bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular insights into the enzymatic diversity of flavin‐trafficking protein (Ftp; formerly ApbE) in flavoprotein biogenesis in the bacterial periplasm
Authors: Deka Ranjit K. , Brautigam Chad A. , Liu Wei Z. , Tomchick Diana R. , Norgard Michael V.
Published: December 2015

We recently reported a flavin‐trafficking protein (Ftp) in the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum (Ftp_Tp) as the first bacterial metal‐dependent FAD pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes FAD into AMP and FMN in the periplasm. Orthologs of Ftp_Tp in other bacteria (formerly ApbE) appear to lack this hydrolytic activity; rather, they flavinylate the redox subunit, NqrC, via their metal‐dependent FMN transferase activity. However, nothing has been known about the nature or mechanism of metal‐dependent Ftp catalysis in either Nqr‐ or Rnf‐redox‐containing bacteria. In the current study, we identified a bimetal center in the crystal structure of Escherichia coli Ftp (Ftp_Ec) and show via mutagenesis that a single amino acid substitution converts it from an FAD‐binding protein to a Mg2+‐dependent FAD pyrophosphatase (Ftp_Tp‐like). Furthermore, in the presence of protein substrates, both types of Ftps are capable of flavinylating periplasmic redox‐carrying proteins (e.g., RnfG_Ec) via the metal‐dependent covalent attachment of FMN. A high‐resolution structure of the Ftp‐mediated flavinylated protein of Shewanella oneidensis NqrC identified an essential lysine in phosphoester‐threonyl‐FMN bond formation in the posttranslationally modified flavoproteins. Together, these discoveries broaden our understanding of the physiological capabilities of the bacterial periplasm, and they also clarify a possible mechanism by which flavoproteins are generated.
Size effects in the conduction electron spin resonance of anthracite and higher anthraxolite
Authors: Tadyszak Krzysztof , Strzelczyk Roman , Coy Emerson , Maćkowiak Mariusz , Augustyniak‐Jabłokow Maria A.
Published: December 2015

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of conduction electrons, i.e. Conduction Electron Spin Resonance (CESR), is a powerful tool for studies of carbon samples. Conductive samples cause additional effects in CESR spectra that influence the shape and intensity of the signals. In cases where conduction electrons play a dominant role, whilst the influence of localized paramagnetic centres is small or negligible, the effects because of the spins on conduction electrons will dominate the spectra. It has been shown that for some ratios of the bulk sample sizes (d) to the skin depth (δ), which depend on the electrical conductivity, additional size effects become visible in the line asymmetry parameter A/|B|, which is the ratio of the maximum to the absolute, minimum value of the resonance signal. To study these effects the electrical direct current–conductivity and CESR measurements are carried out for two amorphous bulk coal samples of anthracite and a higher anthraxolite. The observed effects are described and discussed in terms of the Dyson theory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral nerve stimulation characteristics of an asymmetric head‐only gradient coil compatible with a high‐channel‐count receiver array
Authors: Lee Seung‐Kyun , Mathieu Jean‐Baptiste , Graziani Dominic , Piel Joseph , Budesheim Eric , Fiveland Eric , Hardy Christopher J. , Tan Ek Tsoon , Amm Bruce , Foo Thomas K.‐F. , Bernstein Matt A. , Huston John , Shu Yunhong , Schenck John F.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To characterize peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of an asymmetric head‐only gradient coil that is compatible with a commercial high–channel‐count receive‐only array.

Methods

Two prototypes of an asymmetric head‐only gradient coil set with a 42‐cm inner diameter were constructed for brain imaging at 3T with maximum performance specifications of up to 85 mT/m and 708 T/m/s. Tests were performed in 24 volunteers to measure PNS thresholds with the transverse (x = left–right; y = anterior–posterior [A/P]) gradient coils of both prototypes. Fourteen of these 24 volunteers were also tested for the z‐gradient PNS in the second prototype and were scanned with high–slew‐rate echo planar imaging (EPI) immediately after the PNS tests.

Results

For both prototypes, the y‐gradient PNS threshold was markedly higher than the x‐gradient threshold. The z‐gradient threshold was intermediate between those for the x‐ and y‐coils. Of the 24 volunteers, only two experienced y‐gradient PNS at 80 mT/m and 500 T/m/s. All volunteers underwent the EPI scan without PNS when the readout direction was set to A/P.

Conclusion

Measured PNS characteristics of asymmetric head‐only gradient coil prototypes indicate that such coils, especially in the A/P direction, can be used for fast EPI readout in high‐performance neuroimaging scans with substantially reduced PNS concerns compared with conventional whole body gradient coils. Magn Reson Med 76:1939–1950, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Limit equilibrium analysis of seismic stability of slopes reinforced with a row of piles
Authors: Li Xinpo , Su Lijun , He Siming , Xu Jun
Published: December 2015

An approach based on the category of limiting equilibrium analysis is proposed to consider the reinforcing effect of one row of vertical piles on slope under seismic conditions. The approach is based on an uncoupled formulation in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. Closed‐form equations are derived, allowing the yield acceleration coefficient to be determined for giving pile characteristics. Results were compared with those obtained using another limit equilibrium method. The effects of pile location on the effectiveness of increasing seismic stability of the slope–pile system were elucidated. It was found out that the piles should be installed in the middle–upper part of the slope to achieve greatest safety, but the pile length and other possible failure modes should be checked carefully in design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of phytochemical variations in dioecious Tinospora cordifolia stems using HPLC/QTOF MS/MS and UPLC/QqQLIT‐MS/MS
Authors: Bajpai Vikas , Singh Awantika , Chandra Preeti , Negi M. P. S. , Kumar Nikhil , Kumar Brijesh
Published: December 2015

Introduction

The stem of dioecious Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is a commonly used traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India having several therapeutic properties.

Objective

To develop and validate LC‐MS methods for the identification and simultaneous quantitation of various secondary metabolites and to study metabolomic variations in the stem of male and female plants.

Methods

Ethanolic extract of stems were analysed by HPLC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS/MS for rapid screening of bioactive phytochemicals. High resolution MS and MS/MS in positive ESI mode were used for structural investigation of secondary metabolites. An UPLC/ESI‐QqQLIT‐MS/MS method in MRM mode was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of five bioactive alkaloids.

Results

Identification and characterisation of 36 metabolites including alkaloids, sesquiterpenes and phytoecdysteroids were performed using LC‐MS and MS/MS techniques. The bioactive alkaloids such as jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, isocorydine, palmatine and tetrahydropalmatine were successfully quantified in male and female plants. The mean abundances of magnoflorine jatrorrhizine, and oblongine were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in male plants while mean abundances of tetrahydropalmatine, norcoclaurine, and reticuline were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in female plants.

Conclusions

Phytochemicals in the stem of male and female Tinospora cordifolia showed significant qualitative and quantitative variations. LC‐MS and MS/MS methods can be used to differentiate between male and female plants based on their chemical profiles and quantities of the marker bioactive alkaloids. This chemical composition difference was also evident during vegetative stage when there were no male and female flowers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of novel fetal echocardiographic morphometric measures of the aortic arch in the diagnosis of neonatal coarctation of the aorta
Authors: Arya Bhawna , Bhat Aarti , Vernon Margaret , Conwell Jeffrey , Lewin Mark
Published: December 2015

Objectives

Prenatal diagnosis of neonatal coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is challenging; there is a high false–positive rate, yet 60–80% are not identified prenatally. We aimed to identify novel fetal echocardiographic measures to improve prenatal identification of CoA.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of subjects seen from 1/2007–1/2014 with prenatal suspicion for CoA and postnatal follow‐up. The last fetal echocardiogram prior to delivery was evaluated for right/left ventricular dimensions, ascending (AAo), transverse (TAo), descending aorta (DAo), aortic isthmus (AoI), ductus arteriosus (DA), and main pulmonary artery diameters, and AoI and DA spectral Doppler. Three novel fetal measurements were performed: left common carotid‐to‐left subclavian artery distance (LCSA), AAo–DAo angle, and TAo–DAo angle. Postnatal data included diagnosis, surgical approach, and timing.

Results

Forty subjects were identified (mean gestational age at fetal echo 32.8 ± 4.2 weeks) with prenatal suspicion for CoA. Comparing subjects with (n = 20) and without CoA (n = 20), significant differences were detected for LCSA, AAo–DAo angle, and TAo–DAo angle (p < 0.0001). An LCSA >4.5 mm (sensitivity 80%,specificity 95%), AAo–DAo angle ≤20.31° (sensitivity 95%,specificity 100%) and TAo–DAo angle ≥96.15°(sensitivity 90%,specificity 100%) identified CoA.

Conclusions

Fetal LCSA, AAo–DAo angle, and TAo–DAo angles are novel measures that can differentiate between subjects with and without CoA. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attapulgite grafted with polystyrene via a simultaneous reverse and normal initiation atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Yang Haicun , Pu Hongting , Gong Fanghong
Published: December 2015

The surface grafting of attapulgite (ATP) with polystyrene (PS) was established via a simultaneous reverse and normal initiation atom transfer radical polymerization (SR&NIATRP). 4‐(chloromethyl)phenyltrimethoxysilane (CMPTMS) chemical bounded on the surface of ATP (ATP‐Cl, Cl‐I) was prepared via one‐step self‐assembly. SR&NI ATRP of styrene was conducted using CuCl2 complex tris(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)amine (Me6‐TREN) as the catalytic system, initiated by 2,2‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and ATP‐Cl. FT‐IR, XRD, XPS, TGA and TEM data were consistent with the grafting of benzyl chloride groups and PS chains on ATP surface. The controllability of polymerization was investigated by the kinetics behavior under different molar ratio of AIBN and CuCl2. The obtained polymer possessed a uniform distribution of molecular weights with a lower polydispersity index of 1.2∼1.4. The relationship between polymerization on the surface of ATP and in solution was discussed in detail based on TGA data of hybrid particles and GPC trace of free polymer in solution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1508–1516
The effects of attachment and outness on illness adjustment among gay men with prostate cancer
Authors: Crangle Cassandra J. , Latini David M. , Hart Tae L.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Previous research has suggested that gay men facing prostate cancer may be particularly vulnerable to poor illness adjustment. Moreover, although attachment and greater disclosure of sexual orientation have been associated with health outcomes, their associations in this population have been largely unexamined. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether greater outness about one's sexual orientation significantly mediated the associations between anxious and avoidant attachment and illness intrusiveness among gay men with prostate cancer.

Methods

Ninety‐two gay and bisexual men who had received a diagnosis of prostate cancer in the past 4 years were recruited for the present study. Self‐report questionnaires assessed demographic and medical variables, attachment, outness level and comfort, and illness intrusiveness. Bootstrapping procedures were used to assess for mediation.

Results

Results suggested significant associations between anxious attachment, outness comfort, and illness intrusiveness. Less comfort with outness significantly mediated the association between greater anxious attachment and more illness intrusiveness. Avoidant attachment was not significantly associated with illness intrusiveness.

Conclusions

Findings support the mediating role of the subjective experience of being an out gay man in the association between anxious attachment and illness intrusiveness. These results suggest that facilitating greater comfort with outness would be beneficial for illness adjustment among gay men with prostate cancer whom have more anxious attachment styles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monte Carlo Poration Model of Cell Membranes for Application to Plasma Gene Transfection
Authors: Zerrouki Amel , Yousfi Mohammed , Rhallabi Ahmed , Motomura Hideki , Jinno Masafumi
Published: December 2015

A Monte Carlo poration model is developed to simulate formation pores of few nanometer of width through cell multilayer membranes when impacted by air plasma species. Each species is assumed as a super‐particle involving a large particle number. It is assumed a simple membrane model superposing four layers of phospholipids and proteins. Each layer is composed by super‐sites subjected to plasma macro‐processes (recombination, reflection, activation, opening). Electrons play a main role on super‐site activations and openings but ions and radicals have also their own role on pore formation. Judicious choices probabilities data of macro‐processes lead to sizes of pores compatible with gene transfection. Present model, validated by comparisons with measured rates of transfected and surviving cells, is a tool for understanding the mechanisms of gene transfection.
Observation of Bi‐Maxwellian Distributions in a H2 Plasma Produced by a Narrow Gap VHF Discharge
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Chen , Chiu Kuo‐Feng , Chen Chia‐Fu , Lien Cheng‐Yang , Tsai Yu‐Jer , Lien Ting‐Kuei , Matsunaga Fumihiko , Tanaka Masaaki , Ogiwara Kohei , Uchino Kiichiro , Kawai Yoshinobu
Published: December 2015

A capacitively coupled VHF H2 plasma (60 MHz) was produced by a narrow gap discharge at high pressures, and spatial distributions of the plasma parameters were examined with the Langmuir probe. A bi‐Maxwellian electron distribution was observed near the discharge electrode while a Maxwellian one near the center of the inter‐electrode gap. The simulation using the PIC code showed that electrons had the Druyvesteyn‐like distribution near the discharge electrode.
Measurement of Particle Density During Explosive Particle Dispersal
Authors: Goroshin Samuel , Frost David L. , Ripley Robert , Zhang Fan
Published: December 2015

A gauge based on laser light attenuation has been developed to determine the temporal history of particle number density during the explosive dispersal of inert particles. The optical scheme of the gauge employs narrow band pass and spatial optical filters that protect the optical sensors from ambient light and laser light scattered by particles. The gauge is used in field experiments to measure particle density at two locations in close proximity to spherical metalized explosive charges containing a packed bed of either iron, nickel, or glass particles saturated with nitromethane. The heavy iron particles penetrate the blast wave in the near field, whereas the lighter particles remain behind the blast wave. Comparisons with multiphase calculations indicate that the particle density field inferred from the light intensity signals is consistent with the computations until the point at which the combustion products containing soot arrives at the gauge, blocking the laser light.
Growth and optical properties of colloidal graphene quantum dots
Authors: McGuire John A.
Published: December 2015

magnified image

Synthetic progress has led to growth of monodisperse colloidal graphene quantum dots large enough that the lowest‐energy electronic states can be understood in terms of confined Dirac fermions. Appropriate ligands inhibit aggregation and promote solubility that now permit optical studies of excitons and biexcitons formed of Dirac fermions in ensembles of individual quantum dots. Here we review recent progress in synthesis and understanding of the optical properties and dynamics of colloidal graphene quantum dots as well as related aspects of other nanoscale graphene structures and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We highlight graphene quantum dots that are fully benzenoid and discuss challenges in studying colloidal graphene quantum dots with zigzag edges.

Graphene quantum dot (C168) consisting of 168 sp2 hybridized C atoms. R indicates ligands.

magnified image

Graphene quantum dot (C168) consisting of 168 sp2 hybridized C atoms. R indicates ligands.

(© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
21.0%‐efficient co‐diffused screen printed n‐type silicon solar cell with rear‐side boron emitter
Authors: Wehmeier Nadine , Lim Bianca , Nowack Anja , Schmidt Jan , Dullweber Thorsten , Brendel Rolf
Published: December 2015

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is applied to deposit boron silicate glasses (BSG) acting as boron diffusion source during the fabrication of n‐type silicon solar cells. We characterize the resulting boron‐diffused emitter after boron drive‐in from PECVD BSG by measuring the sheet resistances Rsheet,B and saturation current densities J0,B. For process optimization, we vary the PECVD deposition parameters such as the gas flows of the precursor gases silane and diborane and the PECVD BSG layer thickness. We find an optimum gas flow ratio of SiH4/B2H6= 8% and layer thickness of 40 nm. After boron drive in from these PECVD BSG diffusion sources, a low J0,B values of 21 fA/cm2 is reached for Rsheet,B = 70 Ω/□. The optimized PECVD BSG layers together with a co‐diffusion process are implemented into the fabrication process of passivated emitter and rear totally diffused (PERT) back junction (BJ) cells on n‐type silicon. An independently confirmed energy conversion efficiency of 21.0% is achieved on 15.6 × 15.6 cm2 cell area with a simplified process flow. This is the highest efficiency reported for a co‐diffused n‐type PERT BJ cell using PECVD BSG as diffusion source. A loss analysis shows a small contribution of 0.13 mW/cm2 of the boron diffusion to the recombination loss proving the high quality of this diffusion source. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interface morphology and thermoplasticization behavior of bamboo fibers benzylated with benzyl chloride
Authors: Sun Enhui , Sun Fengwen , Zhang Zhang , Dong Yundan
Published: December 2015

In this study, benzylated bamboo flour (BBF) was synthesized using benzyl chloride under mild conditions. This material can be added to medium density polyethylene (MDPE) as a reinforcing filler material. The crystal structure and properties of the BBF and corresponding BBF/MDPE panels were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, mechanical tests and surface hydrophobicity measurements, and the obtained results are in good agreement. According to the scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction investigations, the crystal structure of the bamboo material disappeared after the addition of benzyl chloride. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis provided further evidence for the successful benzylation. The intensity of the bands attributed to the O—H stretching or deformation vibrations decreased, and the intensity of the bands attributed to the C = O and C—O bonds in the benzyl group increased, which was confirmed by the X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. The volume fraction of the dispersed phase increased dramatically, and the interfacial fusion between the BBF particles and the MDPE matrix improved. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the prepared BBF/MDPE panels were up to 24.21% and 26.73% higher, respectively, compared with panels fabricated from unmodified bamboo flour. Furthermore, the surface hydrophobicity was found to be higher, which confirmed the good interface fusion. The strengthening mechanism is discussed in this paper, and the overall results suggest that BBF is a promising candidate material for the substitution of traditional wood fibers and unmodified bamboo flour in wood plastic composites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletion diagnostics for the generalised linear mixed model with independent random effects
Authors: Ganguli B. , Roy S. Sen , Naskar M. , Malloy E. J. , Eisen E. A.
Published: December 2015

The Generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) is widely used for modelling environmental data. However, such data are prone to influential observations, which can distort the estimated exposure–response curve particularly in regions of high exposure. Deletion diagnostics for iterative estimation schemes commonly derive the deleted estimates based on a single iteration of the full system holding certain pivotal quantities such as the information matrix to be constant. In this paper, we present an approximate formula for the deleted estimates and Cook's distance for the GLMM, which does not assume that the estimates of variance parameters are unaffected by deletion. The procedure allows the user to calculate standardised DFBETAs for mean as well as variance parameters. In certain cases such as when using the GLMM as a device for smoothing, such residuals for the variance parameters are interesting in their own right. In general, the procedure leads to deleted estimates of mean parameters, which are corrected for the effect of deletion on variance components as estimation of the two sets of parameters is interdependent. The probabilistic behaviour of these residuals is investigated and a simulation based procedure suggested for their standardisation. The method is used to identify influential individuals in an occupational cohort exposed to silica. The results show that failure to conduct post model fitting diagnostics for variance components can lead to erroneous conclusions about the fitted curve and unstable confidence intervals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Al Content on the Evolution of Non‐Metallic Inclusions in Si–Mn Deoxidized Steel
Authors: Cai Xiaofeng , Bao Yanping , Lin Lu , Gu Chao
Published: December 2015

Industrial trials and thermodynamic calculations are performed to investigate the effect of Al content on the evolution of non‐metallic inclusions in Si–Mn deoxidized spring steel by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and FactSage thermodynamic software. Sulfide type inclusions and CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO type complex inclusions are two major non‐metallic inclusions. The effect of Al content on the evolution of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO system inclusions is discussed. The stability diagram of Fe–Mn–Si–Al–Mg–O system inclusions is calculated in liquid steel at 1873 K. In practice, to achieve the liquid inclusions in molten steel, both the amount of magnesium and aluminum should be considered simultaneously.
Re: Cervical condition and fetal cerebral Doppler as determinants of adverse perinatal outcome after labor induction for late‐onset small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses. R. Garcia‐Simon, F. Figueras, S. Savchev, E. Fabre, E. Gratacos and D. Oros. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 713–717
Authors: Prior T.
Published: December 2015

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 713–717
Clinical Significance of Splenic Hilar Dissection with Splenectomy in Advanced Proximal Gastric Cancer: An Analysis at a Single Institution in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Kinoshita Takahiro , Enomoto Naoki , Shibasaki Hidehito , Nishida Toshirou
Published: December 2015

Background

Significance of splenic hilar node dissection with splenectomy is now denied for advanced gastric cancer of upper one‐third of the stomach without invasion to the greater curvature by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group 0110, a pivotal randomized study from Japan. However, a question remains for tumors which involve the greater curvature, as this study excluded such tumors.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 421 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative total gastrectomy with splenectomy from 1992 to 2009. The survival curves, state of lymph node (LN) metastasis, and index of the estimated benefit from LN dissection of each station were evaluated according to the tumor location.

Results

The incidence of No. 10 metastasis was 9.3 % (39/421), with 15.9 % in patients with tumors involving the greater curvature (Gre group, n = 132) and 6.2 % in those without (non‐Gre group, n = 289) (P = 0.032). The 5‐year overall survival (OS) of patients with and without No. 10 metastasis was 35.4 and 43.1 % (P = 0.135) in the Gre group and 32.8 and 66.5 % (P = 0.0006) in the non‐Gre group, respectively. The index of No. 10 LN dissection was 5.6 and 2.0 in the Gre and non‐Gre groups, respectively. In the Gre group, the index was relatively higher in patients aged < 65 years, within pT3, and with Borrmann type 4 tumors.

Conclusions

Splenectomy may have a survival benefit when a tumor shows involvement with the greater curvature, especially in relatively young patients and those without serosal exposure.
Using Cross-Classified Structural Equation Models to Examine the Accuracy of Personality Judgments
Authors: Nestler Steffen , Back Mitja D.
Published: December 2015

Whether, when, and why perceivers are able to accurately infer the personality traits of other individuals is a key topic in psychological science. Studies examining this question typically ask a number of perceivers to judge a number of targets with regard to a specific trait. The resulting data are then analyzed by averaging the judgments across perceivers or by computing the respective statistic for each single perceiver. Here, we discuss the limitations of the average-perceiver and single-perceiver approaches. Furthermore, we argue that and illustrate how cross-classified structural equation models can be used for the flexible analysis of accuracy data.
On the Consistency of Q-Matrix Estimation: A Commentary
Authors: Liu Jingchen
Published: December 2015

This commentary concerns the theoretical properties of the estimation procedure in “A General Method of Empirical Q-matrix Validation” by Jimmy de la Torre and Chia-Yi Chiu. It raises the consistency issue of the estimator, proposes some modifications to it, and also makes some conjectures.
Finite time blowup for the parabolic–parabolic Keller–Segel system with critical diffusion
Authors: Laurençot Philippe , Mizoguchi Noriko
Published: December 2015

The present paper is concerned with the parabolic–parabolic Keller–Segel system

\begin{align*}
\partial _{t}u & = \mathrm{div}\left(\mathrm{∇}u^{q + 1}−u\mathrm{∇}v\right), &&t > 0,\ x \in \mathrm{\Omega }, \\
\partial _{t}v & = \mathrm{\Delta }v−\alpha v + u, &&t > 0,\ x \in \mathrm{\Omega }\:, \\
(u,v)(0) & = (u_{0},v_{0}) \geq 0, &&x \in \mathrm{\Omega },
\end{align*}

with degenerate critical diffusion

q = q_{ \star }: = (N−2)/ N

in space dimension

N \geq 3

, the underlying domain

Ω

being either

\mathrm{\Omega } = \mathbb{R}^{N}

or the open ball

\mathrm{\Omega } = B_{R}(0)

of

\mathbb{R}^{N}

with suitable boundary conditions. It has remained open whether there exist solutions blowing up in finite time, the existence of such solutions being known for the parabolic–elliptic reduction with the second equation replaced by

0 = \mathrm{\Delta }v−\alpha v + u

. Assuming that

N = 3,4

and

\alpha > 0

, we prove that radially symmetric solutions with negative initial energy blow up in finite time in

\mathrm{\Omega } = \mathbb{R}^{N}

and in

\mathrm{\Omega } = B_{R}(0)

under mixed Neumann–Dirichlet boundary conditions. Moreover, if

\mathrm{\Omega } = B_{R}(0)

and Neumann boundary conditions are imposed on both

u

and

v

, we show the existence of a positive constant

C

depending only on

N

,

Ω

, and the mass of

u_{0}

such that radially symmetric solutions blow up in finite time if the initial energy does not exceed

−C

. The criterion for finite time blowup is satisfied by a large class of initial data.
The obstacle-mass constraint problem for hyperbolic conservation laws. Solvability
Authors: Amorim Paulo , Neves Wladimir , Rodrigues José Francisco
Published: December 2015

In this work we introduce the obstacle-mass constraint problem for a multidimensional scalar hyperbolic conservation law. We prove existence of an entropy solution to this problem by a penalization/viscosity method. The mass constraint introduces a nonlocal Lagrange multiplier in the penalized equation, giving rise to a nonlocal parabolic problem. We introduce a compatibility condition relating the initial datum and the obstacle function which ensures global in time existence of solution. This is not a smoothness condition, but relates to the propagation of the support of the initial datum.
Lasting performance: Round numbers activate associations of stability and increase perceived length of product benefits
Authors: Pena‐Marin Jorge , Bhargave Rajesh
Published: December 2015

Consumers prefer products that deliver benefits for a longer time. For instance, caffeinated drinks are consumed for energy, but the key characteristic that performs this benefit—caffeine—tends to wear off in its effects. How can marketers communicate the lasting performance of product characteristics? This work proposes that numbers used in conveying product characteristics—round (200 mg) or precise (203 mg)—influence consumers' perception of lasting performance and product attitudes. More specifically, product characteristics described in round (vs. precise) numbers are perceived as performing for a longer time, and this effect is driven by a symbolic association between round numbers and stability. This finding is important because numbers are commonly used in conveying product benefits and past work has mainly documented the advantages of using precise numbers (e.g., higher competence), whereas less is known about when and why using round numbers boosts product attitudes. Three studies, including one with actual consumption, offer triangulating evidence for this prediction and its underlying psychological mechanism. Overall, this work contributes to research on product perception, numerical cognition, and persuasion.
Encontrar sin perderse: ¿se ha frustrado al buscar la información médica que necesita?
Authors: Fernández-Altuna María De los Ángeles , Martínez del Prado Alejandra , Gutiérrez Rayón Diego , Arriarán Rodríguez Elizabeth , Toriz Castillo Héctor Armando , Betancourt Cravioto Miguel , Lifshitz Guinzberg Alberto
Published: December 2015

Introducción: El acceso a la información ha dejado de ser un problema pues actualmente los estudiantes de medicina buscan información en la red. Sin embargo, ante la amplia gama de fuentes de información electrónicas (FIE) disponibles, cada vez es más difícil encontrar la información pertinente. La comunidad académica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) cuenta con valiosas FIE como parte del acervo de su Biblioteca Médica Digital (BMD), pero la experiencia cotidiana indicó que este acervo no se ha utilizado en todo su potencial.
 
Objetivos: Identificar las FIE más relevantes del acervo de información electrónica de la UNAM, en especial de la BMD y sus vias de acceso; aplicar las estrategias de búsqueda de información a través de un ejemplo para recuperación eficiente de información; contribuir a concientizar a la comunidad académica de la Facultad de Medicina sobre la utilidad de recursos disponibles en su BMD.
 
Método: Se realizó un resumen general de las FIE de la UNAM, se revisaron algunas propuestas de estrategias de búsquedas de información y se llevaron a la práctica utilizando las FIE disponibles en la BMD. Se analizaron los resultados determinando qué estrategias fueron mejores, de acuerdo a la utilidad y relevancia de los resultados.
 
Resultados: Mediante el planteamiento de una estrategia exitosa de búsqueda se obtuvo una cantidad reducida (y por tanto más manejable) de unidades de material específico. A través de la BMD se obtuvo entre el 85 y el 100% del material en texto completo. En algunos casos todo el material fue relevante para el tema (PubMed) y en otros la mayoría no lo fue (Scopus y Dynamed). La misma estrategia de búsqueda en algunos de los recursos de la BMD arrojó una gran cantidad de resultados. Se utilizaron «búsquedas avanzadas» para acotar los resultados. No todos los resultados filtrados  fueron relevantes para el tema de investigación. Algunos recursos de la BMD manejan material que es útil solo para ciertos investigadores. Algunos recursos traducen las palabras clave de manera automática.
 
Conclusiones: Conocer y utilizar las estrategias de búsqueda permitió llevar a cabo una recuperación efectiva de información, evitando asi perderse en la información disponible, contribuyó a desarrollar las habilidades informativas y permitió tomar mejores decisiones. El acervo de la BMD es muy valioso. Se ofrecieron estrategias efectivas de búsqueda y recuperación para ser utilizadas por la comunidad de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM.
Serum C-reactive protein levels predict regional brain responses to noxious cold stimulation of the hand in chronic whiplash associated disorders
Authors: Sterling Michele , Head Jessica , Cabot Peter J. , Farrell Michael
Published: December 2015

Background and aims

Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) are a costly health burden. The condition is characterised by sensory disturbances such as widespread hyperalgesia likely indicative of central hyperexcitability. Recently elevated levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers have also found in acute and chronic WAD. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and pain processing in people with persistent whiplash associated disorders (WAD).

Methods

Twenty one participants with chronic whiplash (>3 months) were recruited. Venous blood samples were collected and assays performed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF-α. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast images of the brain were acquired with a Siemens 1.5T MRI scanner during repeated 24 s stimulus blocks of innocuous or painful stimuli (thumbnail pressure and cold stimulation of dorsum of hand) separated by 36 s inter-stimulus intervals. Stimulus intensities used during scanning were at the level of participants’ thresholds for moderate pain. Parameter estimates representing BOLD signal increases during painful events from each participant were tested for associations with inflammatory biomarkers.

Results

Clinically relevant levels of CRP and TNF-α were found in 33% and 38% of participants. Levels of CRP showed a positive correlation with levels of cold pain activation in brain regions including the anterior insula, posterior parietal cortex, caudate and thalamus (p
corrected < 0.05). Levels of TNF-α were not related to activation levels during either noxious pressure or cold. Pressure pain activations also did not show a relationship with CRP levels.

Conclusions

Shared variance between inflammation and increased levels of regional pain-related activation in people with persistent whiplash symptoms is apparent for cold, but not pressure stimuli.

Implications

The results highlight cold pain processing as an important aspect of whiplash chronicity, although the implications of this modality-specific effect are not readily apparent.
Reforming Belgium’s Federalism: Comparing the Views of MPs and Voters
Authors: Reuchamps Min , Sinardet Dave , Dodeigne Jérémy , Caluwaerts Didier
Published: December 2015

Consociational theory posits that political elites in divided societies will show a stronger ‘spirit of accommodation’ than the groups they represent, and that this prudent leadership on behalf of the elites explains why divided societies hold together. Belgium has long been considered to be one of the best examples of such a consociational democracy. Yet in this country the spirit of accommodation of prudent leaders was questioned and discussed publicly during the 2010–11 political gridlock. The question is therefore whether Belgian political elites are indeed less radical and hold less extreme views than voters, as suggested by consociational theory. To explore this question, this article relies on survey data gathered during the historically long government negotiations of 2010–11 between members of all six Belgian assemblies. This original data set on MPs is compared with data on voters gathered in 2009 and 2014 in order to contrast their views on the reform of Belgium’s federalism. The results show that voters are less radical than MPs on this question, but the data also reveal that MPs are strongly divided within communities and also within party. Neither communities nor parties are monolithic blocks.
Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine Wipes for the Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Colonization and Hospital-Acquired Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Randomized Trial in Thailand
Authors: Boonyasiri Adhiratha , Thaisiam Peerapat , Permpikul Chairat , Judaeng Tepnimitr , Suiwongsa Bordeesuda , Apiradeewajeset Napaporn , Fakthongphan Teerawan , Suddee Sunun , Laoagtipparos Wandee , Thamlikitkul Visanu
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effectiveness of daily bathing with 2% chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths in preventing multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-positive bacterial colonization and bloodstream infection.

METHODS

A randomized, open-label controlled trial was conducted in 4 medical intensive care units (ICUs) in Thailand from December 2013 to January 2015. Patients were randomized to receive cleansing with non-antimicrobial soap (control group) or 2% chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths used to wipe the patient’s body once daily (chlorhexidine group). Swabs were taken from nares, axilla, antecubital, groin, and perianal areas on admission and on day 3, 5, 7, and 14. The 5 outcomes were (1) favorable events ( all samples negative throughout ICU admission, or initially positive samples with subsequent negative samples); (2) MDR bacteria colonization-free time; (3) hospital-acquired infection; (4) length of ICU and hospital stay; (5) adverse skin reactions.

RESULTS

A total of 481 patients were randomly assigned to the control group (241) or the chlorhexidine group (240). Favorable events at day 14 were observed in 34.8% of patients in the control group and 28.6% in the chlorhexidine group (P=.79). Median MDR bacteria colonization-free times were 5 days in both groups. The incidence rate of hospital-acquired infection and the length of the ICU and hospital stay did not differ significantly between groups. The incidence of adverse skin reactions in the chlorhexidine group was 2.5%.

CONCLUSION

The effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths for the prevention of MDR gram-negative bacteria colonization and hospital-acquired infection in adult patients in ICU was not proven.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01989416.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):245–253
Democracy, political partisanship, and state capacity in Latin America
Authors: Grassi Davide , Memoli Vincenzo
Published: December 2015

Social scientists have often neglected, or not sufficiently explored, the role of political factors in shaping state capacity. When they did, they mostly focused on key institutional features of political regimes, especially democracy. In this paper, we broaden this approach: besides the institutional traits of democracy, we analyze how governments and their ideologies influence state capacity. In particular, we assess the impact of democracy and executives’ partisanship on a composite index of state capacity, based on political order, administrative ability, and extractive capacity. To this end, we apply a pooled cross-sectional time-series model to 18 Latin American countries between 1995 and 2009. Our findings suggest that, in recent years, state capacity in the region was significantly affected by both democratic features and the ideological bearing of elected governments.
Cashew apple extract inhibition of fat storage and insulin resistance in the diet-induced obesity mouse model
Authors: Beejmohun Vickram , Mignon Cyril , Mazollier Aude , Peytavy-Izard Marie , Pallet Dominique , Dornier Manuel , Chapal Nicolas
Published: December 2015

The cashew apple is an unvalued by-product from the cashew nut industry, of which millions of tonnes are simply discarded globally. Interestingly, however, cashew apple nutrients may have beneficial effects for health even if these are still poorly described. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a hydro-alcoholic extract of cashew apple (cashew apple extract; CAE; Cashewin™) on obesity and diabetes, in two experimental designs using the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. First, in the preventive design, mice were treated orally with the CAE at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight from the first day under a high-fat diet (HFD) and during 8 weeks thereafter. Second, in the curative design, the animals were first maintained under the HFD for 4 weeks and then treated with the CAE for a further 4 weeks under the same regimen. For both experimental designs, body weight, peri-epididymal adipose tissue, liver weight, food consumption, glycaemia, insulinaemia and insulin resistance were assessed. In both designs, the CAE significantly reduced body-weight gain and fat storage in both the peri-epididymal adipose tissue and the liver for mice under the HFD. This was achieved without modifying their energy consumption. Furthermore, glycaemia, insulinaemia and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) of the DIO mice were significantly lowered compared with the control group. Thus, a well-designed hydro-alcoholic extract of cashew apple could provide an attractive nutritional food ingredient to help support the management of body weight and associated metabolic parameters such as blood glucose and insulin levels.
Splendide Mendax: False Label Claims About High and Rising Alcohol Content of Wine
Authors: Alston Julian M. , Fuller Kate B. , Lapsley James T. , Soleas George , Tumber Kabir P.
Published: December 2015

Are wine alcohol labels accurate? If not, why? We explore the high and rising alcohol content of wine and examine incentives for false labeling, including the roles of climate, evolving consumer preferences, and expert ratings. We draw on international time-series data from a large number of countries that experienced different patterns of climate change and influences of policy and demand shifts. We find systematic patterns that suggest that rising wine alcohol content may be a nuisance by-product of producer responses to perceived market preferences for wines having more-intense flavours, possibly in conjunction with evolving climate. (JEL Classifications: D22, L15, L66, Q18, Q54).
Evaluation of a screener to assess diet quality in the Netherlands
Authors: van Lee Linde , Feskens Edith J. M. , Meijboom Saskia , Hooft van Huysduynen Eveline J. C. , van’t Veer Pieter , de Vries Jeanne H. M. , Geelen Anouk
Published: December 2015

Generally, there is a need for short questionnaires to estimate diet quality in the Netherlands. We developed a thirty-four-item FFQ – the Dutch Healthy Diet FFQ (DHD-FFQ) – to estimate adherence to the most recent Dutch guidelines for a healthy diet of 2006 using the DHD-index. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the DHD-index derived from the DHD-FFQ by comparing it with the index based on a reference method and to examine associations with participant characteristics, nutrient intakes and levels of cardiometabolic risk factors. Data of 1235 Dutch men and women, aged between 20 and 70 years, participating in the Nutrition Questionnaires plus study were used. The DHD-index was calculated from the DHD-FFQ and from a reference method consisting of a 180-item FFQ combined with a 24-h urinary Na excretion value. Ranking was studied using Spearman’s correlations, and absolute agreement was studied using a Bland–Altman plot. Nutrient intakes derived from the 180-item FFQ were studied according to quintiles of the DHD-index using DHD-FFQ data. The correlation between the DHD-index derived from the DHD-FFQ and the reference method was 0·56 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·60). The Bland–Altman plot showed a small mean overestimation of the DHD-index derived from the DHD-FFQ compared with the reference method. The DHD-index score was in the favourable direction associated with most macronutrient and micronutrient intakes when adjusted for energy intake. No associations between the DHD-index score and cardiometabolic risk factors were observed. In conclusion, the DHD-index derived from the DHD-FFQ was considered acceptable in ranking but relatively poor in individual assessment of diet quality.
Relevance of fruits, vegetables and flavonoids from fruits and vegetables during early life, mid-childhood and adolescence for levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in young adulthood
Authors: Krupp Danika , Remer Thomas , Penczynski Katharina J. , Bolzenius Katja , Wudy Stefan A. , Buyken Anette E.
Published: December 2015

The growth hormone (GH) insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has been linked to insulin metabolism and cancer risk. Experimental evidence indicates that the GH–IGF axis itself can be influenced by dietary flavonoids. As fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a major source of flavonoid consumption, FV’s beneficial health effects may be explained via flavonoids’ influence on the GH–IGF axis, but observational evidence is currently rare. We used data from Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study participants to analyse prospective associations between FV, fruit intake and flavonoid intake from FV (FlavFV) with IGF-1 and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3. Subjects needed to provide a fasting blood sample in adulthood (18–39 years) and at least two 3-d weighed dietary records in early life (0·5−2 years,n191), mid-childhood (3−7 years,n265) or adolescence (girls: 9−15 years, boys: 10−16 years,n261). Additional analyses were conducted among those providing at least three 24-h urine samples in adolescence (n236) to address the predictor urinary hippuric acid (HA), a biomarker of polyphenol intake. Higher fruit intake in mid-childhood and adolescence was related to higher IGFBP-2 in adulthood (P=0·03 andP=0·045). Comparable trends (P=0·045−0·09) were discernable for FV intake (but not FlavFV) in all three time windows. Similarly, higher adolescent HA excretion tended to be related (P=0·06) to higher adult IGFBP-2 levels. Regarding IGFBP-3, a marginal (P=0·08) positive association was observed with FlavFV in mid-childhood only. None of the investigated dietary factors was related to IGF-1. In conclusion, higher fruit and FV intakes during growth may be relevant for adult IGFBP-2, but probably not for IGFBP-3 or IGF-1.
The Principles of the International Phonetic Association (1949)
Authors:   International Phonetic Association
Published: December 2015

The pages reproduced here constitute the full text of the 1949 version of the Principles of the International Phonetic Association, edited by Daniel Jones: ‘a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages’.