bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions
Authors: Yonelinas Andrew P. , Aly Mariam , Wang Wei‐Chun , Koen Joshua D.
Published: September 2010

It is well accepted that recognition memory reflects the contribution of two separable memory retrieval processes, namely recollection and familiarity. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the functional nature and neural substrates of these processes. In this article, we describe a simple quantitative model of recognition memory (i.e., the dual‐process signal detection model) that has been useful in integrating findings from a broad range of cognitive studies, and that is now being applied in a growing number of neuroscientific investigations of memory. The model makes several strong assumptions about the behavioral nature and neural substrates of recollection and familiarity. A review of the literature indicates that these assumptions are generally well supported, but that there are clear boundary conditions in which these assumptions break down. We argue that these findings provide important insights into the operation of the processes underlying recognition. Finally, we consider how the dual‐process approach relates to recent neuroanatomical and computational models and how it might be integrated with recent findings concerning the role of medial temporal lobe regions in other cognitive functions such as novelty detection, perception, implicit memory and short‐term memory. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo BDNF modulation of hippocampal mossy fiber plasticity induced by high frequency stimulation
Authors: Schjetnan Andrea Gómez‐Palacio , Escobar Martha L.
Published: September 2010

Changes in synaptic efficacy and morphology have been proposed as mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. In our previous studies, high frequency stimulation (HFS) sufficient to induce LTP at the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) pathway, leads to MF synaptogenesis, in a prominent contralateral form, at the stratum oriens of hippocampal CA3 area. Recently we reported that acute intrahippocampal microinfusion of BDNF induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic efficacy at the MF projection accompanied by a structural reorganization at the CA3 area within the stratum oriens region in a prominent ipsilateral form. It is considered that the capacity of synapses to express plastic changes is itself subject to variation dependent on previous experience. Here we used intrahippocampal microinfusion of BDNF to analyze its effects on functional and structural synaptic plasticity induced by subsequent mossy fiber HFS sufficient to induce LTP in adult rats, in vivo. Our results show that BDNF modifies the ability of the MF pathway to present LTP by HFS. Moreover BDNF modified the structural reorganization pattern produced by HFS, presenting a balanced bilateral appearance. Microinfusion of K252a blocks the functional and morphological effects produced by BDNF, revealing that the BDNF modulation is dependent on its TrkB receptor activation. These findings support the idea that BDNF actions modify subsequent synaptic plasticity; a homeostatic mechanism thought to be essential for synaptic integration among prolonged temporal domains in the adult mammalian brain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc.
Cytotoxic Evaluation of Pungencine: A New Tropane Alkaloid from the Roots of Erythroxylum pungens O. E. Schulz
Authors: Sena‐Filho José G. , da Silva Marcelo S. , Tavares Josean F. , Oliveira Steno L. , Romero Marco A. V. , Xavier Haroudo S. , Barbosa‐Filho Jose M. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo
Published: September 2010

A new tropane alkaloid as well as a new substitution group, (3‐endo,8‐anti)‐8‐methyl‐8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐3‐yl 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzoate, called pungencine (1), was isolated from the roots of Erythroxylum pungens O. E. Schulz. The structure was elucidated by spectral analyses, including 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR and 2D‐NMR techniques (1H,1H‐COSY, NOESY, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC) and HR‐ESI‐MS. Furthermore, compound 1 was tested for cytotoxicity against several cell lines (Jurkat, HL‐60, U937, K562, KG‐1, and U266) and was determined not to inhibit cell viability at 10 μM.
Potassium Thiocyanate‐Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of (1,3‐Diaryl‐2,5‐dioxoimidazolidin‐4‐ylidene)acetates from Aryl Isocyanates and Alkyl Propiolates. Short Communication
Authors: Yavari Issa , Sirouspour Mehdi , Souri Sanaz
Published: September 2010

The reaction of aryl isocyanates and alkyl propiolates (=alkyl prop‐2‐ynoates) in the presence of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) led to geometric isomers of alkyl 2‐(1,3‐diaryl‐2,5‐dioxoimidazolidin‐4‐ylidene)acetates in moderate‐to‐good yields.
Regioselective Synthesis of the 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyrrol‐4‐one Skeleton: A New Class of Compounds
Authors: Koza Gani , Karahan Emrah , Balci Metin
Published: September 2010

We hereby report the first preparation of the 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyrrol‐4‐one (3) and its derivatives starting from methyl 3‐(methoxycarbonyl)furan‐2‐acetate (8). The ester functionality connected to the methylene group was regiospecifically converted to the desired monohydrazide 9. Conversion of 9 into the acyl azide 10 followed by Curtius rearrangement gave the corresponding isocyanate derivative 11 (Scheme 2). Reaction of 11 with different nucleophiles produced urethane and urea derivatives (Scheme 3). Intramolecular cyclization reactions provided the target compounds (Scheme 5). Removal of the amine‐protecting group formed the title compound 3.
Three New Triterpene Saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Authors: Shi Lin , Cao Jia‐Qing , Li Wei , Zhao Yu‐Qing
Published: September 2010

Three new dammarane‐type triterpene saponins, 1–3, together with three known compounds, 4–6, were isolated from the aerial parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. By means of chemical and spectroscopic methods, their structures were established as (20S)‐3β,20,21‐trihydroxydammara‐23,25‐diene 3‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)] [β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐21‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1), (20R,23R)‐3β,20‐dihydroxy‐19‐oxodammar‐24‐en‐21‐oic acid 21,23‐lactone 3‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)] [β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (2), and (21S,23S)‐3β,20ξ,21,26‐tetrahydroxy‐19‐oxo‐21,23‐epoxydammar‐24‐ene 3‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)] [β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (3).
New Chemical Constituents from Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Moreira Vinicius F. , Oliveira Rodrigo R. , Mathias Leda , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , Curcino Vieira Ivo J.
Published: September 2010

A phytochemical study on Borreria verticillata has led to the isolation of two novel simple indole alkaloids, 6‐methoxy‐4‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)‐1H‐indole, named verticillatine A (1), and 1‐(1H‐indol‐6‐yl)‐3‐methylbutan‐1‐one, named verticillatine B (2), one new iridoid, 6′‐O‐(2‐glyceryl)scandoside methyl ester (3), with the glycerol unit linked to a glucose unit, and two known ones, asperuloside (4) and scandoside methyl ester (5). The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic‐data analyses, mainly 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, including 2D experiments (1H,1H‐COSY, NOESY, HMBC, and HMQC), and HR‐ESI‐MS.
Anthraquinones and Lignans from Cassia occidentalis
Authors: Li Shi‐Fei , Di Ying‐Tong , Wang Yue‐Hu , Tan Cheng‐Jian , Fang Xin , Zhang Yu , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Li Ling , He Hong‐Ping , Li Shun‐Lin , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: September 2010

One new anthraquinone glycoside, 6‐O‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)emodin (1), and two new sesquilignans, seslignanoccidentaliols A (2) and B (3), were isolated from the whole plant of Cassia occidentalis. The structures of the new compounds were established by means of spectroscopic methods, especially 2D‐NMR data (1H,1H‐COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and ROESY), as well as HR‐ESI‐MS analysis. One previously reported sesquilignan, erythro‐guaiacylglycerol‐β‐O‐4′‐(5′)‐methoxylariciresinol, was revised to be seslignanoccidentaliol A (2). The 6‐O‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)emodin (1) exhibited moderate anti‐HIV‐1 activity with an EC50 value of 2.90 μg/ml and a therapeutic‐index (TI) value of 260.
New Coumarins and Triterpenes from Calophyllum inophyllum
Authors: Zou Jian , Wu Jian , Liu Shuang‐Zhu , Zhao Wei‐Min
Published: September 2010

Four new coumarins, 1–4, and two new triterpenes, 5 and 6, along with nine known compounds have been identified from the leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. The structure of apetalolide (7), previously reported from C. apetalum, was revised by means of 2D‐NMR, and the absolute configuration of the known compound inophyllum D (8) was established by a modified Mosher's method.
A Rarely Reported Trinorsesquiterpene‐Type Structure in an Isolate from Pulicaria insignis
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Zhuo , Li Liang‐Bo , Jiang Si‐Ping , Chen Xu‐Lin , Zhu Hua‐Jie
Published: September 2010

A trinorsesquiterpene, 1, and its possible precursor sesquiterpene 2 were obtained from the Tibetan folk medicine Pulicaria insignis (Ming⋅chen⋅serpo). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods including 2D‐NMR. The trinorsesquiterpene skeleton of 1 is the second example of this type of structure found in a plant, after a first compound of this type was isolated from bird's nest fungi (Cyanthus bulleri).
Cyclization vs. Elimination Reactions of 5‐Aryl‐5‐hydroxy 1,3‐Diones: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones
Authors: Ahmad Khera Rasheed , Ahmad Rasheed , Ullah Ihsan , Abid Obaid‐Ur‐Rahman , Fatunsin Olumide , Sher Muhammad , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: September 2010

2‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones were prepared in one step by cyclocondensation of 1,3‐diketone dianions with aldehydes. The use of HCl (10%) for the aqueous workup proved to be very important to avoid elimination reactions of the 5‐aryl‐5‐hydroxy 1,3‐diones formed as intermediates. The TiCl4‐mediated cyclization of a 2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one with 1,3‐silyloxybuta‐1,3‐diene resulted in cleavage of the pyranone moiety and formation of a highly functionalized benzene derivative.
Double Heck Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Dibrominated Pyridines
Authors: Ali Asad , Hussain Munawar , Malik Imran , Villinger Alexander , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter
Published: September 2010

Double Heck cross‐coupling reactions of 2,3‐ and 3,5‐dibromopyridine with various alkenes afforded the corresponding novel di(alkenyl)pyridines. The Heck reaction of 2,5‐dibromopyridine unexpectedly afforded 5,5′‐di(alkenyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridines by palladium‐catalyzed dimerization to give 5,5′‐dibromo‐2,2′‐bipyridine and subsequent twofold Heck reaction.
The 550th Anniversary of the Universität Basel, 1460 – 2010: Paracelsian Beginnings and Chemistry
Authors: Craig G. Wayne
Published: September 2010

This year marks the 550th anniversary of the founding of the Universität Basel. After its inception, the development of chemistry has played a major role in its evolution as an academic institution to meet the needs of industry and the educational community. Chemistry evolved in Basel as a dominant industry because of its central location and connection to the Rhine. The dyestuff industry and later the pharmaceutical industry established the Basel location as a major center of distribution. Companies likeSandoz AG, Ciba AG, J. R. Geigy AG, andF. Hoffmann‐La Roche AGinfluenced the defining role of chemistry not only in Europe but throughout the world. This article highlights some of the academic personalities that contributed to the development of chemistry in the remarkable history of the Universität Basel since the time ofParacelsus.
Oligonucleotide Analogues with Integrated Bases and Backbones. Part 26
Authors: Chiesa Katja , Bernet Bruno , Vasella Andrea
Published: September 2010

The self‐complementary aminomethylene‐linked A*[n]U* dinucleosides 23–26 were prepared by reductive coupling of aldehyde 10 and azide 8. The U*[n]A* sequence isomers 19–21 were similarly prepared from aldehyde 14 and azide 3. The substituents at C(6/I) of 23–26 and at C(8/I) of 19–21 strongly favour the syn‐conformation. The A*[n]U* dinucleoside 23 associates more strongly than the sequence‐isomeric U*[n]A* dinucleoside 19. The A*[n]U* dinucleosides 23 and 24 associate more strongly than the analogues devoid of the substituent at C(6/I), while the U*[n]A* dinucleoside 19 associates less strongly than the analogue devoid of the substituent at C(8/I). While 23 and 24 form cyclic duplexes mostly by Watson–Crick‐type base pairing, 25 only forms linear associates. The U*[n]A* dinucleoside 19 forms mostly linear duplexes and higher associates, and 21 forms cyclic duplexes showing both Watson–Crick‐ and Hoogsteen‐type base pairing. The cyclic duplexes of the aminomethylene‐linked dinucleosides show both the gg‐ and gt‐orientation of the linker, with the gg‐orientation being preferred.
Bioactive tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in mice
Authors: Gong Yi , Li Yanli , Lu Yin , Li Linglin , Abdolmaleky Hamid , Blackburn George L. , Zhou Jin‐Rong
Published: September 2010

Searching for efficacious and safe agents for the chemoprevention and therapy of prostate cancer has become the top priority of research. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a group of tanshinones from a Chinese herb Salvia Miltiorrhiza, cryptotanshinone (CT), tanshinone IIA (T2A) and tanshinone I (T1) on prostate cancer. The in vitro studies showed that these tanshinones inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Among three compounds, T1 had the most potent activity with IC50s around 3–6 μM. On the other hand, tanshinones had much less adverse effects on the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells. The epigenetic pathway focused array assay identified Aurora A kinase as a possible target of tanshinone actions. The expression of Aurora A was overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, knockdown of Aurora A in prostate cancer cells significantly decreased cell growth. Tanshinones significantly downregulated the Aurora A expression, suggesting Aurora A may be a functional target of tanshinones. Tanshinones, especially T1, also showed potent anti‐angiogenesis activity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, T1 inhibited the growth of DU145 prostate tumor in mice associated with induction of apoptosis, decrease of proliferation, inhibition of angiogenesis and downregulation of Aurora A, whereas it did not alter food intake or body weight. Our results support that T1 may be an efficacious and safe chemopreventive or therapeutic agent against prostate cancer progression.
Quantitative assessments of residual stress fields at the surface of alumina hip joints
Authors: Pezzotti Giuseppe , Munisso Maria Chiara , Lessnau Kristina , Zhu Wenliang
Published: September 2010

In‐depth and in‐plane response functions of photo‐ and electro‐stimulated probes have been modeled and quantitatively evaluated in order to assess their suitability to detect the highly graded residual stress fields generated at the surface of alumina hip joints. Optical calibrations revealed large differences in probe size, which strongly affected the detected magnitude of residual stress. A comparison between the responses of Raman and fluorescence probes in polycrystalline alumina showed that the depth of those probes spread to an extent in the order of the tens of microns even with using a confocal probe configuration. On the other hand, the electro‐stimulated luminescence emitted by oxygen vacancy sites (F+ center) in the alumina lattice represented the most suitable choice for confining to a shallow volume the stress probe. This latter probe enabled us to reduce the measurement depth to the order of the tens of nanometers. We show maps of surface residual stress as collected on both main‐wear and nonwear zones of an alumina femoral head. A comparison among stress maps taken at exactly the same location, but employing different probes, revealed averaging effects on the stress magnitude detected with photo‐stimulated probes, while proving the superior spatial resolution of the electron probe. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Viscoelastic and fatigue properties of model methacrylate‐based dentin adhesives
Authors: Singh Viraj , Misra Anil , Marangos Orestes , Park Jonggu , Ye Qiang , Kieweg Sarah L. , Spencer Paulette
Published: September 2010

The objective of the current study is to characterize the viscoelastic and fatigue properties of model methacrylate‐based dentin adhesives under dry and wet conditions. Static, creep, and fatigue tests were performed on cylindrical samples in a 3‐point bending clamp. Static results showed that the apparent elastic modulus of the model adhesive varied from 2.56 to 3.53 GPa in the dry condition, and from 1.04 to 1.62 GPa in the wet condition, depending upon the rate of loading. Significant differences were also found for the creep behavior of the model adhesive under dry and wet conditions. A linear viscoelastic model was developed by fitting the adhesive creep behavior. The developed model with 5 Kelvin Voigt elements predicted the apparent elastic moduli measured in the static tests. The model was then utilized to interpret the fatigue test results. It was found that the failure under cyclic loading can be due to creep or fatigue, which has implications for the failure criterion that are applied for these types of tests. Finally, it was found that the adhesive samples tested under dry conditions were more durable than those tested under wet conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Intracardiac echogenic focus and fetal outcome
Authors: Gupta Geetika , Aggarwal Shagun , Phadke Shubha R.
Published: September 2010

Background

To study the outcome of the fetuses with intracardiac echogenic focus (ICEF).

Methods

All patients who were found to have one or more ICEF on sonographic (US) examination at our center from January 2007 through January 2009 were included in this retrospective study. ICEF was defined as a discrete area of echogenicity noted in the left or right ventricle, which was as bright as bone. Patients were followed up to know pregnancy outcome.

Results

Of 762 fetuses evaluated by US, 48 (6.3%) were found to have an ICEF. Thirty‐one of these 48 fetuses had an isolated ICEF; 11 had associated major malformations, and the remaining 6 had no major US abnormalities but were found to have other soft markers. Invasive prenatal testing was done in 21 cases for risk factors other than ICEF and was found to be abnormal in two cases. Seven pregnancies were terminated due to associated major malformations.

Conclusion

The prevalence of ICEF was 6.3%. Of 31 fetuses with an isolated ICEF, outcomes of 28 fetuses are known and all neonates were reported to be normal at birth. Thus we infer that the presence of an isolated ICEF has no adverse effect on outcome of the neonate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Preparation and evaluation of [125I]troxacitabine: L‐nucleoside model of a potential agent for tumor diagnosis and radiotherapy
Authors: El‐Kawy O. A. , Hashem A. M. , Amin M. A. , El‐Wetery A. S.
Published: September 2010

In this study, the optimization of troxacitabine labeling with iodine‐125 and its biological evaluation were described. Troxacitabine was labeled via direct electrophilic substitution using chloramine‐T as oxidizing agent. The optimum amounts of reactants were: 50 µg troxacitabine, 75 µg Chloramine‐T and ∼19 kBq carrier free Na125I. The labeled troxacitabine was stable for more than 24 h. Results of the in‐vivo evaluation revealed that the new tracer, [125I]troxacitabine, tends to localize in tissues with high proliferation rate with preferential accumulation in cancerous tissues. Imaging should be carried at 3 h postinjection. The in vitro cell growth inhibition assay showed that the effect of [125I]troxacitabine was stronger than the effect of cold troxacitabine, which strongly suggested that its cytotoxicity was mainly due to radiotoxicity rather than chemotherapeutic activity. The binding assay revealed that [125I]troxacitabine uptake by the Ehrlich and the ARAC8C cells was high and that it bounded well to DNA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the knowledge on Piper betle: Targeted metabolite analysis and effect on acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Valentão Patrícia , Gonçalves Rui F. , Belo Cristóvão , de Pinho Paula Guedes , Andrade Paula B. , Ferreres Federico
Published: September 2010

Piper betle is a species growing in South East Asia, where its leaves are economically and medicinally important. To screen the highest possible number of volatile and semivolatile components, the leaves were subjected to headspace solid‐phase microextraction, hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction, prior to analysis by GC/MS. Fifty compounds (identified by comparison with standard compounds or tentatively by National Institute of Standards and Technology database) were determined, 23 being described for the first time in this matrix. An aqueous extract was also analysed, in which only seven compounds were characterized. The organic acids' composition of this extract was determined by HPLC/UV and eight compounds are reported for the first time in P. betle. This extract also displayed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity.
Study of atypical kinetic behaviour of cytochrome P450 2C9 isoform with diclofenac at low substrate concentrations by sweeping‐MEKC combination
Authors: Řemínek Roman , Glatz Zdeněk
Published: September 2010

In view of the fact that several studies have shown that diclofenac hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2C9 deviated from Michaelis–Menten kinetics at low substrate concentrations, sweeping combined with MEKC was applied for the kinetic study of this pharmacologically important reaction. A 50 μm fused silica capillary (56 cm effective length) was used to carry out all separations. 70 mM SDS in 20 mM phosphate 20 mM tetraborate buffer, pH 8.6, was used as the BGE. Injection was accomplished by the application of 50 mbar (5 kPa) pressure to the sample vial for 52 s. Separation was performed at 22 kV (positive polarity), with a capillary temperature of 25°C and detection at 200 nm. The higher sensitivity of the sweeping‐MEKC combination compared with the simple MEKC method enabled this reaction to be fitted to a Hill kinetic model and confirmed the findings of other authors. A Michaelis constant of 2.91±0.10 μM, maximum reaction velocity of 9.16±0.16 nmol/min/nmol and Hill coefficient of 1.66±0.08 were determined. This value of Hill coefficient confirms the presence of a positive cooperativity at low diclofenac concentrations and supports the hypothesis of two substrates binding at or near the active site.
Intimate relationships among returning soldiers: The mediating and moderating roles of negative emotionality, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol problems
Authors: Meis Laura A. , Erbes Christopher R. , Polusny Melissa A. , Compton Jill S.
Published: September 2010

Research examining relationship quality among combat veterans largely focuses on the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with less attention devoted to other correlates of PTSD and relationship quality, such as personality and problematic drinking. In a sample of combat‐exposed National Guard soldiers recently returned from Iraq (N = 308), we examined (a) a meditational pathway from negative emotionality, to elevated postdeployment PTSD symptoms, to poorer relationship quality; and (b) the moderating role of problematic drinking. Moderated mediation regression strategies supported the mediating role of postdeployment PTSD symptoms, but not the moderating role of problematic drinking on soldiers' relationship quality. Findings suggest negative emotionality creates a vulnerability to more severe early postdeployment PTSD symptoms and poorer early postdeployment relationship quality.
The impact of dissociation, shame, and guilt on interpersonal relationships in chronically traumatized individuals: A pilot study*
Authors: Dorahy Martin J.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to systematically examine the impact of shame, guilt, and dissociation on interpersonal relationships. Study 1 assessed 81 participants attending a trauma‐related treatment service with the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress and the Community and Interpersonal Connectedness Scale. Study 2 assessed 21 traumatized participants from the same service with the above measures, as well as the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Lifetime shame and current dissociation made significant contributions to relationship disconnectedness, with dissociation having the most significant impact in all analyses. Both dissociation and shame appear to have a severing effect on interpersonal relationships.
Incentives and enforcement: The institutional design and policy mix for soil conservation in Brandenburg (Germany)
Authors: Prager K. , Hagemann N. , Schuler J. , Heyn N.
Published: September 2010

Despite the introduction of several soil conservation policies, degradation of agricultural land remains one of the major environmental problems in German agriculture. Degradation processes, farming practices, and soil conservation policies have all previously been analysed. However, the interrelationship between these three fields has not yet attracted much attention. The aim of this paper is to contribute new knowledge about this interrelationship by analysing the impact of current soil conservation policies on farming practices and on the mitigation of soil degradation. The paper uses the case study of the Uckermark region (Germany) to assess existing soil conservation policies, describe the soil conservation measures, and point out limits to policy effectiveness. The region is an area of high potential risk for soil erosion and compaction, due to the prevailing soil types, topography and climate. The actual risk of soil degradation has been reduced over the last decade through the increased use of soil conserving farming practices. The Institutions of Sustainability (IoS) framework by Hagedorn provided the analytical framework for the study. A literature review was complemented by expert interviews with 4 soil scientists and 26 in‐depth interviews conducted with stakeholders. The results emphasised the potential of incentive based policies – such as agri‐environmental schemes – to promote uptake of well‐tailored conservation measures that reduce soil degradation. However, entry to soil‐specific agri‐environmental schemes has now been closed in Brandenburg. Therefore, soil degradation is currently addressed only by regulatory policy instruments such as the Federal Soil Protection Act and EU‐based national regulations. The definition of precise technical measures or input limits coupled with enforcement mechanisms increases policy effectiveness. We recommend that the best approach for tackling soil degradation is a policy mix, with regulatory instruments enforcing a minimum standard, complemented with locally adapted agri‐environmental schemes and enhanced by advisory measures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing tumor response to photodynamic therapy sensitized by intratumor administration of methylene blue
Authors: Baran Timothy M. , Giesselman Benjamin R. , Hu Rui , Biel Merrill A. , Foster Thomas H.
Published: September 2010

Background and Objectives

We examined tumor response to methylene blue (MB)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a murine tumor model. The goal was to investigate the effects of drug–light interval (DLI), injection vehicle, and fluence on tumor destruction. Fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy informed our understanding.

Materials and Methods

EMT6 tumor cells were implanted intradermally on the backs of female BALB/c mice and grown to ∼4‐mm diameter. Mice were given a 35 µl, single site, intratumor injection of 500 µg/ml MB administered in either a water or a 5% ethanol‐5% Cremophor‐90% saline vehicle. PDT was begun either immediately or after a 1‐hour DLI with a fluence rate of 60 mW/cm2. Each animal received a fluence of 240 or 480 J/cm2. Fluorescence and reflectance spectra were captured before and during irradiation.

Results

A protocol consisting of the Cremophor‐based vehicle, 0 DLI, and a fluence of 480 J/cm2 was the most effective, with a 55% cure rate as measured by no evidence of tumor 90 days after PDT. Use of the water vehicle with this fluence and DLI reduced the cure rate to 20%. Reducing the fluence to 240 J/cm2 similarly reduced treatment efficacy with 0 and 1‐hour DLIs. Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified increased fluence, 0 versus 1‐hour DLI, and the Cremophor versus water vehicle as highly significant independent predictors of long term tumor control (P < 0.01 in each case). Multivariate analysis with model selection revealed fluence and injection vehicle as the best predictors of survival hazards. Fluorescence spectroscopy in vivo showed that MB fluorescence decreased monotonically during a 2‐hour dark interval but was restored by irradiation. Reflectance spectroscopy revealed that MB at this injected concentration attenuates the treatment beam significantly.

Conclusion

Sensitizer delivery vehicle, drug–light interval, and fluence contribute significantly to the tumor response to MB‐mediated PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:728–735, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ability of optical coherence tomography to detect caries beneath commonly used dental sealants
Authors: Holtzman Jennifer S. , Osann Kathryn , Pharar Jessica , Lee Kenneth , Ahn Yeh‐chan , Tucker Travis , Sabet Sharareh , Chen Zhongping , Gukasyan Ripsik , Wilder‐Smith Petra
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective

The onset and progression of early tooth decay is often preventable with dental sealants. However, occasionally decay progresses underneath the sealant. Current technology does not permit monitoring of potential lesion progression or arrest. Dental sealants themselves mask the visual cues that identify early tooth decay, and radiographs are not sufficiently sensitive. Therefore, clinicians can be reluctant to use dental sealant. The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the ability of dentists to detect decay beneath commonly used dental sealants using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.

Study Designs/Materials/Methods

Forty extracted teeth were divided into equal groups of carious and non‐carious teeth, as determined by visual inspection. After radiographs and OCT imaging, teeth were randomly assigned for sealant placement with one of four commonly purchased dental sealants: Clinpro™, Fuji Triage™, Embrace Wet Bond™, and Delton™.

Following sealant placement, teeth were radiographed, imaged with OCT, sectioned, examined histologically, and scored as healthy/not healthy. OCT and radiographic images were scored separately. The gold standard was histopathological diagnosis from the serial sections.

Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were computed for all measures.

Results

After 90 minutes training, pre‐standardized dentists were able to detect tooth decay more accurately using OCT than with visual or radiographic examination. Detection using OCT was somewhat better prior to sealant placement than afterwards. This effect varied in size depending on the type of sealant used. Radiographic diagnosis was also less accurate after sealant placement. Of the four dental sealants, Delton provided excellent positive predictive value and the best post‐sealant negative predictive values.

Conclusion

In this ex vivo study, dentists were able to detect tooth decay beneath four commonly used dental sealants based on OCT images. Clinical investigations are now underway to determine the usefulness of this approach in vivo. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:752–759, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms and analysis for supporting multicast traffic by using multilayer multistage interconnection networks
Authors: Garofalakis John , Stergiou Eleftherios
Published: September 2010

Multilayer multistage interconnection networks (MLMINs) integrate communication with network components and the components of parallel systems, especially when they service multicast traffic. This paper presents an approximate performance methodology for self‐routing MLMINs that consist of two segments, each of which is composed of symmetrical switch elements. The first segment is subject to blocking situations with one mode of packet transmission policy (unicast). The second segment—the multilayer—is blocking free and employs double modes of transmission policy (unicast and multicast replication). Applying the current analytical model, which is based on a convergence method on the above types of MLMINs, an estimate can be made of their performance indicators. This model was applied to variable network size MLMINs under different multicasting patterns of traffic. It was also validated by extensive simulations. All the MLMINs under study apply special packet (traffic) management techniques, which allow for the integration of sub‐networking into larger networks such as grids. The results are accurate and useful for network engineering, especially in the service of local area networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing nonprofit career choice in faith‐based and secular NGOs in three developing countries
Authors: Teresa Flanigan Shawn
Published: September 2010

Much of the research on the factors that draw individuals to nonprofit careers is based in Australia, Western Europe, and the United States, and research on the role of faith in career choice focuses largely on Christian organizations. This article examines the factors that draw individuals to work in the nongovernmental organization (NGO) sector in the developing countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka. It also looks at whether faith offers similar motivations for NGO workers in Buddhist, Druze, Sunni Muslim, and Shiite Muslim NGOs as it does for workers in Christian NGOs. Much like nonprofit workers in other studies, the individuals interviewed chose their jobs based on their personal commitment to an organization's work.
Crisis in leadership or failure to plan?
Authors: Carman Joanne G. , Leland Suzanne M. , Wilson Amanda J.
Published: September 2010

During the past ten years, succession planning and managing executive transitions have emerged as important issues in the nonprofit sector. Demographers and economists have speculated for years about the potential effects of the retirement of baby boomers. The time has finally arrived: the oldest of the baby boomers are now eligible for retirement. The question that remains is how this trend will affect the nonprofit sector and the communities they serve. This study examines the issues of turnover and succession planning at the executive level, along with career development among young nonprofit professionals in Charlotte, North Carolina. Not only do the findings suggest that the community may very well see a crisis in leadership, but they also illustrate a growing disconnect between executive leaders and young professionals in nonprofit organizations. In addition to struggling with the realities of working in the nonprofit sector (limited benefits, challenging workloads), most young professionals reported that they felt undervalued by older managers and staff, and very few aspire to the position of executive director. Taken together, these findings have important implications for the local community and the broader nonprofit sector.
Allometric parameters ofPterodoras granulosus(Valenciennes 1833) and its application to fossil assemblages
Authors: Loponte D. , Acosta A. , Musali J.
Published: September 2010

By means of the analysis of 28 modern individuals ofPterodoras granulosus, a silurid of great importance in the archaeological assemblages of the Amazonas and Paraná basins, allometric equations based on the size of the spines have been derived, allowing the reconstruction of size profile and weight of the individuals recovered in fossil assemblages. These equations have been obtained from four different measures, three of them related to different sections of the spine articulation with the cleithrum, an area that usually has an excellent preservation in the archaeological and palaeontological records. This study allows observation of remarkable individual variability of the captured specimens regarding its total weight, mainly due to the weight variability of viscera, and also probably with other metabolic situations, episodic intakes and/or reproductive aspects, among others. Hence, allometric equations determine more accurately length than weight, resulting in proxy data for the reconstruction of different size profiles of archaeological assemblages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The controversy of varicella vaccination in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Caniza Miguela A. , Hunger Stephen P. , Schrauder Andre , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Pui Ching‐Hon , Masera Giuseppe ,   Members of the International Study Group of Childhood ALL (the “Ponte di Legno Working Group”)
Published: September 2010

Background

The available guidelines for varicella vaccination of susceptible children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have become increasingly conservative. However, vaccination of those who have remained in continuous complete remission for 1 year and are receiving chemotherapy is still considered a reasonable option. There is little available data to allow a comparison of the risk versus benefit of vaccinating these patients.

Procedure

We retrospectively reviewed mortality due to varicella in the records of 15 pediatric ALL study groups throughout Europe, Asia, and North America during the period 1984–2008.

Results

We found that 20 of 35,128 children with ALL (0.057%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.037–0.088%) died of VZV infection. The mortality rate was lower in North America (3 of 11,558 children, 0.026%; 95% CI, 0.009–0.076%) than in the Asian countries (2 of 4,882 children, 0.041%; 95% CI, 0.011–0.149%) and in Europe (15 of 18,688 children, 0.080%; 95% CI, 0.049–0.132%) consistent with the generally higher rate of VZV vaccination in North America. Fourteen of the 20 patients (70%) died during the first year of treatment for ALL. One death was attributed to varicella vaccination.

Conclusions

The negligible rate of fatal varicella infection in children with ALL, the risk that accompanies vaccination, and the necessity of withholding chemotherapy for vaccination appear to outweigh the potential benefit of varicella vaccination for children during treatment of ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 12–16. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of capillary electrophoresis fingerprint for quality control of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Feng , Cheung Hon‐Yeung
Published: September 2010

Introduction – Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (RSG) is a Chinese herbal medicine used for detoxication and as a diuretic. However, in some regions of China, RSG is used confusedly with some other herbs.

Objective – To develop a capillary electrophoresis (CE)‐DAD fingerprint method for quality evaluation, species differentiation and product identification of RSG.

Methodology – The CE separation conditions and extraction procedure were optimised. Eighteen batches of RSG samples were analysed and the standard fingerprint used for authentication was simulated by the average of all tested samples.

Results – The optimal CE separation conditions were developed with running buffer of 20 mm borax containing 3 mm β‐cyclodextrin at pH 9.4, voltage of 25 kV and temperature of 25°C. The separation could be completed within 8 min. Nine peaks were found in the electropherogram of RSG and five peaks were identified as astilbin, taxifolin, 5‐O‐caffeoylshikimic acid, shikimic acid and trans‐resveratrol, respectively. Methanol and sonication were recommended for the sample preparation. All RSG samples showed similar chromatographic profile and six ‘held in common’ peaks were found. By the standard fingerprint, RSG could be well distinguished from its two confusable species, Rhizoma Smilacis Chinae and Rhizoma Heterosmilacis.

Conclusion – A CE‐DAD fingerprint analysis method was developed for the quality control of RSG. The standard fingerprint could represent the chemical profile of RSG and be used for its authentication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in Larrea divaricata Cav. extracts by micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Stege Patricia W. , Sombra Lorena L. , Davicino Roberto C. , Olsina Roberto A.
Published: September 2010

Introduction – Larrea divaricata Cav. is a common shrub used in folk medicine to treat a variety of diseases. The main product extracted from this bush is nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDG), which is a potent antioxidant.

Objective – In this paper we propose a novel method for the quantification of NDG in different extracts of Larrea divaricata. The concentration of NDG in two different aqueous extracts (I and D) and an ethanolic extract (Eet) was analysed, in order to evaluate the safe use of the extracts for pharmacological purposes.

Methodology – Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was performed under the following conditions: the background electrolyte used consisted of 20 mm phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 10 mm sodium dodecyl sulphate and 10% acetonitrile.

Results – The limits of detection and quantitation of NDG were 4.54 × 10−4 and 10.6 × 10−4 mg/mL, respectively. The concentration of this acid in both aqueous extracts was within the safe levels. However, the decoction must be used carefully because the concentration of the acid was almost over the recommended limit. In the case of ethanolic extracts, the amount of NDG was above the safe concentration, which is in agreement with the solubility of the active compound in ethanol.

Conclusions – The conclusions of this study demonstrate that most of these plant extracts should be used with care, especially those which are used with medicinal purposes. This is the first research on the quantification of NDG using MEKC in jarilla extracts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of some traditionally used medicinal plants affected by the extraction time and hydrolysis
Authors: Komes Draženka , Belščak‐Cvitanović Ana , Horžić Dunja , Rusak Gordana , Likić Saša , Berendika Marija
Published: September 2010

Introduction – Polyphenolic phytochemicals in traditionally used medicinal plants act as powerful antioxidants, which aroused an increasing interest in their application in functional food development.

Objective – The effect of extraction time (5 and 15 min) and hydrolysis on the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of six traditionally used medicinal plants (Melissa officinalis L., Thymus serpyllum L., Lavandula officinalis Miller, Rubus fruticosus L., Urtica dioica L., and Olea europea L.) were investigated.

Methodology – The content of total phenols, flavonoids, flavan‐3‐ols and tannins was determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometric methods, while individual phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols were separated and detected using HPLC analysis. Also, to obtain relevant data on the antioxidant capacity, two different assays, (2,2‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used.

Results – The extraction efficiency of phenolics, as well as the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts, was affected by both prolonged extraction and hydrolysis. The overall highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in hydrolyzed extract of blackberry leaves (2160 mg GAE/L), followed by the non‐hydrolyzed extract of lemon balm obtained after 15 min of extraction (929.33 mg GAE/L). The above extracts also exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, while extracts of olive leaves were characterized with the lowest content of phenolic compounds, as well as the lowest antioxidant capacity. The highest content of rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant phenolic compound, was determined in non‐hydrolyzed extract of lemon balm, obtained after 15 min of extraction. Although the hydrolysis provided the highest content of polyphenolic compounds, longer extraction time (15 min) was more efficient to extract these bioactives than shorter extraction duration (5 min).

Conclusion – The distribution of detected phenolic compounds showed a wide variability with regard to their botanical origin. Examined medicinal plants showed to be a valuable supplement to a daily intake of bioactive compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of fatty acids in A. szechenyianum Gay. by microwave‐assisted extraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Qu Wen‐Xia , Mou Zhao‐Li , Cui Hai‐Yan , Zhang Zhi‐Qi
Published: September 2010

Introduction – Aconitum szechenyianum Gay. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with the detumescent and styptic effects and antitumor activity. There have been only a few researches on its chemical components, but no detailed report has appeared on its fatty acids.

Objective – To develop a simple and effective method for the extraction of fatty acids from A. zechenyianum Gay. and then to investigate the fatty acid components.

Methodology – Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) was optimized with response surface methodology, and the fatty acid compositions of extract were determined by GC–MS with previous derivatisation to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The results were compared with that obtained by classical Soxhlet extraction (SE).

Results – Compared with SE, MAE showed significantly higher fatty acid yields, shorter extraction time, and lower energy and solvent consumption. The major fatty acids in A. szechenyianum Gay. are linoleic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid, and the unsaturated fatty acids occupy 66.4% of the total fatty acids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the composition and bioactivity of Crataegus Monogyna flowers and fruits used in folk medicine
Authors: Barros Lillian , Carvalho Ana Maria , Ferreira Isabel C.F.R.
Published: September 2010

Introduction – Studying local plant foods is of particular interest as they often contain high amounts of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, their nutritional and medicinal impact must be documented and supported with scientific studies. Crataegus monogyna is an example of ‘functional food’ traditionally used all over South European countries.

Objective – A complete chemical and bioactive characterization of flower buds, flowers, unripe, ripened and over ripened fruits was performed.

Methodology – Chemical characterization included determination of proteins, fats, ash, and carbohydrates, particularly sugars by HPLC‐RI, fatty acids by GC‐FID, tocopherols by HPLC‐fluorescence, phenolics, flavonoids, β‐carotene and ascorbic acid, by spectrophotometric techniques. Bioactivity was evaluated through screening of antioxidant properties: radical scavenging effects, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Results – Flowers revealed the highest tocopherols and ascorbic acid contents, as also the best n‐6/n‐3 fatty acids ratio. Over ripened fruits showed the highest levels of carbohydrates, sugars and SFA. Unripe fruits presented the highest PUFA contents with the best PUFA/SFA ratio, as also the highest levels of phenolics and the most promising antioxidant properties (EC50 < 20.83 µg/ml; even better than trolox).

Conclusion – This study shows the potential of different parts of Crataegus monogyna as sources of several compounds, including nutrients and nutraceuticals. Moreover, it supports the documented nutritional and medicinal impact of this species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.