bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H
alostella
Authors: Kim Joon Yong , Song Hye Seon , Roh Seong Woon
Published: February 2018

Ha.lo.stel'la; Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; L. fem. n.
stella
star; N.L. fem. n.
Halostella
salt star.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Halostella

The genus
Halostella
is classified into the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Currently, a single species—
Hsl. salina
—belonging to the genus
Halostella
has been described as a type species. This archaeon stains Gram‐negative and is coccoid‐shaped. Colonies are red in color and cells lyse in distilled water.
Hsl. salina
is a strict aerobic chemoorganoheterotroph that grows on a wide range of substrates utilizing single and complex carbon sources. No growth is observed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate,
l
‐arginine, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or trimethylamine
N
‐oxide (TMAO). The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), one glycolipid (GL) chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐DGD‐1), two unidentified GLs, two unidentified phospholipids (PLs), and one unidentified lipid. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐8.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 68.1.

Type species
:
Halostella salina
Song, Cha, Rhee, Yim, Kim, Choi, Baek, Seo, Park, Nam and Roh 2016, 2745
VP
.
High Adherence to System‐Level Performance Measures for Rheumatoid Arthritis in a National Early Arthritis Cohort Over Eight Years
Authors: Barber Claire E. H. , Schieir Orit , Lacaille Diane , Marshall Deborah A. , Barnabe Cheryl , Hazlewood Glen , Thorne J. Carter , Ahluwalia Vandana , Bartlett Susan J. , Boire Gilles , Haraoui Boulos , Hitchon Carol , Keystone Edward , Tin Diane , Pope Janet E. , Denning Lisa , Bykerk Vivian P. ,   Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Investigators
Published: February 2018

Objective

To assess adherence to 3 system‐level performance measures in a national early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort.

Methods

Patients enrolled in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (2007–2015) who met 1987 or 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria with <1 year of symptom duration and ≥1 year of followup after enrollment were included. Performance measures assessed were the percentage of RA patients seen in yearly followup, and the number of gaps between visits of >12 or >14 months, the percentage of RA patients treated with a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), and days from RA diagnosis to initiation of a DMARD. Results are shown stratified by enrollment year to assess for temporal changes in performance.

Results

A total of 1,763 early RA patients were included (mean age 54 years, 73% female, and 82% white). At enrollment, mean ± SD disease duration was 6 ± 3 months, and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints was 5.1 ± 1.5. Over 8 years, the proportion of patients seen in annual followup declined from 100% to 91%. Over followup, 42% of patients had 0 gaps in care of >12 months, and 64% had 0 gaps >14 months. The percentage of DMARD‐treated early RA patients was and remained high (95–87%), and the percentage receiving DMARDs within 14 days of diagnosis was 75%. Median time‐to‐DMARD therapy was 1 day, indicating DMARDs were initiated at diagnosis (90th percentile 93 days).

Conclusion

There was evidence of high adherence to system‐level performance measures in this early RA cohort following a protocol. Small declines in performance were noted with increasing length of patient followup. Our findings are useful for performance measure benchmarking.
Tuning the Electronic and Photonic Properties of Monolayer MoS2 via In Situ Rhenium Substitutional Doping
Authors: Zhang Kehao , Bersch Brian M. , Joshi Jaydeep , Addou Rafik , Cormier Christopher R. , Zhang Chenxi , Xu Ke , Briggs Natalie C. , Wang Ke , Subramanian Shruti , Cho Kyeongjae , Fullerton‐Shirey Susan , Wallace Robert M. , Vora Patrick M. , Robinson Joshua A.
Published: February 2018

Doping is a fundamental requirement for tuning and improving the properties of conventional semiconductors. Recent doping studies including niobium (Nb) doping of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten (W) doping of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) have suggested that substitutional doping may provide an efficient route to tune the doping type and suppress deep trap levels of 2D materials. To date, the impact of the doping on the structural, electronic, and photonic properties of in situ‐doped monolayers remains unanswered due to challenges including strong film substrate charge transfer, and difficulty achieving doping concentrations greater than 0.3 at%. Here, in situ rhenium (Re) doping of synthetic monolayer MoS2 with ≈1 at% Re is demonstrated. To limit substrate film charge transfer, r‐plane sapphire is used. Electronic measurements demonstrate that 1 at% Re doping achieves nearly degenerate n‐type doping, which agrees with density functional theory calculations. Moreover, low‐temperature photoluminescence indicates a significant quench of the defect‐bound emission when Re is introduced, which is attributed to the MoO bond and sulfur vacancies passivation and reduction in gap states due to the presence of Re. The work presented here demonstrates that Re doping of MoS2 is a promising route toward electronic and photonic engineering of 2D materials.
Looking into the Future: Toward Advanced 3D Biomaterials for Stem‐Cell‐Based Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Liu Zhongmin , Tang Mingliang , Zhao Jinping , Chai Renjie , Kang Jiuhong
Published: February 2018

Stem‐cell‐based therapies have the potential to provide novel solutions for the treatment of a variety of diseases, but the main obstacles to such therapies lie in the uncontrolled differentiation and functional engraftment of implanted tissues. The physicochemical microenvironment controls the self‐renewal and differentiation of stem cells, and the key step in mimicking the stem cell microenvironment is to construct a more physiologically relevant 3D culture system. Material‐based 3D assemblies of stem cells facilitate the cellular interactions that promote morphogenesis and tissue organization in a similar manner to that which occurs during embryogenesis. Both natural and artificial materials can be used to create 3D scaffolds, and synthetic organic and inorganic porous materials are the two main kinds of artificial materials. Nanotechnology provides new opportunities to design novel advanced materials with special physicochemical properties for 3D stem cell culture and transplantation. Herein, the advances and advantages of 3D scaffold materials, especially with respect to stem‐cell‐based therapies, are first outlined. Second, the stem cell biology in 3D scaffold materials is reviewed. Third, the progress and basic principles of developing 3D scaffold materials for clinical applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are reviewed.
Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Bearing Various Ion Densities: Spontaneous Dipole Generation, Poling‐Induced Dipole Alignment, and Interfacial Energy Barrier Control for Optoelectronic Device Applications
Authors: Lee Seungjin , Nguyen Thanh Luan , Lee Sang Yun , Jang Chung Hyeon , Lee Bo Ram , Jung Eui Dae , Park Song Yi , Yoon Yung Jin , Kim Jin Young , Woo Han Young , Song Myoung Hoon
Published: February 2018

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with π‐delocalized main backbones and ionic pendant groups are intensively studied as interfacial layers for efficient polymer‐based optoelectronic devices (POEDs) because they facilitate facile control of charge injection/extraction barriers. Here, a simple and effective method of performing precise interfacial energy level adjustment is presented by employing CPEs with different thicknesses and various ion densities under electric poling to realize efficient charge injection/extraction of POEDs. The effects of the CPE ion densities and electric (positive or negative) poling on the energy level tuning process are investigated by measuring the open‐circuit voltages and current densities of devices with the structure indium tin oxide/zinc oxide/CPE/organic active layer/molybdenum oxide/gold while changing the CPE film thickness. The performances of inverted polymer light‐emitting diodes and inverted polymer solar cells are remarkably improved by precisely controlling the interfacial energy level matching using optimum CPE conditions.
Laser‐Reduced Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Wan Zhengfen , Streed Erik W. , Lobino Mirko , Wang Shujun , Sang Robert T. , Cole Ivan S. , Thiel David V. , Li Qin
Published: February 2018

Laser reduction of graphene oxide has attracted significant interest in recent years, because it offers a highly flexible, rapid, and chemical‐free graphene fabrication route that can directly write on almost any solid substrate with down to sub‐micrometer feature size. Laser‐reduced graphene (LRG) is explored for various important applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, field effect transistors, holograms, solar cells, flat lenses, bolometers, thermal sound sources, cancer treatment, water purification, lithium‐ion batteries, and electrothermal heaters. This contribution reviews most recent research progress on the aspects of fabrication, properties, and applications of LRG. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism of LRG formation, which is still debatable. The three main theories, including the photochemical process, the photothermal process, and a combination of both processes, are discussed. Strategies for tuning the properties and performance of LRG, such as the laser parameters, chemical doping, structure modulation, and environment control, are highlighted. LRGs with better performance including smaller feature size, higher conductivity, and more flexible morphology design in both 2D and 3D formats will offer tremendous opportunities for advancement in electronics, photonic, and optoelectronic applications.
Enabling Angioplasty‐Ready “Smart” Stents to Detect In‐Stent Restenosis and Occlusion
Authors: Chen Xing , Assadsangabi Babak , Hsiang York , Takahata Kenichi
Published: February 2018

Despite the multitude of stents implanted annually worldwide, the most common complication called in‐stent restenosis still poses a significant risk to patients. Here, a “smart” stent equipped with microscale sensors and wireless interface is developed to enable continuous monitoring of restenosis through the implanted stent. This electrically active stent functions as a radiofrequency wireless pressure transducer to track local hemodynamic changes upon a renarrowing condition. The smart stent is devised and constructed to fulfill both engineering and clinical requirements while proving its compatibility with the standard angioplasty procedure. Prototypes pass testing through assembly on balloon catheters withstanding crimping forces of >100 N and balloon expansion pressure up to 16 atm, and show wireless sensing with a resolution of 12.4 mmHg. In a swine model, this device demonstrates wireless detection of blood clot formation, as well as real‐time tracking of local blood pressure change over a range of 108 mmHg that well covers the range involved in human. The demonstrated results are expected to greatly advance smart stent technology toward its clinical practice.
[18F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET and primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Martin Peter R. , Botha Hugo , Schwarz Christopher G. , Duffy Joseph R. , Clark Heather M. , Machulda Mary M. , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Weigand Stephen D. , Senjem Matthew L. , Utianski Rene L. , Drubach Daniel A. , Boeve Bradley F. , Jones David T. , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Lowe Val J. , Whitwell Jennifer L.
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To assess [18F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET (positron emission tomography) uptake patterns across the primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants (logopenic, semantic, and agrammatic), examine regional uptake patterns of [18F]AV‐1451 independent of clinical diagnosis, and compare the diagnostic utility of [18F]AV‐1451, [18F]‐fluorodeoxygluclose (FDG)‐PET and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to differentiate the PPA variants.

Methods

We performed statistical parametric mapping of [18F]AV‐1451 across 40 PPA patients (logopenic‐PPA = 14, semantic‐PPA = 13, and agrammatic‐PPA = 13) compared to 80 cognitively normal, Pittsburgh compound B–negative controls, age and gender matched 2:1. Principal component analysis of regional [18F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET standard uptake value ratio was performed to understand underlying patterns of [18F]AV‐1451 uptake independent of clinical diagnosis. Penalized multinomial regression analyses were utilized to assess diagnostic utility.

Results

Logopenic‐PPA showed striking uptake throughout neocortex, particularly temporoparietal, compared to controls, semantic‐PPA, and agrammatic‐PPA. Semantic‐PPA and agrammatic‐PPA showed milder patterns of focal [18F]AV‐1451 uptake. Semantic‐PPA showed elevated uptake (left>right) in anteromedial temporal lobes, compared to controls and agrammatic‐PPA. Agrammatic‐PPA showed elevated uptake (left>right) throughout prefrontal white matter and in subcortical gray matter structures, compared to controls and semantic‐PPA. The principal component analysis of regional [18F]AV‐1451 indicated two primary dimensions, a severity dimension that distinguished logopenic‐PPA from agrammatic‐PPA and semantic‐PPA, and a frontal versus temporal contrast that distinguishes agrammatic‐PPA and semantic‐PPA cases. Diagnostic utility of [18F]AV‐1451was superior to MRI and at least equal to FDG‐PET.

Interpretation

[18F]AV‐1451binding characteristics differ across the PPA variants and were excellent at distinguishing between the variants. [18F]AV‐1451binding characteristics were as good or better than other brain imaging modalities utilized in clinical practice, suggesting that [18F]AV‐1451 may have clinical diagnostic utility in PPA. Ann Neurol 2018 Ann Neurol 2018;83:599–611
One‐Step Synthesis of Hybrid Core–Shell Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Yuan Shuai , Zou Lanfang , Drake Hannah , Zhang Yingmu , Qin Junsheng , Alsalme Ali , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: February 2018

Epitaxial growth of MOF‐on‐MOF composite is an evolving research topic in the quest for multifunctional materials. In previously reported methods, the core–shell MOFs were synthesized via a stepwise strategy that involved growing the shell‐MOFs on top of the preformed core‐MOFs with matched lattice parameters. However, the inconvenient stepwise synthesis and the strict lattice‐matching requirement have limited the preparation of core–shell MOFs. Herein, we demonstrate that hybrid core–shell MOFs with mismatching lattices can be synthesized under the guidance of nucleation kinetic analysis. A series of MOF composites with mesoporous core and microporous shell were constructed and characterized by optical microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, gas sorption measurement, and scanning electron microscopy. Isoreticular expansion of microporous shells and orthogonal modification of the core was realized to produce multifunctional MOF composites, which acted as size selective catalysts for olefin epoxidation with high activity and selectivity.
Two Stereoinduction Events in One C−H Activation Step: A Route towards Terphenyl Ligands with Two Atropisomeric Axes
Authors: Dherbassy Quentin , Djukic Jean‐Pierre , Wencel‐Delord Joanna , Colobert Françoise
Published: February 2018

Herein we disclose the synthesis of original chiral scaffolds—ortho‐orientated terphenyls presenting two atropisomeric Ar–Ar axes. These unusual structures were built up by using the C−H activation approach, and remarkably, both chiral axes were controlled with excellent stereoselectivity in a single transformation. During the reaction, not only does atroposelective functionalization of a biaryl precursor occur to establish one stereogenic axis, but an unprecedented atropo‐stereoselective C−H arylation also takes place to generate the second stereogenic element. These enantiomerically pure ortho‐terphenyls show an original tridimensional structure and thus constitute a unique foundation for building up a library of enantiomerically pure bidentate ligands, such as the new ligands S/N‐Biax and diphosphine BiaxPhos.
Phosphinic Acid Based Linkers: Building Blocks in Metal–Organic Framework Chemistry
Authors: Hynek Jan , Brázda Petr , Rohlíček Jan , Londesborough Michael G. S. , Demel Jan
Published: February 2018

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a chemically and topologically diverse family of materials composed of inorganic nodes and organic linkers bound together by coordination bonds. Presented here are two significant innovations in this field. The first is the use of a new coordination group, phenylene‐1,4‐bis(methylphosphinic acid) (PBPA), a phosphinic acid analogue of the commonly used terephtalic acid. Use of this new linker group leads to the formation of a hydrothermally stable and permanently porous MOF structure. The second innovation is the application of electron‐diffraction tomography, coupled with dynamic refinement of the EDT data, to the elucidation of the structure of the new material, including the localization of hydrogen atoms.
Thermal and mechanical properties of wood‐plastic composites filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Xingli , Hao Xiaolong , Hao Jianxiu , Wang Qingwen
Published: February 2018

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are a new generation of green composites which can come mostly from recycled materials. This study focuses on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of WPCs filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The thermal conductivity increases with increasing amount of MWCNTs and decreases with increasing temperature. By comparing the temperature changes of specimens during heating and cooling processes, WPCs with higher MWCNTs contents presents higher average temperature when heated until equilibrium temperature. From differential scanning calorimeter test, the melting temperatures of MWNTs reinforced WPCs change slightly, but the crystallinity is reduced with the increasing amount of MWCNTs. Based on a series of laboratory experiments carried out to investigate the mechanical performance, it can be concluded that the addition of the MWCNTs decreases the mechanical properties of WPCs due to the decohesion between thermoplastic matrix and MWCNTs particles under stress. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46308.
The effect of inorganic and organic nucleating agents on the electrical breakdown strength of polyethylene
Authors: Seven Karl M. , Cogen Jeffrey M. , Person Tim , Reffner John R. , Gilchrist James F.
Published: February 2018

Altering the morphology of polyethylene affects physical and electrical properties with reduced spherulite size correlating with higher electrical breakdown strength. Nucleating agents in polyethylene influence the final crystal morphology by increasing the number of spherulites and reducing spherulite size. Few studies are available that relate the nucleating activity to improved electrical breakdown strength. Although nanosilica is known to improve electrical breakdown strength of polyethylene in addition to serving as a nucleating agent, previous studies have not fully addressed the relationship between the improved breakdown strength and nucleating activity. In this article, direct current electrical breakdown strength and nucleation effects on morphology are assessed on a single set of controlled polyethylene compositions containing two types of surface treated nanosilica particles. The results are compared to composites with two types of organic nucleating agents 1,3:2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol or calcium 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate (CDA). CDA was the most effective organic nucleating agent and the hexamethyldisilizane treated nanosilica was the most effective inorganic nucleating agent in reducing spherulite sizes in low density polyethylene (LDPE). Reduced spherulite sizes in nucleated samples correlated with increased breakdown strength and lower conduction current compared to the neat LDPE. The LDPE sample with CDA also had the highest increase in crystallization temperature indicating stronger nucleating agent performance than the nanosilica and 1,3:2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol composite samples. The addition of these inorganic and organic nucleating agents all resulted in improvements in electrical breakdown strength. The results show that nucleation deserves more attention as a potential cause for improved breakdown strength observed with silica and organic nucleating agents. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46325.
Regional Structural and Functional Specializations in the Urethra of the Female Rat: Evidence for Complex Physiological Control Systems
Authors: Eggermont Monica , de Wachter Stefan , Eastham Jane , Gillespie James
Published: February 2018

This study characterizes the complex structural and functional elements of the female rat urethra that may be involved in controlling urethral closure and continence. Urethras were dissected from female Sprague‐Dawley rats (N = 12) euthanized by pentobarbital overdose. Tissues were fixed (4% paraformaldehyde), frozen, and sectioned (8 μm) for light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Antibodies were used to detect immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene related peptide, nitric oxide synthase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Measurements of urethral wall compliance were taken along its length and in different axes using a closed ended catheter with a circular aperture. The bladder neck and proximal urethra are characterized by a highly folded epithelium and lamina propria. A smooth muscle layer is apparent but not pronounced. Distal to this region the smooth muscle layer thickens and forms the body of the internal sphincter, which has a complex innervation. In the mid urethra, the smooth muscle is thickened resulting in a luminal protrusion, producing an occlusion of the lumen. The structure of the distal urethra is different. The epithelium has few folds and, immediately below the lamina propria large thin walled vascular lacunae can be found. Measurements of the urethral wall compliance demonstrate distinct regional differences with proximal and distal specialisations. These variations, which correlate with muscular and vascular elements, suggest the operation of discrete systems, hence effecting urethral closure during filling. An understanding of these systems may yield insights into urethral pathology and direct approaches to develop pharmacological interventions to promote continence. Anat Rec, 301:1276–1289, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological Spectra of Adult Human Stellate Ganglia: Implications for Thoracic Sympathetic Denervation
Authors: Kwon Oh Jin , Pendekanti Shrita , Fox Jacob N. , Yanagawa Jane , Fishbein Michael C. , Shivkumar Kalyanam , Lambert H. Wayne , Ajijola Olujimi A.
Published: February 2018

Cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) to treat ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) requires transection at the middle or lower third of stellate (cervicothoracic) ganglia (SG). However, the morphological appearance of the adult SG and distribution of neuronal somata within it are not well described. To determine the morphology of left and right SG (LSG and RSG) and the distribution of somata within. LSG and RSG (n = 28) from 14 embalmed adult cadavers were dissected intact. Weight, volume, height, morphologic appearance, relationship between C8 and T1 ganglia (which form the SG) were determined, along with histology. Demographics, history of cardiac disease, and cause of death were also reviewed. Mean age of the subjects was 76 ± 13 years, and 5/14 were male. Three distinct morphologies of SG were identified: fusiform‐rounded; fusiform‐elongated; and bilobed. RSG and LSG did not differ in weight or volume. RSG were longer than LSG (2.05 ± 0.28 cm vs. 1.66 ± 0.47 cm, P = 0.024). Bilobed morphology was most common in RSGs (8/14), while fused, elongated was most common in LSG (8/14). RSGs lacked fused, rounded appearance, while 28.6% of LSG appeared as such. Histologically, one focus of somata was seen in fused rounded ganglia, while fused elongated SG had somata distributed throughout. Bilobed SG demonstrated two foci of somata, with the interconnecting stalk containing sparse somata. SG appears in three major forms and contains varying distributions of somata. Larger studies are warranted to define the relationship between gross anatomy and distribution of neuronal somata to improve the efficacy of CSD in treating VAs. Anat Rec, 301:1244–1250, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An iminium ion metabolite hampers the production of the pharmacologically active metabolite of a multikinase inhibitor KW‐2449 in primates: irreversible inhibition of aldehyde oxidase and covalent binding with endogenous proteins
Authors: Hosogi Jun , Ohashi Rui , Maeda Hiroshi , Fujita Kazuhiro , Ushiki Junko , Kuwabara Takashi , Yamamoto Yorihiro , Imamura Toru
Published: February 2018

We previously reported that KW‐2449, (E)‐1‐{4‐[2‐(1H‐Indazol‐3‐yl)vinyl]benzoyl}piperazine, a novel multikinase inhibitor developed for the treatment of leukemia patients, was oxidized to an iminium ion intermediate by monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) and then converted to its oxo‐piperazine form (M1) by aldehyde oxidase (AO). However, it was found that the significant decrease in the pharmacologically active metabolite M1 following repeated administration of KW‐2449 in primates might hamper the effectiveness of the drug. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon was investigated and it was found that the AO activity was inhibited in a time‐dependent manner in vitro under the co‐incubation of KW‐2449 and MAO‐B, while neither KW‐2449 nor M1 strongly inhibited MAO‐B or AO activity. These results clearly suggest that MAO‐B catalysed iminium ion metabolite inhibited AO, prompting us to investigate whether or not the iminium ion metabolite covalently binds to endogenous proteins, as has been reported with other reactive metabolites as a cause for idiosyncratic toxicity. The association of the radioactivity derived from 14C‐KW‐2449 with endogenous proteins both in vivo and in vitro was confirmed and it was verified that this covalent binding was inhibited by the addition of sodium cyanide, an iminium ion‐trapping reagent, and pargyline, a MAO‐B inhibitor. These findings strongly suggest that the iminium ion metabolite of KW‐2449 is highly reactive in inhibiting AO irreversibly and binding to endogenous macromolecules covalently.
Gibt es einen „Duft der MHC‐Gene“?
Authors: Overath Peter , Natsch Andreas
Published: February 2018

Verhaltensexperimente mit Mäusen und Menschen sprechen für einen Einfluss der für die Immunantwort wichtigen Gene des MHC (major histocompatibility locus) für die Unterscheidung von Selbst und Nicht‐Selbst bei der Partnerwahl. Diese Korrelation ist bei Mäusen gut dokumentiert, bei Menschen jedoch umstritten. Die Signalübertragung soll durch von einem Sender gebildete, MHC‐spezifische Duftkomponenten und deren Wahrnehmung durch Riechen beim Empfänger erfolgen. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Gesamtbouquet der flüchtigen Substanzen bei Maus und Mensch nicht und das Peptidmuster der Mäuse nur marginal vom MHC beeinflusst werden. Bei Mäusen scheint das Duftbouquet ohne MHC‐Beteiligung dennoch eine Rolle bei der Partnerwahl zu spielen, indem das bei der Aufzucht von den Eltern erlernte Profil mit dem abweichenden Profil eines sodann bevorzugten Partners verglichen wird. Ein von nahen Verwandten abweichendes Duftprofil ohne Einfluss des MHC könnte auch unbewusst bei der menschlichen Partnerwahl eine Rolle spielen.
Bevölkerungswachstum: Bildung ist die Lösung
Authors: Klingholz Reiner
Published: February 2018

Die Weltbevölkerung wächst seit über vier Dekaden Jahr für Jahr um etwa 80 Millionen. Zwar hat sich seither die Wachstumsrate durch weltweit sinkende Kinderzahlen je Frau halbiert, doch in absoluten Zahlen dürfte der Zuwachs noch Jahrzehnte anhalten. Der demografische Übergang von hohen hin zu niedrigen Geburten‐ und Sterberaten ist im entwickelten Teil der Welt bereits abgeschlossen. Dort wachsen die Bevölkerungen kaum noch, zum Teil schrumpfen sie sogar. In den armen Ländern hingegen sind zwar die Sterberaten gesunken, die Geburtenraten jedoch nur wenig, weshalb dort die Zahl der Menschen stark zunimmt. Die ohnehin großen Probleme dieser Länder werden durch das anhaltende Wachstum immer schwerer lösbar. Einen Ausweg verspricht vor allem eine bessere Bildung, welche den Menschen neue Lebensperspektiven eröffnet. Zudem bekommen Frauen mit mehr Bildung wesentlich weniger Kinder als solche, die nie oder nur kurz zur Schule gegangen sind.
Impact of sheath size and hemostasis time on radial artery patency after transradial coronary angiography and intervention in Japanese and non‐Japanese patients: A substudy from RAP and BEAT (Radial Artery Patency and Bleeding, Efficacy, Adverse evenT) randomized multicenter trial
Authors: Aminian Adel , Saito Shigeru , Takahashi Akihiko , Bernat Ivo , Jobe Robert Lee , Kajiya Takashi , Gilchrist Ian C. , Louvard Yves , Kiemeneij Ferdinand , van Royen Niels , van Leeuwen Maarten , Yamazaki Seiji , Matsukage Takashi , Iglesias Juan F. , Rao Sunil V.
Published: February 2018

Background

During transradial (TR) access, it remains unclear whether differences in baseline patients characteristics and hemostasis care impact the rate of radial artery occlusion (RAO). We sought to compare the rate of RAO after TR access with the 6 French(Fr) Glidesheath Slender (GSS6Fr, Terumo, Japan) or a standard 5 Fr sheath in Japanese and non‐Japanese patients.

Methods and Results

The Radial Artery Patency and Bleeding, Efficacy, Adverse evenT (RAP and BEAT) trial randomized 1,836 patients undergoing TR coronary angiography and/or interventions to receive the GSS6Fr or the standard 5 Fr Glidesheath (GS5Fr, Terumo, Japan). Out of this study population, 1,087 were Japanese patients and 751 non‐Japanese patients. The overall incidence of RAO was significantly higher in Japanese patients (3.6% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.002). Use of GSS6Fr was associated with higher rates of RAO than GS5Fr in Japanese patients (5% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.02) and with similar RAO rates in non‐Japanese patients (1.3 vs. 1.1%, P = 1). The mean hemostasis time was significantly longer in Japanese patients (378 ± 253 vs. 159 ± 136 min, P < 0.001) and more Japanese patients had a hemostasis time of more than 6 hr (16.2% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.0001). Longer hemostasis time was an independent predictor of RAO (OR per additional hour 1.070, 95% CI 1.008–1.136, P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Use of GSS6Fr was associated with a higher rate of RAO than a standard 5 Fr sheath in Japanese patients but not in non‐Japanese patients. Whether improvement in post‐procedural care and reduced hemostasis time could impact the incidence of RAO in Japanese patients should be further assessed.
Cooperative Surface‐Particle Catalysis: The Role of the “Active Doughnut” in Catalytic Oxidation
Authors: Slot Thierry K. , Eisenberg David , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: February 2018

We consider the factors that govern the activity of bifunctional catalysts comprised of active particles supported on active surfaces. Such catalysts are interesting because the adsorption and diffusion steps, which are often discounted in “conventional” catalytic scenarios, play a key role here. We present an intuitive model, the so‐called “active doughnut” concept, defining an active catalytic region around the supported particles. This simple model explains the role of adsorption and diffusion steps in cascade catalytic cycles for active particles supported on active surfaces. The concept has two important practical implications. First, the reaction rate is no longer proportional to the number of active sites, but rather to the number of “communicative” active sites—those available to the reaction intermediates during their respective lifetimes. Second, it generates an important testable prediction concerning the dependence of the total reaction rate on the particle size. With these tools at hand, we examine six experimental examples of catalytic oxidation from the literature, and show that the active doughnut concept gives valuable insight even when detailed mechanistic information is hard to come by.
Enhancement of Molybdenum/ZSM‐5 Catalysts in Methane Aromatization by the Addition of Iron Promoters and by Reduction/Carburization Pretreatment
Authors: Sridhar Apoorva , Rahman Mustafizur , Khatib Sheima J.
Published: February 2018

The influence of an Fe additive and different types of pretreatment were studied on HZSM‐5‐supported molybdenum oxide (MoOx) catalysts for methane aromatization. The catalytic behavior of catalysts that consist of 6 wt % Mo/ZSM‐5 with 0, 0.2, and 1 wt % Fe was tested with two types of pretreatment: 1) heating under He flow and 2) reduction in H2/CH4 and carburization in CH4. Under He pretreatment, the addition of 0.2 wt % Fe improved the benzene yield, but the addition of 1 % Fe decreased it slightly. Precarburization of the catalysts resulted in enhanced catalytic properties for all Fe loadings and improved the catalyst stability. The precarburized 6 wt % Mo–0.2 wt %Fe catalyst presented the highest benzene yield (6.9 %), which was almost stable in the subsequent 10 h test. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by using XRD, N2 adsorption, temperature‐programmed reduction, SEM, temperature‐programmed oxidation, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the precarburized catalysts are more stable because of the formation of smaller amounts of carbon deposits and, consequently, less pore blockage. The addition of Fe causes the carbon deposits to be more reactive and easier to burn off. Higher Fe loadings are linked to the formation of carbon nanotubes.
Using Digestate Compost as a Substrate for Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Wagner Andreas Otto , Janetschek Julian , Illmer Paul
Published: February 2018

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of separately collected biowaste is an ecologically and economically interesting waste treatment technology due to the production of utilizable biogas and coeval reduction of waste mass fractions. The combination of AD with subsequent composting leads to a higher degree of overall biowaste carbon utilization compared to single composting. Compost may also be of interest for an anew digestion step, since carbon, e.g., of lignocellulose, is made available by the aerobic composting process. The possibility to redigest liquid digestate and/or digestate compost was evaluated using batch reactors. It could be shown that compost is an interesting substrate for AD that might be used for stabilization of the digestion process, e.g., in times of deteriorating reactor performance due to changes in quantity and quality of the feed material.
Process Monitoring and Control for an Anaerobic Covered Lagoon Treating Abattoir Wastewater
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , McCabe Bernadette , Harris Peter
Published: February 2018

This study presents results from lab‐scale studies and highlights issues related to process monitoring equipment and analytical methods at the field scale. This includes the evaluation of data from on‐site online sensors and sample analyses as well as results from discontinuous and continuous digestion tests in a biogas laboratory. The results demonstrate the influence of the organic loading and wastewater composition on process stability, sludge activity, and biogas production. Key recommendations for plant operation include the avoidance of strong fluctuations in input volume and concentration, to ensure good functioning of online sensors, and to adapt the management of the different wastewater streams according to their characteristics.
Dehydration Polymerization for Poly(hetero)arene Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Mirabal Rafael A. , Vanderzwet Luke , Abuadas Sara , Emmett Michael R. , Schipper Derek
Published: February 2018

The lack of scalable and sustainable methods to prepare conjugated polymers belies their importance in many enabling technologies. Accessing high‐performance poly(hetero)arene conjugated polymers by dehydration has remained an unsolved problem in synthetic chemistry and has historically required transitional‐metal coupling reactions. Herein, we report a dehydration method that allows access to conjugated heterocyclic materials. By using the technique, we have prepared a series of small molecules and polymers. The reaction avoids using transition metals, proceeds at room temperature, the only required reactant is a simple base and water is the sole by‐product. The dehydration reaction is technically simple and provides a sustainable and straightforward method to prepare conjugated heteroarene motifs.
Influence of the Paddle Geometry on the Fluid Flow and Particle Movement of a Deflector Wheel Separator
Authors: Spötter Christian , Legenhausen Kurt , Weber Alfred P.
Published: February 2018

In der industriellen Aufbereitung feiner Partikelkollektive ist die Sichtung in einem Abweiseradsichter ein wichtiger verfahrenstechnischer Schritt zur Herstellung vieler hochspezifischer Produkte. Vorhergegangene Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass sich Sichtluftwirbel zwischen den Schaufeln des Sichtrades ausbilden, welche die Fluidströmung sowie die Partikelbewegung und schlussendlich die Trenneigenschaften des Sichters maßgeblich beeinflussen. Es ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, den Zusammenhang zwischen Schaufelgeometrie, Fluidströmung und Trenncharakteristik aufzudecken.
Potential of a New Milling Principle – The Electromechanical Milling
Authors: Halbedel Bernd , Kazak Oleg
Published: February 2018

Die elektromechanische Zerkleinerung (EMZ) hat aufgrund der Nutzung von hartmagnetischen Mahlkörpern und deren intensive Bewegung mit sich ändernden Magnetfeldern große Potenziale, nicht nur hohe Produktfeinheiten zu erzielen, sondern vor allem den Energiebedarf bei der Zerkleinerung signifikant zu senken. Zur Evaluierung dieser Potenziale wurden die Magnetfeldverteilung im Prozessraum simuliert, die Mahlkörperbewegung experimentell analysiert sowie Zerkleinerungsexperimente mit verschiedenen Materialien durchgeführt. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden Abhängigkeiten zur Auslegung von EMZ‐Anlagen abgeleitet.
CRUSTAL MAGNETIC ANOMALIES AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE IN THE YUNNAN REGION
Authors: Li‐Min WEN , Guo‐Fa KANG , Chun‐Hua BAI , Guo‐Ming GAO , An‐Ran ZHENG , Bai‐Lin AN
Published: February 2018

Based on the geomagnetic field model (NGDC‐720) established by the U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, the spatial variations of crustal magnetic anomalies in the Yunnan region were studied, including the distribution of magnetic anomalies and their gradients, attenuation of magnetic anomalies with altitude, and the contributions of components with different wavelengths to overall magnetic anomalies. The magnetic anomalies were compared with other geophysical data such as gravity anomalies, terrestrial heat flow, and seismic activities to reveal similarities and differences, and the relationship between crustal magnetic anomalies and geological structure was studied. The research results show that the magnetic anomalies are relatively weak in the Sanjiang (Three Rivers) and western Yunnan orogenic belts to the west of the Lijiang‐Xiaojinhe and Red River fault zones, and relatively strong in the rhombic block. The crustal magnetic anomalies in the study region were mainly generated by the shallow magnetic bodies superposed on the background of weak magnetism basement. The satellite magnetic anomalies show that the middle Yunnan depression area has clear dipole field characteristics. The positive and negative magnetic anomaly zones distributed along the Red River fault zone have consistent strikes with that of the faults. The Lijiang‐Xiaojinhe fault, the Red River fault, the Kangding‐Yiliang‐Shuicheng fault and the Mile‐Shizong‐Shuicheng fault zones surrounding the rhombic block are transition belts between strong and weak magnetic anomalies. The places with active seismicity and the areas with high terrestrial heat flow values have negative or relatively weak crustal magnetic anomalies.
Silver‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Carbon Dioxide, Amines and α‐Diazoesters
Authors: Qi Chaorong , Yan Donghao , Xiong Wenfang , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: February 2018

A silver‐catalyzed three‐component coupling reaction of carbon dioxide, amines and α‐diazoesters has been developed for the first time. The novel reaction provides an efficient and practical methodology for the synthesis of a wide range of new α‐carbamoyloxy esters, which are difficult to prepare by existing methods. The advantages of the method include the use of readily available starting materials, simple catalytic system, good atom economy and high functional group tolerance.
Caveat Usor: Assessing Differences between Major Chemistry Databases
Authors: Southan Christopher
Published: February 2018

The three databases of PubChem, ChemSpider, and UniChem capture the majority of open chemical structure records with February 2018 totals of 95, 63, and 154 million, respectively. Collectively, they constitute a massively enabling resource for cheminformatics, chemical biology, and drug discovery. As meta‐portals, they subsume and link out to the major proportion of public bioactivity data extracted from the literature and screening center assay results. Therefore, they not only present three different entry points, but the many subsumed independent resources present a fourth entry point in the form of standalone databases. Because this creates a complex picture it is important for users to have at least some appreciation of differential content to enable utility judgments for the tasks at hand. This turns out to be challenging. By comparing the three resources in detail, this review assesses their differences, some of which are not obvious. This includes the fact that coverage is significantly different between the 587, 282, and 38 contributing sources, respectively. This not only presents the “who‐has‐what” question, but also the reason “why” any particular inclusion is considered valuable is rarely made explicit. Also confusing is that sources nominally in common (i.e., having the same submitter name) can have significantly different structure counts, not only in each of the three but also from their standalone instantiations. Assessing a series of examples indicates that differences in loading dates and structural standardization are the main causes of this inter‐portal discordance.
Detection of ROS1‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer on cytological specimens using immunocytochemistry
Authors: Vlajnic Tatjana , Savic Spasenija , Barascud Audrey , Baschiera Betty , Bihl Michel , Grilli Bruno , Herzog Michelle , Rebetez Julien , Bubendorf Lukas
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Rearrangements of the ROS1 oncogene are found in 1% to 2% of non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and are regarded as mutually exclusive oncogenic driver mutations. Since the approval of targeted therapy for ROS1‐positive NSCLC, ROS1 testing has become a part of the diagnostic routine. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), optionally selected for by immunohistochemistry on histological material, is a common practice for the detection of ROS1 rearrangements. However, NSCLC often is diagnosed by cytology alone, requiring predictive marker testing on cytological specimens. In the current study, the authors explored the accuracy of ROS1 immunocytochemistry (ICC) on non‐cell block cytological specimens for the detection of ROS1 rearrangements.

METHODS

ICC using the D4D6 antibody on an automated immunostainer was performed prospectively in the routine diagnostic setting on cytological specimens from 295 patients with NSCLC, including adenocarcinoma (241 patients), NSCLC not otherwise specified (50 patients), and other malignancies (4 patients). Any immunostaining was considered positive.

RESULTS

ICC was positive in all 13 ROS1‐rearranged NSCLC cases confirmed by FISH (12 cases) or next‐generation sequencing (1 case). Confirmation of 282 ICC‐negative cases was available for 208 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for ROS1 ICC compared with the final ROS1 status all were 100%.

CONCLUSIONS

ROS1 ICC is an accurate method for the detection of ROS1 rearrangements in NSCLC. Given the high costs and technical challenges of FISH and the rarity of ROS1 rearrangements, ICC is rapid and therefore well suited as a screening method. Cases with equivocal or positive findings on ICC can be confirmed by FISH or molecular tests. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:421‐9. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Open ASEP in the Weakly Asymmetric Regime
Authors: Corwin Ivan , Shen Hao
Published: February 2018

We consider ASEP on a bounded interval and on a half‐line with sources and sinks. On the full line, Bertini and Giacomin in 1997 proved convergence under weakly asymmetric scaling of the height function to the solution of the KPZ equation. We prove here that under similar weakly asymmetric scaling of the sources and sinks as well, the bounded interval ASEP height function converges to the KPZ equation on the unit interval with Neumann boundary conditions on both sides (different parameter for each side), and likewise for the half‐line ASEP to KPZ on a half‐line. This result can be interpreted as showing that the KPZ equation arises at the triple critical point (maximal current / high density / low density) of the open ASEP. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Digital photography provides a fast, reliable, and noninvasive method to estimate anthocyanin pigment concentration in reproductive and vegetative plant tissues
Authors: del Valle José C. , Gallardo‐López Antonio , Buide Mª Luisa , Whittall Justen B. , Narbona Eduardo
Published: February 2018

Anthocyanin pigments have become a model trait for evolutionary ecology as they often provide adaptive benefits for plants. Anthocyanins have been traditionally quantified biochemically or more recently using spectral reflectance. However, both methods require destructive sampling and can be labor intensive and challenging with small samples. Recent advances in digital photography and image processing make it the method of choice for measuring color in the wild. Here, we use digital images as a quick, noninvasive method to estimate relative anthocyanin concentrations in species exhibiting color variation. Using a consumer‐level digital camera and a free image processing toolbox, we extractedRGBvalues from digital images to generate color indices. We tested petals, stems, pedicels, and calyces of six species, which contain different types of anthocyanin pigments and exhibit different pigmentation patterns. Color indices were assessed by their correlation to biochemically determined anthocyanin concentrations. For comparison, we also calculated color indices from spectral reflectance and tested the correlation with anthocyanin concentration. Indices perform differently depending on the nature of the color variation. For both digital images and spectral reflectance, the most accurate estimates of anthocyanin concentration emerge from anthocyanin content‐chroma ratio, anthocyanin content‐chroma basic, and strength of green indices. Color indices derived from both digital images and spectral reflectance strongly correlate with biochemically determined anthocyanin concentration; however, the estimates from digital images performed better than spectral reflectance in terms ofr2and normalized root‐mean‐square error. This was particularly noticeable in a species with striped petals, but in the case of striped calyces, both methods showed a comparable relationship with anthocyanin concentration. Using digital images brings new opportunities to accurately quantify the anthocyanin concentrations in both floral and vegetative tissues. This method is efficient, completely noninvasive, applicable to both uniform and patterned color, and works with samples of any size.