bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper 8: Application of the Thermodynamic Method of Measurement for the Determination of the Boiler Feed Pump Efficiency in Large Electrical Power Units of Electricité De France
Authors: Guitton J. S. A. , Procaccia H.
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the application of a thermodynamic method of measurement to determine the efficiency of boiler feed pumps in large and modern generating sets, and reasons for the development of the method are presented. The principle of the thermodynamic method is defined, and the difference between this method and the classical one is specified. A description is given of the instrumentation used when the thermodynamic method is applied. The results of thermodynamic measurements are analysed and discussed, and the calculated efficiency is compared with the efficiency determined when the classic method is used. The paper finally presents the programme of trials that were undertaken on the boiler feed pumps of modern units of Electricité de France.
Paper 9: Dynamic Hybrid Bearing Characteristics of Annular Controlled Leakage Seals
Authors: Black H. F. , Jenssen D. N.
Published: June 2010

The dynamic bearing characteristics of plain seals having appreciable length-to-diameter ratio are analysed by a perturbation method giving linear results. Non-linear effects have been treated in a more precise analysis, and a summary of the method and comparison of results with the simpler linear results is given. Some experimental results are given and compared with theoretical predictions. It is shown that length-to-diameter ratio has a considerable effect on seals of appreciable length, e.g. balance pistons, and that dynamic components of bearing action due to shaft rotation are comparable with the purely hydrostatic centring forces. Experimental results are shown to be reasonably in agreement with theory. It is concluded that the linearized bearing coefficients of seals given in this paper form a sufficiently sound basis for use in the vibrations analysis of pump rotors.
Paper 11: Feed Pumps for Modern Steam Boiler Applications, Design, Development, and Operation
Authors: Neporozhnii P. S. , Kirsh A. K.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the operating conditions which form the basis for determining the various types of feed pump units needed to equip the main power plant equipment in the U.S.S.R. The principles upon which the feed pump groups are selected, according to the type of equipment installed in different power plants, are considered. The system diagrams and design features of the feed pumps are presented, together with descriptions of how they are driven.
Paper 3: Recent Developments in Gear Tribology
Authors: Blok H.
Published: June 2010

The paper deals primarily with two theories which, in the last decade, have been increasingly incorporated in the theory of gear lubrication and enable both gear designers and lubricant technologists to approach the various tribological problems in gears in a more rational manner. These theories are as follows: (1) A theory predicting the temperature required for judging the risk of scuffing, i.e. the conjunction temperature occurring in the area of closest approach between the meshing tooth faces. This theory combines the classical theory of flash temperature with a thermal network theory, the latter being novel and aiming at the prediction of the bulk temperature component of the conjunction temperature. (2) The theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication which has proved increasingly helpful in predicting both the coefficients of tooth friction and the occurrence and severity of various kinds of tooth wear.
Paper 4: Epicyclic Gears for Medium-Speed Diesel Engines
Authors: Brown W. M.
Published: June 2010

The recent emergence of high-powered medium-speed diesel engines has provided marine gear engineers with an incentive to develop products such that marine propulsion installations can be evolved which will provide a radical alternative to the direct driven, slow-speed diesel engines which currently dominate the largest sector of the market for power at sea. This paper briefly reviews the changes in ship and machinery design and application which have dictated the need for optimum propulsion units and describes the resulting requirements that are imposed upon the gear units. These requirements are discussed in relation to a range of epicyclic gear units which appear to represent an optimum design solution for a particular sector of the market for power at sea.
Paper 5: Design of Lubricating-Oil Systems
Authors: Liddell R. E. , Rimmer R. F. , Orr R. E. H.
Published: June 2010

Some aspects of the design of lubricating-oil systems for high-powered gearing are discussed and reference is made to the results of trials on thrust bearings, filters, centrifuges, drain tanks, and venting arrangements.
Paper 12: A Numerical Means of Predicting the Fatigue Performance of Nitride-Hardened Gears
Authors: Mudd G. C.
Published: June 2010

Calculation procedures for the design of nitrided gear teeth commonly use a basic allowable stress which is constant for a particular core tonnage and case depth. The purpose of this paper is to determine the distribution of stresses in nitrided rolling elements, including gear teeth, and to illustrate the effects on the theoretical basic allowable stress of the size and geometry of the gears. Two criteria of fatigue failure are compared and the predicted values are compared with test results.
Paper 1: Special Requirements for Tractors in Japan
Authors: Kisu M.
Published: June 2010

Walking type tractors have played a leading role in Japanese agriculture for the past 20 years, but owing to a high degree of economic growth in Japan the riding type of tractor is now being extensively introduced. These tractors require special characteristics to suit the agricultural circumstances of Japan. In this paper these requirements are presented and discussed.
Paper 7: Ground-Drive Systems for High-Powered Tractors
Authors: Osborne L. E.
Published: June 2010

Attempts to solve the problem of transmitting high engine power to the drawbar have resulted in a variety of tractor designs. Measured rates of work on two- and four-wheel drive tractors and a tracklayer showed that while the four-wheel drive had the highest output, the tracklayer was more efficient for heavy draught operation. The two-wheel drive machine has a higher rolling resistance than the four-wheel drive and methods of measuring rolling resistance are described. The paper discusses the reasons that different performances are obtained from two- and four-wheel drive vehicles of the same engine power, and highlights some of the advantages to be gained. Previous theoretical work on two- and four-wheel drive tractor performance and on transmissions for four-wheel drive is also discussed, together with practical limitations on tyre size for operation under certain conditions. A small survey to measure tyre and track wear is described and a method is suggested of relating tyre wear to work done by quoting tyre costs per gallon of fuel used. The paper concludes with a few comments on soil compaction.
Paper 8: The Dynamic Performance of Tractor–Implement Combinations
Authors: Dwyer M. J.
Published: June 2010

The dynamic performance of tractor-implement combinations is considered theoretically in terms of the changes in load, weight transfer, and forward speed arising from variations in implement working depth. Two tractors, one having a top-link sensing control system and the other having a lower-link sensing control system, were modified so that the driving wheels ran eccentrically, imparting a sinusoidal variation in working depth to mounted implements and field tests were carried out using mouldboard and chisel ploughs. The draught and vertical forces between the tractors and implements were recorded continuously during the test runs, together with implement working depth, tractor engine speed, and forward speed. Measured variations in draught correlated well with the variations predicted from laboratory measurements of the tractor implement-control system characteristics. It is concluded, therefore, that field performance can be predicted from standard test data if such measurements are incorporated.

The theoretical analysis is used to suggest optimum parameters for implement-control systems. With fully-mounted implements, no significant difference was found between top- and lower-link sensing systems which were otherwise similar. Chisel ploughs were shown to be more difficult to control than mouldboard ploughs. Higher sensititivies would be required to retain control at higher working speeds and also for operating semi-mounted implements with lower-link sensing systems. Semi-mounted chisel ploughs are likely to be more easily controlled than fully mounted ones, but semi-mounted mouldboard ploughs would be slightly more difficult to control than fully mounted ones. A small dead-band in the response characteristics of implement-control systems is shown to have negligible effect on performance, and current maximum rates of lift are likely to be adequate for control purposes.
Paper 12: Automatic Control of Tractor Mounted Implements
Authors: Cowell P. A.
Published: June 2010

The development of implement control systems has been greatly influenced by the pattern set by the Te20 Ferguson tractor, and most three-point linkage draught control systems operate on the same principle. Such designs, whilst adequate for most purposes on level going, display poor depth control behaviour when traversing undulating ground. A full understanding of these systems has been limited by the absence of a mathematical theory capable of predicting their behaviour. This paper sets out to examine the problem in control theory terms.

An experimental hydraulic control system has been built using pure draught force sensing, and its behaviour has been studied both mathematically and experimentally in the laboratory and in the field. To enable theoretical predictions of system behaviour to be made a second rig was constructed to study the transfer functions of implements. This rig can also serve as a simulator of field surface disturbances. The performance of the experimental system was compared with a popular commercial system using the second rig as a simulator and the results indicate that pure draught control sensing as used in the experimental system is feasible in practice. The paper concludes with a short discussion of alternative control strategies.
Paper 14: Brakes for Agricultural and Allied Tractors
Authors: Gannon J. E.
Published: June 2010

The need for greater stress on all aspects of the safety of vehicles on the road has imposed, and continues to impose, greater emphasis on the braking performance of agricultural and industrial tractors. In view of this emphasis, the braking requirements of these vehicles over a range of sizes have been examined in detail, together with the present known design parameters of the brakes themselves. Existing types of brakes are discussed. and comparisons are drawn with the annular piston-type brake that is emerging on the latest tractor designs, Actuation of the brakes is discussed and, again, comparisons are drawn between the mechanical actuation currently used and the various forms of hydraulic actuation necessary to simplify tractor layout and to obtain the compensation required by the high rates of differential wear which can occur due to the spin-turning operation.

The fact that a high degree of versatility will be required in order that the vehicle operator will be able to couple a variety of trailers to his tractors will be an important factor in system selection. The need for correct apportionment of the braking efforts between the tractor and trailer is discussed in detail, to illustrate the complexity of the problem when balanced and unbalanced trailers are considered. Suggestions are made for braking ratios that give a compromise solution to the problem.
Paper 17: Tractor Tyres
Authors: Anslow B. J. , Warrilow E. L.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes in broad terms the design, manufacture and testing of tractor tyres with reference to the available choices of construction and tyre materials, and gives the authors' predictions of the development of tyres for tractive equipment for the future.
Paper 8: Problems Associated with Modern Designs of Oil-Free Labyrinth Piston Compressors
Authors: Meier H.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a survey of problems common to all reciprocating piston compressors for oil-free delivery of gas, and states typical problems associated with labyrinth piston compressors. The paper discusses special arrangements for placing guiding elements outside the process gas area; the development of a self-centring, contact-free piston; and design and material problems relating to a labyrinth piston-rod gland. The closed, pressurized crankcase designs make it possible to use contactless sealing techniques in refrigerating and many other process gas applications with oil-free delivery or recycling of gas. Mention is made of gas in the crankcase and associated problems, such as oil-gas dilution and inside-pressure in the frame. The paper also presents an efficiency comparison between contactless and ring-sealed piston compressors and briefly mentions the reliability of labyrinth pistons, giving statistics on the sequence of replacement.
Paper 20: Compressors: What the User Wants and Why
Authors: Wilson K. G. , Erskine J. B. , Summers-Smith D. , von Bertele O.
Published: June 2010

Some problems experienced in the operation of large centrifugal and reciprocating compressors, and the steps taken to overcome them, are described. The fields covered include noise, vibration, lubrication, and general operation and an underlying theme arising from them is the importance of the environment in specific compressor applications. To avoid recurrence of many of these problems it is important that the user should feed back his own practical operating experience to the manufacturer and also ensure that economic competition does not result in unsatisfactory technical standards. A carefully prepared enquiry specification has been found to be of assistance in achieving these objectives.
Paper 3: The Automatic Digital Computer Control of Vehicles in Rapid Transit Systems for Urban Transportation
Authors: Anderson J. H. , Powner E. T. , Bergman N.
Published: June 2010

This paper considers the problem of controlling vehicles in a rapid transit system using an on-line digital computer. Vehicle speeds and spacings are obtained periodically and are used by the control computer to calculate the required driving or braking forces for the next time period. A largely non-mathematical description is given of multivariable control methods which allow rapid transit schemes to operate efficiently for any number of vehicles with maximum capacity consistent with safety requirements and comfort. Difficulties which arise because of uncertainties in data in practical cases due to measurement errors, interference, or malfunction are alleviated by the control method and produce no significant deterioration in system performance. Consideration is given to non-linearities, merging, starting, etc., which are inherent in any overall scheme. Practicality is borne in mind throughout the description.
Paper 7: Gas Turbine/Electric Cars in Commuter Service
Authors: Ronan W. J.
Published: June 2010

The rapid growth of metropolitan areas has created the need for high-speed commuter services around the world. The locomotive-hauled train cannot provide the rapid acceleration and fast braking required to move increasing numbers of people over commutation distances. It is being replaced by the self-propelled or ‘multiple unit’ car. This paper describes research carried out by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, New York, to develop high-speed equipment for commuter services, and deals firstly with electric cars and secondly with a dual powered car taking power from a third rail and also powered by gas turbines. The tests carried out are described and conclusions reached are stated.
Paper 11: Double-Deck Buses
Authors: Harding G. G.
Published: June 2010

This paper, by reviewing the national statistics relating to double-deck buses, considers the change in the popularity of these buses over a period of years. Reference is made to the change from the orthodox front engined–rear entrance double-deck buses of past years to the present-day rear engined–front entrance buses and to the operational advantages and engineering disadvantages of the latter. A description is given of the main features of present-day double-deck vehicles and some comparisons of double- and single-deck buses are made. Consideration is then given to the future design of such buses from the point of view of construction, layout, performance, maintenance, and life. Finally, views are presented on various aspects of design and equipment which should, for operational reasons, be incorporated in future SELNEC vehicles.
Paper 13: The New Vöv (Public Transport Authority) Model O 305 Standard Service Bus
Authors: Hornung W.
Published: June 2010

If the drift to individual means of transport is to be avoided, the city bus must be made more attractive in its driving comfort and performance, and provide a maximum degree of safety. Vehicles of advanced design requiring a minimum of maintenance, and frames and superstructures constructed according to the latest conceptions, are absolutely necessary for an economic and reliable city bus. Easy-to-operate controls facilitate the driver's task and are an added safety measure. The standard O 305 regular service bus, designed in accordance with the regulations of the Public Transport Authority (Verband Öffentlicher Verkehrsbetriebe), meets these demands. The experimental electric bus with hybrid drive appears to be a solution to the exacting requirements of future traffic with regard to exhaust emission control.
Liquid Junction Potential between Different Solvents: The Component due to Solvent–Solvent Interactions Is Dipole Potential in Nature
Authors: Izutsu Kosuke
Published: June 2010

The liquid junction potential between different solvents contains three components, i.e., component (a) due to electrolyte concentrations and ionic mobilities, component (b) due to the solvation of ions, and component (c) due to solvent–solvent interactions. The values of component (b) are actually much smaller than the values calculated from theoretical equations, but other researchers considered the equation to be valid and came to the conclusion that component (c) depended on electrolytes. From electrolyte-independent characteristics and others, we report here that component (c) is not the diffusion potential but the dipole potential.
Observer Rating of Memory in Children: A Review
Authors: Levick Wayne R.
Published: June 2010

Research on observer rating of memory in children is examined in relation to the potential to develop screening instruments to improve efficiency in memory assessment, to shed light on the area of everyday memory in children, and to develop observer rating to the point where it may substitute for objective assessment. Several scales including the Parent Memory Questionnaire, the Children's Memory Questionnaire, the Observer Memory Questionnaire — Parent Form and the Working Memory Rating Scale are reviewed. Only the Working Memory Rating Scale has been published. Some of the other scales have good internal consistency and test–retest reliability but none have proven to be effective screening instruments and none can yet be recommended for clinical application. Relationships with objective test results have been at best modest, an issue that requires more detailed analysis if such instruments are to become effective screeners or even substitutes for objective assessment. Further observer rating research will shed light on everyday memory in children including its relationship to objective assessment and its place in models of memory. It remains to be established whether observer ratings add unique information to memory assessment or whether they can become a reliable, cost-effective substitute for objective assessment.
The Thought of an Object and the Object of Thought: A Critique of Henry E. Allison's ‘Two Aspect’ View
Authors: Nitzan Lior
Published: June 2010

In this paper I take issue with Allison's ‘two aspect’ view of Kant's transcendental distinction between appearances and things-in-themselves. Unlike those of Allison's critics, who criticize him, and by implication Kant, based on some form of the ‘two world’ view, I argue that, even Allison's methodological, more moderate interpretation, nevertheless includes an excessive commitment to the role of things-in-themselves in Kant's theoretical philosophy, a commitment which is both unnecessary and incompatible with Kant's text. I offer an alternative interpretation which, in my view, is at once more accurate, and more defensible against the familiar claim that Kant's philosophy is either incompatible with itself or it inevitably leads to idealism.
Seven essential questions on G-quadruplexes
Authors: König Sebastian L.B. , Evans Amanda C. , Huppert Julian L.
Published: June 2010

The helical duplex architecture of DNA was discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson in 1951 and is well known and understood. However, nucleic acids can also adopt alternative structural conformations that are less familiar, although no less biologically relevant, such as the G-quadruplex. G-quadruplexes continue to be the subject of a rapidly expanding area of research, owing to their significant potential as therapeutic targets and their unique biophysical properties. This review begins by focusing on G-quadruplex structure, elucidating the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions underlying its formation and highlighting several substructural variants. A variety of methods used to characterize these structures are also outlined. The current state of G-quadruplex research is then addressed by proffering seven pertinent questions for discussion. This review concludes with an overview of possible directions for future research trajectories in this exciting and relevant field.
Evolution of vitamin D binding protein concentration in sera from cardiac surgery patients is determined by triglyceridemia
Authors: Speeckaert Marijn M. , Wehlou Charline , De Somer Filip , Speeckaert Reinhart , Van Nooten Guido J. , Delanghe Joris R.
Published: June 2010

Background:Multiple human and animal studies have reviewed the (non-)actin scavenger functions of vitamin D binding protein (DBP). Recently, we demonstrated the partially lipid bound character of DBP. The purpose of the present study was to explore the link between actin, lipids and DBP in a cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods:The interplay between DBP, actin and lipids was investigated in a cohort study of 35 Caucasian patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Total and actin-free DBP concentrations were assessed by immunonephelometry and ELISA. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase (-MB) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using routine methods. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated according to the Friedewald formula. The DBP phenotypes and the macromolecular bound DBP fractions were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and confirmed by Western blotting.

Results:Using PAGE and Western blotting with an anti-human DBP polyclonal antibody, the actin-bound DBP complex was identified in serum. Following cardiac surgery, total serum DBP concentrations were characterized by a two phased course. This was paralleled by a similar pattern in serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Good correlation was found between total and actin free serum DBP concentrations (r=0.69, p<0.0001). The serum actin free DBP/total DBP ratio remained stable throughout the study period. Although no significant correlation between cumulative CK-MB enzyme release and delta serum total DBP concentration was observed (p=NS), the latter value correlated significantly with delta serum triglyceride concentrations (r=0.37, p<0.05).

Conclusions:The lipid bound character is an underestimated property of DBP in the extracellular actin-scavenger system.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1345–50.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of four triazole antifungal agents in human plasma
Authors: Verdier Marie-Clémence , Bentué-Ferrer Danièle , Tribut Olivier , Bellissant Eric
Published: June 2010

Background: Invasive fungal infections are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Triazole antifungal agents are recommended for the prevention and treatment of such infections. Their broad inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability and the high probability of drug-drug interactions justify therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of four triazole antifungal agents (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole) and one of their metabolites (hydroxy-itraconazole) in human plasma.

Methods: After protein precipitation with acetonitrile (ACN), a C18 column was used for separation with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid, water and ACN in a linear gradient from 20% to 70%, over 10 min. Detection was performed by electrospray ionization and quantification was performed using selected reaction monitoring transitions.

Results: Total run time was 15 min. The method was validated for a range of 0.1–12 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation were <9.5% and <13.8%, and accuracies were between –5.4% and +7.7% and between –10.8% and +10.4%, for intra- and inter-day validations, respectively.

Conclusions: This method appears to be well suited to routine hospital practice for the TDM of triazole antifungal agents considering its time of analysis, range of concentrations measured, precision and accuracy.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1515–22.
Zur Grammatik (vor allem) konditionaler V1-Gefüge im Deutschen
Authors: Reis Marga , Wöllstein Angelika
Published: June 2010

Standardly, verb-first (V1) conditionals are considered to be mere variants of wenn-conditionals; accordingly, left-peripheral V1-clauses are analyzed as embedded into the prefields of declarative apodosis clauses, just like their V-end counterparts. We challenge this view, proposing instead that dependent V1-clauses are syntactically unembedded/unintegrated, and, consequently, that postposed declarative apodosis clauses are either V2-declaratives with prefield ellipsis or V1-declaratives. We argue our case by presenting evidence that (i) wenn-clauses differ considerably from V1-clauses in semantic distribution, (ii) unlike wenn-clauses, V1-clauses do not meet the criteria for syntactic embedding, (iii) the alternatives entailed by (ii) for the structural analysis of a postposed apodosis both have empirical support. As for a syntactic analysis of V1-structures suited to these findings, we argue that a CP adjunction analysis is currently the best option available. We also point out connections between the semantic restrictions on V1-conditionals and the semantics of V1-interrogatives that are suggestive of a common semantic core, which raises hope that our background vision (ultimately, all dependent V-to-C clauses are semantically licensed substitutes for genuine subordinates) may also be true for V1-clauses.
Acute estrogen exposure does not affect basal very low-density lipoprotein–triglyceride production or oxidation in postmenopausal women
Authors: Gormsen Lars C , Høst Christian , Hjerrild Britta Eilersen , Gravholt Claus H , Nielsen Søren
Published: June 2010

Context

Long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estradiol (E2) is associated with an altered lipid profile including unfavorable increases in triglyceride (TG) concentrations and augmented hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)–TG production. There are indications that this effect of estrogens may be immediate.

Objective

To study thein vivoeffect of a single dose of E2on VLDL–TG kinetics and oxidation in humans.

Methods

Eight healthy, postmenopausal women were given a single dose of either placebo or E2(4 mg) orally. VLDL–TG kinetics was assessed by a 240-min primed-continuous infusion ofex vivolabeled [1-14C]triolein-labeled VLDL. Fractional and absolute VLDL–TG oxidation was determined by hyamin trapping of exhaled14C label. Indirect calorimetry provided measurements of lipid oxidation.

Results

Administration of 4 mg of E2orally rapidly increased plasma E2concentrations from below detection threshold to premenopausal levels. Free fatty acids (FFA) and TG concentrations were unaltered. No immediate effect was observed on either VLDL–TG production (placebo versus E2): 20.0±12.4 vs 24.1±10.7 μmol/min,P=0.33; VLDL–TG oxidation: 12.3±10.9 vs 12.6±5.6 μmol/min,P=0.93); or VLDL–TG clearance rates: 51.4±16.8 vs 64.9±28.8 ml/min,P=0.34).

Conclusions

Short-term E2elevation does not affect VLDL–TG production, oxidation, or clearance in humans. We therefore propose that HRT-associated dyslipidemia has a gradual rather than immediate onset.
Therapies for Inborn Errors of Metabolism: What Has the Orphan Drug Act Delivered?
Authors: Talele Sonali S. , Xu Kui , Pariser Anne R. , Braun M. Miles , Farag-El-Massah Sheiren , Phillips M. Ian , Thompson Barry H. , Coté Timothy R.
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The 1983 US Orphan Drug Act established a process through which promising therapies are designated as orphan products and, later, with satisfactory safety and efficacy data, receive marketing approval and fiscal incentives. We examined accomplishments in drug development for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs).

METHODS:

Food and Drug Administration data were used to identify orphan product designations and approvals for IEMs, and the trends for the past 26 years were summarized. Individual clinical development times (CDTs) from filing investigational new drug application to marketing approval were determined.

RESULTS:

We examined 1956 orphan product designations from 1983 through 2008 and found 93 (4.8%) for IEMs. Of those, 24 (25.8%) received marketing approval. This proportion of approval was significantly (P = .036) higher than that for non-IEM orphan products (17%). Among the IEM products, disorders of complex molecules received the most designations and approvals (61 and 11, respectively). Among the subgroups, lysosomal storage diseases received the most designations and approvals (43 and 9, respectively), whereas mitochondrial diseases (other than fatty acid oxidation disorders) received 7 designations with no approvals. We then examined the CDTs for the approved IEM products and found a median of 6.4 years (range: 2.6–25.1 years). Biological products had significantly shorter CDTs than drugs (mean: 4.6 vs 11.0 years; P = .003).

CONCLUSION:

For 26 years, the Orphan Drug Act has generated new therapies for IEMs. Why some IEMs have motivated successful drug development and others have not remains enigmatic; yet the needs of IEM patients without treatment are a certainty.
Influence of nitrogen and herbicide treatments on the nitrogen uptake of pea and Chenopodium album L.
Authors: Wágner G. , Nádasy E.
Published: June 2010

Based on the results of earlier greenhouse tests, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different herbicide combinations (clomazone, flumioxazine and pendimethaline combined with bentazone) at increasing nitrogen levels on the nitrogen uptake of green pea and common lambsquarters (
Chenopodium album
L.). Nitrogen was administered to the pea plants in the form of ammonium nitrate at increasing levels: 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha. The experimental soil was loamy Ramann’s brown forest soil (Eutric Cambisol). Green peas were grown to green maturity and harvested according to standard agricultural practices. Following harvest, the fresh and dry weight of the pea and weed shoots were recorded. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were determined from dried plant samples after digestion with concentrated sulphuric acid.The main results can be summarized as followsThe addition of nitrogen to the treatments considerably altered the growing potential of pea plants, especially at the early growth stage, where an increase in dry biomass of nearly 30% was observed. Yield biomass decreased in the nitrogen treatments. The nitrogen concentration, which increased in every treatment, was directly correlated to the addition of nitrogen fertilizer. Herbicides mainly influenced the vegetative growth of the plants. Pendimethalin and flumioxazin indirectly caused an increase in the dry biomass of the shoots by killing the surrounding weeds.
Investigations on the regeneration ability of squash cultivars
Authors: Kiss-Bába E. , Pánczél S. , Simonyi K. , Bisztray G.
Published: June 2010

Pumpkin, squash and zucchini are important vegetable crops in tropical and temperate regions. The development of genetic transformation methods offers the potential of introducing valuable traits into these crops. An efficient
in vitro
plant regeneration system is a critical point for genetic manipulation. The regeneration ability of three
Cucurbita
varieties was tested on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different growth regulators. Cotyledons of all the varieties were cultured to investigate the effect of 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg l
−1
) with or without KIN (0, 0.5, 5 mg l
−1
) and of BA (0, 1, 1.2 mg l
−1
) combined with IAA (0, 0.9, 1, 1.2 mg l
−1
), on the efficiency of shoot induction. Abscisic acid (0.26 mg l
−1
ABA) was also added to one medium. To find the most suitable combination for shoot induction, cotyledon segments of the three varieties were also cultivated on media with different concentrations of BA (0–1.2 mg l
−1
) and IAA (0–0.9 mg l
−1
). Shoot induction was achieved via organogenesis in the tested varieties. Leafy shoots were transferred to root induction media. Regenerated plantlets with roots were transferred to sterile soil. This is the first report on
in vitro
regeneration from cotyledon explants of the pumpkin cultivar Nagydobosi and the pattypan squash cultivar Óvári fehér.
Clinical relevance of proximal tubal occlusion – diagnostics and therapy
Authors: Szabó István , Sobel Gábor , Pajor Attila , Langmár Zoltán
Published: June 2010

A petevezető átjárhatóságának vizsgálata a meddőségi kivizsgálás fontos része. A kürteredetű meddőség 10–25%-ában proximalis tubaocclusio képezi az okot. A szerzők áttekintik a proximalis kürtelzáródás vizsgálatára alkalmazható eljárások történetét, metodikáját és értékét, valamint meghatározzák a hiszteroszkópos szelektív tubakanülálás szerepét a kivizsgálás során. Az irodalmi adatok és saját tapasztalataik alapján a szerzők javasolják az eljárás bevezetését a meddőségi kivizsgálás protokolljába, mert ezzel elkerülhetőek lehetnének a nem kellően megalapozott javallattal végzett in vitro fertilizációs kezelések.
Ohio's 2006-Lake Erie Charter Fishing Industry
Authors: Lichtkoppler Frank R. , Snyder Fred L. , Riesen Kelly E.
Published: June 2010

Charter fishing provides important angler access to Lake Erie sport fishing and is economically important to local recreational harbor communities. To update information from our 2002 survey, we conducted a mail survey of 517 randomly selected Ohio charter boat captains in early 2007 and received usable information from 249 captains. In 2006, there were 786 Ohio licensed charter guides. This is a decline of 9% from the 861 licensed captains in 2002. Charter firms in 2006 made on average 2.6 more trips per firm (44.7) than in 2002 (42.1). These captains made an estimated 28,563 charter trips in 2006 of which almost 87% were full-day and just over 13% were half-day trips. Charter fishing continues to bring nature-based tourism dollars into local lakefront communities. Our survey data may be used to update the economic impact estimates of this significant sector of the coastal fishing economy.
Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation of Dolly Varden, White spotted Char, and Bull Trout
Authors: Dunham Jason , Baxter Colden , Fausch Kurt , Fredenberg Wade , Kitano Satoshi , Koizumi Itsuro , Morita Kentaro , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Rieman Bruce , Savvaitova Ksenia , Stanford Jack , Taylor Eric , Yamamoto Shoichiro
Published: June 2010

We review the ecology and conservation of three lesser-known chars (genus Salvelinus): Dolly Varden (S. malma), white-spotted char (S. leucomaenis), and bull trout (S. confluentus). Dolly Varden is distributed across the northern Pacific Rim and co-occurs with bull trout and white-spotted char at the southern extremes of its range. In contrast, bull trout and white-spotted char are naturally isolated, with the former restricted to North America and the latter distributed in northeastern Asia. Though the range of Dolly Varden overlaps with the two other chars, it is most closely related to Arctic char (S. alpinus), whereas bull trout and white-spotted char are sister taxa. Each species exhibits diverse life histories with respect to demographic characteristics, trophic ecology, and movement. This diversity appears to be tied to environmental variability (e.g., temperature, habitat connectivity), resource availability (e.g., food), and species interactions. Increasingly, these interactions involve nonnative species including nonnative salmonines and changes in food webs related to establishment of species such as Mysis shrimp in large lakes. As humans expand into the remote and pristine habitats that support these three chars, we encourage proactive consideration of the lessons learned where chars have already declined and internationally-based research and conservation.
Stocking Trends: A Quantitative Review of Governmental Fish Stocking in the United States, 1931 to 2004
Authors: Halverson M. Anders
Published: June 2010

This article provides a quantitative review of the type, number, and estimated weight of the fish stocked by the 50 state agencies and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the United States in 2004. I examined trends in the light of data from earlier reports dating back to 1931. Among other things, this analysis shows that 1.7 billion fish were stocked by these agencies in 2004, representing 104 types of fish weighing an estimated 19.8 million kg. This was the largest number of types of fish (species, subspecies, and hybrids) and the largest total weight of fish ever stocked for those years for which information was available. Because many fish are being stocked at larger sizes, the total number of fish stocked in 2004 was in fact lower than in the first half of the twentieth century. Reflecting a long-term trend, most of the stocking was done by state agencies. The majority of the fish stocked (by estimated weight) were in western states and the most commonly stocked fish by this measure were coldwater sportfish, especially rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Avaliação de sites sobre a História da Enfermagem Brasileira
Authors: Silva Eliete Oliveira Basílio da , Ramponi Kenny Paolo , Sanna Maria Cristina
Published: June 2010

Estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo avaliar os sites sobre História da Enfermagem Brasileira. De acordo com base teórica sobre o impacto que o uso da informática, como fonte de informação, proporciona e também por constatar que as pessoas que buscam informação através deste veículo são leigas e necessitam confiar na informação, vimos a importância de realizá-lo, tendo como questões norteadoras: quais os sites sobre História da Enfermagem Brasileira e qual a sua qualidade para o ensino e a pesquisa. Utilizamos a proposição de Mitretek - Quality Criteria for Evaluate Health Information Technology, cujos critérios são: Credibilidade, Conteúdo, Divulgação, Links, Design, Interatividade e Alertas/advertências, com respectivas subdivisões de indicadores, que auxiliaram na efetivação da avaliação. Os resultados apontaram apenas dez sites em condições de consulta confiável e a importância da reconstrução dos que tenham a História da Enfermagem Brasileira como foco, para atender às necessidades dos alunos e pesquisadores.
A unidade de quimioterapia na perspectiva dos clientes: indicativos para gestão do ambiente na enfermagem oncológica
Authors: Moura Andréa de Carvalho Fernandes , Moreira Marléa Chagas
Published: June 2010

Estudo de caso descritivo, qualitativo, acerca da perspectiva de clientes quanto ao ambiente da unidade de quimioterapia. Os objetivos: descrever os fatores ambientais considerados como determinantes de bem/mal estar da unidade de quimioterapia na perspectiva dos clientes e analisar os fatores ambientais considerados pelos clientes como determinantes de bem/mal-estar, como indicativos para o enfermeiro na gestão do ambiente. A pesquisa foi realizada no Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no período de janeiro a março de 2005. Participaram do estudo vinte clientes em tratamento na referida unidade. Os resultados revelaram como fatores de bem estar: atitude carinhosa da equipe e, conforto da sala de aplicação de quimioterapia; como fator de mal-estar: desconforto da sala de espera. Conclui-se que a perspectiva dos clientes indica que a gestão desse ambiente deve contemplar os aspectos físico, psicológico e social. Além disso, o enfermeiro deve incluir, no planejamento da sua assistência, o momento que antecede a aplicação da quimioterapia na sala de espera.
Dor neuropática central após lesão medular traumática: capacidade funcional e aspectos sociais
Authors: Vall Janaina , Braga Violante Augusta Batista
Published: June 2010

Estudo de caso comparativo com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade funcional e os aspectos sociais de dois pacientes, ambos com lesão medular traumática, sem e com dor neuropática central associada, respectivamente. Para avaliar a capacidade funcional, foi utilizado como instrumento o Functional Independence Measure ou Escala de Independência Funcional. E para avaliar os aspectos sociais foi construído o ecomapa de cada paciente, preconizado pelo modelo Calgary de avaliação de famílias. Ambos foram aplicados no domicílio do paciente. Os resultados mostraram que o paciente com dor neuropática central secundária à lesão medular possui baixa capacidade funcional e precária rede social de apoio, quando comparado com o paciente com as mesmas condições, porém sem dor associada.
(Re)lembrando Elvira de Felic: gestos e falas de enfermeiras sobre o banho no leito, uma técnica/tecnologia de enfermagem
Authors: Figueiredo Nébia Maria Almeida de , Carvalho Vilma de , Tyrrell Maria Antonieta Rubio
Published: June 2010

Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa sobre banho no leito, com os objetivos de identificar expressões verbais e caracterizar expressões não verbais durante a execução da atividade de banhar e de ser banhada.. A coleta de dados incluiu o registro de falas, gestos e expressões durante a Cena de Reflexão, uma dramatização do banho em sala de aula, com a participação de 32 enfermeiras e alunas de pós-graduação - mestrado. Os resultados indicaram dois núcleos de representações: o primeiro, "O Corpo que Toca e Fala"; e o segundo, "O Corpo que Toca e Cala". A Multireferencialidade, Subjetividade, Psicossociologia e as concepções de Nightingale, Figueiredo e Carvalho foram usadas como apoio teórico. Os resultados constataram dificuldades das enfermeiras em relação ao toque e ao corpo nu, durante o procedimento técnico, e também quando opinavam e defendiam, de fato, o próprio corpo e o toque como intermediadores de emoções, subjetividade, estética, sexualidade e sensualidade
Circunstâncias histórico-sociais de criação da primeira escola de enfermagem no Vale do Paraíba - "Dom Epaminondas"
Authors: Antunes Ana Paula da Silva , Sanna Maria Cristina
Published: June 2010

Estudo que se propõe a descrever as circunstâncias histórico-sociais de criação da Escola de Enfermagem Dom Epaminondas no Vale do Paraíba, e analisar as estratégias utilizadas para sua implantação. As fontes primárias, oriundas do acervo da instituição mantenedora da escola e do arquivo municipal, e as fontes secundárias, da biblioteca do município e do Espaço Cultural Mario Covas, tratadas por fichamento individual e agrupamento por similaridade e pertinência, resultaram em quatro agrupamentos temáticos: o Papel da Cidade no Tratamento da Tuberculose; a Influência da Igreja Católica na Saúde, Economia e Educação; O Papel da Enfermagem no Combate à tuberculose; e a Criação da Escola. Concluiu-se que a escola foi criada para atender às necessidades de qualificação de pessoal de enfermagem para fazer frente às mudanças na terapêutica da Tuberculose e, seguindo o modelo anglo-americano de formação, recrutar e manter mão-de-obra das alunas nos sanatórios de propriedade da entidade mantenedora da escola.
Principais razões que motivam os candidatos de nível técnico a uma vaga na profissão de Enfermagem
Authors: Backes Dirce Stein , Backes Marli T. Stein , Siqueira Hedi C. Heckler de , Erdmann Alacoque Lorenzini
Published: June 2010

Objetivamos com este estudo analisar as principais razões que motivam os candidatos, de nível técnico, a uma vaga na profissão de enfermagem, à luz das considerações da Teoria de Watson. O estudo foi realizado em um empreendimento da saúde, localizado na cidade de Pelotas, na Zona Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os meses de setembro/2004 e fevereiro/2005, com a participação de 55 candidatos a uma vaga para atuar na referida instituição. Os relatos demonstraram que o "ambiente de cuidado" possuiu forte influência na escolha da profissão de enfermagem. Enquanto alguns mencionam a influência de algum familiar trabalhando na área, outros expressaram uma forte tendência de "ajudar o outro" e/ou se identificaram com a profissão ao acompanharem algum familiar no processo de internação hospitalar. Em suma, a expressão do cuidado como conhecimento específico e desejo de "ajudar os outros" pôde ser identificado entre os principais motivos.
A escolha profissional no imaginário social - enfermeiras brasileiras e peruanas
Authors: Ribeiro Anesilda Alves de Almeida , Falcon Gladys Santos , Borenstein Miriam Süsskind , Padilha Maria Itayra Coelho de Souza
Published: June 2010

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa cujo objetivo foi conhecer e compreender as imagens e o imaginário social que permeiam a escolha profissional das enfermeiras brasileiras e peruanas. O estudo foi realizado com vinte enfermeiras dos países relacionados, em 2003, utilizando-se do Referencial Imaginário Social de Michel Maffesoli. Na análise, traçamos as categorias: imagem servil; imagem vocacional e imagem profissional, que influenciam sobremaneira a opção pela Enfermagem. Ao refletir sobre as imagens e o imaginário que permeiam a escolha profissional, percebe-se que, em sua maioria, as enfermeiras escolhem a Enfermagem munidas pelo desejo pessoal, e não familiar, de ajudar e cuidar do próximo. Finalizando, neste caminhar pelo mundo imaginal da latinidade, podemos inferir que, na escolha da Enfermagem, vêem-se projetados os arquétipos e mitos da Enfermagem historicamente construídos, divulgados e cristalizados no ideário social, e a conjunção de algumas características que compõem a Identidade Profissional da enfermeira.
A preservação perineal como prática de enfermeiras obstétricas
Authors: Progianti Jane Márcia , Vargens Octavio Muniz da Costa , Porfírio Aline Bastos , Lorenzoni Daniela Peixoto
Published: June 2010

Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa que teve por objetivos analisar os efeitos percebidos pela mulher diante da não-realização da episiotomia e analisar as ações de enfermagem que foram determinantes para a não-intervenção cirúrgica sob a ótica da mulher. O estudo foi realizado no período de janeiro a junho de 2005. Foi aplicada uma entrevista semi- estruturada para a coleta de dados em mulheres que pariram de parto natural sem episiotomia. A análise seguiu a proposta de Bardin e apóia-se na teoria da diversidade e universalidade do cuidado cultural de Madeleine Leininger. Os resultados apontaram os efeitos positivos sentidos pela mulher em sua vida e em seu relacionamento sexual decorrentes da não-realização da episiotomia. As mulheres também reconheceram as ações profissionais de enfermagem obstétrica que visavam à acomodação do cuidado humanizado como repadronizadoras do cuidado medicalizado e fundamentais para a preservação de seus períneos.