bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence of Subclinical Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: SHANG QING , TAM LAI-SHAN , YIP GABRIEL WAI-KWOK , SANDERSON JOHN E. , ZHANG QING , LI EDMUND KWOK-MING , YU CHEUK-MAN
Published: April 2011

Objective.

Endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis have been found in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Few studies have investigated whether there is any early impairment of myocardial function. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in PsA patients and the disease-related risk factors.

Methods.

Ninety-four PsA patients without clinical evidence of CVD and 63 healthy subjects were enrolled. All underwent conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging.

Results.

Sixty-one (65%) patients with PsA had evidence of subclinical LV dysfunction as defined by mean myocardial peak systolic velocity (Sm) of basal 6 segments < 4.4 cm/s, lateral E’ < 11.5 cm/s, and/or lateral E/E’ > 10. Thirty-six (38%) patients had only diastolic dysfunction, 4 (4%) had only systolic dysfunction, and 21 (22%) had both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. PsA patients with subclinical LV dysfunction were older, had a higher age at diagnosis of PsA and of psoriasis, a longer disease duration, a higher prevalence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, higher levels of serum creatinine, and more antihypertensive treatment than those with normal LV function. Multivariate regression showed that age at diagnosis of PsA > 40 years (OR 3.388, 95% CI 1.065–10.777, p = 0.039) and hypertension (OR 4.732, 95% CI 1.345–16.639, p = 0.015) were independent predictors of subclinical LV dysfunction.

Conclusion.

PsA patients without established CVD disease and in the absence of traditional CV risk factors have a high prevalence of subclinical LV dysfunction.
Analyser un corpus illisible ? Le logiciel Alceste confronté à des registres de condoléances
Authors: Truc Gérôme
Published: April 2011

Les registres de condoléances sont réputés constituer un matériau d’enquête difficile à appréhender pour le chercheur. Le formalisme et la répétitivité des messages qu’ils contiennent d’une part et leur volume pléthorique d’autre part semblent rendre impossible toute lecture exhaustive et vaine toute tentative d’analyse de contenu. Dans cet article, nous passons tout d’abord en revue les différentes stratégies mises en œuvre pour contourner cette difficulté, puis nous examinons dans quelle mesure le recours au logiciel de statistique textuelle Alceste, développé par Max Reinert, peut s’avérer particulièrement pertinent pour ce type spécifique de corpus. Nous appuyons cette réflexion sur une analyse menée avec Alceste d’un ensemble de presque 60000 messages de condoléances électroniques rédigés à la suite des attentats du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, dont nous présentons pour finir les principaux résultats.
Sociologie, cognition et langage : une méthodologie d'observation
Authors: Hajek Isabelle
Published: April 2011

Cet article propose une méthodologie d’observation des formes langagières de la cognition visant à résoudre les problèmes, tant sociologiques qu’épistémologiques, posés par la multiplicité des perspectives d’analyse du rapport entre pensée et réel et le rôle inégal accordé au langage dans les activités de production de sens des acteurs sociaux. Élaborée à partir des travaux de Ferry, cette méthodologie reconnaît au langage un fonctionnement pluriel et complexe à travers l’hypothèse de grammaires langagières que les acteurs activent pour donner sens à leurs actions et au monde qui les entoure, se l’approprier et le transformer. Elle permet de mettre en évidence comment les différentes formes de cognition et/ ou d’intelligence sociale, formées dans et par le langage, s’articulent à et recouvrent des possibles en termes de construction de communautés d’acteurs. On démontrera son opérationnalité, au fil de l’article, en s’appuyant sur les résultats d’une recherche relative aux connaissances produites sur les déchets par des acteurs en lutte contre un projet d’incinération des déchets.
Pertinence de la notion de formation discursive en analyse de discours
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: April 2011

Dans cet article, j'interroge la pertinence de la notion de formation discursive, qui a joué un rôle privilégié dans chez les analystes du discours francophones, puis a connu un net déclin à partir des années 1980. Elle reste aujourd’hui très employée, mais sans avoir un statut bien clair, en quelque sorte par défaut. Je commence par rappeler quelle fonction elle a occupé chez les deux auteurs qui l’ont introduite, Michel Foucault et Michel Pêcheux, puis je propose de lui conférer un nouveau statut en l’inscrivant à l’intérieur d’une typologie des unités sur lesquelles travaillent les analystes du discours. Après avoir séparé les « unités topiques » des « unités non-topiques », j’opère une distinction, parmi les unités non-topiques, entre « formations discursives » et « parcours » et j’introduis une distinction entre les formations discursives « unifocales » et « plurifocales ». On peut penser que cette redéfinition de la notion de formation discursive est mieux adaptée à la configuration présente des études sur le discours.
Napping During Night Shift: Practices, Preferences, and Perceptions of Critical Care and Emergency Department Nurses
Authors: Fallis Wendy M. , McMillan Diana E. , Edwards Marie P.
Published: April 2011

Background

Nurses working night shifts are at risk for sleep deprivation, which threatens patient and nurse safety. Little nursing research has addressed napping, an effective strategy to improve performance, reduce fatigue, and increase vigilance.

Objective

To explore nurses’ perceptions, experiences, barriers, and safety issues related to napping/not napping during night shift.

Methods

A convenience sample of critical care nurses working night shift were interviewed to explore demographics, work schedule and environment, and napping/ not napping experiences, perceptions, and barriers. Transcripts were constantly compared, and categories and themes were identified.

Results

Participants were 13 critical care nurses with an average of 17 years’ experience. Ten nurses napped regularly; 2 avoided napping because of sleep inertia. The need for and benefits of napping or not during night shift break were linked to patient and nurse safety. Ability to nap was affected by the demands of patient care and safety, staffing needs, and organizational and environmental factors.

Conclusions

Nurses identified personal health, safety, and patient care issues supporting the need for a restorative nap during night shift. Barriers to napping exist within the organization/work environment.
Antibacterial Prophylaxis in Neutropenic Children with Cancer
Authors: Barone Angelica
Published: April 2011

During the period of neutropenia induced by chemotherapy, patients have a high risk of infection. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce neutropenia-related complications in patients with cancer is still disputed. Recent meta-analysis and clinical trials demonstrated that antibiotic prophylaxis with quinolones reduces febrile episodes, bacterial infections and mortality in adult oncological patients with neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in acute leukaemia. In paediatric patients, the only randomized, double-blind, prospective study until now suggests that amoxicillin/ clavulanate may represent an effective prophylactic treatment in reducing fever and infections in oncological children with neutropenia, with an efficacy that is statistically demonstrated only in patients with acute leukaemia. Considering the risk of resistances, antibioticprophylaxis should be used only in selected patients.
Current Evidence of Antifungal Prophylaxis and Therapy in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Giacchino Mareva , Milano Giuseppe , Carraro Francesca , Bezzio Stefania , Pegoraro Anna , Aversa Franco , Cesaro Simone
Published: April 2011

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are an important complication in pediatric haematological and oncological patients who undergo intensive chemotherapy for leukemia, solid tumour at advanced stage or relapsed, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The incidence of IFI is lower than bacterial infection but mortality rate remains high. This review is designed to help paediatric oncologists in choosing the appropriate anti-fungal strategy and agents for prophylaxis, empirical, pre-emptive and specific therapy on the basis of published evidence.
Interferon-Gamma Receptor-1 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Leprosy in Children of a Single Family
Authors: Velayati Ali A. , Farnia Parissa , Khalizadeh Soheila , Farahbod Amir M. , Hasanzadh Maryam , Sheikolslam Maryam F.
Published: April 2011

The autosomal recessive disorder, because of a single mutation in interferon-γ receptor-1(IFNGR1) at position −56, was found to be associated with susceptibility to leprosy in children of the same family. The existence of such heterozygous carriers might explain the crucial role of IFNGR1 in the host defense against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium leprae. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in major candidate genes, i.e., natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12-receptor 1 (IL-12R1), were not found to be associated with this disease.
Latitudinal distributions of organic nitrogen and organic carbon in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific
Authors: Miyazaki Y. , Kawamura K. , Jung J. , Furutani H. , Uematsu M.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Marine aerosol samples were collected over the western North Pacific along the latitudinal transect from 44° N to 10° N in late summer 2008 for measurements of organic nitrogen (ON) and organic carbon (OC) as well as isotopic ratios of total nitrogen (TN) and total carbon (TC). Increased concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and diethylammonium (DEA+) at 40–44° N and subtropical regions (10–20° N) together with averaged satellite chlorophyll-a data and 5-day back trajectories suggest a significant influence of marine biological activities on aerosols in these regions. ON exhibited increased concentrations up to 260 ngN m−3 in these marine biologically influenced aerosols. Water-insoluble organic nitrogen (WION) was found to be the most abundant nitrogen in the aerosols, accounting for 55 ± 16% of total aerosol nitrogen. In particular, the average WION/ON ratio was as high as 0.93 ± 0.07 at 40–44° N. These results suggest that marine biological sources significantly contributed to ON, a majority of which is composed of water-insoluble fractions in the study region. Analysis of the stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) indicated that, on average, marine-derived carbon accounted for ~88 ± 12% of total carbon in the aerosols. In addition, the δ13C showed higher values (from −22 to −20‰) when ON/OC ratios increased from 0.15 to 0.35 in marine biologically influenced aerosols. These results clearly show that organic nitrogen is enriched in organic aerosols originated from an oceanic region with high biological productivity, indicating a preferential transfer of nitrogen-containing organic compounds from the sea surface to the marine atmosphere. Both WION concentrations and WION/water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) ratios tended to increase with increasing local wind speeds, indicating that sea-to-air emissions of ON via sea spray contribute significantly to the marine organic aerosols over the study region.
Recent global CO2 flux inferred from atmospheric CO2 observations and its regional analyses
Authors: Deng F. , Chen J. M.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. The net surface exchange of CO2 for the years 2002–2007 is inferred from 12 181 atmospheric CO2 concentration data with a time-dependent Bayesian synthesis inversion scheme. Monthly CO2 fluxes are optimized for 30 regions of the North America and 20 regions for the rest of the globe. Although there have been many previous multiyear inversion studies, the reliability of atmospheric inversion techniques is not yet been systematically evaluated for quantifying regional interannual variability in the carbon cycle. In this study, the global interannual variability of the CO2 flux is found to be dominated by terrestrial ecosystems and is mostly caused by tropical land, and the variations of regional terrestrial carbon fluxes are closely related to climate variations. These interannual variations are mostly caused by abnormal meteorological conditions in a few months in the year or part of a growing season and cannot be well represented using annual means, suggesting that we should pay attention to monthly or submonthly climate variations in ecosystem modeling. We find that, excluding fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, terrestrial ecosystems and oceans absorb an average of 3.63±0.49 and 1.94±0.41 Pg C/yr, respectively. The terrestrial uptake is mainly in northern land while the tropical and southern lands contribute 0.62±0.47, and 0.67±0.34 Pg C/yr to the sink, respectively. In North America, terrestrial ecosystems absorb 0.89±0.18 Pg C/yr on average with a strong flux density found in the south-east of the continent.
The HadGEM2 family of Met Office Unified Model Climate configurations
Authors:   The HadGEM2 Development Team: Martin, G. M., Bellouin N. , Collins W. J. , Culverwell I. D. , Halloran P. R. , Hardiman S. C. , Hinton T. J. , Jones C. D. , McDonald R. E. , McLaren A. J. , O'Connor F. M. , Roberts M. J. , Rodriguez J. M. , Woodward S. , Best M. J. , Brooks M. E. , Brown A. R. , Butchart N. , Dearden C. , Derbyshire S. H. , Dharssi I. , Doutriaux-Boucher M. , Edwards J. M. , Falloon P. D. , Gedney N. , Gray L. J. , Hewitt H. T. , Hobson M. , Huddleston M. R. , Hughes J. , Ineson S. , Ingram W. J. , James P. M. , Johns T. C. , Johnson C. E. , Jones A. , Jones C. P. , Joshi M. M. , Keen A. B. , Liddicoat S. , Lock A. P. , Maidens A. V. , Manners J. C. , Milton S. F. , Rae J. G. L. , Ridley J. K. , Sellar A. , Senior C. A. , Totterdell I. J. , Verhoef A. , Vidale P. L. , Wiltshire A.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. We describe the HadGEM2 family of climate configurations of the Met Office Unified Model, MetUM. The concept of a model "family" comprises a range of specific model configurations incorporating different levels of complexity but with a common physical framework. The HadGEM2 family of configurations includes atmosphere and ocean components, with and without a vertical extension to include a well-resolved stratosphere, and an Earth-System (ES) component which includes dynamic vegetation, ocean biology and atmospheric chemistry. The HadGEM2 physical model includes improvements designed to address specific systematic errors encountered in the previous climate configuration, HadGEM1, namely Northern Hemisphere continental temperature biases and tropical sea surface temperature biases and poor variability. Targeting these biases was crucial in order that the ES configuration could represent important biogeochemical climate feedbacks. Detailed descriptions and evaluations of particular HadGEM2 family members are included in a number of other publications, and the discussion here is limited to a summary of the overall performance using a set of model metrics which compare the way in which the various configurations simulate present-day climate and its variability.
On the acoustic model of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling before earthquakes
Authors: Meister C.-V. , Mayer B. , Dziendziel P. , Fülbert F. , Hoffmann D. H. H. , Liperovsky V. A.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. In this work, the many-fluid magnetohydrodynamic theory is applied to describe the modification of the electromagnetic field of the ionospheric E-layer by acoustic-type waves. There, altitudinal profiles of the electromagnetic field and the plasma parameters of the atmosphere and ionosphere are taken into account. It is concluded that at E-region altitudes above seismo-active regions, magnetohydrodynamic waves as Alfvén and magnetoacoustic ones might change their amplitude and direction of propagation. Waves of the Farley-Buneman type might also be excited a few days before very strong earthquakes. The collisions between the neutral and charged particles of the E-layer also cause diffusion and heating processes. Thus, changes of the characteristic foE-frequency might be obtained.
Chronicles and The Chronicler: A Response to I. Kalimi, An
Ancient Israelite Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, His Time, Place, and
Writing
Authors: Knoppers Gary N. , Ben Zvi Ehud , Hubbard Jr. Robert L. , Klein Ralph W. , Throntveit Mark A. , Kalimi Isaac
Published: April 2011

This conversation with I. Kalimi, An Ancient Israelite
Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, his Time, Place and Writing (Van Gorcum,
2005) began at a session of the Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah section of the SBL
devoted to this book. It includes contributions by Ehud Ben Zvi, Robert L.
Hubbard, Jr., Gary N. Knoppers, Ralph W. Klein, Mark A. Throntveit and a
response by Isaac Kalimi.
On the elusiveness and malleability of “Israel”
Authors: Sergio Scatolini Apóstolo Silvio
Published: April 2011

Words not only reproduce reality, they produce it to us.
Wittgenstein has suggested that the meaning ("Bedeutung") of words is
established in and through use. Moreover, he compared language (as parole) to a
game that can be fully understood only by those who know its rules (language as
langue). These rules are radically linked to the actual practice of the game.
This article focuses on the term "Israel" in the Hebrew Bible, because it offers
us an excellent example of the broad range of references that a term may develop
overtime. The article concludes with a reminder to exegetes and theologians that
they should refrain from assuming beforehand that if a term is repeatedly read
in, read (out) or recited in a text, it must always mean the same within the
text itself or, for that matter, in the plane of interaction between text and
the exegete or theologian.
Nahum and the Greek Tradition on Nineveh’s Fall
Authors: Pinker Aron
Published: April 2011

Greek tradition does not provide consistent and reliable
evidence that an unusual inundation contributed to the fall of Nineveh. The
Babylonian chronicles do not mention such an extraordinary event nor have
archaeological excavations at Nineveh produced any evidence in support of such
notion. Nineveh’s topography precludes the possibility of significant flooding
by the Khosr canal. The various verses in Nahum that have been construed as
supporting flooding in Nineveh find a reasonable figurative interpretation
within a contextual scheme that does not involve flooding. The notion that
Nineveh was captured through flooding should be discarded.
Why Does Eleazar Sprinkle The Red Cow Blood? Making Sense of a
Biblical ritual
Authors: Gilders William K.
Published: April 2011

Numbers 19:1-10 is a prescriptive ritual text concerned
with the preparation of the ashes of a burnt “red cow” to be used to counteract
the impurity caused by exposure to a human corpse. Like many other biblical
ritual texts, this one is relatively rich in details on ritual practice, but
offers little that might be termed “interpretation” of the various ritual
actions. In response to this conceptual gap, various attempts have been made to
specify the “meaning(s)” of the actions and objects. Giving special attention to
the blood manipulation component of the ritual complex (Num 19:4), this paper
explores a variety of theoretical questions about the interpretation of ritual
activity represented in biblical ritual texts. It highlights the significance of
the textuality of our access to biblical ritual, the need to fill gaps while
interpreting biblical ritual texts, and points to the value of considering the
indexical qualities of ritual actions.
Preparation and properties of high performance phthalide‐containing bismaleimide modified epoxy matrices
Authors: Xiong Xuhai , Chen Ping , Zhang Jinxiang , Yu Qi , Wang Baichen
Published: April 2011

A series of intercrosslinked networks formed by diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) and novel bismaleimide containing phthalide cardo structure (BMIPP), with 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS) as hardener, have been investigated in detail. The curing behavior, thermal, mechanical and physical properties and compatibility of the blends were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), notched Izod impact test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water absorption test. DSC investigations showed that the exothermic transition temperature (Tp) of the blend systems shifted slightly to the higher temperature with increasing BMIPP content and there appeared a shoulder on the high‐temperature side of the exothermic peak when BMIPP content was above 15 wt %. TGA and DMA results indicated that the introduction of BMIPP into epoxy resin improved the thermal stability and the storage modulus (G′) in the glassy region while glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased. Compared with the unmodified epoxy resin, there was a moderate increase in the fracture toughness for modified resins and the blend containing 5 wt % of BMIPP had the maximum of impact strength. SEM suggested the formation of homogeneous networks and rougher fracture surface with an increase in BMIPP content. In addition, the equilibrium water uptake of the modified resins was reduced as BMIPP content increased. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
An integrated scale‐down plant for optimal recombinant enzyme production by Pichia pastoris
Authors: Loegering Kai , Mueller Christian , Voss Jan‐Patrick , Wagenfuehrer Claudia , Zahn Daniel , Bertelsen Hans‐Peter , Scheffler Ulrich , Luttmann Reiner
Published: April 2011

An integrated bioprocess was created in a scale‐down production plant by developing a two‐stage enzyme production process with Pichia pastoris, containing a cell‐breeding reactor and a production reactor in combination with a three‐stage downstream process. To harvest the secreted enzymes, a disc separator and a cross‐flow microfiltration clear the broth from the cells. Purification with hydrophobic interaction chromatography removes other proteins, concentrates the product, and prepares the enzyme solution for lyophilization. Fully automated and broad observable multi‐stage parallel process courses have been developed using industrial process control systems and at‐line measurements for enzyme concentration and enzyme activity. Optimal process conditions were found by application of Design of Experiments (DoE) for the production process.
Composites of Polyaniline Nanofibers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Recognition of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Liang Ying , Gu Li , Liu Xiaoqian , Yang Qinyan , Kajiura Hisashi , Li Yongming , Zhou Tianshu , Shi Guoyue
Published: April 2011

This paper reports a monomer strategy for imprinting of 1,3‐dinitrobenzene (DNB) molecules at the surface of conductive functional polyaniline nanofibers (PANI) for the first time. It has been demonstrated that the vinyl functional monomer layer on the PANI surface can not only direct the selective occurrence of imprinting polymerization, but can also drive DNB templates into the polymer through charge‐transfer complexing interactions between DNB and functionalized PANI. These two basic processes lead to the formation of DNB‐imprinted polymers at the surface of polyaniline nanofibers. The capacity to uptake DNB shows that selectivity coefficient in the nanofibers polymers is nearly three times as high as that of traditional imprinted materials and the nanofibers polymers also possess high selectivity toward DNB in comparison to similar nitroaromatic compounds. A linear response of DNB concentration between 2.20×10−8 and 3.08×10−6 M was exhibited with a detection limit of 7.33×10−9 M (S/N=3). These results reported here could form the basis of a new strategy for preparing various polymer‐coating layers on polyaniline supports and the molecular imprinting techniques discussed could also find applications in the fields of separation, trace detection, and environmental monitoring.
Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots by a Microwave‐Enhanced Process: A Green Approach for Mass Production
Authors: Ayele Delele Worku , Chen Hung‐Ming , Su Wei‐Nien , Pan Chun‐Jern , Chen Liang‐Yih , Chou Hung‐Lung , Cheng Ju‐Hsiang , Hwang Bing‐Joe , Lee Jyh‐Fu
Published: April 2011

A method that does not employ hot‐injection techniques has been developed for the size‐tunable synthesis of high‐quality CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with zinc blende structure. In this environmentally benign synthetic route, which uses less toxic precursors, solvents, and capping ligands, CdSe QDs that absorb visible light are obtained. The size of the as‐prepared CdSe QDs and thus their optical properties can be manipulated by changing the microwave reaction conditions. The QDs were characterized by XRD, TEM, UV/Vis, FTIR, time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. In this approach, the reaction is conducted in open air and at a much lower temperature than in hot‐injection techniques. The use of microwaves in this process allows for a highly reproducible and effective synthesis protocol that is fully adaptable for mass production and can be easily employed to synthesize a variety of semiconductor QDs with the desired properties. Possible applications of the CdSe QDs were assessed by deposition on TiO2 films.
Six color flow cytometry detects plasma cells expressing aberrant immunophenotype in bone marrow of healthy donors
Authors: Peceliunas Valdas , Janiulioniene Ausra , Matuzeviciene Reda , Griskevicius Laimonas
Published: April 2011

Background:

Both normal and malignant plasma cell (PC) populations can be identified using modern flow cytometry (FC) technique in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Expression of CD19 and CD56 markers is heterogenous on bone marrow PCs of healthy individuals. Little is known about immunophenotypically aberrant (CD19−/CD56+) PCs subpopulation of healthy people.

Methods:

Using six color FC, we analyzed PCs in BM samples of 11 healthy donors (HD) and compared their immunophenotypic properties with clonal PC populations from MM patients.

Results:

Both immunophenotypically normal (CD19+/CD56−) and aberrant (CD19−/CD56+) PC populations could be detected in 10 of 11 HDs' BM samples and constituted the median of 60.3% (37.3–72.3) and 9.6% (0–35.7) of BM PCs, respectively. CD19, CD56, CD38, CD45, and CD20 marker expression characteristics were of little value discriminating clonal PCs of MM patients from immunophenotypically aberrant PCs of healthy donors.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that aberrant immunophenotype is common in BM PCs of healthy people. Improvements in FC methodology to separate normal and malignant PCs remain an open area for future investigations. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Killing of myeloid APCs via HLA class I, CD2 and CD226 defines a novel mechanism of suppression by human Tr1 cells
Authors: Magnani Chiara F. , Alberigo Giada , Bacchetta Rosa , Serafini Giorgia , Andreani Marco , Roncarolo Maria Grazia , Gregori Silvia
Published: April 2011

IL‐10‐producing CD4+ type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, defined based on their ability to produce high levels of IL‐10 in the absence of IL‐4, are major players in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Tr1 cells inhibit T‐cell responses mainly via cytokine‐dependent mechanisms. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the suppression of APC by Tr1 cells are still not completely elucidated. Here, we defined that Tr1 cells specifically lyse myeloid APC through a granzyme B (GZB)‐ and perforin (PRF)‐dependent mechanism that requires HLA class I recognition, CD54/lymphocyte function‐associated antigen (LFA)‐1 adhesion, and activation via killer cell Ig‐like receptors (KIRs) and CD2. Notably, interaction between CD226 on Tr1 cells and their ligands on myeloid cells, leading to Tr1‐cell activation, is necessary for defining Tr1‐cell target specificity. We also showed that high frequency of GZB‐expressing CD4+ T cells is detected in tolerant patients and correlates with elevated occurrence of IL‐10‐producing CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, the modulatory activities of Tr1 cells are not only due to suppressive cytokines but also to specific cell‐to‐cell interactions that lead to selective killing of myeloid cells and possibly bystander suppression.
Micropatterned Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biosensing Applications
Authors: Pedrosa Valber A. , Yan Jun , Simonian Aleksandr L. , Revzin Alexander
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the use of Au nanoparticle (NP)‐containing hydrogel microstructures in the development of electrochemical enzyme‐based biosensors. To fabricate biosensors, AuNPs were conjugated with glucose oxidase (GOX) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules and were dispersed in the prepolymer solution of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‐DA). Vinylferrocene (VF) was also added into the prepolymer solution in order to lower operating potential of the biosensor and to prevent oxidation of interfering substances. The prepolymer solution was photolithographically patterned in alignment with an array of Au electrodes fabricated on glass. As a result, electrode arrays became functionalized with AuNP/GOX‐ or AuNP/HRP‐carrying hydrogel microstructures. Performance of the biosensors was characterized by impedance spectroscopy, chronoapmerometry and cyclic voltammetry. Impedance measurements revealed that inclusion of Au nanoparticles improved conductivity of PEG hydrogel by a factor of 5. Importantly, biosensors based on AuNP‐GOX complex exhibited high sensitivity to glucose (100 µA mM−1 cm−2) in the linear range from 0.1 to 10 mM. The detection limit was estimated to be 3.7×10–7 M at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. Biosensors with immobilized AuNP/HPR had a linear response from 0.5 to 5.0 µM of hydrogen peroxide with sensitivity of 1.4 mA mM−1 cm−2. The method for fabricating nanoparticle‐carrying hydrogel microstructures described in this paper should be widely applicable in the development of robust and sensitive electrochemical biosensors.
Identification of proteins secreted by head and neck cancer cell lines using LC‐MS/MS: Strategy for discovery of candidate serological biomarkers
Authors: Ralhan Ranju , Masui Olena , DeSouza Leroi V. , Matta Ajay , Macha Muzafar , Siu K. W. Michael
Published: April 2011

In search of blood‐based biomarkers that would enhance the ability to diagnose head and neck/oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNOSCC) in early stages or predict its prognosis, we analyzed the HNOSCC secretome (ensemble of proteins secreted and/or shed from the tumor cells) for potential biomarkers using proteomic technologies. LC‐MS/MS was used to identify proteins in the conditioned media of four HNOSCC cell lines (SCC4, HSC2, SCC38, and AMOSIII); 140 unique proteins were identified on the basis of 5% global false discovery rate, 122 of which were secretory proteins, with 29 being previously reported to be overexpressed in HNOSCC in comparison to normal head and neck tissues. Of these, five proteins including α‐enolase, peptidyl prolyl isomerase A/cyclophilin A, 14‐3‐3 ζ, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K, and 14‐3‐3 σ were detected in the sera of HNOSCC patients by Western blot analysis. Our study provides the evidence that analysis of head and neck cancer cells' secretome is a viable strategy for identifying candidate serological biomarkers for HNOSCC. In future, these biomarkers may be useful in predicting the likelihood of transformation of oral pre‐malignant lesions, prognosis of HNOSCC patients and evaluate response to therapy using minimally invasive tests.
A unique stepped multifunctionality of perfluorinated aryl compound and its versatile use in synthesizing grafted polymers with controlled structures and topologies
Authors: Zhao Zhenhua , Ma Xiaohua , Zhang Aixin , Song Naiheng
Published: April 2011

A unique stepped multifunctionality of perfluorinated aryl compound for the first time was studied by using model reactions between 2,5‐dipentafluorophenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (FPOx) and mono functional p‐cresol at different reaction conditions. Four distinctively different levels of reactivity were discovered for the para and ortho CF of FPOx, which could be easily triggered by the reaction temperature in the range of r.t. to 160 °C. CF of all levels of reactivity could react quantitatively with nucleophiles (such as phenoxide); and by controlling the reaction conditions, the low‐level‐reactivity CF would not interfere with the reaction of CF of higher reactivity. Application of this multistepped reactivity of FPOx in quantitative postpolymerization functionalization of polymer was successfully demonstrated. Stoichiometric amount of p‐cresol, with the molar feed ratio of p‐cresol in relative to the repeat unit of the polymer of FPOx and 6F‐BPA in the range of 1–4, could be readily grafted onto the polymer by simply controlling the reaction temperature. FPOx‐based, versatile one‐pot synthesis of high molecular‐weight grafted polymers with well‐controlled structures and topologies were also demonstrated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
The experience of pregnancy and early motherhood in women diagnosed with gestational breast cancer
Authors: Ives A. , Musiello T. , Saunders C.
Published: April 2011

Objective: To explore the psychosocial experiences of pregnancy in women diagnosed with breast cancer during or shortly after pregnancy.

Methods: A retrospective qualitative design was employed. Fifteen women who had received a gestational breast cancer (GBC) diagnosis participated in semi‐ structured interviews. The interviews sought to identify the emotional and social issues related to the experiences of pregnancy and motherhood in women diagnosed with gestational breast cancer.

Results: Women diagnosed with GBC experience difficulties in adjusting to two different and conflicting life events; the threat of their breast cancer alongside the news of their pregnancy. They have to make difficult decisions that impact on their own life, the life of their foetus/new baby and that of their existing family. Women who received a GBC diagnosis reported high levels of anxiety and stress, which pervaded their whole GBC experience. Women reported their anxiety was linked to the conflict between the concern for their baby's health and the concern for their own health and wellbeing.

Conclusions: Women diagnosed with GBC attributed different meanings to their experience of pregnancy and motherhood and made choices based on their own beliefs, values and how complete they believed their family was. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SOME TENSIONS BETWEEN AUTONOMY AND SELF-GOVERNANCE
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: April 2011

The notions of autonomy and self-governance each capture something
crucial about the moral dimensions of agents and actions. These notions
are central to the ways in which we conceptualize ourselves and others.
The concept of autonomy is especially crucial to understanding the
distinct status of moral agents. For its part, self-governance has a
significant relation to the evaluation of agents as individuals with
particular characters, leading particular sorts of lives,
and performing particular actions. Neither notion—autonomy
nor self-governance—fully assimilates or dominates the other.
Moreover, there are some important strains between them. There are certain
forms of regard that the autonomy of an agent demands that are at
odds with what an agent's exercise of self-governance merits.
In this essay I plan to show this, and offer a diagnosis of why this is the
case.
Benjamin Franklin, Native Americans, and European Cultures of Civility
Authors: Mulford Carla
Published: April 2011

In Treating Any Historical Cultural Moment, we are engaging a discourse of alterity that verifies our own being in time by drawing conclusions about others' existences at some other time. We are in the process of making history while discussing historical phenomena. In so doing, we are differentiating ourselves such that another's past is both apart from us and part of us, and the history we tell becomes our own. As Michel de Certeau has said about this process of history creation in his book,The Writing of History, we could be said to be creatingintelligibility, an intelligibility “established through a relation with the other” and contingent upon a “process of selection between what can beunderstoodand what must beforgottenin order to obtain the representation of a present” that is knowable. The history thus told is one tending to invoke a story line that itself reproduces a normative power arrangement in behalf of an already ongoing and authorized “text” of history. Some elements of the past thus discussed get silenced, while other elements are brought forward for discussion. In selecting, emending, adapting, and erasing, we are telling stories that seem to be about others but stories that are also abundantly about ourselves.
Harriet Wilson and the White Reader: Authority and Audience inOur Nig
Authors: Elrod Eileen Razzari
Published: April 2011

From the time of its reissue in 1983, Harriet Wilson's 1859 text,Our Nig, has inspired critical discussion, much of which has concerned the matter of genre and related questions of the author's purpose and audience. When Henry Louis Gates first introduced it to contemporary readers, he called it both a “novel” and a “third–person autobiography,” further suggesting that it might be read in the context of sentimental novels, as he analyzed the book's interesting departures from Nina Baym's overplot inWoman's Fiction(“Introduction,” xi, xli–lv). Since then a number of critics have expanded upon and argued with Gates's preliminary assessment of Wilson's work and audience. Hazel Carby argues that Wilson writes to black readers, assuming that many of them would have shared her experience, whereas most other critics, including Claudia Tate and Margaret Lindgren, assume that Wilson is writing to a white audience, and negotiating the sense of difference between reader and writer. Barbara White and Eric Gardner, establishing that the actual “Bellmont” family, the Haywards, had strong abolitionist connections, suggest the complications of audience for Wilson. And Gardner, like Carby, suggests that Wilson would have assumed that her story would have been marketable only to a small group of Northern black readers, many of whom would have had similar experiences. Drawing on William Andrews's work with black autobiography, Beth Maclay Doriani describes how Wilson (and Harriet Jacobs) subvert the traditional genre of black autobiography, at the same time as they adhere to 19th–century conventions for publication and sale to white audiences. John Ernest argues that Wilson would have understood the ways in which her story would have been read and misread by proslavery forces. Drawing on William Andrews's discussion of Henry Bibb's narrative, Ernest argues persuasively for Wilson's extraordinarily complex understanding of her audience, to whom she appeals for an exchange based on a recognition of the essential mistrust of social groups.
Rising Stars and Raging Diseases: The Rhetoric and Reality of Antebellum Canonization
Authors: Jackson Leon
Published: April 2011

In an 1849 sketch, bookseller William R. Davis described the contents of a whimsical “curiosity shop,” stocked solely with clichés. Merchandise included “The finger that's in every body's pie,” “Some of the spice of Life,” “A rusty link from the bond of friendship,” “The bridle used in curbing the passions,” and “One of the bowels of the earth.” The humor of Davis's sketch rested on its ability to defamiliarize everyday tropes to the point where vehicle overwhelmed tenor, literalizing the figurative and making the reader aware of the submerged discourses upon which such figures relied. Davis's humorous exploration of conventional rhetoric resonates strongly today, for cultural historians have taken a comparable linguistic turn, exposing and exploring the figurative dimensions of ostensibly literal discourses. Recent studies in composition pedagogy, popular culture, theology, natural history, genre analysis, and historiography have all emphasized the extent to which figurative discourse structures and defines the very fields it purports to explain. As Hayden White argues, “All systems of knowledge begin … in ametaphoricalcharacterization of something presumed to be unknown in terms of something presumed to be known, or at least familiar.” Yet while this linguistic self-consciousness has greatly inspired the study of, among other areas, traditional historiography, it has scarcely had an impact on our understanding ofliteraryhistoriography. Few have studied antebellum figures of speech as closely as Davis, nor have they tested antebellum literary historical and critical theories by the standards or techniques of figurative analysis. Such an exercise, I contend, would reveal much about both the theory and practice of literary canonization in 19th-century America.
Celebrating Empire on the Home Front: New York City's Welcome-Home Party for Admiral Dewey
Authors: Brody David
Published: April 2011

The January 3, 1900, edition of the popular, New York City newspaper theWorldcontains an advertisement for a new edition ofThe Century Dictionary & Cyclopedia & Atlas(Figure 1). The strength of this reference guide, according to the full-page advertisement, is the volume's war maps. The presentation of battle cartography “enable[s] one to traceinstantlythe movements of every important campaign on land or sea, the routes of invading armies, raids, etc., placing and datingon the mapsthe battles, sieges and blockades not only of ancient and medieval times, but alsothose of the year just ended– and this without any complexity in the maps themselves.” In case the reader needed to be reminded about recent wars, the advertisement has enormous graphic representations of “Africa” and the “Philippine Is.” The map of the Philippines would have immediately signified the Spanish-American (1898) and Philippine-American (1899–1902) Wars to readers, conflicts that the pages of the mass media covered widely.
George Washington's Romance: Plotting the Federal City, 1791–1800
Authors: Luria Sarah
Published: April 2011

Washington, D.C., was born from the marriage of literary, economic, and political revolutions of the late 18th century, when the expansion of the marketplace, the rise of the novel, and the increased circulation of print spawned a bourgeois public sphere and, with it, the modern nation-state. Washington, D.C., was from the start an imagined city, created through the circulation of booster literature to attract investors and so solidify a rational political order. Washington, D.C., arose precisely from this need to ground the imagined landscapes of the Enlightenment, to turn the visionary into the visible and political theory into fact.
Staging Revolution in Melville'sBenito Cereno:Babo, Figaro, and the “Play of the Barber”
Authors: Baker Jennifer Jordan
Published: April 2011

In 1928, Harold H. Scudder first demonstrated that Herman Melville's storyBenito Cerenohad been closely based on chapter 18 of Amasa Delano'sNarrative of Voyage and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres(1817). On the basis of the two texts' similarities, Scudder argued that Melville's story was mere reworking of Delano's account. Scudder's argument clearly overlooked Melville's ability to reframe the story in an ironic narration or to invest the details of Delano's plot with new meaning; nevertheless, readers of Delano's narrative might be amazed at how closely Melville's story follows that account. In addition to the basic sequence of events, some of the most artful and significant details ofBenito Cerenoseem to have taken their cues from the original story: Delano's offense at Cereno's incivility, his frustration that the valet stays constantly by Cereno's side, and his surprise that the Africans' unruly conduct is justified as the “sport of boys” are some of the materials Melville might well have found in the 1817 recollections.
Eating Together: The Sexual Politics of the School Lunchroom, 1890–1930
Authors: Graebner William
Published: April 2011

The Cover illustration for the May 1916 issue of theAmerican School Board Journalpresents a scene that could have taken place at most of the hundreds of high school lunchrooms recently established in the nation's larger cities. In the drawing, two well-dressed young men glance upward from their seats at a shy but fetching young woman. As she moves past them, carrying a tray of food, she returns their look.
Fortune'sBusiness Gentlemen: Culture and Corporate Liberalism in the Early 1930s
Authors: Augspurger Michael
Published: April 2011

Fortuneportentously announced its aim in the first issue in February 1930: “Fortune'spurpose is to reflect Industrial Life in ink and paper and word and picture as the finest skyscraper reflects it in stone and steel and architecture.” The magazine's copious use of painting, literary writing, and artistic photography gave it a luxurious feel that few early reviewers failed to praise. The advertising firm Young and Rubicam, for instance, applauded the magazine's aestheticization of business: “A Toast to YouFortune… You've taken what are sometimes called ‘prosaic business’ and ‘sordid industry’ – you have viewed them with imagination, insight, and beauty … No longer is business a column of figures, or work a daily grind. Here is epic enterprise, a panorama of romance, adventure, conquest – with beauty in factories and derricks.” Upgrading the visual and textual environment of the business magazine,Fortuneprovided business with the elegance of the aristocracy and the allure of a Hollywood star.
“Seeing” the Harlem Renaissance: Observations on the Position of Visual Art in Harlem Renaissance Studies
Authors: Calo Mary Ann
Published: April 2011

The matrix of ideas and questions that inform scholarship on the Harlem Renaissance as remained fairly consistent across several generations. For example, among the more commonly asked questions over the years have been: Was the Harlem Renaissance modernist or even modern in worldview or artistic form? Did it signal in any real sense the rebirth of a people or was it simply the invention of an intellectual elite with a naive faith in the transformative power of art? What was the relation of the Harlem Renaissance to American cultural and racial ideology? To what extent can we think of it as chronologically or geographically determined, that is, did it begin and end in Harlem in he 1920s? What is the role in this renaissance of an enlightened consciousness about Africa, its people, its art, and its culture? To what degree can we regard the Harlem Renaissance as symptomatic of an emergent black nationalism or move toward cultural separatism within America or the African diaspora? What are we to make of the interracial dynamics within the Harlem Renaissance? How are we to understand the problematic fascination with primitivism and folk culture that preoccupied not only participants in the Harlem Renaissance but also many of its subsequent critics? How did the Harlem Renaissance expand our notions of black subjectivity and identity? What was its relation to the sociopolitical agendas of the early 20th century? And, finally, did it succeed or did it fail? This list is by no means exhaustive, but in the decades that