bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Case for Mohs' Surgery by the Fixed‐Tissue Technique
Authors: BRAUN MARTIN
Published: June 2013

There are times when Mohs' surgery by the fixed‐tissue technique is superior or the only feasible method of managing some cutaneous malignancies. Five cases are described and illustrated to make the point.
“Small” Melanomas. Relation of Prognostic Variables to Diameter of Primary Superficial Spreading Melanomas
Authors: KOPF ALFRED W. , RODRÍGUEZ‐SAINS RENÉ S. , RIGEL DARRELL S. , FRIEDMAN ROBERT J. , BART ROBERT S. , GRIER W. ROBSON N. , MINTZIS MEDWIN M. , POSTEL ALLEN H.
Published: June 2013

In a consecutive series of 648 superficial spreading melanomas a significantly better 5‐year disease‐free survival rate was observed for patients whose primary tumors were 14 mm or less in diameter when compared with those 15 mm or larger in diameter. Other distinguishing features of the group of “smaller” superficial spreading melanomas were that they occurred in younger patients; were of shorter durations; were more common in women; occurred disproportionately on the lower limbs; were less elevated; tended to be round in shape; were thinner (Breslow); penetrated less deeply (Clark levels); showed less histologic regression; and developed fewer metastases. Based on these findings it is recommended that educational programs be undertaken for the medical profession and for the public to promote early diagnosis and prompt treatment of superficial spreading melanomas when they are small in diameter and more often curable. A color atlas of “small” melanomas is presented.
Closure of a Surgical Defect in a Nose Using Island Grafts from the Nose
Authors: CHESTER EARL C.
Published: June 2013

A surgical defect in a nose is closed using island grafts taken from the nose.
Tattoo Removal Using Serial Tangential Excision and Polyurethane Membrane Dressing
Authors: WHEELAND RONALD G. , NORWOOD O'TAR T. , ROUNDTREE JOE M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. A technique using serial split‐thickness tangential excisions and polyurethane membrane dressings for removal of decorative tattoos is described.
Complications of Scalp Reductions
Authors: NORWOOD O'TAR T. , SHIELL RICHARD C. , MORRISON IAN DONALD
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Early problems with central sagittal scalp reductions are primarily medical and surgical. As they resolve with surgical experience, the cosmetic problems become more apparent. These problems and complications are outlined along with suggestions for prevention and correction.
Managing Digital Mucoid Cysts by Cryosurgery with Liquid Nitrogen: Preliminary Report
Authors: BARDACH HARALD G.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Fourteen patients with digital mucoid cysts were treated by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen using an intermittent spray technique. The cysts were punctured and the contents expressed preoperatively. Treatment was well tolerated without local anesthesia. Cysts ranged in size from 0.4 to 1.5 cm. Average follow‐up was 18.6 months. Twelve patients were cured to date, in some instances after many prior unsuccessful attempts with other treatment modalities.

In one patient a cyst recurred after 10 months and was retreated by cryosurgery. In another patient a much smaller cyst recurred after 12 months. Cosmetic results were gratifying, with absent or minimal scarring. From these preliminary observations it may be concluded that liquid nitrogen cryospraying of digital mucoid cysts is a valuable therapeutic modality in these notoriously recalcitrant lesions.
Cytologically Malignant Squamous‐Cell Carcinoma Arising in a Verrucous Carcinoma of the Penis
Authors: YOUNGBERG GEORGE A. , THORNTHWAITE JERRY T. , INOSHITA TSUYOSHI , FRANZUS DAVID
Published: June 2013

Abstract. A case of verrucous carcinoma with a focus of cytologically malignant squamous‐cell carcinoma is presented. This usually occurs following radiation therapy of the verrucous carcinoma, but may rarely occur de novo, as in this case. The potential usefulness of fine‐needle aspiration in detecting focal anaplasia in verrucous carcinoma is discussed. This technique may be especially useful if the lesion is to be destroyed cryosurgically.
International Dermatosurgery: Genitoperineal Cyst of the Median Raphe
Authors: SANCHEZ‐CONEJO‐MIR J. , MORENO‐GIMENEZ J. C. , CAMACHO‐MARTINEZ F.
Published: June 2013

Abstract Canals and cysts are not rare embryonic malformations of the male genitoperineal median raphe. These patients usually consult dermatovenereologists. They normally remain asymptomatic for a long period, but secondary infections, caused by Neisseria gonorrheae, may occur. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.
A Three‐Year Experience with the Argon Laser in Dermatotherapy
Authors: LANDTHALER MICHAEL , HAINA DIETER , WAIDELICH WILHELM , BRAUN‐FALCO OTTO
Published: June 2013

Abstract Since January 1980, 477 patients were treated with an argon laser, 337 afflicted with vascular lesions and 140 with nonvascular lesions. Laser therapy of portwine stains gave good results in 70% of the adult patients, but it was disappointing in patients younger than 18 years of age. Other vascular lesions, such as telangiectasia, venous lake, angiofibroma, lymphangioma, and cherry angioma, were also treated with success. For the removal of tattoos the argon laser is not an optimal modality. In our experience it should only be used in skin areas, where dermabrasion cannot be performed. Therapy of epidermal nevi, xanthelasma of the eyelids, verrucae, vulgares, and sebaceous gland hyperplasia gave preliminary promising results in some patients.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser Vaporization for the Treatment of Multiple Trichoepithelioma
Authors: WHEELAND RONALD G. , BAILIN PHILIP L. , KRONBERG ESTA
Published: June 2013

Abstract Three patients with multiple trichoepitheliomas have been successfully treated using carbon dioxide (CO2) laser vaporization.
Darkly Pigmented Lesions in Dark‐Skinned Patients
Authors: KALTER DEBRA CHESTER , GOLDBERG LEONARD H. , ROSEN THEODORE
Published: June 2013

Abstract
It is well known that fair‐haired, fair‐complected individuals have an increased risk of skin malignancies. Current literature, however, gives no aid in evaluating darkly pigmented lesions in the dark‐skinned patient. Blacks have an incidence of malignant melanoma from 5 to 18 times less than whites, while Hispanics have a higher incidence than blacks, but 3.5 to 4.5 times less than whites. Basal‐cell epitheliomas are more likely to be darkly pigmented in both groups, leading to erroneous diagnosis and treatment as melanomas.
Aesthetic Rhinoplasty in the Non‐Caucasian
Authors: MCCURDY JOHN A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The aesthetic goals of rhinoplasty in the non‐Caucasian nose are similar to those in the Occidental nose. Successful surgery in such noses requires appreciation of nasal aesthetics, knowledge of anatomic differences, thorough preoperative evaluation and planning, and meticulous attention to detail while performing the operation. Reliable and predictable methods for sculpturing the lobule and augmenting the dorsum of the non‐Caucasian nose are discussed.
Laminar Dermal Reticulotomy and Chemical Face Peeling in the Black Patient
Authors: PIERCE HAROLD E. , BROWN LOUIS A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The technique of surgical planing, or laminar dermal reticulotomy, is described with special attention to its use in the black patient population. Additionally, the use of chemical peels in this group is discussed. Possible complications including scarring, pigmentary changes, milia formation, and infection are evaluated. Finally, indications for this technique as well as full‐face chemical peel using trichloroacetic acid or the Baker‐Gordon phenol formula in blacks are noted, and two illustrative case reports are presented.
Surgical Correction of Traumatic Alopecia Marginalis or Traction Alopecia in Black Women
Authors: EARLES R. MARTIN
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Traction alopecia1 in black women is a pervasive condition. It arises from cultural, social, and cosmetic considerations. The etiology and historical aspects are reviewed. Treatment, which has not been previously reported, is presented, although Norwood2 has published on the treatment of androgenic alopecia in women.
Residents' Corner: Merkel Cell Carcinoma‐A Problem with Microscopically Controlled Surgery
Authors: ROENIGK RANDALL K. , GOLTZ ROBERT W.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Trabecular cell carcinoma, originally described by Toker, is a malignant skin tumor, probably of Merkel cell origin. These tumors are locally aggressive and may metastasize. Prompt surgical removal is mandatory. The clinical features are often not diagnostic, and diagnosis is primarily by histologic examination. Special studies, especially electron microscopy, may be required to differentiate this tumor from others. During surgery, particularly with Mohs microscopically controlled excision, provision must be made for proper handling of the specimen so that these special studies can be carried out.
Iatrogenic Effects of General Anesthesia in Children: Considerations in Treating Large Congenital Nevocytic Nevi
Authors: BACKMAN MARGARET E. , KOPF ALFRED W.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Dermatologists are often faced with the decision of when to operate on a child at risk for developing malignant melanoma in a large congenital nevocytic nevus. As a series of operations is usually required, an understanding of the lethal and nonlethal effects of the general anesthesia is necessary. This paper discusses these potential iatrogenic effects on the child's physical and psychological development. Suggestions are given for optimal times to operate, considering both psychological and physical factors, (i.e., 6–9 months or 8–12 years of age) and ways to minimize unwanted side effects.
Improving species occupancy estimation when sampling violates the closure assumption
Authors: Otto Clint R. V. , Bailey Larissa L. , Roloff Gary J.
Published: June 2013

Site occupancy models that account for imperfect detection of species are increasingly utilized in ecological research and wildlife monitoring. Occupancy models require replicate surveys to estimate detection probability over a time period where the occupancy status at sampled sites is assumed closed. Unlike mark–recapture models, few studies have examined how violations of closure can bias occupancy estimates. Our study design allowed us to differentiate among two processes that violate the closure assumption during a sampling season: 1) repeated destructive sampling events that result in either short‐ or long‐term site avoidance by the target species and 2) sampling occurring over a time period during which non‐random movements of the target species result in variable occupancy status. We used dynamic occupancy models to quantify the potential bias in occupancy estimation associated with these processes for a terrestrial salamander system. Our results provide strong evidence of a systematic decrease in salamander occupancy within a field season. Chronic disturbance due to repeated searches of natural cover objects accelerated natural declines in species occurrence on the forest surface as summer progressed. We also observed a strong but temporary disturbance effect on salamander detection probability associated with repeated sampling within a 24‐h. period. We generalized our findings by conducting a simulation to evaluate how violations of closure can bias occupancy estimates when local extinction occurs within a sampling season. Our simulation study revealed general sensitivity of estimates from single‐season occupancy models to violations of closure, with the strength and direction of bias varying between scenarios. Bias was minimal when extinction proba bility or the number of sample occasions was relatively low. Our research highlights the importance of addressing closure in occupancy studies and we provide multiple solutions, using both design‐ and model‐based frameworks, for minimizing bias associated with non‐random changes in occupancy and repeated sampling disturbances.
Frequency of mechanical removal of plaque as it relates to gingival inflammation: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Pinto Tatiana M. P. , de Freitas Guilherme C. , Dutra Danilo A. , Kantorski Karla Z. , Moreira Carlos H.
Published: June 2013

Aim

This single blind, randomized clinical trial evaluated the relationship between frequency of mechanical removal of plaque (MRP) and gingival inflammation.

Materials & Methods

Fifty‐two patients (maximum 5% of sites with gingival bleeding and no history of periodontitis) were randomized to different frequencies of MRP: 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) were evaluated at baseline, 15 and 30 days. Intra‐ and inter‐group differences were determined by repeated measures anova and mixed models anova, respectively, both followed by Tukey's test.

Results

The mean GI between baseline and 30 days remained statistically unchanged in the 12 h (0.51 ± 0.17 versus 0.63 ± 0.23, p = 0.137) and 24 h (0.43 ± 0.19 versus 0.59 ± 0.21, p = 0.052) groups, but increased significantly in the 48 h (0.48 ± 0.18 versus 0.84 ± 0.21, p = 0.001) and 72 h (0.55 ± 0.20 versus 0.94 ± 0.25, p = 0.000) groups. At 30 days, the average percentage of sites with GI scores of 1 and 2 was significantly higher in the 48 and 72 h than in the 12 and 24 h groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Frequencies of mechanical removal plaque up to 24 h may prevent an increase in the severity of gingival inflammation over a period of 30 days in patients with no history of periodontitis.
Effects of Ozone Wash for Inactivation of S. Typhimurium and Background Microbiota on Lettuce and Parsley
Authors: Sengun Ilkin Yucel
Published: June 2013

Experiments were done with ozonated water to evaluate its efficacy in reducing the numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) on vegetables and in improving their storage quality. Ozonated water (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ppm) treatment for 3, 5 and 10 min caused reductions in the number of TMAB of lettuce and parsley samples ranging between 0.48–1.25 and 0.40–1.03 log units, respectively. The counts of S. Typhimurium on inoculated lettuce samples were reduced by ozonated water in the range of 1.14–3.06 log units reductions, while 0.28–2.57 log units reductions were achieved for parsley samples. On the other hand, the effect of tap water in reducing TMAB and S. Typhimurium counts was found ranging between 0.10–1.20 and 0.44–0.60 log units, respectively. Reduction capacity of ozonated water (1.5 ppm/5 min) on microbial population was also tested in a school kitchen and results were similar with the laboratory findings (P > 0.05). To determine the effects of ozonated water on the storage quality of the samples, TMAB and mold‐yeast counts of vegetables were investigated during the storage period at 4C for 15 days. Results of the study showed that ozonated water is mainly useful for reducing S. Typhimurium cells from vegetables.

Practical Applications

Conventional ozone generators, which needs compressors, air dryers, oxygen concentrators and ozone injectors, are too bulky to be used, in point‐of‐installations. On the other hand, in ozo‐pen system, technology developed in recent years, ozone can be produced directly from the water to be treated itself instead of producing ozone from a dry air or dry oxygen gas source, and the system only needs handheld ozone generator, portable container and water. This study showed that ozonated water, which can be produced practically by ozone probes in a small scale and also at household levels, is a good alternative for improving microbiological quality of fresh produce.
The Effect of Salt Reduction on the Growth of Food Spoilage Bacteria in Model Broth Systems and Salt‐Adjusted Ready Meals
Authors: Durack Edel , Alonso‐Gomez Mercedes , Wilkinson Martin G.
Published: June 2013

The effect of reducing salt levels on the growth of food spoilage bacteria was investigated. In broth, no significant differences in growth of all strains were apparent at the lower salt concentrations (0–1.5% salt), while at 3.0% salt (w/v), final populations of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Lactobacillus plantarum were reduced. In three experimental ready meals, the effect of varying the salt levels over the range of 3.0–0.2% (w/w) was investigated for the growth of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Generally, little inhibition of growth of either strain was noted, except for E. coli where populations were ∼1 log10 cycle lower only in the low salt chicken curry meal at highest added salt content. Overall, decreasing salt levels from ∼3% downward did not markedly affect the growth of any of the bacterial strains studied in either broth or ready meals.

Practical Applications

This study may have significance in the manufacture of reduced salt foods where concerns regarding the impact of salt reduction on microbial quality may preclude a meaningful lowering of added salt levels. While growth models exist for cultures in broths with varying added salt levels, no such data exists for food matrices such as complex ready meals where growth may differ from broth models. Overall, this study of ready meals with altered salt contents suggests that significant salt reduction is achievable without compromising product safety for the microbial strains tested. Data suggest that a large‐scale salt reduction program is technically feasible for these particular products, although a case by case investigation is required to ensure all low salt foods are comparable, in terms of microbial safety with commercially available regular salt counterparts. Therefore, these scientific findings have direct practical industrial applications for ready meal manufacturers.
Induced Synthesis of Oestrogens by Glia in the Songbird Brain
Authors: Saldanha C. J. , Burstein S. R. , Duncan K. A.
Published: June 2013

Studies on birds have long provided landmarks and touchstones in the fields of neuroendocrinology, immunology and neuroplasticity. The passerine brain is an excellent model for studying the actions of hormones, including steroids, on a diversity of behavioural endpoints. Oestrogens, for example, have profound effects on avian neuroanatomy and neurophysiology throughout life and, importantly, are synthesised at high levels within neurones of the songbird brain. More recently, aromatisation in another set of neural cells has been identified. Specifically, aromatase expression is induced in astrocytes and radial glia following disruption of the neuropil by multiple forms of perturbation. The avian brain, therefore, can be provided with high levels of oestrogens constitutively or via induction, by aromatisation in neurones and glia, respectively. In this review, we begin with the initial discovery of aromatisation by non‐neuronal cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the induction of aromatase expression in glial cells. We then focus on the emerging interactions between the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems with respect to brain injury. Next, we briefly review the extensive literature on the influence of glial aromatisation on neuroplasticity, and end with some recent data on sex differences in the induction of glial aromatase in the zebra finch. Throughout this review, we consider the unanswered questions and future studies that may emerge from these findings.
Impact of Scheduled Angiographic Follow‐Up in Patients Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: MINDRESCU CATALIN , BRENER SORIN J. , GUERCHICOFF ALEJANDRA , FAHY MARTIN , PARISE HELEN , MEHRAN ROXANA , STONE GREGG W.
Published: June 2013

Routine scheduled angiographic follow‐up (SAF) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been associated with a higher rate of target vessel revascularization (TVR). Its benefits are not known. SAF at 13 months after ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was planned in the first 1,800 successfully stented patients enrolled in the Harmonizing Outcomes with RevascularIZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS‐AMI) trial. We compared the outcomes of patients with and without SAF at 1 year (before SAF) and at 3 years (after SAF). There were 1,197 patients (66.5% of expected) with and 2,207 patients without SAF. Prior to SAF, the 1‐year composite rate of death or myocardial infarction (MI) was not significantly different between the 2 groups (2.7% vs. 3.9%, respectively, P = 0.06), although the rate of death was lower (0.1% vs. 2.2%, P < 0.0001), nor were there differences in the 1‐year rates of TVR, stent thrombosis or major adverse cardiac and cerebral events). At 3 years, death or MI rates were again similar between the groups (8.3% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.22), but TVR was more common in the SAF group (17.0% vs. 8.6%, P < 0.0001), due to an increase in TVR at time of SAF. In the SAF group, patients in whom TVR was performed before or after the 13‐month SAF window had markedly higher 3‐year rates of MI and stent thrombosis than patients in whom TVR was performed during SAF or not at all. In conclusion, SAF after primary PCI in STEMI is associated with doubling of the rate of revascularization without an improvement in death or MI, and therefore cannot be recommended.
The Attachment System and Physiology in Adulthood: Normative Processes, Individual Differences, and Implications for Health
Authors: Robles Theodore F. , Kane Heidi S.
Published: June 2013

Attachment theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding intersections between personality and close relationships in adulthood. Moreover, attachment has implications for stress‐related physiology and physical health. We review work on normative processes and individual differences in the attachment behavioral system, as well as their associations with biological mechanisms related to health outcomes. We highlight the need for more basic research on normative processes and physiology and discuss our own research on individual differences in attachment and links with physiology. We then describe a novel perspective on attachment and physiology, wherein stress‐related physiological changes may also be viewed as supporting the social‐cognitive and emotion regulatory functions of the attachment system through providing additional energy to the brain, which has implications for eating behavior and health. We close by discussing our work on individual differences in attachment and restorative processes, including sleep and skin repair, and by stressing the importance of developing biologically plausible models for describing how attachment may impact chronic illness.
Audit of a clinical guideline for neonatal hypoglycaemia screening
Authors: Sundercombe Samantha L , Raynes‐Greenow Camille H , Carberry Angela E , Turner Robin M , Jeffery Heather E
Published: June 2013

Aim

This study aims to evaluate adherence to a clinical guideline for screening and prevention of neonatal hypoglycaemia on the post‐natal wards.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of 581 healthy term neonates born at a tertiary maternity hospital. Indications for hypoglycaemia screening included small for gestational age (SGA), infants of diabetic mothers (IDM; gestational, Type 1 or 2), symptomatic hypoglycaemia, macrosomia and wasted (undernourished) appearance. Outcomes were protocol entry and adherence with hypoglycaemia prevention strategies including early and frequent feeding and timely blood glucose measurement.

Results

Of 115 neonates screened for hypoglycaemia, 67 were IDM, 19 were SGA (including two both IDM and SGA), and two were macrosomic. One IDM and one SGA were not screened. Twenty‐two neonates were screened for a reason not identifiable from the medical record, and 13 neonates were SGA by a definition different to the guideline definition, including five who were also IDM. Guideline adherence was variable. Few neonates (41 of 106, 39%) were fed in the first post‐natal hour, and blood glucose measurement occurred later than recommended for 41 of 106 (39%) of neonates.

Conclusions

Most IDM and SGA neonates were screened. While guideline adherence overall was comparable with other studies, neonates were fed late. We recommend staff education about benefits of early (within the first hour) frequent breastfeeding for neonates at risk.
Is the pollination biology ofBathysaandSchizocalyxconsistent with their segregation? A first approach for two sympatric species in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Freitas Leandro , Andrich Mariana
Published: June 2013

Tribe Condamineeae appears to be well supported in recent phylogenetic studies. However, the species ofBathysawere divided into two clades, leading to restoration ofSchizocalyx. We studied the reproductive biology of one species from each clade, which occur sympatrically in the montane Brazilian Atlantic forest. Flowering overlap was short (from December to March inB.australisand from February to June inS.cuspidatus). The flowers of both species are protogynous and homostylous and last for about 3 days. The unit of pollination inB. australisis the inflorescence. Its flowers have a greenish hypocrateriform corolla (tube about 5 mm long) and were mainly pollinated by bees and wasps in search of nectar.Schizocalyx cuspidatushas white flowers with an infundibuliform corolla (tube about 8 mm long), and its main pollinators were stingless bees in search of pollen. The pollination systems of the two species did not correspond to their pollination syndromes. Morphological differences betweenBathysaandSchizocalyxwere reflected in their pollination systems, with greater phenotypic specialization inS. cuspidatus, the flowers of which offer pollen as the main resource, an unusual feature within Rubiaceae.Schizocalyx cuspidatusshowed higher reproductive capacity by having more inflorescences per plant, more ovules per flower, and twice the proportion of flowering individuals. However, the reproductive efficiency (fruit set, seed/ovule ratio) did not differ between the species, despite the higher frequency of visits by pollinators toS. cuspidatus. Self‐compatibility inB. australisand self‐incompatibility inS. cuspidatusseem to explain these results.
Endothelial transdifferentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma: loss of Stabilin‐2 expression in peri‐tumourous liver correlates with increased survival
Authors: Géraud Cyrill , Mogler Carolin , Runge Anja , Evdokimov Konstantin , Lu Shun , Schledzewski Kai , Arnold Bernd , Hämmerling Günter , Koch Philipp S. , Breuhahn Kai , Longerich Thomas , Marx Alexander , Weiss Christel , Damm Friederike , Schmieder Astrid , Schirmacher Peter , Augustin Hellmut G. , Goerdt Sergij
Published: June 2013

Background & Aims

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumour that is characterized by extensive vascular remodelling and responsiveness to treatment with the anti‐angiogenic multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. The aim was to study endothelial remodelling in HCC.

Methods

The murine inducible albumin‐SV40‐large T‐antigen model and two tissue microarrays (TMA) with 295 tumourous and 83 peri‐tumourous samples of 296 patients with HCC were analysed for expression of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC)‐specific marker proteins, stabilin‐1 and stabilin‐2, LYVE‐1 and CD32b.

Results

LSEC marker proteins were sequentially lost during HCC progression in the murine HCC model being absent from tumour nodules larger than 800 μm in diameter. Similarly, the TMA analysis of human HCCs revealed loss of all four marker proteins in the majority of tumourous tissue samples. Preservation of LYVE‐1 expression showed a significant correlation with low grading (G1). In corresponding peri‐tumourous liver tissue, loss of all marker proteins was seen in a minor proportion of cases (34%) while the majority of cases retained expression of at least one of the marker proteins. Loss of stabilin‐2 expression in peri‐tumourous liver tissue of patients with HCC was significantly less likely to occur (38%) than loss of the other marker proteins (63–95%) and it was associated with significantly longer tumour‐specific (P = 0.0523) and overall (P = 0.0338) survival. Loss of stabilin‐2 may enhance survival in HCC by preventing endothelial‐tumour cell adhesive interactions and microvascular invasion.

Conclusions

In summary, endothelial transdifferentiation is a major pathogenic event in HCC development indicating a switch from vessel co‐option/intussusceptive angiogenesis to sprouting angiogenesis.
Is the ‘Globalization’ of Science Always Good for Scientific Productivity and Economic Growth?
Authors: Carillo Maria Rosaria , Papagni Erasmo
Published: June 2013

Modern science is characterized by an increasing trend in collaborations and interactions among researchers. This paper aims to analyse the effects of this phenomenon on the productivity of the science sector and on the growth rate of the economy. Basic research is modelled as a contest where only those who arrive first at an innovation obtain the reward and where the interactions among researchers do contribute to production of scientific knowledge. An important result is that when interactions are significant multiple steady states emerge. Hence the ‘science globalization’ process could have enhanced the heterogeneity among scientific sectors of different countries. When there are low interactions, policies that increase connectivity could have low or even perverse effect at improving the efficiency of science, the contrary happens in high connectivity environments.
Role of antifeeding prophage (Afp) protein Afp16 in terminating the length of the Afp tailocin and stabilizing its sheath
Authors: Rybakova Daria , Radjainia Mazdak , Turner Adrian , Sen Anindito , Mitra Alok K. , Hurst Mark R. H.
Published: June 2013

The Serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage Afp, forms a phage‐tail‐like particle that acts on the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica with a 3‐day LD50 of approximately 500 Afp particles per larva. Genes (afp1–18) encoding components of Afp were expressed and their products purified allowing morphological assessment of the products by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Expression of afp1–15 resulted in the formation of a non‐sheathed structure termed the tube‐baseplate complex or TBC, composed of an irregular‐length tube attached to a baseplate with associated tail fibres. Expression of afp1–16 produced mature, normal‐length Afp particles, whereas coexpression of afp16 with afp1–15 in trans resulted in the formation of aberrant Afp particles of variable lengths. A C‐terminally truncated Afp16 mutant resulted in a phenotype intermediate between mature Afp and TBC. The addition of purified Afp16 to Afp unravelled by acidic treatment resulted in the formation of shorter tubes when specimen pH was adjusted to 7 than those formed in the absence of Afp16. Analysis of TEM images of purified Afp16 revealed a hexameric ring‐like structure similar to that formed by gp3 of phage T4 and gpU of phage λ. Our results suggest that Afp16 terminates tube elongation and is involved in sheath formation.
A Golgi and tonoplast localized S‐acyl transferase is involved in cell expansion, cell division, vascular patterning and fertility in Arabidopsis
Authors: Qi Baoxiu , Doughty James , Hooley Richard
Published: June 2013

S‐acylation of eukaryotic proteins is the reversible attachment of palmitic or stearic acid to cysteine residues, catalysed by protein S‐acyl transferases that share an Asp‐His‐His‐Cys (DHHC) motif. Previous evidence suggests that in Arabidopsis S‐acylation is involved in the control of cell size, polarity and the growth of pollen tubes and root hairs.

Using a combination of yeast genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and loss of function genetics the roles of a member of the protein S‐acyl transferase PAT family, AtPAT10 (At3g51390), have been explored.

In keeping with its role as a PAT, AtPAT10 auto‐S‐acylates, and partially complements the yeast akr1 PAT mutant, and this requires Cys192 of the DHHC motif. In Arabidopsis AtPAT10 is localized in the Golgi stack, trans‐Golgi network/early endosome and tonoplast. Loss‐of‐function mutants have a pleiotropic phenotype involving cell expansion and division, vascular patterning, and fertility that is rescued by wild‐type AtPAT10 but not by catalytically inactive AtPAT10C192A. This supports the hypothesis that AtPAT10 is functionally independent of the other Arabidopsis PATs.

Our findings demonstrate a growing importance of protein S‐acylation in plants, and reveal a Golgi and tonoplast located S‐acylation mechanism that affects a range of events during growth and development in Arabidopsis.
Interleukin‐6 concentration changes in plasma and saliva in bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws
Authors: Bagan J , Sáez GT , Tormos MC , Hens E , Terol MJ , Bagan L , Diaz‐Fernández JM , Lluch A , Camps C
Published: June 2013

Aim

To determine the plasma and saliva levels of IL‐6 in patients with bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) and to investigate whether there is a correlation between more advanced stages of BRONJ and levels of IL‐6.

Material and Methods

We studied three groups: group 1 consisted of 30 patients with BRONJ due to intravenous bisphosphonates (ivBP), group 2 consisted of 25 patients treated with ivBP but without BRONJ, and group 3 consisted of 15 healthy controls. In each case, we assayed plasma and saliva IL‐6 samples using an ELISA test.

Results

Significantly, higher IL‐6 values were found in both saliva and plasma in group 1 vs groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.01). Group 1 showed no differences in plasma or saliva IL‐6 according to patient gender (P > 0.05), type of tumor, BRONJ location, etiology of BRONJ, or disease stage (P > 0.05). We found higher plasma and saliva IL‐6 values in the more advances stages of BRONJ, although the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Plasma and saliva IL‐6 values were higher in our patients with BRONJ than in controls and therefore might be a useful tool for monitoring the severity of BRONJ.
Are the B cells cast with the leading part in the Sjogren's syndrome scenario?
Authors: Pers J‐O , Youinou P
Published: June 2013

The autoimmune exocrinopathy Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltrates of exocrine glands and overactivity of B lymphocytes. Although T cells have long been perceived as the prime effectors, increasing evidence indicates that the key role is rather served by B cells. Among related abnormalities are rheumatoid factor (RF), anti‐SSA/Ro, and anti‐SSB/La antibodies (Ab). Also, supporting this view is our finding of an increase in the number of circulating naïve mature B (Bm) cells, with a reciprocal decrease in that of memory B cells. Furthermore, a ratio of Bm2‐plus‐Bm2′ cells to early Bm5‐plus‐late Bm5 above 5 is diagnostic. This variation partly reflects the migration of active memory B cells into the exocrine glands of the patients, as well as into their skin. More recently, the B‐cell‐activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) has been endorsed with a pivotal role in B‐cell survival and hence implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. In practice, B cells have turned quite attractive as a target for biotherapy. For example, treatment with anti‐CD20 Ab has afforded some benefits in this disease, while BAFF blockers are still on the way, but should expand our armamentarium for treating SS. With such B‐cell‐directed biotherapies in mind, we delineate herein the distinguishing traits of B lymphocytes in SS.
Risk factors for respiratory symptoms in adults: The Busselton Health Study
Authors: James Alan L. , Knuiman Matthew W. , Divitini Mark L. , Hui Jennie , Hunter Michael L. , Mulrennan Siobhain A. , Musk A. W. ‘Bill’
Published: June 2013

Background and objective

The prevalence of reported doctor‐diagnosed ‘asthma’ increased between 1990 and 2005–2007 in Busselton, Western Australia, accompanied by increased reported cough and phlegm but not recent wheeze. Possible reasons for the increase in diagnosed asthma include environmental exposures and diagnostic transfer. The aim of this study was to relate subject characteristics and exposures to the presence of wheeze and/or current cough/phlegm in the 2005–2007 survey.

Methods

A gender‐ and age‐stratified random sample of 2862 adults from the Busselton shire completed questionnaires regarding doctor‐diagnosed asthma, respiratory symptoms and environmental exposures; and measures of anthropometry, spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and atopy. Associations between respiratory symptoms and subject characteristics were assessed in 2656 subjects.

Results

Wheeze was reported by 23% of subjects, cough/phlegm by 22% and both by 9%. The significant and independent correlates of wheeze were reflux symptoms, lung function, AHR, eNO, atopy, body mass index and smoking. The significant and independent correlates of cough/phlegm were reflux symptoms, lung function, smoking and dusty job. Subjects more likely to report only wheeze than only cough/phlegm were female, aged <40 years, atopic, had lower percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or higher percentage predicted force vital capacity.

Conclusions

A variety of risk factors was associated with wheeze or cough/phlegm or both. Increased non‐allergic exposures may account for increased prevalence of reported cough and phlegm and may contribute to increased reported asthma in adults.
Molecular diagnostic algorithm for epidermal growth factor receptor mutation detection in Asian lung adenocarcinomas: Comprehensive analyses of 445 Taiwanese patients with immunohistochemistry, PCR‐direct sequencing and Scorpion/ARMS methods
Authors: Ho Hsiang‐Ling , Chang Fu‐Pang , Ma Hsiu‐Hsun , Liao Li‐Rung , Chuang Yu‐Ting , Chang‐Chien Yi‐Chun , Lin Kun‐Yang , Chou Teh‐Ying
Published: June 2013

Background and objective

Therapeutic responses of lung adenocarcinoma patients to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are closely associated with activating mutations within the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain. Screening activating EGFR mutations prior to selection for therapeutic strategy has been considered extremely valuable for clinical management of lung adenocarcinoma patients in Asian countries including Taiwan, where the EGFR mutation rate is higher than in the rest of the world. Currently there is no consensus on the method of choice to assess EGFR mutations in tumour tissue.

Methods

We enrolled 445 lung adenocarcinoma patients for analysis of tumour EGFR mutations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐direct sequencing, scorpion/amplified refractory mutation system (ARMS) technology and immunohistochemistry with mutation‐specific antibodies.

Results

Two hundred forty‐five patients (245/445; 55%) were found to harbour activating EGFR mutations using PCR‐direct sequencing method, with a majority of patients (233/245; 95%) carrying exon 19 deletion or p.L858R point mutations. One hundred three of 200 patients were negative for EGFR mutations from PCR‐direct sequencing were further analysed using Scorpion/ARMS technology. Up to 30% of the PCR‐direct sequencing negative patients turned out to be positive in the Scorpion/ARMS EGFR mutation tests. For immunohistochemistry analysis of EGFR mutations, the p.E746_A750del specific antibody showed a sensitivity of 57% and a specificity of 100% for exon 19 deletions while the p.L858R point mutation specific antibody showed a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 95%.

Conclusions

Based on this study, we proposed an algorithm for comprehensive and efficient testing of EGFR mutations on lung adenocarcinoma patients in Asia.
Influence of skin extension upon the epidermal morphometry, an in vivo study
Authors: Lévêque Jean‐Luc , Fanian Ferial , Humbert Philippe
Published: June 2013

Background

The Dermal–Epidermal Junction (DEJ) is characterized by undulations whose apices are called papillae. With aging, epidermis becomes thinner, together with a flattening of the DEJ, leading to a decreased density of papillae. The causes of these modifications are likely as multiple as uncertain. The present paper deals with in vivo morphometric characterization of the DEJ and its changes following a skin surface deformation.

Methods

Living epidermis of human adults was examined by means of in vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy. Distances between skin surface and papillae apex and pegs of the DEJ were, respectively, recorded in both relaxed and stretched skin situation. The number of papillae present within a single image (field of view, 500 × 500 μm) was also measured.

Results

Skin extension has no effect upon the distance between skin surface and the apex of papillae. In contrast, the distance between skin surface and the pegs of papillae decreases. On the other hand, skin extension leads to a significant decrease in the number of papillae within a single image.

Conclusion

Epidermal atrophy and structural changes observed in the DEJ with aging may be, by some extent, related to daily and repetitive skin deformations all along the life span.
The coupling of plasma membrane calcium entry to calcium uptake by endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Authors: García‐Sancho Javier
Published: June 2013

Key points

Cross‐talk between organelles and plasma membrane Ca2+ channels modulates cytosolic Ca2+ signals in different ways.

In chromaffin cells Ca2+ entry through voltage‐operated channels is amplified by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and generates subplasmalemmal high Ca2+ microdomains (HCMDs) as high as 20–50 μm, which trigger exocytosis. Subplasmalemmal mitochondria take up Ca2+ from HCMDs and avoid progression of the Ca2+ wave towards the cell core.

In non‐excitable HEK293 cells activation of store‐operated Ca2+ entry triggered by ER Ca2+ emptying also generates subplasmalemmal HCMDs of about 2 μm. In this case most of the Ca2+ is taken up by the ER rather than by mitochondria. This outcome may be explained because sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) has much higher Ca2+ affinity than mitochondria. The relative positioning of organelles, channels and accessory proteins may also play a role.

Cross‐talk between organelles and plasma membrane Ca2+ channels is essential for modulation of the cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]C) signals, but such modulation may differ among cells. In chromaffin cells Ca2+ entry through voltage‐operated channels induces calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that amplifies the signal. [Ca2+]C microdomains as high as 20–50 μm are sensed by subplasmalemmal mitochondria, which accumulate large amounts of Ca2+ through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). Mitochondria confine the high‐Ca2+ microdomains (HCMDs) to beneath the plasma membrane, where exocytosis of secretory vesicles happens. Cell core [Ca2+]C is much smaller (1–2 μm). By acting as a Ca2+ sink, mitochondria stabilise the HCMD in space and time. In non‐excitable HEK293 cells, activation of store‐operated Ca2+ entry, triggered by ER Ca2+ emptying, also generated subplasmalemmal HCMDs, but, in this case, most of the Ca2+ was taken up by the ER rather than by mitochondria. The smaller size of the [Ca2+]C peak in this case (about 2 μm) may contribute to this outcome, as the sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase has much higher Ca2+ affinity than MCU. It is also possible that the relative positioning of organelles, channels and effectors, as well as cytoskeleton and accessory proteins plays an important role.
Effect of Ingestion on Temperature of Turbine Disks
Authors: Pountney Oliver J. , Sangan Carl M. , Lock Gary D. , Owen J. Michael
Published: June 2013

This paper describes experimental results from a research facility which experimentally models hot-gas ingress into the wheel-space of an axial turbine stage with an axial-clearance rim seal. Thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) was used to determine the effect of ingestion on heat transfer to the rotating disk; as far as the authors are aware, this is the first time that the measured effects of ingestion on adiabatic temperature have been published. An adiabatic effectiveness for the rotor was defined, and this definition was used to determine when the effect of ingress was first experienced by the rotor. Concentration measurements on the stator were used to determine the sealing effectiveness of the rim seal, and transient heat transfer tests with heated sealing air were used to determine the adiabatic effectiveness of the rotor. The thermal buffer ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the sealing flow rate when ingress first occurs to that when it is first experienced by the rotor, was shown to depend on the turbulent flow parameter. The local Nusselt numbers, Nu, which were measured on the rotor, were significantly smaller than those for a free disk; they decreased as the sealing flow rate decreased and as the ingress correspondingly increased. The values of Nu and adiabatic effectiveness obtained in these experiments provide data for the validation of CFD codes but caution is needed if they (particularly the values of Nu) are to be extrapolated to engine conditions.
Experimental Measurements of Ingestion Through Turbine Rim Seals—Part III: Single and Double Seals
Authors: Sangan Carl M. , Pountney Oliver J. , Scobie James A. , Wilson Mike , Owen J. Michael , Lock Gary D.
Published: June 2013

This paper describes experimental results from a research facility, which experimentally models hot gas ingress into the wheel-space of an axial turbine stage. Measurements of CO2 gas concentration in the rim-seal region and inside the wheel-space are used to assess the performance of generic (though engine-representative) single and double seals in terms of the variation of concentration effectiveness with sealing flow rate. The variation of pressure in the turbine annulus, which governs externally induced ingress, was obtained from steady pressure measurements downstream of the vanes. The benefit of using double seals is demonstrated: the ingested gas is shown to be predominately confined to the outer wheel-space radially outward of the inner seal; and in the inner wheel-space, radially inward of the inner seal, the effectiveness is shown to be significantly higher. Criteria for ranking the performance of single and double seals are proposed, and the performance limit for any double seal is shown to be one in which the inner seal is exposed to rotationally induced ingress. Although the ingress is a consequence of an unsteady, three-dimensional flow field and the cause-effect relationship between pressure and the sealing effectiveness is complex, the experimental data is shown to be successfully calculated by simple effectiveness equations developed from a theoretical model. The data illustrate that, for similar turbine-stage velocity triangles, the effectiveness can be correlated using two empirical parameters. In principle, these correlations could be extrapolated to a geometrically similar turbine operating at engine-representative conditions.
Microscale Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation for Wind Mapping Over Complex Topographic Terrains
Authors: Rasouli Ashkan , Hangan Horia
Published: June 2013

Wind mapping is of utmost importance in various wind energy and wind engineering applications. The available wind atlases usually provide wind data with low spatial resolution relative to the wind turbine height and usually neglect the effect of topographic features with relatively large or sudden changes in elevation. Two benchmark cases are studied for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model evaluation on smooth two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hills. Thereafter, a procedure is introduced to build CFD model of a complex terrain with high terrain roughness heights (dense urban area with skyscrapers) starting from existing topography maps in order to properly extend the wind atlas data over complex terrains. CFD simulations are carried out on a 1:3000 scale model of complex topographic area using Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations along with shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model and the results are compared with the wind tunnel measurements on the same model. The study shows that CFD simulations can be successfully used in qualifying and quantifying the flow over complex topography consisting of a wide range of roughness heights, enabling to map the flow structure with very high spatial resolution.