bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thanatephorus cucumeris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Thanatephorus cucumeris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Economically important on bean, beet, cabbage, cotton, pine, potato and tomato; infects wheat and turf grasses and is locally or seasonally important on over 250 other plants. It is doubtful whether any crop can be regarded as resistant to all strains. A mycorrhizal association is formed with some orchids. DISEASE: Early infection gives rise to seed decay and pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off, later infection to stem canker, wire-stem, eyespot and other diseases which result from decay of stem cortex and may be accompanied by stunting, yellowing and leaf roll symptoms. Other diseases are rot of organs in contact with soil, web, leaf and thread blights, fruit rot, root rot and storage rots and blemishes. Sites susceptible to infection are generally more restricted with increasing maturity of the host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Probably present in all arable soils and has been isolated from virgin soils. Little is known of distribution of individual strains. TRANSMISSION: Primarily soil-borne. Capable of extensive growth through soil and survives in the form of sclerotia and on crop residues and weed hosts. Inoculum is spread during vegetative propagation (e.g. on potato tubers) and can be seed-borne. Basidiospores are reported to initiate a leaf spot of
Hevea
(48, 271) but their role in transmission of other diseases has not been studied extensively.
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Black leaf streak of banana. A comparison of the conidial states of
M. fijiensis
and
M. musicola
(CMI Descript. 414, Sigatoka of banana) has been given, as has a detailed account of the symptoms (48, 3071; and see 44, 191, 1180; 45, 1867). Initially reddish-brown specks form on the lower leaf surface, they elongate to become streaks up to 20 × 2 mm, with the long axis parallel to the leaf veins and at this stage are more clearly visible on the lower leaf surface. The streaks can be extremely numerous; they darken, become almost black and are clearly seen on the lower surface. The streak develops into a fusiform or elliptical spot, with a light brown, water soaked margin and a dark centre. The centre dries out becoming light grey or buff, sunken, surrounded by a narrow dark brown or black border and often by a chlorotic zone beyond. Necrosis of the whole leaf can occur in 3-4 weeks. Some differences in the macroscopic leaf symptoms between black leaf streak and Sigatoka occur. In the latter disease the early stage streaks are clearly seen on the upper surface and are yellowish; in the former the streaks are darker at similar stages in development. But there are no clear macroscopic differences between the mature spots of the two diseases. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The disease was first described from Fiji in 1963 (although because of probable confusion with
M. musicola
there may be earlier unsubstantiated records). It is widespread in the islands of the Pacific (Oceania); it may be absent from the mainland of S.E. Asia and does not occur in Australia, Africa or America (CMI Map 500, ed. 1, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Perithecia are formed in abundance and, therefore, the ascospores are considered important in spread, perhaps more so than the conidia (44, 1180; 45, 1867). In dry weather ascospore concentration reached a max. near 0600 h as dew formed. On rainy days peak concentrations were reached shortly after rain began. Seasonal increases in ascospores were associated with those of rainfall and relative humidity (52, 4160).
Mycosphaerella musicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella musicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Sigatoka of banana is the major leaf disease of this crop. Its conidial state has been compared with that of the similar (but more restricted and only recently described) disease caused by
Mycosphaerellafijiensis
(CMI Descript. 413, black leaf streak of banana; 48, 307i). A yellowish-green speck (< 1 mm long) becomes a yellowish streak 3-4 × 1 mm; this broadens and lengthens, has an ill defined margin and turns brown or rusty. The outline becomes more definite and the brown centre has a yellow to light brown halo, sometimes with a water-soaked border. In the fully developed spot (12-15 × 2-5 mm) the sunken central area is at first dark then becoming grey, with a dark brown or black border and sometimes a chlorotic halo. Coalescence of the spots can lead to the death of large areas of the leaf. In general, spotting is commoner towards the leaf apex and edges. Streak and tip spotting are caused by ascospore infection, mostly on the apical third of the leaf. Line spotting (mostly basal) is caused by conidial infection (45, 2189). The damage to the leaves detrimentally affects the physiology of fruit ripening (at lower levels of infection), reduces yield and increases the time from shooting to bunch maturity. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 7, ed. 6, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Water splash and air dispersal by conidia and ascospores, respectively. Conidiomata are probably more abundant than perithecia. Ascospores are released largely through rain over a wide temperature range. In Honduras the peak ascospore dispersal occurred at
c
. 0200 h (lower rainfall season) and at
c
. 1000 h (higher rainfall season). The conidia are the major source of inoculum.
Cercospora koepkei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora koepkei
[Mycovellosiella koepkei]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Yellow spot of sugarcane. Irregularly outlined yellow green spots form on the young leaves, up to 12 mrn diam. ; they may coalesce to cover large areas of the leaves. Reddish patches occur as the leaf approaches maturity and infected fields appear a conspicuous rusty yellow. The leaves show a dirty grey growth of conidiophotes and conidia on the lower surface and die prematurely. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in S. and E. Asia, also in Australia and Oceania. In Africa: Ghana, Malagasy Republic, Mauritius, Reunion, S. Africa, Tanzania, Uganda. The identity of the disease reported in Central America, West Indies and S. America (Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela) is uncertain (CMI Map 341, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: In S. India a diurnal periodicity for the conidia was found, with a max. in the forenoon (51, 3537). No natural hosts apart from
Saccharum
are known.
Cercospora oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza saliva
. DISEASE: Narrow brown leaf spot of rice. The fungus has been reported on
Panicum repens
(
Plant Disease Reporter
54: 272, 1970). The linear leaf lesions are 2-10 mm long, usually up to 1-1.5 mm wide, the long axis parallel to that of the leaf; centre dark brown with the border fading as the outer margin is reached. Lesions on the sheath are similar to those on the leaf, whilst those on the glumes are shorter and tend to lateral spread. On susceptible cvs. the leaf lesions are wider and lighter brown whereas on resistant ones they are narrow and a more uniform dark brown. Symptoms are usually extensive during the later stages of growth and should not be confused with those caused by
Ramularia oryzae
Deighton & Shaw (white leaf streak; 40, 104). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and S. and S.E. USA (CMI Map 71, ed. 3, 1967). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Calonectria quinqueseptata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria quinqueseptata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Annona, Camellia sinensis, Eucalyptus, Eugenia caryophyllata
and
Hevea
. DISEASE: Reported as causing a severe attack on clove seedlings. Leaf spots are circular, red at the periphery with a whitish centre. In severe attacks extensive brown patches appear and under humid conditions the clove leaves turn black (30, 431). Causes a leaf spot of
Annona squamosa
and damping-off of
Eucalyptus
(47, 765). On rubber minute chlorotic spots appear on immature leaves, becoming purplish-brown with a yellow halo. Older lesions have a dark brown margin with a white papery centre; the leaves become brittle but are not shed; the disease is severe in budwood nurseries only after pruning when subsequent flushing occurs in wet weather (52, 221). Causes a rare and minor leaf spot of
Eucalyptus robusta
and tea in Mauritius. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Indonesia, W. Malaysia and Mauritius. TRANSMISSION: Probably by wind-borne conidia.
Calonectria colhounii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria colhounii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Callistemon lanceolatus, Camellia sinensis
and
Eucalyptus robusta
. DISEASE: A common but secondary foliage disease. Brown spots appear, enlarge and coalesce in humid weather. Affected leaves are easily shed after their petioles are invaded. Unthrifty tea bushes and those growing in water-logged soil are more susceptible. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Mauritius only. TRANSMISSION: Most probably by wind-borne conidia and in rain splash.
Sclerospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kenneth R.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerospora sorghi
[Peronosclerospora sorghi]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum almum, Sorghum halepense
, maize, teosinte and, apparently,
Heteropogon contortus
. DISEASE: Sorghum downy mildew (SDM); both systemic and local infections occur in sorghums, in maize usually only systemic. In systemic infections, chlorotic laciniate areas extend from bases of leaf blades (half-leaf symptoms), with successive leaves displaying greater or complete chlorotic involvement. Sporulation (white down) occurs on dewy nights; conidia, actively ejected, germinate and infect immediately, inducing local lesions on sorghum leaves but seldom on maize. Resting spores form in systemically-infected plants in immense numbers within chlorotic areas (less, or sometimes not at all in maize, according to geographic region and variety) and leaves of sorghum, but not maize, later shred. Systemically infected plants tend to be dwarfed and, on many cultivars, produce few or sterile inforescences. There may be late expression of chlorotic symptoms in some plants inoculated at seedling stage. Local lesions are elongate, yellowish, then purple, with white down, finally necrotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 179 cd. 2, 1966, with some additions and deletions). Africa: Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, (?) Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa. Asia: Israel, (?) Iran, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Nepal, China. N. America: USA, Mexico, Honduras. S. America: Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Argentina. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection (systemic) in USA, Israel and part of India is by resting spores (oospores) which may remain viable in soil for a number of years. Conidial-induced systemic infection in all lands occurs on plants up to 4 weeks of age. and in Thailand is apparently the principal or only mode. With oospore infection, the frst leaf is never chlorotic: with early inoculation by conidia, the frst leaf may be infected and seedlings may die. Seed-transmitted infection has been proven (49, 744), mostly by adhering oospores, but when internal hyphae are present, no transmission occurs if seed is dried before sowing (52, 1114). Local lesions are induced only by conidial inoculation. Sowing in cold soil (less than 20°C) prevents infection by oospores (50, 1765). Conidia are normally viable only a few hours after sporulation which occurs after midnight to before dawn at 18-28°C (opt. 21°C) (15-30°C with opt. 22-25°C or 24-26°C in Thailand) and transmission of disease by air-borne conidia apparently is restricted to nearby fields. Opt. for conidial infection is 21-24°C. Resting spores were reported to retain infectivity after passage through digestive tract of cattle.
Peronospora destructor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora destructor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Affects species of
Allium
; common on
A. cepa
, rarer on
A. ascalonicum, A. fistulosum, A. porrum, A. sativum, A
.
schoenoprasum
, and a few wild species. DISEASE: Downy mildew (mildiou, falscher Mehitau) of onion. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: On onion in all parts of Europe and America; north, east and south Africa, west, south and east Asia, Australia, New Zealand; and Tasmania. On other
Allium
crops in a few countries in Europe and on other continents (CMI Map 76. ed. 3, 1969).
Cercospora elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis
. DISEASE: Freckle of oil palm. In the nursery areas of leaf infection show as groups of dull brown spots (each rarely exceeding 0.5 mm diam.); the spots coalesce, necrosis spreads and the surrounding tissue becomes orange; heavily infected areas of the lamina die. The final development of the symptoms is particularly noticeable on the older leaves. Necrotic spotting also occurs on field palms and it is usually most severe on the older fronds. The small brown spots have a small water-soaked halo; both the spots and halo (becoming yellow and then orange) enlarge; fully developed spots are round to oval, 3-4 mm diam. with the halo
c
. 10 × 4 mm; spots may coalesce and parts of the lamina become desiccated. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central, E. and W. Africa (CMI Map 487, ed. 1, 1972). There is a later record from Australia (NT) on
Carpentaria acuminata
. A record from Surinam is considered doubtful (51, 4761). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cercospora kikuchii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora kikuchii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Glycine max, Phaseolus
spp.,
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Vigna
. DISEASE: Purple seed stain (also purple blotch, purple stain or purple speck) of soyabean Infection has also been reported on other legumes, including bean (cowpea) and cluster bean or guar (35, 861; 42, 69). The most characteristic symptom is the light to dark purple colour of the seed coat, the whole of which can be affected, and which shows cracking. Other species of
Cercospora
cause this purple staining of soyabean seed when pods are inoculated (35, 861; 39, 68) but these are not apparently of importance in the field. Seed germination may not be greatly reduced but infected seeds develop into weak seedlings (sometimes there is a slow death) and less productive plants. Reddish-purple spots, becoming angular to irregular, up to 1 cm diam., occur on the leaves; stems are also infected (4, 714; 29, 489; 30, 503). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host. TRANSMISSION: Through seed; infection of seed is lowest before maturity and can rise to 50% at maturity and to higher levels thereafter (36, 569). Plants whose maturity is delayed (and where the flowering period is longer) tend to show more seed infection (45, 3447). Infection of the seed reduced germination in a blotter test and in the field; the fungus can occur in seeds that show no purple staining (52, 1735).
Guignardia musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Guignardia musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Musa cavendishii, M. paradisiaca
and
M. sapientum
. DISEASE: Freckle of banana (
Musa
). Symptoms on the fingers may appear 2-4 weeks after the bunch has shot but are most noticeable at harvest. On the fruit are red brown, superficial spots usually circular, up to 2 mm diam., with dark green watersoaked halos. Spots may coalesce and dense aggregations of them may form streaks or circular areas. At harvest freckle may completely cover the fingers; the presence of pycnidia renders the surface rough to the touch. The proximal hand is often the most severely affected. On leaves the dark brown or black spots may be small (<1 mm diam.) or larger (up to 4 mm diam.). In the former case freckled areas have a sooty appearance, and streaks or circular areas may form. In the latter case the spots may have fawn or greyish centres with yellowish-green halos. Coalescence of spots occurs and freckle is usually restricted to the older leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in south and east Asia and the Pacific islands; also in east Africa, but the infections caused have not been found in central or south America (53, 797). TRANSMISSION: Conidia water-dispersed.
Stemphylium solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Stemphylium solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living leaves of
Lycopersicon, Solanum
and other solanaceous hosts causing very small spots. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of tomato or potato, potato leaf scorch (Mauritius). The fungus causes small grey spots with a yellow halo which eventually become necrotic, dry out and crack across. Dark masses of conidiophores are formed on the edge of the spot on both leaf surfaces. Severe attack leads to defoliation. In seedbeds, defoliation is accompanied by conspicuous yellowing (9, 813). Symptoms on peppers are minute light brown spots on young leaves which expand, developing red brown margins with distinct white centres as leaves mature (49, 319). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Ivory Coast, Libya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, Seychelles); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Japan, Thailand, Israel); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia); Europe (Italy, United Kingdom); N. America (Canada, USA); Central America and West Indies (Barbados, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad); S. America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela) (CMI Map 333, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Venturia saliciperda
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia saliciperda
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Salix
spp. DISEASE: Willow scab. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Europe, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. The fungus overwinters by dormant mycelium in pustules on twigs and releases air-borne conidia in spring which infect young growth. Secondary infection may occur by conidia dispersed during summer.
Diplocarpon rosae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diplocarpon rosae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Confined to members of the genus
Rosa
. DISEASE: Black spot of roses. More or less circular black lesions up to 1.5 cm diam. with radially fringed margins usually on the upper side of the leaf, which may be followed by chlorosis and leaf cast. Severe leaf cast may be followed by a further flush. Stem lesions occur as small indistinct black areas without a fringed margin and symptoms may occur on floral parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and tropical zones (CMI Map 266, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersed conidia formed in acervuli on infected leaves on the host or after they have been cast. A microconidial state (spermagonia) with a similar dispersal mechanism may occur on fallen leaves in the spring and autumn. Conidia lose viability rapidly, few surviving more than one month (24, 508). Overwintering is by saprophytic mycelium in cast foliage or infected stem tissues. The perfect state has been reported from Britain, North America and the USSR (51, 2590 and IMI 185129), where it is formed on infected cast foliage in the spring. Ascospores are forcibly ejected; they do not appear to be essential for the survival of the pathogen.
Cheilaria agrostis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cheilaria agrostis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of
Gramineae: Agropyron, Agrostis, Elymus, Arrhenatherum, Calamagrostis, Cymbopogon, Triticum
. DISEASE: Blotch and char spot of various
Gramineae
. Lesions first tawny, yellow margined, circular, becoming elliptical, elongate and covered with dull black charcoal-like streaks, 2-5 mm wide and several times as long. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada), Northern Europe, New Zealand, Africa (Sudan). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by splash dispersed air-borne conidia. The role of infected debris in overwintering has not been investigated.
Kabatina thujae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Kabatina thujae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, C. lawsoniana, Cupressus sempervirens, C. arizonica, Thuja occidentalis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, France, Netherlands); N. America (Canada). TRANSMISSION: Probably by splash-dispersed conidia.
Verticillium fungicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium fungicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated mushrooms (the fungus has also been recorded from decaying leaf litter and from the sporophores of other larger Basidiomycetes). DISEASE: Dry bubble, brown spot of mushrooms; '
mole
'. Causes light brown superficial irregular spots on caps, later enlarging and coalescing into dark brown blotches. Severe attacks cause mushrooms to become distorted with abnormal swelling of the stipe and the tissues drying out and becoming leathery. The disease occurs either in single or clumps of sporophores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Denmark); North America (USA); Asia (China, India, Japan); Australia; Africa (S. Africa, Rhodesia). TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersed conidia and contaminated casing soil.
Mycogone rosea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycogone rosea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated mushrooms,
Amanita rubescens, A. caesaraea, Inocybe
sp.,
Trichloma terreum
, termite fungus garden. DISEASE: A disease of mushroom similar to 'wet bubble' in some respects. Causes dark brown discoloration of caps with underlying tissues stained yellow. May cause small depressions in the cap under which the tissues are discoloured dark brown; alternate zoning of white and brown on the affected area is also sometimes found (18, 570). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Britain, Germany, Uganda, Hungary and (?) New South Wales (Australia), but probably more widely distributed in regions where edible fungi are cultivated (49, 1869; 41, 275). TRANSMISSION: Probably by spores and mycelium in soil. Mycelium and spores have been shown to be infective (570).
Sclerotium cepivorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerotium cepivorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On onion, chives, garlic, leek, shallot,
Allium canadense, A. fistulosum, A. vineale
and other species of
Allium
. Has been recorded on
Zephyranthes, Belamcanda chinensis
(probably saphrophytic on the latter; 50, 1846) and on linseed, clover, cabbage and tomato by inoculation (49, 720). DISEASE: White rot of onions and their allies. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Libya, Rhodesia, S. Africa); Asia (India, Japan, Pakistan); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay). (CMI Map 331, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Inoculum remains viable and capable of reinfecting crops for at least 8 yr (17, 717), and there is a limited amount of saprophytic growth in soil (33, 134; 36, 567). Also dispersed on diseased seedlings and sets and by agricultural practices which disseminate soil particles and refuse from diseased crops; can survive passage through domestic animals (22, 422; 54, 3585).
Mucor miehei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mucor miehei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil, compost, stored barley, hay and resting
Parthenium argentatum
(guayule). DISEASE: Has been reported by Cooney & Emerson (1964) as isolated from brain and other organs of a calf. However, this record is based on Smith's (1957) description of an isolate received from Austwick which appears to be a homothallic
Mucor pusillus
[Rhizomucor pusillus]
(CMI Descript. 527). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Gymnosporangium asiaticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium asiaticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
), European pear (
Pyrus communis
), Japanese pear (
P. sinensis
) and other
Pyrus
spp.,
Chaenomeles
spp. and
Photinia
spp. (and possibly
Crateagus
spp.). Telia on
Juniperus chinensis
and
J. procumbens
. DISEASE: Japanese pear rust. Aecia on leaves. Telia on leaves and green stems of juniper; not causing any swelling of tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea, China. Intercepted in the USA.
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and crab apple (
Malus
sp.). Telia on
Juniperus virginiana
and related species of the '
sabina
' group. DISEASE: American apple rust. Aecia chiefly on the leaves but also on stems and fruit. Telia on globoid or kidney-shaped galls of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the USA east of the Rockies, also in California, Ontario and Quebec (CMI Map 61, ed. 2, 1965).
Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum tuberosum
. The occasional reports of other plants attacked mostly involve confusion of identity with other species of
Erwinia
. Of numerous reports in the Review of Plant Pathology since 1922, all are unlikely except the occurrences on
Delphinium ajacis
and lupin. Graham (1972) does record the examination of 8 isolates originating from other plants, 6 from UK, all of which could produce blackleg in potato, and 2 from Japan that could not. Five agglutinated with
astroseptica
antiserum, 3 did not. The origins were: Chinese cabbage and carrot in Japan, and tomato, cauliflower,
Iris
rhizome and water from cress beds in UK. Many plants are infected by artificial wound inoculation, but most show soft rot rather than blackleg symptoms. DISEASE: Blackleg of potato. Affected plants are usually stunted, with pale or yellowish leaves. Upper leaves are stiff and erect, and curl upwards at their margins. The stems near the soil level are black or dark brown and rotted; sticky but not softened. In prolonged wet weather plants may wilt and collapse rapidly. The seedpiece rots rapidly, and in severe attacks young tubers rot from the stem end. In milder attacks most tubers may appear healthy at harvest, only to rot in storage. Spread of the rot to healthy tubers in storage can cause severe losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Liable to be found in most places where potatoes are grown. CMI Map 131, ed. 3, 1973, lists 48 countries in all continents. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread within an area and between areas in infected seed tubers that may appear healthy when planted. Tubers whose surfaces are contaminated with bacteria can also suffer infection either through wounds and growth cracks, or through the lenticels in the presence of free water, when cell proliferation is stimulated and ruptures the suberised plug at the lenticel opening. The bacteria do not penetrate the periderm directly. Transmission through the soil occurs at high inoculum and moisture levels (54, 4622), and the bacterium has been found to move with the ground water more than 3 m along a row away from infected seed tubers (51, 5e). Overwintering of the bacteria in soil is possible but varies between seasons and areas, and may not occur every season (30, 485; 53, 3597). Transmission by insects (54, 4624; 55, 5330) and by farm machinery (54, 4622) is also possible. In damp, poorly ventilated storage there is rapid spread directly from tuber to tuber. This can cause not only serious losses, but also widespread infection and contamination of seed potatoes for the following year.
Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of plants affecting particularly their fleshy parts. Elliott (31: 105) lists species belonging to 44 genera as hosts. DISEASE: Bacterial soft rot, a rapidly progressing soft wet rot. The first sign is usually a small water-soaked area, which rapidly enlarges, the tissue becoming soft. In favourable conditions the whole infected organ may become a rotten mass in a few days. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria are likely to be present in any natural soil in which there is decaying plant material. They can be transmitted by many different methods, including, rain splash, running water, insects, tools, hands and clothing of workers, machinery, in air-borne particles and aerosols. They may possibly be carried with seed in the attached debris, but this is unhkely to be important in normal agriculture. The organism requires a wound to gain entry, and usually a weakened or sickly plant if the rot is to proceed in the growing plant. Most healthy growing plants are able to exclude the bacteria by laying down corky tissue in response to the wounding.
Ploioderma lethale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ploioderma lethale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus clausa, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. glabra, P. palustris, P. pungens, P. rigida, P. serotina
. DISEASE: Pine needle blight; hypoderma needle blight of southern pines (24, 118). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (eastern USA). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores discharged during wet weather from ascocarps on infected foliage.
Fusarium equiseti
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium equiseti
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fusarium equiseti
has been isolated from a wide range of hosts, especially tropical hosts belonging to the following genera:
Agave, Allium, Apium, Arachis, Beta, Brassica, Cajanus, Carica, Chrysanthemum, Cicer, Citrullus, Citrus, Cocos, Coffea, Cola, Crotalaria, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cupressus, Daucus, Dianthus, Elaeis, Eucalyptus, Ficus, Fragaria, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Hevea, Hordeum, Linum, Luffa, Lycopersicon, Macadamia, Mangifera, Manihot, Musa, Nicotiana, Oryza, Panicum, Papaver, Pennisetum, Phaseolus, Pinus, Pisum, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Solanum, Sorghum, Theobroma, Trifolium, Triticum, Vicia, Vigna, Zea, Zingiber
; also widespread in soil. DISEASE: Pathogenic to cucurbits and avocado (54, 2536; 52, 2674; 50, 3350). Causes tuber rot of
Cycas
(54, 168) and stalk rot of maize (54, 4915). Also isolated from diseased
Piper
(52, 1993) and mung bean (
Phaseolus aureus
[Vigna radiata]
, 50, 397). Pathogenic to cereals during seedling stage (56, 3493) and also causing root rot (56, 2487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide; very frequent in tropical and subtropical areas but occurs also in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Infection and stalk rot of maize caused by
F. equiseti
appears to be by air-borne spores (54, 4915) although in most occurrences wounding or damage to the host appears to be necessary for infection (53, 4642). Infected soil may cause seedling blight (50, 1397).
Cronartium flaccidum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cronartium flaccidum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus
spp. including
P. sylvestris, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. halepensis, P. wallichiana
and most hard pines. Alternate hosts include species of
Asclepias, Impatiens, Loasa, Melampyrum, Nemesia, Paeonia, Pedicularis
,
Ruellia, Schizanthus, Tropaeolum, Verbena, Vincetoxicum; Vincetoxicum officinale
is an important alternate host in Europe. DISEASE: Scotch pine blister rust, resin canker. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout Europe and Asia to the Far East, wherever susceptible hosts occur. TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores by insects attracted by sugary exudate; other spores are directly air-borne.
Ramulispora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramulispora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum almum, S. bicolor, S. caffrorum, S. halepense, S. purpureosericeum, S. saccharatum, S. sudanense, S
.
vulgare
. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf stripe or sooty stripe. Elongated, elliptical or spindle shaped spots 5-14 × 1-2 cm with straw coloured necrotic centres and reddish-purple or tan borders appear on leaves and leaf sheaths. Spots coalesce to cause a leaf blight. Black sclerotia, which can be brushed off easily, are abundant on necrotic areas (Tarr, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (W. Africa, Ethiopia, Rhodesia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (China, India, Pakistan); Australia (Queensland); South America (Argentina); USA (Alabama, Nebraska, Texas). TRANSMISSION: Sclerotia and sporodochia on crop debris produce conidia in damp weather thus acting as sources of primary infection. Disease spread is favoured by wind and rain under warm and moist conditions which favour sporulation (Tarr, 1962). Sclerotia and sporodochia remain viable up to 2 years (Rawla
et al.
, 1974). The fungus is also transmitted through seeds (21, 286; 47, 807).
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Calopogonium, Erythrina, Centrosema, Glycine, Lablab, Pachyrhizas, Phaseolus, Physostigma, Pueraria
,
Teramnus, Vigna
. DISEASE: Brown rust of soyabean and other legumes, producing deep cup-shaped uredia usually on the underside of the leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australia, West Indies (see CMI Map 504, ed. 1, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne urediospores. The function of the teliospore stage which occurs on soyabean is not known.
Saprolegnia diclina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Willoughby L. G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Saprolegnia diclina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Salmonids: Atlantic and Pacific salmon, brown and sea trout, char, skelly. Coarse fish: carp and tench, eel, perch, pike. Also on the lamprey. DISEASE: Animals: external parasite of freshwater fish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America, China, India, Japan. TRANSMISSION: Zoospores and possibly the abbreviated cycle thallus in audition.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Medicago sativa
, which it infects naturally. A Romanian strain naturally infects
Trifolium pratense
. By artificial inoculation
Melilotus indica, Pisum sativum
and
Trigonella foenum-graecum
are readily infected. Other hosts by inoculation are:
Lablab purpureus, Medicago truncatula, M. scutellata, Phaseolus vulgans, Trifolium incarnatum, Vicia benghalensis
and
Vigna mungo
(all reported by Moffett & Irwin),
Clitoria ternatea
and
Lupinus termis
(48, 3266), and
Glycine max, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Trifolium pratense
and
Vicia sativa
(all reported by Stuteville & Sorensen, 1966). DISEASE: Leaf spot of lucerne. Small water-soaked spots enlarge, become brown and may coalesce to form areas of dead, dry, papery tissue. Lesions may be interveinal, along the midribs, or at the margins of the leaflets. Stem lesions also occur (36: 650; Moffett & Irwin, 1975). These start as water-soaked circular spots about 2 mm diameter. They usually coalesce to form long lesions which may extend from one node to the next. The colour of these lesions becomes dark purplish, with a greenish-yellow central region and a greasy margin. When seedlings are attacked in damp conditions post-emergence damping off occurs (Stuteville & Sorensen, 1966). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sudan (39: 3), India (Bombay State, 35: 287), Japan (51, 1579), USSR (Republic of Georgia, 53, 3747), Australia (Queensland, 55, 789), Romania (47, 1912), USA (Wisconsin, 14: 766; Kansas, 52, 3367; Iowa, 36: 650; probably Maryland, 57, 657), Nicaragua (42: 467). TRANSMISSION: By water-splash in the nursery and by wind-blown infested soil particles in the field (53, 2931). The pathogen survives in plant debris and soil from August to June in Kansas conditions, and in dry hay for many years (52, 3367).
Cercospora beticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora beticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Beta ciclae, B. maritima
(wild sea beet),
B. putternulaei, B. trigyna, B. vulgaris
(beet, sugar beet),
Chenopodium ambrosioides
(wormseed),
C. beticola, C. murale, C. polyspermi, C. urbicum, Spinacea oleracea
(spinach). DISEASE: Causing whitish, grey or pale brown spots usually surrounded by a narrow reddish-purple or brown border on living and wilting leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (Hong Kong, India, Malaya, Nepal, Pakistan), East Indies (Borneo, Papua New Guinea), Europe (Channel Isles, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Poland, Roumania, Switzerland), Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Turkey), North America (USA), South America (Venezuela), West Indies (Antigua, Cuba, Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: Wind dispersal of conidia showed diurnal periodicity with a peak at 10.00 hrs. The increase in concentration of conidia above the crop coincided with an increase in wind speed and temperature and a decrease in RH. The largest number of conidia were trapped on warm dry days following rain or overnight dew (50, 362). Epiphytotics were proceeded by periods of 6h at more than 90% RH for 3-4 successive days and at a temperature of more than 12.5°C (55, 1205).
Cercospora brassicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora brassicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Brassica alba
(white mustard),
B. alboglabra, B. campestris
(bird rape),
B. chinensis
(chinese cabbage, pak-choi),
B. juncea
(indian mustard),
B. nigra
(black mustard),
B. oleracea
(broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower),
B. oleracea
var.
rapa
(turnip),
B. parachinensis
(mock pak-choi),
B. pekinensis
(chinese cabbage, pe-tsai),
Crambe abyssinica
(syn.
B. abyssinica
: Abyssinian kale). DISEASE: Found associated with pale brown, often dark bordered leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India, Malaya, Sri Lanka), East Indies (Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sabah, Sarawak, Solomon Islands), West Indies (Antigua, Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne and water-borne conidia and via insects (56, 1791).
Pleospora papaveracea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pleospora papaveracea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Papaver somniferum
, on seed and seedlings of other
Papaver
spp. DISEASE: Leaf blight of opium poppy (17, 96, 655; 25, 510; 30, 140; 31, 224; 56, 1223). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Australia (Tasmania), India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, Turkey, USA and Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Spread by seed (58, 5453 and see under disease); but the fungus seldom penetrates the outer seed layer (40, 423). Dispersal of ascospores has been referred to in the USSR (57, 2213) and Rumania (44, 1195).
Diaporthe capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diaporthe capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Capsicum
spp. DISEASE: Dieback (Anon., 1972) and fruit rot of chillies, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria); Asia (India, Sabah, Sarawak, Western Malaysia, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Is.); West Indies (Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash although it is probable that the fungus might also be seed borne.
Physoderma maydis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Physoderma maydis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Maize (
Zea mays
) and teosinte (
Euchlaena mexicana
). DISEASE: Brown spot of maize, causing reddish-brown spots, streaks and pustules on blade, sheath and culm. The disease first appears as large round to oval spots along adjacent veins, eventually spreading on to the leaf sheaths. Confluence of the discrete sites results in the appearance of large brown streaks and pustules, which can be broken open to reveal numerous yellowish-brown resting sporangia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and West Indies (CMI Map 106, ed. 3, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Tisdale (1919) has shown that resting sporangia are easily dispersed by wind when dried infected leaves are broken. Local dispersal by spores swimming in water films may also occur.
Synchytrium lagenariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Synchytrium lagenariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucurbitaceae (Cephalandra
spp.,
Citrullus
spp.,
Cucumis
spp.,
Cucurbita
spp.,
Lagenaria
spp.,
Luffa
spp.,
Trichosarthis
spp.). DISEASE: Gall disease of cucurbits. Galls develop on stems, leaves, petioles, tendrils, inflorescences and fruits of host plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). TRANSMISSION: Resting spores may be dispersed by movement of infected soil and local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films may also occur.