bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anorexic cat
Authors: Caney Sarah MA
Published: March 2016

Anorexia is one of the most common presenting signs in sick cats and is important to address since it has a number of potential adverse consequences including reduced immune function, altered drug metabolism and increased susceptibility to potentiallyfatal hepatic lipidosis. Nutritional assessment is a vital component of all feline consultations and support of appetite is indicated if voluntary food intake is inadequate. Where possible, the cause of the anorexia should be identified and addressed. In those patients where a cause of poor appetite is not clear, common causes such as dehydration, pain and nausea should be addressed before instituting appetite stimulants or tube feeding.
Canine anterior uveitis
Authors: Maini Serena
Published: March 2016

Uveitis, or inflammation of the uveal tract, is a relatively common ocular presentation in dogs. The majority of cases of canine anterior uveitis in the UK are idiopathic, but there are many potential underlying causes, so a thorough diagnostic work-up is warranted. Possible aetiologies include infection, immune-mediated disease, neoplasia, trauma, chemical injury, drug reaction and irradiation. Adverse sequelae, such as secondary glaucoma, endophthalmitis and blindness, may occur. Successful therapy is dependent on aetiologic diagnosis if possible, targeted treatment where appropriate, and symptomatic control.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Williams John M
Published: March 2016

This paper reviews the signs and current management regimes for gastric dilatationvolvulus (GDV). It stresses the importance of confirmation of the diagnosis and patient stabilisation. Perioperative prognostic indicators such electrocardiograms and plasma lactate levels are discussed in more detail, as are the management of shock and ventricular tachycardia. Radiography of the abdomen should be considered, as it is an invaluable aid in determining whether there is simple dilatation or if volvulus is present. Stabilisation prior to surgical intervention is key, although there should not be an overlong delay in taking the patient to surgery. Gastropexy is an essential part of the surgical procedure and must always be carried out in these cases, otherwise recurrence is likely. Prokinetic agents should be considered postoperatively, especially if ileus is suspected. Prophylactic gastropexy should be considered in those breeds seen most at risk of developing GDV.
Starting your first headship
Authors: McLean Colin
Published: March 2016

Establishing yourself as a new headteacher is a daunting task. Colin McLean asks primary head Steph Gaskell to share her personal perspectives on how to handle this challenge effectively
Life after levels for SEN pupils
Authors: Sobel Daniel
Published: March 2016

A recent day of discussions between school leaders from across England focused on the impact that the move to assessment without levels might have on vulnerable pupils, especially those with SEN. Daniel Sobel reports on some of the challenges, solutions and conclusions
An in-school museum
Authors: Ryder Jane , Annis Emma
Published: March 2016

The arts are at the heart of life and the curriculum at Sidegate Primary School, including a pupil-curated, in-school museum. Jane Ryder and Emma Annis explain more
Transporting the paediatric intensive care patient: an insight into CATS
Authors: Weir Alan
Published: March 2016

The Children's Acute Transport Service (CATS) is a specialist paediatric intensive care service operating in the North Thames and East Anglian areas of the UK. Alan Weir provides an overview of the service and the care it provides.
Development of research governance awareness to support pre-hospital studies
Authors: Lawrence Janet , Byers Sonia , McClelland Graham , Price Christopher
Published: March 2016

Background:

Development of new evidence to support pre-hospital emergency care benefits both patients and practitioners. Clinical research must be conducted within a formal governance framework but it is challenging for paramedics to access traditional good clinical practice (GCP) training due to high service demands and some content is of little relevance to the pre-hospital setting.

Objective:

To establish the content and format of easily accessible research governance awareness training for use by paramedics and other members of the ambulance service as and when appropriate.

Methods:

A systematic literature review identified descriptions of pre-hospital research training. An online survey sought views about the formal research training undertaken by NHS paramedics and an expert consensus process confirmed the content of training materials.

Results:

Research governance training was rarely acknowledged in pre-hospital clinical trial literature and was recalled by only one in eight respondents who had assisted with clinical research. A pre-hospital orientated slide set and matching assessment questions were reviewed in two cycles by an expert panel to achieve a consensus on the content and format.

Conclusions:

Through a structured process of literature review, stakeholder engagement and expert consensus we have developed training and assessment materials which can be used flexibly to prepare paramedics and the wider ambulance workforce for safe hosting of low-risk research activities.
El Trabajo Social y las nuevas formas de reorganización del cuidado: una aproximación a propósito de la Ley de Dependencia
Authors: Fuentes Gutiérrez Virginia , Muyor Rodríguez Jesús , Galindo Romero Zahira
Published: March 2016

En España se está produciendo en los últimos años una reestructuración en la gestión de las responsabilidades del cuidado, influenciada, principalmente, por la aprobación de la Ley 39/2006 de Promoción de la Autonomía Personal y Atención a las personas en situación de dependencia (LAAD, en adelante) que conlleva la introducción de ¿nuevos? actores en su ejecución. Con el presente texto, desde la disciplina y práctica del Trabajo Social, recogemos algunas reflexiones sobre los modos en los que está siendo acometida dicha reorganización en el actual sistema de cuidados, atendiendo especialmente al contexto andaluz. Dirigimos nuestra atención hacia la aplicación e impactos que las vigentes políticas referentes al cuidado están teniendo sobre la práctica profesional y modalidades de provisión de cuidados. Por último, pretendemos abordar algunas de las situaciones derivadas de la implantación de la LAAD para plantear posibles controversias y dilemas que se suscitan y que inevitablemente condicionan el quehacer profesional del Trabajo Social.
Configuraciones del trabajo de cuidados en el entorno familiar: de la toma de decisión a la gestión del cuidado
Authors: Pérez Caramés Antía
Published: March 2016

En este artículo trataremos la cuestión de la organización del trabajo de cuidados a mayores dependientes, analizando tanto las variables que influyen en las diferentes configuraciones de cuidados resultantes y su interrelación, como el carácter diacrónico de la toma de decisión y la articulación del trabajo de cuidado, centrando el estudio en el caso de Galicia. El objetivo es estudiar la variabilidad de articulaciones de cuidado registradas en la realidad gallega, proponiendo una tipología y arrojando pautas de explicación de los factores que entran en juego. Se aplicará una perspectiva de género en el análisis del discurso emitido por distintos miembros de las familias a la hora de tomar decisiones y organizar el trabajo de cuidados a sus familiares faltos de autonomía, entendiéndose las configuraciones de cuidados derivadas de estos procesos como articulaciones estratégicas, dinámicas y flexibles, atravesadas por relaciones de poder y lógicas de género que operan en las familias. La metodología empleada en este estudio forma parte del material recolectado por la autora para su tesis doctoral y consiste en el análisis de datos secundarios de carácter sociodemográfico y sobre políticas de atención a la dependencia, así como en entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas.
Servicio doméstico y trabajo de cuidados: hacia la privatización del cuidado familiar
Authors: Martínez Buján Raquel
Published: March 2016

Este artículo se inscribe en el estudio de la inmigración y el envejecimiento de la población desde una perspectiva asistencial que estudia a la población inmigrante como un recurso para cuidar a personas mayores. Desde esta aproximación, la migración internacional en España (y en los países de Europa del sur) es utilizada para cubrir las debilidades de la protección social a la dependencia y llenar los huecos que la incorporación laboral de las mujeres nativas ha dejado en sus hogares. Este mercado laboral de cuidados encuadrado, en la mayor parte de los casos, en el interior del servicio doméstico se ha llegado a convertir en nuestro país en un verdadero nicho laboral para las mujeres inmigrantes (fundamentalmente latinoamericanas) y, en la actualidad, se ha configurado como la principal vía de externalización y mercantilización del trabajo familiar de cuidados. Mediante un análisis del modelo migratorio, de la política social y del panorama laboral en Galicia y Navarra, se estudian de manera comparativa las causas del surgimiento de este sector de cuidados, el papel que desempeñan las mujeres inmigrantes en su aparición, la ubicación de esta actividad en el servicio doméstico, la incidencia de las nuevas tendencias privatizadoras de la política social y las implicaciones de algunos cambios sociales y demográficos como el envejecimiento de la población y la inserción de la mujer nativa al mercado laboral formal.
Apunts per a una lectura del Diari íntim de Ferran Canyameres
Authors: Camps i Arbós Josep
Published: March 2016

Aquesta aportació contextualitza i comenta el diari pòstum de Ferran Canyameres, testimoni del seu llarg exili. En la reivindicació final, Josep Camps acaba sostenint que aquesta obra «pel seu innegable interés i qualitat literària, mereix ocupar, sens dubte, una posició de privilegi en un futur cànon de la literatura autobiogràfica catalana».
Vida i literatura en els diaris de Fernando Pessoa
Authors: García López José Ángel
Published: March 2016

Els diaris de Fernando Pessoa —l’home que era i no era Ricardo Reis, Álvaro de los Campos, Alberto Caeiro o Bernardo Soares— centren la contribució de José Ángel Gacía López, que rastreja en el seu article les lectures i les relacions intel·lectuals de Pessoa, les anècdotes vitals, les consideracions sobre l’amor, les postures davant del fet religiós o les diferents actituds vinculades als heterònims.
El diari surrealista de J. V. Foix
Authors: Maestre Brotons Antoni
Published: March 2016

Antoni Maestre focalitza el diari surrealista de J. V. Foix com «una de les obres que més s’allunya de les directrius canòniques del gènere». I proposa així una revisió d’aquest text d’aparença híbrida («un diari escrit en prosa poètica o un conjunt de proses poètiques en forma de diari»), amb una atenció específica a l’originalitat. En efecte: el text de Foix sembla penetrar l’espai de l’inconscient i suggereix un nou concepte de diari. Segons Maestre, aquest nou concepte, a diferència del convencional, «serveix per a expressar la visió de l’art i de l’experiència que preconitzen les avantguardes i, més tard, l’experimentalisme ?o, si es vol, les teories postestructuralistes, o el postmodernisme».
Entrevista a Vicent Pascual: del bilingüisme al plurilingüisme escolar
Authors: Escandell Maestre Dari
Published: March 2016

Entrevista de Dari Escandell a Vicent Pasqual, a propòsit de l’ordenació del sistema educatiu valencià en relació amb l’ensenyament de llengües. S’hi tracten els programes d’educació bilingüe PEV, PIL i PIP, els programes d’educació bilingüe enriquits (PEBE); el tractament integrat de llengües; el tractament integrat de llengües i continguts; el tractament de les llengües no curriculars dels immigrants; els reptes del plurilingüisme; etc.
Coordenades espaciotemporals en les rondalles d’Enric Valor
Authors: Albero Poveda Jaume
Published: March 2016

En aquest treball s’analitza el tractament del temps i l’espai en les rondalles d’Enric Valor des de la perspectiva del mode de vida tradicional que reflecteixen les diferents històries. El temps en els relats trasllueix el caràcter cíclic de la concepció cristiana del temps. Alguns personatges tracten de fugir del rigor del temps cronològic. Per això, de vegades els herois anhelen fer extensibles les etapes de la seua vida, deturar-les; o bé ingressen en dimensions temporals on passat i present es comuniquen. L’espai en les rondalles és intensament connotat. En aquest sentit s’aparta d’aquells que ha creat la modernitat (sales d’espera, punts de trobada, instal·lacions públiques, etc.) i que alguns autors han anomenat no-llocs. Estudiem la manera com els personatges viuen en comunió amb la terra, com el clima determina el seu esdevenir vital, la forma com la natura aglutina motius narratius, i la voluntat del nostre autor de reproduir espais viscuts creant una geofantasia pròpia.
Una biografia pendent
Authors: Gómez Labrado Víctor
Published: March 2016

A partir de les dades disponibles sobre la biografia d’Enric Valor, l’autor en dóna una visió de conjunt, repassant la trajectòria vital, cívica i cultural de l’escriptor, des de la fi de la infantesa fins a la postguerra, posant sobretot l’accent en les experiències per ell viscudes a Elda i Alacant, posant l’accent en la formació i en els estímuls que van condicionar o fer possible la personalitat del personatge biografiat, o més ben dit: encara a biografiar, perquè l’autor reclama això: que s’escriga una biografia, tan completa i documentada com es puga fer, d’Enric Valor. Partint de la constatació que la informació disponible és, ara mateix, interessant i valuosa però insuficient, l’autor es limita a remarcar alguns fets biogràfics i proposar-ne algunes explicacions que ens permeten entendre l’home i la seua obra, tant intel·lectual com cívica.
El teatre català del segle XX i la col·lecció «Essencial» de Bromera: ressenya sobre el darrer volum de la col·lecció (2011), escrit per Ramon X. Rosselló
Authors: Monferrer Palmer Aina
Published: March 2016

El teatre català del segle XX i la col·lecció «Essencial» de Bromera: ressenya sobre el darrer volum de la col·lecció (2011), escrit per Ramon X. Rosselló.
Modern approach to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biosimilar recombinant human insulin and insulin analogues in I phase clinical study
Authors: Proskurina Irina A. , Mayorov Alexander Y. , Gorachev Dmitriy V. , Bunyatyan Natalya D.
Published: March 2016

The quality, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, safety and immunogenicity must be compared to demonstrate the bio-similarities of recombinant human insulin and insulin analogues. To confirm these bio-similarities in clinical studies, it is necessary to adhere to a multi-phased approach, starting with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the study drugs. In this article, in accordance with modern approaches to drug research, evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human insulin and analogues of human insulin (biosimilar drugs) is performed in a double-blind, randomised crossover euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp study.This article describes the main approaches to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of recombinant human insulin preparations and insulin analogues during a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp study. The inclusion criteria for the sample selection, design and conditions of the study, methods for the suppression of endogenous insulin, recommendations for doses of drugs, duration of the study and choice of primary and secondary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for bio-similar insulin products (which depend on the duration of their effects) are described.
Heart failure in diabetes: effects of anti-hyperglycemic drug therapy
Authors: Galstyan Gagik R. , Gilyarov Mikhail Y.
Published: March 2016

Studies on the cardiovascular safety of new anti-diabetic drugs have drawn attention to the problem of heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This has included one controversial study about hospitalization associated with HF in patients treated with dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors (I-DPP4) compared with placebo. Until recently, HF was not considered to be a vascular or chronic complication of diabetes. It is well known that patients with T2DM generally have a higher risk of developing HF. In addition, the mortality risk of patients with HF and diabetes is significantly higher than that among patients with HF without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Among patients with HF, hyperglycaemia requiring anti-diabetic therapy is much more common than among patients without HF. Therefore, it is important to address this issue in terms of the pathogenesis of HF in patients with T2DM, the influence and dynamics of glycaemic control and methods to achieve glycaemic control, including the selection of various types of anti-diabetic drugs.
Multidimensional effects of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ruyatkina Lyudmila A. , Ruyatkin Dmitriy S.
Published: March 2016

In modern algorithms for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, metformin is positioned as a first-line drug, which, when the disease progresses, is universally combined with other groups of hypoglycemic drugs, including insulin. Review of literature demonstrates the multifaceted effects of metformin with its efficacy and extensive safety range, allowing the drug to be used not only for glycemic control but also for the management of cardiovascular risk factors. Here we present a retrospective study of whether cardiovascular safety of hypoglycemic drugs should be assessed, on the basis of which the idea of a vulnerable patient in the presence of diabetes can be formulated, and the necessity of joint management of such patients by an endocrinologist and cardiologist can be postulated. The mechanisms of macrovascular protection by the drug demonstrated in the UKPDS with the phenomenon of metabolic memory are analysed along with a discussion regarding their lipid-lowering and antisclerotic effects using modern analytical reviews. The features of the action of long form of the drug (Glucophage Long) are considered. The pleiotropic possibilities of metformin, the expansion of the present indications and the prospects of application as well as new hypotheses about its mechanism of action are discussed. The possible effects of the drug on the components of the gastrointestinal tractbrainliver axis are discussed, and the effects of metformin on homeostasis due to the effect on the microbiota are presented.
Factors associated with abnormal cardio-ankle vascular index in patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes
Authors: Sumin Aleksei N. , Bezdenezhnykh Natalya A. , Fedorova Natalya V. , Shcheglova Anna V. , Indukaeva Elena V. , Artamonova Galina V.
Published: March 2016

Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with different responses to treatment with metformin (MF) in the Novosibirsk region. Materials and methods: We examined 460 patients with T2DM in the Novosibirsk region. Patients were divided into groups according to their HbA1c level: patients who achieved the target HbA1c level during MF therapy (n = 209) and those who did not reach the target HbA1c level (n=251). Genotyping of ATM (rs11212617) was performed using polymerase chain reaction by TaqMan. Results: Patients who achieved the target HbA1c level during MF treatment (good response) were older (61. 1±9. 1 years vs. 57. 4±8. 4 years, p=0. 001), had later onset of diabetes (54. 6 ± 10. 1 years vs. 49. 2±8. 5 years, p = 0. 0001) and shorter duration of diabetes (6. 5±5. 9 years vs. 8. 2±6. 1 years, p=0. 03) compared with those who did not achieve the target HbA1c level. There was no statistically significant association between ATM rs11212617 and achieving the target HbA1c level among all patients [odds ratio (OR)=0. 94, 95% confidence interval = (0. 73–1. 23), p=0. 67] or those with MF monotherapy [OR=0. 90, (0. 65–1. 25), p=0. 54] or combination therapy [OR=1. 02, (0. 72–1. 43), p=0. 92]. There was an effect of age on response to MF therapy in all three groups (all patients: p=0. 001, MF monotherapy group: p=0. 04, combination therapy group: p=0. 0009). In the MF monotherapy group, low dose MF was associated with a good response (p=0. 03), and in the combination therapy group, males were more likely to have a good response (p=0. 003). Patients with genotype C/C or A/C for ATM (rs11212617) compared with those with genotype A/A were more likely to have high levels of triglycerides [2. 33 (1. 52–4. 2) mmol/l, 2. 09 (1. 35–3. 0) mmol/l and 1. 99 (1. 49–3. 21) mmol/l, respectively, p=0. 001], coronary heart disease (CHD) (13. 4%, 13. 4% and 9. 6%, respectively, p=0. 009) and myocardial infarction (7. 8%, 3. 2% and 4. 0%, respectively, p=0. 001). Conclusion: Patients with T2DM who had a good response to MF therapy were older, more likely to be male and had a later onset of T2DM. Genotype C/C for ATM rs11212617 was associated with high triglycerides, CHD and myocardial infarction. ATM rs11212617 was not associated with response to MF therapy in the Novosibirsk region.
The association of TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus among Tatars of Bashkortostan
Authors: Avzaletdinova Diana S. , Sharipova Leisan F. , Kochetova Olga V. , Morugova Tatyana Vyacheslavovna , Erdman Vera V. , Somova Regina S. , Mustafina Olga E.
Published: March 2016

Aim. To perform the analysis of the association of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene rs7903146 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Tatars of Bashkortostan. Materials and methods. In this study, 169 patients with T2DM and 286 controls without clinical symptoms and laboratory signs of diabetes and without diabetes relatives were examined. Amplification of the DNA fragments was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and TaqMan technique. Results. Genotype CT and allele T ratios were higher in the T2DM group than in controls (46. 7% vs. 36. 4%, p = 0. 030; 41. 7% vs. 30. 8%, p = 0. 001 respectively). There was a positive association between allele T and T2DM (OR = 1. 61), and allele C had a protective effect (OR = 0. 62, p = 0,001). Carriers of the ТТ genotype had later onset of T2DM (mean = 59. 5 years old) compared with carriers of the CT and CC genotypes (56. 1 years old, p = 0. 044). Basal C-peptide concentration, lipid levels and body mass index were not associated with TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism. Conclusion. TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism is associated with T2DM among Tatars of Bashkortostan.
Detemir potential applications in the treatment of diabetes during pregnancy: proven benefits and perspectives
Authors: Ruyatkina Lyudmila A. , Sorokin Maksim Y.
Published: March 2016

In recent years there is notable growing prevalence of gestational and overt diabetes in pregnant women while rate of obstetric complications, neonatal morbidity, perinatal mortality in women with diabetes is maintained at the high level as compared with common population. Furhermore no doubt that fetal programming and genetic factors induce the formation of various longterm complications in infants of diabetic mothers.  There is a strong evidence that the risk of obstetric complications can be reduced by achieving adequate glycemic control, which is frequently still an elusive goal. Improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the insulin analogs (including minimal action variability) allow to achieve a better glycemic control with lower risk of hypoglycemias compared to human insulin. The clinical benefits of detemir have been confirmed in clinical trials in pregnant women with diabetes. Detemir is the only long-acting insulin analog that has been evaluated in prospective studies in pregnant women and proved a satisfactory safety profile and the ability to achieve a lower level of fasting glycemia and advanced maturity of the fetus at delivery.
Validation of the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) for the Caucasian population of Siberia
Authors: Mustafina Svetlana V. , Rymar Oksana D. , Sazonova Olga V. , Shcherbakova Liliya V. , Voevoda Michail I.
Published: March 2016

Aim. A validation of the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) was conducted among the Siberian population. FINDRISC was used to study the prevalence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to estimate the incidence of T2DM in high-risk groups during a 10-year observation period. Materials and methods. A total of 9,360 subjects aged between 45 and 69 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional, population-based study. FINDRISC was used to group 8,050 people without diabetes according to their risk for T2DM. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results. When a cutoff point of 11 was used to identify those with diabetes, sensitivity was 76. 0% and specificity was 60. 2%. The area under the receiver operating curve for diabetes was 0. 73 (0. 73 for men and 0. 70 for women). More than one-third (31. 7%) of the adult population of Novosibirsk was estimated to have medium, high or very high risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years. Cases of T2DM estimated to occur during the 10 years of follow-up had significantly higher incidence of risk factors such as BMI ≥30 kg/m2, waist circumference 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women and a family history of T2DM and were more likely to take drugs to lower blood pressure. Conclusion. FINDRISC provided good results in our sample, and we recommend its use in the Siberian population.
Design and statistical optimization of an effervescent floating drug delivery system of theophylline using response surface methodology
Authors: Srikanth Meka Venkata , Ee Li Chew , Sheshala Ravi
Published: March 2016

The aim of this research was to formulate effervescent floating drug delivery systems of theophylline using different release retarding polymers such as ethyl cellulose, Eudragit® L100, xanthan gum and polyethylene oxide (PEO) N12K. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a gas generating agent. Direct compression was used to formulate floating tablets and the tablets were evaluated for their physicochemical and dissolution characteristics. PEO based formulations produced better drug release properties than other formulations. Hence, it was further optimized by central composite design. Further subjects of research were the effect of formulation variables on floating lag time and the percentage of drug released at the seventh hour (D

7h). The optimum quantities of PEO and sodium bicarbonate, which had the highest desirability close to 1.0, were chosen as the statistically optimized formulation. No interaction was found between theophylline and PEO by Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies.
Microscopic methods in analysis of submicron phospholipid dispersions
Authors: Płaczek Marcin , Kosela Magdalena
Published: March 2016

Microscopy belongs to the group of tests, used in pharmaceutical technology, that despite the lapse of time and the development of new analytical methods, still remain irreplaceable for the characterization of dispersed drug dosage forms (e.g., suspensions and emulsions). To obtain complete description of a specific drug formulation, such as parenteral colloidal products, a combination of different microscopic techniques is sometimes required. Electron microscopy methods are the most useful ones; however, even such basic methods as optical microscopy may be helpful for determination of some properties of a sample. The publication explicates the most popular microscopical techniques used nowadays for characterization of the morphology of nanoparticles suspended in pharmaceutical formulations; ad vantages and disadvantages of these methods are also discussed. Parenteral submicron formulations containing lecithin or a particular phospholipid were chosen as examples.
Simultaneous quantitative analysis of olmesartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in their combined dosage form utilizing classical and alternating least squares based chemometric methods
Authors: Darwish Hany W. , Bakheit Ahmed H. , Abdelhameed Ali S.
Published: March 2016

Simultaneous spectrophotometric analysis of a multi-component dosage form of olmesartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide used for the treatment of hypertension has been carried out using various chemometric methods. Multivariate calibration methods include classical least squares (CLS) executed by net analyte processing (NAP-CLS), orthogonal signal correction (OSC-CLS) and direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC-CLS) in addition to multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). Results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed methods as quantitative tools of analysis as well as their qualitative capability. The three analytes were determined precisely using the aforementioned methods in an external data set and in a dosage form after optimization of experimental conditions. Finally, the efficiency of the models was validated via comparison with the partial least squares (PLS) method in terms of accuracy and precision.
Physicochemical characterization and dissolution studies of acyclovir solid dispersions with Pluronic F127 prepared by the kneading method
Authors: Karolewicz Bożena , Nartowski Karol , Pluta Janusz , Górniak Agata
Published: March 2016

The dissolution rate of anhydrous acyclovir was improved by the preparation of physical mixtures and solid dispersions with the non-ionic polymer Pluronic F127 using the kneading method at different drug-to-polymer ratios. The obtained physical mixtures and solid dispersions were examined in terms of drug content and possible physical and chemical interactions between the drug and polymer using FTIR spectral studies, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The dissolution rate of acyclovir was determined using the rotating disk method. It was found that the minimal content of the polymer within the mixtures needed to increase the dissolution rate of the drug was 50 %.
Effect of quercetin on the transport of ritonavir to the central nervous system in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liang Gongwen , Li Na , Ma Liping , Qian Zhonglian , Sun Yuwen , Shi Luwen , Zhao Libo
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to identify an effective flavonoid that could improve the intracellular accumulation of ritonavir in human brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). An in vivo experiment on Sprague-Dawley rats was then designed to further determine the flavonoid’s impact on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ritonavir. In the accumulation assay, the intracellular leve l of ritonavir was increased in the presence of 25 mmol L−1 of flavonoids in HBMECs. Quercetin showed the strongest effect by improving the intracellular accumulation of ritonavir by 76.9 %. In the pharmacokinetic study, the presence of quercetin in the co-administration group and in the pretreatment group significantly decreased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC
0–t) of ritonavir by 42.2 % (p < 0.05) and 53.5 % (p < 0.01), and decreased the peak plasma concentration (c
max) of ritonavir by 23.1 % (p < 0.05) and 45.8 % (p < 0.01), respectively, compared to the control group (ritonavir alone). In the tissue distribution study, the ritonavir concentration in the brain was significantly increased 2-fold (p < 0.01), during the absorption phase (1 h) and was still significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the distribution phase (6 h) in the presence of quercetin.
Comparison of the Two-Hemisphere Model-Driven Approach to Other Methods for Model-Driven Software Development
Authors: Nikiforova Oksana , Kozacenko Ludmila , Ahilcenoka Dace , Gusarovs Konstantins , Ungurs Dainis , Jukss Maris
Published: March 2016

Models are widely used not only in computer science field, but also in other fields. They are an effective way to show relevant information in a convenient way. Model-driven software development uses models and transformations as first-class citizens. That makes software development phases more related to each other, those links later help to make changes or modify software product more freely. At the moment there are a lot of methods and techniques to create those models and transform them into each other. Since 2004, authors have been developing the so called 2HMD approach to bridge the gap between problem domain and software components by using models and model transformation. The goal of this research is to compare different methods positioned for performing the same tasks as the 2HMD approach and to understand the state of the art in the area of model-driven software development.
A Prototype of Description Language for the Two-Hemisphere Model
Authors: Gusarovs Konstantins , Nikiforova Oksana , Jukss Maris
Published: March 2016

Nowadays, it is a modern trend to develop a CASE tool for system modelling with an ability to transform models defined in different notations and also to generate a program code. However development of such a tool often involves experimentation with transformation algorithms that may require changes to the source model structure. Since CASE tools are basically used to represent a model in diagram’s form, implementing experimental changes in a modelling tool can require additional effort. In order to solve this problem, authors propose a way of describing the two-hemisphere model using Domain Specific Language. This paper covers the language’s syntax as well as provides an example of the two-hemisphere model defined with its help.
Evaluation of the Agility Level of the Organization
Authors: Linkevics Gusts , Sukovskis Uldis
Published: March 2016

Organizations and teams are switching to agile methodology more and more often. The problem lies in the fact that organizations and teams are not certain at which agility level they currently are and at which agility domains they fail. This research focuses on creating a new method and tool for evaluation of the agility level of the company. The proposed method is based on the agility model of the company with agility domains, subdomains and attributes. Expert evaluation of domains, subdomains and attributes is the core of this method. The result of this research is the agility assessment method and blueprint of the architecture for the agility evaluation tool.
Accelerated Determination of Fatigue Limit and S-N Curve by Means of Thermographic Method for X5CrNi18-10 Steel
Authors: Lipski Adam
Published: March 2016

A new thermographic method that enables simultaneous accelerated determination of the fatigue limit and the S-N curve was presented in this paper. The fatigue limit determination method was based on a constant rate of temperature rise occurring in second phase of the specimen fatigue life. The S-N curve determination method was based on energetic parameter with assumption of its dependency on the stress amplitude. The tests made on X5CrNi18-10 steel under reversed bending revealed that the fatigue limit value obtained from accelerated thermographic tests as compared to the value obtained from full test differs by 5.0 %. The S-N curve obtained by accelerated thermographic method fits inside 95 % confidence interval for the S-N curve obtained from full test.
A Ground Control Station for the UAV Flight Simulator
Authors: Romaniuk Sławomir , Gosiewski Zdzisław , Ambroziak Leszek
Published: March 2016

In the paper implementation of a ground control station for UAV flight simulator is shown. The ground control station software is in cooperation with flight simulator, displaying various aircraft flight parameters. The software is programmed in C++ language and utilizes the windows forms for implementing graphical content. One of the main aims of the design of the application was to simplify the interface, simultaneously maintaining the functionality and the eligibility. A mission can be planned and monitored using the implemented map control supported by waypoint list.
Methodology of Creation the Simulation Basin based on the Projected Canal through the Vistula Spit
Authors: Zwolan Piotr , Czaplewski Krzysztof
Published: March 2016

The biggest problem in the process of implementation of the new sea areas project or aids to navigation systems is to check the assumptions without compromising security on real waters. Today, digital models are available for easy and inexpensive replacement of the research methods used so far. For this purpose the navigational and maneuvering simulators are perfect.

Simulators as a research tools allow you to define a more realistic and accurate data for the study and evaluation sea areas. The purpose of the simulation is to identify and reduce the risk for seafarers during navigation on the waterways, canals and port areas. These include quantitative and qualitative assessment of the canals and fairways construction. The main requirement for a simulation system is to have a multi-task simulation software, which includes effective tools for repositioning and designing safe waterways and port infrastructure.

The Institute of Navigation and Maritime Hydrography of the Polish Naval Academy since the eighties of the twentieth century is carried out projects in the field of navigational and hydrographic support of human activities at sea. This is possible thanks to the extensive set of simulation tools. Planning this tasks in a simulators software environment allow not only to design of virtual counterparts of real sea areas, but also to evaluate the quality of manufactured parts before their actual exposure to sea areas.
Phase-Phase and Phase-Code Methods Modification for Precise Detecting and Predicting the GPS Cycle Slip Error
Authors: Elashiry Ahmed A. , Youssef Mohamed A. , Abdel Hamid Mohamed A.
Published: March 2016

There are three well-established detecting methods for cycle slip error, which are: Doppler measurement method, Phase-Code differencing method, and Phase-Phase Differencing Method. The first method depends on the comparison between observables and the fact that Doppler measurements are immune to cycle slip error. This method is considered as the most precise method for cycle slip detecting, because it succeed in detecting and predicting the smallest cycle slip size (1 cycle) in case the local oscillator has low bias. The second method depends on the comparison between observables (phase and code) and the code measurements are immune to the cycle slip error. But this method can’t detect or predict cycle slip size smaller than 10 cycles, because the code measurements have high noise. The third method depends on the comparison between observables (phase 1 and phase 2) and the phases measurements that have low noise. But this method can’t detect or predict cycle slip size smaller than 5 cycles, because the ionospheric change might have a high variation.

For enhancing the precision of the last two methods in detecting the smallest cycle slip which size reaches 1 cycle, a new algorithm was developed in this research to determine the change in the ionospheric values and the code bias from epoch to epoch. That is done by solving all observables equations by least square technique. This modification on these methods succeed in detecting and predicting cycle slips of size of 1 cycle.
Intelektualni Kapital u Digitalnoj Ekonomiji / Intellectual Capital in Digital Economy
Authors: Stanivuk Mihaela
Published: March 2016

Rezime

Današnje kompanije su zavisne od nematerijalne imovine koju čine informacije, znanje, inovacije i kreativost, a to su glavni resursi digitalne ekonomije. Da bi se pojavile i opstale na globalnom tržištu, u digitalnom dobu, današnje kompanije moraju posjedovati performanse kojima će zasjeniti konkurenciju i ostvariti privredni progres. Te performanse se ogledaju u intelektualnom kapitalu, odnosno u umovima ljudskih resursa kompanije, njihovim međusobnim odnosima, kao i odnosima sa eksternim saradnicima. Intelektualni kapital je jedan od krucijalnih koncepata kreiranja konkurentske prednosti u digitalnoj ekonomiji. Cilj ovog rada je ukazivanje na skrivenu vrijednost intelektualnog kapitala koja već decenijama sazrijeva u tišini i čeka pravi trenutak da “eksplodira”. Znanje koje kompanija posjeduje, kao i način na koji ga primjenjuje danas je odlučujući faktor za ostvarivanje optimalnog razvoja potencijala digitalne ekonomije, te stvaranje stabilnog društvenog sistema. Predstavljajući različite metode mjerenja naučnici su omogućili ostvarivanje prava vlasništva i mjerenje intelektualnog kapitala kompanije. Od esencijalnog značaja je zaštita intelektualnog kapitala, jer u digitalnoj ekonomiji, gdje se gotovo sve vrši elektronski, pojam “zloupotreba” je dobio sasvim novo značenje. Naposljetku, intelektualni kapital je ultimatum neophodan za postizanje dominacije na globalnom tržištu i ostvarivanje ekonomskog prosperiteta.
Upravljanje Rizicima Osiguravajućih Kompanija / Risk Management of Insurance Companies
Authors: Zeljić Danijela
Published: March 2016

Rezime

Prilikom pružanja zaštite osiguranicima, osiguravajuće kompanije se susreću sa brojnim rizicima koji se klasifikuju na različite načine. Rizici su sve raznovrsniji, a globalizacija poslovanja dovela je do veće vjerovatnoće u pogledu njihovih ostvarenja, kao i do većeg intenziteta mogućih posljedica. Zbog toga proces upravljanja rizicima predstavlja veliki izazov modernih osiguravajućih kompanija.

Uspješnim ovladavanjem ovim kompleksnim procesom, osiguravajuće kompanije mogu ostvariti veću otpornost na rizike sa kojima se u svom poslovanju suočavaju, a, time, i veću spremnost na potrese mogućeg ostvarenja rizika.
Uloga Banke na Tržištu Hartija od Vrednosti / Function of Banks on the Securities Market
Authors: Prodanović Vladimir
Published: March 2016

Rezime

U radu se tretira problematika u vezi sa tržištem investicionih hartija od vrednosti, a u funkciji uloge banaka u tom procesu. Naglasak se stavlja na iskustva razvijenih zemalja, a posebno SAD. Poslednjih godina, banke i druge deponentne institucije pokazuju tendenciju da prihvate veći rizik i složenije investicije u svom portfelju. Pojavili su se novi instrumenti čija je svrha više od jednostavnog obezbeđivanja likvidnosti i prihoda, a, posebno, u slučajevima slabe potražnje zajmova. Banke i druge institucije-zajmodavci bave se zamenom portfelja svojih investicionih hartija od vrednosti imajući u vidu kako poreze tako i veće prihode.
Značaj Strateškog Upravljanja za Rast iBB Razvoj Poslovnih Sistema / The Importance of Strategic Management for Growth and Development of Business Systems
Authors: Lukić Zoran , Mustafić Amela
Published: March 2016

Rezime

Savremeni uslovi poslovanja postaju sve veći izazov za definisanje strategija poslovanja i odlučivanja. Poseban problem uticaja sve većeg broja faktora se definiše kod strateških oblasti iz javnog sektora. U cilju kvalitetnog odlučivanja, top menadžment preduzeća mora imati veliki broj kvalitetnih i blagovremenih informacija. Tržišna orijentacija preduzeća je kontinuirani proces koji polazište ima u posjedovanju informacija sa tržišta, njihovoj interpretaciji u mehanizmima preduzeća, te u kvalitetnoj analizi tih podataka u cilju donošenja efikasnih odluka. U procesu stvaranja, alokacije informacija u preduzeću i reakciji na tako prikupljene informacije učestvuju sve organizacione jedinice, kao i svi nivoi menadžmenta. Pri tome je cjelokupan proces okrenut prema stvaranju uslova za profitabilno poslovanje, ali i za maksimalno zadovoljenje potreba potrošača. Top menadžment u skladu sa tim mora da vodi adekvatnu stratešku politiku planiranja i funkcionisanja, koja u sebe uključuje dinamiku među organizacionim jedinicama, te takvu organizacionu strukturu koja određuje i omogućava tržišnu orijentaciju. Kao rezultat procesa provođenja svih elemenata strateškog menadžmenta, razvijaju se sposobnosti preduzeća koje predstavljaju preduslov za ostvarivanje konkurentskih prednosti koje se ostvaruju kod potrošača, zaposlenih i putem poslovanja preduzeća. U donošenju poslovnih, a, posebno, strateških odluka, koriste se informacije o potrošačima, ali i informacije iz okruženja koje mogu uticati na reakciju preduzeća. Iz svega navedenog, može se zaključiti da analiza potrošača i praćenje prilika i prijetnji, odnosno uticaja internih i eksternih faktora, omogućava tržišno orijentisanom preduzeću da ostvari konkurentske prednosti, ali, istovremeno, da stvori sve uslove za kontinuiran rast i razvoj.
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Albania
Authors: Kraja Boriçi Ylvije , Osmani Elezi
Published: March 2016

Since the 1980s, foreign direct investment inflow (FDI) has grown significantly in most developing countries while pertaining Alania, foreign direct investment has started after the 1990s. A lot of developing countries have made policies aimed at reducing FDI barriers. Foreign capital globalization, particularly FDI inflow is increased significantly in developing countries, due to the fact that FDI is the most stable and prevalent component of foreign capital inflows (Adams, 2009) Foreign direct investments are a very important factor for the development of a country and Albania has still much to be done to encourage such investments, especially in the legislative framework. The authors are trying to give the answer to the question that how does foreign direct investment in the Albania affect the nation’s economy? The authors identify that foreign direct investment improves technology and has positive impact on economic growth. Because the overall theory is that FDI inflow enhances and sustains economic growth in the host country.
Mixed Use Rezorti u Kontekstu Održivog Razvoja Turizma (Primjer: Crna Gora) /Mixed Use Resorts in the Context of Sustainable Tourism Development (Case: Montenegro)
Authors: Ratković Rade , Šoć Milica
Published: March 2016

Rezime

U radu se istražuje fenomen mixed use resorts kao savremeni oblik razvoja smještajne industrije. Cilj rada je da se ova vrsta resorta precizno definiše, predstave neki uspješni modelu u svijetu i sagledaju izazovi u pogledu razvojne održivosti ove vrste smještajnih objekata. Posebno se analizira prvi internacionalni projekat mixed use resorts u Crnoj Gori, poznat pod imenom Lustica Bay. Održivost na konkretnom primjeru se analizira sa aspekta Strategije održivog razvoja turizma Crne Gore i teorijskih postulata o održivosti razvoja turizma.

Razvoj turizma je praćen problemom insuficijencije finansijskih resursa za razvoj. Kreditno i kapitalsko finansiranje ima svoja stanovita ograničenja u pogledu obima kapitala i obima i cijene kreditnih sredstava. Zbog toga se pribjegava kombinaciji sa modelom prodaje nekretnina, koje bi se, u dobrom dijelu, uključile u operativno poslovanje mixed use resorts. Ta ograničenja su u Crnoj Gori, kao zemlji u tranziciji, još više izražena.

Kada se tome doda i nepostojanje potrebne infrastrukture za podršku inostranim investitorima (sposobna i efikasna administracija, fleksibilni urbanistički planovi, dobro istražene lokacije sa aspekta održivosti, kredibilne domaće razvojne kompanije-lokalni diveloperi koji bi bili pouzdan partner ino investitorima i sl), onda je jasno da se u posljednje 2-3 decenije neuporedivo brže grade vikend stanovi i kuće (second homes) nego hoteli, risorti i slićni objekti koji imaju najveći uticaj na ekonomiju i društvo.

U radu su identifikovani glavni izazovi i prijetnje takvoga razvoja, gdje se često puta, mixed use resorts zloupotrebljavaju kao ulaznica za razvoj novih naselja za prodaju, a ne novih smještajnih objekata za turističko privređivanje. Izazovi koji prate izabrani slučaj za istraživanje, ukazuju na konkretno ispoljavanje generalno identifikovanih problema i razvojnih prijetnji.