bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The citizen‐makers: Ethical dilemmas in immigrant integration
Authors: Orgad Liav
Published: October 2019

The topic of citizen‐making—turning migrants into citizens—is one of the most politically contested policy areas in Europe. Access to European citizenship is governed by national law with almost no EU regulation. The Article brings to the fore normative concerns associated with citizen‐making policies in Europe (Section 2). It examines ethical dilemmas involved in the process of creating new citizens (Section 3) and promotes the adoption of a European legal framework on access to citizenship (Section 4). The overall claim is that every newcomer will be required to demonstrate, as a prerequisite for citizenship, attachments to the constitution of the specific Member State, yet the test will be functional, flexible and non‐exclusive. As the topic of EU citizenship law is currently at the centre of the European agenda, this article has both theoretical significance and policy implications.
Theorizing equal opportunity in Muslim majority countries
Authors: Syed Jawad , Ali Faiza
Published: November 2019

This article offers an interdisciplinary and transnational review of feminist, management and Islamic literatures to develop an understanding of philosophical theorization and institutional framing of equal opportunity in employment in Muslim majority countries (MMCs). The review suggests that ‘the mainstream’ western literature on gender and equal opportunity, along with its secular orientation, may not capture the complexity of gender and equal opportunity in MMCs. Through integrating Islamic writings and gender scholarship, the article examines how equal opportunity theorizing may be advanced by Islamic philosophies and interpretations. In particular, it presents two concurrent principles of gender relations in Islam, for instance, equality and difference of women and men. While Islamic scholars generally agree that women and men are equal because both are created by one God, there are two competing interpretations with respect to the principle of difference between women and men. The first is an egalitarian interpretation which advocates affirmative action in women's favour, and the second is a patriarchal interpretation which supports women's subordination to men. We present this discussion and use it to develop our understanding of equal opportunity or lack thereof in MMCs.
Hand hygiene compliance in intensive care units: An observational study
Authors: Hoffmann Magdalena , Sendlhofer Gerald , Gombotz Veronika , Pregartner Gudrun , Zierler Renate , Schwarz Christine , Tax Christa , Brunner Gernot
Published: October 2019

Aim

Health care–associated infections along with antibiotic resistance are a leading risk for patient safety in intensive care units. Hygienic hand disinfection is still regarded as the most effective, simplest, and most cost‐effective measure to reduce health care–associated infections. To improve hand hygiene compliance and to prevent health care–associated infections, interventions of the “German Clean Hands Campaign” were implemented in a university hospital.

Methods

Observational single‐center study using direct observation and feedback. Hand hygiene performance was assessed in 12 intensive care units between 2013 and 2017. Linear mixed model regression analyses were used to estimate the compliance trend over time.

Results

In total, 10 315 “my five moments for hand hygiene” were observed. The mean hand hygiene compliance rates increased from 75.1% to 88.6% during the study period, yielding an estimated increase of about 4.5% per year. However, there are differences in compliance between occupational groups (physicians: between 61.2% and 77.1%; nurses: between 80.2% and 90.9%; others: between 61.3% and 82.4%).

Conclusions

After implementation of the “German Clean Hands Campaign” interventions, an overall significant improvement of hand hygiene was detected. Compliance measurements helped to raise awareness among health care professional groups.
Gender differences in metabolic syndrome risk factors among patients with serious mental illness
Authors: Tzeng Wen‐Chii , Chiang Yu‐Shuang , Feng Hsin‐Pei , Chien Wu‐Chien , Tai Yueh‐Ming , Chen Mei‐Jung
Published: October 2019

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components continue to increase among patients with serious mental illness. This cross‐sectional study investigated whether metabolic syndrome prevalence and risk factors differ between male and female patients with serious mental illness. In total, 260 eligible patients were recruited from two hospitals. The data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviour factors, biochemistry, and anthropometry were collected. Analyses were performed using multivariate logistic regression. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 40.8% (35.1% in men and 46.8% in women). Among patients aged 40–49 years, metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher in men; however, the trend was reversed among patients aged 50 years or older. Notably, gender‐specific metabolic syndrome risk factors were observed. In men, they included low education level, high body mass index (BMI), prolonged illness, comorbid physical illness, and diagnosis of bipolar disorder, whereas they included being married, old age, and high BMI in women. Our findings suggest that mental health professionals should consider the gender‐ and age‐based metabolic syndrome prevalence trend in patients with serious mental illness when designing interventions for the study population to minimize metabolic syndrome prevalence.
Clinical characteristics, predictors, and performance of case definition—Interim results from the WHO global respiratory syncytial virus surveillance pilot
Authors: Hirve Siddhivinayak , Crawford Nigel , Palekar Rakhee , Zhang Wenqing ,   the WHO RSV surveillance Group
Published: October 2019

Background

The lack of a uniform surveillance case definition poses a challenge to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, and disease burden of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Global standards for RSV surveillance will inform immunization policy when RSV vaccines become available.

Methods

The WHO RSV surveillance pilot leverages the capacities of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Hospitalized and non‐hospitalized medically attended patients of any age were tested for RSV using standardized molecular diagnostics throughout the year in fourteen countries. An extended severe acute respiratory infection (extended SARI) or an acute respiratory infection (ARI) case definition was used that did not require fever as a criterion.

Results

Amongst 21 221 patients tested for RSV between January 2017 and September 2018, 15 428 (73%) were hospital admissions. Amongst hospitalized RSV‐positive patients, 50% were aged <6 months and 88% <2 years. The percentage of patients testing positive for RSV was 37% in children <6 months and 25% in those aged 6 months to 2 years. Patients with fever were less likely to be RSV positive compared to those without fever (OR 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63‐0.86). For infants <6 months, 29% of RSV ARI cases did not have fever.

Conclusion

Requiring fever in a case definition for RSV lowers the sensitivity to detect cases in young children. Countries should consider ways to leverage the GISRS platform to implement RSV surveillance with an augmented case definition amongst the young pediatric population.
Lexicographic optimization‐based clustering search metaheuristic for the multiobjective flexible job shop scheduling problem
Authors: Bissoli Dayan C. , Zufferey Nicolas , Amaral André R. S.
Published: November 2019

In recent years, the flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) has received a great deal of attention from researchers not only due to its complexity but also due to its wide range of applications in the industry. The FJSP extends the job shop scheduling problem (JSP) by allowing operations to be processed by a set of alternative machines. Many of the studies found in the literature consider the objective of minimizing the largest completion time of the jobs, that is, the makespan. However, in the real context of industries, considering more than one criterion is often relevant. Thus, the present work addresses two additional criteria besides the makespan: minimizing the maximum workload of the machines and minimizing the total workload of the machines. Aiming at real cases, where it is necessary to define priorities among the criteria, a clustering search (CS) algorithm was implemented using a lexicographic classification of the objectives for solving the multiobjective FJSP (MOFJSP). The results of this study show that compared to the state‐of‐the‐art approach, CS is an effective alternative to solve the MOFJSP.
Proteomics of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with heart failure
Authors: Zhao Lei , Guo Zongsheng , Wang Pan , Zheng Meili , Yang Xiaoyan , Liu Ye , Ma Zheng , Chen Mulei , Yang Xinchun
Published: October 2019

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active visceral fat depot closely linked to the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). But the molecular signatures related to the mechanism of HF have not been systematically explored. Here, we present comprehensive proteomic analysis of EAT in HF patients and non‐HF patients as controls. A total of 771 proteins were identified in liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Amongst them, 17 increased in abundance in HF and seven decreased. They were involved in HF‐related processes including inflammation and oxidative stress response and lipid metabolism. Of these proteins, serine proteinase inhibitor A3 (Serpina3) levels in EAT were highly up‐regulated in HF, with HF/non‐HF ratio of 4.63 (P = .0047). Gene expression of Serpina3 via quantitative polymerase chain reaction was significantly increased in the HF group. ELISA analysis confirmed a significant increase in circulating plasma Serpina3 levels in the HF group (P = .004). In summary, for the first time, we describe that parts of EAT proteome may be reactive and work as modulators of HF. Our profiling provides a comprehensive basis for linking EAT with pathogenesis of HF. Understanding the role of EAT may offer new insights into the treatment of HF.
Do sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms improve with school‐based ADHD interventions? Outcomes and predictors of change
Authors: Smith Zoe R. , Langberg Joshua M.
Published: October 2019

Background

Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a construct that includes symptoms of slowness, excessive daydreaming, and drowsiness. SCT is often comorbid with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and SCT symptoms are associated with significant academic impairment above the influence of ADHD. Despite the overlap between ADHD and SCT and associated impairments, no studies have evaluated how evidence‐based psychosocial interventions for adolescents with ADHD impact symptoms of SCT.

Methods

This study examined whether SCT symptoms improved in a sample of 274 young adolescents with ADHD who were randomly assigned to an organizational skills intervention, homework completion intervention, or to a waitlist control. SCT intervention response was evaluated broadly in all participants and, specifically, for participants in the clinical range for SCT symptom severity at baseline. Change in ADHD symptoms of inattention, executive functioning, and motivation were examined as potential predictors of improvement in SCT.

Results

The two intervention groups were collapsed together for analyses because there were no significant differences in change in SCT symptoms. Multilevel modeling results indicate that parent‐reported SCT symptoms significantly decreased when comparing the intervention group to waitlist control (d = .410). For adolescents with parent‐reported clinical levels of SCT, the decrease in symptoms was more pronounced (d = .517). Self‐reported SCT symptoms produced null results, though effect size calculations showed small improvement for the full sample (d = .313) and for the high‐SCT group (d = .384). Change in behavior regulation executive functioning (d = .247), metacognitive executive functioning (d = .346), and inattention (d = .230) predicted change in parent‐reported SCT symptoms.

Conclusions

Although not specifically designed to decrease SCT symptoms, the ADHD interventions evaluated in this study resulted in significant improvements in parent‐reported SCT with small to moderate effect sizes. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed, including development of interventions for adolescents with high levels of SCT.
DRP1 upregulation promotes pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis through increased aerobic glycolysis
Authors: Liang Jing , Yang Yiping , Bai Lu , Li Feng , Li Enxiao
Published: November 2019

Background

Mitochondrial shape is dynamically changed by fusion and fission processes in cells, and dysfunction of this process has become one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. However, the expression patterns and biological effects of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins in pancreatic cancer (PC) are still unclear.

Methods

The expressions of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins were first evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis in both PC cell lines and tissue samples. In addition, the biologic functions of the differentially expressed proteins in PC cell growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo and their potential underlying mechanisms were systematically explored.

Results

We first found that DRP1 was substantially upregulated in PC cell lines and tissue samples mainly due to the downregulation of miR‐29a, which contributed to the poor survival of PC patients. DRP1 promoted the growth and metastasis of PC cells both in vitro and in vivo by inducing G1‐S cell cycle transition and matrix metalloproteinase 2 secretion. Mechanistic investigations revealed that increased DRP1 upregulation‐mediated mitochondrial fission and subsequently enhanced aerobic glycolysis were involved in the promotion of growth and metastasis by DRP1 in PC cells.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial fusion protein DRP1 plays a critical oncogenic role in PC cells by enhancing aerobic glycolysis, which could serve as a novel therapeutic target for PC treatment.
The morphological diversity of the quadrate bone in squamate reptiles as revealed by high‐resolution computed tomography and geometric morphometrics
Authors: Palci Alessandro , Caldwell Michael W. , Hutchinson Mark N. , Konishi Takuya , Lee Michael S. Y.
Published: October 2019

We examined the morphological diversity of the quadrate bone in squamate reptiles (i.e. lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians). The quadrate is the principal splanchnocranial element involved in suspending the lower jaw from the skull, and its shape is of particular interest because it is potentially affected by several factors, such as phylogenetic history, allometry, ecology, skull kinesis and hearing capabilities (e.g. presence or absence of a tympanic ear). Due to its complexity, the quadrate bone is also considered one of the most diagnostic elements in fragmentary fossil taxa. We describe quadrates from 38 species spread across all major squamate clades, using qualitative and quantitative (e.g. geometric morphometrics) methods. We test for possible correlations between shape variation and factors such as phylogeny, size, ecology and presence/absence of a tympanum. Our results show that the shape of the quadrate is highly evolutionarily plastic, with very little of the diversity explained by phylogenetic history. Size variation (allometric scaling) is similarly unable to explain much shape diversity in the squamate quadrate. Ecology (terrestrial/fossorial/aquatic) and presence of a tympanic ear are more significant, but together explain only about 20% of the diversity observed. Other unexplored and more analytically complex factors, such as skull biomechanics, likely play additional major roles in shaping the quadrates of lizards and snakes.
Expression patterns of intermediate filament proteins desmin and lamin A in the developing conduction system of early human embryonic hearts
Authors: Liu Hui‐Xia , Jing Yi‐Xin , Wang Jing‐Jing , Yang Yan‐Ping , Wang Yun‐Xiu , Li Hai‐Rong , Song Li , Li Ai‐Hong , Cui Hui‐Lin , Jing Ya
Published: October 2019

Since embryonic heart development is a complex process and acquisition of human embryonic specimens is challenging, the mechanism by which the embryonic conduction system develops remains unclear. Herein, we attempt to gain insights into this developmental process through immunohistochemical staining and 3D reconstructions. Expression analysis of T‐box transcription factor 3, cytoskeleton desmin, and nucleoskeleton lamin A protein in human embryos in Carnegie stages 11–20 showed that desmin is preferentially expressed in the myocardium of the central conduction system compared with the peripheral conduction system, and is co‐expressed with T‐box transcription factor 3 in the central conduction system. Further, lamin A was first expressed in the embryonic ventricular trabeculations, where the terminal ramifications of the peripheral conduction system develop, and extended progressively to all parts of the central conduction system. The uncoupled spatiotemporal distribution pattern of lamin A and desmin indicated that the association of cytoskeleton desmin and nucleoskeleton lamin A may be a late event in human embryonic heart development. Compared with model animals, our data provide a direct morphological basis for understanding the arrhythmogenesis caused by mutations in human DES and LMNA genes.
Microdermabrasion and topical tacrolimus: A novel combination therapy of vitiligo
Authors: Abd‐Elazim Nagwa E. , Yassa Haidy A. , Mahran Ayman M.
Published: October 2019

Background

Topical immunomodulators have been successfully used as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic modalities in treating vitiligo. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the combination of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment and microdermabrasion as a therapeutic modality to hasten response time and improve repigmentation rate in vitiligo vulgaris.

Aims

To explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of MDA and topical tacrolimus (0.03%) as a novel therapeutic approach for stable vitiligo vulgaris.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients with vitiligo were enrolled in this randomized placebo‐controlled study. Three vitiligenous patches were chosen in each patient. The first lesion (A) was treated by tacrolimus 0.03% ointment, the second lesion (B) was treated by tacrolimus and microdermabrasion, and the third lesion (C) was treated by petrolatum as a placebo. Treatment course was 3 months, and follow‐up was done for three extra months. Vitiligenous patches were assessed at baseline and monthly for 6 months.

Results

Moderate to excellent response was observed in 65.7% of lesions B, compared with 25.8% of lesions A (P = .001). Improvement in VASI score was significantly better in patients treated by the combination therapy (P = .000). Disease duration has a negative impact on therapeutic response. Patients were more satisfied with the combination treatment.

Conclusion

Microdermabrasion combined with tacrolimus 0.03% ointment represents a new therapeutic option for the treatment of vitiligo which appears to be an easy, safe, and effective.
Lower facial regeneration with a combination of platelet‐rich fibrin liquid matrices based on the low speed centrifugation concept‐Cleopatra technique
Authors: Nacopoulos Cleopatra , Vesala Anna‐Maria
Published: November 2019

Background

Autologous blood concentrates are increasingly being applied in esthetic medicine and dentistry due to their safety and their potential beneficial properties. Platelet‐rich fibrin based on the low speed centrifugation, a newly described blood product, seems to convey additional properties in several in vitro and ex vivo studies. Its clinical significance however in relation to facial regeneration remains anecdotal.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess a specific combination of PRF liquid matrices utilized for lower facial regeneration (Cleopatra technique).

Patients/Methods

Cleopatra technique was applied in 32 patients. In addition to recording of all patients' complaints and adverse events, a photographical study was performed. Possible positive effects were assessed by asking twenty‐three independent reviewers to distinguish initial and later photographs of each patient.

Results

A statistically significant percentage of true answers by the reviewers was noted upon completion of the treatment (U = 110.5, P < .001), which indicates a clinically significant effect of Cleopatra technique. Moreover, only few minor, self‐limited adverse events were recorded.

Conclusions

Cleopatra technique is a well‐tolerated and effective method of lower facial rejuvenation that deserves further attention from dentists and other health professional who utilize conservative methods in facial esthetics.
Hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA status can reveal the long‐term prognoses of chronic hepatitis B patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues
Authors: Luo Hao , Tan Ning , Kang Qian , Pan Jiali , Chen Hongyu , Xi Hongli , Yu Min , Xu Xiaoyuan
Published: October 2019

We examined whether the hepatitis B virus (HBV) pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) status after nucleos(t)ide (NA) treatment can predict the long‐time prognoses of chronic hepatitis B patients. Patients with chronic hepatitis B (98) who were treatment‐naïve and had begun a 7‐year NA therapy regimen were enrolled in this study. Biochemical indicators and serological markers of HBV infection were performed during therapy. HBV pgRNA was quantified by real‐time quantitative PCR with specific primers. During treatment, HBV DNA undetectable rates increased. The aminotransferase (ALT) normalization (ALT < 50 IU/L) and HBeAg‐negative rates also increased. After 48 weeks’ NA treatment, 48.28% (28/58) of HBV DNA undetectable patients still had HBV pgRNA‐positive. After 7 years of treatment, more HBV pgRNA‐negative patients (n = 35) achieved HBeAg clearance than the patients who were HBV pgRNA‐positive (n = 63) (19/23 vs 19/56, P < .00). HBV pgRNA‐positive patients also had an increased risk of failing to achieve HBeAg clearance (OR = 9.25, 95% CI: 2.75‐31.08). The median time to HBeAg clearance in the HBV pgRNA‐positive patients was longer than that of the HBV pgRNA‐negative patients (152 weeks vs 72 weeks). The HBV pgRNA‐positive patients also required more time to achieve HBV DNA undetectable (124 weeks, 95% CI: 103.33‐144.67 vs 48 weeks, 95% CI: 34.80‐61.20). The HBV pgRNA status after NA treatment can predict the long‐term prognoses of patients with chronic HBV. Patients who remain HBV pgRNA‐positive after 48 weeks of NA treatment have an increased risk of not achieving HBeAg clearance, need more time to achieve HBeAg clearance and undetectable HBV DNA load.
Long‐term sponge stranding along the shores of Sardinia Island (Western Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Manconi Renata , Padiglia Andrea , Cubeddu Tiziana , Pronzato Roberto
Published: October 2019

The taxonomic richness and geographic distribution of sponges stranded along Sardinian shores were investigated in the long term by means of a revisited ancient sampling method in order to support a comprehensive species inventory. Almost all stranded species were Keratosa (n = 20), plus 6 species of other Demospongiae taxa. Dictyoceratida were dominant, with 6 genera and 19 species of the families Irciniidae, Spongiidae and Thorectidae: 9 Mediterranean endemics, 7 Atlanto‐Mediterranean and 3 widespread species. Regarding Dendroceratida, only the genus Spongionella was found. Some species (n = 8) were recorded for the first time in circum‐Sardinian seas. A high percentage (54.3%; 19 out of the 35 species) of the total Mediterranean Dictyoceratida fauna was recorded, including the most endangered Mediterranean species, that is of the genera Spongia and Hippospongia. Hippospongia communis, Ircinia variabilis, Spongia zimocca and Spongia officinalis were the most common species. Morphotraits of rare and/or poorly known species were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparison among Sardinian sectors, and between Sardinian and adjacent seas, revealed a high similarity of stranded Dictyoceratida, despite the fact that the data from Tyrrhenian and Balearic–Catalan seas were collected mainly from SCUBA records. The cost‐effective sampling method used in the present study seems appropriate to the gross qualitative monitoring of coastal areas (e.g. large unexplored Northern African coasts), in order to assess the conservation status of Mediterranean Keratosa species. The wide distribution of all Mediterranean bath sponge species indicates their good conservation status in circum‐Sardinian seas, a datum that could usefully support the future management of this bioresource, particularly in protected areas.
Health‐related quality of life among migrant workers: The impact of health‐promoting behaviors
Authors: Cho Sunghye , Lee Hyeonkyeong , Oh Eui Geum , Kim Gwang Suk , Kim Yong‐Chan , Park Chang‐gi
Published: October 2019

Health‐related quality of life is an important aspect of migrant workers' overall well‐being and adaptation. The aims of this study were to develop a structural model and test the health‐related quality of life among migrant workers. A cross‐sectional study design was used, and data were collected from 228 migrant workers from China who are currently living in Korea and using the services of free clinics for health issues. The structured questionnaire disseminated for the study was designed to measure health‐related quality of life, health‐promotion behaviors, barriers, resources, and perceptual factors. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Health‐promotion behaviors and self‐efficacy have significant positive direct effects on health‐related quality of life, and acculturative stress has a significant negative direct effect on health‐related quality of life. These findings suggest that certain strategies are needed for developing health‐promotion programs aimed at the betterment of migrant workers' health‐related quality of life. Specifically, health‐promotion behaviors and self‐efficacy among migrant workers should be encouraged, and strategies for decreasing their acculturative stress should be formulated.
A basic helix–loop–helix protein (GhFP1) promotes fibre elongation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) by modulating brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signalling
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Hao , Chen Yun , Wang Na‐Na , Chen Yi‐Hao , Wei Ning , Lu Rui , Li Yang , Li Xue‐Bao
Published: October 2019

Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) proteins are involved in transcriptional networks controlling a number of biological processes in plants. However, little information is known on the roles of bHLH proteins in cotton fibre development so far.

Here, we show that a cotton bHLH protein (GhFP1) positively regulates fibre elongation. GhFP1 transgenic cotton and Arabidopsis plants were generated to study how GhFP1 regulates fibre cell elongation.

Fibre length of the transgenic cotton overexpressing GhFP1 was significantly longer than that of wild‐type, whereas suppression of GhFP1 expression hindered fibre elongation. Furthermore, overexpression of GhFP1 in Arabidopsis promoted trichome development. Expression of the brassinosteroid (BR)‐related genes was markedly upregulated in fibres of GhFP1 overexpression cotton, but downregulated in GhFP1‐silenced fibres. BR content in the transgenic fibres was significantly altered, relative to that in wild‐type. Moreover, GhFP1 protein could directly bind to the promoters of GhDWF4 and GhCPD to activate expression of these BR‐related genes.

Therefore, our data suggest that GhFP1 as a positive regulator participates in controlling fibre elongation by activating BR biosynthesis and signalling. Additionally, homodimerisation of GhFP1 may be essential for its function, and interaction between GhFP1 and other cotton bHLH proteins may interfere with its DNA‐binding activity.
Metformin in pregnancy to avert gestational diabetes in women at high risk: Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Doi Suhail A.R. , Furuya‐Kanamori Luis , Toft Egon , Musa Omran A.H. , Islam Nazmul , Clark Justin , Thalib Lukman
Published: October 2019

Previous randomized and observational studies on the efficacy of metformin in pregnancy to reduce incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women at high risk (obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], or pregestational insulin resistance) have been conflicting and several groups are planning further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to answer this question conclusively. This work assesses the efficacy of metformin in pregnancy to avert one outcome—incident GDM in women at high risk. We included RCTs comparing metformin with usual care or placebo controls in terms of incident GDM and recruiting women at high risk during early pregnancy. Eleven eligible trials enrolled 2370 adult women whose intervention arm consisted of metformin started at conception or before 20 weeks of gestation. Risk of GDM was similar in intervention compared with controls (risk ratio [RR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85‐1.24). The data were of sufficient quality meeting the criteria for consistency and directness. We conclude that metformin does not contribute to averting the GDM outcome in women at high risk when initiated in pregnancy. The evidence provided by this synthesis affirms that further broad clinical trials investigating this question are no longer needed.
Advances in “omics” approaches to tackle drought stress in grain legumes
Authors: Jha Uday Chand , Bohra Abhishek , Nayyar Harsh
Published: October 2019

Grain legumes being affordable sources of proteins, vitamins and essential micronutrients are key to human nutrition worldwide. However, frequent drought episodes present serious threat to grain legume production worldwide. Advances in legume omics in concert with evolving phenotyping and breeding techniques hold great promise to improve drought response of these crops. These resources could underpin prebreeding efforts to expedite discovery and deployment of novel drought tolerance traits into elite backgrounds. Fast‐track transfer of traits that confer drought tolerance using marker technologies has been demonstrated in grain legumes like chickpea. However, complex genetic architecture of drought tolerance demands embracing more efficient tools like genomic selection (GS) for accelerated trait improvement. Recent studies on GS for addressing complex traits like drought tolerance have yielded encouraging results in these crops. Recently, speed breeding (SB) protocols have also been optimized for the improvement of long‐day/day‐neutral grain legumes. Efficacy of SB protocols with regard to complex traits awaits further evidences though. There remains immense scope for integrating SB with GS and gene editing to deliver drought‐tolerant cultivars.
Food restriction, nutrition status, and growth in toddlers with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Low Dy‐Win , Jamil Adawiyah , Md Nor Norazirah , Kader Ibrahim Sabeera Begum , Poh Bee Koon
Published: October 2019

Background

Multiple factors affect growth in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). We investigated food restriction practice, nutrition, and growth in children with AD. Food restriction is defined as restriction ≥3 types of food due to AD or food allergy.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed in 150 children aged 12‐36 months. Exclusion criteria: recurrent infections, moderate to severe asthma, recent systemic steroid, other diseases affecting growth/nutrition. Growth parameters, SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), hemoglobin, hematocrit, sodium, potassium, albumin, protein, calcium, phosphate, B12, iron, and folate values were determined. Parents completed a 3‐day food diary.

Results

The prevalence of food restriction was 60.7%. Commonly restricted foods were shellfish 62.7%, nuts 53.3%, egg 50%, dairy 29.3%, and cow's milk 28.7%. Food‐restricted children have significantly lower calorie, protein, fat, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus and iron intakes and lower serum iron, protein and albumin values. Z scores of weight‐for‐age (−1.38 ± 1.02 vs −0.59 ± 0.96,P = .00), height‐for‐age (−1.34 ± 1.36 vs −0.51 ± 1.22,P = .00), head circumference‐for‐age (−1.37 ± 0.90 vs −0.90 ± 0.81,P = .00), mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC)‐for‐age (−0.71 ± 0.90 vs −0.22 ± 0.88,P = .00), and BMI‐for‐age (−0.79 ± 1.15 vs −0.42 ± 0.99,P = .04) were significantly lower in food‐restricted compared to non‐food‐restricted children. More food‐restricted children were stunted, underweight with lower head circumference and MUAC. Severe disease was an independent risk factor for food restriction with OR 5.352; 95% CI, 2.26‐12.68.

Conclusion

Food restriction is common in children with AD. It is associated with lower Z scores for weight, height, head circumference, MUAC, and BMI. Severe disease is an independent risk factor for food restriction.
Lifestyle‐related risk factors among patients with coronary artery disease in Nepal
Authors: Gaudel Pramila , Kaunonen Marja , Neupane Subas , Joronen Katja , Koivisto Anna‐Maija , Rantanen Anja
Published: October 2019

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and morbidity globally. South Asia, including Nepal, has higher risks for CAD due to relatively higher exposures to risk factors. This study evaluated the prevalence of lifestyle‐related risk factors and the associations of risk factors with socio‐demographic variables among CAD patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among CAD patients (n = 224) admitted to a national heart centre in Nepal. Data on dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, physical activity, overweight or obesity and adherence to medication were collected using standard questionnaires. The numbers of risk factors were categorised into three groups (1–2 = low, 3 = medium, 4–7 = high). Data analysis was performed by cross‐tabulation and multinomial logistic regression. Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as the measure of the associations.

Results

The prevalence of risk factors among patients varied from 23% to 97%, with stress being the most prevalent, and current alcohol consumption the least. The majority of study patients had multiple lifestyle‐related risk factors. Male patients (POR for medium vs. low 2.83; 95% CI 1.3, 6.18) and patients with high incomes (POR for high vs. low 2.53; 95% CI 1.10, 5.83) had higher odds of being in the medium‐ and high‐risk group, respectively.

Conclusions

Lifestyle‐related risk factors were highly prevalent among CAD patients. Various socio‐demographic variables were associated with the risk groups. Intervention studies on lifestyle risk factor modifications among this target group are recommended.
Everything but racism: A critical analysis of Latina/o college sorority and fraternity research
Authors: Orta David
Published: October 2019

The persisting disparity in college graduation rates along racial and ethnic lines combined with growing Latina/o college‐age population has compelled an increasing number of researchers to examine inequalities in higher education outcomes. Some of these researchers have attempted to better understand Latina/o college experiences by researching Latina/o Greek life. In this article, I review the literature on Latina/o sororities and fraternities. I identify four approaches in the scholarship: Latina/o student development through campus involvement, Latina/o ethnic identity development through sorority or fraternity participation, finding cultural congruence in sorority and fraternity membership, and perceived discrimination and racial climates in college. This article reveals that scholarship about Latina/o Greek life examining race and racism is severely limited. Given the scope of existing work, I suggest that analysts have examined “everything but racism.” I conclude by highlighting some of the research on higher education that centers race and ethnicity as an analytical focus, demonstrating deeply embedded processes that impact Latina/o college student success. I argue that research about race and racism in college points to significant opportunities for researchers seeking to examine how Latinas/os navigate such environments, as Greek life is woven into the social and academic fabric of higher education institutions.
Land use capability classification adaptation in low and intermediate technology farming systems: A soil erosion indicator
Authors: Taveira Luís R. S. , Weindorf David C. , De Menezes Michele D. , de Carvalho Teotonio Soares , Da Motta Paulo Emílio F. , Teixeira Anita Fernanda dos Santos , Curi Nilton
Published: October 2019

Land classification assists in identifying optimal crop selection for a given field, and land use capability gives an indication of potential agronomic productivity. However, these approaches are most germane to farming systems managed with high technology. This study sought to adapt land use capability to farming systems managed with low and intermediate levels of technology. Assessment of the classification criteria was conducted using erosion data as a primary indicator. The adapted (and currently in effect) criteria were compared in three regions in Minas Gerais, Brazil, each one representing one of the management levels. Erosion often results from inappropriate practices in land use or management. Therefore, maps of adequacy of land use and management were used to measure how well each one corresponded to the erosion map. The adapted criteria changed the spatial distribution of the classes of land use capability in different ways. Correspondence between the land use/management map and the erosion map increased from 71% to 88.5% when the criteria adapted to an intermediate level of management were used. It also increased from 62.9% to 66.7% when the criteria adapted to a low level of management were considered, better reflecting current erosion. Therefore, adopting adapted classification criteria is recommended for planning land use in locations where farming systems with low and intermediate levels of management are common, requiring re‐adaptation and reassessment depending on socio‐environmental factors.
HLA antibodies in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Little Ann‐Margaret
Published: November 2019

The negative impact of donor specific HLA alloantibodies in solid organ transplantation is well known and understood within the histocompatibility and immunogenetics community. However the influence of donor‐specific antibodies in the outcome of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is less well regarded. As donor choices have evolved from HLA matched siblings and extremely well matched unrelated donors to mismatched cord blood and haplo‐identical‐related donors, we are now identifying more patients with antibodies reactive against their donor mismatches. The clinical significance of the antibodies that can be detected has not yet been fully elucidated.
The evolution of the axonal transport toolkit
Authors: Surana Sunaina , Villarroel‐Campos David , Lazo Oscar M. , Moretto Edoardo , Tosolini Andrew P. , Rhymes Elena R. , Richter Sandy , Sleigh James N. , Schiavo Giampietro
Published: October 2019

Neurons are highly polarized cells that critically depend on long‐range, bidirectional transport between the cell body and synapse for their function. This continual and highly coordinated trafficking process, which takes place via the axon, has fascinated researchers since the early 20th century. Ramon y Cajal first proposed the existence of axonal trafficking of biological material after observing that dissociation of the axon from the cell body led to neuronal degeneration. Since these first indirect observations, the field has come a long way in its understanding of this fundamental process. However, these advances in our knowledge have been aided by breakthroughs in other scientific disciplines, as well as the parallel development of novel tools, techniques and model systems. In this review, we summarize the evolution of tools used to study axonal transport and discuss how their deployment has refined our understanding of this process. We also highlight innovative tools currently being developed and how their addition to the available axonal transport toolkit might help to address key outstanding questions.
Stability of perception of the hand's aperture in a grasp
Authors: Butler Annie A. , Héroux Martin E. , van Eijk Tess , Gandevia Simon C.
Published: October 2019

Key points

How we judge the location of our body parts can be affected by a range of factors that change how our brain interprets proprioceptive signals.

We examined the effect of several such factors on how we perceive an object's width and the spacing between our thumb and fingers when grasping. Grasp‐related perceptions were slightly wider when using all digits, in line with our tendency to grasp larger objects with the entire hand.

Surprisingly, these perceptions were not affected by the frames of reference for judgements (object width versus grasp aperture), whether the object was grasped actively or passively, or the strength of the grasp.

These results show that the brain maintains a largely stable representation of the hand when grasping stationary objects. This stability may underpin our dexterity when grasping a vast array of objects.

Various factors can alter how the brain interprets proprioceptive signals, leading to errors in how we perceive our body and execute motor tasks. This study determined the effect of critical factors on hand‐based perceptions. In Experiment 1, 20 participants grasped without lifting an unseen 6.5 cm‐wide object with two grasp configurations: thumb and all fingers, and thumb and index finger. Participants reported perceived grasp aperture (body reference frame) or perceived object width (external reference frame) using visual charts. In Experiment 2, 20 participants grasped the object with three grasp intensities (1, 5 and 15% maximal grasp force) actively or passively and reported perceived grasp aperture. A follow‐up experiment addressed whether results from Experiment 2 were influenced by the external force applied during passive grasp. Overall, there was a mean difference of 0.38 cm (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.12 to 0.63) between the two grasp configurations (all digits compared to thumb and index finger). Perceived object width compared to perceived grasp aperture differed by only −0.04 cm (95% CI, −0.30 to 0.21). There was no real effect of grasp intensity on perceived grasp aperture (−0.01 cm; 95% CI, −0.03 to 0.01) or grasp type (active versus passive; 0.18 cm; 95% CI, −0.19 to 0.55). Overall, grasp‐related perceptions are slightly wider when using all digits, in line with our tendency to grasp larger objects with the entire hand. The other factors – frame of reference, grasp intensity and grasp type – had no meaningful effect on these perceptions. These results provide evidence that the brain maintains a largely stable representation of the hand.
Analysis and Selection Criteria of Lakes and Dams of Pakistan for Floating Photovoltaic Capabilities
Authors: Zubair Muhammad , Bilal Awan Ahmed , Ghuffar Sajid , Butt Arslan Dawood , Farhan Muhammad
Published: October 2019

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan is deteriorating by power shortage. The floating PV (FPV) on lakes and dams can address this problem by generating energy at cheaper rates and reducing evaporation of water at the same time. The best location is selected by comparing the available solar resources, nearby load, storage of land, and performance parameters such as energy yield (EY), capacity factor (CF), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and net present cost (NPC). The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) shows that the best location for the FPV in Pakistan is Chinna Creek in the megacity of Karachi. The global horizontal irradiance (GHI) in Chinna Creek is 6.1 kWh/m2/day, where land is scarce. This site can generate electrical energy by the FPV system at an energy yield of 2345 kWh/kW, which is 8.6% higher than the land-based PV (LBPV) system. The total national installed capacity (IC) of Pakistan in 2017 is 28 GW, while the analysis shows that Pakistan has capabilities of 190 GW IC in the form of FPV systems. A detailed analysis of the FPV system and its comparison with the LBPV is provided as a guideline for policymakers.
Ratcheting Prediction at the Notch Root of Steel Samples Over Asymmetric Loading Cycles
Authors: Shekarian A. , Varvani-Farahani A.
Published: October 2019

The present study intends to evaluate local ratcheting and stress relaxation of medium carbon steel samples under various asymmetric load levels by means of two kinematic hardening rules of Chaboche (CH) and Ahmadzadeh-Varvani (A-V). The Neuber's rule was coupled with the hardening rules to predict ratcheting and stress relaxation at the vicinity of the notch root. Stress-strain hysteresis loops generated by the CH and A-V models were employed to simultaneously control ratcheting progress over stress cycles and stress relaxation at notch root while strain range kept constant in each cycle. The higher cyclic load levels applied at the notch root accelerated shakedown over smaller number of cycles and resulted in lower relaxation rate. The larger notch diameter of 9 mm on the other hand induced lower stress concentration and smaller plastic zone at the notch root promoting ratcheting progress with less materials constraint over loading cycles compared with notch diameter d = 3 mm. Predicted ratcheting results through the A-V and CH models as coupled with the Neuber's rule were found in good agreements with the experimental data. The choice of the A-V and CH hardening rules in assessing ratcheting of materials was attributed to the number of terms/coefficients and complexity of their frameworks and computational time/central processing unit (CPU) required to run a ratcheting program.
Effects of In-Season Velocity- Versus Percentage-Based Training in Academy Rugby League Players
Authors: Orange Samuel T. , Metcalfe James W. , Robinson Ashley , Applegarth Mark J. , Liefeith Andreas
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To compare the effects of velocity-based training (VBT) vs percentage-based training (PBT) on strength, speed, and jump performance in academy rugby league players during a 7-wk in-season mesocycle. Methods: A total of 27 rugby league players competing in the Super League U19s Championship were randomized to VBT (n = 12) or PBT (n = 15). Both groups completed a 7-wk resistance-training intervention (2×/wk) that involved the back squat. The PBT group used a fixed load based on a percentage of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM), whereas the VBT group used a modifiable load based on individualized velocity thresholds. Biomechanical and perceptual data were collected during each training session. Back-squat 1-RM, countermovement jump, reactive strength index, sprint times, and back-squat velocity at 40–90% 1-RM were assessed pretraining and posttraining. Results: The PBT group showed likely to most likely improvements in 1-RM strength and reactive strength index, whereas the VBT group showed likely to very likely improvements in 1-RM strength, countermovement jump height, and back-squat velocity at 40% and 60% 1-RM. Sessional velocity and power were most likely greater during VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean differences = 1.8–2.4), while time under tension and perceptual training stress were likely lower (standardized mean differences = 0.49–0.66). The improvement in back-squat velocity at 60% 1-RM was likely greater following VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean difference = 0.50). Conclusion: VBT can be implemented during the competitive season, instead of traditional PBT, to improve training stimuli, decrease training stress, and promote velocity-specific adaptations.