bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution characteristics and the evolution law of excavation damage zone in the large-span transition section of high-speed railway tunnel based on microseismic monitoring
Authors: Li Ao , Zhang Dingli , Sun Zhenyu , Huang Jun , Dong Fei
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The microseismic monitoring technique has great advantages on identifying the location, extent and the mechanism of damage process occurring in rock mass. This study aims to analyze distribution characteristics and the evolution law of excavation damage zone of surrounding rock based on microseismic monitoring data.

Design/methodology/approach

In situ test using microseismic monitoring technique is carried out in the large-span transition tunnel of Badaling Great Wall Station of Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway. An intelligent microseismic monitoring system is built with symmetry monitoring point layout both on the mountain surface and inside the tunnel to achieve three-dimensional and all-round monitoring results.

Findings

Microseismic events can be divided into high density area, medium density area and low density area according to the density distribution of microseismic events. The positions where the cumulative distribution frequencies of microseismic events are 60 and 80% are identified as the boundaries between high and medium density areas and between medium and low density areas, respectively. The high density area of microseismic events is regarded as the high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock, which is affected by the grade of surrounding rock and the span of tunnel. The prediction formulas for the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock at different tunnel positions are given considering these two parameters. The scale of the average moment magnitude parameters of microseismic events is adopted to describe the damage degree of surrounding rock. The strong positive correlation and multistage characteristics between the depth of excavation damage zone and deformation of surrounding rock are revealed. Based on the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock, the prestressed anchor cable (rod) is designed, and the safety of anchor cable (rod) design parameters is verified by the deformation results of surrounding rock.

Originality/value

The research provides a new method to predict the surrounding rock damage zone of large-span tunnel and also provides a reference basis for design parameters of prestressed anchor cable (rod).
Brief report on six clinical cases of trauma in families that have children and adults who have a learning disability and/or are autistic
Authors: Blackman Noelle , Vlachakis Konstantinos , Annes Anna , Griffin Sally , Baker Peter
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Research and anecdotal clinical work indicate that complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in families that have children and adults who have a learning disability and/or are autistic may be prevalent. This paper aims to provide a preliminary formulation of complex trauma in families.

Design/methodology/approach

This report is based on a review of clinical psychotherapeutic work with six families. The themes are derived from the assessment period through examining the assessment reports and clinical supervision notes for thematic patterns.

Findings

This report suggests that the prevalence of CPTSD in families of people who have a learning disability and/or are autistic needs to be researched across the family lifecycle and that there are specific factors that mediate complex trauma symptomatology.

Originality/value

CPTSD symptomatology in these families is inadequately conceptualised and this is one of the first papers suggesting this as a potentially helpful framework to consider the experiences of families.
Water generation from atmospheric air by using desiccant materials- nature-based solution – a review
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Mehla Neeraj , Srivastava Shobhit , Ravi Ravi Kant
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a critical review of water generation from atmospheric air by using desiccant materials. Over the past few years, there has been very high stress on water scarcity, especially in Asian and African countries. Because of this insecurity, many countries are focusing on their research in the field of water technologies. Water generation from atmospheric air by using desiccant materials is one of the techniques among the air-to-water generators (AWGs).

Design/methodology/approach

A structured and systematic literature review has been presented to observe and understand the past trend/patterns in the field of water generation from atmospheric air by using desiccant materials. To understand the water generation technologies based on desiccant materials, the research papers from the years 1987 to 2022 have been studied and included.

Findings

The properties of the different and most probable desiccant materials in the field of AWGs have been discussed. A detailed review of testing reports of collected water samples has also been presented in tabular form. Finally, the economic analysis has been done and future prospects have been discussed. It is also found that the capacity of solid desiccant materials to adsorb the water is less as compared to liquid desiccant materials. But, the adsorption capacity can be improved by using composite desiccant materials.

Originality/value

The uniqueness of this manuscript lies in the compiling and examination of the existed published research papers, including variables such as author, year and geographical location, experimental/simulative, types of desiccant material, type of setup, desiccant material type and quantity and type of concentrator. This manuscript provides critique to the empirical and conceptual research in AWG technologies and also stimulates researchers to explore the topic very carefully.
Opposite, but insufficient, phenological responses to climate in two circumpolar seabirds: Relative roles of phenotypic plasticity and selection
Authors: Whelan Shannon , Hatch Scott A. , Gaston Anthony J. , Gilchrist H. Grant , Elliott Kyle H.
Published: April 2022

The magnitude of climate change has been greatest in the Arctic, accelerating climate‐induced shifts in phenology, but wildlife responses vary. Variation may be due to the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity or phenotypic selection.

Here, we examine and contrast the environmental drivers of plasticity in breeding phenology of two circumpolar seabirds at their receding summer range limit using unique datasets of marked individuals covering 25 and 30 years. Based on prior knowledge of the local ecosystems, we predicted that climate would generate opposing patterns of plasticity in the two populations.

Laying phenology of kittiwakes in the Gulf of Alaska was associated with a large‐scale climate oscillation (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) while the Arctic‐breeding murres adjusted laying to sea‐ice conditions. Kittiwakes laid earlier after experiencing colder climate about 2 years prior and laying dates did not advance over the study, but murres laid earlier when warmer climate led to earlier spring sea‐ice break‐up, and murre laying dates advanced by 1 week since 1990. Selection favoured earlier laying in both species.

Both populations adjusted breeding phenology to environmental variation, but we anticipate opposing effects on phenology with continued climate change. Ice‐constrained species can likely adapt to some extent because plasticity can provide the necessary shift to this physical barrier, although individuals were only able to adjust by ~1 week while ice conditions advanced by over a month. In more temperate regions, where phenology is driven by bottom‐up effects, plasticity and selection counteract one another leading to limited adaptability. We provide insights into the likely adjustments by Arctic marine animals to an increasingly warmer and ice‐less summer.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Justifying (Non)Discrimination Against Disabled Workers in Emerging Economies: Managerial Choice, Business Versus Moral Case Arguments and Home Versus Host Country Effects
Authors: Dibben Pauline , Wood Geoffrey , Crockett Gareth , Bakalov Nikola
Published: April 2022

It is widely known that disabled people face discrimination in all walks of life, including employment. Unfortunately, legal protection often does not work as well as hoped, especially in emerging markets. This leads to the core objective of this study: to understand why firms might not discriminate against disabled people. Rather than simply identifying islands of non‐discrimination or best practice, we seek to better understand what has made them so and how much this might be replicable, taking account of legal regulation, firm policy and managerial choice. The qualitative findings reveal how non‐discrimination is underpinned by an interplay between business and moral case influences and interaction between country of domicile and origin structural effects. Building on transaction cost economics, theoretical insights are afforded on this dynamic process. Although it is often assumed that multinational enterprises infuse best practices from abroad, non‐discrimination in most instances followed country of domicile managerial choice, which in turn represented a mix of altruism and expediency. We posit that a lack of direction from headquarters might be because disability rights were assigned a somewhat low priority at central organizational level.
Brexit and the Environment Bill: The Future of Environmental Accountability
Authors: Lee Maria
Published: April 2022

One of the key functions of environmental law is to amplify the voice of those seeking to hold the powerful to account for their environmental performance. Now that the UK has exited the EU’s legal and institutional architecture, we turn to domestic law to glimpse the future of environmental accountability. This paper reviews the measures in the Environment Bill. Accountability measures are only ever as effective as the energy of those making use of them. This paper argues that environmental civil society needs to act strategically and collectively to shape the institutional arrangements provided by the (hoped for) Environment Act 2021.
Margaret Thatcher and the Single European Act
Authors: Wall Stephen
Published: April 2022

Throughout her years as British Prime Minister (1979–1990), Margaret Thatcher held ambivalent opinions of the European Community. She favoured it as a vehicle for peace and prosperity in Europe, but she was profoundly sceptical about the goal of ever closer union. To her also goes much of the credit for putting the creation of a genuine single market in goods and services at the forefront of European policy. But the background was not propitious. For almost half her time in office, Thatcher was at war with her EEC partners over the UK contribution to the Community budget, and often seen not as motor of but a block to progress. This article assesses how Thatcher's conflicting attitudes towards the EEC played out in the achievement of the single market and how, unintentionally, she laid the foundation for the single currency, which she so vehemently opposed.
Basal stem rot of oil palm revisited
Authors: Flood Julie , Bridge Paul D. , Pilotti Carmel A.
Published: April 2022

Basal stem rot caused by Ganoderma boninense is the single major disease to affect oil palms in South Asia and Oceania. Although first described in commercial plantations some 90 years ago it remains a major constraint to oil palm planting, with disease occurence increasing with succesive plantings. There is a considerable volume of published research into the occurence, diagnostics and control of basal stem rot but much of this has been focused on individual plantings or local environments. In this manuscript we attempt to bring together reports from across the South Asia/Oceania regions to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge and to identify the key issues that still need to be addressed in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the disease and disease processes.
Microstructure of the hoof capsule of pigmented and partial albino buffaloes
Authors: Assis Bruno Moraes , Queiroz Paulo José Bastos , de Oliveira Lima Caroline Rocha , Vulcani Valcinir Aloisio Scalla , Rabelo Rogério Elias , da Silva Luiz Antônio Franco
Published: April 2022

In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM), microtomography (MCT‐2D and MCT‐3D) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were used to generate parameters of the microstructure of the hoof capsule of pigmented and partial albino buffaloes. Seventy‐two digits of adult pigmented buffaloes and 16 of partial albino buffaloes were used and equally divided into thoracic and pelvic limbs and medial and lateral claws. Fragments of 10 mm × 10 mm of the dorsal wall, abaxial wall and pre‐bulbar sole were collected. The parametric assumptions were tested using a Shapiro–Wilk test (normality). The independent t‐test was used to compare the means at a 5% significance level. AFM demonstrated that the hoof surface of pigmented buffaloes presented with higher average surface roughness (Ra) and root mean square roughness (Rms) (p < 0.05) than the hoof surface of partial albino buffaloes. MCT‐2D revealed that pigmented buffaloes had extra tubular keratin with a higher density than intratubular keratin. No pores were observed in the hoof capsule of the buffalo digits. MCT‐3D demonstrated that pigmented buffaloes have a higher percentage of large and intermediate horn tubules than partial albino buffaloes. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Partial albino buffaloes showed a statistically higher number of horn tubules/mm2 than pigmented buffaloes (p < 0.05). EDXRF revealed a higher amount of sulphur (S) in the hoof capsule of pigmented buffaloes, and the partial albino buffaloes presented a higher number of minerals such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu).
The evidence behind the use of LASER for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, vulvovaginal atrophy, urinary incontinence and lichen sclerosus: A state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Mortensen Olivia Engholt , Christensen Sarah Emilie , Løkkegaard Ellen
Published: April 2022

In recent years, LASER has been introduced as a minimally invasive treatment for a broad range of vaginal and vulvar symptoms and diseases. However, the efficacy and safety of vaginal and vulvar LASER has continuously been questioned. The aim of this study is to create an overview of the current literature and discuss the controversies within the use of LASER for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, vulvovaginal atrophy, urinary incontinence and lichen sclerosus. A search string was built in PubMed. The search was commenced on August 25, 2021 and closed on October 27, 2021. Two authors screened the studies in Covidence for inclusion according to the eligibility criteria in the protocol. The data were extracted from the studies and are reported in both text and tables. This review included 114 papers, of which 15 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The effect of LASER as a vaginal treatment was investigated for genitourinary syndrome of menopause in 36 studies (six RCTs), vulvovaginal atrophy in 34 studies (four RCTs) and urinary incontinence in 30 studies (two RCTs). Ten studies (three RCTs) investigated the effect of vulvar treatment for lichen sclerosus. Half of the included RCTs, irrespective of indication, did not find a significant difference in improvement in women treated with vaginal CO2 or Er:YAG LASER compared with their respective controls. However, most non‐comparative studies reported significant improvement after exposure to vaginal or vulvar LASER across all indications. Included studies generally had a short follow‐up period and only a single RCT followed their participants for more than 6 months post treatment. Adverse events were reported as mild and transient and 99 studies including 51 094 patients provided information of no serious adverse events. In conclusion, this review found that the effect of vaginal and vulvar LASER decreases with higher study quality where potential biases have been eliminated. We therefore stress that all patients who are treated with vaginal or vulvar LASER should be carefully monitored and that LASER for those indications as a treatment should be kept on a research level until further high‐quality evidence is available.
Circulating bile acid concentrations and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Guatemala
Authors: Rivera‐Andrade Alvaro , Petrick Jessica L. , Alvarez Christian S. , Graubard Barry I. , Florio Andrea A. , Kroker‐Lobos Maria F. , Parisi Dominick , Freedman Neal D. , Lazo Mariana , Guallar Eliseo , Groopman John D. , Ramirez‐Zea Manuel , McGlynn Katherine A.
Published: April 2022

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major liver disease worldwide. Bile acid dysregulation may be a key feature in its pathogenesis and progression.

Aims

To characterise the relationship between bile acid levels and NAFLD at the population level

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study in Guatemala in 2016 to examine the prevalence of NAFLD. Participants (n = 415) completed questionnaires, donated blood samples and had a brief medical exam. NAFLD was determined by calculation of the fatty liver index. The levels of 15 circulating bile acids were determined by LC–MS/MS. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (PORadj) and 95% CI were calculated to examine the relationships between bile acid levels (in tertiles) and NAFLD.

Results

Persons with NAFLD had significantly higher levels of the conjugated primary bile acids glycocholic acid (GCA) (PORadj T3 vs T1 = 1.85), taurocholic acid (TCA) (PORadj T3 vs T1 = 2.45) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) (PORadj T3 vs T1 = 2.10), as well as significantly higher levels the unconjugated secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA) (PORadj T3 vs T1 = 1.78) and its conjugated form, taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) (PORadj T3 vs T1 = 1.81).

Conclusions

The bile acid levels of persons with and without NAFLD differed significantly. Among persons with NAFLD, higher levels of the conjugated forms of CA (i.e. GCA, TCA) and the secondary bile acids that derive from CA (i.e. DCA, TDCA) may indicate there is hepatic overproduction of CA, which may affect the liver via aberrant signalling mediated by the bile acids.
Ondansetron use in nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: A descriptive analysis of prescription patterns and patient characteristics in UK general practice
Authors: Slattery Jim , Quinten Chantal , Candore Gianmario , Pinheiro Luis , Flynn Robert , Kurz Xavier , Nordeng Hedvig
Published: April 2022

Aims

The objective of this study was to describe ondansetron drug utilization patterns during pregnancy to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). Moreover, we aimed to describe the maternal factors associated with NVP and antiemetic use.

Methods

The data consist of pregnancies with a live birth(s) within an IMRD‐UK registered GP practice. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate patterns of ondansetron use in pregnancy and to describe maternal characteristics associated with NVP and antiemetic drug utilization. We differentiate first‐ from second‐line use during pregnancy using antiemetic prescription pathways.

Results

The dataset included 733 633 recorded complete pregnancies from 2005 to 2019. NVP diagnosis and ondansetron prescription prevalence increased from 2.7% and 0.1% in 2005 to 4.8% and 2.5% in 2019 respectively. Over the period 2015–2019, the most common oral daily dosages were 4 mg/d (8.5%), 8 mg/d (37.1%), 12 mg/d (37.5%) and between 16 and 24 mg/d (16.9%). Prescription of ondansetron was initiated during the first trimester of pregnancy in 40% of the cases and was moderately used as a first‐line therapy (2.8%), but preferred choice of second‐line therapy. Women with mental health disorders, asthma and/or prescribed folic acid were more likely to experience NVP and use antiemetics in pregnancy than their counterparts.

Conclusion

This study confirms that ondansetron is increasingly used off‐label to treat NVP during pregnancy, also in the first trimester and before other prescription antiemetics have been prescribed. Several maternal comorbidities and folic acid use were more common among women experiencing NVP and using antiemetics, including ondansetron.
A GLP‐1/glucagon (GCG)/CCK2 receptors tri‐agonist provides new therapy for obesity and diabetes
Authors: Zhao Songfeng , Yan Zhiming , Du Yue , Li Zeyun , Tang Chunli , Jing Lin , Sun Lidan , Yang Qimeng , Tang Xueling , Yuan Yongliang , Han Jing , Jiang Neng
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucagon (GCG) receptor dual agonist have promising therapeutic effects in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Moreover, GLP‐1 and cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) dual agonists have been shown to restore pancreas function and improve glycaemic control in preclinical studies. We describe, for the first time, the beneficial effects of GLP‐1/glucagon receptor and GLP‐1/CCK2 dual agonists, which can be integrated into one peptide, resulting in significant anti‐diabetes and anti‐obesity effectiveness.

Experimental Approach

The in vitro potency of this novel peptide Xenopus (x) GLP‐1/GCG/CCK2 tri‐agonist (xGLP/GCG/gastrin) against GLP‐1, GCG, CCK1 and CCK2 receptors was determined on cells expressing the corresponding receptors by cAMP accumulation or ERK1/2 phosphorylation assays. The in vivo anti‐diabetes and anti‐obesity effects of this tri‐agonist xGLP/GCG/gastrin were studied in both db/db and diet induced obesity (DIO) mice.

Key Results

xGLP/GCG/gastrin was a potent and selective GLP‐1, GCG and CCK2 tri‐agonist. In DIO mice, the metabolic benefits of xGLP‐1/GCG/gastrin, such as reduction of body weight and hepatic lipid contents were significantly better than those of the peptide ZP3022 (GLP‐1/CCK‐2 dual agonist) and liraglutide. In a short‐term study in db/db mice, xGLP/GCG/gastrin treatment had considerable effects, increasing islet numbers, islet areas and insulin content. In a long‐term treatment study using db/db mice, xGLP‐1/GCG/gastrin showed a significantly and sustained improvement in glucose tolerance and glucose control compared with that of liraglutide, ZP3022, cotadutide (GLP‐1/GCG dual agonist) and xGLP/GCG‐15.

Conclusions and Implications

These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of xGLP‐1/GCG/gastrin for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
EBV genome variations enhance clinicopathological features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a non‐endemic region
Authors: Kondo Satoru , Okuno Yusuke , Murata Takayuki , Dochi Hirotomo , Wakisaka Naohiro , Mizokami Harue , Moriyama‐Kita Makiko , Kobayashi Eiji , Kano Makoto , Komori Takeshi , Hirai Nobuyuki , Ueno Takayoshi , Nakanishi Yosuke , Endo Kazuhira , Sugimoto Hisashi , Kimura Hiroshi , Yoshizaki Tomokazu
Published: April 2022

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is caused by infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and endemic in certain geographic regions. EBV lytic gene, BALF2, closely associates with viral reactivation and BALF2 gene variation, the H‐H‐H strain, causes NPC in endemic region, southern China. Here, we investigate whether such EBV variations also affect NPC in a non‐endemic region, Japan. Viral genome sequencing with 47 EBV isolates of Japanese NPC were performed and compared with those of other EBV‐associated diseases from Japan or NPC in Southern China. EBV genomes of Japanese NPC are different from those of other diseases in Japan or endemic NPC; Japanese NPC was not affected by the endemic strain (the BALF2 H‐H‐H) but frequently carried the type 2 EBV or the strain with intermediate risk of endemic NPC (the BALF2 H‐H‐L). Seven single nucleotide variations were specifically associated with Japanese NPC, of which six were present in both type 1 and 2 EBV genomes, suggesting the contribution of the type 2 EBV‐derived haplotype. This observation was supported by a higher viral titer and stronger viral reactivation in NPC with either type 2 or H‐H‐L strains. Our results highlight the importance of viral strains and viral reactivation in the pathogenesis of non‐endemic NPC.
Association of the collagen signature with pathological complete response in rectal cancer patients
Authors: Jiang Wei , Wang Shijie , Wan Jinliang , Zheng Jixiang , Dong Xiaoyu , Liu Zhangyuanzhu , Wang Guangxing , Xu Shuoyu , Xiao Weiwei , Gao Yuanhong , Zhuo Shuangmu , Yan Jun
Published: April 2022

Collagen in the tumor microenvironment is recognized as a potential biomarker for predicting treatment response. This study investigated whether the collagen features are associated with pathological complete response (pCR) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and develop and validate a prediction model for individualized prediction of pCR. The prediction model was developed in a primary cohort (353 consecutive patients). In total, 142 collagen features were extracted from the multiphoton image of pretreatment biopsy, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression was applied for feature selection and collagen signature building. A nomogram was developed using multivariable analysis. The performance of the nomogram was assessed with respect to its discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. An independent cohort (163 consecutive patients) was used to validate the model. The collagen signature comprised four collagen features significantly associated with pCR both in the primary and validation cohorts (p < 0.001). Predictors in the individualized prediction nomogram included the collagen signature and clinicopathological predictors. The nomogram showed good discrimination with area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.891 in the primary cohort and good calibration. Application of the nomogram in the validation cohort still gave good discrimination (AUC = 0.908) and good calibration. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful. In conclusion, the collagen signature in the tumor microenvironment of pretreatment biopsy is significantly associated with pCR. The nomogram based on the collagen signature and clinicopathological predictors could be used for individualized prediction of pCR in LARC patients before nCRT.
Perspectives from the Chair of ICMEMO
Authors: Leon Ophelia
Published: April 2022

The author offers a personal view on the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a sovereign nation, and observations of the self‐evident war crimes taking place, including attacks on memorial sites and the people who work to preserve the memory of past atrocities. In this perspective, Leon argues for conciliation rather than expulsion of the ICOM Russia from the ICOM community, and highlights the important work that memorial museums can do to foster peace, cooperation, and mutual understanding. The author is the chair of the International Committee of Memorial Museums in Remembrance of the Victims of Public Crimes (ICMEMO).
Using near‐ground leaf temperatures alters the projected climate change impacts on the historical range of a floristic biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Trew Brittany T. , Early Regan , Duffy James P. , Chown Steven L. , Maclean Ilya
Published: April 2022

Aim

Species distribution models (SDMs) have been used widely to predict the responses of species to climate change. However, the climate data used to drive these models typically represents ambient air temperatures, derived from measurements taken 1–2 m above the ground. Most plant species live near the ground where temperatures can differ significantly, owing to the effects of solar radiation and reduced wind speed. Here, we investigate differences in spatio‐temporal patterns in near‐ground leaf and ambient air temperatures and the implications this has on projected changes in species richness of a suite of Fynbos plant species.

Location

Fynbos Biome, South Africa.

Methods

For each individual plant species (n = 83), we constructed two types of SDMs: one using ambient air temperatures and one using near‐ground leaf temperatures. Each of these models was fitted to species occurrence data for a recent time period and projected backwards into the past. Species richness projections for both time periods were then constructed using binarized projections.

Results

We found that the impact of climate change on species richness – both the degree of suitable climate lost from the historical range and gained outside of the historical range – was greater using SDMs built with near‐ground leaf temperatures. Independent validation of the hindcast projections revealed near‐ground SDMs to be more accurate.

Main Conclusions

Our study suggests that SDMs constructed using ambient air temperatures are likely overestimating the breadth of the species’ occupied thermal niche, thus underestimating the climate change‐driven risk to species where near‐ground leaf and ambient air temperatures are particularly decoupled from one another. Additionally, ambient air SDMs may be underestimating the ex‐situ refugial potential of inland mountains. Ambient air temperatures should not be considered an effective surrogate for investigating climate change impacts on species living near the ground.
Human‐mediated eco‐evolutionary processes of the herbivorous insect Hyalopterus arundiniformis during the Holocene
Authors: Liu Tongyi , Chen Jing , Jiang Liyun , Qiao Gexia
Published: April 2022

Aim

Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have been identified as a dominant factor in evolutionary and ecological processes underlying contemporary species distribution. In contrast, anthropogenic activity during the Holocene has been largely neglected in phylogeographic inference. Here, by integrating archaeological evidence, phylogeographic analyses and a climatic niche‐based approach, the role of Holocene human activity in determining the evolutionary trajectory of insect pests is investigated using Hyalopterus arundiniformis (HAR) as a model.

Location

Eurasia.

Methods

We compiled archaeological records and historical data for the host plant (i.e. peach) of HAR. Phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity and gene flow were estimated. Historical demographic dynamics were explored using coalescent‐based analyses. The origin and dispersal history were assessed using an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach. The changes in climatic niche breadth during geographic expansion were evaluated via niche comparison analyses.

Results

Our results revealed that HAR originated in Southwest China and dispersed to Southeast and Northwest China, and it was then introduced to western Eurasia from Northwest China. The climatic niche shifted significantly with range expansions, and niche expansion explained the largest proportion of niche dynamics. Population size expansion occurred in the Holocene and coincided with the domestication and trans‐Eurasian trade of peach.

Main conclusions

The geographic range, effective population size and climatic niche breadth of HAR expanded following the human‐mediated dispersal of its host plant during the Holocene. Our results highlight that the expansion of Neolithic agriculture and trans‐Eurasian crop exchange along ancient communication routes may have played an important role in shaping the distribution and demographic dynamics of herbivorous insects. This study also provides essential information for pest management and biological invasions.
Inventory control under different forms of uncertainty: Ambiguity and stochastic variability
Authors: Ma Siqi , Aloysius John
Published: April 2022

Inventory decision makers routinely face ambiguity due to the psychological awareness that there is unknown information about salient events that is knowable in principle. Researchers on inventory control behavior in the face of uncertainty have primarily focused on uncertainty due to stochastic variability. However, most decision situations in the naturally occurring world involve both forms of uncertainty—ambiguity and stochastic variability. We report the results of two experiments that partial out the effects of ambiguity and stochastic variability by orthogonal manipulation of these two forms of uncertainty in a newsvendor task. Contrary to established mathematical models of decision making under uncertainty, increased ambiguity results in increased mean absolute percentage error, and a corresponding decrease in profit. We also find a systematic bias toward underordering associated with increased ambiguity, which is over and above the bias associated with increased stochastic variability. We do not see evidence for learning with repeated play, so that the effects of induced ambiguity appear to persist. Finally, based on our findings, we suggest measures that managers can use to ameliorate the effects of ambiguity.
My autism and my desired quality of life
Authors: Higashida Naoki
Published: April 2022

This commentary is on the review by Evers et al. on pages 950–956 of this issue.

Japanese translation of this commentary is available in the online issue.
Efficacy, safety, and economic impact of diazepam suppositories with as‐needed acetaminophen for prevention of seizure recurrence during the same fever episode in children with suspected simple febrile seizures
Authors: Tanaka Miki , Wang Qianzhi , Morikawa Yoshihiko , Tsukamoto Junya , Sammori Hiroaki , Takehira Ken , Yano Mizuki , Miyama Satoshi , Fujita Saki , Narita Kazutoshi , Kishibe Shun , Morikawa Emi Kawaguchi , Suzuki Satoko , Hataya Hiroshi
Published: April 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and economic impact of diazepam suppositories with as‐needed acetaminophen in comparison with as‐needed acetaminophen alone for prevention of seizure recurrence during the same fever episode in suspected pediatric simple febrile seizures (SFS).

Methods

This single‐center, prospective, observational study was conducted from July 29, 2019 to February 15, 2021 at a children's hospital. Children aged 6 months to 60 months presenting to the emergency department with suspected SFS were included. Participants receiving both diazepam suppositories and as‐needed acetaminophen were compared with those receiving as‐needed acetaminophen alone. The primary outcome was seizure recurrence during the same fever episode. The secondary outcomes included the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, adverse events, and medical costs.

Results

Of the 316 participants, 228 (72.2%) had their first febrile seizure. Diazepam (.3–.5 mg/kg for up to two doses) was administered to 88 of 316 patients (27.8%). The outcomes were available for 306 patients. The recurrence rate was 3.5% (3/85) in the patients receiving diazepam with as‐needed acetaminophen and 12.2% (27/221) in the patients receiving as‐needed acetaminophen alone (relative risk = .29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .09–.93, p = .03). The adjusted odds ratio of diazepam administration against recurrence was .23 (95% CI = .07–.78, p = .02). None of the patients had a CNS pathology. No severe adverse events occurred, although mild ataxia was observed significantly more often in the patients receiving diazepam and as‐needed acetaminophen (29.4% vs. 18.7%, p = .04). The median medical cost was US $199 (interquartile range [IQR] = 86–244) for the group receiving both medications and US $202 (IQR = 114–242) for the group receiving as‐needed acetaminophen alone.

Significance

Compared with as‐needed acetaminophen alone, diazepam with as‐needed acetaminophen may reduce seizure recurrence more during the same fever episode without severe adverse events or additional costs in children with suspected SFS.
Low‐income, first‐generation students' experiences of parent support in career development
Authors: Ion Irina Elena
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this article is to explore the lived experiences of low‐income, first‐generation students (FGSs) in career development and the role played by their families in this process.

Background

The literature illustrates mixed results of the parental influence on first generation students' career development. Several studies portray low family involvement in students' career plans and outcomes. In contrast, the strengths‐based literature presents the family as the main “source” of FGS assets. However, there is a dearth of strengths‐based studies regarding FGSs' career development and family role.

Method

A phenomenological study was carried out using semistructured interviews with twenty Romanian low‐income FGSs.

Results

Low‐income FGS families rely on an extensive array of assets that help FGSs to navigate the academic system and to develop their careers, suggesting the role of familial capital. Despite this, several challenges jeopardize FGSs' career development.

Conclusion

Familial capital is a useful concept for the analysis of career development for low‐income FGSs. Still, the extent to which students' strengths and their familial capital are sufficient for a coherent career development process is limited.

Implications

The strengths‐based view can inform research aimed at identifying the assets of vulnerable populations. Within academia, familial capital should be recognized as a mechanism able to reinforce the capabilities and resources of low‐income FGSs. In‐school vocational and career counseling beginning in early career‐life periods can improve career development for those who may be the first in their families to go to university.
Regulation of intrinsic and extrinsic metabolic pathways in tumour‐associated macrophages
Authors: Davuluri Goutham Venkata Naga , Chan Chia‐Hsin
Published: April 2022

Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are highly plastic and are broadly grouped into two major functional states, namely the pro‐inflammatory M1‐type and the pro‐tumoural M2‐type. Conversion of the functional states of TAMs is regulated by various cytokines, chemokines growth factors and other secreted factors in the microenvironment. Dysregulated metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolism governs the TAM differentiation and functional conversation in support of tumour growth and metastasis. Aside from the altered metabolism reprogramming in TAMs, extracellular metabolites secreted by cancer, stromal and/or other cells within the tumour microenvironment have been found to regulate TAMs through passive competition for metabolite availability and direct regulation via receptor/transporter‐mediated signalling reaction. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of different metabolites and metabolic pathways in TAM conversion and function. We also discuss if the dysregulated metabolism in TAMs can be exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Development and validation of a predictive risk model for frailty in elderly patients with multimorbidity
Authors: Huang Fengmei , Yang Xiaoling , Yuan Li , Wang Miye , Li Rao , Ye Ziwei , Lv Jing , He Ting
Published: April 2022

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of frailty in elderly patients with multimorbidity and to develop a predictive risk model for frailty in elderly patients with multimorbidity.

Methods

In total, 3836 elderly patients with multimorbidity who were admitted to the medical wards of five grade A tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province from March 2020 to June 2021 were selected. Based on the general data of patients with multimorbidity, the independent risk factors for frailty were obtained using logistic analysis, and a risk prediction model of frailty was developed.

Results

Independent risk factors for frailty in patients with multimorbidity were age, types of medication, and comorbidity with chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCVD); and the protective factors for frailty were body mass index (BMI), exercise and education level. The expression of the model was Z = −2.054 + 0.016 × age − 0.029 × BMI − 0.153 × education level‐1.059 × exercise + 0.203 × types of medication + 0.788 × comorbidity with CHF + 0.950 × comorbidity with COPD + 0.363 × comorbidity with CCVD.

Conclusion

Age, BMI, education level, exercise, types of medication, and comorbidity with CHF, COPD and CCVD can affect frailty risk in elderly patients with multimorbidity, which may be helpful to predict the frailty risk of elderly patients with multimorbidity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 471–476.
University presidents as policy entrepreneurs: Evidence from U.S. universities engaged in prestige behaviour
Authors: Martinez Magdalena , Henkle Jason
Published: April 2022

This article examines how university presidents who led their institutions to achieve Carnegie “R1 Highest Research Activity” managed policy tensions created by prestige priorities and worked with groups and coalitions internally and externally. Striving to achieve R1 status requires U.S. universities to re‐calibrate their focus, resources, and messaging both internally and externally. Using four elements of policy entrepreneurship (PE), the three cases included in this article illustrate the critical role of university presidents as PE in maintaining a sustained effort over an extended period. University leaders displayed their social acuity and built teams by cultivating their social and political capital with influential constituents and groups. As PE, university presidents were deliberate and thoughtful about the language they used to define and describe policy problems and solutions. The findings expand our understanding of the role of university presidents as PE.
Giovanni Battista Montini (Paul VI): From the legacy of Christian Democracy to the encounter with fascism, 1925–33
Authors: Dagnino Jorge
Published: April 2022

This article seeks to address Giovanni Battista Montini's attitude towards the Christian Democrat party of the day‐the PPI‐ and his reactions to the Fascist movement and regime between 1925 and 33. Contrary to most observers, the article argues that the future Paul VI was not a Christian Democrat at heart. With regard to his anti‐Fascism, the article aims to qualify his attitudes and concludes that these were of a strong moralistic and religious character rather than characterized by political underpinnings.
Clinicopathologic features of undetected dysplasia found in total colectomy or proctocolectomy specimens of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Bahceci Dorukhan , Lauwers Gregory Y , Choi Won‐Tak
Published: April 2022

Aims

It remains controversial as to whether targeted biopsies should completely replace random biopsies for dysplasia surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several histologic patterns of nonconventional dysplasia have been described in IBD. This study aimed to investigate the rate and clinicopathologic features of dysplastic lesions found in total colectomy or proctocolectomy specimens that were undetected on prior colonoscopy.

Methods and results

The study analyzed 207 consecutive IBD patients who underwent a total colectomy or proctocolectomy and had at least one high‐definition colonoscopy prior to colectomy. Dysplasia found in the colectomy specimens was classified as undetected, only when there was no corresponding site of dysplasia detected on previous colonoscopic biopsies. Twenty‐seven (13%) patients had 49 undetected dysplastic lesions found only at colectomy, while 22 (11%) had 31 previously detected dysplastic lesions only. The remaining 158 (76%) patients had no dysplasia. A greater proportion of the undetected (19%) or previously detected (23%) dysplasia group had concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis compared with only 3% in the group without dysplasia (P < 0.001). The undetected dysplastic lesions were more likely to have nonconventional dysplastic features (76%), low‐grade dysplasia (94%), and a flat/invisible gross appearance (73%) compared with the previously detected dysplastic lesions (13%, 68%, and 48%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Almost all patients with undetected dysplasia (93%) had a colonoscopy within 1 year of colectomy.

Conclusion

The rate of undetected dysplasia is not insignificant (13%), suggesting that increased random biopsies may improve the rate of dysplasia detection, including nonconventional dysplasia.
AN AFROPESSIMIST ACCOUNT OF HISTORY
Authors: PONTON DAVID
Published: April 2022

This article addresses four questions: What is Afropessimism? What is history? What can history (not) do in service of black people given the insights of Afropessimism? If history fails to service black people, what should be done with history? It argues that an unavoidable conclusion of Afropessimism is that history, a disciplinary mode of knowledge production, is tethered to the historical construct of the Human and thus is exploitative of the Slave/the Black, which is the negative image of the Human. This article elaborates on the implications of this indictment of history, suggesting that invention of different ways of being becomes at least possible to imagine—to think about—when history is brought into relief, not as the form by which historians account for the past but rather as the evidence of who historians are and what they value in the world as it exists.
Differences between capillary and venous blood counts in children—A data mining approach
Authors: Becker Mathias , Gscheidmeier Thomas , Groß Hans‐Jürgen , Cario Holger , Woelfle Joachim , Rauh Manfred , Metzler Markus , Zierk Jakob
Published: April 2022

Background

Capillary sampling of blood counts is a well‐established alternative to venipuncture in paediatrics. However, the sampling method has to be considered when interpreting test results, as measurements differ. Ethical and practical considerations prevent simultaneous venous and capillary sample acquisition in comprehensive paediatric cohorts that span all ages for the purpose of a direct method comparison, resulting in uncertainty regarding the interpretation of capillary test results.

Methods

We applied a data mining method to calculate the differences between capillary and venous blood count analytes using laboratory data collected during patient care. We examined 486 401 blood counts performed between 2010 and 2017 in two German paediatric tertiary care centers in children from birth to 18 years analysed on SYSMEX XE‐2100 and SYSMEX XE‐5000 devices, and analysed the differences between capillary and venous test results in 15 218 paired samples performed within 24 h.

Results

We identified the mean systematic differences between capillary and venous (capillary–venous) test results for haemoglobin (+6.5 g/L), haematocrit (+2.38%), platelet count (−7.01 × 109/l), red cell count (+0.18 × 1012/L), white cell count (−0.64 × 109/L), mean corpuscular cell volume (+2.07 fl), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (+0.33 pg), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (−4.4 g/L) and red cell distribution width (+0.40%). The effect of age on these mean deltas is negligible, while the levels of test results influence the difference between capillary and venous test results in most analytes.

Conclusions

Our results improve guidance regarding the interpretation of capillary test results for children of all ages and in both physiological and pathological ranges.