bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controls of tor formation, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
Authors: Goodfellow Bradley W. , Skelton Alasdair , Martel Stephen J. , Stroeven Arjen P. , Jansson Krister N. , Hättestrand Clas
Published: January 2014

Tors occur in many granitic landscapes and provide opportunities to better understand differential weathering. We assess tor formation in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, by examining correlation of tor location and size with grain size and the spacing of steeply dipping joints. We infer a control on these relationships and explore its potential broader significance for differential weathering and tor formation. We also assess the relationship between the formation of subhorizontal joints in many tors and local topographic shape by evaluating principle surface curvatures from a digital elevation model of the Cairngorms. We then explore the implications of these joints for tor formation. We conclude that the Cairngorm tors have formed in kernels of relatively coarse grained granite. Tor volumes increase with grain size and the spacing of steeply dipping joints. We infer that the steeply dipping joints largely formed during pluton cooling and are more widely spaced in tor kernels because of slower cooling rates. Preferential tor formation in coarser granite with a wider joint spacing that is more easily grusified indicates that joint spacing is a dominant control on differential weathering. Sheet jointing is well developed in tors located on relatively high convex surfaces. This jointing formed after the gross topography of the Cairngorms was established and before tor emergence. The presence of closely spaced (tens of centimeters), subhorizontal sheeting joints in tors indicates that these tors, and similarly sheeted tors elsewhere, formed either after subaerial exposure of bedrock or have progressively emerged from a regolith only a few meters thick.
Femtosecond petawatt laser
Authors: Jeong Tae Moon , Lee Jongmin
Published: January 2014

The high‐power femtosecond laser has now become an excellent scientific tool for the study of not only relativistic laser–matter interactions but also scientific applications. The high‐power femtosecond laser depends on the Kerr‐lens modelocking (KLM) and chirped‐pulse amplification (CPA) technique. An all‐Ti:sapphire‐based 30‐fs PW CPA laser, which is called the PULSER (Petawatt Ultrashort Laser System for Extreme Science Research) has been recently constructed and is being used for accelerating the charged particles (electrons and protons) and generating ultrashort high‐energy photon (X‐ray and γ‐ray) sources. In this review, the world‐wide PW‐level femtosecond laser systems are first summarized, the output performances of the PULSER‐I & II are described, and the future upgrade plan of the PULSER to the multi‐PW level is also discussed. Then, several experimental results on particle (electron and proton) acceleration and X‐ray generation in the intensity range of mid‐1018 W/cm2 to mid‐1020 W/cm2 are described. Experimental demonstrations for the newly proposed phenomena and the understanding of physical mechanisms in relativistic and ultrarelativistic regimes are highly expected as increasing the laser peak intensity up to over 1022 W/cm2 ∼1023 W/cm2.
Multiple Senses of Community Among Older Chinese Migrants to New Zealand
Authors: Li Wendy Wen , Hodgetts Darrin , Sonn Christopher
Published: January 2014

Existing literature suggests that successful ageing is linked to a sense of community (SOC) that is developed through shared daily practices. For migrant groups, SOC can extend across home and receiving countries. In order to understand the issue of successful ageing in place and multiple SOCs among older Chinese migrants, this paper investigated 32 older Chinese migrants' narratives of developing a SOC in their local and home communities. Findings suggest that a SOC can be viewed as constructed through practices such as neighbouring and supportive interactions within local contexts as well as engagement with the home country via new media. The findings provide insights into everyday practices central to the cultivation of a SOC among the participants whose engagements span the cultural spaces of China and New Zealand. For example, the use of media contributes to the participants' SOCs both in China and New Zealand. As a result, they live in a transnational community that can be understood as an ‘imagined’ community where the participants engage with significant, although absent, Chinese others. Living between China and New Zealand, between homes and between languages, the participants create identity ‘inbetweenness’ that is constructed at the intersection of interdependent, compatible and mutually reinforcing communities and spaces. The findings therefore extend conventional understandings of ageing migrant experiences that assume successful ageing and community participation occur in one locale to an understanding of multiple SOCs within the context of transnationalism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melody® pulmonary valve bacterial endocarditis: Experience in four pediatric patients and a review of the literature
Authors: Villafañe Juan , Baker George Hamilton , Austin Erle H. , Miller Stephen , Peng Lynn , Beekman Robert
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The objectives of this manuscript are two‐fold: (a) to describe the clinical characteristics and management of four pediatric patients with bacterial endocarditis (BE) after Melody® pulmonary valve implantation (MPVI); and (b) to review the literature regarding Melody® pulmonary valve endocarditis.

Background

There are several reports of BE following MPVI. The clinical course, BE management and outcome remain poorly defined.

Methods

This is a multi‐center report of four pediatric patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and BE after MPVI. Clinical presentation, echocardiogram findings, infecting organism, BE management, and follow‐up assessment are described. We review available literature on Melody® pulmonary valve endocarditis and discuss the prognosis and challenges in the management of these patients.

Results

Of our four BE patients, two had documented vegetations and three showed worsening pulmonary stenosis. All patients remain asymptomatic after medical treatment (4) and surgical prosthesis replacement (3) at follow‐up of 17 to 40 months. Analysis of published data shows that over half of patients undergo bioprosthesis explantation and that there is a 13% overall mortality. The most common BE pathogens are the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.

Conclusions

Our case series of four pediatric patients with repaired TOF confirms a risk for BE after MPVI. A high index of suspicion for BE should be observed after MPVI. All patients should be advised to follow lifelong BE prophylaxis after MPVI. In case of BE, surgery should be considered for valve dysfunction or no clinical improvement in spite of medical treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Valve‐in‐valve implantation with a 23‐mm balloon‐expandable transcatheter heart valve for the treatment of a 19‐mm stentless bioprosthesis severe aortic regurgitation using a strategy of “extreme” underfilling
Authors: Chevalier Florent , Leipsic Jonathon , Généreux Philippe
Published: January 2014

We report a case of valve‐in‐valve (ViV) implantation by transfemoral approach with a 23‐mm balloon‐expandable prosthesis inside a stentless 19‐mm acutely degenerated bioprosthesis, using a strategy of “extreme” underfilling. A 74‐year‐old patient presented to our institution in cardiogenic shock. An initial transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed severe central aortic regurgitation (AR) due to a torn leaflet. She was deemed inoperable and considered for urgent transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Given the fairly small true internal diameter, a strategy of 3‐cc underfilling of a 23‐mm transcatheter heart valve (THV) was planned. However, the final implantation was performed with 5‐cc underfilling due to the incapacity to deliver the entire amount of fluid contained in the inflation syringe. TEE guidance confirmed the successful positioning and deployment of the prosthesis, with no AR and a mean gradient of 25 mm Hg. While implantation of a smaller prosthesis (20 mm) was debated during the Heart Team discussion, the risk of valve embolization due to inadequate anchoring inside the stentless prosthesis led to the selection of a 23‐mm THV. At 6‐month follow‐up, the patient was in NYHA class I, with no AR and a mean gradient of 28 mm Hg. We report for the first time the use of in vivo THV with 5‐cc underfilling with no acute or short‐term structural failure, and the first ViV implantation by transfemoral approach with a 23‐mm balloon‐expandable prosthesis inside a stentless 19‐mm bioprosthesis. The current report presents the challenges related to ViV implantation inside a small stentless bioprosthesis and offers practical ways to overcome them. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Microporous Activated Carbons Using Molecular Probe Method
Authors: Helmich Martin , Luckas Michael , Pasel Christoph , Bathen Dieter
Published: January 2014

Die genaue Kenntnis der Porensysteme von Adsorbentien ist für wissenschaftliche und industrielle Anwendungen der Adsorption von großer Bedeutung. Trotz ihrer teils erheblichen Komplexität vereinfachen die aktuellen physikalischen Modelle zur Interpretation der N2‐Isothermen den tatsächlichen Adsorptionsprozess wodurch völlig unterschiedliche Porengrößenverteilungen berechnet werden. Die vorgestellte Probemolekülmethode ermöglicht durch die Vermessung von Reinstoffisothermen chemisch ähnlicher Probemoleküle steigender Größe unter Einführung weniger Approximationen die direkte Bestimmung eines Ausschnitts der Porengrößenverteilung im Bereich < 0,7 nm.
Short and long‐term repercussions of the experimental diabetes in embryofetal development
Authors: Bueno Aline , Sinzato Yuri Karen , Sudano Mateus José , Alvarenga Fernanda da Cruz Landim e , Calderon Iracema de Mattos Paranhos , Rudge Marilza Vieira Cunha , Damasceno Débora Cristina
Published: January 2014

Background

Diabetic pregnancy have increased rates of congenital malformation and neonatal mortality. In vitro studies suggest hyperglycemia associated with diabetes impair embryogenesis but in vivo investigations on maternal hyperglycemic insult and early embryo development are scarce. We evaluated the embryofetal development on experimental diabetes models to assess whether hyperglycemia at preimplantation period impairs the progression of pregnancy.

Methods

Different hyperglycemic intensities were obtained by two experimental diabetes models. Female Sprague Dawley rats received streptozotocin at birth (mild diabetes) or at day 90 of life (severe diabetes). For both diabetic groups hyperglycemia was confirmed 5 days after diabetes induction and the mating was performed around 100 day of life. For preimplantation analysis, embryos were recovered at D4 of pregnancy. Another group of animals was submitted to laparotomy at D21 to assess contents of the uterus and fetal viability.

Results

Mild (i) and Severe (ii) diabetes modified the early development. Degenerating embryos percentage was higher compared to control (11%) (i) 30.7%, (ii) 37.3%. Cell number mean dropped according to hyperglycemic intensity (control 30.57, (i) 21.42, (ii) 13.42). Pre and post‐implantation loss rates were higher in diabetic groups. The fetal viability also decreased from 96% in the control group to (i) 78.7% and (ii) 80.6%.

Conclusion

Our results show that during diabetic pregnancy, preimplantation embryos present decreased cell number due to higher apoptosis rates, which are dependent of the hyperglycemic intensity. Moreover, fetal viability was also decreased suggesting that the quality of these embryos at long‐term may be questioned. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrokinetic stabilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash after water washing
Authors: Liao Wing‐Ping , Yang Renbo , Zhou Zheng‐Xian , Huang Jui‐Yuan
Published: January 2014

This study assessed the feasibility of combining the water washing and electrokinetic (EK) treatments for the removal of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu from two municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes. Two approaches were compared: a direct electrokinetic (DEK) treatment and a combined method using water washing before the electrokinetic (WEK) treatment. The following experimental EK parameters were evaluated: electric current, pH, and treatment time (168 h). The analytical results from a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) showed that one fly ash sample was within the regulatory limits after either approach. However, the second fly ash sample was only within the limits following the WEK technique because the WEK technique was able to decrease the high Pb level of 58.6% in the exchangeable and carbonates fractions to 9.5% in this sample. The water washing step first extracted the soluble salts KCl, NaCl, SiCl4, and CaClOH and decreased the interference from the large chloride concentration, thereby promoting the ability of the subsequent EK treatment to stabilize heavy metals as less reactive complexes. Therefore, the WEK technique is recommended over the DEK technique for treating fly ash. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1235–1241, 2014
How to Include Chromosome X in Your Genome‐Wide Association Study
Authors: König Inke R. , Loley Christina , Erdmann Jeanette , Ziegler Andreas
Published: January 2014

In current genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), the analysis is usually focused on autosomal variants only, and the sex chromosomes are often neglected. Recently, a number of technical hurdles have been described that add to a reluctance of including chromosome X in a GWAS, including complications in genotype calling, imputation, and selection of test statistics. To overcome this, we provide a “how to” guide for analyzing X chromosomal data within a standard GWAS. Following a general pipeline for GWAS, we highlight the steps in which the X chromosome requires specific attention, and we give tentative advice for each of these. Through this, we show that by selection of sensible algorithms and parameter settings, the inclusion of chromosome X in GWAS is manageable. Closing this gap is expected to further elucidate the genetic background of complex diseases, especially of those with sex‐specific features.
Hollow fiber membrane process for SO2 removal from flue gas
Authors: Kim KeeHong , Kim JongHak , Lee HyungKeun
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

In this study, a polymeric membrane process was investigated to avoid the poisoning of CO2 sorbents with SO2 during the carbon capture and separation (CCS) process. Two types of hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared using poly(ether‐b‐amide) (PEBAX) and cellulose acetate (CA) as composite materials.

RESULTS

Both of the composite membranes exhibit a trade‐off between the pure gas permeance and the ideal selectivity. The PEBAX1657/PEI exhibited higher permeance than CA/PES due to the morphology of the substrate and the effects of the coating material. A mixed‐gas separation experiment investigated the SO2 removal efficiency and the CO2 loss ratio. The SO2 removal efficiency and CO2 loss ratio were found to be positively correlated with the permeance of the gas components. A multi‐stage membrane process was designed to reduce the CO2 loss ratio with a 90% removal efficiency of SO2. Compared with a single‐stage process, the CO2 loss ratio was decreased by up to 16.1%, and the membrane area was estimated at 18.1 m2 for the multi‐stage process.

CONCLUSION

A multi‐stage membrane process was designed using different types of membrane modules to decrease CO2 loss ratio without sacrificing SO2 removal efficiency. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Diffuse age‐related lumbar mri changes confound diagnosis of single (L5) root lesions
Authors: Botez Stephan A. , Zynda‐Weiss Andrea M. , Logigian Eric L.
Published: January 2014

Introduction: L5 radiculopathy has characteristic clinical and electrodiagnostic features including: radicular pain; weakness or denervation of hip abductors, ankle dorsiflexors, and inverters; and pre‐ganglionic dorsal foot sensory loss. It is unknown how often patients with this distinctive clinical–electrodiagnostic presentation have isolated L5‐root compression on neuroimaging or more widespread, possibly age‐related, lumbar neuroforaminal or spinal stenosis. Methods: A study‐blinded neuroradiologist quantitated lumbosacral neuroforaminal, lateral recess, and spinal stenosis in 26 consecutive patients with unilateral, clinically and EMG‐ascertained L5 monoradiculopathy, and quantitated a global neuroforaminal and spinal stenosis score (SSS). Results: Only 9 patients (35%) had isolated L5‐root compression, 14 (54%) had multi‐root compression, and 3 (12%) had normal neuroimaging. Increasing age correlated with SSS, and the 9 patients with isolated L5‐root compression were significantly younger than patients with multi‐root involvement. Conclusions: This study underscores the role of clinical and electrodiagnostic data when interpreting lumbosacral neuroimaging, particularly in older patients. Muscle Nerve 50: 135–137, 2014
Activity of flonicamid on the sweet potato whitely Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies
Authors: Roditakis Emmanouil , Fytrou Natasa , Staurakaki Marianna , Vontas John , Tsagkarakou Anastasia
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Flonicamid is a novel systemic insecticide that acts as a feeding blocker with potential use against whiteflies within IPM control tactics. Flonicamid efficacy against Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean populations from Crete was examined, as well as side effects on selected beneficials used extensively in current IPM schemes.

RESULTS

Low variability in adulticide activity was detected (<tenfold), while there was no resistance compared with a reference susceptible population. Flonicamid exhibited low to no insecticidal activity on eggs, emerging crawlers and second‐instar nymphs at the maximum registered label rate (RLRmax). In long‐term cage experiments, flonicamid at the RLRmax (125 mg L−1) caused 95% mortality to whiteflies 10 days after treatment and delayed population growth by one generation (32 days). Flonicamid significantly delayed nymphal development by increasing the development time (DT50) of treated insects by 7.2 days. Flonicamid did not affect the survival of Eretmocerus eremicus adults, while lethal effects of an intermediate level were observed on Nesidiocoris tenuis adults and nymphs, Amblyseius swirskii adults and preimaginal stages of E. eremicus. Flonicamid reduced the feeding activity (consumption of B. tabaci eggs) of N. tenuis and A. swirskii by 28 and 37% respectively. Moreover, the fecundity of A. swirskii was reduced by 36% after exposure to flonicamid.

CONCLUSIONS

Flonicamid is an effective tool for the management of B. tabaci populations from Crete, and initial studies indicate that it could be combined with B. tabaci natural enemies. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
An Approach to Measuring Dispersed Families with a Particular Focus on Children ‘Left Behind’ by Migrant Parents: Findings from Rural South Africa
Authors: Bennett Rachel , Hosegood Victoria , Newell Marie‐Louise , McGrath Nuala
Published: January 2014

There is growing policy and academic interest in the conditions, experiences, and well‐being of migrant families stretched across origin and destination households. In South Africa, the dispersal of children and migrant parents across multiple households is a commonplace childhood experience. However, in common with the broader international context, quantitative analyses of the social and residential connections between children and migrant parents in South Africa have been limited by the lack of available data that document family arrangements from the perspective of more than one household. This paper describes a new data collection effort in the origin and destination households of migrants from rural KwaZulu‐Natal and explains the methodology for using this data to examine multiple household contexts for children and parents. In order to illustrate the contribution that this form of data collection effort could make to family migration studies, the paper also presents results on the living arrangements of children ‘left behind’ by migrant parents; a potentially vulnerable group whose arrangements are challenging to examine with existing data sources. The empirical results show the majority (75%) of left behind children have previously migrated and a significant proportion of migrants' children (25%) were not living in their parent's origin or destination household. The findings highlight the need for careful measurement of the circumstances of left behind children and demonstrate the contribution of linked data for providing insights into the residential arrangements of migrants' children. © 2014 The Authors. Population, Space and Place published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Bronchopulmonary sequestration with massive pleural effusion: pleuroamniotic shunting vs intrafetal vascular laser ablation
Authors: Mallmann M. R. , Geipel A. , Bludau M. , Matil K. , Gottschalk I. , Hoopmann M. , Müller A. , Bachour H. , Heydweiller A. , Gembruch U. , Berg C.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To assess the incidence of complications among a relatively large cohort of fetuses with bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) and the success of two different intrauterine treatment modalities.

Methods

All cases with a prenatal diagnosis of BPS detected in a 10‐year period (2002–2011) in two tertiary referral centers were reviewed retrospectively for intrauterine course and outcome. Up to May 2010 severe pleural effusions were treated with pleuroamniotic shunting. Thereafter, they were treated with ultrasound‐guided laser coagulation of the feeding artery.

Results

A total of 41 fetuses with BPS were included in the study. In 29 (70.7%) there was no pleural effusion or hydrops and they were treated conservatively. In 19/29 (65.5%) there was partial or complete regression of the lesion during the course of pregnancy. All were born alive (median age at delivery, 38.3 (interquartile range (IQR), 34.0–39.6) weeks) and 16 (55.2%) required sequestrectomy. Intrauterine intervention was performed in all 12 (29.3%) fetuses with pleural effusion. Seven fetuses were treated with pleuroamniotic shunting. One fetus with severe hydrops died in utero. There was no complete regression in any case of BPS in this group. Six infants were born alive (median age, 37.2 (IQR, 30.3–37.4) weeks), of which five (83.3%) required sequestrectomy. Five fetuses were treated with laser ablation of the feeding vessel. In all cases of BPS there was regression after laser ablation. All infants were delivered at term (median age, 39.1 (IQR, 38.0–40.0) weeks). One (20.0%) neonate required sequestrectomy after birth. Following intrauterine shunt placement complete regression of the lesion was significantly less frequent (0/7 (0%) with shunt placement vs 4/5 (80%) with intrafetal laser treatment) and gestational age at birth was significantly lower, compared to treatment with intrafetal laser. Complete regression of the lesion was also significantly more frequent in the laser group compared to cases without intervention.

Conclusion

In the absence of pleural effusion, the likelihood of spontaneous regression of BPS is high and the prognosis is therefore favorable. In cases with massive pleural effusion, treatment by laser ablation of the feeding vessel seems to be more effective than is pleuroamniotic shunting, with fewer complications. It might also reduce the need for postnatal surgery. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Half Antiperovskites VI: On the Substitution Effects in Shandites InxSn2–xCo3S2
Authors: Pielnhofer Florian , Rothballer Jan , Peter Philipp , Yan Wenjie , Schappacher Falko M. , Pöttgen Rainer , Weihrich Richard
Published: January 2014

In the shandite type solid solution InxSn2–xCo3S2the transition from half metal ferromagnetic Sn2Co3S2to the new thermoelectric InSnCo3S2is related toA= In, Sn on different crystallographic sites. Effects and origin of crystal and electronic structure changes induced byA= In are now investigated within the solid solution 0 ≤x≤ 2 including In2Co3S2. Effects are studied from X‐ray data,119Sn Mößbauer spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. Their origin is explored by DFT modeling on site preference of In and Sn in a supercell, electric field gradients (EFG), spin polarization, band structures, and direct space analyses (ELF, AIM). Indium is found to cause the crystal structure distortion on oneAsite, the electronic structure distortion to the other, as a consequence of inverted anisotropic bonding.
Implementing unpredictability in feeding enrichment for Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus)
Authors: Schneider Marion , Nogge Gunther , Kolter Lydia
Published: January 2014

Bears in the wild spend large proportions of time in foraging activities. In zoos their time budgets differ markedly from those of their wild counterparts. Feeding enrichment has been documented to increase foraging behavior and to reduce stereotypies. But in general these procedures have no long‐term effects and result in habituation. As can be expected by the predictions of the optimal foraging theory, foraging activities are restricted as long as the availability of food is predictable. To quantify the effect of spatial unpredictability, three feeding methods have been designed to stimulate functional foraging behavior in captive Malayan sun bears in the long‐term. In order to examine if habituation occurs, the most effective method was tested for 12 consecutive days. Activities of four adult sun bears at the Cologne Zoo were recorded by focal animal recording of foraging behaviors and time sampling of activities for a total of 360 hr. Implementing unpredictability significantly increased the time the bears spent foraging and led to a higher diversity of foraging behaviors. The effects lasted throughout the entire day and no habituation occurred in the course of 12 consecutive days. The study shows how functional species typical behavior in captive Malayan sun bears can be stimulated in the long‐term by simulating natural characteristics of food availability. Zoo Biol. 33:54–62, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Kinetics of neurotransmitter release in neuromuscular synapses of newborn and adult rats
Authors: Khuzakhmetova Venera , Samigullin Dmitry , Nurullin Leniz , Vyskočil Frantisek , Nikolsky Evgeny , Bukharaeva Ellya
Published: January 2014

The kinetics of the phasic synchronous and delayed asynchronous release of acetylcholine quanta was studied at the neuromuscular junctions of aging rats from infant to mature animals at various frequencies of rhythmic stimulation of the motor nerve. We found that in infants 6 (P6) and 10 (P10) days after birth a strongly asynchronous phase of quantal release was observed, along with a reduced number of quanta compared to the synapses of adults. The rise time and decay of uni‐quantal end‐plate currents were significantly longer in infant synapses. The presynaptic immunostaining revealed that the area of the synapses in infants was significantly (up to six times) smaller than in mature junctions. The intensity of delayed asynchronous release in infants increased with the frequency of stimulation more than in adults. A blockade of the ryanodine receptors, which can contribute to the formation of delayed asynchronous release, had no effect on the kinetics of delayed secretion in the infants unlike synapses of adults. Therefore, high degree of asynchrony of quantal release in infants is not associated with the activity of ryanodine receptors and with the liberation of calcium ions from intracellular calcium stores.
Molecular screening and predation evaluation of the key predators ofConopomorpha sinensisBradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) in litchi orchards
Authors: Meng X. , Ouyang G. C. , Liu H. , Hou B. H. , Huang S. S. , Guo M. F.
Published: January 2014

Conopomorpha sinensisBradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) is one of the major fruit borer pests of litchi and longan in Southern China. Although chemical control is effective, alternative, biorational strategies are preferable, and should be developed. Predators play an important role in the biological control of agricultural pests, but an accurate method for the evaluation of predation in agriculture has not yet been developed. Here, we report a new, specific primer pair to amplify aC. sinensiscytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence fragment that can be used to detect consumption ofC. sinensisby its predators.C. sinensisDNA was found in several arthropods collected in the field, including the importantC. sinensispredatorsMenochilus sexmaculata(Coccinellidae),Leucauge magnifica(Tetragnathidae),Propylea japonica(Coccinellidae), andOxyopes sertatus(Oxyopidae). The detection rates ofC. sinensisCOI DNA in these predators were 39.3, 36.4, 27.3, and 27.2%, respectively. Laboratory consumption and hunting capacity analysis ofM. sexmaculataandP. japonicaadults indicated that they exhibit a Holling type II functional response onC. sinensiseggs under field temperatures. A polymerase chain reaction digestion analysis ofM. sexmaculataandP. japonicaadults after consumption of a singleC. sinensisegg indicated that positive detection decreased with the extension of digestion time, and estimated prey DNA half-lives were 16.3 h inM. sexmaculataand 6.0 h inP. japonica. These data serve to characterize two major predators ofC. sinensiswith potential for biological control ofC. sinensisin litchi orchards.
Coming to the fore: the audibility of women's sexual pleasure in popular music and the sexual revolution
Authors: Stratton Jon
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the genre of tracks centred around the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s which include aural representations of female sexual pleasure. The two most important tracks, and the ones on which this paper focuses, are Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg ‘Je t'aime … moi non plus’ and Donna Summer ‘Love To Love You Baby’. The paper argues that this new audibility of female sexual pleasure related to the transformation in the understanding of female orgasm associated with Alfred Kinsey and with William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the American sexologists who radically changed Western understandings of sexual behaviour in the 1950s and 1960s. More broadly, the paper argues for a link between the so-called sexual revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s and the popularity of tracks in which sounds identified as female sexual pleasure were upfront in the musical mix.
Transcatheter pulmonary valve insertion, expanded use and future directions
Authors: Ringewald Jeremy M. , Suh Elsa J.
Published: January 2014

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the Melody® valve is an accepted alternative to surgical replacement of the pulmonary valve for some patients and therefore a complementary strategy in the long-term management of several groups of patients with congenital heart disease. It allows at least extending the time between sternotomies and possibly improving late outcomes. With a combined surgical and percutaneous approach, late morbidity for some of these patients will likely be diminished. This manuscript will review the current expanded applications for this technology, demonstrate several examples of its use and discuss future directions for this evolving equipment.
Multiband antenna structure for heterogeneous wireless communication systems using DGS technique
Authors: Parkash Davinder , Khanna Rajesh
Published: January 2014

This proposed work illustrates the design of a defected ground structure (DGS)-based coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed multiband microstrip antenna consisting of four vertical monopoles, joined together by the few rectangular horizontal strips. In this multiband antenna, I-shaped defects are inserted into both sides of ground plane of CPW feed creating a DGS-CPW. The 10 dB impedance bandwidth of lower band is 29%, ranging from 2.232 to 3.1 GHz, with respect to the central frequency of 2.52 GHz, and while that of the upper band is 2.1 GHz (4.712–6.81 GHz), about 35%, referred to the central frequency of 5.7 GHz. The parametric study is performed to understand the characteristics of the proposed antenna. To verify the simulated design concept, a prototype antenna is designed and fabricated on the FR4 substrate, and characterized experimentally. The characteristic of antenna parameters such as S-parameter, gain, current distribution, and radiation pattern have been studied. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN/WiMAX applications.
Converting oxazoles into imidazoles: new opportunities for diversity-oriented synthesis
Authors: Alzieu Thibaut , Lehmann Johannes , Naidu Ajay B. , Martin Rainer E. , Britton Robert
Published: January 2014

We report the optimization of a neglected reaction for the rapid and direct conversion of oxazoles into N-substituted imidazoles.
Copper-catalyzed direct C–H arylation of pyridine N-oxides with arylboronic esters: one-pot synthesis of 2-arylpyridines
Authors: Shen Yan , Chen Jiuxi , Liu Miaochang , Ding Jinchang , Gao Wenxia , Huang Xiaobo , Wu Huayue
Published: January 2014

Copper-catalyzed direct C–H arylation of pyridineN-oxides with arylboronic esters for the one-pot synthesis of 2-arylpyridines without an additional reductant.
The synthesis and characterization of three organic–inorganic hybrids based on different transition metal complexes and {As8V14O42(H2O)} clusters
Authors: Guo Hai-Yang , Li Zhi-Fang , Zhao De-Chuan , Hu Yang-Yang , Xiao Li-Na , Cui Xiao-Bing , Guan Jing-Qi , Xu Ji-Qing
Published: January 2014

Three new arsenic–vanadium compounds have been prepared and the influence of structures on their catalytic properties has been discussed.
Standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based microfluidic cytometer
Authors: Chen Yuchao , Nawaz Ahmad Ahsan , Zhao Yanhui , Huang Po-Hsun , McCoy J. Phillip , Levine Stewart J. , Wang Lin , Huang Tony Jun
Published: January 2014

A microfluidic cytometer is demonstratedviathe standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based 3D cell focusing. This SSAW-based flow cytometer allows precise flow cytometry with the advantages of sheathless cell focusing, bio-compatibility, simple and compact device, and significantly reduced biohazards.
Biologically active binaphthol-scaffolded imidazolium salts
Authors: Vidal Marc , Elie Claude-Rosny , Campbell Shirley , Claing Audrey , Schmitzer Andreea R.
Published: January 2014

This work describes the antimicrobial activity and selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria of imidazolium-functionalized binols, as a result of their insertion into the lipid membrane and alteration of its permeability.
Cytotoxic and antiviral nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17
Authors: Fang Wei , Lin Xiuping , Zhou Xuefeng , Wan Junting , Lu Xin , Yang Bin , Ai Wen , Lin Ji , Zhang Tianyu , Tu Zhengchao , Liu Yonghong
Published: January 2014

A new nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoid, with significant cytotoxicities and antiviral activities, was isolated from marine-derived fungus Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17.
Luminescence behaviour in acetonitrile and in the solid state of a series of lanthanide complexes with a single helical ligand
Authors: Hasegawa Miki , Ohtsu Hideki , Kodama Daisuke , Kasai Takeshi , Sakurai Shoya , Ishii Ayumi , Suzuki Kengo
Published: January 2014

Luminescence properties of EuIII, TbIII, GdIII and NdIII complexes with a hexadentate ligand (abbreviated to EuL, TbL, GdL, and NdL, respectively), which have two bipyridine moieties bridged by an ethylenediamine unit, have been examined in acetonitrile and in the solid state.
The effect of temperature on interhalogen interactions in a series of isostructural organic systems
Authors: Saraswatula Viswanadha G. , Saha Binoy K.
Published: January 2014

The order of thermal expansion of the interhalogen interactions is I⋯I < Br⋯Br < Cl⋯Cl, indicating that the order of interhalogen interaction strength is I⋯I > Br⋯Br > Cl⋯Cl.
Supramolecular luminescent hydrogels based on β-amino acid and lanthanide ions obtained by self-assembled hydrothermal reactions
Authors: da Silva Fausthon Fred , de Menezes Fernanda Lira , da Luz Leonis Lourenço , Alves Severino
Published: January 2014

Hydrothermal synthesis of four new supramolecular hydrogels based on lanthanide ions with promising properties for RGB systems.
Interception of benzyne with thioethers: a facile access to sulfur ylides under mild conditions
Authors: Xu Hua-Dong , Cai Mao-Qiang , He Wei-Jie , Hu Wen-Hao , Shen Mei-Hua
Published: January 2014

A fluoride anion kicks off the generation of a high energetic species benzyne, which enables two successive trapping reactions.
Brushing, a simple way to fabricate SERS active paper substrates
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Bowei , Chen Lingxin , Wang Yunqing , Gao Dingxue , Ma Xuehua , Wu Aiguo
Published: January 2014

A cheap, robust and facile method was proposed to create paper-based SERS active substrates by using a painting brush to deposit Ag nanoparticles.
Sympatric incipient speciation of spiny miceAcomysat “Evolution Canyon,” Israel
Authors: Hadid Yarin , Pavlíček Tomáš , Beiles Avigdor , Ianovici Ron , Raz Shmuel , Nevo Eviatar
Published: January 2014

Significance

Sympatric speciation, suggested by Darwin (1859) as a mode of the origin of species, is still controversial. We demonstrated thatAcomys cahirinus, spiny mice, at Evolution Canyon (EC), Israel, support Darwin’s suggestion. At EC, the south-facing “African” slope receives high solar radiation, and hence is a dry, hot African-like savanna. The abutting north-facing “European” slope, at a distance of 200 m on average, is humid, cool, and forested.A. cahirinusis significantly divergent interslope phenotypically and genotypically in mtDNA and nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism. In complete mtDNA, 25% of haplotypes were slope-biased. Habitat selection and preliminary demonstrated mate-choice overrule ongoing low interslope gene flow, suggesting incipient sympatric speciation inA. cahirinus, as in other phylogenetically diverse taxa at EC, dubbed the “Israeli Galapagos.”
Population Structure of Steelhead in Coastal California
Authors: Garza John Carlos , Gilbert‐Horvath Elizabeth A. , Spence Brian C. , Williams Thomas H. , Fish Heidi , Gough Stephen A. , Anderson Joseph H. , Hamm David , Anderson Eric C.
Published: January 2014

Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss are the most widespread of the Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. and are found in nearly all basins within their native range around the northern Pacific Rim. Here, we elucidate genetic population structure of steelhead in coastal basins from most of their coastal‐California range using variation at 15 microsatellite loci. Juvenile fish from 60 streams in 40 river basins were sampled in a single year from a single cohort. As samples of juvenile salmonids often contain sibling groups, a method was implemented to identify and eliminate all but one member of larger sibships. This, in conjunction with a rigorous sampling protocol and hierarchical sampling design, provided substantially improved resolution for understanding patterns of migration and demography. A pattern of isolation by distance was evident, as indicated by both phylograms that were largely concordant with geography and a significant regression of genetic distance on geographic distance, indicating that population structure is largely determined by migration that is dependent upon geographic distance. Within‐basin genetic distances tended to be smaller than those between basins, although there was substantial overlap between them. Using a Bayesian clustering method to evaluate signals of population structure above the level of a river basin, four geographic sites were identified where genetic composition shifted abruptly. These areas largely correspond to major geographic features of the coastline: San Francisco and Humboldt bays and two extended sections of coast (the so‐called Lost Coast and Russian Gulch areas) with no streams reaching inland more than several kilometers. Only one of these boundaries is concordant with the current delineation of steelhead Distinct Population Segments designated under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Finally, there was a strong correlation between latitude and genetic variation, with fewer alleles present in the south, a pattern consistent with generally smaller population sizes in the south.
Barriers Impede Upstream Spawning Migration of Flathead Chub
Authors: Walters David M. , Zuellig Robert E. , Crockett Harry J. , Bruce James F. , Lukacs Paul M. , Fitzpatrick Ryan M.
Published: January 2014

Many native cyprinids are declining throughout the North American Great Plains. Some of these species require long reaches of contiguous, flowing riverine habitat for drifting eggs or larvae to develop, and their declining populations have been attributed to habitat fragmentation or barriers (e.g., dams, dewatered channels, and reservoirs) that restrict fish movement. Upstream dispersal is also needed to maintain populations of species with passively drifting eggs or larvae, and prior researchers have suggested that these fishes migrate upstream to spawn. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a mark–recapture study of Flathead Chub Platygobio gracilis within a 91‐km reach of continuous riverine habitat in Fountain Creek, Colorado. We measured CPUE, spawning readiness (percent of Flathead Chub expressing milt), and fish movement relative to a channel‐spanning dam. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that Flathead Chub migrate upstream to spawn during summer. The CPUE was much higher at the base of the dam than at downstream sites; the seasonal increases in CPUE at the dam closely tracked seasonal increases in spawning readiness, and marked fish moved upstream as far as 33 km during the spawning run. The upstream migration was effectively blocked by the dam. The CPUE of Flathead Chub was much lower upstream of the OHDD than at downstream sites, and <0.2% of fish marked at the dam were recaptured upstream. This study provides the first direct evidence of spawning migration for Flathead Chub and supports the general hypothesis that barriers limit adult dispersal of these and other plains fishes.
Evaluating the Barrier Assessment Technique Derived from FishXing Software and the Upstream Movement of Brook Trout through Road Culverts
Authors: Mahlum Shad , Cote David , Wiersma Yolanda F. , Kehler Dan , Clarke Keith D.
Published: January 2014

Anthropogenic barriers to fish passage, such as culverts and dams, are major factors impeding the persistence and recovery of aquatic species. Considerable work has focused on mitigating these impacts; however, activities associated with measuring and restoring connectivity of aquatic ecosystems often face challenges in determining the passability of barriers by aquatic species. Hydrological modeling software that incorporates biological aspects of a focal species is often used as a relatively inexpensive method for assessing barrier passability for restoration decisions. However, the biological relevance of these approaches remains to be rigorously tested. We assessed passage rates of PIT‐tagged Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis through four road culverts and adjacent reference sites (unaltered areas of the streams) on the island of Newfoundland to determine whether upstream passage through road culverts was more restrictive than unaltered reference areas of the stream. Next, we examined the usefulness of barrier passability predictions derived from FishXing software by comparing them with in situ movement data for this species. Brook Trout passage for three of the four reference sites had a significantly higher range of passable stream flows compared with that for culverts, indicating the presence of velocity barriers in culverts. However, FishXing predictions of suitable fish passage discharges were conservative, and tagged fish successfully navigated partial barriers that were at least 2–3 times the upper limits of stream flow predicted to allow successful passage. The results of our study show a clear need for an improved understanding of fish movement through these structures so that barrier assessment techniques can be refined. The implications of not doing so may lead to restoration actions that result in limited biological benefit.
Use of a Molecular Assay to Detect Predation on an Endangered Fish Species
Authors: Ley Guillermo , Saltzgiver Melody J. , Dowling Thomas E. , Karam Abraham P. , Kesner Brian R. , Marsh Paul C.
Published: January 2014

Mastication, digestion, and rapid evacuation rates make visual identification of larval fish remains in the digestive tracts of predatory fishes problematic. Recent advances in molecular technology, however, have increased the likelihood of identifying remnants of partially digested larval prey, thereby enabling assessment of predator impacts on local populations. Conducting controlled laboratory experiments, we evaluated the utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for identification of Razorback Sucker Xyrauchen texanus larvae in the digestive tracts of Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus and Western Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. Primers and a probe were developed to amplify a fragment from Razorback Sucker mtDNA. Tests using a suite of potential predators and prey indicated that these primers and probes amplified only mtDNA from Razorback Sucker and Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis, an allopatric and allochronic species in the lower Colorado River. Amplification with primers for Razorback Sucker‐specific DNA fragments identified Razorback Sucker DNA in the digestive tracts of 87.5% of Green Sunfish and Western Mosquitofish at 2 h postfeeding. After 12 h, DNA fragments were identified in 75.0% of Green Sunfish but in only 28.6% of Western Mosquitofish. No Razorback Sucker DNA was found in 24‐h postfeeding samples, though it was detected in 12.5% of both Western Mosquitofish and Green Sunfish at 48 h postingestion. The sensitivity of qPCR provides a useful tool for extending the time period in which Razorback Sucker larvae can be identified beyond that of traditional visual analyses of stomach contents.
Habitat Use and Selection by Adult Pallid Sturgeon in the Lower Mississippi River
Authors: Herrala Jason R. , Kroboth Patrick T. , Kuntz Nathan M. , Schramm Harold L.
Published: January 2014

The Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus is an endangered riverine sturgeon with historical distribution restricted to the Yellowstone, Missouri, Mississippi, and Atchafalaya rivers. Although not abundant, Pallid Sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River appear to be naturally recruiting, and information about habitat use is important to conserve this species. Thirty‐four adult Pallid Sturgeon (612–1,013‐mm FL) were tagged with acoustic transmitters and relocated a total of 272 times in a 40‐km reach of the lower Mississippi River from April 2009 through December 2012. Pallid Sturgeon strongly selected island tip and natural bank habitats, and, to a lesser degree, revetted bank habitat. Although frequently used, Pallid Sturgeon exhibited negative selection for the expansive main channel habitat. Secondary channel habitat was seasonally available and excluded from habitat selection analysis, but this habitat was frequently used in the spring when available. Fifty percent of Pallid Sturgeon detections were in relatively narrow ranges of depths (6.2–13.6 m) and surface current velocities (0.64–1.05 m/s). Use of different habitats was related to river stage and water temperature, suggesting use of some habitats was seasonal. Results suggest that maintaining natural bank habitat and secondary channel–island complexes will benefit conservation of this endangered species in the lower Mississippi River.