bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A shift away from mutualism under food-deprived conditions in an anemone-dinoflagellate association
Authors: Peng Shao-En , Moret Alessandro , Chang Cherilyn , Mayfield Anderson B. , Ren Yu-Ting , Chen Wan-Nan U. , Giordano Mario , Chen Chii-Shiarng
Published: October 2020

The mutualistic symbiosis between anthozoans and intra-gastrodermal dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae is the functional basis of all coral reef ecosystems, with the latter providing up to 95% of their fixed photosynthate to their hosts in exchange for nutrients. However, recent studies of sponges, jellyfish, and anemones have revealed the potential for this mutualistic relationship to shift to parasitism under stressful conditions. Over a period of eight weeks, we compared the physiological conditions of both inoculated and aposymbiotic anemones (Exaiptasia pallida) that were either fed or starved. By the sixth week, both fed groups of anemones were significantly larger than their starved counterparts. Moreover, inoculated and starved anemones tended to disintegrate into “tissue balls” within eight weeks, and 25% of the samples died; in contrast, starved aposymbiotic anemones required six months to form tissue balls, and no anemones from this group died. Our results show that the dinoflagellates within inoculated anemones may have posed a fatal metabolic burden on their hosts during starvation; this may be because of the need to prioritize their own metabolism and nourishment at the expense of their hosts. Collectively, our study reveals the potential of this dynamic symbiotic association to shift away from mutualism during food-deprived conditions.
Covid 19 Distance Education Studies ın Turkey During The Pandemic Process: Case of Kastamonu University
Authors: TARLAKAZAN Elif , TARLAKAZAN Burak Erhan
Published: October 2020

Uzaktan eğitim; e-öğrenme ve çevrimiçi öğrenme olarak da adlandırılan, eğitimde öğretmen ve öğrencilerin fiziken ayrılması ve çeşitli teknolojilerin kullanımı ile iletişim kurulması anlamına gelmektedir. Türkiye’de giderek artan sayıda
üniversite uzaktan eğitim imkânı sunmaktadır. İnternet teknolojisinin eğitimde kullanılmasıyla birlikte “uzaktan eğitim” adı verilen kapsamlı bir öğretim hizmeti ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu pandemi sürecinde
2019-2020 Bahar eğitim-öğretim dönemini uzaktan eğitimle devam ettiren Kastamonu Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar ve Tasarım Fakültesi Grafik Tasarımı Bölümünde kayıtlı 88 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma; çalışma grubunun uzaktan
eğitime bakış açısını, karşılaştıkları problem ve önerilerini irdelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Kastamonu Üniveritesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulunun 12/10/2020 tarih ve 1 nolu kararınca araştırma yapılması
için etik kurul kararı alınmıştır. Geliştirilen ölçek bu araştırmayla sınırlıdır ve elde edilen sonuçlar bu gruba özgüdür ve genelleme yapılamaz. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemiyle desenlenmiştir. Nitel araştırma, sayısal olmayan
verilerle toplanan, sosyal yaşamı anlamaya yardımcı olan verilerden yorumlar çıkarmayı amaçlayan bir tür sosyal bilim araştırmasıdır. Ayrıca demografik özellikleri yorumlamak için yüzde frekans gibi hesaplamalar kullanılmıştır.
Araştırma sonunda, öğrencilerin uzaktan eğitimi benimsedikleri görülmüştür. Eğitimin sürekliliği esasına göre; süreci uzaktan eğitimle tamamlayan öğrenciler; atölye, stüdyo veya derslikte yapılması gereken tasarım derslerinin uzaktan
eğitimle yapılmasının dezavantajlarını dile getirmişlerdir. Bunun yanında uzaktan eğitimin; istedikleri yerde ve zamanda çalışabilme avantajlarından yararlanmışlardır. Çalışmanın uzaktan eğitim düzenlemelerine rehberlik etmesi,
alan yazına katkıda bulunması ve bu konuda çalışma yapacaklara ışık tutması umulmaktadır.
Crisis Communication of Brands on Instagram in the Context of Epidemic Diseases: The Case of Vakko
Authors: ÖZEL Meltem
Published: October 2020

Bu makalede, ulusal ve uluslararası krizlere neden olan faktörler açıklanarak, markaların kriz yönetimi süreci ve kriz iletişimi tartışılmıştır. Aralık 2019 tarihinde Çin’in Vuhan eyaletinde ortaya çıkarak tüm dünyaya yayılan ve 10
Mart 2020 tarihinde Türkiye’de görülen koronavirüs salgını, birçok sektörleri olumsuz etkileyen bir kriz ortamı meydana getirmiştir. Koronavirüs salgını sürecinde dijital dönüşümü gerçekleştiren, çalışanlarının sağlığını ve güvenliğini
gözeten, toplumsal sosyal sorumluluk bilinciyle hareket edip özverili çalışmalar yürüten kuruluşlar kurumsal itibarlarını koruyarak krizi başarılı bir şekilde yönetmektedirler. Bu kriz yönetim sürecinde, sosyal medya platformlarının
kullanımı büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmada, markalara iletişim stratejilerini yansıtma olanağı sunan ve görsel ağırlıklı yapıya sahip olan Istagram platformu tercih edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında, kriz iletişiminde sosyal
medya kullanımı bağlamında pandemi sürecinde Türkiye’nin en itibarlı 10 kadın giyim markasından biri olan Vakko’nun kriz iletişim stratejisi incelenmiştir. Vakko markasının resmi Instagram sayfasında koronavirüsü salgını sürecinde
paylaşılan fotoğraflar ve yazılar içerik analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Vakko’nun salgının ilk günlerinden itibaren çalışanlarını ve toplumun sağlığını gözeten kararlar aldığı ve bu kararları düzenli olarak kamuoyu ile paylaştığı
görülmektedir. 10.03.2020-01.06.2020 tarihleri arasında incelenen ‘Vakko’ markasının resmi instagram sayfası verilerine dayanarak, Vakko’nun çalışanlarının sağlığını gözeten ve toplum sağlığına önem veren tutumu ve müşterileriyle
sürekli iletişim halinde olması ile kriz sürecini başarılı bir şekilde yönettiği düşünülmektedir.
Exploring Gender Problems of Post-Soviet Muslim Women: Between Ethno-Nationalism, Islamization and Secularization
Authors: YUSSUPOVA Saule , ZABUN Beyhan
Published: October 2020

This study attempts to outline and explain main problems such as xenophobia, Islamophobia, polygyny, bride kidnapping and other gender issues of post-Soviet women. In this study authors analyze these gender contradicting challenges
by classifying them into opposing groups. The research draws on qualitative interviews; semi-structured, in-depth which were conducted in Almaty and Shymkent, cities in Kazakhstan, and Ankara, the capital of Turkey, in 2020. Autoethnographic
methodology has also been utilized by the authors as well; this combination of methods will attempt to explain the identity crisis in Muslim culture of the post-Soviet world during the transition period. After collapse of USSR
revived religion and nomadic tradition in post-Soviet republics played important role in nation-building, however revived patriarchy caused new obstacles to reach gender equality. Also Muslim’s greatest challenge: choosing between
tradition and Islam led to formation of three groups of post-Soviet Muslims. Therefore gender problems in former Soviet republics have to explore under three main categories: emancipated women, traditionalist women following the
way of their ancestors and religious women who practice Islam. The misinterpretation of feminist ideas, nomadic traditions which have strengthened the patriarchy, literal Islamic interpretation, and the reaction to Sovietization
from the Muslim population under the communist regime have all together created obstacles to achieving gender equality in post-Soviet Muslim countries.
Stigmatization for Schizophrenia in Turkish National Newspaper News
Authors: AYHAN Didem , ÖZ Hilal SEKİ
Published: October 2020

Şizofreniye yönelik toplumsal algının oluşmasında basın yayınlarının etkisi inkâr edilemez. Bu araştırma ile ulusal tirajı yüksek günlük gazetelerde yer alan “şizofren” ile ilgili haberlerin sayısı ve niteliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
İçerik analizi yöntemi ile niteliksel olarak planlanan bu araştırmada 01.04.2014 ile 01.04.2019 tarihleri arasında yayınlanan ve tirajı yüksek olan yedi gazete arşivi “şizofren” anahtar sözcüğü kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Beş yılı
kapsayan incelemede toplam 626 habere ulaşılmıştır. Haberler içerik bakımından benzerliklerine göre ayrılmıştır. İçerikleri araştırmacılar tarafından beş ana tema (suç, bilimsel içerik, sosyal aktivite, mecazi kullanım ve dergi)
altında toplanmıştır. Daha sonra damgalamayla ilişkili olduğu düşünülen iki tema (metaforik kullanım ve suç) yeniden analiz edilmiştir ve suç teması 11 alt tema halinde gruplandırılmıştır. Bu alt temalar, cinayet, dehşet, intihar,
rehin alma, cinnet, katliam, yaralanma, kundaklama, vahşet, taciz ve diğerdir. Haberlerin % 30,7’si 2015 yılında, % 39,3’ü Milliyet gazetesinde, % 66,3’ü gazetenin gündem sayfasında yayınlanmıştır. Gazetelerde yer alan haberler
incelendiğinde % 58,1’inin olumsuz duygusal tonda olduğu, % 48,9’unun konusunun suç olduğu, % 11,7’sinde şizofreninin metaforik olarak kullanıldığı, % 51,9’unun haber başlığında “şizofren” bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Haber başlığı
içinde “vahşet, cinayet, dehşet, katliam, cinnet vb.” kelimelere % 46,3 oranında yer verildiği ve bu kelimelerden en çok % 53,7 oranında “cinayet” kelimesinin kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Hastaların fotoğraflarının gazete haberleri
içinde % 33,7 oranında, kimlik bilgilerinin de % 53,7 oranında verildiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak yapılan incelemede şizofreni ile ilgili haberlerin çoğunlukla suç içeriğiyle, olumsuz duygusal tonda, “cinayet” başlığı atılarak
kullanıldığı, bu haberlerinin olumsuz içeriği ile şizofreniye yönelik olumsuz algıya ve damgalamaya katkı sağladığı söylenebilir. Bu bilgiler ışığında toplumun şizofreniye yönelik bilgilendirilmesinde basın yayınlarının damgalamayı
engelleyecek şekilde olması, bu konuda gereken denetimlerin ve ruh sağlığı derneklerinin bu alanda bilinçlendirici çalışmalarının artması önerilmektedir.
The Role and Intrumentalization of Ramadan Programmes in the Construction Cultural Memory Within the Context Of Invention of Tradiditon
Authors: ÖZAY Deniz , DEVECİ Akın
Published: October 2020

Bu araştırma dini öğelerin ya da inanç pratiklerinin televizyonlarda temsil aracılığıyla ne şekilde yeniden inşa edildiğini incelemekte, özellikle dinin esasını oluşturan unsurların yanına eklenen geleneklerin ne şekilde yeniden icat
edildiğini tartışmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu araştırmanın temel amacı, dini içerik taşıyan Ramazan televizyon programlarıyla geleneğin nasıl ve hangi unsurlarla icat edildiğini ve bu unsurlarla beraber toplumsal hafızanın nasıl şekillendirildiğini
ortaya koymaktır. Alanyazında toplumsal-kültürel bellek kavramları çerçevesinde yapılan çalışmalar bulunmasına rağmen, ‘geleneğin icadı’ yaklaşımıyla kitle iletişim araçlarındaki yansımaları inceleyen herhangi bir çalışmaya ulaşılamamaktadır.
Yapılan bu çalışma, böyle bir boşluğun doldurulmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlaması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulguların ise, kültürel belleğin inşası sürecinde icat edilen gelenekler ile kitle iletişim
araçları arasındaki ilişkinin açıklanmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada “içerik analizi” yöntemi kullanılmış ve çalışma kapsamına en fazla izlenme oranı ve izleyici kitlesine sahip olması
sebebiyle, ATV kanalında yayınlanan ‘Nihat Hatipoğlu ile İftar’ programı dahil edilmiştir. 2018 yılında Ramazan süresi boyunca yayınlanmış olan iftar programından rastgele beş bölüm örneklem olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada elde
edilen en temel sonucun ise, Ramazan programlarında modern topluma ilişkin değer ve davranışların, geçmişle ilişkisi kurularak geleneksel hale getirildiği, bu değer ve davranışların meşrulaştırılmasında irrasyonel açıklama kalıplarının
kullanıldığı, toplumsallaşma sürecinde ortak kültürel belleğin bu irrasyonal unsurlarla inşa edildiği, ve kitle iletişim araçlarıyla yeniden üretildiği söylenebilmektedir.
A Review of Muhakemetu’l Lugateyn in Terms of Propaganda
Authors: ASAR Ahmet , ÇİFCİ Musa , BATUR Zekerya
Published: October 2020

Bu çalışmada Ali Şir Nevai’nin Muhakemetü’l Lügateyn (ML) isimli eseri propaganda teknikleri varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Ali Şir Nevai 9 Şubat 1441 yılında Herat’ta doğmuş 3 Ocak 1501 yılında vefaat etmiştir. Ali Şir Nevai Türk
edebiyatının önde gelen isimlerindendir. Türk edebiyatının hamse sahibi ilk şairi olan Nevai tezkire geleneğini de Türk edebiyatına taşımıştır. Ali Şir Nevai iyi bir şair olduğu gibi iyi bir devlet adamıdır. Farsça ve Türkçe eserler
vermiş olan Nevai bu tecrübesini Türkçenin kullanımını artırmak için değerlendirmiştir. Muhakemetü’l Lügateyn isimli eserinde Türkçe ile Farsça’yı karşılaştırır. Türkçenin Farsçadan üstün bir edebi dil olduğunu savunur. İki dilli
bir toplumda Türkçenin yok olmaması için uğraşmış, Türkleri Türkçe eser verme konusunda ikna etmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada Ali Şir Nevai’nin ikna amaçlı tek yönlü bir iletişim yöntemi olan propaganda tekniklerini kullanıp kullanmadığı
araştırılmıştır. Amaç Türk kültürüne ait temel eserlerde kullanılan iletişim yöntemlerinin ortaya çıkmasına katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu amaçla literatür taraması yapılarak propaganda ve propaganda teknikleri incelenmiştir. ML’de propaganda
tekniklerinin varlığını incelemek amacıyla birtakım özelliklerin belirlenmesi için inceleme öncesi ortaya konulan bilgilere göre tarama gerektiren içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ML’de propaganda tekniklerinden
amaçlı örnek, basitleştirme, düşmanın saptanması, faziletli kelimeler, halk adamı, imâ, kart, korku, kötünün iyisi, olumsuz niteleme, otoriteye başvurma, tekrar, transfer ve zıtlıkların gösterilmesi tekniklerinin kullanıldığı ortaya
çıkarılmıştır. Geçmişte kullanılarak başarıya ulaşmış iletişim yöntemlerinin günümüz Türkçe eğitiminde de öğretilmesi düşünülmelidir.
Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanocrystal/Squaraine Dye Composite based Visibly Opaque and Near‐Infrared Transmitting Material
Authors: Muthu Chinnadurai , Pious Johnpaul K. , Seethal Parambatheri S. , Krishna Nayana , Vijayakumar Chakkooth
Published: October 2020

Visibly opaque and near‐infrared transmitting (VONIRT) materials play a crucial role in forensic detection, security imaging, night‐vision photography, and biomedical applications. In this work, the development of such material using alpha‐formamidinium lead iodide based perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) and squaraine (SQ) dyes is described. It is achieved by gradually increasing the size of PNCs followed by attaching them with a novel low‐bandgap SQ dye as capping ligand. The acid group present in the SQ dye efficiently interacts with the surface of the nanocrystals via non‐covalent interactions. Incorporation of SQ dyes onto PNCs yields composite films with uniform transmittance of below 2% in the visible region (380–740 nm) and above 60% in the NIR region, the prime requisites for VONIRT materials. Further, the addition of SQ dyes imparts better moisture stability and high film quality to the nanocrystals. Opaqueness in the visible region and excellent NIR transparency of the nanocomposite make them useful as a security material and for NIR photography application.
MoS2 Phototransistor Sensitized by Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Wells
Authors: Sar Huseyin , Taghipour Nima , Lisheshar Ibrahim Wonge , Delikanli Savas , Demirtaş Mustafa , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Ay Feridun , Kosku Perkgöz Nihan
Published: October 2020

A phototransistor built by the assembly of 2D colloidal semiconductor quantum wells (CQWs) on a single layer of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) is displayed. This hybrid device architecture exhibits high efficiency in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) enabling superior performance in terms of photoresponsivity and detectivity. Here, a thin film of CdSe/CdS CQWs acts as a sensitizer layer on top of the MoS2 monolayer based field‐effect transistor, where this CQWs–MoS2 structure allows for strong light absorption in CQWs in the operating spectral region and strong dipole‐to‐dipole coupling between MoS2 and CQWs resulting in enhanced photoresponsivity of one order of magnitude (11‐fold) at maximum gate voltage (VBG = 2 V) and two orders of magnitude (≈ 5 × 102) at VBG = −1.5 V, and tenfold enhanced specific detectivity. The illumination power‐dependent characterization of this hybrid device reveals that the thin layer of CQWs dominates the photogating mechanism compared to the photoconductivity effect on detection performance. Such hybrid designs hold great promise for 2D‐material based photodetectors to reach high performance and find use in optoelectronic applications.
Loss of β‐Actin Leads to Accelerated Mineralization and Dysregulation of Osteoblast‐Differentiation Genes during Osteogenic Reprogramming
Authors: Gjorgjieva Tamara , Xie Xin , Commins Patrick , Pasricha Renu , Mahmood Syed Raza , Gunsalus Kristin C. , Naumov Panče , Percipalle Piergiorgio
Published: October 2020

Actin plays fundamental roles in both the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, β‐actin regulates neuronal reprogramming by consolidating a heterochromatin landscape required for transcription of neuronal gene programs, yet it remains unknown whether it has a role in other differentiation models. To explore the potential roles of β‐actin in osteogenesis, β‐actin wild‐type (WT) and β‐actin knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are reprogrammed to osteoblast‐like cells using small molecules in vitro. It is discovered that loss of β‐actin leads to an accelerated mineralization phenotype (hypermineralization), accompanied with enhanced formation of extracellular hydroxyapatite microcrystals, which originate in the mitochondria in the form of microgranules. This phenotype is a consequence of rapid upregulation of mitochondrial genes including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in reprogrammed KO cells. It is further found that osteogenic gene programs are differentially regulated between WT and KO cells, with clusters of genes exhibiting different temporal expression patterns. A novel function for β‐actin in osteogenic reprogramming through a mitochondria‐based mechanism that controls cell‐mediated mineralization is proposed.
A Solid‐State Battery Cathode with a Polymer Composite Electrolyte and Low Tortuosity Microstructure by Directional Freezing and Polymerization
Authors: Huang Chun , Leung Chu Lun Alex , Leung Puiki , Grant Patrick S.
Published: October 2020

Solid‐state Li metal batteries (SSLMBs) combine improved safety and high specific energy that can surpass current Li ion batteries. However, the Li+ ion diffusivity in a composite cathode—a combination of active material and solid‐state electrolyte (SSE)—is at least an order of magnitude lower than that of the SSE alone because of the highly tortuous ion transport pathways in the cathode. This lowers the realizable capacity and mandates relatively thin (30–300 μm) cathodes, and hence low overall energy storage. Here, a thick (600 μm) hybrid cathode comprising vertically aligned LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)‐rich channels filled with a [LiTFSI+PEGMA+MePrPyl TFSI] polymer composite electrolyte is fabricated by an innovative directional freezing and polymerization method. X‐ray micro‐computed tomography, ion mobility simulations, and DC depolarization show that the cathode structure improves Li+ ion diffusivity in the cathode from 4.4 × 10−9 to 1.4 × 10−7 cm2 s−1. In a SSLMB full cell at 25 oC, the cathode provides gravimetric capacities of 199 and 120 mAh g−1, and ultra‐high areal capacities of 16.7 and 10.1 mAh cm−2 at 0.05 and 1 C, respectively. The work demonstrates a scalable approach to realizing composite cathode structures with kinetically favorable ion transport characteristics in SSLMBs.
An Interprofessional Branching Simulation to Introduce RN First Assistant Students to Their Role in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Dabney Cindi , Appling Nancy A. , Herr Michael J.
Published: October 2020

Simulation can be an effective tool for educating health profession students and can enhance interprofessional education by involving roles across multiple disciplines. Perioperative nurse educators at one institution used a five‐part branching simulation of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative events for a single patient undergoing a procedure to introduce RN first assistant (RNFA) students to their role in the perioperative environment. The simulation participants included student RN anesthetists, a surgeon, an RN circulator (played by an actor), and a standardized patient. The objectives for this simulation were to assess the implementation of the didactic RNFA curriculum and to enhance the RNFA students’ transition into their role in the perioperative setting. The simulation and multiple debriefings reinforced the concepts of role acquisition, surgical conscience, closed‐loop communication, and interprofessional collaboration. Perioperative nurse educators can use this type of educational activity to teach these concepts to their students.
Ion transport in topological all‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte improved via graphene‐oxide
Authors: Zhang Lei , Jin Gan , Ma Tianlin , Wang Shi
Published: October 2020

Designing and constructing novel topological all‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte (SPE) matrices can improve the ionic conducting ability of the prepared SPEs compared with the linear ones. Here, we construct a novel topological polymer electrolyte matrix using triphenylene as core and block poly(methyl methacrylate)‐poly(poly[ethylene glycol] methyl ether methacrylate) as arm. Specifically, the arm is attached onto the core via sequential atom transfer radical polymerization. The molecular weight of the polymers is well controlled via adjusting the inventory rating of monomers, the optimal SPE obtained via solution casting has an ambient temperature ionic conductivity of 3.69 × 10−5 S cm−1, which is higher than typical linear poly(ethylene oxide)‐based SPE (usually 10−6–10−8 S cm−1). The electrochemical performance is further improved through adding given contents of graphene‐oxide into the SPE. Thus, we believe, through molecular designing and the widely used composite tactics, new class of electrolytes with high‐electrochemical performance for all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries can be developed.
Nudging toward diversity in the boardroom: A systematic literature review of board diversity of financial institutions
Authors: Khatib Saleh F. A. , Abdullah Dewi Fariha , Elamer Ahmed A. , Abueid Raed
Published: October 2020

Going beyond the mere gender diversity in the boardroom, this systematic review comprehensively covers the research on board diversity of financial institutions. More specifically, we cover gender diversity, as well as other characteristics of diversity, such as nationality, age, tenure, experience, education, ethnicity, and religion. A systematic literature review was employed using Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering all publications until May 2020, which resulted in 91 studies from 66 top‐ranked journals in accounting, finance, and economic fields. We analyze them based on the journal, methodology, research construct questions, and theoretical perspectives. Our results highlight the substantial knowledge gaps and the inconsistent findings of prior studies on several aspects of the field, suggesting avenues for further studies in terms of research designs, settings, scope, and theories. We argue that there is a need to explore other board diversity attributes rather than focusing on the gender diversity of the boards of financial institutions to achieve sustainable development. Also, more work is outlined on topics related to board diversity of financial firms that receive limited attention from scholars, such as (but not limited to) environmental performance, capital structure, intellectual capital, innovation and earnings quality of financial institutions, as well as the indirect effect of policy settings.
Kinetics study and process simulation of reactive distillation for the synthesis of ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Chen Yachun , Ding Rong , Wang Yichao , Ye Yuntao , Zhang Guangxu
Published: October 2020

A novel three‐stage catalytic reactive distillation (RD) column integrated chemical reaction and distillation process for the continuous synthesis of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) was proposed to overcome the disadvantages of previous batch processes. Reaction kinetics according to the two‐step indirect oxidation method was studied firstly, which was essential in reactor design and process optimization as well as lacking in the current literature. Kinetics models obtained by data fitting were tested by residual distribution and model statistics. And then, according to the thermodynamic characteristics and reaction kinetics of this process, a steady‐state simulation of RD column was carried out with the process simulator Aspen Plus. The influence of operation parameters was investigated on process performance. Under the optimal operating conditions, the conversion of cyclohexanone was 97%, and the mass fraction of ε‐CL in the bottom products was 62.31%. The simulation showed that RD column worked with excellent results in respect to conversion and product purity because of integrating the processes of chemical reaction and distillation.
PROTAC Compatibilities, Degrading Cell‐Surface Receptors, and the Sticky Problem of Finding a Molecular Glue
Authors: Tian Conghe , Burgess Kevin
Published: October 2020

PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are emerging as critical tools in biomedicinal chemistry and drug design, but they have limitations. These limitations include a lack of guiding principles when selecting suitable E3 ligases to induce ubiquitinylation, and problems degrading cell‐surface receptors. This Highlight outlines some recent advances that circumvent some of these limitations, and new alternative methods to induce selective protein degradation.
The genetic structure of CIMMYT and U.S. inbreds and its implications for tropical maize breeding
Authors: Guo Rui , Chen Jiafa , Petroli Cesar D. , Pacheco Angela , Zhang Xuecai , San Vicente Felix , Hearne Sarah J. , Dhliwayo Thanda
Published: October 2020

The use of temperate maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds with expired Plant Variety Protection in tropical maize breeding programs could enhance the combining ability for grain yield among tropical heterotic groups. We used DNA markers from the DArTseq genotyping‐by‐sequencing platform to investigate the genetic structure of lines with expired U.S. Plant Variety Protection (ex‐PVP) relative to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center's (CIMMYT's) maize heterotic groups. Neighbor‐joining cluster analysis revealed two major groups: CIMMYT and ex‐PVP. The CIMMYT lines clustered according to their pedigree relationships and adaptation, but not according to their heterotic groups. In contrast, ex‐PVP lines clustered according to the Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) and non‐Stiff Stalk Synthetic (NSSS) heterotic groups, except for a few lines that were considered to be mixed. The genetic divergence, estimated as Wright's fixation index (FST), between BSSS and NSSS (FST = .053, P < .01) was four times as large as the divergence between CIMMYT Tuxpeño and non‐Tuxpeño heterotic groups (FST = .013, P = .068). Estimates of genetic divergence marginally favored breeding with BSSS in Tuxpeño and NSSS in non‐Tuxpeño. However, CIMMYT breeders may still exploit the ex‐PVP heterotic structure fully only by ensuring that the temperate heterotic groups are placed on opposite sides of the Tuxpeño and non‐Tuxpeño heterotic pattern. We also showed how estimates of admixture from model‐based clustering could be used to avoid ex‐PVP lines of mixed heterotic background when selecting lines to maximize the genetic divergence and combining ability of CIMMYT heterotic groups.
High soluble transferrin receptor in patients with heart failure: a measure of iron deficiency and a strong predictor of mortality
Authors: Sierpinski Radoslaw , Josiak Krystian , Suchocki Tomasz , Wojtas‐Polc Katarzyna , Mazur Grzegorz , Butrym Aleksandra , Rozentryt Piotr , van der Meer Peter , Comin‐Colet Josep , von Haehling Stephan , Kosmala Wojciech , Przewlocka‐Kosmala Monika , Banasiak Waldemar , Nowak Jolanta , Voors Adriaan A. , Anker Stefan D. , Cleland John G.F. , Ponikowski Piotr , Jankowska Ewa A.
Published: October 2020

Aims

Iron deficiency (ID) is frequent in heart failure (HF), linked with exercise intolerance and poor prognosis. Intravenous iron repletion improves clinical status in HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45%. However, uncertainty exists about the accuracy of serum biomarkers in diagnosing ID. The aims of this study were (i) to identify the iron biomarker with the greatest accuracy for the diagnosis of ID in bone marrow in patients with ischaemic HF, and (ii) to establish the prevalence of ID using this biomarker and its prognostic value in HF patients.

Methods and results

Bone marrow was stained for iron in 30 patients with ischaemic HF with LVEF ≤45% and 10 healthy controls, and ID was diagnosed for 0–1 grades (Gale scale). A total of 791 patients with HF with LVEF ≤45% were prospectively followed up for 3 years. Serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were assessed as iron biomarkers. Most patients with HF (n = 25, 83%) had ID in bone marrow, but none of the controls (P < 0.001). Serum sTfR had the best accuracy in predicting ID in bone marrow (area under the curve 0.920, 95% confidence interval 0.761–0.987, for cut‐off 1.25 mg/L sensitivity 84%, specificity 100%). Serum sTfR was ≥1.25 mg/L in 47% of HF patients, in 56% and 46% of anaemics and non‐anaemics, respectively (P < 0.05). The reclassification methods revealed that serum sTfR significantly added the prognostic value to the baseline prognostic model, and to the greater extent than plasma N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide. Based on internal derivation and validation procedures, serum sTfR ≥1.41 mg/L was the optimal threshold for predicting 3‐year mortality, independent of other established variables.

Conclusions

High serum sTfR accurately reflects depleted iron stores in bone marrow in patients with HF, and identifies those with a high 3‐year mortality.
Determinants of FDI in France: Role of transport infrastructure, education, financial development and energy consumption
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad , Mateev Miroslav , Abosedra Salah , Nasir Muhammad Ali , Jiao Zhilun
Published: October 2020

This article explores the effect of education and transportation infrastructure on foreign direct investment for the French economy over the period of 1965–2017. Economic growth, financial development and electricity consumption are also considered as additional determinants of foreign direct investment. In so doing, the SOR unit root test is applied in order to examine unit root properties of variables in the presence of sharp and smooth structural breaks in the series. To examine the presence of cointegration between the variables, the bootstrapping ARDL cointegration test is applied. The empirical results show the presence of cointegration between the variables. Education and transportation add to foreign direct investment. Financial development declines foreign direct investment. The relationship between electricity consumption (economic growth) and foreign direct investment is bidirectional. The nonlinear relationship between education (transportation infrastructure) and foreign direct investment is U‐shaped.
Effect of electrode configuration on recognizing uterine contraction with electrohysterogram: Analysis using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Hao Dongmei , Song Xiaoxiao , Qiu Qian , Xin Xin , Yang Lin , Liu Xiaohong , Jiang Hongqing , Zheng Dingchang
Published: October 2020

This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of various electrode configurations on applying a convolutional neural network (CNN) to recognize uterine contraction (UC) with Electrohysterogram (EHG) signals. Seven 8‐electrode configurations and thirteen 4‐electrode configurations were selected from the 4 × 4 electrode grid in the Icelandic 16‐electrode EHG database. EHG signals were divided into UC and non‐UC sections of 45 seconds and saved as images. Each 8‐electrode configuration with 7152 images and 4‐electrode configuration with 3576 images were applied to train CNN to recognize UCs. A scoring method was proposed based on the area under the curve (AUC) and the accuracy to evaluate the effect of electrode configurations on recognizing UCs. The EHG signals from the 4 electrodes on the upper left of the uterus showed the best classification performance (AUC = 0.79, Accuracy = 0.72, Score = 2.30).
Effect of Sleep Surgery on C‐Reactive Protein Levels in Adults With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kang Kun‐Tai , Yeh Te‐Huei , Hsu Ying‐Shuo , Ko Jenq‐Yuh , Lee Chia‐Hsuan , Lin Ming‐Tzer , Hsu Wei‐Chung
Published: October 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate associations between sleep surgery and CRP (C‐reactive protein) levels in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study Design

Meta‐analysis.

Methods

Two authors independently searched PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane review databases until July 2019. The keywords used were sleep apnea, OSA, sleep apnea syndromes, surgery, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory markers. The effects of sleep surgery on CRP levels were examined using a random‐effects model.

Results

Nine studies with 277 patients were analyzed (mean age: 46.5 years; 92% men; mean sample size: 30.8 patients). The mean change in the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) after surgery was significantly reduced by −21.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], −28.4 to −13.7) events/hr. Overall, sleep surgery resulted in a significant reduction of CRP levels in patients with OSA (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.39, 95% CI, −0.67 to −0.11). Patients with postoperative AHI reduction >20 events/hr achieved a greater reduction in CRP than those with AHI reduction <20 events/hr (SMD: −0.72 vs. −0.14, P for heterogeneity = .007). According to subgroup analysis, differences in the CRP levels after surgery were nonsignificant in the different countries (i.e., United States vs. other countries), CRP types (i.e., CRP vs. high‐sensitivity CRP), surgical procedures (i.e., pharyngeal surgery vs. other surgical procedures), and follow‐up period (i.e., <6 vs. >6 months).

Conclusions

Sleep surgery for OSA resulted in a significant reduction of CRP levels in adults. The beneficial effect of surgery on CRP levels is greater in patients with large improvement in OSA (i.e., AHI reduction >20 events/hr) after sleep surgery. Laryngoscope, 131:1180–1187, 2021
Cochlear implantation in postirradiated ears: A case‐control comparative study
Authors: Chang Waitsz WT , Yeung Kammy NK , Luk Betty PK , Leung Karman KY , Sung John KK , Tong Michael CF
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the hearing outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with hearing loss who had received radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). The study compared speech perception in patients who had prior radiotherapy with those who did not receive radiotherapy.

Methods

Eighty‐eight Cantonese speaking adult patients who had profound sensorineural hearing loss and received CI from 1995 to 2015 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong CI‐center were studied. Twenty‐five patients had history of NPC and radiotherapy were determined as the exposed group, while 63 patients of mixed etiologies but with no history of radiotherapy were included in the control group. The Hong Kong Speech Perception Test Manual (HKSPTM) scores preoperatively, at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively were used to assess hearing performance. The HKSPTM consisted categories of speech recognition, word recognition, and tone perception.

Results

No statistical significance differences were found at the four time‐points in the three categories of HKSPTM between the two groups.

Conclusion

CI is a clinically effective intervention and good rehabilitative option for hearing restoration in NPC patients with hearing impairment. Further studies with greater sample size and additional pathological studies on the pathophysiology of hearing loss in this subgroup of patients may provide supplementary information for clinicians when counseling for CI.

Level of evidence

4.
Identifying Modifiable Predictors of Long‐Term Survival in Liver Transplant Recipients With Diabetes Mellitus Using Machine Learning
Authors: Yasodhara Angeline , Dong Victor , Azhie Amirhossein , Goldenberg Anna , Bhat Mamatha
Published: October 2020

Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impacts long‐term survival after liver transplantation (LT). We identified survival factors for LT recipients who had DM to inform preventive care using machine‐learning analysis. We analyzed risk factors for mortality in patients from across the United States using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). Patients had undergone LT from 1987 to 2019, with a follow‐up of 6.47 years (standard deviation [SD] 5.95). Findings were validated on a cohort from the University Health Network (UHN) from 1989 to 2014 (follow‐up 8.15 years [SD 5.67]). Analysis was conducted with Cox proportional hazards and gradient boosting survival. The training set included 84.67% SRTR data (n = 15,289 patients), and the test set included 15.33% SRTR patients (n = 2769) and data from UHN patients (n = 1290). We included 18,058 adults (12,108 [67.05%] men, average age 54.21 years [SD 9.98]) from the SRTR who had undergone LT and had complete data for investigated features. A total of 4634 patients had preexisting DM, and 3158 had post‐LT DM. The UHN data consisted of 1290 LT recipients (910 [70.5%] men, average age 54.0 years [SD 10.4]). Increased serum creatinine and hypertension significantly impacted mortality with preexisting DM 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21‐1.54) and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.06‐1.35) times, respectively. Sirolimus use increased mortality 1.36 times (95% CI, 1.18‐1.58) in nondiabetics and 1.33 times (95% CI, 1.09‐1.63) in patients with preexisting DM. A similar effect was found in post‐LT DM, although it was not statistically significant (1.38 times; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.77; P = 0.07). Survival predictors generally achieved a 0.60 to 0.70 area under the receiver operating characteristic for 5‐year mortality. LT recipients who have DM have a higher mortality risk than those without DM. Hypertension, decreased renal function, and sirolimus for maintenance immunosuppression compound this mortality risk. These predisposing factors must be intensively treated and modified to optimize long‐term survival after transplant.
The autonomous flexible labor force
Authors: Barlow Evan , Allon Gad , Bassamboo Achal
Published: October 2020

Flexible human resources and lean business processes are integral components of many operations. In this paper, we present and analyze a model that explores the interaction between a worker's production autonomy and chosen breadth of training. This model helps explain why existing observations and the literature are mixed regarding whether lean initiatives accompany production autonomy. We also present empirically testable hypotheses that highlight interesting model insights. Finally, we use results from our model to argue that an efficient company attempting to become leaner by “doing more with less” is likely to lower the size of the workforce and lower production autonomy.
Effect of pre‐existing diseases on COVID‐19 infection and role of new sensors and biomaterials for its detection and treatment
Authors: Singh Angaraj , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Dubey Ashutosh
Published: October 2020

The entire world is suffering from a new type of viral disease, occurred by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The present article briefly discussed the genome sequencing and interaction of host cells with SARS‐CoV‐2. The influence of pre‐existing diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and age of the patients on COVID‐19 infection is reviewed. The possible treatments of SARS‐CoV‐2 including antiviral drugs, Chinese traditional treatment and plasma therapy are elaborately discussed. The proper vaccine for COVID‐19 is not available till date. However, the trials of pre‐existing antiviral vaccines such as, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, ritonavir and lopinavir and their consequences are briefly presented. Further, the importance of new materials and devices for the detection and treatment of COVID‐19 has also been reviewed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based, and non‐PCR‐based devices are used for the detection of COVID‐19 infection. The non‐PCR‐based devices provide rapid results as compared to PCR‐based devices.
Implication of the Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Inflammation Associated with Nutritional Disorders and Obesity
Authors: Rodriguez Julie , Olivares Marta , Delzenne Nathalie M.
Published: October 2020

Scope

More than a decade ago, the concept of “metabolic endotoxemia” is elaborated on the fact that some bacterial components, classified as microbial associated membrane pathogens (MAMPs) can pass through the gut barrier and create a systemic low tone inflammation.

Methods and results

The translocation of lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to systemic inflammation are largely studied in murine models of obesity, allowing to unravel the molecular pathways involved in the process. Many different pathological contexts evoke the loss of gut barrier as an event contributing to inflammation and thereby driving metabolic and behavioral alterations.

Conclusion

This review describes the role of nutrition as a modulator of metabolic regulation and focuses on the contribution of the gut microbiota in the process of the production of a large diversity of bioactive metabolites. The two first sections of the review will be dedicated to the impact of nutritional disorders on both the gut microbiota composition and on metabolic inflammation. The last and more prominent section will describe the role of different nutrient‐derived gut metabolites on the gut barrier integrity, metabolic inflammation, and peripheral tissue alterations during obesity or associated complications.
CVFEM based numerical investigation and mathematical modeling of surface dependent magnetized copper‐oxide nanofluid flow using new model of porous space
Authors: Sheikholeslami Mohsen , Ijaz Khan Muhammad , Chu Yu‐Ming , Kadry Seifedine , Khan Waqar A.
Published: October 2020

Simulation of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) free convection and radiation in a cavity packed with CuO‐water nanofluid has been numerically performed. To gain the outputs, control volume‐based finite element method (CVFEM) has been used. The physical domain is considered porous space and new model has been involved for modeling. This review covers a broad range of Rayleigh number, Hartmann radiation parameter, nanoparticles' shape on nanoliquid behavior, and interface heat transport variable were validated. The obtained average Nusselt number is compared with that of Rudraiah et al. for higher estimations of Gr and Ha at Prandtl number 0.733 and found good analysis with them. Furthermore, the temperature distribution of the present work on the axial midline between the obtained outcomes and computational outcomes of Sharif et al. and Khanafer et al. subject to Gr = 104, ϕ = 0.1, and Pr = 6.2(Cu − Water). It is also noticed that the conduction phenomenon is more significant against rising Nhs, while heat transfer rate declines. The convective mode strongly depends on shape factor of various nanoparticles, that is, platelet, spherical, brick, and cylinder.
Isolation and Structural Elucidation of 15‐Nuclear Copper Dihydride Clusters: An Intermediate in the Formation of a Two‐Electron Copper Superatom
Authors: Chakrahari Kiran Kumarvarma , Liao Jingping , Silalahi Rhone P. Brocha , Chiu Tzu‐Hao , Liao Jian‐Hong , Wang Xiaoping , Kahlal Samia , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Liu C. W.
Published: October 2020

Highly reactive copper‐dihydride clusters, [Cu15(H)2(S2CNR2)6(C2Ph)6](PF6) {R = nBu (1H), nPr (2H), iBu (3H)}, are isolated during the reaction of [Cu28H15{S2CNnBu2}12](PF6) with ten equivalents of phenylacetylene. They are found to be intermediates in the formation of the earlier reported two‐electron superatom [Cu13(S2CNR2)6(C2Ph)4]+. Better yields are obtained by reacting dithiocarbamate sodium salts, [Cu(CH3CN)4](PF6), BH4− and phenylacetylene. The presence of two hydrides in the isolated clusters is confirmed by the synthesis and characterization of its deuteride analogue [Cu15(D)2(S2CNR2)6(C2Ph)6]+, and a single‐crystal neutron structure of 2H. Structural characterization of 1H reveals a new bicapped icosahedral copper(I) cage encapsulating a linear copper dihydride (CuH2)− unit. Reaction of 3H with Au(I) salts yields a highly luminescent [AuCu12(S2CNiBu2)6(C2Ph)4]+ cluster.
Influence of Oxygen on Sputtered Titanium‐Doped Indium Oxide Thin Films and Their Application in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Zhirong , Duan Weiyuan , Steuter Paul , Hüpkes Jürgen , Lambertz Andreas , Bittkau Karsten , Pomaska Manuel , Qiu Depeng , Qiu Kaifu , Wu Zhuopeng , Shen Hui , Rau Uwe , Ding Kaining
Published: October 2020

One of the challenges in fabricating high‐performance n‐type silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells is developing a high‐quality transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode. Herein, the development and application of low‐temperature sputtered titanium‐doped indium oxide (ITiO) in n‐type, rear junction SHJ solar cells as a function of the oxygen flow ratio is presented. The microstructure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties are analyzed. The grain size of ITiO thin films decreases rapidly as the oxygen flow ratio is increased. Compared with an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film, ITiO shows a superior balance in achieving excellent optoelectronic properties by reducing film resistivity but maintaining weak absorption. Higher fill factor is obtained by substituting ITiO for ITO as the front electrode in SHJ solar cells, which is mainly due to the improved carrier transport. Resistivity contributions of front‐side vertical and lateral carrier transport are disclosed by Quokka3 simulation. A champion cell efficiency of 23.81% with ITiO is achieved, which is so far the highest efficiency among the application of ITiO in SHJ solar cells to the best of our knowledge. The study demonstrates that ITiO is a promising TCO candidate for SHJ solar cells.
Subleading corrections to the free energy in a theory with N5/3 scaling
Authors: Liu James T. , Lu Yifan
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We numerically investigate the sphere partition function of a Chern-Simons-matter theory with SU(N) gauge group at level k coupled to three adjoint chiral multiplets that is dual to massive IIA theory. Beyond the leading order N5/3 behavior of the free energy, we find numerical evidence for a term of the form (2/9) log N. We conjecture that this term may be universal in theories with N5/3 scaling in the large-N limit with the Chern-Simons level k held fixed.
Continuously Differentiable Functions on Compact Sets
Authors: Frerick Leonhard , Loosveldt Laurent , Wengenroth Jochen
Published: October 2020

We consider the space $$C^1(K)$$

C
1

(
K
)

of real-valued continuously differentiable functions on a compact set $$K\subseteq \mathbb {R}^d$$

K
⊆

R

d

. We characterize the completeness of this space and prove that the restriction space $$C^1(\mathbb {R}^d|K)=\{f|_K: f\in C^1(\mathbb {R}^d)\}$$

C
1

(

R

d

|
K
)

=

{
f

|
K

:
f
∈

C
1

(

R

d

)

}

is always dense in $$C^1(K)$$

C
1

(
K
)

. The space $$C^1(K)$$

C
1

(
K
)

is then compared with other spaces of differentiable functions on compact sets.
Numerical solution of a bending-torsion model for elastic rods
Authors: Bartels Sören , Reiter Philipp
Published: October 2020

Aiming at simulating elastic rods, we discretize a rod model based on a general theory of hyperelasticity for inextensible and unshearable rods. After reviewing this model and discussing topological effects of periodic rods, we prove convergence of the discretized functionals and stability of a corresponding discrete flow. Our experiments numerically confirm thresholds, e.g., for Michell’s instability, and indicate a complex energy landscape, in particular in the presence of impermeability.