bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Aesthetic Mapping of Nature in the Second Franklin Expedition
Authors: MACLAREN I.S.
Published: January 2017

Like British travellers on the Grand Tour or in the English Lake District, early nineteenth-century British explorers recorded their responses to nature partly in terms of the prevailing conventions of landscape appreciation — the Sublime and the Picturesque. While searching for a Northwest Passage, the four British officers of the second Franklin expedition compiled in their published writing and painting an aesthetic map for portions of the Canadian North. The practice of these aesthetic conventions helped to preserve the sojourning Britons’ sense of identity, but also promised a certain blindness to the unique northern environment.
Order and Experience: Patterns of Religious Metaphor in Early Nineteenth Century Upper Canada
Authors: WESTFALL WILLIAM
Published: January 2017

During the first decades of the nineteenth century the religious structure of Ontario was marked by an important division between Churchmen and dissenters. While both of these groups were “Protestant,” and might agree upon certain religious doctrines, they nonetheless presented two different understandings of the character of God and the relationship between man and the world. To a large extent Churchmen like John Strachan saw religion in terms of order, and the metaphor of order runs through the religious thought and practice of many individuals and groups during this period. In contrast dissenters like Egerton Ryerson represented religion as a deep and overpowering personal experience, and one also finds the metaphor of experience recurring throughout the writings and revivals of groups such as the Methodists. These two sets of metaphors, in sum, help us to understand the religious structure of the period as well as provide a pathway into the social and cultural history of Ontario in the early nineteenth century.
Friends and Foes: The Kingston Elite and the War of 1812—A Case Study in Ambivalence
Authors: ERRINGTON JANE
Published: January 2017

To most historians of early Upper Canada, the War of 1812 was a clear affirmation of the colony’s commitment to the Empire and its whole-hearted rejection of all things American. Such an interpretation, however, fails to take into account the essential ambivalence that some Upper Canadians, the residents of Kingston, expressed about the predicament in which they found themselves in June 1812. Certainly, the political and economic leaders of the town were firm in their allegiance to the British crown; as a study of their local newspaper, the Kingston Gazette, graphically illustrates, however, they also considered themselves Americans and were loath to sever the social, economic and ideological ties which bound them to friends and associates in the new republic. Indeed, influential Kingstonians’ response to the war depended heavily on that of the American Federalists, and the latter’s opposition to their government’s actions. In fact, between 1812 and 1815, the Kingston elite showed themselves to be consciously Anglo-Americans, unwilling to give up their dual heritage.
Gilbert Parker and the Rebellion of 1837
Authors: WATERSTON ELIZABETH
Published: January 2017

In an 1896 novel about the Rebellion of 1837, Gilbert Parker helped shape the English-Canadian myth about Quebec life. The Pomp of the Lavilettes undercuts the significance of the Rebellion and presents a demeaning picture of the habitants who rallied to Papineau’s call. The romance element in the novel reveals Parker’s personal tensions, and the debunking tone reflects the stylish naturalism of the 1890s. The resulting novel, enormously popular in its own time, remains as a disturbing and disturbed articulation of an imperial vision of French-Canadian history.
Moral Nationalism in Victorian Canada: The Case of Agnes Machar
Authors: BROUWER RUTH COMPTON
Published: January 2017

The introduction to this paper begins by locating Machar’s nationalism broadly within the imperialist tradition described by Carl Berger in The Sense of Power, but stresses that because of her sex, her background, and her profession as a woman of letters Machar’s was an even less “realistic,” more moral nationalism than that of the men described by Berger. The body of the article first provides biographical data and then deals with two strands of her nationalist outlook: her desire to use the French-Canadian past to inspire national righteousness and unity; and her determination to promote a broad spirit of patriotism, resting on friendly relations with the United States as well as love of Empire. The paper concludes that, despite her unremitting didacticism, Machar was not indifferent or insensitive to literary excellence, and suggests that, given the breadth of her interests, the longevity of her career, and the evident attractiveness of her personality, she should be more widely known.
“Amongst the Assemblies We Hope No More”: David Willson’s Writings on His Separation from the Quakers
Authors: GERRY THOMAS M.F.
Published: January 2017

David Willson (1778-1866), who came to Canada in 1801 from New York State, contributed fine buildings, music and hymns, the leadership of a utopian community (the Children of Peace, of Sharon, Ontario), theological books, sermons and poems, and correspondence with William Lyon Mackenzie and Robert Baldwin to the life of the country. He joined the Society of Friends in 1805 and separated from them, with others, in 1812. The impact of Willson’s time with the Quakers was indelible. Two newly-discovered books add to our knowledge of the reasons for the split from Willson’s perspective.
“lf Words Won’t Do, and Symbols Fail”: Hodgins’ Magic Reality
Authors: FINK CECELIA COULAS
Published: January 2017

The author explores Hodgins’ use of the ideas and techniques of magic realism in The Invention of the World. She argues that the novel centres on the tension between the invented world of counterfeit reality, associated with Donal Keneally, and the created world of “pre-Eden truth,” associated with Maggie Kyle, and then establishes the similarity between Hodgins’ invention/creation distinction and magic realism’s insistence on the coexistence of the magic and the real and its consequent vision of a double-sided reality. The author examines the ways in which Hodgins uses the devices of magic realism to create this view of reality and the ways in which each of the main characters relates to it.
Canadian Newspaper Reviews of Frederick Brown
Authors: BAINS YASHDIP SINGH
Published: January 2017

Focussing upon newspaper commentaries on Frederick Brown, a British actor who emigrated to the United States in 1816 and served as the first manager of Montreal’s Theatre Royal in 1825-26, this study shows that there existed in Montreal, Quebec City, and Halifax a serious theatrical criticism in the early nineteenth century. Reviewers diagnosed the characteristic style of Brown’s acting in a variety of roles, noted the impressions he made on the audiences, and discussed the influence of theatre on society in Nova Scotia and Quebec. This paper also emphasizes the contribution of theatrical troupes to the spread of literate culture and the crucial relationship between the press and the theatre in Canadian towns.
Ecrire le moi au féminin
Authors: VERDUYN CHRISTL
Published: January 2017

Les nouvelles théories féministes ont beaucoup apponé à la littérature féminine en remettant en question les idées reçues non seulement dans les domaines de la littérature et la linguistique mais dans ceux de la psychologie et la philosophie. Ainsi le concept de l’identité humaine et le discours qui y correspond se métamorphosent sous l’initiative des théoriciennes contemporaines. En cherchant à écrire le moi au féminin, les écrivaines d’aujourd’hui font éclater le langage et les formes littéraires établis et traditionnels.
Reading the Land: The Wilderness Tradition in Canadian Letters
Authors: MACLULICH T.D.
Published: January 2017

One of the most distinctive features of English-Canadian letters is the large number of works that deal with the encounter between European man and the North American natural environment. The habitual subject of most imaginative literature is human culture, but wilderness writing is concerned with nature in itself, or with the relationship between nature and civilization. At every stage of its development, Canadian wilderness writing has presented nature as an inter-dependent network of living things, and has portrayed the native peoples as intimately linked with natural processes. Ultimately, the wilderness tradition reminds us that, despite the accomplishments of our science and technology, we are not exempt from the processes that govern the natural world.
Famininity, or Parody of Autonomy: Anorexia Nervosa and The Edible Woman
Authors: CAMERON ELSPETH
Published: January 2017

Margaret Atwood once commented that she uses madness as a poetic device in her fiction. In The Edible Woman, the “madness” she uses is an eating disorder which is remarkably similar to anorexia nervosa. The three sections into which the novel is divided represent the three main phases of this psychosomatic disease: background causes, the onset of diet restriction, and the resolution of the crisis which caused the disorder. Marian McAlpin exhibits almost all the main characteristics of an anorexic: “enmeshment” with a parental figure, a feeling of ineffectiveness, fear of fat, and above all the longing for autonomy. Recent medical literature on anorexia nervosa provides a useful “key” for interpretation. By understanding the dynamics of this disorder we can better understand the relationship of character to structure and theme, as well as appreciate the brilliance with which Atwood has unified her novel with appropriately mordant wit.
Imaginative and Historical Truth in Wiebe’s The Mad Trapper
Authors: BAlLEY NANCY
Published: January 2017

At four primary points Wiebe’s The Mad Trapper deviates from the historical fact of the 1930’s hunt (when radio and aircraft were first used in the North to track a criminal) for the man known as Albert Johnson. Though Wiebe’s substitutions serve aesthetic purposes, his imaginative vision of the social, cultural and moral significance of the hunt serves to heighten its historical truth for the contemporary reader. The challenge of Albert Johnson in the Arctic dawn is to a re-birth of unity between Indian and white, of personal wholeness, and of the RCMP as a moral force in the North. But the alien values of the South prevail.
F.P. Grove and the “Alien” Immigrant in the West
Authors: CRAIG TERRENCE L.
Published: January 2017

In reaction to an idealized English-Canadian social model presented in early twentieth-century Canadian novels, F.P. Grove wrote a number of stories that tried to protect the Central-European immigrant from discrimination by demonstrating it as ignoble and unfair. Together with his 1928 addresses (published in Maclean’s) and asides incorporated in the novels, these stories reveal Grove’s indignation and concern over such discrimination, and can be seen as the first steps in a literature of protest carried further by “immigrant” writers such as Laura Salverson and Austin C. Clarke.
What’s Wrong With Canadian Fish?
Authors: OMMER ROSEMARY E.
Published: January 2017

This paper considers the current dilemma of the eastern Canadian fisheries in the light of their historical development problems as reflected in Gaspé and Newfoundland and in contrast to the history of the Icelandic fishery. The paradox of being the nearest country to a prolific resource which is nevertheless most profitably exploited by other nations is highlighted, and Canadian ‘failure’ is argued to be structural and perceptual rather than intrinsic to the resource itself.
Banking on Quebec: The French Banks and the Mobilization of French Funds, 1835-1925
Authors: RUDIN RONALD
Published: January 2017

Banks not only were capable of influencing the economy; they also were influenced by the environment in which they operated. For those banks largely controlled and run by French speakers, Quebec was the focus of operations. The affairs of these banks were strongly influenced by the growth of the pool of savings that existed within the province’s French-speaking population. Having failed to make a dent in the English-Canadian capital market, none of these banks was able to be a major player in the Canadian economy. At the same time. however, The linguistic fragmentation of the capital market permitted two of these relatively small banks to survive until the mid-1920s, while English banks of a similar size disappeared.
The Toronto Stock Exchange and the Development of the Share Market to 1885
Authors: WHITESIDE JOHN F.
Published: January 2017

The accompanying paper is an account of the history of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the development of the provincial capital market during its formative period in the mid-nineteenth century and is based on the records of the era. Sections one and three document the development of the Toronto Stock Exchange and its membership from its origins to the mid-1880s when the Institution had established a permanent place in Ontario’s financial community. Section two briefly discusses the development of the provincial capital market to provide some perspective on the role of the Toronto Stock Exchange and its membership during the period.
The Savings Bank of Prince Edward Island: Philanthropy and Self-Interest in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: BALDWIN DOUGLAS O. , GILL HELEN M.
Published: January 2017

The creation of the government-owned Savings Bank of Prince Edward Island in 1864 reveals the complex interplay between self-interest and philanthropy in the nineteenth century. The Savings Bank was initially conceived in the late 1840s as a humanitarian institution designed to promote thrift, sobriety, frugality, and hard work, but the bank was not created until 1864 when the politicians became convinced of its wider economic utility. In addition to providing needed funds for the government, the Savings Bank was viewed as a means for solving the Island’s perennial absentee landlord problem. The Bank was an economic success. Within four years it was self supporting and, at its peak in the 1890s, 7 per cent of the Island’s population had invested over two million dollars.
“It Is Written — But I Say Unto You”: Innis on Religion
Authors: KEAST RONALD
Published: January 2017

Harold Innis remains, more than thirty years after his death, the paramount scholar on the subject of the effects of communication in the history of the West. His later works suggest that the way man communicates influences what he communicates as well as his perception and understanding of what is communicated. Man is biased by communication. His understanding of truth is an effect of communication. Modern western civilization rests on a foundation of mechanized technique and technology. Our truths, our values, our religions are reflective of this foundation; indeed, they may be mere reflections of it.
Canadian Monetary Policy 1955-1965: A Simulation Study
Authors: CURTIS DOUGLAS C.A. , MURTHY K.S.R.
Published: January 2017

The slow growth and high unemployment that prevailed during much of the period 1955-1965 was, in general, attributed to the tight monetary policy and the lack of responsiveness of the monetary authorities to the needs of the economy. In this paper we use the tools of macroeconomic analysis. a general equilibrium macro-econometric model, to simulate the effects of alternative monetary policies during this controversial period. The simulations performed using the CANDIDE econometric model suggest, not surprisingly, that easier monetary conditions would have significantly improved the performance of the Canadian economy in this controversial period, in terms of both employment and output. The results also indicate that the costs of such policy, in terms of price increases, would have been relatively small.
Harold Innis As I Remember Him
Authors: LOWER ARTHUR
Published: January 2017

Arthur Lower recalls his friendship with Harold Innis, who had “probably ... the greatest reputation ever achieved by a Canadian academic.” and evaluates Innis’s contributions to Canadian economic history and Canadian studies. This reminiscence adds to Lower’s obituary of Innis which appeared in the Royal Society’s proceedings after lnnis’s death in 1952. It takes a critical view of lnnis’s various achievements and puzzles over the mystery of what made him “tick.”
La Présence de l’impérialisme dans les débuts de la radiophonie au Canada, 1900-1928
Authors: CANUEL ALAIN
Published: January 2017

Au début du XXe siècle, la radiophonie a connu au Canada un essor particulier: les recherches ainsi que les experimentations en matière de TSF ont permis au pays de mieux s’organiser sur les plans naval et militaire tout en étant soumis à la présence des impérialismes britannique et américain. L’évolution de la radiophonie durant le premier quart de siècle est étroitement liée à la situation politique du Canada. A cet effet, nous tentons de faire ressortir les manifestations impérialistes qui ont gravité autour de cet objet télécommunicationnel et qui ont influencé son développement. Cette nouvelle technologie a aussi permis au Canada de s’affirmer à l’échelle mondiale tout en favorisant l’éveil d’un nationalisme canadien.
An Elected Senate for Canada? The Australian Model
Authors: GALLIGAN BRIAN
Published: January 2017

One proposal in the current debate over Senate reform in Canada is the adoption of a powerful Australian-style Senate. This has been advocated by a Canada West Foundation task force as a means of enhancing regional representation in Canada. It is argued that there is much that Canada can learn from Australia’s experience with an elected Senate. Four major issues are discussed. The first is that with a voting system of proponional representation the governing party would be unlikely to control the Senate and as a result national government would be weakened. Secondly, it is argued that combining the two institutions of responsible government and an elected Senate with full legislative powers is incompatible in principle and prone to constitutional breakdowns as happened in Australia in 1975. Thirdly, recommendations for ensuring the independence of the Senate are evaluated against current Australian proposals. Fourthly, proposals for tying Senate terms to those of the Commons, while leaving the prime minister with the discretion to call early elections, produce a high level of insecurity in the system. In short the article warns against the adoption by Canada of an Australian-style elected Senate.
Rhetorics of Identity: The Debate over Division of the North-West Territories, 1890-1905
Authors: RUSSELL PETER A.
Published: January 2017

The attempt by Territorial Premier F.W.G. Haultain to bring about the creation of “ne big province” out of the then North-West Territories before 1905 foundered on the competing identities of locality and nation, whose rhetorics proved powerful enough to deny him the necessary consensus behind his own concept of a Western regional identity.
Small Town Fragmentation and the Politics of Community
Authors: Rayside David M.
Published: January 2017

The town of Alexandria, like many other small towns, has become increasingly integrated into national economic and social networks. In some respects it has benefited from a more diversified local industrial base, while at the same time experiencing more of the kinds of social divisions (e.g., class and linguistic) that are characteristic of larger centres, and remaining entirely dependent on political and economic decisions made elsewhere. Local politics seem least changed, still governed by a merchant-like mentality which downplays conflict and limits government intervention. Issues of genuine significance rarely emerge and voices challenging traditional values are rarely heard.
The Toronto Daily Mail, Edward Farrer, and the Question of Canadian-American Union
Authors: Cumming Carman
Published: January 2017

The behaviour of the Toronto Daily Mail in the late 1880s, when it broke with Sir John A. Macdonald and took up, first, the race and religion issue and, then, continentalism, has been described as erratic or even irrational. There are indications, however, that its brilliant editor, the Irish writer Edward Farrer, was guided by a consistent motivation to promote annexation. He appears to have deliberately exploited post-Riel hostilities toward French Canada and the Roman Catholic Church in order to carve out a new constituency for the paper and to convince English Canadians that they could escape French/Catholic domination only by uniting with fellow Anglo-Saxon Protestants in the United States.
Negative Myth-Making: Canada’s Self-Image and Its Implications for Scientific and Technological Development
Authors: Tiffin Scott , Wallis Mary
Published: January 2017

A survey of some 12,000 research scientists and engineers in Canada unexpectedly shows widespread pessimism about our future prospects in science and technology. Closer analysis, however, suggests that the negativity of responses only partly reflects the real situation. Instead, it appears that many researchers have been influenced by a fairly consistent set of values and beliefs that perpetuates a negative national self-image. This paper makes an exploratory, interdisciplinary study of Canada’s “cultural mythology” and its implications for future industrial development.
The Christian Churches and Human Rights in Canadian Foreign Policy
Authors: Matthews R.O.
Published: January 2017

The mainline churches of Canada have taken an active interest in global human rights since the early 1970s. Through direct and indirect means they have lobbied Ottawa to assume a more forth-right human rights foreign policy, not only in international fora but also in its bilateral relations with human rights violator countries. The effectiveness of the churches’ lobbying activities has been marginal at best. An explanation of their lack of success is sought in terms of the international system, the responsiveness of government to economic interests and pressures, and the counter-consensual values espoused by the churches.
Trials and Tribulations: The Decline of Anglo-Canadian Trade, 1945-50
Authors: Muirhead Bruce
Published: January 2017

The traditional interpretation of post-World War II Canadian economic policy is that the Liberal governments of the period "sold out" Canada to the United States. However, archival sources do not bear out that analysis. Rather, Ottawa’s policy-makers, well aware of the dangers of dependence on the US market, did all in their power to help resurrect the economy of the United Kingdom, Canada’s second most important pre-war trading partner. They failed, even though Ottawa spent billions of dollars to that end; British economic problems proved to be insurmountable in the short and medium terms. Given the ensuing decline in Canadian exports to Britain, Canada had no choice other than to exploit the one reliable market it did have, the United States.
Robert Gourlay’s Millennial Vision: A Reader’s Guide
Authors: Butt William
Published: January 2017

Robert Gourlay’s many written works, when examined as a whole, show an internally consistent utopian vision of what to him was North America’s possible future. Imaginative artist and political pamphleteer, Gourlay used ideas and images often reminiscent of those of his British poet contemporary William Blake. Beasts and Pharisees, Exodus, Ocean exile, mountain-place of vision, pastoral, and holy city: these Biblical archetypes recur throughout his work, unifying it in much the same way that they unify Blake’s. To Gourlay’s millennial imagination, the society which North Americans might build could be history’s culmination, a global and entirely charitable community.
The Confessions of a Self-Made Man: Forms of Autobiography in Fifth Business
Authors: Williams David
Published: January 2017

As a revenger’s tale. Fifth Business is hard to square with Jungian readings of the individuation story. But Ramsay’s confession of his part in Boy’s death wilfully confuses other forms of autobiography. including apologia and self-invention. What the formal tensions reveal is the narrator’s attempt to write his mother out of the story, to make himself anew in the text of a "Nativity" tale whereby the Virgin legitimizes the self-made man. The narrator’s failure compounds the guilt by which, in the manner of a magician, he has misdirected his audience. His Magian worldview is conclusively undercut by his role in the myth of the Crowned Woman through which he structures his story.
Cynical and Deliberate Manipulation? Child Care and the Reserve Army of Female Labour in Canada
Authors: Abbott Ruth K. , Young R.A.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the evolution of Canadian child-care policy, particularly in the Ontario context. It aims to assess the adequacy of recent theories about the position of women in the capitalist workforce, most of which portray them as members of a “reserve army” of labour. Variants of this view are presented. and then tested using the state’s stance towards child care as an indicator of its intent to draw women into the labour force, or to restrict this movement, or to encourage female labour only when economic fluctuations make it functional for capital. We conclude that females have constituted a “latent" reserve army of labour, which has been steadily drawn into wage work, and which is now central to the function ing of Canadian capital ism. The installation by the stale of an appropriate child-care system to facilitate this work, however, is not inevitable.
Blue Pete and Canadian Nationalism: Vision and Experience in the Western Novels of William Lacey Amy
Authors: Walden Keith
Published: January 2017

Popular novelist William Lacey Amy (Luke Allan) began writing his series of Blue Pete novels trying to say something serious about western development. His perceptions derived from a common English-Canadian expectation of Edenic transformation as well as firsthand knowledge of life in southern Alberta. Vision and experience did not mesh. Unwilling to question his nationalist assumptions, Amy abandoned any hope of commenting on real western society and moved Blue Pete much closer to the realm of myth.
Models of Art, Portraits of Self: Culture and the Drawing Courses in Ontario, 1875-1910
Authors: Lanning Robert
Published: January 2017

This essay explores the relationship between a concept of culture and its practical application in the public school drawing courses. It is argued that the place of art and drawing in the curriculum cannot be fully appreciated outside the central educational goal of the formation of selves and the reproduction of the demand structure of culture.
A.M. Klein and Mordecai Richler: Canadian Responses to the Holocaust
Authors: Brenner Rachel Feldhay
Published: January 2017

Second generation Montreal Jewish writers have manifested preoccupation with recent history of Jewish victimization. Their direct experience of anti-Semitism in the 1930s and 1940s enhanced the sense of identification with the Holocaust. A.M. Klein’s and Mordecai Richler’s response to Jewish suffering reveals a continuum marked by gradual progression towards loss of hope in humanistic ideals. Klein, despite increasing disillusion, perceives the birth of the Jewish State as the symbol of moral rebirth in the wake of the European tragedy: Richler, despite his humanist liberal sympathies, sees the State of Israel as a deterrent of another outburst of anti-Jewish hatred. The consciousness of the fascist threat in Quebec has placed the nightmare of another Holocaust in the context of likelihood.
Policy, Power and Purpose: Lessons from Two Indian Education Scenarios
Authors: Paquette Jerald
Published: January 2017

Since Indian Control of Indian Education was First published by the National Indian Brotherhood, controversy and conflict have increased over what Indian control of education might mean and how it might be achieved. This paper summarizes the results of a case study of two different approaches to the governance of Indian education. It examines in depth the issues raised during the course of an intensive and extensive study of policy and practice in two northwestern Ontario Native school jurisdictions.
Ecological and Economic Dependence in a Great Lakes Community-Based Fishery: Fishermen in the Smelt Fisheries of Port Dover, Ontario
Authors: West John J. Van
Published: January 2017

This paper is focussed on Pori Dover’s small-scale independent fishermen, It discusses their inextricable dependence on a single commercial species and on one buyer to process and market their catch. This dependency structures the fishermen’s organizations of production and has had a direct impact on their returns to capital and labour.
Intellectual History in the Land of Limited Identities
Authors: Owram Doug
Published: January 2017

Intellectual history came into its own as a sub-field during the period that the concept of “limited identities” was influencing the profession as a whole. To what degree, then, has intellectual history been influenced by a sense of regional consciousness and perspective? Interestingly, though there are regional aspects to intellectual history, its roots tend to be nationalist in perspective. Regional differences are, however, most apparent in the differing methods and perspectives of francophone and anglophone writers. Intellectual history also tends to conform to the historical mythologies of the particular region from which it emanates. Ultimately, however, region is less important in Canadian intellectual history than in many other sub-disciplines.
Ideas on the Periphery or Peripheral Ideas?: The Intellectual and Cultural History of Atlantic Canada
Authors: Fingard Judith
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the literature produced in the last twenty years on three aspects of intellectual and cultural history: the art of historiography, the influence of religious ideology, and the meaning of popular tradition. The emphasis in historiography has been on central Canadian neglect, Atlantic Canadian uniqueness, economic underdevelopment, and third-generation revisionism of colonial development. Studies of religious ideology have been dominated by the eighteenth-century New Light movement and its Baptist legacy. Much of the recent work on popular tradition has focussed on Newfoundland, especially Christmas mumming and the concept of the imagined community. The regional character of the literature has been determined mainly by common economic problems.
In Search of a Prairie Myth: A Survey of the Intellectual and Cultural Historiography of Prairie Canada
Authors: Francis R. Douglas
Published: January 2017

This historiographical article examines what has been done and suggests topics that still need to be done in the study of the intellectual and cultural history of prairie Canada. It divides die literature into four themes — regional identity, protest, social reform, and imagery — and surveys the major books and articles in each theme that have made a contribution to the field. The article deals with both standard books in the field and works not necessarily defined as intellectual or cultural history but which nevertheless offer insight into the subject by discussing some aspect of the political or social ideas or culture, and thus contribute to the study of prairie intellectual or cultural history.
Culture, Intellect, and Context
Authors: McKillop A.B.
Published: January 2017

The past decade of writing on the intellectual history of Ontario has resulted in the creation of a pluralistic and significant historiographical field; yet relatively few mainstream historians (those usually found in university history departments) have written cultural history. This article surveys recent published work in the field, draws attention to the need for more systematic and theoretical attention to cultural process and transformation, and argues that the capacity to do so Is significantly diminished by organizing discussions of intellectual and cultural history to provincial or regional boundaries.
The Intellectual and Imaginative Development of British Columbia
Authors: Cole Douglas
Published: January 2017

British Columbia intellectual and cultural life is surveyed in terms of the themes of finding a home and of situating that home within an external context. Underlying these is the geographic fact of isolation, a feature that pulls toward marginality, insignificance, and neglect. Partly because of its marginality, little attention has been given to the province’s European-based intellectual history. The culture and ideas of the province’s natives, particularly the coastal Indians, have fared better, in large part because of the creative significance of these cultures.
L’histoire culturelle et intellectuelle du Québec: tendances et aspects méthodologiques
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: January 2017

Le texte qui suit présente un bilan historiographique de la “recherche sur l’histoire socio-culturelle du Québec” entre 1760 et 1960, identifiant les axes principaux et les lacunes. L’auteur souligne les percées méthodologiques de l’historiographie socio-culturelle québécoise récente eî insiste sur les exigences théoriques d’une synthèse de l’histoire intellectuelle.
The International Roots of Economic Nationalist Ideology in Canada, 1846-1885
Authors: Henley Kevin
Published: January 2017

This article is concerned with the intellectual support given to economic nationalism in Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec} during the formative period of the Canadian nation-state. It focusses on a postulated “national school" of political economy which grew up among businessmen, journalists, politicians, and union leaders between 1840 and 1890, lending its support to the various practical and ideological manifestations of Canadian economic nationalism: the protective tariff, government-assisted transportation development, a national currency, and so on. The article emphasizes the national school’s ideological dependence on the American, British and European founders of nineteenth-century nationalist political economy.
The National Election Studies Revisited
Authors: Wiseman Nelson
Published: January 2017

This rejoinder challenges Keith Archer’s claim that the National Election Studies may be used to "predict behaviour." It calls for more modesty and circumspection and less pretension in formulating "explanations" of Canadian voting behaviour based on demonstrably questionable survey reports. It pleads for more critical analyses of the NES rather than for the abandonment of surveys. Some historical evidence is offered to demonstrate the remarkable stability, rather than alleged volatility, of voters in specific ridings and provinces.
The Pacific Great Eastern Railway and W.A.C. Bennett’s Defense of the North
Authors: Tomblin Stephen G.
Published: January 2017

This paper explores Premier Bennett’s territorial ambitions with the view of offering a new interpretation of the Social Credit government’s railway building initiatives. The thesis of the paper is that provincial societies often develop within the limits established by the territorial struggles for control between competing governments and that premiers themselves are sometimes the catalysts responsible for province-building. By examining the history of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway during the Bennett years the study seeks to expand our understanding of how territorial conflicts and considerations reinforce aggressive provincialist responses and lead to new initiatives in government enterprise.
Changing Dimensions of Control and Resistance: The Toronto Garment Industry
Authors: Gannagé Charlene
Published: January 2017

Based on a comparison of two garment factories in the Toronto area, this paper examines historical changes and the transitional character of garment manufacture where craft methods of making the whole garment exist alongside newer methods involving technological innovation. With the view to testing Richard Edwards’s typology of managerial control, the paper offers insights into labour process theory by focusing on issues related to skill, gender and ethnicity. It highlights new directions in the structure and organization of the union from craft unionism toward industrial unionism, with specific reference to the implications for women’s participation.
The Intellectual of the Quebec Diaspora: The Case of Henri d’Arles
Authors: Doty C. Stewart
Published: January 2017

Until the 1930s francophone intellectuals of the Quebec diaspora often played important roles in the political and cultural life of Quebec. The career and contribution of Henri d’Arles provide a vehicle for understanding the decline of this phenomenon. D’Arles (1870-1930). who lived in Franco-American centres such as Manchester, N.H., published sixteen books, and was chief literary critic for Action française. He was active in the clerical nationalist politics of the Action française and such Franco-American organizations as the Ligue de Ralliement française en Amérique and Sentinellisme. The Church’s opposition to Sentinellisme forced d’Arles to “Americanize" and give up such principles of the Quebec diaspora in New England as unilingual French-language maintenance, parish control of parish finances, and clerical nationalist social and economic values.
Fair Elections and Freedom of Expression Under the Charter
Authors: Hiebert Janet
Published: January 2017

A fundamental principle in Canadian federal elections is that registered participants are bound by strict financial regulations to ensure an equitable election process. An important development in federal elections policy was legislation which prohibited interest groups from financially promoting or opposing candidates during federal elections to prevent unaccountable money from undermining the significance of the expenditure regulations. The legislation was declared unconstitutional for violating freedom of expression in s.2(b) of the Charter. Interest group election expenditures reached unprecedented levels in the 1988 general election and now call into question the ability of the Canada Elections Act to ensure an equitable electoral process.
The Technical Service Council’s Origins: A “Patriotic Experiment” in Selling Engineers
Authors: Enros Philip C.
Published: January 2017

In 1927 a group of prominent businessmen and engineers met in Toronto to consider how engineering graduates might be brought into closer touch with industry. The result was the formation of the Technical Service Council (TSC). This article reviews the background to the TSC: a rapid growth in numbers of engineers, a brain drain, and a desire to convince businessmen of the value of graduates. It also examines the TSC’s first decade — its activities as a placement agency, its financial problems, and its objectives. The TSC’s origins illustrate the role of nationalism in the growth of the Canadian R&D system.
George Grant and Religion
Authors: Christian William
Published: January 2017

These interviews with George Gram were supported by Saturday Night Magazine and encouraged by its editor, John Fraser. What follows is not a complete record of the recorded conversation we had over two days. Those familiar with him know that his conversation was like a spaniel exploring a field, setting off in one direction, then veering m another, ft would be impossible to convey the sense of being in the presence of pure thought itself that this conveyed. I have not tried. I have merely attempted to give the sense of his reflections. When George Grant spoke to me he did not know that he was ill. In fact, he was feeling stronger and happier than he had for years, ft was only a month later that he learned the news of his cancer. Ft is difficult for me to re-read his observations about death and his hopes for his philosophic endeavours in the future without a compelling sadness.
Alice Munro: "Unforgettable, Indigestible Messages"
Authors: Hoy Helen
Published: January 2017

Throughout her stories, whether through acknowledgement of the unacknowledged, repudiation of conventional hierarchies of significance and insignificance, obliviousness So her own inner censor and attentiveness to its operation in others, resolute investigation of incongruities, tentativeness of judgement, narrative discontinuity, or resistance to closure, Alice Munro works to challenge narrow conceptions of reality, to make room for “all that is contradictory and persistent and unaccommodating about life.”
The New Regional History: Rethinking the History of the Outaouais
Authors: Gaffield Chad
Published: January 2017

The study of regions has become a central focus of historical research during the past two decades. However, anglophone and francophone scholars have developed quite distinct approaches to regional history, and their recent work has reinforced the traditional research solitudes. The article suggests the potential of integrating the strengths of the two approaches, and describes this potential in terms of one example, the Outaouais on the north shore of the Ottawa River. The new regional history represents an effort both to enhance understanding of specific communities and to promote comparative analyses of similarity and diversity across time and space.
"We Must Stand Fast for the Sake of Our Profession": Teachers,Collective Bargaining and the Brandon Schools Crisis of 1922
Authors: Mitchell Tom
Published: January 2017

Following World War I, teachers in western Canada led the way in the formation of professional associations for the purpose of collective bargaining. From 1918 to 1922, teachers in Brandon sought to transform their relations of employment with the Brandon School Board through the implementation of formal collective bargaining. The Board rejected any change in its relations with the teachers, and in 1922, following the refusal of teachers to agree to a reduction in pay, the Board dismissed the entire staff. This action left the city’s schools in chaos and galvanized support for the emergent teachers’ movement across the county.
Politique, culture et mouvements sociaux au Québec: Problématique pour une mise en perspective historique
Authors: Fecteau Jean-Marie
Published: January 2017

Ce texte analyse les rapports entre culture et politique. Il s’agit moins ici d’étudier le rôle des mouvements sociaux en lien avec ce rapport que d’interroger les conditions de possibilité politiques de la dialectique culture/mouvements sociaux. On y étudie brièvement quatre modes d’intersection entre culture et politique, soit le rôle de l’État dans la culture, le développement d’une culture propre à la dimension politique (culture politique), le poids du système politique sur la production culturelle et finalement l’univers de ce que l’on nomme ici la culture normative. Ces différentes dimensions du politique sont analysées dans une perspective historique.
Le nouveau modèle de relations du travail au Québec et le syndicalisme
Authors: Gagnon Mona-Josée
Published: January 2017

De tous les horizons disciplinaires, et en conformité avec les discours de nombreux acteurs sociaux, émerge la thèse de l’apparition d’un nouveau modèle québécois de relations du travail. Cet article propose une description ainsi qu’une analyse des caractéristiques de ce modèle, tant eu égard à son caractère novateur qu’à sa spécificité québécoise, en le mettant en perspective avec l’évolution idéologique du syndicalisme québécois. Sont particulièrement examinées les dimensions nationale et sociale-démocrate des politiques syndicales québécoises, ainsi que mises en relief les ambiguïtés de ce projet de société syndical.
À propos de culture et de pauvreté
Authors: Gauthier Madeleine
Published: January 2017

L’association des notions de culture et de pauvreté peut être très explosive, puisque la pauvreté est souvent liée à la notion de dépendance sociale transmise de génération en géneration par la socialisation. Afin de dépasser cette interprétation, il est essentiel d’introduire d’autres dimensions de la culture, comme les conséquences des inégalités ou le renforcement de facteurs structurels. Par exemple, l’isolement dans la société moderne, rendu possible par la société de consommation, conduit souvent à la pauvreté. La définition de la pauvreté et ses solutions sont étroitement liées à la culture, aux représentations sociales de la pauvreté, au sentiment de ce qui est inacceptable et aux mouvements de mobilisation sociale, selon l’époque considérée.
Theory and Creativity in English Canada: Magazines, the State and Cultural Movement
Authors: Davies Ioan
Published: January 2017

The issue of how theory, cultural movements and periodical publishing are related to the policies developed in English-speaking Canada since the Massey/Levesque Royal Commission reported in 1951 is traced by discussing the situation before the report was written and contrasting it with funding policy since. The article stresses the importance of theory as a situated encounter with culture, and explores general cultural publishing against the more specialized work that emanates from relatively small groups concerned with cultural practice and theory. It argues that without state intervention (for all the problems involved) these areas of cultural energy would have been much less visible.
Aboriginal Peoples and Hegemony in Canada
Authors: Kulchyski Peter
Published: January 2017

This paper introduces the specific terrain of Aboriginal politics in Canada while outlining a framework, centred on the concept of totalization, for understanding that terrain. Three broad themes — hegemony, resistance, and identity — provide the focal points for this discussion. An attempt is made to illustrate the complexity of Aboriginal peoples’ political struggles and to argue for the development of a conceptual analysis adequate to its specificity.
Le regard sur les États-Unis: le révélateur d’un clivage social dans la culture nationale québécoise
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: January 2017

Le regard porté par les Québécois sur les États-Unis de 1774 à nos jours constitue un révélateur inédit d’un clivage social dans la culture nationale du Québec, Alors que les milieux populaires ruraux et urbains lorgnent vers le Sud, les élites braquent leur regard sur la France et discréditent la culture populaire du Québec en discréditant Ses valeurs étatsuniennes.
Mouvements sociaux et culture: Le mouvement féministe au Québec
Authors: Lemieux Denise
Published: January 2017

Après une courte présentation théorique mettant l’accent sur les dimensions culturelles des mouvements sociaux, cet article évoque le contexte d’émergence du féminisme québécois des années 1960, ses lieux diversifiés d’enracinement et ses principaux enjeux. Pour répondre aux interrogations concernant les mécanismes de concertation au sein d’un mouvement rassemblant des groupes nombreux et hétérogènes, une section examine le rôle de l’État dans la structuration du mouvement; une autre est consacrée aux productions culturelles associées au féminisme, contribuant à la reconstruction des identités de genre et favorisant une identification symbolique au mouvement.
Hockey as Canadian Popular Culture: Team Canada 1972, Television and the Canadian Identity
Authors: Earle Neil
Published: January 2017

For too long students and writers concerned about a distinctive Canadian cultural style have drawn upon the insights of the “high culture” of literature, art and history. In a time when popular culture, especially the culture of the electronic media, is beginning to be studied more systematically in Canada, it is time to ask whether the focus of study shouldn’t be shifted to include the popular. This is especially true with regard to one of Canada’s most distinctive gifts to the world, the game of ice hockey, which — warts and all — is considered to be one of the most telling things about us.
Canada in the Soviet Mirror: English-Canadian Literature in Soviet Translation
Authors: Black Joseph , Black J.L.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines Soviet translations of Canadian writing, concentrating on the translation of English-Canadian literature. The paper surveys a wide range of Canadian authors and discusses in detail Soviet use of the work of Ernest Thompson Seton, Farley Mowat, and David Adams Richards. The publication of Canadian writers in the USSR is placed in the context of the evolving history of Soviet discussion of Canadian culture and literature, and of Soviet attitudes to publication and copyright.