bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VORTEILE DER LINSEN‐HAFTSCHALE FÜR DIE REGISTRIERUNG DES ELEKTRORETINOGRAMMS*
Authors: Echte K. , Papst W.
Published: May 2009

Zur Registrierung des ERG wird eine Linsen‐Haftschale mit einer 100 dptr‐Linse, die direkt vor der gewöhnlichen Haftschale eingebaut ist, empfolen. Die indifferente Elektrode ist als breites Silberchlorid‐Band auf die Aussenseite indifferente Elektrode ist als breites Silberchlorid‐Band auf die Aussenseite der Haftschale eingelassen, so dass störende Muskelpotentiale der Lider, der Gesichtsmuskulatur sowie EEG‐Potentiale fortfallen. Durch Angaugen der Haftschale an den Bulbus werden Luftblasen und ein Verrutschen vermieden. Das hiermit abgeleitete ERG zeigt einen ruhigeren Kurvenverlauf sowie eine wesentlich höhere b‐Wellen‐Amplitude als bei Verwendung der gewöhnlichen Haftschalen‐Elektrode. So liegt der Schwellenwert um 2 Zehnerpotenzen über der mit der Karpe‐Elektrode gewonnenen Antwort. Die Pupillenweite hat keinen Einfluss auf die Höhe der b‐Wellen‐Amplitude. Diese Effekte werden als Folge der Änderung des optischen Systems angesehen. Durch die 100 dptr‐Linse wird der Strahlengang beim Durchdringen der optischen Medien des Auges so stark gebrochen, dass der Brennpunkt 0.4 mm hinter der hinteren Linsenfläche liegt und dadurch eine sehr grosse Area der Netzhaut belichtet wird.
EINFACHE HILFSMITTEL ZUR SCHÄTZUNG DER ANISEIKONIE BEI ANISOMETROPENKORREKTION
Authors: Berg Fredrik
Published: May 2009

Bei Vollkorrektion einer Anisometropie entsteht gewohnlich eine Aniseikonie. Um diese in einfacher Weise zu schätzen, werden zwei Hilfsmittel empfohlen: ein Rechteck (Vereinfachung von Ogle's “tilting plane”) und ein Nomogramm. Die Einstellung des Rechtecks in eine scheinbare Frontalebene von seiten des Patienten gibt eine recht gute Auffassung von der subjektiven Aniseikonie. Das Nomogramm dient zur Berechnung des Grades der Aniseikonie, der bei ver‐schiedenen Glaskombinationen entsteht. Bei Astigmatismus ist besonders der Unterschied zwischen Zylindergläsern mit vertikaler und mit horizontaler Achse zu beachten. Für Naharbeit mit Forderungen an gutes Augenmass ist eine Kor‐rektion, die Aniseikonie hervorruft, besonders ungeeignet.
UEBER ANTIKOAGULANTIENBEHANDLUNG DER ZENTRALVENENVERSCHLÜSSE DER NETZHAUT
Authors: Vannas Salme , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassend wird geschlossen, das der Zentralvenenverschluss als eine Notfallssituation des Auges aufgefasst werden muss. Die Antikoagulantienbehandlung soll unmittelbar mit Heparin und gleichzeitiger Gabe von Prothrombininhibitoren angefangen werden. Auf ein therapeutisches Niveau des Trombotest ‐ Wertes muss geachtet werden, die Behandlungsdauer muss mindestens ein halbes Jahr betragen. Es ist die Auffassung der Verfasser, dass sich die Prognose nach Zentralvenenverschluss auf diese Weise verbessert.
BEITRANG ZUR ÄTIOLOGIE DES STILLING‐TÜRK‐DUANE‐SYNDROMS
Authors: KRÜGER K.‐E.
Published: May 2009

Nach einem geschichtlichen Oberblick wird auf die in der Literatur angeführten Deutungen des Stilling‐Türk‐Duane‐Syndrom eingegangen. Auf Grund der bisher mitgeteilten wichtigsten und bei18 eigenen Fällen erhobenen Befunde wird auf die zur Retraktion des Augapfels führenden Möglichkeiten, auf die Lokalisation der Schädigung und ursächliche Faktoren des Syndroms hingewiesen.

Es kann nicht als bewiesen angesehen werden, dass die Retraktion des Augapfels durch die im E.M. G. manchmal nachweisbare «paradoxe Innervation» hervorgerufen wird und diese Innervationsanomalie einen supranuklearen Sitz haben muss. Vielmehr werden die Fakten hervorgehoben, die für eine periphere Lokalisation sprechen.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF REMOVING THE VITREOUS BODY
Authors: BAY MICHAEL
Published: May 2009

Two methods for removal of the vitreous body are described. The efficacy of the methods is discussed and evaluated by an investigation of ten rabbits with 14C labelled mannitol infused intravenously through an ear‐vein catheter.

The results show that removal of the vitreous body by means of perscleral puncture is more inaccurate compared to removal by means of enucleation, freezing with liquid nitrogen and dissection. The explanation of the lower applicability of the perscleral puncture method is probably the different distribution of mannitol in the vitreous body after 90 minutes constant plasma concentration. The perscleral puncture is thus only applicable when we are sure that a diffusion balance of the examined compounds is present between the central and the peripheral parts of the vitreous body.
PERIPHERAL IRIDECTOMY AND CYCLODIALYSIS AS SIMULTAENOUS OPERATION IN GLAUCOMA SURGERY
Authors: ROMEM M. , PASCO M.
Published: May 2009

Peripheral iridectomy and cyclodyalisis, as simultaneous operations, were performed on 46 eyes with different clinical forms of glaucoma. Normalisation of eye tension was obtained in 41 eyes (89.1 per cent). Postoperative complications were minimal (3 iritis and 1 hypotony).
FLICKER‐ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY
Authors: BACHEN N. I. , DAVANGER M.
Published: May 2009

Flicker ERGs from normal human eyes are recorded using an averaging technique. After 300 msec the curve is in a stationary phase with strict periodicity. It is constructed by algebraic summation of individual flash responses with “head‐to‐tail” overlapping in higher frequencies. At a flash frequency of 25 cps. the a‐wave is placed at the negative deflection following the b‐wave of the foregoing flash, and the period becomes simple diphasic, sinusoid. Further increase of the frequency causes the amplitudes of the sinusoid curve to gradually decrease. In 12 out of 17 cases an ERG periodicity was present at a flicker frequency of 100 cps. In 3 cases the ERG periodicity was 50 cps even at a flash frequency of 100 cps., indicating an ERG response to only every second flash. At frequencies 40 cps. and higher, an off‐response is present at the termination of the flash train. This off‐response is increasingly impressive with increasing frequencies because of the reduction of the amplitudes of the foregoing waves.
PAPILLOEDEMA ASSOCIATED WITH RUPTURED INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
Authors: FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

Among 195 patients with intracranial aneurysms, 32 had papilloedema. This corresponds to 16% (99% confidence limits 10–24). The papilloedema did not vary significantly by sex, age, or site of aneurysm. It was unilateral in 7 cases, corresponding to the side of the aneurysm or haematoma in 6 cases. Papillary prominence was slight and most often was accompanied by varying degrees of haemorrhage. It was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between the vascular hypertension or cerebral vascular sclerosis and the occurrence of papilloedema, nor was there any correlation with the intracranial hypertension, as judged by the occurrence of cerebral haematomas around the aneurysms or intraventricular haemorrhages and arachnoid adhesions on the one hand, and papilloedema on the other. The papilloedema is presumably due to the subarachnoid haemorrhages in the sheaths of the optic nerves. The haemorrhage compromises the central retinal vein in its course through the subarachnoid space and thereby causes stasis of the venous outflow from the disc. This phenomenon could be demonstrated histopathologically and will be described in more detail in a subsequent paper. The operative risk was found to be increased in patients with papilloedema.
RECORDINGS OF APPLANATING FORCE AT CONSTANT INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

The apparatus described previously in paper I is used for continuous measurements on living human eyes. Methods for estimating the volume‐pressure relationship and changes in intraocular volume due to the content of blood and of aqueous humour are developed. Typical recordings are presented.
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF CORNEAL SENSITIVITY
Authors: MILLODOT MICHEL
Published: May 2009

This study dealt with the hitherto unresolved question of the validity of the objective method of assessing corneal sensitivity. Objective measurements were made monitoring the eye blinks while the subject simultaneously reported whether or not he felt the stimulation. A remarkably high correlation was found between objective and subjective measurements in the corneal periphery and a slightly less high one, in the corneal center, thus providing strong support for the use of the objective method in clinical and animal research.
TRANSLUCENCY OF THE SCLERA
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Gross examination with a pencil torch of 319 non‐selected patients disclosed in 117 cases a greyish translucent streak in the sclera along the tendon attachment of one or more of the horizontal eye muscles.

The phenomenon was found to rise in frequency with increasing age, having been noticed in only 4 per cent of the patients aged under 60, against in 30 per cent of those aged 60–69, 43 per cent aged 70–79, and 54 per cent aged ≥ 80.

Such streaks were most often seen over the areas of the medial muscles. The phenomenon bears no relation to the occurrence of pinguecula, white girdle, or development of inverse astigmatism.

The phenomenon is presumably a precursor of scleral plaques.
PEROXIDASE DIFFUSION IN THE RABBIT CILIARY BODY IN EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND
Published: May 2009

Experimental uveitis has been produced in albino rabbits by injection of human serum albumin into the vitreous body. To study the blood‐aqueous barrier in the ciliary body in experimental uveitis, horseradish peroxidase has been used as a cytochemical tracer by light microscopy.

After intravenous injection of peroxidase, it gained ready access to the posterior chamber in the uveitis eyes. The diffusion barrier to peroxidase in the ciliary epithelium was broken in localized areas. At these sites, heavy infiltration of leukocytes was found, and a continuous epithelial lining was apparently lacking. Outside these areas the diffusion barrier to peroxidase was found intact.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF RETINOPATHY BY FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN LATENT DIABETES
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM BIRGITTA , GJÖTTERBERG MAGNUS
Published: May 2009

Four cases of diabetes are reported in which there was no ophthalmoscopic evidence of retinopathy and diabetes remained obscure until fluorescein angiography disclosed signs of retinopathy and multiple microaneurysms. The diagnosis of latent diabetes was made in three of these patients whose fasting blood sugar was normal but the glucose tolerance test was abnormal; in the fourth patient, whose fasting blood sugar and glucose tolerance test were abnormal, the diagnosis of manifest diabetes was made.
SCLERAL PLAQUES I. Incidence and Morphology
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A scleral plaque is a transparent, superficial, well‐defined scleral area covering a normal, white, scleral layer. The subjacent uvea and the superjacent conjunctiva are normal. The plaque is situated in front of an eye muscle attachment.

An investigation comprising 1,086 subjects showed a scleral plaque to be a very frequent phenomenon in elderly persons (3% aged 60, 10% aged 70 and 25% aged 80 or more).

Plaques are vertically oval (65%) or circular (27%). Other shapes are rare. They average 2.72 times 1.47 mm in size (the largest one found measured 12.0 times 6.0 mm). Mean distance from the limbus corneae, 3.26 mm. The plaque increases in size and the distance consequently decreases with increasing age. Plaques are usually situated mesially (68%) and less frequently laterally (19%) or in front of any of the four horizontal muscular attachments (13%). In the series under review no plaques were found on the vertical muscles.

A possible relationship between plaques and arcus senilis, cataract, corneal thickness, sex incidence and symptomatology is discussed.
PREVENTION OF »BLINDNESS« Potentialities of a Systems Analysis Approach
Authors: NIŽETIĆ B.
Published: May 2009

A multitude of activities are carried out under the label of “prevention of blindness”. A definition of this term and of related concepts is discussed with the aim of rationalizing and bringing more precision into the planning and evaluation of programmes in this field.

Emphasis is placed on the importance of an appropriate eye‐health information system, of a systems‐analysis methodology for the rational planning of eye‐health services and of the necessary manpower in the field of public health ophthalmology. A definition of this field is presented and illustrated by a conceptual systems model.
THE SOURCE OF LIGHT OF THE ANOMALOSCOPE, WITH A NOMOGRAM TO CALCULATE THE GREEN‐RED‐QUOTIENT
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF
Published: May 2009

The readings of the anomaloscope are influenced by the colour temperature of the lamp. The voltage across the lamp should be controlled by a voltmeter, a new lamp should be allowed to burn for 24 hours before the instrument is taken into use, the lamp should be discarded as soon as there is a visible darkening of the glass. The precision of measurement is improved if the lamp is burned at about 75% of the rated voltage.
THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN CONGENITAL CATARACT
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM B.
Published: May 2009

A total of 114 eyes affected with congenital cataract were examined by electroretinography prior to surgery. The preoperative electroretinogram (ERG) of 91 eyes was normal, of 17 eyes subnormal and in six eyes it was unrecordable.

There was a clear‐cut relationship between a subnormal preoperative ERG and a poor postoperative visual acuity: of the 17 eyes of which the preoperative ERG was subnormal, the postoperative visual acuity of 12 eyes was < 0.1 and of the remaining eyes 0.1–0.2. In the cases in which the preoperative ERG is unrecordable, the chance of restoring a good postoperative visual acuity by surgery is very small. The visual acuity of the six eyes in this series from which the preoperative ERG was unrecordable, was < 0.1.

The therapeutic possibilities of surgery cannot invariably be conclusively assessed from the normal preoperative ERG because the latter does not reflect possibly coexisting macular lesions or lesions proximal to the retina. Nevertheless, in cases in which the preoperative ERG is normal, the chance of achieving good therapeutic results with surgery is greater; out of 91 eyes in this series from which a normal preoperative ERG was recorded, the postoperative visual acuity of 10 eyes was < 0.1, of 36 eyes, 0.1–0.2 and of 45 eyes, 0.3 or more.
LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR
Published: May 2009

Monochromatic light at 13 selected points of the spectrum was presented to the eyes of three normal subjects. Spectral sensitivity curves for the slow (a‐ and b‐waves) as well as the rapid (oscillatory) potentials were determined in response to light stimuli delivered in conditions of comparatively (1) strong light adaptation induced by light stimuli (at an interval of 15 sec) and (2) by weak light adaptation induced by light stimuli (at an interval of 2 min).

From comparisons of the sensitivity functions obtained it was concluded that while there was a change of retinal sensitivity from predominantly photopic to scotopic type, no variation of the spectral sensitivity of the oscillations was recorded.

In photopic as well as scotopic conditions studied, the oscillations revealed two peaks of sensitivity at 472 nm and 551 nm of the spectrum. Thus, the results seem to support earlier suggestions of the oscillatory potentials being related to an interaction by rod and cone activities and the origin of the oscillations being quite separate from that of the a‐ and b‐wave.
THREE CASES OF NON‐INFLAMMATORY ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY OCCURRING IN THE SAME FAMILY
Authors: BERGGREN L. , THORBURN W. , FODSTAD H.
Published: May 2009

In the family presented here, three out of seven siblings are affected, the onset of symptoms having occurred between 53 and 59 years of age. The family relationship was at first unknown. The parents are believed to have been eye healthy. Two of the cases are bilaterally involved and were investigated for suspected brain tumor. The neuroradiological examinations were negative. The visual symptoms, i.e. loss of visual acuity, visual field defects and blurring of the optic discs were in agreement with a diagnosis of ischemic optic neuropathy. In the latest case discovered, the affliction is thus far unilateral, and vascular changes in the retina corresponding to the visual field defect could be established by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography.
ENOPHTHALMOS CAUSED BY ORBITAL METASTATIC BREAST CARCINOMA
Authors: MANOR R. S.
Published: May 2009

The case is described of a 72‐year‐old woman with orbital metastatic breast carcinoma which presented as enophthalmos. It is stressed that any change in the state of bulging of the eyes, e. g. the appearance of a unilateral enophthalmos, may constitute a useful indication of orbital metastasis in patients with breast carcinoma.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH IN GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

A population study of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) was performed in 1,575 Greenland Eskimos, using optical pachymetry (Haag Streit 900). From six separate districts 1,072 Eskimos over the age of forty were examined. The participation rate ranged from 82–98%;. The geographical variation was found to be relatively small. No difference between the unmixed east‐coast Eskimos and the mixed west‐coast Eskimos could be demonstrated.

From one of the towns, 503 Eskimos aged 7–39 years were examined. For ethnic comparison, 87 adult Danes, living in Greenland, were measured as controls. Their ACD level was found to be much higher than in Eskimos, closely agreeing with other Caucasian samples.

The pronounced shallowness thus observed in Eskimos from all parts of Greenland has also been found recently in Canadian and Alaskan Eskimos. A shallow anterior chamber seems to be an important characteristic of Eskimos.
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS OF THE EYE ON ULTRASONIC INTENSITY
Authors: OKSALA ARVO
Published: May 2009

The effect of the anterior and posterior parts of a pig eye and the halves of a plastic ball on relative sound intensities was examined using a steel ball, with a diameter of 2 mm, as the reflector. Six acoustic cross sections of the halves of the pig eyes were examined. Intensity measurements were performed 1 mm from one another in each acoustic section. The lens caused a round, relative acoustic shadow, with a diameter of 5–7 mm, which attenuated ultrasound up to 15–20 dB. The sclera caused, 3–4 mm from the edges, either an absolute or an almost absolute shadow, which was circular in shape and had a diameter of 1–2 mm. The edges of the sclera caused a slight increase in sound intensity, which was probably due to their focusing effect. A narrow, circular acoustic shadow, similar in shape to the above‐mentioned, but relative, was found when the effect of the halves of the plastic ball was examined. The edges of the halves of the plastic ball did not have any focusing effect.
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: May 2009

The methods used for obtaining bacterial cultures from the normal conjunctiva were reviewed.

A comparison was made between four methods: a) platinum loop, b) calcium alginate swab c) dry, and d) wet cotton wool swab, using agar (all methods) and serum‐bouillon (methods b, c, d) as culture media. The comparisons were based on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria.

At the same time, four topical anaesthetics (benoxinate, tetracaine, proparacaine, cocaine) and one vital stain (tetrazolium ‐ alcian blue mixture) instilled into the conjunctiva immediately before taking samples, were studied for their effects on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria.

For isolating Staphylococcus albus, method d was found to be superior to the others when the methods were used in the above mentioned order, and when agar was the only culture medium used. On the other hand, after instillation of the above mentioned eyedrops, causing the so‐called “washing‐out” effect (Fahmy et al. 1974), method a was found better than the others, providing the methods were used in the a‐b‐c‐d order and when agar only was used. When considering the growth of Staphylococcus albus in serum boullion as well, methods b, c, and d were found equal in effect, but somewhat superior to a. Corynebacteria showed nearly the same isolation rate with all the methods before as well as after the instillation of eye drops.
INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF VANCOMYCIN IN EXPERIMENTAL STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Authors: HOMER PAUL , PEYMAN GHOLAM A. , KOZIOL JEFF , SANDERS DONALD
Published: May 2009

Toxicity, clearance, and therapeutic effectiveness of intravitreal vancomycin hydrochloride injection in experimentally induced staphylococcal endophthalmitis were evaluated. Vancomycin was found to be nontoxic in a single, 1 mg/0.1 ml intravitreal dose. Therapeutic levels of vancomycin were present in the vitreous for over 72 hours and in the aqueous during a period from 6 to 48 hours after injection. Injection of a methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus produced a panophthalmitis in our systemically treated controls, whereas in the rabbits treated by intraocular injection, the course of the infection was significantly altered.
THE EFFECT OF BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE ON THE ELECTROPOTENTIAL OF THE RABBIT CORNEA
Authors: GREEN KEITH , TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

The effect of benzalkonium chloride on the electropotential of the cornea has been examined. The anterior surface of the in vivo or in vitro cornea was exposed to various concentrations of the surfactant, from 0.005% to 0.02%, for either 1 or 2 min. The initial effect is a hyperpolarization lasting up to 30 sec, followed by a rapid fall in potential difference with a subsequent recovery. The degree of potential difference decrease and the recovery rate was dependent upon both the concentration of the detergent, and the exposure time. There is excellent correlation between the previous anatomical and physiological studies on tracer penetration across the in vivo and in vitro cornea and our present work. The data indicate that benzalkonium chloride acts by breaking down the physiological and anatomical diffusion barrier to solute and solvent which is located in the outer layer of the epithelium.
EFFECTS OF BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE UPON THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM STUDIED WITH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

The corneal surface of rabbits and vervet monkeys was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy after the influence of the cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride. The concentration of the drug was 0.02% or 0.01% and the exposure time was 2 or 4 min. The corneas treated with the drug had characteristic changes with small holes or more extensive lesions of the superficial cell membranes, and loss of microvilli or microplicae. The damage was considered to be due to the lytic effect of benzalkonium chloride upon the plasma membranes.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON PEROXIDASE MOVEMENT IN THE EPITHELIUM OF PROSTAGLANDIN‐TREATED RABBIT CILIARY BODIES
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND , TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

The movement of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the epithelium of isolated rabbit iris/ciliary body preparations, has been studied with the electron microscope. HRP was applied at the stromal side of the epithelium, and was left for 60 and 120 min. The distribution pattern of HRP found in the epithelium of the iridial and ciliary processes is consistent with in vivo studies, i.e. the progression of HRP is blocked at the site of the zonula occludens of the superficial epithelium. The HRP distribution pattern found in the iris epithelium indicates that also the superficial epithelial cells of this epithelium are girdled by zonulae occludentes.

Specimens treated with prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2a, showed no change in the epithelial distribution pattern of HRP, and the occluding zonules were found to be intact.
COVARIATION OF THE SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORDED c‐WAVE AND STANDING POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN EYE
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV
Published: May 2009

The c‐wave and the directly recorded standing potential (SP) of the human eye were studied with the aid of a recently developed method including matched temperature stabilized calomel electrodes, d.c. amplifiers and a suction contact lens. This technique, which does not require general anaesthesia, permits simultaneous direct d.c. recordings of the SP and the c‐wave in human volunteers during long‐term experiments. Upon repetitive light flashes (stimulus duration 1 sec, interval 20 sec and flash intensity 4.5 rel. log units above b‐wave threshold) both variables responded with slow amplitude oscillations with a frequency of about 2/hour. The oscillations were similar as to phases and frequencies. Both the potentials are held to be generated mainly in the pigment epithelium. Considering this partly common origin the observed covariation was an interesting finding.
MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY, SCLERAL BUCKLING, AND GAS INJECTION
Authors: PEYMAN GHOLAM A. , HUAMONTE FELIPE U. , ROSE MARC
Published: May 2009

Vitreous involvement as a result of penetrating trauma complicates and worsens the prognosis in retinal detachment repair. Seven patients in whom poor visualization of the fundus seemed to preclude success by routine procedures underwent combined vitrectomy, scleral buckling, release of subretinal fluid, and intravitreal gas injection. The retina was successfully reattached in five of the seven patients, although postoperative visual acuity was limited ‐ possible on account of the duration of retinal detachment prior to repair or because of the degree of macular involvement.
EVOLUTION OF DESCENDING OPTIC ATROPHY
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM MATS , FRISÉN LARS
Published: May 2009

Fundus changes following severe trauma to the intracranial optic nerve were followed by means of serial fundus photography. The eye was completely blind. Little change was seen during the first 4 weeks. The retinal nerve fibre layer disappeared gradually during weeks 4 to 8. At the same time the retinal vessels turned narrow, and vascular pseudo‐sheathing appeared close to the optic disc. Disc pallor was not maximal until the 12th week, when the peripapillary retina also had acquired a mottled appearance.
GLUCOSE, PYRUVATE, L‐LACTATE, AND CITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF FASTING RABBITS IN RELATION TO AGE
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN , LORENTZEN S. E.
Published: May 2009

Results are reported of determinations of glucose, pyruvate, 1‐lactate and citrate concentrations in aqueous humour from 42 fasting albino rabbits aged from 8 months to 9 years.

The glucose concentrations decreased significantly with increasing age. The pyruvate and 1‐lactate concentrations, as well as the ratios of l‐lactate/pyruvate did not change significantly with age. However, the pyruvate concentrations were higher and the l‐lactate/pyruvate ratios were lower in the 2‐year‐old rabbits than in the others. The citrate concentrations were found to rise with increasing age.

Because of wide ranges of variation between individuals of the same age groups, the parameters in question have limited value in the evaluation of the energy metabolism of the anterior eye segment.
CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA, PIGMENTARY RETINOPATHY, AND HEART BLOCK (KEARNS‐SAYRE SYNDROME)
Authors: LOWES MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia associated with a pigmentary retinopathy and heart block was described by Kearns & Sayre in 1958. They suggested that the triad represented a syndrome. The cases recorded since then are reviewed and summarised, and several common features are noted. Little attention has previously been paid to the retinopathy. A similar case is presented, and the pigment changes, retinal function, and fluorescein angiography are examined. There is no clinical evidence for the diagnosis of classical retinitis pigmentosa. The prognosis and aetiology of the condition are discussed.
FOLLOW‐UP RESULTS OF OCCLUSION AND PLEOPTIC TREATMENT
Authors: MALIK S. R. K. , VIRDI PREM SINGH , GOEL B. K.
Published: May 2009

Fifty cases of amblyopia, including some cases of eccentric fixation, which had previously been successfully treated by various therapies (conventional occlusion, red filter occlusion and pleoptics) were followed up from 12 to 68 months. Fifteen cases (30%) deteriorated to pretreatment level during the follow up. Deterioration was found to be greater in cases over the age of 15 years and in cases who did not follow the instructions given to them after cessation of therapy.
REMARKS ON THE AQUEOUS HUMOR/PLASMA RATIOS FOR AMINO ACIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS CHRONIC OCULAR DISORDERS
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER F. , EHLERS N. , HUST B.
Published: May 2009

The concentration of 19 amino acids and related compounds was simultaneously determined by means of ion exchange chromatography in the aqueous humour (Caq) and blood plasma (Cpl) of 40 patients with various chronic ocular disorders. The physiological aspects will be published elsewhere. It is of interest to note that very few significant differences have been found between the Caq/Cpl ratios for the groups into which the material could be clinically divided. This enables the conclusion to be drawn that determination of Caq/Cpl for amino acids and related compounds are not of diagnostic importance in the chronic ocular disorders which were studied.
CORNEAL DIAMETER IN GREENLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

In a population survey the corneal diameter (CD) was measured in 1,211 adult Greenland Eskimos from six districts. Using a Wessely keratometer, transversal and vertical readings were performed, and the CD value taken as the average. The unimodal distributions obtained were found to differ from normality.

The results suggested a small decrease of CD with age whereas the sex difference (0.2 mm) was highly significant. Geographical variation was found, a West Greenland group (Umanaq) being below the others, while the purest Eskimos (from Angmagssalik) showed higher mean values. A Danish control sample had significantly larger corneae, about 0.5 mm above the Eskimos, and agreed with other reports on Europeans.

The CD values and the anterior chamber depth (ACD) were positively correlated. The Eskimo primary angle‐closure glaucoma patients showed a slight deviation towards the lower CD classes. The familial CD distributions suggested a mainly genetic determination of corneal size.
NORMAL VALUES IN CLINICAL ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

The following EOG potential and time parameters from 72 normal subjects were analysed: base value B, dark trough D, light peak L, light induced potential rise L‐D, interval between beginning of dark adaptation and occurrence of dark through d and interval between dark trough and light peak I. Their relations to sex, age, pupillary diameter, degree of iris pigmentation, refractive error, axial length, corneal curvature and diameter, ocular protrusion and interpupillary distance were assessed. Right eye and left eye samples of the EOG parameters were congruent, although individual differences were sometimes appreciable. The levels of B and D were higher in the female half of the sample. A positive correlation existed between age and D level. L‐D was negatively correlated to the degree of refractive error and positively correlated to the ocular protrusion. A positive correlation was found between d and the four potential parameters, and there was a positive correlation between age and I. Practical consequences of the statistical analysis relating to the interpretation oi such EOG data are discussed.
TRANEXAMIC ACID (AMCA) AND LATE HYPHAEMA
Authors: JERNDAL T. , FRISÉN M.
Published: May 2009

A double blind study of the effect of tranexamic acid (AMCA) on late hyphaema after cataract surgery is reported. A total of 244 patients were included in the study after strict selection. It was shown that the incidence of late hyphaema in the treated group was significantly lower at the 5% level than that in the placebo group. The conclusion is made that the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid can be used therapeutically or prophylactically to decrease the risk for re‐bleeding after ocular surgery.
A SIMPLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF VISUAL ACUITY AND THE DENSITY OF RETINAL OUTPUT CHANNELS
Authors: FRISEN L. , FRISEN M.
Published: May 2009

Throughout the retina, the parameters of the probability distribution of visual acuity for monochromatic interference fringes are closely proportional to the number of retinal ganglion cells per degree of visual angle. There are no simple relationships to receptor spatial frequencies. These findings suggest that neuro‐retinal acuity is determined principally by the spatial frequency of neural output channels.
SPONTANEOUS CAROTID‐CAVERNOUS FISTULAS
Authors: BRISMAR GUDRUN , BRISMAR JAN
Published: May 2009

The symptomatology in six cases with spontaneous carotid‐cavernous fistulas is discussed. All six patients presented with exophthalmos, dilated veins, pain and restriction of ocular movements. In four patients a bruit was found objectively as well as subjectively, four patients exhibited an increase of the intraocular pressure and in three cases vision was impaired. Of special interest is the finding that discrete symptoms such as venous congestion and slight pain appeared early in the course of the disease in all patients, and that in some of the patients an increase in intraocular pressure as well as disturbances in ocular motility were diagnosed long before the appearance of the exophthalmos.
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME RIBONUCLEOTIDES, L‐LACTATE, AND PYRUVATE IN HUMAN SENILE CATARACTOUS LENSES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANTERIOR CAPSULAR/SUBCAPSULAR OPACITY
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN
Published: May 2009

The concentrations of some ribonucleoside tri‐ and diphosphates, adeno‐sine‐5′‐monophosphate, L‐lactate and pyruvate were determined in human senile cataractous lenses removed during cataract operations. Pyruvate concentrations were found to be negligible (median = 56 μmol/kg lens wet weight) in 15 human senile cataractous lenses.

On the basis of correlations between the biomicroscopic appearances of the senile cataractous lenses (N = 80) and the concentrations and ratios of the metabolites in question, the following classification was found to be justified:

Immature cataractous lenses without anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity: high levels of ribonucleoside triphosphates (RTP), high sums of RTP, ribonucleoside diphosphates (RDP), and adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (AMP) as well as high levels of L‐lactate and high ratios of L‐lactate in the lens/L‐lactate i n the aqueous.

Immature cataractous lenses with anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity: intermediate levels of RTP, intermediate values for the sums of RTP, RDP, and AMP, high L‐lactate levels, and intermediate values of the ratios of L‐lactate in the lens/L‐lactate in the aqueous.

Totally opaque lenses, which all had extensive anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity: low values for the concentrations of lens RTP, for the sums of RTP, RDP and AMP, and for lens L‐lactate. Low ratios of L‐lactate in the 1ens/L‐lactate in the aqueous.
ORBITAL MALIGNANCIES IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD IN DENMARK
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS
Published: May 2009

Based on two clinical series concerning primary orbital tumours in Denmark (Eldrup‐Jørgensen & Fledelius 1975; Fledelius 1976) recommendations are given for diagnosis and therapy of orbital malignancies in infancy and childhood. Centralization is strongly advocated.
TRANSIENT GLAUCOMA AS A MANIFESTATION OF MUMPS
Authors: POLLAND WERNER , THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

A case report of a 43‐year‐old man who during convalescence after mumps (parotitis epidemica) developed bilateral glaucoma associated with redness of his eyes hut no other ocular manifestations. The chamber angles were open. No signs of scleritis or iritis were present. The best treatment was found to he prednisolone topically and acetaxolamide orally. After ten days the intraocular pressure was normalized and after a fortnight all treatment could be discontinued.
THE CYCLOPENTOLATE PROVOCATIVE TEST IN SUSPECTED OR UNTREATED OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: VALLE OLAVI
Published: May 2009

The mydriasis provocative test with 1% cyclopentolate (CPT) was performed on 431 eyes with suspected or untreated open‐angle glaucoma. Tonography was performed both before and during CPT to study the changes in aqueous dynamics during the test. Statistical analysis of the results yielded the following mean trends and correlations at a highly significant level (P < 0.001) in the alterations:

Intraocular pressure (IOP) rose (ΔP ± SD) (+1.4 ± 2.9 mmHg) and aqueous outflow facility decreased (ΔC) (‐10%) during CPT. The distribution of ΔP and ΔC did not follow the normal Gaussian distribution. The change in ΔP deviated from the Gaussian distribution in 5–10% of the eyes. The deviating values concur with those of the responder eyes in which IOP rose ≧8 mmHg during CPT. ΔP was linearly dependent on the initial IOP level Po and the absolute change was always almost constant, ˜ +1.4 mmHg. Both the total series and the responder eyes displayed the same trend for the change in aqueous outflow facility in relation to the initial C value (C0): low C0 values changed less on average and high C0 values changed more and diminished. It is not known why the ΔC change was different depending on the C0 value. The change in IOP correlated statistically highly significantly with the initial C value (C0). The lower the C0 value, the higher was the mean IOP elevation during CPT. In contrast, the change in aqueous outflow (ΔC) did not correlate (N. S.) with the initial IOP level (P0) before CPT.
ULTRASONIC FINDINGS IN THE VITREOUS BODY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ANTERIOR UVEITIS
Authors: OKSALA ARVO
Published: May 2009

The vitreous body of both the healthy and the affected eyes of 25 patients suffering from unilateral acute anterior uveitis was examined by ultrasound, and the results were compared with the optical observations made on the affected eye. In 14 eyes the optical examination of the vitreous body was impossible either due to exudation in the anterior chamber or to posterior synechias of the iris or to cataract. In 17 eyes the vitreous body was acoustically highly inhomogeneous, in three eyes slightly inhomogeneous and in five eyes no acoustic changes due to exudation were found. In cases of acute anterior uveitis, ultrasound examination often provides more information than optical examination by slit lamp. Ultrasound can also be useful in the treatment and follow‐up of the disease.
ATYPICAL RUBEOSIS IRIDIS IN CONGENITAL CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: KRARUP JENS CHRISTIAN
Published: May 2009

Neovascularisation of the iris developed in a woman with congenital cyanotic heart disease. This neovascularisation was predominately in the form of microhaemangiomas at the pupillary margin causing spontaneous hyphaemas. Proliferative vascular alterations did not develop in the retina and secondary glaucoma did not occur.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE ON STEROID INHIBITION OF LIMBAL WOUND HEALING
Authors: MILLER DAVID , O'CONNOR PATRICIA
Published: May 2009

In a study involving 34 rabbits, it was found that local corticosteroids inhibit limbal wound healing in normal rabbit eyes, and do not inhibit similar wounds if the nictitating membrane has been removed. It was further found that the contact time of fluorescein labelled corticosteroids is almost 3 times longer in rabbit eyes with nictitating membranes than those in which the membranes have been removed.
OUTFLOW OF TEARS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TEAR SECRETION AND BREAK UP TIME (B. U. T.)
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Schirmer's test shows that a retarded outflow of tears causes reduction of the tear secretion.

The B. U. T. is independent of the outflow of tears in patients with epiphora (119 eyes with mechanical obstruction, functional obstruction, or normal passage).

Mucomimetics prolong the B. U. T. and retard the outflow of tears, whereas ointments reduce both the B. U. T. and the outflow (74 eyes).

The B. U. T. becomes reduced when tears are absorbed by filter paper in Schirmer's test, but remains uninfluenced by filter paper inserted in the fornix.

The B. U. T. is a valuable clinical test. It is the resultant of many different factors (tear volume, mucus, fat, etc.).
OCULAR HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION, A CLINICAL EVALUATION OF VIRUS ISOLATION AND STUDIES ON IODO‐DEOXYURIDINE RESISTANCE
Authors: NORDENFELT L , NORDENFELT E.
Published: May 2009

Fifty‐seven patients with ocular herpes simplex (HS) infection were studied for evaluation of existing methods for virus isolation and its application in diagnosis of HS infection. Virus was isolated in 90% of 34 cases with keratitis dendritica, when specimens were taken within eight days of onset of symptoms. The same isolation frequency was obtained in 10 cases of palpebral herpes with conjunctivitis. No isolation was possible in 11 cases of keratitis disciformis. Laboratory confirmation was obtained within four days in 70% of the positive cases. Ten strains of HS virus type 1 were examined for IDU resistance, 5 strains isolated prior to and 5 during IDU treatment. Nine of the strains had the same degree of sensitivity. One strain isolated during treatment was found to be highly resistant.
OCULAR CYSTICERCOSIS
Authors: KAPOOR SHASHI , SOOD G. C. , AURORA A. L. , SOOD M.
Published: May 2009

A rare case of free floating cysticercus in the anterior chamber is described which mimiced a dislocated lens. Preoperative use of steroids is advocated not only to controle uveitis but also facilitate surgical removal of the cyst.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPONTANEOUS RELEASE OF [3H]GLYCINE FROM RABBIT RETINA
Authors: BAUER BIRGITTA
Published: May 2009

The efflux of [3H]glycine was studied in superfused rabbit retina in the presence of various amino acids, ouabain, or high K+ or low Ca2+ concentrations in the superfusion medium. Unlabelled glycine evoked an accelerated efflux as did the structurally similar neutral α‐amino acids. β‐alanine and GABA were ineffective. The results demonstrate a homo‐exchange of glycine, and a heteroexchange with the neutral α‐amino acids. A low concentration of glutamic acid (10‐5 m) will release glycine from the retina. This is an ATPase dependent process which is partially blocked by a high Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and which may be related to a retinal transmitter function of glutamic acid. A high concentration of K+ or the presence of ouabain in the superfusing medium greatly increases the rate at which glycine is lost from the retina.
NORMAL VALUES IN CLINICAL ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

Three EOG's (DC amplified 30‐degree saccades, slightly modified Arden schedule) were recorded at weekly intervals from each of 16 normal human eyes (eight subjects). The light induced potential rise of the dark‐adapted eye, the Arden ratio and the Gliem ratio entered into the analysis of intra‐ and inter‐eye variation. The 95% confidence intervals for the mean parameter values of each eye were: ± 59 μV (mean = 415 μV) for the light induced potential rise, ± 22 (mean = 260) for the Arden ratio and ± 10 (mean = 92) for the Gliem ratio. The intra‐eye variability was compared to earlier studies of the day‐to‐day variation of the ERG by means of a dimensionless index; no substantial differences were found. Highly significant differences in the EOG parameter levels existed between the subjects, whereas the variation between right eye and left eye means in the individual subjects was insignificant. The Gliem ratio offered no advantage over the Arden ratio in these respects. The primarily qualitative nature of the EOG in the present version is emphasized by the present results.
ASEPTIC THROMBOSIS OF ORBITAL VEINS AND CAVERNOUS SINUS
Authors: BRISMAR GUDRUN , BRISMAR JAN
Published: May 2009

Occlusion or thrombosis of the superior ophthalmic vein or of the cavernous sinus is an unspecific finding that may be secondary to different disorders such as tumours of the skull base or nasopharynx. Sometimes, however, no underlying disorder is found in spite of an extensive clinical and radiological evaluation. Eight such cases are here presented. Similar cases have previously been described, both as examples of the Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome and as aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis. The literature on these two disorders is reviewed and different diagnostic criteria discussed.
VISUAL COMPLAINTS AND BINOCULAR FUNCTION IN BILATERALLY APHAKIC PERSONS WITH CATARACT GLASSES
Authors: HVIDBERG ANDERS , JENSEN MARY‐ANN
Published: May 2009

Seventy‐one consecutive patients who underwent operation for senile cataract in both eyes during the period 1969–1973 were examined and questioned about visual complaints an average of 18 months after being fitted with cataract spectacles. In the distance situation none had complaints, either reported spontaneously or after questioning. Except for a few immobile patients, all could manage on their own in the street and on stairs.

In the near situation 16 of the 71 patients had permanent alternating or intermittent exotropia which, however, gave rise to diplopic complaints in only two. The diplopia in these two patients disappeared after the glasses had been decentered. On questioning, complaints of diplopia could be elicited in another 5 patients.

Investigation of sensory binocular function using Titmus' stereotest showed that 35 of the 71 patients could manage the test at the level 40“/arc. Division of the material into two groups by duration of monocular visual function during the development of the cataract and during the period between the operations on the two eyes, disclosed that this factor was of no importance to the postoperative motor and sensory binocular function.
A NEW PIGTAIL‐VARIANT FOR CANALICULUS SURGERY
Authors: SNÖBOHM J. , ÅKERSKOG G.
Published: May 2009

A modification of the Worst pigtail probe has been designed and its function is described.
EFFECT OF VEHICLE ON PILOCARPINE‐INDUCED MIOSIS
Authors: SAARI MATTI , KOSKELA PENTTI , MASAR SVEN‐ERIK
Published: May 2009

To determine the effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and castor oil vehicles on the pilocarpine‐induced miosis, we studied the miotic effect of 2% pilocarpine‐PVA and oily drops on 4 young and 10 elderly people and the miotic effect of 4 % pilocarpine‐PVA and oily drops on 13 elderly people. The miosis developed fast within 15 min, and maximum miosis was rached within 1 h. Oily drops of pilocarpine induced stronger maximum miosis than corresponding PVA‐drops. The pupil remained contracted to less than 50 % of its starting diameter after pilocarpine‐PVA drops for 3–4 h and after oily drops for 9 h and returned to its starting diameter after pilocarpine‐PVA drops 9–10 h and after oily drops 20–24 h following administration. The difference in the effect between pilocarpine‐PVA and oily drops was independent of the subjects' age.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LENS CHANGES IN X‐RAY INDUCED CATARACT OF THE RAT
Authors: PALVA MARKKU , PALKAMA ARTO
Published: May 2009

The effect of in vivo X‐irradiation on the ultrastructure of the rat lens was investigated by electron microscopy. The left eye of each animal was exposed to a single dose of 1500 r of X‐rays, while the other parts of the body were protected by a lead shield. The protected eye served as a control. Samples of the lenses were taken for electron microscopical examination at intervals of 3, 7, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days after the irradiation. The first ultrastructural changes induced by X‐rays were found after three days in the epithelial cells which became vacuolated. After seven days these cells showed marked oedema and after six months the whole epithelium was shrunken. The most prominent changes in the lens fibres were swelling and vacuolization. No alterations were noted in the lens capsule.

The first visible opacities of the lens were found ninety days after irradiation under the posterior capsule and three months later the entire lens was totally opaque.