bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaysia: Navigating between the United States and China
Authors: Abuza Zachary
Published: May 2020

executive summary: This essay examines relations between Malaysia and China since the 2018 election and finds that Malaysia has deepened economic relations with China but that tensions over trade and investment, maritime relations, and the treatment of Muslims still complicate the bilateral relationship. main argumentMalaysia has demonstrated a cautious hedging strategy that overall tends to acquiesce toward China, even in areas of tension. Despite initial fanfare that Mahathir Mohammad was going to defy China and cancel several marquee Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects, Malaysia deepened its economic relations with China after the 2018 election. His Pakatan Harapan coalition government skillfully renegotiated BRI projects, embraced Huawei and its 5G network, and sought additional trade and investment. In the maritime domain, Malaysia has adopted a less publicly confrontational position toward China, while China has been less aggressive but continues to maintain a regular presence in Malaysia's exclusive economic zone. Though Malaysia has been outspoken regarding the plight of Muslim populations facing oppression elsewhere around the globe, the country has demurred on China's treatment of its own Muslim Uighur population. At the same time, however, Malaysia has selectively challenged China on certain principles, such as pursuing legal claims on its continental shelf, and maintained traditional U.S. ties. Malaysia serves as a bellwether state for understanding Chinese foreign diplomacy through BRI and thus on the whole provides evidence of China's ability to recalibrate and address local concerns and pushback. policy implications
• The new pro-Malay coalition government Perikatan Nasional, which replaced the Pakatan Harapan government in February–March 2020, is unlikely to change Malaysia's China policy. Indeed, the rapid spread of the Covid-19 virus in Malaysia will increase its dependence on China, which has quickly stepped in to provide medical assistance and economic aid. • Although ties with the U.S. remain strong, U.S. policy is perceived as being overly militarized and based primarily on conducting freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea. Despite U.S. pressure, Malaysia is largely embracing China's institutions and regional development architecture. • Malaysia will continue to adopt a nuanced hedging strategy toward China, embracing investment, trade, and technology from China while pushing back on certain principles.
Noise reduction in supercontinuum sources for OCT by single-pulse spectral normalization
Authors: Niemeier Ryan C. , Simmons Zach J. , Rogers Jeremy D.
Published: May 2020

Supercontinuum (SC) sources offer high illumination power from a single-mode fiber with large spectral bandwidth including the visible spectrum, which is a growing application area for optical coherence tomography (OCT). However, SC spectra suffer from pulse-to-pulse variations, increasing noise in the resulting images. By simultaneously collecting a normalization spectrum, OCT image noise can be reduced by more than half (7 dB) for single pulses without any pulse averaging using only simple optical components.
Computerized simulation of color appearance for anomalous trichromats using the multispectral image: erratum
Authors: Yagchi Hirohisa , Luo Junyan , Kato Miharu , Mizokami Yoko
Published: May 2020

Corrections are given for misprints in J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
35, B278 (2018)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.35.00B278.
Toroidal dipole bound states in the continuum metasurfaces for terahertz nanofilm sensing
Authors: Chen Xu , Fan Wenhui , Yan Hui
Published: May 2020

A novel terahertz nanofilm sensor consisting of toroidal dipole bound states in the continuum (TD-BIC) inspired Fano resonance metasurface is proposed and investigated, which exhibits both the TD character and BIC feature. When the mirror symmetry of the unit cell was broken, the TD resonance was excited and demonstrated by anti-aligned magnetic dipoles and calculated scattering powers and the BIC mode was verified with the quality factor satisfying the inverse square law. Combined with the amplitude difference referencing technique, the TD-BIC inspired Fano resonance was utilized for nanofilm sensing at THz frequencies for the first time. Simulation results show that the amplitude difference can be easily observed by comparing the resonance frequency shift under difference thicknesses of germanium overlayer. Moreover, by coating with a 40 nm-thick analyte overlayer, the sensitivity of amplitude difference can achieve 0.32/RIU, which is a significant value and more suitable for sensing nanofilm analytes than the traditional frequency shift method. These advantages make our proposed structure have potential applications in sensing nanofilm analytes.
Wavelength-selective 2  ×  2 optical switch based on a Ge2Sb2Te5-assisted microring
Authors: Zhang Changping , Zhang Ming , Xie Yiwei , Shi Yaocheng , Kumar Rajesh , Panepucci Roberto R. , Dai Daoxin
Published: May 2020

A novel wavelength-selective

2
×
2

optical switch based on a

Ge

2

Sb

2

Te

5

(GST)-assisted microring-resonator (MRR) is proposed. The present GST-assisted MRR consists of two access optical waveguides and an MRR coupled with a bent GST-loaded silicon photonic waveguide. The

2
×
2

optical switch is switched ON or OFF by modifying the GST state to be crystalline or amorphous. In particular, the microring waveguide and the bent GST-loaded waveguide are designed to satisfy the phase-matching condition when the GST is crystalline. As a result, the MRR becomes highly lossy and the resonance peak is depressed significantly. On the other hand, when it is off, there is little coupling due to the significant phase mismatching. Consequently, one has a low-loss transmission at the drop port for the resonance wavelength. In this paper, the simulation using the three-dimensional finite-difference method shows that the extinction ratio of the designed photonic switch is

∼
20
  
dB

at the resonance wavelength, while the excess losses at the through port and drop port are 0.9 dB and 2 dB. In particular, the resonance wavelength changes little between the ON and OFF states, which makes it suitable for multichannel wavelength-division-multiplexing systems.
Biztonság és minőség konzervek hőkezelési folyamatának szabályozásával
Authors: Fabulya Zoltán , Hampel György
Published: May 2020

A hőkezelés mikrobiológiai veszély elhárítására szolgál. Ezért pontos műveleti előírások szabályozzák a megfelelő munkavégzést, melyek megsértése súlyos következményekkel is járhat. A művelet élelmiszer-biztonsági szempontból kritikus pontnak tekinthető. A veszély elhárítása akkor hatékonyabb, ha nagyobb mértékű a hőkezelés, vagyis az alkalmazott hőmérséklet és/vagy a beavatkozás időtartama. Minőségromlás következik be túlbiztosított hőkezeléskor. Az élelmiszer érzékszervi sajátosságait, állományát, ízét, illatát érheti súlyos károsodás. A hőkezelés műveleti előírásait ezért úgy kell meghatározni, a szabályozást pedig úgy kell kialakítani, hogy a művelet mindkét cél követelményeit nagy biztonsággal kielégítse. Kellő műszerezettséggel nagyobb biztonságú szabályozás alkalmazható, ha rendelkezünk a konzerv hidegponti hőmérsékletével is egy hőkezelési folyamat során. Ekkor a hőkezelés során folyamatosan kalkulált valamely hőkezelési egyenérték (például az F0) alapján szabályozva a folyamat leállítását nem csak biztonságosabb lesz a termék, de eredeti minőségét is jobban megőrzi.
Az új Ikarus-Skoda TR187.2 trolibusz Szegeden
Authors: Németh Zoltán Ádám , Dózsa Gábor
Published: May 2020

Szegeden 2013-14 során álltak forgalomba az új Ikarus-ákoda Trl87.2-es típusú hazai fejlesztésű, 100%-ban alacsonypadlós, utastéri klímaberendezéssel is felszerelt csuklós trolibuszok. Az új trolibuszok akkumulátoros önjáró képességgel is rendelkeznek. A cikkben részletesen bemutatjuk a vontatási akkumulátorok fejlődésének világtrendjeit, méretezését trolibuszok számára, valamint azok működését különböző üzemi körülmények között. Összefoglalót adunk a járművek üzemeltetési tapasztalatairól, demonstrációs célú működésükről az Eliptic-projekt keretében. Egyben kitekintést nyújtunk a trolibusz üzem kiterjesztésének lehetőségeire önjáró üzemmódban, illetve az elektromos városi midibuszok vonali töltésének megoldására.
A tormatermesztés szerepe a Hajdúságban
Authors: Harangi-Rákos Mónika , Zilahi Kristóf , Novák Norbert , Oláh Judit , Popp József
Published: May 2020

A mezőgazdaság, ezen belül a növénytermesztési ágazat jelentős szerepet játszik, hiszen mind a növényi élelmiszerek alapját, mind pedig az állati takarmányozásra és állattartásra felhasználható terményeket, valamint a növényi maradványokat a növénytermesztés szolgáltatja. Kutatásunk során megállapítottuk, hogy a tormatermesztéssel elérhető bevételek függenek a piaci áraktól, a termés hozamától és annak minőségétől. A termelők árelfogadóak, így bevételük nagysága a termelt mennyiségtől és minőségtől függ. A torma termesztése szerteágazó munkaszervezéssel, számos munkafázissal és magas költségráfordítással jár. A torma termesztése során jelentkező kiadások legjelentősebb hányadát a személyi jellegű költségek jelentik. Megállapítható, hogy a tormatermesztés előtt nagy jövő állhat, mivel a termelők lelkesek és még számos technológiai fejlesztési lehetőség van az ágazatban, mellyel a magas élőmunka-igénye csökkenthető lenne.
Mezőgazdasági és élelmiszeripari hulladékok és melléktermékek hasznosításának lehetőségei
Authors: Lendvai Edina , Slajkó Csilla
Published: May 2020

Az ipari hulladékok tárolása, szállítása, megsemmisítése a logisztikai alaplépések egyik fő feladata. Munkánk során célul tűztük ki a különböző - állati eredetű termékeket feldolgozó - ágazatokban tevékenykedő élelmiszeripar vállalatok megoldásainak megismerését a fenti problémák elintézésére. Ennek érdekében interjúkat készítettünk a vállalatok képviselőivel, valamint a melléktermékeket feldolgozó ATEV Fehérjefeldolgozó Zrt-vel. A kapott információkat feldolgoztuk és kiértékeltük. Az interjúk segítségével szerettünk volna egy átfogó képet kapni a vizsgált üzemek hulladékgazdálkodási gyakorlatáról, a jövőbeni beruházások lehetőségéről, illetve egyéb hasznosítási alternatívákról. Végül SWOT-analízis segítségével felmértük az élelmiszeripari vállalatok hulladékgazdálkodási helyzetét, és javaslatokat tettünk a felmerülő problémákra.
A magyar tanyák funkció-változásának elemzése
Authors: Ferencz Árpád , Deák Zsuzsanna
Published: May 2020

Településfejlesztési és vidékfejlesztési szempontból is fontos tényezőként jelenik meg napjainkban a tanyarendszer kérdése. Munkánkban a magyar Nagyalföld Duna-Tisza közén a legjelentősebb tanyás területet, a Homokhátságot vizsgáltuk. Az alföldi tanyákat funkciójuk szerint gazdasági, lakó és lakatlan funkciókra osztottuk, ezek arányát és jellemzőt mutatja be a tanulmányunk. A hagyományos funkcióval rendelkező mezőgazdasági termelésen alapuló tanyák Magyarországon teljes mértékben visszaszorultak. A legfontosabb változások a tisztán lakófunkció térnyerésében, a tanyák hobbitanyává válásában, a vendégfogadás, idegenforgalom megjelenésében jelennek meg, ezekhez társult az elhagyott, üres tanyák nagyszámú megjelenése. A tanyavilág ügye Magyarországon komplexen kezelendő téma, amelyben kormányzati szinten és a célirányos programok kidolgozásával kell megoldani.
Aktív rács keltette turbulencia jellemzőinek meghatározása hődrótos adatok alapján
Authors: Szaszák Norbert , Szabó Szilárd , Bencs Péter
Published: May 2020

Jelen tanulmányban a közel izotróp, homogén rács-turbulencia turbulens paramétereinek meghatározásra szolgáló összefüggéseket mutatjuk be. Szélcsatornákba beépített turbulencia generáló rácsokat alkalmaznak azért, hogy közel izotróp, homogén, elhaló turbulenciát hozzanak létre. Az ilyen áramlások segítségével olyan mérések végezhetők, amelyeknél elvárt követelmény a meghatározott turbulens paraméterekkel bíró áramlás. Ebből adódóan elsőként az így előállítható turbulencia feltérképezése szükséges. E célból az állandó hőmérsékletű légsebességmérő technikát alkalmaztuk. Az általunk fejlesztett aktív rács után az így kimért pillanatnyi sebesség-értékeket a MATLAB® programban írt script segítségével dolgoztuk fel. A script segítségével többek között a következő mennyiségeket határozhattuk meg: egy- és háromdimenziós turbulencia intenzitás, turbulens kinetikus energia, izotrópia-arány, integrál hosszskála, turbulens energiaspektrum, disszipációs ráta, Kolmogorov-skálák, Taylor-mikroskála, Turbulencia-Reynolds szám, Taylor-Reynolds-szám. Ezek kiszámítási módja mellett a fejlesztett aktív rács különböző beállításai esetén mért alapáramlás irányú energiaspektrumokat is bemutatjuk.
Divatról alkotott vélemény a divat szakmában, illetve a nem divat szakmában dolgozók körében
Authors: Csipkés Margit , Jávor János
Published: May 2020

Kutatásunk témájának egy olyan jelenséget választottunk, ami mindennapi életünkben jelentkezik, állandó körforgásban van, egyre nagyobb mértékben hozzájárul a gazdasági fejlődéshez, viszont elég keveset foglalkoznak vele. Ez a jelenség pedig nem más, mint a divat. Legfőbb célkitűzésűnk az volt, hogy párhuzamot állítsunk a divatvilágban dolgozók és nem divatvilágban dolgozók között. Kíváncsiak voltunk a vásárlási szokásaikra, illetve arra, hogy a két csoport hogyan vélekedik a feltett kérdéseinkre. Ezen kutatással szeretnénk rávilágítottam a téma komplexitására, illetve arra, hogy a marketing mellett még rengeteg tudományág foglalkozik a divat témakörével. Kutatási munkánk jelentőségét tükrözi, hogy Magyarországon igen kevés figyelmet fordítanak a témával kapcsolatos megfigyelésekre, miközben egyre jobban behálózza életünket és a gazdaságot egyaránt. Kutatásunk elkezdése során is láttuk már, hogy a divatjavak fogyasztásának esetében sokféle befolyásoló hatást kell figyelembe venni.
Excel VBA alkalmazása egy biometriai esettanulmány példáján bemutatva
Authors: Hampel György
Published: May 2020

Az Excel táblázatkezelő program olyan szolgáltatásait alkalmazhatjuk hatékonyan, melyekkel nagymennyiségű adat egy-egy részével ismétlődően kell végrehajtani statisztikai kiértékeléseket. Szerepük alapján külön munkalapon kerültek elhelyezésre a kiértékelendő adatok, a statisztikai számítási eljárások és az eredményeket összesítő táblázatok. A munkalapok közötti adatmozgást az éppen szükséges adatok kiválasztásával Visual Basic for Application program látja el. Egy termény két termesztési módjának összehasonlítására mért 44 kémiai összetevő mennyiségének kiértékelése során csaknem félezerszer végrehajtott statisztikai számítás eredményét kapjuk meg összesítve, táblázatba rendezett formában az elkészített VBA programmal.
Mikrokapcsolók élettartamának vizsgálata
Authors: Sipkás Vivien , Vadászné Bognár Gabriella
Published: May 2020

A vizsgált mikrokapcsolók meghibásodási analízise során a gyorsított élettartam vizsgálati módszert kívánjuk alkalmazni. A tesztsorozatok eredményeinek elemzésekor meghatározzuk az ún. Weibull-eloszlás paramétereit és vizsgáljuk a tönkremeneteli és meghibásodási folyamatok hatását a mikrokapcsolók élettartamára vonatkozóan.
A gazdaság térszerkezetének változásai Észak-Magyarországon az ezredforduló után
Authors: Koncz Gábor , Szűcs Antónia , Nagyné Demeter Dóra
Published: May 2020

A tanulmány középpontjában a gazdaság fejlődésének térbeli dimenziói állnak, amelyek bemutatására a Nemzeti Adó- és Vámhivatal, a Nemzetgazdasági Minisztérium és a Központi Statisztikai Hivatal adatbázisainak feldolgozása alapján került sor. Az Észak-magyarországi régiógazdaságának térbeli folyamatait a személyi jövedelemadó, valamint a társasági adóbevallás kiemelt adatai mellett a gazdasági aktivitásra és a demográfiai folyamatokra (különös tekintettel a vándorlásra) vonatkozó információkkal elemeztük. Megvizsgáltuk, hogy a régió térszerkezetét hagyományosan meghatározó centrumok és tengelyek jelentősége hogyan változott az ezredfordulót követően. Kiemelt figyelmet fordítottunk az „Északkelet-magyarországi innovációs tengely” mentén,valamint a régió külső- és belső periféria területein lezajlott folyamatokra. Azt követően, hogy az elmaradott régiót 2005 és 2010 között további leszakadás jellemezte az országos átlaghoz képest, a 2010-es években már egyértelműen a felzárkózás jelei mutatkoztak. A belföldi jövedelem bővülése egyes periférikus térségekben kifejezetten látványos volt, azonban a vállalkozások bruttó hozzáadot tértéke továbbra is a városokra és néhány vidéki kulcstelepülésre koncentrálódik. Hosszabb távon a kedvezőtlen népesedési folyamatok szabhatnak gátat a további fejlődésnek.
A digitalizáció szerepe és jelentősége a modern mezőgazdasági vállalkozásoknál egy kutatás tükrében
Authors: Berta Olga
Published: May 2020

Az digitalizáció egyre nagyobb érdeklődésre tart számot a mezőgazdasági szereplőkkörében, amelyek segítségével hatékonyabb mezőgazdasági működés, illetve fejlesztés valósíthatómeg. Az informatikai alkalmazások és a mezőgazdaság viszonya felfedezhető a termelésitechnológiák összehangolásában, a mezőgazdaság, vagy az ennél tágabb értelmezést jelentőagribusiness árutermelési és piaci igazgatása, valamint a fejlesztések közötti kapcsolat egyértelműenrajzolódik ki. A mezőgazdasággal kapcsolatos információk, mint például az inputok, piacok, ár,infrastruktúra, technológiai változások informatikai ismerete alapvető eszköze lett a mezőgazdaságifejlesztéseknek. Ebbe a folyamatba szerversen integrálódik a precíziós mezőgazdaság, mely, mint aneve is mutatja a mezőgazdasági eszközök működtetésében rejlő tartalékok kihasználásán, aprecízebb eszközhasználaton alapul. Az elmúlt időszakban kezdtek elterjedni a rendszer egyes részeihazánkban is szélesebb körben. A tulajdonos számára széleskörű információt szolgáltat amunkavégzési folyamatokról, amit fel tud használni a későbbi döntéshozatalnál, így a menedzsmentmunkáját is könnyíti, illetve jelentősen befolyásolja. Kutatásom során egy kérdőív segítségéveligyekeztem feltérképezni a hazai agrárvállalkozások vezetőit és informatikához való viszonyukat,attitűdjüket. Arra kerestem a választ, mely tényezők befolyásolják az agrárszervezeteket azinformációs rendszerek, precíziós eszközök használatában.
A ênfase nas competências e a formação da classe trabalhadora: divergências e contradições na Base Nacional Comum Curricular / The emphasis on skills and training of the working class: divergences and contradictions in the Common National Curriculum Base
Authors: Silva Rafaela Maiara Santos da
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho pretende analisar criticamente as competências gerais presentes na Base Nacional Comum Curricular, compreendendo-as como um processo histórico, político e cultural, atravessado por interesses de classes. Tendo o materialismo histórico dialético como base metodológica e filosófica, foram mobilizadas as categorias de totalidade e de contradição para apresentar as condições sociais concretas de uma educação, especialmente degradada, no contexto nacional pós-eleições de 2018. Notou-se uma ênfase no discurso do aprendizado pelas competências que desconsideram as desigualdades sociais deste país e pouco ajudam para transformá-las.
Piotr Kropotkin i ewolucyjne źródła moralności
Authors: Drabiński Maciej
Published: May 2020

Piotr Kropotkin był najważniejszym przedstawicielem tzw. darwinizmu rosyjskiego oraz teorii pomocy wzajemnej, która podkreślała znaczenie współpracy wewnątrzgatunkowej w procesie doboru naturalnego oraz walki o byt. Na jej kanwie rosyjski badacz wysunął tezę o ewolucyjnych źródłach moralności, będącej problem badawczym w niniejszym artykule. Stanowi to jednocześnie powód dlaczego poza przedstawieniem wspomnianej tezy i jej założeń, w publikacji zilustrowana została także teoria pomocy wzajemnej. Zaproponowana przez Kropotkina wizja moralności suponowała, iż stanowi ona „przyrodzoną” właściwość ludzkiej natury. Podstawę dla niej stanowić ma instynkt społeczny oraz jego przejawy, takie jak: równość, solidarność, sprawiedliwość, itd., a także pomoc wzajemna. Stawiało to propozycję rosyjskiego darwinisty w opozycji wobec dominujących trendów w myśleniu o ludzkiej moralności na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, zwłaszcza wobec tzw. darwinizmu społecznego i charakterystycznego dlań dualizmu moralnego. Ponadto zrywała z antropocentryzmem zakładając, iż poza gatunkiem ludzkim, także inne gatunki cechują się uczuciami moralnymi.
Isolation and Characterization of Sesquiterpenes from Stem Bark of Warburgia ugandensis Sprague
Authors: Hordofa Teshome Gonfa
Published: May 2020

Warburgia ugandensis Sprague is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used to treat a number of diseases like asthma, cough, diarrhea, common cold, stomachache and toothache in Ethiopia. However, there is still insufficient information on the isolation and evaluation of bioactive compounds from this plant species. Extraction, purification and isolation of the stem bark of this plant by dichloromethane and chloroform as solvents afforded two sesquiterpenes; namely, WU-1 (ugandensidial) and WU-2 (cinnamolide-3β-acetate) respectively. The structural elucidations of these bioactive compounds were accomplished by using a variety of spectroscopic methods (IR, UV and NMR). The spectroscopic results compared with the reported data in the literature.
Reframing citizenship education: The shifting portrayal of citizenship in curriculum policy in the province of Ontario, 1999-2018
Authors: Butler Jesse K. , Milley Peter
Published: May 2020

State-mandated curriculum policy documents have an important political function. Governments use them to make ideological statements about the role of schools and how the next generation of citizens are to be shaped. Beginning from this premise, we use a frame analysis methodology to examine how citizenship in the Province of Ontario, Canada is framed in four consecutive versions of the curriculum policy documents that prescribe citizenship education for secondary schools. Our analysis spans 20 years, during which two political parties – one conservative, the other liberal – held power. Our inductive analysis is presented using a typology of citizenship with five dimensions: political, public, cultural, juridical, and economic. We illustrate consistency across the decades, including a preoccupation with: 1) external and internal threats to the stability and unity of Canada (political); 2) fostering nationalistic identification (political); 3) developing transferrable skills for the globalized economy (economic); 4) establishing a pre-set role for the individual citizen, characterized by legal and ethical obligations (juridical). We reveal a gradual de-emphasis of opportunities for citizens to actively participate in reshaping their communities and society (public, cultural). This shift in the political and ideological meaning of citizenship conceives citizens as isolated individuals in a reified state and society.
Reflecting on the evolution of tourist and recreational development in the FinnishRussian borderland
Authors: Stepanova Svetlana V.
Published: May 2020

This article examines the development of tourism and recreation in the Finnish-Russian borderland as a new promising area of regional growth. The unique natural, historical, and cultural resources, and a favourable economic and geographical position are basic prerequisites for the development of tourism in the region. Historically, the barriers of state borders hampered the development of tourism; and tourism was seen as an activity bringing no economic benefits to regions since most Soviet citizens travelled as beneficiaries of social programs. As a result of the socioeconomic transformations in the Russian Federation, the openness of border regions under the influence of integration process taking place in the world community facilitates tourist mobility between neighbouring countries. The article describes an approach that considers the border regions of Northwest Russia as attractive destinations for tourists from neighboring countries. The author presents an approach that interprets cross-border tourist routes as an instrument for the conservation, reproduction, and promotion of natural, cultural, and historical heritage and as a means to boost business activities in border regions. The author analyses statistical and analytical data and does the content analysis of regional strategies for tourism and socioeconomic development. The article explores the practices of tourism and recreation development in a historical perspective and examines the effect of barrier and contact functions of state borders on tourism. The article identifies factors hindering tourism development and suggests measures to stimulate tourism as a regional economic activity.
Turkey's Fault Lines and the Crisis of Kemalism
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan
Published: May 2020

Kemalism has been superficially Western in form while remaining rigidly authoritarian and dogmatic in substance. It continues to stress republicanism over democracy, homogeneity over difference, the military over the civilian, and the state over society. … Its quixotic quest to radically recast Turkish culture, history, and identity has ensured a permanent kulturkampf against society.
Yeltsin and the Evolution of Electoral Monarchy in Russia
Authors: Shevtsova Lilia
Published: May 2020

Yeltsin's revolutionary rhetoric helped him create the appearance of a complete break with the past, but that break was never as clean as was imagined at first, nor could it have been. Yeltsin's destruction of the Soviet state looks less like a revolution than a palace coup.
Environmental Resistance to Globalization
Authors: Mittelman James H.
Published: May 2020

Environmental resistance “can be best understood as a deep-rooted process, and may be likened to a broad tree whose branches and shoots consist of several institutions … that have participated, and often joined together, in rallying around environmental issues.”
Globalization and Environmental Change: Asia's 1997 Financial Crisis
Authors: Dauvergne Peter
Published: May 2020

The environmental changes set in motion by the [1997 financial] crisis will continue for the near future. Without strong domestic and international measures to support environmental protection and conservation in the Asia-Pacific, a second crisis may well strike soon, this time ignited by an environmental collapse.
Humanitarian Intervention: The Lessons Learned
Authors: de Jonge Oudraat Chantal
Published: May 2020

In determining how they should react to internal crises in other countries, the nations of the world need to answer three questions: “First, under what conditions should international actors intervene in internal conflicts?… When international action is required, which international actors should take the lead and who should participate in these operations? … [And third,] What are the best ways of carrying out international interventions in internal conflicts?”
Latin America's Volatile Financial Markets
Authors: Lemco Jonathan , MacDonald Scott B.
Published: May 2020

The soundness of Latin America's financial health remains dependent on international capital–primarily from the United States–and commodity exports–also primarily to the United States. This dependence on the international financial environment, along with deep-seated domestic economic inequalities and structural deficiencies, means a guarded economic prognosis for the countries of the region.
Indonesia: Living Dangerously
Authors: MacDonald Scott B. , Lemco Jonathan
Published: May 2020

Politics in post-Suharto Indonesia remains in flux. President Wahid, the parliament, students, political parties, labor, and the military are all scrambling to find a foothold in the country's new power structure.
America, Russia, and the Future of Arms Control
Authors: Mendelsohn Jack
Published: May 2020

The Bush administration's national security policies, if fully and unilaterally implemented, will severely stress United States relations with Russia and China. … These policies would also deal a serious blow to the international treaty regimes developed over the past 30 years to control the spread of weapons of mass destruction and that continue to enjoy universal support and approval.
Macedonia: Melting Pot or Meltdown?
Authors: Perry Duncan
Published: May 2020

Today the fate of this new country [remains unclear], but history has shown that the Macedonians are tenacious and will go down fighting–as will the Albanians, if it comes to that. But does it need to?
Kosova: From the Brink—and Back Again
Authors: Blumi Isa
Published: May 2020

It should be stressed (rather than ignored) that the conflicts in Kosova have much more to do with colonial exploitation, power politics, and economic greed than primordial hatreds manipulated by indicted war criminals.
It's Not About Faith: A Battle for the Soul of the Middle East
Authors: Telhami Shibley
Published: May 2020

An infusion of hope is needed in the midst of despair, a supply of ammunition in the war of ideas for those in the region who, deep in their hearts, reject the militants' way, but are sickened even more by their own daily humiliation.
The Other Allies: Russia, India, and Afghanistan's United Front
Authors: Withington Thomas
Published: May 2020

Russia and India can argue that without their support, the United Front would have not defeated the Taliban…. Because of this instrumental support, India and Russia will undoubtedly expect to have a voice in Afghanistan's future.
Africa's Other Story
Authors: Onwudiwe Ebere
Published: May 2020

Africa's well-known developmental political problems remain. … But these problems also exist in political communities in every other part of the world. More important, they do not exhaust the story of politics in Africa. For every horrific political story in Africa, there is another story of courageous and creative political enterprise accomplished under circumstances that those who live and vote in developed democracies could not even begin to imagine.
Is There a Muslim Foreign Policy? The Case of the Caspian
Authors: Shaffer Brenda
Published: May 2020

If Islam is the defining force in a Muslim-populated state, then … these states should be willing to make significant material sacrifices and take security risks to promote their religious beliefs. That has not been the case in the Muslimdominated nations in the Caspian region.
Asia's Nuclear Dominos?
Authors: Wolfsthal Jon B.
Published: May 2020

Nuclear proliferation is neither out of control nor inevitable. The tools required to reduce the demand for nuclear weapons exist and remain effective if they are used constructively by the United States and other concerned countries. But if these tools are left unused, … [the] dominos could start toppling.
America and Africa
Authors: Booker Salih , Minter William , Colgan Ann-Louise
Published: May 2020

Africa's issues are global issues—hiv/aids, human development, new models for economic growth, peace, and democracy. Worldwide consciousness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has even forced its way into the pages of a United States president's State of the Union address. In practice, however, priorities are being set by another agenda, a war agenda.
Render Unto Caesar: Putin and the Oligarchs
Authors: Goldman Marshall I.
Published: May 2020

Because of the flawed manner in which the privatization process was carried out, the new owners will always lack the legitimacy necessary for a stable political climate and sustained economic investment and growth. Having constructed a faulty foundation, the builders must live with the possibility that their edifice of privatization will periodically shift and crack and may even collapse.
Out of Communism: Reforming the Russian Legal System
Authors: Kramer Mark
Published: May 2020

Russia has made considerable progress toward a democratic system, but the new legal rights Russian citizens have acquired will remain precarious until a true liberal democracy is firmly in place.
Neither New nor Nefarious: The Liberal Empire Strikes Back
Authors: Boot Max
Published: May 2020

Compared with the grasping old imperialism of the past, America's ‘liberal imperialism’ pursues far different, and more ambitious, goals. It aims to instill democracy in lands that have known tyranny, in the hope that doing so will short-circuit terrorism, military aggression, and weapons proliferation.
Democracy: Terrorism's Uncertain Antidote
Authors: Carothers Thomas
Published: May 2020

There is no inherent reason why the Arab world cannot join the global democratic trend. Yet there are very real … reasons why the democratization of Arab societies will prove unusually slow, difficult, and conflictive.
Measuring the War on Terrorism: A First Appraisal
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: May 2020

How goes this war? Both Al Qaeda and the United States can claim some degree of success. In general, Al Qaeda has suffered operationally, but its broader support remains strong. The United States has greatly improved its ability to target Al Qaeda, but gaps remain.
China's Dubious Role in the War on Terror
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua
Published: May 2020

Although China has made some attempts to help the United States combat terrorist groups, its contributions have been limited and overpraised, and it has manipulated the war on terror for its own means.
A Woman's Place: Democratization in the Middle East
Authors: Keddie Nikki R.
Published: May 2020

Women's struggles, along with the forces of modernization, have increased the public roles open to women in the Muslim world despite the growing power of Islamism, and this expansion of women's roles constitutes in itself a force for democratization.
Bringing Democracy to the Arab World
Authors: Muravchik Joshua
Published: May 2020

Are the Arabs capable of democracy? And if so, can Americans be the agents of their transformation? The answer, of course, is that no one knows. The lack of a single democratic Arab government gives grounds for skepticism. … But there is reason to be skeptical of the skepticism.
North Korea's Nuclear Politics
Authors: Oh Kongdan , Hassig Ralph C.
Published: May 2020

Blessed with enormous military and economic power, Americans expect to find quick and effective solutions to whatever crises they encounter. For North Korea's Kim Jong-il, however, generating one crisis after another may be the best way to stay in power.
The Yukos Affair
Authors: Goldman Marshall I.
Published: May 2020

The story of Yukos Oil, [its chairman Mikhail] Khodorkovsky's rise from obscurity, and the government's prosecution of him is also a parable about Russia's struggle to adapt to a market economy and the all but inevitable backlash from doing it badly.
Europe and America: The Economic Ties that Bind
Authors: Linn Johannes F.
Published: May 2020

Transatlantic economic relations will provide the glue that holds the partnership of America and Europe together even as conflicting interests in other areas may push them apart.
Democracy's Sobering State
Authors: Carothers Thomas
Published: May 2020

Democracy still occupies the high ground in the world. … Yet, just a few years into the new century, the grand hope that it will prove the age of democracy's global triumph appears far more tenuous than it seemed just 10 or 15 years ago.
Al Qaeda and the War on Terrorism: An Update
Authors: Hoffman Bruce
Published: May 2020

More than three years into the global war on terrorism, the United States has no clear policy. It lacks, in turn, a sharp and well-formed strategy … to direct its efforts through the coming phases of what will likely prove a long struggle.
Cuba after Fidel
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: May 2020

Cuba's democratic transition will be choppy because it will be led by groups not necessarily known to prefer democracy: the armed forces and expatriate businesspeople.
Sixty Years After Hiroshima, A New Nuclear Era
Authors: Graham Thomas
Published: May 2020

Sixty years into the atomic era, much has changed in the global security environment, but the peril of nuclear holocaust remains.
Arms Control and American Security
Authors: Levi Michael A. , O'Hanlon Michael E.
Published: May 2020

The United States and the world … need a new strategy for controlling dangerous technologies in an age of terror.
Political Graft: The Russian Way
Authors: Goldman Marshall I.
Published: May 2020

While we normally think of corruption as attempts by government officials to extort money from private sector businessmen, Russia offers increasingly numerous examples in which government officials go further and actually attempt to take over a business for the state or, recently, for themselves.
A “Shiite Crescent”? The Regional Impact of the Iraq War
Authors: Cole Juan
Published: May 2020

US policies in the Middle East … may have helped create the conditions for a second phase of Iran's Islamic Revolution, which is now at long last having a significant impact among Iran's Arab neighbors.
Democracy in the Rough
Authors: Marr Phebe
Published: May 2020

Do Iraq's various communities have enough in common to remain united as a nation and share a common future, or are the forces of division pushing them in the direction of a breakdown, or even civil war?
Mexico's (Temporary) Turn to the Left
Authors: Benton Allyson Lucinda
Published: May 2020

The shift left during the presidential campaign does not mean that Mexican policy will also shift in that direction after a new administration takes office.
The Koreas, Unification, and the Great Powers
Authors: Kim Joungwon Alexander , Hong Myungshin
Published: May 2020

The Korean Peninsula has been Asia's Berlin Wall, where communism and democracy have directly confronted one another.
Lebanese Identity and Israeli Security in the Shadows of the 2006 War
Authors: Telhami Shibley
Published: May 2020

Evidence of growing divisions within Lebanon is not necessarily good news for the effectiveness of Israel's deterrence.
Stalled Reform: The Case of Egypt
Authors: Mustafa Hala , Norton Augustus Richard
Published: May 2020

As the us commitment to substantive reform has waned, Egypt's liberal activists find themselves subject to increasing surveillance and intimidation. …
The Historic Legacy of Tony Blair
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: May 2020

The public service and constitutional reforms undertaken by the prime minister represent historic achievements, but in recent years these have been overshadowed by the Iraq War. …
Pakistan and the Islamists
Authors: Haqqani Husain
Published: May 2020

There is more to Pakistan than General Musharraf, and sooner or later us policy makers will have to turn their attention to the state of the Pakistani state.
Tehran Gambles to Survive
Authors: Vakil Sanam
Published: May 2020

Having weighed the risks, the hard-liners have decided that compromise and concession would threaten their hold on power more than provocation does.
Back from the Brink in Mexico
Authors: Selee Andrew
Published: May 2020

Calderón and the Congress have won plaudits for getting something done, even if the goals have been modest and the achievements have fallen short of meeting the country's real needs.
The Baltics: Still Punching Above Their Weight
Authors: Hamilton Daniel S.
Published: May 2020

Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians … have stopped being recipients of aid and advice and have become innovators and contributors in their own right.
Nigeria Confronts Obasanjo's Legacy
Authors: Joseph Richard , Kew Darren
Published: May 2020

Yar'Adua, though he came to power under a cloud, has won plaudits for his … accommodating approach (so different from Obasanjo's autocratic style).
New Priorities for Latin America
Authors: Castañeda Jorge , Navia Patricio
Published: May 2020

Populism must be seen as the symptom of a disease that plagues Latin American democracies, rather than as the disease itself.
Why Migration Matters
Authors: Koser Khalid
Published: May 2020

The world total of international migrants has more than doubled in just 25 years; about 25 million were added in just the first 5 years of the twenty-first century.
Obama's Africa Agenda
Authors: Cooke Jennifer
Published: May 2020

The Obama administration needs to persuade a potentially skeptical Congress and public that Africa warrants investment; that the gains of the past decade should not be put at risk. …
Fortifying the Financial Architecture: Unanswered Questions
Authors: Eichengreen Barry
Published: May 2020

Discussions over the past year have yielded agreement on the outlines of what needs to be done to strengthen the global financial architecture. But the task of filling in the details remains.
Lula's Last Year
Authors: Maxwell Kenneth
Published: May 2020

Brazil's emergence as a major economic and political player in international affairs, together with Lula's role in this achievement, is one of the more remarkable developments of the past decade.
Eastern Germany in Search of Itself
Authors: Merry E. Wayne
Published: May 2020

The roots of the east's continuing alienation lie in the enforced, prolonged isolation that its society endured during most of the cold war.
Europe, the Second Superpower
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew
Published: May 2020

There are, and will remain for the foreseeable future, two global superpowers: the United States and Europe. Only these two actors are consistently able to project a full spectrum of ‘smart power’ internationally.
More Aid Is Not the Answer
Authors: Glennie Jonathan
Published: May 2020

Most analysts on the continent do not share donor nations' optimism that a big push in aid will make a big difference in the lives of poor Africans.
Kyrgyzstan on the Brink
Authors: Cooley Alexander
Published: May 2020

Intensified geopolitical competition … could further destabilize the country and change it from a collapsing state into a bona fide failed state.
How to Bury the Cold War
Authors: Trenin Dmitri
Published: May 2020

Building a stable European security architecture requires that the use of force between Russia and its neighbors or NATO be removed from the strategic equation.
The Rise and Fall of Political Reform in the Arab World
Authors: Ottaway Marina
Published: May 2020

The lesson taught by Egypt and Iraq … is that real political reform only occurs when a new balance of power emerges in a country.
Will America Lose Afghanistan—Again?
Authors: Bowman Gary M.
Published: May 2020

In an apparent effort to box President Obama into a long-term commitment to the war, the generals oversold the troop surge's potential.…
Ivory Coast: Another Asterisk for Africa's Democratization
Authors: Milam William B. , Jones Jennifer G.
Published: May 2020

In the continent's political struggles … the fight almost always concerns access to resources, and it is access to resources that enables corrupt, inept, and occasionally illegitimate regimes to remain in power.
Twenty Years Later, Russians' Rights Are Still Imperiled
Authors: Cosgrove Simon
Published: May 2020

As human rights defenders are murdered, the ruling elite continues to put itself above the law, showing allegiance to an old Russian—and Soviet—tradition.
The Palestinians' Receding Dream of Statehood
Authors: Brown Nathan J.
Published: May 2020

The drama of international diplomacy has only obscured an ongoing, steady erosion of statehood as a focus of Palestinian aspirations.
Libya's Revolution: Do Institutions Matter?
Authors: Dunne Michele
Published: May 2020

Libyans' path toward democracy looks rocky, to be sure. But at least they have been spared the cynical, instrumental use of democratic institutions that Egyptians and Tunisians for decades endured.
Arab Revolts Upend Old Assumptions
Authors: Norton Augustus Richard
Published: May 2020

This is a period laden with potential for the growth of freedom, but also heavy with risks and challenges for the United States.
Sweden's Welfare State at a Turning Point
Authors: Hale Frederick
Published: May 2020

What concerns social scientists, of course, is the question of who will support an aging population legally entitled to lifelong social security.
The New Middle East Will Test Europe
Authors: Serfaty Simon
Published: May 2020

The Arab Spring will sorely test the ability of Europe, mired in financial woes and institutional confusion, to help shape events in its near abroad.
The Broken US-Pakistan Relationship
Authors: Joshi Shashank
Published: May 2020

Pakistani leverage over the United States is shrinking as fast as Washington's patience, and America is now traveling down a road toward containment….
The Regionalization of African Security
Authors: Reno William
Published: May 2020

From the perspective of officials in Africa, participating in regional conflict management is now one of the best ways for governments … to get international resources to strengthen their own authority.
China's 18th Party Congress: What's at Stake?
Authors: Fewsmith Joseph
Published: May 2020

Will the instinct to reinforce the rules of elite politics … undermine the leadership's ability to respond to the issues that Bo Xilai and the New Left aired?
Pluralism, Performance, and Personalities: Political Change in Southeast Asia
Authors: Dalpino Catharin
Published: May 2020

An old debate that pits democratic values against Asian traditions of strongman rule and preferences for economic progress over political reform still resonates in the region.
The Last Gulags
Authors: Finan William W.
Published: May 2020

A new book about a fugitive from North Korea casts chilling light on the world's last remaining national system of concentration camps.
What's to Follow the Demise of the US-Russian “Reset”?
Authors: Kuchins Andrew C.
Published: May 2020

Conflict in Syria and political protests in Russia have cast a shadow over relations with Washington while highlighting Moscow's growing partnership with Beijing.
Beijing and Moscow Balk at “Interference”
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: May 2020

China and Russia's stance on Syria is a result of their convergent conceptions of sovereignty and humanitarian intervention, their compatible assessments of the nature of the conflict and of Western motives, and the lessons they learned from the Libyan uprising.
Iran's Deepening Internal Crisis
Authors: Bakhash Shaul
Published: May 2020

[Thirty-three] years after the revolution, Iran’s ruling elite is still unable to resolve differences on policy and the country’s future direction through negotiation and compromise.
Diverging Paths in the Western Balkans
Authors: Subotic Jelena
Published: May 2020

Croatia has bought its ticket to Brussels, and Montenegro could be next, while Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and Kosovo are stuck in a crowded, smoky waiting room.
Millennium Goals Miss African Progress
Authors: Kenny Charles
Published: May 2020

The international community has hailed impressive strides toward the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, but Africa lags because of a late start, despite its more recent successes. Will the next set of goals avoid arbitrary and unrealistic targets?
Abenomics After Japan's Upper House Election
Authors: Shimizu Kay
Published: May 2020

Although July's electoral victory was a necessary condition for pushing Abe's economic program forward, a closer look at the election results and the prime minister's current political positioning reveals a number of challenges ahead.
How the Syrian Regime Outsmarted Its Enemies
Authors: Leenders Reinoud
Published: May 2020

The Assad government watched how uprisings unfolded in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, took stock of international reactions to these events, and, in response, developed strategies to maximize its probabilities of survival.
Human Rights and Gay Rights
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2020

The gay rights movement has emerged as the defining human rights cause of our time.
Indian Soft Power in a Globalizing World
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: May 2020

“Contemporary India's key values and institutions hold great promise for managing multiethnic societies, especially in the developing world.” Seventh in a series on soft power around the world.
Mongolia Searches for Breathing Room
Authors: Narangoa Li
Published: May 2020

Mongolian leaders have decided the nation must find ways to take care of itself, rather than rely on its neighbors.
Contingency and Catastrophe
Authors: McMeekin Sean
Published: May 2020

Drawing analogies between the global political situation in 1914 and the present misses the point: From its outbreak to its conclusion, the Great War was defined by uncertainty and accident.