bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants including BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5
Authors: Tamura Tomokazu , Yamasoba Daichi , Oda Yoshitaka , Ito Jumpei , Kamasaki Tomoko , Nao Naganori , Hashimoto Rina , Fujioka Yoichiro , Suzuki Rigel , Wang Lei , Ito Hayato , Kashima Yukie , Kimura Izumi , Kishimoto Mai , Tsuda Masumi , Sawa Hirofumi , Yoshimatsu Kumiko , Yamamoto Yuki , Nagamoto Tetsuharu , Kanamune Jun , Suzuki Yutaka , Ohba Yusuke ,   The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium, Suzuki Saori , Kato Marie , Ferdous Zannatul , Mouri Hiromi , Shishido Kenji , Misawa Naoko , Uriu Keiya , Kosugi Yusuke , Fujita Shigeru , Suganami Mai , Chiba Mika , Yoshimura Ryo , Nakagawa So , Wu Jiaqi , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi , Shirakawa Kotaro , Nagata Kayoko , Kazuma Yasuhiro , Nomura Ryosuke , Horisawa Yoshihito , Tashiro Yusuke , Kawai Yugo , Hashiguchi Takao , Suzuki Tateki , Kimura Kanako , Sasaki Jiei , Nakajima Yukari , Sakamoto Ayaka , Yasuhara Naoko , Irie Takashi , Kawabata Ryoko , Ikeda Terumasa , Nasser Hesham , Shimizu Ryo , Begum Monira , Takahashi Otowa , Ichihara Kimiko , Ueno Takamasa , Motozono Chihiro , Toyoda Mako , Saito Akatsuki , Tanaka Yuri L. , Butlertanaka Erika P. , Shofa Maya , Tabata Kaori , Yokota Isao , Matsuno Keita , Takayama Kazuo , Tanaka Shinya , Sato Kei , Fukuhara Takasuke
Published: July 2023

The unremitting emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants necessitates ongoing control measures. Given its rapid spread, the new Omicron subvariant BA.5 requires urgent characterization. Here, we comprehensively analyzed BA.5 with the other Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and ancestral B.1.1. Although in vitro growth kinetics of BA.5 was comparable among the Omicron subvariants, BA.5 was much more fusogenic than BA.1 and BA.2. Airway-on-a-chip analysis showed that, among Omicron subvariants, BA.5 had enhanced ability to disrupt the respiratory epithelial and endothelial barriers. Furthermore, in our hamster model, in vivo pathogenicity of BA.5 was slightly higher than that of the other Omicron variants and less than that of ancestral B.1.1. Notably, BA.5 gains efficient virus spread compared with BA.1 and BA.2, leading to prompt immune responses. Our findings suggest that BA.5 has low pathogenicity compared with the ancestral strain but enhanced virus spread /inflammation compared with earlier Omicron subvariants.
Transition metal-free visible light photoredox-catalyzed remote C(sp3)−H borylation enabled by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer
Authors: Sun Beiqi , Li Wenke , Liu Qianyi , Zhang Gaoge , Mo Fanyang
Published: July 2023

The borylation of unreactive carbon-hydrogen bonds is a valuable method for transforming feedstock chemicals into versatile building blocks. Here, we describe a transition metal-free method for the photoredox-catalyzed borylation of unactivated C(sp3)−H bond, initiated by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The remote borylation was directed by 1,5-HAT of the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic reduction of hydroxamic acid derivatives. The method accommodates substrates with primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp3)−H bonds, yielding moderate to good product yields (up to 92%) with tolerance for various functional groups. Mechanistic studies, including radical clock experiments and DFT calculations, provided detailed insight into the 1,5-HAT borylation process.
Plasma fibrin membranes loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and corneal epithelial cells promote corneal injury healing via attenuating inflammation and fibrosis after corneal burns
Authors: Song Liqun , Yang Xue , Cui Huifei
Published: July 2023

A tissue-engineered corneal membrane for corneal injury was prepared. It can inhibit inflammation, promote differentiation of BMSCs into corneal epithelial cells, prevent corneal fibrosis and scar formation.
Microrod crystals formed via Rhein-mediated mineralization
Authors: Liu Jiaying , Zhang Zhenyan , Yan Yu , Zhang Xiaonong , Xiao Chunsheng , Chen Xuesi
Published: July 2023

A microrod crystal is prepared via Rhein-mediated mineralization, which shows dense crystal structure, ultra-high drug loading capacity, sustained Rhein release, improved biocompatibility, and enhanced anti-inflammatory effect.
Exploring fingerprints of ultrafast structural dynamics in molecular solutions with an X-ray laser
Authors: Kurta Ruslan P. , van Driel Tim B. , Dohn Asmus O. , Berberich Tim B. , Nelson Silke , Zaluzhnyy Ivan A. , Mukharamova Nastasia , Lapkin Dmitry , Zederkof Diana B. , Seaberg Matthew , Pedersen Kasper S. , Kjær Kasper S. , Rippy Geoffery Ian , Biasin Elisa , Møller Klaus B. , Gelisio Luca , Haldrup Kristoffer , Vartanyants Ivan A. , Nielsen Martin M.
Published: July 2023

Angular correlation functions are applied to study photoinduced ultrafast dynamics of a molecular solution with an X-ray laser.
Experimental and computational thermochemistry: how strong is the intramolecular hydrogen bond in alkyl 2-hydroxybenzoates (salicylates)
Authors: Verevkin Sergey P. , Portnova Svetlana V. , Emel’yanenko Vladimir N. , Nagrimanov Ruslan N. , Varfolomeev Mikhail A.
Published: July 2023

Hydrogen bonding (HB) is a fascinating phenomenon that exhibits unusual properties in organic and biomolecules.
Mitigating halide ion migration by resurfacing lead halide perovskite nanocrystals for stable light-emitting diodes
Authors: Yang Jun-Nan , Wang Jing-Jing , Yin Yi-Chen , Yao Hong-Bin
Published: July 2023

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising for next-generation high-definition displays, but their surfaces need to be carefully reconstructed.
Pure metallic nanofibrillar membrane for high-performance electrostatic air filtration with antimicrobial and reusable characteristics
Authors: Yoo Seunghun , Yang Inyeong , Jeong Ji-hun , Chang Jihae , Kim Sanha
Published: July 2023

We introduce a metallic high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter based on a Cu nanofiber membrane, which grasps particulate matters physically and electrostatically. The filter also shows excellent antimicrobial property and reusability.
An optical approach for compound specific carbon isotope analysis of 1,4-dioxane by liquid injection
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhu Di , Zhang Jiyun , Shi Zhe , Wu Wanlu , Jin Biao
Published: July 2023

Gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (GC-IRIS) is an emerging tool for compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of organic pollutants.
Large scale microfluidic CRISPR screening for increased amylase secretion in yeast
Authors: Johansson S. Andreas , Dulermo Thierry , Jann Cosimo , Smith Justin D. , Pryszlak Anna , Pignede Georges , Schraivogel Daniel , Colavizza Didier , Desfougères Thomas , Rave Christophe , Farwick Alexander , Merten Christoph A. , Roy Kevin R. , Wei Wu , Steinmetz Lars M.
Published: July 2023

Large scale perturbation of gene expression in yeast using CRISPR libraries, coupled with high-throughput screening using fluorescence-based sorting of microfluidic droplets, to identify genes important for increased α-amylase secretion.
A paper-based chemical tongue based on the charge transfer complex of ninhydrin with an array of metal-doped carbon dots discriminates natural amino acids and several of their enantiomers
Authors: Alimohammadi Motahareh , Sharifi Hoda , Tashkhourian Javad , Shamsipur Mojtaba , Hemmateenejad Bahram
Published: July 2023

A facile and reliable colorimetric microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) using carbon dots doped with transition metals has been provided to detect and discriminate 20 natural amino acids.
A luminescent cationic MOF and its polymer composite membrane elicit selective sensing of antibiotics and pesticides in water
Authors: Dutta Subhajit , Mandal Writakshi , Desai Aamod V. , Fajal Sahel , Dam Gourab K. , Mukherjee Soumya , Ghosh Sujit K.
Published: July 2023

Medicines and pesticides are being used excessively, misused, or abused in recent times, resulting in major environmental contamination and, more specifically, water pollution.
Introduction to Supercapacitors
Authors: Han Zhaojun , Fang Ruopian , Chu Dewei , Wang Da-Wei , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: July 2023

Guest editors Zhaojun Han, Ruopian Fang, Dewei Chu, Da-Wei Wang and Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov, introduce this Nanoscale Advances themed issue on supercapacitors.
Photocatalytic dehydrogenative oxidation/amination of 2-alkyl benzamides under transition-metal-free conditions
Authors: Yu Yushen , Liang Zhihui , Zhang Lele , Lin Yuhan , Liu Min , Wang Shanshan , Huang Mingqiang , Cai Lina , Cai Shunyou
Published: July 2023

In this work, we report a method for the synthesis of functionalized hydroxyisoindolines under visible light stimulation with synergistic interactions of eosin Y, nBu4NBr and oxygen.
Synthesis of microwave-assisted carboxamides in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats: possible hypolipidemic heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Al-Jammal Basmah , Hussein Buthaina , Al-Hiari Yusuf , Al-Qirim Tareq , Al-Najdawi Manal , Hamadneh Lama , Alwahsh Mohammad , Ikhmais Balqis
Published: July 2023

The hypolipidemic effect of furan carboxamide derivatives was investigated using the Triton WR-1339 rat model.
Influence of halogen elements in organic salts on n-type doping of CNT yarn for thermoelectric applications
Authors: Heriyanto Aghnia Dinan Maulani , Cho Yongyoon , Okamoto Naofumi , Abe Ryo , Pandey Manish , Benten Hiroaki , Nakamura Masakazu
Published: July 2023

Doping control of CNT is crucial in thermoelectric applications to maximize conversion efficiency. This study discovers the importance of the halogen element in the doping process of CNT by organic salts, simultaneously offering a stable n-type doping strategy.
Interactions in co-pyrolysis of Salicornia bigelovii and heavy fuel oil
Authors: Aljaziri Jinan , Gautam Ribhu , Sarathy S. Mani
Published: July 2023

The interactions in the co-pyrolysis of biomass from Salicornia bigelovii (SB) with heavy fuel oil (HFO) were studied through an investigation of the yields, kinetics, and the quality of bio-oil and biochar produced.
Dynamic event-triggered H∞ quantized load frequency control for interconnected wind power systems under stochastic delay deception attack
Authors: Zhou Hanmei , Zhong Qishui , Hu Shaoyu , Yang Jin , Shi Kaibo , Zhong Shouming
Published: July 2023

In this article, a dynamic event-triggered H∞ quantized load frequency control scheme considering stochastic delay deception attack is proposed, to stabilize interconnected wind power systems.
Applications of multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices: materials and prospects
Authors: Yadav Prabhakar , Sahay Kuldeep , Verma Arpit , Maurya D. K. , Yadav B. C.
Published: July 2023

A potential method for using the triboelectric effect to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG).
Recent progress of graphitic carbon nitride films and their application in photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Wu Suqin , Peng Quanming , Deng Wenjie , Zhi Fengmei , He Mao , Wang Mingzhan , Wang Jiaqi , Peng Guiming , Cao Shaowen
Published: July 2023

This review summarizes the progress in the synthesis of CN electrodes spanning from top-down and bottom-up categories, carrier dynamics modulation, and surface water oxidation reaction kinetics.
Contrasted behaviours of methylthiolated perylene and pyrene as organic semiconductors: implications of molecular electronic structure and crystal structure
Authors: Takimiya Kazuo , Bulgarevich Kirill , Horiuchi Singo
Published: July 2023

Prompted by 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(methylthio)pyrene (MT-pyrene) showing the ultrahigh mobility in its single-crystal transistors, we have synthesized and characterized its closely related compound, 2,5,8,11-tetrakis(methylthio)perylene (MT-perylene).
Modeling Lost to Intervention in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention: A Modified eDelphi Study
Authors: Woodruff-Gautherin Torri Ann , Cienkowski Kathleen M.
Published: July 2023

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to develop a functional model of the drivers behind why families may decline early intervention services following the identification of a child as D/deaf or hard of hearing.

Method:

This model was developed using a modified eDelphi method. Invited experts (
N
= 155) were provided proposed models of why families may decline early intervention services in accordance with current literature. In the first phase of feedback, participants (
n
= 23) provided changes they would make to the model to be more in line with their perceptions of lost to intervention. These changes were implemented, and a second phase of feedback with participants (
n
= 25) moved to accept the model as presented.

Results:

Agreement was reached on five main barriers to early intervention access for children who have been identified as D/deaf or hard of hearing (family experience, family culture, perceived vulnerability, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers). Each of these main barriers has associated examples of how they may manifest across different early intervention programs and situations.

Conclusions:

This is the first theoretical model of why loss to intervention happens within early hearing detection and intervention. Having a model provides the opportunity for future work to implement novel approaches to support families during the early intervention enrollment process.
Nitrosamine Impurities in Herbal Formulations: A Review of Risks and
Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Shekhar Nunavath Raja , Nagappan Krishnaveni , Singh Madhu Tanya , Dhanabal S. P.
Published: July 2023

Nitrosamines are a class of chemical compounds that have been found to be
impurities in a variety of pharmaceutical products. These impurities have raised
concerns due to their potential carcinogenic effects. Recent studies have
identified nitrosamines as impurities in a number of pharmaceutical products
including angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and proton pump inhibitors
(PPIs). The presence of nitrosamines in these products has led to recalls and
market withdrawals. In addition to pharmaceuticals, nitrosamines have also been
found in some herbal medicines particularly those containing traditional Chinese
medicinal ingredients. The presence of nitrosamines in herbal formulations poses
a significant risk to public health and highlights the need for quality control
and regulations in the herbal drug industry. The present review article aims to
discuss nitrosamine impurities (NMI) prominent causes, risks and scientific
strategies for preventing NMI in herbal formulations. The primary objective of
this study is to examine the origins of nitrosamine contamination in herbal
formulations, the risks associated with these contaminants, and the methods for
reducing them. The significance of thorough testing and examination before
releasing herbal products to the public is also emphasized. In conclusion, the
presence of nitrosamines is not limited to pharmaceutical products and poses a
significant threat to the safety of herbal drugs as well. Adequate testing and
extensive research are crucial for producing and distributing herbal medicines
to the general population.
Körperliche Krankheit bei älteren PatientInnen in der
Psychosomatischen Klinik
Authors: Peters Meinolf
Published: July 2023

Bisher ist wenig über das Ausmaß körperlicher Krankheiten
bei älteren PatientInnen in psychosomatischen Kliniken bekannt. In der
vorliegenden Studie wurde an einer Gruppe von 150 PatientInnen in der zweiten
Lebenshälfte (jeweils 50 der Altersgruppen 40–54, 55–69
und≥70) Häufigkeit und Anzahl körperlicher Krankheiten
sowie deren Zusammenhang mit der psychischen Symptomatik untersucht. Methode:
Zur Erfassung der körperlichen Erkrankungen wurde die CIRS (Cumulative
Illness Rating Scale) eingesetzt, ein etabliertes
Fremdeinschätzungsverfahren für körperliche Krankheiten
auf 14 Skalen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die größte
Häufigkeit sowie die größere Schwere
körperlicher Krankheiten in der ältesten Gruppe. Zudem erwies
sich, dass körperliche Erkrankungen mit ansteigendem Alter
stärker mit psychischen Erkrankungen zusammenhängen. Es wird ein
mentaler Bedeutungszuwachs körperlicher Krankheit mit ansteigendem Alter
postuliert. In der Diskussion werden versorgungspolitische und therapeutische
Aspekte aufgegriffen.
A Concise and Flexible Synthesis of C2′-Sulfonylated Quinine Derivatives
Authors: Tan Dong-Xing , Han Fu-She , Gu Cheng-Yu , Zhou Jie
Published: July 2023

A concise and flexible procedure for the synthesis of structurally novel C2′-sulfonylated quinine derivatives is developed. Through careful optimization of the reaction conditions, most of the reactions can be performed in high yields at gram or several hundreds of milligram scale. Since cinchona-based derivatives are widely used in asymmetric catalysis, the synthetic route developed herein provides an efficient and practical pathway for the diverse synthesis of new cinchona derivatives as potential chiral ligands or multifunctional organocatalysts.
Acetate/Alkoxide/Halide Shuttle Systems Mediated by Lewis Acid Catalysts for Insertion Reaction of a One-Carbon Unit into Carbon–Carbon or Carbon–Halogen Bonds
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Yasuda Makoto
Published: July 2023

In this account, we describe our research on a Lewis acid-catalyzed insertion reaction of α-diazo esters into a carbon–carbon or carbon–halogen bond. Indium catalysts mediated not only the insertion of α-diazo esters into a carbon–carbon bond of alkyl acetates, alkyl ethers, acetals, and alkyl halides, but also a carbon–halogen bond of alkyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides. BF3 specifically accelerated the insertion of α-diazo esters into a carbon–fluorine bond. The key to this catalysis is acetate, alkoxide, and halide shuttle systems mediated by a Lewis acid, in which the Lewis acid abstracts a leaving group from a starting substrate and releases the leaving group to the appropriate carbocation intermediate in the catalytic cycle.

1 Introduction

2 Acetate/Alkoxide Shuttle: Insertion Reaction of α-Diazo Esters into a Carbon–Carbon Bond of Alkyl Acetates, Alkyl Ethers, and Acetals

3 Halide Shuttle: Insertion Reaction of α-Diazo Esters into a Carbon–Carbon Bond of Alkyl Halides

4 Halide Shuttle: Insertion of α-Diazo Esters into a Carbon–Halogen Bond of Alkyl Halides

5 Conclusion
A Complementary Route for Alkene–Arene para-Cycloadditions by Visible-Light-Promoted Triplet Sensitization of Allenamides
Authors: Maestri Giovanni , Serafino Andrea
Published: July 2023

The synthetic relevance of bicyclo[2.2.2]octadienes is witnessed by their successful application in various chemical domains, promoting a recurrent interest in the concise assembly of these bridged bicycles. Seminal examples of strategies to craft these compounds are presented, together with more-recent applications that exploit visible light. In this context, a general intramolecular method for the para-cycloaddition of an allenamide arm onto simple aryl rings is highlighted.
Facial Anthropometric Measurements and Principles – Overview and Implications for Aesthetic Treatments
Authors: Armengou Xavier , Frank Konstantin , Kaye Kai , Brébant Vanessa , Möllhoff Nicholas , Cotofana Sebastian , Alfertshofer Michael
Published: July 2023

Facial anatomy is highly individual in each patient. Anthropometric measurements can be a useful tool to objectively analyze individual facial anatomy to allow for better comparability before and after treatments to ultimately improve standardization of facial procedures, both nonsurgical and surgical. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview over clinically relevant and feasible facial anthropometric measurements and principles for aesthetic medicine. A literature review was conducted to describe the most important and clinically relevant anthropometric measurements and principles for both the entire face and for three aesthetically relevant facial regions: the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. A multitude of different anthropometric measurements and principles have been described in the literature for both the overall facial appearance and specific facial regions. Certain generally accepted anthropometric principles and proportions need to be respected to achieve aesthetic and harmonious results. For the overall facial appearance, a focus on symmetry, certain proportions, facial angles, and indices has been described. Principles and measurements were also described for the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. Although attractiveness and aesthetic perception are subjective, objective evaluation of facial surface anatomy via anthropometric measurements can improve pre- and postinterventional analysis of the face and help the treating physician to individualize treatments, both nonsurgical and surgical.
Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of Parents Caring for Pediatric Patients with a Tracheostomy
Authors: Koker Alper , Tekerek Nazan Ülgen , Nalbant Gonca Şahan Erbaşı , Çebişli Erdem , Dursun Oguz
Published: July 2023

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate factors affecting the quality of life (QOL) of parents of children who underwent placement of a tracheostomy while in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) through postdischarge use of a standardized questionnaire, Functional Status Scale (FSS) for patients, and WHOQoL-BREF (a QOL scale) for parents.

Methods The parents were initially contacted by telephone, postdischarge, during which the standardized questionnaire was completed. The functional status of the patients was evaluated using the FSS, and the QOL of parents was determined through use of the WHOQoL-BREF scale.

Results From 2011 to 2021, tracheostomy was performed in 119 PICU patients. Overall, 93 patients were excluded due to death in 66 (56%), decannulation in 24 (20%) and, 3 (2%) were not available for follow-up. The parents of 26 (22%) patients were available for follow-up and for which the standardized questionnaire FSS and WHOQoL-BREF QOL scales were completed. The mean FSS score of the patients was elevated at 17.84. In comparison, reduced mean scores were observed for parental physical health of 20.61, psychological health of 20.57, social health of 11.15, and environmental health of 29.00. As a result, a moderate (r < 0.80), yet significant (p ≤ 0.004) negative correlation was found between the FSS scores of patients and the physical, social relationships, environmental, and psychological health QOL scores of parents.

Conclusion This study is unique in that, to our knowledge, it is the first to compare parental QOL with the FSS of pediatric patients who have undergone a tracheostomy while hospitalized in the PICU. Our findings indicate that the parental QOL was reduced in four areas and correlates with an elevation in FSS score (indicating a greater functional disorder) of pediatric patients who had previously undergone a tracheostomy while hospitalized in the PICU.
Magnetic quantum currents in the presence of a Neumann wall
Authors: Raymond Nicolas , Soccorsi Éric
Published: July 2023

The Schrödinger operator with a constant magnetic field on a half-plane with Neumann boundary conditions is considered. Low energy currents flowing along the boundary are analyzed and used to establish a limiting absorption principle for the electrically perturbed operator.
Evaluation of ferroelectricity in BaTiO3 epitaxial thin film using Ca(Mn,Nb)O3 bottom electrode for high-temperature annealing
Authors: Yasuhara Sou , Yasui Shintaro , Hoshina Takuya , Itoh Mitsuru , Tsurumi Takaaki
Published: July 2023

Due to epitaxial strain, epitaxial thin films exhibit unique properties compared with those in bulk. However, the presence of defects within these films disrupts the strain-induced effects. Although high-temperature annealing is a promising way to improve film quality, high temperature weakens bottom electrode materials. To assess epitaxial strain's effects on the mitigation of other factors, there is a need for a novel bottom electrode material that can withstand high temperatures. In this study, we focused on Nb-doped CaMnO3 (CMNO) as a bottom electrode for the evaluation of BaTiO3 ferroelectricity. The CMNO epitaxial film was deposited on (100)SrTiO3 and showed electrical conductivity even after 1100 °C annealing. The ferroelectric material BaTiO3 was also epitaxially grown on CMNO/(100)SrTiO3 substrate, and its ferroelectric properties were evaluated. Finally, we revealed the ability of CMNO/(100)SrTiO3 to withstand temperatures up to 1100 °C as well as the notable enhancement of ferroelectric properties in the BaTiO3 film.
Study on duplex air-blast atomizers spray in the engine real operation conditions
Authors: Khani Aminjan Kiumars , Ghodrat Maryam , Heidari Milad , Arjmandfard Amin , Rahmanivahid Pooyan , Cosme Pecho Renzon Daniel , Yasin Yaser , Shukhratovich Abdullaev Sherzod
Published: July 2023

Air-blast atomizers are widely used in passenger aircraft engines. In these atomizers, high-speed airflow is used for improved fuel atomization, and as a result, better combustion. The key purpose of this research is to investigate the duplex air-blast atomizers according to the engine data in the real operational conditions with the help of experimental method and numerical solution. When analyzing the variations in fuel sprays under different application conditions, it is important to consider not just one but multiple parameters such as fuel mass rate, air mass rate, and combustion chamber pressure. However, analyzing the individual effects of these parameters can be challenging as they change simultaneously. To address this, a dimensionless number namely K was defined, which takes into account the combined effect of fuel mass rate, air mass rate, and combustion chamber pressure. The results showed that when K decreased by 31.25%, the spray angle of nozzle 1 and nozzle 2 increased by 10.09% and 48.15%, respectively, while the average droplet diameter caused by primary breakup for nozzle 1 and nozzle 2 decreased by 76.29% and 71.57%, respectively. The secondary breakup was somewhat similar, and for nozzle 1 and nozzle 2, the average droplet diameter decreased by 76.5% and 71.88%, respectively. It is worth noting that the average error for spray cone angle in the simulation compared to the experimental results was 6.47%. The results of this research, in addition to causing a better understanding of the atomization processes in air-blast atomizers, can be useful for aerospace engineers.
A frequency-adjustable helical antenna using shape memory alloy
Authors: Wang Wei , Asci Cihan , Zeng Wenxin , Owyeung Rachel , Sonkusale Sameer
Published: July 2023

There is a need to develop low-cost and compact frequency reconfigurable antennas with continuous frequency tuning capability. Existing approaches rely on dedicated electrical, mechanical, or MEMS-based approaches to reconfigure the antenna, which requires extra components and fabrication steps. In this paper, we propose a physics-based approach to realize tunable helical antennas based on a shape memory alloy (SMA). By utilizing the temperature-induced irreversible mechanical deformation of the SMA, the temperature-controlled antenna can continuously change its resonant frequency and lock the state when the desired frequency response is achieved. The height of the helical antenna changes in response to applied temperatures. No additional circuitry or mechanical modules are required for the reconfiguration of the antenna geometry. The fabricated helical antenna can shift resonant frequency between 150  and 195 MHz with a tuning sensitivity of 284 kHz/°C.
Visualization of out-of-plane spin generation in mirror symmetry broken Co
Authors: Liu Yakun , Hu Fanrui , Shi Guoyi , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: July 2023

Generating out-of-plane spins in sputtered materials holds immense potential for achieving field-free spin–orbit torque switching in practical applications and mass production. In this work, we present the detection of out-of-plane spins from single-layer ferromagnetic Co layers, which are visualized through helicity-dependent photomapping techniques. Our experiments have shown that out-of-plane spins are dependent on the magnetization direction, current density, and Co thickness. Our findings indicate that amorphous sputtered Co can be a promising candidate as an out-of-plane spin source material for industrial massive production.
Nano- to microscale structural and compositional heterogeneity of artificial pinning centers in pulsed-laser-deposited YBa2Cu3O7−y thin films
Authors: Kuroki Masanari , Horide Tomoya , Matsumoto Kaname , Ishimaru Manabu
Published: July 2023

The structure, composition, and spatial distribution heterogeneity of artificial pinning centers affect the critical current density of REBa2Cu3O7−y (RE: rare earth) coated conductors. Nanoscale structures and compositions have been analyzed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). However, microscale heterogeneity has been difficult to characterize. Here, YBa2Cu3O7−y thin films doped with double-perovskite Ba2YbNbO6 were prepared via pulsed-laser deposition and characterized with TEM, STEM, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cross-sectional and plan-view TEM/STEM imaging revealed hybrid pinning structures consisting of nanorods, nanoparticles, and planar defects that were formed spontaneously. Nanorods were imaged with high spatial resolution via field-emission SEM of thin-foil specimens. Focused-ion-beam (FIB) micro-sectioning enables SEM imaging of microscale heterogeneity in nanorod spatial distributions. By using TEM/STEM in conjunction with FIB-SEM, the coated conductor inhomogeneity was directly evaluated from the nano- to micrometer scales.
Theoretical study of nonadiabatic hydrogen atom scattering dynamics on metal surfaces using the hierarchical equations of motion method
Authors: Dan Xiaohan , Shi Qiang
Published: July 2023

Hydrogen atom scattering on metal surfaces is investigated based on a simplified Newns–Anderson model. Both the nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically. By partitioning all the surface electronic states as the bath, the hierarchical equations of motion method for the fermionic bath is employed to simulate the scattering dynamics. It is found that, with a reasonable set of parameters, the main features of the recent experimental studies of hydrogen atom scattering on metal surfaces can be reproduced. Vibrational states on the chemisorption state whose energies are close to the incident energy are found to play an important role, and the scattering process is dominated by a single-pass electronic transition forth and back between the diabatic physisorption and chemisorption states. Further study on the effects of the atom-surface coupling strength reveals that, upon increasing the atom-surface coupling strength, the scattering mechanism changes from typical nonadiabatic transitions to dynamics in the electronic friction regime.
Ultrafast transient vibrational action spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled ions
Authors: Chen Liangyi , Ma Zifan , Fournier Joseph A.
Published: July 2023

Ultrafast transient vibrational action spectra of cryogenically cooled Re(CO)3(CH3CN)3+ ions are presented. Nonlinear spectra were collected in the time domain by monitoring the photodissociation of a weakly bound N2 messenger tag as a function of delay times and phases between a set of three infrared pulses. Frequency-resolved spectra in the carbonyl stretch region show relatively strong bleaching signals that oscillate at the difference frequency between the two observed vibrational features as a function of the pump–probe waiting time. This observation is consistent with the presence of nonlinear pathways resulting from underlying cross-peak signals between the coupled symmetric–asymmetric C≡O stretch pair. The successful demonstration of frequency-resolved ultrafast transient vibrational action spectroscopy of dilute molecular ion ensembles provides an exciting, new framework for the study of molecular dynamics in isolated, complex molecular ion systems.
Entropons as collective excitations in active solids
Authors: Caprini Lorenzo , Marini Bettolo Marconi Umberto , Puglisi Andrea , Löwen Hartmut
Published: July 2023

The vibrational dynamics of solids is described by phonons constituting basic collective excitations in equilibrium crystals. Here, we consider a non-equilibrium active solid, formed by self-propelled particles, which bring the system into a non-equilibrium steady-state. We identify novel vibrational collective excitations of non-equilibrium (active) origin, which coexist with phonons and dominate over them when the system is far from equilibrium. These vibrational excitations are interpreted in the framework of non-equilibrium physics, in particular, stochastic thermodynamics. We call them “entropons” because they are the modes of spectral entropy production (at a given frequency and wave vector). The existence of entropons could be verified in future experiments on dense self-propelled colloidal Janus particles and granular active matter, as well as in living systems, such as dense cell monolayers.
Linear shaped-charge jet optimization using machine learning methods
Authors: Sterbentz Dane M. , Jekel Charles F. , White Daniel A. , Rieben Robert N. , Belof Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

Linear shaped charges are used to focus energy into rapidly creating a deep linear incision. The general design of a shaped charge involves detonating a confined mass of high explosive (HE) with a metal-lined concave cavity on one side to produce a high velocity jet for the purpose of striking and penetrating a given material target. This jetting effect occurs due to the interaction of the detonation wave with the cavity geometry, which produces an unstable fluid phenomenon known as the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and results in the rapid growth of a long narrow jet. We apply machine learning and optimization methods to hydrodynamics simulations of linear shaped charges to improve the simulated jet characteristics. The designs that we propose and investigate in this work generally involve modifying the behavior of the detonation waves prior to interaction with the liner material. These designs include the placement of multiple detonators and the use of metal inclusions within the HE. We are able to produce a linear shaped-charge design with a higher penetration depth than the baseline case that we consider and accomplish this using the same amount of or less HE.
Rydberg state dynamics and fragmentation mechanism of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethylenediamine
Authors: Ling Fengzi , Cao Ling , Wang Yanmei , Wei Jie , Luo Zhigao , Hu Zhe , Qiu Jiyun , Liu Dejun , Wang Pengfei , Song Xinli , Zhang Song
Published: July 2023

The non-adiabatic relaxation processes and the fragmentation dynamics of Rydberg-excited N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethylenediamine (TMMDA) are investigated using femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging and time-resolved mass spectroscopy. Excitation at 208 nm populates TMMDA in a charge-localized 3p state. Rapid internal conversion (IC) to 3s produces two charge-delocalized conformers with independent time constants and distinct population ratios. As the system explores the 3s potential surface, the structural evolution continues on a 1.55 ps timescale, followed by a slower (12.1 ps) relaxation to the ground state. A thorough comparison of the time-dependent mass and photoelectron spectra suggests that ionization out of the 3p state ends up with the parent ion, the vibrational energy of which is insufficient for the bond cleavage. On the contrary, by virtue of the additional energy acquired by IC from 3p, the internal energy deposited in 3s is available to break the C–N bond, leading to the fragment ion. The fragmentation is found to occur on the ion surface instead of the Rydberg surface.
Self-referencing photothermal digital holographic microscope for characterization of low-loss liquids
Authors: Cabrera H. , Abbasgholi-NA B. , Rahman A. , Utadiya S. , Anand A. , Dashtdar M.
Published: July 2023

Measurement of absorption coefficients of transparent samples is important for their characterization and identification; however, it is challenging to measure low values, e.g., 10−3–10−4 cm−1 with high accuracy. Here, we report a compact photothermal lateral shearing digital holographic device. It is based on the thermal lens effect and a common-path, self-referencing digital holographic microscope comprising a glass plate, probe beam, and a CMOS camera. The change in phase distribution caused by the temperature change due to light absorption is measured from the recorded holograms to extract the sample's absorbance and absorption coefficient. The feasibility of the proposed configuration is validated by the experimental results obtained with different concentrations of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in an aqueous solution. Determination of AuNPs concentration in the nM range is performed, and the obtained limits of detection and quantitation are 0.04 nM and 0.13, respectively. The calibration curve is linear at a low concentration range of 0.06–0.95 nM with 1% reproducibility. In addition, the method's versatility is demonstrated by measuring the absorption coefficient of low-loss solvents, such as ethanol and water. The determined absorption coefficients agree with the reported values, confirming that this method provides good spectrometric capabilities, such as high sensitivity and accuracy.
Modeling the conduction mechanisms of intrinsic multi-level states in HfOx-based resistive random access memory
Authors: Cheng Shenghua , Wang Xiaohu , Zhang Hao , Liu Yongbo , Shen Tingying , Li Xinyi , Gao Bin , Qian He
Published: July 2023

Multi-level cell storage technology based on resistive random access memory (RRAM) with multi-level state characteristics is more attractive in achieving low-cost ultra-high-density nonvolatile memory. Although a large number of literatures have reported the multi-level state characteristics of RRAM, so far there is no unified model that can well explain the intrinsic reasons for the existence of intermediate resistance state (IRS) and the switching mechanism between different resistance states. Multi-level state characteristics are observed by I–V characteristic measurements on RRAM with TiN/HfOx/barrier layer/TiN stacks fabricated using a commercialized 28 nm CMOS process. Compared to other published resistive switching models, the proposed model based on trap-assisted tunneling is more consistent with the measured. The model can reproduce the multi-level state characteristics based on the mechanism that interaction between defects and oxygen vacancies at the interface of HfOx and TiN electrode, resulting in the formation of multiple weak conductive filaments. Furthermore, the wide spread of high resistance state (HRS) and the switching between HRS and IRS are determined by the distance of tunneling gap. As HfOx-based RRAM will soon be commercialized, it is becoming very urgent to clarify the switching mechanisms of multi-level state characteristics and propose a universal model. Consequently, this work satisfied the current demand and significantly advanced the understanding and development of commercialized, cost-effective, high-density multi-bit HfOx-based RRAM technology.
Voltage fluctuations and probe frequency jitter in electric force microscopy of a conductor
Authors: Loring Roger F.
Published: July 2023

Electric force microscopy probes the statistics of electric field fluctuations from a sample surface, both through measurement of the noncontact friction exerted on the oscillating charged probe and by determination of the power spectrum of stochastic probe frequency fluctuations, referred to as “jitter.” Here we calculate the frequency jitter power spectrum determined over a conducting sample of finite thickness, whose response is characterized by a dielectric function that is wavevector-dependent. These calculations complement previous predictions of the coefficient of noncontact friction in an electric force microscopy measurement for the same model, and also previous predictions of the jitter power spectrum for a dielectric continuum. The inclusion both of a finite sample thickness and a wavevector-dependent dielectric response can significantly enhance the magnitude of the predicted jitter spectrum for a conductor, relative to a simpler model of an infinitely thick dielectric continuum. These calculations provide a baseline prediction of the jitter power spectrum generated by the dynamics of conduction electrons in a metal sample.
Plasma-optimized contact for high-performance PdSe2 nanoflake-based field-effect transistors
Authors: Zha Jiajia , Liu Handa , Wang Huide , Li Siyuan , Huang Haoxin , Xia Yunpeng , Ma Chen , Yang Peng , Zhang Zhuomin , Yang Zhengbao , Chen Ye , Ho Johnny C. , Tan Chaoliang
Published: July 2023

Low-resistance contact has long been pursued in the two-dimensional (2D) electronic/optoelectronic device community. Still, an economy-efficient method highly compatible with the conventional 2D device fabrication process in laboratory remains to be explored. Herein, we report a plasma-optimized contact strategy for high-performance PdSe2 nanoflake-based field-effect transistors (FETs). Selenium vacancies created by air plasma can introduce p-type doping in the contact area, thus optimizing the device performance. The effect of plasma treatment on PdSe2 nanoflake is corroborated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy spectrum, atomic force microscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. The PdSe2 FET with plasma-optimized contact exhibits significantly improved field-effect carrier mobilities, current on/off ratios, and reduced contact resistance than that without plasma treatment fabricated from the same PdSe2 nanoflake. Moreover, this strategy has also been proven effective to prepare high-performance FETs based on 2D WSe2 and MoSe2 nanoflakes, further demonstrating its application prospect.
Efficient spin–orbit torque switching in perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB facilitated by Fe2O3 underlayer
Authors: Li Zhuoyi , Lu Xianyang , Zhang Zhe , Li Wenjia , Li TaoTao , Zhou Jian , Yan Yu , Liu Ruobai , Du Jun , Liu Ronghua , Wang Xinran , Li Yao , He Liang , Wu Jing , Zhang Rong , Xu Yongbing
Published: July 2023

Spin–orbit torque (SOT) is recognized as an effective way to manipulate magnetization in spintronic devices. For the low-power consumption and high-endurance requirements of future computer architectures, reducing the critical SOT switching current density and improving SOT efficiency are crucial, especially in the perpendicularly magnetized structures. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive study on improving the SOT efficiency of the Ta/CoFeB structure with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy by inserting an oxide insulating layer Fe2O3 as the bottom layer. We found that only a 1–5 nm thickness of Fe2O3 significantly reduces the SOT critical switching current by 70% and enhances the spin Hall angle of Ta. The spin Hall angle increases from 0.078 for pure Ta/CoFeB to 0.13 for Fe2O3/Ta/CoFeB, and both types of spin–orbit torques, damping-like and field-like torques, are significantly enhanced. It is suggested that the atomic diffusion of O from the Fe2O3 underlayer leads to the partial oxidization of the Ta layer as well as the Ta/CoFeB interfaces, accounting for the observed enhanced SOT efficiency. Our results provide a reliable method to improve the SOT performance in perpendicularly magnetized structures by inserting the oxide underlayer using magnetron sputtering, in favor of its potential real-world application in spintronic devices.
An activator of voltage-gated K
+
channels Kv1.1 as a therapeutic candidate for episodic ataxia type 1
Authors: Servettini Ilenio , Talani Giuseppe , Megaro Alfredo , Setzu Maria Dolores , Biggio Francesca , Briffa Michelle , Guglielmi Luca , Savalli Nicoletta , Binda Francesca , Delicata Francis , Bru–Mercier Gilles , Vassallo Neville , Maglione Vittorio , Cauchi Ruben J. , Di Pardo Alba , Collu Maria , Imbrici Paola , Catacuzzeno Luigi , D’Adamo Maria Cristina , Olcese Riccardo , Pessia Mauro
Published: July 2023

Loss-of-function mutations in the
KCNA1
(Kv1.1) gene cause episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1), a neurological disease characterized by cerebellar dysfunction, ataxic attacks, persistent myokymia with painful cramps in skeletal muscles, and epilepsy. Precision medicine for EA1 treatment is currently unfeasible, as no drug that can enhance the activity of Kv1.1-containing channels and offset the functional defects caused by
KCNA1
mutations has been clinically approved. Here, we uncovered that niflumic acid (NFA), a currently prescribed analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug with an excellent safety profile in the clinic, potentiates the activity of Kv1.1 channels. NFA increased Kv1.1 current amplitudes by enhancing the channel open probability, causing a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of both channel opening and gating charge movement, slowing the OFF-gating current decay. NFA exerted similar actions on both homomeric Kv1.2 and heteromeric Kv1.1/Kv1.2 channels, which are formed in most brain structures. We show that through its potentiating action, NFA mitigated the EA1 mutation–induced functional defects in Kv1.1 and restored cerebellar synaptic transmission, Purkinje cell availability, and precision of firing. In addition, NFA ameliorated the motor performance of a
knock-in
mouse model of EA1 and restored the neuromuscular transmission and climbing ability in
Shaker
(Kv1.1) mutant
Drosophila melanogaster
flies (

Sh
5

). By virtue of its multiple actions, NFA has strong potential as an efficacious single-molecule-based therapeutic agent for EA1 and serves as a valuable model for drug discovery.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress controls PIN-LIKES abundance and thereby growth adaptation
Authors: Waidmann Sascha , Béziat Chloé , Ferreira Da Silva Santos Jonathan , Feraru Elena , Feraru Mugurel I. , Sun Lin , Noura Seinab , Boutté Yohann , Kleine-Vehn Jürgen
Published: July 2023

Extreme environmental conditions eventually limit plant growth [J. R. Dinneny,
Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.
35
, 1–19 (2019), N. Gigli-Bisceglia, C. Testerink,
Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.
64
, 102120 (2021)]. Here, we reveal a mechanism that enables multiple external cues to get integrated into auxin-dependent growth programs in
Arabidopsis thaliana
. Our forward genetics approach on dark-grown hypocotyls uncovered that an imbalance in membrane lipids enhances the protein abundance of PIN-LIKES (PILS) [E. Barbez
et al.
,
Nature
485
, 119 (2012)] auxin transport facilitators at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which thereby limits nuclear auxin signaling and growth rates. We show that this subcellular response relates to ER stress signaling, which directly impacts PILS protein turnover in a tissue-dependent manner. This mechanism allows PILS proteins to integrate environmental input with phytohormone auxin signaling, contributing to stress-induced growth adaptation in plants.
Efficient tagging of endogenous proteins in human cell lines for structural studies by single-particle cryo-EM
Authors: Choi Wooyoung , Wu Hao , Yserentant Klaus , Huang Bo , Cheng Yifan
Published: July 2023

CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering has revolutionized our ability to manipulate biological systems, particularly in higher organisms. Here, we designed a set of homology-directed repair donor templates that enable efficient tagging of endogenous proteins with affinity tags by transient transfection and selection of genome-edited cells in various human cell lines. Combined with technological advancements in single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy, this strategy allows efficient structural studies of endogenous proteins captured in their native cellular environment and during different cellular processes. We demonstrated this strategy by tagging six different human proteins in both HEK293T and Jurkat cells. Moreover, analysis of endogenous glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in HEK293T cells allowed us to follow its behavior spatially and temporally in response to prolonged oxidative stress, correlating the increased number of oxidation-induced inactive catalytic sites in GAPDH with its translocation from cytosol to nucleus.