bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Well Integrity Evaluation for Methane Hydrate Production in the Deepwater Nankai Trough
Authors: Qiu Kaibin , Yamamoto Koji , Birchwood Richard Anthony , Chen Ying Ru
Published: March 2015

Large accumulations of methane hydrates are known to exist in the deepwater Nankai Trough located off the southern coast of Japan. Due to its enormous potential as an energy source, there is growing interest in the production of methane gas from these deposits. An offshore production test was scheduled to test the technological viability to produce the methane hydrate by using a depressurization method. However, methane hydrate production may cause large amounts of compaction and subsidence, which can damage well integrity and cause loss of zonal isolation in the overburden. This condition could provide potential leakage pathways for methane gas to the surface and endanger offshore operations.

The paper presents a study in which well integrity was evaluated for a methane hydrate production test well in the Nankai Trough. In this study, a new workflow was proposed and applied to honor both fieldwide formation heterogeneity and near-wellbore geometry. The geomechanics properties were determined through integration of seismic inversion data, log data, and core data from the Nankai Trough. Interface elements were installed between the casing and cement and the cement and formation to evaluate the impact of cement bond quality on the well integrity. The numerical simulation was conducted through coupling of the simulation results produced by a methane hydrate production simulator from a third party with a 3D finite-element (FE) geomechanics simulator.

The study predicted the occurrence of 2-cm of subsidence on the seafloor generated by approximately 1.5% of reservoir compaction for a production test of 20 days. Over this period, casing would yield with a plastic strain of about 1%. Most findings indicated a low risk in the loss of zonal isolation which is consistent with the results of the production test conducted in March 2013.

This simulation evaluated potential risks related to well integrity, and provided critical information for the preparation and execution of the pioneering offshore methane hydrate production test in the Nankai Trough.
Surface Modification of Proppant to Improve Transport and Placement
Authors: Maley Darren , Boyer Jeff , O'Neil Bill , Zhang Kewei
Published: March 2015

Slick water hydraulic fracturing treatments are the preferred method for stimulation of tight hydrocarbon plays as these treatments enhance the complexity of fracture networks, increase fracture lengths, reduce formation damage and decrease treatment costs. These characteristics of a slick water treatment are critical to produce economic wells in unconventional formations. Even though these treatments are effective, they also have disadvantages that can limit production and increase treatment costs. With slight modifications to the treatment design of traditional slick waters - the addition of a novel chemical and 5% nitrogen - the limitations can be reduced.

The performance of the slick water treatment is improved by modifying the proppant's surface properties. A novel surfactant preferentially adsorbs onto the surface of the proppant (for both quartz and ceramic), hydrophobically modifying the surface of the solids. The enhanced surface properties create an attraction between the proppant surface and nitrogen gas, in effect, surrounding the particle with a thin layer of gas and thus increasing the buoyancy of the proppant in water. These enhanced properties allow for improved proppant distribution, deeper proppant penetration within the complex fracture network, increased proppant pack volume, and increased maximum proppant concentration that can be placed. Improving proppant placement and increasing the volume that the proppant occupies within the fracture enhances the conductivity of the fracture network, therefore improving the productivity of the well.

Laboratory studies of polymer adsorption, sand pack column flow analysis, crush resistance and brine compatibility testing will be presented to complement laboratory analyses previously published. Case studies of field treatments will also be provided. The first case study uses pad wells and compares the new system to traditional fracturing fluids. It will show that, without changing any other variables in the treatment design, production is enhanced significantly. The other two case studies will illustrate how production has been increased in two formations in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.
Workflow for Modelling an Arbitrary Number of Fluid Slugs in a Wellbore Using a Commercial Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Mogensen Kristian
Published: March 2015

Fluid slugs pumped into a wellbore as part of a near-wellbore treatment may exhibit complicated flow characteristics, which are not always captured with sufficient accuracy with commercial simulators. Two such examples include pumping slugs of gelling agents for conformance control and flow of acid with varying concentrations of additives such as drag-reducing agents (DRA).

This paper details a workflow implemented in the commercial simulator Eclipse, which can be applied to describe the transient effects that occur during any fluid-fluid displacement in any wellbore geometry. An important feature of the proposed workflow involves generation of a large number of VFP tables, each of which can be invoked in individual wellbore segments using ACTIONX logic.

The workflow has been tested against field measurements acquired during acid stimulation of a very long horizontal well from a low-permeability North Sea reservoir. The selected well has been completed with around 300 pre-drilled holes in the liner according to the Controlled Acid Jet (CAJ) concept originally described in SPE 78318 and SPE 110135. The pumping schedule involved slugs of brine and acid with varying concentrations of DRA. The rheology of the DRA solution was modelled based on a formalism proposed by Virk, which enabled successful matching of the friction pressure in the wellbore. The wellbore is modelled with a number of segments with known volume. At any given injection rate, it is therefore possible to minimise numerical dispersion in the wellbore by adjusting the time step so that the fluid front advances one segment at a time. In essence, the workflow allows modelling of any fluid-fluid displacement in a wellbore of arbitrary complexity.

Introduction

The Controlled Acid Jet (CAJ) technique was originally developed in 1998 to stimulate very long horizontal well sections in a single operation (Hansen, 2001). The CAJ concept is based on a non-cemented liner with a limited number of unevenly spaced holes of different size to ensure efficient acid stimulation of the complete reservoir section provided the acid is pumped at sufficiently high rates to enable complete displacement of the mud phase. The CAJ liner can be installed incombination with traditional cemented liners or cover the entire reservoir interval, as described by Hansen and Nederveen(2002) in greater detail.

The CAJ technique has, in several ways, set new standards for the completion and stimulation of long horizontal wells; its most significant achievement is the remarkably effective acid coverage resulting from stimulation of long reservoir sections in a single operation.
Smart Field Deployment - Towards the Appropriate Level of Smartness
Authors: Engbers Peter , Male Peter , Chai Chon Fui
Published: March 2015

Smart Fields solutions add a lot of value to further field development and well, reservoir, and facility management. Over the years, Shell has developed and deployed many integrated Smart Fields solutions. However, as each field is different, with more complex field development types, ‘stacking’ of different solutions is becoming common, we need to ensure that we identify and deploy the right balance of solutions. The "Appropriate Level of Smartness" (ALoS) describes the desired stage. The focus of the Smart Fields programme has therefore shifted from "selling" individual solutions to achieving ALoS in all our key projects (help assets know and implement the balanced mix of solutions).

In this paper, we describe how we screen, decide applicability, and deploy Smart Field solutions for the Shell portfolio. The screening identifies the relevant Smart Fields Solutions for a project or asset that will maximize the project value and help reduce its key business uncertainties, taking a full lifecycle view. Deployment will help projects to ensure that the value opportunities identified through the Screening are materialized into solutions deployed at the asset, realizing the value to Shell. Solutions need to be tailored for the specific field, production type, purpose, or environment (Archetype). We have developed a framework to ensure that we deploy the right Smart Field solutions for each type of field and asset. As guidance, we make use of a newly built Solutions Advisory. This advisory, for example, highlights which solutions are standard in which environment, meaning that you would have to justify why not to implement.

At the end, we will show how Smart Fields has already added substantial value in brownfields, whilst ALoS guarantees our future value and effectiveness of greenfield projects, ensuring that we do it right from the beginning, so no retrofitting is required.
3D Broadband Multi-Azimuth Survey - Seismic Technology for the Complex M Field
Authors: Balakrishnan Gopikrishnan , Nayak Prasanta , Tarigan Rudhy L.
Published: March 2015

I. Introduction

The M Field, located in 500–600m of waterdepth in offshore Sabah, Malaysia, was discovered in 2004. In 2012, Shell took Final Investment Decision (FID) on the project which will include drilling of several producers and water injectors, with production via a Tension Leg Platform (TLP). The main reservoirs of the M field are the K-1 and K-2 sands; both are located at relatively shallow depths below mudline. They are structurally complex, significantly compartmentalized and underlie a complex overburden with presence of gas. To improve reservoir and structural mapping for well positioning and well planning, a Multi-AZimuth (MAZ) broadband 3D survey was carried out over the field. A fast track Post Stack Time Migration (PoSTM) datasets was delivered three months after the last shot of the survey which was critical for geohazards interpretation for top hole well trajectories. A Pre Stack Time Migration (PSTM) volume was delivered after five months from the last shot and a final Pre Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) is expected in August for the structural interpretation and reservoir characterization at the reservoir level.

II. Geophysical Challenges

The imaging challenges at the M Field are caused by the rugose seabed morphology and hard shallow authigenic carbonate bodies (Figure 1), gas wipeout zones and the presence of thick wedge of bright amplitude events. Figure 2 illustrates the Poor Data Zone (PDZ) over the center of the field, characterized by weaker amplitude and lower dominant frequencies. This zone extends up to the seabed. Amplitude brightening near the seabed overlying the PDZ indicates the presence of materials that generate high-impedance contrasts. Core samples taken showed they are authigenic carbonate that forms a hard crust and acts as scatterers of seismic energy. Presence of gas below the authigenic carbonates further weakens the seismic energy through absorption. The presence of the thick wedge (Figure 2) has a similar effect to the underlying events. In general, the seismic data over the structurally complex M Field is highly variable.
Innovative Risk Management on the Barzan Onshore Project
Authors: DeHart Bob , Brand Johnny
Published: March 2015

The Barzan Gas Project is being developed by Barzan Gas Company Limited, a joint venture between Qatar Petroleum and ExxonMobil Barzan Limited, with RasGas Company Limited as the developer and operator. The project's objective is the economic development of a high quality, reliable and fully integrated sales gas facility that further monetizes Qatar's North Field resources to supply gas to the domestic market for power generation and water desalination.

JGC was awarded the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contract for the Barzan Onshore Project on January 1, 2011 for design, procurement, and construction of two of the largest natural gas processing trains in the world. The workforce on site has peaked with 29,500 workers from 45 countries representing 20+ languages.

The project has displayed world-class Safety, Health, Environment and Security (SHE&S) performance due in part to its SHE&S Management System. For the EPC phase, the current Lost Time Incident Rate (LTIR) is 0.006 and Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) is 0.169 based on 195 million man-hours worked as of October 1, 2014. Only six (6) Lost Time Incidents (LTI) have occurred project to date. Between July 11, 2012 and March 25, 2014, the project attained 130 million man-hours without an LTI.

The paper provides an overview of four (4) areas that have significantly contributed to the success of the project. The areas include emergency response and coordination; medical management; man-machine interface and heat stress management. Although the areas are standard in most projects of this scale, the organisation, effectiveness and level of implementation are very unique, with pioneering work being done in certain elements within these areas.
Exploring Channel Reservoirs in a Frontier Area Using Regional 3D CSEM and 2D Seismic
Authors: Pedersen Haakon Toralv , Hiner Mike
Published: March 2015

In this paper we explore the West Africa-South America analogue proven by the Jubilee and Zaedyus discoveries in Ghana and French Guiana, respectively. Instead of the Turonian turbidite fan reservoirs, we consider younger unproven deep water channel systems in Foz do Amazonas Basin in Brazil which could be analogous to the Campanian pay found in the Teak field in Ghana. We present a geological overview of the basin together with acquisition details and imaging results of a regional 3D CSEM survey in the area. Using CSEM as a fluid indicator, we calculate the Net Rock Volume (NRV) from a channel-shaped EM anomaly and with conservative parameterization we obtain a P10/P90 ratio of 14.7 and an average NRV of ~23000hm3.

Introduction

In September 2011 Tullow Oil announced a significant oil discovery in the Zaedyus prospect in French Guiana that established the Turonian aged Jubilee play from Ghana, West Africa. Following the Zaedyus discovery, a 2012–2013 drilling program of 4 exploration wells targeting nearby turbidites resulted in disappointing commercial success. We will discuss the potential of the younger channel play in the lower Tertiary and upper Cretaceous in Foz do Amazonas basin rather than the Turonian turbidite fans. Continuing the West Africa/South America analogue, the channel systems could resemble the Campanian pay of the Teak-1 exploration well in Ghana (Kosmos Energy, 2011). First, we will give an overview of the geology providing potential reservoir and trapping mechanisms. Second, we will use results of a regional multi-client 3D CSEM survey as a fluid indicator. Acquired in 2013, the survey is bordering French Guiana towards west within 15km of the last exploration well of the drilling program, GM-ES-5, and within 50km of the Zaedyus discovery. Third, we will use the method introduced by Baltar and Roth (2013) to estimate the Net Rock Volume in a sub-region of the CSEM coverage.

Geological overview

The present day shelf margin region of the Foz do Amazonas Basin has undergone significant modification from mass wasting events and debris flows. The basin provides analogous examples for deep water depositional systems in the underlying Tertiary and Cretaceous sections. Based on seismic observations, the shelf is shaped by the orientation of shallow basement that is interpreted as continental crust from potential field data. The basement extends outward from the coastline for approximately 130 kilometers before rapidly dropping off in a series of complex fault systems that are related to older rift stage graben systems.
Radiation Protection Management in Design Activities
Authors: Cerri Paolo , Di Giacinto Luigi , Fantoni Roberto Fresca
Published: March 2015

Eni has recently started up a plant for conversion of heavy crudes and residues into light products based on the propritary "eni slurry technologies"

Extreme conditions of fluids (high pressures and temperatures) have required the adoption of contactless process equipment transducers for measurements of levels and density of fluids inside vessels and reactors (figure 1). These transducers are mainly based on the determination of the attenuation of gamma radiation beams generated by a radiation source.

More than 90 of such devices have been required.

When a radiation protection system is developed after the construction of plants, this may lead to costly and burdensome interventions. For instance, in case of too high radiation dose rates in areas close to radioactive sources, additional shields can be installed or it may be required the delimitation of some areas of the plant making it inaccessible.

In this project a radiation protection management system has been developed as part of the engineering design: International Commission on Radiological Protection standards have been taken into consideration. starting from the purchasing requirements definition and 3D model analysis (figure 2)., the International Commission on Radiological Protection standards have been taken into consideration.
Three Dimensional Visualisation of Solvent Chamber Growth in Solvent Injection Processes: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Fang Fang , Babadagli Tayfun
Published: March 2015

Solvent based methods have been recommended as an alternative to thermal techniques for heavy oil and bitumen recovery. However, the cost of solvent injection processes is high and therefore requires a careful design of field scale applications. Yet, the efforts have been limited to numerical or analytical models in clarifying the complex physics of solvent processes due to difficulties in experimentation.

Vapor extraction (VAPEX) is one of the solvent applications suggested and tested for heavy-oil/bitumen recovery from unconsolidated oilsands. In this method, solvents are injected into the reservoir through a horizontal well and gravity drainage takes place resulting in the production from the lower production well. Theoretical analyses suggest that a solvent chamber develops and the displacement is controlled by its growth during this process. Previous studies, however, showed the possibility of unusual behavior at the reservoir scale reservoirs such as stopping, shrinking, and even disappearing of chambers associated with severe fingering phenomena. These kinds of anomalies can only be identified through experimental designs and, so far, have been limited to 2-D models with minimal visual support.

In this paper, a three dimensional imaging technique using laser is introduced. Refractive index matching of solvent, oil, and glass beads pack enabled imaging the progress of solvent displacement. 2-D images of slices with little spacing in the scaled VAPEX model were recorded within a significantly short time using laser sheets. Then, 3-D images were generated by integrating the 2-D images.

In simulating the VAPEX model, different injection rates were applied and different sizes of glass beads were used to create different permeability media to also study the physics of the process parametrically. 3-D images were analyzed to understand the chamber growth process during VAPEX. The observations are expected to be useful in clarifying many uncertainties of the VAPEX process and also provide data for further computational studies.
A Safe and Efficient Method of Surface Interception to Access Outermost Sealed Annulus Charged with Abnormal Gas Pressure - Relieves Well Integrity Concerns
Authors: Das Prashun Kumar , El-Mandrawy Wael Moneer
Published: March 2015

One of Qatargas' newly acquired ventures, is located in the North Field offshore Qatar. The wells are typically 7 inch monobore completed with a 26 inch conductor and three casing strings. Conductor is driven to a pre-determined depth and the surface casing is set to a depth which was later found to be in proximity to a shallow gas formation. Primary well design did not include any provision to monitor and control the annular parameters between the surface casing and the conductor (D annulus).

Abnormal rise in C & D annulus pressures during the last phase of drilling highlighted the need to investigate the condition of the producing wells on other platforms. Chances of inner annuli getting charged with shallow gas pressure and possible communication to D annulus was thought to be a well integrity concern. Lack of access to a sealed D annulus did not allow evaluating its status. Establishing a safe access to a sealed and potentially gas charged containment (D-annulus), thus, posed an engineering and operational challenge.

First section of this paper looks at the probable reasons of intrusion of hydrocarbon gas in the annuli and analyses the associated risks. It also deliberates the challenges to find a safe and innovative method of establishing an access into the sealed containment (D annulus) and installing an outlet equipment to control and monitor annulus pressures. It speaks about a detailed risk analysis, a factory stack up test carried out to test a tailor made hot tapping arrangement.

Second section elaborates installation of a real time monitoring and bleed-off arrangement on the D annulus, enabling a safe and a convenient way to manage the annulus pressures and the lessons learnt during implementing the interception process.

Introduction

Qatargas North Field is located offshore, northeast of Qatar in the Arabian Gulf and is the world's largest non-associated gas field. The sour, slightly over-pressured natural gas is contained in the Khuff carbonate formation. In one of Qatargas' newly acquired ventures, wells are drilled and completed on 3 unmanned offshore platforms (#1, #2, #3). Wet gas from Khuff formation is produced from these wells and is sent to onshore processing facility through two sub-sea pipelines.

The wells are typically 7-inch monobore completed with a 26-inch conductor and three casing strings. A 7-inch liner is set across the Sudair and the Khuff reservoir. Wells are completed with a liner top isolation packer, tied back to surface with 7 inch CRA tubing. This general design has been used by all other operators in the North Field and is field proven. Figure 1 shows the general completion design of the wells.

The annuli between the well casings are numbered as A (7-inch x 10 ¾-inch), B (10 ¾ inch x 13 3/8 inch), C (13 3/8 inch x 18 5/8 inch) and D (18 5/8-inch x 26-inch). Provision was available for monitoring and bleeding off pressures in A, B and C annuli.
A Non-Isothermal Wellbore Model with Complex Structure and Its Application in Well Testing
Authors: Zheng Shi-yi , Zhang Yiqun
Published: March 2015

During oil field development, with the installation of Permanent Downhole Gauge (PDG) and Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS), large volume of high resolution, real-time and continuous monitoring of downhole temperature, pressure and sometimes flow-rate are available. The dynamic temperature data have been interpreted in practice, where it has been confirmed to provide characteristic information of the reservoir.

Although the wellbore is in a non-isothermal environment, heat transfer between the fluid in wellbore and the formation is often ignored and temperature is usually assumed constant in the data interpretation which will lead to misunderstanding of the pressure profile. Another problem comes from the pressure transient analysis which cannot get monolayer production exactly in dual-layer and multi-layer testing. Alternatively, changes of temperature in the wellbore can be used to calculate production and evaluate reservoir thermodynamic properties.

In this work, firstly, wavelet transform as well as a non-linear regression analysis method were utilized to study the relationships within down-hole temperature, pressure and flow-rate. Then, a non-isothermal wellbore model that is capable of predicting the temperature, pressure, flow-rate and liquid fraction profiles under multi-rate and multiphase production scenarios was established, this numerical wellbore model calculated temperature and pressure separately and iterated until the estimated and calculated values converge. After that, this model was compared with another published two heat transfer models to verify its reliability. Finally, the wellbore model was coupled with a reservoir model to reproduce the transient temperature behaviour at location of gauges.

This paper provides a way to not only integrate pressure data, determine the flow-rate profile more accurately, but also estimate typical thermodynamic parameters such as porosity, permeability, viscosity, and Joule-Thomson coefficient of the fluids by matching the simulated results with the real transient temperature data measured by PDGs. In addition, the trainsient temperature data may also be used as a fast and reliable diagnostic tool in well testing analysis to detect the end of wellbore storage.
Quantification of Uncertainty of Reserves with High Quality History Matching Models in a Mature Field
Authors: Tewari Raj Deo , Jeong Daein , Khalid Ruzanna Mohd , Kittrell Chuck , Tengku Othman Tengku Rasidi
Published: March 2015

Development decisions of oil and gas fields are based with many uncertainties within the supporting data. Uncertainties are larger in the beginning which gets reduced with time as more data is acquired and understanding of the field is improved. However, significant uncertainties persist even in mature fields which are case for redevelopment. Therefore, enormous inherent uncertainties need to be characterized, analyzed and incorporated in the simulation study to the extent possible in order to improve the decision making process.

This paper discusses the relevance of reviewing and incorporating the field uncertainties related to geological and/or dynamic properties in estimation of incremental volumes in the redevelopment of a mature oilfield. Reservoir models need to be updated through history matching process to reflect actual measurements from reservoir. In this study a workflow to quantify the uncertainty of a mature oilfield of offshore Malaysia and to estimate the incremental oil potential from infill wells has been designed. During history matching process, dynamic and static parameters of uncertainty, relative permeability curve, local permeability around wells, the aquifers? volume and productivity, and contacts between gas-oil, and oil-water have been considered. An objective function is applied for the history matching which consists of the error between simulated and observed data from wells. An "Evolutionary strategy optimization", proprietary to MEPO software is used to obtain multiple equivalent models with high quality.

While running an optimization for history matching, the ranges of uncertainty parameters have been narrowed and adjusted the ranges to be used for quantification of uncertainty of Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR). In the prediction stage, both filtered models from actual runs and sampled models from Latin Hypercube have been used. This approach not only allows to evaluate intrinsic uncertainty, but also to keep the variety and risk of prediction. Monte-Carlo simulation technique then makes it possible to acquire the distribution of EUR.
Mass Transport Deposits (MTD) in Deepwater Sediment System Can Be Used in Delineation Deepwater Reservoir Presence
Authors: Nur Syuhada Raja , Ahmad Nasaruddin
Published: March 2015

Introduction

In Malaysia, three known classic deepwater sediments have been identified. The sediments are located on Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah respectively. There are (a) Triassic Semantan and Semanggol Formation in central and western part of Peninsular Malaysia, (b) Oligocene West Crocker Formation outcropping in the onshore NW Sabah and, (c) Miocene to Pliocene Fan System in offshore NW Borneo. These deepwater sediments have been studied in detail by oil and gas industry. The stratigraphic chart for these deepwater sediments are summarized in Figure 1.

This paper discusses the recent observations from offshore exploration in Sabah and the insights gained from utilizing the outcrops as analogues to the NW Borneo Fan System especially Mass Transport Deposits (MTD). This paper focuses on integrating the outcrop studies, seismic interpretation with calibration of well logs and image data for deliberating the deepwater systems in offshore Sabah. Discussion on the High Density Turbidite System (HDTS) and Low Density Turbidite System (LDTS) also captured to understand the controlling factor of deepwater sediment distribution. The location of the key outcrops as reported by various authors and the offshore study area for this paper is shown in Figure 2.
Basin Modeling Study of Deepwater Block R (DWR) Offshore Sabah and Its Correlation with Surface Geochemical Analyses
Authors: Jong John , Awang Bakar Dayang Aimi Nuraini , Khamis Mohd Asraf
Published: March 2015

Significant oil and gas discoveries found at the southern production hub of offshore deepwater Sabah proved the existence of a working petroleum system in the area. DWR, which is located on trend with the Gumusut/Kakap and Limbayong oil and gas discoveries, remains under-explored with a number of attractive prospects to be tested in the block. To further evaluate the prospectivity of the block, JX Nippon conducted Genesis 1D thermal maturation investigations at selected pseudo-well locations, and a Trinity 2.5D basin modeling study to better understand the timing of hydrocarbon maturation, expulsion and migration in relation to the timing of trap formation. Taking into considerations the unproven source rock interval(s) and limited seismic coverage for the block, preliminary results of the basin modeling study suggest there is sufficient hydrocarbon charge for the prospects in DWR, most of which is generated from the modeled "Pseudo-Brown" source rock interval. The HC migration models suggest accumulations in the area tend to be oil-rich for the deeper Kinarut objective level due to larger structural reliefs and slow HC leakage (over geological time), whereby gas is being leaked preferentially and progressively to shallower levels leaving behind the oil columns. Consequently, the shallower Kamunsu and Pink targets, where present are likely to be condensate- and gas-rich, respectively. The gas leakage model has also been observed in nearby discoveries, notably Murphy's Kikeh and Shell's Gumusut-Kakap oil fields. In 2013, a surface macro-geochemical study within DWR was also conducted. The preliminary results of basin modeling study integrated with the occurrence of hydrocarbon seepages based on the outcomes of surface geochemical analyses show some positive indications. C10+ gas chromatogram and biomarker investigations at selected sampling locations suggest the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbon generation with pockmarks and mud volcanoes on seabed indicating potential leakage of hydrocarbons to surface. Overall the Trinity model suggests a favorable timing of HC generation and migration, mostly post-structuration with surface geochemical study indicating a presently active petroleum system in the block.
The Sarawak Bunguran Fold Belt: Structural Development in the Context of South China Sea Tectonics
Authors: Jong John , Barker Steven , Kessler Franz L. , Tran Quoc Tan
Published: March 2015

The Bunguran Trough (BT) covering Sarawak Deepwater Block 2F shows a number of largely parallel trends of folded Neogene anticlines, with reverse faults and thrusts in the cores, and blind thrusting and folding in the upper section of the individual mapped anticlines. The Bunguran Fold Belt (BFB), comprising the deepwater deposition setting of the Rajang Delta (synonym: West Luconia Delta), has been historically compared by explorationists/geologists with the Sabah Fold Belt, and accordingly a genetic model related to gravity sliding had been advocated. However, the gravity hypothesis may not necessary hold alone based on the following observations and considerations:The folds in the anticline cores are steep, and are characterised mainly by reverse faults rather than thrust faults; neither have we observed obvious listric flattening expressed in the deeper sections, nor is there an obvious common root of the fault systems.Despite the only moderate quality of the available 3D data, it can be argued that some sections in the anticline areas are formed by particularly thick layers of sediment, if compared with areas in-between anticlines; this leads to the hypothesis that these areas of original higher sedimentation coincided with sedimentary depocentres that were later inverted by compressional tectonics.The vicinity of Block 2F to such areas as the neighbouring Greater Natuna and Coastal Sarawak offer many excellent examples of inversion tectonics, and one can argue that the compressive stress acting in these areas was also present in other structural provinces of the South China Sea (SCS).

However, just south of the BFB and more proximal on the Sarawak Shelf, the deposition of a thick, clastic sedimentary succession has resulted in the progradation of the regressive Rajang Delta with down-to-basin growth faults observed in the extensional zone. The sediment loading on the slope would have likely caused the activation of the mobile shale at depth forming structural growths further outboard in deepwater setting.

Accordingly, it can be inferred that the BFB is neither purely a gravity-induced feature, nor fully caused by compression and tectonic inversion of half-grabens along pre-existing extensional faults. The anticlinal structures of the BFB are likely the results of the interplay between gravity-driven delta deformation and episodic regional thin-skinned compressional tectonics of SCS. Therefore a good understanding of the history of the structural development for the BFB in the context of SCS tectonics will have profound consequences on the timing of sedimentation, hydrocarbon migration and retention, as well as for the right choice of exploration drilling targets.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Gravity Effects on Oil Recovery in Fractured Carbonates
Authors: Alshehri Amar J , Kovscek Anthony Robert
Published: March 2015

Recovering oil from fractured resources is very challenging. If waterflood is implemented, most of the injected water channels through the fracture network leaving much oil behind in the matrix. One option is to increase the viscosity of the injectant by using foams or polymers. Another option is the objective of this work. In this work, the use of surfactant floods as a means of improving oil recovery in fractured systems. Our claim is that surfactants reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water allowing gravity to segregate oil and water by buoyancy. The mobilized oil moves towards the fracture network then to producers.

This claim was investigated by conducting surfactant-flood experiments on fractured carbonates. Experiments were monitored by an X-ray CT scanner to quantify fluid saturations in situ. One experiment was conducted horizontally as a base case; another experiment was conducted vertically to maximize gravity effects. A special core holder was used to mimic aspects fractured systems for a whole core. This paper discusses experiment details and results along with simulation attempts that were made using two commercial simulators.

The surfactant used in these experiments reduced IFT from 40 mN/m to 3 mN/m. For this mode of recovery, ultralow IFT is not preferred because some capillary action is needed to aid injectant transport into the matrix. The vertical experiment showed an incremental recovery of about 7% over the horizontal experiment.

This work has shown that surfactant floods improve oil recovery in fractured systems not necessarily due to wettability alteration but mainly due to reduction of capillary effects. Consequently, gravity segregates oil by buoyancy mobilizing trapped oil to the fracture network and then to producers.
Understanding as a Liturgy of the Whole Church: The Critical Hermeneutics of Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics, Volume 1, Part 2
Authors: Oulton Peter
Published: March 2015

Abstract:

As a re-examination of Karl Barth's hermeneutic, this article argues that while Werner Jeanrond's identification of Barth with Gadamer may be appropriate, his blindness to Barth's provision of a critical element, which Jeanrond believed Bultmann alone provides, reveals a general hermeneutical prejudice. The work first contrasts the hermeneutical methods of Barth and Bultmann, identifying where Jeanrond believes Bultmann's critical hermeneutic progresses beyond Barth. Then, through comparison with the method Gadamer employs, it gives evidence that Barth both acknowledges and addresses the need Jeanrond believes only Bultmann addresses. Finally, it shows how, when followed to its proper conclusion, Barth's hermeneutic provides the critical element Jeanrond believes lacking in Barth. Where Barth differs is in his identification of the critical element with the dogmatic task, a task to which he believed all believers contributed and is in that sense a liturgical work; leitourgeo, from which liturgy is derived, being a derivative of laos (people) and ergon (work). That the methodology Barth employs is what truly distinguishes his hermeneutic from Bultmann's is defended, and that Barth believed it the true solution to the hermeneutical problem Jeanrond identifies. Thus, it is argued that Barth takes the problem much more seriously. The work concludes with an outline of some of the implications of Barth's account, in which it is argued to be both ecumenical and emancipative and thus politically charged. It is also proven instructive for a correct understanding of his commitment to the principle semper reformanda.
Calvin and Canadian Protestantism: The Thought and Influence of W.W. Bryden
Authors: Vissers John A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract:

Walter W. Bryden (1883–1952), the sixth principal of Knox College (1945–1952), was arguably one of the most important Calvinist theologians in the history of Canadian Protestantism. In light of the 500th anniversary of John Calvin's birth (1509–1564) in 2009, this article explores Bryden's thought and influence as a Reformed Protestant theologian and Church leader in the Calvinist tradition and legacy that shaped Canadian Presbyterianism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Bryden's own thinking about the significance of Calvin and Calvinism for the Presbyterian Church in Canada after Church union in 1925, especially in relation to the theology of Karl Barth, is explored in some detail. The Scottish theologian T.F. Torrance once remarked that Bryden was a truly remarkable theologian: “I can't help but think that he is more like John Calvin than anyone I've ever known.” This article tests Torrance's impression by offering a critical examination of both the Calvinist tradition in Canada and Walter Bryden's interpretation of that tradition. The article argues that by the end of the nineteenth century there were three quite distinct (and competing) interpretations of Calvinist theology in Canada. By the 1930s Walter Bryden had forged a fourth trajectory in Reformed theology, one that became dominant in Canadian Presbyterianism and influential in other parts of Canadian Protestantism. The article concludes that there were, to be sure, many problems and limitations with Bryden's Calvinism. Nevertheless, Walter Bryden championed the essential insights of the Genevan Reformer and was able to leverage them in the Canadian context in ways that were important for the identity of post-union Canadian Presbyterianism.
Hope Matters in Changing Times
Authors: McCarroll Pamela R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract:

This article argues that the dominant modern narrative of hope has collapsed in North America and that this is witnessed within the public and ecclesial spheres. While many near the centre of power struggle with hopelessness in the face of this collapse, the article insists that the collapse is both necessary and good. No longer can the modern Western narrative of hope meaningfully address the extent of contemporary crises; no longer can it ignore the multiple oppressions hidden by its dominance. The failure of this narrative of hope opens space for more resilient conceptions of hope to emerge. Affirming the work of Douglas John Hall, the article explores deeper bases for Christian hope through a theology of the cross. Experiences of unexpected possibility in the face of limit, finitude, oppression, and marginalization are held up as reflections of the hope of the cross. Finally, the article demonstrates hope of the cross through a discussion of Jonathan Lear's presentation of Plenty Coups, chief of the Crow Nation, as he leads his people through the colonizing arrival of European settlers to the land of the Crow.
Stewarding the Mysteries of Faith: Preaching the Gospel in Twenty-First-Century Canada
Authors: Gordon J. Dorcas
Published: March 2015

Abstract:

The article argues that in stewarding the mysteries of faith, preaching the gospel matters. It also claims that only when the biblical context and the context of the listeners are held in tension is the gospel preached. In the 1960s the new homiletic burst on the scene in the seminaries and mainline churches of North America. With its turn to the listener, its questions about the authority of the preacher, and an emphasis on the form of the sermon, the result, perhaps unconsciously, has been a decreased emphasis on the context of the biblical text in sermons that are preached week by week. In some ways this is not surprising, in that a discipline-based understanding of learning had already separated the study of the Bible from homiletics. The former, centred in a biblical department, focuses primarily on the academic study of the Bible, while the latter, subsumed under pastoral or practical theology, focuses on the “how to” of preaching a sermon. The shift from traditional homiletics to the new homiletic merely exacerbated the divide by privileging the experience of the listener as the primary focus of the sermon. This article describes this divide and offers an approach that seeks to ensure greater integrity between text and sermon by paying equal attention to the context of the biblical text and that of the twenty-first-century century listener.
Christian Education for the Public: Lessons from Legacy of Ewart College
Authors: Song Nam Soon
Published: March 2015

Abstract:

This article explores Christian education practices in Canada in the early twentieth century, in search of viable Christian education practices for all people of God today. Claiming educational ministry for the public as a major legacy of Ewart College, the author imagines how deaconesses would practise Christian education in the postmodern Canadian church. Deaconesses from Ewart College taught, served, and embraced both the “in-churched” and “out-churched,” including new immigrants or “foreigners” in their teaching ministry. Their responses were timely, effective, and appropriate to the changing needs and times of Canada at that time. This article identifies “Christian Education for the Public” by addressing the Canadian context in the early twentieth century to which deaconesses responded, asking how the lessons learned from deaconesses can be applied to Christian education today, as well as the current contexts of immigrants.
Food Safety Information Processing and Teaching Behavior of Dietitians: A Mental Model Approach
Authors: Medeiros Lydia , LeJeune Jeffrey
Published: March 2015

Health professionals play an important role in educating the public about food safety risks. However, the ways this important group of educators remains up-to-date on these topics are not well defined. In this study, a national sample of dietitians employed in direct teaching of patients (n = 327) were recruited to complete a web-delivered survey designed to develop a model of factors that promote information processing and teaching in practice about food safety related to fresh vegetables. The resulting mental model demonstrates that dietitians teach fresh vegetable safety using systematic information processing to intellectually understand new information, but this is also associated with a gap in the dietitian’s knowledge of food safety. The juxtaposition of an information processing model with a behavioral model provides valuable new insights about how dietitians seek, acquire and translate/transfer important information to move patients toward a higher goal of food safety. The study also informs food safety educators as they formulate teaching strategies that are more effective than other approaches at promoting behavior change.
Creating the Evidence through Comparative Effectiveness Research for Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice by Deploying a National Intervention Network and a National Data Repository
Authors: Pechacek Judith , Cerra Frank , Brandt Barbara , Lutfiyya May , Delaney Connie
Published: March 2015

Background: There is currently a resurgence of interest in interprofessional education and collaborative practice (IPECP) and its potential to positively impact health outcomes at both the patient level and population level, healthcare delivery, and health professions education. This resurgence of interest led to the creation of the National Center on Interprofessional Collaborative Practice and Education in October 2012. Methods: This paper describes three intertwined knowledge generation strategies of the National Center on Interprofessional Practice and Education: (1) the development of a Nexus Incubator Network, (2) the undertaking of comparative effectiveness research, and (3) the creation of a National Center Data Repository. Results: As these strategies are implemented over time they will result in the production of empirically grounded knowledge regarding the direction and scope of the impact, if any, of IPECP on well-defined health and healthcare outcomes including the possible improvement of the patient experience of care. Conclusions: Among the motivating factors for the National Center and the three strategies adopted and addressed herein is the need for rigorously produced, scientifically sound evidence regarding IPECP and whether or not it has the capacity to positively affect the patient experience of care, the health of populations, and the per capita cost of healthcare.