bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Application of Conceptual Metaphors to Teaching English Idioms to English-majored Students in Viet Nam
Authors: Ngoc Pham Thai Bao , Thanh To Minh
Published: May 2019

The discovery that several figurative idioms are semantically motivated by a common conceptual metaphor (CM) has opened up a path to more systematic and insightful learning. However, it was still unclear to what extent the elaboration of conceptual metaphors (CMs) could facilitate learners’ reception and production of idioms over time. To address this issue, a quasi-experiment was conducted, with the pre-test – post-test design, on a sample of 69 Vietnamese undergraduates. Results revealed that the explanation of CM was especially beneficial for the students’ idiom reception over time, and to a lesser extent for their use of idioms. Though not outstanding in the short term compared with the traditional method, this cognitive approach showed its relatively long-lasting value in terms of both idiom reception and production.
On Re-instantiation of Literary Dialects: A Systemic Functional Approach
Authors: Chen Jing
Published: May 2019

With the developments in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the functional approach to translation studies (TS) has offered new perspective into understanding how translation can be viewed as the re-instantiation of Source Text (ST) in another language system as Target Text (TT).In literary texts, language variations such as literary dialects have long been considered challenges in translation, but literary dialects are also believed to be “valued” linguistic elements since non-standard language such as dialects are socially related and may trigger linguistic stereotypes among readers. In tune with the new development in SFL, the current research focuses on the English translations of dialects in Li Jieren’s Si Shui Wei Lan (死水微澜) which is rich in Sichuan dialects and are with linguistically varied voices. The purpose of this article is threefold: firstly, to briefly present the linguistic features of ST, revealing author’s intentional arrangement in his choices of dialects; secondly, with case studies to compare and discuss the translators’ choices in re-instantiating dialects from the perspective of coupling and commitment; finally, to offer suggestions for translating literary dialects. This paper argues that SFL helps translators pinpoint the linguistic features that are valued in ST and inform translators of alternative renderings. This paper adopts a descriptive approach to the triplet on how translators re-coupled and re-committed the language variations in the ST into TT, and it serves as a manifestation of how SFL applies to TS from a new angel.
Between Madness and Self-redemption: A Foucaultian Study of Jessie’s Committing Suicide in ’night, Mother
Authors: Dang Chen
Published: May 2019

Having been nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play and won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, ’night, Mother is well-received for its realism, honesty and a universal demonstration of man’s living dilemma. Jessie’s emptiness and loneliness is strengthened not only by her epilepsy but also by her life out of control. Behind her firmness in committing suicide, there are her alienation from the outside forces, desperation and hysteria under her calmness, and the discipline of as well as resistance towards existence. She confesses that her intention of killing herself is for “protection” and she chooses committing suicide as the tragic consequence of madness in both her mind and body, at the same time, she makes the first and last free choice for her self-redemption.
Strategy Analysis of Listening Discourse Acquisition: Based on the Special Dictation Text Type
Authors: Wang Fan
Published: May 2019

The dictation text has always been a weak point for our students in Test for English Majors-4. Discourse teaching is an indispensable part of listening teaching. This paper mainly discusses the pattern analysis and strategy methods in the four dictation text listening discourse. The content includes TEM-4 listening examination requirements, dictation text discourse analysis, the answer steps and strategy methods in dictation text. The research of this subject is designed to help students perform better in their listening exam.
EFICACIA DE LA LIDOCAÍNA AL 2% Y LA ARTICAÍNA AL 4% EN MOLARES MANDIBULARES CON DIFERENTES DIAGNÓSTICOS PULPARES EN LA TÉCNICA MANDIBULAR
Authors: Martínez Martínez Adel Alfonso , Freyle Granados Evelyn , Senior Carmona Natalia
Published: May 2019

Introducción: el bloqueo del nervio dentario inferior es el método más usado por los endodoncistas para obtener anestesia local en sus tratamientos. En este trabajo se comparó la eficacia de dos soluciones anestésicas: lidocaína al 2% con epinefrina 1:80.000 y articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000, en pacientes con diferentes diagnósticos pulpares que requirieron tratamiento de endodoncia. Método: estudio de intervención tipo ensayo clínico aleatorizado. La muestra estuvo conformada por 36 pacientes que asistieron al servicio del posgrado de endodoncia de la Universidad de Cartagena en el año 2016. Para el análisis de la información se utilizaron pruebas de estadística descriptiva y el test Chi2. Se asumió un límite de decisión de 0,05. Resultados: la articaína mostró mayor efecto anestésico en mucosa vestibular (88,9%) y punta de lengua (55,6%), en comparación con la lidocaína. Las tasas de éxito anestésico en los grupos de lidocaína y articaína fueron 5,6% y 22,2%, respectivamente, y la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,633). En dientes con pulpa normal, la eficacia fue de 27,3% y esta disminuyó considerablemente en dientes con pulpitis irreversible tanto asintomática como sintomática, con porcentajes de 5,8% y 12,5% respectivamente, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,276). Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la eficacia anestésica entre la lidocaína al 2% y la articaína al 4% en molares inferiores con pulpa vital. Sin embargo, la articaína demostró tener una mejor tasa de éxito anestésico. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar la eficacia anestésica en molares con pulpa normal y molares con pulpa inflamada (aunque el porcentaje de éxito en pulpa normal fue mayor que en dientes con pulpitis irreversible)
CANDIDA PATÓGENA BUCAL EN PACIENTES BAJO TERAPIAS ANTINEOPLÁSICAS
Authors: REBOLLEDO COBOS MARTHA LEONOR
Published: May 2019

Los tratamientos para el control del cáncer están encaminados a prolongar la sobrevida del paciente, pero al mismo tiempo desencadenan efectos inevitables e irreversibles, así como infecciosos, los cuales complican el pronóstico de la enfermedad oncológica. Dentro de estos últimos se encuentra la conducta patógena de Candida, cuya especie más común en la mucosa oral es albicans, considerada un hongo comensal que, a consecuencia de la neutropenia resultante de las terapias antineoplásicas, se comporta como oportunista y causa candidiasis. Esta infección fúngica tiene factores agravantes e inherentes al paciente, como la xerostomía y la hiposalivación, infecciones como la caries dental, y otros factores como la incorrecta higiene bucal. Diversos autores consultados resaltan la presencia de Candida, sus diferentes especies y la candidiasis bucal como microorganismo e infección clásica oportunista en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, y aún más en aquellos sometidos a tratamientos antineoplásicos. El objetivo de la presente revisión consiste en describir el comportamiento patógeno de Candida en la mucosa bucal de pacientes bajo tratamientos antineoplásicos.
A Política de Remuneração de Professores da Rede de Ensino do Estado do Pará
Authors: Rolim Rosana Maria Gemaque , Alves Charles Alberto De Souza , Reis Antonio Claudio Andrade dos
Published: May 2019

O artigo analisa dados, extraídos das folhas de pagamento dos professores da rede de ensino do estado do Pará, visando compreender a remuneração a partir da análise dos elementos de composição, ou seja, vencimento e vantagens pecuniárias, referentes ao período de 2006 a 2014. Os itens que compõem a remuneração foram agrupados em subcategorias que compreendem a mesma intenção, o que possibilitou identificar os elementos mais significativos na sua composição, como também a permanência, exclusões e inclusão de algumas gratificações e abonos. O maior peso entre os componentes da remuneração está no vencimento, porém a sua proporção em relação aos demais componentes está diminuindo, principalmente em relação às vantagens pessoais, grupo com aumento mais expressivo. Isso remete a um tipo de política de remuneração que focaliza grupos específicos, em detrimento do coletivo, com rebatimentos positivos para o orçamento, mas negativos para a organização e valorização da carreira.
REGENERATION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OBJECTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN URBAN ESTATES OF THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
Authors: IVANOVA Lyudmila I. , KARASEV Fedor V.
Published: May 2019

The article views the classifi cation and features of the formation of objects of landscape architecture in the structure of households of the estate building of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries on the example of the city of Samara taking into account the town-planning features: social affi liation, location relative to the historic city center, density, height, functional and planning type of buildings. Emphasis is placed on the preservation of objects of landscape architecture within the borders of the existing households, which form the basis of the planning of the neighborhoods of the historic city center. Considering the identifi ed classifi cation a technique for the preservation and development of landscape architecture objects in modern conditions is proposed.
THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT ON RELIGIOUS OBJECTS OF SAMARA
Authors: KOSENKOVA Natalya A. , SEROVA Alina A.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of the system of identifi ers of the architectural and historical environment on the religious architecture of Samara on the considered and identifi ed historical stages of the development of the city. It is shown that due to the particularly rapidly developing cities of our time, including historical ones, the historical heritage is the fi rst to be in danger of complete or partial extinction. From here it becomes apparent the preservation of the heritage of cities and the preservation of the identity of the historical city. As a result, a typical image of the Samara religious architecture was determined throughout its development, characteristic types, styles, infl uences of external and internal ethnos were established, and productive forces were identifi ed, which are the basis for the development of the city of Samara at each historical period.
FUNCTIONAL-SPATIAL TYPOLOGY AND ALGORITHM FOR THE FORMATION OF THE SPACE-PLANNING CONCEPT OF A RESIDENTIAL INTERIOR
Authors: ARTEMYEVA Tatyana G.
Published: May 2019

The basics of functional-spatial typology in the context of the design of residential interiors are viewed. The structure of functional-spatial relations that infl uence the formation of the design concept of a residential interior is described in detail. The classifi cation and defi nition of types of internal space are given. The basic requirements for the selection, taking into account the qualitative and quantitative types of functions of the residential interior are developed. Defi nitions of nominal and vital types of functions are given as well as mass, group and individual types of functions in relation to residential interior. The classifi cation of the main spatial schemes and their modifi cations is given. The methods for analyzing the reference spaces for determining the compositional strategy and choosing the space-planning concept are shown. The defi nition of project goals and objectives and algorithms for their solution are given.
Propuesta de las condiciones de las Aplicaciones móviles, para la construcción de un Entorno de Accesibilidad Personal para usuarios con discapacidad visual en las Smart Cities.
Authors: López Delgado Adrián , Olmedo Eva , Tadeu Pedro , Fernández Batanero José María
Published: May 2019

Los nuevos avances tecnológicos y el uso de nuevas aplicaciones móviles permiten acceder a múltiples posibilidades en las Smart Cities.  Sin embargo, el uso de la tecnología no resuelve por sí misma problemas de inclusión de ciudadanos que, por sus condiciones sociales o personales, no pueden utilizarlas adecuadamente. También, estas personas quedan incapacitadas, aún más, para participar como ciudadanos activos en su ciudad. Creando nuevas barreras no arquitectónicas, sino tecnológicas, que son más difíciles de comprender. Este estudio emplea la observación directa de personas con baja visión o ceguera, para comprobar las dificultades y necesidades que presentan en el uso de distintas aplicaciones en los sistemas Android y iOS. Y como resultados se comprueba que todos ellos necesitan aplicaciones complementarias, que en muchos casos no son compatibles con las diseñadas para el resto de personas. Y que, por tanto, no pueden acceder a todos los recursos de la Smart City. Para solucionarlo se propone la creación de un Entorno de Accesibilidad Personal (PAE), a través del cual se le permite el acceso al conjunto de todos los contenidos necesarios para interactuar con el entorno en el que se encuentra.
Comparative study on language support classrooms: the case of Andalusia and England
Authors: Ortega Martín José Luis , Peña García Sonia
Published: May 2019

Today the presence of immigrant students in Europe has led to a series of measures and actions to tackle this multicultural reality. In this study we present the functioning and characteristics of language support classrooms and compare Temporary Language Adaptation Classrooms (ATAL, from its initials in Spanish) in Andalusia and the teaching of English as an Additional Language (EAL) in England. Similarly, this study presents the opinion of the students and teachers regarding the materials and activities used in the ATAL and EAL classrooms. Our investigation, which involved 202 students and 23 teachers, employed a descriptive and correlational method with data collected through a series of questionnaires that measure the opinion of students and teachers regarding the materials and activities used in these classrooms. The results obtained indicate the existence of positive and negative aspects of both programmes and show the levels of student-perceived appropriateness of target language materials employed by teachers in the support classrooms. This study concludes with an overview of the current situation and considerations for possible future improvements
Role of MRI in evaluation of seizure disorder in Southern Rajasthan, India
Authors: Chabarwal Swati , Kardam Narendra Kumar
Published: May 2019

Background: The objectives are to identify and study structural abnormalities in the brain that associated with seizures, spectrum of findings in patients with seizures, classify seizure type and syndrome and to evaluate role of MRI in postoperative seizures.Methods: A total of 110 patients, those referred from various outdoor/indoor departments with the history of seizure were included after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Detailed history, appropriate clinical examinations and biochemical investigations were recorded. All MRI scans were performed on a 1.5 T Philips Achieva. Sequences were used according to MR Imaging protocol of seizures. Observation was made and analysed using descriptive tools and scientific methods.Results: Among 110 patients’ majority (41%) were normal, 20% had cerebral infarct with gliosis followed by NCC 7.2%, atrophy 5.45%, tuberculosis 11%, venous thrombosis 3.64%, developmental malformations 3.64%, glioma 1.82%, cavernoma 1.82%, tuberous sclerosis 1.82%, meningioma 0.91%, cerebral abscess 0.91% and Sturge-weber syndrome 0.91%. Most of the patients with cerebrovascular causes and male predominance  61.8%.Conclusions: The present study was a prospective study. Spectrum of MRI findings related to vascular, developmental, infection and neoplasm was identified. MRI is noninvasive modality with no radiation hazard, excellent gray white matter resolution and multiplanar imaging capability. MRI helps in detection of subtle lesions responsible for seizures. Present study observed that MRI with appropriate imaging protocols add sensitivity and specificity in evaluation of seizures.
Level of physical activity, determinants and barriers to motivate physical activities among south Indian diabetic patients: a prospective, questionnaire based study
Authors: Behera Kamal Lochan , Rao K. N. S. V. Chalapathi , Sayana Suresh Babu , Raju D. S. S. K.
Published: May 2019

Background: Several clinical trials have been reported that sedentary lifestyle modification including physical activity (PA) and weight loss significantly alters the sort-term as well as long-term incidence of diabetes. The present study explored the level of physical activity and its barriers among south Indian naïve patients who are attending the tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A prospective observational, questionnaire-based study. Patients with diabetes (both Type-1 and 2) who were attended diabetic clinic in the Department of General Medicine, Maharaja Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS), Vijayanagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India was selected and recruited. Demographic data, clinical data were collected from the study participants. International Physical Activity questionnaire was used to determine each patient level of physical activity (PA). Physical activity is graded into low (<600 metabolic equivalent (MET)), moderate (600-3000 MET) and high (>3000 MET).Results: A total of 300 subjects were completed the entire study. Majority (62.7%) of the patients were suffering from Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Both male and female study subjects had low physical activity (70.5% and 74.1%) and moderate PA was seen in only one thirds of the patients. Patients with low physical activity had low glycaemic control compared to patients who were involved in moderate PA. Moderate PA patients had adequate glycaemic control (65.9 vs 34.1%, P <0.001). A total of 42.0% of subjects were suffering from one of the joint pains and friction joints, due to the following reason subjects were not involved in the PA.Conclusions: Low level of physical activity was observed in the study population, which is a risk factor for several micro-vascular complications over a period of time. It is very important to address the barriers of PA and vigorous counselling is needed which directs towards increasing PA.
A study to know the serum total testosterone levels in type II diabetes mellitus male patients from North India
Authors: Agarwal Saurabh , Kumar Brijesh , . Sushmita , Giri Richa , Verma Sanjay Kumar
Published: May 2019

Background: Diabetes mellitus is major public health issue facing the world in present century and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing explosively.  There are various diabetes related complications, one of which is low testosterone levels in men. This study was designed to estimate the serum testosterone level in male patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: The patients of type -2 diabetes mellitus were picked up from out-patient and in-patients section of the hospital at random.Results: Seventy male  patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled during the study period. The mean age of study population was 56.36±10.26 years (range 36-70), while that of control group patients was found to be 39.80±7.92years. Family history of diabetes was present in 14 (22.2%) patients. The mean HbA1c in study group was 8.83±1.95 %, which was significantly higher as compared to control group with HbA1c 4.82±0.40 %. Among study group, lower serum total testosterone level was observed in 85.7 % cases and normal level in 14.3 % cases. Among control group, lower serum total testosterone level was observed in 6.7 % cases and normal level in 93.3 % cases.Conclusions: The present study highlighted that significant difference in serum total testosterone level has been observed between cases and control groups (X2 =55.7, P=0.0001).
Evaluation of accommodative function in the dominant and non dominant eye
Authors: Odigie Oseleonomhen M. , Uwagboe Precious N. , Okpaghoro Omawumi P.
Published: May 2019

Background: Ocular dominance is the physiological preference of one eye over the other, hence its input is favoured when there is conflicting information to the two eyes. Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes focus from distant to near images and is produced by a change in the shape of the crystalline lens. The aim of this study was to compare the accommodative amplitude, facility and lag in the dominant and non-dominant eye.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on 80 visually normal subjects. Ocular dominance was determined using hole-in-the- card method. Amplitude of accommodation, accommodative facility and response was measured monocularly and randomly using push up method, ±2.00DS flipper lenses and Nott technique respectively.Results: Results obtained from the study showed that the right eye was dominant in 62.5% of subjects. The mean (SD) for accommodative amplitude, facility and response (lag) in the dominant eye was 11.08 (2.16) D, 10.00 (1.52) cycles per minute and 0.62 (0.27) respectively. The mean (SD) for accommodative amplitude, facility and lag in the non-dominant eye was 10.98 (2.20) D, 9.86 (1.44) cycles per minute and 0.60 (0.25) D respectively.Conclusions: It may be inferred that the dominant eye has more accommodative amplitude, facility and lag than the non-dominant eye but this difference was not statistically significant.
Is open lateral anal sphincterotomy really a safe and satisfactory treatment option for refractory chronic anal fissures? - a prospective study
Authors: Mir Shabir Ahmad , Lone Zubair Gull , Dar Waseem Ahmad , Wani Mumtazdin
Published: May 2019

Background: Chronic anal fissure is a familiar entity in surgical outdoor departments of hospitals in our valley. The muslim women are usually reluctant to expose their anal canal related pathologies to male surgeons, letting anal fissures to reach the chronic stage. Under this background, the present study was conducted to look for the feasibility of lateral anal sphincterotomy in the management of chronic anal fissure in our patients.Methods: This prospective study was carried out over a period of 3 years in the unit 2nd of department of surgery at SMHS (Shri Maharaja Harisingh) hospital, an associated hospital of Government Medical College Srinagar. During this period, 59 patients presented to the outpatient department with typical chronic anal fissures and were included in this study.Results: Fifty-nine patients, diagnosed on clinical evaluation as chronic anal fissure were included in this study. The age varied from 19 to 58 years with mean age of 36.38±7.14 (SD= 7.14) years. There was a female predominance, with a female to male ratio of 2.1:1. Fifty-two (88.1%) patients had posterior midline fissure and 7 (11.8%) patients had an anterior anal fissure. Thirty-one patients were not satisfied with the conservative treatment and insisted for surgical management. All 31 patients were managed by open lateral anal sphincterotomy.Conclusions: Lateral anal sphincterotomy (LAS) is a safe and effective method of management for chronic refractory anal fissures. The complications are minimal and negligible.
Analysis of frozen section in correlation with surgical pathology diagnosis
Authors: Tangde Ashwini , Shrivastava Vaidik , Joshi Anil
Published: May 2019

Background: Frozen section (FS) is a rapid diagnostic procedure performed on tissues obtained intraoperatively. This method serves useful purposes, such as determining the malignancy or benignancy of a suspected lesion, determining the adequacy of a biopsy of a suspected lesion, confirming the presence or absence of metastasis, and identifying small structures. But it bears many disadvantages and limitations, the most of which is the danger of incorrect diagnosis. Therefore, it is critical to determine efficiency of frozen section performance periodically.  This study was performed to determine accuracy of frozen section by correlating the intra-operative frozen section diagnosis with final diagnosis on permanent sections.Methods: In this retrospective study, authors compared the results of frozen section with their final permanent section diagnosis in Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India during January 2017 to December 2018.Results: Study comprises 83 patients, of which 73 were female and 10 were male. Out of 83 cases, the diagnosis of 76 cases was concordant with conventional histopathology diagnosis while seven were discordant. This gave overall accuracy rate of 91.57% and discordant rate of 8.43%. The overall sensitivity was 85.71% and specificity was 97.92%. The positive predictive and negative predictive value was 96.77% and 90.38% respectively.Conclusions: The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity of frozen section diagnosis in this study  are comparable with most international quality control statistics for frozen sections. The results suggest that the correlation of intra-operative frozen section diagnosis with the final histopathological diagnosis on permanent sections forms an integral part of quality assurance activities in the surgical pathology laboratory and specific measures should be taken to reduce the number of discrepancies.
Study of in-hospital outcome in acute myocardial infarction in correlation with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score
Authors: Shingade Pravin , Meshram Vinay , Madavi Umesh
Published: May 2019

Background: The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score is purportedly an integral score for mortality risk prediction in fibrinolysis-eligible patients with STEMI. Attempt was made to evaluate the same by correlating risk stratification by TIMI score with hospital outcome of such patients.Methods: There were 145 cases of STEMI were studied and TIMI risk scores were calculated and analysed vis-à-vis various relevant parameters. The patients were divided into three risk groups: ‘low-risk’, ‘moderate-risk’ and ‘high-risk’ based on their TIMI scores. All patients received routine anti-ischemic therapy and were thrombolysed subsequently, monitored in ICCU and followed during hospital stay for occurrence of post-MI complications.Results: There were 79 patients (54.5%) belonged to low-risk group, 48 (33.1%) to moderate-risk group and 18 (12.4%) to high-risk group according to TIMI risk score. The mortality (total 17 deaths) was observed to be highest in the high-risk group (55.6%), followed by moderate-risk (12.2%) and low-risk group (1.28%) respectively. Out of the 7 potentially suspect variables studied, Killips classification grade 2-4 had the highest relative risk (RR-15.85), followed by systolic BP <100mmHg (RR- 10.48), diabetes mellitus (RR- 2.79) and age >65 years (RR- 2.59).Conclusions: The TIMI risk scoring system seems to be one simple, valid and practical bed side tool in quantitative risk stratification and short-term prognosis prediction in patients with STEMI.
Tripe palm: a paraneoplastic manifestation of carcinoma stomach
Authors: P. Arun , N. Gireesh G. , A. Jinsha K. , Jayaraj Vani
Published: May 2019

Usually gastrointestinal malignancies present with low SAAG ascites. But when there is diffuse liver infiltration following malignancy, high SAAG ascites can occur. So liver infiltration can masquerade as cirrhosis. Malignant acanthosis and tripe palm are the paraneoplastic manifestations seen in GI malignancies. We are reporting a case which was initially managed as a  straightforward case of cirrhosis ,but later turned out to be a case with tripe palms, malignant acanthosis and carcinoma stomach as primary with diffuse liver infiltration having high SAAG ascites.
Current status of breast cancer in Nepal
Authors: Giri Mohan , Puri Anju , Upreti Bibhuti
Published: May 2019

Breast carcinoma is one of the most common and dreaded diseases of women, and in Nepal, it is second most common cancer. The situation is more alarming in the rural areas where the majority of women are illiterate and ignorant about the hazards of breast cancer. Different screening strategies such as rural cancer registries and camp approach for cancer detection have been found useful in minimizing the problem of breast cancer in the villages. Advanced presentation of breast cancer and the problem of late diagnosis is well documented in Nepal. Moreover, diagnostic workup, treatment and palliative services are inadequate in most parts of Nepal. A better understanding current situation of breast cancer can help government to formulate breast cancer prevention strategy in Nepal. In this review, authors present an overview of the burden of breast cancer, risk factors, screening, and cancer care among Nepalese women.
From 1999 to 2019: 20 years of European debate, development, and achievements
Authors: Sticchi Damiani Maria
Published: May 2019

This paper suggests that, although the Bologna process officially began in the late 1990s, the conditions that made it possible had already been created in the previous decade through the growing practice of international academic cooperation, mainly triggered by EU inter-institutional programmes. As the need for structural reforms in some higher education systems became more evident, in 1999 the Ministers of Education of 29 European countries gathered in Bologna to start a process of voluntary convergence of their systems with the objective of creating a European Higher Education Area. In the last 20 years the participating governments (now 48), with the support of international organizations and major stakeholders, have jointly developed a common framework of principles, actions, policies and tools. Accordingly, different types of structural reforms have taken place in the various countries. At present, however, implementation of the key commitments – full adoption of the three-cycle structure and ECTS, of the Lisbon recognition convention and the Diploma supplement, and of QA systems based on the European standards and guidelines – is still uneven in the EHEA and a peer-support approach was adopted by the ministers last year. Concerning the implementation issue, this paper raises two sets of questions. First: to what extent have the structural reforms implemented by the governments really affected grassroots educational activities? How deeply have the underlying principles – like student-centred learning – been implemented in actual programme design and everyday teaching/learning practice? Second: although inspired by the same basic principles, are EHEA-induced reforms actually being implemented consistently throughout European countries and institutions? Deeper involvement and more international coordination of European academics is advocated in the paper, in order to face these challenges and consolidate the EHEA in the years to come.Received: 03 April 2019Accepted: 02 May 2019Published online: 29 May 2019
Is There Any Evidence to Support the Use of Garlic as a Wormer for Dogs and Cats in the UK?
Authors: Buckley Louise
Published: May 2019

PICO question

In dogs and cats, is the oral administration of garlic, compared to no treatment, efficacious at preventing or reducing the intestinal worm burden (species found in the UK)?
Clinical bottom line

No studies were identified that investigated the efficacy of garlic at preventing intestinal worm burden. Garlic reduced egg and/or larvae counts in the worm species studied. However, where measured, egg and larvae count rapidly (2 days) returned to pretreatment levels once dietary garlic was discontinued. None of the studies included adulticidal action as an outcome measure. In the absence of research to demonstrate high levels of adulticidal action against a range of intestinal wormers at therapeutic, non-toxic levels in cats and dogs, clients should be advised that garlic has not been demonstrated to be an effective anthelmintic (either for multiple or single species use) for use in dogs and cats either to prevent or to treat an intestinal worm burden.

  
FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN: DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Authors: Perova Yu. A. , Ramos Vicente N. , Alandete German L. , Izquierdo Alabau J. , Fernando Lascurain G. , Martinez Mendieta J. , Sanchez Escobedo D. M.
Published: May 2019

Background: fever of unknown origin is one of the diagnoses more difficult in our area, because it involves monitoring of a complex algorithm of several procedures to establish its cause and con frequently takes too long before any explanation. Therefore, the objective is to get to your diagnosis etiologic and to do a particular series of steps.

Objective: to describe the most frequent causes of classical fever of unknown origin in the hospital setting and make a simplified diagnostic search algorithm for this pathology.

Methods: a case-series study of 85 patients admitted to the Hospital Obispo Polanco with a diagnosis of fever of unknown origin conducted from 2013 to 2018 in the therapeutic services except for pediatrics and surgery units. The study variables included age, sex, complementary studies (variables from humoral, microbiological and biopsies), results obtained, diagnosis of each patient, treatment.

Results: of all patients, 23 (27 %) had infections, of which 14 (16 %) of respiratory focus, 6 (7 %) of urinary focus, 2 (2 %) of abdominal focus and 1 (1 %) of the skin focus. Seven patients (8 %) had neoplasms, three of which (3 %) of respiratory origin, three of digestive tract (3 %) and one of prostatic origin (1 %). In four patients (5 %) were diagnosed of the rheumatic diseases. In 51 (60 %) patients not be could diagnose any cause of fever of unknown origin.

Conclusions: the first cause of fever of unknown origin is diseases of unknown etiology with 60 % (51 cases) without being able to identify the clear focus. Among the known etiologies, the most private pathology is infectious bacterial diseases of the respiratory and urinary tracts (27 % — 23 patients). The third place is occupied by oncological diseases with a predominance of malignant pulmonary neoplasms (8 % — 7 patients). Rheumatological diseases occupy the last place and, in this study, accounted for only 5 % (4 patients).
LIPID PROFILE AND HEMORHEOLOGY DYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH LOWER EXTREMITY PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE IN THE PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
Authors: Lazarenko V. A. , Bobrovskaya E. A. , Belikov L. N.
Published: May 2019

The objectiveof the study was to evaluate the lipid and hemostatic profile in patients with peripheral artery disease of lower extremities at different levels of lesion and methods of surgery.

Materials and methods.330 male patients with peripheral artery disease of lower extremities arteries of II b — III degree were examined: group I consisted of 140 patients with lesions of the femoral-popliteal arterial segment, who underwent femoralpopliteal bypass surgery (58.64±7.73 years), group II — 97 patients with occlusive-stenotic lesions of the aorto-iliac segment, who underwent aortofemoral bypass surgery (56.82±6.69 years), group III — 93 patients with occlusive stenotic changes of the iliac arteries, who underwent transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting of the iliac arteries. The examination of patients included general clinical, instrumental and laboratory methods with the assessment of lipid profile fractions and plasma-coagulation level of hemostasis.

Results.The provided examination showed that patients with peripheral artery disease have disorders of the blood lipid profile, which have significant differences depending on the severity and localization of occlusive-stenotic lesions of the aorta and main arteries. Lipid imbalance persists after correction of arterial blood flow. Significant changes in the hemostatic profile in all groups in the postoperative period were revealed, which were characterized by hypercoagulation in the form of a significant increase in the concentration of fibrinogen, reducing the activity of antithrombin III, shortening of thrombin time in groups I and II and reducing spontaneous fibrinolysis in groups I and II. Thrombin time and spontaneous fibrinolysis in group III increased relative to preoperative values. Open interventions in the volume of femoral-popliteal bypass surgery were accompanied by a more pronounced inhibition of fibrinolysis in comparison with minimally invasive interventions, and in endovascular procedure the anticoagulant potential was more depressed. Open reconstruction of the iliac segment was associated with a large reduction in thrombin time, but less inhibition of anticoagulant potential, compared with endovascular technique, due to large damage to the endothelium.

Conclusion.It is necessary to monitor the lipid and hemostatic profile both before and after surgery in patients, admitted to the hospital for reconstructive surgery on the aorta and main arteries of the lower extremities, in order to develop an effective personalized drug prevention of lower extremity peripheral artery disease progression and to prevent the development of thrombotic and stenotic complications of the arterial reconstruction zone.
IMPULSE OSCILLOMETRY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF EARLY CHANGES IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL STATE IN PATIENTS WITH MILD ASTHMA
Authors: Leontieva N. M. , Demko I. V. , Sobko E. A. , Ishchenko O. P. , Solov’yova I. A.
Published: May 2019

Currently, the analysis of respiratory function of lungs at suspicion of obstructive pulmonary diseases is recommended to start with spirometry as the most sensitive method of obstruction detection. However, data on informative value and specificity of a method are contradictory. To obtain reliable results good cooperation of the patient and health professionals is necessary. Impulse oscillometry is a noninvasive method of general respiratory resistance assessment, which does not require forced exhalations. The sensitivity and specificity of this method remain undecided as well as the obtained parameter interpretation. Theobjectiveof this work was to study opportunities of impulse oscillometry in diagnostics of early respiratory dysfunctions of ist most informative indicators correlating with parameters of spirometry and body plethysmography.

Materials and methods.Patients with the established diagnosis of mild asthma (n=68) were examined. In 71% of patients, obstructive respiratory dysfunction was revealed. In the control group (n=41) there were no abnormalities.

Results.In most of patients with revealed via spirometry and body plethysmography obstructive disturbances the increase in indicators of absolute frequency dependence of the resistive component of the respiratory impedance at the oscillation frequency of 5 and 20 Hz (Rrs5-Rrs20) and the reactance area (AX). Increase in Rrs5-Rrs20 was revealed in 48 (71%) patients and the increase in AX was observed in 44 (65%) of the surveyed, patients with 42 (61%) patients without the increase of reactance (Xrs5) and resistance (Rrs5).

Conclusion. The absolute frequency dependence of Rrs5-Rrs20 and AX are the most informative parameters of impulse oscillometry. In some patients the IOM findings were more significant in comparison with spirometry ones.
Vineyard pruning weight assessment by machine vision: towards an on-the-go measurement system
Authors: Millan Borja , Diago Maria Paz , Aquino Arturo , Palacios Fernando , Tardaguila Javier
Published: May 2019

Aim: Pruning weight is an indicator of vegetative growth and vigour in grapevine. Traditionally, it is manually determined, which is time-consuming and labour-demanding. This study aims at providing a new, non-invasive and low-cost method for pruning weight estimation in commercial vineyards based on computer vision.Methods and results: The methodology relies on computer-based analysis of RGB images captured manually and on-the-go in a VSP Tempranillo vineyard. Firstly, the pruning weight estimation was evaluated using manually taken photographs using a controlled background. These images were analysed to generate a model of wood pruning weight estimation, resulting in a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 (p<0.001) and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 87.7 g. After this, a mobile sensor platform (modified ATV) was used to take vine images automatically and on-the-go without background. These RGB images were analysed using a fully automated computer vision algorithm, resulting in R2 = 0.75 (p<0.001) and RMSE = 147.9 g. Finally, the mobile sensor platform was also used to sample a commercial VSP vineyard to map the spatial variability of wood pruning weight, and hereafter vine vigour.Conclusions: The results showed that the developed computer vision methodology was able to estimate the vine pruning weight in commercial vineyards and to map the spatial variation of the pruning weight across a vineyard.Significance and impact of the study: The presented methodology may become a valuable tool for the wine industry for rapid assessment and mapping of vine vigour. This information can be used to support decision making on pruning, fertilization and canopy management.
Digital Media Consumption and Youth's Interests in Ecosystem Services, Sustainability and Science as a Means for Disease Prevention
Authors: Niankara Ibrahim , Al-adwan Muhammad N.
Published: May 2019

Along with the advantages associated with access to information and fast communication, screen time from increased digital media consumption has recently been associated with adverse effects on youth well-being. To get a clearer picture of its value for global youth based sustainability initiatives, this study investigates the effects of increased digital media consumption on youth's interests in ecosystem services, sustainability and science as a means for disease prevention. We achieve this, using data on 187821 adolescent students from 50 countries worldwide. Methodologically, we rely on a mixed bivariate ordered probit representation of youth's joint interest in the biosphere (ecosystem services and sustainability) and science as a means for disease prevention, which we then estimate using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Methods.  We found that each level increase in adolescent students' reported frequency of news blogs visits and web browsing on broad science adversely affect their interests in ecosystem services, sustainability and science as a means for disease prevention. Although each level increase in youth's frequency of ecological website visits also reduces by 20% (with 95% CI [-0.36; -0.32]) their interests in the biosphere, it is found to increase however by 3% (with 95% CI [0.02; 0.05]) their interest science as a means for disease prevention. Overall, our results highlight heterogeneous effects of digital media consumption on adolescents' well-being in terms of their interests in ecosystem services, sustainability, and science as a means for disease prevention.
Influence of Aluminum and Silicon as Alloying Elements on Formation of Intermetallic Phase, Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Gray Cast Iron 
Authors: Sanatizadeh Ehsan , Das Sourav , Kordijazi Amir
Published: May 2019

Gray cast iron is one of the most important engineering materials that has many applications in various industries including automotive and machinery manufacturing due to its mechanical properties, wear resistance, machining potentials and low price. In this research effect of adding aluminum and silicon to composition of gray cast iron on microstructure and wear resistance was studied. Moreover, it was investigated the role of formation of Fe-Al-Si intermetallic compound in final properties of the alloy. For studying wear resistance of samples pin-on-disc method was carried out. The results showed that addition of aluminum to gray cast iron causes formation of ferrite matrix, which leads to a decrease in hardness value. Increasing silicon content up to 2 wt. % in cast iron with 4 wt. % aluminum intensifies the formation of ferrite matrix, while further increase to 3 wt. % causes emerging a Fe-Al-Si intermetallic phase. Improvement in hardness value was achieved by increasing silicon content from 3 wt. % to 4 wt. % due to the increased percentage of intermetallic phase. Effect of intermetallic phase on decreasing wear rate was showed by studying microstructure and hardness values, however the lowest wear resistance was observed in aluminum bearing cast iron containing 2 wt. % silicon. 
Intraday Return Reversals: Empirical Evidence from the Korean ETF Market
Authors: Lee Sangki , Hong Chung-hun
Published: May 2019

We find that the overnight returns of Korean exchange-traded index funds (ETFs) are significantly positive, whereas the subsequent intraday returns are negative. These intraday return reversals are caused by relatively higher opening prices than the closing prices. In the Korean ETF market, where institutional investors are dominant participants, the return reversals are not explained by the attention hypothesis as in Berkman et al. [1]. Hence, we investigate whether the disagreement hypothesis can explain return reversals. Under the disagreement situations between positive and negative traders at the open, positive traders can have a positive influence on the ETF prices by increasing their investments. However, negative traders, who give up investments due to limited short selling opportunities in the ETF market, have no effects on the prices. Comparing ETF markets with KOSPI 200 Futures where there are no restrictions on short selling, we find that short selling constraints are significant factors for the return reversals. This implies that disagreement among the investors can cause return reversals even in the markets without noise traders. Using unique Korean market data, we conclude that return reversals cannot be completely explained by the attention hypothesis, and that disagreement among investors is also a significant factor for the return reversals. This study contributes to the existing literature by showing that the attention hypothesis does not explain return reversals in the ETF market completely, and suggesting the disagreement hypothesis as an alternative.