bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating Words to Worlds: Zero-Shot Synthesis of 3D Terrain from Textual Descriptions Using Large Language Models
Authors: Zhang Guangzi , Chen Lizhe , Zhang Yu , Liu Yan , Ge Yuyao , Cai Xingquan
Published: April 2024

The current research on text-guided 3D synthesis predominantly utilizes complex diffusion models, posing significant challenges in tasks like terrain generation. This study ventures into the direct synthesis of text-to-3D terrain in a zero-shot fashion, circumventing the need for diffusion models. By exploiting the large language model’s inherent spatial awareness, we innovatively formulate a method to update existing 3D models through text, thereby enhancing their accuracy. Specifically, we introduce a Gaussian–Voronoi map data structure that converts simplistic map summaries into detailed terrain heightmaps. Employing a chain-of-thought behavior tree approach, which combines action chains and thought trees, the model is guided to analyze a variety of textual inputs and extract relevant terrain data, effectively bridging the gap between textual descriptions and 3D models. Furthermore, we develop a text–terrain re-editing technique utilizing multiagent reasoning, allowing for the dynamic update of the terrain’s representational structure. Our experimental results indicate that this method proficiently interprets the spatial information embedded in the text and generates controllable 3D terrains with superior visual quality.
Research on Ultraviolet Characteristic Parameters of DC-Positive Polarity Corona Discharge on Conductors
Authors: Dai Youquan , Zhang Zhanlong , Dong Zijian , Wu Yongye , Jun Deng
Published: April 2024

The detection of corona-related defects in transmission lines has been included in the work of transmission line defect detection. Ultraviolet detection technology has gradually been widely applied in the field of corona discharge detection. However, the current research on the application of ultraviolet detection technology in transmission lines is relatively simple and mainly limited to using changes in the photon count to determine whether corona discharge has occurred. To address this, this study used a mini corona cage to simulate transmission lines and measured the changes in the photon count, spot area, and corona current in the corona inception process of different types of smooth, stainless-steel conductors. This study also investigated the variations in the photon count and spot area depending on conductor corona intensity, ultraviolet imager gain, and observation distance. The results show that the photon count and spot area can, to some extent, reflect the intensity of corona discharge. Both the photon count and spot area exhibited quadratic relationships with the voltage. As the observation distance increased, both the photon count and spot area showed exponential decay. The photon count exhibited a trend of initially increasing, then decreasing, and finally increasing again with the increase of gain, while the spot area showed exponential growth with increasing gain. The photon count and spot area can complement each other to identify and characterize the intensity of corona discharge.
Structural Health Monitoring for Prefabricated Building Envelope under Stress Tests
Authors: Vandi Laura , Calcagni Maria Teresa , Belletti Francesco , Pandarese Giuseppe , Martarelli Milena , Revel Gian Marco , Docter Vincent , Pracucci Alessandro
Published: April 2024

This paper details the comprehensive activities conducted in a laboratory setting to assess the structural health monitoring (SHM) of prefabricated building envelopes. Integrating sensors into building components like curtain wall facades poses challenges but offers opportunities for monitoring structural health, requiring compliance with regulatory standards. The research investigates the possibility of defining a kit of conventional and multi-parameter sensors integrated within the building envelope to monitor its behavior during the performance test conducted. The kit of sensors also includes Fiber Optic Sensors for effectively monitoring building envelope behavior and structural integrity. In this context, the European project InComEss (H2020-GA862597) aims to define a stand-alone solution for SHM using Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems (PE-EHS) for façade monitoring through FBG/FOS system. After analyzing the main façade structural stress, a series of FBGs, accelerometers, and force washers were integrated within a 1:1 scale façade prototype and tested in a laboratory following the test sequence parameters required by the curtain wall standard EN 13830. The data collected were analyzed with the aim of monitoring the façade behavior before and after the tests. The results show that the façade’s performance passed the assessing test criteria without reporting any damages. In addition, the outcomes demonstrated the effectiveness of the defined kit of multi-parameter sensors for the building envelope’s SHM.
Metal Artifact Correction in Industrial CT Images Based on a Dual-Domain Joint Deep Learning Framework
Authors: Jiang Shibo , Sun Yuewen , Xu Shuo , Zhang Zehuan , Wu Zhifang
Published: April 2024

Industrial computed tomography (CT) images reconstructed directly from projection data using the filtered back projection (FBP) method exhibit strong metal artifacts due to factors such as beam hardening, scatter, statistical noise, and deficiencies in the reconstruction algorithms. Traditional correction approaches, confined to either the projection domain or the image domain, fail to fully utilize the rich information embedded in the data. To leverage information from both domains, we propose a joint deep learning framework that integrates UNet and ResNet architectures for the correction of metal artifacts in CT images. Initially, the UNet network is employed to correct the imperfect projection data (sinograms), the output of which serves as the input for the CT image reconstruction unit. Subsequently, the reconstructed CT images are fed into the ResNet, with both networks undergoing a joint training process to optimize image quality. We take the projection data obtained by analytical simulation as the data set. The resulting optimized industrial CT images show a significant reduction in metal artifacts, with the average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) reaching 36.13 and the average Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) achieving 0.953. By conducting simultaneous correction in both the projection and image domains, our method effectively harnesses the complementary information from both, exhibiting a marked improvement in correction results over the deep learning-based single-domain corrections. The generalization capability of our proposed method is further verified in ablation experiments and multi-material phantom CT artifact correction.
The Use of the Internet of Things in the Distribution Logistics of Consumables
Authors: Kvak Karol , Straka Martin
Published: April 2024

This research focuses on integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the field of distribution logistics of consumables, specifically on the optimization of dispensing through vending machines in a corporate environment. The primary goal was to identify IoT-based vending machine solutions that increase the work efficiency and cost-effectiveness of consumables distribution. In the first part, this paper focuses on the definition of IoT, and its current trends and development over time. With the help of the authors, we define the key aspects of its use in practice, and we also focus on establishing critical security points. We evaluate its impact on the industry, where there is currently a great pressure for automation and robotization of production, as a result of which the labor market is experiencing a major transformation of job positions from executive to technologically creative ones. Using the performance measurement method, this study established key performance indicators (KPIs), which we then collected and, through thorough research, determined the basis for setting the future state. Using the method of technological innovation, we prepared prototypes of the vending machine, which were then placed at the customer’s location for a 3-month trial period using the method of technological demonstration. During the trial period, key performance indicators were collected again using the performance measurement method, and we then evaluated them using the comparison method. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the cost of consumables and a simultaneous increase in employee efficiency. These results underline the potential of IoT technologies in the field of distribution logistics for consumables. The research points to the advantages and perspectives of using the Internet of Things in the business environment, especially in the field of distribution logistics.
Advances in Architecture, Protocols, and Challenges in Internet of Things: From Technologies to Applications
Authors: Fang Weidong , Zhu Chunsheng
Published: April 2024

With the rapid development and widespread application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, we are in an era of digital transformation, where the integration between the physical and digital worlds continues to deepen [...]
Impact of Single-Session Intraoral and Extraoral Photobiomodulation on Pain Control after Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tenore Gianluca , Mohsen Ahmed , Pergolini Daniele , Le Rose Michele , Del Vecchio Alessandro , Palaia Gaspare , Rocchetti Federica , Fantozzi Paolo Junior , Podda Gian Marco , Romeo Umberto
Published: April 2024

This study aims to evaluate the impact of a single session of intraoral and extraoral photobiomodulation (PBM) on controlling pain and improving a patient’s daily activities following surgical extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar, using combined three wavelengths: “445 nm, 660 nm, and 970 nm”. A pilot study was conducted on 22 patients undergoing extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: (1) The Test Group consisted of patients subjected to immediate postoperative PBM. The extraoral PBM parameters were power = 550 mW and spot area = 5 cm2, while the intraoral parameters were power = 200 mW and spot area = 2 cm2. (2) The Control Group consisted of the patients not subjected to PBM. For all the patients, the pain was evaluated via a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) on day 0, day 1, day 3, and day 7 after surgical intervention. The patient’s daily activities were evaluated on day 7 via a custom-made questionnaire. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups in the pain NRS scores on day 0 (p = 0.022), day 1 (p = 0.047), and day 7 (p = 0.028). No significant difference was found on day 3 (p = 0.153). A marginal statistical significance was observed with the number of painkillers taken (p = 0.054). No significant difference was observed with the questionnaire score (p = 0.206). This pilot study showed a significant reduction in postoperative pain on days 0, 1, and 7 with a single session of intraoral and extraoral PBM. However, the number of painkillers taken and the scores of the daily activities questionnaire did not show statistical significance despite the observed better results in patients subjected to PBM.
Federated Learning Incentive Mechanism with Supervised Fuzzy Shapley Value
Authors: Yang Xun , Xiang Shuwen , Peng Changgen , Tan Weijie , Wang Yue , Liu Hai , Ding Hongfa
Published: April 2024

The distributed training of federated machine learning, referred to as federated learning (FL), is discussed in models by multiple participants using local data without compromising data privacy and violating laws. In this paper, we consider the training of federated machine models with uncertain participation attitudes and uncertain benefits of each federated participant, and to encourage all participants to train the desired FL models, we design a fuzzy Shapley value incentive mechanism with supervision. In this incentive mechanism, if the supervision of the supervised mechanism detects that the payoffs of a federated participant reach a value that satisfies the Pareto optimality condition, the federated participant receives a distribution of federated payoffs. The results of numerical experiments demonstrate that the mechanism successfully achieves a fair and Pareto optimal distribution of payoffs. The contradiction between fairness and Pareto-efficient optimization is solved by introducing a supervised mechanism.
Remark on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Temporal Modal Topological Structures
Authors: Atanassov Krassimir
Published: April 2024

In a series of papers, we have discussed the concept of a modal topological structure modified, extended and illustrated by examples from intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Here, the concept of a temporal modal topological structure is introduced and illustrated with four different intuitionistic fuzzy temporal modal topological structures. These structures are based on intuitionistic fuzzy topological, temporal and modal operators. They are extensions of the temporal topological structures as well as of the modal topological structures.
Tuning Mechanical Characteristics and Permeability of Alginate Hydrogel by Polyvinyl Alcohol and Deep Eutectic Solvent Addition
Authors: Menegatti Tadej , Kopač Tilen , Žnidaršič-Plazl Polona
Published: April 2024

Alginate-based hydrogels are widely utilized for various applications, including enzyme immobilization and the development of drug delivery systems, owing to their advantageous characteristics, such as low toxicity, high availability and cost-effectiveness. However, the broad applicability of alginate hydrogels is hindered by their limited mechanical and chemical stability, as well as their poor permeability to hydrophobic molecules. In this study, we addressed the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of alginate hydrogels in a high-pKa environment by the copolymerization of alginate with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The addition of PVA resulted in a threefold improvement in the shear modulus of the copolymeric hydrogel, as well as enhanced chemical resistance to (S)-α-methylbenzylamine, a model molecule with a high pKa value. Furthermore, we addressed the permeability challenge by introducing a betaine–propylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (DES) into the PVA-alginate copolymer. This led to an increased permeability for ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, a model molecule used for bioreduction to chiral alcohols. Moreover, the addition of the DES resulted in a notable improvement of the shear modulus of the resulting hydrogel. This dual effect highlights the role of the DES in achieving the desired improvement of the hydrogel as an immobilization carrier.
Bacterial Community Structure Responds to Soil Management in the Rhizosphere of Vine Grape Vineyards
Authors: Kovács Barnabás , Andreolli Marco , Lampis Silvia , Biró Borbála , Kotroczó Zsolt
Published: April 2024

The microbial communities of the rhizospheres of vineyards have been subject to a considerable body of research, but it is still unclear how the applied soil cultivation methods are able to change the structure, composition, and level of diversity of their communities. Rhizosphere samples were collected from three neighbouring vineyards with the same time of planting and planting material (rootstock: Teleki 5C; Vitis vinifera: Müller Thurgau). Our objective was to examine the diversity occurring in bacterial community structures in vineyards that differ only in the methods of tillage procedure applied, namely intensive (INT), extensive (EXT), and abandoned (AB). For that we took samples from two depths (10–30 cm (shallow = S) and 30–50 cm (deep = D) of the grape rhizosphere in each vineyard and the laboratory and immediately prepared the slices of the roots for DNA-based analysis of the bacterial communities. Bacterial community structure was assessed by means of PCR-DGGE analysis carried out on the v3 region of 16S rRNA gene. Based on the band composition of the DGGE profiles thus obtained, the diversity of the microbial communities was evaluated and determined by the Shannon–Weaver index (H′). Between the AB and EXT vineyards at the S depth, the similarity of the community structure was 55%; however, the similarity of the D samples was more than 80%, while the difference between the INT samples and the other two was also higher than 80%. Based on our results, we can conclude that intensive cultivation strongly affects the structure and diversity of the bacterial community.
Screening of Microalgae for Bioactivity with Antiviral, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Assays
Authors: Hernández-Urcera Jorge , Romero Alejandro , Cruz Pedro , Vasconcelos Vitor , Figueras Antonio , Novoa Beatriz , Rodríguez Francisco
Published: April 2024

Marine microalgae are a rich reservoir of natural compounds, including bioactives. Nonetheless, these organisms remain fairly unexplored despite their potential biotechnological applications. Culture collections with diverse taxonomic groups and lifestyles are a good source to unlock this potential and discover new molecules for multiple applications such as the treatment of human pathologies or the production of aquaculture species. In the present work extracts from thirty-three strains (including twenty dinoflagellates, four diatoms and nine strains from seven other algal classes), cultivated under identical conditions, were examined for their antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Among these, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities were detected in a few strains while the antibacterial tests showed positive results in most assays. In turn, most trials did not show any anti-cancer activity. Significant differences were observed between species within the same class, in particular dinoflagellates, which were better represented in this study. These preliminary findings pave the way for an in-depth characterization of the extracts with highest signals in each test, the identification of the compounds responsible for the biological activities found and a further screening of the CCVIEO culture collection.
Development and Application of a High-Throughput Method for the Purification and Analysis of Surface Carbohydrates from Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Nonne Francesca , Molfetta Mariagrazia , Nappini Rebecca , La Guidara Chiara , Di Benedetto Roberta , Mfana Siwaphiwe , Bellich Barbara , Raso Maria Michelina , Gasperini Gianmarco , Alfini Renzo , Cescutti Paola , Berlanda Scorza Francesco , Ravenscroft Neil , Micoli Francesca , Giannelli Carlo
Published: April 2024

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a Gram-negative bacterium, and a leading cause of neonatal sepsis in low- and middle-income countries, often associated with anti-microbial resistance. Two types of polysaccharides are expressed on the Kp cell surface and have been proposed as key antigens for vaccine design: capsular polysaccharides (known as K-antigens, K-Ags) and O-antigens (O-Ags). Historically, Kp has been classified using capsule serotyping and although 186 distinct genotypes have been predicted so far based on sequence analysis, many structures are still unknown. In contrast, only 11 distinct OAg serotypes have been described. The characterization of emerging strains requires the development of a high-throughput purification method to obtain sufficient K- and O-Ag material to characterize the large collection of serotypes and gain insight on structural features and potential cross-reactivity that could allow vaccine simplification. Here, this was achieved by adapting our established method for the simple purification of O-Ags, using mild acetic acid hydrolysis performed directly on bacterial cells, followed by filtration and precipitation steps. The method was successfully applied to purify the surface carbohydrates from different Kp strains, thereby demonstrating the robustness and general applicability of the purification method developed. Further, antigen characterization showed that the purification method had no impact on the structural integrity of the polysaccharides and preserved labile substituents such as O-acetyl and pyruvyl groups. This method can be further optimized for scaling up and manufacturing to support the development of high-valency saccharide-based vaccines against Kp.
Functional Integrity of Radical SAM Enzyme Dph1•Dph2 Requires Non-Canonical Cofactor Motifs with Tandem Cysteines
Authors: Ütkür Koray , Mayer Klaus , Liu Shihui , Brinkmann Ulrich , Schaffrath Raffael
Published: April 2024

The Dph1•Dph2 heterodimer from yeast is a radical SAM (RS) enzyme that generates the 3-amino-3-carboxy-propyl (ACP) precursor for diphthamide, a clinically relevant modification on eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). ACP formation requires SAM cleavage and atypical Cys-bound Fe-S clusters in each Dph1 and Dph2 subunit. Intriguingly, the first Cys residue in each motif is found next to another ill-defined cysteine that we show is conserved across eukaryotes. As judged from structural modeling, the orientation of these tandem cysteine motifs (TCMs) suggests a candidate Fe-S cluster ligand role. Hence, we generated, by site-directed DPH1 and DPH2 mutagenesis, Dph1•Dph2 variants with cysteines from each TCM replaced individually or in combination by serines. Assays diagnostic for diphthamide formation in vivo reveal that while single substitutions in the TCM of Dph2 cause mild defects, double mutations almost entirely inactivate the RS enzyme. Based on enhanced Dph1 and Dph2 subunit instability in response to cycloheximide chases, the variants with Cys substitutions in their cofactor motifs are particularly prone to protein degradation. In sum, we identify a fourth functionally cooperative Cys residue within the Fe-S motif of Dph2 and show that the Cys-based cofactor binding motifs in Dph1 and Dph2 are critical for the structural integrity of the dimeric RS enzyme in vivo.
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Membrane Proteins: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Pliego-Arreaga Raquel , Cervantes-Montelongo Juan Antonio , Silva-Martínez Guillermo Antonio , Tristán-Flores Fabiola Estefanía , Pantoja-Hernández Miguel Angel , Maldonado-Coronado Juan Raúl
Published: April 2024

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDSs) constitute a heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility. Asymptomatic EDSs, joint hypermobility without associated syndromes, EDSs, and hypermobility spectrum disorders are the commonest phenotypes associated with joint hypermobility. Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by extreme flexibility of the joints, along with pain and other symptoms. JHS can be a sign of a more serious underlying genetic condition, such as EDS, which affects the cartilage, bone, fat, and blood. The exact cause of JHS could be related to genetic changes in the proteins that add flexibility and strength to the joints, ligaments, and tendons, such as collagen. Membrane proteins are a class of proteins embedded in the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell signaling, transport, and adhesion. Dysregulated membrane proteins have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders; recent studies have suggested that membrane proteins may also play a role in the pathogenesis of JHS. This article presents an exploration of the causative factors contributing to musculoskeletal pain in individuals with hypermobility, based on research findings. It aims to provide an understanding of JHS and its association with membrane proteins, addressing the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of JHS.
Enhancement of Acetate-Induced Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Cathepsin D Inhibition Depends on Oligomycin A-Sensitive Respiration
Authors: Alves Sara , Santos-Pereira Cátia , Oliveira Cláudia S. F. , Preto Ana , Chaves Susana R. , Côrte-Real Manuela
Published: April 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional therapies are available with varying effectiveness. Acetate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by human intestinal bacteria, triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptosis preferentially in CRC but not in normal colonocytes, which has spurred an interest in its use for CRC prevention/therapy. We previously uncovered that acetate-induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in CRC cells is significantly enhanced by the inhibition of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CatD), which indicates both mitochondria and the lysosome are involved in the regulation of acetate-induced apoptosis. Herein, we sought to determine whether mitochondrial function affects CatD apoptotic function. We found that enhancement of acetate-induced apoptosis by CatD inhibition depends on oligomycin A-sensitive respiration. Mechanistically, the potentiating effect is associated with an increase in cellular and mitochondrial superoxide anion accumulation and mitochondrial mass. Our results provide novel clues into the regulation of CatD function and the effect of tumor heterogeneity in the outcome of combined treatment using acetate and CatD inhibitors.
Effect of Social Support on Career Decision-Making Difficulties: The Chain Mediating Roles of Psychological Capital and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
Authors: Zhou Aibao , Liu Jintao , Xu Chunyan , Jobe Mary C.
Published: April 2024

This present study explores the effect of social support on career decision-making difficulties, with the chain mediation of psychological capital and career decision-making self-efficacy. A total of 770 college students were recruited to complete the survey, which included a social support, career decision-making self-efficacy, psychological capital scale, and career decision-making difficulties scales. Significant correlations were found between social support, career decision-making difficulties, psychological capital, and career decision making self-efficacy. Path analysis indicated that the direct effect of social support on career decision-making difficulty was non-significant; social support affected career decision-making difficulties indirectly through not only the mediating effect of psychological capital but also through the chain mediation of psychological capital and career decision-making self-efficacy. Overall, the results show that social support could exert an effect on career decision-making difficulties through the mediational chains of career decision-making self-efficacy and psychological capital; the implications of this are discussed.
Enhancement of Flexural Strength in Fiber–Cement Composites through Modification of Sisal Fiber with Natural Rubber Latex and Expanded Perlite
Authors: Thepruttana Siriwan , Patthanavarit Jira , Hankoy Montree , Kitiwan Mettaya , Keawprak Nittaya , Tunthawiroon Phacharaphon
Published: April 2024

This study presents a novel approach in enhancing the flexural strength of sisal fiber cement composites by employing a dual coating technique with natural rubber latex and expanded perlite to the sisal fibers. The effects of different fiber content (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 wt%) and fiber length (1, 2, and 3 cm) on the physical and mechanical properties of sisal fiber cement were also studied. The physical properties, including bulk density and water absorption, were evaluated via the Archimedes method. Flexural strength was measured using the 3-point bending method, and microstructure was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (OM). As the fiber content and length increase, the bulk density of the sisal fiber cement decreases. However, composites utilizing coated fibers consistently exhibit a higher bulk density than those utilizing uncoated fibers, attributed to enhanced adhesion and reduced porosity. The water absorption of sisal fiber cement increases with fiber content, but it is mitigated by the natural rubber latex coating, which prevents fiber–water absorption, and by expanded perlite, which reduces voids in the matrix. Composites containing coated fibers consistently exhibit superior flexural strength compared to those with uncoated fibers. The highest flexural strength values of 5.58 MPa were observed in composites utilizing 3 cm of coated fiber with 0.25 wt% fiber content. Microstructure analysis reveals a well-bonded interface in coated fibers, emphasizing the positive impact of coating on mechanical performance. The incorporation of coated sisal fibers effectively improves adhesion, water resistance, and flexural strength, offering sustainable and durable construction materials. The achieved results can serve as the guidelines for the development of a high-performance bio-based construction materials with improved durability and reduced environmental impact.
Research on the Classification of Rail Transit Stations and Passenger Flow Patterns—A Case from Xi’an, China
Authors: Chen Li , Chen Yuan , Wang Yupeng , Li Ying
Published: April 2024

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been promoted and implemented worldwide through the efficient integration of rail transit stations and land use. However, the interactions between stations and the surrounding catchment areas (CAs) are characterized by different features of the built environment and regional development. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a quantitative classification method for rail transit stations based on the built environment within a CA and to identify the passenger flow characteristics of different types of stations to develop targeted planning and design policies. In this study, Line 1 and Line 2 within the third ring road of Xi’an City were taken as the objects, and a station classification system was constructed by taking station traffic levels and different building functions within the CA as the classification factors. Secondly, indicators of the built environment, such as six different types of functions, were calculated through refined vector modeling, and 30 typical stations were typologically analyzed. Furthermore, 10 typical types—totaling 11 stations—were selected for passenger flow monitoring, and the passenger flow characteristics of the different types of stations were summarized in terms of the dimensions of stations and exits. Finally, the correlations between the indicators of the built environment and passenger traffic for different functions were quantified. This study provides a basis for the future optimization of stations and the built environment, as well as station design and management.
Numerical Investigation on Strengthening of Steel Beams for Corrosion Damage or Web Openings Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheets
Authors: Silwal Prabin Kumar , Parvin Azadeh , Alhusban Mohannad
Published: April 2024

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been widely used to strengthen steel structures, which could suffer from corrosion or the introduction of web openings, for utilities such as ductwork, plumbing, electrical conduits, and HVAC systems. The present numerical study involves the application of unidirectional carbon FRP (CFRP) sheets to steel I-beams, damaged due to corrosion or web openings, to regain their lost load-carrying capacity. Finite element analysis (FEA) was utilized to develop and validate three beam models against existing experimentally tested specimens. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted investigating the effect of various corrosion levels and the number of circular web openings on the yield and ultimate load capacities of the beams. The optimum number of CFRP layers needed to strengthen corroded beams was determined and six CFRP strengthening scenarios were adopted to determine the best configurations to retrofit steel beams with openings (SBWOs). The results revealed that corrosion, introduced by thinning the bottom flange, reduced both yield and ultimate load capacities, with a nearly perfect linear reduction in ultimate load for each 2.5% thickness loss. The optimum number of CFRP layers depended on the level of corrosion damage. Furthermore, while maintaining a constant total opening area, beams with a greater number of smaller circular web openings demonstrated higher yield and ultimate load capacities than those with fewer larger openings. Out of the six adopted CFRP strengthening scenarios, three configurations that involved applying CFRP sheets to both flanges and the web effectively restored the strength of SBWOs, when adequate CFRP layers were used.
Influence of Time Gap on the Buildability of Cement Mixtures Designed for 3D Printing
Authors: da Silveira Júnior Jairon Gomes , de Moura Cerqueira Kevin , de Araújo Moura Ruan Carlos , de Matos Paulo Ricardo , Rodriguez Erich D. , de Castro Pessôa José Renato , Tramontin Souza Marcelo
Published: April 2024

This study provides novel insights into the nuanced impact of time gaps on the buildability of cement mixtures within the 3D printing process. In contrast to studies predominantly focused on rheological properties, this research addresses essential factors such as printed structure size, which inevitably affect the temporal intervals between layer depositions and consequently shape the buildability outcome. The investigation encompasses cement mixtures with diverse water-to-cement ratios (ranging from 0.26 to 0.36), varied setting accelerator concentrations (1.0 to 2.0 wt.%), and superplasticizer contents (0.25 and 0.5 wt.%), all explored across different time gaps (ranging from 5 to 25 min). The evaluation of buildability involves a meticulous assessment of the deformation of the bottom layer induced by adjacent layers. The findings underscore the substantial role played by chemical admixtures in fine-tuning rheological properties specific to each time gap, thereby influencing the size of the printed structure. The impact of the accelerator admixture is evident in its ability to reduce the minimum time gap required for optimal buildability while the superplasticizer emerges as a key player in enhancing fluidity without compromising the load-bearing capacity of the printed structures. To predict buildability for a given time gap, the study leverages the results of spreading diameter from the flow table test and the setting time from the Vicat test. Lastly, this study extends its scope to unveil insights into the intricate interplay between time gap and printing speed for 3D printed real-scale constructions by examining the relationship among these parameters across constructions with diverse built areas.
Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on the Properties and Microstructure of Low-Concentration Carbon Dioxide Early Cured Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Liang Xiao , Li Maosen , Wang Lu , Liu Shuhua
Published: April 2024

The utilization of microwave drying technology has expanded across various sectors due to its rapid processing speed, reduced operation time, lower sample temperatures, and consistent heating. In this research, microwave pretreatment was implemented prior to carbonation curing with low concentrations, and an array of tests including moisture content, compressive strength, carbonation depth, CO2 absorptivity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were utilized to investigate the effect of microwave pretreatment on the properties and microstructure of cementitious materials under early carbonation curing with low CO2 concentrations. The findings reveal that microwave pretreatment significantly decreases the moisture content within the test specimens, expediting the ingress of CO2 and improving the compressive strength of the specimens. At the same time, the effectiveness of microwave pretreatment in reducing moisture content diminishes as the pretreatment time increases. The absorption of CO2 is relatively rapid in the early stage of carbonation curing, with over 50% of the CO2 absorption occurring within the 0–6 h period of carbonation curing. The hydration products and microstructure of the uncarbonated part inside the specimens are generally consistent with the normal curing state. The formation of CaCO3 contributed to the densification of the specimen by infilling its internal voids, thereby enhancing its compressive strength. Although carbonation curing enlarges the average pore size of the samples, it also serves a filling function, making the samples more compact and reducing the porosity.
Experimental Investigation of the Explosion Effects on Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Fibers
Authors: Kušter Marić Marija , Ivanović Anđela , Fusić Mladen , Srbić Mladen , Vlašić Anđelko
Published: April 2024

In today’s world, concrete structures are exposed to various influences, including explosive actions. With the increasing use of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), it is essential to investigate its response to blast effects. As there are few studies on this topic worldwide, this research is dedicated to the question of how blast effects affect the damage and properties of six different types of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. These samples differ in concrete classes (C30/37 and C50/60) and in the type of fibers added (steel and polypropylene). Visual inspections and non-destructive measurements are carried out before and after blasting. The damaged area of the concrete surface is determined by visual inspection, while non-destructive measurements evaluate parameters such as the rebound value of the Schmidt hammer, the electrical resistivity of the concrete, the velocity of the ultrasonic wave, and the dynamic modulus of elasticity. Equal amounts of explosives are applied to five of the RC slabs to enable a comparative analysis of the resulting damage. Based on the comparison of the measured data from these five RC slabs, conclusions are drawn regarding the effects of the explosive impacts on conventionally reinforced concrete slabs compared to those with added fibers. In addition, one of the RC slabs with steel fibers is exposed to approximately three times the amount of explosives to assess the extent of increased damage and to evaluate the suitability of military standards in the calculation of explosive charges for blasting RC elements with fibers.
Investigating the Role of Cs Species in the Toluene–Methanol Side Chain Alkylation Catalyzed by CsX Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Wang Qingwei , Gao Wenxiu , Ma Chunxiang , Yang Miaomiao
Published: April 2024

The side chain alkylation of toluene with methanol was studied on a series of CsX catalysts prepared by varying the Cs species and ion exchange conditions. The effects of various parameters, such as the exchanging temperatures and times on the adsorption/activation properties of different CsX catalysts, were investigated by combining a variety of characterization means for understanding the role of Cs species in the side chain alkylation reaction. On the basis of the various characterization results and their related literature results, it can be proposed that the Cs ions located on the ion-exchanged sites of X zeolites could effectively adsorb and activate toluene molecularly through modifying the basicity of framework oxygen, whereas the cluster of cesium oxide (Cs2O) could ensure the effective conversion of methanol into formaldehyde. Additionally, Cs ions can promote the production of monodentate formate, which enhances the selectivity of styrene. However, too much Cs2O will lead to the excessive decomposition of methanol into CO2, CO, and H2, thus inhibiting the production of styrene. In summary, the presence of suitable amounts of Cs ions and Cs2O clusters plays a significant role in the formation of the side chain products of styrene and ethylbenzene.
HIV Infection, Antiretroviral Drugs, and the Vascular Endothelium
Authors: Kanmogne Georgette D.
Published: April 2024

Endothelial cell activation, injury, and dysfunction underlies the pathophysiology of vascular diseases and infections associated with vascular dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Despite viral suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are prone to many comorbidities, including neurological and neuropsychiatric complications, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, premature aging, and malignancies. HIV and viral proteins can directly contribute to the development of these comorbidities. However, with the continued high prevalence of these comorbidities despite viral suppression, it is likely that ART or some antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs contribute to the development and persistence of comorbid diseases in PLWH. These comorbid diseases often involve vascular activation, injury, and dysfunction. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature on ARVs and the vascular endothelium in PLWH, animal models, and in vitro studies. I also summarize evidence of an association or lack thereof between ARV drugs or drug classes and the protection or injury/dysfunction of the vascular endothelium and vascular diseases.
Development and Characterisation of a New Patient-Derived Xenograft Model of AR-Negative Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Turnham Daniel J. , Mullen Manisha S. , Bullock Nicholas P. , Gilroy Kathryn L. , Richards Anna E. , Patel Radhika , Quintela Marcos , Meniel Valerie S. , Seaton Gillian , Kynaston Howard , Clarkson Richard W. E. , Phesse Toby J. , Nelson Peter S. , Haffner Michael C. , Staffurth John N. , Pearson Helen B.
Published: April 2024

As the treatment landscape for prostate cancer gradually evolves, the frequency of treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC) that is deficient for androgen receptor (AR) and neuroendocrine (NE) markers has increased. These prostate cancer subtypes are typically refractory to AR-directed therapies and exhibit poor clinical outcomes. Only a small range of NEPC/DNPC models exist, limiting our molecular understanding of this disease and hindering our ability to perform preclinical trials exploring novel therapies to treat NEPC/DNPC that are urgently needed in the clinic. Here, we report the development of the CU-PC01 PDX model that represents AR-negative mCRPC with PTEN/RB/PSMA loss and CTNN1B/TP53/BRCA2 genetic variants. The CU-PC01 model lacks classic NE markers, with only focal and/or weak expression of chromogranin A, INSM1 and CD56. Collectively, these findings are most consistent with a DNPC phenotype. Ex vivo and in vivo preclinical studies revealed that CU-PC01 PDX tumours are resistant to mCRPC standard-of-care treatments enzalutamide and docetaxel, mirroring the donor patient’s treatment response. Furthermore, short-term CU-PC01 tumour explant cultures indicate this model is initially sensitive to PARP inhibition with olaparib. Thus, the CU-PC01 PDX model provides a valuable opportunity to study AR-negative mCRPC biology and to discover new treatment avenues for this hard-to-treat disease.
A Study of Hygroscopicity Improvements to Adsorbents in Solar-Powered Air Water Extraction
Authors: Lv Yao , Wu Jiangbo , Dong Jiewen , Jia Tingwei
Published: April 2024

As a global freshwater shortage is imminent, solar-powered adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting technology is gradually attracting people’s attention due to its environmental friendliness and many other advantages. Among the many adsorbents used in this technology, MOF-801 has a large adsorption capacity in a wide range of humidity. In the current field, carbon materials are usually added to improve the photothermal properties of MOF-801, but hybrid adsorbents made in this way usually weaken the adsorption performance of MOF-801. If the MOF-801/carbon material adsorbent is used as a base and mixed with hygroscopic salt, which also has good adsorption properties, the hygroscopic properties of MOF-801 can be improved and the drawback of hygroscopic salt, which is prone to be lost after absorbing water, can be ameliorated. In this study, a hybrid adsorbent combining MOF-801 with carbon black (CB) and LiCl was prepared, and the effects of carbon black and LiCl on the performance of the MOF-801 adsorbent were compared. The experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of the hybrid adsorbent obtained a significant enhancement after the addition of LiCl, which increased by 38.2% versus 112.3% compared with MOF-801 and MOF-801/CB.
Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides with Various Average Crystallite Size Investigated Using Magnetic Resonance Method
Authors: Pelka Rafał , Nowosielecka Urszula , Klimza Kamila , Moszyńska Izabela , Aidinis Konstantinos , Żołnierkiewicz Grzegorz , Guskos Aleksander , Guskos Nikos
Published: April 2024

A series of nanocrystalline iron oxide samples (M1–M5) which differ from each other in average crystallite size (from 26 to 37 nm) was studied. The raw material was nanocrystalline iron with an average crystallite size equal to 21 nm promoted with hardly reducible oxides: Al2O3, CaO, K2O (in total, max. 10 wt%). Nanocrystalline iron was subjected to oxidation with water vapor to achieve different oxidation degrees (α = 0.16–1.00). Metallic iron remaining in the samples after the oxidizing step was removed by etching. Magnetic resonance spectra of all samples were obtained at room temperature. All resonance lines were asymmetric and intense. These spectra were fitted by Lorentzian and Gaussian functions. All spectral parameters depend on the preparation method of the nanoparticles. We suppose that the Lorentz fit gives us a spectrum from larger agglomerated sizes whereas the Gaussian fit comes from much smaller magnetic centers. For the nanocrystalline samples with the largest size of iron oxide nanocrystallites, the highest value of total integrated intensity was obtained, indicating that at smaller sizes, they are more mobile in reorientation processes resulting in more settings of anti-parallel magnetic moments. The magnetic anisotropy should also increase with the increase in size of nanocrystallites.
High-Temperature Tribological Behavior of Fast-Hot-Pressed NiCr/Cr3C2-LaF3 Self-Lubrication Composite
Authors: Yang Hao , Huang Chuanbing , Lv Haozhong , Liu Yongjun , Sun Yonghui , Zhang Huifeng , Lan Hao , Wu Yang , Zhang Weigang
Published: April 2024

This article details a method for preparing cermet matrix composites via Fast hot pressing (FHP) sintering technology and emphasizes their potential use in extremely high-temperature settings. The material primarily consists of NiCr alloy, Cr3C2, and LaF3. An in-depth investigation was conducted on the tribological properties of the specimen by conducting sliding tests against a Si3N4 ball at varying temperatures, including room temperature (RT), 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C. Advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, micro-XRD, and micro-Raman spectroscopy were employed to examine the friction surfaces formed under different frictional temperatures. The findings reveal a uniform composition and high density within the composites. It is noteworthy that as the LaF3 content increases, the hardness of the ceramic phase diminishes. Conversely, the hardness of the alloy phase augments with the addition of LaF3, provided that its content remains below 15 wt%. The composite material containing 15 wt% LaF3 demonstrates superior hardness values, with the ceramic phase reaching HV1412 and the alloy phase achieving HV384. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction of the composite material was evaluated. The coefficient of friction of the composite is between 0.74 and 0.4 and the wear rate is 4.46 × 10−6–5.72 × 10−5 mm3N−1m−1 from room temperature to 800 °C. The lubrication behavior at low temperature is mainly attributed to the lubricating effect of LaF3, and at high temperature it is due to the tribochemical reaction to form LaCrO3 with good lubricating properties, which plays a synergistic lubricating role with Cr2O3.