bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian inference of population prevalence
Authors: Ince Robin AA , Paton Angus T , Kay Jim W , Schyns Philippe G
Published: September 2021

Within neuroscience, psychology, and neuroimaging, the most frequently used statistical approach is null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) of the population mean. An alternative approach is to perform NHST within individual participants and then infer, from the proportion of participants showing an effect, the prevalence of that effect in the population. We propose a novel Bayesian method to estimate such population prevalence that offers several advantages over population mean NHST. This method provides a population-level inference that is currently missing from study designs with small participant numbers, such as in traditional psychophysics and in precision imaging. Bayesian prevalence delivers a quantitative population estimate with associated uncertainty instead of reducing an experiment to a binary inference. Bayesian prevalence is widely applicable to a broad range of studies in neuroscience, psychology, and neuroimaging. Its emphasis on detecting effects within individual participants can also help address replicability issues in these fields.
Exposure to landscape fire smoke reduced birthweight in low- and middle-income countries: findings from a siblings-matched case-control study
Authors: Li Jiajianghui , Guan Tianjia , Guo Qian , Geng Guannan , Wang Huiyu , Guo Fuyu , Li Jiwei , Xue Tao
Published: September 2021

Background:

Landscape fire smoke (LFS) has been associated with reduced birthweight, but evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is rare.

Methods:

Here, we present a sibling-matched case–control study of 227,948 newborns to identify an association between fire-sourced fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and birthweight in 54 LMICs from 2000 to 2014. We selected mothers from the geocoded Demographic and Health Survey with at least two children and valid birthweight records. Newborns affiliated with the same mother were defined as a family group. Gestational exposure to LFS was assessed in each newborn using the concentration of fire-sourced PM2.5. We determined the associations of the within-group variations in LFS exposure with birthweight differences between matched siblings using a fixed-effects regression model. Additionally, we analyzed the binary outcomes of low birthweight (LBW) or very low birthweight (VLBW).

Results:

According to fully adjusted models, a 1 µg/m3 increase in the concentration of fire-sourced PM2.5 was significantly associated with a 2.17 g (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–3.77) reduction in birthweight, a 2.80% (95% CI 0.97–4.66) increase in LBW risk, and an 11.68% (95% CI 3.59–20.40) increase in VLBW risk.

Conclusions:

Our findings indicate that gestational exposure to LFS harms fetal health.

Funding:

PKU-Baidu Fund, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Peking University Health Science Centre, and CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences.
mRNA vaccination in people over 80 years of age induces strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 with cross neutralization of P.1 Brazilian variant
Authors: Parry Helen , Tut Gokhan , Bruton Rachel , Faustini Sian , Stephens Christine , Saunders Philip , Bentley Christopher , Hilyard Katherine , Brown Kevin , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Charlton Sue , Leung Stephanie , Chiplin Emily , Coombes Naomi S , Bewley Kevin R , Penn Elizabeth J , Rowe Cathy , Otter Ashley , Watts Rosie , D'Arcangelo Silvia , Hallis Bassam , Makin Andrew , Richter Alex , Zuo Jianmin , Moss Paul
Published: September 2021

Age is the major risk factor for mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection and older people have received priority consideration for COVID-19 vaccination. However, vaccine responses are often suboptimal in this age group and few people over the age of 80 years were included in vaccine registration trials. We determined the serological and cellular response to spike protein in 100 people aged 80–96 years at 2 weeks after the second vaccination with the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Antibody responses were seen in every donor with high titers in 98%. Spike-specific cellular immune responses were detectable in only 63% and correlated with humoral response. Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased antibody responses after one vaccine and antibody and cellular responses remained 28-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, after dual vaccination. Post-vaccine sera mediated strong neutralization of live Victoria infection and although neutralization titers were reduced 14-fold against the P.1 variant first discovered in Brazil they remained largely effective. These data demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine platform delivers strong humoral immunity in people up to 96 years of age and retains broad efficacy against the P.1 variant of concern.
Autonomous clocks that regulate organelle biogenesis, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular dynamics
Authors: Mofatteh Mohammad , Echegaray-Iturra Fabio , Alamban Andrew , Dalla Ricca Francesco , Bakshi Anand , Aydogan Mustafa G
Published: September 2021

How do cells perceive time? Do cells use temporal information to regulate the production/degradation of their enzymes, membranes, and organelles? Does controlling biological time influence cytoskeletal organization and cellular architecture in ways that confer evolutionary and physiological advantages? Potential answers to these fundamental questions of cell biology have historically revolved around the discussion of ‘master’ temporal programs, such as the principal cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin cell division oscillator and the circadian clock. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent evidence supporting an emerging concept of ‘autonomous clocks,’ which under normal conditions can be entrained by the cell cycle and/or the circadian clock to run at their pace, but can also run independently to serve their functions if/when these major temporal programs are halted/abrupted. We begin the discussion by introducing recent developments in the study of such clocks and their roles at different scales and complexities. We then use current advances to elucidate the logic and molecular architecture of temporal networks that comprise autonomous clocks, providing important clues as to how these clocks may have evolved to run independently and, sometimes at the cost of redundancy, have strongly coupled to run under the full command of the cell cycle and/or the circadian clock. Next, we review a list of important recent findings that have shed new light onto potential hallmarks of autonomous clocks, suggestive of prospective theoretical and experimental approaches to further accelerate their discovery. Finally, we discuss their roles in health and disease, as well as possible therapeutic opportunities that targeting the autonomous clocks may offer.
Follow the Flag
Authors: Grant H. Roger
Published: September 2021

This book offers a history of the Wabash Railroad Company, a once-vital interregional carrier. Like most major American carriers, the Wabash grew out of an assortment of small firms. Thanks in part to the genius of financier Jay Gould, by the early 1880s what was then known as the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway reached the principal gateways of Chicago, Des Moines, Detroit, Kansas City, and St. Louis. In the 1890s, the Wabash gained access to Buffalo and direct connections to Boston and New York City. One extension fizzled, and in 1904 entry into Pittsburgh caused financial turmoil, ultimately throwing the Wabash into receivership. A subsequent reorganization allowed the Wabash to become an important carrier during the go-go years of the 1920s and permitted the company to take control of a strategic “bridge” property, the Ann Arbor Railroad. The Great Depression forced the company into another receivership, but an effective reorganization during the early days of World War II gave rise to a generally robust road. In the 1960s, the Wabash, along with the Nickel Plate Road, joined the prosperous Norfolk & Western Railway, a merger that worked well for all three carriers. Immortalized in the popular folk song “Wabash Cannonball,” the midwestern railroad has left important legacies. Today, forty years after becoming a “fallen flag” carrier, key components of the former Wabash remain busy rail arteries and terminals, attesting to its historic value to American transportation.
Optimal placement of tsunami sensors with depth constraint
Authors: Magdalena Ikha , La’lang Raynaldi , Mendoza Renier , Lope Jose Ernie
Published: September 2021

Tsunamis are destructive natural disasters that can cause severe damage to property and the loss of many lives. To mitigate the damage and casualties, tsunami warning systems are implemented in coastal areas, especially in locations with high seismic activity. This study presents a method to identify the placement of near-shore detection sensors by minimizing the tsunami detection time, obtained by solving the two-dimensional shallow water equations (SWE). Several benchmark tests were done to establish the robustness of the SWE model, which is solved using a staggered finite volume method. The optimization problem is solved using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is applied to different test problems. As an application, the method is used to find the optimal location of a detection sensor using data from the 2018 Palu tsunami. Our findings show that detection time can be significantly reduced through the strategic placement of tsunami sensors.
Nickel stress-tolerance in plant-bacterial associations
Authors: Pishchik Veronika , Mirskaya Galina , Chizhevskaya Elena , Chebotar Vladimir , Chakrabarty Debasis
Published: September 2021

Nickel (Ni) is an essential element for plant growth and is a constituent of several metalloenzymes, such as urease, Ni-Fe hydrogenase, Ni-superoxide dismutase. However, in high concentrations, Ni is toxic and hazardous to plants, humans and animals. High levels of Ni inhibit plant germination, reduce chlorophyll content, and cause osmotic imbalance and oxidative stress. Sustainable plant-bacterial native associations are formed under Ni-stress, such as Ni hyperaccumulator plants and rhizobacteria showed tolerance to high levels of Ni. Both partners (plants and bacteria) are capable to reduce the Ni toxicity and developed different mechanisms and strategies which they manifest in plant-bacterial associations. In addition to physical barriers, such as plants cell walls, thick cuticles and trichomes, which reduce the elevated levels of Ni entrance, plants are mitigating the Ni toxicity using their own antioxidant defense mechanisms including enzymes and other antioxidants. Bacteria in its turn effectively protect plants from Ni stress and can be used in phytoremediation. PGPR (plant growth promotion rhizobacteria) possess various mechanisms of biological protection of plants at both whole population and single cell levels. In this review, we highlighted the current understanding of the bacterial induced protective mechanisms in plant-bacterial associations under Ni stress.
The Big Bang Theory in Terms of Scientific Concise Expression of the Qur’an
Authors: DÜNDAR Mazhar
Published: September 2021

Kur’an, dili ve üslûbu yönündeki îcâzının yanında telif yönü, gaybî haberler vermesi, beşerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılaması, ihtiva ettiği diğer ilimler ve tabiat ilimleri gibi pek çok mucizevî bilgiyi içeren ilâhî bir kitaptır. Kur’an’da
pek çok ayet ve surede ilmî ve kevnî hakikate işaret edilmiş, kozmik oluşumlarla ilgili çeşitli bilgiler sunulmuştur. İslam'ın ilk dönemlerinde ayetlerde geçen bu tür bilgilerin hakikati ve mahiyeti hususunda fikir yürütülmesi
beklenemiyordu. Ancak ayetlerde bahsi geçen varlıkların ifade edilmesinin daha çok sebep ve hikmeti üzerinde durulmuştur. Kur’an’ın bu îcâz yönlerinden olan kevnî ayetlerin, modern bilimler neticesinde ortaya çıkan verilerle olan
ilişkisi dikkat çekicidir. Bu kevnî ayetlerin en önemlilerinden biri, yer ve gök bitişik iken Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın büyük bir patlamayla onları ayırmasıdır. Kur’an’ın ifade ettiği bu ilmî ve mucizevî tespit, günümüzdeki ilmî verilerle
uygunluk arz etmekte ve kâinatın ezeli, statik bir modelde olduğu fikrini reddetmektedir. Yine Kur’an’ın indiği dönemde bölgedeki bilgi düzeyi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, onun işaret ettiği modern bilimlere yönelik ifadelerin,
bir şahsın veya topluluğun bilmesine imkân olmadığı söylenebilir. Bu zaviyeden bakıldığında Kur’an’ın, ilâhî bir kelâm olduğu ve beşer tarafından söylenmesinin mümkün olmadığı açıktır. Bununla beraber ayetlerin bilimsel tefsiri
ya da bilimi öncelediği düşüncesinin ona aykırılık teşkil etmediği yaklaşımı çerçevesinde ayetlerinin yorumlanmasının doğruluğu veya yanlışlığı hususunda pek çok tartışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bu kabil çalışmalardan biri olan
“Büyük Patlama” teorisi/varsayımı ekseninde Kur’an’ın bilimsel îcâzı ele alınacaktır.
Evaluation of Imam Hatip Schools' Instructional Programs in Terms of Design between the Years 1965-2021
Authors: YILMAZ Macid , TUNÇ M.Veysi
Published: September 2021

21. yüzyıl bilgi toplumunda din ve eğitim konusu tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de hala önemini korumaktadır. Özellikle kuruluşu cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarına kadar dayanan ve mesleki din eğitimi faaliyetleri yürüten İmam Hatip Okulları,
bu süreçte en çok tartışılan kurumlardır. Tartışma konuları çeşitli olmakla beraber bu okulların geçmişte ve bugün uyguladıkları öğretim programları, bu programların değişim seyri çoğu zaman göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı;
cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında açılan İmam Hatip Okullarının 1965-2021 yılları arasındaki süreçte meslek derslerinin öğretim programlarını incelemek suretiyle bu programların genel yapıları, içerikleri, eğitim felsefesleri, eğitim
yaklaşımları ve din öğretimine özgü program tasarımlarının değerlendirmelerini yapmaktır. Mesleki din eğitimi veren bu kurumların 1965 yılından itibaren takip ettiği öğretim programlarındaki değişim ve dönüşümler bu okulların din
eğitimi anlayışlarını ve hedeflediği eğitim yaklaşımları açısından üzerinde durmaya değerdir. Geçmişten bugüne dünyadaki dönüşümler çerçevesinde İmam Hatip okullarındaki eğitim yaklaşımı, felsefesi ve hangi din öğretimi program
tasarımının analizinin yapılması din öğretimimizin geçtiği aşamaları tespit etmek geleceğe yönelik çıkarımlara imkân tanıması açısından da önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada ele alınan bu programlar, çalışmanın son kısmında karşılaştırmalı
bir şekilde incelenerek programların benzerlik ve farklılıklarına değinilmiştir. Kıyaslamalar, bölüm sonunda tablolarla belirtilmiştir. Dolayısıyla günümüz Türkiye’sinde zengin tarihe sahip bu kurumların geçmişten bugüne hangi
aşamalardan geçtiğinin belirlenmesi eğitim ve din eğitimi anlayışlarının bütüncül bir bakışla 21. yy. da nasıl bir dönüşüm geçirdiğini anlamak açısından önem taşımaktadır.
An Assessment About Affân b. Muslim's Hadith Narrative Method and Mihna
Authors: AKGÜL Yusuf
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmada, Bağdat muhaddisi diye anılan Affân b. Muslim’in (134-220/751-835) hayatı, hadis ilmindeki yeri ile ona nispet edilen hadis cüzlerindeki rivayet üslubu ve Mihnesi incelenmiştir. Çalışma giriş, iki bölüm ve sonuçtan oluşmaktadır.
Girişte çalışmanın amacı, önemi ve kaynakları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölüm Affân b. Muslim’in hayatı ve hadis ilmindeki yerine dairdir. İkinci bölümde ise Affân’ın hadis rivayet üslubu ve Mihnedeki durumu ele alınmıştır.
Kaynaklarda rivayetlerinin sağlam ve güvenilir olduğu zikredilen Affân b. Muslim’in hadis aldığı kişiler arasında Hammâd b. Seleme, Hammâd b. Zeyd ve Şu’be b. Haccâc gibi meşhur muhaddisler yer almaktadır. İbn Sa’d, Ahmed b. Hanbel,
İbn Ebi Şeybe, İmam Buhârî ve Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî onun talebelerindendir. Affân b. Muslim’e nispet edilen cüzler ve biyografi kaynakları incelendiğinde de bu durum açıkça görülmektedir. Affân’ın hadis rivayet üslubu, onun hocalarından
aldığı rivayetlerinde, âlimlerin onun hakkındaki olumlu veya olumsuz değerlendirmelerinde ve yaşadığı dönemde yapılan çalışmalarda tespit edilebilir. Her ne kadar konuyla ilgili bazı çalışmalarda buna temas edilmiş olsa da bu çalışmada
hadis cüzleri incelenmiş, konuya dair bazı ilave açıklamalarda bulunulmuştur. Affân’ın yaşadığı dönem itibariyle Abbasilerin ilk dönemi olması, bu dönemde hadis alanında önemli gelişmelerin yaşanması, Mutezile mezhebinin görüşlerinden
Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğu görüşünün Ehl-i hadis’e benimsetilmeye çalışılması ve bu bağlamda Abbâsî Halifesi Me’mûn tarafından başlatılan sorgulamanın Affân b. Müslim ile başlamış olması gibi hususlar dönemin siyasî ve fikrî olaylarının
hadis rivayet ve üslubuna ne şekilde yansıdığını göstermesi bakımından kanaatimizce araştırmaya değer konulardır. Bu cümleden olarak çalışmada Affân’ın hayatı, hocaları ve talebeleri de araştırılmıştır.
Нормандская хроника
Authors: Кошон Пьер
Published: September 2021

«Нормандская хроника» Пьера Кошона — яркий, интересный и во многом уникальный источник времён Столетней войны. Написанная в столице Нормандии, городе Руане, в первой трети XV века, хроника освещает главным образом военное противостояние Англии и Франции за период времени с 1108 по 1433 г. В тексте «Нормандской хроники» нашла свое отражение бурная, полная драматизма эпоха — небывалое унижение Франции после громких побед англичан, жестокие социальные противоречия, отмеченные яростными вспышками городских и крестьянских восстаний, кровавые распри высшей французской знати, вылившиеся в затяжную гражданскую войну бургундцев и арманьяков, Великая Западная Схизма, разделившая весь католический мир на две части, опустошительные эпидемии чумы. Всё это порождало в людях убеждённость, что они стали свидетелями событий беспрецедентных по своей важности, что на их глазах происходит смена исторических эпох. Авторы хроники — анонимный руанский священник и его продолжатель, нотариус церковного суда Пьер Кошон — позволяли себе свободно высказываться о самых разных общественно-политических событиях и явлениях. Их рассказы отличаются большой эмоциональной живостью, изобилуют простонародными присказками и поговорками, грубыми выражениями. Очень часто в «Нормандской хронике» приводятся сведения, которые не встречаются ни в каких других источниках, что придаёт ей особую ценность в глазах исследователей. В подготовке издания принимал участие научно-исследовательский коллектив историков-медиевистов: Аникиев Михаил Владимирович (руководитель проекта), Карачинский Алексей Юрьевич (кандидат исторических наук, издательство «Наука»), Шишкин Владимир Владимирович (доктор исторических наук, СЗИУ РАНХиГС). Все исследовательские работы велись при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках проекта № 20-09-00051 «Нормандские хроники времён Столетней войны (научный перевод и исследование источников)». Для историков, филологов и широкого круга читателей, интересующихся историей западноевропейского средневековья.
Epidemiological profile of people affected by tuberculosis in Campina Grande - PB, between 2014 and 2018
Authors: De Andrade Júnior Francisco Patricio , Dantas de Araújo Januse Míllia , Vilar Cordeiro Laisa Vilar , Santos Santos Carmo Egberto , Santos de Arruda Barbosa Vanessa , de Oliveira Lima Edeltrudes
Published: September 2021

Introduction: tuberculosis is a bacteriosis caused by the etiological agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which initially affects the lungs, however it can become extrapulmonary. Although this infection is an important public health problem in Brazil, epidemiological studies on this disease are scarce. Objective: thus, the present study aimed to elucidate the epidemiological profile of people affected by tuberculosis in Campina Grande – PB, between the years 2014 to 2018. Methodology: this is an epidemiological, retrospective, analytical and documentary study, in which data were collected from the Department of Informatics of the “Sistema Único de Saúde”. Results: Between 2014 and 2018, 795 cases of tuberculosis were reported in Campina Grande-PB, with 2018 having the highest number of cases (24.6%). The epidemiological profile of those affected was predominantly male, aged 20 to 39 years, with low schooling, mixed race and residents of the urban area. When associating sex with immunosuppressive factors, a statistically significant association was observed between, HIV, the state of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and alcoholism (p <0.05). Conclusion: in this way, the data of this research can guide the development of indicators and public policiesfor the most susceptible population.
Entre o agradável e o pseudo-estético: uma dialética própria do campo da arte
Authors: Santos Deribaldo
Published: September 2021

O artigo, de caráter teórico bibliográfico, debate com Lukács o subitem Ciclo problemático do agradável, contido no capítulo 14 de sua Grande Estética. A comunicação objetiva aclarar a relação entre o estético e o agradável, o que possibilita problematizar o conceito de pseudo-estético. Essa problemática é imprescindível para o debate sobre a arte, dado que ilumina as criações humanas que, mesmo sem atingir a reflexão artística, cumprem uma missão importante para a vida cotidiana. Para atingir o objetivo, a comunicação se apoia em uma leitura imanente do autor, destacando a relação entre o Antes e o Depois do efeito catártico. Sobre o desenvolvimento dessa tematização, a exposição aponta para a importância do efeito agradável para a vida cotidiana e, em consequência disso, para a produção e recepção artística; indicando, entretanto, as distinções e aproximações entre o estético e o agradável.
Em defesa de uma máquina de guerra cultural
Authors: Gomes Sidmar , Carbone Priscilla
Published: September 2021

A presente reflexão, ao tomar como pano de fundo embates contemporâneos acerca de duas matrizes de teatro, uma de inspiração conservadora e outra progressista, intenta lançar luz sobre o tema das alianças entre estratégias políticas de governo e práticas teatrais, friccionando acontecimentos históricos brasileiros a comentários publicados em redes sociais por representantes da classe teatral. Segundo investe esta reflexão, ao eleger como inspiração o trato arquivístico e crítico legado do pensador francês Michel Foucault, tal discursividade daí advinda incitaria a operacionalização de uma maquinaria de governo da população via as práticas teatrais, aqui entendidas não apenas como práticas atinentes aos processos criativos, mas também como os discursos e a racionalidade a eles inerentes.
Teatroestendido e a revolta dos corpos em luta em “ESCORPIÃO”
Authors: Thürler Djalma , Woyda Duda
Published: September 2021

O ensaio apresenta a noção de teatroestendido, elaborada a partir do espetáculo “Escorpião”, dirigido por Marcus Lobo, da ATeiê voadOR Teatro. Forjado na encruzilhada interdisciplinar, que envolve desde a teoria do teatro ocidental à teoria queer, esse dispositivo estético colabora para pensar no teatro como arte múltipla, potente ferramenta de reflexão sobre a contemporaneidade por reivindicar o espaço de aparecimento dos corpos queers (BUTLER, 2018), em um novo terreno de experimentação estética que subvertem modos de vida tido como naturais (SEGATO, 2018) e noções de verdade consagradas pela colonialidade por meio da politização do corpo como “instância revolucionária” (PAMEIRO, 2017).
Engineered Bifunctional Proteins for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Du Yue , Xu Jian
Published: September 2021

Bifunctional proteins (BFPs) are a class of therapeutic agents produced through genetic engineering and protein engineering, and are increasingly used to treat various human diseases, including cancer. These proteins usually have two or more biological functions—specifically recognizing different molecular targets to regulate the related signaling pathways, or mediating effector molecules/cells to kill tumor cells. Unlike conventional small‐molecule or single‐target drugs, BFPs possess stronger biological activity but lower systemic toxicity. Hence, BFPs are considered to offer many benefits for the treatment of heterogeneous tumors. In this review, the authors briefly describe the unique structural feature of BFP molecules and innovatively divide them into bispecific antibodies, cytokine‐based BFPs (immunocytokines), and protein toxin‐based BFPs (immunotoxins) according to their mode of action. In addition, the latest advances in the development of BFPs are discussed and the potential limitations or problems in clinical applications are outlined. Taken together, future studies need to be centered on understanding the characteristics of BFPs for optimizing and designing more effective such drugs.
Gold Nanoparticle Interaction in Algae Enhancing Quantum Efficiency and Power Generation in Microphotosynthetic Power Cells
Authors: Kuruvinashetti Kiran , Pakkiriswami Shanmugasundaram , Packirisamy Muthukumaran
Published: September 2021

The necessity for sustainable energy production has driven the rapid development of technologies to harness solar energy effectively. The microphotosynthetic power cells (μPSC) aim to harness solar energy from living photosynthetic cells. Currently, the power density of the μPSC is low, due to several factors. One of the major impediments and challenges of the μPSC is its lower charge transfer efficiency between the photosynthetic microorganisms and the electrodes. Herein, the proposed strategy explores the interaction of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with photosynthetic microorganisms for enhanced power generation from the μPSC. Herein, the intracellular biocompatible, efficient light absorbers in the form of Au NPs are introduced. Translocation of gold colloidal solution of 25 μL of 50 μg mL−1(253.8 μmol mL−1) concentration into 2 mL whole liquid culture of algal cells (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: ≈1 million cells mL−1) enhances operational quantum yield (ϕ0) of the algal cells by 30.2% and power generation capability by 15.2% in μPSCs. Internalized Au NPs in the algal cells quench chlorophyll fluorescence, thereby contributing to increased photosynthetic efficiency. With multiple advantages such as light absorption capability, biocompatibility, and ability to transfer the electrons, Au NPs can efficiently harvest sunlight for enhanced power generation from the μPSC.
The experiences of medical students, residents, fellows, and attendings in the emergency department: Implicit bias to microaggressions
Authors: Brown Cortlyn , Daniel Rosny , Addo Newton , Knight Starr
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Microaggressions and implicit bias occur frequently in medicine. No previous study, however, has examined the implicit bias and microaggressions that emergency medicine (EM) providers experience. Our primary objective was to understand how often EM providers experience implicit bias and microaggressions. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the types of microaggressions they experience and whether their own identifying characteristics are risk factors.

Methods

A questionnaire was administered to EM providers across the United States. Outcome measures of experiencing or witnessing a microaggression, overt discrimination, or implicit bias were described using frequencies, proportions, and logistic regressions. Where a univariate association between outcome measures and demographic characteristics was found, multivariate regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) was performed. Proportional odds logistic regression models were used to evaluate the specific type of microaggressions experienced and if there was an association with demographic variables.

Results

A total of 277 medical providers (48% trainees—medical students, residents, and fellows—and 52% attending physicians) completed the survey. A total of 181 (65%) respondents reported experiencing a microaggression. Female (OR = 5.9 [95% CI = 3.1 to 11.2]) and non‐White respondents (OR = 2.4 [95% CI = 1.2 to 4.5]) were more likely to report experiencing any microaggression. Misidentification, the most common form of microaggression, was more common with trainees compared to attending physicians (proportional OR [POR] = 2.6 [95% CI = 1.7 to 4.0]) and non‐White, compared to White, respondents (POR = 2.2 [95% CI = 1.3 to 3.6]). Misidentification as nonclinician staff was associated with gender (POR = 53 [95% CI = 24 to 116]) and 52% of female respondents reported being mistaken for nonclinician staff almost daily. Seventy‐six percent of respondents reported being called a vulgar term by a patient and 21% by a staff member.

Conclusions

EM providers, particularly women and non‐Whites, who responded to our survey experienced and witnessed bias and microaggressions, most commonly misidentification, in the ED.
Characteristics of medical students interested in emergency medicine with intention to practice in underserved areas
Authors: Abreu Carina , Jawiche John , Nguyen Mytien , Chang Andrew K. , Ata Ashar , Reid Symone , Mason Hyacinth R. C. , Rebagliati Daniel , Myers Joy M. , Pinto Dorcas , B Jeffe Donna , Boatright Dowin
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Emergency departments serve a wide variety of racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and gender backgrounds. It is currently unknown what characteristics of students who express interest in emergency medicine (EM) are associated with a simultaneous desire to work in medically underserved areas. We hypothesize that those who are underrepresented in medicine, are female, learn another language, and have more student debt will be more likely to practice in a medically underserved area.

Methods

Data from the National Board of Medical Examiners, Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Student Record System, and the AAMC Graduation Questionnaire were collected on a national cohort of 92,013 U.S. medical students who matriculated from 2007 through 2012. Extracted variables included planned practice area, intention to practice in underserved areas, race/ethnicity, sex, medical school experiences, age at matriculation, debt at graduation, and first‐attempt USMLE Step 1 score.

Results

EM‐intending students who identified as female, non‐Hispanic Black/African American, or Latinx/Hispanic; had a larger debt at graduation; had experiences with health education in the community; had global health experience; and had learned more than one language were more likely to report an intention to practice in underserved areas.

Conclusion

With the increasing importance of physician diversity to match those of the community being served, this study identifies factors associated with a desire of EM students to work in underserved areas. Medical schools and EM residencies may wish to consider these factors in their admissions process.
Diversity begets diversity: Factors contributing to emergency medicine residency gender diversity
Authors: Saak Julia C. , Mannix Alexandra , Stilley Julie , Sampson Christopher
Published: September 2021

Background

Although the number of women entering medical school and emergency medicine (EM) residencies has increased, female physicians are still proportionally underrepresented in EM. The goal of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between resident gender and program leadership gender.

Methods

A survey of residency leadership and residents was completed, and multivariate factor analysis was performed.

Results

It was found that 31% of program directors (PDs) were women, along with 42% of associate PDs, 48% of assistant PDs, 36% of residents, and 48% of chief residents. The strongest correlation between female residents and program leadership was between female residents and female assistant PDs (0.25). Female residents were also strongly correlated with female chief residents (0.40).

Conclusions

Although we cannot determine the direction of causation, moving forward, programs looking to increase their female resident cohort should consider focusing efforts around increasing representation at the program leadership and chief resident level.
Untold stories: Emergency medicine residents’ experiences caring for diverse patient populations
Authors: Haggins Adrianne , Clery Michael , Ahn James , Hogikyan Emily , Heron Sheryl , Johnson Renee , Hopson Laura R.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education expects specialties to teach and assess proficiency in culturally competent care. However, little guidance has emerged to achieve these goals. Clinical training within socioeconomically disparate settings may provide an experiential learning opportunity. We sought to qualitatively explore resident experiences working in the generic clinical learning environments (i.e., exposure to socioeconomically diverse patients across different training sites) and how it shapes cultural competency–related skill development.

Methods

Residents were recruited from emergency medicine (EM) programs. We used purposeful sampling across all postgraduate years and elicited experiences related to working at the different sites related to cultural identity, frustrating patient encounters, vulnerable populations, and development of health disparities/social determinants of health knowledge. Individual structured interviews were conducted via phone between May and December 2016. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, anonymized, and analyzed using systematic and iterative coding methods.

Results

Twenty‐four interviews revealed three main themes. EM residents’ experiences caring for patients across sites shaped their understanding of: (1) potential patient attributes that affected the clinical encounter, (2) difficulties in building rapport had adverse effect on the clinical evaluation, and (3) residency program and training experiences shaped their clinical preparedness and willingness to work in underserved areas.

Conclusion

Assessing the impact disparate clinical setting exposures have on trainees’ preparedness to care for socioeconomically diverse patients can provide valuable insight for medical educators into barriers and facilitators to delivering optimal learning and patient care. Participants provided a breadth of stories illuminating their real‐world consciousness and competency with meeting the needs of diverse populations and their access to varied educational outlets to grapple with the disparities they observed. More research is needed to uncover effective strategies to help residents thrive and feel more prepared to care for diverse populations.
A descriptive analysis of emergency medicine resident productivity over the course of training
Authors: Fredette Jenna , Kim Tae , McHugh Daniel , Gissendaner Jamie , Cherico Amy , Mapp Alexandra , Brennan Daniel , Thundiyil Josef , Nomura Jason
Published: September 2021

Background

The primary objective of emergency medicine (EM) residency training is to develop knowledgeable, procedurally competent, and highly efficient physicians. We aimed to determine current overall productivity statistics and if there is an average rate of productivity change for individual residents as they progress through their training.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of EM resident productivity performed at two American Council of Graduate Medical Education–accredited, community‐academic residency programs from July 2012 to June 2018. Productivity was defined by relative value units (RVU)/h, RVU/patient, and patients/h. Mixed‐effects models for repeated‐measures data were used to assess change in outcome over postgraduate year (PGY) levels. The models included the interaction between progressive PGY levels to assess whether there was a pattern of change between each training year.

Results

A total of 102 unique EM residents were included in the analysis. All three productivity measures increased linearly between PGY levels. However, while each graduating class had linear improvement throughout training, the rates of change were not consistent from one class to the next. Furthermore, a consistent rate of change between PGY for individual residents could not be established. Productivity can increase, decrease, stay the same, or any combination as residents advance through their training.

Conclusions

Overall productivity of EM residents increases as they advance through their training. However, there is no consistent pattern of increase from one graduating class to the next and no reliable pattern of change for individual residents. Having increased granularity and understanding of productivity as it relates to individual residents will allow for more enhanced advisement of residents about their current productivity and their anticipated course through residency.
Developing an electronic health record–derived health equity dashboard to improve learner access to data and metrics
Authors: Tsuchida Ryan E. , Haggins Adrianne N. , Perry Marcia , Chen Chiu‐Mei , Medlin Richard P. , Meurer William J. , Burkhardt John , Fung Christopher M.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

It is essential to engage learners in efforts aimed at dismantling racism and other contributors to health care disparities. Barriers to their involvement include limited access to data. The objective of our study was to create a data dashboard using an existing quality improvement (QI) infrastructure and provide resident access to data to facilitate exploratory analysis on disparities in emergency department (ED) patient care.

Methods

Focusing on patient populations that have previously been shown in the literature to suffer significant disparities in the ED, we extracted outcomes across a variety of metrics already collected as part of routine ED operations. Using data visualization software, we developed an interactive dashboard for visual exploratory analyses.

Results

We designed a dashboard for our resident learners with views that are flexible and allow user selected filters to view clinical outcomes by patient age, treatment area, and chief complaint. Learners were also allowed to select grouping and outcomes of interest to investigate questions and form new hypotheses of their choosing. Available dashboard views included summary counts view to assess ED visits over time by selectable group, a rooming and triage acuity view, time‐to‐event survival curve view, histogram and box plot views for continuous variables, a view to assess outcome variables by time of day of ED arrival, customizable contingency table views, and correspondence analysis.

Conclusions

Utilizing an existing QI infrastructure, we developed a dashboard that provides a new perspective into commonly collected ED operations data to allow for the exploration of disparities in ED care that is accessible to learners. Future directions include using these data to refine hypotheses on ED disparities, understand root causes, develop interventions, and measure their impact.
Images of dark skin in top emergency medicine journals: A cross‐sectional analysis of images of emergent cutaneous disorders
Authors: Bell Geovonni , Holmes Sherita , Gillespie Scott , Wood Anna , Murray Brittany L.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Emergency medicine (EM) physicians must recognize emergent cutaneous disorders (CDs) in patients of all skin tones. In other medical specialties, images of CDs in light‐skinned individuals (LSI) are published more frequently than images of CDs in dark‐skinned individuals (DSI). This study aims to determine the representation of LSI versus DSI in images of emergent CDs published in top EM journals.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional analysis of CD images published from 2015 to 2020 in the six most influential EM journals as determined by Eigenfactor. The 2016 Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (EM Model) by the American Board of Emergency Medicine was used to classify CDs as “emergent,” “nonemergent,” or “not listed.” The Fitzpatrick skin tone scale was used to classify skin tone as light, dark, or indeterminate. Two blinded reviewers classified each image; for disagreements, a third blinded reviewer determined the final classification. Descriptive statistics and chi‐square were used to analyze the data. A kappa coefficient was used to determine reviewer agreement (LSI vs. DSI), and a weighted kappa coefficient was used for agreement between individual Fitzpatrick categories.

Results

There were 314 images of CDs. Forty images were indeterminate, and one image was excluded, leaving 273. Of the 273 images analyzed, 44.0% were emergent, 8.0% were nonemergent, and 48.0% were not listed in the EM Model. DSI comprised 13.6% of images. For emergent CDs, 85.0% were LSI versus 15.0% DSI. For nonemergent CDs, 27.3% were DSI, and for CDs not listed in the EM Model, 9.9% were DSI. The kappa coefficient for reviewer agreement between LSI and DSI was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65 to 0.87) and the weighted kappa coefficient for agreement between Fitzpatrick categories was 0.70 (95% CI = 0.64 to 0.76), showing substantial agreement.

Conclusion

For emergent and nonemergent CDs, images of LSI were published more than those of DSI in top EM journals.
Mobilizing bystanders to address microaggressions in the workplace: The case for a systems‐change approach to Getting A (Collective) GRIP
Authors: Bond Meg A. , Haynes‐Baratz Michelle C.
Published: September 2021

Microaggressions present significant barriers to the entry and advancement of individuals from marginalized groups within the workplace. Their ubiquity, coupled with their harmful impact, creates an urgent need for organizations to mitigate them to foster truly equitable and inclusive work environments. In this paper, we present a bystander‐focused approach to address this particular form of workplace bias. Informed by the empirical literature and grounded in socioecological principles, we underscore the importance of a systems‐change approach to the development and implementation of any bystander program. We describe ways to incorporate social–ecological sensibilities into the substance of the training itself by outlining our “Get A (Collective) GRIP” framework. This framework emphasizes the need for active bystanders to employ an ecological scan that includesAssessing what happened, determining one'sGoals for intervening, considering theRelationships among those involved in the incident (target/s, transgressor/s, and witness/es), taking into account theInstitutional context in which the incident occurs, and being attuned to structural issues andPower dynamics within the context. Finding ways to address microaggressions that embody systemic analyses has transformative potential for the workplace and doing so through activating bystanders to alter local social norms is an area that has tremendous promise in this regard.
Bi‐allelic PAGR1 variants are associated with microcephaly and a severe neurodevelopmental disorder: Genetic evidence from two families
Authors: Daum Hagit , Ganapathi Mythily , Hirsch Yoel , Griffin Emily L. , LeDuc Charles A. , Hagen Jacob , Yagel Simcha , Meiner Vardiella , Chung Wendy K. , Mor‐Shaked Hagar
Published: September 2021

Exome and genome sequencing were used to identify the genetic etiology of a severe neurodevelopmental disorder in two unrelated Ashkenazi Jewish families with three affected individuals. The clinical findings included a prenatal presentation of microcephaly, polyhydramnios and clenched hands while postnatal findings included microcephaly, severe developmental delay, dysmorphism, neurologic deficits, and death in infancy. A shared rare homozygous, missense variant (c.274A > G; p.Ser92Gly, NM_024516.4) was identified in PAGR1, a gene currently not associated with a Mendelian disease. PAGR1 encodes a component of the histone methyltransferase MLL2/MLL3 complex and may function in the DNA damage response pathway. Complete knockout of the murine Pagr1a is embryonic‐lethal. Given the available evidence, PAGR1 is a strong candidate gene for a novel autosomal recessive severe syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.
Charge‐State Distributions of Highly Charged Lead Ions at Relativistic Collision Energies
Authors: Kröger Felix M. , Weber Günter , Hirlaender Simon , Alemany‐Fernandez Reyes , Krasny Mieczyslaw W. , Stöhlker Thomas , Tolstikhina Inga Yu. , Shevelko Viacheslav P.
Published: September 2021

This study describes the charge‐state evolution of relativistic lead ions passing through a thin aluminum stripper foil. It is motivated by the Gamma Factory project at CERN, where optical laser pulses will be converted into intense gamma‐ray beams with energies up to a few hundred MeV, achieved via excitation of atomic transitions in few‐electron heavy‐ions at highly relativistic velocities. The recently developed BREIT code is employed together with theoretical cross‐sections for single‐electron loss and capture of the projectile ions. All charge‐states starting from Pb54 + up to bare ions are considered at kinetic projectile energies of 4.2 and 5.9 GeV u−1. During recent Gamma Factory beam tests, the calculated preparatory predictions allow to effectively produce Pb80 + and Pb81 + ions from Pb54 + in the transfer beam line between the PS and SPS synchrotron accelerators at CERN and consequently, to store partially stripped ions in the LHC for the very first time. Reasonable agreement is found between the calculations and the very few experimental data available. The study lays the groundwork to optimize the yields of charge states of interest for experiments within the future Gamma Factory project, including the upcoming Gamma Factory Proof‐of‐Principle experiment for which predictions for the production of Pb79 + are presented.
Direct 1,2‐Dicarbonylation of Alkenes towards 1,4‐Diketones via Photocatalysis
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Yuan , Yu Ji‐Xin , Lei Tao , Hou Hong‐Yu , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: September 2021

1,4‐Dicarbonyl compounds are intriguing motifs and versatile precursors in numerous pharmaceutical molecules and bioactive natural compounds. Direct incorporation of two carbonyl groups into a double bond at both ends is straightforward, but also challenging. Represented herein is the first example of 1,2‐dicarbonylation of alkenes by photocatalysis. Key to success is that N(n‐Bu)4+ not only associates with the alkyl anion to avoid protonation, but also activates the α‐keto acid to undergo electrophilic addition. The α‐keto acid is employed both for acyl generation and electrophilic addition. By tuning the reductive and electrophilic ability of the acyl precursor, unsymmetric 1,4‐dicarbonylation is achieved for the first time. This metal‐free, redox‐neutral and regioselective 1,2‐dicarbonylation of alkenes is executed by a photocatalyst for versatile substrates under extremely mild conditions and shows great potential in biomolecular and drug molecular derivatization.
Addressing the Gap, Advancing the Knowledge: Guidance for the Abstract Reviewer
Authors: Orozco Gwendelyn S. , Barreras Rudy R. , Hicks Rodney W.
Published: September 2021

Conferences often offer a wide variety of informative podium, expert panel, and poster presentations. Conference planners use an abstract review process to select abstracts for the presentations. Although guidance exists for writing abstracts, much less information is available on reviewing abstracts and what constitutes an appropriate review. This article provides an overview of the role of an abstract reviewer and information that potential reviewers can use to improve the quality of their reviews. A competent reviewer should possess current knowledge of the profession and working knowledge of research methodology, data collection strategies, and analyses to assess an abstract. Abstract reviewers should consider the abstract in the context of the planned conference attendees, remain objective throughout the review process, and complete the review in a timely manner. Conference planners rely on objective reviews to ensure the selection of quality abstracts, which can lead to a successful conference that advances professional knowledge.