bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pilot-scale combustion evaluation of the flame, heat transfer and emission characteristics of emulsified heavy bitumen
Authors: Whaley H , Banks G N , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

A combustion research project has been undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of using contaminated .bitumen as a fuel for an in-situ extraction plant in northeastern Alberta. It is shown that the combustion performance of the bitumen is not dissimilar to No. 6
fuel oil and can be slightly better when the moisture content is between 10 and 20 wt %. There was very little difference between air and steam atomization. It is recommended that attention be paid to burner selection for long term use and the removal of particulate material and SO2 from the
flue gas stream.
Rapid method for the determination of malthene and asphaltene content in bitumen, heavy oils and synthetic fuels by pyrolysis TLC
Authors: Poirier M A , George A E
Published: November 2018

A rapid pyrolysis thin layer chromatographie (TLC) method for the determination of malthene and as·phal tene contents in bitumens, heavy oils and their synthetic fuel products is presented. The malthenes are separated from the asphaltenes (defined as the
portion that is insoluble in n-pentane and soluble in benzene) by spotting l ~L of a 25 mg/mL sample solution on a silica gel chromarod using n-pentane-isopropanol mixture (95:5) as developing solvent. Benzene insalubles were removed prior to the determination. The separation is quantified by
an Iatroscan TH-10 Analyzer that uses FID detector. Complete analysis of 9 samples requires 30 minutes excluding time necessary for weighing the samples and dissolving in benzene prior to spotting. The method was applied to sixteen samples of bitumen, heavy oils and synthetic fuels. Repeatability of
the results was compared with that obtained by the standard procedure.
Upgrading of light Arabian vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process (runs 82-CG-201 to 207 with 3 wt% additive at LHSV=0.75)
Authors: Liu D D S , Logie R B , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

yes
Emissions from industrial wood combustion what and how much
Authors: Hayden A C S
Published: November 2018

The combustion of wood in industrial boilers offer major potential to displace non-renewable premium fuels. This paper discusses the compounds formed during industrial wood burning and quantifies their relative levels with regard to other potential energy
sources. Particulate emissions are generally quite high unless good after-the-fact control techology such as electrostatic precipitators are used as downstream collection devices. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon levels can be high if good combustion techniques are not followed. Nitrogen oxides are
on the same range as from other sources, depending on the nitrogen content of the wood waste, while sulphur dioxide emissions are negligible. The Canadian program to examine boiler performance in the pulp and paper industry will be important for filling certain knowledge gaps and to define design
and opetational guidelines to improve performance.
Upgrading light Arabian bacuum bottoms (25-ARA-81) by the CANMENT hydrocracking process: runs 82-CG-1-9
Authors: Ng F T T , Logie R B , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

The operability of the CANMET Hydrocracking Process for upgrading Light Arabian Vacuum Bottoms with 3% additive (MB 476c, -200 mesh) at 0.6 LHSV was investigated. The operability of the process was good for up to 82.54% pitch conversion at 450°C.
However, at 455°C and ~86% pitch conversion, there was feed interruption due to a heavy end plug. The system recovered operability based on the reactor ash profile, pitch and sulphur conversion and H2 consumption. However, at the termination of the run series, a total of ~393 g of
solid was found inside the reactor. The feed interruption was probably the cause of the local deposit of solid on the reactor.
Pilot-scale combustion evaluation of Poplar River lignite phase ii: control of sulphur dioxide emission using dry lime addition
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

In the final phase of a joint Saskatchewan Power Corporation-CANNET lignite evaluation project, a 5-tonne sample of Poplar River lignite was burned in a pulverized-fired, pilot-scale research boiler to determine the effectiveness of lime additions together with
excess combustion air in reducing sulphur dioxide emissions. The addition of à% wt lime to the fuel had no effect on the SO2 emissions whereas a 1% wt addition with 5% 02 in the flue gas decreased SO2 emissions below the theoretical level by over 48%; at this condition 25%
of the lime input was utilized in neutralizing sulphur. The addition of 1% wt of lime to the fuel had no measurable effect on combustion characteristics, ash-fouling behaviour low temperature corrosion potential or electrostatic precipitator performance.
Catalytic hydrogenation and asphaltene conversion of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Ternan M
Published: November 2018

Bitumen from the Athabasca Oil Sand deposits was hydrogenated using three catalysts having markedly different median pore diameters. The results were interpreted in terms of the reaction rates being controlled by the rate of pore diffusion of asphaltene micelles.
Catalysts with larger pore diameters produced higher conversions per unit surface area. However, the accessible catalyst surface area per unit volume of reactor decreased as the catalyst pore diameter increased. The decreasing surface area was responsible for the general decrease in conversion with
increasing pore diameter. Higher conversions are obtained with-higher surface area catalysts having smaller pores, even though pore diffusion controls the rate of reaction.
Evolution of Canada's coal-liquid mixture program
Authors: Read P J , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

Interest in coal-liquid mixtures as potential oil replacement fuels has been continuing in canada since the early seventies. The motives for this interest have been the rapidly rising cost of oil coupled with an insecurity of supply. These factors have caused the
western industrialized nations to seek feasible alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. A description is given of the three phases of an early program undertaken at Chatham, New Brunswick in which coal-oil mixtures were used in a small utility boiler. Phase I of this program showed that burner and
equipment wear was a significant impediment to coil-oil mixture utilization. This led to the inclusion of an oil agglomeration coal beneficiation process being incorporated into the fuel preparation process as a means of reducing the sulphur and abrasive ash content of the coal. The evolution of
this early program into the present program of coal-water slurry technology development for utility applications is described in detail, together with other support programs which may enable coal-liquid mixtures to penetrate the industrial and transportation sectors.
The effect of heating rates on productivity, coke quality and coking pressures from conventionally and partially briquetted charges carbonized in CANMET's pilotscale coke ovens
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

A coal blend typical of that used by the Canadian steel industry was carbonized conventionally and partially briquetted at several heating rates in all four of CANMET's moveable wall test ovens. Partial briquetting 30% of the coal charged to the coke oven
improved all coke quality parameters. Increased coking rates improved ASTM hardness, coke strength after reaction, and coke reactivities but caused coke stability to deteriorate and mean coke size to decrease for both conventional and partially briquetted charges. Results from all the CANMET test
ovens indicated ASTM coke stability could be maintained at the same value as the conventional charge but with a 20 percent increase in coke productivity if charges were carbonized 30% partially briquetted at faster heating rates. All other coke quality parameters would improve. Coke oven wall
pressures increased only slightly for partially briquetted charges carbonized in the 460-mm oven which uses industrial bulk densities. However, results from the other test ovens which use more rigorous conditions indicated excessive coking pressures might result for partially briquetted charges at
some coke plants depending on oven construction and the maximum allowable wall pressure deemed safe for their operation
Flue temperature programs for the Carbolite and Ottawa 310-mm pilot coke ovens
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T , Seto S
Published: November 2018

Two of CANMET's pilot coke ovens have heating walls constructed of silicon carbide brick, a material that has a thermal conductivity considerably higher than silica brick used in the construction of industrial ovens. Flue temperatures of these pilot ovens must
therefore be made to vary throughout the coking cycle so they simulate the heat transfer that occurs in an industrial oven. A mathematical model of a coke oven has been used to derive a number of such temperature-time programs so the pilot ovens can be operated at different coking
rates
The design and operation of the fluidized bed combustor developed at the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is an emerging technology which is generally viewed as having great promise for utilizing inferior fuels, such as low-grade coal, wood waste and municipal garbage. The emission of pollutants such as SO2' NOx and heavy metals is
minimal. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada is developing a broad program of full-scale demonstrations to establish the technical and economic viability of FBC technology in the commercial, industrial and utility sectors. While the demonstration program is intended to bring to commercial fruition
the pilot-scale R & D carried out by many agencies over the past twenty years, it needs continued R & D support in a number of areas. These relate primarily to the performance in an FBC of specific fuels and sorbents under various conditions of bed temperature, excess air level, unit
heat release rate, sorbent concentration and bed depth. All the foi,egoing parameters can be studied in pilot-scale equipment, therefore in 1976 the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory began the development of a 120 kW atmospheric fluidized bed combustor. A facility was developed which can,
quickly and at modest cost, evaluate the performance of various fuels, and provide combustion performance and design information to support the full-scale demonstration program. This report describes the construction and operation of the facility, and outlines the CCRL program of pilot-scale
research.
Quantitative analysis of coal-derived liquids residues by TLC with flame ionization detection
Authors: Poirier M A , Rahimi P , Ahmed S M
Published: November 2018

A reliable method for the determination of maltenes, asphaltenes, pre-asphaltenes (MAP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) insolubles in coal liquefaction distillation residues is needed to establish the degree of coal conversion during the development of coal
liquefaction processes. In this work a new method is described for the determination of MAP, which involves thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitative flame ionization detection (FID). The THF insolubles content is calculated by difference . This method is applicable to bitumen, heavy oils and
coal-derived liquid distillation residues. The maltenes are separated from the asphaltenes and pre-asphaltenes on a TLC silica gel ''chromarod" using n-pentane/isopropanol (95:5) developing solvent. The asphaltenes are then separated from the pre-asphaltenes with benzene/isopropanol (80:20)
developing solvent. Results are compared with the sequential solvent extration procedure.
Additive slurry exaporation tests
Authors: Skubnik M
Published: November 2018

Equipment suitability tests with the originally proposed Vacuum Pan Dryer for the additive preparation from coal-iron sulphate-water slurry were not successful. Instead the equipment manufacturer proposed and carried out a series of successful tests on the Double
Drum Dryer. The drying time was about 7 seconds. The temperature greduelly increased from ambient to approximately 120°c.
Oil to coal conversion: the Chatham coal-water-mixture trials
Authors: Rankin D M , Read P J , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

Interest in coal-liquid mixtures as potential oil replacement fuels has been continuing in Canada since the early seventies. The initial motives for this interest were the rapidly rising cost of oil coupled with an insecurity of supply. The possibility of the
recurrence of extreme energy price and supply fluctuations is the reason for continued efforts in the development of coal-liquid-mixture technology. A description is given of the three phases of an early program undertaken at Chatham, New Brunswick in which coal-oil mixtures were used in a small
utility boiler. Phase I of this program showed that burner and equipment wear was a significant impediment to coal-oil mixture utilization. This led to the inclusion of an oil agglomeration coal beneficiation process being incorporated into the fuel preparation process as a means of reducing the
sulphur and abrasive ash content of the coal. The evolution of this early program into the present program of coal-water mixture preparation and combustion testing for utility applications is described in detail.
Gasification kinetics of Canadian coals and wood in a fixed bed reactor
Authors: Fung D P C , Kim S D
Published: November 2018

The chemical reactivity and kinetics of nine Canadian coals and one wood were examined in a fixed bed gasifier in the presence of air and steam at 950-1000°C. It has been found that the reactivity of coal decreases with increase in the carbon content, but
increases with increase in the oxygen content of the parent coal. The reaction velocity decreases with increase in the carbon content of the parent coal. With the shrinking core model, the coal-steam-air reaction systems have been found to be under chemical reaction control; the wood-steam-air,
however, were found to be ash film resistance controlled. It has been also demonstrated that the present reaction system favours the water-gas shift reaction over the carbon-steam reaction as shown by the chemical composition of the product gas from the gasification.
Comparison of NKK and CANMET analyses from CCRA-NKK coal and coke exchange
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T
Published: November 2018

This report compares results obtained by Nippon Kokan Keihin K. (NKK) and CANMET on round robin coal and coke samples exchanged between NKK and the Canadian Carbonization Research Association. The two coal samples were carbonized in CANMET and NKK test ovens.
Analyses were made by NKK and CANMET on the coal blends, industrial cokes and two of the test-oven cokes. Results from coal analyses showed that CANMET'S proximate, Gieseler fluidity and inert content varied from those given by NKK. Coke analyses showed that size distribution and chemical
measurements were similar for the two laboratories. The JIS drum indices were similar for both laboratories but UNMET results were consistently larger by about 0.25%-0.7%. Results from NKK and CANMET laboratories for ASTM stability and hardness factors were related but CANMET results were 1
to 3 units higher than those of NKK. Both laboratories generally obtained similar CSR and CRI values but micro-strength indices were considerably different. Comparison of cokes from NKK and CANMET test ovens indicated JIS drum indices were comparable but slightly lower than industrial values. ASTM
coke stability and hardness, ASG, and CSR results from the NKK oven were lower than results from CANMET test ovens.
Assesment of the liquid dispersion correlations for bubble column reactors
Authors: Liu D D S , de Bruijn T J W , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

Correlations to predict the liquid dispersion coefficient in bubble columns are reviewed. Equations given by Scott, Towell and Ackerman, Baird and Rice, Field and Davidson and Deckwer, Burchhart and Zoll are compared using the experimental results of Towell and
Ackerman obtained in columns 0 . 4 m and 1,07 m diam columns and of Field and Davidson found in a column 3.2 m diam columns as a data base. Based on theoretical considerations, we recommend Baird and Rice's equation be used in modelling CANMET hydrocracking reactor
behaviour.
The CFB Summerside project initial operating experience with 18 tph afbc heating boilers
Authors: Razbin V V , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Initial operating experience with Canada's first commercial FBC boiler plant, located at CFB Summerside, PEI, is described. The plant consists of two boilers rated at 18,000 kg/h of steam at MCR, operating at 965 kPa saturated steam and designed for highsulphur
coal with supplementary firing of wood chips. The boilers were operated intermittently from December 1982 until May 1983, and in May one boiler was subjected to an acceptance test campaign of about two weeks, during which it performed satisfactorily, at loads ranging from 110% MCR to the maximum
design turndown ratio of 4.5:1. Assessment of it's performance in terms of efficiency and emissions awaits completion of laboratory analyses and data reduction. During commissioning, problems with cold fluidization were encountered, and it was established that careful control of limestone sizing is
required. Also, high moisture and fines in the coal caused significant problems in the materials handling system. Some erosion of boiler tubes in the bed zone was observed, and to prevent further deterioration the affected areas were covered with a thin layer of hard refractory. This appears to have
had no detrimental effect on steam output. Further work remains to be done, but it appears likely that during the next heating season both boilers will be fully commissioned and all requirements for acceptance will be met.
A residence time distribution study using a CSTR in the CANMET hydrocracking process for light Arabian vacuum bottoms
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Ng F T T
Published: November 2018

The residence time distribution of metals during the CANMET hydrocracking process was studied by the Danckwerts F-function technique using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Based on the assumption that metals were uniformly distributed in the liquid
phase, the observed mean residence time was more than three times the superficial liquid space time used. A model was developed to explain the results. It revealed that the mean residence time of the liquid and/or solid is a function of the voidage and the product vaporization, with the latter
having the greatest effect. . The experiment indicated that increasing both concentration and iron loading of the CANMET additive suppressed the formation of asphaltene, toluene insolubles and Conradson carbon residue. Results were qualitatively explained by a simple catalytic reaction
model.
An XPS examination of catalyst Mb-Ca-Fi following calcination at 450° and 1000 ° c: variation in surface chemistry
Authors: Brown J R , Galbraith L E
Published: November 2018

The surface composition and surface chemistry of an alumina supported fluorine containing catalyst was determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). After preparation, some of the catalyst extrudate pellets were calcined for 6 hours at 450 ° C, the
remainder at 1000 ° C. Major differences in the F/A1 ratio were observed, indicating that the high calcination temperature had caused nearly complete removal of fluorine from the catalyst. Thus, this particular F-alumina catalyst should be used only at relatively low temperatures (much less
than 1000 °C and probably less than 450 ° C); otherwise it will decompose causing a shortened life time, and a rapidly decreasing feedstock conversion rate with unacceptable fluorine emissions.
Thermodynamic evaluation of metal oxides as potential H2S adsorbents
Authors: Yumura M , Furimsky E
Published: November 2018

A series of metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb) and corresponding oxides were evaluated with respect to their affinity for H 2S at high temperatures. The evaluations were based on the estimate of log K values in a wide temperature range, using
available thermodynamic data. For more exact comparison the log K values for reactions with S 2 , H 2S, H2 and CO at 1000°K were estimated and tabulated.
Pilot-scale combustion trials on goodrich coal
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Goodrich coal from northeastern British Columbia was evaluated in the recently commissioned CCRL pilot-scale pulverized- coal-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermal analyses were performed on samples of
the coal. This coal, which contained 4% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale conveying system. Although it was difficult to maintain a consistent size product from the pulverizer, the coal ignited readily and produced stable flames at greater than 99% combustion
efficiency. The resultant furnace bottom ash consisted of a thin molten slag deposit over the hot refractory surfaces, but -deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide emissions were within the current Canadian national emission
guidelines and the potential of the coal for low-temperature corrosion, due to sulphuric acid, was minimal. The nitric oxide emissions exceeded these guidelines, but in practice these emissions could probably be reduced through the utilization of the more appropriate burner technology that is
currently available.
Movable-wall coke oven tests of coal samples submitted by Dofasco Inc, Hamilton, Ontario
Authors: Jorgensen J G , Lloyd T A
Published: November 2018

This report covers Investigation No. 28 in the continuing program of coal evaluations for Dofasco Inc., Hamilton, Ontario by the Energy Research Laboratories. The scope of the investigation comprises technical-scale carbonization tests relevant to the
understanding of the quality of the coals under review.
Movable-wall coke oven tests of coal blends submitted by Algoma Steel Corporation, limited Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Authors: Jorgensen J G , Lloyd T A
Published: November 2018

The evaluation of coals for use at the coke plant of the Algoma Steel Corporation Limited, is a continuing divisional project which periodic investigations are undertaken as requested by the company. This report is Investigation No. 33 in the series and includes
evaluation data on coals specified in a letter dated July 14, 1984 from M.A. Khan, Senior Research Geologist, Raw Materials Research. A copy of this letter appears in Appendix 1. The following coals were blended in various ratios and carbonized: Maple Meadow Beckley , Pocahontas, Kanawha (purchase
coals) and Indian Creek. The composition of the coke oven blends is listed in Table 1. The cleaned coal samples were crushed, blended and carbonized in CANMET's 46d-mm and 310-mm wide movable-wall coke ovens. The results of the testing program are tabulated in Tables 2 to 7.
A metal analysis survey of 43 Canadian commercial coals
Authors: Farrell M
Published: November 2018

A wide spectrum of Canadian commercial coals was analysed in order to establish the metal concentration range of selected major, minor and trace elements of technological concern. Analytical data obtained from the analysis of raw coal by neutron activation
procedures was compared with data obtained from pretreated coal analysed by a wide variety of instrumental techniques utilized at ERL. Statistical analysis of the resulting data was employed to verify the instrumental techniques most suitable for each element and to isolate potential sources of
analytical error. The Analysis and Standardization section's analytical techniques are compared to neutron activation analysis on the whole coal dry basis to isolate analytical problems associated with sample pre-treatment and establish procedures to compile and analyse future analytical
surveys.
Movable-wall coke oven tests of coal samples submitted by Dofasco Inc., Hamilton, Ontario
Authors: Jorgensen J G , Lloyd T A
Published: November 2018

This report covers Investigation No. 29 in the continuing program of coal evaluations for Dofasco Inc., Hamilton, Ontario by the Energy Research Laboratories. The scope of the investigation comprises technical-scale carbonization tests relevant to the
understanding of the quality of the coals under review. Purchase Ortler No. T-53509-10 dated August 22, 1983 and No. T-57023 dated August 30, 1983 from the company specified the following mixes must be run in duplicate:
Gasification reactivities of cokes derived from Athabascan bitumen
Authors: Furinsky E
Published: November 2018

yes
Correlation of process operability with reactor sampling rate during upgrading of b24 vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process - runs 83-cg-228 to 233
Authors: Ng F T T , Patmore D J , Sears P L
Published: November 2018

The run series 83-CG-217 to 233 demonstrated that operability of the CANMET hydrocracking process using B24 vacuum bottoms was improved by increasing the amount of reactor samples withdrawn. The process improvement is attributed to the reduction of the
concentration of the toluene insolubles inside the reactor resulting from the increased withdrawal of reactor samples. In contrast to previous experiments with a lower withdrawal rate formation of a solid "plug in the reactor was not observed. In addition, the total amount of solid deposit found
inside the reactor at the end of this run series was reduced by a factor of approximately three compared with a similar run series where the concentration of the toluene insolubles was higher. The present results suggest that for a given set of operating conditions there may exist an upper limit to
the concentration of the solids suspended in the reactor fluid.
Effect of heavy gas oil recycle on product yields and process operability: upgrading blend 24 by CANMET hydrocracking- runs 83-CG-333 to 338
Authors: Chase J D , Liu D D S , Ng F T T
Published: November 2018

yesA series of experiments was carried out using 16.7 wt % heavy gas oil (HGO) with blend 24 feedstock (29-B24-83) and 2.5 wt % additive to simulate the effect of HGO recycle on product yields and process operability. The HGO was distilled by Petro-Canada
from products obtained previously from series 83-CG-327-332. Less than half as much solids was deposited in the reactor compared with similar run using 3 wt % additive except no HGO was added to the feed (84-CG-21O). More solids were deposited in the present run (83-CG-337) than one without HGO
feed dilution but with 5% additive. No pressure drop fluctuations occurred in the process. Pitch conversions were 3-4% lower than those for the same feed and pitch space velocity (based on B-24). As expected, the HGO yield increased when HGO was added to the feed. In fact less than 10%
HGO was consumed thus the HGO behaved primarily as an inert diluent.
Natural gas to liquid fuels via acetylene
Authors: Allenger V M
Published: November 2018

Two alternatives are discussed for converting natural gas to liquid fuels with acetylene as the intermediate. One option, the hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene and subsequent oligomerization of ethylene to liquid fuels can be implemented immediately. The
hydropolymerization of acetylene, on the other hand, requires more research and development work before it can be considered a proven technology.
Evaluation of CANMET pitch materials as coking additives
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

An investigation was made of the suitability of specific CANMET hydrocracked pitch residuals as coking additives to selected coals from Westar Mining Ltd. Coal pitch blends were evaluated in the laboratory for chemical, microscopic, and thermal rheological
properties and in the pilot plant in a small 150mm wide coke oven. Results were compared with two other pitches proven to be effective as additives. Results indicated CANMET hydrocracked pitches are effective in improving thermal rheological properties of coals investigated and in modifying textural
properties of the cokes produced. The pitches appeared to improve the coke strength of one Westar coal, however additional testing on a larger scale is required
Selective removal of nitrgenous compounds from petroleum fractions using zeolites
Authors: Jean G , Bonvie E , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

Zeolites were tested for the large scale selective removal of nitrogenous compounds from petroleum fractions. The selectivity of sorption was found to depend on the specific nature of the nitrogenous compound. Large neutral compounds were not extensively removed
while smaller, more basic compounds were extensively removed. This defficiency was corrected by modification of the zeolite by cation exchange; sodium was substituted for H, Zn, Co. The cation exchange considerably affects the selectivity. A capacity of 10% by weight of zeolite was obtained for
the two model compound solutions without any optimization. Zeolites were also tested using two naphthas. The capacity obtained with the naphthas were much lower than expected based on the model compound study. This suggests the sorption of non-nitrogenous compounds.
Catalytic hydroprocessing of mixtures of heavy oil and coal
Authors: Monnier J , Kriz J F
Published: November 2018

Mixtures of coal and heavy oil of petroleum origin were processed in a semi-continuous autoclave system. Low severity experimental conditions were such that the hydroprocessing reactions proceeded at the threshold of coking. Nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten
and calcium catalysts were tested 1n a slurry of one part subbituminous coal and two parts bituminous oil. A constant flow of 500 psig hydrogen was supplied to the reactor during these tests. The light hydrocarbons were collected from the exiting gases in a cold trap for elemental analysis and
simulated distillation. The heavier products were characterized by solvent extraction is oil, asphaltenes, preasphaltenes and THF insolubles. Catalysts were compared on the basis of conversion of THF insolubles, yields of oil, asphaltenes and preasphaltenes, and sulphur content of the light
hydrocarbons. As expected, cobalt-molybdenum type catalysts performed well, enhancing oil production and conversion of THF insolubles. Based on the solubility data, it appears that a gain in pentanesoluble oil is accompanied by a comparable loss in the THF insoluble portion of the product while
other fractions change to a lesser extent.
Separation of dilute methanol, MTBE or TAME, 2-methyl-2-butene in pentane-toluene solutions by reverse osmosis
Authors: Soucy G , Farnand B , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

Studies have been made on the use of membranes in order to lower the concentration of methanol, MTBE or TAME, 2-methy1-2-butene in pentane-toluene solutions. Five membranes were studied including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate
butyrate (CAB), Saran Wrap® and Glad Wrap® . Results show that there were two categories of membranes: one enriched the permeate in methanol (CA and CAB) and the other depleted the permeate (PVC and Glad Wra0). Three of these membranes give good results, i.e., CA, CAB and Glad Wrap® . Also, CA and
CAB membranes separate the methanol from the solution, particularly, from the ethers. It appears these membranes have sufficient separation factors to warrant further study.
Measurement of void fractions at high gas velocities: a summary of pilot plant experiments 85-cg-8 to 32
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: November 2018

A 52-day series of experiments to measure the mean void fractions and pitch conversions in the CANMET hydrocracking PP-1 reactor as a function of temperature and superficial gas velocity is described. Interprovincial pipeline vacuum bottoms (feedstock 31-IPPL-84
900 0F+) to be used for the demonstration plant startup were used. Results of observed mean void fractions, pitch conversions of each A run, concentrations of ash, PI, TI, asphaltene and TIOR and ratio of TIOR/ash as functions of operating time are also reported. The flow regimes as a function of
superficial gas velocity and temperature above 400°C were identified using selected gamma-ray data and the drift-flux model of Zuber and Findlay. At a void fraction of <0.55, the flow was in the homogeneous fine bubbling flow regime. Above a void fraction of 0.55, the bubbly
churn-turbulent regime was observed. The effect of wall friction on the distribution of void fraction was found to be small. Therefore the derived correlation of void fraction versus superficial gas velocity is reasonable for predicting void fractions for any large scale reactors above 400°C. A
maximum void fraction of 0.76 at a relatively low superficial gas velocity (>8 cm/s) was observed. The pitch conversions at high gas rates were low, consistent with the high void fractions observed.
Upgrading of heavy oil and residuum by the CANMET hydrocracking process: comparison of pitch conversion from experiments using CSTR and tubular reactors
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Tscheng J S H , Jain A K
Published: November 2018

A model was developed to derive rate of pitch (+524°c) conversion as a function of temperature in the CANMET hydrocracking process for upgrading heavy oils and refinery residues using gas-liquid-solid concurrent slurry reactors. The model considered the gas
void fraction and degree of vaporization to be important pararneters. For the CSTR model, complete mixing in the liquid phase was assumed, whereas an axial dispersion model was used for tubular reactors. Rate constants can be derived from experimental data obtained from either continuous stirred
tank reactor (CSTR) or tubular reactor experiments, or from both data simultaneously. Results for a single feedstock, light Arabian vacuum bottoms, are presented. Rate constants were derived solely from experimental results obtained from runs carried out in a CSTR. They were then used in an axial
dispersion model to predict pitch conversions at conditions identical to those used in two tubular reactors with diameter/ length ratios of 102 and 48. Comparison of predictions with experimental results showeà very good agreement. The effect of vaporization on distributions of pitch
conversion, pitch concentration and liquid velocity along the reactor was also examined.
Determination of iron content in CANMET additives by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Dawson W H , Rahimi P M
Published: November 2018

The use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the analysis of CANMET additives was investigated. It was demonstrated that the proximate analysis and the iron content of an additive can be estimated in less than 20 min. The results obtained in this work are
shown to be comparable to those obtained using a well-established inductively coupled plasma method. The TGA profiles are sensitive to the iron sulphate:coal ratio. This suggests that it may be possible in future studies to deduce some information regarding iron sulphate-coal
interactions.
Coal-water fuel developments in eastern Canada: the Chatham and Charlottetown demonstration and beyond
Authors: Whaley H , Rankin D M , Read P J , Covill T D
Published: November 2018

Under a cooperative agreement between Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission and the Cape Breton Development Corporation, a 4 t/h preparation facility has been built to produce a coal-water fuel for testing in two small
utility boilers located at Chatham, N.B. The formal Chatham project is now completed and this paper presents the results from CWF burner and boiler performance testing in the two units at Chatham, N.B. Under a similar cooperative agreement between Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Maritime
Electric Company Ltd., New Brunswick Electric Power Commission and Cape Breton Development Corporation, funding has been provided to develop burners for testing on unit No. 10 at the MECL Generating Station at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. This unit is a 20 MW(e) Babcock and Wilcox
front-wall fired unit designed for No. 6 fuel oil and is extremely compact in design. Details will be given of the status of the unit test program, and modifications, burner selection and pollution control measures being taken in order to be able to operate the unit on CWF during late
1985.
Characterization of products from the conversion of furanic compounds to hydrocarbons on zeolite using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
Authors: Coulombe S , Jean G , Chantal P , Kaliaguine S
Published: November 2018

Products from the conversion of model furanic compounds to hydrocarbons on zeolite ZSM-5 were analyzed using gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared (GC/FIIR) spectrometry. The conditions used cover
temperatures from 350 to 450 °C and space velocities from 0.5 to 2 LHSV. Major individual compounds were positively identified with both techniques while some minor compounds could be partially identified from the complementary information given by both GC/MS and
GC/FfIR.
Preparation of solid adsorbents for hot gas clean-up part 1. Northern Pigment ltd. materials
Authors: Palomer A , Légère M , Furimsky E
Published: November 2018

Four solids containing iron oxides were evaluated as adsorbents for hydrogen sulphide removal from hot gas at 650 and 850C. The performance of adsorbents 'as measured by break points defined as time at which the gas exiting from the reactor contained either 100
or 1000 ppm of hydrogen sulphide.
Coal solubilization into bitumen in a continuous short contact time reactor
Authors: Ikura M , Kelly J F
Published: November 2018

The solubilization of Forestburg subbituminous coal into Cold Lake vacuum bottoms was investigated using a continuous short contact time reactor. The operating temperature, pressure, and residence time were varied from 375°C to 450°C, 10.4 MPa to 17.3
MPa, and 12 min to 32 min respectively. It was found that: - coal solubilization is negligible at 375°C but 95% complete at 450°C within 15 min, - the rate of coal solubilization is rapid in the first 15 min, but decreases at longer residence times, , - increasing operating pressure
from 10 MPa to 17 MPa accelerates coal solubilization, - up to 50% of oxygen in the feed is removed during coal solubilization, - the use of petrographic analyses alone for quantitative study of coal solubilization is very difficult. However when the data from petrography and solvent extraction
are combined, meaningful information is obtained.
Analysis of data obtained from the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant test - April 29 to May 12, 1986: void fraction versus superficial gas velocity
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: November 2018

The void fractions and superficial gas velocities in the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant reactor at 8 ft, 33 ft and 68 ft above the gas distributor were determined for hourly average data during the plant commissioning from April 29 to May 12, 1986. In
this period, the plant was operated in the CANMET hydrocracking mode with 2.5 wt % of oil-coal co-ground additives. The effect of ash accumulation on the void fraction was also estimated. The distribution of void fraction with respect to the reactor height was observed to have a large gradient
indicating that the antifoam lost its activity very quickly.
Preliminary report on the comparative combustion properties of raw and washed Prince Mine coal
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of raw Prince Mine coal (run of mine) and five levels of cleaned (washed) Prince Mine coal was compared with that of a commercially available thermal bituminous coal from Western Canada. Tests were conducted in a pilot-scale pulverized
coal-fired research boiler located at the Energy Research Laboratories in Ottawa. Two of the cleaned coal samples were obtained from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Homer City cleaning facility in the USA and the other three were obtained from CANMET's Coal Research Laboratories coal
cleaning facility in Devon, Alberta. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on samples of the coals. Each of the coals flowed readily through the Energy Research Laboratories pilot-scale conveying and coal-handling system. The coals, which ground readily to
produce a consistent size product from the pulverizer, all ignited easily to produce stable flames at greater than 96% combustion efficiency. The highest combustion efficiencies (>99%) were obtained with the more finely ground coal feeds. Although the two washed coals with the
lowest ash content gave the higher combustion efficiencies, the raw coal, which had the lowest fly ash combustible content, also gave a combustion efficiency greater than 99%. The ash from each of the Prince Mine coals was quite fluid and slagged readily in the refractory-lined furnace bottom,
whereas the ash deposits on the water-walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The sulphur content of the coal was not significantly lowered until the ash content of the coal was reduced to less than 7%. A reduction to 2.4% ash resulted
in a 56% reduction in the sulphur content of the coal. This coal sample (containing 1.8% sulphur) burned in the utility boiler to produce a flue gas containing 0.9 g S02 /MJ of fuel input compared to 3.0 g SO2 for the raw coal, both of which are well above the Canadian SO2 guideline of 0.258
g/MJ.
Description of the mark ii atmospheric fluidized bed combustor at the combustion and carbonization research laboratory, CANMET
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D , Smith D
Published: November 2018

The facilities for fluidized bed research at the Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory (CCRL) at CANMET's Energy Research Laboratories near Ottawa were improved when a new larger pilot-scale combustor was made operable in March 1981. The new
atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) has a cross section of 380 x 406 mm, variable in-bed cooling and is capable of feeding both liquid fuels and à variety of solid fuels up to 50 mm size both in-bed and over-bed. In addition it has the capacity for sulphur sorbent injection and fines
recycle. The equipment replaced a smaller (240 mm diam) and less versatile facility which was described previously. Subsequently the facility was modified substantially and the research program expanded to include a much wider range of fuels. These ranged from coal, coke, biomass, fuel oil, pitches
and tars. This report describes the current facility and all changes made in both equipment and operating procedures.
The presence of calcium sulphide in solid wastes from circulating fluidized bed combustors
Authors: Anthony E J
Published: November 2018

The presence or relatively high concentrations (-46%) or CaS in solid residues from a sub-scale circulating fluidized bed combustor operated by the New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (RPC) has raised concern that fluidized bed residues may be
more hazardous than previously thought. In order to provide a better base or information, residues from a variety or bubbling bed and circulating bed combustors have been analyzed for CaS. It was round that residues from bubbling bed combustors burning high sulphur fuels in the presence or limestone
contain only minor concentrations of CaS (<0.2%). It is concludes that CaS can be generated in the hot cyclone and return leg or circulating bed systems, but that the high levels round in the RPC unit are probably atypical. For a number or reasons, residues from commercial-scale
circulating bed combustors are likely to contain levels or CaS comparable to those round in bubbling bed combustors.
Vapour-liquid equilibrium under hydrocracking conditions - i. program for isothermal flash calculations using Grayson-Streed method
Authors: Sambi I S , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

It is essential to know the vapour-liquid equilibrium in a reactor at operating conditions in order to study and model the hydrocracking reactions effectively. The severity of hydrocracking operating conditions and the complex nature of the feedstocks prohibit
visual observation and study of the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE). However, VLE can be predicted from thermodynamic correlations. The Grayson-Streed method, a modification of that of Chao- Seader method, is most commonly employed by the petroleum industry. Based on the Grayson-Streed method, which
is described herein, a computer program was written for isothermal flash calculations. A sample usage of this program for pilot plant run 86-CG-202 is also described. Various aspects of sample analysis for this type of study are also discussed. Along with developing our own computer program,
computer software packages available from outside companies were evaluated. The "PROCESS" computer package of Simulation Sciences of California was identified as versatile, economical and easily accessible for process simulations. The results from our program are compared with those of the PROCESS
software. The listings of both the data conversion program and the program for isothermal flash calculations and sample results using run 86-CG-202 are given in Appendices A to C.
Combustion evaluation of HRI-127 vacuum deposits in the CCRL pilot-scale flame tunnel furnace
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The handling properties and combustion, flame and heat transfer characteristics of HRI-127 Vacuum deposits (H-oil) were investigated and compared to those of a commercially available No. 6 fuel oil. This investigation indicated that if the HRI-127 pitch sample is
maintained at temperatures above 165 °C it can be handled, pumped and atomized in the same equipment utilized for No. 6 fuel oil to give very similar combustion flame and heat transfer characteristics.
Kinetics and reactivity of Canadian chars
Authors: Fung D P C , Kim S D
Published: November 2018

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Application of powered supports in longwall mining
Authors: Signhal R K
Published: November 2018

Powered Supports form an integral part of the mechanized longwall mining system. This report traces the development of powered supports reviewing the "state-of-the-art" technology. The progressive development of powered supports particularly the shield type has
considerably expanded the scope of longwall mining contributing to an increase in safety and productivity especially in thin, thick (5 m) and pitching seams. Electro-hydraulic control of supports has come a long way during the last few years and is now widely accepted. Batch control of supports is
proven. Work is continuing to develop reliable full sequence control of supports from the gate end. Two selected case histories have been briefly presented one relating to mining of pitching seam (30 0 ) and the other relating to a thick seam (8.53 m) mined in lifts. Reference to any specific
products is to facilitate understanding of the text and does not imply endorsement by EMR/CANMET.
Field measurement of airflows induced through hollow shaft venturis on double ended ranging drum shearers in the Sydney Coalfield
Authors: Klinowski G W , Stokes A W
Published: November 2018

This report describes the equipment, test procedures and results obtained from a field investigation of airflows induced through hollow shaft venturis on three double ended ranging drum shearers located in operating longwall sections at CBDC's Lingan and Prince
Mines.
STRSDIST' users guide: computer calculation of hypothetical stress distribution in a rib-side
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

A hypothetical method of calculating stress rise in the ribside of a horizontal longwall coal panel has been computerised in the form of the programme 'STRSDIST'. This report describes the programme written in PRO/Basic VI.0 for a Digital Professional 350
microcomputer.
Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory annual report: fy 84-85
Authors: Stewart D B
Published: November 2018

This report documents the activities of the Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory for the period April 1, 1984 to March 31, 1985. While prepared primarily for internal Divisional and Branch use, copies will be made available to interested outside
parties.