bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and quantitative analysis of surfactants in textile wastewater by liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: González Susana , Petrović Mira , Radetic Maja , Jovancic Petar , Ilic Vesna , Barceló Damià
Published: April 2008

A method based on the application of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to hybrid quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QqTOF‐MS) with an electrospray (ESI) interface has been developed for the screening and confirmation of several anionic and non‐ionic surfactants: linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), alkylsulfate (AS), alkylethersulfate (AES), dihexyl sulfosuccinate (DHSS), alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs), coconut diethanolamide (CDEA), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), and their degradation products (nonylphenol carboxylate (NPEC), octylphenol carboxylate (OPEC), 4‐nonylphenol (NP), 4‐octylphenol (OP) and NPEO sulfate (NPEO‐SO4)). The developed methodology permits reliable quantification combined with a high accuracy confirmation based on the accurate mass of the (de)protonated molecules in the TOFMS mode. For further confirmation of the identity of the detected compounds the QqTOF mode was used. Accurate masses of product ions obtained by performing collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the (de)protonated molecules of parent compounds were matched with the ions obtained for a standard solution. The method was applied for the quantitative analysis and high accuracy confirmation of surfactants in complex mixtures in effluents from the textile industry. Positive identification of the target compounds was based on accurate mass measurement of the base peak, at least one product ion and the LC retention time of the analyte compared with that of a standard. The most frequently surfactants found in these textile effluents were NPEO and NPEO‐SO4 in concentrations ranging from 0.93 to 5.68 mg/L for NPEO and 0.06 to 4.30 mg/L for NPEO‐SO4. AEOs were also identified. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of acetylcholine in microdialysate of subcutaneous tissue by hydrophilic interaction chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Fu Boqiang , Gao Xinyan , Zhang Shi Ping , Cai Zongwei , Shen Jincan
Published: April 2008

It has recently been suggested that acetylcholine plays an important role in the modulation of tissue inflammation. In order to further understand the newly discovered cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway, tracking the concentration changes of acetylcholine in tissue is required. This paper describes the development of a method coupling hydrophilic interaction chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/ESI‐MS/MS) for the separation and quantification of acetylcholine in microdialysis samples of normal rats and of rats with local inflammation. The separation of acetylcholine from interferential endogenous compounds and inorganic cations was achieved with a zwitterionic stationary phase column using isocratic elution. Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometric (CID‐MS/MS) analysis was carried out in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the following mass transitions: m/z 146 → 87 for acetylcholine and m/z 155 → 87 for the internal standard acetylcholine‐D9. The limit of detection for acetylcholine was found to be 0.075 fmol on‐column with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3:1. The lower limit of quantification was 0.25 fmol on‐column. The calibration curves obtained for acetylcholine in blank microdialysates were linear in the ranges of 0.025–50 nM and 0.025–0.5 nM, with correlation coefficients equal to or greater than 0.9994 and 0.9969, respectively. The recoveries of acetylcholine for high (2 nM) and low (0.5 nM) concentrations were in the ranges of 90–96% and 95–109%, respectively. The coefficients of variation for intra‐day and inter‐day reproducibility were equal to or less than 7.3% and 10.4%, respectively. The method has been successfully applied in the measurement of acetylcholine in microdialysates from normal and inflamed rat tissue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical model for roof detailing of cold‐formed purlin‐sheeting systems
Authors: Braham Marc , Ruggerini Antonio , Ubertini Francesco
Published: April 2008

Various methods are suggested in the available codes to design roof detailing in cold formed screwed‐down roof systems made of cold‐formed purlins covered with metal sheeting. The evaluation of the global anchorage force of the roof and the local forces in fasteners is pursued aiming at designing support detailing and purlin‐sheeting connection, respectively. Two factors, “R” and “r”, are here employed to synthetically describe the stabilization forces that are required at the supports and along the span. It is shown that these two factors are implicitly provided by some codes for steel structures, but they can be even directly calculated by a simplified finite element model of the whole roof system, here presented. A comparison with the other available approaches is carried out, revealing that the proposed model is an extremely useful tool both for the design and the verification of the structural elements. The described procedure for calculation is shown to be extremely general and easily adaptable to new roof systems, with structural details even not foreseen in the actual codes. For example it can be used to solve the lack of Eurocode 3, Part 1‐3, Chapter 10, because, as opposed to the assumption of Eurocode, elastic lateral support can here be envisaged, instead of full lateral support.
Design rules for lateral torsional buckling of channel sections subject to web loading
Authors: Snijder H.H. (Bert) , Hoenderkamp J.C.D. (Hans) , Bakker M.C.M. (Monique) , Steenbergen H.M.G.M. (Henri) , de Louw C.H.M. (Karin)
Published: April 2008

Channel sections are widely used in practice as beams. However, design rules for eccentrically loaded (not through shear centre) beams with channel cross‐sections are not available in Eurocode 3. In this paper five proposed design rules are summarised, explained and their validity is checked by Finite Element analyses. The design rules yield ultimate loads that are compared to ultimate loads from geometrical and material nonlinear analyses of imperfect (GMNIA) beams with channel cross‐sections. A parameter study is performed by varying the dimensions of the cross‐section, the span length to section height ratio of the beams, the type of loading and the point of load application but is limited to load application through the web of the channels. Based on one of the proposed design rules, this study has led to a new design rule which conforms to Eurocode 3.
Verbundbauten für das neue Berlin
Authors: Aschinger Rainer , Rusch Andreas
Published: April 2008

Seit der Wiedervereinigung ist Berlin zu einem Ort reger Bautätigkeit geworden. Standorte, die durch den Mauerbau eher ins Abseits gedrängt worden waren, sind nun wieder eine 1‐A‐Lage und wurden entsprechend hochwertig neu bebaut oder saniert. Dem Berliner Leitbild der Kritischen Rekonstruktion verpflichtet, zeigen die Gebäude oft nach außen nicht, welche großen Ingenieurbauwerke sich hinter den Fassaden verbergen. Im Folgenden soll an ausgewählten Beispielen die als Verbundtragwerk ausgeführte Konstruktion dahinter vorgestellt werden.
Teaching science as a language: A “content‐first” approach to science teaching
Authors: Brown Bryan A. , Ryoo Kihyun
Published: April 2008

Our research project was guided by the assumption that students who learn to understand phenomena in everyday terms prior to being taught scientific language will develop improved understanding of new concepts. We used web‐based software to teach students using a “content‐first” approach that allowed students to transition from everyday understanding of phenomena to the use of scientific language. This study involved 49 minority students who were randomly assigned into two groups for analysis: a treatment group (taught with everyday language prior to using scientific language) and a control group (taught with scientific language). Using a pre–post‐test control group design, we assessed students' conceptual and linguistic understanding of photosynthesis. The results of this study indicated that students taught with the “content‐first” approach developed significantly improved understanding when compared to students taught in traditional ways. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 529–553, 2008
Effects of habitat configuration on host–parasitoid food web structure
Authors: Murakami Masashi , Hirao Toshihide , Kasei Akiko
Published: April 2008

The dispersal of organisms among patches affects community structure in spatially heterogeneous habitats. The enhancement of dispersal frequency among patches can be expected to increase potential interaction between organisms in food webs. However, it has been difficult to fairly evaluate the effects of dispersal on the food web structure because the quantification of actual dispersal is difficult. In this study, in order to manipulate the dispersal frequency, two oak plantations (each with 100 oak trees) were established as high‐patch connectivity (1‐m interval) and low‐patch connectivity (3‐m interval) plots. Quantitative food webs of herbivores and their parasitoids were constructed for the high‐ and low‐connectivity plots, and quantitative measures of food web metrics as indices of structure were calculated for both webs to examine dispersal effects on food web complexity. In the entire web, 86 herbivore species (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) were attacked by 50 parasitoid species (Hymenoptera and Diptera). As a result, although we found no significant difference in herbivore abundance between high‐ and low‐connectivity plots, a higher parasitism rate and greater complexity in web structure were observed in many food web metrics for the high‐connectivity plot. Furthermore, the parasitoid overlap diagram showed a higher potential for indirect interactions among herbivore species in the high‐connectivity plot. These results imply that the increase in dispersal frequency among habitat patches facilitates food web complexity, and the role of dispersal as a determinant of food web structure should be considered in food web ecology.
Leiomyoma in an Index Finger: Report of Case and Review of Literature
Authors: Boutayeb F. , Ibrahimi A. El , Chraibi F. , Znati K.
Published: April 2008

Leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor of nonstriated muscles. Its common elective localization is in uterus muscle, but it may involve the hand. Limb localization is rare, usually in the lower limbs. We report a case of a 70-year-old women who presents a leiomyoma of the right index finger. A surgical excision was performed. The result was good without recurrence. We report the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of this tumor, with a literature review.
The effect of pharmacological stress on intraventricular dyssynchrony in left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sudipta , Alamgir Mohammed F. , Nikitin Nikolay P. , Fraser Alan G. , Clark Andrew L. , Cleland John G.F.
Published: April 2008

Background:

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) improves symptoms and exercise capacity in many patients with heart failure (HF) who have left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and markers of dyssynchrony. LV dyssynchrony is conventionally measured at rest but the symptoms of heart failure occur predominantly on exercise. Induction or exacerbation of dyssynchrony during stress might identify additional patients who could benefit from CRT.

Methods and results:

Seventy‐seven patients (47 with QRSd<120 ms and 30 with QRSd>120 ms) with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and 22 normal subjects underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography using colour tissue Doppler imaging. Left intraventricular dyssynchrony was measured as the standard deviation of the time to peak velocity from the onset of the QRS (Ts‐SD) and the difference between the maximum and minimum time to peak velocity (Tscor‐diff) in the 12 non‐apical segments at rest and during peak stress. Timings were corrected for heart rate. The mean values of these indices increased with stress in both groups of patients but not in control subjects (p < 0.001). The prevalence of conventionally‐defined dyssynchrony also increased with stress.

Conclusion:

In patients with heart failure, the severity and the prevalence of intraventricular dyssynchrony increase with stress. Whether stress‐induced dyssynchrony will identify patients who might benefit from CRT awaits further research.
Lamellipodia and filopodia in metastasis and invasion
Authors: Machesky Laura M.
Published: April 2008

Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of lamellipodia and filopodia assembly have led to a better concept of how cells move, including how the actin cytoskeleton might be important for the motility of metastatic cancer cells. The cytoskeleton is a potentially interesting target for prevention of invasion and metastasis. As key proteins are uncovered which regulate the assembly of actin‐based structures, these need to be considered in light of whether they represent potential invasion and metastasis proteins.
Molybdate transport through the plant sulfate transporter SHST1
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kate L. , Tyerman Stephen D. , Kaiser Brent N.
Published: April 2008

Molybdenum is an essential micronutrient required by plants. The mechanism of molybdenum uptake in plants is poorly understood, however, evidence has suggested that sulfate transporters may be involved. The sulfate transporter from Stylosanthes hamata, SHST1, restored growth of the sulfate transport yeast mutant, YSD1, on media containing low amounts of molybdate. Kinetic analysis using demonstrated that SHST1 enhanced the uptake of molybdate into yeast cells at nM concentrations. Uptake was not inhibited by sulfate, but sulfate transport via SHST1 was reduced with molybdate. These results are the first measurement of molybdate transport by a characterised plant sulfate transport protein.
Cytochrome c is released from coupled mitochondria of yeast en route to acetic acid‐induced programmed cell death and can work as an electron donor and a ROS scavenger
Authors: Giannattasio Sergio , Atlante Anna , Antonacci Lucia , Guaragnella Nicoletta , Lattanzio Paolo , Passarella Salvatore , Marra Ersilia
Published: April 2008

To gain insight into the processes by which acetic acid‐induced programmed cell death (AA‐PCD) takes place in yeast, we investigated both cytochrome c release from yeast mitochondria and mitochondrial coupling over the time course of AA‐PCD. We show that the majority of cytochrome c release occurs early in AA‐PCD from intact coupled mitochondria which undergo only gradual impairment. The released cytochrome c can be reduced both by ascorbate and by superoxide anion and in turn be oxidized via cytochrome c oxidase, thus working both as a ROS scavenger and a respiratory substrate. Late in AA‐PCD, the released cytochrome c is degraded.
Role of the repressor JDP2 in the amino acid‐regulated transcription of CHOP
Authors: Chérasse Yoan , Chaveroux Cédric , Jousse Céline , Maurin Anne-Catherine , Carraro Valérie , Parry Laurent , Fafournoux Pierre , Bruhat Alain
Published: April 2008

The transcriptional activation of CHOP (C/EBP‐homologous protein) by amino acid deprivation involves ATF2 and ATF4 binding at the amino acid response element within the promoter. In this report, we investigate the role of JDP2 (Jun Dimerization Protein 2) in the amino acid control of CHOP transcription following amino acid starvation. Our results show that JDP2 binds to the CHOP AARE in unstimulated cells and that its binding decreases following amino acid starvation. We demonstrate that JDP2 acts as a repressor and suggest that it could be functionally associated with HDAC3 to inhibit CHOP transcription.
Possible role of a taurine transporter in the deep‐sea mussel Bathymodiolus septemdierum in adaptation to hydrothermal vents
Authors: Inoue Koji , Tsukuda Kimihiko , Koito Tomoko , Miyazaki Yoshiko , Hosoi Masatomi , Kado Ryusuke , Miyazaki Nobuyuki , Toyohara Haruhiko
Published: April 2008

Various invertebrates inhabiting hydrothermal vents possess sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria in their tissues; however, the mechanisms by which toxic sulfides are delivered to these endosymbionts remain unknown. Recently, detoxification of sulfides using thiotaurine, a sulfur‐containing amino acid, has been suggested. In this study, we propose the involvement of a taurine transporter in sulfide detoxification in the deep‐sea mussel Bathymodiolus septemdierum by demonstrating: (i) the abundance of its mRNA in the gill; (ii) its activity under a wide range of salinities; (iii) its low Michaelis constant value in taurine transportation; and (iv) its affinity for thiotaurine and the thiotaurine precursor, hypotaurine.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)‐induced vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein mediates lamellipodia formation to initiate motility in PC‐3 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Hasegawa Yutaka , Murph Mandi , Yu Shuangxing , Tigyi Gabor , Mills Gordon B.
Published: April 2008

Prostate cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality among men in the United States. Hormone refractory, metastatic disease has no molecular therapeutics to date and survival is poor. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid exhibiting motility, invasive, growth, proliferative and survival effects in multiple cancer cell lineages. Cells express different combinations of LPA‐specific G protein‐coupled receptors, LPA1, LPA2 LPA3, and LPA4 as well as other LPA receptors, which bind LPA and thereby regulate lipid signaling. The role of specific LPA receptors in functional outcomes of lysolipid signaling remains to be fully elucidated in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that LPA can initiate cell migration through specific LPA receptors by activating actin‐associating proteins involved in motility, including the vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). In the present study, we demonstrate that LPA‐induced lamellipodia formation in cells is dependent on LPA receptor‐mediated phosphorylation of VASP, demonstrating a previously unknown regulation by LPA. LPA induces phosphorylation of VASP at Ser(157), through protein kinase A (PKA) since the stimulation was abrogated by PKA inhibition. In addition, we found that the effects of LPA‐induced lamellipodia formation and migration were reduced by knockdown of either VASP or LPA receptor expression, suggesting that LPA receptor‐induced VASP phosphorylation is a critical mediator of migration initiation. Thus the LPA2 and LPA3 receptors, in addition to the previously implicated LPA1 receptor, play a role in cellular motility potentially contributing to invasion and metastases. Emerging drugs targeting the LPA pathway may be beneficial for the treatment of metastatic progression in prostate cancer.
Rapeseed protein inhibits the initiation of insulin resistance by a high-saturated fat, high-sucrose diet in rats
Authors: Mariotti François , Hermier Dominique , Sarrat Charlotte , Magné Joëlle , Fénart Evelyne , Evrard Jacques , Tomé Daniel , Huneau Jean François
Published: April 2008

In contrast to the quality of carbohydrates and lipids, little is known on the influence of the type of dietary protein on the development of the metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome. Cysteine intake has been recently documented to impact insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine whether rapeseed protein, an emergent cysteine-rich protein, could inhibit the onset of the metabolic syndrome. For 9 weeks, rats were fed a diet rich in saturated fats and sucrose, which also included 20 % protein either as milk protein (‘Induction’ diet I) or rapeseed protein (diet R). A third, control group received an isoenergetic diet containing milk protein but polyunsaturated fats and starch (‘Prudent’ diet P). Plasma glucose, insulin, TAG and cholesterol, and blood pressure were monitored during the study, glucose tolerance was tested at week 7 and body composition determined at week 9. Plasma glucose, insulin and TAG increased during the experiment and, at week 9, plasma insulin was significantly 34 % lower in the R group and 56 % lower in P group as compared with the I group. The insulin peak after the glucose load was significantly 28–30 % lower in R and P than in I and the insulin sensitivity index was significantly higher in R than in I. Unexpectedly, peripheral fat deposition was slightly higher in R than in I. In this model, substituting rapeseed protein for milk protein had preventive effects on the early onset of insulin resistance, similar to those achieved by manipulating the types of dietary fat and carbohydrates.
Dietary supplement use and mortality in a cohort of Swedish men – comments by Boucher
Authors: Boucher Barbara J.
Published: April 2008

A recent paper published in the British Journal of Nutrition suggested possible reductions in mortality in association with the use of dietary supplements
The effect of Anonchocephalus chilensis Riggenbach (Eucestoda: Bothriocephalidea) on infracommunity patterns in Genypterus maculatus Tschudi (Osteichthyes: Ophidiidae)
Authors: Muñoz S.A. , George-Nascimento M.
Published: April 2008

The use of parasite body size (i.e. body mass) is a promising proxy to improve the study of patterns in parasite infracommunities, which are usually analysed using only numerical descriptors. This study deals with the importance and effect of the presence of a large endoparasite species, the cestode Anonchocephalus chilensis in a marine fish species, Genypterus maculatus, on the structure of the parasite infracommunities. Numerical and volumetric measures of aggregated properties of parasite infracommunities were compared and their correlation examined. The highly dominant presence of A. chilensis by volume causes a dramatic change in the patterns observed, including a smaller total volume of the remaining species when this volumetrically dominant species is present. However, C-scores and V-ratios, both indices based on null models of species occurrence, do not support the idea of communities structured by interspecific competition. Analyses reveal that numerical and volumetric community descriptors are complementary ways to search for patterns and to reveal processes within these systems.
Host specificity is linked to intraspecific variability in the genusLamellodiscus(Monogenea)
Authors: KACI-CHAOUCH T. , VERNEAU O. , DESDEVISES Y.
Published: April 2008

We investigated whether host specificity is linked to variability within species ofLamellodiscusmonogeneans, which are gill ectoparasites of the Sparidae. We sampled fish parasites in the northeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea: 4 specialist species, using 1 single host species, and 3 generalist species, using 2 distinct host species. Intraspecific variability was assessed from 2 different datasets. Morphometric variability of the attachment organ, called the haptor, was estimated first from measurements of several sclerified haptoral parts on 102 individuals. Genetic variability was calculated based on comparisons of sequences derived from the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 62 individuals. Morphometric variances in the specialistversusgeneralist species were comparedviaprincipal component analysis andF-tests, and uncorrected genetic distances (p-distances) were estimated within each species. We showed that the inter-individual variance of morphometric characters, as well as p-distances, are clearly greater within generalist species than specialist ones. These findings suggest that a relative increase in morphological and molecular variability enhances the possibility to colonize new host species in monogeneans, and supports the hypothesis that intraspecific variability could be a potential determinant of host specificity.
Shared circuits in language and communication
Authors: Garrod Simon , Pickering Martin J.
Published: April 2008

The target article says surprisingly little about the possible role of shared circuits in language and communication. This commentary considers how they might contribute to linguistic communication, particularly during dialogue. We argue that shared circuits are used to promote alignment between linguistic representations at many levels and to support production-based emulation of linguistic input during comprehension.
Imitation as a conjunction
Authors: Heyes Cecilia
Published: April 2008

The conjunctive conception takes imitation to be a combination of observational learning and copying. In the target article, and elsewhere, this conception generates problems in (1) explaining the copying of intransitive actions, (2) elucidating the potential functions of imitation, and (3) recognising when the correspondence problem has been avoided rather than solved. Hurley's careful use of subpersonal and personal levels of explanation shows us how to tackle these and other questions about imitation.
Shared circuits, shared time, and interpersonal synchrony
Authors: Hove Michael J.
Published: April 2008

The shared circuits model (SCM) is a useful explanatory framework that can be applied to interpersonal synchrony by incorporating temporal dynamics. Temporally precise predictive simulations and mirroring enable interpersonal synchrony. When partners' movements are highly synchronous, the self/other distinction can be blurred.
Flexibility and development of mirroring mechanisms
Authors: Longo Matthew R. , Bertenthal Bennett I.
Published: April 2008

The empirical support for the shared circuits model (SCM) is mixed. We review recent results from our own lab and others supporting a central claim of SCM that mirroring occurs at multiple levels of representation. By contrast, the model is silent as to why human infants are capable of showing imitative behaviours mediated by a mirror system. This limitation is a problem with formal models that address neither the neural correlates nor the behavioural evidence directly.
Failure, instead of inhibition, should be monitored for the distinction of self/other and actual/possible actions
Authors: Makino Takaki
Published: April 2008

I suggest that layer 4 of the shared circuits model (SCM) should monitor the failure of performing an action, instead of output inhibition, to obtain actual/possible and self/other distinctions. The target article's assumption of selective inhibition leaves some questions unanswered, such as the criteria for the selection. Monitoring failure can answer these questions because failure does not require selection. It also provides a basis for more likely explanation for the phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin of both monitoring and output inhibition.
How do shared circuits develop?
Authors: Oberman Lindsay M. , Ramachandran Vilayanur S.
Published: April 2008

The target article discusses a model of how brain circuits mediate social behaviors such as imitation and mindreading. Hurley suggests potential mechanisms for development of shared circuits. We propose that empirical studies can be designed to differentiate the influence of genetic and learning-based factors on the development of shared circuits. We use the mirror neuron system as a model system.
Putting the subjective back into intersubjective: The importance of person-specific, distributed, neural representations in perception-action mechanisms
Authors: Preston Stephanie D.
Published: April 2008

The shared circuits model (SCM) relies on well-regarded theories of perception-action, mirror neurons, and forward models, but the functional/informational level of the model limits its ability to explain complex behavior such as true imitation. Data from our lab and others confirm the more general details of the model, accepted by most, but specify the neural mechanisms involved in perception-action processes.
Imitation, emulation, and the transmission of culture
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: April 2008

Three related issues are addressed. First, Hurley treats emulation and imitation as a straightforward dichotomy with emulation emerging first. Recent conceptual analyses and “ghost” chimpanzee experiments challenge this. Second, other recent chimpanzee experiments reveal high-fidelity social transmission, questioning whether copying fidelity is the brake on cumulative culture. Finally, other cognitive processes such as pretence need to be integrated.
Imitation and the effort of learning
Authors: Williams Justin H. G.
Published: April 2008

Central to Hurley's argument is the position that imitation is “automatic” and requires inhibition. The evidence for this is poor. Imitation is intentional, involves active comparison between self and other, and involves new learning to improve self-other likeness. Abnormal imitation behaviour may result from impaired learning rather than disinhibition. Mentalizing may be similarly effortful and dependent upon learning about others.
Basic tastes as cognitive concepts and taste coding as more than spatial
Authors: Di Lorenzo Patricia M. , Chen Jen-Yung
Published: April 2008

Erickson's treatise intertwines and confuses two major, but separable, issues: whether there are basic tastes and how taste stimuli are encoded. The idea of basic tastes may reflect a natural process of concept formation. By only discussing two spatial coding schemes for taste, Erickson ignores the temporal dimension of taste responses and the contribution of neuronal cooperativity.
Taste quality coding in vertebrate receptor molecules and cells
Authors: Kennedy Linda M. , Gonzalez Kristina M.
Published: April 2008

Recent work on receptor molecules and cells used prototypical sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami stimuli. Labeled-line coding was supported, but it remains possible that the molecules and cells could respond to other tastants. Studies with other tastants are needed. The sensory message might contain two codes – one for attraction or aversion, the other, across-fiber patterning of stimulus quality.
Mathematical techniques and the number of groups
Authors: Lavine Michael
Published: April 2008

Cluster analysis, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling are not good guides to the number of groups in a data set. In fact, the number of groups may not be a well-defined concept.
On the analysis of spatial neural codes in taste
Authors: Lemon Christian H.
Published: April 2008

The two most popular, yet opposing, models of taste processing, the labeled-line (LL) and across-neuron pattern (ANP) theories, are variants of spatial neural coding. Analyses whose outcomes have been argued to support either theory have sometimes glossed over important caveats and considerations that may drastically impact interpretation. Some of these issues are discussed here.
Widowhood and the end of spousal care-giving: relief or wear and tear?
Authors: KEENE JENNIFER REID , PROKOS ANASTASIA H.
Published: April 2008

This paper analyses the impact of spousal care-giving on survivors' depressive symptoms six months into widowhood, and examines the applicability of a ‘relief model’ of spousal adjustment during bereavement. We examine several aspects of the care-giving situation, including care-giver stress, care-giving demands, and type and duration of care and how these affect survivors' depressive symptomatology. The sample is drawn from two waves of theChanging Lives of Older Couples(CLOC) survey, which was conducted in the United States in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan. The first wave of data was collected from couples and the second from the surviving spouse six months after the death of the partner. We use multiple regression analysis to examine the effects of key variables on depressive symptoms six months into widowhood, controlling for various demographic characteristics and personal circumstances. The results demonstrate that the duration of care-giving is the most influential predictor of survivors' depressive symptoms six months after the death. Indeed, long-term care-givers experience greater relief than both non-caregivers and short-term care-givers, as the predicted probabilities indicate. The results lead us to emphasise that care-giving and spousal bereavement should be studied as related processes rather than distinct phenomena. Indeed, relief from a chronically stressful care situation may actually ameliorate the negative effect of spousal loss for survivors.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of dengue fever in Peru: 1994–2006
Authors: CHOWELL G. , TORRE C. A. , MUNAYCO-ESCATE C. , SUÁREZ-OGNIO L. , LÓPEZ-CRUZ R. , HYMAN J. M. , CASTILLO-CHAVEZ C.
Published: April 2008

The weekly number of dengue cases in Peru, South America, stratified by province for the period 1994–2006 were analysed in conjunction with associated demographic, geographic and climatological data. Estimates of the reproduction number, moderately correlated with population size (Spearman ρ=0·28,P=0·03), had a median of 1·76 (IQR 0·83–4·46). The distributions of dengue attack rates and epidemic durations follow power-law (Pareto) distributions (coefficient of determination >85%,P<0·004). Spatial heterogeneity of attack rates was highest in coastal areas followed by mountain and jungle areas. Our findings suggest a hierarchy of transmission events during the large 2000–2001 epidemic from large to small population areas when serotypes DEN-3 and DEN-4 were first identified (Spearman ρ=−0·43,P=0·03). The need for spatial and temporal dengue epidemic data with a high degree of resolution not only increases our understanding of the dynamics of dengue but will also generate new hypotheses and provide a platform for testing innovative control policies.
A 170‐year Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca coral record from the western Pacific warm pool: 1. What can we learn from an unusual coral record?
Authors: Alibert Chantal , Kinsley Leslie
Published: April 2008

A long‐lived Porites coral from New Ireland (2.5°S, 150.5°E), Papua New Guinea, has been analyzed for Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS). The top 50 years of the core are examined here and compared with instrumental sea surface temperatures (SSTs). For the small range of SST in the warm pool, Sr/Ca shows an unusually large response. The best estimate for the slope of a temperature calibration is –0.23 ± 0.03 mmol/mol per°C. This strong slope is partly a result of the high‐resolution sampling, but is also due to additional biological mediation of the Sr/Ca ratios, which appears to be associated with seasonal changes of calcification rate, and limits the prediction skills of this proxy thermometer. High‐density bands synchronous with high Sr/Ca ratios suggest that calcification may be enhanced by beneficial small amounts of nutrients available during El Niño. Transient Ba enrichment, synchronous with colder than average SST, is also observed during El Niño and attributed to the shoaling of the New Ireland Coastal Undercurrent. The high level of enrichment, in particular during upwelling triggered by westerly wind bursts, suggests an origin from both dissolved seawater and marine biological barium.
Effect of compressibility on the rise velocity of an air bubble in porous media
Authors: Cihan Abdullah , Corapcioglu M. Yavuz
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study is to develop a theoretical model to analyze the effect of air compressibility on air bubble migration in porous media. The model is obtained by combining the Newton's second law of motion and the ideal gas law assuming that the air phase in the bubble behaves as an ideal gas. Numerical and analytical solutions are presented for various cases of interest. The model results compare favorably with both experimental data and analytical solutions reported in the literature obtained for an incompressible air bubble migration. The results show that travel velocity of a compressible air bubble in porous media strongly depends on the depth of air phase injection. A bubble released from greater depths travels with a slower velocity than a bubble with an equal volume injected at shallower depths. As an air bubble rises up, it expands with decreasing bubble pressure with depth. The volume of a bubble injected at a 1‐m depth increases 10% as the bubble reaches the water table. However, bubble volume increases almost twofold when it reaches to the surface from a depth of 10 m. The vertical rise velocity of a compressible bubble approaches that of an incompressible one regardless of the injection depth and volume as it reaches the water table. The compressible bubble velocity does not exceed 18.8 cm/s regardless of the injection depth and bubble volume. The results demonstrate that the effect of air compressibility on the motion of a bubble cannot be neglected except when the air is injected at very shallow depths.
Central Anomaly Magnetization High documentation of crustal accretion along the East Pacific Rise (9°55′–9°25′N)
Authors: Williams Clare M. , Tivey Maurice A. , Schouten Hans , Fornari Daniel J.
Published: April 2008

Near‐bottom magnetic data collected along the crest of the East Pacific Rise between 9°55′ and 9°25′N identify the Central Anomaly Magnetization High (CAMH), a geomagnetic anomaly modulated by crustal accretionary processes over timescales of ∼104 years. A significant decrease in CAMH amplitude is observed along‐axis from north to south, with the steepest gradient between 9°42′ and 9°36′N. The source of this variation is neither a systematic change in geochemistry nor varying paleointensity at the time of lava eruption. Instead, magnetic moment models show that it can be accounted for by an observed ∼50% decrease in seismic Layer 2A thickness along‐axis. Layer 2A is assumed to be the extrusive volcanic layer, and we propose that this composes most of the magnetic source layer along the ridge axis. The 9°37′N overlapping spreading center (OSC) is located at the southern end of the steep CAMH gradient, and the 9°42′–9°36′N ridge segment is interpreted to be a transition zone in crustal accretion processes, with robust magmatism north of 9°42′N and relatively low magmatism at present south of 9°36′N. The 9°37′N OSC is also the only bathymetric discontinuity associated with a shift in the CAMH peak, which deviates ∼0.7 km to the west of the axial summit trough, indicating southward migration of the OSC. CAMH boundaries (defined from the maximum gradients) lie within or overlie the neovolcanic zone (NVZ) boundaries throughout our survey area, implying a systematic relationship between recent volcanic activity and CAMH source. Maximum flow distances and minimum lava dip angles are inferred on the basis of the lateral distance between the NVZ and CAMH boundaries. Lava dip angles average ∼14° toward the ridge axis, which agrees well with previous observations and offers a new method for estimating lava dip angles along fast spreading ridges where volcanic sequences are not exposed.
Intrabasement reflections of the Ontong Java Plateau: Implications for plateau construction
Authors: Inoue Hiroyuki , Coffin Millard F. , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Mochizuki Kimihiro , Kroenke Loren W.
Published: April 2008

The Early Cretaceous Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) in the western equatorial Pacific, Earth's most voluminous large igneous province (LIP), is characterized by intrabasement seismic reflections. To investigate the nature of such reflections, we have analyzed new and all older multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data from the OJP using an instantaneous phase velocity analysis technique and synthetic seismograms. Intrabasement reflections are most prevalent on the main OJP, especially on its crest. On MCS data, the reflections (1) are semicontinuous and subparallel to the top of igneous basement; (2) in places, have the opposite phase of seafloor reflections; and (3) have an average frequency of ∼20 Hz. We calculate synthetic seismograms using impedance contrasts between massive lava and pillow lava flows obtained from downhole logs at OJP scientific drill sites and show that these lithologies can produce intrabasement reflections similar to those observed in the MCS data. Alternatively, to evaluate the possibility of sediment/sedimentary rock interbeds causing the intrabasement reflections, we use published Early Cretaceous sedimentation rates determined from OJP drill sites and published estimates for the duration of massive OJP volcanism to calculate a range of possible sedimentary interbed thicknesses. The range proves to be below the detection limit of the MCS data. Therefore, we conclude that the intrabasement reflections arise from alternating relatively thin lava flows produced at low effusion rates and relatively thick massive flows generated at high effusion rates, both originating from vents and fissures on the OJP, probably on its crest.
Natural laboratory NW Bohemia: Comprehensive fluid studies between 1992 and 2005 used to trace geodynamic processes
Authors: Bräuer Karin , Kämpf Horst , Niedermann Samuel , Strauch Gerhard , Tesař Jiři
Published: April 2008

Comprehensive studies of CO2‐rich fluids close to the swarm earthquake region Nový Kostel at the Czech‐German border have been started 15 years ago and have in particular included two extended chemical and isotope monitoring studies lasting for several years each. The regional surface distribution patterns of the fluid signatures including the identification of the origin of fluid components are the focus of the detailed studies. Three degassing centers (Cheb basin, Mariánské Lázně, and Karlovy Vary) with high CO2 flux and the same level of δ13C values, but different levels of 3He/4He ratios, have been identified. The studies have located the CO2 source and have investigated seismically induced changes in fluid characteristics on the basis of unique weekly sampling campaigns at selected locations. A seismically triggered release of crustal helium was confirmed by both monitoring campaigns. Finally, indications for a presently active magmatic process beneath the Cheb basin have been found. In contrast to volcanically active regions, magma accumulation in the study area takes place at the crust‐mantle boundary and is not yet accompanied by heat transfer to the surface. Likewise, reactive magma‐derived components are absent in the degassing fluids. The area of investigation has the potential to be a natural laboratory for fundamental studies of active geodynamic processes. The results of our fluid monitoring, including the stunning observation of mantle‐derived free fluids marked by 3He/4He ratios within the subcontinental mantle range, are supported by geophysical findings from seismic studies and geologic indications.
What does temporal variability in aeolian dust deposition contribute to sea‐surface iron and chlorophyll distributions?
Authors: Aumont O. , Bopp L. , Schulz M.
Published: April 2008

Dust deposition is extremely variable over all timescales. Yet the impact of this variability on ocean biogeochemistry is currently not known, at least on the global scale. Here, we force a global model of ocean biogeochemistry over 1996 to 2001 with daily fields of dust deposition simulated by an atmospheric aerosol model. Our model results suggest that dust deposition explains a large part of the temporal variability of surface iron in the tropical regions and in part of the subarctic Pacific. However, while dust deposition is dominated by daily events, its impact on surface iron is maximal on interannual timescales. The largest fluctuations of surface iron produced by dust occur in oligotrophic regions where phytoplankton growth is not primarily controlled by iron availability. Consequently, the variability of surface chlorophyll induced by aerosol iron is predicted to be very small everywhere, especially relative to the impact of the ocean dynamics.
Air‐sea stability effects on the 10 m winds over the global ocean: Evaluations of air‐sea flux algorithms
Authors: Kara A. B. , Wallcraft A. J. , Bourassa M. A.
Published: April 2008

Spatial and temporal variability of the impact of air‐sea stratification on the differences between satellite‐derived 10 m equivalent neutral wind speeds and stability‐dependent (e.g., in situ) 10 m wind speeds are quantitatively examined over the global ocean. The influences of stability are compared with three air‐sea flux algorithms, Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (version 3.0), Bourassa‐Vincent‐Wood, and Liu‐Katsaros‐Businger. Analyses are first presented at many individual buoy locations and then are extended to the global ocean with the use of rain‐free wind measurements from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite, gridded at a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. Overall, stability‐dependent winds are found to be weaker than equivalent neutral winds by 0.2 m s−1 on the basis of 7619 monthly mean values from 208 buoys during 2000–2005. Differences based on hourly winds can be as large as ±0.5 m s−1. Results remain robust regardless of which air‐sea flux algorithm is used. Monthly rain‐free gridded QuikSCAT measurements, combined with atmospheric stability determined using near‐surface variables from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 40‐year reanalysis, demonstrate the effects of stratification on the 10 m winds globally. Differences in stability‐dependent and neutral winds are substantially nonsymmetrical and reveal locations where the former is stronger than the latter. These differences may cause physically significant biases in air‐sea fluxes if they are not properly considered, especially near the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream current systems.
A variational scheme for retrieving ice cloud properties from combined radar, lidar, and infrared radiometer
Authors: Delanoë Julien , Hogan Robin J.
Published: April 2008

A variational method is described for retrieving profiles of visible extinction coefficient, ice water content and effective radius in ice clouds using the combination of ground‐based or spaceborne radar, lidar and infrared radiometer. The forward model includes effects such as non‐Rayleigh scattering by the radar and molecular and multiple scattering by the lidar. By rigorous treatment of errors and a careful choice of state variables and associated a priori estimates, a seamless retrieval is possible between regions of the cloud detected by both radar and lidar and regions detected by just one of these two instruments. Thus, when the lidar signal is unavailable (for reasons such as strong attenuation), the retrieval tends toward an empirical relationship using radar reflectivity factor and temperature, and when the radar signal is unavailable (such as in optically thin cirrus), accurate retrievals are still possible from the combination of lidar and radiometer. The method is tested first on simulated profiles from aircraft data and then on real observations taken in West Africa. It would be straightforward to expand the approach to include other measurements simply by including a forward model for them.