bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation in the Wine Industry: Taking Stock and Moving Forward
Authors: Canavati Sergio
Published: February 2022

Despite the importance of innovation for survival and success of wineries around the world, research in wine industry innovation is limited. This editorial note discusses recent developments in the research of innovation in the wine industry. Special attention is given to the intersectoral nature of the wine industry, which involves agricultural, manufacturing, and marketing/sales activities. The implications of widespread family ownership and management in the wine industry for the innovation process are reviewed. Differences in how experts and consumers measure and define wine quality and value are discussed.
Ekstraksi Minyak Kelapa Menggunakan Enzim Bromelin dari Buah Nanas
Authors: Febrianto A N
Published: February 2022

Ekstraksi merupakan salah satu metoda yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan minyak dari bahan yang diduga mengandung minyak. Enzim bromelin yang terkandung dalam tanaman nanas dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengekstrak minyak. Dalam hal ini penggunaan tanaman nanas sebagai penghasil enzim pengekstrak didukung juga oleh cukup banyaknya tanaman nanas diwilayah Indonesia. Nanas yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari Subang.

Komposisi nanas yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah 10%, 20% dan 30% dari berat campuran kelapa. Campuran kemudian diperam selama 6 jam, dikeringkan selama 6 jam pada suhu 65oC, lalu dilakukan pengepresan dan penyaringan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukan rendemen minyak tertinggi (209,19 g) diperoleh pada daging nanas tua dengan komposisi nanas 30%. Berdasarkan uji yang dilakukan, kualitas minyak yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar baku yang telah ditetapkan (SNI).
Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının salgın dönemindeki uzaktan eğitim uygulamaları sürecinde Türkçe dersi okul deneyimi ve öğretmenlik uygulamasında karşılaştıkları sorunlar
Authors: KIRCI Ali
Published: February 2022

Dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 salgını turizmden sanayiye, hizmet sektöründen eğitime kadar insan faaliyetlerinin ciddi anlamda etkilenmesine neden olmuş; faaliyet alanlarında birtakım düzenlemeleri zorunlu kılmıştır. Toplum sağlığını tehdit eden salgın nedeniyle yüz yüze eğitim uygulamalarına ara verilmiş, uzaktan eğitime geçiş yapılmıştır. Eğitim kurumlarının tüm kademelerinin hızlı bir şekilde uzaktan eğitime geçiş sağlaması beraberinde birtakım sorunları getirmiştir. Bu sorunları tespit etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada Türkçe derslerinde yaşanan sorunlar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Süreci daha iyi anlayabilmek için ise araştırmanın çalışma grubu sınıf içerisinde hem gözlemci hem de eğitimci rolünü üstlenen 22 Türkçe öğretmen adayından oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması deseni kullanılmış; veri toplama aracı olarak ise Türkçe dersindeki sorunlara yönelik verileri detaylı olarak elde edebilmek için araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Bu form ile okul deneyimi ve öğretmenlik uygulamasına katılmış olan öğretmen adaylarının Türkçe derslerinde yaşanan sorunlara yönelik görüşleri alınmıştır. Toplanan veriler içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak çözümlenmiş ve raporlaştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda sanal sınıf ortamından, öğretmenlerden, öğrencilerden, öğretmen adaylarından ve materyallerden kaynaklanan birçok sorunun olduğu görülürken temel dil becerileri ve dil bilgisi öğretimi sürecinde de birçok sorunun ortaya çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmen adaylarının belirttiği sorunlar incelendiğinde ise sanal sınıflarda yönetim sorunları, platform kaynaklı sorunlar, öğretmen ve öğretmen adaylarının dijital beceri yetersizliği, öğrencilerin yaşadıkları motivasyon kaybı, derslerde etkileşim eksikliği ve ders sürelerinin yetersizliği gibi birçok sorunun ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür.
Sentences, maximes et proverbes Mantchoux et Mongols adlı eserdeki Mançu atasözleri
Authors: ÖZALAN Uluhan
Published: February 2022

Mançular Çin’i yöneten son hanedan olan Çing Hanedanını (1644-1911) kuran Tunguz topluluğudur. Yarı göçebe savaşçılar olan Mançular Çin’i idareleri altına aldıktan kısa bir süre sonra yoğun bir şekilde Çin kültüründen etkilenmeye başlamışlardır. Kültürün bütün alanlarında görülen bu Çin etkisi en çok da dil ve edebiyat alanlarında kendini göstermektedir. Bu bakımdan Mançulardan kalan eserlerin önemli bir bölümü Çinceden yapılan çevirilerdir. Mançulara ait olan eserler daha çok okçuluk, at yetiştiriciliği gibi askerî alanla ilgili kaynaklar, tarih kayıtları ve özellikle Şamanizm ile alakalı halk edebiyatı ürünleridir. Bunlardan başka farklı kaynaklarda kayıt altına alınmış birçok Mançu atasözü de vardır. Bu makalenin konusu Türkiye’de pek bilinmeyen Mançu atasözleridir. Çalışmada, Rochet tarafından 1875’te yayımlanan Sentences, Maximes Et Proverbes Mantchoux Et Mongols başlıklı kitabın “Mançu atasözleri” bölümünde yer alan 165 atasözü Türkçeye tercüme edilerek konularına göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Söz konusu kaynakta verilen atasözlerinin bir kısmının Konfüçyüs’ün özlü sözlerinin Mançucaya çevirisi olduğunu belirtmekte yarar vardır. Bu bakımdan, çalışmada ele alınan Mançu atasözleri, Konfüçyüs’ün özlü sözleri ile karşılaştırılarak hangilerinin Çin kültürü etkisiyle Mançucada görülmeye başladığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca Mançu atasözlerinin yapısına dair tespitler sonuç bölümünde sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın diğer bir amacı da Mançu atasözlerini ortaya koyarak “Altay dilleri” konuşan milletlerin atasözleri üzerinde daha sonra yapılacak karşılaştırmalı ve geniş kapsamlı çalışmalara zemin hazırlamaktır.
Rıza Tevfik ve Babanzâde Ahmet Naim arasındaki Tevfik Fikret tartışmasına çok boyutlu bir yaklaşım
Authors: CİHANGİR Mehmet
Published: February 2022

Türk yazınında önemli isimlerden biri olan Tevfik Fikret’in kişilik özellikleriyle ilgili çok çeşitli görüşler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu kapsamda pek çok örnek sunulabilir. Rıza Tevfik ve Babanzâde Ahmet Naim arasında meydana gelen Tevfik Fikret hakkındaki tartışma da bu bağlamda ele alınabilir. Her iki yazarın Tevfik Fikret üzerine çeşitli açılardan değerlendirme yaptıkları ve yorumda bulundukları görülür. Ancak söz konusu değerlendirme ve yorumların birbirinden farklı yaklaşımlar barındırdığı ve karşıt düşünceler içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. Rıza Tevfik, Tevfik Fikret’i olumlu ifadelerle anlatırken, Babanzâde Ahmet Naim ise Tevfik Fikret’i olumsuz içerik taşıyan sözlerle ifade ettiği ve bu anlamda Rıza Tevfik’le sert bir üslupla tartışmaya girdiği anlaşılır. Bahsi geçen tartışmanın sadece iki yazar arasında ortaya çıkmış ve bitmiş bir konu olmadığı, öncesinde bir arka plan taşıdığı ve sonrasında yapılan benzer münakaşalar üzerinde de etki meydana getirdiği söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda, Rıza Tevfik ile Babanzâde Ahmet Naim arasında cereyan eden Tevfik Fikret tartışmasının, Tevfik Fikret ile Mehmet Akif arasında önceki zamanlarda meydana gelen tartışmadan bağımsız değerlendirilemeyeceği ileri sürülebilir. Hatta söz konusu hususun Osmanlının son dönemlerinde Batılı toplumlarla ilişkisinin bir yansıması olan modern-muhafazakâr, Batıcı-Doğucu vb. tabirlerle karşılık bulan münakaşalardan da ayrı ele alınamayacağı ifade edilebilir. Benzer içerik taşıyan tartışmaların bu zamanda da çeşitli alanlarda farklı yazarlar tarafından icra edildiği görülür. Bu durum, konunun ne denli derinlik taşıdığını ve etkiye/etkileşime açık ve çok boyutlu bir özelliğe sahip olduğunu gösterir. Bu çalışmada, Rıza Tevfik ile Babanzâde Ahmet Naim arasında geçen Tevfik Fikret hakkındaki tartışma öncesi ve sonrasıyla ele alınmış ve çeşitli değerlendirmeler ışığında konu irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Bir ahenk unsuru olarak Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın şiirlerinde sözcükten sözcüğe geçişlerde seslemleme
Authors: SOLAK Caner
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışmada, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın son hâlini vermiş olduğu Şiirler adlı kitabında yer alan şiirler, yekpare şiir kavramı ve seslemleme (heceleme) vasıtasıyla oluşan ahenk bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Geleneksel ve modern şiirde vezin ve ahenk ilişkisinin benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları üzerinde durulduktan sonra Tanpınar’ın şiir estetiğinin önemli bir unsuru olan yekpare şiirin tanımı verilmiştir. Yekpare şiiri hem anlam hem de biçim açısından bir cümleymiş izlenimi verebilen şiir olarak tanımladık. Çalışmanın kapsamı nedeniyle yekpareliğin anlamsal boyutundan ziyade ses yönü üzerinde duruldu. Şiirde müzikaliteyi inşa etmesi için tasarlanan ses ve söz düzenlemeleri dilin kendi ses uyumu kurallarından da beslenmektedir. Türkçenin ses uyumu kuralları neticesinde ünlü harfle sonlanıp ünlü harfle başlayan iki kelime art arda geldiğinde bir ahenksizlik meydana gelmektedir. Ömer Demircan’a göre Türkçede ünlüyle başlayan kelimelerin önlerinde yazıda gösterilmeyen ses tellerinin ses yolunu kapatmasıyla çıkarılan patlamalı [?] ünsüzü bulunmaktadır. Bunu sesin ağızdan çıkışı sırasında oluşan doğal bir duraksama olarak düşünebiliriz. Yekpare şiir yazma arzusunda olan bir şair için Türkçenin ses özelliklerinin meydana getirdiği okuyuş gecikmelerinin tesadüflere bırakılmayacağı ön varsayımında bulunabiliriz. Bu sebeple Tanpınar’ın Şiirler kitabında yer alan şiirlerdeki sözcükten sözcüğe geçişler, seslemleme kuralına uygun olacak şekilde devamlılıklar ve kesintiler açısından örneklerle şematize edilerek gösterildi. Yekpare ve akıcı bir şiirden yana olan şairin ünlüyle biten bir kelimeden sonra ünlüyle başlayan bir kelime kullanmaktan çoğunlukla kaçındığını tespit ettik. Şairin ender de olsa bu tarz kullanımlarının bir simetri içerisinde olması ise şiirin sesinin bölüneceği / duraklatılacağı yerlerin bilinçli olarak seçildiğini düşünmemizi sağladı.
Yabancı dil hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitime yönelik tutumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi
Authors: DOĞAN Mehmet , KOÇ Nazlı , SARAÇ Mehmet
Published: February 2022

Dijitalleşme, sosyal hayatın tüm alanlarında olduğu gibi eğitim alanında da kendisini e-öğrenme ve uzaktan eğitim uygulamaları ile hissettirmeye başlamışken, Covid-19 kaynaklı pandemi sebebiyle ani bir şekilde yüz yüze eğitim kesintiye uğramış ve eğitim hizmetleri tüm kademelerde büyük oranda uzaktan eğitim ile yürütülmüştür. Birçok açıdan zorlu geçen bu süreç, uzaktan eğitim uygulamalarının bundan sonra eğitim sektörünün her aşamasında daha çok yer bulacağını ve giderek daha önemli olacağını net bir biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı, pandemi sebebiyle Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu Almanca, Arapça, Fransızca ve İngilizce hazırlık sınıflarında bir yıl uzaktan eğitim ile yabancı dil eğitimi alan öğrencilerin uzaktan eğitime yönelik geliştirdikleri tutumları incelemek ve elde edilen deneyimlerden yola çıkarak uzaktan yabancı dil eğitimi ortamlarının bütüncül bir bakış açışı ile geliştirilmesine ve doğru uzaktan öğretim yaklaşımının belirlenmesine katkı sağlayacak önerilerde bulunmaktır. Örneklem grubunu 321 öğrencinin oluşturduğu bu betimsel ilişkisel tarama modeli çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen nitel çalışmada Kışla (2016) tarafından geliştirilen ““Uzaktan Eğitime Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Küresel salgın sebebiyle çevrimiçi olarak gerçekleştirilen veri toplama aşamasından elde edilen verilerin çözümleme aşamasında öğrencilerin tutumlarının yaş, cinsiyet ve bölüm değişkeni ile uzaktan eğitime katıldıkları araçlara göre farklılık gösterip gösterilmediği analiz edilmiştir. Değişkenler ve tutum arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılan çalışmada, örneklem grubunun uzaktan eğitime yönelik tutumlarının düşük düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Başka çalışmalar ile örtüşen bu sonuç, muhtemel sebepleri ile tartışma bölümünde ele alınmış ve bu süreçte elde edilen deneyimler neticesinde öğrencilerin tutumlarını olumlu yönde değiştirebilecek öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Hatay’ın Altınözü ilçesinde kullanılan Arapça lehçesi ve bu lehçede yer alan bazı atasözleri
Authors: GÖÇEMEN Yakup
Published: February 2022

Yüzyıllardır çeşitli medeniyetlere ev sahipliği yapan Anadolu, halen günlük hayatta pek çok farklı dilin konuşulduğu bir coğrafyadır. Anadolu’da varlığını sürdüren dillerden birisi de Arapçadır. Türkiye’nin en güneyinde yer alan Hatay, Arapçanın yoğun bir biçimde kullanıldığı başlıca bölgelerdendir. Hatay’da Arapçanın Suriye yerleşik lehçesi konuşulmaktadır. Suriye sınırında bulunan Hatay’ın Altınözü İlçesi, Arapça ve Türkçenin temas halinde olduğu bir dil bölgesidir. İlçe; Sünnî Arap, Sünnî Türk, Sünnî Kürt, Alevî Arap ve Arap Ortodoks gibi farklı etnik ve dinî grupları barındırmaktadır. Arapça, nüfus yoğunluğunu pratik anlamda iki dilli bireyler olan Arapların oluşturduğu ilçenin dil haritasında geniş bir alan kaplamaktadır. Suriye yerleşik lehçesinin farklı bir ağzı olarak değerlendirilen Altınözü Arapçası, temel biçimbilim, sözdizim ve sesbilim özellikleri açısından standart Arapçayla büyük oranda benzerlik göstermektedir. Resmî ve eğitim dili Türkçeyle temas halinde olan ve yazılı kültüre dayanmayan Altınözü Arap diyalekti, diller arası etkileşim bağlamında Türkçe karşısında alıcı dil pozisyonunda olması nedeniyle pek çok Türkçe kelimeyi bünyesine katarak değişim ve deformasyona uğramıştır. Dilin korunmasında ve sonraki kuşaklara aktarılmasında önemli rol üstlenen atasözleri, Altınözü Arapçasını değişime uğramaktan koruyan unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Nitekim baskın dil Türkçenin ağır etkisine maruz kalan yöre Arapçasının aksine, yörede kullanılan atasözlerinin kalıplaşmış ve klişe ifadeler olması nedeniyle genel anlamda orijinal yapısını koruduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle söz konusu atasözleri, Suriye, Lübnan, Ürdün ve Filistin’de kullanılan atasözleriyle sözcük ve anlam yapısı itibarıyla büyük ölçüde benzerlik göstermektedir. Çalışma, Altınözü Arapçasının genel özelliklerini ve bu lehçede kullanılan bazı atasözlerini tespit ederek Türkçede aynı anlam ekseninde yer alan atasözleriyle karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Non deve essere una guerra: la viralità delle metafore belliche nel linguaggio della pandemia
Authors: ELİA Antonella
Published: February 2022

Si presenterà in questo articolo una riflessione sulla cornice retorica bellica dominante in Italia durante la pandemia da Covid-19. La guerra causando sofferenza, privazione, devastazione e morte, rappresenta una minaccia costante all’ integrità fisica delle persone. Dopo l’epidemia di Sars del 2003, l’immagine drammatica della guerra che mette in pericolo la salute e la vita delle persone, è ritornata prepotentemente alla ribalta nel 2020. Al repertorio delle metafore belliche hanno attinto diffusamente non solo medici, politici, giornalisti, opinionisti, ma anche comuni cittadini. Dopo un excursus storico sul ruolo della metafora nella poesia e nei linguaggi specialistici, si passerà ad una riflessione basata sull’evidenza di un microcorpus nato dalla raccolta di duecento titoli di articoli di giornale, video, inchieste, sondaggi, libri e interviste collezionati sul web. I titoli selezionati sono una dimostrazione tangibile della pervasiva propensione degli italiani al ricorso alle metafore belliche e al lessico della guerra nella comunicazione quotidiana, giornalistica, politica e scientifica. Accomunare due fenomeni come la “pandemia” e la “guerra” è un’attitudine molto pericolosa. Si è visto infatti come quest’aggressività verbale abbia prodotto risultati non molto rassicuranti. Ci si auspica, pertanto, l’adozione in futuro di scelte lessicali e metaforiche meno belligeranti e violente e la loro sostituzione con una dimensione metaforica ispirata a principi e valori pacifisti, che incoraggino lo spirito di collaborazione, unità, solidarietà e responsabilità civile.
Distance education system evaluation of English language teaching: A scale development study
Authors: İPEK Ömer Faruk , MUTLU Hakan Tahiri
Published: February 2022

As educational curricula have been transformed from face-to-face to distance education, new and different tools in educational program evaluation have become a necessity. Therefore, in this study we aimed to develop a five-point Likert-type scale to measure the effects of the distance education system of English language teaching. For the pilot study, a 40-item questionnaire was applied to 121 students studying in the English preparatory program at a Turkish university. First, the factor analysis study of the scale was created, and then the item analysis studies were carried out and the scale was updated by removing 10 items with a low factor load or collected under more than one factor. The new scale, consisting of 30 items, was applied to 370 students, and as a result of the factor analysis study, the scale consisted of five different structures named as “Language Skills”, “Communication”, “Content Evaluation”, “Instructors” and “Assessment”. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient for the entire scale, whose validity and reliability studies were completed, was determined as 0.952. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis studies were carried out and it was determined that the goodness of fit indices were at an acceptable level and the exploratory factor analysis results were confirmed.
“To make a city into a season”: Three Poetic Interventions into Climate Catastrophe
Authors: BOON Carl Jeffrey
Published: February 2022

For the last twenty years, climate change—or what may be more properly described as “climate catastrophe”—has been at the forefront of much social and scientific thinking. Given the science, nowadays we accept it as a fact of life on earth, or perhaps an existential force of doom, and are slowly growing used to the fact that we must drastically change the way we live. This paper argues that artistic expression had been addressing such environmental issues years before they had reached the general public’s awareness. Poets always seem to be ahead of their time, and such is the case with three writers associated with the Language School, Barrett Watten, Kit Robinson, and Harryette Mullen, whose work analyzed herein offers interventions—of different ways of approaching—the burgeoning climate catastrophe. Poets associated with the Language School, as the umbrella term suggests, made it their mission to interrogate language (and traditional poetic language) to produce dynamic and experimental writing. They began doing so in the 1970s against the backdrop of 1960s poststructuralist literary theory, especially the work of Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault. Here it is argued that they were not only avant-garde practitioners of language, but also avant-garde thinkers when it came to the issue of the environment. The poems analyzed here provide readers unique perspectives on an issue that interests so many people today.
From the Play to the Story: Writers and Readers of A Jury of Her Peers
Authors: SERTEL Yasemin Güniz
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this article is to study Susan Glaspell’s story A Jury of Her Peers from the perspective of the reader-response criticism which emphasizes the significance of the readers as active participants in reading and evaluating a text. In this criticism, the active reader is endowed with the responsibility of generating a message or a meaning from the text. A Jury of Her Peers offers a meta-text of a murder mystery waiting to be solved by its active readers. The absent voice of the story Minnie Wright is suspected of being the murderer of his husband while she leaves behind a series of clues which have to be read as hidden texts with their hidden messages, leading their readers to the motives behind the murder case. As the text is read both by male and female characters/readers in relation with their gender roles, a feminist perspective adds a further connotation to the reader-response criticism of the text. Since male characters evaluate the situation with their prejudices shaped by the priority of a patriarchal perspective, they cannot read the hidden messages. Yet, they even cannot find a text to be read. However, female characters identifying themselves with Minnie are capable of finding all the clues and reading all the messages hidden in the text of Minnie. And they solve the mystery of the crime. Hence, they not only celebrate their common membership in sisterhood but they also experience a transformation towards their autonomous selves.
The textual analysis of “The Tell- Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe
Authors: FETTAHOĞLU Havva
Published: February 2022

A text, as distinct from a sentence, can be defined as a literal use of language. Text is the unit of communication, and for a piece of language to be a text, it must be produces for a communicative purpose. Every sentence in the text is loaded with communicative tools such as transferring information, conveying attitudes or feelings, presenting facts. Seven standards of textuality which are cohesion and coherence as a text oriented and acceptability, informativity, situationality, intentionality and intertextuality as a context oriented that helps to conduct this purpose. A text is considered as a communicative if it meets these properties otherwise it called non-text. (Widdowson, 2007). In this study, how the meaning of a short story is built through seven textuality standards is explained. Thus, "The Tell-Tale Heart" which had been written by Edgar Allan Poe is analysed in this research within the context of the seven textuality requirements. In this research qualitative research method conducted to explain the standards in the text. In the research, the text was examined in detail first in terms of cohesion and then in terms of coherence. In addition, the text was examined in detail according to other criteria. As a result of the examinations, it has been observed that the examined text complies with the properties of both cohesive and coherence.
Fungal Infection Exacerbate Nasal Polyposis: A study conducted at KGN Teaching Hospital Bannu-KPK.
Authors: Muhammad Iqbal  , Khan Sahibzada Fawad , Khan Sohail , Ahmad Wasim
Published: February 2022

Background: Nasal polyps were believed to be small tumours of nasal or sinus mucosa. With progressing research, they are associated with enlargement or swelling of nasal or sinus mucosa, allergy, asthma, any infection, sensitivity to aspirin, and/or cystic fibrosis unclear etiology. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of fungal infections that can result in the onset of nasal polyposis in the residents of district Bannu, Pakistan.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the ENT Department of Khalifa Gul Nawaz (KGN) teaching hospital in Bannu from March 2018 to February 2020, including 180 polyposis patients with the presence or absence of any fungal infestation. The subjects possessing mass other than nasal polyp based on clinical diagnosis were excluded from the study. The fungal infestation was observed with nasal endoscopy, and the patients were hospitalized for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The staging of the nasal polyposis was based on the CT scan findings. The condition was classified into three grades, i.e., grade I, II and III. The data was statistically analysed on SPSS version 20.0.

Results: Out of 180 patients diagnosed clinically for nasal polyposis, 97(53.88%) were males. The fungal infestation was positive in 73(41%) specimens. Around 52.72% of patients were found with bilateral involvement. Of which, 31.57% were diagnosed with an allergic event. The fungus Aspergillus was observed in 40.55% of specimens. The one-year follow-up displayed an overall recurrence rate of 40%, i.e., 38(52.05%) patients from the fungal group and 34(47.22%) from the non-fungal group.

Conclusion: It is concluded from the study outcomes that the incidence of nasal polyposis with or without fungal infection is associated with the environment and the discrete host response. Moreover, individuals living with lower socioeconomic conditions in crowded and humid areas tend to suffer more.
Frequency of carrier state of thalassemia and various hemoglobinopathies in tertiary care hospital of Pakistan.
Authors: Kamil Saba , Shaheen Kausar , Rafique Sara , Qadri Hira , Farooqui Waqas , Tauheed Mozzam , Kamil Noor , Liaqat Anum
Published: February 2022

Background: It has been estimated that 5% of the global population are carriers of Hemoglobin (Hb) disorders. These disorders may cause hemolytic anemia leading to the critical condition of the patients. The current research was designed to identify spectrums of thalassemia minor and carriers of other hemoglobinopathies patients presenting at the tertiary care center to evaluate anemia.

Methodology: A total of 3289 patients’ data with low Hb values and suspicion of hemoglobinopathies were included in this cross-sectional retrospective study. Complete blood count (CBC), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and sickling test were utilized in this study. At the same time, Patients with normal Hb as per HPLC analysis were excluded from this study.

Results: Of the total, 708 (21.5%) patients had hemoglobin disorder and the mean age of patients with thalassemia minor was 24.0 ± 14.7 years. Out of 708 carriers, 646 (19.6%) cases showed traits of thalassemia minor, 12 (0.36%) showed Hb S trait, 43 (1.30%) showed Hb D trait, 07 (0.21%) showed Hb E trait, whereas there were no cases of Hb C recorded in this study.

Conclusion: Thalassemia trait was the highest among other variants in our study population. It is recommended that to decrease the frequency of hemoglobinopathies, pre-marriage screening should be conducted, and family marriages should be restricted.
Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of partially purified proteins/peptide of Yellow Scorpion Buthus sindicus against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobactor baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Authors: Urooj Sehrish , Amin Rafat , Haque Zeba
Published: February 2022

Background: Increasing antimicrobial resistance of microbes is one of the leading challenges faced by the medical community and human health. This study focused on a local scorpion species (Buthus sindicus) of Pakistan known for its potent antibiotic properties against Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Methodology: Venom extracted from Buthus sindicus tested against Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in both crude and partially purified forms. The antibacterial Screening was performed by the Agar-disc diffusion method, using different concentrations of venom while using commercially available antibiotics as positive controls.
Results: Among both two species P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, were tested, there is no zone of inhibition found in any form of Buthus sindicus in the Disc Diffusion Method. Scorpion venom was processed with deionized water, PBS, and Tris-HCl and observed no difference in antibacterial activity.
Conclusion: Our study concluded that no antimicrobial activity was found against any selected drug-resistant pathogens in the venom of Buthus sindicus, probably because of the lack of disulphide bonds.
Effects of Sphinx Pose (Salamba Bhujangasana) Yoga on chronic low back pain
Authors: Saleem Yusra , Noushad Shamoon , Ahmed Sadaf , Ansari Basit
Published: February 2022

Background: Chronic Low back pain (LBP) is among the most prevalent conditions distressing the adult population worldwide. The use of complementary and alternative medicinal (CAM) therapies for the management of LBP have rapidly gained popularity, where Yoga is being widely used as mind-body CAM therapy for relieving back pain. The aim is to assess the effectiveness of Sphinx Yoga Pose (Salamba Bhujangasana), in managing CLBP and to measure the variations in the disability index, quality of life, and stress scores.

Methodology: A randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted including the Nurses and midwives. Numerical Pain Rating (NPR) Scale, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) will be used for initial screening. Subjects meeting inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to either of the study group i.e. Group A (Experimental) and Group B (Control). The Group A subjects will be assigned with Sphinx Yoga therapy for 12 weeks while group B subjects will be assigned to usual care. Pre and post samples will be collected for Substance P (SP), Beta Endorphins (β-Endorphin), and Cortisol. Moreover, Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability index, World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) and Sadaf Stress Scale (SSS), will be used at baseline and after 12 weeks follow-up (post-intervention).

Discussion: Offering a 12-week Yoga therapy to the subjects with CLBP might give an insight into its application and efficacy. To be precise, the findings of this research will support the wider implementation of Sphinx Yoga as a lifestyle intervention.

Trial registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04721639).
Effectiveness of Ventral Dartos Flap as the second layer in Distal and Mid-Penile Hypospadias Repair.
Authors: Khan Shariq Anis , Farhan Muhammad , Effendi Fouzia Naeem , Khalid Salman El , Sharief Imran , Awan Adnan Siddiq , Haseeb Shakeel
Published: February 2022

Background: Various methods have been used to reconstruct mid-penile hypospadias; still, massive failure rates and leading complications have been indicated. The present study observes the effectiveness of a technique using a well-vascularized dartos flap as a second layer in distal and mid- penile hypospadias repair.

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2017-2019. A total of 110 male children with hypospadias were operated on. The children with mid-penile or slightly more proximal hypospadias, with or without ventral chordae and with the intact prepuce, were included in the study. Outcome measures comprised of surgical results with the absence of any serious side effects, decent flow, meat stenosis, fistula and dehiscence of glans.

Results: The median follow-up duration was 12 months. There were 72 cases of mid penile hypospadias (66.7%), and in 36 cases (33.3%), the meatus was slightly more dorsal. The age of the patients ranged from 1.1 to 11 years, with a mean age of 3.52 ± 2.74 years. Surgery was successful in 105 (95.5%) cases. Four patients presented with meatal stenosis and one with meatal stenosis plus fistula, more than 2 months after surgery. Meatal stenosis was managed by meatoplasty, and in the case of a urethral fistula, the patient was re-operated after at least 6 months.

Conclusion: Ventral dartos flap is a safe, effective method with less adverse effect and less time-consuming in patients with distal and mid-penile hypospadias.
Association of maternal Serum Selenium Binding protein and its effect on fetal outcomes in Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Disorders: A case-control study.
Authors: Arshad Sonya , Ahmed Sadaf , Shershah Syed
Published: February 2022

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertensive (PIH) disorder represented the primary cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown, but ischemic blood supply to the placenta stimulates the inflammatory process which leads to endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Antioxidants like Selenium altered concentration involve in its pathogenesis. This study was proposed to find out the significance of Selenium as a biomarker in the pathophysiology of PIH disorders and its association with fetal outcomes.

Methodology: This case-control study was conducted on 240 pregnant women, 20-40 weeks of gestation, divided into four groups equally. Normotensive control, investigational group 1 PIH, 2 Pre-eclamptic, and 3 Eclamptic. A structured questionnaire was administered and arterial blood pressure was measured and the blood sample was done for serum Selenium assessment through ELISA. A urine sample was collected and the level of proteinuria was assessed. Fetal wellbeing and signs of growth restriction were observed using ultrasound reports.

Results: The mean age of the studied participants was 27.6 ± 5.3 years with the gestational age of 32.11 ± 4.56 weeks. The mean Serum Selenium levels (ng/ml) were significantly lower in investigational groups 67.93 ± 10.54 in PIH, 44.6 ± 13.19 in PE, and 36.38 ± 10.3 in Ec than 78.5 ± 8.2 control (p<0.05). The mean systolic, diastolic blood pressure and proteinuria were significantly high in case groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, we observed a significant inverse correlation of serum selenium with gestational age, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, proteinuria, fetal weight, and femur length in all four groups, whereas mainly positive significant correlation was elucidated with serum glutathione, PIH (r= 0.797, p<0.001), PE (r = 0.617, p>0.00), Ec (r=0.559, p=0.019) than control (r = 0.817, p<0.001).

Conclusion: It is concluded that serum selenium level is significantly reduced in Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders and it has markedly affected maternal and fetal outcomes.
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting rectal cancer, keeping histopathology as a gold standard.
Authors: Naz Nasreen , Azmatullah Uzma , Ali Afaque , Majid  , Ahmed Adeel
Published: February 2022

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has a premier role in detecting rectal cancer and is considered superior for diagnosing tumour recurrences. It is the modality of choice by which patients with total abdominal perineal (AP) resection can be fully evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in the detection of rectal carcinoma in suspected cases, keeping histopathology as a gold standard.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the radiology department of Dow University of Health Sciences, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from 19th May to 18th November 2018. A total of 181 patients with a history of bleeding per rectum, altered bowel habits and abdominal pain were included. High-resolution 2D T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences in the sagittal, axial and coronal planes were taken. Patients were followed for histopathology reports. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI for rectal carcinoma was calculated in terms of diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, using histopathology as a gold standard.

Results: There were 63% male and 37% female patients. The mean symptoms duration was 60.61 ± 7.18 weeks. 64.1% were presented with bleeding per rectum, 52.5% with altered bowel habits and 31.5% with abdominal pain. 35.4% of cases were diagnosed positive by MRI, and 43.6% cases through histopathology. Sensitivity, Specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were 85.9%, 79.5%, 69.6%, 91.2%, and 81.76% respectively.

Conclusion: It was concluded that MRI has 85.9% sensitivity, 79.5% specificity, and 81.76% diagnostic accuracy in detecting rectal cancers proving its reliability in detecting both early and recurrent rectal cancers.
Dose dependent effect of ginseng on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats: A preventive clue for coronary artery diseases in experimental rats.
Authors: Rehan Rabia , Mubeen Sahar , Imtiaz Fauzia , Kamran Mahrukh , Mohammad Sarfaraz
Published: February 2022

Background: Coronary artery diseases are among the most challenging diseases in this era. Improper dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles are considered as foundation stones for metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, the leading cause of coronary artery diseases and hypertension. This experiment was designed to study the dose-dependent effect of ginseng on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in animal models.
Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences, including 50 male Albino Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 was on a normal balanced diet; group 2 was on a high fat diet (HFD), group 3 was on HFD plus ginsenoside 100 mg/kg body wt, group 4 was on HFD plus ginsenoside 200 mg/kg body wt, group 5 was on HFD plus ginsenoside 400 mg/kg body wt. Animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks; blood was drawn then sent to DDRRL for lipid profile.
Results: The results revealed that HFD increases body fats, weight increases from initial weight to 27.53% in obese control group 2 while after treating with ginsenoside weight reduced to 11.6%. Lipids levels in the blood; in the obese control group, mean triglyceride level increases from 45 mg/dl to 128.50 mg/dl, mean cholesterol level from 56.3 mg/dl to 106.2 mg/dl and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is increased from 6 to 11.9 mg/dl. While concurrent administration of ginseng root extract (ginsenoside) reduces the Lipid levels in blood according to the dosage of ginseng root extract, the mean triglyceride level in group 4 is reduced to 46.10 mg/dl from 128.50 mg/dl. The mean cholesterol level in group 4 is reduced to 400 mg/dl from 106.2 mg/dl. LDL is reduced in group 4 to 7.5 mg/dl from 11.9 mg/dl.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence that Ginsenoside has an anti-hyperlipidemic effect, so it might be helpful in preventing coronary artery disease.
Comparison of SAPS III and SOFA score for the prediction of mortality among ICU patients.
Authors: Ahmed Farhan  , Ali Syed Mubeen , Mansoor Valeed Bin , Chaudhary Rabail , Hassan ur Rehman
Published: February 2022

Background: The present study was designed to assess the comparative performance of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (SAPS III) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score in predicting mortality among critically ill ICU patients.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2019, including 162 patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of PIMS, Islamabad. The SOFA and SAPS III scores were calculated for all patients on admission. Outcome parameters included death or discharge from the hospital and disability. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for the studied models, and the scores were correlated with mortality.

Results: The overall mortality rate in the studied population was 46.9%. The mean SAPS III and SOFA scores were 55.26±18.46 and 14.41±5.67, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (aROC) for the SAPS III was 0.71 at a cut-off value of 43.5, whereas the aROC for SOFA was 0.64 at a cut-off score of 12.5. The ROC curve for predicting hospital mortality exhibited that both SAPS III and SOFA scores were sensitive predictors of mortality, given SAPS III had relatively better prediction (85%) compared to SOFA (76%).

Conclusion: It is concluded that SAPS III and SOFA scores are sensitive predictors of mortality; however, SAPs score is better at predicting mortality than SOFA score.
Evaluation of the antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity of a halophyte plant Arthrocnemum macrostachyum Koch extracts.
Authors: Eijaz Sana , Khan Muneeba , Mirza Amber , Parveen Anjum , Mansuri Shazia , Muhammad Nadir
Published: February 2022

Background: Indiscriminate use of conventional antibiotics has become a major factor responsible for the emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains of microorganisms. In this regard, we analyzed the plant extracts as an alternative solution for the inhibition of the resistant bugs.

Methodology: This study was planned to investigate the antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and methanol extracts of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. Soxhlet apparatus was used to prepare different extracts of the whole plant using hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and methanol. The antifungal and antibacterial activity was analyzed with the help of a good diffusion technique using different concentrations of plant extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was also checked by observing the inhibition of albumin denaturation.

Results: Maximum antifungal activity was observed by hexane, methanol, and chloroform extracts, and maximum antibacterial activity showed by the methanol extract. The most sensitive fungi found were Mucor, Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces, and Candida. Trichophyton mentagrophytes were found resistant to all the extracts. The most sensitive bacterial isolates found were Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter freundii. The most resistant organisms were Streptococcus fecalis and Shigella dysenteriae. Methanol and chloroform extracts produced observable anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting albumin denaturation. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 23.0.

Conclusion: The plant extracts showed significant antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings may support using the Arthrocnemum macrostachyum whole plant as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and traditional antifungal plant. Our results demonstrate that this plant has considerable therapeutic effects on potential infectious agents and can be used to alternative conventional medicines.
Comparison of alpha-blockers and antimuscarinic for the treatment of double-J stent-related lower urinary tract symptoms.
Authors: Saleem Rabeea , Jabeen Mehnaz , Kumar Pardeep , Pyarali Shireen , Lal Murli
Published: February 2022

Background: Double-J stent is well known for relieving urinary tract obstruction, but still, some patients might develop double-J stent-related urinary tract infection (UTI), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), lower abdominal pain, and hematuria. This study aims to compare alpha-blockers and antimuscarinics for the treatment of double-j stent-related lower urinary tract symptoms.

Methodology: Patients planned for double-J stent insertion undergoing the urological procedure for ureteric stones were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups. One group was labeled as the tamsulosin (T), and the other was labeled as the solifenacin succinate (S) group. Group" T" patients were prescribed tamsulosin 0.4 mg once at bedtime and solifenacin succinate 10mg once daily to group "S" for 2 weeks. Improvement in symptoms was checked by means of international prostate symptom score (IPSS)/ quality of life (QoL) score charts for LUTS in the out-patient clinic at baseline and at follow-up. 

Results: When comparing the absolute changes in IPSS/QoL for LUTS scores, both groups showed significant improvement in double-J stent-related lower urinary symptoms, body pain, generalized body weakness, and sexual function, which affect their quality of life (QoL). The mean index score of all domains in both groups was significantly less (p<0.001). Tamsulosin and solifenacin succinate (S) group was found equally efficacious on urinary symptoms (26.01 ± 5.65 (pre); 5.74 ± 0.99 (post) vs. 26.61 ± 5.7 (pre); 26.01 ± 0.97 (post), (p≤0.001). Similarly, the score of QoI was also found equally efficacious in both groups in pre and post-insertion on two weeks (4.96 ± 0.7 (pre); 81.58 ± 0.64 (post) vs. 4.99 ± 0.81 (pre); 1.45 ± 0.5 (post) (p<0.001).

Conclusion: On the basis of results, it is said that a combination of alpha-blockers and antimuscarinic agents has shown significant improvement to reduce double-J stent-related lower urinary symptoms, pain, and quality of life than a single drug alone.
Tourniquet technique to reduce hemorrhage in placenta accreta to allow transportation of patient to tertiary care hospital.
Authors: Ahmed Sidra , Somjee Zehra , Ali Noorulain , Shershah Syed  , Zafar Shaheen
Published: February 2022

Background: Placenta accreta is an obstetrical complication that can result in life-threatening hemorrhage if not managed adequately and cause high maternal morbidity. Cesarean hysterectomy is an effective method to control intra-operative bleeding.

Case Presentation: We present a case of placenta accreta that was diagnosed intra-operatively in secondary care hospital. Due to the lack of a multidisciplinary team, bleeding was temporarily controlled by tying a tourniquet using a Foley catheter around the lower uterine segment with the tourniquet left in situ.

Management & Results: The patient was shifted to a tertiary care hospital. This novel tourniquet technique bought time to transport the patient, arrange for a multidisciplinary team needed for this patient's management, and reduce hemorrhage, which directly determined maternal outcome.

Conclusion: In this case report, we present that using a Foley catheter as a simple cervical tourniquet can effectively reduce hemorrhage, particularly in the case of blood loss originating from the placenta.
سيميائية الشخصية في رواية مملكة الفراشة لواسيني الأعرج
Authors: عسيري مفرح بن شعبان حسن
Published: February 2022

تناولت الدراسة سيميائية الشخصية في رواية مملكة الفراشة للكاتب الجزائري واسيني الأعرج، بينت خلالها أهمية الشخصية بوصفها عنصرًا محوريًا في كل سرد ، ودعامة أساسية في تكوين الرواية، وتطرقت لمفهوم الاستلاب كثيمة مضمونية أثّرت بشكلٍ مباشرٍ في تشكيل شخصيات الرواية، ومن الاستلاب انطلقت فكرة الدراسة؛ فكانت في مبحثين، الأول: بنية الشخصيات، حيث تعرضت في هذا المبحث لبنية الشخصيات المحورية وأثر الاستلاب في تشكيلها، والمبحث الثاني: كان عن أثر اللغة في تعميق مفهوم الاستلاب لدى شخصيات الرواية، ثم انتهت الدراسة لمجموعة من النتائج من أهمها:1- كان لمفهوم الاستلاب بعناصره المختلفة حضوره القوي في بناء شخصيات الرواية.2- ساهمت لغة الرواية في تعميق مفهوم الاستلاب لدى شخصياتها ما أدّى لبلوغها الحالة القصوى من التشظي والتفكك.
الذاكرة والإبداع في مجموعتيْ: سيرة نعل ومن أحاديث القرى لعبد الله محمد الناصر
Authors: عدناني محمد
Published: February 2022

تتناول هذه الدراسة مجموعتين قصصتين من قصص المبدع السعودي عبد الله محمد الناصر، هما: سيرة نعل و من أحاديث القرى ، تناوُلا نصِّيا يهدف كشفَ ما فيهما من خصائص فنية مميزة، إلا أن ذلك لا يتم إلا من خلال استحضار السياق الذي استدعى إبداع هاتين المجموعتين؛ لذلك فلفظ الذاكرة الذي صُدِّرَ به العنوان مُؤطِّرٌ لهذا السياق من جهة، وجالبٌ للإبداع من جهة أخرى. فما الإبداع إلا أحد تجليات تشغيل الذاكرة وتَرَسُّباتها في زمن -وربما مكان- مغايرين لِتَشَكُّلها.لأجل ذلك، كان لزاما الخوض في القصة، وبعدها الذاكرة، فالمتن المدروس الذي كشف عن تجليات كثيرة لذاكرة المبدع، أبرزها ذاكرتا القلق والارتياح. إن الوقوف عند تجليات الذاكرة في المجموعتين القصصيتين المدروستين، لم يكن لِيُغَيِّبَ الحديث عن تجليات الإبداع في المجموعتين أيضا، بل إنه كان جسرا ملائما للكشف عن مظاهر هذا الإبداع لغة وأسلوبا ومعنى. وهو ما التفتت إليه الدراسة في محاورها الأخيرة متناولة طبيعة اللغة، ومُفْصِحة عن خصوبة المرجع الإبداعي لدى المبدع من خلال التناص
الوظيفية وهندسة الأنحاء
Authors: المتوكل أحمد
Published: February 2022

اقترحت خلال السنوات الأربعين المنصرمة عدة نمذجات للجهاز الواصف قي نظرية النحو الوظيفي .وما نرومه في هذا المقال هو أن نبين أهم الدوافع المراسية والإبستمولوجية على السواء الثاوية خلف مختلف النماذج والهندسات المقترحة مع التركيز على أحدثها: نموذج نحو الخطاب الوظيفي (هنخفلد وماكنزي 2008) و نموذج نحو الخطاب الوظيفي الموسع (المتوكل 2011).
الحراك المصطلحي البلاغيّ إلى حدود القرن الخامس للهجرة ( دراسة في ضوء علم المصطلح الحديث )
Authors: صبيحة جمعة
Published: February 2022

يتنزل عملنا في دائرة المشاغل الفكرية التي تتعلق بالدلالة والخطاب. وقد سعينا من خلاله إلى النظر في وضع المصطلح البلاغيّ في التراث العربي الأصيل، متوسّلين في ذلك بما وصلت إليه أيدينا من مراجع حديثة مناسبة لهذا البحث تتعلّق أساسا بعلم المصطلح. وقد تبيّن لنا ونحن نستقرئ المباحث اللغوية في التراث أنّ الباحثين القدامى لم يكن لهم تمثّل واضح للمصطلحات البلاغية إذ كان وضع المصطلح مضطربا وكانت المفاهيم والتعريفات لديهم متداخلة ومختلفة، ولكن رغم ذلك فقد تمكّن القدامى من إنتاج رصيد مصطلحيّ بلاغيّ هامّ تميّز بحركيّة المفهوم وديناميته وذلك إلى حدود القرن الخامس للهجرة، اتّخذه المحدثون معينا أساسيّا في وضع قواميسهم ومعاجمهم لاسيّما أمام زحف المصطلحات اللسانيّة الحديثة التي هي في الأصل محصول عديد النظريّات اللغويّة المتتالية خصوصا فيما يتعلّق منها بعلوم الدلالة و تحليل الخطاب. وجعلوا من البحث المصطلحيّ علما قائم الذات وسموه بـ علم المصطلح باعتباره دراسة تطبيقية مرفولوجيّة للمصطلح في علاقته بمفهومه.