bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Relationship between Competence and Job Role and Identity among Direct Service Counseling Psychologists
Authors: Tyler Douglas , McCallum R. Steve
Published: March 2007

The relationship between competence and identity and job roles/activities of direct service counseling psychologists was investigated by assessing differences in job role and identity among two groups of eminent psychologists (American Board of Professional Psychology [ABPP] diplomates and a peer-nominated Exemplary group) and a group of general psychologists (Rank and File). The three groups ( N = 189) were compared using the Counseling Psychology Task Inventory (CPTI)—a 73-item instrument measuring eight broad work areas (Counseling, Research, Supervision and Training, Teaching and Training, Administration, Consultation, Writing and Editing, and Professional Development) across three dependent variables: task importance, relevance to professional identity, and relative amount of time spent in each task. The Exemplary group differed significantly from the Rank and File group only in the amount of time spent in Professional Development ( p < .0 1). No significant differences were found between the two eminent groups or the ABPP and Rank and File groups. Follow-up analyses led to two additional conclusions. First, when divided into groups by percent of time spent in Counseling in seven of eight work areas, significant differences were noted. For each of the 20 significant comparisons (p < .01), an inverse relationship was noted between the mean values within work areas and percentage of time spent in Counseling. That is, those who spent relatively more time in Counseling yielded lower task importance, relevance to professional identity, and time on task scores for the areas of Research, Supervision and Training, Teaching and Training, Administration, Consultation, Writing and Editing, and Professional Development. Second, when mean values were rank ordered, a consistent pattern of three work areas was prioritized by respondents to comprise a nucleus of tasks consistent with the “life span development” ethos of counseling psychology. These work areas were Supervision and Training, Counseling, and Professional Development.
Assessment Practices for Children with Severe Mental Retardation
Authors: Riccio Cynthia A. , Houston Felicia , Harrison Patti L.
Published: March 2007

Potential limitations in assessment practices with children who have severe mental retardation have been identified in the literature. The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which practicing school psychologists use alternative methods as opposed to standardized/norm-referenced measures in the assessment of children suspected or identified as having moderate to severe/profound mental retardation. As part of a larger survey, assessment practices of school psychologists with children functioning in the more severe level of mental retardation were reported by 202 school psychologists. Results suggest that school psychologists use norm-referenced measures at all grade/age levels. Various other types of methods were also noted by 0.5 to 35.8% of the respondents, with the highest frequency of alternative approaches employed at the preschool level. Implications for assessment practices with children with moderate to severe/profound mental retardation and for the training of school psychologists in alternative methods of evaluation consistent with the need to link assessment to intervention are discussed.
Mathematical Model of a Ventilation Controlled Compartment Fire
Authors: Sauer J.M. , Smith E.E.
Published: March 2007

A release rate model for predicting the course of developing fires in a compart ment has been in use for several years. Application of the model was limited to those conditions when oxygen concentrations did not limit the rate of heat generation. This work extends the model to include the post-flashover and ven tilation controlled period of a fire.
Use of a Radiant Furnace Fire Model to Evaluate Acute Toxicity of Smoke
Authors: Alexeeff George Y. , Packham Steven C.
Published: March 2007

The design and construction of a radiant furnace are described. Acute toxicity experiments were conducted using the radiant furnace as a fire model to produce smoke from Douglas fir (D. fir), southern yellow pine (SYP), and tempered hard- board (THB). The correlation of blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and mortality to irradiation time, smoke concentration, mass loss, carbon monoxide (CO) con centrations, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is reported. At 2.5 w/cm 2, toxicity was characterized by post-exposure lethality with sublethal COHb ex posure levels. LC 50's (median lethal concentrations) were 59.5 (D. fir), 66.6 (SYP), and 86.5 mg/L (THB) and the IT50's (median lethal irradiation times) were 6.8 (D. fir), 6.9 (SYP), and 9.3 minutes (THB). For 5.0 w/cm 2, most deaths occurred dur ing the 30 minute exposure and COHb levels were in a lethal range. LC50's at 5.0 w/cm2 were 101.6 (D. fir), 100.1 (SYP), and 58.1 mg/L (THB), and the IT50's were 2.7 (D. fir, SYP) and 2.6 minutes (THB). Data were compared to those produced in other combustion toxicity test methods, and the advantages of the radiant furnace with continuous sample mass-loss monitoring are discussed.
Model Tests of Aircraft Interior Panel Flammability
Authors: Abramowitz Allan , Eklund Thor I.
Published: March 2007

Prototype aircraft interior panels were installed as ceilings in a quarter-scale enclosure model lined with a non-flammable insulating material. Flashover con ditions were generated by a 52-kilowatt propane burner. The heat requirements for flashover, with an inert ceiling, agreed with those predicted by an NBS cor relation for full-scale room fires. The flammability of the prototype panels was experimentally found to be related to their ignition temperatures. In these tests, Nomex™ honeycomb panels with epoxy impregnated facesheets as well as those with phenolic impregnated Kevlar™, sustained ignition. The panels faced with phenolic impregnated fiberglass or graphite did not burn.
Production of a Bicyclophosphate Neurotoxic Agent During Pyrolysis of Synthetic Lubricant Oil
Authors: Kalman David A. , Voorhees Kent J. , Osborne David , Einhorn I.N.
Published: March 2007

The formation of 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane-1-oxide ("trimethylolpropane phosphate"; "TMPP"; "EPTBO") from the thermal decomposition of a synthetic aircraft engine lubricant has been observed in yields ranging from 100 μg/g to over 9,000 μg/g oil. Although the exact composi tion of the oil studied is proprietary, two ingredients typically used in synthetic lubricants of this type, trimethylolpropane esters of carboxylic acids, and tricresylphosphate, are probable precursors. The production was a linear func tion of temperature over the range of 400 to 645 °C for one test system used, and showed a dramatic increase for a second set of pyrolysis conditions that in cluded higher pressure and longer heating time. Formation of decomposition products was rapid once decomposition temperatures were reached, with some TMPP production occurring within 2 minutes. The relative volatility of this syn thetic lubricant formulation compared with previously studied sources of TMPP (polyurethane foams) requires specific pyrolysis system modifications to carry out controlled decomposition studies. Worst-case conditions for decomposition and TMPP yield are discussed.
Soot From Fires: III. Soot Suppression
Authors: Hirschler M.M.
Published: March 2007

The literature on soot suppression, in particular from fuels relevant to fires, has been reviewed. The efficient additives required for soot suppression from gaseous fuels are mainly metallic salts, typically barium. On the other hand, the reduction of the smoke formation tendency of polymeric materials has been achieved by an enormous variety of products, although metal oxides and hydroxides figure prominently among them.
Burning Behavior of Paper Inhibited by NaHCO3
Authors: Izumikawa Muneo , Mitani Tohru , Noka Takashi
Published: March 2007

Flaming limit of paper inhibited by chemical and thermal retardants was in vestigated. The tested retardants were sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and water. With increasing NaHCO3 or Na2CO3, the spreading rate of flaming decreased gradually. At a critical content of 0.25 wt %, stable flaming became impossible. Beyond the critical Na content, slow but stable smoldering combustion was observed. The transition from flaming to smoldering mode in paper burning is based on the surface reaction of carbon activated by sodium and the consumption of decomposed fuels at the surface. Since burning of the premixture at the leading edge is considerably modified by its local stoichiometry, a small reduction of fuel decelerates the gas phase reactions at the leading edge and causes a blowoff of the diffusion flame with increasing the sodium content in paper. Actually, another experiment using a porous plate burner showed that a sufficient amount of O2 for the carbon burn ing in the pyrolysis zone of paper diffuses through the flame gap at the leading edge of the diffusion flame.
Imparting Durable Press and Flame Retardancy to Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Benitate John V. , Harper Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Durable press and flame retardancy were imparted to cotton chambray and denim fabrics when DMDHEU was used in combination with THPS-NH3 or with either THPS or THPC precondensate-NH3 flame retardant systems and applied by a number of different techniques. The influence of sequence of ap plication of the crosslinking agent was investigated by applying DMDHEU to fabrics either before, after, or simultaneously with the flame retardant treat ment. These variations have a marked effect on smooth-dry performance, strength, durability, hand and other properties of the fabrics. Fabrics with the best combination of flame retardancy, durable press and strength properties were those that were processed with a two-step procedure in which the flame retardant was applied first, followed by a second step application of DMDHEU.
Toxicity Evaluation of Fire Effluent Gases from Experimental Fires in a Building
Authors: Morikawa T. , Yanai E. , Nishina T.
Published: March 2007

Two compartment fire experiments were conducted in a two storied ferro concrete building to investigate evolution of toxic gases and toxicity of at mospheres in the burn room and its surrounding area. One was the combustion of natural polymer contents, and the other was for synthetic polymer- containing contents. Major toxicants evolved such as CO, HCN, HCl, SO2, NOx, acrolein, formaldehyde were determined and toxic effects were evaluated by means of toxicity index, Σ(Ci/Cfi). Mice and rabbits were used as test animals and exposed to fire effluent gases in the burn room and exposure boxes. For rabbits, blood analysis and other biological examinations were carried out to find out the cause of the death or incapacitation.
Fire Hazard and Toxic Potency of the Smoke from Burning Materials
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M.
Published: March 2007

Caution is required to interpret the results of small-scale tests for toxic potency of smoke. The purpose of carrying out such tests is the identification of materials which are unusually toxic or which represent an unusual toxic fire hazard. This objective can be achieved by classifying materials into categories of toxic potency separated by a factor of 10. Furthermore, in the case of materials with toxic potency higher than that for commonly used ones, results should be interpreted by means of a fire hazard analysis. A simplified method for carrying out the toxic fire hazard portion of this analysis is a comparison of the ratio of a mass loss rate parameter (MLRP) to the toxic potency (LC 50) of the material under investigation with that of a "standard or commonly accepted material."
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VI. Further Studies on the Toxicity of Smoke Containing Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Hartzell G.E. , Grand A.F. , Switzer W.G.
Published: March 2007

Studies of rodent lethality due to exposure to HCl, as well as to mixtures of HCl and CO, have shown different apparent toxicological effects at low and at high concentrations of HCl. At low concentrations of HCl, sensory irritation causes a decrease in respiratory minute volume, with somewhat slower loading of CO and a delay in incapacitation. This effect is observable only at low con centrations of CO. At much higher HCl concentrations, pulmonary irritant ef fects are observed leading to postexposure lethality. An empirical analysis of the data for mixtures of HCl and CO suggests that exposure doses leading to lethality may be additive.

The lethal toxic potency (LC50) of PVC smoke may be largely, but not entirely, accounted for by the HCl produced. However, PVC smoke exhibits a greater in cidence of early postexposure deaths. The early deaths, which may be partially attributable to a combined effect of CO and HCl, may also be linked to the pattern of respiratory penetration by the smoke. There is evidence that com ponents other than HCl are present which cause PVC smoke to be more irri tating than HCl alone.
Thermal Protection Studies of Plastic Films and Fibrous Materials
Authors: Saad Michel A. , Altman Robert L.
Published: March 2007

An experimental method of radiant heating was used to study the thermal protection properties of certain film and woven materials. Samples of these, placed in front of fiberglass batting containing a phenolic resin, were exposed to a radiant heat flux of 5 W/cm2 and the resin mass loss as a function of time indicated the thermal protective effectiveness of the film or woven material for the bare fiberglass insulation. The materials tested included aluminized and unaluminized synthetic plastic films and fibrous materials like silicon carbide and phenolic novolac. The yield strength of selected aluminized plastics at tem peratures ranging from room temperature to 260°C was also measured.

Aluminized polyimide (KAPTON®) was shown to be an effective light weight heat shield exhibiting the lowest weight loss in the assembly and most favorable stress-strain properties. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and poly etherimide (ULTEM®) were somewhat less satisfactory than KAPTON®, mainly for reasons of mechanical failure at high temperatures. Aluminized polyester (MYLAR®) and polyvinylfluoride (TEDLAR®) were severely ther mally damaged by the radiant energy and the observed weight loss came from both the film and the phenolic resin contained in the fiberglass. Poly benzimidazole (PBI) film, while not thermally damaged, also lost weight when exposed to the same radiant heat source, but we attribute this to bound water released upon heating. For the fibrous materials, aluminized woven silicon car bide (NICALON®) was better than an aluminized phenolic novolac (KYNOL®) in reducing the resin weight loss of the fiberglass insulation.
Sensitivity of a Cigarette Ignitability Index to Hypothetical Shifts in the Distribution of Upholstery Furniture Fabrics
Authors: Rhyne A.L. , Spears A.W.
Published: March 2007

The laboratory mock-up model is the procedure employed to esti mate the likelihood of an upholstered furniture product to ignite when in sus tained contact with a burning cigarette. To draw inference from these mock-up laboratory tests an ignitability index, reflecting the expected probability of an ignition, is developed. This index is dependent upon the distributions of the fabrics and battings which are at risk. This study examines the sensitivity of the index to shifts in the fabric and batting distributions. Under these simulated fabric and battings shifts the ignitability indexes for several ciga rettes of differing properties are compared.
Flame Retarding Polybutylene Terephthalate - Properties, Processing Characteristics, and Rheology
Authors: Green Joseph , Chung Joo
Published: March 2007

Brominated phosphate, brominated polycarbonate oligomer, and brominated polystyrene were compared as flame retardants for glass-filled polybutylene terephthalate resin. Properties compared are flammability, im pact resistance, heat distortion temperature, tensile and flexural properties and processability. Also studied in detail are polymer compounding character istics and rheological properties.
A Method to Determine the Potential Toxicity of Smoke from Burning Polymers: II. The Toxicity of Smoke from Douglas Fir
Authors: Calswell Daniel J. , Alarie Yves C.
Published: March 2007

Mice were exposed for 30 minutes to smoke from burning Douglas fir under flaming conditions using the UPitt II apparatus for evaluation of flaming combustion/toxicity of smoke. The burning conditions were selected to provide a range from sufficient energy and oxygen to just sustain flaming above the specimens up to efficient flaming conditions of high flame height above the specimens. Under inefficient burning conditions carbon monoxide evolved slowly and was found to be the principal toxicant. Under highly efficient burn ing conditions deaths also occurred but not due to CO. Combining all burning conditions an average LC50 of 113 mg/L (95% confidence interval was 108 to 118 mg/L) was obtained from smoke from Douglas fir. No deaths were observed at a smoke exposure concentration below 76 mg/L for a 30 minute exposure. Lethality data were also analyzed for time to death to obtain median time to death, survival distribution function and cumulative hazard. These showed that although the smoke LC50 was similar for the burning conditions in vestigated, the time to effect was different. The cumulative hazard was highest under the most efficient flaming conditions producing low CO. Thus, the lethal effect of smoke from Douglas fir was not predicted from analysis of CO as was previously suggested.
Analyses of Brominated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in ABS Resins Containing Brominated Flame Retardants
Authors: Bonilla J.V. , Munro H.E. , Mitchum R.K. , Bauer M.R.
Published: March 2007

One of the challenges in analytical chemistry has been the deter mination of polybrominated-dibenzodioxins (PBDD) and polybrominated di benzofurans (PBDF) in resin matrices containing brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants. This is mainly because brominated diphenylethers se verely interfere with PBDD/PBDF analyses.
Horizontal Burn Test at Different Oxygen Levels: A Small Scale Screening Test for Flexible Polyurethane Foam with Excellent Correlation to the BS 5852 Part 2 Source 5
Authors: Vanspeybroeck R.S.L. , Sewell R.A. , Thoen J.A.
Published: March 2007

A Horizontal Burn Test (HBT) has been successfully developed to evaluate the ignition resistance, flame propagation and heat release of a flexi ble polyurethane foam. The test was used to evaluate the combustion charac teristics of foams of different type and density, unfilled or filled with different types of combustion modification additives. The best differentiation between foam samples was found on the basis of relative heat release. On the basis of this measurement and the oxygen ignition index, a correlation between com bustion performance in the Horizontal Burn Test and in the BS 5852 Source 5 Test was established. In this way, the excellent BS 5852 Source 5 performance of melamine-filled high resilience slabstock foams was predicted on the basis of Horizontal Burn Test results. Furthermore, all-MDI foam formulations filled with melamine or other selected solid fillers were defined as alternatives to pass the BS 5852 Source 5 Test.
The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Carbon Monoxide-Induced Incapacitation
Authors: Sanders Donald C. , Endecott Boyd R.
Published: March 2007

Laboratory rats were exposed to experimental concentrations of carbon monoxide in air at ambient temperature, to elevated temperature at mospheres from 40°C to 60°C, and to selected CO concentrations in 40-60°C whole-body environments. Incapacitating potency was evaluated by measuring time-to-incapacitation as a function of CO concentration and/or temperature. Incapacitation occurred earlier when CO inhalation was combined with elevated temperature than when the same parameters were applied individ ually ; a fractionally additive effect was noted. An empirical equation was derived for predicting time-to-incapacitation from CO concentration and tem perature data.
Nonthermal Fire Damage
Authors: Tewarson Archibald
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the general relationships between nonther mal damage and fire initiation, fire spread, generation of fire products, en vironmental conditions, and orientation and surface characteristics of targets. Data reported in the literature by various researchers have been used in the paper to discuss the relationships. Tests currently being used to assess corro sion in various laboratories and the long-range nonthermal damage research at Factory Mutual Research Corporation are reviewed.
A Review of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants
Authors: Green Joseph
Published: March 2007

The flame retardant mechanism described for phosphorus- containing flame retardants includes both a condensed and a vapor phase mechanism depending on the type of phosphorus compound and the polymer. Intumescence is also described. Chemical structures of the flame retardant are shown. Specific applications for red phosphorus, organophosphates, chlorophos phates and bromophosphates are described. The use of triarylphosphates in PVC, modified polyphenylene oxide, and polycarbonate/ABS is described. The chlorophosphates are used in polyurethanes and the bromophosphates in en gineering thermoplastics. Flammability and mechanical properties are given for specific polymers.
Residual Strength of Composites during and after Fire Exposure
Authors: Sorathia U. , Beck C. , Dapp T.
Published: March 2007

The flammability characteristics of conventional and advanced composite materials have been extensively studied within the DOD. However, the structural performance of composite materials, the residual strength of composite structures, and the consequences of composite usage on ship sur vivability and damage control during and after fire have not yet been fully assessed.

Residual flexural strength retained (%RSR) after exposure to 25 kW/m2 for a duration of 20 minutes (ASTM E-662) for selected conventional and advanced composite materials is presented. A methodology is presented for the assess ment of the residual strength of composite materials during fire exposure by inter-relationship of mechanical property, temperature, thickness and time.
Elevated Temperature Oxygen Index Apparatus and Measurements
Authors: Bates Stephen C. , Solomon Peter R.
Published: March 2007

An apparatus that performs elevated temperature (300-800°C) Oxygen Index ( OI) measurements using radiant heating has been developed and used to perform OI measurements on a variety of high- OI composite materials. Comparisons of data with OI values obtained using a gas preheat device indicate reasonable agreement. Flame propagation down the edges of the samples dominated the burning behavior for many high temperature samples. The physical mechanism of volatile release was identified as the con trolling factor for the OI value for high- OI materials. Delamination, cracking, matrix penetration, foaming, and blistering all led to different burning be havior and different OI characteristics. Long-term aging of composite materials is also a very important contributor to the OI of the material. At tem peratures above 300 ° C OI values were found to be very high as a result of the stable nature of the carbon char remaining after decomposition of the polymeric binder material.
Effect of Zinc, Zinc Oxide and Zinc Borate on the Flammability of Polycarbonate
Authors: Benrashid Ramazan , Nelson Gordon L. , Ferm Donald J. , Chew Leland W.
Published: March 2007

Polycarbonate was blended with zinc, zinc borate (2ZnO·3B2O 3·3.5H2O) and zinc oxide. Blends made of zinc/polycarbonate and especially zinc borate/polycarbonate show major improvement in oxygen index values. Ohio State University (OSU) heat release studies show reduction in heat release only for zinc borate/polycarbonate blends compared to virgin polycarbonate. No improvement in smoke suppression was observed from NBS Smoke Chamber studies for these blends. From DSC studies there was a low ering of Tg's. Thermogravimetric analyses show the blends have lower tempera ture stability in nitrogen (50% weight loss) compared to a control.
The Flammability Aspects of Decorative Trimmings, Part 2: Decorative Trimmings Used on Soft Furnishings
Authors: D'Silva A.P. , Sorensen N.
Published: March 2007

Fundamental studies carried out on the flammability behaviour of trimmings used on soft furnishings have shown that the performance stan dards, i.e., BS 5867: Part 2: 1980 normally used to assess the flammability per formance of fabrics for curtain and drapes is unsuitable for assessing such trim mings. Since trimmings used on soft furnishings are heterogeneous, low weight products, they comprise only a small fraction of the total mass of soft furnish ings to which they are attached and so the criteria applied to furnishing fabrics to assess their flammability do not apply to trimmings. A proposed test method takes into consideration the low weight heterogeneous nature of the trimming products in conjunction with their flaming characteristics, e.g., modification to the flame characteristics brought about by the incorporation of flame retar dants or flameproofing treatments.
Effect of Cotton Duck #6 Inter- Bolt Variability on Cigarette Ignition Propensity Test Outcome
Authors: Wanna Joseph T. , Jupe Richard , Chen Paul L. , Greear Linda C.
Published: March 2007

To determine the effect of inter-bolt variability of duck #6 fabrics on cigarette ignition propensity, four bolts of duck #6 fabrics purchased accord ing to guidelines described by the National Institute of Standards and Technol ogy (NIST) were used in testing the ignition propensity of two experimental cigarettes according to a test method proposed by NIST. Results for each of the cigarettes were highly dependent on the bolt used in preparing the mockup. Inter-bolt variability of cotton duck #6 fabric was found to produce a statisti cally significant difference in the ignition results for the same cigarette. The results support an earlier study performed with duck #4 fabric. Numbered duck fabrics are no longer manufactured in the USA. Use of imported duck fabrics might introduce additional variables to the cotton duck fabric proper ties that could well lead to an even greater variability in cigarette ignition pro pensity testing.
Fire Hazard Assessment in a Big Hall with the Multi-Cell Zone Modelling Concept
Authors: Chow W.K.
Published: March 2007

The multi-cell concept is further applied for assessing the fire hazard of a big hall using a zone model. A hall of size 60 m by 60 m by 5 m was selected for the study. HAZARD1, a computer-based hazard calculation method combining models of fire growth and egress was used for fire hazard assess ment. This hall was divided into a "nine-room" structure, a "three-room" struc ture, and a "one-room" structure. Room numbers and node numbers for each group were labelled for use by the evacuation module EXITT. The fire environ ment was simulated by the fire zone model CFAST. With the predicted results, the escape paths of the occupants were then simulated. The module TENAB was used to study whether tenability criteria were exceeded. Because the "multi-cell" concept of using a zone model can give detailed information in the fire environment, better identification of the escape path and more accurate prediction on tenability are possible.
Approaches to the Flame Retardancy of Polymers. I.: Electron-Beam Pre-Irradiation and Grafting of Acrylic Monomers onto EVA Copolymers
Authors: Jianqi Wang  , Sheng Zhang  , Liqing Xie  , Chenlin Wen
Published: March 2007

An attempt has been made in the paper to impart flame retar dancy to polymers with grafting induced by the electron-beam (EB) pre- irradiation technique. Based on EVA copolymers with different VA contents (%), the authors have tried to use EB pre-irradiation under atmosphere fol lowed by grafting with/without subsequent saponification expediting the char ring of polymers upon heating. Characterization of the flammability of the irra diated EVA copolymers grafted with acrylic monomers (MAA, AA, and AAm) indicates that this approach turns out to be promising and worth pursuing in research and/or in applications.
Flammability Test for Granular Synthetic Resins by the Modified Oxygen Index Method
Authors: Iwata Yusaku , Yanai Eiji
Published: March 2007

A new oxygen index method is developed for testing the flamma bility of the granular synthetic resins. The oxygen index values of several granular resins are able to be determined by this method. The oxygen index values obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by the con ventional method. The granular samples used here are mainly classified into three groups, according to their thermal properties.
A Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Tunnels
Authors: Beard Alan N.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical model of fire in a tunnel, FIRE-SPRINT A2, is pre sented which relates geometrical and thermo-physical conditions to instability within the system. Such instability may be associated with fire spread from one item to another within the tunnel. As an illustration, a case involving a heavy goods vehicle within the Channel Tunnel is considered.
Flame Retardancy in UL-94 V-0 and in UL-94 5VA High Impact Polystyrene
Authors: Utevski Lev , Scheinker Michael , Georlette Pierre , Lach Shoshana
Published: March 2007

The feasibility of producing HIPS of UL-94 5V flammability rating has been demonstrated. Results of TGA, XRD and SEM enable the role of such components as brominated organic flame retardant, antimony trioxide, chlorin ated polyethylene and magnesium hydroxide in flame retardancy of 5VA HIPS to be evaluated.
On the "Cabins" Fire Safety Design Concept in the New Hong Kong Airport Terminal Building
Authors: Beever Paula
Published: March 2007

The Forum is intended to provide for dialogue and discussion among fire experts, scientists and consultants. Contributions to The Forum will not be refereed in the conventional sense, but will be subject to review by the Journal's Editorial Board relative to appropriateness, clarity, timeliness, and scope of interest. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge of those contributions to be published. Opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors and not of the Editors or Technomic Publishing Company, Incor porated.
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes as Carbonization Agents in Intumescent Blends. Part 1: Fire Retardancy of Polypropylene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Ammonium Polyphosphate Blends
Authors: Bugajny Michel , Le Bras Michel , Bourbigot Serge , Poutch Franck , Lefebvre Jean-Marc
Published: March 2007

This work deals with the fire retardancy of polypropylene (PP)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) intu mescent blends, using TPU with different chemical compositions and struc tures. The influence of the chemical nature of the polyol used in the synthesis of the TPU on the fire resistance of materials is discussed. Moreover, smoke pro duction from combustion of the blend and mechanical properties (elonga tion/stress relation) of the polymeric materials are studied. Improved flame retarded (FR) materials with very different mechanical properties according to the composition of the TPU can be formulated.
Towards a Dynamic Theory of the State and Civil Society in the Development Process
Authors: Amirahmadi Hooshang
Published: March 2007

This paper employs the concepts of the state and civil society to explain the development process. It theorizes development as a dynamic and non-continuous process of state- civil society interaction. It argues that sustainable development initially requires a strong developmentalist state that allows for the growth of a vibrant civil society. At some point in this process, civil society will muster enough strength to challenge the state. If this transitional stage is successfully managed, the two forces will reach a balance of power that allows the country to enter the sustainable development stage, also characterized by democracy. The paper illustrates the theory through historical analysis and concludes by drawing out the theory's planning and policy implications.
Marginal Spaces in the Urban Landscape: Regulated Margins or Incidental Open Spaces?
Authors: Garde Ajay M.
Published: March 2007

In today's increasingly regulated cities, a noticeable pattern of open space between buildings and streets has emerged. The study shows that marginal spaces, defined as open spaces between buildings and the street, are generated as inevitable by-products of urban spatial development. Changes in both societal values and the regulatory processes of urban spatial development can transform marginal spaces into undesirable areas. In this paper, I argue that incidental generation and transformation of marginal spaces is inappropriate. Marginal spaces occupy a substantial proportion of urban land and deserve serious consideration.
Victims No Longer: Participatory Planning with a Diversity of Women at Risk of Abuse
Authors: Loevinger Rahder Barbara
Published: March 2007

Participation in planning has been an important topic of debate for more than 30 years. Dramatic changes in the demography of North America and the failure of existing forms of participation have highlighted the need to find new ways of working with increasingly diverse and often marginalized communities. This article describes a participatory planning project in which a diversity of participants—including aboriginal women, immigrant and racial minority women, women with disabilities, and rural women—became organized, trained, and empowered to collectively challenge social services to become more accountable and responsive to their needs.
Phase Shifting of the Circadian Conidiation Rhythm in Neurospora crassa by Calmodulin Antagonists
Authors: Nakashima Hideaki
Published: March 2007

The effects of chemicals capable of antagonizing the functions of calmodulin, such as trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, alprenolol, W7, and W13, on the circadian conidia tion rhythm of Neurospora crassa were examined. Trifluoperazine, at a 30- μM concentration, was most effective in shifting the phase of the conidiation rhythm and caused a maximum phase delay at circadian time (CT) 6 and maximum phase advance at CT 9. Chlorpromazine was less effective than trifluoperazine, and a 300- μM concentration of chlorpromazine was required for a similar phase shift. Imipramine, at a 1-mM concentration, caused only a small phase shift, while alpre nolol had little effect on biological clock function. W7 and W13 caused phase delays longer than 10 hr at CT 6 and caused a phase advance of about 5 hr at CT 10 when present at a 200- μM concentration. However, W5 and W12, the dechlorinated homologues of W7 and W 13, had no effects on clock function at the same concentration.

Calmodulin was assayed by measurements of stimulation of cyclic nucleotide diphosphodies terase activity. Calmodulin content remained constant in trifluoperazine-sensitive and trifluopera zine-insensitive phases for two cycles following the light-dark transition.
The Two-Oscillator Circadian System of Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) and Its Response to Light and Dark Pulses
Authors: Meijer J.H. , Daan S. , Overkamp G.J.F. , Hermann P.M.
Published: March 2007

The wheel-running activity rhythm of tree shrews (tupaias; Tupaia belangeri) housed in constant darkness (DD) phase-advanced following a 3-hr light pulse at circadian time (CT) 21. Dark pulses of 3 hr presented to tupaias in bright constant light (LL) did not induce significant phase shifts of the free-running activity rhythm, irrespective of the CT.

In dim LL, tupaias showed simultaneous splitting of their circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity, nest-box activity, and feeding behavior. Light pulses of 6 hr and 2300 lux were presented to 13 tupaias with split wheel-running activity rhythms. These light pulses induced immediate phase shifts in the two components of the split rhythm in opposite directions. No differences were observed between the light-pulse phase response curves of the two components. Equally large immediate phase advances were induced in both components by light pulses of 230 lux, but not by 23 lux. The final phase shifts were small at all CTs. In two tupaias, activity rhythms transiently split and re-fused. Analysis of the relative position of the components in one of these indicates asymmetry in the coupling between the components.
Geographical Variation in Photoperiodic Induction of Diapause in the Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae)
Authors: Vaz Nunes M. , Koveos D.S. , Veerman A.
Published: March 2007

The photoperiodic response of 10 strains of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), originating between 40.5° and 60°N in Western and Central Europe, was found to be highly variable. The critical nightlength for photoperiodic induction of diapause was strongly correlated with latitude for the lowland populations and varied from 7.75 hr in the north to 13.25 hr in the south. The length of the circadian period, taken as the peak-to-peak interval in response curves of resonance experiments done with T. urticae, varied between 17.75 and 21.5 hr and appeared weakly correlated with latitude. Only a very weak correlation was observed between critical nightlength and circadian period. These results do not provide evidence in favor of a circadian-based photoperiodic clock in T. urticae. On the other hand, they also do not refute this possibility, as there may be other circadian or noncircadian factors affecting the critical nightlength, which could mask the influence of circadian period.
Factors Affecting Slow Regular Firing in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus In Vitro
Authors: Thomson Alex M. , West David C.
Published: March 2007

In isolated slices of hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons were recorded intracellularly. Blockade of Ca++ channels increased spike duration, eliminating an early component of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that followed evoked spikes. The duration and reversal potential of AHPs were, however, unaffected, suggesting that only an early, fast component of the AHP was Ca++ -dependent. Unlike other central neurons that exhibit pacemaker activity, therefore, SCN neurons do not display a pronounced, long-lasting Ca++-dependent AHP. Extracellular Ba++ and intracellular Cs+ both revealed slow depolarizing potentials evoked either by depolarizing current injection, or by repolarization following large hyperpolarizations. They had different effects on the shape of spikes and the AHPs that followed them, however. Cs+, which blocks almost all K+ channels, dramatically reduced resting potential, greatly increased spike duration (to tens of milliseconds), and blocked AHPs completely. In contrast, Ba++ had little effect on resting potential and produced only a small increase in spike duration, depressing an early Ca++-dependent component and a later Ca+ -independent component of the AHP. The relatively weak pacemaker activity of SCN neurons appears to involve voltage- dependent activation of at least one slowly inactivating inward current, which brings the cells to firing threshold and maintains tonic firing; both Ca++ -dependent and Ca+ -independent K+ channels, which repolarize cells after spikes and maintain interspike intervals; and Ca++ channels, which contribute to activation of Ca++-activated K+ currents and may also contribute to slow depolarizing potentials. In the absence of powerful synaptic inputs, SCN neurons express a pacemaker activity that is sufficient to maintain an impressively regular firing pattern. Slow, repetitive activation of optic input, however, increases local circuit activity to such an extent that the normal pacemaker potentials are overridden and firing patterns are altered. Since SCN neurons are very small and have large input resistances, they are particularly susceptible to synaptic input.
Effect of Temperature on the Uptake of 35S(-II) by Wine Yeasts
Authors: O'Connor Charmian J. , Singh Ragina M.D. , Walde Peter , Spedding D. John
Published: March 2007

The rates of uptake of 35S from S(-II) solutions by wine yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains R92 and R104 and Saccharomyces chevalieri strain R93, were measured at pH 3.1 and 7.2 over the temperature range 5 ° C to 80 ° C and at 0.3 (or 0.5) mM and 5.0 mM S(-II) concentrations. Three critical temperatures were observed; the first, at ca 20 ° C is attributed to a phase change of the yeast cell membrane from a crystalline to a liquid crystalline state; the second, at the temperature of maximum activity at 30 ° C to 40 ° C is thought to arise from a switch from a metastable to a thermodynamically more stable state which is less effective in supporting the transport functions; and the third, at tempera tures greater than 50 ° C correlates well with the thermal viability of the yeasts. Variation of the activation energy, Ea, with extracellular S(-II) concen tration was observed and Ea for the uptake of S(-II) from a solution of 5 mM S(-II) at pH 7.2 was higher than at pH 3.1. The values of Ea support the postulate of a simple diffusion of H2S(aq) and carrier mediated transport of HS-(aq) for the transport of S(-II).
Radiation Sterilizable Bioabsorbable Monofilaments Based on Copolymers of Glycolide and 1, 5-Dioxepan-2-One
Authors: Kafrawy Adel , Jamiolkowski Dennis D. , Shalaby Shalaby W.
Published: March 2007

Copolymers of glycolide (GLY) and 1,5-dioxepan-2-one (DXO) were prepared with small amounts of a partially aromatic polyester (PG-2) of 1,4-phenylene- bis-oxyacetic acid and ethylene glycol incorporated in the final copolymeric macromolecular chain. The copolymers were extruded, drawn, and annealed into monofilaments which exhibited good tensile properties. When the monofilaments were sterilized by gamma radiation at 2.5 Mrads, the resultant fibers retained higher tensile strengths as compared to the fully aliphatic con trol fibers.
"Pyran Copolymers" Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase I from Human Spleen
Authors: Bao-Shu Tang , Wang Li-Kei , Xu Xiao-Li
Published: March 2007

"Pyran copolymers" (DIVEMA, FMA and FMAHA), a category of known synthetic polyanions, were found to be potent inhibitors of purified DNA topoisomerase I from human spleen in vitro. DIVEMA, FMA and FMAHA com pletely inhibit the relaxing activity of the topoisomerase I at concentrations of 0.09, 0.6 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition is reversible. When the substrate (supercoiled plamid PBR322 DNA) and the enzyme are increased to 2 or 3 fold of the initial amount the inhibition is partly overcome. The inhibi tion is specific; they do not inhibit the uncoupling activity of DNA topoiso merase II at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, nor do they inhibit the digesting ac tivity of DNase I at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml.
Syntheses and Biological Activity of Poly(methyl 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate-alt-maleic anhydride) Derivative
Authors: Man Jung Han  , Keun Bae Choi  , Joon Pyo Chae  , Bo Sup Hahn  , Won Young Lee
Published: March 2007

Synthesis of the alternating copolymer poly(methyl 3,4-dihydro- 2H-pyran-2-carboxylate-alt-maleic anhydride) was obtained from equimolar ratio of maleic anhydride to methyl 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate. The molecular weight was found to be low due to the transfer reaction of the 3,4- dihydropyran monomer. Hydrolyses of the copolymer with different conditions afforded polymers with different methyl ester content. Treatment of the polymer with methanol, ammonia, 5-fluorouracil and bis(2-chloroethyl)amine gave polymer derivatives. These polymers had different functionalities and showed in vitro biological activity comparable to the reference polymer DIVEMA. The polymer covalently bound with 5-fluorouracil was found to have a strong antitumor activity.
Immunogenicity of Protein-N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer Conjugates in A/J and B10 Mice
Authors: Flanagan P.A. , Duncan R. , Rihova B. , ŠUbr V. , Kopeček J.
Published: March 2007

Two proteins (model targeting residues) human immunoglobulin fraction (IgG) and human transferrin have been conjugated to N-(2-hydroxy propyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer and the antibody titer elicited, after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration to A/J and B10 mice of free and conjugated protein, was measured using the ELISA technique. The measured IgG titer against protein-HPMA copolymer conjugates was always higher than the IgM titer. Also, the titer (IgG) measured against native protein was up to 250-fold greater than that raised against protein-HPMA copolymer conjugates. This reduction in antibody titer against conjugate had a limited de pendence on its molecular weight.
Physical and Biological Properties of Water Soluble Polyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Davison C.J. , Smith K.E. , Hutchinson L.E.F. , O'Mullane J.E. , Brookman L. , Petrak K. , Harding S.E.
Published: March 2007

Water soluble non-stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes have been investigated as potential drug carrier systems for parenteral administra tion. Complexes between the polycationic quaternized poly(vinyl imidazole) (QPVI) and an excess of a higher molecular weight partially sulfonated dextran (pDS) were designed to inherit the biocompatible properties of dextran. Polyelectrolyte complexes with an overall anionic nature prepared from excess poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and low molecular weight quaternary poly amines were also studied. Sedimentation velocity techniques and size exclu sion chromatography showed that complexation was present in all of the systems studied under the appropriate conditions. These studies also indicated that an increasing [polycation]/[polyanion] ratio resulted in a smaller, more compact complex conformation. Platelet aggregation studies showed that toxic aggregatory effects normally induced by the polycations, and to a lesser extent the pDS, were eliminated in vitro when they formed part of a soluble polyelec trolyte complex. In vivo distribution studies in mice using 125I-labelled polyca tion complexed with pDS or PMAA showed accumulation of 40-50% of the ad ministered dose in the liver after 2 hours. The polycation present in these com plexes appears to have been prevented, to some extent, from interacting with negatively-charged biological surfaces, such as platelets in vitro. However this complexation was not sufficient, at least for the macromolecules we have ex amined, to prevent the extensive incidence of unwanted interactions in vivo, lead ing to removal of the polyelectrolyte complexes from the circulation. In conclusion it has been shown that the ionic bonds which hold this type of complex to gether, are not sufliciently strong in vivo to preserve a stable complex structure.
Bulk and Surface Effects on Blood Compatibility
Authors: Lyman Donald J.
Published: March 2007

Studies on protein adsorption and platelet adhesion indicate that polymer surfaces can selectively adsorb proteins from whole blood in vivo and the composition of this adsorbed protein layer influences the adhesion of plate lets, and thus determines the thrombogenicity of the polymer. The microphase structure of the block copolyurethanes seems to often confer a selectivity in albumin adsorption, which appears to make these materials relatively non- thrombogenic Analyses of the synthetic procedures for preparing these block copolyurethanes have indicated that the standard two-step synthetic procedure introduces sizeable amounts of dimeric soft and hard segments into the copoly mers. FT-IR and ESCA are being used to determine the bulk and surface mor phology of these standard block copolyurethanes as well as their pure (AB)n analogs, so as to understand protein binding to their surfaces. A study of these materials as vascular grafts has indicated that the bulk properties (i.e., the compliance of the graft) can also affect graft patency under in vivo conditions.