bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two ancient (and modern) motivations for ascribing exhaustively definite foreknowledge to God: a historic overview and critical assessment
Authors: BOYD GREGORY A.
Published: November 2009

The traditional Christian view that God foreknows the future exclusively in terms of what will and will not come to pass is partially rooted in two ancient Hellenistic philosophical assumptions. Hellenistic philosophers universally assumed that propositions asserting ‘x will occur’ contradict propositions asserting ‘x will not occur’ and generally assumed that the gods lose significant providential advantage if they know the future partly as a domain of possibilities rather than exclusively in terms of what will and will not occur. Both assumptions continue to influence people in the direction of the traditional understanding of God's knowledge of the future. In this essay I argue that the first assumption is unnecessary and the second largely misguided.
The ethics of belief and Christian faith as commitment to assumptions
Authors: PEELS RIK
Published: November 2009

In this paper I evaluate Brian Zamulinski's recent attempt to rebut an argument to the conclusion that having any kind of religious faith violates a moral duty. I agree with Zamulinski that the argument is unsound, but I disagree on where it goes wrong. I criticize Zamulinski's alternative construal of Christian faith as existential commitment to fundamental assumptions. It does not follow that we should accept the moral argument against religious faith, for at least two reasons. First, Zamulinski's Cliffordian ethics of belief is defective in several regards. Second, the truth of doxastic involuntarism and the possibility of doxastic excuse conditions can be used to demonstrate that the argument is unconvincing.
BETWEEN HISTORY AND MEMORY: AUSCHWITZ IN AKROPOLIS, AKROPOLIS IN AUSCHWITZ
Authors: Romanska Magda
Published: November 2009

In 1962, Polish director Jerzy Grotowski mounted an adaptation of playwright Stanisław Wyspiański's 1904 play Akropolis. When James MacTaggart filmed it in 1968, the production gained immediate cult status among American theatre critics, scholars, and practitioners. Although Grotowski's production had already been seen internationally (though by a very limited audience), the film made it available to those outside major theatre centers. Notwithstanding the buzz that surrounded the film's release, most of the interest was focused on the acting and the set design; the fact that the show was based on an obscure modernist drama evoked little critical comment. Although the film's voice-over translated some lines of the play, the dialogue was not the main focus of commentary about the film or criticism of the play after the film was released. In 1974, Harold Clurman wrote that “the lines [of Grotowski's adaptation] spoken at incredible speed are not dialogue; they are tortured exclamations projected in the direction of another being, but with no shape as personal address. (It has been said that a knowledge of Polish does not make the lines readily intelligible… ” Clurman sidestepped discussing the text altogether, arguing that one does not need to understand it in order to understand the production.
ELOQUENT ACTION: THE BODY AND MEANING IN EARLY COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE
Authors: Buckley Matthew
Published: November 2009

One of the things that strikes one most forcibly in surviving images of early commedia dell'arte is its enigmatic physicality, the manner in which its actors everywhere adopt postures and make gestures that seem not merely emphatic and exaggerated but almost hieroglyphic, full of some additional implication, laden with a figural and emblematic resonance that we sense but no longer see. In general terms, this quality is easily understood, as the body clearly served in commedia as a complex and polyvalent instrument of expression. Its gestures and movements were, as in all theatre, indexically linked to dramatic action, and they also served, as in much masked drama, as surrogates for the facial expression of affect, in that the movements and aspects of the whole body were enlisted to articulate the motions and mien of a veiled face and to overcome or play upon the sensation of estranged speech produced by the half-mask's bifurcation of the visage. Moreover, in a manner less familiar but illustrated well in Fig. 1, these movements and aspects also functioned as expressions in their own right, not articulating the affect or expression attendant upon immediate speech or situation or delineating the lines of external action but signaling the many impulses and various appetites of the world, the varied aspects of all persons and of the body itself, and invoking at times as their implicatory context human nature, common character, and identity rather than situation, attitude, or emotion.
Binary genomotyping using lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes distinguishes betweenCampylobacter jejuniisolates within poultry-associated multilocus sequence types
Authors: HOTTER G. S. , LI I. H. , FRENCH N. P.
Published: November 2009

Campylobacter jejuniis a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis throughout the industrialized world. We investigated whether or not differences in gene complement at the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus can identify epidemiologically useful binary genomotypes in 87C. jejuniisolates from poultry-associated multilocus sequence types (STs) collected during the course of a sentinel surveillance study. Using a PCR-based approach, we correlated assignment of both isolate LOS locus class and binary genomotype with ST. We found that isolates within STs 45, 190, 354 and 474 displayed mosaicism in gene complement at the intra-ST level. For example, based upon their binary genomotypes, we assigned individual ST-45 isolates from human clinical cases as probably originating from either a poultry or wild-bird source. However, intra-ST mosaicism in gene complement was observed alongside broader patterns of congruence in LOS locus class and gene complement that distinguished between isolates from different STs.
Predicting seed dormancy loss and germination timing for Bromus tectorum in a semi-arid environment using hydrothermal time models
Authors: Meyer Susan E. , Allen Phil S.
Published: November 2009

A principal goal of seed germination modelling for wild species is to predict germination timing under fluctuating field conditions. We coupled our previously developed hydrothermal time, thermal and hydrothermal afterripening time, and hydration–dehydration models for dormancy loss and germination with field seed zone temperature and water potential measurements from early summer through autumn to develop predictions of germination timing for Bromus tectorum at a semi-arid site in north-central Utah, USA. Model predictions were tested with a validation dataset based on concomitant seed retrieval experiments in 2 years. Predictions were generally in agreement with observed field germination time courses, even though integration across multiple precipitation events was necessary. Success of the modelling effort hinged on two factors. First, we used a soil capacitance sensor that measured seed zone (5 mm soil depth) water content accurately over a wide range. Second, simulations were built using physiologically based threshold models that can incorporate differences in germination timing for multiple germination fractions and for multiple stages of dormancy loss. Our results suggest that simulation models using hydrothermal time concepts can predict field germination phenology accurately. Seeds in this study integrated their experiences in a widely fluctuating environment in a manner consistent with the assumptions of hydrothermal time. Such threshold-based models also have the advantage of generality, as these concepts can be applied to many different species, environments and weather scenarios.
Seed-bank dynamics of the tropical weedSida rhombifolia(Malvaceae): incidence of seedling emergence, predators and pathogens
Authors: Rodríguez Claudia , Garcia Maria Alice
Published: November 2009

Arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia) is a tropical weed that grows in disturbed areas. Its control by hand pulling and mowing are only partially effective because arrowleaf sida is difficult to pull and quickly sprouts after cutting. We studied the seed-bank dynamics ofS. rhombifoliain the region of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil for 2 years, following a known number of seeds placed artificially at five burial depths. Predators and pathogens were responsible for the loss ofc.40% of the seeds during the first year of the experiment. The importance of predation declined with depth. Mortality due to fungal attack did not differ among the burial depths, except for seeds placed at the surface (where it was negligible). Seedling emergence only occurred during the first year, after the beginning of the rainy period and when the study area was still free of a dense vegetation cover. Seedlings did not emerge from depths greater than 5 cm. We conclude that seedling emergence and death are significant causes of seed losses from the seed bank ofS. rhombifoliabut their relative importance is highly dependent on depth of burial.
Sensitivity cycling to physical dormancy break and seed vigour of twoIpomoeaspecies (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Jayasuriya K.M.G. Gehan , Baskin Jerry M. , Tekrony Dennis M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: November 2009

The physically dormant seeds ofIpomoea lacunosaand ofI. hederaceaundergo sensitivity cycling (insensitive ↔  sensitive) to dormancy-breaking treatment. Sensitivity cycling is important to seeds with physical dormancy in sensing appropriate environmental conditions for germination. Seed vigour is also important to seedling establishment, but no study has compared changes in vigour (or not) with changes in sensitivity. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between sensitivity cycling and seed vigour inI. lacunosaandI. hederacea. The seed moisture contents of insensitive and sensitive seeds ofI. lacunosaand of sensitive seeds ofI. hederaceawere measured, and several vigour tests were performed. Vigour of sensitive seeds ofI. lacunosadecreased more rapidly than that of insensitive seeds. No significant change in vigour was observed in either permeable or impermeable seeds ofI. hederacea. We conclude that sensitivity cycling to physical dormancy break is important in maintaining vigour ofI. lacunosaseeds in the soil seed-bank.
Darwin and seeds
Authors: Black Michael
Published: November 2009

In 2009, the bicentenary of Charles Darwin's birth on 12 February 1809 is being celebrated. For seed scientists, celebrations of the contributions of the great biologist should also mark his involvement with seeds. Darwin was interested in seeds, particularly in their role in dispersal and distribution of plant species over long distances. His studies of seeds, laid down in several books and articles, contributed to the development of his ideas on evolution and the distribution of living organisms on the planet. In this review, the place of seeds in Darwin's work is surveyed and it is shown how he referred to them to support and illustrate some of his most important ideas.
Categorical spatial memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer dementia: Positional versus object-location recall
Authors: KESSELS ROY P.C. , RIJKEN STEFAN , JOOSTEN-WEYN BANNINGH LIESBETH W.A. , SCHUYLENBORGH-VAN ES NELLEKE VAN , OLDE RIKKERT MARCEL G.M.
Published: November 2009

Memory for object locations, as part of spatial memory function, has rarely been studied in patients with Alzheimer dementia (AD), while studies in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients are lacking altogether. The present study examined categorical spatial memory function using the Location Learning Test (LLT) in MCI patients (n = 30), AD patients (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 40). Two scoring methods were compared, aimed at disentangling positional recall (location irrespective of object identity) and object-location binding. The results showed that AD patients performed worse than the MCI patients on the LLT, both on recall of positional information and on recall of the locations of different objects. In addition, both measures could validly discriminate between AD and MCI patients. These findings are in agreement with the notion that visual cued-recall tests may have better diagnostic value than traditional (verbal) free-recall tests in the assessment of patients with suspected MCI or AD. (JINS, 2010, 16, 200–204.)
RECONSIDERING TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATORS
Authors: O’NEALE DION R. J. , MCLACHLAN ROBERT I.
Published: November 2009

In this paper we look at the performance of trigonometric integrators applied to highly oscillatory differential equations. It is widely known that some of the trigonometric integrators suffer from low-order resonances for particular step sizes. We show here that, in general, trigonometric integrators also suffer from higher-order resonances which can lead to loss of nonlinear stability. We illustrate this with the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem, a highly oscillatory Hamiltonian system. We also show that in some cases trigonometric integrators preserve invariant or adiabatic quantities but at the wrong values. We use statistical properties such as time averages to further evaluate the performance of the trigonometric methods and compare the performance with that of the mid-point rule.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE LARGE-SCALE TRANSPORT OF HEAT AND WATER IN THE TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE OF NEW ZEALAND
Authors: WEIR GRAHAM
Published: November 2009

A three-layer compartmental model of the geological structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand is developed, based on the assumptions of isostasy (constant geostatic pressure at 25 km depth) and a constant rate of volcanism. The upper layer consists of volcanic infill to a depth of about 2500 m, then a middle layer of greywacke-like material to a depth of about 15 km, and a lower layer of andesitic-like material to a depth of 25 km. Our model assumptions predict that the area of each layer increases at a constant rate; that there is a constant ratio between the rate of energy production from volcanic activity and geothermal convection; and that there is the possibility of an abrupt change from rhyolitic to basaltic volcanism, if the middle layer becomes sufficiently thin. Two models are considered: a rifting and a spreading model. Both models predict the lower layer has an andesitic-like density. The spreading model has difficulty matching heat output with observed extension rates. The rifting model predicts the observed extension rates, but requires very deep circulation of groundwater to be consistent with observed chemical and isotopic properties of geothermal fluids.
AN ANALYTIC SOLUTION FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL DISSIPATIONAL STRAIN-GRADIENT PLASTICITY
Authors: YOUNG ROGER
Published: November 2009

An analytic solution is developed for the one-dimensional dissipational slip gradient equation first described by Gurtin [“On the plasticity of single crystals: free energy, microforces, plastic strain-gradients”, J. Mech. Phys. Solids48 (2000) 989–1036] and then investigated numerically by Anand et al. [“A one-dimensional theory of strain-gradient plasticity: formulation, analysis, numerical results”, J. Mech. Phys. Solids53 (2005) 1798–1826]. However we find that the analytic solution is incompatible with the zero-sliprate boundary condition (“clamped boundary condition”) postulated by these authors, and is in fact excluded by the theory. As a consequence the analytic solution agrees with the numerical results except near the boundary. The equation also admits a series of higher mode solutions where the numerical result corresponds to (a particular case of) the fundamental mode. Anand et al. also established that the one-dimensional dissipational gradients strengthen the material, but this proposition only holds if zero-sliprate boundary conditions can be imposed, which we have shown cannot be done. Hence the possibility remains open that dissipational gradient weakening may also occur.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE ORIGINS OF GEOTHERMAL AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND
Authors: MCNABB ALEX
Published: November 2009

The current geothermal and volcanic activity in the North Island of New Zealand is explained as a consequence of Pacific and Australian plate interactions over the last 20 million years. The primary hypothesis is that the Kermadec subduction zone has for the last 20 million years or more been retreating in a south-easterly direction at about five centimetres per year. It is surmised that this motion and interaction with another subduction zone almost at right angles to it under the North Island resulted in plate tearing due to the incompatibility of the plate geometry where these subduction zones interacted. The nature and consequences of this plate tearing are partially revealed in published maps of the plate currently under the North Island. If the subducted parts of this plate, as shown in Eiby’s maps, [G. A. Eiby, “The New Zealand sub-crustal rift”, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geophy.7 (1964) 109–133] are straightened, then the plate edge lies on a curve giving a rough picture of their position before being torn and subducted by the Kermadec trench motion. This map of the tear suggests the shape of the edge of a missing plate segment torn from the plate, and implies a rotation of the upper North Island, clockwise approximately 20 degrees, about a point just south of the Thames estuary. A consequence of this plate tearing is that the solid retreating crustal wave generating magma pressure beneath the crest of the solid wave has the potential to inject significant basaltic magma into the crust through the tears. These intrusive magma fluxes have the ability to generate geothermal fields and rhyolitic lavas from crustal melts. This could explain the geothermal activity along the Coromandel peninsula five to seven million years ago, the ignimbrite outcrops about Lake Taupo and the current geothermal and volcanic activity stretching from Taupo to Rotorua.
A MODEL OF ION TRANSPORT IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS
Authors: BURNELL JOHN
Published: November 2009

Understanding ion transport in conjugated polymers is essential for developing mathematical models of applications of these materials. Previous experimental studies have suggested that cation transport in a conjugated polymer could be either diffusion or drift controlled, with debate over which dominates. In this paper we present a new model of cation transport that explains most of the features seen in a set of recent experiments. This model gives good agreement with measured concentration profiles, except when the profile has penetrated the polymer by more than 60%. The model shows that both diffusion and drift processes can be present. An application of a micro-actuator based on a conjugated polymer is presented to demonstrate that this technology could be used to develop a micro-pump.
PREFACE TO THIS SPECIAL ISSUE
Authors: Burnell John , Weir Graham
Published: November 2009

This Special Issue of the ANZIAM Journal arose from a conference held at Industrial Research, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 29 August 2006, to celebrate the research career of Dr Stephen White. Stephen was an international expert in the development and application of numerical methods to quantify fluid flow in porous media, especially those involving heat and chemical transport. As a mathematical modeller, Stephen White’s work has been published extensively, and applied in many practical areas.
NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL IGNITION
Authors: LUO W. , WAKE G. C. , HAWK C. W.
Published: November 2009

Ignition or thermal explosion in an oxidizing porous body of material can be described by a dimensionless reaction–diffusion equation of the form ∂tu=∇2u+λe−1/u. Here such equations will be formulated in symmetrically shaped bounded regions Ω, effectively reducing the mathematical formulation to that of one dimension. This is critically re-examined from a modern perspective using numerical methods. A computer algorithm is constructed and used to carry out a broad-ranging evaluation of the watershed critical initial temperature conditions for thermal ignition of nonuniform assemblies. It is then shown how the resulting mathematical structure for the ignition threshold curves can be correlated by a hyperbolic conic section with a high degree of accuracy over the full range of positive ambient temperature values. However, this sometimes over-predicts (which is bad) and sometimes under-predicts (which is good) the critical initial condition. The definition of additional dimensionless parameters is found to generate further simplification, leading to a universal correlating form capable of collapsing the entire solution space onto a single line in the plane of the new variables. In addition, this study considers the physically intuitive conjecture that spatial moments of the initial temperature profile ought to possess a direct mathematical link to the critical ignition threshold. As such, the mth-order spatial moment of the critical total energy content integrals is defined, and an empirical result is derived stating that certain orders of this moment should be insensitive to changes in ambient temperature and initial shape profile and may be considered functionally dependent on the dimensionless eigenvalue only, within some quantifiable error band. Spatial moment integrals, based on computed critical threshold conditions, are found to support this conjecture, with the best accuracy obtained for the second-order moments.
Anticancer activities of artemisinin and its bioactive derivatives
Authors: Firestone Gary L. , Sundar Shyam N.
Published: November 2009

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the sweet wormwood plantArtemisia annua, and its bioactive derivatives exhibit potent anticancer effects in a variety of human cancer cell model systems. The pleiotropic response in cancer cells includes growth inhibition by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration, and modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness. These effects of artemisinin and its derivatives result from perturbations of many cellular signalling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of these cellular responses, and considers the ramifications for the potential development of artemisinin-based compounds in anticancer therapeutic and preventative strategies.
Zur Wirksamkeit ambulanter und teilstationärer Jugendhilfemaßnahmen
Authors: Rücker Stefan , Petermann Ulrike , Büttner Peter , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2009

Fragestellung: Um Familien in schwierigen Lebenslagen optimale Versorgung anbieten zu können, bedarf es empirisch gesicherter Erkenntnisse über die Angemessenheit der in den Hilfen eingesetzten pädagogisch-therapeutischen Konzepte. In dieser Studie wird geprüft, in welchem Ausmaß Leistungsnutzer zwischen Hilfebeginn und Hilfeende von Jugendhilfe-Maßnahmen profitieren. Methodik: Insgesamt 50 Jugendliche erhielten erzieherische Hilfen mit einer Laufzeit von durchschnittlich zwei Jahren. Vor Hilfebeginn sowie nach Abschluss der Maßnahme wurden die zur Indikation einer erzieherischen Hilfe führenden Problembereiche systematisch erfasst und die Belastungsausmaße in einem Prä-Post-Vergleich gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse: Insbesondere die zentralen Ziele ambulanter und teilstationärer Hilfen wurden erreicht. Zum Hilfeende wiesen die Jugendlichen deutlich weniger Probleme im Sozialverhalten auf. Schulleistungsprobleme konnten während der erzieherischen Hilfe ebenfalls stark reduziert werden. Ausgeprägte und im Familiensystem probleminduzierende Erziehungsdefizite konnten gemeinsam mit den Eltern in beträchtlichem Umfang reduziert werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Befunde verdeutlichen die hohe Wirksamkeit erzieherischer Hilfen beim Abbau von Belastungen und Problemverhaltensweisen.
On the causes and modes of exhumation and lateral growth of the Alps
Authors: Rosenberg Claudio L. , Berger Alfons
Published: November 2009

A compilation of the apatite and zircon fission track ages of the Alpine chain points to markedly different patterns of cooling and exhumation of the Eastern Alps compared to the central and Western Alps. The site of exhumation and shortening in the Western Alps migrated outward, whereas it was more stationary in the Eastern Alps, where it created a narrower metamorphic belt. A correlation of these observations to the deep structure of the orogen suggests that north directed, lower crustal wedging induces northward propagation of the deformation and exhumation front in the middle and upper crust of the central and Western Alps. The absence of such lower crustal wedges in the Eastern Alps does not induce a similar shift of deformation but rather a long‐term localization of shortening and exhumation in one and the same area, namely, the axial zone of the orogen. A critical review of the temporal correlations between inferred changes in the erosional efficiency of the Alps and tectonic phases points to a negative correlation, and hence no erosional control on the shifts of the deformation front of the Alps. Therefore, we conclude that changes in the deep structure and rheology of the orogen, instead of changes in its erosional efficiency, exerted the prime control on the lateral growth of the Alps.
Phyllosilicates and sulfates at Endeavour Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars
Authors: Wray J. J. , Noe Dobrea E. Z. , Arvidson R. E. , Wiseman S. M. , Squyres S. W. , McEwen A. S. , Mustard J. F. , Murchie S. L.
Published: November 2009

Phyllosilicates have been identified on the Martian surface from orbit, and are hypothesized to have formed under wet, non‐acidic conditions early in the planet's history. Exposures of these minerals have not yet been examined by a landed mission. Using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data, we report the detection of phyllosilicate‐bearing outcrops that may be accessible by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity currently exploring Meridiani Planum. The phyllosilicates are associated with layered, polygonally fractured rocks exposed in the rim of the 20 km diameter crater Endeavour. These rocks may have formed via regional or global‐scale processes of aqueous alteration that predated the period of acid sulfate formation recorded in the rocks that Opportunity has studied to date. Detailed characterization by Opportunity could better constrain the conditions under which these phyllosilicates formed. Hydrated sulfates are also detected from orbit in the plains adjacent to Endeavour's rim, providing the first opportunity for ground truth of these detections.
Testing E‐OBS European high‐resolution gridded data set of daily precipitation and surface temperature
Authors: Hofstra Nynke , Haylock Malcolm , New Mark , Jones Phil D.
Published: November 2009

Gridded data sets derived through interpolation of station data have a number of potential inaccuracies and errors. These errors can be introduced either by the propagation of errors in the station data into derived gridded data or by limitations in the ability of the interpolation method to estimate grid values from the underlying station network. Recently, Haylock et al. (2008) reported on the development of a new high‐resolution gridded data set of daily climate over Europe (termed E‐OBS). E‐OBS is based on the largest available pan‐European data set, and the interpolation methods used were chosen after careful evaluation of a number of alternatives, yet the data set will inevitably have errors and uncertainties. In this paper we assess the E‐OBS data set with respect to: (1) homogeneity of the gridded data; (2) evaluation of inaccuracies arising from available network density, through comparison with existing data sets that have been developed with much denser station networks; and (3) the accuracy of the estimates of interpolation uncertainty that are provided as part of E‐OBS. We find many inhomogeneities in the gridded data that are primarily caused by inhomogeneities in the underlying station data. In the comparison of existing data with E‐OBS, we find that while correlations overall are high, relative differences in precipitation are large, and usually biased toward lower values in E‐OBS. From the analysis of the interpolation uncertainties provided as part of E‐OBS, we conclude that the interpolation standard deviation provided with the data significantly underestimates the true interpolation error when cross validated using station data, and therefore will similarly underestimate the interpolation error in the gridded E‐OBS data. While E‐OBS represents a valuable new resource for climate research in Europe, users of the data need to be aware of the limitations in the data set and use the data appropriately.
An alternative explanation for differential temperature trends at the surface and in the lower troposphere
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Pielke Roger A. , Pielke Roger A. , Christy John R. , McNider Richard T.
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates surface and satellite temperature trends over the period from 1979 to 2008. Surface temperature data sets from the National Climate Data Center and the Hadley Center show larger trends over the 30‐year period than the lower‐tropospheric data from the University of Alabama in Huntsville and Remote Sensing Systems data sets. The differences between trends observed in the surface and lower‐tropospheric satellite data sets are statistically significant in most comparisons, with much greater differences over land areas than over ocean areas. These findings strongly suggest that there remain important inconsistencies between surface and satellite records.
SEVIRI rainfall retrieval and validation using weather radar observations
Authors: Roebeling R. A. , Holleman I.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents and validates a new algorithm to detect precipitating clouds and estimate rain rates from cloud physical properties retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). The precipitation properties (PP) algorithm uses information on cloud condensed water path (CWP), particle effective radius, and cloud thermodynamic phase to detect precipitating clouds, while information on CWP and cloud top height is used to estimate rain rates. An independent data set of weather radar data is used to determine the optimum settings of the PP algorithm and calibrated it. For a 2‐month period, the ability of SEVIRI to discriminate precipitating from nonprecipitating clouds is evaluated using weather radar over the Netherlands. In addition, weather radar and rain gauge observations are used to validate the SEVIRI retrievals of rain rate and accumulated rainfall across the entire study area and period. During the observation period, the spatial extents of precipitation over the study area from SEVIRI and weather radar are highly correlated (correlation ≈ 0.90), while weaker correlations (correlation ≈ 0.63) are found between the spatially mean rain rate retrievals from these instruments. The combined use of information on CWP, cloud thermodynamic phase, and particle size for the detection of precipitation results in an increase in explained variance (∼10%) and decrease in false alarms (∼15%), as compared to detection methods that are solely based on a threshold CWP. At a pixel level, the SEVIRI retrievals have an acceptable accuracy (bias) of about 0.1 mm h−1 and a precision (standard error) of about 0.8 mm h−1. It is argued that parts of the differences are caused by collocation errors and parallax shifts in the SEVIRI data and by irregularities in the weather radar data. In future studies we intend to exploit the observations of the European weather radar network Operational Programme for the Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA) and extend this study to the entirety of Europe.
Antigen‐specific tolerance inhibits autoimmune uveitis in pre‐sensitized animals by deletion and CD4+CD25+ T‐regulatory cells
Authors: Matta Bharati , Jha Purushottam , Bora Puran S , Bora Nalini S
Published: November 2009

The objective of this study was to inhibit experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU) by establishing antigen‐specific immune tolerance in animals pre‐sensitized with melanin‐associated antigen (MAA). Intravenous administration of MAA on days 6, 7, 8 and 9 post‐immunization induced tolerance and inhibited EAAU in all Lewis rats. The number of cells (total T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells) undergoing apoptosis dramatically increased in the popliteal lymph nodes (LNs) of the tolerized animals compared with non‐tolerized animals. In addition, Fas ligand (FasL), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and caspase‐8 were upregulated in tolerized rats. Proliferation of total lymphocytes, CD4+T cells and CD8+ T cells (harvested from the popliteal LNs) in response to antigenic stimulation was drastically reduced in the state of tolerance compared with the cells from non‐tolerized animals. The level of interferon (IFN)‐γ and IL‐2 decreased, whereas TGF‐β2 was elevated in the state of tolerance. Furthermore, the number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) increased in the popliteal LNs of tolerized animals compared with non‐tolerized animals. In conclusion, our results suggest that deletion of antigen‐specific T cells by apoptosis and active suppression mediated by Tregs has an important role in the induction of antigen specific immune tolerance in animals with an established immune response against MAA.
Mechanical properties of maltodextrin gels: Small and large deformation
Authors: Loret C. L. , Frith W. J. , Fryer P. J.
Published: November 2009

As part of a study of the large deformation behaviour of mixtures of maltodextrin with other biopolymers, pure maltodextrin gels have been thoroughly characterised. Whilst such studies have been made in the past1, the current work highlights some aspects of maltodextrin gel behaviour not previously reported.
Effect of thermal treatments on large and small deformation properties of whey protein/pectin mixed gels
Authors: Turgeon S. L. , Beaulieu M.
Published: November 2009

Real food systems are always a combination of structuring biopolymers with inclusions of different solutes such as water and lipids. A better understanding of mixed gelled systems is critical to gain a better control of formulated foods. Whey proteins and polysaccharides are two gelling biopolymers used by the food industry for their wide range of rheological and textural properties. Mixed gels containing more than one gelling agent are usually classified into three types: interpenetrating, coupled and phase-separated networks. Phase-separated networks are the most frequently observed as thermodynamic incompatibility is a common phenomena with mixtures of biopolymers. During gel formation, competition between phase separation and gel formation takes place. All factors that can affect this dynamic process will modify the final structure of the gels. Among these factors, heating and cooling kinetics should be considered as a key parameter in the modulation of phase-separated mixed gel structures. Large and small deformation behaviors of whey protein gels and whey proteins/pectin mixed gels have been studied for different heating and cooling rates at three pH values (6, 7 and 8). The structure of gels has been observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fast heating and cooling kinetics were determined as critical to stop the phase separation process and to maintain optimum textural properties especially at pH 8. Heat treatment history could be identified as another effective tool (with relative concentration of polymers, ionic strength and pH) to modulate mixed gel microstructure and textural properties. On the other hand, obtained results are proving, once again, the high level of complexity of mixed systems and are underlying possible hurdles in the large scale used of these systems.
Heat-induced gelation of bovine serum albumin- low methoxyl pectin systems
Authors: Donato L. , Garnier C. , Novales B. , Doublier J.-L.
Published: November 2009

Globular proteins and polysaccharides are biopolymers used in the food industry to control the structure of systems and to impart specific textures. However, phase separation often occurs in mixed systems containing both species. The mechanical properties and organization levels in such systems can be controlled by two time-dependent phenomena: phase separation and gelation of one or both biopolymers. The kinetics of each process can be affected for instance, by heat treatment and/or by the nature of ions in the system. Thermal gelation of a model system composed by Bovine Serum Albumin and Low Methoxyl Pectin in the presence of calcium has been investigated and compared to the systems devoid of calcium and to the pure protein gels. Mechanical properties of the systems were monitored by means of rheological measurements meanwhile the microstructure was observed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The microscopic observations were described using image analysis. Different mechanical behaviours and spatial organization of the biopolymers in the system were demonstrated, depending on the protein concentration and calcium presence.
The use of carrageenan or gellan gum to control caramel rheology
Authors: Barra G. , Chisholm H. , Mitchell J.
Published: November 2009

Caramel is a material of major importance for the confectionery industry. It consists of an emulsion with a continuous phase of sugar syrups and some protein. It has a water content in the range 5-15% which is controlled by the cooking conditions.

It is shown that in the absence of added hydrocolloid, flow behaviour at the temperatures of interest to depositing and moulding is Newtonian. Incorporation of low levels (∼0.1%) of carrageenan or gellan gum has significant effects on caramel rheology and associated product properties such as cold flow. The hydrocolloid containing material shows some elastic behaviour when measured in oscillation and by creep, and a departure from Newtonian behaviour in steady shear viscometry. Measurements of extensional viscosity using a capillary rheometer demonstrate that the Trouton ratio significantly increases on carrageenan addition. The results are another indication of the ability of carrageenan and gellan to form networks in high sugar environments.
Erybraedin C, a natural compound from the plant Bituminaria bituminosa, inhibits both the cleavage and religation activities of human topoisomerase I
Authors: Tesauro Cinzia , Fiorani Paola , D'Annessa Ilda , Chillemi Giovanni , Turchi Gino , Desideri Alessandro
Published: November 2009

The interaction of human topoisomerase I and erybraedin C, a pterocarpan purified from the plant Bituminaria bituminosa, that was shown to have an antitumour activity, was investigated through enzymatic activity assays and molecular docking procedures. Erybraedin C is able to inhibit both the cleavage and the religation steps of the enzyme reaction. In both cases, pre-incubation of the drug with the enzyme is required to produce a complete inhibition. Molecular docking simulations indicate that, when interacting with the enzyme alone, the preferential drug-binding site is localized in proximity to the active Tyr723 residue, with one of the two prenilic groups close to the active-site residues Arg488 and His632, essential for the catalytic reaction. When interacting with the cleavable complex, erybraedin C interacts with both the enzyme and DNA in a way similar to that found for topotecan. This is the first example of a natural compound able to act on both the cleavage and religation reaction of human topoisomerase I.
Therapeutic Factors in Group Counseling: Implications for Audiologic Rehabilitation
Authors: Erdman Sue Ann
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this article is to describe therapeutic factors that constitute mechanisms of change in group intervention. These therapeutic factors occur in groups with varied populations in varied settings and have important implications for group approaches to aural/audiologic rehabilitation. Factors included in the review are universality, instillation of hope, imparting information, altruism, imitative behavior, group cohesion, interpersonal learning, development of socializing techniques, recapitulation of the family, catharsis, and existential issues. The discussions largely are based on Irvin Yalom’s therapeutic factors but include references from a wide-range of sources throughout the medical, psychological, and rehabilitative fields.
Third-Party Payment for Auditory Rehabilitation
Authors: White Steven C.
Published: November 2009

This article provides updated information on third party reimbursement for auditory rehabilitation services provided by speech-language pathologists and audiologists. Differences between the coverage for auditory rehabilitation provided by Medicare, Medicaid, and private health plans are described. Coding and permissible auditory habilitation/rehabilitation services for implanted patients are explained.
The ICF: A Classification System and Conceptual Framework Ideal for Audiological Rehabilitation
Authors: Gagné Jean-Pierre , Jennings Mary Beth , Southall Kenneth
Published: November 2009

In 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, commonly referred to as the ICF (WHO, 2001), which is a biopsychosocial classification system of health. It provides a common framework for describing consequences of health conditions and specifically for understanding the dimensions of health and functioning. The ICF is particularly relevant for rehabilitation sciences because the health conditions of people seeking rehabilitation services are typically chronic and the associated impairments cannot be cured. The present article highlights some key differences between a curative and a rehabilitative approach to health services. Then, the components of the IFC are defined, described, and illustrated. The main characteristics of the classification system are outlined. Finally, some important features associated with the use of the ICF as a conceptual framework for clinical services in rehabilitative audiology are presented.
Apparatus for single ice crystal growth from the melt
Authors: Zepeda Salvador , Nakatsubo Shunichi , Furukawa Yoshinori
Published: November 2009

A crystal growth apparatus was designed and built to study the effect of growth modifiers, antifreeze proteins and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), on ice crystal growth kinetics and morphology. We used a capillary growth technique to obtain a single ice crystal with well-defined crystallographic orientation grown in AFGP solution. The basal plane was readily observed by rotation of the capillary. The main growth chamber is approximately a 0.8ml cylindrical volume. A triple window arrangement was used to minimize temperature gradients and allow for up to 10mm working distance objective lens. Temperature could be established to within ±10mK in as little as 3.5min and controlled to within ±2mK after 15min for at least 10h. The small volume growth chamber and fast equilibration times were necessary for parabolic flight microgravity experiments. The apparatus was designed for use with inverted and side mount configurations.
Trigonal paramagnetic interface defect in epitaxial Ge3N4/(111)Ge
Authors: Nguyen A. P. D. , Stesmans A. , Afanas’ev V. V. , Lieten R. R. , Borgs G.
Published: November 2009

We report on the observation by electron spin resonance (ESR) of an anisotropic paramagnetic defect at the interface of epitaxially grown Ge3N4/(111)Ge entities with nanometer thin Ge3N4 layers. The defect exhibits trigonal C3v symmetry characterized by g∥≈2.0023 and g⊥≈2.0032, and is observed most prominently after 10 eV optical excitation, with maximum areal density ≈2×1011 cm−2. The defect is suggested to concern the Ge K-type center, its occurrence appearing inherent to the specific heteroepitaxial interface matching.
On geometric perturbations of critical Schrödinger operators with a surface interaction
Authors: Exner Pavel , Fraas Martin
Published: November 2009

We study singular Schrödinger operators with an attractive interaction supported by a closed smooth surface A⊂R3 and analyze their behavior in the vicinity of the critical situation where such an operator has empty discrete spectrum and a threshold resonance. In particular, we show that if A is a sphere and the critical coupling is constant over it, any sufficiently small smooth area-preserving radial deformation gives rise to isolated eigenvalues. On the other hand, the discrete spectrum may be empty for general deformations. We also derive a related inequality for capacities associated with such surfaces.
Long-range corrected double-hybrid density functionals
Authors: Chai Jeng-Da , Head-Gordon Martin
Published: November 2009

We extend the range of applicability of our previous long-range corrected (LC) hybrid functional, ωB97X [J.-D. Chai and M. Head-Gordon, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 084106 (2008)], with a nonlocal description of electron correlation, inspired by second-order Møller–Plesset (many-body) perturbation theory. This LC “double-hybrid” density functional, denoted as ωB97X-2, is fully optimized both at the complete basis set limit (using 2-point extrapolation from calculations using triple and quadruple zeta basis sets), and also separately using the somewhat less expensive 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis. On independent test calculations (as well as training set results), ωB97X-2 yields high accuracy for thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions. In addition, owing to its high fraction of exact Hartree–Fock exchange, ωB97X-2 shows significant improvement for the systems where self-interaction errors are severe, such as symmetric homonuclear radical cations.
Degenerations of pre-Lie algebras
Authors: Beneš Thomas , Burde Dietrich
Published: November 2009

We consider the variety of pre-Lie algebra structures on a given n-dimensional vector space. The group GLn(K) acts on it, and we study the closure of the orbits with respect to the Zariski topology. This leads to the definition of pre-Lie algebra degenerations. We give fundamental results on such degenerations, including invariants and necessary degeneration criteria. We demonstrate the close relationship to Lie algebra degenerations. Finally, we classify all orbit closures in the variety of complex two-dimensional pre-Lie algebras.
Analysis of unbounded operators and random motion
Authors: Jorgensen Palle E. T.
Published: November 2009

We study infinite weighted graphs with view to “limits at infinity” or boundaries at infinity. Examples of such weighted graphs arise in infinite (in practice, that means “very” large) networks of resistors or in statistical mechanics models for classical or quantum systems. However, more generally, our analysis includes reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and associated operators on them. If X is some infinite set of vertices or nodes, in applications the essential ingredient going into the definition is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space; it measures the differences of functions on X evaluated on pairs of points in X. Moreover, the Hilbert norm-squared in H(X) will represent a suitable measure of energy. Associated unbounded operators will define a notion or dissipation, it can be a graph Laplacian or a more abstract unbounded Hermitian operator defined from the reproducing kernel Hilbert space under study. We prove that there are two closed subspaces in reproducing kernel Hilbert space H(X) that measure quantitative notions of limits at infinity in X: one generalizes finite-energy harmonic functions in H(X) and the other a deficiency index of a natural operator in H(X) associated directly with the diffusion. We establish these results in the abstract, and we offer examples and applications. Our results are related to, but different from, potential theoretic notions of “boundaries” in more standard random walk models. Comparisons are made.