bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Lingual Papillae in the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy
Authors: Damia Ulfah , Anjani Angelina Kusuma , Wihadmadyatami Hevi , Kusindarta Dwi Liliek
Published: September 2021

A morphological description of the sugar glider's (Petaurus breviceps) tongue was obtained from five individual sugar gliders and analysed under a scanning electron microscope and a light microscope using four methods of staining. The tongue has a noticeably elongated structure with three regions: apex, corpus and radix. Transition to the corpus is indicated by the sulcus medianus linguae and the frenulum on its ventral surface. The dorsal tongue displayed a raised mucous membrane manifesting as a type of papillae. Filiform papillae were differentiated into two subtypes: brush‐like papillae, with a short base splitting into 5–6 processes; and flower bud filiform papillae that are shorter and wider than the former, and divided into a single main process and 4–5 secondary processes. Fungiform papillae with 1–2 taste buds are interspersed between filiform papillae and absent on the radix. Conical papillae cover the lateral margin of the corpus and increase in size when closer to the radix. Vallate papillae—three in number—are arranged as a triangular structure, with the middle papillae pointing towards the root of the tongue. A continuous groove wrapped around each papilla with several taste buds is found on its lateral surface. Two of the vallate papillae are located symmetrically on each side and are much smaller than the most caudal middle vallate that is directed posteriorly. A positive reaction using separate staining with periodic acid–Schiff and Alcian blue (pH 2.5) showed Weber's glands and von Ebner's glands appearing beneath the papillae, mainly on the muscle layer of the radix. Different reactions to the stains indicated that Weber's gland contains sialomucin and/or sulfomucin, whereas von Ebner's gland consists of serous cells secreting glycogen and/or neutral mucin. The collagen structure was identified using Masson's trichrome stain in the two bottom layers of the tongue from the apex, decreasing gradually towards the radix.
Cash transfers, migration, and gender norms
Authors: Hidrobo Melissa , Mueller Valerie , Roy Shalini
Published: September 2021

Although migration remains crucial for economic development, financial constraints may limit individual ability to migrate. A recent literature demonstrates that social protection programs encourage migration; however, how norms shape the migration decision of women and men are rarely considered. Analysis of 2209 panel households (2014–2016) in Mali suggests that men predominantly move for employment, whereas women move to rural areas for marriage and urban areas for employment. We then test, in the context of a large‐scale randomized controlled trial, how a cash transfer (CT) program in Mali affects the migration patterns of men and women. We find the probability of rural–rural migration among men in beneficiary households increases by 0.9 percentage points (an effect size of 100%), whereas the probability of rural–urban migration among women decreases by 0.2 percentage points (an effect size of 50%). We find no impacts on average women's rural–rural migration or men's rural–urban migration. However, women in less poor beneficiary households are more likely to engage in rural–rural migration as a result of the CT, whereas women in poorer beneficiary households realize no immediate impact. Our findings indicate that the provision of cash potentially fosters investment in profitable endeavors outside of subsistence agriculture for men but may also affect the marital migration of women.
Talking Shops: The Effects of Caucus Discussion on Policy Coalitions
Authors: Zelizer Adam
Published: September 2021

Group discussion of legislation is a defining feature of parliaments and legislatures. However, there is little evidence that these conferences influence legislators' policy positions or the disposition of legislation. This article examines how, and to what extent, group discussion influences policy coalitions. It reports results from two field experiments in which state legislators spoke about randomly selected bills in a bipartisan caucus. Chosen bills received twice as much support from caucus members as unselected bills. Estimated effects are similar in magnitude within and across party lines. Discussion did not appear to affect bill‐level outcomes such as bill content or bill passage, but power limitations make studying such policy‐level outcomes infeasible. Qualitative data from the experiments suggest that reputation and reciprocity are key mechanisms underlying influence, but that partisan voters and media are obstacles to bipartisanship in a contemporary American legislature.
Autophagy modulation alleviates cryoinjury in murine spermatogonial stem cell cryopreservation
Authors: Jung Sang‐Eun , Ahn Jin Seop , Kim Yong‐Hee , Oh Hui‐Jo , Kim Bang‐Jin , Kim Sun‐Uk , Ryu Buom‐Yong
Published: September 2021

Background

Cryopreservation can expand the usefulness of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in various fields. However, previous investigations that have attempted to modulate cryoinjury‐induced mechanisms to increase cryoprotective efficiency have mainly focused on apoptosis and necrosis.

Objectives

This study aimed to establish an effective molecular‐based cryoprotectant for SSC cryopreservation via autophagy modulation.

Materials and methods

To determine the efficacy of autophagy modulation, we assessed the recovery rate and relative proliferation rate and performed western blotting for the determination of autophagy flux, immunocytochemistry and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) for SSC characterization, and spermatogonial transplantation for in vivo SSC functional activity.

Results

The results showed that a basal level of autophagy caused a higher relative proliferation rate (pifithrin‐μ 0.01 μM, 184.2 ± 11.2%; 3‐methyladenine 0.01 μM, 175.3 ± 10.3%; pifithrin‐μ 0.01 μM + 3‐methyladenine 0.01 μM, P3, 224.6 ± 22.3%) than the DMSO control (100 ± 6.2%). All treatment groups exhibited normal characteristics, suggesting that these modulators could be used as effective cryoprotectants without changing the properties of the undifferentiated germ cells. According to the results of the in vivo spermatogonial transplantation assay, the colonies per total number of cultured SSCs was significantly higher in the pifithrin‐μ 0.01 μM (1596.7 ± 172.5 colonies), 3‐methyladenine 0.01 μM (1522.1 ± 179.2 colonies), and P3 (1727.5 ± 196.5 colonies) treatment groups than in the DMSO control (842.8 ± 110.08 colonies), which was comparable to that of the fresh control (1882.1 ± 132.1 colonies).

Discussion

A basal level of autophagy is more essential for resilience in frozen SSCs after thawing, rather than the excessive activation or inhibition of autophagy.

Conclusion

A basal level of autophagy plays a critical role in the pro‐survival response of frozen SSCs after thawing; herein, a new approach by which SSC cryoprotective efficiency can be improved was identified.
Making the Scene and the Making of a Scene: The Loose Marbles on Royal Street in Post‐Katrina New Orleans
Authors: Colby‐Bottel SherriLynn , Handler Richard
Published: September 2021

New Orleans has long provided visitors with scenes for the pursuit of what Erving Goffman called “action”—out‐of‐the‐ordinary experiences through which authenticity can be achieved. The founders of the Loose Marbles band came to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina to make music at the scene where jazz was born. Their activities created a new scene on Royal Street in New Orleans. With growing success, the Marbles became absorbed into the local musical establishment, but their very success required them to quit the street scene, which subsequently subsided. The essay charts the tension between the apparently spontaneous creation of a “scene” defined by what participants consider authentic action and the inevitable routinization of such scenes in tourist economies.
Attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorders in patients with anorectal malformations
Authors: Wester Tomas , Gunnarsdottir Anna , Skoglund Charlotte , Svenningsson Anna
Published: September 2021

Aim

To assess the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with anorectal malformations compared to controls.

Methods

This was a population‐based cohort study including all patients born in Sweden 1997–2012 with anorectal malformation in the Swedish National Patient Register and five matched controls per patient. Anorectal malformation was the exposure. All individuals were evaluated for the outcomes, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder in the National Patient Register. Data on drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were retrieved from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register and used as proxy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Analyses were adjusted for confounders.

Results

Five hundred and fifteen patients with anorectal malformations and 2560 controls were included. Patients with anorectal malformation had a higher risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (OR 3.01 (95% CI, 1.83–4.95)) and autism spectrum disorders (OR 3.07 (95% CI, 1.62–5.79)) compared to the controls. Significantly more patients with anorectal malformation had been prescribed medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to controls (OR 2.26 (95% CI 1.33–3.85)).

Conclusion

Patients with anorectal malformations have a higher risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders than controls.
Does a report = support? A qualitative analysis of college sexual assault survivors’ Title IX Office knowledge, perceptions, and experiences
Authors: Holland Kathryn J. , Cipriano Allison E.
Published: September 2021

Universities in the United States are required to remedy sexual assault under Title IX. Thus, college sexual assault survivors have the option to report to their university's Title IX Office as a mechanism for seeking sanctions and accommodations. The current study examined what survivors think about the Title IX Office, the possibility of seeking help there, and experiences with the reporting processes. Additionally, we examined the intersection between survivors’ gender and sexual identity in their perceptions and interactions. We conducted qualitative interviews with 40 survivors at a large Midwestern University and analyzed these data using content analysis and thematic analysis. The majority knew about the Title IX Office and its function, but most did not use it. Campus climate often fostered service barriers, including the minimization of sexual assault, fear of negative treatment, and social–emotional concerns. Survivors who reported rarely saw accountability for their perpetrators and frequently experienced negative treatment from investigators. There were substantial inconsistencies in reporting processes across survivors. There were few differences in knowledge and barriers across sexual and gender identities, but only cisgender women reported. Findings suggest the value in reducing barriers fostered by the campus climate and establishing mechanisms for Title IX Office oversight and accountability.
68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT imaging in endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: A tertiary endocrine centre experience
Authors: Shah Ravikumar , Sehemby Manjeetkaur , Garg Robin , Purandare Nilendu , Hira Priya , Mahajan Abhishek , Lele Vikram , Malhotra Gaurav , Verma Priyanka , Rojekar Amey , Dalvi Abhay , Uchino Shinya , Rastogi Shivam , Lila Anurag , Patil Virendra , Shah Nalini , Bandgar Tushar
Published: September 2021

Objective

Literature regarding utility of 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT in insulinoma localization across various subgroups [benign/malignant/multiple endocrine neoplasia‐1 (MEN‐1) syndrome associated] remains scarce. In this study, the performance of 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT was compared with contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and 68Ga‐NODAGA‐Exendin‐4 PET/CT (whenever available) in an endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (EHH) cohort.

Design

Retrospective audit.

Patients

EHH patients [N = 36, lesions (n) = 49, final diagnosis: benign sporadic insulinoma (BSI) (N = 20), malignant insulinoma (N = 4, n = 14), MEN‐1 syndrome associated insulinoma (N = 9, n = 15), Munchausen syndrome (N = 2) and drug‐induced hypoglycemia (N = 1)] having both preoperative imaging modalities (CECT and 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT).

Measurements

Per‐lesion sensitivity (Sn) and positive predictive value (PPV) for histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma.

Results

Sn and PPV of 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT were 67.3% and 89.2%; 55% and 100%; 85.7% and 100%; and 66.7% and 77% for overall EHH, BSI, malignant, and MEN‐1 syndrome associated insulinoma cohorts respectively. Despite having comparatively lower sensitivity in BSI cohort, 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT localized a pancreatic tail lesion missed by other modalities. 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT had comparatively higher sensitivity in malignant insulinoma than BSI cohort. 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT also paved the way for successful response to 177Lu‐based peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). In MEN‐1 cases, lower PPV as compared with BSI was due to uptake in non‐insulinoma pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (Pan‐NET).

Conclusions

68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT has supplemental role in selected cases of BSI with negative and/or discordant results with CECT and 68Ga‐NODAGA‐Exendin‐4 PET/CT. In malignant insulinoma, 68Ga‐DOTATATE‐PET/CT has an additional theranostic potential. Interference due to uptake in non‐insulinoma Pan‐NET in MEN‐1 syndrome may hinder insulinoma localization with 68Ga‐DOTATATE‐PET/CT.
LncRNAs as a new regulator of chronic musculoskeletal disorder
Authors: Huang Hesuyuan , Xing Dan , Zhang Qingxi , Li Hui , Lin Jianjing , He Zihao , Lin Jianhao
Published: September 2021

Objectives

In recent years, long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play a role in the occurrence, progression and prognosis of chronic musculoskeletal disorders.

Design and methods

Literature exploring on PubMed was conducted using the combination of keywords 'LncRNA' and each of the following: 'osteoarthritis', 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'osteoporosis', 'osteogenesis', 'osteoclastogenesis', 'gout arthritis', 'Kashin‐Beck disease', 'ankylosing spondylitis', 'cervical spondylotic myelopathy', 'intervertebral disc degeneration', 'human muscle disease' and 'muscle hypertrophy and atrophy'. For each disorder, we focused on the publications in the last five years (5/1/2016‐2021/5/1, except for Kashin‐Beck disease). Finally, we excluded publications that had been reported in reviews of various musculoskeletal disorders during the last three years. Here, we summarized the progress of research on the role of lncRNA in multiple pathological processes during musculoskeletal disorders.

Results

LncRNAs play a crucial role in regulating downstream gene expression and maintaining function and homeostasis of cells, especially in chondrocytes, synovial cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells.

Conclusions

Understanding the mechanisms of lncRNAs in musculoskeletal disorders may provide promising strategies for clinical practice.
Predicted protected area downsizing impedes conservation progress across terrestrial ecoregions in the tropics and subtropics
Authors: Kuempel Caitlin D. , Chauvenet Alienor L. M. , Symes William S. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: September 2021

Protected areas remain a key tool in the fight against biodiversity loss and have expanded rapidly in recent decades. However, protected areas are also increasingly experiencing downsizing events that reduce the total amount of area legally under protection. Here we explore how future predicted protected area expansion and downsizing (by 2045) will impact the ability for countries to meet representation and area‐based protection targets, such as those set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. We found that predicted protected area downsizing will likely decrease habitat representation equality and mean area‐based target (30% target) achievement by 50% and >80%, respectively, of the 36 countries analyzed across four scenarios (no protection, business as usual, random and optimal protection). Prioritizing protection of underrepresented ecoregions could offset these unfavorable outcomes, increasing representation equality, on average, by >60% and mean target achievement by >30%. We identify countries that are expected to decrease both representation equality and mean target achievement (~50% of countries across scenarios) with predicted downsizing. These countries need to pay particular attention to strategic protected area expansion and policies that prevent downsizing in parks with under‐represented habitats. Finally, we identify cases where downsizing events improve protected area metrics, such as India and Nigeria, highlighting the complexities and potential trade‐offs of protected area dynamics. A deeper understanding of the influence of protected area downsizing on conservation outcomes is urgently needed to ensure representative and adequate protected area networks.
Prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities and high‐risk human papillomavirus prevalence in kidney transplant recipients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rosales Brenda M. , Langton‐Lockton Julian , Hedley James , Cornall Alyssa M. , Roberts Jennifer M. , Garland Suzanne M. , Kelly Patrick J. , Hillman Richard J. , Webster Angela C. ,   the Transplant and Anal Neoplasia Study group
Published: September 2021

Background

Transplant recipients are at high‐risk of anal squamous cell cancer. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and assess characteristics associated with results

Methods

We recruited kidney transplant recipients in a single‐center, 2015–2018. Participants completed a clinical questionnaire and received an anal‐swab sent for HPV‐DNA and cytological testing

Results

A total of 97 (74%) of 125 recipients approached consented to participate. Participants were median 47 (IQR 40–55) years, 60% male and median 4.5 (IQR .9‐13) months‐since‐transplant. Of 86 assessable samples, at least one HPV genotype was detected in 15 (17%) participants; 1 (1%) HPV16, 8 (9%) other high‐risk HPV. Of 76 assessable cytology samples, 9 (12%) showed evidence of abnormality; 1 (1%) HSIL, 1 (1%) atypical‐squamous‐cells, cannot exclude HSIL. Both HSIL recipients had high‐risk HPV and biopsy confirmed HSIL. High‐risk HPV was detected in six (9%) recipients with normal cytology. History of sexually transmitted infection, and abnormal cervical pap smear in women, was associated with high‐risk HPV and HSIL

Conclusions

High‐risk HPV and HSIL testing may identify kidney transplant recipients at higher risk of anal cancer. Longitudinal studies are needed to describe the natural history of anal cancer in transplant recipients.
Evaluation of the potential drug interactions mediated through P‐gp, OCT2, and MATE1/2K with filgotinib in healthy subjects
Authors: Hsueh Chia‐Hsiang , Anderson Kacey , Shen Gong , Yun Chohee , Qin Ann , Othman Ahmed A.
Published: September 2021

Filgotinib, a preferential Janus Kinase‐1 inhibitor, is approved in Europe and Japan for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and is being developed for treatment of other chronic inflammatory diseases. Three drug‐drug interactions studies were conducted in healthy subjects to evaluate the effect of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) modulation (study 1: P‐gp inhibition by itraconazole and study 2: P‐gp induction by rifampin) on filgotinib pharmacokinetics and the potential of filgotinib to impact exposure of metformin, an organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1/2K substrate (study 3). Co‐administration of filgotinib with itraconazole increased filgotinib exposure (maximum concentration [Cmax] by 64% and area under the curve to infinity [AUCinf] by 45%) but had no effect on the exposure of GS‐829845, filgotinib’s primary metabolite. Rifampin moderately reduced exposures of filgotinib and GS‐829845 (Cmax by 26% and AUCinf by 27% for filgotinib; Cmax by 19% and AUCinf by 38% for GS‐829845). The data confirmed that filgotinib is a P‐gp substrate. However, the magnitude of change in filgotinib/GS‐829845 exposure by P‐gp modulators is not deemed to be clinically relevant based on filgotinib exposure‐response analyses in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Filgotinib did not alter metformin exposures, indicating that filgotinib and GS‐829845 do not inhibit OCT2 and MATE1/2K at the clinical doses. Filgotinib was generally well‐tolerated when administered alone or with the co‐administered drugs in the studies. Results from these studies were the basis to enable the use of P‐gp modulators and substrates of OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2K with filgotinib without the need for dose modifications in the current approved rheumatoid arthritis population.
Hegemony of economic values in conducting clinical trials with a placebo‐control group to investigate the treatment of periodontitis in lower‐middle‐income countries
Authors: Ardila Carlos M. , Ovalle Constanza E.
Published: September 2021

This article analyzes the bioethical implications of using a control/placebo group when conducting clinical trials (CTs) investigating the treatment of periodontitis. For this, the deductive method was used, proposing the interrelation of values, and a scoping systematic review was carried out. A total of 53% of the CTs reviewed were performed in low‐ and middle‐income (LMI) countries, and 92% used a control/placebo group as a comparison group. Although there is a gold standard for the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis, the research ethics committees of most of the analyzed studies approved the use of control/placebo groups for the performance of CTs that did not explore new therapeutic alternatives. In some cases, the CT protocols were not approved by ethics committees, nor was informed consent used. In the LMI countries, a shorter period of recruitment was observed for patients who attended universities and public hospitals. Likewise, most of the CTs reviewed had public funding, a significant amount of which came from the pharmaceutical industry. Only one CT reported the low economic and educational level of its participants. Furthermore, none of the authors of the reviewed CTs declared conflicts of interest. Although the axiology of techno‐science always takes into account at least the epistemic, technical and economic value systems, the hegemony of the economic values imposed by the pharmaceutical industry is evident in the performance of CTs investigating the treatment of periodontitis in LMI countries.
Automated speech analysis in early untreated Parkinson's disease: Relation to gender and dopaminergic transporter imaging
Authors: Rusz Jan , Tykalová Tereza , Novotný Michal , Zogala David , Růžička Evžen , Dušek Petr
Published: September 2021

Background

The mechanisms underlying speech abnormalities in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly understood, with most of the available evidence based on male patients. This study aimed to estimate the occurrence and characteristics of speech disorder in early, drug‐naive PD patients with relation to gender and dopamine transporter imaging.

Methods

Speech samples from 60 male and 40 female de novo PD patients as well as 60 male and 40 female age‐matched healthy controls were analyzed. Quantitative acoustic vocal assessment of 10 distinct speech dimensions related to phonation, articulation, prosody, and speech timing was performed. All patients were evaluated using [123]I‐2b‐carbomethoxy‐3b‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐N‐(3‐fluoropropyl) nortropane single‐photon emission computed tomography and Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Results

The prevalence of speech abnormalities in the de novo PD cohort was 56% for male and 65% for female patients, mainly manifested with monopitch, monoloudness, and articulatory decay. Automated speech analysis enabled discrimination between PD and controls with an area under the curve of 0.86 in men and 0.93 in women. No gender‐specific speech dysfunction in de novo PD was found. Regardless of disease status, females generally showed better performance in voice quality, consonant articulation, and pauses production than males, who were better only in loudness variability. The extent of monopitch was correlated to nigro‐putaminal dopaminergic loss in men (r = 0.39,p = 0.003) and the severity of imprecise consonants was related to cognitive deficits in women (r = −0.44,p = 0.005).

Conclusions

Speech abnormalities represent a frequent and early marker of motor abnormalities in PD. Despite some gender differences, our findings demonstrate that speech difficulties are associated with nigro‐putaminal dopaminergic deficits.
Smart user experience medical app interface design based on mobile devices
Authors: Zhang Qi , Liu Yishu
Published: September 2021

With the improvement of people's living standards, the characteristics of people's consumption needs changing from material to spiritual are very obvious, and the focus is now on the importance of health awareness. However, current medical resources are limited and scattered, and medical needs cannot be met. In order to solve these problems, the research of medical application (APP) for mobile devices is of great significance. In order to improve the usability of medical apps and reduce the difficulty of operation, this article mainly introduces the interface design of the smart user experience medical apps based on mobile devices. This article conducts APP page management through technical analysis of mobile devices and user experience‐oriented design. The framework design of the browser and the construction of the interface Model‐View‐Controller (MVC) design mode, and then through the questionnaire survey method to the user experience needs and expectations of the medical APP to design the main key of the page function. Finally, a smart user experience medical APP interface was designed. The practicability is as high as 90%, and the operation simplification is as high as 80%.
Nucleolar localization of c‐Jun
Authors: Miyake Tetsuaki , McDermott John C.
Published: September 2021

Nucleoli are well defined for their function in ribosome biogenesis, but only a small fraction of the nucleolar proteome has been characterized. Here, we report that the proto‐oncogene, c‐Jun, is targeted to the nucleolus. Using live cell imaging in myogenic cells, we document that the c‐Jun basic domain contains a unique, evolutionarily conserved motif that determines nucleolar targeting. Fos family Jun dimer partners, such as Fra2, while nuclear, do not co‐localize with c‐Jun in the nucleolus. A point mutation in c‐Jun that mimics Fra2 (M260E) in its Nucleolar Localization sequence (NoLS) results in loss of c‐Jun nucleolar targeting while still preserving nuclear localization. Fra2 can sequester c‐Jun in the nucleoplasm, indicating that the stoichiometric ratio of heterodimeric partners regulates c‐Jun nucleolar targeting. Finally, nucleolar localization of c‐Jun modulates nucleolar architecture and ribosomal RNA accumulation. These studies highlight a novel role for Jun family proteins in the nucleolus, having potential implications for a diverse array of AP‐1‐regulated cellular processes.
Wellbeing and blue‐green space in post‐pandemic cities: Drivers, debates and departures
Authors: Dobson Julian
Published: September 2021

Covid‐19 has focused attention on the importance of urban green and blue spaces (such as parks and watercourses) for human wellbeing. Less attention has been devoted to how those spaces might contribute to a wider rethinking of relations between humans and the more‐than‐human world in post‐pandemic cities. This article outlines how Covid‐19 opens up a broader debate about the future of urban green spaces, especially in the global North, but highlights the limitations of this debate. It signposts emerging directions in inquiry, drawing on current concerns in health geographies and the political ecology of health. These include recognition of the agency and worth of the more‐than‐human world; the need to understand and value wellbeing in terms of relationships between places, nature and people; and the importance of long‐term thinking in practical decision‐making and planning. These shifts can be grounded in everyday practice by rethinking the role of urban blue‐green space, pointing to a research agenda in which ordinary spaces and practices are understood as contributing to assemblages of wellbeing across whole urban areas, rooted in increased connection between humans and the more‐than‐human world.
Identification of freight generating industry complexes: A descriptive spatial analysis
Authors: Dhulipala Sowjanya , Patil Gopal R.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, a descriptive spatial analysis is carried out by identifying the geographical localisations of various industry sectors that generate freight movements at a regional level in India. The district‐level data are used to identify “industry complexes” from 21 industry sectors using the Getis‐Ord Gi* statistic. Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Raigad, and Ahmednagar of Maharashtra state emerged as complexes for most industry clusters. Findings showed that metropolitan characteristics and availability of raw materials play an essential role in districts emerging as complexes. The location of freight terminals, such as seaports, is one of the major governing factors in distributing logistics and transportation activities. Most of the districts have better transport infrastructure and logistics activities inside the complexes compared to non‐complex areas. However, a need to improve transport infrastructure and logistics in the complexes of non‐metallic mineral products and coke and refined petroleum products is found. The study can help policymakers understand the areas that need improvement, investments, and complex‐based economic development strategies.
Transcutaneous pudendal nerve stimulation for refractory urinary incontinence: A viable option?
Authors: Terzoni Stefano , Ferrara Paolo , Mora Cristina , Alessandrini Sara , Federica Arianna , Montanari Emanuele , Destrebecq Anne
Published: September 2021

According to international recommendations pelvic floor exercises represent the first conservative intervention to be offered to patients with non‐neurogenic urinary incontinence. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve using sticking electrodes has not been extensively studied so far and is not mentioned in the European guidelines. Physiology suggests that it might be a viable option to treat incontinence refractory to pelvic floor exercises. To investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve in a sample of patients of both genders with urinary incontinence refractory to pelvic muscle exercises. Prospective pilot study on a convenience sample, assessed with 24 h pad‐test. Twenty‐four patients (18 male, six female) were enrolled. Pre‐treatment urinary leakages with sacral root stimulation were Me = 230 g, IQR [90;305], range 50–500. Post‐treatment urinary leakages had a median of 55 g, IQR [10;137], range 0–400 (p < 0.0001). Transcutaneous pudendal nerve stimulation is an effective, non‐invasive treatment that deserves studies on larger samples.
When dogs meow: An electrophysiological study of lexical–semantic processing in toddlers
Authors: Manfredi Mirella , Celebic Corina , Daum Moritz M.
Published: September 2021

The goal of this study was to investigate lexical–semantic processing at an early phase of language development. Adults often communicate with children using infant‐directed speech that typically involves lexical and syntactic modifications such as onomatopoeias (Soderstrom, 2007). Here, we asked how and when children start to show an advantage for processing conventional linguistic forms, such as common nouns, and consequently decreasing sensitivity to onomatopoeias. We recorded event‐related brain potentials in children of two age groups (16–21 months and 24–31 months) and in an adult control group during the presentation of four conditions in which either common nouns or onomatopoeias were presented auditorily followed by a picture of an either congruent or incongruent object. We focused on the N400 effect, a more negative ERP response to incongruent compared with congruent semantic relations. The younger children showed an N400 effect only for onomatopoeic words, while the older children showed an N400 effect only for common nouns. The adults showed N400 effects for onomatopoeia and nouns. These different N400 effects suggest that onomatopoeia and common nouns are differently organized in children's semantic memory and that the acquisition of linguistic abilities affects and modifies semantic processing of different lexical information.
Viscosity and structure evolution of bearing‐BaO slag melt with the low CaO/SiO2 mass ratio of 0.7
Authors: Liu Wenguo , Chen Yanbiao , Chen Jiansheng , Wang Jingsong , Zuo Haibin
Published: September 2021

The effect of BaO on the viscosity of experimental slag with the CaO/SiO2 ratio of 0.7 was studied based on the rotating cylinder method, and the structure evolution analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 27Al MAS‐NMR spectra. The results indicated that the viscosity of molten slag decreased gradually with BaO content rising from 0 wt.% and 5 wt.% due to the dominant effect of free O2‐ rather than Ba2+. The viscous flow activation energy (Eη) of molten slag was calculated, presenting a similar change trend with that of viscosity. The structure analysis demonstrated that, with the increasing BaO content, the [SiO4]‐tetrahedral structures and Si‐O‐Al bonds were destroyed due to an increase in the relative fraction of free oxygen (O2‐). For the Al‐related structural units, the 27Al magic angles spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (27Al MAS NMR) spectra analysis illustrated that the concentration of [AlO4] units reduced, whereas that of [AlO5] and [AlO6] units increased because of the increase of free oxygen and nonbridged oxygen (O0). The results of structure analysis agreed well with the viscosity variations of experimental slag.
Structure and properties of Bi(Zn½Ti½)O3‐modified Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 piezo‐/ferroelectric ceramics around the ternary morphotropic phase boundary
Authors: Xie Yujuan , Wang Bi‐Xia , Claire Neha , Ye Zuo‐Guang
Published: September 2021

To develop high‐performance piezo‐/ferroelectric materials, Bi(Zn½Ti½)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 (BZT–PZ–PT) ternary solid solution with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) is synthesized by solid‐state reaction. The crystal structure and electric properties are investigated systematically by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), dielectric spectroscopy, and ferroelectric and piezoelectric measurements. On the basis of the results of the XRD, dielectric and ferroelectric measurements, the pseudo‐binary phase diagram of the yBi(Zn½Ti½)O3–(1 − y)[(1 − x)PbZrO3–xPbTiO3] system has been constructed for three series, namely, y = 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15. It is found that the introduction of BZT into the PZT system makes the paraelectric to ferroelectric phase transition more diffuse, brings the MPB to a lower PT content, and enlarges the MPB region. The best properties with an improved dielectric constant ε' = 1248, and a large remnant polarization Pr = 33 μC/cm2, as well as a relatively high TC = 286°C, and a high coercive field Ec = 23 kV/cm was achieved in the y = 0.15 series with MPB composition x = 0.425, making it a promising material for high‐power piezoelectric applications.
Enlightenment Environmentalism: A Humanistic Response to Climate Change
Authors: Pinker Steven
Published: September 2021

The author counters the prevailing pessimism about the environment, which he calls “Romantic Declinism,” with his own “Enlightenment humanism,” which is informed by science and belief in the possibility of progress. While sharing environmentalists’ goal of protecting the air and water, species, and ecosystems, the author begins with the conviction that environmental problems can be solved, given the right knowledge and proper use of it. Economic growth, while no doubt contributing to the problem, is also a major and essential part of the solution. Where Romantic Declinists see modern humans as “vile despoilers of a pristine planet,” the author views human ingenuity and technology as the path not to ecological suicide, but to a more prosperous, and eventually greener, global society.

Enlightened environmentalism recognizes the human need to produce energy to lift itself out of poverty, and seeks the means to do so while minimizing the damage to the planet and the living world. As recounted by the author, the 200‐year trend of energy decarbonization provides clear evidence that, as the world gets richer and more technologically advanced, it “dematerializes, decarbonizes, and densifies,” thereby sparing land and species. And new technology, notably nuclear power, holds out the promise of generating electricity with little or no carbon emitted, while carbon capture holds out the possibility of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. As the author sums up this approach,

Problems are solvable. That does not mean that they will solve themselves, but it does mean that we can solve them if we sustain the benevolent forces of modernity that have allowed us to solve problems so far, including societal prosperity, wisely regulated markets, international governance, and investments in science and technology.
Trust and childhood maltreatment: evidence of bias in appraisal of unfamiliar faces
Authors: Neil Louise , Viding Essi , Armbruster‐Genc Diana , Lisi Matteo , Mareschal Isabelle , Rankin Georgia , Sharp Molly , Phillips Harriet , Rapley Jessica , Martin Peter , McCrory Eamon
Published: September 2021

Background

Child maltreatment is associated with poorer social functioning and increased risk of mental health problems in adolescence and adulthood, but the processes underlying these associations remain unclear. Although crucial for establishing and maintaining relationships, trust judgements have not been experimentally investigated in children who have experienced abuse and neglect.

Methods

A community‐based sample of 75 children aged 8–16 years with maltreatment documented on the basis of social services records, and a group of 70 peers matched on age, gender, cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity took part in the study. Children completed a trustworthiness face‐judgement task in which they appraised the trustworthiness of unfamiliar facial stimuli varying along a computationally modelled trustworthiness dimension.

Results

In line with clinical observations that childhood maltreatment is associated with an atypical pattern of trust processing, children with maltreatment experience were significantly less likely than their peers to rate unfamiliar faces as trustworthy. Moreover, they were more variable in their trust attributions than their peers.

Conclusions

The study provides compelling experimental evidence that children with documented maltreatment perceive others as less trustworthy than their peers and are less consistent in their estimates of trustworthiness in others. Over time, alterations in trust processing may disrupt the development of social bonds and contribute to ‘social thinning’ (a reduction in the extent and quality of social relationships), leaving children more vulnerable to environmental stressors, increasing risk of mental health difficulties.
Association of insulin treatment with gastric residue during an esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Authors: Kobori Toshiko , Onishi Yukiko , Iwamoto Masahiko , Kubota Tetsuya , Kikuchi Takako , Tahara Tazu , Takao Toshiko , Fujiwara Hiroaki , Yoshida Yoko , Kasuga Masato
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of glycemic control and diabetes treatment to gastric residue observed during an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Among 6,592 individuals who had esophagogastroduodenoscopy at our clinic between 2003 and 2019, we retrospectively and longitudinally identified those who had gastric residue during an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Other data collected were age, sex, diagnosis of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin and diabetes medication. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of these data with the occurrence of gastric residue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first retrospective cohort study finding that undergoing insulin treatment is a risk factor for gastric residue independent of age, sex and diabetes or glycated hemoglobin.
Visual and digital tooth shade selection methods, related effective factors and conditions, and their accuracy and precision: A literature review
Authors: Tabatabaian Farhad , Beyabanaki Elaheh , Alirezaei Parisa , Epakchi Saied
Published: September 2021

Objective

Despite developments of dental shade selection methods, shade selection is still a challenge affecting esthetic outcomes. The purpose of this review was to discuss visual and digital shade taking methods, related effective factors and conditions, and their accuracy and precision to find out the most accurate, precise shade selection method available in dentistry.

Overview

The key terms of accuracy, background, ceramic, color, colorimeter, color analysis, color science, color measurement, color measuring instrument, color matching, composite resin, dental/tooth shade guide, digital camera, esthetics, imaging, imaging application/program/ software, intraoral scanner, light source, photography, precision, shade, shade matching/ determination/prediction/reproduction/selection, shade taking device, spectrophotometer, spectrophotometry, tooth color measurement, tooth color/shade, and visual perception were used separately and jointly to detect related English‐language articles published between January 1, 1985, and January 1, 2021. Electronic/non‐electronic searches of Google Scholar/PubMed/Scopus/Web of Science were accomplished. Consequently, 249 articles were considered. Accordingly, the digital methods show higher accuracy and precision compared to the visual methods while requiring to be enhanced regarding accuracy to achieve ideal shade taking results.

Conclusions

Dental spectrophotometers provide the highest overall accuracy and precision among different shade selection methods while needing clinical setting to control related effective factors/conditions and technological improvement to perform optimally.

Clinical Significance

Different factors can affect the accuracy and precision of tooth shade selection methods and devices. The understanding of these effective factors may lead to a standard shade taking protocol using accurate, precise methods and devices.
The U.S. syndicated loan market: Matching data
Authors: Cohen Gregory J. , Dice Jacob , Friedrichs Melanie , Gupta Kamran , Hayes William , Kitschelt Isabel , Lee Seung Jung , Marsh W. Blake , Mislang Nathan , Shaton Maya , Sicilian Martin , Webster Chris
Published: September 2021

We introduce a new software package for determining linkages between datasets without common identifiers. We apply this to three datasets commonly used in academic research on syndicated lending: Refinitiv LPC DealScan, S&P Global Market Intelligence Compustat, and National Information Center Structure Data. We benchmark the results of our match using results from the literature and previously matched files that are publicly available. We find that company level matching is enhanced by careful cleaning of the data and considering hierarchical relationships. The R package for one of the company‐level matches can be found on GitHub and CRAN, which can be considered a general toolkit to match different firm‐level datasets with one another.
Food companies' perception of Japanese Food Safety Certification recognized by the Global Food Safety Initiative: Current state of program diffusion and future issues
Authors: Matsumoto Takashi , Ogawa Mikako
Published: September 2021

JFS‐C was acknowledged as a Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI)‐recognized certification program in October 2018, and the number of sites certified for Japanese Food Safety Certification (JFS‐C) has been increasing. In this study, 34 out of 50 JFS‐C‐certified sites were surveyed, and responses were obtained. The questionnaire surveys were primarily conducted to investigate the purpose of JFS‐C certification and to compare JFS‐C with other standards. Moreover, individual surveys were conducted with 10 selected sites to glean additional information on JFS‐C's characteristics. Strengths included the JFS‐C‐related guidelines and the standard's structure, which were rated highly by sites. However, despite GFSI's growing popularity, its vision is still not fully understood, and progress is not being made in creating more efficient practices, such as reducing the number of audits. This study provides suggestions for further popularization of the JFS‐C, both in Japan and in other countries.
The effect of the adapted soccer programme on motor learning and psychosocial behaviour in adolescents with Down syndrome
Authors: Perić D. B. , Milićević‐Marinković B. , Djurović D.
Published: September 2021

Background

Numerous studies have proven the significant positive impact of the regular physical activity on general health conditions and quality of life of people with intellectual disability. In practice, various adapted sports activities are used. The current study deals with the effects of the soccer programme.

Aim

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of adapted soccer on the motor learning and some psychosocial characteristics in adolescents with Down syndrome.

Methods

Twenty‐five participants were recruited and randomised into two groups (exercise and control). Adolescents placed in the exercise group carried out a special soccer programme twice a week during 16 weeks, while adolescents placed in the control group continued with their usual daily regime. Specific motor coordination, level of aggression, attention disorders, level of anxiety and depression, and social problems were measured before and after the training period. Mixed ANOVA were used to evaluate the effects of the experimental treatment.

Results

The exercise group had significant improvements (P < 0.05) in one of three motor variables (only in the easiest task) and in all psychosocial variables. There are no one significant change in the control group. The adapted soccer programme influenced more seriously on psychosocial characteristics than on motor learning of adolescent with DS.

Conclusions

The results suggest that adapted soccer training can decrease aggression, anxiety and depression levels, and improve attention, social behaviour and simple motor skills in adolescents with Down syndrome.