bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata isolated from sugar beet
Authors: Nikolić I. , Stanković S. , Dimkić I. , Berić T. , Stojšin V. , Janse J. , Popović T.
Published: January 2018

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). During 2013, 250 samples were collected from leaf lesions with typical symptoms of bacterial leaf spot in commercial fields of sugar beet in Serbia, and 104 isolates of P. syringae pv. aptata were obtained. Identification and characterization was performed using biochemical, molecular and pathogenicity tests. Identification included LOPAT tests and positive reactions using primers Papt2F and Papt1R specific for P. syringae pv. aptata. Repetitive (rep) sequence‐based PCR typing with ERIC, REP and BOX primers revealed high genetic variability among isolates and distinguished 25 groups of different fingerprinting profiles. Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of representative isolates showed higher genetic variability than in rep‐PCR analysis and distinguished three and four major genetic clusters, respectively. A pathogenicity test performed with 25 representative isolates on four cultivars of sugar beet confirmed the occurrence of leaf spot disease and showed correlation between the most aggressive isolates and the genetic clusters obtained in MLSA. All these findings point to the existence of several lines of P. syringae pv. aptata infection in Serbia that are genetically and pathologically different.
Tuberculosis vaccines: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Zhu Bingdong , Dockrell Hazel M. , Ottenhoff Tom H.M. , Evans Thomas G. , Zhang Ying
Published: January 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease around the world. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only TB vaccine licensed for use in human beings, and is effective in protecting infants and children against severe miliary and meningeal TB. However, BCG's protective efficacy is variable in adults. Novel TB vaccine candidates being developed include whole‐cell vaccines (recombinant BCG (rBCG), attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, killed M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium vaccae), adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines, viral vector‐delivered subunit vaccines, plasmid DNA vaccines, RNA‐based vaccines etc. At least 12 novel TB vaccine candidates are now in clinical trials, including killed M. vaccae, rBCG ΔureC::hly, adjuvanted fusion proteins M72 and H56 and viral vectored MVA85A. Unfortunately, in TB, there are no correlates of vaccine‐induced protection, although cell‐mediated immune responses such as interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production are widely used to assess vaccine's immunogenicity. Recent studies suggested that central memory T cells and local secreted IgA correlated with protection against TB disease. Clinical TB vaccine efficacy trials should invest in identifying correlates of protection, and evaluate new TB biomarkers emerging from human and animal studies. Accumulating new knowledge on M. tuberculosis antigens and immune profiles correlating with protection or disease risk will be of great help in designing next generation of TB vaccines.
Timing of gamma irradiation and blood donor sex influences in vitro characteristics of red blood cells
Authors: de Korte Dirk , Thibault Louis , Handke Wiebke , Harm Sarah K. , Morrison Alex , Fitzpatrick Aine , Marks Denese C. , Yi Qi‐Long , Acker Jason P. ,   on behalf of the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) collaborative
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

There are few studies investigating the effect of irradiation on red blood cells (RBCs) during storage. This study analyzed changes in in vitro quality of RBCs irradiated at several points during storage with the aim of providing evidence to support current maximum pre‐ and postirradiation storage limits.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Each of seven participating centers produced four pools of 7 standard RBC units (SAGM, AS‐3, or PAGGSM), which were then split back into 7 units. All units in a pool were from sex‐matched blood donors. Every week during 6 weeks of refrigerated storage, 1 unit was irradiated, while 1 unit was not irradiated (control). Units were tested weekly for biochemical variables, morphology, and mechanical fragility.

RESULTS

The earlier during storage that units were irradiated, the higher the hemolysis and K+ at end of storage. Irrespective of the timing of irradiation, there was a rapid increase in extracellular K+, followed by a more gradual increase in hemolysis. ATP levels decreased faster in irradiated units and were reduced below accepted values if irradiated early. Irradiated female RBCs had an absolute lower hemolysis and K+ level compared to male RBCs at all time points.

CONCLUSIONS

The method of blood component manufacturing determined the absolute levels of hemolysis and potassium in irradiated and nonirradiated units, but did not influence the effect that timing of irradiation had on the in vitro quality characteristics. This study provides support for the current Council of Europe guidelines on the time limitations for the irradiation of RBCs.
Prevalence of antinuclear and anti‐erythrocyte antibodies in healthy cats
Authors: Abrams‐Ogg Anthony C. G. , Lim Sophia , Kocmarek Helen , Ho Kim , Blois Shauna L. , Shewen Patricia E. , Wood R. Darren , Bienzle Dorothee
Published: January 2018

Background

Positive antinuclear antibody and direct antiglobulin tests support diagnoses such as systemic lupus erythematosus and immune‐mediated anemia, respectively. Positive tests may occur in cats, but the prevalence of positive results in healthy cats is not well known.

Objective

The study's purpose was to determine prevalences of positive antinuclear antibody and direct antiglobulin tests in healthy cats.

Methods

Antinuclear antibody titers were measured by indirect immunofluorescence, and anti‐erythrocyte antibodies were measured by the microtitration direct antiglobulin test at 37, 23, and 4°C in 61 client‐owned and 28 facility‐owned cats. Differences between the 2 groups were examined using chi‐squared tests.

Results

For the antinuclear antibody tests, 70% of client‐owned cats were negative, 10% had weak titers (1:40–1:80), and 20% had strong titers (1:160–1:320). Facility‐owned cats had significantly fewer positive titers with 96% negative and one positive (1:8). For the antiglobulin test at 37°C, 93% of all cats were negative, 2 cats in each group were positive at low dilutions (1:2), and 2 client‐owned cats were transiently positive at high dilutions (≥ 1:2048). At 23°C, 90% of all cats were negative, and 2 client‐owned and 5 facility‐owned cats were positive at low dilutions (1:2–1:8). At 4°C, 67% of client‐owned cats had invalid results (negative control well agglutination), and 33% had negative results, while of facility‐owned cats 14% had invalid results, 14% had agglutination at low dilutions, and 72% were negative.

Conclusion

Healthy cats may have positive antinuclear antibody and direct antiglobulin tests, but the prevalence of strong reactions is low.
Independent Assessment of the Energy Savings, Environmental Improvements and Water Conservation of Emerging Non-Chemical Water Treatment Technologies
Authors: Gravely Michael , La Belle Bruce , Balachandra John
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses the results of a project funded by the California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) to complete an independent assessment of the energy savings, environmental improvements and water conservation capabilities of emerging non-chemical water treatment technologies. The project was completed by a team from California State University at Sacramento and included a technical review of the emerging technologies and a detailed assessment of the emerging non-chemical water treatment technology. Clearwater Systems, Corp. The research was focused on gathering information from industrial field customers who had purchased and installed these systems and had actual experience with their operational characteristics from several months to several years. The team completed a telephone survey with approximately 15 end user customers and made site visits to ten sites. Some limited independent water testing was also completed. The results of these phone surveys and site visits were consolidated and placed in an interim report. Even though only a small number of end user customers were actually surveyed or visited, the research indicated that several hundred systems have been successfully installed in California and throughout the United States. The emerging technologies provide nonchemical treatment for cooling tower and evaporative condenser system water. All the information collected and results derived from this effort will be made available to the public later this year in the form of a PIER Technical Report. A Project Advisory Committee that included representatives from CalEPA, the Energy Commission PIER Program and local utilities supported this team. Disclaimer: This technical paper is a result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission and does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees or the State of California. This technical paper has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this technical paper.

Paper published with permission.
Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
causes sustained collecting lymphatic vessel dysfunction
Authors: Jones Dennis , Meijer Eelco F. J. , Blatter Cedric , Liao Shan , Pereira Ethel R. , Bouta Echoe M. , Jung Keehoon , Chin Shan Min , Huang Peigen , Munn Lance L. , Vakoc Benjamin J. , Otto Michael , Padera Timothy P.
Published: January 2018

Impairment in lymph flow caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
toxins persists after skin and soft tissue infections clear.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Halophilic Methylotrophic Methanogen Archaeon
Methanohalophilus portucalensis
Strain FDF-1
T
Authors: L’Haridon Stéphane , Corre Erwan , Guan Yue , Vinu Manikandan , La Cono Violetta , Yakimov Michail , Stingl Ulrich , Toffin Laurent , Jebbar Mohamed
Published: January 2018

We report here the complete genome sequence (2.08 Mb) of
Methanohalophilus portucalensis
strain FDF-1
T
, a halophilic methylotrophic methanogen isolated from the sediment of a saltern in Figeria da Foz, Portugal. The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses show that
Methanohalophilus mahii
,
M. halophilus
, and
M. portucalensis
are three different species within the
Methanosarcinaceae
family.
High-Resolution Sequencing of Viral Populations during Early Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Reveals Evolutionary Strategies for Rapid Escape from Emerging Env-Specific Antibody Responses
Authors: Ita Sergio , Hill Alison K. , Lam Evan C. , Dufort Fay J. , Yang Xiao , Newman Ruchi , Leviyang Sivan , Fofana Ismael B. , Johnson Welkin E.
Published: January 2018

Primate lentiviruses, including the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), produce infections marked by persistent, ongoing viral replication. This occurs despite the presence of virus-specific adaptive immune responses, including antibodies targeting the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), and evolution of antibody-escape variants is a well-documented feature of lentiviral infection. Here, we examined the evolutionary dynamics of the SIV
env
gene during early infection (≤29 weeks postinfection) in a cohort of four SIV
mac
251-infected rhesus macaques. We tracked
env
evolution during acute and early infection using frequent sampling and ultradeep sequencing of viral populations, capturing a transmission bottleneck and the subsequent reestablishment of Env diversity. A majority of changes in the gp120 subunit mapped to two short clusters, one in the first variable region (V1) and one in V4, while most changes in the gp41 subunit appeared in the cytoplasmic domain. Variation in V1 was dominated by short duplications and deletions of repetitive sequence, while variation in V4 was marked by short in-frame deletions and closely overlapping substitutions. The most common substitutions in both patches did not alter viral replicative fitness when tested using a highly sensitive, deep-sequencing-based competition assay. Our results, together with the observation that very similar or identical patterns of sequence evolution also occur in different macaque species infected with related but divergent strains of SIV, suggest that resistance to early, strain-specific anti-Env antibodies is the result of temporally and mutationally predictable pathways of escape that occur during the early stages of infection.

IMPORTANCE
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of primate lentiviruses mediates entry by binding to host cell receptors followed by fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane. The exposure of Env complexes on the surface of the virion results in targeting by antibodies, leading to selection for virus escape mutations. We used the SIV/rhesus macaque model to track
in vivo
evolution of variation in Env during acute/early infection in animals with and without antibody responses to Env, uncovering remarkable variation in animals with antibody responses within weeks of infection. Using a deep-sequencing-based fitness assay, we found substitutions associated with antibody escape had little to no effect on inherent replicative capacity. The ability to readily propagate advantageous changes that incur little to no replicative fitness costs may be a mechanism to maintain continuous replication under constant immune selection, allowing the virus to persist for months to years in the infected host.
Collapse of a marine-based ice stream during the early Younger Dryas chronozone, western Canadian Arctic
Authors: Lakeman Thomas R. , Pieńkowski Anna J. , Nixon F. Chantel , Furze Mark F.A. , Blasco Steve , Andrews John T. , King Edward L.
Published: January 2018

New geophysical surveys and sediment cores constrain past dynamics of the Amundsen Gulf ice stream of the northwest Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), Arctic Canada, during the last glacial episode. An ice-rafted debris (IRD) unit and its stratigraphic relationship to former grounding lines record the withdrawal of the ∼60,000 km2 marine-based ice stream. Calibrated (cal.) radiocarbon ages from the IRD unit and from ice-contact raised marine sediments indicate that the ice stream retreated ∼250 km over a few centuries or less during the early Younger Dryas, ca. 12.80 ± 0.15 cal. kyr B.P. Despite a likely cooler paleoclimate, ice-marginal recession occurred at rates of at least 1 km/yr, triggered by grounding line retreat from a bathymetric sill and by a concomitant increase in calving margin length. Sediment cores from the adjacent continental slope confirm that the IRD-rich unit was also deposited in the Beaufort Sea as a chronostratigraphic marker bed. Such new evidence for widespread ice rafting establishes Amundsen Gulf as a discrete source area for early Younger Dryas sediment in the Arctic Ocean, including Fram Strait (between Greenland and Svalbard). The timing and scale of iceberg discharges show that Amundsen Gulf was a major conduit for fresh water to the Arctic Ocean during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition.
Characterization of MgO:Cd thin films grown by SILAR method
Authors: Güney Harun , İskenderoğlu Demet
Published: January 2018

The undoped and 1%, 2%, and 3% Cd-doped MgO nanostructures were grown by SILAR method on the soda lime glass substrate. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were taken to investigate Cd doping effects on the structural, optical, and morphological properties of MgO nanostructures. XRD measurements show that the samples have cubic structure and planes of (200), (220) of MgO and (111), (200), and (220) of CdO. It was observed that band gaps increase with rising Cd doping rate in MgO thin film. The surface morphology of samples demonstrates that MgO nanostructures have been affected by the Cd doping. PL measurements show that undoped and Cd-doped MgO thin films can radiate in the visible emission region.
Measuring quantum gravity
Authors: Dasgupta Arundhati
Published: January 2018

Einstein’s theory of gravity, known as the general theory of relativity was established in 1915. The theory has survived many experimental tests, and the recent discovery of gravity waves announced in 2016 confirms yet another success. In this article we examine some results from quantum general relativity, and ask whether the new quantum theory can survive tests in the same way as its classical origins.
The impact of Quaternary glaciation on temperature and pore pressure in Jurassic troughs in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Germany
Authors: Sachse Victoria F. , Littke Ralf
Published: January 2018

A detailed 3D petroleum system model was constructed for the Schleswig-Holstein area in northern Germany. Salt movement and the Quaternary ice episodes were implemented in order to reconstruct their impact on temperature, maturity and pressure. Burial, temperature and maturity histories were calculated for the Jurassic troughs and the Glueckstadt Graben showing both differences and similarities. For example, all locations reached (almost) deepest burial at present day, whilst subsidence and long-term sedimentation rate was highest in Glueckstadt Graben during the Triassic. The Jurassic troughs received their major subsidence and sedimentation pulse later, and were strongly affected by a later salt movement.

The implementation of Quaternary glacial episodes does not have a strong impact on petroleum generation from the major source rock (Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale). In the case of the Posidonia Shale reaching the stage of petroleum expulsion (outside of the study area), the effect of ‘glacial pumping’( i.e. the development of high pore pressures during glaciation followed by expulsion and subsequent pressure release during deglaciation) can be deduced from the model. Petroleum accumulations in the reservoir layers (Dogger sandstones) are also seen to have been affected. This finding is of interest for exploration, as it might control petroleum composition, biodegradation and leakage through cap rocks.
µ-Opioid receptors inhibit the exercise pressor reflex by closing N-type calcium channels but not by opening GIRK channels in rats
Authors: Estrada Juan A. , Kaufman Marc P.
Published: January 2018

µ-Opioid G protein-coupled receptors (MOR) interact with ion channels to decrease neuronal excitability. In humans, intrathecal administration of the MOR agonist fentanyl inhibits the exercise pressor reflex, an effect that can be attributed to either the opening of inward rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) or the closing of N-type calcium channels. The purpose of this study was to determine if the highly selective MOR agonist [d-Ala2, N-MePhe4,Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) attenuates the exercise pressor reflex and which of these two channels are responsible for this effect. In decerebrate rats, we determined the effect of intrathecal injection of either tertiapin-LQ, which blocks the GIRK channel or ω-conotoxin-GVIA, which blocks the N-type calcium channel on the exercise pressor reflex, which was evoked by contracting the triceps surae muscles. Initially, we established that intrathecal injection of DAMGO inhibited the exercise pressor reflex relative to no intrathecal injection or intrathecal saline injection ( P < 0.001, n = 5). We then found that intrathecal injection of two doses of tertiapin-LQ (1 and 10 µg) had no effect on the exercise pressor reflex ( n = 6 and n = 7, respectively; P > 0.05). Importantly, neither dose of tertiapin-LQ prevented the DAMGO-induced inhibition of the exercise pressor reflex. Last, we found that intrathecal injection of ω-conotoxin-GVIA markedly attenuated the exercise pressor reflex ( P < 0.001, n = 7). The cardioaccelerator response to contraction did not appear to be effected in any of the experiments. We conclude that N-type voltage-gated calcium channel inhibition appears to be the mechanism by which MOR activation inhibits the exercise pressor reflex in decerebrate rats.
Development and Integration of a CO Detection System Based on Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy Using Near-Infrared DFB Laser
Authors: Li Bin , Zhang Shuo-Cheng , Chi Yao-Dan
Published: January 2018

A wavelength modulation spectroscopy- (WMS-) based gas sensing system was established to measure concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the range 0–100%. The CO absorption line at 1563.06 nm was scanned with a tunable distributed feedback (DFB) laser, and two InGaAs photodiodes were applied to perform optic-electric conversion. Without using commercial instruments, essential electrical circuits were self-developed and integrated, including laser temperature controller, laser current driver, signal generator, and digital lock-in amplifier. The gas cell deployed in the system was fiber coupled with a total effective optical path length of 50 cm. The second-order harmonic signal was extracted, and experiments of gas detection were carried out to investigate the performance of the sensor, including detection repeatability, detection accuracy, response time, and limit of detection (LoD). Experiment results show that the sensor is reliable and has acceptable probing performance. The maximum relative detection error is less than 3.8%, suggesting good detection stability. Benefiting from the self-developed sensor, the whole CO detection system has small size, affordable expense, and application potential.
Transportation Service Procurement Bid Construction Problem from Less Than Truckload Perspective
Authors: Yan Fang , Ma Yanfang , Xu Manjing , Ge Xianlong
Published: January 2018

This paper presents mixed integer programming for a transportation service procurement bid construction problem from a less than full truckload perspective, in which the bidders (carriers) generate their best bid (package) using a bundled price to maximize their utility and increase the chance of winning the business. The models are developed from both the carriers and shippers perspectives to establish a relationship between the quoted price and the likelihood of winning to assist the carriers in balancing the potential benefits and the possibility of winning the bid. An intelligent algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization is then designed to solve the proposed model and hypothetical data sets are used to test the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model and algorithm.
Carbothermal Reduction of Iron Ore in Its Concentrate‐Agricultural Waste Pellets
Authors: Liu Zhulin , Bi Xuegong , Gao Zeping , Liu Wei
Published: January 2018

Carbon‐containing pellets were prepared with the carbonized product of agricultural wastes and iron concentrate, and an experimental study on the direct reduction was carried out. The experimental results demonstrated that carbon‐containing pellets could be rapidly reduced at 1200 to 1300°C in 15 minutes, and the proper holding time at high temperature was 15 to 20 min. The degree of reduction gradually increased with temperature rising, and the appropriate temperature of reducing pellets was 1200°C. The weight loss rate and reduction degree of pellets increased with the rise of carbon proportion, and the relatively reasonable mole ratio of carbon to oxygen was 0.9. A higher content of carbon and an appropriate content of volatile matters in biomass char were beneficial to the reduction of pellets. The carbon‐containing pellets could be reduced at high speeds in the air, but there was some reoxidization phenomenon.
Chemoradiotherapy as Definitive Treatment for Elderly Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Müller von der Grün Jens , Martin Daniel , Stöver Timo , Ghanaati Shahram , Rödel Claus , Balermpas Panagiotis
Published: January 2018

Background. With the aging population and a rising incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), there is an emerging need for developing strategies to treat elderly patients. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 158 patients treated with definitive, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for SCCHN. Clinicopathological characteristics, acute toxicities, and oncological outcomes were compared between patients younger and older than (or of age equal to) 65, 70, and 75 years. Results. RT dose, chemotherapy regimen, and total chemotherapy dose were balanced between the groups. After a median follow-up of 29 months, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local control rate, and distant metastasis-free survival stratified by age of ≥65, ≥70, or ≥75 years revealed no differences. The rate of acute toxicities was also not higher for older patients. Worse ECOG performance score (ECOG 2-3) was associated with impaired OS (p=0.004) and PFS (p=0.048). Conclusion. Definitive treatment with CRT for SCCHN is feasible and effective; even in advanced age treatment decisions should be made according to general condition and comorbidity, rather than calendar age alone.
Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Synchronization for Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems
Authors: Wang Chenhui
Published: January 2018

Some sufficient conditions, which are valid for stability check of fractional-order nonlinear systems, are given in this paper. Based on these results, the synchronization of two fractional-order chaotic systems is investigated. A novel fractional-order sliding surface, which is composed of a synchronization error and its fractional-order integral, is introduced. The asymptotical stability of the synchronization error dynamical system can be guaranteed by the proposed fractional-order sliding mode controller. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the feasibility of the proposed methods.
Effects of Aluminum Powder on Ignition Performance of RDX, HMX, and CL‐20 Explosives
Authors: Mao Xiaoxiang , Jiang Longfei , Zhu Chenguang , Wang Xiaoming
Published: January 2018

As a kind of high explosives, aluminized explosive cannot release the energy maximumly, which is a key problem. Using DTA‐TG equipment, the ignition performance of three kinds of aluminized explosives (RDX, HMX, and CL‐20) with different mass percentages of aluminum powder (0%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.%) was investigated. The results showed that the energy release of the HMX/Al composite explosive with 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.% aluminum powder was only equivalent to 80%, 65%, and 36% of pure HMX, respectively. It was similar to RDX/Al and CL‐20/Al composite explosives, except the CL‐20/Al mixture with 10% aluminum powder. Rather than participating in the ignition and combustion, the aluminum powder does effect the complete reaction of RDX, HMX, and CL‐20 in the initial stage of ignition or in the lower temperature area of the boundary.
Three-Year Outcomes of Cross-Linking PLUS (Combined Cross-Linking with Femtosecond Laser Intracorneal Ring Segments Implantation) for Management of Keratoconus
Authors: Saleem Mohammed Iqbal Hafez , Ibrahim Elzembely Hosam A. , AboZaid Mortada Ahmed , Elagouz Mohammed , Saeed Ahmed Mohamed , Mohammed Osama Ali , Kamel Ahmed Gad
Published: January 2018

Purpose. To analyze the results of three-year outcomes of combined epithelium-on cross-linking with femtosecond laser ICRS (cross-linking PLUS) for keratoconus management. Design. A retrospective multicenter clinical study. Methods. 43 eyes of 38 patients were subjected to preoperative and postoperative UCVA, BCVA, refraction, Pentacam pachymetry, and keratometry examinations at 3-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up period. Results. The preoperative and postoperative mean UCVA was 1.30 ± 0.48 (logMAR ± SD) and 0.82 ± 0.22 respectively. The preoperative and postoperative mean BCVA was 0.90 ± 0.40 and 0.60 ± 0.30, respectively. The preoperative and postoperative mean K average was 50.63 ± 0.87 (D ± SD) and 45.56 ± 0.98, respectively. The preoperative and postoperative mean pachymetry was 471 ± 92.36 (μm ± SD) and 423 ± 39.58, respectively. The preoperative and postoperative mean astigmatism was 7.55 ± 1.75 and 3.39 ± 1.26, respectively. One eye showed ICRS edge exposure while 6 eyes showed progression of keratoconus. Conclusion. CXL PLUS was proved to be a successful procedure to halt progression (mainly by CXL) and to correct the refractive status of the keratoconic eye (mainly by ICRS). CXL PLUS performed a synergistic action correcting and maintaining the correction of both myopic and astigmatic components of keratoconus.
A Novel Sliding Mode Control Framework for Electrohydrostatic Position Actuation System
Authors: Yang Rongrong , Fu Yongling , Zhang Ling , Qi Haitao , Han Xu , Fu Jian
Published: January 2018

A novel sliding mode control (SMC) design framework is devoted to providing a favorable SMC design solution for the position tracking control of electrohydrostatic actuation system (EHSAS). This framework is composed of three submodules as follows: a reduced-order model of EHSAS, a disturbance sliding mode observer (DSMO), and a new adaptive reaching law (NARL). First, a reduced-order model is obtained by analyzing the flow rate continuation equation of EHSAS to avoid the use of a state observer. Second, DSMO is proposed to estimate and compensate mismatched disturbances existing in the reduced-order model. In addition, a NARL is developed to tackle the inherent chattering problem of SMC. Extensive simulations are conducted compared with the wide adoption of three-loop PID method on the cosimulation platform of EHSAS, which is built by combining AMESim with MATLAB/Simulink, to verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed scheme. Results demonstrate that the chattering can be effectively attenuated, and the mismatched disturbance can be satisfyingly compensated. Moreover, the transient performance, steady-state accuracy, and robustness of position control are all improved.
Role of Mast Cells in Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Lichenoid Reactions
Authors: Ramalingam Suganya , Malathi Narasimhan , Thamizhchelvan Harikrishnan , Sangeetha Narasimhan , Rajan Sharada T
Published: January 2018

Introduction. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic T cell mediated disease of oral mucosa, skin, and its appendages with a prevalence of 0.5 to 2.6% worldwide. Oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) are a group of lesions with diverse aetiologies but have clinical and histological features similar to OLP, thereby posing a great challenge in differentiating both lesions. Mast cells are multifunctional immune cells that play a major role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus by release of certain chemical mediators. Increased mast cell densities with significant percentage of degranulation have been observed as a consistent finding in pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Aim. The current study was aimed at quantifying the mast cells in histopathological sections of OLP and OLR thereby aiding a means of distinguishing these lesions. Materials and Methods. The study group involved 21 cases of oral lichen planus, 21 cases of oral lichenoid reactions, and 10 control specimens of normal buccal mucosa. All the cases were stained with Toluidine Blue and routine haematoxylin and eosin and the mast cells were quantified. Statistical Analysis Used. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and an intergroup analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney U test. Conclusion. The number of mast cells showed an increased value in oral lichen planus when compared to oral lichenoid reaction and thus an estimation of mast cells count could aid in distinguishing OLP from OLR histopathologically.
Pycnogenol® Induces Browning of White Adipose Tissue through the PKA Signaling Pathway in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
Authors: Cong Huiying , Zhong Wenxia , Wang Yiying , Ikuyama Shoichiro , Fan Bin , Gu Jianqiu
Published: January 2018

Beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) have received considerable recognition because of their potential protective effect against obesity. Pycnogenol (PYC), extracted from French maritime pine bark, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and can improve lipid profiles. However, the effect of PYC on obesity has never been explored. In this study, we investigated the effects of PYC on obesity and WAT browning in apolipoprotein E- (ApoE-) deficient mice. The results showed that PYC treatment clearly reversed body weight and the mass of eWAT gain resulting from a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (HCD), but no difference in food intake. The morphology results showed that the size of the adipocytes in the PYC-treated mice was obviously smaller than that in the HCD-fed mice. Next, we found that PYC upregulated the expression of genes related to lipolysis (ATGL and HSL), while it decreased the mRNA level of PLIN1. PYC significantly increased the expression of UCP1 and other genes related to beige adipogenesis. Additionally, PYC increased the expression of proteins related to the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. The findings suggested that PYC decreased obesity by promoting lipolysis and WAT browning. Thus, PYC may be a novel therapeutic target for obesity.
Two Cases of Pachydermodactyly Presenting as Polyarthritis
Authors: Mititelu Roxana , Finch Sarah , Dancey Paul , Landells Ian
Published: January 2018

Pachydermodactyly is characterized by asymptomatic, progressive swelling of the lateral aspects of the 2nd to 4th finger along the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint without involving the joint itself. We present 2 interesting cases of patients with periarticular swelling who were initially diagnosed and treated as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with subsequent clinical and pathology confirmation of pachydermodactyly. These cases emphasize the importance of considering pachydermodactyly in young patients with development of periarticular swelling and no joint involvement.
Polyol Pathway Links Glucose Metabolism to the Aggressiveness of Cancer Cells
Authors: Schwab Annemarie , Siddiqui Aarif , Vazakidou Maria Eleni , Napoli Francesca , Böttcher Martin , Menchicchi Bianca , Raza Umar , Saatci Özge , Krebs Angela M. , Ferrazzi Fulvia , Rapa Ida , Dettmer-Wilde Katja , Waldner Maximilian J. , Ekici Arif B. , Rasheed Suhail Ahmed Kabeer , Mougiakakos Dimitrios , Oefner Peter J. , Sahin Ozgur , Volante Marco , Greten Florian R. , Brabletz Thomas , Ceppi Paolo
Published: January 2018

Cancer cells alter their metabolism to support their malignant properties. In this study, we report that the glucose-transforming polyol pathway (PP) gene aldo-keto-reductase-1-member-B1 (AKR1B1) strongly correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This association was confirmed in samples from lung cancer patients and from an EMT-driven colon cancer mouse model with p53 deletion. In vitro, mesenchymal-like cancer cells showed increased AKR1B1 levels, and AKR1B1 knockdown was sufficient to revert EMT. An equivalent level of EMT suppression was measured by targeting the downstream enzyme sorbitol-dehydrogenase (SORD), further pointing at the involvement of the PP. Comparative RNA sequencing confirmed a profound alteration of EMT in PP-deficient cells, revealing a strong repression of TGFβ signature genes. Excess glucose was found to promote EMT through autocrine TGFβ stimulation, while PP-deficient cells were refractory to glucose-induced EMT. These data show that PP represents a molecular link between glucose metabolism, cancer differentiation, and aggressiveness, and may serve as a novel therapeutic target.

Significance: A glucose-transforming pathway in TGFβ-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition provides novel mechanistic insights into the metabolic control of cancer differentiation. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1604–18. ©2018 AACR.
The von Hippel-Lindau Gene Is Required to Maintain Renal Proximal Tubule and Glomerulus Integrity in Zebrafish Larvae
Authors: van Rooijen Ellen , van de Hoek Glenn , Logister Ive , Ajzenberg Henry , Knoers Nine V.A.M. , van Eeden Freek , Voest Emile E. , Schulte-Merker Stefan , Giles Rachel H.
Published: January 2018

Background: von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is characterized by the development of benign and malignant tumours in many organ systems, including renal cysts and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. It is not completely understood what underlies the development of renal pathology, and the use of murine Vhl models has been challenging due to limitations in disease conservation. We previously described a zebrafish model bearing inactivating mutations in the orthologue of the human VHL gene. Methods: We used histopathological and functional assays to investigate the pronephric and glomerular developmental defects in vhl mutant zebrafish, supported by human cell culture assays. Results: Here, we report that vhl is required to maintain pronephric tubule and glomerulus integrity in zebrafish embryos. vhl mutant glomeruli are enlarged, cxcr4a+ capillary loops are dilated and the Bowman space is widened. While we did not observe pronephric cysts, the cells of the proximal convoluted and anterior proximal straight tubule are enlarged, periodic acid schiff (PAS) and Oil Red O positive, and display a clear cytoplasm after hematoxylin and eosine staining. Ultrastructural analysis showed the vhl–/– tubule to accumulate large numbers of vesicles of variable size and electron density. Microinjection of the endocytic fluorescent marker AM1–43 in zebrafish embryos revealed an accumulation of endocytic vesicles in the vhl mutant pronephric tubule, which we can recapitulate in human cells lacking VHL. Conclusions: Our data indicates that vhl is required to maintain pronephric tubule and glomerulus integrity during zebrafish development, and suggests a role for VHL in endocytic vesicle trafficking.
Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Rare Cause of Acute Testicular Pain. Case Report: Literature Review
Authors: Amador Robayna Adrián , Rodríguez Talavera Jonathan , Ballesta Martínez Begoña , Falcón Barroso Javier , Carrión Valencia Almudena , Orribo Morales Nuria , Santacruz Pérez Melania , Monllor Gisbert Jesús
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a clot in a blood vessel that obstructs the flow of blood to the peripheral tissues. The incidence of thromboembolic disease ranges from 0.7 to 1.2% within urology. Case Report: A 40-year-old warehouse worker male presented to the emergency department with worsening of a month’s lasting scrotal pain. Physical examination showed the presence of an enlarged and painful left testicle with no other findings. Right testicle, penis and abdominal examination showed no abnormalities whatsoever. Bilateral varicocele with a partial thrombosis of the left one associated with left inguinal hernia was diagnosed by performing an urgent testicular ultrasound test. Conservative treatment was first given. However, since pain was not relieved, surgery was indicated with left varicocelectomy and a left inguinal hernia repair procedure leading to complete symptoms control and normal testicular flow in the control Doppler ultrasound study 2 months after the surgery. Conclusion: Spontaneous thrombosis of the pampiniform plexus is a rare entity where the management remains controversial. The clinical case we report here shows that surgery may be considered an effective option.
RECALL DE MEDICAMENTOS
Authors: Alves Adirley Machado , Kallas Filho Elias
Published: January 2018

O recall é um instituto que permite ao fornecedor cumprir seu dever de vigilância e informação, servindo como ferramenta obrigatória de comunicação sobre a periculosidade que o produto carrega consigo e de chamada para o recolhimento do produto. É um instituto que assegura a defesa do direito à saúde e à segurança do consumidor, em consonância com o princípio da prevenção/precaução – sendo aplicável, inclusive, nas relações de consumo envolvendo medicamentos, de acordo com uma legislação específica. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de uma análise comparativa com a legislação portuguesa, constata-se que a lei brasileira estabelece diretrizes muito semelhantes às do modelo português. No entanto, enquanto em Portugal, em caso de recall, o fornecedor tem o dever de rastrear o produto, no Brasil cabe ao próprio consumidor, uma vez informado do problema, buscar a troca do medicamento defeituoso. Daí a importância da criação de um canal oficial e eficaz de informação ao consumidor, no qual possam ser disponibilizadas informações claras, completas e precisas acerca de todos os recalls de medicamentos, de modo a permitir que o instituto efetivamente alcance seus principais objetivos.
Caracterização do perfil epidemiológico de vítimas carbonizadas necropsiadas no IML-SP entre 2010 e 2015
Authors: Andrade Letycia Paiva , Alves Paulo Sérgio Tieppo , Fontes Luiz Roberto , Mielli Ana Cristina
Published: January 2018

O monóxido de carbono faz parte do grupo dos poluentes gasosos e pode agir como um poderoso asfixiante químico, sendo responsável por elevadas taxas de mortalidade no mundo. Quando inalada, essa substância se difunde facilmente pela membrana alvéolo-capilar, e, uma vez na corrente sanguínea, liga-se facilmente à hemoglobina, devido à alta afinidade existente entre esta molécula e o monóxido de carbono. Consequentemente, quando o monóxido de carbono é ligado a hemoglobina, ele assume uma nova conformação irreversível, chamada de carboxihemoglobina. No estado de São Paulo, os cadáveres carbonizados são periciados no Instituto Médico-Legal, mais especificamente no núcleo da Antropologia Forense, área especializada na aplicação do conhecimento antropológico que tem como um dos objetivos identificar o indivíduo e diagnosticar a causa da sua morte. O estudo da concentração de monóxido de carbono no cadáver permite inferir se a carbonização ocorreu ante ou post mortem. Esta informação é altamente importante em termos legais para a aplicação de penalidades, em casos criminais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico das vítimas carbonizadas necropsiadas entre os anos de 2010 e 2015, a fim de estabelecer se o óbito ocorreu antes ou após a carbonização. Os dados de 214 vítimas foram estudados e as informações coletadas foram agrupados de acordo com gênero, faixa etária, raça, local onde o corpo foi encontrado, causa da morte, presença ou ausência do Sinal de Montalti e concentração de carboxihemoglobina. Quanto ao perfil das vítimas, a maioria era do sexo masculino (78,5%), tinha raça branca (39,2%) e idade entre 16 e 47 anos (90,4%). A causa da morte variou entre os anos estudados, os corpos foram encontrados com maior frequência nas vias públicas (36,4%), em 48,1 % dos cadáveres o Sinal de Montalti estava ausente e em 33,2% dos casos a carboxihemoglobina estavam abaixo de 9%. Assim, estes dados permitem concluir que a maioria dos indivíduos estavam sem vida quando ocorreram as lesões pelo fogo, ou seja, a carbonização ocorreu post mortem.
Martín Rivas: entre o romance histórico e o de costumes
Authors: Lima Alexandre Baquero
Published: January 2018

Martín Rivas – Novela de Costumbres político-sociales, de Alberto Blest Gana, foi publicado em 1862 e desde então tem sido reconhecido como uma obra realista de costumes, aos moldes dos romances de Balzac. O autor narra a exemplar ascensão de um “tipo social” que vem do interior para triunfar na alta sociedade aristocrática de Santiago. Inserida na tradição latino-americana da cidade letrada, esta obra busca presentear os leitores da época com esse herói romântico que paira acima de todos os outros personagens e que, no entanto, possui suas próprias contradições, particularmente derivadas das posições políticas de sua classe social. Nesse sentido, este artigo procura analisar tal personagem, Martín, em comparação com Ivanhoe, herói medíocre do Romance Histórico de Walter Scott, e com Rastignac, herói de Balzac em O Pai Goriot. De certa forma, a inadequação entre a forma realista do romance de costumes e as particularidades desse personagem romântico, longe de configurar um defeito da obra, explicita como sua estrutura interna assimila a especificidade histórica do conturbado momento político-social chileno.
Mutations in
CYB561
Causing a Novel Orthostatic Hypotension Syndrome
Authors: van den Berg Maarten P. , Almomani Rowida , Biaggioni Italo , van Faassen Martijn , van der Harst Pim , Silljé Herman H.W. , Mateo Leach Irene , Hemmelder Marc H. , Navis Gerjan , Luijckx Gert Jan , de Brouwer Arjan P.M. , Venselaar Hanka , Verbeek Marcel M. , van der Zwaag Paul A. , Jongbloed Jan D.H. , van Tintelen J. Peter , Wevers Ron A. , Kema Ido P.
Published: January 2018

Rationale:

Orthostatic hypotension is a common clinical problem, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully delineated.

Objective:

We describe 2 families, with 4 patients in total, experiencing severe life-threatening orthostatic hypotension because of a novel cause.

Methods and Results:

As in dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency, concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the patients were low. Plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase activity, however, was normal, and the
DBH
gene had no mutations. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to determine the underlying genetic cause. Homozygosity mapping and exome and Sanger sequencing revealed pathogenic homozygous mutations in the gene encoding cytochrome b561 (
CYB561
); a missense variant c.262G>A, p.Gly88Arg in exon 3 in the Dutch family and a nonsense mutation (c.131G>A, p.Trp44*) in exon 2 in the American family. Expression of
CYB561
was investigated using RNA from different human adult and fetal tissues, transcription of RNA into cDNA, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The
CYB561
gene was found to be expressed in many human tissues, in particular the brain. The CYB561 protein defect leads to a shortage of ascorbate inside the catecholamine secretory vesicles leading to a functional dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency. The concentration of the catecholamines and downstream metabolites was measured in brain and adrenal tissue of 6
CYB561
knockout mice (reporter-tagged deletion allele [post-Cre], genetic background C57BL/6NTac). The concentration of norepinephrine and normetanephrine was decreased in whole-brain homogenates of the
CYB561
(−
/−
)
mice compared with wild-type mice (
P
<0.01), and the concentration of normetanephrine and metanephrine was decreased in adrenal glands (
P
<0.01), recapitulating the clinical phenotype. The patients responded favorably to treatment with
l
-dihydroxyphenylserine, which can be converted directly to norepinephrine.

Conclusions:

This study is the first to implicate cytochrome b561 in disease by showing that pathogenic mutations in
CYB561
cause an as yet unknown disease in neurotransmitter metabolism causing orthostatic hypotension.
Descriptions of larvae of three species of Hydropsyche (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) from China
Authors: XU JI-HUA , SUN CHANG-HAI , WANG BEI-XIN
Published: January 2018

Twenty-one individuals of Hydropsyche from An-hui and Zhe-jiang Provinces, China, were examined and their DNA barcode sequences were generated and analyzed. The larvae and males of H. arion, H. columnata, H. simulata, and H. trifora were associated by mtCOI gene sequences. The larvae of H. arion, H. columnata, and H. trifora are described in detail and their diagnostic photographs are provided. Character photographs of the H. simulata larva are also presented. A key to 5th instar larvae of 15 species of Chinese Hydropsyche is provided.