bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Two Scepticisms or Relying on What Comes Naturally or The Problem with Deriving an Epistemology from Literary Theory
Authors: Allan James
Published: March 2003

Some years ago — never mind how long precisely — three eminent thinkers, having little or no need for more money in their purses, and nothing particular to interest them in the law reviews and philosophy journals, set out to meet and discuss legal philosophy in a literary part of the world. It is a way these three have of driving off ennui and formulating the next publication. Whenever they find themselves growing stale about the pen; whenever it is adamp, drizzly November in London; whenever they find themselves involuntarily churning out conference papers and bringing up the rear of every symposium on offer; and especially whenever they find their critics getting such an upper hand on them, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent them from deliberately sitting down and methodically knocking off a paper excoriating every stranger they have met — then, they account it high time to gettogether as soon as they can.
Geology and Art: Cross‐curricular Links
Authors: Dove Jane
Published: March 2003

Rock types are materials through which artists communicate their ideas. It is my premise that in order for art students to decode the rock types they are working in, they first need to discover something about the origins and compositions of the materials they use. This concept is explored though the rock types found within urban and the rural environments. I suggest that the stone fabric of the built environment provides a diverse range of textures from which art students can draw inspiration. Ideas for compositions are developed from the way in which artists in the past have portrayed geological textures, shapes and forms in their compositions. This article explores the links between geology and art, and examines how some of these connections, might be used to enhance an aesthetic appreciation and understanding of rocks.
Conflict Resolution & Recognition of Diversity via an Art Experience
Authors: Connors Kathleen E
Published: March 2003

Most school districts in our world expect teachers and students to behave in a manner that promotes tolerance and peaceful conflict resolution. This is not always easily accomplished, mostly because few have had any formal training in issues of diversity and conflict resolution beyond conventional life situations, and issues and circumstances reach crisis levels before they are addressed. Students and teachers and the communities in which they function need to have an ongoing dialogue that progressively helps all to understand and deal with issues of diversity and conflict. An established means to understanding who we are and why we do what we do is to generate an aesthetic distance to observe for understanding those and that which we call ‘other.’ This workshop was an encounter with ‘others’ (flora, fauna, cultures, social constructs%) whom we created (and whom we implicitly re‐presented as metaphors for ourselves and ‘others’ in our world) through the making of a three‐dimensional mural of four separate geophysical regions with four distinct cultures that have never encountered one another. How they eventually encounter one another and what occurs because of this encounter is the mirror each group holds up to itself. Subsequent discussion encompasses not only the hypothetical cultures and how their members dealt with the challenges of change, disaster, and forced integration but also how or if the people within the workshop groups co‐operated or resolved conflict to create the murals and their cultural representations.
Children’s Drawing in the UK and China
Authors: Cox Maureen , Perara Julian , Fan Xu
Published: March 2003

We report the results of a comparative study of drawings completed by 952 children aged between 6–13 years in the UK and Chinese ordinary schools. Although there was no significant difference in standard between the drawings of these two cultural groups the drawings of 240 children who attended a week‐end art school in Beijing were given consistently higher ratings. In addition, there were noticeable differences in style, composition, colour and depth cues among all three samples.
Art & Design:The Rhetoric and the Practice
Authors: Bowden John
Published: March 2003

In this paper I will outline what I perceive to be the current context in which Art and Design activities operate in Primary and Secondary Schools in England. I will argue that significant advances in the teaching of the subject in the last two decades are being threatened, particularly in the primary sector, due to the impact of a number of factors, including the new ‘standards’ agenda, and constraints arising from limitations in resources, teaching expertise and deployment, and the effects of assessment. The under achievement of boys will be considered in relation to some observations on differentiation in the subject at Secondary level. The paper will suggest that the attempts by teachers to offer an art curriculum that covers all aspects of artistic activity has led to a superficiality of experience for pupils, and therefore a ‘depth’ rather than a breadth approach to art curriculum planning is now necessary. The variable impact of Critical Studies activities will be considered, including that of Artists in Schools, and I will suggest that there is an opportunity to extend current art practice encouraging greater risk‐taking, through an open‐ended problem‐solving approach, and a development of work which celebrates pupils' own cultures and interests.
Fly's Eye View: Introducing Young Children to Digital Art through Virtual Reality
Authors: Smith David , Coyle Janice
Published: March 2003

This paper describes ‘Fly’s Eye View', a project devised and directed by David Smith and supported by a grant from the UK Techniquest Pantechnicon Millennium Awards (intended to help bridge the gap in public perception between science and art). ‘Fly’s Eye View' was specifically aimed at young children, aged 7–11 years (Key Stage Two of the UK National Curriculum). The project used a low‐level VR fly‐by system to represent a garden scene as it might be experienced by a dragonfly. The analogy between the mosaic visual ‘perception’ of insects and image representation in computer systems allowed some interesting explorations into what may be involved in ‘seeing’. This analogy was used as the starting point for a series of exploratory activities using digital art work. The paper reviews the outcomes of the project and discusses their possible significance in the context of current approaches to art education and the stimulation of creative thinking in young children.
Breadth and Balance? The Impact of the National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies on Art in the Primary School
Authors: Herne Steve
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the findings of a small‐scale qualitative research enquiry into some of the effects on the primary school art curriculum of the introduction of the National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies in 1988 and 1999. Five art curriculum co‐ordinators and an additional part time specialist art teacher, drawn from five inner city primary schools in two London boroughs, were the subject of a semi‐structured interview designed to elicit data on the broad changes in primary art education. Key external factors were the introduction of the Art National Curriculum in 1992, its subsequent development and its current condition during a period of ‘relaxation’ of the Orders, following the government's introduction of the Literacy and Numeracy Strategies. Little official attention has been given to other, perhaps unintended, outcomes of the latter strategy across the curriculum. This study gives an insight into the experience and perceptions of some of those carrying the responsibility for leadership of art in school in the primary phase.
Making Sense in Art Lessons
Authors: Radford Mike
Published: March 2003

Meaning in the arts has been explained in terms of the ‘linguistic/cognitive’ metaphor, that is as a product of a framework of conventions, rules and symbols, of shared conceptualisations with a clearly defined ‘conceptual space’. Sense in a work of art is dependent upon this framework and only by conventionalising pupils into it will they be able to communicate meaning. The problem is that the arts take their audience beyond the framework, beyond the boundaries of sense. The question then becomes how the arts continue to have meaning, paradoxically, to continue to make sense even though they have exceeded its boundaries. The solution to this problem, it is argued, lies in the way that the arts appeal directly to our uniquely human ability to reflect on commonly experienced feelings and to consequently transcend particular frameworks of meaning. Rather than meaning being subject to frameworks within which experience and artistic intention are seen to be made possible, I argue that experience has an autonomous presence in art, a presence that enables meaning to be communicated with spontaneity and immediacy.
Key Skills Enhancement for Students, Artists and Designers through Residencies in Education
Authors: Allan Jane C , Laing Alastair
Published: March 2003

In September 1999, the Glasgow School of Art ‘Artists and Designers in Education’ programme was accepted as an important component of the GOALS project, an ACCESS initiative funded by the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council including students in schools as project leaders, tutors and mentors. This stable and long‐term funding validates and ensures the future of an experimental key skills programme which has been carefully nurtured in Glasgow School of Art for the past ten years, often in the face of scepticism, voiced by those for whom higher education and especially higher art and design education is ‘only about engaging with, becoming expert in and in due course advancing the discipline itself’. [1]This paper suggests that key skills enhancement through supported and evaluated residencies in education is of demonstrable value to most emergent artists and designers regardless of their subsequent career trajectories.
Indigenous Pottery as Economic Empowerment in Uganda
Authors: Gombe Catherine
Published: March 2003

This article presents, in parts, the findings regarding the viability of indigenous knowledge and skills in terms of economical empowerment in third world countries, Uganda in particular. The paper looks at and compares the income derived from indigenous pottery making by craft‐persons, with that of government salaries for graduate teachers of primary and secondary schools in Uganda. The comparison assists to determine the economical viability of indigenous Gisu pottery. The paper also suggests the incorporation of such indigenous crafts into the formal education system so as to encourage research, diversity in the learning of art, design and technology and provide self‐employment avenues relevant to self, community and the Ugandan state. The researchers were four women from different areas of subject specialisation namely, art & design, history and heography.
More Than Manga
Authors: Rowberry Wendy
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a partnership project between Hazel Grove High School, Stockport and Cornerhouse Gallery, Manchester, during June 2001. In celebration of National Children’s Art Day, all year 10 students (14–15 year olds) spent a full day at the Cornerhouse, engaging with different types of manga (the Japanese word for comic). Pupils explored its diversity and developed their own storyboards and graphic styles. Pupils worked alongside artist, Adela Jones, with each pupil making their own sculptural comic book at school the following week. All artwork produced was exhibited either at the Cornerhouse or at school in celebration of the project. This was a unique experience for all pupils and staff, and the outcomes of the project exceeded all expectations.
Benchmarking Art and Design
Authors: Buss David
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the evolution of the Benchmark Statement for undergraduate provision in Art and Design in the UK. The development of subject‐specific benchmark standards was a key recommendation of the Dearing Report. The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education had recommended that the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) should ‘work with institutions to establish small, expert teams to provide benchmark information on standards, in particular threshold standards, operating within the framework of qualifications.’ Subject Benchmarking is one of a number of linked initiatives emanating from QAA and, as such, will complement the National Qualifications Framework, the Codes of Practice, and Programme Specifications, as well as future rounds of Subject Review. The benchmark statements for 22 subjects were published in April 2000, and the statements for a further 20 subjects, including those for Art and Design, were published in March 2002. The full statements for all 42 subjects can be accessed on‐line at the QAA website All quoted statements not referenced are extracted from the benchmark statements for art and design.
Earnings Management and Antitrust Investigations: Political Costs Over Business Cycles
Authors: Makar Stephen D. , Alam Pervaiz
Published: March 2003

This paper examines evidence of earnings management pertaining to regulatory‐imposed wealth transfers (i.e., political costs) over business cycles. The sample consists of firms subject to merger‐related antitrust investigation under Section 7 of the Clayton Act. Industrial organization literature, together with the political cost hypothesis, suggests that these firms’ earnings management incentives may vary over national business cycles. Our results indicate that investigated firms do indeed choose income‐decreasing discretionary accruals during expansions but not during recessions, in order to reduce the political costs associated with Clayton Act cases.
Prior Wall Street Journal Announcements of Possible Bankruptcy Filings and Price Reactions to Subsequent Bankruptcy Filings
Authors: Dawkins Mark C. , Rose‐Green Ena
Published: March 2003

This study examines the relation between prior Wall Street Journal (WSJ) announcements of possible bankruptcy filings and price reactions to subsequent bankruptcy filings for 336 firms that filed for bankruptcy between 1980 and 1993. Extant research indicates that price reactions to announcements of economic events are inversely related to the amount of surprise in the announcements. Prior WSJ anouncements of possible bankruptcy filings increase the markets a priori assessment of firms' probability of bankruptcy, thereby potentially reducing the surprise in subsequent bankruptcy filings. We hypothesize smaller price reactions to bankruptcy filings for firms where the WSJ previously published an article indicating that the firm may file for bankruptcy. Our results are consistent with this hypothesis. Specifically, we find smaller price reactions to bankruptcy filings for firms with prior WSJ announcements of possible bankruptcy filings. Our results hold after controlling for firm size, probability of bankruptcy, exchange listing, leverage, and predisclosure information.
Cash Management Behavior and Failure Prediction
Authors: Laitinen Erkki K. , Laitinen Teija
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the information contained in static and dynamic inventory cash management models to predict failure in a sample of 41 small and middle‐sized Finnish bankrupt firms and their nonbankrupt counterparts. The results indicate that the estimates of the (scale) elasticity of cash balance with respect to the volume of transactions (approximated by net sales) is significantly lower for the failed firms. Furthermore, only the scale elasticity appears to be a statistically significant discriminating variable, and only in the first year before bankruptcy. This estimate remarkably increased the Lachenbruch validated classification accuracy based on traditional financial variables.
Asymmetric Price and Volatility Adjustments in Emerging Asian Stock Markets
Authors: Koutmos Gregory
Published: March 2003

This paper tests the hypothesis that stock returns in emerging stock markets adjust asymmetrically to past information. The evidence suggests that both the conditional mean and the conditional variance respond asymmetrically to past information. In agreement with studies dealing with developed stock markets, the conditional variance is an asymmetrical function of past innovations, rising proportionately more during market declines. More importantly, the conditional mean is also an asymmetrical function of past returns. Specifically, positive past returns are more persistent than negative past returns of an equal magnitude. This behaviour is consistent with an asymmetric partial adjustment price model where news suggesting overpricing (negative returns) are incorporated faster into current prices than news suggesting underpricing (positive returns). Furthermore, the asymmetric adjustment of prices to past information could be partially responsible for the asymmetries in the conditional variance if the degree of adjustment and the level of volatility are positively related.
Determinants of Underwriter Participation in Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock: An Empirical Study
Authors: Bae Sung C. , Klein Daniel P. , Bowyer John W.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines an optimal underwriter participation model and develops testable hypotheses regarding the influence of certain factors on the degree of underwriter participation in initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stock. The issue of underwriter participation is important primarily due to the tradeoff between foregone underwriter compensation and underwriting risk reduction. The results of this paper indicate that factors related to the issue, issuing firm, underwriter, and IPO market conditions all are important determinants of the participation decision. Interestingly, the results also show that the importance of these factors is not consistent across underwriter prestige groups. In particular, factors external to underwriters (e.g., the issuing firm and market characteristics) are more important for explaining nonprestigious underwriter participation, while factors related to underwriters themselves play a more important role for explaining prestigious underwriter participation.
The Profitability of Momentum Investing
Authors: Lui Weimin , Strong Norman , Xu Xinzhong
Published: March 2003

We test for the presence of momentum profits in the UK over the period 1977 to 1998. The analysis shows that significant momentum profits are present in both a comprehensive sample of UK stocks and an accounting sub‐sample. An analysis of sub‐period results, seasonal effects, and the persistence of momentum profits confirms the robustness of the results. Controlling for factors known to be associated with differences in average returns, such as size, stock price, book‐to‐market ratio, and cash earnings‐to‐price ratio, cannot explain momentum profits. We also confirm that serial correlation in common factors and delayed price reaction to common factor realisations cannot explain momentum profits. We conclude that the momentum effect derives from market underreaction to either industry‐ or firm‐specific information and it is a significant, independent phenomenon in UK stock returns.
Properties of Accounting and Finance Information and Their Effects on the Performance of Bankers and Models in Predicting Company Failure
Authors: Gadenne David , Iselin Errol R.
Published: March 2003

When the number of cues provided to a banker for a decision is increased it may (1) increase their information load (number of relevant cues), (2) increase their data load (number of irrelevant cues), and (3) reduce their uncertainty. Models, on the other hand, are not affected by information or data load. The results from this research show that as the number of cues provided to bankers increases, uncertainty reduces, data load increases, but information load is unaffected. The uncertainty reduction increases the decision accuracy of both the bankers and models. Due to the data load experienced by the bankers but not the models, the models have superior performance. The implications for future practice and research are discussed.
The Proof of the Pudding: The Effects of Increased Trade Transparency in the London Stock Exchange
Authors: Board John , Sutcliffe Charles
Published: March 2003

The trade publication rules of the London Stock Exchange were changed on 1 January, 1996, to increase transparency. This paper investigates whether these changes affected market behaviour by examining data on 60 firms from the FTSE 100, FTSE Mid 250 and the FTSE Small Cap indices before and after this rule change. This study finds there has been a major increase in transparency, with no detrimental effects on the quality of the market. In particular, neither the volume nor the traded bid‐ask spread has been adversely affected.
Forecasting Beta: How Well Does the ‘Five‐Year Rule of Thumb’ Do?
Authors: Groenewald Nicolaas , Fraser Patricia
Published: March 2003

CAPM betas are generally estimated from historical data and applied to a future period. There is widespread evidence that the CAPM betas vary considerably over time and this raises two questions: can this variation be explained and can it be forecast better than the ‘five‐year rule of thumb’ (i.e using the most recently estimated beta)? We estimate time‐varying betas and explain the time‐variation in the betas using regression models which we subsequently use for forecasting. We find that forecasting equations have good explanatory power but that their forecasts are dominated, on average, by the five‐year rule of thumb.
Does the Presence of Venture Capitalists Improve the Survival Profile of IPO Firms?
Authors: Jain Bharat A. , Kini Omesh
Published: March 2003

The role of venture capital in the creation of the public corporation is now widely recognized. This study investigates whether venture capitalists add value to the going public process by improving the survival profile of IPO issuers. The survival of IPO issuers is not only likely to depend on managerial actions but also on the effectiveness of key market participants such as investment bankers and analysts. The form and function of the venture capital industry allows venture capitalists to influence the actions of managers, investment bankers, and analysts, and attract institutional interest. Conducting survival analyses using the Cox hazard methodology, we find that the involvement of venture capitalists improves the survival profile of IPO firms. Several other variables that are potentially influenced by VC involvement like R&D allocations, analyst following, investment banker prestige, and success on road shows are also positively related to the survival time of IPO issuers.
Time Diversification: Empirical Tests
Authors: Strong Norman , Taylor Nicholas
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the relationship between the performance of equity and the length of the investment horizon used by investors. We examine optimal portfolio time diversification and two definitions of ex ante time diversification. Using almost two centuries of US and UK data we find some support for the hypothesis that equity represents a significantly better investment over long investment horizons than over short investment horizons. Where this result holds, the likely explanation is mean‐aversion in fixed‐income asset returns. However, these results are sensitive to changes in investor risk preference, changes in utility function specification, changes in the sample period used, changes in investor constraints, and the definition of time diversification adopted. They also differ between the US and UK markets.
The Interaction of Solvency with Liquidity and its Association with Bankruptcy Emergence
Authors: Bryan Daniel M. , Tiras Samuel L. , Wheatley Clark M.
Published: March 2003

Prior research has shown that accounting information available prior to a bankruptcy is associated with the likelihood of bankruptcy. We show that additionally, the accounting information available prior to bankruptcy is associated with whether or not a firm will emerge from bankruptcy. We predict that firms that exhibit low solvency risk and high liquidity risk are most likely to emerge from bankruptcy. Firms that exhibit high solvency risk and high liquidity risk are predicted to be least likely to emerge from bankruptcy. Cross–sectionally, our results support these predictions, but our findings differ across large and small firms.
Strategic Bankruptcies and Price Reactions to Bankruptcy Filings
Authors: Rose–Green Ena , Dawkins Mark
Published: March 2003

This study investigates whether the stock market differentiates between firms that file bankruptcy petitions for strategic reasons and firms that file bankruptcy petitions for financial reasons. We perform both univariate and regression tests on a sample of 245 firms that filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions between 1981 and 1996. After controlling for bankruptcy outcome, probability of bankruptcy, firm financial condition, and firm size, we find that, in the period around bankruptcy filing, firms that file bankruptcy petitions for financial reasons have significantly larger stock price declines than firms that file bankruptcy petitions for strategic reasons.
The Co‐operation Procedure in the EU: Why was the European Parliament Influential in the Decision on Car Emission Standards?
Authors: Hubschmid Claudia , Moser Peter
Published: March 2003

The conditional influence of the European Parliament (EP) in the co‐operation procedure is a recognized empirical phenomenon in the literature. One explanation for such conditional influence is that the Parliament can successfully propose amendments only when the restriction which it faces changes during the decision‐making process. We explore this argument and find that it is able to explain the influence of the EP in the decision on car emission standards.
EU Cohesion Policy and Competing Models of European Capitalism
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet
Published: March 2003

EU cohesion policy as we have known it since 1988 is under threat. This contestation is best understood as part of a deepening struggle over EU governance, pitting neoliberals against proponents of regulated capitalism. Cohesion policy has been the flagship of European regulated capitalism. Political and policy pressures have unravelled the support base of this policy, but they have not undone the coalition in favour of regulated capitalism. The struggle between competing models of European capitalism has only just begun. This argument does not deny a role for functional imperatives, but it emphasizes that the link between them and policy outcomes is political.
The 1992 CAP Reform, the Uruguay Round and the Commission: Conceptualizing Linked Policy Games
Authors: Coleman William D. , Tangermann Stefan
Published: March 2003

Over the past decade, most OECD countries have begun to reform fundamentally their agricultural policies. Some dispute has emerged over the extent to which policy‐making at the international level has triggered and shaped these reforms. These disputes raise important theoretical questions about how we theorize and test for the degree of interdependence between international, European Union (EU), and domestic policy change. The concept of autonomous, linked games is offered as a possible theoretical route to follow, a route that also permits more systematic consideration of two possible roles of international organizations in policy‐making: international mediators and entrepreneurial leaders. Drawing on these concepts, reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is shown to be significantly shaped by proposals and outcomes in the international negotiations on agriculture during the GATT Uruguay Round, with the European Commission (EC) playing an entrepreneurial leader role.
Reforming the CAP: Policy Networks and Broader Institutional Structures
Authors: Daugbjerg Carsten
Published: March 2003

The article develops an analytical framework to analyse how policy networks and the broader institutional context in which they are embedded influence reform outcomes. The framework is applied in a study of the European Community’s (Ecrsquo;s) agricultural policy reform in 1992. Firstly, it is shown that the EC agricultural policy network led agricultural policy‐makers in the direction of moderate rather than fundamental reform. Secondly, the article shows how the broader institutional structure of the EC made radical reform an almost hopeless objective to pursue because the whole decision‐making structure allowed the existence of many veto points which could be used to block radical changes. Thus, the article demonstrates that at EU level, policy network analysis is a useful approach in particular, if it is supplemented by a macro‐level analysis of the broader institutional context within which networks are embedded. Finally, the article concludes that in the future, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is likely to follow the previous path of moderate reforms.
European Integration and Migration Policy: Vertical Policy‐making as Venue Shopping
Authors: Guiraudon Virginie
Published: March 2003

Since the beginning of the 1980s, migration and asylum policy in Europe has increasingly been elaborated in supranational forums and implemented by transnational actors. I argue that a venue‐shopping framework is best suited to account for the timing, form and content of European co‐operation in this area. The venues less amenable to restrictive migration control policy are national high courts, other ministries and migrant‐aid organizations. Building upon pre‐existing policy settings and developing new policy frames, governments have circumvented national constraints on migration control by creating transnational co‐operation mechanisms dominated by law and order officials, with EU institutions playing a minor role. European transgovernmental working groups have avoided judicial scrutiny, eliminated other national adversaries and enlisted the help of transnational actors such as transit countries and carriers.
Policy‐making in Nested Institutions: Explaining the Conservation Failure of the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy
Authors: Payne Dexter C.
Published: March 2003

The widely recognized conservation failure of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is largely due to the nested institutional context in which fishermen’s issues are negotiated. Divergent Member State interests regarding the competence of Community institutions have led to the selection and maintenance of ineffective policies. I propose a three‐level game to draw out the implications of policy‐making within nested institutions. To substantiate this explanation, I show how the guiding principles of the CFP have created and heightened Prisoner’s Dilemma game incentives among both Member States and fishermen, yet have been retained due to divergent Member State interests.
Reforming the Commission: Will Organizational Efficiency Produce Effective Governance?
Authors: Metcalfe Les
Published: March 2003

For the first time in its history the European Commission is undergoing a major reform. In the aftermath of the 1999 crisis the Prodi Commission has initiated a comprehensive programme for reforming management and accountability. The main focus is improving internal management to enable the Commission to perform its core functions efficiently. However, organizational efficiency in itself will not deal with the more challenging problems of effective governance confronting the European Union (EU). In the future, management reforms will need to address the EU's management deficit by building capacities to improve the effectiveness of policy networks and steer structural change.
The Atlantic Arc: Transnational European Reality or Regional Mirage?
Authors: Wise Mark
Published: March 2003

In promoting transnational regional development, the European Commission designated the ‘Atlantic Arc’ as one of eight ‘Euroregions’ in its Europe 2000 reports. This article critically examines this ‘Arc’ concept and assesses the degree to which it is being transformed into reality. It then draws implications for builders of other potential transnational regions within the EU. While the Atlantic Arc Commission has promoted a range of cross‐border activities, commitment to it varies greatly and the projects undertaken remain limited in scale. Therefore, it is too soon to judge whether it is generating durable transnational ‘bottom‐up’ development, or merely pursuing a regional mirage.
Polish Public Opinion: Explaining Declining Support for EU Membership
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks
Published: March 2003

This article examines the changing patterns of support for EU membership in Poland, the largest of the central and east European applicant states. It argues that we should not be surprised that Poles have become increasingly cynical about EU membership since accession negotiations began and examines the particular concerns that underpin Polish Euroscepticism. However, the overall level of support remains high, and it is apathy and low turnout that pose a greater threat than outright rejection in a future referendum on EU accession.
National v. European Identities? French and Germans in the European Multi‐Level System
Authors: Schild Joachim
Published: March 2003

Following a multi‐level governance approach, this article sees the spread of multiple – i.e. national as well as European – identities as a prerequisite for the legitimization of the European level of governance. Using Eurobarometer data and comparing France and Germany, a decline of multiple identities is seen, especially in Germany, since the 1980s. The article asks whether national and European identities stand in contradiction to each other and traces the emergence of a new cleavage along social and ideological lines. The results show the growing impact of social stratification variables indicating a potential social base for national‐populist parties.
The Road to Cotonou: Negotiating a Successor to Lomé
Authors: Forwood Genevra
Published: March 2003

The Cotonou Agreement represents a radical overhaul of EUACP relations: it both consolidates the EUACP relationship through political dialogue, and provides for the long‐standing trade preferences to be replaced with regional free trade agreements. This analysis examines the various forces at work in the negotiations, using two‐level game theory to assess how domestic interests influence an international negotiation. This analysis is set against the internal dynamic of EUACP relations, as well as the constraints posed by the multilateral trading system. Finally, the article examines the implications of this analysis for the forthcoming negotiations between the EU and regional ACP groups.
Legitimizing the EU: Is there a ‘Post‐parliamentary Basis’ for its Legitimation?
Authors: Lord Christopher , Beetham David
Published: March 2003

This article argues that its character as a non‐state political system makes little difference to how the EU ought to be legitimated. Minimum requirements for the legitimation of the liberal democratic state (performance, democracy and identity) also hold for the legitimation of Union power, both normatively and sociologically. This constrains the application of innovative legitimation strategies to the Union, requiring that post‐parliamentary solutions be recast as complements, rather than substitutes, for a system of representative politics in the European arena, if the EU is to meet the core standard of democratic rule, which we take to be public control with political equality.
The Dynamics of Justice and Home Affairs: Laboratories, Driving Factors and Costs
Authors: Monar Jörg
Published: March 2003

The rapid development of justice and home affairs into a major field of EU policy‐making since the beginning of the 1990s can be explained by a combination of specific ‘laboratories’— which helped pave the way — and ‘driving factors’ which triggered development and expansion. Whereas the Council of Europe, Trevi and Schengen have served as effective laboratories, new or increasing transnational challenges to internal security, Member States' interests in a ‘Europeanization’ of certain national problems and the dynamic of its own generated by the launching of the ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ as a major political project have all acted as major driving forces. Yet the rapid development has also had its price in terms of deficits in parliamentary and judicial control, complexity and fragmentation, an uneven development of the main justice and home affairs policy areas and a tendency towards restriction and exclusion.
The Nice Treaty and Voting Rules in the Council
Authors: Moberg Axel
Published: March 2003

The article examines debates on institutional reform in the intergovernmental conference (IGC 2000) that culminated in the Nice summit, and the effects of various proposals. The main issues were the indirect power Member States acquired through blocking minorities and how the outcome could be presented at home. The changes were rather modest, with two exceptions. A new population criterion gives Germany greater blocking power than the other large countries and preserves the possibility of three large countries together blocking in an EU of 27 members. Spain’s voting weight increased substantially. The new blocking possibilities will affect the relative bargaining position of countries rather than the Union’s decision‐making capability.
The Role of Unofficial Flood Warning Systems
Authors: Parker Dennis J. , Handmer John W.
Published: March 2003

Most research on flood warning systems is pre‐occupied with official or formal systems designed by government organizations to warn other agencies and the public‐at‐risk. Yet those at risk may obtain much of their flood‐related information from unofficial sources, such as personal networks and direct observation. Despite this, informal or unofficial systems are often afforded little official credence, even though empirical evidence indicates that formal flood warnings often fail. Exploration of the value of ‘folk’ or local, as opposed to specialist‐technical, knowledge suggests that such knowledge satisfies a range of important needs which are likely to be unfulfilled by official warnings. The scope for personal networks to relay warnings and to contribute local knowledge towards system design appears to be large.This paper examines the widespread use of unofficial flood warnings and the advantages of integrating them with official ones. The reality of unofficial warning systems should be recognized. Efforts should be directed towards finding ways of integrating them with official ones — with the aim of enhancing overall warning system performance from the perspective of those at risk: that is, system reliability, accuracy, credibility and salience. Empirical evidence on official flood warning performance, the perceived need for official systems among flood‐plain occupants and their levels of satisfaction with such systems, indicates that the merits of an integrated approach could be large, especially as flood‐plain occupants are often willing to participate in flood warning systems.
Social Theory and the Politics of Risk
Authors: Horlick‐Jones Tom
Published: March 2003

Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash and Roland Robertson, Global Modernities

Olav Slaymaker, Geomorphic Hazards

Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szersynski and Brian Wynne, Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards a New Ecology
The Crime Crisis and Preventable Crimino‐Genesis
Authors: Coleman Alice
Published: March 2003

Strong research evidence implicates housing design as a powerful factor in crimino‐genesis during the formative years of early childhood. Detailed and large‐scale investigations have revealed 38 design and layout variables that favour existing criminals and breed many new ones by impeding normal child‐rearing practices. The average age of criminals has progressively decreased and crimes have become more sadistic.

It is well established that changing the deleterious designs responsible for social breakdown can halt and reverse the decay of local societies. The police report that the relevant type of design improvement allows natural community formation to replace the pre‐existing ethos of anonymity and alienation, so that crime may virtually cease, indeed, in some cases, completely so. Young children are then integrated into the community and do not grow up delinquent. This is criminal prevention, as opposed to crime prevention, which allows delinquency to develop and then tries to control its results.

This paper discusses the specific design variables that are influential; the results obtained by changing them in ten estates; the reasons why government (apart from former British Prime Minister Thatcher) turns a blind eye to the design solution to crime; and the evidence for thinking that the escalating urban crisis is close to the sort of sudden change postulated by catastrophe theory.
Emergent Groups in Established Frameworks: Ottawa Carleton's Response to the 1998 Ice Disaster
Authors: Scanlon Joseph
Published: March 2003

In his book, Organized Behavior in Disaster, Russell Dynes classifies organizations that respond to emergencies four ways – regular, expanding, extending and emergency. He bases this on an analysis of research done mainly in the United States. This article examines whether these typologies fit a 1998 ice storm that left about one‐fifth of Canadians without power. The conclusion is that the typologies do fit. However, in the case of the ice storm the ‘emergent’ groups were formed from within rather than outside the established response structure. As a result, there was none of the expected conflict between existing and emergent organizations. The lesson for planners is that if they adapt rapidly to changing circumstances and are ready to sponsor or include emergent groups in their existing structure they can reduce or eliminate conflict.
‘New Security’ in Cyberspace: Emerging Intersection between Military and Civilian Contingencies
Authors: Demchak Chris C.
Published: March 2003

From the outset, the emergent national and transnational networks of automated, inter‐connected information systems were expected to create beneficial communities. Unfortunately, unpleasant contingencies more like those of turbulent urban environments have emerged in the undesired challenges to individual and group security from these spreading global and critical networks. The ‘netted’ nations of the West are acting more like global neighbouring cities in their increasingly similar social burdens and competition for resources seeping across real and virtual borders. At the same time, with the rise of both wider global networks and highly‐Webbed military technology, the global military community is developing new, broader notions of the contingencies for which they must be prepared. In this process, on‐going since the Gulf War of 1991, millions of defense research and acquisition budget dollars have been, and continue to be, aimed at solutions for these newly perceived broadening responsibilities.

The surprising result is a growing intersection between the capabilities being sought and developed in the most modern of militaries, the services of the US, and the emerging needs of the wider civilian community in meeting new contingencies. This article discusses this growing intersection in meeting internet‐borne societal threats or in applying internet‐enabled responses to intentional or unintentional social disruptions. While these trends are largely seen, today, in the US military and society, they portend similar possible developments around the globe. Not only is the US currently defining the dominant notions of a ‘modern’ military, it is also the incubator nation for global notions of a computerized society
Confronting Social Defence Mechanisms: Avoiding Disorganisation During Crises
Authors: Loosemore Martin , Hughes Will P.
Published: March 2003

Crises cause social disturbances within their host organisation and the patterns of interpersonal ties that emerge are an important determinant of crisis management efficiency. In this article, social network analysis is used within a construction project context, to demonstrate that efficient crisis management depends upon the design and maintenance of an appropriate social fabric. However, crises have defence mechanisms that make management difficult by inducing forces that encourage people to pursue inappropriate social ties. Purposeful social intervention is therefore an essential part of the crisis management process to confront and avoid disorganisation.
Formalisation and Use of Experience in Forest Fires Management
Authors: Wybo Jean‐Luc , Delaître Sabine , Therrien‐Eyquem Marie‐Christine
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a study of the learning process in emergency management with an application to forest fire fighting. The first part presents the methodology used to determine the mental image of fire fighting management and to propose a model of representation of the individual experience gained during operations. The second part introduces a method to capitalise experience of fire management, which uses a prototype of GIS application. The third part of the article presents the different types of support that can be provided by a collective memory of individual experience and a reasoning method that includes this experience to provide several levels of support to forest fire managers. This study was undertaken in co‐operation with organisations in Canada and Spain.
Public Inquiry: Panacea or Placebo?
Authors: Elliott Dominic , McGuinness Martina
Published: March 2003

This article reviews and examines the role of the public inquiry as a mechanism for investigating disasters within the United Kingdom. A number of authors have considered the growing penetration of technology into our lives, as well as economic liberalisation, societal fragmentation and the globalisation of business, as factors that have contributed to a post modern view of the world. Within this context, this article considers the efficacy of the public inquiry as a tool for learning from disaster. Is an instrument born of the late nineteenth century suited to the demands of the early twenty‐first century? Data are drawn from the football and rail industries, both of which have witnessed a sequence of large‐scale accidents investigated through the public inquiry mechanism. Drawing upon literature from the fields of socio‐legal studies and crisis management, three broad areas are critiqued: the process, underlying aims, and impartiality of the public inquiry process.
Discovering Emerging Topics from WWW
Authors: Matsumura Naohiro , Matsuo Yutaka , Ohsawa Yukio , Ishizuka Mitsuru
Published: March 2003

Discovering emerging topics from WWW has been attracting attention of business professionals, especially marketing researchers. For this purpose, WWW can be a valuable source of information because it reflects the dynamics of human society. In this paper we aim at revealing the structure of WWW by using KeyGraph, a visualization method of hidden structure behind data, for understanding emerging topics.
Chance Discovery by Stimulated Groups of People. Application to Understanding Consumption of Rare Food
Authors: Ohsawa Yukio , Fukuda Hisashi
Published: March 2003

Chance discovery is to become aware of and to explain the significance of a chance, that is, a piece of information about events or situations that is significant for decision making. Sometimes a chance is rare and its significance is unnoticed. This paper proposes a method to merge three keys for chance discovery: (1) communication; (2) imagination and (3) data mining. Applied to the case of meal service, a visualised data mining method KeyGraph is used for discovering unnoticed demands underlying family consumption behaviour. The visualised relations between usual and unusual consumption patterns stimulate the awareness of and the communication among housewives talking in a room. This leads to the discovery of latent family consumption demands and to the proposal of serving meals that have unnoticed significant merits for their families.