bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expansion of time window for mass spectrometric measurement of amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions
Authors: Coales Stephen J. , E Sook Yen , Lee Jessica E. , Ma Anita , Morrow Jeffrey A. , Hamuro Yoshitomo
Published: December 2010

Backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates can be used to describe the dynamic properties of a protein. Amide hydrogen exchange rates in a native protein may vary from milliseconds (ms) to several years. Ideally, the rates of all amide hydrogens of the analyte protein can be determined individually. To achieve this goal, monitoring of a wider time window is critical, in addition to high sequence coverage and high sequence resolution. Significant improvements have been made to hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry methods in the past decade for better sequence coverage and higher sequence resolution. On the other hand, little effort has been made to expand the experimental time window to accurately determine exchange rates of amide hydrogens. Many fast exchanging amide hydrogens are completely exchanged before completion of a typical short exchange time point (10–30 s) and many slow exchanging amide hydrogens do not start exchanging before a typical long exchanging time point (1–3 h). Here various experimental conditions, as well as a quenched‐flow apparatus, are utilized to monitor cytochrome c amide hydrogen exchange behaviors over more than eight orders of magnitude (0.0044–1 000 000 s), when converted into the standard exchange condition (pH 7 and 23°C). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Call for Papers for security and communication networks (SCN), Wiley online library special issue on digital forensics in mobile computing system and ubiquitous wireless networks
Authors: Deng Der‐Jiunn , Shu Lei , Kato Nei
Published: December 2010

Digital forensics is a newly emerged research area, and its importance has attracted a great attention among IT professionals, law enforcement agencies, and practitioners. The aim of this special issue is to report on state‐of‐theart research accomplishments concerning digital forensics and information security issues under modern mobile computing infrastructures encompassing social science, law enforcement agency, information communication technology, and business administration.
The impact of salt, fat and sugar levels on toddler food intake
Authors: Bouhlal Sofia , Issanchou Sylvie , Nicklaus Sophie
Published: December 2010

Understanding the early determinants of food intake, in particular the role of food sensory quality, is a necessary step to improve the prevention of unhealthy food habits. However, the extent to which food intake varies according to salt, fat and sugar content is imperfectly known. The present study aimed at evaluating whether toddler food intake varied during lunches or snacks in which salt, fat or sugar contents had been modified in common foods. Seventy-four children (30 (se 0·5) months old) participated in the study in their usual day-care centres. Every other week, they were served lunches composed, among other items, of green beans and pasta with varying salt (0, 0·6 and 1·2 % added salt) or fat (0, 2·5 and 5 % added butter) levels and afternoon snacks composed of fruit purée varying in sugar level (0, 5 and 10 % added sugar). During each meal, children could eat as much as they wanted from the target foods. Each food was weighed before and after the meal. Salt level had a positive impact on the intake of the target foods. On the contrary, no impact of added fat or added sugar levels was observed. This implies that fat and sugar addition could be avoided in foods for children without having an impact on palatability, allowing the energy density of children's diet to be limited. Salt addition should be limited, but its suppression in vegetables, whose intake is to be promoted, should be considered cautiously.
Natural variation in biomarkers indicating mastitis in healthy cows
Authors: Åkerstedt Maria , Forsbäck Linda , Larsen Torben , Svennersten-Sjaunja Kerstin
Published: December 2010

Dairy herds are expanding and, with increasing numbers of animals in each herd, there is a need for automatic recording of indicators in milk in order to detect mastitis, inflammation of the udder. A number of biomarkers for mastitis have been suggested over the years. Mastitis usually occurs in one of the four udder quarters and since it is now possible to milk each udder quarter separately in automated milking systems, it is important to evaluate the normal variation in the biomarkers at udder quarter level. This study evaluated the normal variations between milkings for some biomarkers in clinically healthy cows, determined by repeated somatic cell count and bacteriological analysis. The biomarkers studied were serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and alkaline phosphatase (AP), parameters that have been suggested as markers for mastitis. Ten cows were monitored on 42 consecutive milking occasions through collection of udder quarter milk samples and representative cow composite milk samples, giving a total of 2100 individual milk samples. Each cow had its individual profile for the concentrations and variations in the parameters analysed. Although there was relatively large variation between cows for the biomarkers analysed, the variation between milkings in clinically healthy quarters within cows was often below 10%. The biomarker with the lowest variation in this study was LDH. The results suggest that comparing quarters within an individual cow can identify deviations from the natural variations between milkings. This could be a valuable tool instead of, or in combination with, a cut-off value for each parameter in order to detect changes in the milk indicating mastitis.
Personality and bipolar disorder: dissecting state and trait associations between mood and personality
Authors: Barnett J. H. , Huang J. , Perlis R. H. , Young M. M. , Rosenbaum J. F. , Nierenberg A. A. , Sachs G. , Nimgaonkar V. L. , Miklowitz D. J. , Smoller J. W.
Published: December 2010

Background

Some personality characteristics have previously been associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorder. Longitudinal studies are required in order to tease apart temporary (state) and enduring (trait) differences in personality among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to determine whether there is a characteristic personality profile in BD, and whether associations between BD and personality are best explained by state or trait effects.

Method

A total of 2247 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder study completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory administered at study entry, and at 1 and 2 years.

Results

Personality in BD was characterized by high neuroticism (N) and openness (O), and low agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C) and extraversion (E). This profile was replicated in two independent samples, and openness was found to distinguish BD from major depressive disorder. Latent growth modeling demonstrated that manic symptoms were associated with increased E and decreased A, and depressed symptoms with higher N and lower E, A, C and O. During euthymic phases, high N and low E scores predicted a future depression-prone course.

Conclusions

While there are clear state effects of mood on self-reported personality, personality variables during euthymia predict future course of illness. Personality disturbances in extraversion, neuroticism and openness may be enduring characteristics of patients with BD.
Bridging Divides and Breaking Homes: Young Women's Lifecycle Labour Mobility as a Family Managerial Strategy
Authors: May Shannon
Published: December 2010

This article highlights the case of a rural north-east Chinese village where youth labour mobility is a marriage strategy deployed by parents and engaged in by young people given constraints on education and income in the countryside. While some rural mothers and their daughters do make the fairytale of “marrying-up” into an urban household come true, for most rural young women migrants the self-oriented consumption that they are encouraged to pursue free of rural domestic responsibilities sets them up for heartbreak when they are brought back for a rural marriage. As long as rural households are left to rely on the “insurance” of land and a younger generation to work it and provide labour of domestic subsistence, they will pull sons (and wives for them) back to the countryside, and try to marry daughters to urban households to expand their network of security. This new twist on an old managerial strategy sets up a tragic conflict: young men are encouraged to return to the countryside, while young women are pushed to provide a “uniting bridge” into the city and, when they fail, are brought back to the countryside for marriage. If the experiences of families in Huangbaiyu village are not an anomaly but signal a broader trend, a generation of returnee young women who are frustrated and angry in rural marriages and abandon their husbands and parents-in-law will dramatically influence the future of China's development.
Adaptation des aînés à la résidence pour personnes âgées: Activité de loisirs et autodétermination
Authors: Altintas Emin , Majchrzak Gaëlle , Leconte Claire , Guerrien Alain
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to better understand adjustment and life satisfaction in later life. In particular, it examined the contribution of leisure participation and motivation toward leisure in older people’s adjustment to their nursing homes and their satisfaction with life.. Study results underlined the contribution of participation in leisure activities both to the adaptation of an elderly person to his residence and to life satisfaction. In terms of adaptation to the residence, participation in recreational activities exhibited this mediational sequence: leisure participation → self-determined motivation for leisure → adjustment to nursing homes. This suggests that leisure participation has an indirect effect on older people’s adaptability. Various practical implications of this research emerge for the development of future recreational programs in nursing homes to promote seniors’ adaptation.
Influenza surveillance in Shenzhen, the largest migratory metropolitan city of China, 2006–2009
Authors: WANG X. , CHENG X. W. , MA H. W. , HE J. F. , XIE X. , FANG S. S. , WU C. L. , LU X. , MEI S. J. , LI Y. , CHENG J. Q.
Published: December 2010

Shenzhen is one of the largest migratory metropolitan cities in China. A standardized influenza surveillance system has been operating in Shenzhen for several years. The objectives of the present study were to describe the epidemiology of influenza in Shenzhen and to assess the impact of pandemic H1N1 on influenza activity. An average rate of 71 cases of influenza-like illness (ILI)/1000 consultations was reported, which was greater than the rate in the preceding 3 years. Laboratory surveillance showed that the annual proportion of specimens positive for influenza was 25·4% in 2009, representing a significant increase over the proportions of 5·4%, 11·6% and 12·2% in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. A total of 414 ILI outbreaks were reported in 2009, which was a marked increase compared to the previous 3 years. Influenza activity reached a record high in Shenzhen in 2009. Seasonal A/H3N2 was the dominant strain during the summer and was gradually replaced by pandemic H1N1. A semi-annual cycle for influenza circulation began to appear due to the emergence of pandemic H1N1.
Improving Aboriginal health data capture: evidence from a health registry evaluation
Authors: HARPER S. L. , EDGE V. L. , SCHUSTER-WALLACE C. J. , AR-RUSHDI M. , McEWEN S. A.
Published: December 2010

The lack of high-quality health information for accurately estimating burdens of disease in some Aboriginal populations is a challenge for developing effective and relevant public health programmes and for health research. We evaluated data from a health registry system that captured patient consultations, provided by Labrador Grenfell Health (Labrador, Canada). The goal was to evaluate the registry's utility and attributes using modified CDC guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems. Infectious gastrointestinal illness data were used as a reference syndrome to determine various aspects of data collection and quality. Key-informant interviews were conducted to provide information about system utility. The study uncovered limitations in data quality and accessibility, resulting in region-specific recommendations including conversion to an electronic system. More generally, this study emphasized how a systematic and standardized evaluation of health registry systems can help address challenges to obtaining quality health data in often remote areas where many Aboriginal communities are found.
VICTORIANS LIVE
Authors: Sussman Herbert
Published: December 2010

Waterhouse Revisited

CAROLE G. SILVER

Young Victoria

GAIL TURLEY HOUSTON

Darwin in the Greater Britain of the Southern Hemisphere

E. WARWICK SLINN

Steampunk at Oxford

HERBERT SUSSMAN

Playing with Pictures: The Art of Victorian Photocollage

TALIA SCHAFFER
Long‐term growth and subsidence of Ascension Island: Constraints on the rheology of young oceanic lithosphere
Authors: Minshull T. A. , Ishizuka O. , Garcia‐Castellanos D.
Published: December 2010

The dating of material from deep boreholes drilled in volcanic ocean islands allows constraints to be placed on their growth and long‐term subsidence rates. We dated lavas from a 3 km geothermal borehole at Ascension Island by the laser‐heating 40Ar/39Ar technique. The samples yield ages of up to 3.4 Ma and volcanic growth rates of ∼0.4 km/Myr. The transition from submarine to subaerial eruption occurs at ∼710 m below present sea level and 2.5 Ma. Since 2.5 Ma, there has been ∼430–500 m of subsidence over and above the expected ∼190–260 m due to lithospheric cooling. Plausible elastic thicknesses and growth histories would generate a maximum elastic subsidence since 2.5 Ma of ∼200 m. We infer that the subsidence includes a component of viscous relaxation resulting from rapid loading prior to 2.5 Ma, and place constraints on the timescale of this relaxation, and hence the viscosity of the underlying lithosphere.
Comparative study of ring current development using empirical, dipolar, and self‐consistent magnetic field simulations
Authors: Jordanova V. K. , Zaharia S. , Welling D. T.
Published: December 2010

The effects of nondipolar magnetic field configuration and the feedback of a self‐consistently computed magnetic field on ring current dynamics are investigated during a double‐dip storm with minima SYM‐H = −90 nT at ∼2000 UT, 20 November, and SYM‐H = −127 nT at ∼1000 UT, 21 November 2002. We use our kinetic ring current‐atmosphere interactions model with self‐consistent magnetic field (RAM‐SCB) to study the redistribution of plasma in the inner magnetosphere after its fresh injection from the plasma sheet. The kinetic model is fully extended to nondipolar magnetic (B) field geometry and two‐way coupled with an Euler‐potential‐based equilibrium model that calculates self‐consistently the three‐dimensional magnetic field in force balance with the anisotropic ring current distributions. The ring current source population is inferred from LANL geosynchronous satellite data; a superdense plasma sheet observed during the second storm main phase contributes significantly to ring current buildup. We find that the bounce‐averaged velocities increase while the bounce‐averaged geocoronal hydrogen densities decrease on the nightside when a nondipolar B field is used. A depression of the ring current fluxes and a confinement of the ring current close to Earth are thus observed on the nightside as geomagnetic activity increases. In contrast to the dipolar case, the proton anisotropy increases considerably in the postnoon sector, and the nondipolar simulations predict the excitation of intense EMIC waves at large L shells. The total ring current energy and ∣Dst∣ index calculated with the self‐consistent B field are in best agreement with observations, being smaller compared to the dipolar calculations but larger than the empirical B field predictions.
Improved constraints on transit time distributions from argon 39: A maximum entropy approach
Authors: Holzer Mark , Primeau François W.
Published: December 2010

We use 39Ar in conjunction with CFCs, natural radiocarbon, and the cyclostationary tracers PO4*, temperature, and salinity to estimate the ocean's transit time distributions (TTDs). A maximum entropy method is employed to deconvolve the tracer data for the TTDs. The constraint provided by the 39Ar data allows us to estimate TTDs even in the deep Pacific where CFCs have not yet penetrated. From the TTDs, we calculate the ideal mean age, Γ, the TTD width, Δ, and the mass fraction of water with transit times less than a century, f1. We also quantify the entropic uncertainties due to the nonuniqueness of the deconvolutions. In the Atlantic, the patterns of Γ and f1 reflect the distribution of the major water masses. At the deepest locations in the North Atlantic Γ ≃ 300−100+300 a, while at the deepest locations in the South Atlantic Γ ≃ 500−100+200 a. The Pacific is nearly homogeneous below 2000 m with Γ ≃ 1300−50+200 a in the North Pacific and Γ ≃ 900−100+200 a in the deep South Pacific. The Southern Ocean locations have little vertical structure, with Γ ranging from 300 to 450 a with an uncertainty of about −40+150 a. The importance of diffusion compared to advection as quantified by Δ/Γ has most probable values ranging from 0.2 to 3 but with large entropic uncertainty bounds ranging from 0.2 to 9. For the majority of locations analyzed, the effect of 39Ar is to reduce f1 and to correspondingly increase Γ by about a century. The additional constraint provided by 39Ar reduces the entropic uncertainties of f1 by roughly 50% on average.
Spike deceleration and bubble acceleration in the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Authors: Ye W. H. , Wang L. F. , He X. T.
Published: December 2010

The nonlinear evolutions of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) with preheat is investigated by numerical simulation (NS). A new phase of the spike deceleration evolution in the nonlinear ablative RTI (ARTI) is discovered. It is found that nonlinear evolution of the RTI can be divided into the weakly nonlinear regime (WNR) and the highly nonlinear regime (HNR) according to the difference of acceleration velocities for the spike and the bubble. With respect to the classical RTI (i.e., without heat conduction), the bubble first accelerates in the WNR and then decelerates in the HNR while the spike holds acceleration in the whole nonlinear regime (NR). With regard to the ARTI, on the contrary, the spike first accelerates in the WNR and then decelerates in the HNR while the bubble keeps acceleration in the whole NR. The NS results indicate that it is the nonlinear overpressure effect at the spike tip and the vorticity accumulation inside the bubble that lead to, respectively, the spike deceleration and bubble acceleration, in the nonlinear ARTI. In addition, it is found that in the ARTI the spike saturation velocity increases with the perturbation wavelength.
Two-dimensional higher order noise spectroscopy up to radio frequencies
Authors: Starosielec Sebastian , Fainblat Rachel , Rudolph Jörg , Hägele Daniel
Published: December 2010

Going beyond the usual determination of the frequency-resolved power spectrum of an electrical noise signal, we implement a setup for the determination of a frequency-resolved two-dimensional correlation spectrum. We demonstrate measurements of two-dimensional correlation spectra with sampling rates up to 180 MSamples/s and real-time numerical evaluation with up to 100% data coverage. As an example, the purely Gaussian behavior of 1/f resistor noise is demonstrated with unprecedented sensitivity by verifying the absence of correlations between different frequencies. Unlike the usual power spectrum, the correlation spectrum is shown to contain information on both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths of a signal, suggesting applications in spin noise spectroscopy and signal analysis in general.
The rotating wall machine: A device to study ideal and resistive magnetohydrodynamic stability under variable boundary conditions
Authors: Paz-Soldan C. , Bergerson W. F. , Brookhart M. I. , Hannum D. A. , Kendrick R. , Fiksel G. , Forest C. B.
Published: December 2010

The rotating wall machine, a basic plasma physics experimental facility, has been constructed to study the role of electromagnetic boundary conditions on current-driven ideal and resistive magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, including differentially rotating conducting walls. The device, a screw pinch magnetic geometry with line-tied ends, is described. The plasma is generated by an array of 19 plasma guns that not only produce high density plasmas but can also be independently biased to allow spatial and temporal control of the current profile. The design and mechanical performance of the rotating wall as well as diagnostic capabilities and internal probes are discussed. Measurements from typical quiescent discharges show the plasma to be high β ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\le} p> {2\mu _0}/{B_z^2}$\end{document}≤p>2μ0/Bz2), flowing, and well collimated. Internal probe measurements show that the plasma current profile can be controlled by the plasma gun array.
Time-evolution of the external field problem in Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Deckert D.-A. , Dürr D. , Merkl F. , Schottenloher M.
Published: December 2010

We construct the time-evolution for the second-quantized Dirac equation subject to a smooth, compactly supported, time dependent electromagnetic potential and identify the degrees of freedom involved. Earlier works on this (e.g., Ruijsenaars) observed the Shale–Stinespring condition and showed that the one-particle time-evolution can be lifted to Fock space if and only if the external field had zero magnetic components. We scrutinize the idea, observed earlier by Fierz and Scharf, that the time-evolution can be implemented between time varying Fock spaces. In order to define these Fock spaces we are led to consider classes of reference vacua and polarizations. We show that this implementation is up to a phase independent of the chosen reference vacuum or polarization and that all induced transition probabilities are well-defined and unique.
Temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of L1-FePt nanostructures and films
Authors: Bublat T. , Goll D.
Published: December 2010

Hard magnetic L10-Fe51Pt49 thin films with out-of-plane texture and film thicknesses between 3 and 200 nm have been prepared on MgO(001) single crystalline substrates by co-sputtering and have been magnetically investigated by SQUID magnetometry at different temperatures ranging from 40 K up to the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is found to be 660 K for film thicknesses down to 8 nm and decreases almost linearly for thinner films. For the whole ferromagnetic temperature range the intrinsic magnetic material parameters (saturation polarization Js, magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K1, exchange constant A) and the coercivity μ0Hc are determined as a function of the film thickness. Furthermore the microstructural parameters are ascertained by analyzing the temperature dependence of the coercivity within the framework of micromagnetism leading to a deeper understanding of the magnetic reversal process.
Spin matrix for the scaled periodic Ising model
Authors: Palmer John , Hystad Grethe
Published: December 2010

We compute the matrix elements for the spin operator in the two dimensional Ising model with respect to the eigenvectors for the transfer matrix in the continuum limit with periodic boundary conditions. This matrix can be used to calculate the correlations for the Ising model on the cylinder or the torus.
Supersymmetry algebra cohomology. I. Definition and general structure
Authors: Brandt Friedemann
Published: December 2010

This paper concerns standard supersymmetry algebras in diverse dimensions, involving bosonic translational generators and fermionic supersymmetry generators. A cohomology related to these supersymmetry algebras, termed supersymmetry algebra cohomology, and corresponding “primitive elements” are defined by means of a BRST (Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin)-type coboundary operator. A method to systematically compute this cohomology is outlined and illustrated by simple examples.
Microannular electro-osmotic flow with the axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Tang G. H. , Li X. F. , Tao W. Q.
Published: December 2010

Considering electro-osmotic flow in axisymmetric microducts is of both fundamental interest and practical significance. In this paper, an axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann model which solves the complete nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation is presented to obtain the electric potential distribution in the electrolytes, and another axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann model is employed to solve the velocity field. First, the lattice Boltzmann model is validated by the electric potential distribution in the electrolyte with analytical solutions and finite volume method. Second, velocity distributions in circular tubes at various conditions are discussed. Then, we extend the lattice Boltzmann model for steady and pulsating electro-osmotic flow through annular microducts and the influences of inner to outer radius ratio, inner to outer zeta potential ratio and oscillating frequency are investigated. In addition, a numerical study of electro-osmotic flow in circular and annular microducts considering the non-Newtonian fluid behavior is also conducted for the first time. The results show that the microannular electro-osmotic flow exhibits much difference from the planar flow and the non-Newtonian rheology has significant effect on the flow behavior as well.
Two-step crystallization during the reverse aluminum-induced layer exchange process
Authors: Jaeger C. , Bator M. , Matich S. , Stutzmann M.
Published: December 2010

In this work, the reverse aluminum-induced layer exchange (R-ALILE) process with an initial layer stack of substrate/amorphous Si/Si-oxide/Al was studied in detail. The influence of the annealing temperature on the sample properties was investigated by optical reflection/transmission measurements and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, focused ion beam measurements were conducted to elucidate the inner structure of the layers. Two steps during crystallization were observed: at first a substrate/Al–Si composite/closed poly-Si layer structure is formed with an activation energy EApoly-Si=1.1 eV, which can be transferred to the stable configuration of substrate/Al+Si-islands (hillocks)/poly-Si by extended annealing or a high temperature step (EAhillocks=2.4 eV). Both processes are basically independent at low annealing temperatures due to the large difference in activation energy. The transformation of the Al–Si composite to the Al/Si-hillock structure involves the crystallization of a-Si regions and their subsequent coalescence, different to the feedback mechanism suggested for the normal ALILE process, where hillock and closed poly-Si growth are believed to influence each other. This insight into the process leads to the possibility to prepare poly-Si layers on pure Al back contacts by R-ALILE, possibly improving efficiencies of solar cells prepared by epitaxial overgrowth of poly-Si seed layers.
Excitation of electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves by an ion beam in a two-ion component plasma
Authors: Sharma Jyotsna , Sharma Suresh C.
Published: December 2010

An ion beam propagating through a magnetized plasma cylinder containing electrons, light positive potassium ions (K+), and heavy positive cesium ions (Cs+) drives electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves to instability via Cerenkov interaction. Two EIC wave modes are present, the K+ and Cs+ modes. The unstable wave frequencies and the growth rate of both the light positive ion and heavy positive ion modes increase with an increase in their relative ion concentrations. The growth rate of both the unstable modes (K+ and Cs+) scales one-third power of the beam density. The real part of the frequency of both the unstable modes (K+ and Cs+) increases with the beam energy and scales as almost one-half power of the beam energy. Numerical calculations of the growth rate and mode frequencies have been carried out for the parameters of the experiment of Suszcynsky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8966 (1989)]. It is found that the unstable wave frequencies of both the light positive ion and heavy positive ion modes increase with the magnetic fields in accordance with the experimental observations.
Coupling output of multichannel high power microwaves
Authors: Li Guolin , Shu Ting , Yuan Chengwei , Zhang Jun , Yang Jianhua , Jin Zhenxing , Yin Yi , Wu Dapeng , Zhu Jun , Ren Heming , Yang Jie
Published: December 2010

The coupling output of multichannel high power microwaves is a promising technique for the development of high power microwave technologies, as it can enhance the output capacities of presently studied devices. According to the investigations on the spatial filtering method and waveguide filtering method, the hybrid filtering method is proposed for the coupling output of multichannel high power microwaves. As an example, a specific structure is designed for the coupling output of S/X/X band three-channel high power microwaves and investigated with the hybrid filtering method. In the experiments, a pulse of 4 GW X band beat waves and a pulse of 1.8 GW S band microwave are obtained.
Highly effective fungal inactivation in He+O2 atmospheric-pressure nonequilibrium plasmas
Authors: Xiong Z. , Lu X. P. , Feng A. , Pan Y. , Ostrikov K.
Published: December 2010

Highly effective (more than 99.9%) inactivation of a pathogenic fungus Candida albicans commonly found in oral, respiratory, digestive, and reproduction systems of a human body using atmospheric-pressure plasma jets sustained in He+O2 gas mixtures is reported. The inactivation is demonstrated in two fungal culture configurations with open (Petri dish without a cover) and restricted access to the atmosphere (Petri dish with a cover) under specific experimental conditions. It is shown that the fungal inactivation is remarkably more effective in the second configuration. This observation is supported by the scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the fungi before and after the plasma treatment. The inactivation mechanism explains the experimental observations under different experimental conditions and is consistent with the reports by other authors. The results are promising for the development of advanced health care applications.
Pathway analysis of
Candida albicans
survival and virulence determinants in a murine infection model
Authors: Becker Jeffrey M. , Kauffman Sarah J. , Hauser Melinda , Huang Liyin , Lin Molly , Sillaots Susan , Jiang Bo , Xu Deming , Roemer Terry
Published: December 2010

One potentially rich source of possible targets for antifungal therapy are those
Candida albicans
genes deemed essential for growth under the standard culture (i.e., in vitro) conditions; however, these genes are largely unexplored as drug targets because essential genes are not experimentally amenable to conventional gene deletion and virulence studies. Using tetracycline-regulatable promoter-based conditional mutants, we investigated a murine model of candidiasis in which repressing essential genes in the host was achieved. By adding doxycycline to the drinking water starting 3 days prior to (dox - 3D) or 2 days post (dox + 2D) infection, the phenotypic consequences of temporal gene inactivation were assessed by monitoring animal survival and fungal burden in prophylaxis and acute infection settings. Of 177 selected conditional shut-off strains tested, the virulence of 102 was blocked under both repressing conditions, suggesting that the corresponding genes are essential for growth and survival in a murine host across early and established infection periods. Among these genes were those previously identified as antifungal drug targets (i.e.,
FKS1
,
ERG1
, and
ERG11
), verifying that this methodology can be used to validate potential new targets. We also identify genes either conditionally essential or dispensable for in vitro growth but required for survival and virulence, including those in late stage ergosterol synthesis, or early steps in fatty acid or riboflavin biosynthesis. This study evaluates the role of essential genes with respect to pathogen virulence in a large-scale, systems biology context, and provides a general method for gene target validation and for uncovering unexpected antimicrobial targets.
Homeostatic regulation of glutamatergic transmission by dopamine D
4
receptors
Authors: Yuen Eunice Y. , Zhong Ping , Yan Zhen
Published: December 2010

Alterations of synaptic transmission have been considered a core feature of mental disorders; thus, we examined the role of dopamine D
4
receptors, which is highly implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, in regulating synaptic functions of prefrontal cortex, a brain region critical for cognitive and emotional processes. We found that D
4
stimulation caused a profound depression or potentiation of AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons when their activity was elevated or dampened, respectively, which was accompanied by a D
4
-induced decrease or increase of AMPARs at synapses. The dual effects of D
4
on AMPAR trafficking and function was dependent on the D
4
-mediated bidirectional regulation of CaMKII activity via coupling to distinct signaling pathways, which provides a unique mechanism for D
4
receptors to serve as a homeostatic synaptic factor to stabilize cortical excitability.
Circadian rhythms, jet lag, and shift work, with particular reference to athletes
Authors: Waterhouse James , Edwards Benjamin , Carvalho‐bos Sandra , Buckley Paul , Reilly Thomas
Published: December 2010

Changes in individuals’ sleep‐wake cycles lead to negative side effects. This review considers how side effects can be reduced, the recommendations being based largely on work performed at our institute. Subjects journeying to Aus‐tralia had symptoms of jet lag that did not adjust synchronously, and the best predictors of jet lag were their travel arrangements. The value of melatonin in reducing jet lag was not confirmed but, in a laboratory‐based study, evening administration of melatonin did not result in worse performance the next morn‐ing. The effects of exercise upon the phase of the body clock were insubstantial. Gut temperature, unlike insulated axilla temperature, was an acceptable substi‐tute for rectal temperature. Ascertaining by questionnaire why people ate or did not eat at a particular time indicated that night work exerted a considerable disruptive influence, one of the main factors being time pressure. Compared with day workers, night workers had less appetite, ate cold rather than hot meals, and felt more bloated after a meal. Actimetry provided objective measures of the adjustment of the sleep‐wake cycle to time‐zone transitions and to night work. These measures could be applied to data from long‐haul pilots, in whom there are both time‐zone transitions and night work.
Hormone‐sensitive Lipase (HSL) Expression and Regulation By Epinephrine and Exercise in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Donsmark Morten , Langfort Jozef , Ploug Thorkil , Holm Cecilia , Enevoldsen Lotte H. , Stallknecht Bente , Kjaer Michael , Ihlemann Jacob , Galbo Henrik
Published: December 2010

Triacylglycerol (TG) is stored in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle. The energy content of the TG depot is higher than the energy content of the muscle glycogen depot. The enzymatic regulation of intracellular TG hydrolysis in skeletal muscle has not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the expression and the regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) in skeletal muscle. This enzyme is a neutral lipase and known as the rate‐limiting enzyme of intracellular TG hydrolysis in adipose tissue. The total and the activated form of the neutral lipase are referred to as MOME and TO, respectively. In isolated rat skeletal muscle fibers, the presence of HSL was demonstrated by Western blotting. The expression of HSL was correlated to fiber type, being higher in oxidative than in glycolytic fibers. In incubated soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles stimulation with epinephrine or electrically induced contractions increased neutral lipase activity against triolein (TO), but not against a diacylglycerol analogue (MOME). Glycogen phosphorylase activity increased in parallel with TO activity. No measurable increase in muscle homogenate TO activity existed in the presence of an anti‐HSL antibody. The effect of epinephrine could be blocked by propanolol and mimicked by incubation of a crude supernatant from control muscle with the catalytic subunit of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase. The effect of contractions was transient as TO activity declined to basal levels after 10 min of electrical stimulation. Indicating involvement of protein kinase C the effect of contractions was abolished by Calphostin C. Okadaic acid doubled the contraction‐mediated increase in TO activity, whereas the increase was reversed by phosphatase treatment. The effects of epinephrine and contractions were partially additive. In rats training increased epinephrine‐stimulated TO activity and HSL concentration in adipose tissue but not in muscle. In humans, at the end of 60 min of exercise muscle, TO activity was increased in healthy, but not in adrenalectomized, subjects. In conclusion, HSL is present in skeletal muscle and can be activated by phosphorylation by both epinephrine and muscle contractions. In addition, HSL and glycogen phosphorylase are stimulated in parallel in muscle indicating simultaneous activation of triacylglycerol and glycogen breakdown.
Stretch and Contraction Specific Changes in Passive Torque in Human M. Rectus Femoris
Authors: Klee Andreas , Wiemann Klaus
Published: December 2010

In 43 subjects stretch procedures of the rectus femoris muscle (rf) were produced before and after 15‐min treatments: SG (n = 11), 3 × 5 stretches (st1–st15) of rf with 3‐min rest after 5 reps; CG (n = 11), resistance training of rf (5 × 12); RG (n = 10), 15‐min rest without any activity; AG (n = 11), 15‐min submaximal activity. During the pretest, subjects underwent 3 and, in retest, 2 stretch procedures. Throughout every stretch procedure resting tension (TS) at 9° below the maximal range of motion of pretest‐PS was quantified and calculated as percent of TS. In pretest, TS of the 4 treatment groups declined to 89.3%. During treatment of SG, TS decreased until st2 (the fifth stretch altogether; 77.8%; p <. 01). In the retest, TS of SG (82.3%) was significantly lower than in the other 3 treatment groups (96.8%, p <. 01). No significant differences exist between the increases of these 3 treatment groups. Low TS during the retest of the SG group has to be attributed to the stretching load of the titin filaments in the course of the treatment. In contrast to this, titin filaments don't seem to be under any strain during the treatment in the other groups and thus recover to the full extent after the few stretch procedures between pre‐ and retest.
Sportspersonship and Perceptions of Leadership: An Investigation of Adolescent Handball Players' Perceptions of Sportspersonship and Associations With Perceived Leadership
Authors: Stornes Tor , Bru Edvin
Published: December 2010

In contemporary society, there is a concern about the excessive importance placed on winning in sport. Research suggests that an overemphasis on competitive outcomes generates moral problems that reduces pro‐social behavior and even promotes antisocial behavior. In order to promote fair play and sociomoral attitudes, coaches and their leadership may be of significant importance. The aim of this investigation was to assess sportspersonship among adolescent handball players in Norway (N = 440) and investigate how the players' perceptions of coaches' leadership were associated with such behavior. Results showed that the players in general perceived themselves to behave pro‐socially. However, the players also reported instrumental aggressive behavior and low respect for opponents. Associations of perceived leadership with sportspersonship were found primarily for individual perceptions compared to teammates' perceptions. This may indicate that it is the personalized leadership in dyadic relations that influences sportspersonship. Players' perceptions of supportive leadership dimensions were found to be associated with sportspersonship. More research incorporating designs better suited to test the causality between personal perceptions of coaches' leadership and sportspersonship is needed.
PTP1B regulates Eph receptor function and trafficking
Authors: Nievergall Eva , Janes Peter W. , Stegmayer Carolin , Vail Mary E. , Haj Fawaz G. , Teng Shyh Wei , Neel Benjamin G. , Bastiaens Philippe I. , Lackmann Martin
Published: December 2010

Eph receptors orchestrate cell positioning during normal and oncogenic development. Their function is spatially and temporally controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear and the identity of most regulatory PTPs are unknown. We demonstrate here that PTP1B governs signaling and biological activity of EphA3. Changes in PTP1B expression significantly affect duration and amplitude of EphA3 phosphorylation and biological function, whereas confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) reveals direct interactions between PTP1B and EphA3 before ligand-stimulated receptor internalization and, subsequently, on endosomes. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type (w/t) PTP1B and the [D-A] substrate–trapping mutant decelerate ephrin-induced EphA3 trafficking in a dose-dependent manner, which reveals its role in controlling EphA3 cell surface concentration. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in areas of Eph/ephrin-mediated cell–cell contacts, the EphA3–PTP1B interaction can occur directly at the plasma membrane. Our studies for the first time provide molecular, mechanistic, and functional insights into the role of PTP1B controlling Eph/ephrin-facilitated cellular interactions.
Vesicle trafficking maintains nuclear shape in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during membrane proliferation
Authors: Webster Micah T. , McCaffery J. Michael , Cohen-Fix Orna
Published: December 2010

The parameters that control nuclear size and shape are poorly understood. In yeast, unregulated membrane proliferation, caused by deletion of the phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor SPO7, leads to a single nuclear envelope “flare” that protrudes into the cytoplasm. This flare is always associated with the asymmetrically localized nucleolus, which suggests that the site of membrane expansion is spatially confined by an unknown mechanism. Here we show that in spo7Δ cells, mutations in vesicle-trafficking genes lead to multiple flares around the entire nucleus. These mutations also alter the distribution of small nucleolar RNA–associated nucleolar proteins independently of their effect on nuclear shape. Both single- and multi-flared nuclei have increased nuclear envelope surface area, yet they maintain the same nuclear/cell volume ratio as wild-type cells. These data suggest that, upon membrane expansion, the spatial confinement of the single nuclear flare is dependent on vesicle trafficking. Moreover, flares may facilitate maintenance of a constant nuclear/cell volume ratio in the face of altered membrane proliferation.
MASISH: a database for gene expression in maize seeds
Authors: Miquel M. , López-Ribera I. , Ràmia M. , Casillas S. , Barbadilla A. , Vicient C. M.
Published: December 2010

Grass seeds are complex organs composed by multiple tissues and cell types that develop coordinately to produce a viable embryo. The identification of genes involved in seed development is of great interest, but systematic spatial analyses of gene expression on maize seeds at the cell level have not yet been performed. MASISH is an online database holding information for gene expression spatial patterns in maize seeds based on in situ hybridization experiments. The web-based query interface allows the execution of gene queries and provides hybridization images, published references and information of the analyzed genes.

Availability:  http://masish.uab.cat/.

Contact:  cvsgmp@cid.csic.es
Use of Mixolab in Predicting Rice Quality
Authors: Xie Lihong , Chen Neng , Tang Shaoqing , Luo Ju , Jiao Guiai , Hu Peisong
Published: December 2010

Mixolab is a new instrument with capability to measure starch pasting properties on actual dough. It characterizes dough rheological behavior using a dual constraints of mixing and temperature. Rice samples (183) collected from 15 provinces across China were tested to determine the possibility of using Mixolab in predicting rice quality. Mixolab measurements, torque (Nm) at different mixing and heating stages (C1 to C5) were compared with rice quality characteristics (gelatinization temperature and consistency, amylose and protein contents), Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) parameters and sensory assessments scores of cooked rice. Our results showed that Mixolab parameters were good indicators of amylose and protein content and quality suggested by significant correlations among Mixolab parameters, and between Mixolab and RVA measurements. Based on a subsample of 30 rice cultivars, correlation coefficients between the Mixolab parameter C4 and sensory assessment characteristics of palatability and total sensory score was negatively significant (P < 0.05). Cb (C3 – C4) was also significantly correlated with flavor (P < 0.05). The rice samples that gave high palatability and total sensory scores had low C4 values and low amylose contents. The cooked rice with high flavor had high values of Cb and GT but low protein content. It is possible to determine physicochemical properties of rice flour and sensory characteristics of cooked rice using Mixolab parameters.
In Vitro Digestion of RS4‐Type Resistant Wheat and Potato Starches, and Fermentation of Indigestible Fractions
Authors: Thompson Lilian U. , Maningat Clodualdo C. , Woo Kyungsoo , Seib Paul A.
Published: December 2010

RS4‐type resistant wheat starch (RWS) and resistant potato starch (RPS) were subjected successively to in vitro digestion with pepsin and pancreatin‐bile, and the indigestible residues (82.1% db and 74.1% db, respectively) were recovered and subsequently fermented by in vitro techniques using fresh human fecal microbiota as inoculum. Scanning electron microscopy of the indigestible residues showed surface erosion on the residual granules. Total gas production during the in vitro fermentation increased almost linearly over time with the two resistant starches exhibiting similar gas production rates, as well as a similar rate of production of total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). The indigestible fractions from both starches produced acetate as the major SCFA and relatively higher levels of butyrate than propionate, but wheat starch tended to produce more butyrate over time than potato starch. Fractional molar ratios of acetate, propionate, and butyrate from the RWS and RPS were 0.586:0.186:0.228 and 0.577:0.200:0.223, respectively. The calculated caloric contributions of the RWS and RPS are ≈33% lower than for unmodified starch and are comparable to those reported in the literature for RS2 and RS3 high‐amylose maize starches.