bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urologic Complications following Gynecologic Surgery in a Sub-Saharan West African Country
Authors: Mian Dehi Boston , Angoi Virginie , Kasse Raoul , Yao Alexis , Akinloye Sophia , Ampoh Fatoumata , N'Guessan Koffi , Boni Serge
Published: May 2023

Background: Urological trauma is a dreaded complication of gynecological or obstetrical surgery and its incidence is poorly documented in resource limited settings can cause a major health problem. The objective of this study is to determine the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of iatrogenic urological lesions in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study conducted for 5 years at the obstetrics and gynecology department of the university hospital of Cocody. It concerned all gynecological surgery performed in the department. All Urinary Tract Injuries (UTI) during surgery were recorded. UTI occurring outside this scenario were excluded. The socio-demographic features, clinical data, intraoperative UTI features, and treatment outcome parameters were studied. Statistical analysis was carried out using Epi Info 3.5.1 2008 software. Results: We recorded 46 cases of UTI (4.0%) including bladder (n = 33 or 71.7%), ureter (n = 8 or 17.4%) and both bladder and ureteral lesions (n = 5 or 10.9%). The average age of patients was 29 years. The UTI were suspected during the initial surgery by hematuria (52.2%), or intraoperative visualization (23.07%). Postoperative diagnosis of UTI was made in patients presenting with signs of peritonitis (3.84%). The UTI were immediately repaired (96.16%) by simple suturing of bladder or cystorraphy (84.64%), ureter: or ureterorraphy (4.3%), ureterostomy (4.3%) and removal of ureteral strictures (4.3%). Postoperative complications (15.36%) included urogenital fistulae (50%), urinary tract infection (25%) and acute peritonitis (25%). The average length of stay in the urology department was 45 ± 5 days. No maternal deaths were reported. Conclusions: Urologic complications associated with gynecologic procedures are sometimes unavoidable but can be reduced by complying with standard surgical guidelines. Bladder trauma were the most common iatrogenic lesions, however ureteral injuries are feared because of their more complex treatment. Treatment strategies should be dependent on location and length of injury, and surgical possibilities.
Breast Cancer Oncological Outcomes at an Italian Center Following Nipple-Sparing and Skin-Sparing Mastectomy Techniques
Authors: Bertozzi Serena , Londero Ambrogio Pietro , Seriau Luca , Passafiume Federica , Moschella Sara , Morinelli Vittoria , Andretta Michela , Orsaria Maria , Mariuzzi Laura , Parodi Pier Camillo , Risaliti Andrea , Cedolini Carla
Published: May 2023

Background: The introduction of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate reconstruction allowed a noticeable improvement in reconstructive surgery aesthetic results and patients’ psychophysical well-being. In any case, there are still concerns about the long-term oncological safety of these two procedures. This study aims to assess the oncological outcomes of women who underwent SSM and NSM and to compare them with traditional modified total mastectomy (MTM). The secondary outcome was to compare mastectomy with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) outcome. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review study concerning all patients who had experienced SSM and NSM in our Clinic between January 2004 and July 2013. The main outcomes were overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrences cumulative rate. Results: Among this study’s 1836 invasive breast carcinomas, we found NSM (86.7, 95% confidence interval (CI), 76.7–98.0%) to have a significantly shorter 5-year DFS than MTM (90.4%, 95% CI, 87.9–93.0%). Furthermore, low body mass index (odds ratio (OR) 0.733, p = 0.056), basal-like molecular subtype (OR 28.932, p < 0.05), extended intraductal component (OR 11.160, p = 0.107), and lymph node metastasis extracapsular invasion (OR 8.727, p = 0.077) were the most significant predictors of recurrence in women treated with NSM. Furthermore, patients with BCS had significantly longer OS and DFS than those who underwent MTM. Conclusions: Occult nipple neoplastic involvement following negative intraoperative histological examination of subareolar tissue may explain the higher recurrence rate among women undergoing NSM. Patients with one or more risk factors for recurrence after NSM, such as basal-like molecular subtype, extended intraductal component, and extracapsular invasion of lymph node metastasis, should be given special attention.
The Association between Vitamin D Intake and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kokkinari Artemisia , Dagla Maria , Lykeridou Aikaterini , Iatrakis Georgios
Published: May 2023

Background: Several studies have focused on the role of vitamin D in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) but also in improving or preventing the unwanted perinatal outcomes of GDM. Even today, efforts to clarify the relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in pregnancy and GDM continue. Methods: We conducted research to search for systematic reviews (SRs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in databases at PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, Cochrane, Crossref and CAS, published from 2016 to 2021. These concerned maternal vitamin D status or taking vitamin D supplements, alone or in combination with other vitamins or minerals in pregnancy and their association with GDM. We used the AMSTAR (assessment of multiple systematic reviews) scoring scale quality and scoring checklist, which assessed the quality of each SR, at low medium or high. Results: Seven SRs of RCTS involving 7902 participants were selected. The results suggest that if pregnant women with GDM take vitamin D supplements, they improve blood vitamin D levels, as well as biomarkers related to blood glucose. It was also shown that pregnant women with GDM who took vitamin D supplements (1000–4762 IU/day) improved the primary GDM outcome measurements such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum insulin and homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In addition, improvements were observed in their lipid profile markers, such as total cholesterol (TC), low-dense lipoprotein (LDL), high-dense lipoprotein levels (HDL) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Also, the adverse outcomes of GDM in both the mother and the newborn appear to have decreased. However, there are studies that do not support the therapeutic effect of vitamin D intake by pregnant women with GDM. Conclusions: In conclusion, taking vitamin D, during pregnancy, for the prevention or treatment of GDM, is controversial and the real benefit unclear. Further RCTs are necessary.
Study of the Notch-Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor-Interleukin-22 Signaling Pathway and the Pathogenesis of Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Fan Qian-qian , He Rong-xia
Published: May 2023

Objectives: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune bleeding disease characterized by thrombocytopenia. This review will examine the Notch-aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-interleukin-22 (IL-22) signaling pathway regulatory mechanisms in ITP to generate ideas for the pathogenesis and etiological investigation of the disease. Mechanism: Studies had shown that an abnormal imbalance of immune cells and immune factors is associated with ITP pathogenesis. The Notch-AhR-IL-22 signaling pathway disrupts the immune microenvironment in vivo, which contributes to the pathogenesis of ITP. Findings in Brief: Several studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of ITP may be mediated by multiple pathways, such as Notch signaling that induces AhR to increase direct secretion of IL-22 from CD4+T cells or the Notch-AhR pathway that induces differentiation of CD4+T cells into Th22 cells to enhance IL-22 expression. However, the precise pathogenic mechanisms are still unknown. Conclusions: ITP pathogenesis is complex, the Notch-AhR-IL-22 signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP, and further research into the relationship between ITP and this signaling pathway is needed.
Longitudinal Study of Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant Women Following in Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Tong Yu , Sun Qiang , Shao Xiaoguang , Wang Zhijian
Published: May 2023

Background: We investigated the composition and dynamic changes of vaginal microbiota (VM) in pregnant women who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF), as well as VM in relation to preterm birth. Methods: Sixteen women who conceived after IVF and 6 women who conceived naturally were recruited to the study. Vaginal samples from all participants were collected in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy (T1, T2 and T3, respectively). The V3–V4 region of 16S rRNA was sequenced to assess the VM. Results: In all participants, the alpha-diversity indices Chao1 and observed species of VM were significantly higher in T1 compared to T2 and T3. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of beta-diversity revealed the VM structure during T1 was significantly different between IVF and control groups, but then gradually converged during T3. A greater abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria and lower abundance of commensal bacteria was observed in the IVF group compared to control group during T1. Moreover, a higher abundance of Lactobacillus_iners, Escherichia_coli and Alloscardovia_omnicolens was found in preterm birth women who underwent IVF. Conclusions: The VM diversity decreased with increasing gestation in women who underwent IVF and in healthy controls. IVF-induced dysbiosis of the VM occurs mainly during T1 of gestation and may be related to preterm birth.
Ozone as a Topical Treatment for Infected Dermal Wounds
Authors: Roth Alexander , Krishnakumar Akshay , Rahimi Rahim
Published: May 2023

Dermal wound infections are a rising source of morbidity and mortality in patients worldwide as new and worsening complications reduce the efficacy of traditional treatments. These challenges in wound care are increasingly caused by comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes as well as surging rates of antibiotic resistance. As a result, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment options. Gaseous ozone has shown great promise as a potential new treatment for infected dermal wounds. In this brief review of current wound therapy techniques found in the literature, an in-depth discussion of the mechanisms, benefits, and results of topical ozone gas as a therapy for infected dermal wounds is presented. This includes studies of ozone applied to wounds performed in vitro, in vivo, and clinical settings, as well as the use of ozone as an adjunct therapy for increasing the efficacy of traditional treatments. The overwhelming evidence suggests that ozone exhibits significant antimicrobial properties and has been shown to promote wound healing factors, especially when applied between 5–60 ppm. As such, this promising alternative therapy warrants a significant investment of time and resources to fully utilize ozone as an effective treatment against antibiotic resistant bacteria and other rising challenges in wound treatment.
Determination of Vitamin B12 and Folate Compounds in Commercially Available Edible Seaweed Products
Authors: Koseki Kyohei , Yoshimura Ryusei , Ido Koki , Katsuura Kiho , Bito Tomohiro , Watanabe Fumio
Published: May 2023

Background: Information on the contents of both vitamin B12 and folate in edible seaweeds is limited, of which deficiencies disrupt methionine biosynthesis to accumulate homocysteine as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Both vitamins were determined in commercially available edible seaweed products using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Dried purple laver (Neopyropia yezoensis) products contain higher levels of vitamin B12 (approximately 30–60 μg/100 g dry weight) and folate compounds (approximately 880–1300 μg/100 g dry weight) than other seaweed products, such as kombu (Saccharina japonica), hijiki (Sargassum fusiformis), and wakame (Undaria pinnatifida). 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was the major folate compound in purple laver products. 5-formyltetrahydrofolate was found at a moderate level, whereas tetrahydrofolate, 5,10-metenyltetrahydrofolate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and folic acid were found to be minor folate compounds. Conclusions: These findings suggest that dried purple laver (nori) products are suitable sources of vitamin B12 and folate compounds for humans, especially vegetarians.
Ingestion of Nylon 11 Polymers by the Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Beetle and Subsequent Enrichment of Monomer-Metabolizing Bacteria in Fecal Microbiome
Authors: Leicht Amelia , Masuda Hisako
Published: May 2023

Background: Nylon 11 is a synthetic plastic widely used in commercial products such as tubing for automobiles, offshore oilfields, and medical devices. An increasing amount of nylon and other plastic wastes have been released into various environments, posing ecological threats. The biodegradation of bundled nylon polymers has been considered impossible due to their crystalline structures. Methods: Nylon 11 film was created and incubated with adult mealworms. The mass, as well as structures, of nylon 11 films at pre- and post-incubation with beetles were compared. The number of nylon 11 monomer degrading bacteria in feces were determined by culture-dependent approach. The t-test was utilized to examine the statistical significance. Results: We discovered that adult mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) beetle can ingest nylon 11 when stretched thin. The microscopic observation of their feces did not identify the presence of large fragments of nylon 11. The analysis of fecal bacteria revealed that while the total number of culturable bacteria did not change significantly, the number of 11-aminoundecanoic acid-metabolizing bacteria increased by 10,000-fold. Conclusions: Our results suggest that bundled nylon 11 polymers were fragmented into smaller pieces, including monomeric units (11-aminoundecanoic acid) by adult mealworm. The monomers seem to have supported the proliferation of gut microbial communities capable of utilizing 11-aminoundecanoic acid as a carbon and nitrogen source. Our work implies the potential use of the mealworm beetle as a means to fragment nylon polymers for remediation applications.
KLF9 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Stem Cells by Negatively Regulating Notch1 Mediated Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhao Xinyuan , Mai Zizhao , Lu Ye , Cui Li , Yu Jinhua
Published: May 2023

Background: Human dental stem cells (DSCs) are excellent sources of cells for treating dental and craniofacial diseases. However, the mechanisms regulating DSC osteogenic differentiation are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) in regulating the biological functions of DSCs and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Bioinformatic analyses, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR) and Western blotting were performed to determine the KLF9 level during osteogenic differentiation of DSCs. The effects of KLF9 depletion or overexpression on DSC osteogenic differentiation were then evaluated. The osteogenic potential and associated mineralized nodule-forming activities of DSCs were monitored via Alizarin red S staining and quantitative analyses of osteogenic markers. The regulatory effect of KLF9 on the Notch1 signaling pathway was analyzed by luciferase reporter assays. Results: KLF9 mRNA expression was consistently increased during mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation in multiple public datasets, and our qRT‒PCR and Western blotting data further validated this finding. In addition, KLF9 depletion promoted proliferation and suppressed osteogenic differentiation of DSCs, while enforced expression of KLF9 promoted the DSC osteogenic potential. Mechanistically, KLF9 negatively regulated the Notch1-mediated signaling pathway by directly binding to the Notch1 promoter. More importantly, Notch1 inhibition/overexpression partially rescued the suppressive/enhancing effects of KLF9 depletion/overexpression on the osteogenic differentiation of DSCs, indicating that Notch1 is a functional downstream target of KLF9. Conclusions: In summary, our results strongly demonstrate that KLF9 is a crucial transcription factor that controls the osteogenic differentiation of DSCs by negatively regulating the Notch1 signaling pathway.
Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array and High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Detectors (UHPLC-PDA-ESI-ToF/HRMS) for the Tentative Structural Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Salvia verbenaca Extracts in Relation to Their Biological Activities
Authors: Guaouguaou Fatima-Ezzahrae , Yadlapalli Sudhakar , Es-Safi Nour Eddine
Published: May 2023

Background: Salvia verbenaca of the Lamiaceae family is a Mediterranean plant widely used in the Moroccan traditional folk medicine. The aim of this work was to explore the phytochemical composition of Salvia verbenaca extracts and its antioxidant activity. Methods: Separation and identification of the major phytochemicals present in the two hexane and ethyl acetate explored extracts have been achieved through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography separation technique coupled to photodiode array and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry detectors. Antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts was evaluated through DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) assays and the obtained results were compared to TROLOX (6-hydroxy2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid). Results: Using the analysis technique indicated above, eighteen phytochemicals belonging to phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes and flavonoids have been characterized on the basis of the obtained UV and mass spectroscopic properties and on the subsequent fragmentations. The antioxidant activity of the explored extracts showed potential scavenging activities compared to TROLOX. A detailed discussion of the attained results has been presented considering the activities observed of each extract. Conclusions: The research herein presented an analysis technique allowing to screen Salvia verbenaca phytochemicals. The explored plant could be considered as a source of functional phenolic compounds. These could be useful for further pharmacological studies such as new drugs design after clinic and its safety evaluation. It is thus hoped that the information presented here might prompt further studies that will possibly lead to development of therapeutic agents from this plant.
Antimicrobial Effects of Postbiotic Mediators Derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus reuteri on Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Banakar Morteza , Pourhajibagher Maryam , Etemad-Moghadam Shahroo , Mehran Majid , Yazdi Mohammad Hossein , Haghgoo Roza , Alaeddini Mojgan , Frankenberger Roland
Published: May 2023

Background: Streptococcus mutans is a major component of dental plaque, contributing to cariogenic biofilm formation and inducing dental caries. Attempts have recently been made to use postbiotic mediators (PMs) to prevent dental caries. This research evaluated the antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity of PMs derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) against S. mutans in vitro. Methods: PMs were obtained from the Lactobacilli supernatants. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, antibiofilm potential, and metabolic activity of PMs against S. mutans were evaluated using CFU/mL, scanning electron microscopy, and XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay. The expression of gtfB gene as one of the most important genes involved in S. mutans biofilm formation was also measured using qRT-PCR. Results: CFU score was reduced by both PMs, but the reduction was only significant in LGG (p = 0.02). Both PMs caused a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of S. mutans compared with the controls (p ≤ 0.002). S. mutans treated with LGG PMs exhibited more destructive effects than LR PMs (p > 0.05). S. mutans gtfB gene expression was significantly downregulated when treated with the PMs obtained from both LGG and LR (p = 0.01 for both). Conclusions: We showed that PMs isolated from two Lactobacillus strains inhibited S. mutans biofilm, metabolic activity, and gtfB gene expression. Therefore, these derivatives may be a suitable biofilm-destruction agent against S. mutants. However, the oral environment is a complex ecosystem that needs further investigation.
Upregulation of LPGAT1 Enhances Lung Adenocarcinoma Proliferation
Authors: Gong Huiyuan , Ma Chao , Li Xiaojun , Zhang Xueying , Zhang Linxiang , Chen Pengfei , Wang Wei , Hu Yannan , Huang Ting , Wu Nan , Wang Xiaojing
Published: May 2023

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) regulates the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, which is essential for maintaining phospholipid homeostasis and modulating the structural integrity of mitochondrial membranes. LPGAT1 has been demonstrated to be differentially expressed in normal lung tissue and LUAD tissues, and can serve as a metabolically relevant gene with potential prognostic value. However, the potential role of LPGAT1 in LUAD is still unknown. This study sought to determine the role of LPGAT1 in LUAD progression. Methods: LPGAT1 expression was examined in LUAD cells and tumor tissues from LUAD patients. The effect of LPGAT1 was then assessed in both cell and animal models after LPGAT1 was knocked down by RNA interference. Results: LPGAT1 was upregulated in LUAD tissues. Overexpression of LPGAT1 was associated with an unfavorable prognosis in LUAD patients, as revealed by univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. Knockdown of LPGAT1 abrogated tumor growth and proliferation in both cell and animal models. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that LPGAT1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in LUAD. Hence, LPGAT1 may provide new treatment strategies for LUAD.
Comprehensive Analysis of Prognostic Value and Immune Infiltration of Src Family Kinases in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yao Dingjin , Deng Yiran , Zhang Si , Liang Limiao , Zhang Li , Weng Shuqiang , Chen She
Published: May 2023

Background: Src family kinases (SFKs) belong to the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase family and are generally dysregulated in a variety of tumors. This study aimed to thoroughly investigate the mutation status, expression level, prognostic value and relationship with immune infiltration of SFKs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: TIMER2.0, UALCAN, cBioPortal, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Kaplan-Meier Plotter were used to analyze the differential expression, genetic alteration, prognostic value and immune cell infiltration of SFKs in HCC patients. Furthermore, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot (WB) analysis to measure SFKs mRNA and protein expression in matching specimens of normal tissue and HCC. We analyzed the biological effects of FYN in Huh7 cells and subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. We also studied the biological effects of SRC on Huh7 cells. Results: The mRNA expression levels of LYN, SRC and SRM were elevated in HCC tissues, whereas FYN was reduced. Approximately 10% genetic alterations rate of SFKs was observed in HCC. The mRNA levels of BLK, BRK, FRK, FYN, LCK, LYN, SRC, SRM and YES were correlated with clinical cancer stage. Elevated FYN mRNA levels in HCC were positively correlated with overall survival (OS), whereas SRC was negatively correlated with OS. All SFKs members in HCC were significantly associated with at least half of the six immune-infiltrating cells, including B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that the protein expression level of FYN was decreased in patients with HCC and in a human hepatoma cell line. Overexpression of FYN suppressed Huh7 cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis in xenograft nude mice. Knockdown of SRC inhibited Huh7 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Conclusions: Dysregulated FYN and SRC expression in HCC is associated with poor prognosis and may be used as novel prognostic biomarkers in patients with HCC.
Naringenin Impedes the Differentiation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow into Mature Dendritic Cells, thereby Prolonging Allograft Survival
Authors: Tian Puxun , Huang Xiaoyan , Zhu Kun , Jin Zhankui , Li Yan , Zheng Bingxuan , Zhao Xiangrong , Feng Yangmeng , Feng Qing , Li Dongliang , Wang Jiaojiao , Xu Cuixiang
Published: May 2023

Background: The use of immature dendritic cells (imDCs) to induce donor-specific immunotolerance following in vivo stimulation is limited by their low rate of induction and their tendency to undergo maturation. We derived imDCs from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs-imDCs). We then tested the ability of naringenin (Nar) to impede the maturation of HSCs-imDCs for inducing transplantation immune tolerance. Methods: HSCs derived from bone marrow were collected and induced to differentiate into imDCs by treating with Nar (Nar-HSCs-imDCs). Flow cytometry was used to evaluate DC surface markers, apoptosis, and endocytic ability. The ability of DCs to influence the in vitro proliferation of T cells and of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was analyzed by mixed lymphocyte reaction assays. Enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to quantify cytokine levels in supernatants from co-cultured DCs and Tregs, as well as in the serum of experimental animals. The level of immunotolerance induced by Nar-HSCs-imDCs was evaluated by skin grafting in recipient Balb/c mice, while the Kaplan-Meier method was used to statistically evaluate graft survival. Results: Compared with HSC-imDCs, Nar-HSCs-imDCs showed higher expression of cluster of differentiation 11c (CD11c), but lower expression levels of CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class II. Nar-HSCs-imDCs also showed stronger inhibition of T cells and higher Treg cell proliferation. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma levels were downregulated in Nar-HSCs-imDCs, whereas IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta levels were upregulated. The rate of apoptosis and endocytic capacity of Nar-HSCs-DCs increased significantly after treatment with lipopolysaccharide. HSCs-imDCs or Nar-HSCs-imDCs were injected into Balb/c mice via the tail vein 7 days before skin grafting. Significantly reduced donor-specific CD4+ T cells and induced proliferation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells were observed in the spleen of mice from the Nar-HSCs-imDCs group, especially at a dose of 106 Nar-HSCs-imDCs. The latter group also showed significantly prolonged survival of skin grafts. Conclusions: Nar-HSCs-imDCs markedly improved the acceptance of organ allografts, offering a potentially new strategy for inducing immune tolerance in transplantation.
Acute Anti-Hyperglycaemic Activity of Five Traditional Medicinal Plants in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Hannan JMA , Nipa Nurunnahar , Toma Fahima Tanji , Talukder Abdullah , Ansari Prawej
Published: May 2023

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalent non-communicable disease, is a metabolic condition involving defective pancreatic β-cells and/or insulin resistance. Researchers are presently exploring traditional medicinal plants to identify alternatives for treating diabetes due to the various disadvantage of current anti-diabetic medicines. Objective: The present study evaluated the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of ethanol extracts of five medicinal plants (EEMPs) (Gynura nepalensis, Glochidion thomsonii, Clerodendrum splendens, Clerodendrum infortunatum and Xanthium strumarium) which are traditionally used as an ethnomedicine to treat diabetes and numerous other health problems. Methods: High-fat fed (HFF) obese rats were used to perform acute in vivo tests, including oral glucose tolerance, feeding test, metabolic studies, and gastrointestinal motility using BaSO4 milk solution. Priliminary phytochemical screening were performed to discover the presence or absence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, and reducing sugars in extracts. Results: Oral administration of ethanol extracts (250 mg/kg, body weight), along with glucose (18 mmoL/kg body weight), ameliorated glucose tolerance (p < 0.05–0.01). In addition, the extracts improved gut motility (250 mg/kg; p < 0.05–0.001), as well as reduced food intake during the feeding test (250 mg/kg; p < 0.05–0.001). Phytochemical screening of these medicinal plants depicted the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars. Conclusions: Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins may be responsible for the glucose-lowering properties for these plants. Additional research is warranted to fully identify the bioactive phytomolecules and mechanistic pathways that might lead to the development of a viable, cost-effective type 2 diabetes therapy.
Transplanted OECs Protect Visual Function by Regulating the Glutamate Metabolic Microenvironment in the Glaucoma Model
Authors: Gao Hui , Chen Siyu , A Luodan , Xu Haiwei , Xie Jing , Yin Zheng Qin
Published: May 2023

Background: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, and the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is the most important pathological feature. During the progression of glaucoma, glutamate content in the optic nerve increases, and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity will aggregate the damage and death of RGCs. We have previously reported that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation preserved the visual function of the glaucoma model but the mechanism is unknown. Methods: Adult Long-Evans rats were used in the present study and injecting magnetic microspheres was used to establish a glaucoma model in rats. Optokinetic response test and Pattern electroretinogram recording were used to assess the visual functions of rats. RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and co-culture experiments were performed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of OECs for glaucoma. Results: In the glaucoma model, increased glutamate content and the damage of astrocytes (AC) and RGCs were observed. OECs transplantation reduced the glutamate concentration in the optic nerve, alleviated the apoptosis of AC and RGCs, and protected the visual function of the glaucoma model. Furthermore, we found that OECs possessed a stronger capacity to metabolize excessive glutamate compared with AC and Müller glia. OECs could improve the glutamate microenvironment of the optic nerve to prevent AC and RGCs from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in glaucoma. And the recovery of AC function further supported the survival of RGCs. Conclusions: We demonstrate that OECs transplantation could play a neuroprotective role by regulating the glutamate microenvironment in glaucoma.
A Fully Automated Visual Grading System for White Matter Hyperintensities of T2-Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Rieu ZunHyan , Kim Regina EY , Lee Minho , Kim Hye Weon , Kim Donghyeon , Yong JeongHyun , Kim JiMin , Lee MinKyoung , Lim Hyunkook , Kim JeeYoung
Published: May 2023

Background: The Fazekas scale is one of the most commonly used visual grading systems for white matter hyperintensity (WMH) for brain disorders like dementia from T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance (MR) images (T2-FLAIRs). However, the visual grading of the Fazekas scale suffers from low-intra and inter-rater reliability and high labor-intensive work. Therefore, we developed a fully automated visual grading system using quantifiable measurements. Methods: Our approach involves four stages: (1) the deep learning-based segmentation of ventricles and WMH lesions, (2) the categorization into periventricular white matter hyperintensity (PWMH) and deep white matter hyperintensity (DWMH), (3) the WMH diameter measurement, and (4) automated scoring, following the quantifiable method modified for Fazekas grading. We compared the performances of our method and that of the modified Fazekas scale graded by three neuroradiologists for 404 subjects with T2-FLAIR utilized from a clinical site in Korea. Results: The Krippendorff’s alpha across our method and raters (A) versus those only between the radiologists (R) were comparable, showing substantial (0.694 vs. 0.732; 0.658 vs. 0.671) and moderate (0.579 vs. 0.586) level of agreements for the modified Fazekas, the DWMH, and the PWMH scales, respectively. Also, the average of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve between the radiologists (0.80 ± 0.09) and the radiologists against our approach (0.80 ± 0.03) was comparable. Conclusions: Our fully automated visual grading system for WMH demonstrated comparable performance to the radiologists, which we believe has the potential to assist the radiologist in clinical findings with unbiased and consistent scoring.
New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Liu Jiale , Duan Wenjie , Deng Yushu , Zhang Qiankun , Li Rong , Long Jun , Ahmed Waqas , Gu Chenyang , Qiu Yunhui , Cai Hengsen , Hu Yong , Chen Lukui
Published: May 2023

As a large and heterogeneous group of disorders, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of structure or function in neurons, finally leading to neuronal death. Neurodegenerative diseases cause serious threat to a patient’s quality of life and the most common are Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Currently, little is known of the detailed etiology of these disorders; as such, there are no effective treatments available. Furthermore, the lack of targeted, effective, and resolvable therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, represents an expanding research field for the discovery of new therapeutic strategies. Investigations of the potential pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases will become the basis of preventing the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases and finding effective therapies. Existing theories and mechanisms, such as genetic and environmental factors, abnormal protein accumulation, and oxidative stress, are intricately associated with each other. However, there is no molecular theory that can entirely explain the pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the development of experimental technology and the support of multidisciplinary integration, it has been possible to perform more in-depth research on potential targets for neurodegenerative diseases and there have been many exciting discoveries in terms of original theories and underlying mechanisms. With this review, we intend to review the existing literature and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases.
EEG Source Localization during an Arm Isometric Force Exertion Task at Different Levels of Perceived Exertion
Authors: Ismail Lina , Karwowski Waldemar
Published: May 2023

Background: Neuroergonomics is an emerging science that focuses on the human brain’s performance during physical work. The advent of portable neurophysiological methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), has enabled measurements of real-time brain activity during physical tasks without restricting body movements. However, the EEG signatures of different levels of physical exertion activity involving the musculoskeletal system remain poorly understood. Objective: This study investigated the EEG source localization activity induced by predefined force exertion levels during an isometric arm force exertion task in healthy female participants for the alpha and beta frequency bands. Methods: Exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) was used to localize the current source densities (CSDs) in 84 anatomical brain regions of interest. Results: The maximum CSDs for extremely hard force exertion levels for the alpha frequency were localized in Brodmann area (BA) 6, whereas CSDs associated with other exertion levels were localized in BA 8. The maximum CSDs for extremely hard force exertion levels for beta were localized in BA 5, whereas CSDs associated with other exertion levels were localized in BA 7. Conclusions: These findings extend the current understanding of the neurophysiological basis of physical exertion with various force levels and suggest that specific brain regions are involved in generating the sensation of force exertion. To our knowledge, this is the first study localizing EEG activity among various predefined force exertion levels during an isometric arm exertion task in healthy female participants.
Evaluation of Relationships between Corticospinal Excitability and Somatosensory Deficits in the Acute and Subacute Phases of Stroke
Authors: Gao Zhongming , Cai Qiusi , Fang Hongli , He Jiqing , Hu Zhouyao , Jin Yi , Chen Yuchao , Tan Bolin , Wang Ying , Wang Jinghua , Che Xianwei
Published: May 2023

Background: Somatosensory deficits are common symptoms post stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the motor cortex is able to promote motor rehabilitation, whereby its impact on somatosensory functioning remains unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the association between somatosensory deficits and corticospinal excitability following stroke, with the purpose to provide insights on rTMS interventions for the management of somatosensory deficits. Methods: Somatosensory functioning and corticospinal excitability (motor-evoked potential, MEP; cortical silence period, CSP) were evaluated from a group of sixteen patients with unilateral ischemic stroke in the acute or subacute phase. Results: Results indicated that the uncommon presentation of larger MEPs in ipsilesional vs. contralesional motor cortex was associated with worse somatosensory function compared to those with a smaller MEP in ipsilesional motor cortex. Moreover, increased MEP ratio (ipsilesional vs. contralesional motor cortex) was associated with better somatosensory function in patients with well-preserved somatosensory function. Conclusions: In well-recovered patients, an increased MEP ratio between the ipsilesional and contralesional motor cortex could be an indicator of improved somatosensory functioning following stroke.
Electroencephalography (EEG) Physiological Indices Reflecting Human Physical Performance: A Systematic Review Using Updated PRISMA
Authors: Ismail Lina , Karwowski Waldemar , Hancock Peter A. , Taiar Redha , Fernandez-Sumano Raul
Published: May 2023

Background: With the advent of portable neurophysiological methods, including electroencephalography, progress in studying brain activity during physical tasks has received considerable attention, predominantly in clinical exercise and sports studies. However, the neural signatures of physical tasks in everyday settings were less addressed. Methods: Electroencephalography (EEG) indices are sensitive to fluctuations in the human brain, reflecting spontaneous brain activity with an excellent temporal resolution. Objective: In this regard, this study attempts to systematically review the feasibility of using EEG indices to quantify human performance in various physical activities in both laboratory and real-world applications. A secondary goal was to examine the feasibility of using EEG indices for quantifying human performance during physical activities with mental tasks. The systematic review was conducted based on the updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Out of 81 studies, 64 task studies focused on quantifying human performance concerning physical activity, whereas 17 studies focused on quantifying human performance on physical activities associated with mental tasks. EEG studies have primarily relied on linear methods, including the power spectrum, followed by the amplitude of Event-related potential components, to evaluate human physical performance. The nonlinear methods were relatively less addressed in the literature. Most studies focused on assessing the brain activity associated with muscular fatigue tasks. The upper anatomical areas have been discussed in several occupational schemes. The studies addressing biomechanical loading on the torso and spine, which are the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders, are less addressed. Conclusions: Despite the recent interest in investigating the neural mechanisms underlying human motor functioning, assessing the brain signatures of physical tasks performed in naturalistic settings is still limited.
Electroacupuncture Increases the Expression of Gas7 and NGF in the Prefrontal Cortex of Male Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Ma Tongjun , Dong Wenqing , Zhang Yegui , Ding Jian , Wu Feng
Published: May 2023

Objective: To investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the migration of endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) to the frontal cortex to differentiate into neurons, and to monitor the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) regulation of focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) in rats on the expression of growth arrest-specific protein 7 (Gas7) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Methods: Randomly, forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Normal, Sham operation, Model, and EA. The right middle cerebral artery was embolized utilizing the thread-embolism technique. In the EA group, “Baihui” and “Zusanli” points were treated with electroacupuncture for 30 minutes, once a day, for 21 days. Nissl staining revealed the neuronal morphology of the PFC. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, the expression of Gas7 and NGF in the right PFC was observed. Results: Nissl staining showed clear PFC neurons with centered nuclei and distinct nucleoli in the Normal and Sham groups. In the Model group, the PFC nuclei were distinctively smaller. The neuronal morphology in the EA group resembled that of the Normal group. Results from Western blot and immunohistochemistry were comparable. The expression of Gas7 and NGF in the Sham surgery group did not differ significantly from the Normal group. However, the expression of Gas7 and NGF in the Model group was significantly lower than in the Normal group. The expression of Gas7 and NGF was significantly higher in the EA group than in the Model group. Conclusions: EA can increase the expressions of Gas7 and NGF in the ischemic prefrontal cortex, which may be one of the mechanisms by which EA promotes the differentiation of eNSCs into neurons in the injured area.
Neuroinflammation, Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, and Depression: The Vicious Circle
Authors: Reyes-Martínez Sandy , Segura-Real Lorena , Gómez-García Ana Pamela , Tesoro-Cruz Emiliano , Constantino-Jonapa Luis A. , Amedei Amedeo , Aguirre-García María M.
Published: May 2023

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, contributing to the global disease burden. From above, it is a priority to investigate models that fully explain its physiopathology to develop new treatments. In the last decade, many studies have shown that gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis influences brain functions and participate, in association with immunity, in the pathogenesis of depression. Thereby, GM modulation could be a novel therapeutic target for depression. This review aims to evidence how the GM and the immune system influence mental illness, particularly depression. Here, we focus on the communication mechanisms between the intestine and the brain and the impact on the development of neuroinflammation contributing to the development of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, most of the current findings are in animal models, suggesting the need for studies in humans. In addition, more analysis of metabolites and cytokines are needed to identify new pathophysiological mechanisms improving anti-depression treatments.
Overnight Abstinence, Ventrostriatal-Insular Connectivity, and Tridimensional Personality Traits in Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Chen Yu , Li Chiang-shan R.
Published: May 2023

Background: Personality traits contribute to the risks of smoking. The striatum has been implicated in nicotine addiction and nicotine deprivation is associated with alterations in resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the ventral (VS) and dorsal (DS) striatum. However, it remains unclear how striatal rsFC may change following overnight abstinence or how these shorter-term changes in inter-regional connectivity relate to personality traits. Methods: In the current study, 28 smokers completed assessments with Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), as well as resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans during satiety and after overnight abstinence. We processed imaging data with published routines and evaluated the results with a corrected threshold. Results: Smokers showed increases in the VS-insula rsFC but no significant changes in the DS rsFC after overnight abstinence as compared to satiety. The difference in the VS-insula rsFC (abstinence minus satiety) was negatively correlated with harm avoidance. Conclusions: These findings highlighted striatal connectivity correlates of very short-term abstinence from smoking and how the VS-insula rsFC may vary with individual personality traits, interlinking neural markers and personality risk factors of cigarette smoking at the earliest stage of abstinence.
Association of Dizziness-Related Handicap or Disability with Clinical Features in Patients with Early Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Kwon Kyum-Yil , You Jihwan , Kim Rae On , Lee Eun Ji
Published: May 2023

Background: Complaining of dizziness is common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) even at the early phase of the disease. Therefore, regarding motor or non-motor symptoms, clinical implication of subjective dizziness in early Parkinsonian patients is needed to be explored. Methods: Eighty patients diagnosed with early PD (defined by disease duration of five years or less) were retrospectively enrolled for the study. Dizziness handicap inventory (DHI), the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) Functional Level Scale (FLS), and clinical features of parkinsonian motor and non-motor symptoms using representative measurements. Results: Through simple and multiple linear regression analyses, we found that both DHI and FLS were significantly and positively correlated with postural instability/gait disorder (PIGD) score but negatively with the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) score. Conclusions: We found that subjective dizziness in patients with early PD was related to not only axial symptoms of PIGD, but also global cognitive function of MoCA. Further research is required to confirm our results.
Maturation, Morphology, and Function: The Decisive Role of Intestinal Flora on Microglia: A Review
Authors: Liu Lichao , Tong Fan , Li Huanhuan , Bin Yawen , Ding Peng , Peng Ling , Liu Zhiwei , Dong Xiaorong
Published: May 2023

Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota regulates intestinal function and maintains intestinal homeostasis, as well as interacting with the central nervous system to affect brain function and human behavior. Microglia are the most common immune cell type in the central nervous system during homeostasis. These cells play an important role in immune surveillance by responding to infections and other pathological conditions. Microglia also play a major role in maintaining brain homeostasis in both developing and adult mice by phagocytosing cell debris and regulating the formation of neural networks. The specific signaling pathways and cytokines that control the maturation and activation of microglia are currently not fully established. However, research on germ-free (GF) mice and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice indicate that gut microbiota have important interactions with microglia. Here, we review the latest research findings on how gut microbiota can affect the morphology, maturation, phenotype and function of microglia. We also discuss recent advances in the gut microbiota-microglia-disease axis.