bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Progress of County Government Reform in Wisconsin
Authors: Greene Lee S.
Published: May 2006

Recent developments in Wisconsin in the field of county and town government indicate clearly that reform elements working within the electorate are not yet sufficiently powerful to overcome the forces of rural conservatism, political inertia and ignorance, and professional office-holding. Here, as elsewhere, county government remains in the grip of shrewd and stubborn opponents of reorganization. The forces of reform are not, on that account, to be under-rated. On the contrary, they show increasing evidences of realization of the nature of their function and the difficulties of their problem. Political education is being undertaken by a variety of agencies, and there exists ample indication of a genuine growth of popular interest in the needs of the state and its subdivisions.
State Constitutional Development in 1936
Authors: Benson George C. S.
Published: May 2006

Something more aggressive than the laws of probability determined the fate of state constitutional amendments last year. Yea-sayers dominated nay-sayers in the ratio of three to two. Ninety amendments of the 158 under consideration in 35 states received the electoral imprimatur. In this general mood of acceptance, only California was steadfastly negativistic, rejecting 16 of the 20 proposed changes. Louisianians, on the other hand, took practically all that was offered—with unselective enthusiasm approving 33 of the 34 amendments on their imposing ballots.
Decree Powers and Constitutional Law in France under the Third Republic
Authors: Kirchheimer Otto
Published: May 2006

In the World War period and after, the use of extraordinary powers by the executive for legislative purposes became so widespread in Europe that constitutional theorists began to find it convenient to give up the doctrine of legislative supremacy. The constitutional basis for these extraordinary powers has been found in one of two ways: either the parliament may authorize the government to exercise certain legislative functions by way of delegation, or certain provisions in the constitution may be interpreted as giving the executive the right under certain circumstances not only to take specific administrative steps, but also to issue rules of a more general character. In either case, the question invariably arises as to how far the delegation of power may go, or as to the degree to which alleged constitutional emergency provisions may be used to supersede parliamentary legislation.

In France, no constitutional emergency power is provided in the “organic” laws of 1875 which could give a starting point for independent rule-making activity. A law of April 3, 1878, defined very closely the conditions under which a state of siege may be declared and surrounded such a declaration with elaborate provisions for parliamentary supervision. It is apparent that this statute does not allow the government to decree rules of a general character.
Democratic Planning in Agriculture, I
Authors: Lewis John D.
Published: May 2006

Planning has always been regarded as a matter for the experts. Laymen affected by the plans have usually participated in the process only by accepting or rejecting through their representatives planning projects drawn up by technicians. The necessary importance of the rôle of technicians and the inevitable conflict between technical considerations, which must determine the recommendations of the experts, and political considerations, which must determine the attitude of representatives, have led many to regard the whole idea of systematic planning (in any large field of production) as undemocratic in its general trend. The whole idea of planning, they insist, points necessarily toward bureaucratic centralization of responsibility. The significance of the recently launched County Land Use Planning program lies in the effort to achieve from the first stages of the process and at the most local levels of organization that fusion between the skill and experience of the expert and the political choices of laymen which is the essence of modern democracy. Decentralization and localization of planning is, of course, particularly essential in agriculture because of the need to adapt methods for attaining general objectives to widely varying sectional differences. At the same time, lay participation in agricultural planning can mean widespread participation because of the wide spread of individual responsibility for individual farm enterprises. It may well be, therefore, that the lessons to be learned from this experiment in democratic planning for agriculture are not readily transferable to other fields of productive enterprise. That is a question that I must leave to others.
Unitary-Multiple Election Districts
Authors: Barnett James D.
Published: May 2006

An important innovation in the method of filling elective offices in multiple-member districts, applicable to the federal, state, and local governments alike, was inaugurated in Oregon in 1893 by an act providing that the several judges of the circuit court for Multnomah county should be elected by “departments,” consecutively numbered. Similar action was taken in the casé of the district court for Multnomah county in 1913. Likewise, an act of 1929 provides that the offices of the seven judges of the supreme court shall constitute seven “positions” and be so indicated on the ballot. The charter of the city of Portland was amended in 1934 to apply the “position” principle to the four city commissioners. Next, the three circuit judges of the second district became elective by “positions” in 1935, and so, in 1941, did the two circuit judges of Linn county. At the 1941 session of the legislature, a futile attempt was made to do the same thing for the thirteen members of the state house of representatives from Multnomah county.

When the voters of any district are limited to the selection of a single officer, the “short ballot” simplifies the voters' task in choosing from among candidates at the election, prevents the “single-shotting” more or less prevalent in multiple districts, and discourages small pluralities. But in reducing these difficulties, it at the same time promotes others. In case of any office, the narrow range of choice is likely to reduce the quality of the officers. When the office is legislative, the incumbent is likely to be “district-minded” and “machine-controlled,” and so to neglect the general interests for those of the district or those of the local politicians. Such considerations were urged in favor of the compromise involved in the “position” method employed for the Portland commissioners and the representatives from Multnomah county; and they are, of course, applicable, in a degree, to the judges.
Recent Changes in German Governmental Organization
Authors: Guradze Heinz
Published: May 2006

Within the last few years, changes have been carried out in the public administration of Germany which will affect the military government to be established during and after Germany's defeat. Their general trend has been to subordinate state (i.e., Reich, regional, and local) administration to the Party, which has been vested with more and more power. This is of particular interest in the light of the present “total mobilization,” in which the Party plays a dominant part. To some extent, the changes discussed in this note show a definite trend toward decentralization, although there has been no actual delegation of powers to smaller units, since all power remained in the hands of the Party—this being, of course, the reason why the Nazis could afford to “decentralize.” On the local level, the reforms aimed at tying together the loosening bonds between the régime and the people. Only the most recent emergency measures of “total mobilization” are touched on in this note.

1. Gauarbeitsaemter. When the Reichsanstalt was created in 1927–28, the Reich was organized in 13 economic regions, each having one regional labor office (Landesarbeitsamt). The idea was to establish large economic districts containing various industries so that a crisis in one industry could be absorbed by the labor market of another within the same district, thus creating “ausgleichsfaehige Bezirke.”
Constitutional Developments in Saorstát Eireann and the Constitution of Éire: II, Internal Affairs
Authors: Bromage Arthur W.
Published: May 2006

The system of government set up under the Irish constitution of 1922 was of the parliamentary type. Provision was made for an Executive Council, some members of which were responsible to Dáil Eireann. The actual working executive was the president of the Executive Council. The old constitution also contemplated a group of expert ministers who should be heads of departments, but who should not share in the collective responsibility of the Executive Council to the Dáil. The appointment of such a group of “extern” ministers was not made mandatory. In the first Dáil, three extern ministers were appointed, and in the second Dáil a fourth was added. This constitutional arrangement, the inspiration for which was derived from the Swiss executive, did not last long. The extern ministers were, as a matter of fact, active politicians; they were not appointed on the basis of merit in heading the specific departments; in 1927, an amendment was adopted which practically abolished extern ministries; and the Free State has since proceeded on the general plan of a cabinet collectively responsible to the Dáil.
Reconstruction in Central Europe
Authors: Tomašić Dinko
Published: May 2006

The area of small nations between the Baltic and the Mediterranean has always been exposed to the rivalries and pressures of the Great Powers, due to its strategic and commercial importance, and because of its location on crossroads of conflicting cultures, religions, political and economic systems. A like situation might again arise at the end of the present war when the peasant peoples of these regions find themselves faced with the growing strength of the Soviet socialism and an expanding Western capitalism, whose application of the principles of the Atlantic Charter and of the Four Freedoms might widely differ. The problem of reconstruction of this part of Europe should be examined, therefore, from the point of view of the possibility of reorganizing this zone of perennial friction and insecurity into a politically and economically balanced and stabilized unit, and into a constructive link between the two diverse worlds of ideas and of institutional practices.

The internal political difficulties of these countries, from Poland to Greece, have in the main resulted from the incompatibility of the feudal-like régimes with the growing political activation of the people. The states formed on the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire inherited many of its feudal characteristics. In Poland, a military group, landed gentry, and state officials, supported by the Church hierarchy, ruled the country, while the parliament and the written constitution existed only nominally. In Hungary, the landed magnates and gentry were the actual ruling classes, and in Austria medieval scholasticism and clericalism were the ideological and political agents behind the authoritarian régime. Of all succession states, Czechoslovakia alone seemed superficially free of feudal remnants, because this industrially advanced country had an independent and liberal bourgeois class.
Executive Responsibility to Congress via Concurrent Resolution
Authors: White Howard
Published: May 2006

A clause reserving to Congress the right to terminate by concurrent resolution (which has not for over a century and a quarter been submitted for presidential approval) powers delegated to the President or a department head appears in so many acts of the Seventy-seventh Congress that further consideration of its political and constitutional aspects seems appropriate. If its constitutionality is established, this clause enables a majority of both houses, when dissatisfied with executive conduct of any of these delegated powers, to terminate them. Leaders of the present administration, in Congress and in the executive branch, are aware of this possibility. Supporting the measure to extend the draft period, its author, Senator Elbert Thomas, said: “Broad authority is conferred by the measure, but that authority is expressly subject to revocation at any time by concurrent resolution of the Congress.”
The Political Scientist and National Service in War-Time: Report of the Committee on War-Time Services of the American Political Science Association
Authors: Hyneman Charles S.
Published: May 2006

This is a time when the nation expects every man to do his duty. The first duty of a learned profession is to determine how its members can be of greatest usefulness. This report is intended to be an analysis of possible and proper contributions which political scientists may make to the national effort. For the most part, it suggests ways and means to the individual; it makes few recommendations for action by the Association.

This report examines the opportunities for public service which are available to political scientists in the following fields of activity: (1) in public employment; (2) in undertaking tasks for the federal government; (3) in undertaking needed research; (4) in training persons for the public service; (5) in advancing public understanding of war-time and post-war problems; and (6) in strengthening democratic institutions and ways. Much of what is said on each of these subjects will be applicable to other social sciences and to colleges and universities as a whole.
Some Recent British White Papers
Authors: Wickwar W. Hardy
Published: May 2006

The Beveridge, Scott, and Uthwatt reports are all concerned with the widening framework of governmental action within which our free enterprise system operates. None of them is revolutionary. The Scott report has even been called reactionary. The Beveridge and Uthwatt reports are based on a generation of practical experience. In their attempt to infuse a few clear principles into future policy, these two great reports, in their different ways, point towards greater order and system, the smoothing away of anomalies, the filling in of gaps. Procedures which have served certain categories of people or certain localities, they attempt to make universally and equally available to all people or to all localities. They mark a decisive step in the passage from the fragmentariness that is inseparable from experiment to the universality that is characteristic of good government.

Sir William Beveridge's plan for social security is nothing less than an attempt to abolish want by redistributing income. He assumes that society has somehow to pay the cost of privation in any case, and therefore might as well do so consciously and deliberately through the instrumentality of government.
The Concept of a “Cooling-Off Period”
Authors: Fisher Allan G. B.
Published: May 2006

There has at various times during the war been a good deal of discussion of the advantages to be gained from interposing a “cooling-off period” between the conclusion of hostilities in the obvious sense and the formal execution of an elaborate peace treaty. During such a possibly prolonged period of armistice (or whatever else it might be called), some of the passions generated during the war, it is hoped, might be mitigated, and an opportunity given for more leisurely, and therefore more intelligent and farsighted, investigation of many of the knotty problems to which during the war busy statesmen can scarcely be expected to apply their minds.

The attractiveness of this idea is obvious enough. It would be an inestimable benefit if somehow or other we could ensure that the postwar settlement would be made by people immune from the passions and hatreds which on all sides are likely to generate clouded and distorted thinking after the war. And it is equally obvious that, even with the most careful preparation now, there will, at the conclusion of the war, still be questions of first-rate importance, about which few people whose judgment merited respect would be prepared to offer confident solutions for immediate application. And even if they had confidence in their judgments on these issues, they are unlikely during the war to make as much progress as might be desired in convincing all the parties whose coöperation will be essential for the execution of their plans of the wisdom of their views.
A Territorial Pattern for the Military Occupation of Germany
Authors: Pollock James K.
Published: May 2006

With the military defeat of Germany now assured, it becomes imperative to complete plans for occupation of the country. There is apparent agreement among the United Nations that Germany must be occupied; but, although much work has been done on the subject, by both the military and political branches of the several Allied Governments, to date we have not had any general policy directives from the heads of the three great powers, namely, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States. Presumably, at the Teheran conference Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin came to a preliminary meeting of minds with reference to the various aspects of the war against Germany. At the second Quebec conference, it may reasonably be assumed that the President and Mr. Churchill, keeping in close contact with the Soviet leader, finally came to some definite agreement regarding the measures necessary to encompass the complete defeat and occupation of Germany.

It has been generally agreed all around that Germany must be occupied by the troops of the Allied Nations, but many of the specific details of such an occupation have not yet been thought through. When we speak of the occupation of Germany, we must first of all define exactly what we mean by the term Germany. It is expected that “Germany” will be understood to cover only those territories included within the Republic prior to Hitler's accession to power. It might be better to agree that the boundaries shall be understood to be those of January 1, 1932.
New Constitutions in Germany
Authors: Neumann Robert G.
Published: May 2006

When the European Advisory Commission in London debated the zonal division of Germany, the original understanding was that the allied zones of occupation should not disturb existing administrative regions more than was absolutely necessary. Nevertheless, a considerable redrawing of provincial and Laender borders took place, partly in order to prevent a Land from administering territory in more than one zone of occupation, partly in the interest of administrative simplification. The present division of Germany into “independent” Laender and autonomous provinces is, therefore, not a repetition of the pre-1871 set-up, but a new and often simpler form of organization.

Under the Weimar Republic, these states had their own constitutions. However, the powers of the Reich government were so overwhelming and the scope of their “enumerated” functions so all-embracing, that relatively small scope was left to the Laender governments. The present situation is radically different.
The Colombian-Peruvian Asylum Case: The Practice of Diplomatic Asylum
Authors: Evans Alona E.
Published: May 2006

By a turn of legal fate, the first case between two American states to be decided by either the International Court of Justice or its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice, is one which involves the controversial practice of diplomatic asylum. One can choose to regard diplomatic asylum as a principle of American international law or as a “permissive local custom,” though in no sense a principle of international law, or one can agree that “the fact that asylum is not exercised in the territory of the leading states, and is mainly resorted to in the ‘backward’ countries of the Near and Far East and of Latin America, suggests that it is a practice followed only in relation to states who are not fully civilized in the Western sense of the term, and that as such it is a temporary exception to the system of international law which obtains in the community of civilized nations.” Whatever the viewpoint, the fact remains that the practice has been indulged in for a long time, with and without formal legal sanction, and in more places than Latin America. The Colombian-Peruvian Asylum Case brings to attention the issues of the validity in international law of diplomatic asylum and of its desirability in international relations. A short sketch of the origin and development of diplomatic asylum will indicate something of its nature.
The British Labour Left and U. S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Epstein Leon D.
Published: May 2006

Perhaps it is the absence of a substantial communist opposition in Great Britain that has caused Americans to be less concerned about the reactions of our British allies than of the continental nations to the recent foreign policy of the United States. However, if Americans assumed an almost universal British acceptance of the foreign policy adopted by the United States and formally adhered to by the British Government, the Bevanite revolt of early 1951 administered a sharp jolt. First, in April there were the resignations from the Government of Aneurin Bevan, Minister of Labour, former Minister of Health, and one of Labour's strongest and most popular leaders, Harold Wilson, President of the Board of Trade and one of the Government's young intellectuals, and John Freeman, a lesser figure but in the significant position of Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply. Their resignation speeches made it clear that, while the immediate cause of their departure was a new budgetary provision requiring a health service charge for dentures and spectacles, the root of their dissatisfaction lay in the burden of rearmament expenditures accepted by the Government in accordance with the main lines of U. S. policy.
Nature over Art: No More Local Finance
Authors: Egger Rowland
Published: May 2006

In 1866 an uncommonly knowledgeable gentleman, Alexis de Tocqueville by name, wrote as follows: “Je pense que dans les siècles démocratiques qui vont s'ouvrir l'indépendence individuelle et les libertés locales seront toujours un produit de l'art. La centralisation sera le gouvernement naturel.” Four score and five years later a distinguished compatriot documented the triumph of nature over art which de Tocqueville contemplated as a possibility, and analyzed at some length the instrumentality through which le gouvernement naturel has established its primacy over les libertés locales. Professor Jean Boulouis has recently pronounced a plaintive requiem for French local self-government culminating in these words: “On pourrait presque avancer, sans beaucoup d'exagération, qu'il n'existe plus de finances locales, mais tout au plus une localisation des finances nationales.”

The two most striking phenomena of local government finance in recent decades are, first, the absolute increase in the amount of money disbursed by local governments, and second, the substantial expansion in the proportion of local government disbursements financed from intergovernmental transfers of funds—grants-in-aid, shared taxes, and various other devices by which money is shifted from one level of government to another.
Roosevelt's Third-Term Decision
Authors: Appleby Paul H.
Published: May 2006

The twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which became effective February 26, 1951, would seem to ensure that the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to a third presidential term will long remain unique in American history. Yet ratification of the amendment was achieved so quietly as almost to suggest a conspiracy of inattention. Even in political science literature the wisdom of so specific a limitation on popular choice has been little explored. Given the periodicity and tempo of professional journals, indeed, there was scant opportunity for such consideration concurrent with legislative consideration of the amendment.

Quick and easy approval of the amendment probably came incident to a subsidence in Roosevelt's popularity, which in turn constituted in determining part, a belated slap at him while attention was turned to later problems and personalities. Almost any recent attempt at objective discussion of the issue would have been suspect, presumed to reflect chiefly a disguised personal or party affection or hate. Perhaps more thorough consideration of the important matters involved will come much later, when an acute national desire for the retention of some leader is frustrated.
The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947–96
Authors: Binder Sarah A.
Published: May 2006

David Mayhew'sDivided We Govern(1991) sparked an industry of scholars who alternately challenge or confirm the work on theoretical and empirical grounds. Still, we lack a definitive account of the proportions and causes of legislative gridlock. I revisit the effects of elections and institutions on policy outcomes to propose an alternative theory of gridlock: The distribution of policy preferences within the parties, between the two chambers, and across Congress more broadly is central to explaining the dynamics of gridlock. To test the model, I construct a measure that assesses legislative output in proportion to the policy agenda. Using newspaper editorials to identify every salient legislative issue between 1947 and 1996, I generate Congress-by-Congress gridlock scores and use them to test competing explanations. The results suggest that intrabranch conflict—perhaps more than interbranch rivalry—is critical in shaping deadlock in American politics.
Democracy, Equality, andEidê: A Radical View from Book 8 of Plato'sRepublic
Authors: Saxonhouse Arlene W.
Published: May 2006

A Plato opposed to democracy fills the literature, and while some scholars question whether Plato adequately captures Socrates' possibly favorable views of democracy, Plato himself remains a paragon of elitism. I argue that Plato's response to democracy is far more theoretically interesting than simple disdain for the unenlightened masses. Rather, in Book 8 of theRepubliche explores the fundamental tensions of a regime identified with freedom and equality, which he presents as characterized by formlessness, and the epistemological and theoretical problems posed by the absence of forms (eidê).Eidêgive structure and identity to regimes and to their citizens; they are necessary for intellection and philosophy, but they are also the grounds for compulsion. Plato's analysis of democracy thus becomes a more serious challenge for democratic theorists than previously recognized.
Information Asymmetries and Simultaneous versus Sequential Voting
Authors: Morton Rebecca B. , Williams Kenneth C.
Published: May 2006

Sequential voting takes place when some voters make choices with knowledge of earlier decisions in the same election. Historically, voting in U.S. presidential primaries is sequential, but recent primaries have been “front-loaded” into the early weeks of the season. We explore sequential voting in drawn-out primaries and simultaneous voting in front-loaded ones theoretically and use laboratory elections to examine our predictions empirically. We find evidence that in sequential voting later voters can use early outcomes to infer information about candidates and make choices that better reflect their preferences. The ability of later voters to infer information increases with higher levels of risk aversion and information provided on early outcomes. We discover that when a moderate candidate is largely unknown, information aggregation in sequential voting can increase the probability s/he will win, which supports the contention of policymakers that sequential voting can lead to different electoral outcomes.
Jury Aversion and Voter Registration
Authors: Oliver J. Eric , Wolfinger Raymond E.
Published: May 2006

Election officials often say that many Americans do not register to vote for fear of being called to jury duty. The only published study on the topic claims that aversion to jury service depresses turnout by more than seven percentage points. We use questions from the 1991 National Election Studies Pilot Study to ascertain beliefs about the sources of jury lists, and we relate those impressions to registration status. We find that barely half the public professes any knowledge of how juries are chosen, and just 42% believe that they come from voter registration records. Estimations from a multivariate analysis indicate that fear of jury service accounts for less than a one percentage point drop in turnout. We discuss the implications of this finding both for reform proposals and the rational choice theory of turnout.
Military Capabilities and Escalation: A Correction to Bueno de Mesquita, Morrow, and Zorick
Authors: Molinari M. Cristina
Published: May 2006

Bueno de Mesquita, Morrow, and Zorick analyze the evolution of crises as a two-sided incomplete information game in order to illuminate the relationship between observable military capabilities and the escalation of a dispute to armed conflict. I show that an error in the derivation of the equilibria invalidates their conclusions, and I offer a few suggestions on how to model the evolution of crises as incomplete information games.
Decentralization and Inflation: Commitment, Collective Action, or Continuity?
Authors: Treisman Daniel
Published: May 2006

Do political and fiscal decentralization make it easier or harder to control inflation? Statistical analysis of average annual inflation rates in a panel of 87 countries in the 1970s and 1980s found no clear relationship between decentralization and the level of inflation. Political decentralization, however, does appear to reduce change in countries' relative inflation rates over time. By creating additional veto players, federal structure may “lock in” existing patterns of monetary policy—whether inflationary or strict. Among the (mostly developed) countries that started with low inflation, inflation tended to increase more slowly in federations than in unitary states. Among the (mostly developing) countries that started with high inflation, inflation tended to increase faster in the federations. There is evidence that political decentralization locks in a country's degree of practical central bank independence—whether high or low—and the relative hardness or softness of budget constraints on subnational governments.
Thoreau's Alternative Economics: Work, Liberty, and Democratic Cultivation
Authors: Walker Brian
Published: May 2006

Henry Thoreau's Walden is frequently read as the tale of a disaffected Romantic individualist escaping the rigors of community and modern society to seek refuge in a pondside idyll. I argue that this is a fundamental misreading which misses the political import of the book. Walden reveals itself to be a democratic advice-book focusing on the tensions between the political ideal of free self-direction and the unfavorable work conditions that laborers often face. Thoreau's goal is to set out a strategy by which economically vulnerable citizens may enact their liberty and autonomy in threatening employment conditions. To that end, Thoreau reformats themes and practices from various ancient philosophical traditions. Walden is one of the few texts in our tradition in which strategies are thought through for the individual laborer attempting to maintain freedom while at the same time making a living. It therefore merits our closest attention.
A New Route to Enantiopure β‐Aryl‐Substituted β‐Amino Acids and 4‐Aryl‐Substituted β‐Lactams through Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Ring Cleavage of β‐Lactams
Authors: Forró Enikő , Paál Tihamér , Tasnádi Gábor , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: May 2006

A simple and efficient direct enzymatic method was developed for the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐substituted β‐lactams and the corresponding β‐amino acid enantiomers through the CAL‐B (lipase B from Candida antarctica)‐catalyzed enantioselective (E>200) ring cleavage of the corresponding racemic β‐lactams with 1 equiv. of H2O in i‐Pr2O at 60 °C. The product (R)‐β‐amino acids (ee≥98%, yields≥42%) and unreacted (S)‐β‐lactams (ee≥95%, yields≥41%) could be easily separated. The ring opening of enantiomeric β‐lactams with 18% HCl afforded the corresponding enantiopure β‐amino acid hydrochlorides (ee≥99%).
Asymmetric Aza‐Morita–BaylisHillman Reaction of N‐Sulfonated Imines with Activated Olefins Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphine Lewis Bases Bearing Multiple Phenol Groups
Authors: Liu Ying‐Hao , Chen Lian‐Hui , Shi Min
Published: May 2006

In the aza‐Morita–BaylisHillman reaction of N‐sulfonated imines (N‐arylmethylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamides) with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK), and acrolein, we found that, through the use of catalytic amounts of chiral phosphine Lewis bases bearing multiple phenol groups, the corresponding adducts could be obtained in good yields with >90% ee at −20 °C or at room temperature in THF. The mechanism of this process was investigated by 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis. The phenoxide or the key enolate intermediate, which is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding with phenol groups, was observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Thus, the most effective bifunctional LBBA (Lewis base and Brønsted acid) phosphine‐Lewis base promoter system reported to date has been identified for such catalytic, asymmetric aza‐Morita–BaylisHillman reactions.
Stereodivergent Formation of Alkenylsilanes: syn or anti Hydrosilylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Cyclopentadienylcobalt(I) Chelate Bearing a Pendant Phosphane Tether
Authors: Yong Li , Kirleis Karin , Butenschön Holger
Published: May 2006

The hydrosilylation of alkynes is catalyzed by the di‐tert‐butylphosphanylethylcyclopentadienylcobalt chelate 1. While the reaction of internal alkynes exclusively affords syn hydrosilylation products with triethylsilane, the reaction with triethoxysilane shows predominant anti stereoselectivity. Reactions of terminal alkynes are less selective with triethylsilane and result in cyclotrimerization when triethoxysilane is used.
Mesoporöse organisch‐anorganische Hybridmaterialien auf Silicabasis
Authors: Hoffmann Frank , Cornelius Maximilian , Morell Jürgen , Fröba Michael
Published: May 2006

Durch die Verknüpfung anorganischer und organischer Bausteine mithilfe der templatgesteuerten Synthese gelangt man zu einer neuen Materialklasse, den mesoporösen organisch‐anorganischen Hybridmaterialien, die sich durch große spezifische Oberflächen sowie Porengrößen zwischen 2 und 15 nm auszeichnet. Das Einbringen der organischen Reste lässt sich auf drei Wegen erreichen: Durch die nachträgliche Anbindung organischer Komponenten an eine reine Silicamatrix (Pfropfung), durch die gleichzeitige Umsetzung kondensationsfähiger anorganischer Silicaspezies und silylierter organischer Verbindungen (Cokondensation, Eintopfsynthese) und durch die Verwendung bissilylierter organischer Vorstufen, die zu periodisch mesoporösen Organosilicas (PMOs) führt. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Herstellung, die Eigenschaften sowie die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Katalyse, Sorption, Chromatographie, des Aufbaus von Systemen zur kontrollierten Wirkstoffabgabe sowie molekularer Schalter, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf PMOs liegt.
Knotengestaltung hybrider Fachwerkkonstruktionen – Entwicklung neuartiger Tragwerkskonzepte unter Verwendung von Ultrahochleistungsbeton (UHFB)
Authors: Tue Nguyen Viet , Küchler Michael
Published: May 2006

Fachwerkkonstruktionen zählen zu den leistungsfähigsten raumbildenden Strukturen der Baugeschichte. Rein normalkraftbeanspruchte Bauteile zeichnen sich vor allem durch minimalen Werkstoffaufwand aus. Die Einsatzgebiete von Fachwerken sind so vielgestaltig wie deren Ausführungsformen selbst. Gerade in den letzten Jahren gewinnen Fachwerkkonstruktionen z. B. beim Bau transparenter Hochhäuser oder für Stadien und Veranstaltungsarenen und vereinzelt auch wieder im Brückenbau, verstärkt an Bedeutung. Mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Bilfinger | Berger AG wurde an der Universität Leipzig ein stabförmiges Verbundbauteil aus einem stahlummantelten ultrahochfesten Beton entwickelt. Das neue Tragelement kennzeichnet sich durch seine hohe Tragfähigkeit unter Druckbeanspruchung sowie großer Duktilität. Dieser hybride Verbundstab stellt, einschließlich einer innovativen Knotenlösung, eine sinnvolle, wirtschaftliche und vor allem architektonisch ansprechende Alternative zu den herkömmlich konstruierten Fachwerken, dar. In diesem Beitrag wird über die Besonderheiten dieser Konstruktionsform sowie über die Entwicklung geeigneter Knoten berichtet. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MEF2C is required for the normal allocation of cells between the ventricular and sinoatrial precursors of the primary heart field
Authors: Vong Linh , Bi Weizhen , O'Connor‐Halligan Katharine E. , Li Changyou , Cserjesi Peter , Schwarz John J.
Published: May 2006

Targeted deletion of the mef2c gene results in a small left ventricle and complete loss of the right ventricle (Lin et al. [1997] Science 276:1404–1407). Absence of the right ventricle is from defective differentiation of cells from the secondary heart field. Our studies of the dysmorphogenesis of the left ventricle uncovered morphological and transcriptional abnormalities at the transition from the cardiac crescent to the linear‐tube stage heart. Use of the cgata6LacZ transgene demonstrated that lacZ‐positive cells, which normally mark the precursors to the atrioventricular canal and adjacent regions of the left ventricle and atria, remain in the sinoatrial region of the mutant. This, along with the absence of a morphologically distinct atrioventricular canal, indicates a misapportioning of cells between the inflow and outflow segments. The underlying genetic program was also affected with altered expression of mlc2a, mlc2v, and irx4 in outflow segment precursors of the primary heart field. In addition, the sinoatrial‐enriched transcription factor, tbx5, was ectopically expressed in the primitive ventricle and ventricle‐specific splicing of mef2b was lost, suggesting that the mutant ventricle had acquired atrial‐specific characteristics. Collectively, these results suggest a fundamental role of MEF2C in ventricular cardiomyocyte differentiation and apportioning of cells between inflow and outflow precursors in the primary heart field. Developmental Dynamics 235:1809–1821, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Categorizing at the group‐level in response to intragroup social comparisons: a self‐categorization theory integration of self‐evaluation and social identity motives
Authors: Schmitt Michael T. , Branscombe Nyla R. , Silvia Paul J. , Garcia Donna M. , Spears Russell
Published: May 2006

Two experiments examined how people respond to upward social comparisons in terms of the extent to which they categorize the self and the source of comparison within the same social group. Self‐evaluation maintenance theory (SEM) suggests that upward ingroup comparisons can lead to the rejection of a shared categorization, because shared categorization makes the comparison more meaningful and threatening. In contrast, social identity theory (SIT) suggests that upward ingroup comparisons can lead to the acceptance of shared categorization because a high‐performing ingroup member enhances the ingroup identity. We attempted to resolve these differing predictions using self‐categorization theory, arguing that SEM applies to contexts that make salient one's personal identity, and SIT applies to contexts that make collective identity salient. Consistent with this perspective, the level of identity activated in context moderated the effect of an upward ingroup comparison on the acceptance of shared social categorization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equivalences between refractive index and equilibrium water content of conventional and silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses from automated and manual refractometry
Authors: González‐Méijome José M. , López‐Alemany Antonio , Lira Madalena , Almeida José B. , Oliveira M. Elisabete C. D. Real , Parafita Manuel A.
Published: May 2006

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to develop mathematical relationships that allow obtaining equilibrium water content and refractive index of conventional and silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses from refractive index measures obtained with automated refractometry or equilibrium water content measures derived from manual refractometry, respectively.

Methods

Twelve HEMA‐based hydrogels of different hydration and four siloxane‐based polymers were assayed. A manual refractometer and a digital refractometer were used. Polynomial models obtained from the sucrose curves of equilibrium water content against refractive index and vice‐versa were used either considering the whole range of sucrose concentrations (16–100% equilibrium water content) or a range confined to the equilibrium water content of current soft contact lenses (∼20–80% equilibrium water content).

Results

Values of equilibrium water content measured with the Atago N‐2E and those derived from the refractive index measurement with CLR 12–70 by the applications of sucrose‐based models displayed a strong linear correlation (r2 = 0.978). The same correlations were obtained when the models are applied to obtain refractive index values from the Atago N‐2E and compared with those (values) given by the CLR 12–70 (r2 = 0.978). No significantly different results are obtained between models derived from the whole range of the sucrose solution or the model limited to the normal range of soft contact lens hydration.

Conclusions

Present results will have implications for future experimental and clinical research regarding normal hydration and dehydration experiments with hydrogel polymers, and particularly in the field of contact lenses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Effects of electrons statistic on carbon nanotubes hyperpolarizability frequency dependence determined with sum over states method
Authors: Dominicis L. De , Fantoni R.
Published: May 2006

The frequency dependence of carbon nanotube (CNT) first hyperpolarizability has been studied. A code for quantitative estimation based on the sum over states (SOS) method has been written and calculations performed on a symmetrized basis. The main advantage of performing SOS calculations with symmetrized eigenfunctions relies on the direct identification of the essential channels that give a contribution to first hyperpolarizability. Although the method calculates hyperpolarizability both for metallic and semiconducting chiral CNTs, as an explicative example, results of calculation for the (4,1) metallic chiral topology are reported together with an analysis of the transitions responsible for resonant enhancements. The role played by CNT electron statistics is investigated in detail: results of simulations demonstrate that the ratio of the resonant peaks can be interpreted as a signature of a quasi‐Luttinger or Fermi liquid regime. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of fracton dimensionality in liquids by four‐photon Rayleigh‐wing spectroscopy
Authors: Bunkin A. F. , Gorchakov A. P. , Nurmatov A. A. , Pershin S. M.
Published: May 2006

Four‐photon spectroscopy of the Rayleigh wing was applied to study distilled and Milli‐Q water, liquid carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 30% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) and 0.4 mM aqueous solution of α‐chymotrypsin protein, in the spectral range from − 10 to 10 cm−1. The observed spectra allowed the measurement of the fracton dimensionality as d = 2.87 ± 0.01 in Milli‐Q water, 2.97 ± 0.02 in the protein solution, 3.00 ± 0.02 in CCl4 and H2O2 and 3.15 ± 0.05 in distilled water. The variation of fractal dimensionality can be interpreted as indication of the structural differences in the investigated liquids. In the presence of protein and hydrogen peroxide molecules, this difference indicates that the hydrogen‐bond network of Milli‐Q water is restructured in the solution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narrow‐band coherent Rayleigh scattering
Authors: Bookey H. T. , Bishop A. I. , Shneider M. N. , Barker P. F.
Published: May 2006

We describe the first implementation of narrow‐band coherent Rayleigh scattering (CRS) for high spectral resolution of CRS line shapes. Using intensities in the 109 W/cm2 range we find that the measured line shapes of CO2, N2 and Xe gases at room temperature are in good agreement with a CRS model that assumes weakly perturbing fields. We compare our results with broadband CRS and discuss the importance of phase‐matching requirements for narrow‐band CRS. Finally, we show that a spectral narrowing in the CRS profile is predicted at intensities that are approximately an order of magnitude greater than those used in our experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive expression of abiotic stress‐inducible hot pepper CaXTH3, which encodes a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase homolog, improves drought and salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants
Authors: Cho Seok Keun , Kim Jee Eun , Park Jong-A , Eom Tae Jin , Kim Woo Taek
Published: May 2006

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) has been recognized as a cell wall‐modifying enzyme, participating in the diverse physiological roles. From water‐stressed hot pepper plants, we isolated three different cDNA clones (pCaXTH1, pCaXTH2, and pCaXTH3) that encode XTH homologs. RT‐PCR analysis showed that three CaXTH mRNAs were concomitantly induced by a broad spectrum of abiotic stresses, including drought, high salinity and cold temperature, and in response to stress hormone ethylene, suggesting their role in the early events in the abiotic‐related defense response. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants that constitutively expressed the CaXTH3 gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter exhibited abnormal leaf morphology; the transgenic leaves showed variable degrees of twisting and bending along the edges, resulting in a severely wrinkled leaf shape. Microscopic analysis showed that 35S‐CaXTH3 leaves had increased numbers of small‐sized cells, resulting in disordered, highly populated mesophyll cells in each dorsoventral layer, and appeared to contain a limited amount of starch. In addition, the 35S‐CaXTH3 transgenic plants displayed markedly improved tolerance to severe water deficit, and to lesser extent to high salinity in comparison with the wild‐type plants. These results indicate that CaXTH3 is functional in heterologous Arabidopsis cells, thereby effectively altering cell growth and also the response to abiotic stresses. Although the physiological function of CaXTHs is not yet clear, there are several possibilities for their involvement in a subset of physiological responses to counteract dehydration and high salinity stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.