bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved seed methods for symmetric positive definite linear equations with multiple right‐hand sides
Authors: Abdel‐Rehim Abdou M. , Morgan Ronald B. , Wilcox Walter
Published: July 2013

We consider symmetric positive definite systems of linear equations with multiple right‐hand sides. The seed conjugate gradient (CG) method solves one right‐hand side with the CG method and simultaneously projects over the Krylov subspace thus developed for the other right‐hand sides. Then the next system is solved and used to seed the remaining ones. Rounding error in the CG method limits how much the seeding can improve convergence. We propose three changes to the seed CG method: only the first right‐hand side is used for seeding, this system is solved past convergence, and the roundoff error is controlled with some reorthogonalization. We will show that results are actually better with only one seeding, even in the case of related right‐hand sides. Controlling rounding error gives the potential for rapid convergence for the second and subsequent right‐hand sides. Polynomial preconditioning can help reduce storage needed for reorthogonalization. The new seed methods are applied to examples including matrices from quantum chromodynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase‐field model for cohesive fracture
Authors: Verhoosel Clemens V. , de Borst René
Published: July 2013

In this paper, a phase‐field model for cohesive fracture is developed. After casting the cohesive zone approach in an energetic framework, which is suitable for incorporation in phase‐field approaches, the phase‐field approach to brittle fracture is recapitulated. The approximation to the Dirac function is discussed with particular emphasis on the Dirichlet boundary conditions that arise in the phase‐field approximation. The accuracy of the discretisation of the phase field, including the sensitivity to the parameter that balances the field and the boundary contributions, is assessed at the hand of a simple example. The relation to gradient‐enhanced damage models is highlighted, and some comments on the similarities and the differences between phase‐field approaches to fracture and gradient‐damage models are made. A phase‐field representation for cohesive fracture is elaborated, starting from the aforementioned energetic framework. The strong as well as the weak formats are presented, the latter being the starting point for the ensuing finite element discretisation, which involves three fields: the displacement field, an auxiliary field that represents the jump in the displacement across the crack, and the phase field. Compared to phase‐field approaches for brittle fracture, the modelling of the jump of the displacement across the crack is a complication, and the current work provides evidence that an additional constraint has to be provided in the sense that the auxiliary field must be constant in the direction orthogonal to the crack. The sensitivity of the results with respect to the numerical parameter needed to enforce this constraint is investigated, as well as how the results depend on the orders of the discretisation of the three fields. Finally, examples are given that demonstrate grid insensitivity for adhesive and for cohesive failure, the latter example being somewhat limited because only straight crack propagation is considered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership Style in Relation to Organizational Change and Organizational Creativity: Perceptions from Nonprofit Organizational Members
Authors: Lutz Allen Stephanie , Smith Joseph E. , Da Silva Nancy
Published: July 2013

As the environment within which organizations act continues to change and becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining an organizational climate that supports change and encourages creativity is a key objective for organizational leaders. This article examines the relationship between leadership style (transformational, transactional, laissez‐faire) and members' perceptions of the psychological climate for organizational change readiness and psychological climate for organizational creativity. Results indicate that transformational leaders have a direct positive relationship with psychological climate for organizational change readiness and organizational creativity, while laissez‐faire leaders have a negative relationship.
Maternal coping, appraisals and adjustment following diagnosis of fetal anomaly
Authors: Horsch Antje , Brooks Chloe , Fletcher Helen
Published: July 2013

Objective

So far, associations between appraisals, maternal adjustment and coping following diagnosis of fetal anomaly have not been investigated in women who continue with their pregnancy.

Method

This study measured maternal coping and adjustment after and appraisal of a diagnosis of fetal anomaly in 40 mothers who had continued with their pregnancy using a cross‐sectional questionnaire design.

Results

Based on retrospective reporting, 35% of participants met full diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder after having received the diagnosis. Women were significantly more depressed (p < 0.001) and anxious (p < 0.001) and reported significantly less positive affect (p < 0.05) after having received the diagnosis in comparison to the time after childbirth. There were no significant differences between emotion‐focused and problem‐focused coping. Stressful life events, women's age, number of people providing support and problem‐focused coping explained 57.6% of variance in anxiety and depression after childbirth. Satisfaction with social support, emotion‐focused coping and problem‐focused coping significantly explained 40.6% of variance in positive affect after childbirth.

Conclusion

Following a prenatal diagnosis and for the remainder of their pregnancy, particular attention should be paid to older mothers, those experiencing additional stressful life events and those who are socially isolated, as these women may experience greater distress after childbirth. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of robust material qualities and processing conditions for laser sintering of polyamide 12
Authors: Wegner Andreas , Mielicki Christoph , Grimm Tobias , Gronhoff Burkhard , Witt Gerd , Wortberg Johannes
Published: July 2013

Material aging of Polyamide 12 (Laurinlactam) is a very common problem in laser sintering (LS). For stable process conditions, recycled material used in previous processes should be refreshed with 30–50% virgin powder material. However, even by following these refreshing strategies, material quality drops to an insufficient level after several process cycles which leads to poor part quality showing orange peel or poor mechanical properties when processed. In order to avoid this, a quality assurance system has been established to provide recommendations for robust process conditions and material qualities. A detailed study on aging processes in LS comparing two different machines was performed in order to analyze correlations between material quality, process parameters and part properties. Energy input allowing for robust processing conditions should be in a range between 0.325 and 0.42 J/mm3 showing almost identical values for both machines. Optimal material quality ranges was found to be machine specific, while the lower limit lies between 20 and 25 cm3/ 10 min for both machines used. Additionally, material aging characteristics in an oven and a LS machine were compared, in order to simulate material aging in the LS process by simple experiments in an oven. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1540–1554, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Uniaxial time‐dependent ratcheting behavior of bronze powder filled polytetrafluoroethylene at room and high temperature
Authors: Xu Wenjuan , Gao Hong , Gao Lilan , Ma Jianhua , Chen Xu
Published: July 2013

A series of tensile and ratcheting experiments for cold compaction polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and bronze filled PTFE (PTFE/bronze) were conducted with Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA‐Q800) at room and high temperature (473 K). The effects of peak stress‐holding time, creep, recovery, mean stress history, stress‐rate history, and pretension on the ratcheting behavior of PTFE/bronze were investigated. It is found that longer peak stress‐holding time leads to larger ratcheting strain accumulation. In the meantime, the ratcheting strain accumulates more rapidly at high temperature and the influence of temperature is more obvious than that of the additive fraction of bronze. Creep strain produced during the uploading and the stress‐holding time only partially recovers in the unloading process. Moreover, prior lower stress rate enhances the deformation resistance and restrains the ratcheting of subsequent cycling at higher stress rate. The ratcheting strain in the subsequent cyclic loading at lower mean stress is also restrained by previous cyclic loading at higher mean stress. Finally, the elastic modulus increases and the ratcheting strain is restrained apparently after the pretension. In addition, the elastic modulus and ratcheting strain of the PTFE/bronze with both pretension and recovery are smaller than those with pretension but without recovery. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1571–1578, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Parental coping and posttraumatic stress symptoms among pediatric cancer populations: tests of competing models
Authors: Stoppelbein Laura , Greening Leilani , Wells Hayley
Published: July 2013

Objective

The objective of this study is to examine the relation between parental coping style and the risk of parental and child posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among pediatric cancer survivors.

Methods

Child survivors of cancer ranging from 6 to 16 years of age (N = 111) completed standardized measures of depression and PTSS, while their parents completed standardized measures of PTSS and coping styles.

Results

Correlational analyses revealed that active and passive coping strategies were positively related to parental PTSS. Although child and parental PTSS were significantly related to each other, only one parental coping strategy—using substances—was significantly related to child PTSS. Regression analyses revealed support for a mediation and not for a moderation model for this relation, thereby suggesting that the relation between parental and child PTSS is mediated by parental substance use.

Conclusions

Clinical implications including identifying risk factors for PTSS among pediatric cancer survivors are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aro8, a putative α‐aminoadipate aminotransferase
Authors: Bulfer Stacie L. , Brunzelle Joseph S. , Trievel Raymond C.
Published: July 2013

α‐Aminoadipate aminotransferase (AAA‐AT) catalyzes the amination of 2‐oxoadipate to α‐aminoadipate in the fourth step of the α‐aminoadipate pathway of lysine biosynthesis in fungi. The aromatic aminotransferase Aro8 has recently been identified as an AAA‐AT in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This enzyme displays broad substrate selectivity, utilizing several amino acids and 2‐oxo acids as substrates. Here we report the 1.91Å resolution crystal structure of Aro8 and compare it to AAA‐AT LysN from Thermus thermophilus and human kynurenine aminotransferase II. Inspection of the active site of Aro8 reveals asymmetric cofactor binding with lysine‐pyridoxal‐5‐phosphate bound within the active site of one subunit in the Aro8 homodimer and pyridoxamine phosphate and a HEPES molecule bound to the other subunit. The HEPES buffer molecule binds within the substrate‐binding site of Aro8, yielding insights into the mechanism by which it recognizes multiple substrates and how this recognition differs from other AAA‐AT/kynurenine aminotransferases.
On the single‐particle‐reduced entropy of a gated nanowire system in the Coulomb blockade regime
Authors: Castelo José María , Indlekofer Klaus Michael , Malindretos Joerg
Published: July 2013

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In this Letter, the single‐particle‐reduced entropy of a nanowire field‐effect transistor (NWFET) in the Coulomb blockade regime is studied by means of a multi‐configura‐tional self‐consistent Green's function approach. Assuming that the many‐body statistical preparation of the system is described by a mixture of Slater determinants of relevant natural orbitals, the single‐particle‐reduced entropy can be interpreted as a measure of the degree of mixture of the system's preparation. Considering the realistic case of an InP based NWFET, we present current–voltage characteristics and entropy diagrams for a range of equilibrium and non‐equilibrium states. Signatures of few‐electron Coulomb charging effects can be identified, as known from experimental situations. Furthermore, we illustrate the significance of the single‐particle‐reduced entropy by analyzing the corresponding electronic configurations. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Group III nitride core–shell nano‐ and microrods for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Mandl Martin , Wang Xue , Schimpke Tilman , Kölper Christopher , Binder Michael , Ledig Johannes , Waag Andreas , Kong Xiang , Trampert Achim , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Barbagini Francesca , Calleja Enrique , Strassburg Martin
Published: July 2013

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In the past few years, tremendous progress has been demonstrated on epitaxial growth and processing of group III nitride nano‐ and microrods (NAMs). This has also enabled the fabrication of optoelectronic devices based on NAMs as active elements. However, their efficiency is still far behind the performance of conventional GaN‐based light emitting diodes (LEDs). This Review presents the most recent activities on the growth and processing of NAMs exhibiting a core–shell geometry, i.e. structures which consist of an active region shell layer wrapped around a three‐dimensional (3D) core, which allow for an enormous increase in active area compared to planar technology. The most common growth approaches using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy are described and evaluated with particular regard to their potential for solid state lighting applications. Examples for the unique properties of 3D NAMs are presented including their excellent crystalline quality. Furthermore, factors limiting the overall performance of 3D core–shell LEDs are revealed and the potential of overcoming these limitations are discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Drop Test of Plastic Packagings – Correlation with Material Parameters and Change of Packaging Behaviour After Impact of Standard Liquids
Authors: Menrad Andreas , Goedecke Thomas , Wagner Manfred H.
Published: July 2013

A guided drop test was performed to achieve a defined and reproducible impact orientation of jerrycans. The drop heights where 50% of the jerrycans experienced a failure from a crack where fluid can escape (50% failure drop height) were compared among jerrycans made of four different materials, in their original state and preconditioned with standard liquids. To analyse the impact of only elevated temperatures, the packages were preconditioned for 21 days at 40°C without the use of chemicals.

The 50% failure drop height was compared by using Young's modulus; the notched impact strength (NIS) of specimen cut from plates which were manufactured by compression moulding and the notched tensile impact strength of specimen cut‐outs of the jerrycans' side walls. The NIS depends highly on the thermal preconditioning of the plates being manufactured by compression moulding. A trend can be seen that a higher Young's modulus, a higher NIS and a higher notched tensile impact strength result in a higher 50% failure drop height, but the values are spread. The influence of the wall thickness cannot be neglected.

The change of the 50% failure drop height in regard to the preconditioning at 40°C with and without nitric acid was compared in terms of their resistance to molecular degradation, density and degree of crystallinity. The conditioning at elevated temperature causes post‐crystallization. It was shown that the resistance to molecular degradation determined on pressed plates correlates with the change of the 50% failure drop height after pre‐storage with nitric acid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Map Building Fusing Acoustic and Visual Information using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Kunz Clayton , Singh Hanumant
Published: July 2013

We present a system for automatically building three‐dimensional (3‐D) maps of underwater terrain fusing visual data from a single camera with range data from multibeam sonar. The six‐degree‐of‐freedom location of the camera relative to the navigation frame is derived as part of the mapping process, as are the attitude offsets of the multibeam head and the onboard velocity sensor. The system uses pose graph optimization and the square root information smoothing and mapping framework to simultaneously solve for the robot's trajectory, the map, and the camera location in the robot's frame. Matched visual features are treated within the pose graph as images of 3‐D landmarks, while multibeam bathymetry submap matches are used to impose relative pose constraints linking robot poses from distinct tracklines of the dive trajectory. The navigation and mapping system presented works under a variety of deployment scenarios on robots with diverse sensor suites. The results of using the system to map the structure and the appearance of a section of coral reef are presented using data acquired by the Seabed autonomous underwater vehicle.
Biochips for Cell Biology by Combined Dip‐Pen Nanolithography and DNA‐Directed Protein Immobilization
Authors: Arrabito Giuseppe , Reisewitz Stephanie , Dehmelt Leif , Bastiaens Philippe I. , Pignataro Bruno , Schroeder Hendrik , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: July 2013

A general methodology for patterning of multiple protein ligands with lateral dimensions below those of single cells is described. It employs dip pen nanolithography (DPN) patterning of DNA oligonucleotides which are then used as capture strands for DNA‐directed immobilization (DDI) of oligonucleotide‐tagged proteins. This study reports the development and optimization of PEG‐based liquid ink, used as carrier for the immobilization of alkylamino‐labeled DNA oligomers on chemically activated glass surfaces. The resulting DNA arrays have typical spot sizes of 4–5 μm with a pitch of 12 μm micrometer. It is demonstrated that the arrays can be further functionalized with covalent DNA‐streptavidin (DNA‐STV) conjugates bearing ligands recognized by cells. To this end, biotinylated epidermal growth factor (EGF) is coupled to the DNA‐STV conjugates, the resulting constructs are hybridized with the DNA arrays and the resulting surfaces used for the culturing of MCF‐7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cells. Owing to the lateral diffusion of transmembrane proteins in the cell's plasma membrane, specific recruitment and concentration of EGF receptor can be induced specifically at the sites where the ligands are bound on the solid substrate. This is a clear demonstration that this method is suitable for precise functional manipulations of subcellular areas within living cells.
Adopting agile practices when developing software for use in the medical domain
Authors: McHugh Martin , McCaffery Fergal , Casey Valentine
Published: July 2013

Non‐safety critical software developers have been reaping the benefits of adopting agile practices for a number of years. However, developers of safety critical software often have concerns about adopting agile practices. Through performing a literature review, this research has identified the perceived barriers to following agile practices when developing medical device software. A questionnaire‐based survey was also conducted with medical device software developers in Ireland to determine the barriers to adopting agile practices. The survey revealed that half of the respondents develop software in accordance with a plan‐driven software development lifecycle and that they believe that there are a number of perceived barriers to adopting agile practices when developing regulatory compliant software such as being contradictory to regulatory requirements, insufficient coverage of risk management activities and the lack of up‐front planning. In addition, a comparison is performed between the perceived and actual barriers. Based upon the findings of the literature review and survey, it emerged that no external barriers exist to adopting agile practices when developing medical device software and the barriers that do exists are internal barriers such as getting stakeholder buy in. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functions of Mg and Mg–CaO Mixtures in Hot Metal Desulfurization
Authors: Lindström David , Nortier Patrice , Sichen Du
Published: July 2013

The mechanisms of hot metal desulfurization using Mg and Mg–CaO mixtures were studied in a newly designed set‐up. It was found that most of the added Mg quickly escaped in 2 s. MgS was not formed by homogeneous nucleation but by its formation on the MgO particles originated from oxide shell of the Mg particles. When tiny CaO particles were added together with Mg, the particles efficiently transformed to CaS. It was found that Mg‐gas helped the distribution of the CaO particles in the hot metal and improved the kinetic condition. Most of the CaO particles smaller than 10 µm were completely transformed to CaS whereas CaO particles >10 µm still had CaO in the center after 20 s. The CaO particles as nuclei were also found to help Mg gas in forming MgS. The ratio of CaO and Mg added was found to have strong impact on the kinetic conditions of desulfurization. This ratio would need further study in any reactor of interest, as the kinetic conditions would differ considerably. The optimized ratio is expected to be a function of the size and geometry of the reactor, the position and the depth of the addition, the manner of addition and more.
Semi‐supervised clustering methods
Authors: Bair Eric
Published: July 2013

Cluster analysis methods seek to partition a data set into homogeneous subgroups. It is useful in a wide variety of applications, including document processing and modern genetics. Conventional clustering methods are unsupervised, meaning that there is no outcome variable nor is anything known about the relationship between the observations in the data set. In many situations, however, information about the clusters is available in addition to the values of the features. For example, the cluster labels of some observations may be known, or certain observations may be known to belong to the same cluster. In other cases, one may wish to identify clusters that are associated with a particular outcome variable. This review describes several clustering algorithms (known as ‘semi‐supervised clustering’ methods) that can be applied in these situations. The majority of these methods are modifications of the populark‐means clustering method, and several of them will be described in detail. A brief description of some other semi‐supervised clustering algorithms is also provided.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification
Techniques for monitoring carnivore behavior using automatic thermal video
Authors: Brawata Renee L. , Raupach Timothy H. , Neeman Teresa
Published: July 2013

The detectability of nocturnal carnivores is very low, because such data on many species can be difficult to acquire. Here, we design an automatic thermal video recording system for studying cryptic mammalian predators at food and water resources in Australia. We trialed different sampling procedures in contrasting environments between August 2005 and February 2006 to identify aspects of survey design that influenced video interpretability. We then compared the accuracy of the remote recording system to that of direct human observation. We found our system to be most effective when temperature settings were correctly adjusted and procedures were adapted for the sampling environment. We identified that the presence of vegetation and the distance between the target species and camera were the most important factors in video interpretability. The remote recording system was found to be as effective at recording both visits and behavior as direct human observation at a focal point. We propose that the automatic thermal video capture system has the potential to be an extremely useful tool for monitoring otherwise difficult to observe species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Experimental study of the efficiency of a SDD X‐ray detector by means of PIXE spectra
Authors: Limandri S. , Bernardi G. , Suárez S.
Published: July 2013

The efficiency of a silicon drift detector with ultrathin window was studied for energies between 0.27 and 25 keV. Experimental values of the X‐ray yields from samples of known stoichiometry were obtained by impact of 2 MeV protons. By using theoretical calculations of these yields the relative efficiency of the detector was evaluated. The results are compared with efficiency values obtained from the window transmission and the detector quantum efficiency. A quantitative analysis of a particle induced X‐ray emission spectrum for a reference sample was performed in order to evaluate the consistency of the data presented in this work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts Postoperative Outcome in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Mohri Yasuhiko , Inoue Yasuhiro , Tanaka Koji , Hiro Junichirou , Uchida Keiichi , Kusunoki Masato
Published: July 2013

Background

The prognostic nutritional index (PNI), which is calculated based on the serum albumin concentration and peripheral blood lymphocyte count, is a useful tool for predicting short‐term and long‐term postoperative outcome in patients undergoing cancer surgery. However, few studies have investigated PNI in colorectal cancer surgery. We examined the ability of PNI to predict short‐ and long‐term outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

This retrospective study included 365 patients who underwent resection for colorectal cancer. The prognostic nutritional status was calculated on the basis of admission data as follows: 10 × serum albumin (g/dl) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count (per mm3). The primary outcomes measured were the impact of PNI on overall survival and postoperative complications.

Results

Kaplan–Meier analysis and the log rank test revealed that low PNI was significantly associated with poor survival (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis for survival, preoperative low PNI was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival: odds ratio: 2.25, 95 % confidence interval 1.42–3.59). Moreover, low PNI significantly correlated with the incidence of postoperative complications, especially serious ones.

Conclusions

Preoperative PNI is a useful predictor of postoperative complications and survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
Ethnic identity development and ethnic discrimination: Examining longitudinal associations with adjustment for Mexican‐origin adolescent mothers
Authors: Toomey Russell B. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Jahromi Laudan B.
Published: July 2013

Few studies examine normative developmental processes among teenage mothers. Framed from a risk and resilience perspective, this prospective study examined the potential for ethnic identity status (e.g., diffuse, achieved), a normative developmental task during adolescence, to buffer the detrimental effects of discrimination on later adjustment and self‐esteem in a sample of 204 Mexican‐origin adolescent mothers. Ethnic discrimination was associated with increases in depressive symptoms and decreases in self‐esteem over time, regardless of ethnic identity status. However, ethnic discrimination was only associated with increases in engagement in risky behavior among diffuse adolescents, suggesting that achieved or foreclosed identities buffered the risk of ethnic discrimination on later risky behavior. Findings suggest that ethnic identity resolution (i.e., the component shared by those in foreclosed and achieved statuses) may be a key cultural factor to include in prevention and intervention efforts aimed to reduce the negative effects of ethnic discrimination on later externalizing problems.
Structural basis for recognition of the third SH3 domain of full‐length R85 (R85FL)/ponsin by ataxin‐7
Authors: Jiang Ya-Jun , Zhou Chen-Jie , Zhou Zi-Ren , Wu Meng , Hu Hong-Yu
Published: July 2013

Ataxin‐7 (Atx7) is a component of the nuclear transcription co‐activator complex; its polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion may cause nuclear accumulation and recruit numerous proteins to the intranuclear inclusion bodies. Full‐length R85 (R85FL) is such a protein sequestered by polyQ‐expanded Atx7. Here, we report that Atx7 specifically interacts with the third SH3 domain (SH3C) of R85FL through its second portion of proline‐rich region (PRR). NMR structural analysis of the SH3C domain and its complex with PRR revealed that SH3C contains a large negatively charged surface for binding with the RRTR motif of Atx7. Microscopy imaging demonstrated that sequestration of R85FL by the polyQ‐expanded Atx7 in cell is mediated by this specific SH3C–PRR interaction, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia 7.
A recessive X‐linked mutation causes a threefold reduction of total body zinc accumulation in Drosophila melanogaster laboratory strains
Authors: Afshar Negar , Argunhan Bilge , Bettedi Lucia , Szular Joanna , Missirlis Fanis
Published: July 2013

A newly identified human locus on chromosome 15 was recently associated with zinc accumulation. Based on a prior report of a threefold difference in zinc accumulation between fumble1
heterozygous mutants and control fly strains, it was suggested that phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase might affect zinc status through its effects on vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism. We report here that outcrossed fumble1
heterozygous mutant flies with low zinc content have been recovered, suggesting that pantothenate metabolism did not alter zinc homeostasis in fumble1
heterozygous flies. We show instead that the Drosophila condition of low body zinc accumulation is an X‐chromosome‐linked recessive trait.
Carotid and brachiocephalic arteries stenosis with long term use of sorafenib
Authors: Maraiki Fatma , Aljubran Ali
Published: July 2013

The risk associated with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) increases with the presence of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We are reporting a case of transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to stenosis of the carotid and brachiocephalic arteries following long-term treatment with sorafenib for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The patient is a non-smoker with no known comorbidities and had no history of cardiovascular disease. The patient underwent a right endarterectomy with angioplasty, aortic arch, and brachiocephalic artery angiogram with a stent placed in the brachiocephalic artery.
Turbulence during the reflection of internal gravity waves at critical and near-critical slopes
Authors: Chalamalla Vamsi K. , Gayen Bishakhdatta , Scotti Alberto , Sarkar Sutanu
Published: July 2013

Direct numerical simulation is performed with a focus on the characterization of nonlinear dynamics during reflection of a plane internal wave at a sloping bottom. The effect of incoming wave amplitude is assessed by varying the incoming Froude number, $Fr$, and the effect of off-criticality is assessed by varying the slope angle in a range of near-critical values. At low $\mathit{Fr}$, the numerical results agree well with linear inviscid theory of near-critical internal wave reflection. With increasing $\mathit{Fr}$, the reflection process becomes nonlinear with the formation of higher harmonics and the initiation of fine-scale turbulence during the evolution of the reflected wave. Later in time, the wave response becomes quasi-steady with a systematic dependence of turbulence on the temporal and spatial phase. Convective instabilities are found to play a crucial role in the formation of turbulence during each cycle. The cycle evolution of flow statistics is studied in detail and qualitative differences between off-critical and critical reflection are identified. The parametric dependence of turbulence levels on Froude number and slope angle is calculated. Interestingly, at a given value of $\mathit{Fr}$, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) can be higher for somewhat off-critical reflection compared to exactly critical reflection. For a fixed slope angle, as the Froude number increases in the simulated cases, the fraction of the input wave energy converted into the turbulent kinetic energy and the fraction of the input wave power dissipated by turbulence also increase.
Flow physics and RANS modelling of oblique shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction
Authors: Morgan Brandon , Duraisamy K. , Nguyen N. , Kawai S. , Lele S. K.
Published: July 2013

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is utilized to investigate flow physics and lower-fidelity modelling assumptions in the simulation of an oblique shock impinging on a supersonic turbulent boundary layer (OSTBLI). A database of LES solutions is presented, covering a range of shock strengths and Reynolds numbers, that is utilized as a surrogate-truth model to explore three topics. First, detailed conservation budgets are extracted within the framework of parametric investigation to identify trends that might be used to mitigate statistical (aleatory) uncertainties in inflow conditions. It is found, for instance, that an increase in Reynolds number does not significantly affect length of separation. Additionally, it is found that variation in the shock-generating wedge angle has the effect of increasing the intensity of low-frequency oscillations and moving these motions towards longer time scales, even when scaled by interaction length. Next, utilizing the LES database, a detailed analysis is performed of several existing models describing the low-frequency unsteady motion of the OSTBLI system. Most significantly, it is observed that the length scale of streamwise coherent structures appears to be dependent on Reynolds number, and at the Reynolds number of the present simulations, these structures do not exist on time scales long enough to be the primary cause of low-frequency unsteadiness. Finally, modelling errors associated with turbulence closures using eddy-viscosity and stress-transport-based Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations are investigated. It is found that while the stress-transport models offer improved predictions, inadequacies in modelling the turbulence transport terms and the isotropic treatment of the dissipation is seen to limit their accuracy.
Attachment and Couple Satisfaction: The Mediating Effect of Approach and Avoidance Commitment
Authors: Dandurand Cathy , Bouaziz Anne-Rose , Lafontaine Marie-France
Published: July 2013

Satisfactory couple relationships are demonstrated to have a myriad of benefits. However, the ability to establish couple satisfaction is shown to be strongly and negatively impacted by insecure romantic attachment patterns (i.e., anxious and avoidant attachment). This study sought to gain an enhanced understanding of the aforementioned link by means of investigating a novel mediator model incorporating two facets of romantic commitment: approach commitment (the desire to maintain a relationship due to benefits inherent within this) and avoidance commitment (the desire to maintain a relationship to avoid potential losses resulting from relationship dissolution). Bootstrap analyses demonstrated that insecure attachments were differentially related to commitment goals, such that anxious attachment was related with higher approach and avoidance commitment. Conversely, while avoidant attachment was negatively linked with approach commitment goals, no relation was revealed with avoidance commitment goals. Additionally, results demonstrated that one's idiosyncratic commitment goals partially mediated the strongly established link between insecure attachment and couple satisfaction.
Phosphorus affects high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymer size distribution in wheat grains
Authors: NI Y. , YANG D. , WANG Z. , YIN Y. , CAI T. , DAI Z. , YAN S. , LI W.
Published: July 2013

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars, Jimai20 and Shannong12, differing in phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency, were selected to study the effect of P application rate on changes in glutenin macropolymer (GMP) size distribution and the content of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in wheat grain. Four P levels (0, 40, 100 and 160 kg/ha) were applied under N1 (112·5 kg/ha) and N2 (225 kg/ha) conditions in the field, in 2008/09 and 2009/10. The results showed that increased P levels favoured HMW-GS synthesis under N1 conditions, but had a less pronounced effect under N2. When compared with the control, the volume proportions of <10 μm GMP particles in grains of both cultivars were significantly decreased, and those of >100 μm were increased in response to P application. The volume proportions of 10–100 μm GMP particles in the cultivars Jimai20 and Shannong12 were respectively lower and higher in response to P application than with no P fertilizer. At maturity, for both cultivars, total HMW-GS content was negatively correlated with GMP particle volume of <10 μm, but positively correlated with that of >100 μm. These observations suggest that both P and N affect protein synthesis in wheat grains and there exists a relationship between HMW-GS content and the synthesis of large GMP particles (>100 μm). The N×P interaction was the most important factor to regulate the HMW-GS and GMP contents.
The effect of immunity on the early events in the life-cycle ofEimeria tenellain the caecal mucosa of the chicken
Authors: Rose M. Elaine , Lawn A. M. , Millard B. J.
Published: July 2013

A comparison was made between the early events (a sexual stages) in the life-cycle ofEimeria tenellain specifically immunized and control chickens. Particular attention was paid to the quantitative aspects and to the transport of sporozoites within intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from the enterocytes of the surface epithelium to the enterocytes of the crypts. There was a moderate decrease in the number of parasites initially seen in the mucosa of the immune birds, suggesting that some of the effects of immunity are exerted before penetration of the surface enterocytes, but the reduction in the numbers of developing parasites was more marked. This latter effect was due, at least partly, to failure of transfer of sporozoites from IELs to crypt enterocytes. These findings are discussed in relation to the efficacy of the immunity induced.
New insights on the genetic diversity of the honeybee parasiteNosema ceranaebased onmultilocussequence analysis
Authors: ROUDEL MATHIEU , AUFAUVRE JULIE , CORBARA BRUNO , DELBAC FREDERIC , BLOT NICOLAS
Published: July 2013

The microsporidian parasiteNosema ceranaeis a common pathogen of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) whose variable virulence could be related to its genetic polymorphism and/or its polyphenism responding to environmental cues. Since the genotyping ofN. ceranaebased on unique marker sequences had been unsuccessful, we tested whether amultilocusapproach, assessing the diversity of ten genetic markers – encoding nine proteins and the small ribosomal RNA subunit – allowed the discrimination betweenN. ceranaevariants isolated from singleA. melliferaindividuals in four distant locations. High nucleotide diversity and allele content were observed for all genes. Most importantly, the diversity was mainly present within parasite populations isolated from single honeybee individuals. In contrast the absence of isolate differentiation precluded anytaxadiscrimination, even through amultilocusapproach, but suggested that similar populations of parasites seem to infect honeybees in distant locations. As statistical evolutionary analyses showed that the allele frequency is under selective pressure, we discuss the origin and consequences ofN. ceranaeheterozygosity in a single host and lack of population divergence in the context of the parasite natural and evolutionary history.
Emergence and Consciousness
Authors: Lewtas Patrick
Published: July 2013

Most definitions of radical emergentism characterize it epistemologically. This leads to misunderstandings and makes it hard to assess the doctrine's metaphysical worth. This paper puts forward purely metaphysical characterizations of emergentism and property emergence. It explores the nature of the necessitation relation between base and emergent and argues that emergentism entails a Humean account of causation and related relations. Then it presents arguments against emergentism, both as a wider metaphysic and as an account of consciousness. These maintain that emergentism makes implausible claims about how the world works. The paper also stresses the doctrine's contemporary relevance: most current property dualists endorse views effectively identical to classical emergentism less its historical commitment to novel emergent forces.
The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260
Authors: Haw Stephen G.
Published: July 2013

The sudden Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 has been explained by historians in several ways and no consensus about the reason has ever been reached. Contrary to some previously expressed opinions, it was not an unparalleled event: a similar withdrawal from a successful invasion of the Song empire in southern China occurred in 1260. The parallels between the events of 1242 and 1260 are instructive, and strongly suggest that the deaths of the Khaghans Ögödei, in 1241, and Möngke, in 1259, were the basic reasons for breaking off the campaigns. The full explanation is more complex, however. The Mongol invasions of Dali and Annam in the 1250s are also briefly examined, and it is pointed out that a Mongol army led by Uriyangkhadai successfully invaded Song from Annam in 1259, a fact that has often been overlooked.
Examining the relationship between chronic conditions, multi-morbidity and labour market participation in Canada: 2000–2005
Authors: SMITH PETER , CHEN CYNTHIA , MUSTARD CAMERON , BIELECKY AMBER , BEATON DORCAS , IBRAHIM SELAHADIN
Published: July 2013

Relatively little attention has been paid to understanding and addressing the potential health-related barriers faced by older workers to stay at work. Using three representative samples from the Canadian Community Health Survey, we examined the relationship between seven physical chronic conditions and labour market participation in Canada between 2000 and 2005. We found that all conditions were associated with an increased probability of not being able to work due to health reasons. In our adjusted models, heart disease was associated with the greatest probability of not working due to health reasons. Arthritis was associated with the largest population attributable fraction. Other variables associated with not being able to work due to health reasons included older age, female gender and lower educational attainment. We also found particular combinations of chronic conditions (heart disease and diabetes; and arthritis and back pain) were associated with a greater risk than the separate effects of each condition independently. The results of this study demonstrate that chronic conditions are associated with labour market participation limitations to differing extents. Strategies to keep older workers in the labour market in Canada will need to address barriers to staying at work that result from the presence of chronic conditions, and particular combinations of conditions.
Relational Repression in China: Using Social Ties to Demobilize Protesters
Authors: Deng Yanhua , O'Brien Kevin J.
Published: July 2013

Chinese local officials frequently employ relational repression to demobilize protesters. When popular action occurs, they investigate activists' social ties, locate individuals who might be willing to help stop the protest, assemble a work team and dispatch it to conduct thought work. Work team members are then expected to use their personal influence to persuade relatives, friends and fellow townspeople to stand down. Those who fail are subject to punishment, including suspension of salary, removal from office and prosecution. Relational repression sometimes works. When local authorities have considerable say over work team members and bonds with protesters are strong, relational repression can help demobilize protesters and halt popular action. Even if relational repression does not end a protest entirely, it can limit its length and scope by reducing tension at times of high strain and providing a channel for negotiation. Often, however, as in a 2005 environmental protest in Zhejiang, insufficiently tight ties and limited concern about consequences creates a commitment deficit, partly because thought workers recognize their ineffectiveness with many protesters and partly because they anticipate little or no punishment for failing to demobilize anyone other than a close relative. The practice and effectiveness of relational, “soft” repression in China casts light on how social ties can demobilize as well as mobilize contention and ways in which state and social power can be combined to serve state ends.
Disclosing the extensive crystal chemistry of Ivabradine hydrochloride, in its pure and solvated phases
Authors: Masciocchi N. , Aulisio A. , Bertolini G. , Sada M. , Garis F. , Malpezzi L.
Published: July 2013

Powder diffraction data are presented for Ivabradine hydrochloride (pure and solvated forms), a drug marketed worldwide for symptomatic treatment of angina pectoris and inappropriate sinus tachycardia. [Ivrabradine: 3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxy bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-2-one]. Many are the different (polymorphic or solvated) phases claimed in the scientific or forensic literature. We have here prepared monophasic samples of six different ivabradine hydrochloride species. Exposure to water vapours, at room temperature, of the anhydrous δ-d form generated pure powders of the tetrahydrate form (the β-form). Two different anhydrous forms (β-d and α) were prepared by gentle, or extensive, heating of the β and δ-d forms, respectively. Acetonitrile and acetone solvates (hereafter called δ1- and δ2-forms) were obtained by precipitation methods from concentrated solutions. Diffraction data were collected on laboratory equipment with Ni-filtered CuKα radiation; cell parameters and space groups were determined from ab initio indexing procedures using the SVD algorithm.
A 30-year case study and 15 principles: Implications of an artificial intelligence methodology for functional modeling
Authors: Goel Ashok K.
Published: July 2013

Research on design and analysis of complex systems has led to many functional representations with several meanings of function. This work on conceptual design uses a family of representations called structure–behavior–function (SBF) models. The SBF family ranges from behavior–function models of abstract design patterns to drawing–shape–SBF models that couple SBF models with visuospatial knowledge of technological systems. Development of SBF modeling is an instance of cognitively oriented artificial intelligence research that seeks to understand human cognition and build intelligent agents for addressing complex tasks such as design. This paper first traces the development of SBF modeling as our perspective on design evolved from that of problem solving to that of memory and learning. Next, the development of SBF modeling as a case study is used to abstract some of the core principles of an artificial intelligence methodology for functional modeling. Finally, some implications of the artificial intelligence methodology for different meanings of function are examined.