bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo enhancement of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir cancer gene therapy with polyamine biosynthesis inhibition
Authors: Wahlfors Tiina , Hakkarainen Tanja , Jänne Juhani , Alhonen Leena , Wahlfors Jarmo
Published: December 2005

We have earlier demonstrated that inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) can be used to enhance the cytotoxicity of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV‐TK/GCV) gene therapy in different tumor cell lines. Here, the utility of this treatment combination was tested in vivo in a nude mouse tumor model. First, the effect of DFMO was verified by treating mice bearing subcutaneous 9L rat glioma tumors with 2% DFMO in drinking water. The drug treatment induced almost complete suppression of ornithine decarboxylase activity, and as a result, a strong decrease in intratumoral putrescine and spermidine concentrations, which were normalized 4 days after drug removal. Consequently, the tumors displayed a significant reduction in the proliferation activity that was increased to 20% higher than the normal level at day 4 and returned to normal level 7 days after DFMO removal. Next, 9L tumors with 30% of TK‐GFP fusion gene positive cells were induced and the animals were given DFMO and GCV in 2 treatment schemes, with the drug administration periods overlapping either 5 or 2 days. The analysis of tumor size at the end of the treatment revealed that DFMO can enhance HSV‐TK/GCV cytotoxicity when the overlap between DFMO and GCV was 5 days, but the result was not significant. However, the 2‐day overlap scheme yielded a significantly (p < 0.05, ANOVA) enhanced antitumor effect. In conclusion, the data here confirms that a novel combination of 2 clinically relevant treatment modalities, polyamine deprivation and HSV‐TK/GCV suicide gene therapy, can be used synergistically in vivo. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of expression of Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen‐2 correlates with a poor prognosis in cases of pyothorax‐associated lymphoma
Authors: Takakuwa Tetsuya , Ham Maria Francisca , Luo Wen‐Juan , Nakatsuka Shin‐ichi , Daibata Masanori , Aozasa Katsuyuki
Published: December 2005

Pyothorax‐associated lymphoma (PAL) is a non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, which develops in the pleural cavity of patients who have had pyothorax for over 20 years, and is strongly associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection. The expression of latent genes, especially EBV nuclear antigen‐2 (EBNA‐2), influences the growth characteristics and malignant features of EBV‐infected cells. Here, the effect of EBNA‐2 expression on clinical features was examined in 13 cases of PAL. The EBNA‐2 transcript was detected in 8 cases but was absent in 5. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with the transcripts and those without: the 1‐year survival rate was 87.5 and 0%, respectively (p < 0.01). There was a discrepancy between EBNA‐2 expression and EBNA promoter usage in 6 cases. The Cp/Wp promoter was used in 3 EBNA‐2‐negative cases, whereas the Qp promoter or multiple promoters were used in 3 EBNA‐2‐positive cases. Analysis of PAL cell lines provided a clue as to the mechanism underlying the discrepancy between EBNA‐2 expression and EBNA promoter usage. Loss of EBNA‐2 expression, irrespective of the latency pattern, is correlated with a poor prognosis, suggesting that down‐regulation of the EBNA‐2 expression could be selection pressure for the progression of PAL. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fucosylated haptoglobin is a novel marker for pancreatic cancer: A detailed analysis of the oligosaccharide structure and a possible mechanism for fucosylation
Authors: Okuyama Noriko , Ide Yoshihito , Nakano Miyako , Nakagawa Tsutomu , Yamanaka Kanako , Moriwaki Kenta , Murata Kohei , Ohigashi Hiroaki , Yokoyama Shigekazu , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Ishikawa Osamu , Ito Toshifumi , Kato Michio , Kasahara Akinori , Kawano Sunao , Gu Jianguo , Taniguchi Naoyuki , Miyoshi Eiji
Published: December 2005

Changes in oligosaccharide structures have been reported in certain types of malignant transformations and, thus, could be used for tumor markers in certain types of cancer. In the case of pancreatic cancer cell lines, a variety of fucosylated proteins are secreted into their conditioned media. To identify fucosylated proteins in the serum of patients with pancreatic cancer, we performed western blot analyses using Aleuria Aurantica Lectin (AAL), which is specific for fucosylated structures. An ∼40 kD protein was found to be highly fucosylated in pancreatic cancer and an N‐terminal analysis revealed that it was the β chain of haptoglobin. While the appearance of fucosylated haptoglobin has been reported in other diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, gastric cancer and colon cancer, the incidence was significantly higher in the case of pancreatic cancer. Fucosylated haptoglobin was observed more frequently at the advanced stage of pancreatic cancer and disappeared after an operation. A mass spectrometry analysis of haptoglobin purified from the serum of patients with pancreatic cancer and the medium from a pancreatic cancer cell line, PSN‐1, showed that the α 1‐3/α 1‐4/α 1‐6 fucosylation of haptoglobin was increased in pancreatic cancer. When a hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, was cultured with the conditioned media from pancreatic cancer cells, haptoglobin secretion was dramatically increased. These findings suggest that fucosylated haptoglobin could serve as a novel marker for pancreatic cancer. Two possibilities were considered in terms of the fucosylation of haptoglobin. One is that pancreatic cancer cells, themselves, produce fucosylated haptoglobin; the other is that pancreatic cancer produces a factor, which induces the production of fucosylated haptoglobin in the liver. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of colitis‐associated carcinogenesis in a mouse model by diet supplementation with ursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Loddenkemper Christoph , Keller Sylvia , Hanski Marie‐Loise , Cao Minh , Jahreis Gerhard , Stein Harald , Zeitz Martin , Hanski Christoph
Published: December 2005

Bile acids in the intestinal lumen contribute to the homeostatic regulation of proliferation and death of the colonic epithelial cells: Deoxycholic acid (DCA) appears to enhance and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to attenuate the process of chemically induced carcinogenesis. We studied the effects of UDCA on colitis‐related colorectal carcinogenesis. Three groups of 25 mice were given 0.7% dextran sulphate in drinking water for 7 days and pure water for 10 days and were fed a standard diet containing double iron concentration. In 2 groups, the diet was supplemented with 0.2% cholic acid (CA), the precursor of DCA, or with 0.4% UDCA. After 15 cycles, the histology, the expression of MUC2, β‐catenin, p27 and p16 and the fecal water concentration of DCA and UDCA were investigated. All animals showed colitis with similar severity and histologic as well as immunophenotypic alterations, resembling those of human colitis. Among the animals fed the nonsupplemented diet, 46% developed colorectal adenocarcinomas and 54% anal‐rectal squamous cell carcinomas. The prevalence of dysplasia and carcinomas did not change significantly in the animals given CA. Among the mice fed with UDCA, none developed adenocarcinomas and 20% squamous carcinomas. Dysplastic lesions were found in 88%, 67% and 40% of each group, respectively. The prevalence of dysplasia as well as of carcinoma showed an inverse relationship to the UDCA concentration in the fecal water. These data indicate that UDCA suppresses colitis‐associated carcinogenesis. This model is suitable for investigation of the mechanism of the anticarcinogenic effect of UDCA in vivo. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometric measures, endogenous sex steroids and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: A study within the EPIC cohort
Authors: Rinaldi Sabina , Key Tim J , Peeters Petra H.M. , Lahmann Petra H. , Lukanova Annekatrin , Dossus Laure , Biessy Carine , Vineis Paolo , Sacerdote Carlotta , Berrino Franco , Panico Salvatore , Tumino Rosario , Palli Domenico , Nagel Gabriele , Linseisen Jakob , Boeing Heiner , Roddam Andrew , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Chloptios John , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Tehard Bertrand , Clavel‐Chapelon Francoise , Gonzalez Carlos A. , Larrañaga Nerea , Barricarte Aurelio , Quirós J. Ramón , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Martinez Carmen , Monninkhof Evelyne , Grobbee Diederick E. , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Ferrari Pietro , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf
Published: December 2005

In a large case–control study on breast cancer risk and serum hormone concentrations, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, we examined to what extent the relationship of excess body weight with breast cancer risk may be explained by changes in sex steroids. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and serum measurements of testosterone [T], androstenedione [Δ4], dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [DHEAS], estradiol [E2], estrone [E1] and sex‐hormone binding globulin [SHBG] were available for 613 breast cancer cases, and 1,139 matched controls, who were all menopausal at the time of blood donation. Free T [fT] and free E2 [fE2] were calculated using mass action equations. Breast cancer risk was related to body mass index (BMI) (RR = 1.11 [0.99–1.25], per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI), and waist (RR = 1.12 [1.02–1.24], per 10 cm increase) and hip circumferences (RR = 1.14 [1.02–1.27], per 10 cm increase). The increase in breast cancer risk associated with adiposity was substantially reduced after adjustment for any estrogens, especially for fE2 (from 1.11 [0.99–1.25] to 0.99 [0.87–1.12], from 1.12 [1.02–1.24] to 1.02 [0.92–1.14] and from 1.14 [1.02–1.27] to 1.05 [0.93–1.18] for BMI, waist and hip circumferences, respectively). A modest attenuation in excess risk was observed after adjustment for fT, but the remaining androgens had little effect on the association of body adiposity with breast cancer. Our data indicate that the relationship of adiposity with breast cancer in postmenopausal women could be partially explained by the increases in endogenous estrogens, and by a decrease in levels of SHBG. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meat, fish, poultry and egg consumption in relation to risk of pancreatic cancer: A prospective study
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Håkanson Niclas , Permert Johan , Wolk Alicja
Published: December 2005

High meat consumption has been associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in several, although not all, case‐control studies. However, prospective data on this relationship are sparse, and the results have been inconsistent. We prospectively evaluated meat, fish, poultry, and egg consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence in a population‐based cohort of 61,433 Swedish women. Diet was assessed with a food‐frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987–1990) and again in 1997. Pancreatic cancers were ascertained through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI). During the 941,218 person‐years of follow‐up, from 1987 through 2004, 172 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed. Long‐term red meat consumption (using data from both dietary questionnaires) was positively associated with risk of pancreatic cancer (p‐trend = 0.01), whereas long‐term poultry consumption was inversely (p‐trend = 0.04) associated with risk. The multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest category of consumption were 1.73 (95% CI = 0.99–2.98) for red meat and 0.44 (95% CI = 0.20–0.97) for poultry. There were no significant associations with processed meat, fish or egg consumption. Findings from this prospective study suggest that substituting poultry for red meat might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TAK1‐mediated stress signaling pathways are essential for TNF‐α‐promoted pulmonary metastasis of murine colon cancer cells
Authors: Choo Min‐Kyung , Sakurai Hiroaki , Koizumi Keiichi , Saiki Ikuo
Published: December 2005

We have recently established a TNF‐α‐promoted metastasis model, in which the ability to metastasize to the lung was enhanced by stimulation of cultured colon 26 cells with TNF‐α before intravenous inoculation. To investigate intracellular events in metastatic cascades of TNF‐α‐treated cancer cells, we have focused on the stress signaling pathways to c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Treatment with a specific inhibitor, SP600125 or SB203580, in vitro suppressed TNF‐α‐induced migration and pulmonary metastasis. Activation of endogenous TAK1, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP3K) regulating the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, was induced rapidly by TNF‐α, and co‐transfection of TAK1 with its activator protein TAB1 stimulated activation of JNK and p38 MAPKs, which led to activation of the transcription factor AP‐1. The activation of stress signaling pathways by TAK1 resulted in enhanced migration to fibronectin in vitro and metastasis to the lung in vivo without affecting cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, knockdown of endogenous TAK1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed the TNF‐α‐induced JNK/p38 activation, migration and pulmonary metastasis. These results indicate that TAK1‐mediated stress signaling pathways in cancer cells are essential for TNF‐α‐promoted metastasis to the lung. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food groups and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: A multicenter, case‐control study in Italy
Authors: Talamini Renato , Polesel Jerry , Montella Maurizio , Dal Maso Luigino , Crovatto Marina , Crispo Anna , Spina Michele , Canzonieri Vincenzo , La Vecchia Carlo , Franceschi Silvia
Published: December 2005

Incidence of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been rising worldwide, but the reasons are undefined. Dietary habits may play a role in the etiology of NHL by influencing the metabolic pathways of several cells of the immune system. This case‐control study investigated the relation between food consumption and NHL risk. Between 1999 and 2002, we conducted a hospital‐based case‐control study on NHL in 2 areas of Italy. Cases were 190 patients (median age 58 years) with incident NHL admitted to specialized and general hospitals. Controls were 484 patients (median age 63 years) with acute non‐neoplastic conditions admitted to the same hospitals network of cases. A validated food‐frequency questionnaire was used to assess habitual diet 2 years before interview. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), with allowance for energy intake, according to the residual model. Consumption of highest versus lowest quartile of pasta/rice (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.04–3.36) and cheese (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.98–2.83) were associated with a significantly increased NHL risk. Inverse association was found for vegetables (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28–0.87), fruits (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.30–0.85), and egg consumption (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36–0.97). The association of pasta/rice was also supported by an increased risk of high glycemic load levels (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.04–3.32). In conclusion, our results suggested that diet could affect NHL risk. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resolvable modified group divisible designs with block size three
Authors: Wang Chengmin , Tang Yu , Danziger Peter
Published: December 2005

A resolvable modified group divisible design (RMGDD) is an MGDD whose blocks can be partitioned into parallel classes. In this article, we investigate the existence of RMGDDs with block size three and show that the necessary conditions are also sufficient with two exceptions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 2–14, 2007
Converging on a richer understanding of human behavior and experience through a blending of cognitive and clinical psychology
Authors: Roskos‐Ewoldsen Beverly
Published: December 2005

McClelland, Kemps, and Tiggemann's (this issue) use of experimental methods typically used in cognitive psychology to reduce the intensity of food cravings formed the basis for maintaining that an understanding of human experiences and behaviors requires a blending of cognitive and clinical psychological approaches. Clinical psychology can adapt cognitive models of information processing to understand the mechanisms underlying clinical phenomena and to create and evaluate effective interventions. Cognitive psychology should broaden its scope to include information relevant to clinical phenomena, such as desire, attitudes, self‐regulation, and temperament. Only through a blending of these two fields will we converge on a richer understanding of human behavior and experience. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 367–371, 2006.
Developing an evidence base in clinical psychology
Authors: Davidson Karina W. , Spring Bonnie
Published: December 2005

We suggest a process for clinical psychologists to collect an evidence base and join the evidence‐based movement already underway in many areas of medicine. To illustrate this process, we review the history of cholesterol discovery, evaluation, and management as an evidence‐based process, extracting lessons applicable to the field of psychology. By examining these lessons and building consensus, clinical psychologists can advance the movement along an evidence‐based practice continuum, improve client care, build a more informative evidence base, and promote equitable reimbursement for psychological practice. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 259–271, 2006.
The influence of outcome measures in assessing client change and treatment decisions
Authors: Hatfield Derek R. , Ogles Benjamin M.
Published: December 2005

This study investigated the influence that information in the form of outcome measures and client verbal reports can have on treatment decisions and clinician judgment of client change. A random national sample of psychologists (N = 810, 45% response rate) were given clinical vignettes and asked questions regarding their view of client progress and subsequent treatment decisions. Despite clinicians reporting that verbal report is more influential in their actual clinical practice than outcome measure information, both sources of information had an equal impact on judgments of client change. Negative information (from either source) influenced clinicians more than positive information. Outcome measure information indicating client deterioration led more clinicians to choose to alter treatment than client verbal report of deterioration. Information indicating client improvement led some clinicians to continue treatment in the same manner as they had been. Insight‐oriented therapists were more likely to continue treatment‐as‐usual than were cognitive‐behavioral therapists. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 325–337, 2006.
The Journal of Clinical Psychology, the next five years
Authors: Thorn Beverly E.
Published: December 2005

This is the first issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology containing articles accepted under the current editorship (Beverly Thorn, Charles Ward, Stephen Saunders, and Mary Louise Cashel). As such, the Editor in Chief, Beverly Thorn, decided that it would be timely to offer brief editorial comments regarding the past year as the new EIC, recount a brief history of JCLP, and offer her vision statement for the Journal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 253–257, 2006.
Viral serotype and the transgene sequence influence overlapping adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vector‐mediated gene transfer in skeletal muscle
Authors: Ghosh Arkasubhra , Yue Yongping , Duan Dongsheng
Published: December 2005

Background

The overlapping approach was developed recently to expand the adeno‐associated viral (AAV) packaging capacity. In this approach, a gene is split into two partially overlapping fragments and separately packaged into an upstream and a downstream vector, respectively. Transgene expression is achieved in co‐infected cells after homologous recombination. Despite the promising proof‐of‐principle results in the lung, the efficiency has been very disappointing in skeletal muscle. Here we examined two potential rate‐limiting factors including AAV serotype and the transgene sequence.

Methods

To study serotype effect, we delivered AAV‐2, ‐5 and ‐6 overlapping vectors (5 × 108 vg particles of the upstream and the downstream vectors, respectively) and 5 × 108 vg particles of the intact gene vector to the tibialis anterior muscles of 7‐week‐old C57Bl/6 mice, respectively. To determine the effect of transgene sequence, we compared LacZ and alkaline phosphatase (AP) overlapping vectors. Transduction efficiency was quantified 6 weeks later by scoring the percentage of transgene‐positive myofibers.

Results

AAV‐2 overlapping vectors barely resulted in detectable transduction. Transduction efficiency was significantly improved in AAV‐5 and AAV‐6. The highest level was achieved in AAV‐6 that reached 42% and 96% of that of the intact gene vector for the LacZ gene and the AP gene, respectively. Surprisingly, AAV‐6 overlapping vector resulted in higher transduction than did AAV‐2 and AAV‐5 intact gene vectors.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that AAV serotype and the transgene sequence play critical roles in the overlapping approach. AAV‐6 holds great promise for overlapping vector‐mediated muscle gene therapy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the reduction of imidazophenazine dye derivatives under fast‐atom‐bombardment mass‐spectrometric conditions
Authors: Kosevich Marina V. , Boryak Oleg A. , Orlov Vadim V. , Shelkovsky Vadim S. , Chagovets Vitalij V. , Stepanian Stepan G. , Karachevtsev Viktor A. , Adamowicz Ludwik
Published: December 2005

Satellite [M + 2]+• and [M + 3]+ peaks accompanying the common peak of the protonated molecule [M + H]+ that are known to indicate the occurrence of a reduction process were observed in the fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of imidazophenazine dye derivatives in glycerol matrix. The distribution of the abundances in the [M + nH]+ peak group varied noticeably for different derivatives. This indicated different levels of the reduction depending on the different structure variations of the studied molecules. In the search for correlations between the mass spectral pattern and the structural features of the dyes, ab initio HF/6‐31++G** quantum chemical calculations were performed. They revealed that the abundances of the [M + 2]+• and [M + 3]+ ions show growth proportional to the decrease of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, i.e. proportional to the increase of the electron affinity of the dye molecule. A method for rapid screening of reductive properties of sets of dye derivatives on the basis of the FAB mass spectral data is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validated positive chemical ionization GC/MS method for the identification and quantification of amphetamine, opiates, cocaine, and metabolites in human postmortem brain
Authors: Lowe Ross H. , Barnes Allan J. , Lehrmann Elin , Freed William J. , Kleinman Joel E. , Hyde Thomas M. , Herman Mary M. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: December 2005

A sensitive and specific method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of amphetamine, opiates, and cocaine and metabolites in human postmortem brain was developed and validated. Analytes of interest included amphetamine, morphine, codeine, 6‐acetylmorphine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, and anhydroecgonine methyl ester. The method employed ultrasonic homogenization of brain tissue in pH 4.0 sodium acetate buffer and solid phase extraction. Extracts were derivatized with N‐methyl‐N‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide and N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. Separation and quantification were accomplished on a bench‐top positive chemical ionization capillary gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer with selected ion monitoring. Eight deuterated analogs were used as internal standards. Limits of quantification were 50 ng/g of brain. Calibration curves were linear to 1000 ng/g for anhydroecgonine methyl ester and 6‐acetylmorphine, and to 2000 ng/g for all other analytes. Accuracy across the linear range of the assay ranged from 90.2 to 112.2%, and precision, as percent relative standard deviation, was less than 16.6%. Quantification of drug concentrations in brain is a useful research tool in neurobiology and in forensic and postmortem toxicology, identifying the type, relative magnitude, and recency of abused drug exposure. This method will be employed to quantify drug concentrations in human postmortem brain in support of basic and clinical research on the physiologic, biochemical, and behavioral effects of drugs in humans. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of must and wine of six varieties of grapes by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Catharino Rodrigo R. , Cunha Ildenize B. S. , Fogaça Aline O. , Facco Elizete M. P. , Godoy Helena T. , Daudt Carlos E. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Sawaya Alexandra C. H. F.
Published: December 2005

Samples of must derived from six different varieties of grapes taken during the fermentation process, as well as the respective wine samples directly after the end of the malolactic fermentation, were analyzed by direct infusion negative ion mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Diagnostic ions for must were different from those of wine samples, although small variations for each of the grape varieties were also detected. The addition of unfermented must or sugar to wine could also be clearly detected. The spectra were acquired in a few minutes per sample, indicating that ESI‐MS can be used for high‐throughput analysis of samples and should prove useful for quality control during and after the fermentation process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid sequencing and disulfide mapping of peptides containing disulfide bonds by using 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene as a reductive matrix
Authors: Fukuyama Yuko , Iwamoto Shinichi , Tanaka Koichi
Published: December 2005

MS/MS is indispensable for the amino acid sequencing of peptides. However, its use is limited for peptides containing disulfide bonds. We have applied the reducing properties of 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene (1,5‐DAN) as a MALDI matrix to amino acid sequencing and disulfide bond mapping of human urotensin II possessing one disulfide bond, and human guanylin possessing two disulfide bonds. 1,5‐DAN was used in the same manner as the usual MALDI matrices without any pre‐treatment of the peptide, and MS/MS was performed using a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (MALDI QIT TOFMS). The results demonstrated that MS/MS of the molecular ions reduced by 1,5‐DAN provided a series of significant b‐/y‐product ions. All 11 amino acid residues of urotensin II were identified using 1,5‐DAN, while only 5 out of 11 residues were identified using 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB); similarly 11 out of 15 amino acid residues of guanylin were identified using 1,5‐DAN, while only three were identified using DHB. In addition, comparison of the theoretical and measured values of the mass differences between corresponding MS/MS product ions using 1,5‐DAN and DHB narrowed down the possible disulfide bond arrangement candidates. Consequently, 1,5‐DAN as a reductive matrix facilitates rapid amino acid sequencing and disulfide mapping for peptides containing disulfide bonds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel acetylation‐aided migrating rearrangement of uridine‐diphosphate‐N‐acetylglucosamine in electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Hua‐Dong , Li Yan‐Mei , Du Jin‐Tang , Hu Jia , Zhao Yu‐Fen
Published: December 2005

Uridine 5′‐diphospho‐N‐acetylglucosamine (UDP‐GlcNAc) is the final product of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HSP) and the donor substrate for the modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins at serine and threonine residues with N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catalyzed by O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Many analogs of UDP‐GlcNAc were designed to interfere with the process of protein O‐glycosylation by blocking OGT. A novel rearrangement reaction was observed in which phosphate‐N‐acetylglucosamine moiety migrated to 3′ terminus of ribose in ESI‐MSn of UDP‐GlcNAc. Results from tandem mass spectrometry, control experiments and calculation showed that the phosphate‐N‐acetylglucosamine migration might undergo a pentacoordinate phosphoric intermediate. Furthermore, the acetylation of glucosamine in UDP‐GlcNAc was essential in the migration process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rho/ROCK pathway as a target of tumor therapy
Authors: Rattan R. , Giri S. , Singh A.K. , Singh I.
Published: December 2005

This study emphasizes the importance of Rho/ROCK pathway in lovastatin‐induced apoptosis as replenishment with exogenous isoprenoid, geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP), resulted in inhibition of apoptosis in cultured tumor cells. Treatment of C6 glioma cells with Toxin B and exoenzyme C3 resulted in cell death suggesting the role of geranylgeranylated protein(s) in the survival of glioma cells. Relative apoptotic death observed in cells transfected with dominant negative constructs of RhoA, Rac, and cdc42 imply Rho A as playing the major role in cell survival. Furthermore, the inhibition of Rho A kinase (ROCK), a direct downstream effector of Rho A, by Y‐27632 or dominant negative of ROCK, induced apoptosis in glioma cells. These findings indicate that RhoA/ROCK pathway is involved negatively in the regulation of glioma cell death pathway. Moreover, in vivo studies of lovastatin treatment in animals implanted with C6 glioma cell tumors also resulted in smaller tumor size and induced apoptosis in the tumor tissue. The implantation of stably transfected C6 glioma cells with expression vector of C3 exoenzyme, dominant negative of RhoA and ROCK, resulted in significant smaller tumor mass, further establishing the importance of geranylgeranylated proteins, specifically RhoA and its downstream effecter ROCK, in cell survival and tumor genesis © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies against β‐amyloid reduce aβ oligomers, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β activation and τ phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Ma Qiu‐Lan , Lim Giselle P. , Harris‐White Marni E. , Yang Fusheng , Ambegaokar Surendra S. , Ubeda Oliver J. , Glabe Charles G. , Teter Bruce , Frautschy Sally A. , Cole Greg M.
Published: December 2005

Although active and passive immunization against the β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) of amyloid plaque‐bearing transgenic mice markedly reduces amyloid plaque deposition and improves cognition, the mechanisms of neuroprotection and impact on toxic oligomer species are not understood. We demonstrate that compared to control IgG2b, passive immunization with intracerebroventricular (icv) anti‐Aβ (1–15) antibody into the AD HuAPPsw (Tg2576) transgenic mouse model reduced specific oligomeric forms of Aβ, including the dodecamers that correlate with cognitive decline. Interestingly, the reduction of soluble Aβ oligomers, but not insoluble Aβ, significantly correlated with reduced τ phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β), a major τ kinase implicated previously in mediating Aβ toxicity. A conformationally‐directed antibody against amyloid oligomers (larger than tetramer) also reduced Aβ oligomer‐induced activation of GSK3β and protected human neuronal SH‐SY5Y cells from Aβ oligomer‐induced neurotoxicity, supporting a role for Aβ oligomers in human τ kinase activation. These data suggest that antibodies that are highly specific for toxic oligomer subspecies may reduce toxicity via reduction of GSK‐3β, which could be an important strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated μ‐opioid receptor expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract accompanies attenuated withdrawal signs after chronic low dose naltrexone in opiate‐dependent rats
Authors: Van Bockstaele E.J. , Rudoy C. , Mannelli P. , Oropeza V. , Qian Y.
Published: December 2005

We previously described a decrease in withdrawal behaviors in opiate‐dependent rats that were chronically treated with very low doses of naltrexone in their drinking water. Attenuated expression of withdrawal behaviors correlated with decreased c‐Fos expression and intracellular signal transduction elements [protein kinase A regulatory subunit II (PKA) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB)] in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei. In this study, to determine whether similar cellular changes occurred in forebrain nuclei associated with drug reward, expressions of PKA and pCREB were analyzed in the ventral tegmental area, frontal cortex, striatum, and amygdala of opiate‐treated rats that received low doses of naltrexone in their drinking water. No significant difference in PKA or pCREB was detected in these regions following drug treatment. To examine further the cellular mechanisms in noradrenergic nuclei that could underlie attenuated withdrawal behaviors following low dose naltrexone administration, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and locus coeruleus (LC) were examined for opioid receptor (OR) protein expression. Results showed a significant increase in μOR expression in the NTS of morphine‐dependent rats that received low doses of naltrexone in their drinking water, and increases in μOR expression were also found to be dose dependent. Protein expression of μOR in the LC and δOR in either brain region remained unchanged. In conclusion, our previously reported decreases in c‐Fos and PKA expression in the NTS following pretreatment with low doses of naltrexone may be partially explained by a greater inhibition of NTS neurons resulting from increased μOR expression in this region. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual inhibition of protein phosphatase‐1/2A and calpain rescues nerve growth factor‐differentiated PC12 cells from oxygen‐glucose deprivation‐induced cell death
Authors: Nakajima Takayuki , Wakasa Takashi , Okuma Yasunobu , Inanami Osamu , Nomura Yasuyuki , Kuwabara Mikinori , Kawahara Koichi
Published: December 2005

In the present study, we examined how the cell survival signaling via cyclic AMP‐responsive element binding protein (CREB) and Akt, and the cell death signaling via cystein proteases, calpain and caspase‐3, are involved in oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation (OGD/reoxygenation)‐induced cell death in nerve growth factor (NGF)‐differentiated PC12 cells. OGD/reoxygenation‐induced cell death was evaluated by LDH release into the culture medium. The level of LDH release was low (9.0% ± 4.1%) immediately after 4 hr of OGD (0 hr of reoxygenation), was significantly increased to 28.6% ± 6.6% at 3 hr of reoxygenation, and remained at similar levels at 6 and 20 hr of reoxygenation, suggesting that reoxygenation at least for 3 hr resulted in the loss of cell membrane integrity. After 4 hr of OGD followed by 3 hr of reoxygenation, dephosphorylation of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB), but not phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), was induced. Under these conditions, calpain‐ but not caspase‐3‐mediated α‐spectrin breakdown product was increased, indicating that OGD/reoxygenation also induced an increase in calpain activity. The restoration of pCREB by protein phosphatase (PP)‐1/2A inhibitors or the inhibition of excessive activation of calpain by calpain inhibitor did not reduce OGD/reoxygenation‐induced LDH release. Cotreatment with PP‐1/2A and calpain inhibitors reduced OGD/reoxygenation‐induced LDH release. The present study suggests that a balance in the phosphorylation and proteolytic signaling is involved in the survival of NGF‐differentiated PC12 cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A note on the Picard bundle over a moduli space of vector bundles
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Brambila–Paz L.
Published: December 2005

Let ℳ︁(n , d ) be a coprime moduli space of stable vector bundles of rank n ≥ 2 and degree d over a complex irreducible smooth projective curve X of genus g ≥ 2 and ℳ︁ξ ⊂ ℳ︁(n , d ) a fixed determinant moduli space. Assuming that the degree d is sufficiently large, denote by 𝒦 the vector bundle over X ×ℳ︁(n , d ) defined by the kernel of the evaluation map H 0(X , E ) → Ex , where E ∈ℳ︁(n , d ) and x ∈ X . We prove that 𝒦 and its restriction 𝒦ξ to X × ℳ︁ξ are stable. The space of all infinitesimal deformations of 𝒦 over X ×ℳ︁(n , d ) is proved to be of dimension 3g and that of 𝒦ξ over X × ℳ︁ξ of dimension 2g , assuming that g ≥ 3 and if g = 3 then n ≥ 4 and if g = 4 then n ≥ 3. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Projective models of Enriques surfaces in scrolls
Authors: Hana Gert Monstad
Published: December 2005

We study Cossec's ϕ ‐function, which is defined for divisors with positive self‐intersection on an Enriques surface. In this paper we study the existence of pairs (C 2, ϕ (C )) with C an irreducible curve. The ϕ ‐function gives in a natural way scrolls containing Enriques surfaces. We compute scroll types to some of these scrolls. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Construction of rigid local systems and integral representations of their sections
Authors: Haraoka Yoshishige , Yokoyama Toshiaki
Published: December 2005

We give a method for constructing all rigid local systems of semi‐simple type, which is different from the Katz–Dettweiler–Reiter algorithm. Our method follows from the construction of Fuchsian systems of differential equations with monodromy representations corresponding to such local systems, which give an explicit solution of the Riemann–Hilbert problem. Moreover, we show that every section of such local systems has an integral representation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimation des projecteurs de De Rham Hodge de certaines variétés riemaniennes non compactes
Authors: Lohoué Nöel
Published: December 2005

On montre des estimées pour le projecteur de De Rham–Hodge.

We prove estimates for the De Rham–Hodge Lp projectors. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
M ‐elliptic pseudo‐differential operators on Lp(ℝn)
Authors: Wong M. W.
Published: December 2005

We construct the minimal and maximal extensions in L p (ℝn ), 1 < p < ∞, for M ‐elliptic pseudo‐differential operators initiated by Garello and Morando. We prove that they are equal and determine the domains of the minimal, and hence maximal, extensions of M ‐elliptic pseudo‐differential operators. For M ‐elliptic pseudodifferential operators with constant coefficients, the spectra and essential spectra are computed. An application to quantization is given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Polymer Composite Film with Reversible Responsive Behaviors
Authors: Lu Xiaoying , Peng Juan , Li Binyao , Zhang Changchun , Han Yanchun
Published: December 2005

Summary: A responsive polymer composite film was generated by the use of reversibly switchable surface morphology of polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PMMA) films in response to different block selective solvents on the rough isotactic poly(propylene) (i‐PP) substrate. The maximum difference of the water contact angle of the composite films increased from 22.6° of PS‐b‐PMMA films on the smooth substrate to 42.6° when they were treated by PS and PMMA selective solvents, respectively. The mechanisms of the responsive extent enhanced and the superhydrophobicity of the composite films were discussed in detail.

Schematic illustration of how to fabricate a wettability‐responsive composite film: (a) on the flat Si substrate, (b) on the rough PP substrate.

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Schematic illustration of how to fabricate a wettability‐responsive composite film: (a) on the flat Si substrate, (b) on the rough PP substrate.
Focus on Axis Communications' 206W wireless network camera
Authors: Held Gilbert
Published: December 2005

There is an old adage that ‘good things come in small packages’. In this issue's Hardware Spotlight column we will turn our attention to what is billed as the world's smallest wireless network camera whose use validates the previously mentioned adage.

The Axis 206W wireless network camera represents a unique merging of flash memory, a CMOS image sensor and IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN technology. The camera is packaged with a power adapter, fastened camera stand, USB cable, CD and manual. Because flash memory is used to store the camera's software, connecting the camera to a computer results in the Axis 206W appearing as a new drive. Clicking on that drive designator results in the display of the files contained in the camera's memory to include a setup program, making its setup a literal breeze.
Mobile IPv6 network: implementation and application
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Liang , Lee Yu‐Feng , Chang Yao‐Chung
Published: December 2005

Recently, the world has become increasingly mobile, and people have started communicating by wireless networking. Mobile IPv6 enables mobile users to communicate with each other while moving. In this study, a mobile IPv6 network was implemented by the IEEE 802.11 specification, and its performance was analyzed using TCP and UDP applications. The experimental results indicate that throughput stabilized for UDP applications after about 6–14 seconds. However, TCP applications were found to stabilize throughput in 10–20 seconds. The evaluation results reveal that TCP applications perform less well in mobile IPv6 networking than UDP applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signalling analysis in integrated 4G networks
Authors: Chaouchi Hakima , Armuelles Ivan , Ganchev Ivan , O'Droma Máirtín , Kubinidze Nino
Published: December 2005

Scarce radio resources and the ambition to increase the number of mobile customers with a guarantee of service are pushing mobile communication systems from homogeneous non‐service convergent 2G and convergent‐service 2.5G and 3G wireless systems to heterogeneous integrated and convergent service 4G networks. This evolution has had several consequences from network design, control and service management points of view. In the emerging integrated 4G networks one of the issues is the signalling of information related to different control purposes such as QoS, mobility and security signalling. In fact, some questions such as which are the candidate signalling protocols, and which approach of integrated signalling to be adopted (unified versus non‐unified) need to be considered in the context of the emerging 4G integrated network. This is precisely the scope of this paper. We first identify the requirements related to mobility, security/AAA and QoS signalling, then we consider candidate signalling protocols and we propose possible approaches in the integration of signalling in the context of 4G networks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous Diffusion in the Gaussian Core Model (GCM)‐Liquid
Authors: Mausbach P. , May H.‐O.
Published: December 2005

By means of molecular dynamics simulation we investigate the diffusion behaviour of a fluid system interacting via a Gaussian core pair potential. We observe anomalous diffusion when the dimensionless density becomes larger than 0.35. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Modified Linear Sampling Method Valid for all Frequencies and an Application to the Inverse Inhomogeneous Medium Problem
Authors: Muniz Wagner
Published: December 2005

We consider the inverse inhomogeneous medium scattering problem in acoustics where one tries to recover the support of anomalies in a medium by interrogating the region of interest with plane waves at fixed frequency. We discuss the validity of the Linear Sampling Method (LSM) for solving this inverse problem, and its connection to an unusual eigenvalue problem. It turns out that the existence of non‐trivial solutions of the so‐called interior transmission eigenvalue problem results in the failure of the LSM. We then propose a modification of the LSM that avoids these shortcomings and is numerically sound. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Monte Carlo method for the Broadwell model with relaxation
Authors: Seaïd Mohammed
Published: December 2005

A Monte Carlo method is proposed for numerical solution of the Broadwell model. Developing a probabilistic interpretation of the equations, the transport and collision parts are treated separately in the method. Particles are advected according to their velocities and collisions are performed between randomly chosen particles. We numerically test the algorithm for a variety of examples. In particular we are interested in situations which generate structures that have nonsmooth fronts. Our simulations show that this Monte Carlo method is capable of capturing the nonlinear regime in presence of shocks and interactions. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Memory‐efficient Implementation of Riccati Approach for Time‐Dependent Optimal Control Problems in ODEs
Authors: Sternberg Julia , Griewank Andreas
Published: December 2005

We consider a time‐dependent optimal control problem, where the state evolution is described by an ODE. There is a variety of methods for the treatment of such problems. We prefer to view them as boundary value problems and apply to them the Riccati approach for non‐linear BVPs with separated boundary conditions. There are many relationships between multiple shooting techniques, the Riccati approach and the Pantoja method, which describes a computationally efficient stage‐wise construction of the Newton direction for the discrete‐time optimal control problem. We present an efficient implementation of this approach. Furthermore, the well‐known checkpointing approach is extended to a ‘nested checkpointing’ for multiple transversals. Some heuristics are introduced for an efficient construction of nested reversal schedules. We discuss their benefits and compare their results to the optimal schedules computed by exhaustive search techniques. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spurious modes elimination for fractional differential equations
Authors: Trinks Carolin , Ruge Peter
Published: December 2005

In this paper, the stability of fractional differential equations is addressed. A criterion for the identification of spurious modes is derived. Two techniques for the a posteriori elimination of the corresponding solution parts are presented. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis and characterization of surface topographies with the theory of Markov processes
Authors: Waechter Matthias , Peinke Joachim
Published: December 2005

For the characterization of surface height profiles we present a new stochastic approach which is based on the theory of Markov processes. With this analysis we achieve a characterization of the complexity of the surface roughness by means of a Fokker‐Planck or Langevin equation, providing the complete stochastic information of multiscale joint probabilities. Furthermore, this approach allows the reconstruction of topographies with given stochastic properties. Estimations for the parameters of the Fokker‐Planck equation are based on pure, parameter free data analysis. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enclosing solutions of complex linear systems of equations iteratively
Authors: Arndt Hans‐Robert
Published: December 2005

We consider the interval iteration [x ]k +1 = [A ][x ]k + [b ] in different interval arithmetics with the aim to enclose solutions of x = Ax +b in the case that A and b are only known to be contained in some given intervals. We give necessary and sufficient criteria for the convergence of the interval iteration for every initial interval vector [x ]0 to some [x ]* = [x ]*([x ]0) with respect to the considered interval arithmetic. Such a limit is a solution of the interval system [x ] = [A ][x ] + [b ].

If we compare the interval arithmetics with respect to the behavior of [x ]k +1 = [A ][x ]k + [b ] we come to the conclusion, that the special choice of the arithmetic has a sensitive influence on the convergence of the sequence. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)