bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enabling large‐scale viscoelastic calculations via neural network acceleration
Authors: DeVries Phoebe M. R. , Thompson T. Ben , Meade Brendan J.
Published: March 2017

One of the most significant challenges involved in efforts to understand the effects of repeated earthquake cycle activity is the computational costs of large‐scale viscoelastic earthquake cycle models. Computationally intensive viscoelastic codes must be evaluated at thousands of times and locations, and as a result, studies tend to adopt a few fixed rheological structures and model geometries and examine the predicted time‐dependent deformation over short (<10 years) time periods at a given depth after a large earthquake. Training a deep neural network to learn a computationally efficient representation of viscoelastic solutions, at any time, location, and for a large range of rheological structures, allows these calculations to be done quickly and reliably, with high spatial and temporal resolutions. We demonstrate that this machine learning approach accelerates viscoelastic calculations by more than 50,000%. This magnitude of acceleration will enable the modeling of geometrically complex faults over thousands of earthquake cycles across wider ranges of model parameters and at larger spatial and temporal scales than have been previously possible.
Genetics of Personality Disorders
Authors: South Susan C , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted
Published: March 2017

Evidence from family, adoption and twin studies indicates that genetic factors significantly influence liability to personality disorders (PDs) and contribute to the comorbidity among PDs and between PDs and other psychiatric disorders. Molecular genetic studies aimed at identifying specific genes have been applied, to a limited extent, to personality. Significant associations have, however, been found with candidate genes related to neurotransmitter pathways, especially in the dopaminergic or serotonergic systems. Both quantitative and molecular genetic studies indicate that gene–environment correlation and interaction play a role in the aetiology of PDs. Methods like genome‐wide association studies, analyses of copy‐number variation, studies of rare genetic variants and epigenetic methods are only recently being applied to PDs, but will hopefully contribute to our future understanding of the causal mechanisms involved.

Key Concepts

Personality disorders are categorical concepts in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but an emerging model conceptualises personality pathology along 5 domains that subsume 25 lower order facets.

Personality disorders are significantly influenced by genetic factors.

Comorbidity between personality disorders and between personality disorders and other mental disorders are significantly influenced by shared genetic liability.

Candidate gene association studies indicate significant relationships between personality disorders and genes related to neurotransmitter pathways, especially in the dopaminergic or serotonergic systems.

Both quantitative and molecular genetic studies suggest that gene–environment interplay is involved in the aetiology of personality disorders.
Map Projections and Coordinate Systems
Authors: Clarke Keith C.
Published: March 2017

Map projections are the means by which data about the 3‐D surface of the Earth and its features are transformed onto a flat plane for the purpose of mapping. All map projections introduce distortion: of scale, distance, shape, and direction, and it is impossible to simultaneously satisfy the goals of conformality (shape preservation) and equivalence (area preservation), although recent new projections have attempted distortion minimization. Many classifications of projections have been proposed; these are discussed with respect to the trend from mechanical construction via the graticule, to mathematical derivation as used in computer programs. Once the map has been projected, the Euclidean space can be mapped onto standard coordinate systems such that positions can be described by coordinates consisting of eastings and northings. Many standard coordinate systems use conformal projections, in particular the Transverse Mercator, which serves as the basis for the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, and the several grid systems based upon it. The Military Grid Reference System, in use by NATO, is given as an example.
Local Statistics and Place‐Based Analysis
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: March 2017

Information such as census data, environmental records, and measures of neighborhood crime provide insight about the social and physical characteristics of different places, and about the people who live in them. Local statistics and place‐based analysis are used to look for spatial clustering (shared characteristics of people and of places) and also spatial heterogeneity (variations in characteristics from one place to another). Examples of place‐based analyses include neighborhood classifications and geodemographics. Local statistics include local indicators of spatial association (LISAs) and geographically weighted approaches.
Glacier Hydrology and Runoff
Authors: Irvine‐Fynn Tristram , Hubbard Bryn
Published: March 2017

The hydrology of glaciers concerns the transfer of meltwater through an ice mass. Conceptually, a model for the hydrology of mid‐latitude glaciers provides a broad basis for our current understanding. In general, a glacier's hydrology is divided into three core environments: the surface, interior, and ice–bed interface. The structure and development of drainage within these environments controls the efficiency and manner in which meltwater is delivered to streams emanating from a glacier. Compared to flow over exposed bare ice, snow significantly delays the rate at which meltwater is transferred over a glacier surface. Micro‐ and macroscale drainage can enable water to drain through a glacier's interior. Meltwater at the ice–bed interface follows slow or fast flowpaths dependent on water volumes and the nature of the glacier bed. The progression of the melt season increases the efficiency of drainage through a glacier, consequently influencing both the volume and quality of runoff.
Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model
Authors: Zhou Qiming
Published: March 2017

Digital elevation models (DEMs) and digital surface models (DSMs) are digital representations of the Earth's surface. Almost all current geographical information systems (GIS) have some capabilities to model, present, manipulate, analyze, and visualize terrain and artificial surfaces. The rapid development of elevation data acquisition techniques has made it possible for the general public to access global and national DEM databases at various spatial scales. This advancement will greatly encourage the application of DEMs in broader fields, using analytical functions of digital terrain analysis (DTA) to derive and extract geographical, hydrological, and geomorphological parameters and features from digital elevation data.
Interoperability of Representations
Authors: Brodaric Boyan
Published: March 2017

The rapid growth of distributed geographical data and software has fueled development of interoperability approaches that enable such resources to function together for specific purposes. The problem at the heart of these approaches involves overcoming heterogeneity in the digital representation of geographical entities and related computing processes. Solutions uniformly include conversion to a preferred representation through transformation at various levels, such as systems, syntax, structure, semantics, and pragmatics. Major milestones include spatial database interoperability, Spatial Data Infrastructures, and Linked Data, which are characterized by the adoption of unique strategies at each interoperability level and by distinct architectural styles.
Augmented Reality
Authors: Hedley Nick
Published: March 2017

Augmented reality (AR) is a form of interface technology and information experience where real‐world environments are enhanced (augmented) with virtual objects of information. Trends in the development of enabling technologies have led to the emergence of tangible and mobile augmented reality interfaces that are robust enough to adapt to geographic applications. This entry introduces AR, mixed reality, tangible AR, mobile AR, augmented virtuality, and flexible mixed reality. Technological and conceptual trends are summarized. The use and application of these methods for spatial information and geographic work are described.
Terahertz Phonon Mode Engineering of Highly Efficient Organic Terahertz Generators
Authors: Lee Seung‐Heon , Kang Bong Joo , Yoo Ba‐Wool , Lee Seung‐Chul , Lee Seung‐Jun , Jazbinsek Mojca , Yun Hoseop , Rotermund Fabian , Kwon O‐Pil
Published: March 2017

For terahertz (THz) wave generators based on organic electrooptic crystals, their intrinsic phonon modes are playing an essential role in THz generation characteristics. Here, this study proposes an effective design strategy for THz phonon mode engineering of organic electrooptic salt crystals for efficient optical‐to‐THz frequency conversion. To reduce phonon‐mode intensity, strongly electronegative trifluoromethyl group acting as strong hydrogen‐bond acceptor is incorporated into molecular anions. New 2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)‐1‐methylquinolinium 4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate (HMQ‐4TFS) crystals exhibit a relatively small absorption coefficient in the THz spectral range between 0.5 and 4 THz, which is attributed to suppressed molecular vibrations due to strong hydrogen bonds involving the 4TFS anion. In addition, HMQ‐4TFS crystals possess a very large macroscopic optical nonlinearity, comparable (or even higher) to benchmark stilbazolium crystals. Based on the low‐intensity THz phonon modes and the large optical nonlinearity, a 0.37 mm thick HMQ‐4TFS crystal pumped with 150 fs infrared laser pulses facilitates very efficient THz wave generation by optical rectification, delivering 23 times higher peak‐to‐peak THz electric field than the widely used standard inorganic ZnTe crystal (1.0 mm thick) and a broader spectral bandwidth. Therefore, strongly electronegative groups introduced into molecular salt electrooptic crystals provide a very promising design strategy of THz phonon mode engineering for developing intense broadband THz sources.
Topological Quantum Phase Transition and Superconductivity Induced by Pressure in the Bismuth Tellurohalide BiTeI
Authors: Qi Yanpeng , Shi Wujun , Naumov Pavel G. , Kumar Nitesh , Sankar Raman , Schnelle Walter , Shekhar Chandra , Chou Fang‐Cheng , Felser Claudia , Yan Binghai , Medvedev Sergey A.
Published: March 2017

A pressure‐induced topological quantum phase transition has been theoretically predicted for the semiconductor bismuth tellurohalide BiTeI with giant Rashba spin splitting. In this work, evolution of the electrical transport properties in BiTeI and BiTeBr is investigated under high pressure. The pressure‐dependent resistivity in a wide temperature range passes through a minimum at around 3 GPa, indicating the predicted topological quantum phase transition in BiTeI. Superconductivity is observed in both BiTeI and BiTeBr, while resistivity at higher temperatures still exhibits semiconducting behavior. Theoretical calculations suggest that superconductivity may develop from the multivalley semiconductor phase. The superconducting transition temperature, Tc, increases with applied pressure and reaches a maximum value of 5.2 K at 23.5 GPa for BiTeI (4.8 K at 31.7 GPa for BiTeBr), followed by a slow decrease. The results demonstrate that BiTeX (X = I, Br) compounds with nontrivial topology of electronic states display new ground states upon compression.
A Nonmetal Plasmonic Z‐Scheme Photocatalyst with UV‐ to NIR‐Driven Photocatalytic Protons Reduction
Authors: Zhang Zhenyi , Huang Jindou , Fang Yurui , Zhang Mingyi , Liu Kuichao , Dong Bin
Published: March 2017

Ultrabroad‐spectrum absorption and highly efficient generation of available charge carriers are two essential requirements for promising semiconductor‐based photocatalysts, towards achieving the ultimate goal of solar‐to‐fuel conversion. Here, a fascinating nonmetal plasmonic Z‐scheme photocatalyst with the W18O49/g‐C3N4 heterostructure is reported, which can effectively harvest photon energies spanning from the UV to the nearinfrared region and simultaneously possesses improved charge‐carrier dynamics to boost the generation of long‐lived active electrons for the photocatalytic reduction of protons into H2. By combining with theoretical simulations, a unique synergistic photocatalysis effect between the semiconductive Z‐scheme charge‐carrier separation and metal‐like localized‐surface‐plasmon‐resonance‐induced “hot electrons” injection process is demonstrated within this binary heterostructure.
Childhood Adversity and the Continued Exposure to Trauma and Violence Among Adolescent Gang Members
Authors: Quinn Katherine , Pacella Maria L. , Dickson‐Gomez Julia , Nydegger Liesl A.
Published: March 2017

This study investigates interfaith groups from across the United States to understand how these religious settings may serve as mediating structures to facilitate individual political action. Based on a multilevel modeling analysis with 169 individuals from 25 interfaith groups, we found that core activities of the group, such as group members sharing community information (e.g., announcing upcoming events, political meetings, community issues) or sharing religious information (e.g., educating members about their religion) positively and negatively predicted individual political action as a result of group participation, respectively. Moreover, a sense that the interfaith group served as a community to work for local change, but not trust within the group, predicted political action as a result of group participation. However, this effect for a sense the group served as a community to work for local change was stronger and more positive as the degree of community information sharing in the group increased. These results show that a core activity of sharing community information may enhance the ability of a group to mediate political action. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential role of interfaith groups to mediate political action, and show the importance of considering both individual and group characteristics when understanding these religious settings. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
Universal Super‐Resolution Multiplexing by DNA Exchange
Authors: Schueder Florian , Strauss Maximilian T. , Hoerl David , Schnitzbauer Joerg , Schlichthaerle Thomas , Strauss Sebastian , Yin Peng , Harz Hartmann , Leonhardt Heinrich , Jungmann Ralf
Published: March 2017

Super‐resolution microscopy allows optical imaging below the classical diffraction limit of light with currently up to 20× higher spatial resolution. However, the detection of multiple targets (multiplexing) is still hard to implement and time‐consuming to conduct. Here, we report a straightforward sequential multiplexing approach based on the fast exchange of DNA probes which enables efficient and rapid multiplexed target detection with common super‐resolution techniques such as (d)STORM, STED, and SIM. We assay our approach using DNA origami nanostructures to quantitatively assess labeling, imaging, and washing efficiency. We furthermore demonstrate the applicability of our approach by imaging multiple protein targets in fixed cells.
A Green Route to Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayers for High‐Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Subbiah Jegadesan , Mitchell Valerie D. , Hui Nicholas K. C. , Jones David J. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: March 2017

Synthesis of fluorene‐based conjugated polyelectrolytes was achieved via Suzuki polycondensation in water and completely open to air. The polyelectrolytes were conveniently purified by dialysis and analysis of the materials showed properties expected for fluorene‐based conjugated polyelectrolytes. The materials were then employed in solar cell devices as an interlayer in conjunction with ZnO. The double interlayer led to enhanced power conversion efficiency of 10.75 % and 15.1 % for polymer and perovskite solar cells, respectively.
Transition‐Metal‐Free C3 Arylation of Indoles with Aryl Halides
Authors: Chen Ji , Wu Jimmy
Published: March 2017

We report an unprecedented transition metal‐free coupling of indoles with aryl halides. The reaction is promoted by KOtBu and is regioselective for C3 over N. The use of degassed solvents devoid of oxygen is necessary for the success of the transformation. Preliminary studies implicate a hybrid mechanism that involves both aryne intermediates and non‐propagative radical processes. Electron transfer is also a distinct possibility. These conclusions were substantiated by EPR data, isotopic labeling studies, and the use of radical scavengers and electron transfer inhibitors.
Numerical simulation of non‐Newtonian polymer film flow on a rotating spoked annulus
Authors: Miah Md Salim , Hossain Mohammad Sayeed , Ashraf Muhammad Arif , Al‐Assaf Saphwan , McMillan Alison
Published: March 2017

The current study presents results from a series of numerical analyses of non‐Newtonian liquid film formation on a rotating spoked annulus. The film flow of a common type of polyester, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), on a vertically rotating disk was modeled numerically. Two different molecular weights, corresponding to different viscosities for PET, and under flow at different rotating speeds, were considered. The film thickness profile was obtained at different radial and angular positions of the rotating disk in the simulations, which is beneficial in calculating the volume of polymer taken up by the rotating disk and also in calculating the volumetric flow rates on the disk. Two types of disks, including a standard solid disk and a number of hollow disk designs with spoked annuli, were considered, and the film flow was modeled using a volume of fluid computational fluid dynamics analysis. The analyses of flow over spoked annulus designs highlighted the advantage of such designs over the use of a conventional solid disk. It was found that the variation in the film thickness for the spoked annulus was lower than that for the conventional solid disk. The parametric study also provided a favorable spoked annulus design for which the film thickness was essentially constant. A constant film thickness would provide a constant film flow, which can be a benefit to many industrial applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44943.
Green and efficient synthesis of an adsorbent fiber by preirradiation‐induced grafting of PDMAEMA and its Au(III) adsorption and reduction performance
Authors: Liu Xiyan , Ao Junxuan , Yang Xiaojuan , Ling Changjian , Zhang Bowu , Wang Ziqiang , Yu Ming , Shen Rongfang , Ma Hongjuan , Li Jingye
Published: March 2017

N,N‐Dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) is covalently bonded on a commercial polyethylene‐coated polypropylene skin‐core structure fiber (PE/PP) in aqueous and MeOH/H2O solutions by a one‐step green reaction using radiation‐induced graft polymerization. The effects of the absorbed dose and solvent system on grafting yield are investigated, while the chemical and physical properties of the functionalized fiber are also evaluated. The fiber with a Dg of 51.6% exhibited good adsorption capacity of Au(III) ions over a large range of concentrations (from 10 to 2.5 g L−1) in both batch and flow‐through adsorption tests. The highest capacity of Au was 949.3 mg g−1. After elution, the adsorbents can be reused without any further regeneration for at least five adsorption‐desorption cycles. Additionally, the fibers show high selectivity for Au(III). The distribution coefficient of Au(III) is 104 to 105 times higher than that for Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), and Pb(II) even at 100 times lower Au(III) concentration compared to the co‐existing metal ion concentration. This study provides an effective and novel approach for gold recovery from aqueous solutions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44955.
The effects of e‐beam crosslinking of LDPE on the permeation of hydrocarbons
Authors: Berger Katrin , Keimel Christian , Helfer Eric , Haar Bernd , Mattausch Hannelore , Riess Gisbert , Kern Wolfgang
Published: March 2017

Polyethylene is a useful material in numerous applications, such as packaging, fuel tanks as well as oil and gas pipes. However, it must be considered that polyethylene is permeable to gases and liquids. Small molecules, such as hydrocarbons, may permeate through the material and cause environmental problems. Consequently, a particular aspect of polymer materials is the requirement of a high permeation resistance against low‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbons. Modifications of the commonly used polyethylene material are necessary to achieve adjusted permeation properties. In this contribution, the effect of electron‐beam crosslinking of polyethylene on the resulting permeation characteristics was investigated. Polyethylene sheets were processed and crosslinked by irradiation with high energy electrons. The formation of a network structure was characterized by gel content determination and by rheological measurements. The permeation properties of the polymer sheets were assessed by a gravimetric method. It is demonstrated that—as a result of the crosslinking process—the permeation of low molecular weight hydrocarbon through polyethylene is reduced with respect to the chain length of the aliphatic substances. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44968.
Biocompatible surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) focused on pathogenic bacteria: Promising prospects in biomedical applications
Authors: Swar Sumita , Zajícová Veronika , Rysová Miroslava , Lovětinská‐Šlamborová Irena , Voleský Lukáš , Stibor Ivan
Published: March 2017

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET, is one of the most common polyesters, widely used in biomedical applications ranging from catheters to stents, vascular grafts, heart valves, sutures, and scaffolds. PET surface modification is necessary to impart desired properties for biomedical applications, making the polymer biocompatible, noncytotoxic and antibacterial that can preferably resist biofilm formation caused by pathogenic bacteria. A novel approach to anticorrosive wet chemical surface modification of PET by insertion of alkyl and hydroxyl groups was achieved by using Grignard reagents and confirmed by several different characterization methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angle (WCA) measurement, free surface energy (FSE) measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). High antibacterial efficiency against four different types of biofilm active, pathogenic bacterial strains namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established on the modified PET surface. Biocompatibility higher than 84% of the modified samples has been proved. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44990.
A high‐barrier PP/EVOH membrane prepared through the multistage biaxial‐stretching extrusion
Authors: Li Ting , Dai Yingying , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun , Xie Guangyou
Published: March 2017

The polypropylene (PP)/ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) membranes were prepared by a novel extrusion die with an assembly of laminating‐multiplying elements (LMEs). A biaxial‐stretching occurred when polymer melts flowing through a LME. The morphology development of PP/EVOH blends and its effect on gas‐barrier property, solvent‐absorption property and mechanical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), polarized optical microscope (POM), gas‐permeability test, immersion experiment, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile test. With the introduction of LME and the increasing of its number, morphology of EVOH phase in PP matrix gradually changed from zero‐dimension spherical particles to one‐dimension fibers, and then to two‐dimension sheets. As a result, the nitrogen permeability coefficient decreased nearly by two orders of magnitude and the permeability coefficient of toluene‐PP/EVOH system declined by almost four times. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45016.
Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Amazon River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) Spermatozoa
Authors: Amaral Rodrigo S. , Da Silva Vera M. F. , Valdez Domingos Fabíola X. , Martin Anthony R.
Published: March 2017

The spermatozoa from seven adult Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis, CETACEA: INIIDAE) were analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The spermatozoa showed an elongated ellipsoid shaped head and a long tail with a well distinguishable midpiece. The head spermatozoa have a smooth surface like other odontocetes examined, with the exception of the Delphinidae family. The mean dimensions of the spermatozoa were within the range already reported for other cetaceans. The spermatozoa midpiece, as in other cetaceans, showed a random pattern of mitochondria, different from that described for other mammals. Further studies of sperm morphology of a wider spectrum of cetacean families could help to better understand the reproductive biology of these animals and the intergeneric and intrageneric relationships among them, as well as, among other mammals. Anat Rec, 300:1519–1523, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic Syndrome, Its Components, and Knee Osteoarthritis: The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study
Authors: Niu Jingbo , Clancy Margaret , Aliabadi Piran , Vasan Ramachandran , Felson David T.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Previous studies have suggested that metabolic syndrome is associated with osteoarthritis (OA). However, analyses have often not included adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and have not addressed whether levels of individual metabolic syndrome components are related to OA. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship of metabolic syndrome and its components with radiographic and symptomatic knee OA.

Methods

Framingham Study subjects were assessed for OA in 1992–1995 and again in 2002–2005. Near the baseline visit, subjects had components of metabolic syndrome assessed. We defined incident radiographic OA as present when a knee without radiographic OA at baseline had a Kellgren/Lawrence grade of ≥2 at follow‐up, and defined incident symptomatic OA as present when a knee developed the new combination of radiographic OA and knee pain. After excluding knees with prevalent OA at baseline, we tested the relationship of metabolic syndrome according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and its components with the risk of incident radiographic OA and symptomatic OA before and after adjusting for BMI using the risk ratio from a binary regression with generalized estimating equations.

Results

A total of 991 subjects (55.1% women) with a mean age of 54.2 years were studied, and 26.7% of men and 22.9% of women had metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome and many of its components were associated with both incident radiographic OA and symptomatic OA, but after adjustment for BMI, almost all of these associations became weak and nonsignificant. An association of high blood pressure, especially diastolic pressure, with OA outcomes persisted in both men and women.

Conclusion

After adjustment for BMI, neither metabolic syndrome nor its components were associated with incident OA. There may be an association between OA and high blood pressure that needs further study.
Neuroanatomy education: The impact on perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of an intensive course on general practice residents
Authors: Arantes Mavilde , Barbosa Joselina Maria , Ferreira Maria Amélia
Published: March 2017

General practitioners are responsible for the management of an increasing number of patients with neurological illness, and thus a solid education in neurosciences is a necessary component of their training. This study examines the effects of an intensive clinical neuroanatomy course on twenty general practice residents’ perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge. A knowledge test was completed by the participants and by a control group at four different time points. The participants were asked to answer a questionnaire about their reasons for signing up for the course and their attitudes and perceptions toward the course experience. Experimental and control groups demonstrated identical mean baseline test scores. The experimental group significantly increased its test scores (plus 49.0% correct answers, a mean improvement of 120%) relative to controls after the educational intervention. There were no differences among scores from the evaluated time points after the educational intervention in the experimental group. In the control group, there were likewise no significant differences between the four evaluated time points. Most participants indicated that they signed up for the course to update/acquire knowledge and skills in the field of neurosciences, and also because they had difficulty in diagnosing and managing patients with neurological diseases. Participants’ attitudes and perceptions toward the course experience were very positive. Most of the participants (n = 17; 85%) rated the course as “extremely useful,” and 3 (15%) rated it as “very useful.” This study provides evidence demonstrating the potential positive effect of neurosciences education to general practice residents. Anat Sci Educ 10: 465–474. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict the effects of flavin‐containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) polymorphisms on itopride exposure
Authors: Zhou Wangda , Humphries Helen , Neuhoff Sibylle , Gardner Iain , Masson Eric , Al‐Huniti Nidal , Zhou Diansong
Published: March 2017

Itopride, a substrate of FMO3, has been used for the symptomatic treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was applied to evaluate the impact of FMO3 polymorphism on itopride pharmacokinetics (PK). The Asian populations within the Simcyp simulator were updated to incorporate information on the frequency, activity and abundance of FMO3 enzyme with different phenotypes. A meta‐analysis of relative enzyme activities suggested that FMO3 activity in subjects with homozygous Glu158Lys and Glu308Gly mutations (Lys158 and Gly308) in both alleles is ~47% lower than those carrying two wild‐type FMO3 alleles. Individuals with homozygous Lys158 and Gly308 mutations account for about 5% of the total population in Asian populations. A CLint of 9 μl/min/pmol was optimised for itopride via a retrograde approach as human liver microsomal results would under‐predict its clearance by ~7.9‐fold. The developed itopride PBPK model was first verified with three additional clinical studies in Korean and Japanese subjects resulting in a predicted clearance of 52 to 69 l/h, which was comparable to those observed (55 to 88 l/h). The model was then applied to predict plasma concentration–time profiles of itopride in Chinese subjects with wild type or homozygous Lys158 and Gly308 FMO3 genotypes. The ratios of predicted to observed AUC of itopride in subjects with each genotype were 1.23 and 0.94, respectively. In addition, the results also suggested that for FMO3 metabolised drugs with a safety margin of 2 or more, proactive genotyping FMO3 to exclude subjects with homozygous Lys158/Gly308 alleles may not be necessary.
Electrochemically Active Thickness of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes: Effectiveness Model Prediction
Authors: Nam Jin Hyun
Published: March 2017

The three‐phase boundaries (TPBs) in the electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have different activity because of the distributed nature of the electrochemical reactions. The electrochemically active thickness (EAT) is a good measure to evaluate the extension of the active reaction zone into the electrode and the effective utilization of TPBs. In this study, an electrochemical reaction/charge conduction problem is formulated based on the Butler–Volmer reaction kinetics and then numerically solved to determine the EATs for the active electrode layers of SOFCs with various microstructural, dimensional, and property parameters. Thus, the EAT data and correlations presented in this study are expected to provide useful information for designing efficient electrodes of SOFCs.
Expression, subcellular localisation, and possible roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in murine macrophages
Authors: Zapletal Emilija , Cupic Barbara , Gabrilovac Jelka
Published: March 2017

Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a peptidase of the DPPIV gene family, and its role in immune responses has been reported. In this study, we compared the messenger RNA expression profile of DPP9 to that of the related DPP8 and DPPIV in murine haematopoietic and lymphatic tissues. A similar order of expression levels was observed for all 3 peptidases: peritoneal macrophages < bone marrow < spleen ≤ lymph nodes. Also, we examined the subcellular localisation of DPP9 and its possible role(s) in J774 cell line of macrophage origin. DPP9 was dominantly expressed intracellularly. DPPIV‐like enzymatic activity was mostly present in cytoplasm, but also in cell membranes and organelles/vesicles. Decreased expression of DPP9 was observed upon activation of J774 cells by combined treatment with interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Changes induced by DPP9 gene silencing in J774 cells suggest possible role of DPP9 in regulation of proliferation and activation status. The colocalisation of DPP9 with endocytosed DQ‐OVA demonstrated in endosomes of J774 cells might suggest the role of DPP9 in peptide processing within endosomal/vesicular compartment.
Conformational Behaviour of Azasugars Based on Mannuronic Acid
Authors: van Rijssel Erwin R. , Janssen Antonius P. A. , Males Alexandra , Davies Gideon J. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Codée Jeroen D. C.
Published: March 2017

A set of mannuronic‐acid‐based iminosugars, consisting of the C‐5‐carboxylic acid, methyl ester and amide analogues of 1deoxymannorjirimicin (DMJ), was synthesised and their pH‐dependent conformational behaviour was studied. Under acidic conditions the methyl ester and the carboxylic acid adopted an “inverted” 1C4 chair conformation as opposed to the “normal” 4C1 chair at basic pH. This conformational change is explained in terms of the stereoelectronic effects of the ring substituents and it parallels the behaviour of the mannuronic acid ester oxocarbenium ion. Because of this solution‐phase behaviour, the mannuronic acid ester azasugar was examined as an inhibitor for a Caulobacter GH47 mannosidase that hydrolyses its substrates by way of a reaction itinerary that proceeds through a 3H4 transition state. No binding was observed for the mannuronic acid ester azasugar, but sub‐atomic resolution data were obtained for the DMJ⋅CkGH47 complex, showing two conformations—3S1 and 1C4—for the DMJ inhibitor.
Persistence of College Students in the South Korean Academic Credit Bank System
Authors: Kim Yughi , Yun Kyongsuk
Published: March 2017

This chapter describes the role of career decision‐making self‐efficacy, academic satisfaction, and institutional support in predicting Korean students’ intent to persist in the Academic Credit Bank System.
South African Universities Viewed Through a Community College Lens
Authors: Wilson Kristin Bailey , Van Alebeek Wouter
Published: March 2017

Since the end of apartheid, South African leaders have been working to transform all aspects of the racialized society into a nonracialized, nonsexist democratic state, including postsecondary education. This chapter examines the changing South African collegiate context focusing on access, persistence, affordability, accreditation, transfer, and future trends.
Highly Electron‐Rich β‐Diketiminato Systems: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Amino‐Functionalized “N‐nacnac” Ligands
Authors: Do Dinh Cao Huan , Keyser Ailsa , Protchenko Andrey V. , Maitland Brant , Pernik Indrek , Niu Haoyu , Kolychev Eugene L. , Rit Arnab , Vidovic Dragoslav , Stasch Andreas , Jones Cameron , Aldridge Simon
Published: March 2017

The synthesis of a class of electron‐rich amino‐functionalized β‐diketiminato (N‐nacnac) ligands is reported, with two synthetic methodologies having been developed for systems bearing backbone NMe2 or NEt2 groups and a range of N‐bound aryl substituents. In contrast to their (Nacnac)H counterparts, the structures of the protio‐ligands feature the bis(imine) tautomer and a backbone CH2 group. Direct metalation with lithium, magnesium, or aluminium alkyls allows access to the respective metal complexes through deprotonation of the methylene function; in each case X‐ray structures are consistent with a delocalized imino‐amide ligand description. Transmetalation using lithium N‐nacnac complexes is then exploited to access p‐ and f‐block metal complexes, which allow for like‐for‐like benchmarking of the N‐nacnac ligand family against their more familiar Nacnac counterparts. In the case of SnII, the degree of electronic perturbation effected by introduction of the backbone NR2 groups appears to be constrained by the inability of the amino group to achieve effective conjugation with the N2C3 heterocycle. More obvious divergence from established structural norms is observed for complexes of the harder YbII ion, with azaallyl/imino and even azaallyl/NMe2 coordination modes being demonstrated by X‐ray crystallography.
Levodopa response differs in Parkinson's motor subtypes: A task‐based effective connectivity study
Authors: Mohl Brianne , Berman Brian D. , Shelton Erika , Tanabe Jody
Published: March 2017

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a circuit‐level disorder with clinically‐determined motor subtypes. Despite evidence suggesting each subtype may have different pathophysiology, few neuroimaging studies have examined levodopa‐induced differences in neural activation between tremor dominant (TD) and postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype patients during a motor task. The goal of this functional MRI (fMRI) study was to examine task‐induced activation and connectivity in the cortico‐striatal‐thalamo‐cortical motor circuit in healthy controls, TD patients, and PIGD patients before and after levodopa administration. Fourteen TD and 12 PIGD cognitively‐intact patients and 21 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls completed a right‐hand, paced tapping fMRI paradigm. Collectively, PD patients off medication (OFF) showed hypoactivation of the motor cortex relative to healthy controls, even when controlling for performance. After levodopa intake, the PIGD patients had significantly increased activation in the left putamen compared with TD patients and healthy controls. Psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that levodopa increased effective connectivity between the posterior putamen and other areas of the motor circuit during tapping in TD patients, but not in PIGD patients. This novel, levodopa‐induced difference in the neural responses between PD motor subtypes may have significant implications for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the distinct phenotypic manifestations and enabling the classification of motor subtypes objectively using fMRI.
A Functional MicroRNA Screening Method for Organ Morphogenesis
Authors: Rebustini Ivan T.
Published: March 2017

The increasing repertoire of microRNAs expressed during organ development and their role in regulating organ morphogenesis provide a compelling need to develop methods to assess microRNA function using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Methods to assess microRNA function during organ morphogenesis include transfection of microRNA inhibitors (antagomirs) and activators (mimics) into mouse embryonic explanted organs using liposomes, which can potentially result in low efficiency of transfection and off‐target effects. We devised a method to assess microRNA function in explanted organs by transfecting antagomirs and mimics using peptide‐based nanoparticles, increasing functional microRNA targeting efficiency, and decreasing off‐target effects. Our method can be applied to a variety of embryonic organs that can be explanted and provides an alternative to efficiently and functionally prioritize microRNAs during organ morphogenesis for further in vivo genetic approaches. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimizing thin client caches for mobile cloud computing:
Authors: Badawy Abdel‐Hameed A. , Yessin Gabriel , Narayana Vikram , Mayhew David , El‐Ghazawi Tarek
Published: March 2017

The emergence and rapid spread of interest and use of cloud computing as an accessible and expandable, as needed, computing facility on the go, has a very deep affinity to the proliferation of intelligent mobile devices including smartphones and tablets. Together, these technologies have the potential of not leaving anybody behind when it comes to computing applications whether small and personal or large and organizational, and regardless of geographic boundaries and economical conditions. However, many technical challenges still exist that are still delaying the realization of this dream with the responsiveness and quality needed from the user perspective. In this paper, we examine user requirements for access to the cloud through thin clients, handheld and mobile devices. In light of these requirements we characterize some of the needed research developments particularly in the area of device architecture. We present our work in exploring the cache design space for embedded processors using evolutionary techniques for mobile and thin client processors. We present a heuristic, evolutionary approach (genetic algorithm) to exploration that significantly cuts down on the time and resources, obtaining a near optimal design. We demonstrate the real‐world utility of our tool‐chain—“CERE” (pronounced SIRI) short for (CachE Recommendation Engine)—by rapidly and efficiently designing a cache hierarchy, which maximizes the performance of a web browser navigating to a set of popular websites running on a single ARM core. The goal is to improve the users' experience using web browsers. “CERE” made the right choices, and we were able to observe a 17.1% speedup going from the “best” hierarchy relative to the “worst” hierarchy. We will detail potential future directions as well.
In Situ and in Operando Characterization of Mixing Dynamics in Liquid‐Phase Reactions by 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Zaheer Muhammad A. , Zill Jeremias C. , Matysik Jörg , Gläser Roger , Dvoyashkin Muslim
Published: March 2017

129Xe NMR spectroscopy is applied under in situ and in operando conditions to study the mixing process in a multicomponent liquid mixture with partially miscible components. The process of mixing of an oil–methanol mixture was triggered by an industrially relevant catalytic transesterification reaction to form fatty acid methyl esters and glycerol. Up to date, kinetic limitations in liquid‐phase reactions originating from the poor miscibility of the reacting species have been addressed solely under ex situ conditions, typically by chromatography. In the approach presented here, xenon gas, solvated in the reacting species, acts as a sensor, providing information on the progress of mixing and on the composition during the course of the catalytic reaction. We believe that this study offers a new tool to the set of established techniques for addressing mixing and/or separation processes in liquids, including but not limited to the ones resulting from catalytic reactions.
Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing
Authors: Wallace Jason G. , Mitchell Sharon E.
Published: March 2017

Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) refers to a suite of related methods that obtain genotype data from samples by using restriction enzyme digestion followed by high‐throughput sequencing. GBS is a refinement of restriction site–associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) methods, with a goal of being able to perform library preparations quickly, cost‐effectively, and in a high‐throughput manner. This protocol contains the steps necessary to go from purified DNA to Illumina‐ready libraries. It also covers the considerations that go into planning a GBS experiment. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Glycine max Metaphase Chromosomes
Authors: Findley Seth D. , Birchler James A. , Stacey Gary
Published: March 2017

This article presents protocols for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the cultivated soybean, Glycine max. The protocols represent soybean‐optimized versions developed for maize. We describe the use of two different probes types: genomic‐repeat‐based fluorescently‐tagged oligonucleotides and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). The two probe types can be used either individually or together, depending on the experimental questions. The article also includes starting points for executing FISH in additional legume species. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative phase imaging for cell culture quality control
Authors: Kastl Lena , Isbach Michael , Dirksen Dieter , Schnekenburger Jürgen , Kemper Björn
Published: March 2017

The potential of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with digital holographic microscopy (DHM) for quantification of cell culture quality was explored. Label‐free QPI of detached single cells in suspension was performed by Michelson interferometer‐based self‐interference DHM. Two pancreatic tumor cell lines were chosen as cellular model and analyzed for refractive index, volume, and dry mass under varying culture conditions. Firstly, adequate cell numbers for reliable statistics were identified. Then, to characterize the performance and reproducibility of the method, we compared results from independently repeated measurements and quantified the cellular response to osmolality changes of the cell culture medium. Finally, it was demonstrated that the evaluation of QPI images allows the extraction of absolute cell parameters which are related to cell layer confluence states. In summary, the results show that QPI enables label‐free imaging cytometry, which provides novel complementary integral biophysical data sets for sophisticated quantification of cell culture quality with minimized sample preparation. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Wild, connected, and diverse: building a more resilient system of protected areas
Authors: Belote R. Travis , Dietz Matthew S. , Jenkins Clinton N. , McKinley Peter S. , Irwin G. Hugh , Fullman Timothy J. , Leppi Jason C. , Aplet Gregory H.
Published: March 2017

Current systems of conservation reserves may be insufficient to sustain biodiversity in the face of climate change and habitat losses. Consequently, calls have been made to protect Earth's remaining wildlands and complete the system of protected areas by establishing conservation reserves that (1) better represent ecosystems, (2) increase connectivity to facilitate biota movement in response to stressors including climate change, and (3) promote species persistence within intact landscapes. Using geospatial data, we conducted an assessment for expanding protected areas within the contiguous United States to include the least human‐modified wildlands, establish a connected network, and better represent ecosystem diversity and hotspots of biodiversity. Our composite map highlights areas of high value to achieve these goals in the western United States, where existing protected areas and lands with high ecological integrity are concentrated. We also identified important areas in the East rich in species and containing ecosystems that are poorly represented in the existing protected area system. Expanding protection to these priority areas is ultimately expected to create a more resilient system for protecting the nation's biological heritage. This expectation should be subject to rigorous testing prior to implementation, and regional monitoring will ensure areas and actions are adjusted over time.