bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A framework of integrated hydrological and hydrodynamic models using synthetic rainfall for flash flood hazard mapping of ungauged catchments in tropical zones
Authors: Lohpaisankrit Worapong , Meon Günter , Tingsanchali Tawatchai
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Flash flood hazard maps provide a scientific support to mitigate flash flood risk. The present study develops a practical framework with the help of integrated hydrological and hydrodynamic modelling in order to estimate the potential flash floods. We selected a small pilot catchment which has already suffered from flash floods in the past. This catchment is located in the Nan River basin, northern Thailand. Reliable meteorological and hydrometric data are missing in the catchment. Consequently, the entire upper basin of the main river was modelled with the help of the hydrological modelling system PANTA RHEI. In this basin, three monitoring stations are located along the main river. PANTA RHEI was calibrated and validated with the extreme flood events in June 2011 and July 2008, respectively. The results show a good agreement with the observed discharge data. In order to create potential flash flood scenarios, synthetic rainfall series were derived from temporal rainfall patterns based on the radar-rainfall observation and different rainfall depths from regional rainfall frequency analysis. The temporal rainfall patterns were characterized by catchment-averaged rainfall series selected from 13 rainstorms in 2008 and 2011 within the region. For regional rainfall frequency analysis, the well-known L-moments approach and related criteria were used to examine extremely climatic homogeneity of the region. According to the L-moments approach, Generalized Pareto distribution was recognized as the regional frequency distribution. The synthetic rainfall series were fed into the PANTA RHEI model. The simulated results from PANTA RHEI were provided to a 2-D hydrodynamic model (MEADFLOW), and various simulations were performed. Results from the integrated modelling framework are used in the ongoing study to regionalize and map the spatial distribution of flash flood hazards with four levels of flood severities. As an overall outcome, the presented framework can be applied in areas with inadequate runoff records.
Towards an optimal integrated reservoir system management for the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Müller Ruben , Gebretsadik Henok Y. , Schütze Niels
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Recently, the Kessem–Tendaho project is completed to bring about socioeconomic development and growth in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. To support reservoir Koka, two new reservoirs where built together with extensive infrastructure for new irrigation projects. For best possible socioeconomic benefits under conflicting management goals, like energy production at three hydropower stations and basin wide water supply at various sites, an integrated reservoir system management is required. To satisfy the multi-purpose nature of the reservoir system, multi-objective parameterization-simulation-optimization model is applied. Different Pareto-optimal trade-off solutions between water supply and hydro-power generation are provided for two scenarios (i) recent conditions and (ii) future planned increases for Tendaho and Upper Awash Irrigation projects. Reservoir performance is further assessed under (i) rule curves with a high degree of freedom – this allows for best performance, but may result in rules curves to variable for real word operation and (ii) smooth rule curves, obtained by artificial neuronal networks. The results show no performance penalty for smooth rule curves under future conditions but a notable penalty under recent conditions.
Impact of urbanization on rainfall-runoff processes: case study in the Liangshui River Basin in Beijing, China
Authors: Xu Zongxue , Zhao Gang
Published: May 2016

Abstract. China is undergoing rapid urbanization during the past decades. For example, the proportion of urban population in Beijing has increased from 57.6 % in 1980 to 86.3 % in 2013. Rapid urbanization has an adverse impact on the urban rainfall-runoff processes, which may result in the increase of urban flood risk. In the present study, the major purpose is to investigate the impact of land use/cover change on hydrological processes. The intensive human activities, such as the increase of impervious area, changes of river network morphology, construction of drainage system and water transfer, were considered in this study. Landsat TM images were adopted to monitor urbanization process based on Urban Land-use Index (ULI). The SWMM model considering different urbanized scenarios and anthropogenic disturbance was developed. The measured streamflow data was used for model calibration and validation. Precipitation with different return periods was taken as model input to analyse the changes of flood characteristics under different urbanized scenarios. The results indicated that SWMM provided a good estimation for storms under different urbanized scenarios. The volume of surface runoff after urbanization was 3.5 times greater than that before urbanization; the coefficient of runoff changed from 0.12 to 0.41, and the ratio of infiltration decreased from 88 to 60 %. After urbanization, the time of overland flow concentration increased while the time of river concentration decreased; the peak time did not show much difference in this study. It was found that the peak flow of 20-year return-period after urbanization is greater than that of 100-year return-period before urbanization. The amplification effect of urbanization on flood is significant, resulting in an increase of the flooding risk. These effects are especially noticeable for extreme precipitation. The results in this study will provide technical support for the planning and management of urban storm water and the evaluation on Low Impact Development (LID) measures.
The Pollino 2012 seismic sequence: clues from continuous radon monitoring
Authors: Piersanti Antonio , Cannelli Valentina , Galli Gianfranco
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The 2012 Pollino (Calabria, Italy) seismic sequence, culminating in the Mw 5.2 earthquake of October 25, 2012, is investigated exploiting data collected during a long term continuous radon monitoring experiment performed in the epicentral area from late 2011 to the end of 2014. We analyze data collected both using a phenomenological approach based on quantitative evidence and a purely numerical analysis including: i) correlation and cross-correlation investigations; ii) an original approach aimed to limit the impact of meteorological parameters variations on the interpretation of measured radon levels; iii) a change point analysis; iv) the implementation of an original detection algorithm aimed to highlight the connections between radon emission variations and major seismic events occurrence. Results from both approaches suggest that radon monitoring stations can be subject to massive site effects, especially regarding rainfall, making data interpretation harder. The availability of long term continuous measurements is crucial to precisely assess those effects. Nevertheless, statistical analysis shows a viable approach for quantitatively relating radon emanation variations to seismic energy release. Although much work is still needed to make radon timeseries analysis a robust complement to traditional seismological tools, this work has identified a characteristic variation in radon exhalation during the preparation process of large earthquakes.
The increasing snow cover in the Amur River Basin from MODIS observations during 2000–2014
Authors: Wang Xianwei , Zhu Yuan , Chen Yaning , Zheng Hailing , Liu Henan , Huang Huabing , Liu Kai , Liu Lin
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The study applies the improved cloud-free Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectral radiometer (MODIS) daily snow cover product (MODMYD_MC) to analyze the snow cover variations from snow Hydrologic Year (HY) HY2000 to HY2013 in the Amur River Basin (ARB), northeast Asia. The fractions of forest cover were 38 %, 63 % and 47 % in 2009 in China (the southern ARB), Russia (the northern ARB) and ARB, respectively. Forest demonstrates complex influences on the snow accumulation and melting processes and on optical satellite snow cover mapping. Validation results show that MODMYD_MC has a snow agreement of 88 % against in situ snow depth (SD) observations (SD≥4cm). The agreement is about 10 % lower at the forested stations than at the non-forested stations. Snow Cover Durations (SCD) from MODMYD_MC are 20 days shorter than ground observations (SD ≥ 1 cm) at the forested stations, while they are just 8 days shorter than ground observations (SD ≥ 1 cm) at the non-forested stations. Annual mean SCDs in the forested areas are 21 days shorter than those in the nearby farmland in the SanJiang Plain. SCD and Snow Cover Fraction (SCF) are negatively correlated with air temperature in ARB, especially in the snow melting season, when the mean air temperature in March and April can explain 86 % and 74 % of the mean SCF variations in China and Russia, respectively. From 1961 to 2015, the annual mean air temperature presented an increase trend by 0.33 ℃/decade in both China and Russia, while it had a decrease trend during the study period from HY2000 to HY2013. The decrease of air temperature resulted in an increase of snow cover although the increase of snow cover was not significant above the 90 % confidence level. SCD and SCF had larger increase rates in China than in Russia, and they were larger in the forested area than in the nearby farmland in similarly climatic settings in the SanJiang Plain. Air temperature began to increase again in 2014 and 2015, and the increasing air temperature in ARB projects a decrease of snow cover extent and periods in the coming years.
Metáforas del amor en la poesía de la Grecia antigua (I): la épica y la lírica arcaicas
Authors: Hualde Pascual Pilar
Published: May 2016

Partiendo del concepto de metáfora cognitiva, que complementa al más conocido de metáfora literaria, y analizando la base conceptual que a ambas subyace, pretendemos un cuidadoso análisis de los textos de poesía épica y lírica arcaicas, sin olvidar la importancia fundamental del contexto cultural en que estos surgen, para obtener una mejor comprensión de la forma en que los griegos conceptualizaban el sentimiento amoroso.
The Plutarch’s Motive of "Descensus Animae" in "Nag Hammadi and the Corpus Hermeticum"
Authors: Muñoz Gallarte Israel
Published: May 2016

Al evaluar los contactos de Plutarco con otras culturas contemporáneas, los investigadores todavía no han llegado a un consenso acerca de la relación entre el queronense y la literatura cristiano-primitiva. Un buen ejemplo de esto aparece al atender al motivo de la creación del alma humana. La intención de las próximas páginas es, tras un análisis de los textos plutarqueos, atender a estos posibles contactos con NHC, los heresiólogos y el Corpus Hermeticum a fin de dilucidar sus similitudes y diferencias.
Eclipses, razón y superstición en las vidas de Nicias y Dión de Plutarco
Authors: Sapere Analía V.
Published: May 2016

A partir de un abordaje retórico-literario, nuestro objetivo es indagar las representaciones discursivas de los elementos supersticiosos en la biografía de Nicias y en la de Dión. Tomaremos como ejemplo el eclipse de luna narrado en Nicias 23 y reiterado en Dión 24, para demostrar que mediante la repetición del ejemplo en dos contextos distintos Plutarco nos invita a reflexionar sobre la superstición de un modo más atractivo que la mera exposición teórica de doctrinas filosóficas.
The magical transformation contest in the ancient storytelling tradition
Authors: Konstantakos Ioannis M.
Published: May 2016

El concurso de transformación mágica, esquema narrativo difundido en la tradición popular, se presenta en dos variantes principales: los hechiceros que compiten pueden metamorfosearse en varios seres o crear esos seres por medios mágicos. En cualquier caso el concursante ganador da a luz criaturas más fuertes que superan las de su oponente. La segunda variante fue preferida en el antiguo Cercano Oriente (Sumeria, Egipto, Israel). La primera se puede encontrar en algunos mitos griegos sobre cambiadores de forma (por ejemplo, Zeus y Némesis). El mismo esquema narrativo puede haber influido en un episodio de la Novela de Alejandro (1.36-38), en el que Darío envía regalos simbólicos a Alejandro y los dos monarcas enemigos ofrecen contrastantes explicaciones de ellos. Esta historia griega racionaliza el concurso de cuento de hadas, transfiriendo las fantásticas hazañas de creaciones milagrosas a un plano secundario pero realista de metáfora lingüística.
The Relationship between Phonemic Segmentation Skill and EFL Word Recognition - A Review of Literature
Authors: Alhumsi Mohammad Husam , Affendi Ahmad
Published: May 2016

Beginning readers apparently face difficulties when they are to learn English language skills, particularly reading skill. This research paper reviews the literature regarding the relationship between the skill of phonemic segmentation and EFL word recognition. It addresses three main issues: the position of phonemic segmentation skill in literature, the relation between phonological awareness and ability to read, and the skill of word recognition and learning to read. The aim of this paper is to precisely explore the nature of the relation of phonemic segmentation skill and beginning readers’ word recognition. The leading research question for this paper is: What is the relationship between the skill of phonemic segmentation and beginning readers’ EFL word recognition? To answer the research question, the researcher will review literature to explore that relation. The researcher will conclude that the relationship between the skill of phonemic segmentation and word recognition has received substantial concern in literature. It has significant effects on learning to read as well. Calls for implications, recommendations and intervention programs will be presented accordingly. 
Move Analysis of Research Article Abstracts: A Cross-Disciplinary Study
Authors: Darabad Ali Mohammadi
Published: May 2016

The present paper aims at investigating the formation of research article abstracts in terms of their rhetorical structure. To this end, three Applied Linguistics, Applied Mathematics, and Applied Chemistry journals have been selected. The main focus of the analysis was put on the rhetorical structure – the moves and steps employed in each specific abstract. The authors' self-mention, voice, and tense of the verbs included in each move were also inspected. Therefore, a total of 63 abstract (21 published abstracts from each field) from credited international journals were randomly selected and assigned for analysis. The Five-Move Model by Hyland (2000) was chosen as a basic model for the analysis. Accordingly, the constituent moves and steps were examined and recognized in the categories of selected abstracts. The obtained results were scrutinized and consequently the leading move patterns of each discipline, specific moves and steps, voice and tense of verbs hired in each move, and the authors' self-mention alternations were identified. Finally, the pedagogical implications for the expert teachers working in the fields of Discourse analysis (DA), English for Academic Purposes (EAP), and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) are presented.
Eurobalise-Train communication modelling to assess interferences in railway control signalling systems
Authors: Rodriguez Lara , Pinedo Christian , Lopez Igor , Aguado Marina , Astorga Jasone , Higuero Marivi , Adin Iñigo , Bistué Guillermo , Mendizabal Jaizki
Published: May 2016

The evolution of the railway sector depends, to a great extent, on the deployment of advanced railway signalling systems. These signalling systems are based on communication architectures that must cope with complex electromagnetical environments. This paper is outlined in the context of developing the necessary tools to allow the quick deployment of these signalling systems by contributing to an easier analysis of their behaviour under the effect of electromagnetical interferences. Specifically, this paper presents the modelling of the Eurobalise-train communication flow in a general purpose simulation tool. It is critical to guarantee this communication link since any lack of communication may lead to a stop of the train and availability problems. In order to model precisely this communication link we used real measurements done in a laboratory equipped with elements defined in the suitable subsets. Through the simulation study carried out, we obtained performance indicators of the physical layer such as the received power, SNR and BER. The modelling presented in this paper is a required step to be able to provide quality of service indicators related to perturbed scenarios.
Nederlands burgerschap op basis van een ‘sexuliere’ identiteit
Authors: Wagenvoorde Renée
Published: May 2016

Dutch citizenship based on ‘sexular’ identity. The exclusionary effects of Dutch integration policies

This article argues that the increasingly negative attitude towards religion in Dutch society correlates with how the government understands the notion of citizenship. While citizenship used to be understood in a broad and liberal sense, the interpretation of the notion has been narrowed down. Nowadays, citizenship is understood in a cultural-nationalist way, with an emphasis on progressive values, especially concerning sexual-ethical themes. The article shows that the focus on a ‘sexular’ identity as characteristic of good citizenship carries important implications for dealing with religion and religious orthodoxy. A multi-dimensional interpretation of citizenship offers alternatives for an inclusive society
Bekering als asielmotief
Authors: Haar Kezia , Douma Gieneke
Published: May 2016

Claimed conversion in an asylum procedure

A foreign national can be granted asylum if he has made it plausible that he is persecuted in his country for reasons related to religion. In order to make his asylum motives plausible, an applicant must declare consistently and coherently. There cannot be any doubt as to his identity or his asylum motives. A claimed convert has to declare convincingly about his conversion and has to demonstrate a broad knowledge of his Faith. Often, pastors and churches write testimonies stating the conversion is genuine. These letters are important, but never a decisive factor.
Het beoordelingskader van rituele jongensbesnijdenis
Authors: Wahedi Sohail
Published: May 2016

The assessment framework of ritual male circumcision

What are the grounds to tolerate ritual male circumcision? This article elaborates on the legal and political assessment frameworks of male circumcision and answers the question whether and why ritual male circumcision should be tolerated in liberal democracies.
The contributions of the three-dimensional cartography for geomorphologic studies in small watersheds of the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil
Authors: Silva Kaique Brito , Rego Neylor Alves Calasans , Mattos Jonatas Batista , Santos José Wildes Barbosa
Published: May 2016

This  research  is  mainly  aimed  to  identify  the  geological  and  geomorphological  structure  of watersheds  that  influence  some  of  the  processes  of  hydrology,  from  a  3D  model,  created  with tweens  numerical  terrain  models  and  satellite  images.  The  study  area  represented  located  in Northeastern  Brazil,  state  of  Bahia,  municipality  of  Lençóis  and  makes  reference  to  three watersheds. The  creation  of  the model was  based  on  the manipulation  of  altimetry  data  from  of images orbital’s  interferometric  the Topodata and SRTM projects, with  the  support of  the  images QuickBird,  plus  some  field  campaigns  of  investigation  and  use  of  the  Navigation  System  and Global positioning (GPS - GNSS).In possession of these data ,have been applied specific techniques of  remote  sensing  and  geoprocessing  in  GIS  with  ArcGIS  10.1  software.  With  the  use  of geostatistics tools, using filters and optimal arrangement of spectral bands was possible to extract a greater number of information physical and environmental and propose a three-dimensional model that simulates the shapes of the land in a watershed. The results show that with the modeling three-dimensional was  possible  to  identify with  a  good  accuracy  level,  the  slope,  types  of  topographic compartments, structural geology of faults through lineaments and deformation and the dynamics of runoff  and  infiltration  the hydrographic  system. With  such  a model  is  also  evident  in  the  intense correlation structural geology, compartments and hydrological processes.
Average daily flow estimate using the model mobile media in the watershed of Uruçuí Preto river - PI, Brazil
Authors: Medeiros Raimundo Mainar de
Published: May 2016

The estimate of runoff in watersheds is of great importance for planning, management and conservation of natural resources. However, this estimate is complex from the point of view of the spatial variability of the variables under study, without considering the scarcity of streamflows in watersheds. Knowledge of a rainfall-runoff model that is suitable for a watershed is of fundamental importance to the success of this estimate as well as the development of projects within the basin. Thus, the aim of this study was to use the IPH II model to estimate the daily mean streamflows in Uruçuí Preto river basin (BHRUP). The correlation coefficient between observed and calculated streamflows was 0.95 and the mean square error was equal to 8.2%. The mean square error was influenced by peak of flows was not made during the calibration process. Through simulation it was found that the BHRUP was occupied with 100% pasture, there would be increased soil moisture and as a result there would be major flood peaks with more severe and frequent flooding.
Analysis of spatial variation of height of tree in urban area, using lidar data
Authors: Galvíncio Josiclêda Domiciano , Oliveira Tiago Henrique de , Moura Magna Soelma Beserra de , Costa Valéria Sandra de Oliveira
Published: May 2016

Estimate with greater precision the height of plants has been a challenge for the scientific community working with this theme. The objective this study is to evaluate the spatial variation of tree heights at different spatial scales to areas of the city of Recife, such as LiDAR remote sensing data. The LiDAR data were processed in QT Modeler (Quick Terrain Modeler v. 8.0.2) software from Applied Imagery. The Treevaw software was utilized to estimate the heights and diameters of plants. The results obtained for height of tree in area vegetable in this study with lidar and treevaw were consistent with public data of field. For area with different alvos, urban area, have confusion between tree and line electric. But, this problem can be resolved with clean this confuse data. It is possible analyze the height of tree in urban area with lidar and Treevaw. This type of process can help in fast obtain data and information of structural characterization of tree in urban area.
Experiments on the Surface Area of a Sphere
Authors: Flores Alfinio
Published: May 2016

Students use flexible rods to cover a sphere and derive the formula for the surface area.
No Child Left Unchallenged
Authors: Beigie Darin
Published: May 2016

Design lightbulb questions for your students using these six simple methods.
Neurons and the Process Standards
Authors: Zambo Ron , Zambo Debby
Published: May 2016

A series of tasks with the mathematical structure of a Chickens and Pigs problem can change children's brains as they connect new learning to prior knowledge.
Creating digital partnerships with parents
Authors: Ross Melissa A.
Published: May 2016

Technology is one answer to the challenge of getting information to parents by giving them a virtual window into your classroom, granting them access when they hit a roadblock helping their children with homework, or simply keeping them abreast of the current content and strategies you are teaching. Websites and blogs can give them unlimited access to their child's learning at any time that fits their personal schedule.
Direct digital manufacturing of autonomous centrifugal microfluidic device
Authors: Ukita Yoshiaki , Takamura Yuzuru , Utsumi Yuichi
Published: May 2016

This paper presents strategies that attempt to solve two key problems facing the commercialization of microfluidics: cost reduction in microfluidic chip manufacturing and microfluidic device driver development. To reduce the cost of microfluidic chip manufacturing, we propose to use of three-dimensional (3D) printers for direct digital manufacturing (DDM). An evaluation of 3D micro-scale structure printing using several 3D printers is reported, and some of the technical issues to be addressed in the future are suggested. To evaluate micro-scale printing, three types of 3D printers, with the ability to print structures on the scale of several hundred meters, were selected by first screening six 3D printers. Line and space patterns with line widths of 100–500 µm and an aspect ratio of one were printed and evaluated. The estimated critical dimension was around 200 µm. The manufacturing of a monolithic microfluidic chip with embedded channels was also demonstrated. Monolithic microfluidic chips with embedded microchannels having 500 × 500 and 250 × 250 µm2 cross sections and 2–20 mm lengths were printed, and the fidelity of the channel shape, residual supporting material, and flow of liquid water were evaluated. The liquid flow evaluation showed that liquid water could flow through all of the microchannels with the 500 × 500 µm2 cross section, whereas this was not possible through some of the channels with the 250 × 250 µm2 cross section because of the residual resin or supporting material. To reduce the device-driver cost, we propose to use of the centrifugal microfluidic concept. An autonomous microfluidic device that could implement sequential flow control under a steadily rotating condition was printed. Four-step flow injection under a steadily rotating condition at 1500 rpm was successfully demonstrated without any external triggering such as changing the rotational speed.
Neighborhood Child Opportunity and Preterm Birth Rates by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Belanoff Candice , Black Adriana , Ncube Collette N. , Acevedo-Garcia Dolores , Almeida Joanna
Published: September 2024

Importance

In the US, infants born to non-Hispanic Black birthing parents are 50% more likely to be born preterm than those born to non-Hispanic White birthing parents, and individual-level factors do not fully account for this inequity. Neighborhood context, rooted in historic patterns of structural racism, may facilitate understanding patterns of inequity in preterm birth.

Objective

To estimate the association between neighborhood opportunity level, measured by the Child Opportunity Index (COI), and preterm birth among infants in Massachusetts.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional, population-based study, Massachusetts birth certificates from 3 large metropolitan areas (Boston, Springfield, and Worcester) were linked to US Census tract–level data from the COI, and log binomial regression models and generalized estimating equations were fit to examine associations of different levels of opportunity with preterm birth. Singleton infants born in Massachusetts between February 1, 2011, and December 31, 2015, were included. Analyses were originally conducted in 2019 and updated in 2024.

Exposure

Level of child opportunity (measured by the COI) at the US Census tract level. Race and ethnicity were ascertained from the birth certificate, as reported by the birthing parent.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Live birth before 37 completed weeks’ gestation.

Results

The analytic dataset included 267 553 infants, of whom 18.9% were born to Hispanic, 10.1% to non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, 10.1% to non-Hispanic Black, and 61.0% to non-Hispanic White birthing parents. More than half of infants born to non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic birthing parents were born into very low opportunity neighborhoods, and in crude models, this was associated with greater prevalence of preterm birth relative to very high opportunity neighborhoods (prevalence ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.37-1.52). After adjustment for covariates, infants born into very low opportunity neighborhoods still had a greater prevalence of preterm birth (prevalence ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of neighborhood opportunity and preterm birth, elevated risk associated with exposure to a very low opportunity neighborhood, coupled with the disproportionate exposure by race and ethnicity, points to a modifiable factor that may contribute to racial and ethnic inequities in preterm birth. Future research should investigate interventions that seek to address neighborhood opportunity.
Fully Transparent Epitaxial Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor Fabricated at Back‐End‐of‐Line Temperature by Suboxide Molecular‐Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Hensling Felix V.E. , Vogt Patrick , Park Jisung , Shang Shun‐Li , Ye Huacheng , Wu Yu‐Mi , Smith Kathleen , Show Veronica , Azizie Kathy , Paik Hanjong , Jena Debdeep , Xing Huili G. , Suyolcu Y. Eren , van Aken Peter A. , Datta Suman , Liu Zi‐Kui , Schlom Darrell G.
Published: September 2024

Transparent oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) are an important ingredient of transparent electronics. Their fabrication at the back‐end‐of‐line (BEOL) opens the door to novel strategies to more closely integrate logic with memory for data‐intensive computing architectures that overcome the scaling challenges of today's integrated circuits. A recently developed variant of molecular‐beam epitaxy (MBE) called suboxide MBE (S‐MBE) is demonstrated to be capable of growing epitaxial In2O3 at BEOL temperatures with unmatched crystal quality. The fullwidth at halfmaximum of the rocking curve is 0.015° and, thus, ≈5x narrower than any reports at any temperature to date and limited by the substrate quality. The key to achieving these results is the provision of an In2O beam by S‐MBE, which enables growth in adsorption control and is kinetically favorable. To benchmark this deposition method for TFTs, rudimentary devices were fabricated.
“Was Menschen bewegt, die etwas bewegen”
Authors: Manning Vivien
Published: September 2024

Vivian Manning ist seit August 2024 Geschäftsführerin der VDI Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik und Chemie‐Ingenieurwesen (GVC). Sie studierte Fahrzeugtechnik und war seit etwa 13 Jahren im Bereich Weiterbildung zunächst für die technische Akademie Wuppertal und seit 2016 für das VDI Wissensforum tätig. Als neue GVC‐Geschäftsführerin will die Ingenieurin die Gesellschaft weiter voran bringen.
Sicherheitssystem für Magnetkupplungspumpen
Authors: Buthmann Lukas
Published: September 2024

Steigen die Anforderungen beim Transport von Flüssigkeiten an die Sicherheit, hat der Anwender in der Regel die Wahl zwischen Spaltrohrmotor‐ und Magnetkupplungspumpen. Beide haben ihre Vor‐ und Nachteile. Ein neu entwickelter Spalttopf mit Überwachungssystem hebt die Magnetkupplungspumpe auf ein neues Sicherheitsniveau und erleichtert die Entscheidung.
Evaluation of Middle Cerebral Artery Culprit Plaque Inflammation in Ischemic Stroke Using CAIPIRINHA‐Dixon‐TWIST Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Niu Junxia , Ran Yuncai , Chen Rui , Zhang Yan , Zhang Yong , Yang Qi , Cheng Jingliang
Published: September 2024

Background

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) plaques are a leading cause of ischemic stroke (IS). Plaque inflammation is crucial for plaque stability and urgently needs quantitative detection.

Purpose

To explore the utility of Controlled Aliasing in Parallel Imaging Results in Higher Acceleration (CAIPIRINHA)‐Dixon‐Time‐resolved angiography With Interleaved Stochastic Trajectories (TWIST) (CDT) dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) for evaluating MCA culprit plaque inflammation changes over stroke time and with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Ninety‐four patients (51.6 ± 12.23 years, 32 females, 23 DM) with acute IS (AIS; N = 43) and non‐acute IS (non‐AIS; 14 days < stroke time ≤ 3 months; N = 51).

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T, CDT DCE‐MRI and three‐dimensional (3D) Sampling Perfection with Application optimized Contrast using different flip angle Evolution (3D‐SPACE) T1‐weighted imaging (T1WI).

Assessment

Stroke time (from initial IS symptoms to MRI) and DM were registered. For 94 MCA culprit plaques, Ktrans from CDT DCE‐MRI and enhancement ratio (ER) from 3D‐SPACE T1WI were compared between groups with and without AIS and DM.

Statistical Tests

Shapiro–Wilk test, Bland–Altman analysis, Passing and Bablok test, independent t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, Chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with the area under the curve (AUC), DeLong's test, and Spearman rank correlation test with the P‐value significance level of 0.05.

Results

Ktrans and ER of MCA culprit plaques were significantly higher in AIS than non‐AIS patients (Ktrans = 0.098 s−1 vs. 0.037 s−1; ER = 0.86 vs. 0.55). Ktrans showed better AUC for distinguishing AIS from non‐AIS patients (0.87 vs. 0.75) and stronger negative correlation with stroke time than ER (r = −0.60 vs. −0.34). DM patients had significantly higher Ktrans and ER than non‐DM patients in IS and AIS groups.

Data Conclusion

Imaging by CDT DCE‐MRI may allow to quantitatively evaluate MCA culprit plaques over stroke time and DM.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Using palm oil residue for food nutrition and quality: from palm fatty acid distillate to vitamin E toward sustainability
Authors: Pramana Angga , Kurnia Dihan , Firmanda Afrinal , Rossi Evy , AR Nur Hasnah , Putri Vivin Jenika
Published: September 2024

Increasing global palm oil production yields a valuable palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) – a rich vitamin E (Vit‐E) source and multifunctional ingredient in the food agro‐industry – that can be utilized to achieve sustainability. This article reviews trends in the use and role of PFAD and its Vit‐E in the food sector and proposes an integrated agro‐industrial concept toward sustainability. Vit‐E can be separated from PFAD with diverse and impactful pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer and anti‐ultraviolet effects. Based on in vivo experimental tests, PFAD and Vit‐E supplementation can enhance the productivity and quality of livestock‐based food products. PFAD is a plasticizer and antistatic packaging material in food packaging systems, and its derivatives can be used as food additives. Meanwhile, the Vit‐E molecule in packaging can extend food shelf life by maintaining color stability, reducing lipid oxidation and rancidity, adding antimicrobial properties, and influencing changes in packaging properties such as water vapor, tensile strength, melting point and other physical properties. Toward sustainability, an integrated agro‐industrial design has been proposed to implement clean production, increase the added value of palm oil industry residues, minimize environmental risks and increase profits to achieve long‐term social welfare. In conclusion, PFAD residues and their Vit‐E content have shown broad benefits in the food sector and prospects toward sustainability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Evolving intersections: AI, disability, and academic integrity in higher education
Authors: Jafry Azeezah , Vorstermans Jessica
Published: September 2024

In this article, we investigate the critical intersections of AI, academic integrity, and disability in the context of a large undergraduate course. Our aim was to adapt the course to respond to generative AI (GenAI) to avoid entrenching barriers for students, and instead teach them how to use GenAI tools in ways that deepen their learning and uphold academic honesty. Grounded in disability justice and access pedagogies, we outline five design goals centered on guidelines for AI usage, education on responsible AI use, revised assessments, support for teaching assistants (TAs), and accessible materials. These activities are detailed in our methodology. In our findings, we provide a critical reflection of the course adaptation, taking up issues such as varying levels of familiarity with GenAI, students’ capacity to engage with course changes, resistance to GenAI, instructors’ relational shifts to AI, and feelings of demoralization among the teaching team. We conclude by offering practical recommendations for educators, calling for learning communities to view this disruption as an invitation to listen to disabled students.
Dynamical Behaviour and Strength of Structural Elements with Regeneration Induced Imperfections and Residual Stresses
Authors: Berger Ricarda , Rolfes Raimund
Published: September 2024

Repair techniques allow to refurbish blades of jet engines and extend the service life of engine components. However, the mechanical properties of the repaired blades commonly differ from those of the nominal blades. The changes in vibration behaviour and stress distribution resulting from the repair processes could significantly impair the structural integrity of blades. This work addresses this evaluation of repair-specific influences on the structural integrity of blades of blade-integrated disks (blisks). Numerical methods are employed to model and analyse the structural changes of different repair designs. Using Finite Element (FE) simulations, the influences of different repair techniques and designs are systematically evaluated and compared. To further improve the maintenance procedures of blisks, a computational scheme is developed, which features the optimization of repair designs according to the inspected damage of the blade. Since the corresponding optimization tasks involve multiple conflicting objectives, multi-objective optimization is carried out to identify Pareto-optimal repair designs.
Fast Measurement of Complex Geometries Using Inverse Fringe Projection
Authors: Middendorf Philipp , Kästner Markus , Reithmeier Eduard
Published: September 2024

The inspection in confined spaces, for instance inside aircraft engines, is currently performed manually, since the inspection approaches cannot be sufficiently automated. Using a novel sensor system based on the borescopic fringe projection method, such small installation spaces can be inspected with high precision 3D measurements. This provides a basis for a standardization of the inspection processes during maintenance cycles. In order to automate the inspection process, an approach to plan measurement strategies based on ray tracing simulations of the optical measurement is presented. By taking multiple reflections and the corresponding reconstruction failures into account suitable measurement poses are identified. Finally, an in-situ measurement approach to assess the condition of (aero engine) turbine blades and derived damages is presented.
Non-destructive Characterization of Coating and Material Conditions of Heavily Stressed Turbine Components
Authors: Weiss Maximilian K.-B. , Barton Sebastian , Maier Hans Jürgen
Published: September 2024

This study presents non-destructive testing techniques for the fast assessment and detailed characterization of turbine blades. Different inspection techniques were developed to realize a flexible and adaptive inspection sequence. In addition to an initial inspection, the advantages of this inspection system with regard to quality assurance measures are also discussed. In this context, the focus is on regeneration. Furthermore, fatigue tests with combined non-destructive testing techniques are presented and the benefit of this new approach for in-situ monitoring of the microstructural evolution is shown.
Resilience-Based Decision Criteria for Optimal Regeneration
Authors: Salomon Julian , Broggi Matteo , Beer Michael
Published: September 2024

Complex capital goods, such as jet engines, are critical to the functioning of modern societies. These sys- tems are exposed to various threats that cannot be prevented entirely. Thus, the concept of resilience – encompassing reliability as well as robustness and recovery in the presence of a disruptive event – is combined with efficient reliability methods to support decision making for complex capital goods. As fundamental step, the current work addresses the generation of a functional model from a physical model based on sensitivity analyses. The developed resilience analysis framework is applied to this model in order to derive conclusions supporting decision maker while incorporating monetary and technical aspects. A combination with the concept of survival signature allows efficient reliability analysis in repeated model evaluations. A novel methodology is developed by amalgamating the non-intrusive stochastic simulation method and the concept of survival signature leading to an significant reduction of the computational effort when considering mixed uncertainties.
Process Chain for Condition-Based Regeneration
Authors: Nuebel Nicolas , Seume Joerg R. , Denkena Berend
Published: September 2024

The regeneration of complex capital goods is dominated by manual labor and experience-based decisions about machining measures. The functional condition, which describes how well a part performs its task, is unknown before and after regeneration. Instead, the target geometries for the regeneration are based on continuity constraints and subjective assessments. In this study, a new type of process chain for condition- based regeneration is developed that selects the machining measures based on the achievable functional condition, the production effort as well as customer requirements. This allows a targeted and efficient decision on a regeneration process based on the customer requirements for the functional condition. A proof-of-concept process chain was successfully built to demonstrate the feasibility of this novel approach. It was shown that the concept is realizable with currently available technologies and that the functional assessment has minor influence on the regeneration time.
Dexterous Regeneration Cell
Authors: Denkena Berend , Schumacher Tim , Hein Markus
Published: September 2024

Complex capital goods such as components from aircraft engines or gas and steam turbines usually have free-form geometry features, individual material deposits, and poor machining accessibility. The recontouring of these components requires increased machine and process flexibility. In sub-project B2, “Dexterous Regeneration Cell”, a dexterous milling repair cell was researched, representing a central component of the real regeneration path in the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 871. “Dexterousness” is understood as the ability to carry out a self-optimizing, best possible repair machining. The combination of advanced methods for process design, novel machine tool technologies and adaptive machining functionalities allows the reliable 5-axis recontouring of individual damage cases despite repair-specific variances, influences from upstream processes, and flexibility of the workpiece or tool. In this paper, a force model is created using artificial intelligence to determine variances. Further process knowledge is obtained to minimize shape deviations. Furthermore, the displacement in the recontouring process of turbine blades is carried out with the help of a magnetically guided spindle.
Institutional Differentiation of Public Service Provision in Japan: Corporatisation, Privatisation, and Re-municipalisation
Authors: Matsunami Jun
Published: September 2024

The modern Japanese government has remained ‘small’ in terms of the number of public employees by developing several ways to provide public services. Before World War II, Japan created public enterprises, special companies, public corporations, and other legal entities. Many companies were contracted to the government to provide public services. Industrial associations played an important role in regulating industrial sectors. Local governments followed the central government in providing public services. At the grassroots level, neighbourhood organisations played important roles in providing information from the government and complementing public service provision by local governments. Public service provisions by quasi-governmental and non-governmental organisations continued after World War II. Public corporations were established to develop infrastructure and welfare services. Local governments also established local public corporations. In recent years, administrative reforms have converted the provision of some public services by the public sector into provision by the private sector. Public corporations were privatised and reorganised. An Incorporated Administrative Agency (IAA) was created. At the local government level, public service provisions by non-governmental bodies were expanded by the Designated Management System (DMS). Thus, institutional differentiation of public service provision allowed the Japanese government to remain small.
Control and Evaluation
Authors: Yamaya Kiyoshi
Published: September 2024

At the end of the twentieth century, the Japanese government began using evaluation as a means of ensuring accountability, and controlling the public administration became synonymous with accountability. This chapter will explain the history and current situation of such evaluation and point out its problems. In Japan, control of public administration became a system that uses various methods to pursue various accountabilities. And New Public Management (NPM) has also influenced the system. The way of thinking about control by traditional laws and regulations has also continued, and therefore, a problem (“overload of accountability”) arose. Based on those things, this chapter will introduce the proposals that Japanese government adopted to continue evaluation.
Internationalization and Japanese Public Administration
Authors: Shiroyama Hideaki
Published: September 2024

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan began to build a modern state as a latecomer. Operating under international regimes, Japan proceeded to build an administrative state while referring to models provided by various other countries. The behavioral pattern of modifying and selecting aspects of models provided by Western countries in line with conditions in Japan constitutes a basic behavioral pattern characteristic of public administration in Japan. This chapter analyzes the development of public administration in Japan starting in the second half of the nineteenth century from the perspective of the interaction between the international regimes and domestic dynamism across three stages: the construction of a modern state under unequal treaties, reforms carried out during the Occupation regime under the GHQ (General Headquarters of the Allied Powers), and reforms carried out in response to external pressure for internationalization and globalization. In addition, the division of roles among multiple levels of government corresponding to international, national, and local frameworks and the institutional choices that are made at each level in the context of the modern operations of public administration in Japan will be examined in accordance with specific examples of the domestic implementation of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement.