bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Microrobotic Swarms in Fluid Suspensions
Authors: Chen Hui , Yu Jiangfan
Published: August 2022

Purpose of Review

Microrobotic swarms have attracted extensive attentions due to their potential in medical and bioengineering applications. Because of the small sizes of swarm agents, integrating actuators, sensors, and control circuits are difficult. Microrobotic swarms in different fluid environments should be actuated and navigated by external physical fields, chemical fuels, and biological power. Magnetic fields have advantages, including real-time control, programmability, and high penetrability, and thus they are widely used to actuate magnetic microrobotic swarms. This review summarizes the recent remarkable progress in the magnetic actuation and navigation of magnetic microrobotic swarms.

Recent Findings

After development and evolution, the design of magnetic agents, and techniques of magnetic actuation and automatic control are now in place. Magnetic microrobotic swarms formed by different agents have been proposed, such as nanoparticles, artificial bacterial flagella, and bacteria. By tuning the applied fields, the morphology, orientation, and position of swarms can be adjusted on demand. Reconfigurability and motion dexterity are endowed to the microrobotic swarms.

The wireless magnetic actuation systems for microrobotic swarms are introduced, and the characteristics of microrobotic swarms actuated by different customized magnetic fields are described, such as rotating, oscillating, and hybrid fields. The results show that the swarm intelligence has been enhanced. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed. The developments in materials, actuation methods, control strategies, and imaging modalities will transform the magnetic microrobotic swarms from lab to practical clinic.
The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age
Authors: Milligan Ian
Published: August 2022

Historians make research queries on Google, ProQuest, and the HathiTrust. They garner information from keyword searches, carried out across millions of documents, their research shaped by algorithms they rarely understand. Historians often then visit archives in whirlwind trips marked by thousands of digital photographs, subsequently explored on computer monitors from the comfort of their offices. They may then take to social media or other digital platforms, their work shaped through these new forms of pre- and post-publication review. Almost all aspects of the historian's research workflow have been transformed by digital technology. In other words, all historians – not just Digital Historians – are implicated in this shift. The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age equips historians to be self-conscious practitioners by making these shifts explicit and exploring their long-term impact. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Irrigation Engineering
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Su Qiong
Published: August 2022

This textbook provides a comprehensive treatment of irrigation engineering for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. It does not require a background in calculus, hydrology, or hydraulics, offering a one-stop overview of the entire field of study. It includes everything a student of irrigation engineering needs to know: concepts of climate, soils, crops, water quality, hydrology, and hydraulics, as well as their application to design and environmental management. To demonstrate the practical applications of the theories discussed, there are over 300 worked examples and end-of chapter exercises. The exercises allow readers to solve real-world problems and apply the information they've learned to a diverse range of scenarios. To further prepare students for their future careers, each chapter includes many illustrative diagrams and tables containing data to help design irrigation systems. For instructors' use when planning and teaching, a solutions manual can be found online alongside a suite of PowerPoint lecture slides.
The Dread Plague and the Cow Killers
Authors: Rath Thomas
Published: August 2022

Between 1947 and 1954, the Mexican and US governments waged a massive campaign against a devastating livestock plague, aftosa or foot-and-mouth disease. Absorbing over half of US economic aid to Latin America and involving thousands of veterinarians and ranchers from both countries, battalions of Mexican troops, and scientists from Europe and the Americas, the campaign against aftosa was unprecedented in size. Despite daunting obstacles and entrenched opposition, it successfully eradicated the virus in Mexico, and reshaped policies, institutions, and knowledge around the world. Using untapped sources from local, national, and international archives, Thomas Rath provides a comprehensive history of this campaign, the forces that shaped it – from presidents to peasants, scientists to journalists, pistoleros to priests, mountains to mules – and the complicated legacy it left. More broadly, it uses the campaign to explore the formation of the Mexican state, changing ideas of development and security, and the history of human–animal relations.
Inferring Use-Life Mean and Distribution: A Pottery Ethnoarchaeological Case Study from Michoacán
Authors: Shott Michael J.
Published: August 2022

Archaeologists see the value, if not the allure, of formation theory. Before inferring what happened in the past and why, we must know how the material record formed. Pottery is abundant and informative, therefore a common analytical subject. Understanding size and composition of ceramics assemblages requires formation theory, including knowledge of vessel use life. This fundamental quantity has two salient properties. The first—central tendency measured by mean or median—is widely acknowledged. Use life's second, equally important, property is the distribution of failure-age by specimen across assemblages. This article considers how and why both use-life properties affect size and composition of pottery assemblages. From a longitudinal ethnoarchaeology of household pottery in Michoacán, Mexico, it identifies vessel-size measures that correlate with use-life mean, and it demonstrates archaeologically innovative ways to characterize distributions that improve both analysis of assemblages and comparison between them.
Business and Human Rights in Latin America: A Systematic Review of Scholarship
Authors: Blanco Vizarreta Cristina , Betta Weronika
Published: August 2022

Latin America has traditionally been both an object of great interest to business and human rights (BHR) scholars and a source of important contributions to the discussion of the most pressing challenges in the field. This article is an attempt at a systematic review of the Latin American contributions to the BHR scholarship to date. It relies on systematic data collection and qualitative analysis of an original dataset of existing literature on BHR in the Latin American context, with the hope of providing a baseline assessment of the state of the field and contributing to building an interdisciplinary and diverse research agenda moving forward. Special focus is paid to how particular regional characteristics shape Latin American contributions. More broadly, the article offers an opportunity to reflect on the place of Global South perspectives in the development of the field.
Conflict, rockets, and birth outcomes: evidence from Israel's Operation Protective Edge
Authors: Lichtman-Sadot Shirlee , Benshalom-Tirosh Neta , Sheiner Eyal
Published: August 2022

In summer 2014, southern Israel experienced rocket attacks from the Hamas-ruled Gaza strip on a nearly daily basis for over 50 consecutive days. We exploit this unexpected escalation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and variation across localities in Israel in the amount of sirens that warned of rocket attacks to measure the effect of conflict intensity on birth weight and gestation length among pregnant women during this period. In addition to the common notion that conflict intensity induces stress and anxiety, we show changes in prenatal care in response to sirens. This maternal behavioral response varies based on socioeconomic status, which ultimately differentially affected birth outcomes. While mothers ranked high socioeconomically likely had the resources to increase their prenatal care and shield their fetuses from the negative shock of sirens, mothers ranked low socioeconomically did not have these resources and even decreased prenatal care.
On the condition for elliptic operators in 1-sided nontangentially accessible domains satisfying the capacity density condition
Authors: Cao Mingming , Domínguez Óscar , Martell José María , Tradacete Pedro
Published: August 2022

Let

$\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{n+1}$

,

$n\ge 2$

, be a

$1$

-sided nontangentially accessible domain, that is, a set which is quantitatively open and path-connected. Assume also that

$\Omega $

satisfies the capacity density condition. Let

$L_0 u=-\mathop {\operatorname {div}}\nolimits (A_0 \nabla u)$

,

$Lu=-\mathop {\operatorname {div}}\nolimits (A\nabla u)$

be two real (not necessarily symmetric) uniformly elliptic operators in

$\Omega $

, and write

$\omega _{L_0}, \omega _L$

for the respective associated elliptic measures. We establish the equivalence between the following properties: (i)

$\omega _L \in A_{\infty }(\omega _{L_0})$

, (ii) L is

$L^p(\omega _{L_0})$

-solvable for some

$p\in (1,\infty )$

, (iii) bounded null solutions of L satisfy Carleson measure estimates with respect to

$\omega _{L_0}$

, (iv)

$\mathcal {S}<\mathcal {N}$

(i.e., the conical square function is controlled by the nontangential maximal function) in

$L^q(\omega _{L_0})$

for some (or for all)

$q\in (0,\infty )$

for any null solution of L, and (v) L is

$\mathrm {BMO}(\omega _{L_0})$

-solvable. Moreover, in each of the properties (ii)-(v) it is enough to consider the class of solutions given by characteristic functions of Borel sets (i.e,

$u(X)=\omega _L^X(S)$

for an arbitrary Borel set

$S\subset \partial \Omega $

).

Also, we obtain a qualitative analog of the previous equivalences. Namely, we characterize the absolute continuity of

$\omega _{L_0}$

with respect to

$\omega _L$

in terms of some qualitative local

$L^2(\omega _{L_0})$

estimates for the truncated conical square function for any bounded null solution of L. This is also equivalent to the finiteness

$\omega _{L_0}$

-almost everywhere of the truncated conical square function for any bounded null solution of L. As applications, we show that

$\omega _{L_0}$

is absolutely continuous with respect to

$\omega _L$

if the disagreement of the coefficients satisfies some qualitative quadratic estimate in truncated cones for

$\omega _{L_0}$

-almost everywhere vertex. Finally, when

$L_0$

is either the transpose of L or its symmetric part, we obtain the corresponding absolute continuity upon assuming that the antisymmetric part of the coefficients has some controlled oscillation in truncated cones for

$\omega _{L_0}$

-almost every vertex.
A characterization of the groups and by their -fusion systems, q odd
Authors: Kaspczyk Julian
Published: August 2022

Let q be a nontrivial odd prime power, and let

$n \ge 2$

be a natural number with

$(n,q) \ne (2,3)$

. We characterize the groups

$PSL_n(q)$

and

$PSU_n(q)$

by their

$2$

-fusion systems. This contributes to a programme of Aschbacher aiming at a simplified proof of the classification of finite simple groups.
Closely spaced co-rotating helical vortices: long-wave instability
Authors: Castillo-Castellanos A. , Le Dizès S.
Published: August 2022

We consider as base flow the stationary vortex filament solution obtained by Castillo-Castellanos et al. (Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 6, 2021, 114701) in the far wake of a rotor with tip-splitting blades. The cases of a single blade and of two blades with a hub vortex are studied. In these solutions, each blade generates two closely spaced co-rotating tip vortices that form a braided helical pattern in the far wake. The long-wave stability of these solutions is analysed using the same vortex filament framework. Both the linear spectrum and the linear impulse response are considered. We demonstrate the existence of different types of instability modes. A first type corresponds to the local pairing of consecutive turns of the helical pattern, which is well described by the instability of a uniform helical vortex with a core size given by the mean separation distance of the vortices in the pair. A second type corresponds to the pairing of consecutive turns of the vortex pair and is observed only for densely braided patterns, which is well described by the instability of two interlaced helical vortices by straightening out the baseline helix. A third type of unstable modes modifies the separation distance between the vortices in each pair and amplifies specific (linear) wavelengths. These unstable modes also spread spatially with a weaker rate.
Sovereignty, Reason, and Will: Carl Schmitt and Hasidic Legal Thought
Authors: Rothschild Zalman
Published: August 2022

The decisionistic strand in Jewish legal philosophy is often neglected by scholars focused on the more common rational explanations for Jewish law. This article brings attention to decisionism in Jewish legal thought by analyzing the legal philosophy of Shneur Zalman of Lyady, the founder of the Habad Hasidic movement. The author uses the legal and political thought of Carl Schmitt—arguably modernity’s most influential decisionist—to help elucidate Shneur Zalman’s decisionistic legal thought and thereby put into sharper focus an otherwise underappreciated current in Jewish legal philosophy.
Belonging, Identity, and Identification - Reviewed: Kinship, Law and Politics: An Anatomy of Belonging. By Joseph E. David. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. 156. $110.00 (cloth); $88.00 (digital). ISBN: 9781108606967.
Authors: Goodman Lenn E.
Published: August 2022

Belonging and the sense of belonging are vital factors of human identity, loyalty, and roles, the expectations we have of ourselves and of one another. The boundaries, social and sexual, that all human societies deploy to protect personal privacy and personal and group dignity are modulated by our sense of belonging and often by a complementary sense of difference. The bonds of affinity and the corresponding sense of belonging that modulate our norms and roles are perhaps most visible in the striking colorations they assume in the eyes of outsiders viewing the mores of traditional societies. But the vital necessity of a sense of shared identity is all the more critical when social identities are fragmented by faction, tribalism, or racism, or when anomie and alienation have sapped the sense of commitment that energizes collaborative efforts in any human group. Few dimensions of personal outlook and awareness are more powerful in communal, legal, or political settings than the sense of belonging, that curiously shared identity by which we bind ourselves and one another to shared goals and values in some version of the sense that we are one.
Inferring forms of glacier slip laws from estimates of ice-bed separation during glacier slip
Authors: Woodard Jacob B. , Zoet Lucas K. , Iverson Neal R. , Helanow Christian
Published: August 2022

Sea-level projections depend sensitively on the parameterization used for basal slip in glacier flow models. During slip over rock-beds, ice-bed separation increases with slip velocity and basal water pressure. We present a method for using these variables and measured bed topography to estimate the average bed slope in contact with ice,${\bar m}$. Three-dimensional numerical modeling of slip over small areas of former beds has shown that changes in${\bar m}$with increasing slip velocity and water pressure mimic changes in basal drag. Computed values of${\bar m}$can thus provide the form of the slip law that relates drag to velocity and water pressure, avoiding computationally expensive numerical modeling. The method is applied to 618 sections from four former glacier beds. Results generally show an increase in${\bar m}$, and hence inferred basal drag, with slip velocity up to a limiting value, consistent with a regularized Coulomb slip law.
Discretion to exclude improperly obtained evidence in civil proceedings in England and Wales
Authors: Allen-Franks Alexandra
Published: August 2022

Exclusion of improperly obtained evidence is often discussed in relation to criminal proceedings, but not civil proceedings, where concerns about wrongdoing of state actors and deprivation of liberty are not usually present. It is sometimes assumed that judges in civil proceedings in England and Wales had no discretion to exclude relevant and reliable evidence based on how it was obtained (as a distinct concern from exclusion of evidence of little probative value) prior to the enactment of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998. This paper seeks to demonstrate that this is wrong, arguing that a number of sources of power to exclude evidence on the basis of how that evidence was obtained have arisen in England and Wales, and that these are not attributable to the Civil Procedure Rules. There is a discretion which enables exclusion of evidence where this is ‘in the interests of justice’, and a discretion to do with the administration of justice. It may be possible to break these down further, to concerns over abuse of the court's own procedures, and executive illegality. Analysing the decisions leading to these developments reveals the importance of human rights concerns to recognition of exclusionary discretion in civil proceedings, and for informing the content of the discretion/s.
Settler Empire and the United States: Francis Lieber on the Laws of War
Authors: KINSELLA HELEN M.
Published: August 2022

Histories of political science and of the laws of war identify the nineteenth-century scholar Francis Lieber as their modern founder. His 1863 General Orders 100 codified the modern laws of war, internationalizing his political thought. Yet, relatively unremarked is that Lieber wrote his foundational texts during U.S. settler colonization, which he justified in whole. I argue that GO100 facilitated settler colonial violence by defining modern war as a public war, arrogating it to sovereign states; distinguishing revenge from retaliation, attributing revenge to the “savage”; and elevating a certain racialized/gendered governance, ascribing it to the Cis-Caucasian race. Producing Native peoples and Native wars as lacking in the proper characteristics of sovereign belligerency resulted in a subordination of status and a legitimation of exterminatory tactics that were subsequently universalized and (re)internationalized through GO100’s determinative influence on the laws of war. Tracing GO100 further exposes the founding of the discipline in Native peoples’ dispossession and extermination.
Armed Violence and Patriarchal Values: A Survey of Young Men in Thailand and Their Military Experiences
Authors: BJARNEGÅRD ELIN , ENGVALL ANDERS , JITPIROMSRI SRISOMPOB , MELANDER ERIK
Published: August 2022

What is the relationship between armed violence and patriarchal values? This question is addressed with the help of a survey of young men in the conflict-affected southern provinces of Thailand. In Study 1 we find that men with more patriarchal values are more prone to volunteer for paramilitary service. Study 2 uses a natural experiment made possible by the conscription lottery in Thailand to compare survey responses of men who were involuntarily enlisted to do Military Conscription Service (treatment group) with the responses of men who participated in the lottery but were not enlisted (control group). We find no difference between the treatment and control groups in patriarchal values. We conclude that patriarchal values drive voluntary participation in armed conflict, whereas military service as a conscript in a conflict zone does not cause patriarchal values.
Are all fibres created equal with respect to lipid lowering? Comparing the effect of viscous dietary fibre to non-viscous fibre from cereal sources: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Jovanovski Elena , Nguyen Michelle , Kurahashi Yui , Komishon Allison , Li Dandan , Hoang Vi Thanh Ho , Khayyat Rana , Jenkins Alexandra Louisa , Khan Tauseef Ahmad , Zurbau Andreea , Sievenpiper John , Vuksan Vladimir
Published: August 2022

Although compelling evidence from observational studies supports a positive association between consumption of cereal fibre and CVD risk reduction, randomised controlled trials (RCT) often target viscous fibre type as the prospective contributor to lipid lowering to reduce CVD risk. The objective of our study is to compare the lipids-lowering effects of viscous dietary fibre to non-viscous, cereal-type fibre in clinical studies. RCT that evaluated the effect of viscous dietary fibre compared with non-viscous, cereal fibre on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid markers, with a duration of ≥ 3 weeks, in adults with or without hypercholesterolaemia were included. Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register were searched through October 19, 2021. Data were extracted and assessed by two independent reviewers. The generic inverse variance method with random effects model was utilised to pool the data which were expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95 % CI. Eighty-nine trials met eligibility criteria (n 4755). MD for the effect of viscous dietary fibre compared with non-viscous cereal fibre were LDL cholesterol (MD = –0·26 mmol/l; 95 % CI: –0·30, −0·22 mmol/l; P < 0·01), non-HDL cholesterol (MD = –0·33 mmol/l; 95 % CI: –0·39, −0·28 mmol/l; P < 0·01) and Apo-B (MD = –0·04 g/l; 95 % CI: –0·06, −0·03 g/l; P < 0·01). Viscous dietary fibre reduces LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid markers relative to the fibre from cereal sources, hence may be a preferred type of fibre-based dietary intervention targeting CVD risk reduction.
Associations of the serumn-6 PUFA with exercise cardiac power in men
Authors: Esmaili Haleh , Tajik Behnam , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Kurl Sudhir , Salonen Jukka T. , Virtanen Jyrki K.
Published: August 2022

Low intake or tissue concentrations of then-6 PUFA, especially to the majorn-6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA), and low exercise cardiac power (ECP) are both associated with CVD risk. However, associations of then-6 PUFA with ECP are unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore cross-sectional associations of the serum totaln-6 PUFA, LA, arachidonic acid (AA),γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) concentrations with ECP and its components. In total, 1685 men aged 42–60 years from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study and free of CVD were included. ANCOVA was used to examine the mean values of ECP (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)/maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP)) and its components in quartiles of the serum total and individualn-6 PUFA concentrations. After multivariable adjustments, higher serum totaln-6 PUFA concentration was associated with higher ECP and VO2max(for ECP, the extreme-quartile difference was 0·77 ml/mmHg (95 % CI 0·38, 1·16,Pfor trendacross quartiles < 0·001) and for VO2max157 ml/min (95 % CI 85, 230,Pfor trend< 0·001), but not with maximal SBP. Similar associations were observed with serum LA concentration. Higher serum AA concentration was associated with higher ECP but not with VO2maxor maximal SBP. The minor serumn-6 PUFA GLA and DGLA were associated with higher maximal SBP during exercise test and DGLA also with higher VO2maxbut neither with ECP. In conclusion, especially LA concentration was associated with higher ECP. This may provide one mechanism for the cardioprotective properties of, especially, LA.
On the moments of characteristic polynomials
Authors: Jonnadula Bhargavi , Keating Jonathan P. , Mezzadri Francesco
Published: August 2022

We calculate the moments of the characteristic polynomials of
$N\times N$
matrices drawn from the Hermitian ensembles of Random Matrix Theory, at a position t in the bulk of the spectrum, as a series expansion in powers of t. We focus in particular on the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble. We employ a novel approach to calculate the coefficients in this series expansion of the moments, appropriately scaled. These coefficients are polynomials in N. They therefore grow as
$N\to\infty$
, meaning that in this limit the radius of convergence of the series expansion tends to zero. This is related to oscillations as t varies that are increasingly rapid as N grows. We show that the
$N\to\infty$
asymptotics of the moments can be derived from this expansion when
$t=0$
. When
$t\ne 0$
we observe a surprising cancellation when the expansion coefficients for N and
$N+1$
are formally averaged: this procedure removes all of the N-dependent terms leading to values that coincide with those expected on the basis of previously established asymptotic formulae for the moments. We obtain as well formulae for the expectation values of products of the secular coefficients.
Effects of vehicle traffic and trampling on the macrobenthic community of Amazonian macrotidal sandy beaches
Authors: Santos T. M. T. , Petracco M. , Venekey V.
Published: August 2022

We report for the first time the effects of vehicle traffic and beachgoer trampling on macrobenthic communities of Amazonian sandy beaches. Sampling was performed during four consecutive months with different beach use intensity in 2017 (before, during vacation, and two months after the vacation period) on three contrasting beaches with regard to disturbance (Urban: Atalaia; Intermediate: Farol-Velho; and Protected: Corvinas) in the intertidal zone along two equidistant transects at seven equidistant sampling stations from the high-tide water mark to the swash zone. At each sampling station, four biological and sediment samples were randomly collected. Also, in each station, the sediment compaction was determined using a manual penetrometer. Physical sediment variables remained constant over time in all beaches, whereas differences were found in sediment compaction over the months. Macrobenthic community differences in density and richness among months were observed at Atalaia and Farol-Velho beaches. In contrast, Corvinas beach remained constant throughout the study period. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the polychaetesThoracophellia papillata,Scolelepis squamataandParaonissp. indicates that they might be potential indicators of recreational activity impact.
Reduction of organic waste in a landfill lowers the visitation probability but not the local abundance of a long-lived scavenger species
Authors: Arévalo-Ayala Diego José , Real Joan , Durà Carles , Aymerich Joan , Hernández-Matías Antonio
Published: August 2022

Globally, vultures are one of the most threatened of all groups of birds. European vulture populations are benefited by several anthropogenic food sources such as landfills. Current European Union directives aim to decrease the amount of organic matter dumped in landfills, reducing this important food source for some vulture species. In this context, we assessed the effect of the reduction of organic waste available and accessible for scavengers in a landfill on the visitation probability and abundance of a local Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus population in Central Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula), using a long-term dataset of captured-marked-recaptured individuals in the period 2012–2018. Our results indicated a decrease in the visitation probability due to a significant reduction of organic matter dumped into the landfill after a waste treatment centre was built (0.82 to 0.76) that may cause a permanent emigration of vultures in response to food reduction. However, the estimated annual abundance of vultures tended to grow over time due to the positive trend that regional vulture populations have experienced in recent decades. These results suggest that population processes occurring at regional scales are more relevant to vulture populations than local waste management measures. A reduction in locally available food can make a site less attractive, but species with high dispersal capacity such as vultures may overcome this issue by moving to other suitable sites. Although Griffon Vultures obtain most of the food from domestic and wild ungulates, a regional application of European directives could threaten an important alternative feeding source, especially in food shortage seasons where landfills could be supporting the energetic requirements of the species. Conservation strategies should be planned to counteract the possible negative effects of new European directives on scavenger populations.
‘Soldiers of Culture’ and their ‘Little Comrades’: The International Brigades and the Children of Civil War Spain, 1936–1939
Authors: Pole Adrian
Published: August 2022

The volunteers of the International Brigades are well known for their participation in the battles of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), yet their encounters with the people, places and politics of Spain are yet to receive substantial attention from historians. This is the first interpretive analysis of their wide-reaching work with children, which spanned from the holding of fiestas to the establishment of costly homes. By considering these cross-cultural encounters, it highlights how they understood themselves to be members of a unified anti-fascist community in which Spanish children themselves had a key role to play. While these children were invariably regarded as the principal victims of ‘fascism’, they were also encouraged to take an active interest in the violent struggle of the Brigades as well as the building of an anti-fascist ‘New Spain’. Their own letters and drawings show the surprising extent to which the volunteers succeeded in their efforts.
Motion Perception Investigated Inside and Outside of the Laboratory
Authors: Merz Simon
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Representational Momentum and Representational Gravity describe systematic perceptual biases, occurring for the localization of the final location of a moving stimulus. While Representational Momentum describes the systematic overestimation along the motion trajectory (forward shift), Representational Gravity refers to a systematic localization bias in line with gravitational force (downward shift). Those phenomena are typically investigated in a laboratory setting, and while previous research has shown that online studies perform well for different task, motion perception outside of the laboratory was not focused to date. Therefore, one experiment was conducted in two different settings: in a typical, highly controlled laboratory setting and in an online setting of the participants’ choosing. In both experiments, the two most common trial types, implied motion stimuli and continuously moving stimuli, were used, and the influence of classical velocity manipulations (by varying stimulus timing and distance) was assessed. The data pattern across both experiments was very similar, indicating a robustness of both phenomena and indicating that motion perception can very well be studied outside the classical laboratory setting, opening a feasible possibility to diversify access to motion perception experiments everywhere.
Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Synoptic Activity in Response to Polar Sea Ice Melt Induced by Albedo Reduction in a Climate Model
Authors: Chandra Varunesh , Sandeep S. , Suhas E. , Subramanian Aneesh C.
Published: August 2022

The effect of polar sea ice melt on low latitude climate is little known. To understand the response of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) synoptic activity to the sea ice melt, we have run a suite of coupled and uncoupled climate model simulations. In one set of simulations, the albedo of sea ice is reduced so that it would melt due to increased absorption of solar radiation. The coupled model simulation with a reduced sea ice albedo resulted in an almost complete melting of the sea ice in summer in both hemispheres. A high‐resolution (50 km) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is forced with the climatological annual cycles of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentrations (SIC) from the coupled model outputs to better resolve synoptic scale variability. In the high‐resolution AGCM simulations forced with SST and SIC from the sea ice melt experiments, the ISM circulation weakened substantially, and the monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPS) activity experienced an overall decline of 23%, with a widespread weakening in the south and a moderate strengthening over the north, in response to a decline of 78% (24%) in SIC over the Arctic (Antarctic) in the June–September season. The changes in the LPS activity in response to polar sea ice melt are found to be mostly driven by the changes in low‐level absolute vorticity and vertical shear over the Bay of Bengal.
50 Years in Space Science
Authors: Kennel Charles F.
Published: August 2022

These are my personal recollections of my 50‐year involvement in planning NASA space projects, including the Voyager Missions, The Hubble Space Telescope, the International Space Station, the Space Shuttle, the Falcon Space X launcher, and the James Webb Space Telescope.
A Mini‐Batch Stochastic Optimization‐Based Adaptive Localization Scheme and Its Implementation in NLS‐i4DVar
Authors: Zhang Hongqin , Tian Xiangjun , Feng Xiaobing
Published: August 2022

This paper proposes a mini‐batch stochastic optimization‐based adaptive localization scheme for computing the “optimal” localization radius in data assimilation (DA) applications. After constructing a cost function of the localization radius by estimating forecast and observation error statistics, a mini‐batch stochastic gradient descent method with a novel sampling strategy is proposed to minimize the cost function. The proposed stochastic optimization algorithm is further incorporated into the DA method NLS‐i4DVar (the nonlinear least squares integral correcting four‐dimensional variational DA method), which was developed by the authors in Tian et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001767). It is utilized to compute the “optimal” covariance localization radii adaptively and flow‐dependently inside NLS‐i4DVar. The computational cost of NLS‐i4DVar with the proposed adaptive localization scheme only increases slightly due to the use of the mini‐batch stochastic optimization algorithm. Numerical experimental results using the shallow‐water equations demonstrate that NLS‐i4DVar with the proposed adaptive localization scheme shows substantial performance improvement over the standard NLS‐i4DVar method.
Tsunami Triggered by the Lamb Wave From the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption and Transition in the Offshore Japan Region
Authors: Yamada Masumi , Ho Tung‐Cheng , Mori Jim , Nishikawa Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Masa‐Yuki
Published: August 2022

The 2022 volcanic eruption in Tonga caused an unusually large tsunami around the Pacific. It travels with a faster apparent velocity and has larger amplitudes at long distances than what would be expected from a conventional tsunami from the volcanic source. This tsunami was generated by the moving atmospheric Lamb wave and traveled at the speed of the Lamb wave (0.31 km/s). Japanese data showed the amplitude of this first tsunami becomes small when approaching the coast, due to the weaker air‐sea coupling at the shallow depth. This wave split when passing the continental slope, and traveled at the speed of the ocean gravity wave. Therefore, the tsunami observed at the coast is delayed by thousands of seconds from the passage of the Lamb wave. Tsunamis generated by this atmospheric mechanism have not been previously observed by modern digital recording systems and should be considered in the tsunami warning systems.
Debris Cover Limits Subglacial Erosion and Promotes Till Accumulation
Authors: Delaney Ian , Anderson Leif S.
Published: August 2022

Glaciers are commonly conceptualized as bodies composed of snow and ice. Yet, many glaciers contain a substantial amount of rock, especially those abutting steep mountains. Mountain slopes erode, depositing rocks on glaciers below. This loose rock (or debris) is buried in glaciers and melts out lower down creating a debris cover. Debris cover reduces ice melt, which changes the shape and movement of glaciers. Glacier movement, specifically basal sliding, efficiently sculpts landscapes. To date, we know little about the impacts of surface debris on conditions below glaciers. To help remedy this, we run numerical model simulations which show that debris‐covered glaciers erode slower than glaciers unaffected by debris. Reduced melt under surface debris lowers sliding speeds and causes sediment to accumulate at the bed, potentially establishing conditions for surging. The influence of surface debris cover on the subglacial environment may hold substantial implications for alpine sediment storage and landscape evolution.
Resolving the Tectonic Setting of South China in the Late Paleozoic
Authors: Gao Biao , Chen Jitao , Huang Xing , Xin Hao , Zheng Quanfeng
Published: August 2022

The tectonic setting of South China during the late Paleozoic is essential to understanding the geodynamics off the eastern margin of Pangea supercontinent due to its unique paleo‐position at the confluence of the Paleo‐Tethys and Panthalassic oceans. Limited late Paleozoic magmatic and matemorphic records in South China have hampered resolution of this tectonic setting. Here, we present integrated biostratigraphic, geochronological, and isotope geochemical data on the late Carboniferous siliciclastic rocks from southeast South China in order to decipher the tectonic evolution of the South China Block. The sandstones were predominantly sourced from the Wuyi Terrane via short‐distance transportation. Rapid exhumation of ca. 318 Ma plutonic rocks in the source region, evolution of source of magmatism, and continuous crustal thinning demonstrate that southeast South China underwent episodic lithospheric delamination triggered by thermal perturbation as a result of subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plate beneath the South China Block in the late Paleozoic.
Interpretation of the Theta Aurora Based on the Null‐Separator Structure
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Fujita S. , Nishitani N. , Kataoka R.
Published: August 2022

The theta aurora is reproduced by global simulation. First, we construct a solution for the stationary northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) forming the separatrices, the separators, the nulls, and the stemlines. From the drawing of last‐closed field lines, the overall structure under this condition is summarized as the northern lobe is generated by a separatrix emanating from the southern null. In this paper, all variations are antisymmetric in the southern hemisphere. Afterward, the IMF By is switched to reproduce the theta aurora. The ionospheric theta aurora is reproduced as closed magnetic field regions. The polar cap is divided to old and new parts, by the theta bar. In the magnetosphere, two dayside nulls occur corresponding to the new IMF and two nulls corresponding to the old IMF retreat tailward. The four nulls form a structure connected by four separators, constructing the magnetospheric topology corresponding to the theta aurora. In this topology, old and new nulls in the southern hemisphere generate old and new lobes in the northern hemisphere. Each lobe is projected onto northern old and new polar caps. The origin of the theta bar is the stagnating closed magnetic field region that occurs between old and new lobes. Separator reconnection occurs between the old lobe in the southern and the new lobe in the northern hemispheres, reducing southern old polar caps. This is the cause of the movement of the theta bar. The theta aurora is the phenomenon that demonstrates the existence of the null‐separator structure.
Stress Control of Dike Deflection and Flank Eruption at Akaroa Volcano, New Zealand
Authors: Goldman Robert T. , Albright John A. , Gravley Darren M. , Grosfils Eric B. , Gregg Patricia M. , Hampton Samuel J.
Published: August 2022

Understanding the stress evolution of extinct volcanoes can improve efforts to forecast flank eruptions on active systems. Field, petrographic, and seismic data are combined with numerical modeling to investigate the paleo‐stress field of New Zealand's Akaroa Volcano, or Akaroa Volcanic Complex. Field mapping identifies 86 radially oriented dikes and seven lava domes found only within a narrow elevation range along Akaroa's erosional crater rim. These observations suggest that crater rim dike emplacement resulted from lateral deflection of vertically ascending intrusions from a centralized magma source, which in turn may have facilitated formation of the lava domes, as well as two scoria cones. We postulate that dike deflection occurred along a stress barrier, as neither a compositional change nor structural boundary are present. We use a finite element model (FEM) simulating Akaroa to test how different factors may have influenced the system's stress state and dike geometry. Elastic, non‐flexural (“roller”) model configurations containing a large, oblate, and shallow magma chamber produce stress barriers most conducive to radial dike emplacement along Akaroa's crater rim. These configurations also simulate rapid edifice construction above a preexisting lithospheric “bulge.” Conversely, simulating flexural stresses exerted on the lithosphere by Akaroa's large mass hinder rather than promote radial dike emplacement. Temperature‐dependent viscoelastic relaxation promotes gradual increases in stress barrier elevation, though this effect is strongly dependent on magma chamber parameters. These results suggest that Akaroa was constructed rapidly (within ∼100 kyr) prior to crater rim dike emplacement, which occurred throughout the volcano's remaining active lifespan.
Relative Roles of Sediment Transport and Localized Erosion on Phosphorus Load in the Lower Susquehanna River and Its Mouth in the Chesapeake Bay, USA
Authors: Li Qiang , Gray Katelyn E. , Jaisi Deb P.
Published: August 2022

Particle size greatly influences the fate of phosphorus (P) in estuaries as P adheres more readily to the larger surface area in smaller sized particles. Here, data on two size fractions of particulate matter, permanently suspended particulate matter (PSPM, ≤40 μm) and resuspended particulate matter (RSPM, >40 μm), from field and controlled laboratory erosion experiments were analyzed to determine their relative contribution to water column P in the mouth of the Susquehanna River in the upper Chesapeake Bay. Based on the composition of sequentially extracted P pools, C and N isotopes, and elemental data, all PSPM and the majority of RSPM are most likely derived from allochthonous sources through river transport. A minor fraction of particulate matter in the water column was derived from sediment resuspension, which had a dominant role above the sediment‐water interface in the river's mouth. The proportion of biologically available P pools to recalcitrant P pools in suspended particulate matter decreased with water column depth, indicating their preferential removal or biological utilization during settling. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) mobilized during sediment erosion experiments, regardless of particle size, was richer in biologically available P pools than SPM in the field, suggesting higher mobility of these pools in the field. These complementary results from field and field‐simulated laboratory erosion experiments provide unique insights into the composition of particulate matter under different hydrodynamic regimes in the river estuary.
Alternative energy sources could support life on Europa
Authors: Schulze‐Makuch Dirk , Irwin Louis N.
Published: August 2022

Energy pervades the solar system in a variety of forms, including electromagnetic and particle radiation, magnetism, heat, kinetic motion, and gravitational interactions. Life on Earth is sustained by the conversion of light and chemical energy into proton gradients across membranes that drive the phosphorylation of high‐energy intermediate metabolites.

The use of light and reduced chemical bonds as energy sources is not surprising on Earth, where the intensity of light is strong and an oxidizing atmosphere favors energy‐yielding chemical reactions. However, any naturally occurring energy gradient that generates charge separation across boundary layers could theoretically yield the free energy needed to sustain life. Using specific, plausible examples from Jupiter's ice‐covered satellite Europa, we propose that alternative energy sources could sustain life where neither light nor an oxidizing atmosphere is available.
Role of an unclassified Lachnospiraceae in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study of the urine microbiome and metabolites
Authors: Kim Kangjin , Lee Sanghun , Park Sang-Chul , Kim Nam-Eun , Shin Chol , Lee Seung Ku , Jung Youngae , Yoon Dankyu , Kim Hyeonjeong , Kim Sanghyun , Hwang Geum-Sook , Won Sungho
Published: August 2022

Recent investigations have revealed that the human microbiome plays an essential role in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, despite the importance of understanding the involvement of the microbiota throughout the body in T2D, most studies have focused specifically on the intestinal microbiota. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently found to provide important evidence regarding the mechanisms of T2D pathogenesis, as they act as key messengers between intestinal microorganisms and the host. Herein, we explored microorganisms potentially associated with T2D by tracking changes in microbiota-derived EVs from patient urine samples collected three times over four years. Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted to evaluate the causal relationships among microbial organisms, metabolites, and clinical measurements to provide a comprehensive view of how microbiota can influence T2D. We also analyzed EV-derived metagenomic (N = 393), clinical (N = 5032), genomic (N = 8842), and metabolite (N = 574) data from a prospective longitudinal Korean community-based cohort. Our data revealed thatGU174097_g, an unclassifiedLachnospiraceae, was associated with T2D (β = −189.13;p = 0.00006), and it was associated with the ketone bodies acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (r = −0.0938 and −0.0829, respectively;p = 0.0022 and 0.0069, respectively). Furthermore, a causal relationship was identified between acetoacetate and HbA1c levels (β = 0.0002;p = 0.0154).GU174097_greduced ketone body levels, thus decreasing HbA1c levels and the risk of T2D. Taken together, our findings indicate thatGU174097_gmay lower the risk of T2D by reducing ketone body levels.
Akt1-dependent expression of angiopoietin 1 and 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to vascular stabilization
Authors: Ha Jung Min , Jin Seo Yeon , Lee Hye Sun , Kum Hye Jin , Vafaeinik Farzaneh , Ha Hong Koo , Song Sang Heon , Kim Chi Dae , Bae Sun Sik
Published: August 2022

Retinal angiogenesis was delayed in VSMC-specific Akt1-deficient mice (Akt1∆SMC) but not in Akt2∆SMC mice. The proliferation of ECs, recruitment of pericytes, and coverage of VSMCs to the endothelium were defective in Akt1∆SMC. The silencing of Akt1 in VSMCs led to the downregulation of angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) and the upregulation of Ang2. The activation of Notch3 in VSMCs was significantly reduced in the retinas of Akt1∆SMC mice. Silencing Akt1 suppressed the activation of Notch3. Moreover, the silencing of Notch3 downregulated Ang1, whereas the overexpression of Notch3 intracellular domain (NICD3) enhanced Ang1 expression. The nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of yes-associated protein (YAP) were affected by the expression level of Akt1. Silencing YAP downregulated Ang2 expression, whereas overexpression of YAP showed the opposite results. Ang1 antibody and Ang2 suppressed endothelial sprouting of wild-type aortic tissues, whereas the Ang2 antibody and Ang1 facilitated the endothelial sprouting of aortic tissues from Akt1∆SMC mice. Finally, severe hemorrhage was observed in Akt1∆SMC mice, which was further facilitated under streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic conditions. Therefore, the Akt1-Notch3/YAP-Ang1/2 signaling cascade in VSMCs might play an essential role in the paracrine regulation of endothelial function.