bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspalathin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): A Bioactive C-glucosyl Dihydrochalcone with Potential to Target the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Johnson Rabia , Beer Dalene de , Dludla Phiwayinkosi , Ferreira Daneel , Muller Christo , Joubert Elizabeth
Published: February 2018

Aspalathin is a C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone that is abundantly present in Aspalathus linearis. This endemic South African plant, belonging to the Cape Floristic region, is normally used for production of rooibos, a herbal tea. Aspalathin was valued initially only as precursor in the formation of the characteristic red-brown colour of “fermented” rooibos, but the hype about the potential role of natural antioxidants to alleviate oxidative stress, shifted interest in aspalathin to its antioxidant properties and subsequently, its potential role to improve metabolic syndrome, a disease condition interrelated with oxidative stress. The potential use of aspalathin or aspalathin-rich rooibos extracts as a condition-specific nutraceutical is hampered by the limited supply of green rooibos (i.e., “unfermented” plant material) and low levels in “fermented” rooibos, providing incentive for its synthesis. In vitro and in vivo studies relating to the metabolic activity of aspalathin are discussed and cellular mechanisms by which aspalathin improves glucose and lipid metabolism are proposed. Other aspects covered in this review, which are relevant in view of the potential use of aspalathin as an adjunctive therapy, include its poor stability and bioavailability, as well as potential adverse herb-drug interactions, in particular interference with the metabolism of certain commonly prescribed chronic medications for hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia.
Insights in Fungal Bioprospecting in Mexico
Authors: Mata Rachel , Figueroa Mario , Rivero-Cruz Isabel , Macías-Rubalcava Martha L.
Published: February 2018

Fungi have consistently been one of the richest sources of natural products, with unprecedented chemical scaffolds and potent biological activities. During the last 20 years, pharmacognosy researchers in Mexico, in collaboration with mycologists, have discovered many novel bioactive fungi natural products and new fungal species. To date, more than 100 bioactive secondary metabolites from 20 fungi from different ecosystems throughout Mexico have been documented in peer-reviewed literature according to Scopus and SciFinder databases. These include compounds from different biosynthetic origins and structural cores with the potential for the development of anticancer, antidiabetic, and/or pesticide agents.
Jeans radiative instability with FLR correction in astrophysical quantum plasma
Authors: Joshi H. , Patidar A. K. , Shrivastava V. , Pensia R. K.
Published: February 2018

We present a study of Jeans radiative instability within the framework of quantum magnetohydrodynamics for a partially ionized plasma, retaining the effects of finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) correction, viscosity, and also quantum correction. Using normal mode analysis, the general dispersion relation is obtained, for the discussion of instability will be reduced for the parallel and perpendicular modes of propagation, and the condition of instability will be obtained. In this paper, we challenge this assumption by considering that the contributions of these parameters are regarded as different. Our numerical results confirm the modification in the instability criterion due to the presence of quantum correction, FLR correction, and viscosity of the partially ionized plasma. The inclusion of these terms gives important implications for galaxy formation in astrophysical environments.
First-principles modeling of laser-matter interaction and plasma dynamics in nanosecond pulsed laser shock processing
Authors: Zhang Zhongyang , Nian Qiong , Doumanidis Charalabos C. , Liao Yiliang
Published: February 2018

Nanosecond pulsed laser shock processing (LSP) techniques, including laser shock peening, laser peen forming, and laser shock imprinting, have been employed for widespread industrial applications. In these processes, the main beneficial characteristic is the laser-induced shockwave with a high pressure (in the order of GPa), which leads to the plastic deformation with an ultrahigh strain rate (105–106/s) on the surface of target materials. Although LSP processes have been extensively studied by experiments, few efforts have been put on elucidating underlying process mechanisms through developing a physics-based process model. In particular, development of a first-principles model is critical for process optimization and novel process design. This work aims at introducing such a theoretical model for a fundamental understanding of process mechanisms in LSP. Emphasis is placed on the laser-matter interaction and plasma dynamics. This model is found to offer capabilities in predicting key parameters including electron and ion temperatures, plasma state variables (temperature, density, and pressure), and the propagation of the laser shockwave. The modeling results were validated by experimental data.
East Antarctica’s past foreshadows an uncertain future
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: February 2018

Although it’s now relatively stable, the immense ice sheet was sensitive to climate fluctuations millions of years ago.
Membrane phase demixing seen in living cells
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: February 2018

A simple physical phenomenon underlies the complex organization of some biological systems.
Cost analysis of an integrated aged care program for residential aged care facilities
Authors: Ling Rod , Searles Andrew , Hewitt Jacqueline , Considine Robyn , Turner Catherine , Thomas Susan , Thomas Kelly , Drinkwater Keith , Higgins Isabel , Best Karen , Conway Jane , Hullick Carolyn
Published: February 2018

Objective
To compare annual costs of an intervention for acutely unwell older residents in residential age care facilities (RACFs) with usual care. The intervention, the Aged Care Emergency (ACE) program, includes telephone clinical support aimed to reduce avoidable emergency department (ED) presentations by RACF residents.

Methods
This costing of the ACE intervention examines the perspective of service providers: RACFs, Hunter Medicare Local, the Ambulance Service of New South Wales, and EDs in the Hunter New England Local Health District. ACE was implemented in 69 RACFs in the Hunter region of NSW, Australia. Analysis used 14 weeks of ACE and ED service data (June–September 2014). The main outcome measure was the net cost and saving from ACE compared with usual care. It is based on the opportunity cost of implementing ACE and the opportunity savings of ED presentations avoided.

Results
Our analysis estimated that 981 avoided ED presentations could be attributed to ACE annually. Compared with usual care, ACE saved an estimated A$921214.

Conclusions
The ACE service supported a reduction in avoidable ED presentations and ambulance transfers among RACF residents. It generated a cost saving to health service providers, allowing reallocation of healthcare resources.

What is known about the topic?
Residents from RACFs are at risk of further deterioration when admitted to hospital, with high rates of delirium, falls, and medication errors. For this cohort, some conditions can be managed in the RACF without hospital transfer. By addressing avoidable presentations to EDs there is an opportunity to improve ED efficiency as well as providing care that is consistent with the resident’s goals of care. RACFs generate some avoidable ED presentations for residents who may be more appropriately treated in situ.

What does this paper add?
Telephone triaging with nursing support and training is a means by which ED presentations from RACFs can be reduced. One of the consequences of this intervention is ‘cost avoided’, largely through savings on ambulance costs.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Unnecessary transfer from RACFs to ED can be avoided through a multicomponent program that includes telephone support with cost-saving implications for EDs and ambulance services.
Measurement of R(D*
) with hadronic τ decays
Authors: Siddi B G
Published: February 2018

Lepton universality, described in the Standard Model (SM), predicts equal coupling between gauge bosons and the three lepton families. SM extensions give additional interactions, implying in some cases a stronger coupling with the third generation of leptons. Semileptonic decays of b-hadrons provide a sensitive probe to such New Physics effects. The presence of additional charged Higgs bosons, required by such SM extensions, can have significant effect on the semileptonic decay rate of B
0 → D*τν. A probe of new physics effects is the measurement of the quantities:

R
(
D
*
)
=

B
(

B
¯

0

→

D

*
+

τ
−

ν
¯

τ

)

B
(

B
¯

0

→

D

*
+

μ
−

ν
¯

μ

)

and

R
(
D
)
=

B
(

B
¯

0

→

D

+

τ
−

ν
¯

τ

)

B
(

B
¯

0

→

D

+

μ
−

ν
¯

μ

)

. The combination of experimental measurements performed by BaBar, Belle and LHCb observing the channel where the τ decays in leptons, gives a deviation from the SM prediction of about 4 σ. It is therefore important to perform additional measurements in this sector in order to improve the precision and confirm or disprove this deviation. Another possibility is to perform this measurement using the channel where the semileptonic τ decays in 3 pions. This in LHCb allows to have e better reconstruction of vertices and other kinematic variables. Results obtained by LHCb on B
0 → D*τν decays, where the τ decays hadronically, are reported.
Do Demographic Changes Jeopardize Social Integration among Aging Adults Living in Rural Regions?
Authors: Huxhold Oliver , Fiori Katherine L
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Contextual influences of the living environment on the social integration of adults have been primarily studied cross-sectionally. Here, we argue that context (i.e., urban vs rural environment) as well as changes in context (i.e., population decline) are potentially important for the development of social integration across middle adulthood and late life.

Method

We used a large-scale longitudinal data set representative of the late middle-aged and older German population (N = 4,790; aged 40 to 85 years) that assessed participants every 6 years across 3 waves. To examine our assumptions, we implemented multilevel latent growth curve models.

Results

We found that declines in network size were more pronounced in rural than in urban areas. Moreover, age-related declines in network size, social engagement, and social support were particularly pronounced in rural districts that demonstrated above average population decline.

Discussion

Our results imply that ongoing demographic changes, particularly in rural areas, may introduce additional barriers for maintaining social integration into late life.
The Admission of Older People Into Residential Care Homes in Argentina: Coercion and Human Rights Abuse
Authors: Lloyd-Sherlock Peter , Penhale Bridget , Redondo Nelida
Published: February 2018

Background and Objectives

There is very little information about the appropriateness of procedures for admitting older people into care homes in low and middle-income countries like Argentina. This study provides the first systematic study of practice and assesses the extent to which current practice respects fundamental human rights.

Research Design and Methods

We apply different methods, including document review and national survey analysis. The study also includes a case study of a single city, La Plata, which draws on local key informant interviews, focus group discussions in different neighborhoods, and a clandestine surrogate patient survey led by local pensioners. This innovative design provides a highly triangulated and contextualized data set.

Results

Many older people admitted to care homes did not have high levels of care dependency. Care homes did not usually require or even seek the informed consent of older people, regardless of their cognitive status. There were indications of coercive admission by family members, sometimes in order to obtain access to older people’s homes and other property and finances.

Discussion and Implications

The study indicates the widespread abuse of the fundamental human rights of tens of thousands of older people in Argentina. There is a need for researchers, policy-makers, and civil society to acknowledge the scale of abuse and develop safeguards.
Global Well-Posedness for the Defocusing, Cubic, Nonlinear Wave Equation in Three Dimensions for Radial Initial Data in .H
s × .H
s-1, s> 1/2
Authors: Dodson Benjamin
Published: February 2018

In this paper we study the defocusing, cubic nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions with radial initial data. The critical space is $\dot{H}^{1/2} \times \dot{H}^{-1/2}$. We show that if the initial data is radial and lies in $\left (\dot{H}^{s} \times \dot{H}^{s - 1}\right ) \cap \left (\dot{H}^{1/2} \times \dot{H}^{-1/2}\right )$ for some $s> \frac{1}{2}$, then the cubic initial value problem is globally well-posed. The proof utilizes the I-method, long time Strichartz estimates, and local energy decay. This method is quite similar to the method used in [11].
Invariant Hopf 2-Cocycles for Affine Algebraic Groups
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Gelaki Shlomo
Published: February 2018

We generalize the theory of the second invariant cohomology group $H^{2}_{\textrm{inv}}(G)$ for finite groups G, developed in [3, 4, 14], to the case of affine algebraic groups G, using the methods of [9, 10, 12]. In particular, we show that for connected affine algebraic groups G over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, the map Θ from [14] is bijective (unlike for some finite groups, as shown in [14]). This allows us to compute $H^{2}_{\textrm{inv}}(G)$ in this case, and in particular show that this group is commutative (while for finite groups it can be noncommutative, as shown in [14]).
Genetic variation in Sorghum bicolor strigolactones and their role in resistance against Striga hermonthica
Authors: Mohemed Nasreldin , Charnikhova Tatsiana , Fradin Emilie F , Rienstra Juriaan , Babiker Abdelgabar G T , Bouwmeester Harro J
Published: February 2018

Sorghum is an important food, feed, and industrial crop worldwide. Parasitic weeds of the genus Striga constitute a major constraint to sorghum production, particularly in the drier parts of the world. In this study we analysed the Striga germination stimulants, strigolactones, in the root exudates of 36 sorghum genotypes and assessed Striga germination and infection. Low germination-stimulating activity and low Striga infection correlated with the exudation of low amounts of 5-deoxystrigol and high amounts of orobanchol, whereas susceptibility to Striga and high germination-stimulating activity correlated with high concentrations of 5-deoxystrigol and low concentrations of orobanchol. Marker analysis suggested that similar genetics to those previously described for the resistant sorghum variety SRN39 and the susceptible variety Shanqui Red underlie these differences. This study shows that the strigolactone profile in the root exudate of sorghum has a large impact on the level of Striga infection. High concentrations of 5-deoxystrigol result in high infection, while high concentrations of orobanchol result in low infection. This knowledge should help to optimize the use of low germination stimulant-based resistance to Striga by the selection of sorghum genotypes with strigolactone profiles that favour normal growth and development, but reduce the risk of Striga infection.
Role of epigenetics in the development of childhood asthma
Authors: Davidson Elizabeth J. , Yang Ivana V.
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

Epigenetic marks are emerging as mediators of genetics and the environment on complex disease phenotypes, including childhood asthma and allergy.

Recent findings

Epigenome-wide association studies over the past year have added to the growing body of evidence supporting significant associations of epigenetic regulation of gene expression and asthma and allergy. Studies in children have identified signatures of eosinophils in peripheral blood, Th2 cell transcription factors and cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and epithelial dysfunction in the respiratory epithelium. Importantly, studies at birth have begun to decipher the contribution of epigenetic marks to asthma inception. Few studies have also begun to address the contribution of genetics and the environment to these associations.

Next generation of epigenome-wide association studies that will deal with confounders, study the influence of the genetics and environment, and incorporate multiple datasets to provide better interpretation of the findings are on the horizon. Identification of key epigenetic marks that are shaped by genetics and the environment, and impact transcription of specific genes will help us have a better understanding of etiology, heterogeneity and severity of asthma, and will also empower us to develop biologically driven therapeutics and biomarkers for secondary prevention of this disease.
Development of allergic sensitization and its relevance to paediatric asthma
Authors: Oksel Ceyda , Custovic Adnan
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent evidence on the distinct atopic phenotypes and their relationship with childhood asthma. We start by considering definitions and phenotypic classification of atopy and then review evidence on its association with asthma in children.

Recent findings

It is now well recognized that both asthma and atopy are complex entities encompassing various different sub-groups that also differ in the way they interconnect. The lack of gold standards for diagnostic markers of atopy and asthma further adds to the existing complexity over diagnostic accuracy and definitions. Although recent statistical phenotyping studies contributed significantly to our understanding of these heterogeneous disorders, translating these findings into meaningful information and effective therapies requires further work on understanding underpinning biological mechanisms.

The disaggregation of allergic sensitization may help predict how the allergic disease is likely to progress. One of the important questions is how best to incorporate tests for the assessment of allergic sensitization into diagnostic algorithms for asthma, both in terms of confirming asthma diagnosis, and the assessment of future risk.
Emergence and treatment of chikungunya arthritis
Authors: Sutaria Ravi B. , Amaral Jose K. , Schoen Robert T.
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

To review the emergence, clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of acute chikungunya (CHIK) fever and chronic CHIK arthritis.

Recent findings

Since 2004, CHIK, an arboviral infection, has spread throughout the world, infecting millions of people. The illness occurs in two phases: an acute viremic infection followed by chronic arthritis. In less developed countries, there are limited resources and effective treatment. For acutely ill CHIK fever patients, management is symptomatic. The treatment of chronic CHIK arthritis should be determined by an understanding of pathogenesis. Is chronic CHIK arthritis a persistent viral infection or a postinfectious inflammatory process? Multiple proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been identified in chronic CHIK arthritis. Attempts to isolate CHIK virus from synovial fluid have been unsuccessful. Given pathogenetic similarities (as well as differences) compared with rheumatoid arthritis and the painful, disabling nature of the arthritis, it is not surprising that disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as methotrexate have begun to be used.

CHIK infection has emerged with major arthritic epidemics for which evidence-based therapy is limited. But there is an opportunity to improve the treatment of chronic CHIK arthritis and, from this disease, to gain understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory arthritis more generally.
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment in patients with a history of cancer
Authors: Regierer Anne C. , Strangfeld Anja
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

What is the best treatment option in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who have a history of malignant disease? Rheumatologists are increasingly faced with this question in their daily practice. As uncontrolled high disease activity is an important risk factor for further comorbidities and shortened life expectancy, the treatment has to be effective, without bearing a higher risk for cancer recurrence. What data is available today to guide treatment decisions and how robust is its evidence?

Recent findings

As patients with prior cancer are usually not included in randomized controlled trials, all data we have to elucidate this topic stems from observational cohort studies, mainly biologics registers established in several European countries. The registries investigated the risk of recurrence of cancer mainly by comparing treatments with csDMARDs and TNF inhibitors. Few results are available so far for the treatment with rituximab. However, because of their observational design, the data can only reflect current clinical practice. Because of the lack of evidence, questions such as: are biologics soon after cancer diagnosis safe, remain.

There is still insufficient data for patients with a very recent history of cancer. However, in patients with cancer being in longer remission, observational data suggest no increased risk of overall cancer recurrence when they are treated either with TNF inhibitors or rituximab.
IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS RELATED TO SUBFOVEAL DETACHMENT SECONDARY TO EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE
Authors: Muftuoglu Ilkay Kilic , Lin Tiezhu , Nudleman Eric , Gaber Raouf , Bartsch Dirk-Uwe , Freeman William R.
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

To demonstrate factors related to the presence of subfoveal detachment (SD) secondary to epiretinal membrane (ERM) and to characterize the predictors for the resolution of SD after membrane peeling.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted for the patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for the idiopathic ERM peeling. Preoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography characteristics of the eyes including central foveal thickness, foveal center point thickness, presence of intraretinal cyst, continuity of the membrane, area of the membrane within fovea (1 mm), and entire macula (6 mm) were evaluated to find the best predictors for the presence of SD. These predictors as well as perioperative parameters including use of internal tamponade and volume of SD were considered for time of resolution of SD.

Results:

Of 158 included eyes, 20.2% eyes (32 eyes) had SD, and the presence of SD was significantly related to involvement of the membrane within the macula. After surgery, SD completely resolved in 90.6% of eyes (29 eyes) at a median of 2.97 months (range: 0.03–12.0 months). The area of the membrane within fovea was the only significant predictor for time to resolution of SD (hazard ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.100–1.324, P = 0.021). A small percent of eyes showed some further changes including fluctuation (6.2%) or persistence (3.1%) of fluid.

Conclusion:

A larger extension of ERM over the macula is related to higher likelihood of the presence of SD. Time for resolution of subfoveal detachment does not seem to be affected by the preoperative and perioperative factors except the extent of membrane within 1,000 μm of the fovea.
Distribution of Anterior Chamber Parameters in Normal Chinese Children and the Associated Factors
Authors: Wang Jing , He Xiangui , Xiong Shuyu , Zhou Minwen , Wang Mingjin , Zou Haidong , Xu Xun
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

To describe the distribution of anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle (ACA) and establish the associated factors in the pediatric population in Shanghai, China.

Materials and Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, children aged 6 to 18 years from 9 primary and middle schools in Shanghai were enrolled. The Pentacam Scheimpflug camera was used to measure anterior eye chamber parameters. The distribution of ACD, ACV, ACA, and their associations with age, sex, body mass index, cycloplegic refractive error, axial length, intraocular pressure, and other parameters were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 1321 children were included, with a mean age of 9.65±2.95 years. The mean ACA, ACD, and ACV values were 37.95±7.96 degrees, 3.22±0.23 mm and 194.89±28.95 mm3, respectively, and were higher in boys than in girls. ACV and ACD had similar growth trend curves with age, whereas ACA was stable. Overall, 5% of the tested children had ACA values ≤24.91 degrees. Greater ACV, deeper ACD, shorter pupil diameter, shorter axial length, and thinner apex corneal thickness were the independent factors associated with wider ACA (R
2=13.0%, P<0.001).

Conclusions:

As one of diagnostic indicators of angle closure, ACA was stable with age. The results of this study should improve the current understanding of the distribution of anterior chamber parameters and the main factors affecting their variation.
Systemic effects of epidural steroid injections for spinal stenosis
Authors: Friedly Janna L. , Comstock Bryan A. , Heagerty Patrick J. , Bauer Zoya , Rothman Micol S. , Suri Pradeep , Hansen Ryan , Avins Andrew L. , Nedeljkovic Srdjan S. , Nerenz David R. , Akuthota Venu , Jarvik Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2018

This analysis of the lumbar epidural steroid injections for spinal stenosis multicenter randomized controlled trial data identifies the degree of and risk factors for cortisol suppression after epidural steroid injections in older adults with spinal stenosis. Four hundred patients aged 50 years and older with back or leg pain and central lumbar spinal stenosis completed baseline demographic and psychosocial measures. Morning serum cortisol levels were measured at baseline and 3 weeks after initial injection. Patients were randomized to receive epidural injections of either local anesthetic with corticosteroid (n = 200) or local anesthetic only (n = 200). The specific corticosteroid was chosen at the treating physician's discretion (methylprednisolone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, or dexamethasone). Thirty-two patients (20.3%) treated with corticosteroid experienced cortisol reduction at 3 weeks of >50% compared with 10 patients (6.7%) treated with lidocaine only (adjusted treatment effect = 3.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-7.9, P = 0.002). The effect on 3-week cortisol changes did not differ by demographic or patient-level characteristics. Those treated with methylprednisolone or triamcinolone had an average 3-week cortisol reduction of 41.0% (P = 0.005) and 41.6% (P < 0.001) from baseline, respectively, whereas patients treated with betamethasone or dexamethasone were not significantly different than comparable patients in the lidocaine arm. The higher rates of cortisol suppression at 3 weeks in those receiving epidural corticosteroid injections, particularly with longer-acting insoluble corticosteroid formulations, are consistent with sustained systemic absorption of corticosteroid.
Practice Differences in the Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Among Adult and Pediatric Gastroenterologists in Israel
Authors: Zifman Eyal , Banai Hagar , Shamir Raanan , Ringel‐Kulka Tamar , Zevit Noam
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) guidelines call for similar practices in adults and children with EoE. We compared the diagnostic and management practices of gastroenterologists treating adult and pediatric patients suspected of having, or diagnosed with, EoE.

Methods:

A 19‐question multiple‐choice questionnaire was given to gastroenterologists treating either adults or children. Questions explored 4 areas of interest: physician demographics, diagnosis and tissue sampling practices, management, and the need for societal publications on EoE.

Results:

Completed questionnaires were returned by 85/180 adult and 30/40 pediatric gastroenterologists (PGs). Compared to PGs, adult gastroenterologists (AGs) took esophageal biopsies significantly less frequently in the following scenarios: endoscopy without esophageal symptoms or macroscopic endoscopic findings (10% vs 57%; P < 0.001), dysphagia without macroscopic findings (83% vs 100%; P = 0.019), and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms with distal esophageal erythema (44% vs 100%; P < 0.001). Significantly fewer AGs reported taking gastric and duodenal biopsies when EoE was suspected (29% vs 90%; P < 0.001). AGs more often followed patients clinically (30% vs 0%; P < 0.001) rather than endoscopically, and were far less inclined to implement elimination diets compared to PGs (23% vs 68%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Significant disparities exist between gastroenterologists treating adult and pediatric patients with EoE. These findings may impact rates of diagnosis, appropriate treatment, monitoring, long‐term outcomes, and may affect negatively transition from pediatric to adult care.
HPV-related Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A Review of Clinical and Pathologic Features With Emphasis on Updates in Clinical and Pathologic Staging
Authors: Buckley Lisa , Jackett Louise , Clark Jonathan , Gupta Ruta
Published: February 2018

There has been a sharp increase in the incidence of the human papilloma virus–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, partly due to the increasingly widespread awareness and recognition of this entity. This review assimilates the recent histopathologic classifications, staging systems, rapidly expanding research base and developments in management of human papilloma virus–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and summarizes their implications for routine diagnostic practice. Differential diagnoses and their cytologic appearances are detailed and the utility of p16 staining and other immunohistochemistry testing is discussed.
Language Skills of Bidialectal and Bilingual Children
Authors: Lee-James Ryan , Washington Julie A.
Published: February 2018

This article examines the language and cognitive skills of bidialectal and bilingual children, focusing on African American English bidialectal speakers and Spanish-English bilingual speakers. It contributes to the discussion by considering two themes in the extant literature: (1) linguistic and cognitive strengths can be found in speaking two languages or dialects, and (2) advantages accrue when considering the groups together (or at least side-by-side) rather than separately. A strengths-based framework is proposed, whereby the goal is to identify the linguistic and cognitive strengths of these two groups that might support assessment, intervention, and culturally appropriate characterization of key language and cognitive skills. Morphosyntax, complex syntax, and narrative discourse are explored for both groups. In addition, executive function and code-switching are discussed because they relate to language and cognitive development of both bidialectal and bilingual speakers. Although some differences between the two groups are obvious, the possible similarities or intersection between the two language groups is potentially informative and may provide direction for researchers and clinicians alike.
MRI in epilepsy: clinical standard and evolution
Authors: Rüber Theodor , David Bastian , Elger Christian E.
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

MRI has a crucial position in the diagnostic routine of epilepsy patients. It relevantly contributes to etiological diagnostics and is indispensable in presurgical evaluation. As modern MRI research has been a boon to clinical neuroscience in general, it also holds the promise of enhancing diagnostics of epilepsy patients; i.e. increasing the diagnostic yield while decreasing the number of MRI-negative patients. Its rapid progress, however, has caused uncertainty about which of its latest developments already are of clinical interest and which still are of academic interest. It is the purpose of this review to clarify what, to the authors’ mind, good practice of MRI in epilepsy patient care is today and what it might be tomorrow.

Recent findings

Progress of diagnostic MRI in epilepsy patients is driven by development of scanner hardware, scanner sequence and data postprocessing. Ultra high-field MRI and elaborate sequences provide datasets of novel quality which can be fed into postprocessing programs extracting pathognomonic features of structural or functional anatomy. The integration of these features by means of computerized classifiers yield previously unsurpassed diagnostic validity. Enthusiasm about Diffusion Tensor Imaging and functional MRI in the evaluation before epilepsy surgery is quelled.

The application of an epilepsy tailored MRI protocol at 3 Tesla followed by meticulous expert evaluation early after the onset of epilepsy is most crucial. It is hoped that future research will result in MRI workups more standardized than today and widely used postprocessing routines analyzing co-registered three-dimensional volumes from different modalities.
The age-regulated zinc finger factor ZNF367 is a new modulator of embryonic neurogenesis
Authors: Naef Valentina , Monticelli Sara , Corsinovi Debora , Mazzetto Maria Teresa , Cellerino Alessandro , Ori Michela
Published: February 2018

Global population aging is one of the major social and economic challenges of contemporary society. During aging the progressive decline in physiological functions has serious consequences for all organs including brain. The age-related incidence of neurodegenerative diseases coincides with the sharp decline of the amount and functionality of adult neural stem cells. Recently, we identified a short list of brain age-regulated genes by means of next-generation sequencing. Among themznf367codes for a transcription factor that represents a central node in gene coregulation networks during aging but its function, in the central nervous system (CNS), is completely unknown. As proof of concept we analyzed the role ofznf367during neurogenesis. By means of a gene loss of function approach limited to the CNS, we suggested thatznf367might act as a key controller of the neuroblasts cell cycle, particularly in the progression of mitosis and spindle check-point. Using a candidate gene approach, based on a weighted-gene co-expression network analysis, we suggested possible targets of znf367 such asfancd2andska3. The age-related decline ofznf367 well correlated with its role during embryonic neurogenesis opening new lines of investigation to improved maintenance and even repair of neuronal function.
In vivotopology converts competition for cell-matrix adhesion into directional migration
Authors: Bajanca Fernanda , Gouignard Nadège , Colle Charlotte , Parsons Maddy , Mayor Roberto , Theveneau Eric
Published: February 2018

When migratingin vivo, cells are exposed to numerous, and somewhat conflicting, signals: chemokines, repellents, extracellular matrix, growth factors. The roles of several of these molecules have been studied individuallyin vitroorin vivobut we have yet to understand how cells integrate them. To start addressing this question, we used the cephalic neural crest as a model system and looked at the roles of its best examples of positive and negative signals: stromal-cell derived factor 1 (Sdf1/Cxcl12) and class3-Semaphorins. Our results indicate that Sdf1 and Sema3A antagonistically control cell-matrix adhesion via opposite effects on Rac1 activity at the single cell level. Directional migration at the population level emerges as a result of global Semaphorin-dependent confinement and broad activation of adhesion by Sdf1 in the context of a biased Fibronectin distribution. These results indicate that unevenin vivotopology renders the need for precise distribution of secreted signals mostly dispensable.
Detecting within-host interactions from genotype combination prevalence data
Authors: Alizon Samuel , Murall Carmen Lía , Saulnier Emma , Sofonea Mircea
Published: February 2018

Parasite genetic diversity can provide information on disease transmission dynamics but most methods ignore the exact combinations of genotypes in infections. We introduce and validate a new method that combines explicit epidemiological modelling of coinfections and regression Approximate Bayesian Computing (ABC) to detect within-host interactions. Using genital infections by different types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) as a test case, we show that, if sufficiently strong, within-host parasite interactions can be detected from epidemiological data and that this detection is robust even in the face of host heterogeneity in behaviour. These results suggest that the combination of mathematical modelling and sophisticated inference techniques is promising to extract additional epidemiological information from existing datasets.
Arabidopsis Lunapark proteins are involved in ER cisternae formation
Authors: Kriechbaumer Verena , Breeze Emily , Pain Charlotte , Tolmie Frances , Frigerio Lorenzo , Hawes Chris
Published: February 2018

The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The ER consists of a dynamic and continuously remodelling network of tubules and cisternae. Several conserved membrane proteins have been implicated in formation and maintenance of the ER network in plants, such as RHD3 and the reticulon family of proteins.

Despite the recent work in mammalian and yeast cells, the detailed molecular mechanisms of ER network organisation in plants still remain largely unknown. Recently novel ER network-shaping proteins called Lunapark have been identified in yeast and mammalian cells.

Here we identify two arabidopsis LNP homologues and investigate their subcellular localisation via confocal microscopy and potential function in shaping the ER network using protein-protein interaction assays and mutant analysis.

We show that AtLNP1 overexpression in tobacco leaf epidermal cells mainly labels the three-way junctions (trivia) of the ER network whereas AtLNP2 labels the whole ER. Overexpression of LNP proteins results in an increased abundance of ER cisternae and an lnp1lnp2 amiRNA line displays a less structured ER network.

Thus, we hypothesize that AtLNP1 and AtLNP2 are involved in determining the dynamic morphology of the plant ER, possibly by regulating the formation of ER cisternae.
clusterProfiler: An universal enrichment tool for functional and comparative study
Authors: Yu Guangchuang
Published: February 2018

I present the open-source software package clusterProfiler (https://github.com/GuangchuangYu/clusterProfiler) for functional enrichment analysis. clusterProfiler provides a universal interface for functional enrichment analysis for internal supported ontologies/pathways as well as annotation data provided by users or obtained from online databases. It enables comparative analysis and offers comprehensive visualization tools for result interpretation.
PROSSTT: probabilistic simulation of single-cell RNA-seq data for complex differentiation processes
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolaos , Parra R. Gonzalo , Söding Johannes
Published: February 2018

Background

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is an enabling technology for the study of cellular differentiation and heterogeneity. From snapshots of the transcriptomic profiles of differentiating single cells, the cellular lineage tree that leads from a progenitor population to multiple types of differentiated cells can be derived. The underlying lineage trees of most published datasets are linear or have a single branchpoint, but many studies with more complex lineage trees will soon become available. To test and further develop tools for lineage tree reconstruction, we need test datasets with known trees.

Results

PROSSTT can simulate scRNA-seq datasets for differentiation processes with lineage trees of any desired complexity, noise level, noise model, and size. PROSSTT also provides scripts to quantify the quality of predicted lineage trees.

Availability

https://github.com/soedinglab/prosstt

Contact

soeding@mpibpc.mpg.de
Learning to read increases the informativeness of distributed ventral temporal responses
Authors: Nordt Marisa , Gomez Jesse , Natu Vaidehi , Jeska Brianna , Barnett Michael , Grill-Spector Kalanit
Published: February 2018

Becoming a proficient reader requires substantial learning over many years. However, it is unknown how learning to read affects development of distributed visual representations across human ventral temporal cortex (VTC). Using fMRI and a data-driven, computational approach, we quantified the development of distributed VTC responses to characters (pseudowords and numbers) vs. other domains in children, preteens, and adults. Results reveal anatomical- and hemisphere-specific development. With development, distributed responses to words and characters became more distinctive and informative in lateral but not medial VTC, and in the left but not right hemisphere. While development of voxels with both positive (that is, word-selective) and negative preference to words affected distributed information, only development of word-selective voxels predicted reading ability. These data show that developmental increases in informativeness of distributed left lateral VTC responses enable proficient reading and have important implications for both developmental theories and for elucidating neural mechanisms of reading disabilities.
Using river temperature to optimize fish incubation metabolism and survival: a case for mechanistic models
Authors: Anderson James J.
Published: February 2018

Allocating reservoir flows to societal and ecosystem needs under increasing demands for water and increasing variability in climate presents challenges to resource managers. In the past, managers have operated reservoirs to achieve flow and temperature compliance points based on qualitative predictions of competing needs. Because it is difficult, if not impossible, to assess whether meeting such compliance points is efficient or equitable, new strategies for regulation are being advanced. Critical to these strategies is the need for new models with sufficient biological details to identify the effects of reservoir operations on organism growth and survival in real time. This paper evaluates the adequacy of three models of differing complexity for managing the Sacramento River temperature during the incubation of winter-run Chinook salmon. The models similarly characterize temperature-and density-dependent mortality from egg through fry survival, but use different spatial and temporal resolutions. The models all fit survival data reasonably well, but predict different reservoir operations to protect fish. Importantly, the models with the finer spatial/temporal resolution predict reservoir operations that require less flow and better protect fish when water resources are limited. The paper illustrates that shifting the focus of management from meeting compliance points to meeting the metabolic needs of the organisms’ yields efficiencies and identifies when water is needed and when it can be saved.
Association of a lincRNA postmortem with suicide by violent means and in vivo with aggressive phenotypes
Authors: Punzi Giovanna , Ursini Gianluca , Viscanti Giovanna , Radulescu Eugenia , Shin Joo Heon , Quarto Tiziana , Catanesi Roberto , Blasi Giuseppe , Jaffe Andrew E. , Deep-Soboslay Amy , Hyde Thomas M. , Kleinman Joel E. , Bertolino Alessandro , Weinberger Daniel R.
Published: February 2018

Objective

Previous findings suggest that differences in brain expression of a human-specific long intergenic non-coding RNA (LINC01268; GRCh37/hg19: LOC285758) may be linked to aggressive behavior and suicide. The authors sought to replicate and extend these findings in a new sample, and translate the results to the behavioral level in living healthy subjects.

Method

The authors examined RNA sequencing data in human brain to confirm the prior postmortem association of the lincRNA specifically with suicide by violent means. In addition, they used a genetic variant associated with LINC01268 expression to detect association with in vivo prefrontal physiology related to behavioral control. They finally performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene-ontology analysis to identify biological processes associated with a LINC01268 co-expression network.

Results

In the replication sample, prefrontal expression of LINC01268 was again higher in suicides by violent means (N=65) than both non-suicides (N=78; 1.29e-06) and suicides by non-violent means (N=46; p=1.4e-06). In a living cohort, carriers of the minor allele of a SNP associated with increased LINC01268 expression in brain scored higher on a lifetime aggression questionnaire and show diminished engagement of prefrontal cortex (BA10) when viewing angry faces during fMRI. WGCNA highlighted the immune response.

Conclusions

These results suggest that LINC01268 influences emotional regulation, aggressive behavior and suicide by violent means; the underlying biological dynamics may include modulation of genes potentially engaged in the immune response.
A Single Dose Of Ayahuasca Modulates Salivary Cortisol In Treatment-Resistant Depression
Authors: de Menezes Galvão Ana Cecília , de Almeida Raíssa Nóbrega , dos Santos Silva Erick Allan , de Morais Freire Fúlvio Aurélio , Palhano-Fontes Fernanda , Onias Heloisa , Arcoverdee Emerson , Maia-de-Oliveira João Paulo , Araújo Draúlio B , Lobão-Soares Bruno , Galvão-Coelho Nicole Leite
Published: February 2018

Major depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder, affecting about 350 million people, and around 30% of the patients are resistant to currently available antidepressant medications. Recent evidence from a randomized placebo-controlled trial supports the rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of ayahuasca on plasma cortisol and awakening salivary cortisol response, in the same group of treatment-resistant patients and in healthy volunteers. Subjects received a single dose of ayahuasca or placebo, and both plasma and awakening salivary cortisol response were measured at baseline (before dosing) and 48h after the dosing session. Baseline assessment (D0) showed blunted awakening salivary cortisol response and hypocortisolemia in patients (DM), both with respect to healthy controls group (C). Salivary cortisol also was measured during dosing session and we observed a large increased for both C and DM that ingested ayahuasca, than placebo groups. After 48h of the dosing session (D2) with ayahuasca, awakening salivary cortisol response (for both sexes) of treated patients became similar to levels detected in controls. This was not observed in patients that ingested placebo. No changes in plasma cortisol were observed after 48 hours of ayahuasca or placebo ingestion for both groups and sexes. Therefore, these findings point to new evidence of modulation of ayahuasca on salivary cortisol levels, as cortisol acts in regulation of distinct physiological pathways, emotional and cognitive processes related to etiology of depression, this modulation could be an important part of the antidepressant effects observed with ayahuasca. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of psychedelics in the treatment of human mental disorders.