bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Availability and Content Analysis of Smartphone Applications on Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Using Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS)
Authors: Roy Amal , Nayak Prajna Pramod , Shenoy Preeti R. , Somayaji Krishnaraj
Published: November 2022

Purpose of Review

A large number of smartphone applications bring with it cluttering and distorted information. Hence, the aim of this review was to critically evaluate conservative dentistry and endodontics apps among mobile phone apps. Furthermore, the objective was to assess the quality of apps using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). Mobile applications were explored on the Apple App Store (AAS) and Google Play Store (GPS), using search terms and content analysis done using the MARS rating scale which is divided into three categories: app overall quality, app subjective quality, and app specific quality. Statistical analysis used Pearson’s correlations analyzed correlations between app scores and downloads/ratings and ANOVA, to analyze any differences between app focus and mean scores.

Recent Findings

Overall MARS scores ranged from 2 to 4.68 with a mean (SD) of 3.40 (0.79). The highest mean score in engagement (4.8/5) and highest esthetic mean score (4.6/5) were noted with an app named “Denticalc.” The highest functionality score (4.88/5) and information domain (4.7/5) belonged to the “AAE Endocase” app. A positive correlation was seen among average user rating score with app subjective mean score and overall mean scores.

To improve the overall quality of apps, developers must take into account both engaging and necessary features with high-quality, evidence-based information.

Graphical Abstract
Professional Development of Behavior Analysts in Europe: A Snapshot for 21 Countries
Authors: Keenan Mickey , Dillenburger Karola , Konrad Marie-Hélène , Debetencourt Natacha , Vuksan Rea , Kourea Lefki , Pancocha Karel , Kingsdorf Sheri , Brandtberg Henriette Juul , Ozkan Nursel , Abdelnour Helene , Da Costa-Meranda Magali , Schuldt Steffi , Mellon Robert , Herman Alexandra , Tennyson Alan , Ayvazo Shiri , Moderato Paolo , Attard Natasha , Schenk Jacqueline , Budzinska Anna , Virues-Ortega Javier , Roll-Pettersson Lise , Strömberg Dag , Wirth Silja , Escané Charlotte , Glaus-Stuessi Erika , Moskalets Alla , Gallagher Stephen
Published: November 2022

Behavior analysts are not recognized or regulated as a distinct profession in Europe. For the most part, European behavior analysts adhered to the standards set by the U.S.-based Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB). However, the BACB certification has not been recognized officially in any European jurisdiction. The recent decision by the BACB to discontinue eligibility of non-U.S. residents to apply for the BCBA exam by the end of 2022 has brought the issue of professional regulation outside of the United States into sharp focus. This article offers a snapshot in time of professional recognition of behavior analysts in 21 European countries. It stems from the Erasmus+ funded EuroBA project and its Professional Advisory Group (PAG). The EuroBA project aims to develop common standards and competences for behavior analysts to facilitate national regulation and mutual recognition across Europe.
Stato nutrizionale e risposta al trattamento con inibitori tirosino-chinasici nel carcinoma tiroideo avanzato
Authors: Dalmiglio Cristina , Valerio Laura , Brilli Lucia
Published: November 2022

Sommario

L’utilizzo di inibitori tirosino-chinasici (TKI) rappresenta un’importante opzione terapeutica nel trattamento del carcinoma tiroideo metastatico. Il trattamento con tali farmaci è frequentemente associato alla comparsa di eventi avversi che possono compromettere uno stato nutrizionale già precario, tipico di questi pazienti, peggiorandone quindi anche la prognosi. Diversi studi hanno valutato l’impatto dello stato nutrizionale e della presenza di sarcopenia sulla risposta al trattamento e sulla sopravvivenza dei pazienti oncologici. Tali parametri sembrano correlare con la prognosi e la sopravvivenza nei pazienti oncologici.
Evaluating the validity of animal models of mental disorder: from modeling syndromes to modeling endophenotypes
Authors: van den Berg Hein
Published: November 2022

This paper provides a historical analysis of a shift in the way animal models of mental disorders were conceptualized: the shift from the mid-twentieth-century view, adopted by some, that animal models model syndromes classified in manuals such as theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM), to the later widespread view that animal models model component parts of psychiatric syndromes. I argue that in the middle of the twentieth century the attempt to maximize the face validity of animal models sometimes led to the pursuit of the ideal of an animal model that represented a behaviorally defined psychiatric syndrome as described in manuals such as theDSM. I show how developments within psychiatric genetics and related criticism of theDSMin the 1990s and 2000s led to the rejection of this ideal and how researchers in the first decade of the twenty-first century came to believe that animal models of mental disorders should model component parts of mental disorders, adopting a so-called endophenotype approach.
Computing zeta functions of algebraic curves using Harvey’s trace formula
Authors: Kyng Madeleine
Published: November 2022

We present a new method for computing the zeta function of an algebraic curve over a finite field. The algorithm relies on a trace formula of Harvey to count points on a plane model of the curve. The zeta function of the curve is then obtained by making corrections at singular points. We report on an implementation and provide some examples in MAGMA which demonstrate an improvement over Tuitman’s algorithm.
Autofluoreszenz der Nebenschilddrüsen in der Schilddrüsenchirurgie
Authors: Arikan Melisa , Scheuba Christian , Riss Philipp
Published: November 2022

Eine Unterfunktion der Nebenschilddrüsen (postoperativer Hypoparathyreoidismus) ist die häufigste Komplikation in der Schilddrüsenchirurgie. Obwohl sie zumeist nur vorübergehend besteht, kann sie zu einer starken Einschränkung der Lebensqualität führen. Um die Rate an temporärem und permanentem Hypoparathyreoidismus zu vermindern, kann zur intraoperativen Erkennung der Nebenschilddrüsen die Nahinfrarot-Autofluoreszenz(NIRAF)-Bildgebung verwendet werden. Die Overlay-Ansicht stellt hierbei eine Weiterentwicklung der bisherigen NIRAF-Bildgebung dar, die durch die Überlappung von Nahinfrarot und Weißlicht entsteht und sich somit von der klassischen Schwarz-weiß-Ansicht unterscheidet.
A brief review on algorithmic fairness
Authors: Wang Xiaomeng , Zhang Yishi , Zhu Ruilin
Published: November 2022

Machine learning algorithms are widely used in management systems in different fields, such as employee recruitment, loan provision, disease diagnosis, etc., and even in some risky decision-making areas, playing an increasingly crucial role in decisions affecting people’s lives and social development. However, the use of algorithms for automated decision-making can cause unintentional biases that lead to discrimination against certain specific groups. In this context, it is crucial to develop machine learning algorithms that are not only accurate but also fair. There is an extensive discussion of algorithmic fairness in the existing literature. Many scholars have proposed and tested definitions of fairness and attempted to address the problem of unfairness or discrimination in algorithms. This review aims to outline different definitions of algorithmic fairness and to introduce the procedure for constructing fair algorithms to enhance fairness in machine learning. First, this review divides the definitions of algorithmic fairness into two categories, namely, awareness-based fairness and rationality-based fairness, and discusses existing representative algorithmic fairness concepts and notions based on the two categories. Then, metrics for unfairness/discrimination identification are summarized and different unfairness/discrimination removal approaches are discussed to facilitate a better understanding of how algorithmic fairness can be implemented in different scenarios. Challenges and future research directions in the field of algorithmic fairness are finally concluded.
Does Pesticide Regulation Impact the Export Competitiveness of Major Global Cocoa Producers?
Authors: Akin-Olagunju Olaide , Falusi Abiodun , Yusuf Sulaiman , Okoruwa Victor
Published: November 2022

Several methods are used to evaluate competitiveness, but the non-inclusion of quality measures, despite their importance in international product markets, gives less credence to such assessments. This study evaluates export competitiveness in the cocoa sector from the context of pesticide regulations. Such regulations are now increasingly common, due to their perceived benefits for humans, animals, and the environment. The results of our study show that cocoa-exporting countries stand to derive more earnings if standards are harmonized at the Codex level. Adherence to international standards, as reflected in large standard-scaled trade values, enhances competitiveness: yet compliance capacity must be matched with a sustainable increase in output for higher competitiveness. In addition to stepping up advocacy for the adoption of the Codex standard or its variants, cocoa-exporting countries need to diversify into different markets to balance quality and quantity requirements for improved earnings.
Sunni City
Authors: Gade Tine
Published: November 2022

Tripoli, Lebanon's 'Sunni City' is often presented as an Islamist or even Jihadi city. However, this misleading label conceals a much deeper history of resistance and collaboration with the state and the wider region. Based on more than a decade of fieldwork and using a broad array of primary sources, Tine Gade analyses the modern history of Tripoli, exploring the city's contentious politics, its fluid political identity, and the relations between Islamist and sectarian groups. Offering an alternative explanation for Tripoli's decades of political troubles – rather than emphasizing Islamic radicalism as the principal explanation – she argues that it is Lebanese clientelism and the decay of the state that produced the rise of violent Islamist movements in Tripoli. By providing a corrective to previous assumptions, this book not only expands our understanding of Lebanese politics, but of the wider religious and political dynamics in the Middle East.
An Introduction to Special Relativity for Radiation and Plasma Physics
Authors: Tallents Greg
Published: November 2022

This textbook introduces the topic of special relativity, with a particular emphasis upon light-matter interaction and the production of light in plasma. The physics of special relativity is intuitively developed and related to the radiative processes of light. The book reviews the underlying theory of special relativity, before extending the discussion to applications frequently encountered by postgraduates and researchers in astrophysics, high power laser interactions and the users of specialized light sources, such as synchrotrons and free electron lasers. A highly pedagogical approach is adopted throughout, and numerous exercises are included within each chapter to reinforce the presentation of key concepts and applications of the material.
W. E. B. Du Bois: International Thought
Authors: Du Bois W. E. B.
Published: November 2022

W. E. B. Du Bois was one of the most significant American political thinkers of the twentieth century. This volume collects 24 of his essays and speeches on international themes, spanning the years 1900-1956. These key texts reveal Du Bois's distinctive approach to the problem of empire and demonstrate his continued importance in our current global context. The volume charts the development of Du Bois's anti-imperial thought, drawing attention to his persistent concern with the relationship between democracy and empire and illustrating the divergent inflections of this theme in the context of a shifting geopolitical terrain; unprecedented political crises, especially during the two world wars; and new opportunities for transnational solidarity. With a critical introduction and extensive editorial notes, W.E.B. Du Bois: International Thought conveys both the coherence and continuity of Du Bois's international thought across his long life and the tremendous range and variety of his preoccupations, intellectual sources, and interlocutors.
Between Market Economy and State Capitalism
Authors: Gao Henry , Zhou Weihuan
Published: November 2022

One major issue facing the world trading system today is how to deal with the challenge of China's state capitalism. Many commentators believe that the existing WTO rules are insufficient and, thus new rules are needed. This book challenges this conventional wisdom. Through meticulous studies and fresh analysis of the commitments in China's WTO accession package, existing rules on state capitalism in WTO agreements and recent attempts to make new rules on these issues at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels, this book argues that existing WTO rules, especially those on subsidies, coupled with China-specific rules in its accession protocol, do provide feasible tools to counter China's state capitalism. This book also discusses the reasons for the lack of usage of these rules and provides concrete policy suggestions on how the rules may be better utilized, as well as how to conduct constructive negotiations on new rules in the WTO and beyond.
Sectarianism in Islam
Authors: Gaiser Adam R.
Published: November 2022

Sectarian divisions within the Islamic world have long been misunderstood and misconstrued by the media and the general public. In this book, Adam R. Gaiser offers an accessible introduction to the main Muslim sects and schools, returning to the roots of the sectarian divide in the Medieval period. Beginning with the death of Muhammed and the ensuing debate over who would succeed him, Gaiser outlines how the umma (Muslim community) came to be divided. He traces the history of the main Muslim sects and schools – the Sunnis, Shi'ites, Kharijites, Mu'tazila and Murji'a – and shows how they emerged, developed, and diverged from one another. Exploring how medieval Muslims understood the idea of 'sect', Gaiser challenges readers to consider the usefulness and scope of the concept of 'sectarianism' in this historical context. Providing an overview of the main Muslim sects while problematising the assumptions of previous scholarship, this is a valuable resource for both new and experienced readers of Islamic history.
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Changes Relate to Gait Issues in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Nathoo Nabeela , Gee Myrlene , Nelles Krista , Burt Jacqueline , Sun Hongfu , Seres Peter , Wilman Alan H. , Beaulieu Christian , Ba Fang , Camicioli Richard
Published: November 2022

Background:

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) demonstrates elevated iron content in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients within the basal ganglia, though it has infrequently been studied in relation to gait difficulties including freezing of gait (FOG). Our purpose was to relate QSM of basal ganglia and extra-basal ganglia structures with qualitative and quantitative gait measures in PD.

Methods:

This case–control study included PD and cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants from the Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia study. Whole brain QSM was acquired at 3T. Region of interests (ROIs) were drawn blinded manually in the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and dentate nucleus. Susceptibilities of ROIs were compared between PD and CU. Items from the FOG questionnaire and quantitative gait measures from PD participants were compared to susceptibilities.

Results:

Twenty-nine participants with PD and 27 CU participants were included. There was no difference in susceptibility values in any ROI when comparing CU versus PD (p > 0.05 for all). PD participants with gait impairment (n = 23) had significantly higher susceptibility in the putamen (p = 0.008), red nucleus (p = 0.01), and caudate nucleus (p = 0.03) compared to those without gait impairment (n = 6). PD participants with FOG (n = 12) had significantly higher susceptibility in the globus pallidus (p = 0.03) compared to those without FOG (n = 17). Among quantitative gait measures, only stride time variability was significantly different between those with and without FOG (p = 0.04).

Conclusion:

Susceptibilities in basal ganglia and extra-basal ganglia structures are related to qualitative measures of gait impairment and FOG in PD.
CTSA Search Solutions: A novel approach to searching CTSA hub website content
Authors: Tafuto Barbara , Vyas Riddhi , Pruis Trish
Published: November 2022

Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) hub websites are a critical communication gateway to assist the clinical and translational science community and promote CTSA hub offerings. The objective of this funded pilot project was to create a website and online database for the CTSA consortium that allows users to conduct structured searches among the 50 + CTSA hub websites. The result is CTSA Search Solutions, an online, searchable database that includes access to 50 + CTSA hub websites with 80+ structured search term options and over 800 links collected, organized, and published. Hubs can be searched by name and filtered by a specific CTSA topic, state, region, or even number of years funded to make detailed comparisons with the data identified. The home page for each hub can be accessed directly from the search page. The CTSA Search Solutions online database will allow for a wide breadth of CTSA personnel (core leads, researchers, administrators, communicators, and evaluators) to find consolidated information to learn about specific CTSA hub program highlights, as well as conduct research into program hub outputs and best practices across the nationwide CTSA consortium.
The diffuselet concept for scalar mixing
Authors: Meunier Patrice , Villermaux Emmanuel
Published: November 2022

The advection–diffusion of a small surface element of scalar in three dimensions (or of a small line element in two dimensions) is solved analytically thanks to the Ranz transform (Ranz, AIChE J., vol. 25, issue 1, 1979, pp. 41–47). As the quantum or elementary brick of any complex mixture, we call this element a diffuselet. Its evolution is computed numerically from the integration of the velocity gradient along the trajectory, as classically done for the Lyapunov exponents. The concentration profile across the diffuselet is obtained from the product of its initial orientation with a dimensionless tensor. Averaging over all initial orientations yields simple formulae for the mean scalar variance and the scalar probability distribution function (p.d.f.). This technique is then applied to two-dimensional and three-dimensional sine flows, in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations. For these simple flows, the temporal integration is obtained analytically leading to simple integrals for the scalar variance and p.d.f. Statistics of stretching rates are calculated as well. The Lyapunov exponent is close to the value for short-time correlated flows (Kraichnan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 64, issue 4, 1974, pp. 737–762) in the case of a small displacement during each step; it is close to the value for a simple shear in the case of a large displacement. The p.d.f. of stretching factors are log normal with a ratio between the mean and the variance equal to half the dimension of space for small displacements (in agreement with Kraichnan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 64, issue 4, 1974, pp. 737–762), but increases strongly for large displacements.
Expanding the boundaries of the local: entrepreneurial municipalism and migration governance in Turkey
Authors: Özçürümez Saime , Hoxha Julinda
Published: November 2022

This study investigates why and how entrepreneurial municipalism is manifested in the case of Turkey despite limited local government autonomy and capacity in the area of migration governance. This article suggests four entrepreneurial strategies to understand and explain the variation in municipal practices: local networking, community engagement, organizational adaptation, and city branding. The most common strategies adopted by municipalities are local networking and community engagement often based on external funding alternatives that bring rapid and locally contingent, yet less durable and future-oriented solutions to challenges of forced displacement in urban settings. Against this background, this article highlights the importance of pathways that cultivate a culture of diversity and inclusion in the context of sustainable local integration by investing more resources in organizational adaptation and city branding. Finally, this study suggests redefining the concept of municipal capacity in terms of performance by focusing on the entrepreneurial strategies employed by local governments in their day-to-day practices.
Harmful Side Effects: How Government Restrictions against Transnational Civil Society Affect Global Health
Authors: Heinzel Mirko , Koenig-Archibugi Mathias
Published: November 2022

Governments have increasingly adopted laws restricting the activities of international non-governmental organizations INGOs within their borders. Such laws are often intended to curb the ability of critical INGOs to discover and communicate government failures and abuses to domestic and international audiences. They can also have the unintended effect of reducing the presence and activities of INGOs working on health issues, and depriving local health workers and organizations of access to resources, knowledge and other forms of support. This study assesses whether legislative restrictions on INGOs are associated with fewer health INGOs in a wide range of countries and with the ability of those countries to mitigate disability-adjusted life years lost because of twenty-one disease categories between 1993 and 2017. The findings indicate that restrictive legislation hampered efforts by civil society to lighten the global burden of disease and had adverse side effects on the health of citizens worldwide.
Migrating Minority: Persecution Politics in Transnational Perspective
Authors: Lukasik Candace
Published: November 2022

Every June, Coptic Solidarity, a lobbying organization, holds an annual conference in Washington, DC, with the aim of raising awareness of the persecution of Coptic and other Middle Eastern Christians. The Copt-run organization reaches out to American politicians, religious leaders, and advocates of human rights and religious freedom. During their 2016 conference, a panel entitled “What is the Future of Egypt's Minorities?” sparked a heated debate. Panelist Fatima Naoot, a secular, liberal Muslim activist from Egypt, was firm in her commentary that Copts are not a minority in Egypt because they are an integral part of its character. “It's impossible to say that there is a Coptic minority in Egypt because Coptic is not simply a religion, but also an ethnic category that forms the basis of Egyptian identity. Therefore, if Copts are citizens [of Egypt], they cannot be part of a minority.” An organizer for Coptic Solidarity emphatically disagreed with Naoot, speaking from the audience during the Q&A period: “We are the indigenous people of Egypt, of course! But we are also a minority in Egypt and we are persecuted, whether we are citizens or not. Because of persecution, we are here [in the US] because our people are a persecuted minority there!” Naoot responded, admitting that there was discrimination but insisting that Copts are not a minority in Egypt because they are integral, as one of the ethno-religious peoples of Egypt, to the abstract idea of the Egyptian nation and therefore to Egyptian citizenship. She concluded with the following clarification: “In Egypt, you are not [a minority], but here in America you are!”
Ambivalence to Things Armenian in Middle Eastern Studies and the War on Artsakh in 2020
Authors: Der Matossian Bedross
Published: November 2022

For decades Armenian studies has been marginalized in Middle Eastern, Turkish, Iranian, and Ottoman studies for political and ideological reasons.1 Ignorance and reluctance to understand the field also have contributed to this marginalization. Some scholars viewed the field as an archaic one, remote from the above-mentioned fields. Whereas some only thought of Armenian studies as part of Caucasian studies, others did not want to be associated with Armenian studies due to its research focus on the Armenian Genocide, concerned that any such association might endanger their access to the Ottoman archives or be tainted as advocating an “Armenian point of view.” However, in the past two decades the situation has started to change, as a new generation of young scholars, few in number and mostly based in the West (with a few in Turkey), have embarked on diverse research projects to understand the history and the culture of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and the Arab Middle East. Although these have only scratched the surface, they should be welcomed as an honest approach to understanding the history and contribution of the Armenians to the region that goes beyond the approach of “good Armenian, bad Armenian” that was endemic to Ottoman and Turkish studies during the Cold War period.2 Although the new trend tends to concentrate on the 19th and early 20th centuries, it should be considered a welcome step.
At the Crossroads of What? Refugee Histories, the Middle East, and the South Caucasus
Authors: Laycock Jo
Published: November 2022

The “crossroads” is a recurring trope in popular and academic writing on the South Caucasus. This trope can conjure simplistic explanatory frameworks of timeless “silk road” connectivity, or of the region as a meeting point of East and West, democracy and authoritarianism, or Christianity and Islam. However, it also is evocative of the powerful ways that the movement of people, goods, and ideas across the region have shaped its past and present. In this contribution I explore how histories of migration and refugees connect the South Caucasus and the Middle East, and what these histories may tell us about the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: In Search of the Missing Armenians of Turkish/Ottoman Art Historiography with a Decolonizing Eye
Authors: Davidian Vazken Khatchig
Published: November 2022

One late morning in June 2019 I sought refuge from the blazing sun within the magnificent structure of the 10th-century Church of the Holy Mother of God, better known as the cathedral of the medieval Armenian capital of Ani.1 The cathedral, the masterpiece of the celebrated architect Trdat, is located inside the walled city, today a sprawling site of ruins perched at the extreme edge of the modern Republic of Turkey on its still-closed border with neighboring Armenia. Despite having lost its dome to the ravages of time and to earthquakes, its edifice still stands monumental, with exterior and interior walls marked with hundreds of crosses and inscriptions in the distinct Armenian script, a history carved in stone. In its shade, I had stumbled into a group of two dozen Turkish tourists, who, visibly in awe of their surroundings, were attentively listening to their guide attribute the building to, and praise the splendors of, Seljuk architecture. The surreal experience took me right back to the travel writer Jeremy Seal's recollections of his visit, some twenty-five years prior, to the then-ruined (now renovated) Church of the Holy Cross on the island of Aghtamar (renamed Akdamar) near Van. Perplexed at the structure being described as Seljuk, Seal had confronted his companion-guide as to why the Seljuks, of Muslim faith, would have built themselves a church in that place, centuries before their arrival to the region. He recognized having been “taught a lesson in forgetting,” on how to airbrush “the awkward realities enshrined in this building.” “How had it come to this,” Seal wondered, “that decent Turks . . . could refashion the evidence of bricks and mortar so that their absolving view of national history might prevail?”2
The Existential Threat of Academic Bias: The Institutionalization of Anti-Assyrian Rhetoric
Authors: Donabed Sargon
Published: November 2022

Epistemic violence, that is, violence exerted against or through knowledge, is probably one of the key elements in any process of domination. It is not only through the construction of exploitative economic links or the control of the politico-military apparatuses that domination is accomplished, but also and, I would argue, most importantly through the construction of epistemic frameworks that legitimise and enshrine those practices of domination.1
Conformity versus transmission in animal cultures
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: November 2022

The principal contrasts that Jagiello et al. highlight are among many cultural transmission biases we now know of. I suggest they are also reflected more widely in social learning decisions among nonhuman animal cultures governing whether cultural innovations spread, or are instead over-ridden by immigrants' conformity in their new group. Such conformity may serve either informational or social-integrative functions.
Revisiting an extant framework: Concerns about culture and task generalization
Authors: Fong Frankie T. K. , Nielsen Mark , Legare Cristine H.
Published: November 2022

The target article elaborates upon an extant theoretical framework, “Imitation and Innovation: The Dual Engines of Cultural Learning.” We raise three major concerns: (1) There is limited discussion of cross-cultural universality and variation; (2) overgeneralization of overimitation and omission of other social learning types; and (3) selective imitation in infants and toddlers is not discussed.
Creativity and tradition: Music and bifocal stance theory
Authors: Loui Psyche , Margulis Elizabeth Hellmuth
Published: November 2022

We argue that music can serve as a time-sensitive lens into the interplay between instrumental and ritual stances in cultural evolution. Over various timescales, music can switch between pursuing an end goal or not, and between presenting a causal opacity that is resolvable, or not. With these fluctuations come changes in the motivational structures that drive innovation versus copying.
Can bifocal stance theory explain children's selectivity in active information transmission?
Authors: Bazhydai Marina , Karadağ Didar
Published: November 2022

To shed light on the key premise of the bifocal stance theory (BST) that social learners flexibly take instrumental and ritual stances, we focus on developmental origins of child-led information transmission, or teaching, as a core social learning strategy. We highlight children's emerging selectivity in information transmission influenced by epistemic and social factors and call for systematic investigation of proposed stance-taking.
Culture is an optometrist: Cultural contexts adjust the prescription of social learning bifocals
Authors: Clegg Jennifer M. , Wen Nicole J. , Rawlings Bruce
Published: November 2022

The “prescription” of humans' social learning bifocals is fine-tuned by cultural norms and, as a result, the readiness with which the instrumental or conventional lenses are used to view behavior differs across cultures. We present evidence for this possibility from cross-cultural work examining children's imitation and innovation.
Action sequences, habits, and attention in copying strategies
Authors: Perez Omar D.
Published: November 2022

Understanding how culture evolves in society is an extremely difficult task. The bifocal stance theory (BST) deploys two copying strategies which can be linked to dual-system theories of behavior. BST would benefit from incorporating results from these theories, such as the evolution of attention to goals or steps of a behavioral sequence, and the role of the environment in prompting different copying strategies.
The ritual stance does not apply to magic in general
Authors: Hong Ze
Published: November 2022

Contrary to the author's proposed classification scheme, I argue that most magical practices are better viewed as “instrumental” rather than “ritualistic.” Much ethnographic and historical evidence shows that magicians and ritual experts often have elaborate causal theories regarding how magic actions lead to the putative outcome, and the “physical/mechanical” versus “supernatural” distinction in causal mechanisms needs serious reconsideration.
Informal care-givers' attitudes towards medical assistance in dying for persons with dementia
Authors: Bravo Gina , Van den Block Lieve , Downie Jocelyn , Arcand Marcel , Kaasalainen Sharon , Pautex Sophie , Trottier Lise
Published: November 2022

Medical assistance in dying (MAID) is legal in Canada but cannot be accessed through an advance request. Some data suggest that informal care-givers of persons with dementia support the legalisation of advance requests for MAID. Opponents argue that care-givers' support is due to society's failure to address their well-documented burden and unmet needs. To our knowledge, this assumption has never been tested. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey among 204 Canadian informal care-givers of persons with dementia to (a) elicit their attitudes towards allowing no longer competent adults to access MAID through an advance request, and (b) test the hypothesis that attitudes are in part driven by the level of burden experienced by care-givers and unmet needs for support. Attitudes were elicited with a clinical vignette involving a woman with Alzheimer's disease who requests MAID while still competent, or through an advance request for the time after she would lose decisional capacity. Informal care-givers' support for MAID ranged from 60 per cent in the scenario where the person is still competent and likely has several more years to live, to 87 per cent when she is depicted as no longer competent, in severe distress and close to death. Quality-of-life considerations and the value of self-determination were key arguments in support of legalising advance requests for MAID. Using multivariable logistic regression, we found no evidence that burden and unmet support needs influence attitudes towards advance requests for MAID, after controlling for other determinants. These findings contribute new insights into people's attitudes towards the sensitive issue of whether MAID should be extended to persons with dementia-induced decisional incapacity.
Context-Dependent Learning of Linguistic Disjunction
Authors: JASBI Masoud , JAGGI Akshay , CLARK Eve V. , FRANK Michael C.
Published: November 2022

What are the constraints, cues, and mechanisms that help learners create successful word-meaning mappings? This study takes up linguistic disjunction and looks at cues and mechanisms that can help children learn the meaning of or. We first used a large corpus of parent-child interactions to collect statistics on or uses. Children started producing or between 18-30 months and by 42 months, their rate of production reached a plateau. Second, we annotated for the interpretation of disjunction in child-directed speech. Parents used or mostly as exclusive disjunction, typically accompanied by rise-fall intonation and logically inconsistent disjuncts. But when these two cues were absent, disjunction was generally not exclusive. Our computational modeling suggests that an ideal learner could successfully interpret an English disjunction (as exclusive or not) by mapping forms to meanings after partitioning the input according to the intonational and logical cues available in child-directed speech.
An Empire of ‘Growth and Nurture’: Agriculture, Documentary Film, and Development in Britain's Empire Marketing Board, 1926–1933
Authors: Erickson Paul
Published: November 2022

Writing in the mid-1940s, the British civil servant Sir Stephen Tallents would reflect that the interwar period saw a shift in terms of how ‘thoughtful Britons’ viewed their empire: less in terms of ‘machinery and organisation’ and more in terms of ‘growth and nurture’. This essay interprets Tallents’ remarkable observation in light of the history of an organisation with which his career was closely associated: the Empire Marketing Board (1926–33). By examining together the diverse activities of this organisation, which ranged from funding agricultural, ecological, and economic research to producing documentary films, this essay contextualises the emergence of Tallents’ view of imperial growth and development.
The Fascist Temptation: British and Italian Imperial Entanglements in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Rappas Alexis
Published: November 2022

This article reveals how, in the interwar period, British colonial authorities in Cyprus borrowed from the combination of political authoritarianism and economic development characterising Italian rule in the neighbouring Dodecanese, as both a solution to Greek irredentism and an administration suitable to ‘Mediterranean populations’. British authorities shunned, nonetheless, the chronopolitics and biopolitics buttressing fascist governance, which aimed at the political and cultural assimilation of Dodecanesians into the Italian national community. In conversation with the literature on imperial formations, the article therefore highlights the forms and limitations of the circulation of administrative practices and ideas across European colonial boundaries.
Redefining Fiumians: Flag Usage and the Ambiguities of the Nation-Building Process in the Former Habsburg-Hungarian corpus separatum, 1914–1924
Authors: Jeličić Ivan
Published: November 2022

In the late Habsburg period, Fiume's municipal flag became the representative symbol of local patriotism. This article argues that local patriotism in Fiume was a form of identification that combined features of modern nationalism with loyalties to the Habsburg Empire. With the disappearance of the dual monarchy and the subsequent transition period (1918–24), the Fiumian flag was redefined and contested both as a symbol of Italian irredentism realised through annexation and of Fiume's independence by local autonomists. Thus, the article demonstrates how local patriotism survived the empire's dissolution and how attachment to a locality was a significant feature of European political life in general during that period.
Healthcare Priorities: The “Young” and the “Old”
Authors: Davies Ben
Published: November 2022

Some philosophers and segments of the public think age is relevant to healthcare priority-setting. One argument for this is based in equity: “Old” patients have had either more of a relevant good than “young” patients or enough of that good and so have weaker claims to treatment. This article first notes that some discussions of age-based priority that focus in this way on old and young patients exhibit an ambiguity between two claims: that patients classified as old should have a low priority, and that patients classified as young should have high priority. The author next argues, drawing on a problem raised by Christine Overall, that equity cannot justify giving “old” patients low priority, since there is wide variety in the total lifetime experiences of older people, partly influenced by gender, race, class, and disability injustice. Finally, the author suggests that there might be a limited role for age-based prioritization in the context of infant and childhood death, since those who die in childhood are always and uncontroversially among the worst-off.
The benefits and barriers of geographical indications to producers: A review
Authors: Cardoso Vitória Aparecida , Lourenzani Ana Elisa Bressan Smith , Caldas Marcellus Marques , Bernardo Cristiane Hengler Corrêa , Bernardo Roberto
Published: November 2022

Consumers are increasingly demanding information regarding the characteristics of products, their place of origin and methods of production. A Geographical Indication (GI) can be understood as a way to meet these demands, as it protects the origin of the product, as well as its characteristics. In addition to contributing to territorial development, GI signs have the potential to add value to products and help producers to become more competitive. However, some authors argue that there are barriers that can prevent the benefits of GI from reaching producers. Therefore, this article aims to identify the barriers and benefits of GI for producers. To reach this end, a Systematic Literature Review was carried out. As a result, it was observed that among the main benefits offered by the GI are higher prices, access to markets and preservation of cultural identity. Regarding the challenges, it was highlighted the existence of inefficient institutions, organizational problems, power asymmetry and appropriation of value by the most powerful agents of the supply chain. To conclude, this paper shows that the difficulties and benefits of GI to producers are not absolute and vary from region to region. In this sense, further research on the impact of GI, especially in developing countries, is necessary. The results here presented may be used as a base for future research that search to identify the importance of GI for producers and may also contribute to the development of actions or public policies related to GI.
Thematic analysis using the Schwartz values theory: exploring the use of values appeals in persuasive speech during COVID-19 in Australia
Authors: Botterill Linda Courtenay , Lewis Niobe
Published: November 2022

The Schwartz theory of personal values has been used extensively, and almost exclusively quantitatively, by researchers to increase understanding of the impact of values on human behaviour. While it provides a well-tested methodology and common language, the approach has been limited by its reliance on survey work, in which the researcher asks participants questions of interest, and then correlates these with respondents’ self-reporting of their values. There is limited qualitative work that has drawn on the insights of the Schwartz theory. The main exception is based on a lexicon of values words derived from Schwartz’s work which has been used to identify dominant societal values across time. We are proposing that the Schwartz theory can also be used to analyse values appeals in persuasive speech. Using thematic analysis of an example of political persuasion, we illustrate how Schwartz’s values work can be further adapted for qualitative research.
Modeling the Effects of Drift Orbit Bifurcation on Radiation Belt Electrons
Authors: Huang Jinbei , Tu Weichao , Eshetu W. W.
Published: November 2022

Drift orbit bifurcation (DOB) has been suggested to play a major role in the loss and transport of radiation belt electrons since it violates the second adiabatic invariants of particles and makes the third invariant undefined. Results from our guiding‐center test particle simulations using the Tsyganenko‐1989c magnetic field model show that the DOB could affect a broad region of the outer radiation belt, which can penetrate inside the geosynchronous orbit at Kp ≥ 3, and its effects are more significant further away from the Earth, at a higher Kp and for higher electron energies. Specifically, the short‐term simulation results after one electron drift show both traditional and nontraditional DOB transport of electrons, with the nontraditional DOB, caused by a third minimum of the magnetic field strength near the equator, reported here for the first time. Moreover, our results show large ballistic jumps in the second invariant and radial distance for electrons at high equatorial pitch angles after one drift. In addition, long‐term DOB transport coefficients of electrons over many drifts are calculated based on our simulation results. We find that the pitch angle and radial diffusion coefficients of electrons due to DOB could be comparable to or even larger than those caused by electron interactions with chorus and Ultra‐Low‐Frequency waves, respectively. In sum, our results demonstrate that DOB could cause effective loss and transport of radiation belt electrons even in the absence of waves.
Spatially Varying in CO2 Concentrations Regulates Carbon Uptake in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Peng Jing , Dan Li , Ying Kairan , Xu Dan , Tang Xiba
Published: November 2022

Against the current climate change background, the mid–high latitudes (>23.7°N) of the Northern Hemisphere have experienced an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which is higher than the global average. An Beijing Normal University–Earth System Model was used in this study to estimate the carbon uptake in the mid–high latitudes from 2031 to 2060 under the SSP5‐8.5 future emissions scenario. Results showed that, in the high latitudes, non‐uniform CO2 led to a reduction in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) by −0.1 Pg C yr−1. This mainly resulted from a 1.5‐fold greater increase in heterotrophic respiration than in net primary productivity (NPP). In the mid‐latitudes, meanwhile, the decrease in carbon uptake was generally due to a two‐fold greater decrease in NPP than heterotrophic respiration. The decrease in precipitation was closely correlated with local carbon uptake, which could explain this decrease in NPP. It was further found that, in East Asia, changes in atmospheric circulation induced by the non‐uniform CO2 might have reduced the amount of large‐scale precipitation by −9 mm yr−1. This reduction was the primary contributor (98%) to the decrease in overall precipitation, possibly strengthening the limitation of water on plant growth, which would cause a decline in NEP. In the future, it is suggested that such spatially varying CO2 concentrations should be assessed for possible impacts on local carbon uptake.
Spanning the Gap From Bulk to Bin: A Novel Spectral Microphysics Method
Authors: de Jong E. K. , Bischoff T. , Nadim A. , Schneider T.
Published: November 2022

Microphysics methods for climate models and numerical weather prediction typically track one, two, or three moments of a droplet size distribution for various categories of liquid, ice, and aerosol. Such methods rely on conversion parameters between these categories, which introduces uncertainty into predictions. While higher‐fidelity options such as bin and Lagrangian schemes exist, they require too many degrees of freedom for climate modeling applications and introduce numerical challenges. Here we introduce a flexible spectral microphysics method based on collocation of basis functions. This method generalizes to a linear bulk scheme when using few basis functions and to a smoothed bin scheme with more degrees of freedom. Tested in an idealized box setting, the method improves spectral accuracy for droplet collision‐coalescence and may eliminate the need for precipitation autoconversion rates required by bulk methods; furthermore, it generalizes well to multimodal distributions with less complexity than a bin method. The potential to extend this collocation representation to multiple hydrometeor classes suggests a path forward to unify liquid, ice, and aerosol microphysics in a single, flexible, computational framework for climate modeling.