bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Compound Management Systems: Maximizing Return on Investment through Effective Life-Cycle Planning
Authors: Walsh Chris , Ratcliffe Stuart
Published: March 2010

Investing in an Automated Compound Management System (ACMS) is a major investment and it is therefore imperative that return on investment is maximized. This article will demonstrate how the life cycle of an ACMS can be managed effectively to drive system efficiency, reduce costs, and meet customer demand to maximize return on investment. The article will discuss:

The long-term management approach taken for ACMS. The challenges faced after initial implementation and beyond. Major system enhancements made to the original system after implementation. Evaluate the benefits from adopting an active life-cycle management approach. The learning points gained through experiences.
A Physisorbed Interface Design of Biomolecules for Selective and Sensitive Protein Detection
Authors: Choi Seokheun , Chae Junseok
Published: March 2010

We present a unique immobilization technique via physical adsorption/exchange of biomolecules onto a sensing surface of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The adsorption/exchange is based on competitive bindings of biomolecules to a surface, which does not require a chemical modification of the biomolecules. SPR sensorgrams show that three human serum proteins, albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and fibrinogen, have different adsorption strengths to the surface and the competitive adsorption of the individuals controls the exchange sequence. A target protein displaces a preadsorbed weak-affinity protein; however, a preadsorbed strong-affinity protein is not displaced by the target protein. In a microfluidic device, we engineer two gold surfaces covered by two known proteins. The sensor allows selective protein detection by being displaced by a target protein on only one of the surfaces. We demonstrate that IgG is selectively detected between albumin- and fibrinogen-adsorbed surfaces. Moreover, the physical adsorption without using an additional surface modification can lead to highly sensitive detection in SPR because of the exponential decay of surface plasmon resonance wave (SPW) from the sensing surface. Based on the competitive adsorption and exchange reaction, we may have a complementary detection system to existing complex and labor-intensive biomolecules detector by bypassing relying on bioreceptors and their attachment to the surface. The physisorbed interface may be useful for automated diagnostic systems.
Engineering World Health at Northwestern University “Students Making a Difference in Global Health”
Authors: Laermer Emily , Shelden Kelly
Published: March 2010

This article details recent efforts where student innovation has been harnessed to address international needs for accessible healthcare technology, with a specific focus on global regions where the availability of needed instrumentation is rare. This article sheds insight into the history of the organization, its objectives, as well as its current progress and future roadmap.
Integrated Multiprocess Microfluidic Systems for Automating Analysis
Authors: Yang Weichun , Woolley Adam T.
Published: March 2010

Microfluidic technologies have been applied extensively in rapid sample analysis. Some current challenges for standard microfluidic systems are relatively high detection limits, and reduced resolving power and peak capacity compared with conventional approaches. The integration of multiple functions and components onto a single platform can overcome these separation and detection limitations of microfluidics. Multiplexed systems can greatly increase peak capacity in multidimensional separations and can increase sample throughput by analyzing many samples simultaneously. On-chip sample preparation, including labeling, preconcentration, cleanup, and amplification, can all serve to speed up and automate processes in integrated microfluidic systems. This article summarizes advances in integrated multiprocess microfluidic systems for automated analysis, their benefits, and areas for needed improvement.
Lab-on-a-Chip for Field Escherichia Coli Assays: Long-Term Stability of Reagents and Automatic Sampling System
Authors: Kwon Hyuck-Jin , Dean Zachary S. , Angus Scott V. , Yoon Jeong-Yeol
Published: March 2010

A field lab-on-a-chip system was constructed to detect mouse immunoglobulin G (mIgG; model protein target) and Escherichia coli ( E. coli; model microorganism target) by using light scattering detection of particle immunoagglutination. The antibodies to these targets were conjugated to the submicron particles by covalent binding, and their long-term stability was evaluated. Antibody-conjugated particles were able to be stored in a 4 °C refrigerator for at least 4 weeks and to be lyophilized as a powder form for the storage in room temperature. The optimum antibody coverage on the particles was 50% for mIgG and 100% for E. coli in terms of assay sensitivity and long-term storage of reagents. Lab-on-a-chip device was fabricated from acrylic plate using an industrial-grade milling machine eliminating the need for photolithography and internal or external pumping. An automatic sampling system was constructed using drip emitters, such that the system can be connected to a pressurized water pipe for detecting E. coli. The automatic sampling system generated the same volume of droplets (70 μL) regardless of pressure. The developed system was successfully tested for E. coli presence in field water samples. The system can potentially be connected to pressurized pipe networks for drinking, processing, irrigation, and wastewater.
Micropumping by an Acoustically Excited Oscillating Bubble for Automated Implantable Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Ryu Kyungjoo , Chung Sang Kug , Cho Sung Kwon
Published: March 2010

When a gaseous bubble in liquid is excited by acoustic waves, it oscillates (expands and shrinks) at the wave frequencies and generates strong vortical flows around it, the so-called cavitational microstreaming. This article describes the development of a micropumping principle using cavitational microstreaming. The key idea is to place a capillary tube vertically above an oscillating bubble to collect the upward microstreaming flow. When the bubble is excited at its resonance frequency, it oscillates with surface undulations (surface wave mode) and pumps water through the tube. The performance of this pumping mechanism is experimentally studied using millimeter and microscale bubbles. The flow rate and generated pressure are measured in a variety of conditions. The measured results indicate that the present pump falls into the category of moderate-flow-rate and low-pressure type pumps. The present pump operates without physical connections or electrical wiring to the bubbles, implicating potential applications as implantable micropumps in many lab-on-a-chip type systems.
Radiographic diagnosis of trans‐stapedial cerebrospinal fluid fistula
Authors: Ehmer Dale R. , Booth Timothy , Kutz J. Walter , Roland Peter S.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To report the high‐resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a bulging oval window in children with recurrent meningitis and congenital cerebrospinal fluid fistula.

Study Design

Case series.

Setting

Academic medical center children's hospital.

Subjects and Methods

A series of eight ears in four children with profound, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and perilymphatic hydrops were evaluated. Two patients presented with recurrent meningitis. All children were assessed with high‐resolution computed tomography, and two children also underwent MRI.

Results

Seven of eight ears had a common cavity malformation. The vestibular compartment showed severe dysplasia (n = 5), moderate dysplasia (n = 1), or a single semicircular canal (n = 2). The lamina cribrosa was clearly absent in four of eight ears. Its presence was difficult to assess in ears with small internal auditory canals. A bulging oval window, present in six of eight ears, was defined as a fluid density on high‐resolution computed tomography or a hyperintense mass demonstrated by T2‐weighted MRI protruding from the vestibule into the middle ear cavity. When present, this herniation of a fluid‐filled sac could be seen on both MRI and computed tomography. This imaging finding was surgically confirmed in two patients.

Conclusion

The bulging oval window, which represents a fluid‐filled sac, can be identified by both high‐resolution computed tomography and MRI. Communication between the middle ear and the subarachnoid space through the inner ear is an important etiology for recurrent meningitis in children with sensorineural hearing loss.
A new Shoreline displacement model for the last 7 ka from eastern James Bay, Canada
Authors: Pendea Ionel Florin , Costopoulos André , Nielsen Colin , Chmura Gail Lois
Published: March 2010

The shoreline displacement history of the eastern James Bay lowlands in the last 7 ka has been investigated by means of AMS radiocarbon dating of sediments cored from wetlands. We present twelve radiocarbon dates on macrofossils from six sites spread along a gradient of increasing land age and elevation. Palynomorph analysis (pollen, spores, and dinoflagellate cysts) was used to define the isolation stratigraphy. During the last 7 ka the shoreline elevation has regressed at a decreasing rate. The rate of shoreline emergence was initially rapid (6. 5 m/ 100 yr) between 6850 and 6400 cal yr BP then slowed down to 1.4– 2 m/ 100 yr during the late Holocene. Examination of previous relative sea level data based upon mollusc shells reveals high levels of uncertainty that mask potential temporal variability.
A-Z of Chest Radiology
Authors: Planner Andrew , Uthappa Mangerira , Misra Rakesh
Published: March 2010

A-Z of Chest Radiology provides a comprehensive, concise, easily accessible radiological guide to the imaging of acute and chronic chest conditions. Organised in A-Z format by disorder, each entry gives easy access to the key clinical features of a disorder. An introductory chapter guides the reader in how to review chest X-ray's accurately. This is followed by a detailed discussion of over 60 chest disorders, listing characteristics, clinical features, radiological features and management. Each disorder is highly illustrated to aid diagnosis; the management advice is concise and practical. A-Z of Chest Radiology is an invaluable quick pocket reference for the busy clinician as well as an aide memoir for revision in higher exams in both medicine and radiology.
The Early Years of Radio Astronomy
Authors: Sullivan W. T.
Published: March 2010

Radio astronomy has revolutionized the course of modern astronomy. Marking the fiftieth anniversary of Jansky's discovery in 1933 of extraterrestrial radio emission, Professor Sullivan asked many of the pioneers in the field to set down their versions of events and the people who made them. Each of the score of contributors seeks to give a good 'feeling' for the times to the great majority of readers who will not have experienced them. Over 150 illustrations, mostly historical photographs of men and machines, enliven the various recollections and reflections. The list of contributors includes many of the key personalities and covers all the major laboratories and countries involved in radio astronomy before 1960. In addition to the radio astronomers themselves, there are contributions from optical astronomers and theorists closely related to the field, as well as historians of twentieth century astronomy.
The Political Aesthetic of Yeats, Eliot, and Pound
Authors: North Michael
Published: March 2010

The politics of Yeats, Eliot and Pound have long been a source of discomfort and difficulty for literary critics and cultural historians. In The Political Aesthetic of Yeats, Eliot and Pound, Michael North offers a subtle reading of these issues by linking aesthetic modernism with an attempt in all these writers to resolve basic contradictions in modern liberalism. The many contradictions of modernism, which is seen as inwardly personal yet impersonal, subjective and yet beholden to tradition, fragmented and yet whole, mark the reappearance in art of these political contradictions. Though Yeats, Eliot and Pound certainly attempted to resolve in art problems that could not be resolved in actuality, their very attempt resulted in a politicised aesthetic, one that confessed their inability to do so. Yet this aesthetic retained an element of critical power, precisely because it could not cover up the political contradictions that concerned it; the poetry remains a valid criticism of the status quo and even in its failure suggests the beginnings of an alternative.
The Middle English Mystery Play
Authors: Diller Hans-Jurgen
Published: March 2010

The mystery plays of medieval England have traditionally been analysed in ways which centre on the texts and their religious significance. Hans-Jurgen Diller's major study, first published in German, seeks to recover their dramatic potential by focusing on the function of language in conventional modes of speech, prayer, address and dialogue. He looks at speech and dramatic form in the plays to reveal new insights concerning spatial and temporal orientation, the expression of emotions, and the relationships between characters on stage, between actor and audience, and between the dramatic world and the ordinary world outside it. His analysis offers new ways of understanding the relationship of vernacular drama to its liturgical antecedents, and new means of distinguishing stylistically between the cycles and between the groups of plays they comprise.
Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling
Authors: Bethke Craig M.
Published: March 2010

This book provides a comprehensive overview of reaction processes in the Earth's crust and on its surface, both in the laboratory and in the field. A clear exposition of the underlying equations and calculation techniques is balanced by a large number of fully worked examples. The book uses The Geochemist's Workbench® modeling software, developed by the author and already installed at over 1000 universities and research facilities worldwide. Since publication of the first edition, the field of reaction modeling has continued to grow and find increasingly broad application. In particular, the description of microbial activity, surface chemistry, and redox chemistry within reaction models has become broader and more rigorous. These areas are covered in detail in this new edition, which was originally published in 2007. This text is written for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of geochemistry, environmental engineering, contaminant hydrology, geomicrobiology, and numerical modeling.
Johannine Christology and the Early Church
Authors: Pollard T. E.
Published: March 2010

Professor Pollard attempts to show how the early Church interpreted the Gospel of John and its witness to the person of Christ. The two paradoxes implicit in John's theology - the distinction between the Father and the Son in the unity of the Godhead, and the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ - were developed in varying ways and the resultant heresies arose from attempts to deny one element or the other in each paradox. In their refutation of the heresies, on the other hand, the Fathers struggled to keep both elements of the paradoxes in equipoise. The different traditions came into conflict in the controversy which raged around the figure of Arius and his supporters in the fourth century, of which the climax came in the debate about the views of Marcellus of Ancyra.
NONCOMPLETE MACKEY TOPOLOGIES ON BANACH SPACES
Authors: BONET JOSÉ , CASCALES BERNARDO
Published: March 2010

Answering a question of W. Arendt and M. Kunze in the negative, we construct a Banach spaceXand a norm closed weak* dense subspaceYof the dualX′ofXsuch thatX, endowed with the Mackey topologyμ(X,Y) of the dual pair 〈X,Y〉, is not complete.
Three Evolutionary Precursors to Morality
Authors: Heath Joseph
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: Recent evolutionary thinking suggests that morality may have three distinct roots, corresponding to the three “master concepts” in the history of philosophical ethics: sympathy, virtue, and duty. Evolutionary biologists are nearly unanimous in the view that there are two distinct mechanisms that can generate altruism in other animal species, and there is increasing recognition that there must be a third mechanism at work among humans. Altruism in the biological sense is not the same thing as morality, but it is a precursor to morality. An examination of such precursors can help us gain a deeper understanding of morality proper.
Mutual Recognition and Rational Justification in Hegel’sPhenomenology of Spirit
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R.
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: Individual rational judgment, of the kind required for justification in cognition or morals, is fundamentally socially and historically conditioned. I argue for this by defending key themes from Kant’s and Hegel’s accounts of rational judgment and justification, including the “autonomy” of rational judgment and one key point of Hegel’s account of “mutual recognition.” These themes are rooted in Kant’s and Hegel’s transformation of the modern natural law tradition, which originates the properly pragmatic account of rationality, which affords genuine rational justification, and which provides for realism about the objects of empirical knowledge and strict objectivity about moral norms.
Responsibility in an Era of Modern Technology and Nihilism. Part 2. Inter-Connection and Implications of the Two Notions of Responsibility in Jonas
Authors: Wolff Ernst
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: This essay aims at clarifying the content of Jonas’s philosophy of responsibility. First, an analysis is given of the connection between nihilism and modern technology. Jonas’s contribution to the problem of ethics in this context is prepared by an interpretation of the way in which fear and the myth respectively function as motivations for his work. This paves the way to a reconsideration of the content of Jonas’s philosophy, whereby two notions of responsibility should be identified: (1) responsibility as ethicity and (2) responsibility as foundational rule. With this distinction a number of problematic issues associated with his ethics of responsibility can be clarified.
Botched-Up Elections, Treaty Amendments and Judicial Independence in the East African Community
Authors: Onoria Henry
Published: March 2010

This article examines developments in the East African Community from October 2006 to April 2007, against the background of the challenge to the “elections” of members of the East African Legislative Assembly. The article also examines the saga over the Kenyan regional court judges, emanating from the decision to grant an injunction restraining the nine Kenyan nominees to the Assembly from taking office and to dismiss a recusal application brought against the court's Kenyan judges. The article explores the hurried amendments to the Community treaty in a largely political response to the regional court's decisions and the implications for the future of the court and the Community. The haste involved in amending the treaty itself raises concerns over the growing tendency to flout processes and procedures at the national and community levels for the sake of political expedience on the part of the partner states.
CONSISTENCY IN REPORTING CONDOM USE BETWEEN HUSBANDS AND WIVES IN BANGLADESH
Authors: ISLAM MOHAMMAD AMIRUL , PADMADAS SABU S. , SMITH PETER W. F.
Published: March 2010

Consistency in reporting contraceptive use between spouses is little understood, especially in developing settings. This research challenges the accuracy of measuring contraceptive prevalence rate, which is traditionally calculated based on women's responses. Multinomial logistic regression techniques are employed on a couple dataset from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to investigate the consistency in reporting condom use between husbands and wives. The level of inconsistency in reporting condom use was about 46%, of which about 32% was explained by husbands reporting condom use while wives did not, and 14% by wives reporting condom use while husbands did not. Regression analysis showed that couple education and age difference between the spouses are significant determinants of inconsistent reporting behaviour. The findings suggest the need for alternative approaches (questions) in the DHS to ensure consistency in the collection of data related to use of family planning methods.
Cochlear implant patients' speech understanding in background noise: effect of mismatch between electrode assigned frequencies and perceived pitch
Authors: Di Nardo W , Scorpecci A , Giannantonio S , Cianfrone F , Parrilla C , Paludetti G
Published: March 2010

Objective:

To assess the electrode pitch function in a series of adults with postlingually implanted cochlear implants and with contralateral residual hearing, in order to investigate the correlation between the degree of frequency map mismatch and the subjects' speech understanding in quiet and noisy conditions.

Design:

Case series.

Subjects:

Seven postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implants, all with detectable contralateral residual hearing. Subjects' electrode pitch function was assessed by means of a pitch-matching test, in which they were asked to match an acoustic pitch (pure tones delivered to the non-implanted ear by an audiometer) to a perceived ‘pitch’ elicited by stimulation of the cochlear implant electrodes. A mismatch score was calculated for each subject. Speech recognition was tested using lists of sentences presented in quiet conditions and at +10, 0 and 5 dB HL signal-to-noise ratio levels (i.e. noise 10 dB HL lower than signal, noise as loud as signal and noise 5 dB HL higher than signal, respectively). Correlations were assessed using a linear regression model, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results:

All patients presented some degree of mismatch between the acoustic frequencies assigned to their implant electrodes and the pitch elicited by stimulation of the same electrode, with high between-individual variability. A significant correlation (p < 0.005) was found between mismatch and speech recognition scores at +10 and 0 dB HL signal-to-noise ratio levels (r2 = 0.91 and 0.89, respectively).

Conclusion:

The mismatch between frequencies allocated to electrodes and the pitch perceived on stimulation of the same electrodes could partially account for our subjects' difficulties with speech understanding in noisy conditions. We suggest that these subjects could benefit from mismatch correction, through a procedure allowing individualised reallocation of frequency bands to electrodes.
Management of obesity in Scotland: development of the latest evidence-based recommendations
Authors: Thompson J.
Published: March 2010

The problem of obesity in Scotland has reached epidemic proportions and this reality is recognised at Scottish Government level. The financial impact of treating obesity and obesity-related disease is substantial and in Scotland the cost was estimated at £171×106 in 2001 but only a small proportion of this estimate included weight-loss interventions. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) define clinical guidelines as ‘systematically developed statements to help practitioner and patient decisions’ that ‘provide recommendations for effective practice in the management of clinical conditions where variations in practice are known to occur and where effective care may be known not to occur’. The evidence base for successful interventions has progressed since the publication by SIGN of Obesity in Scotland: Integrating Prevention with Weight Management in 1996 and Management of Obesity in Children and Young People in 2003. In 2007 SIGN commissioned a review of these two publications. In 2006 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published a comprehensive obesity guideline and to avoid duplication of effort SIGN used the ADAPTE guideline adaptation framework to utilise and update evidence tables produced by NICE (where appropriate) as a basis for considered judgement. The new SIGN guideline is due for publication in 2010 and addresses children, young people (<18 years old) and adults. It will provide evidence-based recommendations on primary prevention of obesity (defined as intervention when individuals are at a healthy weight and/or overweight to prevent or delay the onset of obesity) within the clinical setting and treatment by lifestyle measures, drugs and surgery.
Nutrition, intestinal defence and the microbiome
Authors: Kelly Paul
Published: March 2010

The interaction between nutrition and infection was the subject of important work by several groups in the 1960s. The explosion of knowledge in immunology, including innate immunity, has led to increased understanding of the impact of nutrition on host defence, but much more work needs to be done in this area. In the last decade an increasing volume of work has opened up the previously obscure world of human endogenous flora. This work suggests that the microbiome, the total genetic pool of the microbiota, contributes to the already complex interaction between nutrition and infectious disease. The established concept that nutritional status, host defence and infection all impact on each other now has to be expanded into a multiple interaction, with the microbiota interacting with all three other elements. There is good evidence that the microbiome programmes host defence and drives a metabolome that impacts on energy balance, and indeed on some micronutrients. In turn, host defence shapes the microbiome, and nutritional status, particularly micronutrient status, helps determine several elements of host defence. While interventions in this area are in their infancy, the understanding of interactions that already have an enormous impact on global health is now at a threshold. The present review explores the evidence for these interactions with a view to putting potential interventions into the context of a conceptual framework.
RISK MINIMIZATION FOR TIME SERIES BINARY CHOICE WITH VARIABLE SELECTION
Authors: Jiang Wenxin , Tanner Martin A.
Published: March 2010

This paper considers the problem of predicting binary choices by selecting from a possibly large set of candidate explanatory variables, which can include both exogenous variables and lagged dependent variables. We consider risk minimization with the risk function being the predictive classification error. We study the convergence rates of empirical risk minimization in both the frequentist and Bayesian approaches. The Bayesian treatment uses a Gibbs posterior constructed directly from the empirical risk instead of using the usual likelihood-based posterior. Therefore these approaches do not require a correctly specified probability model. We show that the proposed methods have near optimal performance relative to a class of linear classification rules with selected variables. Such results in classification are obtained in a framework of dependent data with strong mixing.
TIME-VARYING COINTEGRATION
Authors: Bierens Herman J. , Martins Luis F.
Published: March 2010

In this paper we propose a time-varying vector error correction model in which the cointegrating relationship varies smoothly over time. The Johansen setup is a special case of our model. A likelihood ratio test for time-invariant cointegration is defined and its asymptotic chi-square distribution is derived. We apply our test to the purchasing power parity hypothesis of international prices and nominal exchange rates, and we find evidence of time-varying cointegration.
FULLY MODIFIED ESTIMATION OF SEASONALLY COINTEGRATED PROCESSES
Authors: Gregoir Stéphane
Published: March 2010

We extend the framework of the fully modified, ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator introduced by Phillips and Hansen (1990) to the case of seasonally cointegrated processes at a given frequency. First we extend a weak convergence result of sample covariance matrices (Phillips, 1988) to the case of seasonal unit roots. Using a complex number framework, we then show that we can take into account the constraints that exist in a situation of seasonal cointegration as illustrated in Gregoir (1999a) and derive estimates of the cointegration vectors that allow for asymptotic normal inference. This allows us to propose a test whose null hypothesis is the existence of seasonal cointegration. A Monte Carlo exercise investigates the finite sample properties of this test procedure. The paper closes with the analysis of situations in which there exist more than one frequency at which seasonal cointegration can be observed.
UNIFORM BAHADUR REPRESENTATION FOR LOCAL POLYNOMIAL ESTIMATES OF M-REGRESSION AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ADDITIVE MODEL
Authors: Kong Efang , Linton Oliver , Xia Yingcun
Published: March 2010

We use local polynomial fitting to estimate the nonparametric M-regression function for strongly mixing stationary processes {(Yi,Xi)}. We establish a strong uniform consistency rate for the Bahadur representation of estimators of the regression function and its derivatives. These results are fundamental for statistical inference and for applications that involve plugging such estimators into other functionals where some control over higher order terms is required. We apply our results to the estimation of an additive M-regression model.
ON THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF MATRICES ASSOCIATED WITH TREND FILTERS
Authors: Luati Alessandra , Proietti Tommaso
Published: March 2010

This note is concerned with the spectral properties of matrices associated with linear smoothers. We derive analytical results on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of smoothing matrices by interpreting the latter as perturbations of matrices belonging to algebras with known spectral properties, such as the circulant and the generalized tau. These results are used to characterize the properties of a smoother in terms of an approximate eigen-decomposition of the associated smoothing matrix.
The Authority of Women in the Political Development of American Public Education, 1860–1930
Authors: Pisapia Michael Callaghan
Published: March 2010

Through a comparative historical analysis of the American states, I show how public education was the original policy field through which white American women became empowered as voters and political officials. Women's changing status within the education profession and “school suffrage” rights are an important and overlooked aspect of women's political history, and the rural orientation of state governments and women's increasing administrative authority as county superintendents and rural supervisors of education was pivotal to women's political empowerment. Women's authority, however, varied across regions and across states, with women's authority especially strong in Western states. I find that women in the field of public education were most empowered where there was a history of school suffrage rights, where administrative offices were elective rather than appointed, and where the power of the state superintendent of public instruction was weak. These findings suggest that democratic institutions, more than economic development or state capacity, were fundamental to women's increasing authority in the policy domain that commanded the largest share of state and local resources at the time.
Investigation of Pontiac-like illness in office workers during an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease, 2008
Authors: NICOLAY N. , BOLAND M. , WARD M. , HICKEY L. , COLLINS C. , LYNCH M. , McCARTHY M. , O'DONNELL J.
Published: March 2010

In July 2008, office workers in Dublin complained of influenza-like illness preceding and interspersing two cases of notified Legionnaires' disease.Legionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 was identified in both cooling towers supplying the office. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to investigate possible Pontiac fever (PF). Forty-seven employees (23%) met the clinical case definition for PF but confirmatory testing was negative. Exposure to the smoking area situated beside the cooling towers was associated with an increased risk of PF (RR 2·4, 95% CI 1·5–3·8). The diagnosis of PF should be considered when many persons exposed to a possible reservoir ofLegionellaspp. present with flu-like symptoms. More sensitive microbiological tests would allow better confirmation and more comprehensive reporting of PF. Early detection is vital to prevent potentially severe illness and outbreaks of PF or Legionnaires' disease.
Evaluation ofVcAVNTR as a strain-typing and phylogeny study method ofVibrio choleraestrains
Authors: BHOWMICK T. S. , DAS M. , SARKAR B. L.
Published: March 2010

This study attempted to examine the relatedness between RAPD–PCR, PFGE andVcAVNTR results with those of conventional phage typing ofV. choleraestrains and to evaluateVcAVNTR as an indispensable molecular-typing tool that accomplishes the urgent need for effective epidemiological surveillance. All the O1 El Tor strains were predominantly clustered into phage type T27 with the new phage-typing scheme. Using RAPD–PCR, a total of 69 O1 El Tor strains were grouped under 16 different electrophoretic patterns. A total of 33 pulsotypes were identified in these strains by PFGE.VcAVNTR revealed highVcApolymorphism in allV. choleraestrains incorporated in this study. Our results underline the considerable potential ofVcAVNTR analysis as a tool for molecular typing ofV. cholerae.
Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900
Authors: PICKARD JOHN
Published: March 2010

After reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.
DE L'USAGE DES TRANSFORMATIONS GÉOMÉTRIQUES À LA NOTION D'INVARIANT: LA CONTRIBUTION D'AL-SIJZĪ
Authors: CROZET PASCAL
Published: March 2010

Between 9th and 11th centuries, the geometrical transformations gave to the mathematicians a method more and more fertile, leading them to modify their modes of apprehension of the geometrical figures. This article aims to highlight al-Sijzī’s contribution to this change by setting two tasks: first, to precisely understand what al-Sijzī means by transformation (he is one of the first to recognize explicitly a method in their use); and secondly, to give an account of his research on geometrical invariants, obtained by a variation of some elements of a figure. The use of transformations and the search for invariants seem to be the two faces of the same tendency, that to break with an Euclidean manner to consider the figures in a way isolated and static for better exploiting the common properties which can link them. The article is completed by the edition and the translation of a small treatise devoted to invariants.
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS, AS THEY WERE IN THE ARABIC-ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
Authors: MOUSSA ALI
Published: March 2010

In the Greek/Indian period, it is noticeable that different radii were used in connection with the chord. This manner continued in the Indian period with the sine, i.e. different sine tables existed. But throughout the Arabic-Islamic period, there was stability in the radius (for the sine). At the time of al-Battānī new terms were introduced, not as functions of angles but as lengths, and again different tables for the same term. Here these terms were not bounded to the circle, and the term miqyās r (measure), which was variable, was used to express “the radius” related to these terms. The trigonometric “functions” at that time were treated as if they were two different groups. While at Abū al-Wafā’’s time, there was an advancement by introducing the new terms as functions of angles, and they were immediately bounded to the circle, and instead of having two circles in the same figure, a kind of unity appeared, and again there was stability in the value of r, and therefore only one table for each function, and thus the new functions started to appear more abstract than practical as the sine did before, and this unity remained fixed in the modern times.
LA NAQLA, ÉTUDE DU CONCEPT DE TRANSFERT DANS L’ŒUVRE D’AL-FĀRĀBĪ
Authors: DE VAULX D’ARCY GUILLAUME
Published: March 2010

This article aims at presenting for the first time a central concept in al-Fārābī’s work that constitutes a keystone in understanding his thought, be it in its logical or political aspects. This concept is that of naqla, which, in terms of transmission and translation, its generic transcription can be rendered as ‘transfer’. The naqla is a notion that pertains to rupture in linguistic, logical or temporal continuities, and hints at confusing contiguities in the use of words, in demonstrations and in historical processes. This notion of naqla is at the centre of the preoccupations of al-Fārābī in his various domains of thinking. First of all, in terms of his linguistic reflection that consists of thinking about the transfer (naqla) of a given word in between its notions of first and second imposition. Then, in logic, the integration of the modes of reasoning of the theologians in Aristotelian syllogism, which passes by way of a mechanism of logical transference in the case of induction and the shift in paradigm. Finally, the Fārābian conception of intellectual history, as a transmission of knowledge, cannot be grasped in its fullest scope except through an understanding, not only of the common notion of naqla, but rather in terms of its particular Fārābian sense; namely as a concept that entirely renews the question of transmission and translation.
Random Records and Cuttings in Binary Search Trees
Authors: HOLMGREN CECILIA
Published: March 2010

We study the number of random records in a binary search tree with n vertices (or equivalently, the number of cuttings required to eliminate the tree). We show that a classical limit theorem for convergence of sums of triangular arrays to infinitely divisible distributions can be used to determine the distribution of this number. The asymptotic distribution of the (normalized) number of records or cuts is found to be weakly 1-stable.
‘Laissez-faire’ or Active Intervention? The Nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's Patronage of the Translation of the Chinese Union Versions
Authors: MAK GEORGE KAM WAH
Published: March 2010

This paper investigates the nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's (BFBS) patronage of the translation of the Chinese Union Versions (CUVs), the largest Chinese Protestant Bible translation project initiated by the western Protestant churches in the nineteenth century. Drawing on André Lefevere's concept of patronage, it delves into how the BFBS served as a controlling factor of the translation of the CUV by examining the BFBS's financial support to the translation project, conferment of honorary titles to the translators and ideological influence on the translators’ choice of Greek text as the basis for the CUVs New Testament translation.
The Buddha's ‘skill in means’ and the genesis of the five aggregate teaching Winner of the 2nd Professor Mary Boyce Award
Authors: WYNNE ALEXANDER
Published: March 2010

The problem tackled in this article is ambitious. Through examination of how certain fundamental teachings of the Buddha originated – the author argues that those teachings must indeed go back to the Buddha himself. Thus the author builds a chain of argument which creates hypothetical links rather than declaring ‘a priori’ that links and connection cannot be established.

This article argues that the Alagaddūpama Sutta, an important early Buddhist text, portrays the Buddha in the process of formulating his thoughts. If so it contradicts the myth that the Buddha awakened to the entire Buddhist Dharma on one occasion, and should be dated to the fourth centurybce. Such an antiquity, and peculiar didactic structure suggests that the text contains authentic teachings of the Buddha.
AN ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR SOLVING LIÉNARD EQUATIONS IN GENERAL FORM
Authors: NILI AHMADABADI M. , MAALEK GHAINI F. M.
Published: March 2010

In this study, Liénard equations in their general form are treated using the Adomian decomposition method. The special structure of the Liénard equation is exploited to obtain a numerically efficient algorithm suitable for solution by a computer program.
MORREY SPACES AND FRACTIONAL OPERATORS
Authors: TANAKA HITOSHI
Published: March 2010

The relation between the fractional integral operator and the fractional maximal operator is investigated in the framework of Morrey spaces. Applications to the Fefferman–Phong and the Olsen inequalities are also included.
Peripheral inflammation augments gap junction-mediated coupling among satellite glial cells in mouse sympathetic ganglia
Authors: Hanani Menachem , Caspi Anna , Belzer Vitali
Published: March 2010

Intercellular coupling by gap junctions is one of the main features of glial cells, but very little is known about this aspect of satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sympathetic ganglia. We used the dye coupling method to address this question in both a prevertebral ganglion (superior mesenteric) and a paravertebral ganglion (superior cervical) of mice. We found that in control ganglia, the incidence of dye coupling among SGCs that form the envelope around a given neuron was 10–20%, and coupling between SGCs around different envelopes was rare (1.5–3%). The dye injections also provided novel information on the structure of SGCs. Following peripheral inflammation, both types of coupling were increased, but most striking was the augmentation of coupling between SGCs forming envelopes around different neurons, which rose by 8–14.6-fold. This effect appeared to be non-systemic, and was blocked by the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone. These changes in SGCs may affect signal transmission and processing in sympathetic ganglia.
The impact of gestational diabetes and maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring
Authors: Catalano P. M.
Published: March 2010

Thein uteromaternal metabolic environment is important relative to both short and long term development of the offspring. Although poor fetal growth remains a significant factor relative to long-term outcome, fetal overgrowth is assuming greater importance because of the increase in obesity in the world’s populations. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes are the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy related to fetal overgrowth and more specifically adiposity.

Women with gestational diabetes have increased insulin resistance and inadequate insulin response compared with weight-matched controls. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of maternal hypertensive disease (preeclampsia) as well as cesarean delivery. At birth the neonate has increased adiposity and is at risk for birth injury. Multiple studies have reported that children of women with gestational diabetes have a greater prevalence childhood obesity and glucose intolerance; even at glucose concentrations less than currently used to define gestational diabetes, compared with normoglycemic women.

Obese women also have increased insulin resistance, insulin response and inflammatory cytokines compared with average weight women both before and during pregnancy. They too are at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome-like disorders during pregnancy that is hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance and coagulation disorders. Analogous to women with gestational diabetes, neonates of obese women are heavier at delivery because of increased fat and not lean body mass. Similarly, these children have an increased risk of childhood adiposity and metabolic dysregulation. Hence, the preconceptional and perinatal period offers a unique opportunity to modify both short and long term risks for both the woman and her offspring.
Glycine Propionyl-L-carnitine Modulates Lipid Peroxidation and Nitric Oxide in Human Subjects
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Tschume Lesley C. , Smith Webb A.
Published: March 2010

Objective: To determine the efficacy of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) to decrease lipid peroxidation, elevate nitric oxide, and improve blood lipid profiles in human subjects. Methods: Thirty untrained, normolipidemic subjects performed eight weeks of supervised aerobic exercise while supplementing GPLC at one of two doses (1 or 3 grams daily of PLC + glycine) or placebo, following random assignment in a double-blind manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed at rest for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and lipids before and after the intervention. Results: Malondialdehyde was decreased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 1 g GPLC (1.08±0.24 vs. 0.69±0.25 µmol·L -1) and 3 g GPLC (0.94±0.18 vs. 0.66±0.17 µmol·L -1), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with placebo (1.12±0.21 vs. 1.03±0.23 µmol·L -1). Nitric oxide was increased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 3 g GPLC (21.34±2.27 vs. 29.46±3.61 µmol·L -1), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with 1 g GPLC (23.22±4.13 vs. 26.24±4.32 µmol·L -1) or placebo (24.31±3.90 vs. 26.14±4.11 µmol·L -1). No main effects or interaction effects were noted for blood lipids (p>0.05). Conclusion: GPLC supplementation combined with eight weeks of aerobic exercise decreases lipid peroxidation and elevates nitric oxide, but does not further improve blood lipid profiles in normolipidemic subjects.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Captive and Free-ranging, White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Authors: Waters W. Ray , Nonnecke Brian J. , Gibbs Samantha E. J. , Yabsley Michael J. , Schmitt Stephen M. , Cosgrove Melinda K. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Thacker Tyler C. , Olsen Steven C. , Horst Ronald L. , Reinhardt Timothy A.
Published: March 2010

Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were determined for free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer (WTD). Effects of gender, season, and age on 25(OH)D concentrations were determined as well as comparisons to concentrations in serum from captive reindeer and elk. Seasonal variations in 25(OH)D concentrations were detected for both captive and free-ranging WTD with greatest concentrations detected in August/September (~ 25 ng/mL) and lowest concentrations in February (~ 5 – 10 ng/mL). Free-ranging WTD < 1 year of age had lower 25(OH)D concentrations (~ 6 ng/mL) than did free-ranging WTD > 1 year of age (~ 12 ng/mL). For captive WTD fawns, 25(OH)D concentrations increased from 1 to 9 days of age (exceeding 100 ng/mL) and then steadily declined to ~ 10 ng/mL by 3 months of age. In general, differences in 25(OH)D concentrations based on gender were not detected. 25(OH)D concentrations in captive WTD did not differ from that of captive reindeer; yet, 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in WTD than in captive elk. Additional research is necessary to determine if low serum 25(OH)D concentrations during the winter or pre-weaning period are associated with increased rates of infectious and metabolic disease.