bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replacement of the Macdonald Bridge Suspended Spans: Fabrication and Field Construction Works
Authors: Radojevic Dusan , Kirkwood Keith F.
Published: February 2021

The Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, completed in 1955, connects Dartmouth and downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. This suspension bridge is 762 m long, with a 441 m long main span. The deck of the suspended spans reached the end of its functional life and the entire superstructure was replaced segment-by-segment during full weekend and evening closures of the bridge, with traffic using the bridge during weekdays. The new deck segments were fully prefabricated, including an initial thin layer of wearing surface, and erected in a way that allowed traffic to use the bridge immediately following the replacement of an existing deck segment. This paper describes some aspects of the complex fabrication of the bridge superstructure. It further describes how the deck segments were replaced and explains unique challenges encountered during segment replacement and how they were addressed.‌‌
Contribution to Restoration Process of Structural Analysis Studies on Historic Bridges
Authors: Sert Halide , Yilmaz Süheyla , Nas Mutluhan , Apaydin Nurdan
Published: February 2021

In addition to making new roads and bridges maintenance and repair of historical bridges is one of the main duties of General Directorate of Highways, Restoration Implementation Project was prepared for 538 historical bridges and Restoration Implementation studies on 196 historical bridges between 2003 and 2016. In this paper, among the 70 historical bridges, the restoration projects were prepared; The contribution to the restoration projects and implementations of the structural analysis studies of the four different historical bridges constructed using the structural system, construction material and practice will be explained through examples, the different features of all historic bridges that were the subject of the examination required the preparation of separate technical specifications for each, all project and implementation studies were carried out in this direction.
Assessing climate impact on reinforced concrete durability with a multi-physics model
Authors: Flint Madeleine M. , Michel Alexander
Published: February 2021

A framework for performance-based durability engineering can incorporate climate impacts in its assessment of the lifetime sustainability of built infrastructure. Most performance-based durability and climate impact assessments have used simplified deterioration models, which are insensitive to shorter-term fluctuations in boundary conditions and therefore may underestimate climate change impacts. A highly sensitive fully-coupled, validated, multi-physics model for heat, moisture and ion transport and corrosion was used to assess a reinforced concrete structure located in coastal Norfolk, Virginia. Deterioration was predicted using tidal exposure conditions obtained from statistically downscaled global climate model output under two emissions scenarios. Deterioration, repair, and decision metrics under the emissions scenarios were compared using the performance-based framework to assess the influence of climate change.
A New Seismic Retrofitting Method for Steel Bridge Piers in Japan
Authors: Lin Weiwei , Taniguchi Nozomu , Satake Shinya , Okubo Fujikazu , Kubo Takeaki
Published: February 2021

Japanese highway bridge design codes have been modified a lot since the Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake in 1995, but only used for designing new bridges. The aged steel piers constructed with old design code should be strengthened appropriately to adopt with current design code. With the purpose of improving the seismic performance of existing steel piers, a preventive seismic retrofit method by using GFRP plate, rapid hardening concrete, rubber-latex mortar, and reinforcement is proposed in this paper. The static loading tests on the steel piers before and after strengthening were performed to confirm the effects of the present strengthening method. Moreover, three- dimensional FE models were built to make a comparison study between the strengthened and the original steel piers. Load versus deflection relationship and sectional strain distribution on the piers were measured and compared between original piers and strengthened piers. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that the present strengthening method can greatly enhance the stiffness and reduce the stress levels of steel pier, resulting in the extension service life and improvement of the seismic performance of aged steel piers.
Unique access system engineering innovation leads to important milestone at MLC Centre
Authors: Stathis Paul , Buchin-Roulie Vanessa , Watson John
Published: February 2021

Sydney's MLC Centre, an iconic building on the city's skyline was the tallest reinforced concrete structure in Australia when it was built in 1978. The building deteriorated over time and needed a full range of treatments to its façade. To conduct repairs to the 220 m tall octagonal skyscraper, a unique site access method was designed for the project consisting of four (4) fully enclosed climbing work platforms.

When the concrete remedial repair works on one side of the building were completed all four platforms required relocation to the opposite side of the building. Hence, the Monorail relocation solution was developed. The suspended monorail system was designed and installed allowing for the platforms to be rotated on the other side of the building without dismantling.
Comparative Study between Reversely and Forwardly Constrained Optimal Design Method for Tall building Structure
Authors: Ma Zhuang , Zhao Xin
Published: February 2021

Optimal design is attracting increasing interest due to the huge energy and material consumption for tall steel structures. The optimization of certain structure is based on primitive design, which is commonly obtained by traditional design process. The design results obtained from the optimization of primitive design is called optimal design. Traditional optimal design method commonly starts with a primitive design which is greatly over constrained. The over constrained primitive design has great design redundancies, and further optimization process will successively reduce the design redundancies until the controlling constraints are properly constrained. There is another optimization process, however, which starts with a primitive design which is under constrained. The under constrained primitive design will be effectively upgraded in successive optimization process using minimum structural material increments until the controlling constraints are properly constrained. The first optimization process, which starts with over constrained primitive design is called forwardly constrained optimal design (FCOD) method. The second optimization process, which starts with under constrained primitive design is called reversely constrained optimal design (RCOD) method. In this paper, the RCOD method is applied to a 10-storys steel frame structure to investigate the superiority of the RCOD method when compared with the FCOD method.
Improving seismic performance of the non-structural light steel framing systems using sliding bolted connections
Authors: Shahini Marzie , Saedi Gholamreza , Mirghaderi Rasoul , Forodi Majid , Changizi Karim
Published: February 2021

Non-structural façade systems are very sensitive to damage because the shake intensities that cause damage in these systems are much lower than those for structural components. A proper detailing and configuration of the connections between non-structural system and primary structure can be crucial to reach a good global behaviour of the both non-structural components and structural system.

At the present study structural systems of a high rise building and non-structural facade are completely being isolated by means of proposed friction-slip mechanism/connections. The sliding bolted connection is placed between exterior light steel framing façade and primary structure such that sliding occurs parallel to the lateral load resisting movement plane. The effectiveness of the proposed connection in responding lateral force demand is evaluated by a series of finite element (FE) study on moment resisting frames equipped with the friction-slip connection.

The FE study results exhibit that the sliding bolted joint is able to carry inelastic deformation higher than maximum inter story movement of the special moment frames.

The numerical results exhibited that the large portion of plastic deformation is dissipated by the connection while the entire CFS members remain elastic. As a consequence, this type of connection can be very ductile and performs in a very desirable manner. The comparison of results indicated that depending on the section geometry, the inelastic bending capacity of CFS beams with slip-critical connection can improved and reach Mp.
Robustness of Multi-Storey Timber Buildings
Authors: Mpidi Bita Hercend , Tannert Thomas
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the probability of disproportionate collapse for a nine-storey mass-timber building designed for gravity and lateral loads. This is a static analysis which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearities. Considering 32 different scenarios, the proposed building is subjected to removal of ground floor columns, one or two at a time, to compute the reliability index. As limit state functions, the results take into account the residual capacity of the building, in terms of bending moment resistance and shear stress within Cross-laminated timber panels, as well as the resulting deformations. Results indicate that failure is dictated by the imposed deflections rather than the capacity of the timber elements. The investigation shows that the proposed building does not have sufficient robustness to redistribute the load to the undamaged part of the building after the considered removal scenarios.
A Critical Fatigue Crack in a Long-Span Truss Bridge; Cause Investigation and Measures
Authors: Nishikawa Takafumi , Wang Qu , Tashiro Daiki , Nakamura Shozo , Okumatsu Toshihiro
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a report on a critical fatigue crack in a long-span truss bridge and a series of measures from cause investigation to preventive retrofit for the damage. The severe damage occurred and propagated due to a fatigue crack at the bottom of a diagonal member of the bridge. The findings obtained by the web-based long-term monitoring reveals that the member being mainly investigated and the other several diagonal members have excited in two wind velocity ranges. Wind directions of both the case are approximately perpendicular to the bridge axis. Componential analysis of vibration suggests that in-plane vibrations are vortex-induced and vibration out-of-plane is buffeting due to strong wind. The vibration induced by the strong wind was the main cause of the crack. Based on the findings, a preventive measure has been taken to suppress wind-induced vibration by changing the dynamic characteristic of diagonal members.
Research on the dynamic properties of piled structures using the neural networks and the support vector machines
Authors: Deng Haoyun , Jin Xinyang , Gu Ming
Published: February 2021

A simplified method is proposed to analyse the dynamic properties of piled structures. Superstructures are modelled as generalized single degree of freedom systems using the virtual displacement principle, and the impedance functions of pile groups are solved based on the thin- layer method. Six dimensionless parameters are selected to characterize the soil-pile-structure systems and extensive parametric analyses are performed. A mathematical model for the seismic analysis of soil-pile-structure system is built in the neural network based on the outcomes of parametric analyses. The data of the analyses are divided into three different parts which are used for training, testing and validating of the artificial neural network(ANN) model. In order to validate the accuracy of ANN model, another analysis technique of the support vector machine is used. The outcomes show that the model can predict the dynamic properties of the soil-pile-structure system with good accuracy and less time which contribute to solve the dynamic characteristics of piled structures without performing complex analysis.
New Pedestrian Overpass at Husum Station
Authors: Andersen Ulrik Sloth , Saberi Mogens
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the design of a potentially dynamic sensitive pedestrian bridge crossing a railway at Husum Station in the Copenhagen area.

Due to narrow access roads to the bridge, the project team proposed a very light prefabricated steel superstructure comprising three longitudinal steel beams and pre-installed glass fiber slabs as the bridge deck. The light superstructure and low construction height made the superstructure sensitive to pedestrian introduced vibrations. Dynamic analyses were conducted and the result was that tuned mass dampers (TMD) were required. However, measurements on site after erection of the bridge has shown that the dampers are not needed to fulfil the requirements. In the paper the reasons for the deviation between the analysis and the on-site measurements are analysed and discussed.
Long-Term Performance of PresLam Frames: Are Post-Tensioning Losses really an Issue?
Authors: Granello Gabriele , Palermo Alessandro , Pampanin Stefano
Published: February 2021

Several post-tensioned timber buildings have been already constructed in New Zealand and overseas starting from 2010. The construction technology relies on unbonded post-tensioning tendons or bars passing through internal ducks in beams, frames or walls to create moment resisting connections. Supplemental energy dissipation can be obtained by introducing replaceable mild steel bars or other types of dissipation devices at the rocking interface generally called “dissipaters”.

This paper resumes an up to date review on all the available information in terms of post- tensioning loss. Data coming from operative building under monitoring are presented and compared with respect to the beam-column joint detailing solution. Furthermore, the influence of different post-tensioning loss scenarios on the building seismic response is showed by analytical and numerical procedures.

Results show that interstorey drifts in case of earthquake might significantly increase with post- tensioning loss when dissipaters are not provided. However, floor displacements remain constant when additional damping devices are used even in case of extreme loss scenarios.
Post-Earthquake Analysis, Retrofit, and Future Performance of the Centinela Building
Authors: Sanchez Telmo Andres , Paredes Patricio , Camino Santiago , Guzman Juan Francisco , Paredes Raul
Published: February 2021

In April 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck the coast of Ecuador, causing major destruction in the cities located near the epicenter. Most of the residential buildings did not collapse but they experienced substantial damage of the non-structural components and some structural elements. The design for life safety and collapse prevention criteria were satisfied; however, the damage level prohibited their subsequent occupancy. As a result, all social activities of the affected cities cannot normalize until this infrastructure is reconstructed. In this paper, the Centinela building, a structure affected by the earthquake, is investigated to determine the damage level and retrofit alternatives. In addition, a risk assessment is conducted to predict the response of the building during future events, considering both the structural and non-structural components. In the future, these types of assessments may serve as a decision-making tool for government agencies and owners.
Case Study of Two U.S. Bridge Projects Using Prefabricated Bridge Elements Connected with Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC)
Authors: Nault Gregory J.
Published: February 2021

Accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques were used to rehabilitate two notable bridge structures in the United States in 2016; a 16.5-meter (54-foot) long, single-span superstructure carrying U.S. Route 30 over Bessemer Avenue near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and; a 5-span 308- meter (1,011-foot) long historic concrete arch bridge carrying Franklin Avenue over the Mississippi River near Minneapolis, Minnesota. These projects utilized prefabricated bridge elements (PBEs) that were connected together on-site using Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). Different UHPFRC mix designs, supplied by LafargeHolcim, were used for each project. A rapid-set mix used for the Pittsburgh project allowed the single-span superstructure to be replaced during a 57-hour weekend road closure, while the Minneapolis project utilized a standard-set mix. In both cases, UHPFRC was used for its ability to rapidly achieve high strength as well as provide simple, strong, durable connections between the prefabricated elements.
Special Accommodation for Structural Steel Coating of Burlington Bay Skyway
Authors: Wang David , Ostrowski Joseph , Lo Chak , Sidky Sherif
Published: February 2021

The northbound structure of Burlington Bay Skyway in Hamilton, Ontario recently underwent major rehabilitation. This included a component for the recoating of the structural steel in the 150 m-long overhead main span arch. The primary operational constraint was that traffic lanes stay open throughout construction. The additional gravity loads and wind loads from the scaffolding and environmental enclosures posed serious structural overload concerns. Extensive computer analysis and scenario testing enabled the development of a staging arrangement, structural strengthening scheme, high wind closure protocol integrated with rapid lane closure gates, and an overheight vehicle detection advanced warning system. This rehabilitation of the bridge commenced in Spring 2014 and was completed on time in Fall 2016 with no significant traffic delays or disruptions. Structural integrity was successfully maintained throughout construction.
Finite Element Model Update of Cable Supported Bridges Using Large Scale Global Optimization Technique
Authors: Park Wonsuk , Park JunYong
Published: February 2021

An effective optimization method is introduced for the finite element model update of cable- supported bridges. When typical model update methods are applied, there are some difficulties in solving the optimization problem such as local, pre-matured, non-satisfactory solutions due to the large number of updating parameters. Thus, in order to solve the minimization problem effectively, we adopt a large scale global optimization technique which can utilize several algorithms simultaneously. The proposed method is based on the Multiple Offspring Sampling (MOS) framework in which multiple optimization algorithms including genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization are dynamically combined to produce the global optimal solution. The application example of an existing suspension bridge shows that the proposed method can be effective to update dynamic finite element models.
Anisotropic Concrete Compressive Strength
Authors: Hansen Søren Gustenhof , Jørgensen Henrik Brøne , Hoang Linh Ca
Published: February 2021

When the load carrying capacity of existing concrete structures is (re-)assessed it is often based on compressive strength of cores drilled out from the structure. Existing studies show that the core compressive strength is anisotropic; i.e. it depends on whether the cores are drilled parallel or perpendicular to the casting direction. Engineers may therefore misjudge the load carrying capacity. Thus structures may be strengthened or rebuilt unnecessarily or left in service with high failure probability.

This paper presents a literature review and an experimental study on the anisotropy and its correlation to the curing time. The experiments show no correlation between the anisotropy and the curing time and a small strength difference between the two drilling directions. The literature shows variations on which drilling direction that is strongest. Based on a Monto Carlo simulation of the expected variation it is argued that the variation of the anisotropy may be statistically coincidences.
Assessment of the crack propagation in reinforced concrete
Authors: Meinhardt Marcel , Keuser Manfred
Published: February 2021

Cracking of concrete is a complex phenomenon induced by direct loading or restraint which unavoidably affect reinforced concrete structures whenever the tensile strength of the concrete is exceeded. Hence it is important to predict where cracks will be located and how they will propagate.

Based on theoretical considerations of the crack initiation in plane reinforced concrete structures experimental studies have been carried out in the Laboratory for Structural Engineering at the University of the German Armed Forces in Munich. The first objects of the experiments were R/C- panels under in-plane tension loads. In a second step R/C-plates under uniaxial and biaxial bending moments were tested with different loading conditions and with different loading paths. [1], [2], [3], [4]. The results of these tests clearly showed the influence of the position, the spacing and the angle between longitudinal and transversal reinforcement on cracking. The future research at the chair of concrete construction will be focused on the modelling of the initiation and the crack propagation in reinforced concrete structures subjected to certain boundary conditions and quasi static loadings. This research is based on numerical calculations, the general theory of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and models for cracking and simulation of the crack propagation.

This paper presents a short overview on the experiments on R/C-panels and slabs carried out in the Laboratory for Structural Engineering at the University of the German Armed Forces in Munich and on the results which have been achieved in the past. Afterwards the actual research is presented. To understand the stress distribution in the direct vicinity of the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement bars a small simplified section of a R/C slab was modeled in the finite element program ANSYS. The aim is to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) implemented in ANSYS to simulate crack growth and to determine where the crack will initiate and propagate in this region.
Flexural Performance of the UHPC Deck in a Novel Steel-UHPC Composite Girder
Authors: Wang Yan , Shao Xudong , Zhang Dengjing , Cui Bing , Wang Yi
Published: February 2021

This paper investigated the flexural performance of the UHPC deck based on Fifth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge which is the first long-span cable-stayed bridge in China utilizing reinforced UHPC with basalt. Two types of the specimens were used to reveal the longitudinal and transversal flexural performance of the UHPC deck, respectively. The load (stress)-deflection curves and load (stress)- crack width curves of the specimens were obtained from the experimental and theoretical studies. The results showed that the UHPC deck in the elastic stage exhibited adequate bending stiffness and cracking strength. In addition, the formulas in the recommendation of AFGC were used to calculate the maximum cracks width of the UHPC deck. It showed that the formulas were not applicable to UHPC structures with coarse aggregates. Thus, there is a necessity to revise the formulas for UHPC structures with coarse aggregates.
Human Action Recognition in Videos using Convolution Long Short-Term Memory Network with Spatio-Temporal Networks
Authors: Sarabu Ashok , Santra Ajit Kumar
Published: February 2021

Two-stream convolutional networks plays an essential role as a powerful feature extractor in human action recognition in videos. Recent studies have shown the importance of two-stream Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to recognize human action recognition. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) has achieved the best performance in video activity recognition combining CNN. Encouraged by CNN's results with RNN, we present a two-stream network with two CNNs and Convolution Long-Short Term Memory (CLSTM). First, we extricate Spatio-temporal features using two CNNs using pre-trained ImageNet models. Second, the results of two CNNs from step one are combined and fed as input to the CLSTM to get the overall classification score. We also explored the various fusion function performance that combines two CNNs and the effects of feature mapping at different layers. And, conclude the best fusion function along with layer number. To avoid the problem of overfitting, we adopt the data augmentation techniques. Our proposed model demonstrates a substantial improvement compared to the current two-stream methods on the benchmark datasets with 70.4% on HMDB-51 and 95.4% on UCF-101 using the pre-trained ImageNet model. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01254 Full Text: PDF
CANADA’S PERCEPTION OF DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDEPENDENT UKRAINE
Authors: Bessonova Maryna , Hlavak Anna
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to a general overview of Canada's attitudes to the democratic development of post-Soviet Ukraine. The article examines the position and opinion of both official and diasporas’ Canada on the development of democracy in Ukraine. It is determined that Ukraine's independence was a kind of signal to the beginning of intensive Canadian cooperation and support for the Ukraine’s transition from a command-administrative economy to a free market. Another important area of support was the building of democratic institutions and civil society. Official Canadian assistance came through a number of channels, but the main institution was the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Another powerful force and initiator of many projects and support programs was the Ukrainian Diaspora in Canada. We can talk about three main events that contributed to the revival of attention from official Canada to Ukraine: the declaration of Independence in 1991, the Orange Revolution in 2004 and Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity in late 2013. Each of these events was positively assessed by Canada (as official and diasporas’), and was interpreted as an impetus for potential progress towards democracy. Despite the positive attitude to the development of transit to democracy in post-Soviet Ukraine, Canada is critical of the pace of this transit and the quality of transformation processes. At the same time, representatives of the Diaspora are more outspoken in their criticism of the problems in Ukraine. Among the main obstacles on this path we can name corruption, inhibition of reforms, institutional weakness, confrontation between supporters and opponents of reforms and regional clans since 2014. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia the external factor is also considered. Canada is helping Ukraine strongly in the fight against Russian aggression by providing technical, financial and diplomatic assistance.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE US STRATEGY TOWARD THE NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION AFTER THE COLD WAR
Authors: Gergiieva Valeriia
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the US strategy in the nonproliferation field during three decades (in 1990s – 2018) and during the presidency of four US presidents (Bill Clinton, George Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump). The author considers the key guidelines of US nonproliferation strategy that are described in four Nuclear Posture Reviews (NPR) issued by each post-Cold War presidential administration. These documents describe the US nuclear policy in general, but the author focused on analysis of those their sections that were devoted to dealing with the risks of proliferation of nuclear weapons. The National Security Strategies of 1996 and 2002 were also analyzed in the article to clarify the nonproliferation aspects of US strategy that were not explained well in the published excerpts of the first two Nuclear Posture Reviews of presidents Bill Clinton and George Bush. As George Bush faced with the new challenges that required developing updated nonproliferation strategy like he terroristic acts on 11 September 2001, war in Iraq - the nonproliferation policy had to change too and focus more on preventing the terrorists from acquiring the nuclear bomb and nuclear materials. The last two NPRs of 2010 and 2018 were published fully and considered in the article as the primary source for understanding the nonproliferation policy of presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump. All four post-Cold War presidential administrations faced with the new proliferation challenges, and the author examines how these new challenges were described in the US strategic documents and how the US nonproliferation strategy evolves. In addition, the article studies the practical implementation of the proclaimed nonproliferation strategies of four presidents and compares the efficiency of this implementation by each presidential administration. The author also assesses the consequences of realizing the US nonproliferation strategy for the international security and its influence of the future development of the global nonproliferation regime.
РЕЖИМ НЕРОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ ЯДЕРНОЇ ЗБРОЇ ТА КОНТРОЛЮ НАД ОЗБРОЄННЯМИ ЯК НАДСИСТЕМА І ГАРАНТ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ ЄВРОАТЛАНТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ
Authors: Melnyk Tetiana
Published: February 2021

Стаття розглядає режим нерозповсюдження ядерної зброї та контролю над озброєннями як комплексне середовище Євроатлантичної безпекової системи, її надсистему та міжнародне поле взаємодії з іншими акторами. Розглядається фундаментальна роль Договору про нерозповсюдження ядерної зброї (ДНЯЗ) як системоутворюючого договору та вплив сучасної міжнародної динаміки на розгойдування основ контролю над озброєнням. Особлива увага приділяється причинно- наслідковим зв’язками у процесах, що відбуваються у двох системах та яке відображення вони знаходять одна в іншій.

Говорячи про систему нерозповсюдження підкреслюється роль НАТО та США та оглядаються пов’язані з цим контроверсійні питання. Проаналізовано внесок Заходу у досягнення без’ядерного світу та стримуючі фактори на даному етапі. Окремо відзначається, що наразі ядерна гонка озброєнь проявляється не у кількісному, а в якісному вимірі в контексті масштабних модернізаційних проектів ядерних держав.

Разом з тим виокремлено деструктивний вплив виходу США із ряду міжнародних договорів як Договір про ракети середньої та меншої дальності та інших, які президент Трамп оцінив як неефективні у відповідності до його переважно двосторонньої політики, на відміну від багатосторонньої дипломатії Обами.  Схожа доля спіткала і Договір про відкрите небо і все ще може спіткати Новий СНВ не зважаючи на обрання Дж. Байден новим президентом.

Звертається увага брак підтримки Договору про заборону ядерної зброї на Заході та загрози, що він становить не лише для режиму ДНЯЗ, а й для Євроатлантичної системи. Згадується, що досі не вступив в силу і Договір про всебічну заборону ядерних випробувань та можливі наслідки взаємних звинувачень США і РФ в цьому контексті.

Загалом робиться висновок про тісний зв’язок між режимом нерозповсюдження та Євроатлантичною безпекою, двосторонній вплив рішень та подій що відбуваються в тій чи іншій системі. Також акцентується увага на тому, що збереження системи нерозповсюдження і контролю над озброєннями є і інтересах усіх міжнародних акторів задля збереження стратегічної стабільності та передбачуваності розвитку міжнародної ситуації.
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ОСНОВИ ПОЛІТИКИ США ПО ВІДНОШЕННЮ ДО КИТАЮ НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ
Authors: Levytska-Doba Yevheniia
Published: February 2021

Однією з ключових проблем міжнародної політики перших років минулого десятиліття XXI ст. є американо-китайські відносини, які поступово еволюціонують від всеосяжного партнерства до гострого антагонізму. Незважаючи на запевнення Пекіну про те, що зовнішня політика країни має виключно мирну мету, Сполучені Штати Америки виражають занепокоєння через швидкий розвиток економічної, а також військової могутності Пекіну, яка вже вийшла за рамки Азіатського регіону і впливає наразі прямо чи опосередковано на зовнішню політику більшості країн світу. Економічне протистояння Пекіну та Вашингтону на сучасному етапі розвитку відносин вже переросло у торгову війну. Беручи до уваги ядерний статус обох учасників цього протистояння, розповсюдження антагонізму з економічної сфери на політичну та військову становить реальну загрозу безпеці не тільки в Азіатсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні, але й у світі загалом. Становлення КНР як нового центру сили співпало із стратегічним «поверненням США до Азії» при адміністрації Б. Обами та політикою «Зробимо Америку великою знову» Д. Трампа, обидві з яких мали в основі намір стримувати зростаючу міць Китаю. В свою чергу Пекін використовує свою економічну силу для того, щоб запобігти утворенню антикитайської коаліції під егідою Вашингтону у безпосередній близькості від своїх кордонів. Верогідність загострення кризи, яка наразі знаходиться у замороженому стані, актуалізувало пошук шляхів її вирішення і в теоретичній, і в практичній площинах. На сьогоднішній день на темі американо-китайських відносин зосереджено увагу не тільки академічного середовища, але й представників найвищих політичних кіл чи не кожної країни світу. Такий інтерес зумовлюється різноманітністю факторів: для США – це питання критичне в контексті перебування й надалі у статусі світового гегемона; для Китаю – можливістю проекціювати свою економічну могутність на політичну площину і вирішити критичні задачі власної зовнішньої політики у статусі нового світового гегемона.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА ТУРКМЕНІСТАНУ І КИТАЮ В ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНІЙ СФЕРІ
Authors: Romaniuk Nataliia , Shukalovych Yuliia
Published: February 2021

В статті розглядаються відносини Туркменістану та Китайської Народної Республіки в енергетичній сфері. В умовах трансформації системи світової політики енергетична взаємодія цих країн стає все більш цікавою темою для вивчення. Хоч, і під впливом різних факторів ситуація в їх енергетичному співробітництві з роками майже не змінюється. Наразі Китай є одним із найбільш значущих споживачів енергоресурсів у світі, саме тому, для забезпечення своїх громадян енергоресурсами країна надає важливого значення розвитку енергетичного діалогу з Туркменістаном, який за покладами газу займає 4 місце в світі, і розглядає Ашгабат, як одного з головних стратегічних партнерів в забезпеченні власної енергетичної безпеки.

В статті проаналізовані особливості туркменсько-китайських відносин  в газовій сфері. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що  маючи досить великі поклади газу, Туркменістан є обмеженим в диверсифікації своїх ресурсів на світовий ринок. За останні роки відбулася низка зустрічей високого рівня між Туркменістаном і КНР, які стосувались співробітництва в енергетичній сфері, і підписано ряд нормативно-правових документів, які визначають співпрацю двох держав у даному напрямку.

Спільне співробітництво офіційних Ашгабату та Пекіну хоч і є вигідним для обох країн, але наразі, Китай вибудовує свою політику таким чином, аби поставити Туркменістан в довгострокову фінансову залежність та отримувати, в перспективі, весь туркменський газ.

Визначені суперечності, які виникли в енергодіалозі двох країн через фінансову та транспортну залежність одного з учасників, що вносить серйозний елемент напруженості у відносини офіційних Ашгабата і Пекіна в енергетичному співробітництві
MODERN ASPECT OF UKRAINIAN POPULISM: POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECT
Authors: Kiyanka Iryna
Published: February 2021

The study of populism is actualized by the presence of a social order from interested political actors who use populism to implement their programs and in the struggle for power, focusing on the possibilities of change and reform.             The relevance of the study is obvious given the lack of comprehensive study of populism in Ukraine, proper political evaluation of previous studies, rethinking some theses of individual researchers, and especially in connection with its actualization as one of the popular principles in action, behavior in modern political practice and our state.             Today in Ukraine, the intensification and emergence of new manifestations of populism have become a sign of a general long-term failure on the path of technological modernization, in efforts to achieve rapid economic growth and in the fight against corruption. The tendency to the increasingly negative attitude of many citizens to complex and compromise procedures of democratic institutions, the desire for quick and simple solutions, intolerance of different views contain a double threat - to roll into anarchy or establish an authoritarian regime.             Thus, populism can be considered an inevitable companion of political freedom and democracy. In some places, it is a force that promotes political participation and reform in the interests of many low-status social groups. By inclining to oppose the rights of the majority to the interests and rights of certain minorities, populism can be a threat to the rule of law and basic political and civil liberties. Wherever populist leaders gained power, it became authoritarian, accompanied by abuses and oppression (but not destruction) of the opposition.
EVOLUTION FROM THE CONCEPT “ZERO PROBLEMS WITH NEIGHBORS” TO THE PRACTICE “ZERO NEIGHBORS WITHOUT PROBLEMS”: THE ROLE OF NEO-OTTOMANISM
Authors: Khoma Nataliya , Voznyuk Yevhenija
Published: February 2021

The peculiarities of Turkey’s foreign policy in the Middle East in 2002-2020 are studied. Turkey’s intentions to establish itself as an influential Eurasian state, which claims leadership in the Middle East, as well as in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia, were noted. The authors indicate the concept and foreign policy doctrine of “Zero Problems with Neighbors” as the ideological basis for Turkey’s transition from a peripheral to a central role in international politics. It is emphasized that the doctrine of “Zero problems with neighbors” has become a revision of traditional Kemalist values in Turkey’s foreign policy. The authors of the article evaluate the practical implementation of the doctrine as an unsuccessful attempt to become a regional leader in the Middle East. It was emphasized that at the beginning of the implementation of the concept of “Zero problems with neighbors” the only goal of the Turkish government was really to establish good neighborly relations, but after the beginning of the “Arab Spring” foreign policy strategy was revised. It was noted that in the last decade the Turkish government has reoriented to a more pragmatic foreign policy direction; it is determined by the main purpose of protecting its national interests; the result was partial Turkey isolation. The article expresses author’s vision that Turkey in its foreign policy has obviously moved from the concept of “Zero problems with neighbors” to the practice of “zero friends”. It is proved that: 1) Turkey’s relations with the Middle East (except Qatar) are quite tense; 2) although there is a partnership with many countries in the Middle East, it is often based on pragmatic mutual interest of countries, and cooperation often does not go beyond trade and economic relations.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Authors: Chelani Gomti
Published: February 2021

In this Universe the Earth is the only planet where life is possible. Modernization and industrialization affect nature in 2 ways. Firstly it is extremely destructive of environment in its search for inexpensive biomass-based raw materials and for the opportunities for waste disposal. Secondly modernization is transforming the very character of nature. The tendency is to reduce the diversity in nature and transform it in to high yielding monocultures.

India is country with a high level of population density. In the name of economic development often any human activity, which results in the destruction of an ecological space or in its transformation, is justified. Environmental issues were completely overlooked during the first 2 decades of economic development. Government realized the need for environmental protection in early 1970s. Environmental protection was adopted as directive principles of state policy in our Constitution. The protection of environment is also a fundamental duty of every citizen of India. Presently there are about 30 major enactments related to protection of environment being administered by the Central and State Governments. The problems concerning the policies of Government related to environmental protection and the implementation of various laws are discussed in this paper.

India’s biggest challenge today is to identify and implement development process that will lead to greater equity, growth and sustainability. To achieve these goals Government policies should be reformed and it is our duty to come forward and make these policies successful.
DEFORESTATION- A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kaur Manleen
Published: February 2021

Forests are not only mere providers of forest products but also offer various services like providing a mechanism of carbon sequestration and evading big disasters by preventing soil erosion, floods, landslides apart from being home to humans as well as diverse species. Recently there has been growing awareness and realization with regard to the role that forests play- as drivers of national growth. With growing population, needs and knowledge, the responsibility of forest sector is now not only limited to meeting the environmental concerns but encompasses livelihood issues which in turn will affect the economic and social needs of the country.
AN OVERVIEW ON AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA AT PRESENT SCENARIO
Authors: Chauhan Pooja
Published: February 2021

Environmental conservation became a major concern. Pollution is the major threat in most of regions in the world. India is also witnessing the environmental pollution due to rapid economic growth and insufficient implementation of environmental pollution control measures. Though the measurement of air quality is complicated, there are a few pollutants which regulators keep under supervision through regular monitoring. The most observed pollutants includes PM, NO2, SO2, CO2 etc. This paper aims to provide an overview of environmental pollution especially air pollution and concentration pollutants (PMs, SO2, NO2 etc.).
ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCE
Authors: Verma Priyanka
Published: February 2021

At the back of demand for each and every commodity there are isolated choices made by "consumers". Each individual as a consumer has every right to choose what she he prefers within the income level. Although consumer as an entry is free to choose whatever his/her prefers but careless choice for resource use can lead to a situation where we eventually use up all over resources such as water, mineral, land etc at a rate which is not sustainable. So, a rational consumer has the responsibility to make his/her choice prudent and fur-sighted. This also includes being careful about the wastage and creating demand for newer forms of goods and services that ensure a sustainable life style for higher number of people on earth. At each stage of daily life the consumer gets chance to choose between different forms of appliance having different implications for conservation.
ECO-FRIENDLY METHOD TO CONTROL INSECT PEST AND AVOID ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION
Authors: Shukla Radhe
Published: February 2021

Pigeon pea is cultivated in Madhya Pradesh to meet domestic requirement. Fourteen insecticides of different chemical groups were tested against pod borer complex I .e  Cypermethrin (0.015%) , Lambda Cyhalothrin ( 0.05%), Deltamethrin (0.04%) and Quinolphos (0.03%) were highly effective in controlling pod borer complex giving good knock down effect.

Farmers use insecticides of different groups injudiciously which pose serious problems like killing of natural enemies and beneficial-insects, health hazards, environmental pollution. Neem   contains Alkaloids, ie. Azadirachtin which act as repellent, antifedent can be a part of insect pest management .Four different concentrations of neem is use to control insect pest and protect crop as well to avoid environmental pollution.
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION: FACTORS AND AFFECTING ACTIONS
Authors: Kumar Singh Rakesh
Published: February 2021

In recent decades, many environmental problems have increased as the result of human activities and unplanned management of the technological development those interference ecosystems. Therefore, a dispute between the importance of conservation and preservation of ecosystems to protect environment and the necessity to satisfy human desire by sacrifice the environment has been arise across the world.

Various human activities have induce many undesirable effects to the environment which can be threatening human health, economic, natural resources and gene pool of ecosystems such as pollutions, greenhouse effect, global warming and soil erosion.

Finally, in this paper, we highlights that the environmental protection is worth for fight due to the several reasons and its importance in our Indian society.
Eco tourism
Authors: Bharadwaj Anshu Arpan
Published: February 2021

There is a correlation of tourist and environment. Currently, tourism is developing rapidly in all the countries of the world and it has taken the form of industry. The need for conservation of environment along with the development of tourism industry has worried the environmentalists of the world. Biodiversity and ecosystem are affected by uncontrolled tourism. Therefore, to control these side effects, tourists should be made aware about responsible tourism and eco-tourism. Responsible tourism prevents physical, social and cultural degradation. In responsive tourism, the tourism sector is developed in collaboration with the local community. Responsible tourists are the most caring and aware tourists from all sides. The performance of eco-tourism should also be increased for environmental protection. Tours in which a place is visited to see the natural scenery, fauna and flora and have fun related to any cultural aspect is called Eco Tourism.

पर्यटक और पर्यावरण का सहसम्बन्ध है। वर्तमान समय में विश्व के समस्त देशों में पर्यटन का विकास तीव्रगति से हो रहा है और इसने उद्योग का रूप ले लिया है। पर्यटन उद्योग के विकास के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण के संरक्षण की आवश्यकता ने विश्व के पर्यावरणविदों को चिंतित कर रखा है। अनियंत्रित पर्यटन से जैव विविधता तथा पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र प्रभावित होता है। अतः इन दुष्परिणामों को नियंत्रित करने के लिए पर्यटकों को उत्तरदायी पर्यटन एवं इको टूरिज्म (पर्यावरणीय पर्यटन) हेतु जागरूक करना चाहिए। उत्तरदायी पर्यटन भौतिक, सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक पतन को रोकता है। उत्तरदायी पर्यटन में स्थानीय समुदाय के सहयोग से पर्यटन क्षेत्र का विकास किया जाता है। उत्तरदायी पर्यटक सभी पक्षों का सर्वाधिक ध्यान रखने वाले और जागरूक पर्यटक होते हैं। पर्यावरण संरक्षण हेतु इको टूरिज्म का प्रद्यतन भी बढ़ाया जाना चाहिए। ऐसा पर्यटन जिनमें प्राकृतिक दृश्यों, जीव-जन्तुओं तथा वनस्पतियों को देखने और किसी सांस्कृतिक पहलू से जुड़े आनन्द लेने हेतु किसी स्थान की यात्रा की जाती है उसे इको टूरिज्म कहा जाता है।