bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definitive abdominal wall closure using a porcine intestinal submucosa biodegradable membrane in pediatric transplantation
Authors: Karpelowsky Jonathan S. , Thomas Gordon , Shun Albert
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Abdominal closure in children less than 10 kg following liver or kidney transplantation can be challenging. Excessive pressure attained from a tight closure can result in abdominal compartment syndrome, graft compromise and loss. Concerns over using prosthetic patches are that of infection and dehiscence. We report a series of definitive abdominal wall closure using a biodegradable membrane from porcine intestinal submucosa (Surgisis®; Cook Biotech Incorporated, West Lafayette, IN, USA). A prospective collection and follow up of liver and kidney transplant patients weighing less than 10 kg who required abdominal wall augmentation with Surgisis® in order to achieve satisfactory closure. There were 10 liver and two renal transplant patients. The average weight of the liver transplant patients was 6.6 kg (5.4–8.5 kg) and the renal 9.8 kg. The average area of Surgisis® used was 71.2 cm2 (25–160 cm2) and length of follow up was 15.3 months (1–27 months). Concomitant measures to aid abdominal closure included bilateral recipient nephrectomy for the renal patients and reduction by 33% of the lateral segmental grafts in two liver transplant patients. Delayed closure occurred in all patients except one and the average days to closure from the first surgery was 3.75 days (0–6 days). Following liver transplantation one patient died from multiple organ failure at one month secondary to hemophagocytosis from underlying combined immune deficiency syndrome and one patient with hepatic artery thrombosis was salvaged at re‐exploration. There were two wound complications, one patient developed two small sinuses and some skin dehiscence which healed over four months and the second developed a skin sinus following trans‐patch liver biopsy which healed in three wk. Both had positive microbial cultures but neither necessitated removal of the graft. There were no incisional hernias. Surgisis® is a safe method for facilitating abdominal closure in pediatric transplant patients. It appears to have long‐term durability with no incisional hernias on short‐ and medium‐term follow up, and is fairly resistant to infection.
Successful implantation of a cochlear implant in a four‐yr‐old boy after kidney transplantation: A case report
Authors: Cortina G. , Wiesmayr S. , Jungraithmayr T. , Roussinow D. , Nekahm‐Heis D. , Zorowka P. , Zimmerhackl L. B.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Sensorineural hearing loss is common in children with chronic renal insufficiency. The implantation of a CI is performed routinely in children with profound sensorineural hearing loss. A feared complication is a local infection with subsequent meningitis. Because of this risk, a successful implantation of a CI in children under immunosuppression after kidney transplantation has yet to be described. A four‐yr‐old boy with congenital renal dysplasia and posterior urethral valves, who was successfully transplanted with a kidney from his father at the age of two and a half yr, is presented. The boy had profound bilateral hearing loss before transplantation, most likely due to ototoxic antibiotic medication and long‐term furosemide use. A hearing aid was insufficient; therefore, a CI was performed 20 months after the transplantation and no complications occurred in the 24 months of follow‐up. This is the first report of a successful CI in a child after kidney transplantation.
The benefits of male ejaculate sex peptide transfer in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: FRICKE C. , WIGBY S. , HOBBS R. , CHAPMAN T.
Published: November 2008

The accessory gland protein (Acp) ejaculate molecules of male Drosophila melanogaster mediate sexual selection and sexual conflict at the molecular level. However, to date no studies have comprehensively measured the timing and magnitude of fitness benefits to males of transferring specific Acps. This is an important omission because without this information it is not possible to fully understand the strength and form of selection acting on adaptations such as Acps. Here, we measured the fitness benefits to males of ejaculate sex peptide (SP) transfer. SP is of interest because it is a candidate for mediating sexual conflict: its frequent receipt reduces female fitness. In single matings with virgin females SP is known to increase egg laying and decrease receptivity. Hence, we predicted that SP could: (i) boost a male’s absolute paternity by increasing offspring production and delaying female remating and/or (ii) boost relative paternity share. We tested these predictions using two different lines of SP‐lacking males, in both two‐mating and free‐mating assay conditions. SP transfer conferred higher absolute, but not relative, male reproductive success. In matings with virgin females, SP transfer increased mating productivity and delayed remating and hence the onset of sperm competition. In already mated females, SP transfer did not elevate absolute progeny production, but did increase intermating intervals and hence the period over which a male could gain paternity. Consistent with this, under free‐mating conditions over an extended period, we detected a ‘per‐mating’ fitness benefit for males transferring SP. These benefits are consistent with a role for SP in mediating conflict, with SP acting to maximize short‐term fitness benefits for males.
Evidence of restoration cost in the annual gynodioecious Phacelia dubia
Authors: DEL CASTILLO R. F. , TRUJILLO S.
Published: November 2008

A negative pleiotropic effect on fitness of nuclear sex‐determining genes (cost of restoration) could explain nuclear–cytoplasmic gynodioecy but rarely has been demonstrated empirically. In a gynodioecious Phacelia dubia population, maternal lineages produce only hermaphroditic progenies irrespective of the pollen parent (N) or can segregate females (S). Natural progenies of N maternal plants had lower seed viability than that of S. Full‐sib progenies of unrelated hermaphrodites from all possible matings between N and S lineages had similar pollen filling but differed in sporophyte performance, mainly at seed germination stage. A discrete multivariate analysis reveals that the performance of N♀ × S♂ progeny at early stages of development was significantly lower than that of the other three types of mating in agreement with the silent‐cost‐of‐restoration hypothesis, affecting the sporophyte. The restoration cost and male sterility appear to be dominant and consequence of nuclear–cytoplasmic incompatibilities that may maintain nuclear–cytoplasmic polymorphism by frequency‐dependent selection.
Selection on a eumelanic ornament is stronger in the tropics than in temperate zones in the worldwide‐distributed barn owl
Authors: ROULIN A. , WINK M. , SALAMIN N.
Published: November 2008

Spatial variation in the pattern of natural selection can promote local adaptation and genetic differentiation between populations. Because heritable melanin‐based ornaments can signal resistance to environmentally mediated elevation in glucocorticoids, to oxidative stress and parasites, populations may vary in the mean degree of melanic coloration if selection on these phenotypic aspects varies geographically. Within a population of Swiss barn owls (Tyto alba), the size of eumelanic spots is positively associated with survival, immunity and resistance to stress, but it is yet unknown whetherTytospecies that face stressful environments evolved towards a darker eumelanic plumage. Because selection regimes vary along environmental gradients, we examined whether melanin‐based traits vary clinally and are expressed to a larger extent in the tropics where parasites are more abundant than in temperate zones. To this end, we considered 39 barn owl species distributed worldwide. Barn owl species living in the tropics displayed larger eumelanic spots than those found in temperate zones. This was, however, verified in the northern hemisphere only. Parasites being particularly abundant in the tropics, they may promote the evolution of darker eumelanic ornaments.
Effect of Haemostatic Control Resuscitation on mortality in massively bleeding patients: a before and after study
Authors: Johansson P. I. , Stensballe J.
Published: November 2008

Background and Objectives  Evidence supporting the use of platelets and plasma in resuscitation of massive bleedings is questionable. Current consensus guidelines recommend restrictive use. Our aim was to determine the effect of changing the transfusion practice on 30‐day survival in massively bleeding patients.

Materials and Methods  Consecutive adult patients receiving more than 10 units of red blood cells (RBC) within 24 h 2 years prior to (2002–2003) and 2 years after (2005–2006) a change in transfusion practice were included. In 2004, we implemented Haemostatic Control Resuscitation (HCR) with preemptive use of platelets and plasma, administered in transfusion packages, comprising 5 units of RBCs, 5 units of fresh‐frozen plasma and 2 units of platelet concentrates (PC), when massive bleeding occurred or upon arrival at the emergency room and thereafter directed by thrombelastography throughout the peri‐ and postoperative period.

Results  In 2005–2006, the 442 patients received more PCs within 24 h from admission [mean 5·0 (SD 4·2) vs. 1·7 (2·0); P < 0·0001] and had a smaller decrease in platelet count during the bleeding episode [91·5 (81·2) vs. 119·7 (100·8) × 109/l; P = 0·0025] than the 390 patients treated in 2002–2003. Thirty‐day mortality was reduced in 2005–2006 (20·4% vs. 31·5%; P = 0·0002) and at 90‐day (22·4% vs. 34·6%; P < 0·0001) as compared to 2002–2003.

Conclusions  In patients who experience massive bleeding, HCR with platelets and plasma, as guided by thrombelastography, is associated with improved survival. While confirmation from a randomized controlled trial is urgently needed, HCR may be considered in these patients.
Parasitism of Bactrocera oleae (Diptera; Tephritidae) by Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) in the Balearic Islands (Spain)
Authors: Miranda M. A. , Miquel M. , Terrassa J. , Melis N. , Monerris M.
Published: November 2008

Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) was introduced to Spain in the early 1970s to control the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. Previous studies showed that P. concolor was poorly adapted to temperate zones, such as the Balearics. In this study, we demonstrate a high rate of natural parasitism of B. oleae by P. concolor in Majorca (Balearic Islands). Surveys were carried out from August to September 2007 in two organically‐farmed olive orchards and two insecticide‐managed orchards. A total of 250 olive fruits were examined weekly from each of the orchards. Olives were kept under laboratory conditions until the emergence of B. oleae pupae, which were collected and placed in Petri dishes until the emergence of B. oleae and/or P. concolor adults. In addition, red sticky spheres and yellow sticky panel traps were placed in every orchard for monitoring adults of P. concolor. Red spheres captured more individuals of the parasitoid when compared with the yellow panels. Seasonal average parasitism levels of B. oleae pupae by P. concolor were high (22.4% and 23.4%) in the two organically‐farmed orchards and 0% in the insecticide treated orchards. The high rates of parasitism by P. concolor found in the organically‐farmed olive orchards supports the use of this parasitoid for the biological control of B. oleae in the Balearic Islands.
Calving Interval in Dairy Cows in Relation to Heifer Rearing Conditions in Southwest Sweden
Authors: Hultgren J , Svensson C
Published: November 2008

Contents

Sustained reproductive performance throughout the life of domestic animals can be suspected to require successful rearing of replacements. We studied associations between replacement heifer rearing conditions and reproductive performance throughout the productive life of dairy cows in southwest Sweden by linear mixed modelling. Data consisted of 3542 lactations in 1550 Swedish Reds, Swedish Holsteins or dairy cows of other or mixed breeds, representing all female animals born during 1998 in 107 herds. Median calving interval (CI) was 381, 380 and 377 days in parities 1, 2 and ≥3, respectively. Median observed productive lifetime was 27 months. The applied model included effects of cow housing system, breed, parity, respiratory disease before 3 months of age, whether oestrous detection was performed only at feeding, oestrous‐detection ability, calving year, post‐calving reproductive disease in a given lactation, milk yield 30 days post‐calving relative to the herd mean, the interaction of breed by calfhood respiratory disease and random effects of cow and herd. Severe respiratory disease before 3 months of age in Swedish Red cows was associated with an increase in CI by 12%. Of the total variation in CI, 9.5% was due to herd factors and 12% to cow factors, as opposed to variation between lactations.
Establishment of an ELISA for Measuring Bovine Pregnancy‐Associated Glycoprotein in Serum or Milk and Its Application for Early Pregnancy Detection
Authors: Friedrich M , Holtz W
Published: November 2008

Contents

It has been shown in several mammalian species that during pregnancy, trophoblast cells express a range of pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins (PAG). The presence of PAG in the maternal serum of cows may serve as an indicator of pregnancy from day 28 after AI onward. The present study addresses (1) conversion of an existing PAG‐RIA to a competitive double antibody ELISA using a polyclonal anti‐bPAG‐IgG and an anti‐rabbit‐IgG raised in sheep for coating and (2) application of newly established ELISA to test its suitability for pregnancy detection by measuring PAG in serum or milk. The intraassay coefficients of variation (CV) for the PAG‐ELISA were 2–14% for serum and 10–12% for milk; the corresponding interassay CVs were 8–22% and 12–22%, respectively. Pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein profiles established in milk and serum of 12 pregnant cows showed a characteristic pattern with measurable amounts from approximately day 20 onwards in serum and from day 60 onwards in milk. In a field trial, serum PAG was determined in 397 cows sampled between 20 and 50 days after insemination. The outcome was that, pregnancy could reliably be diagnosed from day 28 onwards in serum and from day 150 onwards in milk. In conclusion, it may be stated that the established ELISA provides an efficient and reliable means of pregnancy diagnosis that will, in our judgement, gain in popularity with cattle breeding. The ELISA proved to be an adequate and efficient way of measuring PAG in maternal serum or milk and will be a useful means of pregnancy detection in cows.
Uterine Leiomyoma in a Spayed Poodle Bitch: A Case Report
Authors: Sontas BH , Özyogurtcu H , Turna Ö , Arun S , Ekici H
Published: November 2008

Contents

A 16‐year‐old, spayed, female poodle dog was presented for evaluation of tenesmus, with the ability to attract male dogs and a willingness to mate. The dog had undergone an ovariohysterectomy when it was 7 years old. Haematological and serum biochemistry analyses demonstrated leucocytosis and a mild uraemia. A vaginal smear was predominantly made up of superficial cells, accounting for at least 80% of the cells. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous multicystic mass at the caudal abdomen and two masses with anechoic areas adjacent to the caudal pole of each kidney. A midline exploratory laparotomy identified a uterine mass and residual ovaries that were surgically excised. Histopathological examination of the mass demonstrated that it was a leiomyoma. The left ovary had a cystic structure and the right ovary had a papillary cystic adenoma. Seven months after the surgery, the owner reported that the dog was clinically normal. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of a uterine leiomyoma after an incomplete ovariohysterectomy in the dog.
Viability and Growth of Buffalo Preantral Follicles and their Corresponding Oocytes In Vitro: Effect of Growth Factors and β Mercaptoethanol
Authors: Gupta PSP , Nandi S
Published: November 2008

Contents

The present study was undertaken to isolate buffalo preantral follicles (PFs), to test the viability and sizes of buffalo PFs and to examine the effect of various growth factors (insulin‐like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor) and an antioxidant (β mercaptoethanol) on the in vitro growth, survival and antrum formation rates of buffalo PFs and growth rates of oocytes in cultured PFs. Preantral follicles from slaughtered buffalo ovaries were recovered by a combined mechanical and enzymatic method. The recovery rates of >40–100, 101–200, 201–300, 301–400 and 401–500 μm PFs were 5.1, 3.2, 3.1, 6.3 and 5.1 per ovary, respectively. The corresponding viability rates were 76.1%, 78.1%, 85.2%, 92.5% and 92.6%, respectively. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.73) between oocyte size and the follicular size. However, there was no significant correlation between the size of oocyte and its viability at the time of its retrieval from ovary. Insulin‐like growth factor and fibroblast growth factor improved the survival of buffalo PFs and regulated their growth in culture. The growth factors and β mercaptoethanol in association synergically improved the growth and survival of buffalo PFs.
The lived experience of occupational adaptation following acquired brain injury for people living in a rural area
Authors: Parsons Lia , Stanley Mandy
Published: November 2008

Aim: This phenomenological study aimed to explore the experience of occupational adaptation from the perspective of persons with acquired brain injury living in a rural area.

Method: Two male participants aged 30 and 45 years were interviewed using a semistructured interview format. Colaizzi's approach was used for analysis.

Results: Data analysis revealed three main themes: ‘Things are different now’, ‘Acceptance’ and ‘Just another chapter’.

Conclusions: After initially coming to terms with having a brain injury and accepting the new person the self had become, adaptation through engaging in occupation was experienced by the participants. An understanding of strategies that participants used in the adaptation process is of use to occupational therapists in order to design meaningful occupational interventions.
Structure and age of lower structural unit of Taukha terrane of Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous accretionary prism, southern Sikhote–Alin
Authors: Kemkin Igor V. , Taketani Yojiro
Published: November 2008

Specific data is presented on structure and age of the sedimentary formations within the lower structural unit (Erdagou Formation) in the Taukha terrane, southern Sikhote–Alin, Russia. According to lithological research of this unit exposed in the Benevka River area, the Erdagou Formation represents a deformed fragment of so‐called Oceanic Plate Stratigraphy sequence. The Erdagou Formation includes all lithological varieties of rocks from pelagic (cherts and clayey cherts) and hemipelagic (siliceous mudstones) up to oceanic‐margin (mudstones, siltstones, and turbidites) deposits. Based on the results of radiolarian biostratigraphic research of the rocks, the age of the cherts is from middle Oxfordian to the beginning of Berriasian. Transitive layers between cherts and terrigenous rocks (turbidites), namely siliceous mudstones, are early Berriasian in age. The lower part of the terrigenous section is characterized by late Berriasian–late Valanginian radiolarians. Taking these data into account, it is plausible that the accretion of the given part of the paleo‐oceanic plate occurred post‐Valanginian.
Buruanga peninsula and Antique Range: Two contrasting terranes in Northwest Panay, Philippines featuring an arc–continent collision zone
Authors: Zamoras Lawrence R. , Montes Mary Grace A. , Queaño Karlo L. , Marquez Edanjarlo J. , Dimalanta Carla B. , Gabo Jillian Aira S. , Yumul Graciano P.
Published: November 2008

Alternating chert–clastic sequences juxtaposed with limestone blocks, which are units typical of accretionary complexes, constitute the Buruanga peninsula. New lithostratigraphic units are proposed in this study: the Unidos Formation (Jurassic chert sequence), the Saboncogon Formation (Jurassic siliceous mudstone–terrigenous mudstone and quartz‐rich sandstone), the Gibon Formation (Jurassic(?) bedded pelagic limestone), the Libertad Metamorphics (Jurassic–Cretaceous slate, phyllite, and schist) and the Buruanga Formation (Pliocene–Pleistocene reefal limestone). The first three sedimentary sequences in the Buruanga peninsula show close affinity with the ocean plate stratigraphy of the North Palawan terrane in Busuanga Island: Lower–Middle Jurassic chert sequences overlain by Middle–Upper Jurassic clastics, juxtaposed with pelagic limestone. Moreover, the JR5–JR6 (Callovian to Oxfordian) siliceous mudstone of the Saboncogon Formation in the Buruanga peninsula correlates with the JR5–JR6 siliceous mudstone of the Guinlo Formation in the Middle Busuanga Belt. These findings suggest that the Buruanga peninsula may be part of the North Palawan terrane. The rocks of the Buruanga peninsula completely differ from the Middle Miocene basaltic to andesitic pyroclastic and lava flow deposits with reefal limestone and arkosic sandstone of the Antique Range. Thus, the previously suggested boundary between the Palawan microcontinental block and the Philippine Mobile Belt in the central Philippines, which is the suture zone between the Buruanga peninsula and the Antique Range, is confirmed. This boundary is similarly considered as the collision zone between them.
Tissue Fixation System (TFS) to repair uterovaginal prolapse with uterine preservation: A preliminary report on perioperative complications and safety
Authors: Inoue Hiromi , Sekiguchi Yuki , Kohata Yutaka , Satono Yuka , Hishikawa Kenji , Tominaga Toyoko , Oobayashi Mika
Published: November 2008

Objectives:  To assess the effectiveness, perioperative safety and invasiveness of the Tissue Fixation System (TFS) sling operation when used for repair of uterovaginal prolapse with uterine preservation.

Methods:  Operations using the TFS anchor system were performed on 25 women aged between 44 and 84 years (average 65) for grade 3 or 4 uterine prolapse with or without urinary incontinence. Details of the procedures were as follows: midurethral sling (n = 2); posterior sling of the uterosacral ligaments (n = 25); U‐sling for lateral/central anterior vaginal wall defects (n = 24). The defect of the perineal body and rectovaginal fascia were repaired in all cases.

Results:  All patients were followed up for a minimum of 3 months. The mean ± standard deviation of the operating time and loss of blood were 94.2 (±19.3) minutes and 98.1 (±129.6) mL, respectively. Twelve patients (48%) were discharged on the same day of surgery and 13 patients (52%) on the following day, with a return to normal activities within 1–7 days. There were no intra‐ or postoperative complications. At the 3‐month follow up, cure rates of symptoms due to pelvic laxity were: urinary frequency 85.7% (n = 14); nocturia 66.6% (n = 12); urgency 93.3% (n = 15); and dragging pain 100% (n = 6). There was one recurrent uterovaginal prolapse and one recurrent cystocele.

Conclusion:  The TFS procedure delivers satisfactory results for uterine prolapse repair with uterine preservation. The procedure is useful because of the short duration of the operation, the short term of recovery, its safety profile and minimal invasiveness. There is a significant improvement in the quality of life, especially for older women. However, long‐term results are currently unknown.
Minimally invasive and hysteroscopic diagnosis and treatment of patients after organ transplantation
Authors: Kuzel David , Toth Dusan , Cindr Josef , Bartosova Lucie , Mara Michal , Viklicky Ondrej
Published: November 2008

Aim:  To assess the safety of minimally invasive and hysteroscopic diagnosis and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and intrauterine abnormalities in patients after organ transplantation.

Methods:  After kidney, pancreas, or liver transplantation, patients who presented with menorrhagia, submucosal myoma or thickened endometrium on ultrasound were diagnosed and treated using a hysteroscopic system Versascope, Bipolar Resectoscopic System and intrauterine system ThermaChoice.

Results:  Twenty patients were included in this study and were aged 37–63 years (average ± standard deviation: 48.8 ± 5.86). The follow up was between 3 and 122 months (44.8 ± 31.91). All hysteroscopic procedures were performed under general anesthesia, using local anesthetics (paracervical block) or short‐term i.v. anesthesia, plus antibiotics. The procedures lasted 5 to 15 min (9.4 ± 2.44). Five patients presented with minimal blood loss (≤100 mL) and the rest had no blood loss. The hysteroscopic procedures had no adverse effects on the function of transplanted organs and there were no associated postoperative complications. Uterine bleeding was successfully regulated in all patients.

Conclusion:  Minimally invasive procedures and hysteroscopy of organ‐transplanted patients provide a safe solution for the treatment of menorrhagia, submucosal myoma and thick endometrium in postmenopausal patients.
Differential defoliation of Eucalyptus grandis arises from indiscriminant oviposition and differential larval survival
Authors: Henery M. L. , Stone C. , Foley W. J.
Published: November 2008

1 The influence of six open‐pollinated families (OPFs) of Eucalyptus grandis on both the growth and development of larvae and the oviposition preference of a paropsine chrysomelid (Paropsis atomaria) was investigated. The OPFs had previously been identified as differing in their susceptibility to defoliation by P. atomaria in forestry progeny trials.

2 Oviposition preference for resistant and susceptible foliage was tested using binary choice tests. These tests did not demonstrate any significant preference for either resistant or susceptible open‐pollinated material indicating that adult host preference for susceptible trees was not a likely cause of differential defoliation.

3 Quantification and analysis of growth and development parameters for all larval stages of P. atomaria showed that feeding on genetic material identified as resistant resulted in a significant reduction of relative growth rate of first instar larvae and an alteration to normal feeding behaviour. There was also a trend towards increased larval mortality on resistant E. grandis.

4 We argue that although the magnitude of these effects was minor, interactions with additional biotic and abiotic sources of mortality in the field have the potential, when magnified over successive generations, to result in significant variation in defoliation of host genotypes in the field.
The first 1000 cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the UK: evidence of multiple ‘learning curves’
Authors: Eden Christopher G. , Neill Mischel G. , Louie‐Johnsun Mark W.
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE

To report the initial experience of one surgeon, with contemporary experience of both open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and reconstructive laparoscopy, in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) in 1000 patients, and to investigate the rate of change of various outcome variables for this procedure with time.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between March 2000 and December 2007, 1000 consecutive patients with clinical stage T ≤ 3aN0M0 prostate cancer underwent LRP, either supervised (17%) or performed (83%), by one surgeon. The median prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level was 7.0 (1–50) ng/mL and median Gleason sum 6 (4–10); the clinical stage was T1 in 46.9%, T2 in 49.8% and T3 in 3.3%.

RESULTS

The median (range) operative duration was 177 (78–600) min. There was one conversion (patient 8) to open surgery. The median blood loss was 200 (10–1300) mL and four patients were transfused (0.4%). The median postoperative hospital stay was 3.0 (3–28) nights. The median catheterization time was 10.0 (0.8–120) days. There were 48 complications (4.8%) requiring surgical intervention in 33 (3.3%) patients, 58% of these as a day‐case admission. The positive margin rates according to d’Amico risk groups were: low, 9.1%; intermediate, 20.3%; and high, 36.8%. The overall positive margin rate was 13.3%. The PSA level was ≤0.1 mg/L at 3 months in 99.1% of patients. At a mean follow‐up of 27.7 (3–72) months, 96.1% of patients were free of biochemical recurrence. In patients with a follow‐up of ≥24 months potency rates peaked in the series at 86% for all men and 94% for men aged ≤65 years, and continence rates at 98% before declining thereafter in men with a shorter follow‐up.

CONCLUSION

The learning curve for operating time and blood loss was overcome within the first 100–150 cases, but complication and continence rates took 150–200 cases to reach a plateau. The longest learning curve was for potency, which did not stabilize until 700 cases. These learning curves are likely to be considerably shorter when surgeons are taught in departments with a high throughput of cases but both surgeons and patients should be aware of them. In view of these findings, the authors recommend that LRP should not be self‐taught and should be learned within an immersion teaching programme. Even then, a large surgical volume is likely to be needed to maintain clinical outcomes at the highest level.
Biochemical and immunological characterization of the plant‐derived candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mucosal vaccine CTB–MPR649–684
Authors: Matoba Nobuyuki , Kajiura Hiroyuki , Cherni Irene , Doran Jeffrey D. , Bomsel Morgane , Fujiyama Kazuhito , Mor Tsafrir S.
Published: November 2008

Plants are potentially the most economical platforms for the large‐scale production of recombinant proteins. Thus, plant‐based expression of subunit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) vaccines provides an opportunity for their global use against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. CTB–MPR649–684[CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; MPR, membrane proximal (ectodomain) region of gp41] is an HIV‐1 vaccine candidate that has been shown previously to induce antibodies that block a pathway of HIV‐1 mucosal transmission. In this article, the molecular characterization of CTB–MPR649–684 expressed in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants is reported. Virtually all of the CTB–MPR649–684 proteins expressed in the selected line were shown to have assembled into pentameric, GM1 ganglioside‐binding complexes. Detailed biochemical analyses on the purified protein revealed that it was N‐glycosylated, predominantly with high‐mannose‐type glycans (more than 75%), as predicted from a consensus asparagine–X–serine/threonine (Asn‐X‐Ser/Thr) N‐glycosylation sequon on the CTB domain and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal attached at the C‐terminus of the fusion protein. Despite this modification, the plant‐expressed protein retained the nanomolar affinity to GM1 ganglioside and the critical antigenicity of the MPR649–684 moiety. Furthermore, the protein induced mucosal and serum anti‐MPR649–684 antibodies in mice after mucosal prime‐systemic boost immunization. Our data indicate that plant‐based expression can be a viable alternative for the production of this subunit HIV‐1 vaccine candidate.
Psychometric properties of scales in the General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPSNordic): Confirmatory factor analysis and prediction of certified long‐term sickness absence
Authors: WÄNNSTRÖM INGRID , PETERSON ULLA , ÅSBERG MARIE , NYGREN ÅKE , GUSTAVSSON J. PETTER
Published: November 2008

Psychometric properties, particularly predictive validity, of scales in the General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPSNordic) were assessed. The analysis is confined to the scales in the QPSNordic, and 24 of the 26 scales are included. A large group of Swedish county council employees (n= 3,976; response rate = 65%) participated in a study and were given the QPSNordic. Register data for long‐term sick leave (>90 days), with diagnosis, were used for predictive analysis. The following main results were obtained: Reliability was generally satisfactory, confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit, concurrent validity was good, some less often investigated organizational variables predicted sickness absence, and scales were differentially associated with absence due to psychiatric and musculoskeletal disorders. In conclusion, the psychometric testing of the QPSNordic so far suggests that it is a good instrument for assessing health‐related factors at work.
Sex as an obligation and interpersonal communication among Norwegian heterosexual couples
Authors: TRÆEN BENTE , SKOGERBØ ÅSHILD
Published: November 2008

This study examines the prevalence of having sex as a means of satisfying one's partner among a random sample of 398 heterosexual couples with non‐problematic, mild or manifest reduced sexual desire. Data collection was carried out by questionnaires. Two of three women and one of five men with manifest distressing reduced sexual desire had had obligatory sex. Among women with symptoms of mild reduced sexual desire, there was an association between obligatory sex and lack of acknowledgement of one's sexual needs, as well as a lack of communication with one's partner regarding how to be sexually pleased. In men with manifest reduced sexual desire there was an association between obligatory sex and discussion of one's sexual needs, and sexual fantasies with the partner. Thus, men with desire problems seem to communicate with their partner about their sexuality, whereas women seem not to talk with their partner about their sexual needs.
MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES ON STEM CELL RESEARCH AND CLONING
Authors: Al‐Hayani Fatima Agha
Published: November 2008

In Islam, the acquisition of knowledge is a form of worship. But human achievement must be exercised in conformity with God's will. Warnings against feelings of superiority often are coupled with the command to remain within the confines of God's laws and limits. Because of the fear of arrogance and disregard of the balance created by God, any new knowledge or discovery must be applied with careful consideration to maintaining balance in the creation. Knowledge must be applied to ascertain equity and justice for all of humanity. Research in Islam must be linked to the broad ethical base set forth in the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Whether embryonic stem cell research or cloning is ethically acceptable in Islam depends on the benefits derived from such applications. What is most important for the scholars is to adhere to the concepts of compassion, mercy, and benefit to everyone.
SIMPLIFYING HEURISTICS VERSUS CAREFUL THINKING: SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF MILLENNIAL SPIRITUAL ISSUES
Authors: Levine Daniel S. , Perlovsky Leonid I.
Published: November 2008

There is ample evidence that humans (and other primates) possess a knowledge instinct—a biologically driven impulse to make coherent sense of the world at the highest level possible. Yet behavioral decision‐making data suggest a contrary biological drive to minimize cognitive effort by solving problems using simplifying heuristics. Individuals differ, and the same person varies over time, in the strength of the knowledge instinct. Neuroimaging studies suggest which brain regions might mediate the balance between knowledge expansion and heuristic simplification. One region implicated in primary emotional experience is more activated in individuals who use primitive heuristics, whereas two areas of the cortex are more activated in individuals with a strong knowledge drive: one region implicated in detecting risk or conflict and another implicated in generating creative ideas. Knowledge maximization and effort minimization are both evolutionary adaptations, and both are valuable in different contexts. Effort minimization helps us make minor and routine decisions efficiently, whereas knowledge maximization connects us to the beautiful, to the sublime, and to our highest aspirations. We relate the opposition between the knowledge instinct and heuristics to the biblical story of the fall, and argue that the causal scientific worldview is mathematically equivalent to teleological arguments from final causes. Elements of a scientific program are formulated to address unresolved issues.
SUPPORT FOR A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL OF SPIRITUALITY IN PERSONS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Authors: Johnstone Brick , Glass Bret A.
Published: November 2008

Recent research suggests that spiritual experiences are related to increased physiological activity of the frontal and temporal lobes and decreased activity of the right parietal lobe. The current study determined if similar relationships exist between self‐reported spirituality and neuropsychological abilities associated with those cerebral structures for persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants included 26 adults with TBI referred for neuropsychological assessment. Measures included the Core Index of Spirituality (INSPIRIT); neuropsychological indices of cerebral structures: temporal lobes (Wechsler Memory Scale‐III), right parietal lobe (Judgment of Line Orientation), and frontal lobes (Trail Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test). As hypothesized, spirituality was significantly negatively correlated with a measure of right parietal lobe functioning and positively correlated (nonsignificantly) with measures of left temporal lobe functioning. Contrary to hypotheses, correlations between spirituality and measures of frontal lobe functioning were zero or negative (and nonsignificant). The data support a neuropsychological model that proposes that spiritual experiences are related to decreased activity of the right parietal lobe, which may be associated with decreased awareness of the self (transcendence) and increased activity of the left temporal lobe, which may be associated with the experience of specific religious archetypes (religious figures and symbols).
NATURAL LAWS AND DIVINE INTERVENTION: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES BEING PENTECOSTAL OR CHARISMATIC MAKE?
Authors: Yong Amos
Published: November 2008

The question about divine action remains contested in the discussion between theology and science. This issue is further exacerbated with the entry of pentecostals and charismatics into the conversation, especially with their emphases on divine intervention and miracles. I explore what happens at the intersection of these discourses, identifying first how the concept of “laws of nature” has developed in theology and science and then probing what pentecostal‐charismatic insights might add into the mix. Drawing from the triadic and evolutionary metaphysics of Charles Sanders Peirce, I propose a reconsideration of the “laws of nature” as habitual, dynamic, and general but nevertheless real tendencies through which the Holy Spirit invites the world to inhabit the coming kingdom of God. This proposal contributes to the articulation of an authentic Pentecostal‐charismatic witness at the theology‐and‐science table while also enabling a more plausible and coherent account of divine action for pentecostal‐charismatic piety and Christian practice in the twenty‐first century.
Vicarious Traumatisation as a Consequence of Jury Service
Authors: ROBERTSON NOELLE , DAVIES GRAHAM , NETTLEINGHAM ALICE
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Recent research on past‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has highlighted the adverse consequences of trauma, not just for victims, but also for those who interact with them: vicarious traumatisation. British citizens are required to sit on juries, where they may be exposed to gruesome exhibits and harrowing testimony: can such experiences also lead to vicarious traumatisation? Previous studies have demonstrated that some jurors do suffer both short‐ and longer‐term trauma from jury service, both from hearing evidence and deliberation in the jury room. A first exploratory survey of British jurors confirms that a minority of jurors are so affected. The article calls for modifications to the current arbitrary allocation of jurors and for greater provision of information and guidance to minimise the negative consequences of an essential civic duty.
A Social Capital Perspective of Innovation from Individuals to Nations: Where is Empirical Literature Directing Us?
Authors: Zheng Wei
Published: November 2008

Social capital is regarded as the bedrock of innovation. However, inadequate efforts have been made to synthesize the way in which different components of social capital dynamically influence innovation. This paper reviews existing empirical studies on the relationship between social capital and innovation of the individual, team, organization, city and nation. Analyses were carried out to identify consensus, discordances and gaps in the social capital–innovation connection. The findings suggested that the structural components of social capital, including ego network size, structural holes, tie strength and centrality have a significant impact on innovation. Their impact, however, tends to be moderated by contextual and intellectual factors, such as the nature and type of innovation, internal vs external ties, costs of maintaining the ties and existing intellectual capital. The relational components of social capital, trust and cognitive norms, demonstrated a consistently positive relationship with innovation across contexts. The cognitive components of social capital have not sufficiently established their contribution to innovation apart from the other two dimensions. Several insights regarding the general literature on social capital and innovation were identified, including the conceptualization of social capital, measurement of innovation, and the causal relationship between social capital and innovation. Suggestions are offered for future research agenda. Implications for managerial practices based on the study findings are also drawn.
Criterion‐Related Validity of Dutch Police‐Selection Measures and Differences Between Ethnic Groups
Authors: De Meijer Lonneke A. L. , Born Marise Ph. , Terlouw Gert , Van Der Molen Henk T.
Published: November 2008

This study investigated the criterion‐related validity of cognitive ability as well as non‐cognitive ability measures and differences between ethnic majority (N=2365) and minority applicants (N=682) in Dutch police officer selection. Findings confirmed the relatively low predictive validity of cognitive ability generally found for police jobs. Previous research reported no differential prediction. The present study, however, found small but systematic evidence for differences in validity for the ethnic majority and minority group of both cognitive and non‐cognitive measures. For the minority group, training performance appeared to be mainly predicted by the cognitive ability test. For the majority group, cognitive ability showed very little predictive power. Non‐cognitive ability variables appeared to be somewhat more predictive in this group.
Proving of the cheese Halva (Höşmerim) manufacturing process
Authors: KURULTAY ŞEFİK , ÖKSÜZ ÖMER , KAPTAN BİNNUR
Published: November 2008

Cheese Halva (CH) is a traditional Turkish dessert. The cooking stage is the most important process step in CH manufacturing, which needs a skilled person. Faults made in this step lead to structural defects in the final product. In this research, four commercial melting salt mixes and trisodium citrate were tested to establish whether the melting salts would eliminate the textural faults in the final product and provide a uniform texture. To determine the changes occurred in CH, some physicochemical, textural (hardness, firmness, springiness, gumminess) and sensorial properties were examined. Trisodium citrate was found to be the most suitable one among those tested.
Effect of oligofructose incorporation on the properties of fermented probiotic lactic beverages
Authors: DE CASTRO FABIANE P , CUNHA THIAGO M , BARRETO PEDRO L M , AMBONI RENATA D DE M C , PRUDÊNCIO ELANE S
Published: November 2008

All lactic beverages were considered probiotics. The addition of prebiotic resulted in beverages with higher total solids and total carbohydrates contents, without changing the other physicochemical parameters, including the attributes of colour. All beverages showed non‐Newtonian behaviour, with shear thinning characteristics and presence of thixotropy, which is less accentuated in beverages with oligofructose. In these beverages, there was a decrease in apparent viscosity, consistency index and activation energy, and an increase in flow index and frequency factor. The beverages with oligofructose were sensory preferred in relation to the control, also showing good overall acceptability and most judges indicated that they would buy such a product.
Targeting inhibition of GluR1 Ser845 phosphorylation with an RNA aptamer that blocks AMPA receptor trafficking
Authors: Liu Yingmiao , Sun Qi‐An , Chen Qiang , Lee Tong H. , Huang Yangzhong , Wetsel William C. , Michelotti Gregory A. , Sullenger Bruce A. , Zhang Xiuwu
Published: November 2008

Phosphorylation at glutamate receptor subunit 1(GluR1) Ser845 residue has been widely accepted to involve in GluR1‐containing α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking, but the in vivo evidence has not yet been established. One of the main obstacles is the lack of effective methodologies to selectively target phosphorylation at single amino acid residue. In this study, the Escherichia  coli‐expressed glutathione‐S‐transferase‐tagged intracellular carboxyl‐terminal domain of GluR1 (cGluR1) was phosphorylated by protein kinase A for in vitro selection. We have successfully selected aptamers which effectively bind to phospho‐Ser845 cGluR1 protein, but without binding to phospho‐Ser831 cGluR1 protein. Moreover, pre‐binding of the unphospho‐cGluR1 protein with these aptamers inhibits protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation at Ser845 residue. In contrast, the pre‐binding of aptamer A2 has no effect on protein kinase C‐mediated phosphorylation at Ser831 residue. Importantly, the representative aptamer A2 can effectively bind the mammalian GluR1 that inhibited GluR1/GluR1‐containing AMPA receptor trafficking to the cell surface and abrogated forskolin‐stimulated phosphorylation at GluR1 Ser845 in both green fluorescent protein–GluR1‐transfected human embryonic kidney cells and cultured rat cortical neurons. The strategy to use aptamer to modify single‐residue phosphorylation is expected to facilitate evaluation of the potential role of AMPA receptors in various forms of synaptic plasticity including that underlying psychostimulant abuse.
Bi‐directional modulation of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission by leptin
Authors: Solovyova Natasha , Moult Peter R. , Milojkovic Bogdan , Lambert Jeremy J. , Harvey Jenni
Published: November 2008

The hormone leptin has widespread actions in the CNS. Indeed, leptin markedly influences hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. However, the effects of leptin on fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus have not been evaluated. Here, we show that leptin modulates GABAAreceptor‐mediated synaptic transmission onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Leptin promotes a rapid and reversible increase in the amplitude of evoked GABAAreceptor‐mediated inhibitory synaptic currents (IPSCs); an effect that was paralleled by increases in the frequency and amplitude of miniature IPSCs, but with no change in paired pulse ratio or coefficient of variation, suggesting a post‐synaptic expression mechanism. Following washout of leptin, a persistent depression (inhibitory long‐lasting depression) of evoked IPSCs was observed. Whole‐cell dialysis or bath application of inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3 (PI 3)‐kinase or Akt prevented leptin‐induced enhancement of IPSCs indicating involvement of a post‐synaptic PI 3‐kinase/Akt‐dependent pathway. In contrast, blockade of PI 3‐kinase or Akt activity failed to alter the ability of leptin to induce inhibitory long‐lasting depression, suggesting that this process is independent of PI 3‐kinase/Akt. In conclusion these data indicate that the hormone leptin bi‐directionally modulates GABAAreceptor‐mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. These findings have important implications for the role of this hormone in regulating hippocampal pyramidal neuron excitability.