bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Time Course of Typical Childhood Absence Seizures: EEG, Behavior, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Bai Xiaoxiao , Vestal Matthew , Berman Rachel , Negishi Michiro , Spann Marisa , Vega Clemente , Desalvo Matthew , Novotny Edward J. , Constable Robert T. , Blumenfeld Hal
Published: April 2010

Absence seizures are 5–10 s episodes of impaired consciousness accompanied by 3–4 Hz generalized spike-and-wave discharge on electroencephalography (EEG). The time course of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes in absence seizures in relation to EEG and behavior is not known. We acquired simultaneous EEG–fMRI in 88 typical childhood absence seizures from nine pediatric patients. We investigated behavior concurrently using a continuous performance task or simpler repetitive tapping task. EEG time–frequency analysis revealed abrupt onset and end of 3–4 Hz spike-wave discharges with a mean duration of 6.6 s. Behavioral analysis also showed rapid onset and end of deficits associated with electrographic seizure start and end. In contrast, we observed small early fMRI increases in the orbital/medial frontal and medial/lateral parietal cortex >5 s before seizure onset, followed by profound fMRI decreases continuing >20 s after seizure end. This time course differed markedly from the hemodynamic response function (HRF) model used in conventional fMRI analysis, consisting of large increases beginning after electrical event onset, followed by small fMRI decreases. Other regions, such as the lateral frontal cortex, showed more balanced fMRI increases followed by approximately equal decreases. The thalamus showed delayed increases after seizure onset followed by small decreases, most closely resembling the HRF model. These findings reveal a complex and long-lasting sequence of fMRI changes in absence seizures, which are not detectable by conventional HRF modeling in many regions. These results may be important mechanistically for seizure initiation and termination and may also contribute to changes in EEG and behavior.
Gimcracks, Dollar Blouses, and Transistors: American Reactions to Imported Japanese Products, 1945-1964
Authors: Mettler Meghan Warner
Published: April 2010

This article examines the changing extent of the Cold War's influence on popular American perceptions of goods made in Japan. Although the National Security Council recommended in 1948 that the United States rebuild Japan's devastated economy to strengthen an anti-communist ally in East Asia (and America's position there), U.S. merchants, consumers, manufacturers, and journalists did not consistently go along with this official economic policy. The American press initially depicted the Japanese economy as needing assistance and producing only cheap, inconsequential products, but as Japan's economy began to recover in the mid-1950s and Japanese manufacturers produced better quality goods, concerns over competition revived racialized wartime rhetoric. Japan's emergence as a successful exporter of high-end merchandise by the 1960s seemed to prove the strength of American-style free market capitalism.
The Aspenization of Telluride: Coming of Age and Mythologizing Change in Ski Country, 1945-1985
Authors: Richey E. Duke
Published: April 2010

"Aspenization" is an inherently political term that by the 1980s had evolved into a code word for "selling out" in the American West and elsewhere, yet it is as much a refection of changes that happened to ski bums as they "grew up," or came of age, as it is a refection of growth in a resort community. When we look at the Aspenization of Aspen itself, or of Telluride, we are looking at stories about places that change, but we are also exploring how some people might change, too, as they both grow older and conceptualize and re-conceptualize what particular ages mean when associated with mountain-town lifestyles.
The Rhox genes
Authors: MacLean James A , Wilkinson Miles F
Published: April 2010

Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in embryogenesis. A recently discovered set of homeobox genes – theRhoxgenes – are expressed during both embryogenesis and in adult reproductive tissues. The 33 known mouseRhoxgenes are clustered together in a single region on the X chromosome, while likely descendents of the primodialRhoxcluster,ArxandEsx1, have moved to other positions on the X chromosome. Here, we summarize what is known about the regulation and function ofRhoxcluster andRhox-related genes during embryogenesis and gametogenesis. The founding member of theRhoxgene cluster –Rhox5(previously known asPem) – has been studied in the most depth and thus is the focus of this review. We also discuss the unusually rapid evolution of theRhoxgene cluster.
Effect of Laboratory Practices on the Incidence Rate of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Hertzberg Vicki , Mei Joanne , Therrell Bradford L.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Newborn screening (NBS) laboratories in the United States expanded their programs to include primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in the 1970s. An increase in the national CH-incidence rate since 1987 has been reported. Our goal was to analyze national data reported by state NBS programs and laboratories from 1991 to 2000 to determine the extent to which changing laboratory methods might have contributed to the reported rise in CH-incidence rate.

METHODS:

We used generalized estimating equations to analyze the association between the rate of confirmed cases of CH per 100000 live births and the initial screening method (thyroxine [T4] or thyrotropin [TSH] assay), the T4- and TSH-assay methods, the screening-test cutoff value used to report abnormal T4- or thyrotropin-assay results, and the performance of a second screen on ≥80% of newborns in the state. We then evaluated the association of CH rate with year after adjusting for any screening methodology or parameter that was significant in the univariate analysis.

RESULTS:

During 1991–2000, laboratories that used a TSH assay for initial screening reported a 24% higher incidence rate of CH than those that used a T4 assay. The assay type also affected the incidence rate. Screening for T4 by enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) or fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) methods resulted in 38% and 24% higher incidence rates of CH, respectively, compared with the radioimmunoassay (RIA) method, whereas screening for TSH by the FIA method resulted in a 20% higher incidence rate of CH than did screening with radiochemical methods. During the decade studied, many laboratories changed their T4-assay method from RIA to either FIA or EIA; this particular change seemed to have the greatest impact on the CH-incidence rate.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the use of different laboratory methods and screening practices by NBS laboratories affected the incidence rate of CH, after adjusting for screening methodologies and parameters, an increasing incidence rate still persisted during the decade studied. Thus, there seem to be additional unknown factors that contributed to the reported increase in incidence rate.
Inelastic behaviour of PSC beams with unbonded external tendons
Authors: Kwak H.-G. , Son J.-K.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, an analytical method that can describe the structural behaviour of prestressed concrete (PSC) bridges with unbonded external tendons is developed. Since the unbonded external tendon is directly connected to the deviators while maintaining a straight configuration, it has a different deformation field from that of concrete and accompanies a secondary effect caused by the change of the primary eccentricity between the concrete and external tendon. The friction slip at the deviators is also taken into consideration on the basis of the force equilibrium between the friction force and the driving force. Moreover, all the material non-linearities and time-dependent deformations such as creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of the tendon are included because the centroidal axis of a section changes according to cracking and time-dependent effects in the constituent materials. Through correlation studies between experimental data and analytical results, it is verified that the proposed numerical model can effectively predict the structural behaviour of PSC bridges with comparative precision.
Direct shear strength of high-strength fibre concrete
Authors: Ahmed L. , Ansell A.
Published: April 2010

An experimental and theoretical study of the shear behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete is presented. Twenty-seven direct shear push-off tests were carried out on high-strength concrete, with and without steel fibre reinforcement. The test series contained uncracked and precracked specimens for the study of the slipping response and the shear stress that can be transferred across an open crack. The test variables were the fibre content and the reinforcement ratio. The test results were compared with information provided by the available codes and other, previous results. The test results indicated that incorporation of steel fibres and bars in concrete members subjected to shear leads to an improved mechanical behaviour before failure. Based on the presented experimental results, an equation governing the direct shear strength is proposed and verified against test results from other test series.
Eyepiece focus and vergence/accommodation conflict: Implications for night‐vision devices
Authors: Charbonneau Marie , Léger Alain , Claverie Bernard
Published: April 2010

Abstract— Aviation increasingly conducts night operations using night‐vision devices. However, design of some aspects may limit performance. As pointed out by Kotulak, vergence/accommodation mismatch in NVDs, usually due to eyepiece focus misadjustments, is sometimes a source of visual acuity (VA) decrement. The increased separation between sensors, existing in some binocular helmetmounted displays, was also identified to be potentially responsible for decreased VA at short distances. Based upon knowledge pertaining to vergence and accommodation, a study was performed to better understand the problem of dissociation accommodation/convergence. Different conditions of interocular separation and viewing distances were used. Twelve subjects participated and were asked to resolve Landolt C charts using night‐vision goggles. The results show that, with the eyepiece focus fixed at 10 m, the decrease in VA is roughly proportional to the interocular separation, when looking at short distances. A fixed eyepiece focus at 4 m considerably reduces the conflict and results in improved VA. An additional experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fixing the objective lenses focus at infinity. With this setting, the decrease in VA at a short distance was such that effects of the mismatch accommodation/convergence are no longer apparent regardless of the interocular separation.
Functional Assessment in Forensic Settings: A Valuable Tool for Preventing and Treating Egregious Behavior
Authors: Ivanoff André , Schmidt Henry
Published: April 2010

Forensic agencies and institutions are charged with treating the most socially disruptive and mentally disordered individuals while securing public safety. Egregious behaviors in these settings demand immediate response and scarce resources. Functional assessment, sometimes used synonymously with functional or behavioral analysis, is presented as a cornerstone tool to help identify targets for intervention and hypothesize causal behavioral connections. Using an interactive chain analysis approach, the temporal sequence of behavior is examined across domains with an emphasis on obtaining operational knowledge about the functions and controlling variables of target behaviors. A clinical case example is used to illustrate the potential contribution of FA in forensic assessment and case conceptualization.
Feasibility and Recommendations for Swift Fox Fecal DNA Profiling
Authors: CULLINGHAM CATHERINE I. , CURTEANU MEDEA , BALL MARK C. , MANSEAU MICHELINE
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Genetic profiling using fecal samples collected noninvasively in the wild can provide managers with an alternative to live‐trapping. However, before embarking on a large‐scale survey, feasibility of this methodology should be assessed for the focal species. Costs associated with fecal genotyping can be high because of the need for multiple amplifications to prevent and detect errors. Assessing the relative amount of target DNA before genotyping means samples can be eliminated where error rates will be high or amplification success will be low, thereby reducing costs. We collected fecal samples from an endangered population of swift fox (Vulpes velox) and employed target‐DNA quantification and a screening protocol to assess sample quality before genetic profiling. Quantification was critical in identifying samples of low quality (68%, <0.2 ng/μL). Comparison of the amplification, from a subset of loci in 25 samples that did not meet the screening criteria, confirmed the effectiveness of this method. The protocol, however, used a considerable amount of DNA, and an assessment of the locus and sample variability allowed us to refine it for future population surveys. Although we did not use <50% of the samples we collected, the remaining samples provided 36 unique genotypes, which corresponded to approximately 70% of animals estimated to be present in the study area. Although obtaining fecal DNA from small carnivores is challenging, our protocol, including the quantification and qualification of DNA, the selection of markers, and the use of postgenotyping analyses, such as DROPOUT, CAPWIRE, and geographic information, provides a more cost‐effective way to produce reliable results. The method we have developed is an informative approach that wildlife managers can use to conduct population surveys where the collection of feces is possible without the need for live‐trapping.
Continental Survival and Recovery Rates of Northern Pintails Using Band‐Recovery Data
Authors: RICE MINDY B. , HAUKOS DAVID A. , DUBOVSKY JAMES A. , RUNGE MICHAEL C.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Unlike other North American prairie‐nesting dabbling ducks, northern pintail (Anas acuta) populations have not increased since the early 1990s and remain well below the long‐term average for traditional survey areas. Previously reported estimates of annual survival and recovery rates for pintails did not investigate any spatial or temporal factors to explain annual variation of these rates. We used band‐recovery data from 1970 to 2003 to test the influence of temporal periods defined by differing harvest regulations and habitat conditions of breeding grounds with spatially delineated regions on survival and recovery rates of northern pintails in North America. We separated regions based on a multiresponse permutation procedure to identify banding blocks with dissimilar recovery distributions based on a cluster analysis. We categorized time by grouping years into temporal periods based on bag limits, season lengths, or overflight versus nonoverflight years. We used the Brownie approach in Program MARK to evaluate 46 a priori models estimating survival and recovery rates. The best approximating model indicated that survival varied with age, sex, and region with additive time and interactive time‐by‐age and time‐by‐region effects. Recovery rate was best represented by a fully interactive term comprised of age, sex, region, and year. There were no statistical differences among average annual survival point estimates between age and sex classes within each region, and our estimates were similar to previous unpublished studies. We found the eastern region had decreased survival and increased recovery rates compared to other regions. Trends in pintail survival suggest that variation in annual survival was not the cause of the initial decrease in the northern pintail population and is unlikely the dominant factor preventing the population from increasing. The influence of other population parameters, such as recruitment rate, should be investigated to further evaluate other causes for the population status of northern pintails. Use of the top‐ranked model to estimate annual survival and recovery rates for northern pintails in North America, which indicated that annually varying estimates of survival rates were better supported by the data than grouping years into temporal classes (i.e., based on bag limits, season lengths, and overflight yr) can be used by managers and policy makers when considering annual harvest regulations and effects of conservation efforts. Managers should incorporate these estimates into future demographic studies of pintails as well as consider using the top‐ranked model for future analyses of band‐recovery data.
Use of Bait to Increase Archery Deer Harvest in an Urban–Suburban Landscape
Authors: KILPATRICK HOWARD J. , LABONTE ANDREW M. , BARCLAY JOHN S.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Hunting is the primary tool for managing white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Effectiveness of hunting in suburban areas may be reduced due to limited hunter access to small properties, firearms‐discharge laws, and public safety concerns. In Connecticut, USA, hunting over bait on private land was recently legalized to increase harvest opportunities. Our objective was to assess bow‐hunter willingness to use bait and effects of bait type, hunter disturbance, time spent hunting, and property size on deer‐harvest potential in a suburban landscape. We mailed a prebaiting survey in February 2002 and a postbaiting survey in February 2004 to the same group of hunters. Hunters using bait were more successful and harvested more deer than hunters using no bait. Hunters using bait on small properties observed similar numbers of deer within shooting range as hunters using bait on larger properties. Hunters using bait met their venison needs, whereas hunters using no bait did not meet their needs. Resource managers should implement strategies that increase hunter success when developing urban deer‐management programs for communities.
Further Good News from Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: Long-Term Duration of Immunity
Authors: Paolini Francesca , Venuti Aldo
Published: April 2010

Evaluation of: Romanowski B, de Borba PC, Naud PS et al.; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccine HPV-007 Study Group: Sustained efficacy and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled trial up to 6.4 years. Lancet 374(9706), 1975–1985 (2009). Observational studies in three different countries assessed the efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18-AS04 adjuvanted vaccine in women who were naive to oncogenic HPV infection at the time of vaccination. A primary analysis of efficacy was conducted on the according-to-protocol cohort for efficacy for the virological end points and on the total vaccinated cohort for efficacy for the cytohistological end points. In the total vaccinated cohort, HPV-16/18-AS04 adjuvanted vaccine conferred protection against HPV-16/18 infection for up to 6.4 years after vaccination. This period is the longest reported for any HPV vaccine, indicating that boosters are not needed, which considerably decreases the complexity and costs of the delivery program, particularly in low-resource countries.
Breast Cancer and Lymphedema: A Current Overview for the Healthcare Provider
Authors: Rourke Loren L , Hunt Kelly K , Cormier Janice N
Published: April 2010

Lymphedema is a troublesome condition faced by many breast cancer survivors today. Since lymphedema represents a debilitating and progressive problem that is feared by most breast cancer patients and their providers, an up-to-date understanding is necessary in order to better diagnose, treat and manage these patients. The etiology of lymphedema is multifactorial and poorly understood. Although lymphedema is not clearly defined within the medical community, there are several diagnostic tools available to the clinician, of which the most widely accepted in the clinical setting are the arm circumference measurements. Misinformation has recently been conveyed regarding activity recommendations for those patients afflicted with lymphedema. These recent events highlight the critical importance of education, heightened awareness and dedicated future cooperative research in order to favorably impact on lymphedema care and the quality of life for those living with lymphedema.
Combining and Sequencing Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Tamoxifen in Postmenopausal Women with Node-Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Leeper Alexander , Dixon J Michael
Published: April 2010

Evaluation of: Albain KS, Barlow WE, Ravdin PM et al.; Breast Cancer Intergroup of North America: Adjuvant chemotherapy and timing of tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive, node-positive breast cancer: a Phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374(9707), 2055–2063 (2009). This Phase III trial randomized 1477 postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, node-positive operable breast cancer to receive 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen alone, or tamoxifen given concurrently or after cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and fluorouracil (CAF) chemotherapy. After 13 years of follow-up, the 10-year disease-free survival was significantly improved in the group receiving the combination of CAF chemotherapy and tamoxifen, compared with the tamoxifen-alone group (57 vs 48%, respectively; p = 0.002); overall survival was also marginally improved in the combination group (65 vs 60%; p = 0.0057). Sequential tamoxifen given after CAF chemotherapy marginally improved disease-free survival compared with concurrent tamoxifen and chemotherapy (60 vs 53%, respectively; p = 0.057). Chemotherapy with CAF together with sequential tamoxifen is a more effective adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, node-positive breast cancer compared with tamoxifen alone.
Obstetrical Management of the Older Gravida
Authors: Franz Maximilian B , Husslein Peter W
Published: April 2010

In developed countries, an increase in the average age of the gravida has been documented. The mean age of primiparous women in Austria rose from 25 years in 1991 to 28 years in 2008. In Germany in 2006, most gravidas were between the ages of 30 and 34 years whereas in the 1970s, most babies were born to women aged 20–24 years. Delayed childbearing and increased maternal age are associated with increased obstetrical and perinatal complications and, therefore, require adjustments in obstetrical management. Increasing maternal age is associated with pre-existing maternal risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myomas or obesity. In addition to lower fecundability and higher rates of chromosomal aberrations, higher rates of spontaneous early abortion are also common complications in early pregnancy among older women. In ongoing pregnancies, complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders and low birth weight are associated with increasing maternal age. Furthermore, gravidas of advanced age are at a higher risk for stillbirth and perinatal morbidity and mortality. At delivery, increased maternal age is associated with an increased rate of malpresentation and represents an independent odds ratio for cesarean section. Owing to these facts, obstetric management in the older gravida needs to be adapted in order to manage the possible complications.
On the coprimality of some arithmetic functions
Authors: De Koninck , Kátai Imre
Published: April 2010

Let ? stand for the Euler function. Given a positive integer n, let ?(n) stand for the sum of the positive divisors of n and let ?(n) be the number of divisors of n. We obtain an asymptotic estimate for the counting function of the set {n : gcd (?(n), ?(n)) = gcd(?(n), ?(n)) = 1}. Moreover, setting l(n) : = gcd(?(n), ?(n+1)), we provide an asymptotic estimate for the size of #{n ? x: l(n) = 1}.
On sequence-covering mssc-images of locally separable metric spaces
Authors: Van Dung
Published: April 2010

We characterize sequence-covering (resp., 1-sequence-covering, 2-sequence-covering) mssc-images of locally separable metric spaces by means of ?-locally finite cs-networks (resp., sn-networks, so-networks) consisting of ?0-spaces (resp., sn-second countable spaces, so-second countable spaces). As the applications, we get characterizations of certain sequence-covering, quotient mssc-images of locally separable metric spaces.
Novelizing Religious Experience: The Generic Landscape of The Brothers Karamazov
Authors: Holland Kate
Published: April 2010

In this article, Kate Holland examines the significance of Christian legend in The Brothers Karamazov. Arguing that the novel's main creative mission was the reincorporation of religious experience into the novelistic form, Holland explores how Fedor Dostoevskii integrates the worldviews of hagiography, apocrypha, and folk legend into the novel through the generic identities of the Karamazov brothers. Similarities and differences on die level of character are expressed in the conflict between genres, leading to an examination of the novel's own generic assumptions, and a genre memory of its roots within medieval religious and vernacular works. Holland locates this interest within the critical and theoretical debates on the nature of the novel taking place in Russian academic and critical circles as Dostoevskii was writing the novel. The heterogeneous nature of the religious worldviews modeled by Dostoevskii subverts the conventional view of the novel as an expression of Orthodoxy and constitutes a radical experiment in novelistic form.
Derzhavin's Metaphysics of Morality
Authors: Beaver Aaron
Published: April 2010

In this essay, Aaron Beaver argues that the poetry of Gavrila Derzhavin routinely and consistently connects metaphysical beliefs with moral ones, and that, at its most sophisticated, this connection amounts to a full “metaphysics of morality” much like that developed by Derzhavin's contemporary, the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Beaver begins by exploring Derzhavin's belief in the immortality of virtue; he then examines how Derzhavin's famous monument poems assert the poet's immortalitybecausehe verbally pays tribute to those who are virtuous; finally he analyzes Derzhavin's 1797 poem “Bessmertie dushi,” in which the poet realizes the connection between the immortality of the soul and morality. The latter part of the article examines Derzhavin's poetic expression of this connection in light of Kant's two postulates of the moral law—the immortality of the soul and the existence of God—and finds that Derzhavin's poetry expresses a similar position with genuine philosophical rigor.
Producing the Folk at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
Authors: Regis Helen A. , Walton Shana
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we consider how the folk are produced and consumed at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival (Jazz Fest). Founded in the aftermath of the civil rights movement as a cosmopolitan gathering of music, food, and art lovers, Jazz Fest has become one of the world’s largest music festivals. The staging of the festival in the wake of Hurricane Katrina was seen as a symbol of the reviving spirit of New Orleans and showcased the festival as an icon of the city. Blackness and other forms of otherness are central to producing a concentrated experience of cosmopolitanism there and to constructing a "hip" identity. Festgoers and producers are "in the know" about the folk, even as they are separated from them by race, class, and/or education. Those who produce the folk participate in an imaginary leveling of difference, while festival visitors experience the spine-tingling transcendence of musical communion. At the same time, folk artists, demonstrators, vendors, and performers are tightly disciplined by the structures that specify precise limits on what they can and cannot do. A close examination of the production of culture at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival reveals a reproduction of a racialized social structure in which people of color (mostly African Americans) and other "folks" are sidelined while owner-connoisseurs are able to control presentation and production.
"A Famous and Most Miraculous Prophecy": An Annotated Translation of a Middle Dutch Trickster Poem
Authors: Jongenelen Bas , Parsons Ben
Published: April 2010

Een schoone ende wonderlijcke prognosticatie (1560) is one of many Dutch texts dealing with the trickster Till Eulenspiegel, known as "Tijl Uilenspiegel" in the Low Countries and "Owlglass" in England. The poem differs from most Eulenspiegel literature in two key respects. First, it treats the figure as a narrator rather than a character, and second, it seems designed for performance rather than simple recital. We offer here an English translation of this remarkable piece, lightly annotated throughout.
Whispers in an Ice Cream Parlor: Culinary Tourism, Contemporary Legends, and the Urban Interzone
Authors: Ellis Bill
Published: April 2010

A contemporary legend active in 1910 held that white women were at risk of being abducted into involuntary slavery if they visited an ice cream parlor. This article grounds this legend in the emergence of ice cream into everyday American foodways, a trend paralleled by the growing economic impact of Mediterranean immigrants and by the increasing practice of "warehousing" potentially marriageable women of Western and Northern European descent in big-city colleges and technical schools. The ethnic-owned ice cream "parlor" thus became a liminal interzone in which single women engaged in culinary tourism in a way that was seen as dangerous to their ethnic identity.
Our Borats, Our Selves: Yokels and Cosmopolitans on the Global Stage
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: April 2010

The comic figure of the yokel has undergone a resurgence in the past decade, culminating in Sacha Baron-Cohen's Borat. The yokel, whose predictable humor is based on his aggressive backwardness and persistent malapropisms, draws attention to the “foreignness” with which multiculturalism is uncomfortable, while also highlighting the economic and cultural dislocation of globalization. Cohen builds on the longstanding stereotypes about Jews and Gypsies (Roma), creating a persona who resembles the “vermin” of Nazi propaganda and manages to elicit racist responses from his unwitting audience. Borat functions within a fictional framework of racism and ethnic hostility, bringing to light barely concealed discomforts about border-crossings, cosmopolitanism, and global cultures.
Transnational Image Making and Soft Authoritarian Kazakhstan
Authors: Schatz Edward
Published: April 2010

A primary mechanism of rule in soft authoritarian post-Soviet Kazakhstan was the regime's ability to monopolize the instruments of persuasion. By carefully crafting and propagating images of state and society, constructing political dramas, and developing plausible public narratives about the provision of public goods, Nursultan Nazarbaev continually outflanked his political opponents. And then cameBorat,the Hollywood comedy that presented Kazakhstan as a racist, homophobic, misogynistic, economic, and political backwater. Not only were the images of this “Kazakhstan“ out of the regime's control, but the film's creator, Sacha Baron Cohen, went on the image-making offensive by conducting a variety of public dramas that further eroded the regime's image-making monopoly. This essay explores how the transnationalization of image-making creates new challenges for regimes intent on remaining soft authoritarian.
If the Subaltern Speaks in the Woods and Nobody's Listening, Does He Make a Sound?
Authors: Michaels Paula A.
Published: April 2010

As the present collection of articles makes clear, there is no shortage of interpretations of or reactions to Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan. While nothing drains the laughter out of a joke faster than academic analysis, these articles succeed in raising differing, thought-provoking perspectives on the meaning and significance of one of the biggest cultural phenomena of 2006. And although their methodological and analytical perspectives diverge, these articles share at least one trait in common. Each author faces grappling with the relationship between the Kazakhstan of Sacha Baron Cohen's imagination and, dare I say, the “real Kazakhstan,” a real place inhabited by real people, existing in real time and space. I do not dispute the subjectivity of that reality, but the acceptance of the premise that Kazakhstan and Kazakhstanis in fact exist is essential to my argument, which seeks not to place the country and its people on a level playing field with their hyperreal corollary, but to underscore the power relations that come into play when eroding or rendering insignificant the line between them.
Comment
Authors: Reddy William M.
Published: April 2010

Each of these rich essays is framed as the discussion of a specific emotion or emotional attitude—the “perception of emotional coldness” (Andrei Zorin), “fear” (Jan Plamper), “disgust” (OlgaMatich and Adi Kuntsman). But these authors offer us both much less and much more. Less, because individual emotions cannot really have their own history, independent of the kinds of self or emotional styles that emerge in given periods. More, because each essay opens u p to these broader, interdependent configurations of self and emotion, creating a window on a complex landscape of emotional change. Zorin's study of Andrei Turgenev provides a glimpse of the transition from an eighteenth- to an early nineteenth-century emotional regime. Plamper's examination of the emergence of military psychology traces the development of a late nineteenth-century social science of the “psyche.” Olga Matich explores the somatic anxieties of an early twentieth-century novelist, reminiscent of a whole strain of troubled and troubling early twentieth-century reflection. Adi Kuntsman probes the powerlessness of victims of Stalinist-era labor camps, whose sufferings resemble those of millions of others caught in modernist state projects aimed at administering mass emotions.
Between Ideology and Desire: Rhetoric of the Self in the Works of Nikolai Chernyshevskii and Nikolai Dobroliubov
Authors: Klioutchkine Konstantine
Published: April 2010

Departing from the familiar scholarly focus on the ideological content of works by intelligentsia forerunners, this article examines the record of everyday life in their private and public writing. Konstantine Klioutch kine argues that their obsessive focus on ordinary experience indicated that articulating mundane desires was as important to the two writers as expressing progressive views. As professional journalists, Nikolai Chernyshevskii and Nikolai Dobroliubov organized their experience primarily by way of writing. Accordingly, the article explores rhetorical procedures accommodating both ideology and desire in their influential account of themselves as prototypical new men.
Legislation and Adjudication in the UN Security Council: Bringing Down the Deliberative Deficit
Authors: Johnstone Ian
Published: April 2010

Critiques of decision making in international organizations are often framed in terms of the democratic deficit. Leveled against the United Nations Security Council, the charge has become more pointed in light of recent quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial acts—most notably the adoption of Resolutions 1373 and 1540 on the financing of terrorism and the spread of weapons of mass destruction, respectively, and the Resolution 1267 sanctions regime, which targets individuals suspected of involvement in terrorism. With the first two resolutions, the Security Council imposed general obligations on all states for an indefinite period; with the third, it set up a sanctions committee that has courtlike powers to identify and freeze the assets of individuals, groups, and corporations. Despite broad sympathy among the UN membership for collective counterterrorist action in the aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, a degree of skepticism accompanied these initiatives from the start and grew with the diplomatic debacle surrounding the war in Iraq. Some critics asked whether an “imperial” Security Council had become an instrument for the imposition of “hegemonic international law.” The Council has moved to address these concerns, but they remain serious enough that the regimes established under Resolutions 1267, 1373, and 1540 are at risk of collapsing.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Facilitates Healing of Chronic Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Löndahl Magnus , Katzman Per , Nilsson Anders , Hammarlund Christer
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

Chronic diabetic foot ulcers are a source of major concern for both patients and health care systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the management of chronic diabetic foot ulcers.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Diabetics with Chronic Foot Ulcers (HODFU) study was a randomized, single-center, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The outcomes for the group receiving HBOT were compared with those of the group receiving treatment with hyperbaric air. Treatments were given in a multi-place hyperbaric chamber for 85-min daily (session duration 95 min), five days a week for eight weeks (40 treatment sessions). The study was performed in an ambulatory setting.

RESULTS

Ninety-four patients with Wagner grade 2, 3, or 4 ulcers, which had been present for >3 months, were studied. In the intention-to-treat analysis, complete healing of the index ulcer was achieved in 37 patients at 1-year of follow-up: 25/48 (52%) in the HBOT group and 12/42 (29%) in the placebo group (P = 0.03). In a sub-analysis of those patients completing >35 HBOT sessions, healing of the index ulcer occurred in 23/38 (61%) in the HBOT group and 10/37 (27%) in the placebo group (P = 0.009). The frequency of adverse events was low.

CONCLUSIONS

The HODFU study showed that adjunctive treatment with HBOT facilitates healing of chronic foot ulcers in selected patients with diabetes.
Glycemic Control in Children With Type 1 Diabetes in Wales
Authors: O'Hagan Malachy , Harvey John N. ,   for the Brecon Group
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether glycemic control is improving in diabetic children in Wales and to identify factors associated with improvement.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were collected in 2001 and 2006.

RESULTS

Over time A1C was reduced from 9.08 ± 1.66 to 8.88 ± 1.63% (P = 0.012). There were differences among centers (P < 0.001) and differential changes over time (interaction P < 0.001). Since 2001 five centers had appointed a pediatric diabetes specialist nurse (PDSN). A1C improved in these centers from 9.59 ± 1.88 to 8.72 ± 1.61% (P < 0.001). Glycemic control was worse in children aged >10 years compared with younger patients (P < 0.001). Improvement occurred in those aged >10 years. Age (P = 0.003) and insulin dose (P < 0.001) were positively and independently associated with A1C. Thus, any influence of PDSNs was not achieved through increased insulin prescription.

CONCLUSIONS

Improvement in glycemic control has occurred. Worse control is associated with greater prescribed insulin dose in older children. Appointment of PDSNs was associated with improved glycemic control among adolescents.
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-1, 3-acetate induces the negative regulation of protein kinase B by protein kinase Cα during gastric cancer cell apoptosis
Authors: Zhang Bing , Xia Chun
Published: April 2010

The PKB signaling pathway is essential for cell survival and the inhibition of apoptosis, but its functional mechanisms have not been fully explored. Previously, we reported that TPA effectively inhibited PKB activity and caused PKB degradation, which was correlated with the repression of PKB phosphorylation at Ser473. In this study, we focus on how PKB is regulated by TPA in gastric cancer cells. One of the TPA targets, PKCα, was found to mediate the inhibition of PKB phosphorylation and degredation caused by TPA. Furthermore, TPA induced the import of PKCα into the nucleus, where PKCα exerted an inhibitory effect on PKB expression and phosphorylation. As a result, cancer cell proliferation was arrested. Our study characterizes a novel function of PKCα in mediating the negative regulation of PKB by TPA, and suggests a potential application in the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.
Moving Past Sleight of Hand
Authors: Mintken Paul E. , Derosa Carl , Little Tamara , Smith Britt
Published: April 2010

Medical care historically has had a strong association with magic, illusion, and secrecy. Although we profess to be modern healthcare practitioners, utilizing manual therapy techniques, and strive for evidence-based practice, the reality is that one of the most ubiquitous of all manual therapy techniques, manipulation, is obscured by illusive and ill-defined terminology. As a first step in moving from magician to modern clinician, we recently proposed a nomenclature intended to standardize and clarify the terminology used in describing specific manual therapy techniques, recommending the use of 6 key characteristics. The persistent obfuscations appear to be aimed at obscuring the differentiation of manipulation from mobilization. The time has come for a more precise delineation between manipulation and mobilization and to move beyond seeing these valuable interventions simply as some sleight-of-hand technique. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):253–255. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.0105
Maternal serum triglycerides as predictive factors for large‐for‐gestational age newborns in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: SON GA HYUN , KWON JA YOUNG , KIM YOUNG HAN , PARK YONG WON
Published: April 2010

Objective. To determine the contribution of maternal lipids in predicting large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) newborns born to women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Yonsei University Health System, Korea. Population. A total of 104 women diagnosed with GDM between January 2000 and June 2008. Methods. Women who were positive on the 50 g oral glucose challenge test (24–28 weeks' gestation) and who were referred patients suspected of GDM underwent a 3 hours, 100 g oral glucose tolerance test for GDM diagnosis. Maternal fasting serum triglycerides and total, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were determined at 24–32 weeks' gestation. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine maternal parameters independently associated with delivering LGA newborns at term. Main outcome measures. Risk contributions for LGA newborns. Results. Maternal fasting serum triglyceride levels were significantly higher in mothers of LGA newborns compared with other mothers; however, no significant correlations were found between newborn birthweight and maternal fasting glucose, total cholesterol, or HDL cholesterol levels. After adjusting for confounding variables including prepregnancy body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, age, and parity, maternal hypertriglyceridemia at 24–32 weeks' gestation remained an independent parameter for identifying term LGA newborns. Conclusions. In GDM pregnancies, determining maternal serum triglyceride levels during midpregnancy may help identify women likely to give birth to LGA newborns.
Is chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia a prognostic factor in patients with ovarian cancer?
Authors: KIM JAE‐JOON , PARK JEONG‐YEOL , KIM DAE‐YEON , KIM JONG‐HYEOK , KIM YONG‐MAN , NAM JOO‐HYUN , KIM YOUNG‐TAK
Published: April 2010

Objective. This study sought to determine if relative neutropenia (RN) following six cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatin could serve as a prognostic factor in patients with ovarian cancer. Design. A single institution, retrospective study. Setting. Tertiary academic referral center, Seoul, Korea Population. A total of 179 patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery, followed by six cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy to treat epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods. Relative neutropenia was defined by an absolute neutrophil count < 1000 neutrophils/mm3 at chemotherapy cycle nadir. To eliminate the effects of dose reduction (DR) and schedule delay (SD) on the outcome of analysis, 49 patients who had this were excluded, and a subset analysis of 130 patients who received standard doses and schedules of chemotherapy was performed. Main outcome measures. Progression free and overall survival. Results. The median progression free survival (PFSs) of neutropenic and non‐neutropenic patients was 34 and 22 months, respectively; the median overall survival (OS) times were 67 and 56 months, respectively, with no significant differences in PFS and OS (p = 0.26, 0.59). Multivariate analysis revealed that stage, clear cell histology, and ≥1 cm residual tumor mass were independent prognostic predictors, while RN was not. In the subset analysis confined to the patients without DR and SD, the results were not changed. Conclusion. Chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia was not a significant prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer patients treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin as first‐line chemotherapy.
Hyperprolactinaemia During Treatment With Paliperidone
Authors: Skopek Michaela , Manoj Puthenpurackal
Published: April 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper is to highlight the association between antipsychotic medication, in this instance paliperidone, and hyperprolactinaemia, and discuss the impact of this adverse effect on patient management.

Method: Four patients with paliperidone-induced hyperprolactinaemia are described with a brief review of the literature.

Results: Four female patients aged between 20 and 50 years developed hyperprolactinaemia 3 weeks to 4 months after commencement of treatment with paliperidone. The levels were significantly raised above the normal upper limit of 500 mIU/L, ranging between 1500 and 3996 mIU/L, and returned to within the normal range after cessation of the medication (82–381 mIU/L). Two of the patients were asymptomatic despite significant elevation of prolactin; two experienced galactorrhoea, a distressing adverse effect. Subsequent management was significantly affected.

Conclusions: Routine standardized monitoring of prolactin levels may guide treatment choice, avoiding potential disruption to the therapeutic relationship, enhancing compliance with future medication and preventing negative treatment outcomes. Detailed education should accompany the monitoring process and include discussion of the risks of associated adverse effects of antipsychotic medications versus the benefit of significant symptom relief.
A Population Based Survey on HIV Prevalence in Nagaland, India
Authors: Bechani D , Sogarwal R , Rao KS
Published: April 2010

The primary aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in Nagaland and to study knowledge and attitude of study participants towards HIV/AIDS and related Government programs. A population based survey was carried out during April-October, 2007. Stratifi ed sampling technique was adopted with an anonymous, linked design for HIV testing using Dried Blood Spot Testing Method (Tri-Dot). A total of 1965 households were interviewed in which 5661 eligible respondents (male:15-54 years and female:15-49 years) completed the interview. The total individual response rate was 95.2%. Blood samples were collected from 5637 respondents. Results revealed that the prevalence of HIV was estimated to be 0.74% in Nagaland. Dimapur was identifi ed as the only district where HIV prevalence was higher than 1%. Wokha (0.98%) and Tuensang (0.92%) also had higher prevalence compared to other districts. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods and the services available under National HIV/AIDS program was low. Further steps therefore need to be taken to ensure higher utilization of services. Keywords : Population based survey; HIV prevalence; Nagaland DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v6i1.3058 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2009 VI (1) 1-11