bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Theoretical Guidelines toward a Sociology of Migration
Authors: Mangalam J. J. , Schwarzweller Harry K.
Published: June 2018

The question is beginning to be debated in the field of migration studies as to whether it is possible to formulate an explanatory theory general enough to cover the whole process of emigration and immigration. Charles Price thinks it is doubtful that we are ready for a general account couched in terms of formal theory (Australian Immigration: A Bibliography and Digest, 1966, p. A52). On the other hand, Everett S. Lee has attempted to present a general theory (“A Theory of Migration”, Demography, 3, 1966, p. 47–57). The following article by Mangalam and Schwarzweller takes a middle of the road position by formulating a middle-range theory of migration. This is a preliminary effort which other researchers will hopefully modify, clarify, and expand.
The Origins of Ethnic Radicalism in Northern Minnesota, 1900–1920
Authors: Betten Neil
Published: June 2018

Immigrants to Northern Minnesota, especially Finns, developed a radical tradition. In part, this tradition stemmed from their political heritage; in part, it derived from severe living conditions in the Minnesota mines. The following article seeks to examine the interplay of these factors in the growth of radicalism in the early twentieth century.
The New Deal, the Immigrants and Congressman Vito Marcantonio
Authors: LaGumina Salvatore J.
Published: June 2018

Like the Finns in Northern Minnesota, Italians in New York City accepted a politically radical leader, despite the fact that the majority of them remained conservative. According to the following author, this was due not to their heritage but rather to conditions they faced in their new environment. Future research might do well to focus attention upon the relative role of ethnic culture versus environment in producing radical attitudes among immigrants.
Immigrants’ Attitudes toward their Children's Inter-Ethnic Marriages in a Canadian Community
Authors: Chimbos Peter D.
Published: June 2018

In this investigation, it was found that the higher percentage of favorable responses toward children's inter-ethnic marriages came from the Dutch ethnic group. The Greek and Slovak groups indicated higher rates of negative responses. However, marked differences, especially among the Dutch and Slovaks were observed when religious endogamy was presented as an alternative. The females, in all three minority groups, indicated a higher percentage of objection and reluctance for their children's inter-ethnic marriage than the males. The educational background was not an important factor among the Dutch. But, among the Greek and Slovak groups the higher percentage of immigrants objecting to inter-marriage came from the lower educational levels. With respect to the immigrant's rural-urban background in the home country it was found among the Greeks and Slovaks that the larger the community they came from the higher the rate of objection to inter-ethnic marriage. There were no marked differences in such attitudes among the Dutch. It was also found that some of the immigrants who already had practised exogamy (married outside their ethnic group) definitely objected or at least showed indifference for having their children married to someone outside their ethnic group.
Rural to Urban Migration of Mexican Americans, Negroes and Anglos
Authors: Price Daniel O.
Published: June 2018

This study compares rural to urban Mexican-American, Negro and Anglo migrants with non-migrants continuing to live in the areas from which the migrants came. Virtually all of the migrants were better off financially than they had been before migration and better off than the non-migrants in the rural areas. The migrants also had better levels of living as measured by several indicators. The Anglos maintained the closest ties to the rural area from which they came, but the Negroes had the highest proportion sending money back. Expressed happiness in the urban area did not show much association with improvements in financial status, but most members of each group reported feeling happier in the urban than in the rural area.
Patterns of Migration to Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: Browning Harley L. , Feindt Waltraut
Published: June 2018

Monterrey, Mexico is a rapidly growing industrial metropolis, about half of whose growth in the last decades is due to net in-migration. A 1965 survey of 1640 men shows that a majority of migrants originate in rural or small urban places. However, size of place in itself is insufficient to identify differences in areas of origin by socioeconomic level, so a classification of zonas (a socioeconomically homogeneous grouping of municípios) is provided and the different circumstances of out-migration from these different areas are described.

There is a low conformity to the stage (step) migration model due to the lack of a fully developed urban hierarchy, the unfavorable opportunity structure of intermediate size places, and the fact that migration takes place within a kinship network that favors direct migration.
A Conceptual Analysis of the “A lien Invasion”: Institutionalized Support of Illegal Mexican Aliens in the U.S.
Authors: Stoddard Ellwyn R.
Published: June 2018

On October 22, 1974, the newly appointed Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (hereafter INS) Leonard Chapman, Jr. declared:

This country is being overrun by illegal aliens. They are coming in by the millions and without legislation and additional money and manpower there is little we can do to halt the flood.
European Migrations: The New Pattern
Authors: Kayser Bernard
Published: June 2018

The main features of the present pattern of intra-European workers’ migrations are becoming clear as they are viewed in structural and cyclical terms. The age of uncontrolled migration is gone. The drying-up of the flows, however, due to the stoppage of foreign recruitment of workers, appears simultaneous to the consolidation of the stocks: in France and Germany the foreign population is increasing appreciably because of its demographic vitality and the new policy of authorized family reunions, offering to industry and services an increased working force reserve. The migratory pressure in some of the southern countries is not slackening, as they are hardly suffering from the backlash of the recession.
Women, Migration and Social Change: A Colombian Case Study
Authors: Whiteford Michael B.
Published: June 2018

It is the contention of this author that, for women in particular the process of migration is a liberating, or freeing process. Specifically, this paper examines the changes which take place in the social environment of women as a result of rural-urban migrations. The focus of the investigation is female migrants who have moved to the city of Popayán, Columbia. The discussion is based on data gathered in Barrio Tulcán.
British Immigration and Settlement in Australian Cities, 1947–1971
Authors: Burnley I.H.
Published: June 2018

Standard theory on British immigration to Australia has assumed that British immigrants are an extension of the Anglo-Saxon core culture since Australian society has the same language and ancestral origins, the political institutions are similar and the societies have similar sports and folkways. This analysis tests this proposition through an examination of the extent to which British mobility, urbanization, residential segregation and housing patterns resemble those of the Australian born and to what extent the British have become a third culture between the Australian born and other foreign born.
Migration, Urbanization, and Fertility in the Philippines
Authors: Hiday Virginia A.
Published: June 2018

The effect of migration on fertility in a less developed nation is studied in this analysis by a comparison of three groups of women: 1) rural sedentary; 2) rural to rural migrants; and 3) rural to urban migrants. Age specific fertility rates and child-woman ratios reveal a declining gradient of fertility with social distance from the rural home community.
Patterns of Adaptation among Households of U.S.-Bound Migrants from Michoacán, Mexico
Authors: Dinerman Ina R.
Published: June 2018

This article provides a close-range study of conditions leading to illegal migration from a rural village in Mexico. It is one of the few available studies of illegal migration at its point of origin. Its primary concern is not individual psychological traits, but the social network of relationships and mutual obligations conditioning the decision to migrate.
Mexico's International Migration as a Manifestation of its Development Pattern
Authors: Alba Francisco
Published: June 2018

This paper summarizes the view on the broader structural determinants of the illegal flow held by Mexican scholars concerned with the problem. In the first section, some of the aspects of the country's economic and technological structures are examined; in the second, certain features of the modernization process are dealt with; in the third, an analysis is made of one component of the Mexican migratory flow into the United States; in the last,” the migratory flow, seen in the context of the system of ‘peripheral’ and ‘central’ economies, is discussed.
The Demand for Immigrant Workers: Labor Scarcity or Social Control?
Authors: Jenkins J. Craig
Published: June 2018

Recent analyses of the economic role of immigrant workers from Mexico in U.S. labor markets have been advanced from two divergent interpretations—a labor scarcity argument and a social control thesis. This article analyzes the two perspectives, finding little evidence to support the labor scarcity argument. Immigrant workers are instead argued to be tied to social control functions in the peripheral sectors of the U.S. economy. Detail from the historical experience of farm workers in Southwestern agriculture are drawn upon to illustrate the argument.
Mexican Immigration and the American State
Authors: Bach Robert L.
Published: June 2018

This essay represents an attempt to place the contemporary situation in historical perspective, showing how the American state permitted and indeed had to permit illegal immigration to meet its various commitments to different sectors of capital and labor. The paper outlines the historical dialectics which made illegal immigration the direct consequence not of the weakness, but of the strength of U.S. organized labor.
Economic Adjustment of Migrants in the City: The Jakarta Experience
Authors: Krausse Gerald
Published: June 2018

This study explores the economic implications of rural-to-urban migration, as experienced by the low-income residents of Jakarta, Indonesia. Data on employment, occupation, and income of 2,435 heads of households from 22 settlements throughout the city are utilized. The objective in this analysis is to identify three dimensions of the migrant adjustment process: 1) the economic changes that resulted from cityward migration; 2) the migrant/nonmigrant economic differences in the population; and 3) the intraurban variation in the relative position of migrants.
Immigrant Politician: Salvatore Cotillo, Progressive Ethnic
Authors: Henderson Thomas M.
Published: June 2018

The author deliniates and analyzes, here, the political career of Salvatore Cotillo through the perspective of the relationship between the ethnocultural concerns of Italian Americans in New York and his attitude toward political issues at the time of the rise of urban liberalism.
Contract Labor and the Origins of Puerto Rican Communities in the United States
Authors: Maldonado Edwin
Published: June 2018

This paper delineates the historicity of the Puerto Rican movement to the mainland United States as a contract labor group, prior to, during and following World War II. The author demonstrates that the communities which developed from this early movement provided the nucleus from which the present Puerto Rican communities arose on the mainland U.S.
Consequences of Uruguayan Emigration: Research Note
Authors: Petruccelli Josέ Luis
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the magnitude and consequences of emigration in Uruguay. The population loss there has had major effects on the country's growth rate and age structure. The composition of the emigrant population, consisting of young, economically active, skilled individuals, indicates that Uruguay is serving as a source of valued human resources at the same time that its economy is stagnating. The process of emigration may be part of a re-enforcing cycle which is deflecting resources away from needed structural changes.
Vietnamese Refugees in America: Toward a Theory of Spontaneous International Migration
Authors: Montero Darrell
Published: June 2018

This article proposes a model describing the spontaneous migration pattern of the Vietnamese refugees compared to the more traditional immigration pattern of other Asians in the United States. This study also discusses the factors contributing to the socioeconomic status of the Vietnamese refugees and attempts to forecast the prospects for the Vietnamese in America.
Three Generations of Greek Americans: A Study in Ethnicity
Authors: Scourby Alice
Published: June 2018

This study proposes to measure ethnic identity among three generations of Greek Americans living in the New York metropolitan area. New York City has the largest Greek community in the United States. Although the evidence reveals variation from generation to generation, the majority of Greeks still have a relatively strong attachment to their ethnic culture, in spite of identification with American society.
The Portuguese Female Immigrant: The ‘Marginal Man’
Authors: Smith M. Estellie
Published: June 2018

This paper presents an analysis of the role of Portuguese women in the migration decision of typical Portuguese ‘male-dominated’ families; their continued importance in the actual departure and in the acculturative process upon arrival. The author seeks to redress a previous imbalance in migration literature neglecting the role of women in these processes.
Immigrant Earnings: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Bach Robert L.
Published: June 2018

This study examines the determinants of earnings among two groups of recent immigrants—Cubans and Mexicans—interviewed at the moment of arrival in the United States and reinterviewed three years later. The specific goal is to examine the applicability to these results of causal variables suggested by recent alternative theoretical perspectives on income attainment.
A Wild Motley Throng: Immigrant Expenditures and the ‘American’ Standard of Living
Authors: Morrison R.J.
Published: June 2018

Using data gathered in an early twentieth century study of consumer expenditure patterns, this paper presents several econometric tests of the assertion that the consumption behavior of immigrants differed markedly from that of native Americans.
Changes in Socioeconomic Status of the Chinese Male Population in the United States from 1960 to 1970
Authors: Wong Morrison G.
Published: June 2018

This study examines significant improvements in the changing socioeconomic status of Chinese males in America during the 1960s. The variables of education, occupation and income are reviewed in their relationship to the changes from unskilled labor to professional-technical employment. The need for further research on the income lag between the Chinese and white male population is demonstrated.
The Relationship between Migration and Fertility in an Historical Context: The Case of Morocco in the 1960s
Authors: Sabagh Georges , Yim Sun Bin
Published: June 2018

This paper explores the relationship between migration and fertility on the basis of data from a survey in the nine largest cities of Morocco in 1966. The findings suggest that this relationship depends on both the origin and historical context of migration streams. Women who migrated from villages before 1956, date of the independence of Morocco, had the highest fertility of any group. Post-1956 migrants, from urban or rural origin, had the lowest fertility of any group. Controlling for the effects of age at marriage and various socioeconomic factors reduced the fertility differentials but did not change their pattern. It is hypothesized that social mobility may explain the lower fertility of recent migrants.
Organizational Expansion and Limits in International Services for Refugees
Authors: Gordenker Leon
Published: June 2018

This article employs studies of organizational behavior and of international organizations to propose what limitations may apply and what difficulties lay ahead for organizations, large and small, which deal with refugees.
Part IV: Resettlement: Voluntary Agencies and the Resettlement of Refugees
Authors: Wright Robert G.
Published: June 2018

In almost all of the countries in the world which offer permanent resettlement to refugees, resettlement is accomplished through some combination of the efforts of government and voluntary agencies. This article identifies the elements of resettlement, and the various distributions of responsibility for its accomplishment. By focusing on the Southeast Asian refugee movement to the United States, current and evolving relationships among government and voluntary agencies are illustrated.
Refugees in Dandakaranya
Authors: Elahi K. Maudood
Published: June 2018

This article examines some of the political aspects of refugee rehabilitation in India in the case of the Bengali refugees in Dandakaranya
Troubled Waters: Vietnamese Fisherfolk on America's Gulf Coast
Authors: Starr Paul D.
Published: June 2018

This article reports on a continuing effort, initiated in late 1977, to understand the experience of Vietnamese fisherfolk who settled in communities on the Gulf Coast, primarily in West Florida, in particular with regard to their relationship to established local fishing interests. 2

2 The information presented here was primarily acquired through observation, participant observation and structured and unstructured interviews with refugees, American fishermen, fish house owners, voluntary agency staff, Sea Grant Advisors, Florida Marine Patrolmen, and other members of the communities involved.
Impact of Resettlement on Refugee Children
Authors: Huyck Earl E. , Fields Rona
Published: June 2018

This article develops a conceptual framework for examining research and services needed by refugee children in the processes of acculturation.
Part V: Adjustment: Psychological Adaptation and Dysfunction among Refugees
Authors: Cohon J. Donald
Published: June 2018

This article reviews: the studies of observed psychological dysfunction of post-World War II and Hungarian refugees; the complex factors influencing the refugee experience; the sophisticated research methods used in studying Cuban and Indochinese refugees; an examination of treatments employed for different refugee groups and an argument for the use of behavioral descriptions of refugee symptomatology.
Dutch International Migration Statistics, 1820–1880: An Analysis of Linked Multinational Nominal Files
Authors: Swierenga Robert P.
Published: June 2018

International migration statistics in the nineteenth century are acknowledged to be deficient and biased, but there are few source-critical studies to determine the extent of underreporting and omissions. This article provides a critical analysis of the statistics of Dutch emigration to North America in the period 1835–1880, based on the method of nominal record-linkage of computer files derived from Netherlands emigration lists and U.S. ship passenger manifests. Published and unpublished official records in the Netherlands, U.S.A. and Canada are used to determine the extent of underreporting, the structural biases in the migration data and the “true” annual Dutch immigration rate to the United States.
Migration and Fertility in Malaysia: A Tale of Two Hypotheses
Authors: Bach Robert L.
Published: June 2018

The impact of migration on fertility has been a popular topic of inquiry but has often yielded ambiguous and contradictory findings. The purpose of this article is to suggest a conceptual and methodological framework which resolves much of the ambiguity and to demonstrate the framework's usefulness for analyzing migration and fertility in Malaysia. Specifically, two models are formulated based upon the additive influences of place of origin with place of destination and the interactive effects of migration per se. These models are then tested using data from the 1966–67 West Malaysian Family Survey. It is found that the additive or “assimilation” model accounts for most of the covariation of migration and fertility in Malaysia. However, two interesting exceptions, rural to urban and urban to small town migrants, require use of both models. The additive, residential effects are then analyzed in terms of their sociodemographic dimensions.
Political Integration of Mexican Immigrants: Explorations into the Naturalization Process
Authors: Garcia John A.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the significant influx of Mexican immigrants2 to the U.S. since 1920, and represents an examination of one dimension of political integration, naturalization, in terms of the contributing factors that affect Mexican immigrants to pursue (or not) U.S. citizenship.
The Impact of Labor Migration on the Jordanian Economy
Authors: Kirwan F.X.
Published: June 2018

This article considers the effects of labor migration on the economy of the East Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The article is presented in two sections. The first attempts to quantify the external migrant flows which impinge on the Jordanian labor market. The second section presents a theoretical model of the macroeconomic impact on output and employment of flows of migrants and migrants’ remittances and an empirical analysis of the effects on the agricultural and construction sectors.
Low-Level Work in Japan without Foreign Workers
Authors: Reubens Edwin P.
Published: June 2018

This article explores how the Japanese have avoided dependence on foreign labor for low skill, and low status employment. Findings suggest that the demand for low-level work remains strong; but is met with native labor, by drawing upon still-plentiful labor reserves, together with integrating low-level work into the whole occupational structure and social value system. Contracting out certain services to specialized firms is one Japanese institution that might be emulated on a wide scale in the West.
Farm Labor Migrations in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia
Authors: Kloos Helmut
Published: June 2018

This study is concerned with determinants and macroforces in rural-rural migrations that relate to areal differentiation and temporal patterns. Patterns and causes of farm labor migrations from the Ethiopian highlands and some lowland districts to the Awash Valley irrigation schemes are traced, the results of revised economic policies.
Equilibrium and Historical- Structural Perspectives on Migration
Authors: Wood Charles H.
Published: June 2018

The equilibrium model of labor mobility and the historical-structural perspective on population movement are summarized and critiqued. A comparative analysis identifies the sources of the growing discontinuity in the contemporary literature on migration by exploring the theoretical and methodological implications of the contrasting paradigms of socioeconomic development in which each perspective is embedded. The last section outlines an alternative approach to the study of migration by shifting the unit of analysis to the household. It is argued that the analysis household sustenance strategies, interpreted within the political economy of which the household is a part, provides the basis for integrating structural and behavioral perspectives on the study of population movement.
A Theory of Ethnic Collective Action
Authors: Hechter Michael , Friedman Debra , Appelbaum Malka
Published: June 2018

This article presents a theory to explain the frequency of ethnic collective action. Based on rational choice premises, it represents an alternative to currently popular structural theories. We demonstrate why an individual will not necessarily join a collective action even if its end is beneficial to him, and why collective action does not always occur among the most seriously disadvantaged ethnic groups. The strength of ethnically based organizations is held to be an especially powerful determinant of the likelihood of ethnic collective action.
Foreign Labor and Economic Development in Singapore
Authors: Fong Pang Eng , Lim Linda
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on foreign labor and economic development in Singapore by reviewing the historical ebb and flow of foreign labor, presenting the prevailing government policy and philosophy on the importation of labor, contrasting the economic benefits and costs of foreign labor, describing common characteristics of foreign workers in Singapore, projecting the implications of such labor in Singapore and discussing policy alternatives.
Possible Approaches to Improving the International Comparability of Immigration and Emigration Statistics–An Illustration of the Canadian Situation
Authors: Kelly John J.
Published: June 2018

This article seeks to highlight the extent of the lack of standardization which exists in the field of international migration statistics and, using statistics for Canada as an example, to illustrate how significant progress towards resolving this problem could be made if sufficient numbers of countries made their immigration and emigration statistics gradually comply more fully with the United Nations recommendations.
International Migration in Modern Economic Development: With Special Reference to Yugoslavia
Authors: Baletić Zvonimir
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes international migration within the framework of modern socioeconomic development, taking as an example the Yugoslav external migration in the period after World War II. How these migration flows fit with generalizations derived from long-run experiences with external migration of other countries is examined. General theoretical reasoning is applied in order to elucidate the basic determinants of migration, thus making a contribution to the integration of the theory and policy of economic development of emigration countries.
The Impact of Emigration on National Development in the Arab Region: The Case of the Yemen Arab Republic
Authors: Fergany Nader
Published: June 2018

Labor migration among Arab countries is the most important phenomenon in the political economy of that region at present and will remain so for some time. The focus of this article is the impact of emigration on national development in labor sending countries experiencing wide-scale emigration, the main contention being that, due to the characteristics of contemporary labor movements among Arab countries, there obtains a contradiction between short term benefits and long term adverse effects. The article briefly defines development, then presents empirical evidence from the Yemen Arab Republic of the negative impact of labor emigration.
A Critical Review of Theory and Practice: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Penninx Rinus
Published: June 2018

This article makes use of empirical research and studies to investigate migration and development in Turkey. The size and nature of the international labor migration from Turkey is presented. The effects of international labor migration on the national, local and regional levels are then discussed in relation to economic development, the congruence between contributions of migration and needs for development and whether the economic system is willing and able to use the potential advantages of migration.
Emigration and Development in Southern Africa, with Special Reference to Lesotho
Authors: Cobbe James
Published: June 2018

The introduction defines development and describes the scope of the paper. Section two briefly describes the historical evolution of migration in southern Africa, the ambiguities of data, and recent quantitative trends. Section three discusses alternative theoretical perspectives. Section four examines the case of Lesotho as an extreme example of a sending country and provides occasional allusions to other southern African sending countries. Section five concludes that the most important effect of migration on development in southern Africa has been to trade short run income benefits for long run development difficulties.
Labor Emigration and Economic Development
Authors: Stahl Charles W.
Published: June 2018

This article is concerned with the extent to which labor migration is advantageous to the labor exporting country. It focuses on development consequences of labor emigration with a view toward the formulation of policies which can shape those consequences into a positive force for development, discussing a wide variety of potential costs and benefits generated by labor emigration. The issue of private versus public choice relative to emigration is examined, as is the major economic benefits and costs of labor emigration and the influence of development objectives on the valuation of these costs and benefits. Policies by which emigration countries may increase the benefits from labor emigration and reduce the costs are outlined.
Refugee Resettlement: Models in Action
Authors: Lanphier C. Michael
Published: June 2018

A model of refugee resettlement containing two axes is proposed: volume of refugee intake and emphasis on economic or cultural adaptation. The resultant fourfold scheme yields three types of resettlement activities which can be sustained over a protracted period of time: large volume/primacy on economic adaptation; moderate volume/primacy on economic adaptation; moderate volume/primacy on cultural adaptation. Large volume/emphasis on cultural adaptation, however, is a type which is structurally unstable and in practice would modify into another form. Refugee resettlement practices of three major receiving countries, Canada, France, United States, reflect principles derived from these three stable types. France and Canada exemplify moderate intake with emphasis on economic adaptation, although Quebec uniquely demonstrates moderate intake/emphasis on cultural adaptation. Practices in the United States overwhelmingly correspond to large volume/emphasis on economic adaptation.
Rural Development and Urban Migration: Can We Keep Them down on the Farm?
Authors: Rhoda Richard
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that rural development projects and programs reduce rural-urban migration. Migration theories and empirical research are briefly reviewed, generalizations are established and these are used to test the hypothesis for a variety of rural development interventions. The study concludes that the common belief that rural interventions reduce urban migration is not justified. While the migration impact of any specific intervention depends on its characteristics and those of the rural area into which it is introduced, some generalizations can be made. Rural-urban migration may be reduced by interventions which increase cultivatable land, equalize land or income distribution, or decrease fertility. On the other hand, migration appears to be stimulated by interventions which increase access to cities, commercialize agriculture, strengthen rural-urban integration, raise education and skill levels, or increase rural inequalities.
Anglo-Australian Attitudes toward Immigrants: A Review of Survey Evidence
Authors: Callan Victor J.
Published: June 2018

This article examines results of surveys of Anglo-Australian attitudes toward immigrants to Australia. Such attitudes are examined with reference to the various government policies that have existed since the Second World War.
Portuguese Migration Studies
Authors: de Paiva Amadeu Ferreira
Published: June 2018

In this research note it is intended to give both, a survey and an evaluation of the research work that has been carried out in Portugal on the economic aspects of one of the most characteristic and persistent phenomena that have been marking the life of Portuguese people: emigration. Since emigration is an extremely complex phenomenon requiring an inter-disciplinary approach, limiting this survey to covering only the economic research does, in fact, constitute a limitation which the author attempts to overcome, in part, by indicating some titles of literature in neighboring fields that will give the interested reader the possibility of access to studies that have been conducted in Portugal on other aspects of the emigration phenomenon. Apart from this, the present survey takes into consideration only the Portuguese migration to Europe and is restricted to the studies that have been produced after the occurrence of two events which have undoubtedly deeply influenced the patterns of Portuguese emigration, i.e., the crisis which shook all western European countries at the beginning of the 1970s and the political changes that took place in Portugal after April 25, 1974.
French Immigration Policy since May 1981
Authors: Deley Margo
Published: June 2018

This article examines the immigration policy changes undertaken by Socialist President François Mitterrand between May 1981 and September 1982. It provides, first, background information for the study of immigration policy reform in France. In particular it discusses the institutional and historical contexts within which recent policy changes have taken place. It then examines the initial measures taken, the new immigration legislation adopted in October 1981, the “Exceptional Regularization” carried out in 1981–82, and various other immigration measures announced during the period under study. In addition, it discusses some of the problems which arose and are likely to arise as a result of the new policies.
The Transformation of Southern Agriculture and the Migration of Blacks and Whites, 1930–1940
Authors: Fligstein Neil
Published: June 2018

The migration of blacks and whites from the South since 1930 has been traditionally characterized as resulting from the mechanization of agriculture. It is argued in this article that the real cause of the migration must be situated in the crisis in cotton farming during the Depression of the 1930s. Large farm owners secured aid from the federal government in the form of agricultural subsidy payments. In response to this program, they reduced their cotton acreage, bought tractors, and displaced their tenants. This transformation drastically reduced the need for tenant labor and brought about the large-scale migrations. Regression analyses of relevant data confirm this interpretation. The major conclusion is that migrations will be shaped by social, economic, and political relations that require unique historical understanding. Further, migrations will tend to reflect conditions at the point of origin.
Urban Squatting and Migration in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Johnstone Michael
Published: June 2018

This article examines some of the links between the phenomena of urban migration and squatter settlements in the Third World city. This will be done by demonstrating that both are outcomes of fundamental social and political forces that have operated on these societies. Migration and squatting are placed in a context of the historical processes that led to the uneven development of Malaysia1. The article offers some explanation for the origin of the inequalities observed in spatial structures — in this case urban housing—by focusing on one of the contributory factors, namely migration.
Potential Labor Force Supply and Replacement in Mexico and the States of the Mexican Cession and Texas: 1980–2000
Authors: Bradshaw Benjamin S. , Frisbie W. Parker
Published: June 2018

Efforts to anticipate and account for future migration patterns would seem to hinge on an examination of the potential for the supply, demand and replacement of labor. In Mexico, the projected number of males entering the labor force ages will be about 48 percent larger in the 1980s than in the 1970s and entrants will outnumber departures by a labor force replacement ratio of 407 to 100—a fifty year high. Fertility declined significantly in Mexico in the 1970s, and therefore the number of new entrants to the labor force ages in the 1990s will decline; the replacement ratio is projected to be about 330 to 100—a decrease of 19 percent. Nevertheless, it seems very unlikely, even allowing for renewed rapid growth in Mexico's economy, that new job opportunities can be created to accommodate such an enormous influx to the job market. Accommodations may be made more difficult because of increasing expectations of workers.
Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands
Authors: Rath John
Published: June 2018

In a relatively short time the Netherlands has developed into a multiethnic society with consequences for all sectors of the Dutch society, including politics. An important part of the ethnic minorities does not have the Dutch nationality and are consequently excluded from the franchise. However, Dutch laws have been changed in such a way that non-Dutch residents will get the municipal vote soon. The immigrants with Dutch nationality already make use of the right to vote and to be elected at all political levels, albeit to a lesser extent than the Dutch themselves (although there are some interesting local exceptions). The inferior socioeconomic positions and specific cultural backgrounds of the ethnic minorities interfere with their participation in Dutch politics, and besides, the Dutch political parties are not very aware of their responsibilities to this ‘new’ electorate. This article illustrates the present state of affairs regarding the political participation of ethnic minorities in the Netherlands.
A Note on Current Research of Immigrant Groups in Japan
Authors: Taguchi Sumikazu
Published: June 2018

Among most Japanese social scientists it has long been taken for granted that Japan is a unique “monoracial” or “homogeneous” society. If this generally accepted idea were true, there would be no immigrant groups in Japan, and there would be no need for research on this particular topic.

Within Japanese society, however, there is a mosaic of various ethnic or cultural groups: Yamatos (native Japanese), Ainus, Okinawans, Koreans, Chinese and so forth. A great many historical studies, as well as several social scientific ones, have been carried out to illustrate the pluralistic aspect of Japanese society and culture. This article seeks to present a statistical summary of Japan's immigrant groups and a review of current research on these groups, with the aim of discovering what crucial ethnic problems are faced both by the immigrant groups and the Japanese people themselves.
A New Era in Australian Migration Policy
Authors: Birrell R.
Published: June 2018

This article traces the evolution of Australian migration policy since 1975. It argues that the main factor shaping policy has been interparty competition for influence within Australia's ethnic communities. This has led to a sharp change in the conservative Lib/NCP Government's policy, from a manpower orientation towards family reunion, and in the case of the Australian Labour Party to a downgrading of attention to the labor market implications of migration and, like the Conservatives, a focus on family reunion. This convergence in party policies is fundamentally reshaping the country of origin and to a lesser extent occupational characteristics of settlers entering Australia.
International Adoptions: The Quiet Migration
Authors: Weil Richard H.
Published: June 2018

The adoption of foreign children by persons in developed countries became an increasingly important phenomenon after World War II. Although worldwide data is limited, U.S. and Swedish information show similar geographic patterns. In the 1940s most foreign children who were adopted came from Europe. During the next two decades a shift to adopting from Asia occurred, and in the 1970s Latin America became a major source area. Examination of the foreign adoption process sheds light on the influences of social and political factors in controlling international migrations.
Down under Amnesties: Background, Programs and Comparative Insights
Authors: North David S.
Published: June 2018

Australia, proportionately, accepts more immigrants than the United States and, consequently, immigrants and immigration policy carry a greater impact there, than in the United States. Although Australia's location limits its experience with undocumented migrants, there have been enough of them to cause Australia to conduct three alien legalization programs in 1973, 1976 and 1980. Australia's small-scale programs, by U.S. standards, provide some useful lessons to the U.S.
Illegal Aliens in the United States Labor Market: Analysis of Occupational Attainment and Earnings
Authors: Chiswick Barry R.
Published: June 2018

The methodology developed previously for analyzing the labor market adjustment of legal immigrants is shown to be equally fruitful for analyzing illegal aliens. It is modified to incorporate the effects of illegal status on migration decisions and skill differentials. The data are the North-Houstoun illegal alien sample and the 1970 Census. Using multiple regression analysis, the earnings of illegal aliens rise with schooling and labor market experience, but experience in the U.S. is more important than in the country of origin. Ceteris paribus, Mexican illegal aliens earn about 30 percent less than Canadian/European illegal aliens.
Status or Subjugation? Women, Migration and Development in the South Pacific
Authors: Connell John
Published: June 2018

Despite much research on migration in the South Pacific, there is almost no information relating either to the migration of women (either internally or internationally) or to the impact of migration on women (either those who move or those who stay) or on the societies of emigration. This article attempts to draw restricted conclusions from the limited data available, indicate some implications of these conclusions and point to the problems of lack of information in an area where migration is of major significance for social and economic change. The nature of available information results in some bias towards Melanesia and especially Papua New Guinea.
Stress and Distress in Migration: Problems and Resources of Turkish Women in Denmark
Authors: Mirdal G.M.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the stressors and the stresses of a sample group of 72 Turkish female immigrants to Denmark. From data collected through interviews, the author discusses some of the conditions in the women's lives which they themselves considered stress provoking plus their reactions to these conditions.
Immigrant Women in Australia: Resources, Family, and Work
Authors: Evans M.D.R.
Published: June 2018

This article explores the work lives of Australia's immigrant women using the 1 percent public use sample of individual records from the 1981 Census. Direct standardization for age and regression techniques illuminate differences among native born Australians, and immigrants from English speaking countries, Northwestern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region, and the Third World in labor force participation, unemployment, of occupational status, entrepreneurship, and income.
The Work Experience of Undocumented Mexican Women Migrants in Los Angeles
Authors: Simon Rita J. , DeLey Margo
Published: June 2018

This article reports the demographic characteristics and labor force participation of undocumented and documented Mexican women immigrants in Los Angeles county. The women were interviewed in their homes, churches, community centers, and places of work; not in detention centers where other previous studies of illegal migrants were conducted.
Family Strategies and the Migration of Women: Migrants to Dagupan City, Philippines
Authors: Trager Lilian
Published: June 2018

Urban migration in the Philippines is increasingly female-dominant. A study of women migrants in one secondary city finds complex occupational and migration patterns, with women in both informal sector occupations and professional/clerical occupations. This article suggests that explanations of these patterns may be sought in analysis of family strategies. In particular, strategies of rural families for both survival and mobility play an important role in the migration of women.
The Changing Economic Role of Women in the Urbanization Process: A Preliminary Report from Zimbabwe
Authors: Drakakis-Smith D.W.
Published: June 2018

This article represents the preliminary discussion of an investigation into the changing economic role of women within the urbanization process in Zimbabwe. Since its settlement by white colonialists less than a century ago, Zimbabwe has experienced continuous transformations in almost all facets of its political, economic and social life, but during the 13 years of UDI these accelerated enormously and have continued at this pace since independence in 1980. Among the social groups affected by such changes, women, particularly those moving into the cities, seem to have experienced radical upheavals in their societal roles.
A Comparative Perspective on the Ethnic Enclave: Blacks, Italians, and Jews in New York City
Authors: Model Suzanne
Published: June 2018

This article contributes to the growing literature maintaining that the ethnic enclave represents a distinct, third alternative to a dual economy. The data are interviews with 45 elderly, immigrant blacks, Jews and Italians from New York City. Two facets of the enclave are explored: determinants of job outcomes for employees and factors responsible for entrepreneurial viability. With regard to employees, the analysis shows enclave workers obtain job security and job status equivalent to openings in the primary sector. Investigation of the organization of ethnic entrepreneurship reveals that the mobilization of several factors unique to ethnicity enhances the competitiveness of minority firms.
Problems and Possibilities in the Study of American Immigration and Ethnic History
Authors: Archdeacon Thomas J.
Published: June 2018

In the study of the history of immigration and ethnicity scholars often write about their own ethnic groups. For several reasons that pattern has led to an over-emphasis on the new immigrants of the early twentieth century, a limitation of focus to the experiences of the first and second generations of individual immigrant groups, and a disinterest in immigration and ethnicity as processes. Efforts to produce comparative studies of various kinds and to use survey data as a source of primary information about later generations may help correct those shortcomings.
Migration, Remittances and Development: A Study of Caribbean Cane Cutters in Florida
Authors: Wood Charles H. , McCoy Terry L.
Published: June 2018

Sugar growers in southern Florida annually recruit eight to ten thousand cane cutters from the small-farmer population of five English-speaking Caribbean islands. The results of a 1981 survey of 302 workers show that the average cane cutter earns about $4,000 a season. Workers remitted a total of $19 million through a mandatory savings plan, voluntary money orders, goods in kind and cash in hand. Workers use their earnings mainly for consumption rather than investment purposes. While participation in the program contributes to individual welfare, we find no evidence that seasonal stateside employment expands agricultural output, or enhances the productive capacity of small farmers in the Caribbean.
Migration and Occupational Mobility: A Research Note
Authors: Wilson Franklin D.
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates whether migration promotes occupational mobility and whether different types of migrants benefit equally from the migration experience. Results from a lagged regression model of 1970 occupational attainment clearly indicate that recent migrants are substantially more likely to be upwardly occupationally mobile than nonmigrants and, among whites, receive greater returns on educational attainment. Previous migration experiences did not uniformly result in greater mobility among whites, but did among blacks. It is suggested that this racial difference is due to blacks experiencing a substantial increase in opportunities for advancement during the 1965–1970 period.