bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional differentiation of the sugar beet root system as indicator of developmental phase change
Authors: Trebbi Daniele , McGrath J. Mitchell
Published: September 2008

Developmental phase transitions in the plant root system have not been well characterized. In this study we compared the dynamics of sucrose accumulation with changes in gene expression analyzed with cDNA‐amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in the developing tap root of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.) during the first 9 weeks after emergence (WAE). Although differences between lines were evident as soon as 9 WAE, sucrose showed a marked increase in the rate of accumulation between 4 and 6 WAE and a remarkable shift in gene expression was observed between 5 and 6 WAE. These changes were evident in two unrelated genetic backgrounds and suggest that physiological and gene expression changes represent a functional differentiation of the tap root. These changes were considered as indicators of a developmental change in the sugar beet root system. To identify genes and metabolic pathways involved in this developmental shift, a root cDNA library was hybridized with probes enriched for 3‐ and 7‐WAE transcripts and differentially expressed transcripts were analyzed by cDNA microarray. Several genes involved in the regulation of tissue development were found to be differentially regulated. Genes involved in protein metabolism, disease‐related and secretory system were upregulated before the functional differentiation transition, while genes under hormonal control were upregulated after the functional differentiation transition. This developmental phase change of the root system is important to understand plant developmental regulation at the whole‐plant level and will likely be useful as early selection parameter in breeding programs.
Effects of NaCl on responses of ectomycorrhizal black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) to fluoride
Authors: Calvo‐Polanco Mónica , Zwiazek Janusz J. , Jones Melanie D. , MacKinnon Michael D.
Published: September 2008

Black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) were inoculated with Suillus tomentosus and subjected to potassium fluoride (1 mM KF and 5 mM KF) in the presence and absence of 60 mM NaCl. The NaCl and KF treatments reduced total dry weights in jack pine and black spruce seedlings, but they did not affect total dry weights in white spruce seedlings. The addition of 60 mM NaCl to KF treatment solutions alleviated fluoride‐induced needle injury in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) black spruce and white spruce, but had little effect in jack pine seedlings. Both KF and 60 mM NaCl treatments reduced E values compared with non‐treated control seedlings. However, with the exception of small reductions of Kr by NaCl treatments in black spruce, the applied KF and NaCl treatments had little effect on Kr in ECM plants. Chloride tissue concentrations in NaCl‐treated plants were not affected by the presence of KF in treatment solutions. However, shoot F concentrations in ECM black spruce and white spruce treated with 5 mM KF + 60 mM NaCl were significantly reduced compared with the 5 mM KF treatment. The results point to a possible competitive inhibition of F transport by Cl. We also suggest that the possibility that aquaporins may be involved in the transmembrane transport of F should be further investigated.
Involvement of actin filaments in rhizoid morphogenesis of Spirogyra
Authors: Yoshida Katsuhisa , Shimmen Teruo
Published: September 2008

The role of actin filaments in rhizoid morphogenesis was studied in Spirogyra. When the algal filaments were severed, new terminal cells started tip growth and finally formed rhizoids. Actin inhibitors, latrunculin B and cytochalasin D, reversibly inhibited the process. A mesh‐like structure of actin filaments (AFs) was formed at the tip region. Gd3+ inhibited tip growth and decreased AFs in the tip region. Either a decrease in turgor pressure or lowering of the external Ca2+ concentration also induced similar results. It was suggested that the mesh‐like AF structure is indispensable for the elongation of rhizoids. A possible organization mechanism of the mesh‐like AF structure was discussed.
Ureide metabolism during seedling development in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Quiles Francisco Antonio , Raso María José , Pineda Manuel , Piedras Pedro
Published: September 2008

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a legume that transports most of the atmospheric nitrogen fixed in its nodules to the aerial parts of the plant as ureides. Changes in ureide content and in enzymatic activities involved in their metabolism were identified in the cotyledons and embryonic axes during germination and early seedling development. Accumulation of ureides (ca. 1300 nmol per pair of cotyledons) was observed in the cotyledons of dry seeds. Throughout germination, the total amount of ureides slightly decreased to about 1200 nmol, but increased both in cotyledons and in embryonic axes after radicle emergence. In the axes, the ureides were almost equally distributed in roots, hypocotyls and epicotyls. The pattern of ureide distribution was not affected by the presence of nitrate or sucrose in the media up to 6 days after imbibition. Ureides are synthesized from purines because allopurinol (a xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor) blocks the increase of ureides. Allantoin and allantoate‐degrading activities were detected in French bean dried seeds, whereas no ureidoglycolate‐degrading activity was detected. During germination, the levels of the three activities remain unchanged in cotyledons. After radicle emergence, the levels of activities in cotyledons changed. Allantoin‐degrading activity increased, allantoate‐degrading activity decreased and ureidoglycolate‐degrading activity remained undetectable in cotyledons. In developing embryonic axes, the three activities were detected throughout germination and early seedling development. The embryonic axes are able to synthesize ureides, because those compounds accumulated in axes without cotyledons.
Selection on floral and carbon uptake traits of Lobelia siphilitica is similar in females and hermaphrodites
Authors: CARUSO C. M. , YAKOBOWSKI S. J.
Published: September 2008

Sexual dimorphism is common in plants and animals. Although this dimorphism is often assumed to be adaptive, natural selection has rarely been measured on sexually dimorphic traits of plants. We measured phenotypic selection via seed set on two floral and four carbon uptake traits of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica. Because females can reproduce only via seeds, which are costlier than pollen, we predicted that females with smaller flowers and enhanced carbon uptake would have higher fitness, resulting in either sex morph‐specific directional selection or stabilizing selection for different optimal trait values in females and hermaphrodites. We found that directional selection on one carbon uptake trait differed between females and hermaphrodites. We did not detect significant stabilizing selection on traits of either sex morph. Our results provide little support for the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in gynodioecious plants evolved in response to sex morph‐specific selection.
What, if anything, is sympatric speciation?
Authors: FITZPATRICK B. M. , FORDYCE J. A. , GAVRILETS S.
Published: September 2008

Sympatric speciation has always fascinated evolutionary biologists, and for good reason; it pits diversifying selection directly against the tendency of sexual reproduction to homogenize populations. However, different investigators have used different definitions of sympatric speciation and different criteria for diagnosing cases of sympatric speciation. Here, we explore some of the definitions that have been used in empirical and theoretical studies. Definitions based on biogeography do not always produce the same conclusions as definitions based on population genetics. The most precise definitions make sympatric speciation an infinitesimal end point of a continuum. Because it is virtually impossible to demonstrate the occurrence of such a theoretical extreme, we argue that testing whether a case fits a particular definition is less informative than evaluating the biological processes affecting divergence. We do not deny the importance of geographical context for understanding divergence. Rather, we believe this context can be better understood by modelling and measuring quantities, such as gene flow and selection, rather than assigning cases to discrete categories like sympatric and allopatric speciation.
Is Play Behavior Sexually Dimorphic in Monogamous Species?
Authors: Chau Monica J. , Stone Anita I. , Mendoza Sally P. , Bales Karen L.
Published: September 2008

Monogamy is a relatively rare social system in mammals, occurring only in about 3% of mammalian species. Monogamous species are characterized by the formation of pair‐bonds, biparental care, and a very low level of sexual dimorphism. Whereas in most polygynous species males engage in more rough‐and‐tumble play than females, we predicted that males and females of monogamous species would have similar, or monomorphic, play behavior. In this study, we focused on two monogamous species: coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). We documented the development of play behavior in both species, and quantified different types of play behavior. We did not find any sex differences in either species in the frequencies and types of play. However, we did find sex differences in the choice of play partner in titi monkeys: female offspring spent a higher proportion of time playing with their father, while male offspring played equally with their mother and father. It is possible that rough‐and‐tumble play behavior is monomorphic in many monogamous mammals, perhaps reflecting differences from polygynous species in the effects of exposure to early androgens or in the estrogen receptor distribution. However, more subtle differences in monomorphic play behavior, such as choice of partner, may still exist.
l‐Ornithine‐l‐aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Jiang Qian , Jiang Xue‐Hua , Zheng Ming‐Hua , Chen Yong‐Ping
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  Hepatic encephalopathy continues to be a major clinical problem and the current decade has not witnessed major therapeutic breakthroughs in this area. l‐ornithine‐l‐aspartate (LOLA) is not frequently used as there are still some reservations about its benefits. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of LOLA in the management of hepatic encephalopathy.

Methods:  We used the method recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration to perform a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of LOLA therapy for hepatic encephalopathy including three randomized controlled trials.

Results:  Three randomized trials randomizing 212 patients were included. LOLA versus placebo had a significant effect on improvement of hepatic encephalopathy (relative risk 1.89; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.71; P = 0.0005). This comparison showed no statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.85 and χ2 = 0.09). Subgroup analysis showed that LOLA could be effective versus placebo in trials with grade I or II overt hepatic encephalopathy patients (relative risk 1.87; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.68; P = 0.0007) and had no significant effect in trials with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy patients (relative risk 1.69; 95% CI 0.72 to 3.94; P = 0.23). Adverse effects were observed in only three patients treated with LOLA in one report.

Conclusions:  LOLA benefited patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy (I or II), whereas these data do not support the use of LOLA for patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.
Effects of CYP2C19 and MDR1 genotype on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin
Authors: Oh Jung‐Hwan , Dong Mi‐Sook , Choi Myung‐Gyu , Yoo Hae‐Won , Lee Sang‐Bum , Park Young In , Chung In‐Sik
Published: September 2008

Backgrounds:  CYP2C19 polymorphism plays an important role in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors. The multidrug resistance (MDR)1 genotype is associated with the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CYP2C19 and MDR1 genotypes on the eradication rate of H. pylori using a pantoprazole‐based triple therapy.

Methods:  A total of 210 patients infected with H. pylori were treated with 40 mg pantoprazole, 500 mg clarithromycin and 1000 mg amoxicillin twice daily for 7 days. The CYP2C19 genotype was determined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The MDR1 C3435T polymorphism was identified by PCR‐based allele‐specific amplification (PCR‐ASA).

Results:  Of the 210 patients who completed the study, 174 (82.9%, 95.0% confidence interval [CI], 77.8–88.0%) achieved successful eradication after the first cycle of therapy. The eradication rates for H. pylori were 86.7%, 81.1% and 82.1% in the homozygous extensive, heterozygous extensive and poor metabolizer groups, respectively (P = 0.65). Moreover, the cure rates in the CC, CT, and TT groups were 82.7%, 84.4% and 76.9%, respectively (P = 0.66). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that endoscopic diagnosis was a significant independent risk factor for treatment failure.

Conclusion:  The eradication rates of H. pylori by pantoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin were not significantly different among the CYP2C19 and MDR1 genotypes. Hence, the cure rate of H. pylori in the Korean population was no different for the CYP2C19 and MDR1 genotypes.
Pre‐emptive renal transplantation from living donors in Australia: Effect on allograft and patient survival
Authors: MILTON CAROLINE A , RUSS GRAEME R , MCDONALD STEPHEN P
Published: September 2008

Aim:  Pre‐emptive renal transplantation has become the preferred first‐line therapy for patients with end‐stage kidney failure. This study examines the outcome of allograft and patient survival in pre‐emptive transplantation compared with non‐pre‐emptive transplantation from living donors in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods:  We have performed a retrospective study using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Registry. Allograft and patient survival were compared at 1, 5 and 10 years in pre‐emptive transplantation and non‐pre‐emptive transplantation following a living donor transplant.

Results:  Allograft survival at 1, 5 and 10 years post pre‐emptive transplantation was better than post non‐pre‐emptive transplantation (multivariate hazard ratio (HR) 0.80 [95% confidence interval 0.64–0.99], P = 0.036). Pre‐emptive transplantation was associated with a significant patient survival advantage over non‐pre‐emptive transplantation when analysed from the time of transplantation and adjusted for age and gender (multivariate HR 0.46 [0.27–0.80], P = 0.006). Patient survival for pre‐emptive transplantation and non‐pre‐emptive transplantation was 97% [0.95–0.98] and 93% [0.91–0.94] at 5 years and 93% [0.88–0.96] and 84% [0.82–0.87] at 10 years post transplant respectively. There was no difference in the overall rejection rate between pre‐emptive transplantation and non‐pre‐emptive transplantation. Vascular rejection was less common in pre‐emptive transplantation (HR 0.70 [0.50–0.98], P = 0.04).

Conclusion:  Pre‐emptive transplantation from a living donor is associated with both better allograft and patient survival compared with transplantation after a period of dialysis. Pre‐emptive transplantation should be the preferred modality of renal replacement therapy in patients who have a living donor.
Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration using a variable frequency regimen in eyes with no previous treatment
Authors: Fong Kenneth CS , Kirkpatrick Nigel , Mohamed Quresh , Johnston Robert L
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  To evaluate a variable frequency regimen with intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) in eyes that have not received any previous treatment.

Methods:  Retrospective review of patients with neovascular AMD who were treated with three consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (1.25 mg) and retreated based on the PrONTO study criteria. Outcome measures included visual acuity (VA) and central retinal thickness. Subgroup analysis was conducted to identify pretreatment characteristics that could determine visual outcome with treatment.

Results:  A total of 109 eyes of 109 patients were treated. The mean age was 82 years, and the mean follow‐up period was 9.4 months (range 6–12 months). At baseline, the mean VA was 45.6 letters (6/37.5) and mean central retinal thickness 343 µm. This improved to 51 letters (6/30) (P < 0.001)) and 231 µm (P < 0.001) at 6 months. At 6 months, VA was improved by at least five letters in 50%, remained stable in 30% and worsened by at least five letters in 20% of patients. Patients with large intraretinal cysts on optical coherence tomography before treatment had an increased risk of worse vision (odds ratio 10.5, 95% confidence interval 1.69–64.99; P = 0.018).

Conclusions:  The majority of patients had improvement or stability of VA regardless of the angiographic type of choroidal neovascularization. Intravitreal bevacizumab with this tailored regimen is beneficial in the treatment of neovascular AMD in the short term. The presence of large intraretinal cysts on optical coherence tomography is a poor prognostic factor for visual improvement with this treatment.
The New Zealand ophthalmology workforce 2008
Authors: Pick Zelda S , Stewart James , Elder Mark J
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Background:  The ongoing supply of quality ophthalmic care to the New Zealand (NZ) population depends on a sustainable ophthalmology workforce. The NZ population is growing and aging rapidly, placing increasing demands on ophthalmic services. Predicting future supply of NZ ophthalmologists requires an accurate description of the current workforce.

Methods:  A confidential postal workforce survey, the fourth since 1997, was sent to all NZ consultant ophthalmologists in October 2007. A second survey conducted in January 2008 by email and direct telephone contact gained a complete dataset of NZ ophthalmologists. Results were compared with NZ population data, and the Australian Ophthalmology Workforce Model 2006 was used to estimate future demands on NZ ophthalmic services.

Results:  There are currently 16–24 vacancies for consultant ophthalmologists in NZ, with another eight positions planned to be created by 2010, bringing the shortfall to 24–32. Retirement rates average to three per year, although 28 consultants are planning to retire by 2013. Retention of new NZ Fellows stands at around 71%. Increasing demands of an aging population are likely to increase the shortfall of ophthalmologists to 40–50 by 2015, and 46–69 by 2025.

Conclusions:  This report identifies a growing gap between supply of NZ ophthalmologists and demand for their services. We highlight the need for a comprehensive model with a detailed analysis of the many factors influencing supply and demand, enabling planning for an appropriate supply of ophthalmologists meeting the needs of the future NZ population.
Introducing a simplified approach to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of two single‐dose regimens of insulin glulisine plus insulin glargine and oral antidiabetic drugs
Authors: Lankisch M. R. , Ferlinz K. C. , Leahy J. L. , Scherbaum W. A. ,   Orals Plus Apidra and LANTUS (OPAL) study group
Published: September 2008

Aim:  To investigate whether the addition of a single bolus of insulin glulisine (glulisine), administered at either breakfast or main mealtime, in combination with basal insulin glargine (glargine) and oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), provides equivalent glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, irrespective of the time of glulisine injection.

Methods:  A national, multicentre, randomized, open‐label, parallel‐group study of 393 patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 6.5–9.0% and fasting blood glucose (BG) ≤6.7 mmol/l] on their previous glargine and OAD regimen. A single injection of glulisine was added, either at breakfast or at main mealtime, to their existing therapy.

Results:  The per‐protocol group (n = 316) showed improved HbA1c (baseline vs. end‐point) in the breakfast (7.4 vs. 7.0%; p < 0.0001) and main mealtime groups (7.3 vs. 6.9%; p < 0.0001). Glulisine given at breakfast was equally effective in controlling HbA1c as glulisine given at the main mealtime [adjusted HbA1c mean difference (95% confidence interval): 0.0481% (–0.115 to 0.211); p < 0.0001 for equivalence]. Overall, 30.7% of patients achieved HbA1c≤6.5% at end‐point but slightly more patients met this target in the main mealtime group vs. the breakfast group (33.8 vs. 27.8%; p = NS). This trend continued and was more marked when considering only those patients with HbA1c >7.0% at baseline and who reached HbA1c≤7.0% at end‐point (44.1% overall), with 52.2 and 36.5% for main mealtime and breakfast groups, respectively (p = 0.028). Most postprandial BG values improved within each group, while the number of hypoglycaemias was low and comparable between the two treatment groups.

Conclusions:  A single bolus of glulisine, added to glargine and OADs, resulted in significantly improved HbA1c levels, irrespective of whether glulisine was administered at breakfast or at main mealtime. These results may represent a simplified and effective approach to treatment intensification in type 2 diabetes patients.
Selling our independence? The perils of Pentagon funding for anthropology
Authors: Lutz Catherine
Published: September 2008

The Pentagon has launched the Minerva Initiative, a $50 million effort to direct social science research toward national security goals, including particular questions about the Chinese military, ideological trends in Islam, and terrorist organizations. While a small fraction of the Department of Defense's $85 billion R & D budget, this Initiative makes the Pentagon one of the largest potential funders of anthropological research. This editorial argues that such research should not be conducted, as it threatens to militarize our discipline. Given their ideological framing and the imperial mission in which they are embedded, the research questions will exacerbate rather than ameliorate global insecurity.
Machine fetishism and the consumer's burden
Authors: Hornborg Alf
Published: September 2008

The prospect of peaking oil extraction prompts us to rethink processes of development and decline in the world system. Rather than simply revive Malthusian concerns over the dismal destiny of humankind as a whole, we need to approach the notion of “cheap energy” as an experience situated in societal space as well as in historical time. Energy has been perceived as “cheap” only within core segments of world society, whose ideology of progress and development has tended to construe contemporary global inequalities as representing different stages in time. Draught‐animals and wood fuel are here often perceived as elements of the past, yet remain an everyday reality for significant parts of the world's population. Conversely, fossil‐fuel technology is conceived as a “now” rather than a “here.” For many post‐Soviet farmers, the age of the machine is already a thing of the past. The machine is an index of purchasing power and a specific form of capital accumulation that is as myst ified and fetishized as any other power strategy in history. As we begin to anticipate its demise, we might reflect on the fact that the war in Iraq and global climate change are opposite sides of the same coin. The structural problem of fossil‐fuelled capitalism is to maintain imports of energy and exports of entropy, two imperatives of “development” that are both increasingly difficult to sustain.
Murder, He Wrote: Introducing Christian Ethics through One Question in theSumma
Authors: George William P.
Published: September 2008

Abstract. The topic of murder fascinates and haunts undergraduates just as it does our culture. But even as murder violently closes doors on a human life, as a topic of discussion it can also open minds, provoking, extending, and refining students' questions about the moral life, theologically and religiously understood. The aim of this essay is to explain how the brief treatment of murder found in Thomas Aquinas'sSumma Theologicaoffers an extraordinary introduction to the entire field of Christian ethics. “Of Murder” (Aquinas 1920, II‐II 64) may be suited to courses in theological, religious, or comparative ethics as well.
Role‐Playing and Religion: Using Games to Educate Millennials
Authors: Porter Adam L.
Published: September 2008

Abstract.  I have been experimenting with using role‐playing and games in my religion classes for several years and have found that students respond well to these pedagogical tools and methods. After reviewing my experiences, I explore the reasons for students' positive response. I argue that role‐playing games capitalize on our students' educational expectations and fondness for game‐play, by drawing them into exploring significant texts and ideas. Of particular interest for religion and theology professors, these sorts of games also encourage empathy towards other viewpoints.
The case of letter rhyming: An ERP study
Authors: Coch Donna , George Elyse , Berger Natalie
Published: September 2008

Previous visual event‐related potential (ERP) studies using prime–target pairs of word and pseudoword stimuli have reported a robust rhyming effect such that nonrhyming targets elicit a larger N450 than rhyming targets. However, results of similar studies using simpler linguistic stimuli—single letters—are equivocal. We used lowercase and uppercase letter pairs in a simple ERP prime–target rhyming paradigm to further investigate whether single letters could elicit the typical rhyming effect and, if so, whether the rhyming effect was sensitive to physical orthography (which differed between the case conditions). The typical N450 rhyming effect was observed in both the lowercase and uppercase letter pair conditions, with similar amplitude and latency between conditions. This pattern of results suggests that the N450 rhyming effect is not sensitive to physical (case) orthography and likely primarily indexes phonological processing related to the rhyme task.
The speeding of voluntary reaction by a warning signal
Authors: Hackley Steven A.
Published: September 2008

Warning signals can shorten reaction time (RT) via either a top‐down mechanism, temporal attention, or a bottom‐up one, phasic arousal. The goal of this review article is to identify the locus at which these processes influence RT. Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence indicate that the chronometric locus for both modulatory effects lies mainly within a narrow window at the center of the stimulus–response interval. This interval presumably encompasses late perceptual, response selection, and early motor processes. Phasic arousal is theorized to reduce the threshold for response selection within a circuit involving the supramarginal gyrus. A blind‐sight study indicates that conscious, cortical level processing is necessary for temporal attention, at least when the warning signal is visual.
Exhuming Death of a Bureaucrat
Authors: CRAIG LINDA
Published: September 2008

Death of a Bureaucrat (Alea, 1966) has never received the recognition or in‐depth study that it deserves, yet this is a key film that marks Cuban film’s early success in addressing both local and global concerns. While remaining steadfastly Cuban, the film borrows knowingly from many sources, from Hollywood comedies to Buñuel. Crucially, it has a Brechtian note, and an eclectic use of montage is clearly informed by Eisenstein. Together, these approaches lead to an inventive, imaginative work. The film heralds a radical style of filmmaking that emerged precisely from Cuba’s revolutionary political culture.
TNF‐α‐mediates neuroprotection against glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity via NF‐κB‐dependent up‐regulation of KCa2.2 channels
Authors: Dolga Amalia M. , Granic Ivica , Blank Thomas , Knaus Hans‐Guenther , Spiess Joachim , Luiten Paul G. M. , Eisel Ulrich L. M. , Nijholt Ingrid M.
Published: September 2008

Previous studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) induces neuroprotection against excitotoxic damage in primary cortical neurons via sustained nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. The transcription factor NF‐κB can regulate the expression of small conductance calcium‐activated potassium (KCa) channels. These channels reduce neuronal excitability and as such may yield neuroprotection against neuronal overstimulation. In the present study we investigated whether TNF‐α‐mediated neuroprotective signaling is inducing changes in the expression of small conductance KCa channels. Interestingly, the expression of KCa2.2 channel was up‐regulated by TNF‐α treatment in a time‐dependent manner whereas the expression of KCa2.1 and KCa2.3 channels was not altered. The increase in KCa2.2 channel expression after TNF‐α treatment was shown to be dependent on TNF‐R2 and NF‐κB activation. Furthermore, activation of small conductance KCa channels by 6,7‐dichloro‐1H‐indole‐2,3‐dione 3‐oxime or cyclohexyl‐[2‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine‐induced neuroprotection against a glutamate challenge. Treatment with the small conductance KCa channel blocker apamin or KCa2.2 channel siRNA reverted the neuroprotective effect elicited by TNF‐α. We conclude that treatment of primary cortical neurons with TNF‐α leads to increased KCa2.2 channel expression which renders neurons more resistant to excitotoxic cell death.
A new species of White‐eyeZosteropsand notes on other birds from Vanikoro, Solomon Islands
Authors: DUTSON GUY
Published: September 2008

A new species of white‐eye, the Vanikoro White‐eyeZosterops gibbsi, is described from the island of Vanikoro (= Vanikolo) in the Santa Cruz Islands (= Temotu Province) within the Solomon Islands. It differs from the geographically closest white‐eye, the Santa Cruz White‐eyeZosterops sanctaecrucis, by a number of features including a much longer bill, and different leg‐ and eye‐ring colour. This is the second bird species endemic to Vanikoro; the neighbouring Nendo Island supports three endemic species. Although the conservation status of this species appears to be secure, the Santa Cruz Islands are very poorly known. Despite supporting several globally threatened species, the Islands at present are not protected by any conservation activity.
Velocity tracking, a new and user independent method for detecting regional function of the left ventricle
Authors: Westholm Carl , Bjällmark Anna , Larsson Matilda , Jacobsen Per , Brodin Lars‐Åke , Winter Reidar
Published: September 2008

Background:  The use of two‐dimensional echocardiography (2D echo) for detection of ischaemia is limited due to high user dependency. Longitudinal motion is sensitive for ischaemia and usable for quantitative measurement of longitudinal myocardial function but time consuming. Velocity tracking (VeT) is a new method that gives an easy three‐dimensional understanding of both systolic and diastolic regional motion, using colour coded bull’s eye presentation of longitudinal velocity, derived from colour coded tissue Doppler. The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of VeT in detecting ischaemia in non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients bedside.

Methods:  Twenty patients with NSTEMI and 10 controls were included. Echocardiography was performed within 24 h of symptoms and prior to coronary angiography. Bull’s eye plots presenting the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the sum of PSV and the E‐wave‐velocity (PSV+E) were created using our developed software. VeT was compared to expert wall motion scoring (WMS) and bedside echo. We used the clinical conclusion based on ECG, angiography and clinical picture as ‘gold standard’.

Results:  Sensitivity for ischaemia with VeT (PSV+E) was 85% and specificity 60%. The corresponding sensitivities for expert WMS were 75% (specificity 40%). For regional analysis VeT and WMS showed comparable results with correct regional outcome in 11/20 of patients both superior to bedside echo.

Conclusion:  Velocity tracking is a promising technique that provides an easily understandable three‐dimensional bull’s eye plot for assessment of regional left ventricular longitudinal velocity with great potential for detection of regional dysfunction and myocardial ischaemia.
Accurate Measurement of Satellite Antenna Surface Using 3D Digital Image Correlation Technique
Authors: Pan B. , Xie H. , Yang L. , Wang Z.
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Application of the three‐dimensional digital image correlation technique (3D DIC) to the accurate measurement of full‐field surface profile of a 730 mm‐diameter carbon fibre composite satellite antenna is investigated in this article. The basic principles of the 3D DIC technique are described. The measured profile was compared with the one measured with a three‐dimensional coordinate measuring machine. The results clearly indicate that the 3D DIC technique is suitable for full‐field surface profile measurement of small satellite antenna, and further application of the 3D DIC technique to the measurement of thermal deformation of the antenna is expected.
Life cycles of three Stomaphis species (Homoptera: Aphididae) observed in Kyoto, Japan: possible host alternation of S. japonica
Authors: TAKADA Hajimu
Published: September 2008

Aphids of the genus Stomaphis, which have a very long stylet, are parasitic on tree trunks and feed on phloem through thick xylem. Stomaphis japonica on Quercus acutissima, Q. serrata and Q. variabilis; S. yanonis on Celtis sinensis and Zelkova serrata; and S. malloti on Mallotus japonicus were surveyed every season from 1981 to 1998 at six sites situated in natural forests in Kyoto, Japan. From fragmentary observations, their life cycles were inferred and possible host alternation of S. japonica is discussed. Stomaphis yanonis and S. malloti are monoecious and holocyclic in Kyoto, as has also been observed near Tokyo and at Ise city, Mie Prefecture, respectively. Stomaphis japonica was found throughout the year on Q. serrata passing through a holocycle, but was found only from late May to mid‐November on Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis, where neither oviparae nor males occurred. Alatae flew to Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis in late May to mid‐June and settled there. However, all virginoparae emerged as alatae from October and left these trees in mid‐October to early November. These observations suggest that Stomaphis japonica in this area comprise two sympatric populations: a monoecious population living on Q. serrata all year round and a heteroecious population alternating between Q. serrata as a primary host and Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis as secondary hosts.
Genetic structure of Japanese populations of an ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: ITO Masaaki , KAJIMURA Hisashi , HAMAGUCHI Keiko , ARAYA Kunio , LAKATOS Ferenc
Published: September 2008

We examined the genetic structures of 13 Japanese populations of an ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), to understand the effects of geographical barriers on the colonization dynamics of this species. The genetic structure was studied using portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. A phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct lineages (clades A, B and C) within X. germanus. Clade A contained 21 haplotypes from all 13 populations; whereas clade B contained eight haplotypes from Hokkaido (Sapporo and Furano), Iwate and Nagano populations; and clade C contained only a single a haplotype from the Hokkaido (Furano) population. In the analysis of molecular variance (amova), the greatest amount of genetic variation was detected between populations in Hokkaido and those in Honshu and other southern islands. Between these two groups of populations, all the values of the coefficient of gene differentiation were significantly larger than zero, except for the Hokkaido (Sapporo) versus Nagano comparison. Our results confirm that for X. germanus, gene flow has been interrupted between Hokkaido and Honshu since the last glacial maximum.
Diversity of pselaphine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) in eastern Thailand
Authors: SAKCHOOWONG Watana , NOMURA Shûhei , OGATA Kazuo , CHANPAISAENG Jariya
Published: September 2008

Pselaphine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) are cosmopolitan, species‐rich, and yet poorly studied, particularly in the tropics. We sampled beetles in three types of primary forest and two types of disturbed forest habitats in eastern Thailand to assess the utility of pselaphine beetles as bioindicators of forest disturbance. We simultaneously measured leaf litter mass, soil moisture, soil acidity and canopy cover at each site to infer which environmental factors affect pselaphine beetle diversity and abundance. At each site, pselaphine beetles were extracted from ten 1 m2samples of leaf litter and soil with Tullgren funnels. We sampled 1867 adult beetles representing six supertribes, 51 genera and 114 morphospecies; 7% of the genera and 92% of the species were undescribed. Forest types differed significantly in species richness, abundance, diversity and evenness. Primary forest had greater numbers of species and individuals, and higher diversity indices (H′). Teak plantation and secondary forest had substantially fewer individuals and species of pselaphine beetles. Species composition differed between primary and degraded forests. Canopy cover, soil moisture, and leaf litter mass positively correlated with beetle species richness and abundance. Leaf litter mass and soil moisture were the two most important factors affecting the diversity of pselaphine beetle assemblages. Among the 114 morphospecies collected, 43 morphospecies were specific to two or three habitats and 64 morphospecies were found only in a single habitat. Thus pselaphine beetles appear to have rather narrow habitat requirements and their presence/absence was correlated with environmental differences. These traits make pselaphine beetles a suitable bioindicator taxon for assessing forest litter diversity and monitoring habitat change.
Geographic variation in embryonic diapause, cold‐hardiness and life cycles in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in China
Authors: TANAKA Seiji , ZHU Dao‐Hong
Published: September 2008

To investigate geographic adaptation of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria in China, locusts were collected from six localities, ranging from 47.4°N to 19.2°N. Using offspring from the various populations, we compared embryonic diapause, reproductive traits, cold‐hardiness and adult body size. The incidence of embryonic diapause was influenced by the genetic makeup, parental photoperiod, and incubation temperature of the eggs. The northern strain (47.4°N) produced diapause eggs under all photoperiodic conditions, whereas the other strains produced a higher proportion of diapause eggs when exposed to a short photoperiod. The incubation temperature greatly influenced diapause induction. At a low temperature, all eggs entered diapause, even some of those from a tropical strain (19.2°N) in which no diapause was induced at high temperatures. Photoperiodic changes during the parental generation affected the incidence of embryonic diapause. Diapause intensity decreased with decreasing original latitude. Cold hardiness was compared by exposing eggs in diapause to either −10 or −20°C for various periods; the northern strain was more cold‐hardy than the southern strain, although some eggs in the tropical strain were probably not in a state of diapause. Adult body size and head width showed a complicated pattern of variation along the latitudinal gradient, whereas egg pod size (egg pod width and egg number) and hatchling weight tended to decrease with decreasing latitude. These results reveal that L. migratoria has adapted to local environments and that the latitudinal gradient appears to play an important role in shaping L. migratoria life cycle and development.
Developmental Characteristics of Children Aged 1–6 Years With Food Refusal
Authors: Ünlü Gülşen , Aras Şahbal , Eminağaoğlu Neslihan , Büyükgebiz Benal , Bekem Özlem
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the sociodemographic and developmental characteristics of children with food refusal and children with no history of feeding problems.

Design: Cross‐sectional case‐control study.

Sample: 30 children aged 1–6 years who were seen in the outpatient clinics for food refusal formed the case group, and 30 healthy children matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status formed the control group.

Methods: Anthropometric indices and early developmental characteristics of all the children in the study were evaluated and also their developmental levels were determined using the Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory.

Results: The mean age of children with food refusal was 42.4±17.6 months, and the male/female ratio was 12/18. Children with food refusal had shorter mean breastfeeding durations and lower mean birth weights, body mass index, percentage height for age, and percentage weight for height values than those of the controls. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in developmental delays.

Conclusions: These results suggest that food refusal may be related to lower birth weight and shorter breastfeeding duration. Further research with larger samples is needed to clarify these relationships and the effects of feeding problems on the growth and development of children.
Susceptibility to Smoking Among White and Chinese Nonsmoking Adolescents in Canada
Authors: Chen Weihong , Bottorff Joan L. , Johnson Joy L. , Saewyc Elizabeth M. , Zumbo Bruno D.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Objective: To document the prevalence of susceptibility to smoking among a sample of White/Caucasian and Chinese Canadian adolescent nonsmokers, and to explore the factors that might explain who is susceptible to smoking.

Design: This study used a secondary analysis of data from students participating in the British Columbia Youth Survey on Smoking and Health in 2001/2002.

Sample: The sample included 1,870 10th and 11th graders who were nonsmokers with either a White or a Chinese ethnic background.

Measurements: Questionnaire data consisted of demographic and social factors, previous smoking experience, and susceptibility to smoking.

Results: Among the total sample, 27.7% were susceptible to smoking. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that 11th graders were less susceptible than 10th graders (odds ratio [OR]=0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–0.99), and girls were more susceptible than boys (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.05–1.65). Ethnicity did not help to explain susceptibility to smoking in this study.

Conclusions: The findings indicated the effects of gender and grade on predicting susceptibility to smoking. Even though the Chinese Canadian adolescents had the same risk of susceptibility to smoking as White/Caucasians, the factors that put them at risk may be different, which suggests the need to further examine the ethnic‐specific predictors of susceptibility to smoking.
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Nicotine Dependence, and Smoking Cessation
Authors: Okoli Chizimuzo T. C. , Browning Steven , Rayens Mary Kay , Hahn Ellen J.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the association among the number of sources of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure, nicotine dependence (ND), and smoking cessation.

Design: A secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data. Responses for the main study were obtained in 2001 from a controlled trial of the Quit and Win Tobacco Free Contest in Kentucky.

Sample: 822 current smokers.

Measurements: Demographic variables (age, gender, educational status, income, and ethnicity) the number of sources of SHS exposure, smoking frequency, length of abstinence from smoking, age of smoking initiation, smoking cessation attempts, intentions to quit smoking, and ND.

Results: The number of sources of SHS exposure was associated with higher ND and smoking frequency, and related to low intentions and attempts to quit smoking. The number of sources of SHS exposure contributed to 11% of the variance in the final ND model, after accounting for control and potential mediating variables.

Conclusions: The number of sources of SHS exposure may be an important factor influencing ND and intentions and attempts to quit smoking. Further studies are needed to explore the association between SHS exposure and ND among smokers to guide treatment and policy development.
Knowledge and Beliefs About Genetics and Smoking Among Visitors and Staff at a Health Care Facility
Authors: Houfek Julia Fisco , Atwood Jan R. , Wolfe Rhonda M. , Agrawal Sangeeta , Reiser Gwendolyn M. , Schaefer G. Bradley , Rennard Stephen I.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The primary purpose of this study was to describe individuals' knowledge and beliefs about genetics and smoking. Secondary purposes were to describe (a) differences in knowledge and beliefs based on smoking status, gender, and education and (b) relationships among perceived genetic predisposition for smoking, background characteristics, and knowledge and beliefs about genetics and smoking. Because genetics influences smoking, genetic information will likely be used to individualize future cessation treatment.

Design: Questionnaire data were collected about knowledge and beliefs about genetics and smoking, smoking history, and demographics from visitors and staff at a nursing care facility. Data were analyzed with bivariate statistics and logistic regression.

Sample: Participants (N=92), ages 19–82, were classified by smoking status.

Results: Participants had little knowledge about genetics and smoking or mechanisms of heredity. Most did not believe that genetics caused smoking or influenced cessation. Predictors of perceived genetic predisposition for smoking were smoking status (current/former smoker), education (<baccalaureate degree), and a belief that genetically predisposed smokers are more likely to relapse.

Conclusions: Smokers will likely need education to understand genetically informed cessation treatment. Research is needed to determine how knowledge and beliefs about genetics and smoking influence perceived genetic predisposition for smoking and smoking behaviors.