bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplemental Notes on the Structure and Affinities of Eozoon Canadense
Authors: Carpenter William B.
Published: October 2009

Since the date of my communication to the Geological Society made through Sir William Logan, upon the remarkable fossil discovered by him in the Laurentian rocks of Canada, I have given a considerable amount of time and attention to the further investigation of its characters; and I am desirous of recording certain additional features in its structure, which seem to me to strengthen the view originally put forward by Dr. Dawson, and confirmed by my own inquiries, of its Foraminiferal affinities.

It will be remembered that this view was originally propounded by Dr. Dawson as the result of his investigations (1) into the relations of the calcareous and siliceous layers, which appeared to him to indicate that a chambered calcareous skeleton had been infiltrated by silicates in solution, so as to leave a siliceous deposit in the spaces previously occupied by the animal body; and (2) into the distribution of an arborescent “canal-system” which he detected in the calcareous skeleton, bearing a most remarkable resemblance to the canal-system described by myself in
Calcarina
.

My own observations upon the specimens placed in my hands by Sir W. Logan supplied an important confirmation to this view, for these disclosed the fact that the
proper
wall of the
chambers
, when well preserved, exhibits the finely tubular structure of the Nummuline Foraminifera; which is demonstrable as well in thin transparent sections, as in decalcified specimens, which show the siliceous casts of the interior of the chambers to be covered with a thin “asbestiform layer”
On the Formation of Lake-basins in New Zealand
Authors: Locke-Travers W. T.
Published: October 2009

In consequence of reading a notice in the 6th volume of the ‘Intellectual Observer,’ p. 461, of what I presume to have been a communication from Dr. Haast to the Geological Society, in reference to the formation of lake-basins in this country, and of my inability to subscribe to the views of Dr. Haast, I venture to submit my reasons for dissenting from them.

My observations have been chiefly directed to the great mountain-system named by me the “Spencer Mountains,” which occupies the centre of the block of country constituting the Provinces of Nelson and Marlborough, in the Middle Island. The highest point of the range is Mount Franklin, estimated at 10,000 feet, whilst around it are several lower peaks, averaging from 7000 to 8000 feet.

A number of the largest rivers in the northern part of the islandhave their sources in these mountains, flowing from them to the north, south, east, and west. Amongst the rivers on the northern side of the range is the Bullet or Rotoiti flowing out of Lake Arthur, and the Roturoa flowing out of Lake Howiek. On the south side of Mount Franklin is the River Waiau or Dillon, and the Clarence, which flows out of Lake Tennyson. It is chiefly to the above-named lakes and the valleys of the rivers that I shall refer.

A line of road leads from the town of Nelson, in Blind Bay, to a place called the "Old Pass," nearly due south of Ben Nevis, and continues
On the Tertiary Mollusca of Jamaica
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: October 2009

In 1862 Mr. Lucas Barrett, Director of the Geological Survey of the West Indies, brought over from Jamaica and deposited in the British Museum a collection of Miocene fossils. In 1863 Mr. Carrick Moore communicated to the Geological Society the results of his examination of the shells, Dr. Duncan described the corals, and Prof. Rupert Jones gave an account of the Foraminifera. In 1864 Dr. Duncan and Mr. Wall gave a sketch of the geology of a part of Jamaica, showing the relations of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations exposed in that island. In the same communication Dr. Duncan described several new and interesting corals from the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene strata; but beyond the general results given in Mr. Carrick Moore's paper above referred to, the shells have remained untouched. It was, I believe, the intention of Mr. Barrett to have worked out this portion of the subject, and, indeed, he had already had one plate engraved, which has since been destroyed for want of instructions; but as his untimely and lamented death has intervened to prevent our receiving the benefit of his illustration of the fossils alluded to, I have undertaken to furnish an account of these remains.

In the paper by Dr. Duncan and Mr. Wall, before cited, the relations of the various strata are so well and succinctly described, that it is unnecessary for me to do more in this place than to allude to the fact that the formation whence the mollasca to be described
On Tertiary Brachiopoda from Trinidad
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: October 2009

The three species of Brachiopoda which form the subject of the present communication, were obtained from the gypseous marls containing
Orbitoides Mantelli
and
Nummulina
, exposed near the town of San Fernando in Trinidad. I have alluded to these beds in my papers on the Mollusca of Jamaica and on the Echinodermata of the West Indies. The Gasteropoda and Conchifera contained in these deposits, are for the most part in bad condition, and generally specifically indeterminable; but in the papers alluded to I have given the names of such species as I have been able to determine. I have not found any form which could be referred with any degree of probability to recent species; and this circumstance combined with the stratigraphical position of the beds, the occurrence of
Echinolampas ovum-serpentis
, the great development of
Orbitoides Mantelli
, &c. have led me to believe that these strata belong to a lower horizon in the Miocene series than the deposits in Jamaica, Cumana, and Cuba. The evidence furnished by the Brachiopoda now described, can hardly be considered to throw much new light upon the question. They seem, indeed, to be suggestive of Cretaceous affinities; their resemblances to known Tertiary and recent forms not being very pronounced.

It has been suggested to me that, considering the apparent Mesozoic type of these Brachiopoda, they may be derivative fossils, but I see no ground for this supposition. The specimens are not in condition to warrant such a presumption; they do not occur near the base of
On Tertiary Echinoderms from the West Indies
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: October 2009

The Corals of the Miocene formations of the West Indies having been made known by, the researches of Mr. Lonsdale and Dr. Duncan, the Shells having been in part described by Messrs. Carrick, Moore, and Sowerby, and a notice of the Foraminifera having been given by Professor Rupert Jones, I propose to bring under the notice of the Geological Society the Echinoderms belonging to the same fauna.

The Echinoderms about to be noticed are found in the island of Anguilla, and in Trinidad, associated with remains which leave little doubt of their Miocene age. Two of them are identical with Maltese species, and three more are found living in the West Indian seas, Three others seem to be new, and I have therefore appended descriptions of them.

In Anguilla the fossil Echinoderms occur in a white marly limestone, in which are found numerous remains of mollusca, chiefly as casts. Several of the mollusca are identical with species found in San Domingo, Jamaica, and other West Indian Miocene localities. The most noteworthy are
Natica phasianelloides
, d'Orb.,
Solarium quadriseriatum
, Sow., and species of
Turritella
and
Pecten
. Teeth of Pycnodont fishes also occur in the beds, as in Malta, and among them is one apparently very closely allied to
Sphœrodus gigas
. Several of the other mollusca are probably identical with those of the West Indian localities mentioned; but it would be hazardous to speak precisely, where the only materials are imperfect casts.

In Trinidad the fossil Echinoderms are found in highly inclined gypseous
Documents relating to the Recent Volcanic Disturbances in the Neighbourhood of Santorino
Authors: Brine L.
Published: October 2009

The document first received is a letter from Consul St. Vincent Lloyd to the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Clarendon, dated Syra, February 8, 1866, in which he states that on or about the 1st of that month, the sea in the neighbourhood of the Kaimeni islands, in the centre of the great ancient crater forming the harbour of Santorino, began to show signs of volcanic action; the result was the formation of a new island, which at the date of his report had become nearly joined to the southern extremity of the island Nea Kaimeni. Consul Lloyd also gave an account of the eruption, mentioning that it was accompanied by loud subterranean noises, flames of fire, and ebullition of the sea. Slight shocks of earthquakes had been felt at Santorino, where the inhabitants were much alarmed.

In a second letter to the Earl of Clarendon Mr. Lloyd encloses a letter which he had received from Mr. A. Delenda, H.M. Consular agent at Santorino, in which was given an account of the phenomena attending the eruption as they were observed day by day at Nea Kaimeni, from February 1st to February 7th inclusive. Mr. Delenda particularly describes the boiling of the sea and the scattering through it of coloured matter, as well as the appearance of flames, the formation of pools of fresh water on Nea Kaimeni, the upheaval of a new island, and the subsidence of some of the houses.
On the Carboniferous Slate (or Devonian Rocks) and the Old Red Sandstone of South Ireland and North Devon
Authors: Jukes J. Beete
Published: October 2009

Having been able during the last summer to extend a little my knowledge of North Devon, especially in the neighbourhood of Lynton, and having, as the result of my observations, become quite convinced that the rocks of North Devon belong partly to the group called
Carboniferous Slate
in Ireland, and partly to the Old Red Sandstone, I propose to lay before the Society the grounds of that conviction.

As I shall have to maintain that all the first geologists of the day, including Professor Sedgwick, Sir R. I. Murchison, Mr. Weaver, Sir H. De la Beche and Professor Phillips have misunderstood the structure of the country, let me hasten to avow my belief that nobody whose observations were confined to Devon and Somerset, could have arrived at any other than their conclusions. I fully admit that the rocks near Lynton appear to be the lowest, and that there appears to be a regular ascending succession of rock-groups from Lynton to the latitude of Barnstaple. I am, however, compelled to dispute the reality of this apparent order of succession, and to suppose that there is, either a concealed anticlinal with an inversion to the north, or, what I believe to be much more probable, a concealed fault running nearly east and west through the centre of North Devon with a large downthrow to the north, and that the Lynton beds are on the same general horizon as those of Baggy Point and Marwood. As my reasons for this supposition are derived
On the Fossil British Oxen. Part I. Bos Urus, Cæsar
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

1. Introduction.

Since the publication of Professor Owen's great work on the British Fossil Mammalia in the year 1846, no addition has been made to our knowledge of the British Fossil Oxen, while on the continent Professor Nilsson, of Lund, has described with a master's hand those of Scandinavia, and Dr. Rütimeyer, of Basle, those found in the Pile-works of Switzerland. In the meanwhile a large amount of information with reference to them has been obtained from the bone-caves and river-deposits of Britain, and from the peat-bogs and marls below of Britain and Ireland, for the most part unpublished or scattered about in disjointed fragments through the numerous scientific and archæological journals of the day.

The relics of the food of the Roman legions stationed in Britain, and of the Romano-British, and the contents of their tombs, and especially many incidental notices of wild oxen in the historians from the time of Charlemagne down to the end of the 12th century, afford remarkable evidence as to the date down to which the wild oxen lived in continental Europe and in Britain. To collect all these isolated facts together, and to give an outline of the characters of each species or variety, and to define their range, so far as may be, in time, is the object of this essay. The three species which come under our notice are—1. The Great Urus,
Bos urus
of Julius Cæsar; 2. The Small Short-horn,
Bos longifrons
of Professor Owen; 3. The Bison,
Bos bison
Note on the Junction of the Thanet Sand and the Chalk, and of the Sandgate Beds and Kentish Rag
Authors: Hughes Thomas McKenny
Published: October 2009

At
the bottom of the Thanet Sand there is always a bed of greencoated flints in a green and rust-brown clayey sand. The following observations have led me to infer that this bed is due to the decomposition of the top of the Chalk after the deposition of the Thanet Sand:—

1. The flints never show any traces of having been rolled or worn by the action of water, or broken up and weathered by any subaërial agency, but are, except in colour, exactly similar to those in place in the Chalk.

2. No fossils, except chalk fossils preserved in flint, have been found in it.

3. Where a nearly continuous bed of flints, or a large tabular mass of flint occurs, the base-bed of the Thanet Sand seems to be arrested by it in a manner that would suggest rather the chemical decomposition than the mechanical erosion of the surrounding chalk.

Again, to look at the question from another point of view, it is highly improbable that it could be otherwise. As water charged with carbonic acid, soaking through the Thanet Sand, reaches the chalk below, it must decompose the surface to a certain extent; and if the water can pass freely away so that new supplies, not saturated with carbonate of lime, are brought to act upon it, that decomposition must go on
ad infinitum

The only difference, therefore, between this action extending over the whole surface of the chalk where covered by Tertiary or later deposits and
On the “Lower London Tertiaries” of Kent
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: October 2009

From what has been said above, and from a study of the sections in Plate XXII., we may gather the following facts amongst others:—

1.

That the base-bed (
a
) is the only constant part of the Thanet Beds.

2.

That the higher and fossil-bearing parts of that series (
d, e
) occur only in the east, which partly explains why it is often very hard to separate the Thanet Beds from the overlying series in the eastern part of Kent, whilst the division is well-marked westward; and that the unfossiliferous sand (
c
) thins out on the east, so that the Thanet Beds near Canterbury may be a different thing from the Thanet Beds between London and Rochester.

3.

That the bottom-bed (1) is also constant, except in the far east.

4.

That above this last there is always a sand (2), a pebble-bed (2
a
), or a mottled clay (2
b
), which replace one another.

5.

That one very thin bed (3) in the middle of the Woolwich Series seems to occur right through Kent, at all events through the eastern division.

6.

That the higher and estuarine members (4, 5) of the same series occur only in the western and central parts of the county.

7.

That the pebbles (β) at the bottom of the Oldhaven Beds (except at Upnor, where there is a little sand (α) below) are constant, being, however, locally replaced by brown iron-ore in some places near Canterbury.

8.

That in West Kent this series lies irregular on that below, whilst in the
On the Examination of Brown Cannel, or Petroleum, Coalseams at Colley Creek, Liverpool Plains, New South Wales
Authors: Keene W.
Published: October 2009

Already acquainted with the succession of deposits visible in the various natural sections on the line and in the vicinity of the Great North Road, so far as Aberdeen, I was desirous of working out the geological position of the Brown Cannel Coal (specimens of which had been sent to me from Liverpool Plains), so that I might be able to judge of the probability of success in any search for this coal in the district of the Lower Hunter. I therefore went to Colley Creek, the station of Mr. Loder, and this gentleman at once offered to accompany me and point out the places whence he had taken specimens identical in appearance with the Brown Cannel I had seen from Hartley.

From an examination of the rocks, I was able to determine that the geological position of this Brown Cannel is below the coalseams worked in the Newcastle field—that, in fact, it forms the very base of our Coal-measures, and in such close contact with the porphyries that these latter are absolutely mixed up with the lower portion of the Cannel. I found two seams of workable thickness, tilted at a high angle, running north and south, not far from, and parallel to, each other, both of the same quality.

I was the more desirous of determining the geological position of this coal, because a large piece from a block of Brown Cannel was given to me a short time ago, which had been brought up by the buckets
On the Occurrence and Geological Position of Oil-bearing Deposits in New South Wales
Authors: Clarke W. B.
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—The author, after detailing the circumstances connected with the discovery of Cannel Coal at Reedy Creek, at the base of Mount York, and near the line of railway from Sydney to Bathurst, gives a brief summary of the various divisions of the coal-bearing beds of New South Wales; these divisions, with their estimated maximum thicknesses, are represented in the following table:—

Further investigations will probably establish the fact that marine fossils occur in all divisions of the above series; but it has been already determined by indisputable evidence that, notwithstanding the presence of
Glossopteris
,
Phyllotheca
, &c., in the Coal-measures, both upper and lower, Palaeozoic fish range up to and through the Wianamatta beds, aud are associated in great abundance with ferns (but without Glossoloteris ) at the junction with the Hawkesbury rocks, in the upper part of which the same fishes are found.

Oil-bearing products have already been found in the
third
and
fifth
divisions. Of these, Black Cannel occurs in the latter at Stony Creek, near Maitland, on the Hunter, Brown Cannel in the former at Reedy Creek, and Shaly Cannel on American Creek, in Illawara, in various creeks running into the Wollondilly and Nattai rivers, in the Grose River, in Burralow Creek, a feeder of the latter, and in the Cole River. The Colley-Creek cannel, which approximates to that of Reedy Creek, I believe will also be found to belong to the Upper Coal-measures.

2.
Stony
Creek
. The cannel coals and associated beds in this section occur
A Sketch of the Gravels and Drift of the Fenland
Authors: Seeley Harry
Published: October 2009

By the Fenland is here understood the great flat country west of the Chalk-hills of Norfolk, from Hunstanton to Cambridge, thence to Bedford, and so north to Peterborough.

Such an area offers many conditions favourable for a consideration of the subject of this paper, being bounded by Cretaceous rocks east and south, and the outcrop of the Oolites flanking the west, while the sea opens to much of the north; and the included country, being nearly flat, presents a minimum of complications.

This tract slopes gradually to the sea, which it resembles in its dreary uniformity. Every village and town, however, indicates a patch of higher land than that around it; and from Chatteris, round by Haddenham and Ely, to Littleport the level is relatively by no means low. South of this, too, by Denny Abbey, Cottenham, Rampton, Over, and St. Ives, towards Huntingdon, there is a line of higher ground. And south of this, to the east of Cambridge, are low Chalk-hills, and to the west of Cambridge an undulating country of Cretaceous outliers and hills of Boulder-clay and Oxford Clay. All the higher land north-east of Cambridge is capped with Shanklin Sand(?). And the great level itself is the Fen-clay, in which are a few isolated reefs of Coral-rag, and some stone-bands in its Oxford-Clay member, which clay covers nearly the entire area.

There are in this region three kinds of drift—namely, a Boulderclay covering the high land, a coarse gravel which caps the hills, and the fine
On a New Genus of Phyllopodous Crustacea from the Moffat Shales (Llandeilo Flags) Dumfriesshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

Having lately received from Mr. D. J. Brown, of Edinburgh, specimens of shells, attributed to
Discina
and
Modiolopsis
, from Garple Burn, near Moffat, I examined them in conjunction with my colleague, Mr. W. Carruthers, F.L.S.; and we were enabled, by the help of these specimens and of others in Mr. Carruthers's own collection, to determine them all to belong to one organism (folded in some instances, and in others spread open), and that not a mollusk, but a crustacean allied to
Apus
&c.

The fossil might readily be mistaken for the upper valve of a
Discina
, having a strong resemblance to
Discina nitida
from the Carboniferous Limestone, and to
Discina lamellosa
, recent, from Peru; but upon a more careful examination nearly every specimen is found to have in the front of the shell a wedge-shaped opening with a well-defined border, which cuts the disk nearly to its centre.

In a specimen from Mr. Carruthers's collection (Pl. XXV. fig. 7) the wedge-shaped sector which closes this opening remains
in situ
, but the suture can still be detected.

In another specimen, from Mr. Brown's collection (Pl. XXV. fig. 5), remains of the tail-segments are preserved on the same slab with the folded shell.

The carapace, for such it must be considered, is ornamented by concentric lines of growth, which curve slightly inwards upon reaching the margin of the wedge-shaped suture in front. These concentric fines are finer and closer to each other near the apex, and more stronly marked and further apart
On a Cheirotherian Footprint from the Base of the Keuper Sandstone of Daresbury, Cheshire
Authors: Williamson W. C.
Published: October 2009

The specimen in question was discovered by Mr. J. W. Kirkham, in the Lower Keuper Sandstone at Daresbury Quarry. It differs from all footprints hitherto obtained from this district, in being more quadrate, and distinctly that of a scaly animal; the separated toe is also less recurved, and approaches nearer to the other toes. The arrangement of the scales corresponds very closely with that seen in the foot of the living Alligator; many of them run across the foot in oblique lines, as is common amongst living Crocodilians, leaving no room to doubt that they represent true scales, and not irregular tubercles, such as are seen on the skin of some Batrachians. Traces of other impressions of feet occur on the slab, particularly an imperfect one with much larger and more oblong scales, especially under the heel; and this difference is so very similar to what is seen in the fore and hind feet of many Saurians, that Prof. Williamson believed that they did not belong to a Batrachian animal at all, but that they were Saurian, if not Crocodilian, in every feature.
Geological Notes of the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, and some Evidences of the Antiquity of Man in that Region
Authors: Flower J. W.
Published: October 2009

The western slope of the Cordilleras is occupied with projected volcanic matter, presenting an irregular aggregation of boulders, gravel, sand, fine earthy matter, or ashes, and pumice. The boulders are of various sizes, and consist principally of the more ancient and the hardest plutonic rocks. Small angular fragments of granite are occasionally met with many miles from where that rock is found at the surface, and where there exists no evidence of their having been transported by water.

In some of the older strata of this volcanic rock, extending along the coast and some distance inland, occur cavities, that have been once occupied by the roots of trees, in their original place alongside prostrate stems, which indicate that there were periods of repose of the volcanic agencies by which the materials constituting this rock were distributed. Traces of forest-vegetation in the volcanic material were found on the coast and in some of the older beds of that deposit, commonly below high-water mark, and also at various points up the river Esmeraldas, and at all altitudes up to the foot of Pichincha. In this latter locality, and in beds of more recent date than those which extend to the coast, roots and stems of small trees, completely carbonized, have been found, some descending to the depth of 100 feet below the surface. Whilst the trees in this latter locality, though of more recent production, are converted into perfect charcoal, those of the older volcanic deposits are not at all carbonized.
On the Relations of the Tertiary Formations of the West Indies
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: October 2009

It may be that some apology is needed for again bringing before the Geological Society the subject of West-Indian Geology. I should not, indeed, have ventured to do so, but for the circumstance that the considerations involved do not alone concern the geology of the West Indies, but have an important bearing on several questions connected with the distribution of organic beings in Europe and Asia, and on the correlation of deposits in those countries. These questions have much interest for geologists; and I believe that the facts and arguments presented in this communication are such that my labour in bringing them together will not be lost, even if the hypothetical views I have built upon them should prove to be untenable. Moreover the present communication forms a necessary sequel to those I have already had the honour of laying before the Society.

My object now is to present some general remarks on the results obtained by recent investigations into the geology and palæontology of the West-Indian islands. But before going into these, it may be as well that I should review our knowledge of the deposits, beginning with the oldest Tertiary formations.

§2.
Eocene
Formations
.

The existence of Eocene strata in Jamaica has been demonstrated by Mr. Barrett and by Dr. Duncan and Mr. Wall Determinable fossils are rare; but three species of corals have been enumerated by Dr. Duncan, none of which are new.No strata of ascertained Eocene date have been shown to exist elsewhere in the
On the Discovery of Remains of
Halitherium
in the Miocene Deposits of Malta
Authors: Adams A. Leith
Published: October 2009

Various forms of Cetacea have been met with in the four upper beds of the Miocene strata of the Maltese group. The discovery there of teeth of
Zeuglodon
by Scilla, and the abundant remains of one or more species of Dugong allied to recent forms and Balœnœ, show the prevalence of these mammals in the seas of the period. They are met with in the greatest numbers in the sand-bed and nodule-bands of the Calcareous Sandstone. In the latter situation I lately discovered a tooth which appeared to me to belong to the
Halitherium
, and in the sand-bed an ear-bone and caudal vertebræ of possibly the same genus. The tooth and ear-bone I have shown to Professor Owen, who has confirmed their identity with the above-named genus.

The molar, possibly a penultimate, has lost one of its fangs. The crown is encased in thick shining enamel, and is 9 lines in length by 8 lines in breadth; the height of the crown is 2·6 lines. The fangs are two in number; the anterior small, the posterior large and diverging. The length of the latter is 7·5 lines.

The accompanying sketch represents the crown (nat. size), which probably shows a more advanced state of wear than any figured by Cuvier.

The ear-bone is entire, and measures 1·4 inch in breadth, by 9 lines in vertical diameter.

The specimens referred to in this note are in the Musuem of the Geological Society.
Note on supposed Burrows of Worms in the Laurentian Rocks of Canada
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

Among other indications of fossils in the Laurentian rocks, mentioned in my paper on the structure of
Eozoon
, are certain perforations resembling burrows of worms, found in a calcareous quartzite or impure limestone from Madoc, in Upper Canada. They occur in specimens in the Museum of the Geological Survey, and also in specimens subsequently collected by myself at the same place.

The beds at Madoc, containing these impressions, underlie, unconformably, the Lower Silurian limestones, and are regarded by Sir W. E. Logan as belonging to a somewhat higher horizon in the Laurentian than the Eozoon Serpentines of Grenville. They are also less highly metamorphosed than the Laurentian rocks generally. They are described in Sir W. E. Logan's Report on the Geology of Canada, 1863, at p. 32.

The impressions referred to consist of perforations approaching to a cylindrical form, and filled with rounded siliceous sand, more or less stained with carbonaceous and ferruginous matter, more especially near the circumference of the cylinders. These superficial portions being harder than the containing rock, and of darker colour, and also harder than the interior of the cylinders, project as black rings from the weathered surfaces; but in their continuation into the interior of the mass, they appear only as spots or lines of a slightly darker colour, or stained with iron-rust.

When sliced transversely and examined under the microscope, they appear as round, oval, or semicirenlar holes drilled through the rock, and lined around their circumference with dense and dark-coloured siliceous matter, while
On the Graptolites of the Skiddaw Series
Authors: Nicholson Henry Alleyne
Published: October 2009

T
he
author first describes the geological relations and distribution of the Skiddaw Slates, and notices their correspondence with the Quebec Group of Canada, and then gives a description of the Graptolites found in these rocks. The genera and their distinguishing characters are the following:—

1.

Dichograpsus
, Salter (3 species): possesses a frond, repeatedly dichotomous from a basal stipe into eight, sixteen, or more branches, each with a single row of cells, the lower part of the stipe being enveloped in a corneous cup.

2.

Tetragrapsus
, Salter (3 species): possesses a frond composed of four simple stipes, arising from a non-celluliferous funicle, which bifurcates at both ends.

3.

Phyllograpsus
, Hall (2 species): differs from the last in possessing a frond composed of four simple stipes united back to back by their solid axes.

4.

Didymograpsus
, M'Coy (7 species): the frond consists of two simple stipes springing from a mucronate radicle, which may be rudimentary or apparently absent.

5.

Diplograpsus
, M'Coy (4 species): two simple stipes, united by their solid axes into a celluliferous frond furnished with a radicle at the base.

6.

Graptolites
vel
Graptolithus
, Linn. (4 species): consists of a simple stipe, with a single row of cells on one side, and a small, generally curved, radicle at the base.

7.

Pleurograpsus
, Nicholson (1 species): celluliferous branches derived from a main celluliferous rhachis.
The Alps and the Himalayas, a Geological Comparison
Authors: Medlicott Henry B.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
the summer of 1865, I obtained six months′ leave of absence from India, after eleven years of continuous residence. I was anxious to make the most of the brief opportunity to bring my thoughts into relation with those of the working geologists of Europe. My best available means of doing this was to visit some well-known ground, and to study what had been written of it. For such a purpose I was most fortunate in being able to select the Alps. No region has been more explored and written about; and, as much of my own work in India had been upon certain portions of the Himalayan range, it had long been my desire to compare my sections with analogous ones in regions geologically classical. The opportunity was so brief and without prospect of renewal, that I thought it best for my purpose to take a rapid view of a large area, rather than attempt the close examination of any one locality. Accordingly I devoted one month to the outer Alps, between the lake of Constance and Grenoble,—the Molasse and its relations to the mountain-range being the points to which my attention was specially directed. Immediately upon my arrival in India, at the beginning of the cold season, I had to start into camp. It has only been since my return to calcutta during the monsson that I have had the opportunity of looking into the literature of Alpine geology; and I now venture to offer the
On the Geological features of the Northern part of Formosa, and of the adjacent islands
Authors: Collingwood Cuthbert
Published: October 2009

T
he
west coast of Formosa is generally very flat, consisting of low alluvial plains for the most part, the monotony being broken here and there by a hill, which forms an important landmark. Such is the coral hill known as Apes′ Hill, 1110 feet, marking the entrance to the port of Takau-con, on the south-west coast; and such are the two prominent peaks of Kwang-yin and Tai-tun (1720 and 2800 feet respectively), between which is situated the harbour of Tamsuy, on the north-west coast. Both of these are treaty ports. Besides these, there is no conspicuous elevation immediately upon the west coast. This coast, in all its middle portions at least, has been placed, during the present visit, by Commander Bullock, of H.M.S. “Serpent,” 12 miles further west than appears on the most recent charts, thus very materially narrowing the passage between it and the Pescadores, known aa the Formosa Channel. The only place where the hills approach this coast is in lat. 24° 15′, where there is some tableland which is denuded into picturesque valleys at right angles to the shore. It is well known, however, that a considerable range of mountains runs nearly through the island from north to south, of which Mount Morrison is the culminating point. These mountains approach the east side of this island, and for the greater portion of it render it harbourless and inhospitable, the steep sides of the mountains running sheer down into the sea.

At Tamsuy, in the north-east of the
On the Amiens Gravel
Authors: Tylor Alfred
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
exact position, character, and equivalents of the Quaternary deposits of the valley of the Somme have been frequently discussed. On the authority of certain sections and plans of Amiens and Abbeville, the correctness of which will be examined hereafter, theoretical views concerning the relative ages of different parts of the gravel and of different parts of the valley of the Somme have been promulgated by Mr. Prestwich, and repeated by Sir C. Lyell and others.

These geologists have asserted:—

First, that there were two valley-gravels of distinct age at Amiens and Abbeville, one named by them the upper and the other the lower valley-gravel;

Secondly, that the upper gravel was the older of the two; and

Thirdly, that the valley of the Somme was excavated to a depth of 40 or 50 feet since the deposition of the upper valley-gravel, and previously to the deposition of the lower valley-gravel;

Fourthly, that both gravels were fossiliferous, and contained the remains of man, or rather human implements, and bones of extinct mammalia, the lower gravels having the greater number of species of mollusca, the higher gravels containing the greater number of flint implements;

Fifthly, that the height of 70 feet, at which fossiliferous gravels now stand above the level of the Somme, is much beyond the limit of floods, and therefore that these gravels could only have been deposited at St. Acheul before the river-channel was cut down to its present level.

The
On the Glacial and Postglacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-east Yorkshire
Authors: Wood Searles V. , Rome J. L.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
geology of the Upper Tertiaries in Lincolnshire has not, so far as we are aware, received any general notice; while in the case of Yorkshire, the accounts given belong for the most part to a date when the views of geologists on the subject were very restricted.

The work of Dr. Young and Mr. Bird upon the geology of the Yorkshire coast was published in 1822, while the more recent and better-known work, the ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’ by Prof. Phillips, has now been published thirty-eight years. Even the latter of these works long precedes the time when geologists began to recognize the importance of the Drift-series, or the former existence in these latitudes of the arctic and subarctic conditions to which they were due.

These works, and a notice by Mr. Prestwich of the occurrence of
Cyrena fluminalis
at Kelsea Hill, in the 17th vol. of the Journal of the Society, a paper by Mr. Topley “On the physical Geology of East Yorkshire,” in the 3rd volume of the ‘Geological Magazine,’ p. 435, and a notice of the submerged forest at the Hull Docks, by Mr. F. M. Foster, in the ‘British Association Report’ for 1866, constitute the only published accounts of the Tertiary geology of this region, so far as we are aware, up to the year 1866. In that year, and while our investigations were in progress, Mr. H. F. Hall, F.G.S., visited Holderness; and, the results of these investigations up to that time being
Notes on the Lower-Lias Beds of Bristol
Authors: Stoddart W. W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
occurrence of beds in the Bristol district corresponding to the Sutton beds of Glamorganshire has been thought worth noting.

In this locality the sequence of the different groups of strata is so perfect that the position of any one of them becomes almost a matter of certainty.

In many places the beds are apparently so bare of organic remains, that the collector is at once discouraged. The very horizontality of the beds themselves is frequently an obstacle, from the great distance to be walked over before a change of zone takes place.

The line of section in the following sketch (fig. 1) runs from a quarry (No. 1) north of the Orphan House on Ashley Down, across Montpelier, to Gotham Hill.

As shown in the figure, three quarries, now fortunately opened, explain the whole series of beds contained in the section.

It will be seen that the series extends from the base of the zone of
Ammonites Turneri
down to the Rhætic beds.

All of them dip 8°, to the north-east. This small angle makes the beds appear nearly horizontal, and at first sight makes their order very puzzling.

It is rather singular that the strata here should dip north-east while those on the opposite side of the Severn dip to the southeast. It shows an anticlinal to exist somewhere to the south of that river. The rising of the land must of course be very gradual, but quite sufficient to form a shallow trough from the neighbourhood of
On the Speeton Clay
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
the attempt to study the Neocomian formation as developed in this country, my attention has been directed for some years past to the series of beds in Yorkshire which since 1829 has been known as “the Speeton Clay.” I have found that, although a very great variety of opinions had been expressed concerning the age of this formation, but little had been done towards working out in detail the true succession of the beds which compose it; and, as this part of the Yorkshire coast-section is greatly complicated by faults and contortions, and much obscured by landslips and drift, I soon became convinced that it was only by such detailed and systematic examination that satisfactory conclusions were to be arrived at. The fact that the mining operations now pursued on an extensive scale at these cliffs are rendering this
unique
section every year more and more obscure acted as a further incentive; and I accordingly determined on the execution of the following tasks:—

1.

A careful survey of the Speeton Cliffs, and the construction of a map and section upon a very large scale, showing the various landslips &c., with a view to arriving at the true succession of the beds. The necessary basis for this work was opportunely furnished by the publication in 1862 of the beautiful 6-inch Ordnance Map of this part of the Yorkshire coast.

2.

The collection of the fossils and drawing up accurate lists of the contents of the several beds.
On the Physical Geography of Argyllshire in connexion with its Geological Structure
Authors: Duke
Published: October 2009

I
n
a work published in 1865 upon “The Scenery of Scotland viewed in connexion with its Physical Geology,” Mr. Geikie has set forth with much ability certain theories upon that subject which seem to be gaining ground with the younger school of geologists.

Not believing in the truth of those theories, I have selected the work referred to as the best text I could find for the purpose of bringing them under discussion. Although a popular treatise, the work of Mr. Geikie is at once elaborate and systematic. It states the questions in dispute with great distinctness. I propose therefore in this paper to deal with the theory of the “Erosionists” as I find it there defined and there defended.

According to these theories subterranean movements and commotions have had comparatively very little to do with the origin of the hills and valleys of the Highlands. Their form is mainly due to atmospheric powers of waste acting slowly and gradually through uncounted “millions of years.” The mountains have been carved out of the original thickness of the strata of which they are composed. The valleys are nothing but the hollows out of which vast masses of material have been removed; and, further, this removal has not been effected by convulsions of any kind, but merely by the streams which now occupy the bottom of the glens, and, during the Glacial period, by continuous masses of ice which passed downwards from a few central ridges to the sea. This theory is
Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy
Authors: Babbage Charles
Published: October 2009

Many years have passed since I visited the remarkable scenery of the parallel roads of Glen Roy. Several explanations of their origin have been given; and my own view of the subject was, I apprehended, in accordance with the views of geologists. The recent paper of Sir John Lubbock upon that subject shows that the causes which have hitherto been assigned for their origin have not yet received general assent. Under these circumstances, I think it desirable to record the very simple explanation of their origin which had satisfied my own mind.

In the largest of a system of valleys many hundred feet deep and whose sides are very steep, there occur three lines of terraces at different heights, each apparently preserving its horizontality over an extent of above twenty miles.

The sight of these extensive parallel lines immediately suggests the idea either,

1st, that they had arisen from the beaches of ancient lakes which had formerly filled the intervening valleys, and that the levels of those lakes had at distant intervals been reduced by the bursting of successive barriers by which their waters had been confined; or

2ndly, that they had formed the beaches of a system of fiords, or narrow inlets of the sea, which had been elevated at various times by internal heat.

The first of these suppositions is, I believe, most generally adopted; and it appears to me to be the most probable.

These parallel roads themselves slope gently inwards towards the central valley. They are
On the Mode and Extent of Encroachment of the Sea on some parts of the Shores of the Bristol Channel
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—In a paper read before this Society, Nov. 8th, 1865, Mr. Godwin-Austen
brought forward very satisfactory reasons for concluding that the area of the Bristol Channel was dry land during the
(now submarine-) forest era, and that it must afterwards have subsided to a depth of at least 120 feet, as a
submerged land-surface is now found
at that depth under the sea-level. Whatever relative changes in level the land and sea may have subsequently
undergone, it is obvious that the general tendency of the waves and “ground-seay” or “Atlantic
drift” (which is sensibly felt beyond Watchet) has been to destroy the contour of the gradually rising shores
by wearing them back into cliffs. As a consequence, the extent of the encroachment, since the forest-area went down,
may, in some localities, be approximately ascertained.

2.
Form of Sea-coast near Watchet
.—Let Fig. 1 represent a transverse section of the coast
immediately to the east of Watchet harbour (looking east); AB the supposed surface-contour when the forest-area was
first submerged;
c
, the possible level of the sea during the Serobicularia-mud period (which must
have been relatively higher than at present);
d
, the present high-tide level; E, Infraliassic (?)
strata. The sea would begin by making a line of cliffs at F, which it would wear backwards and downwards as the land
gradually rose to its present altitude. In this way, I think, there can be little doubt the great mass of
strata A E B F
On the Two Plains of Hertfordshire and their Gravels
Authors: Hughes T. McK.
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—The observations on which the following paper is founded were mostly made in the spring months of 1865 and 1866, while engaged in carrying on the Geological Survey of part of the neighbourhood of Hertford, and are now published with the permission of the Director-General of the Survey.

2.
Physical Geography
.—As we stand on the high ground near Hertford Heath, Brickenden, Bayford, Essenden, or the upper part of Hatfield Park, we can hardly fail to observe that all those flattopped hills, together with the high wooded country north-west of Bramfield and north of St. Albans, form part of a great plain extending as far as the eye can reach in all directions, the boundary of which is somewhere far beyond the district under consideration.

Out of this highest plain, a great valley has been excavated, the bottom of which itseff forms another plain of very considerable extent, upon which Bayfordbury, Hertingfordbury, Bengeo, Bramfield, Cole Green, Welwyn Junction, and the lower part of Hatfield Park stand. The boundary of this lower or valley-plain is well defined. In the district under examination, it is bounded on the N. by the hills which rise suddenly behind Bramfield, on the W. by the hills which run from Welwyn to St. Albans, and on the S. by the hills which extend from Hertford Heath to Hatfield Park. It spreads out to the S. between St. Albans and Hatileld, and runs to the E. and S.E. by Ware and Parndon, while it probably extends round
On some New Species of Crustacea from the Upper Silurian Rocks of Lanarkshire &c.; and further observations on the Structure of
Pterygotus
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

A
mong
the rich collection of fossil Crustacea from Logan Water, exhibited by Mr. Robert Slimon at the Meeting of the British Association at Dundee, in September last, were several new forms belonging to the order Merostomata, which have since been acquired by the British Museum.

1. The first new form is represented (Pl. IX. fig. 1) by (1) an almost entire individual, measuring 11 inches in length and 5 inches in breadth, having one entire swimming-foot and three pairs of palpi
in situ
, and presenting the dorsal aspect of the body to view.

(2) I met with a second example of this species in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (see Pl. X. fig. 2). It consists of the anterior part of an individual about the same size as that first mentioned, exhibiting,
in situ
, the ventral aspect with the postoral plate or metastoma (
m
), the bases of the swimming-feet (
e, e
), three pairs of perfect palpi (
b, b
), and the basal joints of what may perhaps prove to be two anterior organs corresponding, in position, to the antennæ (
a, a
).

(3) I consider the detached organs and fragmentary remains figured on plates x., xi., and xiii. of Monograph I. of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey to be, in great part, referable to a species very closely allied to that from Logan Water.

(4) I am enabled to figure a very fine lip-plate, obligingly left for my examination some time since by Mr. J. W. Salter, F.G.S., which