bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allies or Commitment Devices? A Model of Appointments to the Federal Reserve
Authors: Schnakenberg Keith , Turner Ian R , Uribe-McGuire Alicia
Published: September 2021

We present a model of executive-legislative bargaining over appointments to independent cen-tral banks in the face of an uncertain economy with strategic economic actors. The model highlights the contrast between two idealized views of Federal Reserve appointments. In one view, politicians prefer to appoint conservatively biased central bankers to overcome credible commitment problems that arise in monetary policy. In the other, politicians prefer to appoint allies, and appointments are well described by the spatial model used to describe appointments to other agencies. Both ideals are limiting cases of our model, which depend on the level of economic uncertainty. When economic uncertainty is extremely low, politicians prefer very conservative appointments. When economic uncertainty increases, politicians’ prefer central bank appointees closer to their own ideal points. In the typical case, the results are somewhere in between: equilibrium appointments move in the direction of politician’s preferences but with a moderate conservative bias.
Landed versus Landless: Stigma & Astigmatism towards the Subaltern in South Bay Suburbia in Los Angeles County
Authors: Piscitello Ross
Published: September 2021

The last few years have seen an increased interest in the causal theories surrounding houselessness. To date, no study has explicitly looked at the connection between public policy, social stigma, and the unhoused in Los Angeles County: three components of criminalization. In the first section, the concept of the (sub)culture of poverty is explored and lay bare. Next, a purview of socio-political theory regarding the inculcation of social norms onto the unhoused subaltern: then, biological determined racialism and classism are discredited. Last, a case study of the municipality of Torrance shows the prevalence of this inculcation of social stigma and the inaction in public policy. These ideological theories of biologically and culturally determined houselessness, devoid of any reality, inculcate the community, stymie public policy solutions, and exacerbate the unhouseds’ material conditions.
Post-covid Value Chains Resilience and Regionalization, including a Spotlight on Singapore
Authors: Remy Sylvain Pierre
Published: September 2021

The global economy, global flows and global economic coordination have been severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This note reviews and summarizes some of the current forecasting and predictions of the consequences of the pandemic for global value chains, with an additional focus on Singapore. The review is based on a convenience sample of expert reports, scientific papers, and press articles. The disruption has already caused exceptional economic damage. In the medium and long terms, global value chains and the structure of globalization are expected to adapt significantly due to new attitudes to pandemic and other risks. The dominant prediction is of an organizational and geographical contraction of economic activities and exchanges, within the bounds of economic regions large enough to diversify location risk. At the same time, Singapore is poised to benefit from Asia’s economic buoyancy and from regional dynamics in the manufacturing and tech sectors.
PROVISIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC EFFECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY
Authors: Krasikov D.V.
Published: September 2021

The inclusion of provisions on various aspects of environmental protection into multilateral and bilateral preferential trade agreements has become a traditional practice for most developed and developing countries. The present paper provides an overview of a number of foreign studies on specific problems of economic effect and environmental efficiency of the respective provisions.
PRINCIPLES, PRIORITIES AND MODELS OF THE ECONOMY OF RECYCLING OF RAW MATERIALS AND MATERIALS: LEGAL ASPECTS
Authors: Skurko E.V.
Published: September 2021

The article analysis of modern approaches and current problems of legal regulation of the economy of secondary waste processing - on the examples of the Russian Federation, the European Union, China, and Great Britain. The economics of recycling and its legal regulation in different countries is based on different concepts, but all strive is for an effective and optimal solution to the problems of waste management and environment protection.
«LEGAL FORCE» OF THE NORMS OF LAW IN MODERN CONCEPTS OF JURISPRUDENCE: A CLOSED CIRCLE?
Authors:   INION RAN, Skurko E.V.
Published: September 2021

The latest publications of legal scholars are considered, exploring the nature and concept of legal force from the point of view of various traditions and disciplines, as well as issues of institutionalization of approaches to determining the legal force of legal norms.
The Eeffect of Swiss Ball Training on Core stability and Balance Functions in Students with Congenital deafness
Authors:   Department of Sport pathology, University of Raja, Qazvin, Noroz Zahra , Eskandar Zohre ,   Assistant Professor, Sport pathology, University of Raja, Qazvin, Miri Hadi ,   Assistant Professor, Department of physical education and sport science, Amirkabir University, Iran, Tehran
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Based on past studies, it has been found that congenital deafness is weak in maintaining balance, strength, coordination, and endurance. So, the reinforcement of different aspects of physical fitness of these individuals should be considered in order to improve their quality of life. So, the purpose of present study was to assess the Effect of Swiss Ball Exercises on Trunk Endurance, and Balance Functions in Student with Congenital Deafness. Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of students with congenital hearing loss in Qazvin, 24 of who were selected and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Functional tests were used to assess trunk endurance and balance. The intervention group performed the Swiss Ball training but control group continued their routine daily activities. Pre-test and post-test were performed by both groups before and after the training program. Independent ttest and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. Result: According to the results of ANCOVA, there was a significant difference between the control and intervention groups in Trunk Endurance (p = 0.001), Static (p = 0.001) and Dynamic Balance (p = 0.001) tests after six weeks. Conclusion: Seems Swiss Ball training can provide a strong base for lower extremity movements by strengthening the core region of the body, thereby improving trunk endurance and balance functions in the deaf.
Routine immunisation services in Nepal during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mathema Smriti
Published: September 2021

Not applicable.
Corruption and the criminal law: Assurance and deterrence
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: September 2021

In this article, I consider the degree to which criminal justice interventions may be expected to ameliorate systemic corruption. I distinguish between two ideal types of corrupt actors – conditional cooperators and autonomous defectors – and argue that the prospects of reform through criminal justice are greatly affected by the relative preponderance of each type. When conditional cooperators predominate, the criminal law serves primarily to provide assurance that a perceived social norm is effective, in that the norm is both widely adhered to, and adhered to because people endorse the propriety of that norm. When autonomous defectors predominate, the criminal law serves primarily to deter would-be cheaters by attaching costs, at least in expectation, to cheating. Because patterns of compliance based upon a social norm tend to be self-reinforcing, unlike patterns of compliance motivated by fear of sanction, I argue that the prospects of sustainable reform through criminal justice interventions is likely to depend to a substantial degree upon convincing people to trust social norms rather than rely upon their private judgments of what is in their interest – that is, to become conditional cooperators.
Educación digital
Authors: Hernández González Eduardo
Published: September 2021

La construcción del futuro se articula entre la atención de los desafíos sociales presentes, la imaginación creativa de los mejores escenarios para la sociedad y una inteligencia social alimentada por la información, el conocimiento y la comunicación. Las tecnologías de información, comunicación y conocimiento amplían el potencial creativo de los seres humanos, pero también la incertidumbre sobre aquello que tendrá valor como objeto del aprendizaje y de la profesión.
Study of the In-Flight Characteristics of Particles for Different Configurations of Cascade Plasma Torches
Authors: Darut Geoffrey , Planche Marie Pierre , Liao Hanlin , Adam Christian , Salito Armando , Rösli Manfred
Published: September 2021

Cascaded plasma torches are becoming increasingly common, but the influence of geometry, notably that of the anode, is relatively unexplored. This work investigates the relationship between anode-cathode distance and plasma voltage fluctuations. The study was conducted using cascaded torches that can be configured with different numbers of neutrodes and commercially available Al2O3 powders. The powders were sprayed at different gas flow rates and current intensities while monitoring voltage fluctuations as well as in-flight particle temperature and velocity. The resulting alumina coatings were characterized based on microstructure, phase composition, porosity, and hardness. A frequency analysis of the arc voltage fluctuations revealed well-defined peaks at 60, 120, and 180 kHz that vary in intensity based on the number of neutrodes. The more neutrodes, the sharper and higher the peak. In contrast, the power spectra of the arc voltage generated by a conventional plasma torch contains no such peaks, indicating a random displacement of the arc root leading to less stability of the arc.
Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Post-Treated Zn4Al Sprayed Coatings Using Twin Wire Arc Spraying
Authors: Tillmann W. , Abdulgader M. , Hagen L. , Biermann D. , Timmermann A. , Wirtz A. , Walther F. , Milz M.
Published: September 2021

Metal structures in offshore facilities are usually protected from corrosion using Zn-Al coatings even though they are subjected to collective stress conditions. This paper evaluates a post-treatment called machine hammer peening and its effect on surface finish, induced residual stresses, and near-surface microstructure of thermally sprayed ZnAl4 coatings. As expected, coating roughness was reduced from about Rz = 53.5 μm in the as-sprayed condition to 10.4 μm after treatment and coating densification was revealed in the near-surface zone. Residual stresses, which were surprisingly compressive in the as-sprayed condition, were likewise affected by the peening process, reaching a maximum of 200 MPa. The influence of peening direction and other such parameters were also investigated as part of the study.
Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Medical Applications
Authors: Mohammed Alsewidi Wasan , H. Alfahdawi Ibrahim
Published: September 2021

Since the beginning of the twenty-one century, carbon based nanomaterial (CNTs) has been introduced in (pharmacy and medicine) in therapeutic for system of drug delivery. NTs have proved able to transport a wide range of molecules across membranes and into living cells; therefore, they have attracted great interest in biomedical applications such as advanced imaging, tissue regeneration, and drug or gene deliver. As it is known, carbon nanotubes exhibit various unique intrinsic chemical and physical properties and it has been intensive explored, in the last few years, for applications in biology and biomedicine.
A Case of Bradycardia and Hypersensitivity with Intravenous Ketamine Monotherapy
Authors: Mishra Priyanka
Published: September 2021

Anaphylaxis during anesthesia is an unforeseeable and potentially life threatening syndrome that is dose independent. Ketamine is a widely used hypnotic for procedural sedation in the emergency department, in anesthesia and intensive care units (ICU). It is popularly employed for both children and adult patients. Though, dose dependent adverse effects of ketamine have been described, the hypersensitive reactions with the same are extremely rare. We are hereby presenting a case of an allergic reaction and isolated bradycardia with ketamine, given as intravenous monotherapy in a patient with no previous history of atopic disease. Our article aims at reminding all the medical professionals to never let a drug (however commonly used) throw away caution, be vigilant to timely diagnose an adverse drug reaction (even the most infrequent and rare) and be prepared to tackle the worst with the necessary supportive measures like hemodynamic support and advanced airway procedures.
Legal framework governing Short-Term Medical Missions
Authors: Clarós Pedro
Published: September 2021

The presence and influence of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the landscape of global health and development have dramatically increased over the past several decades. Increasingly, Medical Practitioners in industrialized countries have become interested in global health issues, an interest that often takes the form of Short-Term international Medical Missions (STMMs). His article will aim to help Medical Practitioners to have a synthetic overview of the legal framework governing medical volunteering in STMMs and give them some recommendations. The idea of this article started from the need to have an overview of the legal framework governing medical volunteering missions organized by the Claros’s Foundation named "Foundation Clarós" (hereinafter also "FC"). To better understand who this article is addressed to, it is interesting to bring to your attention the concrete case from which this article was born. The following is a brief outline of what FC is all about. FC is a private, non-profit organization (NGO) whose aim is to provide medical care and alleviate the suffering of people in health and medical precarious situations.
Le fibrome chondromyxoïde du tibia distal : à propos d’un cas pédiatrique
Authors: Abdellaoui H. , Mahmoud M. , Tazi M. , Atarraf K. , Afifi A.
Published: September 2021

Le fibrome chondromyxoïde est une tumeur cartilagineuse bénigne rare survenant préférentiellement chez l’adulte jeune et près du genou. Nous rapportons le cas d’un adolescent de 14 ans présentant une localisation tibiale inférieure d’une volumineuse tumeur déformant la cheville en valgus. Le traitement a consisté en un évidement avec greffe spongieuse et pose d’un embrochage centromédullaire élastique stable suivi d’une bonne évolution.
Kashmiri Crafts - A Fascination for Tourists
Authors: Bashir Junaid , Arif Anas Mahmud , Khan Owais
Published: September 2021

Kashmir has different brightening prestigious expressions and specialities which have been famous for quite a long time for their fine work and magnificence. To be sure, Kashmiri speciality items are unbelievable. Artwork is the primary wellspring of pay for the Kashmiris. Speciality work or essentially make is a kind of embellished work hand made utilizing just basic apparatuses. Things made by large-scale manufacturing or using machines are not handiwork items. The Kashmiri specialists are consistently alive to the beautiful encompassing. It communicates a reaction to the excellence around the formation of an enormous assortment of pursuing or decorating flower themes interlaced into multifaceted examples. The art items are promoted in Asia as well as in European countries. This article is to portray the significance of Kashmiri craftsmanship and artworks from hundreds of years. It additionally portrays how Kashmiris are imaginatively and customarily associated with their conventional artwork. The center on the traditional heritage is built on neighborhood uniqueness on the one hand and social tourism on the other. Kashmir could be a visitor range and can win significant income from yearly visits, although the majority of tourists head for the greatly attractive coast during the summer and winter. In Kashmir, with its freezing winter when atmospheric conditions are semi-arctic, the artisans use their time at home as inventive knowledge in making art crafts of stunning excellence. Regal support empowered these painstaking works from early occasions till these items, light in weight and wealthy in workmanship, found attraction and magnetism for tourists, locals, and abroad.
Mass Media as a Source of Agricultural Information: An Overview of Literature
Authors: Akhter Pervaiz , Hussain Tanveer , Ahsan Hafiz Bilal
Published: September 2021

This research paper provides a systematic review of published research work by different research scholars regarding the role of communication channels in disseminating agricultural information and the diffusion of agricultural innovations among agriculturists. Findings of review are summarized with the help of reviewing methodology, major findings and implications of earlier published researches. The review depicts that there are significant variations in findings of the relevant researches some certain reasons like geographical, methodological and theoretical perspectives. It is hard to draw any specific conclusion about the role of a different communication channel in the agriculture sector. However, the review has revealed that the different channels of communication have a different role regarding the dissemination of agricultural information and diffusion of innovations amongst farmers.
Begum Zari Sarfaraz: Her Role and Contribution in Pakistan Movement
Authors: Gohar Shaista , Ehsan Nelofar , Shah Ayaz Ali
Published: September 2021

In this brief article, an attempt has been made to revisit the Pakistan Movement in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, former North-West Frontier Province, which acquired a unique character in the sense that here the job of motivating the women was quite difficult because of the strict cultural values and way of life of women folk. Therefore the job of persuading women to participate in the freedom movement seemed difficult. In such circumstances, Begum Zari Sarfaraz rose up from the folk of Women and continued her effort despite discouraging conditions. In this paper, the role and contribution of Begum Zari Sarfaraz, the Khatoon-e-Sarhad, during the Pakistan Movement has been discussed and evaluated. In the line of this argument, the crucial struggle that she led during the final phase of the partition drama will be explored. As far as the literature on Begum Zari Sarfaraz is concerned, very little has been written on her personality as well as on her contribution to the cause of Pakistan.
Analysis of MPhil/PhD Supervisor's Relationship Development and Communication Competence
Authors: Ali Muhammad Sher Baz , Shah Ashfaque Ahmad , Sarwar Muhammad
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this research was to analyse the relationship development and communication competence of MPhil/PhD supervisors. A confirmatory mixed-methods research design was used to conduct the study in two stages. For both phases, 360 MPhil/PhD graduates and 72 supervisors were selected from four public universities in Punjab using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected electronically from 239 MPhil/PhD graduates during phase-I using an adapted questionnaire from ASHA's supervision model, while in phase-II, 72 MPhil/PhD supervisors were interviewed to cross-check the Phase-I findings. According to MPhil/PhD graduates, their supervisors have relationship development and communication competence. During interviews, most MPhil/PhD supervisors refute their supervisees' claims and offer suggestions to improve supervisors' competence. Based on supervisor suggestions, the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan should revise the supervision structure, provide Postdoctoral fellowships to all supervisors, and promote international conferences. This study may be helpful to supervisors in self-evaluation as well as understanding relationship development and communication competence.
CBO Based Microfinancing in Pakistan: Comparative Analysis of Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Malik Sana , Tariq Fariha
Published: September 2021

Poverty is a risk to harmony, which results in the dismissal of human rights. Microfinance is a tool that is famous across the world as a solution to alleviate poverty. Through this tool, lowincome households can have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services that are offered by a range of retail providers. Community-based organizations, commonly known as "CBO", play a vital role in providing microfinance to the needy group of people, which determined the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation. This research presents a comparative study between Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation microfinance models for providing housing finance to low-income groups. A qualitative approach has been applied to determine the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation. In-depth interviews are conducted with working staff and borrowers of Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation (microfinance organizations). The research concludes that both organizations strive to alleviate poverty and to enhance the living standard of low-income people through mutual support in the system. The study also suggests that these organizations should need to emphasize more on the diversified needs of the poor people and must aim to serve the most extremely poor strata of the population.
EFREM BARYSHEV AND WALTER SCOTT EXCERPTS FROM THE COMMENTARY TO I. A. GONCHAROV’S OBITUARY «E. E. BARYSHEV»
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Romanova Aleksandra Vladimirovna
Published: September 2021

The article is written in course of the work on the commentary to the obituary by I. A. Goncharov, «E. E. Baryshev» (1881). The circumstances of the work of the two brothers, Ivan and Efrem Baryshev, on the translations of Walter Scott’s novels for the multivolume publication by A. A. Kraevsky in the mid-1840s are outlined.
RUSSIAN CHARACTERS IN THE WORKS OF RAMÓN DEL VALLE-INCLÁN
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinsky Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Korkonosenko Kirill Sergeevich
Published: September 2021

In 1929 and 1932, Valle-Inclán published two versions of a fragment from his novel Advantage of Swords. A Russian character is at the center of the plot: the narrative revolves around him, his appearance and personality are described in detail, he talks a lots and delivers speeches, while his name goes through a change. He is called Petr Kropotkin in the fi rst version and Mikhail Bakunin in the second one. The writer wanted to describe a Russian revolutionary, an anarchist, well-known in Spain — and for him it hardly mattered which one he would take: both persons were equally suitable for the role.
ON OSIP MANDELSTAM’S POEM «CHERNOZEM»
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Lekmanov Oleg Andershanovich
Published: September 2021

The article offers the analysis of «Chernozem» («Humus»), a complex late-period poem by Osip Mandelstam. The author relies on the poet’s own opinion about «Chernozem», cited in the letter of S. B. Rudakov to his wife, and suggests that the poem should be read as a manifesto of the «New Ac-meism», in which the stone is replaced by the Voronezh humus.
B. L. PASTERNAK’S WHITE NIGHT AND K. I. CHUKOVSKY’S REMEMBERING ALEXANDER BLOK: CONCERNING THE PROSPECTS OF INTERACTION OF LYRICS AND MEMOIRS
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Polivanov Konstantin Mikhailovich
Published: September 2021

The article proposes a hypothesis concerning a previously unidentifi ed source for Boris Pasternak’s 1953 poem Belaia Noch’ (White Night), the fourth poem in the fi nal, poetic Part 17 of the novel Doctor Zhivago. The source in question, which likely served as the basis for the elements of the poem related to Alexander Blok, is an account of Blok’s reading of his poem Neznakomka (The Stranger) on the roof of Viacheslav Ivanov’s famous «Tower», an episode recorded in Korney Chuko-vsky’s memoirs, fi rst published in 1956. This episode was not included in the earlier versions of Chukovsky’s memoirs.
THAT LEAVES ROGOZHIN?
Authors:   writer, Stasiuk Andrzej
Published: September 2021

The author’s refl ections on reading The Idiot encompass both his own perception of the characters in the novel, experienced in his adolescence, and the search for the metaphysical foundations that would consolidate the reader’s ideas about Russia and the Russians of the 19th century and the present, as formed by the novel. According to Stasiuk, Rogozhin is the only truly alive character, who stands out against the ghostly environment.
THE PROJECT OF THE INTERNET PORTAL DOSTOEVSKY AND THE WORLD: ON THE PROBLEM OF RECEPTION OF THE WRITER’S BIOGRAPHY AND WORK IN THE MODERN WORLD
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Tarasova Natalia Aleksandrovna
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the new project — the Internet portal Dostoevsky and the World, launched by the Pushkin House for the 200th anniversary of the writer’s birth. The work offers the basic information on the project. The Internet resource that would host the most representative examples of the reception of Dostoevsky’s personality and work in various epochs and in various countries is a great way to familiarize the modern reader with the wide scope of interest in Dostoevsky in the past and present. The project focuses on the non-academic reception, philosophical and aesthetic interpretations, the attitudes of public fi gures, writers, stage and movie directors, publicists, etc. The collection of case studies of Dostoevsky’s reception by today’s cultural fi gures, as well as the publication of the previously unknown writer-related sources of the past years, are of particular importance.
FET’S «FAUSTIANA» AS INTERPRETED BY A. A. BLOK (CONCERNING THE HERMENEUTICS OF READING)
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Gryakalova Nataliya Juryevna
Published: September 2021

Drawing from the provisions of the hermeneutics of reading, as formulated by P. Ricoeur, the article analyzes the approaches to the analysis of A. A. Blok’s personal library, to the reconstruction of his circle of reading, interpretation of notes and marginalia. The research focuses on Blok’s notes on Fet’s translation of the second part of Faust, and especially on the preface. Blok’s treatment of this translation of the tragedy is considered in view of his creative evolution from his early lyrics to the metaphysics of Eternal Femininity and to the glimpses of the «Faustian theme» in his poem The Retribution.
SwissStandSim: ein klimasensitives, einzelbaumbasiertes Waldwachstumsmodell
Authors: Zell Jürgen , Nitzsche Jens , Stadelmann Golo , Thürig Esther
Published: September 2021

SwissStandSim: ein klimasensitives, einzelbaumbasiertes Waldwachstumsmodell

Die Entwicklung unserer Waldbestände unter dem Klimawandel und die Beeinflussung der zukünftigen Waldleistungen durch heutiges Handeln sind zu wichtigen waldbaulichen Fragen geworden. Daher braucht es modellgestützte Hilfsmittel für die forstliche Planung und die Optimierung von Behandlungen. In diesem Artikel wird das neue, wissenschaftlich abgestützte Waldwachstumsmodell SwissStandSim vorgestellt, das Teil eines zukünftigen Entscheidungsunterstützungssystems für die schweizerische Forstwirtschaft werden soll. SwissStand-Sim basiert auf den Daten der langfristigen ertragskundlichen Versuchsflächen der Schweiz. Diese werden verwendet, um ein klimasensitives, einzelbaumbasiertes Waldwachstumsmodell zu erstellen. Die Daten wurden mit möglichst vielen Umweltvariablen kombiniert, um die demografischen Prozesse Bewirtschaftung, Wachstum, Mortalität und Einwuchs zu modellieren. Die Klimavariablen zeigten ökologisch interessante Wechselwirkungen, so besonders zwischen Niederschlag und Temperatur, und zwar für das Wachstum wie auch die Mortalität. Eine weitere Wechselwirkung zeigte sich zwischen der Stärke der Bewirtschaftung und der Mortalität. Je stärker die Bewirtschaftung, desto höher war die Mortalität in den darauffolgenden Jahren. Dies lässt Interpretationen zu bezüglich Vulnerabilität von Beständen nach starken Eingriffen. Beispielhafte Simulationen mit SwissStandSim für drei ertragskundliche Versuchsflächen zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Daten und Modell, wobei der Häufigkeit und der Intensität von Störungsereignissen eine Schlüsselrolle zukommt. Die Herleitung von SwissStandSim beruhte auf einem mittleren Störungsregime, was je nach lokaler Situation zu einer Über- oder einer Unterschätzung der Mortalität führen kann. Mit SwissStandSim kann die Bewirtschaftung von Beständen flexibel simuliert werden. Damit ist SwissStandSim dazu prädestiniert, im Rahmen eines an der WSL laufenden Projektes (SessFor, NFP73) Teil eines praxistauglichen Werkzeugs für die Entscheidungsunterstützung für waldbauliche Fragen auf der Bestandesebene zu werden.
Distribusi Komponen Darah Thrombocyte Contentrate (TC)
Authors: Almirah Gina , Mumpuni Nurpuji , Supadmi Fransisca Romana Sri
Published: September 2021

Blood transfusions become an important component in the management of patients with injuries to cases of accidents, surgical conditions, violence, pregnancy complications, anemia, hemodialysis, and other medical conditions. The blood transferred can be complete blood and blood components such as Packed Red Cells (PRC), Thrombocyte Concentrate (TC), Anti hemophilia Factor (AHF)/Cryoprecipitate, Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), Buffy Coat (BC), Liquid Plasma (LP). This research aims to determine the distribution of blood component Thrombocyte Concentrate (TC) in Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Pontianak City. The design of this research is a quantitative study with a descriptive design, the approach of time used is retrospective by collecting and processing all the distribution data of blood component Thrombocyte Concentrate (TC) in Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Pontianak City in 2019. Processing and analyzing data in this study using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) application. Data analysis results of the number of Thrombocyte Concentrate requests 5,427 bags in 12 months, with an average (Mean) of 452.25 and a data spread (Std. Deviation) of 224.620 is greater than the dosage amount and the distribution of Thrombocyte Concentrate 3,444 bags in 12 months, with an average (Mean) 287 and a data spread (Std. Deviation) 79.681. The most demand and distribution is Dr. Soedarso country general hospital, while the fewest are the Nabasa maternity hospital. The distribution of Thrombocyte Concentrate blood components in Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Pontianak City still needs improvement for both inventory and distribution to be fulfilled the number of Thrombocyte Concentrate requests.
Applying Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models in Cu and Pb soil sorption experiments
Authors: Vega F.A. , Andrade M. L. , Covelo E. F.
Published: September 2021

In acid soils, inputs of Cu and Pb of various origins create a high risk of environmental pollution. For this reason, batch experiments on Cu and Pb sorption and desorption in various horizons of three acid soils were performed on soil pH with 0.01 M NaNO3 as background electrolyte. The objectives were to evaluate Cu and Pb sorption and retention capacity through the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations parameters fitted to the sorption/desorption data; to determine the coherence of the implications of these parameters; and to estimate the role of various soil characteristics in the Cu and Pb immobilization soil capacity. The results confirmed the suitability of the models parameters for studying Cu and Pb sorption and retention by acid soils. The greatest maximum sorption and retention capacities, indicated by the Langmuir parameter ßL, corresponded to the lowest energy values required for fixation, indicated by the Temkin parameter b’. Together with the Freundlich parameter KF, which indicates sorption and retention capacity, they made it possible to infer that the acid soil component that most influences Cu and Pb immobilization was the organic matter, followed by the Al-oxide content. High organic matter and Al-oxide contents, especially the former, gave rise to a lower energy requirement for the immobilization of metal cations, since they increased the soils’ sorption and retention capacities. Al3+, the dominant cation in the exchange complex in the horizons studied, and K+ are responsible for the influence of CECe on Cu and Pb immobilization in the acid soils studied.
DPSIR analysis of land and soil degradation in response to changes in land use .
Authors: Porta Jaume , Poch Rosa María
Published: September 2021

In this paper we analyze the causal chain, from the driving forces to the state, impacts and system responses, for several present and past human activities related to land use and land degradation. The DPSIR framework approach is used for analysing and assessing land degradation problems within a comprehensive view of interactions between human society and the environment. With this approach, land use, land and soil degradation in several parts of the world (Mexico, Spain and Togo) are analyzed in relation to different land use types: the beginning of irrigation in the 1860’s in a semiarid zone with calcareous soils in North-eastern Spain; influence of the land utilization type (LUT) on land degradation in Mexico; soil erosion and reservoir siltation as a global problem (Spain and Mexico); and the protective effects against degradation when soil is considered as a sacred area in Togo. These analyses allow us to learn from the past and could help us to develop strategies to prevent land and soil degradation. This approach provides a useful insight for a systematic analysis when trying to understand the causes of land and soil degradation in response to changes in land use.
Sustainable agricultural practices for Mediterranean olive grove. Effect of soil management on soil properties .
Authors: Nieto Olga María , Fernández-Ondoño Emilia , Castro Juan
Published: September 2021

The olive is one of the most important crops grown in the Mediterranean region, both in terms of total surface area and its socioeconomic and environmental impact. In the present work, the main soil parameters of olive groves under different management systems are compared to an uncultivated area. Soil samples were collected and analysed from native vegetation (NV) and olive groves under three different soil management systems: conventional tillage (T), no-tillage bare soil (NT) and cover crop (CC). The  groves (T, NT, and CC) increased the calcium carbonate content in the uppermost part of the soil profile with respect to NV. The lowest calcium carbonate concentrations were recorded in the top few centimetres of NV soil, with concentrations increasing with depth, while in the cultivated soils, no depth-related variations were found. The results showed an accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the shallowest soil layer resulting in a high stratification value in the NV; however, this diminished in the cultivated soil and particularly in the tilled plots. The plots under these types of soil management also presented the lowest SOC, nitrogen, potassium and C/N values. CC was the soil management system that showed the best soil properties. Our results indicate that using cover crops and eliminating tillage practices significantly improve soil quality in Mediterranean olive groves.
Evaluation of legumes and poultry manure for the early protection of burnt soils .
Authors: González Prieto Serafín , Carballas Tarsy , Castro Arturo
Published: September 2021

Organic amendments combined with the sowing of gramineous grasses are effective for the early protection of burnt soils (BS) but cannot restore soil N status to pre-fire level; this has led to interest in combining their use with N2 fixer legumes. The effectiveness of applying poultry manure (PM; 2 Mg ha-1) and sowing legumes (Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus polyphyllus and Trifolium repens) for the early protection of BS was compared with that of applying PM + Lolium perenne and growing these four species without PM in a 3-month pot experiment, which also included a control consisting of an unburnt soil (US). In US, the shoot and root biomass increased as follows: Trifolium ~ Lotus << Lolium < Lupinus. Compared with those grown in US, plants grown in BS were smaller and weaker in three species (Lupinus, Lolium and Trifolium). The reverse was true for the four species grown in BS+PM, which showed the benefits of PM addition. In all the treatments, plant N uptake, which prevents soil-N losses, increased as follows: Trifolium ~ Lotus < Lupinus < Lolium. The lack of nodules observed suggested that none of the legumes fixed atmospheric-N2.
Teaching soil science: strategies and guarantees for the future .
Authors: Reyes-Sánchez Laura Bertha
Published: September 2021

The aim of the current work was to propose an approach to the interdisciplinary teaching of science that would generally increase interest in the study and knowledge of science, and more specifically in the area of soil science. The paper outlines how this pedagogical proposal was carried out in two schools, working with children studying the 5th and 6th courses of Primary Education. This was achieved through a methodological process that made it possible to both rank children’s knowledge from basic to complex, and to pedagogically organise the whole action using the same procedure. The approach was used to establish the different stages of knowledge construction, whose levels were increasingly complex in terms of relationships, thereby drawing nearer to a perception of the systematic reality of the Earth and helping students to understand that soil is a natural resource that is essential to life. This paper presents qualitative information corresponding to the periods before and after the pedagogical intervention, and details how the children in the 5th and 6th grades of Primary Education at two different schools conceptualise soil. The paper also presents the way in which they perceive the relationship between soil and its immediate environment. The impact of the pedagogical proposal was assessed through comparisons between the children from the working and control groups which were based on differences in the assimilation of concepts relating to the soil system. The results clearly show that when applying the proposed educational approach, it was possible for the work groups to achieve a more complex construction of knowledge relating to the establishment and functions of the soil concept.
Soil formation in high elevation and permafrost areas in the Qinghai Plateau (China) .
Authors: Arocena Joselito , Ping Zhu Li , Hall Kevin
Published: September 2021

Soil systems continuously gain and lose matter and energy even in areas where climate is too harsh to support the higher plants such as in high elevations and in permafrost environments. The purpose of this paper was to elucidate soil formation at 4 700 m asl in the Kunlun Mountains of the Qinghai (Tibet) Plateau, China. We collected twenty-six samples from three pedons developed on carbonate-rich slate and quartzitic-sandstone materials. The samples were analyzed for routine physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. Our results indicate that soil-forming processes are barely taking place in the study site as shown by pH > 7.0 reflecting limited decarbonation, biological activity (< 1.0% total C and < 0.05% total N), podzolization (<1 g Fep+Alp kg-1 soil) and lessivage. The relative amounts of mica and kaolinite show no apparent change with depth suggesting minimal transformation and translocation of phyllosilicates. The most noticeable mineral transformation resulted in micaceous “flakes” and feldspathic “fragments” possibly due to thermal stress. Calcite is also observed coating the slate fragments. The soils are classified as Cryosols in the World Reference Base system and Gelisols in the Soil Taxonomy with ochric epipedon as the only diagnostic horizon indicating recent development of soils due to cold and arid environment. The results of this study show that soil-forming processes in harsh environments are manifested in the mechanical breakdown of minerals such as mica and feldspars.
Formation of Soil Science neologisms .
Authors: Porta Jaume , Villanueva Darío
Published: September 2021

Since the IUSS Rome Congress in 1924, where the scientific community decided to use the expression Soil Science instead of Pedology or Edaphology, criteria for the formation of new words in Spanish concerning the study of the soil have not been established. New terms in English are formed by giving priority to the Greek root πἐδον in front of the root ἒδαψοξ. This criterion does not take into account the fact that in Greek the term πἐδον refers to the soil we walk on and not to the soil where plants grow, which is expressed by the term ἒδαψοξ. This paper proposes criteria based on etymological, semantic and pragmatic linguistics for the formation of new or the equivalent of English soil-related words in Spanish. The analysis is based on: authorities in this field; etymological elements; aspects of phonetic and orthographic ambiguity; the equivalences between similar terms in English, Spanish and French; the usage of the expression at university level, by soil societies, and by scientific journals; and on aspects of linguistic good taste in certain geographic areas of Spanish language. The scope of this paper is not to contest the use of terms already in existance, recognizing that there may be strongly entrenched terms in some countries having Spanish as their own language. These terms should be referred to as varieties for a particular geographical area according to the specific regional Spanish semantics in America.
Sustainability/resilience of soil organic matter components in an Argentinean arid region .
Authors: Vázquez Carolina , Noe Laura , Abril Adriana , Merlo Carolina , Romero Carlos , Carranza Carlos
Published: September 2021

This short communication presents a novel approach to determining the soil sustainability of productive practices in an Argentinean arid region, using the resilience degree of soil organic matter components. The study was conducted in four sites of the Arid Chaco region of the Cordoba province: one undisturbed site, two sites with livestock (with total and with selective clearing) and one site with agriculture. In each site three soil samples were taken and total soil organic matter, fulvic and humic acids, and non-humic substances were analyzed. Variations of each component (%) between each productive practice and the undisturbed site were calculated in order to establish the resilience degree. The livestock soils showed: a) moderate resilience for non-humic substances, b) low resilience for organic matter and humic acids, and c) no resilience for fulvic acids. The agricultural soils showed: a) low resilience for total organic matter and non-humic substances, and b) no resilience for fulvic and humic acids. We conclude that this approach is a powerful tool for establishing management practices according to each particular situation, allowing improved productivity in arid regions.
Micromorphology of hydromorphic soils developed in fluvio-marine sediments during the Middle-Late Pleistocene transit in the Gulf of Cadiz (Atlantic South Spain) .
Authors: Roquero Elvira , Zazo Cari , Dabrio Cristino J. , Silva Pablo G. , Goy Jose Luis , Borja Francisco
Published: September 2021

This study establishes the controlling factors in the soil development in the ancient coastal plain of the Guadalquivir River along the southern Spanish coast (Huelva) shortly before 100 ka BP. The macro and micromorphological study indicates that a sedimentation hiatus allowed soil formation (extensive clay illuviation) together with the development of widespread redoximorphic features linked to iron oxide depletion and accumulation. Groundwater fluctuations driven by the overall sea-level rise during the onset of the last interglacial period triggered the pervasive occurrence of redox processes, probably acting in the coastal zone from the whole Middle Pleistocene as witnessed in inland outcrops. The resulting redoximorphic pedofeatures show a differential development in the studied zone, which is linked mainly to the activity of the Torre del Loro Fault leading regional differential upwarping of the ancient coastal area as well as local water-escape processes in the fault zone. Petrological, mineralogical and micromorphological data strongly suggest that the occurrence of multiple inheritances of iron-rich pedofeatures from previous Plio-Pleistocene weathering profiles developed under warmer and humid climatic conditions. Several pedofeatures (corroded quartz grains and runiquartz) do not correspond to the temperate oceanic climate prevailing in the zone during soil formation, and are reworked from former stronger weathering conditions. They are included in strongly iron-impregnated opaque domains that can be interpreted as inherited iron-rich nodules or clasts already present in the host sediments. These iron-rich pedofeatures have been subject to subsequent iron mobilization giving place to the iron depletion and accumulation domains observed in the micromorphological scale. Differential iron bleaching is not always linked to the fissure and/or pore-system present in the groundmass, suggesting the occurrence of differential water and sediment vertical fluxes (micro water-escape features) within the soil enhance the redoximorphic features around the fault zone.
Experimental micropedology—A technique for investigating soil carbonate biogenesis along a desert-grassland-forest transect, New Mexico, USA .
Authors: Khormali Farhad , Feng Y. , Monger Curtis
Published: September 2021

Manipulative experiments—characterized by the comparing treatments to controls—are widespread in scientific investigations. This study uses experimental micropedology to investigate whether soil microbes precipitate carbonate if a liquid growth-medium is applied to soil in situ. This was undertaken using apparatuses designed to (1) obtain micromorphological images of biogenic carbonate on microscope slides, (2) to quantify carbonate formation in fiberglass cloths, and (3) to measure associated carbon-isotope fractionations. The apparatuses were buried and harvested at monthly intervals from December 2010 to June 2011. The study was conducted along an ecological transect in New Mexico, USA, at three sites: a low-elevation desert (C3 shrubs), an intermediate-elevation steppe (C4 grasses), and a high-elevation forest (C3 conifers). In addition to comparing bioclimatic zones, the effect of parent material was also tested using paired limestone and igneous soils at each site. Microscope slides were analyzed with binocular, petrographic, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an x-ray microanalyser (EDS), and the fiberglass traps were analyzed with x-ray diffraction and a mass spectrometer for carbon concentrations and isotope ratios. Naturally occurring calcified microbes were found at each site in the form of calcified hyphae, needle fiber, and calcified root hairs, with the exception of the forest site on igneous parent material. Liquid growth medium induced microbial calcification regardless of whether the vegetation was desert shrubs, grassland, or forest, and regardless of whether the parent material was igneous or limestone. Thus, the ability of soil microorganisms to biomineralize carbonate when supplied with liquid growth medium in situ is a phenomenon that crosses biomes and is not limited to microbes endemic to either limestone or igneous parent material.