bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Contribution of Industry-Sponsored Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials
Authors: Tran Dat T , Akpinar Ilke , Fedorak Richard , Jonsson Egon , Mackey John , Richer Lawrence , Jacobs Philip
Published: November 2017

Purpose: In pharmaceutical clinical trials, industrial sponsors pay for study drugs and related healthcare services. We conducted a study to determine industry’s economic contribution of these trials to the Alberta healthcare system.  Methods: We used data from two trial centers for cancer and non-cancer trials at the University of Alberta. For each trial (cancer, non-cancer), we calculated the cost of drugs provided by the sponsors using the market price, the cost of clinical services, and the cost of administrative services that they paid. We extrapolated these results to all trials in Alberta based on information obtained from the registration website ClinicalTrials.gov.  Results: Our sample consisted of 40 non-cancer and 39 cancer drug trials which were initiated in 2012. The monetary value of the industry sponsors’ contribution was $799,055 per non-cancer and $630,243 per cancer drug trial. Drugs (in-trial and post-trial) accounted for 84% of the total contribution of the non-cancer drug trials whereas it represented 93% of all trial-related contributions in the cancer category. The total province-wide contribution of industry-sponsored drug trials which were initiated in 2012 was estimated to be $101 million, including open-label drugs in the non-cancer category.  Conclusions: Industry-sponsored pharmaceutical trials represent a major economic contributor to clinical research within the province.
Education as an Intervention toward Recognizing and Eliminating Incivility
Authors: Schwarz Laura M. , Leibold Nancyruth
Published: November 2017

Incivility in nursing is a pervasive and evasive problem that many nurses do not easily recognize or may simply shrug off as “normal.” However, incivility produces a hostile work environment and can jeopardize safety. A study was conducted to (a) determine nurses ‘ability to recognize incivility in nursing after an online educational intervention on incivility, (b) ascertain the effectiveness of online education toward assisting nurses with understanding how to ward off this behavior, and (c) determine the types and effects of incivility participants experienced. Findings suggest that education on incivility may assist nurses with identifying uncivil behaviors exhibited by nurse peers and help them understand strategies to combat it. The types of incivility reported by participants were similar to findings of other studies; effects included unsafe behaviors and somatic consequences.
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF PINE NEEDLE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM DIFFERENT HABITATS AND SPECIES OF CHINA BY GC-MS AND GC METHOD
Authors: Yu Jingjing , Su Jie , Li Fenghua , Gao Jianli , Li Bo , Pang Minxia , Lv Guiyuan , Chen Suhong
Published: November 2017

Background: Fresh pine needles, which evergreen, renewable and can be collected at any time, have abundant

essential oil. The pine needle essential oil possess various biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective properties etc., and can be widely used as medicine or medical raw materials,

fragrances etc. So in order to make full use of pine needle plant resources, especially essential oil, the identification and

quantification of essential oil were investigated.

Materials and Methods: GC-MS was used to identified compounds in pine needle essential oil of Pinus massoniana

Lamb. from Zhejiang, and GC method was developed for determining 5 compounds (namely α-pinene, β-pinene,

limonene, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene) in pine needle essential oil from different habitats of Pinus massoniana

Lamb. and different species (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., Abies holophylla

Maxim.). Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was used to evaluate homogeneity of pine needles in China.

Results: 42 compounds(monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were identified by GC-MS, which accounted for 99.62% of

total essential oil, particularly contained α-and β-pinene (45.23%). Quantification results showed content of bornyl

acetate were the lowest, while content of α-pinene, β-pinene were all high except Sichuan, among them α-pinene were

higher than β-pinene except for Shandong and Jiangsu, and total content of essential oil in Guangxi is the highest,

Jiangsu was the lowest within Pinus massoniana from different habitats. Within pine needle from different species, the

highest total content was Pinus koraiensis, the lowest was Pinus sylvestris, Interestingly, the highest content of bornyl

acetate was Abies holophylla. By HCA, samples were sorted into two clusters, Abies holophylla and the other, that is

Abies holophylla is different from Pinus massoniana, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestris. Pinus massoniana from

Sichuan is different from other Pinus, in which limonene was the highest in all samples.

Conclusions: Compounds of pine needle essential oil vary greatly between genus, while smaller between species, so

composition differences among pine needle essential oil was related with genus and species. Abies holophylla is

different from other pinus species, and Pinus massoniana from Sichuan is different from other habitats. Pine needle

essential oil contains abundant α-and β-pinene, which can be used as an alternative raw materials source of pinene. And

Abies holophylla and Pinus massoniana from Sichuan can become bornyl acetate and limonene alternative source of

raw materials.
EFFICACY OF MANUAL ACUPUNCTURE ON FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIALS
Authors: Yuan Xing-xing , Wang Bing-yu , Yang Lei , Li Dan-dan , Liang Hao , Zhang Ya-li
Published: November 2017

Background: This study aimed to systematically review the randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of applying manual acupuncture to functional dyspepsia (FD) compared with conventional gastrointestinal (GI) tract regulator medications.

Methods and Materials: Electronic data bases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Chinese Scientific Journal database (VIP database), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CKNI), Wan-fang Database and Sino-Med were searched for randomized controlled trials. Utilized data included those published before 30th, Jul. 2016. Manual search on conference abstracts and reference lists was further conducted. Risk of bias evaluation, meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis and all extracted information were performed.

Results: A total of 31 RCTs studies including 2571 participants were identified that include 1314 participants in the groups of manual acupuncture and 1257 participants in the control groups. The result demonstrated that manual acupuncture is more effective in the total effective rate than GI tract regulator medications (OR=3.00, 95%CI [2.33,3.87], p
Understanding grain moisture percentage and nutrient contents for precision grain management
Authors: Reese Cheryl L. , Carlson C. Gregg
Published: November 2017

Crops at different landscape positions mature at different times. Harvesting crops following maturity at an appropriate moisture content can reduce harvest losses, grain quality, and drying costs. To assess if targeted harvesting is a feasible operation, it is important to understand how grain moisture percentage affects selling prices. To calculate the value of the crop, grain yields must be converted to a standard moisture content. This chapter discusses and provides examples on how to calculate grain moisture contents and determine the nutrient concentration in the harvested grain. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Crop Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/522.
Bt corn and Bt cotton: Valuable tools for IPM
Authors: Hamel Will , Werts Peter , Green Thomas
Published: November 2017

The widespread implementation of Bt crops has decreased insecticide use and increased crop yields, but it must be used in an integrated pest management (IPM) approach to protect the crop from pest species that are not susceptible to the Bt toxin and to manage resistance to preserve this valuable technology. Earn 1 CEU in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/521
Effect of salinity variation on the autotrophic kinetics of the start-up of a membrane bioreactor and hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor at low hydraulic retention time
Authors: Leyva-Díaz J. C. , Rodríguez-Sánchez A. , González-López J. , Poyatos J. M.
Published: November 2017

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor (hybrid MBBR-MBR) for municipal wastewater treatment were studied to determine the effect of salinity on nitrogen removal and autotrophic kinetics. The biological systems were analyzed during the start-up phase with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h, total biomass concentration of 2,500 mg L−1 in the steady state, and electric conductivities of 1.05 mS cm−1 for MBR and hybrid MBBR-MBR working under regular salinity and conductivity variations of 1.2–6.5 mS cm−1 for MBR and hybrid MBBR-MBR operating at variable salinity. The variable salinity affected the autotrophic biomass, which caused a reduction of the nitrogen degradation rate, an increase of time to remove ammonium from municipal wastewater and longer duration of the start-up phase for the MBR and hybrid MBBR-MBR.
Persistent Symptoms of Ganglion Cysts in the Dorsal Foot
Authors: Sakamoto Akio , Okamoto Takeshi , Matsuda Shuichi
Published: November 2017

Background:

A ganglion is a common benign cystic lesion, containing gelatinous material. Ganglia are most commonly asymptomatic, except for a lump, but symptoms depend on the location. A dorsal foot ganglion is typically painful. On the dorsal foot, the dorsalis pedis artery and the medial branch of the deep peroneal nerve are located under the fascia.

Objective:

Five female patients of average age 45.8 ± 20 years (range, 12 to 60 years) with a painful ganglion in the dorsal foot were analyzed.

Results:

Average lesion size was 2.94 ± 1.1 cm (range, 1.5 to 4.0 cm) and patients had experienced pain for a median of 2-3 years (range, 6 months to 3 years). Four patients had a single cystic lesion and 1 patient had developed multiple cystic lesions over the time that were associated with hypoesthesia. In 3 cases, symptomatic lesions were located deep beneath the fascia and were resected. In 2 cases, the depth of the non-resected lesions was shallow.

Conclusion:

The cause of a painful dorsal foot ganglion can be attributed to its location in the thin subcutaneous tissue over the foot bone, in addition to its proximity to a nearby artery and nerve. Mild symptoms caused by a dorsal foot ganglion seem to be persistent, and the deeper the location, the more likely is the need for resection. To avoid nerve injury, anatomical knowledge is prerequisite to any puncturing procedure or operation performed.
Privacy-Preserving Predictive Modeling: Harmonization of Contextual Embeddings From Different Sources (Preprint)
Authors: Huang Yingxiang , Lee Junghye , Wang Shuang , Sun Jimeng , Liu Hongfang , Jiang Xiaoqian
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Data sharing has been a big challenge in biomedical informatics because of privacy concerns. Contextual embedding models have demonstrated a very strong representative capability to describe medical concepts (and their context), and they have shown promise as an alternative way to support deep-learning applications without the need to disclose original data. However, contextual embedding models acquired from individual hospitals cannot be directly combined because their embedding spaces are different, and naive pooling renders combined embeddings useless.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to present a novel approach to address these issues and to promote sharing representation without sharing data. Without sacrificing privacy, we also aimed to build a global model from representations learned from local private data and synchronize information from multiple sources.

METHODS

We propose a methodology that harmonizes different local contextual embeddings into a global model. We used Word2Vec to generate contextual embeddings from each source and Procrustes to fuse different vector models into one common space by using a list of corresponding pairs as anchor points. We performed prediction analysis with harmonized embeddings.

RESULTS

We used sequential medical events extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database to evaluate the proposed methodology in predicting the next likely diagnosis of a new patient using either structured data or unstructured data. Under different experimental scenarios, we confirmed that the global model built from harmonized local models achieves a more accurate prediction than local models and global models built from naive pooling.

CONCLUSIONS

Such aggregation of local models using our unique harmonization can serve as the proxy for a global model, combining information from a wide range of institutions and information sources. It allows information unique to a certain hospital to become available to other sites, increasing the fluidity of information flow in health care.
Research on the Outlook and Solutions in the Development of Marathon Series in China
Authors: Dai Long Di , Zhang Si han
Published: November 2017

Today, Marathon Series rise gradually and grow fast, and their development brings undeniable influences, even can drive the development of a city in every aspect, playing an incredible catalytic role in the regional development. The author deeply explored the status and laws of the development of Marathon Series in our country through literature material laws, field investigation and expert interview survey and believes: Marathon Series can even stimulate enthusiasm among common people in running a marathon, can enhance communication and connection between cities, can better promote balanced development between each territory and plays a proactive role in the establishment of Marathon brand; for the future development of Marathon Series in our country, we should vigorously implement “Internet plus” strategies adapt to the era, prepare cooperation programs for the race well, make a plan as sufficiently as possible, actively carry out innovation and realize sustainable development, with a view to contributing fresh strength to the profound and long-lasting development of marathon business and even sport industry in our country as well as the Healthy China 2030 initiative.
INVESTIGACIÓN CUALITATIVA Y EDUCACIÓN
Authors: Johnson- Mardones Daniel F
Published: November 2017

El presente trabajo explora las tensiones en investigación cualitativa y educación.  Con ese objetivo, el texto parte ofreciendo una breve introducción a la investigación cualitativa en educación, una visión del vínculo histórico de estos dos campos de estudio, para desembocar en una reflexión entre lo temático y lo metodológico cuando hablamos de investigación cualitativa en/y educación. Sobre esta base, el escrito pasa a centrarse en las tensiones que aparecen en la formulación de una propuesta, desarrollo, escritura y publicación de una investigación cualitativa en educación. Las tensiones en la propuesta se concentran en los formatos de formulación y presentación de proyectos de investigación cuando construimos el objeto de estudio desde la perspectiva cualitativa. En el desarrollo de la investigación, el tiempo aparece como una preocupación central desde diversos puntos de vista, así como la tensión entre el orden del análisis y el orden de la presentación. La escritura es abordada desde la tensión entre la opción por un texto argumentativo y un texto narrativo. Por último, las tensiones en la  publicación se centran en el envío de manuscritos a revistas temáticas o revistas especializadas en metodología. Las tensiones en cada uno de estos momentos de la investigación cualitativa en educación son exploradas desde el punto de vista de las posibilidades.
LA POESÍA Y SUS RECURSOS LITERARIOS COMO METODOLOGÍA CUALITATIVA
Authors: González-Gutiérrez Luis F
Published: November 2017

Este artículo describe las principales contribuciones de la investigación poética (poetic inquiry), como una metodología cualitativa crítica para las ciencias sociales y ciencias de la salud. Así, en primer lugar, se exploran las principales tendencias de investigación asociadas al uso de la poesía como forma narrativa; en un segundo lugar, se analiza el uso de ejercicios concretos para identificar el potencial de la estética narrativa en la construcción de subjetividades alternativas como una forma de reconocer la voz de los participantes de la investigación. En un tercer lugar, se plantea una discusión académica y reflexiva sobre la necesidad de uso de esta metodología en las diferentes universidades y centros de estudio en Latinoamérica. Se puede concluir que la investigación poética es una forma crítica de abordar problemáticas comunitarias a partir de la voz de sus participantes. Asimismo, es una metodología que une a los investigadores y sus participantes en un diálogo generativo, que potencia la investigación cualitativa.
Vertebrados silvestres atropelados na rodovia BR-230, Paraíba, Brasil
Authors: Ramos Abrantes Marcela , Formiga Abrantes Stephenson Hallison , Carreiro Artur , Fernandes de Araújo Débora Vitória , Galvão de Souza , Joyce , Rodrigues de Lima João Paulo , De Araújo Cezar Hyldetan Ruan , Silva Leite Lucas
Published: November 2017

The trampling of wild animals have received special attention from researchers in recent years because it is the primary cause of death on roads. However, studies that address the topic are still scarce and generally deal only with mammals. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor the mortality of wild animals by trampling between Campina Grande and Patos in the BR-230 highway from November 2010 to November 2011. Were made monthly trips lasting 2 hours traveled by car. We compared the number of trampling in the dry and rainy period. The animals killed on roads were identified to lowest possible taxonomic level, discarding pets. We recorded 188 specimens of vertebrates’ trampling, and the most sampled were mammals (n=108, 57.4%). The most representative species was Cerdocyon thous (n=87, 46.5%). The highest number of trampling occurred in the dry season. When compared by group, however, birds and reptiles had a greater number of trampling during the rainy season. Cerdocyon thous presented trampling rates higher than in other surveys conducted in Brazil (87 specimens, 46.5%), which seems to be a local reality. Among the reptiles get hit, 70% corresponded to species of snakes, which can be related to the slow movement and need for thermoregulation of these animals and because they are considered "dangerous animals", leading to intentional killing.
Luxação de patela lateral, congênita, bilateral em cão: Relato de caso
Authors: DE CARVALHO ANA ESTELITA , Cordeiro Barbosa Adriana Elizabeth , De Oliveira Bezerra Daniella Kaísa , Franchi João Carolina , Moraes David Maridelzira Betânia , Moraes Moreira Luiz Fernando , Pires Claudina Rita de Souza
Published: November 2017

Congenital bilateral lateral patellar luxation was diagnosed in a 2-year-old, Poodle, who initially presented grade 3 but who progressed to grade 4 in the left limb after surgery for correction. Lateral patellar luxation is less frequent and affects dogs of large and giant breeds. It is rare condition in small and miniature breeds dogs.
ABOUT SOLUTION OF MULTIPOINT BOUNDARY PROBLEMS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS WITH THE USE OF COMBINED APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND DISCRETE-CONTINUAL FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PART 1: FORMULATION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF APPROXIMATION
Authors: Akimov Pavel A , Sidorov Vladimir N. , Negrozov Oleg A.
Published: November 2017

The distinctive paper is devoted to formulation and basic principles of approximation of multipoint boundary problem of static analysis of deep beam with the use of combined application of finite element method and discrete-continual finite element method. Design model, general formulation of the problem, basic principles of domain approximation, rule of numbering of subdomains, rule of numbering of finite elements, rule of numbering of discrete-continual finite elements are considered. Construction of discrete (finite element) and discretecontinual approximation models for subdomains is under consideration as well.
Encontros com poéticas indígenas, férteis fronteiras entre a educação e as artes
Authors: Wunder Alik
Published: November 2017

As inquietudes que mobilizam pensamentos deste texto envolvem as fronteiras férteis entre arte, educação e povos indígenas brasileiros. Desejamos encontrar e pensar com expressões estéticas indígenas por meio de obras artísticas: ensaio “Sonhos” da fotógrafa Cláudia Andujar realizado com o povo Yanomami e o vídeo Ymá Nhandehetama de Almires Martins (terena-guarani), Armando Queirós e Marcelo Rodrigues. Com a filosofia de Gilles Deleuze, alguns de seus leitores e pensadores indígenas desafiamo-nos a pensar uma educação que se afirme na diferença, que se deixe contagiar pelas forças indígenas. Como receber e se deixar atravessar por imagens, palavras e sons outros de povos secularmente silenciados nos espaços escolares e acadêmicos? Como abrir neste mundo, muitos outros mundos possíveis, pela arte do encontro na diferença? Essas são questões que mobilizam criações e pensamentos.
Visão atual das pesquisas nacionais sobre afetividade e ensino de física
Authors: Rosa Cleci Teresinha Werner da , Darroz Luiz Marcelo , Santos Ana Claudia Tasso dos
Published: November 2017

O presente estudo tem como objetivo mapear o estado atual das investigações em afetividade e ensino de Física, para identificar os focos de interesse e apontar questões para futuras pesquisas. Ao total, foram investigados 3.508 artigos e resultados da análise indicaram a existência de nove artigos sobre a temática afetividade e ensino de Física, que foram considerados objetos de estudo. Depois de lidos e analisados, os artigos foram estruturados em categorias, correspondendo às componentes indicadas por Lafortune e Saint-Pierre (1995). Dessa análise, constatou-se que há um reduzido número de estudos na temática e que a prioridade está em investigações no campo da motivação e emoção. Os resultados suscitam investigações futuras referentes à produção internacional e inferem a necessidade de realizar estudos, considerando aspectos como atitudes, atribuição e confiança em si mesmo em relação ao ensino de Física.
Is it possible to change the psychopathic traits of substance abusers treated in faith-based therapeutic communities - does the length of treatment matter?
Authors: Bugarski-Ignjatovic Vojislava , Vajagic Vanja , Nikolasevic Zeljka
Published: November 2017

Background/Aim. Faith-based therapeutic communities (FBTCs) have been increasingly employed as a modality in the treatment of substance abuse. Their program influences behavioral, psychological, cognitive and social changes among their beneficiaries. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the duration of treatment in a FBTC may contribute to changes in the traits that make the four Hare?s psychopathy dimensions ? Antisocial behavior, Lifestyle, Interpersonal relationships, and Psychopathic affect. Another aim was to assess whether abusers on treatment in a FBTC have more pronounced psychopathic traits compared with subjects with no history of substance abuse. Methods. The study included 59 male subjects, of an average age of 29 years, and of different educational levels, who were divided into three groups: substance abusers who had spent one year in the FBTC; substance abusers who had successfully completed a two-year program in the FBTC; and healthy controls with no history of substance abuse. The Psychopathy Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) was employed to assess the four Hare?s dimensions of psychopathy. Results. There were statistically significant differences among the groups on the Antisocial Behavior dimension. For this dimension, there were differences among nonabusers and both groups of substance abusers, with nonabusers achieving the lowest average scores. There were no statistically significant differences between two groups of substance abusers in any of the studied dimensions. Conclusion. The longer, two-year treatment in the FBTC did not contribute to changes of the psychopathic traits more than the one-year treatment. In addition, subjects with history of substance abuse undergoing treatment in the FBTC had more pronounced psychopathic traits compared with non-abusers.
Tuberous sclerosis complex, Serbian referral center experience
Authors: Kosac Ana , Jovic Nebojsa
Published: November 2017

BackgroundAim. Common features of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) arise from the formation of hamartomas both in the brain and multiple organ systems, mainly due to a mutation in one of two genes, TSC1 or TSC2, with well described inter- and intrafamilial different phenotypic outcomes. The aim of this work was to make a synthesis of the patients data with diagnosed tuberous sclerosis in order to better understand the disease in our environment. Methods. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of all patients with TSC, diagnosed and regularly followed at the Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth in Belgrade, Serbia during the period of more than two decades. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics as well as the Fisher?s exact test. Results. Cohort of 44 patients with the diagnosis of definitive TSC were included. The mean age at last follow-up was 19.4 years [age range 1?58, standard deviation (SD) 11.8]. Family history for TSC was noted in 25% of patients. Dermatological manifestations were described in 93.2%, retinal astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyomas was found in 36.4% each, nephrological manifestations in 34.1% and lymphangioleiomyomatosis was diagnosed in two female patients. All patients presented with the structural lesions of central nervous system; epilepsy was diagnosed in 88.6%, out of whom 59 % of patients had seizure onset in the first year of life. The West syndrome was diagnosed in 27.3% of patients. Complete seizure control was achieved in 30.8%, in a majority with valproic acid or cabamazepine, but also with topiramate, lamotrigine and vigabatrin. At least two antiepileptic drugs were administered in 82% of patients. Mental retardation was noted in 50% of patients. Psychiatric manifestations were found in 40.9%, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosed in 27.3%, autism spectrum disorder in 13.6 %, and psychosis and depression observed in 11.4% each. Conclusion. This kind of synthesis of the data certainly contributes to better understanding of the disease in our environment, as TSC, although well-known disease, still remains diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in daily clinical practice.
Factors influencing extent of nausea in the patients on oral iron therapy
Authors: Prokic Andjelka , Jankovic Slobodan
Published: November 2017

Background/Aim. Nausea after oral administration of iron is frequent phenomenon (11% of patients) and it is believed to be consequence of accumulation of free radicals in mucosa of gastrointestinal tract. The aim of our study was to measure the extent of nausea in outpatients taking oral supplementation with iron, and to investigate possible factors that may have an influence on it. Methods. The study was of the cross-sectional type, and conducted on a sample of outpatients on oral iron supplementation. The sample was consecutive, including all patients coming to a community pharmacy for oral iron supply during the study period. Frequency and severity of nausea were measured by the 5- item Drug-Induced Nausea Scale (DINS). Results. The mean score of the DINS from the sample of 128 patients was 8.56 ? 5.07 (range from 5 to 25). Each additional cup of coffee per week increased the DINS score for 0.143 points, the history of gastrointestinal disease had protective effect and decreased the DINS score for 5.923 points. Conclusion. Frequency and severity of oral iron-induced nausea are not dependent on oral iron burden, but rather on coffee intake and previous experience of patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases. Modification of diet and education about types and severity of symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases could be useful preventive measures to avoid or at least mitigate oral iron-induced nausea and/or vomiting.
Prognostic significance of inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with STEMI, treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Milic Veljko , Dzudovic Boris , Obradovic Slobodan
Published: November 2017

Background/Aim. Although the prognostic significance of inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, in the patients with the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is already known, the specific difference between such patients according to diabetic status remains unknown. Methods. The study was conducted in a single tertiary center. The values of CRP and fibrinogen were measured during the first 48 h in consecutive patients with first STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The patients were divided into two groups: with diabetes and without diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine a prognostic significance of maximal values of these two inflammatory biomarkers for in-hospital and six-month mortality in these two groups. Results. Among 475 patients, 126 (26.5%) were with diabetes and 349 (73.5%) were without diabetes. The patients with diabetes had significantly higher median values of CRP and fibrinogen compared to the nondiabetic patients [29.6 (10.4?91.8) mg/L vs 22.4 (9.79?49.2) mg/L, p = 0.046 and 4.7 (3.6?6.3) g/L vs 4.3 (3.6?5.4) g/L, p = 0.026, respectively]. However, the multivariate survival analysis using the Cox regression model showed that in the nondiabetic STEMI patients CRP and fibrinogen had significant prognostic value for in-hospital mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.013, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.004?1.022), p = 0.004; HR = 1.529 (1.023?2.287), p = 0.039, respectively]. Regarding six-month mortality, no significant difference was achieved. Overall survival was the lowest in the fourth quartile of CRP in the patients without diabetes. Conclusion. The higher values of CRP are the significant independent predictor of in-hospital and overall mortality in the STEMI patients without diabetes treated with primary PCI. Fibrinogen can also be used as an additional prognostic inflammatory biomarker for in-hospital mortality in the non-diabetics with STEMI.
Optimal Resource Allocations
Authors: Hansen Lars Peter , Sargent Thomas J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes a planning problem that generates competitive equilibrium allocations and compares two methods for solving it. The first method uses state- and date-contingent Lagrange multipliers; the second uses dynamic programming. The first method reveals a direct connection between the Lagrange multipliers and the equilibrium prices in a competitive equilibrium to be analyzed in Chapter 7. The second method provides good algorithms for calculating both the law of motion for the optimal quantities and the Lagrange multipliers. The chapter also describes a set of MATLAB programs that solve the planning problem and represent its solution in various ways. These programs are used to solve the planning problem for six sample economies formed by choosing particular examples of the ingredients from Chapter 4.
Competitive Economies
Authors: Hansen Lars Peter , Sargent Thomas J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes a decentralized economy. It assigns ownership and decision making to three distinct economic entities, a household and two kinds of firms. It defines a competitive equilibrium. Two fundamental theorems of welfare economics connect a competitive equilibrium to a planning problem. A price system supports the competitive equilibrium and implies interest rates and prices for derivative assets. The chapter proceeds as follows. It begins by describing the choice problem facing each of the three classes of agents in terms of a Lagrangian. Next it obtains first-order conditions for these Lagrangians. Matching these first-order conditions to the Chapter 5 first-order conditions for the planning problem accomplishes two goals. First, the two fundamental theorems of welfare economics for the economy can be verified. Second, an efficient algorithm for computing the equilibrium price system in terms of the Chapter 5 matrices associated with the multipliers for the planning problem can be described.
A Legal Ethnography
Authors: Dayan Colin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how judges determined the character of slaves. In the South, the adaptation of Lockean notions of personal identity to slaves was inextricably bound up with the understanding of person as a forensic term and the kind of legal incapacity and nonrecognition that signaled negative personhood. Thomas Morris in Southern Slavery and the Law: 1619–1860 argues that the most crucial legal fiction was that “the slave was an object of property rights, he or she was a ‘thing’.” However, what most occupied the thoughts of lawyers and judges in cases about personal rights in the courts of Virginia on the eve of the civil war was not to affirm the slave as property, but to articulate the personhood of slaves in such a way that it was disfigured, not erased. Slave law depended on this juridical diminution. The peculiar form impairment took and the transformations that ensued gave new meaning to degradation.
Skin of the Dog
Authors: Dayan Colin
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the nature and status of dogs as defined by law are crucial to understanding the limits of restitution and the uneven application of remedy to persons who must answer to or reckon with the law. One of the more vexing issues in prosecutions for larceny is whether dogs are subjects of property. If they are not, then their loss through thievery cannot be a cause for restitution in law. Implied here is an obligation to assess a dog's value and usefulness. In this intermediate, imperfect state, they were simply not property as were other chattels, including slaves. It was legally impossible that human chattels occupy a state in between freedom and servitude or between worth and uselessness. If they had no value as instruments of labor or procreation, then they literally had no reason for being and no legal protections against neglect or mutilation, maiming or death.
Felicia Hemans, “Casabianca”
Authors: Robson Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the poem, “Casabianca,” by Felicia Hemans, which presents the spectacle of a child sailor who is blown to pieces because his sense of duty keeps him standing on deck during the bombardment of his ship. This poem is used as a lens to examine the processes whereby the performance of poetry in Britain's elementary schools forged short-term and long-term bodily relationships between individuals and measured language. Looking, among other things, at the history of corporal punishment within mass education, the chapter considers not only what happened to children, but also to poems with regular rhythms, during the process of enforced recitation. The fragmented survival of “Casabianca” in popular consciousness today, this chapter argues, is the last remaining trace of its pedagogical past, of a time when poetry was experienced in and through the body.
Row and Column Inclusion and the Distribution of Rank
Authors: Fallat Shaun M. , Johnson Charles R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter contains a detailed account of the distribution of rank deficient submatrices within a TN matrix, including a discussion of the important notion of row and column inclusion. The distribution of ranks among submatrices of a TN matrix is much less free than in a general matrix. Rank deficiency of submatrices in certain positions requires rank deficiency elsewhere. Whereas, in the case of general matrices, rank deficiency of a large submatrix can imply rank deficiency of smaller, included submatrices, in the TN case rank deficiency of small submatrices can imply that of much larger ones. The chapter discusses this and other related phenomenon.
Hadamard Products and Powers of TN Matrices
Authors: Fallat Shaun M. , Johnson Charles R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the Hadamard (or entrywise) product and offers a survey of the known results pertaining to Hadamard products of TN matrices, including a note on Hadamard powers. The well-known fact that TP matrices are not closed under Hadamard multiplication has certainly not deterred researchers from this interesting topic. In fact, it can be argued that this has fueled considerable investigations on when such closure issues, with particular attention being paid to specific subclasses of TP/TN matrices. Hence, the chapter first defines and denotes the Hadamard product of two m-by-n matrices A = [asubscript ij] and B = [bsubscript ij] before turning to a number of concepts connected with Hadamard products and Hadamard powers of TPₖ matrices.
Extensions and Completions
Authors: Fallat Shaun M. , Johnson Charles R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the relatively modern idea of matrix completion problems for TN matrices, and reviews a variety of construction, extension, and completion ideas for both TP and TN matrices. The property that a matrix be TP is sufficiently strong that, at first glance, construction seems even more difficult than recognition. Of course, the elementary bidiagonal factorization provides an easy way simply to write down an example, but with this factorization it is very difficult to “design” many entries of the resulting matrix. This chapter presents a strategy to remedy this, before turning to completions and partial TN matrices, MLBC graphs (special chordal graphs), and TN completions. It also includes a section on single entry perturbations, known as retractions, which turn out to be a useful tool for other problems on TN matrices.
Childhood in the West, Education in the East, 1886–1908
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter details Josephine Roche's childhood years. Josephine Aspinwall Roche was born on December 2, 1886, in the small town of Neligh, Nebraska. Rooted in the boundary between East and West, Neligh was the perfect birthplace for a woman who would be formed equally by those two distinct regions and who would over the course of her life constantly cross boundaries, not only between East and West but also between women and men, social scientists and union organizers, workers and employers. In retrospect, her birth on a boundary seemed to mark Josephine Roche for life So did the high hopes of her parents, John J. Roche and Ella Aspinwall Roche, who migrated to Neligh after early careers in education.
“Part of It All One Must Become”: Progressive in Wartime, 1915–1918
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1915 to 1918. After the 1914 elections, Roche was so exhausted that she finally accepted Read Lewis's invitation to take a short break in the East. Little did she know that her brief vacation would whisk her into the maelstrom of global war. World War I had broken out during the campaign season, but Roche paid it little heed until her trip east early in 1915. In the face of wartime exigencies thereafter, Roche and her reforming communities agonized about the role they should play. The war ignited a conflict within progressivism. It forced progressives to prioritize their commitments, and by doing so, revealed in Roche's case important truths about her character. Her decisions showed that when forced to choose between remaining true to her full range of convictions and being effective on behalf of a few, she would choose effectiveness.
Work and Love in a Progressive Ebb Tide, 1919–1927
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1919 to 1927. For several years after the war, Roche remained an itinerant reformer. In part, she moved around a lot because she had not yet situated herself at what she considered a fundamental site for rectifying inequalities; she was as a result never quite satisfied with where she was. In addition, during the decade after the war, unlike any other time in her life, Roche's days were significantly shaped by the family claim. On July 2, 1920, Roche married Edward Hale Bierstadt after a whirlwind romance. Like many other members of the second generation of college-educated women, Roche expected to combine her public career with marriage, and her belief in the possibility of doing so was fueled by her political community.
Only Ten Minutes Left? Epilogue and Assessment
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the legacy of Josephine Roche. Roche did not live to see the new, deindustrialized age in American history. Early in 1976, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. It had metastasized and she died on July 29, 1976, at age 89. Even though obituaries of Roche rehearsed many of the highlights of her amazing career, she had by then faded from Americans' collective memory. She had lived so long that few remembered the headlines trumpeting her breakthroughs as a policewoman in the 1910s, as a progressive industrialist in the 1920s, or as assistant secretary of the treasury in the 1930s. Her obscurity resulted in part from Roche's own desire to hide from public view during the anti-communist frenzy of the late 1940s and early 1950s. When she reemerged, she was an old woman eventually represented in print as little more than a rubberstamp to John L. Lewis. The remainder of the chapter considers representation because it helps us understand further how such an important and previously well-known woman could disappear from American history.
The Transatlantic Shift in Regulatory Stringency
Authors: Vogel David
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how within political systems, there are important linkages among many health, safety, and environmental risk regulations. Their public issue life cycles overlap and they often follow parallel or convergent political trajectories. Each regulatory decision or non-decision has distinctive and multiple causes, and no single theory can adequately account for all the policy outcomes that have taken place in both Europe and the United States since 1960. The chapter then establishes an explanatory framework that focuses on the role and interaction of three factors: the extent and intensity of public pressures for more stringent or protective regulations, the policy preferences of influential government officials, and the criteria by which policy makers assess and manage risks.
Food Safety and Agriculture
Authors: Vogel David
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on European and American policies toward the risks of food safety and agricultural production methods. A number of food safety regulations were affected by a divergence in transatlantic public risk perceptions. During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, public concerns about the risks of carcinogens in the food supply were greater in the United States than in Europe, while during the 1980s, the safety risks of beef hormones became highly salient in Europe, but not in the United States. In addition, the criteria used by policy makers in both the United States and Europe to assess and manage risks shifted: American regulatory officials placed increased reliance on scientific risk assessments, while European policy makers began to employ a more precautionary approach to food safety risks.
Chemicals and Hazardous Substances
Authors: Vogel David
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at American and European policies toward the risks of chemicals and hazardous substances. The 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) significantly strengthened American chemical regulations and contributed to the 1979 decision of the EU to both harmonize and strengthen its chemical regulations, though they remained weaker than those of the United States. While there has been no major statutory change in American chemical regulation since then, in 2006 the EU approved REACH—the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, which made European chemical regulations significantly more stringent and comprehensive than those of the United States. Meanwhile, risk assessments by the U.S. federal government do not consider the hazardous substances in electronics deposited in landfills as a threat to public health.
Empirics of the Urban Structure and Its Evolution
Authors: Ioannides Yannis M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the empirics of urban structure and evolution. It first considers Zipf's law for cities and the vibrant exchanges both over theory and empirics pertaining to it. It then discusses the Duranton model that explains three empirical regularities regarding endogenous city formation: a stationary law for city size distributions that is skewed to the right; churning of industries across cities as cities experience rapid changes in their industrial compositions; and the pattern of urban size transitions. The chapter also explores the empirics of urban transitions by focusing on models of urban evolution that allow for general intradistributional dependence; the hierarchy principle of industrial diversity; the link between geography and spatial clustering; and studies of urban structure based on “quasi-natural experiments.” Finally, it assesses global aspects of city size distribution and its evolution.
Political Organization and the Conception of Man
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses political organization and the conception of Man. Westerners are proud of their political institutions. They associate them with a high material standard of living, a great variety of individual choices, freedom of speech, and checks and balances that prevent governments from drifting toward despotism. Because these institutions are so satisfying, they are tempted to believe that they are universal. A culture influences the determination of political institutions through many channels. One is its conception of Man, which is itself the outcome of a long evolution in the history of thought. This tradition states that the individual is autonomous and his aspirations respectable. That is why it places much emphasis on individual rights and has given birth to Lockean theories of governments where the legitimacy of power is grounded in the consent of individuals to participate in a social contract rather than some immanent divine order.
Economics Goes Behavioral
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on behavioral economics. Most of the recent developments in behavioral economics converge with other social sciences in that they do away with the unitary individual. To date, behavioral economics is a catalogue of empirically documented psychological phenomena, each a particular deviation from the unitary view. These phenomena fall under several different headings, but their most salient aspect is that in many cases, many individuals are reinterpreted as having several “incarnations” rather than consisting of a unique self. No attempt is made to bring these phenomena together in a synthetic theory, nor to impose restrictions on their frequency in the population. Although the unitary view imposes restrictions on preferences, these only imply some general properties that these preferences must have in order to generate consistent behavior.