bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in the heart: a point of integration in hypertrophic signalling and a therapeutic target? A critical analysis
Authors: Sugden P H , Fuller S J , Weiss S C , Clerk A
Published: January 2008

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3, of which there are two isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β) was originally characterized in the context of regulation of glycogen metabolism, though it is now known to regulate many other cellular processes. Phosphorylation of GSK3α(Ser21) and GSK3β(Ser9) inhibits their activity. In the heart, emphasis has been placed particularly on GSK3β, rather than GSK3α. Importantly, catalytically‐active GSK3 generally restrains gene expression and, in the heart, catalytically‐active GSK3 has been implicated in anti‐hypertrophic signalling. Inhibition of GSK3 results in changes in the activities of transcription and translation factors in the heart and promotes hypertrophic responses, and it is generally assumed that signal transduction from hypertrophic stimuli to GSK3 passes primarily through protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt). However, recent data suggest that the situation is far more complex. We review evidence pertaining to the role of GSK3 in the myocardium and discuss effects of genetic manipulation of GSK3 activity in vivo. We also discuss the signalling pathways potentially regulating GSK3 activity and propose that, depending on the stimulus, phosphorylation of GSK3 is independent of PKB/Akt. Potential GSK3 substrates studied in relation to myocardial hypertrophy include nuclear factors of activated T cells, β‐catenin, GATA4, myocardin, CREB, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2Bɛ. These and other transcription factor substrates putatively important in the heart are considered. We discuss whether cardiac pathologies could be treated by therapeutic intervention at the GSK3 level but conclude that any intervention would be premature without greater understanding of the precise role of GSK3 in cardiac processes.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S137–S153; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707659; published online 21 January 2008
Structure, function and physiological consequences of virally encoded chemokine seven transmembrane receptors
Authors: Rosenkilde M M , Smit M J , Waldhoer M
Published: January 2008

A number of human and animal herpes viruses encode G‐protein coupled receptors with seventransmembrane (7TM) segments—most of which are clearly related to human chemokine receptors. It appears, that these receptors are used by the virus for immune evasion, cellular transformation, tissue targeting, and possibly for cell entry. In addition, many virally‐encoded chemokine 7TM receptors have been suggested to be causally involved in pathogenic phenotypes like Kaposi sarcoma, atherosclerosis, HIV‐infection and tumour development. The role of these receptors during the viral life cycle and in viral pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Here we focus on the current knowledge of structure, function and trafficking patterns of virally encoded chemokine receptors and further address the putative roles of these receptors in virus survival and host ‐cell and/or ‐immune system modulation. Finally, we highlight the emerging impact of these receptor on virus‐mediated diseases.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, S154–S166; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707660; published online 21 January 2008
S0859, anN‐cyanosulphonamide inhibitor of sodium‐bicarbonate cotransport in the heart
Authors: Ch'En F F‐T , Villafuerte F C , Swietach P , Cobden P M , Vaughan‐Jones R D
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

Intracellular pH (pHi) in heart is regulated by sarcolemmal H+‐equivalent transporters such as Na+‐H+exchange (NHE) and Na+‐HCO3−cotransport (NBC). Inhibition of NBC influences pHiand can be cardioprotective in animal models of post‐ischaemic reperfusion. Apart from a rabbit polyclonal NBC‐antibody, a selective NBC inhibitor compound has not been studied. Compound S0859 (C29H24ClN3O3S) is a putative NBC inhibitor. Here, we provide the drug's chemical structure, test its potency and selectivity in ventricular cells and assess its suitability for experiments on cardiac contraction.

Experimental approach:

pHirecovery from intracellular acidosis was monitored using pH‐epifluorescence (SNARF‐fluorophore) in guinea pig, rat and rabbit isolated ventricular myocytes. Electrically evoked cell shortening (contraction) was measured optically. With CO2/HCO3−‐buffered superfusates containing 30 μM cariporide (to inhibit NHE), pHirecovery is mediated by NBC.

Key results:

S0859, anN‐cyanosulphonamide compound, reversibly inhibited NBC‐mediated pHirecovery (Ki=1.7 μM, full inhibition at ∼30 μM). In HEPES‐buffered superfusates, NHE‐mediated pHirecovery was unaffected by 30 μM S0859. With CO2/HCO3−buffer, pHirecovery from intracellular alkalosis (mediated by Cl−/HCO3−and Cl−/OH−exchange) was also unaffected. Selective NBC‐inhibition was not due to action on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, as 100 μM acetazolamide (a membrane‐permeant CA‐inhibitor) had no significant effect on NBC activity. pHirecovery from acidosis was associated with increased contractile‐amplitude. The time course of recovery of pHiand contraction was slowed by S0859, confirming that NBC is a significant controller of contractility during acidosis.

Conclusions and implications:

Compound S0859 is a selective, high‐affinity generic NBC inhibitor, potentially important for probing the transporter's functional role in heart and other tissues.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 972–982; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707667; published online 21 January 2008
Inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM2 by 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB)
Authors: Togashi K , Inada H , Tominaga M
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a non‐selective Ca2+‐permeable cation channel and is known to be activated by adenosine 5′‐diphosphoribose (ADP‐ribose) and hydrogen peroxide. TRPM2 current responses are reported to be drastically potentiated by the combination of each of these ligands with heat. Furthermore, the combination of cyclic ADP‐ribose with heat also activates TRPM2. Although flufenamic acid, antifungal agents (miconazole and clotrimazole), and a phospholipase A2inhibitor (N‐(p‐amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid) inhibit TRPM2, their inhibition was either gradual or irreversible.

Experimental approach:

To facilitate future research on TRPM2, we screened several compounds to investigate their potential to activate or inhibit the TRPM2 channels using the patch‐clamp technique in HEK293 cells, transfected with human TRPM2.

Key results:

2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) exhibited a rapid and reversible inhibition of TRPM2 channels that had been activated by its ADP‐ribose or cADP‐ribose and heat in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50about 1 μM). 2‐APB also inhibited heat‐evoked insulin release from pancreatic islets, isolated from rats.

Conclusions and implications:

2‐APB proved to be a powerful and effective tool for studying the function of TRPM2.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1324–1330; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707675; published online 21 January 2008
Contractile agonists attenuate cGMP levels by stimulating phosphorylation of cGMP‐specific PDE5; an effect mediated by RhoA/PKC‐dependent inhibition of protein phosphatase 1
Authors: Murthy K S
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

In gastrointestinal smooth muscle cGMP levels in response to relaxant agonists are regulated by PKG‐mediated phosphorylation and activation of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). The aim of the present study was to determine whether contractile agonists modulate cGMP levels by cross‐regulating PDE5 activity and to identify the mechanism of action.

Experimental approach:

Dispersed and cultured muscle cells from rabbit stomach were treated with the nitric oxide donor, S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), or with a contractile agonist, ACh and GSNO. PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and cGMP levels were determined.

Key results:

GSNO stimulated PDE5 phosphorylation and activity and increased cGMP levels in gastric smooth muscle cells. Concurrent activation of cells with ACh augmented GSNO‐stimulated PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and attenuated cGMP levels. The effect of ACh was blocked by the m3 receptor antagonist and by inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) or RhoA, but not by the m2 receptor antagonist or inhibitors of PI hydrolysis. The effects of ACh on PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and cGMP levels were mimicked by a low concentration of tautomycin (10 nM), and a high (1 μM) but not low (1 nM) concentration of okadaic acid. PDE5 was associated with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and dephosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of PP1 but not PP2A.

Conclusion and implications:

In gastrointestinal smooth muscle cGMP levels are cross‐regulated by contractile agonists via a mechanism that involves RhoA‐dependent, PKC‐mediated inhibition of PP1 activity. This leads to augmentation of PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and inhibition of cGMP levels.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1214–1224; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707686; published online 21 January 2008
Thrombin‐promoted release of UDP‐glucose from human astrocytoma cells
Authors: Kreda S M , Seminario‐Vidal L , van Heusden C , Lazarowski E R
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

The P2Y14receptor is activated by UDP‐sugars, most potently by UDP‐glucose, but not by free nucleotides, suggesting that UDP‐glucose is the cognate agonist for this receptor. However, evidence for regulated release of UDP‐glucose is scarce. In the present study, the occurrence of receptor‐promoted release of UDP‐glucose was investigated, using 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells.

Experimental approach:

UDP‐glucose release and hydrolysis were measured using HPLC‐based techniques. Phospholipase C activation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization were assessed by measuring inositol phosphate formation and fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively.

Key results:

Thrombin and the protease‐activating receptor‐1 (PAR1) peptide TFLLRNPNDK (PAR1‐AP) evoked the release of UDP‐glucose and ATP, which was accompanied by enhanced inositol phosphate formation. Although carbachol promoted fourfold greater inositol phosphate formation than thrombin, it failed to promote nucleotide release. Thrombin‐promoted nucleotide release was inhibited by BAPTA‐AM, brefeldin A and cytochalasin D, and was insensitive to Pertussis toxin and PI3‐kinase inhibitors. Thrombin, but not carbachol, induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization, a hallmark of Rho activation in 1321N1 cells. However, PAR‐promoted UDP‐glucose release was not affected by Rho kinase inhibition.

Conclusions and implications:

PAR1‐evoked UDP‐glucose release reflected a Ca2+‐dependent mechanism, engaging additional signalling independently of Giand Rho kinase activation and requiring a functional actin cytoskeleton and Golgi structures. Our study demonstrates the occurrence of Ca2+‐dependent release of UDP‐glucose from astrocytoma cells in response to a physiologically relevant stimulus, that is, a G‐protein‐coupled receptor agonist. Given the presence of P2Y14receptors in astrocytes, UDP‐glucose may have important autocrine/paracrine functions in the brain.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1528–1537; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707692; published online 21 January 2008
RNA‐interference‐mediated Cdc42 silencing down‐regulates phosphorylation of STAT3 and suppresses growth in human bladder‐cancer cells
Authors: Wu Fuguo , Chen Yirong , Li Yuan , Ju Jun , Wang Zhiping , Yan Dongwen
Published: January 2008

Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42), a member of Rho GTPases, is involved in cell transformation, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis of human cancer cells. Here, RNAi (RNA interference)‐mediated gene silencing was used to investigate the roles of Cdc42 and to assess its therapeutic potential in human bladder cancer. The results showed that Cdc42 silencing resulted in a marked reduction of Cdc42 mRNA and protein expression and a significant inhibition of cell proliferation from G0/G1‐ to S‐phase in two (EJ and T24) human bladder‐cancer cell lines. Moreover, RNAi‐mediated inhibition of Cdc42 induced apoptosis of EJ cells 96 h after transfection. In addition, we found that silencing of Cdc42 could down‐regulate the level of phosphorylated STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), but did not influence the level of total STAT3 in the two bladder‐cancer cell lines. These results suggest that RNAi‐mediated Cdc42 silencing may be a novel approach for gene therapy of bladder cancer.
A tale of two Paks
Authors: Arias‐Romero Luis E. , Chernoff Jonathan
Published: January 2008

Paks (p21‐activated kinases) are effectors for the small GTPases Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) and Rac that play fundamental roles in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell morphology, motility, survival, gene transcription, apoptosis and hormone signalling. These enzymes are widely expressed in numerous tissues and are activated by extracellular signals through GTPase‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. On the basis of structural and biochemical features, the Pak family members have been classified into two groups, comprising three members each. The two Pak groups have generally been considered as two halves of a single entity, but accumulating evidence indicates that this is not so. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the structure, regulation and function of these kinases, emphasizing the many differences between these two groups of signalling proteins.
Survey of feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies for Nosema apis in Western Australia
Authors: Manning Rob , Lancaster Kate , Rutkay April , Eaton Linda
Published: January 2008

The parasite, Nosema apis, was found to be widespread among feral populations of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the south-west of Western Australia. The location, month of collection and whether the feral colony was enclosed in an object or exposed to the environment, all affected the presence and severity of infection. There was no significant difference in the probability of infection between managed and feral bees. However, when infected by N. apis, managed bees appeared to have a greater severity of the infection.
Effect of reduced lairage duration on beef quality
Authors: Ferguson D. M. , Shaw F. D. , Stark J. L.
Published: January 2008

A study involving two groups of feedlot cattle (n = 84 and 112) was undertaken to compare the effect of two preslaughter lairage (L) durations (3 h v. 18 h) on carcass and meat quality properties. The cattle were grainfed for 150 days before slaughter and had a mean carcass weight of 347.0 ± 25.4 kg. Cattle from the same feedlot pen were randomly allocated to the two treatments on the day before slaughter. One group was transported to the abattoir the day before slaughter and held overnight (L–18 h) whereas the other group remained at the feedlot and was transported the following morning and remained in the lairage for 3 h before slaughter (L–3 h). After slaughter, meat quality was evaluated on a subset of 15 carcasses/lairage treatment from the two slaughter groups. Objective meat quality measures were made on unaged and 14-day-aged striploins (longissimus lumborum) from these carcasses. Cattle from the reduced lairage treatment had heavier bled bodyweights at slaughter (P < 0.05) but there was no effect (P > 0.05) on carcass weight, muscle glycogen concentration, pH3h, ultimate pH, shear force or Minolta lightness values. Significant interactions (P < 0.05) between lairage duration and aging were observed for cooking loss percentage and Minolta a* and b* values but these were relatively small in magnitude. There were no differences in the incidence of ingesta contamination or rumen rupture between the lairage treatments. It was concluded that shortening holding times in lairage from 18 to 3 h for cattle that have travelled <6 h would not affect carcass or beef quality.
Effects of a spring-sown brassica crop on lamb performance and on subsequent establishment and grain yield of dual-purpose winter wheat and oat crops
Authors: Kelman W. M. , Dove H.
Published: January 2008

We evaluated the integration of a spring forage brassica crop (Brassica campestris cv. Hunter) into a cereal–pasture rotation, as a means of assessing the effects of this practice on the subsequent establishment and grain yield of wheat and oat crops. A brassica crop was grown for lamb production on 0.2 ha plots prepared for dual-purpose cereals, in spring 2003 near Canberra, ACT, Australia. Mackellar winter wheat and Blackbutt oats were sown in the following autumn on the previously sown brassica plots and on plots left fallow over the spring–summer period. A factorial experiment was used to determine the effects of (i) cultivar, (ii) brassica v. fallow, and (iii) grazing on cereal establishment and grain yield. Lamb liveweight gains on brassica over 33 days were rapid (294 g/day) and provided 2141 grazing days/ha and 637 kg lamb weight gain/ha. Average grain yield of Mackellar on plots following brassica (2.8 t/ha) was reduced by 29% compared with plots following fallow. Average grain yield on grazed plots (2.6 t/ha) was reduced by 38% compared with ungrazed plots. In both Mackellar and Blackbutt, reduced numbers of kernels per spike and reduced kernel weight accounted for the reduction in grain yield under grazing. Two other experiments were conducted at a separate site to obtain data on the nutritive value of the cereal forages and to record phenological development of the two cereals and compare grain yield responses to cutting before and after stem elongation stages. In vitro and in vivo measurements of digestibility in the vegetative phase were similar in the two cereals (91–94%). Grain yield was significantly reduced following cutting at the post stem elongation stage in Mackellar and Blackbutt and, in Mackellar, was attributable to reduced kernel number per spike and kernel weight. The overall economic return, combining actual returns from lamb production on the forage brassica, and estimated returns from grazing and grain production, after variable costs of each phase were accounted for, were $1117/ha for Mackellar wheat and $1081/ha for Blackbutt oats. These returns were $583/ha and $910/ha more than the estimated return from the fallow, ungrazed treatments for wheat and oats, respectively.
The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble
Authors: Sidhu H. S. , Manpreet-Singh  , Humphreys E. , Yadvinder-Singh  , Balwinder-Singh  , Dhillon S. S. , Blackwell J. , Bector V. , Malkeet-Singh  , Sarbjeet-Singh
Published: January 2008

Lack of suitable machinery is a major constraint to direct drilling into combine-harvested rice residues due to the heavy straw load, and the presence of loose tough straw deposited by the harvester. Therefore, most rice stubbles are burnt in the mechanised rice–wheat systems of south Asia and Australia, as this is a rapid and cheap option, and allows for quick turn around between crops. As well as loss of organic matter and nutrients, rice stubble burning causes very serious and widespread air pollution in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plains, where rice–wheat systems predominate. A novel approach with much promise is the Happy Seeder, which combines the stubble mulching and seed drilling functions in the one machine. The stubble is cut and picked up in front of the sowing tynes, which engage bare soil, and deposited behind the seed drill as mulch. Evaluation of the technology over 3 years in replicated experiments and farmers’ fields in Punjab, India, showed that establishment of wheat sown into rice residues with the Happy Seeder was comparable with establishment using conventional methods (straw burnt followed by direct drilling or cultivation before sowing) for sowings around the optimum time into stubbles up to 7.5 t/ha. For late sowings, plant density declined significantly at straw loads above 5 t/ha. The mulch also reduced weed biomass by ~60%, and reduced soil evaporation. Yield of wheat sown around the optimum time into rice residues, using the Happy Seeder, was comparable with or higher than yield after straw removal or burning, in replicated experiments and farmers’ fields, for straw loads up to 9 t/ha. In farmers’ fields there was an average yield increase of 9 and 11% in 2004–05 and 2005–06, respectively, compared with farmer practice. For sowings after the optimum time, yield declined significantly at straw loads greater than 7.5 t/ha. The Happy Seeder offers the means of drilling wheat into rice stubble without burning, eliminating air pollution and loss of nutrients and organic carbon due to burning, at the same time as maintaining or increasing yield.
Civil society in the Arab world: a reality that needs reforming
Authors: Al-Najjar Baqer Salman
Published: January 2008

Arab experience of civil society is new, and because of the nature of the Arab state, it is difficult to find a single case in the region that is independent of the state and able to exert pressure on it. The case of Lebanon, when the Karami government was forced to resign in February 2005, will remain unique for some time to come. However, the fear of similar repetitions elsewhere has led to greater restrictions on civil society organizations, or it has led some Arab regimes to install their own organizations (GONGOS) to defuse the pressure from other organizations or to weaken their demands for democracy and transparency. The GONGOS were a typically Eastern and Russian phenomenon, and they quickly spread to a number of Arab countries that had experienced totalitarian regimes in the past and also to some of the countries in the Arab Mashreq and Maghreb, which have recently under gone a political transformation towards democracy.
ADHERENT PERICARDIUM TREATED BY CARDIOLYSIS.
Authors: Downie Ewen
Published: January 2008

A case of adherent pericardium which was relieved by cardiolysis is described.

The occurrence of auricular fibrillation in a child of nine years and the child's tolerance of large doses of quinidine sulphate are noted.
PRIMARY CLOSURE IN PROSTATECTOMY
Authors: Brown R. K. Lee
Published: January 2008

Summary

The objects of this article are t o set forth the observations made during the last five years with primary closure in prostatectomy. This technique has been much advocated recently, and to those who have not had much experience with it, it would certainly appear ideal. Like many other surgical procedures, however, i t is at times easier to describe than to perform. The disparity between the results obtained in public and in private hospital practice is undoubtedly due in part to the average better condition of the private patients and the better balanced diet which they receive. The adequate supply of vitamins is very necessary to aid in combating infective processes, as the patient's resistance is undoubtedly materially raised by this means. Further, it is not possible for the patients to receive the individual attention in public hospitals that is possible in private. In any case, there is a marked difference in the results obtained, although that applies to any form of prostatectomy.
PRE‐OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Wright R. Douglas
Published: January 2008

Summary

1. Reasons for a method of pre‐operative treatment of complete biliary obstruction are given.

2. The administration of 4.8 grammes (80 grains) of bile coated with salol, at each meal, wherein a high proportion of fat is included, is suggested.

3. The result of this in one instance was a rise in blood fat and a fall in the faecal f a t and a general improvement in the patient's condition.

4. A suggestion is made that this form of therapeusis may be of use in cases of calcnlous obstruction as well as in cases of jaundice due to injury to the common duct. It is, however, realized that it will not replace other methods, but must be adjuvant t o them.

5. It demonstrates that there is a fruitful field for research in regard to the metabolism in biliary obstruction, for example, as to the effect of bile administration on the blood calcium, the carbohydrate metabolism in the case of a damaged liver, the urinary output of bile salts and pigment. An attempt is being made to elucidate these and other problems.
SOME CLINICAL SYNDROMES OF THE FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE
Authors: Dew Harold R.
Published: January 2008

A surrey of the literature and a review of these cases which have been selected from a larger series, emphasize the fact that the fifth nerve trunk, ganglion or its branches can be involved by a variety of neoplasms, and that unless this fact is clearly appreciated by physicians and rhinologists, mistakes in diagnosis can and do occur very easily. Routine examination of the functions of the fifth nerve should always be carried out in allcases in which other cranial nerves are involved or in any case in which intracranial disease is suspected, while closer cooperation between the physician, nenrologist and rhinologist is essential.
RENAL TUBERCULOSIS: THE PROBLEM OF THE OTHER KIDNEY
Authors: Begg R. Campbell
Published: January 2008

In bilateral renal tuberculosis, nephrectomy is rarely indicated.

The difficulties and the methods of determining the presence of tuberculous infection in the other kidney are discussed.

It is occasionally better to remove the obviously tuberculous kidney than to wait until conclusive evidence is prodiieed that the other kidney is free from disease.
CONGENITAL SOLITARY KIDNEY
Authors: Phillips H. A.
Published: January 2008

A case of congenital renal agenesia is reported of sufficient degree to be termed congenital solitary kidney.

A review of the literature reveals the frequency with which this condition is associated with genital defects and other pathological conditions of the solitary kidney.

Though this case showed only one ureteric orifice in the bladder, such is not always the case.

The theory of causation is briefly mentioned.
SOME RECENT STUDIES ON INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION1
Authors: Kellaway C. H.
Published: January 2008

Summarizing this brief and very incomplete review, it appears that the dominant factor in simple obstruction in the ileum and in functional ileus is distension; in simple obstruction high in the bowel it is loss of water and salts; in strangulation of long loops, loss of blood from effective circulation; and in strangulation of shorter loops, toxaemia.

These etiological considerations determine the principles of treatment which may be briefly summed up as follows: (a) In functional obstruction, to reduce distension. (b) In mechanical obstruction, to relieve the obstruction, to combat dehydration and demineralization, and to relieve distension. (c) In strangulation, to maintain the blood volume, and to remove the source of toxin from the abdominal cavity.
An Apparatus for Use with an Aritficial Anus.
Authors: Devine H. B.
Published: January 2008

Kirachner (Heidelberg): “Neuer Verschlusapparat für den kunstlichen Bauchafter”, Zentraiblatt für Chirurgie
The Surgical Treatment of Chronic and Extensive Duodenal Ulcer.
Authors: Devine. H. B.
Published: January 2008

Professor H. Finsterer: “Resektion zur Ausschaltung oder Gastro‐Enterostomie beim nicht resezierbaren Ulcus Duodeni” Zentralblatt für Chirurgie, 1934.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
Authors: Gardiner S. S.
Published: January 2008

Twenty‐seven cases of actinomycosis, involving the head and neck region, that have been observed in this district during the past twenty years have been tabulated. Available literature up to the end of 1934 has been reviewed.

“Actinomyces” is not a type designation, but a genus concept which includes a large number of types and varieties with highly varied morphological and biological characteristics.

There are both pathogenic and non‐pathogenic aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic actinomyces.

The morphology varies considerably even in the same type.

The clinical picture of actinomycosis involving the head and neck and also autopsy revelations are not characteristic.

More cases will be diagnosed correctly if the surgeon or clinician is “actinomycosis conscious”.

The medico‐legal aspect of the disease is referred to in the appendix.
SIDELIGHTS ON DISEASE OF THE PROSTATE GLAND1
Authors: Greenslade Chas. M.
Published: January 2008

An attempt has been made to demonstrate:

1. The necessity for accurate diagnosis in prostatic disease.

2. The value of prostatic massage and the microscopic study of prostatic secretion as a diagnostic aid.

3. The value of cysto‐urethroscopy as an aid to diagnosis and treatment.

4. The indications for various methods of treating bladder neck obstruction with particular reference to enucleation, resection and endocrinology.
EXTENSIVE PARTIAL GASTRECTOMY AS THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GASTRIC ULCER.
Authors: Catchlove S. G. L.
Published: January 2008

Six patients who gave a history of gastric symptoms of long duration associated with consistant pain have been submitted to partial gastrectomy with no mortality.

Medical treatment under hospital régime gave only partial or temporary relief.

The gross pathological condition found at operation confirmed the long‐standing nature of the disease with no evidence of complete healing, but showed evidence of slow progression towards deep penetration and perforation.

In four cases hiyperchlorhydria was transformed into achlorhydria.

Partial gastrectomy gave immediate relief in all cases, with no return of symptoms up to a period of twelve months.

Partial gastrectomy removes the “ulcer‐bearing” and “acid‐secreting” areas, and eliminates the possibility of malignant change.

Partial gastrertomy was attended by comparatively little Shock, both operative and post‐operative.

In view of the gross pathological change found, nothing less than partial gastrectoniy was indicated or held out any hope of permanent cure.
HYDATID CYSTS INVOLVING THE DOME OF THE LIVER1
Authors: Barnett Louis
Published: January 2008

A simplified explanation based on broad principles is given of the numerous and sometimes puzzling complications associated with old‐standing hydatid cysts of the dome of the liver. Attention is called to the clinical latency of these cysts over a long period, to errors in diagnosis, to the evil influence of bile contamination, and to the pros and cons of the abdominal and thoracic lines of approach in operating.
THE TREATMENT OF URÆMIC INTOXICATION COMPLICATING PYLORIC STENOSIS WITH VOMITING
Authors: Falconer M. A. , Lyall A.
Published: January 2008

Uræmic intoxication supervenes in many cases of pyloric stenosis when vomiting becomes copious and persistent. The causal mechanism is one of dehydration and excessive chloride loss associated with the appearance of toxic nephritis. If this intoxication is not first corrected, surgical intervention may result in a fatal issue should the ordinary procedure of gastroenterostomy be carried out.

Eight cases are described illustrating the effects of various forms of treatment. They demonstrate that the usual routine treatment by frequent feeding of liquid food, cessation of alkalis and daily gastric lavage, is not sufficient to correct this intoxication in every case. In many cases the additional administration of saline solution, either rectally or parenterally, is required, and occasionally refractory cases of persistent vomiting are met with in which feeding by jejunostomy is indicated.
TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATIC RESECTION.
Authors: Earlam M. S. S.
Published: January 2008

.1. Transurethral resection is indicated, and open operation contra‐indicated, in the small fibrous prostate and prostatic carcinoma.

2. It is the treatment of election of the small adenomatous prostate requiring operation.

3. It is preferable to prostatectomy in the aged patient and the poor surgical risk, and to cystostomy where prostatectomy is out of the question. Its indications otherwise are the same as for prostatectomy, the extent of its use depending on the attitude and technical qualifications of the surgeon.

4. When resection is employed in the treatment of simple prostatic hypertrophy, the prospects of permanent cure depend on the completeness of the resection and the patient's expectancy of life.
ARTERIAL EMBOLUS: REPORT OF CASES, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONDITION AND ITS TREATMENT1
Authors: Jose I. B. , Bonnin N. J.
Published: January 2008

A brief account is presented of the ætiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of arterial embolus. The various therapeutic procedures which may be employed are described. The following scheme of management for these cases is suggested. For emboli in the great arteries of the lower limb the treatment should be primarily operative, with general heat, papaverine and passive vascular exercise used as adjuncts. The only exceptions should be in the treatment of those patients seen after twenty‐four hours, or those, seen in the second ten‐hour period, to whom on account of general or local considerations embolectomy is unlikely to be of benefit. The treatment of the majority of emboli in the arm will be conservative, but embolectomy may still be performed with benefit in favourable cases when the patient is seen early.
CEREBRO‐CRANIAL INJURIES1
Authors: Swift George W.
Published: January 2008

Summary of Post‐Traumatic Treatment

The following are the problems which demand consideration in posttraumatic treatment:

1. Classification of cases as those of (a) simple concussion, (h) concussion with skull fractures, fe) concussion with brain tissue damage, (d) concussion with skull fracture and brain tissue damage.

2. Operative interference.

3. Dehydration.

4. Spinal drainage.

5. Post‐traumatic neurosis.

6. Traumatic psychosis.
ACHALASIA OF THE OESOPHAGUS
Authors: Flynn Richard
Published: January 2008

.1. Eight cases of cardiospasm, five in males and three in females, are reported, with the subsequent history of each.

2. Dilatation in each case was carried out on one occasion only.

3. The method of dilatation over a previously swallowed silk thread, with either a Plummer hydrostatic dilator or a Moerseh‐Plummer bougie, is advocated.
PERFORATION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE BY SWALLOWED FOREIGN BODIES2
Authors: MELVILLE C. B.
Published: January 2008

Five cases of perforation of the ileum and one case of perforation of a Meckel's diverticulum by an ingested foreign body have been reported. In addition, nine cases from the literature have been reviewed.

The condition is not common, and apparently has never been diagnosed before operation or autopsy.

This is because of a close similarity to acute appendicitis in some cases; in others, the clinical features have been too confusing to suggest an origin for the peritonitis.

This latter group may be confusing because of the rarity of similar cases in any one surgeon's experience.

To aid in the diagnosis of the condition a theoretical postulate, consisting of (a) colic, (b) peritonitis, and (c) lower abdominal locus, has been advanced.

When analysed, many of the acute cases actually do approximate to this theoretical concept.

The influence of the omentum and of the effective size of the perforation lias been stressed as modifying the above features of a typical case.

Although uncommon, a perforation of the small gut by a foreign body should be kept in mind as a possible cause of an obscure peritonitis.
DISLOCATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE, NECESSITATING FIXATION AT OPEN OPERATION1
Authors: AINSLIE JAMES P.
Published: January 2008

1. The treatment of a patient suffering from dislocation of the cervical spine is described in whom the usual non‐operative treatment failed to achieve reduction.

2. At open operation full reduction could not be attained and dislocation recurred in spite of fixation in plaster of Paris.

3. For mechanical fixation of two vertebra a device (Figure V) is described which proved extremely successful in this case.
HYDATID DISEASE OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Reay E. R.
Published: January 2008

Summary

.The life cycle of the hydatid parasite and the mode of human infestation have been described. Involvement of the kidney is uncommon.

The evolution of the cystic stage in renal tissue is subject to modification owing to the presence of the urinary channels.

Systemic effects of hydatid disease form the basis of the reliable laboratory procedures–the Casoni and complement fixation tests. When the cysts are closed, the symptoms are often obscure and the diagnosis is difficult. Open cysts are often associated with suggestive symptoms and reliable clinical findings.

The special diagnostic methods of radiography and pyelography provide useful information regarding the nature and localization of the cysts.

Methods of operative procedure have been briefly reviewed.

The material from which this paper was drawn is contained in the records of the Hydatid Registry of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and a personal series of seven cases.
TRAUMATIC OBSTRUCTION OF THE AXILLARY VEIN (PRIMARY THROMBOSIS OF THE AXILLARY VEIN), WITH A REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: O'Regan Rolland
Published: January 2008

Summary

1. Two cases of traumatic obstruction of the axillary vein are described.

2. The nature and ætiology of the condition are discussed.

3. The available literature on the subject is reviewed.
DIVERTICULOSIS AND DIVERTICULITIS.1
Authors: Poate Hugh R. G.
Published: January 2008

Summary

.1. Diverticula of the colon are of common occurrence and, being' narrow‐necked thin‐walled herniae of mucous membrane covered by peritoneum beneath which there may be variable amounts of fat, they are liable to cause various troubles if inflammation sets in.

2. The aetiology of the condition is probably a summation of several factors acting on an area of bowel wall where some muscular weakness has developed in relation to the site of entry of the blood vessels.

3. The principal factors precipitating acute diverticulitis include straining at stool, the use of harsh cathartics, enemata given with excessive pressure and strenuous exertion.

4. The most common cause of pain in the left iliac fossa in patients over forty years of age is diverticulitis of one form or another.

5. The younger the patients, the more likely are they to develop acute surgical complications which have a high mortality if subjected to immediate operation.

6. The main thing to remember in dealing with acute diverticulitis is to display a watchful masterly inactivity, and if any surgical interference is demanded, to do as little as possible.

7. The incidence of carcinoma with diverticulitis is incidental rather than actual, but the chronic sclerosing diverticulitis may be difficult to differentiate clinically from carcinoma.
MULTIPLE ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC HYDATID CYSTS (PERITONEAL CYSTS): A STUDY OF 228 CASES
Authors: BARNETT SIR LOUIS
Published: January 2008

The main points in this study of hydatid cysts of the peritoneal cavity are:

The cysts, usually multiple, but sometimes single, are with rare exceptions secondary and brought about by leakage from a primary cyst of the liver many years previously. Such leakage more often than not has been insidious or completely forgotten by the patient. Cases are frequently met with; 228 are noted among 1,455 hydatid records in the Hydatid Registry at the end of the year 1939.

Errors in diagnosis are common.

Prognosis is not so bad as it is painted. The prospects of their reaching old age are remote, but most patients have a fairly long and useful life.

Surgical treatment is sooner or later called for and operations may have to be repeated again and again.
THE TRANSFUSION OF WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: SMITH JULIAN
Published: January 2008

1. An improved arm‐to‐arm transfusion device is offered which provides for a continuous stream and avoids other disadvantages associated with syringes.

2. It is possible in a high percentage of cases to transfuse a pint of blood within six minutes of running time.

3. If cutting down on and canalization of donor's vein are permitted, the operation is easy and always successful.

4. The so‐called speed shock to the recipient has not been observed.

5. The machine offers excellent alternative uses both as an aspirator and for massive injection of local anaesthetic, and of course in determining the flow and injection of citrated blood.
CARBUNCLE OF THE KIDNEY: A REPORT OF THREE CASES AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Howard Russell N.
Published: January 2008

Summary

Three successful cases of renal carbuncle (one bilateral) are reported, and a total series of eighty‐four cases are reviewed, eighty‐one case records being obtained from a perusal of the literature.

The pathology of renal carbuncle is discussed in relation to that of other members of the metastatic staphylococcal group of renal lesion.

The importance of the complete investigation of all cases of “perinephric abscess” is emphasized.

On the basis of the results obtained in this series, a rational line of treatment for renal carbuncle is suggested.
PHE LOCAL USE OF SULPHONAMIDE COMPOUNDS.1
Authors: WILSON T. E.
Published: January 2008

Summary

.As judged by a clinical trial in more than one hundred patients, the local application of sulphanilamide to wounds, ulcers, burns and skin grafts is often of considerable value.

Sulphapyridine, sulphathiazole and sulphanilamide were implanted in the tissues and body cavities of one hundred rats. Seventeen rats were used as controls. Prom these experiments it may be concluded that only extremely large amounts of these drugs produce deleterious effects on the tissues, and that lesser amounts do not inhibit reparative processes. Because solid sulphapyridine is rapidly walled off by granulation tissue, this drug is much less suitable for local application than sulphanilamide. Sulphathiazole, having a solubility intermediate between those of sulphanilamide and of sulphapyridine and only rarely being walled off by granulation tissue, is indicated for local application when delay in absorption is desirable or when the special effects of sulphathiazole are necessary. Local chemotherapy is not advisable for the treatment of diffuse pleural or peritoneal infections. No significant differences were found in the blood or bone marrow of a small series of rats in which sulphapyridine was implanted.
FRACTURES OF THE FEMUR IN WAR‐TIME: A REVIEW OF THIRTY‐TWO CASES
Authors: Keon‐Cohen B. T.
Published: January 2008

Summary

A series of thirty‐two fractures treated in an Australian general hospital between May, 1941, and January, 1942, is reviewed. Particular attention has been paid to the following points:

1. Equipment.

2. The problem of transport from field to hospital.

The fact that many of these fractures are actually “civilian” type injuries, and should be treated as such.

Special problems relating to the initial treatment of compound fractures due to gunshot wounds.

Routine treatment at the Australian general hospital.

6. The place of the plaster spica both in transport and treatment of fractured femurs.

7. The treatment of wounds associated with compound fractures.

8. Functional activity during recumbency.

9. Problems associated with repatriation.

10. The comminuted fracture.

11. Sepsis, particularly the gravitational abscess.

Several case histories have been given in detail where they illustrate particular problems or difficulties in treatment.
SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TREATMENT OF FOREIGN BODIES IN THE CHEST
Authors: King E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

1. A series of twelve cases of thoracic foreign bodies is described

2. These were consecutive cases observed at an Australiaii general

3. Removal of the foreign bodies was undertaken and the results are
TRAUMATIC LESIONS OF LARGE BLOOD VESSELS TREATED IN A PRISON CAMP IN GERMANY1
Authors: MOORE BROOKE
Published: January 2008

A report is given of thirteen cases of traumatic injury to large blood vessels of the extremities, with some notes on the surgical treatment of early cases, indications and difficulties.
A REPORT OF FORTY CASES OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE CHEST TREATED AT A BASE HOSPITAL
Authors: Horsley C. H.
Published: January 2008

1. Forty cases of gunshot wounds of the chest in patients treated at an Australian general hospital and the results obtained are reviewed.

2. The morbidity following penetrating and perforating wounds of the chest is discussed and a comparison is made.

3. A conservative scheme of treatment is outlined and the. results of the various methods employed are reviewed.
TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES: II. AN ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENCE IN 301 CONSECUTIVE CASES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
Authors: SUNDERLAND SYDNEY
Published: January 2008

An analysis has been made of the incidence and distribution of the lesions occurring in 301 cases of peripheral nerve injuries. Reference should be made to the text for detailed information relating to the incidence and distribution of the lesions in individual nerves.

The following significant points have emerged from this analysis:

In the upper limb injuries of single nerves outnumbered combined lesions by six to one.

Lesions in the upper limb were approximately three times as numerous as in the leg.

With the exception of brachial plexus lesions, gunshot lesions greatly outnumbered those due to other causes, though in the case of single lesions in the upper limb the former did not predominate to the extent that might be anticipated.

Gunshot lesions of the brachial plexus and those due to other causes occurred in about equal proportions, but whereas the former were three times as numerous on the right, the latter occurred twice as frequently on the left.

Gunshot lesions of the sciatic nerve were approximately nine times as numerous as those due to other causes, where, incidentally, the incidence was very low.

The percentage incidence of concomitant bone injury in the various lesions was as follows: radial, 52; median, 25; ulnar, 38; and sciatic, 37.

Lesions due to gunshot wounds:

(a) Ulnar nerve lesions predominated. This nerve was more frequently the common factor in combined lesions than either the radial or median nerve.

(b) Lesions of the radial, median and sciatic nerves occurred in about equal proportions.

(c) The incidence was approximately the same on the two sides for the radial and median nerves, but was greater on the left for the ulnar, posterior interosseous and sciatic, and on the right for the brachial plexus.

(d) Gunshot lesions, when totalled, occurred with equal frequency on the two sides in the upper limb, but in the leg they were twice as numerous on the left.

(e) The number of radial nerve lesions, single and combined, associated with a fracture greatly exceeded that in which there was no bone injury, while the reverse obtained in the case of the median, ulnar and sciatic nerves.

Lesions due to other causes:

(a) Lesions of the ulnar nerve were double those of the median or radial nerves, which were involved in about equal proportions.

(b) In combined lesions the radial, median and ulnar nerves were involved in approximately equal proportions.

(c) Lesions occurred more frequently on the right in the case of the radial, median and ulnar nerves and on the left in plexus lesions.
EXTENSIVE AIRSCREW INJURIES OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN WITH RECOVERY OF THE PATIENT.
Authors: ROSE THOMAS F.
Published: January 2008

The report of a patient with severe airscrew injuries to the brain and skull is presented.

Though she suffered from extensive open lacerations of the right frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, perfect functional recovery of the central nervous system ensued, save for an evanescent left hemiplegia.

It is thought that this good result occurred because the injury involved the right cerebral hemisphere in a right‐handed patient in whom the left cerebral hemisphere is the more important for the higher functions.

The twelve months' follow‐up is given and her prognosis is discussed.
ANTICOAGULANT EFFECT OF SPLEEN.1
Authors: TRETHEWIE E. R.
Published: January 2008

A variation in the size of the spleen occurred following removal, and this effect was reduced by means described in the text.

When diluted heparinized blood is perfused through the spleen, the fluid develops increased anticoagulant activity, and this was found to be unassociated with alterations in the number of platelets in the fluid, or heparin or the prothrombin.