bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Role of Nanotechnology and Pharmacogenetics in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases
Authors: Chawla Ruchi , Rani Varsha , Mishra Mohini , Kumar Krishan
Published: May 2021

“One size fits all” is an erroneous paradigm in drug delivery, due to side effects/adverse effects and variability observed in drug response. The variability is a result of geneotypic variations (variability in genomic constitution) which is studied in the branch of science called Pharmacogenomics. The variability in drug response is studied by multigene analysis or profiling of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and is recorded in terms of the pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) and pharmacodynamic (drug-receptor interaction, immune response, etc.) response of the drug. Therefore, a foray into this research area can provide valuable information for designing of drug therapies, identifying disease etiology, therapeutic targets and biomarkers for application in treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Lately, with the integration of pharmacogenomics and nanotechnology, a new facade for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has opened up, and the prescription pattern of drugs has moved to pharmacotyping (individualized dose and dosage-form adjusted therapy) using nanoplatforms like nanobioconjugates, nanotheranostics, etc.
Biomass-Based Carbon Electrodes in the Design of Supercapacitors: An Electrochemical Point of View
Authors: Bazan-Aguilar Antony , O. López Elvis , Ponce-Vargas Miguel , M. Baena-Moncada Angélica
Published: May 2021

The urgent demand of sustainable long-lasting batteries has fostered the improvement of extended-use technologies e.g., Li-ion batteries, as well as the development of alternative energy storage strategies like supercapacitors. In this context, new carbon-based materials were developed to attain higher electrochemical performances, even though several of these materials are not obtained by eco-friendly methods and/or in a considerable amount for practical purposes. However, up-to-date reports stand out the scopes achieved by biomass-based carbon materials as energy storage electrodes combining outstanding physicochemical and electrochemical properties with low-pollutant and low-cost production. On this basis, this chapter will expose several aspects of the synthesis of carbon-based electrodes from biomass, focusing on the influence of their surface properties: porosity, crystallinity, and morphology on their electrochemical performance in supercapacitors.
Anti-VEGF Treatment and Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Vinković Maja , Kopić Andrijana , Benašić Tvrtka
Published: May 2021

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of severe visual loss in middle and old-age population, and often leads to serious deterioration in quality of life. Currently, the first-line treatment for neovascular AMD (nAMD) are intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept and also latest commercially available drug, brolucizumab. During initial examination and imaging and treatment follow-up for patients with nAMD, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to predict and assess the therapeutic response and guide the treatment. Several OCT-based biomarkers, including the central subfoveal thickness (CSFT), the presence of intraretinal cysts (IRCs) or subretinal fluid (SRF), and the presence of pigment epithelial detachment (PED), were found to influence baseline visual acuity or visual improvements. Recent analyses of large randomized control trials (RCTs) summarized the usefulness of these OCT-based biomarkers. However, many of these early studies relied on time-domain OCT to evaluate the retinal structures thus providing less precise evaluation of the retinal details. After introduction of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) which provided high resolution images, recent studies offered new insights in specific morphological changes and their different impact on visual function in nAMD. For example, these advancement in resolution offered new classification of IRCs into degenerative and exudative which impacts treatment strategy and final outcome in the treatment of nAMD. Moreover, the recent data disclose a substantial difference between RCTs and real-world studies regarding the response to anti-VEGF therapy. In conclusions, IRCs and PED are associated with poor visual improvement in nAMD in a realworld setting. Both IRCs and SRF responded better than PED to anti-VEGF therapy. These observations mandate large longitudinal studies focusing on the usefulness of these high resolution SD-OCT biomarkers in real-world situations.
The Diagnosis, Clinical Course, Treatment, and Prevention of the Rabies Virus
Authors: Hopkins Jaida , Sweck Samantha , Richards Sean
Published: May 2021

Rabies, despite available vaccines, causes approximately 55,000 deaths every year. Diagnosing relies on noting physical behaviors such as hydrophobia, vomiting, fever, behavior changes, paralysis, and consciousness, as well as, using several methodologies to molecularly detect the presence of the virus. RABV often enters through a bite wound given that it is transmissible through saliva. Infection spreads from muscle fibers into the peripheral nervous system traveling to the central nervous system. Infection of the central nervous system can lead to encephalitis (furious rabies) or acute flaccid paralysis (paralytic rabies). Treatment relies heavily on the time of exposure. If the patient is diagnosed prior to being symptomatic, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be administered. However, once the patient has begun displaying symptoms, therapy success rates sharply decline. Prevention includes vaccinating during both pre- and post-exposures, as well as utilizing Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE) to aid impoverished countries in declining their rabies mortality rates.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Bali Anjana , Rani Monika
Published: May 2021

The initiation of Crohn’s disease, an inflammatory bowel disease, has been primarily associated with crypt inflammation and abscesses, which further progresses towards the development of mucosal lesion and ulcers followed by mucosal edema. Despite many years of research for the confirmatory role of inflammation in this disease, various pathways and diagnosis for this inflammatory cascade is still unrevealed, which in fact is of utmost importance in the assessment of disease activity and for tailoring the therapy. Till now, various histopathological as well as endoscopic examinations has been found to be effectively and accurately assess inflammatory activity, but they are invasive, time consuming and expensive and therefore are unsuitable for routine use. Consequently, the latest research is focusing on various biomarkers of intestinal inflammation and the corresponding biological therapy. So, this chapter will cover the recent advances in diagnosis and pharmacological therapies for the same.
Facilitating Accessibility: A Study on Innovative Didactic Materials to Generate Emotional Interactions with Pictorial Art
Authors: Carpio de los Pinos Carmen , Galán González Arturo
Published: May 2021

This research has been undertaken to establish criteria for the construction of didactic materials to be experienced through touch (using a three-dimensional model) and hearing (through the provision of an audio description of the chosen painting) to provide learning and emotions. Eleven experts examined the didactic tools in which the scene of the painting had been depicted, through the use of white plastic figures modeled using a 3D printer. The models had been positioned to accurately correspond with the reference painting, with an explanatory narration supplied as an audio recording. Each of the experts involved were asked the same open questions in interviews that were audio-recorded and later transcribed. This feedback was analyzed and eleven concerns for consideration were determined: 1. How the figures felt to touch 2. Modeling and placement of the figure, 3. Position of the character, 4. Size, 5. The accurate 3D depiction of the 2D image, 6. Perspectives or visual points of view of the scene, 7. Enough representation of the painting in the model, 8. Distribution of visual components within the scene, 9. Perceptual appraisals, 10. Size of the model, 11. Touch of the whole model. The results indicated that the size of the model and the figurines was appropriate for their function. The figurines felt pleasant to handle and adequately described the postures and placement. Suggestions for further improvements were including more figurines in the model and adding color (omitted in the test model) to belong an inclusive design.
Functional Capabilities of Coupled Memristor-Based Reactance-Less Oscillators
Authors: V. Rakitin Vladimir , G. Rusakov Sergey
Published: May 2021

New functionalities of reactance-less memristor based oscillators are discussed which arise when two elementary oscillators are connected. It is shown that the system of coupled memristor based oscillators can be used for converting analog and analog-digital signals into binary pulse sequences. The approach to control the thresholds in memristor based oscillators is discussed. Standard control approach in memristor based oscillators is the exploitation of input signal to drive the rate of change in the state of the memristor. In contrast, the main idea of the considered controlling approach is to send the input signal not directly to the memristor device but to the comparator circuit and as result to control oscillator circuit behavior by change of interval of memristor resistor variation. The capabilities of coupled memristor based oscillators with control thresholds are sufficient for constructing the simple circuit elements of oscillatory computing architectures.
Winery By-Products as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries
Authors: Gouvinhas Irene , Barros Ana
Published: May 2021

It is well established in the scientific community that agro-food wastes represent economic advantages and contribute to circular economy. For instance, wine industries of Região Demarcada do Douro involve the production of large quantities of by-products, such as stem, pomace, trimmed vine shoots, or wine lees, presenting a remarkable valuable composition in phytochemicals with putative health-promoting qualities. Nevertheless, the bioactive compounds obtained from these natural sources depends on the extraction process employed. In order to reduce production costs and optimize processes, new technologies—such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)—have been employed to decrease energy consumption and increase the product or process safety/control and quality. This work aims to characterize the phenolic compounds extracted from winery by-products (WBPs), namely grape stems, grape pomace, and wine lees of two grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties (Sousão and Tinta Barroca) from the same geographical site, as well as the antioxidant capacity. Wine lees and grape stems presented the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and the highest antioxidant capacity for Tinta Barroca variety, while grape pomace presented the highest values of these parameters for Sousão variety, demonstrating the high influence of the variety studied. Furthermore, wine lees revealed to be the winery by-product with the lowest antioxidant capacity and content of phenolics. These by-products revealed to be a rich source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacities reveling to be of interest for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Novel Indications of Epigenetic Therapy in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Griffiths Courtney , Bilbao Michelle , Krill Lauren , Ostrovsky Olga
Published: May 2021

Early diagnosis and intervention are some of the longstanding challenges associated with ovarian cancer, which is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. While the majority of patients who present with advanced stage disease at time of diagnosis will initially respond to traditional combination platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery, approximately 70% will ultimately recur due to chemoresistance within the first two years. Intratumor heterogeneity is proposed to be a leading factor in the development of chemoresistance and resultant poorer outcomes for those with recurrent or advanced stage disease. Both inherent and acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance are postulated to be a result of alterations in gene expression, also known as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, epigenetic therapy is a pivotal avenue which allows for reversal of chemoresistance in cancer through the targeting of aberrant mutations. In this chapter, we discuss how these epigenetic modifications prove to be promising targets in cancer therapy leading to heightened drug sensitivity and improved patient survival outcomes.
Uykuda Solunum Bozukluğu Şikayeti Olan 60-75 Yaş Arasındaki Yaşlı Bireylerde Aşırı Kilo / Obezite ve Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu Arasındaki Epidemiyolojik İlişki
Authors: KAYABEKİR Murat
Published: May 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayeti olan 60-75 yaş arasındaki yaşlı bireylerde aşırı kilo/obezite ile obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu (OUAS) ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi ve eşlik eden risk faktörlerinin araştırılmasıdır.

Yöntemler: Uyku ve Elektrofizyoloji Laboratuvarı’ na uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayeti ile başvuran 300 hasta [E/K, 152/148; yaş ortalaması (±SD), 65,2 ± 4,0 yıl]’ ya ait 5 yıllık polisomnografi (PSG) kayıtları ve diğer tanısal verileri incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayetleri olan 60 yaş üstündeki bireylerin sadece 27’ si (%9) OUAS tanısı almamıştır. Geri kalan 273 yaşlı hastanın 81’ i (%27) hafif, 56’ sı (%18,7) orta, 136 (%45,3)’ sı ise ağır derece OUAS tanısı almıştır. Ayrıca 22’ si (%7,3) normal vücut kitle indeksine sahip iken; 64’ ü (%21,3) aşırı kilolu, 161’ i (%53,7) obez, 53’ ü (%17,7) morbid obez olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Toplam morbidite oranlarına bakıldığında %51,3 hipertansiyon, %26,3 diyabet olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Sonuç: Bu kesitsel çalışma uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayeti olan 60 yaş üstü bireylerde; aşırı kilo/obezite/ OUAS sıklığının belirgin olduğunu, aynı yaş grubundaki normal populasyon ile karşılaştırma yapılamamış olsa da, hipertansiyon, diyabet gibi kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerinin bu vakalara eşlik ettiğini göstermiştir.
Deneysel Travmatik Omurilik Hasarında Thymbra Spicata L. Var Spicata ve Cyclotrichium Origanifolium’ un Böbrek Üzerine Koruyucu Etkisinin Araştırılması
Authors: KOÇ DİREK Figen
Published: May 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (zahter) ve Cyclotrichium origanifolium’ un (dağ nanesi) spinal kord travmasından sonra oluşan böbrek hasarı üzerine potansiyel tedavi edici ve koruyucu etkisi araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntemler: Ağırlıkları 250-300 gr arasında değişen 36 adet Wistar Albino erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Her bir grupta 6 adet olacak şekilde 6 gruba ayrıldı. 1.Grup; kontrol, 2.Grup; zahter, 3.Grup; dağ nanesi, 4.Grup; travma, 5.Grup; travma +zahter, 6.Grup; travma+dağ nanesi olacak şekilde oluşturuldu. Travma gruplarına spinal kord üzerine ağırlık düşürme metodu (Allen) uygulanarak travma oluşturuldu. Bir haftanın sonunda bütün sıçanlar Ketamin anestezisi altında kardiyak ponksiyonla kan örnekleri alındıktan sonra feda edilerek böbrek dokusu alındı. Dokuda histopatolojik değişiklikler incelendi. Serumda MDA, kreatinin, BUN (üre), Sodyum (Na) ve Potasyum (K) değerleri ölçüldü.

Bulgular: Böbrek dokusunda histopatolojik inceleme sonucu, travma grubunda glomerüler yapıların atrofiye uğradığı, tübüllerde dejenerasyon olup yapısının bozulduğu, damarlarda konjesyon olduğu ve mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonunun arttığı görüldü. Travma + zahter ile travma + dağ nanesi gruplarında ise travma grubuna göre glomerüler yapılarda düzelme olduğu, yer yer mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonunun düzeldiği görüldü. Serum MDA, BUN (üre), Na ve K değerlerinin travma grubunda diğer gruplara göre artığı (p< 0.05), travma+zahter ve travma+dağ nanesi gruplarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da azaldığı görüldü (p > 0.05). Serum kreatinin düzeyinin ise travma+zahter grubunda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde azaldığı görüldü (p< 0.05).

Sonuç: Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (zahter) ve Cyclotrichium origanifolium’ un (dağ nanesi) omurilik yaralanmasına bağlı böbrek hasarına karşı kısmen etkili olduğu zahterin dağ nanesine göre etkinliğinin daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Morbid Obez Hastalarda Obezite Medikal Tedavi Başarısı ile Başlangıç HbA1c Düzeyi İlişkisi
Authors: GÜVEN Mehmet
Published: May 2021

Giriş: Komorbiditelerin azaltılmasına yönelik başlangıçta %5-10 kilo kaybının obezitede önemli klinik yararları gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, yeni tanı morbid obezlerde üç aylık yaşam tarzı değişikliği ve farmakolojik tedavinin sonunda etkili kilo kaybının bazal klinik parametreler ile öngörülüp öngörülemeyeceği araştırıldı.

Yöntemler: Retrospesifik olarak yapılan bu çalışmada, daha önce bilinen komorbid hastalığı olmayan, 58 yeni tanı morbid obez hastanın üç aylık yaşam tarzı değişikliği ve farmakolojik tedavi sonrasında antropometrik ölçümler, kan basıncı, lipit profili, açlık glukoz ve insülin düzeyi, karaciğer enzimleri ve HBA1c düzeyinin tedavi öncesi ve tedavi sonrasındaki sonuçları karşılaştırıldı. Başlangıca göre kilo kaybı oranları hesaplanıp %5' in altında (grup 1, n = 13), %5–10 (grup 2, n = 24), %10' un üstünde (grup 3, n = 21) kilo kaybedenler olarak gruplandırıldı.

Bulgular: Başlangıç vücut-kitle indeksi medyan 42.78 kg/m2 iken üç ay sonunda medyan 39.96 kg/m2'ye gerilemişti. Medyan kilo kaybı 9 kg (çeyreklerarası aralık, 6–13 kg) bulundu. Ortalama bazal HBA1c düzeyi, grup 3' te en yüksek izlendi. Bazal ortalama HBA1c düzeyi ile kilo kaybı arasında Pearson korelasyon analizine göre pozitif yönde anlamlı korelasyon izlendi (rho: 0.468, p < 0.001). %10' dan fazla kilo kaybını öngörmek için bazal klinik ve laboratuar parametreleri ile multivaryant logistik regresyon analizi oluşturulduğunda sadece bazal HBA1c düzeyi anlamlı bulundu (Odds ratio = 5.2 [%95 Güven aralığı 1.03–26.15], p < 0.05).

Sonuç: Yeni tanı morbid obezlerde üç aylık yaşam tarzı değişikliği ile beraber farmakolojik tedavi verildiğinde başlangıç HBA1c düzeyi yüksek olanlarda daha etkili kilo kaybının olabileceği ön görülebilir.
Of Tragedies and Myths
Authors: Levad Amy ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

A pragmatic turn in Christian ecological ethics and theology suggests a practical approach that draws on the strengths of each of the dominant strategies for responding to environmental degradation: government regulation, privatization, and appeals to conscience. The principle of subsidiarity in Catholic social tradition (CST), which calls for a robust social order that integrates the roles of agents on various levels of society, while delegating specific responsibilities to each level, may provide normative direction for discerning when, how, and why to employ these strategies in response to environmental degradation. This principle recommends the development of effective intermediate institutions to mitigate excessive state and economic power and to serve as outlets for organizing and channeling individual agency, yet CST has not sufficiently fleshed out what such institutions look like, especially when responding to environmental degradation. The work of Nobel-winning political scientist Elinor Ostrom may correct this difficulty with her description of eight design principles of intermediate institutions in numerous ecological, social, cultural, political, and economic contexts.
I, You, We: Community and Fraternity in Buber, Rosenzweig, and Levinas
Authors: Morgan Michael L. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

Levinas’s notion of fraternity and his conception of an ideal human society recover themes from late nineteenth and early twentieth-century social and political thought. In this paper I show how Levinas’s thinking can be illuminated by examining the conceptions of community that we find in Martin Buber’s dialogical thinking and in Franz Rosenzweig’s concept of redemption and redemptive community in The Star of Redemption.
Palliative chemotherapy for advanced gallbladder cancer
Authors: Bravo-Soto Gonzalo A , Brañes Rocío , Peña José , Nervi Bruno
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. Given the lack of therapeutic alternatives for advanced stage patients studies have suggested that palliative chemotherapy could benefit these patients. METHODS We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis, and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified two systematic reviews including two studies overall, of which one was a randomized trial. We concluded that palliative chemotherapy may increase survival in advanced gallbladder cancer patients. However, palliative chemotherapy probably increases adverse effects. In addition, it is essential to carry out a new systematic review, since methodological errors were identified in the analysis and there is new evidence that has not been included in the previous reviews
Cost-utility analysis: Mechanical thrombectomy plus thrombolysis in ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion in the public sector in Chile
Authors: Lenz-Alcayaga Rony , Paredes-Fernández Daniela , Hernández-Sánchez Karla , Valencia-Zapata Juan E.
Published: May 2021

Introduction Several studies demonstrate the therapeutic superiority of thrombolysis plus mechanical thrombectomy versus thrombolysis alone to treat stroke. Objective To analyze the cost-utility of thrombolysis plus mechanical thrombectomy versus thrombolysis in patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. Methods Cost-utility analysis. The model used is blended: Decision Tree (first 90 days) and Markov in the long term, of seven health states based on a disease-specific scale, from the Chilean public insurance and societal perspective. Quality-Adjusted Life-Years and costs are evaluated. Deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic (PSA) analyses were carried out. Results From the public insurance perspective, in the base case, mechanical thrombectomy is associated with lower costs in a lifetime horizon, and with higher benefits (2.63 incremental QALYs, and 1.19 discounted incremental life years), at a Net Monetary Benefit (NMB) of CLP 37,289,874, and an Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) of CLP 3,807,413/QALY. For the scenario that incorporates access to rehabilitation, 2.54 incremental QALYs and 1.13 discounted life years were estimated, resulting in an NMB of CLP 35,670,319 and ICUR of CLP 3,960,624/QALY. In the scenario that incorporates access to long-term care from a societal perspective, the ICUR falls to CLP 951,911/QALY, and the NMB raises to CLP 43,318,072, improving the previous scenarios. In the DSA, health states, starting age, and relative risk of dying were the variables with the greatest influence. The PSA for the base case corroborated the estimates. Conclusions Thrombolysis plus mechanical thrombectomy adds quality of life at costs acceptable for decision-makers versus thrombolysis alone. The results are consistent with international studies.
Research, Reflection and Practice: Learning Lessons about Lessons: Memories of Mathematics Instruction
Authors: Guillaume Andrea M. , Kirtman Lisa
Published: May 2021

“My ninth-grade algebra teacher changed my attitude toward math. He was a dynamic teacher who knew how to make math understandable and relate to real life. I loved going to his class, and soon found myself doing well in math again. It took a while, but gradually I regained my love of math.”
Math by the Month: Healthy Bodies
Authors: Marsh Julia , Loesing Jenine , Soucie Marilyn
Published: May 2021

The “Math by the Month” activities are designed to engage students to think like mathematicians. Students may work on the activities individually or in small groups, or they may be used with the whole class as problems of the week. No solutions are suggested so that students will look to themselves for mathematical justification, thereby developing the confidence to validate their work.
Preparing Preservice Teachers for Inclusive Coteaching: A New Approach for Mathematics Methods Instruction
Authors: Carnell Lisa J. , Tillery Mariann W.
Published: May 2021

How a three-week module was inserted into an elementary mathematics methods course in order to demonstrate co-teaching models for preservice teachers and to provide preservice teachers with instructional strategies for special needs students.
Problem Solvers: Risky Allowance
Authors: Britton Barbara , Tayeh Carla
Published: May 2021

The goal of the “Problem Solvers” department is to foster improved communication among teachers by posing one problem each month for K–6 teachers to try with their students. Every teacher can become an author: pose the problem, reflect on your students' work, analyze the classroom dialogue, and submit the resulting insights to this department. Every teacher can help us all better understand children's capabilities and thinking about mathematics with their contributions to the journal. Remember that even student misconceptions provide valuable information.
Parenting Sense of Competence in Parents of Children with and without Intellectual Disability
Authors: Jandrić Sanja , Kurtović Ana
Published: May 2021

Our study aims to examine the relationship of child’s intellectual disability, parental education, employment and perceived stress with parenting sense of competence (satisfaction and self-efficacy). Three groups of parents (children without intellectual disability, children with mild intellectual disabilities, and children with moderate/severe intellectual disability) completed measures of perceived stress, parenting sense of competence and socio-demographic questions. Results show that child’s intellectual disability affects parenting satisfaction but not parenting self-efficacy. Parental employment predicted parenting satisfaction, but not parenting self-efficacy, while perceived stress predicted parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy. Results further suggest that parental employment moderates the relationship of child's disability with parenting satisfaction and perceived stress. Result suggest a need for interventions aimed at supporting parents in dealing with emotional consequences of their child’s disability.
The development of the system of higher education for women in the United States (the second half of the XIX century)
Authors: Ovcharenko Anastasiia Olegovna
Published: May 2021

The XIX century is the era of fundamental change in the status of American women, which marks non only transformation of the attitude towards woman as an equal subject of social and family relations, but also their pursuit of self-actualization. Such changes among the middle-class American women could not have happened without receiving higher education – as the opportunity for employment and increase of self-consciousness. Special attention is given to the emergence and development of higher education institutions since the first instance of admission to the establishment of the system of education of the American women. The conclusion is made that the changes that took place in the U.S. society after the Civil War and during the industrialization era contributed to the change in the status of American women in the second half of the XIX century. This is the time of establishment of multiple colleges for women; private and public coeducation institutions opened their doors to American women; and the myth of the negative impact of education upon women's health was shattered. Generalization of the foreign sources and research demonstrated the difficulties faced by women during their college and university years, as well as the transformation of attitude of the American society towards the changing status of women with regards to receiving higher education.
Classically Integrable Non-Linear Sigma Models and their Geometric Properties
Authors: Bracken Paul
Published: May 2021

General classes of non-linear sigma models originating from a specified action are developed and studied. Models can be grouped and considered within a single mathematical structure this way. The geometrical properties of these models and the theories they describe are developed in detail. The zero curvature representation of the equations of motion are found. Those representations which have a spectral parameter are of importance here. Some new models with Lax pairs which depend on a spectral parameter are found. Some particular classes of solutions are worked out and discussed.
El rol de las redes sociales para futuros periodistas. Manejo, uso y comportamiento de estudiantes y profesores universitarios de Ecuador
Authors:   Universidad de Valladolid (España), Martínez-Sanz Raquel , Arribas-Urrutia Amaia ,   Universidad de Los Hemisferios
Published: May 2021

Las redes sociales cambian las rutinas productivas, de difusión y de consumo de los medios de comunicación. Los futuros periodistas y sus docentes se enfrentan al desafío de su uso profesional y personal. Esta investigación indaga en los usos, preferencias de consumo y dominio de las redes sociales de estos dos colectivos en varias universidades ecuatorianas. La triangulación metodológica (encuesta, focus group y panel de expertos) aborda la relación que establecen con las redes sociales, el efecto en su día a día y en el quehacer docente. Los resultados revelan que los estudiantes tienen un perfil activo en redes sociales. Usan principalmente el smartphone para visualizar, compartir y crear contenido para entretenerse e informarse y manifiestan interés por formar parte de una comunidad de usuarios. También consideran a las redes sociales como un escaparate profesional y sienten necesidad de cuidar sus espacios digitales. Los docentes ven en las redes sociales un lugar para actualizarse y siguen a profesionales o medios de comunicación de confianza. Su presencia en las redes es limitada, caracterizada por la observación, y no se sienten lo suficientemente formados en tecnologías para su práctica docente, ni que disponen de tiempo para ello.
English‐Only Movement
Authors: Wiley Terrence G.
Published: May 2021

This entry provides a brief history and assessment of the English‐only movement in the USA. It begins with a historical discussion of why no official language was designated at the time of the founding of the republic. It notes differential attitudes toward speakers of languages other than English prior to World War I, but notes a major shift in ideologies related to promoting English and Americanization during that period. Next, it recounts the rise of the more contemporary English‐only movement beginning in the 1980s and a countereffort know as English Plus. The entry notes the successes of the English‐only movement at the state level in passing official English designations in a majority of states. It also reviews literature which assesses some of the ideological underpinnings of the movement. Next, it reviews efforts to promote English‐only instruction at the state level by addressing the efforts to pass voter‐approved propositions in several states, particularly California (Proposition 227) beginning in the late 1990s, and subsequent efforts in Arizona (Proposition 203). The entry next considers the impact of these propositions on language minority students, and concludes with a focus on the reversal of Proposition 227 in California through the passage of Proposition 58 in 2016, and considers prospects for the future.
Poststructuralism
Authors: Norton Bonny , Morgan Brian
Published: May 2021

Drawing on two critical incidents in classroom contexts, this entry makes the case that poststructuralism is relevant to applied linguistics because of three central characteristics. First, poststructuralism constitutes a set of theoretical stances that serve to critique prevailing assumptions regarding the sources and nature of identity, and the rational, humanist subject of the Enlightenment. Second, poststructuralism critiques the conditions and foundations of knowledge, particularly with reference to its apparent objectivity and universal applicability. Third, poststructuralism critiques the representational capacities of language and texts, foregrounding their intertextuality, multivocality, and indeterminacy. Through an analysis of the two critical incidents, the authors highlight how meaning is constructed across time and space, how identities are implicated in meaning making, and how knowledge and power are inextricably linked.
Pragmatics of Asynchronous Computer‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Kitade Keiko
Published: May 2021

Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) refers to communication that occurs when individuals interact with one another by sending messages via networked computers. Asynchronous CMC (ACMC) occurs when messages are exchanged while the users are not online; messages are stored until the user appears online. There are various ACMC modes, including text‐based one‐to‐one (e.g., e‐mail), multiple participants (e.g., Listserv, discussion forums, Twitter, and Wikipedia), and feedback‐oriented (e.g., blogs and Web pages). Furthermore, some audio‐ or audiovisual‐based ACMC media (e.g., Wimba and voicemail) are also available, and many sites enabling multimodal communication forms that combine various types of CMC (e.g., social networking sites [SNSs]) have become popular.

During the early development of ACMC, most studies in pragmatics focused on the specific characteristics of asynchronous media rather than traditional communication modes (e.g., face‐to‐face) and synchronous CMC. However, recent studies in ACMC are paying attention to the interactional practices in various types of ACMC communities, and also attempting to identify the contextually specific pragmatic features (e.g., speech acts and politeness) in each online community by using media affordances and constraints. The findings suggest that expected appropriate linguistic behaviors and innovative strategies for the acts are contextually dependent and that they contribute to widening the field of pragmatics, which has been predominantly developed with traditional communication modes. Furthermore, growing numbers of studies are investigating how bilinguals/multilinguals interact in digital spaces where participants with varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds are required to negotiate the language codes and their identities.
Historical Pragmatics
Authors: Kádár Dániel Z.
Published: May 2021

This entry gives an overview of historical pragmatics, which is a field focusing on the study of historical language use. While to many this area may occur as a highly specialized one, in actual fact it is relevant to many other fields, as “history” does not necessarily mean ancient texts: a news article published a few days ago may as well be historical in a technical sense, and its linguistic analysis may profit from a historical pragmatic approach. The entry explores historical pragmatics from this angle, by first providing an overview of the field and then delivering a case study of how historical pragmatics can be adopted to the analysis of modern texts that seem to have no relationship to history. It is argued that, as there is a sense of “historicity” in language use, practically any interaction that does not take place in front of us and is recorded—that is, any interaction that is mediated—is potentially historical. While there are many approaches that may enable us to study such data, historical pragmatics is key, due to its well‐developed conceptual and methodological analytic repertoire.
RETRACTED: Mechanism of ARPP21 antagonistic intron miR‐128 on neurological function repair after stroke
Authors: Chai Zhaohui , Zheng Peidong , Zheng Jiesheng
Published: May 2021

Objective

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that often causes neurological function defects. ARPP21 is a conserved host gene of miR‐128 controlling neurodevelopmental functions. This study investigated the mechanism of ARPP21 antagonistic intron miR‐128 on neurological function repair after stroke.

Methods

Expressions of ARPP21 and miR‐128 in stroke patients were detected. The mouse neurons and astrocytes were cultured in vitro and treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). The OGD‐treated cells were transfected with pc‐ARPP21 and miR‐128 mimic. The proliferation of astrocytes, and the apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes were detected, and inflammatory factors of astrocytes were measured. The binding relationship between miR‐128 and CREB1 was verified. The rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. ARPP21 expression in model rats was detected. The effects of pc‐ARPP21 on neuron injury, brain edema volume, and cerebral infarct in rats were observed.

Results

ARPP21 expression was downregulated and miR‐128 expression was upregulated in stroke patients. pc‐ARPP21 facilitated the proliferation of astrocytes and inhibited apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes, and reduced inflammation of astrocytes. miR‐128 mimic could reverse these effects of pc‐ARPP21 on neurons and astrocytes. miR‐128 targeted CREB1 and reduced BDNF secretion. In vitro experiments confirmed that ARPP21 expression was decreased in MCAO rats, and pc‐ARPP21 promoted neurological function repair after stroke.

Conclusion

ARPP21 upregulated CREB1 and BDNF expressions by antagonizing miR‐128, thus inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and promoting neurological function repair after stroke. This study may offer a novel target for the management of stroke.
Scalable Yielding of Highly Stable Polyelectrolyte‐Coated Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles by Flash Nanoprecipitation for Photothermal‐Chemotherapeutics
Authors: Jia Xianjing , Yan Yunfeng , Kayitmazer A. Basak , Li Yongsheng , Xu Yisheng
Published: May 2021

Photothermal‐chemotherapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention and becoming more widely used for cancer therapy in the clinic due to their noninvasiveness, notable tissue penetration abilities, and low systemic adverse effects. However, functional ligands are conventionally modified onto photothermal NPs to well stabilize the inorganic particles suffering from complex chemical modifications, low productivity, and batch‐to‐batch inconsistencies, and thus significantly restricting their clinical applications. Herein, flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) is taken advantage of to afford rapid and uniform mixing for generating local supersaturated CuS clusters for small and highly stable CuS NPs effectively stabilized by polyacrylic acid through a continuous strategy. It greatly reduces the complexity for CuS NPs synthesis and functionalization in a facile intensified mixing process. These as‐synthesized particles are high‐drug loading, scalable, and most importantly, it is easy to control their sizes and charges through external conditions. Toxicity and tumor inhibition experiments confirm the high cell toxicity and good suppression of tumor growth under near‐infrared irradiation indicating a promising prospect of FNP in the large‐scale and continuous yielding of highly stable and high‐performing photothermal‐chemotherapeutic NPs for cancer therapy.
Deep Learning the Electromagnetic Properties of Metamaterials—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Khatib Omar , Ren Simiao , Malof Jordan , Padilla Willie J.
Published: May 2021

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are empirically derived systems that have transformed traditional research methods, and are driving scientific discovery. Artificial electromagnetic materials (AEMs)—including electromagnetic metamaterials, photonic crystals, and plasmonics—are research fields where DNN results valorize the data driven approach; especially in cases where conventional methods have failed. In view of the great potential of deep learning for the future of artificial electromagnetic materials research, the status of the field with a focus on recent advances, key limitations, and future directions is reviewed. Strategies, guidance, evaluation, and limits of using deep networks for both forward and inverse AEM problems are presented.
Engineering of Microcage Carbon Nanotube Architectures with Decoupled Multimodal Porosity and Amplified Catalytic Performance
Authors: Mannering Jamie , Stones Rebecca , Xia Dong , Sykes Daniel , Hondow Nicole , Flahaut Emmanuel , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Brydson Rik , Cairns Gareth A. , Menzel Robert
Published: May 2021

New approaches for the engineering of the 3D microstructure, pore modality, and chemical functionality of hierarchically porous nanocarbon assemblies are key to develop the next generation of functional aerogel and membrane materials. Here, interfacially driven assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNT) is exploited to fabricate structurally directed aerogels with highly controlled internal architectures, composed of pseudo‐monolayer, CNT microcages. CNT Pickering emulsions enable engineering at fundamentally different length scales, whereby the microporosity, mesoporosity, and macroporosity are decoupled and individually controlled through CNT type, CNT number density, and process energy, respectively. In addition, metal nanocatalysts (Cu, Pd, and Ru) are embedded within the architectures through an elegant sublimation and shock‐decomposition approach; introducing the first approach that enables through‐volume functionalization of intricate, pre‐designed aerogels without microstructural degradation. Catalytic structure–function relationships are explored in a pharma‐important amidation reaction; providing insights on how the engineered frameworks enhance catalyst activity. A sophisticated array of advanced tomographic, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques reveal an intricate 3D assembly of CNT building‐blocks and their influence on the functional properties of the enhanced nanocatalysts. These advances set a basis to modulate structure and chemistry of functional aerogel materials independently in a controlled fashion for a variety of applications, including energy conversion and storage, smart electronics, and (electro)catalysis.
Polymer Photodetectors for Printable, Flexible, and Fully Tissue Equivalent X‐Ray Detection with Zero‐Bias Operation and Ultrafast Temporal Responses
Authors: Posar Jessie A. , Davis Jeremy , Alnaghy Saree , Wilkinson Dean , Cottam Sophie , Lee Donovan M. , Thompson Kristofer L. , Holmes Natalie P. , Barr Matthew , Fahy Adam , Nicolaidis Nicolas C. , Louie Fiona , Fraboni Beatrice , Sellin Paul J. , Lerch Michael L. F. , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. , Petasecca Marco , Griffith Matthew J.
Published: May 2021

A new printable organic semiconducting material combination as a tissue equivalent photodetector for indirect X‐ray detection is demonstrated in this work. The device exhibits a higher optical‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency than any other reported printable organic systems for X‐ray photodetection while also operating efficiently with zero applied bias. Complete X‐ray detectors fabricated by coupling the photodiode with a plastic scintillator are among the first flexible and fully tissue equivalent X‐ray detectors capable of operating without external bias. The response to X‐rays is energy independent between 50 keV and 1.2 MeV, with a detection sensitivity equivalent to inorganic direct X‐ray detectors and one of the fastest temporal responses ever reported for organic X‐ray detectors. The materials can be printed into arrays with a pixel pitch of 120 μm, providing 2D spatial detection. The devices are found to be highly stable with respect to time, mechanical flexing, and large (5 kGy) radiation doses. The new materials and fully tissue equivalent X‐ray detectors reported here provide stable, printable, flexible, and tissue equivalent detectors with a high radiolucency that are ideally suited for wearable applications, where simultaneous monitoring and high transmission of the X‐ray absorbed dose into the human body is required.
The Beginner's Guide to Chiral Plasmonics: Mostly Harmless Theory and the Design of Large‐Area Substrates
Authors: Goerlitzer Eric S. A. , Puri Aniket S. , Moses Jebin J. , Poulikakos Lisa V. , Vogel Nicolas
Published: May 2021

Chiral plasmonics is a fascinating research field that is attractive to scientists from diverse backgrounds. Physicists study light–matter interactions, chemists seek ways to analyze enantiomeric molecules, biologists study living objects, and material engineers focus on scalable production processes. Successful access to this emergent field for an interdisciplinary community depends on overcoming three main issues. First, understanding the physical background of chiral plasmonics requires proper introduction in easy language. Second, pitfalls in the characterization of chiroplasmonic features can prevent accurate interpretation. Third, simple and robust methods capable of covering macroscopic substrate areas must be available. This tutorial‐style review addresses these issues with the goal to provide a comprehensive introduction into chiral plasmonic nanostructures. It starts with a brief introduction of the relevant physics involved in chiral light−matter interactions. A brief guide about how to adequately characterize samples follows. Subsequently, an overview of fabrication techniques that produce chiral substrates over large areas is given, and the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are discussed. The focus is on simple and robust processes that do not require clean room facilities and can be implemented by a much larger scientific audience.
Wavelength Tuning of Multimode Interference Fiber Lasers: A Review
Authors: Guzman-Sepulveda Jose Rafael , Castillo-Guzman Arturo Alberto
Published: May 2021

Herein, the main aspects of fiber lasers are summarized where multimode interference (MMI) is the underlying phenomenon for the wavelength tuning mechanism. Also, 15 years of work in the field are covered, from its first report, in 2005, to the most recent publications, in 2020. In addition to the historical perspective, insights into the different mechanisms are also provided that are exploited to tune the spectral response of the MMI filters used in fiber lasers, among which are free space, optofluidic, stress optic, thermo optic, and nonlinear mechanisms.
Ultrastretchable Thermo‐ and Mechanochromic Fiber with Healable Metallic Conductivity
Authors: Sin Dongho , Singh Vijay K. , Bhuyan Priyanuj , Wei Yuwen , Lee Hye‐Min , Kim Byung‐Joo , Park Sungjune
Published: May 2021

This work demonstrates a facile way to fabricate ultrastretchable thermo‐ and mechanochromic fiber with healable metallic conductivity. Thermochromic hollow elastic fiber is prepared by using silicone composite with thermochromic pigment. Once the fiber forms, gallium‐based liquid metal is injected into the fiber. The composite fiber with liquid metal core shows uniform color change along the fiber by applying Joule heating through the liquid metal wire. The fiber with multiple thermochromic pigment locally distributed along the fiber shows serial color change by increased current. The healable conductivity of the metal core is demonstrated by restoring electrical conductivity near room temperature. When it is in a solid state, the wire can fracture during deformation, thus the wire loses conductivity. However, upon body heating, the wire can rewire, because of the low melting point of the metal (gallium, 29.8 °C). This healing ability of the metal core can allow the fiber to have healable thermochromic behavior. Stretching a liquid metal wire can change the geometry of the wires, resulting in a color change because of increased resistance while Joule heating is applied. This thermo‐ and mechanochromic fiber with liquid metal core would find use in wearable and conformal electronics, electronic textiles, and soft robotics.