bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics in Groups and Teams: Groups as Complex Action Systems
Authors: McGrath Joseph E , Tschan Franziska
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines recent and current theoretical and empirical research information about dynamics, development, and change in groups within organizations. Its central purpose is to integrate theoretical views and empirical information about dynamic processes in groups. A secondary aim is to take a step toward integrating ideas about groups across both disciplinary and geographic/cultural boundaries. In this introductory section, we begin by distinguishing three domains of temporal processes that we mean to include in the concept of dynamic processes in groups, namely operational, developmental, and adaptive processes. Despite considerable rhetoric in the small group research field about ‘‘group dynamics,’’ over the 100-year history of research on groups the importance of all of those dynamic processes have been ‘‘honored more in the breech than in the observance.
Social, Technical, and Institutional Change: A Literature Review and Synthesis
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H , Hargrave Timothy J
Published: November 2023

What explains the dramatic technical and social changes observed in much of the world during the past century? Responses to this kind of question vary, depending on the degree to which one assumes that social life is a product of individualism or institutionalism. Individualists view social and economic change as the product of individual agency, where purposeful and goal-directed individuals exercise their free wills to construct social arrangements that satisfy their self-interests and values. Institutionalists take a more macro and structural view. While not necessarily denying the agency of individuals, they see human action as largely conditioned by institutions. Institutions are social structures that are constructed by humans to provide stability and meaning to life. They are the ‘‘rules of the game’’ (North, 1990) that both enable and constrain human behavior.
Theories of Organizational Change and Innovation Processes
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Ven Andrew H Van de
Published: November 2023

The jacket of this book shows a man peeping through the shell of the stars and planets to discern the glorious order behind their complex movements. What he sees is not a simple clockwork, but a dazzling manifold of spirits and mechanisms that realize the will of these spirits. Sometimes the order beneath complexity—while more illuminating than the surface—is itself complex and difficult to understand. Our challenge is to sort out the images in this illumination, to discern the shadows and gradations that give it form. This handbook highlights an amazing variety of approaches to explaining organizational change and development, including stage models, evolutionary processes, interacting archetypes, dialectical tensions and contradictions, environmental jolts, institutional analysis, multilevel systems models, and complexity theory. In several cases two or more of these generative mechanisms are combined. Theories and models are cast at several different levels of analysis and some crosslevels.
The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
Authors: Rosenfeld John M , Kao Hung-Ying , Evans Ronald M
Published: November 2023

Lipophilic hormones, including steroids, thyroids, and retinoids, regulate complex processes in cellular differentiation, metabolic homeostasis, and animal development. Their ability to diffuse into target cells and bind with high affinity and specificity to their cognate intracellular receptors allows these molecules to coordinate physiological responses by regulating the expression of gene networks. The proteins directly involved in transducing these hormonal signals are known broadly as nuclear receptors (NRs). Upon binding to their specific ligand, NRs modulate the transcription of target genes through interactions with discrete DNA-binding sites known as hormone response elements, cofactor molecules, and general transcriptional machinery. As ligand-activated transcription factors, hormone NRs are indispensable for proper growth and development and often perform essential roles in specifying cell lineages, inducing differentiation, and controlling cellular growth and function. The multitude of mechanisms by which this class of transcription factors orchestrates complex transcriptional control currently makes this protein family one of the most intensely studied areas of molecular biology.
Genomic Approaches to the Genetics of Hormone-Responsive Cancer
Authors: Hirschhorn Joel N , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Altshuler David
Published: November 2023

Over the last 20 years, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of cellular function and disease, particularly within the area of cancer biology.1–3 Despite this rich understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms, however, we remain surprisingly ignorant of the specific molecular defects responsible for risk and progression of disease. To the extent that we can uncover why one person is predisposed to cancer and another less or why one tumor displays a more malignant form and another less, we would transform our understanding of etiological mechanisms, improve targeting of prevention and treatment, and direct the search for novel therapies. The goal of this chapter is to review methods for identifying the genetic basis of hormone-responsive cancers and to describe how recent developments in genetics and genomics promise to accelerate the search for the root causes of disease. Human disease typically results from a combination of inherited differences in gene sequence (genetics), external influences (environment), and random fluctuation. (We leave to the reader and philosophers the question of where free will and behavior belong in this schema.)
Breast Cancer: Epidemiology and Molecular Endocrinology
Authors: Feigelson Heather Spencer
Published: November 2023

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide.1 In many developing countries, including Asian countries that were believed to have a low risk of breast cancer, incidence is on the rise. Figure 5.1 shows that in countries like Japan, Singapore, and Mexico, the standardized mortality rates for breast cancer are steadily increasing. In fact, rates in Singapore are beginning to approach U.S. rates. The breast cancer mortality rates in Westernized countries, like the United States and the United Kingdom, have leveled off and even started to decline (Fig. 5.2). This decline in mortality has been attributed more to improvements in detection and treatment, rather than to factors that influence breast cancer incidence. A large and compelling body of epidemiological and experimental data implicates estrogens in the etiology of human breast cancer. Animal studies have repeatedly demonstrated that estrogens can induce and promote mammary tumors in rodents and that removing the ovaries or administering an antiestrogenic drug has the opposite effect.4 The hormone-dependent nature of breast cancer is reflected in the age-incidence curve, and the most widely accepted risk factors for breast cancer can be thought of as measures of the cumulative “dose” of estrogen that breast epithelium is exposed to over time (Table 5.1). The findings of 29 epidemiological studies of endogenous hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer have been summarized in a meta-analytic review. Taken together, the six prospective studies included in the analysis show that postmenopausal women who subsequently develop breast cancer have a 15% higher mean serum estradiol concentration than unaffected women (p= 0.0003).
Implications of Hormones and Hormonal Risk Factors on Screening Strategies
Authors: Ursin Giske
Published: November 2023

In the past few decades, much interest and controversy have surrounded the question of who will benefit from regular mammographic screening. A number of studies have been conducted, including several randomized trials.1,2 Although some issues have been resolved, many remain. Mammographic screening overall appears to be associated with reduced mortality from breast cancer. However, it is not clear at what age the benefit begins and at what age the cost– benefit effect becomes reasonable. The beneficial effect is most unequivocal for women in the age group 50–69. To what extent there are survival benefits in women under the age of 50 is undetermined. The issues briefly described above demonstrate one major problem with the screening debate so far; the data have been discussed in women stratified by age group only. This may simplify the guidelines but does not necessarily make sense given the complexity of breast cancer. One could argue that mammographic screening would become more beneficial in all women if the focus was shifted from the age at which screening should start to what can be done to improve the benefit of screening in the groups that currently do poorest.
Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Progression: Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Thomas George V , Sawyers Charles L
Published: November 2023

Androgen-independent prostate cancer is incurable and is responsible for the majority of cancerrelated deaths. The intriguing question is how a cancer that is initially exquisitely sensitive to androgen-ablation therapy becomes universally refractory to all available forms of such therapy. Both normal and cancerous prostate cells are dependent on androgens, mainly in the form of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.1–3 Androgen mediates its biological actions through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily (see Color Fig. 18.1 in separate color insert).4–6 Androgen-ablative treatment modalities rely on either surgical or medical castration, the latter usually administered via luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs (termed monotherapy when used singly) and AR antagonists (termed total androgen-ablative therapy when used in combination).7,8 Counter intuitively, AR continues to be expressed even as the cancer progresses from the androgen-dependent (AD) to an androgen-independent (AI) stage. Immuno histochemical studies have shown the presence of AR in both AD and AI tumors.9,10 A rise in serum prostatic-specific antigen (PSA), an androgen-regulated gene, is usually the first marker of relapse/development of AI cancer. This suggests that AI prostate cancers rely on expression of AR-dependent genes.11,12 In this chapter, we critically discuss the current mechanistic concepts involved in the development of AI prostate cancer. These mechanisms can be broadly categorized as those known to signal through the AR and those whose mechanism for promoting AI growth remains unclear.
Public Judgment in Real Criminal Cases
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

Throughout this volume we explore the relationship between public opinion and punitive penal policies and practices. In several domains we shall see how policies respond to (as well as create a desire for) a punitive response to offenders. In this chapter we pose a different question: When are populist penal initiatives founded on a false perception of the public’s views? One answer is to point to surveys in which public sentencing preferences are compared to the practices of the courts (see Roberts and Stalans, 1997). These surveys generally find that in many instances the sentencing preferences of the public are not much harsher than sentences actually imposed and have been reviewed in chapter 2.
Responding to Penal Populism
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

This book has been concerned with the emergence, over the 1990s, of increasingly punitive sentencing policies and practices in the English-speaking world. These punitive policies have been applied to juvenile, as well as adult offenders, and to a wide range of offenses. This final chapter proposes some strategies with which to halt, or at least impede, the seemingly inexorable drift toward more punitive sentencing; only if this occurs, we believe, will it be possible to ensure more rational sentencing policy development.
Reconceptualizing the Crime Problem
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

In May 1995, the Federal Sentencing Commission recommended that Congress abandon those provisions of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act that penalize crack offenders more severely than any other type of drug law violator. The commission further suggested that those found with small amounts of crack or powder cocaine should be placed on probation as long as they did not also engage in violence or violate gun laws. In October-shortly after the Million Man March in Washington, D.C., in which the Reverend Jesse Jackson and others denounced crack sentencing laws as “unfair,” “racist,” and “ungodly”-Congress voted to ignore the Sentencing Commission’s recommendations and uphold existing sentencing statutes. President Bill Clinton subsequently approved Congress’s decision, arguing that punishing crack offenders more harshly is appropriate because crack is more likely to be associated with violence and therefore takes a greater toll on the communities in which it is used and distributed.
Individual Cognition, Stress, and Inertia
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S
Published: November 2023

Charles Stubbart complains that “cognitive aspects of strategy are implied but passed over in silence” in the strategy literature. “As a consequence,” he argues, “managerial cognition becomes the unnamed “missing link” in their ... paradigm” (1989, 328).
A Formal Model of Strategic Transformation
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S
Published: November 2023

This chapter moves from considering interactions within and among formal and informal groups to considering the probability of change in formal organizations.’ While an organization can be defined as a “group of groups” and thus is subject to the observations made in chapter 3, in this chapter we introduce additional aspects of stress and inertia, first and second order change, position and opportunity derived from the legal status of firms, and the more explicit performance demands placed upon them. These characteristics justify a more abstract consideration of the probability of strategic change. The insights available from the model we develop in this chapter are illustrated in a series of simulations of first and second order change. The results support the viability of the cognitively anchored theory developed in the last two chapters and introduce the empirical studies reported in the second part of the book.
The Principle of Semantic Compositionality
Authors: Pelletier Francis Jeffry
Published: November 2023

The Principle of Semantic Compositionality is the principle that the meaning of an expression is a function of, and only of, the meanings of its parts together with the method by which those parts are combined. As stated, the Principle is vague or underspecified at a number of points such as “what counts as a part,” “what is a meaning,” “what kind of function is allowed,” and the like. But this hasn’t stopped some people from treating it as an obviously true principle, true almost by definition, nor has it stopped some others from attacking it both on “empirical grounds” and on theoretico-methodological grounds.
Truth and Meaning
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: November 2023

It is conceded by most philosophers of language, and recently even by some linguists, that a satisfactory theory of meaning must give an account of how the meanings of sentences depend upon the meanings of words. Unless such an account could be supplied for a particular language, it is argued, there would be no explaining the fact that we can learn the language: no explaining the fact that, on mastering a finite vocabulary and a finitely stated set of rules, we are prepared to produce and to understand any of a potential infinitude of sentences. I do not dispute these vague claims, in which I sense more than a kernel of truth.1 Instead I want to ask what it is for a theory to give an account of the kind adumbrated.
What Is a Concept, That a Person May Grasp It?
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: November 2023

Asking a psychologist, philosopher, or a linguist what a concept is much like asking a physicist what mass is. An answer cannot be given in isolation. Rather, the term plays a certain role in a larger worldview that includes the nature of language, of meaning, and of mind. Hence, the notion of a concept cannot be explicated without at the same time sketching the background against which it is set, and the “correctness” of a particular notion of concept cannot be evaluated without at the same time evaluating the worldview in which it plays a role.
Mental Spaces, Language Modalities, and Conceptual Integration
Authors: Fauconnier Gilles
Published: November 2023

In working on matters related to language over the years, my greatest surprise has been to find out how little of the rich meanings we construct is explicitly contained in the forms of language itself. I had taken it for granted, at first, that languages were essentially coding systems for semantic relations, and that sentences, when appropriately associated with “natural” pragmatic specifications, would yield full meanings. Quite interestingly, this is not the way language works, nor is it the way that meaning is constructed. Rather, language, along with other aspects of expres-sion and contextual framing, serves as a powerful means of prompting dynamic on-line construc-tions of meaning that go far beyond anything explicitly provided by the lexical and grammatical forms.
Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language
Authors: Barwise Jon , Cooper Robin
Published: November 2023

The work on generalized quantifiers referred to above has led to new insights into the nature of quantifiers, insights which permit logical syntax to correspond more closely to natural language syntax. These insights, we argue, may also make a significant contribution to linguistic theory. Section 1 discusses the nature of generalized quantifiers and their relationship to the syntax of English in general terms. Section 2 develops a logic containing generalized quantifiers. Section 3 shows how this logic may be formally related to a fragment of a syntax for English. Section 4 is the main section of the paper. In it we discuss some of the general implications of the notion of generalized quantifier for a theory of natural language of the kind that is interesting to linguists.
On Semantic and Distributional Properties of Sentential Adverbs
Authors: Bellert Irena
Published: November 2023

In recent linguistic literature, mention is often made of some logical forms1 that are supposed to represent the meanings of sentences, but rarely can we find explicit statements as to what kind of logical language is presupposed. Montague’s grammar is evidently one of the exceptions in this respect, but it covers only a small part of English and adverbs are not given much attention.2 Thomason and Stalnaker (1973) have presented a semantic theory of adverbs, but they have distinguished only two classes of adverbs: sentence adverbs and predicate adverbs. Their semantics is based on intensional logic; hence, propositions are conceived of as intensions of sentences, and singulary propositional functions as intensions of predicates. All sentence adverbs denote functions taking propositions into propositions, and all predicate adverbs denote functions taking singulary propositional functions into singulary propositional functions.
Adverbs of Quantification
Authors: Lewis David
Published: November 2023

It may seem plausible, especially if we stop with the first word on each list, that these adverbs function as quantifiers over times. That is to say that always, for instance, is a modifier that combines with a sentence F to make a sentence Always F that is true iff the modified sentence F is true at all times. Likewise, we might guess that Sometimes F, Never F, Usually F, Often F, and Seldom F are true, respectively, iff F is true at some times, none, most, many, or few. But it is easy to find various reasons why this first guess is too simple.
Semantics and Pragmatics of Sentence Connectives in Natural Language
Authors: Posner Roland
Published: November 2023

One need be neither a diplomat nor a lady to use the word perhaps to mean ‘yes’ one time and ‘no’ another. But what is the meaning of a word like perhaps if everyone can make it mean either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as he pleases? Can one in any sense talk about a fixed word meaning here? But if not, what is it Voltaire is telling us when he maintains that the diplomat’s uttering “yes” as well as the lady’s uttering “no” means ‘perhaps’? What is said and what is meant, coded information and its use in communication, do not seem to coincide in all cases.
The Meaning of Connectives
Authors: E. (RAY) Jennings R
Published: November 2023

Every act of speech and every inscription is a physical intervention with physical consequences. If during a lecture I emit the stream of sounds «will-someone-please-open-a-window», that emission is a physical event. If I repeat the emission sufficiently many times, it will cause at least one medium-sized mammal to raise itself to something approaching erect stature, shuffle to the side of the room and struggle with a latch. Again, since only organisms produce language, anything that counts as language belongs to the phenomenology of biology. And even the linguistic activities of speech-generating machines, seen in the proper descriptive scale, are biological phenomena, as are the machines that generate them.
The Logical Form of Action Sentences
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: November 2023

The present paper is devoted to trying to get the logical form of simple sentences about ac-tions straight. I would like to give an account of the logical or grammatical role of the parts or words of such sentences that is consistent with the entailment relations between such sentences and with what is known of the role of those same parts or words in other (non-action) sentences. I take this enterprise to be the same as showing how the meanings of action sentences depend on their structure. I am not concerned with the meaning analysis of logically simple expressions insofar as this goes beyond the question of logical form. Applied to the case at hand, for example, I am not concerned with the meaning of “deliberately” as opposed, perhaps, to “voluntarily”; but I am interested in the logical role of both these words.
“Bombast, Fraud, Deception, Impiety, and Hypocrisy” in the “Dark Land of Slavery,” 1830-1859
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Then Smith’s song first proclaimed America a “sweet land of liberty” and 1 \i a “land of the noble free” at Boston’s Park Street Church on 4July 1831, ‘over two million Americans were in bondage. In fact, a majority of the nation’s residents, including Native Americans, slaves, and women, were denied the franchise and other legal rights. Then-president Andrew Jackson was a slaveholder who wagered his human property on horse races and championed the removal of all Native Americans from lands east of the Mississippi. In 1831, Ohio disqualified African Americans from jury duty, Indiana required all African Americans entering the state to post bond, Mississippi made it illegal for free African Americans to remain in the state, and the white citizens of New Haven, Connecticut, voted seven hundred to four to prevent the construction of a college for African Americans.1Thus, despite Smith’s nationalist and evangelical fervor, not all (or even most) Americans could embrace ‘‘America”‘s promises without raising serious questions about the state of the union. Even in Boston, where ‘‘America” premiered and Smith’s fellow reformers held positions of high privilege, public transportation, schools, lecture halls, housing, churches, and public entertainment were divided along the color line. When an African American came to own a pew on the “whites only” lower floor of Boston’s Park Street Church one year before ‘‘America” was first performed there, he was prevented from occupying it. The Liberator reported that at the Sabbath school singers’ premiere performance of ‘‘America,” “the colored boys were permitted to occupy pews one-fourth the way up the side aisle;’ while “the colored girls took their seats by the door, as usual.”2 For many Americans, then, singing of a “sweet land of liberty” meant denying the reality of their own experience.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Endocrine Disorders
Authors: Reardon William
Published: November 2023

Classifying genetic hearing loss syndromes associated with endocrine disorders in a logical and comprehensible way is probably not achievable by current approaches. This chapter summarizes conditions in which hearing loss is associated with diabetes mellitus, and thyroid, parathyroid, and gonadal dysfunction. Many other conditions addressed elsewhere in this book also have an endocrine element, and the distinction between those conditions and the ones discussed in this chapter may not always be entirely clear, or even totally logical. For the most part, however, the syndromes included here have a recognized endocrine abnormality as a fundamental and consistent feature.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Chromosome Disorders
Authors: Giersch Anne B S , Morton Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and the disorders associated with rearrangements, duplications, or deletions of their parts or of complete chromosomes. For example, one of the most commonly occurring genetic syndromes in humans, Down syndrome, is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome number 21. The recent completion of the human genome sequence has illustrated the density of genes on human chromosomes and has revealed that even submicroscopic regions of chromosomes can encode dozens of genes. As might be expected, gene dosages are tightly regulated. Too many or two few genes can have lethal consequences to a developing organism, especially one as complex as Homo sapiens. Approximately a third of all human conceptions end in miscarriage, and half of these are due to chromosome aberrations, either numerical or structural (6). As illustrated in the sections below, a human born with a chromosome imbalance or rearrangement can have a host of clinical features, from subtle to severe, depending on the size of the imbalance or the particular gene(s) disrupted.
“Was I, perhaps, castrato/a?”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2, I examined the effects produced by the creation of non gendered characters in the French novel Sphinx, noting that the devices used to avoid betraying the gender of the two protagonists caused certain disruptions to the text. A***, in particular, described in the third person, seems distant, fragmented, and static. In this chapter, I turn to an investigation of a corpus of novels written in English that feature characters whose gender identity is not given by the usual grammatical and lexical means. An analysis of the workings of these novels, particularly with regard to the features examined in Sphinx—repetition of the proper name, lexical substitution, and ellipsis—will tell us much about the construction of a gender identity in English and why the omission of formal gender markers is not sufficient to erase gender from a text.
“Na sat astride Three, na hands on nan throat”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the question of pronouns has been a recurring theme for feminist novelists working in both English and French (as well as a number of other languages). In chapters 2 and 3, I looked at novels that avoid pro nominal reference, creating genderless characters whose sex is not revealed by the usual grammatical means. In chapter 4, I examined the lexical innovations Monique Wittig employs in three of her novels to subvert the gen der binary, while in chapter 5, I investigated her use of epiccne on and the effects this has on the surrounding text. From this investigation, a cultural division emerges among the different novelists and the methods they have chosen to expose or replace the masculine bias. While the British novelists discussed in chapter 3—Brigid Brophy, Maureen Duffy, Sarah Caudwell, and Jeanette Winterson—pick the solution adopted by Anne Garrcta, that of avoiding pronominal reference, the American novelists discussed in this chapter—Ursula K. Le Guin, Dorothy Bryant, June Arnold, and Marge Piercy—have invented their own pronouns or used the traditional pronominal paradigm in unusual ways, in the manner of Monique Wittig.
Replication of Organizational Routines: Conceptualizing the Exploitation of Knowledge Assets
Authors: Winter Sidney G , Szulanski Gabriel
Published: November 2023

The fundamental problem of improving knowledge utilization in organizational settings continues to attract considerable attention. This interest manifests itself under such rubrics as organizational learning (Argote 1999, Garvin and Oliver 2000), knowledge sharing (Hansen 1999, Dixon 2000), internal transfer of knowledge and best practices (O’Dell et al. 1998), and closing the knowing-doing gap (Pfeffer and Sutton 2000). It would appear that interest in leveraging knowledge assets outstrips the ability to achieve results in that domain. For example, a recent survey of 431 U.S. and European organizations conducted by Ernst & Young shows that only 14% of the respondents judged satisfactory the performance of their organization in transferring existing knowledge internally (Ruggles 1998). There seems to be ample room for improvement. Organizations can learn from experience how to exploit knowledge assets. Such learning is generally more effective when selected key aspects of the exploitation effort are varied while the rest is kept constant or comparable. This way, causal explanations of success or failure in explaiting organizational knowledge can be rigorously assessed. For such quasi-experimental conditions to occur in a real-life setting, there must be numerous attempts to exploit knowledge, for example, to transfer best practices, attempts that are comparable in all but those aspects that are being manipulated, which means that such efforts must be simultaneous or adjacent in time if they are to remain comparable. Such conditions are rare, especially when each attempt is in and of itself a large-scale effort.
Knowledge and the Internet: Lessons from Cultural Industries
Authors: Choi Chong Ju , Karamanos Anastasios
Published: November 2023

The traditional resource-based theory of the firm posits that firms outperform competition when they enjoy rents arising from the possession of unique albeit mobile valuable assets (Amit and Schoemaker 1993). Because assets are treated by the traditional resource-based theory as perfectly mobile, firms are thought to have unlimited exchange opportunities as long as they can locate these assets. Firms enter interfirm exchanges in order to acquire mobile assets that deliver value. Thus, exchanges are defined as relationships between parties that involve the clear and obvious transfer of goods or services from the party that values them less to the party that values them more (Podolny and Phillips 1996). In line with Barney (1996) and Grant (1996), we define the value of interfirm exchanges as the usefulness of the asset exchanged to the recipient, who can either be the end user or use it as an input to subsequent value-adding processes. Accordingly, exchanges are the unit of analysis regardless of the position of the exchange partners along the value chain. In this chapter we seek the underlying fundamental premises that guide exchanges regardless of their position allong the value chain.
Managing Organizational Knowledge by Diagnosing Intellectual Capital: Framing and Advancing the State of the Field
Authors: Bontis Nick
Published: November 2023

Management academics strive to conduct rigorous research from which knowledge can be transferred to future generations of managers. Thus, their role is twofold: that of theorist as well as educator. This logic has some inherent implications. First, rigorous research is required to clear the publication hurdle. This generally leads to newer academics pursuing the path of least resistance. Typically, these paths are described as having voluminous amounts of researchers and even more voluminous amounts of past research to draw on. The second implication lies in the notion that something out there exists to be to examined. The debate of whether academics lead or lag the real world has been argued for centuries. The answer, of course, rests with which group you associate with. Finally, academics must teach relevant conceptualizations in the classroom. With rising tuition costs and increasing alternatives, students are in a pos1t10n to carefully scrutinize where their hard-earned money will go. Within the context of the aforementioned implications, this chapter’s objective is to frame and advance the field of intellectual capital. In attempting to conceptualize the phenomenon from a variety of perspectives and for different audiences, the intellectual capital field can take stock of where it has been and where it is going. This is necessary in order for it to continue its trajectory.
Maternal Nutrition and Oral Clefts
Authors: Munger Ronald G
Published: November 2023

Inadequate maternal nutnt10n during pregnancy has been suspected as a possible cause of oral clefts in humans since at least the early 1900s (Strauss, 1914). Evidence for this view has accumulated from several areas of research, including animal experiments, observational studies of human populations, and in some limited cases human experimental studies, yet many gaps remain in our understanding of the etiology of oral clefts. Each of these areas of research will be reviewed in this chapter. Oral clefts comprise one of the most common groups of birth defects in the world (World Health Organization, 1998), and there is considerable geographic variation in occurrence. Asian populations in Asia and Native Americans (of Asian genetic ancestry) have higher rates of oral clefts than other major groups (Chung and Kau, 1985; Croen et al., 1998). The burden of oral cleft birth defects is great because affected children require substantial medical care and speech training. In areas of the developing world where corrective surgery is not available, affected children face having a serious disability for their entire lives and are often shunned by others. Hence, there is a strong public health imperative for a better understanding of the causes and prevention of oral clefts in all populations, and these insights may provide clues to the etiology of other birth defects.
Evaluation and Management of Speech, Language, and Articulation Disorders
Authors: Riski John E
Published: November 2023

Cleft palate (CP) is the most common cause of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). Hypernasality, nasal air emission, and other forms of aberrant speech mark the failed primary management of the patient with CP. Despite the best attempts, primary palatal management is successful in only 70% to 80% of individuals with CP (Morris, 1973; Riski, 1979). Significant efforts have been devoted to better understand, evaluate, and manage the problem, as well as to achieve the goal of velopharyngeal competence. However, many challenges and issues remain concerning evaluation of the velopharyngeal mechanism, physical management, and speech therapy. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss these challenges and issues by reviewing our current understanding of this area. Specialists who routinely deal with oral clefts face several challenges that impact labeling and identification of some disorders. We must meet these challenges with education, to improve the quality of care and outcomes. Although oral clefts are among the most common birth defects, they remain a low-incidence disorder in pediatric practice. The prevalence is approximately 1/750 to 1/1000 newborns in the Caucasian population and even higher in other populations. It is estimated that there are 4000 new cleft lip with or without palate (CLIP) cases in the United States annually.
The Third Wave of Tobacco Tort Litigation
Authors: Rabin Robert L
Published: November 2023

In a quiet way, tobacco tort litigation emerged as a challenge to the tobacco industry in the mid-1950s at the height of the popularity of smoking—long before a more pervasive regulatory attack on the industry was envisioned by even the most ardent of antitobacco activists. At the time, roughly half the adult population in the United States smoked. There were no limitations on advertising; indeed, tobacco was among the leading industry advertisers on television and radio and in the print media. Similarly, there were no limitations on where smoking might take place, no enforcement of bans on sales to minors, minimal excise taxes, and no public health reports on the risks of smoking. Against this backdrop the initial cancer scare based on scientific data triggered the first wave of lawsuits against tobacco manufacturers (Rabin 1993).

By now, the consequent total lack of success in the courthouse over the course of almost forty years, involving two waves of litigation, is a familiar story.
The Retreat
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

Thousands of Union men streamed toward Bull Run. Burnside’s, Porter’s, Howard’s, Willcox’s, and Franklin’s brigades recrossed at Sudley Ford. Many units were completely disorganized and some frightened individuals ran frantically. Private Bicknell, 5th Maine, candidly stated, “How we traveled! Nobody tired now. Every one for himself, and having a due regard for individuality, each gave a special attention to the rapid momentum of his legs.”2
“Goin’ To Texas”:Texas in the American Imagination and Politics, 1821-1841
Authors: Silbey Joel H
Published: November 2023

Stephen Ausnn, Originally From Virginia, came to Texas in late 1821, his mind filled with optimistic and expansive plans. His father, a longtime entrepreneur and promoter, had persuaded the Spanish government to grant him land there in order to establish a colony of North Americans in the province. Moses Austin died before the project got under way, and his son took over the scheme with the same lofty ambition. He was welcomed by the new reigning authorities in Texas. At the conclusion of their successful revolution against Spain, the newly established Mexican government followed the lead of its predecessor in encouraging Americans to come to Texas and settle there. They granted Austin, and a number of others, large blocks of territory. By the late twenties, Austin had bought many of the others out and amassed a personal holding of one hundred thousand acres of arable land. While doing so he advertised widely in American journals, promoting the attractiveness of his holdings and inviting settlers to come and buy up the fertile land he had to offer.
Depth and Breadth in innovation Implementation: The Case of School-Based Management
Authors: Lindquist Karin M , Maurie John J
Published: November 2023

Once an innovation is created and developed (either within or outside of an organization), how should it be introduced and implemented by an adopting organization? in particular, if management has made the strategic choice to adopt an administrative innovation throughout its organization, should management begin by concentrating its implementation efforts in depth in one or two specific organizational subunits, or in breadth across all organizational subunits? The first approach, which we will call a depth adoption strategy, assumes that after an innovation has been successfully adopted and debugged by a demonstration unit, it can be transferred and diffused to other organizational units. The second approach, called a breadth adoption strategy, assumes that a more effective way to change an organization is to introduce and implement an innovation across the board, often through successive hierarchical levels across all organizational units.
A Place for What If: Politics and Persuasion at the Smokehouse Inn
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

Speaking of his failure to comprehend the cultural meaning of Ilongot head- hunting rituals, anthropologist Renato Rosaldo concludes that what makes the meaning of such rituals so difficult for him to apprehend is the possibility that for the Ilongot, “the problem of meaning resides in practice, not theory” (1989:6). Meaning can be understood only in terms of its origins in everyday life for Smokehouse arguers as well as for Ilongot headhunters. Smokehouse theories of the everyday—that is, Smokehouse logos, or common logics—are tethered securely to the practice of everyday life: the socioeconomic reality for the mass of the population at the Smokehouse is such that Smokehousers’ lives tend to be divided into episodes of work and leisure. The apparent inclination to value the practical over the theoretical—to say, with Walter, “Bullshit on ‘what if ‘ “—is, in no small part, linked to Smokehousers’ profound orientation to practice in everyday life. The quotidian reality of working life sketches the shape of knowledge at the level of cultural practice and translates into thematic divisions between work and leisure.
The Duchy of Nassau and the Eberbach Asylum
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

Eberbach’s founding in 1815 coincided with the lunacy reform movement that swept Europe and North America in the first half of the century. That move ment in Germany took peculiar shape in the central role played from the start by the state. Unlike England and France, the primary initiative for the lunacy reforms in Germany came from above, by enlightened state bureaucrats under the tutelage of the German neoabsolutist states.1 If the (apocryphal) founding image of French psychiatry is the alienist Phillip Pine! famously striking the chains off the inmates of the Bicetre during the French Revolution, its (real) German counterpart is that of the Prussian Minister Karl August von Hardenburg charging J. G. Langermann (medical officer, later privy councillor and head of Prussian medical affairs) in 1803 with the responsibility of turning the Bayreuth madhouse into Germany’s first mental hospitaJ.2 Other states and areas of Germany followed suit in the decades after the Napoleonic wars.
Women, Sex, and Rural Life
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

The making of nymphomaniacs occurred not only within the confines of the asylum walls, but in the wider social world that produced mental patients. Before incarceration, twenty-five of the nymphomania cases were already regarded as such (as nymphomaniacs or as sexually overexcited) in the commitment reports of medical officers, whose information was heavily dependent on family and community informants; in government reports; and even in the direct statements of community members. These women had become threats to their families and/or communities, and the latter, as a result, had desired their incarceration as much as any intrusive state or medical profession. Moreover, the sexual danger that medical science perceived in nymphomaniacs was not wholly fabricated. In many of the cases, the women were behaving in sexually aberrant and out-of-control ways, and these actions were not incidental to their communities’ perceptions of insanity and danger.
A Political Tradition? American Jewish Women and the Politics of History
Authors: Diner Basia R
Published: November 2023

In 1997, the publication of Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia announced to the world of American Jewish historical scholarship that the consistent neglect of women and women’s activities in the Jewish past had come to an end. After even a cursory skim of the encyclopedia’s 1,770 pages with its 910 entries-800 biographical profiles and 110 topical entries-no one could possibly claim that Jewish women did not have a history worth telling, or that their lives had been lived out in such domestic obscurity that they could not be reconstructed. Topical entries included sports, science, law, medicine, scholarship, literature, art, dance, and academia, all of which represented zones of endeavor in which Jewish women contributed mightily. Moreover, Jewish Women in America made it abundantly clear that women helped to shape the American Jewish world. ln the realm of American Judaism as a system of ritual and belief, Jewish women played formative roles in sustaining traditional practice, fostering Jewish learning and loyalty, and creating new modes of expression and behavior.
Women’s Bodies and the Rise of the Rabbis: The Case of Sotah
Authors: Boyarin Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the very foundation legend of rabbinic Judaism, the legend of R. Yohanan benZakai,1 we are informed at one point that: When adulterers multiplied,[the rite of] the bitter water [sotah] ceased, and R. Yohanan ben-Zakai brought it to an end, for it is written, “I will not punish your daughters when they fornicate and your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery, for they[the men] go off alone with harlots and sacrifice with sacred prostitutes”[Hosea 4:14].
The Modernist Erotics of Jewish Tradition: A View from the Gallery
Authors: Seidman Naomi
Published: November 2023

“The Animal in the Synagogue,” Franz Kafka’s only story set in a recognizably Jewish world, is an unfinished parable, a parable without a moral, about a pale bluegreen marten that inhabits a small, dying synagogue and has done so for as long as anyone can remember. The animal in Kafka’s synagogue is a stubbornly opaque figure, resisting all interpretation by the congregants who mull over its origin, motives, appearance, and proclivities and by the reader, who searches in vain for what this animal, as a literary figure, might “symbolize” or mean. Yet precisely because it resists meaning, the animal is an engine that generates narratives, speculation, dogma, law, and finally ritual---tradition, in other words, in what Walter Benjamin calls its “transmissibility” rather than truth. “The Animal in the Synagogue” reflects Jewish tradition-making not only in its diachronic aspect, in the movement from one generation to another, but also in its synchronic aspect, in the socially differentiated mechanisms by which tradition is constructed at a given moment in time. The interpretations that arise around the animal, in the absence of other information, are shaped by the particularities of the architecture within which the marten moves: “The animal does not dare to go down below where the men are, it has never yet been seen on the floor.
Pyrex, the Ribbon Machine, and a Wider World, 1908-1928
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

Amory Houghton Jr. Spent the summer of 1909 in Robbinston, Maine, as he had for several years, and returned to Corning around September 1. Bedridden for a few weeks, he died at his home in early November, at the age of seventy-two, and was buried in the family plot at Hope Annex Cemetery. More than the four children and eight grandchildren he left behind, or the civic positions he held in the city and his church, or his multimillion dollar estate, Amory Houghton Jr.’s true legacy was the Corning Glass Works, the struggling company he and his brother Charles had transformed into a leading competitor in the glass industry. At his death, the works maintained exclusive contracts with the largest customers in its two main lines of business-railroad glass and electric lighting products. The company had annual sales of s1.5 million and employed several hundred workers, making it six times bigger than the average American glassmaking firm. And it turned profits every year, having paid dividends consistently since 1880.