bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Adrenal Glomerulosa Cells, Angiotensin II Inhibits Proliferation by Interfering with Fibronectin-Integrin Signaling
Authors: Otis Mélissa , Campbell Shirley , Payet Marcel D. , Gallo-Payet Nicole
Published: April 2008

Angiotensin II (Ang II), through the Ang II type 1 receptor subtype, inhibits basal proliferation of adrenal glomerulosa cells by inducing the disruption of actin stress fiber organization. This effect is observed in cells cultured on plastic or on fibronectin. The aim of the present study was to investigate how Ang II may interfere with extracellular matrix/integrin signaling. In cells treated for 3 d with echistatin (EC) (a snake-venom RGD-containing protein that abolishes fibronectin binding to α5β1 or αvβ3 integrins), basal proliferation decreased by 38%, whereas Ang II was unable to abolish basal proliferation. In cells grown on fibronectin, Ang II decreased binding of paxillin to focal adhesions and, similarly to EC, induced a rapid dephosphorylation of paxillin (1 min), followed by an increase after 15 min. Fibronectin enhanced RhoA/B and Rac activation induced by Ang II, an effect abolished by EC. Under basal conditions, paxillin was more readily associated with RhoA/B than with Rac. Stimulation with Ang II induced a transient decrease in RhoA/B-associated paxillin (after 5 min), with a return to basal levels after 10 min, while increasing Rac-associated paxillin. Finally, results reveal that glomerulosa cells are able to synthesize and secrete fibronectin, a process by which cells can stimulate their own proliferative activity when cultured on plastic. Together, these results suggest that Ang II acts at the level of integrin-paxillin complexes to disrupt the well- developed microfilament network, a condition necessary for the inhibition of cell proliferation and initiation of steroidogenesis.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory-Based Assessment With Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children in the School Setting
Authors: Miller Bryan D.
Published: April 2008

The general purpose of the present article is to emphasize contemporary research-based and theory-based assessment, specifically Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory-based assessment (Carroll, 1993, 1997; Horn & Noll, 1997), in work with deaf and hard of hearing students in the school setting. The article focuses on the history of cognitive ability theory and test development and interpretation, as well as contemporary perspectives, including recent applications of CHC-based assessment useful with deaf and hard of hearing students in school-based evaluations. Implications for future research and educational practice are discussed.
A Notable Family of Entire Intrinsic Minimal Graphs in the Heisenberg Group which are not Perimeter Minimizing
Authors: Danielli D. , Garofalo N. , Nhieu D. M.
Published: April 2008

One of the main objectives of this paper is to unravel a new interesting phenomenon of the sub-Riemannian Bernstein problem with respect to its Euclidean ancestor, with the purpose of also indicating a possible line of attack toward its solution. We show that the global intrinsic graphs (1.2) are unstable critical points of the horizontal perimeter. As a consequence of this fact, the study of the stability acquires a central position in the problem itself.
Henry James' Shop Talk: The Spoils of Poynton and the Language of Artisanship
Authors: Betjemann Peter
Published: April 2008

Only the other day I was shown a French mirror (Louis XIV) by some really cultivated folks as: “Queen Anne—Empire you know—genuine Chippendale.” —Mary Eliza Haweis, The Art of Decoration (1881)
The "Lettered City" and the Insurrection of Subjugated Knowledges in Latin America
Authors: Aparicio Juan Ricardo , Blaser Mario
Published: April 2008

This article explores how the knowledge practices of some academic-intellectuals are shifting in such a way as to signal a radical departure from the "traditional" role that academic-intellectuals have had in Latin America. This re-direction is part of a much larger process, namely, the gradual rejection of the modern project by increasingly larger sectors of the Latin American population, and their ongoing efforts to bring about "worlds and knowledges otherwise." In effect, some of the social movements and patterns of mobilization that have become highly visible in Latin America at the turn of the 21st century are probing the modern project-including established knowledge practices of academic-intellectuals-according to expectations, logics and standards other than the ones that have dominated for the last two centuries or more. In particular, the article suggests how these avenues, once opened by social movements, local intellectuals and other sites of knowledge production regarding the intellectual-political project in Latin America, have productively contaminated the dominant regime of power/knowledge (the "lettered city") that has been in place since colonial times. A focus on three cases where this contamination is currently taking place points to possible directions in which a reconfiguration of the dominant regime of power/knowledge might proceed. These developments include the relative equalization of diverse knowledge practices through the proliferation of sites of encounter between them, but also a disposition to allow for the contamination of academic-intellectuals' knowledge practices by the insurrectional movements' non-modern knowledge practices.
Catholic Men in Support of the Women's Suffrage Movement in England
Authors: Clark* Elaine
Published: April 2008

The struggle to secure equal citizenship for women involved the collective efforts of countless suffragists. Their resolve was unflinching and helped to create a history that has been vividly told by English historians. My purpose is not to retell this history, but to draw attention to a generally forgotten segment of the suffrage movement, one that included a small but influential group of Catholic priests and laymen who believed the political arena must become more inclusive. Mindful of religious bias, they developed a common strategy for political action, encouraging fellow Catholics to participate in every aspect of democratic political life.
The Scent of Language and Social Synaesthesia at Rome
Authors: Stevens Benjamin
Published: April 2008

In Roman authors like Cicero and Quintilian language itself may be described as having an odor. In its synaesthetic blending of senses, this image defies "linguistic" expectations but confirms the observation of sensorial anthropology that sense-perception varies across cultures. The image is thus interpretable as an example of how Romans could use all sense-perceptual data, including natural odors and artificial scents, to determine one's origins and position in a social hierarchy. In addition to complicating the definition of "language" in Roman antiquity, the image thus suggests understanding odors as "osmetic" or "osmemic," depending on their meaningfulness in a given cultural context.
A practical approach to using Multiple-Race response data: A bridging method for publicuse microdata
Authors: Liebler Carolyn A. , Halpern-Manners Andrew
Published: April 2008

Revised federal policies require that multiple-race responses be allowed in all federal data collection efforts, but many researchers find the multitude of race categories and variables very dif cult to use. Important comparability issues also interfere with using multiple-race data in analyses of multiple data sets and/or several points in time. These difficulties have, in effect, discouraged the use of the new data on race. We present a practical method for incorporating multiple-race respondents into analyses that use public-use microdata. Our method is a modification of the regression method developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), which uses multiple-race respondents’ specific combination of races, as well as other individual-level and contextual characteristics, to predict the respondents’ preferred single race. In this paper we (1) apply the NCHS-generated regression coefficients to public-use microdata with limited geographic information; and (2) provide a downloadable computer program with which researchers can apply this practical and preferable method for including multiple-race respondents in a wide variety of analyses.
The international child poverty gap: Does Demography matter?
Authors: Heuveline Patrick , Weinshenker Matthew
Published: April 2008

According to the Luxembourg Income Study data, the U.S. child poverty rate is the second highest among 15 high-income nations. The present work reveals that 55% of all American children living in a household headed by a single female with no other adult present live in poverty—the highest rate for any of the five living arrangements in the 15 countries examined in this study. While previous analyses have focused on market forces and governmental redistribution across households, we question the contribution of demographic factors that place children in family structures with different poverty risks relative to other factors such as differential market opportunities and governmental benefits for adults caring for children in various living arrangements. Applying a classic demographic decomposition technique to the overall poverty gap, we find that the distributional effect of demographic behavior contributes little to the U.S. poverty gap with other nations (and none with respect to the United Kingdom). Overall differences in labor markets and welfare schemes best explain the U.S. child poverty gap, although for some countries, the gap is accentuated by the gradient of governmental transfers, and for most countries, by the gradient of market earnings across living arrangements.
On Phoenix and Eunuchs: Sources for Meletius the Monk's Anatomy of Gender
Authors: Holman Susan R
Published: April 2008

Meletius Monachus's De natura hominis 24, on male gender physiology, concludes with twenty-one lines about female differentiation, gender dissonance, eunuchs, and an appeal to the as a natural paradigm for the difference between male and female. This paper considers the medical and patristic sources for this passage in light of the treatise as a whole, Meletius's Byzantine identity, and his tentatively ninth-century context. Late antique Christian texts on the phoenix-bird and the eunuch as they related to gender and heresy may inform Meletius's contrast between "natural" and castrated eunuchs. This text offers a unique and little-studied witness to the broader dialogue of gender in religion and medicine in the ancient world.
Determinants of Solid Waste Disposal Practices in Urban Areas of Ethiopia: A Household-Level Analysis
Authors: Abebaw Degnet
Published: April 2008

Waste management is a growing public concern in Ethiopia. This study examined the patterns and determinants of solid waste disposal practices adopted by families using a random sample of 200 households from Jimma town. The descriptive results revealed that open-dumping, burying, burning and composting are the four most important kinds of household solid waste disposal practices. Estimation results of a reduced-form multinomial log it suggest that household choices of these practices are determined by a certain combination of family size, gender of household head, length of residence, age and education of the head of household, and education of children. This short article provides useful insights into sustainable solid waste management practices in Jimma town.
Politics and Civil Society: A Discussion of Mary Kelley's Learning to Stand and Speak
Authors: Zagarri Rosemarie
Published: April 2008

This article explores the relationship between various forms of women's political participation in the early republic and Mary Kelley's notion of civil society. Although Kelley is careful to exclude women's involvement in party politics and electoral affairs from her definition, many women, building on precedents established during the American Revolution, continued to participate informally in politics. Initially, the emergence of the first parties, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans created new opportunities for women's political involvement. By the 1830s, however, a backlash had erupted, making the political realm increasingly inhospitable to women. The expansion of suffrage for white men produced a narrowing of opportunities for women. Nonvoters were marginalized as political leaders increasingly focused on those who could most help them achieve success at the polls: white male electors. Around the same time, however, women began begin to participate in a wide range of social reform activities that were political in nature, if not intent. The article explores why women of the 1830s and 1840s, in contrast to women of the revolutionary generation, refused to acknowledge their connection with party politics and male electoral affairs. It also raises questions about supposed prohibitions on women speaking in public to "mixed" audiences made up men and women and suggests that women's growing literacy and access to print culture prepared some women to agitate for political rights long before the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.
The Need of Their Genius": Women's Reading and Writing Practices in Early America
Authors: Kelley Mary
Published: April 2008

Reading and writing were collective enterprises within women's literary societies in early America and, as evidenced by one such postrevolutionary reading circle, the Gleaners, this commitment to collaboration had profound and pervasive consequences. The positions fashioned by the Gleaners concerning the right and obligations of female citizenship not only informed their activities but also engaged them in a transatlantic discourse to which they made significant contributions and form which they drew insight. Postrevolutionary and antebellum women practiced reading and writing at a host of sites, ranging from family circles to organizations that promoted cultural uplift and moral reform. Literary societies at female academies and seminaries provided young women with an informal course of study, a well-stocked library, and numerous opportunities to write and speak. Hundreds of literary societies were neither sponsored by nor attached to a female academy or seminary. White women of all ages in towns and cities throughout the United States organized these associations. In inventing their definitions of female citizenship, members of literary societies relied on the printed word, which provided a discourse and a shared language on the rights and obligations of citizenship. They insisted upon the importance of learning and celebrated the intellectual achievements of women, past and present. But they called upon women to direct their learning less to individual ends than social improvement. Individually and collectively, they established the markers of "gendered republicanism," the discourse that investigated the role of women in the nation's public life.
Turn, Turn, Turn: Response to Cotkin
Authors: Perry Lewis
Published: April 2008

The essay is stimulating, but some clarification would be welcome on the relationship between religion and moral history. The reopening of moral inquiry in history probably began earlier than Cotkin suggests. On the issue of how exactly history and moral philosophy might be joined, there is much to be said for the classroom and for community programs like "Facing History and Ourselves."
Dresden 1945: Reality, History, and Memory
Authors: Biddle Tami Davis
Published: April 2008

Abstract: The Anglo-American air attack on the city of Dresden, in February 1945, has become one of the most famous events of the Second World War. The word “Dresden” is typically one of the first uttered whenever the topic of strategic bombing is raised. And yet, like many other high-profile historical events, the Dresden raid is encrusted with myth and misunderstanding. This essay is an effort to make sense of a complicated and much misunderstood episode in the history of modern warfare—and to make sense of it in the context in which it occurred. The essay draws upon the rich recent literature on Dresden, earlier histories, and a wide array of primary sources in an effort to provide – for teachers, scholars, and general readers – a comprehensive but still concise overview of the air raid that has won such a central place in the history of the Second World War.
Strategic Surprise or Fundamental Flaws? The Sources of Israel’s Military Defeat at the Beginning of the 1973 War
Authors: Bar-Joseph Uri
Published: April 2008

During the decade after the 1973 War of Yom Kippur, the consensus was that Israel's military defeat in the war’s first stage was caused by the failure of intelligence to provide a warning prior to the Arab attack, but many experts maintained later that it reflected improper preparations for war. Using recently released evidence, this article analyzes Israel’s inadequate war deployment when firing commenced and its impact on the failure to repel the attack. It concludes that since this deficient deployment resulted from the absence of a sufficient intelligence warning, the intelligence failure was at the root of the Israeli failure at the war’s start.
Trends in Democracy Assistance: What Has Europe Been Doing?
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: April 2008

Abstract: European governments are spending more on political aid and democratization in particular. The ways in which this money is being spent have evolved. This has corrected many shortcomings of previous European democracy-promotion policies but also leaves many doubts about the effectiveness of this funding. In particular, it remains uncertain how pertinent the strong European focus on governance and social policies is to broad, systemic-level political change. Some contours of a “European” approach to democracy exist, but significant differences remain between the policies of different member states, and simplistic differentiation from US policies should be resisted.
Progress and Retreat in Africa: The Rule of Law versus the Big Man
Authors: Diamond Larry
Published: April 2008

Abstract: Governance in Africa is in a state of transition, or some would say, suspension. Two powerful trends vie for dominance. One is the longstanding organization of African politics and states around autocratic personal rulers; highly centralized and overpowering presidencies; and hierarchical, informal networks of patron-client relations that draw their symbolic and emotional glue from ethnic bonds. The other is the surge since 1990 of democratic impulses, principles, and institutions. From the experience of a small but growing number of better-functioning African democracies, we know that the continent is not condemned to perpetual misrule. The challenge now is for international donors to join with Africans in demanding that their governments be truly accountable.
Argentina: From Kirchner to Kirchner
Authors: Levitsky Steven , Murillo María Victoria
Published: April 2008

Unlike in 2003, Argentina’s 2007 presidential election brought few surprises. Peronist candidate Cristina Kirchner—nominated after her husband, Nestor chose not to seek re-election—won easily. This victory was rooted in both the strong performance of Nestor Kirchner’s government and the weakness of the non-Peronist opposition. The article examines the impact of the Kirchner government on Argentine democracy. It argues that, notwithstanding Kirchner’s concentration of power, the regime remained fully democratic, and that in some areas, its quality improved. The article then examines two problems confronting Argentina’s democracy: the collapse of opposition parties and the persistent weakness of political and economic institutions.
The Birth of National Sports Coverage: An Examination of the New York Herald’s Use of the Telegraph to Report America’s First “Championship” Boxing Match in 1849
Authors: sowell mike
Published: April 2008

When “Uncle Joe” Elliott of the New York Herald filed his story on Tom Hyer’s victory over Yankee Sullivan in the first American championship prizefight in 1849, he not only was recording history, he also was making it. Elliott’s story was the first telegraphic transmission of a major sporting event. This article is an examination of how the Herald’ s use of the telegraph marked the birth of national sports coverage in the United States
The Possibilities and Pitfalls of Ethnographic Readings: Narrative Complexity in Things Fall Apart
Authors: Snyder Carey
Published: April 2008

This article seeks to complicate the rhetoric of "the cultural insider" that surrounds Chinua Achebe and to interrogate readings of Things Fall Apart (TFA) that assume the novel provides an unmediated ethnographic perspective on a traditional African culture. It argues that Achebe's self-professed position at the "cultural crossroads" is manifest in the narrative voice of TFA, as the narrator oscillates from situating himself as a participant in Igbo culture to an observer, looking at the culture from the outside. In this way, this article shows that Achebe's position vis-Ã -vis the Igbo does exemplify many of the dilemmas of ethnographic observation—if we understand the relationship between the observer and the observed to be more complicated, and sometimes fraught, than most anthropological readings of the novel assume. By exploring the complexities inherent in the ethnographic relationship, this reading sheds light on the unappreciated dynamism of the narrative voice of TFA.
Self-Shattering in a Queerer Mirror: Gaze and Gay Selfhood in Pier Vittorio Tondelli
Authors: Cestaro Gary P
Published: April 2008

This essay provides a queer theoretical reading of the works of Italian novelist Pier Vittorio Tondelli, who died from AIDS at age 36 in 1991. Drawing on theorists such as Leo Bersani and Lee Edelman, the essay affirms the centrality of queer desire in Tondelli's work as a means of reimagining human selfhood and a challenge to the oppressive and sometimes violent modes of conventional (male) subjectivity. As such, the essay aims to rebut recent Italian critics who have attempted to marginalize gay identity in Tondelli's writing.
Moravia e la borghesia: le ragioni di un equivoco
Authors: Parisi Luciano
Published: April 2008

I question a wide-spread assumption (Moravia as a critic of the bourgeoisie) by asking: What social class does Moravia actually criticize in his work? Is his criticism convincing? If it is not, and if it does not meet the objective set out, what are the reasons for this shortcoming? My answers are: the class criticized is made up of government officials, bureaucrats, and people who have inherited their wealth; the criticism is unconvincing also because it is one-sided; the shortcoming depends on a lack of artistic concern for this topic. Exposing its mistaken relevance encourages new interpretations of Moravia's work.
Futurism, Film and the Return of the Repressed: Learning from Thaïs
Authors: Re Lucia
Published: April 2008

This essay provides a new reading of the only extant futurist film (Bragaglia's Thaïs), using it as a key to explore the reasons for Marinetti's resistance to cinema as an art form. The literary origins of the Thaïs myth are discussed, and the way the film introduces this femme fatale to stage a "return of the repressed" for the futurist avant-garde, while parodying the regime of commercial divismo. The meta-cinematic and allegorical dimensions of Thaïs are analyzed and its originality revealed in light of futurism's ambivalent view of technology and women, and in the context of the First World War.
Steadily and Whole: Ford Madox Ford and Modernist Sociology
Authors: Attridge John
Published: April 2008

Social fragmentation and cultural incoherence are conventionally regarded as trademark modernist themes, among the defining processes of modernity. Using Matthew Arnold as a touchstone, this paper frames the anxiety about wholeness as a Victorian inheritance, and anchors the discussion of fragmentation concretely in two early twentieth-century attempts to imagine society: Ford Madox Ford's social criticism and the first meetings of the London Sociological Society. I read Ford's 1905 impressionistic essay The Soul of London and his 1908 supernatural romance Mr. Apollo in light of Edwardian sociology's preoccupation with synthesis. Ford's social criticism supplemented and critiqued scientific sociology by the importance it assigned to the affect of interest, and to pathos.
Grid Games: Gertrude Stein’s Diagrams and Detectives
Authors: Dean Gabrielle
Published: April 2008

Gertrude Stein's notebooks reveal her acute awareness of a constitutive feature of late nineteeth- and early twentieth-century urban life, the grid. The grid structure, as a model of visual and material organization, characterizes and is consolidated across legible environments from the visual-textual integration of the printed page to the design of city streets, becoming the definitive paradigm of modern spatio-temporal experience. Stein's notebooks for "Subject-cases: The Background of a Detective Story" demonstrate that Stein, in playing with the grid, not only subjects its basic features to rearrangement through her diagrammatic method but also uncovers its political foundations.
Nothingness and the Work of Art: A Comparative Approach to Existential Phenomenology and the Ontological Foundation of Aesthetics
Authors: Pinheiro Machado Roberto
Published: April 2008

This essay analyzes the relation between nothingness and the work of art, where negation appears as a fundamental element of art. Starting at a discussion of the concept of nothingness in existential phenomenology, it points to the limitations of Heidegger's notion of nullity and negation, which spring from the denial of the dimension of consciousness to his Dasein. Although Sartre recovers that dimension in his portrayal of the pour-soi, now the idea of nothingness is not taken to its ultimate consequence, where art would appear as a product of consciousness that is entrenched in nothingness. Only through an enlarged notion of consciousness, one that allows the perception of negative experience as intrinsically related to poiesis, will the work of art appear ontologically grounded in a form of Being that searches for its own contradiction. Such an enlarged notion of consciousness appears in the thought of Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitarō , where concepts such as ''the place of nothingness'' and ''pure experience'' can serve as ground to an analysis of the relation between nothingness and the work of art.
Awareness Bound and Unbound: Realizing the Nature of Attention
Authors: Loy David
Published: April 2008

This essay takes seriously the many Buddhist admonitions about ''not settling down in things'' and the importance of wandering freely ''without a place to rest.'' The basic thesis is that delusion (samsāra, ignorance) is awareness trapped (stuck), and liberation (nirvāna, enlightenment) is awareness freed from grasping. The familiar words ''attention'' and ''awareness'' are used to emphasize that the distinction being drawn refers not to some abstract metaphysical entity but simply to how our everyday awareness functions. This way of distinguishing between delusion and enlightenment is not only consistent with basic Buddhist teachings but gives us insight into some of the more difficult ones, such as the way karma works and the Mahāyāna claim that ''form is not other than emptiness, emptiness not other than form.'' Moreover, this perspective illuminates some aspects of our contemporary life-world, including the particular challenges of modern technology and economics. It is important to see the implications for some of the social issues that concern us today. The constriction or liberation of awareness is not only a personal matter. What do societies do to encourage or discourage its emancipation?
Undergraduate Use of Government Information: What Citation Studies Tell us About Instruction Strategies
Authors: Brunvand Amy , Pashkova-Balkenhol Tatiana
Published: April 2008

Among librarians, government information has a reputation for being a valuable but underused resource. A literature review of undergraduate citation studies, however, reveals that the use of government information has apparently increased so much for some subject areas that, after books and journals, it has become one of the most frequently used sources for primary and scholarly works. Nonetheless, librarians still tend to consider documents as an "other" category that is specialized and hard to use. Typical library instruction sessions that focus heavily on books and journals can have the unfortunate side effect of discouraging students from using online government information, as do classroom policies that discourage Web research in general. A citation analysis of government information in 194 bibliographies from an undergraduate information literacy course provides insights about how students find and use government information and suggests strategies for integrating government information into standard library instruction.
Ariel's Liberty
Authors: Brokaw Katherine Steele
Published: April 2008

Julian Bleach's performance as Ariel in the 2006 RSC production of The Tempest (dir. Rupert Goold) surprised critics and audiences with its departure from performance tradition. This surprise is a site for exploring the ambiguity of Shakespeare's text when it comes to this role. Defined as a non-gendered "ayrie spirit" and with myriad contradictory descriptors, including bodilessness, the role leaves a large number of performance decisions up the actor. Bleach defines Ariel with a metronomic prowl, reluctant movements, and deep, nasal, otherworldly voicings of lines and songs. Simultaneously otherworldly and human, Bleach's portrayal of Ariel pressed on the questions of what it means to be male or female or neither, human or other-questions prompted any time a human actor embodies this nonhuman role. Highlighting Ariel's strangeness and capacity for empathy, Bleach's performance makes one question Prospero's moral superiority over his captives in new ways and throws Ariel's desire for liberty into relief. Bleach himself takes the liberties granted to him by Shakespeare's ambiguous text, and calls attention to the way the body may trump language when it comes to authoring meaning. Bleach's particular performance exposes the way in which a body on stage can both suggest the tried and true binaries of male and female, frightening and fearful, black and white, living and dead, enslaved and liberated, and break away from them, embodying the more uncomfortable realm which is none of these things.
Arbiters of Change: Provincial Elites and the Origins of Federalism in Argentina's Littoral, 1814–1820
Authors: Rao Sujay
Published: April 2008

Early in 1817, in the tiny port of Rosario, a deeply troubled Comandante Tomás Bernal sat down at his desk to pen a confidential private letter to Supreme Director Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, head of the national government based in Buenos Aires. Nearly seven years after the May Revolution against Spain, the territory that would later become Argentina found itself buffeted by civil war. Bernal's region, the jurisdiction of the city of Santa Fe, just up the Paraná River from Buenos Aires, found itself enmeshed in the bitter conflict between the government in Buenos Aires, the former viceregal capital, and its principal rival, José Gervasio Artigas, leader of a federalist alliance based in the nearby Banda Oriental, modern Uruguay. Desperate to contain disputes between the national government and the recently created government of Santa Fe, Bernal counseled restraint. However, he knew that Buenos Aires and Santa Fe were on the brink of war. “For my part,” he wrote Pueyrredón:

you can count it as certain that in such a war I will not take part but I will not be able to keep myself from lamenting the loss of a precious part of this land, which has sworn to sacrifice its life only against a foreign enemy that would oppose the enjoyment of its rights.
Exothermic reactions in cold-rolled Ni/Al reactive multilayer foils
Authors: Qiu X. , Graeter J. , Kecskes L. , Wang J.
Published: April 2008

Exothermic reactions in cold-rolled Ni/Al reactive multilayer foils were investigated in this study. A two-stage reaction process was observed in the self-propagating reactions in the cold-rolled foils that were ignited by a point-source flame. Foils taken out of the flame after completing the first stage of the reaction process were compared to those allowed to complete both stages. Differences in the phase-evolution sequence from the two types of foils were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using slow and controlled heating of the samples. Several exothermic peaks could be identified from the DSC thermograms for both types of foils. Using the DSC, both the as-cold-rolled and partially reacted foils were heated to each peak temperature to identify the reaction product associated with each peak. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that the first two peaks corresponded to the formation of Al3Ni, while the third peak corresponded to the formation of AlNi.
Desorption–recombination and microstructure change of a disproportionated nanostructured NdFeB alloy
Authors: Lianxi Hu , Yuping Li , Yuan Yuan , Gang Shi
Published: April 2008

The desorption–recombination behavior of a mechanically disproportionated, nanostructured Nd12Fe82B6 alloy was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The microstructure change due to desorption–recombination treatments at various temperatures was characterized by x-ray diffraction, Mössbauer study, and transmission electron microscopy observation. The results show that the hydrogen desorption of the as-disproportionated alloy occurs in two stages: (i) the partial dehydriding of the Nd hydride from Nd2H5 to NdH2, as well as the desorption of the hydrogen absorbed/adsorbed at sites of crystal defects but not in the form of Nd hydride, at temperatures between 180 and 460 °C; and (ii) the complete dehydriding of the Nd hydride from NdH2 to Nd at temperatures between 630 and 780 °C. The recombination of α-Fe with Fe2B and Nd to form Nd2Fe14B occurs following the dehydriding of NdH2 to Nd, and it acts as the controlling step for the whole desorption–recombination process. The kinetics of both the desorption–recombination reaction and the growth of the newly formed Nd2Fe14B grains accelerate with increasing temperature. For a fixed annealing time of 30 min, the optimal processing temperature seems to be 760 °C, which gives rise to a fully recombined Nd2Fe14B–α-Fe nanocomposite microstructure with Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe phases of 25–30 nm in average size.
The effects of (Ba,Sr,Ca)CO3 or LaB6 addition on the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra and electrical properties of the MgO thin films in alternating current plasma display panels
Authors: Moon Sung Hwan , Heo Tae Wook , Park Sun Young , Kim Jae Hyuk , Choi Young Chul , Ahn Sung Il , Lee Joohwi , Kim Hyeong Joon
Published: April 2008

MgO thin films are widely used in plasma display panels (PDPs) to protect the dielectric layer, which is composed of PbO2, B2O3, and SiO2 compound, against ion bombardment during discharge. To improve the electrical properties of the MgO thin films, (Ba,Sr,Ca)CO3 or LaB6, which has a lower work function than that of MgO, added to the MgO films. The effects of (Ba,Sr,Ca)CO3 or LaB6 addition on the electrical properties, microstructure, and electronic band structure were investigated. In the case where (Ba,Sr,Ca)CO3 was added, the firing voltage, which is the voltage when the panel is ignited the first time during increasing input voltage, was about 18.4 V lower than that of the conventional MgO films. In the case where LaB6 was added, the firing voltage was also reduced by about 24 V. The luminance and luminous efficiency were also increased. Of particular interest was the valence band spectra changed after adding (Ba,Sr,Ca)CO3 or LaB6. The valence band edge, which is the top of the valence band, was shifted to lower binding states and the width of the valence band was increased. Moreover, the band gap was slightly reduced. Considering the emission mechanism of MgO films in plasma display panels, these results mean that the secondary electrons can be ejected more easily and the ejected electrons have more energy. Therefore, the addition of (Ba,Sr,Ca)CO3 or LaB6 might improve the electrical properties.
Hydrogen diffusion and effect of grain size on hydrogenation kinetics in magnesium hydrides
Authors: Yao X. , Zhu Z.H. , Cheng H.M. , Lu G.Q.
Published: April 2008

Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of metal hydrides are of great interest because of their potential in on-board applications for hydrogen vehicles. This paper aims to study hydrogen diffusion in metal hydrides, which is generally considered to be a controlling factor of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation. The present work first calculated temperature-dependent hydrogen diffusion coefficients by a theoretical model incorporated with experimental data in a Mg-based system and accordingly the activation energy. The grain size effect on diffusion in nanoscale was also investigated.
Effect of nitrogen flow ratio on the microstructure evolution and nanoindented mechanical property of the Ta–Si–N thin films
Authors: Chung C.K. , Chen T.S.
Published: April 2008

The relations among the process, microstructure, and nanomechanical properties of cosputtered Ta–Si–N thin films have been investigated. The microstructure evolution and varied hardness and elastic modulus property of Ta–Si–N were influenced by nitrogen flow ratios [FN2% = FN2/(Far + FN2) × 100%] during cosputtering together with phase formation and the composition of films. The microstructure of Ta–Si–N formed at a low 2–10 FN2% was an amorphous-like phase with nanocrystalline grains embedded in an amorphous matrix, while polycrystalline Ta–Si–N was obtained at a high 20–30 FN2%. The cubic TaN phase or (Ta1–x,Six)N solid solution is much easier to form polycrystallites than noncubic Ta5Si3, Ta2Si, and Ta2N phases from grazing incidence x-ray diffractometry results. Amorphous-like Ta–Si–N films had much higher nanohardness, stiffness, elastic recovery percentage, and a closer boundary compared to polycrystalline films. A maximum nanohardness of 15.2 GPa was obtained at 3 FN2%. An increased hardness of polycrystalline films at 20–30 FN2% is attributed to the higher amount of the hard TaN phase.
Influence of cooling rate on the structure and properties of a Cu–Zr–Ti–Ag glassy alloy
Authors: Louzguine-Luzgin Dmitri V. , Saito Takanobu , Saida Junji , Inoue Akihisa
Published: April 2008

The influence of the cooling rate on the structure, microhardness, relaxation, and devitrification behavior of Cu44Ag15Zr36Ti5 glassy alloy on heating is studied in the present work. According to transmission electron microscopy investigations, the structures of Cu44Ag15Zr36Ti5 glassy ribbon and bulk samples are somewhat different. The structure of the ribbon samples is amorphous while, the nanoscale clusters of the crystalline phase (highly ordered regions) are formed in the bulk samples. It is reflected in the shift of the x-ray diffraction peak, in the magnitude of the heat of structure relaxation and crystallization, as well as in the change in the Vickers microhardness. An analysis of the cooling curve is also performed.
Ferroelectric thin films with complex composition of PNN–PZN–PMN–PZ–PT and excess NiO
Authors: Goh Phoi Chin , Yao Kui , Chen Zhong
Published: April 2008

Ferroelectric thin films of the 0.1Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.15Pb (Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbZrO3–0.3PbTiO3 (PNN–PZN–PMN–PZ–PT) complex oxide system were prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a polymer-modified sol-gel method followed by a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. It was found that the addition of excess NiO is effective in stabilizing the perovskite phase while suppressing the pyrochlore phase. The crystalline structure and morphology of the films with different amounts of access NiO were studied with x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. The electrical properties, including dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric, showed a significant improvement with excess NiO. The film sample with 3 mol% of excess NiO exhibited optimized electrical properties. Different parameters, including tolerance factors on the basis of ionic radii, electronegativity differences between cations and anions, and oxygen bond valences, were applied to analyze the stability of the perovskite phase with different amount of excess NiO. Analysis results indicated that only the bond-valence theory could explain the effect of excess NiO on the stability of the perovskite phase under the assumption that the excess Ni2+ entered the A sites of the perovskite structure.
“The best of you will not strike:” Al-Shafi‘i on Qur’an, Sunnah, and Wife-Beating
Authors: Ali Kecia
Published: April 2008

Focusing on the theoretical and substantive works of the

ninth-century jurist al-Shafi'i, namely the Risala and the Kitab al-Umm,

this paper uses the Umm's treatment of husbands striking their

recalcitrant wives as a case study to show that the Umm follows the

Risala's methodological principles, but only up to a point. Al-Shafi'i

aims to reconcile the Qur'anic evidence permitting physical chastisement

with Muhammad's exemplary practice or sunnah discouraging men from

striking their wives. Yet in allowing an additional, non-scriptural

consequence for a wife's nushuz or recalcitrance, al-Shafi'i departs

from his stated intention to rely exclusively on revealed texts.
Meiobenthic polychaetes in the northwestern Black Sea
Authors: Vorobyova Ludmila , Bondarenko Olena , Izaak Oksana
Published: April 2008

Polychaetes of the northwestern Black Sea (NWBS) were sampled in January 2005 at 4 sites comprising 32 stations. The 4 sites have different anthropogenic loads, different depths (<10 m, 11-20 m, 21-30 m, >30 m) and different substrates (shelly, silty). The species composition of polychaetes in Black Sea meiobenthic communities has not previously been studied. Twenty polychaete species belonging to 11 families, the Phyllodocidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sigalionidae, Nereidae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Protodrilidae, Spionidae, Capitellidae and Ampharetidae, were recorded. The polychaete density varied with depth and type of substrate from 500 ind. m-2 to 66,000 ind. m-2.
The Fate of New Funding: Evidence from Massachusetts’ Education Finance Reforms
Authors: Dee Thomas S. , Levine Jeffrey
Published: April 2008

In 1993, the state of Massachusetts implemented comprehensive reforms that included increased state aid to local school districts. This study presents empirical evidence on whether these reforms actually increased educational spending and, if so, in what functional areas. These evaluations are based on relatively detailed annual financial data from the unified school districts in Massachusetts and two neighboring states over the 1990–1996 period. The results indicate that the reforms did increase state aid to and spending by those districts that spent the least prior to the reforms. Furthermore, most of the new spending in these low-spending districts was directed toward student instruction and capital investments.
Temperature‐Induced Hydrogels Through Self‐Assembly of Cholesterol‐Substituted Star PEG‐b‐PLLA Copolymers: An Injectable Scaffold for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Nagahama Koji , Ouchi Tatsuro , Ohya Yuichi
Published: April 2008

Partially cholesterol‐substituted 8‐arm poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) (8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA‐cholesterol) has been prepared as a novel star‐shaped, biodegradable copolymer derivative. The amphiphilic 8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA‐cholesterol aqueous solution (polymer concentration, above 3 wt%) exhibits instantaneous temperature‐induced gelation at 34 °C, but the virgin 8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA does not, irrespective of concentration. Moreover, an extracellular matrix (ECM)‐like micrometer‐scale network structure has been created with favorable porosity for three‐dimensional proliferation of cells inside the hydrogel. This network structure is mainly attributed to specific self‐assembly between cholesterol groups. The 10 and 20 wt% hydrogels are eroded gradually in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C over the course of a month, and after that the gel becomes completely dissociated. Moreover, L929 cells encapsulated into the hydrogel are viable and proliferate three‐dimensionally inside the hydrogels. Thus, in‐vitro cell culture studies demonstrate that 8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA‐cholesterol is a promising candidate as a novel injectable cellular scaffold.
Two patients with atypical interstitial deletions of 8p23.1: Mapping of phenotypical traits
Authors: Páez Marco T. , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Hayashi Ken‐ichi , Yasuda Toshiyuki , Harada Naoki , Matsumoto Naomichi , Kurosawa Kenji , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Asakawa Shuichi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Matsuoka Rumiko
Published: April 2008

Chromosomal 8p23 deletion syndrome is recognized as a malformation syndrome with clinical symptoms of facial anomalies, microcephaly, mental retardation, and congenital heart defects. The responsible gene for the heart defects in this syndrome has been identified as GATA4 on 8p23.1. Two patients with interstitial deletions of 8p23.1 were investigated; one patient showed moderate developmental delay and Ebstein anomaly, and the other showed mild delay and typical atrioventricular septum defect. The precise deletion sizes, 17 and 2.9 Mb, were determined by FISH analyses using BAC clones as probes. The latter deletion was the smallest deletion including GATA4 in the previously reported patients, and the critical regions and genes for clinical manifestation of 8p23 deletion syndrome, including facial anomalies, microcephaly, behavioral abnormality, and developmental delay, were discussed. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury
Authors: Segovia Kristen N. , McClure Melissa , Moravec Matthew , Luo Ning Ling , Wan Ying , Gong Xi , Riddle Art , Craig Andrew , Struve Jaime , Sherman Larry S. , Back Stephen A.
Published: April 2008

Objective

Abnormal myelination is a major pathological sequela of chronic periventricular white matter injury in survivors of premature birth. We tested the hypothesis that myelination failure in chronic hypoxia‐ischemia‐induced periventricular white matter injury is related to persistent depletion of the oligodendrocyte (OL) precursor pool required to generate mature myelinating OLs.

Methods

A neonatal rat model of hypoxia‐ischemia was used where acute degeneration of late OL progenitors (preOLs) occurs via a mostly caspase‐independent mechanism. The fate of OL lineage cells in chronic cerebral lesions was defined with OL lineage‐specific markers.

Results

Acute caspase‐3‐independent preOL degeneration from hypoxia‐ischemia was significantly augmented by delayed preOL death that was caspase‐3‐dependent. Degeneration of preOLs was offset by a robust regenerative response that resulted in a several‐fold expansion in the pool of surviving preOLs in chronic lesions. However, these preOLs displayed persistent maturation arrest with failure to differentiate and generate myelin. When preOL‐rich chronic lesions sustained recurrent hypoxia‐ischemia at a time in development when white matter is normally resistant to injury, an approximately 10‐fold increase in caspase‐dependent preOL degeneration occurred relative to lesions caused by a single episode of hypoxia‐ischemia.

Interpretation

The mechanism of myelination failure in chronic white matter lesions is related to a combination of delayed preOL degeneration and preOL maturation arrest. The persistence of a susceptible population of preOLs renders chronic white matter lesions markedly more vulnerable to recurrent hypoxia‐ischemia. These data suggest that preOL maturation arrest may predispose to more severe white matter injury in preterm survivors that sustain recurrent hypoxia‐ischemia. Ann Neurol 2008