bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Light on the Response of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Two Weed Species to Metribuzin
Authors: Pritchard M. K. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

The response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Chico III’), jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL.), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) to postemergence applications of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] applied after cloudy weather was determined by shading the plants artificially before field application of the herbicide. One day of 76% actual shade reduced the tolerance of tomato, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf to metribuzin, and 3 days of shade further reduced plant tolerance to the herbicide. The GR50values showed that tomato was about 30 times more tolerant than jimsonweed and about 40 times more tolerant than velvetleaf to metribuzin. After 3 days of shade, 2 or 3 days of sunshine were required to return tomato to its full tolerance to metribuzin. After 3 days of cloudy weather, metribuzin applied at about 55% of the normal dose should control jimsonweed and velvetleaf. Weather conditions before postemergence applications of metribuzin will determine the appropriate timing of application and the herbicide dose.
Germination Response of Weed Seeds to Soil Nitrate and Ammonium With and Without Simulated Overwintering
Authors: Schimpf David J. , Palmblad Ivan G.
Published: May 2019

Moist-chilled and freshly harvested seeds of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.] were tested for germination responses to soil ammonium and nitrate. A controlled environment was used to simulate overwintering and germination conditions in the field. The results suggest that no alteration of weed germination behavior should be expected in the crop ecosystems studied if ammonium plus nitrification inhibitor replaces other fertilizer systems which result in substantial levels of nitrate in the soil solution. The only germination effect was one of nitrate on unchilled foxtail. Chilling lowered catalase activity in both species.
Siduron Effects on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Emergence, Growth, and High Temperature Injury
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Kinbacher E. J. , Reierson K. A.
Published: May 2019

Spring establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Kentucky 31’) is preferred over fall for turfs in Nebraska. Siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] is commonly used for weed control in spring-seeded tall fescue. Siduron application rates of 6.8, 13.6, 27.2, and 40.8 kg/ha were compared with an untreated control in this study. All siduron applications reduced stand development. The 6.8 kg/ha rate nearly doubled the number of days for seedling emergence. Abnormal seedlings increased with increasing application rates and percent germination decreased with increasing rates. Tiller number declined at rates of 13.6 kg/ha and above. Plants treated with 6.8 kg/ha were 1.3 cm shorter than those growing in the untreated control. Plant and root dry matter production decreased with increasing application rates. Root weight was reduced more than plant weight. Degree of wilting and drought injury increased at 13.6 kg/ha. Water use declined with increased siduron application rates. The amount of water lost before wilting occurred also declined as siduron application rates increased. High temperature injury on seedlings was reduced with increasing rates of siduron. Reduction in high temperature injury was significantly correlated (r = 0.98) to reduced plant tissue moisture.
Chlorflurenol Effects on Absorption and Translocation of Dicamba in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Baradari M. R. , Haderlie L. C. , Wilson R. G.
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of the growth regulator14C-chlorflurenol (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) and of the herbicide14C-dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were studied in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]. Also investigated was how foliar treatments with chlorflurenol affected leaf uptake and distribution of dicamba by Canada thistle. Plants were grown in aerated nutrient solution.14C-chlorflurenol showed strong acropetal and weak basipetal movement. Thirty-two percent of the foliar applied14C-dicamba was absorbed and most of the radioactivity tended to accumulate in the young growing leaves. Only 0.6% of the applied radioactivity moved to the roots. Leaf absorption and basipetal translocation of14C-dicamba were increased two- and ten-fold, respectively, by the simultaneous addition of chlorflurenol at 0.6 kg/ha. Root bud activity was increased when 4-week-old Canada thistle plants were foliarly treated with chlorflurenol at 0.6 kg/ha. Field work demonstrated that Canada thistle control could be enhanced by chlorflurenol addition to dicamba.
A Sprinkler System for Research on Applying Herbicides in Irrigation Water
Authors: Ogg A. G.
Published: May 2019

A sprinkler system was developed that applied water to quadrant-shaped plots with a uniformity coefficient greater than 90% for any 2-m zone between 3 and 9 m from sprinklers that were located at the vertex of the quadrant. With this sprinkler system, many variables that affect the performance and behavior of herbicides applied in irrigation water can be studied. When applied through this sprinkler system in 1.4 cm of water, alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 3.3 kg/ha, EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.3 kg/ha, EPTC + trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 3.3 + 0.6 kg/ha, and EPTC + oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) at 3.3 + 0.8 kg/ha controlled barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoidesSendt.) selectively in beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Pinto 114’).
Control of Whitebrush (Aloysia lycioides) and Associated Species with Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Meyer R. E. , Bovey R. W.
Published: May 2019

The responses of whitebrush (Aloysia lycioidesCham.) and several associated species to herbicides were evaluated in the Central Basin and South Plains of Texas. At Llano, hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione], picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} were the most effective herbicides for whitebrush control. Picloram was the most effective herbicide on Lindheimer pricklypear (Opuntia lindheimeriEngelm.), tasajillo (Opuntia leptocaulisDC.), Texas colubrina [Colubrina texensis(Torr. & Gray) Gray], and Texas persimmon (Diospyros texanaScheele). Hexazinone, karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], and tebuthiuron controlled live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.). Tebuthiuron pellets were slightly more effective on whitebrush when applied broadcast than when applied in rows 1.8 to 6.0 m apart. Roller chopping alone did not kill whitebrush nor improve effectiveness of tebuthiuron but did improve access to the land and visibility for 3 yr. Picloram applied either as the undiluted liquid formulation or as granules was the most effective herbicide for controlling a spectrum of species, including whitebrush. Picloram pellets were generally more effective on Lindheimer pricklypear and Texas persimmon when applied broadcast than when applied in rows. However, tebuthiuron was the most effective herbicide on blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidulaBenth.) and huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], especially when applied in rows rather than broadcast.
Effects of Shading on the Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Leaf Mesophyll and Vascular Bundles of Itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata)
Authors: Paul Rex N. , Patterson David T.
Published: May 2019

A study of the C4plant itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltataL.f.) grown under 100%, 60%, 25% and 2% sunlight revealed differences in the anatomy and cytology of the foliar mesophyll and vascular bundles associated with shading. In the bundle sheath, shading caused a reduction in thickness of the cell walls, shrinkage of plastids, rearrangement of plastid thylakoids, a reduction in starch deposits and vacuolization of the cytoplasm. In general, plastids and mitochondria retained membrane integrity but underwent stromal deterioration. Shading effects on cytoplasm were similar for mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll chloroplasts lost starch grains and the peripheral reticulum tended to decrease with greater shading. Grana were well developed at all irradiances, although the chloroplasts themselves decreased in size with shading. Movement of mesophyll chloroplasts away from bundle sheath-mesophyll borders was pronounced at 60% sunlight and was progressively greater at the two lower irradiances. These observations suggest that the structural relationships thought to be necessary for the intercellular transfer of C4acids and the functioning of the C4photosynthetic pathway were disrupted by shading.
Volatility of Trifluralin from Field Soil
Authors: Hollingsworth E. B.
Published: May 2019

Two methods of obtaining air samples were used over 4-month periods in 1976 and 1977 to quantitate trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) vapors arising from a silt loam. With the first method, only the air from an enclosure covering 0.37 m2of soil was sampled. The second method used air probes to sample the air above the field. Rainfall and resultant soil moisture were related to trifluralin vaporization from field soil. Soon after trifluralin incorporation (0.84 kg/ha) and, while the soil was relatively dry, there was very little herbicide vaporization. Trifluralin vapors accumulated rapidly during a period in which several centimeters of rain fell, but with continued precipitation the vapor density declined. The influence of rainfall and resultant soil moisture upon vaporization became less apparent as the soil concentration of the herbicides declined. Less than 0.5% of the applied trifluralin was detected as vapors during each 4-month period.
The Allelopathic Effect of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) on Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Drost Dirk C. , Doll Jerry D.
Published: May 2019

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of plant residues and extracts of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) plant residues on the growth of corn (Zea maysL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. At equal concentrations, tuber residues reduced the dry weight of corn and soybeans more than foliage residues. As the concentration increased, growth decreased, affecting soybeans more than corn. Soybean growth was significantly reduced by the addition of tuber extracts. At a constant residue concentration, increasing the percentage of sand in the soil mixture reduced the growth of corn and soybeans. Growth inhibition was greatest when tuber residues were in contact with the corn or soybean seed. We conclude that extracts and residues of yellow nutsedge have an allelopathic effect on corn and soybeans under greenhouse conditions.
Basis for Synergism of Atrazine and Alachlor Combinations on Japanese Millet
Authors: Akobundu I. O. , Duke W. B. , Sweet R. D. , Minotti P. L.
Published: May 2019

The effect of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] combinations on various physiological processes was studied in order to establish a basis for the synergistic effect of this mixture on Japanese millet [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. var.frumentaceaL.]. In contrast to atrazine, alachlor had no effect on the Hill reaction activity of isolated Japanese millet chloroplasts. When used in combination with atrazine, alachlor had no influence on the inhibitory effect of atrazine on the Hill reaction. Atrazine and alachlor combinations reduced chloroplast protein and severely inhibited chloroplast protein synthesis relative to protein synthesis by other particulate fractions. This inhibition appears to be the basis for the synergistic effect of this herbicide mixture on Japanese millet. Although the mechanism of action of the herbicide mixture is not understood, it does not seem to involve inhibition of atrazine detoxification.
MEN AND GODS IN EURIPIDES’ HIPPOLYTUS
Authors: Luschnig C. A. E.
Published: May 2019

The relevancy of the appearances of the two goddesses, Aphrodite and Artemis, to the action, causation and characterization of the Hippolytus has long been debated. The rationalists’ view is that they constitute a superficial and largely structural frame for the real, human drama, having little or nothing to do with what happens on the stage between epiphanies. Indeed, it is hard to deny that the human characters have a great deal to do with their own undoing. The divine nature of the catastrophe, on the other hand, prevents our rationalizing the superhuman element as outside the tragedy. If we include Poseidon in our Olympian cast of characters, it may be possible to find a relationship of the gods to the action of the play of another kind than a strictly causal one. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the characters and motivations of the persons of the drama both human and divine are so closely parallel that they form but a single frame of action within a dramatic structure that is so tight that barely an oimoi is superfluous. And surely two (or three) divinities have not been added for their appeal to the audience’s love of the spectacular, or from a simple desire for balance.
ADMETUS AND THE TRIUMPH OF FAILURE IN EURIPIDES’ ALCESTIS
Authors: Bradley Edward M.
Published: May 2019

Elucidation of the imbricate ironies in the Alcestis has been an important dimension of much of the scholarship on the play during the past twenty five years. Another type of inquiry, best represented by the work of A. P. Burnett, has been the identification of typologies of plot and scene. Both approaches share, however, a common deficiency in the subjectivity of their analyses of character. Is Heracles ‘a big-hearted, stupid glutton and drinker’ (Beye) or ‘the one man in the world who does not pursue a hedonistic career’, the hero whose ‘cause is freedom, the freedom of spirit and freedom of action’ (Rosemeyer)? How are we to view Admetus’ spontaneous proposal to commission a statue of Alcéstis as a surrogate wife for his bed? Is this ‘a promise that is positive, delicately stated, and filled with a powerful meaning’ (Burnett), or is it ‘difficult to believe that a fifth–century audience would not have found the idea ludicrous and disgusting’ (Beye)? Is Alcestis ‘a tragic heroine’, one whose love for Admetus motivated her sacrifice (Barnes, Dale), or a rather cold figure, not above emotional blackmail (Beye)? Is Admetus ultimately guided to success by his ‘nobility’ (Burnett) or one whose person, apart from his vague hosiotēs (‘piety’), offered no particular interest to Euripides (Dale)? A sampling shows that the discrepancy of critical perception is often so intense as to suggest the existence of an entirely new, exquisitely subtle facet of Euripidean irony which survives as a wilfully dolose legacy to the community of scholars.
RISORSE DEI GOVERNI E SOVRACCARICO DI DOMANDE
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il malessere politico di oggi è di tipo diverso dagli altri ricordati dagli uomini politici occidentali. Negli anni ‘30 la Grande Crisi ha costituito un problema politico di minore portata della recessione economica odierna, che pure è di grado inferiore, poichè allora i cittadini non erano impreparati a tempi difficili, e molti credevano che le istituzioni pubbliche non potessero fare niente di fronte al naturale evolversi del mercato. La crisi politica derivava dalla sfida dell'autoritarismo, fascista, comunista o di altro nome. La democrazia sarebbe stata in grado di sopravvivere? La seconda guerra mondiale ha dimostrato che la democrazia poteva sopravvivere e persino diffondersi. La sfida della fine degli anni ‘40 e dell'inizio degli anni ‘50 è stata quella di ricostruire i territori sconvolti dalla guerra. I governi europei hanno avuto successo durante tutto un periodo di crescita che è andato ben oltre la ricostruzione. Sono state ricostruite abitazioni e industrie, ed anche create nuove fonti di ricchezza. Sono stati escogitati meccanismi per una crescita economica continua, tale da assicurare un benessere sempre maggiore. Negli anni ‘60, la società opulenta veniva vista quasi in termini escatologici, potenzialmente in grado di soddisfare tutti i desideri umani. In seguito, è stata considerata un pericolo dagli studiosi di ecologia preoccupati che un tale sfruttamento potesse esaurire le risorse naturali e condurre a una materialistica «fine dei tempi». I fatti del 1968 sono stati uno shock momentaneo per i politici, ma l'anarchia di Parigi e le rivolte studentesche in altre nazioni occidentali al massimo potevano distruggere l'ordine. Non potevano costruire un nuovo ordine politico.
LA CRISI DELLA DEMOCRAZIA
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La crisi della democrazia è stata una realtà ben presente nel corso di questo secolo e studiata da storici, filosofi, politici, economisti, sociologi e, anche, politologi. Dati gli obiettivi del mio lavoro, questa non è la sede per una valutazione accurata e approfondita della letteratura sull'argomento. Quindi, accennerò solo che i primi e piú attenti analisti della crisi democratica sono stati gli storici delle democrazie europee degli anni venti e trenta. Fra tutti, spicca Bracher, studioso della Repubblica di Weimar, con la sua efficace divisione della crisi in tre fasi: perdita di potere, vuoto di potere, presa di potere. Da questo grande storico tedesco hanno preso le mosse alcuni degli studiosi piú recenti. Tuttavia i due autori che, da ultimo, hanno ripreso a studiare il fenomeno con maggiore rigore ed originalità sono stati Almond, con un suo gruppo di lavoro, e Linz. La differenza principale tra i due lavori sta nel diverso livello di astrazione e di generalità delle rispettive analisi. Almond, Flanagan e il resto del gruppo trattano il mutamento di regime attraverso un'analisi potenzialmente applicabile a tutti i tipi di regime: tradizionale, autoritario, democratico, e via di seguito. Linz tratta solo della crisi del regime democratico, pur non evitando numerosi cenni a temi e problemi sollevati dall'instaurazione di un nuovo regime democratico o autoritario. Dunque, da una parte, si esamina dichiaratamente tutto il fenomeno del mutamento di regime, dall'altra, si analizza soprattutto la crisi del regime; da una parte, si elabora un framework teorico adattabile a tutti i tipi di regime (e forse Almond e il suo gruppo non si sono neanche posti il problema se vi fossero certi regimi non analizzabili con quello schema teorico), dall'altra, si formulano ipotesi esplicitamente valide solo per un tipo di regime, quello democratico.
VOTO DI PREFERENZA E RICAMBIO DEL PERSONALE PARLAMENTARE IN ITALIA (1963–1976)
Authors: Katz Richard S. , Bardi Luciano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Di solito, chi non è direttamente coinvolto in una competizione elettorale tende a valutarne i risultati dal punto di vista dei partiti. Il Partito Laburista ha ottenuto la maggioranza? I democratici hanno ottenuto la maggioranza dei due terzi necessaria per vanificare il veto di un presidente repubblicano? I democristiani hanno acquistato o perso seggi? E cosí via. Queste sono senza dubbio domande importanti. Nei sistemi parlamentari, per un partito, avere la maggioranza significa avere il diritto di coprire le cariche ministeriali, mentre negli Stati Uniti ciò implica l'attribuzione di tutte le presidenze di commissione. In mancanza di un partito di maggioranza, la forza di un partito durante le consultazioni e le sue possibilità di far parte della coalizione risultante, sono in gran parte determinate dalle dimensioni della sua rappresentanza parlamentare. L'interesse negli equilibri tra i partiti trova rispondenza in quella corrente della teoria democratica che, presupponendo dei partiti «responsabili», evoca la sovranità popolare, o il diritto del popolo di determinare tramite le elezioni la politica governativa.
IL CONCETTO DI PARTECIPAZIONE POLITICA: LINEE DI UN INQUADRAMENTO TEORICO
Authors: Cotta Maurizio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

È facile rilevare che nel pensiero politico costituzionalistico e liberale — e sotto questo profilo lo possiamo considerare la continuazione di una lunga tradizione del pensiero politico classico — l'attenzione si focalizzava sul tema della organizzazione del potere, cioè sulla individuazione di quei rapporti interni tra i diversi poteri (tra le diverse istituzioni) che garantissero i limiti e quindi il buon uso del Potere. È ben noto invece che il problema centrale per il pensiero democratico è quello della appropriazione e gestione del potere da parte dei cittadini; è questa redistribuzione potestativa infatti a garantire l'attuazione concreta del principio della sovranità popolare che è la base della filosofia democratica. Non c'è da stupirsi, pertanto, che in un'epoca come quella attuale, che per tanti rispetti merita di essere definita l'epoca della democratizzazione, il problema della partecipazione appaia centrale per la vita politica, ma anche, piú in generale, per la vita sociale in tutti i suoi aspetti. E parimenti non c'è da stupirsi che la parola partecipazione possa essere elevata al rango di parola-bandiera, di mito politico di eccezionale carica psicologica, come è avvenuto in tutto il mondo, specialmente a partire dai moti giovanili e studenteschi dei tardi anni ‘60. Il messaggio, infatti, che la parola partecipazione trasmette con incisiva immediatezza è proprio quello della riappropriazione del potere da parte dei cittadini. Per non dire poi che, nelle sue accezioni mitizzanti, il messaggio di questa parola si carica della speranza della soluzione finale del problema del potere, cioè del'annullamento dei rapporti potestativi attraverso la diffusione capillare del potere stesso. Si può ben dire, in forza di questo, che l'idea di partecipazione rappresenta oggi una delle nuove frontiere del pensiero utopico e in qualche misura sembra destinata a soppiantare la speranza marxista, perlomeno nella sua formulazione originaria, del superamento del dominio dell'uomo sull'uomo attraverso l'abolizione dei rapporti economici privati. L'utopia partecipazionistica ripone la sua speranza di superamento del dominio nella trasformazione di tutti i rapporti sociali in rapporti politici e quindi nel loro ribaltamento in rapporti partecipativi con la eliminazione degli elementi di potere intersoggettivo.
DECENTRAMENTO INCOMPIUTO O CENTRALISMO RESTAURATO? L'ESPERIENZA REGIONALISTICA IN ITALIA E IN FRANCIA
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Quali sono i fattori politici che determinano l'andamento e l'esito di importanti movimenti di riforma delle istituzioni? In un mondo in cui le istituzioni, una volta create, mostrano scarsa propensione a scomparire, possiamo dare per scontato che, in assenza di movimenti rivoluzionari, le riforme istituzionali siano eventi rari il cui successo è legato a circostanze particolari: un elevato grado di determinazione e di unità da parte dei movimenti riformatori, una speciale qualità delle istituzioni oggetto di riforma, o una insolita congiuntura politica. Non c'è da meravigliarsi, quindi, che sia stato cosí difficile invertire la tendenza verso la centralizzazione degli stati nazionali: è difficile mobilitare movimenti a sostegno delle riforme, le istituzioni tendono ad essere immobili e inamovibili, e le circostanze politiche raramente sembrano favorevoli.
DIMENSIONI DELLO SPAZIO POLITICO IN ITALIA
Authors: Marradi Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In un articolo recentemente pubblicato su questa rivista, Giacomo Sani e Giovanni Sartori confrontano otto democrazie occidentali quanto al grado di polarizzazione su due dimensioni: una propriamente politica (rappresentata dall'autocollocazione dell'intervistato su una scala da sinistra a destra) e una politico-religiosa (rappresentata dal grado di simpatia dell'intervistato per il clero). Le due variabili risultano scarsamente correlate fra loro in alcuni paesi, di piú in altri — Italia e Paesi Bassi specialmente.
DIECI ANNI
Authors: G.S.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica nasceva nella primavera del 1971 ed entra, con questo fascicolo, nel terzo anno di vita. Delineavo allora il nostro programma: una via intermedia dia tra la scienza politica troppo tecnicizzata e quella troppo diluita o sincretistica. Ricerche, sí; ma anche macroproblemi. Sostanza, certo; ma anche teoria e metodo. Distacco, sí; ma anche dibattiti. Bibliografie, d'accordo; ma anche idee. L'indice delle annate trascorse conforta, credo, l'impegno e il disegno di due anni fa.
MILITARI E POLITICA NEL TERZO MONDO (1958-1980)
Authors: Finer Samuel E.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Le forze armate possono considerarsi uno dei piú importanti attori nella scena politica del Terzo Mondo. Quasi la metà dei paesi che lo compongono sono governati da leaders che gli stessi militari designano, e almeno nella metà dei rimanenti stati soltanto i militari riescono ad impedire la caduta di quei regimi. Inoltre, negli ultimi vent'anni i colpi di stato militari si sono succeduti uno all'altro con una media di circa otto all'anno. Questo ritmo, notevolmente costante, non sembra mostrare alcun segno di rallentamento. Ad esempio, nel 1977, ci sono stati non meno di undici golpe.
LA POLITICA CONSOCIATIVA NELLA DEMOCRAZIA ITALIANA
Authors: Pappalardo Adriano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Secondo Arend Lijphart, la democrazia consociativa è caratterizzata essenzialmente da una prioritaria cooperazione fra le élites di subculture separate e mutualmente ostili, posta in essere «con il deliberato intento di controbilanciare le tendenze disgreganti insite nei sistemi frammentati». Si tratta, evidentemente, di una definizione che «privilegia gli elementi volontaristici, intenzionali, razionali e contrattuali» del modello consociativo, in armonia con la convinzione che esso può venire adottato con «un atto costruttivo e creativo di libera volontà». Tuttavia, questa convinzione non è condivisa da tutti, o almeno non è per tutti il miglior punto di partenza in termini di metodo. Cosí, per esempio, Val Lorwin ha osservato che «incorporando l'effettiva cooperazione fra le élites nella definizione» si rischia di essere indotti a trascurare «l'esame delle condizioni che favoriscono, ovvero inibiscono o ostacolano, tale cooperazione». E, in effetti, proprio questo è uno dei limiti dell'approccio di Lijphart, il quale dedica bensí ampio spazio alle condizioni storiche, strutturali e culturali della democrazia consociativa; ma lo fa senza il necessario rigore, senza giustificare adeguatamente la scelta di condizioni pur plausibili e mettendole insieme a molte altre, che sono invece dubbie o controproducenti. Comunque, questa difficoltà non è insuperabile perchè a un vaglio piú accurato della letteratura rilevante è possibile scartare quel che va scartato e determinare senza ambiguità che alla riuscita dell'im-presa consociativa in paesi come l'Austria, l'Olanda e il Belgio hanno concorso: 1) la stabilità fra le subculture che le élites rappresentano, e 2) un elevato potere delle élites sul proprio seguito, assicurato dall'inquadramento di questo entro strutture organizzative capillarmente diffuse e altamente centralizzate e da una cultura politica deferente ovvero politicamente acquie-scente.
POTERE LOCALE E DEMOCRAZIA: UNA CRITICA EMPIRICA AI NEO-ELITISTI
Authors: Polsby Nelson W.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il fatto che una proprietà necessaria di ogni sistema politico degno del nome di «sistema» sia la capacità di limitare il tipo e il numero di problemi da prendere in considerazione e/o da risolvere in ogni momento, da parte del suo apparato decisionale, è indubbiamente condiviso da molti scienziati sociali. Si ritiene inoltre che i mezzi con cui si ottiene questa limitazione non sono necessariamente analoghi in ogni loro aspetto rilevante ai mezzi con cui vengono considerate o risolte le normali decisioni all'interno del sistema; e cosí, le affermazioni sulla distribuzione del potere all'interno dei sistemi politici che si riferiscono soltanto a dati riguardanti i normali processi decisionali sono senza dubbio incomplete, ma forse addirittura errate.
LE CONDIZIONI DELLA DEMOCRAZIA CONSOCIATIVA. UNA CRITICA LOGICA ED EMPIRICA
Authors: Pappalardo Adriano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Sono passati piú di dieci anni dalla pubblicazione diTypologies of Democratic Systems, il saggio di Arend Lijphart che rappresenta il maggiore e piú riuscito tentativo di rielaborare e ampliare la precedente tipologia dei sistemi politici di Gabriel Almond. Di questo contributo ormai classico quel saggio fa, infatti, il suo punto di partenza, soffermandosi sui due tipi di regimi democratici individuati e contrapposti da Almond: il tipo anglo-americano, che è caratterizzato da una «cultura politica omogenea e secolarizzata» e da una struttura di ruoli «altamente differenziata»; e il tipo europeo-continentale, che è caratterizzato da una «cultura politica frammentata» in «subculture politiche» separate e da ruoli «profondamente associati alle subculture» e, a loro volta, organizzati in «distinti subsistemi».
FORMA ORGANIZZATIVA E CONTENUTO IDEOLOGICO: IL CASO DEL PARTITO MARXISTA RIVOLUZIONARIO
Authors: Mair Peter
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questo saggio si propone di analizzare il rapporto fra la forma organizzativa dei partiti politici e il loro contenuto ideologico. In particolare, esso fa riferimento al caso del partito marxista rivoluzionario, all'organizzazione di questo partito e alle difficoltà strategiche al cui interno esso si viene a trovare, nel contesto della democrazia liberale. Il saggio non è in alcun senso definitivo: vuole piuttosto sollevare, ai fini di una discussione, alcuni problemi e idee preliminari sul rapporto fra ideologia e organizzazione.
IL PARTITO «DIVERSO»
Authors: Pellicani Luciano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La tesi centrale di Peter Mair è che esiste una diversità ontologica fra quello che egli chiama il partito convenzionale e il partito rivoluzionario. Mair giustamente fa derivare tale diversità — che è una vera e propria contrapposizione — da una divergenza di ordine filosofico. Il partito rivoluzionario è l'istituzionalizzazione di un progetto etico-politico profondamente divergente da quello che ispira il partito convenzionale. Esso è «altro» da un punto di vista organizzativo, strategico e psicologico perché è «altro» da un punto di vista ideologico. Pertanto, per intendere la «diversità» del partito rivoluzionario — «diversità» orgogliosamente rivendicata dai suoi militanti, coscienti della «totale opposizione fra comunismo e ordine di cose esistente» — è imperativo compiere una escursione filosofica, chiamiamola cosí, cioè esplorare il territorio dell'ideologia. Risulterà allora chiaro che tutti gli elementi che caratterizzano il concreto modus operandi del partito rivoluzionario — la sua organizzazione, la sua strategia, i suoi criteri di reclutamento e di socializzazione, ecc. — derivano con logica conseguenzialità dal suo progetto fondamentale e che questo, a sua volta, scaturisce da una certa visione del mondo che ha trovato nel marxismo la sua concettualizzazione piú rigorosa e suggestiva.
Direct Instruction – Background, Description and Research
Authors: Fields Barry A.
Published: May 2019

The decision of the Australian Association of Special Education to sponsor a national study to investigate the effectiveness of Direct Instruction with mildly retarded children, is the climax of several years of burgeoning interest in and support for the approach. Initial advocacy of Direct Instruction was undertaken by Alex Maggs and his co-workers at Macquarie University (Bracey, et al 1975a, 1975b; Maggs and Morath, 1975, 1976a, 1976b; and Maggs and Moore, 1978). Today, proponents of the approach may be found in any number of schools, colleges and universities across the country.
Factors Influencing the Development of Special Education Facilities in Australia for Children with Learning Disabilities/Learning Difficulties
Authors: Parmenter Trevor R.
Published: May 2019

The effects that historical, philosophical and empirical factors have had upon the development of special education in Australia for children with learning disabilities/difficulties are examined. It is suggested that owing to the early neglect by the various education departments in providing effective services there has been a resultant dearth of professionally competent personnel to implement policies being formulated upon the emerging philosophies in special education. It is therefore argued that Australia requires an effective thrust into research at the classroom, the delivery and the teacher preparation levels so that the relatively diminishing resources for education may be better utilized for the child with a learning problem.
Decision Making in Special Education: A Plea for Parent-Professional Partnerships
Authors: Irvine Jim
Published: May 2019

The number of agencies inevitably involved with families of handicapped children suggests the necessity for co-ordination of services and liaison among professionals in the helping professions. This paper argues for the primacy of parents as both coordinators of services and fully informed partners in all decisions affecting their handicapped children. The far-reaching implications of this proposition for educational services are briefly discussed in the context of current developments in special education.
Community Management of Young and Disabled Children
Authors: Irvine John F.
Published: May 2019

Community management is proposed as a sound, economical and demonstrably successful alternative in the management of young and disabled children. The author seeks to go beyond the health-education debate in this matter towards a welfare oriented model based upon principles drawn from a diversity of disciplines. One such principle incorporates the natural law of utilising forces to counterbalance forces – a principle fundamental to most areas of science but one which is rarely extrapolated for use within social science generally, or management of the disabled specifically. In the Darling Downs project in Queensland, Australia, resource families are deployed to counterbalance or assist “disabled” families with the support of professionals in the community network. The paper sets out the variously derived principles underlying the Darling Downs project and then provides a detailed description of other aspects of the framework including funding, administration, services, procedures and current developments. The programme is then analysed in terms of its anticipated directions, strengths/weaknesses, limitations and applicability to the other situations.
The Policy of the Australian Association of Special Education
Authors: Burge J. A.
Published: May 2019

The Australian Association of Special Education was inaugurated in late 1975 when representatives of State special education groups met and agreed to form a federation to pursue their aims at a national level. The Association has pursued its objectives through its constitutional and organizational structure since that time. On occasions, progress has been rapid and exciting in its scope and potential. By contrast, there have also been periods of consolidation, of hesitancy, and of frustration. Perhaps one of the most frustrating aspects of AASE has been its inability to have its council delegates meet frequently enough to provide the basis for discussion at a level which assists consensus, and precipitates progress.
Parents Teaching Location Prepositions to their Intellectually Handicapped Children
Authors: Rees Roger J.
Published: May 2019

Using prompting and reinforcement procedures, two intellectually handicapped children in a parent oriented language teaching programme were taught to respond correctly to categories of locational prepositional requests. Training sessions for parents and daily parent teaching sessions for the children alternated with weekly probe sessions. During home teaching a child was taught to respond to one request and then, during probing, the child was tested for generalization of this teaching to untrained requests. Responses to probed requests were never prompted. The results show that, as requests from one category were taught, so the children’s responses to the untrained requests became increasingly correct. One child was able to satisfactorily discriminate among two and then three different categories of prepositional requests. The other child did not reach this stage, largely because his mother felt that the discrimination tasks were too difficult. However, there was evidence in training that this child could cope with more difficult tasks, and the success of the other child does appear to indicate that the teaching method employed was successful in teaching generalized receptive discrimination among locational prepositional categories.
A Challenge to Group-Oriented Teaching: Typical Responses to Typical Rewards
Authors: Sharpley C. F. , Irvine J. W.
Published: May 2019

Although operant techniques have been successfully used to modify the classroom behaviours of children, some recent suggestions for the implementation of specialist educational interventions have emphasized the need to individualize instruction which utilizes such methods. The present study shows evidence of individual variations within marked group effects in an operant situation. The presence of such variations to responses which are modified by powerful reinforcers suggests that recent trends in special education towards mainstreaming need to take individual characteristics of subject-behaviours into careful consideration when implementing policies in the normal classroom.
The Learning Disabled Student: Structuring of the Classroom Environment to Improve Learning
Authors: Ann Nugent Shirley
Published: May 2019

A child classified as learning disabled can function better in the school setting where the academic environment is structured under a competent instructor who is a well-ordered individual and who finds joy in teaching. The special teacher is seen as a sensitive person possessing those qualities of knowledge and dedication necessary to individualize instruction and to help each child to feel successful in the classroom regardless of his limitations. A comprehensive over-view of the aspects of classroom structure for the learning disabled student is discussed in relation to the writer’s own experiences as principal of a school for learning disabled children in Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Economic Conditions and the Employment of Mildly Retarded School Leavers
Authors: Lake Pat , Wilton Keri
Published: May 2019

An examination was made of the employment patterns of school leavers who had graduated from the four Christchurch work-experience programmes for mildly retarded children during a 4-year period in the current economic recession. Contrary to expectations, no differences were found in the employment patterns for graduates of each of the four years. In each year-group, levels of employment were high as were meantimes in employment since graduation, and frequencies of job changes were low. Several methodological problems which cloud interpretation of the results are discussed and the need for comprehensive and consistent monitoring of the employment patterns of mildly retarded school-leavers over the next few years is emphasised.
An Application of the Distar Language 1 Programme in an Infants E.S.L. setting: Comparison with a current E.S.L. Programme
Authors: Kenny Dianna
Published: May 2019

Programmes for teaching English as a second language (E.S.L.) to infant school aged migrant children in Australia have not been systematically evaluated. With the exception of the Tate “Oral English” Course, no other programmes have been specifically designed for this very young age group, and programmes designed for use with primary aged children and even adults have been adapted and used by E.S.L. teachers in Infants’ Schools. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate an E.S.L. programme currently operating in some Infants’ Schools as well as to implement and evaluate the use of the Distar Language 1 programme in an E.S.L. Kindergarten group, and to compare outcomes from this programme with those obtained by the currently operating programme.

Results indicate that the Distar Language 1 programme was more effective than the standard programme for all language structures other than vocabulary development and phonological discrimination. The superior outcome of the Distar programme may be due to either a programme effect, a behavioural teaching technology, or both.
A Review of Curricular and Instructional Approaches for Behaviour Disordered Children
Authors: Neal Dagmar
Published: May 2019

Alternative curricular and instructional approaches for behaviour disordered children are reviewed against a background of various definitions and perspectives of disturbance. Schooling is a major part in the life of all, including behaviour disordered children. An overview of curriculum designs and instructional approaches is discussed according to “appropriateness” and “effectiveness”. Consideration is made of the current trend to mainstreaming and individualization and it is noted that the great majority of “disturbed” children are currently in the regular class. They are seen to be included in the “handicapped” population. Five major projects which have focussed on instruction of the handicapped are examined. It is stressed that all teachers need to be equipped with competencies, skills and support services to be able to effectively teach all children who are either currently in their classrooms or are being placed in there as a “least restrictive alternative”. Behaviourally oriented, empirically based curricular and instructional approaches are seen as a vehicle by which the repertoires of disturbed or behaviour disordered children can be widened.
The delivery of educational technical assistance services for children with special learning needs: A comment on Maggs
Authors: Murphy Gregory C.
Published: May 2019

Recently Maggs described a model for the delivery of technical assistance in special education settings in which he emphasized the importance to service delivery of the role played by consultant personnel. This paper identifies three fundamentally important influences on the work performance of consultants, whether they are working “traditionally” or within a model such as that proposed by Maggs.
Remediating Children’s Handwriting: A Case Study
Authors: Gay Jan , Sharpley Chris
Published: May 2019

Concern for the academic-skills area of normal classroom students has marked the resurgence of interest in the basic skills of literacy and numeracy (Baum, 1976; Corbin, 1976; Hogan & Judy, 1976). School counsellors and other resource personnel can contribute to the classroom teacher’s effectiveness in these areas by providing advice and demonstrating procedures useful in the teaching of these basic skills. Although there has been a major focus upon such areas as reading and mathematics, the abovementioned concern with literacy skills should also encompass handwriting as a major medium of communication. As a result of many requests from teachers in the field, the authors instituted the following study with a child who was experiencing learning difficulties. The study had three aims:

(1) to improve the handwriting performance of peter, a 7 year old with few successul handwriting skills;

(2) to implement a self-evaluative teaching system in which Peter would eventually monitor his own handwriting Performance; and

(3) to demonstrate to teachers a method of evaluating handwriting which they could use in their classrooms.
Integration or Segregation of Behaviourally Disruptive Students
Authors: Townsend Roslyn H.
Published: May 2019

The extent to which young people with emotional and behavioural disturbances can remain integrated within the normal school is contentious. The article proposes that every effort should be made to maintain integration and that an Alternative Unit is one means of helping to bring this about. The Alternative Unit would not only work with students in the mainstream but could also function as an intermediary between mainstream and special education.
Evaluation of BrachyDose Monte Carlo code for HDR brachytherapy: dose comparison against Acuros®BV and TG-43 algorithms
Authors: Dagli Ayse , Yurt Fatma , Yegin Gultekin
Published: May 2019

Aim:

The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of dose distributions calculated by the BrachyDose Monte Carlo (MC) code in heterogeneous media for high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy and to evaluate its usability in the clinical brachytherapy treatment planning systems.

Materials and methods:

For dose comparisons, three different dose calculation algorithms were used in this study. Namely, BrachyDose MC code, Eclipse TG-43 dose calculation tool and Acuros®BV model-based dose calculation algorithm (MBDCA). Dose distributions were obtained using any of the above codes in various scenarios including ‘homogenous water medium scenario’, an ‘extreme case heterogeneous media scenario’ and clinically important ‘a patient with a cervical cancer scenario’. In the ‘extreme case, heterogeneous media scenario’, geometry is a rare combination of unusual high-density and low-density materials and it is chosen to provide a test environment for the propagation of photons in the interface of two materials with different absorption and scattering properties. GammaMed192Ir Model 12i Source is used as the HDR brachytherapy source in this study. Dose calculations were performed for the cases where there is either a single source or five sources planted into the phantom geometry in all homogenous water phantom and extreme case heterogeneous media scenarios. For the scenario a patient with a cervical cancer, dose calculations were performed in a voxelized rectilinear phantom, which is constructed from a series of computed tomography (CT) slices of a patient, which are obtained from a CT device.

Results:

In homogeneous water phantom scenario, we observed no statistically significant dose differences among the dose distributions calculated by any of the three algorithms at almost every point in the geometry. In the extreme case heterogeneous media scenario, the dose calculation engines Acuros®BV and BrachyDose are agreed well within statistics in every region of the geometry and even in the points close to the interfaces of low-density and high-density materials. On the other hand, the dose values calculated by these two codes are significantly different from those calculated by the TG-43 algorithm. In the ‘a patient with a cervical cancer scenario’, the calculated D2ccdose difference between Acuros®BV and BrachyDose codes is within 2% in the rectum and 11% for the bladder and sigmoid. There was no meaningful difference in the mean dose values between MBDCAs in the bone structures.

Conclusions:

In this study, the accurate dose calculation capabilities of the BrachyDose program in HDR brachytherapy were investigated on various scenarios and, as a MC dose calculation tool, its effectiveness in HDR brachytherapy was demonstrated by comparative dose analysis.