bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurological examination of clinically healthy pigeons (Columba livia domestica), mute swans (Cygnus olor), common buzzards (Buteo buteo), common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)
Authors: Feyer Sina , Loderstedt Shenja , Halter‐Gölkel Lesley , Merle Roswitha , Zein Stephanie , Müller Kerstin
Published: January 2024

Background

A neurological examination is essential for determining the localisation of neurological lesions. However, in avian species, quantitative data regarding the practicability and feasibility of neurological tests are very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish normative data for the neurological examination of clinically healthy birds of different species.

Methods

Forty‐two domestic and feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica), 42 mute swans (Cygnus olor), 12 common buzzards (Buteo buteo), 24 common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and six northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) were examined. All birds underwent a predefined neurological examination. Interobserver variations between three examiners were investigated in 11 pigeons and 11 mute swans.

Results

All postural reaction tests, except for the drop and flap reaction in mute swans, provoked a consistent response in pigeons and mute swans, whereas postural reaction tests of the legs in raptors were often not performable. Cranial nerve tests and most of the spinal reflexes revealed variable responses in all birds. The gastrocnemius reflex was not provokable in any bird. Interobserver agreement was almost perfect (Gwet's AC1 coefficient ≥0.81) for 16 of 21 parameters in the examination in pigeons and for 14 of 21 in mute swans.

Limitations

The inclusion of free‐ranging birds, which were not used to handling and for which limited information regarding age, history of previous diseases, etc. was available, may have influenced the results.

Conclusion

The normative neurological examination data provided in this study will help improve clinicians' interpretation of neurological examination results in the respective bird species.
Effect of dietary supplementation with chitooligosaccharides on wound healing in dogs
Authors: Cheng Guoqiang , Zeng Yu , Wang Yongjin , Xia Jieying , Lei Xindong , Chen Dong , Tang Huaqiao , Zhang Li , Liu Yanglu
Published: January 2024

Background

Wound healing has long been a subject of great interest for pathologists. Previous research has established the effectiveness of topical application of chitooligosaccharides (COSs) on wound healing. However, studies on their potential usefulness as food additives to improve wound healing are lacking.

Objective

Here, we investigated whether dietary supplementation with COSs could promote wound healing using Beagle dogs as an animal model.

Methods

Nine dogs were evenly assigned randomly into control, 0.5% COSs and 1% COSs groups. Control dogs were fed with a non‐supplemented dietary formula (vehicle). Dogs in 0.5% COSs and 1% COSs groups were fed with a dietary formula supplemented with 0.5% and 1% COSs. After 8 weeks of feeding, dogs in each group underwent surgery with three matching full‐thickness 2 × 2‐cm skin defects were created with a scalpel on the left side of the dorsal midline, 2 cm apart from each other. Wounds were photographed and the healing percentage was determined on day 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18 and 21. The healing process was assessed by daily gross examination, histologic examination and Masson's trichrome staining on days 7, 14 and 21. Considering the important role of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β1) signalling pathway in wound healing, immunostaining was used to evaluate TGF‐β1 expression.

Results

The results showed that wound healing was accelerated; collagen synthesis and TGF‐β1 expression were enhanced in response to dietary supplementation with COSs.

Conclusions

This study makes an original contribution to the understanding of wound healing in dogs and other animals and supports the use of COSs as a supplement to be added to animal diets.
Alienation, Abjection and the Mobile Postcolonial City: Public Transport in Ousmane Sembène’s “Niiwam” and Yvonne Vera’s Without a Name
Authors: Toivanen Anna-Leena
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes portrayals of travel by means of public transport in two African literary texts: the short story “Niiwam” (1987), by the Senegalese author Ousmane Sembène, and the novel Without a Name (1994), by the Zimbabwean writer Yvonne Vera. Featuring protagonists carrying the corpse of their dead child on a bus, both texts invest a bus ride with alienating and abject meanings that are repeatedly contrasted with more banal and everyday experiences of travel by public transport. Through their portrayals of the alienating and abject bus journey, “Niiwam” and Without a Name also provide insights into the exclusionary aspects of the (post)colonial city and its kinetic modernity. By deploying the notion of the mobile chronotope and by paying attention to the narrative roles of the space contained within the vehicle and also the bus ride itself in the texts, this chapter explores the ways in which mobility may affect the literary form.
Limitations of entanglement entropy in detecting thermal phase transitions
Authors: Jokela Niko , Ruotsalainen Helime , Subils Javier G.
Published: January 2024

Abstract

We explore the efficacy of entanglement entropy as a tool for detecting thermal phase transitions in a family of gauge theories described holographically. The rich phase diagram of these theories encompasses first and second-order phase transitions, as well as a critical and a triple point. While entanglement measures demonstrate some success in probing transitions between plasma phases, they prove inadequate when applied to phase transitions leading to gapped phases. Nonetheless, entanglement measures excel in accurately determining the critical exponent associated with the observed phase transitions, providing valuable insight into the critical behavior of these systems.
Chiral limit of 2d QCD revisited with lightcone conformal truncation
Authors: Anand Nikhil , Fitzpatrick A. Liam , Katz Emanuel , Xin Yuan
Published: January 2024

Abstract

We study the chiral limit of 2d QCD with a single quark flavor at finite Nc using LCT. By modifying the LCT basis according to the quark mass in a manner motivated by ’t Hooft’s analysis, we are able to restore convergence for quark masses much smaller than the QCD strong coupling scale. For such small quark masses, the IR of the theory is expected to be well described by the Sine-Gordon model. We verify that LCT numerics are able to capture in detail the spectrum and correlation functions of the Sine-Gordon model. This opens up the possibility for studying deformations of various integrable CFTs using LCT by considering the chiral limit of QCD like theories.
The impact of opioid versus non-opioid analgesics on postoperative pain level, quality of life, and outcomes in ventral hernia repair
Authors: Alzatari Ramez , Huang Li-Ching , Poulose Benjamin K.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Managing postoperative pain remains a significant challenge in hernia operations. With ventral hernia repair (VHR) being one of the most commonly performed procedures, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of non-opioid analgesia to opioid-based regimens for postoperative pain management.

Methods

The Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative was queried for elective VHR patients between 2019–2022. Subjects prescribed opioid or non-opioid analgesics at discharge were matched using a propensity score. Postoperative Hernia-Related Quality of Life Survey (HerQLes) summary scores, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a questionnaire, and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

1,051 patients who underwent VHR met the study criteria. The 2:1 matched demographics were opioids (n = 188) and non-opioids (n = 94) (median age 63, 48% females, 91% white, and 6.5 cm hernia length). Long-term (1-year post-operation) patients’ pain levels were similar between opioids vs non-opioids (median (IQR): 31(31–40) vs. 31(31–40), p = 0.46), and HerQLes summary scores were similar (92(78–100) vs. 90(59–95), p = 0.052).

Clinical short-term (30-days post-operation) outcomes between opioid vs non-opioid patients had similar length-of-stay (1(0–5) vs 2(0–6), P = 0.089), readmissions (3% vs. 1%, P = 0.28), recurrences (0% vs. 0%, P = 1), reoperations (1% vs. 0%, P = 0.55), surgical site infections (3% vs. 7%, P = 0.11), surgical site occurrences (5% vs. 6%, P = 0.57), and surgical site occurrences requiring procedural intervention (3% vs. 6%, P = 0.13). Finally, long-term recurrence rates were similar (12% vs. 12%, P = 1).

Conclusion

Non-opioid postoperative regimens for analgesia are non-inferior to opioids in VHR patients with similar outcomes. Aggressive efforts should be undertaken to reduce opioid use in this population.
Stroke risk in rheumatoid arthritis patients: exploring connections and implications for patient care
Authors: Al-Ewaidat Ola A. , Naffaa Moawiah M.
Published: January 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can independently increase the risk of stroke, affecting both young and adult RA patients. Recent attention has been drawn to the association between stroke and RA, supported by mounting evidence. Given that stroke is a significant and an urgent public health concern, this review aims to highlight the relationship between stroke and RA, covering mechanisms, underlying risk factors, early detection tools, and treatment implications. By uncovering the connection that links RA to stroke, we can pave the way for targeted healthcare practices and the development of preventive strategies for individuals with RA. Therefore, further research is imperative to deepen our understanding of this association and, ideally, guide treatment decisions for individuals at risk of both RA and stroke.
Chinese dialect speech recognition: a comprehensive survey
Authors: Li Qiang , Mai Qianyu , Wang Mandou , Ma Mingjuan
Published: January 2024

As a multi-ethnic country with a large population, China is endowed with diverse dialects, which brings considerable challenges to speech recognition work. In fact, due to geographical location, population migration, and other factors, the research progress and practical application of Chinese dialect speech recognition are currently at different stages. Therefore, exploring the significant regional heterogeneities in specific recognition approaches and effects, dialect corpus, and other resources is of vital importance for Chinese speech recognition work. Based on this, we first start with the regional classification of dialects and analyze the pivotal acoustic characteristics of dialects, including specific vowels and tones patterns. Secondly, we comprehensively summarize the existing dialect phonetic corpus in China, which is of some assistance in exploring the general construction methods of dialect phonetic corpus. Moreover, we expound on the general process of dialect recognition. Several critical dialect recognition approaches are summarized and introduced in detail, especially the hybrid method of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) combined with the Hidden Markov Model(HMM), as well as the End-to-End (E2E). Thirdly, through the in-depth comparison of their principles, merits, disadvantages, and recognition performance for different dialects, the development trends and challenges in dialect recognition in the future are pointed out. Finally, some application examples of dialect speech recognition are collected and discussed.
Geometric Condition For Dependent Choice
Authors: Karagila A. , Schilhan J.
Published: January 2024

We provide a geometric condition which characterises when the
Principle of Dependent Choice holds in a Fraenkel-Mostowski-Specker permutation
model. This condition is a slight weakening of requiring the filter of groups to
be closed under countable intersections. We show that this condition holds nontrivially
in a new permutation model we call "the nowhere dense model" and we
study its extensions to uncountable cardinals as well.
A Game of Perspectives: On the Role of Imagination in Thought Experiments
Authors: Binini Irene , Huemer Wolfgang , Molinari Daniele
Published: January 2024

Thought experiments are fictional narratives that widen our cognitive horizons both in the sciences and in philosophy. In the present paper we argue that they can perform this function by bringing one’s perspective into view. Despite being traditionally conceived as devices that transmit true propositions to their readers, thought experiments are also particularly apt to express a specific theoretical perspective through the use of imagination. We suggest that this is a significant epistemic feature that is often overlooked in the debate. After presenting our analysis of thought experiments (Section 2) and of the role that imagination plays in them (Section 3), we revisit Galileo Galilei’s use of imaginary cases in light of our account (Section 4). We show that the main aims of Galileo’s thought experiments are to highlight how different perspectives endorsed by fictional characters affect imagination and to invite readers to actively engage in perspectives that are different from their own. This results in a clash of perspectives which plays a crucial epistemic role (Section 5). Readers of thought experiments do not passively absorb information, but critically assess the other’s perspective. In the final part of the paper, we individuate different ways in which readers can react to thought experiments.
Neuroprotective potential of Erigeron bonariensis ethanolic extract against ovariectomized/D-galactose-induced memory impairments in female rats in relation to its metabolite fingerprint as revealed using UPLC/MS
Authors: Ibrahim Weam W. , Sayed Rabab H. , Abdelhameed Mohamed F. , Omara Enayat A. , Nassar Mahmoud I. , Abdelkader Noha F. , Farag Mohamed A. , Elshamy Abdelsamed I. , Afifi Sherif M.
Published: January 2024

Erigeron bonariensis is widely distributed throughout the world's tropics and subtropics. In folk medicine, E. bonariensis has historically been used to treat head and brain diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most widespread form of dementia initiated via disturbances in brain function. Herein, the neuroprotective effect of the chemically characterized E. bonariensis ethanolic extract is reported for the first time in an AD animal model. Chemical profiling was conducted using UPLC–ESI-MS analysis. Female rats underwent ovariectomy (OVX) followed by 42 days of D-galactose (D-Gal) administration (150 mg/kg/day, i.p) to induce AD. The OVX/D-Gal-subjected rats received either donepezil (5 mg/kg/day) or E. bonariensis at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, given 1 h prior to D-Gal. UPLC–ESI-MS analysis identified 42 chemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, and nitrogenous constituents. Several metabolites, such as isoschaftoside, casticin, velutin, pantothenic acid, xanthurenic acid, C18-sphingosine, linoleamide, and erucamide, were reported herein for the first time in Erigeron genus. Treatment with E. bonariensis extract mitigated the cognitive decline in the Morris Water Maze test and the histopathological alterations in cortical and hippocampal tissues of OVX/D-Gal-subjected rats. Moreover, E. bonariensis extract mitigated OVX/D-Gal-induced Aβ aggregation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, AChE activity, neuroinflammation (NF-κBp65, TNF-α, IL-1β), and apoptosis (Cytc, BAX). Additionally, E. bonariensis extract ameliorated AD by increasing α7-nAChRs expression, down-regulating GSK-3β and FOXO3a expression, and modulating Jak2/STAT3/NF-ĸB p65 and PI3K/AKT signaling cascades. These findings demonstrate the neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects of E. bonariensis extract in the OVX/D-Gal rat model, highlighting its potential as a promising candidate for AD management.

Graphical Abstract
Does the Framing of Immigration Induce Welfare Chauvinism? The Effects of Negativity Bias and Motivated Reasoning
Authors: Avdagic Sabina , Savage Lee
Published: January 2024

Should immigrants have the same access to welfare as the native population? Fuelled by the populist radical right, the notion of restricting access to benefits to native citizens – welfare chauvinism – has been increasingly prominent in political debates. But can welfare chauvinistic attitudes be induced (or attenuated) by the negative (or positive) information individuals receive about immigrants? Combining insights from research on negativity bias and motivated reasoning, we argue that negative frames which emphasize fiscal costs of immigration are more consequential than positive frames that emphasize fiscal benefits, but this effect is primarily visible among those whose ideological priors are congruent with the negative information. Since more extreme attitudes are associated with increased selective judgement, those who occupy a more extreme ideological position should be particularly affected. A survey experiment in Germany supports this argument and shows that while a negative frame is stronger than a positive frame, this effect is moderated by one’s ideology and is most evident among more extreme ideologues who hold frame-congruent attitudes. We also show that ideology, rather than economic circumstances, is a more important moderator of framing effects.
Variations in Access to Social Support: the Effects of Residential Mobility and Spatial Proximity to Kin and Family
Authors: Hagge Kyra , Schacht Diana
Published: January 2024

Increasing residential mobility is said to challenge existing social support systems as mobility raises geographic distances between family members. Since family social support is essential for health and well-being, this study investigates whether residential mobility affects familial social support following changes in proximity to family and kin. By applying a stepwise linear regression on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel study, this paper is looking at variations between different residential mobility trajectories regarding social support provision and spatial proximity to family members in Germany over a 10-year period. Our findings show that people who are moving within Germany are receiving significantly more social support from their family and kin, while internationally mobile respondents receive less compared to non-mobile people. Mediation analyses show that proximity to family and kin are accounting for the negative effect of international mobility on social support but cannot explain the positive effect of internal migration.
New grasslands promote pollination but not biological pest control in nearby arable fields in the short term
Authors: Bürgler Manuela , Hussain Raja Imran , Maas Bea , Walcher Ronnie , Rabl Dominik , Krautzer Bernhard , Moser Dietmar , Frank Thomas
Published: January 2024

Agricultural intensification is a major threat to farmland biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Semi-natural habitats are integral to the preservation of farmland biodiversity and ecosystem services, however, the extent in which they contribute to specific services is largely unclear. We studied predation rates of ground-dwelling predatory arthropods, and pollination success within old permanent grasslands, newly established grasslands and arable fields near and far from new grasslands. We evaluated whether grassland restoration can enhance pollination and biological control in crop fields. For this purpose, we established new grassland strips within cereal fields, which directly bordered existing permanent grasslands. We evaluated if the distance to these old and new grasslands affects the delivery of the two ecosystem services within crop fields. We found significantly higher seed numbers and seed weight in sentinel plants placed in old grasslands, new grasslands and nearby arable fields compared to distant arable fields. We also found significantly decreasing seed numbers and seed weight in sentinel plants placed in distant arable fields with increasing distance from old grasslands, while pollination success was not affected by distance in nearby arable fields. Contrary, we did not find any significant effects of new grasslands on biological control. Our study showed that 3 years after establishing grasslands arable fields benefited from the proximity of flower-rich new grasslands through increased pollination success though not regarding biological control. This indicates that, on a short term, establishing new grasslands can support beneficial arthropods in providing ecosystem services such as pollination. Predators, in contrast, might take longer to establish effective populations that denote higher predation rates. Our study provides a baseline for future long-term studies to better evaluate pollination and pest control patterns within arable fields.
Lessons and Applications of Omics Research in Diabetes Epidemiology
Authors: Yu Gechang , Tam Henry C. H. , Huang Chuiguo , Shi Mai , Lim Cadmon K. P. , Chan Juliana C. N. , Ma Ronald C. W.
Published: January 2024

Purpose of Review

Recent advances in genomic technology and molecular techniques have greatly facilitated the identification of disease biomarkers, advanced understanding of pathogenesis of different common diseases, and heralded the dawn of precision medicine. Much of these advances in the area of diabetes have been made possible through deep phenotyping of epidemiological cohorts, and analysis of the different omics data in relation to detailed clinical information. In this review, we aim to provide an overview on how omics research could be incorporated into the design of current and future epidemiological studies.

Recent Findings

We provide an up-to-date review of the current understanding in the area of genetic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolomic markers for diabetes and related outcomes, including polygenic risk scores. We have drawn on key examples from the literature, as well as our own experience of conducting omics research using the Hong Kong Diabetes Register and Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank, as well as other cohorts, to illustrate the potential of omics research in diabetes. Recent studies highlight the opportunity, as well as potential benefit, to incorporate molecular profiling in the design and set-up of diabetes epidemiology studies, which can also advance understanding on the heterogeneity of diabetes.

Learnings from these examples should facilitate other researchers to consider incorporating research on omics technologies into their work to advance the field and our understanding of diabetes and its related co-morbidities. Insights from these studies would be important for future development of precision medicine in diabetes.
Unlocking local value-added opportunities in the energy transition in former coal regions—the case of Lusatia (Lausitz)
Authors: Bode Annika , Salecki Steven , Hirschl Bernd
Published: January 2024

The main result of this study is that Lusatia, as an energy transition and structural change region, still has high expansion potential for photovoltaic and wind energy systems. In 2040, electricity production from wind turbines could reach four times the current level. In the case of photovoltaic systems, around seven to eight times the current level is possible. Only in the area of biomass has the expansion potential already been largely exhausted. The building sector can also contribute to achieving climate neutrality. If the renovation rate is significantly increased to 3.3% per year by 2040, the required heating energy can be reduced by around 60%.

At the same time, these energy transition scenarios are evaluated with regard to their regional economic opportunities for Lusatia. In an ambitious climate neutrality scenario, around 450 million euros in regional added value can be generated in 2040 and around 3560 full-time jobs can be filled. In order for this to succeed, however, the citizens and municipalities must first be given more opportunities for financial participation through appropriate framework conditions at federal and state level. We see financial benefits for the population and the municipalities as a critical success factor in order to be able to provide the necessary space, initiate investments and ultimately contribute to local acceptance.
A Comparative Analysis of Deep-Level Mine Water Wastage Identification Techniques
Authors: le Roux M. , van Laar J. H. , Schutte C. S. L.
Published: January 2024

Highly energy-intensive systems prone to wastage are significant causes of unnecessary energy losses in industry. Deep-level mine chilled water reticulation systems fall within this category of inefficient energy-intensive systems. Some techniques (measured baselining, zero-waste baselining, leak detection, and control valves) exist to identify and reduce wastage in mine water reticulation systems. However, these techniques have not been compared, which begs the question of which is more accurate. A need, therefore, exists to compare these methods to determine the effectiveness of each. This study investigates each method and applies them to a case study mine, providing a platform for comparison. These methods identified wastage ranging between 2 and 20 l/s (3–30% of water consumption). The comparative effectiveness of the methods from best to worst was found to be zero-waste baselining, leak detection, control valves, then measure baselining. This study proposes an application procedure combining the considered methods to identify and eliminate wastage on deep-level mine systems more efficiently.
AI Guidelines and Ethical Readiness Inside SMEs: A Review and Recommendations
Authors: Soudi Marwa Samih , Bauters Merja
Published: January 2024

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) represent a large segment of the global economy. As such, SMEs face many of the same ethical and regulatory considerations around Artificial Intelligence (AI) as other businesses. However, due to their limited resources and personnel, SMEs are often at a disadvantage when it comes to understanding and addressing these issues. This literature review discusses the status of ethical AI guidelines released by different organisations. We analyse the academic papers that address the private sector in addition to the guidelines released directly by the private sector to help us better understand the responsible AI guidelines within the private sector. We aim by this review to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of ethical AI guidelines development and adoption, as well as identify gaps in knowledge and best attempts. By synthesizing existing research and insights, such a review could provide a road map for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to adopt ethical AI guidelines and develop the necessary readiness for responsible AI implementation. Additionally, a review could inform policy and regulatory frameworks that promote ethical AI development and adoption, thereby creating a supportive ecosystem for SMEs to thrive in the AI landscape. Our findings reveal a need for supporting SMEs to embrace responsible and ethical AI adoption by (1) Building more tailored guidelines that suit different sectors instead of fit to all guidelines. (2) Building a trusted accreditation system for organisations. (4) Giving up-to-date training to employees and managers about AI ethics. (5) Increasing the awareness about explainable AI systems, and (6) Promoting risk-based assessments rather than principle-based assessments.
Challenges and possible conservation implications of recolonizing dholes Cuon alpinus in Nepal
Authors: Ghimirey Yadav , Acharya Raju , Yadav Kaushal , Rai Jeevan , Baral Rishi , Neupane Utsav , Basnet Binod , Gilbert Martin , Poudel Shashank , van Rensburg Berndt J.
Published: January 2024

The Endangered dhole Cuon alpinus is a medium-sized canid that was historically distributed widely across East, Central, South and Southeast Asia. In Nepal, following heavy persecution during the 1970s and 1980s, the species was locally extirpated across large parts of the country. After decades of near absence, the dhole is reportedly showing signs of recovery in various areas of Nepal. We carried out three surveys using camera traps (resulting in a total of 6,550 camera-trap days), reviewed literature and interviewed herders and conservation practitioners (40 interviews) to determine the historical and current distribution of dholes in the country, and the species’ current status. Our camera traps recorded five images of dholes, and the literature review and interview survey provided further insights into the historical and current presence of dholes in Nepal. The combined findings suggest dholes have recolonized many areas where they had been locally extirpated, such as the Annapurna Conservation Area in central Nepal and the Tinjure–Milke–Jaljale forests in the eastern part of the country. Although these returns are encouraging, challenges remain for dhole recolonization, including conflict with livestock herders, human hunting of wild ungulates affecting the species’ prey base, increasing infrastructure development in forested areas, and diseases.
Dislodging the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism: Analysis of Article 281 of UNCLOS
Authors: Kunoy Bjørn
Published: January 2024

Article 281 of UNCLOS allows states parties to a dispute to set aside the compulsory dispute resolution procedures under Section 2 of Part XV. This article discusses the recent jurisprudence that appears in the interpretations of Article 281. It discusses in turn whether, first, Article 281 provides requirements for agreements under Article 281(1) to activate the opt-out procedure from the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism; second, whether such agreements under Article 281(1) must include an explicit exclusion from the procedures under Section 2 of Part XV of UNCLOS; and, finally, whether agreements under Article 281(1) must include a compulsory dispute settlement procedure allowing binding decisions. It is concluded that Article 281 is not designed for compulsory dispute settlement procedures, which is the object and purpose of Article 282. Instead, Article 281 opts for consensual dispute settlement mechanisms which, under certain circumstances, may set aside the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism in Section 2 of Part XV.
Scientists Model What’s Moving Beneath Earth’s Surface
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: January 2024

A 3D printed model of a fault served as the setting for a hydrofracturing experiment exploring the mechanisms behind slow earthquakes.
Long noncoding RNA DLEU2 and ROR1 pathway induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells in breast cancer
Authors: Islam Syed S. , Al-Tweigeri Taher , Al-Harbi Layla , Ujjahan Shafat , Al-Mozaini Maha , Tulbah Asma , Aboussekhra Abdelilah
Published: January 2024

Breast cancer (BC) patient who receives chemotherapy for an extended length of time may experience profound repercussions in terms of metastases and clinical outcomes due to the involvement of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism and enriched cancer stem cells (CSCs). BC cells that express high levels of lncRNA deleted in lymphocytic leukemia-2 (lncRNA DLEU2) and type I tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor ROR1 (ROR1) may play roles in the enhanced ability of the activation EMT and CSC induction. Here we find that lncRNA DLEU2 and ROR1 are specifically upregulated in tumor tissues compared to their normal counterparts in TCGA, PubMed GEO datasets, and samples from archived breast cancer tumor tissues. Following chemotherapy, lncRNA DLEU2 and ROR1 were enhanced in BC tumor cells, coupled with the expression of CSCs, EMT-related genes, and BMI1. Mechanistically, ROR1 and lncRNA DLEU2 overexpression led to enhanced tumor cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, cell-cycle dysregulation, chemoresistance, as well as BC cell’s abilities to invade, migrate, develop spheroids. These findings imply that the role of lncRNA DLEU2 and ROR1 in BC therapeutic failure is largely attributed to EMT, which is intricately linked to enriched CSCs. In conclusion, our findings indicate that a lncRNA DLEU2 and ROR1-based regulatory loop governs EMT and CSC self-renewal, implying that targeting this regulatory pathway may improve patients’ responses to chemotherapy and survival.
Light-responsive MXenegel via interfacial host-guest supramolecular bridging
Authors: Lin Yu-Liang , Zheng Sheng , Chang Chun-Chi , Lee Lin-Ruei , Chen Jiun-Tai
Published: January 2024

Living in the global-changing era, intelligent and eco-friendly electronic components that can sense the environment and recycle or reprogram when needed are essential for sustainable development. Compared with solid-state electronics, composite hydrogels with multi-functionalities are promising candidates. By bridging the self-assembly of azobenzene-containing supramolecular complexes and MXene nanosheets, we fabricate a MXene-based composite gel, namely MXenegel, with reversible photo-modulated phase behavior. The MXenegel can undergo reversible liquefication and solidification under UV and visible light irradiations, respectively, while maintaining its conductive nature unchanged, which can be integrated into traditional solid-state circuits. The strategy presented in this work provides an example of light-responsive conducting material via supramolecular bridging and demonstrates an exciting platform for functional soft electronics.
Phase transition and electrical conversion properties of Ge/Sb nano-multilayer films on flexible substrates
Authors: Wang Cheng , Hu Yifeng , Li Li
Published: January 2024

Flexible information memory is the key component of flexible electronic devices and the core of intelligent wearable devices. In this paper, Ge/Sb multilayer phase change films of various thickness ratios were prepared using polyether ether ketone as substrate, and their flexible phase change properties and device conversion characteristics were studied. After bending for 100000 times and bending experiments with different bending radius, the film can still realize the transition from amorphous to crystalline states, and the resistance fluctuation was small. Bending, stretching and pressing of the film resulted in grain refinement and increasing of crystalline resistance. The flexible electronic devices using Ge/Sb multilayer films were prepared. The phase change memory device can realize reversible conversion between SET and RESET states with different pulse widths in flat, bent states and after bending many times. All findings show that Ge/Sb multilayer films on PEEK substrate have broad application prospects in high-performance flexible memory in the future.
The ecology, subsistence and diet of ~45,000-year-old Homo sapiens at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany
Authors: Smith Geoff M. , Ruebens Karen , Zavala Elena Irene , Sinet-Mathiot Virginie , Fewlass Helen , Pederzani Sarah , Jaouen Klervia , Mylopotamitaki Dorothea , Britton Kate , Rougier Hélène , Stahlschmidt Mareike , Meyer Matthias , Meller Harald , Dietl Holger , Orschiedt Jörg , Krause Johannes , Schüler Tim , McPherron Shannon P. , Weiss Marcel , Hublin Jean-Jacques , Welker Frido
Published: January 2024

Recent excavations at Ranis (Germany) identified an early dispersal of Homo sapiens into the higher latitudes of Europe by 45,000 years ago. Here we integrate results from zooarchaeology, palaeoproteomics, sediment DNA and stable isotopes to characterize the ecology, subsistence and diet of these early H. sapiens. We assessed all bone remains (n = 1,754) from the 2016–2022 excavations through morphology (n = 1,218) or palaeoproteomics (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (n = 536) and species by proteome investigation (n = 212)). Dominant taxa include reindeer, cave bear, woolly rhinoceros and horse, indicating cold climatic conditions. Numerous carnivore modifications, alongside sparse cut-marked and burnt bones, illustrate a predominant use of the site by hibernating cave bears and denning hyaenas, coupled with a fluctuating human presence. Faunal diversity and high carnivore input were further supported by ancient mammalian DNA recovered from 26 sediment samples. Bulk collagen carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data from 52 animal and 10 human remains confirm a cold steppe/tundra setting and indicate a homogenous human diet based on large terrestrial mammals. This lower-density archaeological signature matches other Lincombian–Ranisian–Jerzmanowician sites and is best explained by expedient visits of short duration by small, mobile groups of pioneer H. sapiens.
SHR and SCR coordinate root patterning and growth early in the cell cycle
Authors: Winter Cara M. , Szekely Pablo , Popov Vladimir , Belcher Heather , Carter Raina , Jones Matthew , Fraser Scott E. , Truong Thai V. , Benfey Philip N.
Published: January 2024

Precise control of cell division is essential for proper patterning and growth during the development of multicellular organisms. Coordination of formative divisions that generate new tissue patterns with proliferative divisions that promote growth is poorly understood. SHORTROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) are transcription factors that are required for formative divisions in the stem cell niche of Arabidopsis roots1,2. Here we show that levels of SHR and SCR early in the cell cycle determine the orientation of the division plane, resulting in either formative or proliferative cell division. We used 4D quantitative, long-term and frequent (every 15 min for up to 48 h) light sheet and confocal microscopy to probe the dynamics of SHR and SCR in tandem within single cells of living roots. Directly controlling their dynamics with an SHR induction system enabled us to challenge an existing bistable model3 of the SHR–SCR gene-regulatory network and to identify key features that are essential for rescue of formative divisions in shr mutants. SHR and SCR kinetics do not align with the expected behaviour of a bistable system, and only low transient levels, present early in the cell cycle, are required for formative divisions. These results reveal an uncharacterized mechanism by which developmental regulators directly coordinate patterning and growth.
An epigenetic barrier sets the timing of human neuronal maturation
Authors: Ciceri Gabriele , Baggiolini Arianna , Cho Hyein S. , Kshirsagar Meghana , Benito-Kwiecinski Silvia , Walsh Ryan M. , Aromolaran Kelly A. , Gonzalez-Hernandez Alberto J. , Munguba Hermany , Koo So Yeon , Xu Nan , Sevilla Kaylin J. , Goldstein Peter A. , Levitz Joshua , Leslie Christina S. , Koche Richard P. , Studer Lorenz
Published: January 2024

The pace of human brain development is highly protracted compared with most other species1–7. The maturation of cortical neurons is particularly slow, taking months to years to develop adult functions3–5. Remarkably, such protracted timing is retained in cortical neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) during in vitro differentiation or upon transplantation into the mouse brain4,8,9. Those findings suggest the presence of a cell-intrinsic clock setting the pace of neuronal maturation, although the molecular nature of this clock remains unknown. Here we identify an epigenetic developmental programme that sets the timing of human neuronal maturation. First, we developed a hPSC-based approach to synchronize the birth of cortical neurons in vitro which enabled us to define an atlas of morphological, functional and molecular maturation. We observed a slow unfolding of maturation programmes, limited by the retention of specific epigenetic factors. Loss of function of several of those factors in cortical neurons enables precocious maturation. Transient inhibition of EZH2, EHMT1 and EHMT2 or DOT1L, at progenitor stage primes newly born neurons to rapidly acquire mature properties upon differentiation. Thus our findings reveal that the rate at which human neurons mature is set well before neurogenesis through the establishment of an epigenetic barrier in progenitor cells. Mechanistically, this barrier holds transcriptional maturation programmes in a poised state that is gradually released to ensure the prolonged timeline of human cortical neuron maturation.
Real-world implementation of a multilevel interventions program to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV in China
Authors: Yin Xueru , Wang Wei , Chen Hui , Mao Qing , Han Guorong , Yao Lyufeng , Gao Qingwei , Gao Yunfei , Jin Jie , Sun Tong , Qi Minghua , Zhang Hua , Li Baijun , Duan Chongyang , Cui Fuqiang , Tang Weiming , Chan Polin , Liu Zhihua , Hou Jinlin ,   SHIELD Study Group
Published: January 2024

Reducing hepatitis B virus (HBV) mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a fundamental step toward the HBV elimination goal. The multicentred, multilevel SHIELD program aimed to use an intense intervention package to reduce HBV MTCT in China. This study was conducted in diverse health settings across China, encompassing 30,109 pregnant women from 178 hospitals, part of the interim analysis of stage II of the SHIELD program, and 8,642 pregnant women from 160 community-level health facilities in stage III of the SHIELD program. The study found that the overall MTCT rate was 0.23% (39 of 16,908; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16–0.32%) in stage II and 0.23% (12 of 5,290; 95% CI: 0.12–0.40%) in stage III. The MTCT rate was lower among participants who were compliant with the interventions (stage II: 0.16% (95% CI: 0.10–0.26%); stage III: 0.03% (95% CI: 0.00–0.19%)) than among those who were noncompliant (3.16% (95% CI: 1.94–4.85%); 1.91% (95% CI: 0.83–3.73%); P < 0.001). Our findings demonstrate that the comprehensive interventions among HBV-infected pregnant women were feasible and effective in dramatically reducing MTCT.
Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of the yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Yang Yang , Hua Sijie , Ruan Qingxin , Li Duo , Wang Le , Wang Xi , Wen Xin , Liu Xiaochun , Meng Zining
Published: January 2024

Epinephelus awoara, as known as yellow grouper, is a significant economic marine fish that has been bred artificially in China. However, the genetic structure and evolutionary history of yellow grouper remains largely unknown. Here, this work presents the high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of yellow grouper using PacBio single molecule sequencing technique (SMRT) and High-through chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies. The 984.48 Mb chromosome-level genome of yellow grouper was assembled, with a contig N50 length of 39.77 Mb and scaffold N50 length of 41.39 Mb. Approximately 99.76% of assembled sequences were anchored into 24 pseudo-chromosomes with the assistance of Hi-C reads. Furthermore, approximately 41.17% of the genome was composed of repetitive elements. In total, 24,541 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 22,509 (91.72%) genes were functionally annotated. The highly accurate, chromosome-level reference genome assembly and annotation are crucial to the understanding of population genetic structure, adaptive evolution and speciation of the yellow grouper.
Enhancing apoptosis-mediated anticancer activity of evodiamine through protein-based nanoparticles in breast cancer cells
Authors: Solanki Raghu , Rajput Pradeep Kumar , Jodha Bhavana , Yadav Umesh C. S. , Patel Sunita
Published: January 2024

In the cutting-edge era of developing precision therapeutics, nanoparticles have emerged as a potent drug delivery system. Altering the size of poorly water-soluble drugs to nanoscale could confer change in their physical properties, including enhanced water solubility and bioavailability. Evodiamine (EVO), a natural indolequinone alkaloid extract from Evodia rutaecarpa, has shown several important pharmacological applications, anti-cancer being one of them. Protein-based nano-drug delivery systems have gained the interest of researchers due to their better biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity and non-toxicity. In the present study, EVO encapsulated BSA nanoparticles (ENPs) were synthesized and characterized, which were nanoscale-sized (~ 150 nm), monodispersed, spherical shaped, and showed high entrapment efficiency (~ 86%) and controlled drug release. The in-vitro anti-cancer activity of ENPs on human breast cancer cells was dose- and time-dependent. The apoptotic molecular mechanism investigated using FACS, qRT-PCR, and western blotting analysis, revealed increased expression of p53 and Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2. Biological studies demonstrated comparatively more efficient and targeted delivery of ENPs than pure EVO. The comprehensive physiochemical characterization and in-vitro validation collectively pinpoint ENPs as a promising avenue for harnessing the therapeutic potential of the natural anti-cancer compound EVO. The findings indicate improved cytotoxicity, positioning ENPs as a propitious strategy for advancing breast cancer treatment.
Discovery of ex situ individuals of Andrias sligoi, an extremely endangered species and one of the largest amphibians worldwide
Authors: Nishikawa Kanto , Matsui Masafumi , Yoshikawa Natsuhiko , Tominaga Atsushi , Eto Koshiro , Fukuyama Ibuki , Fukutani Kazumi , Matsubara Kohei , Hattori Yasunari , Iwato Shohei , Sato Tsukasa , Shimizu Zenkichi , Onuma Hirokazu , Hara Sotaro
Published: January 2024

The South China giant salamander, Andrias sligoi, is one of the largest extant amphibian species worldwide. It was recently distinguished from another Chinese species, the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, which is considered Critically Endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. It appears too late to save this extremely rare and large amphibian in situ. Another extant species of the same genus, Andrias japonicus, inhabits Japan. However, the introduction of Chinese giant salamanders into some areas of Japan has resulted in hybridization between the Japanese and Chinese species. During our genetic screening of giant salamanders in Japan, we unexpectedly discovered four individuals of the South China giant salamander: two were adult males in captivity, and one had recently died. The last individual was a preserved specimen. In this study, we report these extremely rare individuals of A. sligoi in Japan and discuss the taxonomic and conservational implications of these introduced individuals.
Tuning enhanced dielectric properties of (Sc3+–Ta5+) substituted TiO2 via insulating surface layers
Authors: Tuichai Wattana , Srepusharawoot Pornjuk , Danwittayakul Supamas , Thongbai Prasit
Published: January 2024

In this study, we achieved significantly enhanced giant dielectric properties (EG-DPs) in Sc3+–Ta5+ co-doped rutile-TiO2 (STTO) ceramics with a low loss tangent (tanδ ≈ 0.05) and high dielectric permittivity (ε′ ≈ 2.4 × 104 at 1 kHz). We focused on investigating the influence of insulating surface layers on the nonlinear electrical properties and the giant dielectric response. Our experimental observations revealed that these properties are not directly correlated with the grain size of the ceramics. Furthermore, first-principles calculations indicated the preferred formation of complex defects, specifically 2Ta diamond and 2ScVo triangular-shaped complexes, within the rutile structure of STTO; however, these too showed no correlation. Consequently, the non-Ohmic properties and EG-DPs of STTO ceramics cannot be predominantly attributed to the grain boundary barrier layer capacitor model or to electron-pinned defect-dipole effects. We also found that the semiconducting grains in STTO ceramics primarily arise from Ta5+, while Sc3+ plays a crucial role in forming a highly resistive outer surface layer. Notably, a significant impact of grain boundary resistance on the nonlinear electrical properties was observed only at lower co-dopant concentrations in STTO ceramics (1 at%). The combination of low tanδ values and high ε′ in these ceramics is primarily associated with a highly resistive, thin outer-surface layer, which substantially influences their non-Ohmic characteristics.