bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion‐Induced Formation of Hierarchical Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials with Enhanced Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Liu Heng , He Guangling , Liu Xuetao , Zhu Yanlin , Eigler Siegfried , Han Lei
Published: April 2021

Nanostructured nitrogen‐doped carbon materials are considered as an appealing material to replace precious‐metal Pt‐based catalysts in fuel cells due to a high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and outstanding stability. In the present work, we developed an ion‐induced method for the fabrication of hierarchical porous nitrogen‐doped carbon materials (HPNC) using Cd‐organic complexes as sacrificial templates and precursors. During pyrolysis, a hierarchical porous structure with a high specific surface area was formed through the combination of a metal‐free ion as structure‐directing agent and the evaporation property of Cd. Benefiting from this unique structure, the resulting HPNC exhibited comparable ORR performance with commercial Pt/C, including positive onset potential of 0.96 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode), positive half‐wave potential of 0.86 V vs. RHE, good methanol tolerance and stability. On this basis, the assembled Zn‐air battery showed high open circuit potential, power density and excellent stability.
Nano‐ and Microscale Drug Delivery Approaches for Therapeutic Immunomodulation
Authors: Paris Juan L. , Baeza Alejandro
Published: April 2021

Nano‐ and microparticles have attracted much attention in recent years for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Even though clinical translation for this kind of formulations has been challenging up to this point, there are some areas in which the potential for further development is immense. One of these key areas is the interaction between nano‐ and microparticles with the immune system. In this context, different characteristics of these systems can be exploited for immunomodulation. Among these key parameters, we can highlight the possibility of selectively targeting the particles towards specific cell types, as well as their capacity to co‐deliver active molecules in a controlled manner. In this way, different therapeutic strategies can be developed for a variety of pathological scenarios, either activating or inhibiting different immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview of the reported approaches based on nano‐ and microparticles to develop immune‐mediated treatments for cancer, autoimmune diseases, organ transplant and allergy.
The relationship between self‐criticism and suicide probability
Authors: O'Neill Catherine , Pratt Daniel , Kilshaw Meryl , Ward Kate , Kelly James , Haddock Gillian
Published: April 2021

The relationship of self‐to‐self relating and suicide has received attention in explanatory models of suicide. However, exploration of specific types of self‐relationships, namely feelings of inadequacy (associated with perfectionism), self‐attacking and the ability to be kind and nurturing towards the self has received limited attention in a suicidal population. The present study assessed the relative contribution of self‐criticism to suicide probability, alongside established predictors of suicidal ideation; hopelessness, depression, defeat and entrapment. Participants completed measures of inadequacy, self‐attacking, self‐reassurance, defeat, entrapment, depression and hopelessness (N = 101). A correlation, regression and mediation analysis was undertaken. Results demonstrated that self‐attacking has a direct relationship with suicide probability, alongside established predictors; entrapment and hopelessness. Depressive symptomology was not found to be a significant predictor of suicide probability in this population.

Addressing particularly hostile forms of self‐criticism may be a promising area in terms of future research and clinical practice. Entrapment continues to be a significant predictor of suicide risk and interventions that target this experience should be explored.
Mobility Relaxation of Holes and Electrons in Polymer:Fullerene and Polymer : Non‐Fullerene Acceptor Solar Cells
Authors: Hamada Fumiya , Saeki Akinori
Published: April 2021

A non‐fullerene small molecular acceptor (NFA) is a prominent molecule that shows moderate electron mobility and a narrow bandgap complementary to middle‐bandgap p‐type conjugated polymers, which leads to great improvement in the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, little is known about the relaxation of charge carriers, which is key to efficient charge transport. Simultaneous time‐of‐flight (TOF) and time‐resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements have been carried out on benzodithiophene‐based polymer (PBDB‐T):soluble C70‐fullerere (PCBM) and PBDB‐T:NFA (ITIC or Y6) blends, as benchmark systems. In addition to the conventional TOF mobilities, relaxation of the hole and electron mobility are evaluated by TRMC under an external electric field. PBDB‐T : ITIC exhibits much faster relaxation than PBDB‐T : PCBM, whereas that in PBDB‐T : Y6 is moderate. This is consistent with the energetic disorder estimated from the photoabsorption onset. Interestingly, the slower relaxation of the electrons compared to the holes in PBDB‐T : Y6 is in line with the preferred normal device structure. Our work deepens the understanding of the energetics of polymer : NFA blends and offers a basis for achieving efficient NFA properties.
Dynamic analysis and chaos control of the switched‐inductor boost converter with the memristive load
Authors: Zhang Jipeng , Yang Yan , Wang Dongqing
Published: April 2021

This paper investigates dynamic behaviors and the time‐delay feedback control method for a peak current mode (PCM) controlled switched‐inductor boost converter with a memristive load. The research contents include the following: (1) The state equations are constructed for the PCM switched‐inductor boost converter with the memristive load. (2) The bifurcation and chaos behaviors of the boost converter are analyzed by the MATLAB numerical simulation. (3) The Power Simulation (PSIM) circuit simulation of the switched‐inductor boost converter is illustrated the correctness of the MATLAB numerical simulation. (4) The time‐delay feedback control is adopted to suppress the bifurcation and chaos behaviors of the boost converter and is verified being effective.
Intelligence‐enabled approach for load balancing in software‐defined data center networks
Authors: C Fancy , M Pushpalatha
Published: April 2021

Software‐defined network provides eminent solutions for many complex network management functionalities in a data center network (DCN). One of the major tasks in any network is the load balancing in the available links. Due to dynamic data traffic nature in network, it is necessary to perform deep learning approaches for the long‐term and the short‐term data. This paper proposes a splitting policy‐based RL network (SPRLN) approach, a reinforcement learning‐based proactive load balancing algorithm that avoids the poll to the controller after the switch encounters an abnormality. The proposed method has been tested with simulations and found successful in improving the overall network performance by taking appropriate action for reward maximization. The testbed environment is treated as a Q‐learning algorithm; here, the optimality is defined as the path having the least score so that the overloaded path in that particular time can be avoided. An artificial neural network is needed because the data are uncertain all the time. Thus, the proposed SPRLN method yields 30% increased throughput and with 80% reduced data loss, when compared to existing approaches.
Peptide Head‐to‐Tail Cyclization: A “Molecular Claw” Approach
Authors: Yamagami Sayuri , Okada Yohei , Kitano Yoshikazu , Chiba Kazuhiro
Published: April 2021

Both naturally occurring and artificial cyclic peptides are in high demand for a wide range of therapeutic applications due to the improvement of their enzymatic stability, cell permeability, and pharmacological activity compared to their linear counterparts. Among the simplest yet challenging cyclizations is the head‐to‐tail fashion, where linear peptides are cyclized via C‐ and N‐termini, since most current peptide synthesis has been dominated by the use of C‐terminal protecting supports. Herein, we demonstrate that a soluble‐tag‐assisted liquid‐phase peptide synthesis in combination with a backbone amide linker strategy is applicable to the head‐to‐tail cyclization. The use of an amide “N‐tag” instead of the general terminal C‐tag enables an effective head‐to‐tail cyclization on‐support. The key for successful cyclization is a tagging position that enables the center of the peptide to be grabbed.
Synthesis of the Core Structure of Palhinine A
Authors: Gaugele Dominik , Maier Martin E.
Published: April 2021

We present a strategy to the core structure of the alkaloid palhinine A passing through a 2,5‐difunctionalized cyclohexenone. This enone was prepared by a domino Michael/aldol condensation sequence. An allylation reaction on the cyclohexenone followed by oxy‐Cope rearrangement introduced an allyl group at C3. After the generation of an aldehyde function on the terminus of the C5 substituent, an intramolecular aldol reaction led to a bicyclo[2.2.2]octanone. The five‐membered ring of the core structure could be established by an intramolecular nitrile oxide‐alkene [3+2]‐cycloaddition. Prior to this key transformation, the keto function was converted to an alkene and the allyl group to an oxime.
Differentiation of tumoral and non‐tumoral breast lesions using back reflection diffuse optical tomography: A pilot clinical study
Authors: Üncü Yiğit Ali , Sevim Gençay , Mercan Tanju , Vural Veli , Durmaz Emel , Canpolat Murat
Published: April 2021

In breast cancer diagnosis, tumoral and non‐tumoral breast lesions differentiation is a challenge. We investigate the feasibility of continuous‐wave back reflection diffuse optical tomography (rDOT) in differentiation tumoral and non‐tumoral breast lesions to solve this problem. Modified Beer–Lambert Law and Rytov solution of diffusion approximation of the radiative energy transfer equation were used together in a continuous wave rDOT system for the near‐infrared imaging the breast with a lesion. The rDOT data were acquired from 15 lesions in 12 patients with a palpable lump after standard clinical examination with mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US). Also, the measurements symmetrically from the other breast's counterpart were used as a functional imaging base. Histopathological examination revealed the tumor distribution as five invasive ductal carcinomas, one lobular carcinoma, one sclerosing adenosis, and one papilloma. The remaining seven lesions (one hamartoma, one postoperative scar tissue, two cysts, two islands of fibroglandular tissue, and one mastitis) were classified as non‐tumoral breast lesions. They were diagnosed based on clinical, US, mammography, or MRI findings. Tumoral lesions presented a contrast in rDOT tomographic images, whereas non‐tumoral lesions such as hamartoma and cysts did not show any difference except mastitis. In mastitis cases, rDOT showed higher contrast similar to tumoral lesions. After antibiotic treatment, the mastitis area had no high contrast when compared with the healthy breast tissue. We have demonstrated that the rDOT system can differentiate between actual breast tumors from non‐tumoral breast lesions such as cyst, the island of fibroglandular tissue, or hamartoma.
Physically‐cross‐linked poly(vinyl alcohol) cell culture plate coatings facilitate preservation of cell–cell interactions, spheroid formation, and stemness
Authors: Molyneaux Kathleen , Wnek Maria D. , Craig Sonya E.L. , Vincent Jason , Rucker Imani , Wnek Gary E. , Brady‐Kalnay Susann M.
Published: April 2021

We employed aqueous solutions of highly‐hydrolyzed (>99+%) poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, to coat plastic dishes as a method to efficiently induce three‐dimensional (3D) culturing of cells. The coatings were prepared by simple evaporation of 3 wt/vol% solutions of PVA in water and require no additional processing steps after air drying under sterile conditions. The coating allows spheroids to form in solution. Spheroid formation is usually preferable to two‐dimensional (2D) culturing as it creates a more realistic ex vivo model of some human tissues and tumors. Using PVA‐coated cell culture plates, we demonstrated that we can grow reproducibly sized spheroids using several human glioma cell lines, including LN229, U87 MG, and Gli36, and the embryonic kidney cell line, 293T. Spheroids formed on PVA‐coated plates grow as well as on other commercially‐available, low‐attachment plates, and have excellent optical imaging properties. As spheroids, LN229 cells express markers of cancer stem cells. Finally, we confirmed that spheroids generated on PVA‐coated plates are sensitive to molecular perturbations, as increased expression of the cell adhesion molecule PTPμ significantly increased the size of spheroids. The PVA hydrogel layer is an effective tool for creating a more realistic ex vivo culture system than traditional 2D culture and can be used to generate cell spheroids for potential application in drug screening and personalized medicine for diseases such as cancer.
Biomimetic hydroxyapate/polydopamine composites with good biocompatibility and efficiency for uncontrolled bleeding
Authors: Gong Mengxiang , Liu Chenyu , Liu Chunyu , Wang Lingyi , Shafiq Farishta , Liu Xia , Sun Guozhen , Song Qiling , Qiao Weihong
Published: April 2021

Uncontrolled bleeding is thought to be the most deadly cause of pre‐hospital, traffic, and military accidents death. However, the popular commercial hemostats can only realize the hemostasis of mild bleeding. Therefore, we developed polydopamine (PDA) composite materials (PMs), which applied hydroxyapatite as the parent body. The PMs were produced via lyophilization and functionalized with amino, phenol hydroxyls groups, which endowed hydrophobicity to materials. This ensured a high aggregation ability of blood cells to the PMs and they were tested to be as high as 300% compared with the negative control group. The clotting time was shortened to 79.7% compared with the usually used commercial hemostat (Celox) in the test of in vitro hemostasis. Through the results of PT and APTT tests, blood coagulation index test, and the analysis of intracellular Ca2+ activation, we further understood the mechanism of the hemostasis of the materials, which explained the low blood loss and quick coagulation time of the PM hemostats in detail. Besides, the low hemolysis and cytotoxicity of the PMs suggested the good biocompatibility of the hemostats, which was further proved by the regular morphology maintained by erythrocytes in the hemolysis tests. The study of nanoscale composites led the research for the methods of hemostasis.
Therapeutic plasma exchange and dextran‐sulfate plasma adsorption as extracorporeal treatments of extremely preterm preeclampsia with fetal growth restriction
Authors: Gubensek Jakob , Ponikvar Rafael , Premru Srsen Tanja , Fabjan Vodusek Vesna , Moertl Manfred Georg , Lucovnik Miha
Published: April 2021

Aim

To evaluate effectiveness and safety of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and dextran‐sulfate plasma adsorption (DSA) for extracorporeal removal of soluble Fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) as part of expectant management of preeclampsia at extremely preterm gestational age.

Methods

Retrospective case series of six patients with preeclampsia at <28 weeks of gestation, treated with DSA or TPE. Laboratory results, clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes were collected from charts and National Perinatal Information System.

Results

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) was diagnosed in all cases. Pregnancy was prolonged for a median of 14 (range 5‐74) days from admission and 10 (3‐73) days from first apheresis. A mixed effects model showed a decrease in sFlt‐1 and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio during DSA/TPE (significant effect of time [before/after]), which was comparable between DSA and TPE (no effect of procedure type). Median absolute reduction in sFlt‐1 was 42% (inter‐quartile range [IQR] 13%‐57%) during DSA and 34% (16%‐40%) during TPE; for sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio it was 29% (22%‐36%) and 38% (29%‐42%), respectively. All procedures were well tolerated by fetuses. Anaphylactoid reaction, often with angioedema, occurred in 4/6 patients undergoing DSA and was attributed to bradykinin activation. One patient developed wound hematoma after cesarean section, possibly attributed to depletion coagulopathy.

Conclusions

As potential novel treatment of early preeclampsia, a non‐selective and widely available TPE was comparable to DSA regarding sFlt‐1 reduction but was associated with fewer side‐effects. Both seem to allow maternal stabilization and pregnancy prolongation even when early preeclampsia is complicated by FGR.
Optogenetic control of neural differentiation in Opto‐mGluR6 engineered retinal pigment epithelial cell line and mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Shams Najafabadi Hoda , Sadeghi Mehdi , Zibaii Mohammad I. , Soheili Zahra‐Soheila , Samiee Shahram , Ghasemi Pouria , Hosseini Mohammad , Gholami Pourbadie Hamid , Ahmadieh Hamid , Taghizadeh Sepideh , Ranaei Pirmardan Ehsan
Published: April 2021

In retinal degenerative disorders, when neural retinal cells are damaged, cell transplantation is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches. Optogenetic technology plays an essential role in the neural differentiation of stem cells via membrane depolarization. This study explored the efficacy of blue light stimulation in neuroretinal differentiation of Opto‐mGluR6‐engineered mouse retinal pigment epithelium (mRPE) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). mRPE and BMSCs were selected for optogenetic study due to their capability to differentiate into retinal‐specific neurons. BMSCs were isolated and phenotypically characterized by the expression of mesenchymal stem cell‐specific markers, CD44 (99%) and CD105 (98.8%). mRPE culture identity was confirmed by expression of RPE‐specific marker, RPE65, and epithelial cell marker, ZO‐1. mRPE cells and BMSCs were transduced with AAV‐MCS‐IRES‐EGFP‐Opto‐mGluR6 viral vector and stimulated for 5 days with blue light (470 nm). RNA and protein expression of Opto‐mGluR6 were verified. Optogenetic stimulation‐induced elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels in mRPE‐ and BMS‐treated cells. Significant increase in cell growth rate and G1/S phase transition were detected in mRPE‐ and BMSCs‐treated cultures. Pou4f1, Dlx2, Eomes, Barlh2, Neurod2, Neurod6, Rorb, Rxrg, Nr2f2, Ascl1, Hes5, and Sox8 were overexpressed in treated BMSCs and Barlh2, Rorb, and Sox8 were overexpressed in treated mRPE cells. Expression of Rho, Thy1, OPN1MW, Recoverin, and CRABP, as retinal‐specific neuron markers, in mRPE and BMS cell cultures were demonstrated. Differentiation of ganglion, amacrine, photoreceptor cells, and bipolar and Muller precursors were determined in BMSCs‐treated culture and were compared with mRPE. mRPE cells represented more abundant terminal Muller glial differentiation compared with BMSCs. Our results also demonstrated that optical stimulation increased the intracellular Ca2+ level and proliferation and differentiation of Opto‐mGluR6‐engineered BMSCs. It seems that optogenetic stimulation of mRPE‐ and BMSCs‐engineered cells would be a potential therapeutic approach for retinal degenerative disorders.
Effect of long noncoding RNAs on epithelial–mesenchymal transition in A549 cells and fibrotic human lungs
Authors: Yildirim Merve , Oztay Fusun , Kayalar Ozgecan , Tasci Ahmet Erdal
Published: April 2021

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT involves myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis (PF). We aimed to determine the expression profiles of HOTAIR, CARLo‐5, and CD99P1 LncRNAs in EMT‐mediated myofibroblast differentiation in A549 cells and fibrotic human lungs and to explain their roles. A group of A549s was stimulated with transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β; 5 ng/ml) to induce EMT. The remaining A549s were incubated with 20 μM FH535 after 24 h of TGF‐β treatment to inhibit EMT. A549s were collected at 0, 24, 36, and 48 h. Expressions of three LncRNAs and protein/genes related to EMT, myofibroblast differentiation, and PF were assayed by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis in A549s and fibrotic human lungs. The targets of three LncRNAs were investigated by bioinformatics methods. TGF‐β stimulation resulted in increased expressions of three LncRNAs, ACTA2, COL1A1, SNAI1, CTNNB1, TCF4, LEF1, α‐SMA, and active‐β‐catenin, and decreased E‐cadherin at 24, 36, and 48 h in A549s. FH535 treatment regressed these alterations. But it increased HOTAIR expression at 36 h and did not increase E‐cadherin at 48 h. Fibrotic human lungs were characterized by increased expressions of HOTAIR, CARLo‐5, CD99P1, and miR‐214, decreased expressions of miR‐148b, miR‐218‐1, miR‐7‐1, and the presence of CARLo‐5 and CD99P1 in HDAC1‐LncRNAs coprecipitation products, but not HOTAIR. Bioinformatic analysis showed the interactions of three LncRNAs with both proteins and at least 13 microRNAs related to EMT and PF. In conclusion, HOTAIR, CARLo‐5, and CD99P1 can regulate EMT‐mediated myofibroblast differentiation through interacting with proteins and miRNAs associated with EMT and PF. These LncRNAs can be considered as potential targets to decrease EMT for treating PF.
Social support networks of adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Desine Stacy , Eskin Lena , Bonham Vence L. , Koehly Laura M.
Published: April 2021

Sickle cell disease (SCD) can cause both physical and psychological complications, such as severe pain and depression. These effects often necessitate social and caregiving support. Few studies have assessed support networks within the adult SCD population. Here, we describe the support networks of adults with SCD and identify who in these networks (1) provides emotional support, (2) is dependable during crisis situations, including social and financial adversities, and (3) provides assistance in health crises. Forty‐nine adults with SCD completed surveys and social network assessments through interview. Generalized mixed‐effects linear regression models were fitted to investigate the composition of support provision within these personal networks. Our findings indicate that parents and ‘other important people’ (e.g., friends, spouses) play key roles in the support provided to those with SCD. Siblings with SCD appeared to be more emotionally supportive than unaffected siblings. With much research centered around the pediatric and adolescent SCD populations, focus needs to extend to adults and the individuals involved in their care and disease management. Understanding the flow of support within these networks can help genetic counselors and healthcare providers to better identify both social ties that serve as support resources and less supportive relationships for individuals living with SCD and other chronic genetic conditions that might be targeted for intervention.
Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI for Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Pancreatic Cystic Lesions Compared to CT and Endoscopic Ultrasound: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Udare Amar , Agarwal Minu , Alabousi Mostafa , McInnes Matthew , Rubino Julian G. , Marcaccio Michael , van der Pol Christian B.
Published: April 2021

Background

Differentiation of benign and malignant pancreatic cystic lesions on MRI, computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is critical for determining management.

Purpose

To perform a systematic review evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for diagnosing malignant pancreatic cystic lesions, and to compare the accuracy of MRI to CT and EUS.

Study Type

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until February 2020 for studies reporting MRI accuracy for assessing pancreatic cystic lesions.

Field Strength

1.5T or 3.0T.

Assessment

Methodologic and outcome data were extracted by two reviewers (AU and MA, 2 years of experience each). All studies of pancreatic cystic lesions on MRI were identified. Studies with incomplete MRI technique were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)‐2 tool.

Statistical Tests

Sensitivity/specificity was pooled using bivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Pairwise‐comparison of MRI to CT and EUS was performed. The impact of gadolinium‐based contrast agents, mucinous lesions, and risk of bias were explored using meta‐regression.

Results

MRI pooled sensitivity was 76% (95%CI 67% to 84%) and specificity was 80% (95%CI 74% to 85%) for distinguishing benign and malignant lesions. MRI and CT had similar sensitivity (P = 0.822) and specificity (P = 0.096), but MRI was more specific than EUS (80% vs. 75%, P < 0.05). Studies including only contrast‐enhanced MRI were more sensitive than those including unenhanced exams (P < 0.05). MRI sensitivity and specificity did not differ for mucinous lesions (P = 0.537 and P = 0.384, respectively) or for studies at risk of bias (P = 0.789 and P = 0.791, respectively).

Data Conclusion

MRI and CT demonstrate comparable accuracy for diagnosing malignant pancreatic cystic lesions. EUS is less specific than MRI, which suggests that, in some cases, management should be guided by MRI findings rather than EUS.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Prevalence and genotype distribution of high‐risk human papillomavirus in 34 420 cases in Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province, China
Authors: Li Yuwu , Liu Xiaoli , Han Chongxu , Ren Chuanli
Published: April 2021

We aimed to study the infection status and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Yangzhou City to provide precise guidance for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in this area. Reproductive tract secretions were collected from patients admitted at Subei People's Hospital over the past 3 years. Fifteen high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) genotypes were analyzed by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. The positive rate of HR‐HPV in 34 420 subjects was 23.56%. There was no significant difference in the rate of overall infection between males and females (χ
2 = 0.04; p = 0.952 > 0.05). The five genotypes with high infection rates in the population were HPV52, HPV58, HPV16, HPV51, and HPV39. Single infection was found to be dominant, primarily with the HPV52 genotype. The infection rate was higher in patients less than 20 years old and more than 60 years old. Most patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasms 2/3 and cervical cancer were infected by HPV16, followed by those infected by HPV52 and HPV58. There was a significant difference in the infection rate of HPV16 among patients with different cervical lesions (χ
2 = 31.660; p < 0.01), and the infection rate of HPV16 was higher in patients with cervical cancer than in healthy individuals. Single infection was dominant among the study patients with HPV infection in Yangzhou city. There was no significant difference in infection rate and genotype distribution between males and females. The infection rate in young and old women was higher, and the rate increased with age (>20 years).
Preparation of Polypeptide Surfactants Using Chromium‐Containing Waste Leather: Effect of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Groups
Authors: Li Yun , Sun Danyang , Jiang Chenhui , Ding Haiyan , Wang Quanjie
Published: April 2021

Polypeptide surfactants with different lengths of hydrophilic groups and lipophilic groups were synthesized from collagen hydrolysate polypeptides by the Schotten‐Baumann reaction. Collagen hydrolysate polypeptides were prepared through alkaline hydrolysis of chromium‐containing leather wastes, followed by changing the molecular weight of the collagen hydrolysate and the carbon chain length of the acid chloride. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirmed the successful synthesis of the polypeptide surfactants. Furthermore, surface activities of surfactants were tested to reflect the influence of the length of hydrophilic and lipophilic groups on properties, such as surface tension, foamability, foam stability, wettability, and Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance value. The results indicated that for surfactants prepared from collagen hydrolysate, a shorter hydrophilic group length resulted in lower surface tension and better foamability, foam stability, and a wetting ability which indicates the surfactants can be used as wetting agents. In contrast, the surfactant with a greater lipophilic group length had lower surface tension and poorer foamability, foam stability, and wetting ability. The presence of the C=C bond of the oleoyl lipophilic group decreased surface tension. The polypeptide surfactants prepared from collagen hydrolysate not only can effectively utilize chromium‐containing leather solid waste produced, but also avoid environmental pollution and promote the sustainable development of the leather industry.
Tourist behavioural intentions in ghost tourism: The case of Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yi‐Ju
Published: April 2021

This study used stimulus‐organism‐response theory to identify hypothetical relationships among tourist perception, emotion, memorability, and behavioural intention in ghost tourism. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and 445 valid responses were collected at the Liu Ancient Building. The results revealed significant positive relationships between tourist perception and positive and negative emotions. Furthermore, the results indicated that emotion correlated with memorability. With regard to ghost tourism, positive emotions considerably affect memory than negative emotions. Memorability, a precise predictor of behavioural intention, plays a mediating role between positive emotion and behavioural intention, particularly in ghost tourism. This study provides some suggestions for enhancing behavioural intention and guidance with regard to ghost tourism.
Patient‐Directed Home Drain Removal in Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Sethia Rishabh , Freeman Taylor , Mead Katherine , Selhorst Amanda , Vala Kelly , Skoracki Laura , Adelman Megan , VanKoevering Kyle , Kang Stephen Y. , Ozer Enver , Agrawal Amit , Old Matthew O. , Carrau Ricardo L. , Rocco James W. , Seim Nolan B.
Published: April 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of at home drain removal in head and neck surgery patients.

Methods

The study population included patients who underwent head and neck surgery at an academic tertiary care center between February 2020 and November 2020 and were discharged with one to four drains with instructions for home removal. Prior to discharge, patients received thorough drain removal education. Patients were prospectively followed to evaluate for associated outcomes.

Results

One hundred patients were evaluated in the study. There was record for ninety‐seven patients receiving education at discharge. The most common methods of education were face‐to‐face education and written instructions with educational video link provided. Of 123 drains upon discharge, 110 drains (89.4%) were removed at home while 13 (10.6%) were removed in office. Most drains were located in the neck (86.4%). There was one seroma, two hematomas, two drain site infections, and five ED visits; however, none of these complications were directly associated with the action of drain removal at home. Calculated cost savings for travel and lost wages was $259.82 per round trip saved.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that home drain removal can provide a safe and efficacious option for patients following head and neck surgery. This approach was safe and associated with patient cost savings and better utilization of provider's time. Furthermore, patients and healthcare providers avoided additional in‐person encounters and exposures during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Our findings warrant further investigation into cost savings and formal patient satisfaction associated with home drain removal.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:2471–2477, 2021
Long‐term Effect of Individualized Titanium Mesh in Orbital Floor Reconstruction After Maxillectomy
Authors: Sun Qian , Soh Hui‐Yuh , Zhang Wen‐bo , Yu Yao , Wang Yang , Mao Chi , Guo Chuan‐bin , Yu Guang‐yan , Peng Xin
Published: April 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes and long‐term stability of individualized titanium mesh combined with free flap for orbital floor reconstruction after maxillectomy and to identify the risk factors for titanium mesh exposure.

Material and Methods

The data of 66 patients who underwent maxillectomy and orbital floor defect reconstruction by individualized titanium mesh in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology between 2011 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative ophthalmic function and success of aesthetic restoration were assessed. Titanium mesh exposure was recorded and the risk factors were identified.

Results

Mean follow‐up was for 24.8 months (range, 6–92 months). Ophthalmic function was successfully restored in 63/66 patients. Aesthetic restoration was not considered satisfactory by 10 patients. Titanium mesh exposure occurred in six patients (exposure rate, 9.1%). Preoperative radiotherapy was identified as an independent risk factor for mesh exposure (OR = 28.8, P = 0.006). Previous surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, pathological type of the primary lesion, the type of tissue flap applied, and the use of intraoperative navigation were not significant risk factors. Six patients with titanium mesh exposure underwent second surgery, but mesh exposure recurred in two patients due to insufficient soft tissue coverage.

Conclusion

Individualized titanium mesh with free flap can effectively restore maxilla–orbital defects. Preoperative radiotherapy is an independent predictor of postoperative titanium mesh exposure. Adequate soft tissue coverage of the mesh may reduce the risk of mesh exposure.

Level of Evidence

4 (case–control study) Laryngoscope, 131:2231–2237, 2021
Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in response to nitrate loading and sediment organic matter in an emerging coastal deltaic floodplain within the Mississippi River Delta plain
Authors: Li Song , Twilley Robert R. , Hou Aixin
Published: April 2021

Increasing nitrate (NO3−) loading in rivers due to agricultural fertilization alters benthic nitrogen (N) cycling and shifts coastal wetlands from being a net source to net sink of reactive N. Heterotrophic N2 fixation that converts N2 to reactive N is often assumed negligible in eutrophic ecosystems and excluded in coastal N budget evaluations. We investigated N2 fixation and denitrification in response to increasing NO3− loading (0, 10, and 100 μM) and sediment organic matter (OMsediment) concentrations in the emerging Wax Lake Delta. Continuous flow‐through incubations with 30N2 addition was applied to measure N2 fixation. The variation of N2 fixation rates from 0 to 437 μmol N m−2 h−1 among different NO3− and OMsediment concentrations were comparable to the estimated denitrification rates of 141–377 μmol N m−2 h−1. Increasing overlying NO3− concentrations reduced N2 fixation rates and facilitated denitrification rates at each OMsediment concentration. However, 100 μM of overlying NO3− did not thoroughly inhibit N2 fixation rates in sites with intermediate and higher OMsediment concentrations (189 and 99 μmol N m−2 h−1, respectively). Both N2 fixation and denitrification increased with increasing OMsediment concentrations, but the relative importance of these processes was impacted mostly by overlying NO3− concentration as increasing NO3− switched the dominance of N2 fixation to denitrification in benthic N cycling. This study highlights the importance of heterotrophic N2 fixation in coastal deltaic floodplains and emphasizes the necessity of including N2 fixation quantification in coastal N budget evaluation, not only in oligotrophic environment but also in eutrophic environment.
Targeting the HSP90–CDC37–kinase chaperone cycle: A promising therapeutic strategy for cancer
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Qiuyue , You Qidong
Published: April 2021

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an indispensable molecular chaperone that facilitates the maturation of numerous oncoproteins in cancer cells, including protein kinases, ribonucleoproteins, steroid hormone receptors, and transcription factors. Although over 30 HSP90 inhibitors have steadily entered clinical trials, further clinical advancement has been restricted by their limited efficacy, inevitable heat shock response, and multiple side‐effects, likely induced via an ATP inhibition mechanism. Since both ATP and various co‐chaperones play essential roles in the HSP90 chaperone cycle to achieve integrated function, optimal therapeutics require an understanding of the dynamic interactions among HSP90, ATP, and cochaperones. To date, continuous research has promoted the exploration of the cochaperone cell division cycle 37 (CDC37) as a kinase‐specific recognizer and has shown that the HSP90–CDC37–kinase complex is particularly relevant in cancers. Indeed, disrupting the HSP90–CDC37–kinase complex, rather than totally blocking the ATP function of HSP90, is emerging as an alternative way to avoid the limitations of current inhibitors. In this review, we first briefly introduce the HSP90–CDC37–kinase cycle and present the currently available approaches for inhibitor development targeting this cycle and provide insights into selective regulation of the kinase clients of HSP90 by more directional ways.
Recognition of orbital angular momentum vortex beam based on convolutional neural network
Authors: Ke Xizheng , Chen Meng
Published: April 2021

To identify different modes of orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams after demultiplexing, deep learning technology is introduced, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is designed to detect OAM beams. The light intensity distribution maps of the Laguerre Gaussian beam with the topological charge from 1 to 20 through experiments are collected, the random phase screens are generated by using the power spectrum inversion method, to simulate the transmission of Laguerre Gaussian beams in the different atmospheric turbulence channels. The recognition accuracy is studied by the conditions of different CNN model iteration times, beam wavelengths, and data sets. The images are classified and processed to make different data sets, and the random vortex beam training sets are tested. Experimental results show that this method with about 98% accuracy for the conditions of long‐wavelength beams and medium or weak turbulence. The training on complex training sets can improve the effect.
Individual and mass behavior in large population forward–backward stochastic control problems: Centralized and Nash equilibrium solutions
Authors: Wang Shujun , Xiao Hua
Published: April 2021

This article studies a class of dynamic optimization of large‐population system in which a large number of negligible agents are coupled via state‐average in their cost functional and state dynamics. The most significant feature in our setup is the dynamics of individual agents are modeled by forward–backward stochastic differential equations. The associated mean‐field game, in its forward–backward sense, is also formulated to seek the decentralized strategies. Unlike the forward case, the consistency conditions of our forward–backward mean‐field games involve five Riccati and force rate equations. Moreover, their initial and terminal conditions are mixed thus some special decoupling technique is applied here. We also verify the ‐Nash equilibrium property of the derived decentralized strategies. To this end, some estimates to backward stochastic system are employed.
Montmorillonite nanoclay aggregated in a fractal structure in an acrylic‐styrene matrix, slowed the chain dynamics and increased an order of magnitude the tensile modulus
Authors: Romo‐Uribe Angel
Published: April 2021

Homogenously dispersed montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay in an acrylic‐styrene copolymer formed fractal structure in the solid state and induced an order of magnitude increase of tensile modulus. The glass transition temperature, Tg, the thermal decomposition temperature, Tdec, and the water contact angle also increased with MMT content. The copolymer was based on 60% butyl acrylate (BA), 38% styrene (sty), and 2% methacrylic acid (MAA), and MMT was incorporated in‐situ up to 25 wt% content. Cast films were optically transparent, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that MMT was well dispersed throughout the acrylic matrix. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering revealed that MMT was exfoliated up to 5 wt% content, and at higher MMT content, the chains intercalated the galleries. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) showed that MMT aggregated into fractal objects of dimension 2 (i.e., I ~ |q|−2), consistent with scattering from randomly distributed platelets. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) demonstrated slower chain dynamics in the presence of MMT in the fluid (T2 measurements) and solid (magic angle spinning) states. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated the reduction of damping tan δ and increase of segmental relaxation time τe. Therefore, the polymer–nanoclay interaction and the chain nanoconfinement imposed by nanoclay promoted slower chain dynamics and the increase of thermal properties and mechanical modulus, thus enabling polymer nanocomposites with enhanced physical properties.
Preparation of UV‐thermal dual curable environmentally friendly polyacrylate pressure‐sensitive adhesives by bulk polymerization
Authors: Zhu Menglu , Liu Zhenxin , Zhang Qingxin , Zhang Xiaojie , Li Guohua , Abdel‐Magid Beckry , Qu Xiongwei
Published: April 2021

Three different acrylate monomers containing butyl acrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid were designed to synthesize polyacrylate pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) by bulk polymerization process initiated via radical photo‐initiators under UV irradiation and UV‐thermal dual curing. Thermal crosslinker, KL‐1202, with trifunctional isocyanate groups was introduced into the prepolymer to form an intermolecular crosslinking network structure. An emphasis was placed on the effect of the KL‐1202 content on the microstructure and adhesive properties of PSAs. The viscosity and composition of prepolymer synthesized by UV initiation were tested by a rotational viscometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The degree of crosslinking of the final PSA was evaluated by the gel content value obtained via Soxhlet extraction, while the molecular weights of the soluble parts of PSA polymers were measured by gel permeation chromatography. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to characterize the viscoelastic performance of PSAs. Moreover, the adhesive properties of PSAs were determined through a series of tests including loop tack force, peel force, and shear resistance. It was found that the C=C double bond and the isocyanate group disappeared after UV radiation and thermal curing process. Dual‐cure acrylate PSAs compensate for limitations in UV‐induced cure of thick coatings. The Tg value, storage modulus (G′), and shear resistance of PSAs were improved while the loop tack force and peel force of PSAs decreased as the KL‐1202 content increased.
Automatic classification of children with autism spectrum disorder by using a computerized visual‐orienting task
Authors: He Qiao , Wang Qiandong , Wu Yaxue , Yi Li , Wei Kunlin
Published: April 2021

Early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) primarily rely on behavioral observations by qualified clinicians whose decision process can benefit from the combination of machine learning algorithms and sensor data. We designed a computerized visual‐orienting task with gaze‐related or non‐gaze‐related directional cues, which triggered participants’ gaze‐following behavior. Based on their eye‐movement data registered by an eye tracker, we applied the machine learning algorithms to classify high‐functioning children with ASD (HFA), low‐functioning children with ASD (LFA), and typically developing children (TD). We found that TD children had higher success rates in obtaining rewards than HFA children, and HFA children had higher rates than LFA children. Based on raw eye‐tracking data, our machine learning algorithm could classify the three groups with an accuracy of 81.1% and relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Classification became worse if only data from the gaze or nongaze conditions were used, suggesting that “less‐social” directional cues also carry useful information for distinguishing these groups. Our findings not only provide insights about visual‐orienting deficits among children with ASD but also demonstrate the promise of combining classical behavioral paradigms with machine learning algorithms for aiding the screening for individuals with ASD.
Macromechanical and micromechanical properties of polymers with reduced density of entanglements
Authors: Slouf Miroslav , Krajenta Justyna , Gajdosova Veronika , Pawlak Andrzej
Published: April 2021

The macromechanical and micromechanical properties of polypropylene, polylactide, and polystyrene with different entanglement densities and different crystallinities were tested. The mechanical properties were characterized by macroscale compression tests and microindentation hardness measurements. The entanglement density modified the mechanical properties only in the high‐deformation region, above the yield point, when the strain‐hardening occurred, and ca 10% lower stresses were measured for disentangled polymers. In the low‐deformation region, the influence of the entanglement density was negligible. The stiffness of semicrystalline polymers increased with their crystallinity and the stiffness of amorphous polymers increased with their glass transition temperature. For example, the elastic modulus was equal to 1.59 MPa for entangled polylactide, 1.68 MPa for partially disentangled polylactide, and 2.20 MPa for semicrystalline, disentangled polylactide. The stiffness‐related properties in both macroscale (compressive modulus, E, and yield stress, Y) and microscale (indentation modulus, EIT and indentation hardness, HIT) showed very similar trends, which was in perfect agreement with theoretical predictions and confirmed the reliability of our results. The supplementary, viscosity‐related properties from microindentation experiments (indentation creep, CIT, and elastic part of indentation work, ηIT) supported the above‐mentioned conclusions in the sense that also these two low‐deformation region properties were independent on the entanglement density.