bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mono‐block and non‐matching multi‐block structured mesh adaptation based on aerodynamic functional total derivatives for RANS flow
Authors: Resmini A. , Peter J. , Lucor D.
Published: August 2016

An enhanced goal‐oriented mesh adaptation method is presented based on aerodynamic functional total derivatives with respect to mesh nodes in a Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) finite‐volume mono‐block and non‐matching multi‐block‐structured grid framework. This method falls under the category of methods involving the adjoint vector of the function of interest. The contribution of a Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is taken into account through its linearization. Meshes are adapted accordingly to the proposed indicator. Applications to 2D RANS flow about a RAE2822 airfoil in transonic, and detached subsonic conditions are presented for the drag coefficient estimation. The asset of the proposed method is patent. The obtained 2D anisotropic mono‐block mesh well captures flow features as well as global aerodynamic functionals. Interestingly, the constraints imposed by structured grids may be relaxed by the use of non‐matching multi‐block approach that limits the outward propagation of local mesh refinement through all of the computational domain. The proposed method also leads to accurate results for these multi‐block meshes but at a fraction of the cost. Finally, the method is also successfully applied to a more complex geometry, namely, a mono‐block mesh in a 3D RANS transonic flow about an M6 wing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MicroRNAs role as potential biomarkers and key regulators in melanoma
Authors: Varamo Chiara , Occelli Marcella , Vivenza Daniela , Merlano Marco , Lo Nigro Cristiana
Published: August 2016

Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive skin cancer with high incidence worldwide. It originates from melanocytes and is characterized by invasion, early metastasis and despite the use of new drugs it is still characterized by high mortality. Since an early diagnosis determines a better prognosis, it is important to explore novel prognostic markers in the management of patients with MM. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (∼22 nucleotides) single‐stranded non‐coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of more than 60% of human genes.miRNAs alterations are involved in several cancers, including MM, where a differential expression for some of them has been reported between healthy controls and MM patients. Moreover, since miRNAs are stable and easily detectable in body fluids, they might be considered as robust candidate biomarkers useful to identify risk of MM, to diagnose an early lesion and/or an early metastatic disease. This review highlights the importance of miRNAs as risk factors, prognostic factors and their role as molecular regulator in the development and progression of MM. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Language learning from inconsistent input: Bilingual and monolingual toddlers compared
Authors: de Bree Elise , Verhagen Josje , Kerkhoff Annemarie , Doedens Willemijn , Unsworth Sharon
Published: August 2016

This study examines novel language learning from inconsistent input in monolingual and bilingual toddlers. We predicted an advantage for the bilingual toddlers on the basis of the structural sensitivity hypothesis. Monolingual and bilingual 24‐month‐olds performed two novel language learning experiments. The first contained consistent input, and the second occasionally contained inconsistent input (i.e., “errors”). Neither group showed learning of the novel pattern in the consistent experiment. The bilingual toddlers, but not the monolinguals, showed learning in the inconsistent experiment, which suggests they are better at detecting regularities from inconsistent input than monolinguals.

Highlights

Language learning experiments consider consistent input, whereas inconsistent input is likely to occur in real life.

Monolingual and bilingual toddlers' performance on a language learning task of non‐adjacent dependencies was assessed, using inconsistent input.

The group of bilingual toddlers was able to find the language pattern despite the inconsistencies, whereas the group of monolingual toddlers was not.
Preoperative metabolic syndrome and prognosis after radical resection for colorectal cancer: The Fujian prospective investigation of cancer (FIESTA) study
Authors: Peng Feng , Hu Dan , Lin Xiandong , Chen Gang , Liang Binying , Zhang Hejun , Ji Kaida , Huang Jun , Lin Jinxiu , Zheng Xiongwei , Niu Wenquan
Published: August 2016

This prospective study sought to investigate the prediction of preoperative metabolic syndrome and its components for the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality by analyzing a subset of data from the ongoing Fujian prospective investigation of cancer (FIESTA) study. In total, 1,318 CRC patients who received radical resection were consecutively enrolled between January 2000 and December 2008. The median follow‐up time was 58.6 months, with 412 deaths from CRC. The CRC patients with metabolic syndrome had significantly shorter median survival time (MST) than those without (50.9 vs. 170.3 months, p < 0.001). Among four components of metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia was the strongest predictor and its presence was associated with shorter MST than its absence (44.4 vs. 170.3 months, p < 0.001). Moreover, the complication of metabolic syndrome in CRC patients was associated with a 2.98‐fold increased risk of CRC mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.40–3.69, p < 0.001) after adjusting for confounding factors. The magnitude of this association was especially potentiated in CRC patients with tumor‐node‐metastasis stage I/II (HR = 3.94, 95% CI: 2.65–5.85, p < 0.001), invasion depth T1/T2 (HR = 5.41, 95% CI: 2.54–11.50, p < 0.001), regional lymph node metastasis N0 (HR = 4.06, 95% CI: 2.85‐5.80, p < 0.001) and negative distant metastasis (HR = 3.23, 95% CI: 2.53–4.12, p < 0.001). Further survival tree analysis reinforced the prognostic capability of fasting blood glucose in CRC survival. Our findings convincingly demonstrated that preoperative metabolic syndrome, especially hyperglycemia, was a robust predictor for CRC mortality, and the protection was more obvious in patients with Stage I/II.
Coffee and green tea consumption in relation to brain tumor risk in a Japanese population
Authors: Ogawa Takahiro , Sawada Norie , Iwasaki Motoki , Budhathoki Sanjeev , Hidaka Akihisa , Yamaji Taiki , Shimazu Taichi , Sasazuki Shizuka , Narita Yoshitaka , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   Japan Public Health Center‐Based Prospective Study Group
Published: August 2016

Few prospective studies have investigated the etiology of brain tumor, especially among Asian populations. Both coffee and green tea are popular beverages, but their relation with brain tumor risk, particularly with glioma, has been inconsistent in epidemiological studies. In this study, we evaluated the association between coffee and greed tea intake and brain tumor risk in a Japanese population. We evaluated a cohort of 106,324 subjects (50,438 men and 55,886 women) in the Japan Public Health Center‐Based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). Subjects were followed from 1990 for Cohort I and 1993 for Cohort II until December 31, 2012. One hundred and fifty‐seven (70 men and 87 women) newly diagnosed cases of brain tumor were identified during the study period. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for the association between coffee or green tea consumption and brain tumor risk were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. We found a significant inverse association between coffee consumption and brain tumor risk in both total subjects (≥3 cups/day; HR = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.22–0.98) and in women (≥3 cups/day; HR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.06–0.99), although the number of cases in the highest category was small. Furthermore, glioma risk tended to decrease with higher coffee consumption (≥3 cups/day; HR = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.16–1.80). No association was seen between green tea and brain tumor risk. In conclusion, our study suggested that coffee consumption might reduce the risk of brain tumor, including that of glioma, in the Japanese population.
Capillary Imbibition of Gadolinium Halides into WS2 Nanotubes: a Molecular Dynamics View
Authors: Deepak Francis Leonard , Enyashin Andrey N.
Published: August 2016

The structure of the molten salts GdX3, where X denotes Cl, Br, or I, and the kinetics of their penetration into WS2 nanotubes were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The GdCl3 and GdBr3 melts are found to comprise an amorphous framework structure with substantial intermediate‐range ordering, as manifested by pair distribution, and angle‐resolved pair‐pair distribution functions associated with cationic correlations. In contrast, the GdI3 melt is a liquid with short‐range cationic ordering. These structural peculiarities cause dramatically different mobility of Gd cations among pure GdX3 melts and explain the relative difference in the capillary activity of WS2 nanotubes regarding the melts, as observed in preliminary experiments. Extended MD simulations of GdCl3 dissolved in molten KCl predict the total degradation of the GdCl3 framework structure below 40 mol %, although no essential uptake of Gd cations by the WS2 nanotube is observed, due to more progressive diffusion of K cations. Our theory suggests that, among the considered halides, only the GdI3 compound is suitable for Gd encapsulation into WS2 nanotubes employing the capillary technique.
Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Derivatized Cyclodextrins in the Flavour and Fragrance Field
Authors: Cagliero Cecilia , Sgorbini Barbara , Cordero Chiara , Liberto Erica , Rubiolo Patrizia , Bicchi Carlo
Published: August 2016

This article deals with enantioselective gas chromatography (Es‐GC) utilizing cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for chiral recognition in the flavour and fragrance field. It consists of two main parts. The first one concerns cyclodextrins and their use in Es‐GC, and it deals with their introduction and evolution as CSPs in GC, together with some theoretical aspects involved with enantiomeric separation and their consequent influence on routine chiral recognition. The second part reports on the strategy of chiral recognition in routine analysis with cyclodextrin derivatives as CSP, illustrated with examples from the authors’ everyday experiences. This part describes how to identify enantiomers or to measure their excess or ratio determination in complex mixtures; in particular, it discusses the opportunities offered by multidimensional and fast GC techniques, the role of mass spectrometry, and the application of total analysis systems to chiral recognition.
A Comparison Study Between Point‐of‐Care Testing Systems and Central Laboratory for Determining Blood Glucose in Venous Blood
Authors: Wei Huiping , Lan Fang , He Qitian , Li Haiwei , Zhang Fuyong , Qin Xue , Li Shan
Published: August 2016

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterized by hyperglycemia. Blood glucose (BG) is helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and an important part of the management of diabetes. Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) is generally used by patients themselves or medical personnel to monitor BG. The objective of this article was to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of POCT on venous blood samples and compare it with the central laboratory system to determine the reliability of POCT measurement results as diagnostic criteria.

Method

A total of 162 venous whole blood samples were pooled in this study, which included different concentrations and were determined by three POCT systems randomly. The results were compared with the central laboratory system, which uses the Glucose GOD‐PAP method (HITACHI 7600‐120). The accuracy was evaluated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013.

Result

Bland‐Altman and Passing‐Bablok regression analysis showed three POCT systems that were comparable with the reference method (0.65, 95% CI: −0.57 to 1.86, Y = −0.11 + 0.95X for ACCU‐CHEK®Performa; 0.40, 95% CI: −1.3 to 2.1, Y = 0.036 + 0.96X for ACCU‐CHEK®Active; 0.70, 95% CI: −0.44 to 1.83, Y = −0.073 + 0.95X for OneTouch ®UltraVue). According to ISO 15197:2013, all POCT systems showed 100% of the results within 0.83 mmol/l (15 mg/dl) at BG concentrations <5.55 mmol/l (100 mg/dl); 92%, 89.2%, and 95.7% of the measurement results within 15% at BG concentrations ≥5.55 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) for ACCU‐CHEK®Performa, ACCU‐CHEK®Active, and OneTouch®UltraVue, respectively.

Conclusions

The POCT system cannot replace the central laboratory system as a provider of a standard result in clinical diagnosis. It can only be used as a screening test.
Mitigation of Initial Cardiodynamic Effects of the S1P1 Receptor Modulator Ponesimod Using a Novel Up‐Titration Regimen
Authors: Juif Pierre‐Eric , Hoch Matthias , Vaclavkova Andrea , Krause Andreas , Bush Jim , Dingemanse Jasper
Published: August 2016

Ponesimod, a potent selective sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 1 modulator, leads to a reduction in circulating total lymphocyte count and transient decreases in heart rate (HR). Based on a modeling and simulation approach, this study was conducted to investigate whether a gradual up‐titration regimen may mitigate these cardiodynamic effects. In this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, 2‐way crossover study, 32 healthy participants (15 males) received placebo on day 1 followed by multiple‐dose administration of either ponesimod or placebo (ratio 3:1). Ponesimod was administered alternately using regimen A (incremental dose increase from 2 to 20 mg in 9 steps) or B (10 mg for 7 days followed by a single‐dose administration of 20 mg). Cardiodynamic (Holter and 12‐lead ECG), pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic (total lymphocyte count), and safety variables were assessed. After first‐dose ponesimod administration (day 2), a transient decrease in HR was observed (nadir 2‐3 hours postdose, back to predose values within 4‐5 hours) of approximately 6 and 12 beats/min (bpm) (mean) following regimens A and B, respectively. On day 2, occurrence of HR <45 bpm, HR decrease from baseline of over 20 bpm, PR interval ≥200 milliseconds, or PR interval increase from baseline >20 ms, was lower following regimen A than B (14 vs 43 events). During the course of the study, incidence of HR <45 bpm was lower following regimen A than B (20 vs 58 events). Fewer participants reported adverse events following regimen A than B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were similar between the regimens. The novel gradual up‐titration with ponesimod markedly mitigated initial cardiodynamic effects.
Pharmacokinetics of Venetoclax, a Novel BCL‐2 Inhibitor, in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Salem Ahmed Hamed , Agarwal Suresh K. , Dunbar Martin , Enschede Sari L. Heitner , Humerickhouse Rod A. , Wong Shekman L.
Published: August 2016

Venetoclax is a selective BCL‐2 inhibitor that is approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with 17p deletion who have received at least 1 prior therapy. The aim of this analysis was to characterize venetoclax pharmacokinetics in the plasma and urine of patients with hematological malignancies and evaluate the effect of dose proportionality, accumulation, weak and moderate CYP3A inhibitors, as well as low‐ and high‐fat meals on venetoclax pharmacokinetics. Patients received a once‐daily venetoclax dose of 20 to 1200 mg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. Venetoclax peak exposures were achieved at 5 to 8 hours under low‐fat conditions, and the mean terminal‐phase elimination half‐life ranged between 14.1 and 18.2 hours at different doses. Venetoclax steady‐state exposures showed minimal accumulation and increased proportionally over the dose range of 300 to 900 mg. Low‐fat and high‐fat meals increased venetoclax exposures by approximately 4‐fold relative to the fasting state. Moderate CYP3A inhibitors increased venetoclax exposures by 40% to 60%, whereas weak CYP3A inhibitors had no effect. A negligible amount of venetoclax was excreted in the urine. In summary, venetoclax exhibits a pharmacokinetic profile that is compatible with once‐daily dosing with food regardless of fat content. Concomitant use of venetoclax with moderate CYP3A inhibitors should be avoided or venetoclax dose should be reduced during the venetoclax initiation and ramp‐up phase in CLL patients. Renal excretion plays a minimal role in the elimination of venetoclax.
WALKING THE TIGHTROPE: THE COMMITTEE ON THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND ACADEMIC CULTURES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1949–1955
Authors: FONTAINE PHILIPPE
Published: August 2016

The Chicago Committee on the Behavioral Sciences occupies a special place in the eponymous movement. Involving prominent figures such as psychologist James G. Miller and neurophysiologist Ralph W. Gerard, this committee embodied the common belief among behavioral scientists that a cross‐disciplinary approach using natural science methods was key to understanding major issues facing mid‐century American society. This interdivisional committee fell under the jurisdiction of both the natural and social sciences. As such, its flagship project, an institute of mental sciences, had to face the reluctance both of natural scientists who thought it inadequately scientific and of social scientists who regard its efforts as too narrow in scope and too biological in orientation. Though it failed in its main objective to create an institute, the committee was a formidable instrument of intellectual stimulation and socialization for its members. It provided them with an opportunity to familiarize themselves with each other's scientific backgrounds, practices and jargons, realize the significance of academic cultural differences and learn ways to accommodate them.
Quantification of isoflavones in coffee by using solid phase extraction (SPE) and high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS)
Authors: Caprioli Giovanni , Navarini Luciano , Cortese Manuela , Ricciutelli Massimo , Torregiani Elisabetta , Vittori Sauro , Sagratini Gianni
Published: August 2016

A new method for extracting isoflavones from espresso coffee (EC) was coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the first time to analyse five isoflavones, which included both a glycosilated form, genistin and the aglycons daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A. Isoflavones were extracted from coffee samples using methanol, stored in a freezer overnight to precipitate proteic or lipidic residues and purified on SPE C18 cartridges before high‐performance liquid chromatography–MS/MS analysis. The recovery percentages obtained by spiking the matrix at concentrations of 10 and 100 µg l−1 with a standard mixture of isoflavones were in the range of 70 to 104%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.015–0.3 µg l−1 and 0.05–1 µg l−1, respectively. Once validated, the method was used to analyze the concentrations of isoflavones in six ECs and ten ground coffee samples. Only formononetin and biochanin A were found, and their respective concentrations ranged from 0.36 to 0.41 µg l−1 and from 0.58 to 3.26 µg l−1 in ECs and from 0.36 to 4.27 µg kg−1 and from 0.71 to 3.95 µg kg−1 in ground coffees. This method confirms the high specificity and selectivity of MS/MS systems for detecting bioactives in complex matrices such as coffee.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metamaterial characterization by applying different boundary conditions on triangular split ring resonator type metamaterials
Authors: Bakır Mehmet , Karaaslan Muharrem , Dincer Furkan , Sabah Cumali
Published: August 2016

This study aims to demonstrate the effects of the different boundary conditions on triangular split ring resonator (TSRR)‐shaped metamaterials in X band frequency regime. Three different TSSR‐shaped metamaterials are designed and simulated in a certain frequency range. TSSR‐shaped metamaterials are utilized to show that the use of different boundary conditions may result in completely different electromagnetic responses. Characterization is explained by applying 5 different boundary conditions. To verify simulation results, an experimental study is realized for the unit cell boundary condition. Both experimental and simulation results are complying with each other. For further investigation, electrical energy density and surface current distributions are simulated and discussed.
Grain quality characteristics and dough rheological properties in Langdon durum–wild emmer wheat chromosome substitution lines under nitrogen and water deficits
Authors: Salmanowicz Bolesław P , Langner Monika , Mrugalska Beata , Ratajczak Dominika , Górny Andrzej G
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Wild emmer wheat could serve as a source of novel variation in grain quality and stress resistance for wheat breeding. A set of Triticum durum–T. dicoccoides chromosome substitution lines [LDN(DIC)] and the parental recipient cv. Langdon grown under contrasting water and nitrogen availability in the soil was examined in this study to identify differences in grain quality traits and dough rheological properties.

RESULTS

Significant genotypic variation was found among the materials for studied traits. This variation was also considerably affected by soil treatments and G × E interactions. The substitutions LDN(DIC‐1A) and LDN(DIC‐1B) showed separate differentiation in the composition of glutenin sub‐units. The results indicated that primarily chromosome DIC‐6B is stable source of an enhanced grain protein content and advantageous dough rheological properties. Similar features seem to be shown by the substitutions with the DIC‐1A, DIC‐2A and DIC‐6A, but not under nitrogen shortage, when generally a considerable decrease was noticed in the range of genotypic variation in grain quality.

CONCLUSIONS

The substitution lines, particularly those with DIC‐6B and DIC‐6A and to a lesser extent DIC‐1A and DIC‐2A, were distinguished by advantageous grain quality traits, mixing properties and dough functionality and appear to be the most promising sources of innovative genes for wheat breeding. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Silkworm pupae oil exerts hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects in high‐cholesterol diet‐fed rats
Authors: Zou Yuxiao , Hu Tenggen , Shi Ying , Liao Sentai , Liu Jun , Mu Lixia , Chen C‐Y Oliver
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Silkworm pupae is a good resource of edible oil that is especially rich in unsaturated fatty acids and is considered to be an excellent dietary supplement for hyperlipidemia.

RESULTS

Groups fed a high‐cholesterol diet (HCD) with silkworm pupae oil (SPO) supplementation (1, 2, or 4 mL kg−1 day−1) orally had significantly lower levels of serum total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05) compared to the HCD group. With regard to antioxidant parameters, except for levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in the liver, 2 and 4 mL kg−1 day−1 of SPO supplementation leaded to higher total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05), superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and GSH‐Px levels (P < 0.05), as well as lower malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05), both in serum and liver compared to the HCD group.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicate that supplementation with SPO can improve lipid profiles and alleviate oxidative stress in high‐cholesterol diet‐fed rats. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Microfluidics and Macromolecules: Top‐Down Analytics and Bottom‐Up Engineering of Soft Matter at Small Scales
Authors: Seiffert Sebastian
Published: August 2016

Microfluidics is the art of creating and manipulating small portions of fluids. A typical variant of this art is fluid transport within small channels, either in form of laminar co‐flow of miscible streams or in form of segmented‐flow dripping and jetting of immiscible streams. Either method provides means to expose components of interest to defined local conditions such as spatially controlled concentration profiles that could not be established without the microfluidic auxiliaries. This ability renders microfluidics uniquely useful as both a method for advanced analytics and synthesis. This article sheds a spotlight on the use and utility of this method in macromolecular chemistry and physics. In this field, the synthetic aspect of microfluidics has been widely explored in macromolecular materials engineering, primarily by the use of droplets as templates to form various types of polymeric particles and capsules, whereas the analytical aspect has most prominently been employed for research on biopolymers.

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Radical Trap‐Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Coupling of Diblock Copolymers as a Method of Forming Triblock Copolymers
Authors: McFadden Benjamin D. , Arce Maya M. , Carnicom Elizabeth M. , Herman Julie , Abrusezze Jessica , Tillman Eric S.
Published: August 2016

The formation of ABA‐type triblock copolymers is studied as a function of chain end structure of the second block (benzylic alkyl bromides compared to α‐bromo esters) and the inclusion of the radical trap 2‐methyl‐2‐nitrosopropane (MNP) in the coupling reaction. In the case of coupling poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐polystyrene (PMMA‐b‐PSBr), both traditional atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) reactions and analogous radical trap‐assisted ATRC (RTA‐ATRC) reactions lead to ABA‐type triblock copolymers. Contrastively, coupling of polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl acrylate) precursors is unsuccessful in ATRC reactions lacking the nitroso radical trap, yet forming high amounts of triblock in analogous RTA‐ATRC reactions, consistent with lower KATRP values of the chain end α‐bromo ester. Synthesis of the triblocks is also attempted using coupling reactions of dibrominated PS and monobrominated poly(methyl acrylate), relying on selective coupling to be successful. In the presence of the radical trap MNP, substantial coupling is observed with gel permeation chromatography data indicating the formation of the triblock. Traditional ATRC reactions performed in an analogous manner do not produce the triblock to an appreciable extent, with lowered extents of coupling overall.

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An Injectable Hydrogel with Excellent Self‐Healing Property Based on Quadruple Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Zhang Guangzhao , Ngai To , Deng Yonghong , Wang Chaoyang
Published: August 2016

Injectable polymeric hydrogels with self‐healing property are extremely appealing in biomedical applications for the reason that they could be transplanted via direct injection, which causes minimal invasion to human body. This work presents a novel injectable hydrogel based on strong interaction of quadruple hydrogen bonding from ureido pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties. A new monomer ureido pyrimidinone‐diisocyanate‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐methylene acrylic ester (named UPy‐NMA) carrying UPy moiety is synthesized for the first time and copolymerized with acrylamide to prepare hydrogel copolymer (PAU). The hydrogel is prepared by dissolving corresponding copolymer into deionized water under certain conditions. Mechanical property of prepared hydrogel is measured by rheometer and the results show that the developed hydrogel display excellent self‐healing ability as well as outstanding injectable property. In addition, adequate pore size of hydrogels from scanning electron microscopy also hints that the fabricated hydrogel can provide an intriguing glimpse for potential applications of tissue engineering.

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Highly Crystallized Brilliant Polymeric Photonic Crystals via Repulsion‐Induced Precipitation Assembly toward Multiresponsive Colorimetric Films
Authors: Tan Peng‐Feng , Wang Cai‐Feng , Wang Xiao‐Qiao , Ji Wen‐Qing , Chen Min , Chen Su
Published: August 2016

The construction of high‐quality 3D polymeric photonic crystal (PC) films featuring fascinating tunable optical properties in a facile and time‐efficient way remains a major concern. Herein, the rapid assembly of highly crystallized brilliant flexible 3D polymeric PC films and their application for multiresponsive colorimetric sensing are demonstrated. Monochromatic PC films with remarkably distinct structural color, narrow half‐band width (27 nm), and broad tunability of band‐gaps (from blue to red) are generated within seconds from highly concentrated and charged colloids (51 vol%, −57.6 mV) embedded in poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) matrix. A repulsion‐induced precipitation assembly is found to be responsible for the ultrafast formation of close‐packed PC colloidal arrays. Besides, the resultant PC films exhibit ultrasensitive and fast response to external stimuli, revealed by interesting droplet diffusion experiments. Thus these PC films can serve as efficient colorimetric sensing materials to visually determine diverse species including trace ionic strength (2.9 ppm), minor surfactant (1 × 10−3m), alcohol, and pH variation (1.0–13.9).

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Some aspects of Property for
Authors: Zhang Yue
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we discuss the invariance property of Property under holomorphic maps on any compact subset in . An obstruction to Property of any compact subset regarding the fine topology is also given, which generalizes a classical result of N. Sibony on the complex plane.
Mechanistic insights into the vascular effects of blueberries: Evidence from recent studies
Authors: Cutler Brett Ronald , Petersen Chrissa , Anandh Babu Pon Velayutham
Published: August 2016

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Dietary habits influence a variety of cardiovascular complications such as peripheral artery disease, heart failure, and kidney disease. We along with others have previously reported the cardiovascular beneficial effects of dietary flavonoids. Anthocyanins, one class of flavonoids widely available in berries, have recently drawn wide scientific attention because of their diverse health benefits. Epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies indicate that blueberry anthocyanins exert protection against cardiovascular complications by acting on multiple targets in the vascular system. These include activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling, reducing oxidative stress, improving inflammatory pathways, and ameliorating dyslipidemia. Anthocyanins are extensively metabolized in humans suggesting that their vascular benefits are likely mediated by their circulating metabolites. However, the bioactivities of blueberry metabolites are unknown. Evaluating the bioactivities of metabolites, analyzing their structure‐activity relationship, and well‐designed human trials are needed to understand the potential vascular effects of blueberries and their metabolites. Understanding the vascular effects will provide a solid scientific foundation to recommend blueberries to improve vascular health. This review highlights the recent developments in the understanding of the vascular effects of blueberries with special emphasis on the molecular mechanisms involved.
Characterization of clastic rock using a biconcave bond model of DEM
Authors: Chiu C.‐C. , Weng M.‐C. , Huang T.‐H.
Published: August 2016

This paper presents a biconcave bond model to investigate the effect of the cementation between grains on the mechanical behavior of rock. The proposed model considers the shape of the bonds among particles that have a biconcave cement form, based on observations of microscopic rock images. The general equations of the proposed model are based on Dvorkin theory. The accuracy and efficiency of the bond model is improved in three ways. After the biconcave bond model is implemented in the discrete element method software Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions, a series of numerical uniaxial compression tests were performed to investigate the relationships between the micro‐ to macro‐parameters. The simulations revealed that the biconcave bond model reflects the effect of micro‐parameters, such as the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the cement, on the macroscopic deformation of cemented granular material. Variations in the bond geometry caused extremely diverse macro‐mechanical behaviors. Experimental results concerning rock demonstrate that the biconcave bond model accurately captures the mechanical behavior of intact rock and supports an innovative method for investigating the relationships between the micro‐ and macro‐parameters of cemented granular material. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining binge‐eating disorder and food addiction in adults with overweight and obesity
Authors: Ivezaj Valentina , White Marney A. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To compare four subgroups of adults with overweight/obesity: those with binge‐eating disorder (BED) only, food addiction (FA) only, both BED + FA, and neither.

Methods

For this study, 502 individuals with overweight/obesity (body mass index >25 kg/m2) completed a Web‐based survey with established measures of eating and health‐related behaviors. Most were female (n = 415; 83.2%) and White (n = 404; 80.8%); mean age and body mass index were 38.0 (SD = 13.1) years and 33.6 (SD = 6.9) kg/m2, respectively.

Results

Among 502 participants with overweight/obesity, 43 (8.5%) met BED criteria, 84 (16.6%) met FA criteria, 51 (10.1%) met both BED + FA criteria, and 328 (64.8%) met neither (control). The three groups with eating pathology (BED, FA, and BED + FA) had significantly greater disturbances on most measures (eating disorder psychopathology, impulsivity, and self‐control) than the control group, while the FA and BED + FA groups reported significantly higher depression scores relative to the control group. The three eating groups did not differ significantly from each other.

Conclusions

In this online survey, of those with overweight/obesity, nearly one third met criteria for BED, FA, or BED + FA, and these forms of disordered eating were associated with greater pathology relative to individuals with overweight/obesity without BED and FA. Future research should examine whether the presence of BED, FA, or co‐occurring BED + FA requires tailored interventions in individuals with overweight or obesity.
Diet‐induced obese mice exhibit altered immune responses to acute lung injury induced by Escherichia coli
Authors: Wan Taomei , Yuan Guiqiang , Ren Yi , Zuo Zhicai , Wang Zhengyi , Jia Yiping , Cui Hengmin , Peng Xi , Fang Jing , Deng Junliang , Yu Shumin , Hu Yanchun , Shen Liuhong , Ma Xiaoping , Wang Ya , Ren Zhihua
Published: August 2016

Objective

Obesity has been associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. It also exerts protective effects against mortality secondary to acute lung injury. The effects of obesity on immune responses to acute lung injury induced by Escherichia coli were investigated to determine if the above‐mentioned differences in its effects were related to infection severity.

Methods

Diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and lean control mice received intranasal instillations of 109 or 1010 CFUs of E. coli. The immune responses were examined at 0 h (uninfected), 24 h, and 96 h postinfection.

Results

Following infection, the DIO mice exhibited higher leukocyte, interleukin (IL)−10, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels and more severe lung injury than the lean mice. Following inoculation with 1010 CFUs of E. coli, the DIO mice exhibited higher mortality and more severe inflammation‐induced injury than the lean mice, but no differences in E. coli counts were noted between the two groups. However, inoculated with 109 CFUs of E. coli, the DIO mice exhibited smaller E. coli burdens at 24 h and 96 h after infection, as well as lower concentrations of IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor‐α and less severe lung injury at 96 h after infection.

Conclusions

The results support the emerging view that obesity may be beneficial in the setting of milder infection but detrimental in the setting of more severe infection.
Binge‐type eating disrupts dopaminergic and GABAergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area
Authors: Corwin Rebecca L.W. , Wojnicki Francis H.E. , Zimmer Derek J. , Babbs R. Keith , McGrath Lauren E. , Olivos Diana R. , Mietlicki‐Baase Elizabeth G. , Hayes Matthew R.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Binge eating is characterized by repeated intermittent bouts of compulsive overconsumption of food. Treatment is challenging given limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying this type of disordered eating. The hypothesis that dysregulation of mesocortical dopaminergic and GABAergic systems underlie binge eating was tested.

Methods

Analysis of gene expression within the ventral tegmental area and its terminal mesocortical regions was examined in bingeing rats before and after bingeing occurred. In addition, alterations in binge‐type behavior induced by pharmacological inactivation of subnuclei of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and by pharmacological activation and inhibition of cortical D1 and D2 receptors were examined.

Results

Correlative and functional evidence demonstrates dysregulated neurotransmitter processing by the PFC and ventral tegmental area, but not the amygdala or nucleus accumbens, in bingeing rats. Either GABAergic inactivation or D2‐like receptor activation within the PFC increased consumption in bingeing rats, but not controls, suggesting that the PFC, and D2 receptors in particular, functions as a behavioral brake to limit bingeing.

Conclusions

The act of bingeing resolved some gene expression differences that preceded binge onset, further suggesting that bingeing may partially serve to self‐medicate a system driving this maladaptive behavior. However, the failure of bingeing to resolve other dopaminergic/GABAergic differences may render individuals vulnerable to future binge episodes.
High‐efficiency indium gallium nitride/Si tandem photovoltaic solar cells modeling using indium gallium nitride semibulk material: monolithic integration versus 4‐terminal tandem cells
Authors: El‐Huni Walid , Migan Anne , Djebbour Zakaria , Salvestrini Jean‐Paul , Ougazzaden Abdallah
Published: August 2016

In this work, we present a double‐junction solar cell with a crystalline silicon solar cell as a bottom junction and an indium gallium nitride‐based semibulk‐structured solar cell as a top junction. Using SILVACO Atlas and taking into account polarization effects in III‐N materials, we have shown that 50% of indium is needed to ensure the current matching between the top cell and the bottom cell in 2‐terminal configuration. Such high indium composition is technologically challenging to grow. Thus, we have also modeled a 4‐terminal configuration showing the same performance (i.e. conversion efficiency close to 29%) where only 25% of indium content is needed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioassimilable sulphur provides effective control of Oidium neolycopersici in tomato, enhancing the plant immune system
Authors: Llorens Eugenio , Agustí‐Brisach Carlos , González‐Hernández Ana I , Troncho Pilar , Vicedo Begonya , Yuste Teresa , Orero Mayte , Ledó Carlos , García‐Agustín Pilar , Lapeña Leonor
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Developments of alternatives to the use of chemical pesticides to control pests are focused on the induction of natural plant defences. The study of new compounds based on liquid bioassimilable sulphur and its effect as an inductor of the immune system of plants would provide an alternative option to farmers to enhance plant resistance against pathogen attacks such as powdery mildew. In order to elucidate the efficacy of this compound in tomato against powdery mildew, we tested several treatments: curative foliar, preventive foliar, preventive in soil drench and combining preventive in soil drench and curative foliar.

RESULTS

In all cases, treated plants showed lower infection development, better physiological parameters and a higher level of chlorophyll. We also observed better performance in parameters involved in plant resistance such as antioxidant response, callose deposition and hormonal levels.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that preventive and curative treatments can be highly effective for the prevention and control of powdery mildew in tomato plants. Foliar treatments are able to stop the pathogen development when they are applied as curative. Soil drench treatments induce immune response mechanisms of plants, increasing significantly callose deposition and promoting plant development. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in tropical cyclone intensity with translation speed and mixed‐layer depth: idealized WRF‐ROMS coupled model simulations
Authors: Zhao Xiaohui , Chan Johnny C. L.
Published: August 2016

In this study, two components of a coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport modelling system, the atmosphere model Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) and the ocean model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), are used to investigate the relationships between tropical cyclone (TC) intensity changes and ocean mixed‐layer depth (MLD) as well as translation speed through a series of idealized experiments. The coupled WRF‐ROMS model can well simulate TC intensity changes and sea‐surface temperature (SST) cooling induced by the TCs under different ocean MLD and background flow conditions. Surface enthalpy flux is reduced due to the SST decrease, which subsequently inhibits TC development. A smaller MLD and a slower speed produce a more symmetric cold wake under the TC inner core, which can effectively weaken the TC. The SST has a nonlinear decrease with increasing translation speed under the same MLD condition. A heat budget analysis supports that upwelling plays a more important role in changing the temperature within the upper ocean when the TC moves slowly (e.g. 1 m s−1). However, upwelling only dominates the subsurface temperature changes when the translation speed increases so that a smaller SST cooling occurs. A translation speed of 3 m s−1 is found to be the optimal speed for TC development when the MLD is thick enough (50 and 100 m in this study). A larger basic flow (>3 m s−1) produces a stronger asymmetry in the vertical velocity and results in a weaker secondary circulation, and hence inhibits TC intensification. For a shallow MLD of 20 m, a 5 m s−1 translation speed can mitigate more cooling effect and make it more favourable for TC maintenance. This result suggests the competing effects of atmospheric and oceanic conditions in determining TC intensity.
The Gulf Stream influence on wintertime North Atlantic jet variability
Authors: O'Reilly Christopher H. , Minobe Shoshiro , Kuwano‐Yoshida Akira , Woollings Tim
Published: August 2016

In this article we investigate the influence of the Gulf Stream sea‐surface temperature (SST) front on the North Atlantic eddy‐driven jet and its variability, by analysing the NCEP‐CFSR dataset and a pair of AGCM simulations forced with realistic and smoothed Gulf Stream SST boundary conditions. The Gulf Stream SST front acts to generate stronger meridional eddy heat flux in the lower troposphere and an eddy‐driven jet over the eastern North Atlantic which is located further polewards than in the simulation with smoothed SST. The strong Gulf Stream SST gradient is found to be crucial in more accurately capturing the trimodal distribution of the eddy‐driven jet latitude, with the more poleward climatological jet being the result of the jet occupying the northern jet position more frequently in the simulation forced with observed SSTs. The more frequent occurrence of the northern jet location is associated with periods of high eddy heat flux over the Gulf Stream region. Composite analysis of high eddy heat flux events reveals that the significantly higher heat flux is followed by larger and more persistient poleward jet excursions in the simulations with realistic SSTs than in the simulation with smoothed SSTs, with upper‐tropospheric eddy momentum fluxes acting to maintain the more poleward eddy‐driven jet. Periods of high eddy heat flux over the Gulf Stream region are also shown to be associated with increased blocking frequency over Europe, which are clearly distinct from periods with a northern jet position.
The Role of Metal-on-Metal Bearings in Total Hip Arthroplasty and Hip Resurfacing
Authors: Sands David , Schemitsch Emil H.
Published: August 2016

Background

The current role of metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings in hip arthroplasty remains controversial. The low wear offered by MoM bearings compared to metal-on-polyethylene and the possibility of a lower risk of dislocation with larger head sizes, encouraged a trend towards the re-introduction of the MoM bearing couple. However, recent evidence has shown that not all designs of the MoM bearing have been successful.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on the use of MoM bearings and address the following issues: (1) the reintroduction of metal-on-metal bearings in total hip arthroplasty, (2) the failure of metal-on-metal bearings in stemmed total hip arthroplasty, (3) the role of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing in modern orthopaedics and (4) metal-on-metal hip resurfacing versus total hip arthroplasty.

Methods

A literature search strategy was conducted using various search terms in MEDLINE and Embase. The highest quality articles that met the inclusion criteria and best answered the topics of focus of this review were selected. Key search terms included ‘metal-on-metal’, ‘total hip arthroplasty’ and ‘hip resurfacing’.

Results

The initial search retrieved 1240 articles. Twenty-two articles were selected and used in the review.

Conclusion

Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is still a suitable treatment option in specific patient populations with the appropriate implant design and surgical skill, while stemmed metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty should be avoided in all patient populations. Continued follow-up of patients undergoing metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is critical in order to further understand the long-term outcomes of these patients and why certain complications tend to occur with this procedure.