bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter identifies on three different types of problems: research problems, personnel problems and unexpected problems. The first two are the daily stuff of leadership and management, and are discussed in the res of this book; it is the third category that can present ethical challenges. Some of the most difficult issues that the manager has to deal with concern people who, in one way or another, have personal (as opposed to personel) problems that affect their work. These need to be dealt with firmly but fairly. The general principles of problem resolution and dealing with people are discussed and some examples are worked through. Most of these problems will, at some point, lead to a difficult interview, and techniques for handling this are also discussed.
Transcending Science
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: December 2017

In many contemporary debates, religion and science are cast as rivals, supposedly offering competing explanations of the origins and nature of the cosmos. This chapter argues that we need a more “humane” model of religious understanding, one that is responsive to the actual role played by religion in the life of the believer. Understanding the world religiously is less about subscribing to explanatory hypotheses than about a certain mode of engagement with reality, requiring a moral and spiritual transformation of the subject. This has important implications for the appropriate way to philosophize about religion. Instead of an epistemology of control, operating through the detached evaluation of “spectator evidence,” we may need to substitute an epistemology of receptivity. In religion, as in many areas of human life, proper perception and understanding may require a process of attunement for the relevant evidence to become manifest.
Theology and the Knowledge of Persons
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: December 2017

This chapter is concerned with the question of the difference between philosophy and theology. It rejects certain prevalent ways of thinking about this difference. It argues that a more promising way of thinking about these disciplines is to be found in their names: “philosophy” in its etymology means something like the love of wisdom; “theology” in its etymology means something like the word with regard to God. God, unlike wisdom, is not an abstract universal. Rather, and by virtue of being characterized by mind and will, God is more nearly a person. The chapter spells out the implications of this difference, arguing that the knowledge at issue when we do theology is irreducible to propositional knowledge. Rather, it is a knowledge of persons. The chapter illuminates the role of the knowledge of persons in theological discussion and draws some conclusions about the methodology which will be useful to theology.
Love and Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Taliaferro Charles
Published: December 2017

This chapter proposes that contemporary philosophers of religion can learn from the first group of thinkers who engaged in philosophy of religion in the English language: the seventeenth-century Cambridge Platonists. Working under the dire conditions of the English Civil Wars, they nonetheless advanced a robust defense of tolerance, a moral and theological realism that saw goodness in terms of a love for nature rather than arbitrary volition, and a philosophical methodology that took religious practice and cultivating virtue (justice, integrity, and especially charity or love) seriously in the practice of philosophy of religion. Cudworth, More, Smith, and others exercised an admirable spirit and principle of charity that were instrumental in challenging the racism and exploitation of their times. The chapter defends the contemporary importance of such charity and identifies cases when philosophers today at least seem to take anti-charitable, derogatory, condemnatory views of their colleagues in philosophy of religion.
For and Against Clemency
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

Clemency tends to make philosophers of punishment uncomfortable, whatever their predilections. For retributivists it is problematic because it threatens equality of treatment and introduces disproportionality. For utilitarians it is problematic because it involves a departure from what would best serve society. A mandatory sentence for murder moves the locus of clemency to the executive. This chapter examines the arguments for and against executive clemency. The views of Kant and Beccaria are canvassed. Unlike the rest of the book, the analysis here has no particular jurisdictional anchor. Like the rest of the book, the issues of concern are apposite beyond the context in which they are raised. Having reviewed competing claims as to the desirability and necessity of clemency, the suitability to the task at hand of the proposed tripartite scheme—which argues that clemency can be understood in terms of justice, mercy (differentiated from ‘pseudo mercy’), or caprice—is clarified.
Undoing Death II
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

This chapter continues the analysis of death penalty cases resulting in commutation. Some involved men who were in possession of arms that they used to devastating effect for a miscellany of reasons. All of these killings occurred between August 1922 and December 1923, as the country was embroiled in, and then emerging from, a period of civil war. Others exhibited signs of mental instability which fell short of establishing legal insanity. Some behaved bizarrely and others seemed to lack insight into the harm they had caused. Sometimes chronic alcohol abuse was a factor. Several were serving members of the National Army and a war record was sometimes referenced in clemency petitions. Some commutations were chivalrous and, had the murderer not been female, an execution would almost certainly have ensued. The final group—all men—would have died had not unforeseen events intervened; these were cases where the decision to grant clemency was capricious.
Postscript
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

Ireland ceased being a killing state by degrees. The final execution took place on 20 April 1954 when Michael Manning felt Albert Pierrepoint place a noose around his neck.1 A carter from Limerick, Manning had ambushed and suffocated Catherine Cooper, a nurse forty years his senior. This was a brutal crime involving a vulnerable victim who was badly beaten and sexually assaulted. By Manning’s own account he was making his way home after a day’s drinking when he saw a woman he did not recognize walking alone. As he put it afterwards: ‘I suddenly lost my head and jumped on the woman and remember no more until the lights of a car shone on me.’...
One Court and Many Cultures
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the conflicts presided over by constitutional courts in multicultural societies or in societies undergoing cultural change. In making their decisions, constitutional courts find themselves in a special situation, because controversies over the basic understanding of the political community are refracted in the conflicts ruled upon in constitutional cases like in a prism. A peculiar dynamic of the constitutional state also becomes apparent: its basic principles sometimes require that the existing constitution of social life be rethought from the ground up. The chapter illustrates this point through a case study of the German Federal Constitutional Court. Throughout its history, this court has been at the center of the abovementioned dynamic, so that at times it is drawn into a maelstrom of decentering that exposes those involved to a severe test.
Deals and Development in a Resource-Dependent, Fragile State
Authors: Werker Eric , Pritchett Lant
Published: December 2017

This chapter finds five growth episodes in Liberia’s history. From 1960 to 1971, a period of miracle growth during the presidency of William Tubman. Stagnation and decline followed during the period of 1971–9 when Tubman’s successor, William Tolbert, faced a series of negative trade shocks and a crumbling coalition of support causing negative feedback loops within the economy. Tolbert was overthrown in 1979 by Samuel Doe who oversaw Liberia’s political and economic collapse in 1980–9, and whose political settlement and exclusion of certain factions sowed the seeds for the civil war between 1990 and 2005. The fifth and final period of rapid growth from 2005 to the present day follows the election of Ellen Sirleaf Johnson, and the political stability she brought to the country, which allowed growth to return to the country. However, structural transformation remains elusive due to continued corruption, fragility, and reliance on personal relationships to keep the ruling coalition in power.
A Stronghold of Catholicism
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

Compared to other Western European countries, Italy stands out in its rather high level of religiosity. Weekly church attendance has consistently exceeded the one third mark; confidence in the church has increased slightly; belief in God has remained at a high level; and belief in life after death, and in heaven and hell, has increased. The chapter investigates why both church practice and people’s ties to their faith have remained more or less stable since the 1980s. The shorthand answer is diversity in unity. Just as the Catholic movement is supported vertically by the high density of personnel and the developed institutional structures of the Catholic Church, so it is embedded horizontally in a climate of acceptance of Catholicism practised as a habit. At the same time, it is able to give mobilizing impulses both to the church hierarchy and its members.
Religion in Free Fall
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

The Netherlands are among the most secular countries in Western Europe, with the proportion of those without religious affiliation now accounting for more than 60% of the Dutch population. The chapter addresses three questions. First, why did the power of religious and church ties weaken disproportionately in the Netherlands in comparison to other Western European countries, despite the fact that rates of participation were once above average? Second, why was the Catholic Church more strongly affected by this decline than the liberal Dutch Reformed Church? Third, can an increase in the importance of a highly individualized—Christian or non-Christian, or syncretistic—religiosity be observed that compensates for these losses by the churches? To answer these questions, the chapter refers to so-called pillarization, the ambivalent consequences of the Second Vatican Council, and the remarkable vitality and potential for conflict within the shrunken segment of religious orientations and practices in the Netherlands.
Conclusion
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

The Conclusion to Part II recaps the most important outcomes of the study so far which can be summarized as follows: The decline in the significance of the religious is closely connected to the transformation of its dominant forms. That means assumptions of secularization theory and of individualization theory are not mutually exclusive. It seems that people’s ties to religion and church begin to loosen in the dimension of practice. The theorem of functional differentiation can by and large be regarded as corroborated. Processes of vertical differentiation, the pulling-apart of the constitutive levels of the social element, treated mainly under the concept of individualization, essentially have a negative effect on religious and church ties, especially on conventional ties to the church. Processes of religious individualization take place within the church and outside of it. Religiously diversified societies display no higher level of religiosity than ones that are more religiously homogeneous.
Russia
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

Chapter 7 addresses the question of how, after seventy years during which religion was violently suppressed, a religious reawakening could have occurred within a few years that is unparalleled in the post-communist states. According to the empirical data, many signs speak for a religious renaissance in Russia. Not only has church membership increased by about 30 per cent, but also belief in God. However, the religious revival can be hardly attributed to a deep-rooted religious mentality, and forms of religious practice are barely used. The religious renaissance in Russia has less a religious than a national and political character, with most people equating being Russian with being Orthodox. Talk should therefore be of a borrowed religious boom, one that has less to do with the internal dynamics of the religious than with political, cultural, and economic factors.
Conclusion
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

The most important conclusions of this summarizing chapter are the following: The religious landscape of Eastern Europe is more diverse than that of Western Europe. The cases of Poland and the GDR confirm the hypothesis that there is a link between the diffusion of functions and the growth in the importance of religion. The strong processes of biographical individualization that occurred in the post-communist states did not necessarily intensify individual religiosity. The economic market model cannot be confirmed for Eastern Europe. There is in Eastern and Central Europe a demonstrable link between economic prosperity and the loosening of religious and church ties. What can act as a bulwark against the eroding effects of modernization is church activity on the one hand, and the everyday proximity, visibility, and concreteness of religious practices and rituals, symbols, images, and objects on the other.
Patterns and Determinants of Religious Change in the Modern Period
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

Chapter 14 does not design a general theory of religious change, but develops a multiple theoretical perspective including various theoretical elements, which are instrumental for explaining religious changes and which can be combined flexibly. In brief, they are: 1. Functional differentiation as a rule stands in a strained relationship to the integrational capacity of religious communities and churches. If, however, religious identities are linked with non-religious, for example, political, national, or economic interests, religion and church are strengthened. 2. Processes of individualization mostly have an erosive impact on religious ties. 3. In contrast to the assumptions of the market model, religious pluralism does not foster religious vitality, but actually inhibits it. In the case of conflict, though, religious diversity can fuel religious passions. Other determining factors such as government regulations of the religious sector, state spending on the welfare system, social inequality, immigration, and path dependency are also taken into account.
Electrical Power Generation: Renewables—Solar and Wind
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

Solar and wind power have low power densities. Large areas will be required to generate the electrical energy that we are using right now. These energy sources are intermittent, although sunshine is reasonably predictable in desert climates. Even in these ideal locations, fixed rooftop PV can only be used to meet a relatively small proportion of total electrical demand. Solar thermal with molten salt storage has a higher efficiency, and can better match electrical demands in these places. For wind turbines to generate their advertised or rated power, winds have to be blowing at about 12 m/sec (20 kt or 24 mph). In the United States, except in mountain passes and the Texas panhandle, this does not appear to happen very often. A simple test of whether a given renewable energy source is practical is to check whether it can meet the electrical demands of a single house.
The Thin
Authors: Kirchin Simon
Published: December 2017

This chapter has two main topics. First, the notion of a thin concept is investigated as is the dividing line between thin and thick concepts, with the conclusion drawn that some thin concepts may be thicker than others. Further, through looking at Allan Gibbard’s work it is argued that separationists are better off thinking of the thin as very thin: either pro or con. Second, what does it mean to say, as separationists have to say, that the thin is conceptually prior to the thick? ‘Conceptual priority’ is investigated, using work by Susan Hurley as a starting point, and three types of argument for the claim are considered; although all three arguments are weak, matters are left inconclusive and it is argued, overall, that nonseparationists should find better ground on which to fight.
Understanding Others and Having Confidence
Authors: Kirchin Simon
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the other two worries for nonseparationism listed in Chapter Two. First, nonseparationists routinely say that in order to understand and fully master a concept one has to ‘latch onto’ the point of it and why people use it. But what does ‘latch onto’ mean and does it commit nonseparationists to an outlandish view of how people, particularly anthropologists, understand other people and their evaluative concepts? Second, do nonseparationists have the resources to explain how one can criticize other people’s evaluative practices legitimately and engage in normative criticism of others? I argue that nonseparationism emerges strongly after consideration of both worries.
Physics Avoidance
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2017

“Physics avoidance” refers to the fact that we frequently cannot reason about nature in the straightforward manner we anticipate, but must seek alternate policies to address the questions we want answered in a tractable way. Within both science and everyday life, we find ourselves tacitly relying upon thought processes that reach useful answers in opaque and roundabout manners. Conceptual innovators are often puzzled by the techniques they develop, when they stumble across reasoning patterns that are easy to implement but difficult to justify. But simple techniques frequently rest upon complex foundations—a young magician learns how to execute a card guessing trick without understanding how its progressive steps squeeze in on a correct answer. As we collectively improve our inferential skills in this evolving manner, we often wander into unfamiliar explanatory landscapes in which simple words encode physical information in complex and unanticipated ways. We have learned how to reach better conclusions, but we have become baffled by our successes. At its best, philosophical reflection illuminates the natural developmental processes that generate these confusions. But a number of widely shared methodological presumptions currently operate to opposite effect—they obscure the very tactics that advance our descriptive capacities. To correct these misapprehensions, sharper diagnostic tools are wanted. The nine new essays within this collection illustrate this need for finer discriminations through a range of informative cases of historical and contemporary significance.
Excursus
Authors: Scully Jason
Published: December 2017

This chapter demonstrates that Isaac’s moral psychology is both an explanation of how the heavenly mysteries affect the soul and a description of how the soul helps prepare the mind for the reception of the heavenly mysteries through wonder. In formulating his moral psychology, Isaac takes bits and pieces from a number of currents already within his own tradition: he uses John the Solitary’s “three degrees” as an explanation for moral failing in the soul; he uses Evagrius’s tripartite (i.e., Platonic) theory of the soul in order to describe the constitution of the soul; and finally, he uses language borrowed from the Syriac translations of the Pseudo-Dionysian and Pseudo-Macarian corpi in order to explain how loving desire (eros) aids the soul in contemplation. Finally, Isaac’s unique contribution is his account of the soul’s impulses, which work to counteract the negative effects of the bodily senses.
A Problem of Mass
Authors: Iliopoulos John
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the constraints coming from the symmetry properties of the fundamental interactions on the possible values of the masses of elementary particles. We first establish a relation between the
range of an interaction and the mass of the particle which mediates it. This relation implies, in particular, that long-range interactions are mediated by massless particles. Then we argue that gauge invariant interactions are long ranged and, therefore, the associated gauge particles must have zero mass. Second, we look at the properties of the constituents of matter, the quarks and the leptons. We introduce the notion of chirality and we show that the known properties of weak interactions, combined with the requirement of gauge invariance, force these particles also to be massless. The conclusion is that gauge symmetries appear to be incompatible with massive elementary particles, in obvious contradiction with experiment. This is the problem of mass.
Epilogue
Authors: Iliopoulos John
Published: December 2017

The construction of the Standard Theory has been a remarkable achievement of modern theoretical physics. We argue that its very success shows also its limitations. It suggests the existence of novel and still unexplored physics at higher energy scales. Although we cannot predict the details of this new physics, we have good reasons to believe that LHC may be in a position to discover it.
Reforming French Culture
Authors: Hoffmann George
Published: December 2017

Satire has recently re-emerged as a potent political tool, but it has played many different roles in the past. French reformers waged massive satire campaigns in the sixteenth century to little or no political effect and, even, to their own disadvantage. Satiric forms nevertheless flourished because they fulfilled a devotional purpose. By portraying themselves as lonely travelers passing through the strange and exotic lands of Catholic custom, French reformers found a way to flesh out imaginatively the Pauline injunction to live in the world but not as part of it. The spiritual alienation cultivated in satiric literature allowed reformers to fashion themselves, after Calvin’s recommendation, as pilgrims in this world and confessional foreigners in their home country. At the same time, these satires’ self-presentation and their modes of address implied a reformed audience constituted by those who “got the joke.” The new communion entailed in laughing at Catholic excesses, modeled upon the reformed theological concept of “communication,” imagined a pan-European community held together by a non-local sense of belonging. Thus, French reformers embraced a diasporic identity well in advance of their actual emigration to the New World. But, more surprising still, the attitude of looking at one’s own culture through the eyes of an estranged traveler spread beyond reformed milieus to become a staple of French culture more generally. Through Montaigne, the ploy of acting the outsider in one’s homeland would become one of the signature devices of the Enlightenment’s challenge to the world of the Old Regime.
Background: Purging an Unreformed Past
Authors: Hoffmann George
Published: December 2017

Reformation satire grew out of the humanist reinvigoration of classical models but abandoned their convivial tone when reformers targeted Roman Eucharistic worship. Insofar as the Eucharist symbolized the social body, attacks against it could only be understood by readers as attacks against themselves. Iconoclasm drove reformers to this measure because the doctrine of “real presence” authorized reformers’ (disputed) charges of Roman idolatry. Efforts to mock the consequences of this doctrine pushed satires to vulgar and scatological extremes. The result proved an inimical posture which invalidated these works’ purported claims to persuade readers, making them instead serve as rites of passage by which reformers assumed an antagonistic role with respect to moderate French Gallicans.
From Communion to Communication
Authors: Hoffmann George
Published: December 2017

Satires’ vitriolic nature made them poor tools of propaganda. Rather than as instruments of persuasion, they often read as anxious to foreground their own inflated diffusion, power to provoke, and coherence through retrospective serialization that suggested a fictional continuity. If part publicity stunt, however, these satires also cannily exploited and extended the reformed theological concept of “communication” by which the traditional corporeal understanding of the social body, figured in Communion, was replaced with spiritual connection to Jesus and, ultimately, to fellow worshipers. Satires’ emphasis on foreignness and distance from one’s neighbors in particular facilitated a kind of “stranger sociability” with fellow reformed readers they did not know. This theological origin suggests that the modern public sphere began with the communication of the Mass before it transformed into mass communication.
The value of ecosystem services
Authors: Blomqvist Linus , Simpson R. David
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates whether the growing enthusiasm for ecosystem services recently expressed by conservation NGOs and international institutions is supported by evidence. Ecosystem services—the benefits humans receive from nature—have become the darlings of conservation on the assumption that the valuation of selected services may justify protecting land. A critical examination of a random sample of monetary valuations for regulating ecosystem services such as pollution treatment, finds that only onethird can be considered reliable, and that only ten percent of monetary value estimates can be transferred to other contexts. This suggests that the overall evidence base for assigning monetary value to nature is limited. Furthermore, diminishing returns, high opportunity costs, and technological substitutes might limit the amount of conservation that can be justified on the basis financial assessments of ecosystem services. As such, this chapter concludes that ecosystem services as a conservation strategy should not be embraced uncritically.
Are local losses of biodiversity causing degraded ecosystem function?
Authors: Vellend Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter highlights the scale dependence of biodiversity change over time and its consequences for arguments about the instrumental value of biodiversity. While biodiversity is in decline on a global scale, the temporal trends on regional and local scales include cases of biodiversity increase, no change, and decline. Environmental change, anthropogenic or otherwise, causes both local extirpation and colonization of species, and thus turnover in species composition, but not necessarily declines in biodiversity. In some situations, such as plants at the regional scale, human-mediated colonizations have greatly outnumbered extinctions, thus causing a marked increase in species richness. Since the potential influence of biodiversity on ecosystem function and services is mediated to a large degree by local or neighborhood species interactions, these results challenge the generality of the argument that biodiversity loss is putting at risk the ecosystem service benefits people receive from nature.
Global agricultural expansion
Authors: Fisher Jonathan R. B.
Published: December 2017

This chapter asks whether evidence supports the widely held belief that land used for agriculture around the world has continued to rapidly expand via conversion of natural habitat in response to the demands created by recent human population growth. Contrary to conventional wisdom, global agricultural land use peaked in 1998 and has since declined. While habitat continues to be cleared for agriculture, on a global net basis, more agricultural land has been converted to other uses than vice versa. This analysis also found that national trends in agricultural expansion are driven by factors other than population growth. Although this does not mean agriculture is “sustainable,” these findings challenge the dominant narrative around global agricultural expansion and highlight other important issues that must be addressed. Looking at data at national and subnational scales is essential to understand the implications of global trends in agriculture, where improvements and interventions are most needed.
Is “no net loss of biodiversity” a good idea?
Authors: Maron Martine
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores biodiversity offsetting as a tool used to achieve “no net loss” of biodiversity. Unfortunately, no-net-loss offsetting can be—and often is—unintentionally designed in a way that inevitably results in ongoing biodiversity decline. Credit for offset sites is given in proportion to the assumed loss that would happen at those sites if not protected, and this requires clear baselines and good estimates of the risk of loss. This crediting calculation also creates a perverse incentive to overstate—or even genuinely increase—the threat to biodiversity at potential offset sites, in order to generate more offset “credit” that can then be exchanged for damaging actions elsewhere. The phrase “no net loss,” when used without an explicit frame of reference and quantified counterfactual scenario, is meaningless, and potentially misleading. Conservation scientists have a core role in interpreting, communicating, and improving the robustness of offset policy.
Fighting Corruption between Theory and Practice
Authors: Berkel Maaike van
Published: December 2017

The focus of this chapter is on the efforts that were made to tackle corruption in the Middle East between the ninth and the eleventh centuries. What it shows is that definitions of corruption and anticorruption measures (petition and response procedures, administrative discharge procedures, audits of office and so forth) remained largely stable throughout Abbasid, Buyid and Seljuq rule. However, it also outlines how there was a gap between the anticorruption measures themselves and their enforcement—in other words, between prevention and punishment. In addition, it also shows how the perception of corruption as an urgent matter waxed and waned according to political circumstances.
Anticorruption in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter takes the premodern divide, which is framed in English historiography as the end of “old corruption,” as the starting point for a long-term overview of anticorruption in Britain and its colonies. Focusing on anticorruption movements, it adds another dimension to the paradox of modernization by showing that although a transition took place in the period between the late-sixteenth century and the nineteenth century, it was by no means a linear one: anticorruption measures to ensure the scrutiny of public accounts could be introduced in the late-seventeenth century, abandoned and then reintroduced later in the eighteenth century. The chapter also argues that there is a relationship between late-sixteenth-century Reformation and eighteenth-century reforms, both of which involved an attack on corruption.
Statebuilding, Establishing Rule of Law and Fighting Corruption in Denmark, 1660–1900
Authors: Jensen Mette Frisk
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses Denmark’s unique, and successful, approach to anticorruption; an approach that has recently attracted much attention from social scientists and policy advisors. It provides a revised historical explanation of how Denmark came to be ranked at the top of the Corruption Perception Index, arguing that the roots of the process must be sought in the efforts of the absolutist monarchical regime to secure its power and legitimacy, through initiatives such as recruitment based on merit and by visibly responding to citizens’ requests. However, the chapter also illustrates how certain institutions that current political science literature sees as the key to the country’s low levels of corruption developed outside the context of a conscious struggle against corruption. The chapter therefore explicitly raises concerns about how far the Danish example can be stretched, and used, as a model for other countries.
Liberty of Mind
Authors: Hutton Sarah
Published: December 2017

This chapter demonstrates how early modern male and female thinkers alike were concerned not only with ethical, religious, and political liberty, but also with the liberty to philosophize, or libertas philosophandi. It is argued that while men’s interests in this latter kind of liberty tended to lie with the liberty to philosophize differently from their predecessors, women were more concerned with the liberty to philosophize at all. For them, the idea that women should be free to think was foundational. This chapter shows how some women thinkers of the period, such as Damaris Cudworth Masham (1658–1708) and Mary Astell (1666–1731), followed through on the general trend of thinking about liberty in terms of freedom of the mind, to thinking about liberty for women in wider ethical and political terms. To support this point, the chapter explores their views on education, female rationality, and moral philosophy.
Experiencing Pain in Imperial Greek Culture
Authors: King Daniel
Published: December 2017

Much of the Western intellectual tradition’s interest in pain can be traced back to Greek material. This book investigates one theme in the interest in physical pain in Greek culture under the Roman Empire. Traditional accounts of pain in the Roman Empire have either focused on philosophical or medical theories of pain or on Christian notions of ‘suffering’; and fascination with the pained body has often been assumed to be a characteristic of Christian society, rather than ancient culture in general. The book uses ideas from medical anthropology, as well as contemporary philosophical discussions and cultural theory, to help unpack the complex engagement with pain in the ancient world. It argues, centrally, that pain was approached as a type of embodied experience, in which ideas about the body’s physiology, its representation, and communication, as well as its emotional and cognitive impact on those who felt pain and others around them, were important aspects of what it meant to be in pain. The formulation of this sense of pain experience is examined across a range of important areas of Imperial Greek culture, including rational medicine, rhetoric, and literature, as well as ancient art criticism. What is common across these disparate areas of cultural activity is the notion that pain must be understood within its broad personal, social, and emotional context.
Sore Feet and Tragedy in Plutarch and Lucian
Authors: King Daniel
Published: December 2017

This chapter turns to the treatment of gout and its symptoms in Plutarch and Lucian. Plutarch uses the figure of Philoktetes to help explain and justify his model of a body that is inherently susceptible to long-term and harsh pains; this view is in contradistinction to that of Epicurean philosophy’s approach to bodily pain. Lucian’s Podagra examines the relationship between medicine and religious practice. His use of tragic parody simultaneously constructs the pained individual as a type of heroic sufferer and mystical initiate, and then ridicules this position. In both instances, physiological pain symptoms are reworked into a broader emotional, cognitive, and social framework.
Introduction
Authors: Mishra Ajit , Ray Tridip
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks at some of the key contributions by Kaushik Basu and discusses how the different chapters relate to his interests and contributions. Beginning with his early work on interlinked markets and usurious interest rates, to the recent work on child labour and shared prosperity, Basu’s research over the last four decades has contributed immensely to the way the field of development economics has been transformed. This chapter highlights this broad range of contributions and provides a brief narrative of the interactions between markets, governance, and institutions in the context of economic development. The chapter provides an introduction to each contribution, demonstrating their interrelations and complementarities.
Private versus Public Monopoly
Authors: Weibull Jörgen W. , Chen Jun
Published: December 2017

We compare private and public monopoly with respect to how much resource each spends on finding out what product varieties people want. We propose a simple model in which a monopolist supplies one variety of a good. This variety is chosen by the monopolist, and consumers differ in their valuations of the good and preferences over product varieties. The monopolist does not know the preference distribution, but can, at a cost, acquire more or less precise information about this distribution. We analyse the monopolist’s endogenous information acquisition and choice of product variety and find that, broadly speaking, public monopoly is preferable in societies with a wide spread in income and/or wealth while private monopoly is better in societies with less inequity.
Inequality and Neighbourhood Effects
Authors: Gulati Namrata , Ray Tridip
Published: December 2017

The key insight in our research is to recognize inequality–neighbourhood interaction: neighbourhood effects interacting with income inequality may affect poor people’s ability to access basic facilities like health-care services, schooling, and so on. While Gulati and Ray (2016) model this interaction on a monopolist service provider in a neighbourhood structured as a linear city where rich and poor consumers live side by side, in this chapter we extend the analysis to a competitive framework with free entry and exit where the natural neighbourhood structure is a circular city. We find inverted-U shape relationships between income inequality and market access and welfare of the poor: if we compare a cross-section of societies, the poor community as a whole is initially better off living in relatively richer societies, but, beyond a point, the aggregate market access and consumer surplus of the poor starts declining as society becomes richer. We identify the possibility of complete exclusion of the poor from the market: a scenario where the service providers cater only to the rich and the poor have absolutely no market access, and find that it is the higher income gap between rich and poor that exposes the poor to this unfortunate outcome.
The Impact of Migration on Child Labour
Authors: Genicot Garance , Mayda Anna Maria , Mendola Mariapia
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates the impact of internal migration on child labour outcomes in Brazil. In our model, migration impacts child labour through changes in the local labour market, which is made up of both adults and children. We exploit variation in the concentration of both skilled and unskilled immigrants at the municipality level and employ an IV strategy that relies on the historical (1980) distribution of immigrants within the country. Our results show that internal migration of a given skill level has a negative impact on corresponding adults’ labour market outcomes. We also find that unskilled (skilled) immigration has a negative (positive) and significant impact on child labour. Finally, unskilled immigration increases children’s school attendance and decreases their likelihood of being idle.
Hospices, Communities, and Care
Authors: Baron Alan , Hassard John , Cheetham Fiona , Sharifi Sudi
Published: December 2017

In any discussion about culture, image, and identity in an organizational setting it is important to understand something of the wider social, political, and historical context. This chapter sets the scene for the primary research in the case study Hospice by giving the reader an insight into the development of the modern hospice movement and how this history contextualizes the positioning and perceptions of the hospice in society and the wider healthcare economy. In so doing, the chapter discusses, inter alia: the work of the founder of the modern hospice movement, Dame Cicely Saunders; the opening of the first hospice of the modern era, St Christopher’s Hospice in London in 1967; the notion of hospice as a ‘community’ of care; and the continued association of hospices and patients with a cancer diagnosis.
Images of the Hospice
Authors: Baron Alan , Hassard John , Cheetham Fiona , Sharifi Sudi
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks ‘outside’ the Hospice at issues of the organization’s image. The authors talked to staff, volunteers, and members of the general public, as well as to a number of key stakeholders in the local healthcare community, in order to gauge their views on the host organization. The analysis examines the problems associated with the image of hospices and discusses attempts of staff and volunteers to ‘dispel the myths’ about the nature of hospice care work—a form of labour which potentially runs the risk of being characterized as ‘dirty work’. The chapter then examines how the Hospice is seen in the eyes of other healthcare professionals and discusses the choice of palliative medicine as a career for junior medics. Finally it discusses a degree of ‘confusion’ that staff and volunteers claim exists in the minds of GPs and consultants in specialist cancer hospitals about the role of hospices.
The shape of musical improvisation
Authors: Mermikides Milton , Feygelson Eugene
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents practitioner–researcher perspectives on shape in improvisation. A theoretical framework based in jazz improvisational pedagogy and practice is established, and employed in the analysis of examples from both jazz and classical-period repertoire. The chapter is laid out in five sections. The first section provides a brief overview of improvisational research, while the second discusses the concept of improvisation as ‘chains-of-thought’ (a logical narrative established through the repetition and transformation of musical objects). The third reflects upon improvisation as the limitation and variation of a changing set of musical parameters. Using this concept, the fourth section builds a theoretical model of improvisation as navigation through multidimensional musical space (M-Space). The final section uses this model in a detailed analysis of the nineteenth-century violinist Hubert Léonard’s cadenza for Beethoven’s Violin Concerto Op. 61.
Shaping popular music
Authors: Greasley Alinka E. , Prior Helen M.
Published: December 2017

Much of the research on musical shaping in performance focuses on western classical music. This chapter explores musical shaping from the perspectives of popular musicians. First, we examine the performer’s role in shaping music in live performance, drawing on recent survey research and existing work. Second, the roles of performer, producer and technology in shaping music in the recording studio are examined, including an investigation of how popular music recordings are shaped by technological practices. Third, we discuss ways in which popular music recordings may be used in performance, with a focus on DJs using the idea of musical shaping in their work. A final section summarizes the varied notions of musical shaping that arise from these perspectives and explores their implications, as well as the limitations of studying a flexible and widely applicable metaphor such as shape in a genre as diverse as popular music.
Introduction and overview
Authors: Clarke Eric F. , Doffman Mark
Published: December 2017

The Western art music stereotype, or perhaps caricature, of the remote composer handing down monolithic and authoritative scores to obedient performers whose role is faithfully to convert the notation into sound has been challenged by a number of developments in twentieth- and twenty-first-century music. In this introduction, the editors discuss some of the consequences of an increased focus on collaboration and improvisation in contemporary music, and the value and limits of recent writing on these two contested terms. The second half of the chapter consists of an overview of the thirteen chapters and twelve Interventions that make up the volume, drawing attention to some of the connections and continuities between the individual chapters, and between the three broad parts within which they are organized.
Composition changing instruments changing composition
Authors: Redgate Christopher
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the collaborative, cyclical relationship between composition and instrument development as it follows the journey from technically extreme compositions, via the design and manufacture of the Howarth-Redgate oboe, to composers’ responses to this new instrument. The chapter takes as its starting point the extreme technical demands that result from the development of extended techniques—for example, the problems with the standard instrument’s keywork that stem from such compositional approaches. Then, through reference to Roger Redgate’s Ausgangspunkte and other works that sit at the limits of the playable, the chapter explores the idea of compositional risk-taking as a forum for collaboration. Following a discussion of the first compositional explorations of the redesigned oboe, the potential for further development of the instrument is considered.
(Re-)imagining improvisation
Authors: Nooshin Laudan
Published: December 2017

What role does the concept of improvisation play in how we imagine ‘sameness’ and ‘difference’ in music? How do the verbal discourses around creative practice serve to mark musical boundaries? This chapter considers such questions in the context of Iranian music. Specifically, the chapter explores how the concept of improvisation has been understood, constructed and imagined in Iran, particularly in recent years as musicians have sought to position Iranian music within a global network of ‘improvised’ music through which the music accrues associations such as the idea of ‘improvisation as freedom’ or as a means of invoking cross-cultural universals. The chapter argues that in the context of Iran, the significance of improvisation as a concept lies less in its ability to describe musical process and more in its enabling musicians to position their music around particular understandings of ‘sameness’ and ‘difference’.
The ensemble as plural subject
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: December 2017

Group jazz improvisation at the highest levels can achieve a kind of cooperative creativity that rises above the sum total of the contributions of the individuals. This phenomenon is widely recognized, but has resisted description beyond metaphors that refer to ‘special chemistry’ and the like. Some recent work in the philosophy of social action, on collective intention and group cognition, and on what has been helpfully called a ‘plural subject’, is brought together in this chapter with a close listening to the Stan Getz Quartet’s performance of the classic standard ‘On Green Dolphin Street’. As with discussions of group action in recent philosophical writings, here it emerges that qualities of the improvised performance are not reducible to individuated intentional content, and the notion of the plural subject provides both an analysis of it and the language for it.
Personhood Regained
Authors: Hydén Lars-Christer
Published: December 2017

This chapter introduces the basic problem addressed in this book: Do persons with dementia still have identities, and can they tell autobiographical stories although their memories are challenged? In the chapter, this question will be expanded and explained in terms of the relation between stories, identity, and dementia. In the narrative tradition, it is often argued that stories are forged from memories, and identity is presented through stories. As persons with dementia often face severe challenges remembering and telling stories, it has been argued that they no longer have an identity. There is a need to change focus from the individual’s loss of abilities to a conception that stresses what persons with dementia actually can do with some support from others. Central concepts are introduced by reviewing research on identity and narrative, broken stories, and theories about joint activities and collaboration.