bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects on child and adult mental health of adoption and foster care
Authors: Thoburn June
Published: January 2013

Adoption and foster care are important ‘solutions’ to identified problems or risks, but potentially they are also contributors to problem behaviours or emotional difficulties. In their problem-solving role, they are seen as potential solutions, not only to actual or future mental health problems of children, but also to the adverse effects of involuntary childlessness. This chapter concentrates on the impact of adoption and foster care on the children placed, but their role in problem solution or problem generation for adults is also touched on. Adoption is more often than not a satisfactory way of meeting the need to become parents for those childless couples who succeed in having a child placed with them (a tiny minority of the involuntary childless). It is very rarely a solution to the problems of a parent who gives up a child for adoption whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Studies of adults who relinquished children indicate that the reaction to the loss of their child may be associated with moderate distress or may lead to a long-term grief reaction, which in turn will potentially harm children subsequently born to that parent. One must also note that some parents who lose a child to adoption or foster care are themselves children, sometimes not yet in their teens, whose needs are often overlooked in the interests of providing for the infant.
Residential care for social reasons
Authors: Hicks Leslie , Sinclair Ian
Published: January 2013

Residential care for the young is an elusive object of study. Provided in the past by establishments as diverse as workhouses, orphanages, and reformatories, it has no clear definition marking its boundaries with foster care or boarding education; at the same time it variously aims to shelter, classify, control, and reform and it has no agreed theory or body of values. The need for residential care, and the difficulties of providing it, vary with time and place; the issues it raises are quite different in Romania than they are in California, or were in Victorian England. Given this diversity, any discussion of residential care needs to outline the context within which it was written. In the case of this chapter the context is provided by current British social policy. Although the focus is on residential care provided to young people by Children's Services in England for social reasons, the conclusions drawn are applicable to the rest of the United Kingdom. The issues raised by this provision have similarities in other parts of the developed world, in virtually all of which the use of residential care is declining. This chapter is written against the background of this decline. Its aims are as follows: ♦ to describe the current characteristics of residential child care in England, and by extension in Great Britain ♦ to outline the problems that have led to its numerical decline ♦ to identify practices that should overcome or reduce these problems ♦ to discuss the role that residential care might play in future.
Syndromes causing intellectual disability
Authors: Clarke David M. , Deb Shoumitro
Published: January 2013

Psychiatrists working with people who have intellectual disability (mental retardation) need expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of associated neuropsychiatric disorders. This entails knowledge of the causes of intellectual disability, and especially knowledge about those syndromal (often genetic) causes that are associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Such manifestations include vulnerability to behavioural and emotional disorders, epilepsy, and particular patterns of cognitive strength and weakness. This chapter provides an introduction to some such disorders and a discussion of the concept of behavioural phenotypes. For a detailed account of conditions causing intellectual disability texts such as Jones should be consulted. The concept of behavioural phenotypes is discussed in detail in O’Brien. The genetic aetiologies of intellectual disability include chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy, deletion, translocation, etc), single-gene defects, and the effect of interactions between several genes. The last is thought to account for a substantial proportion of people with mild intellectual disability by setting a ceiling on possible cognitive attainment (life experiences, nutrition, education, and other factors then determining the extent to which potential is fulfilled or thwarted). This chapter discusses the concepts of syndromes and behavioural phenotypes, then describes the clinical features of a number of syndromes that cause intellectual disability. Down syndrome, fragile-X syndrome, sex chromosome anomalies, and foetalalcohol syndrome are described in some detail. This is followed by a briefer alphabetical list of less common conditions.
Psychiatric and behaviour disorders among adult persons with intellectual disability
Authors: Došen Anton
Published: January 2013

Persons with ID are more prone to psychiatric disorders and behavioural problems than the general population. The symptoms of their biological disorders, developmental processes, and interaction patterns may give atypical clinical pictures, particularly in individuals with moderate and severe ID. It is probable that certain disorders are specifically associated with or even unique to the ID. Traditional nosological classifications do not adequately accommodate the phenomenology of psychiatric disorders in this population. A broader taxonomy, that takes account of the atypical presentation of psychopathology in this population is necessary.
Special needs of adolescents and elderly people with intellectual disability
Authors: Hubert Jane , Hollins Sheila
Published: January 2013

Social health and mental health needs change throughout life, and this chapter highlights those particularly relevant for adolescents and elderly people. As a general rule, people with intellectual disabilities have the same needs as other members of the community, but they may also have additional needs for which they are entitled to extra support.
General principles of law relating to people with mental disorder
Authors: Gunn Michael , Wheat Kay
Published: January 2013

This chapter provides a scheme for assisting in the analysis of two areas of law that provide some of the general principles which operate in relation to offenders with mental disorder. These two areas are (a) the law concerning decision-making and other action taking to which the concept of competence is crucial; and (b) the law of responsibility in relation to liability for criminal offences and the tort of negligence. Whilst the focus of the chapter is on the law of England and Wales, it is clear that there are similarities in other common law jurisdictions, and in other jurisdictions that have borrowed ideas from common law jurisdiction, such as Japan, in relation to the concept of informed consent.
Psychosocial causes of offending
Authors: Farrington David P.
Published: January 2013

Offending is part of a larger syndrome of antisocial behaviour that arises in childhood and tends to persist into adulthood. There seems to be continuity over time, since the antisocial child tends to become the antisocial teenager and then the antisocial adult, just as the antisocial adult then tends to produce another antisocial child. The main focus of this chapter is on types of antisocial behaviour classified as criminal offences, rather than on types classified for example as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. In an attempt to identify causes, this chapter reviews risk factors that influence the development of criminal careers. Literally thousands of variables differentiate significantly between official offenders and non-offenders and correlate significantly with reports of offending behaviour by young people. In this chapter, it is only possible to review briefly some of the most important risk factors for offending: individual difference factors such as high impulsivity and low intelligence, family influences such as poor child rearing and criminal parents, and social influences: socio-economic deprivation, peer, school, community, and situational factors. I will be very selective in focussing on some of the more important and replicable findings obtained in some of the more methodologically adequate studies: especially prospective longitudinal follow-up studies of large community samples, with information from several data sources (e.g. the child, the parent, the teacher, official records) to maximize validity. The emphasis is on offending by males; most research on offending has concentrated on males, because they commit most of the serious predatory and violent offences. The review is limited to research carried out in the United Kingdom, the United States, and similar Western industrialized democracies. More extensive book length reviews of antisocial behaviour and offending are available elsewhere.
Juvenile delinquency and serious antisocial behaviour
Authors: Bailey Susan
Published: January 2013

Juvenile crime and delinquency represent a significant social and public health concern. Both rates of mental disorders and offending are high during adolescence. This chapter reviews prevalence rates of mental disorders in young offenders, screening, and assessment of juveniles, principles of interventions with young offenders before describing principles of forensic mental health, policy and practice, how mental disorders in adolescence can impact on offending and antisocial behaviour, how policy is shaping practice in this field and how mental health practitioners may be involved in meeting mental health needs and undertaking medico-legal assessments Delinquency, conduct problems, and aggression all refer to antisocial behaviours that reflect a failure of the individual to conform his or her behaviour to the expectations of some authority figure, to societalnorms, or to respect the rights of other people. The ‘behaviours’ can range from mild conflicts with authority figures, to major violation of societalnorms, to serious violations of the rights of others. The term ‘delinquency’ implies that the acts could result in conviction, although most do not do so. The term ‘juvenile’ usually applies to the age range, extending from a lower age set by age of criminal responsibility to an upper age when a young person can be dealt with in courts for adult crimes. These ages vary between, and indeed within, countries and are not the same for all offences.
Child molesters and other sex offenders
Authors: Hucker Stephen
Published: January 2013

In most Western societies sexual offenders are more reviled than almost any other type of offender. On both sides of the Atlantic this is reflected in the sanctions that specifically address this group such as Sexually Violent Predator laws in the United States, Dangerous and Long-Term Offender legislation in Canada, and Sex Offender Orders in the UK. Related approaches include the introduction of sex offender registries and the widespread requirement that children at risk from sexual predators be reported by professionals and others. Although prone to find reasons to delegate the assessment and management of sex offenders to specialized forensic services, the general psychiatrist will find it impossible to avoid them entirely. It is important, therefore, for the general psychiatrist to have some understanding of this area in order to make appropriate decisions and recommendations. This chapter looks at definitions of sexual offending, types of sexual offender, assessment of sex offenders, assessment of risk, treatment issues, and ethical issues.
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? The Emerging Identity of Palliative Social Workers
Authors: Higgins Philip C.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Palliative Care in Hospice
Authors: Weisenfluh Sherri
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Home-Based Palliative Care
Authors: Davis-Stenhouse Elena , Moore Kennan , Niemeyer Becky
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Care for Veterans
Authors: Louisa Daratsos
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Screening, Assessment, and a Problem-Solving Intervention for Distress
Authors: Zabora James R.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
The Whys and Wherefores of Support Groups: Helping People Cope
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Holding On and Letting Go: The Red Thread of Adult Bereavement
Authors: Gerbino Susan , Raymer Mary
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
The Collaboration of Palliative Care and Oncology Social Work
Authors: Lockey A.Marlene , Benefiel Diane , Meyer Margaret
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Care in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Browne Teri
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Emerging Opportunities for Palliative Social Workers
Authors: Lawson Robin Rudy , McHenry Kelly M.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Physician Collaboration in Palliative Care
Authors: Nadicksbernd J. J. , Thornberry Kathryn , von Gunten Charles F.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Teamwork in Palliative Care: Social Work Role with Spiritual Care Professionals
Authors: Soltura Donna L. , Piotrowski Linda F.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work: An African Perspective
Authors: Hunt Jennifer Jane , Maasdorp Valerie
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work in Singapore
Authors: Wan Peh Cheng , Ng Tzer Wee
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work's Ethical Challenge: Supporting the Terminally Ill Who Consider a Hastened Death
Authors: Schroepfer Tracy A. , Linder John F. , Miller Pamela J.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
The Power and Potential of Language
Authors: Altilio Terry
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Professional Development: Educational Opportunities and Resources
Authors: Csikai Ellen L. , Jones Barbara L.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Financial Considerations for the Palliative Social Worker
Authors: Goldberg Jaime , Scharlin Michal
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Merging Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: Oliver Debra Parker , Washington Karla T.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Quality Improvement and Organizational Change
Authors: Ivanko Barbara
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Does Low-dose Droperidol Increase the Risk of Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia or Death in the Surgical Patient?
Authors: Nuttall Gregory A. , Malone Ann M. , Michels Carrie A. , Trudell Laurie C. , Renk Tricia D. , Marienau Mary E. Shirk , Oliver William C. , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: January 2013

Background:

The Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning regarding the use of droperidol and the potential for torsade de pointes.

Methods:

The primary objective of this retrospective study was to determine if low-dose (0.625 mg) droperidol administration was associated with episodes of torsade de pointes in the general surgical population during the 3-yr period following the reinstitution of droperidol to our institutional formulary.

Results:

The authors identified 20,122 surgical patients who received 35,536 doses of droperidol. These patients were cross-matched with an electrocardiogram database and an adverse outcome database. The charts of 858 patients were reviewed, including patients with documentation of prolonged QTc (>440 ms) from March 2007 to February 2011, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) within 48 h of receiving droperidol, or death within 7 days of receiving droperidol. Twelve surgical patients had VT (n = 4) or death (n = 8) documented within 48 h of droperidol administration. No patients developed polymorphic VT or death due to droperidol administration (n = 0). The eight patients that died were on palliative care. The four patients with documented VT had previous cardiac conditions: two had pre-existing implantable cardiac defibrillators, three had episodes of VT before receiving droperidol, and another had pre-existing hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The authors found 523 patients with a documented QTc >440 ms before receiving droperidol. No patients developed VT or death as a direct result of droperidol administration.

Conclusions:

Our evidence suggests that low-dose droperidol does not increase the incidence of polymorphic VT or death when used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting in the surgical population.
Enterovirus 71 infection increases expression of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 which protects mice by reducing viral burden in multiple tissues
Authors: Shen Fang-Hsiu , Tsai Chia-Chun , Wang Li-Chiu , Chang Kung-Chao , Tung Yuk-Ying , Su Ih-Jen , Chen Shun-Hua
Published: January 2013

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has induced fatal encephalitis in thousands of young children in the Asia–Pacific region over the last decade. EV71 infection continues to cause serious problems in areas with outbreaks, because vaccines and antiviral therapies are not available. Lymphocytes are present in the brains of infected patients and mice, and they protect mice from infection by decreasing the viral burden. The chemokines responsible for recruiting lymphocytes to infected organs are yet to be identified. Among the lymphocyte chemokines detected, high levels of interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) are found in the plasma and cerebral spinal fluid of patients with brainstem encephalitis as compared with the levels of a monokine induced by gamma interferon (Mig). Using a murine model to investigate the induction of IP-10 by EV71 infection, we observed that EV71 infection significantly enhanced IP-10 protein expression in the serum and brain, with kinetics similar to viral titres in the blood and brain. Brain neurons of infected mice expressed IP-10. Using wild-type mice andIP-10gene knockout mice to investigate the role of IP-10 in EV71 infection, we found that IP-10 deficiency significantly reduced levels of Mig in serum, and levels of gamma interferon and the number of CD8 T cells in the mouse brain. Absence of IP-10 significantly increased the mortality of infected mice by 45 %, with slow virus clearance in several vital tissues. Our observations are consistent with a model where EV71 infection boosts IP-10 expression to increase gamma interferon and Mig levels, infiltration of CD8 T cells, virus clearance in tissues and the survival of mice.
Evidence of ongoing replication in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 persistently infected cell line
Authors: Olivares Isabel , Sánchez-Jiménez Carmen , Vieira Catarina Reis , Toledano Víctor , Gutiérrez-Rivas Mónica , López-Galíndez Cecilio
Published: January 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persistently infected cell lines are characterized by the continuous viral production without cytopathic effect. However, it is not completely clear if this production is contributed only by viral transcription or also by new cycles of viral replication. We studied an HIV-1 persistently infected cell line, designated H61-D, providing evidence of new replication cycles as sustained by: (i) a decrease in viral production, measured by p24 protein, after treatment of the culture with 3′-azydo-3′-deoxythymydine; (ii) detection of new integration events in the course of cell culture, and (iii) finding of two-long-terminal repeat circles in the cells. H61-D cells were not infected by cell-free virus, but infection was possible by co-culture with another productive-infected cell line. In conclusion, ongoing viral replication is taking place in H61-D persistent cells and new infections are mediated by a cell-to-cell spread mechanism.
Chimpanzee GB virus C and GB virus A E2 envelope glycoproteins contain a peptide motif that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human CD4+ T-cells
Authors: McLinden James H. , Stapleton Jack T. , Klinzman Donna , Murthy Krishna K. , Chang Qing , Kaufman Thomas M. , Bhattarai Nirjal , Xiang Jinhua
Published: January 2013

GB virus type C (GBV-C) is a lymphotropic virus that can cause persistent infection in humans. GBV-C is not associated with any disease, but is associated with reduced mortality in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. Related viruses have been isolated from chimpanzees (GBV-Ccpz) and from New World primates (GB virus type A, GBV-A). These viruses are also capable of establishing persistent infection. We determined the nucleotide sequence encoding the envelope glycoprotein (E2) of two GBV-Ccpz isolates obtained from the sera of captive chimpanzees. The deduced GBV-Ccpz E2 protein differed from human GBV-C by 31 % at the amino acid level. Similar to human GBV-C E2, expression of GBV-Ccpz E2 in a tet-off human CD4+ Jurkat T-cell line significantly inhibited the replication of diverse HIV-1 isolates. This anti-HIV-replication effect of GBV-Ccpz E2 protein was reversed by maintaining cells in doxycycline to reduce E2 expression. Previously, we found a 17 aa region within human GBV-C E2 that was sufficient to inhibit HIV-1. Although GBV-Ccpz E2 differed by 3 aa differences in this region, the chimpanzee GBV-C 17mer E2 peptide inhibited HIV-1 replication. Similarly, the GBV-A peptide that aligns with this GBV-C E2 region inhibited HIV-1 replication despite sharing only 5 aa with the human GBV-C E2 sequence. Thus, despite amino acid differences, the peptide region on both the GBV-Ccpz and the GBV-A E2 protein inhibit HIV-1 replication similar to human GBV-C. Consequently, GBV-Ccpz or GBV-A infection of non-human primates may provide an animal model to study GB virus–HIV interactions.
Impact of antiretroviral pressure on selection of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences in vitro
Authors: Harada Shigeyoshi , Yoshimura Kazuhisa , Yamaguchi Aki , Boonchawalit Samatchaya , Yusa Keisuke , Matsushita Shuzo
Published: January 2013

The initiation of drug therapy results in a reduction in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) population, which represents a potential genetic bottleneck. The effect of this drug-induced genetic bottleneck on the population dynamics of the envelope (Env) regions has been addressed in severalin vivostudies. However, it is difficult to investigate the effect on theenvgene of the genetic bottleneck induced not only by entry inhibitors but also by non-entry inhibitors, particularlyin vivo. Therefore, this study used anin vitroselection system using unique bulk primary isolates established in the laboratory to observe the effects of the antiretroviral drug-induced bottleneck on the integrase andenvgenes. Env diversity was decreased significantly in one primary isolate [KP-1, harbouring both CXCR4 (X4)- and CCR5 (R5)-tropic variants] when passaged in the presence or absence of raltegravir (RAL) duringin vitroselection. Furthermore, the RAL-selected KP-1 variant had a completely different Env sequence from that in the passage control (particularly evident in the gp120, V1/V2 and V4-loop regions), and a different number of potentialN-glycosylation sites. A similar pattern was also observed in other primary isolates when using different classes of drugs. This is the first study to explore the influence of anti-HIV drugs on bottlenecks in bulk primary HIV isolates with highly diverse Env sequences usingin vitroselection.
Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of triatoma virus particles: a clue to unravel genome delivery and capsid disassembly
Authors: Agirre J. , Goret G. , LeGoff M. , Sánchez-Eugenia R. , Marti G. A. , Navaza J. , Guérin D. M. A. , Neumann E.
Published: January 2013

Triatoma virus (TrV) is a member of the insect virus family Dicistroviridae and consists of a small, non-enveloped capsid that encloses its positive-sense ssRNA genome. Using cryo-transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques combined with fitting of the available crystallographic models, this study analysed the capsids corresponding to mature and several RNA-empty TrV particles. After genome release, the resulting reconstruction of the empty capsids displayed no prominent conformational changes with respect to the full virion capsid. The results showed that RNA delivery led to empty capsids with an apparent overall intact protein shell and suggested that, in a subsequent step, empty capsids disassemble into small symmetrical particles. Contrary to what is observed upon genome release in mammalian picornaviruses, the empty TrV capsid maintained a protein shell thickness and size identical to that in full virions.
Natural selection of adaptive mutations in non-structural genes increases trans-encapsidation of hepatitis C virus replicons lacking envelope protein genes
Authors: Fournier Carole , Helle François , Descamps Véronique , Morel Virginie , François Catherine , Dedeurwaerder Sarah , Wychowski Czeslaw , Duverlie Gilles , Castelain Sandrine
Published: January 2013

A trans-packaging system for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicons lacking envelope glycoproteins was developed. The replicons were efficiently encapsidated into infectious particles after expression in trans of homologous HCV envelope proteins under the control of an adenoviral vector. Interestingly, expression in trans of core or core, p7 and NS2 with envelope proteins did not enhance trans-encapsidation. Expression of heterologous envelope proteins, in the presence or absence of heterologous core, p7 and NS2, did not rescue single-round infectious particle production. To increase the titre of homologous, single-round infectious particles in our system, successive cycles of trans-encapsidation and infection were performed. Four cycles resulted in a 100-fold increase in the yield of particles. Sequence analysis revealed a total of 16 potential adaptive mutations in two independent experiments. Except for a core mutation in one experiment, all the mutations were located in non-structural regions mainly in NS5A (four in domain III and two near the junction with the NS5B gene). Reverse genetics studies suggested that D2437A and S2443T adaptive mutations, which are located at the NS5A-B cleavage site did not affect viral replication, but enhanced the single-round infectious particles assembly only in trans-encapsidation model. In conclusion, our trans-encapsidation system enables the production of HCV single-round infectious particles. This system is adaptable and can positively select variants. The adapted variants promote trans-encapsidation and should constitute a valuable tool in the development of replicon-based HCV vaccines.
Deletion of immunomodulator C6 from vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve enhances virus immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy
Authors: Sumner Rebecca P. , Ren Hongwei , Smith Geoffrey L.
Published: January 2013

Vectors based on vaccinia virus (VACV), the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, are currently popular candidates for the vaccination against numerous infectious diseases including malaria and AIDS. Although VACV induces robust cellular and humoral responses, enhancing the safety and efficacy of these vectors remains an important area of research. Here, we describe the enhanced immunogenicity of a recombinant VACV Western Reserve (WR) strain lacking the immunomodulatory protein C6 (vΔC6). Intradermal infection of mice with vΔC6 was shown previously to induce smaller lesions, indicating viral attenuation, and this was confirmed here using a different inoculation dose. In addition, data presented show that vaccination with vΔC6 provided better protection against challenge with a lethal dose of VACV WR, indicating this virus is a better vaccine. Increased protection was not due to improved humoral responses, but instead enhanced cytotoxic activity of T-cells 1 month post-inoculation in the spleens of vΔC6-vaccinated mice.
Phenyl-Adenine, Identified in aLIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4-Assisted Chemical Screen, Is a Potent Compound for Shoot Regeneration through the Inhibition of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE Activity
Authors: Motte Hans , Galuszka Petr , Spíchal Luká¡ , Tarkowski Petr , Plíhal Ondřej , Šmehilová Mária , Jaworek Pavel , Vereecke Danny , Werbrouck Stefaan , Geelen Danny
Published: January 2013

In vitro shoot regeneration is implemented in basic plant research and commercial plant production, but for some plant species, it is still difficult to achieve by means of the currently available cytokinins and auxins. To identify novel compounds that promote shoot regeneration, we screened a library of 10,000 small molecules. The bioassay consisted of a two-step regeneration protocol adjusted and optimized for high-throughput manipulations of root explants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) carrying the shoot regeneration marker LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4. The screen revealed a single compound, the cytokinin-like phenyl-adenine (Phe-Ade), as a potent inducer of adventitious shoots. Although Phe-Ade triggered diverse cytokinin-dependent phenotypical responses, it did not inhibit shoot growth and was not cytotoxic at high concentrations. Transcript profiling of cytokinin-related genes revealed that Phe-Ade treatment established a typical cytokinin response. Moreover, Phe-Ade activated the cytokinin receptors ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE4 in a bacterial receptor assay, albeit at relatively high concentrations, illustrating that it exerts genuine but weak cytokinin activity. In addition, we demonstrated that Phe-Ade is a strong competitive inhibitor of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE enzymes, leading to an accumulation of endogenous cytokinins. Collectively, Phe-Ade exhibits a dual mode of action that results in a strong shoot-inducing activity.
The two sterling crises of 1964: a reply to Oliver
Authors: Newton Scott
Published: January 2013

Oliver's Comment on my recent article challenges my argument that there were two sterling crises in the autumn of 1964. He argues that there was one only and that the Labour government mishandled it. Oliver has, however, reached these conclusions on the basis of a partial reading of the evidence and a failure to grasp how the changing international context imposed constraints on national economic sovereignty.
Geographies of wealth: real estate and personal property ownership in England and Wales, 1870–1902
Authors: Green David r. , Owens Alastair
Published: January 2013

This article explores the composition and geographies of individual wealth holding in England and Wales in the late nineteenth century. It draws on various forms of death duty records to determine the individual ownership of wealth including both personal property and real estate. By combining information on these different kinds of property, it is possible to explore how different strata of wealth holders accumulated specific forms of wealth at the time of their death. The article then examines how the composition of that wealth varied according to the wealth holder's location in the urban hierarchy and distance from London. It points out important geographical differences in both the scale and nature of wealth holding and raises questions about the implications of these findings.
Parents' experiences and satisfaction with care during the birth of their very preterm baby: a qualitative study
Authors: Sawyer A , Rabe H , Abbott J , Gyte G , Duley L , Ayers S ,   on behalf of ‘The Very Preterm Birth Qualitative Collaborative Group’
Published: January 2013

Objective

To assess parents' experiences and satisfaction with care during very preterm birth and to identify domains associated with positive and negative experiences of care.

Design

Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.

Setting

Three neonatal units in tertiary care hospitals in South‐East England.

Population

Thirty‐two mothers and seven fathers who had a baby born before 32 weeks of gestation and spoke English well.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted. Results were analysed using thematic analysis.

Main outcome measures

Participants' experiences and satisfaction with care during the birth of their preterm baby.

Results

Overall, 80% of participants were extremely satisfied with the care during the birth of their preterm baby, seven were generally satisfied but felt some things could be improved and one was dissatisfied. Four key determinants of experiences of care were identified: staff professionalism, which included information and explanation, being calm in a crisis, appearing confident and in control, and conversely not listening to the woman; staff empathy, which included caring and emotional support, and encouragement and reassurance; involvement of the father; and birth environment.

Conclusions

Although the determinants of experiences of care are generally consistent with previous research on term births, unique factors to preterm birth were identified. These were the importance of the staff appearing calm during the birth, and the staff portraying confidence and taking control during the birth. Women valued being listened to, and both they and their partners valued staff helping fathers to feel involved during the birth.
A review and meta‐analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in‐patient aggression
Authors: Dack C. , Ross J. , Papadopoulos C. , Stewart D. , Bowers L.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To combine the results of earlier comparison studies of in‐patient aggression to quantitatively assess the strength of the association between patient factors and i) aggressive behaviour,ii) repetitive aggressive behaviour.

Method

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of empirical articles and reports of comparison studies of aggression and non‐aggression within adult psychiatric in‐patient settings.

Results

Factors that were significantly associated with in‐patient aggression included being younger, male, involuntary admissions, not being married, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, a greater number of previous admissions, a history of violence, a history of self‐destructive behaviour and a history of substance abuse. The only factors associated with repeated in‐patient aggression were not being male, a history of violence and a history of substance abuse.

Conclusion

By comparing aggressive with non‐aggressive patients, important differences between the two populations may be highlighted. These differences may help staff improve predictions of which patients might become aggressive and enable steps to be taken to reduce an aggressive incident occurring using actuarial judgements. However, the associations found between these actuarial factors and aggression were small. It is therefore important for staff to consider dynamic factors such as a patient's current state and the context to reduce in‐patient aggression.
Intentional Growth Training: Developing an Intervention to Increase Personal Growth Initiative
Authors: Thoen Megan A. , Robitschek Christine
Published: January 2013

Background: A one‐week intervention (Intentional Growth Training; IGT) to increase personal growth initiative (PGI) was created and tested in a series of studies to determine its effect on PGI level. Because PGI predicts psychological well‐being and depression, IGT has potential to have considerable benefit on a person's mental health. Methods: Study 1 was the initial assessment of whether IGT increased PGI greater than various control conditions. Study 2 employed an enhanced version of IGT and utilised the singular components of IGT determining which components were most impactful at increasing PGI. Study 3 was a narrative analysis of writing samples from Study 2 determining whether participant language varied by condition in use of negative or positive emotion, or personal growth‐related words. Results: In Study 1, PGI increased significantly across conditions. In Study 2, the growth activity only condition, and PGI education coupled with the growth activity, produced significant increases in PGI. In Study 3, those receiving only PGI education used more growth‐related words than control conditions. Conclusion: The most effective IGT format appears to include both education about PGI and a growth activity. The benefits of utilising IGT are discussed.
Inserting spaces before and after words affects word processing differently in Chinese: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Liu Pingping , Li Xingshan
Published: January 2013

Unlike in English, there are no spaces between printed words in Chinese. In this study, we explored how inserting a space before or after a word affects the processing of that word in Chinese reading. Native Chinese readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences with different presentation conditions. The results show that inserting a space after a word facilitates its processing, but inserting a space before a word does not show this effect and inhibits the processing of that word in some cases. Our results are consistent with the prediction of a word segmentation and recognition model in Chinese Li et al., 2009, Cognit. Psychol., 58, 525. Additionally, we found that a space guides the initial landing position on the word: the initial landing position was further away from the space that inserted into the text, whether it was before or after a word.
Digital implant impressions with the “Individualized Scanbody Technique” for emergence profile support
Authors: Joda Tim , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela , Brägger Urs
Published: January 2013

Objective

The Short Communication presents a clinical case in which a novel procedure – the “Individualized Scanbody Technique” (IST) – was applied, starting with an intraoral digital impression and using CAD/CAM process for fabrication of ceramic reconstructions in bone level implants.

Material and methods

A standardized scanbody was individually modified in accordance with the created emergence profile of the provisional implant‐supported restoration. Due to the specific adaptation of the scanbody, the conditioned supra‐implant soft tissue complex was stabilized for the intraoral optical scan process. Then, the implant platform position and the supra‐implant mucosa outline were transferred into the three‐dimensional data set with a digital impression system. Within the technical workflow, the ZrO2‐implant‐abutment substructure could be designed virtually with predictable margins of the supra‐implant mucosa.

Results

After finalization of the 1‐piece screw‐retained full ceramic implant crown, the restoration demonstrated an appealing treatment outcome with harmonious soft tissue architecture.

Conclusions

The IST facilitates a simple and fast approach for a supra‐implant mucosal outline transfer in the digital workflow. Moreover, the IST closes the interfaces in the full digital pathway.
Population genetics of the high elevation black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) feuerborni Edwards in Thailand
Authors: Pramual Pairot , Wongpakam Komgrit
Published: January 2013

In this study, we examined the genetic structure and population history of the high elevation black fly Simulium feuerborni in Thailand at both cytogenetic and molecular genetic levels. Cytological examination revealed two cytoforms differentiated by fixed chromosome inversions. The distributions of the cytoforms were associated with geographic origins. Cytoform A was found in the lower north and northeast, and cytoform B was found in the upper northern region of Thailand. Molecular data based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding sequence supports the separation of the cytoforms. The average sequence divergence between the two cytoforms was 3.75%, which is higher than the threshold value for the species level based on a COI barcoding sequence. Median joining network clearly differentiated the haplotypes of the cytoforms into different lineages. Population pairwise FST and amova analyses reveal significant genetic differentiation between cytoforms. This indicates that the low land areas separating these populations act as a gene flow barrier. No genetic differentiation was detected within cytoforms. This could be due to a recent sharing of population history. Mismatch distribution analysis revealed population expansion in the northern lineage of the cytoform B approximately 220 000 years ago. More recent expansion (32 000 years ago) was found in the lower north and northeast (cytoform A) lineage. The demographic history of S. feuerborni mirrored previous findings in black flies and other insect species in Thailand. This indicates the important role of Pleistocene climatic change on genetic structure and diversity of Southeast Asian mainland species.
Tetraspanin protein CD9 interacts with metalloprotease CD10 and enhances its release via exosomes
Authors: Mazurov Dmitriy , Barbashova Lubov , Filatov Alexander
Published: January 2013

Tetraspanins interact with a wide variety of transmembrane and intracellular proteins called molecular partners, and modulate their function. In this article, we describe a new partner of tetraspanin web, membrane metalloprotease CD10, which is selectively associated with CD9. By constructing chimeras between tetraspanins CD9 and CD82 (the latter does not interact with CD10) or by using site‐directed mutagenesis, we determined that a portion of the large extracellular loop from the CCG motif to transmembrane domain 4, as well as the C‐terminal tail of CD9, are involved in the interaction with CD10. The stable expression of wild‐type CD9 in K562 CD10‐positive cells enhanced the level of CD10 released with exosomes five‐fold. In contrast, the expression of chimeric CD9, which contained the cytoplasmic C‐terminal domain from CD82, had little effect on CD10 release. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of CD9 expression in Nalm‐6 pre‐B cells resulted in a two‐fold reduction in the amount of endogenous CD10 released with microvesicles. The peptidase activity of CD10 measured either on cells or on exosomes correlated with the level of CD10 expression, and was not significantly modulated by CD9 expression as such. Our data suggest that the interaction of CD10 with tetraspanin CD9 can play an important role in the redistribution of peptidase activity from the cell surface to outer microenvironments. In bone marrow, where CD10 presumably contributes to the maturation of pre‐B cells and migration of B cells to the blood circulation, release of CD10 peptidase activity with exosomes may effectively regulate extracellular matrix microenvironments.

Structured digital abstract

CD9 physically interacts with CD179b, Tetraspanin-9, CD63, CD81, HLA class II, Uncharacterized protein C14orf166B, Tetraspanin-14, HLA class I, Galactokinase, Protein disulfide-isomerase A6, CD98, CD19, CD316, CD146, CD92, Annexin A6, CD156c, CD71, CD10, CD29, CD315, DAAM1 and CD49f by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)

CD10 physically interacts with CD9 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4)

CD10 physically interacts with CD179b, Protein FAM207A, CD9, CD81, Uncharacterized protein C22orf13, HLA class II, Uncharacterized protein C3orf26, HLA class I, Protein C14orf21, Annexin A6 and DAAM1 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)