bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Join the Cause" – Human Rights on the Internet
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Dorenda–Zaborowicz Marta
Published: October 2019

Human rights are “basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled”. Proponents of the concept usually assert that all humans are endowed with certain entitlements merely by reason of being human. Human rights are thus conceived in a universalist and egalitarian fashion. Such entitlements can exist as shared norms of actual human moralities, as justifi ed moral norms or natural rights supported by strong reasons, or as legal rights either at a national level or within international law. However, there is no consensus as to the precise nature of what in particular should or should not be regarded as a human right in any of the preceding senses, and the abstract concept of human rights has been a subject of intense philosophical debate and criticism. As the new millennium emerges, trends in global human rights are changing. Human rights issues are crossing sovereign boundaries and are no longer just issues of the state. As more and more non-governmental organizations are growing, and the Internet expands and facilitates a quicker spread of information, there are more and more people raising concerns about human rights related issues. Some of these come from the increasingly larger and infl uential commercial sector including large, multinational companies, while the others are raised by ordinary people, being parts of diff erent networks. The aim of this article is to examine the way social networks influence and change the methods of raising the awareness concerning human rights on one hand, but, on the other hand, to analyse how new media contribute to deepening global inequalities.
Independence of Central Bank as a Basis for Institutional Politics of Monetary Policy
Authors:   Jan Długosz Academy of Częstochowa (Poland), Kraś Ireneusz
Published: October 2019

The course of economic processes of economy is regulated by its products and production factors in which supply and demand are equalized. The most important role is given to money as a measurement of value (ensuring valuation), means of payment (allowing the settling the payments) as well as a means of hoarding (allowing savings). Primarily the market economy is a monetary economy. Money is used for buying and selling, for granting loans, accumulating savings. Every functional entity of the market such as enterprises, households are taking part in these processes. An important role of these processes is taken by the purchasing power of money, which has an eff ect on those participating in economy and social life. If the value of the money is constant it brings safety in life not only from the economic but also the social point of view. We can not agree more than to say that stable currency is of great social value. The central bank takes a major role to a guard keeping the currency at a stable level. Proper functioning of the central bank is strictly connected with its independence. It allows the monetary policy to be conducted properly in a country.
On the Empire's Rumble: Toward New Political, Socio–Economical and International Order in Central and Eastern Europe 26–27th October, 2011 University of Lodz Training and Conference Centre
Authors:   University of Łódź (Poland), Słowikowski Michał
Published: October 2019

On 26–27th October 2011 at the University of Lodz Training and Conference Centre there took place an international conference “On the Empire Rumble: Toward New Political, Socio-Economical and International Order in Central and Eastern Europe”, organized by the Chair of Political Science, Institute of Political Science Faculty of International Studies and Political Science’s.
Book Review: Polityka zagraniczna. Aktorzy – potencjały – strategie, ed. T. Łoś–Nowak, Warszawa: Poltext, 2011, pp. 575
Authors: Chełminiak Marcin
Published: October 2019

The question of what will be the shape of international policy in the next decades, especially at the moment, when the European Union (and other regions) struggle with a financial crisis is difficult to answer as a new international order is still in the stage of transformation. Berefore, the beginning of the twenty first century is a perfect opportunity to sum up the foreign policy of the selected countries including Poland.
Book Review: Luciano Canfora, Andrea Giardina, Chiara Frugoni, Alessandro Barbero, Alberto Mario Banti, Emilio Gentile, Andrea Graziosi, Vittorio Vidotto, Giovanni Sabbatucci, Andrea Riccardi, Michelle Perrot, I Volti Del Potere, Roma–Bari: Editori Late
Authors: Latosińska Agnieszka
Published: October 2019

The book I Volti Del Potere (Eng. The Faces of Power) is a collective work consisting of eleven chapters. The authors in an interesting way present the political fates and changes made by the great heroes of history, as well as the pros and cons of their governments, the stigma of which is often felt to this day. In the opinion of the author of the reviewed book, the most interesting is chapter VI dedicated to Benito Mussolini and Fascism.
Book Review: T. Lemke, Biopolitics, transl. by T. Dominiak, Warsaw: Editions Sic!, 2010, pp. 152
Authors: Filipowicz Artur
Published: October 2019

A modern development of biological sciences, used by biomedicine with the help of biotechnology, has contributed largely to an artifi cial interference in natural life processes. Biotechnologies allow people a bigger and bigger control of their own nature, population and biosphere. Due to this fact, the character of traditional authority changes radically. In this context a notion of biopolitics has a growing popularity. The history and also the diversity of problems discussed in this fi eld is approached by the synthetic work of Thomas Lemke entitled Biopolitics. The author does a historical reconstruction of this concept, used for the fi rst time by Rudolf Kjellén in 1920. He dedicates a lot of time to the theme of antinaturalistic and antipolicistic interpretation of biopolitics, started in the seventies of the 20th century by Michel Foucault, and continued in the works of Giorgio Agamben, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri.
The Rivalry Strategies of Political Parties in Elections to the Assembly of Citizens of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
Authors:   University of Opole (Poland), Ganowicz Ewa ,   University of Opole (Poland), Wroniszewska Bożena
Published: October 2019

The author undertakes to discuss the problem of rivalry strategies of political parties in elections to the Citizens’ Assembly of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. The broadness and multidimensional character of the subject area requires moving beyond the limits of political science and entering other related domains, like broadly-conceived historical sciences, also reaching for a number of establishments within legal-historical domains. Firmly grounded historical, legal, polity-related and political aspects of the unification of Germany in the context of German federalism, encouraged and obligated the author, to attempt to bring the above problem up to date. I think that thanks to a broader analysis of elections to the Hamburg Citizens’ Assembly over the last 50 years, the real state of the problem area can acquire a fuller context, with an emphasis on the foundations of local government functioning. To prepare this paper I made use of Polish and German sources published by Polish, American and German researchers. Polish and German literature off ered a valuable source to become acquainted with the history and the foreseeable future of Hamburg’s local government, in particular – the assumptions behind territorial and functional reforms, the evolution of which we have been able to follow in the Federal Republic of Germany since the 1970s. The main source of the presented conclusions and facts are data obtained from Statistisches Amt Für Hamburg und Schlezwig-Holstein (the Statistical Office in Hamburg). Among the Polish reference sources the most useful proved to be the book edited by Konstanty Adam Wojtaszczyk and Marta Jarosińska, under the title Kraje Związkowe Republiki Federalnej Niemiec (The Federal States of the Federal Republic of Germany).
Determinants of Political Decisions in the Polish Political System
Authors:   Koszalin University of Technology (Poland), Górka Marek
Published: October 2019

The changes in political life in Poland in the period 2005–2011, which restructured the existing balance of power (dominance of post-Solidarity parties at the expense of the post-communist party) force us to consider whether the party system evolution involves changes in the sphere of ideological divisions. But there also arises another question about the crisis of the left, which could mean the end of the previous model, intergroup rivalry. But there is no doubt that it occurred after 2005 events. Initiated processes took a completely different direction than those in the 90s. The purpose of the article is to explain the ongoing political disputes, and also attempt to answer the question: what factors shape the profile of program-ideological political formations in Poland.
The Regulatory Function of Religion in Social Control. Enlightenment Concepts
Authors:   Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Poland), Stefański Ryszard
Published: October 2019

Andrzej Wierciński (1930–2003) wrote that the period Enlightenment (he did not use the term, however) saw the separation of philosophy and religion as a consequence of the development of empirical sciences, mathematics and logic: The rationalised philosophical world-model was advanced to the rank of an ICS [Ideological Control Subsystem]. Its institutional carriers were bourgeois groups and political parties which caused the first breakdown in the feudal system during the French and American Revolution. Mechanicism was therefore to replace animism as a principal generator of the world-view. Wierciński’s approach does not contradict the perspective generally accepted by historians. Probably never before had the fight against revealed religions, including Roman Catholicism, been so intense. The best example is the attitude of Enlightenment authors towards Catholicism and church institutions.
Why the Cultural Identities of the Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic are more Endangered than They Seem
Authors:   Independent Researcher (Poland), Kaczmarek Krzysztof
Published: October 2019

Global warming is a fact. The reason for this can only be a guess. There are hypotheses claiming that the climate changes are consequences of human activities. Other hypotheses say that such occurrences appear regularly every few thousand years. As early as the beginning of the twentieth century some scientists noticed indicators of the growth of the global average temperature. Regardless of the reason global warming is observable mostly in polar areas. Nowadays about four million people live in the Arctic including native inhabitants. Global warming impacts on all of these including indigenous peoples of the Arctic whose cultural identities have always been related to nature. They have always lived in harmony together with nature, they have been a part of it and have never tried to fight against it. A changing climate can make them give up the way their ancestors used to live. Afterwards it can cause the disappearance of their languages and cultures that languages are parts of. Besides for many decades all indigenous people had been thought to be at a lower development level than new arrivals so today almost all languages spoken by indigenous peoples of the Arctic are endangered. All indigenous peoples of the Arctic have common points in their histories like deprivation of lands and suppression of languages and traditions. Most of their ancient customs and religions are forgotten but there are many material marks that are important for future generations. It is very important to preserve the marks and the knowledge of their languages because the value of them is priceless.
The United Kingdom's Legal Response to Terrorism
Authors:   University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland), Stankiewicz Wojciech
Published: October 2019

Terrorist violence has a long history in the United Kingdom and the Government has a long experience in adopting the legal measures to counter the danger. It was the Irish terrorist activity, which started in the XIX century and continued almost till the end of the XX century, that caused the developing of a well – regarded competency in counter – terrorism in the UK. Nevertheless, the terrorists attacks of September 11, 2001 and attacks in Great Britain on 7 and 21 of July 2005 compiled the UK Government to change its counter – terrorism policy. The UK had to provide legislation which could deal with the new terror provided by extreme radical Islamic networks waging a global jihad. The UK Government started to deal with this new international terrorism, by introducing the new anti – terrorist acts in 2001, 2005 and 2006. The Islamic terrorist treat started to reform the institutions for domestic counter – terrorism and create new international relations among the CT activities of national governments.
The Jubilee of Professor Tadeusz Godlewski Ph.D. and Handing the Jubilee Volume (Toruń, 13th November 2012)
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Jaroniak Paweł
Published: October 2019

On 13th November a jubilee celebrating the 70th birthday of Professor Tadeusz Godlewski – an excellent political scientist; an expert in the Polish political system, political parties and systems in France and Poland; and, most of all, a teacher and an educator for many generations of political specialists – was held in Gallery 44 in Toruń. The event was kept secret from its main participant.
Book Review: Joanna Marszałek–Kawa, Constitutional Status and Functions of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland Following the Accession to the European Union, ELIPSA Publishing House, Warsaw 2012, p. 713
Authors:   Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Science in Kielce (Poland), Jaskiernia Jerzy
Published: October 2019

The monograph of Joanna Marszałek-Kawa concerns one of the key problems of the European integration process: the impact of European Union membership on the position of the national parliament. It is clear that EU membership affects the constitutional status and functions of national legislature in a number of ways. The author hypothesised the following: „After the accession of Poland to the European Union, both the Polish constitutional status and functions of the Sejm of the RP have significantly changed. The Council of Ministers became an authority that partly assumed its competences, which in practice should be viewed as dominance of an executive over a legislative branch. As a result of accession, prerogatives of the Sejm were significantly reduced in favour of the government. The fall of legislative sovereignty took place when the amendments made were more and more oft en assessed.”
Book Review: Poland's Security: Contemporary Domestic and International Issues, eds. Sebastian Wojciechowski, Anna Potyrała, Logos Verlag, Berlin 2013, pp. 225
Authors:   Charles University in Prague (the Czech Republic), Brazova Vera–Karin
Published: October 2019

Bringing together distinguished Polish scholars and researchers, the book Poland’s Security: Contemporary Domestic and International Issues presents different aspects of security of present-day Poland. The volume’s primary intent is to “emphasize the complex, multi-faceted, dynamic, and evolutionary nature of the subject, the multiplicity of problems in the area of security, and the diversity of its determinants”. Attention is paid not only to the military (or “hard”) security, but also to other sectors, such as economic, societal or energy security. A specific gap, which the editors set out to cover, is the scarcity of a practical application of theoretical considerations in the respective field.
Book Review: Sebastian Wojciechowski, The Hybridity of Terrorism, Logos, Berlin 2013, pp. 216
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Wejkszner Artur
Published: October 2019

The issue of modern terrorism is a significant subject of academic research. For decades the representatives of many branches of science, ranging from psychology and sociology, through history, law and political science to criminology, in particular, have been trying to find basic answers to a number of fundamental questions concerning the nature, manifestations, evolution of terrorism, and combating it. A definite majority of studies that have been around are fragmentary, selective or descriptive, and they do not make a significant contribution to the state of knowledge. There are very few studies that discuss the matter in question in a comprehensive, in-depth and original manner. This cognitive gap has clearly been to some extent filled by the latest publication by Professor Sebastian Wojciechowski, entitled The Hybridity of Terrorism. While the title may seem somewhat general, it actually points to a crucial feature (or a set of features) of the phenomenon it analyzes. In the simplest terms, dealing with terrorism we come across a cluster of elements, and relations between them, that sometimes are independent from one another, sometimes coexist side by side, and most frequently complement each other, constituting terrorism and influencing its evolution.
Concord Dialectics Between West and East
Authors:   Al–Farabi Kazakh National University in Almaty (Kazakhstan), S. Sultanbayeva Gulmyra
Published: October 2019

The West versus the East. Th ese two parts together make the world. The values of these two separate civilizations, which have up to now been so diff erent, are merging together as diff erences and distinguishing characteristics diminish. We therefore tend to discuss civilization dialogue as if it is a category of general spiritual values. As part of globalization the process it is logical that policies are pursued which aim to preserve national, ethnical, local, national, governmental and popular identities and peculiarities. Preserving and developing national identities is one of the key preoccupations of globalization. Th e history of civilization is developing. In spite of this development, however, equality has not been achieved, and the battle to decide winners and losers continues. In some areas the West is regarded as being ahead of the East, and in some cases vice versa. Th is is a natural phenomenon, however it is not a process with a single outcome. It has secondary purposes. The process of globalization in which Western and Eastern civilizations intersect with and civilize one other makes them unite. Th is phenomenon is not necessarily detrimental but has negative consequences. Scientifi c research has shown that ‘human equity is based on the fulfi llment of two diff erent origins – the West and the East.
The “Fractured” Social Space in East–Central Europe
Authors:   Maria Curie–Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland), Pietraś Marek
Published: October 2019

East-Central Europe can be easily distinguished, despite diff erent views on the subject, as a geographical space. It cannot be said, however, that it constitutes a distinct and coherent political, economic, social, and cultural space. Changes taking place in contemporary Europe, in particular those associated with the integration processes, mark a new, specifi c dividing line, different from that during the Cold War. It runs across the geographical, and, consequently, social, political, economic and cultural space of East-Central Europe. Th e research objective is therefore to identify and analyze the “fracture” of social space in this part of Europe. For research purposes it is assumed that social space, denoting the whole of social behaviors and ties as well as material products of human activity, is a complex, multifaceted construction. Especially signifi cant seems to be the problem of the political empowerments of society and its limitations, the problem of the socio-economic situation, and the problem of cultural identity. It is also assumed that the EU’s political strategy currently being pursued, consisting in relinquishing the prospect of EU enlargement towards the east to include selected countries of the so-called post-Soviet area, contributes to strengthening “the fracture” of East-Central Europe. Th is is apparently the result of the European Union’s implementation of “A Europe of Projects” strategy, which is the measures undertaken under the European Neighbourhood Policy, Eastern Partnership, or Back Sea Synergy.
François Hollande – a Hope for Change the First Year’s Balance of the Government at the Elysee Palace
Authors:   University of Franche-Comté in Besançon (France), Morin Fabrice , Marszałek–Kawa Joanna ,   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland)
Published: October 2019

In the very first years of his presidency, François Mitterrand thought that he will really be successful on a day that another socialist was elected as a president of the Republic. This statement seemed to be prophetic with the victory of François Hollande, which took place 24 years after the victory of François Mitterrand and – after the sequential defeats of the Socialist Party’s candidates Lionel Jospin (in 1995 and 20022) and Ségolène Royal (in 2007) – allowed them finally to take the helm of the French government. The election of François Hollande was not a surprise. The very first opinion polls designated him as a winner showing the small popularity of Nicolas Sarkozy. Then one should estimate that the final electoral result obtained by François Hollande (i.e. 51.7% of the votes), from the point of view of the pre-election predictions of research institutes for the public opinion was a rather weak performance.
The Crisis of Spain’s Political Elites – Systemic Factors or Mass Media Influence?
Authors:   Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Poland), Kasińska–Metryka Agnieszka
Published: October 2019

The subject of the discussion below refers to the political situation in present-day Spain in the context of a broad systemic crisis (economic, political, values, leadership, discourse etc.). Moreover, it covers the media’s impact on the administrating elite who are also subject to the crisis. Th e research questions concern the nature of the interactions among the trifecta of political actors, the media and public opinion. The fundamental question is to what extent the crisis of political elites is a result of systemic dysfunction (a so called de-democratisation of political life) or an eff ect of the media’s activities, which have disclosed and publicised some of the dysfunctions of the above elites. This article will attempt to verify the hypothesis of the aforementioned de-democratisation process in Spain, the extent of the media presence in political life, and the mediatisation of their politics.
The Kyoto Protocol as a Determinant of International Cooperation
Authors:   Independent Researcher (Poland), Gnaś Herbert
Published: October 2019

The Kyoto Protocol as the Framework Convention on Climate Change is a milestone in the formation and development of the climate change regime that is aimed at controlling global warming by the international community. But besides that this international agreement also became a factor that created new circumstances and opportunities for international cooperation. These circumstances were created for all the participants of the regime: the states, the non-governmental organizations on behalf of the societies and the business organizations as well as the corporations. The Kyoto Protocol became a catalyst for international cooperation between these international relations’ actors at all stages of its existence: the negotiation process, the ratifi cation of it and its implementation, leading to the establishment of new political, social and especially economic ties.
Mediatisation of Democracy – Is This the End of Freedom?
Authors:   Koszalin University of Technology (Poland), Górka Marek
Published: October 2019

The role of the public sphere has increasingly come to the fore in studies concerning the state of democracy in Europe. Similarly the role of culture in formations and transformations not only of personal but of political identities as well has attracted attention. It is the purpose of this article to bring these areas together in a comprehensive approach to media, culture and democracy with a view of the public sphere as a crucial mediating field. Article focuses on the role of media in sustaining and developing democracy, a democratic dialogue and in fulfilling the role of media as the critical watchdog of the political system and other powerful players on the European scene. The concept of knowledge democracy is meant to enable a new focus on the relationships between knowledge production and dissemination, the functioning of the media and our democratic institutions. The emerging concept of knowledge democracy moreover obliges us to realise that the institutional frameworks of today’s societies may appear to be deficient as far as the above mentioned undercurrents, trends and other developments demand change. Democracy is without a doubt the most successful governance concept for societies during the last two centuries. It is a strong brand, even used by rulers who do not meet any democratic criterion. Representation gradually became the predominant mechanism by which the population at large, through elections, provides a body with a general authorisation to take decisions in all public domains for a certain period of time. Fragmentation of values has lead to individualisation, to uniqueness but thereby also to the impossibility of being represented in a general manner by a single actor such as a member of parliament. More fundamentally media-politics destroy the original meaning of representation.
The Rulers and the Ruled – Civic Competence in Politics as a Criterion of Democracy
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Godlewski Tadeusz
Published: October 2019

The text deals with the topic of civic political competence (civic competence) as an additional criterion of the quality of the democracy. It shows both theoretical aspects of this issue, identifying some specific elements of competence and the methodological problems of the research on civic competence. The article also includes reflections on the implementation of civic competence in the processes of deliberation.
Political Systems Theory as a Contribution to Human Sciences
Authors:   University of Wrocław (Poland), Antoszewski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

This text is a record of a speech given during the Third Polish Conference of Chairs and Departments of Political Systems. The main subject of this paper is the need to carry out research on political systems using diverse methods and takes, both legal and “humanistic”. The paper shows how important in terms of methodology it is to compare particular legal status with reality using examples when legal analysis is not sufficient, for example, on the account of social rebellion. The text identifies challenges that researchers of political systems face due to that fact. In this context is also discusses the problems related to studying such institutions as, for example, the Ukrainian Maidan.
The Destruction and Transfer of Orthodox Church Property in Poland, 1919–1939
Authors:   University of Białystok (Poland), Mironowicz Antoni
Published: October 2019

The most difficult period that the Polish Autocephalous Church of the 2ⁿd Polish Republic experienced was in 1938 when, by the decision of administrative authorities, over 127 sacral buildings in Khelm region and Podlachia were pulled down. The third transfer stage took place from 1937 to 1939 and, for the most part, took the form of demolishing Orthodox churches. (It should be noted that the demolition of Orthodox churches happened throughout the whole period of the existence of the Second Polish Republic.) The churches which were destroyed were those which were the symbols of the Russian Tsar’s reign. Over thirty Orthodox churches were destroyed, including the cathedral in Saski Square in Warsaw, the Sts. Cyril and Methodius cathedral in Khelm and the Resurrection cathedral in Bialystok. The demolition of these Orthodox churches – regarded as symbols of Russian rule – was spontaneous and often irrational. Nevertheless, it never happened on a massive scale. Only in 1938 did a programme of destroying Orthodox churches emerge as a distinct element of the Polonisation effort. This programme was initiated by the government itself. The official reason was that those churches were not needed, dilapidated, or had been built as a result of Russifi cation in the past. However, it appears that the reason was to weaken the Belarusian and Ukrainian national minority movement through closing parishes and active Orthodox churches. The “pacifi cation: of parishes in 1937 started in the Lublin region. First, a kind of social movement for the “propagation of Polish values and traditions” was created by the polish local authority. Then the army and police persecuted the Orthodox Church and people in order to convert them to Roman Catholicism. The demolition of Orthodox churches was conducted from the second half of May until the first half of July 1938. The actions were taken up by the local administration and co-ordination committees with help from the army and police in a hostile, anti-Orthodox atmosphere. To this end, the government used youth, army sappers, worker brigades, and even prisoners. Administrative and material measures were used to pressure the Orthodox who were blackmailed and threatened while their churches, which often served thousands of faithful, were destroyed. In most cases, the Orthodox community made no attempt to actively resist the demolitions. They prayed and protested, but were unable to oppose such an officially organised action.
Book Review: M. Marczewska-Rytko, E. Olszewski (ed.), Myśl społeczna wielkich religii świata [The social thought of the major world religions], UMCS Press, Lublin 2013, pp. 345.
Authors:   Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland), Ziętara Wojciech
Published: October 2019

Publication by multiple authors “The social thought of the major world religions” by the academic editor Professor Maria Marczewska-Rytko and Professor Edward Olszewski is the fourth publication of the series “Religious system in the contemporary world”. So far the following works have been published: M. Marczewska-Rytko, Religie i polityka w globalizującym się świecie [Religions and politics in the globalizing world], UMCS Press, Lublin 2010, pp.361; M. Marczewska-Rytko (ed.), Religion in the Changing Europe: Between Pluralism and Fundamentalism. Selected Problems, UMCS Press, Lublin 2003, pp.240; M. Marczewska-Rytko, Religie niechrzeœcijańskie w Polsce, [Non-Christian religionsin Poland], UMCS Press, Lublin 1997, pp. 143.
Book Review: Andrzej Lubowski, Świat 2040. Czy Zachód musi przegrać? [World 2040. Does the West have to lose?], Znak, Kraków 2013
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Gburzyńska Natalia
Published: October 2019

The book entitled “World 2040. Does the West have to lose?” by Andrzej Lubowski was released in 2013 by “Znak” Publishing House. The content is divided into four parts. Part one is entitled “Tough Life of a Fortune-teller”, part two – “Where Are We and Where Are We Heading To?”, part three – “Riddles, Hopes, Pitfalls” and the last one entitled “Slides of Future”. The book ends with an epilogue. Andrzej Lubowski is a well-known economist and journalist. He has published articles from economic and the managerial fields. He graduated from Warsaw School of Economics. He lives in the US and he has been working in the US financial sector for nearly 20 years now. He used his experience of working at Citibank, Visa USA and both Polish and American boards of supervisors in writing the evaluated book. The Author’s professional career has been aligned to the energy sector, technologies and banking. He is aware of the difficulties that come with the attempts of forecasting in which way the world will be developing. According to this he quotes Niels Bohr’s words: “The forecasting is extremely difficult, especially the forecasting of the future”. The author tries to set himself against three visions of the world in 2040 that have been created by an analysts of Goldman Sachs bank (“BRIC swallows G7” theory), the analysts of Citibank (“Africa outruns Europe”) and Robert Fogel, a Nobel Prize winner in economy (“China declasses the world”). These three perspectives are based on the belief that the World 2040 development factor of most importance is the demography. The starting point of the discussion is the Author’s opinion that the energy policy and the specific mental determinants of the particular nations are more important than the demographic issues.
Editorial
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), C. Ratke–Majewska Anna
Published: October 2019

We are very pleased to present you the latest issue of "Polish Political Science Yearbook" (2015, Vol. 44). We hope that the broad spectrum of the problems discussed will be for you a useful source of inspiration and knowledge. Articles published in this issue elaborate the extremely diverse topics – from political theory and problems in bilateral and multilateral relations to different questions in various policy areas.
Polish–Swiss Cooperation among International Organizations
Authors:   Independent Scholar (Poland), Żejmo Marek
Published: October 2019

Regardless of the role that is attributed largely to the traditional attitude of Switzerland on bilateral relations and the trend of still continuing the support of the conduct of international design policies, one still cannot ignore the importance of the part played by the participation of both countries in international organizations. In the face of the current progressive opacity and complexity of the global situation, which not only makes it impossible to carry out the policy of isolationism, but also significantly reduces the effects of bilateral policy, an increase in the role of this plane has become increasingly evident in many contexts Polish–Swiss relations.
Democracy without demos?
Authors:   Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland), Pałęcki Krzysztof
Published: October 2019

The article presents an analysis of the role of demos in power relations in democratic states. The author of the text postulates the need for contemporary political science research to expand its analyses beyond formal structures of political institutions and include in its scope also features of demos – the “cultural factor” to better understand the functioning and chances for success of democracy in different states.
Problems with Right to Good Administration in the Context of New Solutions – Multi Level Governance
Authors:   University of Humanities in Koszalin (Poland), Lipska-Sondecka Agnieszka
Published: October 2019

Administration is a very important mechanism for implementing tasks of the state, which consists of various types of bodies and institutions. As a collection of mechanisms it is responsible for the practical implementation of the functions of the state. This means that the way the administration is organized, especially its functioning, affects the quality of the performed tasks and translates into the image of the state in the eyes of the citizens. Dysfunctional administrative apparatus of the state is unable to solve problems and social needs, satisfy the aspirations and can even inhibit the development of civilization and culture of entire societies. In modern democracies, the administration carries out not only those tasks that are part of the classic catalog of its functions, but also fulfills the additional responsibilities of membership in supra and international structures that shape the contemporary social order. Such various range of tasks clearly shows that the meaning of the administration existence is undertaking relevant organizational, managerial and planning actions. Administrative apparatus is to be helpful in solving social problems and to serve the public – Lat. administrare. In the context of the changes and transformations of contemporary states and societies that are taking place under the influence of various factors (globalization, regionalization, integration processes, economic crises, armed conflicts), the right to good administration begins to be an issue of a particular importance. Nowadays, it is not only a fundamental right of every citizen and the principle of European administrative law, but, above all, it becomes a condition for efficient satisfaction of still growing needs and aspirations of individuals, social groups and whole societies.
The War Against the Taliban and Al–Qaeda. Afghanistan in the Years 1994–2012
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Gburzyńska Natalia
Published: October 2019

The book by Łukasz Jureńczyk entitled: „The war against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Afghanistan in the years 1994–2012” (original title: Wojna z talibami i Al-Kaidą. Afganistan w latach 1994–2012) presents a broad spectrum of actions that have been taken by the international community and local activists, who set themselves the goal of overthrowing the Taliban groups in Afghanistan and combat the world’s most dangerous terrorist organization – Al-Qaeda. The basis for author’s dissertation was the situation in the country since the seizure of power by Al-Qaeda through a period of keeping it, until the most recent period. Ł. Jureńczyk took into account cultural contexts, the international situation, and the differences in the exercise of power by the terrorist organization and the socioeconomic outline. The reviewed publication was released by Scientific Publishing ‘GRADO’ in Toruń in 2013 and partially funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The book consists of 5 chapters – ‘The Taliban road to power’, ‘The Taliban regime’, ‘The causes of the war against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda’, ‘The Taliban war with AlQaeda” and ‘The attempt to democratize Afghanistan’.
Turkey–Poland 600 Years of Friendship
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Burak Ahmet
Published: October 2019

There are still a lot of things to be told about the history of Polish – Turkish relations. The preparations for the 600th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and Turkey were the opportunity to fill blank spaces in this sphere. The book lays the ground and paves the way for further more detailed and illuminating research. The book is a compilation of articles written by scholars, politicians and other experts from Poland and Turkey. The three editors, who are very knowledgeable in this topic, have jointly prepared a comparative analysis of Turkey and the EU. There are eight separate articles in the book. They put emphasis on the European Union and Turkey with regard to issues of the Middle East.
Do subjetivo-liberal ao objetivo-social: a busca pela efetivação do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente de trabalho seguro
Authors: Silva Paulo Henrique Tavares da , Silva Juliana Coelho Tavares da
Published: October 2019

O direito de reparação do empregado por acidentes de trabalho, na sua modalidade subjetiva, encontra-se previsto no artigo 7º, inciso XXVIII, da Constituição Federal e está intrinsecamente relacionado com o direito a um meio ambiente de trabalho seguro, posto que atrelado à falta de cuidado patronal no cumprimento de normas de segurança, higiene ou saúde de seus empregados. O Código Civil de 2002 traçou novos rumos para a responsabilidade civil ao delinear a responsabilidade objetiva, à luz da teoria do risco criado. A hipótese que demonstramos é a de que hoje vivenciamos uma revolução no trato da natureza da responsabilidade civil do empregador, com a inversão da prioridade entre a espécie constitucionalmente prevista de caráter subjetivo e a responsabilidade objetiva. Para tanto, apresentamos julgados do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho e de Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho além da pesquisa bibliográfica. Concluiu-se pela necessidade de emprestar um sentido restritivo a expressão “atividade normalmente desenvolvida” com vistas à incidência da teoria do risco criado, sob pena de implantarmos custos excessivos à exploração econômica, o que, por outro lado, não pode ser feito situando-o tão só naquilo que seria o pertencimento econômico da empresa, para que se garanta a proteção ao direito do empregado a um ambiente de trabalho seguro.
Ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica e a regra da dupla imputação material: a jurisprudência do STJ em descompasso com a nova hermenêutica do STF
Authors: Leal Rodrigo José
Published: October 2019

Este estudo tem como foco a controvertida questão da responsabilidade criminal da pessoa jurídica – RPPJ, em especial, o problema relacionado à imputação material das infrações penais ambientais cometidas pelo ente jurídico. Como é sabido, o art. 3º, da Lei 9.605/1998 ou Lei de Crimes Ambientais - LCA, responsabiliza a pessoa jurídica nos casos em que a infração ambiental seja cometida por decisão de seu representante legal ou contratual, que tenha atuado no interesse e por conta de uma decisão societária. Assim, a norma reconhece que a infração penal imputada ao ente coletivo está conectada a uma ação criminosa praticada por uma pessoa física. A doutrina e a jurisprudência convergiram no entendimento de que não poderia haver responsabilidade criminal da pessoa jurídica, isoladamente, mas somente quando em concurso com a pessoa física que tenha realizado a conduta descrita na norma incriminadora da LCA. Ocorreria aí uma hipótese de concurso necessário de agentes ou a regra da dupla imputação. No entanto, é preciso reconhecer que o § 3º do art. 225, da CRFB, não estabelece qualquer condição ao se referir à RPPJ. Por isso, a hermenêutica doutrinária e jurisprudencial elaborada sobre o alcance do dispositivo legal em exame, que predominou sem divergências, poderá mudar completamente, com a recente decisão do STF, que decidiu respaldar ação penal unicamente contra Petrobras, depois que seu presidente e um dos dirigentes da empresa foram excluídos da ação penal. É o que será examinado neste artigo.
Online dispute resolution (ODR): a solução de conflitos e as novas tecnologias
Authors: Lima Gabriela Vasconcelos , Feitosa Gustavo Raposo Pereira
Published: October 2019

A ascensão do uso das novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) impõe transformações na forma como o Sistema de Justiça atua e como as normas jurídicas incidem sobre os conflitos. O avanço de um amplo conjunto de novas relações construídas em rede, mediada por ferramentas comunicacionais, associado ao desafio de encontrar alternativas ao déficit constante na resposta jurisdicional tradicional para os litígios evidencia a importância dos modelos de solução de conflitos online. Assim, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão da literatura científica acerca dos modelos de Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), a fim de oferecer um ponto de partida para os pesquisadores da área e para as iniciativas engendradas para o Sistema de Justiça brasileiro. A leitura aprofundada e sistemática dos estudos realizados na Europa e nos EUA permite expor perspectivas e desafios para o futuro da ODR. Dividiu-se, assim, o trabalho em três tópicos: história e evolução das ferramentas de ODR; definição, aspectos relevantes, vantagens e dificuldades da adoção de ODRs como método de solução de conflitos; e por fim, perspectivas e desafios para o futuro dos métodos de solução de conflitos em rede. Conclui-se que o maior controle das partes sobre a tomada de decisão e a comunicação assíncrona, característica peculiar às ODRs, são aspectos únicos e representam potencial importante de mudança de cultura e empoderamento social para que os indivíduos passem a buscar a solução de seus conflitos por meio de procedimentos dialogados.
A família LGBTI na perspectiva do direito internacional dos refugiados
Authors: Gorisch Patricia Cristina Vasques de Souza
Published: October 2019

O presente estudo visa fazer uma reflexão acerca das famílias LGBTI na perspectiva do direito internacional dos refugiados na atual situação. Muitos LGBTI fogem de seus países de origem em busca de segurança para viver. Há ainda a criminalização pela orientação sexual e identidade de gênero em pelo menos 75 países , o que justifica a fuga em busca de refúgio. O Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Refugiados – ACNUR, reconhece a condição de refugiado LGBTI, ou seja, aquelas pessoas do grupo social LGBTI que fogem de seus países de origem pela perseguição da condição SOGI . No estudo, verificaremos que a União Europeia editou uma lista de “países seguros” aos refugiados, que diante da crise humanitária iniciada em 2014, causou o maior deslocamento de pessoas desde a 2ª. Guerra Mundial. Ocorre que tais países “seguros” não são seguros aos refugiados LGBTI. Ademais, verificaremos que um dos princípios basilares do refúgio é o da reunião familiar, ou seja, se um refugiado LGBTI está no país sob esta condição, tem o direito de ter sua família ao seu lado, que também receberá a proteção e a condição de refugiado. Ocorre que os refugiados LGBTI fogem de seus países justamente porque lá eles não são reconhecidos como casal, não tem direitos, sofrem perseguição e violências severas. Quando chegam na Europa, por não terem certidão de casamento, são separados de seus amores.
Новые механизмы поддержки национального экспорта в рамках реализации государственных программ развития внешнеэкономической деятельности в условиях присоединения к ВТО
Authors: Александров Олег Владимирович
Published: October 2019

Рассмотрены основные положения Соглашения по субсидиям и компенсационным мерам, принятого по итогам Уругвайского раунда переговоров ВТО, а также основные механизмы поддержки национального экспорта.
DNase I treatment in solution (after RNA extraction) v1
Authors: Kuipers Ben
Published: October 2019

This is a protocol used for the Dnase treatment after RNA isolation with the RNeasy mini kit. Protocol is based on the RNase-Free DNase Set and the RNeasy Mini Handbook 10/2013, Qiagen 'Appenix E: DNase Digestion of RNA before RNA Cleanup'.
Preparation of frozen nuclei for single-nucleus RNA seq v1
Authors: Siletti Kimberly , Linnarsson Sten
Published: October 2019

This protocol describesour preparation of nuclei for single-nucleus RNA sequencing on the 10X Genomics Chromium system, starting from FAC-sorted frozen nuclei.
TXTL phage production v1
Authors: Ceelen Marijn
Published: October 2019

This protocol explains how to use the Abor BiosciencesSigma 70TXTL mix to produce bacteriophages. This protocol works for bacteriophage T7. It has been tested on phage lambda. However, it seems that the current protocol does not work for phage lambda.
Isolation of nuclei from paraffin-embedded tissue with subsequent immunostaining v1
Authors: Moellmann Dorothe
Published: October 2019

This protocol describes how individual nuclei are isolated from paraffin tissue and then stained immunhistochemically
Nanopore Data Analysis v1
Authors: A Eccles David
Published: October 2019

This is a collection of protocols that I use frequently for the analysis of long read data
Plantar Analgesia Test for Hind Paw and Tail v2
Authors: Feldman Eva
Published: October 2019

Summary: This protocol measures and quantifies the animals sensitivity to pain in the hind paw. These measurements can be used to evaluate the pathology present in the nervous system. Diabetic Complication:
Plasma Insulin (LINCO ELISA) v2
Authors: Hsueh Willa , Collins Alan
Published: October 2019

Summary: This Rat / Mouse Insulin ELISA kit is used for the non radioactive quantification of insulin in mouse and rat sera. Plasma samples may also be used but application to samples of other biological fluids may need validation by the user. Diabetic Complications:
Podocyte Counting and Density Analysis v2
Authors: Brosius Frank
Published: October 2019

Summary: This protocol describes the procedures for quantifying the podocyte count and density in the glomerulus. Diabetic Complication: