bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historicizing Polio's "Happy Ending" in Recent American Children's Fiction
Authors: Foertsch Jacqueline
Published: February 2009

The article examines recently published children’s stories treating the subject of polio and
other historical milestones from the mid-twentieth-century. Responding to recent theories that
critique the sentimentalizing of history or disability in children’s literature, the article finds a
fairly strong correlation between historical awareness and realistic depictions of polio—and
ableist bigotry—in the selected texts. Meanwhile, no matter how realistic the rendering of
history, polio (recovery) enables the happy ending in each case. As polio met its own happy
ending in the publication of the Salk vaccine in 1955, so the polio road to recovery is
indicated in each story examined here, by way of casting this period in U.S. history—full of
heroism and achievement but also tragedy, hysteria, and confusion—in the best possible
light.
The Post-Mutiny Imperial Boy Hero: Bridging Cultural Divides in Sara Jeanette Duncan's The Story of Sonny Sahib
Authors: Goswami Supriya
Published: February 2009

This article argues that in The Story of Sonny Sahib Sara Jeanette Duncan presents the young
country-bred English boy as the ideal post-Mutiny survivor who has the ability to be sensitive
to both English and Indian cultures. Sonny Sahib is born during the Mutiny at Cawnpore but
miraculously survives the alleged betrayal, violence, and trauma experienced by the British
during this horrifying insurrection. He is burdened with the important task of building bridges
between the colonized subjects of India and their British colonizers in a post-Mutiny era of
mutual suspicion and distrust.
Marginal(ized) Demarcator: (Mis)Reading The Water-Babies
Authors: Padley Jonathan
Published: February 2009

Charles Kingsley's The Water-Babies is now frequently marginalized in the English literary
canon as a text to which both academic and general readers are indifferent. Such approaches,
however, fail to appreciate or disregard entirely its sociopolitical, scientific, and religious
subtexts, all of which, ironically, prioritize the issue of marginalization. This article addresses
these problems by examining the publication history of The Water-Babies and by showing
that, through Tom's marginalized evolution from chimney-sweep to water-baby, Kingsley's
book actually conceals a savagely consistent social critique within the supposed
innocuousness of an imaginative fairy tale.
Mobility Matters: Research Training and Network Building in Science
Authors: Woolley Richard , Turpin Tim , Marceau Jane , Hill Stephen
Published: February 2009

Technology transfer and human-capital mobility are integral to processes of capacity building that lead to economic and social development. Scientific mobility through institutional channels is argued to be a process in which scientists and engineers can accumulate scientific capitals. This essay reviews the importance of foreign research degrees and postdoctoral positions in the formation of human-capital and social-capital networks. The empirical focus is on six large economies in the Asia-Pacific region, drawing on data from an exploratory survey of scientists publishing in journals indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI). Mobility for research degrees and postdoctoral research is a significant contributor to the formation of scientific and technical human capital, which has been an important driver in economic expansion and social development in the Asia-Pacific region. The results suggest that destinations for postdoctoral positions are more important than destinations for research degrees in the formation of durable social-capital networks. In particular, there appears to a relatively strong relationship between host destinations for postdoctoral-research training and the organization of transnational research collaborations. This finding could have implications for the capacity of developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region to link and integrate into the emerging knowledge hubs within the region.
Domestic Wastewater Management in a Rural Community in Colombia
Authors: Gómez Claudia Lorena Trejos , Garcia-Zamor Jean-Claude , Rojas Juan Mauricio Castaño
Published: February 2009

This article describes a case study of a process of technology transfer for the collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal of domestic wastewater in the rural community of La Florida, located near Pereira, Colombia. An unconventional wastewater-treatment system, consisting of a gritremoval chamber, three septic tanks, three up-flow anaerobic filters, and seven subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, was selected, designed, built, and implemented with the active participation of the community and local institutions. In order to do this, the knowledge dialogue model (KD) was used. The KD model was developed by the Research and Development Institute in Water Supply, Environmental Sanitation, and Water Resources Conservation (Cinara) of the Universidad del Valle in Colombia. Despite the participatory approach and the application of integrated water-resource-management principles, the unwillingness of the community and the participating institutions to establish a long-term alliance once the infrastructure was built affected the system’s sustainability. For similar initiatives to be successful, an institutional framework oriented toward sustainability must be in place as well as the political willingness to endorse these endeavors.
Small-Scale Technology for the Developing World: Volunteers for International Technical Assistance, 1959–1971
Authors: Williamson Bess
Published: February 2009

Starting in 1959, a group of American engineers and scientists organized Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA) to consult on practical technical issues in the developing world. Their work, disseminated through a mail-based inquiry service and several editions of the Village Technology Handbook , provided a counterpoint to the “modernization theory” favored among prominent social scientists and policy-makers of the period. VITA designs were for individual projects rather than large systems: they came in the form of instructions tailored for workers with traditional tools and skills, and they drew on research into historical and non-Western technologies to fit the constraints of various settings. In design strategy, VITA’s work anticipated the “appropriate-technology” advocacy of the late 1960s and ’70s; however, members’ professional ties to top firms and the group’s avoidance of ideological statements set them apart from this later movement.
Copyright and Historical Sound Recordings: Recent Efforts to Change U.S. Law
Authors: Brooks Tim
Published: February 2009

Constantly expanding copyright laws in the U.S. have made it increasingly difficult for archives to preserve our past effectively, and for the public to legally access it. This is especially true in the field of historical sound recordings. Most people are surprised to learn that for recordings made prior to 1972 there is no public domain, no fair use, and very few exceptions for preservation. This article looks at current guidelines for the use of copyrighted historical recordings; some important recent developments in the effort to change this situation; and what scholars and institutions can do now to help lessen the restrictions. Particular attention is given to the efforts of the Association for Recorded Sound Col lections (ARSC), which is seeking five specific changes in U.S. copyright law to benefit preservation and public access to historical recordings.
Are We on the Right Track?: Issues with LP Record Collections in U.S. Academic Libraries
Authors: Imre Andrea , Cox Elizabeth J.
Published: February 2009

This article reports on the findings of a survey on collection development and circulation practices of LP records in U.S. academic libraries conducted in September of 2007. Areas of special interest included the size of LP collections, identification of barriers to access, collection development practices, and digitization activities. The survey found that libraries have large LP collections, many libraries have large uncataloged collections, limited resources to manage these sound collections, and are faced with storage problems.
MLA-L at Twenty
Authors: Griscom Richard
Published: February 2009

MLA-L, the electronic-mail distribution list for music librarians, is now twenty years old. Before the establishment of the list in 1989, professional communication among music librarians was paper based and slow. The growth of computer networks in the early 1980s led to the development of applications to promote group communication, including LIST-SERV, an e-mail distribution application released in 1986. With the help of Mary Papakhian, a member of the information technology staff at Indiana University, Ralph Papakhian established MLA-L as the first distribution list on the university's LISTSERV server. Growth of the list was rapid: by the end of 1995, there were over 1,000 subscribers, and since then the number has slowly increased to over 1,100. The topics of discussion on MLA-L cover all aspects of the profession, and the archives of messages posted to the list provide a rich resource for the study of the history of music librarianship.
Samuel Sheppard’s Faerie King and the Fragmentation of Royalist Epic
Authors: Tranter Kirsten
Published: February 2009

This essay offers a reading of Samuel Sheppard’s little-known heroic poem, The Faerie King, as part of the virtual subgenre of unfinished Royalist epic. Begun in 1648 while the author was imprisoned for publishing Royalist propaganda, The Faerie King narrates the fortunes of the invented kingdom of Ruina in an obscure, fragmented allegory of the Civil War. Sheppard brings together conflicting elements of elevated poetic style and vulgar newsbook rhetoric in a volatile generic mix that registers the impact of actual war on the processes of literary creation and forms of authorship available in the Interregnum.
The Orphic Singer of Milton’s Nativity Ode
Authors: Fawcett Christina
Published: February 2009

Milton’s “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” has yet to be read as an Orphic song by a poet who served his apprenticeship with Virgil and Ovid. The Renaissance tradition of Orpheus as the preeminent example of poetry’s power to control nature and change history is affirmed in Milton’s first major English poem by his awareness of the threat from “the rout that made the hideous roar” in the true telos of the story. The ode, in the larger story of Milton’s development, attempts to “prevent” the need for a poem such as “Lycidas” or the incomplete work “The Passion.”
Spatial Allegory and Creation Old and New in Milton’s Hexaemeral Narrative
Authors: Hillier Russell M.
Published: February 2009

According to William B. Hunter’s interpretation of Paradise Lost ’s War in Heaven, Raphael’s martial narrative works as a temporal allegory, the three days of angelic warfare evoking, in various subtle ways, the Paschal triduum . The article demonstrates that Raphael’s hexaemeral narrative in book 7 serves as an allegorical companion piece to his epyllion in book 6. Raphael’s account of the Creation operates as a spatial allegory that communicates the Son’s work of restoration by associating vertical movements of descent and ascent with the salvific process of the Son’s incarnation, death, resurrection, ascension, and session. In addition to this overarching, restorative scheme of symbolic vertical movement, Milton implements a range of other literary devices to inscribe within Raphael’s history of the original, prelapsarian, “old” Creation the promise of the future, postlapsarian, new Creation of humanity accomplished by the incarnate Son’s saving work.
The Two Arcadias of Sidney’s Two Arcadia s
Authors: Forsyth V. L.
Published: February 2009

This paper aims to show that Sir Philip Sidney was influenced by both Polybius’s and Jacopo Sannazaro’s earlier accounts of the land of Arcadia when creating his own Arcadia. Linking the world of Philanax and Euarchus to Polybius’s Arcadia and the world at Basilius’s lodge to Sannazaro’s, the paper suggests that these two different “Arcadian” landscapes symbolize the opposing values of the two groups of characters. In the New Arcadia , but not the Old Arcadia , Sidney attempts to reconcile these different values into one balanced approach to life that is most obviously demonstrated by the new character of Kalander.
Using the Thomason Tracts and Their Significance for Milton Studies
Authors: Shawcross John T.
Published: February 2009

The Thomason Tracts owned by the British Library include many pamphlets, broadsides, and newspapers from 1640 to 1663 and have been employed in seventeenth-century British studies. Yet difficulties exist in recalling many items through the Fortescue two-volume Index and the two-part Index to the Microfilm Edition. Information about George Thomason and the tracts, along with two manuscript catalogs, is given. Problems and solutions in discovering specific items are presented with demonstrations of usage by two Milton scholars. Additionally, significance for Milton studies is shown by discussion of Tenure of Kings and Magistrates and citations to Eikonoklastes .
Friendship in Sidney’s Arcadia s
Authors: MacFaul Tom
Published: February 2009

This essay explores friendship in both versions of the Arcadia , arguing not only that Sir Philip Sidney’s romance is the fullest and most successful narrative development of the humanist ideal of friendship, but also that this ideal is therein stretched to its limits, particularly in the revised version of the text. Friendship tempers justice, as grace transcends law, but the oppositions cannot be simply resolved.
The Accommodating Serpent and God's Grace in Paradise Lost
Authors: Morrison Sarah R.
Published: February 2009

Paradise Lost , much more successfully than has been recognized, meets the challenge to make understandable the curse upon the Serpent while navigating tough theological terrain. As Milton was well aware, an inexplicable and special punishment inflicted upon an innocent animal threatens to impugn God’s goodness. The text goes beyond locating accommodated meaning in the curse to depict its pronouncement as an act of accommodation to Adam and Eve’s fallen consciousness, and in particular their now-tainted view of the Serpent. Milton presents the most troubling aspects of the Serpent’s role and punishment as key elements of God’s beneficent strategy of accommodation.
How Temperance Becomes “Blood Guiltie” in The Faerie Queene
Authors: Evans Kasey
Published: February 2009

“Blood Guiltiness” situates book 2 of Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene in the context of the protocapitalist mode of production, nascent in late-sixteenth-century England and in the colonial New World. The Mammon episode in particular mounts a critique of temperance in its protocapitalistic conception—the virtue of patient delay Max Weber would call the “Protestant ethic”—as a whitewashing fiction obscuring the violent truth of colonial mining. Spenser’s Guyon hides behind his eponymous virtue to deny his complicity in the hellish suffering of New World labor, revealing the inadequacy of temperance to serve as an ethical foundation in the newly transatlantic world.
Recent Studies in the English Renaissance
Authors: Dobranski Stephen B.
Published: February 2009

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the English Renaissance and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Donne’s Hawkings
Authors: Brown Piers
Published: February 2009

In this article, I use Donne’s offhand description of composition as hawking as the basis for a consideration of his depictions of the motions and trajectories of the writing mind. I examine Donne’s descriptions of the mental processes of writing in three different sites—in the study, on horseback, and beside the family hearth—in his letters and poetry, focusing in particular on three poems that exemplify each physical location: “Satire One,” “Goodfriday, 1613. Riding Westward,” and “Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.”
Language and Eschatology in the Work of Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Richter Silvia
Published: February 2009

This paper discusses the relationship between language and eschatology in the work of Emmanuel Levinas. It will take into consideration the various concepts of eschatology in his work by regarding his philosophical writings as well as his Talmudic interpretations. As I will show, eschatology plays a significant role in the work of Levinas and is strongly linked to the notion of language. In this context, I would like to underline the relationship between the work of Franz Rosenzweig and Emmanuel Levinas regarding language and eschatology, especially in light of the recently published correspondence between Rosenzweig and Margit (Gritli) Rosenstock-Huessy, the so-called "Gritli" letters. Furthermore, this article aims at explaining the importance of the notion of the voice in order to point out a new interpretation of the saying ( le dire ) and the said ( le dit ) in the later work of Levinas.
Invisible in Oxford: Medieval Jewish History in Modern England
Authors: van Court Elisa Narin
Published: February 2009

Medieval Anglo-Jewish history has only very recently begun to be included in scholarly histories of England and is still relatively absent unless the history is specifically concerned with the Jews of England. Unfortunately, the relative invisibility of medieval Jewish history in British historical scholarship is mirrored in the semi-scholarly "public face" of British history as it is represented in historical and heritage materials, guidebooks, memorials, and other informational sources for travelers and history in England. While it is often the nature of heritage groups to sanitize and homogenize the past, the degree to which this is done with regard to the medieval Anglo-Jewish past requires response and action, particularly in the context of an alarming world-wide rise in antisemitism. If knowledge is an essential context for understanding and tolerance, more visible and accurate accounts of medieval Jewish history are a necessary first step towards effecting social change.
Another, Other Abraham: Derrida's Figuring of Levinas's Judaism
Authors: Hammerschlag Sarah
Published: February 2009

Through a comparison of Derrida's late essay "Abraham, l'autre" with Gift of Death and Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas this essay illustrates how Derrida in "Abraham, l'autre" extends his efforts to derive a political thinking from Levinas's ethics. At the heart of this political thinking is the mode of "being-Jewish" which Derrida describes as "the experience of deconstruction itself, its chance, its menace, its destiny, its earthquake." Derrida develops a self-deconstructing model of identity by way of the mode of "being Jewish," and in so doing simultaneously critiques Levinas for his use of Judaism as an exemplary model of ethical thinking and capitalizes off the tensions arising out of this model, such that the figure of the Jew becomes ironically exemplary for Derrida of a political identity that would call into question the possibility that one could ever claim it as one's own.
The GDR and Anti-Semitism?: A Comparison of Jan Koplowitz' Novel Bohemia, mein Schicksal (1979) and Horst Seemann's Film Hotel Polan und seine Gäste (1981)
Authors: Eckart Gabriele
Published: February 2009

This article will show that, contrary to Jan Koplowitz' novel that traces the history of a Jewish family from Bohemia through the first half of the twentieth century, Horst Seemann's film version of this text is very antisemitic. By making use of antisemitic stereotypes that show greed for making money and lust for political power to be the "essence" of being Jewish, the film, shown on GDR television in the early 1980s, may have dangerously reinforced latent antisemitic feelings in the East German population. It is an example that supports the claim of recent scholarship that racism was practiced in the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany).
Ethics and Halakhah in Levinas
Authors: Fagenblat Michael
Published: February 2009

Levinas's conception of ethics has the structure of a phenomenology of Jewish law ( halakhah ) that privileges the heteronomous command over the rational deliberations of the subject. In this respect Levinas resembles neo-Orthodox Jewish thinkers. However, those who endorse halakhah as a system of heteronomous law frequently oppose it to ethics. They argue that the notion of obeying a mitzvah (commandment) from God requires one to sacrifice one's own conception of the good. Thus on the one hand Levinas' account of ethics closely resembles halakhah , while on the other hand the halakhah undermines the priority of ethics as Levinas understands it. The conundrum is resolved when we see how Levinasian ethics and halakhah both take exegetical responsibility for the heteronomous commandment. The moral act of midrash maintains the compatibility between ethics and halakhah but leads us to regard Levinas as a post-Orthodox halakhic thinker.
Living on Writer's Block: Henry Roth and American Literature
Authors: Kellman Steven G.
Published: February 2009

Three mysteries surround Henry Roth (1906–95), the Rip Van Winkle of American authors: 1) Why was Call It Sleep ignored in 1934 but acclaimed in 1964? 2) Why did Roth renounce literary life after Call It Sleep? 3) What compelled Roth, in his eighties and dying, to summon the fortitude to create the tetralogy Mercy of a Rude Stream? The Depression was an inauspicious time for an immigrant novice's novel about life among the lowly, whereas it found a receptive public in 1964, when ethnicity was fashionable and American Jews were eager to affirm a tradition. Roth's 60-year writer's block can be explained by the false lure of Marxism as well as Roth's alienation from his Jewish roots. The most cogent explanation is that only approaching death could this autobiographical author confront his adolescent incest. His final torrent of creativity was self-abasement and cathartic redemption.
Anti-Utopianism Revisited
Authors: Eisenstadt Oona
Published: February 2009

It is often said that Levinas offers no positive political principles or ideals, stressing rather that an ethics of singularity can only enter the political sphere in the form of critique. There is much to be said for this position—which tends to make Levinas a liberal by default—both from a political and a phenomenological perspective. I argue, however, that having built up a solid and salutary wariness of positive politics, Levinas occasionally allows himself to proffer radical political proposals.
"Diving into the Wreck": Binding Oneself to Judaism in Contemporary Jewish Women's Fiction
Authors: Lewin Judith
Published: February 2009

This essay examines two contemporary first novels by Jewish women in relation to Allegra Goodman as a model for depicting religious practice sympathetically. I argue that Goodman ( Kaaterskill Falls ), Dara Horn ( In the Image ) and Ruchama King ( Seven Blessings ) portray religion, spirituality, and religious learning as integral to women's lives. This focus contrasts with writers who portray the transition toward secularity, anxious relations toward being a Jew, or the struggle to assimilate in other, perhaps prior, strands of Jewish writing. I offer contextualized close readings of the negotiation between the religious and the secular focused on the gendered symbols of water and tefillin and the fraught relation between women's bodies and their minds.
From Pumbedita to Washington: Rabbinic Text, Urban Policy, and Social Reality
Authors: Jacobs Jill
Published: February 2009

Rabbis and social justice activists working within the Jewish community regularly refer to traditional text as a means of supporting, explaining, or soliciting buy-in on a particular issue. In general, these texts are used in one of two ways: the " tzedek tzedek tirdof " approach, in which a verse is quoted as justification for a political position; and the pedagogic approach, in which the presenter has the dual goal of teaching the text while also convincing the audience of a position. This article examines both of these approaches, while also suggesting a third possibility, in which traditional text and contemporary issues are brought into dialogue with one another, such that each informs, clarifies, and challenges the other. This third way can be the locus for conversation among rabbis, academics, and social justice activists, whose knowledge and commitments can enrich and complicate one another's work.
"The Eternal Irony of the Community": Prophecy, Patriotism, and the Dixie Chicks
Authors: Katz Claire
Published: February 2009

This essay returns to the Dixie Chicks "incident" in order to reexamine the backlash against them. Their critics claim that patriotism and their contract with country music are at stake; I argue that the backlash is old-fashioned misogyny. My examination considers the concepts of prayer, patriotism, and the American Pledge of Allegiance. These words, though used loosely, are part of the central criticism of the Dixie Chicks actions. To accomplish my task, I turn, on the one hand, to Levinas and Heschel, and on the other to Hegel's reading of Antigone.
The Coming of Age of a Jewish Studies Scholarly Journal: A Quarter Century of Shofar
Authors: Haberer Joseph
Published: February 2009

This article describes the founding and growth of Shofar and the roles of the various players in its history.
"A Land that Devours Its Inhabitants": Midrashic Reading, Emmanuel Levinas, and Prophetic Exegesis
Authors: Goodhart Sandor
Published: February 2009

This essay initially cites the ways Levinas has been read to date—in philosophy, feminism, and Jewish Studies—noting the absence of midrashic reading, and especially one identified as akin to literary reading. It next defines midrash as the Rabbis and Jewish Studies scholars describe it (for example, in Genesis 22), and proceeds to examine a sample of midrashic reading—Levinas's "Promised Land or Permitted Land?"—perusing this text in four ways: (1) for the Biblical scripture (in Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Isaiah) the Talmudic rabbis read; (2) for the Talmudic commentary in Sotah that Levinas examines; (3) for Levinas's ethical commentary; and (4) for my own prophetic account of Levinas's commentary upon Talmud's scriptural reading. These four roughly correspond, the essay suggests, with the four traditional levels of interpretation— pshat, remez, d'rash , and sod —about which the Rabbis speak or the four levels about which Christian hermeneuts speak: plain sense, allegorical, moral, and anagogic.
The Art of Christian Apology: Comparing the French Catholic Church's Apology to the Jews and the Vatican's "We Remember"
Authors: Henry Patrick
Published: February 2009

In the context of apologies made to the Jews for lack of support during the Holocaust, the author compares the September 30, 1997 apology made by the French Catholic Church with the March 16, 1998 Vatican Apology, "We Remember." The French Catholic Church's apology appears probing and honest, unwilling to avoid tough issues. "We Remember," despite its general importance, simply does not admit the true extent of the moral failure of the Church during the Nazi years. In addition, its appraisal of Pope Pius XII is totally one-sided and its distinction between ecclesiastical anti-Judaism and profane antisemitism is too facile and misleading. Regarding the past, this document is self-exonerating and somewhat defensive, while its sincere commitment to the future is admirable and crucially important.
Lies Her Mother Told Us: Louise Levitas Henriksen's Critique of Anzia Yezierska's Autobiography
Authors: Komy Hannah Adelman
Published: February 2009

Anzia Yezierska's autobiography, Red Ribbon on a White Horse (1950), was the subject of a transition in reader reception from its publication in 1950 to the 1970s and 1980s. First received as the story of Yezierska's life, it was later perceived as fiction, in part because of significant differences between it and the facts of Yezierska's life. One of these was the omission of her daughter Louise from Red Ribbon . In this paper, I use Louis Levitas Henriksen's autobiography of her mother, Anzia Yezierska, A Writer's Life (1988), and her comments on Red Ribbon to shed light on these issues. I claim that Henriksen's biography of Yezierska is largely an attempt to rewrite her mother's life, and that her need to carry out this project is connected with her need to tell her own story. Rewriting her mother's life story allows her to write her own story, and in doing so she reinserts herself into the biography of the mother who omitted her from her autobiography.
"Extreme Attention to the Real": Levinas and Religious Hermeneutics
Authors: Edwards Laurence L.
Published: February 2009

One important area of Levinas's Jewish thought consists in his Talmudic readings. Over the course of many years, he developed an approach to the reading of Talmud that relies, implicitly and explicitly, on various hermeneutical principles. A fundamental characteristic of rabbinic reading, according to Levinas, is "extreme attention to the Real," the complexity of both human nature and the many concrete situations to which human beings must respond. This essay uses one of the Talmudic readings as a springboard for an exploration of the hermeneutics that are at work in Levinas' approach, including, in this case, his own very real relationship to and disappointment with his teacher, Martin Heidegger.
Does ASL Really Have Just Two Grammatical Persons?
Authors: Todd Peyton
Published: February 2009

Vincent, a hearing child of deaf parents who was fluent in ASL by the time of his first exposure to a spoken language (English) at about age 3, needed only a few months to learn the distinction between English first person pronouns and pronouns referring to other grammatical persons, but it was several years before he learned all the other distinctions made by English pronouns: second vs. third person, singular vs. plural, near vs. far from the speaker (e.g., this vs. that ), objects vs. persons ( it vs. he ), objects vs. places ( that vs. there ), objects vs. directions ( thatone vs. t hatway ), and gender ( he vs. she ). This provides some support for the now widely accepted view proposed by Meier (1990) that ASL distinguishes only two grammatical persons: first and other, with the distinctions just listed expressed mostly by pointing, thus on transparent, analog principles quite unlike the opaque, discrete system used for pronouns in English. Nonetheless, it is argued in this article that the view of ASL as having only a two-person pronominal system is only an approximation to the reality of its pronouns, which intertwine iconic and arbitrary means of expression throughout.
Research Ethics in Sign Language Communities
Authors: Harris Raychelle , Holmes Heidi M. , Mertens Donna M.
Published: February 2009

Codes of ethics exist for most professional associations whose members do research on, for, or with sign language communities. However, these ethical codes are silent regarding the need to frame research ethics from a cultural standpoint, an issue of particular salience for sign language communities. Scholars who write from the perspective of feminists, indigenous peoples, and human rights advocates have commonly expressed dissatisfaction with their lack of representation in conversations about research ethics. Members of sign language communities and their advocates can learn from others who share in this struggle and contribute much to this topic. We propose the development of sign language communities' terms of reference (SLCTR) as a means to research by, for, and with sign language communities.
Which Fragments of a Sign Enable Its Recognition?
Authors: ten Holt G. A. , Van Doorn A. J. , de Ridder H. , Reinders M. J. T. , Hendriks E. A.
Published: February 2009

In sign language studies, it is generally assumed that a sign can be divided into several phases in time (preparation, stroke, and retraction) and that the stroke contains all of the necessary information. However, this has not been tested empirically. In order to learn where the information truly resides, we present an experiment that investigates the distribution of information in a sign. Signers were shown isolated fragments of Dutch Sign Language signs (citation form) and were then asked to identify the sign. The results show that the stroke alone performs as well as the entire sign. However, the preparation, together with the transition from preparation to stroke, produces equally good recognition, thereby suggesting that most of a sign's information is available early. Surprisingly, in many cases preparation alone and retraction alone also produce quite good recognition (66 percent and 60 percent, respectively). The recognition pattern across signs gives an indication of signers' recognition strategy.
Observations on the Use of Manual Signs and Gestures in the Communicative Interactions between Native Americans and Spanish Explorers of North America: The Accounts of Bernal Díaz del Castillo and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Authors: Bonvillian John D. , Ingram Vicky L. , McCleary Brendan M.
Published: February 2009

The accounts of two men who participated in several Spanish-led expeditions to the New World in the early 1500s document the frequent use of manual signs and gestures in the initial interactions between European explorers and the indigenous peoples of North America. Bernal Díaz del Castillo described the events that occurred during three expeditions to lands that are part of present-day Mexico. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca recounted the incidents that took place during his trek across much of the North American continent. Their reports reveal that both the European explorers and the indigenous peoples relied on manual signs and gestures to help overcome spoken-language communication barriers. They also show that manual signing was already being widely used by the native peoples of North America at the time of their first contacts with European explorers.
The Judicial and the Melodramatic Stage: Trial Scenes in Boucicault’s Arrah-na-Pogue and The Octoroon
Authors: Pocock Stephanie J.
Published: February 2009

While it is important to read the trial scenes in Dion Boucicault’s melodramas as popular entertainment, it would be a serious mistake to allow their political valences to go unexplored. The trial scenes in Arrah-na-Pogue and The Octoroon contain an edge of social critique that, while turning neither play into a political tour-de-force , reveals a far more subtle and perceptive political acumen than Boucicault is generally given credit for. Both scenes reveal judicial systems dangerously poised between two forms of excess that threaten to inhibit their ability to legislate fairly. Legal language becomes a form of institutional excess that, through its failure to translate the experiences of marginalized characters adequately, allows its privileged speakers to abuse their power. At the other extreme, the trial scenes expose the court’s equally dangerous susceptibility to popular opinion, its theatricality suggesting a potential to be swayed unfairly by personal charisma and flashy oratory. In thus staging a nuanced portrayal of the law’s uneasy position between two equally dangerous forms of excess, Boucicault invites his international audiences to consider their own judicial systems, to examine what lies beneath the court’s unique blend of theatricality and political power. While both plays hint at the fallibility of both authoritarian and populist interpretations of justice, Arrah-na-Pogue most explicitly recognizes the danger of a powerful, univocal court, while the impromptu trial in The Octoroon registers the potential for chaos and confusion in a democratic judicial system.
Field Tripping: The Power of Inherit the Wind
Authors: Guterman Gad
Published: February 2009

Focusing on the example of Inherit the Wind , this essay explores the porous border between the artistic and the legal fields, highlighting the power of a popular cultural product to rewrite history. The play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee fits Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of the field of cultural production almost perfectly, explicating the play’s trajectory and position, especially with regards to value and popularity. At the same time, precisely because of its popularity, Inherit the Wind also transcends the role that bourdieu assigns to works of art. like a ghost moving through walls, the piece has entered new spaces, one of which is the legal universe. the article investigates the phantasmal energy with which symbols migrate from one field to another, undermining their separateness and distinctness. in so doing, it questions schemas of power—like bourdieu’s—in which so-called popular culture is relegated to a dominated position.
Patriotic Acts of Consumption: Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon) and the Vaudeville Fashion Show Craze
Authors: Schweitzer Marlis
Published: February 2009

Between December 1917 and May 1918, one of the leading acts on the Keith vaudeville circuit was Fleurette’s Dream at Peronne , a fashion show featuring a dozen mannequins and a million dollars in clothing. Staged by British couturier Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon), the self-proclaimed inventor of the modern fashion show, the twenty-eight minute “playlet” was a celebration of fashion’s excesses and a clever promotional vehicle for the designer’s gowns. But as Lucile repeatedly emphasized in her stage appearances and newspaper interviews, Fleurette’s Dream was not a fashion show: it was a war drama created for the express purpose of raising money to rebuild French homes destroyed in the war. In framing the act in this way, Lucile aligned theatrical spectatorship and fashion consumption with the ideals of philanthropy, humanitarianism, and patriotism. Read against the US government’s wartime call for campaign and thrift, Fleurette’s Dream at Peronne becomes much more than a lavish spectacle wrapped up in a convenient war disguise. Through the medium of the vaudeville fashion show, Lucile advanced a pro-consumption message that actively refuted attempts to shame women for purchasing dresses, jewels, and other display commodities. Fleurette’s Dream at Peronne thus offers fascinating insight into the production of female citizenship during World War I and the evolving relationship between consumption and patriotism.
Political Animals: Engagements with Imperial and Gender Discourses in Late-Colonial Australian Circuses
Authors: Arrighi Gillian
Published: February 2009

By referring to several wild animal acts presented in Australia in the 1890s at the high-status circuses of Frank Fillis and the FitzGerald Brothers, this essay explores the complex cultural interactions that occurred in the relationship between these major circuses and their late-colonial public. The author matches the circus’s wild animal act to nation-building tropes and examines the narratives of identity, patriotism, allegiance, and power that were articulated through these popular and unusual performances.
Struktur und systematischer Gehalt des deutschen Insolvenzrechts in der Judikatur des IX. Zivilsenats des Bundesgerichtshofs (VII, Teil 1)
Authors: Smid Stefan
Published: February 2009

Wie in den vorangegangenen Aufsätzen soll im Folgenden eine Übersicht über die Fortbildung des Insolvenzgerichts durch die Rechtsprechung gegeben werden; seit der Zuweisung insolvenzrechtlicher Rechtsbeschwerden an den BGH durch die Neufassung des § 133 GVG richtet sich das Hauptaugenmerk folgerichtig auf die Judikatur des fachlich zuständigen IX. Zivilsenats – ohne dass diese Darstellung sich darauf beschränken würde: Andere Bundesgerichte und auch weitere Entscheidungen sind Gegenstand dieser Darstellung.

Es werden im Großen und Ganzen Entscheidungen behandelt, die im Zeitraum von der Mitte des Jahres 2007 bis zum September 2008 ergangen sind.
The Chaldaean Oracles and the metaphysics of the Sethian Platonizing treatises
Authors: Turner John D.
Published: February 2009

Der Aufsatz untersucht die Natur und die inneren Beziehungen einiger triadischer Gefüge, wie sie in verschiedenen Quellen des späten 2. und frühen 3. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. begegnen. Hierzu zählen die Triaden Vater-Kraft-Nous in den Chaldäischen Orakeln, die Gestalt des „Triple-Powered One“ in den sethianischen, „platonisierenden“ Texten vor allem aus Nag Hammadi und schließlich die Triade Sein-Leben-Denken im Anonymen Parmenideskommentar. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt hierbei den jeweils weiblichen Komponenten der genannten Triaden, namentlich den Figuren Barbelo in den sethianischen Texten und Hekate in den Chaldäischen Orakeln. Die Studie gelangt zu der Hypothese, daß das Konzept dynamischer Emanation im Verlauf des späten 2. und frühen 3. Jahrhunderts Eingang in die platonische Philosophie fand. Dies erfolgte teilweise wohl durch eine am Personhaften orientierte Aufnahme der dynamischen Theogonien chaldäischer und gnostischer Provenienz, deren triadische Gefüge gleichsam personifi zierte, eindeutig männliche oder weibliche Wesen sind.
Metaphysicizing the Aristotelian Categories. Two References to the Parmenides in Simplicius' Commentary on the Categories (Simplicius, In Categorias 4 [CAG 8, 75,6 Kalbfleisch] and In Categorias 8 [291,2 K.])
Authors: Bechtle Gerald
Published: February 2009

Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, inwiefern die aristotelische Kategorienschrift im Neuplatonismus zur Deutung der ersten Prinzipien benutzt und dadurch selbst als Teil metaphysischer Überlegungen etabliert wurde. Dadurch stellt sich die Frage, ob eine Verbindung mit der Rezeption von Platos Parmenides besteht, der für die Deutung der höchsten Prinzipien grundlegend war. Dies wird exemplarisch an Simplicius und dessen Kategorienkommentar untersucht. In ihm geht Simplicius an zwei Stellen explizit auf Platos Parmenides ein. Beide Stellen werden untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß Simplicius die Terminologie der Kategorien sehr wohl auf Gott, das Gute oder das Eine anwendet, auch wenn an der weit verbreiteten Ansicht, die Kategorien könnten sich nur auf sprachlich ausdrückbare, also wahrnehmbare Dinge beziehen, nicht gerüttelt wird. Hiervon ist jedoch die Position des Iamblich wiederum zu unterscheiden, der die Kategorien auch für den noetischen Bereich annehmen konnte. In eine ähnliche Richtung weist die zweite explizite Bezugnahme auf Platos Parmenides in Simplicius' Kategorienkommentar, die sich mit dem Ausschluß von Mehr-Weniger beschäftigt.
Canonization – a Non-Linear Process? Observing the Process of Canonization through the Christian (and Jewish) Papyri from Egypt
Authors: Ezra Daniel Stökl Ben
Published: February 2009

Eine quantitative Analyse der christlichen und jüdischen literarischen Papyri Ägyptens aus dem zweiten bis zum fünften Jahrhundert mit dem Ziel der Untersuchung der Ausbildung des alt- und neutestamentlichen Kanons bietet gegenüber herkömmlichen Untersuchungen von Zitaten und Anspielungen in der patristischen Literatur den Vorteil eines direkteren Zugriffs auf antike Vorlieben für bestimmte Bücher. Als Resultate sind festzuhalten: Wählt man Athanasius' Liste kanonischer Bücher, werden apokryphe Schriften im Verhältnis zu kanonischen Schriften im Laufe der Zeit immer weniger kopiert. Diese Entwicklung ist jedoch nicht linear. Im vierten Jahrhundert ist ein ansteigendes Interesse an apokryphen Büchern auszumachen (z.B. 1Enoch, Jannes und Jambres, Paulusakten), das eventuell mit der Vielfalt verschiedener christlicher Bewegungen in Ägypten (Melitianer, Arianer, Mönchtum) in Zusammenhang zu bringen ist. Die Vorwürfe verschiedener Kirchenväter, Häresie und Lektüre unkanonischer Schriften hingen zusammen, scheinen angesichts des papyrologischen Befundes nicht ganz aus der Luft gegriffen. Zumindest ist ein simultanes Ansteigen beider Phänomene auszumachen. Der Kanon, vor allem der des Alten Testaments, ist noch nicht abgeschlossen. Das Interesse an den deuterokanonischen Schriften des Alten Testaments nimmt eher zu. Der Hirt des Hermas ist bis zum vierten Jahrhundert ebenso beliebt wie zentrale kanonische Bücher.
Die Rolle der Juden für Tertullians Darstellung der christlichen Gottesverehrung im Apologeticum, speziell in Apologeticum 21
Authors: Georges Tobias
Published: February 2009

In Tertullian's Apologeticum, the Jews play a major role within the chapters 16-21, and especially in chapter 21. A closer look at those chapters shows that Tertullian is referring to the Jews in a very functional way. They enable him to stand up for his Christian faith in God – in front of his pagan addressees. He proceeds in two steps.

In apol. 16-20, he makes use of the Jews to support the faith in the one God, the creator of the universe. The source of this faith are the Jews' scriptures. Their age and dignity testify the truth of this faith shared by the Christians and the Jews. The Jewish religion as „insignissima religio, certe licita“ (apol. 21,1) functions as a witness in front of the pagan addresses, and that's why Tertullian is very friendly with the Jews in this context.

In apol. 21, the climate changes. Tertullian exposes the Christian faith in Christ as God that separates the Christians from the Jews. At this point, the conflict is unavoidable. But still, by attacking the Jews, Tertullian addresses hin non-Christian audience, this time in a critical way. It's the roman vulgus that is as blind as the Jews in apol. 21 refer to the pagan addresses who shall be freed from their blindness.

Thus, it can be seen that Tertullian is delibaretely talking of the Jews in two different ways, each time with one intention: to convince his pagan audience of the truth of the Christian faith.
The Eusebian Alliance: the Case of Theodotus of Laodicea
Authors: DelCogliano Mark
Published: February 2009

Der Artikel untersucht am Beispiel der sog. Eusebianer um Euseb von Nikomedia die Hintergründe kirchlicher Allianzen im 4. Jahrhundert. Die jüngste Forschung hat darauf hingewiesen, daß der Zusammenhalt der Eusebianer weniger das Resultat einer Vielzahl gemeinsamer theologischer Grundüberzeugungen war als vielmehr dadurch zustande kam, daß man sich gegen die Angriffe gemeinsamer Gegner verteidigte und sich wechselseitig auf Fehler hinwies. Eine vergleichbar kleine Menge übereinstimmender theologischer Überzeugungen spielte demgegenüber nur eine nachgeordnete Rolle. Der vorliegende Beitrag greift diese Grundthese auf und führt sie weiter aus, indem er zwei Faktoren aufzeigt, die zur Formierung der eusebianischen Allianz beigetragen haben: den Einfluß lokalkirchlicher Traditionen und die Bedeutung persönlicher Freundschaften. So wird zum einen gezeigt, wie der Hintergrund und das Handeln der Bischöfe von Laodicea dazu führte, daß ihre Stadt in der ersten Hälfte des 4. Jahrhunderts eine entschieden eusebianische Haltung in trinitätstheologischen Debatten einnahm. Zum anderen wird die Freundschaft zwischen dem eusebianischen Bischof Theodotus von Laodicea und Euseb von Cäsarea untersucht und dabei aufgezeigt, inwiefern Freundschaft ein Faktor für die Formierung und das Handeln der eusebianischen Allianz darstellte.
What the Desert Fathers meant by “being saved”
Authors: Wortley John
Published: February 2009

Ein großer Teil der Apophthegmata Patrum beschäftigt sich mit der Frage: „Was muß ich tun, um gerettet zu werden?” Wenngleich in der Frage die Worte des Gefängsniswächters aus Apg 16,31 anklingen, wird deutlich, daß die Wüstenväter diese Worte nicht mit Bezug auf das ewige Heil verstehen. Die Mönche streben danach, der Verdammnis durch die Verfehlungen als Mönch zu entgehen, so daß sie fragen: „Wie kann ich der Berufung als Mönch treu bleiben?” oder „Wie kann ich ein guter Mönch sein?”. Die Antworten der Wüstenväter auf diese Fragen nach dem Heil der Mönche fallen verwirrend weit und vielfältig aus. Sie haben jedoch gemeinsam, daß sie vor allem die tätige Demut als Kriterium gelingenden mönchischen Lebens benennen, da Demut den Mönch nicht nur “auf dem rechten Weg” hält, sondern selbst der Königsweg ist, der den Mönch in der Welt zur Erlangung eines gewissen Ruhezustandes (ἀνάπἀuσıς) leitet.