bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publishing Ethics
Authors: Smith Steven D.
Published: June 2022

The publication of a peer‐reviewed article or book is a key element in the development of a body of knowledge. It is also used for advancing the careers of researchers and those of their collaborators, and educating readers, other researchers, and students. Books and articles reflect the quality of the work of the authors and the institutions that support them. It is therefore important to identify and agree ethical standards to guarantee the high quality of scholarly publishing, the credibility of research findings, and that the respective authors duly receive credit for their work and ideas. Here we provide an introduction to the background of the ethics of research publishing and identify five fundamental ethical issues facing students and professionals: duplication of text and/or images (“plagiarism”) and intellectual theft; improper authorship attribution or contribution; duplicate (or redundant) publication or duplicate (or multiple) submissions; research data manipulation, including fabrication or falsification, or selective reporting that misrepresents the findings of the research; and competing interests or undeclared conflicts of interest. Although this entry focuses on the main issues facing authors of peer‐reviewed articles, everyone involved in the publishing process has a range of ethical responsibilities and standards to uphold.
Douglass, Frederick
Authors: Satterwhite Christopher
Published: June 2022

Frederick Douglass (1817–95) was born into slavery and died one of the most famous men of the nineteenth century. The author of three autobiographies, as well as the editor of several newspapers, Douglass first made a name for himself on the abolitionist lecture circuit describing in detail his life under slavery and his intense desire for freedom. Most known for his work to end slavery, he was also a strong proponent of women's suffrage. As a man who literally felt the sting of the whip, Douglass connected his personal abolitionist struggles to broadly advocate for the oppressed, whether it be women in the United States, or Haitians and Irish on foreign soil. This passion to free himself and end slavery led Douglass to his philosophy, which could best be described as an anti‐racist form of self‐reliance. He cultivated these guiding themes throughout his life, which later inspired a number of civil rights activists across the globe well into the modern era.
Rationality and Normativity
Authors: Brunero John
Published: June 2022

This entry considers the question of whether rationality is normative; that is, the question of whether one always ought (or, more weakly, has a reason) to be rational. It first distinguishes substantive from structural rationality, noting how structural rationality presents a more serious challenge to the thesis that rationality is normative. It then considers the plausibility of skepticism about structural rationality, and notes some problems facing such skepticism. However, if we are not skeptics about structural requirements, we face the task of formulating those requirements. But both narrow‐scope and wide‐scope formulations seem incompatible with the idea that we always ought to be rational. This suggests that we have good reason to think that rationality is not strongly normative.
Anthropocene
Authors: Draper Jamie
Published: June 2022

The “Anthropocene” is a term used to mark a period of history where humans have become the dominant force in the transformation of the Earth system. Humans are fundamentally altering the Earth system through processes with potentially catastrophic consequences, such as anthropogenic climate change, ocean acidification, biodiversity loss, mass extinction, and environmental degradation. Thus, the Anthropocene is often employed as an ethical and critical concept, in order to prompt critical reflection on the relationship that humans have to their environment. Three sites of critical reflection are examined in this entry: the Anthropocene as a diagnosis and prognosis of our ecological predicament; ethics and politics in the Anthropocene; and the Anthropocene and the “End of Nature.”
Disease progression and brain atrophy in NMDAR encephalitis: Associated factor & clinical implication
Authors: Lee Woo‐Jin , Lee Soon‐Tae , Kim Do‐Yong , Kim Soyun , Chu Kon
Published: June 2022

Objective

We investigated the longitudinal pattern, determining factors, and clinical implications of brain volume changes in N‐methyl d‐aspartate receptor‐antibody (NMDAR) encephalitis.

Methods

Baseline clinical profiles, treatment profiles, and outcome measured using the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) were obtained from a long‐term clinical database documenting an NMDAR encephalitis cohort. In serial MRI, the change in the normalized volume of different brain regions from the baseline evaluation was measured. At each MRI evaluation time point, the cumulative disease burden (CASE score × months) and the cumulative duration of status epilepticus were also evaluated.

Results

Thirty‐six patients were followed‐up for 28.5 months (range 12–63 months). The volume ratio at last MRI to baseline was the lowest in the cerebellum (94.4 ± 5.7%, p < 0.001). Once developed, cerebellar volume reduction followed a progressive course until 2 years from disease onset. The degree of cerebellar volume reduction was positively correlated with mRS and total CASE scores (all, p < 0.001), and CASE scores in the domains of memory, language, and psychiatric problems, gait instability/ataxia, and weakness (all, p < 0.01). In linear mixed model analyses, the degree of cerebellar volume reduction was associated with cumulative disease burden up to 2 years (p < 0.001) and duration of status epilepticus (p < 0.001), and delayed removal of teratoma for ≥1 month (p = 0.006).

Interpretation

In NMDAR encephalitis, cerebellar volume reduction was progressive once developed. Cerebellar volume reduction might reflect disease burden and extent of progression and be associated with poor outcomes in multiple functional domains.
Health Literacy and Patient Activation in the Pediatric to Adult Transition in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Patient and Health Care Team Perspectives
Authors: Ciosek Ashley L. , Makris Una E. , Kramer Justin , Bermas Bonnie L. , Solow E. Blair , Wright Tracey , Bitencourt Nicole
Published: June 2022

Objective

To identify perceived health literacy (HL) and patient activation (PA) needs during the transition from pediatric to adult rheumatology among patients with childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE).

Methods

Semistructured interviews of patients and health care professionals were conducted from November 2019 through May 2020, until thematic saturation was achieved. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Thirteen post‐transition adult female participants with cSLE were recruited from a public safety‐net hospital system or from private practice. Thirteen health care team members were recruited from two pediatric and four adult rheumatology clinical sites serving patients in the same metropolitan area. Patients and health care team members acknowledged numerous HL components as important to transition, including language fluency, education, SLE‐specific knowledge, self‐efficacy, and accurate knowledge of personal medical history. Our interviews found PA to be an important component of the transition process, driven by internalization of the implications of cSLE diagnosis, self‐education, autonomy, introspection, and trustworthy doctor–patient relationships. Patients valued access to their online electronic medical record, recommended multimodal SLE‐specific education materials, and desired increased access to social workers. Health care team members stressed the importance of early preparation for transition and use of mobile medical applications and endorsed interventions such as lupus camp and increased partnership with psychologists and social workers.

Conclusion

HL and PA are perceived by patients and health care team members as substantially influencing transition success. Further research is needed to evaluate whether interventions to improve HL and PA positively influence cSLE transition outcomes.
Where methadone is now in NY: Take‐home flexibility, OTP concerns
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2022

A symposium sponsored last week by the Coalition of Medication Assisted Treatment Providers and Advocates (COMPA) focused on treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) with methadone, which is only done in opioid treatment programs (OTPs). Officials from the Office of Addiction Services and Supports (OASAS) — the New York agency that is responsible for regulation and oversight of OTPs and distribution of the federal Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment (SAPT) Block Grant — presented an update of COVID and post‐COVID rules.
NY funds expansion of transportation to treatment and telehealth
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2022

This month, New York State awarded more than $5 million for two initiatives to expand addiction services. Of that, more than $4 million will be awarded to regional network providers for transportation assistance and for care coordination to help people seeking addiction services, and more than $1 million will be awarded to support the expansion of telehealth services in every region of New York State.
Current opioid statistics and need for treatment
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2022

There is a connection between opioid overdoses, reduction in prescribing of opioids for pain, and the need for treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), according to Mark Parrino, president of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD).
Two‐Way Semicrystalline Shape Memory Elastomers: Development and Current Research Trends
Authors: Basak Sayan , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit
Published: June 2022

Two‐way shape memory polymers (SMPs) have gained significant attention in the recent past owing to their ability to spontaneously and reversibly switch between two different shapes when heated and cooled, thereby allowing them to reversibly actuate autonomously. Semicrystalline elastomers are one of the best classes to design two‐way SMPs owing to the crystallization‐induced elongation and the melting‐induced contraction that can result in reversible strain in the elastomeric network and can be applied to fabricate artificial muscles and actuators. This review revisits the overview of the SMPs and the inspiration behind developing two‐way shape memory semicrystalline elastomers and their mechanistic pathway. Finally, the latest developments in the realm of the elastomeric networks and how these smart materials are gaining spotlight along with the future purview and potential outlook are circumscribed.
AlScN‐on‐SiC Thin Film Micromachined Resonant Transducers Operating in High‐Temperature Environment up to 600 °C
Authors: Sui Wen , Wang Haoran , Lee Jaesung , Qamar Afzaal , Rais‐Zadeh Mina , Feng Philip X.‐L.
Published: June 2022

The experimental demonstration of aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN)‐on‐cubic silicon carbide (SiC) heterostructure thin film micromachined resonant transducers operating in a high‐temperature environment up to 600 °C is reported. Macroscopic and microscopic vibrations are investigated through a combination of ultrasensitive laser interferometry techniques and Raman spectroscopy. An average linear temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (TCf) of <1 ppm °C−1 within the temperature range from room temperature to 200 °C, and an average linear TCfof −16 ppm °C−1between 200 and 600 °C, from the fundamental‐mode resonance of AlScN/SiC circular diaphragm resonator with a thickness of 1.9 µm and diameter of 250 µm, is obtained. Higher‐order modes exhibit much larger TCf, which make them strong candidates as high‐temperature‐tolerant temperature sensors or ultraviolet detectors. Raman spectroscopy indicates that the turning points of the peak positions of the longitudinal optical phonon modes of both 3C‐SiC and AlScN occur in almost the same temperature region where the turnover point of TCfis observed, suggesting that the microscopic vibrations in the crystal lattice and the macroscopic oscillation of the diaphragm are naturally mediated by the residual strain inside the materials at varying temperature.
Mechanical Modulation of 2D Electronic Devices at Atto‐Joule Energy via Flexotronic Effect
Authors: Guo Pengwen , Jia Mengmeng , Guo Di , Wang Wei , Zhang Yufei , Ren Lele , Yu Aifang , Wang Zhong Lin , Zhai Junyi
Published: June 2022

In addition to electrical, optical, and magnetic fields, mechanical forces have demonstrated a strong ability to modulate semiconductor devices. With the rapid development of piezotronics and flexotronics, force regulation has been widely used in field‐effect transistors (FETs), human–machine interfaces, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, etc. Here, a large mechanical modulation of electronic properties by nano‐Newton force in semiconductor materials with a large Young's modulus‐based force FET is reported. More importantly, this FET has ultralow switching energy dissipation (7 aJ per decuple current gain) and nearly zero leakage power; these values are even better than those of electronic FETs. This finding paves the way for practical applications of nanoforce modulation devices at high power efficiency.
PEDOTS:PSS@KNF Wire‐Shaped Electrodes for Textile Symmetrical Capacitor
Authors: Gibertini Eugenio , Magagnin Luca
Published: June 2022

The emerging wearable electronics and e‐textiles have motivated tremendous interests in textile energy storage microdevices. Among them, fiber‐shaped capacitors (FSCs) offer unique properties because of their 1D configuration and reliable energy storage. In recent years, many works focused on the development of 1D fibrous‐shaped electrodes usually involving complex material synthesis and techniques. Herein, an easy procedure for the preparation of composite fibers made by PEDOT:PSS infiltration in gel‐state Kevlar nanofiber (KNF) wires is proposed. The PEDOT:PSS@KNF 1D electrodes are mechanically robust, conductive, and flexible. The symmetric FSCs integrated in textile show remarkable capacitance retention under deformation, average capacitance of 1.1 mF, volumetric energy density of 71 mWh cm−3, and ability to power on a blue light‐emitting diode.
Aerosol Jet Printing as a Versatile Sample Preparation Method for Operando Electrochemical TEM Microdevices
Authors: Morzy Jędrzej K. , Sartor Aileen , Dose Wesley M. , Ou Canlin , Kar‐Narayan Sohini , De Volder Michael F. L. , Ducati Caterina
Published: June 2022

Operando electrochemical transmission electron microscopy (ec‐TEM) is a promising tool for advanced characterization of energy systems close to their operating conditions. However, reliable sample preparation for the technique is particularly challenging due to spatial constraints. Here, a novel approach of manufacturing such samples is introduced and demonstrated for industrially relevant battery powders: NMC811 and LTO (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 and Li4Ti5O12). Aerosol‐jet printing is used to deposit microscale patterns of battery active material particles on the electrodes of commercial ec‐TEM chips. This method provides high spatial resolution (line width < 30 µm) and accuracy, ease of ink preparation, flexibility of materials, and ability to manufacture complex structures (layered or mixed materials). Size selectivity of aerosol jet printing and its positive implications for ec‐TEM sample preparation are also discussed. This procedure is a promising solution to the difficult problem of micro‐battery fabrication for ec‐TEM and for other applications where high spatial resolution deposition from powders is required.
A Highly Stable Electrode with Embedded Structure Formed through a Catalytically Oxidative Decomposition Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Wang Kaiqiang , Zhong Liubiao , Liu Ya , Wang Xinzhong , Zhang Dongxing , Guo Qiuquan , Qiu Yejun
Published: June 2022

Silver nanofiber (AgNF) is a promising candidate for flexible electrodes because of its outstanding physical and electrical properties. However, for mass production of devices, the stability and robustness of AgNF‐based electrodes are still required to be improved. In this work, a facile and cost‐effective technique is developed to embed AgNFs into engineering‐applied polyimide (PI) substrate, which is realized through a silver‐catalyzed oxidative decomposition process. The embedded structure effectively solves surface roughness and adhesion issue, improving electrode performance during scratching and tape peeling test. Besides, the trenches formed during embedding of AgNFs can be used to deposit metals to enhance heat‐tolerance property of electrode. More importantly, benefiting from excellent flexibility of AgNFs and PI film, along with well protection realized by the embedded structure and electroplated metal, the electrodes show outstanding bending stability. Finally, a flexible nanoheater with good heating property and mechanical flexibility is fabricated to demonstrate potential application of the electrode. It is believed that such a method developed in this work will facilitate the fabrication of flexible electronics with high performance.
Spectrally Resolving the Phase and Amplitude of Coherent Phonons in the Charge Density Wave State of 1T‐TaSe2
Authors: Sayers Charles J. , Dal Conte Stefano , Wolverson Daniel , Gadermaier Christoph , Cerullo Giulio , Carpene Ettore , Da Como Enrico
Published: June 2022

The excitation and detection of coherent phonons have given unique insights into the condensed matter, in particular for materials with strong electron–phonon coupling. A study of coherent phonons is reported in the layered charge density wave (CDW) compound 1T‐TaSe2 performed using transient broadband reflectivity spectroscopy, in the photon energy range 1.75–2.65 eV. Several intense and long‐lasting (>20 ps) oscillations, arising from the CDW superlattice reconstruction, are observed allowing for detailed analysis of the spectral dependence of their amplitude and phase. For energies above 2.4 eV, where transitions involve Ta d‐bands, the CDW amplitude mode at 2.19 THz is found to dominate the coherent response. At lower energies, instead, beating arises between additional frequencies, with a particularly intense mode at 2.95 THz. Interestingly, the spectral analysis reveals a π phase shift at 2.4 eV. Results are discussed considering the selective coupling of specific modes to energy bands involved in the optical transitions seen in steady‐state reflectivity. The work demonstrates how coherent phonon spectroscopy can distinguish and resolve optical states strongly coupled to the CDW order and provide additional information normally hidden in conventional steady‐state techniques.
Solution‐Based Integration of Vertically Stacked Organic Photodetectors Toward Easy‐To‐Fabricate Filterless Multi‐Color Light Sensors
Authors: Zhao Ting , Xia Kai , Natali Dario , Pecunia Vincenzo
Published: June 2022

Solution‐processed, color‐selective organic photodetectors are uniquely positioned to deliver high‐performance, low‐cost, multicolor light sensors/imagers beyond the limitations of conventional, color‐filter‐based technologies. To realize such potential, however, a prominent challenge has been the solution‐based, monolithic integration of vertically stacked organic photodetectors, which would enable multicolor sensing with optimum light collection while benefiting from the scalability, cost, and sustainability edges of solution‐based manufacturing. To tackle this challenge, this paper demonstrates, for the first time, the monolithic integration of vertically stacked solution‐processed organic photodetectors for independent, multicolor light sensing within the same pixel area. The solvent orthogonality challenge is tackled by selecting polymer‐based photoactive layers and an insulating polymeric spacer—for independent biasing and photocurrent readout—with compatible processing conditions. Based on the suitable characteristics of blue‐ and green‐sensitive standalone devices, the vertically stacked, monolithic device architecture is optimized by also incorporating semitransparent electrodes for photons to reach deep into the stack. The resultant device architecture enables efficient blue‐ and green‐selective photodetection with state‐of‐the‐art linearity, alongside speed of response adequate for real‐world applications. Based on its solution‐processability and modularity, this approach paves the way for the facile, solution‐based fabrication of organic imagers covering multiple spectral regions with high sensitivity and resolution.
Lewis Acid‐Assisted Transition Metal‐Free Aminocyanation of Alkynes with Arylamines and N‐Cyanosuccinimide
Authors: Kumar Gautam , Bhattacharya Debkanta , Chatterjee Indranil
Published: June 2022

A transition‐metal‐free aminocyanation of aryl alkynes has been achieved using indium tribromide, InBr3 or B(C6F5)3 as a Lewis acid. This aminocyanation protocol features with non‐toxic cyanide source, a good substrate scope and potentially valuable aminocyanation products. Mechanistic studies reveal the complex formation between Lewis acid and alkyne to produce in situ alkyne nitrile as a key intermediate. Further hydroamination of alkyne nitrile with arylamines affords the E‐selective (E:Z=70:30 to 90:10) β‐aminoacrylonitrile derivatives.

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Particle Hydrogels Decrease Cerebral Atrophy and Attenuate Astrocyte and Microglia/Macrophage Reactivity after Stroke
Authors: Sideris Elias , Kioulaphides Sophia , Wilson Katrina L , Yu Aaron , Chen Jun , Carmichael S. Thomas , Segura Tatiana
Published: June 2022

Increasing numbers of individuals live with stroke related disabilities. Following stroke, highly reactive astrocytes and pro‐inflammatory microglia can release cytokines and lead to a cytotoxic environment that causes further brain damage and prevents endogenous repair. Paradoxically, these same cells also activate pro‐repair mechanisms that contribute to endogenous repair and brain plasticity. Here, it is shown that the direct injection of a hyaluronic acid‐based microporous annealed particle (MAP) hydrogel into the stroke core in mice reduces the percent of highly reactive astrocytes, increases the percent of alternatively activated microglia, decreases cerebral atrophy, and preserves NF200 axonal bundles. Further, MAP hydrogel is shown to promote reparative astrocyte infiltration into the lesion, which directly coincides with axonal penetration into the lesion. This work shows that the injection of a porous scaffold into the stroke core can lead to clinically relevant decrease in cerebral atrophy and modulates astrocytes and microglia toward a pro‐repair phenotype.
Consumers' purchase intention of wild freshwater fish during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Chen Tinggui , Wang Hui
Published: June 2022

The association between the COVID‐19 pandemic and the wildlife trade in the seafood market in Wuhan has raised public concern regarding wildlife consumption and public health safety. Considering several coronavirus transmission incidents related to aquatic products and the location of wild freshwater fish in aquatic consumption in China, the effects of COVID‐19 on the purchase intention of wild freshwater fish was investigated. Based on 1163 online questionnaires from eight provinces (including two province‐level municipalities) in the Yangtze River Basin, ordered logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of purchase intention of wild freshwater fish during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The empirical results indicated that the COVID‐19 pandemic had changed consumers' perceived risk and purchase frequency of wild freshwater fish. External stimulus caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic had little influence on perceived risk and purchase intention. Consumer preference had a significant impact on perceived risk and purchase intention. Therefore, efforts should be put to strengthen the popularization of aquatic product knowledge, guide the public to develop scientific and civic eating habits, and improve the traceability system of aquatic products. [EconLit Citations: D12‐Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q22‐Fishery; Aquaculture].
A computational fluid dynamics‐based method to investigate and optimize novel liquid distributor
Authors: Xue Jiaxing , Wu Qingpeng , Zhao Hongkang , Li Qunsheng
Published: June 2022

Liquid distributors have an important influence on packed towers' hydrodynamics and mass transfer performances. This work has designed a narrow‐trough liquid distributor with stepped baffle plates to regulate liquid flow. The liquid mainstream is diverted layer by stepped baffles to realize the uniform distribution of liquid. The relationship between liquid flow and the baffle plates arrangement is studied by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Furthermore, we put forward a CFD‐based structural optimization scheme to arrange baffle plates in an arc shape, which leads to a uniform and stable flow of each distribution orifice in the range of liquid spray density of 5–120 m3·(m2·h)−1. The simulation results agree with experiments, which proved that the novel liquid distributor has excellent performance. Compared with the traditional trough liquid distributor, the novel liquid distributor can provide more liquid drip points, more gas‐phase channels, higher operating flexibility, and take up less space.
Investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop for a multiple‐started ribbed pipe using large‐eddy simulation
Authors: Kügele Simon , Renze Peter , Dietl Jochen , Grützner Thomas
Published: June 2022

Turbulent heat transport phenomena in multiple‐started helically ribbed pipes are investigated. Such structures are applied to enhance heat transfer in various technical systems. A large‐eddy simulation (LES) approach is used to model the turbulent flow field. The simulation results for heat transfer and pressure loss are in good agreement with available experimental data and the simulation model is successfully validated for complex surface geometries. For a better understanding of the impact of the wall structures on the turbulent transport processes, local profiles of the relevant flow variables values are investigated. Thus, the specific mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement can be explained and a knowledge‐based optimization of innovative structures is possible.
Germination niche breadth of invasive Iris pseudacorus (L.) suggests continued recruitment from seeds with global warming
Authors: Gillard Morgane B. , Castillo Jesús M. , Mesgaran Mohsen B. , Futrell Caryn J. , Grewell Brenda J.
Published: June 2022

Premise

Understanding recruitment processes of invasive species is central to conservation and management strategies. Iris pseudacorus, an emergent macrophyte, has established invasive populations across a broad global range, and reduces biodiversity in wetland ecosystems. Climate change is altering germination cues, yet studies on the invasion of wetland macrophytes often ignore germination ecology despite its importance to their establishment and spread.

Methods

We explored germination of seeds from invasive I. pseudacorus populations in California in response to seed coat presence or absence, and several environmental factors. Using experimental results in a thermal time model, we derived germination temperature thresholds.

Results

Germination of I. pseudacorus seeds did not require cold or warm stratification, and was not affected by seed coat presence or absence. Germination occurred in the dark, although germinability was two‐ to threefold times greater under light. At constant temperature, thermal time model estimates included 18.3 ± 1.8°C base germination temperature ); 28.2 ± 0.5°C optimal temperature ); and 41.0 ± 1.7°C ceiling temperature ). Seeds exposed to 36.0°C achieved over 10% germination, and embryos of ungerminated seeds presented 76% viability. Overall, germinability remained relatively low at constant temperatures (≤25%) but was close to 90% under alternating daily temperatures.

Conclusions

Exposure to diurnally fluctuating temperatures is essential for this species to achieve high germination rates. Our study reveals that I. pseudacorus has a broad germination niche supporting its establishment in a relatively wide range of environments, including at high temperatures more frequent with climate change.
Exome sequencing identifies genetic variants in anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Authors: Li Jingjing , Yang Wei , Wang Yuejun Jessie , Ma Chen , Curry Cynthia J. , McGoldrick Daniel , Nickerson Deborah A. , Chong Jessica X. , Blue Elizabeth E. , Mullikin James C. , Reefhuis Jennita , Nembhard Wendy N. , Romitti Paul A. , Werler Martha M. , Browne Marilyn L. , Olshan Andrew F. , Finnell Richard H. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Pangilinan Faith , Almli Lynn M. , Bamshad Mike J. , Brody Lawrence C. , Jenkins Mary M. , Shaw Gary M. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program,   University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: June 2022

Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M) are rare birth defects affecting up to 2 per 10,000 live births. These conditions are manifested by the absence of an eye or reduced eye volumes within the orbit leading to vision loss. Although clinical case series suggest a strong genetic component in A/M, few systematic investigations have been conducted on potential genetic contributions owing to low population prevalence. To overcome this challenge, we utilized DNA samples and data collected as part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). The NBDPS employed multi‐center ascertainment of infants affected by A/M. We performed exome sequencing on 67 family trios and identified numerous genes affected by rare deleterious nonsense and missense variants in this cohort, including de novo variants. We identified 9 nonsense changes and 86 missense variants that are absent from the reference human population (Genome Aggregation Database), and we suggest that these are high priority candidate genes for A/M. We also performed literature curation, single cell transcriptome comparisons, and molecular pathway analysis on the candidate genes and performed protein structure modeling to determine the potential pathogenic variant consequences on PAX6 in this disease.
Global incidence of young‐onset dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hendriks Stevie , Peetoom Kirsten , Bakker Christian , Koopmans Raymond , van der Flier Wiesje , Papma Janne , Verhey Frans ,   Young‐Onset Dementia Epidemiology Study Group, de Vugt Marjolein , Köhler Sebastian
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Reliable data on the incidence rates for young‐onset dementia (YOD) are lacking, but are necessary for research on disease etiology and to raise awareness among health care professionals.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on population‐based studies on the incidence of YOD, published between January 1, 1990 and February 1, 2022, according to Meta‐analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Data were analyzed using random‐effects meta‐analyses. Results were age‐standardized, and heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analyses and meta‐regression.

Results

Sixty‐one articles were included. Global age‐standardized incidence rates increased from 0.17/100,000 in age 30 to 34 years, to 5.14/100,000 in age 60 to 64 years, giving a global total age‐standardized incidence rate of 11 per 100,000 in age 30 to 64. This corresponds to 370,000 new YOD cases annually worldwide. Heterogeneity was high and meta‐regression showed geographic location significantly influenced this heterogeneity.

Discussion

This meta‐analysis shows the current best estimate of YOD incidence. New prospective cohort studies are needed.
Description of a European memory clinic cohort undergoing amyloid‐PET: The AMYPAD Diagnostic and Patient Management Study
Authors: Altomare Daniele , Collij Lyduine , Caprioglio Camilla , Scheltens Philip , van Berckel Bart N.M. , Alves Isadora Lopes , Berkhof Johannes , de Gier Yvonne , Garibotto Valentina , Moro Christian , Poitrine Léa , Delrieu Julien , Payoux Pierre , Saint‐Aubert Laure , Molinuevo José Luis , Grau‐Rivera Oriol , Gispert Juan‐Domingo , Minguillón Carolina , Fauria Karine , Sanchez Marta Felez , Rădoi Andreea , Drzezga Alexander , Jessen Frank , Escher Claus , Zeyen Philip , Nordberg Agneta , Savitcheva Irina , Jelic Vesna , Walker Zuzana , Lee Ho‐Yun , Lee Lean , Demonet Jean‐François , Plaza Wuthrich Sonia , Gismondi Rossella , Farrar Gill , Barkhof Frederik , Stephens Andrew W. , Frisoni Giovanni B. ,   the AMYPAD Consortium
Published: June 2022

Introduction

AMYPAD Diagnostic and Patient Management Study (DPMS) aims to investigate the clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness of amyloid‐PET in Europe. Here we present participants’ baseline features and discuss the representativeness of the cohort.

Methods

Participants with subjective cognitive decline plus (SCD+), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia were recruited in eight European memory clinics from April 16, 2018, to October 30, 2020, and randomized into three arms: ARM1, early amyloid‐PET; ARM2, late amyloid‐PET; and ARM3, free‐choice.

Results

A total of 840 participants (244 SCD+, 341 MCI, and 255 dementia) were enrolled. Sociodemographic/clinical features did not differ significantly among recruiting memory clinics or with previously reported cohorts. The randomization assigned 35% of participants to ARM1, 32% to ARM2, and 33% to ARM3; cognitive stages were distributed equally across the arms.

Discussion

The features of AMYPAD‐DPMS participants are as expected for a memory clinic population. This ensures the generalizability of future study results.
Trajectories of cognitive decline and dementia development: A 12‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Payton Nicola M. , Marseglia Anna , Grande Giulia , Fratiglioni Laura , Kivipelto Miia , Bäckman Lars , Laukka Erika J.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Mapping the preclinical dementia phase is important for early detection and evaluation of interventions. We assessed the trajectories of cognitive decline in preclinical dementia over 12 years and investigated whether being a fast decliner across 6 years is associated with increased risk of dementia the following 6 years.

Methods

Rates of cognitive decline were determined using mixed‐effects models for 1646 participants from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC‐K) cohort. Cox regression was used to assess the future likelihood of dementia for fast decliners (declining ≥1.5 standard deviations [SDs] faster than the age‐specific rates).

Results

Participants in a preclinical phase of dementia showed increased rates of decline in all cognitive tests compared to the no‐dementia group, particularly closer (0‐6 years) to diagnosis. Participants declining fast in three or more cognitive tests 12‐6 years before diagnosis demonstrated a high risk of dementia 6 years later (hazard ratio [HR] 3.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28–6.69).

Discussion

Being a fast decliner is linked to increased risk of future dementia.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Enantioselective Hydroformylation of Cyclopropyl‐Functionalized Trisubstituted Alkenes
Authors: Li Shuailong , Zhang Dequan , Zhang Runtong , Bai Shao‐Tao , Zhang Xumu
Published: June 2022

The first rhodium‐catalyzed highly chemo‐, regio‐ and enantioselective hydroformylation of cyclopropyl‐functionalized trisubstituted alkenes affording useful chiral cyclopropyl entities is reported. Compared to generally used diphosphine ligands for asymmetric catalysis, the modified hybrid phosphorus ligand, named (R,S)‐DTBM‐Yanphos, can convert a series of readily available cyclopropyl‐functionalized trisubstituted alkenes into high‐value chiral cyclopropyl‐functionalized aldehydes with high selectivities (81–98 % ee). Gram‐scale reactions (TON up to 1500) and follow‐up transformations to the corresponding alcohol, acid, esters and nitrile are also presented. Finally, a possible hydroformylation mechanism involving ring‐open‐hydroformylation pathways is proposed based on control and deuteroformylation reactions.
Improved Polarization in the Sr6Cd2Sb6O7Se10 Oxyselenide through Design of Lateral Sublattices for Efficient Photoelectric Conversion
Authors: Wang Ruiqi , Wang Fakun , Zhang Xian , Feng Xin , Zhao Chendong , Bu Kejun , Zhang Zhuang , Zhai Tianyou , Huang Fuqiang
Published: June 2022

Highly‐polarizable materials are favorable for photoelectric conversion due to their efficient charge separation, while precise design of them is still a big challenge. Herein a novel polar oxyselenide, Sr6Cd2Sb6O7Se10, is rationally designed. It contains lateral sublattices of polarizable [Sb2OSe4]4− chains and highly‐orientated [CdSe3]4− chains. The intense polarization was evaluated by significant second‐harmonic generation (SHG) signal (maximum: 12.6×AgGaS2) in broad spectrum range. The polarization was found to mainly improve the carrier separation with a much longer recombination lifetime (76.5 μs) than that of the nonpolar compound Sr2Sb2O2Se3 (18.0 μs), resulting in better photoelectric performance. The single‐crystal photoelectric device exhibited excellent response covering broad spectrum in 500–1000 nm with stable reproducibility. This work provides some new insights into the structure design of highly‐polarizable heteroanionic materials for photoelectric conversion.
Graphdiyne Nanospheres as a Wettability and Electron Modifier for Enhanced Hydrogenation Catalysis
Authors: Yu Jia , Chen Weiming , Li Kaixuan , Zhang Chunhui , Li Mingzhu , He Feng , Jiang Lei , Li Yuliang , Song Weiguo , Cao Changyan
Published: June 2022

Owing to unique alkyne‐rich structure, graphdiyne (GDY) has been proven to be a superb support for anchoring metal catalysts. Herein we demonstrate a new role of GDY as the wettability modifier for enhanced hydrogenation catalysis. After loading a certain amount GDY nanospheres, the silica mesoporous channels become superaerophilic, which allows gaseous H2to be directly stored inside, thus significantly increasing the H2concentration around the palladium nanoparticles (NPs). At the same time, GDY nanospheres also alter the electronic structure of the Pd NPs via a strong d‐π interaction. Combining these two roles of GDY, allows the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to proceed under ambient H2pressure in water, with an impressive 4.3‐fold enhancement compared to the unmodified Pd/mSiO2catalyst. This study demonstrates a new role of GDY in constructing wettability matched catalysts for gas‐liquid‐solid tri‐phase reactions.
The Close Interaction of a C−F Bond with an Amide Carbonyl: Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization
Authors: Harry Stefan Andrew , Kazim Muhammad , Nguyen Phuong Minh , Zhu Andrea , Xiang Michael Richard , Catazaro Jonathan , Siegler Maxime , Lectka Thomas
Published: June 2022

The putative interaction of a C−F bond with an amide carbonyl has been an intriguing topic of interest in this century for reasons spanning basic physical organic chemistry to biochemistry. However, to date, there exist no examples of a close, well‐defined interaction in which its unique aspects can be identified and exploited. Herein, we finally present an engineered system possessing an exceptionally tight C−F‐amide interaction, allowing us to obtain spectroscopic, crystallographic, and kinetic details of a distinctive, biochemically relevant chemical system for the first time. In turn, we also explore Lewis acid coordination, C−F bond promotion of amide isomerization, enantiomerization, and ion protonation processes.
Tracheobronchomalacia causing end expiratory grunt post‐intubation
Authors: Bhagvandas J. , Henry J.
Published: June 2022

Tracheobronchomalacia is a rare, often asymptomatic, progressive disease characterised by a complete or near‐complete collapse of the airway during expiration. Only a few cases have been reported as being diagnosed intra‐operatively. Here, we report a case of tracheobronchomalacia diagnosed under general anaesthesia in a 52‐year‐old man undergoing elective excision of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the scalp, face and arm. A persistent, loud, end expiratory grunt was noted immediately after inflation of the tracheal tube cuff. Oxygenation, ventilation and capnography remained within normal ranges. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed a patent tracheal tube with complete distal collapse of the trachea on expiration to the level of the carina. Increased positive end expiratory pressure was applied and the tracheal tube advanced to splint the trachea open. The grunting sound resolved and surgery proceeded uneventfully. Postoperatively, computerised tomography imaging confirmed the diagnosis. An audible end expiratory grunt immediately post‐intubation is unusual and warrants further investigation. Flexible bronchoscopy can be utilised to visualise the dynamic airway collapse that occurs in tracheobronchomalacia.
Peri‐operative management of a child with ROHHAD‐NET syndrome undergoing neural crest tumour excision
Authors: Puri S. , Yaddanapudi S. , Menon P.
Published: June 2022

A nine‐year‐old girl diagnosed with ROHHAD‐NET (rapid‐onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, autonomic dysfunction and neuroendocrine tumour) syndrome was scheduled for excision of a large paravertebral ganglioneuroma under general anaesthesia. Her comorbidities included hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus and autonomic dysfunction. Intra‐ and postoperative complications included intra‐operative hypotension, long surgical time and prolonged postoperative ventilation. Complete weaning from ventilation was initially unsuccessful and she was ultimately discharged on domiciliary nasal BiPAP therapy. The peri‐operative care of children with this syndrome is challenging due to the involvement of multiple organ systems. In this report, we describe how pre‐operative optimisation, well‐planned intra‐operative management and intensive postoperative care are essential for a favourable outcome.
Toughening polylactic acid by melt blending with polybutylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate and natural rubber, and the performance of the resulting ternary blends
Authors: Wannawitayapa Wanchana , Yoksan Rangrong
Published: June 2022

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commercially potential bio‐based and biodegradable materials recently used to partially replace non‐biodegradable petroleum‐based plastics; however, PLA's innate brittleness limits its practical applications. The present work aims to reduce the brittleness and improve the toughness of PLA by blending it with polybutylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate (PBAT) and natural rubber (NR). PLA/PBAT/NR ternary blends were prepared by a melt blending process, using both an internal mixer and a twin‐screw extruder, and were converted into test specimens using an injection molding machine. The weight ratio of PBAT:NR was kept constant at 1:1, while the amounts of PBAT/NR blend were varied at 14, 26, and 38 wt%. SEM confirmed the incompatibility among PLA, PBAT, and NR, as island‐like NR phases and oval PBAT phases were dispersed in the PLA matrix. Compared with neat PLA, the PLA/PBAT/NR ternary blends exhibited increased elongation at break from 6.2% to 21.0% (up to 240%), improved impact strength from 36.6 to 85.0 J/m (up to 130%), decreased density from 1.254 to 1.159 g/cm3 (approximately 7.6%), enhanced thermal stability and water resistance, and reduced shear‐dependent behavior. The obtained PLA/PBAT/NR blends have potential for the production of injection‐molded articles such as biomedical devices, toys, agricultural supplies, office supplies.
Facile fabrication of thermoplastic polymer nanoparticles by combining sea‐island spinning and Rayleigh instability
Authors: You Haining , Zhao Qinghua , Mei Tao , Li Xiufang , You Renchuan , Wang Dong
Published: June 2022

Sea‐island spinning has been widely used to prepare ultrafine fibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers in textile industry. However, the use of industrialized sea‐island fibers as a precursor to fabricate polymeric nanoparticles has not been reported. Herein, the thermoplastic poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) (PVA‐co‐PE) nanofibers with ~240 nm were mass produced in an industrial production line, and the effect of thermal annealing on the morphological evolution was investigated. Rayleigh instability driven morphological transition from nanofibers to spherical particles in ethylene glycol system, demonstrating that the regular nanospheres could be fabricated by controlling annealing temperature and time. The PVA‐co‐PE nanoparticles with an average diameter of ~680 nm was obtained after annealing at 100°C for 30 min. As a result, the PVA‐co‐PE nanoparticles can be mass‐produced with 25 kg/day yield in our production line. This study opens a new avenue of research toward the large‐scalable manufacture of polymeric micro/nano particles by combing industrialized sea‐island spinning technology and Rayleigh instability‐induced morphology evolution.
Multifunctional and stretchable graphene/textile composite sensor for human motion monitoring
Authors: Zhou Yi , Myant Connor , Stewart Rebecca
Published: June 2022

Sensors based on electronic textiles (e‐textiles) have become increasingly prominent in the field of biomechanical monitoring technology due to multiple properties such as being lightweight, flexible, and comfortable, with increasing potential in incorporating into long‐term monitoring devices. Previous research has been conducted into textile strain sensors based on graphene for human motion monitoring, however most graphene e‐textile strain sensors exhibit poor sensitivity and stretchability. To our knowledge, no previous research has looked at knitted graphene‐based fabrics in regards to the fabric composition of the substrate. In this paper, we propose a graphene/fabric composite sensor using a cost‐effective dip coating method of an acrylic/Spandex knit fabric, and further explores its mechanical, electrical, and sensing properties. The developed graphene/textile composite sensor has a wide sensing range (up to 344%) and exhibits a good sensitivity with a high gauge factor of up to 16. As a wearable sensor, our sensing fabric can detect both large and subtle human motions and is able to distinguish between various ranges of joint movements, demonstrating its ability to function as a human motion monitoring system. Our sensor further exhibits the ability to be used as a supercapacitor or capacitive pressure sensor.
Effects of ε‐polylysine and chitosan functionalization on pulp board properties for food packaging
Authors: Zhao Dandan , Chang Qing , Fan Jiahui , Shu Qingfeng , Niu Shasha , Li Dan , Xie Yijun , Deng Xiaoyong
Published: June 2022

The production of paper‐based food packaging materials is of vital importance as the release of microplastics into aqueous environment and food chain has aroused significant public concern. In this study, antibacterial pulp board was demonstrated by co‐spraying chitosan (CS) and ε‐polylysine (ε‐PL) on wet sheet and dried to form fibrous pulp board (ε‐PL‐CS). ε‐PL functionalization showed great antibacterial performance while its hydrophilicity limited its further application for food packaging. Interestingly, ε‐PL‐CS pulp board not only demonstrated excellent antibacterial performance (99.99% against both bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), but also maintained high hydrophobicity (ca. 135°) and water resistance due to the positive charge of ε‐PL and CS as well as penetration of CS into pulp board. In addition, CS functionalization significantly improved the mechanical strength of the pulp board by around 100% (20 MPa). More importantly, the ε‐PL‐CS pulp board could successfully prevent bacteria growth within 15 days at room temperature due to their high hydrophobicity and smooth surface, indicating the long‐term stability as packaging materials. Satisfactory strawberry storage stability of ε‐PL‐CS cardboard lunch box provided great application promise for the development of antimicrobial packaging materials.