bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The early history of cannabinoid research
Authors: Appendino Giovanni
Published: October 2020

Studies on cannabinoids that predate the identification of ∆9-THC as the intoxicating constituents of recreational cannabis by Raphael Mechoulam in 1964 are reviewed, critically analyzing the controversies andfaux pasthat have characterized the early research in this area. Significant contributions to the elucidation of the signature molecular scaffold of cannabinoids were provided by some of the finest organic chemists of their generation, like Roger Adams and the Nobel laureate Alexander Todd, and important studies of preeminent scientists like Robert Sidney Cahn and František Šantavý also deserve mentioning. The results of these studies include the structure elucidation of cannabinol (2a), and the preliminary structure elucidation of cannabidiol (CBD,3a) and various semi-synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols (THCs). A comparative analysis of the contributions to the area by Adams and Todd highlights the transition between two generations of organic chemists, and the profound influence that the development of chromatographic methods of purification and of spectroscopic techniques of structure elucidation have played on the development of organic chemistry.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and multi-SIR profiles of soil microbial communities from a karst doline at Aggtelek National Park, Hungary
Authors: Mucsi Márton , Krett Gergely , Szili-Kovács Tibor , Móga János , Borsodi Andrea K.
Published: October 2020

Soils play an important role in the ecosystem of karstic landscapes both as a buffer zone and as a source of acidity to belowground water. Although the microbiota of karstic soils is known to have a great effect on karstification processes, the activity and composition of these communities are largely unknown. This study gives a comparative analysis of soil microbial profiles from different parts of a doline located at Aggtelek, Hungary. The aim was to reveal the relationships between the vegetation type and genetic fingerprints and substrate utilisation (multi-SIR) profiles of the soil microbiota. Soil samples were collected in early and late springs along a transect in a doline covered with different types of vegetation. Genetic fingerprints of bacterial communities were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on the 16S rRNA gene, along with multi-SIR profiles of the microbial communities measured by the MicroResp method using 15 different carbon sources. Genetic fingerprinting indicated that vegetation cover had a strong effect on the composition of soil bacterial communities. Procrustean analysis showed only a weak connection between DGGE and multi-SIR profiles, probably due to the high functional redundancy of the communities. Seasonality had a significant effect on substrate usage, which can be an important factor to consider in future studies.
Digitalisierung in der Mund‑, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie
Authors: Meister S. , Haßfeld S. , Burmann A.
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund

Mit dem Digitale-Versorgung-Gesetz (DVG) und dem Patientendaten-Schutz-Gesetz (PDSG) wurden Gesetze zur Stärkung einer digital unterstützten Gesundheitsversorgung erlassen. Digitalisierung beansprucht, die Effektivität und Effizienz im Sinne der Leistungserbringerinnen und Leistungserbringer und Patientinnen und Patienten stärken zu können. Sie erfordert jedoch auch, Prozesse und Verantwortlichkeiten neu zu strukturieren, in Technologie zu investieren und digitale Kompetenzen sicherzustellen.

Fragestellung

Welche Chancen und Risiken ergeben sich durch Digitalisierung aus Sicht der Akteurinnen und Akteure der Mund‑, Kiefer- und Gesichts(MKG)-Chirurgie, und welcher Status quo ergibt sich im internationalen Vergleich?

Material und Methode

Anwendung von Experteninterviews (n = 8) als qualitatives Erhebungsinstrument und Durchführung einer strukturierten Literaturanalyse.

Ergebnisse

Digitalisierung hilft, Therapien zu optimieren (n = 7), wobei die digitale Bildgebung ein geschätztes Instrument (n = 8) in der MKG-Chirurgie ist. Es fehlen jedoch Angebote zur Aneignung digitaler Kompetenzen (n = 6), und zudem werden die Anforderungen des Datenschutzes (n = 4) kritisch gesehen.

Schlussfolgerung

Digitalisierung erfordert gerade zu Beginn hohe zeitliche und auch finanzielle Investitionen. Zudem sind neue Kompetenzen erforderlich, um Souveränität im Umgang mit digitalen Produkten sicherstellen zu können. Es wird angestrebt, die qualitativen Ergebnisse nachfolgend durch eine quantitative Analyse zu verifizieren.
HBIM parametric modelling from clouds to perform structural analyses based on finite elements: a case study on a parabolic concrete vault
Authors: Abbate Emilio , Invernizzi Stefano , Spanò Antonia
Published: October 2020

The paper investigates the issue of finite element model development for the structural assessment of existing structures on the basis of detailed (terrestrial laser scanning and image-based) point clouds to parametric models generated using HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modelling) technology. Different procedures and software combinations are investigated in order to provide useful hints trying to solve some of the criticalities which are still unsolved albeit the subject has been under investigation since some years now. It is worth noting that, when assets belonging to the cultural heritage domain (CH) are considered, the difficulties increase because of the peculiarity of the structural behaviour and often the singularity of the geometrical shape. The proposed methodology is presented considering the case of the “Paraboloide” of Casale (Italy), a construction from the early reinforced concrete age, which is now a relevant example of Italian concrete industrial heritage mainly due to the thin parabolic vault and the construction methodology that was so innovative for its time.
The valens aqueduct of constantinople: hydrology and hydraulics
Authors: Crapper Martin
Published: October 2020

A hydrological and hydraulic engineering analysis has been carried out on the Valens aqueduct system constructed from around AD 345 and serving Constantinople. A GIS analysis of previous field observations combined with a digital elevation model confirmed the aqueduct’s likely route and slope. Macrophysical Climate Modelling revealed that contemporary weather data was an appropriate proxy for the time of the aqueduct’s construction, and modern flow data was obtained for some of the springs that fed the aqueduct. Existing, previously documented remains, especially at intakes, were considered, and the industry standard software HEC–RAS was used to simulate the performance of the aqueduct system with a view to understanding the amount of water it could have delivered to the city, the seasonal variation in supply and the most likely configuration of the aqueduct, where this was not clear from existing archaeology. It was concluded that the most likely configuration for the aqueduct system was a fourth and a fifth century channel continuing separately and in parallel to the city walls, which might have delivered flow the range of 0.73 m3/s in the driest month of October to 1.73 m3/s in the wettest month of March over an average year.
Correction to: Novel and potent inhibitors targeting DHODH are broad-spectrum antivirals against RNA viruses including newly-emerged coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Xiong Rui , Zhang Leike , Li Shiliang , Sun Yuan , Ding Minyi , Wang Yong , Zhao Yongliang , Wu Yan , Shang Weijuan , Jiang Xiaming , Shan Jiwei , Shen Zihao , Tong Yi , Xu Liuxin , Chen Yu , Liu Yingle , Zou Gang , Lavillete Dimitri , Zhao Zhenjiang , Wang Rui , Zhu Lili , Xiao Gengfu , Lan Ke , Li Honglin , Xu Ke
Published: October 2020

In the original publication there are few errors in Figure 1. The correct Figure 1 is provided in this correction
Multi-level Block Designs for Comparative Experiments
Authors: Edmondson Rodney N.
Published: October 2020

Complete replicate block designs are fully efficient for treatment effects and are the designs of choice for many agricultural field experiments. For experiments with a large number of treatments, however, they may not provide good control of variability over the whole experimental area. Nested incomplete block designs with a single level of nesting can then improve ‘within-block’ homogeneity for moderate sized experiments. For very large designs, however, a single level of nesting may not be adequate and this paper discusses multi-level nesting with hierarchies of nested blocks. Multi-level nested block designs provide a range of block sizes which can improve ‘within-block’ homogeneity over a range of scales of measurement. We discuss design and analysis of multi-level block designs for hierarchies of nested blocks including designs with crossed block factors. We describe an R language package for multi-level block design and we exemplify the design and analysis of multi-level block designs by a simulation study of block designs for cereal variety trials in the UK. Finally, we re-analyse a single large row-and-column field trial for 272 spring barley varieties in 16 rows and 34 columns assuming an additional set of multi-level nested column blocks superimposed on the existing design. For each example, a multi-level mixed blocks analysis is compared with a spatial analysis based on hierarchical generalized additive (HGAM) models. We discuss the combined analysis of random blocks and HGAM smoothers in the same model.
Integrating Wikipedia editing into health professions education: a curricular inventory and review of the literature
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Willinsky John M. , Costello Joseph A. , Skinner Nadine A. , Martin Paolo C. , Dawson Jennifer E.
Published: October 2020

Introduction Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia read by millions seeking medical information. To provide health professions students with skills to critically assess, edit, and improve Wikipedia’s medical content, a skillset aligned with evidence-based medicine (EBM), Wikipedia courses have been integrated into health professions schools’ curriculum. This literature review and curricular inventory of Wikipedia educational initiatives provides an overview of current approaches and identifies directions for future initiatives and research. Methods Five databases were searched for articles describing educational interventions to train health professional students to edit Wikipedia. Course dashboards, maintained by Wiki Education (Wiki Edu), were searched for curricular materials. From these sources, key details were extracted and synthesized, including student and instructor type, course content, educational methods, and student outcomes. Results Six articles and 27 dashboards reported courses offered between 2015 and 2019. Courses were predominantly offered to medical and nursing students. Instructors delivered content via videos, live lectures, and online interactive modules. Course content included logistics of Wikipedia editing, EBM skills, and health literacy. All courses included assignments requiring students to edit Wikipedia independently or in groups. Limited details on assessment of student learning were available. Discussion A small but growing number of schools are training health professions education students to improve Wikipedia’s medical content. Course details are available on Wiki Edu dashboards and, to a lesser extent, in peer-reviewed publications.
A Review of the Concepts and Measurements for Connection to Nature and Environmentally Responsible Behaviour—a Call for Research on Human-Forest Relationships
Authors: Häyrinen Liina , Pynnönen Sari
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

The review examines recent scientific discussion on the concepts and measurements of human connection to nature (CTN) and pro-environmental behaviour (PEB). In addition to that, we explore the environmental contexts in which study populations are exposed to nature or nature experiences, particularly the contexts in which forests emerge from these studies, and lastly outline gaps in research.

Recent Findings

Outlining the association between CTN and PEB has been widely researched over the past 5 years. The concepts and measurements referring to these terms vary, but a few commonly used concepts were identified. The review classifies the approaches used for exploring the relationship between CTN and PEB into four categories. The review indicates that the interconnection between CTN and PEB is mostly studied as a part of the wider concept. Approximately half of the reviewed articles explored the actual exposure to some natural environment or nature activity either directly or indirectly. Forests only played a small role as a natural environment in the reviewed articles.

Forests appear to be of very little weight or under-represented in CTN and PEB literature as an explicitly identified natural environment. Results also indicate that the human-forest relationship has not been defined precisely in empirically based scientific literature. The paper discusses implications for the future research focusing on emphasizing the role of forests as natural environments in the research of CTN and PEB.
A two-level computer vision-based information processing method for improving the performance of human–machine interaction-aided applications
Authors: Alfarraj Osama , Tolba Amr
Published: October 2020

The computer vision (CV) paradigm is introduced to improve the computational and processing system efficiencies through visual inputs. These visual inputs are processed using sophisticated techniques for improving the reliability of human–machine interactions (HMIs). The processing of visual inputs requires multi-level data computations for achieving application-specific reliability. Therefore, in this paper, a two-level visual information processing (2LVIP) method is introduced to meet the reliability requirements of HMI applications. The 2LVIP method is used for handling both structured and unstructured data through classification learning to extract the maximum gain from the inputs. The introduced method identifies the gain-related features on its first level and optimizes the features to improve information gain. In the second level, the error is reduced through a regression process to stabilize the precision to meet the HMI application demands. The two levels are interoperable and fully connected to achieve better gain and precision through the reduction in information processing errors. The analysis results show that the proposed method achieves 9.42% higher information gain and a 6.51% smaller error under different classification instances compared with conventional methods.
Prospective Analysis of the Mechanisms Underlying Ineffective Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis in Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Maatman Thomas K. , McGuire Sean P. , Lewellen Kyle A. , McGreevy Kathleen A. , Ceppa Eugene P. , House Michael G. , Nakeeb Attila , Nguyen Trang K. , Schmidt Max C , Zyromski Nicholas J.
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

Patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) have the highest rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of any hospitalized patient (57%). We hypothesized that VTE prophylaxis might be inadequate in the setting of this profound inflammatory disease and that early detection of deep vein thrombosis would limit pulmonary embolism.

STUDY DESIGN:

All patients with NP treated at a single center between August 2018 and December 2019 were enrolled in prospective, weekly VTE screening, including 4-extremity duplex ultrasound. Routine chemoprophylaxis included low-molecular-weight or unfractionated heparin. Peak serum anti-factor Xa concentration was measured during weekly screening (goal prophylaxis 0.2 to 0.4 IU/mL).

RESULTS:

Eighty-five patients with NP underwent a total of 201 screening events (mean 2.4 per patient). VTE developed in 55 patients (65%), including splanchnic vein thrombosis in 41 patients (48%) and extremity deep vein thrombosis (eDVT) in 32 patients (38%). Extremity DVT was diagnosed a mean ± SD of 44 ± 30 days after NP onset. Symptomatic pulmonary embolism was prevented in all patients diagnosed with eDVT and no contraindication to anticoagulation (0 of 29). Prophylactic anti-factor Xa concentration was only achieved in 21% (12 of 57 screening events); no eDVTs developed in patients achieving prophylactic anti-factor Xa concentration.

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients with NP, identification of eDVT by screening ultrasound permits early treatment and prevents symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Fixed dosing of chemical prophylaxis is inadequate in most patients with NP and likely contributes to the mechanism of increased VTE in NP.
Life after the Harem
Authors: Argit Betül Ipsirli
Published: October 2020

The first study to explore the lives of female slaves of the Ottoman imperial court, including the period following their manumission and transfer from the imperial palace. Through an analysis of a wide range of hitherto unexplored primary sources, Betül İpşirli Argıt demonstrates that the manumission of female palace slaves and their departure from the palace did not mean the severing of their ties with the imperial court; rather, it signaled the beginning of a new kind of relationship that would continue until their death. Demonstrating the diversity of experiences in non-dynastic female-agency in the early-modern Ottoman world, Life After the Harem shows how these evolving relationships had widespread implications for multiple parties, from the manumitted female palace slaves, to the imperial court, and broader urban society. In so doing, İpşirli Argıt offers not just a new way of understanding the internal politics and dynamics of the Ottoman imperial court, but also a new way of understanding the lives of the actors within it.
CAEP Position Statement: Emergency department management of people with opioid use disorder
Authors: Koh Justin J. , Klaiman Michelle , Miles Isabelle , Cook Jolene , Kumar Thara , Sheikh Hasan , Dong Kathryn , Orkin Aaron M. , Ali Samina , Shouldice Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

Deaths due to opioid overdose have reached unprecedented levels in Canada; over 12,800 opioid-related deaths occurred between January 2016 and March 2019, and overdose death rates increased by approximately 50% from 2016 to 2018.1 In 2016, Health Canada declared the opioid epidemic a national public health crisis,2 and life expectancy increases have halted in Canada for the first time in decades.3 Children are not exempt from this crisis, and the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada has recently prioritized the prevention of problematic substance use among Canadian youth.4
Patient adherence to multivitamin supplementation after bariatric surgery: a narrative review
Authors: Smelt Hendrika J.M. , Pouwels Sjaak , Smulders Johannes F. , Hazebroek Eric J.
Published: October 2020

Morbid obesity is a growing problem worldwide and has subsequently resulted in a wide application of bariatric surgery to achieve long-term weight loss and improvement of obesity-related co-morbidities. In spite of these clinical benefits, vitamin deficiencies are common after bariatric surgery; therefore, lifelong multivitamin supplementation (MVS) is recommended. However, patient adherence to MVS intake is generally poor. The aim of this narrative review is to analyse which factors influence the adherence of MVS intake after bariatric surgery. To provide an extensive overview, we will discuss the different factors that influence MVS use in patients who underwent bariatric surgery, but also review the literature on MVS in other patient groups.
Repeated vector products
Authors: Beardon A. F. , Lord N.
Published: October 2020

In [1] the second author observed that it is possible to have a binary operation * on a set X with the property that two different arrangements of brackets in a given combination x1 * … * xn of elements of X yield the same outcome for all choices of the xj. For example, for the operation of subtraction on the set of real numbers, we have
$$\left[ {a - \left( {b - c} \right)} \right] - d = a - \left[ {b - \left( {c - d} \right)} \right]$$
for all real numbers a, b, c and d. The author then asked whether or not a similar example might hold for an n-fold vector product on three-dimensional Euclidean space3. We shall show here that no such example can exist; thus two different arrangements of brackets in a repeated vector product will, for some vectors, yield different answers.
The geometric unfolding of recurrence relations
Authors: Dolan Stan
Published: October 2020

In 1942 R. C. Lyness challenged readers of the Gazette to find a recurrence relation of order 2 which would generate a cycle of period 7 for almost all initial values [1].
ASKAP reveals giant radio halos in two merging SPT galaxy clusters
Authors: Wilber Amanda G. , Johnston-Hollitt Melanie , Duchesne Stefan W. , Tasse Cyril , Akamatsu Hiroki , Intema Huib , Hodgson Torrance
Published: October 2020

Early science observations from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) have revealed clear signals of diffuse radio emission associated with two clusters detected by the South Pole Telescope via their Sunyaev Zel’dovich signal: SPT CLJ0553-3342 (MACS J0553.4-3342) and SPT CLJ0638-5358 (Abell S0592) are both high-mass lensing clusters that have undergone major mergers. To create science-fidelity images of the galaxy clusters, we performed direction-dependent (DD) calibration and imaging on these ASKAP early science observations using state-of-the-art software killMS and DDFacet. Here, we present our DD calibrated ASKAP radio images of both clusters showing unambiguous giant radio halos with largest linear scales of${\sim}1$Mpc. The halo in MACS J0553.4-3342 was previously detected with Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations at 323 MHz but appears more extended in our ASKAP image. Although there is a shock detected in the thermal X-ray emission of this cluster, we find that the particle number density in the shocked region is too low to allow for the generation of a radio shock. The radio halo in Abell S0592 is a new discovery, and the Southwest border of the halo coincides with a shock detected in X-rays. We discuss the origins of these halos considering both the hadronic and turbulent re-acceleration models and sources ofseedelectrons. This work gives a positive indication of the potential of ASKAP’s Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey in detecting intracluster medium radio sources.
Chronology of Laurentide glaciation in New Jersey and the New York City area, United States
Authors: Stanford Scott D. , Stone Byron D. , Ridge John C. , Witte Ron W. , Pardi Richard R. , Reimer Gerda E.
Published: October 2020

Deposits of at least three glaciations are present in New Jersey and the New York City area. The oldest deposits are magnetically reversed. Pollen and stratigraphic relations suggest that they are from the earliest Laurentide advance at ~2.4 Ma. Deposits of a second advance are overlain by peat dated to 41 ka and so are pre-Marine Isotope Stage (pre-MIS) 2. Their relation to marine deposits indicates that they predate MIS 5 but postdate MIS 11 and may postdate MIS 7 or 9, suggesting an MIS 6 age. The most recent deposits are of MIS 2 (last glacial maximum [LGM]) age. Radiocarbon dates and varve counts tied to glacial-lake events indicate that LGM ice arrived at its terminus at 25 ka, stood at the terminus until ~24 ka, retreated at a rate of 80 m/yr until 23.5 ka, and then retreated at a rate of 12 m/yr to 18 ka. At 18 ka the retreat record connects to the base of the North American Varve Chronology at Newburgh, New York. The 25–24 ka age for the LGM is slightly younger than, but within the uncertainty of, cosmogenic ages; it is significantly older than the oldest dated macrofossils in postglacial deposits in the region.
Identification of psychological correlates of dietary misreporting under laboratory and free-living environments
Authors: Hopkins Mark , Michalowska Joanna , Whybrow Stephen , Horgan Graham W. , Stubbs R. James
Published: October 2020

Errors inherent in self-reported measures of energy intake (EI) are substantial and well documented, but correlates of misreporting remain unclear. Therefore, potential predictors of misreporting were examined. In Study One, fifty-nine individuals (BMI = 26·1 (sd3·8) kg/m2, age = 42·7 (sd13·6) years, females = 29) completed a 14-d stay in a residential feeding behaviour suite where eating behaviour was continuously monitored. In Study Two, 182 individuals (BMI = 25·7 (sd3·9) kg/m2, age = 42·4 (sd12·2) years, females = 96) completed two consecutive days in a residential feeding suite and five consecutive days at home. Misreporting was directly quantified by comparing covertly measured laboratory weighed intakes (LWI) with self-reported EI (weighed dietary record (WDR), 24-h recall, 7-d diet history, FFQ). Personal (age, sex and %body fat) and psychological traits (personality, social desirability, body image, intelligence quotient and eating behaviour) were used as predictors of misreporting. In Study One, those with lower psychoticism (P= 0·009), openness to experience (P= 0·006) and higher agreeableness (P= 0·038) reduced EI on days participants knew EI was being measured to a greater extent than on covert days. Isolated associations existed between personality traits (psychoticism and openness to experience), eating behaviour (emotional eating) and differences between the LWI and self-reported EI, but these were inconsistent between dietary assessment techniques and typically became non-significant after accounting for multiplicity of comparisons. In Study Two, sex was associated with differences between LWI and the WDR (P= 0·009), 24-h recall (P= 0·002) and diet history (P= 0·050) in the laboratory, but not home environment. Personal and psychological correlates of misreporting identified displayed no clear pattern across studies or dietary assessment techniques and had little utility in predicting misreporting.
Screening dietary fibres for fermentation characteristics and metabolic profiles using a rapidin vitroapproach: implications for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: So Daniel , Yao Chu K. , Gill Paul A. , Pillai Naresh , Gibson Peter R. , Muir Jane G.
Published: October 2020

The therapeutic value of specific fibres is partly dependent on their fermentation characteristics. Some fibres are rapidly degraded with the generation of gases that induce symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), while more slowly or non-fermentable fibres may be more suitable. More work is needed to profile a comprehensive range of fibres to determine suitability for IBS. Using a rapidin vitrofermentation model, gas production and metabolite profiles of a range of established and novel fibres were compared. Fibre substrates (n15) were added to faecal slurries from three healthy donors for 4 h with gas production measured using real-time headspace sampling. Concentrations of SCFA and ammonia were analysed using GC and enzymatic assay, respectively. Gas production followed three patterns: rapid (≥60 ml/g over 4 h) for fructans, carrot fibre and maize-derived xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS); mild (30–60 ml/g) for partially hydrolysed guar gum, almond shell-derived XOS and one type of high-amylose resistant starch 2 (RS2) and minimal (no differences with blank controls) for methylcellulose, another high-amylose RS2, acetylated or butyrylated RS2, RS4, acacia gum and sugarcane bagasse. Gas production correlated positively with total SCFA (r0·80,P< 0·001) and negatively with ammonia concentrations (r–0·68,P< 0·001). Proportions of specific SCFA varied: fermentation of carrot fibre, XOS and acetylated RS2 favoured acetate, while fructans favoured butyrate. Gas production and metabolite profiles differed between fibre types and within fibre classes over a physiologically relevant 4-h time course. Several fibres resisted rapid fermentation and may be candidates for clinical trials in IBS patients.
Newman's identities, lucas sequences and congruences for certain partition functions
Authors: Xia Ernest X.W.
Published: October 2020

Let r be an integer with 2 ≤ r ≤ 24 and let pr(n) be defined by $\sum _{n=0}^\infty p_r(n) q^n = \prod _{k=1}^\infty (1-q^k)^r$. In this paper, we provide uniform methods for discovering infinite families of congruences and strange congruences for pr(n) by using some identities on pr(n) due to Newman. As applications, we establish many infinite families of congruences and strange congruences for certain partition functions, such as Andrews's smallest parts function, the coefficients of Ramanujan's ϕ function and p-regular partition functions. For example, we prove that for n ≥ 0,
\[ \textrm{spt}\bigg( \frac{1991n(3n+1) }{2} +83\bigg) \equiv \textrm{spt}\bigg(\frac{1991n(3n+5)}{2} +2074\bigg) \equiv 0\ (\textrm{mod} \ 11), \]
and for k ≥ 0,
\[ \textrm{spt}\bigg( \frac{143\times 5^{6k} +1 }{24}\bigg)\equiv 2^{k+2} \ (\textrm{mod}\ 11), \]
where spt(n) denotes Andrews's smallest parts function.
Why we need more research into the placebo response in psychiatry
Authors: Huneke Nathan T.M. , van der Wee Nic , Garner Matthew , Baldwin David S.
Published: October 2020

Placebos are not inert, but exert measurable biological effects. The placebo response in psychiatric illness is important and clinically relevant, but remains poorly understood. In this paper, we review current knowledge about the placebo response in psychiatric medicine and identify research directions for the future. We argue that more research is needed into the placebo response in psychiatric medicine for three broad reasons. First, awareness of factors that cause placebo response, for whom, and when, within clinical trials will allow us to better evidence efficacy of new treatments. Second, by understanding how placebo mechanisms operate in the clinic, we can take advantage of these to optimise the effects of current treatments. Finally, exploring the biological mechanisms of placebo effects might reveal tractable targets for novel treatment development.
Non-DC notional accounts: relaxing the trade-off between fairness and solvency of pay-as-you-go pension systems
Authors: Nisticò Sergio
Published: October 2020

Existing pay-as-you-go (PAYG) schemes based on notional accounts (NAs) have chosen the defined-contribution (DC) setting that forces the rate of interest credited to all individual accounts to change over time to ensure solvency. On the other hand, volatility of the rate of interest is the source of non-negligible disparities of individual internal rates of return (IRRs) both within and across generations. It is argued that these disparities represent a threat to the political appeal of PAYG DC systems, in particular in the present situation characterized by low growth rates of the contribution base. The paper uses a four-overlapping-generations model to prove that the DC setting is not a necessary ingredient of NAs and that their political appeal could be enhanced by extending their use to non-DC pension systems. In fact, redistributions can be avoided by crediting all individual accounts with a constant rate of interest while ensuring financial solvency by fine-tuning of the contribution rate to make the system's revenues grow at the same (constant) rate credited to all accounts. The proof requires constancy of the employment growth rate but not of average earnings. Changes in the employment growth rate produce small oscillations around perfect balance between contribution revenue and pension expenditure manageable with a small buffer fund.
How the COVID-19 pandemic could reduce near-retirees' Social Security benefits
Authors: Biggs Andrew G.
Published: October 2020

A quirk in the Social Security benefit formula interacting with the sharp economic downturn due to the COVID-19 pandemic could cause certain groups of near-retirees to suffer significant and permanent reductions to their Social Security retirement benefits. A sudden decline in the Social Security Administration (SSA)'s measure of economywide average wages in the year a worker turns 60 causes the Social Security benefit formula to devalue all the worker's earnings prior to age 60, resulting in a lower measure of career-average earnings and a lower benefit in retirement. A middle-income worker aged 60 in 2020 could receive an annual Social Security benefit reduction of around 9%, with losses through retirement approaching $46,000. Individuals becoming eligible for Social Security Disability Insurance benefits would be subject to similar reductions in percentage terms. Several methods are discussed to reduce or eliminate the likelihood of similar benefit ‘notches’ occurring in the future.
‘They Fell Like Meteorites’: Avatars of the Andean Sound and Their Reception by Italian Music Groups (1973–1996)
Authors: GAVAGNIN STEFANO
Published: October 2020

Despite the attention given to the transnational circulation of Andean music, its reception and adoption by European musicians have been rarely researched. This article focuses on the specific case of Italy, where the Andean music boom blended with that of the New Chilean Song in exile (1973–89) and where, in addition, repertoires and practices of both musics were adopted by dozens of local groups formed by young Italians. Those Italian groups – with their performative strategies and their choices of repertoires – provide a privileged lookout about how different representations of theandeaneity(theNueva Canción Chilenawith its ethical and political connotations, themusique des Andesof the French matrix, theautóctonasindigenist currents) interacted in creating an Italian imagery of the Andes. They also suggest how the adoption of ‘someone else's music’ can act, with its transcultural complexity, in the elaboration of personal narratives of identity.
Transatlantic Techno Myths: The 1994 Arica Eclipse Rave as an Example of the History and Historiography of Electronic Dance Music between Chile and Germany
Authors: PASDZIERNY MATTHIAS
Published: October 2020

This article focuses on one of the earliest truly international Electronic Dance Music (EDM) festivals: the Eclipse Rave in Arica, in the Chilean Atacama Desert in November 1994. As a collaboration of mainly German and Chilean individuals, the event was confronted with a multitude of organizational obstacles and problems of intercultural understanding. Nevertheless, the event has now achieved a kind of cult status and is mythologized as the breakthrough moment of EDM culture in South America. Drawing on German and Chilean sources, the article sheds light on the background and impact of the festival and discusses the important role of Chilean-German exiles as interpreters and cultural mediators within EDM scenes. This contribution questions the types of sources that festivals and similar events generate, and consequently asks how an international history of the event-based and present- and history-obsessed EDM culture could be written at all.
A randomised test of the effect of medical v. lay idiom on assessment of perceived mental health condition in the USA
Authors: Breslau J. , McBain R. , Wong E. C. , Roth E. , Burnam M. A. , Cefalu M. S. , Collins R. L.
Published: October 2020

Aims

To test the impact of using different idioms in epidemiological interviews on the prevalence and correlates of poor mental health and mental health service use.

Methods

We conducted a randomised methodological experiment in a nationally representative sample of the US adult population, comparing a lay idiom, which asked about ‘problems with your emotions or nerves’ with a more medical idiom, which asked about ‘problems with your mental health’. Differences across study arms in the associations of endorsement of problems with the Kessler-6 (a validated assessment of psychological distress), demographic characteristics, self-rated health and mental health service use were examined.

Results

Respondents were about half as likely to endorse a problem when asked with the more medical idiom (18.1%) than when asked with the lay idiom (35.1%). The medical idiom had a significantly larger area under the ROC curve when compared against a validated measure of psychological distress than the lay idiom (0.91 v. 0.87, p = 0.012). The proportion of the population who endorsed a problem but did not receive treatment in the past year was less than half as large for the medical idiom (7.90%) than for the lay idiom (20.94%). Endorsement of problems differed in its associations with age, sex, race/ethnicity and self-rated health depending on the question idiom. For instance, the odds of endorsing problems were threefold higher in the youngest than the oldest age group when the medical idiom was used (OR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.47–6.41) but did not differ across age groups when the lay idiom was used (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.43–1.36).

Conclusion

Choice of idiom in epidemiological questionnaires can affect the apparent correlates of poor mental health and service use. Cultural change within populations over time may require changes in instrument wording to maintain consistency in epidemiological measurement of psychiatric conditions.
Asymmetrical Response of the East Asian Summer Monsoon to the Quadrennial Oscillation of Global Sea Surface Temperature Associated With the Tibetan Plateau Thermal Feedback
Authors: Liu Senfeng , Duan Anmin , Wu Guoxiong
Published: October 2020

The leading mode of the global sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) on the interannual time scale is a quasi‐quadrennial oscillation mode, corresponding to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle. Using observational data diagnosis and numerical simulations, we show that the global SSTA during the quadrennial cycle has significant impacts on the anomaly of diabatic heating over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer. Idealized atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments forced by the global SSTA with and without the thermal forcing of the TP diabatic heating anomaly reveal the relative contributions of the SSTA direct effect and the TP feedback to the anomalous response of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). During the quadrennial oscillation, in the developing year summer, the diabatic heating weakens over the whole TP, inducing suppressed EASM precipitation accompanied by an anomalous cyclone over the northwestern Pacific and an anticyclone in North China. In the decaying year summer, the TP heating, characterized by an anomalous negative‐positive pattern, induces an anomalous anticyclone in South China and an anomalous cyclone in North China. However, without the anomalous TP thermal forcing, in both developing and decaying years the EASM shows similar response patterns with an anomalous anticyclone over the northwestern Pacific, an anomalous cyclone in North China, and an enhanced main rainfall band. Therefore, the TP thermal feedback plays a key role in the asymmetric responses of the EASM to the global SSTA during the different stages, characterized by suppressed precipitation in developing years and an enhanced main rainfall band in decaying years.
Quaternary Rock Uplift Rates and Their Implications for the Western Flank of the North Anatolian Fault Restraining Bend; Inferences From Fluvial Terrace Ages
Authors: McClain Kevin P. , Yıldırım Cengiz , Çiner Attila , Şahin Sefa , Sarıkaya M. Akif , Özcan Orkan , Kiyak Nafiye Gunec , Ozturk Tugba
Published: October 2020

In the western flank of the North Anatolian Fault restraining bend (i.e., Central Pontides), the Filyos River incises through the uplifting Karabük Range, creating the ~1.7‐km‐deep Filyos River Gorge on the hanging wall of the reverse Karabük Fault. Seven fluvial strath terrace levels are preserved in this gorge. optically stimulated luminescence ages from quartz‐rich sediments of five terrace levels reveal an average long‐term rock uplift rate of 0.45 ± 0.02 mm yr−1with an unsteady pattern of uplift during the last 542 ± 24 kyr. Uplift rates of 1.52 ± 0.6 and 0.74 ± 0.3 mm yr−1occurred before 366 ± 19 kyr, followed by lower rates of ~0.1 and 0.31 mm yr−1through present. These later uplift rates may reflect relatively slower tectonic rates since ~366 kyr, with closer similarity to regional uplift rates of ~0.3 mm yr−1yielded from the eastern flank of the Central Pontides. The Karabük Range fluvial terraces are near the North Anatolian Fault, meaning pre‐ ~366 kyr uplift rates may be a glimpse of the highest Central Pontides Quaternary rock uplift rates on uplifting hanging wall blocks activated by the restraining bend. When we consider offshore seismic reflection data, the focal mechanism solution of the Bartın Earthquake, onshore structural data, and regional tectonic geomorphology, the western flank of the Central Anatolian Plateau's northern margin is propagating northward as a growing orogenic wedge with a positive flower‐structure geometry.
Early‐Warning Signals for Marine Anoxic Events
Authors: Hennekam Rick , van der Bolt Bregje , van Nes Egbert H. , de Lange Gert J. , Scheffer Marten , Reichart Gert‐Jan
Published: October 2020

Predicting which marine systems are close to abrupt transitions into oxygen‐deficient conditions (“anoxia”) is notoriously hard but important—as rising temperatures and coastal eutrophication drive many marine systems toward such tipping points. Rapid oxic‐to‐anoxic transitions occurred regularly within the eastern Mediterranean Sea on (multi)centennial time scales, and hence, its sedimentary archive allows exploring statistical methods that can indicate approaching tipping points. The here presented high‐resolution reconstructions of past oxygen dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea reveal that early‐warning signals in these deoxygenation time series occurred long before fast transitions to anoxia. These statistical indicators (i.e., rise in autocorrelation and variance) are hallmarks of so‐called critical slowing down, signaling a steady loss of resilience of the oxygenated state as the system approaches a tipping point. Hence, even without precise knowledge of the mechanisms involved, early‐warning signals for widespread anoxia in marine systems are recognizable using an appropriate statistical approach.
Local‐Time and Vertical Characteristics of Quasi‐6‐Day Oscillation in the Ionosphere During the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Lin J. T. , Lin C. H. , Rajesh P. K. , Yue Jia , Lin C. Y. , Matsuo T.
Published: October 2020

This study investigates new characteristics of ionospheric modulations driven by quasi‐6‐day wave (Q6DW) burst following a rare Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in September 2019. Local‐time and vertical variations of the amplitude and phase of quasi‐6‐day oscillation (Q6DO) in the ionosphere are examined by using data assimilation analysis of electron density from three‐dimensional Global Ionosphere Specification (GIS). The maximum amplitudes of Q6DO are located symmetrically ±20° off the magnetic equator at ~12 LT, with a secondary peak at 17 LT. The amplitude of Q6DO weakens at 15 LT, with a sudden phase shift, suggesting multiple dynamo processes driving the Q6DO‐related ionospheric variations. The altitude‐latitude structure of Q6DO shows that the ionospheric modulations extend beyond the equatorial ionization anomaly, indicating the wind dynamo source regions at higher latitudes. A likely physical mechanism is discussed based on possible interactions of Q6DW and semidiurnal migrating tides leading to the dynamo modulation and phase differences.
Identification of two QTLs associated with high fruit acidity in apple using pooled genome sequencing analysis
Authors: Ban Seunghyun , Xu Kenong
Published: October 2020

Acidity is a critical component determining apple fruit quality. Previous studies reported two major acidity quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on linkage groups (LGs) 16 (Ma) and 8 (Ma3), respectively, and their homozygous genotypes mama and ma3ma3 usually confer low titratable acidity (TA) (<3.0 mg ml−1) to apple fruit. However, apples of genotypes Ma- (MaMa and Mama) or Ma3- (Ma3Ma3 and Ma3ma3) frequently show an acidity range spanning both regular (TA 3.0–10.0 mg ml−1) and high (TA > 10 mg ml−1) acidity levels. To date, the genetic control for high-acidity apples remains essentially unknown. In order to map QTLs associated with high acidity, two genomic DNA pools, one for high acidity and the other for regular acidity, were created in an interspecific F1 population Royal Gala (Malus domestica) × PI 613988 (M. sieversii) of 191 fruit-bearing progenies. By Illumina paired-end sequencing of the high and regular acidity pools, 1,261,640 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) commonly present in both pools were detected. Using allele frequency directional difference and density (AFDDD) mapping approach, one region on chromosome 4 and another on chromosome 6 were identified to be putatively associated with high acidity, and were named Ma6 and Ma4, respectively. Trait association analysis of DNA markers independently developed from the Ma6 and Ma4 regions confirmed the mapping of Ma6 and Ma4. In the background of MaMa, 20.6% of acidity variation could be explained by Ma6, 28.5% by Ma4, and 50.7% by the combination of both. The effects of Ma6 and Ma4 in the background of Mama were also significant, but lower. These findings provide important genetic insight into high acidity in apple.
TssA–TssM–TagA interaction modulates type VI secretion system sheath-tube assembly in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Stietz Maria Silvina , Liang Xiaoye , Li Hao , Zhang Xinran , Dong Tao G.
Published: October 2020

The type VI protein secretion system (T6SS) is a powerful needle-like machinery found in Gram-negative bacteria that can penetrate the cytosol of receiving cells in milliseconds by physical force. Anchored by its membrane-spanning complex (MC) and a baseplate (BP), the T6SS sheath-tube is assembled in a stepwise process primed by TssA and terminated by TagA. However, the molecular details of its assembly remain elusive. Here, we systematically examined the initiation and termination of contractile and non-contractile T6SS sheaths in MC-BP, tssA and tagA mutants by fluorescence microscopy. We observe long pole-to-pole sheath-tube structures in the non-contractile MC-BP defective mutants but not in the Hcp tube or VgrG spike mutants. Combining overexpression and genetic mutation data, we demonstrate complex effects of TssM, TssA and TagA interactions on T6SS sheath-tube dynamics. We also report promiscuous interactions of TagA with multiple T6SS components, similar to TssA. Our results demonstrate that priming of the T6SS sheath-tube assembly is not dependent on TssA, nor is the assembly termination dependent on the distal end TssA–TagA interaction, and highlight the tripartite control of TssA–TssM–TagA on sheath-tube initiation and termination.
Intermolecular channels direct crystal orientation in mineralized collagen
Authors: Xu YiFei , Nudelman Fabio , Eren E. Deniz , Wirix Maarten J. M. , Cantaert Bram , Nijhuis Wouter H. , Hermida-Merino Daniel , Portale Giuseppe , Bomans Paul H. H. , Ottmann Christian , Friedrich Heiner , Bras Wim , Akiva Anat , Orgel Joseph P. R. O. , Meldrum Fiona C. , Sommerdijk Nico
Published: October 2020

The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and is commonly pictured as a parallel array of ultrathin carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) platelets distributed throughout the collagen. This orientation is often attributed to an epitaxial relationship between the HAp and collagen molecules inside 2D voids within the fibril. Although recent studies have questioned this model, the structural relationship between the collagen matrix and HAp, and the mechanisms by which collagen directs mineralization remain unclear. Here, we use XRD to reveal that the voids in the collagen are in fact cylindrical pores with diameters of ~2 nm, while electron microscopy shows that the HAp crystals in bone are only uniaxially oriented with respect to the collagen. From in vitro mineralization studies with HAp, CaCO3 and γ-FeOOH we conclude that confinement within these pores, together with the anisotropic growth of HAp, dictates the orientation of HAp crystals within the collagen fibril.