bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thiyl Radical Mediated Racemization of Benzylic Amines.
Authors: Escoubet Stephanie , Gastaldi Stephane , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Gil Gerard , Siri Didier , Bertrand Michele P.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2,3‐Migration in Rh(II)‐Catalyzed Reactions of β‐Trifluoroacetamido α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Xu Feng , Zhang Shiwei , Wu Xiangnan , Liu Yu , Shi Weifeng , Wang Jianbo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of 3,4‐Diaminocyclobut‐3‐ene‐1,2‐dione CXCR2 Antagonists.
Authors: Merritt J. Robert , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Safe Oxidation of Sulfides into Sulfoxides Using SIBX.
Authors: Ozanne‐Beaudenon Aurelie , Quideau Stephane
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryliododifluoromethylsulfides, Sulfoxides and Sulfones: The First Optically Active Compounds with Polyfluoroalkyliodo Groups.
Authors: Yagupolskii Lev M. , Matsnev Andrej V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Efficient Synthesis of 1,2‐Diaryldiketones: A Novel Oxidation Reaction of Diarylalkynes with DMSO Promoted by FeBr3.
Authors: Giraud Anne , Provot Olivier , Peyrat Jean‐Francois , Alami Mouad , Brion Jean‐Daniel
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rh2(O‐Ac)4‐Catalyzed Formation of trans‐Alkenes from the Reaction of Aldehydes with Perfluorophenyl Diazomethane Through Tellurium Ylide.
Authors: Zhu Shifa , Xing Chunhui , Pang Wan , Zhu Shizheng
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Study on the Reactivity of the Alkyne Component in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloadditions Between an Alkene and an Alkyne.
Authors: Jordan Robert W. , Villeneuve Karine , Tam William
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformations of Perfluoroindan‐1‐one and Perfluoroindan‐1,3‐dione in the HF—SbF5 System.
Authors: Zonov Yaroslav V. , Karpov Victor M. , Platonov Vyacheslav E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of New Thiophosphorylated Fullerenopyrrolidines. First Example of the Pishchimuka Reaction in Fullerene Derivatives.
Authors: Gubskaya V. P. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iron‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclotrimerization of Triynes to Annulated Benzenes.
Authors: Saino Naoko , Kogure Daisuke , Kase Kouki , Okamoto Sentaro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Approaches to One‐Pot Assembly of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐alkylsulfanyl‐5‐methoxy‐2‐neopentylpyrroles.
Authors: Nedolya N. A. , Brandsma L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Route to 2,6‐Dihydronaphtho[1,2,3‐cd]indol‐6‐ones.
Authors: Gornostaev L. M. , Beresnev V. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1‐Ethylpyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes, 1,1′‐Methylenebis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazole‐4‐carbaldehyde), and Schiff Bases Derived Therefrom.
Authors: Potapov A. S. , Khlebnikov A. I. , Ogorodnikov V. D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Studies of Novel Homoveratryl Based Thiohydantoins as Antibacterial as well as anti‐HIV Agents.
Authors: Patel R. B. , Desai K. R. , Chikhalia K. H.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,1,3‐Trisubstituted Cyclobutanes Containing Thiazole and Thiourea Fragments
Authors: Koparir M. , Cansiz A. , Ahmedzade M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidative Cyclization of N‐Alkyl‐o‐methyl‐arenesulfonamides to Biologically Important Saccharin Derivatives.
Authors: Xu Liang , Shu Hong , Liu Ying , Zhang Suhong , Trudell Mark L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Reactions of Fluorinated 2,4‐Dioxoesters with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Pryadeina Marina V. , Khudina Olga G. , Burgart Yanina V. , Saloutin Viktor I. , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New Oxadiazolo[1,3,5]triazine, 1,2,4‐Triazolo and Thiadiazolo[1,3,4]oxadiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Mulwad V. V. , Chaskar Atul C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Tetracyclic Chromenes Through Carbanion Chemistry of 4‐Methyl Coumarins.
Authors: Chen Ningyi , Jain Nareshkumar , Xu Jiayi , Reuman Michael , Li Xun , Russell Ronald K. , Sui Zhihua
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Imino Diels—Adler Reaction Catalyzed by Iodine: Efficient Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Li Yun‐Cheng , Zhang Jun‐Min , Dong Li‐Ting , Yan Ming
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aliphatic Aldehydes in Multicomponent Syntheses of 4‐Alkyl‐Substituted Partially Hydrogenated Quinolines, Fused 4H‐Pyrans, and 2‐Amino‐4‐ethyl‐5‐methylbenzene‐1,3‐dicarbonitrile.
Authors: Dyachenko V. D. , Chernega A. N.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Cycloaddition of 3‐Azatrienes with Enamines. Synthesis of Pyridines Derived from β‐Aminoacids.
Authors: Palacios Francisco , Herran Esther , Alonso Concepcion , Rubiales Gloria
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of 9(10H)‐Acridinones under Microwaves.
Authors: Nadaraj V. , Kalaivani S. , Selvi S. Thamarai
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Effective Procedure for the Preparation of 3‐Substituted 4‐ or 6‐Azaindoles from ortho‐Methylnitropyridines.
Authors: Zhu Juliang , Wong Henry , Zhang Zhongxing , Yin Zhiwei , Meanwell Nicholas A. , Kadow John F. , Wang Tao
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Studies on Some New Acetylcinnolines and Cinnolinyl Thiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Narayana B. , Raj K. K. Vijaya , Ashalatha B. V. , Kumari N. Suchetha
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐5‐thioxoimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines by One‐Pot Cyclization of α‐Aminocarboxylic Esters with 2‐(Isothiocyanato)benzonitrile (ITCB).
Authors: Bodtke Anja , Reinke Helmut , Michalik Dirk , Langer Peter
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Synthesis of New Thieno[2,3‐b][1,4]thiazine Derivatives Starting from 2‐Acylamino‐3,3‐dichloroacrylonitriles.
Authors: Popil'nichenko Sergey V. , Brovarets Vladimir S. , Chernega Alexander N. , Poltorak Denis V. , Drach Boris S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Alkyl‐1,2,4‐benzotriazin‐3(2H)‐ones and 2‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐benzotriazin‐3(2H)‐ones
Authors: Lipilin D. L. , Churakov A. M. , Strelenko Yu. A. , Tartakovsky V. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Simple and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Substituted 2,6,9‐Trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]‐nona‐3,7‐dienes from Arylmalondialdehydes.
Authors: Fernandes Anthony , Marrot Jerome , Gesson Jean‐Pierre , Papot Sebastien
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of 2,2‐Dichloro(dibromo)‐2‐fluorobenzo[d]‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholes with Alk‐1‐ynes.
Authors: Varaksina Elena N. , Mironov Vladimir F. , Nemtarev Andrey V. , Musin Rashid Z. , Balandina Alsu A. , Latypov Shamil K. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Indium—TMSCl Promoted Reaction of Diphenyl Diselenides and Aldehydes: Novel Routes to Selenoacetals and Alkyl Phenyl Selenides.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Mandal Tanmay
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Photochromic 3,4‐Bis(1,2‐dimethylindol‐3‐yl)‐2,5‐dihydrothiophene.
Authors: Rybalkin V. P. , Shepelenko E. N. , Popova L. L. , Dubonosov A. D. , Metelitsa A. V. , Makarova N. I. , Bren' V. A. , Minkin V. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Triterpenoids Isolated from the Root Bark of Ulmus pumila L.
Authors: Wang Dong , Xia Mingyu , Cui Zheng
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclolanostane Triterpene Glycosides from Souliea vaginata.
Authors: Zhou Liang , Yang Jun‐Shan , Tu Guang‐Zhong , Zou Jian‐Hua
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diterpenoids and Aromatic Compounds from the Three New Zealand Liverworts Jamesoniella kirkii, Balantiopsis rosea, and Radula Species.
Authors: Nagashima Fumihiro , Kuba Yoshiyuki , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformation of Carboxylic Acid Esters into 2‐Substituted Allyl Halides Through Tertiary Cyclopropyl Sulfonates. Application in the Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Ipsenol and (.+‐.)‐Ipsdienol, Components of Ips typographus Spark Beetle Pheromone.
Authors: Matyushenkov E. A. , Kulinkovich O. G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanostructured Exchange‐Coupled Magnets
Authors: Liu W. , Liu Y. , Skomski R. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Combinatorial Chemistry to Grow Single Crystals and Analysis of Concentration Quenching Process: Application to Yb3+‐Doped Laser Crystals
Authors: Boulon G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of Chiral C3‐Symmetric Molecules
Authors: Gibson Susan E. , Castaldi M. Paola
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Entries to Water‐Compatible Lewis Acids
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Ogawa Chikako
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Toward the Synthesis of the Antibiotic Branimycin: Novel Approaches to Highly Substituted cis‐Decalin Systems
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Castagnolo Daniele , Felzmann Wolfgang , Marchart Stefan , Pilger Christian , Enev Valentin S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Powerful Carbon—Carbon Bond Forming Reactions Based on a Novel Radical Exchange Process
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
MicroRNAs — Future Drug Targets?
Authors: Arenz Christoph
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Regulation of HIV‐1 Transcription: Molecular Targets for Chemotherapeutic Intervention
Authors: Stevens Miguel , De Clerq Erik , Balzarini Jan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalyzed Aerobic Alcohol Oxidations.
Authors: Schultz Mitchell J. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mercuric Triflate Revisited: Development of Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Nishizawa Mugio , Imagawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent Conformation and Ion Solvation — From Molecular to Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ishiguro Shin‐ichi , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Fujii Kenta , Kanzaki Ryo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biologically Active Molecules with a “Light Switch”
Authors: Mayer Guenter , Heckel Alexander
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Hyaluronidase Supercatalyst for the Enzymatic Polymerization to Synthesize Glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Ohmae Masashi , Ochiai Hirofumi , Fujikawa Shun‐ichi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Shaping the Future with Chemistry: What′s in Store for Chemistry Graduates in Research and Industry?
Authors: Hambrecht Juergen
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Principles and Applications of GFT Projection NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Szyperski Thomas , Atreya Hanudatta S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cover Picture: Protein‐Structure‐Based Prediction of Animal Model Suitability for Pharmacodynamic Studies of Subtype‐Selective Estrogens (ChemMedChem 11/2006)
Authors: Toschi Luisella , Hilbig Jochen , Wintermantel Tim , Engelhaupt Adelheid , Walter Alexander , Fritzemeier Karl‐Heinrich , Hillisch Alexander
Published: October 2006

The cover picture shows a model of the binding pocket of the estrogen receptor (ER) occupied by 8β‐VE2, a steroidal ERβ‐selective agonist. As illustrated by the model, a single amino acid, methionine, accounts for the ERβ selectivity of this compound class. An exchange to leucine at this position in some animal species, depicted in the sequence alignment, generates unfavorable interactions with 8β‐VE2. Therefore, knowledge about the structure of the protein–ligand complex can be used to predict suitable animal models for in vivo pharmacological studies with this ligand class. For more details, see the Full Paper by L. Toschi et al. on p. 1237 ff.
Nuclear factor‐κB (nf‐κB) is frequently expressed in lung cancer and preneoplastic lesions
Authors: Tang Ximing , Liu Diane , Shishodia Shishir , Ozburn Natalie , Behrens Carmen , Lee J. Jack , Hong Waun Ki , Aggarwal Bharat B. , Wistuba Ignacio I.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), a key transcription factor thought to play a major role in carcinogenesis, regulates many important signaling pathways involved in tumor promotion. Although NF‐κB can be activated in lung cancer cell lines by tobacco exposure, there have been no studies of the expression of NF‐κB in lung cancer pathogenesis.

METHODS.

The immunohistochemical expression of NF‐κB p65 was investigated in 394 lung cancers (370 nonsmall cell lung carcinomas [NSCLC]; and 24 small cell lung carcinomas [SCLC]) and 269 lung normal epithelium and preneoplastic lesions, including hyperplasias, squamous metaplasias, dysplasias, and atypical adenomatous hyperplasias.

RESULTS.

High levels of nuclear immunohistochemical expression of NF‐κB p65 were detected in the lung cancers, with significantly higher levels in SCLCs compared with NSCLCs (P<.0001). In adenocarcinomas the NF‐κB p65 expression level was significantly higher in advanced TNM stages (III‐IV) than in earlier stages (I‐II) (P<.0001), and when NF‐κB p65 is dichotomized using 50% as the cutoff point (high vs low), a higher NF‐κB p65 expression level was detected in tumors having either K‐RAS (P = .02) or EGFR (P = .009) mutations compared with wildtype tumors. A relatively high level of nuclear NF‐κB p65 expression was detected in normal and mildly abnormal epithelium, and a progression with increasing histology severity was detected in preneoplastic lesions.

CONCLUSIONS.

NF‐κB p65 nuclear expression is an early and frequent phenomenon in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The findings indicate that NF‐κB activation plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis and is a suitable target for the development of new lung cancer therapies and chemoprevention strategies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Expression of an Nkx3.1‐CRE gene using ROSA26 reporter mice
Authors: Stanfel M.N. , Moses K.A. , Carson J.A. , Zimmer D.B. , DeMayo F. , Schwartz R.J. , Zimmer W.E.
Published: October 2006

The genetic locus of Nkx3.1, an early murine marker of sclerotome and prostate development, was disrupted by a knock in of CRE recombinase via homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Cell fate mapping revealed previously unidentified cell lineages expanded from Nkx3.1‐expressing cell populations and recapitulated reported Nkx3.1 expression patterns. In lineage trace experiments of E18.5 Nkx3.1‐CRE; R26R embryos novel staining was observed in areas of the lungs, portions of the duodenum, and vertebral elements of the skeleton. β‐galactosidase activity measured in Nkx3.1‐CRE; R26R and Nkx3.2‐CRE; R26R embryos was observed in overlapping regions of the sclerotome but no apparent change in Nkx3.1 expression was seen in the Nkx3.2 mutants by in situ hybridization. genesis 44:550–555, 2006 Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Ligand Substitution in Some Chromium(III) Tetraaza Macrocyclic Complexes in Acidic Media: Differences in Reactivity Between cis and trans Isomers
Authors: Madej Edyta , Katafias Anna , Kita Przemysław , Eriksen Jette , Mønsted Ole
Published: October 2006

Thiocyanate anation of the macrocyclic complexes cis‐[Cr(cycb)(OH2)2]3+ and trans‐[Cr(cyca)(OH2)2]3+ (cycb and cyca are rac‐ and meso‐5,5,7,12,12,14‐hexamethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane, respectively), and mercury(II)‐induced aquation of the product thiocyanato‐N complexes, has been studied in acidic solution. The rate retardation with an increase of the acid concentration for both types of reactions follows the rate expression kobs = (k1 + k2Ka/[H+(aq)])/(1 + Ka/[H+(aq)]), corresponding to parallel reaction paths through aqua and hydroxo complexes. Some general trends in the differences in reactivity between the two geometrical isomers have been observed and are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Measuring the length of hydrodynamically injected plugs in capillary electrophoresis using the electrical current monitoring
Authors: Erny Guillaume L. , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: October 2006

Although CE is nowadays a worldwide separation technique, it is generally recognized that one of its main limitations is its poor robustness for quantitative analysis. Although this limitation can partially be surpassed using internal standards (ISs), it is well known that to find adequate standards is a very difficult task when too complex mixtures have to be analyzed. In this work, an alternative method to improve quantitation by CE is presented using the electrical current profile monitored during any CE run. Thus, an abrupt step in the current monitoring is observed when a hydrodynamically injected plug of conductivity different from the BGE leaves the capillary under the influence of the EOF. It is demonstrated that under these conditions, the relative amplitude of this step can be used to measure experimentally the injection length. This measure can not only be used for calibration, but also to correct variations of the length injected which is demonstrated to improve significantly the quantitative accuracy and reproducibility of CE. Thus, RSD values for interday quantification (five experiments a day for 5 days) were improved from 10.5 to 4.2%. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that accuracy of quantitative determinations by CE can greatly be improved by using this procedure. The method can also be implemented in other separation techniques where the EOF is used as driving force (e.g., CEC, MEKC or chip‐based separations). Advantages and limitations of this approach in comparison to the use of ISs are also discussed.
(S)‐Ibuprofen‐imprinted polymers incorporating γ‐methacryloxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane for CEC separation of ibuprofen enantiomers
Authors: Deng Qi‐Liang , Lun Zhi‐Hong , Gao Ru‐Yu , Zhang Li‐Hua , Zhang Wei‐Bing , Zhang Yu‐Kui
Published: October 2006

In this report, a novel preparation method of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for CEC was developed. Molecularly imprinted monolithic columns for (S)‐ibuprofen were prepared and evaluated, in which charged entities responsible for establishing EOF have been derived from γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ‐MAPS), which was hydrolyzed following copolymerization with 4‐vinylpyridine (4‐VPY) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA). The EOF and molecular recognition of the stationary phase were investigated in aqueous and nonaqueous media, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the material showed a reasonably stable EOF and the prepared separation materials were capable of separating racemic ibuprofen, a task that could not be accomplished by MIPs prepared in parallel, using methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer. The efficiency at pH 3.2 for the first‐eluted enantiomer and the last‐eluted enantiomer (the imprinted analyte) were 128 700 and 2100 plates/m, respectively.
Electrokinetic chromatographic characterization of novel pseudo‐phases based on N‐alkyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium ionic liquid type surfactants
Authors: Schnee Vincent P. , Baker Gary A. , Rauk Erika , Palmer Christopher P.
Published: October 2006

MEKC and linear solvation free energy relationships (LSFERs) have been used to characterize the solute distribution between water and self‐assemblies formed from ionic liquid type mono‐chain cationic surfactants containing a cyclic pyrrolidinium head group. Several features of the solvation environment afforded by these micellar solutions were found to be quite different from that of CTAB, a structurally analogous cationic surfactant with a conventional, acyclic quaternary ammonium head group. None of the LSFER coefficients were found to vary in any systematic way with increasing alkyl chain length for these unique surfactants. Overall, however, these surfactants display different behavior than do all known cationic detergents such as CTAB. In chemical terms, pseudo‐phases formed by these N‐alkyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bromides interact more strongly with polar compounds and less strongly with compounds having nonbonding or π‐electrons and are more cohesive compared to the well‐studied CTAB.
CE to monitor endotoxins by protein complexation
Authors: Kilár Anikó , Kocsis Béla , Kustos Ildikó , Kilár Ferenc , Hjertén Stellan
Published: October 2006

A new CE method for fast and efficient analysis of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) is described. It is based on the strong interaction between proteins and endotoxins. The UV absorption of the protein component in the complex is used for the detection. The electrophoretic mobility of the complex hemoglobin/endotoxin can be employed for qualitative analysis of the endotoxin. For instance, the structural differences between “smooth” and “rough” lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota (wild‐type), Salmonella minnesota R595 and Shigella sonnei R562H are reflected in the electrophoretic mobilities of their hemoglobin complex.
Estimation of strength reduction factors via normalized pseudo‐acceleration response spectrum
Authors: Karmakar Debasis , Gupta Vinay K.
Published: October 2006

Estimation of design forces in ductility‐based earthquake‐resistant design continues to be carried out with the application of response modification factors on elastic design spectra, and it remains interesting to explore how best to estimate strength reduction factors (SRFs) for a design situation. This paper considers the relatively less explored alternative of modelling SRF spectrum via a given response spectrum. A new model is proposed to estimate the SRF spectrum in terms of a pseudo‐spectral acceleration (PSA) spectrum and ductility demand ratio with the help of two coefficients. The proposed model is illustrated for an elasto‐plastic oscillator, in case of 10 recorded accelerograms and three ductility ratios. The proposed model is convenient and is able to predict SRF spectrum reasonably well, particularly at periods up to 1.0 s. Coefficients of the proposed model may also be determined in case of a given design spectrum when there is uncertainty in SRF spectrum due to uncertainty in temporal characteristics of the ground motion. This is illustrated with the help of 474 accelerograms recorded in western U.S.A. and different scaled PSA spectra. It is shown that probabilistic estimates may be obtained in this situation for SRF spectrum by assuming the error residuals to be log normally distributed with period‐dependent parameters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a three‐dimensional finite element model of a human mandible containing endosseous dental implants. I. Mathematical validation and experimental verification
Authors: Al‐Sukhun Jehad , Kelleway John , Helenius Miia
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to mathematically validate and clinically verify a finite element model (FEM) of the human mandible and to compare the functional deformation predicted by the model with that detected clinically. Mandibular surface strain, using 11 single strain gauges, and medial convergence (MC), using a custom‐fabricated linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), were recorded in a dried human jaw. The mandible was treated with two endosseous implants, placed bilaterally in the premolar area, and mounted in a rig that simulated natural function of the jaw. Measurements were made in real time using a multichannel analogue/digital converter and a personal computer for data storage and analysis. A FEM of the mandible was constructed, using commercially available finite element software, based on CT scan images of the jaw. MC was predicted as the linear change in the orientation of the two implants in the horizontal plane. Predicted and measured values of MC ranged between 60 and 109 μm. The differences between the measured and predicted strain magnitudes were expressed as absolute percentages of the measured values and ranged between 3 and 18%. The limits of agreement between the predicted and measured strain values, as suggested by Bland and Altman (Lancet 1986; 1:307–310), were small enough for the predictions from the FEM to be considered clinically acceptable. The good agreement between the predicted and measured strain values indicates the accuracy of the present FEM. Finite element analysis is a powerful technique that provides a better insight into understanding the complex phenomena of mandibular functional deformation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Variability in RF‐induced heating of a deep brain stimulation implant across MR systems
Authors: Baker Kenneth B. , Tkach Jean A. , Phillips Micheal D. , Rezai Ali R.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To compare the MRI‐related heating per unit of specific absorption rate (SAR) profile of a conductive implant between two 1.5‐Tesla/64 MHz MR systems using a transmit/receive (t/r) head coil configuration.

Materials and Methods

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads were configured within a gel‐filled phantom of the human head and torso. Temperature variation at each of four contacts of the bilaterally‐placed leads was monitored using fluoroptic thermometry. MRI was performed using the t/r head coils of two different‐generation 1.5‐Tesla MR systems from the same manufacturer. Temperature changes were normalized to SAR values for the head (ΔT/SAR‐H), and the slope of this ΔT/SAR‐H by time relationship was compared between the two scanners.

Results

The ΔT/SAR‐H for the implant ranged from 3.5 to 5.5 times higher on one MR system as compared to the other (P < 0.01) depending on the measurement site.

Conclusion

The findings support previous observations that console‐reported SAR does not constitute a reliable index of heating for elongated, conductive implants, such as the DBS hardware system tested. In contrast to our previous findings using a t/r body coil, the data presented here reveal marked differences between two MR systems using t/r head coils (the coil configuration was consistent with the implant manufacturer's imaging guidelines). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telomerase and neuronal marker status of differentiated NT2 and SK‐N‐SH human neuronal cells and primary human neurons
Authors: Jain Pooja , Cerone Maria A. , LeBlanc Andréa C. , Autexier Chantal
Published: October 2006

Upon treatment with retinoic acid, NTera‐2 (NT2) human teratocarcinoma and SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells can be induced to terminally differentiate into postmitotic neuronal cells. The neuronal cell yield obtained from the NT‐2 cells is partially dependent on the time of differentiation (24–55 days). SK‐N‐SH cells differentiate into a mixed population of neuronal and epithelium‐like cells. Here we report modified protocols that increase the number of differentiated NT‐2 and SK‐N‐SH cells and that establish an enriched neuronal SK‐N‐SH‐derived cell population essentially devoid of nonneuronal cells. Differentiated cells express the cytoskeleton‐associated protein tau and other typical neuronal markers, such as Map2, Ngn1, NeuroD, Mash1, and GluR which are also expressed in primary human fetal neurons. Telomerase activity is down‐regulated in differentiated cells, which is consistent with the telomerase status of primary fetal human neurons. Thus, differentiated NT2 and SK‐N‐SH cells may represent an excellent source for studies investigating the role of telomerase or other survival‐promoting activities in protecting human neuronal cells from cell death‐mediating stresses associated with neurodegenerative diseases. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of chemical and sensory methods of evaluating thermally oxidised groundnut oil
Authors: Odumosu Olutosin T. , Sinha Janet , Hudson Bertram J. F.
Published: October 2006

Seven chemical methods, namely peroxide value (PV), totox value (TV), anisidine value (AV), conjugable oxidation products (COP), oxodiene value (OV), induction period (IP), iodine value (IV) and a sensory analytical procedure (flavour score, FS) have been used in evaluating the oxidation state of groundnut oil heated at 100°C for varying lengths of time up to 20 h. As oxidation progressed, PV, TV, AV, COP and OV increased. IP and IV decreased with oxidation while FS showed a progressive deterioration on a seven‐point scale from bland to very rancid. On the basis of sensitivity to oxidative changes, five of the methods (PV, TV, IP, IV and FS) were found to be satisfactory. However, the best correlation with flavour scores were obtained in the case of IP, IV and OV while AV and COP correlated poorly with FS. Three methods (PV, IP and IV) best satisfied the combined criteria of sensitivity to oxidative changes and correlation with flavour.
Varietal variation in the anti‐nutritive effects of field beans (vicia faba) when fed to rats
Authors: Moseley Gwyn , Griffiths D. Wynne
Published: October 2006

Testa and cotyledons were separated from white and coloured flowered varieties of field beans (Vicia faba) and incorporated into complete diets for rats.

Diets containing 10% testa from the coloured variety caused a 15% reduction in live weight gain compared with the diets containing testa from the white flowered variety. This was accompanied by a reduction in the true digestibility of nitrogen and the apparent digestibility of carbohydrates and lipids. The protein efficiency ratio and the net protein utilisation were also reduced but the biological value of protein was not significantly affected.

The efficiency of utilisation of ingested feed dry matter was significantly reduced for the diets containing coloured flower testa but when live weight gain was expressed as a fraction of ingested digestible dry matter there were no significant differences.

Live weight gain and digestibility of organic matter components were highly negatively correlated with the total phenolic content of the diet.

It was concluded that the reduction in live weight gain of animals fed diets containing testa of a coloured variety compared with that of a white flowered variety was caused mainly by the reduction in digestibility of organic matter brought about by the complexing of dietary and digestive enzyme proteins by the high content of phenolic compounds present in the testa of the coloured variety.

A 10% reduction in live weight gain was recorded for animals consuming diets containing cotyledons of coloured varieties compared with those consuming white flowered cotyledons. This reduction was not accompanied by any change in the digestibility of organic matter components and the true digestibility of nitrogen and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly different. There was, however, a significant reduction in the biological value which was a result of increased urinary nitrogen output. It was concluded that the cotyledons of the coloured flowered variety contained an anti‐nutritive factor which was not a tannin‐like compound and which had an effect on the protein metabolism of the animal.
Improved electrophoretic methods for identifying cereal varieties
Authors: Du Cros Diana L. , Wrigley Colin W.
Published: October 2006

Several electrophorectic methods are compared in terms of their reliability, convenience and ability to distinguish between varieties of wheat, barley, rye and triticale using proteins extracted from the endosperm with 1M urea. Gradient gel electrophoresis offers an improvement, particularly in convenience, over the use of starch gels and uniform‐pore polyacrylamide. Varietal identification is described using gels having gradients in polyacrylamide concentration of 3‐27% or 2‐16%, both being available commercially ready for use. Electrophoresis in the latter gels at 400 V takes only half an hour for barley and an hour for wheat. In addition, a simple procedure is described for gel isoelectric focusing which, used alone or in combination with gel electrophoresis, provides high resolution of endosperm proteins for distinguishing between closely related varieties.
Effect of rapeseed meal on trimethylamine metabolism in the domestic fowl in relation to egg taint
Authors: Pearson Arthur W. , Butler Edward J. , Curtis R. Frank , Fenwick G. Roger , Hobson‐Frohock Anthony , Land Derek G.
Published: October 2006

Shaver 585 hens were classified as ‘tainters’ or ‘non‐tainters’ according to the trimethylamine (TMA) content of their eggs when they were fed a diet containing 10% rapeseed meal (from B. napus). They were then fed this diet or an equivalent soya‐bean diet for 5 to 8 weeks. Their ability to oxidise TMA was investigated by injecting 500 nmol of 14C‐TMA kg−1 intravenously and measuring the plasma levels of 14C‐trimethylamine oxide (TMA.O). The ‘tainters’ on the rapeseed diet gave a low flat curve (<0.1 nmol 14C‐trimethylamine oxide (TMA.O) ml−1) while the ‘nontainters’ gave a much higher curve with a peak (0.47 nmol ml−1) at 20 min. Higher peaks (0.6‐0.7 nmol ml−1) were given by the control groups. The ‘tainters’ on the rapeseed diet also had lower plasma 14C‐TMA levels for the first 45 min and excreted more radioactivity in the droppings, suggesting the involvement of another pathway of TMA metabolism.

An experiment with Rhode Island Red x Light Sussex fowls confirmed the pronounced sensitivity of ‘tainters’ to the depression of TMA oxidation by rapeseed meal and showed that their low plasma 14C‐TMA.O levels were associated with low hepatic TMA oxidase activities (< 1 nmol TMA.O nig−1 protein 30 min−1). Two out of ten adult cocks were similarly affected and therefore were analogous to ‘tainters’. It was concluded that the 14 C‐TMA test could be utilised for trials to breed out the tainting characteristic from commercial flocks.
Effect of sire breed on eating quality of cross‐bred lambs
Authors: Dransfield Eric , Nute Geoffrey R. , Macdougall Douglas B. , Rhodes Douglas N.
Published: October 2006

A comparison was made of the eating quality of lamb produced by six sire breeds (Texel, Dorset Down, Suffolk, Oxford, Cotswold and Southdown) on a common ewe type. Taste panel and instrumental measurements showed that sire breed had no effect on the colour, texture, flavour nor on juiciness of roast M. longissimus dorsi. The findings are discussed in relation to consumer attitudes.
The storage and drying characteristics of papaya (Carica papaya L.) latex
Authors: Alberto Ortiz N. , Luis Madrigal S. , Rodrigo Fernandez H. , Cooke Rodney D.
Published: October 2006

A range of latex storage and air drying conditions were studied with regard to the proteolytic activity of the dried latex (‘crude papain’). The optimum drying temperature is between 50–55°C, activity losses on drying can be restricted to about 7% under these conditions. The activity of crude papain is the same if it is derived either from exuded latex or from that portion (about 20% of latex yield) which coagulates on the fruit surface on tapping. Latex storage at tropical ambient for 2–24 h prior to drying (with or without exposure to sunlight) causes maximum losses of about 20% in the proteolytic activity of the crude papain. Sodium chloride addition has an anti‐coagulating effect on latex and accelerates the later stages of drying. Contrary to earlier reports, this causes a decreased activity in the product, which may be related to changes in latex pH. Addition of EDTA or sodium bisulphite, singly or in combination, protects the latex activity (increases of 20–25% relative to controls).
Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta. Rate of passage studies
Authors: Udén Peter , Colucci Pablo E. , Van Soest Peter J.
Published: October 2006

A new liquid marker, cobalt‐ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and two solid markers, chromium (Cr) and cerium (Ce) mordanted plant cell walls, were investigated. Synthesis and methods of analysis are described for the markers. The Cr‐ and Ce‐cell wall complexes were tested for stability to EDTA, hydrochloric acid and rumen microorganisms. Plant cell walls were rendered indigestible by mordanting with Cr and 98% of the marker remained on the fibre after a simulated sequence (in vitro) of digestion. Ce‐mordanted cell walls were 35% digestible in vitro using a rumen culture, and 56% of the marker could be washed off the remaining fibre. Treatment with EDTA removed all Ce and 15% of the Cr. Hydrochloric acid (0.01M) had a negligible effect on the removal of Cr from the cell walls, whereas 0.1M acid removed, on average, 10% of the marker. Losses of Cr from the mordant may be related to the quality of the preparation. Co‐EDTA was found to be comparable to Cr‐EDTA. The urinary excretion of Cr and Co was 2–3% in most animals except in rabbits, which excreted as much as 30% of the liquid markers in the urine.
Hemicellulosic contamination of acid detergent residues and their replacement by cellulose residues in cell wall analysis
Authors: Morrison Ian M.
Published: October 2006

The carbohydrate compositions of acid detergent residues, prepared from 26 plant samples, ranging from fruits, vegetables, legumes, forages and woods, were determined and up to 15.4% of the sugar units present were neutral sugars other than D‐glucose and derived from hemicelluloses. Similar analyses on cellulose residues, prepared by the acetic acid‐nitric acid method, showed up to 9.6% of these residues were derived from hemicellulosic contaminants. These results suggest that care should be taken before using acid detergent residue values to calculate the cellulose and hemicellulose content of plant materials. It is observed that more accurate results will be obtained by using values for cellulose residues and this method is recommended even though it is not absolutely accurate, particularly when analysing plant materials with a high cell wall content.
The effects of soil compaction on the emergence, growth and yield of sugar beet and peas
Authors: Hebblethwaite Paul D. , McGowan Michael
Published: October 2006

It is generally recognised that soil compaction may decrease yield of sugar beet and peas. The effects of soil surface compaction after drilling on the emergence, growth and yield of sugar beet in 1977–1978 and peas in 1976–1977 were investigated in field experiments. Compaction significantly decreased emergence in both crops and resulted in uneven stands. Root growth early in the season was delayed and final depth of water extraction restricted. At final harvest, yields of roots and sugar in sugar beet and yields of vining peas were reduced by up to 45 and 50%, respectively. The decrease in yield in sugar beet in 1977 was due mainly to decreased population and uneven distribution of plants, rather than the continued direct effects of compaction on individual plants, whereas in 1978 individual plants were also decreased in size. In peas both factors were of similar importance.