bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collie eye anomaly in the Shetland Sheepdog in The Netherlands
Authors: BARNETT K. C. , STADES F. C.
Published: September 2008

The eyes of a group of Shelties and Collies were examined for Collie Eye Anomaly and Progressive Retinal Atrophy, and any other eye abnormality noted. The incidence of CEA in 120 Shetland Sheepdogs was over 48%. There were no cases of PRA. Other abnormalities noted were distichiasis, hyaloid artery remnants, corneal lipidosis, persistent pupillary membranes, cataract and various retinopathies.

One group of an old type of Shetland Sheepdog, inbred for several generations, showed no signs of CEA. The significance of this finding is discussed.
The use of sagittal diameter measurement in the diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis
Authors: WRIGHT JAYNE A.
Published: September 2008

Cervical vertebral sagittal diameter measurements were made on radiographs of a series of dogs of different breeds which were treated for conditions unrelated to the spine. These values were added to those previously recorded (Wright, 1977) and a normal range was established for four breeds. Similar figures were also recorded from dogs exhibiting clinical signs of cervical spinal stenosis and the majority fell outside this normal range. The usefulness of this measurement as an aid to the diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis is discussed.
Canine mammary cancer
Authors: MISDORP W. , HART A. A. M.
Published: September 2008

From a follow‐up study of dogs surgically treated for mammary cancer the associations of fourteen tumour and host characteristics with prognosis were analyzed. Size, mode of growth, type of tumour and histological grade of malignancy were found to be associated with prognosis. Localization, type of surgical treatment, growth in lymph vessels, involvement of regional lymph nodes and delay were found not to be associated with prognosis.

The results of the present study are compared with those in the literature, particularly with Bostock's study.
The clinical and radiological features associated with spinal tumours in thirty dogs
Authors: WRIGHT JAYNE A. , BELL D. A. , CLAYTON‐JONES D. G.
Published: September 2008

The clinical, neurological and radiographic features of thirty dogs with spinal tumours are described. Twenty were investigated at post mortem, and of these, eleven had primary nerve tissue tumours, four primary vertebral tumours, and in the remaining five the spinal involvement was secondary from neoplasms elsewhere in the body.
Imperforate and micro‐lachrymal puncta in the dog
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: September 2008

Imperforate and micro‐lachrymal puncta are reported in detail in the dog. The main breeds affected are the Golden Retriever and Cocker Spaniel. Diagnosis and surgical treatment are discussed. The condition is considered to be more common than is realized.
A study of the radiographic anatomy of the foramen magnum in dogs
Authors: WRIGHT JAYNE A.
Published: September 2008

The shape and size of the foramen magnum were investigated in a number of breeds. It was found that dorsal extension occurred in toy breeds, both with and without neurological symptoms. An increase in the size of the foramen magnum was not necessarily associated with a pathological process.
Occurrence of mammary neoplasms in bitches in relation to breed, age, tumour type, and geographical region from which reported
Authors: PRIESTER W. A.
Published: September 2008

Of 2075 mammary neoplasms in bitches reported by 14 veterinary schools in the United States and Canada, 1187 were histologically malignant, 557 were benign, and 331 were in the ‘malignancy not determined’ category. There were 12 breeds at significantly high risk for one or more of the major mammary tumour types; 7 of the 12 were hunting breeds. Mixed breeds were at low risk for all tumour types and categories, and collies were at low risk for benign neoplasms. Neutered bitches were only one‐third as likely to have neoplasms as were entire bitches. There was no clear difference in distribution of the various tumour types in relation to age at first diagnosis. Among the four geographical regions studied separately, there were more similarities than differences in the rates of mammary neoplasms, especially when adenocarcinomas and malignant mixed mammary tumours were combined for analyses. There was, however, a marked excess of benign neoplasms in the south and west of North America.
Corneal pannus (chronic superficial keratitis) in the German Shepherd Dog
Authors: BEDFORD P. G. C. , LONGSTAFFE J. A.
Published: September 2008

The clinical features, histopathology and treatment of corneal pannus (chronic superficial keratitis) in a series of eighty‐four German Shepherd Dogs are reported. The aetiology of the condition and its therapeutic management are discussed in the light of these findings.
The potential role of Syrian hamsters and other small animals as reservoirs of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Authors: SKINNER H. H. , KNIGHT E. H.
Published: September 2008

The history of human infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is briefly reviewed, with special reference to those of recent years associated with pet Syrian hamsters. Many human infections have been too trivial to have come to the attention of a physician but others have required long periods of convalescence. There is also evidence that foetal damage has arisen from infection during pregnancy.

The virus is perpetuated by vertical transmission in those colonies of wild house mice which are tolerantly infected. These mice excrete the virus throughout life at a high titre in urine and saliva. Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates the transfer of infection from such mice to Syrian hamsters when natural conditions are simulated. Hamsters infected before weaning may appear healthy while excreting the virus at a high titre for several months, during which they are a serious health hazard to their owners. This secondary reservoir of the virus brings the source of infection one step nearer to the veterinarian in practice, and to his clients, and he will be in a key position to inform or assist his medical colleagues if this hazard is suspected.
Whole blood glucose determination in dogs using dextrostix and the eyetone reflectance colorimeter
Authors: CHURCH D. B. , WATSON A. D. J.
Published: September 2008

Blood samples were collected from crossbred dogs rendered transiently hypoglucosaemic or hyperglucosaemic by intravenous injection of tolbutamide or dextrose. Whole blood glucose levels determined with ‘Dextrostix’ and an ‘Eyetone’ reflectance colorimeter were compared with plasma glucose levels measured by the hexokinase and ortho‐toluidine methods.

The Dextrostix‐Eyetone method gave results which correlated well with those obtained by the other two techniques, and the degree of precision attained was judged satisfactory for clinical purposes. The Dextrostix‐Eyetone system also has several practical advantages for veterinary clinicians.
Radiology of deciduous teeth resorption and definitive teeth eruption in the dog
Authors: HOOFT J. , MATTHEEUWS D. , VAN BREE P.
Published: September 2008

The formation of the crown of definitive teeth, the development of the definitive roots with the accompanying resorption of the deciduous roots, and the eruption of the definitive teeth, were individually analysed in 18 Dachshunds.

Weekly radiographs were made from all dogs between the sixth and twentieth weeks of life, using techniques applied in the human dental clinic. From this data a table has been drawn representing the radiological evolution of the entire dentition in young Dachshunds.
Ileal polyps in Siamese cats
Authors: ORR C. M. , GRUFFYDD‐JONES T. J. , KELLY D. F.
Published: September 2008

Intestinal obstruction occurred in a 2‐year‐old Siamese cat with a mucosal polyp in the lower ileum. A daughter of this cat also developed an intestinal obstruction at 21/2 years of age; a similar lesion was found on her ileum. The cause of these polyps is not known, but the familial occurrence in young animals suggests an hereditary influence.
Temporomandibular dysplasia in American Cocker Spaniels
Authors: HOPPE F. , SVALASTOGA E.
Published: September 2008

Temporomandibular dysplasia was found in six American Cocker Spaniels related to each other. Clinical signs and diagnosis are described.
Preliminary investigations of the effects of injury on the body fluids of cats and dogs
Authors: HALL L. W.
Published: September 2008

Water, sodium, potassium and nitrogen balances were determined in two dogs and two young kittens suffering from fractures and in two bitches subjected to ovarohysterectomy. Water retention was demonstrated after the initial trauma and after operation but no evidence of sodium retention was obtained. All except one of the fracture cases maintained positive nitrogen balance and, except in this one dog, the potassium and nitrogen balances ran in parallel. It is suggested that the practice of giving intravenous fluids during operation as a routine may be biologically unsound and requires careful control. No special care appeared to be needed in the administration of limited amounts of sodium to surgical cases.
Intertrochanteric osteotomy in the dog: theoretical consideration and operative technique
Authors: PRIEUR W. D.
Published: September 2008

Intertrochanteric osteotomy of the proximal femur is a technique which improves the biomechanics of a dysplastic hip joint and reduces the pain commonly present in this hip malformation. The pre‐operative planning and surgical technique are described.
The incidence of thoracic trauma in dogs with skeletal injury
Authors: SELCER B. A. , BUTTRICK MARTHA , BARSTAD ROBERT , RIEDESEL DEAN
Published: September 2008

One hundred dogs with skeletal injury were evaluated for co‐existing thoracic abnormalities. Parameters used to assess thoracic trauma were physical examination, thoracic radiographs, electrocardiograms and arterial blood gas PaO2. Thoracic abnormalities were found in 57 per cent of the dogs. Within this group, 77 per cent had abnormal thoracic radiographs, 44 per cent had abnormal low PaO2, and 30 per cent had cardiac arrhythmias. No clinical signs suggestive of thoracic injury were found on physical examination in 79 per cent of the dogs with thoracic lesions.
Tracheal rupture in a dog
Authors: KELLAGHER R. E. B. , WHITE R. A. S.
Published: September 2008

A two‐year‐old male Retriever‐crossbred dog was presented with progressive subcutaneous emphysema and pronounced dyspnoea following a cervical impact injury sustained ten days previously. Radiography revealed an almost complete transection of the cervical trachea and an associated pneumomediastinum and unilateral pneumothorax. The damaged tracheal segment was resected and anastomosis performed following drainage of the pneumothorax. The dog made an uneventful recovery with no evidence of stenosis detectable at the site of the repair six months post‐operatively.
Congenital biliary atresia in a cat: a case report
Authors: HAMPSON E. C. G. M. , FILIPPICH L. J. , KELLY W. R. , EVANS K.
Published: September 2008

A case of congenital biliary atresia in a six‐month‐old cat is presented. The cat had recurrent bouts of depression, anorexia, vomiting and pyrexia, since it was acquired as a three‐month‐old kitten. Physical examination showed the cat to be jaundiced. Abdominal palpation revealed several smooth, round masses, confluent with the liver in the right cranial quadrant. A tentative diagnosis of congenital biliary atresia was made based on history, clinical and laboratory examination and radiography. This was confirmed at necropsy.
The diagnosis of bladder disease in dogs by cystoscopy
Authors: BREARLEY M. J. , COOPER J. E.
Published: September 2008

Cystoscopy plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of urological problems in man. Until recently its use in dogs was limited to rigid endoscopy in the bitch. With modern flexible fibre‐optic instruments the majority of male dogs can also be examined without the need for surgical intervention. This paper describes the techniques used and the cystoscopic findings in a series of 38 clinical cases. In 24 of these, abnormal findings were present permitting a diagnosis to be made or confirmed. The potential for this technique as a diagnostic procedure is discussed.
The clinical diagnosis and management of rectal and pararectal tumours in the dog
Authors: WHITE R. A. S. , GORMAN N. T.
Published: September 2008

Forty‐two dogs bearing tumours of the rectum or the pararectal tissues were examined over a 3 year period. The presenting clinical signs, diagnostic techniques and management are described. The prognosis was found to be guarded irrespective of the histological type. The mean survival times for malignant epithelial tumours of the rectal wall was 6–9 months, for rectal lymphomas 6‐5 months and for pararectal tumours 10‐6 months. The major limiting factor was found to be local recurrence after surgery for rectal epithelial tumours, resistance to chemotherapy and local recurrence for rectal lymphomas and metastatic disease for pararectal tumours.
Endocarditis in two dogs caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Authors: ERIKSEN K. , FOSSUM K. , GAMLEM H. , GRØNDALEN J. , KUCSERA G. , ULSTEIN T.
Published: September 2008

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from the blood and aortic semilunar valves of two dogs. The clinical, laboratory and patho‐anatomical findings were similar to those found in endocarditis caused by other bacteria. The pathogenicity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is discussed.
Cardiac measurements on thoracic radiographs of cats
Authors: BROEK A. H. M. VAN DEN , DARKE P. G. G.
Published: September 2008

Measurements of the heart and thorax were made on lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs of normal cats. The degree of correlation between selected cardiac and thoracic measurements was determined. Absolute measurements and ratios of measurements in normal cats and in cats with certain cardiac diseases were compared and their diagnostic value was evaluated. It was concluded that on the lateral thoracic radiograph the ratio of the cranio‐caudal width of the heart to the distance between the cranial border of the fifth rib and the caudal border of the seventh rib was a highly reliable indicator of cardiac enlargement. On the ventro‐dorsal radiograph the ratio of the maxium width of heart to the width of the thorax at the same level was the best indicator of increases in cardiac size.
Diagnosis and treatment of occult dirofilariasis in an imported dog
Authors: MATIĆ S. E. , HERRTAGE M. E.
Published: September 2008

Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is described in a 4‐year‐old Labrador Retriever bitch imported to Britain from Florida, USA. This is the first recorded case of the occult form of the disease occurring in the UK. The clinical signs included chronic coughing, decreased exercise tolerance and haemoptysis. Although there was a marked eosinophilia, basophilia and hyperglobulinaemia, plain radiography and angiocardiography were required to confirm the diagnosis. The successful treatment is described and progress monitored over a two‐and‐a‐half‐year period. With the increased global movement of dogs, exotic diseases require more consideration in differential diagnosis. The importance of maintaining preventative treatment during the quarantine period is emphasized.
Atracurium infusion in the dog
Authors: JONES R. S. , BREARLEY J. C.
Published: September 2008

The non‐depolarizing muscle relaxant atracurium was administered to 25 dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. An initial dose of 0–5 mg/kg was administered and when the block began to wear off an infusion was begun. A dose of 0–5 mg/kg/hr was administered by a simple infusion technique. Reversal of the neuromuscular block was carried out with either neostigmine or edrophonium preceded by atropine.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (phospholipoproteinosis) in a dog
Authors: JEFFERIES A. R. , DUNN J. K. , DENNIS R.
Published: September 2008

This paper presents clinical, radiographic and pathological appearances in a case of pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis in a one‐year‐old Cocker Spaniel. This condition, well recognized in man appears not to have been reported previously as a spontaneous disease in the dog.

The main features were insidious decreased exercise tolerance and increasing respiratory embarrassment. Radiographic lung changes were associated with filling of pulmonary alveoli with PAS‐positive lipoproteina‐ceous material. Inflammatory changes were minimal. The alveolar material consisted of excessive amounts of a substance that resembled surfactant.
Uterine drainage in the bitch for treatment of pyometra refractory to prostaglandin F2α
Authors: LAGERSTEDT A‐S. , OBEL N. , STAVENBORN M.
Published: September 2008

Uterine drainage was performed in three bitches with pyometra which had been treated unsuccessfully with PGF2α. All of the bitches became clinically normal and one of them was mated and gave birth to live puppies. The mode of action of uterine drainage is discussed. Possible advantages of a combination of drainage and prostaglandin treatment are also considered.
Molecular subtyping of feline immunodeficiency virus from cats in Melbourne
Authors: Iwata D , Holloway SA
Published: September 2008

Objective  To determine the subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) present in the domestic cat population in Melbourne.

Methods  Blood samples were collected from 42 cats that had serum antibodies against FIV. DNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify variable regions of the envelope (env) and group specific antigen (gag) genes of FIV. PCR products were directly sequenced or sequenced after cloning when direct sequencing yielded ambiguous results. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and comparisons made with representative sequences of different subtypes.

Results  The variable region of the env gene was successfully amplified by PCR from 41 of the 42 cats. All 41 were found to cluster with subtype A env sequences. The variable region of the gag gene was successfully amplified by PCR from all 42 cats. Forty‐one were found to cluster with subtype A gag genes and one was found to cluster with subtype B sequences, suggesting that it may be derived from a recombinant env A/gag B virus.

Conclusions  Subtype A is the predominant FIV type in Melbourne, although a subytpe A/B recombinant was identified in the population of FIV positive cats. These results of env gene analysis were similar to those in a previous Australian study, suggesting that subtype A predominates in Australia. The results of the gag gene analysis show the importance of analysing multiple areas of the FIV genome when assigning FIV subtypes. Comparison with other major urban centres may provide useful information about the phylogenic diversity of FIV in Australia.
Cardiac troponin I is elevated in dogs and cats with azotaemia renal failure and in dogs with non‐cardiac systemic disease
Authors: Porciello F , Rishniw M , Herndon WE , Birettoni F , Antognoni MT , Simpson KW
Published: September 2008

Objective To determine if dogs and cats with renal failure, or other severe non‐cardiac disease, and no antemortem evidence of cardiac disease on basic clinical evaluation, have elevated levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI).

Design Cross‐sectional study using 56 dogs and 14 cats with primary non‐cardiac disease (39 dogs with azotaemic renal failure, 14 cats with azotaemic renal failure, 17 dogs with non‐cardiac systemic disease); 7/25 dogs and 6/14 cats had murmurs detected on physical examination. Serum or heparinised plasma was collected and analysed for cTnI.

Results Cardiac troponin I concentrations were elevated above reference intervals in 70% of dogs and 70% of cats with azotaemic renal failure and in 70% of dogs with a variety of systemic non‐cardiac diseases. Cardiac troponin I concentrations did not correlate with the degree of azotaemia, presence of murmurs, hypertension or type of non‐cardiac illness.

Conclusions Cardiac troponin I concentration is often elevated in dogs and cats with azotaemic renal failure and in dogs with other systemic non‐cardiac illness, suggesting that these conditions often result in clinically inapparent myocardial injury or possibly altered elimination of cTnI.
Use of continuous positive airway pressure in the acute management of laryngeal paralysis in a cat
Authors: Ticehurst K , Zaki S , Hunt GB , Macpherson C , Nicholson H
Published: September 2008

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been is used widely in humans to manage obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, but it has not been widely used in animals. A brachycephalic cat, with previously undiagnosed laryngeal paralysis, that developed acute upper respiratory tract obstruction on recovery from anaesthesia, is presented. The condition was managed by CPAP, delivered via a facial mask.
The classification and diagnosis of erythrocytosis
Authors: McMULLIN M. F.
Published: September 2008

An absolute erythrocytosis is present when the red cell mass is raised and the haematocrit is elevated above prescribed limits. Causes of an absolute erythrocytosis can be primary where there is an intrinsic problem in the bone marrow and secondary where there an event outside the bone marrow driving erythropoiesis. This can further be divided into congenital and acquired causes. There remain an unexplained group idiopathic erythrocytosis. Investigation commencing with thorough history taking and examination and then investigation depending on initial features is required. Clear simple criteria for polycythaemia vera are now defined. Those who do not fulfil these criteria require further investigation depending on the clinical scenario and initial results. The erythropoietin level provides some guidance as to the direction in which to proceed and the order and extent of investigation necessary in an individual patient. It should thus be possible to make an accurate diagnosis in the majority of patients.
Hypertensive Urgencies in the Emergency Department: Evaluating Blood Pressure Response to Rest and to Antihypertensive Drugs With Different Profiles
Authors: Grassi Daniel , O’Flaherty Martin , Pellizzari Marcelo , Bendersky Mario , Rodriguez Pablo , Turri Domingo , Forcada Pedro , Ferdinand Keith C. , Kotliar Carol ,   on behalf of the Group of Investigators of the REHASE Program
Published: September 2008

To study the efficacy of a treatment strategy for the management of hypertensive urgencies, the authors evaluated 549 patients admitted to the emergency department. They were first assigned to a 30‐minute rest period, then a follow‐up blood pressure measurement was carried out. Patients who did not respond to rest were randomly assigned to receive an oral dose of an antihypertensive drug with different mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamic properties (perindopril, amlodipine, or labetalol), and blood pressure was reassessed at 60‐ and 120‐minute intervals. A satisfactory blood pressure response to rest (defined as postintervention systolic blood pressure <180 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <110 mm Hg, with at least a 20 mm Hg reduction in basal systolic blood pressure and/or a 10‐mm Hg reduction in basal diastolic blood pressure) was observed in 31.9% of population. Among nonresponders, 79.1% had a satisfactory blood pressure response to the antihypertensive drug treatment in a 2‐hour average follow‐up period. No major adverse events were observed. This treatment strategy, based on standardized rest as an initial step and different antihypertensive drugs, can be effective and safe for the management of patients with hypertensive urgencies.
Resistant Arterial Hypertension Is Associated With Higher Blood Levels of Complement C3 and C‐Reactive Protein
Authors: Magen Eli , Mishal Joseph , Paskin Jana , Glick Zahava , Yosefy Chaim , Kidon Mona , Schlesinger Menachem
Published: September 2008

Arterial hypertension is associated with increased plasma levels of complement C3, C4, and C‐reactive protein (CRP). The aim of the study was to compare these laboratory markers in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) and controlled arterial hypertension (CAH). Patients with RAH (n=34), those with CAH (n=34), and 26 normotensive controls were included. White blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and blood levels of complement components C3, C4, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) were compared among the study groups. In the RAH group, serum C3 (183.9±47.5 mg/dL) and hs‐CRP (6.9±5.8 mg/L) were higher than in the CAH group (C3, 123.1±42.3 mg/dL; P<.001, hs‐CRP, 4.2±4.8; P=.021, respectively). Significant positive correlations between systolic blood pressure and C3 (r=0.6481; P<.001) and hs‐CRP (r=0.3968; P=.02) were observed in the RAH group. RAH is associated with higher blood levels of C3 and CRP.
Is Patients’ Insurance Coverage Associated With Prescribing After Hospitalization for Severe, Poorly Controlled Hypertension?
Authors: Dy Sydney Morss , Klag Michael J. , Hunter Young J.
Published: September 2008

High medication costs may be a significant cause of nonadherence and threaten recent gains in hypertension treatment. It is unclear whether prescribing patterns differ with patients’ insurance coverage. The objective of this study was to determine whether insurance coverage, reported difficulty affording medications, or nonadherence were associated with antihypertensive prescribing in a high‐risk population. The authors conducted a cross‐sectional survey of 189 patients admitted to an inner‐city academic hospital with severe, poorly controlled hypertension. Patients’ poor medication access (one‐third lacked insurance and half reported difficulty affording medications) was not associated with admission or discharge regimen costs. Substituting the least expensive drug within each class would have reduced costs by 42%, and reducing calcium channel blocker use would have significantly reduced costs. In conclusion, markers of poor medication access were not associated with prescribing patterns. Further research is needed to explore these patterns and their impact on vulnerable populations’ financial burden and adherence.
Patient and Social Environment Factors Associated With Self Blood Pressure Monitoring by Male Veterans With Hypertension
Authors: Thorpe Carolyn T. , Oddone Eugene Z. , Bosworth Hayden B.
Published: September 2008

Self blood pressure monitoring (SBPM) can facilitate hypertension management, but determinants of SBPM are understudied. The authors examined the relationship of patient and social environment characteristics to monitor possession and frequency of SBPM in 578 male hypertensive veterans. Measures included possession of a monitor; SBPM frequency; concurrent blood pressure control; and patient demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. In logistic regression analyses, older age, diabetes, unemployment, and better mental health status were related to greater likelihood of monitor possession. Ordinal logistic regression showed that among patients with a monitor, having diabetes, being unemployed, and having a shorter duration of hypertension were independently related to greater frequency of SBPM. Monitor possession, but not frequency of SBPM, was related to a decreased likelihood of blood pressure control in adjusted analyses. Our results suggest that patient characteristics may influence SBPM and may represent points of leverage for intervening to increase self‐monitoring.
Anger Types: Heritability and Relation to Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, and Left Ventricular Mass
Authors: Gleiberman Lillian , Greenwood Tiffany A. , Luke Amy , Delgado Maria C. , Weder Alan B.
Published: September 2008

The relationship between anger and cardiovascular morbidity has not been investigated among Mexican Americans. This exploratory study examined the heritability of anger types and their relationship to cardiovascular variables in samples of unrelated and related Mexican Americans residing near Chicago, Illinois. All of the anger variables of the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale (in, out, control, total expression) had significant heritabilities. Using the total sample of related individuals, higher female anger‐out scores were associated with greater left ventricular mass after correction for height to the 2.7 power (LVM/HT

2.7

), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Females had positive, significant associations for body mass index with LVM/HT

2.7

, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure; among males, these variables were similarly but less strongly related. Anger (coraje in Spanish) is discussed in the context of folk medicine as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity.
POU domain transcription factors: BRN2 as a regulator of melanocytic growth and tumourigenesis
Authors: Cook Anthony L. , Sturm Richard A.
Published: September 2008

Several parallels between stem cell biology and tumour behaviour have been discovered in recent times. Such commonality is apparent in the unlimited capacity for cell division together with the lack of a differentiated phenotype in embryonic and adult stem cells, traits shared with tumour cells. Differentiation is a tightly regulated process that is mediated by the actions of multiple transcription factor families. The POU domain‐containing family of transcription factors contains multiple mammalian members divided into six classes, which can be expressed broadly or in a cell‐specific manner, and which are regulators of cell fate decisions of many different lineages. Target gene regulation can occur via a POU factor acting alone, or in combination with other POU proteins, ubiquitous co‐activators or co‐repressors, or other lineage restricted transcription factors. Aberrant levels of POU proteins have been found in several malignancies, including melanoma, connecting the otherwise developmentally restricted gene regulatory functions of POU transcription factors to the critical determinants of malignant transformation. Here, we focus on the role of the BRN2 (POU3F2/N‐Oct‐3) transcription factor in the melanocytic lineage where it may co‐ordinate normal developmental cues that can be re‐activated in melanoma. Recent studies have shown BRN2 to be responsive to MAPK pathway activation and to modulate the levels of MITF so as to suppress the differentiated melanocytic phenotype and to enhance tumour metastasis.
Malignant solitary fibrous tumour of the orbit
Authors: Girnita Leonard , Sahlin Sven , Orrego Abiel , Seregard Stefan
Published: September 2008

Purpose:  We aimed to report a case of orbital solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) in a child and to review the relevant literature.

Methods:  We describe an SFT in a 13‐year‐old boy with a 1‐month history of painless proptosis in the left eye.

Results:  Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well circumscribed mass filling most of the left intraconal orbit. The lesion was excised and histopathological examination revealed a malignant SFT. Postoperative follow‐up for 18 months was uneventful.

Conclusions:  Malignant SFT of the orbit should be included in the differential diagnosis of paediatric orbital tumours. Complete surgical excision remains the preferred method of management and the longterm prognosis is guarded.
Le cadre juridique international de la sauvegarde et de la promotion des langues
Authors: Blake Janet
Published: September 2008

Il existe un nombre appréciable de normes juridiques internationales, pour la plupart axées sur les droits, qui répondent aux besoins des communautés linguistiques concernant la sauvegarde et la promotion de leur langue. Certains des instruments de l’UNESCO relatifs au patrimoine culturel sont également utiles à cet égard. Le propos du présent article est d’analyser les lois existantes, leur efficacité et les principes qui les sous‐tendent afin de déterminer si une réglementation plus poussée est nécessaire dans ce domaine et d’évaluer l’utilité des approches non normatives.
Un Musée du langage à Londres
Authors: Crystal David
Published: September 2008

Au milieu des années 1990, un projet de musée sur le thème du Monde du langage a vu le jour à Londres. L’auteur retrace l’origine de ce projet, en analyse le contenu et la méthodologie et explique pour quelles raisons il n’a pu aboutir. Après avoir évoqué des initiatives du même type dans différents pays, il expose les principes directeurs de la Maison des langues (Linguamón) de Barcelone, qu’il compare avec le projet londonien. Pour finir, l’auteur s’interroge sur la faisabilité d’un projet similaire au Royaume‐Uni dans les années à venir.
Irish Famine Immigration and the Social Structure of Canada West
Authors: Duncan Kenneth
Published: September 2008

Contrastant la vie communale des paysarts européens à celle d'une société urbaine, industrielle et profane, on a, dans les études de l'adaptation des immigrants venus en Amérique du Nord, accentué l'idée d'une brisure dans le cours de leur expérience socio‐culturelle. L'auteur met en doute cette interprétation traditionelle en étudiant le cas des immigrants irlandais du Canada, surtout ceux qui y vinrent suite à la famine en Irlande. Le type d'accommodement financier de ces imigrants, le taux élevé de leur criminalité, leurs querelles religieuses, leur agitation politique, leurs émeutes, leur confinement dans des taudis et leur rejet de l'agrieulture comme profession signifient vraiment qu'ils ont maintenu l'essentiel de l'infrastructure d'une société paysanne avec aussi peu de transformations que possible dans les circonstances, On a généralement cru que ces faits sociaux étaient indicatifs de la présence de beaucoup de difficultés psychologiques, de pathologie sociale et d'un conflit des cultures. II conviendrait d'examiner à nouveau à cet égard le processus de l'adaptation d'autres groupes immigrants.
Les Tendances Démographiques au Canda et aux Etats‐Unis
Authors: Henripin Jacques
Published: September 2008

Canada and the United States show parallel curves in the high birth rate subsequent to world War II and its decline in the 1960's; tendencies for younger ages at marriage and childbearing and associated moves to the suburbs in early adulthood and back when the children go to college; a higher participation of older women in the labour force (which ties in with earlier childbearing); historic declines of the death rate at ages UP to 70 or so, and especially of infant mortality, which seem to have given way to a flattening of the curve at most ages. On the whole, the United States has a higher nuptiality, a lower marital fertility, and a slightly higher mortality than Canada The result, for 1962, is given in the net reproduction rate calculated for women: 1.720 for Canada, and 1.633 for the United States. The Canadian advantage is in part offset by slower turnover, the Canadian generation being longer by about one‐and one‐third years.
Net Migration and the Sex‐Age Composition of Puerto Rico, 1950–60*
Authors: Stone Leroy O.
Published: September 2008

La migration est sans doute le facteur explicatif principal du changcment de la composition de la population de Porto‐Rico selon l'âge et le sexe entre 1950 et 1960. Grâce à son influence sur I'âge de la population, elle contribua indirectement à la baisse du taw brut de la natalité et à la baisse du tam brut de la participation des hommes à la main‐d'oeuvre.
Social Disintegration in Five Northern Canadian ommunities
Authors: Honigmann John J.
Published: September 2008

La désintegration sociale, soit‐disant un corollaire de la transformation de la culture chez les Esquimaux et les Indiens du Nord canadien, n'est pas un phénoméne monolithique. L'application du concept d'Alexander Leighton a des etablissements abondamment peuples d'Indiens athapascans et algonquins et d'Esquimoux de l'Arctique oriental ne revele aucune association directe et simple entre le niveau de désorganisation sociale, d'une part, et d'autres variables potentiellement corrélatives comme l'importance du groupe, le pluralisme culturel, la pauvreté ou le changement social d'importance, d'autre part. Chacune des communautés désintégrées manifeste sa désorganisation d'une facon plutôt distincte et I'on peut parfois expllquer la sélection de manifestations spécifiques de déviance. Les valeurs sacrees et profanes et le maintien de responsabilités sociales cimentent les rapports de telle sorte que même les communautés assez désintégrées demeurent unies.
Occupational health and safety legislation in Ontario: an analysis of its origins and content
Authors: WALTERS VIVIENNE
Published: September 2008

Cette étude reconnait les moyens par lesquels le conflit des classes et les contradictions structurelles dans le traitement de la main d'oeuvre ont influencé la récente législation sur la sécurité et la santé au travail en Ontario. Certains disent que le déclenchement de la procédure législative qui a abouti au projet de loi 70, répondait essentiellement au coût grimpant des blessures et maladies industrielles que devaient payer les employeurs et l'Etat. Le contenu de la législation semble avoir été formulé par les pressions des organizations ouvrières.

This paper identifies ways in which class conflict and structural contradictions in the labour process have influenced recent occupational health and safety legislation in Ontario. It is argued that the initiation of the legislative process leading up to Bill 70 can be understood primarily as a response to the increasing costs of industrial illness and injury borne by employers and the state. The content of the legislation appears to have been shaped by pressures from organized labour.
Risk as a Window to Agency: A Case Study of Three Decorators
Authors: Blossom Nancy H. , Turpin John C.
Published: September 2008

This paper explores the idea of “risk” by examining the role of three women in interior design in the twentieth century (Elsie de Wolfe, 1865–1950; Dorothy Draper, 1888–1969; and Sister Parish, 1929–1994). Women's roles as arbiters of taste were consistent with the social construction of the female gender at the turn of the century; that these roles involved risk—the perception of possible loss or injury—is, for the most part, overlooked by social historians.

Our theoretical framework is built upon three keywords from the vocabularies of postmodern social history and women's history: discourse, experience, and agency. These three terms represent the important recognition that the collective understanding of history is not static, but is dependent on the social constructs of the period, as well as (1) how individuals experienced, interpreted, and acted within these constructs and (2) how historians understand and interpret the individual actions in the context of the same constructs. These concepts suggest that individual characters have agency (i.e., power or choice) in framing or reframing an event, based on their unique view of the world. It is through agency that we explore unique qualities of de Wolfe, Draper, and Parish.

The stories of de Wolfe, Draper, and Parish demonstrate that risk of traditional values, risk of public persona, and risk of financial security all influenced the ways that they navigated the social and economic circumstances that surrounded them. Each risk, whether imposed on or undertaken by our protagonists, was a seed of change that ultimately affected the social and professional construct of the field of interior design.
La Maison de Verre: Negotiating a Modern Domesticity
Authors: Edwards M. Jean , Gjertson W. Geoff
Published: September 2008

The Maison de Verre (1928–1932), built in Paris and designed by Pierre Chareau in collaboration with Dutch architect Bernard Bijvoët, metalworker Louis Dalbet, and the clients, Dr. and Mme Dalsace, does not fit easily within the canon of modern architecture and interior design. Though acknowledged at the time of its construction for the groundbreaking use of modern building materials and technological innovations, it went unacknowledged throughout much of the twentieth century as a defining modernist building until a 1969 essay by Kenneth Frampton rescued the house from critical obscurity. In his essay, Frampton asks whether the house is to be understood as a conventional building or as a piece of furniture. The possibility that the house might be better understood as a “piece of furniture” suggests two questions: (1) Is the Maison de Verre more significant for its interior design than for its architecture and (2) can its significance be located in the quality of livability that resulted from the negotiation between the ideals of early modernism and the demands of habitation?

Our purpose is to propose answers to these questions by analyzing the complexities of Chareau's design in relation to the rhetoric of early modern architectural theory and its challenge to the nineteenth–century concept of domesticity. We assert that Chareau's design resolution as expressed in the interior of the Maison de Verre represents a case study in livability that warrants greater attention in the context of the history and theory of interior design distinct from architectural history and theory.
Nedd4 Controls Animal Growth by Regulating IGF-1 Signaling
Authors: Cao Xiao R. , Lill Nancy L. , Boase Natasha , Shi Peijun P. , Croucher David R. , Shan Hongbo , Qu Jing , Sweezer Eileen M. , Place Trenton , Kirby Patricia A. , Daly Roger J. , Kumar Sharad , Yang Baoli
Published: September 2008

Nedd4 acts through Grb10 to enhance insulin-like growth factor signaling and control animal growth.
Counting Phosphates
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2008

The kinases Rad53 and Dun1 are important components of a checkpoint kinase cascade activated in response to DNA damage in
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
. Both enzymes contain forkhead-associated (FHA) domains, which bind specifically to phosphothreonine (pThr) residues. Rad53 has four Thr residues clustered in its N-terminal SCD1 domain. Upon phosphorylation by upstream kinases, Rad53 interacts with Dun1 through the Dun1-FHA domain to activate Dun1; however, Rad53 also mediates Dun1-independent responses to DNA damage. Although mutant Rad53 proteins that contain only one of the four SCD1 Thr residues are readily activated by upstream kinases, they cannot activate Dun1, which led Lee
et
al
. to investigate the pThr requirements for Dun1 activation. Surface plasmon resonance assays showed that the recombinant Dun1-FHA domain bound with greater affinity to Rad53-SCD1-derived phosphopeptides containing both pThr
5
and pThr
8
than to phosphopeptides that did not have both of these residues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies and other structural analyses showed that the Dun1-FHA domain differed from that of Rad53 in having not one, but two high-affinity pThr-binding sites. The authors then generated four new
rad53
alleles to express Rad53 proteins with various combinations of Thr or Ala residues. Treatment of yeast strains expressing each mutant
rad53
allele with a DNA-damage-inducing agent, followed by in vitro analysis of the kinase activity of immunoprecipitated Dun1, showed that the presence of both Thr
5
and Thr
8
in the Rad53-SCD1 was required for optimal Dun1 activity. Mass spectrometry studies showed the presence of monophosphorylated and pThr
5
-pThr
8
diphosphorylated Rad53 proteins in response to DNA damage in vivo. Together these data suggest that whereas monophosphorylation activates Rad53, diphosphorylation of Rad53 is required to activate the Dun1-dependent arm of the DNA-damage response.

H. Lee, C. Yuan, A. Hammet, A. Mahajan, E. S.-W. Chen, M.-R. Wu, M.-I. Su, J. Heierhorst, M.-D. Tsai, Diphosphothreonine-specific interaction between an SQ/TQ cluster and an FHA domain in the Rad53-Dun1 kinase cascade.
Mol
.
Cell
30
, 767-778 (2008).
[PubMed]
Regulating the Regulators
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2008

Much of the control of cell division comes down to turning on or off the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinases. Seki
et al.
help clarify how the transition from the G2 phase of the cell cycle into mitosis is controlled in mammalian somatic cells. The depletion of Bora, a protein encoded by a gene actively transcribed at the G2 phase of the cell cycle, prevented activation of another key kinase in cell cycle control, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Bora directly interacted with Plk1, enhancing phosphorylation of Plk1 by yet another kinase that plays a role in cell cycle regulation, Aurora A.

A. Seki, J. A. Coppinger, C.-Y. Jang, J. R. Yates III, G. Fang, Bora and the kinase Aurora A cooperatively activate the kinase Plk1 and control mitotic entry.
Science
320
, 1655-1658 (2008).
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
Glial Cell Tuning
Authors: Stern Peter
Published: September 2008

Astrocytes are the major class of non-neuronal cells in the brain and account for close to half of the cells in the mammalian cerebral cortex, yet their function is virtually unknown. Evidence is now accumulating for an active role of astrocytes in brain function.

Schummers
et al.
(see the Perspective by Wolf and Kirchhoff) investigated astroglial calcium responses in the visual cortex of the ferret by two-photon laser-scanning microscopy. Visual cue-induced calcium signals were monitored in neurons and astrocytes simultaneously at high temporal and cellular resolution. The receptive field properties (response kinetics, orientation, and localization) of the astroglial network consistently followed neuronal activity. Simultaneous recordings of hemodynamic signals and calcium responses in neurons and astroglia revealed that astrocytes have a key role in coupling neuronal activity to vascular signals critical for noninvasive brain imaging.

J. Schummers, H. Yu, M. Sur, Tuned responses of astrocytes and their influence on hemodynamic signals in the visual cortex.
Science
320
, 1638-1643 (2008).
[Abstract]
[Full Text]

F. Wolf, F. Kirchhoff, Imaging astrocyte activity.
Science
320
, 1597-1599 (2008).
[Summary]
[Full Text]
Does Contractile Ca
2+
Control Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling and Pathological Hypertrophy in Cardiac Myocytes?
Authors: Houser Steven R. , Molkentin Jeffery D.
Published: September 2008

In noncontractile cells, a sustained increase in total cytoplasmic Ca
2+
concentration is typically needed to activate the intracellular protein phosphatase calcineurin, leading to dephosphorylation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), its nuclear translocation, and induction of gene expression. It remains a mystery exactly how Ca
2+
-dependent signaling pathways, such as that mediated by calcineurin-NFAT, are regulated in contracting cardiac myocytes given the highly specialized manner in which Ca
2+
concentration rhythmically cycles in excitation-contraction coupling. Here, we critically review evidence that supports the hypothesis that calcineurin-NFAT signaling is regulated by contractile Ca
2+
transients in cardiac myocytes.