bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thomas Aquinas and Contemplation
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik
Published: February 2021

Contemplation, according to Thomas Aquinas, is the central goal of our life; yet a scholarly study on this topic has not appeared for over seventy years. This book fills that obvious gap. From an interdisciplinary perspective this study considers the epistemological and metaphysical foundations of the contemplative act; the nature of the active and contemplative lives in light of Aquinas’s Dominican calling; the role of faith, charity, and the gifts of the Holy Spirit in contemplation; and contemplation and the beatific vision. Key questions addressed are: What is contemplation? What is truth? How can we know God? How do faith and reason relate to one another? How does Aquinas envisage the relations between theology and philosophy? What role does charity play in contemplation? Throughout this book the author argues that Aquinas espouses a profoundly intellective notion of contemplation in the strictly speculative sense, which culminates in a non-discursive moment of insight (intuitus simplex). In marked contrast to his contemporaries Aquinas therefore rejects a sapiential or affective brand of theology. He also employs a broader notion of contemplation, which can be enjoyed by all Christians, in which the gifts of the Holy Spirit are of central importance. This book should appeal to all those who are interested in this key aspect of Aquinas’s thought. It provides a lucid account of central aspects of Aquinas’s metaphysics, epistemology, theology, and spirituality. It also offers new insights into the nature of the theological discipline as Aquinas sees it, and how theology relates to philosophy.
Faith, Theology, and Contemplation
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik
Published: February 2021

How does Aquinas conceive of the connections between faith and theological contemplation? How does he defend the scientific nature of theology? What is the role of the assent of faith, and is Aquinas guilty of voluntarism? Aquinas’s espousal of the notion of theology as a science sub-alternated to divine scientia allowed him to defend a non-charismatic notion of theology (i.e. one that does not depend on the cognitive gifts of the Holy Spirit to assist us in grasping the articles of faith). The chapter further argues that all rational disciplines (with the exception of those that operate with principles that are known per se) rely on first principles that cannot be argued for within the relevant discipline itself. Finally, the chapter argues that Aquinas’s view that we cannot both know and believe something at the same time actually softens the boundary between theology and philosophy, which is of considerable importance when we address the perennial question as to how Aquinas conceives of the relation between theology and other disciplines.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik
Published: February 2021

This chapter summarizes the main points of the book: contemplation covers a broad semantic range but in the strict sense it is to be understood as intuitus simplex (chapter 2); while contemplation is inherently more meaningful than the active life, Aquinas, as a Dominican, defends a version of the mixed life in which contemplation informs activities such as teaching and preaching (chapter 4); the nature of theology (as a science sub-alternated to divine Scientia) and the relation between theology and other sciences, including philosophy, are revisited (chapter 5); although the role of the gifts in theology evolves throughout Aquinas’s career, his thought should not be characterized as ‘charismatic’ or ‘sapiential’ (chapter 7); the role of charity in contemplation is also dealt with (chapter 6). Finally, while Aquinas’s discussion of the beatific vision (chapter 8) appears to be in tension with his overall epistemological account, there is, nevertheless, an important element of continuity, namely the non-discursive nature that characterizes both intuitus simplex on earth and the beatific vision.
Reforming Church and Nation
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores Protestant theological schools that educated pastors as reformers of church and the nation after religious disestablishment. This education built upon the liberal arts of the colleges, which taught the basic textual interpretation, rhetoric, and oratory. Rev. Timothy Dwight led the way in fashioning a new liberal arts in the college, which served as the foundation for advanced theological education. At Yale, he integrated the belles-lettres of European literature and rhetoric into the predominant American framework of Scottish Common Sense Realism. He also coupled these pedagogies with the voluntarist theology of Jonathan Edwards and the New Divinity, which bolstered Christian volunteerism and mission. With Dwight’s help, New England Congregationalists developed a graduate theological at Andover with a faculty in Scripture, theology, and homiletics (practical theology) who taught in the interdisciplinary, rhetorical framework of the liberal arts. Dr. Ebenezer Porter raised a generation of princes of the pulpit and college professors of rhetoric and oratory, and he wrote the first widely used manuals in elocution. Moses Stuart in Bible advanced German critical studies of Scripture for future pastoral work and for scholars in the field. The greatest alternative to Andover was the historic Calvinism of Princeton Theological Seminary, as interpreted through the empiricism of Scottish Common Sense. President Archibald Alexander, historian Samuel Miller, theologian Charles Hodge, and later homiletics professor James Wadell Alexander emphasized the text-critical and narrative interpretation of Scripture, and the emphasis on classic rhetoric and oratory in homiletics culminated the curriculum.
Dead Zones in the Oceans
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

As this chapter shows, the open oceans are also running out of dissolved oxygen as seen at Station Papa in the subarctic Pacific Ocean, thanks to work done on Canadian weather ships starting in the 1950s. Not only are areas of severe hypoxia, or oxygen minimum zones, expanding, but the level of dissolved oxygen in all oceans is decreasing. The open oceans are losing oxygen because of climate change. The warming of the oceans reduces the solubility of oxygen in water and stimulates oxygen use by respiring organisms. This chapter explores how climate change is also altering circulation and the mixing of oxygen into oxygen-poor waters. Even where oxygen remains above dead-zone levels, its depletion is another sign of how climate change is reshaping the biosphere. The expansion of low-oxygen water has shifted the habitats of fish and invertebrates, such as the giant squid, over thousands of miles, and has disrupted the nitrogen cycle of the entire biosphere. The chapter explains that because of oxygen depletion, biological production of the oceans may decline due to the loss of nitrogen, while release of a potent greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide) may increase.
Complete the Beat (Beginner)
Authors: Cummings Ian
Published: February 2021

The activities detailed in this chapter were designed for beginner-level high school students in a music production class that meets daily for an average time of 40 minutes. The aim of this activity is to focus on each of the three main elements of drum patterns found in popular music: snare, kick, and hi-hat. The activity is broken up into three tasks in which students complete a drum pattern that contains two of the three elements. After completing the three tasks, students will have focused on each of the three main drum sounds individually and will be better prepared to create their own original drum patterns.
Creating Melodies to Fit a Chord Progression (Intermediate)
Authors: McLean Matt
Published: February 2021

Using aQWERTYon, this lesson provides middle school and high school students an introduction to the rudiments of music theory, such as triads and melody. By building a chord progression along with a melody using a DAW, this project-based learning approach provides students with a comprehensive music-making experience in which the learning outcomes are broad. Students can develop both their understanding of music theory and DAW fluency, as aQWERTYon is able to limit the harmonic possibilities, preventing learners from experiencing option paralysis. The streamlined theoretical aspect of this lessons allows learners to quickly develop pleasant sounding music, resulting in the bulk of the learning occurring out of the creative process.
Musique Concrète Étude (Intermediate)
Authors: Willey Robert
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes a lesson in which students create a one-minute piece of electronic music by editing, looping, reversing, changing pitch, changing speed, and spatializing a recording of a noninstrumental sound. This compositional activity was designed for first-year college music composition and audio production majors. First, this activity will help students learn to use a microphone to record their owns sounds and/or download open source material. Second, without the need to have experience with notation, melody, and harmony, this lesson allows students to engage with fundamental issues that composers face and can broaden their concept of what constitutes a piece of music.
Anthem Creation for a New Nation (Intermediate)
Authors: Cooper Patrick K.
Published: February 2021

Politics can be a tricky subject to navigate in the classroom. In the project described in this chapter, students create a fictional country and national anthem that encapsulates the political views of a fictional new nation. Students have the opportunity to be creative and critical thinkers without the fear of backlash for sharing ideas. Essentially, students are shown the concept of programmatic music and how certain musical elements can conjure extramusical ideas. This project is designed for students in a high school computer-based music production class. It is intended to be completed in pairs, but the teacher may adjust this arrangement depending on the culture of the classroom. This project could also serve as a great music camp activity.
Online Resources for Dance (Intermediate)
Authors: Apudo-Achola Malachi , Achieng’ Akuno Emily
Published: February 2021

The activity described in this chapter is centered on learning dance and uses YouTube as a primary resource. YouTube can help supplement a teacher’s instruction to more effectively communicate a wide array of styles. The activity builds on a relatively traditional procedure of modeling, except that it gives learners more flexibility in terms of time usage, scheduling, as well as an opportunity to experiment with various ideas. It also gives learners a level of authority over what, when, and how they learn after the teacher’s initial introduction. The lessons outlined were born from a desire to better represent the diversity of styles that exist in various regions of Kenya. By using YouTube, lessons are not limited to the knowledge of the teacher and as a result, students can have more freedom in what they learn.
Sound Hunt (Intermediate)
Authors: Manzo V. J.
Published: February 2021

Interesting rhythmic and pitched sounds exist all around us. This experiential compositional activity designed for middle school students calls for the identification of “interesting” sounds found in the environment, that are then recorded, edited, processed, and mixed together into an original piece of music. Because the sounds being used are not that of musical instruments, students must utilize a DAW and their creativity to make an engaging piece of music. An outcome of using novel sounds is that it prompts students to think about the different elements of music, such as pitch and rhythm, as concepts free from an association with a musical instrument.
Exploring the Potential of Looped Material in DAW-Based Music Creation (Advanced)
Authors: Marrington Mark
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes a lesson that gets learners to go beyond the loop paradigm typical to most DAW production environments by encouraging a focus on the musical content of looped materials. Students will develop skills using a DAW’s MIDI editing facilities for “re-calculating” musical content, such as note value augmentation/diminution and pitch transposition. In addition, students will investigate the potential of musical materials for variation, transformation, and re-combination in the context of extended musical structures. One of the key learning outcomes of this exercise is understanding that looped material need not remain a static and unaltered building block in a composition/production.
Vicarious Identity in International Relations
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

The chapter identifies vicarious identification as an overlooked yet key constitutive practice in international relations that can be theorized through a rereading of debates on ontological security, status, and recognition dynamics. It demonstrates how vicarious identification is often central to how subjects (re)gain a sense of self-certainty and self-esteem, with the chapter paying particular attention to the contexts within which an emphasis on vicarious identity is more likely to emerge. Three arenas that make vicarious identity relevant for global politics are posited. First, in its manifestation between individuals, often transnationally, in response to major international events. Second, in how citizens generate a sense of ontological security and self-identity through processes of vicarious militarized nationalism, with governments supporting this through processes of vicarious identity promotion. And third, in how states vicariously identify with other states and broader regional and civilizational communities in their pursuit of status, national self-esteem, and ontological reaffirmation.
US Vicarious Identity with Israel, 1967–2020
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

The chapter explores the United States’ vicarious identification with Israel, arguing that since the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel has served as a positive identity proxy. Two features of Israeli military might have proven attractive for the United States’ vicarious identification with it: its preemptive military actions and its resounding military successes. Using generational analysis the chapter surmises that the increased connections made to Israel in the 1990s and 2000s by the United States are a result of the US Baby Boomer generation’s admiration of Israel as heroic, right, and assertive and where this image served as a formative experience for that generation at the same time as the United States was at its military, moral, and cultural nadir in Vietnam amid the broader tumult of the 1960s and 1970s. This generational take may also explain the increased tensions between the two countries and even the unraveling of the United States’ vicarious identification with Israel hereafter.
Aspiring for Vicarious Identity Through Engagement in War
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

The chapter explores Denmark’s post–Cold War reorientation in foreign policy, where a previous emphasis on laying low and a reluctance to engage in military actions has been replaced by a willingness to support activist military engagement. The transformation has entailed a fundamental reappraisal of the Cold War past, where a once comfortable and ontological-security-affirming narrative has been recast as a betrayal of Denmark’s true being and its responsibilities for upholding a norms-based international order. The chapter argues that such self-shaming is designed to elicit anxiety and ontological insecurities that can only be salved through activist engagement. However, lacking sufficient resources itself, Denmark’s redemption is possible only by establishing a vicarious bond with the United States and partaking in American wars. In Denmark’s case, vicarious identification has therefore been central to driving change and reconstituting selfhood anew, rather than reaffirming extant identities as might be expected.
The Civil and Dakota Wars
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862 to suggest that crisis forced Britain, Canada, and the United States to reimagine how they understood territory, belonging, and control. Defectors, draft dodgers, smugglers, refugees, soldiers, and Confederate raiders all exploited the Canada–US border for their own purposes. In response, federal employees developed strategies to extend their reach beyond their respective jurisdiction. As many oral histories suggest, fear provided the American government with an ability to influence Dakota lives decades after their relocation to a foreign country. Finally, this chapter emphasizes the ambiguity of territory. As groups like the Dakota moved, they found themselves on lands claimed by the Métis, Oceti Sakowin (Sioux), Cree, and Ojibwe, as well as those claimed by Britain and the United States.
Market Power, War, and Strategic Delay
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter develops a theory to explain how market power competition can lead to violence and strategic delay in international relations. When states have opportunities to change market structures to provide their firms with price-setting abilities, a competitive environment can emerge. Given the economic rents and political leverage that can accompany the ability to set prices in hard commodity markets, states may be motivated to take aggressive action to expand their territorial reach. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interdependent, they may be constrained from turning to violence. This can open up an opportunity for institutional settlements. However, in some cases, institutional rules and procedures can preclude states from reaching a settlement in line with their market power goals. When this happens, states may turn to strategic delay and attempt to gradually accumulate market power over time through salami tactics.
“The Glorious Day is Coming On”
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

Anxious that God was preparing them for Christ’s second coming, Euro-Americans experienced an unprecedented revival known as the First Great Awakening—an intercolonial phenomenon that infused Protestantism in America with extraordinary heights of millenarianism and apocalypticism. The Awakening was a watershed event in the formation of a distinctive Anglo-American identity. While this identity was not always deeply pious, as economic and political concerns occasionally eclipsed religious matters, there is no doubt that the “vital piety” that had defined radical Protestantism in Europe found new and vibrant expression in America, particularly in its eschatological aspects. These came into sharpest focus when the Seven Years’ War broke out between Britain and France in 1754. Usually considered only in military and geopolitical terms, this war was also a war of religion in which the Anglo-Americans cast themselves in the heroic role of God’s chosen people striving against the forces of the Catholic Antichrist.
Triple Wins?
Authors: Neville Kate J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines global energy politics, tracing the uneven rise and fall of enthusiasm for biofuels and for fracking. With a focus on the major players for each energy technology (Brazil, the US, and the EU for biofuels; the US for fracking), the chapter documents parallel trajectories for the fuels that later landed in Kenya’s Tana delta and the Yukon territory. In each case, champions of these fuels pointed to their potential contributions to achieving climate goals, enhancing rural economies, and diversifying national energy supplies. However, as production and extraction expanded, critics expressed mounting concern about the consequences of these fuels on the climate, water resources, and biodiversity, food prices, land rights, and community well-being. With attention to competing interests and geopolitical relations, local sovereignty and corporate power, and strategic discourses and scientific uncertainty, the chapter sets the stage for the local campaigns that emerged in Kenya and the Yukon.
Fracking in the Yukon
Authors: Neville Kate J.
Published: February 2021

Presenting the book’s second empirical case study, this chapter examines resistance to fracking in Canada’s Yukon territory, considering the transnational political economy dynamics of local energy negotiations. By tracing local responses to fracking, the chapter reveals the ways in which finance, ownership, and trade provoke and activate insider/outsider narratives and reignite long-standing political conflicts in the North, mobilizing communities across issue areas. This chapter documents the creative methods used by organizers to forward claims as they linked fracking to concerns over liquefied natural gas backup power generation, the contested Peel Watershed, and trust in government. It also examines how similar discourses are wielded by both project proponents and opponents, especially of local control and belonging. Through the mechanisms of identity activation, scale shift, and brokerage, the chapter reveals how both project support and opposition can be articulated and adapted, including through alliance-building that connects sites and communities across space and time.
Conclusions
Authors: Neville Kate J.
Published: February 2021

The final chapter revisits the intersection of political economy and multiscale protest around biofuels and fracking, offering an integrated look at the campaigns that have emerged around these new energy sources. It considers the implications of the book’s findings about the political economy dimensions of contentious politics for other resource debates, with particular attention to other emerging energy technologies: wind, solar, and hydro. Further, the concluding chapter interrogates the technological optimism and commitment to economic growth that underpins these developments. It pays attention to alternative political economies, including social and Indigenous economies and models of degrowth, with consideration of how these models might advance environmental justice. The chapter considers the ways in which scaling up energy production—often justified as a response to crisis events—increases distance in commodity chains by dislocating control from local communities, externalizing local costs, and separating the accrual of benefits from the bearing of burdens.
The Invisibility Bargain
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

In an era of mass migration and restrictive responses, this book seeks to understand how migrants negotiate their place in the receiving society and adapt innovative strategies to integrate, participate, and access protection. Their acceptance is often contingent on the expectation that they contribute economically to the host country while remaining politically and socially invisible. These unwritten expectations, which this book calls the “invisibility bargain,” produce a precarious status in which migrants’ visible differences or overt political demands on the state may be met with a hostile backlash from the host society. In this context, governance networks of state and nonstate actors form an institutional web that can provide access to rights, resources, and protection for migrants through informal channels that avoid a negative backlash against visible political activism. This book examines Ecuador, the largest recipient of refugees in Latin America, asking how it has achieved migrant human security gains despite weak state presence in peripheral areas. The key finding is that localities with more dense networks composed of more diverse actors tend to produce greater human security for migrants and their neighbors. The argument has implications beyond Ecuador for migrant-receiving countries around the world. The book challenges the conventional understanding of migration and security, providing a fresh approach to the negotiation of authority between state and society. Its nuanced account of informal pathways to human security dismantles the false dichotomy between international and national politics, and it exposes the micropolitics of institutional innovation.
Truth
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: February 2021

When free nations protect falsehoods, and even lies, they do so for identifiable reasons. Officials cannot always be trusted; they are fallible and possibly biased. They might be trying to protect their own power. Whenever you punish falsehoods, you deter people from saying things that are true. People can learn from falsehoods; their own convictions might be clarified or fortified. In any case, it is important for people to know what others think, and censorship or regulation can give oxygen to falsehoods. These points are important, but they are too abstract to answer many concrete questions—involving, for example, fraud, perjury, libel, and false commercial advertising. They provide orientation, but not trump cards.
The Appearance of Corruption
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong
Published: February 2021

The sanctity of political speech is a key element of the U.S. Constitution and a cornerstone of the American republic. When the Supreme Court linked political speech to campaign finance in its landmark Buckley v. Valeo (1976) decision, the modern era of campaign finance regulation was born. In practical terms, this decision meant that in order to pass constitutional muster, any laws limiting money in politics must be narrowly tailored and serve a compelling state interest. The lone state interest the Court was willing to entertain was the mitigation of corruption. In order to reach this argument the Court advanced a sophisticated behavioral model, one with key assumptions about how laws will affect voters’ opinions and behavior. These assumptions have received surprisingly little attention in the literature. This book takes up the task of identifying and analyzing empirically the Court’s presumed links between campaign finance regulations and political opinions and behavior. In so doing, we rely on original survey data and experiments from 2009–2016 to openly confront the question of what happens when the Supreme Court is wrong, and when the foundation of over forty years of jurisprudence is simply not true.
What Do Americans Know about Campaign Finance?
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 establishes a baseline by reviewing public opinion concerning money and politics, pre– and post–Citizens United, focusing on what Americans know about money in politics and campaign spending. On the one hand, given that citizens are typically not well informed about politics, it should come as no surprise that they do not know all that much about candidate spending or campaign finance. On the other hand, the public is not completely off base with respect to its sense of money in politics, and this basic intuition is perhaps even sharper in the post–Citizens United era. The data suggest that while Americans know a little bit about campaign finance, there is no systematic correlation between the regulatory environment of the state and how much people in that state know about campaign finance.
Theorizing Political Responsiveness in Prosecutorial Decision-Making
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D.
Published: February 2021

This chapter details our theory for why we should expect the priorities and preferences of the president, Congress, and a U.S. Attorney’s local public to affect prosecutorial behavior. We argue that principal-agency theory provides a useful tool to understand how political principals like the president and Congress can influence U.S. Attorney decision-making. We expect that presidential rhetoric and congressional hearings on crime-fighting priorities will provide important, meaningful signals regarding these principals’ priorities and that federal prosecutors will adjust their behavior depending on the strength of the signals they have received from their principals. Additionally, we anticipate that U.S. Attorneys will be mindful of their local public’s preferences because they are often drawn from the district in which they serve and will continue to work in the district when their tenure ends. We also introduce the empirical measures used to capture political superiors’ communication to federal prosecutors that we rely on in the remainder of the book.
Introduction Identity
Authors: Bittner Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

After laying out the principal arguments, the introduction surveys the history of wine consumption from Kievan Rus in the tenth century to the Soviet embrace of Georgian foodways and wine toasting in the twentieth. It highlights the role of Peter the Great, who encountered fine European wine during travel abroad, and who forced the Russian aristocracy to adopt European modes of consumption. By the early nineteenth century, European wines were common fixtures on elite Russian tables, and domestic wines from the Don region, Crimea, and the Caucasus began to appear as well. Wine thus spoke to instabilities in Russia that vodka could not, particularly the tension between a narrow elite that had been acculturated to European modes of consumption, and broad masses that remained oblivious to them.
Science
Authors: Bittner Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 traces Russia’s response in the 1880s and 1890s to the ‘great wine blight’, the phylloxera epidemic that nearly destroyed European viniculture entirely. Long after a French botanist, Jules-Émile Planchon, devised a sure-fire solution—grafting the scions of endangered European vines onto the rootstock of immune American vines—Russian scientists persisted with the use of an ineffective pesticide. The reasons why they persisted had a lot to do with the unusual views of Aleksandr Kovalevskii, a pioneering natural scientist and chairman of the Bessarabian Phylloxera Commission. Kovalevksii argued that the ‘struggle for existence’ envisioned by Darwin’s theory of speciation was occurring on the inter- rather than the intra-specific level, between different species of grapevines. Planchon’s grafting, in Kovalevskii’s view, thus constituted choosing sides in the existential struggle between American and European vines.
Authenticity
Authors: Bittner Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

The modern science of oenology emerged at the end of the nineteenth century, as vintners learned to remediate flawed grape must with sugar and a preservative to produce better wine. The advent of oenology was at the heart of an acrimonious dispute that pitted against each other two of Russia’s most prominent and influential vintners: Prince Lev Golitsyn, whose estate vineyard on the southern shore of Crimea produced some of the best wines in the world around the turn of the century, and Vasilii Tairov, the editor of the journal Winemaking Bulletin. At issue were the characteristics that made fine wine authentically European: was it appropriate to take oenological shortcuts, or was the production of fine wine a form of artisanship, done by methods passed down over many generations?
Hospitality
Authors: Bittner Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

During the late 1940s, several prominent vintners at Massandra—the former crown estate outside of Yalta—were imprisoned on trumped up charges. Unusual their fate was not—thousands of Soviet citizens met similar demises in the post-war years—but the reasons why they came to the attention of the procuracy and the police in the first place. Vintners were participants in a ‘gift economy’, in which they used the wine they produced to celebrate old alliances and create new ones. Their behaviour had roots in the war years, when the formal ways of getting things done fractured in the face of evacuation and retreat. As Moscow tried to rein in the centrifugal forces unleashed by war, vintners at Massandra discovered that the wine was never theirs to give.
Quality
Authors: Bittner Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

The final chapter traces the emergence of a Soviet culture of connoisseurship in the 1970s and 1980s. It highlights efforts by Soviet vintners to improve the quality of their wines and to ween consumers from so-called bormotukha, low-quality wines sweetened with beet sugar and strengthened with grain alcohol that comprised the vast majority of Soviet production. Vintners were motivated by concerns that alcoholism was becoming a principal threat to public health, and that bormotukha, which often had an alcohol content as high as 19%, was contributing to the epidemic. The solution, in their view, was to encourage Soviet consumers to purchase conventional dry wine, which they presented in the press as a more cultured and refined drink than vodka and bormotukha.
Walking decolonially with Nick Shepherd
Authors: Mignolo Walter D.
Published: February 2021

Decolonial Linguistics can be described as an intellectual critical movement that, according to Buaventura de Sousa Santos (2018), aims to end the Western “cognitive empire.” This chapter argues that even though it is not hard to document this type of coloniality in linguistics, not all of the inadequacies of the state of the art about languages of former European colonies need be associated with coloniality. As so often, the situation is complex. However, the idea of decolonial linguistics is important for current practice: it allows scholars to reduce the Western bias and hegemony in how languages of the global South and the (socio)linguistic behaviours of their speakers/writers are analysed.
A legacy lost
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

The final Part IV attends Schumpeter’s legacy. To begin with, this chapter examines how his monetary ideas got left behind during his lifetime and the subsequent decades. First, it addresses the success of Keynes. While his Treatise on Money had pre-empted the field by advocating some very similar ideas, the General Theory was even more detrimental to Schumpeter, precisely because Keynes had abandoned many of the very elements they had previously held in common. Next the chapter turns to the Neo-Keynesian synthesis, which attracted many of Schumpeter’s disciples at Harvard such as Paul Samuelson or James Tobin. After a brief discussion of monetarism, the attention finally turns to the evolution of modern general equilibrium models, beginning with its origin in the Real Business Cycle analysis and moving on to the New Keynesian DSGE models.
He Fell, Slandered by Rumour
Authors: Werth Paul W.
Published: February 2021

Recounting the famous duel in January 1837 that killed Russia’s greatest poet, Alexander Pushkin, this chapter identifies this episode as one of the most important events of 1837 and indeed in Russia’s history. In light of censorship and official prohibitions on duelling, the precise circumstances of Pushkin’s death remained a mystery in public discourse for decades. Questions remain even today. But his demise in a duel punctuated with romantic intrigue proved central to his cult, which in turn became a critical resource for defining modern Russia and uniting its population in the late empire and the USSR. The episode helped to produce a cultural mythology that eventually made the poet Russia’s ‘everything’.
Provinces Animated
Authors: Werth Paul W.
Published: February 2021

The appearance of provincial newspapers in Russia represents a pivotal moment in the history of the Russia’s press and life beyond its two capitals. Arising in 42 provinces of European Russia by a decree of June 1837, the new gazettes offered possibilities to invest those territories with content and thus played a critical role in the emergence of provincial consciousness. They also gave provincial inhabitants the opportunity to participate directly in intellectual life, laid the foundations for a civil society on the local level, and created a forum for the exchange of useful information on agriculture and trade. Marrying unity with diversity, newspapers furthermore linked the provinces with one another by granting them a common intellectual experience, even while inducing their inhabitants to explore and celebrate the distinctiveness of each.
Northern Phoenix
Authors: Werth Paul W.
Published: February 2021

The year 1837 featured one of Russia’s most spectacular fires, which broke out at the Winter Palace on 17 December. All that was left standing was the hulking skeleton of what had been among the greatest palaces in the world. An unknown number had perished, many in desperate attempt to save articles from the fire and to prevent its transmission to the adjoining Hermitage. The catastrophe created distinct dangers for the regime. Yet it also provided a remarkable opportunity for Russia to demonstrate its resilience and unity of purpose. The emperor, Nicholas I, set an almost impossible deadline for the palace’s reconsecration: the spring of 1839, a mere 15 months after the building’s destruction. Astonishingly, his autocracy managed to achieve that goal, staging a triumphant rededication on Easter night. The whole process featured a curious combination of triumph and anxiety, thus offering insights about the monarchy’s aspirations and apprehensions.
Habitat Ecology and Analysis
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

Habitat is crucial to the survival and reproduction of individual organisms as well as persistence of populations. As such, species-habitat relationships have long been studied, particularly in the field of wildlife ecology and to a lesser extent in the more encompassing discipline of ecology. The habitat requirements of a species largely determine its spatial distribution and abundance in nature. One way to recognize and appreciate the over-riding importance of habitat is to consider that a young organism must find and settle into the appropriate type of habitat as one of the first challenges of life. This process can be cast in a probabilistic framework and used to better understand the mechanisms behind habitat preferences and selection. There are at least six distinctly different statistical approaches to conducting a habitat analysis – that is, identifying and quantifying the environmental variables that a species most strongly associates with. These are (1) comparison among group means (e.g., ANOVA), (2) multiple linear regression, (3) multiple logistic regression, (4) classification and regression trees, (5) multivariate techniques (Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis), and (6) occupancy modelling. Each of these is lucidly explained and demonstrated by application to a hypothetical dataset. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are discussed. Given the ongoing biodiversity crisis largely caused by habitat destruction, there is a crucial and general need to better characterize and understand the habitat requirements of many different species, particularly those that are threatened and endangered.
‘Ah, Assyria, the Rod of My Anger’
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 (‘Ah, Assyria, the Rod of my Anger’: The Assyrian Takeover of the Southwest) briefly outlines the interactions of the Neo-Assyrian empire with the southwest, from the first contacts in the ninth century bce, to the conquests and annexations of the last third of the eighth. The region was incorporated within the empire quite quickly at the time of Tiglath-pileser III, and Assyrian control was solidified in later campaigns, mainly at the time of Sargon II and Sennacherib. By the end of this century, the entire area was, directly or indirectly, under Assyrian control. The north, with the exception of Tyre, was divided between Assyrian provinces, whereas the south was mostly comprised of semi-autonomous clients.
The genetics of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes the nature of the genetic mistake. The genetic code, or DNA molecule, is wound up onto structures called chromosomes. The gene for HD is located on chromosome 4. As we have two copies of our genes the chromosomes are in pairs. Only one copy of the HD has to be abnormal to cause the condition. This results in a pattern of inheritance called autosomal dominant and both males and females can be affected. Genes code for proteins; the protein encoded by the HD gene is called huntingtin. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids. The gene for HD has an expansion of the genetic code for glutamine. Therefore, abnormal huntingtin has an expansion of the number of glutamines. The genetic code for glutamine is CAG so the mistake in the gene is sometimes called a CAG repeat expansion disorder or in referring to the protein it is called a polyglutamine repeat expansion. The gene is in one part of the cell and the protein-making machinery is in another part of the cell so a chemical messenger is required which is called RNA. Explaining this is important for understanding some current clinical trials
Laboratory testing
Authors: Quarrell Oliver
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes the way genetic testing is done. Essentially, the test measures the number of CAGs which are repeated in the first part of the gene. It is possible to measure the size of a section of the gene for Huntington’s disease (HD) so as to know how many CAG repeats are present in the gene. The results are classified as: normal (under 27 repeats) intermediate alleles (27–35 repeats), reduced penetrance alleles (36–39) and those which are unequivocally abnormal (40 and above). The chapter also describes the relationship between the CAG repeat length and age of onset as well as the new mutations.
Genetic counselling for unaffected family members
Authors: Quarrell Oliver
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on aspects of genetic counselling for those at 50 per cent risk for Huntington’s disease (HD). There are various options including not being tested. Predictive testing for HD is described together with some perspectives from patients. There are four types of results from a predictive test: normal, intermediate allele, reduced penetrance, and abnormal. The implications of these are discussed. Options regarding testing in pregnancy are discussed which include: no testing and accepting a risk, invasive tests such as chorion villus sampling or amniocentesis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Finally, the issue of testing someone at 25 per cent risk is discussed.
Duties and Damages
Authors: Webb Charlie
Published: February 2021

This essay looks at the relationship between primary and secondary duties. If I breach a duty I owe to you, the law’s standard response is that I must pay you damages for such losses as I thereby cause. Some have thought that we understand what duties we owe only by looking to the sanctions the law imposes in the event of “default”: if all the law will compel me to do is to pay you damages, this is the sum of my duty to you. But the truth is that the content of these sanctions tells us little to nothing about these duties; the question of how I should conduct myself in my dealings with you is simply different to the question of what action the law should take if I do not do as I should. So, just as our legal duties cannot be read off from the law’s sanctions, so we should not think that the law falls short when it fails to compel performance, or such performance as remains possible, of our duties. But while looking to the content of my duty does not tell us how the law should respond to its breach, the considerations which ground that initial duty may shed light on this question. How much light? In the final sections, I offer some reasons for doubting whether the basis of our secondary duties is always, or even commonly, to be found in the considerations which ground the relevant primary duty.
Billionaires in World Politics
Authors: Hägel Peter
Published: February 2021

This book shows how the privatization of politics assumes a new dimension when billionaires wield power in world politics, which requires a re-thinking of individual agency in International Relations. Structural changes (globalization, neoliberalism, competition states, and global governance) have generated new opportunities for individuals to become extremely rich and to engage in politics across borders. The political agency of billionaires is being conceptualized in terms of capacities, goals, and power, which is contingent upon the specific political field a billionaire is trying to enter. Six case studies explore the power of billionaires in their pursuit of security, wealth, and esteem. The chapter on security analyzes Raj Rajaratnam’s relationship to the Tamil cause in Sri Lanka, and Sheldon Adelson's transnational electioneering in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Regarding the economy, the book studies how the Koch brothers' political protection of fossil fuels is affecting climate change mitigation, and how Rupert Murdoch's opinion-shaping is valorizing conservatism across borders. The chapter on social entrepreneurship and esteem examines the role of Bill Gates in the governance of global health and George Soros's attempts to build open societies as a 'stateless statesman'. An analytical conclusion evaluates the prior findings in order to address three major questions: Is it more appropriate to see billionaires as 'super-actors', or as a global 'super-class'? What is the relative power of billionaires within the international system? What does the power of billionaires mean for the liberal norms of legitimate political order?
Remaking Mobility
Authors: Becker Peter
Published: February 2021

Our modern passport system emerged after the Great War. It superseded the tight control of individual mobility during wartime, but did not come close to prewar conditions of open borders. The League of Nations had to play an ambivalent role. It was commissioned by the governments to manage the abolition of passports, but obstructed in its implementation. In the end, the League had to settle with an agreement on international standards for issuing passports and visas and for controlling travel documents at the border. The discussions at the conferences highlight the difficulties of coming to terms with the social, political, and economic legacy of the war. One of the legacies was the mistrust towards nationals and foreigners; its impact was strongly felt in Central Europe, where the successor states of the Habsburg monarchy established a strict border regime within a highly integrated region with free movement of people, goods, and capital.
How Big Are Illicit Financial Flows?
Authors: Ferwerda Joras , Unger Brigitte
Published: February 2021

In recent years several leaks have given us insight into how the wealthy and criminals hide their money. The boom of leaks has resulted in a ‘hot phase’ in tax regulation. As a result, the number of studies that want to measure illicit financial flows has also increased. This chapter tries to provide an overview of this booming new field. What do all these studies teach us about the seriousness and size of tax avoidance, tax evasion, and money laundering? What is precisely measured, and how? This chapter concludes that the term ‘Illicit Financial Flows’ has become a bit of a floating identifier, a name that is vague enough to be used for many different concepts but at the cost of losing its meaning. We argue that decomposing the problem of illicit financial flows and what each study aims to measure, might give more useful insights.