bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: association with body density and anthropometric measurements
Authors: Ferland Mario , DesprÉS Jean-pierre , Tremblay Angelo , Pinault Sylvie , Nadeau AndrÉ , Moorjani Sital , Lupien Paul J. , ThÉriault Germain , Bouchard Claude
Published: September 2005

1. Abdominal obesity is associated with numerous metabolic complications. Deep abdominal adipose tissue is critical in the association between the level of abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.

2. Adipose tissue localization was assessed by computed axial tomography (CAT), and its association with body density and anthropometric measurements was investigated in a sample of fifty-one obese women (percentage body fat 45·9 (SD 5·6)) aged 35·7 (SD 5·5) years. The CAT scans were performed at three levels: lower chest, abdomen and mid-thigh.

3. The total adipose tissue volume computed from these three scans was highly correlated with body fat mass (r 0·94, P < 0·001). The proportion of deep abdominal fat as measured by the ratio of deep: total adipose tissue areas at the abdominal level was not significantly correlated with body fat mass, but it was moderately associated with the ratio of waist: hip circumferences (WHR) (r 0·49, P < 0·001). The absolute amount of deep abdominal fat was, however, significantly correlated with body fat mass (r 0·72, P < 0·001).

4. The subscapular (r 0·38) and the abdominal (r 0·38) skinfolds were the only two skinfolds that were significantly associated with the proportion of deep abdominal fat (P < 0·01). These skinfolds were also those which showed the highest correlation with the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat (r 0·65, P < 0·001, for both skinfolds).

5. A three-site CAT-scan procedure can be used for the estimation of body fat mass in premenopausal obese women.

6. In these obese women, there was no significant association between total adiposity and the proportion of deep adipose tissue at the abdominal level.

7. In premenopausal obese women, the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat can be predicted from anthropometric measurements with more accuracy than the relative amount of deep abdominal fat.
The effect of lactation and other factors on post-partum changes in body-weight and triceps skinfold thickness
Authors: Dugdale A. E. , Eaton-evans J.
Published: September 2005

1. Mothers were followed from 1 month post-partum up to 12 months post-partum to measure changes in their body-weight and triceps skinfold thickness.

2. Overall there was a significant weight loss in the first few months but this levelled off by 7 months.

3. The triceps skinfold increased significantly up to 5 months post-partum and then decreased.

4. These changes in body-weight and skinfold were not affected by the duration of lactation, smoking or the educational achievement of the mothers, but were influenced by the initial body mass index and the desire to lose weight.
Liver function in protein-energy malnutrition measured by cinnamic acid tolerance and benzoic acid tolerance: effect of carnitine supplementation
Authors: Ahern Deborah A. , Mitchell Madeleine E.
Published: September 2005

1. Rats fed on a protein-depleted diet for 8 weeks were repleted for 5 weeks on high-protein (HP), high-protein+20 g DL-carnitine/kg (HP +C), or low-protein + 20 g DL-carnitine/kg (LP +C) diets. At 4 and 8 weeks of depletion, and 1 and 5 weeks of repletion, rats from each treatment group were given a benzoic acid tolerance test (BATT) or a cinnamic acid tolerance test (CATT) as a measure of liver function.

2. BATT and CATT measured the molar percentage of a test dose (1 mmol/kg body-weight) of benzoic acid or cinnamic acid excreted in the urine as hippuric acid within 24 h. Liver weight, liver lipid levels, and carnitine concentration in plasma and liver were also measured following liver-function testing.

3. BATT and CATT were severely impaired in protein-depleted rats, but returned rapidly to control levels following protein refeeding. Correlations of BATT and CATT with liver lipid concentration were high (r-0.49 and -0.62 respectively), and both tests show promise as clinical tests for liver function in protein-energy malnutrition.

4. Carnitine supplementation was required to return liver carnitine concentration of protein-depleted rats to control levels during repletion, but was not associated with accelerated reduction in liver fat concentration in protein-repleted rats.
Protein and energy relations in the broiler chicken
Authors: Rosebrough R. W. , McMurtry J. P. , Steele N. C.
Published: September 2005

1. Broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were given: (1) a 210 g protein/kg control diet for the entire experimental period, (2) an intermittent feeding regimen (210 g protein/kg diet for either 1 or 2 d followed by a 1 d fast), or (3) a daily change in the dietary protein level from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Treatment variables examined were lipogenesis and glucose production in vitro, and circulating concentrations of insulin, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) to determine the effects of chronic or acute dietary treatments.

2. Giving the 300 g protein/kg diet or withholding feed for 1 d decreased (P< 0.05) lipogenesis in vitro compared with controls.

3. Giving the 120 g protein/kg diet or refeeding with a 210 g protein/kg diet for 1 or 2 d increased (P< 0.05) lipogenesis in vitro compared with controls. Glucose production was affected in the same manner.

4. Fasting decreased (P< 0.05) plasma insulin and T3and increased T4. Both refeeding and a low-protein diet increased T3. Refeeding increased and a low-protein diet decreased insulin.

5. Chronic use (7-28 d of age) of either an alternating protein or intermittent feeding regimen caused greater responses compared with acute bouts (single cycle) of either of the regimens.
Influence of dietary non-protein energy intake on whole-body protein turnover in chicks
Authors: Kita K. , Muramatsu T. , Tasaki I. , Okumura J.
Published: September 2005

1. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary energy intake on whole-body protein turnover in chicks.

2. In Expt 1 a semi-purified diet with various dietary metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations, 10.9, 12.6, 14.2 and 15.9 kJ/g, was fed ad lib. to young chicks. Whole-body fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was increased with each increment in dietary ME level from 12.6 to 15.9 kJ/g, and whole-body fractional degradation rate (FDR) showed a similar, though less sensitive, trend to that of FSR.

3. In Expts 2 and 3, chicks were given graded ME intakes of 84, 126, 167, 209 or 293 kJ/d with a fixed intake of dietary protein. FSR was increased when the energy intake was raised from 84 to 167 kJ/d, and above this level it was almost constant. Similar to the trend obtained with ad lib. feeding, the response of FDR to changes in dietary energy intake was less sensitive than that of FSR.

4. Total heat production was increased when dietary energy intake was increased from 84 to 167 kJ/d, and there was no further increase at 209 kJ/d. In contrast, the contribution of protein synthesis to total heat production was not affected by varying the dietary energy intake.
The effect of daily baked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) consumption on the plasma lipid levels of young, normo-cholesterolaemic men
Authors: Shutler Susan M. , Bircher Gemma M. , Tredger Jacki A. , Morgan Linda M. , Walker Ann F. , LOW A. G.
Published: September 2005

1. Thirteen normo-cholesterolaemic male students consumed one 450 g can of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in tomato sauce, daily, for 14 d as part of their normal diet. After a 14 d washout period, eleven of the students went on to consume one 440 g can of spaghetti in tomato sauce, daily, for 14 d.

2. Fasting blood samples were taken frequently for measurement of plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose, insulin and C-peptide. Diet diaries (3 d) were completed by the subjects during each period.

3. Consumption of beans and spaghetti led to a significant reduction in the amount of fat eaten daily (P< 0.05). Bean consumption also resulted in significant increases in protein, fibre and sugar intakes (P< 0.02,P< 0.001 andP< 0.05 respectively).

4. During the bean-eating period the mean total plasma cholesterol level of the students fell significantly from 5.1 to 4.5 mmol/l (P< 0.02). No reduction in plasma cholesterol occurred during the spaghetti-eating period.

5. HDL-cholesterol levels fell significantly during both periods (P< 0.001), but HDL:total cholesterol ratio was significantly reduced only during the spaghetti-eating period (P< 0.001). Neither beans nor spaghetti affected triacylglycerol, insulin or C-peptide levels.

6. The benefits of a legume-rich diet are discussed.
Changes in glutathione status and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine action in livers of rats given cysteine-deficient diets
Authors: Garcin H. , Suberville C. , Higueret P. , Higueret D.
Published: September 2005

1. For a period of 32 d young rats were given a diet containing (g/kg) 220 casein, 120 casein +1.93 L-cysteine (Cys), or 120 casein.

2. The formation of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-nuclear protein complexes was reduced in rats fed on the Cys-deficient diet.

3. Scatchard analysis showed that decreased formation of T3-nuclear protein complexes was due to a decreased affinity of T3receptors; this decrease was induced, at least in part, by a reduced glutathione content.

4. In rats fed on the Cys-deficient diet there was an expected decrease in growth but an unexpected increase in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49) and malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC1.1.1.40). It is suggested that this increase is related to an increased oxidized glutathione: reduced glutathione ratio.
Bioavailability of total iron from meat, spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and meat–spinach mixtures by anaemic and non-anaemic rats
Authors: Zhang D. , Hendricks D. G. , Mahoney A. W.
Published: September 2005

1. Bioavailability of Fe from beef, spinach (Spinacea oleraceaL.) and their mixtures was studied using anaemic and non-anaemic rats by haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) and apparent Fe absorption in two trials.

2. The initial haemoglobin levels of severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic rats were 63, 88 and 113 g/l, respectively. The Fe level in diets was about 30 mg/kg. All other nutrients equalled or exceeded the requirement of the growing rat.

3. The spinach Fe was well utilized by the rats with average HRE of 0.41, 0.53 and 0.36, and apparent Fe absorptions averaging 0.48, 0.59 and 0.37 for the severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic animals respectively.

4. Beef Fe was efficiently used by rats as reported by others. Average HRE were 0.42, 0.51 and 0.44, and average apparent Fe absorptions were 0.44, 0.47 and 0.46 for the severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic rats respectively.

5. When the percentage of meat Fe was increased from 0 to 25, 50, 75 or 100 of the dietary Fe, HRE and apparent Fe absorption were not increased significantly. A meat enhancement effect on total Fe absorption, reported by others for non-haem-Fe, did not occur in the present experiment.

6. Negative correlation coefficients between initial haemoglobin and HRE (r-0.79), and initial haemoglobin and apparent Fe absorption (r-0.73) were seen with the rats fed on dietary Fe from FeSO47H2O. This was not seen with the rats fed on dietary Fe from beef or spinach.

7. The Fe absorption pattern for the different Fe sources is evidence for a third Fe pool, a pool made up of highly soluble inorganic Fe salt, in addition to haem-Fe and non-haem-Fe complex pools. FeSO47H2O is not in the same gastrointestinal pool as non-haem-Fe complex such as spinach Fe. A suggested mechanism of absorption is discussed.
Effects of copper deficiency on hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activities in lactose- and sucrose-fed rats
Authors: Lynch S. M. , Strain J. J.
Published: September 2005

1. A number of dietary sugars are known to mediate the effects of copper deficiency. The effects of lactose (compared with sucrose) and a dietary Cu deficiency on hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue mineral element status were investigated in the rat.

2. Groups (n6) of male weanling Wistar rats were providedad lib.with deionized water and diets containing sucrose (580 g/kg) or sucrose and lactose (387 g/kg and 193 g/kg respectively) with either control (12.0 mg/kg) or deficient (1.5 mg/kg) quantities of Cu for 77 d.

3. Animals consuming the low-Cu diets exhibited significantly decreased tissue Cu levels (P< 0.01), hepatic and cardiac cytochromecoxidase (EC1.9.3.1, CCO) activities (P< 0.01 andP< 0.001 respectively) and hepatic Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1.1, CuZnSOD) activity (P< 0.05). The low-Cu diets also significantly decreased cardiac manganese superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1.1, MnSOD), catalase (EC1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9, GSH-Px) activities (P< 0.01,P< 0.05 andP< 0.001 respectively).

4. Hepatic Mn was significantly increased in both lactose-fed (P< 0.001) and Cu-deficient (P< 0.01) animals. These increases were unrelated to hepatic MnSOD activity. Cardiac Zn was significantly (P< 0.01) increased in Cu-deficient animals.

5. Lactose feeding resulted in significantly increased cardiac CCO activity (P< 0.001) but significantly decreased hepatic CuZnSOD (P< 0.05), catalase (P< 0.01) and GSH-Px (P< 0.001) activities.

6. The activities of lactose dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.27, LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49, G6PDH) were found to be significantly (P< 0.05 andP< 0.01 respectively) increased in Cu-deficient animals and G6PDH activity was significantly (P< 0.01) decreased as a result of lactose consumption.

7. The observed changes in antioxidant enzyme activities associated with both Cu deficieny and lactose consumption may have important implications for the development of free radical mediated cell damage. However, no significant differences in either hepatic or cardiac levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, a measure of lipid peroxidation, were found.
In vitro Na+, K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3)-dependent respiration and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of pigs fed at three dietary protein levels
Authors: Adeola O. , Young L. G. , Mcbride B. W. , Ball R. O.
Published: September 2005

1. Eighteen pigs were offered diets containing 130, 170 or 210 g protein/kg with three barrows and three gilts per diet from 20 to 60 kg live weight. Oxygen consumption, Na1, K1-ATPase (EC3·6·1· 3)-dependent and -independent respiration and protein synthesis were measured in vitro in intercostal and sartorius muscle preparations from these pigs.

2. Increasing dietary protein concentration increased (P< 0·01) daily gain and dissectible muscle in carcass.

3. O2consumption and Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration of the intercostal and sartorius muscles increased linearly (P< 0·01) with increase in dietary protein concentration. The requirement for the support of the transport of Na+and K+across the cell membrane in these muscles, on average, accounted for 22–25% of the O2consumption.

4. Synthesis rate (mg/g per d) of protein in the sartorius muscle increased (P< 0·05) from 3·05 to 5·07 and increased (P< 0·1) from 2·57 to 4.06 in the intercostal muscle as dietary protein increased from 130 to 210 g/kg diet.

5. Regression of Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration against protein synthesis in each of intercostal and sartorius muscles showed a linear relation, an attestation of a close link between productive processes and auxiliary energy expenditure.
Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat
Authors: Auestad Nancy , Korsak Rose A. , Bergstrom James D. , Edmond John
Published: September 2005

1. Procedures are described to prepare nutritionally adequate rat milk-substitutes by modifying commercially available processed cow's milk, rich in carbohydrate and low in protein and fat compared with rat's milk.

2. Premilk formulas, prepared as intermediates in the preparation of rat milk-substitutes, are rich in protein but low in their concentration of fat, carbohydrate, and minerals when compared with rat's milk.

3. Premilks were supplemented with lactose, vitamins, minerals, fat as oil mixtures, certain amino acids and other constituents to yield rat milk-substitutes which resemble the known composition of rat's milk in their properties and composition.

4. Detailed analyses of the milk-substitutes show them to be comparable to rat's milk in energy content, pH, osmolarity, the concentration of the macronutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, and the major minerals.

5. Rat pups were artificially reared from postnatal day 4 or 5 until days 16–18 by fitting them with gastric cannulas through which the milk-substitutes could be infused automatically.

6. The nutritional impact of the milk-substitutes was assessed by a comparison of growth and mctabolic characteristics for artificially reared rats with age-matched sucking rats reared by their mother.

7. Indices which were taken to be appropriate included (a) body-weight gain; (b) the concentration in blood of protein, amino acids, ketone bodies, carnitine, glucose, galactose, lactate, insulin, and the electrolytes calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride; (c) the turnover of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate; (d) the concentration in brain of protein, cholesterol, cerebroside sulphate and the activities of the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC1.2.4.1), 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC2.8.3.5) and acetoacetyl-CoA ligase (EC6.2.1.16).

8. The studies suggest that milk-substitutes approximating to rat's milk in composition promote acceptable metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup.
Effects of dietarytrans-fatty acids on reproductive performance of Wistar rats
Authors: Hanis T. , Zidek V. , Sachova J. , Klir P. , Deyl Z.
Published: September 2005

1. Wistar rats were fed for three successive generations on a semi-purified diet, in which the fat was provided by butter, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil or hydrogenated vegetable fat, differing in the content ofcis, cis-18:2 andtrans-18:1 fatty acids. Effects of these fats on the composition of adipose tissue and reproductive performance were studied. Fatty acids were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography.

2. The fatty acid pattern of adipose tissue was closely related to dietary fat composition and, established in the first generation, did not change significantly in successive generations of rats.

3. Hydrogenated fat adversely affected litter size, sperm morphology and regularity of oestrous cycle, and prolonged the period of gestation in experimental animals. Differences observed between the generations were not significant.

4. Hydrogenated fat decreased the level of serum testosterone in males, but the differences observed in levels of serum progesterone in females were not apparently related to the dietarytrans-fatty acids.
Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas
Authors: Dörner Klaus , Dziadzka Stefan , Höhn Andreas , Sievers Erika , Oldigs Hans-Dieter , Schulz-Lell Gisela , Schaub Jörgen
Published: September 2005

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.

2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.

3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.

4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).

5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.

6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.
Effect of change of diet on the mineral composition of rumen fluid, on magnesium metabolism and on water balance in sheep
Authors: Johnson C. L. , Aubrey Jones D. A.
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of four diets on water intake, rumen fluid outflow-rate, rumen pH and mineral metabolism were studied in wether sheep. The diets were barley and hay, flaked maize and hay, dried grass and frozen grass.

2. Experimental periods were of 12 d duration, and plasma magnesium concentrations were lower at the end of treatment periods when the grass diets were given and were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 11.00 and 20.45 hours. Also, the concentration was significantly lower with the dried-grass diet than with the frozen-grass diet (P < 0.05).

3. The concentration of Mg in rumen fluid centrifuged at 30000 g (ultracentrifuged) varied with the diet. Maximum concentrations (tmax) were reached 4 h later on the grass diets than on the hay and concentrate diets. In the latter case tmax coincided with that for calcium, potassium, chloride and ammonia. At this time sodium and phosphate were at a minimum. The concentration of Mg in ultracentrifuged rumen fluid was negatively correlated (r −0.89) with pH, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01) at all times on the grass diets. This relation was also reflected in the apparent availability of Mg.

4. Total water intake on the frozen grass was about twice that on the barley and hay diet. The outflow rate of liquid from the rumen was higher on the frozen grass than on the other three diets.

5. The proportion of absorbed Mg excreted in urine was significantly influenced by diet.
Serum folates in young dairy heifers
Authors: Girard Christiane L. , Matte J. Jacques , Roy Gabriel L.
Published: September 2005

1. In the first trial, hourly blood samples were drawn during the light period (06·30–20·30 hours) from thirtyfour dairy heifers in two groups of different ages.

2. Concentrations of serum folates were 8·2 (se 0·1) ng/ml at the age of 18·2 (se 0·6) d and 14·8 (se 0·2) ng/ml at 120·7 (se 2·9) d (P ≤ 0·001).

3. In the second trial, forty heifers were randomly assigned to a factorial experiment where age (2 weeks v. 4 months) and quantity of pteroylmonoglutamic acid injected intramuscularly (2·5, 5·0, 10·0 and 20·0 mg) were the two factors studied. Blood samples were taken immediately before injection and on days 1,2,3,4,7 and 10 after the injection.

4. Serum folates reached a maximum on day 1 after the injection of pteroylmonoglutamic acid. The response to the injection was different for the two age groups (P ≤ 0·0002); concentration of serum folates for 2-week-old heifers markedly increased, while in 4-month-old heifers the effect of a supplement of pteroylmonoglutamic acid was less marked.

5. These results might indicate a need for pteroylmonoglutamic acid in young animals during the development of rumen function.
Ascorbic acid concentration of human fetal tissues in relation to fetal size and gestational age
Authors: Zalani Sunita , Rajalakshmi R. , Parekh L. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were carried out on the distribution of ascorbic acid in human fetal tissues with the progress of gestation.

2. Fetuses and stillborn babies varying in gestational age from 12 to 38 weeks were obtained from various Baroda hospitals. Ascorbic acid levels were determined in selected tissues: brain, adrenal, liver, kidney, lung, heart and placenta.

3. Ascorbic acid concentration in the brain was higher than that in the adrenal at all gestational ages, suggesting the importance of this vitamin in brain development. The concentrations of this vitamin in liver, kidney, lung and placenta were comparable, but that in the heart tended to be lower. In all the tissues, there was a fall in ascorbic acid during late gestation. However, the levels in tissues of stillborn babies were higher than those reported for adults.
Potentiation of atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits by a high dietary level of vitamin E
Authors: Godfried Susan L. , COMBS Gerald F. , Saroka James M. , Dillingham Lloyd A.
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether or not high dietary levels of vitamin E affect the development of atherosclerotic lesions in aortas of cholesterol-fed (5 g/kg diet) rabbits that were mechanically deendothelialized by balloon catheterization.

2. In the first experiment, the aortas of rabbits fed 2000 mg vitamin E/kg diet (i.e. 50-fold their nutritional requirement) for 8 weeks showed no gross morphological differences, either within or outside experimentally damaged areas, from those of rabbits fed the nutritionally adequate control level (40 mg/kg) of the vitamin.

3. In the second experiment, rabbits fed 10000 mg vitamin E/kg diet (i.e. 250-fold requirement) for 14–15 weeks showed significantly greater endothelial loss and plaque formation at aortic sites outside of the mechanically damaged area than did controls. Plasma cholesterol levels were very high (9000–14000 mg/1) and were not affected by dietary vitamin E level until 10–12 weeks when they were reduced moderately (18%).

4. It is concluded that very high levels of vitamin E can potentiate spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions, and it is suggested that this effect may depend on high cholesterol status.
Effects of vitamin B6deficiency and repletion on the uptake of steroid hormones into uterus slices and isolated liver cells of rats
Authors: Bender David A. , Ghartey-Sam Kweku , Singh Amerjit
Published: September 2005

1. In vitro, pyridoxal phosphate extracts steroid-hormone receptors from tight nuclear binding (Cidlowski & Thanassi, 1981); in vitamin B6-deficient rats there is increased and prolonged nuclear accumulation of oestradiol in the uterus and testosterone in the prostate, associated with enhanced biological responsiveness of these target tissues to steroid hormone action (Symeset al.1984; Bowdenet al.1986).

2. Slices of uterus from vitamin B6-deficient rats accumulated more [3H]oestradiol than did tissue from repleted animals. Acute repletion with vitamin B6(0.5–1 h before killing) further increased the uptake of the steroid.

3. Isolated hepatocytes from vitamin B6-deficient rats accumulated more [3H]dexamethasone than did cells from repleted animals. Pre-incubation of the hepatocytes with pyridoxal phosphate resulted in a further increase in the uptake of the steroid.

4. The results suggest that in addition to the putative role of pyridoxal phosphate in releasing steroid-hormone-receptor complexes from tight nuclear binding (Cidlowski & Thanassi, 1981), vitamin B6deficiency may also increase the concentration of steroid-hormone receptors or enzymes and other steroid-binding proteins in target tissues.
Effects of a dietary excess of leucine and of the addition of leucine and 2-oxo-isocaproate on the metabolism of tryptophan and niacin in isolated rat liver cells
Authors: Bender David A.
Published: September 2005

1. Feeding rats on a low-tryptophan, niacin-free, high-leucine diet resulted in impaired synthesis from tryptophan of the nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP, and N1-methyl nicotinamide in isolated hepatocytes, compared with cells from animals fed on a low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet providing an appropriate amount of leucine. This was accompanied by reduced accumulation of the tryptophan metabolites kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid.

2. With hepatocytes from animals fed on the low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet, the addition of leucine to the incubation medium resulted in reduced synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, and a small increase in the accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine.

3. With hepatocytes from animals fed on the low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet, the addition of 2-oxo-isocaproate to the incubation medium resulted in increased synthesis of NAD(P) and niacin, and increased accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine.

4. The results suggest that a dietary excess of leucine alters the activity of the enzymes of tryptophan→niacin metabolism, or the uptake of tryptophan into the liver, in a different manner from the simple inhibition and activation seen in experiments in vitro.

5. Differences between studies in isolated hepatocytes and intact animals suggest that extra-hepatic metabolism of tryptophan, catalysed by indoleamine dioxygenase, is more important than has been believed hitherto.
Metabolic changes in Asian Muslim pregnant mothers observing the Ramadan fast in Britain
Authors: Malhotra Ashok , Scott P. H. , Scott J. , Gee H. , Wharton B. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Metabolic changes associated with Ramadan fasting were studied in eleven Asian pregnant mothers. This was compared with a group of control mothers undergoing a normal physiological fast.

2. At the end of the Ramadan fast day there was a significant fall in glucose, insulin, lactate and carnitine, and a rise in triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate. When compared with the control group, none of the Ramadan mothers had a completely normal set of biochemical values at the end of the fast day.

3. Pregnancy outcome in the two groups was comparable.

4. We are wary of the metabolic departures from normal observed in the Ramadan fasting mothers. If asked we advise mothers to take up the dispensation from fasting during pregnancy which is allowed.
An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig
Authors: Löwgren W. , Graham H. , Åman P.
Published: September 2005

1. An in vitro method, using duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces from pigs as inocula for the preparation of three incubation media for simulating the digestive processes in the pig, was proposed. The kinetics of degradation in these three media of three feed samples (pig-grower diet, sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran) with crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents varying from 111 to 196 g/kg, starch contents from 10 to 446 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 168 to 686 g/kg, were studied.

2. The method was investigated by incubating the feeds in the three media for up to 96 h, and determining the rate and extent of disappearance of feed components.

3. For each feed the 96 h dry matter disappearance was almost equal for all media, although the rate of disappearance varied considerably, with ileal digesta the most potent, particularly for the high-fibre feeds, and duodenal digesta the least. The patterns of disappearance of individual components were similar in all media, with the exception of crude protein which was apparently less degraded in ileal and especially faecal media.

4. Results suggest that a combination of a short (6–12 h) and a long (48–72 h) in vitro incubation could be employed to simulate digestion in the small and large intestine respectively of the pig.
The effects of intake of lucerne (Medicago sativaL.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerataL.) hay on the motility of the forestomach and digesta flow at the abomaso-duodenal junction of the sheep
Authors: Malbert C. H. , Baumont R.
Published: September 2005

1. The relations between food intake, reticulo-ruminal motility and abomasal digesta outflow were investigated in ewes receiving lucerne (Medicago sativa) v. orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) hay. Abomasal digesta outflow was recorded continuously by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter probe inserted into a duodenal T-shape cannula and the motility using strain-gauge force transducers. Volumes and turnover rates of both rumen and abomasal liquid phases were measured by CrEDTA dilution.

2. The voluntary intake of lucerne was higher (60%) than that of orchard grass hay, and paralleled by an increased abomasal outflow (65%) corresponding to an increased number of gushes of digesta through the flowmeter probe: 129/h instead of 78/h on orchard grass hay. Abomasal motor activity was enhanced (35%), and periods of regular spiking activity were seen passing along the duodenum at a higher velocity for the lucerne diet than for the orchard grass diet. The increased abomasal outflow with lucerne hay was associated with a higher reticulo-ruminal turnover rate, but not abomasal turnover rate. Abomasal, but not reticulo-ruminal volume, was increased (30%) when lucerne hay was fedad lib.

3. The total number of reticulo-ruminal contractions was increased by 6.6% when the dry matter entering the duodenum was increased by 70.6%, suggesting the level of voluntary intake, rather than reticulo-ruminal motility, as a major factor governing abomasal outflow in sheep.

4. More frequent passages of digesta, unrelated to duodenal contractions, were recorded in ewes receiving lucerne compared with orchard grass. Both a higher viscosity of the contents due to the addition of guar gum and the impairment of antroduodenal motility by 5-hydroxytryptophan were able to reduce the flow rate of orchard grass digesta, but did not affect the higher flow rate of lucerne digesta. The findings suggest that the high abomasal outflow in sheep fed on lucernead lib.is related to a low viscosity of the contents that are propelled, even in the case of antral contractions of low magnitude.
Distribution of bacteria in the rumen contents of dairy cows given a diet supplemented with soya-bean oil
Authors: Legay-Carmier Françoise , Bauchart D.
Published: September 2005

1. Liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) were harvested from the liquid phase (LAB1) and from the solid phase of rumen contents after washing and manual shaking (LAB2). Solid-adherent bacteria (SAB) were recovered after washing and pummelling the total particles (SAB1). The distribution and the chemical composition of these three bacterial compartments were investigated in four dairy cows fitted with rumen fistulas. The animals received successively a diet consisting of one part hay and one part barley-based concentrate (diet C) and the same diet containing free soya-bean oil (79 g/kg dry matter (DM); diet So).

2. The efficiency of removal of SABI from total particles of rumen digesta collected I h after feeding, was calculated from the diaminopimelic acid content in particles and of the corresponding detached bacteria. It was 24% on diet C and 18% on diet So (P< 0.05), using a combination of homogenizing and ‘stomaching’ treatments in saline (9 g sodium chloride/1) (reference treatment). For diets C and So respectively it was lowered by Tween in saline solution (1 g/l; 22.7 and 17.8 %, not significant), but was increased when using a previous chilling (6 h at 4°) of homogenized particles before stomaching in saline (28.8 and 24.7%,P< 0.05) and in Tween 80 in saline (1 g/l; 26.6 and 20.8%,P< 0.05).

3. The extent of removal of SABI from the solid fraction of rumen digesta by the reference treatment decreased with decreasing particle size; it was at the highest for particles retained on 4 and 2 mm sieves (62.1–82.1 %) and still elevated for particles retained on 0.8, 0.4 and 0.1 mm sieves (41.3–57.9%). It was very much reduced for particles smaller than 0.1 mm (11.7–14.5 %), suggesting the occurrence of favourable conditions for the adhesion of SAB firmly resistant to removal (SAB2).

4. The concentration of total SAB (SABI +SAB2) in particles collected l h after feeding was lower (P< 0.05) in diet C (190 g/kg DM) than in diet So (234 g/kg DM). Values averaged 595–645 g/kg DM for particles smaller than 0.1 mm, but only 61 and 81–98 g/kg DM for particles retained on 4 and 0.4 mm sieves, and on a 0.1 mm sieve respectively. No significant differences were noted between diets but the effect of particle size was highly significant (< 0.1 mmv.others).

5. Postprandial variations of concentrations of total SAB on total particles exhibited a large increase I h after feeding in diet So (P< 0.05). Similar but amplified variations were observed for LAB in both diets (P< 0.05).

6. Total bacterial mass amounted to 213 and 231 g DM/kg whole-rumen contents DM in diets C and So respectively 6 h after feeding. Mean percentages of total SAB (69.8), LAB1 (7.3) and LAB2 (22.9) in total rumen contents were not significantly modified by the lipid level of the diet.
Nutrient intakes in long-stay mentally handicapped persons
Authors: Cunningham Kay , Gibney M. J. , Kelly A. , Kevany J. , Mulcahy M.
Published: September 2005

A study of the dietary intake of 115 male and 217 female mentally handicapped persons aged 15–64 years in five long-stay institutions was carried out using a semi-weighed technique over 4 d. Nineteen per cent of males and 5% of females were classified as being underweight and 15% of males and 27% of females were classified as being obese. The average daily intakes of nutrients were: energy 8.8 MJ, protein 92 g, carbohydrate 218 g, fat 101 g, dietary fibre 18 g, calcium 1024 mg, iron 12.5 mg, vitamin B61.4 mg, vitamin B1210.8 μg, ascorbic acid 68 mg. The distribution of energy between protein, carbohydrate and fat was 18, 39 and 43% respectively. Energy intakes were not related to ambulatory status, degree of mental handicap, the level of drug usage or body mass index. Energy intakes varied significantly between hospitals and between the sexes.
Thermic effect of food in man: Effect of meal composition, and energy content
Authors: Kinabo J. L. , Durnin J. V. G. A.
Published: September 2005

The effect of meal composition and energy content on the thermic effect of food (TEF) was investigated in sixteen adult, non–obese female subjects. Each subject consumed four different test meals, each meal on a different day. Meals were of high-carbohydrate-low-fat (HCLF) with 0.70, 0.19 and o.11 of the energy content from carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively, and low-carbohydrate-high–fat (LCHF) with 0.24, 0.65 and 0.11 of the energy content from carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively. The energy contents of the test meals for each composition were 2520 kJ (600 kcal) and 5040 kJ (1200 kcal). The basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the postprandial metabolic rate (PP-MR) were measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry using the Douglas bag technique while the subjects were in the supine position. The mean BMR value was 3.63 (SE 0.07) kJ/min (0.87 kcal/min (SE 0.17)). The 5 H-TEF value for the 2520 kJ (600 kcal) HCLF meal was 228 (SE 11.8) kJ (54 kcal (SE 2.8)) and for the LCHF meal was 228 (SE 9.6) kJ (54 kcal (SE 2.3)). The corresponding values for the 5040 kJ (1200 kcal) meals were 356 (SE 20.4) kJ (85 kcal (SE 4.9)) and 340 (SE 15.8) kJ (81 kcal (SE 3.8)). There was no significant (P=0.49) effect of meal composition on TEF, but the energy content of the meals had a significant (P< 0.001) effect on TEF. In all subjects and for all meals, PP-MR had not returned to premeal level 5 h after a meal, indicating that the TEF values measured underestimate total TFF. The present study suggests that TEF is significantly influenced by the energy content of a meal but not by meal composition.
Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: Effect of dietary lysine concentration on efficiency of lysine retention
Authors: Batterham E. S. , Andersen L. M. , Baigent D. R. , White E.
Published: September 2005

Diets were formulated using sugar, soya-bean meal and free amino acids to contain 0.1–0.8 lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE) and offered at three times maintenance to male and female pigs from 20 to 45 kg live weight. Growth responses and retentions of protein, fat, energy and lysine were assessed. Increasing the dietary lysine concentration resulted in significant (P < 0.001) linear and curvilinear increases in growth rates and decreases in food conversion ratios. There was only a small effect of lysine concentration on total energy retention, but a substantial effect on the partitioning of energy deposition, with increases in the rate of protein deposition and decreases in fat retention. There was no difference in the efficiency of protein deposition between male and female pigs but males responded more to higher lysine concentrations than females (estimated 0.93 and 0.74 g lysine/MJ DE for males and females respectively). Lysine concentration in the protein deposited by the pigs increased linearly and curvilinearly (P < 0.01) from 5.8 to 6.6 g lysine/16 g N with increasing dietary lysine concentration. There was a linear and quadratic response (P < 0.001) in retention of ileal digestible lysine, with the minimum retention of 0.16 occurring at 0.1 g lysine/MJ DE and increasing to a maximum retention of 0.73 at a dietary concentration of 0.47 g lysine/MJ DE. The efficiency of lysine retained/ileal digestible lysine intake was 0.86 and the endogenous lysine loss was estimated at 0.94 g/d.
Effect of insulin on the utilization of propionate in gluconeogenesis in sheep
Authors: Brockman Ronald P.
Published: September 2005

The effects of insulin on the utilization of propionate in glucose synthesis were studied in fed and fasted sheep. Insulin was infused at 0.04 μ/h into the mesenteric vein. Glucose was infused to prevent hypoglycaemia. The rate of incorporation of [2-14C]propionate into glucose was determined before and during insulin infusion. After 150 min of insulin infusion endogenous glucose synthesis was about 70% of control values, whereas the incorporation of [14C]propionate into plasma glucose was 94% of control values. In contrast, the incorporation of other glucose precursors into glucose was decreased 30–50% by insulin. Therefore, insulin does not appear to decrease the utilization of propionate in gluconeogenesis. These results are consistent with the proposition that insulin differentially affects the rate of incorporation of glucose precursors into glucose in ruminant animals.
The effect of soluble- and insoluble-fibre supplementation on post-prandial glucose tolerance, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in healthy subjects
Authors: Morgan L. M. , Tredger J. A. , Wright J. , Marks V.
Published: September 2005

Six healthy non-obese male subjects were given three test meals containing 100 g carbohydrate and 1.5 g soluble paracetamol, supplemented on one occasion with 10 g guar gum and on another with 10 g sugarbeet fibre. A further six subjects were given the same test meal supplemented on one occasion with 10 g soya-bean-cotyledon fibre and on another, 5 g glucomannan. Venous blood samples were taken before, and at intervals for 180 min following the meal, and analysed for insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and paracetamol (as an index of gastric emptying). Arterialized blood samples were taken and analysed for glucose. Meal supplementation with both guar gum and sugar-beet fibre improved glucose tolerance, but circulating glucose levels were unaffected by the addition of either soya-bean-cotyledon fibre or glucomannan to the meals. Supplementation with guar gum and glucomannan lowered post-prandial insulin levels. Insulin levels were enhanced by addition of soya-bean-cotyledon fibre to the meal and unaffected by sugar-beet fibre. Post-prandial GIP levels were lowered in the guar–gum–supplemented meal and augmented with sugar-beet fibre supplementation. Addition of glucomannan and soya-bean-cotyledon fibre did not affect circulating GIP levels. The study failed to confirm previous reports of improved glucose tolerance following glucomannan and soya-bean-cotyledon fibre supplementation. The failure of sugar-beet fibre to reduce post-prandial insulin secretion despite improved glucose tolerance may be due to the observed increased secretion of GIP. The increased insulin levels seen following soya-bean-cotyledon fibre supplementation cannot be attributed either to changes in glucose tolerance, GIP secretion or gastric emptying.
Body composition changes in goats during early lactation estimated using a two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics
Authors: Dunshea F. R. , Bell A. W. , Trigg T. E.
Published: September 2005

A two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics was used to estimate the major body water pools, and hence body composition, in goats at days 10, 38 and 76 of lactation. Between days 10 and 38 of lactation goats were, on average, in negative calculated energy balance and were estimated to have mobilized 59 g body fat stores/d. Mean calculated energy balance over days 38–76 of lactation was slightly positive and there was little change in estimated body fat. Gut fill increased over the early part of lactation when goats were mobilizing body fat. Consequently, live weight did not differ at any stage of lactation and did not provide a good index of body fat status of the goats. There were also no significant differences in empty-body-weight, water, protein, ash or fat-free mass at the three stages of lactation. As average calculated energy balance and changes in energy stored as fat were highly correlated, it is concluded that the two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics is a useful means of serially estimating changes in body fat content in unfasted lactating goats.
Non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol kinetics and fatty acid re-esterification in goats during early lactation
Authors: Dunshea F. R. , Bell A. W. , Trigg T. E.
Published: September 2005

Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol kinetics were studied in lactating goats to gain insight into the mechanisms by which animals in early lactation can initially mobilize and later replenish body fat reserves. Kinetic measurements were made at days 10, 38 and 76 post-partum in ten multiparous lactating does. Plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate decreased as lactation advanced, being significantly higher at day 10 than at either days 38 or 76 of lactation. Both plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate were negatively correlated with calculated energy balance. In contrast, glycerol entry rate was significantly higher at day 76 than at day 10 of lactation and was positively related to both calculated energy intake and energy balance. Apparent intracellular fatty acid re-esterification was lower at day 10 than at later stages of lactation and was positively related to calculated energy balance. It is suggested that during early lactation, substantial shifts in adipose tissue fat reserves can occur via altering rates of fatty acid re-esterification andde novolipogenesis, without major changes in the rate of lipolysis.