bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of quantum circuits in Linear Nearest neighbor Model using Positive Davio Lattices
Authors: Perkowski Marek , Lukac Martin , Shah Dipal , Kameyama Michitaka
Published: October 2011

We present a logic synthesis method based on lattices that realize quantum arrays in One-Dimensional Ion Trap technology. This means that all gates are built from 2x2 quantum primitives that are located only on neighbor qubits in a one-dimensional space (called also vector of qubits or Linear Nearest Neighbor (LNN) architecture). The Logic circuits designed by the proposed method are realized only with 3*3 Toffoli, Feynman and NOT quantum gates and the usage of the commonly used multi-input Toffoli gates is avoided. This realization method of quantum circuits is different from most of reversible circuits synthesis methods from the literature that use only high level quantum cost based on the number of quantum gates. Our synthesis approach applies to both standard and LNN quantum cost models. It leads to entirely new CAD algorithms for circuit synthesis and substantially decreases the quantum cost for LNN quantum circuits. The drawback of synthesizing circuits in the presented LNN architecture is the addition of ancilla qubits.
Reverse convertor design for the 4-moduli set {2ⁿ -1,2ⁿ, 2ⁿ +1,2²ⁿ+¹ -1} based on the mixed-radix conversion
Authors: Stamenkovic Negovan , Jovanovic Bojan
Published: October 2011

The residue number system (RNS) is an integer system capable of supporting high speed concurrent arithmetic. One of the most important consideration when designing RNS system is reverse conversion. The reverse converter for recently proposed for the four-moduli set {2? -1,2?, 2? +1,2??+? -1} is based on new Chinese remainder theorems II (New CRT-II) [6]. This paper presents an alternative architecture derived by Mixed-Radix conversion for this four-moduli set. Due to the using simple multiplicative inverses of the proposed moduli set, it can considerably reduce the complexity of the RNS to binary converter based on the Mixed-Radix conversion. The hardware architecture for the proposed converter is based on the adders and subtractors, without the needed ROM or multipliers.
New approach in realization of laboratory exercises in the subject programmable logic devices in the system for electronic learning: Moodle
Authors: Kuk Kristijan , Prokin Dragana , Dimic Gabrijela , Stanojevic Boris
Published: October 2011

In this work we present a new approach in teaching the subject Programmable logic devices with the use of Moodle platform. A special accent is put on implementation of a multimedia laboratory guide, the contents and conception of which facilitate realization of practical tasks related to designing, implementation and testing of hardware in the development environment Quartus II, which includes a software package and UP2 development system and is used in laboratory exercises in the third grade of basic studies at College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in Belgrade. Specific characteristics of the multimedia laboratory guide lie in a possibility of parallel operation of a video tutorial and real software package, with full simulation of the hardware environment for design testing.
High order surface impedance boundary conditions with the A-ø formulation
Authors: Ida Nathan , Lemenach Yvonnic , Henneron Thomas
Published: October 2011

Surface impedance boundary conditions (SIBCs) of high order of approximations basd on the Rytov method are introduced and implemented in the A-? finite element formulation. With first order elements, only first and second order approximations for the surface impedance are possible. Third order SIBCs require second order (or higher) finite elements. The order of approximation is not limited but only orders up to three are practical and useful. The method was implemented in an existing FEM code and results are shown to validate its use and accuracy.
Static force characteristics of electromagnetic actuators for Braille screen
Authors: Yatchev Ivan , Hinov Krastio , Balabozov Iosko , Krasteva Kristina
Published: October 2011

Several constructions of electromagnetic actuators with moving permanent magnet for Braille screen are studied. All they are formed from a basic one that consists of two coils, core and moving permanent magnet. The finite element method is used for modeling of the magnetic field and for obtaining the electromagnetic force acting on the mover. The static force-stroke characteristics are obtained for four different constructions of the actuator. The constructions with ferromagnetic disc between the coils ensure greater force than the ones without disc and can reach the required minimum force.
Mathematical 3D modelling and real-time simulation of Tesla's wireless controlled vehicle: Boat
Authors: Vuckovic Vladan , Stojanovic Nikola
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the basic principles of the mathematical 3D modeling and simulation of the Tesla's wireless controlled moving vehicle Tesla boat. This is one of the most complex Tesla's inventions. We have constructed detailed 3D model of the invention and added most of the functionality to the model according to the original patent.
The role of the local populace in the development of ecotourism: The views of residents of Vojvodina cities on the Danube
Authors: Pajvancic Ana , Markov Slobodanka
Published: October 2011

Recent trends in the development of tourism are redirecting attention away from mass tourism toward alternative forms, harmonized with the principle of sustained development of tourism. As a form of alternative tourism, ecotourism is based on combining nature visits with nature conservation. Along with the development of ecotourism, there is also a growing awareness that the receiving population must no longer be viewed as a passive receiver of tourism but as a factor of its development, shaping and sustainability. That is why, in planning ecotourism development, it is necessary to analyze the potential of the local population to take part in its realization. As there has been a lack of research of this problem within our own environment, the work analyzes the results of the research of the ecological awareness of residents of Vojvodina cities in the Danube basin, with special emphasis placed on views regarding ecotourism. The assumption of the work is that, without a developed ecological consciousness and informedness of the local population regarding the potentials and benefits of ecotourism, the development of this branch of tourism cannot be adequately carried out.
Jurisdiction of state administration in the procedure of issuing travel documents
Authors: Loncar Zoran
Published: October 2011

Under the new law on travel documents, in addition to authority that has the Government of Serbia, in terms of issuing travel documents and a shared competence between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs depending on the type of travel document in question. Ministry of Foreign Affairs is authorized to issue a diplomatic passport, official passport and travel document, while all other travel documents are issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When it comes to the passport as the most important travel document the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is fully established. Diplomatic and Consular Missions of the Republic of Serbia abroad can now only receive requests for passport, but the issuance of travel documents of this type is exclusive jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Such jurisdiction of the state administration in the process of issuing travel documents, along with other novelties which significantly modernize this kind of special administrative procedures should in practice very quickly enable the efficient issuance of travel documents, thus achieving the complete freedom of movement as one of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution to the citizens of the Republic of Serbia.
Has the Academic Performance of Low Socioeconomic Students and Students from Ethnic Minorities Improved in the Subject of Economics over the First Five Years of a Standards-Based Assessment Regime?
Authors: Agnew Stephen
Published: October 2011

This article aims to establish whether the first five years of full implementation of the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) has seen improvement in the achievement of students from low socioeconomic status (SES) schools, and from ethnic minorities, in the subject of economics. The findings show that the academic performance of low-SES students in economics has significantly worsened from 2004 to 2008. When data are stratified by ethnicity and SES status, Asian students have seen an increase in academic performance in economics across all SES groupings. Pacific Island students have seen no significant change in their academic performance in economics for low-and medium-decile school students, but a significant improvement in academic performance for students from high-decile schools. Maori students have seen significant improvement in academic performance in economics in medium- and high-decile schools, but have experienced a significant deterioration in academic performance in low-decile schools. There has also been a large decrease in the number of students from low-SES schools taking the subject of economics. This raises questions around the relevance and suitability of the current secondary school economics curriculum to low-SES students, as well as around its suitability for the new NCEA assessment regime.
The Role of Perceived Self-Efficacy in the Development of Musical Ability: What Can the Study of Successful Musicians Tell Us about Teaching Music to Able Children?
Authors: Jaap Angela , Patrick Fiona
Published: October 2011

The role of perceived self-efficacy is important to human social development and to learning in general, but how it relates to music talent development is not well understood. This article explores the concept of perceived self-efficacy as it relates to the development of musical talent by considering what is meant by the concepts of high ability in music and self-efficacy, and by discussing the results of interviews with successful professional musicians. The interview data suggest the need for four aspects of self-efficacy to be present in order to fully develop talent: individual judgement of capability; a belief that outcomes are tied to individual actions; self-regulation of activities related to learning; and persistence in the face of difficulties. The implications of this for music teaching are also discussed.
The Democratisation Process and Classroom Teaching in Nigeria
Authors: Oluniyi Oyeleke
Published: October 2011

Democratisation has become a household concept in Nigeria following the collapse of military rule. It is not out of place to link democracy in Nigeria to the wave of democratisation blowing across the globe, especially in Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe following the end of the cold war, with the collapse and fragmentation of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). This article looks at some of the difficulties for democratic action in Nigeria. The importance of teaching democratic values in schools is recognised, and some topics used to provide curricular support for learning about participatory democracy are outlined. An investigation into methods for classroom teaching is described and some advice offered for policy makers and curriculum planners.
Trends in biodiversity research over two decades: paradigmatic finders keepers?
Authors: France Robert
Published: October 2011

Trends in biodiversity research over two decades: paradigmatic finders keepers?

Biodiversity research has been criticized for displaying the "founder effect" and not deviating in terms of study topic from the course set by its founding terrestrial ecologists more than three decades ago. I tested this hypothesis by examining over four thousand papers published between 1987 and 2008 in three international journals, Conservation Biology, Biological Conservation, and Biodiversity and Conservation. Analysis of temporal trends in types of organisms studied, types of ecosystems studied, types of methodologies used, and types of stresses investigated, revealed that there has been little movement away from the origins of the profession as being primarily concerned with the effects of forest habitat loss on charismatic terrestrial megafauna.
Application of the ISSR method to estimate the genetic similarity of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy Greek populations to Triticum and Secale species
Authors: Grądzielewska Agnieszka
Published: October 2011

Application of the ISSR method to estimate the genetic similarity of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy Greek populations to Triticum and Secale species

In the study, the genetic similarity between Dasypyrum villosum L. (P.) Candargy and Triticum L. and Secale L. species was studied on the basis of ISSR markers. As a very polymorphic, effective and reproducible method, ISSR can be successfully employed to evaluate polymorphism between and inside different species. The polymorphic information content values (PIC) of ISSR method ranged from 0.57 to 0.87, with the mean value of 0.7. The genetic similarity of the forms analyzed ranged from 0.27 to 0.97, with the mean value of 0.47, indicating their high diversity. A higher similarity of Dasypyrum villosum to Triticum species, in comparison with Secale was found - the mean Dice genetic similarity index between genera was calculated at 0.40 for Dasypyrum and Triticum, and at 0.31 for Dasypyrum and Secale.
Allergenic invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Poland: threat and selected aspects of biology
Authors: Tokarska-Guzik Barbara , Bzdęga Katarzyna , Koszela Katarzyna , Żabińska Izabela , Krzuś Barbara , Sajan Małgorzata , Sendek Agnieszka
Published: October 2011

Allergenic invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Poland: threat and selected aspects of biology

The study presents the current state of research on Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Poland within its wider scientific background and gives the results of some field and laboratory investigations. This annual plant is characterised by a high level of production of seeds, easily dispersed by different vectors. Ragweed pollen is a strong allergen considered to be one of the most dangerous pollen allergens in the world. Being a serious hazard to human health, it is also considered as an "environmental weed" causing economic threat. The main aim of the study is to verify the status of the species in the flora of Poland, to assess the threat and discuss possibilities to prevent its future spread.
Catastrophizing During and After Pregnancy: Associations With Lumbopelvic Pain and Postpartum Physical Ability
Authors: Olsson Christina B. , Grooten Wilhelmus J.A. , Nilsson-Wikmar Lena , Harms-Ringdahl Karin , Lundberg Mari
Published: October 2011

Background

There is a lack of knowledge about the possible role of catastrophizing in lumbopelvic pain during and after pregnancy and in postpartum physical ability.

Objective

The aims of this study were to explore how catastrophizing fluctuates over time during and after pregnancy and to investigate the associations between catastrophizing and lumbopelvic pain and between catastrophizing and postpartum physical ability.

Design

A prospective questionnaire was used.

Methods

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale was used to assess exaggerated negative thoughts about pain experiences in weeks 19 to 21 and weeks 34 to 37 of pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. The Disability Rating Index was used to assess physical ability at 6 months postpartum. The occurrence of lumbopelvic pain was reported by participants. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used for the analyses.

Results

A total of 242 of 324 women were categorized according to reported levels of catastrophizing. A majority of women (57.9%) reported not catastrophizing at all test occasions, whereas 10.3% reported catastrophizing at all occasions. For the remaining 31.8%, the levels of catastrophizing varied over time. Women who catastrophized at 1 or more of the occasions reported higher proportions of postpartum lumbopelvic pain and had more restricted postpartum physical ability than women who did not catastrophize.

Limitations

The fact that some women did not complete the questionnaire at all test occasions might have reduced the generalizability of the results.

Conclusions

The common idea that levels of catastrophizing are “stable” within personality should be reconsidered, because for 1 of 3 women, the levels of catastrophizing changed over time. A majority of women reported not catastrophizing. However, catastrophizing in relation to pregnancy seems to be associated with lumbopelvic pain and postpartum physical ability. The results indicated that the role of catastrophizing in this context should be studied further.
Reliability and Construct Validity of Self-Report Questionnaires for Patients With Pelvic Girdle Pain
Authors: Grotle Margreth , Garratt Andrew M. , Krogstad Jenssen Hanne , Stuge Britt
Published: October 2011

Background

There is little evidence for the measurement properties of instruments commonly used for women with pelvic girdle pain.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of instruments used for women with pelvic girdle pain.

Design

This was a cross-sectional methodology study, including test-retest reliability assessment.

Methods

Women with pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy and after delivery participated in a postal survey that included the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Disability Rating Index (DRI), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and 8-item version of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36). Test-retest reliability was assessed with a random subsample 1 week later. Internal consistency was assessed with the Cronbach alpha, and test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and minimal detectable change (MDC). Construct validity based on hypotheses was assessed by correlation analysis. Discriminant validity was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

All participants responded to the main (N=87) and test-retest (n=42) surveys. Cronbach alpha values ranged from .88 to .94, and ICCs ranged from .78 to .94. The MDC at the individual level constituted about 7% to 14% of total scores for the 8-item version of the SF-36, ODI, and PGQ activity subscale; about 18% to 22% for the DRI, PGQ symptom subscale, and PCS; and about 25% for the FABQ. Hypotheses were mostly confirmed by correlations between the instruments. The PGQ was the only instrument that significantly discriminated participants who were pregnant from participants who were not pregnant as well as pain locations.

Limitations

A comparison of responsiveness to change of the various instruments used in this study was not undertaken, but will be carried out in a future study.

Conclusions

Self-report instruments for assessing health showed good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity for women with pelvic girdle pain. The PGQ was the only instrument with satisfactory discriminant validity, thus, it is recommended for evaluating symptoms and disability in patients with pelvic girdle pain.
Granulomatous lesions of the skin
Authors: Gautam K , Pai RR , Bhat S
Published: October 2011

Background: Granulomatous skin lesions often present as a diagnostic challenge to dermatopathologists due to various modes of presentation and identical histological picture produced by several causes. The aim of the study was to study different granulomatous skin lesions and to determine the relative frequency, the level of clinicopathologic concordance and to compare our results with those of other workers. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of skin biopsies received over a period of two years from January 2007 to December 2008; was performed, and cases of granulomatous dermatitis reported on histopathological examination were reviewed along with special stains. Results: Out of a total of 1590 skin biopsies 106 (6.67%) cases were found to have a granulomatous reaction. It was common in males (63.21%) with most occurring in the fourth to fifth decades. Majority of cases (79 cases, 74.5%) were categorized as infectious granulomatous lesions with predominance of leprosy (63 cases, 79.7%) followed by tuberculosis (6 cases, 7.6%). An overall clinicopathologic concordance was seen in 97% of cases of leprosy. Conclusion: In this study leprosy is the most common cause of granulomatous skin lesions. It can be concluded that histopathology plays an important role in classification of leprosy, and in diagnosis and management of a variety of granulomatous skin diseases. Special stains play a supportive role in infectious granulomas. Keywords: Granulomatous skin lesion; Leprosy; Skin biopsy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v1i2.5397 JPN 2011; 1(2): 81-86
Analysis of mediastinal lesions: a study of 27 cases
Authors: Karki S , Chalise S
Published: October 2011

Background: Mediastinum is a site of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, many of which present as mediastinal masses. The purpose of this study was to study our institutional experience of mediastinal lesions on fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 27 patients, who had undergone fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy for mediastinal lesions from April 2009 to November 2010 in the Department of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital. All details of the patients pertinent clinical history was obtained from case record file in the department. Results: Out of 27 cases, 18 cases (66.6%) were benign and 7 (26%) were malignant and 2 (7.4%) were inconclusive. Among the malignant lesions, primary tumors constituted 71.5% of cases while metastases were 28.5%. Most of the lesions were seen in the anterior compartment followed by the posterior compartment. Age range was 4 months to 70 years with a mean age of 35.5 years. Thymoma (8 cases) was the commonest lesion seen in mediastinum followed by germ cell tumor and neurogenic tumor. Conclusion: Benign mediastinal lesions are more common than malignant lesions with thymoma being the most commonly diagnosed mediastinal lesion. Keywords: Mediastinum; Germ cell tumor; Thymoma; Non Hodgkin Lymphoma DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v1i2.5404 JPN 2011; 1(2): 114-117
Comparative analyses of cytohistologic techniques in diagnoses of lung lesions
Authors: Tuladhar A , Panth R , Joshi AR
Published: October 2011

Background: The use of cytological methods in the diagnosis of malignant lesions of the respiratory tract has been generally acclaimed as one of its most successful applications. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy revolutionized respiratory cytology, as bronchial brushings, broncho-alveolar lavage and bronchial forceps biopsy became more easy, accessible and popular, shifting the emphasis from diagnosis of advanced malignancy in inoperable patients to the use of cytology as a first line diagnostic and management tool. Respiratory tract cytology is well established throughout the world as a diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of patient with suspected lung malignancy. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients divided in two groups who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy during the period from November 2007 to October 2008 at the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Unit, Bir Hospital. Group I consisted of 35 cases of suspected lung malignancy on clinical and radiological examination, while group II consisted of 15 cases of non-neoplastic lung diseases. Results: Bronchial brushing and forceps biopsy showed a sensitivity of 50% and 84.21% respectively in the diagnosis of malignancy. Broncho-alveolar lavage revealed malignancy in 66.7% patients. Transthoracic needle aspiration had the highest sensitivity of 100% whereas bronchial wash was revealed malignancy only in 17.4% of the cases. Conclusion: Combination of various cytohistological techniques complements each other and enhances the diagnostic efficacy of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases. Bronchial brushing, forceps biopsy and transthoracic needle aspiration are complimentary in diagnosis of various lung malignancies whereas broncho-alveolar lavage is a useful procedure in detection of infections diseases. Keywords: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy; Lund cancer; Infection; Cytohistologic technique DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v1i2.5407 JPN 2011; 1(2): 126-130
Myelodysplastic syndrome: classification and changing concept
Authors: Ghosh A
Published: October 2011

Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of clonal disorders having wide range of outcome. Its classification and concept have been changed over time with better understanding of its prognosis and clinical significance. The first standard classification was FAB classification which came in 1982. It was based on findings on peripheral blood and bone marrow. Later in 2001, WHO incorporated clinical data into it and proposed a modified classification. The 2001 WHO classification made several criteria and entities more precise based on inputs from several studies. New terminologies (e.g., refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia) and new group (e.g., myelodysplastic / myeloproliferative disorder) have been introduced and group like ‘refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation’ was removed. Again in 2008, in collaboration with European Association for Haematopathology and the Society for Hematopathology, as well as considering several recommendations from a group of clinical experts, WHO published a revised and updated classification. In the latest MDS classification, the clinical implications of different groups have been given more importance and also the role of cytogenetics has been re-evaluated. Several groups were again redefined (e.g., myelodysplastic syndrome – unclassified, refractory anemia with excess blasts) or eliminated (e.g., refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia and ringed sideroblasts) or newly introduced (e.g., refractory cytopenia with unilineage dysplasia). Childhood MDS was considered separately as demanded by several pediatric hematologists. It was also emphasized that the diagnosis and classification of MDS mainly require identification of dysplastic morphological features, routine stains and correlation with clinical data rather than cytogenetics which may be necessary only in rare cases. Keywords: Myelodysplastic syndrome; Refractory anemia; Ring sideroblasts; MDS classification DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v1i2.5410 JPN 2011; 1(2): 142-150
Adenomyoepithelioma of breast
Authors: Pradhan S , Yadav RP
Published: October 2011

Adenomyoepithelioma is rare tumors of the breast. It is a benign tumor with balanced proliferation of both epithelial and myoepithelial cells. This benign tumor is known for its recurrences and metastatic potential. Hence accurate diagnosis with close follow up is mandatory. We present a case report on a young lady with adenomyoepithelioma who presented with well defined small nodules in her right breast. Keywords: Adenomyoepithelioma; Myoepithelial cells DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v1i2.5412 JPN 2011; 1(2): 154-157
AN efficient algorithm for the bottleneck product rate variation problem with precedence constraints
Authors: Dhamala TN
Published: October 2011

We consider the problem of obtaining an optimal mixed-model sequence under the just-in-time environment. Industrial applications include the production planning, real-time scheduling, response time variability and networking. The single-level problems are already solved, but they are strongly NP-hard in the multi-levels. Here, we study a bottleneck product rate variation problem with a general objective where a given set of sequences serves as chain constraints. We extend the previous result of a similar problem with min-max deviation objective in single- level. We present a pseudo-polynomial algorithm that obtains an optimal solution for the considered objective. The results are valid for precedence constraints. Keywords: integer programming; just-in-time sequencing; mixed-model systems; bottleneck product rate variation; precedence constraints. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3126/kuset.v7i1.5423 KUSET 2011; 7(1): 63-73
A common fixed point theorm for six expansive mappings in G-metric spaces
Authors: Rao KPR , Sombabu A , Prasad J Rajendra
Published: October 2011

In this paper we obtain a unique common fixed point theorem for six expansive mappings in G –metric spaces.   AMS 2000 Subject classification : 47 H 10; 54 H 25.   Key words : Expansive mappings; G –metric space; Weakly compatible mappings DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3126/kuset.v7i1.5428 KUSET 2011; 7(1): 113-120
Preoperative mucosal tolerance to brain antigens and a neuroprotective immune response following surgical brain injury
Authors: Ayer Robert E. , Jafarian Nazanin , Chen Wanqiu , Applegate Richard L. , Colohan Austin R. T. , Zhang John H.
Published: October 2011

Object

Intracranial surgery causes cortical injury from incisions, hemorrhage, retraction, and electrocautery. The term “surgical brain injury” (SBI) has been developed to categorize this injury inherent to the procedure. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in SBI. Traditional antiinflammatory therapies are often limited by their immunosuppressive side effects and poor CNS penetration. This study uses mucosal tolerance to develop an immune system that is tolerant to brain myelin basic protein (MBP) so that inflammation can be suppressed in a timely and site-specific manner following surgical disruption of the blood-brain barrier.

Methods

A standard SBI model using CD57 mice was used. Nasopharyngeal mucosa was exposed to vehicle, ovalbumin, or MBP to develop mucosal tolerance to these antigens. Immunological tolerance to MBP was confirmed in vivo through hypersensitivity testing. Neurological scores, cerebral edema, and interleukin (IL)–1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1 cytokine levels were measured 48 hours postoperatively.

Results

Hypersensitivity testing confirmed the development of immune tolerance to MBP. Myelin basic protein–tolerant mice demonstrated reduced neurological injury, less cerebral edema, decreased levels of IL-1β, and increased levels of TGFβ1 following SBI.

Conclusions

Developing preoperative immunological tolerance to brain antigens through mucosal tolerance provides neuroprotection, reduces brain edema, and modulates neuroinflammation following SBI.
An Inexact Mix-Integer Two-Stage Linear Programming Model for Supporting the Management of a Low-Carbon Energy System in China
Authors: Liu Ye , Huang Guohe , Cai Yanpeng , Dong Cong
Published: October 2011

In view of the great contribution of coal-fired units to CO2 emissions, the coupled coal and power system with consideration of CO2 mitigation is a typical sub-system of the highly emitting Chinese energy system for low-carbon studies. In this study, an inexact mix-integer two-stage programming (IMITSP) model for the management of low-carbon energy systems was developed based on the integration of multiple inexact programming techniques. Uncertainties and complexities related to the carbon mitigation issues in the coupled coal and power system can be effectively reflected and dealt with in this model. An optimal CO2 mitigation strategy associated with stochastic power-generation demand under specific CO2 mitigation targets could be obtained. Dynamic analysis of capacity expansion, facility improvement, coal selection, as well as coal blending within a multi-period and multi-option context could be facilitated. The developed IMITSP model was applied to a semi-hypothetical case of long-term coupled management of coal and power within a low-carbon energy system in north China. The generated decision alternatives could help decision makers identify desired strategies related to coal production and allocation, CO2 emission mitigation, as well as facility capacity upgrade and expansion under various social-economic, ecological, environmental and system-reliability constraints. It could also provide interval solutions with a minimized system cost, a maximized system reliability and a maximized power-generation demand security. Moreover, the developed model could provide an in-depth insight into various CO2 mitigation technologies and the associated environmental and economic implications under a given reduction target. Tradeoffs among system costs, energy security and CO2 emission reduction could be analyzed.
Self-Assembling Peptide Surfactants A6K and A6D Adopt a-Helical Structures Useful for Membrane Protein Stabilization
Authors: Zhuang Furen , Oglęcka Kamila , Hauser Charlotte A. E.
Published: October 2011

Elucidation of membrane protein structures have been greatly hampered by difficulties in producing adequately large quantities of the functional protein and stabilizing them. A6D and A6K are promising solutions to the problem and have recently been used for the rapid production of membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We propose that despite their short lengths, these peptides can adopt α-helical structures through interactions with micelles formed by the peptides themselves. These α-helices are then able to stabilize α-helical motifs which many membrane proteins contain. We also show that A6D and A6K can form β-sheets and appear as weak hydrogels at sufficiently high concentrations. Furthermore, A6D and A6K together in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can form expected β-sheet structures via a surprising α-helical intermediate.
A New Languidulane Diterpenoid from Salvia mexicana var. mexicana
Authors: Frontana-Uribe Bernardo Antonio , Escárcega-Bobadilla Martha Verónica , Estrada-Reyes Rosa , Morales-Serna José Antonio , Salmón Manuel , Cárdenas Jorge
Published: October 2011

From the aerial parts of Salvia mexicana var. mexicana, two C-10 epimers (α and β) of salvimexicanolide were isolated. Our interpretation of the data, especially the 13C NMR, led us to conclude that the previously described 13C-NMR spectrum of the α-epimer was not accurately assigned and it actually corresponds to the β-epimer. The structures proposed for the salvimexicanolides were verified by means of NOESY experiments. Dugesin B, arbutin, naringenin and the mixture of oleanolic and ursolic acids were also isolated from this Salvia spp.
Fabrication of Size-Tunable Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plasmid DNA as a Biomolecular Reactor
Authors: Samson Jacopo , Piscopo Irene , Yampolski Alex , Nahirney Patrick , Parpas Andrea , Aggarwal Amit , Saleh Raihan , Drain Charles Michael
Published: October 2011

Plasmid DNA can be used as a template to yield gold, palladium, silver, and chromium nanoparticles of different sizes based on variations in incubation time at 70 °C with gold phosphine complexes, with the acetates of silver or palladium, or chromium acetylacetonate. The employment of mild synthetic conditions, minimal procedural steps, and aqueous solvents makes this method environmentally greener and ensures general feasibility. The use of plasmids exploits the capabilities of the biotechnology industry as a source of nanoreactor materials.
Effect of Micronutrient and Probiotic Fortified Yogurt on Immune-Function of Anti-Retroviral Therapy Naive HIV Patients
Authors: Hummelen Ruben , Hemsworth Jaimie , Changalucha John , Butamanya Nicodemus L. , Hekmat Sharareh , Habbema J. Dik F. , Reid Gregor
Published: October 2011

Background: Micronutrient supplementation has been shown to reduce the progression of HIV but does not have an effect on the intestinal barrier or the intestinal microbiota of HIV patients. Studies have suggested that probiotics could potentially complement micronutrients in preserving the immune-function of HIV patients. Objective: Assess the impact of micronutrient supplemented probiotic yogurt on the immune function of HIV patients. Design: We performed a randomized, double blind, controlled trial with CD4 count as primary outcome among HIV patients naïve to anti-retroviral treatment. Secondary outcomes included hematological parameters, incidence of diarrhea and clinical symptoms. A total of 112 HIV patients were randomized to receive a micronutrient fortified yogurt with (n = 55) or without additional probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (n = 57) for four weeks. Results: An average decline in CD4 count of −70 cells/μL (95% CI: −154 to −15) was observed in the micronutrient, probiotic group versus a decrease of −63 cells/μL (95% CI: −157 to −30) in the micronutrient control group (p = 0.9). Additional probiotic supplementation was well tolerated and not associated with adverse events. No difference between groups was detected in incidence of diarrhea or clinical symptoms. An improvement of hemoglobin levels was observed for all subjects, based upon a mean difference from baseline of 1.4 g/L (SD = 6) (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The addition of probiotics to a micronutrient fortified yogurt was well tolerated by HIV patients but was not associated with a further increase in CD4 count after one month.
Feasibility of Invasive Grass Detection in a Desertscrub Community Using Hyperspectral Field Measurements and Landsat TM Imagery
Authors: Olsson Aaryn D. , Van Leeuwen Willem J.D. , Marsh Stuart E.
Published: October 2011

Invasive species’ phenologies often contrast with those of native species, representing opportunities for detection of invasive species with multi-temporal remote sensing. Detection is especially critical for ecosystem-transforming species that facilitate changes in disturbance regimes. The African C4 grass, Pennisetum ciliare, is transforming ecosystems on three continents and a number of neotropical islands by introducing a grass-fire cycle. However, previous attempts at discriminating P. ciliare in North America using multi-spectral imagery have been unsuccessful. In this paper, we integrate field measurements of hyperspectral plant species signatures and canopy cover with multi-temporal spectral analysis to identify opportunities for detection using moderate-resolution multi-spectral imagery. By applying these results to Landsat TM imagery, we show that multi-spectral discrimination of P. ciliare in heterogeneous mixed desert scrub is feasible, but only at high abundance levels that may have limited value to land managers seeking to control invasion. Much higher discriminability is possible with hyperspectral shortwave infrared imagery because of differences in non-photosynthetic vegetation in uninvaded and invaded landscapes during dormant seasons but these spectra are unavailable in multispectral sensors. Therefore, we recommend hyperspectral imagery for distinguishing invasive grass-dominated landscapes from uninvaded desert scrub.
Application of Terahertz Radiation to Soil Measurements: Initial Results
Authors: Dworak Volker , Augustin Sven , Gebbers Robin
Published: October 2011

Developing soil sensors with the possibility of continuous online measurement is a major challenge in soil science. Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic radiation may provide the opportunity for the measurement of organic material density, water content and other soil parameters at different soil depths. Penetration depth and information content is important for a functional soil sensor. Therefore, we present initial research on the analysis of absorption coefficients of four different soil samples by means of THz transmission measurements. An optimized soil sample holder to determine absorption coefficients was used. This setup improves data acquisition because interface reflections can be neglected. Frequencies of 340 GHz to 360 GHz and 1.627 THz to 2.523 THz provided information about an existing frequency dependency. The results demonstrate the potential of this THz approach for both soil analysis and imaging of buried objects. Therefore, the THz approach allows different soil samples to be distinguished according to their different absorption properties so that relations among soil parameters may be established in future.
Collaborative Localization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks with Reduced Localization Error
Authors: Sahoo Prasan Kumar , Hwang I-Shyan
Published: October 2011

Localization is an important research issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Though Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used to locate the position of the sensors, unfortunately it is limited to outdoor applications and is costly and power consuming. In order to find location of sensor nodes without help of GPS, collaboration among nodes is highly essential so that localization can be accomplished efficiently. In this paper, novel localization algorithms are proposed to find out possible location information of the normal nodes in a collaborative manner for an outdoor environment with help of few beacons and anchor nodes. In our localization scheme, at most three beacon nodes should be collaborated to find out the accurate location information of any normal node. Besides, analytical methods are designed to calculate and reduce the localization error using probability distribution function. Performance evaluation of our algorithm shows that there is a trade off betweendeployed number of beacon nodes and localization error, and average localization time of the network can be increased with increase in the number of normal nodes deployed over a region.
Ultra-Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Oil and Gas: Energy Return on Financial Investment and a Preliminary Assessment of Energy Return on Energy Investment
Authors: Moerschbaecher Matthew , Day Jr. John W.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this paper is to calculate the energy return on financial investment (EROFI) of oil and gas production in the ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in 2009 and for the estimated oil reserves of the Macondo Prospect (Mississippi Canyon Block 252). We also calculated a preliminary Energy Return on Investment (EROI) based on published energy intensity ratios including a sensitivity analysis using a range of energy intensity ratios (7 MJ/$, 12 MJ/$, and 18 MJ/$). The EROFI for ultra-deepwater oil and gas at the well-head, ranged from 0.019 to 0.022 barrels (BOE), or roughly 0.85 gallons, per dollar. Our estimates of EROI for 2009 ultra-deepwater oil and natural gas at the well-head ranged from 7–22:1. The independently-derived EROFI of the Macondo Prospect oil reserves ranged from 0.012 to 0.0071 barrels per dollar (i.e., $84 to $140 to produce a barrel) and EROI ranged from 4–16:1, related to the energy intensity ratio used to quantify costs. We believe that the lower end of these EROI ranges (i.e., 4 to 7:1) is more accurate since these values were derived using energy intensities averaged across the entire domestic oil and gas industry. Time series of the financial and preliminary EROI estimates found in this study suggest that the extraction costs of ultra-deepwater energy reserves in the GoM come at increasing energetic and economic cost to society.
Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions in T-2 Toxin Studied Using Solution and Solid-State NMR
Authors: Chaudhary Praveen , Shank Roxanne A. , Montina Tony , Goettel James T. , Foroud Nora A. , Hazendonk Paul , Eudes François
Published: October 2011

The structure of T-2 toxin in the solid-state is limited to X-ray crystallographic studies, which lack sufficient resolution to provide direct evidence for hydrogen-bonding interactions. Furthermore, its solution-structure, despite extensive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies, has provided little insight into its hydrogen-bonding behavior, thus far. Hydrogen-bonding interactions are often an important part of biological activity. In order to study these interactions, the structure of T-2 toxin was compared in both the solution- and solid-state using NMR Spectroscopy. It was determined that the solution- and solid-state structure differ dramatically, as indicated by differences in their carbon chemical shifts, these observations are further supported by solution proton spectral parameters and exchange behavior. The slow chemical exchange process and cross-relaxation dynamics with water observed between the hydroxyl hydrogen on C-3 and water supports the existence of a preferential hydrogen bonding interaction on the opposite side of the molecule from the epoxide ring, which is known to be essential for trichothecene toxicity. This result implies that these hydrogen-bonding interactions could play an important role in the biological function of T-2 toxin and posits towards a possible interaction for the trichothecene class of toxins and the ribosome. These findings clearly illustrate the importance of utilizing solid-state NMR for the study of biological compounds, and suggest that a more detailed study of this whole class of toxins, namely trichothecenes, should be pursued using this methodology.
Age and Total Ribavirin Dose are Independent Predictors of Relapse after Interferon Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis C Revealed by Data Mining Analysis
Authors: Kurosaki Masayuki , Hiramatsu Naoki , Sakamoto Minoru , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Iwasaki Manabu , Tamori Akihiro , Matsuura Kentaro , Kakinuma Sei , Sugauchi Fuminaka , Sakamoto Naoya , Nakagawa Mina , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Izumi Namiki
Published: October 2011

Background

This study aimed to define factors associated with relapse among responders to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy in chronic hepatitis C.

Methods

A cohort of genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients treated with PEG-IFN plus RBV and who had an undetectable HCV RNA by week 12 ( n=951) were randomly assigned to model derivation ( n=636) or internal validation ( n=315) groups. An independent cohort ( n=598) were used for an external validation. A decision tree model for relapse was explored using data mining analysis.

Results

The data mining analysis defined five subgroups of patients with variable rates of relapse ranging from 13% to 52%. The reproducibility of the model was confirmed by internal and external validations (r2=0.79 and 0.83, respectively). Patients with undetectable HCV RNA at week 4 had the lowest risk of relapse (13%), followed by patients <60 years with undetectable HCV RNA at week 5–12 who received ≥3.0 g/kg of body weight of RBV (16%). Older patients with a total RBV dose <3.0 g/ kg had the highest risk of relapse (52%). Higher RBV dose beyond 3.0 g/kg was associated with further decrease of relapse rate among patients <60 years (up to 11%) but not among older patients whose relapse rate remained stable around 30%.

Conclusions

Data mining analysis revealed that time to HCV RNA negativity, age and total RBV dose was associated with relapse. To prevent relapse, ≥3.0 g/kg of RBV should be administered. Higher dose of RBV may be beneficial in patients <60 years.
Eduardo Martínez Torner y la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios en España
Authors: Asensio Llamas Susana
Published: October 2011

El asturiano E. M. Torner (1888-1955) fue el primer musicólogo en integrarse en un organismo de investigación científica de dimensión nacional en España e internacional en Europa. Sus trabajos de recogida, investigaciones, cursos y actividades de divulgación o colaboraciones desde el Centro de Estudios Históricos de la JAE (1910-1939) dejaron una monumental obra de colección y sistematización de materiales musicales y literarios de tradición oral. Asimismo, la gran cantidad de materiales que dejó inéditos, y el ostracismo desarrollado en torno a su figura durante su exilio y posterior muerte, hasta el fin de la dictadura franquista, inducen a pensar a los investigadores que su labor fue mucho más trascendente, especialmente en la década de 1930, tanto a nivel popular como académico. Aquí se relatará su ingreso en la JAE, las investigaciones desarrolladas por él allí, y las actividades de divulgación que llevó a cabo hasta su exilio en Gran Bretaña –exilio debido a sus fuertes lazos políticos con la Segunda República.