de sélection. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation post‐embauche, l’obligation pour les organisations d’assumer des changements rapides est raportée à l’importance de la modélisation des compétences. Quelques points‐clés de l’évaluation post‐embauche sont passés en revue (leadership, feedback à 360°). Des perspectives pour la nouvelles recherches sont esquissées; il s’agit de créer des théories et des modèles plus pertinents, mais aussi de progresser dans les études de validitéà partir les données existantes. Finalement, on s’aperçoit que l’essentiel de la littérature actuelle s’appuie sur des recherches réalisées aux Etats‐Unis, un peu au Royaume Uni ou dans d’autres pays d’Europe. Beaucoup de ces recherches sont limitées dans leurs possibilités d’application en ce sens qu’elles ont été menćes sur de grandes organisations. On insiste sur le manque de travaux interculturels et sur la nécessité de s’intéresser à l’ensemble des organisations de travail (des grandes aux petites, des enterprises locales aux multinationals, aux secteurs public et privé).

The article considers current practice and merging trends in assessment in organisations. Particular attention is paid to assessment for recruitment and selection, where the use of meta‐analysis techniques has radically changed the way in which psychological tests and other selection techniques are viewed. The impact of the Internet on selection practice is also discussed. For post‐hire assessment, the impact of the need for organisations to undergo rapid change is considered in relation to the importance of competency modelling. Some key areas (leadership, 360‐degree feedback) of post‐hire assessment are reviewed. Issues for future research are outlined. These include the need for better theory and models, together with the need to move ahead of a reliance on old data sets. Finally, it is noted that much of the current literature is based on research in the United States (with some from the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe). Much of the research is also limited in applicability in that it is based on large organisations. The need for more cross‐cultural studies and the need to cover the full range of work organisations (large to small; local to global; private to public sector) is emphasised.
Employee and Customer Perceptions of Service Quality in an Indian Firm
Authors: Subramony Mahesh , Beehr Terry A. , Johnson C. Merle
Published: March 2004

Nous présentons un modèle complétant les conceptions existantes de la relation entre employés et clients dans la domaine des services qui propose que la perception de l’efficacité du service par l’agent comme prédictive de l’efficacité du service perçue par le client. L’efficacité du service se réfère à la perception qu’ont les agents de répondre ou même d’aller au‐delà des attentes relatives au service de la part de l’organisation et des clients exteriors. Nous avons enquêté la relation entre l’efficacité du service, la maturité de l’équipe, et la qualité du service dans la filiale indienne d’une organisation internationale de produits de bureaux. Les agents de service appartenant à 18 équipes autonomes ont classé leur propre efficacitéà répondre aux attentes de la direction et des clients extérieurs. Les donées préexistantes sur la maturité de ces équipes étaient recueillies auprès l’organisation. 114 clients de la même société, choisi au hazard, évaluaient la qualité du service fourni, leur satisfaction de ce service et les effets attendus par le client. Nous avons trouvé des liaisons positives entre l’efficacité du service, la maturité du groupe et la qualité de service. Ces resultants servent à enrichir la littérature reliant les comportements des employés aux effets sur les clients pour les sociétés operant dans les economies émergeantes.

We proposed a model complementing existing conceptions of the relationship between service employees and their customers, that proposes service effectiveness as an employee‐level predictor of customer‐perceived service quality. Service effectiveness refers to employees’ perceptions of meeting or even exceeding the service‐related expectations of the organisation and external customers. We investigated the relationship between service effectiveness, team maturity, and service quality in an Indian branch of an international office products organisation. Service employees belonging to 18 self‐managed teams rated their own effectiveness in meeting the expectations of management and external customers. Pre‐existing team maturity data for these teams were obtained from the organisation. Simultaneously, 114 randomly selected customers of the same company evaluated the quality of service provided, their satisfaction with the service, and intended customer outcomes. We found positive links between service effectiveness, group maturity, and service quality. These results also help extend the literature linking employee behaviors with customer outcomes to companies operating in emerging economies.
The Geopolitics of Malcolm X
Authors: Tyner James A. , Kruse, II Robert J.
Published: March 2004

Geographers and other social scientists have largely neglected Malcolm X as a critical theorist. Unlike the attention accorded to Franz Fanon, the writings and speeches of Malcolm X have remained unexplored for their potential contribution to political geographic thought. As a corrective, in this paper we situate Malcolm X within the rubric of critical geopolitics and postcolonial theory. We contend that Malcolm X, during the last year of his life, was formulating a geopolitics of oppression. We further assert that the geopolitics of Malcolm X were decidedly critical and anti‐colonial, and that his discourse foreshadows elements of contemporary social theory. Specifically, Malcolm X instructed his audiences to educate themselves about the relationships between imperial power and he addressed the politics of representation by representing the issues of American racial oppression as one of global oppression.
The Market, Marx and Sustainability in a Fishery
Authors: Bradshaw Matt
Published: March 2004

A management system of individual transferable quotas was introduced in the Tasmanian commercial rock lobster fishery in 1998. The market for quota units has since become increasingly capitalised. Fishers without substantial wealth find it difficult to participate in this market. Instead, investors purchase quota units. Consequently, fishery managers are somewhat disillusioned with the hidden hand of the market and are seeking a different way to conceptualise what is happening in the fishery. Marx's writings on the hidden abode of production suggest one such way. I bring Marx's work together with quota management and the views of participants as an alternative way of framing these changes in the fishery.
Spatial Politics in Practice: The Style and Substance of Environmental Direct Action
Authors: Anderson Jon
Published: March 2004

According to many commentators, Environmental Direct Action (EDA) has become a growing political force in recent years. This paper explores the style and substance of EDA by focusing on one indicative example of EDA activity, the anti‐quarry campaign at Ashton Court, Bristol, UK. The paper will argue that EDA is a political practice constituted by an imbroglio of premises, practices, identities, and modes of organisation that in a variety of ways asserts its difference to those of the liberal democratic system. The paper will go on to show that EDA is politically and geographically significant as it has been successful in taking and making space in line with its own cultural values. Through being successful in this way, EDA has entered into a dialogic relationship with the political practices of the State that can offer a useful tracing of how power struggles are played out in material and symbolic space.
The importance of customer input in the development of very new products
Authors: Callahan John , Lasry Eytan
Published: March 2004

This research explores the acquisition of customer input and its importance in the development of very new products. Data were gathered on 55 product development projects from the computer telephony integration industry – a new industry experiencing rapid technological change. The data were used to test hypotheses concerning the relationships between product newness, the importance of customer input in the development process, and the use of customer intensive market research methods. We found that the importance of customer input increases with market newness of a product up to a point and then drops off for very new products, whereas the importance of customer input increases with technological newness of a product without dropping off. We also found that the importance of customer input significantly increases the use of customer intensive market research methods; whereas, neither market nor technological product newness in themselves had much direct effect on research methods.
Technology intelligence processes in leading European and North American multinationals
Authors: Lichtenthaler Eckhard
Published: March 2004

The importance of technology intelligence is widely accepted in theory and practice. However, existing research is contradictory on how this process should be coordinated. Therefore, it is the objective of this contribution to derive insight into the coordination of technology intelligence processes in leading multinational companies. The results of an exploratory case study research in 26 leading European and North American companies in the pharmaceutical, telecommunications equipment and automobile/machinery industry are presented. The results show firstly, that three forms of coordination of technology intelligence processes exist. Secondly, the basic distribution of tasks in the technology intelligence process between the three layers of coordination are presented. Thirdly, the different forms of integration of these three forms of coordination of the technology intelligence process are described. Fourthly, the communication media used in the technology intelligence process is discussed. Finally, the information sources and methods used for the technology intelligence process are shown.
The effects of environment, knowledge attribute, organizational climate, and firm characteristics on knowledge sourcing decisions
Authors: Chen Chung‐Jen , Lin Bou‐Wen
Published: March 2004

Knowledge has been widely recognized as a critical resource for competitive advantage of the firms. However, little has been done in the literature regarding under what conditions that firms should develop knowledge internally or acquire knowledge from outside. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of some key factors including environment, organizational climate, firm characteristics, and knowledge attribute, on the firm's decision to knowledge sourcing. Our findings suggest that firms are more likely to develop knowledge internally if the environment is less munificent and dynamic; if the knowledge is more specific to them; if they possess higher levels of intention, autonomy, and requisite variety; and if they have abundant development experience and sufficient capabilities.
A model of R&D leadership and team communication: the relationship with project performance
Authors: Hirst Giles , Mann Leon
Published: March 2004

Industrial research and development (R&D) involves the processing and transformation of new knowledge into a commercially valuable outcome. Communication is an effective mechanism to translate, share and integrate new information into commercial products or processes. We developed a five‐factor model of team communication comprising: leadership role performance, team boundary spanning, communication safety, team reflexivity and task communication and tested the model using a one‐year longitudinal study. Analyses were conducted on team level data from 56 teams, comprising 350 employees. Independent measures of project performance were obtained from surveys of research managers as well as project customers. Three findings emerged. Different factors predicted different stakeholders' ratings of project performance. Communication safety was the strongest predictor of customer ratings of performance. Boundary spanning is most effective when performed by the project leader not the team.
The R&D performance in Taiwan's electronics industry: a longitudinal examination
Authors: Tsai Kuen‐Hung , Wang Jiann‐Chyuan
Published: March 2004

R&D investment has been widely regarded as an important input for firms, particularly for high‐tech firms, to achieve competitive advantage within their industry. Hence, a number of high‐tech firms are now investing substantial amounts into R&D. Since R&D efforts enable firms to raise the competitive advantage, one noticeable and interesting issue expected to know is the degree to which R&D investment influences firm output performance. In Taiwan, much greater emphasis is also being placed into R&D investment in the high‐tech industries; however, R&D output performance has never been seriously examined within this sector. Since the island's electronics industry is widely regarded as the most promising industry in the ‘high‐tech sector’, and is expected to place greatest emphasis on its R&D efforts, we take the electronics firms as our analytical sample.

This paper therefore sets out to estimate the impact of R&D on firm performance, in terms of productivity growth and the rate of return on investment, within the electronics industry in Taiwan, whilst also examining the Schumpeterian hypothesis, that R&D performance is an increasing function of firm size. Our examination of R&D performance is based on a panel sample of 83 large electronics firms, completely balanced over the period from 1994 to 2000, with series data of R&D capital also being constructed. Based upon the extended Cobb‐Douglas production function, a random effects model is developed with the estimations revealing that the output elasticity of R&D is around 0.19 and the average rate of return on R&D is around 22%. These findings clearly demonstrate that investment in R&D by these electronics firms has had an impact on their competitive advantage. Compared to the findings of previous studies, where the analytical unit of data was at firm level, here the rate of return on R&D is consistent with similar estimates for the US and UK, but lower than those for Japan. However, our estimations do not provide support for the hypothesis that the impact of R&D on productivity is an increasing function of firm size.
The Asian Empire: Siberia and Alaska through Russian Eyes
Authors: Hundley Helen
Published: March 2004

Books reviewed in this article:

Alix O'Grady, From the Baltic to Russian America 1829–1836: The Journey of Elizabeth von Wrangell

Natal′ia Okhotina‐Lind and Peter Ulf Moller (eds.), Vtoraia Kamchatskaia ekspeditsiia: Dokumenty 1730–1733, part 1, Morskie otriady: Istochniki po istorii Sibiri i Aliaski iz Rossiiskikh arkhivov

Georg Wilhelm Steller, Steller's History of Kamchatka: Collected Information Concerning the History of Kamchatka, Its Peoples, Their Manners, Names, Lifestyle, and Various Customary Practices

Andrei A. Znamenski (trans.), Through Orthodox Eyes: Russian Missionary Narratives of Travels to the Dena'ina and Ahtna, 1850s–1930s
Progress and poverty in early modern Europe
Authors: Allen Robert C.
Published: March 2004

An econometric model of economic development is estimated with data from leading European countries between 1300 and 1800. The model explores the impact of population, enclosure, empire, representative government, technology, and literacy on urbanization, agricultural productivity, proto‐industry, and the real wage. Simulations show that the main factors leading to economic success in north‐western Europe were the growth of American and Asian commerce and, especially, the innovations underlying the export of the new draperies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The enclosure of the open fields, representative government, and the spread of literacy did not play major roles.
Mechanical innovation in the industrial revolution: the case of plough design
Authors: Brunt Liam
Published: March 2004

Variations in levels of embodied technology generated variations in English plough prices in 1770. Using plough prices as a quality index, this article explains size and daily output of plough teams. It shows that variations in plough technology were due to technological change—not static optimization—and village plough technology was influenced by neighbouring villages. But technological advance was not constrained on the demand size: farmers purchased the best ploughs available. Rather, local supply of technology was the limiting factor. Technological change, urbanization, and information networks are rejected as explanations of local supply of technology. The key factor was market density.
Steam, hot air, and small change: Matthew Boulton and the reform of Britain's coinage
Authors: Selgin George
Published: March 2004

This article challenges the claim that Great Britain solved its ‘big problem of small change’ (the problem of keeping decent low‐denomination coins in circulation) by embracing Matthew Boulton's steam‐based coining technology. Evidence from Great Britain's commercial token episode (1787–97) shows that a successful small change system depended, not on the motive power employed in coining, but on the quality and consistency of coin engravings and on having means for systematically withdrawing worn coins. The Tower Mint failed to solve Great Britain's small change problem, not because its equipment was old‐fashioned, but because its policies and constitution were flawed.
Evaluating inventive activity: the cost of nineteenth‐century UK patents and the fallibility of renewal data
Authors: MacLeod Christine , Tann Jennifer , Andrew James , Stein Jeremy
Published: March 2004

It has long been recognized that counting patents offers a poor gauge of the extent and value of inventive activity, not least because the quality of patented inventions varies enormously. The Schankerman‐Pakes model provides a valuable alternative gauge that utilizes the data from renewal fees which are regularly paid to keep a patent in force. This article suggests, however, that the model's application to nineteenth‐century UK patents may underestimate the value of Victorian inventive activity because many patentees lacked the financial resources to implement the rational choice that the model assumes. Focusing on steam‐engineering patents, it explores further problems with renewal data and the increasing rate of lapsed applications.
Constraints and Choices in Mothers' Employment careers: a Consideration of Hakim's Preference Theory
Authors: McRae Susan
Published: March 2004

This paper provides an empirical examination of women's work histories following a first birth, their sex‐role attitudes, and the relationship between attitudes and work history. In the light of these analyses, the aptness of Preference Theory (Hakim 2000) as an explanation for the position of women in the British labour market is considered. Addressed in particular is Hakim's argument (2000: 7) that the main determinant of women's heterogeneous employment patterns and work histories is heterogeneity in their preferences for differing combinations of family work and paid employment. Although support is found for Hakim's argument that employment careers are centrally important for only a minority of women, little evidence is adduced that it is preferences that distinguish the minority from the majority. The existence of a continuum of work–family preferences means that women with similar preferences (but differing capacities for overcoming constraints) will have very different labour market careers. Analysis of longitudinal data fails to support the central argument of Preference Theory that women in Britain and North America (countries where women live ‘in the new scenario’) have genuine, unconstrained choices about how they wish to live their lives. Instead, it is argued that a complete explanation of women's labour market choices after childbirth, and of the outcomes of those choices, depends as much on understanding the constraints that differentially affect women as it does on understanding their personal preferences.
Credit and Civilization
Authors: Newton Tim
Published: March 2004

This paper analyses financial credit in order to re‐examine the work of Norbert Elias, particularly his association of interdependency complexity with social discipline, and his approach to contradiction. Following a discussion of these issues, the paper examines Elias's writing on money and explores the emergence of financial credit networks in early modern England. Attention is paid to credit networks and social discipline, to credit and the state, and to the contradictory images associated with the transition to modern cash economies. From one perspective, early modern credit networks might be read as a confirmation of Elias, particularly his argument that interdependency complexity, changing power balances and self‐restraint are interwoven. Yet the development of modern cash money raises questions, not just in relation to Elias's treatment of money, but also with regard to his assumptions about social discipline and his approach to ambivalence and contradiction. Drawing on the foregoing discussion, the paper argues that the relation between interdependency complexity and social discipline is contingent and variable, and that interdependency complexity may simultaneously encourage contradictory processes, such as those of civilizing and barbarity.
Norbert Elias, Maritime Supremacy and the Naval Profession: On Elias' Unpublished Studies in the Genesis of the Naval Profession
Authors: Moelker René
Published: March 2004

In 1950 Norbert Elias published the first of three studies on ‘The Genesis of the Naval Profession’ in the British Journal of Sociology. At the time Elias was not the established scholar that he was to become in later days. In the 1950s his work on the ‘Naval Profession’ was not well received by the audience, even though all the major themes of the ‘civilizing process’ were interwoven in the article. The other two studies were never published in English journals (only one was published in a Dutch journal but received no international attention). A perusal of the Norbert Elias Archive in Marbach am Neckar in Germany ‐ shows that the ‘Naval Profession’ project is larger than the intended three part series of articles for the BJS. From an outline to the project found in the archive it can be concluded that Elias intended to write a book with six to seven chapters. The key to the studies is a sketchy theory of institutions, which states that conflict promotes institutional development. Through the conflict between two occupational groups, sailors and soldiers, the naval officer becomes institutionalized as a new profession. During the period this process takes place England acquires maritime supremacy, secures the passages to the colonies and becomes an empire.
Marshall, Mannheim and Contested Citizenship
Authors: White Robert , Donoghue Jed
Published: March 2004

In this paper we address tensions in Marshall's account of the successive emergence of civil, political and social rights in citizenship. These tensions were Marshall's implicit and typically modern assumption of human nature, his privileging of the analytical rationality that follows from it, and the disjunction between the fixity of that rationality and the ‘evolution’ of his central metaphor. When he returned to it by emphasizing strains between democratic, welfare and capitalist moments that were co‐present in the ‘hyphenated society’ rather than successive, he did so in a pessimistic tone at odds with the progressive modernism of his first schema.

Although Marshall noted that conflicting principles in citizenship arose ‘from the very roots of our social order’, he did not elaborate the point in this first tripartite model. We argue that by adopting a single and typically modern form of rationality Marshall foreclosed on the contradictions that he held to be characteristic of academic disputes over citizenship. Since Mannheim had focused on the effects of such contradictions, his work allows a fruitful revisiting of Marshall's themes.

To blend the two models we read Marshall through Karl Mannheim's early studies of political knowledge. Here Mannheim had anticipated the shift from stages to co‐presence, and had prefigured a resolution of Marshall's sense of impasse. In his account of liberal, socialist and conservative thought‐styles ‐ the ways of seeing and knowing that are characteristic of particular ways of life ‐ he saw political change as a dynamic interactive effect of individually calculating, dialectically collective and culturally symbolic forms of rationality.
Social capital and social exclusion in England and Wales (1972–1999)
Authors: Li Yaojun , Savage Mike , Pickles Andrew
Published: March 2004

Recent research on social capital has explored trends in membership in voluntary organizations. However, there is currently little robust evidence on such trends in the UK since the 1970s, nor is there any analysis of whether participation bridges social divisions or accentuates them. This paper explores trends in participation in England and Wales since 1972 using data from the Social Mobility Inquiry of 1972 and the British Household Panel Survey of 1992 and 1999. We are concerned with social exclusion mechanisms in social capital generation in Britain over the three decades. Using binomial and multinomial models to ‘unpack’ the effects of socio‐cultural factors on civic participation and on different types of associational membership, we test the thesis of across‐the‐board decline in social capital by Putnam (2000) and that of rising levels of middle‐class social capital versus consistent low levels of working‐class social capital by Hall (1999). The results show significant socio‐cultural‐gender differences, a relative stability of middle‐class participation, and a rapid decline in the working‐class access to social capital. We challenge the established accounts of both theses.
Rethinking the concept of professionalism: the case of journalism
Authors: Aldridge Meryl , Evetts Julia
Published: March 2004

Journalists in the UK have always been ambivalent about what form of occupational control to pursue. Although resistant to the structures of the conventional profession, they have embraced the idea of ‘professionalism’. As the formations traditionally associated with Anglo‐American professions become relevant to fewer and fewer employees and increasingly subject to external regulation it is more relevant, we suggest, to investigate how the discourse of ‘professionalism’ as a set of values and identities can be mobilized by employers as a form of self discipline. Journalism, notable for its powerful occupational mythology, provides a vivid example of how this process has eased the imposition of radical changes to the organization of work. Now, ironically, recent changes in the occupation's social composition and training may mean that journalists, who have always cherished a self‐image as socially marginal, will aspire to conventional professional respectability.
Water and Economic Growth
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: March 2004

Several hydrological studies forecast a global problem of water scarcity. This raises the question as to whether increasing water scarcity may impose constraints on the growth of countries. The influence of water utilisation on economic growth is depicted through a growth model that includes this congestible nonexcludable good as a productive input for private producers. Growth is negatively affected by the government's appropriation of output to supply water but positively influenced by the contribution of increased water use to capital productivity, leading to an inverted‐U relationship between economic growth and the rate of water utilisation. Cross‐country estimations confirm this relationship and suggest that for most economies current rates of fresh water utilisation are not yet constraining growth. However, for a handful of countries, moderate or extreme water scarcity may adversely affect economic growth. Nevertheless, even for water‐scarce countries, there appears to be little evidence that there are severe diminishing returns to allocating more output to provide water, thus resulting in falling income per capita. These results suggest caution over the claims of some hydrological‐based studies of a widespread global ‘water crisis’.
The Impact of Immigration on the Wage Differential in Australia
Authors: Chang Hsiao‐Chuan
Published: March 2004

This paper investigates the impact of immigration on the wage differential between skilled and unskilled labour using simulation analysis from a dynamic intertemporal general equilibrium model. The results show that immigration cannot explain variations of the wage differential in Australia during the past 10 years. In most of the years investigated, immigration only explains a small part of the change in the wage differential. There is also no evidence that immigration exerts significant downward pressure on the unskilled wage.
The Asian Recession and Northern Labour Markets
Authors: Tyers Rod , Yang Yongzheng
Published: March 2004

The Asian recession saw an increase in the volume of mainly manufactured Asian exports. Other things equal, this would have disadvantaged the labour intensive end of northern (mainly USA and EU) manufacturing and hence the northern manufacturing workforce. Central to the crisis, however, was a redirection of investment away from Asia to the north, raising northern aggregate demand and hence employment in northern services. This paper examines the magnitudes of these two effects in a broader analysis of the real impacts of the Asian recession that is grounded in a global general equilibrium framework. Northern workers are found to be net beneficiaries in both the short and medium run.
The Real Exchange Rate in Small, Open, Developed Economies: Evidence from Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Bagchi Debabrata , Chortareas Georgios E. , Miller Stephen M.
Published: March 2004

We examine the effects of the terms of trade and the expected real interest rate differential on the real exchange rate in small, open, developed economies. We employ cointegration analysis to search for long‐term linkages. We find that while both the terms of trade and the expected real interest rate differentials affect the real exchange rate in the long run, the role of the terms of trade generally proves more consistent. The speed of adjustment for the expected real interest rate differential in the error‐correction model, however, is quantitatively larger than it is for the terms of trade.
Access Holidays and the Timing of Infrastructure Investment
Authors: Gans Joshua S. , King Stephen P.
Published: March 2004

For risky infrastructure investment, ‘regulatory truncation’ can diminish investment incentives. We model the truncation problem, showing the link to regulatory commitment, and derive optimal state‐contingent access prices. If regulators cannot commit ex ante to specific ex post access prices then a regulatory commitment to a fixed period free of access – an access holiday – can improve investment incentives. We establish conditions under which an access holiday may improve investment timing and show how an optimal holiday depends on the underlying profit flows from the investment. In particular, we show that an optimal holiday may leave investors with positive expected economic profits.
Why Have Maori Relative Income Levels Deteriorated Over Time?
Authors: Maani Sholeh A.
Published: March 2004

In 1986 two thirds of the Maori population had left secondary school by age 16 without school qualifications. A decade later, while educational attainment of the New Zealand population had increased significantly, over 60 per cent of the Maori population remained without qualifications. This paper provides comprehensive evidence on how income returns to postcompulsory and higher education have contributed to a widened income gap over the decade following the economic reforms. Utilising individual‐level Census data for 1986 and 1996, stability tests and decompositions, it establishes the significance of educational attainment as a strategy for reducing disparity. An important feature of the study is the distinction between full and part‐Maori.
Application of the mouse exo utero development system in the study of developmental biology and teratology
Authors: Hatta Toshihisa , Matsumoto Akihiro , Otani Hiroki
Published: March 2004

ABSTRACT  The mouse exo utero development system is useful for analyzing the roles of molecules or interactions between tissues in the histogenesis of organs after the mid‐gestational period. In the article presented here, we review the mouse exo utero development system and its specific modifications depending on different purposes as well as its advantages over and limitations compared to other systems in the study of developmental biology and teratology.
Blockade of erythropoietin signal at the early postimplantation period inhibits the development of decidua and embryo in mice
Authors: Yasuda Yoshiko , Matsuo Takuya , Nagao Masaya
Published: March 2004

ABSTRACT  We have previously shown that erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor mRNAs are expressed in mouse embryos and in decidua at the early postimplantation stage, and that erythropoietin receptor mRNA is expressed in advance of erythropoietin mRNA. We subsequently studied the role of exogenous erythropoietin in early development until the embryo proper can express erythropoietin by itself. In the present study, to block the erythropoietin signal in the decidual body where the early postimplantation embryo develops with decidua, we injected an antierythropoietin antibody or soluble erythropoietin receptor into decidual bodies through the uterine wall at day 6 of gestation. For controls, we injected saline or denatured soluble erythropoietin receptor. After 3 or 4 days, we examined the experimental and control decidual bodies. Macroscopic examinations revealed that experimental groups showed anemic small decidua in 50–60% of the decidual bodies of which 18–25% contained developmental‐arrested embryos with brain anomalies. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that positive erythropoietin receptor immunoreactivity was detected in the sinusoidal linings of the decidua capsularis and the neuroepithelial cells of the embryos in the controls, while in the experimental groups, these erythropoietin receptor‐positive cells were destroyed leading to few erythrocytes in the decidua, and lacy neuroepithelium of the embryos due to apoptosis. In conclusion, erythropoietin from maternal blood appears to be required for sinusoids to retain maternal blood, and for neurogenesis in embryos during a short period of mouse development.