bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Young Terence
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter discusses how the nature-loving antimodernism of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was shaped by innumerable actors, including writers, painters, philosophers, pastors, politicians, architects, landscape architects, and others. Camping, the practice of living in a temporary shelter, has been present intermittently throughout human history, but only in recent times did it become an antimodern feature and socially approved custom of American culture. Military campaigns may require encampments, and unsettled, nonurban people may camp by necessity, but only a people who had become city dwellers would adopt this temporary retreat into the outdoors as an acceptable form of leisure. A key insight of this chapter is that recreational camping takes Americans away from their ordinary urban (or suburban) lives.
Liberalizing the Campground
Authors: Young Terence
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how the inexpensive automobile extended camping to the mass of middle-and working-class Americans. During the 1920s, some African Americans, like their white counterparts, had grown wealthier and embraced a variety of short and extended recreations, including such nature-based activities as relaxing at the beach, swimming, picnicking, fishing, hiking, participating in the Boy Scouts and Camp Fire Girls, enrolling at summer camps, and family camping. However, when several new national parks opened in southern states during the 1930s, the campgrounds were racially segregated. For one African American, William J. Trent, Jr., this was unacceptable, and he waged a long and often lonely campaign to officially desegregate all national park campgrounds.
Out of Oakland
Authors: Malloy Sean L.
Published: January 2018

This book explores the evolving internationalism of the Black Panther Party (BPP); the continuing exile of former members in Cuba is testament to the lasting nature of the international bonds that were forged during the party's heyday. Founded in Oakland, California, in October 1966, the BPP began with no more than a dozen members. Focused on local issues, most notably police brutality, the Panthers patrolled their West Oakland neighborhood armed with shotguns and law books. Within a few years, the BPP had expanded its operations into a global confrontation with what Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver dubbed “the international pig power structure.” This book traces the shifting intersections between the black freedom struggle in the United States, Third World anticolonialism, and the Cold War. By the early 1970s, the Panthers had chapters across the United States as well as an international section headquartered in Algeria and support groups and emulators as far afield as England, India, New Zealand, Israel, and Sweden. The international section served as an official embassy for the BPP and a beacon for American revolutionaries abroad, attracting figures ranging from Black Power skyjackers to fugitive LSD guru Timothy Leary. Engaging directly with the expanding Cold War, BPP representatives cultivated alliances with the governments of Cuba, North Korea, China, North Vietnam, and the People's Republic of the Congo as well as European and Japanese militant groups and the Palestinian Liberation Organization.
“Theory with No Practice Ain’t Shit”
Authors: Malloy Sean L.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter focuses on the Black Panther Party's (BPP) national leaders, who played the primary roles in directing the party's international and transnational engagements. But while scholars have explored how some of the party's transnational allies framed their relationship to the BPP within the context of their own struggles, lack of archival access has made it more difficult to trace the internal calculations of the Panthers' state-level allies in places such as Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, and China. The chapter offers a number of insights into the origins, evolution, and legacy of the Black Panther Party's international engagement and the ways in which it intersected with larger developments in the Third World, the Cold War, and the black freedom struggle.
“Gangster Cigarettes” and “Revolutionary Intercommunalism”
Authors: Malloy Sean L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how the growth of the Black Panther Party's (BPP) engagement with the world outside the United States became messy and difficult to categorize by the start of the 1970s. Formal state-level contacts rooted in Cold War geopolitics coexisted uneasily with informal transnational efforts that sought to transcend the nation-state altogether. These divergent directions were on full display in the pages of the Black Panther, where the party's earthy anticolonial vernacular brushed up against stilted propaganda proclamations reprinted from Pyongyang and Beijing and where discussions of guerrilla warfare tactics shared space with a celebration of feeding schoolchildren and aiding the elderly. But while it is easy to find fault with the BPP's cafeteria-style internationalism, the diverse nature of the party's foreign connections was not necessarily a flaw.
“Our Demand Is Simple: Stop Killing Us”
Authors: Malloy Sean L.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter discusses how Black Lives Matter and related groups are struggling with many of the same questions that animated the Panthers. Political activist Angela Davis suggests that the demands of the Black Panther Party's (BPP) Ten-Point Program are just as relevant—or perhaps even more relevant—in 2016 as during the 1960s, when they were first formulated. In identifying the problems facing the residents of places such as Ferguson as both systemic in nature and endemic to the everyday operation of the American state, these contemporary movements have embraced a version of the Panthers' domestic anticolonialism. In doing so, they have sought to avoid the patriarchal and hierarchical leadership structure that contributed to the downfall of the BPP while also downplaying the emphasis on anticolonial violence that characterized the early years of the party.
Sicily in the Dār al-Islām
Authors: Davis-Secord Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the connections between Sicily and other parts of the dār al-Islām during the years of Muslim dominion (ninth to mid-eleventh centuries), when Sicily's ports were most regularly in communication with those of North Africa and Egypt. The largest body of evidence for these connections comes from merchant letters from the Cairo Geniza, which detail trade and migration. The chapter discusses Sicily's intellectual connections with the dār al-Islām, economic connections with Egypt and Ifrīqiya, and connections with the wider Mediterranean world.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis-Secord Sarah
Published: January 2018

This conclusion summarizes the book's findings about Sicily's conceptual place in the Mediterranean world—a position that had been crafted by the Norman rulers. Later medieval maps, together with the Hereford Mappa Mundi, show that Sicily was closely integrated into larger currents in the political and religious world of Latin Christendom. The island's political and diplomatic role in the dār al-Islām was fundamentally different to what it had been under the Byzantine empire. Sicily's place within larger Mediterranean systems was determined not by its geographical location but by larger forces of political change, shifts in the balance of power, and economic need as well as the actions of regular people—merchants, pilgrims, envoys, and others—who traveled to and from Sicily and thus involved the island in patterns of communication, contact, conflict, and exchange.
Conclusion
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: January 2018

This chapter surveys linguistic regularities in Beowulf in order to gauge the extent to which the poem’s text might have been altered during its transmission. For the literary critics and cultural historians who constitute the majority of scholars interested in Beowulf, no question pertaining to textual transmission is more consequential than that of the poem’s unity. The same metrical features that establish Beowulf as an archaic composition also provide firm indications that the poem is a unitary composition transmitted with minimal scribal interference. In addition, direct examination of the linguistic evidence is the most reliable method for determining the relative probability of competing hypotheses concerning the unity of Beowulf.
Sustainable Campuses
Authors: Ashmann Scott , Pohl Felix , Barbier Dave
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines sustainable urban campuses and their impact on their students and local communities. It also considers elements of green infrastructure, learning, and community through the lens of urban environmental education trends, namely: City as Classroom, Problem Solving, and Environmental Stewardship. After providing an overview of aspects of sustainable university campuses, the chapter discusses the ways that such campuses address urban sustainability related to infrastructure, teaching and learning, as well as connections to the community. It shows that the built environment and lifestyles are important for urban campuses, given their location in areas of highly concentrated buildings and dense human population. It argues that environmental education in cities can benefit from harnessing the power that lies within a university campus's academic, infrastructural, and community-related resources.
Educator Professional Development
Authors: Franzen Rebecca L. , Thomashow Cynthia , Leou Mary , Songqwaru Nonyameko Zintle
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes a conceptual framework for professional development in urban environmental education. Urban environmental education includes the use of urban environments as a learning context that leads to collective action—that is, working with stakeholders within a community to establish a common agenda, learn about the forces that impact environmental conditions, and find venues to influence change from within the community. Learning about local resources through active participation and immersion in field experiences may help educators, as well as youths, see connections within their communities. The chapter outlines professional development strategies for environmental educators working with urban audiences and in urban settings, in both schools and nonformal programs. Six elements of a professional development model for urban environmental education are discussed: interdisciplinary and integrated content, context, pedagogy, resources, field experiences, and professional learning communities.
Urban Agriculture
Authors: Pevec Illène , Shava Soul , Nzira John , Barnett Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers school gardens in North America and urban agriculture in South Africa as sites for urban environmental education. Urban agriculture encompasses rooftop and community gardens, greenhouses, hydroponic systems, plant nurseries, small livestock husbandry, and vertical farms, located indoors, on vacant lots, on roofs, and on postindustrial landscapes, among other sites. Urban environmental education taking place in urban agriculture sites can integrate intergenerational and multicultural learning and contribute to environmental and science knowledge, positive youth development, job skills, and improved diets. It can also enhance social capital, environmental quality, and economic development. The chapter looks at examples of recent policies and practices strengthening urban agriculture and environmental education.
Afterword
Authors: Ardoin Nicole M. , Reid Alan , Lotz-Sisitka Heila , Gaudian Édgar J. González
Published: January 2018

This book has discussed academic debates and practices in urban environmental education. It has highlighted challenges and opportunities facing the field of environmental education in general and educators working in urban areas in particular. It has examined how the unique features of cities—as places facing major environmental and justice issues yet also as hubs of innovation—influence environmental education goals and implementation. Urban planning, social justice, climate change, and social-ecological systems resilience are areas environmental education has addressed in the past, but which are becoming increasingly salient for environmental education in cities. This afterword urges environmental educators to: First, challenge the urban/rural binary by recognizing and critiquing processes such as urban decay, suburban sprawl, migration, and gentrification. Second, spend time in the field—or, more accurately, in the streets— in order to understand urban settings in a deeper, more embodied way.
Creating a City for Workers
Authors: Schaller Susanna F. , Wagner K. C. , Warner Mildred E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the duality of labor strategy in the child care sector with one case study of unions campaigning to expand their members' access to child care benefits, paired with a second case study of a union organizing a campaign that combined direct organizing of child care providers with public policy development. The first case study tells the story of how a highly feminized union representing health care workers won child care benefits in collective bargaining, subsequently campaigned as part of a multiunion fare benefit, and expanded access to child care for low- and middle-income wage earners. The second case follows a United Federation of Teachers (UFT)-driven labor-community campaign to organize home-based child care providers, which represent a low-wage segment of the child care workforce that has emerged in the context of privatization and voucherization.
After Rome
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on interdynastic marriage during the first Christian centuries, focusing on three texts: Virgil's Aeneid, Jordanes's Getica, and Paul the Deacon's Historia langobardorum. The Aeneid celebrated the union between Aeneas and Lavinia, and thus, between the relatively primitive Latins and the more urbane Trojans. In Getica, the Ostrogothic ethnic historian Jordanes recounts his people's immigration from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean as an increasing assimilation to Roman culture. Getica is about the union between the barbarian Goths and the Byzantines. The chapter concludes with a reading of Historia langobardorum, whose contrast between Rosamund and Theudelinda voiced ambivalence toward the Carolingian conquest of Lombardy and the traumatic marriage diplomacy that seems to have accompanied it.
Divas and Diplomacy in Seventeenth-Century France
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how war affected interdynastic marriage in seventeenth-century France. By late seventeenth century, the hope for European peace had lost its foundations in a shared sacramentology and confidence in women's intercessions. When discrete national historiographies celebrating nation-states rather than dynasties appeared, their writers cast the women whose marriages bound Europe in a single family as tragic victims of their fathers' ambitions and husbands' infidelities. This chapter analyzes how French drama registered the personal and cultural impact of marriage diplomacy's declining prestige by focusing on Pierre Corneille's Horace and Tite et Bérénice, as well as Jean Racine's Andromaque and Bérénice. It also discusses two treaties, the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees and the 1670 Treaty of Dover.
Conclusion
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter reflects on marriage in the contemporary West, noting that it has become an affective arrangement. In Britain and the northern European countries that still retain a constitutional form of monarchy, twenty-first-century royalty now prefer their own subjects as marriage partners, even if it means marrying a commoner like Kate Middleton. To the extent that these marriages to indigenous commoners have any bearing on foreign policy, they reaffirm the nationalist sentiments of the post-Westphalian state. The chapter argues that, despite all the legal rationality, global peace remains as elusive now as it was when Europeans tried to settle their quarrels through interdynastic marriage. It suggests that the opposition between the West and its post-Cold War enemies has brought the matter of gender and the place of women once more to the center of international relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Armstrong-Partida Michelle
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter argues that medieval priests did not renounce their ministry and their ecclesiastical careers to marry and have families. Rather, in fourteenth-century Catalunya, parish clergy were able to meld a family and household with their profession despite the prohibition against marriage. The fact that so many clergymen were promoted through the holy orders to become parish priests and still managed to form de facto marriages, support their children, and train their sons to be clergymen indicates that, even though the standards of the medieval Church had changed since the Gregorian period, the customs of parish clergy had not. Contrary to contemporary assumptions, celibacy and the absence of marital union did not define the medieval Catalan priest. Ultimately, their public sexuality, use of violent acts in defense of honor, and participation in competition for standing in the community are evidence that clerics adopted characteristics of lay manhood in medieval society.
Rebel Power
Authors: Krause Peter
Published: January 2018

Many of the world's states—from Algeria to Ireland to the United States—are the result of robust national movements that achieved independence. Many other national movements have failed in their attempts to achieve statehood, including the Basques, the Kurds, and the Palestinians. This book offers a powerful new theory to explain this variation, focusing on the internal balance of power among nationalist groups, who cooperate with each other to establish a new state while simultaneously competing to lead it. The most powerful groups push to achieve states while they are in position to rule them, whereas weaker groups unlikely to gain the spoils of office are likely to become spoilers, employing risky, escalatory violence to forestall victory while they improve their position in the movement hierarchy. Hegemonic movements with one dominant group are therefore more likely to achieve statehood than internally competitive, fragmented movements due to their greater pursuit of victory and lesser use of counterproductive violence.
Threading the Needle
Authors: Fravel M. Taylor
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies the U.S. management of its alliance dilemma in the context of its allies' maritime territorial disputes with China over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It shows that the challenge for the United States has been to respond to China's more active defense of its territorial sovereignty by reassuring its allies of its defense commitments without encouraging its allies to escalate the conflict and entrap the United States in heightened conflict with China, and thus undermine U.S. interests in regional stability and U.S.–China cooperation. This has been especially challenging in U.S.–Philippines relations. The 2012 Sino-Philippine confrontation in the Scarborough Shoal, and China's land reclamation on Chinese-occupied features also claimed by the Philippines in 2014–15, elicited heightened U.S. support for Philippine security.
Conclusion
Authors: Tunsjø Øystein
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter offers thoughts regarding the rise of China and the prospects for U.S.–China cooperation and regional stability. There is considerable uncertainty regarding China's long-term trajectory. In 2014–15, China's economic growth rate was in decline and institutional reforms and macroeconomic rebalancing continued to pose significant challenges to China's leaders. Similarly, there is uncertainty regarding the United States' ability to reduce its national debt and restrain its intervention in local conflicts outside of East Asia. But should China continue to rise and the United States sustain its ability to contend over the regional order, the competition between the two nations will intensify. The great powers, in their effort to defend their regional security interests, will shape the East Asian order and the prospects for war and peace.
Conclusion
Authors: McMahon Patrice C.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter first evaluates the future of international peacebuilding, before looking briefly at NGO cycles in other post-conflict countries as well as other transitional countries for additional comparative evidence. The shadow cases identified here suggest that the NGO game is a common transnational dynamic and that it exists in other settings. Scholars writing about post-conflict development and postcommunist transitions and failing states, in fact, observe similar NGO patterns and outcomes. The problems and paradoxes associated with NGOs in international relations are becoming more obvious and recognized, but this does not mean that NGOs will disappear any time soon. The chapter ends with some reasons for optimism about these international and domestic actors.
The French surprise Schenectady. The Mohawks Speech of Condoleance on that Occasion.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

The Count De Frontenac, in an attempt to boost the spirits of the French in Canada, had sent out three parties against the English colonies in the hope of lessening the confidence that the Five Nations had in the English assistance, now that England had declared war against France. This chapter describes the party sent against New York. Commanded by Monsr. De Herville, the party was ordered to attempt the surprising of Schenectady, the nearest village to the Mohawks, which consisted of 150 French Bush-lopers or Indian traders, and of as many Indians, most of whom were French converts from the Mohawks called the Praying Indians. The party was well acquainted with that part of the country around Schenectady; and came in sight of the place on the 8th of February 1689–90.
The English attack Montreal by Land, in Conjunction with the Indians, and Quebeck by Sea.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details the joint invasion of Canada by the English and the Five Nations. The plan was to attack Quebeck by sea, while New York attacked Montreal by land. It was agreed that the Mohawks should join with the Christians that were to march from New York directly against Montreal, and that the other four Nations should send a considerable party down Cadarackui Lake, and join them before Montreal. Major Peter Schuyler (whom the Indians call Quider) commanded the party sent from New York, which consisted of three hundred Men, one half Christians, the other Mohawks and Scahkook Indians. He set out from Albany around midsummer.
The War renewed. The French repossess themselves of Cadarackui Fort, and find Means to break off the Treaty between the Five Nations and Dionondadies.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events following the refusal of the Five Nations to agree to the Governor of Canada's terms. He resolved to force the Five Nations, and also suspected that they continued to heed the advice of the English and the confidence they had of English assistance. He thought he would most effectually undermine that confidence by attacking and destroying the remainder of the Mohawks, who lived close next to the English settlements. He sent three hundred men into the neck of land between Lake Erie and Cadarackui Lake, the usual hunting place of the Five Nations, in hopes of surprising them while they hunted there, and at the same time to view the old French Fort there and determine in what kind of state it was in.
mRNA
Untranslated Regions (
UTRs
)
Authors: Mignone Flavio , Pesole Graziano
Published: January 2018

Eukaryotic messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) possess a tripartite structure that comprises a 5′ untranslated region, a coding region made up of the amino acid coding triplet codons and a 3′ untranslated region. During nuclear maturation of primary transcripts, both ends of mRNA are post‐transcriptionally modified through the addition of a 7‐methyl‐guanosine cap structure at the 5′ end and a polyadenosine tail at the 3′ end. mRNA untranslated regions – UTRs – are involved in the post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression by modulating the mRNA stability, nucleocytoplasm transport, subcellular localisation and translation efficiency, thus allowing a fine control of the protein product. This regulatory activity is mediated by
cis
‐acting oligonucleotide elements that interact with binding proteins and noncoding RNAs (micro ribonucleic acids – miRNAs and long noncoding ribonucleic acids – lncRNAs) through a combination of primary and secondary structures.

Key Concepts

UTRs are involved in the post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

UTRs regulate mRNA stability, nucleocytoplasm transport, subcellular localisation and translation efficiency.

Alternative splicing can result in mRNAs encoding the same protein under the control of different UTRs.

UTRs regulate translation during physiological stress conditions.

UTRs are miRNA targets to repress translation or destabilise mRNA.
DNA
Strand Break Repair and Human Genetic Disease
Authors: García‐Muse Tatiana , Aguilera Andrés
Published: January 2018

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic information for proper functioning of cells and alterations in the DNA sequence constitute a threat to genetic stability and cell survival. DNA is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous DNA‐damaging agents. Among the different types of DNA damage, single‐strand breaks (SSBs) and double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are a source of genetic instability. To minimise the impact of these lesions, cells have evolved various DNA repair mechanisms depending on the kind of DNA damage. The importance of DNA‐strand break repair is highlighted by the observation that many proteins involved in DNA repair are mutated in a wide variety of cancers and in different hereditary syndromes. These disorders display a variety of features. Notably, syndromes related with defects in SSB repair exhibit a pathology restricted to cerebellar ataxia and neurodegeneration, whereas DSB repair syndromes exhibit a more diverse pathology and can include developmental abnormalities, microcephaly and cancer predisposition.

Key Concepts

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signal transduction pathway that starts with the sensing of the damage and coordinates cell cycle, repair and apoptosis.

DDR plays an important role in development and preservation of genome stability and, consequently, is crucial for cancer prevention and normal ageing.

Many proteins involved in DNA repair pathways are mutated in a wide variety of cancers and in different types of hereditary diseases.

Homologous recombination is a DNA repair pathway linked to replication and devoted to the repair of DNA breaks using an intact DNA template to copy information.

Nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) is a double‐strand break repair pathway that ligates the two ends without using any DNA template.

DSB repair syndromes exhibit a diverse pathology and can include developmental abnormalities, microcephaly and cancer predisposition.

Syndromes with impaired NHEJ also show dramatic immunological defects highlighting the role of NHEJ during development of the immunological system.

Syndromes related with defects in the repair of single‐strand breaks exhibit a pathology that is restricted to cerebellar ataxia and neurodegeneration.

The advancements in next‐generation sequencing will allow to associate more human disorders with defects in components of the DDR.
Genetics of Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Milam Jr Ronald W , Daniels Anthony B
Published: January 2018

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults and is associated with high rates of metastasis and death. Unlike many other solid cancers, UM harbours a relatively small number of conserved genetic alterations, which lead to oncogenesis and metastatic progression. Chromosomal alterations are largely restricted to chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 8. Progression from melanocyte to nevus is characterised by acquisition of specific pathogenic genetic variants in either
GNAQ
or
GNA11
, followed by pathogenic genetic variants in either
SF3B1
/
EIF1AX
to form low metastatic risk UMs or in
BAP1
to form high metastatic risk UMs. Gene expression profiling and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification offer excellent prognostic accuracy regarding metastatic risk and mortality. Despite this extensive knowledge of UM genetics, the mechanisms by which these specific genetic variants lead to melanomagenesis and metastatic progression are only beginning to be understood and have yet to lead to the development of effective targeted therapies for metastatic UM.

Key Concepts

Primary uveal melanoma is characterised by a relatively small number of conserved genetic alterations that lead to oncogenesis and metastatic progression.

Melanocytes acquire initial pathogenic variants in either
GNAQ
or
GNA11
to activate the ARF6‐Hippo‐YAP pathway and form a uveal melanocytic nevus, then in either
SF3B1
/
EIF1AX
or in
BAP1
during the course of their subsequent progression to primary uveal melanoma.

Common chromosome derangements include gains and losses in chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 8.

The most significant chromosomal derangement is complete or partial loss of chromosome 3, which leads to highly metastatic tumours.

Prognostic testing is highly accurate and currently relies on gene expression profiling (GEP) or multiplex ligand probe amplification (MLPA) to assess for microscopic chromosomal deletions. While clinical and pathologic features are incorporated into the prognostic algorithm for some of these techniques, these clinical features now play a relatively minor role compared to molecular phenotyping with GEP or MLPA.

Primary uveal melanoma tumours generally fall into two prognostic classes: GEP class 1 tumours have a low (0–21% 5‐year) risk of metastatic progression, are associated with disomy of chromosome 3, gain of chromosome 6p, presence of mutations in
SF3B1
or
EIF1AX
, and no loss of
BAP1
. GEP class 2 tumours have a high (72% 5‐year) risk of metastatic progression, are associated with monosomy of chromosome 3, loss of chromosome 1p or 8q, and loss of
BAP1
.
Competitive and Covalent Inhibitors of Human Lysosomal Retaining Exoglucosidases
Authors: Breen Imogen Z , Artola Marta , Wu Liang , Beenakker Thomas JM , Offen Wendy A , Aerts Johannes MFG , Davies Gideon J , Overkleeft Herman S
Published: January 2018

Deficiency in human acid glucosylceramidase (GBA1, a retaining β‐glucosidase) causes the lysosomal sphingolipid storage disorder Gaucher disease, whereas deficiency in human acid α‐glucosidase (GAA, a retaining α‐glucosidase) triggers the lysosomal glycogen storage disorder Pompe disease. Both enzymes process their substrate following a two‐step double‐displacement mechanism involving a covalent enzyme–substrate intermediate. Structural analysis of glycosidases complexed to substrates and inhibitors has provided insight into the reaction coordinates followed by glycosidases during catalytic hydrolysis and has assisted in the design of potent and selective inhibitors. Competitive and covalent inhibitors of both GBA1 and GAA have been developed in the past decades, for fundamental studies, as diagnostics tools, leads for drug development and therapeutic drugs for the clinical treatment of lysosomal storage diseases.

Key Concepts

The structural and functional diversity of glycoconjugates is reflected by the vast number of glycoprocessing enzymes encountered in all domains of life.

Retaining glycosidases form a covalent intermediate during substrate processing, whereas inverting glycosidases do not.

Competitive and covalent retaining glycosidase inhibitors exist, whereas inverting glycosidases can normally only be blocked by competitive inhibitors.

Both covalent and competitive glycosidase inhibitors are found in nature and serve as inspiration for the design of synthetic inhibitors.

Structural analysis of glycosidases complexed to substrates and inhibitors provides insight into the reaction coordinates followed by glycosidases during the catalytic cycle.

Conformational analysis of the reaction coordinate of glycosidases is key in the design of potent and selective inhibitors.

Glycosidase inhibitors may serve as leads for drug development.

Activity‐based glycosidase probes can be applied in the discovery of glycosidase activities.

Activity‐based probes are useful starting points for the development of diagnostics assays in disease areas in which glycosidase activities are involved.

Genetic deficiency in glycosidases is the basis of numerous inherited disorders including Gaucher disease and Pompe disease.
The Genetics of Trust
Authors: Wootton Robyn E
Published: January 2018

Estimates of the genetic influence on trust from twin studies range from 10% to 66%. The estimates vary because of differences in the measurement of trust and differences in sample characteristics. Twin studies only inform us about the relative importance of genetic factors, whereas molecular genetic approaches can identify the specific DNA variants that influence a trait. The oxytocin receptor gene has previously been associated with trust, but the results are inconsistent and no effect is observed in larger samples. No other genetic variants have been identified so far using genome‐wide association studies. Estimates of heritability using genetic variants suggest that 7% of the variance in trust is explained by common DNA variants. This is much lower than the 66% estimated from twin studies and the difference is known as missing heritability. Future research should increase sample sizes and continue to try and understand the complex pathways from genes to trust.

Key Concepts

Twin heritability estimates of trust range from 10% to 66% with large variability because of different measurements of trust and sample characteristics.

SNP heritability estimates of trust range from 6% to 7% explaining around 12% of the twin heritability estimates.

Candidate gene studies have suggested a role of the oxytocin receptor gene in explaining the underlying heritability. However, this is not found to be associated consistently across studies.

Genome‐wide association studies of trust are currently too small to detect any genome‐wide significant SNPs because trust is a polygenic complex trait with many SNPs having small effects.

Therefore, much larger samples are required for future GWAS, emphasising the importance of GWAS consortia bringing together smaller cohorts with measures of trust.
Large‐Area Direct Laser‐Shock Imprinting of a 3D Biomimic Hierarchical Metal Surface for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Jin Shengyu , Wang Yixiu , Motlag Maithilee , Gao Shengjie , Xu Jin , Nian Qiong , Wu Wenzhuo , Cheng Gary J.
Published: January 2018

Ongoing efforts in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) focus on enhancing power generation, but obstacles concerning the economical and cost‐effective production of TENGs continue to prevail. Micro‐/nanostructure engineering of polymer surfaces has been dominantly utilized for boosting the contact triboelectrification, with deposited metal electrodes for collecting the scavenged energy. Nevertheless, this state‐of‐the‐art approach is limited by the vague potential for producing 3D hierarchical surface structures with conformable coverage of high‐quality metal. Laser‐shock imprinting (LSI) is emerging as a potentially scalable approach for directly surface patterning of a wide range of metals with 3D nanoscale structures by design, benefiting from the ultrahigh‐strain‐rate forming process. Here, a TENG device is demonstrated with LSI‐processed biomimetic hierarchically structured metal electrodes for efficient harvesting of water‐drop energy in the environment. Mimicking and transferring hierarchical microstructures from natural templates, such as leaves, into these water‐TENG devices is effective regarding repelling water drops from the device surface, since surface hydrophobicity from these biomicrostructures maximizes the TENG output. Among various leaves' microstructures, hierarchical microstructures from dried bamboo leaves are preferable regarding maximizing power output, which is attributed to their unique structures, containing both dense nanostructures and microscale features, compared with other types of leaves. Also, the triboelectric output is significantly improved by closely mimicking the hydrophobic nature of the leaves in the LSI‐processed metal surface after functionalizing it with low‐surface‐energy self‐assembled‐monolayers. The approach opens doors to new manufacturable TENG technologies for economically feasible and ecologically friendly production of functional devices with directly patterned 3D biomimic metallic surfaces in energy, electronics, and sensor applications.
Cathode and Anode Interlayers Based on Polymer Carbon Dots via Work Function Regulation for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Ji Tianjiao , Guo Biao , Liu Fangyuan , Zeng Qingsen , Yu Chengzhuo , Du Xiaohang , Jin Gan , Feng Tanglue , Zhu Shoujun , Li Fenghong , Yang Bai
Published: January 2018

In this work, the ability of tuning work function for polymer carbon dots (PCDs) is systematically studied for the first time. Their application of both cathode and anode interlayers in polymer solar cells (PSCs) is achieved. PCDs possess abundant surface functional groups, which can be modified under control. Through regulating surface groups with more electron‐donating amino (PCD‐NH2) or electron‐withdrawing carboxy (PCD‐COOH), PCDs can decrease or increase work function of electrode, respectively. Therefore, PCD‐NH2 can act as cathode interlayer while PCD‐COOH plays the role of anode interlayer in PSCs. The single material system to act as both interlayers is rarely reported previously. This can simplify the design of materials and the device fabrication process. In addition, PCDs are green, low‐cost, stable, and easily fabricated. Therefore, it is demonstrated that PCDs are promising for commercial interlayer materials in optoelectronic devices.
Advanced Composite 2D Energy Materials by Simultaneous Anodic and Cathodic Exfoliation
Authors: Li Fengwang , Xue Mianqi , Zhang Xiaolong , Chen Lu , Knowles Gregory P. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Zhang Jie
Published: January 2018

Composite materials based on graphene and other 2D materials are of considerable interest in the fields of catalysis, electronics, and energy conversion and storage because of the unique structural features and electronic properties of each component and the synergetic effects brought about by the compositing. Approaches to the mass production of 2D materials and their composites in a facile and affordable way are urgently needed to enable their implementation in practical applications. Here a novel electrochemical exfoliation approach to prepare 2D composites is proposed, which combines simultaneous anodic exfoliation of graphite and cathodic exfoliation of other 2D materials (namely MoS2, MnO2, and graphitic carbon nitride). The synthesis is carried out in a single‐compartment electrochemical cell to in situ produce functional 2D composite materials. Applications of the as‐prepared 2D composites are demonstrated as (i) effective hydrogen evolution catalysts and (ii) supercapacitor electrode materials. The method enables the compositing of semiconductive, or even insulating, 2D materials with conductive graphene in an easy, cheap, ecofriendly, yet efficient way, liberating the intrinsic functions of 2D materials, which are usually hindered by their poor conductivity. The method is believed to be widely applicable to the family of 2D materials.
Overcoming Microstructural Limitations in Water Processed Organic Solar Cells by Engineering Customized Nanoparticulate Inks
Authors: Xie Chen , Classen Andrej , Späth Andreas , Tang Xiaofeng , Min Jie , Meyer Markus , Zhang Chaohong , Li Ning , Osvet Andres , Fink Rainer H. , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: January 2018

The application of conjugated polymer and fullerene water‐based nanoparticles (NP) as ecofriendly inks for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is reported. A low bandgap polymer diketopyrrolopyrrole–quinquethiophene (PDPP5T‐2) and the methanofullerene PC71BM are processed into three types of nanoparticles: pristine fullerene NPs, pristine polymer NPs, and mixed polymer:fullerene NPs, allowing the formation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composites with different domain sizes. Mild thermal annealing is required to melt the nanospheres and enable the formation of interconnected pathways within mixed phases. This BHJ is accompanied by a shrinkage of film, whereas the more compact layers show enhanced mobility. Consistently reduced recombination and better performance are found for mixed NP, containing both, the polymer and the fullerene within a single NP. The optimized solar cell processed by ultrasmall NPs delivers a power conversion efficiency of about 3.4%. This is among the highest values reported for aqueous processed OPVs but still lacks performance compared to those being processed from halogenated solvents. Incomplete crystallization is identified as the main root for reduced efficiency. It is nevertheless believed that postprocessing does not cut attraction from printing aqueous organic NP inks as a trendsetting strategy for the reliable and ecofriendly production of organic solar cells.
Kinetische Analyse und strukturelle Interpretation der kompetitiven Ligandenbindung für Denitrifikation in gekürztem Hämoglobin N
Authors: Das Akshaya Kumar , Meuwly Markus
Published: January 2018

Die Umwandlung von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) zu Nitrat (NO3−) durch Dioxygenierung schützt Zellen vor tödlichem NO. Ausgehend von NO‐gebundendem Häm ist der erste Schritt in der Umwandlung von NO zu harmlosem NO3− die Ligandenaustauschreaktion FeNO+O2→FeO2+NO, die auf molekularer Ebene nach wie vor schlecht verstanden ist. Die berechnete Barriere für die Austauschreaktion zwischen dem Wildtyp (WT) und der Y33A‐Mutante unterscheidet sich um 1.5 kcal mol−1, verglichen mit experimentell gemessenen 1.7 kcal mol−1. Es wird direkt bestätigt, dass die Ligandenaustauschreaktion in trHbN geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist und dass entropische Beiträge 75 % des Unterschieds zwischen WT und der Y33A‐Mutanten ausmachen. Die Reste Tyr 33, Phe 46, Val 80, His 81 und Gln 82, welche das aktive Zentrum umgeben, nehmen im Ligand‐gebundenen Zustand sowie im Übergangszustand jeweils unterschiedliche Konfigurationen ein und kontrollieren deshalb vermutlich den Reaktionspfad. Durch den Vergleich mit Berechnungen der elektronischen Struktur des Übergangszustandes zwischen den zwei Ligand‐gebundenen Zuständen kann dieser dem 2A‐Zustand zugeordnet werden.
Effect of growing location and variety on nutritional and functional properties of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) grown as a double crop
Authors: Tyl Catrin , Marti Alessandra , Hayek Jenny , Anderson James , Ismail Baraem P.
Published: January 2018

Background and objectives

Despite positive agronomic and nutritional characteristics, millets are underutilized for food use in the Western Hemisphere. Little is known about the end‐use quality characteristics of available proso millet varieties, nor their adaptation to and performance in double crop situations in northern states. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate several proso millet varieties grown in two locations for composition as well as attributes that influence processing, nutritional quality, and physiological benefits.

Findings

Proso millet varieties were similar in chemical composition (total starch, protein, lipid, dietary fiber, and ash content), but were notably different in amylose content of starch (ranging from 7.8% to 34.8% amylose). Lower amylose content resulted in lower peak temperature, final viscosity, and setback. Varieties also differed in carotenoids and hydroxycinnamic acids content as well as in antioxidant activity. Slowly digestible starch represented the major starch fraction in cooked flour, and protein digestibility was reduced to less than 50% after cooking.

Conclusions

Overall, growing location did not have a great impact on chemical and functional characteristic, while some varietal differences were noted.

Significance and novelty

The basic information provided regarding composition and functionality differences among various millet varieties will aid in the identification of potential food applications.
High‐conversion hydrolysates and corn sweetener production in dry‐grind corn process
Authors: Wang Zhaoqin , Sharma Vivek , Dien Bruce S. , Singh Vijay
Published: January 2018

Background and Objectives

Industrial processing of the US corn is primarily for fuel ethanol, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and crude oil production, using the dry‐grind process. Refining of corn starch for glucose syrup production requires wet‐milling process. However, wet‐milling process is capital expensive, labor and energy intensive, compared with dry‐grind process. The liquefaction and saccharification steps of the corn dry‐grind process are similar to those used for processing wet‐milled starch into glucose syrup. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of adapting the corn dry‐grind process for corn syrup production.

Findings

In the adapted conventional dry grind with modified refining process, the starch to glucose conversion efficiencies (95.69 ± 0.29%) were similar with that from wet‐milled corn starch (95.05 ± 0.88%). High soluble protein content in starch hydrolysate can affect its conversion to syrup. The protein content of hydrolysates from the dry‐grind process was 0.4%, which is higher than the maximum concentration (0.3%) specified by the starch refining industry. To reduce the protein content, a thermal treatment was developed to remove soluble protein. Thermal treatment removed the soluble protein to negligible level without affecting the high starch to glucose conversion efficiency (94.61 ± 1.34%).

Conclusions

High‐purity corn syrup production was achieved in a conventional dry‐grind process with a modified refining process. Modified dry‐grind process has a comparable starch conversion efficiency with wet‐milling process.

Significance and novelty

Production of refined corn syrup (starch hydrolysate) from the dry‐grind process would be advantageous for expanding the number and value of possible co‐products. The potential of refined corn syrup production in dry‐grind process was evaluated.
A Nickel‐Based Perovskite Catalyst with a Bimodal Size Distribution of Nickel Particles for Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: Chai Yingjie , Fu Yu , Feng He , Kong Wenbo , Yuan Changkun , Pan Bingrong , Zhang Jun , Sun Yuhan
Published: January 2018

The critical problem facing Ni‐based catalysts for the CO2 reforming of methane (DRM) is the serious carbon deposition and metal sintering, which are sensitive to the size of Ni particles. A perovskite‐type catalyst La0.46Sr0.34Ti0.9Ni0.1O3 (denoted as LSTN0.1) with a bimodal size distribution of Ni particles was prepared by combustion method. Under mild DRM conditions (CH4:CO2=1:1.2 at 700 °C), no coke was found on LSTN0.1 after 100 h reaction, and the comparison with the impregnated catalysts showed that the carbon resistance is closely associated with the strong metal–support interaction and basicity. Nevertheless, under harsh reaction conditions (CH4:CO2=2:1 at 700 °C), the coking process speeded up on LSTN0.1. This bimodal Ni catalyst had higher coke resistance than the catalyst possessing few small particles. Moreover, the coke was found on the large Ni particles (14.5 nm average size) but the small Ni particles (2.5 nm average size) remained unchanged.