bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting construction equipment resale price: machine learning model
Authors: Toma Hossam Mohamed , Abdeen Ahmed H. , Ibrahim Ahmed
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The equipment resale price plays an important role in calculating the optimum time for equipment replacement. Some of the existing models that predict the equipment resale price do not take many of the influencing factors on the resale price into account. Other models consider more factors that influence equipment resale price, but they still with low accuracy because of the modeling techniques that were used. An easy tool is required to help in forecasting the resale price and support efficient decisions for equipment replacement. This research presents a machine learning (ML) computer model helping in forecasting accurately the equipment resale price.

Design/methodology/approach

A measuring method for the influencing factors that have impacts on the equipment resale price was determined. The values of those factors were measured for 1,700 pieces of equipment and their corresponding resale price. The data were used to develop a ML model that covers three types of equipment (loaders, excavators and bulldozers). The methodology used to develop the model applied three ML algorithms: the random forest regressor, extra trees regressor and decision tree regressor, to find an accurate model for the equipment resale price. The three algorithms were verified and tested with data of 340 pieces of equipment.

Findings

Using a large number of data to train the ML model resulted in a high-accuracy predicting model. The accuracy of the extra trees regressor algorithm was the highest among the three used algorithms to develop the ML model. The accuracy of the model is 98%. A computer interface is designed to make the use of the model easier.

Originality/value

The proposed model is accurate and makes it easy to predict the equipment resale price. The predicted resale price can be used to calculate equipment elements that are essential for developing a dependable equipment replacement plan. The proposed model was developed based on the most influencing factors on the equipment resale price and evaluation of those factors was done using reliable methods. The technique used to develop the model is the ML that proved its accuracy in modeling. The accuracy of the model, which is 98%, enhances the value of the model.
Harvesting sustainability: assessing Industry 4.0 in agri-food supply chains
Authors: Sonar Harshad , Sharma Isha , Ghag Nikhil , Raje Bhagyashri
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The agri-food industry is experiencing a revolutionary shift due to the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies to improve efficiency, transparency and sustainability. The importance of agri-food supply chains (AFSC) in promoting sustainability is expanding as the globe struggles with issues including resource scarcity, climate change and population growth. In order to better understand how Industry 4.0 might improve sustainability in a world that is changing quickly, this work aims to focus on identifying various sustainability assessment factors influencing AFSC to increase overall sustainability, minimize resource consumption, cut waste and streamline operations.

Design/methodology/approach

Important sustainability assessment factors are identified from the past academic literature and are then validated using the fuzzy-Delphi method. A method called decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is used to examine and analyze structural models with complex causal linkages. The results are then validated using sensitivity analysis.

Findings

The factors that emerged as the highest ranked for evaluating the sustainability of Industry 4.0 in AFSC are market competitiveness, and knowledge and skill development, followed by resource efficiency. Industry 4.0 technologies are essential for increasing the marketability of agricultural products because of the major implications of market competitiveness. The significance of knowledge and skill development draws attention to Industry 4.0’s contribution to the promotion of chances for farmers and agricultural employees to increase their capability.

Practical implications

By outlining the nexus between Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainability, the study presents a comprehensive framework that would be relevant for researchers, policymakers and industry stakeholders who want to leverage Industry 4.0 technology to build more sustainable AFSC in the future. The study findings can help the farmers or producers make sensible choices that adhere to sustainability standards and guarantee long-term financial viability.

Originality/value

The originality of this work lies in the identification of sustainability assessment factors especially for AFSC in the era of digitalization which has not been discussed previously.
Roles of lean learners for successful lean implementation in the construction industry: a force-directed graph
Authors: Parameswaran Agana , Ranadewa K.A.T.O. , Rathnasinghe Akila Pramodh
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The proliferation of lean principles in the construction industry is offset by the enduring uncertainty among industry stakeholders regarding their respective roles in lean implementation. This uncertainty is further compounded by the scarcity of empirical investigations in this area. Consequently, this study undertakes the task of bridging this knowledge gap by identifying the critical roles of lean learners and their indispensable contributions to achieving successful lean implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative exploratory approach informed by an interpretivism perspective was adopted. The case study strategy was employed to gather data from three contracting organisations that had implemented lean practices. Empirical data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with fifteen industry experts and complemented by document reviews. To analyse the data, a code-based content analysis approach was employed using NVivo software, while Power BI software was utilised to develop a comprehensive force-directed graph visualisation.

Findings

The research findings substantiated nine lean learners and unveiled a set of seventy-three roles associated with them. The force-directed graph facilitated the identification of lean learners and their connections to the emerged roles. Notably, the graph highlighted the pivotal role played by project managers and internal lean trainers in ensuring the success of lean implementation, surpassing the contributions of other lean learners.

Originality/value

The implications of findings extend to industry professionals seeking to establish a robust lean learning framework to expedite lean implementation within the construction sector. This study not only provides a comprehensive definition of lean learners’ roles but also transcends specific construction types, making it a significant catalyst for global impact.
Optimal estimation of reliability parameter for inverse Pareto distribution with application to insurance data
Authors: Joshi Neeraj , Bapat Sudeep R. , Sengupta Raghu Nandan
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop optimal estimation procedures for the stress-strength reliability (SSR) parameter R = P(X > Y) of an inverse Pareto distribution (IPD).

Design/methodology/approach

We estimate the SSR parameter R = P(X > Y) of the IPD under the minimum risk and bounded risk point estimation problems, where X and Y are strength and stress variables, respectively. The total loss function considered is a combination of estimation error (squared error) and cost, utilizing which we minimize the associated risk in order to estimate the reliability parameter. As no fixed-sample technique can be used to solve the proposed point estimation problems, we propose some “cost and time efficient” adaptive sampling techniques (two-stage and purely sequential sampling methods) to tackle them.

Findings

We state important results based on the proposed sampling methodologies. These include estimations of the expected sample size, standard deviation (SD) and mean square error (MSE) of the terminal estimator of reliability parameters. The theoretical values of reliability parameters and the associated sample size and risk functions are well supported by exhaustive simulation analyses. The applicability of our suggested methodology is further corroborated by a real dataset based on insurance claims.

Originality/value

This study will be useful for scenarios where various logistical concerns are involved in the reliability analysis. The methodologies proposed in this study can reduce the number of sampling operations substantially and save time and cost to a great extent.
A bibliometric review of Internet of Things (IoT) on cybersecurity issues
Authors: Ganji Kashmira , Afshan Nikhat
Published: February 2024

Purpose

In response to the growing interest in Internet of Things (IoT) technology and its profound implications for businesses and individuals, this bibliometric study focuses on a critical yet understudied aspect, i.e. cybersecurity. As IoT adoption grows, so do concerns regarding user privacy and data security. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research in this vital area, shedding light on research trends, gaps and emerging themes.

Design/methodology/approach

The study conducted a bibliometric analysis and systematic review of literature spanning over two decades (2013–2023). Bibliometric analysis is conducted using Biblioshiny which is R-software-based advanced analytical tool. Further, VOSviewer is used to conduct network analysis. The study highlights the evolving landscape of IoT cybersecurity, emphasizing interdisciplinary intersections and the ethical dimensions of IoT technologies.

Findings

The study uncovers crucial concerns related to IoT adoption, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive cybersecurity protocols. It identifies emerging themes such as artificial intelligence and blockchain integration, indicating a shift toward interdisciplinary solutions. Furthermore, the research highlights ethical gaps in current IoT discussions, emphasizing the importance of responsible innovation.

Research limitations/implications

Businesses can bolster their cybersecurity strategies, policymakers can craft informed regulations and researchers are encouraged to explore IoT’s ethical dimensions.

Originality/value

This study pioneers a nuanced analysis of IoT cybersecurity, filling a crucial gap in the existing business and management literature. By synthesizing a decade of scholarly work, it provides foundational insights for researchers, businesses and policymakers. The research not only informs academic discourse but also offers practical guidance for enhancing IoT security measures and fostering ethical innovation.
Impact of patient‐reported salpingitis on the outcome of hysterectomy and adnexal surgery: A national register‐based cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Jännebring Josefin , Liv Per , Knuts Malin , Idahl Annika
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Salpingitis is caused by ascending microbes from the lower reproductive tract and contributes to tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. The aim of this study was to analyze if the risk for complications and dissatisfaction after hysterectomy and adnexal surgery was increased in women reporting previous salpingitis.

Material and methods

This is an observational cohort study including women undergoing gynecologic surgery from 1997 to 2020, registered in the Swedish National Quality Register of Gynecologic Surgery (GynOp). Patient‐reported previous salpingitis was the exposure. Complications up to 8 weeks and satisfaction at 1 year postoperatively were the outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression and ordinal regression were performed. Results were adjusted for potential confounders including age, body mass index, smoking and year of procedure as well as endometriosis and previous abdominal surgery. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data.

Results

In this study, 61 222 women were included, of whom 5636 (9.2%) women reported a previous salpingitis. There was an increased risk for women reporting previous salpingitis in both the unadjusted and fully adjusted models to have complications within 8 weeks of surgery (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–1.32). The highest odds ratios were found for bowel injury (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.29–2.03), bladder injury (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.23–1.58), and postoperative pain (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.22–1.54). Women exposed to salpingitis were also more likely to report a lower level of satisfaction 1 year after surgery compared with unexposed women (aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81–0.92).

Conclusions

Self‐reported salpingitis appears to be a risk factor for complications and dissatisfaction after gynecologic surgery. This implies that known previous salpingitis should be included in the risk assessment before gynecologic procedures.
Empirical challenges in the study of employer associations and their representativeness
Authors: Breda Thomas
Published: February 2024

The article examines the quality and appropriateness of the data available to measure firms' affiliation to employer associations (EAs). We find large discrepancies in affiliation rates obtained from the five different data sources available for France, leading us in particular to discard tax data. Focusing on survey data, we show that asking managers about affiliation to EAs in general or affiliation to a list of specific EAs can lead to large differences in affiliation rates, highlighting the importance of the framing of survey questions. We then provide methods to estimate an aggregate firm‐level affiliation rate from surveys covering workplaces with 11 or more employees. Exploiting (i) conflicting survey responses regarding EA affiliation between distinct establishments in the same firm and (ii) survey responses for firms that report paying contributions to EAs in their financial statements, we finally estimate the shares of employers that wrongly declare being or not being affiliated to EAs, and provide a rate of affiliation corrected for such errors. The implications for econometric analysis of the high observed error rates are discussed.
Impact of an online nutrition management application service on glycaemic management in individuals with diabetes: A propensity‐score‐matched retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hironaka Junya , Okada Hiroshi , Minamida Megumi , Kondo Yuriko , Nakajima Hanako , Majima Saori , Kitagawa Noriyuki , Okamura Takuro , Senmaru Takafumi , Ushigome Emi , Nakanishi Naoko , Hamada Kazuki , Nojiri Tetsuya , Hamaguchi Masahide , Fukui Michiaki
Published: February 2024

Aims

To assess the impact of ‘Oishi Kenko’, a nutrition management application (app), on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes.

Materials and Methods

A propensity‐score‐matched retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the KAMOGAWA‐DM cohort study conducted between January and June 2022 in Japan. We analysed data from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, comparing users who used the Oishi Kenko app (app group) with non‐users (control group) over 3 months.

Results

Among the 50 participants who actively used it, 47 participants in both the app and control cohorts were selected from the KAMOGAWA‐DM cohort according to propensity‐score matching. Within the app group, the median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 51 mmol/mol (6.9%) at baseline, which slightly decreased to 50 mmol/mol (6.8%) at the 3‐month mark (median change 0.0%). Conversely, in the control group, the baseline HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.9%) exhibited a marginal increase of 52 mmol/mol (7.0%) after 3 months (median change 0.20%). The median HbA1c level change between the groups was statistically significant, with the app group showing a significant positive change compared with the control group (p = 0.012).

Conclusion

The Oishi Kenko app effectively improved glycaemic control in patients with diabetes; hence, it may be a promising tool for patient‐driven dietary management.
Mechanistic study on the effect of seepage force on hydraulic fracture initiation
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Zhou Desheng
Published: February 2024

The flow of fracturing fluid through rock pores generates a seepage force (SF) that disrupts the existing stress equilibrium and significantly affects rock deformation and failure. Despite its impact, the effect of SF on hydraulic fracture (HF) initiation has yet to be fully understood. In this study, a mechanistic model of SF's impact on fracture initiation was established through analysis of the force balance on a microscopic element. Using the finite difference method, a transient hydro‐mechanical model was developed to simulate fluid seepage‐induced stress distribution and pore pressure variation around a wellbore. Model results were validated through comparison with an analytical solution of pore pressure. The influence of SF on fracture initiation was investigated by conducting simulations with various wellbore pressurization rates and fracturing fluid viscosities. The results showed that fluid viscosity and pressurization rate have a significant impact on fracture initiation pressure (FIP) and SF‐induced circumferential stress. A larger SF‐induced circumferential stress and a lower FIP were observed when the viscosity and pressurization rate were smaller. A higher Biot coefficient results in stronger SF and reduced FIP. The theoretical mechanical model of seepage force established in this paper can provide crucial theoretical support for understanding the mechanism of fracture initiation and propagation, as well as for optimizing the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing construction.
The price women attorneys pay for being mothers in South African law firms
Authors: Meyer Tamlynne
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the findings of a study undertaken amongst women attorneys in South Africa, to determine the impact motherhood has on their legal career. The argument is that motherhood is incompatible with the hyper‐competitive male dominant professional culture of the legal profession. The paper employs Edgar Schein's concept of organisational culture and Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of field, habitus and culture to understand how women continue to experience unequal outcome in their careers, despite the removal of formal barriers and the enactment of laws and policies. The concepts further illuminate how and why the male dominant culture of the profession embeds itself and remains one of the hardest elements to change. The study was furthermore underpinned by a feminist standpoint epistemology, interviewing 27 attorneys across three corporate law firms in South Africa. The key findings show that when becoming a mother, many women attorneys experience a disjuncture between their mothering and professional role, which is attributed to the hyper‐competitive culture of the profession. This leads to many women having less successful legal careers which is manifested in different ways. These findings demonstrate how women are perpetually marginalized in the profession and why we continue to see the lack of women in the senior ranks of the profession despite a robust legal and policy framework promoting equality.
Post‐stroke fatigue, hope and discharge readiness: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Xian yi Huang‐ , Shuang Liu , Jie Yue , Yan Liu , Yu Li , Li Chen
Published: February 2024

Aims and Objectives

To explore the relationships among post‐stroke fatigue, hope and discharge readiness in stroke patients, and to determine whether hope mediates the relationship between post‐stroke fatigue and discharge readiness.

Background

In stroke patients, inadequate discharge readiness has been found to correlate with higher readmission and mortality rates. Although previous qualitative studies have confirmed the impact of fatigue on discharge readiness, few studies explore the impact of post‐stroke fatigue and hope on discharge readiness of stroke patients. Consequently, the current research on this relationship and its underlying mechanisms is still quite limited.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Data were collected from 340 stroke patients. The research tools included demographic and disease characteristics, Discharge Readiness Assessment Scale for Stroke, Neurological Fatigue Index for Stroke and Herth Hope Index. The STROBE checklist was used to guide the presentation of this study.

Results

Discharge readiness was negatively correlated with post‐stroke fatigue and positively correlated with hope. Additionally, post‐stroke fatigue was negatively correlated with hope. Post‐stroke fatigue had a direct negative effect on discharge readiness, and it can also generate indirect effects through hope. Hope was the partial mediator between post‐stroke fatigue and discharge readiness, explaining 55.8% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Discharge readiness of this population can be improved by reducing post‐stroke fatigue and increasing hope. Therefore, effective management of post‐stroke fatigue and hope will help improve discharge readiness.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

It is recommended that nursing staff should monitor the occurrence and development of post‐stroke fatigue in stroke patients, dynamically evaluate the patient's level of hope, and pay attention to the important role of positive psychological qualities in the outcome of discharge. If medical staff can formulate corresponding intervention measures based on the influence path of discharge readiness, then the discharge readiness of stroke patients can be improved.
Characterization and report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb affecting soybean in Brazil
Authors: Cappellaro Suelen , Huzar‐Novakowiski Jaqueline , Chiomento José Luis Trevizan , Inokuti Eliane Mayumi
Published: February 2024

Rhizoctonia root rot is a disease that can affect soybean leading to plant death usually in bare patches. Frequently, Rhizoctonia solani has been reported as the main causal agent of the disease. However, due to the great genetic diversity of the genus Rhizoctonia, there are other species that could also attack soybean plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the pathogenicity and characterize an isolate of binucleate Rhizoctonia obtained from a soybean plant with symptoms of root rot cultivated in soil from southern Brazil. The isolate was identified based on the morphology and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rDNA. Pathogenicity tests were then performed on seeds and roots of soybean and the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was determined. The isolate was identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb and it was pathogenic to soybean seeds and roots. In the pathogenicity assay in soybean seed, the isolate reduced seed germination by 20% and caused seed rot index of 69.3. In the pathogenicity assay in soybean root, the inoculation of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb caused 67.3 root rot severity index, and reduced the emergence speed index by 19%, seedling height by 31%, root dry mass by 25% and root volume by 43% in soybean seedlings. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of the isolate was 26°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb associated with soybean root rot in Brazil.
Wake up to gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease: The interplay between arousal and night‐time reflux
Authors: Elkalawy Hanan , Abosena Wael , Elnagger Mohamed , Allison Harmony
Published: February 2024

This review examines the temporal association between nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux and sleep‐arousal cycles. Most nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux events occur during the awake cycle, and arousals precede most nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux events, indicating that arousal from sleep predisposes to nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux. This sheds light on the complex relationship between nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux and sleep, and has implications for managing nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms. The appearance of symptoms and the pathophysiology of nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux are influenced by sleep hygiene, sleep disturbances and the misalignment of circadian rhythms. Nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux and its related sleep disorders are prevalent and negatively impact the quality of life. There is conflicting evidence on whether nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux and sleep disturbances are causally linked, and whether sleep disturbances drive nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux. Poor sleep quality increases oesophageal hypersensitivity and overall acid exposure. The nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux is linked to the more severe forms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, especially with atypical/extra‐oesophageal manifestations and complications of mucosal damage such as oesophagitis and stricture, Barret's oesophagus, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This review highlights the role of sleep problems in presenting nocturnal gastro‐oesophageal reflux, and the potential benefits of treating sleep disturbances in enhancing patient care and quality of life.
Paradoxical breathing during sleep is associated with increased sleep apnea and reduced ventilatory capacities in high‐level spinal cord injury
Authors: Vivodtzev Isabelle , Rong Sophie , Ely Matthew R. , Patout Maxime , Taylor J. Andrew
Published: February 2024

Sleep‐disordered breathing is highly prevalent in individuals with high‐level spinal cord injury. In addition, chest mechanics are known to be altered, leading to paradoxical breathing. Here we investigated the interaction between paradoxical breathing and sleep quality in these patients, and its association with measurements of respiratory function, hypercapnic ventilatory response and peak exercise ventilation. Home‐based polysomnography was performed in 13 patients with spinal cord injury (C4 to T4) untreated for sleep‐disordered breathing. We defined paradoxical breathing as counterphase between thoracic and abdominal movements during slow‐wave and rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep quality, pulmonary function, hypercapnic ventilatory responses and peak exercise ventilation were compared between those with and without paradoxical breathing. Half of individuals presented with nocturnal paradoxical breathing. Despite similar age, body mass index, injury level, time since injury, and respiratory function, those with paradoxical breathing had higher apnea–hypopnea index (13 ± 8 versus 5 ± 3 events per hr) and average sleep heart rate (67 ± 12 versus 54 ± 4 bpm; p < 0.05). Moreover, paradoxical breathing was associated with lower hypercapnic ventilatory response (slope: 0.35 ± 0.17 versus 0.96 ± 0.38) and lower peak exercise ventilation (33 ± 4 versus 48 ± 12 L min−1; p < 0.05). Nocturnal respiratory muscle desynchronization could play a role in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea, and could relate to low ventilatory responses to both hypercapnia and exercise in high‐level spinal cord injury. Polysomnography may be an important diagnostic tool for these patients for whom therapeutic approaches should be considered to treat this abnormality.
Bonomyces pakistanensis (Pseudoclitocybaceae, Agaricales), a new species from Pakistan
Authors: Ashraf Urooj , Afshan Najam‐ul‐Sehar , Nasir Khalid Abdul
Published: February 2024

Based on morphological and molecular data, Bonomyces pakistanensis is described as a new species found in coniferous forests of Pakistan. Several collections of Bonomyces were made during mycological field trips conducted in different coniferous forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Detailed macro‐ and micro‐morphological descriptions and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data support B. pakistanensis as a new species of Bonomyces. It has a small‐sized basidiome, orange to yellowish pileus covered with fine to coarse fibrils, or minute squamules at earlier stage. Later on, the pileus becomes smooth. The stipe is pale white with longitudinal fibrils. An illustrated description, molecular data, and detailed comparison with related or similar species is provided.
Regulation of effector gene expression as concerted waves in Leptosphaeria maculans: a two‐player game
Authors: Clairet Colin , Gay Elise J. , Porquier Antoine , Blaise Françoise , Marais Claire‐Line , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène , Rouxel Thierry , Soyer Jessica L. , Fudal Isabelle
Published: February 2024

Effector genes, encoding molecules involved in disease establishment, are concertedly expressed throughout the lifecycle of plant‐pathogenic fungi. However, little is known about how effector gene expression is regulated. Since many effector genes are located in repeat‐rich regions, the role of chromatin remodeling in their regulation was recently investigated, notably establishing that the repressive histone modification H3K9me3, deposited by KMT1, was involved in several fungal species including Leptosphaeria maculans. Nevertheless, previous data suggest that a second regulatory layer, probably involving a specific transcription factor (TF), might be required.

In L. maculans, a Dothideomycete causing stem canker of oilseed rape, we identified the ortholog of Pf2, a TF belonging to the Zn2Cys6 fungal‐specific family, and described as essential for pathogenicity and effector gene expression. We investigated its role together with KMT1, by inactivating and over‐expressing LmPf2 in a wild‐type strain and a ∆kmt1 mutant.

Functional analyses of the corresponding transformants highlighted an essential role of LmPf2 in the establishment of pathogenesis and we found a major effect of LmPf2 on the induction of effector gene expression once KMT1 repression is lifted.

Our results show, for the first time, a dual control of effector gene expression.
Interplay of competition and facilitation in grazing succession by migrant Serengeti herbivores
Authors: Anderson T. Michael , Hepler Staci A. , Holdo Ricardo M. , Donaldson Jason E. , Erhardt Robert J. , Hopcraft J. Grant C. , Hutchinson Matthew C. , Huebner Sarah E. , Morrison Thomas A. , Muday Jeffry , Munuo Issack N. , Palmer Meredith S. , Pansu Johan , Pringle Robert M. , Sketch Robert , Packer Craig
Published: February 2024

Competition, facilitation, and predation offer alternative explanations for successional patterns of migratory herbivores. However, these interactions are difficult to measure, leaving uncertainty about the mechanisms underlying body-size-dependent grazing—and even whether succession occurs at all. We used data from an 8-year camera-trap survey, GPS-collared herbivores, and fecal DNA metabarcoding to analyze the timing, arrival order, and interactions among migratory grazers in Serengeti National Park. Temporal grazing succession is characterized by a “push-pull” dynamic: Competitive grazing nudges zebra ahead of co-migrating wildebeest, whereas grass consumption by these large-bodied migrants attracts trailing, small-bodied gazelle that benefit from facilitation. “Natural experiments” involving intense wildfires and rainfall respectively disrupted and strengthened these effects. Our results highlight a balance between facilitative and competitive forces in co-regulating large-scale ungulate migrations.
Managing expectations
Fluke: Chance, Chaos, and Why Everything We Do Matters
Brian Klaas
Scribner, 2024. 336 pp.
Authors: Travisano Michael
Published: February 2024

A political scientist urges readers to embrace the chaos and complexity of life
Protons are the new first responders
Authors: Liu Bingxu
Published: February 2024

Human STING’s newfound function as a channel expands our understanding of immunity
Stem cells in disguise
Authors: Casirati Gabriele
Published: February 2024

Epitope editing can empower targeted cancer immunotherapies
Who goes there?
Authors: Nowosad Carla
Published: February 2024

How B cells assess risk in the intestine
Science communication at scale
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: February 2024

On the television program
MythBusters
, which aired on the Discovery Channel from 2003 to 2016, the hosts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman tested popular myths and ideas arising everywhere from folklore to popular culture, designating them as either “busted” or “confirmed.” The show used engaging and entertaining variations on the scientific method to answer questions such as whether you get wetter when walking or running in the rain or what the fastest way is to board an airplane. I hear frequently from young scientists that the show inspired their generation to join the scientific enterprise. I sat down with Savage for an interview about what we can learn about public engagement in science.
In Other Journals
Authors: Smith Keith T. , Maroso Mattia , Stern Peter , Ash Caroline , Lavine Marc S. , Stajic Jelena , Jiang Di
Published: February 2024

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Jury rules noted climate scientist was defamed
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: February 2024

Verdict punishes bloggers who compared Michael Mann’s work to molestation
Diet explains Serengeti grazers’ predictable migration
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

Each species’ dining habits set the table for the next wave
Spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 avian influenza viruses contributed to H5N1 emergence in 2021/2022 panzootic
Authors: Zeng Jinfeng , Du Fanshu , Xiao Linna , Sun Honglei , Lu Lu , Lei Weipan , Zheng Jialu , Wang Lu , Shu Sicheng , Li Yudong , Zhang Qiang , Tang Kang , Sun Qianru , Zhang Chi , Long Haoyu , Qiu Zekai , Zhai Ke , Li Zhichao , Zhang Geli , Sun Yipeng , Wang Dayan , Zhang Zhengwang , Lycett Samantha J. , Gao George F. , Shu Yuelong , Liu Jinhua , Du Xiangjun , Pu Juan
Published: February 2024

Since 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 viruses have swept through continents, posing serious threats to the world. Through comprehensive analyses of epidemiological, genetic, and bird migration data, we found that the dominant genotype replacement of the H5N8 viruses in 2020 contributed to the H5N1 outbreak in the 2021/2022 wave. The 2020 outbreak of the H5N8 G1 genotype instead of the G0 genotype produced reassortment opportunities and led to the emergence of a new H5N1 virus with G1’s HA and MP genes. Despite extensive reassortments in the 2021/2022 wave, the H5N1 virus retained the HA and MP genes, causing a significant outbreak in Europe and North America. Furtherly, through the wild bird migration flyways investigation, we found that the temporal–spatial coincidence between the outbreak of the H5N8 G1 virus and the bird autumn migration may have expanded the H5 viral spread, which may be one of the main drivers of the emergence of the 2020–2022 H5 panzootic.

IMPORTANCE

Since 2020, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype variants of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread across continents, posing unprecedented threats globally. However, the factors promoting the genesis and spread of H5 HPAI viruses remain unclear. Here, we found that the spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 HPAI viruses contributed to the emergence of the H5N1 variant that caused the 2021/2022 panzootic, and the viral evolution in poultry of Egypt and surrounding area and autumn bird migration from the Russia–Kazakhstan region to Europe are important drivers of the emergence of the 2020–2022 H5 panzootic. These findings provide important targets for early warning and could help control the current and future HPAI epidemics.
Discovery of modern living intertidal stromatolites on Sheybarah Island, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Vahrenkamp Volker , Chandra Viswasanthi , Garuglieri Elisa , Marasco Ramona , Hachmann Kai , Khanna Pankaj , Daffonchio Daniele , Petrovic Alexander
Published: February 2024

Microbial carbonates, and stromatolites in particular, represent the earliest geological record of life on Earth, which dominated the planet as the sole biotic carbonate factory for almost 3 b.y., from the Archean to the late Proterozoic. Rare and sparsely scattered across the globe in the present day, modern “living” stromatolites are typically relegated to extreme environmental niches, remaining as vestiges of a prodigious microbial past. Here, we report the first discovery of living shallow-marine stromatolites in the Middle East, on Sheybarah Island, Al Wajh carbonate platform, on the NE Red Sea shelf (Saudi Arabia). We detail their regional distribution and describe their environmental conditions, internal structures, and microbial diversity. We also report the first discovery of reticulated filaments in a photic setting, associated with these stromatolites. The Sheybarah stromatolites occur in the intertidal to shallow subtidal zones along the seaward-facing beach in three depth-dependent growth forms. Their inner layers were formed by microbially mediated accretion and differential lithification of sediment grains. Compositional microbial analysis revealed the presence of a wide range of microbial life forms.
Endovascular embolisation of posterior condylar canal dural arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Prasad Surya Nandan , Singh Vivek , Sharma Srishti , Kumari Madhuri
Published: February 2024

We describe a rare case of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) of the posterior condylar canal in a man in his 30s who presented with recent onset headache and neck pain and subsequently acute intracranial haemorrhage. Radiological workup showed a medulla bridging vein draining dAVF of the right posterior condylar canal supplied by a meningeal branch of the right occipital artery. A dilated venous sac was seen compressing over cerebellar tonsil on the right side. There was acute haemorrhage in the posterior fossa and fourth ventricle. He was successfully managed with transarterial endovascular embolisation via a supercompliant balloon microcatheter without any complication. The balloon microcatheter effectively prevented reflux of the liquid embolic agent into the parent artery and vasa nervosa of lower cranial nerves.
Anti-factor Xa level monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients (AXaLPE): protocol of a randomised, open-label controlled clinical trial
Authors: Wang Chunmei , Ning Ya-chan , Song Li-po , Li Pei-juan , Wang Feng-hua , Ding Meng-xi , Jiang Li , Wang Meiping , Pei Qian-Qian , Hu Shi-min , Wang Haibo
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Whether and when to monitor the amount of anti-factor Xa (aFXa) activity in critically ill patients with complex diseases to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) remain unclear. This study is a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of aFXa level monitoring on reducing VTE and to establish a new method for accurately preventing VTE in critically ill patients with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH).

Methods and analysis

A randomised controlled trial is planned in two centres with a planned sample size of 858 participants. Participants will be randomly assigned to three groups receiving LMWH prophylaxis at a 1:1:1 ratio: in group A, peak aFXa levels will serve as the guide for the LMWH dose; in group B, the trough aFXa levels will serve as the guide for the LMWH dose; and in group C, participants serving as the control group will receive a fixed dose of LMWH. The peak and trough aFXa levels will be monitored after LMWH (enoxaparin, 40 mg, once daily) reaches a steady state for at least 3 days. The monitoring range for group A’s aFXa peak value will be 0.3–0.5 IU/mL, between 0.1 and 0.2 IU/mL is the target range for group B’s aFXa trough value. In order to reach the peak or trough aFXa levels, groups A and B will be modified in accordance with the monitoring peak and trough aFXa level. The incidence of VTE will serve as the study’s primary outcome indicator. An analysis using the intention-to-treat and per-protocol criterion will serve as the main outcome measurement.

Ethics and dissemination

The Xuanwu Hospital Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University and Peking University First Hospital Ethics Committee have approved this investigation. It will be released in all available worldwide, open-access, peer-reviewed publications.

Trial registration number

NCT05382481
Optokinetic stimulation effects in the management of unilateral spatial neglect in patients with chronic stroke: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pérez-Robledo Fátima , Sánchez González Juan Luis , Bermejo-Gil Beatriz María , Llamas-Ramos Rocío , Martín-Nogueras Ana María
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a stroke complication of stroke. Optokinetic stimulation (OKS) is one of the treatments, but its effects on motor symptoms, such as poverty or alterations in movements on the affected side, are not clear yet. The aim of this study will be to evaluate the OKS effects on the perceptual and postural complications of patients with USN.

Methods and analysis

Randomised double-blinded clinical trial, with an intervention group that will undergo OKS and a control placebo group. The research will take place at the Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 102 patients older than 18 years with diagnosed USN will participate. The intervention group will receive 2 weekly OKS session for 10 weeks. Virtual reality glasses will be used for the application of a video. The video will project OKS at a preset speed and will request the participant’s attention throughout the session. The control group will receive a placebo treatment, through a virtual reality video. The measurement variables will be posturography, Fluff test, line bisection, Fullerton Advance Balance Scale and Diller’s cancellation test.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee University of Salamanca on February 2020 (registration number: 584). All patients in the study will be informed about the objective of the study and will give their written informed consent to participate in the study. The anonymised database will be available from the publication of the results for 10 years in the repository of the University of Salamanca GREDOS (https://gredos.usal.es/). The trial results will be shared with the scientific community at international conferences and by publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Trial registration number

NCT04663646.
Efficacy of single-dose oral secnidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women co-infected with trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis: a post hoc subgroup analysis of phase 3 clinical trial data
Authors: Muzny Christina A , Van Gerwen Olivia T , Kaufman Gregory , Chavoustie Steven
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis are the most common causes of vaginitis. Both infections are associated with increased risk of acquisition and transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections as well as adverse reproductive health outcomes. Co-infection is common, with rates ranging from 60% to 80%. We evaluated the efficacy of single-dose oral secnidazole 2 g for the treatment of trichomoniasis in a subgroup of women co-infected with BV and trichomoniasis.

Design

Post hoc analysis of data from a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, delayed-treatment study.

Setting

10 centres in the USA.

Participants

Subgroup of women (aged ≥12 years) with a confirmed diagnosis ofTrichomonas vaginalisand co-infection with BV clinically diagnosed using Amsel’s criteria.

Intervention

Single dose of secnidazole 2 g or placebo.

Outcome measures

The primary efficacy outcome was the microbiological cure (negative culture forT. vaginalis) at the test of cure (TOC) visit 6–12 days after dosing in the modified intent-to-treat population (mITT). At TOC, participants received the opposite treatment.

Results

Of the 131T.vaginalis-infected participants in the mITT, 79 (60.3%) met ≥3 Amsel’s criteria for BV at enrolment. Microbiological cure rates for trichomoniasis at TOC among this subgroup of women were 97.7% (42/43) for secnidazole and 0% (0/36) for placebo.

Conclusion

Single-dose oral secnidazole 2 g was highly efficacious in curing trichomoniasis in women co-infected with BV. Appropriate and effective treatment options for co-infection are essential for reducing transmission and reinfection. Secnidazole is the only single-dose medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of BV in women and trichomoniasis in women and men.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03935217; post-results.
Prognosis of patients with long COVID symptoms: a protocol for a longitudinal cohort study at a primary care referred outpatient clinic in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Virrantaus Hélène , Liira Helena , Posharina Tatiana , Sulg Aleksandra , Mäntylä Teemu , Kanerva Mari , Laakso Sini , Sainio Markku , Malmivaara Antti , Vuokko Aki , Varonen Mikko , Venäläinen Mikko , Arokoski Jari
Published: February 2024

Introduction

After COVID-19, many continue to experience persistent debilitating symptoms, that is, long COVID. Its most prevalent symptoms are chest pain, difficulties with breathing, painful muscles, ageusia or anosmia, tingling extremities and general tiredness. This paper describes the protocol of the Long COVID Cohort Study to assess the prognosis and prognostic determinants of patients with long COVID by implementing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) and clinical examinations during a 1-year follow-up.

Methods and analysis

This is a prospective, single-site cohort study consisting of administering questionnaires and clinical examinations to adult patients referred to the Clinic for Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 at Helsinki University Hospital (Hospital district of Helsinki and Uusimaa). The referrals are from all healthcare units within HUS and other hospital districts during years 2021–2023. All admitted patients have had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. The targeted study sample size is 500 participants. The questionnaires are administered at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months. The main outcome variables are the changes in self-reported functional abilities and quality of life. In addition, we will evaluate functional abilities at baseline using neurocognitive evaluation, a 6MWT and a measurement of hand grip strength. The Long COVID Cohort Study will form a quality register for the clinic and characterise the first systematic collection of PROMs, PREMs, questionnaire and clinical examinations related to long COVID in Finland. The Study belongs to a study consortium Long COVID—HORIZON-HLTH-2021-DISEASE-04 that aims to reveal the biomechanisms of long COVID.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the Helsinki University Hospital research ethics committee board, ID HUS/1493/2021 on 6 March 2021. All study participants sign written informed consent for participation. The study findings will be reported for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number

NCT05699512; Pre-results.