bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of stage of maturity of perennial ryegrass on its content of some organic acids and phenolic compounds
Authors: Martin A. K.
Published: November 2006

S24 perennial ryegrass was harvested at six stages of growth ranging from young leafy grass with no stem tissue to mature herbage cut when the seed was ripe. The contents of crude protein, lignin, total o‐dihydroxyphenolic compounds and of chlorogenic, shikimic, quinic, succinic, malic and citric acids were determined in the grass samples from each cut and their distribution between leaf, stem and seed head tissue was examined. The decreases observed in the contents of malic, quinic and chlorogenic acids and of total o‐dihydroxyphenolic compounds with increasing maturity of the herbage were linearly related to both the decrease in the proportion of leaf tissue and the increase in the lignin content of the herbage. The significance of the alicyclic acids, shikimic and quinic acids, and of the phenolic acids as dietary precursors of urinary aromatic acids in ruminants is discussed.
Lucerne saponins II.—Purification and fractionation of saponins from lucerne tops and roots and characterisation of the isolated fractions
Authors: Gestetner B. , Shany S. , Tencer Y. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A.
Published: November 2006

Continuous flow paper electrophoresis or column chromatography on alumina of saponin extracts prepared from lucerne tops or roots resulted in the isolation of a saponin fraction. This fraction, which is the main component of root saponin extract but is present only in small amounts in saponins isolated from lucerne tops, consists of glucose, arabinose and xylose as carbohydrate constituents and medicagenic acid, soyasapogenol A and a new, hitherto unidentified sapogenin as aglycones. It is shown that this saponin fraction is the main haemolytic agent and contains almost all of the growth‐impairing activity towards Tribolium castaneum larvae. Larval growth can, however, be restored to its normal level by the addition of cholesterol to the diet.

Further separation of non‐homogeneous fractions obtained on alumina columns resulted in the isolation of individual saponins; examination of their haemolytic activities indicates that both the nature of the sapogenin, i.e., medicagenic acid, as well as the sapogenin/sugar ratio contribute to the extent of this activity.
Lucerne saponins III.—effect of lucerne saponins on larval growth and their detoxification by various sterols
Authors: Shany S. , Gestetner B. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A.
Published: November 2006

The role of sapogenins in the antibiological effects exerted by lucerne saponins has been studied. Data are presented, showing that lucerne sapogenins are more toxic towards Tribolium castaneum larvae than their respective saponins, from which they are isolated. Medicagenic acid and to a lesser extent a new, hitherto unidentified sapogenin are the main growth‐depressing factors, the soyasapogenols being almost harmless in this respect. When cholesterol is also included in the diet, the negative influence of the sapogenins is completely abolished. The counteraction found with cholesterol, as well as with various plant sterols, of the growth inhibition of the larvae caused by dietary saponin extracts (SE) was studied quantitatively with different SE: sterol ratios. It is shown that the amount of cholesterol needed to counteract fully the growth impairment depends on the toxicity of the SE preparation and its concentration in the diet. The counteracting property of plant sterols on larval growth depression leads to the conclusion that a built‐in defence mechanism exists in lucerne against the antibiological effects of saponins.
Algerian and french rapeseed meals as a protein source for caged laying hens, with observations on their toxic effects
Authors: Jackson N.
Published: November 2006

Algerian and French rapeseed meals have been examined as protein sources in layers diets also containing Peruvian fishmeal and soyabean meal. The eleven experimental diets used were designed to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with respect to metabolisable energy.

Egg production on the Algerian meal was satisfactory up to the maximum level (8%) used. The French meal was satisfactory up to 6.9% but at a level of 8.6% egg, production and feed utilisation for egg production were significantly decreased.

The amino acid analysis of the diets showed these to be adequate in the light of known requirements.

Investigations of the thyroid, liver, kidney, adrenals and pituitary were carried out in an attempt to assess the nature of the toxic effects associated with rapeseed meal.
Lipids of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) seed
Authors: Bhatia I. S. , Lal Sikander , Sukhija P. S. , Pruthi T. D.
Published: November 2006

Berseem seed oil was fractionated into non‐polar and polar components. Tentative identification was made of hydrocarbons, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and partial glycerides in the non‐polar fraction and of lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, digalactosyl diglycerides, sterol glycosides, phosphatidic acid, monogalactosyl diglycerides, cerebrosides and esterified sterol glycosides in the polar fraction. The fatty acid constituents of the major polar and of all the non‐polar lipid components are also reported.
Determination of copper in foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Cameron A. G. , Hackett D. R.
Published: November 2006

A method for determining copper in a wide range of foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry is described and shown to be reliable and sensitive. It is shown that, when copper is chelated and extracted into ketone, very high sensitivity may be achieved; copper in aqueous extracts can be determined at a level of 0.003 ppm. The main problem of the method is found to be sample preparation which for many foods is lengthy. Direct sampling, dry ashing and wet oxidation are described and the method of atomic absorption is compared with a colorimetric procedure.
Changes in the levels of catechol oxidase and laccase activity in developing peaches
Authors: Harel E. , Mayer A. M. , Lerner H. R.
Published: November 2006

Catechol oxidase and laccase activity and the content of o‐diphenols were followed in developing peaches from 2 weeks after fruit set to harvest time. Catechol oxidase activity in the soluble fraction drops sharply during the first few weeks and remains low until harvest time. Laccase activity rises from a very low level in the first 3 months to a level higher than that of catechol oxidase at harvest time. Catechol oxidase activity in a paniculate fraction and o‐diphenols content per fruit, each show a peak during fruit development The peak in o‐diphenols content precedes that of catechol oxidase activity.
Potassium nutrition of the strawberry plant I.—Rates of dry matter production and potassium uptake: Effect of potassium supply on components of yield
Authors: Bradfield E. G.
Published: November 2006

Rates of dry matter production and potassium uptake by three varieties of strawberry were studied in a sand culture experiment, with containers of 780 ml water retention capacity, in relation to the effect of potassium supply on components of yield.

Potassium, applied at the levels in this experiment, had little effect on the potential yield of the plant as determined by numbers of flowers initiated but a positive effect on the actual yield as determined by % flower set, yield of fruit and degree of berry expansion. The major factor which limited yield, however, was the failure of the berries to expand to their maximum size.

It is suggested that in future experiments plants should be grown in containers of sand which have at least 2000 ml water retention capacity and that the nutrient solutions applied should be more dilute.
Cell‐wall constituents of some grass species and varieties
Authors: Jones D. I. H.
Published: November 2006

Structural carbohydrates and lignin were determined in two varieties each of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot and timothy during first growth. Structural carbohydrates were extracted with N‐sulphuric acid and with 72% sulphuric acid and partitioned by paper chromatography.

The content of structural constituents increased and in vitro digestibility decreased as the grasses matured. When compared at the same growth stage, perennial ryegrass varieties were higher in digestibility and lower in lignin than the other grasses. When compared at the same level of dry matter digestibility cocksfoot varieties were lower in structural carbohydrates but higher in lignin than other grasses. Correlations between digestibility and the content of structural constituents including fibre were highly significant. The results are discussed with reference to the effect of varietal variation in structural constituents on digestibility and voluntary intake.
Determination of sulphur in foodstuffs II.—reduction to hydrogen sulphide
Authors: Beswick G. , Johnson R. M.
Published: November 2006

Sulphate formed by the oxygen‐flask combustion of foodstuffs may be quantitatively reduced to hydrogen sulphide by a mixture of hydriodic acid, hypophosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid. The gas, swept out by nitrogen, is absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution and titrated with mercuric acetate solution using dithizone as indicator. The difficulties encountered in the method, including interferences, have been investigated and compared with a turbidimetric method. This reduction procedure is recommended where accuracy is required or where elements that interfere with the simpler methods are present.
Composition of lard fatty acids from pigs given beef fats in their diet
Authors: Bastijns L. J.
Published: November 2006

The influence of diets containing beef offal on the change in composition of the fatty acids of pork fat has been experimentally studied. It is shown that by the use of such diets there is a considerable increase in the branched‐chain fatty acids level. This means that no valuable conclusion can be drawn from the amount of branched‐chain fatty acids in the examination of pork fat for the possible presence of ruminant fat.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples VII.—effect of applied α‐farnesene, temperature and diphenylamine on scald and the concentration and oxidation of α‐farnesene in the fruit
Authors: Huelin F. E. , Coggiola I. M.
Published: November 2006

The α‐farnesene content of apples usually passed through a maximum during storage. Studies in the range 0 to 15°c indicated that the highest maximum was reached at approximately 5°c. The concentration of total lipid and fatty acids in the coating increased with temperature. Application of α‐farnesene to the surface before storage inhibited further production of α‐farnesene and reduced the production of total lipid and fatty acids.

Application of α‐farnesene by dipping in ethanolic solution caused injury to the outer cortex which differed from typical scald. Application within marked circles induced typical scald only with previously oxidised farnesene. In comparing experiments over five years, conjugated trienes gave a higher correlation with scald than α‐farnesene or the peroxide value.

Superficial scald is discussed in relation to the concentration of α‐farnesene and its oxidation products and the concentration of natural antioxidants. Tests for artificial antioxidants are discussed.
Photolysis of nootkatone—an unusual intramolecular photocyclisation
Authors: Stevens K. L.
Published: November 2006

Photolysis of the principal flavouring constituent in grapefruit, nootkatone, leads to a number of products. One of these has been isolated and its structure has been determined by a variety of spectral methods on the parent compound and on its derivatives. The product arises by an unusual photochemical transformation which is a result of the unique geometry of the nootkatone molecule.
Death rates of salmonellae in fishmeals with different water activities II.—During heat treatment
Authors: Doesburg J. J. , Lamprecht E. C. , Elliott M.
Published: November 2006

During heating of fishmeals, the death rate of salmonellae (initial count about 106/g) was not constant, but decreased with time. For heat treatments at constant temperatures between 50 and 85°c, the initial death rates were the same in meals with water activity (aw) 0.58‐0.89, but increased with reduction of aw below 0.58. In contrast to this, the average death rate of Salmonella oranienburg, calculated after heat treatments which reduced the Salmonella count to very low or non‐detectable levels, increased strongly with aw from 0.40 to 0.80. In case of the strain S. senftenberg 775W, the relationship between aw and heat resistance was different, the maximum heat resistance being found in fishmeal at aw 0.53.

The heat resistance of a strain of S. oranienburg was found to be greater than that of S. senftenberg 775W. In case of a meal with aw 0.72, infected with S. oranienburg, a heat treatment of 10 min at 80°c was found to be sufficient for reduction of the Salmonella count to non‐detectable levels. In other experiments, a much lower heat resistance was found for S. oranienburg and other salmonellae.
Organoleptic effect in sugar structures
Authors: Birch G. G. , Lee C. K. , Rolfe E. J.
Published: November 2006

Shallenberger's sweetness hypothesis is discussed and a new method for assessing its validity is offered by organoleptic examination of glycosidic structures. In particular the stable symmetrical disaccharide, a, a‐trehalose presents an ideal model for these studies. An attempt to locate that part of the molecule which is specifically responsible for the sweet taste of sugars implicates the hydroxyl group on carbon atom No. 4 of pyranosides as playing an important role.
High concentration of cobalt in wheat grasses
Authors: Lambert T. L. , Blincoe C.
Published: November 2006

The concentration of cobalt in range wheat grasses (Agropyron spp.) in north‐eastern Nevada was considerably in excess of that reported in other species grown on untreated soils. Concentrations of of 0–8 to 23 ppm (dry basis) were confirmed by three independent methods of analysis.
Determination of ammonium in Kjeldahl digests of crops by an automated procedure
Authors: Crooke W. M. , Simpson W. E.
Published: November 2006

An automated technique has been developed for estimating NH4+ in Kjeldahl digests of crops, using the salicylate‐dichloroisocyanurate reaction in the presence of nitroprusside. The method gives reproducible results in close agreement with those from conventional distillation and titration, and there is a marked improvement in output.
Measurements on disulphide bonds in cereal glutelins
Authors: Redman D. G. , Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Cereal glutelins were divided by dilute acetic acid extraction into‘soluble’and‘insoluble’fractions. The quantities dissolved in the cases of oats and maize were negligibly small. The S.S bonds of these fractions from wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize have been amperometrically titrated after reaction with sulphite in the absence and presence of guanidine hydrochloride to give, respectively, the accessible and total S.S groups. Accessible S.S groups are believed to be mainly inter‐polypeptide chain bonds. The results imply that wheat glutenin resembles the other glutelins in being highly crosslinked. There is some evidence that the density of crosslinking is higher in oats, maize and barley glutelins, provided that the polypeptide chains of the other cereal glutelins are similar in size to those of wheat glutenin.
Nutritive value of cashewnut extraction meal
Authors: Piva G. , Santi E. , Ekpenyong T.
Published: November 2006

Chemical analysis has shown that cashewnut meal extracted from whole kernels contains about 42% crude protein, about 1% crude lipid, a low content of crude fibre and 0.5 and 0.2% calcium and phosphorus, respectively. The meal has good quality protein containing 4.6% lysine, 1.3% tryptophan, about 2% cystine, and 1.6% methionine. The content of sulphur‐containing amino acids is higher than that of soyabean and groundnut meals. The meal from cashewnut is shown to be superior to that of soyabean meal, judging from the weight gains obtained and‘protein score’calculated at 97 for cashew and 93 for soyabean meal.
Fatty acid composition and intramolecular structure of triglycerides from adipose tissue of the red deer and the reindeer
Authors: Garton G. A. , Duncan W. R. H.
Published: November 2006

Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB2 9SB

Triglycerides extracted from perinephric, omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue of six female red deer and of two male and one female reindeer were analysed for the composition and intramolecular disposition of their component fatty acids.

In their overall fatty acid composition, the triglycerides of normal and pregnant red deer were similar and resembled those of domesticated ruminants; trans‐unsaturated acids were present and the perinephric triglycerides contained a relatively high proportion of stearic acid compared with triglycerides from other bodily sites. The triglycerides from corresponding adipose tissue of lactating hinds contained much less stearic acid and relatively more myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids, suggesting that fatty acids of exogenous origin were not being deposited because they were in demand for milk fat synthesis.

The adipose tissue triglycerides of the reindeer were unusual in that they were, apparently, mainly of endogenous origin and showed a notable resemblance to the triglycerides of lambs reared on a virtually lipid‐free diet. This was reflected in a comparatively low content of stearic acid in the perinephric triglycerides, and the absence of trans‐unsaturated acids from all the triglycerides. Analysis of the principal feed (‘reindeer moss’, Cladonia) showed that, compared with normal herbage, it is a very poor source of exogenous fatty acids.

Regardless of their fatty acid composition, the intramolecular structure of the triglycerides of the red deer and the reindeer conformed to the general distribution pattern common to most animals. Stearic acid was, for the most part, esterified to the primary alcoholic groups of the glycerol moiety (positions 1 and 3), as was palmitic acid, except when it was present in lower overall proportion than stearic acid. Unsaturated acids and the medium‐chain acid, myristic acid, were mainly esterified to the secondary alcohol group (position 2).
Composition of feather and offal meal and its value as a protein supplement in the diet of broilers
Authors: Jackson N. , Fulton R. B.
Published: November 2006

Two experiments are described in which feather and offal meal was included at levels of 0, 3.4, 6.8, 10.2, 13.6 and 17.0% in the diet of broilers. The feather and offal meal was used to replace Peruvian fishmeal as the main protein source, the highest level replacing all of the Peruvian fishmeal.

The feather and offal meal was poorer in lysine and methionine content but richer in cystine than Peruvian fishmeal. The batches used were relatively homogeneous when assessed by chemical analysis and had metabolisable energy contents of 3350 and 3340 kcal/kg, respectively.

Feed intake was depressed at the 17% level of inclusion of feather and offal meal in the first experiment and at the 13.6% level in the second experiment.

The data from both experiments showed an optimum efficiency of feed utilisation at about the 10% level of inclusion in the broiler diets.
Effect of pH on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes gracilis
Authors: Odu C. T. I. , Fayemi A. A. , Ogunwale J. A.
Published: November 2006

Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes gracilis were grown on two soils of different texture adjusted to pH values ranging from 5–7 to 8–0 by the addition of either dilute sulphuric acid or calcium carbonate. Centrosema grew best on a soil having final pH values of 6–1, while Stylosanthes grew best on a soil having a final pH value of 5–7. Nodulation followed a similar trend with dry matter yields but was increasingly suppressed by increases in pH, with complete suppression in some cases at pH8. Maximum nitrogen fixation in both cases occurred at a pH value of about 6.
Use of L‐cysteine in bread baking—results of a multi‐generation feeding experiment with breeding rats
Authors: Frape D. L. , Wilkinson J. , Chubb L. G. , Buchanan A. M. , Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

A multi‐generation feeding test with growing and breeding rats has been conducted to determine the effect of the cysteine‐treatment of flour (compared with control flour)used in preparing the bread included in their diets at the level of 77%. Neither 10 times nor 100 times the optimum usage rate of cysteine markedly affected growth, breeding characteristics or post mortem findings in the rats, apart from a slightly greater rate of decline in weaning liveweight from generation to generation at the highest cysteine level, leading to lower liver and kidney weights in male weanling rats of the fifth and sixth generations. Histological evidence from breeding rats of the fifth generation showed no lesions atypical in normal rats and therefore supported the contention that the consumption by rats of bread baked with cysteine‐ treated flour is without harmful effect over several generations.
Varietal differences in water‐soluble gliadin fractions of Triticum aestivum and of Triticum durum Seeds
Authors: Minetti M. , Petrucci T. , Pocchiari F. , Silano V. , Avella R.
Published: November 2006

Water‐soluble gliadin fractions from the endosperm of several varieties of Triticum aestivum and T. durum were analysed by disc‐electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in a Tris‐glycine buffer system. With this procedure, both anodic and cathodic bands were obtained. After aniline blue‐black staining, the gliadin bands became coloured reddish‐brown, whereas the albumin bands appeared blue‐black. In spite of remarkable varietal differences, some characteristic gliadin‐like bands can be used to differentiate bread from T. durum wheat. The biochemical connexion between gliadin‐like fractions and gliadins is discussed.
Softening of gluten by wheat proteases
Authors: Redman D. G.
Published: November 2006

Experimental evidence has been obtained to support the hypothesis that gluten softening is a result of peptide bond scission catalysed by proteolytic enzymes. Extensive softening of gluten is observed even though very few peptide bonds are broken. These effects will probably be more noticeable if the wheat from which the flour is milled has begun to germinate. It is suggested that endogenous bacterial and mould proteases will not usually play a significant part in modem breadmaking processes.
Changes in polyphenolics on ripening of selected pear varieties
Authors: Ranadive A. S. , Haard N. F.
Published: November 2006

The ethyl acetate‐soluble phenolic compounds were isolated from mature and ripened samples of four new pear selections. Phenolic spectra were related to textural parameters of shear analysis and sclereid development and tendency to undergo oxidative browning. Anomalous textural parameters were associated with low phenolic content, notably of chlorogenic acids, and tendency to brown was associated with higher levels of chlorogenic acid on ripening.
Influence of banded fertiliser on the chemical environment surrounding the band: I.—Effect on pH and solution nitrogen
Authors: Isensee A. R. , Walsh L. M.
Published: November 2006

The influence of several banded fertilizers on soil pH, soil solution pH, and concentration of NH4‐N, NO2‐N and NO3‐N at two distances from the band was studied. Treatments consisted of various combinations of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), KCl, NH4‐NO3, (NH4)2HPO4 and urea applied on a nutrient element basis of 22.4 or 67.2 kg/ha.

Urea treatments produced the highest initial pH, and MCP treatments resulted in the lowest pH values. The greatest pH changes during a 32‐day incubation period resulted from treatments that contained urea, (NH4)2 HPO4 or NH4NO3. Changes in pH with time, for treatments containing the N sources, reflected the rate of nitrification of NH4‐N to NO3‐N which, in turn, controlled the solution concentrations of NH4‐N and NO3‐N. The NO2‐N content near 67.2 kg/ha urea applications increased with time to potentially toxic concentrations (over 500 ppm). Combination of MCP with urea markedly lowered pH and NO2‐N content compared to treatments in which MCP was not supplied. Application of (NH4)2HPO4 or urea at 22.4 kg/ha resulted in a rapid increase in NO3‐N and decrease in pH with time. The pH decrease and accumulation of NO3‐N were much slower when (NH4)2HPO4 or urea was applied at 67.2 kg/ha.
Recovery and evaluation of aroma development in apple peels
Authors: Guadagni D. G. , Bomben J. L. , Harris J. G.
Published: November 2006

Aroma in Delicious apple peels was generated by conditioning peels at ambient temperature (19–23°c) for 24 h. The conditioned peels were processed, and the developed aroma was recovered in a pilot‐scale apparatus. The recovered aroma was evaluated for intensity and quality against standard apple essences derived from whole apples and unconditioned or no‐delay peels. The strength or ‘flavouring capacity’ of the concentrated aroma solution was estimated by threshold analysis and by a matching standard procedure at single‐strength juice equivalence. The aroma recovered from conditioned peels was 2–7 times stronger than that from similar no‐delay peels. Quality of the aroma solution from conditioned peels was statistically (P > 0.05), indistinguishable from standard aroma solutions prepared from whole apples or no‐delay peels. Thus, the conditioned peels gave aroma solutions with 2–7 times more ‘flavouring capacity’ than no‐delay peels, without significant sacrifice in quality.
Fractionation of aqueous ethanolic extracts from bread
Authors: Daniels D. G. H.
Published: November 2006

Column chromatography of an aqueous ethanolic extract from bread crust on alkylated Sephadex (LH‐20) partly separated it into five coloured fractions. Further partial separation of two of these fractions was achieved by chromatography on Sephadex G‐15 and silica gel columns, and by thin‐layer chromatography.

Maltose, glucose and fructose were determined in crust and crumb extracts by quantitative paper chromatography.
Studies in indian seed oils: VII—Four oils with unusual constituents
Authors: Bedi K. L. , Atal C. K. , Achaya K. T.
Published: November 2006

The percentages by weight of palmitic, hexadecenoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids were determined in the seed fats fo Bunium cylindricum (Umbelliferae), Euonymus hamiltonianus (Celastraceae), Crotalaria intermedia (Leguminosae)and Solanum khasianum (Solanaceae) by gas‐liquid chromatography. An unusual component in the first fat was 38·5% petroselinic acid and in the second 8·5% (by wt.) acetic acid. The other two fats contained higher chain length components: a total of 4·0% of 22:0,24:0 and 26:0 acids and 0·1, 0·3 and 0·1% of 21: 0, 23:0 and 25:0 linear acids in C. Intermedia and 1·5% of a possible 19:0 branched‐chain acid and 0·1% of an apparent 22:1 acid in S. khasianum.
Extraction and fractionation of proteins of sorghum kernels
Authors: Haikerwal Madhuri , Mathieson A. R.
Published: November 2006

Using multi‐step extraction, sorghum flour was shown to contain 28 % albumin and globulin, 30 % pro‐lamin and 12 % soluble glutelin. The remaining 30 % proteins are difficult to extract and may be bound. Alkaline copper sulphate and sodium sulphite were not very effective in extracting the protein, nor were dilute acetic acid and sodium pyrophosphate buffer. A virtually complete extraction of proteins could be achieved by 8 M urea with 0·1 M sodium dodecyl sulphate; 8M urea alone extracted 60% of the total protein. Sephadex gel (G 100) filtration showed that the normal solvent extracts contain three major fractions, one a low molecular weight, dialysable fraction, one of high molecular weight proteins elected around the void volume, and an intermediate fraction.

8 M urea extracts yielded three main peaks and six minor peaks. From a standard curve, approximate molecular weights of these main fractions were estimated as 82,000, 46,000 and 2000, respectively. Disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel gave compatible results. Single bands were observed in dialysed aqueous, saline and alcoholic extracts, two sharp bands in the case of sodium hydroxide extracts. Extraction with 8 M urea gave three main and five minor bands on disc electrophoresis.
Methods of assessing the odours of glues (and gelatines)
Authors: Johnson A. E. , Nursten H. E.
Published: November 2006

Five chemical methods and two types of sensory assessment have been tried out on a range of glues. A panel judged both the intensity of odour and how objectionable the odour was. It did so with a high degree of consistency and the correlation between the two types of sensory assessment was very significant. There was a limited correlation between the panel assessments and ammonia content, and this is worth further investigation. The closed circuit method leads to gas chromatograms sufficiently detailed to permit differentiation between samples, but direct vapour injection, the vacuum oven/trap method, and the quantitative determination of volatile acids showed no promise for use in the quality control of glues. A limited extension of this study to two gelatines suggests that the conclusions apply also to these less degraded protein forms.
Lucerne saponins: IV.—Relationship between their chemical constitution, and haemolytic and antifungal activities
Authors: Gestetner B. , Assa Y. , Henis Y. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A.
Published: November 2006

By precipitation with animal or plant sterols (cholesterol or β‐sitosterol), saponins extracts from lucerne tops (SEt) or roots (SEr) were separated into two main groups of saponins. The aglycone moiety of the group precipitated by sterol is composed of medicagenic acid and an unidentified lucerne sapogenin, whereas the non‐precipitable saponins contain a variety of soyasapogenols as their aglycones. No qualitative difference could be observed in the composition of the sugar moiety of the two groups of saponins. It was found that only the sterol‐precipitable saponins are able to lyse red blood cells and arrest the growth of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Though the origin of the sterol has no influence on the composition and biological properties of the saponins precipitated by them, the antifungal activity of lucerne saponins could be counteracted only by the addition of cholesterol, but not of β‐sitosterol to the culture medium.

Lucerne saponins precipitated by sterol were separated by thin‐layer chromatography into three fractions. Antifungal and haemolytic activities are concentrated mainly in the fractions having high Rf values. The absence of these fractions from SEt accounts for the lower degree of biological activity exhibited by SEt as compared with that of SEr. The antifungal activity of the various sapogenins is found to be concentrated mainly in medicagenic acid and to a lesser extent in the unidentified sapogenin. Blocking the functional groups of medicagenic acid greatly diminished its antifungal activity.
Fat binding in biscuit wafers
Authors: Wootton M. , Weeden D. , Munk N.
Published: November 2006

The high degree of fat binding observed in biscuit wafers has been shown to occur as a result of baking and not mixing. In this instance, binding occurs between starch and fat. Evidence is presented that this binding is the result of a physical mechanism in which starch gelatinisation appears to play some role.
Biological and chemical factors affecting the valuations of north‐east indian plains teas: I.—Statistical association of liquor characteristics with cash valuations of black teas
Authors: Biswas Ajit K. , Biswas Asim K.
Published: November 2006

An attempt has been made, by using the multiple regression technique, to determine whether the term ‘quality’ of the North‐East Indian plains black teas has its own single characteristic as recognisable by tea‐ tasters or if it is the integration of some of the other important liquor characteristics, viz., colour, strength, brightness and briskness, and to determine the influence of those liquor characteristics including quality on the ‘cash valuations’ of black teas.

The multiple regression analyses showed that in general, regardless of tasters and methods of manufacture, quality of North‐East Indian plains black tea was found to depend mainly on briskness, quality being increased with an increase in briskness.

Cash valuations, both of crushing, tearing and curling (C.T.C.) and orthodox manufactured teas, in general, depended mainly on quality and/or briskness, cash valuation being increased with increase in quality and/or briskness.
Toxic factors in pea haulm silage effluent—The factors toxic to fish
Authors: Clarke E. G. C. , Humphreys D. J.
Published: November 2006

The liquor expressed from decomposing pea haulm has been shown to contain volatile fatty acids, volatile sulphides, ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐cresol, and phenol. These have been found to be responsible for the toxicity of this material to fish. The greatest contribution to the toxicity is made by the fatty acids, followed in decreasing order by the volatile sulphides, and the phenolic substances.
Field experiments with anhydrous ammonia
Authors: Eagle D. J.
Published: November 2006

The results are reported of 50 experiments carried out by the National Agricultural Advisory Service comparing injected anhydrous ammonia with solid ammonium nitrate for arable crops and grass. Autumn‐applied anhydrous ammonia was found to be inefficient for arable crops owing to winter loss by leaching. Spring injections for spring cereals and sugar‐beet were as effective as ammonium nitrate provided that soil conditions allowed efficient injection. Spring injections for winter wheat were as effective as ammonium nitrate on light and medium textured soils but less so on clay soils. The slow‐acting nature of anhydrous ammonia resulted in less lodging than did ammonium nitrate and less resultant yield depression under conditions leading to severe lodging in cereals.

In grassland, the slow‐acting nature of anhydrous ammonia gave a delayed response compared with ammonium nitrate but did not result in an even spread of growth throughout the season. Early spring injections resulted in a better seasonal distribution of response in high rainfall areas than in areas of low rainfall.
Crop composition in relation to soil pH and root cation‐exchange capacity
Authors: Crooke W. M. , Knight A. H.
Published: November 2006

Using a granitic soil limed to give pH values from 4–5 to 7–5, variation in the mineral composition of oats, barley, wheat, swede and potato was examined in relation to soil pH and the possible effect of root cation‐exchange capacity (CEC). An increase in soil pH caused increases in root CEC, total cation (Ca+Mg+K+Na) and N contents of the monocotyledon crops but produced no change in root CEC and no consistent variation in total cations or N of the dicotyledon crops. Distinctly different cation translocation patterns were found between monocotyledons (low CEC) and dicotyledons (high CEC). The former favour translocation of monovalent cations, thus leaving their roots richer in divalent cations, while the opposite process takes place in swedes, but not in potatoes. This feature may be related to differences in the number of exchange sites in the roots and other tissues of these two classes of plant. Little change in P content was noted in tops of swedes or potatoes, but it increased with soil pH in cereal tops. Liming had variable effects on the contents of Fe, Mn and Cu. The Fe content of cereal tops altered little but both swede and potato tops had higher contents at high pH. The rate of reduction in the Mn content of the tops of all crops, except barley, increased above pH 6·0 or 6·5; little change in the Cu content of cereal or potato tops was noted, but levels in swede tops and potato tubers fell sharply on liming.
Amino acid composition and In Vitro digestibility of some protein fractions from three species of leaves of various ages
Authors: Byers M.
Published: November 2006

Extracts from leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare), lupin (Lupinus albus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) of different ages were fractionated. As the leaves age, chloroplasts are increasingly disrupted during extraction and the chlorophyll‐containing protein becomes increasingly difficult to sediment. The amount of protein unassociated with chlorophyll varies with species, but not with leaf age.

Analyses are given of selected chloroplastic fractions (sedimented and coagulated) and of the protein precipitated from the whole extracts and the various supernatant fluids. Amino acid composition of unfractionated protein is independent of species, except perhaps for methionine; leaf age has no affect on composition. The method of protein precipitation may influence the amount of lysine determined. Contrary to previous reports, chloroplastic and cytoplasmic protein do not have the same composition.

Nutritional properties of the preparations are discussed in relation to their amino acid composition and to their known in vivo and in vitro behaviour. Comparison with the F.A.O. reference protein shows that sufficient lysine, both total and nutritionally ‘available’, is present in unfractionated and cytoplasmic protein, though it may be marginal in some chloroplastic fractions. The first limiting essential amino acid in all leaf protein preparations is methionine, and there is an adequate amount ‘available’ in cytoplasmic but not in unfractionated or chloroplastic protein. Reasons are suggested for the unavailability of methionine, and possibly cyst(e)ine, in the latter preparations.
Purification and properties of three albumins from Triticum aestivum seeds
Authors: Cantagalli P. , Di Giorgio G. , Morisi G. , Pocchiari F. , Silano V.
Published: November 2006

Three albumins were isolated from bread wheat seeds by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100 and differential preparative disc‐electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The proteins were obtained in sufficient yield and purity to carry out characterisation studies. The electrophoretic mobilities of the three albumins in polyacrylamide discs in glycine—Tris medium, pH 9·5, were 0·28, 0·34 and 0·39 (referred to that of bromophenol blue taken as 1). The isoelectric points were 6·40, 6·40 and 5·35 and the molecular weights 17, 700, 18, 200 and 18, 900, respectively. The amino acid compositions of the purified albumins were very similar. The correlation of the purified albumins with those isolated from bread wheats by other authors is discussed.
Direct determination of lead in plant materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Fletcher K.
Published: November 2006

Background absorption is shown to result in spuriously high lead values in the analysis of plant digest solutions by atomic absorption Spectrophotometry. By measuring the absorbance of a spectral continuum in the region of the absorption line a correction can be applied. The corrected values are shown to be in reasonable agreement with values obtained cobrimetrieally for a wide range of vegetable foods.
Volatile constituents of fermented cider I.—Draught dry cider blend
Authors: Williams A. A. , Tucknott O. G.
Published: November 2006

An investigation of the volatile components of a draught cider using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and infra‐red spectroscope has led to the definite identification of 43 components, a further 23 being tentatively reported. 2‐Phenylethanol, its esters and the short‐chain fatty acids are important organoleptic components; 4‐ethylguaujcol and 4‐ethylphenol give a heavy ‘cresol‐like’ characteristic and hexyl acetate, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate and other low boiling esters contribute to the fruity character of the cider.
Peeling and trimming of potatoes using lye and knife peelers: Performance and costs
Authors: Fox Wendy R. , Dent T. J. , Hampson C. P.
Published: November 2006

A lye peeler and a knife peeler were used to peel potatoes of five quality/size grades in several series of experiments. The weight removed during peeling and trimming, and the trimming rate were measured for different peeling times. Less wastage was incurred with the lye peeler than with the knife peeler especially with large size tubers. The processes were coasted and lye peeling was found to be more economical with large potatoes, while lye and knife methods had similar costs with small potatoes. It was more economical to peel potatoes of sub‐ware quality (i.e. grading rejects) than those of ware quality, because the extra cost of trimming and the extra wastage were more than balanced by the lower cost of the raw material.
Prediction of the fertiliser needs of sugar‐beet grown on fen peat soils
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Durrant M. J.
Published: November 2006

The fertiliser requirements of sugar‐beet grown on fen soils were tested in 52 experiments from 1963 to 1969. In some fields, N.P.K and Na and, especially N and P, greatly increased yields, but the average responses obtained with the four elements were small. To help to predict where and how much fertiliser was needed for sugar‐beet, soils were grouped according to soil analysis and classified by loss on ignition. Sugar‐beet grown on soils with less than 20 μg/ml P (extracted with sodium bicarbonate) needed 1·20 cwt/acre P2O5, with 21–45 μg/ml P, 0·75 cwt/acre P2O5, and with more than 45 μg/ml P no fertiliser was required. Most soils contained high concentrations of K; with less than 100 μg/ml K (extracted with ammonium nitrate), 2·00 cwt/acre P2O was probably justified; with 100–250 μg/ml, 1·00 cwt/acre K2O was needed. Most of the responses to agricultural salt were by crops on soils with exchangeable sodium concentrations of less than 30 μg/ml Na. Loss on ignition was related to response to N fertiliser; when the loss was 14–25%, N increased yield by 6 cwt/acre sugar and 1·2 cwt/acre N fertiliser was Heeded and when the loss was 26–35%, the yield was increased by 3·5 cwt/acre and 0·6 cwt/acre N was needed. With greater losses there was little response.
Heat treatment of coconut meats and coconut meal
Authors: Samson S. J. A. S.
Published: November 2006

In attempts to determine the heat tolerance of coconut meats and coconut meal, samples were subjected to several temperatures far varying lengths of time. Properties evaluated were browning (by visual observation), odour, lysine destruction, protein solubility at pH 2, 8 and 10·5, and nitrogen solubility index.

Solubility studies suggest that fresh coconut meats can tolerate up to 100°c air temperature (coconut layer temperature, 78–83°c) without significant loss of protein solubility. At 110°c air temperature, there is loss of solubility at pH 2 and 8, and at 120°c protein solubility significantly decreases under all the pH conditions examined. Data indicate a marked loss of lysine availability upon heating coconut meats with hot air at 120°c.

Coconut meal can tolerate 105°c air for at least 60 min without significant loss of protein solubility. At higher temperatures (120°c for 15 min or longer), protein solubility decreased. Unavailable lysine data indicate that heating at 120°c for 60 min markedly decreases lysine availability.
Factors affecting leaf starch levels in some temperate grasses
Authors: Wilson D. , Bailey R. W.
Published: November 2006

Leaf starch was measured, by a specific enzyme method, in Lolium sp., Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata grown in the field and in contrasting temperatures of two controlled environments. Starch levels of over 4% of the dry weight and 50% of the total hot‐water‐soluble carbohydrate (TSC) were recorded. Levels differed significantly between and within species, but populations of each species from N. Europe amd Mediterranean regions were not consistently different. There was more starch in cool than warm conditions and it increased during light and decreased during dark periods. However, there was no consistent temperature effect on starch accumulation during 7 h light in several L. perenne plants. D. glomerata leaves contained more starch (over 4 %) but less TSC than L. perenne.
In vivo and in vitro digestible fractions in forage
Authors: Moir K. W.
Published: November 2006

Faeces and the residues from the in vitro digestion of 13 forages were sequentially extracted with acid‐pepsin, ethyl alcohol, hot water and diethyl ether and the quantity of the extracts was adjusted to a protein‐free basis and expressed per 100 g of original forage organic matter. Undigested material inin vivo and in vitro experiments were respectively, 3·37 and 1·88 g (±0·12) for ethyl alcohol extracts, 1·13 and 1·10 g (±0·05) for hot water extracts, 0·15 and 0·12 g(±0·02) for diethyl ether extracts and 1·44 (±0·22) and 0g for 0·1 N‐HCI extracts. The difference between values for in vivo and in vitro experiments was considered to represent endogenous material present in faeces.
Methodology of sugar‐beet analysis
Authors: Kearney P. A.
Published: November 2006

The various estimates of different methods of sampling beet for sugar content and quality assessment parameters are determined. Alternative procedures to clarified juice purity measurements for quality assessment are the estimation of the major individual impurity components on either clarified juice or on the extract used for sugar content estimation.
Fucoxanthin as an egg‐yolk colorant
Authors: Bolton W. , Booth E. , Dewar W. A. , Wells J. W.
Published: November 2006

A simple method for the extraction of fucoxanthin from seaweed has been developed. Fucoxanthin, dispersed in gelatin, enhanced the colour of egg‐yolks when fed to laying hens.
Ripening of Apples during Storage I.—Introduction
Authors: Knee M.
Published: November 2006

The literature describing the respiration climacteric and some related processes in apples is discussed, with particular attention to implications for commercial storage practice.
Ripening of apples during storage: III.—Changes in chemical composition of Golden Delicious apples during the climacteric and under conditions simulating commercial storage practice
Authors: Knee M.
Published: November 2006

Golden Delicious apples were harvested pre‐climacteric and samples of fruit were stored in air at 12°C, air at 3°5°C,5% CO2/3 % O2 at 3·5°C and 2%O2at 3°5°C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid in the fruit peel, alcohol‐soluble carbohydrate, titratable acidity and polysaccharide components of the alcohol‐insoluble residue of the fruit cortex were estimated after periods of storage.

In fruit stored in air at 12°Cchlorophyll decreased and carotenoid increased rapidly, neutral pectic polysaccharides decreased and soluble polyuronide increased in the early stages of storage. At 3°5°C the pigment changes were retarded and further so in the modified atmosphere; loss of neutral polysaccharides occurred rapidly at first under all conditions but was arrested in 5 % CO2/3 %O2; increase of soluble polyuronide occurred with little delay at 3°5°Cin air, after 113 days in 2%O2and was not observed in 5 % CO2/3% O2. Loss of sugar and acid were retarded at the lower temperature and further retarded by modified atmospheres.

The implications of these results for commercial storage are discussed and an attempt is made to relate them in the developmental physiology of apple fruits.
Micro‐method for determination of non‐N‐terminal lysine in milk and similar products
Authors: Holm H.
Published: November 2006

A quantitative method for estimating ε‐DNP‐lysine in milk and similar products is described. Interference of ‘low molecular weight’ carbohydrates is avoided by gel filtration prior to dinitrophenylation and hydrolysis of the DNP‐proteins. Thin‐layer chromatography is used for separating and isolating the ε‐DNP‐lysine.