bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Free Goods on Market Sustainability
Authors: Cavaleri Steven , Friedman Sheldon
Published: December 2014

Various types of ‘bubbles', e.g. stock market, housing, dot.com, high-tech, historically, are commonly-observed phenomena in complex systems. Yet, their emergence often surprises people who remain unaware of history or their systemic roots. Bubbles are often considered to be simply the product of unwise speculative investments or social mania. Alternatively, conventional economic theories often consider factors, such as interest rates, to be the trigger. However, economic theories rarely account for the systemic structure of markets or for non-linear dynamics. The authors propose that special cases may emerge in some markets to trigger instability. Specifically, when minimal interest rates and capital requirements (down payments) are become extremely low a perceptual shift occurs among consumers such that they become viewed as approximate free goods. This paper proposes that unwise economic policies may activate a free goods scenario initiating a cascading series of destabilizing events leading to market collapse. The authors propose hypothesize that such incendiary policies caused both the 1929 stock market crash and the 2008 subprime housing crisis in the United States. To more deeply examine this claim, these policies were tested using a system dynamics model based on data from both the 1929 and 2008 crises. The model simulated and tested the effects of alternative rate policies on market dynamics. Some of the rates and down payments used in both crises set off tsunami-like shock waves through markets leading to their sudden collapse in these simulations. Based on the findings of this study, found that economic policies lessened market stability. The authors propose several revisions to these policies to foster greater market sustainability.
Comparative Analysis of Major Issues Involved in IPR and Competition Policy
Authors: Dhanraj Nisha , Sharma Mamta
Published: December 2014

As IPR and competition laws share the same economic rationale, they both are crucial for the establishment of competitive and innovative market conditions. On the other hand, these two regimes are conflicting to each other, IP grants monopoly, whereas competition laws seek to undo monopolistic and restrictive trade practices. Therefore, focus has been shifted towards how these two separate regimes are complementary and conflicting to each other through their goals, how competition policy is effective on IPRs, and IPRs on competition policy. IPRs granted by patents, copyrights, and trademarks, etc. play an important role in fostering innovation and sustaining economic growth.
Open Source for Higher Conventional and Open Education in India
Authors: Sharma Ramesh C.
Published: December 2014

Distance Education in India has come a long way since the launch of correspondence courses in 1962 at the Delhi University. There have been many changes over the period of time, and thus, a transition was observed from print based correspondence courses to media supported distance education. With the advent of technology, expansion of telephone network, and lowering of tariff, there has been expansion of e-learning services, web based education, and mobile learning. Currently there are around 600 conventional (face-to-face) universities in India serving around 1.2 billion students. Starting with one Open University in 1982, now we have 15 open universities. There are single mode and dual mode distance education institutions. These provide instructions from print based to technology enabled means. All these developments transformed the teaching learning. Many of the institutions followed Open Educational Resources and Open Source movement. Reasons are varied for adopting open source. With the purpose to reduce the costs on software development, freedom to improve the software and freedom to redistribute to help neighbours has made individuals, institutions, and governments support open source. In this chapter, the author examines some of the initiatives of Open Source in the field of higher, open and distance education in India.
Wikipedia's Success and the Rise of the Amateur-Expert
Authors: Sweet Christopher
Published: December 2014

The Free Online Encyclopedia, as Wikipedia calls itself, is a radical departure from traditional encyclopedias and traditional methods of knowledge creation. This chapter is an examination of how a community of amateurs on Wikipedia has challenged notions of expertise in the 21st century. It does so by first looking at the roots of Wikipedia in a phenomenon known as the “wisdom of the crowds” and in the open source software movement. The reliability of Wikipedia is examined as are the claims made by major critics of the project. Throughout, epistemological questions raised by Wikipedia are addressed.
On the Geographic Allocation of Open Source Software Activities
Authors: von Engelhardt Sebastian , Freytag Andreas , Schulz Christoph
Published: December 2014

This article contributes to research on the geographic origin of open source software (OSS) developers by analyzing the geographic allocation of active OSS developers and OSS activities. Based on data from the SourceForge Research Data Archive, the authors exploit information about developers' IP address, email address, and indicated time-zone. This enables them to assign 94% of all registered users in 2006. As proxy for activity the authors use information about the number of posted messages. Thus they provide a detailed picture of the world-wide allocation of OSS activities. Such country data about the supply-side of OSS is a valuable stock for both cross-country studies on OSS and country-specific research and policy advice.
Open Source Software Integrations
Authors: Bakos Gábor
Published: December 2014

RapidMiner is a popular open source, Java-based data analytics software. This chapter shows a case studying how it can be integrated to other programs. R and Vega integration is also introduced briefly in connection to open source software integration. The authors cover some general practices regarding integrating software to a Java environment and collect some popular open source libraries that are found useful related to data analytics. They focus mostly on the Java platform, though some parts of the chapter are applicable to other platforms too.
Open Source and Free E-Learning Tools Useful in LIS Education
Authors: Sawant Sarika
Published: December 2014

E-learning is commonly referred to the intentional use of networked information and communications technology in teaching and learning. The present paper discusses the synchronous and asynchronous mode of e learning with its features. It also defines and summarizes the impact of open source software on teaching and learning process. The numerous open source e learning tools are discussed with examples such as Open source LMS, Open source authoring tools, Open source audio editing software, Open source social bookmarking tools, Open source CMS etc. It also throws light on free e learning tools useful in e learning such as Slideshare, Youtube, Wikis, RSS, Wordpress etc. The paper concludes with e learning initiatives in India.
VuFind
Authors: Katz Demian , Nagy Andrew
Published: December 2014

Apache Solr, an open source Java-based search engine, forms the core of many Library 2.0 products. The use of an index in place of a relational database allows faster data retrieval along with key features like faceting and similarity analysis that are not practical in the previous generation of library software. The popular VuFind discovery tool was built to provide a library-friendly front-end for Solr's powerful searching capabilities, and its development provides an informative case study on the use of Solr in a library setting. VuFind is just one of many library packages using Solr, and examples like Blacklight, Summon, and the eXtensible Catalog project show other possible approaches to its use.
The Virtual Computing Lab (VCL)
Authors: Rindos Andy , Vouk Mladen , Jararweh Yaser
Published: December 2014

In this article, we describe the Virtual Computing Lab (VCL) with its main features and services. Also, we introduce the recent advances of the VCL system and its usage in research and education. The VCL is a cloud computing system that has been optimized for the educational services and research needs of the academic community. VCL is an open source cloud orchestration stack with a self-service portal that currently supports a large number of customers and commercial cloud, or cloud-related services and solutions. It was developed by NCSU with support from IBM Corporation. VCLs promise to support researchers and students in all academic levels to fulfill all their computing needs. In addition to supporting students and faculty members at NC State University and other UNC System universities, the NC VCL now also supports students at several NC community colleges. Also, we introduced cloud computing and service science related activities and achievements at Jordan University of Science and Technology.
Measuring Language Learners' Speaking Proficiency in a Second Language Using Economical Digital Tools
Authors: Swanson Peter B.
Published: December 2014

Rising costs, combined with an increasing lack of flexibility of commercial course management technology tools such as uLearn and Blackboard, have prompted educators to consider other options. New advances in free and open source software, webware, and hardware are becoming attractive alternatives for educators and school systems due to decreased funding. These innovative digital tools hold promise to help educators overcome a variety of impediments to teaching and learning in the 21st century such as fostering student motivation. In the context of second/foreign language learning, the author seeks to present various technologies to P-16 educators that can be used for student oral language assessment. The author provides an overview of the obstacles language teachers must overcome in order to teach more effectively, as well as a synopsis of various options with which language instructors may not be familiar. Afterwards, findings from empirical research comparing the use of digital technology for the measurement of student speaking proficiency to the more conventional face-to-face method are presented. Student and instructor perceptions of using free and open source software are discussed, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of challenges that can appear when changes in assessment methods take place as well as avenues for future research.
Advances in Technology Project Management
Authors: Dawson Maurice , Leonard Brian , Rahim Emad
Published: December 2014

As organizations must continually drive down costs of software-driven projects, they need to evaluate the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other software-based design methodologies. These methodologies include looking at software-based alternatives that could save a significant amount of money by reducing the amount of proprietary software. This chapter explores the use and integration of Open Source Software (OSS) in software-driven projects to include in enterprise organizations. Additionally, the legalities of the GNU General Public License (GPL), Lesser General Public License (LGPL), Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), and Creative Commons are explored with the integration of these OSS solutions into organizations. Lastly, the chapter covers the software assurance and cyber security controls to associate with OSS to deploy a hardened product that meets the needs of today's dynamically evolving global business enterprise.
Emerging Business Intelligence Technologies for SMEs
Authors: Bernardino Jorge
Published: December 2014

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are socially and economically important, since they represent 98% of all enterprises, providing around 90 million jobs in the European Union, and contribute to entrepreneurship and innovation. However, SMEs face particular difficulties in order to be competitive in a global world. In recent time, technology applications in different fields, especially Business Intelligence (BI) have been developed rapidly and considered to be one of the most significant uses of information technology. BI is a broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing, analyzing, and providing access to data to help enterprise users make better business decisions. This represents a tremendous competitive advantage that allows achieving and exploring the collective intelligence of the organization, enabling contextual, agile, and simplified information exchange and collaboration among distributed workforce and networks of partners and customers, which can be defined as Enterprise 2.0. Despite these advantages, the companies applying such systems may also encounter problems in decision-making processes because of the highly diversified interactions within the systems. Hence, the choice of a suitable BI platform for SMEs is important to take the great advantage of using information technology in all organizational fields. The authors analyze seven open source Business Intelligence tools, free of charge, given that one of the main objectives is to reduce costs and enhance Enterprise 2.0 using new open source technologies.
Aligning Practice and Philosophy
Authors: Moyle Kathryn
Published: December 2014

The educational use of digital technologies such as mobile devices, computers, and the Internet are progressively replacing pens, books, and the physical spaces known as libraries. Both online synchronous and asynchronous learning modes are emerging as part of the learning styles used with children physically attending schools. Consequently schools and school districts deploy various sorts of software applications to meet the range of teaching, learning, and management functions they perform. As leaders of schools, principals have heightened responsibilities concerning the philosophical directions of schools, as well as aligning the uses of technologies across all facets of their organizations. Set against the backdrop of Australian experiences, this chapter sets out to canvas some of the less considered factors that ought to be taken into account when schools select software applications. Gaining congruence between school philosophies and the technologies used, often-time means open source software ought to be a preferable solution to closed, proprietary software. This argument is justified from pedagogical and management perspectives. Furthermore, it is argued that making informed decisions before adopting the use of a particular technology requires that school leaders understand the educational and technical demands of that technology, and also have a socially-critical understanding of technologies in education and in society more generally. Finally, it is argued that if school principals are willing to consider open source software solutions, the options for teaching and learning with technologies and the strategies for managing the infrastructure of the school in robust and cost effective ways, opens up.
Managerial Perspective of E-Resources in Academic Libraries
Authors: Suseela V. J.
Published: December 2014

The rapid increase of e-resources together with several value-based applications has been gradually superseding the traditional means of communication in almost all parts of the world. The transformation enforced government-funded consortia to build ICT environments in academic institutions and created a pressing demand on the libraries for increasing their acquisitions. The bundled (packages) resources available to libraries through several means are raising issues about their usefulness, real benefit as per user's preferences, and also the usage. Issues of the kind invariably require thought, exceptional policy decisions, and implementing standard procedures for the optimum utilization of expensive resources and their management. The chapter discusses the features of e-resources, challenges encountered by the library administrators, the existing and innovative practices in their evaluation and organization, while highlighting the supporting technologies and integrated management tools emerging as per the latest requirements of academic institutions.
Electronic Resources and Next-Generation Public Library Catalogs
Authors: McPeck Tracy L.
Published: December 2014

This case study examines the user experience of six public library catalogs (OPACs) in terms of the next-generation characteristics identified by library literature. One open source Integrated Library System (ILS), Evergreen, was compared to one proprietary system, Polaris. One library used its respective ILS alone, while the other libraries' catalogs used a third-party discovery layer in conjunction with the ILS. The purpose of this study is to compare open source versus proprietary ILSs and discovery layers in terms of their next-generation characteristics with particular attention to electronic resources, namely e-books. Of the six libraries compared, the two libraries that used the proprietary add-on BiblioCommons featured the most advanced next-generation catalog characteristics. The two ILSs that did not use any added layers offered the fewest next-generation traits. The catalogs of public libraries vary greatly in their offerings, but add-ons, such as BiblioCommons, enhance the user experience and the retrievability of electronic resources.
Copyright Relevancy at Stake in Libraries of the Digital Era
Authors: Dubey Manju , Hirwade Mangala
Published: December 2014

Libraries are changing in every aspect to deal with the information dissemination process mainly pertaining to the form and format of “significant information,” which is the lifeblood of libraries. With copyrights restricting the uncontrolled and unbalanced use of information in the digital format, there is a need to understand that copyrights were brought to balance the synchronization of the creator, publisher, and the users at large. The chapter is an attempt to show the changing perspective of copyright in the digital era, its relevancy in the digital era, and how libraries can get the most out of the various exceptions and provisions provided for the libraries in copyright law, while at the same time striving to balance the copyright as well as solve various problems and issues cropping up from new digital perspectives.
Open Source Approach for Mitigating Misinformation Risk in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practices
Authors: Gopalakrishna-Remani Venugopal , Fagan Mary Helen
Published: December 2014

Patients and health maintenance organizations are spending approximately $47 billion annually on innovative alternative medical techniques such as aromatherapy, biofeedback, chiropractic manipulation, homeopathy and others. Health insurance companies, drug regulation agencies, medical practitioners and educated patients are demanding more reliable information concerning these alternative medicines and complementary processes. While these approaches have been successful, the community of stakeholders is demanding scientifically proven, evidence-based validation of the materials and practices. Validation is essential to formalize the use of alternative medicines and complementary treatments. However there are very few peer reviewed journal articles and a lack of approval methodologies in this field, which may be related symptoms. Another key problem is the lack of accurate knowledge about the proper diagnosis-treatment match. This may result in negligence risk for practitioners or opportunity lost risk for patients who miss access to a potential remedy. The open source approach evolved in the information technology field out of the free public software movement, which has been effective for knowledge creation, collaboration and sharing across disciplines and cultures. For example, the authors all have free Internet browsers and utility software. Therefore, the authors investigated applying the 'open source' ideology as a potential methodology for solving these problems. They developed an alternative medicine knowledge development framework to facilitate creating, collaborating on, and sharing innovations in the field.
Successful reproduction by the eastern larch beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the absence of an overwintering period
Authors: McKee Fraser R. , Aukema Brian H.
Published: December 2014

Eastern larch beetles, Dendroctonus simplex LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are monophagous, phloem-feeding herbivores of eastern larch (tamarack), Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch (Pinaceae). Recently dead or moribund trees are preferentially colonised. Outbreaks of eastern larch beetles are generally localised and short-lived, although a large outbreak has been occurring in the Great Lakes region of North America since 2000. The beetle is reported as univoltine, with a single, spring-emergent, reproductive parent generation establishing one to three sibling broods per year. Some progeny emerging during summer or fall re-enter the tree bole close to ground level to overwinter, while remaining brood adults overwinter within pupal chambers in situ. Owing to these behaviours, eastern larch beetles have been suggested to possess an obligate overwintering reproductive diapause. However, studies have not confirmed this hypothesis. We tested the reproductive viability of non-overwintered progeny in three laboratory experiments. Non-overwintered progeny were reproductively viable, suggesting that a portion of the population may exhibit a facultative adult overwintering diapause. Progeny that emerged naturally from the host (i.e., putative fall-emergers) demonstrated reproductive rates almost six-fold those of manually extracted insects demonstrating a propensity to remain in situ (i.e., putative spring-emergers). These results shed new light onto the reproductive behaviour of eastern larch beetles, and suggest that future population dynamics may be influenced by a warming climate.
TLR2 Modulates Antibodies Required for Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Damage and Inflammation
Authors: Pope Michael R. , Fleming Sherry D.
Published: December 2014

In multiple clinical conditions, including trauma and hemorrhage, reperfusion magnifies ischemic tissue damage. Ischemia induces expression of multiple neoantigens, including lipid alterations that are recognized by the serum protein, β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI). During reperfusion, binding of β2-GPI by naturally occurring Abs results in an excessive inflammatory response that may lead to death. As β2-GPI is critical for intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced tissue damage and TLR2 is one of the proposed receptors for β2-GPI, we hypothesized that IR-induced intestinal damage and inflammation require TLR2. Using TLR2−/− mice, we demonstrate that TLR2 is required for IR-induced mucosal damage, as well as complement activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. In response to IR, TLR2−/− mice have increased serum β2-GPI compared with wild-type mice, but β2-GPI is not deposited on ischemic intestinal tissue. In addition, TLR2−/− mice also did not express other novel Ags, suggesting a sequential response. Unlike other TLRs, TLR2−/− mice lacked the appropriate Ab repertoire to induce intestinal IR tissue damage or inflammation. Together, these data suggest that, in addition to the inflammatory response, IR-induced injury requires TLR2 for naturally occurring Ab production.
Chronic Morphine-Induced MicroRNA-124 Promotes Microglial Immunosuppression by Modulating P65 and TRAF6
Authors: Qiu Shuwei , Feng Yimin , LeSage Gene , Zhang Ying , Stuart Charles , He Lei , Li Yi , Caudle Yi , Peng Ying , Yin Deling
Published: December 2014

Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects including immunosuppression. However, the mechanisms are unclear. TLRs and acetylcholine are widely expressed in the immune and nervous systems, and play critical roles in immune responses. In this article, we show that morphine suppresses the innate immunity in microglia and bone marrow–derived macrophages through differential regulation of TLRs and acetylcholinesterase. Either morphine or inhibition of acetylcholine significantly promotes upregulation of microRNA-124 (miR-124) in microglia, bone marrow–derived macrophages, and the mouse brain, where miR-124 mediates morphine inhibition of the innate immunity by directly targeting a subunit of NF-κB p65 and TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Furthermore, transcription factors AP-1 and CREB inhibited miR-124, whereas p65 bound directly to promoters of miR-124, thereby enhancing miR-124 transcription. Moreover, acute morphine treatment transiently upregulated the expression of p65 and phospho-p65 in both nucleus and cytoplasm priming the expression of miR-124, whereas long exposure of morphine maintained miR-124 expression, which inhibited p65- and TRAF6-dependent TLR signaling. These data suggest that modulation of miRs is capable of preventing opioid-induced damage to microglia.
Cutting Edge: Critical Role for C5aRs in the Development of Septic Lymphopenia in Mice
Authors: Grailer Jamison J. , Fattahi Fatemeh , Dick Rachel S. , Zetoune Firas S. , Ward Peter A.
Published: December 2014

In the early stages of sepsis, lymphocytes undergo apoptosis, resulting in lymphopenia and immunosuppression. The trigger for septic lymphopenia is unknown. Using the polymicrobial model of murine sepsis, we investigated the role of C5a receptors in septic lymphopenia. In wild-type mice, cecal ligation and puncture resulted in splenocyte apoptosis and significant lymphopenia after 3 d, which was not observed in C5aR1−/− or C5aR2−/− mice. Our data show that mouse neutrophils exposed to recombinant mouse C5a cause release of histones in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Histone levels in spleen were significantly elevated following cecal ligation and puncture but were reduced by the absence of C5aR1. Histones induced significant lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro. Ab-mediated neutralization of histones prevented the development of lymphopenia in sepsis. Together, these results describe a new pathway of septic lymphopenia involving complement and extracellular histones. Targeting of this pathway may have therapeutic benefit for patients with sepsis or other serious illness.
CD8 T Cell Tolerance to a Tumor-Associated Self-Antigen Is Reversed by CD4 T Cells Engineered To Express the Same T Cell Receptor
Authors: Ghorashian Sara , Veliça Pedro , Chua Ignatius , McNicol Anne-Marie , Carpenter Ben , Holler Angelika , Nicholson Emma , Ahmadi Maryam , Zech Mathias , Xue Shao-An , Uckert Wolfgang , Morris Emma , Chakraverty Ronjon , Stauss Hans J.
Published: December 2014

Ag receptors used for cancer immunotherapy are often directed against tumor-associated Ags also expressed in normal tissues. Targeting of such Ags can result in unwanted autoimmune attack of normal tissues or induction of tolerance in therapeutic T cells. We used a murine model to study the phenotype and function of T cells redirected against the murine double minute protein 2 (MDM2), a tumor-associated Ag that shows low expression in many normal tissues. Transfer of MDM2-TCR–engineered T cells into bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that Ag recognition in hematopoietic tissues maintained T cell function, whereas presentation of MDM2 in nonhematopoietic tissues caused reduced effector function. TCR-engineered CD8+ T cells underwent rapid turnover, downmodulated CD8 expression, and lost cytotoxic function. We found that MDM2-TCR–engineered CD4+ T cells provided help and restored cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells bearing the same TCR. Although the introduction of the CD8 coreceptor enhanced the ability of CD4+ T cells to recognize MDM2 in vitro, the improved self-antigen recognition abolished their ability to provide helper function in vivo. The data indicate that the same class I–restricted TCR responsible for Ag recognition and tolerance induction in CD8+ T cells can, in the absence of the CD8 coreceptor, elicit CD4 T cell help and partially reverse tolerance. Thus MHC class I–restricted CD4+ T cells may enhance the efficacy of therapeutic TCR-engineered CD8+ T cells and can be readily generated with the same TCR.
A Second Stimulus Required for Enhanced Antifungal Activity of Human Neutrophils in Blood Is Provided by Anaphylatoxin C5a
Authors: Hünniger Kerstin , Bieber Kristin , Martin Ronny , Lehnert Teresa , Figge Marc Thilo , Löffler Jürgen , Guo Ren-Feng , Riedemann Niels C. , Kurzai Oliver
Published: December 2014

Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) as cellular components of innate immunity play a crucial role in the defense against systemic Candida albicans infection. To analyze stimuli that are required for PMN activity during C. albicans infection in a situation similar to in vivo, we used a human whole-blood infection model. In this model, PMN activation 10 min after C. albicans infection was largely dependent on the anaphylatoxin C5a. Most importantly, C5a enabled blood PMN to overcome filament-restricted recognition of C. albicans and allowed efficient elimination of nonfilamentous C. albicans cph1Δ/efg1Δ from blood. Major PMN effector mechanisms, including oxidative burst, release of secondary granule contents and initial fungal phagocytosis could be prevented by blocking C5a receptor signaling. Identical effects were achieved using a humanized Ab specifically targeting human C5a. Phagocytosis of C. albicans 10 min postinfection was mediated by C5a-dependent enhancement of CD11b surface expression on PMN, thus establishing the C5a-C5aR-CD11b axis as a major modulator of early anti-Candida immune responses in human blood. In contrast, phagocytosis of C. albicans by PMN 60 min postinfection occurred almost independently of C5a and mainly contributed to activation of phagocytically active PMN at later time points. Our results show that C5a is a critical mediator in human blood during C. albicans infection.
CD8+ T Cells Complement Antibodies in Protecting against Yellow Fever Virus
Authors: Bassi Maria R. , Kongsgaard Michael , Steffensen Maria A. , Fenger Christina , Rasmussen Michael , Skjødt Karsten , Finsen Bente , Stryhn Anette , Buus Søren , Christensen Jan P. , Thomsen Allan R.
Published: December 2014

The attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccine (YF-17D) was developed in the 1930s, yet little is known about the protective mechanisms underlying its efficiency. In this study, we analyzed the relative contribution of cell-mediated and humoral immunity to the vaccine-induced protection in a murine model of YF-17D infection. Using different strains of knockout mice, we found that CD4+ T cells, B cells, and Abs are required for full clinical protection of vaccinated mice, whereas CD8+ T cells are dispensable for long-term survival after intracerebral challenge. However, by analyzing the immune response inside the infected CNS, we observed an accelerated T cell influx into the brain after intracerebral challenge of vaccinated mice, and this T cell recruitment correlated with improved virus control in the brain. Using mice deficient in B cells we found that, in the absence of Abs, YF vaccination can still induce some antiviral protection, and in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells from these animals revealed a pivotal role for CD8+ T cells in controlling virus replication in the absence of a humoral response. Finally, we demonstrated that effector CD8+ T cells also contribute to viral control in the presence of circulating YF-specific Abs. To our knowledge, this is the first time that YF-specific CD8+ T cells have been demonstrated to possess antiviral activity in vivo.
Mandibular morphology and pharyngeal airway space: A cephalometric study
Authors: Mehta Siddharth , Lodha Surendra , Valiathan Ashima , Urala Arun
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Mandibular retrognathism is considered to be the most important risk factor for upper airway obstruction.

Aim

This cross-sectional study intended to examine the relationship between craniofacial morphology and the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in patients with mandibular retrognathism and mandibular prognathism, when compared to normal subjects. The study also analyzed the influence of mandibular morphology on pharyngeal length (PL).

Materials and Methods

The PAS was assessed in 92 females (age 15-30 years) further divided into three groups - Group 1- normal mandible (76°≤ SNB ≤82°; n = 31); Group 2-mandibular retrognathism (SNB <76°; n = 31); Group 3-Mandibular prognathism (SNB >82°; n = 30). All subjects were examined by lateral cephalometry with head position standardized using an inclinometer. Craniocervical angulation, uvula length, thickness and angulation were compared among different groups.

Results

The results showed no statistically significant difference in the pharyngeal airway between the three groups. Measurements of PL showed statistically significant higher values for retrognathic mandible group than normal and prognathic mandible group.

Conclusion

There is no significant difference between PAS between patients with mandibular retrognathism, normal mandible and mandibular prognathism. Mandibular retrognathism patients show a significantly higher uvula angulation than patients with mandibular prognathism. Craniocervical angulation showed maximum value in retrognathic mandible group followed by normal and prognathic mandible group respectively. Mean PL for retrognathic mandible patients was significantly higher than prognathic mandible patients.
A simple ligation technique for rotated tooth
Authors: Bansal Abhishek , Sana Safiya , Najamuddin Safeena
Published: December 2014

Ligation of the severely rotated teeth at the start of the treatment is time consuming and difficult, even with super-elastic archwires. This article describes a quick and easy method of seating an archwires into the bracket slot for initial alignment.
La comunicación en los procesos de cambio social en América Latina: Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador y Venezuela
Authors: Jorge Alonso Ana , De Frutos García Ruth Ainhoa , Galarza Fernández Emelina
Published: December 2014

Presentación y metodología de la investigación. En esta investigación se han analizado cuatro casos de procesos de cambio social en América Latina, prestando especial atención a la relación entre medios, democracia y poder. Se ha elegido una muestra de países que, por sus características específicas, representan distintos modelos de democratización de la comunicación: Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador y Venezuela. Resultados. Se han observado resultados similares entre los procesos de cambio social vinculados a la comunicación en América Latina, identificando algunas diferencias que tienen que ver con características propias de cada sistema mediático debido a la diversidad de los procesos y las estructuras socioeconómicas. Conclusiones. Los resultados del trabajo ponen de manifiesto un imaginario colectivo basado en la democratización de la comunicación y el reto de la consecución de una verdadera pluralidad de voces en los escenarios comunicacionales que favorezca un cambio social a medio y largo plazo.
Formation of NaH Molecules in the Lowest Rovibrational Level of the Ground Electronic State via Short-Range Photoassociation
Authors: Li Jinglun , Huang Yin , Xie Ting , Chai Shuo , Cong Shulin
Published: December 2014

The formation of NaH molecules in the lowest rovibrational level of the ground electronic state is investigated using a pump-dump photoassociation (PA) scheme. In short-range region, two colliding atoms Na and H are efficiently associated into the NaH molecule in the rovibrational |0,0〉 state of the ground electronic state via the intermediately rovibrational |10,1〉 state of the excited electronic state. The changes of populations with the electric field amplitudes, frequency detunings, dump pulse duration and delay time between two laser pulses are calculated and discussed. The PA probability reaches 0.623 with a high state-selectivity.
On the Anisotropic Gaussian Velocity Closure for Inertial-Particle Laden Flows
Authors: Vié Aymeric , Doisneau François , Massot Marc
Published: December 2014

The accurate simulation of disperse two-phase flows, where a discrete particulate condensed phase is transported by a carrier gas, is crucial for many applications; Eulerian approaches are well suited for high performance computations of such flows. However when the particles from the disperse phase have a significant inertia compared to the time scales of the flow, particle trajectory crossing (PTC) occurs i.e. the particle velocity distribution at a given location can become multi-valued. To properly account for such a phenomenon many Eulerian moment methods have been recently proposed in the literature. The resulting models hardly comply with a full set of desired criteria involving: 1- ability to reproduce the physics of PTC, at least for a given range of particle inertia, 2- well-posedness of the resulting set of PDEs on the chosen moments as well as guaranteed realizability, 3- capability of the model to be associated with a high order realizable numerical scheme for the accurate resolution of particle segregation in turbulent flows. The purpose of the present contribution is to introduce a multi-variate Anisotropic Gaussian closure for such particulate flows, in the spirit of the closure that has been suggested for out-of-equilibrium gas dynamics and which satisfies the three criteria. The novelty of the contribution is three-fold. First we derive the related moment system of conservation laws with source terms, and justify the use of such a model in the context of high Knudsen numbers, where collision operators play no role. We exhibit the main features and advantages in terms of mathematical structure and realizability. Then a second order accurate and realizable MUSCL/HLL scheme is proposed and validated. Finally the behavior of the method for the description of PTC is thoroughly investigated and its ability to account accurately for inertial particulate flow dynamics in typical configurations is assessed.
Theoretical and Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Electromechanics with applications to Biological Active Media
Authors: Gizzi Alessio , Cherubini Christian , Filippi Simonetta , Pandolfi Anna
Published: December 2014

We present a general theoretical framework for the formulation of the nonlinear electromechanics of polymeric and biological active media. The approach developed here is based on the additive decomposition of the Helmholtz free energy in elastic and inelastic parts and on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in passive and active parts. We describe a thermodynamically sound scenario that accounts for geometric and material nonlinearities. In view of numerical applications, we specialize the general approach to a particular material model accounting for the behavior of fiber reinforced tissues. Specifically, we use the model to solve via finite elements a uniaxial electromechanical problem dynamically activated by an electrophysiological stimulus. Implications for nonlinear solid mechanics and computational electrophysiology are finally discussed.
Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Three Single-use NiTi Instruments after Immersion in Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Dagna Alberto , Beltrami Riccardo , Colombo Marco , Chiesa Marco , Bianchi Stefano , Poggio Claudio
Published: December 2014

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of three single-use nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments (One Shape, Reciproc and Wave One) after immersion in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution over several time periods. A total of 135 One Shape, Reciproc R25 and Wave One Primary were tested. The 45 files of the same brand were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15) and submitted to the following immersion protocol: 1 minute in 5% NaOCl at 37°C, 5 minutes in 5% NaOCl at 37°C, no immersion (as control). Cyclic fatigue test was performed rotating/reciprocating all instruments in a stainless steel curved artificial canal (60° angle of curvature and 5 mm radius). The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was determined by measuring the time to fracture. The data were compared for differences by using 2-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05). In general, resistance to cyclic fatigue was not significantly affected by immersion in NaOCl. Reciproc R2 showed the highest cyclic fatigue resistance in all groups compared to One Shape and Wave One. Immersion in NaOCl for 1 or 5 minutes did not reduce the cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi single-use instruments significantly. Reciproc were more resistant, but the new rotary single-use One Shape instruments showed mechanical resistance similar to NiTi files developed for reciprocating motion.

How to cite this article

Dagna A, Beltrami R, Colombo M, Chiesa M, Bianchi S, Poggio C. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Three Single-use NiTi Instruments after Immersion in Sodium Hypochlorite. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):67-72.
Smear Layer and Debris Removal Following use of WaveOne and OneShape Single-File Systems: SEM Study
Authors: Koçak Mustafa Murat , Saglam Baran Can , Türker Sevinç Aktemur
Published: December 2014

Introduction

The aim of study was to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of two single-file NiTi systems.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four mandibular premolars were selected. Two longitudinal grooves were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The roots were divided into groups (Group 1 — WaveOne, Group 2 — OneShape). The irrigation was performed using 2 ml of 5.25% NaOCl solution, 2 ml of 17% EDTA solution, and 2 ml saline. The roots were split longitudinally for SEM investigation. Serial SEM photomicrographs were taken under magnification at levels apical, middle and coronal thirds. The absence/presence of smear layer, pulpal debris and inorganic debris and the surface profile were scored.

Results

No difference was found between two instruments in terms of presence of smear layer, pulpal debris, and inorganic debris (p < 0.05). The surface scores of canals prepared with WaveOne were significantly higher.

How to cite this article

Koçak MM, Koçak S, Saglam BC, Türker SA. Smear Layer and Debris Removal Following use of WaveOne and OneShape Single-File Systems: SEM Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):77-83.
Can Enhanced Peroxides Decrease the Side Effects of Tooth Bleaching? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Borges Boniek , Vale Mariana , Afonso Felipe , Assunção Isauremi
Published: December 2014

Adverse effects of tooth bleaching on dental structures remain a topic of discussion in the literature, and the search for protocols that reduce such reported adverse effects is ongoing. The goal of this systematic literature review was to determine whether the use of tooth bleaching gels with added minerals, such as fluoride, calcium, hydroxyapatite, potassium nitrate, amorphous calcium phosphate, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, reduced the occurrence of the main adverse effects of tooth bleaching. The electronic database search identified 16 studies that evaluated the effects of bleaching gels with added minerals on enamel hardness and/or roughness, mineral loss, post-treatment sensitivity, morphological changes, and/or cohesive enamel strength. The findings of this review suggest that the addition of minerals to bleaching gels can contribute to the reduction of most adverse effects, mainly sensitivity, without affecting treatment efficiency.

How to cite this article

Borges B, Vale M, Afonso F, Assunção I. Can Enhanced Peroxides Decrease the Side Effects of Tooth Bleaching? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):84-91.
Orthopedic and Esthetic Resolution of a Severe Case of Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Type I-Hypoplasic)
Authors: Pithon Matheus Melo , Pinto Hazarmavé Barreto
Published: December 2014

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a genetically transmitted tooth enamel malformation that may affect both primary and permanent dentition. It is of a hereditary nature and is limited to the tooth enamel structure, without the presence of other apparent systemic compromise. The authors’ purpose in the present article is to describe the clinical case of a patient with severe amelogenesis imperfecta treated facial orthopedics and esthetic reconstruction of the teeth. The results achieved on conclusion of treatment were the correction of the patient's maxillary atresia and improvement of dental and facial esthetics, providing the patient with greater social and psychological benefits.

How to cite this article

Pithon MM, Pinto HB, Saini R. Orthopedic and Esthetic Resolution of a Severe Case of Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Type I-Hypoplasic). Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):109-114.
Diode Laser: A Perfect Option for Ankyloglossia Management
Authors: Pithon Matheus Melo , Dagna Alberto , Aljuboori Mohammed Jasim
Published: December 2014

Ankyloglossia or tongue tie is a developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by an abnormally short, thick lingual frenum resulting in limitation of tongue movement. Ankyloglossia can adversely affect feeding, speech articulation, and oral hygiene maintenance. This case reports of a 22-year-old male with tongue tie who complained of difficulty in speech following which he underwent lingual frenectomy procedure with laser, without any complications. Diode lasers are compact and portable in design with efficient and reliable benefits for use in soft-tissue oral surgical procedure.

How to cite this article

Saini R, Aljuboori MJ, Dagna A, Pithon MM. Diode Laser: A Perfect Option for Ankyloglossia Management. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):115-116.
Lifestyle Changes and Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury in the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Study Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Ghaisas Samruddhi , Pyatak Elizabeth A. , Blanche Erna , Blanchard Jeanine , Clark Florence ,   PUPS II Study Group
Published: December 2014

Pressure ulcers (PrUs) are a major burden to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), affecting their psychological, physical, and social well-being. Lifestyle choices are thought to contribute to the risk of developing PrUs. This article focuses on the interaction between lifestyle choices and the development of PrUs in community settings among participants in the University of Southern California–Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center Pressure Ulcer Prevention Study (PUPS II), a randomized controlled trial of a lifestyle intervention for adults with SCI. We conducted a secondary cross-case analysis of treatment notes of 47 PUPS II participants and identified four patterns relating PrU development to lifestyle changes: positive PrU changes (e.g., healing PrUs) with positive lifestyle changes, negative or no PrU changes with positive lifestyle changes, positive PrU changes with minor lifestyle changes, and negative or no PrU changes with no lifestyle changes. We present case studies exemplifying each pattern.
Effectiveness of Occupation-Based Interventions to Improve Areas of Occupation and Social Participation After Stroke: An Evidence-Based Review
Authors: Wolf Timothy J. , Chuh Adrianna , Floyd Tracy , McInnis Karen , Williams Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

This evidence-based review examined the evidence supporting the use of occupation-based interventions to improve areas of occupation and social participation poststroke. A total of 39 studies met the inclusion criteria and were critically evaluated. Most of the literature targeted activity of daily living (ADL)–based interventions and collectively provided strong evidence for the use of occupation-based interventions to improve ADL performance. The evidence related to instrumental ADLs was much more disparate, with limited evidence to support the use of virtual reality interventions and emerging evidence to support driver education programs to improve occupational performance poststroke. Only 6 studies addressed leisure, social participation, or rest and sleep, with sufficient evidence to support only leisure-based interventions. The implications of this review for research, education, and practice in occupational therapy are also discussed.