bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of silver in environment containing halides, pseudohalides, or thiourea
Authors: Švadlena Jan , Voráčová Eva , Stoulil Jan
Published: April 2020

Many studies of silver corrosion have been focused on indoor sulfur‐containing atmospheres. However, significant corrosion damage of silver can also occur in the presence of other corrosion stimulants, such as halides, pseudohalides, or thiourea. These environments pose a specific threat for historical silver objects like daguerreotypes or coins, for example, during incorrect storing or cleaning method. To better characterize the silver corrosion caused by the solutions, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrical resistance technique were used. EIS measurements show that the dissolution of silver in tested solutions is mainly controlled by diffusion, suggesting the formation of a layer on the sample surface. For the electrical resistance technique, two different setups with electrical resistance probes were used: in saturated solutions and in atmospheric conditions simulating corrosion under deposits. In the latter setup, the corrosion rates decreased after a certain amount of time which can be explained by the presence of a salt layer (as suggested from EIS results). Regardless of the arrangement, cyanide and thiourea environment resulted in the highest corrosion rates.
Degradable silver‐based alloys
Authors: Andreiev A. , Hoyer K.‐P. , Grydin O. , Frolov Y. , Schaper M.
Published: April 2020

Noble metals solved in iron implants are effective cathodes, which can suit to accelerate the corrosion rate of the base material. In terms of its antibacterial behavior as well as lower costs in comparison with gold or platinum, silver seems to be an attractive candidate to adapt the corrosion rate of implants to the medical requirements. However, the degradation of silver in human bodies is a time‐consuming process, and is controversially discussed due to the unknown long‐term effect of silver on the human organism. Alloying silver with chemical elements less resistant to corrosion in aqueous mediums, particularly, in simulated body fluid, can improve the degradability of silver. Therefore, the current study addresses the design of adapted silver alloys exhibiting improved degradability in comparison with pure silver. Pure silver and binary silver alloys containing silicon, magnesium and calcium are studied in terms of their microstructure, open‐circuit potential and degradation rate.
Design and simulation of a polarization‐insensitive metamaterial terahertz absorber with five bands
Authors: Jia Wei , Bai Jing , Roberts Kevin , Le Khai Q. , Zhou Debao
Published: April 2020

In this work, a terahertz metamaterial absorber with five absorption bands that can be used in the areas of sensing, imaging, and detecting is investigated. The absorber structure contains four quarter‐sectional circular rings and a cross in a square ring layer, a dielectric layer, and ground metal layer. Simulation results display that the absorber with such configuration possesses five distinct high absorption peaks at 0.7, 1.6, 2.32, 2.63, and 3.15 THz and show polarization‐insensitive property due to its 4‐fold symmetric property. The physical origins of the absorber characteristics are attributed to dipolar and hexapolar resonances of the patterned metallic arrays on the top layer, as established by analyzing the electrical field density. In addition to, structural parameters' influences on the absorption bands are also studied and the results indicate that total absorption bands and coefficients can be effectively altered by changing the structural parameters and configurations, which is beneficial for its practical applications.
The value of new tests: Magnetic resonance imaging for dysimmune neuropathy
Authors: Rajabally Yusuf A.
Published: April 2020

See article on pages 779–783 in this issue.
Sluggish cognitive tempo and impairment: The role of lifestyle factors
Authors: Wood Whitney L. M. , Lewandowski Lawrence J. , Lovett Benjamin J. , Antshel Kevin
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) behaviors were associated with a unique impairment profile for college students after accounting for lifestyle (sleep, substance use, health) and mental health factors (attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], anxiety, depression). A general sample of 910 undergraduate students completed several measures via online survey. Most participants were female (64.9%) and were Caucasian (60.7%), with an average age of 19.41 years. Students who endorsed elevated SCT behaviors reported significantly more impairment compared to students who reported low levels of SCT behaviors. However, regression analyses suggested that SCT behaviors do not account for significant amounts of unique impairment after controlling for related mental health (ADHD, anxiety, depression) and lifestyle variables (sleep, health, substance use). The lack of impairment associated uniquely with SCT behaviors suggests that SCT may serve as a construct underlying many variables, rather than standing independently as a distinct disorder.
Selection bias for treatments with positive Phase 2 results
Authors: Kirby S. , Li Jianjun , Chuang‐Stein C.
Published: April 2020

In drug development, treatments are most often selected at Phase 2 for further development when an initial trial of a new treatment produces a result that is considered positive. This selection due to a positive result means, however, that an estimator of the treatment effect, which does not take account of the selection is likely to over‐estimate the true treatment effect (ie, will be biased). This bias can be large and researchers may face a disappointingly lower estimated treatment effect in further trials. In this paper, we review a number of methods that have been proposed to correct for this bias and introduce three new methods. We present results from applying the various methods to two examples and consider extensions of the examples. We assess the methods with respect to bias of estimation of the treatment effect and compare the probabilities that a bias‐corrected treatment effect estimate will exceed a decision threshold. Following previous work, we also compare average power for the situation where a Phase 3 trial is launched given that the bias‐corrected observed Phase 2 treatment effect exceeds a launch threshold. Finally, we discuss our findings and potential application of the bias correction methods.
A flexible nonlinear mixed effects model for HIV viral load rebound after treatment interruption
Authors: Wang Rui , Bing Ante , Wang Cathy , Hu Yuchen , Bosch Ronald J. , DeGruttola Victor
Published: April 2020

Characterization of HIV viral rebound after the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy is central to HIV cure research. We propose a parametric nonlinear mixed effects model for the viral rebound trajectory, which often has a rapid rise to a peak value followed by a decrease to a viral load set point. We choose a flexible functional form that captures the shapes of viral rebound trajectories and can also provide biological insights regarding the rebound process. Each parameter can incorporate a random effect to allow for variation in parameters across individuals. Key features of viral rebound trajectories such as viral set points are represented by the parameters in the model, which facilitates assessment of intervention effects and identification of important pretreatment interruption predictors for these features. We employ a stochastic expectation‐maximization (StEM) algorithm to incorporate HIV‐1 RNA values that are below the lower limit of assay quantification. We evaluate the performance of our model in simulation studies and apply the proposed model to longitudinal HIV‐1 viral load data from five AIDS Clinical Trials Group treatment interruption studies.
Design and Synthesis of 5‐Morpholino‐Thiophene‐Indole/ Oxindole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Yadav Upasana , Sakla Akash P. , Tokala Ramya , Nyalam Sai Teja , Khurana Amit , Digwal Chander Singh , Talla Venu , Godugu Chandraiah , Shankaraiah Nagula , Kamal Ahmed
Published: April 2020

A series of new 5‐morpholino‐thiophene‐indole/oxindole hybrids has been designed and synthesized using molecular hybridization approach. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic potential against selected human cancer cell lines such as triple negative breast (MDA‐MB‐231), liver (SK‐Hep‐1), breast (MCF‐7), colon (HCT‐116) mouse melanoma (B16F10) and compared with normal human lung epithelial cell line (BEAS‐2B). Among the tested hybrids 11a–o and 13a–d, the compound 11f [(Z)‐N′‐((1‐Benzyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methylene)‐5‐morpholino‐4‐(p‐tolyl)thiophene‐2‐carbohydrazide] showed significant cytotoxic activity on HCT‐116 cancer cell line with IC50 value of 8.98 ± 0.6 μM. Cell cycle analysis revealed that compounds arrested the cell cycle in sub‐G1 phase. Moreover, JC‐1, acridine orange, DAPI nucleic acid, DCFDA staining studies suggest that one of the representative compound 11 f inhibited the cell proliferation through apoptosis. Further, molecular docking and relative viscosity studies of 11 f indicated the minor groove binding towards CT‐DNA.
Removal of Anionic Dyes from Water using Polyethylene Glycol Modified Ni‐Al‐layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Natarajan Subramanian , Naresh Raghupandiyan , Thiagarajan Viruthachalam
Published: April 2020

The existence of several harmful organic dyes in wastewater let off from many industries is one of the major global environmental concerns. Owing to these apprehensions, this study aims to enhance the removal of organic dyes from wastewater using Ni−Al‐layered double hydroxides (Ni−Al‐LDH) modified with varying molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG−Ni‐Al‐LDH (PNAL) nanocomposites were synthesized by co‐precipitation method and characterized using powder XRD, FESEM, EDAX and TGA. The adsorption performance of PNAL composites towards acid blue‐113 (AB‐113) and methyl orange (MO) dyes in aqueous media were investigated. The adsorption results revealed that 6PNAL can remove 94.11% of AB‐113 and 98.29% of MO dyes in 20 min. The adsorption processes are spontaneous and endothermic in nature, and followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. The adsorption isotherms were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The reusability studies of 6PNAL nanocomposite for removal of MO and AB‐113 dyes from aqueous solution can be significantly implicated for removal of aforementioned dyes from wastewater.
The Reactivity and Deactivation Mechanism of Ru@C Catalyst over Hydrogenation of Aromatics to Cyclohexane Derivatives
Authors: Zhao Huahua , Song Huanling , Zhao Jun , Yang Jian , Yan Liang , Chou Lingjun
Published: April 2020

Nano Ru supported on carbon catalysts with different Ru nanoparticle sizes were reported for the aromatics (dioctyl phthalate, xylene, p‐phenylenediamine, cinnamic acid and nitrobenzene) hydrogenation to the corresponding value‐added cyclohexane derivatives. Ru@C–DP prepared by facile deposition‐precipitation strategy, exhibited the smaller Ru nanoparticle (NP) size 2.0 nm, higher Ru dispersion degree (60.2%) and larger Ru specific surface area (220.1 m2⋅gRu−1) than Ru@C‐EG and Ru@C–IM synthesized with ethylene glycol reduction and impregnation method, respectively. Ru@C–DP possessed excellent activity with aromatic conversion ≥ 99% and cyclohexane derivative selectivity ≥ 99%, which was attributed to its smaller Ru NP size, suggesting the presence of a size‐dependent effect. Moreover, compared with the commercial Ru@C–ID catalyst, Ru@C–DP showed remarkable reusability in aromatic hydrogenation. After the several hydrogenation recycles, the catalyst lost some activity mainly account for the pore blocking by reactant/product molecules, part oxidation and aggregation of Ru NPs.
Amine‐Terminated Ionic Liquid Modified Magnetic Graphene Oxide (MGO‐IL‐NH2): A Highly Efficient and Reusable Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of 3‐Amino Alkylated Indoles
Authors: Garkoti Charu , Shabir Javaid , Mozumdar Subho
Published: April 2020

Amine‐terminated ionic liquid has been covalently fabricated over the surface of Magnetic graphene oxide nanosheets. The structure of prepared material has been confirmed by various characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Powder XRD, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The prepared material demonstrates its supremacy as an efficient, recyclable and cost‐effective heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of 3‐amino alkylated indoles via Mannich reaction. The presence of both the hydrogen‐bond donors and acceptors assemblies helps to activate the substrate molecule, thereby increases the rate of reaction and excellent product yields have been obtained. Moreover, the catalyst could be magnetically recovered and recyclable up to seven consecutive cycles thereby make the protocol efficient for large‐scale production of pharmaceutically important compounds.
Enhanced Removal of Dissolved Humic Acid from Water Using Eco‐Friendly Phenylalanine‐Modified‐Chitosan Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Shujun , Li Enze , Li Yazhuo , Li Jianfeng , Du Zhiping , Cheng Fangqin
Published: April 2020

High‐efficient adsorbents with eco‐friendly and easy recycling features remain to be pursued in wastewater treatment. In this work, one green magnetic nano‐composite, phenylalanine‐modified‐chitosan Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@chitosan@Phe), was prepared and its adsorption behavior for humic acid from water was investigated. Our results showed that the modified phenylalanine could promote the maximum adsorption quantites of humic acid by Fe3O4@chitosan@Phe than Fe3O4@chitosan, and the adsorption processing followed the pseudo second‐order kinetic model. Either the Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm model could not appropriately describe the adsorption processing, implying the adsorption process is more complex than typical monolayer, or multilayer adsorption. The functional groups (amidogen, phenyl) of phenylalanine could strengthen the interaction between Fe3O4@chitosan@Phe and humic acid molecules through electrostatic interaction, π‐π interaction, and hydrogen bonds. The Fe3O4@chitosan@Phe exhibited good reusability after running eight adsorption‐regeneration cycles. This work proposes a new strategy to design eco‐friendly magnetic adsorbents, which meets the requirement of modern green chemistry.
Hot Deformation Characteristics and Processing Map of 1Cr12Ni2Mo2WVNb Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Zhao Chao , Zhang Jin , Yang Bing , Li Yi Fei , Huang Jin Feng , Lian Yong
Published: April 2020

Herein, the hot deformation behavior of 1Cr12Ni2Mo2WVNb martensitic stainless steel is investigated through the high‐temperature thermal compression test. Meanwhile, a strain‐compensated Arrhenius constitutive equation is established. The correlation coefficient R between the predicted value and the experimental value is 0.994, and the average absolute relative error (AARE) (%) value is calculated to be 3.7845%. These results show that the improved constitutive model of 1Cr12Ni2Mo2WVNb steel achieves a higher accuracy in predicting the flow stress value. Moreover, the equation regarding the peak stress (strain), the critical stress (strain), and the Zener–Holomon parameter is constructed, which exhibits good linearity. In addition, the hot processing maps of 1Cr12Ni2Mo2WVNb steel under the strains of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 are also established, respectively, based on the compression test. According to the processing map and microstructural observation, it is concluded that the optimal processing conditions for 1Cr12Ni2Mo2WVNb steel are determined as follows: a temperature of 1070–1100 °C, a strain rate of 0.8–1 s−1, and a peak power dissipation efficiency of about 0.34.
Modeling of Ladle Refining Process Considering Mixing and Chemical Reaction
Authors: You Dali , Michelic Susanne Katharina , Bernhard Christian
Published: April 2020

A ladle furnace (LF) refining process model is proposed considering both steel mixing and multiphase chemical reactions. In the model, the LF, together with the melts, is divided into a finite number of tanks according to the tank‐in‐series model. The tank number is determined by simulations of the model with varied tanks and compared with the empirical mixing time. The “effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ)” method is used to describe the kinetics of multiphase reactions. The thermodynamic library—ChemApp—is applied to link the model to thermodynamic database. Steel/slag reaction, lining dissolution, alloy addition, and air absorption are considered. Using the model, an industrial LF treatment process is simulated and the reasonability of the predicted compositions of steel, slag, and inclusions is illustrated by comparing with measurements. The inhomogeneity of the steel and inclusion concentrations in different tanks are shown.
Therapeutic effects of rocket seeds (Eruca sativa L.) against testicular toxicity and oxidative stress caused by silver nanoparticles injection in rats
Authors: Altwaijry Najla , El‐Masry Thanaa A. , Alotaibi Badriyah , Tousson Ehab , Saleh Asmaa
Published: April 2020

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), one of the most well‐known nanomaterials, are regularly utilized in everyday consumer products. The present study aimed to investigate the testicular toxicity and oxidative stress by AgNPs and the therapeutic role of the rocket seeds (Eruca sativa) in treatments. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four equivalent groups (group 1, control; group 2, rocket seeds extract [RS]; group 3, AgNPs; group 4, AgNPs+RS). Our results showed that AgNPs induced a significant decrease in serum total testosterone, FSH (follicle‐animating hormone), prolactin and LH (luteinizing hormone), testicular glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST). In contrast, a significant increase in testicular DNA, injury, testicular thiobarbituric acid, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) expressions after treatments with AgNPs when contrasted with the control group. Treatments of AgNPs with rocket seeds extract (AgNPs+RS) improved testicular functions and structure. Rocket seeds extract might offer benefits against the toxic nature of AgNPs.
A low‐cost environmental chamber to simulate warm climatic conditions
Authors: Darehshouri Sahand , Michelsen Nils , Schüth Christoph , Schulz Stephan
Published: April 2020

Environmental chambers are used for a variety of experiments in multiple disciplines but are often prohibitively expensive. In this study, we developed an environmental chamber that allows reliable regulation of temperature and relative humidity in a range typical for warm climatic conditions. As we have only used consumer products, which are readily available off the shelf, the device is affordable (<€900) and easy to replicate. The presented chamber has inner dimensions of 1,790 × 970 × 520 mm (height × width × depth). It is heated with two infrared lamps, and for moistening, an ultrasonic mister is used. Air dehumidification and cooling down to ambient temperature are realized with inflowing compressed laboratory air. Additionally, we installed a Peltier element cooling system to enable temperatures below the ambient laboratory temperature. The chamber works in a temperature and humidity range of 15–50 °C and 10–95%, respectively.
Parametric dependencies of the yawed wind‐turbine wake development
Authors: Kleusberg Elektra , Schlatter Philipp , Henningson Dan S.
Published: April 2020

Yaw misalignment is currently being treated as one of the most promising methods for optimizing the power of wind farms. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the impact of yaw on the wake development is necessary for a range of operating conditions. This study numerically investigates the wake development behind a single yawed wind turbine operating at different tip‐speed ratios and yaw angles using the actuator‐line method in the spectral‐element code Nek5000. It is shown that depending on the tip‐speed ratio, the blade loading varies along the azimuth, resulting in a wake that is asymmetric in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Large tip‐speed ratios as well as large yaw angles are shown to decrease the vertical asymmetry of the yaw‐induced counter‐rotating vortex pair. Both parameters have the effect that they increase the spanwise force induced by yaw relative to the wake rotation. However, while the strength of the counter‐rotating vortex pair in the far wake increases with yaw angle, it is shown to decrease with the tip‐speed ratio. The vertical shift in the wake center is found to be highly dependent on the yaw angle and the tip‐speed ratio. These detailed insights into the yawed wake are important when optimizing potential downstream turbines.
The Hydrogarnets Sr3[RE(OH)6]2 (RE = Sc, Y, Ho – Lu): Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and their Thermal Decomposition to Ternary Rare‐Earth Metal Oxides
Authors: Albrecht Ralf , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael
Published: April 2020

Seven rare‐earth metal hydrogarnets Sr3[RE(OH)6]2 (RE = Sc, Y, Ho‐Lu) were synthesized at about 200 °C starting from the respective RE2O3 and Sr(NO3)2 in a KOH hydroflux with a water‐to‐base ratio of 1.6. All seven hydrogarnets crystallize in the acentric variant (space group I43d) of the cubic garnet structure. The crystal structures of the hydrogarnets Sr3[RE(OH)6]2, the differences between both structural variants including a simple method to distinguish between them, and the crystal‐chemical classification with respect to other known strontium hydrogarnets are discussed. The rare‐earth hydrogarnets can be used as carbon‐free precursors for magnetic oxides. Starting at about 300 °C, the hydrogarnets decompose in a two‐ or three‐step dehydration to SrRE2O4 and SrO. The decomposition of Sr3[Sc(OH)6]2 follows a different mechanism and was studied by in‐situ temperature‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction up to 1000 °C. The final decomposition products were SrO and an unknown strontium scandium oxide, with an X‐ray pattern similar to BaSc2O4. Magnetic measurements of the erbium and ytterbium hydrogarnets revealed paramagnetic behavior down to 1.8 K.
Reflections and Outlook on Targeting HSP90, HSP70 and HSF1 in Cancer: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Workman Paul
Published: April 2020

This personal perspective focuses on small-molecule inhibitors of proteostasis networks in cancer—specifically the discovery and development of chemical probes and drugs acting on the molecular chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, and on the HSF1 stress pathway. Emphasis is on progress made and lessons learned and a future outlook is provided. Highly potent, selective HSP90 inhibitors have proved invaluable in exploring the role of this molecular chaperone family in biology and disease pathology. Clinical activity was observed, especially in non small cell lung cancer and HER2 positive breast cancer. Optimal use of HSP90 inhibitors in oncology will likely require development of creative combination strategies. HSP70 family members have proved technically harder to drug. However, recent progress has been made towards useful chemical tool compounds and these may signpost future clinical drug candidates. The HSF1 stress pathway is strongly validated as a target for cancer therapy. HSF1 itself is a ligandless transcription factor that is extremely challenging to drug directly. HSF1 pathway inhibitors have been identified mostly by phenotypic screening, including a series of bisamides from which a clinical candidate has been identified for treatment of ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and potentially other cancers.
Introduction
Authors: Peters Anne
Published: April 2020

The introduction explains key concepts and methods. It defines global animal law as the sum of legal rules and principles governing the interactions between humans and other animals, on a domestic, local, regional, and international level. Global animal law reacts to the mismatch between almost exclusively national animal-related legislation on the one hand, and the global dimension of the animal issue on the other hand. The merely national regulation of animal welfare within the states’ boundaries runs aloof in the face of globalisation. This gives rise to an animal welfare gap. Moreover, animal use creates global problems ranging from climate and soil degradation over antimicrobial resistance to food insecurity. This requires a global law response. The introduction also gives a brief overview over the book and its main findings.
(Certified) Humane Violence? Animal Production, the Ambivalence of Humanizing the Inhumane, and What International Humanitarian Law Has to Do with It
Authors: Stucki Saskia
Published: April 2020

The chapter draws a comparison with the self-certifying of production methods as ‘humane’ or animal-friendly in the labelling of animal products—that is, according to companies’ own self-imposed codes of conduct. It likens the idea of humanizing animal slaughter, factory farms, and other forms of production to the notion of humanizing warfare. Like international humanitarian law (IHL), animal welfare law is marked by the tension inherent in its attempt to humanize innately inhumane practices. Given these parallels, the analysis of animal welfare law might benefit from existing insights into the potential and limits of IHL. Both areas of law endorse a principle of ‘humanity’ while arguably facilitating and legitimizing the use of violence, and might thereby ultimately perpetuate the suffering of living beings. The implicit justification of violence percolating from the IHL-like animal ‘protection’ laws could only be outweighed by complementing this body of law with a ius contra bellum for animals.
Trophy Hunting, the Race to the Bottom, and the Law of Jurisdiction
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E.
Published: April 2020

Cross-border trade, industry outsourcing, and animal migration are increasingly challenging states that want to take their commitment to protecting animals seriously. When multinationals threaten to outsource, even the most powerful states succumb to economic pressure and give corporations what they so avidly desire: laissez-faire. Some argue this is an inevitable consequence of globalization; others say it prompts us to question whether animal law is not better off being regulated by international law. This chapter takes a third path. Instead of proposing that nations seek agreement on low and mostly ineffective animal welfare standards, it posits extraterritorial jurisdiction as a promising avenue for animal law, and takes trophy hunting as its example to illustrate the many jurisdictional options for states to overcome regulatory gaps in animal law and make animal issues more visible on the international plane.
China’s Legal Response to Trafficking in Wild Animals: The Relationship between International Treaties and Chinese Law
Authors: Chang Jiwen
Published: April 2020

The chapter gives an account of China’s new legal framework (particularly the Wild Animal Protection Law of 2016). This comprises novel official decrees which interpret the criminal law, law enforcement activities (partly police operations conducted jointly with other states), new injunctions banning ivory products, and finally criminal prosecutions. However, gaps and deficiencies persist in China’s law on the books, enforcement remains slow and patchy, and international cooperation is not strong. Chang suggests several concrete measures for improvement, including the introduction of public interest litigation, better coordination among governmental departments, a trading information platform, and consultation with the secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), in order to bring the Chinese legal and administrative framework fully in line with CITES.
Two-particle azimuthal correlations as a probe of collective behaviour in deep inelastic ep scattering at HERA
Authors:   The ZEUS collaboration, Abt I. , Adamczyk L. , Aggarwal R. , Aushev V. , Behnke O. , Behrens U. , Bertolin A. , Bloch I. , Brock I. , Brook N. H. , Brugnera R. , Bruni A. , Bussey P. J. , Caldwell A. , Capua M. , Catterall C. D. , Chwastowski J. , Ciborowski J. , Ciesielski R. , Cooper-Sarkar A. M. , Corradi M. , Dementiev R. K. , Dusini S. , Ferrando J. , Floerchinger S. , Foster B. , Gallo E. , Gangadharan D. , Garfagnini A. , Geiser A. , Gladilin L. K. , Golubkov Yu. A. , Grzelak G. , Gwenlan C. , Hochman D. , Jomhari N. Z. , Kadenko I. , Kananov S. , Karshon U. , Kaur P. , Klanner R. , Klein U. , Korzhavina I. A. , Kovalchuk N. , Kowalski H. , Kuprash O. , Kuze M. , Levchenko B. B. , Levy A. , Löhr B. , Lohrmann E. , Longhin A. , Lukina O. Yu. , Makarenko I. , Malka J. , Masciocchi S. , Nagano K. , Nam J. D. , Onderwaater J. , Onishchuk Yu. , Paul E. , Pidhurskyi I. , Polini A. , Przybycień M. , Quintero A. , Ruspa M. , Saxon D. H. , Schneekloth U. , Schörner-Sadenius T. , Selyuzhenkov I. , Shchedrolosiev M. , Shcheglova L. M. , Skillicorn I. O. , Słomiński W. , Solano A. , Stanco L. , Stefaniuk N. , Stopa P. , Surrow B. , Sztuk-Dambietz J. , Tassi E. , Tokushuku K. , Turcato M. , Turkot O. , Tymieniecka T. , Verbytskyi A. , Wan Abdullah W. A. T. , Wichmann K. , Wing M. , Yamada S. , Yamazaki Y. , Żarnecki A. F. , Zawiejski L. , Zenaiev O.
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Two-particle azimuthal correlations have been measured in neutral current deep inelastic ep scattering with virtuality Q
2
> 5 GeV2 at a centre-of-mass energy

$$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 318 GeV recorded with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The correlations of charged particles have been measured in the range of laboratory pseudorapidity −1.5 < η < 2.0 and transverse momentum 0.1 < p

T

< 5.0 GeV and event multiplicities N
ch up to six times larger than the average 〈N
ch〉 ≈ 5. The two-particle correlations have been measured in terms of the angular observables c

n{2} = 〈〈cosnΔφ〉〉, where n is between 1 and 4 and ∆φ is the relative azimuthal angle between the two particles. Comparisons with available models of deep inelastic scattering, which are tuned to reproduce inclusive particle production, suggest that the measured two-particle correlations are dominated by contributions from multijet production. The correlations observed here do not indicate the kind of collective behaviour recently observed at the highest RHIC and LHC energies in high-multiplicity hadronic collisions.
Dispersion relation for CFT four-point functions
Authors: Bissi Agnese , Dey Parijat , Hansen Tobias
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We present a dispersion relation in conformal field theory which expresses the four point function as an integral over its single discontinuity. Exploiting the analytic properties of the OPE and crossing symmetry of the correlator, we show that in perturbative settings the correlator depends only on the spectrum of the theory, as well as the OPE coefficients of certain low twist operators, and can be reconstructed unambiguously. In contrast to the Lorentzian inversion formula, the validity of the dispersion relation does not assume Regge behavior and is not restricted to the exchange of spinning operators. As an application, the correlator 〈ϕϕϕϕ〉 in ϕ
4 theory at the Wilson-Fisher fixed point is computed in closed form to order є
2 in the E expansion.
Stochastic Tamed Navier–Stokes Equations on $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$: The Existence and the Uniqueness of Solutions and the Existence of an Invariant Measure
Authors: Brzeźniak Zdzisław , Dhariwal Gaurav
Published: April 2020

Röckner and Zhang (Probab Theory Relat Fields 145, 211–267, 2009) proved the existence of a unique strong solution to a stochastic tamed 3D Navier–Stokes equation in the whole space and for the periodic boundary case using a result from Stroock and Varadhan (Multidimensional diffusion processes, Springer, Berlin, 1979). In the latter case, they also proved the existence of an invariant measure. In this paper, we improve their results (but for a slightly simplified system) using a self-contained approach. In particular, we generalise their result about an estimate on the $$L^4$$

L
4

-norm of the solution from the torus to $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$

R

3

, see Lemma 5.1 and thus establish the existence of an invariant measure on $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$

R

3

for a time-homogeneous damped tamed 3D Navier–Stokes equation, given by (6.1).
Radiomics for liver tumours
Authors: Dreher Constantin , Linde Philipp , Boda-Heggemann Judit , Baessler Bettina
Published: April 2020

Current research, especially in oncology, increasingly focuses on the integration of quantitative, multiparametric and functional imaging data. In this fast-growing field of research, radiomics may allow for a more sophisticated analysis of imaging data, far beyond the qualitative evaluation of visible tissue changes. Through use of quantitative imaging data, more tailored and tumour-specific diagnostic work-up and individualized treatment concepts may be applied for oncologic patients in the future. This is of special importance in cross-sectional disciplines such as radiology and radiation oncology, with already high and still further increasing use of imaging data in daily clinical practice. Liver targets are generally treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), allowing for local dose escalation while preserving surrounding normal tissue. With the introduction of online target surveillance with implanted markers, 3D-ultrasound on conventional linacs and hybrid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-linear accelerators, individualized adaptive radiotherapy is heading towards realization. The use of big data such as radiomics and the integration of artificial intelligence techniques have the potential to further improve image-based treatment planning and structured follow-up, with outcome/toxicity prediction and immediate detection of (oligo)progression. The scope of current research in this innovative field is to identify and critically discuss possible application forms of radiomics, which is why this review tries to summarize current knowledge about interdisciplinary integration of radiomics in oncologic patients, with a focus on investigations of radiotherapy in patients with liver cancer or oligometastases including multiparametric, quantitative data into (radio)-oncologic workflow from disease diagnosis, treatment planning, delivery and patient follow-up.
Performance of an acoustic settler versus a hollow fiber–based ATF technology for influenza virus production in perfusion
Authors: Gränicher Gwendal , Coronel Juliana , Trampler Felix , Jordan Ingo , Genzel Yvonne , Reichl Udo
Published: April 2020

Process intensification and integration is crucial regarding an ever increasing pressure on manufacturing costs and capacities in biologics manufacturing. For virus production in perfusion mode, membrane-based alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) and acoustic settler are the commonly described cell retention technologies. While acoustic settlers allow for continuous influenza virus harvesting, the use of commercially available membranes for ATF systems typically results in the accumulation of virus particles in the bioreactor vessel. Accordingly, with one single harvest at the end of a cultivation, this increases the risk of lowering the product quality. To assess which cell retention device would be most suitable for influenza A virus production, we compared various key performance figures using AGE1.CR.pIX cells at concentrations between 25 and 50 × 106 cells/mL at similar infection conditions using either an ATF system or an acoustic settler. Production yields, process-related impurities, and aggregation of viruses and other large molecules were evaluated. Taking into account the total number of virions from both the bioreactor and the harvest vessel, a 1.5–3.0-fold higher volumetric virus yield was obtained for the acoustic settler. In addition, fewer large-sized aggregates (virus particles and other molecules) were observed in the harvest taken directly from the bioreactor. In contrast, similar levels of process-related impurities (host cell dsDNA, total protein) were obtained in the harvest for both retention systems. Overall, a clear advantage was observed for continuous virus harvesting after the acoustic settler operation mode was optimized. This development may also allow direct integration of subsequent downstream processing steps.

Key points

• High suspension cell density, immortalized avian cell line, influenza vaccine.
Imaging of inflammatory cellular protagonists in human atherosclerosis: a dual-isotope SPECT approach
Authors: Barrett Hilary E. , Meester Eric J. , van Gaalen Kim , van der Heiden Kim , Krenning Boudewijn J. , Beekman Freek J. , de Blois Erik , de Swart Jan , Verhagen H J , Maina Theodosia , Nock Berthold A. , Norenberg Jeffrey P. , de Jong Marion , Gijsen Frank J. H. , Bernsen Monique R.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Atherosclerotic plaque development and progression signifies a complex inflammatory disease mediated by a multitude of proinflammatory leukocyte subsets. Using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) coupled with computed tomography (CT), this study tested a new dual-isotope acquisition protocol to assess each radiotracer’s capability to identify plaque phenotype and inflammation levels pertaining to leukocytes expressing leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and the leukocyte subset of proinflammatory macrophages expressing somatostatin receptor subtype-2 (SST2). Individual radiotracer uptake was quantified and the presence of corresponding immunohistological cell markers was assessed.

Methods

Human symptomatic carotid plaque segments were obtained from endarterectomy. Segments were incubated in dual-isotope radiotracers [111In]In-DOTA-butylamino-NorBIRT ([111In]In-Danbirt) and [99mTc]Tc-[N0–14,Asp0,Tyr3]-octreotate ([99mTc]Tc-Demotate 2) before scanning with SPECT/CT. Plaque phenotype was classified as pathological intimal thickening, fibrous cap atheroma or fibrocalcific using histology sections based on distinct morphological characteristics. Plaque segments were subsequently immuno-stained with LFA-1 and SST2 and quantified in terms of positive area fraction and compared against the corresponding SPECT images.

Results

Focal uptake of co-localising dual-radiotracers identified the heterogeneous distribution of inflamed regions in the plaques which co-localised with positive immuno-stained regions of LFA-1 and SST2. [111In]In-Danbirt and [99mTc]Tc-Demotate 2 uptake demonstrated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.651; p = 0.001). Fibrous cap atheroma plaque phenotype correlated with the highest [111In]In-Danbirt and [99mTc]Tc-Demotate 2 uptake compared with fibrocalcific plaques and pathological intimal thickening phenotypes, in line with the immunohistological analyses.

Conclusion

A dual-isotope acquisition protocol permits the imaging of multiple leukocyte subsets and the pro-inflammatory macrophages simultaneously in atherosclerotic plaque tissue. [111In]In-Danbirt may have added value for assessing the total inflammation levels in atherosclerotic plaques in addition to classifying plaque phenotype.
Refrigeration or anti-theft? Food-caching behavior of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia
Authors: van der Veen Bert , Mattisson Jenny , Zimmermann Barbara , Odden John , Persson Jens
Published: April 2020

Food-caching animals can gain nutritional advantages by buffering seasonality in food availability, especially during times of scarcity. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is a facultative predator that occupies environments of low productivity. As an adaptation to fluctuating food availability, wolverines cache perishable food in snow, boulders, and bogs for short- and long-term storage. We studied caching behavior of 38 GPS-collared wolverines in four study areas in Scandinavia. By investigating clusters of GPS locations, we identified a total of 303 food caches from 17 male and 21 female wolverines. Wolverines cached food all year around, from both scavenging and predation events, and spaced their caches widely within their home range. Wolverines cached food items on average 1.1 km from the food source and made between 1 and 6 caches per source. Wolverines cached closer to the source when scavenging carcasses killed by other large carnivores; this might be a strategy to optimize food gain when under pressure of interspecific competition. When caching, wolverines selected for steep and rugged terrain in unproductive habitat types or in forest, indicating a preference for less-exposed sites that can provide cold storage and/or protection against pilferage. The observed year-round investment in caching by wolverines underlines the importance of food predictability for survival and reproductive success in this species. Increasing temperatures as a consequence of climate change may provide new challenges for wolverines by negatively affecting the preservation of cached food and by increasing competition from pilferers that benefit from a warmer climate. It is however still not fully understood which consequences this may have for the demography and behavior of the wolverine.

Significance statement

Food caching is a behavioral strategy used by a wide range of animals to store food for future use. Choosing appropriate caching sites appears important for slowing down decomposition rates and minimizes competition. In this study, we demonstrate that the wolverine, an opportunistic predator and scavenger, utilizes available carrion to create caches all year around. By following wolverines with GPS collars, we registered that they carried food far away to cache it in secluded and cold places, which are often located on steep slopes or in forest. However, when scavenging other carnivores’ prey, they move food in shorter distances, possibly to be able to quickly return for more. The observed efficiency in wolverine caching behavior is likely vital for their survival and reproductive success in the harsh and highly seasonal environment in which they live.
Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Xu Panyang , Zhou Qi , Xu Jiancheng
Published: April 2020

Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus has spread throughout China and across the world, causing a continuous increase in confirmed cases within a short period of time. Some studies reported cases of thrombocytopenia, but hardly any studies mentioned how the virus causes thrombocytopenia. We propose several mechanisms by which coronavirus disease 2019 causes thrombocytopenia to better understand this disease and provide more clinical treatment options.
Comparison of magnetron sputtering and ion beam sputtering on dispersive mirrors
Authors: Chen Y. , Hahner D. , Trubetskov M. , Schrameyer S. , Sakiew W. , Starke K. , Pervak V.
Published: April 2020

We have compared two kinds of dispersive mirrors (DMs) produced by magnetron sputtering and ion beam sputtering. One of them is a broadband DM which is known as double-angle DM, providing a group delay dispersion (GDD) of $$-40 \mathrm{{fs}}^2$$-40fs2 in the range of 550–1050 nm. The other one is a robust highly dispersive mirror, which provides a GDD of about $$-275 \mathrm{{fs}}^2$$-275fs2 at 800 nm and covers the wavelength range from 690 to 890 nm. For the first time, a comparison between magnetron-sputtering-produced and ion-beam-sputtering-produced dispersive mirrors is performed.
Left atrial appendage closure in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the German multicentre LAARGE registry
Authors: Fastner Christian , Brachmann Johannes , Lewalter Thorsten , Zeymer Uwe , Sievert Horst , Borggrefe Martin , Nienaber Christoph A. , Weiß Christian , Pleger Sven T. , Ince Hüseyin , Maier Jens , Achenbach Stephan , Sigusch Holger H. , Hochadel Matthias , Schneider Steffen , Senges Jochen , Akin Ibrahim
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased complication rate after cardiac interventions. Although CKD has a high prevalence among atrial fibrillation patients, the impact of CKD on periprocedural complications and the outcome after an interventional left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is unclear. The present study, therefore, aimed to investigate whether CKD influences the procedure’s effectiveness and safety.

Methods

LAARGE is a prospective, non-randomised registry. LAAC was conducted with different standard commercial devices, and the follow-up period was one year. CKD was defined by an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and subgroups were further analysed (i.e. eGFR < 15, 15–29, and 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively).

Results

Two hundred ninety-nine of 623 patients (48.0%) revealed a CKD. The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidity, CHA2DS2-VASc score (4.9 vs. 4.2), and HAS-BLED score (4.3 vs. 3.5) was significantly higher in CKD patients (each p < 0.001). Implantation success was similarly high across all GFR groups (97.9%). Periprocedural MACCE (0.7 vs. 0.3%), and other major complications (4.7 vs. 3.7%) were comparably infrequent. Survival free of stroke was significantly lower among CKD patients within 1 year (82.0 vs. 93.0%; p < 0.001; consistent after adjustment for confounding factors), without significant accentuation in advanced CKD (i.e. eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2; p > 0.05  vs. eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2). Non-fatal strokes were absolutely infrequent during follow-up (0 vs. 1.1%). Severe non-fatal bleedings were observed only among CKD patients (1.4 vs. 0%; p = 0.021).

Conclusions

Despite an increased cardiovascular risk profile of CKD patients, device implantation was safe, and LAAC was associated with effective stroke prevention across all CKD stages.
Complications of surgery for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasias
Authors: Albers Max B. , Almquist Martin , Bergenfelz Anders , Nordenström Erik
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Surgery is recommended for most patients with gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasias (GEP-NENs). Rates of complications and perioperative mortality have been reported in few mostly retrospective single-center series, but there has been no detailed analysis on risk factors for perioperative complications and mortality to date.

Methods

Data of patients with GEP-NENs operated between January 2015 and September 2018 were retrieved from EUROCRINE©, a European online endocrine surgical quality registry, and analyzed regarding rate and risk factors of surgical complications. Risk factors were assessed by logistic regression.

Results

Some 376 patients (211 female, 167 male; age median 63, range 15–89 years) were included. Most NENs were located in the small intestine (SI) (n = 132) or pancreas (n = 111), the rest in the stomach (n = 34), duodenum (n = 30), appendix (n = 30), colon, and rectum (n = 22), or with unknown primary (n = 15). Of the tumors, 320 (85.1%) were well or moderately differentiated, and 147 (39.1%) of the patients had distant metastases at the time of operation. Severe complications (Dindo-Clavien ≥ 3) occurred in 56 (14.9%) patients, and 4 (1.1%) patients died perioperatively. Severe complications were more frequent in surgery for duodenopancreatic NENs (n = 31; 22.0%) compared with SI-NENs (n = 15; 11.4%) (p = 0.014), in patients with lymph node metastases operated with curative aim of surgery (n = 24; 21.4%) versus non-metastasized tumors or palliative surgery (n = 32; 12.1%) (p = 0.020), and in functioning tumors (n = 20; 23.0%) versus non-functioning tumors (n = 30; 13.5%) (p = 0.042). Complication rates were not significantly associated with tumor stage or grade.

Conclusions

Severe complications are frequent in GEP-NEN surgery. Besides duodenopancreatic tumor location, curative resection of nodal metastases and functioning tumors are risk factors for complications.