bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Währborg Peter , Booth Jean E. , Clayton Tim , Nugara Fiona , Pepper John , Weintraub William S. , Sigwart Ulrich , Stables Rod H.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has been associated with a range of neurological and neuropsychological complications from stroke to cognitive problems such as memory and problem solving disturbance. However, little is known about the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on neuropsychological outcome.

Methods and Results—

In the Stent or Surgery Trial (SoS), 988 patients were randomized in equal proportions between PCI supported by stent implantation and CABG. As a substudy of this trial, we undertook an evaluation of neurological and neuropsychological outcomes after intervention. A clinical examination and neuropsychological assessment consisting of 5 tests (Digit Span Forwards and Backwards, Visual Reproduction, Bourdon, and Block Design) were performed at baseline and 6 and 12 months after the procedure. A total of 145 patients were included in the substudy analysis: 77 in the PCI group and 68 in the CABG group. One patient in the PCI arm had a stroke. There was no significant difference between treatment groups at 6 and 12 months for any of the 5 tests. The mean change from baseline was also similar in both groups.

Conclusions—

We were not able to demonstrate an important and significant difference in neuropsychological outcome in patients treated with different revascularization strategies. This important finding needs to be examined in further research.
Coronary Blood Flow Assessment After Successful Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction Predicts the Risk of Long-Term Cardiac Events
Authors: Furber Alain P. , Prunier Fabrice , Nguyen Hoang Cuong Phan , Boulet Stéphane , Delépine Stéphane , Geslin Philippe
Published: November 2004

Background—

Analysis of coronary flow velocity (CFV) in the recanalized infarct-related coronary artery (IRA) with a Doppler guidewire is useful for predicting recovery of regional left ventricular function, in-hospital complications, and survival. We postulated that the CFV pattern after IRA reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) would predict long-term adverse cardiac events.

Methods and Results—

Sixty-eight consecutive patients with a first AMI underwent CFV measurement with a Doppler guidewire after successful reopening of the IRA by coronary angioplasty. At the end of follow-up, 3.8±1.7 years after AMI, 44 of the 65 surviving patients (67.7%) were free of long-term cardiac events. Univariate analysis showed that the following factors were predictive of an end point combining cardiac death, recurrent MI, and congestive heart failure: hypertension, age ≥65 years, time from onset of chest pain to PTCA ≥6 hours, peak creatine kinase >4000 IU/L, ejection fraction ≤50%, proximal left anterior descending artery occlusion, resting average peak velocity ≤10 cm/s, average systolic peak velocity ≤5 cm/s, a rapid diastolic deceleration time (≤600 ms), and early retrograde systolic flow. In the final multivariate model, only age ≥65 years (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 11.8;
P
=0.03), time to PTCA ≥6 hours (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.0 to 8.3;
P
=0.04), and a rapid diastolic deceleration time (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 19.3;
P
=0.01) were independent predictors.

Conclusions—

The CFV pattern appears to be an accurate predictor of long-term cardiac events in patients having undergone successful reopening of the IRA after AMI, identifying a subset of at-risk patients.
Involvement of Metalloproteinases 2/9 in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation in Pressure-Induced Myogenic Tone in Mouse Mesenteric Resistance Arteries
Authors: Lucchesi Pamela A. , Sabri Abdelkarim , Belmadani Souad , Matrougui Khalid
Published: November 2004

Background—

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation is a mediator of angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from large arteries. The present study used mouse mesenteric resistance arteries (MRAs) to investigate the role of EGFR transactivation under pressure-induced myogenic tone (MT).

Methods and Results—

Isolated MRAs were mounted in an arteriograph and stimulated by 25 to 125 mm Hg or with Ang II and KCl. Stepwise increases in pressure resulted in MT development associated with increased EGFR phosphorylation and release of heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), a membrane-bound growth factor that is shed on cleavage by metalloproteinases. EGF (50 ng/mL) potentiated MT (59±1% to 51±0.6% of passive diameter at 75 mm Hg). Pretreatment with the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 (5 μmol/L) or PD153035 (1 μmol/L) significantly decreased MT. However, EGFR inhibitors had no effect on Ang II– and KCl-induced contraction. MT was potentiated by HB-EGF, 50 ng/mL, which is bound to the cell membrane and released on cleavage by metalloproteinases. Neutralizing HB-EGF antibodies or heparin treatment to sequester HB-EGF resulted in significant inhibition of pressure-induced MT. MT increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP-9 gelatinase activity assessed by zymography, and specific MMP 2/9 inhibitors significantly decreased MT.

Conclusions—

These novel findings suggest that the mechanism of pressure-induced MT involves metalloproteinases 2/9 activation with subsequent HB-EGF release and EGFR transactivation.
Plasma Sodium
Authors: He Feng J. , Markandu Nirmala D. , Sagnella Giuseppe A. , de Wardener Hugh E. , MacGregor Graham A.
Published: November 2004

Salt intake is a major regulator of blood pressure. There is evidence that those who develop high blood pressure have an underlying defect in the ability of the kidney to excrete salt. It has been suggested that this results in a greater tendency to retain sodium and an increased compensatory response that is responsible for the rise in blood pressure. There is also evidence suggesting that small increases in plasma sodium may directly affect blood pressure, independent of the associated expansion in extracellular volume. We reanalyzed 3 types of studies of changing salt intake. (1) An acute and large reduction in salt intake from 350 mmol/d to 10 to 20 mmol/d for 5 days in hypertensives and normotensives was associated with a fall in plasma sodium of ≈3 mmol/L (
P
<0.001). (2) Progressive increases in salt intake from 10 to 250 mmol/d by a daily amount of 50 mmol in normotensives caused increases in plasma sodium (
P
<0.001). (3) Longer-term modest reduction in salt intake in hypertensives was studied in double-blind randomized crossover studies; 1 month of usual salt intake (≈170 mmol/d) compared with reduced salt intake (≈100 mmol/d). There was a decrease in plasma sodium of 0.4±0.2 mmol/L (
P
<0.05), which was weakly but significantly correlated with the fall in systolic blood pressure (
r
=0.18;
P
<0.05). These studies demonstrate that an increase or a decrease in salt intake causes changes in plasma sodium. Small changes in plasma sodium alter extracellular volume, which may influence blood pressure. Changes in plasma sodium may also affect blood pressure directly.
Extradition Issues in Russian-Turkmen Relations
Authors: Ginsburgs George
Published: November 2004

The extradition of political offenders has occasioned a great deal of controversy in Russian-Turkmen relations over the years. Aggravating the problem has been the arrangement between them sanctioning a procedure of summary acquisition of dual citizenship by their nationals. The result was that applications for extradition were often denied on the grounds that the requested country's legal system barred the rendition of local citizens. Ultimately, Turkmenia moved to suspend the operation of the dual citizenship treaty with Russia and assert sole control over the citizenship status of its nationals, along with the claim to their extraditability. The present essay analyzes the background to this dispute and the situation that now exists here since the lapse of the dual citizenship agreement in terms of how these developments are likely to affect the shape of future extradition traffic between the two states.
Declaration of Intent: A Legal Conundrum?
Authors: Kierkegaard Sylvia Mercado
Published: November 2004

In the traditional notion of contract formation, the general rule is that formation of contract requires an offer and acceptance to be communicated between the parties. However the Estonian Law of Obligation deviates from this rule and adopts a broader approach to contract formation through the mutual exchange of declarations of intent. The present article examines the ambiguities and legal muddle caused by this approach. A far more difficult issue is the time of receipt of communication since Estonian contract law does not adhere to either the dispatch theory or the receipt principle. Although the Estonian Law of Obligation draws a distinction between oral and other (written) communications, the latter reaches the addressee (or are deemed to be received) only after the recipient has had suffi cient time to review the communication. This may be appropriate for consumer transactions, but difficulties may well arise at the international level in proving effective receipt of a notice.
At the Ragged Edges of Time: The Legend of Tilak and the Normalization of Historical Narratives
Authors: Kaur Raminder
Published: November 2004

This article questions our understanding of the construction of histories based on a variety of sources. It critiques the power of ‘the word’and the fetish of the archive in the construction of histories and alters the focus by placing the material remnants of the past at centre stage, with oral narratives and archival texts as supporting ‘illustrations’. It does this by focusing on Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s purported role in mobilizing a festival in tribute to the god Ganapati as part of the incipient anti-colonial struggle in the 1890s. It argues that colonial, nationalist and scholarly discourse converge to perpetuate the notion that Tilak was the pioneer of the public festival, when ethnographic work of material culture reveals that there were in fact other community leaders who pioneered the politicized festival. Tilak was more a publicist: he wrote about the festival in the press giving it his wholehearted support as well as helping to disseminate the phenomenon across the region. The article seeks to demonstrate how academic discussions in scholarly articles and books, however critical of hegemonic formations, have unwittingly perpetuated the views of not just colonial discourse, but also contemporary nationalists in India.
The first proof of protonated anion tetrahedra in the tsumcorite-type compounds
Authors: Mihajlović T. , Effenberger H.
Published: November 2004

Hydrothermal synthesis produced the new compound SrCo2(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)(H2O). The compound belongs to the tsumcorite group (natural and synthetic compounds with the general formula M(1)M(2)2(XO4)2(H2O,OH)2; M(1)1+,2+,3+ = Na, K, Rb, Ag, NH4, Ca, Pb, Bi, Tl; M(2)2+,3+ = Al, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; and X5+,6+ = P, As, V, S, Se, Mo). It represents (1) the first Sr member, (2) the until now unknown [7]-coordination for the M(1) position, (3) the first proof of (partially) protonated arsenate groups in this group of compounds, and (4) a new structure variant.

The crystal structure of the title compound was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The compound is monoclinic, space group P21/a, with a = 9.139(2), b = 12.829(3), c = 7.522(2) Å, β = 114.33(3)°, V = 803.6(3) Å3, Z = 4 [wR2 = 0.065 for 3530 unique reflections]. The hydrogen atoms were located experimentally.
BOOK NOTICES
Authors: Mason O. T.
Published: November 2004

The Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

Ancient art in the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by William H. Holmes

A study of the textile art in its relation to the development of form and ornament, by William H. Holmes

Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Prof. Cyrus Thomas

Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey

The Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas.
Anthropologic Literature
Authors: MCGEE W J
Published: November 2004

Crítica de la Langue Auca del Señor Raoul de la Grasserie. Por Rodolfo Lenz.

Kritik der Langue Auca des Herrn Dr. jur. Raoul de la Grasserie (Membre de la Société de Linguistique de Paris). Eine Warnung für Amerikanisten. Von Dr. Rudolf Lenz.
ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE OJIBWA OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: RADIN PAUL
Published: November 2004

Prefatory note.—The following notes were written down in text by an Ojibwa Indian not far from Sarnia, Ontario. They were translated by Mr. Edwin Maness. No change of any kind has been introduced by the editor. They originally were incorporated in a fairly extensive text, the major portion of which has been published in a previous number of the American Anthropologist (n.s., 26: 491–530, 1924) under the title of “Ojibwa Chit‐chat.”
Book Reviews
Authors: Linton Ralph
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OCEANIA AND ASIA: Both Sides of Buka Passage. Beatrice Blackwood.

OCEANIA AND ASIA: Manus Religion. R. F. Fortune.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Spier Leslie
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OCEANIA: An Ethnic Map of Australia. D. Sutherland Davidson

OCEANIA: A Preliminary Register of Australian Tribes and Hordes. D. Sutherland Davidson
WATER DISCIPLINE AND WATER IMAGERY AMONG THE BLACKFOOT
Authors: RICHARDSON JANE , HANKS L. M.
Published: November 2004

Jane Richardson L. M. Hanks, Jr.

University of Illinois
Book Reviews
Authors: Krogman W. M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Anthropologia Helvetica. Otto Schlaginhaufen. (A., Textband; B., Atlas. Vol. 21, Arch. d. Julius Klaus—Stiftng. f. Vererbfschg., Sozialanth. u. Rassenhyg. Pt. A, 699 pp., 499 tables, 144 figs. Pt. B, 161 diagram‐maps, 16 pls. [with 504 face and profile views]. Art. Inst. Orell Fossli A‐G., Zurich, 1946.)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Anthropologische Untersuchungen in Bezirk Untertoggenburg. F. C. Büchi. (Arch. d. Julius Klaus—Stiftng. f. Vererbfschg., Sozialanth. u. Rassenhyg. 17 [3–4]: 125–412. 302 tables, 41 figs., 8 pls. Zurich, 1942.)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Yearbook in Physical Anthropology. G. Lasker (Ed.) (2 Numbers, 1945 and 1946, 214 pp. and 242 pp., resp. Viking Fund, New York, 1946–1947.)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Timor Português, Contribuïçôes para o seu Estudo Antropolôgico. A. A. Mendes Corréa. (Repub. Port. Minist. das Colon. Memórias, sêrie antropolôgica e etnolôgica. 237 pp., 51 pls., 3 maps. [English resumé, pp. 179–215.] Lisbon, 1944.)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Contribuïçâo para o Estudo da Antropologia da Moçambique. Algumos Tribos do Distrito de Tete. J. R. Dos Santos, Jr. (Repub. Port. Minst. das Colon. Memórias, sêrie antropolôgica e etnolôgica. 416 pp., 73 pis., 204 figs., 12 tables. [French and English résumés in separate accompanying volume.] Lisbon, 1944.)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Gorilas do Maiombe Português. Hugo de Magalhães. (Repub. Port. Minst. das Colon. Memórias sêrie zoolôgica. viii. 155 pp., 32 pls. [English resumé, pp. 131–141; French resumé, pp. 145–155.] Lisbon, 1945.)
Book Reviews
Authors: Lebar Frank M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Report on a Melanau Sago Producing Community in Sarawak. H. S. Morris

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Chinese of Sarawak: A Study of Social Structure. Ju‐k'ang T'ien
Book Reviews
Authors: Jennings Jesse D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Archaeology and Society. Grahame Clark.
Quantitative Research in Proxemic Behavior1
Authors: WATSON O. MICHAEL , GRAVES THEODORE D.
Published: November 2004

Proxemics is the study of how man structures microspace, how he relates physically to other persons with whom he is interacting, and what is communicated by these physical relationships. Edward Hall, who coined the term “proxemics” and devised a system of notation for recording proxemic behavior, reports many impressionistic observations on Arab and American proxemic differences. To test these hypotheses systematically, 32 Arab and American college students were observed under controlled conditions and their proxemic behavior recorded. The Arabs and Americans were found to differ significantly in proxemic behavior, the Arabs interacting with each other closer and more directly than Americans, as hypothesized.
Transcendental and Pragmatic Aspects of Religion1
Authors: MANDELBAUM DAVID G.
Published: November 2004

Indian villagers generally separate the transcendental functions of their religion from the more pragmatic functions, assigning different deities, rites, and practitioners to each. The two complexes of religious beliefs and practices are taken as complementary to each other. Some tribal groups in India make a similar, but less sharp, division, while Sinhalese villagers maintain a more rigid formal separation and still use the two in complementary fashion. Such separation of religious complexes is found in many other cultures. It serves to allay certain common dilemmas that people often encounter in their religions. Four categories involving different degrees of this separation may be discerned—undifferentiated, partly differentiated, more fully differentiated, and reform. The first appears in very simple societies, the second holds true in many tribal societies, the third has been characteristic of the major civilizations, while the fourth includes the widespread modern trend to do away with the pragmatic aspects of religion.
Epistemic Paradigms: Some Problems in Cross‐cultural Research on Social Anthropological History and Theory1
Authors: SCHOLTE BOB
Published: November 2004

Anthropological premises and assumptions generally involve intellectual‐historical, philosophical, or “paradigmatic” choices and commitments. More specifically, in cases of theoretical and practical differences between rival paradigms of social anthropology, these choices and commitments must be empathetically understood and systematically explicated before an intelligent or fruitful debate is possible. This paper briefly and tentatively outlines the major premises and assumptions of structuralism and empiricism in French‐continental and Anglo‐American cultural anthropology. It also suggests possible means for the improvement of debate between these rival schools and points out that in exchanges of differing opinions, the social anthropologist must be aware of both the explicit socio‐anthropological and the implicit historicophilosophical issues involved.
Tools and Teeth: Some Speculations Regarding Canine Reduction1
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: November 2004

Starting with a critique of current beliefs that maxillary canine reduction in hominids was causally related to tool‐use and tool‐making, the article suggests that reduction took place because selection favored a different pattern of social behavior. Sexual dimorphism and aggressive intragroup behavior tend to be related in terrestrial primates. A shift in hormonal interactions is suggested, such that selection for diminution of aggressiveness resulted in a diminution of sexual dimorphism. Tool‐making is seen as one of a number of cognitive reorganizations, not as a causal factor in canine reduction.
A Refinement of the Concept of Household: Families, Co‐residence, and Domestic Functions1
Authors: BENDER DONALD R.
Published: November 2004

The concepts of “household” and “family” have been given a greater degree of precision in recent years by those scholars who have pointed out that the former is a residence group that carries out domestic functions while the latter is a kinship group. The concept of “household,” having been analytically distinguished from that of “family,” is still burdened by the inclusion of two social phenomena that are logically distinct and vary somewhat independently: co‐residence and domestic functions. Social groups based on affinal and consanguineal relationships, co‐residence, and domestic functions—often thought of as aspects of a single social phenomenon labeled by the term “family”—are in fact semi‐independent variables.
Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon1
Authors: SORENSEN ARTHUR P.
Published: November 2004

In the central Northwest Amazon, straddling the Brazilian‐Colombian border, there is a complex linguistic situation involving more than 25 linguistic groups with a homogeneous culture. Almost every individual knows fluently three, four, or more languages. Only the Makú and the few non‐Indians are monolingual. There are four linguae francae, but only tribal Tukano, doubling as a lingua franca, covers the entire area. The principal reason for this complexity is the insistence on tribal exogamy and the cultural identification of language with tribe. Consequently, a child begins with a personal linguistic repertoire of fluency in his mother's language as well as in his father's; to this he adds a knowledge of other languages in his vicinity. Contact with civilized people for 75 years has not significantly altered this linguistic situation, and periodic attempts to prohibit Indian languages have failed. The political boundary, which separates Portuguese speakers from Spanish speakers, reinforces the linguistic complex, for only Tukano, as a lingua franca, covers the entire culture area. Polylingualism in the individual, rather than monolingualism, is the cultural norm.
Kinship and Property Rights in a Buddhist Monastery in Central Ceylon1
Authors: EVERS HANS‐DIETER
Published: November 2004

Celibate Theravada Buddhist monks at Malwatte Vihare in Kandy, Ceylon, form ordination lineages through a continuous succession of monk‐teachers and their pupils. A statistical analysis shows a strong tendency for lineage heads to ordain relatives as pupils if they have temple property to transmit. The field data do not bear out claims of monks that the relationship is normally matrilateral. It is pointed out that informants translate expected behavior patterns between monks and their pupils into matrilateral kinship terms, but choose heirs to their properly strictly bilaterally. Some conclusions are drawn pertaining to Sinhalese kinship structure and the social organization of the Buddhist Sangha.
Book Reviews
Authors: Tuttle Russell H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal. Desmond Morris.

The Apes: The Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutan and Gibbon—Their History and Their World. Vernon Reynolds.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Mintz Sidney W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

L'économie haïtienne et sa voie de développement. Gérard Pierre‐Charles.

Les Idéologies coopérativistes et leur applicabilité en Haïti. Marie‐Thérèse Vallès.
Sampling Methods and Interpretation of Correlation: A Comparative Analysis of Seven Cross‐Cultural Samples1
Authors: CHANEY RICHARD P. , REVILLA ROGELIO RUIZ
Published: November 2004

The degree of agreement between the results of a comparative analysis of seven cross‐cultural samples is dependent upon both the nature of the samples and the nature of the variables. All three of the smaller samples examined are demonstrated to be subject to a fatal amount of sampling error. The study incorporates the Tylor‐Galton problem and makes an epistemic correlation between the concepts by postulation, historical‐diffusional and functional or causal aspects, and the empirical findings of statistical correlation. It speaks in terms of realms of order in sociocultural phenomena and of different degrees of invariant relationship and contingency. Many philosophical puzzles and many problems in theoretical anthropology have, at least in part, empirical solutions. Any theoretical inquiry into questions such as “the nature of culture” should be closely allied with an examination of empirical data. The present approach is an attempt to integrate rational analysis with empirical data.
A Dimensional Model of Multilinear Sociocultural Evolution
Authors: BOWDEN EDGAR
Published: November 2004

Thurstone's latent‐distance method was used to find the coordinates of fifty‐five societies in a three‐dimensional space that has level of sociocultural development as its principal axis. By assuming that the most probable evolutionary precursor of any society was of a type represented by the society at a lower level of development that showed the greatest similarity to it, societies were linked to form a branched evolutionary “tree.” Its structure supported the postulate of multilinear sociocultural evolution and suggested its sequence and dynamics in three main lines of development up to the level of early civilization.
Indices of Sociocultural Development and Cultural Accumulation: An Exponential Cultural Growth Law and a “Cultural Surgency” Factor
Authors: Bowden Edgar
Published: November 2004

Cameiro's Index of Cultural Accumulation related exponentially to the author's Index of Sociocultural Development. The relationship follows mathematically, as an “exponential cultural growth law,” from the assumption that cultural traits diversify at a constant proportional rate with successive increments of sociocultural development, though the rate may vary from one society to another. This variation is hypothetically dependent upon a factor of Cultural Surgency, such that relative over‐elaboration of a culture is associated with freedom of emotional cathexis permitted by its norms. Statistical tests on a number of cultural traits supported the hypothesis.
Navajo Filmmakers
Authors: WORTH SOL , ADAIR JOHN
Published: November 2004

This paper is a report of research in visual (film) communication investigating questions in anthropology and communication. Six Navajos, aged 17–25, and one monolingual, aged 55, living on the reservation were taught only the technology of a 16mm movie camera and splicer and were asked to make films about “anything you want to.” We review the theoretical questions underlying the research, describe our method of teaching, and analyze the films they made and their verbalizations about them, relating their cultural, verbal grammar, and narrative style to their methods and social organization of learning filmmaking, choice of subjects and actors for their films, and their methods, both syntactic and semantic, of structuring the image events they photographed.
The Criterion of Polarity
Authors: Aaby Peter S.
Published: November 2004

I wish to show that the criterion of polarity is inconsistent with Murdock's conceptual frame for the analysis of kinship terminology. The ignoring or recognition of polarity is a consequence of the ignoring or recognition of the other criteria. However, the criterion of polarity is not merely an unnecessary addition; it might also lead to wrong conclusions. The main error is that Murdock tries to define polarity, only being relevant on the relational level, on the Egocentered level, where kinship terminology is normally analyzed. [kinship terminology]
Hocus Pocus and Extensionism in Central Malaya: Notes on Semai Kinship Terminology
Authors: Dentan Robert Knox
Published: November 2004

This paper presents componential definitions of two sets of Semai kinship terminology gathered in two Semai settlements. A comparison of these definitions with each other and with Semai rules about proper terminology usage brings several inconsistencies to light. These inconsistencies seem to suggest that a modified componential analysis conforms to the cognitive categories of the Semai if the extensionist hypothesis that terms have both primary and derived meanings is taken into account. [Semai, componential analysis, extensionist hypothesis, Malayan aborigines, Austroasiatic].
Lineage Atrophy in Chinese Society
Authors: Anderson E. N.
Published: November 2004

Pasternak (1968) has reported a case of “lineage atrophy” on Taiwan. This fits a pattern discernible in several widely separated cases. It seems that the Chinese lineage, often considered a rock‐stable base of Chinese society, is at the mercy of economic‐ecological factors.
Book Reviews
Authors: Arth Malcolm
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER: Culture and Aging: Anthropological Study of Older Americans. Margaret Clark and Barbara Gallatin Anderson.

OTHER: Older Rural Americans: A Sociological Perspective. E. Grant Youmans, ed. Foreword by John H. Southern and William A. Seay.
The Evidence for Multiple Hominid Taxa at Swartkrans1
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: November 2004

Gutgesell's review of the single species hypothesis, and the dismissal of its proposed refutation at Swartkrans, is critically examined. Most of her claims are not supported by the available evidence at Swartkrans, nor by the morphology and variation of recognized robust australopithecines and other hominoid taxa. Her statistical results are questionable, whether or not one utilizes her procedures. With the demonstrated association of the maxilla (SK 80) with a cranium (SK 846/847) described as “Paranthropus” by both Robinson and Tobias, the only possible interpretation of the detailed morphology, the ranges of variation, and the statistical comparisons, is that SK 15, 45, and 80 are small robust australopithecines.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gaba C. R.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY: History of an African Independent Church. Volume I: The Church of the Lord (Aladura). H. W. Turner.

ETHNOLOGY: African Independent Church. Volume II: The Life and Faith of the Church of the Lord (Aladura). H. W. Turner.
Shrines, Ancestors, and Cognatic Descent: The Kwaio and Tallensi1
Authors: KEESING ROGER M.
Published: November 2004

Parallels between Kwaio (Solomon Islands) social structure and the system of ancestral cults and shrines are drawn. Kwaio distinguish between, and make important use of, agnatic descent, cognatic descent, and cognatic kinship, and each is reflected in ritual. Comparisons are drawn between Kwaio social structure, ancestors, and shrines, and those of the Tallensi. Remarkable similarities emerge. It is suggested that many facets of “complementary filiation,” and other features of Tallensi social structure, may reflect a secondary principle of cognatic descent.
Price and Output Variability in a Peasant‐Artisan Stoneworking Industry in Oaxaca, Mexico: An Analytical Essay in Economic Anthropology1
Authors: COOK SCOTT
Published: November 2004

This paper presents and analyzes data collected among metateros (metate or quern makers) who live in a Zapotec village in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, and who sell their products on a weekly basis in the Oaxaca City marketplace. The analysis shows that metate output correlates closely with both “market” and “nonmarket” factors, that is, with supply, demand, and price conditions, on the one hand, and with seasonal, ecological, and cultural conditions, on the other. Metate output fluctuates periodically in time to the local calendar of agricultural operations and of festive celebrations but also fluctuates regularly in accordance with the general laws of supply and demand as stated formally by economists. The analysis shows that it is neither possible nor desirable to focus upon one set of factors to the exclusion of the other, thus the “economic” and the “anthropological” modes of explanation are complementary, not contradictory, and the metate output data can be fully understood only when both are applied.
Kwaio Fosterage1
Authors: KEESING ROGER M.
Published: November 2004

Fosterage is one important possible outcome when parental death disrupts the family developmental cycle among the Kwaio of the Solomon Islands. A model of alternative sequences of possible events and decision‐making principles, portrayed with flow diagrams, is outlined. The significance of fosterage in generating Kwaio social alignments is examined, and the implications of this approach for the study of social structure are discussed.
A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex1
Authors: Brown Judith K.
Published: November 2004

Although sex division of labor is a universal, the contribution that women make to subsistence varies markedly from society to society. It is suggested here that the degree to which women participate in subsistence activities depends upon the compatibility of the latter with simultaneous child‐care responsibilities. Women are most likely to make a substantial contribution when subsistence activities have the following characteristics: the participant is not obliged to be far from home; the tasks are relatively monotonous and do not require rapt concentration; and the work is not dangerous, can be performed in spite of interruptions, and is easily resumed once interrupted.
Voluntary Associations in History
Authors: ANDERSON ROBERT T.
Published: November 2004

Formal common interest associations appear to have become prominent during the neolithic, but to have declined subsequently in preindustrial nations. The industrial revolution supported a new proliferation. With this, the mode of operation changed: associations came to unite on the basis of rational‐legal sanctions. Modern voluntary associations may contribute to social stability as adaptive mechanisms for traditional institutions. They may socialize and support individuals caught in the disorder of social change.
Marine Resources: A Viable Subsistence Alternative for the Prehistoric Lowland Maya1
Authors: LANGE FREDERICK W.
Published: November 2004

It is suggested that traditional views of maize as the cornerstone of prehistoric lowland Maya civilization may be erroneous. Previous research largely ignored Yucatan's peninsular geographical position and the wealth of marine resources available. Ecological, archaeological, and documentary evidence are examined for the subsistence and religious utilization of marine resources and compared to data for maize and other foods. Some possible ramifications of a marine‐oriented Maya society are briefly stated and a “Yucatecan Symbiotic Region,” with highly sophisticated exploitation of both marine and terrestial resources as a subsistence base, rather than single crop dominance, is proposed.
Race and the Concept of Progress in Nineteenth Century American Ethnology
Authors: HALLER JOHN S.
Published: November 2004

While nineteenth century American ethnologists relied on the word “evolution” more than the word “progress” to define their theory of culture, their theory of evolution nonetheless implied a teleological projection that was no more than a paeon for Anglo‐Saxon race achievement. Believing that failures in earlier stages of evolution had limited brain size and quality of the “inferior races,” they suggested that, for all practical purposes, the Caucasian was the lone man in evolution. While the Caucasian maintained an active, progressive role in modifying the environment, the lower races broke into the modern world as mere “survivals” from the past, mentally and physiologically unable to shoulder the burdens of complex civilization. Ethnology became a means through which both scientists and social scientists sought to estimate the relative value of the races, delineate social categories, and help justify the dynamics of race legislation.
The Structure of the Japanese Family1
Authors: Kitaoji Hironobu
Published: November 2004

Analyses of kinship terminology and of descent and residential rules have dominated the study of the Japanese family and kinship organization. However, the positional terminological system is found to be sociocentric in nature. It is argued that succession and inheritance rules provide a more useful approach to the structural study of the sociocentric stem family in Japan.
Forms of Joking Activity: A Comparative Approach1
Authors: HANDELMAN DON , KAPFERER BRUCE
Published: November 2004

In considering expressive interaction in two distinct cultural settings, a sheltered workshop in Israel and a section of a lead and zinc mine in Zambia, joking activity was found to be governed by sets of rules which we term joking frames. Two types of joking frames, setting‐specific and category‐routinized, are distinguished. Setting‐specific joking depends primarily on resources derived locally within the setting in which this activity occurs. Such frames are highly fragile and setting‐specific joking follows an indeterminate course. Category‐routinized joking frames are anchored in more general social conventions, and are more resistant to subversion and to re‐transposition to overtly serious activity. Of central concern to our analysis is the isolation of conditions which lead to the establishment, maintenance, and destruction of joking frames during interaction. We indicate that joking activity, and indeed any form of expressive activity, must be understood in terms of the emergent, self‐generative, form of the activity itself. So our analysis indicates that while setting‐specific and category‐routinized frames are established and destroyed by similar mechanisms, the rules included in the latter have the greater time‐depth because these rules are better able to integrate subversive elements which emerge from the course of joking activity, and the original definitions of category‐routinized frames can be maintained for lengthier periods of time.
Images of Power1
Authors: SERTEL AYSE KUDAT
Published: November 2004

This paper represents a systematic study of how power attributions are made in a village community. The diversity of power attributions by aggregates of individuals in the community was found to be considerable, suggesting the possibility of fallacious results if social anthropologists base their analysis of socio‐political structures upon the accounts of a limited number of persons Two mathematical models, one static, one dynamic are introduced to reduce the diversity of power cognitions and to show the fruitfulness of jointly analyzing the conceptions of every adult member of a community.
Standardization of an Index of Sociocultural Development for Precivilized Societies1
Authors: BOWDEN EDGAR
Published: November 2004

By scaling eighteen of the traits previously found to be important indicators of societal development, the author's Index of Sociocultural Development was brought closer to the status of an equal‐interval ratio scale. Its relation to the logarithm of settlement population as a criterion of societal development was thereby linearised and attained a correlation coefficient of 0.969. Its characteristic exponential relationship with Carneiro's Index of Cultural Accumulation, previously given a theoretical interpretation, was unaffected. In the process of standardizing and validating the Index, it was found that male‐dominant and equidominant societies had significantly different settlement populations and scale sequences of developmental traits. The basis of a standard procedure for obtaining ratings of sociocultural traits suitable for use in the Index is described.
Cause and Effect in Apachean Agriculture, Division of Labor, Residence Patterns, and Girls' Puberty Rites1
Authors: OPLER MORRIS E.
Published: November 2004

It has been asserted that matrilocal residence among Apacheans is a recent development, resulting from the acquisition of agriculture and a female agricultural division of labor due to Pueblo influence. Yet matrilocal residence is weakly developed among the Pueblos, Pueblo men carry on most of the agriculture, Apacheans who do little or no farming are matrilocal, and Apachean men are very active in cultivation. An alternative explanation for Apachean matrilocal residence is offered.
Prejudice and Its Intellectual Effect in American Anthropology: An Ethnographic Report1
Authors: HSU FRANCIS L. K.
Published: November 2004

This article deals with some deep forms of prejudice in American anthropology in terms of its dominant ideas and its products. The foundation of this prejudice seems to be Western individualism. It expresses itself by excluding contrary ideas from its public forums (publications, symposia, and so forth) and by elaborating and escalating ideas in conformity with it. In spite of its cross‐cultural protestations, American anthropology will become White American anthropology unless our fraternity consciously takes a more open‐minded approach to other competing assumptions—rooted in other cultures—about man and what makes him run. There is a world of difference between a truly cross‐cultural science of man and a White centered science of man with cross‐cultural decorations
Assassination and Conflict Resolution in Laos
Authors: WESTERMEYER JOSEPH
Published: November 2004

Ten cases of political homicide in Laos were intensively studied, with particular attention to the assassin, the victim, the homicidal event, the provocation, and the social context. Each assassination provided a resolution for a social dilemma which had proven refractory to other means of social problem solving. Certain demographic characteristics and psycho‐social correlates of political homicide in Laos resemble those of other cultures.
Further Implications of Cultural Surgency and Sex‐Dominance
Authors: BOWDEN EDGAR
Published: November 2004

In the process of standardizing an Index of Sociocultural Development, it was found that male‐dominant and equidominant societies differ significantly in their order of acquisition of developmental traits, their cultural elaboration and cultural surgency, the population of their largest settlement and possibly also its population density. These relationships are discussed in terms of the theoretical meaning of sex‐dominance and cultural surgency and their dynamic significance for social change.
A Rhetorical and Sociolinguistic Model for the Analysis of Narrative
Authors: WATSON KAREN ANN
Published: November 2004

In this paper, the rhetorical theory of Kenneth Burke and the sociolinguistic method of William Labov, are synthesized to derive a formal and functional analytical framework for the study of narrative. The resulting framework provides for the identification of narrative style and performance in any sub‐genre of narrative.
The Politics of Crime: Aggression and Control in a Colonial Context
Authors: HOPKINS ELIZABETH
Published: November 2004

Political resistance to colonial rule poses particular problems of control and political socialization during the initial period of occupation. The strategy of early British intervention in Uganda reveals the recurrent use of legislative and judicial reform rather than direct police action to repress local unrest. In this paper, the history of administrative action with regard to two imputed offenses, arson and witchcraft, is examined as well as the factors which underlay the failure or success of such measures.
Social Structure and Interpersonal Relations in Navanogal (Spain)1
Authors: BRANDES STANLEY H.
Published: November 2004

This paper explores the ambivalent quality of interpersonal relations in a small Castilian community. For purposes of economic and psychological security, villagers establish a wide network of social ties outside the nuclear family. Yet they distrust and resent those with whom they must affiliate. In order to maintain successful social and economic ties, then, they resort to a series of standardized devices which operate as a lubricant to social relations.
The Lineage Cycle in Southern and Eastern Yugoslavia1
Authors: Šoć E. A. HAMMEL DJORDJE
Published: November 2004

Named local patrilines in southern and eastern Yugoslavia (vamilije, rodovi) vary in the number of individual households contained in each. Data from thirteen locations on over 12,000 lineages and 62,000 constituent households are examined to determine the source of such variation in what is here called “lineage density.” Demographic, economic, and cultural factors account for about half the variance in lineage density, but even in a model in which nominal economic and cultural factors are ideally scaled to give them maximal weight, naturally scaled factors of time depth and fertility, that is the mechanics of the cycle of lineage development, account for almost three‐fourths of the explainable variance. Defects in the data and in the model are discussed, but the conclusion remains that demographic data, too seldom collected by ethnographers, are of paramount importance in understanding social process.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: TERRELL JOHN
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Archaeology on Nukuoro Atoll: A Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Caroline Islands. JANET M. DAVIDSON

Archeology: Excavation of a Habitation Cave, Hanapete'o Valley, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. ARNE SKJØLSVOLD

Archeology: A Settlement Pattern Survey, Hanatekua Valley, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. PETER S. BELLWOOD
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SHARROCK FLOYD W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Biesterfeldt: A Post‐Contact Coalescent Site on the Northeastern Plains. W. RAYMOND WOOD

Archeology: The Potts Village Site (39C019): Oahe Reservoir, North Central South Dakota. ROBERT L. STEPHENSON
Harvest Timing, Transhumance, and the Process of Domestication1
Authors: LYNCH THOMAS F.
Published: November 2004

The structures which control harvesting qualities are critical in the domestication and improvement of many plants. Imperfect timing of harvests, an essential characteristic of transhumant hunting and gathering, puts heavy selective pressure on the genetic factors which control maturation and harvesting qualities. Genetic variants are most likely to be transported to new habitats under conditions of low latitude, mountain transhumance. The beginnings of American agriculture appear to coincide in time and area with such lifeways.
Analysis of an Aesthetic Values Test: Detection of Inter‐Subgroup Differences Within a Pottery Producing Community in Mexico1
Authors: GOLDE PEGGY , KRAEMER HELENA C.
Published: November 2004

This paper demonstrates that it is possible to devise a test to elicit aesthetic values to be used to detect subgroup differences within a small peasant village of Nahuatl‐speakers in Guerrero, Mexico. Fifty‐one minimal pairs of drawings or photographs were made or selected to isolate specific visual attributes hypothesized to be related to characteristics of the subgroups: sex, the occupation of painting on pottery, the relative degree of travel to other cities in Mexico. The results of a χ2 test revealed nine of the fifty‐one pairs to be significantly heterogeneous (5% level) and six of the nineteen attributes selected showed heterogeneity among the four subgroups, significantly more than would be expected by chance.
Toward a Theory of the Status of Women1
Authors: SANDAY PEGGY R.
Published: November 2004

A theory of the status of women is presented which draws primarily on ecological and economic factors and posits a relationship between female production and female status. It was hypothesized that female contribution to subsistence activities would be a function of certain ecological factors and/or a prolonged drain of male labor. It was found that these factors were related to female production activities. A scale of female status was then derived from a small pilot sample and correlated with female contribution to subsistence. The results indicated that female production is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of female status
Neanderthals: Names, Hypotheses, and Scientific Method
Authors: HOWELLS W. W.
Published: November 2004

The Neanderthal “problem” is less likely to be solved by hypotheses which are broad and inclusive, with respect to late Pleistocene hominids, than by more limited ones for which existing data are suitable and which conform in as many dimensions as possible to evolutionary theory. Specifically, the Brose‐Wolpoff hypothesis (1971) fails to use a “population” understanding of Upper Pleistocene hominid variation and argues a universal model of Middle Paleolithic‐Upper Paleolithic cultural and physical transition unsuitable for southern Africa or Southeast Asia.
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: ABRAHAMS ROGER D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Blues Accordin' to Lightnin' Hopkins. Filmed by LES BLANK

A Well‐Spent Life. Filmed and produced by LES BLANK

Spend It All. Filmed and produced by LES BLANK