bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF LINSEED OIL WITH ANIMAL TALLOW AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY IN BROILER DIETS
Authors: GARDINER E. E.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to compare linseed oil and animal tallow as sources of energy for broiler chicks. In the first experiment, the amount of protein was held constant and the calorie-to-protein ratio changed with the amount of supplementation of linseed oil or tallow. The calorie-to-protein ratios used were 82, 97, 112, 127, and 142. In the second experiment, the calorie-to-protein ratio was held constant at 138. In experiment 1, each increase in the energy level of the diet up to 15% addition of combinations of energy sources resulted in improved 4-wk weights and feed efficiency. Four-week body weight of the chicks fed the 15% combinations was not statistically different from that of chicks fed 10% levels of each energy source or combination of sources at P < 0.05. The 20% combination of energy sources did not increase body weight over that obtained with 10 or 15% but did improve feed efficiency. In experiment 2, there were fewer differences in body weight than in experiment 1, those of the un-supplemented group being less (P < 0.05) than those of all the supplemented groups, and those of the 5% tallow and 20% combination being less (P < 0.05) than those of the 10% tallow–5% linseed oil treatment. The feed-to-gain ratios, in general, decreased as the energy level increased. There were few significant differences between energy sources when compared at the same level of supplementation, but, in general, linseed oil tended to be superior to animal tallow in supporting growth and decreasing the amount of feed required per unit of gain.
EFFECTS OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATURALLY HIGH SELENIUM SWINE RATIONS ON TISSUE LEVELS OF THE ELEMENT
Authors: JENKINS K. J. , WINTER K. A.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted, using high selenium Record of Performance (ROP) test rations (0.46 and 0.78 ppm selenium), to study the effects of dietary supplementation with 0.1 ppm selenium (sodium selenate) on residues of the element in porcine tissues. Treatments included no selenium supplementation, selenium supplementation of the starter ration from 16 kg to 23 kg (average body weight), addition of selenium to both the starter and grower-finisher rations up to 57 kg, and dietary selenium supplementation for the entire starter-grower-finisher period. None of the treatments had any effects on the selenium content of kidney, liver, heart, blood, or loin, shoulder, and ham muscles, as compared with unsupplemented controls. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to differences in retention of natural dietary selenium and supplemental inorganic forms of selenium and likely effect of selenium supplementation of swine rations on selenium levels in the human diet.
PROCESSING SOYBEANS WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND COPPER SULFATE FOR PIGS
Authors: YOUNG L. G. , SMITH G. C.
Published: March 2010

Three feeding trials involving a total of 120 individually fed pigs and a metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the influence of moist heating of soybeans on performance. In one trial sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate, singly or in combination, were added to the cooking water. In the other two trials copper was added to the vitamin–mineral premix. Pigs fed cooked soybeans or soybean meal performed similarly and their performance was superior to that of pigs fed raw soybeans. Alkali-treated cooked soybeans resulted in poorer performance as compared with cooked soybeans. Soybeans cooked with copper sulfate in the water produced improved gain:feed and gain:protein ratios as compared with cooked soybeans. Copper additions to the diet did not influence pig performance. Energy and protein utilization of the soybean meal and cooked soybean diets was similar and superior to that of raw soybean diets except apparent protein digestibility.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT EXPONENTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF METABOLIC BODY SIZE OF PIGS
Authors: SHARMA V. D. , YOUNG L. G.
Published: March 2010

Estimates ranging from 0.30 to 1.00 were evaluated as the value of exponent b of metabolic body size (Wbkg) for young growing pigs by use of a multilinear regression equation HP = q + (1−a) ME + ak Wbkg. Data on heat production, metabolizable energy intake, and average empty body weight for 87 pigs, ranging from 5 to 35 kg liveweight, of Lacombe, Yorkshire, Hampshire × Yorkshire, and Lacombe × Yorkshire breeding and for all pigs combined were used in this study. The criteria of best fit were the maximum coefficient of determination and the minimum coefficient of variation. The use of a particular exponent from 0.30 to 1.00 did not markedly influence the best fit. Differences in R2 and C.V. from using different exponent values were negligible. Because the results of this study and those from the literature suggest that no marked variation in precision results from using different values of exponent b, the use of 0.75 as the general reference base in calculating metabolic body size for growing pigs is recommended.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING GRIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LEGHORNS HOUSED IN CAGES AND FED AN ALL-MASH LAYING DIET
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS IN PREWEANING PERFORMANCE OF BEEF SHORTHORN CALVES
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , LALANDE G.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF ACID, BASE, AND AMMONIUM SULFATE ON THE PROTEIN-BINDING PROPERTIES OF METHYLMERCURY IN CYTOPLASMIC PREPARATIONS FROM AVIAN LIVER AND KIDNEY
Authors: BUSH R. S. , MARQUARDT R. R.
Published: March 2010

Commercial chick starter diets containing 4 ppm Hg added as mercuric chloride or 5 ppm Hg added as methylmercuric chloride were fed to chicks starting at 1 day of age and continuing for 4 wk. The intracellular and total mercury levels of liver and kidney from birds fed each diet and the effects of treatments with NaOH, with HCl, with perchloric acid, and with ammonium sulfate and of dialysis on protein-bound cytoplasmic methylmercury were determined. Livers and kidneys from chicks fed mercuric chloride contained three times more mercury than the control, whereas those from chicks fed methylmercuric chloride contained 15 times greater concentrations than controls. The microsomes and cytoplasm from chicks fed all diets contained approximately 5 and 55% of the total tissue mercury, respectively. Dialysis of kidney cytoplasm removed 50% of the total mercury. No appreciable dissociation of an ammonium sulfate-precipitated protein–mercury complex occurred when this was dissolved in water and treated with ammonium sulfate, perchloric acid, or NaOH, whereas HCl treatment dissociated 45% of the protein-bound mercury into the supernatant. When liver cytoplasm samples were made more alkaline, a greater proportion of the total mercury was found in the protein fraction. Acidification also increased the percent protein-bound mercury to a maximum at pH 1.5, followed by a linear decrease at pH levels below 1.5.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PIGS WITH FAST AND SLOW GLYCOLYZING MUSCLE
Authors: GALLOWAY D. E. , TOPEL D. G. , WILL J. A. , WEIRICH W. E. , CASSENS R. G. , BRISKEY E. J.
Published: March 2010

Ten Chester White (slow glycolyzing muscle) and 10 Poland China (fast glycolyzing muscle) market weight pigs were consecutively exposed for 2 days to each of four environments (25 C, 6 C, 6–43 C fluctuating six times daily, and 37 C) in the University of Wisconsin Biotron. Postmortem muscle levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen were significantly lower in the Poland China animals. Initial level of phosphocreatine (PC) was lower in the Poland China animals. Lactic acid accumulation and pH decline were significantly more rapid in the Poland China animals. The 24-h color scores were, however, normal in muscles from both kinds of animals. Daily heart rate and respiration changes indicated more rapid adaptation to environmental changes in the Chester White animals. Partial pressures of blood O2 and CO2 were not significantly different between the two groups of animals and varied with environmental changes as expected.
EFFECTS OF EGG WEIGHT ON POSTHATCHING GROWTH RATE OF BROILER CHICKS
Authors: GARDINER E. E.
Published: March 2010

Eggs obtained from a commercial broiler hatching-egg producer were assigned by weight to seven groups and set for hatching. After hatching, equal numbers of male and female chicks were placed in floor pens according to egg weight groups and weighed at day-old and weekly for 8 wk. Three additional groups of chicks consisted of: equal numbers of females from each egg weight group; equal numbers of males from each egg weight group; and equal numbers of males and females from each egg weight group. Analysis of the data indicated that the influence of egg weight on chick weight decreased with time. Significant differences in body weight among groups occurred for all ages for the females, whereas no significant differences occurred for the last two ages for the males. Chicks grown in the mixed egg weight groups did not differ from those grown separately. Even though statistical evidence indicated that egg weight did influence 8-wk body weight of females, factors such as cost of producing hatching eggs, price of day-old chicks, hatchability of eggs, length of growing period, and availability of hatching eggs, would have to be taken into consideration before deciding whether or not smaller eggs could be used profitably in the industry.
INDUCTION OF ESTRUS, OVULATION, AND FERTILIZATION IN PREPUBERAL GILTS BY A SINGLE INJECTION OF PMSG, HCG, AND PMSG:HCG COMBINATION
Authors: BAKER R. D. , RAJAMAHENDRAN R.
Published: March 2010

not available
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF GRAIN-FED CATTLE.: I. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF A BASIC BIOMEDICAL PROFILE
Authors: BIDE R. W. , DORWARD W. J. , TUMBLESON M. E.
Published: March 2010

In a preliminary study, 12 Hereford range cattle were fed in a feedlot for 105 days and 14-point biomedical profiles were prepared regularly at short intervals for the week prior to and during the feeding period to provide a clinical chemical view of the effects of the regimen upon cattle. The animals were fed for a week on local hay and then adapted to the grain diet (90% steam-rolled barley, 5% beet pulp, 5% of a commercial supplement containing 32% protein) by introducing the diet at 1.0 kg feed/100 kg body weight and increasing the ration 0.45 kg/head per 2 days. The hay ration was progressively reduced at the same time so that from the 8th day onward the animals were eating 0.9 kg/head per day and the grain diet ad libitum. Plasma cholesterol, Ca++, Cl−, bilirubin, creatinine, protein, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, urea nitrogen, glucose, Na+, and K+ were estimated at close intervals to provide linear biomedical profiles. Although no changes were observed that could be classified as pathological either from the clinical chemistry or post-mortem examination, significant changes were observed in the levels of some parameters and in most parameters the variance was significantly higher during the first 40 days of the feeding period. The changes observed would indicate that metabolic adaptation requires at least 40 days following the start of grain feeding in contrast to dietary adaptation, which is generally considered complete 2 days after the animals are eating the grain diet ad libitum.
COMPENSATORY GROWTH OF BEEF CATTLE RESTRICTED AT TWO ENERGY LEVELS FOR TWO PERIODS
Authors: HIRONAKA R. , KOZUB G. C.
Published: March 2010

Ninety Hereford steer calves averaging 212 kg in body weight were divided into six groups and fed an all-concentrate diet until marketing. One group was full fed; the other groups were restricted in amounts of feed for 12 or 24 wk at a low (L) or medium (M) level and then placed on full feed. The full-fed steers required 230 days to reach a market weight of 489 kg; the steers on restricted feed for 12 or 24 wk compensated by higher rates of gain when placed on full feed but still required a longer time to reach market weight. The amount of feed eaten during the entire feeding period was similar in all groups. Restricted steers had a lower dressing percentage and tended to have less backfat per unit of carcass weight than the full-fed steers but all had the same area of rib eye. Sixty percent of the carcasses graded commercial-3 in the full-fed group, 36% in the M-12 group, 43% in the L-12 group, 13% in the M-24 group, and 7% in each of the L-24 and L-12-M-12 groups. The remainder of the carcasses graded choice.
INFLUENCE DES TYPES DE PATURAGES ET DES SYSTEMES D’EXPLOITATION SUR LA PERFORMANCE DES BOUVILLONS
Authors: LALANDE G. , DIONNE J. L. , LACHANCE L.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of steer performance, as measured by body weight gains, carcass weight and quality, from ladino clover-timothy or grass pastures was carried out. Two pasture management systems were used, an extensive one with a stocking rate of 1.85 heads/ha and a moderate rate of fertilizer application, and an intensive one with stocking rate of 3.70 heads/ha and a heavy fertilizer application. Steer development followed a linear trend throughout the grazing season and steer growth was slower on the intensively managed timothy-ladino pastures than on the other pastures. The liveweight gains of the animals, per head, over the season was 10.3% greater on the grass swards than on the timothy-ladino swards, and 7.7% greater on the pastures under an extensive management system than on the other ones. Increase in stocking rate was not completely compensated for by heavy fertilization of pastures since steers grazing on high stocking rate pastures did not gain weight as rapidly as the ones on low stocking rate pastures. The amount of beef meat produced per steer (233 kilos) was not influenced by treatments. Beef carcasses from 3.70 head/ha pastures were as heavy as the ones from 1.85 head/ha pastures indicating that high stocking rate effect was balanced out by doubling the amount of fertilizers applied to pastures.
CORRELATED RESPONSE IN BIRTH WEIGHT, GROWTH RATE AND CARCASS MERIT UNDER SINGLE-TRAIT SELECTION FOR YEARLING WEIGHT IN BEEF SHORTHORN CATTLE
Authors: ANDERSEN B. BECH , FREDEEN H. T. , WEISS G. M.
Published: March 2010

Data for male calves from the most recent 5 yr of a long-term (11 yr) selection experiment with beef Shorthorn cattle were analyzed to calculate the direct and correlated response of intensive selection for yearling weight on growth and carcass characteristics. Least squares estimates of line differences (select vs. control) for the final year indicated cumulative selection responses [Formula: see text] of 41.5 and 46.2 kg in yearling weight for the two herds. Associated with this selection response in the two herds were increases in birth weight (3.6 and 3.0 kg; [Formula: see text]) in weaning weight (16.2 and 7.8 kg; [Formula: see text] and NS) and daily gain from birth to 10 mo of age (104 and 118; [Formula: see text]). The indirect effects on carcass merit were higher percentage of bone (0.6 and 0.7; [Formula: see text]), and a reduced lean/bone ratio (−0.19 and −0.11; [Formula: see text] and NS). Other differences were not statistically meaningful. The heritabilities for growth characters calculated as son/sire regressions were: birth wt 0.30 ± 0.13; weaning wt 0.34 ± 0.22; yearling wt 0.47 ± 0.23; weaning wt/yearling 0.38 ± 0.21; and daily gain 0.22 ± 0.16. For the most important carcass merit measurements the heritabilities, calculated as half-sib correlations, were: % lean 0.03 ± 0.21; % bone 0.86 ± 0.29; % fat (ext.) 0.01 ± 0.21; % fat (int.) 0.19 ± 0.23; lean/bone 0.72 ± 0.28; and hindquarter wt/forequarter wt 0.24 ± 0.24.
COMPARISON OF MILK REPLACERS OR EWE MILK, WITH OR WITHOUT SOLID FEED, ON LAMB PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , CAMERON C. D. T. , COMEAU J. E. , LARMOND ELIZABETH
Published: March 2010

Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed cold milk replacers, with or without concentrates and hay, were compared with lambs sucking the ewe in three experiments. Lambs sucking the ewe or fed a commercial lamb milk replacer (Ewelac), without access to creep feed, made greater daily liveweight gains to 18 kg, and the carcasses had a higher dressing yield, more fat covering and paler lean meat, compared with lambs fed experimental milk replacers containing 15 to 35% fat (air dry basis). Differences in lamb performance due to liquid diets (provided by ewes or different milk replacers) were small when the lambs were weaned at 3 to 4 wk of age, and fed concentrates and hay to slaughter at 18 or 40 kg liveweight. However, growth rates of the lambs fed solid diets to 18 kg were lower, and carcass dressing yields were less (42 vs. 50%), with less fat covering and darker lean meat, compared with lambs fed only liquid diets. Taste panel evaluation on meat indicated good lamb flavor and tenderness from all lambs killed at 18 kg liveweight. Mortality due to abomasal bloat was relatively high in two experiments. This was attributed in part to the failure to keep the milk replacer cold, and a low fat level (15% in air dry solids) in one milk replacer.
COMPARISONS OF CROSSBRED CALVES BY SOUTH DEVON, MAINE- ANJOU AND SIMMENTAL SIRES FOR SOME BEEF PRODUCTION TRAITS
Authors: NEWMAN J. A. , WEISS G. M. , SCHRADER B.
Published: March 2010

Breed of sire comparisons are made amongst calves born to commercial Hereford cows and sired by bulls of the South Devon (SD, 10 bulls used), Maine-Anjou (MA, two bulls used) and Simmental (SIM, eight bulls used) breeds. Numbers of observations ranged from 239 bulls and 224 heifers for "ease of birth" to 98 bulls for carcass traits. The feedlot test period was 91 days and three feedlot treatments were imposed. Slaughter criteria were subjective and "breed-of-sire" differences in slaughter age and carcass weight were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Differences amongst breed-of-sire means attained statistical significance for "birth weight" (MA > SIM > SD; P < 0.001), weaning weight of males (MA > SIM > SD; P < 0.001), "on-test" weight (MA > SIM > SD; P < 0.001), average daily gain on test (MA > SIM > SD; P < 0.001) average fat depth/100 kg carcass weight (SD > MA = SIM, P < 0.05), trimmed, de-boned, defatted primal cuts per day of age (MA > SIM > SD; P < 0.01), meat marbling score (SD more marbled than SIM more marbled than MA; P <.05). A significant interaction existed between breed of sire and feeding group for average daily gain on test (P < 0.01) and cutability (P < 0.025). Breed-of-sire differences did not attain statistical significance for weaning weight of female calves, loin area/100 kg carcass weight, cut-ability, or meat color score.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING MELENGESTROL ACETATE IN COMBINATION WITH DIETHYLSTILBESTROL AND ZERANOL IMPLANTS ON THE FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF FINISHING HEIFERS
Authors: UTLEY P. R. , McCORMICK W. C.
Published: March 2010

Sixty yearling heifers were fed to compare the response of heifers implanted with 24 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) to the response of heifers implanted with 36 mg zeranol, heifers implanted with DES and fed 0.4 mg melengestrol acetate (MGA) per day, and heifers implanted with zeranol and fed 0.4 mg MGA per day. All heifers were fed to appetite a ground snapped corn basal diet calculated to contain 11.6% crude protein, 10.3% crude fiber, and 67.5% total digestible nutrients. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of heifers implanted with zeranol, heifers fed MGA in combination with DES implants, and heifers fed MGA in combination with zeranol implants were not different (P > 0.05) from those of DES implanted heifers. Reproductive organs from heifers implanted with DES or zeranol were comparable to literature values for normal reproductive organs from untreated heifers. When either of these implants was used in combination with feeding MGA, follicle size and number of heifers with functional corporea lutea were similar to values reported in the literature when MGA was fed alone.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BREEDING PLANS FOR EVALUATING SIRES AND MATING SYSTEMS IN SWINE
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E. , SAISON RUTH
Published: March 2010

The effects of sires and mating systems on growth and carcass traits were investigated using within-litter (double mating), within-dam (sequential mating) and between-litter (random mating) comparisons. All three breeding plans were studied at a research station and, in addition, random matings were studied in the field. The experimental data consisted of 80 double mating litters (697 pigs), 302 sequential mating litters and 718 random mating litters whereas the field data comprised 622 random mating litters. Sire effects were important for postweaning growth and carcass merit whereas mating system differences were important only for postweaning growth. Based on estimates of the number of litters required to detect significant differences between sires or mating systems, double mating was the most efficient breeding plan. This advantage was most pronounced for the early growth traits.
EFFECTS OF TREATING RAPESEED MEAL AND CASEIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON THE FLOW OF NUTRIENTS THROUGH THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF FISTULATED HOLSTEIN STEERS
Authors: SHARMA H. R. , INGALLS J. R. , PARKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Four Holstein steers fitted with T-type soft plastic cannulae in the rumen, abomasum and terminal ileum were fed four semipurified pelleted diets containing 19% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 7.5% casein, both untreated or treated with formaldehyde (FA), during the four experimental periods. The diets were fed from an automatic belt feeder device. FA treatment of casein increased (P < 0.01) the flow of total N and non-ammonia-N (NAN) as a percentage of intake through the abomasum of steers. Significantly more (P < 0.05) bacterial N passed through the abomasum of steers fed RSM diets than those receiving the casein diets. FA treatment caused a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) depression in the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) in the small intestine of steers receiving the treated diets. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) quantities of total N and NAN passed through the terminal ileum of steers consuming the RSM diets compared to those fed casein diets. Total determined amino acids in the abomasum as a percentage of amino acid intake were lower (P < 0.01) for untreated casein diet compared to the other three treatments. FA treatment increased (P < 0.05) the flow of lysine, histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine in the abomasum of steers receiving FA casein compared with untreated casein, but had no effect in the case of treated RSM. FA treatment increased the absorption of most of the essential amino acids in the small intestine of steers receiving the FA casein compared to casein diet. Treatment of RSM resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) fecal excretion of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine.
THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH AND LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OILS ON THE PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS AND ON THE LIPID FRACTION OF EGG YOLK
Authors: VOGTMANN H. , CLANDININ D. R. , HARDIN R. T.
Published: March 2010

The effects of including 5 or 15% of high (regular) and low (Span) erucic acid rapeseed oils or soybean oil on productive performance, total lipid and fatty acid content of egg yolk, and distribution of fatty acids in egg yolk fat were studied. Feed intake varied according to the dietary energy content. However, 15% high erucic acid rapeseed oil decreased feed intake and egg production in comparison with 15% low erucic acid rapeseed oil or soybean oil. Hens receiving rations containing soybean oil produced larger eggs in the treatment than in the pre-treatment period. Five percent regular rapeseed oil in the diet led to a small increase in egg weight, whereas inclusion of 15% regular rapeseed oil in the diet led to a decrease in egg weight. Diets containing the Span oil gave intermediate results. Although the total lipid and total fatty acid content in egg yolk remained constant, the fatty acid composition changed significantly with the experimental diets. The concentration of saturated fatty acids in eggs produced by hens fed diets containing the regular rapeseed oil or low erucic acid rapeseed oil (Span oil) decreased only to a small extent and not in proportion to the amount of these fatty acids present in the diets; but the oleic acid concentration in eggs produced by the hens fed diets containing the rapeseed oil was high. Only 0.2% of erucic acid was found in eggs when 15% regular rapeseed oil was fed to laying hens. The laying hen seems to be able to maintain the level of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in yolk lipids in a physiological range. The results indicate that in the laying hen, a partial degradation of erucic acid to gadoleic acid and oleic acid takes place.
LYSINE, THREONINE, METHIONINE AND ISOLEUCINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF PEACE RIVER BARLEY FOR GROWING PIGS
Authors: CHUNG A. S. , BEAMES R. M.
Published: March 2010

The supplementation of Peace River barley was investigated in both a growth trial and a metabolism trial. The control diet consisted essentially of barley and soybean meal and provided 15.8% crude protein containing 0.75% total lysine. In the other diets, barley, as the sole source of protein, was supplemented with L-lysine HCl to provide 0.75 and 0.90% total lysine, with the former level also tested with 0.05% added L-threonine, alone or with 0.10% DL-methionine or with 0.10% DL-methionine plus 0.10% L-isoleucine. The growth trial incorporated three replicates, each with three gilts and three barrows group-fed on each diet, whereas in the metabolism trial, six observations per diet were made. The control diet produced greater daily gain, better feed utilization and leaner carcasses than any of the amino acid-supplemented diets. Gilts, but not barrows, grew more rapidly with the increase in lysine content from 0.75 to 0.90%. Addition of 0.05% L-threonine to the 0.75% lysine diet to provide 0.29% total threonine significantly improved daily gain and feed efficiency. Addition of methionine either with or without isoleucine to this latter diet had no effect on growth or feed utilization, but slightly improved nitrogen retention. Although nitrogen retained (expressed as a percentage of nitrogen absorbed) for all diets containing threonine was greater than the value for the control diet, values for nitrogen digestion and total nitrogen retention were less than for the latter diet.
ORGANIC ACID PRESERVATION OF HIGH MOISTURE CORN AND OTHER GRAINS AND THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE: A REVIEW
Authors: JONES G. M. , ELLIOT J. I. , MOWAT D. N. , MORAN Jr. E. T.
Published: March 2010

The subject is reviewed with respect to the preservation of high moisture grains with organic acids and the subsequent performance of dairy and beef cattle, swine and poultry fed rations containing this feedstuff. The importance of preventing mold growth and thereby aflatoxin production is discussed briefly. Various types of grain preservatives and application rates are examined. The economic implications of the use of grain preservatives are explored. Grain preserved in this manner has been readily accepted by livestock and has supported high levels of milk production or rapid weight gains. It is a practical method of storing high moisture grain and is competitive with artificial drying or ensiling in silos.
LAMB PRODUCTION FROM EWES OF FOUR BREEDS AND THEIR TWO-BREED AND THREE-BREED CROSSES
Authors: VESELY J. A. , PETERS H. F.
Published: March 2010

Fertility, prolificacy, numbers of lambs weaned and marketed, and total weight of lamb weaned and marketed per ewe bred (exposed to rams) were studied with the Romnelet, Columbia, Suffolk, and North Country Cheviot breeds of sheep and their two-breed and three-breed crosses. During a period of 4 yr, there were 1,675 matings, which resulted in 1,138 lambings with 1,818 lambs at birth. Fertility was improved (P < 0.05) by crossbreeding but prolificacy was not. Survival ability of lambs was improved by crossbreeding. Number of lambs weaned (at 3-4 mo of age) per 100 ewes bred and percentage of lambs surviving to end of a 75-day postweaning feeding period were 83 and 75 for purebred lambs, 94 and 83 for two-breed, and 104 and 86 for three-breed crosses. In total weight of lamb marketed per ewe bred, the two-breed and three-breed crosses surpassed purebreds by 16.6 and 32.5%, respectively. Total weight of lamb weaned per ewe in the foundation purebred flocks during their lifetime averaged 149.5 kg for the Suffolk, 146.6 for Romnelet, 119.3 for Columbia, and 92.1 for N.C. Cheviot. Longevity of ewes was highest for the Romnelet and Columbia breeds and lowest for the N.C. Cheviot. At the end of 8½ yr of production, the percentages of ewes remaining in the Romnelet, Columbia, Suffolk, and N.C. Cheviot flocks were 22, 25, 5, and 0.
CARCASS CONFORMATION AS A CRITERION OF YIELD AND VALUE OF BEEF CARCASSES
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , McANDREWS J. G. , LOCKING G. L.
Published: March 2010

Dissection results from 50 beef type and 50 dairy type carcasses ranging from 280 to 355 kg in carcass weight, with type defined by a panel of retail buyers, identified a small but statistically significant (P < 0.01) superiority of beef carcasses in percent yield of boneless trimmed lean cuts. In terms of potential retail value this amounted to a 2.9% advantage for beef type. There was no evidence that relative distribution of low vs. high value cuts differed between types. Greater bone content (1.7% ± 0.2) and a higher proportion of lean trim (0.7% ± 0.2) were observed for the dairy type carcasses. Regression analyses established that carcass weight and rib-eye area accounted for the largest proportion of the variance recorded for yield and value of the carcass and its component primal cuts. Addition of thickness of round and leg length provided a further reduction of variance for some traits, but the regression equation was not measurably improved by adding any other measurements. Type class per se had predictive accuracy equal to carcass weight and rib eye for percent lean of carcass, but was inferior for predicting value of most of the component primals.
SULFUR METABOLISM AND NUTRITIONAL CHANGES IN LACTATING COWS ASSOCIATED WITH SUPPLEMENTAL SULFATE AND METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOG
Authors: BOUCHARD R. , CONRAD H. R.
Published: March 2010

A split-plot 4 × 4 latin square experiment using four Holstein cows was designed to determine the effects of adding either the calcium salt of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butyric acid, or a mixture of potassium and magnesium sulfates, or a combination of both sulfur supplements, to a basal diet containing corn silage and grain concentrate mixture. Methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) was consumed at the level of approximately 25 g per day. Sulfates were added to the concentrate in amounts sufficient to elevate the sulfur concentration of the total diet to 0.20%. The addition of 25 g of MHA to the basal diet did not affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, sulfur balance, and nitrogen balance. When compared to the basal diet, the addition of sulfates increased the DM digestibility from 67.0 to 69.4%, the sulfur retention from 1.0 to 5.4 g per day, and the apparent sulfur digestibility from 47.7 to 66.6%. The substitution of 4 g of sulfur per day from sulfates with an equivalent amount of sulfur from MHA decreased DM intake from 19.4 to 17.6 kg per day, but increased fat level in milk from 3.4 to 3.7%. Fat corrected milk yield was the same for all treatments. In a comparative study involving 40 lactating cows and 121 balance trials, DM digestibility became maximal at about 0.15% sulfur in the total diet when sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and potassium sulfate were used as supplements, and about 0.18% sulfur when MHA was used. Raising the sulfur concentration from 0.05 to 0.12% in the total diet brought lactating cows into slightly positive sulfur balance when they were depositing 4–9 g per day of sulfur in the milk. It was concluded that supplemental inorganic sulfur from sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium sulfates sustained optimum utilization of sulfur when fed in the diet at 0.20% sulfur (53 mg per kg body weight per day) to cows producing as much as 35 kg of milk per day. Higher concentrations of sulfur intake did not have any effect on nitrogen, sulfur and DM digestibility, but concentrations of 0.35% sulfur and above in the ration (70–90 mg per kg body weight per day) were associated with diminished DM intakes.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAPESEED FLOUR FOR MINK: EFFECTS ON LIVE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, THYROID FUNCTION AND PELT QUALITY
Authors: BELZILE R. J. , POLIQUIN L. S. , JONES J. D.
Published: March 2010

A trial for testing the replacement value of rapeseed flour (RF) (blend of Brassica napus and campestris) for raw meat was conducted with growing-furring mink. The RF contained 67% crude protein and approximately 1/10 of the quantity of glucosinolates normally found in commercial meal. Forty male pastel mink were fed diets containing 0, 6.5, 13.4 and 20% RF (dry-matter basis) from the end of July to pelting. On a dry-matter basis, the diets contained approximately 41% protein and the percentages of protein as RF protein were 0, 4.3, 9 and 12.4. Initially, the animals ate significantly (P < 0.05) more feed and grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster on the 0 and 6.5% RF diets, but later, weight gain and feed consumption were the same for all groups (P > 0.05). After 70 days on trial, weight gain was less (P < 0.05) on the 20% RF diet compared with the 0 and 6.5% diets. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen, and in nitrogen retention for the mink receiving the diets containing 13.4 and 20% RF. Mink fed the 20% RF diet showed significant (P < 0.05) thyroid hypertrophy, but at slaughter serum protein-bound iodine level was the same (P > 0.05) for all groups. There was little difference among groups with respect to pelt size and pelt quality.
RAPESEED PROTEIN SOURCES AND AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF DIETS FOR WEANLING RATS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , WALKER D. M. , JONES J. D.
Published: March 2010

The nutritive values of heated or unheated rapeseed flours (RF), and heated rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) were determined with weanling rats. Dehulled Bronowski rapeseed (Brassica napus) was solvent-extracted and ground to prepare the RF. It was heated, water- and solvent-extracted and ground to prepare the RPC. Rats were fed ad libitum for 26 days on diets containing 1.6% total nitrogen (dry matter basis) in three different experiments. A diet containing casein was used as a standard for experiment 1. Weight gains (g/day), dry matter intakes (g/day) and weight gain/protein intake for rats in experiment 1 fed the various diets were: casein, 2.71, 9.4, 2.82; unheated RF, 3.30, 10.8, 3.48; and RPC, 4.03, 11.6, 3.89. A diet containing heated RF increased (P < 0.01) rat weight gains (3.95 vs. 3.19 g/day), feed intakes and weight gain/protein intake compared with the unheated RF diet. The addition of one or more limiting amino acids, based on chemical analysis (lysine, methionine, isoleucine) to the RPC diet caused no significant increase in rat weight gains or weight gain/protein intake. Lysine added to the unheated RF diet (total lysine 7.9 g/16 g nitrogen) reduced weight gains and feed intakes by rats (P < 0.05). Liver hypertrophy in rats fed the unheated RF diet was reduced by heating the RF (6.9 vs. 6.3 g/100 g body weight). Livers from rats fed the casein and RPC diets were 5.2 and 5.9 g/100 g body weight. These results show that RPC has a high nutritive value for rat growth, and that heating and water extraction increase the feeding value of RF.
RELATION BETWEEN LIGHT SOURCE AND GROWTH OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: HURNIK J. F. , MORRISON W. D. , BROWN R. G.
Published: March 2010

Four hundred and forty vent-sexed commercial broiler chicks were used in this study. One half of this sample was exposed to common fluorescent light, the other half to a light source that in the spectral composition better approximates daylight characteristics (Vita-lite). Body weights of all birds were measured at weekly intervals. Weight of the body organs was measured on 20 birds randomly taken from each of four possible light source-sex combinations at 14-day intervals. The only significant difference in body weights linked with lighting was found in 2-wk-old chicks. High interactions between sex and lighting at this age revealed a positive effect of Vita-lite on females. In all other age categories, lighting did not affect body weights and did not interact with sex. Regression of body weights on age did not show any differentiation in growth related to the light source. Proportional weight of body organs did not indicate any significant effect of lighting. Birds in cages, illuminated with Vita-lite, when transferred to floor pens showed lower ambulatory activity than their counterparts from normal fluorescent light. Overall mortality during the first 14 days was lower in the Vita-lite group. Frequencies of subjective classifications of birds’ visual appearance showed evident sex × light source interactions only at the age of 14 days.
WINTERING BEEF COWS IN THE FAR NORTH
Authors: PRINGLE W. L. , TSUKAMOTO J. Y.
Published: March 2010

not available
RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR WEIGHT-PER-DAY-OF-AGE IN RAMBOUILLET AND ROMNELET SHEEP
Authors: VESELY J. A. , PETERS H. F.
Published: March 2010

Responses to selection for weight-per-day-of-age (WPDA) to about 170 days in Rambouillet and Romnelet sheep over 5 yr, comprising two generations, were measured by two methods. Correlated responses in weaning weight (WW) at about 100 days, and postweaning gain (PWG) for 70 days were also estimated. The estimates of annual genetic increases in WPDA were quite similar in both breeds and from both methods. The improvements of this trait in Rambouillet and Romnelet were estimated as 9.7 and 6.0 g/yr from method 1, and 9.1 and 7.8 g/yr from method II. Estimates of correlated responses in PWG obtained by both methods and in both breeds were close to expected estimates, but correlated responses in WW appeared to be overestimated. Heritability estimates for WPDA using paternal half-sibs were 0.20 for Rambouillet and 0.18 for Romnelet. All genetic correlations among the three traits were positive. Realized heritabilities for WPDA were 0.28 and 0.20 in Rambouillet and Romnelet by method I, and 0.26 in both breeds by method II.
EMBRYONIC MORTALITY AND DEVELOPMENT DURING EARLY PREGNANCY IN THREE BREEDS OF SWINE WITH PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED LITTERS
Authors: DUFOUR J. J. , FAHMY M. H.
Published: March 2010

Data on ovulation rate, litter size, fetal and placental weights and weight and length of uterine horns were taken at 23, 42 or 63 days of pregnancy on 138 Yorkshire, Landrace and Lacombe multiparous sows bred to Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire boars to produce purebred and crossbred litters. Of the 53 Yorkshire sows slaughtered, 13.2% were non-pregnant, compared to 7.5 and 8.5% for the Landrace and Lacombe sows, respectively. The average number of corpora lutea was 15.1 in Landrace, one more than in Lacombe and Yorkshire sows. Embryonic mortality in crossbred litters was 7.5 and 6.0% higher in Landrace sows than in Yorkshire and Lacombe sows, respectively. In purebred litters, it was 8.4% higher in Landrace than in Yorkshire. Litters sired by Yorkshire boars were 7.8% larger in number than those sired by Landrace or Hampshire boars. At 23 days of pregnancy, 19% of the ova released in the three breeds were lost. A further loss of 4% was noted at later stages. The weights of Landrace and Lacombe embryos were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those of Yorkshire at the 3 days of pregnancy studied. Crossbred embryos of Yorkshire and Landrace were heavier than purebreds by 27, 8 and 6% at the 23, 42 and 63 days of pregnancy, respectively. Weights of the uterine horns and placental membranes were heavier in Landrace and Lacombe than in Yorkshire sows. Little difference was found between Landrace and Lacombe breeds in embryonic, placental and uterine weights. Highly significant correlations (r = 0.65, 0.57 and 0.76) were found between placental and embryonic weights at the 3 days of pregnancy. Correlation between number of viable embryos and length of uterine horn was 0.30 and that with weight of horn was 0.10.
GROWTH, CARDIOPATHOLOGY AND CARDIAC FATTY ACIDS OF SWINE FED DIETS CONTAINING SOYBEAN OIL OR LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OIL
Authors: FRIEND D. W. , KRAMER J. K. G. , SAUER F. D. , CORNER A. H. , CHARLTON K. M. , GILKA F.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and eighty weaner pigs were allotted to five dietary treatments comprising a control with no added oil and the control with either soybean oil or rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris cv. Span) each at 10 and 20% of the diet. Postmortem examinations were conducted on equal numbers of boars and gilts at the beginning of the experiment, as initial controls, and after 1, 4 and 16 wk on the experimental diets. When fed for 1 to 4 wk, the higher level of both oils reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain but from 4 to 16 wk, differences were not significant for any of the diets. Consumption of the control diet exceeded (P < 0.05) that of any other diet, but pigs fed the oil diets showed improved (P < 0.01) feed efficiency. Minute focal interstitial infiltrations of mononuclear cells were present in the myocardium of some pigs in each dietary treatment and also in the initial controls. Foci of overt myocardial necrosis were not seen. Oil red 0 stained sections revealed traces of myocardial fat accumulation which occurred more frequently in pigs fed the high oil diets. In a second experiment, 24 weaner boar pigs were fed the control and the 10% Span oil diets. Two pigs from each treatment were killed on each of days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20. Total fat was extracted from the heart of each pig and methyl esters determined by gas–liquid chromatography. There was no significant (P = 0.05) difference in percent fat of dry matter between pigs fed the control and the 10% Span diet. The proportions of the major fatty acids were similar between diets. Erucic acid and linolenic acid were present in the cardiac lipid of all control pigs, but to a significantly (P < 0.01) lesser degree than for pigs fed the Span diet. The level of arachidonic acid, for both groups of pigs, declined (P < 0.05) progressively with the duration (days) of feeding.
PERFORMANCE AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TISSUES OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING HIGH OR LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OILS OR SOYBEAN OIL
Authors: AHERNE F. X. , BOWLAND J. P. , VOGTMANN H. , HARDIN R. T. , CHRISTIAN R. G.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted to compare high (20.6%) or low (4.0%) erucic acid rapeseed oils with soybean oil when the oils were fed at a level of 15% of the diet for pigs from 25 to 90 kg liveweight. The low erucic acid rapeseed oil originated from Brassica campestris cv. Span. A fourth diet containing no supplemental oil served as a control. In one experiment, 48 crossbred pigs were fed ad libitum in groups of three pigs replicated four times. In a second experiment, 48 pigs were individually fed at a level of 80% of the daily caloric intake of the pigs in the first experiment. In a third experiment, 16 pigs in four groups were allowed continuous free-choice access to the four diets. Serial slaughter and digestibility data were obtained. The incorporation of high or low erucic acid rapeseed oil in the diets did not reduce pig performance when such diets were fed either ad libitum or at a restricted level. When given a choice of feed, pigs selected less of the high erucic acid rapeseed oil diet. When not given a choice of feed, pigs consumed as much of a high erucic acid rapeseed oil diet as they did of the other diets. Digestibility coefficients for energy, nitrogen and lipids were not significantly different for any of the three oil-containing diets. Histological examination of the heart, liver and spleen revealed no marked differences due to feeding any of the oil-based diets.
A DIGITAL INSTRUMENT FOR EGG SHAPE INDEX MEASUREMENT
Authors: REID W. S. , BUCKLEY D. J. , HUNT J. R. , PRICE K.
Published: March 2010

An instrument is described which measures precisely the length and diameter of an egg simultaneously, and presents the ratio of length to diameter on a digital readout. The instrument is manually loaded and has a binary coded decimal output for interfacing with digital recorders or a computer. Comparison of accuracy of measurement, speed and reduction of breakage with an existing method is included.
INFLUENCE OF POSTWEANING GROWTH RATE ON PUBERTY AND OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN HEIFERS
Authors: DUFOUR J. J.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-six Holstein heifers were randomly assigned at the weight of 136 kg to two groups: a fast-growing (FR) and a moderate-growing (MR) feeding regime for an initial phase of 100 days, followed by a final phase ending with ovariectomy after puberty, during which half of each group was subjected to the other feeding regime. The effect at puberty of the FR was a nonsignificant reduction of 16.3 days in age, and a significant increase (P < 0.01) of 26.2 kg in weight when considering the feeding regimes of the initial phase of growth. When the same treatments were imposed during the final phase of growth, heifers on FR were 52.0 days younger at puberty (P < 0.01) and 10.0 kg lighter (P > 0.05) than heifers on MR. Follicular development, in terms of follicular fluid weight, and diameters of the largest and second largest follicles 15 days after estrus, was greater in the ovary bearing the corpus luteum than in the other ovary. The diameter of the second largest follicle was greater in heifers on FR when imposed in the final phase of growth. Injection of Vetrophin at the estrus preceding ovariectomy did not change the ovulation rate, but increased the percentage of small-sized follicles and decreased the percentage of medium-sized follicles. The number of corpora albicantia observed at ovariectomy indicated that 76.5% of the heifers ovulated prior to puberty without exhibiting a standing estrus. Of those exhibiting an estrus at first ovulation, 33.3% had a first estrous cycle of less than 10.0 days in length.
SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FORAGES, GRAINS, AND PROCESSED FEEDS
Authors: MILTIMORE J. E. , RYSWYK A. L. van , CHAPMAN F. M. , KALNIN C. M. , PRINGLE W. L.
Published: March 2010

Samples of hay, silage and grains grown throughout British Columbia and samples of ration components available in British Columbia were analyzed for selenium in order to characterize the selenium status of feeds available for livestock. There were nutritionally important differences between the same feeds grown in different regions and between different feeds within a region. Even within a region featuring relatively high selenium concentrations, many feeds were found to be below the 0.1 ppm minimum requirement for livestock. A selenium analysis of feeds appears necessary in order to supplement livestock appropriately.
INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON GROWTH AND SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF GROWING SWINE
Authors: DOIGE C. E. , MILLS J. H. L. , OWEN B. D.
Published: March 2010

A factorial design with three levels of calcium, three levels of phosphorus, two breeds and both sexes (72 pigs) was employed to study calcium and phosphorus deficiencies and imbalances in swine fed from 22 kg to 90 kg. Dietary levels of both minerals were 50, 100 and 150% of National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (NAS–NRC) recommendations (1968). Data relating to performance and skeletal development were evaluated. Extreme Ca:P ratios in the diet impaired both performance and skeletal development. All changes were minimal if low levels of either element were accompanied by a Ca:P ratio near 1.25:1. Low calcium–high phosphorus rations resulted in parathyroid enlargement, reduced bone mass, increased numbers of osteoclasts and fibrous replacement of bone. In animals fed high calcium–low phosphorus rations, hypophosphatemia, reduced bone ash and overgrowth of epiphyseal plates were observed. Deviation of the nasal septum occurred but was not related to dietary levels of calcium or phosphorus. Levels of calcium and phosphorus presently recommended by NAS–NRC were consistent with optimal performance and adequate skeletal development.