bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective predators and responsive prey
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Predators feed on a variety of prey and this has important consequences for both predator and prey. This chapter introduces optimal foraging theory as a way to understand why predators prefer some prey types over others and discusses the evidence for adaptive diet choice in nature. Simple optimality models are used to understand how predators make decisions about where to feed (habitat choice) and how long to stay in a prey patch (“giving-up-time”). The non-lethal or non-consumptive effects of predators can be as important as their direct lethal effects. Discussed are examples of how prey respond to the threat of predation (the “ecology of fear”) by changing their behaviors, morphologies, physiologies, and life histories. The chapter concludes with an examination of the relative importance of predator consumptive and non-consumptive effects.
Evolutionary community ecology
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Ecology and evolution go hand in hand. However, since evolution occurs over relatively long time scales, ecologists had long thought it unlikely that evolutionary events could affect population dynamics or species interactions in ecological time. This view is changing. Today, there are multiple areas of research examining how evolutionary processes feedback directly on ecology. For example, eco-evolutionary dynamics focus on the cyclical interaction between ecology and adaptive evolution, such that changes in ecological interactions drive selection on organismal traits that, in turn, alter the outcome of ecological interactions. Striking examples of eco-evolutionary feedbacks are found in predator–prey interactions of laboratory populations. However, less is known about eco-evolutionary feedbacks in nature. Evolutionary rescue describes a process whereby rapid adaptation may prevent extinction in a changing environment. Other topics covered in this chapter are community phylogenetics and the evolution of regional species pools.
Sacrifice Regained
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

Does being virtuous make you happy? This book examines the answers to this ancient question provided by the so-called ‘British Moralists’, from about 1650 for the next two hundred years. This involves elucidating their views on happiness (self-interest, or well-being) and on virtue (or morality), in order to bring out the relation of each to the other. Themes ran through many of these writers: psychological egoism, evaluative hedonism, and—after Thomas Hobbes—the acceptance of self-standing moral reasons. But there are exceptions, and even those taking the standard views adopt them for very different reasons and express them in various ways. As the ancients tended to believe that virtue and happiness largely, perhaps entirely, coincide, so these modern authors are inclined to accept posthumous reward and punishment. Both positions sit uneasily with the common-sense idea that a person can truly sacrifice their own good for the sake of morality or for others, and the book shows that David Hume—a hedonist whose ethics made no appeal to the afterlife—was the first major British moralist to allow for, indeed to recommend, such self-sacrifice. Morality and well-being of course remain central to modern ethics, and this book demonstrates how much there is to learn from this remarkable group of philosophers.
Causal Influence
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that the reductive method of explanation assumes an ontology of causal powers that manifest invariant causal influence. The reductive method takes what we know about how systems behave in one situation (typically a situation of relative isolation), and apply that knowledge to explain or predict the behaviour of the system in another situation (such as when it is a part of a more complex system). If this method is to work, then there must be something that remains constant from one situation to another in a way that supports the method. It is shown that standard ontologies do not contain anything that can fulfil this role. It is then shown that a relatively novel kind of entity, dubbed ‘causal influence’, can do the job.
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks on the Jacobins and the Girondins
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

Following a survey of how educated Russians analogized the 1905 Revolution to aspects of the French Revolution, Chapter 5 describes the debates within the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP, and between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks about the temporal relationship between a bourgeois revolution in Russia and a proletarian one. Also, because the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, in European exile, had time on their hands, they engaged in interminable debates on how the Jacobins and their supporters among the sans-culottes should be considered in terms of their class. The former were thought to originate in one or another subclass of the bourgeoisie; the latter were variously considered proletarian, proto-proletarian, or ‘plebeian’. Complicating matters—and making the emergence of a consensus more difficult—was that the classes that made the French Revolution were sometimes defined on the basis of what they did, and of whom they supported, rather than in terms of their social origin per se.
Mythologizing the New Soviet Regime
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 begins by examining how the specific issue of the Jacobin Terror served as a relevant analogue, to be welcomed or rejected, as Lenin and Trotsky pondered the efficacy—and even, on occasion, the morality—of consolidating power after the October coup d’état through the application of terror. The narrative then widens to describe how the French Revolution informed the music, theatre, literature, and visual arts that were mobilized in the creation of a mythology the Bolsheviks needed both to justify the October Revolution retroactively, and prospectively to sanction the construction of socialism in a country that by Marxist criteria was not yet ready for it. Special attention is paid to the grandiose fêtes the Bolsheviks staged in Petrograd and Moscow, in deliberate imitation of those the Jacobins staged in the French Revolution, to generate the mass support they lacked.
Transgressing the Leninist Line in the Gorbachev Era
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

With the advent of the Gorbachev era, there emerged a genuine diversity of opinion on the French Revolution, with ‘hardliners’ reiterating the Leninist orthodoxy, and ‘liberals’, most notably Alexander Yakovlev, the actual architect of Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika (‘reconstruction’), arguing publicly—and almost certainly with Gorbachev’s approval and agreement—that the revolution inaugurated a sequence of revolutions in modern history in which the October Revolution, while going well beyond the French Revolution, was itself superseded by the peaceful revolution that was perestroika. A corrective of the worst excrescences of Stalinism, Gorbachev’s policy of ‘reconstruction’ would redirect the course of history, culminating in a humane and liberal (though not necessarily democratic) socialism that was prefigured in the French Revolution and the revolutions in France that followed it.
Revolution as Martyrdom
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

For all its early promise, and despite the heroism of its supporters, the Paris Commune, in the end, was a failure. But the Bolsheviks valued it precisely for that reason; the mistakes it made could be avoided in their own efforts to carry out a successful revolution. Moreover, the martyrdom the Communards achieved by fighting their principal enemy, the Versaillais, so valiantly caused the Bolsheviks to venerate them for their personal qualities, even as they recognized their political and ideological naiveté. And while cognizant that with the suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871 the French Revolutionary Tradition ended, the Bolsheviks considered the Commune a precursor of the proletarian revolutions they expected in the twentieth century not only in Russia but in the more economically advanced countries of Western and Central Europe.
Building the Cybersecurity Capacity of Nations
Authors: Creese Sadie , Shillair Ruth , Bada Maria , Dutton William H.
Published: September 2019

Threats to and attacks on the security of the Internet—unauthorized access to digital resources, such as computer hardware, software, data, and data centers—have become a major global issue in the twenty-first century. One consequence is that policy-makers are focusing more attention on global strategies, given that nations without the capacity to maintain security can be exploited by malevolent actors in ways that undermine other states. And this strategy presents policy-makers with an opportunity to become more proactive in building national capacity to withstand threats to the security of the Internet, rather than addressing security breaches only after they occur. Bringing together data from multiple sources in 138 countries, this chapter provides an overview of global cybersecurity capacity building and examines whether these efforts actually enhance security for end users of the Internet.
The Political Economy of Digital Health
Authors: Neff Gina
Published: September 2019

The Internet and digital media are increasingly seen as having enormous potential for solving problems facing healthcare systems. This chapter traces emerging “digital health” uses and applications, focusing on the political economy of data. For many people, the ability to access their own data through social media and connect with people with similar conditions holds enormous potential to empower them and improve healthcare decisions. For researchers, digital health tools present new forms of always-on data that may lead to major discoveries. Technology and telecommunications companies hope their customers? data can answer key health questions or encourage healthier behavior. At the same time, Gina Neff argues that digital health raises policy and social equity concerns regarding sensitive personal data, and runs a risk of being seen as a sort of silver bullet instead of mere technological solutionism.
Incentives to Share in the Digital Economy
Authors: David Matthew
Published: September 2019

As noted by Greg Taylor in Chapter 18 of this volume, scarcity is a problematic concept in the digital age. The possibility of post-scarcity is not only a challenge to classical economics—the science of allocating scarce resources. The proliferation of what are called non-rivalrous informational goods is also a challenge to a capitalist economic system in which scarcity becomes a basis for price setting. This chapter by Matthew David provides an alternative perspective on the possibility of a post-scarcity, sharing-based economy in non-rivalrous informational goods, such as music. He explores the dimensions of incentive, efficiency, and efficacy by which property and market mechanisms have traditionally been justified in capitalist societies. David examines the distinction between two forms of sharing that he calls reciprocal peer co-production, and generalized peer-to-peer redistribution. The chapter conveys a valuable understanding of the rewards and incentives associated with sharing-based alternatives to more traditional market mechanisms.
The Social-Media Challenge to Internet Governance
Authors: DeNardis Laura
Published: September 2019

Just as Internet governance has come to be seen as inherently global, for example in supporting cybersecurity (Creese et al., Chapter 9, this volume), there are forces pulling in opposite directions, such as efforts to localize data, and global platforms privatizing governance within business and industry (Casilli and Posada, Chapter 17, this volume). Laura DeNardis focuses on the ways in which social-media platforms are creating new challenges to Internet governance. What will this mean for the privacy of personal data and freedom of expression? Who should regulate and govern the Internet as well as privacy and expression in the digital age?
The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: September 2019

Scientific rigor and critical thinking skills are indispensable in this age of big data because machine learning and artificial intelligence are often led astray by meaningless patterns. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science is loaded with entertaining real-world examples of both successful and misguided approaches to interpreting data, both grand successes and epic failures. Anyone can learn to distinguish between good data science and nonsense. We are confident that readers will learn how to avoid being duped by data, and make better, more informed decisions. Whether they want to be effective creators, interpreters, or users of data, they need to know the nine pitfalls of data science.
Computing Possible Futures
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: September 2019

This book discusses the use of models and interactive visualizations to explore designs of systems and policies in determining whether such designs would be effective. Executives and senior managers are very interested in what “data analytics” can do for them and, quite recently, what the prospects are for artificial intelligence and machine learning. They want to understand and then invest wisely. They are reasonably skeptical, having experienced overselling and under-delivery. They ask about reasonable and realistic expectations. Their concern is with the futurity of decisions they are currently entertaining. They cannot fully address this concern empirically. Thus, they need some way to make predictions. The problem is that one rarely can predict exactly what will happen, only what might happen. To overcome this limitation, executives can be provided predictions of possible futures and the conditions under which each scenario is likely to emerge. Models can help them to understand these possible futures. Most executives find such candor refreshing, perhaps even liberating. Their job becomes one of imagining and designing a portfolio of possible futures, assisted by interactive computational models. Understanding and managing uncertainty is central to their job. Indeed, doing this better than competitors is a hallmark of success. This book is intended to help them understand what fundamentally needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how to do it. The hope is that readers will discuss this book and develop a “shared mental model” of computational modeling in the process, which will greatly enhance their chances of success.
The Personalization of Intellectual Combat
Authors: Kinzer Bruce
Published: September 2019

James Fitzjames Stephen—prominent barrister, prolific journalist, pugnacious polemicist, and older brother of Leslie Stephen—was elected a member of the Metaphysical Society in 1873. He presented seven papers between his election and his last appearance in 1879, making him one of the Society’s most active members. Alan Brown, in his monograph on the Metaphysical Society, says that Stephen’s papers ‘are the most coherent, consistent, and closely reasoned body of opinion contributed by a single member’. This coherence and consistency, this chapter argues, stem from the identity of those Stephen considered his intellectual adversaries within the Metaphysical Society, adversaries whose views he deemed badly flawed and utterly repugnant. These were its Catholic members, whom Stephen did not regard as true Englishmen. The chapter explains Stephen’s animus and analyses the means he employed to demonstrate the faulty nature of the beliefs held by those he chose to attack. It also examines the impact of his conduct on the health of the Metaphysical Society. Brown asserts that Stephen ‘was in many ways the dominating figure in the latter half of the Society’s history’. This domination, the essay contends, had as much to do with the manner of his doing battle as with the substance of the arguments he set forth. Stephen’s impact, on balance, was harmful, his belligerence discouraging rather than aiding the exchange of ideas and spirit of inquiry the founding members of the Metaphysical Society had sought to foster.
Between Intuition and Empiricism
Authors: Hale Piers J.
Published: September 2019

William Benjamin Carpenter was a central figure in the Metaphysical Society. Aware of the tensions between the theists and the scientific naturalists in the Society he offered a middle ground. Although his early work in physiology had led him to doubt his own Unitarian faith, his mentor James Martineau had reassured him. However, as his studies in science developed, Carpenter found physiological evidence to underpin his faith. Although Carpenter failed to convince the most extreme among his friends in the Society; namely, Richard Holt Hutton and Thomas Huxley, or his lifelong mentor, Martineau, his ideas were attractive to many others. Henry Edward Manning adopted Carpenter’s ideas in defence of his own theism, for instance, and his ideas were publicized and appreciated in the wider scientific community.
Postscript
Authors: England Richard , Lightman Bernard , Marshall Catherine
Published: September 2019

This chapter deals with the last meeting of the Society and why the Society came to an end. The goals of the Society were being met in other ways and the divisions between different groups, such as the scientific naturalists and the conservative Christians, were too great to bridge. There is also a discussion of the legacy of the Metaphysical Society through the founding of other intellectual associations, in the publications of its members, and in the creation of a more open public space for discussion of controversial ideas. The papers of the Society were preserved by librarians despite many obstacles. This chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how the papers still speak to us today in a post-truth age witnessing a revival of interest in metaphysics.
Executory interests under the Statute of Uses
Authors: Baker John
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows how lawyers grappled with the effect of the Statutes of Uses and Wills on future interests in land, and the possibilities which they seemed to introduce for creating new kinds of estates in land. The legislation seemingly transformed land law by giving legal effect to a party’s wishes, in the first case by ‘executing the use’ and in the second by giving force to a testator’s ‘free will and pleasure’. Conveyancers thought for a time that this gave them the means of creating perpetual settlements of a family’s land. A number of leading cases reported by Coke show how perpetuity clauses were eventually outlawed by the judges, and how executory interests were to a limited extent subjected to principles of law. The chapter ends with Lord Nottingham’s formulation of a doctrine of perpetuities in 1682.
Trespass on the case
Authors: Baker John
Published: September 2019

In the fourteenth century a variety of new kinds of action appeared in the royal courts as a result of allowing writs of trespass to be issued without the ‘force and arms’ clause. In such writs the plaintiff had to set out the gist of his ‘special case’ in lieu of the generalized assertion of force. This chapter shows how contemporaries regarded ‘actions on the case’ and what was considered to be their range. Some later discussions in the chapter show lawyers trying to rationalize the distinction between ‘trespass’ (that is, trespass with force and arms) and ‘case’ in terms of physical directness.
Various developments of the money counts
Authors: Baker John
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows how the action of assumpsit for money, usually in the fictional form known as indebitatus assumpsit, was extended in the seventeenth century to cover situations beyond the reach of the old action of debt: for instance, actions on bills of exchange, actions for sums of money not quantified at the time of contracting (quantum meruit and quantum valebant), and restitutionary actions for money received to the plaintiff’s use. The last category overlapped with the action of account, but unlike account could be used against wrongdoers. Excessive use of ‘money had and received’ to replace the usual remedies in contract and tort was resisted, with only partial success, by Chief Justice Holt.
Actions on the case for various kinds of economic loss
Authors: Baker John
Published: September 2019

This chapter is concerned with miscellaneous actions on the case for causing economic loss, particularly in the context of monopolies. An action for drawing customers away from a market was allowed in 1310, and other monopolies were recognized under manorial customs, but a monopoly could not be acquired simply by being the first to use a trade in a particular place. A novel action of 1584 for infringing a trademark included elements of deceit and defamation, but there was as yet no concept of intellectual property. Monopolies granted by patent received a blow from a leading decision of 1602 concerning playing-cards. New kinds of economic tort were recognized in actions for intimidation (1621) and malicious injury in trade (1707), raising possibilities to be exploited in much later periods.
Introduction
Authors: Watts John
Published: September 2019

Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded just over five hundred years ago in 1517 by Bishop Richard Fox, occupies a particular place in the history of English universities. Together with Christ’s College, Cambridge (1506) and St John’s College, Cambridge (1511–16), it was a new kind of foundation, with a humanist curriculum and a distinctive emphasis on paedagogy. Endowed with lecturers in ‘Humanity’ (Latin literature), Greek and Theology, the last appointed to teach Scripture and the church fathers rather than the medieval authorities, it seemed to harness the learning of the Renaissance to the contemporaneous project of spiritual reform and reformation; and its trilingual library—containing texts in Latin, Greek and Hebrew—was famously judged by Erasmus a wonder of the world. So it is that Corpus has been identified as one of a ‘group of Renaissance colleges’, introducing ‘a new era in the university’....
Towards the Courtier: The University Formation of Public Servants in the Age of Richard Fox
Authors: Catto † Jeremy
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Corpus Christi College in Oxford, founded in 1517 by Bishop Richard Fox, which occupies a particular place in the history of English universities. Corpus Christi College was a new kind of foundation, with a humanist curriculum and a distinctive emphasis on pedagogy. Endowed with lecturers in ‘Humanity‘ (Latin literature), Greek, and Theology—the last appointed to teach Scripture and the church fathers rather than the medieval authorities—it seemed to harness the learning of the Renaissance to the contemporaneous project of spiritual reform and reformation. Moreover, Corpus Christi College’s trilingual library—containing texts in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew—was famously judged by Erasmus as a wonder of the world. So it is that Corpus has been identified as one of a ‘group of Renaissance colleges‘, introducing ‘a new era in the university‘.
Patronage, Performativity, and Ideas of Corpus Christi
Authors: King Pamela M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter details relations between Church and state in Richard Fox’s age. The break with Rome, the royal supremacy, and the dissolution of the monasteries irreversibly altered the way in which the early Tudor polity would be conceived. Already in the sixteenth century, accounts of this period were informed by the Reformation. Incidents such as Bishop Fox’s change of plan at Oxford—transforming a primarily monastic ‘Winchester College‘ into the secular Corpus Christi College—became overlaid with foreshadowed significance. Ultimately, Fox’s was the last great age of bishops founding university colleges, since the requisite mix of authority and wealth seldom coalesced so favourably thereafter and certainly could not during the assault on episcopal incomes later in the sixteenth century. Clerical dominance in Church and state made Corpus.
Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as an Emotional Community
Authors: Rubin Miri
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the aesthetic of the cultural moment at which Corpus Christi College was founded: 1517 lies on the cusp between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in England. If one accepts that cusp as fundamentally contested, it remains fruitful to explore how the main actors in affairs of Church and State manifest certain tastes and ideas, combining ‘medieval‘ and ‘Renaissance‘ themes, that are identifiable as elements of coterie-signalling. Two artefacts directly associated with Richard Fox, the College’s founder, stand as such signals, that is material testimonies to group-definition in the dominant sub-culture. The chapter then draws on the wider ecclesiastical and court milieu to explore how performative gestures in the patronage of the built environment have counterparts in actual performance, in the pageantry and plays of the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century.
Campaign Tactics
Authors: Abito Jose Miguel , Besanko David , Diermeier Daniel
Published: September 2019

This chapter models the interaction between a firm and activist using an infinite-horizon dynamic stochastic game. The firm enhances its reputation through private regulation, but the firm has an incentive to coast on its reputation by private regulation as its reputation grows. The activist can harm the firm’s reputation through criticism, which impairs the firm’s reputation on the margin, and confrontation, which can trigger a crisis that can severely damage the firm’s reputation. Criticism and confrontational activity are shown to be imperfect substitutes. The more patient the activist, or the more passionate about externality reduction, the more likely the activist is to rely on confrontation. The more patient the firm, the more likely that it will be targeted by an activist that relies on confrontation. The chapter also explores whether the activist might reward the firm with praise.
Introduction
Authors: Aase Tor H. , Agrawal Nand Kishor , Nischalke Sarah
Published: September 2019

The chapter introduces the topic of the book and three main research questions addressed in the book. The objective is threefold: analysing how various socio-eclogical factors of production interact in concrete places; demonstrate the variations of such interactions along the Himalayan range; and identifying circumstances that increase or hamper adaptive capacity. Furthermore it outlines the methodology applied throughout the book, that is, farming systems approach and multiple case method. It also gives detailed information about types of data collected and methods of data collection.
Combining Land and Water in Upper Indus
Authors: Ahmed Sher , Aase Tor H.
Published: September 2019

Villages in Sai catchment in Gilgit-Baltistan were integrated into mainstream Pakistan when the Karakoram Highway was completed in the 1980s. Previous to the road, local food security depended solely on local subsistence production. Now, household food security is more dependent upon purchasing power achieved through outside employment and access to markets on the plains. Food security is vulnerable because the Highway is frequently blocked by natural hazards and political unrest.
Current Adaptations and Future Prospects of Himalayan Farming
Authors: Aase Tor H. , Holmelin Nina B. , van Oort Bob , Agrawal Nand Kishor , Nischalke Sarah , Wang Wenling , Ahmed Sher , Chapagain Prem Sagar , Bisht Suman
Published: September 2019

Chapter 10 applies the two methods of comparative case study and cumulative case study to address the three main research questions raised in the introduction. Present adaptations are seen in relation to projected future climate changes and in relation to uncertain production conditions in general. Drivers of change and adaptive capacity are identified, and, lastly, a list of policy options that can enhance adaptive capacity are related to levels of policy management.
The Politics of Digital India
Authors: Thomas Pradip Ninan
Published: September 2019

Transforming India into a digital state has been an objective of successive governments in India. However, the digital, by its very nature, is a capricious, multi-dimensional entity. Its operationalization across multiple sectors in India has highlighted the fact that the digital compact with publics in India is a two-edged sword. On the one hand, devices such as mobile phones have enabled access and efficiencies, and on the other, they have increased the scope for surveillance capitalism and the expansion of governmentality. The digital is at the same time a resource, commodity, and process that is absolutely fundamental to most if not all productive forces across multiple sectors. As a part of the Media Dynamics in South Asia series, this volume explores the making of digital India and specifically deals with the contradictions of an imperfect democracy, internal compulsions, and external pressures that continue to play crucial roles in the shaping of the same. Mindful of the key roles played by political economy and context and based on conversations with theory and practice, it makes a case for critical understanding of the digital embrace in India.
Gandhi Beckons
Authors: Khandkar Arundhati C. , Khandkar Ashok C.
Published: September 2019

Gandhi asked Laxmanshastri to stay back at his Bardoli ashram to help him in his drive to bring the Untouchables into the mainstream. Laxmanshastri agreed, thinking that this was his opportunity to amplify his reform efforts at the national level. He plunged into the satyāgraha movement and was soon jailed by the British for sedition. In jail, he read Marx’s writing and like many intellectuals of the time both in India and Europe, he became interested in Marxism and its potential to create a just society. He also continued to argue against caste segregation and discrimination. It was in the notorious Yerawada prison that he helped Gandhi formulate arguments against those advanced by the orthodox upper caste Indians who dominated the leadership in the Indian National Congress, to including Untouchables in the political mainstream. When traditional priests objected to the pratiloma marriage arrangement of Devdas, Gandhi’s son, to Laxmi, Rajagopalachari’s daughter, he used a lawyerly interpretation of caste and performed their wedding.
A New Beginning
Authors: Khandkar Arundhati C. , Khandkar Ashok C.
Published: September 2019

After independence, Laxmanshastri re-joined the Indian Congress Party, earnestly canvassing for a democratic and egalitarian society. During this time, he was asked to lead the dedication of the Somnath Temple in Gujarat, because trustees decided to open the temple to Hindus regardless of their caste, leading traditional priests to protest. New Indians states were being formed with boundaries being drawn along linguistic lines. The newly formed state of Maharashtra, headed by Y.B Chavan as the chief minister, appointed Laxmanshastri to head the Sahitya Samskriti Mandal, which eventually decided to compile the Vishwakosha, a Marathi language encyclopaedia, under the chief editorship of Laxmanshastri. For his scholarship in Vedic literature, Laxmanshastri was honoured as the National Sanskrit Scholar by F.A. Ahmed, President of India in 1974. Despite many hurdles, the Vishwakosha and Dharmakosha projects continued forward and the pilot volume of the Kumarakosha, a companion volume of the Vishwakosha, was released by A.P.J Kalam in 2003, India’s then president.
Law of Property
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the law of property as interpreted and applied by courts in India. The subject is divided into the law relating to immovables and movables and the law relating to succession, the latter of which, again, being subdivided into administration of estates and beneficial distribution, inasmuch as they constitute an integral part of succession. Topics covered include: jurisdiction in respect to foreign immovables; equitable jurisdiction in personam; application of equitable principles; rules of conflict of laws in relation to immovables; rules of conflict of laws in relation to movables; government decrees of seizure of private property; the law relating to trusts; and succession.
Foreign Judgments
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements by Indian courts. Topics covered include refusal to recognize applicable Indian law; judgement opposed to natural or substantial justice; judgement obtained by fraud; sustaining a claim founded on a breach of Indian law; and foreign arbitral awards and foreign judgements based upon such awards.
India and the Challenge of the Global South
Authors: Lal Vinay
Published: September 2019

The idea of the ‘Global South’ arose from the conference of African and Asian nations at Bandung in 1955 even if the term has only recently entered academic parlance. To many it evokes what used to be called the Third World, just as it calls to mind anti-colonial struggles of the 1950s to the 1970s. However, the question is whether the idea of ‘Global South’ can be recuperated to furnish a more ecologically pluralistic framework of knowledge that would also accommodate more radical conceptions of dissent leading to social justice for the poor and the disenfranchised. After probing the prevalent ideas of ‘South Asia’ and the scholarship on South Asian history and religion, this chapter asks what the notion of Indic civilization brings to the idea of the Global South. It explores briefly the emancipatory potential of Indian epics and popular cinema, commenting besides on the varieties of Islam from South and Southeast Asia, before concluding with a lengthier exploration of the Indian idea of hospitality and how it can be channelled to contest the categories of modern knowledge systems.
Another Cosmopolis
Authors: Nandy Ashis
Published: September 2019

There is vague, random, empirical support for the persistence of some features in the South Asian concept of hospitality even among those who have experienced or witnessed large-scale ethnic cleansing and massive pogroms. Foremost among these features is the ability to live with radical diversities of the kind that can be easily seen as humiliating to other communities and capable of provoking ethnic and religious hostility and serious conflicts. The caste system with its ornate concepts of purity and pollution—and the touchable and the untouchable—is often seen as a prime example of this. Yet, persons, families, and communities can be found who navigate these barriers sometimes playfully and casually, sometimes by reading the offensive practices as cultural oddities of an otherwise friendly community that one must learn to respect. In the first case, by not taking the offending practices seriously enough; in the second case, by taking them seriously, as an essential part of the faith of another community that demands almost unconditional respect.
Backwater Ecstasis
Authors: Rajan Roby
Published: September 2019

In this chapter Rajan contends that it is not enough to oppose modern universalism by positing a culture’s specificity in contradistinction to it. Universalism can only be countered by universalism, asserts Rajan, and argues that the underlying logic of ‘progress’ in today’s global ideology is still broadly Hegelian. The central question raised in the paper is: is this the only universal story that can be told? Rajan answers this question with a resounding NO! by pointing to an unlikely source: the meta-philosophical logic of the autonomous development of Indian philosophy which emerges when the Indian dialectician T.R.V. Murti and the Japanese philosopher Gadjin Nagao are read together. Rajan christens the unfolding of this logic in a social landscape of intercommunality as ‘backwater ecsatsis’, and argues that it is only in such ecstasis that an alternative to the failed Hegelian conception of the state as the crowning accomplishment of human community is to be found.
Rahul Sankrityayan and Ambedkar as Contrapuntal Contemporaries
Authors: Joshi Maya
Published: September 2019

The chapter explores intersections and divergences in the thought of Rahul Sankrityayan and B.R. Ambedkar, two significant public figures in twentieth-century India. Though growing out of a primary interest in Sankrityayan, a neglected and utterly fascinating figure of polymathic reach, with a personal trajectory of extraordinary variety, the chapter expands the scope to consider how he helps us reconfigure our understanding of a well-known figure such as Ambedkar. It considers their life trajectories as personal and public quests at a formative juncture of the emergent Indian nation’s history. Sankrityayan and Ambedkar’s complementary and contradictory engagements with the categories of modernity and tradition, spiritual and material, nation and world, caste and class, occupy the chapter in the main. Buddha and Marx—two figures whose reception and reinvention in the Indian milieu have a narrative that intersects with that of these two individuals—help frame the chapter as these contemporaries engage with Buddhism and Marxism as key conceptual beacons and historical precedents in the pursuit of human freedom, negotiating spaces national and international, and times past and present, as they help shape the future of a new India.
Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

The connection between statistical mechanics on the one side and quantum mechanics and quantum field theory on the other side is based on the analogy between thermal and quantum fluctuations. Formally, the connection is expressed through the mathematical equivalence between the partition function in statistical mechanics and the propagator in quantum field theory. This chapter explores the equivalence between statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics or quantum field theory in general terms using the Feynman path integral and with the example of the equivalence between the classical XY Heisenberg model and the sigma model of quantum field theory. Invoking the concepts of the partition function and the transfer matrix, an example demonstrates the passage from the quantum mechanics of a single degree of freedom, a zero-dimensional system, to the statistical mechanics of a one-dimensional system represented by classical variables.
Bose Gas in One Dimension: Lieb–Liniger Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

The coordinate Bethe ansatz can be extended to a model, the Lieb–Liniger model, of a one-dimensional gas of Bosons interacting with repulsive δ-function potentials. It has attracted attention due to its relevance for experimental developments in the fields of ultracold gases and optical lattices. This chapter provides an exposition of the related classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation, followed by its generalization to the quantum model. It explores a limiting case, the Tonks-Girardeau gas. The δ-function potentials supply a kind of boundary condition on the wave functions allowing us to analyze the eigenfunctions of the Bethe ansatz, which are examined on the infinite line and for periodic boundary conditions. The latter leads to the Bethe ansatz equations. The solution of these equations is achieved in the thermodynamic limit for the ground state and for low-lying excited states.
Congregations in a Time of Change
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J.
Published: September 2019

We examine Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago as a rare example of a liberal Protestant megachurch that provides a case study of broader changes in American religion. We argue that there are four important lessons that can be learned from American religious history: (1) culture controls churches—churches are shaped by the cultural climates of their time, (2) emotion always trumps the mind—the emotional capacity of churches wins over cognitive claims, (3) leadership counts—charismatic leaders are vital for the success of churches, and (4) congregations tell the real story of what is going on in American religious culture.
The Hard Arm of the State
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: September 2019

In contrast to the orderly control of entry that follows policies and rules, the state must also deal with the breakdown of policy, and the failure to maintain its priorities. This chapter explores the hard arm of border control, and the instruments that have been used to deal with the enforcement and breakdown of policy. It begins by examining how the border is policed, and how policing deals with undocumented entry. It then looks at attempts to enhance the policing of the border with passenger name records and entry/exit systems. The chapter finally examines the increasingly widespread pattern of construction of fences and walls on both sides of the Atlantic, and explores detention and expulsion.
Conclusion
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter focuses on both what is meant by the idea that the border is back, and how this has come about. The new focus on the border has evolved in a context of important, and seemingly successful, efforts of international cooperation toward the removal of barriers to trade and the movement of people on both sides of the Atlantic. The shift toward harder controls at the border has been driven by the emergence of new radical right movements and political parties on both sides of the Atlantic. Borders are closing not because of economic protectionism, but as a result of conflicting commitments of liberal democracies: rights and treaty-based immigration is running up against growing support for a reinforcement of national identity and border control. Although there has consistently been significant opposition to immigration in the West, the increase in rights-based immigration on the borders of Europe and on the southern border of the United States has given this opposition political traction. In the context of electoral politics, political parties have driven border issues as political priorities. Identity has trumped trade as a priority issue.
Pathways From Research Into Public Decision Making: Intermediaries as the Third Community
Authors: Isett Kimberley R , Hicks Diana
Published: September 2019

Scholars and practitioners in public administration have often been referred to as the two communities, reflecting their differing incentives, constraints, and foci. In this paper, we examine the knowledge surrounding the use of empirical evidence in public decision making from both the academic and practice of policymaking literatures. After identifying points of convergence, we compare the important factors identified in each literature to four known cases of impact of empirical findings. We discuss how well each set of literature explains our cases and identify an important third community underidentified in the current conceptualizations of evidence translation—knowledge intermediaries.
The Life-Space Assessment Measure of Functional Mobility Has Utility in Community-Based Physical Therapist Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: McCrone Angela , Smith Angela , Hooper Julie , Parker Richard A , Peters Andy
Published: September 2019

Background

The Life-Space Assessment (LSA) has demonstrable validity and reliability among people sampled from nonclinical settings. Its properties in clinical settings, especially physical therapy services, are less well established.

Objective

The aim of this study was to test the construct/convergent validity, responsiveness, and floor/ceiling effects of the LSA among patients who had musculoskeletal, orthopedic, neurological, or general surgical presentations and were receiving individually tailored, community-based physical therapist interventions to address gait/balance impairments in an urban location in the United Kingdom.

Design

A prospective, repeated-measures, comparative cohort design was used.

Methods

Two hundred seventy-six community-dwelling, newly referred patients were recruited from three cohorts (outpatients; domiciliary, nonhospitalized; and domiciliary, recent hospital discharge). Data were collected from the LSA and the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA1) at initial assessment and discharge. Two hundred twenty-eight participants were retained at follow-up.

Results

The median age was 80.5 years, 73.6% were women, and the median number of physical therapist contacts over 53 days was five. LSA scores at assessment and changes over treatment distinguished between cohorts, even after adjustment for covariates. Weak correlations (0.14–0.41) were found between LSA and POMA1 scores. No LSA floor/ceiling effects were found. Significant improvements in the LSA score after the intervention were found for each cohort and for the sample overall. For the whole sample, the mean change in the LSA score was 10.5 points (95% CI = 8.3–12.8).

Limitations

The environmental demands participants faced were not measured. Caregivers answered the LSA questions on behalf of participants when necessary. Assessors were not always masked with regard to the measurement point.

Conclusions

The LSA has utility as an outcome measure in routine community-based physical therapist practice. It has satisfactory construct validity and is sensitive to change over a short time frame. The LSA is not a substitute for the POMA1; these measures complement each other, with the LSA bringing the added value of measuring real-life functional mobility.
Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows
Authors: Ladegaard Isak
Published: September 2019

Can organized illegal activities grow stronger and more advanced in response to legal pressure? In October 2013, the FBI shut down Silk Road, a thriving e-commerce market for illegal drugs. After the shock, market actors adopted a new identity verification method that enabled mass-migration to other markets, and created websites for information distribution that reduced post-shock uncertainties. The outcome was a decentralized market in which actors could operate in “open secrecy” across multiple websites. With verifiable pseudonyms and securely obfuscated real-world identities, actors could publicly discuss, plan, and participate in illegal activities. Threats from police and opportunistic criminals persisted but were no longer crippling concerns as buyers and sellers could reasonably expect that their exchange partners would be available for future business; the illegal market could operate more like a legal one. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the author argues that advances in information technology have expanded the opportunity structure for cooperation and creative problem-solving in the underworld, and therefore that shocks did not hinder but rather stimulate development in digital drug markets. Data, collected in 2013–2017, include nearly one million transactions from three illicit e-commerce markets, three million messages from eight discussion forums, and website traffic from two market-independent websites.
Olfaction in raptors
Authors: Potier Simon
Published: September 2019

Raptors from the orders Accipitriformes and Falconiformes have been considered to rely principally on vision. Historically, this assumption has led scientists to discount any possible sense of smell in these birds, until work on cathartid vultures indicated that these species at least rely on olfaction to find carrion. In this review I provide evidence that raptors in general have functional olfactory systems that they may use in a range of different contexts. Anatomical studies show that raptors have well-developed olfactory bulbs that are within the range of other bird species. Furthermore, all raptors studied have multiple functional olfactory genes, with, for instance, 283 olfactory genes in the Oriental honey buzzard, Pernis orientalis, of which 81.5% are functional. It has also been shown that some raptors species may functionally use olfactory cues to forage and, potentially, for communication. While further research is required, the available evidence suggests that olfaction may be a more important sensory modality in these birds than previously thought.