bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Consequences of not Treating Depression
Authors: Rupp Agnes
Published: August 2018

Background. A conceptual framework Is described for a broad cost–benefit evaluation of improved financial access to treatment of untreated affective disorders.

Method. The analysis provides an estimate of the value of resources needed to provide improved access to treatment, and it compares these resources to the value of resources the improved access to treatment might save.

Results. The cost–benefit analyses based on recent cost of mental illness studies provide some evidence that appropriately treating people with untreated affective disorders is cost-beneficial.

Conclusion. Patients, providers and buyers of health care should be further encouraged to pay more attention and to commit more financial resources to the treatment of affective disorders.
The Economics of Depression in Primary Care: Department of Health Initiatives
Authors: Lloyd Keith , Jenkins Rachel
Published: August 2018

Background. Most mental illness is treated in primary and not secondary care settings, with depression and anxiety the commonest conditions encountered.

Method. The paper describes on-going Department of Health initiatives to optimise the primary care of common mental illnesses such as depression.

Discussion. Primary care attenders with depression are often higher consumers of general health care than non-depressed attenders. Further data will become available soon from these ongoing studies to inform the debate on the optimal use of available resources in primary care. There is a particular need to evaluate non-pharmacological interventions in primary care.
Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States
Authors: Rice Dorothy P. , Miller Leonard S.
Published: August 2018

Background Mental disorders impose a multi-billion dollar burden on the economy each year; translating the burden into economic terms is important to facilitate formulating policies about the use of resources.

Method For direct costs, data were obtained from national household interview and provider surveys; for morbidity costs, a timing model was used that measures the lifetime effect on current income of individuals with mental disorders, taking into account the timing of onset and the duration of these disorders, based on regression analysis of Epidemiologic Catchment Area study data.

Results The total economic costs of mental disorders amounted to US$ 147.8 billion in 1990. Anxiety disorders are the most costly, amounting to $46.6 billion, or 31.5% of the total; schizophrenic disorders accounted for $32.5 billion, affective disorders for $30.4 billion, and other mental disorders for $38.4 billion.

Conclusions Mental illnesses, especially anxiety disorders, are costly to society. Although anxiety disorders have a higher prevalence than affective disorders and schizophrenia, use of medical care services is lowest for anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders appear to be under-recognised and untreated even though treatment interventions have been shown to be effective and can be delivered in a cost-efficient manner.
Olanzapine: preclinical pharmacology and recent findings
Authors: Moore Nick A.
Published: August 2018

Olanzapine possesses a broad pharmacological profile, interacting with a range of different neurotransmitter receptors. Although its affinity for muscarinic receptors is relatively greater than for dopamine receptors, on schedule-controlled behaviour olanzapine displays a profile resembling a dopamine antagonist. Likewise, in a test of cognitive function, olanzapine does not produce anticholinergic-like deficits. In drug discrimination assays, olanzapine substitutes for clozapine in clozapine-trained animals and clozapine generalises to olanzapine in olanzapine-trained animals. Olanzapine also reverses the behavioural deficits produced by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glutamatergic transmission. This profile suggests that olanzapine will be effective against both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia while producing minimal extrapyramidal side-effects.
Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases — In Progress
Authors: Brämer G. R.
Published: August 2018

Classification is fundamental to science and a standard classification of diseases and injury is essential for the systematic statistical study of illness and death. This was recognised as early as the seventeenth century when such studies started and in 1853 Dr William Farr of London and Marc d'Espine of Geneva were entrusted with the task of preparing ‘a uniform nomenclature of causes of death applicable to all countries’. This led eventually to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). In 1948, when the World Health Organization (WHO) was created, the newborn agency was asked to review and revise the classification regularly. The ICD is now undergoing its tenth revision.
An Overview of the Prospective ICD-10 Classification of Mental Disorders
Authors: Cooper J. E.
Published: August 2018

This paper gives a brief outline of the present state of development of the psychiatric chapter of the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). It is written from the point of view of one of the many consultants to the Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, and thus is not an authoritative or official statement on behalf of WHO. The responsibility for decisions about ICD-10 Chapter V (F) rests with Dr Norman Sartorius, Director of the Division of Mental Health, though many psychiatrists in many countries have contributed to ICD-10 Chapter V (F), and will continue to do so, since much work is still to be done before the final form is officially agreed and published in about 1990. Before he left WHO, Geneva in September, 1986, Dr Assen Jablensky also carried a great deal of responsibility for the arrangements necessary for the production of the drafts of ICD-10 Chapter V (F) that are now being developed.
A New Conception of the Relationship Between Psychological Coping Mechanisms and Biological Stress Buffering Systems
Authors: Friedhoff Arnold J. , Simkowitz Philip
Published: August 2018

Coping strategies to adapt to environmental and psychological contingencies have been well studied in the human subject. The typical individual is known to have response patterns that permit automatic, and often unconscious adjustment to changing conditions. Psychological (defence) mechanisms facilitate adaptation to new situations or interactions, and when successful, no additional coping mechanisms need to be invoked. However, situations may arise when such mechanisms are insufficient: this may result from developmental failure, personality factors, inordinate levels of stress, or combinations thereof.
Comparative Distributions of DSM-III Diagnoses in North and South American Clinical Samples
Authors: Sogi Cecilia , Warthon Dante , Mezzich Juan E. , Valverde Jesús , Saavedra-Castillo Alfredo , Ahn Chul W.
Published: August 2018

Growths in communication technologies, voluntary travel, and forced migration are fostering reciprocal awareness and a sense of interdependence among people from distant parts of the world. In line with these, there is increasing interest in health status and illness conditions across different geographical and cultural regions. Adequate identification of health problems in each region serves not only to enhance planning of treatment and preventive activities for both individuals and communities, but also may point out types of pathology that would require greater attention in diagnostic systems intended for wide international use, such as the prospective 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (Sartorius, 1988).
Thymosthenic Agents, A Novel Approach in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Gelders Yves G.
Published: August 2018

The pharmacotherapy of psychotic disorders which started in 1952, based on empirical results obtained with chlorpromazine by Delay & Deniker, has revolutionised the treatment of psychiatric diseases of non-organic origin. The discovery of haloperidol by Janssen in 1959 represented further progress in this field, since this was found to be more potent and to have generally less disturbing adverse effects than chlorpromazine. Nevertheless it took several years before dopamine-antagonism was put forward as possible mechanism of action for neuroleptic drugs (Carlsson & Lindqvist, 1963). From the early 1970s, however, the advent of radioligand binding studies provided new tools for studying neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and for investigating the interaction of drugs with various receptors. This technique allowed identification of receptor-binding sites related to pharmacologically defined receptors and receptor subtypes, e.g. α and β-adrenergic receptors. It also led to further subclassification and refined definition of receptors, e.g. dopamine-D1 and -D2, and different pharmacological effects mediated by the receptor subtypes have been identified.
The Treatment of Basic Psychological Dysfunctions From a Systemic Point of View
Authors: Brenner Hans D.
Published: August 2018

Schizophrenia research is affected by the current change of scientific paradigms of thinking and investigation. The 1960s and 1970s were mainly characterised by a theoretical shift from a unifactorial towards a multifactorial view of the aetiology of schizophrenia, while in the 1980s, traditional linear models of pathogenesis have been more and more given up in favour of systems models.
Family Management Programmes for Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Hahlweg Kurt , Feinstein Eli , Müller Ursula , Dose Matthias
Published: August 2018

Hypotheses on the relationship of schizophrenia and family variables have changed considerably over the last 15 years: whereas speculations on the causal role of familial interaction for the onset of schizophrenic psychosis previously dominated the field of psychological theorising and psychotherapy (Bateson et al, 1956), it was not possible to confirm these theories empirically. In accordance with the research on Expressed Emotion (EE), a shift in emphasis to the influence of family variables on the further course of the illness has taken place. As a consequence, promising new techniques have been developed for the prevention or postponement of relapse.
Can Buspirone Induce Rebound, Dependence or Abuse?
Authors: Lader Malcolm
Published: August 2018

Buspirone is a newer anxiolytic which differs chemically and pharmacologically from the benzodiazepines. The question as to whether buspirone can induce rebound, dependence, or abuse can be examined through a variety of clinical and control studies, as well as animal studies, together with meticulous follow-up of adverse reports. It is concluded that, on present evidence, the short-term use of buspirone is unlikely to be followed by rebound or long-term use through dependence; nor is abuse likely to be a problem.
II. Social Outcome
Authors: Leary J. , Johnstone Eve C. , Owens D. G. C.
Published: August 2018

The social disadvantages for schizophrenic patients in terms of unemployment, impaired relationships, social isolation and downward social drift have been well described (Cooper, 1961; Goldberg & Morrison, 1963; Cheadle et al, 1978; Taylor, 1987). The problems experienced by their caring relatives have been shown to be substantial (Stevens, 1972; National Schizophrenia Fellowship, 1979; Creer et al, 1982). It is important to examine these issues in a large representative sample, and for this reason the social outcome in the 532 patients who form the subjects of the Harrow study of the disabilities and circumstances of schizophrenic patients was examined in some detail.
Foreword
Authors: Cawley Robert
Published: August 2018

Three distinct trends in modern psychiatry distract from a proper concern with the phenomena of mental disorders. Pressures of time and heavy case loads may stand in the way of detailed exploration of mental states. A quick scan for a few critical markers — mood disturbance, thought disorder, delusions, hallucinations, cognitive dysfunction — often seems to suffice for currently accepted diagnostic classifications and treatment decisions. And thirdly, clinical science in psychiatry is dominated by neurological, epidemiological, and psychosocial themes which commonly disregard the intricate realities of abnormal psychic phenomena.
Delusions as “Wrong Beliefs”: A Conceptual History
Authors: Berrios G. E.
Published: August 2018

It was a common view among 19th century historians and clinicians that the study of delusions was the study of insanity itself (Ball & Ritti, 1881). At the beginning of the 20th century, Jaspers rendered this insight into a cliche (Jaspers, 1963). The nature of the link between delusion and insanity, however, has continued to confuse scholars, particularly those writing in the English language (Ireland, 1885; Arthur, 1964; Moor & Tucker, 1979; Winters & Neale, 1983). German (Huber & Gross, 1977), French (Ey, 1950) and Spanish (Cabaleiro Goas, 1966) writers have fared better; unfortunately, much of their work remains inaccessible to English-speaking psychiatrists. This is one of the reasons why, in Anglo-Saxon psychiatry, it has been suggested that the ‘definitive‘ view on delusions started with Jaspers and the Heidelberg school (Hoenig, 1968). This suggestion is misleading (Berrios, 1991), for by 1912, when Chaslin published his great work on descriptive psychopathology, all the distinctions nowadays attributed to Jaspers had already been made. Indeed, the rare efforts made to escape from the ‘pathological belief view were ignored (Southard, 1916).
Delusional Syndromes in ICD—10
Authors: Sims Andrew
Published: August 2018

The psychiatric section, entitled ‘Mental, Behavioural and Developmental Disorders‘ of the International Classification of Diseases, is currently in the process of revision, and ‘ICD—10‘ will shortly become available. This revision will be based partly on its immediate predecessor, the 9th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD—9; World Health Organization, 1978), and also upon the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM—III—R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). ICD—10 describes and lists symptoms required for making each specific diagnosis and it also refers to inclusions and exclusions. The symptoms themselves, however, are not defined nor described, and an ill-informed method of evaluating symptoms or a lack of thoroughness in their ascertainment will result in mistaken diagnoses. The descriptive psychopathologist clearly has a part to play in encouraging accurate usage.
Evaluative Delusions: Their Significance for Philosophy and Psychiatry
Authors: Fulford K. W. M.
Published: August 2018

The significance of delusions for psychiatry is well recognised. Scientifically respectable, delusions are reliably identifiable clinically (Wing et al, 1974), widely acknowledged across diverse cultural norms as genuine symptoms of illness (Wing, 1978), and central to the historical notion of insanity (Jaspers, 1913). What is not so well recognised, however, is that delusions are also highly significant for philosophy. This is not well recognised either by philosophers or by doctors. Yet the key to recognising it lies not in some obscure philosophical analysis of delusions but in a feature of their everyday clinical phenomenology.
I. Relationship Between the Neuroses and Brief Reactive Psychosis: Descriptive Case Studies in Africa
Authors: Guinness E. A.
Published: August 2018

Predominant psychopathology in a selected population group - adolescents and young adults at school - in a developing country, is described. The highly selective referral to services was supplemented by active case finding in the community over three years. There were 54 cases of somaticised anxiety (brain fag); 22 cases of depressive neurosis characterised by hypochondriasis, cognitive complaints, and culturally determined paranoid ideation; 23 cases of ‘hysteria’ in the form of dissociative states, pseudoseizures and fugues; and 39 cases of brief reactive psychosis which differed from the dissociative states more in duration and intensity than in form. There was a temporal relationship between transient psychosis and the school calendar. Anxiety or depression often predated the florid psychotic reaction which served as a form of help-seeking behaviour or defence in intolerable stress.
Clozapine and D1/D2 Antagonism in Extrapyramidal Functions
Authors: Gerlach Jes , Hansen Lars
Published: August 2018

One of the main advantages of clozapine is that it rarely produces extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia. This advantage is linked to the atypical biochemical profile of clozapine, especially its combined and low blockade of D1 and D2 receptors. The level of D2 receptor blockade is too low to induce extrapyramidal side-effects, and D1 antagonists have a lower extrapyramidal side-effect potential than traditional D2 neuroleptics, especially with respect to dystonia. The combined and balanced D1/D2 receptor blockade may prevent the development of a dysbalance between D1/D2 receptor function (in favour of D1) which otherwise might lead to tardive dyskinesia.
The Evidence for 20 mg a day of Fluoxetine as the Optimal Dose in the Treatment of Depression
Authors: Altamura A. C. , Montgomery S. A. , Wernicke J. F.
Published: August 2018

Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin-uptake inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. A series of studies found fluoxetine to be more effective than placebo and to be associated with equivalent efficacy to standard reference tricyclic antidepressants (Stark & Hardison, 1985; Feighner & Cohn, 1985).

The selection of a dosage regime for fluoxetine in these studies was based on the information gathered from open dose-ranging investigations. In these studies, treatment starts with one dose level, which is then increased as indicated in the protocol or until increased doses are not tolerated due to side-effects. One of the weaknesses in this method of choosing the likely standard dose of a new antidepressant lies in the inherent bias towards the selection of the higher dose levels. This is particularly true for drugs which are well tolerated.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Moclobemide Compared with Imipramine in Depressive Disorder (DSM-III): An Austrian Double-blind, Multicentre Study∗
Authors: Baumhackl U. , Bizière K. , Fischbach R. , Geretsegger Ch. , Hebenstreit G. , Radmayr E. , Stabl M.
Published: August 2018

The antidepressant efficacy, tolerability, and safety of moclobemide, a reversible, monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor, were compared with those of imipramine in parallel groups of patients with a major depressive episode, in a 4-week, multicentre (17 centres), randomised study. A total of 381 patients were randomly allocated to either treatment; they were not required to avoid tyramine-rich foods. Drop-out rates were comparable in both groups at about 17%. Judged primarily on the HRSD, no significant differences in efficacy were observed between the groups, but the number of patients presenting with adverse events, as well as the total number of adverse events, was greater with imipramine. Cardiovascular tolerability was satisfactory and physical examination, body weight, and laboratory values were essentially unaffected in both groups.
Pre-clinical Pharmacology of Moclobemide
Authors: Haefely Willy , da Prada Mosé , Kettler Rolf , Keller Hans H. , Burkard Willy P.
Published: August 2018

The novel antidepressant, moclobemide, is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) preferentially of monoamine oxidise-A (MAO-A); it emerged for study out of a series of lipid-lowering agents. In spite of its weak MAO-A inhibition in vitro, moclobemide is a potent inhibitor of MAO-A, in vivo; its in vivo activity is of short duration, in contrast to the extremely long-lasting inhibition, e.g. by tranylcypromine. Moclobemide only slightly potentiates the pressor effect of oral tyramine in freely moving rats, again in contrast to tranylcypromine; it is not anti-cholinergic and is free of hepatotoxicity. Published evidence on the preclinical pharmacology is reviewed.
First-episode schizophrenia with long duration of untreated psychosis: Pathways to care
Authors: Larsen Tor K. , Johannessen Jan Olav , Opjordsmoen Stein
Published: August 2018

Background The early course of illness in first-episode schizophrenia was examined with special emphasis on the duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to care.

Method The consecutively admitted individuals (n=34) were assessed on premorbid functioning, duration of untreated psychosis, global functioning, symptoms and social network. To clarify the obstacles for receiving earlier treatment, 17 case histories with long duration of untreated psychosis were intensively studied.

Results The duration of untreated psychosis was on average very long (130 weeks), the median value was 54 weeks. The long duration of untreated psychosis group (> 54 weeks) had greater deterioration in the premorbid phase, a weaker social network and were more withdrawn than the short duration of untreated psychosis group (< 54 weeks). The main obstacles for receiving treatment were withdrawal and poor social network.

Conclusions In order to identify people earlier, a system of detection must be mobile, easily accessible and attentive to early symptoms of psychosis. It seems to be important to educate the social network related to the individual about the importance of early treatment.
Early intervention, untreated psychosis and the course of early schizophrenia
Authors: Linszen Donald , Lenior Marie , de Haan Lieuwe , Dingemans Peter , Gersons Berthold
Published: August 2018

Background Studies have proved that early intervention can delay psychotic relapses, and prevent psychosocial deterioration in people with schizophrenia and related disorders.

Method Our study with young people with recent onset schizophrenia has shown that an intensive intervention programme had a beneficial effect on the occurrence of psychotic relapse and the course of psychotic syndromes. This effect lasted until the end of the 15-month intervention. No significant effect of the two different intervention conditions became apparent.

Results The results of a follow-up study showed that this beneficial effect did not last. Fifteen per cent of the people had a psychotic relapse during the intervention, whereas 64% relapsed during follow-up.

Conclusions These results show that referral to other mental health agencies after intervention is not sufficient and that more support is required to continue disease management, medication compliance and stress management.
Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Saxena S. , Brody A. L. , Schwartz J. M. , Baxter L. R.
Published: August 2018

Background Neuroimaging studies provide strong evidence that the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves abnormal functioning along specific frontal-subcortical brain circuits.

Method A literature search was carried out for all brain imaging studies of patients with OCD. We also reviewed the basic science literature on the functional neuroanatomy of cortico-basal ganglia circuits, and integrated this information with neuroimaging data in OCD to formulate a theoretical model of brain mediation of OCD symptoms and response to treatment.

Results At least a subgroup of patients with OCD may have abnormal basal ganglia development. Functional neuroimaging studies indicate that OCD symptoms are associated with increased activity in orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus and anterior cingulate gyrus.

Conclusions OCD symptoms are mediated by hyperactivity in orbitofrontal-subcortical circuits, perhaps due to an imbalance of tone between direct and indirect striatopallidal pathways. We present a model which describes how frontal-subcortical brain circuitry may mediate OCD symptomatology, and suggest a hypothesis for how successful treatments may ameliorate symptoms, via their effects on circuit activity.
Pharmacotherapy for obessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Greist John H. , Jefferson James W.
Published: August 2018

Background Pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was seldom beneficial before clomipramine, a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), became available. Subsequent progress in pharmacotherapy for OCD has increased the possibility of effective treatment for most sufferers.

Method Randomised controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for OCD were reviewed, as well as reports of beneficial pharmacotherapy found in open trials and case reports.

Results SSRIs are well-tolerated by patients with OCD, even in large doses. Prose roto n erg i c augmentation is seldom helpful but antipsychotic augmentations seem beneficial for many OCD patients with comorbid tics.

Conclusions Potent SSRIs are the pharmacotherapy of choice for OCD, with a more limited role reserved for monoamine oxidase inhibitors. If one SSRI is ineffective, others may be beneficial. Non-drug therapies are also important in OCD: behaviour therapy is frequently helpful but infrequently available and neurosurgery is sometimes helpful when all other treatments have failed.
Comorbidity of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Prospective Study
Authors: Angst Jules
Published: August 2018

From the Zurich cohort study (n=591), the association of major depressive episodes and recurrent brief depression (RBD) with other psychiatric disorders is presented cross-sectionally at age 28 and 30 years, and over ten years (age 20 to 30 years). Longitudinally, the odds ratios of major depression are highest with dysthymia (4.4), generalised anxiety disorder (4.4), panic disorder (2.7), hypomania and agoraphobia (2.6), and social phobia (2.4). There is a significant association with cannabis consumption and smoking. Follow-up data over nine years are available for 41 patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) and 62 with RBD: approximately 20% of MDD patients did not receive a diagnosis during follow-up. Major depression reoccurred in 32%, became bipolar in 24%, or developed into RBD in 24%. RBD remitted in 41 %, reoccurred in 35%, turned into major depression in 22%, and became bipolar in only 7%. Longitudinally, MDD and RBD show a symmetrical diagnostic change in a quarter of the cases. There is no substantial development of MDD or RBD into minor depression or generalised anxiety disorder. Thirteen per cent of those with RBD later developed panic disorder.
The Relationship Between Pain and Depression
Authors: Von Korff Michael , Simon Gregory
Published: August 2018

Empirical results from epidemiological studies on pain–depression comorbidity in primary care and population samples have shown that: (a) pain is as strongly associated with anxiety as with depressive disorders; (b) characteristics that most strongly predict depression are diffuseness of pain and the extent to which pain interferes with activities; (c) certain psychological symptoms (low energy, disturbed sleep, worry) are prominent among pain patients, while others (guilt, loneliness) are not; (d) depression and pain dysfunction are evident early in the natural history of pain, but dysfunction and distress are often transient; and (e) among initially dysfunctional pain patients whose dysfunction is chronic, depression levels do not improve but neither do they increase over time with chronicity alone. These results seem consistent with these mechanisms of pain–depression comorbidity; (1) a trait of susceptibility to both dysphoric physical symptoms (including pain) and psychological symptoms (including depression), and a state of somatosensory amplification in which psychological distress amplifies dysphoric physical sensations (including pain); (2) psychological illness and behavioural dysfunction being interrelated features of a maladaptive response to pain evident early in the natural history of the condition, and often resolving during an early recovery phase; (3) pain constituting a significant physical and psychological stressor that may induce or exacerbate psychological distress. Thus, pain and psychological illness should be viewed as having reciprocal psychological and behavioural effects involving both processes of illness expression and adaption, as well as pain having specific effects on emotional state and behavioural function.
Schizophrenia, Violence, Clozapine and Risperidone: a Review
Authors:   The Special Hospitals' Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia Research Group
Published: August 2018

There is no longer much doubt that there is a small but real association between psychosis and violence directed at others, as well as between psychosis and self-directed violence, including suicide. Schizophrenia and the affective psychoses appear to have a similar order of association with suicide (Caldwell & Gottesman, 1990), but schizophrenia is more likely to be associated with serious other-directed violence. The evidence for the effect of schizophrenia comes from three main directions. There are two substantial cross-sectional USA community studies (Swanson et al, 1990; Link et al, 1992), respectively showing a significant quantitative association between schizophrenia and violence. Comparative studies of illness and offending careers (Lindqvist & Allebeck, 1990; Hodgins, 1992; Coid et al, 1993; Taylor, 1993; Wessely et al, 1994), all show different patterns of violent offending by people with schizophrenia compared with those without a psychotic illness, the 1993 studies confirming that the onset of violence is almost invariably after the onset of illness. The third type of evidence is from phenomenology. Taylor (1985) and Link & Stueve (1994) have shown a strong association between delusions and serious violence, the former demonstrating a specific effect of acting on delusions. (For a more extended discussion see Taylor, 1995.)
Training trainers in risk assessment
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: August 2018

Risk assessment has always been an essential part of all medical practice, and doctors have always been trained to make rapid assessment of risk. Much of the early training of doctors in both medicine and surgery centres on risk assessment. However, the method of acquiring that knowledge is predominantly through the apprenticeship model with observation by the trainee of the trainer's decision-making process. Those decisions, however, are often skewed and biased by a whole variety of influences, rather than always being based on scientific evidence. Clearly the increasing influence of evidence-based medicine will help this. At one extreme, however, there are heroic surgeons taking unnecessary risk or taking on cases which might more appropriately have been left without treatment, and at the other extreme, consultants who may feel demoralised or depressed might well become nihilistic about medicine and therefore might not attempt to treat cases that are treatable.
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Distinct Genetic Susceptibility of Thyroid Nodules From Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Hwangbo Yul , Lee Eun Kyung , Son Ho-Young , Im Sun-Wha , Kwak Soo-Jung , Yoon Ji Won , Kim Min Joo , Kim Jeongseon , Choi Hoon Sung , Ryu Chang Hwan , Lee You Jin , Kim Jong-Il , Cho Nam H , Park Young Joo
Published: August 2018

Context

Thyroid nodules are very common, and 7% to 15% of them are diagnosed as thyroid cancer. However, the inherited genetic risk factors for thyroid nodules and their associations with thyroid cancer remain unknown.

Objective

To identify the genetic variants associated with susceptibility to thyroid nodules in comparison with thyroid cancer.

Design and Setting

We performed a three-stage genome-wide association study for thyroid nodules. The discovery stage involved a genome-wide scan of 811 subjects with thyroid nodules and 691 subjects with a normal thyroid from a population-based cohort. Replication studies were conducted in an additional 1981 cases and 3100 controls from the participants of a health checkup. We also performed expression quantitative trait loci analysis of public data.

Results

The most robust association was observed in TRPM3 (rs4745021) in the joint analysis (OR, 1.26; P = 6.12 × 10−8) and meta-analysis (OR, 1.28; P = 2.11 × 10−8). Signals at MBIP/NKX2-1 were replicated but did not reach genome-wide significance in the joint analysis (rs2415317, P = 4.62 × 10−5; rs944289, P = 8.68 × 10−5). The expression quantitative trait loci analysis showed that TRPM3 expression was associated with the rs4745021 genotype in thyroid tissues.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, we have performed the first genome-wide association study of thyroid nodules and identified a susceptibility locus associated with thyroid nodules, suggesting that thyroid nodules have a genetic predisposition distinct from that of thyroid cancer.
BMP- and neuropilin 1-mediated motor axon navigation relies on spastin alternative translation
Authors: Jardin Nicolas , Giudicelli François , Ten Martín Daniel , Vitrac Anaïs , De Gois Stéphanie , Allison Rachel , Houart Corinne , Reid Evan , Hazan Jamilé , Fassier Coralie
Published: August 2018

Functional analyses of genes responsible for neurodegenerative disorders have unveiled crucial links between neurodegenerative processes and key developmental signalling pathways. Mutations in SPG4-encoding spastin cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Spastin is involved in diverse cellular processes that couple microtubule severing to membrane remodelling. Two main spastin isoforms are synthesised from alternative translational start sites (M1 and M87). However, their specific roles in neuronal development and homeostasis remain largely unknown. To selectively unravel their neuronal function, we blocked spastin synthesis from each initiation codon during zebrafish development and performed rescue analyses. The knockdown of each isoform led to different motor neuron and locomotion defects, which were not rescued by the selective expression of the other isoform. Notably, both morphant neuronal phenotypes were observed in a CRISPR/Cas9 spastin mutant. We next showed that M1 spastin, together with HSP proteins atlastin 1 and NIPA1, drives motor axon targeting by repressing BMP signalling, whereas M87 spastin acts downstream of neuropilin 1 to control motor neuron migration. Our data therefore suggest that defective BMP and neuropilin 1 signalling may contribute to the motor phenotype in a vertebrate model of spastin depletion.
A antropologia do consumo
Authors: Jaime Junior Pedro
Published: August 2018

Hoje, o consumo de massa dá lugar a padrões de comportamento muito mais complexos e segmentados. Além dos critérios econômicos e regionais, uma gama cada vez maior de aspectos sócio-culturais influenciam o comportamento do mercado, determinando o sucesso ou o fracasso de produtos, marcas e empresas. Nesse cenário, o conhecimento e os métodos de pesquisa da Antropologia Social tornam-se instrumentos valiosos para a gestão de marketing.
Gestores da vida
Authors: Freitas Maria Ester de
Published: August 2018

As organizações modernas alcançaram uma importância que nunca tiveram antes e estão assumindo o papel de atores centrais da sociedade. Em um contexto de mudanças e de crise de identidade, elas substituem a família, a comunidade, a religião e as ideologias políticas, moldando os indivíduos à sua semelhança e dando sentido à sua existência. Além de estreitar os horizontes pessoais e sociais, essa estratégia pode pôr em risco a sobrevivência das próprias empresas.
Os sentidos do trabalho
Authors: Morin Estelle M.
Published: August 2018

Observamos o desaparecimento de empregos permanentes e o aparecimento de novas tecnologias e formas inovadoras de organização do trabalho. Ao mesmo tempo em que milhares de pessoas sofrem pela falta de uma vaga, outras sofrem pelo fato de terem que trabalhar excessivamente. Construir, ou reconstruir, os sentidos do trabalho é projeto de renovada importância, tanto para os profissionais como para as empresas.
Organizações e subdesenvolvimento
Authors: Bertero Carlos Osmar
Published: August 2018

A associação entre desenvolvimento racional e modernidade, para os países ascenderem ao nível das grandes sociedades do Ocidente, parecia clara após a Segunda Guerra. Meio século depois, no entanto, são poucos os que cumpriram suas metas desenvolvimentistas. Teorias e projetos organizacionais praticados na época não alteraram o fato do mundo continuar, hoje, economicamente desigual.
Conhece a ti mesmo!
Authors: Grottoli Edson Chiari
Published: August 2018

Nunca se escreveu tanto sobre os dilemas e desafios que as empresas têm que enfrentar para serem vencedoras, ou pelo menos para se manterem vivas, no atual ambiente de negócios. Entretanto, o essencial para empresas e executivos é conduzir um processo profundo de auto-conhecimento, que lhes dê consciência da própria realidade organizacional. Só assim será possível empreender processos conscientes de transformação.
Globalização questionada
Authors: Paula Ana Paula Paes de
Published: August 2018

Dois intelectuais produziram duas perspectivas contrapostas e instigantes. Ambas são fundamentais para entender o fenômeno mais importante de nossos dias.
O futuro do Cade
Authors: Azevedo Paulo Furquim de
Published: August 2018

O ex-presidente do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica, analisa os rumos do organismo que presidiu durante oito anos, e entra no debate sobre o anteprojeto de criação da agência de defesa do consumidor e da concorrência.
O Hubble e a lucratividade dos bancos
Authors: Hashimoto David F.
Published: August 2018

Os bancos brasileiros têm lucros astronômicos”. A frase parece conter uma daquelas verdades que se supõem irretocáveis. Em conseqüência, como grandezas astronômicas exigem instrumentos igualmente astronômicos, os lucros dos bancos são examinados com telescópios de grande poder – o Hubble, de preferência. Mas seria este o instrumento ideal? A simples substituição do modelo para aferição dos ganhos – do ROE (retorno sobre patrimônio líquido) pelo ROA (retorno sobre ativos) – proporciona algumas surpresas.
Boca-a-boca on-line e viral
Authors: Bentivegna Fernando Jucá
Published: August 2018

O crescimento do número de consumidores conectados à Internet estimula o uso de ferramentas on-line para o marketing boca-a-boca, componente essencial na comunicação das empresas. Uma dessas ferramentas é o marketing viral, em que os próprios consumidores difundem a mensagem desejada. Dominar as sutilezas dessa forma de ação e desenvolver campanhas eficientes é o desafio imposto aos profissionais de marketing.
É bom fazer negócios no Brasil?
Authors: Oliveira Júnior Moacir de Miranda , Borini Felipe Mendes
Published: August 2018

O Brasil tornou-se, a partir da década de 1990, um importante pólo de atração de investimento externo direto. Porém, para a maioria das grandes multinacionais aqui estabelecidas, o contexto de negócios é muito distante do ideal. As condições apresentadas pelo país limitam o desenvolvimento de inovações e restringem a geração de vantagens competitivas. Ambos, empresas e governo, devem estar preparados para enfrentar os desafios apresentados.
Labirinto high-tech
Authors: Petrini Maira
Published: August 2018

Nos últimos anos, o crescimento dos negócios de informática foi acompanhado – e impulsionado – pela criação de dezenas de conceitos e centenas de aplicações. O resultado é que executivos e outros profissionais vêem-se às voltas com um verdadeiro labirinto de referências, alternativas e opções. Com isso, a dificuldade de fazer escolhas e realizar investimentosem TI é cada vez maior. Este artigo apresenta um “guia de sobrevivência” para o labirinto high-tech.
Afeto sob controle
Authors: Bendassolli Pedro Fernando
Published: August 2018

O termo “inteligência emocional” ganhou espaço na mídia de negócios. Hoje ele é visto como uma melhor explicação para o desempenho do que o conceito tradicional de inteligência. Porém, ele não é um conceito neutro. Neste texto, o leitor verá que tal conceito não reflete apenas uma entrada do afeto no mundo dos negócios, mas uma nova maneira de controlar o desempenho humano que traz uma série de riscos que precisam ser identificados para um uso consciente do conceito.
Emoções perigosas
Authors: Campos Humberto Marcelo de
Published: August 2018

A influência das empresas e seus líderes sobre o comportamento emocional de seus membros pode ser nociva e gerar sofrimento psíquico. O livro de Peter Frost mostra como identificar fatores que geram desgaste emocional e propõe medidas para combatê-lo.
Trocando a lente
Authors: Pitassi Cláudio , Leitão Sérgio Proença
Published: August 2018

Apóstolos da Tecnologia de Informação (TI) costumam disseminar com zelo missionário a noção de que investimentos nessa área são imprescindíveis para fomentar a inovação e garantir o sucesso empresarial. Mas a prática mostra a fragilidade do discurso: muitos projetos de TI supersimplificam a realidade da empresa e superestimam o papel da tecnologia. Eles dificultam, no lugar de facilitar, as mudanças pretendidas. É preciso ir além do discurso monolítico e autolaudatório de consultorias e empresas de software para entender melhor o impacto da TI nas organizações.
Chega de diversão!
Authors: Bendassolli Pedro Fernando
Published: August 2018

Em plena era da inteligência emocional, das equipes motivadas, da flexibilidade e outras modas de fácil apelo e duvidosa eficácia, uma alemã prega o retorno da disciplina, da austeridade e da aplicação de rígidos valores morais no ambiente organizacional. Defendendo o fim do trabalho em equipe, das jornadas flexíveis e das estruturas sem chefe, a autora Judith Mair causa controvérsia. Este artigo investiga suas idéias e revela, além da polêmica, doses bem-vindas de bom senso e consistência.
Flores Online
Authors: Wilner Adriana
Published: August 2018

Ainda são sentidos os reflexos da euforia em torno das chamadas empresas “ponto-com”. Elas prometeram nada menos que uma revolução nos modelos de negócio e de relacionamento com clientes. Depois do estouro da bolha, deixaram um rastro de frustrações e prejuízos. Mas há exceções. A Flores Online é um exemplo de como uma organização, que nasceu como uma típica “ponto-com”, transformou-se em uma empresa bem-sucedida.
Elcio Anibal de Lucca [entrevistado por César Nazareno Caselani]
Authors: Lucca Elcio Anibal de
Published: August 2018

Elcio Anibal de Lucca é, há 12 anos, presidente de uma das instituições mais conhecidas do país: a Serasa S.A. Bacharel e mestre em Administração pela FGV-EAESP, Elcio construiu sua carreira na área de serviços e no setor financeiro. Em todos estes anos, acumulou enorme experiência na condução de processos de transformação organizacional. Nesta entrevista concedida à RAE-executivo, Elcio fala sobre a Serasa, gestão de riscos e sobre o futuro da economia brasileira.
PPP: unindo o público e o privado
Authors: Bonomi Cláudio Augusto , Malvessi Oscar
Published: August 2018

Países como o Brasil precisam realizar grande esforço para fazer frente às lacunas de infra-estrutura que impedem o crescimento e a melhoria da qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. Por outro lado, sabe-se que, por pressões fiscais e orçamentárias, o governo não dispõe de recursos para investir. É preciso, portanto, captar recursos da iniciativa privada. A Parceria Público-Privada (PPP) apresenta-se como uma nova solução para a busca de alianças e para fazer frente a importantes desafios.
Resistir é preciso
Authors: Chu Rebeca Alves
Published: August 2018

A resistência a mudanças é comumente considerada a grande vilã dos processos de transformação organizacional. Muitas organizações chegam a promover verdadeira caça às bruxas, procurando eliminar os focos de resistências. Porém, segundo revelou uma pesquisa com executivos, a resistência também apresenta aspectos positivos, aspectos que, convenientemente tratados, podem ajudar a aperfeiçoar o processo de transformação.
Produtividade virtual? [entrevistados por Pedro Fernando Bendassolli]
Authors: Albertin Alberto Luiz , Barth Nelson Lerner
Published: August 2018

A tecnologia de informação (TI) foi eleita como o grande impulsionador da produtividade de empresas, de setores industriais e até mesmo de países. Com ou sem evidências mais concretas, os tomadores de decisão investiram maciçamente em projetos de TI. Os resultados, como se sabe, são heterogêneos, variando de “revoluções” em termos de competitividade até fracassos absolutos. Em entrevista à RAE-executivo, Alberto Luiz Albertin e Nelson Lerner Barth, professores da FGV-EAESP, comentam verdades e lendas que cercam os investimentos em TI.
Miragem?
Authors: Guimarães Bruno Profeta
Published: August 2018

Livro narra a história ímpar da recuperação de uma divisão de uma grande multinacional. No centro da virada, o uso maciço de rituais e de técnicas de liderança simbólica. Porém, transformar business em show business pode trazer riscos e conseqüências negativas para empresa e funcionários.
Inovação à brasileira
Authors: Bendassolli Pedro Fernando
Published: August 2018

Obra recente analisa o processo de inovação em duas empresas brasileiras. Equilibrando análises conceituais e práticas, a obra oferece subsídios para a compreensão do processo de inovação e sobre seus principais catalisadores.
Decanos da FGV-EAESP [entrevistado por Françoise Terzian]
Authors: Silva Gustavo de Sá e , Schoeps Wolfgang , Hope João Carlos , Machline Claude , Hamburger Polia Lerner , Weil Kurt Ernst
Published: August 2018

Há cinqüenta anos, nascia a Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo – EAESP. Fruto de esforços envolvendo o governo brasileiro, a Fundação Getulio Vargas e a Michigan State University, a EAESP teve seus alicerces construídos por um grupo pioneiro de professores brasileiros e norte-americanos. Para comemorar esta data, a GV-executivo traz uma entrevista com seis professores eméritos, que ajudaram a escrever a história da EAESP: Claude Machline, Gustavo de Sá e Silva, João Carlos Hope, Kurt Ernst Weil, Polia Lerner Hamburger e Wolfgang Schoeps.
Cinco décadas de economia [entrevistado por César Nazareno Caselani]
Authors: Pereira Luiz Carlos Bresser
Published: August 2018

Uma análise retrospectiva dos últimos cinqüenta anos da economia brasileira revela que a questão do desenvolvimento econômico sempre esteve em pauta, disputando espaço com crises, instabilidades internas e externas, planos econômicos, pacotes e reformas. Para fazer um balanço dessa história, a GV-executivo convidou Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, ex-ministro da Fazenda. Nesta entrevista, o professor da EAESP fala sobre economia brasileira e sobre a participação da Escola em momentos importantes da história do país.
O futuro da prática gerencial
Authors: Terzian Françoise
Published: August 2018

Quais são os grandes desafios colocados às empresas brasileiras para se tornarem mais competitivas no cenário internacional? Para responder a essa questão, a GV-executivo convidou cinco profissionais com ampla e diversificada experiência na prática de gestão de empresas, consultoria organizacional e formação de executivos. Leonardo Toscano, Mário César M. de Camargo, Olga Colpo, Ulrico Barini Filho e Vicky Bloch fazem uma análise das principais lacunas de competitividade e de desenvolvimento de competências organizacionais e gerenciais presentes nas empresas brasileiras, e apontam alternativas para superação.
Oded Grajew [entrevistado por Pedro F. Bendassolli]
Authors: Grajew Oded
Published: August 2018

Fundador e presidente do Instituto Ethos, Oded Grajew destacou-se no cenário empresarial brasileiro como um importante disseminador de idéias ligadas à responsabilidade social empresarial. Formado em Engenharia Elétrica pela USP e pós-graduado em Administração pela FGV-EAESP, Oded foi fundador e presidente da Fundação Abrinq e um dos idealizadores do Fórum Social Mundial. Nesta entrevista, ele fala sobre a importância da responsabilidade social empresarial para o desenvolvimento de modelos sustentáveis de negócio e para a melhoria das condições sociais do país.