bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Road Signs: Interpretability and Training Techniques
Authors: Griffith Douglas , Actkinson Tomme R.
Published: December 2015

The present study was conducted to examine the difficulties military drivers were having in passing the road sign section of their European driver's test. Drivers in a U.S. Army armor battalion were instructed on international road signs according to one of the following techniques: 1) Sign Only, 2) Sign Elaboration, or 3) Standard Lecture instruction. In the Sign Only condition slides of the 128 road signs were presented individually for ten seconds each, during which time the name of the sign was pronounced twice. In the Sign Elaboration condition, in addition to the name of the slide, a mnemonic cue was presented to facilitate recognition of the sign. The Standard Lecture instruction consisted of a platform lecture supplemented with training aids. No statistically significant differences were obtained among conditions during either training or criterion testing. Error rates for individual signs varied from 0 to 86 percent during training, and from 0 to 32 percent during criterion testing. These data call into question the ready interpretability of some international road signs. The interpretability of individual signs appeared to be a joint function of both prior familiarity with the sign and the concreteness of the pictorial representation.
Recognition Errors of LED and Liquid-Crystal Digits: Future Electronic Digit Design Implications
Authors: Duncan Jerry R.
Published: December 2015

Three light-emitting diode (LED) and two liquid-crystal (LC) displays were evaluated at 16, 161, and 484 lux on the display to determine each digit's recognition error (in percent) over the range of visual angles from 2.35 to 9.25 min. of arc, and to determine the digits among which the recognition errors (misreadings) were distributed for a given displayed digit. No display type maintained a consistent superiority in terms of percent recognition error over all digits. Analysis of the distribution of misreadings for a given displayed digit indicates a need to re-evaluate some of the digit designs.
Effects of Isolation on Food Habits
Authors: Symington Lawrence E. , Stein Earl S. , Sullins Walter R.
Published: December 2015

Effects of isolation on food habits were evaluated in isolated military field settings and in a laboratory simulation. Variety is an important variable in isolation with some personnel preferring a great deal of menu variety and others only a few high preference items. Sweets-desserts clustered as an important variable in isolation. In the laboratory simulation, intake declined on the final two days, preferred frequency was the best predictor of consumption, and 24-hour recall diaries showed both omission and quantity estimation errors.
Has Human Factors Come of Age?
Authors: De Greene Kenyon B.
Published: December 2015

A number of critical factors in the past, present, and future of the human factors field are evaluated. By many criteria human factors is efflorescent. However, probing beneath the surface and taking a longer-range and more systemic view suggests conditions of morbidity that, if unheeded, may lead to the demise of human factors as a separate entity. In order for human factors to be viable and useful in the future, theory building must be advanced which is explanatory of the interactions among people and machines (or technologies) in environments. Human factors must brake the momentum generated by existing institutional settings and overreliance on the experimental psychology (laboratory) model. A number of possible new liaisons with other fields and means of anticipating the future are identified. A number of specific research questions, deemed important to human factors expansion and realworld usefulness, are posed.
Experimental Designs for Investigating Complex Human Operator/Machine Systems
Authors: Williges Robert C.
Published: December 2015

To increase the generalizability of her results, a human factors specialist must consider a large number of factors simultaneously when investigating complex human operator/machine systems. When complex multifactor experiments are necessary, the resulting number of treatment conditions and cost of conducting the study quickly becomes unwieldy if traditional, completely-crossed, factorial designs are used. Several data reduction designs are reviewed as potential alternatives to solve the generalizability/cost dilemma. These alternatives include single observation factorial designs, hierarchical designs, blocking designs, fractional factorial designs, and central-composite designs. Each of these alternatives should be part of a clearly formulated research strategy in which the experimenter efficiently collects her data in stages, completes a thorough and careful pretesting, determines the real-world constraints dictated by the research problem, and selects the necessary design modifications based on these real-world constraints.
Objective Indicators of Aesthetic Reactions in Offices and Living Rooms
Authors: Bennett Corwin A. , Krishna Mani , Chitlangia Anand
Published: December 2015

Two factor analytic studies of room pleasantness, one of 30 offices, one of 30 living rooms were conducted. In addition to semantic scales, objective indicators of room pleasantness, such as floor area, carpeting, presence of pictures, were studied. Two pleasantness or evaluation factors were found for each space — one as judged by the occupant, one by other judges. Few observed decorative features were related to pleasantness. Several other independent (of pleasantness) dimensions were found for each space. It was concluded that aesthetic reactions to interior spaces are far more complex than previously realized and that much more research is needed.
Animate/Inanimate Design Relationships in Infant Factor Engineering
Authors: LaRue Jones Coryl
Published: December 2015

Life saving devices such as incubators, oxygen caps, baby warmers and constant intensive lighting can actually impede the health and development of infants. This paper discusses (a) the reasons for studying the effects of the environment on infants and the needs and problems of human development (achieving developmental tasks and deprivations affecting development); (b) the dynamics of infant environments (organizing the sensory field, socialization, and autonomy); (c) design implications and the nature of professional responsibilities. The purpose is to translate clinical and behavioral findings into terms applicable to engineering and design.
The Redesign of the Interior of Chicago-Read Mental Health Center
Authors: Kleeman Walter , Green Bowling
Published: December 2015

This paper is a report on an attitudinal study coincident with the redesign of the interior of Chicago-Read Mental Health Center. Patients and staff were given questionnaires on 30 aspects of the interior environment before the redesign to determine design needs and then after the redesign was accomplished they were again given the same questionnaire. Significant differences were found between the way staff views the interior environment and the way patients view the same interior environment.
Current and Future Research Activities in Driver Training
Authors: Nicholson Robert M. , Smith Michael F.
Published: December 2015

Research programs involving high school driver education, motorcyclist safety education, problem driver retraining, elderly driver retraining, handicapped driver training, commercial vehicle driver training, and an energy efficient driver training program are summarized. Some of the pros and cons of driver education are presented and problems with establishing valid on-the-road driver performance tests are discussed.
Justification of a Human Factors Program in Industry
Authors: Smith James L. , Smith Leo A.
Published: December 2015

The authors present three approaches for justifying or selling human factors engineering activities to management of industries producing products for a highly competitive market. Usually management of such industries initially consider human factors activities as “frills” offering little potential return on investment, or worse, as potential contributors to increased unit cost.

The approaches presented include: (1) justification on the basis of increased productivity, (2) justification on the basis of reduced non-productive time and overhead, and (3) justification on the basis of “you really oughta (gotta) wanta”. Methodologies for utilizing each of these approaches are discussed and suggestions are presented as to the types of situations in which each approach is most appropriate.

The concepts presented are illustrated from the authors' experiences in attempting to implement human factors engineering activities in southeastern textile industry.
Human Factors Engineering Technology Integration into the Naval Ship Acquisition Process
Authors: Malone Thomas B. , Andrews Phillip J. , Lewis Warren , McGuinness James
Published: December 2015

A Navy surface ship represents one of the most complex man-machine systems in existence today. Performance capabilities of personnel required in the propulsion systems, weapon systems, command-control systems, operations systems, supply systems and auxiliary systems should demand that human factors engineering (HFE) receive primary consideration in the design of ships. And yet there is no formal HFE program for ship acquisition. HFE responsibilities are not integrated with each other or with ship systems engineering efforts. There is little or no standardization of HFE methods and data beyond that provided in the design work study approach. Finally, HFE has no formal status within the ship acquisition process.

The Navy Sea Systems Command recently moved to correct these problems in implementation of HFE for ships. A ship HFE technology program has been established which has as its primary objectives the integration of available applicable HFE techniques, methods, principles and data into the ship acquisition process.

The effort to integrate HFE technology into the ship acquisition process began with a definition of the process itself, with emphasis on the specific events and milestones within the process. The next step entailed identification of HFE requirements appropriate for each event. HFE requirements were described in terms of activities to be completed and products to be provided to the ship design effort. HFE requirements were developed for five major functional areas: manning and training, design for operability, design for maintainability, design for habitability, and test and evaluation.

After identification of HFE requirements in each of these areas, determinations were made of the degree to which available HFE technologies were appropriate to satisfy the requirements. HFE technologies consisted of HFE principles, data, methods and techniques which have been reported in the HFE literature. These technology assessments represented the best estimates of the research team concerning the applicability of available technologies for specific HFE requirements.
Requirements and Expectations of Adolescents for Highrise Apartment Buildings
Authors: Rowe Judith Lynn
Published: December 2015

This paper is an abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Architecture at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California. The research undertaken in this project attempts to define the user needs of adolescents in terms of their living requirements, specifically if their environments are highrise apartment buildings.
Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Evaluation of Bathroom Fixtures for the Handicapped
Authors: Muto William H.
Published: December 2015

The bathroom is an area of critical importance in the design of housing for the handicapped. For a number of reasons, building standards for the handicapped have fallen short of specifying optimal bathrooms for their intended users. The principal obstacle to better bathrooms for the handicapped appears to be the paucity of human factors data (particularly anthropometric data on body dimensions and muscular capability) of various handicapped populations. There also appears to be a need for objective techniques for testing bathroom fixture designs.
Evaluation of a High-Deceleration Braking Signal in a Driving Simulator
Authors: Mortimer Rudolf G. , Sturgis Samuel P.
Published: December 2015

Signals on the rear of cars, ostensibly indicating the magnitude of deceleration in braking, were evaluated in a driving simulator. The drivers felt that the signals were useful, but no benefits were found in car-following or crash-related performance measures.
Effects of Functional Separation and Low Levels of Blood Alcohol on the Response to Automobile Rear-Signal Information
Authors: Attwood Dennis A.
Published: December 2015

The experiment investigated the effects of functional separation of brake and turn-signals, and of low levels of alcohol intoxication on a driver's ability to detect and interpret rear-signal information presented on a model automobile in a laboratory setting.

Twelve experienced drivers performed the laboratory task for one-hour sessions on five successive days. Three independent variables were examined in a randomized-block, factorial design. These consisted of two levels of model type, one with brake and turn-signals combined under the same lens, the other with brake and turn-signals under separate lenses, four levels of blood alcohol, .00, .02, .05, and .08%, and six levels of stimulus complexity, representing six types of rear-signal information.

Response variables consisted of response errors and the latencies between the onset of the stimulus and both the onset of the response and the completion of the response.

Results indicated that the response variables were not equally sensitive to the task and that performance was significantly affected by model type and stimulus complexity. Performance deteriorated with blood alcohol levels as low as .05% on the combined model and 0.8% on the model that separated brake and turn-signal lights.

Results are discussed in terms of the stimulus-identification/response-choice components of the task, and in terms of optimal coding methods for rear signals.
Does Franchising Alleviate Restaurants’ Vulnerability to Economic Conditions?
Authors: Koh Yoon , Rhou Yinyoung , Lee Seoki , Singal Manisha
Published: December 2015

Although the implications of adopting a franchising strategy in the restaurant industry have been examined in previous literature, the role of franchising has mostly been viewed as a means of growth, without much attention paid to its role in reducing risk via alleviating earnings volatility. In this study, we examine whether, and to what extent, franchising in restaurant firms can reduce earnings volatility occurring due to fluctuating economic conditions. Our longitudinal analysis of publicly traded restaurant firms from 1994 to 2012 shows that, during changes in economic conditions, firms adopting a high degree of franchising face lower earnings volatility than firms that adopt a restricted degree of franchising. Our article contributes to the literature on restaurant franchising as a risk-management strategy while providing avenues for future research.
Conceptualization and Operationalization of an Altruistic and Egoistic Continuum of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Motivations
Authors: Ma Emily , Qu Hailin , Wei Xiang , Hsiao Aaron
Published: December 2015

This study proposes and empirically tests a holistic framework of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) motivation that uses an altruistic–egoistic continuum. It also tests the structural relationships between altruistic and egoistic motivations and different dimensions of OCB. Analysis of questionnaire data from 398 hotel employee respondents supported eight of nine proposed relationships. Study results indicate a continuum incorporating multiple altruistic and egoistic motivations and suggest that OCB can be stimulated by both altruistic and egoistic motivations. The findings show that managers should facilitate positive social exchange in the hotel, provide constructive feedback regarding the desired performance, and encourage employees to engage more often in OCB directed toward the organization.
Restaurant Information Sharing on Social Networking Sites
Authors: Kang Jee-Won , Namkung Young
Published: December 2015

Since information sharing is achieved in cooperation with others, not just by oneself, social networking sites (SNSs) based on extensive social networks are an ideal environment for sharing information. In particular, SNSs’ network externalities are crucial to the success of the information and communication technologies industry. Thus, this study investigated how SNSs’ network externalities affect users’ perceptions of benefits, satisfaction, and restaurant information-sharing intentions. This study found that perceived network size and perceived complementarity significantly influenced perceived usefulness. Furthermore, perceived referent network size, perceived complementarity, and perceived compatibility significantly influenced perceived enjoyment. In addition, perceived benefits significantly influenced satisfaction, which in turn significantly influenced restaurant information-sharing intentions on SNSs. These findings have considerable implications for understanding the role of SNSs’ network externalities in sharing information.
The Curse of Tourism?
Authors: Ghalia Thaana , Fidrmuc Jan
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of tourism on economic growth. Our analysis covers 133 countries over the period 1995 to 2007, including 32 countries highly dependent on tourism during that period. The results show that specialization in tourism per se had no significant effects on economic growth. However, countries that are both highly dependent on trade and on tourism tend to report significantly lower growth. These findings are consistent with tourism having an effect analogous to the Dutch disease.
Analytical study on the mechanical performance of composite sandwich shells for dielectric radar domes
Authors: Alankaya Veysel
Published: December 2015

Radar domes are the cover structures over the radar antenna systems to provide environmental protection to the sensitive parts such as electronics, steering hardware, wave guide, additional equipments, and antenna itself. Composite dielectric materials are preferred solutions for radome construction because of their negligible effects on electromagnetic transmission of enclosed antenna. Very recently, the effect of interlaminar stress distribution and radome geometry over the transmission capabilities is reported by several researchers. The aim of this study is to present an efficient solution methodology with minimized mathematical effort for the analytical solution of sandwich composite dielectric materials for radome structures with one and double core layers. Analytical solution methodology for the analyses of stresses and deformations is based on Third-Order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT). Double Fourier series which are specialized for boundary discontinuity are used to solve highly coupled linear partial differential equations. Numerical solutions for the designed spherical radome geometry with one and double core layers are presented for laminated sandwich shells to provide benchmark results for the pre-design activities of radome structures.
Equivalent constitutive behavior of sandwich cellular cores
Authors: Soliman Hazem E , Kapania Rakesh K
Published: December 2015

The constitutive behavior of a continuum equivalent to cellular core are calculated using detailed finite element models of representative unit cell for hexagonal, square and triangular core shapes. The variation of the constitutive behavior of the homogeneous structure equivalent to the cellular core with respect to the core density is studied. Formulas for direct calculation of the constitutive behavior are generated for cell size range 1/8″ to 3/8″ and core density range 1.0 pcf to 8.1 pcf. The calculated properties are tested using two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element modeling techniques of sandwich panels. Error analysis is then performed to identify the effect of the panel size to cell size ratio as well as the facesheet thickness to core thickness ratio on the error. Results show linear variation of mechanical properties with core density except for panel-wise in-plane shear modulus which is too low and can be neglected. The facesheet thickness to core thickness ratio was found to have low impact on the error while the panel size to cell size ratio was found to have a significant impact on the error level. A minimum panel size to cell size ratio of 60 was found to be necessary to maintain error within 5%.
Behaviour of sandwich laminates subjected to thermal loading using higher-order zig-zag theory
Authors: Padhi Ansuman , Pandit Mihir K
Published: December 2015

In the present work, a higher-order zig-zag laminate theory is utilized to investigate the behaviour of sandwich laminates having low-density core materials subjected to thermal loading. The theory satisfies continuity condition of transverse shear stress at the layer interfaces and zero transverse shear stress at the top and bottom surfaces of the laminated plate. The assumed in-plane displacements are having cubic variations through the entire thickness of the plate. On the other hand, the variation of the transverse displacement is taken to be quadratic within the core and constant through the facesheets. In order to reduce the computation effort, an efficient C0 finite element formulation for the above sandwich plate model is adopted. Some examples of laminated composite and sandwich plate with different material properties, core thickness ratios, aspect ratios, boundary conditions, number of layers and ply orientations are considered for the analysis. The efficacy of the present model in predicting various responses is verified by comparing with three-dimensional elasticity solutions along with the available published results.
Accurate equivalent models of sandwich laminates with honeycomb core and composite face sheets via optimization involving modal behavior
Authors: Çınar Okan , Erdal Merve , Kayran Altan
Published: December 2015

An approach is introduced for determining accurate two-dimensional equivalent laminated models of sandwich laminates with honeycomb core and composite facesheets by optimization involving modal behavior. The approach relies on minimizing the objective function which is defined as the sum of the square of the differences between the natural frequencies of the honeycomb sandwich laminate estimated by the finite element analysis of the 3D detailed model with the actual honeycomb core geometry and by the 2D equivalent laminated model with the honeycomb core replaced by the equivalent 2D orthotropic material model. Equivalent elastic constants of the 2D orthotropic model of the honeycomb core are defined as the design variables of the optimization problem, and a finite element solver and genetic algorithm-based optimizer are coupled to perform the optimization task. Results show that with the optimization-based approach, very accurate 2D equivalent models of honeycomb sandwich laminates are obtained compared to equivalent models obtained by replacing the honeycomb core with elastic constants of the 2D orthotropic material model obtained utilizing analytical models available in the literature.
Three-dimensional modelling of auxetic sandwich panels for localised impact resistance
Authors: Imbalzano Gabriele , Tran Phuong , Ngo Tuan D , Lee Peter VS
Published: December 2015

Sandwich panels with auxetic lattice cores confined between metallic facets are proposed for localised impact resistance applications. Their performance under localised impact is numerically studied, considering the rate-dependent effects. The behaviour of the composite structure material at high strain rates is modelled with the Johnson-Cook model. Parametric analyses are conducted to assess the performance of different designs of the hybrid composite structures. The results are compared with monolithic panels of equivalent areal mass and material in terms of deformations and plastic energy dissipation. Design parameters considered for the parametric analyses include the auxetic unit cell effective Poisson’s ratio, thickness of the facet, material properties and radius of the unit cell’s struts. Significant reduction in computational time is achieved by modelling a quarter of the panel, with shell elements for facets and beam elements for the auxetic core. With projectile impacts up to 200 m/s, the auxetic composite panels are found to be able to absorb a similar amount of energy through plastic deformation, while the maximum back facet displacements are reduced up to 56% due to localised densification and plastic deformation of the auxetic core.
From hobbyists to entrepreneurs
Authors: Jørgensen Kristine , Sandqvist Ulf , Sotamaa Olli
Published: December 2015

This article sheds light on the formation of the Nordic game industry between 1990 and 2005. The first long-lasting game development companies within the region emerged in the early 1990s and one of the factors for the advent of a Nordic industry was the subculture surrounding the demoscene. By selecting three companies in Finland, Norway and Sweden, we look at the transition from subculture into formal companies. The study is informed by an oral history approach, supplemented by a variety of other sources, including industry reports, mainstream press stories and online materials. The article argues that the presence of the demoscene in the Nordic region had an influence on the game companies, but the transition from hobbyism to professional work processes was not straightforward or simple. However, without the demoscene, the game companies would have had a difficult time finding interested and qualified employees.
Racial attitude (dis)similarity and liking in same-race minority interactions
Authors: Garcia Randi L. , Bergsieker Hilary B. , Shelton J. Nicole
Published: December 2015

Two studies investigate the relationship between racial attitude (dis)similarity and interpersonal liking for racial minorities and Whites in same-race and cross-race pairs. In nationally representative and local samples, minorities report personally caring about racial issues more than Whites do (Pilot Study), which we theorize makes racial attitude divergence with ingroup members especially disruptive. Both established friendships (Study 1) and face-to-face interactions among strangers (Study 2) provided evidence for the dissimilarity-repulsion hypothesis in same-race interactions for minorities but not Whites. For minorities, disagreeing with a minority partner or friend about racial attitudes decreased their positivity toward that person. Because minorities typically report caring about race more than Whites, same-race friendships involving shared racial attitudes may be particularly critical sources of social support for them, particularly in predominately White contexts. Understanding challenges that arise in same-race interactions, not just cross-race interactions, can help create environments in which same-race minority friendships flourish.
Multibody dynamics analysis for the coupled vibrations of a power split hybrid electric vehicle during the engine start transition
Authors: Liu Donghao , Yu Haisheng , Zhang Jianwu
Published: December 2015

Minimizing working time of the internal combustion engine is an important method for hybrid electric vehicles to save energy and reduce emissions. However, vibrations caused by frequent engine starts and stops deteriorate driveability and ride comfort. Especially in power split hybrid vehicles, there is no kinematically decoupled device between the engine and transmission, so that vibrations transfer from the powertrain to the car body through not only engine mounts but also the driveline system. Hardware test results show that the longitudinal vibration of seat track is the most severe with a maximum peak-to-peak acceleration of 1.8 m/s2. In this study, dynamic models of the driveline system and the powertrain mounting system are respectively established in detail. The natural characteristic analyses of the two dynamic models reveal that engine order vibrations can stimulate a series of low-frequency resonances during the engine starts, which is finally embodied in the car body vibrations. Then, two dynamic models are coupled together to analyze the transient dynamic characteristics associated with engine starts. It is evident by simulations that the longitudinal vibration of car body is mainly transferred by the driveline, whereas the vertical vibration of car body is mainly transferred by the powertrain mounting system. Besides, the initial crankshaft position of the gasoline engine has an obvious effect on the engine order vibration, and further results in different transient responses of the full vehicle system.
The internationalisation of higher education: Perspectives on self-conceptions in teaching
Authors: Korhonen Vesa , Weil Markus
Published: December 2015

In this article, we aim to identify university teachers’ experiences of their roles and practices in different internationalising higher education environments. Reflections on the university teachers’ self-conceptions are examined using a specific story-writing assignment and content analysis of the stories teachers produce. The method was adapted for different target groups of university teachers in Finland, Switzerland and Germany during the years 2011–2013. The findings show two main orientations of university teachers’ self-conceptions and provide an overview for sustainable action within the internationalisation context.
From Infrastructural Breakdown to Data Vandalism
Authors: Hoyng Rolien
Published: December 2015

The smart city is often approached by its critics as a “system” that exploits optimal connectivity and efficiency for an urban society of control. Meanwhile, the actual operation of “smart city” assemblages in globalizing cities—characterized by development and breakdown, connectivity and disconnection—is seldom the basis of analysis. By focusing on the interplays between these dualities, this article aims to underscore the modalities of power and political possibilities of dissent in Istanbul, Turkey. Data-based smart city apparatuses are supposed to at once fix infrastructural breakdown and stabilize the socio-political order. However, during the Gezi protests of 2013, the integrated tactics of sabotage in urban space and data vandalism in the digital realm undermined both data control by the state and its political authority. Yet Gezi’s example also shows that hyperconnectivity, data motility, and virality by themselves do not necessarily lead to more meaningful participation in urban politics.
Hispanic Male’s Perspectives of Health Behaviors Related to Weight Management
Authors: Garcia David O. , Valdez Luis A. , Hooker Steven P.
Published: December 2015

Hispanic males have the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity among men in the United States; yet are significantly underrepresented in weight loss research. The purpose of the current study was to examine Hispanic male’s perspectives of health behaviors related to weight management to refine the methodologies to deliver a gender-sensitive and culturally sensitive weight loss intervention. From October 2014 to April 2015, semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 overweight Hispanic men of ages 18 to 64 years. The interviews lasted approximately 60 minutes. Participants also completed a brief questionnaire and body weight/height were measured. Grounded in a deductive process, a preliminary codebook was developed based on the topics included in the interview guides. A thematic analysis facilitated the identification of inductive themes and the finalization of the codebook used for transcript analysis. Four overarching themes were identified: (a) general health beliefs of how diet and physical activity behaviors affect health outcomes, (b) barriers to healthy eating and physical activity, (c) motivators for change, and (d) viable recruitment and intervention approaches. Future research should examine feasible and appropriate recruitment and intervention strategies identified by Hispanic males to improve weight management in this vulnerable group.
Opinions and Attitudes About Vasectomy of Married Couples Living in Turkey
Authors: Kısa Sezer , Savaş Esen , Zeyneloğlu Simge , Dönmez Sevgül
Published: December 2015

This study was conducted as a descriptive study, designed to determine the opinions and attitudes of married couples living in Turkey about vasectomy. The sample consisted of 350 women. Researchers used a questionnaire to collect data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used. The results showed that 14% of women and 43.0% of men were of the opinion that undergoing a vasectomy procedure was a sin. Chi-square analysis determined statistically significant differences between the male and female groups ( p < .05). More than 88.0% of the men were not willing to have vasectomy and 35.4% thought that vasectomy had a negative effect on marriage and sexual health. In addition, 58.9% thought that vasectomy had a negative effect on men’s health. Women were more likely than men to see vasectomy as merely a cultural taboo instead of a sin. Sociocultural factors, such as ideas that contraception is the woman’s responsibility, that sterilized men lose status in society, or that sterilized men lose authority in the family, as well as misconceptions about vasectomy such as concerns about sexual functioning, psychological effects, and effects on physical strength, were determined to be the main barriers for vasectomy use in Turkish culture. The study recommends determining strategies for overcoming sociocultural barriers by raising awareness and increasing the utilization of vasectomy. Couple-specific family planning programs can make an important contribution toward improving awareness of the benefits of vasectomy.
Endovascular coiling of small intracranial aneurysms using a very soft bare platinum coil: A comparison of the packing performance of new and old HyperSoft® helical coils
Authors: Ren Hecheng , Wei Ming , Yin Long , Ma Lin , Peng Longfeng
Published: December 2015

Aims

Soft and small coils are known to be appropriate for the treatment of small aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the new HyperSoft® helical coil, which is softer and smaller than its predecessors, has any effect on the packing performance in a matched-pair study with an old HyperSoft® helical coil.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six consecutive patients harboring 43 cerebral aneurysms treated with new HyperSofts were included in this study. Forty-one aneurysms treated with old HyperSofts were identified from our database as matched controls based on similar volumes and locations. Packing attenuation, adverse events during the procedures, and angiographic occlusions were observed and compared between the two groups.

Results

The mean packing density was significantly higher in the new HyperSoft® group compared to the control group (35.5% vs. 26.9%), and a larger proportion of the aneurysms embolized with the 1.5 mm size coil, which has higher packing density. There was no difference in immediate and midterm angiographic outcomes. There was no difference in the rate of intraprocedural perforation, but there was no intraprocedural rupture related to the 1.5 mm coil.

Conclusions

The use of new HyperSoft® helical coils allows higher packing density comparable with the old technology. New HyperSoft® coils, especially those with 1.5 mm loop diameter, can be expected to fill smaller residual spaces in small aneurysms and may be helpful in preventing recanalization.
Management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage with intracerebral hematoma: Is there an indication for coiling first? Study of 44 cases
Authors: Salaud Céline , Hamel Olivier , Riem Tanguy , Desal Hubert , Buffenoir Kevin
Published: December 2015

Background

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (ASH) with intracerebral hematoma (ICH) has a poor prognosis. The treatment is to secure the aneurysm and do an ICH evacuation.

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine if aneurysm coiling followed by ICH evacuation is a viable alternative treatment compared to exclusive surgery, regardless of the clinical or paraclinical presentations.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted between 2004 and 2014, which included 44 patients. The patients were divided up in four groups. Two were principal groups: The clipped group (aneurysm clipping with ICH evacuation) and the coiled group (aneurysm coiling, followed by ICH evacuation); and two were subgroups of the latter: Aneurysm coiling with ICH evacuation after 24 hours and ICH evacuation followed by aneurysm coiling. We studied the demographic and radiologic characteristics, and the 3-month outcome.

Results

We included 17 patients in the coiled group: The outcome was better for the patients with World Federation of Neurosurgery (WFNS) scores of 1, 2 and 3; compared to the patients with WFNS scores 4 and 5. We included 16 patients in the clipped group: The outcome was better, compared the coiled group, for those patients with WFNS scores 4 and 5. Six patients were treated with aneurysm coiling, followed by ICH evacuation after 24 hours: 33% had a good outcome. Five patients were treated by ICH evacuation, followed by aneurysm coiling: None had a good outcome.

Conclusions

It was necessary to realise a prospective study to compare the outcomes of patients with WFNS scores of 1, 2 or 3; between those with aneurysm coiling followed by ICH evacuation and aneurysm clipping with ICH evacuation, to determine the potential of using the coiling first, for these patients.
The EU through the eyes of Chinese social media: A case study of the official micro-blog of Chinese Foreign Ministry
Authors: Song Lilei , Bian Qing
Published: December 2015

To promote public understanding of Europe and Sino-European relations, on 24 August 2012, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China opened an official micro-blog through a Sina Weibo account named ‘@Zhongou Xinshi’ (means ‘Sino–Europe messenger’ in English). This article uses content analysis methods to examine the posts in this micro-blog so as to find out what is European Union's image in the eyes of Chinese official social media. The main findings of this study revealed that the image of Europe shaped in this Weibo is neutral, i.e., no anti-European sentiments are being expressed. The authors suggest that Chinese authorities need to make efforts to promote dialogue between China and Europe to accurately and effectively communicate via social media.
Catheter-related thrombosis: A practical approach
Authors: Wall Caroline , Moore John , Thachil Jecko
Published: December 2015

Catheter-related thrombosis is a relatively common complication of central venous catheter insertion. Central venous catheter use is ubiquitous in the critical care setting and often in patients with multiple risk factors for venous thromboembolism. With a trend towards increased use of peripherally inserted central catheters, the incidence of catheter-related thrombosis is likely to increase further. Despite the scale of the problem, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidelines concerning the management of patients with catheter-related thrombosis, particularly in critically unwell patients. This has led to heterogeneity in clinical practice. In this review, we describe the risk factors for developing catheter-related thrombosis and provide practical advice for clinicians on how to recognise, diagnose and treat this common problem.
Use of digital images to aid in the decision-making for acute upper extremity trauma referral
Authors: Plant M. A. , Novak C. B. , McCabe S. J. , von Schroeder H. P.
Published: December 2015

This study evaluated the use of digital smartphone images in the decision-making for acute upper extremity trauma referrals. Surgeons ( n = 15) were presented with ten upper limb trauma scenarios for consideration of immediate transfer. Based on verbal history and with additional images, participants were asked questions regarding diagnosis, injured tissues, recommended management and diagnostic and treatment confidence. Statistical analyses evaluated confidence level changes and relationships between confidence levels and independent variables. Confidence levels for diagnosis and treatment were increased with the provision of smartphone images, and this was statistically significant. The decision to transfer was changed in 22%. The photographs were more useful for amputation versus non-amputation injuries (diagnosis and treatment) and hand versus forearm injuries (diagnosis), and these differences reached statistical significance. Smartphone digital images were shown to be useful for decision-making in acute upper extremity trauma referrals. This improved communication may have implications for health cost savings and patient burden by minimizing unnecessary acute transfers.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III
Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear
Authors: Patton Declan A , McIntosh Andrew S
Published: December 2015

Laboratory and epidemiological research in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union has demonstrated that commercially available soft-shell padded headgear is currently ineffective in reducing the risk of concussion. However, modified headgear studies have demonstrated that significant improvements in impact energy attenuation performance are possible with small design changes, such as increases in foam density and thickness. A literature review of the design, performance and use of headgear in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union was conducted. A total of 23 articles were identified using primary and secondary search strategies, which included epidemiological field studies, laboratory impact test studies and studies investigating the behaviours and attitudes of players. The results of the review were synthesised and used to identify injury reduction objectives and appropriate design criteria. The need for a headgear standard was identified and performance requirements were discussed, which drew upon human tolerance and sports-specific head impact exposure data. Usability and behavioural issues, which require consideration during the design process, were also assessed.
Patient-Based Long-Term Results of the Surgical Treatment of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus
Authors: Symeonidis Panagiotis , Christodoulou Andreas , Mareti Evaggelia , Eleftherochorinou Areti , Gkourani Syrmatenia , Mbeslikas Theodoros , Kyrkos John
Published: December 2015

Long-term results of surgical treatment for congenital talipes equinovarus are documented in the literature but mainly in correlation with clinical and radiographic objective criteria. We present a retrospective study of 48 patients who underwent surgical correction (extended Cincinnati type “a la carte” approach) in our department with an average of 17 years’ follow-up. Patients were interviewed and completed a validated disease specific instrument, which evaluates foot function as well as patients’ satisfaction, the use of orthotics, shoe size, and the impact of this operation in their adult life. Parameters such as gender, age at first surgery, side affected, and the number of procedures were also studied. According to our findings, the greater the age at last surgery, the worse the outcome. Quality-of-life issues were expressed at a higher rate among women and by patients that underwent multiple surgeries. Unilateral correction has a correlation with the shoe size. Even if a “successful” surgical correction is achieved, residual symptoms may alter walking ability, self-image, and shoe wearing in adult life. It would be valuable to continue to follow these patients up over time.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case series
Hate Crimes in Post-9/11 Pennsylvania
Authors: Nelson Matthew S. , Wooditch Alese , Martin Favian Alejandro , Hummer Don , Gabbidon Shaun L.
Published: December 2015

Extant research suggests that police involvement with hate crimes and bias incidents may be affected by case- and community-level characteristics. Triggering events, such as the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11), or the recent heated debates concerning illegal immigration, may also mediate this relationship. The present study builds on prior research by replicating the work of Wilson and Ruback (2003), which explored whether historical events, case characteristics, and community demographics are significantly associated with police involvement and response to bias-motivated offenses. The goals of this study were twofold: (1) to determine if the level of police response to bias-motivated incidents changed significantly post-9/11 and (2) to determine the extent to which case- and community-level factors are associated with police involvement. The findings illustrate that a significant increase in police response to hate crimes and bias incidents occurred post-9/11, and that both case- and community-level characteristics affect police involvement.
Anticonvulsant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Citrullus colocynthis Fruit
Authors: Mehrzadi Saeed , Shojaii Asie , Pur Sogol Attari , Motevalian Manijeh
Published: December 2015

This study investigated the anticonvulsant activity of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract used traditionally in the treatment of convulsion. Albino mice were pretreated with extract in different doses (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg), prior to injection of pentylenetetrazole. Animals received pretreatments with naloxone and flumazenil to further clarify the mechanisms of anticonvulsant action. The total flavonoid content of Citrullus colocynthis extract was also determined. Citrullus colocynthis hydroalcoholic extract with doses 25 and 50 mg/kg prolonged the onset of seizures and decreased the duration compared with control group. Pretreatment by flumazenil could inhibit the effect of Citrullus colocynthis on latency of seizure to some extent and administration of naloxone significantly inhibited changes in latency and duration of seizure produced by Citrullus colocynthis. This study showed that Citrullus colocynthis has significant anticonvulsant effect in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice, and these effects may be related to its effect on γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic and opioid systems. These results confirmed the traditional use of Citrullus colocynthis in Iranian traditional medicine.
Strategy and Sustainability at HSE: Managing a Utilities Company in Times of the Energiewende
Authors: Hahn Rüdiger , Lülfs Regina
Published: December 2015

The case introduces the situation of HSE, a mid-sized German utilities company and leading provider of green energy in the year 2014. The German energy industry used to be very traditional with low levels of innovation. This changed with a major deregulation of the market in 1998, which subsequently led to a severe market shake-up. Established players encountered significant challenges and new players saw chances to enter the market. After the deregulation, HSE successfully transitioned from a regional energy provider operating in a secure and regulated monopoly to a successful nationwide player investing in green energy production. Thus, the company seemed well suited to adapt to the next major disruption in the market: the Energiewende. This term describes Germany’s transition to a sustainable energy system. The German government introduced several regulatory measures to boost green energy; however, details of these regulations changed frequently so that it was difficult for companies to predict future developments and also HSE suffered from these uncertainties. The case describes this situation, the company’s many efforts in sustainability, its situation as a leading provider of green energy and the strategic and operational challenges it faces in terms of regulation, market demand, product differentiation and strategic choice.