bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Activities of Xanthatin from Xanthium strumarium Leaves
Authors: Nibret Endalkachew , Youns Mahamoud , Krauth‐Siegel R. Luise , Wink Michael
Published: September 2011

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the biological activities of the major bioactive compound, xanthatin, and other compounds from Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) leaves. Inhibition of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and leukaemia HL‐60 cell proliferation was assessed using resazurin as a vital stain. Xanthatin was found to be the major and most active compound against T. b. brucei with an IC50 value of 2.63 µg/mL and a selectivity index of 20. The possible mode of action of xanthatin was further evaluated. Xanthatin showed antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting both PGE2 synthesis (24% inhibition) and 5‐lipoxygenase activity (92% inhibition) at concentrations of 100 µg/mL and 97 µg/mL, respectively. Xanthatin exhibited weak irreversible inhibition of parasite specific trypanothione reductase. Unlike xanthatin, diminazene aceturate and ethidium bromide showed strong DNA intercalation with IC50 values of 26.04 µg/mL and 44.70 µg/mL, respectively. Substantial induction of caspase 3/7 activity in MIA PaCa‐2 cells was observed after 6 h of treatment with 100 µg/mL of xanthatin. All these data taken together suggest that xanthatin exerts its biological activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting both PGE2 synthesis and 5‐lipoxygenase activity thereby avoiding unwanted inflammation commonly observed in diseases such as trypanosomiasis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV‐1 infection and neurocognitive impairment in the current era
Authors: del Palacio María , Álvarez Susana , Muñoz‐Fernández Mª Ángeles
Published: September 2011

Brain HIV‐1‐infection may result in a syndrome of profound cognitive, behavioral and motor impairment known as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) in adults and HIV‐related encephalopathy in children. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has prolonged and improved the lives of infected individuals, it is clear that HAART does not provide complete protection against neurological damage in HIV/AIDS. HIV‐1 associated dementia is a complex phenomenon, which could be the result of several mechanisms caused by those players using different intracellular signaling pathways. Understanding the causes of neurodegeneration during HIV‐1 infection and the factors which certain individuals develop disease can provide researches on new therapeutic targets to positively affect disease outcomes. Controlling CNS viral replication with HAART is an essential primary approach, but it should be complemented with adjunctive CNS‐directed therapeutics. Understanding the nature of HIV‐1 infection within the CNS as well as inflammatory responses will ultimately lead to the elimination of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN ASSESSMENT OF VARIANTS IN THE PROFESSIONAL JUDGEMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGICALLY BASED CHANNEL TYPES
Authors: Milner Victoria S. , Gilvear David J. , Willby Nigel J.
Published: September 2011

River classification is a useful tool for researchers and managers wishing to organise, to simplify and to understand the forms and processes within freshwater systems. Many classifications require surveyors to classify reaches into specific channel types in a field environment. Channel types should be identifiable on the basis of a field surveyor's judgement of channel characteristics and landscape settings; these include channel planform, valley confinement, dominant bed material and/or instream geomorphic features (e.g. gravel bars). An accurate classification of reaches into the correct channel type is important to ensure consistency in management strategies and to assess the impact of engineering activities on the physical and ecological status of rivers. In this article, we examine the variation in professional judgement of geomorphologically based channel types by scientists with different disciplinary backgrounds and varying levels of involvement in classification systems using a photo‐questionnaire. Results indicate that there can be a large level of discrepancy in typing rivers; the choice of the modal channel type for each reach varied between 25.9% and 75.1% of the respondent selections. There were also differences in the level of agreement between earth scientists (with hydrogeomorphological or geological training), ecological scientists (with freshwater biology training) and practitioners involved in river conservation and management. A high level of experience in classification systems translates to a lower number of channel types being chosen per reach. In response to these results, the use of a photographic approach to typing needs to be fully tested and users fully trained before operational use. Furthermore, we advocate that designers of geomorphic typologies should aim to have a representative and workable number of classes within a typology with an emphasis for rationalisation of classes rather than expansion of numbers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt absorption bands for the differentiation of historical Na and Ca/K rich glass
Authors: Ceglia A. , Meulebroeck W. , Baert K. , Wouters H. , Nys K. , Thienpont H. , Terryn H.
Published: September 2011

The main purpose of this publication is to define sensing parameters by means of optical spectroscopy to study and characterize ancient glass. Because during different times different flux agents were used, a chemical individuation of these elements provides a first dating classification. Normally, X‐ray‐based chemical methods are applied to this kind of investigation. On the basis of the Ligand‐field theory, the absorption band positions of a transition metal ion undergo a change when the ion is placed in different chemical environments. A total of 25 cobalt coloured Roman, post‐medieval and industrial glasses were analyzed by means of SEM–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy to group them according to their chemical composition. Optical spectroscopy was applied to build a method to study glass with this low‐cost and non‐destructive technique. It is proved that the cobalt absorption band situated around 535.5 nm for sodium‐rich glasses (Roman and industrial material) is shifted towards 526.5 nm for calcium–potassium‐rich glasses (post‐medieval window glass). This feature was employed as a marker in the case study of the Renaissance window of the Church Wardens from the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium to distinguish the post‐medieval material from the 19th and 20th century restoration material. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How is retrospective independent review influenced by investigator‐introduced informative censoring: A quantitative approach
Authors: Fleischer Frank , Gaschler‐Markefski Birgit , Bluhmki Erich
Published: September 2011

A reliable determination of progression is of key importance in determining progression‐free survival in oncology trials. An independent review of tumour assessments made by investigators is often implemented with the aim of reducing a possible bias. Often, the independent review is performed in a prespecified but retrospective fashion by reviewing a patient after all assessments have been performed. It has been discussed that this mechanism can lead to informative censoring with respect to independent review. This is caused by the fact that often no further assessments are available after the investigator has declared the patient to be progressive, possibly leading to a considerable amount of patients being judged progressive by the investigator and being censored by independent review. We introduce and investigate a model for the error in assessment with the aim of quantifying the bias in independent review. The model is based on single error probabilities at each assessment time‐point that are independent from each other but dependent on the time to the true progression time‐point. The bias introduced for the independent review is described and quantified. We show that the investigator assessments of progression can lead to less bias for progression‐free survival than the results for independent review. Results show that a within‐arm discordance rate is not necessarily correlated with the bias in independent review. Finally, we propose an approach for a sensitivity analysis that is a useful tool to sandwich the true underlying distribution by the results for independent review itself and the described sensitivity analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agile methods and organizational culture: reflections about cultural levels
Authors: Tolfo Cristiano , Wazlawick Raul Sidnei , Ferreira Marcelo Gitirana Gomes , Forcellini Fernando Antonio
Published: September 2011

Agile methods emerge as an alternative to improve quality and performance in software development processes. However, as agile methods are essentially focused on human aspects, their application in companies depends mostly on their adequacy to the current organizational culture. This study explores the view of the organizational culture in three levels as a theoretical framework to allow early detection of problems, which could jeopardize the adoption of agile methods by a company. This article points out that many facilitators or obstacles to the adoption of an agile method can be hidden in the lower levels of the organizational culture. Additionally, the article shows that a superficial analysis of those issues can lead to a miscomprehension about the possibility of applying an agile method in a software company. This article also evidences that the interpretation of the levels of organizational culture improves the understanding of how an agile culture should be established. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance of service oriented architecture composite applications: static and dynamic support
Authors: White Laura J. , Reichherzer Thomas , Coffey John , Wilde Norman , Simmons Sharon
Published: September 2011

Several authors have suggested that service‐oriented architecture (SOA) applications will present new program comprehension challenges for future software maintainers. We review the literature on program comprehension for SOA and describe exploratory work on static and dynamic program analysis, using two prototype tools to aid in addressing these challenges. SOAMiner is a static search tool to extract information from XML‐structured SOA files such as Web Services Description Language, XML Schema Definition Language, and Business Process Execution Language. Feature sequence viewer is a dynamic message trace analysis tool that extracts a sequence diagram highlighting the path of messages involved in processing a particular Web service request. Several case studies were conducted involving both static and dynamic analysis. Use of these tools has helped to clarify what SOA maintainers will need to know and how software tools might help them. Results revealed various types of static and dynamic information that can be useful to maintainers of SOA composite applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance and near wake measurements of a model horizontal axis wind turbine
Authors: Krogstad Per‐Åge , Adaramola Muyiwa S.
Published: September 2011

The performance characteristics and the near wake of a model wind turbine were investigated experimentally. The model tested is a three‐bladed horizontal axis type wind turbine with an upstream rotor of 0.90 m diameter. The performance measurements were conducted at various yaw angles, a freestream speed of about 10 m s −1, and the tip speed ratio was varied from 0.5 to 12. The time‐averaged streamwise velocity field in the near wake of the turbine was measured at different tip speed ratios and downstream locations. As expected, it was found that power and thrust coefficients decrease with increasing yaw angle. The power loss is about 3% when the yaw angle is less than 10° and increases to more than 30% when the yaw angle is greater than 30°. The velocity distribution in the near wake was found to be strongly influenced by the tip speed ratio and the yaw angle. At the optimum tip speed ratio, the axial velocity was almost uniform within the midsection of the rotor wake, whereas two strong peaks are observed for high tip speed ratios when the yaw angle is 0°. As the yaw angle increases, the wake width was found to be reduced and skewed towards the yawed direction. With increasing downstream distance, the wake velocity field was observed to depend on the tip speed ratio and more pronounced at high tip speed ratio. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RNAi screening: new approaches, understandings, and organisms
Authors: Mohr Stephanie E. , Perrimon Norbert
Published: September 2011

RNA interference (RNAi) leads to sequence‐specific knockdown of gene function. The approach can be used in large‐scale screens to interrogate function in various model organisms and an increasing number of other species. Genome‐scale RNAi screens are routinely performed in cultured or primary cells or in vivo in organisms such as C. elegans. High‐throughput RNAi screening is benefitting from the development of sophisticated new instrumentation and software tools for collecting and analyzing data, including high‐content image data. The results of large‐scale RNAi screens have already proved useful, leading to new understandings of gene function relevant to topics such as infection, cancer, obesity, and aging. Nevertheless, important caveats apply and should be taken into consideration when developing or interpreting RNAi screens. Some level of false discovery is inherent to high‐throughput approaches and specific to RNAi screens, false discovery due to off‐target effects (OTEs) of RNAi reagents remains a problem. The need to improve our ability to use RNAi to elucidate gene function at large scale and in additional systems continues to be addressed through improved RNAi library design, development of innovative computational and analysis tools and other approaches. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:145–158. doi: 10.1002/wrna.110

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
The Nebraska deer exchange: A novel program for donating harvested deer
Authors: Hildreth Aaron M. , Hygnstrom Scott E. , Hams Kit M. , Vercauteren Kurt C.
Published: September 2011

Populations of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have become overabundant throughout their historic range, especially in developed landscapes. A variety of techniques, including controlled hunts in urban–suburban areas, are being used to increase harvest. Deer donation programs have been initiated in nearly all 50 states of the United States, and have been successful at providing venison to the hungry, but at significant costs to wildlife agencies and hunters. Our objectives were to: 1) develop a low‐cost program to facilitate the exchange of excess harvested deer from hunters to recipients; 2) evaluate the attitudes of participating hunters and recipients; and 3) determine the effectiveness of the Nebraska Deer Exchange (NDE). The NDE was developed in 2008, featuring an interactive webpage hosted by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (NGPC). The NDE served as a database and matchmaker for hunters and recipients to contact each other and arrange the transfer of harvested deer. We evaluated the program by conducting an e‐mail survey of participants. The code and website for the NDE were developed in 40 hr and the overall cost to NGPC was US$1,120. A total of 1,172 people participated the first year and >6,900 kg of venison was donated to willing recipients. Sixty‐six percent of donors indicated they harvested additional deer as a direct result of the NDE. Surveyed participants overwhelmingly indicated that the program was easy, inexpensive, and should continue the next year. The NDE aided in the harvest of additional deer, increased interactions between hunters and nonhunters, and provided nutritious venison to willing recipients. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of seasons and hunting on space use by female white‐tailed deer in a developed landscape in southeastern Nebraska
Authors: Hygnstrom Scott E. , VerCauteren Kurt C. , Groepper Scott R. , Garabrandt Gary W. , Gubanyi Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were extirpated from a 1,800‐ha natural area along the Missouri River near Omaha, Nebraska, USA shortly after settlement in the mid‐1800s, but they recolonized the area in the early 1960s. In absence of hunting and predators, the population of deer became overabundant in the 1980s and 1990s. Deer impacted plant communities at Fontenelle Forest (FF) and Gifford Point (GP) and a 200–300% increase in deer–vehicle collisions was observed in the area. We radiocollared female white‐tailed deer in this region during February 1995–March 1996 to determine the effects of phenological seasons and archery and muzzleloader hunting on space use. Mean size of annual home ranges of 50 radiocollared female deer was 275 ha (range = 18–4,265 ha, SE = 88). Forty‐one of 50 deer (82%) maintained high fidelity to their small annual home ranges ( = 115 ha, SE = 13) and made short seasonal movements (<1.0 km). Seven deer dispersed and exhibited large seasonal shifts in centers of home ranges ( = 3.2 km, range = 1–7 km) and 2 deer exhibited migratory behavior. We observed no spatial patterns associated with seasonal dispersal or migration that would subject deer in unhunted areas to harvest in hunted areas. Controlled deer hunts were implemented in the upland areas adjacent to Bellevue residential area and the lowlands of FF and GP. Effects of archery hunting on deer use areas were minimal. Deer subjected to muzzleloader hunting increased the size of use areas by 88–97% and shifted centers of use areas a mean of 666 m (SE = 211, range = 121–1,932 m), but they did not leave the lowland areas of FF or GP. Controlled hunts enabled the removal of resident deer from populations adjacent to the Bellevue residential area. Where practical, we suggest that regulated hunting be used as part of an overall plan to manage densities of deer and associated impacts in developed landscapes. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Overabundant suburban deer, invertebrates, and the spread of an invasive exotic plant
Authors: Duguay Jeffrey P. , Farfaras Cheryl
Published: September 2011

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) overabundance is a problem of serious concern for wildlife managers. At densities as low as 8 deer/km2, changes in vegetation due to deer feeding patterns have been demonstrated to negatively impact other wildlife species. The Middle Patuxent Environmental Area (MPEA) in Howard County, Maryland, USA, currently supports a deer population of approximately 41 deer/km2. We used an experimental approach to examine how deer overabundance in a suburban environment impacts both vegetation and invertebrates. Ten 20‐m × 20‐m deer exclosures were constructed in the MPEA during the winter–spring of 1999. Vegetation and invertebrate data have subsequently been collected inside the exclosures and areas adjacent to the exclosures (control) during the summers of 1999, 2003, and 2007. There was no initial difference in vegetation variables between exclosure and control plots in 1999 (P > 0.05). Post‐1999, plant species richness was greater in the exclosure than in the control. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed differences (P < 0.001) in vegetation cover variables between exclosures and controls, with a greater percentage of forbs, shrubby vegetation, and taller stems in the exclosure and more grass and exotics in the control. There were few differences in invertebrates between exclosures. The differences observed in vegetation between exclosures is believed to reflect interactions between deer feeding patterns and the invasive Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum) and unless deer density is reduced, it is likely that the exotic Japanese stiltgrass will continue to increase in abundance and native plant species will decrease. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Attitudes of Urban and suburban residents in Indiana on deer management
Authors: Stewart Chad M.
Published: September 2011

The Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife created urban deer zones in 1996 that liberalize opportunity and bag limits for Indiana (USA) hunters in areas experiencing increased conflict between humans and deer (Odocoileus virginianus); yet, no comprehensive survey of residents in these areas has been conducted to determine whether the regulations have been effective. A survey was distributed to randomly selected residents of Fort Wayne, Evansville, and Lafayette to determine their opinions on the local deer population, to assess their attitudes toward the present deer population levels, and to gather information on their preferences for deer management. Hunters residing in these areas were also surveyed. Over 87% of respondents indicated that the deer herd had either stayed the same or had grown since urban deer zones were established. Nearly 74% of respondents did not allow hunting on their property, despite it being the most acceptable form of management for white‐tailed deer. There were noticeable differences in perceptions of the deer population and management techniques between hunters, former hunters, nonhunters who are pro‐hunting, anti‐hunters, and animal rights advocates. Additional opportunities (e.g., expanded crossbow use, expanded muzzleloader seasons) were supported by many, while nontraditional techniques (e.g., sharpshooting, trap‐and‐kill) were not supported. The lack of access to land by licensed hunters will continue to restrict opportunities for state management through traditional hunting and seasons. Nontraditional techniques may be needed in the future; however, substantial work must be done prior to implementation to increase public support for these approaches. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Efficacy of GnRH immunocontraception of wild white‐tailed deer in New Jersey
Authors: Gionfriddo James P. , Denicola Anthony J. , Miller Lowell A. , Fagerstone Kathleen A.
Published: September 2011

Safe and effective contraceptive agents are needed to manage overabundant populations of cervids in settings where traditional management methods such as hunting are prohibited or impractical. We used GonaCon™ Immunocontraceptive Vaccine to reduce reproduction in individual white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on a fully fenced corporate‐office campus in suburban New Jersey, USA. In July–August 2005, we captured, marked, injected, and released 47 adult females and then monitored their reproductive performance for 2 years. Thirty‐two of these females each received a 1.0‐mL injection of GonaCon vaccine, and 15 control females were given sham injections. Field observations of udder condition during summers of 2006 and 2007 were used to determine which adult female deer were lactating; lactation was used as an indicator of imminent or recent parturition. During summer 2006, 8 of 24 GonaCon‐treated deer were pregnant, in contrast to 12 of 13 control deer. During summer 2007, 2 years after injections were given, 13 of 23 GonaCon‐treated and 10 of 12 control animals were pregnant. We also captured, vaccinated, and released fawns (both sexes) and yearling and adult males and then monitored their reproductive status. Immunocontraception of fawns was unsuccessful. In some GonaCon‐treated males (all age classes), serum testosterone concentrations and development of testes and antlers were reduced. Higher anti‐gonadotropin‐releasing‐hormone antibody titers were associated with greater infertility in females and with lower values for reproductive parameters in males. GonaCon reduced reproduction in wild adult female white‐tailed deer, but greater contraceptive efficacy may be required for it to gain widespread acceptance and use by natural resource managers. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Regulated commercial harvest to manage overabundant white‐tailed deer: An idea to consider?
Authors: VerCauteren Kurt C. , Anderson Charles W. , van Deelen Timothy R. , Drake David , Walter W. David , Vantassel Stephen M. , Hygnstrom Scott E.
Published: September 2011

Declines in hunter recruitment coupled with dramatic growth in numbers of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have challenged our ability to manage deer populations through regulated hunting. We review the efficacy of current regulated hunting methods and explain how they are unable to reduce deer numbers sufficiently in some environments. Regulated commercial harvest would provide an additional tool to help state wildlife agencies manage overabundant populations of white‐tailed deer. We outline potential means to govern regulated commercial deer harvest and explain how it is compatible with the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation. We identified several benefits, including reduced overabundant populations of deer; source of healthy, natural, green, locally produced protein; promotion of economic growth, entrepreneurship, and market expansion; and public engagement and appreciation. We also address expected concerns associated with this concept, such as privatization of wildlife; overexploitation; food safety; competition with existing commodities; law enforcement; and challenges of changing laws, regulations, and attitudes. We suggest developing a professional forum to address the issue of regulated commercial harvest of white‐tailed deer and other overabundant species of wildlife. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Movements and home ranges of white‐tailed deer in response to roadside fences
Authors: Gulsby William D. , Stull Daniel W. , Gallagher George R. , Osborn David A. , Warren Robert J. , Miller Karl V. , Tannenbaum Lawrence V.
Published: September 2011

Although roadside fences have been proven effective at reducing deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs), information on how these fences alter deer behavior is lacking. We evaluated the effects of a traditional and a novel fencing design, constructed alongside a roadway, on movements and home ranges of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). From January to April 2009, we fitted 14 adult female deer with Global Positioning System collars, programmed to collect ≥24 locations/day. In June 2009 we constructed a 3.2‐km fence that included a 1.6‐km section of 2.4‐m vertical‐wire fence and a 1.6‐km section of a prototype outrigger fence (i.e., 0.6 m, shade‐cloth [50% opaque plastic sheeting] on a 45° outrigger angled toward the deer attached to the top of a 1.2 m, vertical‐wire fence). We retrieved collars between January and March 2010. We compared home ranges, fence crossings, and fence circumventions among deer that encountered the outrigger and 2.4‐m fences as well as for deer that encountered neither fence (i.e., controls), before and after fence construction. Actual crossings of the fence area were reduced, postconstruction, by 98% and 90% for the 2.4 m and outrigger treatment groups, respectively, suggesting that the fences were sufficiently effective to simulate how deer respond to roadside barriers. Deer with pretreatment home ranges that approached or encompassed the fence endings maintained a high degree of site fidelity by circumventing the endings. This study highlights the importance of incorporating information on deer behavior and resource usage into DVC‐reduction strategies. If these factors are not accounted for, DVC frequency will likely stay the same, or increase, near fence endings. Thus, roadside fences should likely end at natural barriers to deer movements (i.e., heavy development) or incorporate some means of safe crossing into their endings. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Survival and harvest‐related mortality of white‐tailed deer in massachusetts
Authors: Mcdonald John E. , Destefano Stephen , Gaughan Christopher , Mayer Michael , Woytek William A. , Christensen Sonja , Fuller Todd K.
Published: September 2011

We monitored 142 radiocollared adult (≥1.0 yr old) white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 3 study areas of Massachusetts, USA, to estimate annual survival and mortality due to legal hunting. We then applied these rates to deer harvest information to estimate deer population trends over time, and compared these to trends derived solely from harvest data estimates. Estimated adult female survival rates were similar (0.82–0.86), and uniformly high, across 3 management zones in Massachusetts that differed in landscape composition, human density, and harvest regulations. Legal hunting accounted for 16–29% of all adult female mortality. Estimated adult male survival rates varied from 0.55 to 0.79, and legal hunting accounted for 40–75% of all mortality. Use of composite hunting mortality rates produced realistic estimates for adult deer populations in 2 zones, but not for the third, where estimation was hindered by regulatory restrictions on antlerless deer harvest. In addition, the population estimates we calculated were generally higher than those derived from population reconstruction, likely due to relatively low harvest pressure. Legal harvest may not be the dominant form of deer mortality in developed landscapes; thus, estimates of populations or trends that rely solely on harvest data will likely be underestimates. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of landscape and land‐ownership patterns on deer movements in a suburban community
Authors: Kilpatrick Howard J. , Labonte Andrew M. , Barclay John S.
Published: September 2011

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have adapted to, and are thriving in, residential–suburban landscapes. Special hunts, sharpshooting programs, and fertility control efforts have been implemented in residential communities to reduce local deer populations. For these management strategies to be effective, it is important to understand deer movement and behavior patterns in suburban landscapes. Our objectives were to quantify annual and hunt‐season home‐range size, and evaluate the relationships between landscape characteristics, land‐ownership patterns, and deer movements during the autumn hunting season. Much variation in home range size was observed for annual (15.5–173 ha) and hunt‐season home range (16.8–120.7 ha) over the 2‐yr study. Deer core areas were not characteristically different from home ranges with regards to forest lands or building density, but were different with regards to road density and property density. Deer use of core areas during the day was similar to, or higher than, deer use at night. Most individual properties in deer core areas were <2.8 ha. Under the current set‐back distance for firearms hunting (152 m), 31% and 38% of deer had no portion of their home range potentially open to firearms hunting, and 69% and 81% had no portion of their core areas potentially open to firearms hunting in years 1 and 2. Percentage of forest in home range buffers decreased from 66% in year 1 (abundant acorns) to 46% in year 2 (moderate acorns) as deer shifted into residential development. Findings from our study emphasize the value of conducting multiyear studies and incorporating other variables such as mast abundance to improve interpretation of landscape models. The close association of deer core areas with roads suggests that sharpshooting programs that bait and shoot deer from roads may be an effective management option. In suburban landscapes, deer core areas are comprised of many different landowners, limiting hunter access and mobility to deer core areas. No‐hunt buffers around buildings should be reduced to levels that increase hunter access to deer core areas, yet maintain reasonable safety zones. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The evolution of an Urban deer‐management program through 15 years
Authors: Wiggers Ernie P.
Published: September 2011

The Borough of Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, USA implemented an urban deer‐management program in 1993 consisting of archery hunting, sharpshooting by police officers, and trapping and euthanasia. Over the following 15 years, 2,980 deer were removed using these methods with most (68%) being harvested by archery hunters. However, over the duration of the program the number of bowhunters and number of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvested by bowhunters declined, resulting in greater reliance on police sharpshooting to compensate for the lower harvest by archery hunters. Beginning in 2003, the number of deer removed by police sharpshooters exceeded that removed by archery hunters. The combined deer‐management program has been successful in reducing the negative impacts of overabundant deer as measured by the number of deer–vehicle collisions, which declined from 81 in 1993 to a 15‐year low of 19 in 2007, potentially saving residents some US$ 1.6 million in vehicle repair costs. Although leadership within the Borough changed over time, the primary goals of the deer population management program were sustained. Urban communities entering into a deer management program should craft a program that has built‐in flexibility and be prepared to allow the program to evolve over time as conditions change. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Hunter perceptions and acceptance of alternative deer management regulations
Authors: Cornicelli Louis , Fulton David C. , Grund Marrett D. , Fieberg John
Published: September 2011

Wildlife managers are often confronted with a policy paradox where a majority of the public supports an outcome, but there is no agreement on specific management strategies to achieve this outcome. Previous research has also reported a link between regulatory acceptance, hunter satisfaction, and hunter participation rates. Thus, human dimensions research aimed at understanding hunter motivations and behavior is needed for effective management. In 2005, we surveyed Minnesota (USA) deer hunters (n = 6,000; 59% response) to evaluate attitudes regarding alternative deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvest regulations. We also conducted a series of forced choice experiments in which respondents were asked to select an option from a list of representative regulations that might be adopted to achieve a particular deer management goal. Specifically, we modeled 5 deer population scenarios ranging from low populations with high buck‐harvest rates to populations 50% over goal density. Our results indicate that hunters preferred different regulations depending on the population scenario, but generally preferred antler‐point restrictions and disliked limiting buck licenses through a lottery. We also found consistency among scenarios, in that a small percentage of respondents indicated they would not hunt if regulations were changed. The results from this study should help wildlife managers design deer harvest regulations that are both acceptable to hunters and achieve management objectives. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Examining the potential of community design to limit human conflict with white‐tailed deer
Authors: Gorham Dawn A. , Porter William F.
Published: September 2011

Modification of habitat has the potential to be both less costly and less controversial than direct management of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in addressing problems related to suburban deer overabundance. A novel approach to reducing deer–human conflict would involve anticipating issues of deer management when communities are designed. We tested the hypothesis that the compact character of traditional neighborhood designs will result in reduced habitat suitability for deer as compared to suburban‐sprawl patterns of development. We evaluated landscape pattern and estimated deer densities in 2 communities in upstate New York, USA, and then predicted habitat condition and potential deer densities in different types of development. Comparisons of the habitat conditions in the neighborhood versus sprawl areas revealed significant differences in the amount of edge between the tree and lawn class (P < 0.05), with sprawl development having a greater tree–lawn edge density. Both field and tree disjunct core‐area densities were significantly higher in areas of sprawl development (P < 0.01). Increasing amounts of field and the distribution of tree canopy across the landscape were associated with increased deer densities. In the suburban environment, where food is abundant, the availability of cover throughout the landscape becomes an important factor affecting deer density. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The sustainability of controlled archery programs: The motivation and satisfaction of suburban hunters
Authors: Weckel Mark , Rockwell Robert F. , Wincorn Anastasia
Published: September 2011

Over the last decade, wildlife professionals in the New York City (NY, USA) metropolitan area have increasingly turned to controlled archery hunts to reduce overabundant suburban deer populations. The success of these deer management programs (DMPs) depends on a willing pool of hunters motivated to meet harvest goals. This requires maintaining hunter satisfaction both now, and in the future when successful herd reduction will result in fewer opportunities for deer harvest. With the goal of providing local deer managers with feedback from hunters partaking in DMPs, we used surveys designed to evaluate why members hunted, why they joined DMPs, members' views on deer management, and ultimately, their satisfaction with controlled hunts. Members were primarily motivated to hunt by the chance to see wildlife, opportunities for recreation, and a passion for archery. Most (71%) reported that their enjoyment had increased since first joining a DMP and satisfaction was not linked to harvest opportunity or success. Nevertheless, we documented several trends that threaten the long‐term sustainability of DMPs. First, 78.2% of survey respondents were over the age of 40, possibly suggesting fewer younger recruits into DMPs. Second, the opportunity to hunt previously unhunted land, a transitory incentive, was the most common reason for participating in DMPs. Third, respondents whose DMP doe harvest was limited by choosing to spend time on private, non‐DMP land were also more likely to have seen fewer deer on DMP lands (G‐test = 13.2, df = 4, P = 0.01). This suggests that effort will decline as deer herds decline. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
CHNO Based Molecules Containing 2,2,2‐Trinitroethoxy Moieties as Possible High Energy Dense Oxidizers
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Moll Richard , Rest Sebastian F.
Published: September 2011

Tetrakis(2,2,2‐trinitroethyl) orthocarbonate (1) and 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl formate (2) were synthesized by the reaction of carbon tetrachloride, respectively chloroform, with the corresponding equivalents of 2,2,2‐trinitroethanol and catalytic amounts of anhydrous iron(III)chloride. 2,2,2‐Trinitroethyl formal (3) was prepared by the condensation of paraformaldehyde with 2,2,2‐trinitroethanol. The compounds were fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and multi‐temperature DSC measurements. Due to the positive oxygen balance, the suitability of all three compounds mentioned as potential oxidizers in energetic formulations was investigated and discussed. In addition, the heats of formation of the products were determined experimentally using bomb calorimetric methods. With this value and the experimental (X‐ray) density, several detonation parameters such as the detonation pressure, velocity, energy, and temperature were computed using the EXPLO5 code. Furthermore, the sensitivity towards impact, friction and electrical discharge was tested using the BAM drop hammer, a friction tester as well as a small‐scale electrical discharge device.
Li2B6O9F2, a New Acentric Fluorooxoborate
Authors: Pilz Thomas , Jansen Martin
Published: September 2011

Novel Li2B6O9F2 can be either synthesized from LiBF4 and B2O3 or from LiB3O5 and LiBF4, at 673 K. The three dimensional anionic network is related to the polymeric anion of pentaborates MB5O8 (M: Rb, Cs); replacing one bridging oxygen atom per repetition unit of the latter by BF2O2 tetrahedron yields the again three dimensional fluorooxoborate anion of the title compound.The new solid electrolyte is stable up to 753 K and decomposes evolving BF3. It is a purely ionic conductor with conductivities of 1.3 × 10–8 and 2.2 × 10–10S·cm–1 at 573 and 473 K, respectively.
Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates byBurkholderia cepaciaATCC 17759 using a detoxified sugar maple hemicellulosic hydrolysate
Authors: Pan Wenyang , Perrotta Joseph A , Stipanovic Arthur J , Nomura Christopher T , Nakas James P
Published: September 2011

Sugar maple hemicellulosic hydrolysate containing 71.9 g/l of xylose was used as an inexpensive feedstock to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759. Several inhibitory compounds present in wood hydrolysate were analyzed for effects on cell growth and PHA production with strong inhibition observed at concentrations of 1 g/l furfural, 2 g/l vanillin, 7 g/l levulinic acid, and 1 M acetic acid. Gradual catabolism of lower concentrations of these inhibitors was observed in this study. To increase the fermentability of wood hydrolysate, several detoxification methods were tested. Overliming combined with low-temperature sterilization resulted in the highest removal of total inhibitory phenolics (65%). A fed-batch fermentation exhibited maximum PHA production after 96 h (8.72 g PHA/L broth and 51.4% of dry cell weight). Compositional analysis by NMR and physical–chemical characterization showed that PHA produced from wood hydrolysate was composed of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) with a molecular mass (M  N) of 450.8 kDa, a melting temperature (T  m) of 174.4°C, a glass transition temperature (T  g) of 7.31°C, and a decomposition temperature (T  decomp) of 268.6°C.
Comparison of climatic effects on radial growth of evergreen broad‐leaved trees at their northern distribution limit and co‐dominating deciduous broad‐leaved trees and evergreen conifers
Authors: Takahashi K. , Okuhara I.
Published: September 2011

Using dendrochronological techniques, this study examined whether tree‐ring width of two evergreen broad‐leaved species (Cleyera japonica, Eurya japonica) at their inland northern distribution limit in central Japan is more limited by low temperature compared with two co‐dominating deciduous broad‐leaved species (Fagus japonica, Magnolia hypoleuca) and two evergreen conifer species (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies firma), whose distribution limits are further north. The two deciduous broad‐leaved species and the two evergreen conifers are tall tree species. Evergreen broad‐leaved Cleyera japonica is a sub‐canopy species and Eurya japonica is a small tree species. The tree‐ring widths of four of the six species (except for Eurya japonica and Magnolia hypoleuca) correlated positively with the March temperature just before the start of the growth period. For deciduous broad‐leaved Magnolia hypoleuca, the tree‐ring width was correlated positively and negatively with July temperature and precipitation, respectively. However, the other deciduous broad‐leaved Fagus japonica showed no such relationships. For the evergreen broad‐leaved Cleyera japonica and evergreen conifers Chamaecyparis obtusa and Abies firma, tree‐ring widths correlated positively with winter temperatures, probably because evergreen species can assimilate during warm winters. The tree‐ring width of Cleyera japonica also correlated positively with temperatures of many months of the growth period. By contrast, the tree‐ring width of the other evergreen broad‐leaved Eurya japonica showed no positive correlation with the temperature in any month. Most Eurya japonica trees were suppressed by tall trees, which might disguise any climate effect. Thus, there were species differences in response to climate for each life form, and the tree‐ring width of Cleyera japonica at the northern distribution limit was more limited by low temperatures compared with co‐dominating species. It is suggested that growth of Cleyera japonica is increased by global warming at the latitudinal ecotone.
Revisiting theAcanthamoebaspecies that form star-shaped cysts (genotypes T7, T8, T9, and T17): characterization of seven new Brazilian environmental isolates and phylogenetic inferences
Authors: MAGLIANO ANA C. M. , TEIXEIRA MARTA M. G. , ALFIERI SILVIA C.
Published: September 2011

Free-living amoebae of the genusAcanthamoebaare the agents of both opportunistic and non-opportunistic infections and are frequently isolated from the environment. Of the 17 genotypes (T1–T17) identified thus far, 4 (T7, T8, T9, and T17) accommodate the rarely investigated species of morphological group I, those that form large, star-shaped cysts. We report the isolation and characterization of 7 new Brazilian environmentalAcanthamoebaisolates, all assigned to group I. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial (∼1200 bp) SSU rRNA gene sequences placed the new isolates in the robustly supported clade composed of the species of morphological group I. One of the Brazilian isolates is closely related toA. comandoni(genotype T9), while the other 6, together with 2 isolates recently assigned to genotype T17, form a homogeneous, well-supported group (2 0% sequence divergence) that likely represents a newAcanthamoebaspecies. Thermotolerance, osmotolerance, and cytophatic effects, features often associated with pathogenic potential, were also examined. The results indicated that all 7 Brazilian isolates grow at temperatures up to 40°C, and resist under hyperosmotic conditions. Additionally, media conditioned by each of the newAcanthamoebaisolates induced the disruption of SIRC and HeLa cell monolayers.
Why Gold is Necessarily a Yellow Metal
Authors: Hanna Robert
Published: September 2011

At least Kant thinks it's apartof the concept that gold is to be a yellow metal. He thinks that we know thisa priori, and that we could not discover it to be empirically false … Is Kant right about this? (Saul Kripke)

Gold [is] … a yellow malleable ductile high density metallic element resistant to chemical reaction. (Oxford English Dictionary)

Nature considered materially is the totality of all objects of experience. (Immanuel Kant,P, Ak. 4:295)

Kant's joke. Kant wanted to prove in a way that would dumbfound the common man that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul. (Friedrich Nietzsche)
Kant's Psychologism, Part II
Authors: Waxman Wayne
Published: September 2011

Before surveying examples of Kant's transcendental psychologism, it may prove helpful to return to the model after which they are patterned: Hume's associationism. Contrary to what is often supposed, Hume did not confine his enquiries into representational origins to what exists in the mind prior to and independently of association. When the materials available pre-associationally are insufficient to yield an idea able to perform a certain prescribed function in human thought and reasoning, he then typically looked to the actions and affects of the associating imagination itself as the sources of the missing elements. The idea of cause and effect is the locus classicus. The pre-eminent function of this idea is to extend the mind's purview ‘beyond our senses’ and inform ‘us of existences and objects, which we do not see or feel’ (A Treatise of Human Nature (THN) 74).
THE CATHOLIC ORIGINS OF TOTALITARIANISM THEORY IN INTERWAR EUROPE
Authors: CHAPPEL JAMES
Published: September 2011

Totalitarianism theory was one of the ratifying principles of the Cold War, and remains an important component of contemporary political discourse. Its origins, however, are little understood. Although widely seen as a secular product of anticommunist socialism, it was originally a theological notion, rooted in the political theory of Catholic personalism. Specifically, totalitarianism theory was forged by Catholic intellectuals in the mid-1930s, responding to Carl Schmitt's turn to the “total state” in 1931. In this essay I explore the notion's formation and circulation through the Catholic public sphere in both France and Austria, where “antitotalitarianism” was born as a new form of the traditional Catholic animus against the nation state project.