bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anion Controlled Supramolecular Self‐Assembly of Tetraprotonated Tris[2‐(benzylamino)ethyl]amine
Authors: Antonioli Bianca , Gloe Kerstin , Gloe Karsten , Goretzki Gudrun , Grotjahn Manuela , Heßke Holger , Langer Matthias , Lindoy Leonard F. , Mills Allison M. , Söhnel Tilo
Published: June 2004

The novel supramolecular assembly of composition [{(bz3tren)H4}4+ · (ReO4)— · 3(Cl)—] resulted from the self‐organization of a mixture of tris[2‐(benzylamino)ethyl]amine (bz3tren), HCl and NH4ReO4 at a molar ratio of 1:4.7:1 in methanol. The crystal architecture is characterized by stacks of repeating sandwich‐type building blocks that contain charge‐assisted N—H···O(Re) hydrogen bonds [N···O 2.81‐2.86Å] and weaker C—H···O(Re) interactions [C···O 3.11Å]. The stacks are further linked by N—H···Cl [N···Cl 3.03Å] and weaker C—H···Cl [C···Cl 3.47‐3.74Å] interactions into two‐dimensional layers bordered by the benzyl groups of the [(bz3tren)H4]4+ cations. Edge‐to‐face C—H···π interactions involving the aromatic rings occur within and between the layers. The protonation constants of bz3tren in methanol were determined by potentiometric titration. The corresponding structures of the ligand in its different protonation states were calculated at the DFT‐level.
Octafluor‐1, 2‐dimethylencyclobutan, ein perfluorierter Dien‐Komplexligand — Carbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(η4‐octafluor‐1, 2‐dimethylencyclobutan)mangan
Authors: Lentz Dieter , Patzschke Mona
Published: June 2004

Octafluoro‐1, 2‐dimethylenecyclobutane, a Perfluorinated Diene Ligand — Carbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(η4‐octafluoro‐1, 2‐dimethylenecyclobutane)manganese

The [2+2]‐cycloaddition product of tetrafluoroallene (1), octafluoro‐1, 2‐dimethylenecyclobutane (2) reacts with tricarbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)manganese (4) replacing two carbonyl ligands to give carbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(η4‐octafluoro‐1, 2‐dimethylenecyclobutane)manganese (5). According to the IR spectrum of 5, the ligand 2 is a strong π acceptor. Among the less volatile by‐products of the dimerizationof 1, the hydrolysis product of its trimer could be structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction as the spirocyclic compound decafluoro‐5‐methylene‐spiro[3.3]heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid (3). The structure of 5 was also determined by an X‐ray crystal structure determination.
Electron Beam Induced Transformation of MoO3 to MoO2 and a New Phase MoO
Authors: Wang D. , Su D. S. , Schlögl R.
Published: June 2004

The transformation of MoO3 induced by electron beam irradiation was studied by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) in combination with electron diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. The routes of structure transformation were dependent on the applied electron current density. In case of low current density, MoO2 was obtained. In case of high current density, MoO with a rock‐salt structure is suggested to be the final phase. The change in oxidation states of the Mo oxides was deduced from the features in energy‐loss near edge structure (ELNES) of the O K‐edge. Quantitative analysis was successfully employed on Mo M3‐edge and O K‐edge to obtain the O/Mo ratio of the reduced phases. The mechanisms of different structure transformation behaviors were suggested in the frame of radiolysis enhanced diffusion.
Mg2[BN2]Cl and Mg8[BN2]5I: Novel Magnesium Nitridoborate Halides — Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Vibrational Spectra
Authors: Somer Mehmet , Kütükcü Mehmet Nuri , Gil Raul Cardoso , Borrmann Horst , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder
Published: June 2004

The title compounds have been synthesized at 1473 K from stoichiometric mixtures of the binary components Mg3N2, MgX2 (X = Cl, I) and BN in arc‐welded steel ampoules encapsulated in evacuated silica tubes. Mg2[BN2]Cl (1) and Mg8[BN2]5I (2) crystallize in the orthorhombic space groups Pbca (no. 61) and Imma (no. 74), respectively, with a = 6.6139(8)Å, b = 9.766(1)Å, c = 10.600(1)Å, Z = 8 for 1 and a = 13.535(3)Å, b = 9.350(2)Å, c = 11.194(2)Å, Z = 4 for 2. The crystal structures are characterized mainly by Mg6 trigonal prisms which are condensed to 3D frameworks in different ways. Part of the trigonal prisms are centered by the [N—B—N]3— anions and other voids in the framework by the X— anions. The magnesium environment around Cl— is a very distorted monocapped trigonal prism (CN = 6+1) and that of I— is a bicapped heptagonal prism (CN = 14+2). The bond lengths and bond angles for the relevant [BN2]3— anions are d(B—N) = 1.330 — 1.338Å, ∠N—B—N = 175.8° in 1 and d(B—N) = 1.330 — 1.339Å, ∠N—B—N = 176.8° — 178.0° in 2.

The vibrational spectra of the title compounds have been recorded and interpreted based on the D∞h symmetry of the relevant [N—B—N]3— groups considering the site symmetry splitting.
Ein dreikerniger Zinkkomplex mit ZnS4‐, ZnS3O‐ und ZnS2NO‐Koordinationen
Authors: Schneider Astrid , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: June 2004

Die Reaktion des Tris(thioimidazolyl)borat‐Komplexes [TttBuZn‐OClO3] mit 2‐Pyridylbenzylalkohol (PBAH) liefert die Verbindung [(TttBu)3Zn3(PBA)] (ClO4)2. In dem dreikernigen Komplexkation verbrücken Tris(thioimidazolyl)borat‐Liganden in der Regenschirm‐Konformation die Zinkionen, die die drei verschiedenen Koordinationen ZnS4, ZnS3O und ZnS2NO haben.
The Crystal Structure of [Pt(NH3)4][PtI4]: Comparison with Magnus' Green Salt
Authors: Casas José S. , Parajó Yolanda , Romero Yago , Sánchez–González Angeles , Sordo José , Vázquez–López Ezequiel M.
Published: June 2004

The structure of the compound [Pt(NH3)4][PtI4] was studied by X‐ray diffractometry at 293 K (r. t.) and at 173 K. The structure is isotypic with that of Magnus' green salt and is unchanged at low temperature except for a slight contraction of the unit cell [tetragonal, P4/mnc; a = b = 9.8024(10) and c = 6.9311(10)Å at r. t; a = b = 9.764(3), c = 6.875(3)Å at 173 K]. It consists of [Pt(NH3)4]2+ cations and [PtI4]2− anions in which the platinum atoms are tetracoordinated by four ammine N or four I atoms in square‐planar arrangements. At 173 K the intramolecular bond lengths are hardly modified, but the intermolecular stacking interaction Pt‐Pt is slightly shortened.
Die Kristallstruktur des Oxophosphazens [Ph3PNPPh2NP(O)Ph2]
Authors: Müller Christof , Massa Werner , Miekisch Thomas , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: June 2004

Crystal Structure of the Oxophosphazene [Ph3PNPPh2NP(O)Ph2]

Single crystals of [Ph3PNPPh2NP(O)Ph2] were obtained as a by‐product from the synthesis of [NaNPPh3]6 as a result of partial hydrolysis. According to the crystal structure determination the compound forms a molecular structure with a PNPNP chain with PN distances between 155.3(6) and 159.8(5) pm and PNP bond angles of 143.2(4) and 140.7(4)°. Space group P1¯, Z = 2, lattice dimensions at 213 K: a = 922.7(1); b = 1040.1(1); c = 1908.0(1) pm; α = 90.55(1)°; β = 103.01(1)°; γ = 92.87(1)°; R = 0.0859.
Beiträge zum Koordinationsverhalten von Oxidionen in anorganischen Feststoffen. IV [1] Darstellung, Kristallstruktur und spektroskopische Charakterisierung von NiP4O11 und CaNiP2O7
Authors: Funke M. , Blum M. , Glaum R. , ElBali B.
Published: June 2004

Durch Kristallisation aus der Schmelze werden Einkristalle von NiP4O11 und CaNiP2O7 erhalten. Diese erlauben Verfeinerungen der Kristallstrukturen (NiP4O11: C1¯, Z = 8, a = 12, 753(4)Å, b = 12, 957(3)Å, c = 10, 581(4)Å, α = 89, 42(2)°, β = 116, 96(2)°, γ = 90, 20(2)°, R1 = 0, 027, wR2 = 0, 072 für 3058 Io > 2σ (Io), 3291 unabhängige Reflexe, 290 Variable; CaNiP2O7: P1¯, Z = 2, a = 6, 433(3)Å, b = 6, 536(4)Å, c = 6, 515(2)Å, α = 66, 4(2)°, β = 87, 5(2)°, γ = 82, 7(2)°, R1 = 0, 026, wR2 = 0, 062 für 1624 Io > 2σ (Io), 2189 unabhängige Reflexe, 101 Variable) wie auch die Messung polarisierter Einkristallabsorptionsspektren (6000 — 32000 cm—1).

NiP4O11 ist isotyp zu einer Reihe von Ultraphosphaten MP4O11 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd) mit einem zweidimensionalen Netzwerk aus zehngliedrigen Phosphatringen. CaNiP2O7 vervollständigt die Serie von Diphosphaten CaMP2O7 (M = Cr — Zn). Die Ni2+‐Ionen sind in den beiden Phosphaten verzerrt‐oktaedrisch koordiniert. Die elektronischen Übergänge in den Chromophoren [Ni2+O6] werden durch Modellrechnungen im Rahmen des angular overlap model (AOM) gut wiedergegeben. Die Anpassungen der berechneten Elektronenübergänge an die beobachteten liefern eσ, norm(2, 0Å) = 3690 cm—1 und B = 896 cm—1 (C/B = 4, 2) für CaNiP2O7 sowie eσ, norm(2, 0Å) = 4150 cm—1 und B = 948 cm—1 (C/B = 4, 2) für NiP4O11 (Δo(CaNiP2O7) = 6800 cm—1; Δo(NiP4O11) = 7100 cm—1).
Electron Microscopy Characterization of Silicon Dioxide Nanotubes
Authors: Krumeich F. , Wark M. , Ren L. , Muhr H.‐J. , Nesper R.
Published: June 2004

Well‐developed crystals of [Pt(NH3)4](HCO3)2are employed as template for the synthesis of silicon dioxide nanotubes (SiO2‐NTs). Silicon dioxide, which is produced by a sol‐gel reaction, coats the surface of these crystals and builds up the nanotube walls. In the final step, the Pt‐salt fibers are thermally decomposed and auto‐reduced to metallic Pt nanoparticles. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) investigations of the product confirm the formation of silicon dioxide nanotubes in high yield. The tube walls consist of amorphous silicon dioxide. The tube length generally is 0.5 — 3 μm, while the thickness varies in two distinct ranges: thick tubes have a diameter of 100 — 500 nm and thin ones of approximately 50 nm. Most of the NTs are filled with Pt particles, but others, typically the larger ones with open tube ends, obviously are empty. Presumably, open ends cause the observed Pt loss. In closed SiO2‐NTs, Pt forms as ca. 10 nm large particles in the tube core and as 1 — 2 nm large particles inside the tube walls.
Preparation and Crystal Structures of the Hydrous Mercury Tellurates, HgII(H4TeVIO6) and HgI2(H4TeVIO6)(H6TeVIO6)·2H2O
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: June 2004

Single crystals of HgII(H4TeVIO6) (colourless to light‐yellow, rectangular plates) and HgI2(H4TeVIO6)(H6TeVIO6)·2H2O (colourless, irregular) were grown from concentrated solutions of orthotelluric acid, H6TeO6, and respective solutions of Hg(NO3)2 and Hg2(NO3)2. The crystal structures were solved and refined from single crystal diffractometer data sets (HgII(H4TeVIO6): space group Pna21, Z = 4, a =10.5491(17), b = 6.0706(9), c = 8.0654(13)Å, 1430 structure factors, 87 parameters, R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0180; HgI2(H4TeVIO6)(H6TeVIO6)·2H2O: space group P1¯, Z = 1, a = 5.7522(6), b = 6.8941(10), c = 8.5785(10)Å, α = 90.394(8), β = 103.532(11), γ = 93.289(8)°, 2875 structure factors, 108 parameters, R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0184). The structure of HgII(H4TeVIO6) is composed of ribbons parallel to the b axis which are built of [H4TeO6]2— anions and Hg2+ cations held together by two short Hg—O bonds with a mean distance of 2.037Å. Interpolyhedral hydrogen bonding between neighbouring [H4TeO6]2— groups, as well as longer Hg—O bonds between Hg atoms of one ribbon to O atoms of adjacent ribbons lead, to an additional stabilization of the framework structure. HgI2(H4TeVIO6)(H6TeVIO6)·2H2O is characterized by a distorted hexagonal array made up of [H4TeO6]2— and [H6TeO6] octahedra which spread parallel to the bc plane. Interpolyhedral hydrogen bonding between both building units stabilizes this arrangement. Adjacent planes are stacked along the a axis and are connected by Hg22+ dumbbells (d(Hg—Hg) = 2.5043(4)Å) situated in‐between the planes. Additional stabilization of the three‐dimensional network is provided by extensive hydrogen bonding between interstitial water molecules and O and OH‐groups of the [H4TeO6]2— and [H6TeO6] octahedra. Upon heating HgI2(H4TeVIO6)(H6TeVIO6)·2H2O decomposes into TeO2 under formation of the intermediate phases HgII3TeVIO6 and the mixed‐valent HgIITeIV/VI2O6.
Polymorphism of Ph2P(CH2Py)(NSiMe3) and the Staudinger Reaction of Ph2P(CH2Py) with Hydrogenazide1)
Authors: Murso Alexander , Stalke Dietmar
Published: June 2004

A new polymorph of the iminophosphorane Ph2P(CH2Py)(NSiMe3), (1), is compared to a just recently published. The reaction of the starting material, the phosphane Ph2P(CH2Py) with N3SiMe3 in the presence of water gives [Ph2P(CH2Py)(NH2)][N3], (2). A comparison of the structural and NMR parameters of 2 with previously reported derivatives of 1, suggests that 2 is best described as a phosphonium salt in which the negatively charged imino nitrogen atom is protonated, according to [Ph2(CH2Py)P+—NH2][N3]—, rather than as an iminiumphosphane salt [Ph2(CH2Py)P=+NH2][N3]—.
Yb2+3—xPd12—3+xP7 (x = 0.40): Different Ytterbium Species in a Substituted Structural Motif of the Zr2Fe12P7 Type
Authors: Budnyk S. , Prots Yu. , Schmidt M. , Schnelle W. , Kuz'ma Yu. , Grin Yu.
Published: June 2004

The new compound Yb2+3—xPd12—3+xP7 x = 0.40(4)) was synthesized by sintering of a mixture of elemental components at 1100 °C with subsequent annealing at 800 °C. The crystal structure of Yb2+3—xPd12—3+xP7 was solved and refined from X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction data: space group P6¯, a = 10.0094(4)Å, c = 3.9543(2)Å, Z = 1; R(F) = 0.022 for 814 observed unique reflections and 38 refined parameters. The atomic arrangement reproduces a structure motif of the hexagonal Zr2Fe12P7 type in which one of the transition metal positions is substituted predominantly by ytterbium (Yb : Pd = 0.86(1) : 0.14). The ytterbium atoms are embedded in the 3D polyanion formed by palladium and phosphorus atoms. Two different environments for ytterbium atoms are present in the structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and XAS spectroscopy at the Yb LIII edge show the presence of ytterbium in two electronic configurations, 4ƒ13 and 4ƒ14. The following model was derived. Ytterbium atoms in the 3k site are in the 4ƒ13 state, the two remaining positions contain ytterbium in intermediate‐valence states, giving totally 79 % ytterbium in the 4ƒ13 electronic configuration.
Digital Innervation Patterns Following Median or Ulnar Nerve Laceration and their Correlation to Anatomic Variations of the Communicating Branch Between these Nerves
Authors: DON GRIOT J. PETER W. , HAGE J. JORIS , DE GROOT PETER J. M.
Published: June 2004

The midline of the ring finger is classically considered as the neural watershed between the median and ulnar nerve sensory territories on the palmar surfaces of the fingers. Variations of this division exist and may be explained by a communicating branch between the third and fourth common digital nerves. The palmar sensibility patterns of fingers were assessed with Semmes Weinstein filaments after either a complete median or an ulnar nerve transection in 43 patients. Eight out of nine observed sensibility patterns could be explained by known anatomic types and subtypes of the communicating branch. The type of communicating branch, but not its subtype, could be established in the one remaining pattern.
Constructions of Nation and the Classicisation of Music: Comparative Perspectives from Southeast and South Asia
Authors: Moro Pamela
Published: June 2004

This article compares how elite music was classicised or canonised as part of the process of constructing national culture in India, Indonesia and Thailand. Issues examined include the role of the middle class; homogeneity and heterogeneity in national culture; the rise of mass education and innovative forms of musical transmission; the institutionalisation of music theory and music scholarship; dynamic influences from the West; and transformations in the roles of musician, patron and audience.
Presidents as Punakawan: Portrayal of National Leaders as Clown-Servants in Central Javanese Wayang
Authors: Pausacker Helen
Published: June 2004

The trend to portray Indonesian presidents as punakawan (clown servants) in wayang (shadow puppetry) was started under the former President Soeharto. Whereas Soeharto chose to be conveyed as Semar, a clown but also a former god, greater artistic freedom post-Soeharto led to a more farcical depiction of Habibie and Gus Dur as Semar's sons, Gareng and Bagong.
Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi
Authors: Cooke Nola
Published: June 2004

Western secular historiography has conventionally viewed the history of Catholicism in Vietnam through a political optic, a perspective which has distorted the early nineteenth-century religious situation in both Vietnam and France. This article discusses how Vietnamese understood Catholicism at the popular level and what attracted people to the religion, as well as introducing an important European Catholic fund-raising society whose interventions into Vietnam long predated any serious French political designs on the country.
French Missionary Expansion in Colonial Upper Tonkin
Authors: Michaud Jean
Published: June 2004

This article examines the circumstances and logic of French Catholic missionary expansion in Upper Tonkin. It explores how, over a few decades, the missionary push in the mountainous outskirts of the Red River Delta was conceived, how it unfolded, and how it came to a standstill in the 1920s before its decline towards the final exit of the French in the late 1940s.
Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyên Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam
Authors: Ramsay Jacob
Published: June 2004

Preoccupied with French mission agitation in the late 1850s and during the Franco-Spanish invasion of southern Vietnam, scholarship has long neglected the dramatic change taking place in preceding decades at the local level between Catholics and mainstream society. Exploring negotiation between Catholic communities and authorities, as well as organisational shifts in mission activity, this article brings into sharper focus the turmoil of the late 1830s and 1840s Nguyên repression of Catholicism.
What is a clinical review?
Authors: Vetter Norman
Published: June 2004

Traditional clinical review articles, also known as updates, differ from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematic reviews comprehensively examine the medical literature, seeking to identify and synthesize all relevant information to formulate the best approach to diagnosis or treatment. Meta-analyses, sometimes known as quantitative systematic reviews seek to answer a narrow clinical question, often about the specific treatment of a condition, using rigorous statistical analysis of pooled research studies. Updates review the medical literature almost as carefully as a systematic review but discuss the topic under question more broadly and make reasoned judgements where there is little hard evidence, based upon the expertise of the reviewer. It may not include evidence from foreign language journals or look for unpublished data on a topic, so will tend to be more applicable to the local situation than a systematic review, as it may take into account local shortages of equipment or personnel.
Urinary tract infections in older patients
Authors: MacLennon WJ
Published: June 2004

Factors increasing the risk of urinary tract infections in old age include reduced T lymphocyte regulation, decreased B lymphocyte antibody synthesis, impaired killer T cell function and slowed neutrophil chemotaxis. More practical causes for a high incidence of urinary infections are multiple pathology and poor nutrition. In women, a low oestrogen level increases the intravaginal pH, resulting in the lactobacillus being replaced by a pathogenic agent. Faecal stasis may also increase the risk of a urinary infection. The presentation and severity of a urinary infection are affected by intercurrent disorders such as diabetes mellitus, poor bladder control, concurrent medication and cognitive impairment. Other relevant but less common disorders are bladder calculi and tumours. Common signs of pyouria in old age are urinary incontinence, anorexia, lethargy and confusion. The infection may even be asymptomatic and this is discussed later.
The use of balance training in elderly people with falls
Authors: Overstall PW
Published: June 2004

Falls, once thought to be an inevitable consequence of aging are now known to be the result of multiple pathological, psychological and social factors. Moreover, well-conducted research has shown that they can be prevented. Initially it appeared that multiple interventions by a multi-disciplinary team would be the most sensible and indeed the only effective approach. However, single interventions may sometimes be appropriate and on cost grounds would be preferable, provided that they are effective. This is clearly the case in the use of pacemakers for patients who are falling because of cardioinhibitory syncope. However, home modification, a seemingly obvious and intuitively correct intervention, has not been shown to prevent falls, although advice from an experienced occupational therapist can reduce falls, especially in those who have fallen previously. Whether balance training on its own is effective in reducing falls, or needs to be combined with muscle-strengthening exercises and other interventions, will be examined.
Maintaining independence in the cognitively intact elderly care home population: a systematic review of intervention trials
Authors: Evans Catherine J , Goodman Claire , Redfern Sally
Published: June 2004

Over the last two decades, the care home sector has been a significant provider of long-term care for older people, with 11 500 homes providing care for 236 700 people across England and Wales. New admissions to residential care homes are increasingly older, aged 80 and over and have high levels of physical dependency, cognitive impairment and behavioural problems.
ADDING COGNITIVE THERAPY ELEMENTS TO EXPOSURE THERAPY FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER: A CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: Vogel Patrick A. , Stiles Tore C. , Götestam K. Gunnar
Published: June 2004

Thirty-five outpatients (25 women, 10 men) with a DSM-III-R principal diagnosis of OCD accepted exposure treatment at a psychiatric outpatient clinic. They were randomly assigned to one of two individual treatments for a 6-week exposure therapy treatment based on a treatment manual or to a 6-week waiting list condition. The 12 patients assigned to the waiting list were subsequently randomly assigned to one of the active treatments. Both treatment groups received in vivo or imaginal exposure in each of the 10 twice-weekly treatment sessions held after two assessment sessions. One group (n=16) received cognitive therapy interventions for comorbidity problems or to alter beliefs underlying patients' OCD. The other group (n=19) received relaxation training as an attention placebo control. Both groups received relapse prevention follow-up contacts. Twenty-seven patients completed intensive treatment. Both treatments overall showed satisfactory levels of clinical improvement and large effect sizes. ANCOVAS for treatment completers showed non-significantly lower levels of OCD symptoms, depression and state anxiety in the treatment condition that did not include cognitive interventions. The patients receiving additional cognitive therapy showed significantly lesser dropout than those in the other treatment condition, but there were no significant differences in the intention-to-treat analyses.
PROBLEMS WITH HOMEWORK IN CBT: RARE EXCEPTION OR RATHER FREQUENT?
Authors: Helbig Sylvia , Fehm Lydia
Published: June 2004

Homework assignments are an essential part of cognitive-behavioural therapy, and are included in the majority of therapy manuals and frequently used in therapeutic practice. Despite this, little is known about problems with homework completion or possible influences on homework compliance. The aim of the present practitioner survey was to provide data on problems related to homework use and compliance. Furthermore, the relationships between different variables and homework compliance were examined. Data were collected by asking 77 cognitive-behavioural therapists to recall two individual patients. Therapists described homework tasks assigned to these patients and procedures of assignment as well as problems that arose during assignment and completion. The results suggested that problems during the assignation of a task as well as during completion regularly occur. Homework compliance was positively associated both with patients' motivation for therapy, outcome at a later stage of therapy, and the provision of a written note or homework sheets on the task. Regression analyses pointed to patient variables as most crucial for homework compliance. Implications for effective homework use in clinical practice are discussed.
CBT FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS: INVESTIGATING THE FEASIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY INTERVENTION USING A SINGLE CASE DESIGN
Authors: Wragg Jillian A. , Whitehead Ruth E.
Published: June 2004

This paper presents a single case study investigating the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with an adolescent experiencing a psychotic episode. The participant was a 15-year-old girl with first episode psychosis, who was an inpatient in an adolescent psychiatric unit. Progress was evaluated using an AB time series design, lasting 16 weeks in total. After a baseline assessment (A) the participant received a 16-week CBT intervention for psychosis (B). The effectiveness of the intervention was investigated with relation to psychotic symptoms, self-esteem, recovery style, person evaluations, anxiety and depression. The results indicated that there were some improvements in symptoms of anxiety, depression and psychosis but were inconclusive for the other measures. It is argued that the maintenance of negative person evaluations had a detrimental effect on the participant's ability to increase self-esteem, change recovery style and further reduce psychotic symptoms, anxiety and depression. The impact of environmental factors on the progression of the participant's illness is considered and the findings are discussed in relation to previous literature.
AN INVESTIGATION OF FALSE MEMORIES IN ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Wenzel Amy , Jostad Candice , Brendle Jennifer R. , Ferraro F. Richard , Lystad Chad M.
Published: June 2004

The present study applied the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm to examine whether anxious and fearful individuals exhibit higher recall and recognition rates of never presented threat words than nonanxious individuals. In Study 1, 39 spider fearful individuals, 28 blood fearful individuals, and 41 nonfearful individuals learned four word lists associated with unpresented target words: “spider”, “blood”, “river”, and “music”. Regardless of whether participants completed only a recognition task or a recall task and then a recognition task, there were no differences as a function of group in the degree to which they falsely remembered unpresented target threat words. In Study 2, 48 socially anxious and 51 nonanxious individuals learned four lists associated with social/evaluative threat unpresented target words and four lists associated with neutral unpresented target words. Similar to the findings from Study 1, groups did not differ in the degree to which they falsely remembered target words. These findings add to an increasingly large literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat.
BRIEF EXPOSURE THERAPY FOR THE RELIEF OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Authors: Sharp John , Espie Colin A.
Published: June 2004

The present study tested the effectiveness of Vaughan and Tarrier's (1992) Image Habituation Training (IHT) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using a single case experimental design. The intervention was a brief exposure treatment involving one therapist-led training session and 12 self-directed homework sessions. Assessment measures were taken at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Decreases demonstrated in direct standardized measures of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were consistent with previous research. The mechanisms underlying the treatment effect were also investigated. Measures of image intensity, image-related anxiety, and belief in a dysfunctional cognition were taken at session-start, mid-session, and session-end. Decreases in between and within homework sessions using these three measures suggested that the processes responsible for change are complex and interactive. The findings from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of IHT as a brief exposure therapy for PTSD and highlight the need for further research aimed at eliciting the mechanisms of change.
COGNITIVE THERAPY AND EXERCISE FOR PANIC AND AGORAPHOBIA IN PRIMARY CARE: PILOT STUDY AND SERVICE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Cromarty Paul , Robinson Gary , Callcott Pauline , Freeston Mark
Published: June 2004

Exercise is generally accepted as means of improving mental health yet few studies have examined its use in specific disorders. This study examines delivery and efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for panic and agoraphobia combined with a gym-based exercise programme in a Healthy Living Centre. Preliminary evidence for this novel service has shown Group CBT followed by exercise targeting safety behaviours to be clinically successful and acceptable to clients. Details of the pilot service and some of the clinical issues are discussed
SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME OF EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE PREVENTION IN THE TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER IN A PATIENT WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Ekers David , Carman Susie , Schlich Tom
Published: June 2004

We present the case of a 31-year-old man with comorbid schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) distinct from delusional beliefs. The OCD was successfully treated to 6-month follow-up with Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) without leading to significant deterioration of psychotic phenomena. Considerations for clinicians are discussed.
Pulse pair beamforming and the effects of reflectivity field variations on imaging radars
Authors: Cheong Boon Leng , Hoffman Michael W. , Palmer Robert D. , Frasier Stephen J. , López‐Dekker F. J.
Published: June 2004

Coherent radar imaging (CRI), which is fundamentally a beamforming process, has been used to create images of microscale, reflectivity structures within the resolution volume of atmospheric Doppler radars. This powerful technique has the potential to unlock many new discoveries in atmospheric studies. The Turbulent Eddy Profiler (TEP) is a unique 915 MHz boundary layer radar consisting of a maximum of 91 independent receivers. The TEP configuration allows sophisticated CRI algorithms to be implemented providing significant improvement in angular resolution. The present work includes a thorough simulation study of some of the capabilities of the TEP system. The pulse pair processor, used for radial velocity and spectral width estimation with meteorological radars, is combined with beamforming technique, in an efficient manner, to the imaging radar case. By numerical simulation the new technique is shown to provide robust and computationally efficient estimates of the spectral moments. For this study, a recently developed atmospheric radar simulation method is employed that uses the ten thousand scattering points necessary for the high resolution imaging simulation. Previous methods were limited in the number of scatterers due to complexity issues. Radial velocity images from the beamforming radar are used to estimate the three‐dimensional wind field map within the resolution volume. It is shown that a large root mean square (RMS) error in imputed three‐dimensional wind fields can occur using standard Fourier imaging. This RMS error does not improve even as SNR is increased. The cause of the error is reflectivity variations within the resolution volume. The finite beamwidth of the beamformer skews the radial velocity estimate, and this results in poor wind field estimates. Adaptive Capon beamforming consistently outperforms the Fourier method in the quantitative study and has been demonstrated to enhance the performance compared to the Fourier method.
Transient sheets of field‐aligned current observed by DMSP during the main phase of a magnetic superstorm
Authors: Huang Cheryl Y. , Burke William J.
Published: June 2004

During the main phase of the 6 April 2000 magnetic storm with Dst ≅ −300 nT, four Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites encountered intense sheets of field‐aligned currents (FACs). Their magnetic perturbations were >1300 nT, corresponding to integrated currents ∣J∥∣ > 1 A/m. The FACs appeared in both the evening and dawn magnetic local time sectors. They had relatively fast rise times (∼5 min), lasted for ∼0.5 hours, and were associated with widespread reconfigurations of plasma in the near‐Earth magnetotail. The largest magnetic and related electric field perturbations occurred at magnetic latitudes <60°. Magnetometer measurements from DMSP satellites show repeated episodes of similarly large FACs late in the main phase of this and other superstorms. Poynting flux calculations indicate that a few percent of the total ring current energy is dissipated as Joule heat in the midlatitude ionosphere during each of these events. A survey of ground magnetometers at auroral and middle latitudes found perturbations typically <200 nT, incommensurate with magnetic observations at the altitude of the DMSP satellites. The small ground responses reflect weak ionospheric Hall currents and provide an empirical validation of the theorem derived by Fukushima [1976]. Height‐integrated Pedersen conductances (ΣP) calculated with observed precipitating electron fluxes have significantly lower values than those estimated from Ohm's law using simultaneously measured electric and magnetic field variations. This discrepancy suggests that under some highly stressed conditions the neglect of contributions from low energy electrons and precipitating ions can lead to serious underestimates of ΣP and a consequent misunderstanding of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere circuit.
Ion injections and magnetic field oscillations near the high‐latitude magnetopause associated with solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement
Authors: Lu G. , Onsager T. G. , Le G. , Russell C. T.
Published: June 2004

The characteristics of particles and magnetic fields associated with a step‐like enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure are investigated by using observations from the Polar spacecraft. At the time, Polar was located near its apogee of ∼9 RE at high latitude in the afternoon sector. Impulsive, energy‐dispersed injections of ions were observed by Polar in both parallel and antiparallel pitch angle directions, with a much shorter duration in the parallel direction (toward the Earth) than in the antiparallel direction (away from the Earth). The energies of the injected ions ranged from ∼200 eV to a few keV, and they are considered of magnetosheath origin. The energy dispersion of the injected ions is consistent with the interpretation of the velocity filter or time‐of‐flight effect as the magnetosheath ions enter the magnetosphere and propagate downward and then are mirrored at low altitude where magnetic field lines converge. It is estimated that the entrance of the magnetosheath ions was located ∼3.9–7.5 RE away from Polar, and the distance from the spacecraft to the mirror point was ∼7.7–8.1 RE, corresponding to ∼830–3600 km in altitude. The Polar data clearly favor magnetic reconnection as the primary mechanism for the transport of magnetosheath plasmas into the magnetosphere. A good correspondence is found between the magnetic field oscillation and the intermittence of the ion injections, implying that the impulsive ion injections were a consequence of the intermittent magnetic reconnection at the high‐latitude magnetopause that had been modulated by compressional waves produced by the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement.
A statistical study of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using the GPS network in Japan
Authors: Tsugawa T. , Saito A. , Otsuka Y.
Published: June 2004

Large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) were statistically studied using total electron content (TEC) data from the GPS Earth observation network (GEONET) in Japan during 45 months from April 1999 to December 2002. One hundred fifty‐four LSTIDs propagating southward were identified with time sequences of two‐dimensional TEC maps. Fifty LSTIDs were observed in 2000, 45 in 2001, and 38 in 2002. Their occurrence rate (occurrence probability of one LSTID per 3 hours) increased as Kp value increased, that is, 1% at Kp = 4 and 75% at Kp = 9. The disturbed‐time LSTIDs were frequently observed over Japan in spring and autumn, which is consistent with the seasonal dependence of the geomagnetic disturbances. On the other hand, the number of LSTIDs under quiet conditions, Kp ≤ 3, reached 43, that is, 28% of all the LSTIDs. The wave parameters, such as the damping rate, horizontal velocity and direction, and period of the clear 58 LSTIDs were precisely determined. The amplitude of the quiet‐time LSTIDs decreased during their passage over Japan for every event, while that of the disturbed‐time LSTIDs not only decreased but also increased. The LSTIDs can be classified from these observational results into the following three types: the disturbed‐time damping LSTIDs (DD‐LSTIDs), the disturbed‐time growing LSTIDs (DG‐LSTIDs), and the quiet‐time damping LSTIDs (QD‐LSTIDs). The occurrence number of DD‐LSTIDs, DG‐LSTIDs, and QD‐LSTIDs was 35 (60%), 11 (19%), and 12 (21%), respectively. The mean horizontal velocity, period, wavelength, and propagation direction of all LSTIDs were 475 ± 171 m/s, 80 ± 29 min, 2131 ± 863 km, and 3 ± 19° east from south, respectively. Both the growth and decrease rates of the LSTIDs were correlated with their propagation velocities. An examination of the relation between the damping rates and the vertical propagation direction, θ, of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) which was derived from the horizontal velocity and the period of LSTIDs using the AGWs' dispersion relation, revealed that their damping and growth rates showed a clear correlation with θ. This correlation is due to the ion‐drag effect, which is directly dependent on the angle between AGWs' propagation directions and the geomagnetic field. Considering the inclination of the geomagnetic field over Japan, both the damping and growing LSTIDs could be explained by the upward and downward propagating AGWs, respectively. The QD‐LSTIDs had smaller θ which resulted from slower velocities and longer periods than those for the disturbed‐time LSTIDs. These different characteristics would reflect those of the source mechanisms of the three types of LSTIDs.
Hybrid synthesis of scalar wave envelopes in two‐dimensional random media having rich short‐wavelength spectra
Authors: Sato Haruo , Fehler Mike , Saito Tatsuhiko
Published: June 2004

Wave trains in high‐frequency seismograms of local earthquakes are mostly composed of incoherent waves that are scattered by distributed heterogeneities within the lithosphere. Their phase variations are very complex; however, their wave envelopes are systematic, frequency‐dependent, and vary regionally. Stochastic approaches are superior to deterministic wave‐theoretical approaches for modeling wave envelopes in random media. The time width of a wavelet is broadened with increasing travel distance mostly because of diffraction caused by the long‐wavelength components of random velocity inhomogeneity. The Markov approximation for the parabolic wave equation is effective for the synthesis of envelopes for random media whose spectra are poor in short‐wavelength components; however, we have to consider the contribution of large‐angle nonisotropic scattering if the random media are rich in short‐wavelength inhomogeneities. Multiple nonisotropic scattering can be reliably modeled as isotropic scattering by using an effective isotropic scattering coefficient given by the momentum transfer scattering coefficient, which is a reciprocal of the transport mean free path. It is mostly controlled by the short‐wavelength spectra of random media. We propose a hybrid method for the synthesis of whole wave envelopes that uses the envelope derived from the Markov approximation as a propagator in the radiative transfer integral equation for isotropic scattering. The envelopes resulting from the hybrid method agree well with ensemble average envelopes calculated by averaging envelopes from individual finite difference simulations of the wave equation for a suite of random media.
A unified model for dynamic and static stress triggering of aftershocks, antishocks, remote seismicity, creep events, and multisegmented rupture
Authors: Voisin Christophe , Cotton Fabrice , Di Carli Sara
Published: June 2004

Aftershocks have been thought to be triggered by static stress transfer. The 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes have demonstrated the possibility of remote triggering of seismicity, highlighting the role of dynamic seismic waves. Static stress changes and transient deformations have different timescales. The mechanisms by which they trigger earthquakes are thought to be different, leading to an unwieldy vision of aftershock triggering. We propose a model that encompasses both static and dynamic triggering of aftershocks and antishocks as well as the occurrence of stable slip (creep events) or multisegmented rupture. The framework of this model is based on the stability/instability transition of faults. We propose that dynamic and static stress triggering pertain to the same physical process. We study the effect of the complete Coulomb failure function. We demonstrate the possibility of the triggering of seismicity by a dynamic stress pulse in a stress shadow zone characterized by a negative static stress field. The limited time efficiency of dynamic triggering shown by the data is explained by the model. We suggest that dynamic waves trigger only the most unstable faults associated with a relatively short characteristic time, while the static stress field triggers also faults that are stable, associated with a larger characteristic time.
Improving burning efficiency estimates through satellite assessment of fuel moisture content
Authors: Chuvieco Emilio , Cocero David , Aguado Inmaculada , Palacios Alicia , Prado Elena
Published: June 2004

The assessment of burning efficiency (BE) is a critical parameter for estimating gas emissions derived from biomass burning. Several authors have proven a strong dependence of BE on moisture conditions of the fuel. This paper presents an empirical study where the relationships between fuel moisture content (FMC) and satellite‐derived variables are evidenced. The study was conducted in Mediterranean ecosystems, using both high‐ and low‐resolution satellite images (Landsat‐TM, SPOT‐Vegetation and NOAA‐advanced very high resolution radiometer). First, theoretical relationships between FMC and reflected or emitted radiance are discussed. Second, multitemporal trends of vegetation indices and surface temperatures are compared with field measurements of FMC for Mediterranean grasslands and shrublands. Pearson r correlation coefficients were computed for a 4‐year series of field measurements of FMC and satellite images. Pearson r values show a good correlation between FMC and shortwave infrared (SWIR; 1.6–2 μm) reflectance, for both grasslands and shrublands, although the relations improve when near‐infrared (NIR) and SWIR reflectances are combined. “Traditional” spectral vegetation indices (based on the red and NIR reflectances) only work reasonably well with grasslands but not with shrublands. For shrublands a synthetic index mixing vegetation indices and surface temperature improves determination coefficients to estimate FMC. Finally, on the basis of these findings, multivariate fittings were computed and validated using AVHRR images. The assessment sample also provided high determination coefficients (r2 > 0.75) in estimating FMC, both for the study site and other control sites.
A study of the NOx dependence of isoprene oxidation
Authors: Barket Dennis J. , Grossenbacher John W. , Hurst Julia M. , Shepson Paul B. , Olszyna Kenneth , Thornberry Troy , Carroll Mary Anne , Roberts James , Stroud Craig , Bottenheim Jan , Biesenthal Thomas
Published: June 2004

A large set of isoprene and isoprene oxidation product concentration data from four North American sites was examined to assess the NOx dependence of the daytime oxidation of isoprene. Sites that represent a wide range of NOx (50 ppt to 30 ppb) were studied and include the Dickson, Tennessee, and Cornelia Fort Air Park sites during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study, the Pellston, Michigan, site during the 1998 PROPHET summer intensive, and the Kejimkujik National Park site during the Atlantic 1996 study. Knowledge of NOx and HOx concentrations were critical for this evaluation. While NOx data are readily available at all sites, HOx data are limited. We employed a simple 10‐reaction HOx model to calculate steady state OH radical concentrations as a function of [NOx] to enable analysis of the data from all sites. Here, we use methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) concentrations to quantify the extent of isoprene‐OH oxidation. Making use of the MVK/isoprene ratio, we show that the rate of production of isoprene oxidation products at various North American sites, although highly variable, exhibits the crossover from NOx‐dependent to VOC‐dependent conditions at ∼8 ppb [NOx], in agreement with what is calculated from HOx measurements and our calculations.
A comparison of isoprene nitrate concentrations at two forest‐impacted sites
Authors: Grossenbacher John W. , Barket Jr. Dennis J. , Shepson Paul B. , Carroll Mary Anne , Olszyna Kenneth , Apel Eric
Published: June 2004

We report measurements of isoprene nitrates as part of the Southern Oxidants Study during the summer of 1999 at a rural/forest site in Tennessee. Average midday concentrations of the isoprene nitrates were ∼115 ppt. This is ∼10 times greater than the previously reported concentrations during the Program for Research on Oxidants: Photochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) study in 1998 at Pellston, Michigan, representing as much as 5% of NOy. Here we investigate the possible factors for the large difference in concentrations. To investigate the role of the NOx concentration on the isoprene nitrate production chemistry at the two sites, [OH] was calculated using a simple steady state model. The results of this calculation help explain the difference in magnitude of the isoprene nitrate concentrations between the two field sites in terms of the [NOx]‐dependent behavior of the OH‐initiated oxidation of isoprene and the subsequent isoprene peroxy radical reactions with NOx. However, it is also clear that the large apparent differences in the photochemical ages of the air masses sampled at the two sites significantly impacted the observed concentrations.
Sporadic structures in the atmospheric sodium layer
Authors: Clemesha Barclay R. , Batista Paulo P. , Simonich Dale M. , Batista Inez S.
Published: June 2004

The sporadic occurrence of layers of enhanced concentration of meteoric metals in the vicinity of the mesopause has been observed by lidar at many locations. These layers are much thinner than the background layer, last between a few minutes and many hours, and appear to be related to ionospheric sporadic E. A much more rare type of transient layer has been reported in the literature only once, by Kane et al. [2001]. The layers in question, observed in sodium by a lidar operating at Arecibo (18.3°N, 66.7°W), appear as C‐shaped structures in the lidar height/time display. The structures, which have been observed at around 100 km, with durations around 30 min, appear not to be related to normal sporadic metals layers, and the Arecibo workers suggest that they might be produced by wave‐breaking or Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows. At São José dos Campos (23°S, 46°W) we observe C‐structures in the sodium layer only very occasionally, but an analysis of their formation, together with simultaneous meteor winds measurements, suggests that the observed structures might be the result of wind‐shear distortion of preexisting clouds of enhanced sodium concentration.