bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locus Number Estimation of MHC Class II B in Stone Flounder and Japanese Flounder
Authors: Jiang Jiajun , Li Chunmei , Zhang Quanqi , Wang Xubo
Published: March 2015

Members of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family are important in immune systems. Great efforts have been made to reveal their complicated gene structures. But many existing studies focus on partial sequences of MHC genes. In this study, by gene cloning and sequencing, we identified cDNA sequences and DNA sequences of the MHC class II B in two flatfishes, stone flounder (Kareius bicoloratus) and homozygous diploid Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eleven cDNA sequences were acquired from eight stone flounder individuals, and most of the polymorphic sites distributed in exons 2 and 3. Twenty-eight alleles were identified from the DNA fragments in these eight individuals. It could be deduced from their Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree that at least four loci of MHC class II B exist in stone flounder. The detailed whole-length DNA sequences in one individual were analyzed, revealing that the intron length varied among different loci. Four different cDNA sequences were identified from one homozygous diploid Japanese flounder individual, implying the existence of at least four loci. Comparison of the cDNA sequences to the DNA sequence confirmed that six exons existed in this gene of Japanese flounder, which was a common feature shared by Pleuronectiformes fishes. Our results proved the multi-locus feature of MHC class II B. The sequences we obtained would provide detailed and systematic data for further research.
Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life
Authors: Damer Bruce , Deamer David
Published: March 2015

Hydrothermal fields on the prebiotic Earth are candidate environments for biogenesis. We propose a model in which molecular systems driven by cycles of hydration and dehydration in such sites undergo chemical evolution in dehydrated films on mineral surfaces followed by encapsulation and combinatorial selection in a hydrated bulk phase. The dehydrated phase can consist of concentrated eutectic mixtures or multilamellar liquid crystalline matrices. Both conditions organize and concentrate potential monomers and thereby promote polymerization reactions that are driven by reduced water activity in the dehydrated phase. In the case of multilamellar lipid matrices, polymers that have been synthesized are captured in lipid vesicles upon rehydration to produce a variety of molecular systems. Each vesicle represents a protocell, an “experiment” in a natural version of combinatorial chemistry. Two kinds of selective processes can then occur. The first is a physical process in which relatively stable molecular systems will be preferentially selected. The second is a chemical process in which rare combinations of encapsulated polymers form systems capable of capturing energy and nutrients to undergo growth by catalyzed polymerization. Given continued cycling over extended time spans, such combinatorial processes will give rise to molecular systems having the fundamental properties of life.
The Expansion of Animal MicroRNA Families Revisited
Authors: Hertel Jana , Stadler Peter
Published: March 2015

MicroRNAs are important regulatory small RNAs in many eukaryotes. Due to their small size and simple structure, they are readily innovated de novo. Throughout the evolution of animals, the emergence of novel microRNA families traces key morphological innovations. Here, we use a computational approach based on homology search and parsimony-based presence/absence analysis to draw a comprehensive picture of microRNA evolution in 159 animal species. We confirm previous observations regarding bursts of innovations accompanying the three rounds of genome duplications in vertebrate evolution and in the early evolution of placental mammals. With a much better resolution for the invertebrate lineage compared to large-scale studies, we observe additional bursts of innovation, e.g., in Rhabditoidea. More importantly, we see clear evidence that loss of microRNA families is not an uncommon phenomenon. The Enoplea may serve as a second dramatic example beyond the tunicates. The large-scale analysis presented here also highlights several generic technical issues in the analysis of very large gene families that will require further research.
A Comparative Characterization of the Microstructures and Tensile Properties of As-Cast and Thixoforged in situ AM60B-10 vol% Mg2Sip Composite and Thixoforged AM60B
Authors: Zhang Suqing , Chen Tijun , Cheng Faliang , Li Pubo
Published: March 2015

The microstructure and tensile properties of the thixoforged in situ Mg2Sip/AM60B composite were characterized in comparison with the as-cast composite and thixoforged AM60B. The results indicate that the morphology of α-Mg phases, the distribution and amount of β phases and the distribution and morphology of Mg2Si particles in thixoforged composite are completely different from those in as-cast composite. The Mg2Si particles block heat transfer and prevent the α-Mg particles from rotation or migration during reheating. Both the thixoforged composite and thixoforged AM60B alloy exhibit virtually no porosity in the microstructure. The thixoforged composite has the highest comprehensive tensile properties (ultimate tensile strength (UTS)) of 209 MPa and an elongation of 10.2%. The strengthening mechanism of the Mg2Si particle is the additive or synergetic effect of combining the load transfer mechanism, the Orowan looping mechanism and the dislocation strengthening mechanism. Among them, the load transfer mechanism is the main mechanism, and the latter two are minor. The particle splitting and interfacial debonding are the main damage patterns of the composite.
Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties of Geometrically Hindered cis-Tris(diphenylaminofluorene) as Precursors to Light-Emitting Devices
Authors: Kang Nam-Goo , Kokubo Ken , Jeon Seaho , Wang Min , Lee Chang-Lyoul , Canteenwala Taizoon , Tan Loon-Seng , Chiang Long
Published: March 2015

A novel highly luminescent tris-fluorenyl ring-interconnected chromophore tris(DPAF-C9) was synthesized using a C3 symmetrical triaminobenzene core as the synthon. This structure bears three light-harvesting 2-diphenylamino-9,9-dialkylfluorenyl (DPAF) ring moieties with each attached by two branched 3',5',5'-trimethylhexyl (C9) arms. A major stereoisomer was chromatographically isolated and characterized to possess a 3D structural configuration of cis-conformer in a cup-form. Molecular calculation at B3LYP/6-31G* level revealed the unexpected stability of this cis-cup-conformer of tris(DPAF-C9) better than that of the stereoisomer in a propeller-form and the trans-conformer. The structural geometry is proposed to be capable of minimizing the aggregation related self-quenching effect in the condensed phase. Fluorescence emission wavelength of tris(DPAF-C9) was found to be in a close range to that of PVK that led to its potential uses as the secondary blue hole-transporting material for enhancing the device property toward the modulation of PLED performance.
Folate Deficiency Decreases Apoptosis of Endometrium Decidual Cells in Pregnant Mice via the Mitochondrial Pathway
Authors: Liao Xing , Li Yan , Gao Ru , Geng Yan , Chen Xue , Liu Xue , Ding Yu , Mu Xin , Wang Ying , He Jun
Published: March 2015

It is well known that maternal folate deficiency results in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition to aspects in embryonic development, maternal uterine receptivity and the decidualization of stromal cells is also very important for a successful pregnancy. In this study, we focused on endometrium decidualization and investigated whether apoptosis, which is essential for decidualization, was impaired. Flow cytometry and TUNEL detection revealed that apoptosis of mouse endometrium decidual cells was suppressed in the dietary folate-deficient group on Days 7 and 8 of pregnancy (Day 1 = vaginal plug) when decidua regression is initiated. The endometrium decidual tissue of the folate deficiency group expressed less Bax compared to the normal diet group while they had nearly equal expression of Bcl2 protein. Further examination revealed that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) decreased, and the fluorescence of diffuse cytoplasmic cytochrome c protein was detected using laser confocal microscopy in normal decidual cells. However, no corresponding changes were observed in the folate-deficient group. Western blotting analyses confirmed that more cytochrome c was released from mitochondria in normal decidual cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that folate deficiency could inhibit apoptosis of decidual cells via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, thereby restraining decidualization of the endometrium and further impairing pregnancy.
Study on the Effect of Silanization and Improvement in the Tensile Behavior of Graphene-Chitosan-Composite
Authors: Kim Dae , Dhand Vivek , Rhee Kyong , Park Soo-Jin
Published: March 2015

In the present study, silane-functionalized graphene (f-graphene)-reinforced chitosan nanocomposite films exhibiting enhanced mechanical properties have been prepared by the solution casting method. These nanocomposite films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. In order to investigate the effect of silane functionalization, tensile tests were performed on original, oxidized and silane-functionalized graphene-reinforced chitosan nanocomposite films. Tensile results show that silane functionalization groups offer a substantial increase in the interfacial adhesion between filler and host matrix. This result is also confirmed by the surface morphology of the fracture surface in scanning electron microscope analysis. Qualitative analysis using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the existence of Si–O–Si and Si–O–C bonds in the silanized composite. Thermal analysis of the samples shows that the material is stable up till 250 °C and maintains its thermal stability all throughout the process until it starts degrading after 510 °C. Atomic force microscopy reveals that the material is well exfoliated after the oxidation of graphene and also displays the existence of 3–6 layers of exfoliated graphene sheets. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies also reveal the existence of silicon in the single state and quantify the sample to be approximately around 4% (±0.5%) of the total atomic weight.
Chitosan: Gels and Interfacial Properties
Authors: Nilsen-Nygaard Julie , Strand Sabina , Vårum Kjell , Draget Kurt , Nordgård Catherine
Published: March 2015

Chitosan is a unique biopolymer in the respect that it is abundant, cationic, low-toxic, non-immunogenic and biodegradable. The relative occurrence of the two monomeric building units (N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine) is crucial to whether chitosan is predominantly an ampholyte or predominantly a polyelectrolyte at acidic pH-values. The chemical composition is not only crucial to its surface activity properties, but also to whether and why chitosan can undergo a sol–gel transition. This review gives an overview of chitosan hydrogels and their biomedical applications, e.g., in tissue engineering and drug delivery, as well as the chitosan’s surface activity and its role in emulsion formation, stabilization and destabilization. Previously unpublished original data where chitosan acts as an emulsifier and flocculant are presented and discussed, showing that highly-acetylated chitosans can act both as an emulsifier and as a flocculant.
Towards a Theoretical Grounding of Climate Resilience Assessments for Smallholder Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Dixon Jami , Stringer Lindsay
Published: March 2015

Resilience assessments are increasingly used to inform management decisions and development interventions across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In light of current and future climate change and variability, there is growing interest in applying such tools and frameworks to assess and strengthen the climate resilience of smallholder farming systems. However, these assessments are often undertaken without explicit consideration of the resilience thinking in which they are grounded. This makes it difficult to understand how the conceptual aspects of resilience are translating into resilience assessment practice. This paper provides an important first step in tackling this gap, by identifying and using key characteristics of resilience thinking to evaluate existing resilience assessment tools and frameworks and drawing insights for assessing the climate resilience of smallholder farming systems. We find that power, politics, and agency, identified as important in the resilience literature, are not fully incorporated within current tools and frameworks. This leads to inadequate consideration of spatial and temporal trade-offs. We propose six recommendations for assessing the climate resilience of smallholder farming systems in SSA in order to enhance the linkages between resilience theory and practice. These are: (1) better integrate vulnerability and resilience; (2) recognize that resilience does not equal development or poverty reduction; (3) recognize the benefits and limitations of adopting flexible, participatory approaches; (4) integrate issues of power into assessment tools; (5) target specific systems; and (6) encourage knowledge sharing, empirical studies, and critical evaluation. Our findings contribute to improved understanding of applications of resilience thinking to enhance natural resource management.
Adjusting Spectral Indices for Spectral Response Function Differences of Very High Spatial Resolution Sensors Simulated from Field Spectra
Authors: Cundill Sharon , Van der Werff Harald , Van der Meijde Mark
Published: March 2015

The use of data from multiple sensors is often required to ensure data coverage and continuity, but differences in the spectral characteristics of sensors result in spectral index values being different. This study investigates spectral response function effects on 48 spectral indices for cultivated grasslands using simulated data of 10 very high spatial resolution sensors, convolved from field reflectance spectra of a grass covered dike (with varying vegetation condition). Index values for 48 indices were calculated for original narrow-band spectra and convolved data sets, and then compared. The indices Difference Vegetation Index (DVI), Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), which include the difference between the near-infrared and red bands, have values most similar to those of the original spectra across all 10 sensors (1:1 line mean 1:1R2 > 0.960 and linear trend mean ccR2 > 0.997). Additionally, relationships between the indices’ values and two quality indicators for grass covered dikes were compared to those of the original spectra. For the soil moisture indicator, indices that ratio bands performed better across sensors than those that difference bands, while for the dike cover quality indicator, both the choice of bands and their formulation are important.
The Design and Implementation of the Leaf Area Index Sensor
Authors: Li Xiuhong , Liu Qiang , Yang Rongjin , Zhang Haijing , Zhang Jialin , Cai Erli
Published: March 2015

The quick and accurate acquisition of crop growth parameters on a large scale is important for agricultural management and food security. The combination of photographic and wireless sensor network (WSN) techniques can be used to collect agricultural information, such as leaf area index (LAI), over long distances and in real time. Such acquisition not only provides farmers with photographs of crops and suggestions for farmland management, but also the collected quantitative parameters, such as LAI, can be used to support large scale research in ecology, hydrology, remote sensing, etc. The present research developed a Leaf Area Index Sensor (LAIS) to continuously monitor the growth of crops in several sampling points, and applied 3G/WIFI communication technology to remotely collect (and remotely setup and upgrade) crop photos in real-time. Then the crop photos are automatically processed and LAI is estimated based on the improved leaf area index of Lang and Xiang (LAILX) algorithm in LAIS. The research also constructed a database of images and other information relating to crop management. The leaf length and width method (LAILLW) can accurately measure LAI through direct field harvest. The LAIS has been tested in several exemplary applications, and validation with LAI from LAILLW. The LAI acquired by LAIS had been proved reliable.
Simple Mathematical Models Do Not Accurately Predict Early SIV Dynamics
Authors: Noecker Cecilia , Schaefer Krista , Zaccheo Kelly , Yang Yiding , Day Judy , Ganusov Vitaly
Published: March 2015

Upon infection of a new host, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates in the mucosal tissues and is generally undetectable in circulation for 1–2 weeks post-infection. Several interventions against HIV including vaccines and antiretroviral prophylaxis target virus replication at this earliest stage of infection. Mathematical models have been used to understand how HIV spreads from mucosal tissues systemically and what impact vaccination and/or antiretroviral prophylaxis has on viral eradication. Because predictions of such models have been rarely compared to experimental data, it remains unclear which processes included in these models are critical for predicting early HIV dynamics. Here we modified the “standard” mathematical model of HIV infection to include two populations of infected cells: cells that are actively producing the virus and cells that are transitioning into virus production mode. We evaluated the effects of several poorly known parameters on infection outcomes in this model and compared model predictions to experimental data on infection of non-human primates with variable doses of simian immunodifficiency virus (SIV). First, we found that the mode of virus production by infected cells (budding vs. bursting) has a minimal impact on the early virus dynamics for a wide range of model parameters, as long as the parameters are constrained to provide the observed rate of SIV load increase in the blood of infected animals. Interestingly and in contrast with previous results, we found that the bursting mode of virus production generally results in a higher probability of viral extinction than the budding mode of virus production. Second, this mathematical model was not able to accurately describe the change in experimentally determined probability of host infection with increasing viral doses. Third and finally, the model was also unable to accurately explain the decline in the time to virus detection with increasing viral dose. These results suggest that, in order to appropriately model early HIV/SIV dynamics, additional factors must be considered in the model development. These may include variability in monkey susceptibility to infection, within-host competition between different viruses for target cells at the initial site of virus replication in the mucosa, innate immune response, and possibly the inclusion of several different tissue compartments. The sobering news is that while an increase in model complexity is needed to explain the available experimental data, testing and rejection of more complex models may require more quantitative data than is currently available.
Extracellular vesicles, tissue factor, cancer and thrombosis – discussion themes of the ISEV 2014 Educational Day
Authors: Gardiner Chris , Harrison Paul , Belting Mattias , Böing Anita , Campello Elena , Carter Bob S. , Collier Mary E. , Coumans Frank , Ettelaie Camille , van Es Nick , Hochberg Fred H. , Mackman Nigel , Rennert Robert C. , Thaler Johannes , Rak Janusz , Nieuwland Rienk
Published: March 2015

Although the association between cancer and venous thromboembolism (VTE) has long been known, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Circulating tissue factor–bearing extracellular vesicles have been proposed as a possible explanation for the increased risk of VTE observed in some types of cancer. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) held a joint Educational Day in April 2014 to discuss the latest developments in this field. This review discusses the themes of that event and the ISEV 2014 meeting that followed.
Differential Diagnosis of Speech Sound Disorder (Phonological Disorder): Audiological Assessment beyond the Pure-tone Audiogram
Authors: Iliadou Vasiliki (Vivian) , Chermak Gail D. , Bamiou Doris-Eva
Published: March 2015

Background:According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, diagnosis of speech sound disorder (SSD) requires a determination that it is not the result of other congenital or acquired conditions, including hearing loss or neurological
conditions that may present with similar symptomatology.Purpose:To examine peripheral and central auditory function for the purpose of determining whether a peripheral or central auditory disorder was an underlying factor or contributed to the child’s SSD.Research Design:Central
auditory processing disorder clinic pediatric case reports.Study Sample:Three clinical cases are reviewed of children with diagnosed SSD who were referred for audiological evaluation by their speech‐language pathologists as a result of slower than expected progress in therapy.Results:Audiological
testing revealed auditory deficits involving peripheral auditory function or the central auditory nervous system. These cases demonstrate the importance of increasing awareness among professionals of the need to fully evaluate the auditory system to identify auditory deficits that could contribute
to a patient’s speech sound (phonological) disorder.Conclusions:Audiological assessment in cases of suspected SSD should not be limited to pure-tone audiometry given its limitations in revealing the full range of peripheral and central auditory deficits, deficits which can compromise
treatment of SSD.
Efficient Use of Historical Data for Genomic Selection: A Case Study of Stem Rust Resistance in Wheat
Authors: Rutkoski J. , Singh R. P. , Huerta‐Espino J. , Bhavani S. , Poland J. , Jannink J. L. , Sorrells M. E.
Published: March 2015

Genomic selection (GS) is a methodology that can improve crop breeding efficiency. To implement GS, a training population (TP) with phenotypic and genotypic data is required to train a statistical model used to predict genotyped selection candidates (SCs). A key factor impacting prediction accuracy is the relationship between the TP and the SCs. This study used empirical data for quantitative adult plant resistance to stem rust of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) to investigate the utility of a historical TP (TPH) compared with a population‐specific TP (TPPS), the potential for TPHoptimization, and the utility of TPHdata when close relative data is available for training. We found that, depending on the population size, a TPPSwas 1.5 to 4.4 times more accurate than a TPH, and TPHoptimization based on the mean of the generalized coefficient of determination or prediction error variance enabled the selection of subsets that led to significantly higher accuracy than randomly selected subsets. Retaining historical data when data on close relatives were available lead to a 11.9% increase in accuracy, at best, and a 12% decrease in accuracy, at worst, depending on the heritability. We conclude that historical data could be used successfully to initiate a GS program, especially if the dataset is very large and of high heritability. Training population optimization would be useful for the identification of TPHsubsets to phenotype additional traits. However, after model updating, discarding historical data may be warranted. More studies are needed to determine if these observations represent general trends.
HtStuf: High‐Throughput Sequencing to Locate Unknown DNA Junction Fragments
Authors: Kanizay Lisa B. , Jacobs Thomas B. , Gillespie Kevin , Newsome Jade A. , Spaid Brittany N. , Parrott Wayne A.
Published: March 2015

Advances in high‐throughput sequencing have led to many new technologies for assessing genomes and population diversity. In spite of this, inexpensive and technically simple methods for efficiently pinpointing the location of transgenes and other specific sequences in large genomes are lacking. Here we report the development of a modified TA cloning and Illumina sequencing method called high‐throughput sequencing to locate unmapped DNA fragments (HtStuf). Transgenic insertion sites were identified and confirmed in nine out of 10 transgenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines, and major rearrangements of the transgene were detected in these lines. Additionally this method was used to map insertions of the introduced DNA transposon, mPing, in four T6 lines derived from a single event. Fifteen of the mPing insertion sites were validated with polymerase chain reaction. Together, these data demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of this novel sequencing method.
Pictorial materials used in the polychrome decorations of the façade of the palace of King Pedro I (The Royal Alcazar of Seville, Spain)
Authors: López-Cruz O. , García-Bueno A. , Medina-Flórez V. J. , Sánchez-Navas A. , Velilla N.
Published: March 2015

This research has been conducted on the architectural decoration of the façade of the Palace of King Pedro I (The Royal Alcazar of Seville, Spain). The stratigraphic study of pictorial layers has revealed numerous interventions made on the polychrome decorations that have been related to those referenced in historical documents. Mineralogical and compositional studies of the natural and synthetic pigments and their alteration have provided an independent chronology for the polychrome decorations. Finally, this study has revealed the importance of colour of the decorative elements over the history of the palace.
Semantic Web Standards for Publishing and Integrating Open Data
Authors: Polleres Axel , Steyskal Simon
Published: March 2015

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as the main standardization body for Web standards has set a particular focus on publishing and integrating Open Data. In this chapter, the authors explain various standards from the W3C's Semantic Web activity and the—potential—role they play in the context of Open Data: RDF, as a standard data format for publishing and consuming structured information on the Web; the Linked Data principles for interlinking RDF data published across the Web and leveraging a Web of Data; RDFS and OWL to describe vocabularies used in RDF and for describing mappings between such vocabularies. The authors conclude with a review of current deployments of these standards on the Web, particularly within public Open Data initiatives, and discuss potential risks and challenges.
Teaching and Learning the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics with Web 2.0 Tools
Authors: Hall Jeffrey , Bush Lucy , Lacefield William
Published: March 2015

With the initial implementation of the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (CCSSM) currently under way across much of the United States and the continuing evolution and expansion of educational technology, it is imperative that teachers not only understand the new Common Core content expectations but also know how to incorporate the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice using technological tools. As teacher educators of pre-service and in-service K-12 teachers, the authors have developed and utilized a variety of methods to introduce the CCSSM and technology tools to our students. Among these methods are a heavy emphasis on mathematical problem solving and the use of Web 2.0 tools, both by us and our students, to illustrate mathematical concepts, promote exploration, and assess understanding. Asking pre-service and in-service teachers to produce their own CCSSM-aligned Web 2.0 creations is an effective way to teach the new standards while introducing them to the latest technological tools. With technology becoming ever more vital in the teaching and learning of mathematics, it is essential that teachers develop expertise in promoting the CCSSM with the latest technological tools.
A Generic Privacy Breach Preventing Methodology for Cloud Based Web Service
Authors: Murugaiyan S. R. , Chandramohan D. , Vengattaraman T. , Dhavachelvan P.
Published: March 2015

The present focuses on the Cloud storage services are having a critical issue in handling the user's private information and its confidentiality. The User data privacy preserving is a vital facet of online storage in cloud computing. The information in cloud data storage is underneath, staid molests of baffling addict endeavor, and it may leads to user clandestine in a roar privacy breach. Moreover, privacy preservation is an indeed research pasture in contemporary information technology development. Preserving User Data in Cloud Service (PUDCS) happens due to the data privacy breach results to a rhythmic way of intruding high confidential digital storage area and barter those information into business by embezzle others information. This paper focuses on preventing (hush-hush) digital data using the proposed privacy preserving framework. It also describes the prevention of stored data and de-identifying unauthorized user attempts, log monitoring and maintaining it in the cloud for promoting allusion to providers and users.
Integrated Security Process Improvement Framework for Systems and Services
Authors: Ramachandran Muthu
Published: March 2015

Security of systems and services has been dominant research area in recent years as today's cloud services, big data and networked systems, especially when they provide wireless application access where personal and confidential data to be transmitted across the networked systems. Numerous tools and technologies are available to ensure system's security; however, external threats to computer systems and applications residents thereon, are also becoming more and more sophisticated and on the increase. Therefore, the key aim of this research is to integrate security engineering techniques and process with systems development life-cycle and process improvement frameworks. This paper presents a framework that consists of two components: 1) a security assessment model to looks at the existing security infrastructure of an organisation to determine its security maturity level; and 2) a security improvement maturity model to suggest an improvement mechanism for the organisation to progress from one maturity level to the next higher level. The intention is to provide a scheme to improve the organisation's Systems and network security with the aim that it becomes more efficient and effective than before.
A Multi-Tiered Perspective on Healthcare Interoperability
Authors: Kuziemsky Craig E.
Published: March 2015

The current healthcare delivery paradigm is defined by integrative care delivery across disparate providers and services. Therefore the ability to deliver efficient and effective healthcare services is dependent on designing and implementing interoperable systems. However, the notion of interoperability is multifaceted and complex. Although the exchange of data is often described as analogous with interoperability it must be remembered that healthcare is a process oriented domain and clinical, management, organizational and other processes must be considered as part of interoperability. This chapter discusses healthcare delivery and the role interoperability plays in supporting its delivery. First, the chapter provides a background on healthcare interoperability from multiple perspectives. Then it presents a case study of collaborative care delivery and uses it to outline specific interoperability requirements. The chapter then uses these requirements to develop a multi-tiered framework of healthcare interoperability, concluding with a discussion of the implications of the framework for interoperability research and for systems design to support integrated healthcare delivery.
Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing
Authors: Sen Jaydip
Published: March 2015

Cloud computing transforms the way Information Technology (IT) is consumed and managed, promising improved cost efficiencies, accelerated innovation, faster time-to-market, and the ability to scale applications on demand (Leighton, 2009). According to Gartner, while the hype grew exponentially during 2008 and continued since, it is clear that there is a major shift towards the cloud computing model and that the benefits may be substantial (Gartner Hype-Cycle, 2012). However, as the shape of cloud computing is emerging and developing rapidly both conceptually and in reality, the legal/contractual, economic, service quality, interoperability, security, and privacy issues still pose significant challenges. In this chapter, the authors describe various service and deployment models of cloud computing and identify major challenges. In particular, they discuss three critical challenges: regulatory, security, and privacy issues in cloud computing. Some solutions to mitigate these challenges are also proposed along with a brief presentation on the future trends in cloud computing deployment.
News Trends Processing Using Open Linked Data
Authors: Garrote Antonio , García María N. Moreno
Published: March 2015

In this chapter we describe a news trends detection system built with the aim of detecting daily trends in a big collection of news articles extracted from the web and expose the computed trends data as open linked data that can be consumed by other components of the IT infrastructure. Due to the sheer amount of data being processed, the system relies on big data technologies to process raw news data and compute the trends that will be later exposed as open linked data. Thanks to the open linked data interface, data can be easily consumed by other components of the application, like a JavaScript front-end, or re-used by different IT systems. The case is a good example of how open linked data can be used to provide a convenient interface to big data systems.
Well-Recognized Experts in Distance Education
Authors: Kurubacak Gulsun , Yuzer T. Volkan
Published: March 2015

The main purpose of this chapter is to define, analyze, and discuss the qualifications of distance education experts to comprehend the relation between distance education knowledge and exceptional performance in action. The key focuses are the following: (a) Who are the distance education experts in action? (b) What are the main behavioral, social, cognitive, and emotional characteristics of distance education experts? (c) What are the main critical and creative skills of distance education experts? (d) What is the main professional knowledge of distance education experts? and (e) What are the main intellectual and distinguishing characteristics of distance education experts? The overall objectives and mission of this chapter are to carefully define distance education experts based on the current and future trends, needs, and priorities, which affect and modify the development of distance education experts in a post-modem world; we need to learn how to break down the digital walls. Past and future developments must be considered in order to devise a unique, open, and democratic system of distance education through management, communication, pedagogy, technology, and evaluation in the education system. There is an urgent need to define and discuss distance education experts recognized as a reliable resource of techniques and skills.
Integrating Field of Communication to the Distance Education (DE)
Authors: Dogan Tulay Goru
Published: March 2015

This chapter primarily focuses on integrating the field of communication science to the distance education to find out the roles, competences, and responsibilities of the distance education experts in Turkey. Within this context, the chapter aims to develop a new perspective for distance education leadership. The distance education leadership requires skills including designing, evaluating, managing, and sustaining communication processes. In this context, this chapter discusses building a new perspective that provides the integration of the communication field in distance education for the experts, stakeholders, and researchers in distance education leadership.
The Importance of Distance Education Experts in the Organizational Development Process of Distance Education Institutions
Authors: Kesim Eren
Published: March 2015

The rapid development of new technologies has forced all nations to adopt new perspectives regarding the intense competition process. Educational institutions are expected to compete in such a state that it has become paramount for these institutions to manage this paradigm shift. With newly developing areas of expertise, management of distance education institutions is rapidly becoming a process in need of delicate attention. As such, this chapter studies the need for new perspectives and approaches in this process of change regarding distance education institutions and their organizational development process. The matter of expertise in this field is discussed, along with the qualities of distance education experts and their role in the organizational development induced by this paradigm shift. Lastly, recommendations for future research and applications are made regarding the process of change itself, in both institutional and educational capacities and regarding individuals in this field, specifically experts guiding this change.
Distance Education Experts and the Distance Education Ecosystem
Authors: Gundogan M. Banu
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on the analysis of how learners and educators perceive the role of Distance Education Educators (DEE) in a Distance Education Ecosystem (DEco). Scholars have been using ecology and ecosystem definitions as analogies through which definitions and models for creating better learning environments are discussed. This chapter presents an overview of these studies followed by the findings of a research on learner and educator perceptions regarding the role of DEEs within the DEco. The research, based on a former DEco definition compiled in a study at Anadolu University, Turkey, uses a twofold Delphi study: one conducted with experienced DE Learners (DEL) and the other with DEE. In both studies, the participants were asked to define the roles of DEE within the framework of the former DEco constituents and common and differentiating issues are analyzed. DEE, formerly described as a consumer in DEco further was categorized as an input unit, producer, and decomposer. The results revealed four key roles for DEE: empathetic facilitator, devoted expert, productive technology user, and patient negotiator.
A Development Impact Assessment on the Use of ICT (Mobile Phone) in Rural Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Ashraf Mahfuz
Published: March 2015

In the context of the rapid growth of mobile phone penetration in developing countries, mobile telephony is currently considered to be particularly important for development as it may provide an opportunity to address the informational challenges. The research objective is to develop and examine a framework for assessing the impact of mobile phone towards the development of fsocio-economic stipulation in a remote area of Bangladesh as an innovative and effective way. To conduct this research, the authors have promoted an interpretive qualitative research style within a case study context. This research grounded on Communications for Development (C4D) approach for enquiry, analysis and testing. In this research, one of the mobile phone services named Krishi Jigyasha 7676 (agri-solutions service) has been used as ICT intervention in rural areas of Bangladesh. Furthermore, data was collected through personal interview, participant observation, group discussion and questionnaires from the rural community involving in agricultural activities and received information from Krishi Jigyasha 7676 services about their farming. The field results have been analyzed according to Communications for Development (C4D) approaches. Therefore, the field data reflected that how information diffusion improve and resolve the rural communities' agricultural queries and problems to enhance their livelihood.
Medical students and interns’ knowledge about and attitude towards homosexuality
Authors: Banwari G , Mistry K , Soni A , Parikh N , Gandhi H
Published: March 2015

Background and Rationale:

Medical professionals’ attitude towards homosexuals affects health care offered to such patients with a different sexual orientation. There is absence of literature that explores the attitudes of Indian medical students or physicians towards homosexuality. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate Indian medical students and interns’ knowledge about homosexuality and attitude towards homosexuals.

Materials and Methods:

After IEC approval and written informed consent, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a purposive sample of undergraduate medical students and interns studying in one Indian medical college. The response rate was 80.5%. Only completely and validly filled responses (N = 244) were analyzed. The participants filled the Sex Education and Knowledge about Homosexuality Questionnaire (SEKHQ) and the Attitudes towards Homosexuals Questionnaire (AHQ). SEKHQ consisted of 32 statements with response chosen from ‘true’, ‘false’, or ‘don't know’. AHQ consisted of 20 statements scorable on a 5-point Likert scale. Multiple linear regression was used to find the predictors of knowledge and attitude.

Results:

Medical students and interns had inadequate knowledge about homosexuality, although they endorsed a neutral stance insofar as their attitude towards homosexuals is concerned. Females had more positive attitudes towards homosexuals. Knowledge emerged as the most significant predictor of attitude; those having higher knowledge had more positive attitudes.

Conclusion:

Enhancing knowledge of medical students by incorporation of homosexuality related health issues in the curriculum could help reduce prejudice towards the sexual minority and thus impact their future clinical practice.
Painful legs and moving toes syndrome responsive to pregabalin
Authors: Rossi FH , Liu W , Geigel E , Castaneda S , Rossi EM , Schnacky K
Published: March 2015

Report three cases of painful legs and moving toes (PLMT) syndrome responsive to pregabalin along with a review of its literature. Three patients with PLMT syndrome improved with pregabalin. The first and third patient reported improvement in pain scores, quality of life, and quality of sleep sustained over time. The second and third patient had near complete remission of toe movements, but pregabalin was discontinued in the second patient due to aggravation of leg edema. PLMT is a rare and debilitating disorder characterized by lower limb pain and involuntary toes or feet movements. Its pathophysiology remains unknown and its therapy refractory to most drugs, except for pregabalin, as shown in this case series. PLMT is a rare and incapacitating syndrome due to the lack of an effective pain therapy. We report three patients with PLMT who favorable responded to pregabalin. We propose pregabalin be considered in the management of PLMT.
Comparative analysis of clinical and computed tomography features of basal skull fractures in head injury in southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Olabinri Eunice O. , Ogbole Godwin I. , Adeleye Amos O. , Dairo David M. , Malomo Adefolarin O. , Ogunseyinde Ayotunde O.
Published: March 2015

Background: Basal skull fractures (BSF) in head injury may be missed clinically. Early detection ensures prompt treatment and prevention of complications We compared the clinical and Computed Tomography (CT) features of basal skull fractures in head injured patients in a southwestern Nigerian hospital. Materials and Methods: Head injury patients who had cranial CT at a Southwestern Nigerian hospital were selected. CT images were acquired with a 64-slice Toshiba Aquillion CT scanner using a standard head protocol. The images were evaluated for evidence of skull fractures, and associated complications. The clinical data and CT findings were analyzed. Results: One hundred and thirty patients were evaluated, including 103 (79.2%) males. Their ages ranged between 7 months and 81 years, mean 35 years (SD, 20.3). In 59 patients (45.4%, 59/130) BSF was detected on CT, while 71 (54.6%) had no evidence BSF. Forty-two (71.2%) of the 59 patients detected on CT had clinical suspicion of BSF (P < 0.001) while the remaining 17 (28.8%) were not clinically diagnosed. This equaled a sensitivity of 71.2% and, specificity of 90.1% for clinical determination of BSF in this study. There was no statistically significant difference between clinical and CT diagnosis (P > 0.05). The commonest observed clinical feature in patients with confirmed BSF was otorrhagia (45.8%) and the petrous temporal bone (45.8%) was the most commonly fractured bone. The BSF was caused most commonly by motor bike accidents in 53 (40.8%). The most common associated intracranial injuries were intracerebral haemorrhage (34.6%) and subdural (17.3%) Conclusion: It appears that neurosurgical evaluation is comparatively reliable in evaluating basal skull fractures in this study area even as they are consistently demonstrated by high resolution CT scanners. A clinical suspicion of BSF should warrant a closer detailed CT evaluation and reporting by radiologists.
Identifying autonomic nervous system dysfunction in acute cerebrovascular attack by assessments of heart rate variability and catecholamine levels
Authors: Eşref Akil , Tamam Yusuf , Akil Mehmet Ata , Kaplan İbrahim , Bilik Mehmet Zihni , Acar Abdullah , Tamam Banu
Published: March 2015

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate changes in the autonomic nervous system caused by cerebral lesions due to acute stroke. We assessed heart rate variability and catecholamine levels in lieu of stroke lesion localization. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 stroke patients and 31 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were measured on the first, third, and seventh days following the stroke event. Heart rate variability was evaluated with time-domain and frequency-domain analyses via 24-hour Holter monitor recordings. Results: On the first and third day following the stroke, norepinephrine levels were significantly higher in all patient groups as compared to controls. Epinephrine levels on the first, third and seventh days after the stroke were significantly higher in patients with lesions in the right middle cerebral artery territory than controls. In frequency-domain analysis, patients with right middle cerebral artery territory lesions had greater low frequency and low frequency to high frequency ratio values than controls. Time-domain analysis revealed significant decreases in the standard deviation from the mean for 5-minute 288 R-R intervals in patients with lesions in the right middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery territory when contrasted with controls. Patients with lesions in the right middle cerebral artery territory demonstrated the highest increase in the percentage of consecutive R-R intervals differing by more than 50 ms (pNN50) as compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that autonomic dysfunction favoring an increase in sympathetic activity occurs in acute stroke patients.