bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Proline Derivatives from Allylamines via Domino Hydroformylation/Wittig Olefination and Aza‐Michael Addition
Authors: Farwick Andreas , Helmchen Günter
Published: March 2010

Under appropriate reaction conditions, a domino hydroformylation/Wittig olefination can be accomplished with derivatives of allylamines and stabilized Wittig ylides. A further highly diastereoselective aza‐Michael reaction yields β‐proline derivatives. These are, for example, useful as building blocks for alkaloid syntheses.
Numerical simulation of cone‐jet formation in electrohydrodynamic atomization
Authors: Lim Liang Kuang , Hua Jinsong , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Smith Kenneth A.
Published: March 2010

Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) process has received more research attention in recent years due to its potential to generate monodisperse droplets of low electric conductivity. It is reported that the EHDA process can be fine‐tuned by adjusting the electrical field strength by an additional ring electrode near the nozzle tip to control both the spray mode and the droplet size. In the present study, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD)‐based front tracking/finite volume method has been used to investigate numerically the effect of the secondary electric field source and the ring electrode on the EHDA process. The full Navier–Stokes equations are solved for both the liquid phase and the ambient air near the nozzle tip, and the liquid–air interface is monitored using a front tracking approach. At the interface, both the surface tension and the electrical stress due to surface charging and the applied electric field are taken into account. Because of the large dimension difference between the Taylor cone and the liquid jet, the simulations involve two drastically different length scales for describing the dynamic of the entire process. To accurately include the effect of the ring electrode, the electrical field distribution is first calculated over a domain large enough to enclose all key components of the EHDA process. Subsequently, the calculated electrical field in the large domain is integrated with the detailed CFD analysis on a small domain near the region of the nozzle tip. The formations of the Taylor cone, liquid jet, and droplets are successfully simulated and compared with experimental results with reasonable agreement. The numerical simulation method proposed in this article can be used as a platform for the investigation, analysis, and optimization of electrohydrodynamic atomization process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A functional variant provided further evidence for the association of ARVCF with schizophrenia
Authors: Mas Sergi , Bernardo Miquel , Gassó Patricia , Álvarez Santi , Garcia‐Rizo Clemente , Bioque Miquel , Kirkpatrick Brian , Lafuente Amalia
Published: March 2010

In a previous linkage disequilibrium mapping study, in the 3′ end of ARVCF, we identified one intronic SNP rs165849 and one haplotype block associated with schizophrenia and related disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore whether functional genetic variants in the exonic regions of ARVCF included in this haplotype block are responsible for the association observed. To achieve this objective (1) the nine exons included in this haplotype block were resequenced in a group of 242 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders (Case 1). The SNPs identified were genotyped in a hospital‐based control group of 373 subjects (Control 1) and an association study was performed. (2) The SNPs showing significant association in this analysis were genotyped in a new group of 102 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders (Case 2) and in a new group of 111 healthy subjects (Control 2). Three dbSNPs (rs35219372, rs5993890, and rs165815) were identified when the nine exons of ARVCF were resequenced. rs165815 was associated with schizophrenia and related disorders (homozygote CC OR = 3.39, permutated P value = 0.02). When the groups of cases (1 and 2) and controls (1 and 2) were merged, the analysis confirmed the association observed (homozygote CC OR = 3.25 permutated P value = 0.02). Given the role of ARVCF proposed in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, our results further support the view that chromosome 22 contains a susceptibility gene, possibly ARVCF. The functional variant rs165815, which affects a critical region of ARVCF, is a considerable source of the genetic variability associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximum ingested food size in captive strepsirrhine primates: Scaling and the effects of diet
Authors: Perry Jonathan M.G. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam
Published: March 2010

Little is known about ingested food size (Vb) in primates, even though this variable has potentially important effects on food intake and processing. This study provides the first data on Vb in strepsirrhine primates using a captive sample of 17 species. These data can be used for generating and testing models of feeding energetics. Strepsirrhines are of interest because they are hypometabolic and chewing rate and daily feeding time do not show a significant scaling relationship with body size. Using melon, carrot, and sweet potato we found that maximum Vb scales isometrically with body mass and mandible length. Low dietary quality in larger strepsirrhines might explain why Vb increases with body size at a greater rate than does resting metabolic rate. Relative to body size, Vb is large in frugivores but small in folivores; furthermore scaling slopes are higher in frugivores than in folivores. A gross estimate of dietary quality explains much of the variation in Vb that is not explained by body size. Gape adaptations might favor habitually large bites for frugivores and small ones for folivores. More data are required for several feeding variables and for wild populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:625–635, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative evaluation of marine protein contribution in ancient diets based on nitrogen isotope ratios of individual amino acids in bone collagen: An investigation at the Kitakogane Jomon site
Authors: Naito Yuichi I. , Honch Noah V. , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Yoneda Minoru
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen stable isotopes analysis of individual bone collagen amino acids was applied to archeological samples as a new tool for assessing the composition of ancient human diets and calibrating radiocarbon dates. We used this technique to investigate human and faunal samples from the Kitakogane shell midden in Hokkaido, Japan (5,300–6,000 cal BP). Using compound‐specific nitrogen isotope analysis of individual amino acids, we aimed to estimate i) the quantitative contribution of marine and terrestrial protein to the human diet, and ii) the mean trophic level (TL) from which dietary protein was derived from marine ecosystems. Data were interpreted with reference to the amino acid trophic level (TLAA) model, which uses empirical amino acid δ15N from modern marine fauna to construct mathematical equations that predict the trophic position of organisms. The TLAA model produced realistic TL estimates for the Kitakogane marine animals. However, this model was not appropriate for the interpretation of human amino acid δ15N, as dietary protein is derived from both marine and terrestrial environments. Hence, we developed a series of relevant equations that considered the consumption of dietary resources from both ecosystems. Using these equations, the mean percentage of marine protein in the Kitakogane human diet was estimated to be 74%. Although this study is one of the first systematic investigations of amino acid δ15N in archeological bone collagen, we believe that this technique is extremely useful for TL reconstruction, palaeodietary interpretation, and the correction of marine reservoir effects for radiocarbon dating. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:31–40, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kreuzkupplungen von Organosiliciumverbindungen in der Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Liu Jack H.‐C.
Published: March 2010

Gegenüber anderen Varianten von übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen wurden solche mit siliciumorganischen Donoren in der Synthese von Naturstoffen bislang vergleichsweise wenig genutzt. Jüngere Fortschritte wie 1) die Entwicklung milder Reaktionsbedingungen, 2) die Ausweitung des Anwendungsbereichs auf eine größere Zahl von Substraten, 3) die Entwicklung von effizienten Verfahren zur stereoselektiven Einführung der Siliciumgruppe, 4) die Entwicklung zahlreicher sequenzieller Prozesse und 5) das Aufkommen von difunktionellen Bis(silyl)reagentien als Rückgrat für Syntheseprodukte, unterstreichen das heutige Niveau von Kreuzkupplungen mit Organosiliciumverbindungen. In den nachfolgenden Fallstudien wird die strategische Rolle, die Kreuzkupplungen mit Organosiliciumverbindungen bei der Bildung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen spielen, anhand ausgewählter Zielverbindungen erläutert.
Special electrical conductivity of carbon black‐filled two‐phased thermoplastic vulcanizates
Authors: Tian Hongchi , Tian Ming , Zou Hua , Dang Zhimin , Zhang Liqun
Published: March 2010

The electrical properties of carbon black (CB)‐filled two‐phased thermoplastic vulcanizates (based on ethylene‐propylene‐diene copolymer and polypropylene, TPV) were investigated in this article. The results showed that the composites had a singularity in electrical conductivity compared with CB‐filled polypropylene composites. Both the loading of CB and the concentration of rubber phase in TPV had the remarkable effect on electrical property of composites. The rubber particles in TPV presented unique and competitive effects in constructing CB electrical conducting network, namely exclusion and block effects. The percolation threshold value of composites apparently decreased with rubber phase content. However, percolation behavior of composites was weakened when rubber phase content was very high. The percolation behavior of composites with loading of CB is weakened apparently by rubber particles. When annealing the composites in the melt state, the resistance‐time dependence of composites was strongly affected by the pressure of mold annealing. Although air aging had a negligible effect on the electrical properties, the microstructure of the CB/TPV composites had changed during air aging. CB/TPV composite only exhibited the negative temperature coefficient behavior even though the temperature was in the melting region of polypropylene, which was mainly attributed to the exclusive effect brought by the thermal expansion of rubber particles. The special electrical properties of CB/TPV can find potential application in many fields. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Enhancement of the electrical properties of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) by the incorporation of silicon dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Yoon Sook , Park Hyung‐Ho
Published: March 2010

The electrical properties of a poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) conjugated polymer using silver (Ag) as a cathode were improved by the incorporation of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The current density of the Ag–PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite system was higher than that of Ag–PPV. A lower level of interfacial oxidation was found in the Ag–PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite than in Ag–PPV, confirming that a more complete elimination of residue occurred in the nanocomposite. This was due to the relatively large surface area of the PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite film and the hydrophilic surface of the SiO2 nanoparticles. The lower level of oxidation contributed to an improvement in the material's current–voltage characteristics. Morphology‐dependent current–voltage characteristics were enhanced by a large variation in the thickness of the Ag–PPV/SiO2 nanocomposite film because an increased effective field strength could be induced in the thinner regions of the film. The incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles altered the effective film thickness and the amount of residue in the interior of the PPV without disrupting the structure of the conjugated polymer. The Ag cathode created a stable interface with the PPV film layer without causing the formation of an organic–metal complex, which would have obstructed electron injection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Postsynthetic surface functionalization, encapsulation, and releasing studies of a novel polymer nanocapsule
Authors: Sridaeng Duangruthai , Weingart Jacob J. , Chantarasiri Nuanphun , Zhe Jiang , Hu J. Jack
Published: March 2010

Postsynthetic surface functionalizations of the amphiphilic poly(allyamine)‐g‐poly(t‐butylacrylate) nanocapsule of 50–100 nm diameters are reported. The hydrophobic poly(t‐butylacrylate) surface of the polymer nanocapsules were successfully functionalized with poly(acrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol). These new nanocapsules were investigated for their water dispersibility, encapsulation and controlled releasing properties with fluorescein, an anionic fluorescence probe, and 5‐fluorouacil, an anticancer drug as the model compounds. The postsynthetic surface funcitionalization approach of the cross‐linked polymer nanocapsules shows promise for improving the biocompatibility and aqueous dispersibility of the nanocapules without disrupting the encapsulation and releasing properties of the polymer nanocapsules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Linear time series models for term weighting in information retrieval
Authors: Efron Miles
Published: March 2010

Common measures of term importance in information retrieval (IR) rely on counts of term frequency; rare terms receive higher weight in document ranking than common terms receive. However, realistic scenarios yield additional information about terms in a collection. Of interest in this article is the temporal behavior of terms as a collection changes over time. We propose capturing each term's collection frequency at discrete time intervals over the lifespan of a corpus and analyzing the resulting time series. We hypothesize the collection frequency of a weakly discriminative term x at time t is predictable by a linear model of the term's prior observations. On the other hand, a linear time series model for a strong discriminators' collection frequency will yield a poor fit to the data. Operationalizing this hypothesis, we induce three time‐based measures of term importance and test these against state‐of‐the‐art term weighting models.
Rate‐Dependent Inverse‐Addition β‐Selective Mannosylation and Contiguous Sequential Glycosylation Involving β‐Mannosidic Bond Formation
Authors: Chang Shih‐Sheng , Shih Che‐Hao , Lai Kwun‐Cheng , Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony
Published: March 2010

The β‐selectivity of mannosylation has been found to be dependent on the addition rate of the mannosyl trichloroacetimidate donor in an inverse‐addition (I‐A) procedure. This rate dependent I‐A procedure can improve the selectivity of direct β‐mannosylation and is applicable to orthogonal glycosylations of thioglycoside acceptors. Further elaboration of this novel procedure enables the development of the contiguous sequential glycosylation strategy, which streamlines the preparation of oligosaccharides invoking β‐mannosidic bond formation. The synthetic utility of the contiguous glycosylation strategy was demonstrated by the preparation of the trisaccharide core of human N‐linked glycoproteins and the trisaccharide repeating unit of the O‐specific polysaccharide found in the cellular capsule of Salmonelle bacteria.
The plausibility of maternal nutritional status being a contributing factor to the risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: The potential influence of zinc status as an example
Authors: Keen Carl L. , Uriu‐Adams Janet Y. , Skalny Anatoly , Grabeklis Andrei , Grabeklis Sevil , Green Kerri , Yevtushok Lyubov , Wertelecki Wladimir W. , Chambers Christina D.
Published: March 2010

There is increasing evidence that human pregnancy outcome can be significantly compromised by suboptimal maternal nutritional status. Poor diet results in a maternal–fetal environment in which the teratogenicity of other insults such as alcohol might be amplified. As an example, there is evidence that zinc (Zn) can interact with maternal alcohol exposure to influence the risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Studies with experimental animals have shown that the teratogenicity of alcohol is increased under conditions of Zn deficiency, whereas its teratogenicity is lessened when animals are given Zn‐supplemented diets or Zn injections before the alcohol exposure. Alcohol can precipitate an acute‐phase response, resulting in a subsequent increase in maternal liver metallothionein, which can sequester Zn and lead to decreased Zn transfer to the fetus. Importantly, the teratogenicity of acute alcohol exposure is reduced in metallothionein knockout mice, which can have improved Zn transfer to the conceptus relative to wild‐type mice. Consistent with the above, Zn status has been reported to be low in alcoholic women at delivery. Preliminary data from two basic science and clinical nutritional studies that are ongoing as part of the international Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders support the potential role of Zn, among other nutritional factors, relative to risk for FASD. Importantly, the nutrient levels being examined in these studies are relevant to general clinical populations and represent suboptimal levels rather than severe deficiencies. These data suggest that moderate deficiencies in single nutrients can act as permissive factors for FASD, and that adequate nutritional status or intervention through supplementation may provide protection from some of the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Contrast media and clotting: What is the evidence?
Authors: Reiner Jonathan S.
Published: March 2010

The rapid development of percutaneous coronary and peripheral vascular interventional technologies and also noninvasive imaging systems has led to a dramatic increase in the number of patients receiving contrast media (CM). Although relatively uncommon, adverse events can occur following administration of contrast, including nuisance reactions (e.g., nausea and urticaria) and potentially severe complications, such as contrast‐induced nephropathy and thrombotic events. In this report, we review the evidence regarding the occurrence of thrombotic effects following iodinated CM administration during percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence‐based management of patients undergoing PCI: Stent controversies
Authors: Vetrovec George W.
Published: March 2010

Drug‐eluting stents reduce restenosis, particularly in uncomplicated lesions. Despite limited on‐label indications, drug‐eluting stents have been universally adopted. However, there have been early sporadic reports of stent thrombosis. This article will review the risk factors for stent thrombosis and will briefly discuss recent trials comparing the safety, efficacy, and mortality for bare‐metal and drug‐eluting stents. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Nanocomposites: A New Perspective in Catalysis
Authors: Zhu Yinghuai , Stubbs Ludger Paul , Ho Feny , Liu Rongzhen , Ship Chee Peng , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: March 2010

In recent years, the synthesis and applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted increasing interest in catalysis research, and MNP‐derived catalysts have been employed in such industrially important reactions as hydrogenation, hydroformylation, Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck couplings, and olefin metathesis. The hybrid nanocomposite species display sustainable catalytic activities and great advantages concerning catalyst recycling processes. A number of examples using these innovative hybrids in catalysis have been reported with promising results. This Minireview primarily addresses recent catalytic applications of magnetic nanocomposites, including a discussion of the synthetic methodologies that are commonly used.
Application of Material and Energy Flow Analysis in the Early Stages of Biotechnical Process Development – A Case Study
Authors: Brinkmann T. , Rubbeling H. , Fröhlich P. , Katzberg M. , Bertau M.
Published: March 2010

Biotechnical technologies are often viewed as generally green processes, since they operate at low temperatures and pressures. However, as shown by various comparative studies of chemical and biotechnical engineering processes, this view cannot be generalized. It is clear that sustainable assessment should be carried out in the early stages of process development, since these stages have a major influence on the economic and ecological performance of processes later at the industrial scale. One option to use as a basis for evaluating the potential advantages to developing a biotechnical process can be a material and energy flow analysis (MEFA) at an early stage. This article provides an understanding of MEFA in general and illustrates its successful application by means of two case studies.
Synthesis and Application of a New Fluorous‐Tagged Ammonia Equivalent
Authors: Nielsen Simon D. , Smith Garrick , Begtrup Mikael , Kristensen Jesper L.
Published: March 2010

A novel fluorous‐tagged ammonia equivalent has been developed. It is based on a nitrogen–oxygen bond, which can be cleaved in a traceless manner by a molybdenum complex or samarium diiodide. The application in the synthesis of ureas, amides, sulfonamides, and carbamates is described. The scope of the fluorous NO linker is exemplified by the synthesis of itopride, a drug used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Itopride was synthesized with the aid of fluorous purification methods and the product was isolated in good overall yield, with high purity.
Regenerated synapses in lamprey spinal cord are sparse and small even after functional recovery from injury
Authors: Oliphint Paul A. , Alieva Naila , Foldes Andrea E. , Tytell Eric D. , Lau Billy Y.‐B. , Pariseau Jenna S. , Cohen Avis H. , Morgan Jennifer R.
Published: March 2010

Despite the potential importance that synapse regeneration plays in restoring neuronal function after spinal cord injury (SCI), even the most basic questions about the morphology of regenerated synapses remain unanswered. Therefore, we set out to gain a better understanding of central synapse regeneration by examining the number, distribution, molecular composition, and ultrastructure of regenerated synapses under conditions in which behavioral recovery from SCI was robust. To do so, we used the giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons of lamprey spinal cord because they readily regenerate, are easily identifiable, and contain large synapses that serve as a classic model for vertebrate excitatory neurotransmission. Using a combination of light and electron microscopy, we found that regenerated giant RS synapses regained the basic structures and presynaptic organization observed at control giant RS synapses at a time when behavioral recovery was nearly complete. However, several obvious differences remained. Most strikingly, regenerated giant RS axons produced very few synapses. In addition, presynaptic sites within regenerated axons were less complex, had fewer vesicles, and had smaller active zones than normal. In contrast, the densities of presynapses and docked vesicles were nearly restored to control values. Thus, robust functional recovery from SCI can occur even when the structures of regenerated synapses are sparse and small, suggesting that functional recovery is due to a more complex set of compensatory changes throughout the spinal network. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2854–2872, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development‐based compartmentalization of the Drosophila central brain
Authors: Pereanu Wayne , Kumar Abilasha , Jennett Arnim , Reichert Heinrich , Hartenstein Volker
Published: March 2010

The neuropile of the Drosophila brain is subdivided into anatomically discrete compartments. Compartments are rich in terminal neurite branching and synapses; they are the neuropile domains in which signal processing takes place. Compartment boundaries are defined by more or less dense layers of glial cells as well as long neurite fascicles. These fascicles are formed during the larval period, when the approximately 100 neuronal lineages that constitute the Drosophila central brain differentiate. Each lineage forms an axon tract with a characteristic trajectory in the neuropile; groups of spatially related tracts congregate into the brain fascicles that can be followed from the larva throughout metamorphosis into the adult stage. Here we provide a map of the adult brain compartments and the relevant fascicles defining compartmental boundaries. We have identified the neuronal lineages contributing to each fascicle, which allowed us to compare compartments of the larval and adult brain directly. Most adult compartments can be recognized already in the early larval brain, where they form a “protomap” of the later adult compartments. Our analysis highlights the morphogenetic changes shaping the Drosophila brain; the data will be important for studies that link early‐acting genetic mechanisms to the adult neuronal structures and circuits controlled by these mechanisms. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2996–3023, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and mosaics of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cell types in mice
Authors: Berson David M. , Castrucci Ana Maria , Provencio Ignacio
Published: March 2010

Melanopsin is the photopigment of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Melanopsin immunoreactivity reveals two dendritic plexuses within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and morphologically heterogeneous retinal ganglion cells. Using enhanced immunohistochemistry, we provide a fuller description of murine cell types expressing melanopsin, their contribution to the plexuses of melanopsin dendrites, and mosaics formed by each type. M1 cells, corresponding to the originally described ganglion‐cell photoreceptors, occupy the ganglion cell or inner nuclear layers. Their large, sparsely branched arbors (mean diameter 275 μm) monostratify at the outer limit of the OFF sublayer. M2 cells also have large, monostratified dendritic arbors (mean diameter 310 μm), but ramify in the inner third of the IPL, within the ON sublayer. There are ≈900 M1 cells and 800 M2 cells per retina; each type comprises roughly 1–2% of all ganglion cells. The cell bodies of M1 cells are slightly smaller than those of M2 cells (mean diameters: 13 μm for M1, 15 μm for M2). Dendritic field overlap is extensive within each type (coverage factors ≈3.8 for M1 and 4.6 for M2 cells). Rare bistratified cells deploy terminal dendrites within both melanopsin‐immunoreactive plexuses. Because these are too sparsely distributed to permit complete retinal tiling, they lack a key feature of true ganglion cell types and may be anomalous hybrids of the M1 and M2 types. Finally, we observed weak melanopsin immunoreactivity in other ganglion cells, mostly with large somata, that may constitute one or more additional types of melanopsin‐expressing cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2405–2422, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal capsaicin treatment modulates experience‐dependent plasticity in the rat barrel cortex
Authors: Sheibani Vahid , Shamsizadeh Ali , Afarinesh Mohammad Reza , Rezvani Mohammad Erahim
Published: March 2010

Previous studies have reported that capsaicin‐induced C‐fiber depletion results in expansion of low threshold somatosensory mechanoreceptive fields. Here we used this paradigm to investigate its effect on experience‐dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex of rats. All but the D2 vibrissa were first plucked on postnatal day 0 (P0), P5, or P8, and kept plucked for a period of 30 days before being allowed to regrow for 7–9 days prior to the recording session. To assess receptive field characteristics the spared D2 principal whisker (PW) and the deprived D1 adjacent whisker (AW) were moved either singly or in concert, neuronal responses being recorded in layers IV and V of the D2 barrel. In vehicle‐treated rats, PW‐evoked ON responses (layer IV) were increased only in those animals that first had their vibrissae plucked on P0, whereas AW‐evoked ON responses (layers IV and V) were decreased in the P0, P5, and P8 groups. In the capsaicin‐treated animals, PW‐evoked ON responses (layer IV) were increased in all three groups, but no decrease was recorded in the AW‐evoked ON (layers IV and V) responses. In the vehicle‐ and capsaicin‐treated animals, the greatest decrease in inhibitory interactions was observed in the P5 and P0 groups, respectively. These findings indicate that, following the induction of experience‐dependent plasticity, the resultant changes in excitatory and integrative circuits can be further influenced by C‐fiber depletion. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3427–3438, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency processing at consecutive levels in the auditory system of bush crickets (tettigoniidae)
Authors: Ostrowski Tim Daniel , Stumpner Andreas
Published: March 2010

We asked how processing of male signals in the auditory pathway of the bush cricket Ancistrura nigrovittata (Phaneropterinae, Tettigoniidae) changes from the ear to the brain. From 37 sensory neurons in the crista acustica single elements (cells 8 or 9) have frequency tuning corresponding closely to the behavioral tuning of the females. Nevertheless, one‐quarter of sensory neurons (approximately cells 9 to 18) excite the ascending neuron 1 (AN1), which is best tuned to the male's song carrier frequency. AN1 receives frequency‐dependent inhibition, reducing sensitivity especially in the ultrasound. When recorded in the brain, AN1 shows slightly lower overall activity than when recorded in the prothoracic ganglion close to the spike‐generating zone. This difference is significant in the ultrasonic range. The first identified local brain neuron in a bush cricket (LBN1) is described. Its dendrites overlap with some of AN1‐terminations in the brain. Its frequency tuning and intensity dependence strongly suggest a direct postsynaptic connection to AN1. Spiking in LBN1 is only elicited after summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by individual AN1‐action potentials. This serves a filtering mechanism that reduces the sensitivity of LBN1 and also its responsiveness to ultrasound as compared to AN1. Consequently, spike latencies of LBN1 are long (>30 ms) despite its being a second‐order interneuron. Additionally, LBN1 receives frequency‐specific inhibition, most likely further reducing its responses to ultrasound. This demonstrates that frequency‐specific inhibition is redundant in two directly connected interneurons on subsequent levels in the auditory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3101–3116, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological characterization of retinal bipolar cells in the marine teleost Rhinecanthus aculeatus
Authors: Pignatelli Vincenzo , Marshall Justin
Published: March 2010

The marine teleost Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Balistidae) has recently been shown to posses trichromatic color vision supported by a retinal combination of double and single cones. Double cones are composed of two members with different spectral sensitivity. It is not known whether a correlation exists between the chromatic wiring of double cones to the inner retina and trichromacy, nor how unmixed, chromatic information is extracted from the two members of the couple. In mammalians, bipolar cells determine color segregation by means of the midget system, central to trichromatic color vision; however, midget bipolar cells have never been described in teleosts. On the basis of its likely importance in transferring chromatic photoreceptor signals to the inner retina, we have morphologically characterized the retinal bipolar cell types of R. aculeatus using DiOlistic staining techniques to verify if an anatomical specialization of this group of cells is required to support trichromatic color vision. Thirteen cell types are described: eight putative OFF types and five putative ON types. Of these, four had axonal boutons ramifying in both sublayers (ON and OFF) of the inner plexiform layer, six had terminals restricted to the OFF layer, and three cell types had terminals restricted to the ON layer. Dendritic arbors of bipolar cells had narrower diameters (5–40 μm) in comparison to bipolar cells of other teleost species; this supports the idea that a low degree of photoreceptor to bipolar convergence is correlated with trichromacy in this retina and possibly with the function of double cones as color receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3117–3129, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance modeling of DiffServ meter/markers
Authors: Stankiewicz R. , Jajszczyk A.
Published: March 2010

The paper presents analytical models of the following meter/markers used as building blocks of DiffServ architecture supporting Assured Forwarding: Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM), Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM), and Time Sliding Window Three Color Marker (TSW3CM). The model of the latter involves finding the distribution of the TSW‐averaged traffic rate approximated by the rate estimator. A respective probability density function that, if integrated in appropriate bounds, allows finding packet marking probabilities is proposed. Models for srTCM and trTCM, which use the token bucket mechanism, are based on the classical queuing theory. Namely, models based on the M/M/1/K and D/M/1/K queuing systems are considered. The models enable quick finding of meter/marker characteristics under a particular configuration and traffic volume. It can be also quickly checked how parameter manipulations or changes in the traffic rate affect the characteristics. The models are validated by simulations with two types of traffic: TCP/ftp and web‐like traffic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel capacity of multiple‐input multiple‐output ultra‐wideband systems with single co‐channel interference
Authors: Liao Shu‐Han , Chiu Chien‐Ching , Ho Min‐Hui , Liu Chun‐Liang
Published: March 2010

In this paper, the channel capacity of multiple‐input multiple‐output ultra‐wideband (MIMO‐UWB) systems with single co‐channel interference (CCI) is calculated. A ray‐tracing approach is used to calculate the wanted channel frequency response, and the channel frequency response is further used to calculate the corresponding channel capacity. By the ray‐tracing approach, two different antenna arrays are applied to our simulation to observe whether MIMO can reduce CCI. Also the effects caused by the two antenna arrays for the desired system and CCI are quantified. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual effects of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on human eosinophil apoptosis in early and late periods of stimulation
Authors: Kim Jung Mogg , Kim Joo Sung , Lee Jin Young , Sim Young‐Suk , Kim Young‐Jeon , Oh Yu‐Kyoung , Yoon Ho Joo , Kang Ju Seop , Youn Jeehee , Kim Nayoung , Jung Hyun Chae , Kim Sunil
Published: March 2010

Although Helicobacter pylori infections of the gastric mucosa are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, the responses of eosinophils to H. pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) have not been fully elucidated. This study investigates the role of VacA in the apoptosis of human eosinophils. We treated human eosinophils with purified H. pylori VacA and observed that induction of apoptosis is a relatively late event. Expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (c‐IAP)‐2 was upregulated during the early period of VacA stimulation, and transfection with c‐IAP2 siRNA augmented apoptotic cell death. VacA caused the translocation of cytoplasmic Bax to the mitochondria and increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria in eosinophils. Transfection of an EoL‐1 eosinophil cell line with Bax siRNA decreased the release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, apoptosis facilitated by Bax and cytochrome c was primarily regulated by p38 MAPK in VacA‐treated eosinophils. These results suggest that the exposure of human eosinophils to H. pylori VacA induces the early upregulation of c‐IAP2 and a relatively late apoptotic response, with the apoptosis progressing through a sequential pathway that includes p38 MAPK activation, Bax translocation, and cytochrome c release.
Ketiminate‐Supported LiCl Cages and Group 13 Complexes
Authors: Lugo (née Gushwa) Audra F. , Richards Anne F.
Published: March 2010

The coordination preferences of the ketiminato ligands L1H, {[RN(H)(C(Me))2C(Me)=O], R = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) or 2,6‐dimethylphenyl (Dmp)} and L2H {[RN(H)C(Me)CHC(Me)=O], R = C2H4NEt2} with group 13 elements were investigated. The expected N,O‐chelated products [DmpL1BF2] (1), [L2Al(Me)Cl] (2A and 2B), and [L2InMe2] (6), were obtained from reactions with BF3·OEt2, AlMe2Cl and InMe3 respectively, but the reaction of DippL1 with GaCl3 afforded a metal‐halide, neutral ligand adduct, [GaCl3·DippL1H] (3). More interestingly the reactions of DippL1 with InMe3, formed in situ from InCl3 and MeLi, led to the isolation of two ketiminate‐supported LiCl cages[InMe2Li7Cl5(DippL1–)2(DippL1)(THF)3] (4) and [Li5(Cl)(DippL1)4]·2PhMe (5). The lithium cage 4 features reaction of InMe3 with one backbone methyl group from each of two DippL1 ligands, to afford a tetraalkylindate moiety in the framework of two doubly deprotonated ligands (L–).
Diastereoselective Assembly of Helicates Incorporating a Hexadentate Chiral Scaffold
Authors: Constable Edwin C. , Zhang Guoqi , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Zampese Jennifer A.
Published: March 2010

The condensation of enantiopure (1R,2R)‐(–)‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane with two equivalents of 2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐carbaldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH4 allows the facile synthesis of the enantiopure hexadentate ligand (R,R)‐3. Each tridentate metal‐binding domain in (R,R)‐3 exhibits a degree of flexibility arising from inversion at the amine nitrogen centre and rotation about N–C and C–C single bonds. This leads to the formation of either M‐[M{(R,R)‐3}]2+ or P‐[M{(R,R)‐3}]2+. The solid‐state structures of the copper(II), iron(II) and zinc(II) complexes of (R,R)‐3 all show a preference for M‐[M{(R,R)‐3}]2+. In solution, [Fe{(R,R)‐3}]2+ exists predominantly as one diastereoisomer (assumed to be the M‐form). The preference for the M‐ over P‐form is rationalized in terms of a favourable anti configuration of the NH and cyclohexane‐1,2‐diyl CH hydrogen atoms in the M‐form, and an unfavourable syn‐configuration in the P‐form. When (R,R)‐4, the Schiff base analogue of (R,R)‐3, combines with zinc(II) or silver(I), [2+2] double helicates with M‐chirality assemble in the solid state. With (S,S)‐4, iron(II) also assembles into a dinuclear, double helicate with M‐handedness. Complete stereoselectivity is observed in solution with NMR spectroscopic data indicating the presence of one diastereoisomer. The preference for a dinuclear over mononuclear helicate can be traced to a decrease in ligand flexibility on going from 3 (saturated backbone) to 4 (unsaturated imine backbone).
Stereoselective Synthesis of Benzylated Prodelphinidins and Their Diastereomers with Use of the Mitsunobu Reaction in the Preparation of Their Gallocatechin Precursors
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Ahmed Ishtiaq , John Markus , Letzel Matthias C. , Kuck Dietmar
Published: March 2010

The tetrabenzylated catechin 9 was prepared by benzylation of the commercially available pure (+)‐catechin (3) and coupled with the commercially unavailable pentabenzylated(–)‐gallocatechin 10, prepared in a one‐step Mitsunobu‐type cyclization of the triol 8. The highly stereoselective synthesis of benzylated prodelphinidins – catechin‐(4α→8)‐gallocatechin (13), gallocatechin‐(4α→8)‐gallocatechin (14), and gallocatechin‐(4α→8)‐catechin (15) – is reported for the first time. The ESI(+)‐CID mass spectra of the coupling products were found to feature regioselective retro‐Diels–Alder (RDA) reactions and unusual sequential losses of pairs of C7H7· radicals (182 u) from the Na+ adduct ions.
Facile Synthesis of Selenium‐Containing Bicyclic β‐Lactams through Enyne Metathesis
Authors: Bankar Deepali B. , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: March 2010

Novel selenium‐containing bicyclic β‐lactams were obtained through stereoselective insertion of (but‐3‐enyl)seleno and propargylseleno moieties at the C(4) positions of azetidinones with subsequent ring‐closing enyne metathesis.
meso‐Indolo[3,2‐b]carbazolyl‐Substituted Porphyrinoids: Synthesis, Characterization and Effect of the Number of Indolocarbazole Moieties on the Photophysical Properties
Authors: Maes Wouter , Ngo Thien H. , Rong Gu , Starukhin Aleksander S. , Kruk Mikalai M. , Dehaen Wim
Published: March 2010

meso‐Indolocarbazolylporphyrins endowed with a different number of indolocarbazole units have been synthesized via condensation of an appropriately substituted monoformylated 5,11‐dihydroindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole precursor and mesityldipyrromethane. Under specific conditions, analogous meso‐indolocarbazolylcorroles could also be prepared. The photophysical features of the novel luminescent free‐base and Zn‐porphyrin derivatives were investigated. The introduction of indolocarbazole substituents results in progressive bathochromic shifts of the porphyrin absorbance and fluorescence bands due to the rising energy of the a2u orbital. The excitation energy is efficiently transferred from the meso‐indolocarbazole units to the porphyrin macrocycle. An increased number of indolocarbazole moieties does not lead to porphyrin fluorescence quenching; on the contrary, a small increase of the fluorescence quantum yield is observed. The main route for excitation energy deactivation of all the studied porphyrins is intersystem S1→T1 crossing, with the intersystem crossing quantum yield, as determined by the photosensitized formation of singlet molecular oxygen, being as high as about 70 % for the free‐bases and more than 80 % for the Zn complexes. The intersystem crossing quantum yield seems to be barely affected by meso‐indolocarbazole substitution. A noticeable part of the excitation energy was found to deactivate through radiationless internal S1→S0 conversion.
Separation of DNA‐containing organelles from Toxoplasma gondii by CZE
Authors: Moe Morten K. , Samuelsen Per‐Jostein , Nielsen Henrik V. , Nielsen Kaare M.
Published: March 2010

Toxoplasma gondii and other members of the family Apicomplexa have two organelles, in addition to the nucleus, that contain DNA. Herein is reported the separation of the DNA‐carrying organelles from T. gondii tachyzoites, i.e. the mitochondrion and the apicoplast, by CZE. The cells were stained with SYTO9, a dye that exhibit fluorescence when interacting with double stranded nucleic acids (e.g. DNA) and disrupted by nitrogen cavitation. Following careful removal of the heavier cellular material, the remaining lysate was injected on a CE instrument and the DNA‐containing organelles were detected by LIF. The mitochondrion had longer migration time than the apicoplast, and the migration times were comparable in the replicates. This method should potentially also work for other members of the Apicomplexa including Plasmodium falciparum.
Effects of inactivation methods on the analysis of Bacillus atrophaeus endospores using real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Talbot Steven R. , Russmann Heiko , Köhne Stefan , Niederwöhrmeier Bärbel , Grote Gudrun , Scheper Thomas
Published: March 2010

A wide range of analytical methods are available for the detection and identification of biological warfare agents. These technologies are often hampered in their performance when the inactivated samples are analyzed. To work with pathogens outside of biosafety level 3 laboratories, a complete inactivation is mandatory when appropriate protection equipment is unavailable. When methods of inactivation are used, the detection of bacteria becomes more difficult. In contrast to measuring viable organisms, inactivation steps can have a massive impact on the intrinsic cellular information. This study examined the effects of autoclaving and chemical inactivation methods on Bacillus spores using biological warfare detection setups like real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Here, the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores with formaldehyde, which is a suggested model for biological warfare spore agents, was compared with other inactivation reagents like Wofasteril®E400, a commercially available decontaminant based on peroxyacetic acid. With Wofasteril®E400 the critical factor of inactivation time was reduced to about 15 min and a limit of detection of 8500 spores by PCR was still measurable using five‐times‐washed spores. It has also been shown that MALDI‐TOF‐MS peak information can be hampered by inactivation methods.
Feature‐based adaptive mesh refinement for wingtip vortices
Authors: Kasmai N. , Thompson D. , Luke E. , Jankun‐Kelly M. , Machiraju R.
Published: March 2010

Feature‐based solution‐adaptive mesh refinement is an attractive strategy when it is knowna priorithat the resolution of certain key features is critical to achieving the objectives of a simulation. In this paper, we apply vortex characterization techniques, which are typically employed to visualize vortices, to identify regions of the computational domain for mesh refinement. We investigate different refinement strategies that are facilitated by these vortex characterization techniques to simulate the flow past a wing in a wind tunnel. Our results, which we compare with experimental data, indicate that it is necessary to refine the region within and near the vortex extent surface to obtain an accurate prediction. Application of the identified mesh refinement strategy also produced observed improvement in the results predicted for a spinning missile with deflected canards. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new fully non‐hydrostatic 3D free surface flow model for water wave motions
Authors: Ai Congfang , Jin Sheng , Lv Biao
Published: March 2010

A new fully non‐hydrostatic model is presented by simulating three‐dimensional free surface flow on a vertical boundary‐fitted coordinate system. A projection method, known as pressure correction technique, is employed to solve the incompressible Euler equations. A new grid arrangement is proposed under a horizontal Cartesian grid framework and vertical boundary‐fitted coordinate system. The resulting model is relatively simple. Moreover, the discretized Poisson equation for pressure correction is symmetric and positive definite, and thus it can be solved effectively by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Several test cases of surface wave motion are used to demonstrate the capabilities and numerical stability of the model. Comparisons between numerical results and analytical or experimental data are presented. It is shown that the proposed model could accurately and effectively resolve the motion of short waves with only two layers, where wave shoaling, nonlinearity, dispersion, refraction, and diffraction phenomena occur. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working with large‐scale climate surveys: Reducing data complexity to gain new insights
Authors: Chatman Steve
Published: March 2010

Findings from a combination of factor and cluster analyses offer new insights into how student attributes interact with academic discipline in shaping perceptions of campus climate and diversity.
Campus climate in the twenty‐first century: Estimating perceptions of discrimination at a racially mixed institution, 1994–2006
Authors: Miller Berkeley , Sujitparapitaya Sutee
Published: March 2010

Focusing on a racially mixed campus, the study gauges the impact of perceived discrimination on student satisfaction, enrollment persistence, and graduation under conditions of changing structural diversity.
The impact of college student socialization, social class, and race on need for cognition
Authors: Padgett Ryan D. , Goodman Kathleen M. , Johnson Megan P. , Saichaie Kem , Umbach Paul D. , Pascarella Ernest T.
Published: March 2010

Using longitudinal data, this chapter expands the use of Weidman's Model of Undergraduate Socialization by applying it to components of college student socialization, social class, and race and how these elements work together to influence need for cognition.
Insights gained to guide future research
Authors: Herzog Serge
Published: March 2010

The chapter reviews the findings from this volume and how they can inform institutional research practitioners in conducting diversity studies that address the conceptual and methodological challenges besetting this area of inquiry.