bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mass budget and box model of global plastics cycling, degradation and dispersal in the land-ocean-atmosphere system
Authors: Sonke Jeroen , Koenig Alkuin , Yakovenko Nadiia , Hagelskjaer Oskar , Margenat Henar , Hansson Sophia , De Vleeschouwer Francois , Magand Olivier , Le Roux Gael , Thomas Jennie
Published: September 2022

Since 1950 humans have introduced 8300 teragrams (Tg, 1012 grams, millions of metric tons) of plastic polymers into the Earth’s surface environment. Accounting for the dispersal and fate of produced plastics and fragmented microplastics in the environment has been challenging. Recent studies have fueled debate of the global river budget for plastic transport to oceans, the sinking and beaching of marine plastics and the emission and deposition of atmospheric microplastics. Here we define a global plastics cycle and budget, and develop a box model of plastic cycling, including the fragmentation and transport of large and small microplastics (LMP, SMP) within coupled terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric reservoirs. We force the model with historical plastics production and waste data, and explore how macroplastics, LMP and SMP propagate through the reservoirs from 1950 to 2015 and beyond. We find that considerable amounts of plastics reside most likely in the deep ocean (82 Tg), in shelf sediments (116 Tg), on beaches (1.8 Tg) and, as a result of marine emissions, in the remote terrestrial surface pool (28 Tg). Business as usual or maximum feasible reduction and discard scenarios show similar, 4-fold increases in atmospheric and aquatic ecosystem SMP exposure by 2050, because future plastics mobilization is controlled by releases from the large terrestrial discarded plastics reservoir (3500 Tg). Zero-release from 2025 onwards illustrates recovery of P and LMP reservoirs on centennial time scales, while SMP continue to cycle in air, soil, and surface ocean for millennia. Limiting dramatic future dispersal of plastics requires, in addition to reducing use and waste, remediation of the large terrestrial legacy plastics pool.
Some things do last forever: The stability signature of central form
Authors: Haward Paul
Published: September 2022

During each moment of our lives, we draw upon our vast store of kind concepts (or category concepts) to frame our thoughts and to frame the world around us—concepts like floor and wall, house and garden, pedestrian and student, coffee shop and university. We reflexively think of the entities around us as instances of categories—even for subtle elements of our environment like cracks and crumbs—and we draw upon and combine these representations when producing complex thoughts. Recent empirical work has provided evidence for an old idea—that each of these thousands of concepts has a central form, a central structure which represents a few properties for each category as privileged, capturing the conceptual identity of the concept (e.g., what makes a watch a watch, what makes a house a house, and what makes a coffee shop a coffee shop). For a watch, the central form represents that watches tell time and are portable. The present paper proposes a new signature of central form—an inference people make about form properties which they do not make about the broader generic/factual knowledge they store about the kind. Namely, it is proposed and tested that people hold the strong belief that form properties will be permanent parts of kinds, present in instances of kinds forever. In support of this hypothesis, participants in Experiment 1 judged that form properties of familiar kinds (e.g., telling time for a watch) will be present in instances of the kind forever, and they rejected this belief for generic properties (e.g., being round, being made of steel). In Experiment 2, the same strong belief was shown to be activated for a newly acquired kind concept, as soon as a property has been encoded as part of its central form. A wide range of consequences of this proposal are discussed, including for research on functional fixedness, stereotyping, conceptual combination, and conceptual change.
Executive function skills account for a bilingual advantage in English novel word learning among low-income preschoolers
Authors: HUANG RONG , Baker Erin Ruth , Schneider Julie M.
Published: September 2022

The current study compared economically disadvantaged bilingual and monolingual preschoolers’ performance on an English novel word learning task and examined whether children’s executive function (EF) skills account for differences in novel word learning performance across groups. Thirty-nine English monolinguals and 35 Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers from low-income homes completed a battery of EF measures and the Quick Interactive Language Screener (QUILS) to gauge English novel word learning ability. Within a poverty context, bilingual preschoolers performed significantly better on measures of English novel word learning as compared to their monolingual peers. This bilingual advantage in word learning ability was mediated by short-term memory, but not inhibition or attention shifting, which indicates that gains in short-term memory may facilitate word learning in English for bilingual preschoolers from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. These findings have important practical implications for interventions designed to promote English vocabulary growth for low-income bilingual children.
Examination of bidirectional association of conduct and emotional problems with school exclusion and truancy: Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Villadsen Aase , Cameron Claire L , Evans John , Van Herwegen Jo , Hill Vivian , Hurry Jane , Roberts Amelia , Wyse Dominic , Johansen Thure
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND: This study examines school exclusion and truancy in relation to both conduct and emotional problems. It considers these mental health problems both as predictors and as outcomes of school exclusion and truancy.METHOD: The sample included 15,236 individuals from the Millennium Cohort Study, a UK longitudinal birth cohort study. Using subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, conduct and emotional problems were assessed through childhood to adolescence (age 3, 5, 7, 11, 14 and 17 years), and reports of school exclusion and truancy were collected at age 11 and 14. RESULTS: Conduct problems during childhood were associated with subsequent exclusion and truancy in early adolescence in both males and females, but childhood emotional symptoms showed no such association. Prior exclusion was associated with an increase in conduct problems at age 14 for both genders, and for males it was also associated with an increase in emotional symptoms both at age 14 and 17. Prior truancy was associated with an increase in conduct problems at age 14 for both genders, and for females also at age 17, and it was associated with increased emotional symptoms at age 14 and 17 for both genders.CONCLUSION: Overall results indicate a bidirectional association between conduct problems and school exclusion and truancy. For emotional symptoms, the association is unidirectional as these symptoms do not lead to exclusions or truancy. However, an increase in emotional symptoms may be a consequence of exclusion and truancy.
“I actually like doing it this way”: Men’s justifications for their (non)involvement in the household division of labor
Authors: Grether Scott , Smalley Dani
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study analyzes how men rationalize their involvement in the household division of labor despite estimating that they spend less time per week in housework and childcare tasks compared to their spouse.Background: Research consistently demonstrates that men spend less time per week in the household division of labor compared to women. Relatively few studies examine how men make sense of and explain their involvement in domestic tasks. This study provides partial insight into a lingering question across these bodies of research – how do men justify and explain their involvement in the household division of labor?Method: Thirty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted from March to August 2017 with cisgender, married men. Data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously following a grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2006). Results: More than half of men estimated spending less time per week in housework and childcare tasks compared to their wife. The three main justifications men used to account for time discrepancies were distinguishing between equity and fairness, using mathematical representations, and invoking comparison cases. Conclusion: This study provides insight into the rhetorical strategies men use to explain and justify gender inequality in the household division of labor. Implications: Men must disrupt gender ideologies which guide their involvement in domestic life in order to address existing inequalities within their family.
Penilaian 2 Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: September 2022

Penilaian 2 Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Penilaian 2 Pembelajaran PPKn Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: September 2022

Penilaian 2 Pembelajaran PPKn Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Penilaian Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas 5ABCDE MI NU TBS Kudus Topik Operasi Hitung Pecahan
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: September 2022

Penilaian Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas 5ABCDE MI NU TBS Kudus Topik Operasi Hitung Pecahan
Penilaian 2 Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: September 2022

Penilaian 1 Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Penilaian 1 Pembelajaran PPKn Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: September 2022

Penilaian 1 Pembelajaran PPKn Kelas 5B MI NU TBS Kudus
युद्ध कथामा जाति, क्षण र पर्यावरण {Race, moment and environment in war fiction}
Authors: Neupane Bishnu
Published: September 2022

प्रस्तुत आलेख समाजशास्त्रीय मान्यताका आधारमा माया ठकुरीको युद्ध कथाभित्र रहेका जाति, क्षण र पर्यावरणको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । यसका लागि प्रस्तुत कथामा रहेको सामाजिक पर्यावरण तथा आख्यान (कथानक, पात्र, परिवेश) र समाजको सम्बन्धलाई केलाइएको छ । समाजशास्त्री हिप्पोलाइट एडल्फ तेन ( टेन) को समाजशास्त्रीय मान्यताअन्तर्गत प्रजाति, क्षण र पर्यावरणलाई यस कथाको विश्लेषणको आधार बनाइएको छ । सामग्री सब्कलनका क्रममा माया ठकुरीको आमा ! जानुहोस् (२०६४) कथासब्ग्रहमा सब्गृहीत युद्ध कथालाई प्राथमिक स्रोतका रूपमा र कथाहरूबारे गरिएका समीक्षा, समालोचना र शोधप्रतिवेदनलाई द्वितीय स्रोतका रूपमा लिएर गुणात्मक विधिबाट विषयको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । युद्ध कथामा प्रस्तुत गरिएको जातिगत विविधताको अवस्थाका बारेमा केलाउने काम जाति शीर्षक अन्तर्गत गरिएको छ । यस कथामा प्रस्तुत भएका समकालीन नेपाली समाजको मूल्य, मान्यता, संस्कार, संस्कृति लगायत राजनीतिक घटनालाई क्षण शीर्षकभित्र राखेर अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । त्यसैगरी पर्यावरण अन्तर्गत समाजको भौतिक तथा प्राकृतिक पर्यावरणका साथै सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा राजनीतिक पक्ष पनि समेटिएको छ । भिन्न सामाजिक, भौगोलिक परिवेशबाट लिइएका पात्रहरूले शिक्षा र चेतनाको आलोकबाट ओझेल परेर गरिबी, शोषण, अन्याय एवम्अन्धविश्वासको अँध्यारो पर्दाभित्र अत्यन्त दुःखद र कष्टपूर्ण जीवन जिउन बाध्य भएको अवस्थालाई कथाले अभिव्यञ्जित गरेको छ । तत्कालीन आर्थिक, सामाजिक यथार्थताको झलक प्रस्तुत गर्न सफल यस कथाको समाजशास्त्रीय कोणबाट अध्ययन विश्लेषण गर्नु यस आलेखको मूल अभीष्ट रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत कथामा हिपोलाइट तेनले अघि सारेको समाजशास्त्रीय मान्यता भित्रका जाति, क्षण र पर्यावरणको सशक्त प्रयोग भएकाले समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययनका दृष्टिले प्रस्तुत कथा अत्यन्त उपयोगी रहेको छ ।
सक्षमता र एकीकृतताका दृष्टिले कक्षा एकको नेपाली भाषा पाठ्यक्रम (२०७६) को विश्लेषण {An Analysis of Class I Nepali Language Curriculum (2076) in terms of Competency and Integration}
Authors: Ghimire Dinesh
Published: September 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख कक्षा एकको वर्तमान नेपाली भाषा पाठ्यव्रmमलाई थिम (विषय क्षेत्र) र भाषिक सिपगत एकीकृतता (integration) तथा सिपपगत सक्षमता (competency) का दृष्टिबाट अध्ययन गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको हो । यो लेख अनुसन्धानको वर्णनात्मक तरिका र पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनमा आधारित रहेको छ । सिपगत र विषयगत एकीकृतताको सिद्धान्तमा आधारित रहेर सिपगत सक्षमतामा केन्द्रित रहेको यो पाठ्यव्रmममा अन्य देशमा प्रयोगमा आइसकेका दृष्टिकोणलाई हाम्रा परिप्रेक्ष्यमा पनि प्रयोग हुन सक्ने अपेक्षा राखी प्रचलित पाठ्यक्रमलाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्ने गरी प्रस्तुत गरिएको देखिन्छ । थिमगत र भाषिक सिपगत एकीकृतताको दृष्टिले यो पाठ्यक्रम उदाहरणीय बनेको देखिन्छ । शैक्षिक सत्र २०७६-०७७ बाट लागु गरिएको यस पाठ्यक्रमको कार्यान्वयनमा भाषिक सिपका व्यावहारिक उपयोगमा चाहिँ कठिनाइ आइपर्न सक्ने सम्भावना विद्यमान देखिन्छ । पाठ्यक्रममा उल्लेख भएका तहगत सिकाइ सक्षमता, कक्षागत सिकाइ उपलब्धि, विषय वस्तुको क्षेत्र र क्रम आदिका बिचको तालमेलमा अझ परिमार्जनको आवश्यकता महसुस हुन्छ । पाठ्यक्रममा प्रयोग भएको शब्द भण्डारका कारण यसको भाषा तह अनुरूप बन्न सकेको देखिँदैन । शिक्षण सहजीकरण प्रक्रिया, मूल्यांकन प्रक्रिया आदिका दृष्टिले भने यो पाठ्यक्रम सबल रहेको निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ ।
Editorial Vol.3(1)
Authors: Neupane Binod
Published: September 2022

Not available.
Implementation of National Science Technology and Innovation Policy 2019: Assessment of Challenges in Government Organizations of Nepal
Authors: Poudel Ram Chandra
Published: September 2022

Government of Nepal promulgated the third policy on science and technology including innovation in 2019 (NSTIP-2019). This policy being aligned with the federal and provincial governance system has given stronger emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship for economic development. Online questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the status and capabilities of governmental research organizations and universities because they are in the forefront in executing action plans formulated in NSTIP-2019. An encouraging response from a total of 36 respondents representing 17 organizations was received. All respondents have reported the poor infrastructure and lack of budget for research activities in their respective organization. Low productivities of research institutes and academia were attributed to erroneous understanding existing in policy makers and underdeveloped research culture prevalent in research and academic institutions including limitations in governments’ system of budget al.. location, leader/staff recruitment and procurement of necessary research materials. Based on the information and suggestions provided by a wide range of expertise in survey respondents, this paper identifies enablers of positive research and innovation culture in Nepalese perspectives. Key attributes of ‘sound research and innovation ecosystem’ discussed here are most likely to guide implementation process of NSTIP-2019 with higher levels of confidence and effectiveness.
Re-Scanning the Electronic Certificate Infrastructure (Sertipikat-el)
Authors: Wulan Diah Retno , Salim M. Nazir , Rineksi Trisnanti Widi
Published: September 2022

An electronic certificate (Sertipikat-el) results from a series of electronic land registration activities in electronic documents that should be digital eviden­ce. This paper describes the infrastructure of Sertipikat-el and offers steps that can be taken so that Sertipikat-el does not lose its essence as evidence of ownership and not ruled out in evidence at trial. Sertipikat-el in electronic documents does not violate the laws and regulations. Unfortunately, the electronic system used to create and manage Sertipikat-el does not meet all requirements so that it can guarantee that each component and the integration of all electronic systems continue to operate properly by minimizing the failure of electronic systems. Although Sertipikat-el has been determined in electronic documents, it has not been further regulated regarding data input and information. For this reason, there is a need for a complete revision of ministerial regulations and imple­men­tation related to electronic land registration at the technical level in the field. To ensure the used electronic system's essential function to create and manage the Sertipikat-el continues to run even in the event of a disaster or disruption, the electronic system needs to be registered. A reliability test and an audit from the competent agency are carried out. In addition, the system must also have archival functionality and be defined from the beginning whether the creation and management of Sertipikat-el are carried out in an electronic system or not because it will affect the method of presenting Sertipikat-el data as digital evidence at the trial.
Measured and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) in Healthy Young Adults: a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Buttar Karampreet Kour , Saboo Neha , Kacker Sudhanshu
Published: September 2022

Objective: Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) can be estimated using maximal or sub-maximal tests, by direct or indirect methods.The Queen’s College Step Test (QCT) is used very frequently to estimate VO2max due to its simple, safe, quick and feasible approach. Originally the QCT was developed for the white race population, which is different from the Indian population in terms of ethnicity. So the present study was conducted to validate the applicability of the QCT to indirectly estimate VO2max in Indian adults. Material and Methods: A total of 419 apparently healthy students (male and female) were recruited for the study by the RUHS College of Medical Sciences (RUHS-CMS), Jaipur from January 2019 to March 2020 by random number table generator sampling. Direct estimation of VO2max was performed by sub-maximal exercise testing on a treadmill using a gas analyzer, while VO2max was indirectly predicted by the standard QCT protocol. The collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using unpaired student t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis.Results: The average directly measured VO2max (ml/kg/min) in males was 45.30±7.35, and for women was 35.71±5.29, and predicted by the QCT was 49.01 for males and 38.83±5.30 for females. The difference between the measured and predicted mean VO2max (PVO2max) values was statistically significant (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, actual VO2max was lower than the predicted VO2max from the QCT. The results of this study suggest that a new equation derived from the present data, recommended to assess VO2max using QCT in the Indian population, especially when large numbers of participants need to be tested in the absence of a well-equipped laboratory.
Titik Temu Pemeluk Agama dalam Presfektip Hukum Islam
Authors: Tamaruddin A
Published: September 2022

Realita dalam kehidupan manusia di dunia,  manusia diciptakan terdiri dari laki-laki dan perempuan dan ditempatkan menjadi penduduk dunia, manusia hidup berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku, serta masing-masing mempunyai budaya tersendiri. Dalam kehidupan, manusia cenderung mempunyai keyakinan dan kepercayaan. Keyakinan dan kepercayaan yang melekat pada diri manusia membuatnya leluasa memilih agama. Agama yang diyakini dan dipercayai berpotensi  memberikan kebahagian dan kesejateraan hidup lahir dan batin. Hanya saja dalam kenyataan, pemeluk agama-agama  pada akhirnya tidak merasakan hidup bahagia dan sejahtera, sehingga banyak yang memutuskan pindah agama, karena agama yang menjadi pilihannya diyakini keberanan dan dipercaya sebagai agama yang benar dan dapat memberi ketenangan hidup lahir dan batin. Di Indonesia, seluruh penduduk diberikan keluasan untuk memilih agama, sehingga ditemukan penganut agama yang berbeda-beda, ada penduduk yang memilih Agama Hindu, Budha, Kristen, Kong Hu Cu dan Islam. Penganut agama yang berbeda-beda yang berdiam di Indonesia memiliki kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Dalam jurnal ilmiah ini, akan tergambar cara mempertemukan ajaran agama dalam perspektif hukum Islam dengan mengunakan pendekatan sosial dan filosofis dan juga sebagai cara mempertahankan titik temu penganut-penganut agama dalam bentuk kesadaran, bersikap tenggang rasa dan ketaatan kepada pemerintah.
Pengaruh Edukasi Gizi Melalui Media Booklet terhadap Perubahan Pilihan Makanan Camilan pada Remaja di Makassar
Authors: Andi Sri Rahayu Kasma
Published: September 2022

Snacking activity has been identified as one of the potential causes of obesity and/or overweight in childhood and adolescence. According to Hampl, a child is snacking more than 15-20% of his daily calorie intake of snacks can be defined as "snacker". Snack is thought to be the promoter of obesity because it contains high fat and high sugar. This study is a quantitative research design with quasy experiment. This study was done to see if there are changes in the selection of snacks to students at Senior High School 16 Makassar before and after nutrition education through the booklet media. The population of this research is the students of class X and XI Senior High School 16 Makassar, with a total sample of 59 students. The sample was conducted using stratified random sampling. The results showed that there are change choice healthy snack  (p=0,011) and sweet snack (p=0,046) before and after the intervention. There are also changes in the number of healthy snacks consumption (p=0,02) and sweet snack (p=0,041). The conclusion from this study that there is change choice snack before and after nutrition education through the booklet media at Senior High School 16 Makassar.
Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap terhadap Kinerja Perawat dalam Pendokumentasian ASKEP di RSUD I Lagaligo Wotu
Authors: Evi Kurniasari  , M. Irsan Arief Ilham
Published: September 2022

Nursing documentation is a permanent record of what happened to the client. Apart from being an accreditation requirement which is a legal requirement in health services (Doenges, 2013). One of the functions of documentation for nurses is as a means of communication and evidence of accountability for the implementation of care activities (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2013). To find out the relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards nurse performance in documenting nursing care at RSUD I Lagaligo Wotu in 2021. The research design used is an analytical survey with a correlational type of study. The approach used in this study was a cross-sectional approach with a total of 84 nurses and sampling using accidental sampling techniques. Data collection using questionnaires and data processing using the SPSS 22.0 program presented in the form of tabels and narratives. The analysis carried out is univariate and bivariate with a meaningfulness level of α = 0.05. The results of the data analysis obtained that there was a relationship between knowledge and the performance of nurses in the completeness of documenting nursing care at RSUD I Lagaligo Wotu.
On the type specimens of Locustella ochotensis (Middendorff, 1853) in the collection of the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg (Aves: Sylviidae)
Authors: Loskot V.M.
Published: September 2022

Individual variation of the size and plumage colour in three type specimens of Middendorff’s Grasshopper Warbler, Locustella ochotensis is examined, the dates and localities of collecting are defined more exactly and the lectotype is designated. Examination of allpreserved specimens, collected by Middendorff, and of the original description show that he misidentified adult birds of L. ochotensis as L. certhiola. This is imorotant for understanding of the diagnosis of L. ochotensis based on characters of young birds in juvenile plumage.
The Impact of External Support on Insurgency
Authors: Khan Alamgir
Published: September 2022

Insurgency is an organized struggle to overthrow an existing government. External support has played an important role in the success and failure of insurgencies. Insurgencies externally supported both militarily and financially lasted long and succeeded. In contrast, many insurgencies failed, lacking external support. The existing literature has discussed how external support contributes to the success and failure of insurgencies. This study, however, discusses the external support to counter insurgents, not insurgents and its impact on insurgency in the tribal areas of Pakistan. The article explains that after Pakistan became an ally of the US in the war against terror, it allowed the CIA to undertake targeted operations against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. After their distrust increased,the US started its drone campaign to target the militants. The drone campaign helped the militants to exploit the innocent killed by drones and attracted more support and recruited more youth against the government.
US-Taliban Peace process: Post-Withdrawal Scenarios
Authors: Sawal Javeria Noor , Afridi Anfal , Bibi Ruqaiya
Published: September 2022

Afghanistan encountered a US-led invasion in 2001 in response to the 9/11 attacks and ended the Taliban's government in Afghanistan. Thousands of US troops were deployed on Afghan territory in the war against terrorism to direct anti-terrorism operations in Afghanistan and to contain Talibanization. Thus, the immediate objective of the US invasion of Afghanistan was to prevent the country from terrorism, but the objective remained unachieved to date. As there was a divergence of interests of involved actors, and thus the efforts could not reach the desired result. The US in Afghanistan has exerted influence for almost two decades.Thereby, both the warring sides have now decided on a political settlement and a permanent ceasefire. The agreement took place on February 29, 2020, and its provisions include the withdrawal of all US troops and NATO forces from Afghanistan. Thereby objective and significance of the study are contributed to assess the post-withdrawal scenarios.
Repugnancy to Islamic Injunctions: Analysis and Legitimacy of National Accountability Ordinance 1999
Authors: Abbas Aamir , Lohani Atika , Fatima Samza
Published: September 2022

This article encompasses an analysis of provisions of NAB 1999 on the touchstone of their conformity with the injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah. The argument advanced in this respect is based on Article 203(d) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, under which FSC is vested with the power of examining and deciding questions of law tainted to be contrary to the injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah. Arguments made in this paper challenge Section 9(a)(iv) and Section 14(c) and (d) which are not in consonance with the injunctions of Islam, as appeared in the Quran and Sunnah. Pakistan's Islamic identity necessitates such questions pertaining to un-Islamic provisions in the laws of Pakistan always yielded debates and different opinions of scholars. Analysis of the NAB ordinance and its provisions discussed in the paper, which does not conform to the injunctions of Islam would inform and invoke legislators to reform legislation in Pakistan.
The Continuation of Democracy in Pakistan: An Analysis of 2018 General Elections
Authors: Khan Iltaf , Farmanullah  , Khan Rowaid
Published: September 2022

July 25th 2018 marked as a momentous occasion in the political history of Pakistan as for the first time in 72 years of history of Pakistan, the third consecutive general elections and second consecutive democratic transition were held from one party to another. As a result of the elections, PTI, with the support of the middle class, and urbanites youth, including male and female having greater access to electronic and digital media, with its agenda of change, working relations with the military establishment succeeded in forming its government at centre with Imran Khan as premier.Some argue that these developments established a strengthened democratic era in Pakistan; others see it as yet another pliant civilian government propped up by the non-political actors. However, during the present PTI regime, the social, political and economic profile ofPakistan has gone through significant changes which greatly affected the polity of Pakistan. The objective of this study is to explore how various developments directly or indirectly impinged the democratic process in Pakistan during the PTI government.
The Editorial Coverage on Climate Change in Context of Other Emerging Environmental Issues: A Comparative Analysis of English and Urdu Print Media of Pakistan
Authors: Barri Faraz Ahmad , Shahzad Muhammad
Published: September 2022

This study explores the editorial coverage of climate change in terms of increasing unpredictable changes in weather conditions and its associated problems in Pakistan. The main focus of the researcher is to analyze the editorial coverage on the issue of Climate Change in Pakistani print media. For this, primary data have been collected from editorials published in two renowned newspapers of Pakistan, the Daily Dawn and the Daily Jang, from the year 2018 to 2019. Results showed that the Daily Jang had given more coverage to the emerging environmental issues than the Daily Dawn during a particular time. But when it comes to a specific environmental issue like Climate Change, the Daily Dawn has given more coverage to the said issue as compared to its counterpart. An exploratory quantitative research paradigm is used to perform content analysis. The research aims to sensitise all concerned stakeholders in making environment-friendly policies for the well-being of the public.
Predictors for cervical kyphotic deformity following laminoplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pettersson Samuel D. , Skrzypkowska Paulina , Ali Shan , Szmuda Tomasz , Krakowiak Michał , Počivavšek Tadej , Sunesson Fanny , Fercho Justyna , Miękisiak Grzegorz
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVE

Laminoplasty is a common treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). However, approximately 21% of patients undergoing laminoplasty develop cervical kyphotic deformity (KD). Because of the high prevalence rate of KD, several studies have sought to identify predictors for this complication, but the findings remain highly inconsistent. Therefore, the authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish reliable preoperative predictors of KD.

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used to systematically extract potential references. The first phase of screening required the studies to be written in the English language, involve patients treated for CSM and/or OPLL via laminoplasty, and report postoperative cervical KD. The second phase required the studies to provide more than 10 patients and include a control group. The mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated for continuous and dichotomous parameters. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. CSM and OPLL patients were further assessed by performing subgroup analyses.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies comprising patients who developed cervical KD (n = 296) and no KD (n = 1254) after receiving cervical laminoplasty for CSM or OPLL were included in the meta-analysis. All studies were retrospective cohorts and were rated as high quality. In the combined univariate analysis of CSM and OPLL patients undergoing laminoplasty, statistically significant predictors for postoperative KD included age (MD 2.22, 95% CI 0.16–4.27, p = 0.03), preoperative BMI (MD 0.85, 95% CI 0.06–1.63, p = 0.04), preoperative C2–7 range of flexion (MD 10.42, 95% Cl 4.24–16.59, p = 0.0009), preoperative C2–7 range of extension (MD −4.59, 95% CI −6.34 to −2.83, p < 0.00001), and preoperative center of gravity of the head to the C7 sagittal vertical axis (MD 26.83, 95% CI 9.13–44.52, p = 0.003). Additionally, among CSM patients, males were identified as having a greater risk for postoperative KD (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.02–2.93, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings from this study currently provide the largest and most reliable review on preoperative predictors for cervical KD after laminoplasty. Given that several of the included studies identified optimal cutoff points for the variables that are significantly associated with KD, further investigation into the development of a preoperative risk scoring system that can accurately predict KD in the clinical setting is encouraged.

PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42022299795 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/).
Diet, Sleep and Exercise: The Keystones of Healthy Lifestyle for Medical Students
Authors: Yadav Mamata
Published: September 2022

The journey of five to six years of medical school is a mixture of different emotions ranging from happiness to stress, anxiety and even mental breakdowns. Diet, sleep and exercise are considered to be three integral components of a healthy life which are often neglected by us, as medical students mostly as a result of such emotional changes in their life. We need a good anount of nutrition to maintain the energy levels for our day-to-day chores, adequate sleep for proper functioning of body and mind and exercise to keep us energized throughout the day. A healthy lifestyle is something that every individual strive towards in their life and as medical students we must always consider about having a healthy lifestyle by balancing our diet, sleep, and exercise.
Hypothyroidism Induced Hyponatremia: A Case Report
Authors: Maharjan Gyabina , Yadav Mandeep Kumar , Khati Nirajan , Yadav Shailendra Kumar , Shrestha Tulsi Ram
Published: September 2022

Thyroid hormones have various effects on the body which include electrolyte and water hemostasis. It is also involved in renal development and physiology. Hyponatremia is a serious electrolyte imbalance that can be associated with the involvement of different body systems and a wide range of deleterious changes. We report a case of a 62-years-old female with the symptoms of severe hyponatremia like altered mental sensorium with a serum sodium level of 110 meq/l. After ruling out other causes, a final diagnosis of hypothyroidism was made. On treating hypothyroidism the symptoms of hyponatremia were resolved. Therefore, thyroid stimulating hormone determination is mandatory during the evaluation of hyponatremia. And, those patients should be treated with fluid restriction and treatment of hypothyroidism.
Warts among Patients Visiting the Outpatient Department of Dermatology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Karki Sunita , Pradhan Manish , Rai Anjan
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Warts are benign epithelial proliferations caused by a double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid virus called human papillomavirus. They may cause significant concern and frustration on the part of the patient affecting social activities as lesions can be uncomfortable, and treatment is often painful and frustratingly ineffective. The study aimed to find out the prevalence of warts among patients visiting the outpatient Department of Dermatology in a tertiary care centre.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care centre from 20 January 2021 to 21 February 2022. The ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: IRC-NMCTH 588/2021). A convenience sampling technique was used. A detailed history including distribution, size, morphology, progression and duration of the lesions was taken. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated.
Results: Out of 4802 outpatients, 140 (2.92%) (2.44-3.40, 95% Confidence Interval) had warts. Genital wart was found in 24 (17.14%) and non-genital warts in 116 (82.85%) patients.
Conclusions: The prevalence of warts among outpatients was similar when compared to other studies from similar settings.
Role of Biofilm in Bacterial Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Pokharel Khilasa , Dawadi Bishwa Raj , Shrestha Lok Bahadur
Published: September 2022

Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. Microbial flora which produces biofilm manifests an altered growth rate and transcribes genes that provide them resistance to antimicrobial and host immune systems. Biofilms protect the invading bacteria against the immune system of the host via impaired activation of phagocytes and the complement system. Biofilm-producing isolates showed greater multidrug resistance than non-biofilm producers. Biofilm causes antibiotic resistance through processes like chromosomally encoded resistant genes, restriction of antibiotics, reduction of growth rate, and host immunity. Biofilm formation is responsible for the development of superbugs like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and metallo-beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and maintaining hygiene, especially in hospitalized patients are required to control biofilm-related infections in order to prevent antimicrobial resistance.
Intestinal Perforation with Ingestion of Blunt Foreign Bodies: A Case Report
Authors: Kathayat Lok Bahadur , Chalise Anup , Maharjan Jemesh Singh , Bajracharya Jasmine , Shrestha Ritesh
Published: September 2022

Foreign body ingestions are fairly common and present with obvious symptoms. Certain foreign bodies, like button batteries and magnets, are rarely ingested, but carry with them the extremely dangerous risk of bowel wall necrosis, intestinal perforation and fistula formation. Suspected cases of such ingestions require a high index of suspicion and any delay should be avoided once a diagnosis is made. Herein, we report a case of a 7-year-male patient who presented with abdominal pain and vomiting following similar foreign body ingestion, which resulted in multiple small bowel perforations. The foreign body was removed by a laparotomy, and the affected bowel segments were resected and anastomosed. The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged after 5 days.
Etoricoxib Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in a case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report
Authors: Pandey Asim , Parajuli Samriddhi , Dhungel Alok , Devkota Rahul , Dongol Angel
Published: September 2022

Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a potentially life-threatening dermatological condition whose pathogenesis and exact treatment are not yet known. Drugs like anticonvulsants, allopurinol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like etoricoxib, a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor prescribed for pain management are associated with a high risk of toxic epidermal necrolysis. It is also associated with immunodeficiency and dysregulated immune reactions like systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease in which organs and cells undergo damage initially mediated by tissue binding auto-antibodies and immune complexes. Here, a 34 year old lady was presented in emergency with multiple maculopapular rashes over the neck and trunk region after treatment with etoricoxib for osteoarthritis of the left foot.
Dry Eye Disease among Patients with Glaucoma under Topical Antiglaucoma Agents in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Palikhey Anjan , Koiree Shahdev , Kumar Mehta Roshan , Kumar Shrivastava Amit
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Dry eye disease is a disorder of the tears and ocular surface that results in various symptoms, such as dryness, grittiness, burning and itching sensation in the eye, excessive tearing, and fluctuating vision. The prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms is increased with long-term topical anti-glaucoma medicine treatment. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of dry eye disease in glaucoma patients under topical anti-glaucoma agents in a tertiary care centre.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 9 February 2022 to 5 June 2022 among glaucoma patients under topical anti-glaucoma agents at a tertiary care centre after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: UCMS/IRC/028/22). Data were collected using a standard ocular surface disease index questionnaire. The dry eye disease was clinically diagnosed if the ocular surface disease index score was equal to or more than 13. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated.
Results: Among 250 glaucoma patients, dry eye disease was found in 180 (72%) (66.43-77.57, 95% Confidence Interval). Mild, moderate, and severe symptoms were present in 50 (27.78%), 68 (37.78%), and 62 (34.44%) of the patients, respectively. The most frequently observed dry eye symptoms were itching and irritation seen in 56 (31.11%), followed by pain in the eye in 41 (22.77%) and redness in the eye in 32 (17.77%) patients.
Conclusions: The prevalence of dry eye disease was higher than other clinical studies done in similar setting. It is extremely concerning and calls for increased focus on managing glaucoma and concurrent dry eye disease.
Evaluation of Anterior Fontanelle Sizes and Closure Time in Children with Computed Tomography
Authors: ÇIRACI Saliha , ÖZDEMİR Öner
Published: September 2022

Amaç: Bu çalışmada 0-24 ay arası çocuklarda ön fontanel (ÖF) kapanma zamanı ve boyutlarını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Bu çalışmanın ikincil amacı ise ÖF boyutu ve subaraknoid mesafe genişliği arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada Ocak 2020 ve Ekim 2021 tarihleri arasında hafif kafa travması nedeniyle bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) çekilen olguların görüntüleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. 3D BT görüntüleri üzerinde ön fontanel kapanması (ÖFK) değerlendirildi ve açık olanlarda ÖF alanı ölçüldü. Aksiyal BT görüntülerde subaraknoid mesafe ölçümleri gerçekleştirildi.

Bulgular: Hafif kafa travması nedeniyle BT çekilen 602 çocuk çalışmaya dahil edildi. 0-24 ay arasında her aylık yaş grubunda 23-25 olgu mevcuttu. K/E oranı 284/317 idi. Radyolojik olarak 0-6 ay arası, klinik olarak 0-2 ay arası ÖFK izlenmedi. Klinik ÖFK 3. ayda başlayıp 13. ayda % 66’ya 15. ayda % 90’ın üzerine, radyolojik ÖFK ise 7. ayda başlayıp, 16. ayda % 65’e ve 24. ayda % 84’e ulaşmıştır. Ortalama ÖF alanı doğumdan 2. aya kadar artmış, 3-9 aylarda azalan dalgalı bir seyir göstermiş ve 9. aydan 2 yaşa kadar ise giderek azalmıştır. ÖF alanı ile subaraknoid mesafe genişliği arasında ilişki saptanmadı (r:0,229, p
Kennzahlenvergleich zwischen Flachland- und Gebirgsforstbetrieben in der DACH-Region
Authors: Bürgi Patric , Müller Alexandra , Sekot Walter , Toscani Philipp , Englert Hermann , Pauli Bernhard , Metzker Marietta
Published: September 2022

Die sogenannte DACH-Initiative verfolgt das Ziel, eine bessere Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den nationalen Datensätzen der forstlichen Testbetriebsnetze Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz herzuleiten und daraus Schlussfolgerungen für Politik, Wissenschaft und Praxis zu ziehen. Erste Vergleiche von Länderkennzahlen zeigen, dass die Auswirkungen der teilweise unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen dargestellt werden können. Um die wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der Forstbetriebe in der DACH-Region vertiefter zu untersuchen, wurden Kollektive von Flachland- und Gebirgsforstbetrieben betrachtet. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass die Bildung von spezifischen Vergleichskollektiven eine differenziertere Analyse der wirtschaftlichen Situation der Forstbetriebe ermöglichen, da Betriebe mit ähnlichen Produktionsbedingungen verglichen werden. Der konkrete Kennzahlenvergleich für die Jahre 2015–2019 zeigt, dass die Entwicklungen im Flachland und Gebirge ähnlich sind, aber auf teilweise unterschiedlichem Niveau. Im Kerngeschäft der Forstbetriebe, der Waldbewirtschaftung, erzielen die deutschen und österreichischen Forstbetriebe über den Beobachtungszeitraum hinweg fast ausnahmslos einen Einnahmenüberschuss. In der Schweiz ist die Waldbewirtschaftung hingegen sowohl im Flachland als auch im Gebirge nicht kostendeckend – trotz im Vergleich zu Deutschland und Österreich umfangreichen Förderungen und Abgeltungen der öffentlichen Hand. Hauptgrund für die negativen Ergebnisse der Waldbewirtschaftung in der Schweiz ist die ungünstige Kostenstruktur insbesondere in der Holzernte, im Waldbau und in der Walderschliessung. Ursachen hierfür sind neben Unterschieden bei den Lohnkosten teils nicht auf die Betriebsverhältnisse angepasste Ressourcen, die zum Einsatz suboptimaler Verfahren führen.
Natürliche Fragmente inmitten des Baubooms
Authors: Kleinschroth Fritz , Wilkes-Allemann Jerylee
Published: September 2022

Ein Urban-Forestry-Stadtrundgang in Zürich Nord zeigt, warum es Stadtbäume und Ruderalwälder auch in einem Zürcher Modellquartier für nachhaltiges Bauen schwer haben – und was der Biber damit zu tun hat.
ANALISIS KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA LISAN ANTARA PENJUAL DAN PEMBELI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL SAKA SELABUNG KECAMATAN MUARADUA KABUPATEN OKU SELATAN
Authors: Yesvica Apryanti  , Rukiyah Siti , Fitriani Yessi
Published: September 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kesantunan berbahasa lisan dalam tuturan antara penjual dan pembeli di pasar tradisional Saka Selabung Kecamatan Muaradua Kabupaten Oku Selatan. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik observasi, teknik simak SBLC (Simak Libat Cakap), teknik rekam dan teknik catat. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah tuturan penjual dan pembeli di pasar tradisional Saka Selabung Kecamatan Muaradua, dan informan penelitian terdiri dari pedagang sayuran, pedagang ikan, pedagang manisan, dan pedagang pakaian. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan terdapat 12 tuturan yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini yaitu 9 tuturan santun yang mematuhi dan memenuhi prinsip-prinsip kesantunan berbahasa yang dan 3 tuturan yang tidak santun atau melanggar sehingga tidak mematuhi atau memenuhi prinsip-prinsip kesantunan berbahasa.
POTRET KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL-BUDAYA MASYARAKAT INDRAMAYU PADA KUMPULAN CERITA PENDEK RAB(B)I KARYA KEDUNG DARMA ROMANSHA
Authors: Maula Minatul , Nasihin Agus , Bahri Samsul
Published: September 2022

ABSTRAK
Karya sastra selalu berhubungan dengan pengarang, pembaca, dan dunia sosial ataupun dunia yang nyata (Susanto 2016:8). Dengan demikian, dalam menganalisis sebuah karya sastra (dalam hal ini kumpulan cerita pendek) dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kajian teori sosiologi sastra. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kumpulan cerita pendek Rab(b)i karya Kedung Darma Romansha yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan kajian teori sosiologi sastra. Penggunaan kajian teori sosiologi sastra dalam penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan isi dalam kumpulan cerita pendek Rab(b)i karya Kedung Darma Romansha yang menggambarkan mengenai potret kehidupan sosioal-budaya masyarakat Indramayu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kata, frase, kalimat, paragraf, dan wacana yang ada dalam cerita pendek “Nagarot” dan “Menjaring Bidadari”. Sedangkan Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah cerita pendek “Ngarot” dan “Menjaring Bidadari” yang ada dalam buku kumpulan cerita pendek “Rab(b)i” karya Kedung Darma Romansha yang diterbitkan oleh Buku Mojok pada tahun 2020. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mendeskripsikan fakta cerita mengenai realita sosial-budaya dalam kumpulan cerita pendek Rab(b)i karya Kedung Darma Romansha; dan (2) mendeskripsikan latar sosial-budaya masyarakat Indramayu yang terefleksi dalam kumpulan cerita pendek Rab(b)i karya Kedung Darma Romansha. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) kumpulan cerita pendek Rab(b)i karya Kedung Darma Romansha dibuat dengan berdasarkan realita yang terjadi dalam kehidupan sosial-budaya masyarakat Indramayu; dan (2) latar sosial-budaya masyarakat Indramayu yang terefleksi dalam kumpulan cerita pendek Rab(b)i karya Kedung Darma Romansha yakni mengenai: : 1) ngarot; dan 2) pasar jodoh.