bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CRIMINALIZAÇÃO DA VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA AS MULHERES NO BRASIL: DE “LEGÍTIMA DEFESA DA HONRA” À VIOLAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: Andrade Luciana Vieira Rubim , Almeida Marlise Miriam de Matos
Published: December 2017

Neste artigo, apresentamos um histórico-analítico da criminalização da violência contra as mulheres no Brasil, tendo como auge deste percurso a promulgação da Lei Maria da Penha (LMP), em 2006. Entre outros, mostramos como esse tipo de criminalização foi tomando contornos, por vezes, não adequados ao que era preconizado internacionalmente e pelo que era demandado pelos movimentos feministas e de mulheres. Além disso, também analisamos o papel da mobilização da sociedade civil organizada na publicização do problema, bem como da sua atuação pioneira na criação de serviços especializados de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência. A nível estatal, apresentamos a criação das primeiras delegacias de atendimento às mulheres e a incorporação das violências contra as mulheres na Lei 9.099, e as consequências que tal política acarretou, e examinamos algumas das políticas nacionais da Secretaria de Política para as Mulheres (SPM) que dizem especialmente respeito ao enfrentamento das violências a que estão submetidas.
Effects of shinbuto and ninjinto on prostaglandin E2production in lipopolysaccharide-treated human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Ara Toshiaki , Sogawa Norio
Published: December 2017

Previously, we revealed that several kampo medicines used for patients with excess and/or medium patterns (kakkonto (TJ-1), shosaikoto (TJ-9), hangeshashinto (TJ-14), and orento (TJ-120)) reduced prostaglandin (PG)E2levels using LPS-treated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Recently, we examined other kampo medicines used for patients with the deficiency pattern [bakumondoto (TJ-29), shinbuto (TJ-30), ninjinto (TJ-32), and hochuekkito (TJ-41)] and the herbs comprising shinbuto and ninjinto using the same experimental model. Shinbuto and ninjinto concentration-dependently reduced LPS-induced PGE2production by HGFs, whereas hochuekkito weakly reduced and bakumondoto did not reduce PGE2production. Shinbuto and ninjinto did not alter cyclooxygenase (COX) activity or the expression of molecules involved in the arachidonic acid cascade. Therefore, we next examined which herbs compromising shinbuto and ninjinto reduce LPS-induced PGE2production. Among these herbs, shokyo (Zingiberis Rhizoma) and kankyo (Zingiberis Processum Rhizoma) strongly and concentration-dependently decreased LPS-induced PGE2production. However, both shokyo and kankyo increased the expression of cytosolic phospholipase (cPL)A2but did not affect annexin1 or COX-2 expression. These results suggest that shokyo and kankyo suppress cPLA2activity. We demonstrated that kampo medicines suppress inflammatory responses in patients with the deficiency pattern, and in those with excess or medium patterns. Moreover, kampo medicines that contain shokyo or kankyo are considered to be effective for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Economic Evaluation of Lupus Nephritis in the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Inception Cohort Using a Multistate Model Approach
Authors: Barber Megan R. W. , Hanly John G. , Su Li , Urowitz Murray B. , St. Pierre Yvan , Romero‐Diaz Juanita , Gordon Caroline , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Bernatsky Sasha , Wallace Daniel J. , Isenberg David A. , Rahman Anisur , Ginzler Ellen M. , Petri Michelle , Bruce Ian N. , Fortin Paul R. , Gladman Dafna D. , Sanchez‐Guerrero Jorge , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Khamashta Munther A. , Aranow Cynthia , Mackay Meggan , Alarcón Graciela S. , Manzi Susan , Nived Ola , Jönsen Andreas , Zoma Asad A. , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Ramos‐Casals Manuel , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Lim S. Sam , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Inanc Murat , Kamen Diane L. , Peschken Christine A. , Jacobsen Soren , Askanase Anca , Theriault Chris , Farewell Vernon , Clarke Ann E.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Little is known about the long‐term costs of lupus nephritis (LN). The costs were compared between patients with and without LN using multistate modeling.

Methods

Patients from 32 centers in 11 countries were enrolled in the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics inception cohort within 15 months of diagnosis and provided annual data on renal function, hospitalizations, medications, dialysis, and selected procedures. LN was diagnosed by renal biopsy or the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Renal function was assessed annually using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or estimated proteinuria. A multistate model was used to predict 10‐year cumulative costs by multiplying annual costs associated with each renal state by the expected state duration.

Results

A total of 1,545 patients participated; 89.3% were women, the mean ± age at diagnosis was 35.2 ± 13.4 years, 49% were white, and the mean followup duration was 6.3 ± 3.3 years. LN developed in 39.4% of these patients by the end of followup. Ten‐year cumulative costs were greater in those with LN and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 ml/minute ($310,579 2015 Canadian dollars versus $19,987 if no LN and estimated GFR >60 ml/minute) or with LN and estimated proteinuria >3 gm/day ($84,040 versus $20,499 if no LN and estimated proteinuria <0.25 gm/day).

Conclusion

Patients with estimated GFR <30 ml/minute incurred 10‐year costs 15‐fold higher than those with normal estimated GFR. By estimating the expected duration in each renal state and incorporating associated annual costs, disease severity at presentation can be used to anticipate future health care costs. This is critical knowledge for cost‐effectiveness evaluations of novel therapies.
Self‐Assembled α‐Cyanostilbenes for Advanced Functional Materials
Authors: Martínez‐Abadía Marta , Giménez Raquel , Ros María Blanca
Published: November 2017

In the specific context of condensed media, the significant and increasing recent interest in the α‐cyanostilbene (CS) motif [ArCHC(CN)Ar] is relevant. These compounds have shown remarkable optical features in addition to interesting electrical properties, and hence they are recognized as very suitable and versatile options for the development of functional materials. This progress report is focused on current and future use of CS structures and molecular assemblies with the aim of exploring and developing for the next generations of functional materials. A critical selection of illustrative materials that contain the CS motif, including relevant subfamilies such as the dicyanodistyrylbenzene and 2,3,3‐triphenylacrylonitrile shows how, driven by the self‐assembly of CS blocks, a variety of properties, effects, and possibilities for practical applications can be offered to the scientific community, through different rational routes for the elaboration of advanced materials. A survey is provided on the research efforts directed toward promoting the self‐assembly of the solid state (polycrystalline solids, thin films, and single crystals), liquid crystals, nanostructures, and gels with multistimuli responsiveness, and applications for sensors, organic light‐emitting diodes, organic field effect transistors, organic lasers, solar cells, or bioimaging purposes.
A DNA‐Threaded ZIF‐8 Membrane with High Proton Conductivity and Low Methanol Permeability
Authors: Guo Yi , Jiang Zhongqing , Ying Wen , Chen Liping , Liu Yazhi , Wang Xiaobin , Jiang Zhong‐Jie , Chen Banglin , Peng Xinsheng
Published: November 2017

Natural biomolecules have potential as proton‐conducting materials, in which the hydrogen‐bond networks can facilitate proton transportation. Herein, a biomolecule/metal–organic framework (MOF) approach to develop hybrid proton‐conductive membranes is reported. Single‐strand DNA molecules are introduced into DNA@ZIF‐8 membranes through a solid‐confined conversion process. The DNA‐threaded ZIF‐8 membrane exhibits high proton conductivity of 3.40 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C and the highest one ever reported of 0.17 S cm−1 at 75 °C, under 97% relatively humidity, attributed to the formed hydrogen‐bond networks between the DNA molecules and the water molecules inside the cavities of the ZIF‐8, but very low methanol permeability of 1.25 × 10−8 cm2 s−1 due to the small pore entrance of the DNA@ZIF‐8 membranes. The selectivity of the DNA@ZIF‐8 membrane is thus significantly higher than that of developed proton‐exchange membranes for fuel cells. After assembling the DNA@ZIF‐8 hybrid membrane into direct methanol fuel cells, it exhibits a power density of 9.87 mW cm−2 . This is the first MOF‐based proton‐conductivity membrane used for direct methanol fuel cells, providing bright promise for such hybrid membranes in this application.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Directed Benzylation of Ortho C−H Bonds in Aromatic Amides through C−H/C−N Cleavage
Authors: Li Jiawei , Zheng Zhaojing , Xiao Tiantian , Xu Peng‐Fei , Wei Hao
Published: November 2017

The cleavage of both sp2 C−H and C−N bonds by a nickel‐catalyzed reaction of aromatic amides containing an 8‐aminoquinoline moiety with benzyl ammonium salts is reported. A wide variety of functional groups are tolerated in the reaction. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction probably proceeds through a NiI/NiIII catalytic pathway. This Ni‐catalyzed procedure provides an alternative approach to construct diarylmethane derivatives.
Self‐Collimation in Photonic Crystals: Applications and Opportunities
Authors: Noori Mina , Soroosh Mohammad , Baghban Hamed
Published: November 2017

A comprehensive review considering recent advances in self‐collimation and its applications in optical integration is covered in the current article. Self‐collimation is compared to the conventional technique of photonic bandgap engineering to control the light propagation in photonic crystal‐based structures. It is fully discussed how the self‐collimation phenomenon can be tailored to be independent of the incident angle and polarization. This adds substantial flexibility to the structure to overcome light coupling challenges and simultaneously aids in the omission of bulk and challenging elements, including polarizers and lenses from optical integrated circuits. Additionally, designed structures have the potential to be rescaled to operate in any desired frequency range thanks to the scalability rule in the field of electromagnetics. Moreover, it is shown that one can boost the coupling efficiency by applying an anti‐reflection property to the structure, which provides not only efficient index matching but also the matching between external waves with uniform amplitude and Bloch waves with periodic amplitude.
General and Facile Route to Isomerically Pure Tricyclic Peptides Based on Templated Tandem CLIPS/CuAAC Cyclizations
Authors: Richelle Gaston J. J. , Ori Sumeet , Hiemstra Henk , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Timmerman Peter
Published: November 2017

We report a one‐pot ligation/cyclization technology for the rapid and clean conversion of linear peptides into tricyclic peptides that is based on using tetravalent scaffolds containing two benzyl bromide and two alkyne moieties. These react via CLIPS/CuAAC reactions with cysteines and azides in the peptide. Flexibility in the scaffolds is key to the formation of isomerically pure products as the flexible scaffolds T41 and T42 mostly promote the formation of single isomeric tricycles while the rigid scaffolds T43 and T44 do not yield clean products. There seems to be no limitation to the number and types of amino acids present as 18 canonical amino acids were successfully implemented. We also observed that azides at the peptide termini and cysteine residues in the center gave better results than compounds with the functional groups placed the other way round.
Carbonylative Coupling of Alkyl Zinc Reagents with Benzyl Bromides Catalyzed by a Nickel/NN2 Pincer Ligand Complex
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Donslund Aske S. , Neumann Karoline T. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: November 2017

An efficient catalytic protocol for the three‐component assembly of benzyl bromides, carbon monoxide, and alkyl zinc reagents to give benzyl alkyl ketones is described, and represents the first nickel‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of two sp3‐carbon fragments. The method, which relies on the application of nickel complexed with an NN2‐type pincer ligand and a controlled release of CO gas from a solid precursor, works well with a range of benzylic bromides. Mechanistic studies suggest the intermediacy of carbon‐centered radicals.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Diborylation of 1,1‐disubstituted Vinylarenes: A Practical Route to Branchedgem‐Bis(boryl)alkanes
Authors: Teo Wei Jie , Ge Shaozhong
Published: November 2017

We report the first catalytic diborylation of 1,1‐disubstituted vinylarenes with pinacolborane using a cobalt catalyst generated from bench‐stable Co(acac)2and xantphos. A wide range of 1,1‐disubstituted vinylarenes underwent this transformation to produce the correspondinggem‐bis(boryl)alkanes in modest to high yields. This cobalt‐catalyzed reaction can be readily conducted on a gram scale without the use of a dry box and represents a practical and effective approach to prepare a wide range of branchedgem‐bis(boryl)alkanes.
Total Synthesis of (6R,10R,13R,14R,16R,17R,19S,20R,21R,24S, 25S,28S,30S,32R,33R,34R,36S,37S,39R)‐Azaspiracid‐3 Reveals Non‐Identity with the Natural Product
Authors: Kenton Nathaniel T. , Adu‐Ampratwum Daniel , Okumu Antony A. , Zhang Zhigao , Chen Yong , Nguyen Son , Xu Jianyan , Ding Yue , McCarron Pearse , Kilcoyne Jane , Rise Frode , Wilkins Alistair L. , Miles Christopher O. , Forsyth Craig J.
Published: November 2017

A convergent and stereoselective total synthesis of the previously assigned structure of azaspiracid‐3 has been achieved by a late‐stage Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi coupling to form the C21−C22 bond with the C20 configuration unambiguously established from l‐(+)‐tartaric acid. Postcoupling steps involved oxidation to an ynone, modified Stryker reduction of the alkyne, global deprotection, and oxidation of the resulting C1 primary alcohol to the carboxylic acid. The synthetic product matched naturally occurring azaspiracid‐3 by mass spectrometry, but differed both chromatographically and spectroscopically.
Exploring Tetrathiafulvalene–Carbon Nanodot Conjugates in Charge Transfer Reactions
Authors: Ferrer‐Ruiz Andrés , Scharl Tobias , Haines Philipp , Rodríguez‐Pérez Laura , Cadranel Alejandro , Herranz M. Ángeles , Guldi Dirk M. , Martín Nazario
Published: November 2017

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) were synthesized using low‐cost and biocompatible starting materials such as citric acid/urea, under microwave irradiation, and constant pressure conditions. The obtained pressure‐synthesized CNDs (pCNDs) were covalently modified with photo‐ and electroactive π‐extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) by means of a two‐step esterification reaction, affording pCND‐exTTF. The electronic interactions between the pCNDs and exTTF were investigated in the ground and excited states. Ultrafast pump–probe experiments assisted in corroborating that charge separation governs the deactivation of photoexcited pCND‐exTTF. These size‐regular structures, as revealed by AFM, are stable electron donor–acceptor conjugates of interest for a better understanding of basic processes such as artificial photosynthesis, catalysis, and photovoltaics, involving readily available fluorescent nanodots.
The Narrowest Band Gap Ever Observed in Molecular Ferroelectrics: Hexane‐1,6‐diammonium Pentaiodobismuth(III)
Authors: Zhang Han‐Yue , Wei Zhenhong , Li Peng‐Fei , Tang Yuan‐Yuan , Liao Wei‐Qiang , Ye Heng‐Yun , Cai Hu , Xiong Ren‐Gen
Published: November 2017

Narrow band gaps and excellent ferroelectricity are intrinsically paradoxical in ferroelectrics as the leakage current caused by an increase in the number of thermally excited carriers will lead to a deterioration of ferroelectricity. A new molecular ferroelectric, hexane‐1,6‐diammonium pentaiodobismuth (HDA‐BiI5), was now developed through band gap engineering of organic–inorganic hybrid materials. It features an intrinsic band gap of 1.89 eV, and thus represents the first molecular ferroelectric with a band gap of less than 2.0 eV. Simultaneously, low‐temperature solution processing was successfully applied to fabricate high‐quality ferroelectric thin films based on HDA‐BiI5, for which high‐precision controllable domain flips were realized. Owing to its narrow band gap and excellent ferroelectricity, HDA‐BiI5 can be considered as a milestone in the exploitation of molecular ferroelectrics, with promising applications in high‐density data storage and photovoltaic conversion.
Triple Bonds Between Iron and Heavier Group 15 Elements in AFe(CO)3− (A=As, Sb, Bi) Complexes
Authors: Wang Jia‐Qi , Chi Chaoxian , Hu Han‐Shi , Meng Luyan , Luo Mingbiao , Li Jun , Zhou Mingfei
Published: November 2017

Heteronuclear transition‐metal–main‐group‐element carbonyl complexes of AsFe(CO)3−, SbFe(CO)3−, and BiFe(CO)3− were produced by a laser vaporization supersonic ion source in the gas phase, and were studied by mass‐selected IR photodissociation spectroscopy and advanced quantum chemistry methods. These complexes have C3v structures with all of the carbonyl ligands bonded on the iron center, and feature covalent triple bonds between bare Group 15 elements and Fe(CO)3−. Chemical bonding analyses on the whole series of AFe(CO)3− (A=N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc) complexes indicate that the valence orbitals involved in the triple bonds are hybridized 3d and 4p atomic orbitals of iron, leading to an unusual (dp–p) type of transition‐metal–main‐group‐element multiple bonding. The σ‐type three‐orbital interaction between Fe 3d/4p and Group 15 np valence orbitals plays an important role in the bonding and stability of the heavier AFe(CO)3− (A=As, Sb, Bi) complexes.
A Vinyl Sulfone‐Based Fluorogenic Probe Capable of Selective Labeling of PHGDH in Live Mammalian Cells
Authors: Pan Sijun , Jang Se‐Young , Liew Si Si , Fu Jiaqi , Wang Danyang , Lee Jun‐Seok , Yao Shao Q.
Published: November 2017

Chemical probes are powerful tools for interrogating small molecule‐target interactions. With additional fluorescence Turn‐ON functionality, such probes might enable direct measurements of target engagement in live mammalian cells. DNS‐pE (and its terminal alkyne‐containing version DNS‐pE2) is the first small molecule that can selectively label endogenous 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) from various mammalian cells. Endowed with an electrophilic vinyl sulfone moiety that possesses fluorescence‐quenching properties, DNS‐pE/DNS‐pE2 became highly fluorescent only upon irreversible covalent modification of PHGDH. With an inhibitory property (in vitro Ki=7.4 μm) comparable to that of known PHGDH inhibitors, our probes thus offer a promising approach to simultaneously image endogenous PHGDH activities and study its target engagement in live‐cell settings.
Stereochemical Definition of the Natural Product (6R,10R,13R, 14R,16R,17R,19S,20S,21R,24S,25S,28S,30S,32R,33R,34R,36S,37S,39R)‐Azaspiracid‐3 by Total Synthesis and Comparative Analyses
Authors: Kenton Nathaniel T. , Adu‐Ampratwum Daniel , Okumu Antony A. , McCarron Pearse , Kilcoyne Jane , Rise Frode , Wilkins Alistair L. , Miles Christopher O. , Forsyth Craig J.
Published: November 2017

The previously accepted structure of the marine toxin azaspiracid‐3 is revised based upon an original convergent and stereoselective total synthesis of the natural product. The development of a structural revision hypothesis, its testing, and corroboration are reported. Synthetic (6R,10R,13R,14R,16R,17R,19S,20S,21R,24S,25S,28S,30S,32R, 33R,34R,36S,37S,39R)‐azaspiracid‐3 chromatographically and spectroscopically matched naturally occurring azaspiracid‐3, whereas the previously assigned 20R epimer did not.
Uncatalyzed, Regioselective Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons in an Ambient Corona Discharge
Authors: Ayrton Stephen T. , Jones Rhys , Douce David S. , Morris Mike R. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: November 2017

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in air or in nitrogen with just traces of oxygen is shown to yield regioselective oxidation, dehydrogenation, and fragmentation of alkanes. Ozone is produced from ambient oxygen in situ and is responsible for the observed ion chemistry, which includes partial oxidation to ketones and C−C cleavage to give aldehydes. The mechanism of oxidation is explored and relationships between ionic species produced from individual alkanes are established. Unusually, dehydrogenation occurs by water loss. Competitive incorporation into the hydrocarbon chain of nitrogen versus oxygen as a mode of ionization is also demonstrated.
Total Syntheses of Daphenylline, Daphnipaxianine A, and Himalenine D
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Wenhao , Ren Lu , Li Jian , Li Ang
Published: November 2017

We report the total syntheses of daphenylline (1), daphnipaxianine A (5), and himalenine D (6), three Daphniphyllum alkaloids from the calyciphylline A subfamily. A pentacyclic triketone was prepared by using atom‐transfer radical cyclization and the Lu [3+2] cycloaddition as key steps. Inspired by the proposed biosynthetic relationship between 1 and another calyciphylline A type alkaloid, we developed a ring‐expansion/aromatization/aldol cascade to construct the tetrasubstituted benzene moiety of 1. The versatile triketone intermediate was also elaborated into 5 and 6 through a C=C bond migration/aldol cyclization approach.
CD4+ and B Lymphocyte Expression Quantitative Traits at Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Loci in Patients With Untreated Early Arthritis
Authors: Thalayasingam Nishanthi , Nair Nisha , Skelton Andrew J. , Massey Jonathan , Anderson Amy E. , Clark Alexander D. , Diboll Julie , Lendrem Dennis W. , Reynard Louise N. , Cordell Heather J. , Eyre Stephen , Isaacs John D. , Barton Anne , Pratt Arthur G.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a genetically complex disease of immune dysregulation. This study sought to gain further insight into the genetic risk mechanisms of RA by conducting an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of confirmed genetic risk loci in CD4+ T cells and B cells from carefully phenotyped patients with early arthritis who were naive to therapeutic immunomodulation.

Methods

RNA and DNA were isolated from purified B and/or CD4+ T cells obtained from the peripheral blood of 344 patients with early arthritis. Genotyping and global gene expression measurements were carried out using Illumina BeadChip microarrays. Variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with non‐HLA RA single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (defined as r2 ≥ 0.8) were analyzed, seeking evidence of cis‐ or trans‐eQTLs according to whether the associated probes were or were not within 4 Mb of these LD blocks.

Results

Genes subject to cis‐eQTL effects that were common to both CD4+ and B lymphocytes at RA risk loci were FADS1, FADS2, BLK, FCRL3, ORMDL3, PPIL3, and GSDMB. In contrast, those acting on METTL21B, JAZF1, IKZF3, and PADI4 were unique to CD4+ lymphocytes, with the latter candidate risk gene being identified for the first time in this cell subset. B lymphocyte–specific eQTLs for SYNGR1 and CD83 were also found. At the 8p23 BLK–FAM167A locus, adjacent genes were subject to eQTLs whose activity differed markedly between cell types; in particular, the FAM167A effect displayed striking B lymphocyte specificity. No trans‐eQTLs approached experiment‐wide significance, and linear modeling did not identify a significant influence of biologic covariates on cis‐eQTL effect sizes.

Conclusion

These findings further refine the understanding of candidate causal genes in RA pathogenesis, thus providing an important platform from which downstream functional studies, directed toward particular cell types, may be prioritized.
Polyoxometalate and Resin‐Derived P‐Doped Mo2C@N‐Doped Carbon as a Highly Efficient Hydrogen‐Evolution Reaction Catalyst at All pH Values
Authors: Yan Gang , Feng Xiaojia , Khan Shifa Ullah , Xiao Liguang , Xi Wenguang , Tan Huaqiao , Ma Yuanyuan , Zhang Lunan , Li Yangguang
Published: November 2017

A new type of P‐doped Mo2C coated by N‐doped carbon (P‐Mo2C@NC) has been successfully prepared by calcining a mixture of H3[PMo12O40] polyoxometalates (POMs) and urea‐formaldehyde resin under an N2 atmosphere. Urea‐formaldehyde resin not only serves as the carbon source to ensure carbonization but also facilitates the uniform distribution of POM precursors, which efficiently avoid the aggregation of Mo2C particles at high temperatures. TEM analysis revealed that the average diameter of the Mo2C particles was about 10 nm, which is coated by a few‐layer N‐doped carbon sheet. The as‐prepared P‐Mo2C@NC displayed excellent hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) performance and long‐term stability in all pH environments. To reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2, only 109, 159, and 83 mV were needed for P‐Mo2C@NC in 0.5 m H2SO4 (pH 0), 0.1 m phosphate buffer (pH 7), and 1 m KOH (pH 14), respectively. This could provide a high‐yield and low‐cost method to prepare uniform nanosized molybdenum carbides with highly efficient and stable HER performance.
Robust Optimal Control of Nonlinear Systems With System Disturbance During Feedback Disruption
Authors: Oh Sang‐Young , Choi Ho‐Lim
Published: November 2017

In this paper, a robust optimal control problem of nonlinear systems with system disturbance during feedback disruption is considered. This is an extended work of previous time‐delay optimal control results, by adding external disturbance in the considered system. It is shown that there exists an optimal input signal which keeps the performance error within the specified bound for the longest time. Then, it is shown that such an optimal input signal can be approximated by an implementable bang‐bang input signal in terms of control performance. Two examples are given for illustration.
Robust Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Based on Passivity Theory
Authors: Mocanu Razvan , Onea Alexandru
Published: November 2017

This paper presents a robust control strategy for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) based on passivity theory. Pre‐control terms ensure robustness to variation of parameters. The nominal electrical and mechanical dynamics are treated separately and a cascade structure is obtained. A comparative analysis is done in Matlab‐Simulink with a Simple Adaptive Control (SAC) strategy in terms of settling time, stationary error, time response and energy efficiency. Improvements of the proposed Passivity Based Control (PBC) strategy are shown in comparison with some other PBC controllers.
Axisymmetric and spherical sources of Majumdar–Papapetrou type spacetimes
Authors: García‐Reyes G.
Published: November 2017

From a Newtonian potential–density pair we construct axisymmetric and spherical relativistic sources for a Majumdar–Papapetrou type conformastatic spacetime. As a first example, we considerer a family of Plummer–Hernquist type relativistic spherical sources, and as a second application we construct relativistic galaxy models from the Miyamoto–Nagai potential–density pair. The models also include dark matter. We study the equatorial circular motion of test particles around such configurations. Also, the stability of the orbits is analyzed for radial perturbation using an extension of the Rayleigh criterion. The models considered satisfy all the energy conditions.
Magnetized and rotating white dwarfs within Hartle's formalism in general relativity
Authors: Alvear Terrero D. , Manreza Paret D. , Pérez Martínez A.
Published: November 2017

Magnetized equations of state are considered to study rotating white dwarfs within Hartle's formalism by solving the field equations that describe the equilibrium configurations in the slow rotation approximation. In particular, we discuss the effects on the mass, angular velocity, moment of inertia, and deformation. Rotation effects decrease with the density, and the mass increases by about 7% with respect to the static counterpart. The magnetic field produces slight changes with respect to the corresponding nonmagnetized configuration, while perpendicular and parallel pressure solutions differ even for low values of the magnetic field.
The adenosine A2A receptor agonist, CGS 21680, attenuates a probabilistic reversal learning deficit and elevated grooming behavior in BTBR mice
Authors: Amodeo Dionisio A. , Cuevas Laura , Dunn Jeffrey T. , Sweeney John A. , Ragozzino Michael E.
Published: November 2017

Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a defining feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date there are limited options for treating this core symptomology. Treatments that stimulate adenosine A2A receptors may represent a promising approach for reducing RRBs in ASD. This is because A2A receptors are expressed on striatal neurons of the basal ganglia indirect pathway. Under activation of this pathway has been associated with RRBs while activation of A2A receptors leads to increased activity of the indirect basal ganglia pathway. The present studies investigated whether acute, systemic treatment with CGS21680, an A2A receptor agonist attenuates elevated self‐grooming and a probabilistic reversal learning deficit in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse model of idiopathic autism. The effects of this treatment were also investigated in C57BL/6J (B6) mice as a comparison strain. Using a spatial reversal learning test with 80/20 probabilistic feedback, comparable to one in which ASD individuals exhibit deficits, CGS 21680 (0.005 and 0.01mg/kg) attenuated a reversal learning deficit in BTBR mice. Enhancement in probabilistic reversal learning performance resulted from CGS 21680 improving the consistent maintenance of new adaptive behavioral choice patterns after reversal. CGS 21680 at 0.01 mg, but not 0.005 mg, also reduced self‐grooming behavior in BTBR mice. CGS 21680 did not affect self‐grooming or reversal learning in B6 mice. These findings demonstrate that A2A receptor agonists may be a promising receptor target in the treatment of RRBs in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 223–233. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The present experiments determined whether the drug, CGS 21680, that facilitates activation of adenosine A2A receptors in the brain, would reduce repetitive and inflexible behaviors in the BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism. CGS 21680 treatment in BTBR mice reduced repetitive and inflexible behaviors. In the control C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strain, CGS 21680 did not affect performance. These findings suggest that stimulation of brain adenosine A2A receptors may be a promising therapeutic strategy in ASD.
A detailed characterization of congenital defects and mortality following moderate X‐ray doses during neurulation
Authors: Craenen Kai , Verslegers Mieke , Buset Jasmine , Baatout Sarah , Moons Lieve , Benotmane Mohammed Abderrafi
Published: November 2017

Background

Both epidemiological and animal studies have previously indicated a link between in utero radiation exposure and birth defects such as microphthalmos, anophthalmos, and exencephaly. However, detailed knowledge on embryonic radiosensitivity during different stages of neurulation is limited, especially in terms of neural tube defect and eye defect development.

Methods

To assess the most radiosensitive stage during neurulation, pregnant C57BL6/J mice were X‐irradiated (0.5 Gy or 1.0 Gy) at embryonic days (E)7, E7.5, E8, E8.5, or E9. Next, the fetuses were scored macroscopically for various defects and prenatal resorptions/deaths were counted. In addition, cranial skeletal development was ascertained using the alcian‐alizarin method. Furthermore, postnatal/young adult survival was followed until 5 weeks (W5) of age, after X‐irradiation at E7.5 (0.1 Gy, 0.5 Gy, or 1.0 Gy). In addition, body and brain weights were registered at adult age (W10) following X‐ray exposure at E7.5 (0.1 Gy, 0.5 Gy).

Results

Several malformations, including microphthalmos and exencephaly, were most evident after irradiation at E7.5, with significance starting respectively at 0.5 Gy and 1.0 Gy. Prenatal mortality and weight were significantly affected in all irradiated groups. Long‐term follow‐up of E7.5 irradiated animals revealed a reduction in survival at 5 weeks of age after high dose exposure (1.0 Gy), while lower doses (0.5 Gy, 0.1 Gy) did not affect brain and body weight at postnatal week 10.

Conclusions

With this study, we gained more insight in radiosensitivity throughout neurulation, and offered a better defined model to further study radiation‐induced malformations and the underlying mechanisms.
Genetic susceptibility to thalidomide embryopathy in humans: Study of candidate development genes
Authors: Gomes Julia do Amaral , Kowalski Thayne Woycinck , Fraga Lucas Rosa , Tovo‐Rodrigues Luciana , Sanseverino Maria Teresa Vieira , Schuler‐Faccini Lavínia , Vianna Fernanda Sales Luiz
Published: November 2017

Thalidomide is a drug used worldwide for several indications, but the molecular mechanisms of its teratogenic property are not fully understood. Studies in animal models suggest the oxidative stress, the inhibition of angiogenesis, and the binding to E3‐ubiquitin ligase complex as mechanisms by which thalidomide can change the expression of genes important to embryonic development. In this study, seven polymorphisms in genes related to development (FGF8, FGF10, BMP4, SHH, TP53, TP63, and TP73) were analyzed in people with thalidomide embryopathy (TE) and compared to people without malformations. The sample consisted of 36 people with TE and 135 unrelated and nonsyndromic people who had their DNA genotyped by PCR real‐time. Although no allelic or genotypic differences were observed between the groups, we hypothesized that other regions in these genes and related genes may play an important role in thalidomide teratogenesis, which is known to have a genetic contribution. Identifying such molecular mechanisms is essential for the development of a molecule that will be analogue to thalidomide but safe enough to avoid the emergence of new cases of TE.
Teaching college students to pour accurately using behavioral skills training: Evaluation of the effects of peer modeling
Authors: Hankla Molly E. , Kohn Carolynn S. , Normand Matthew P.
Published: November 2017

Excessive alcohol consumption among college students is a serious problem. Alcohol education courses, during which students are taught to free‐pour accurate servings of alcohol, have been proposed as one strategy to reduce this problem. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of peer models on free‐pour skill maintenance. We used a nonconcurrent multiple‐baseline across subjects design to assess the effects of peer modeling on maintenance of college students' (N = 19) pouring skills of a standard serving of beer immediately following Behavioral Skills Training (BST). Results indicated participants who inaccurately poured a standard serving of beer at baseline (n = 17) accurately poured following receipt of BST, and all participants (N = 19) maintained accurate pouring in the presence of peer confederate models who poured inaccurately or accurately. Results suggest BST is an efficient (i.e., low to no‐cost, requires no sophisticated laboratory space or software, and makes use of available and affordable materials) and effective tool for teaching college students to pour standard servings of beer and that the immediate introduction of inaccurately pouring peer models has little or no effect on skill maintenance.
Interactions between protein molecules and the virus removal membrane surface: Effects of immunoglobulin G adsorption and conformational changes on filter performance
Authors: Hamamoto Ryo , Ito Hidemi , Hirohara Makoto , Chang Ryongsok , Hongo‐Hirasaki Tomoko , Hayashi Tomohiro
Published: November 2017

Membrane fouling commonly occurs in all filter types during virus filtration in protein‐based biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Mechanisms of decline in virus filter performance due to membrane fouling were investigated using a cellulose‐based virus filter as a model membrane. Filter performance was critically dependent on solution conditions; specifically, ionic strength. To understand the interaction between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cellulose, sensors coated with cellulose were fabricated for surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance with energy dissipation measurements. The primary cause of flux decline appeared to be irreversible IgG adsorption on the surface of the virus filter membrane. In particular, post‐adsorption conformational changes in the IgG molecules promoted further irreversible IgG adsorption, a finding that could not be adequately explained by DLVO theory. Analyses of adsorption and desorption and conformational changes in IgG molecules on cellulose surfaces mimicking cellulose‐based virus removal membranes provide an effective approach for identifying ways of optimizing solution conditions to maximize virus filter performance. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:379–386, 2018
Sulfanilic acid‐modified chitosan mini‐spheres and their application for lysozyme purification from egg white
Authors: Hirsch Daniela B. , Baieli María F. , Urtasun Nicolás , Lázaro‐ Martínez Juan M. , Glisoni Romina J. , Miranda María V. , Cascone Osvaldo , Wolman Federico J.
Published: November 2017

A cation exchange matrix with zwitterionic and multimodal properties was synthesized by a simple reaction sequence coupling sulfanilic acid to a chitosan based support. The novel chromatographic matrix was physico‐chemically characterized by ss‐NMR and ζ potential, and its chromatographic performance was evaluated for lysozyme purification from diluted egg white. The maximum adsorption capacity, calculated according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm, was 50.07 ± 1.47 mg g−1 while the dissociation constant was 0.074 ± 0.012 mg mL−1. The process for lysozyme purification from egg white was optimized, with 81.9% yield and a purity degree of 86.5%, according to RP‐HPLC analysis. This work shows novel possible applications of chitosan based materials. The simple synthesis reactions combined with the simple mode of use of the chitosan matrix represents a novel method to purify proteins from raw starting materials. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:387–396, 2018
Bispecific antibody process development: Assembly and purification of knob and hole bispecific antibodies
Authors: Giese Glen , Williams Ambrose , Rodriguez Maricel , Persson Josefine
Published: November 2017

Production of knob and hole dual light chain bispecific antibodies poses several unique challenges for development of a feasible industrial scale manufacturing process. We developed an efficient process for the assembly and purification of knob and hole dual light chain bispecific antibodies. Two distinct half‐antibodies targeting two different antigens were expressed separately in Escherichia coli cells and captured independently using Protein A chromatography. When combined, the knob and hole mutations in the CH3 domains promoted heterodimer formation. The hinge region disulfides were reduced and reoxidized to form the disulfide bridge between the two complementary half antibodies. Unreacted half antibodies, noncovalently linked homodimers, covalently linked homodimers, and noncovalently linked heterodimers are impurities closely related to the product of interest and are challenging to remove by standard processes. Characterization of the molecular properties of the half antibodies and high‐throughput screening predicted column chromatography performance and allowed for rapid development of downstream purification steps for removal of unique product‐related and process‐related impurities. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:397–404, 2018
Pseudomonas fluorescensStrain R124 Encodes Three Different MIO Enzymes
Authors: Csuka Pál , Juhász Vivien , Kohári Szabolcs , Filip Alina , Varga Andrea , Sátorhelyi Péter , Bencze László Csaba , Barton Hazel , Paizs Csaba , Poppe László
Published: November 2017

A number of class I lyase‐like enzymes, including aromatic ammonia‐lyases and aromatic 2,3‐aminomutases, contain the electrophilic 3,5‐dihydro‐5‐methylidene‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐one (MIO) catalytic moiety. This study reveals thatPseudomonas fluorescensR124 strain isolated from a nutrient‐limited cave encodes a histidine ammonia‐lyase, a tyrosine/phenylalanine/histidine ammonia‐lyase (XAL), and a phenylalanine 2,3‐aminomutase (PAM), and demonstrates that an organism under nitrogen‐limited conditions can develop novel nitrogen fixation and transformation pathways to enrich the possibility of nitrogen metabolism by gaining a PAM through horizontal gene transfer. The novel MIO enzymes are potential biocatalysts in the synthesis of enantiopure unnatural amino acids. The broad substrate acceptance and high thermal stability ofPfXAL indicate that this enzyme is highly suitable for biocatalysis.
Silencing of gelatinase expression delays myoblast differentiation in vitro
Authors: Nowak Eliza , Gawor Marta , Ciemerych Maria Anna , Zimowska Malgorzata
Published: November 2017

Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration relies on the activation of muscle specific stem cells, that is, satellite cells. The activation and differentiation of satellite cells into myoblasts, as well as their migration, proliferation, and fusion of mononuclear myoblasts into a functional multi‐nucleated muscle fiber, are associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis and degradation. The extracellular environment is dynamically adapting to the changes accompanying skeletal muscle growth or repair. Enzymes engaged in many biological processes that involve ECM remodeling are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Among metalloproteinases crucial for skeletal muscles are two gelatinases—MMP‐9 and MMP‐2. In the current study we test the effect of silencing the MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 expression on the proliferation and differentiation of in vitro cultured skeletal muscle myoblasts. We show that downregulating gelatinase MMP‐9 expression results in a delayed myoblast differentiation.
Prognostic value of urinary 11‐dehydro‐thromboxane B2 for mortality: A cohort study of stable coronary artery disease patients treated with aspirin
Authors: Vasudevan Anupama , Tecson Kristen M. , Bennett‐Firmin Jeanna , Bottiglieri Teodoro , Lopez Luis R. , Peterson Margarita , Sathyamoorthy Mohanakrishnan , Schiffmann Raphael , Schussler Jeffrey M. , Swift Caren , Velasco Carlos E. , McCullough Peter A.
Published: November 2017

Aim

There is a variable cardiovascular risk reduction attributable to aspirin because of individual differences in the suppression of thromboxane A2 and its downstream metabolite 11‐dehydro‐thromboxane B2 (11dhTxB2). The aim of this study is to evaluate the optimal cut point of urinary 11dhTxB2 for the risk of mortality in aspirin‐treated coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

Methods and Results

This was a prospective cohort study including stable CAD patients who visited the Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital in Dallas or the Texas Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, TX between 2010 and 2013. The outcome of all‐cause mortality was ascertained from chart review and automated sources.

The 449 patients included in this analysis had a mean age of 66.1 ± 10.1 years. 67 (14.9%) patients died within 5 years; 56 (87.5%) of the 64 patients with known cause of death suffered a cardiovascular related mortality. Baseline ln(urinary 11dhTxB2/creatinine) ranged between 5.8 and 11.1 (median = 7.2) with the higher concentrations among those who died (median: 7.6) than those who survived (median = 7.2, P < 0.001). Using baseline ln(11dhTxB2) to predict all‐cause mortality, the area under the curve was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.64–0.76). The optimal cut point was found to be ln(7.38) = 1597.8 pg/mg, which had the following decision statistics: sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.62, positive predictive value = 0.24, negative predictive value = 0.92, and accuracy = 0.63.

Conclusion

Our data indicate the optimal cut point for urine 11dhTxB2 is 1597.8 (pg/mg) for the risk prediction of mortality over five years in stable patients with CAD patients treated with aspirin.
Development and Elucidation of Superior Turnover Rates and Selectivity of Supported Molecular Catalysts
Authors: Ye Rong , Liu Wen‐Chi , Han Hui‐Ling , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: November 2017

Supported molecular catalysts consist of nanomaterials immobilized on a solid support. Important factors that control catalyst properties (reactivity, product selectivity, and stability) include the structure and compositions of both nanomaterials and supports. This review focuses on recent studies of supported molecular catalysts with controlled activity and selectivity in our group. We will first introduce the development of previously unexplored supported molecular catalysts. We will demonstrate the controllable selectivity of catalysts based on acidified mesoporous silica, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), hydrogen‐activated tungsten oxides, and noble metal doped MnxOy/Na2WO4 catalyst supported on mesoporous silica. We will then discuss advanced characterization techniques under reaction conditions, which offer mechanistic explanations of activity and selectivity of supported molecular catalysts. The applications of chemical transient kinetics (CTK) analysis, ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and sum‐frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG‐VS) are discussed. Next, we will describe new insights into catalysis at the nanoparticle‐support interfaces, which are catalytic environments unique to supported molecular catalysts. Examples include reactions at oxide‐metal interfaces and alcohol oxidation reactions at solid–gas and solid–liquid interfaces. Lastly, we will discuss heterogenized homogeneous catalysts and heterogenized enzyme catalysts as future directions of supported molecular catalysts.
Ru–Zn/ZrO2 Nanocomposite Catalysts Fabricated by Galvanic Replacement for Benzene Partial Hydrogenation
Authors: Zhou Gongbing , Wang Hao , Tian Jing , Pei Yan , Fan Kangnian , Qiao Minghua , Sun Bin , Zong Baoning
Published: November 2017

A strategy based on galvanic replacement between metallic Zn and Ru salt followed by acid treatment was developed to fabricate supported Ru–Zn/ZrO2 nanocomposite catalysts with controlled contents of Zn for the benzene partial hydrogenation to cyclohexene. The catalysts were systematically characterized by techniques such as extended X‐ray absorption fine structure, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In benzene partial hydrogenation, with the decrease in the content of Zn, the turnover frequency (TOF) of benzene increased monotonically, whereas the selectivity to cyclohexene evolved in a volcanic trend, passing through a maximum of 72 %. Kinetic analysis indicated that with the depletion of Zn, the rate constant for benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexene and that for cyclohexene hydrogenation to cyclohexane increased simultaneously, but the extents of the increments were at variance. It was identified that the ratios of the rate constants were in parallel with the change in the selectivity to cyclohexene, which is attributed to the electronic effect of metallic Zn that modifies the interactions of Ru with benzene and cyclohexene.