bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qui, nell'Altrove: giovani, migrazione e immaginazione geo-sociale nel Gambia rurale
Authors: Gaibazzi Paolo
Published: June 2021

La valle del Gambia conosce da diverse generazioni l'emigrazione su scala internazionale. In diverse zone del Paese, come i villaggi Soninke analizzati in questo articolo, la migrazione ha assunto un peso sociale ed economico notevole. I giovani, soprattutto se uomini, crescono in un ambiente migratorio e spesso coltivano il sogno di raggiungere parenti ed amici all'estero in un futuro quanto piů prossimo. Tuttavia, prestare attenzione ai desideri di migrazione dei giovani gambiani significa anche prendere in considerazione altri e piů ampi processi di immaginazione di luoghi e mondi culturali lontani. Beni materiali e immateriali provenienti dall'estero attraversano il Gambia e contribuiscono alla costruzione di una realtŕ sociale in cui l'Altrove diventa una dimensione del Qui. Pensare e pensarsi altrove assume cosě diversi significati nella vita quotidiana dei giovani gambiani, plasmando non solo i loro progetti migratori, ma pratiche culturali e narrazioni personali attraverso le quali essi cercano di dar forma e senso alla propria esistenza a ‘casa'. Questo articolo mette pertanto in evidenza i molteplici aspetti ‘locali' dell'immaginazione geo-sociale nella vita dei giovani uomini.
Intellettuali italiani fra societŕ opulenta e democrazia del benessere: il caso de "Il Mulino" (1958-1968)
Authors: Maccaferri Marzia
Published: June 2021

- By the 1950s the process of economic reconstruction in Italy was widely considered as accomplished with the welfare consumerist society starting to take hold, albeit not without its contradictions. Shifting the perspective of the analysis from the economic aspects to the socio-political ones of consumption, this essay seeks to reconstruct the debate that was developed by the group of intellectuals of the journal Il Mulino over the challenges posed by the transformation of lifestyles and culture as a consequence of the establishment of the so-called affluent society in the years spanning between the publication of John Kenneth Galbraith's work and 1968. By analysing political works and archival materials the article sheds light on the key issues of the debate as well as on the connection between, on the one hand, the issue of welfare and the consumer revolution, and space and political legitimation, on the other. It is focused on the analytical process that, starting from the reception of Anglo- American sociology and political science, would then conceptualise the standard of living and access to consumption and leisure time as an element of political legitimacy and a redefinition of the relations between citizens and government. The article then analyses the democratisation of affluence and what intellectuals like Giorgio Galli, Luigi Pedrazzi, Nicola Matteucci identified as the political formula capable of providing adequate answers to this new aspect of the modernisation process: the Centre-Left DCPsi alliance. In conclusion, the author deepens the hypothesis drafted by the Il Mulino group concerning the superseding of the "sclerosis of the Italian party system, that is the imperfect two-party system, interpreted as being the diagnosis of the Italian political stalemate and a solution to" the political issue of affluence. Key words: welfare society, affluent society, political issue of welfare, consumer society, the Sixties in Italy, intellectuals of the Il Mulino, DC-Psi Centre-Left coalition, imperfect two-party system DC-Pc
I moti di Torino dell'agosto 1917 nelle memorie di un socialista
Authors: Scoppola Iacopini Luigi
Published: June 2021

- This article presents an unpublished paper taken from the memoirs of Gino Mangini; the author was an italian socialist, who stood by the democratic vision of socialism for his whole life. At that time, he was a member of the radical left wing of the Psi, as well as a witness and an actor of the dramatic riots between the civilian population and the police forces joined by soldiers coming directly from the military front. This paper is relevant for two reasons: it is one of the few documents which allow us to partially review the accepted vision (embraced by many among whom Paolo Spriano in 1972 was the last one) of those days as a political effort towards the revolution. Secondly, the document is the only written evidence by a socialist who never accepted the ideas of the October's Revolution and of the Third International. Key words: Italian socialism, World War I, 1917, popular demonstration in Turin, home front
Realtŕ e rappresentazione della Resistenza italiana nella documentazione delle formazioni partigiane
Authors: Piffer Tommaso
Published: June 2021

- The essay shows the importance of the records of the partisan movements in writing the history of the Resistance in Italy in World War II. Using these records, it seems possible to write a partially different history from that written by the most important authors in the past decades. This essay is focused on the relationships between leadership and ranks in the bands, the political consciousness of the partisans, their relationship with political parties and the strategy of the political leaders. In conclusion, the author suggests the opportunity of a new synthesis of this period based on this material. Key words: Resistance movement in Italy, Italian partisan movement, Italian Resistance historical studies, World War II, political parties and partisan bands, partisan records.
L'impero sul grande schermo. Il cinema di finzione fascista e la conquista coloniale (1936-1942)
Authors: Zinni Maurizio
Published: June 2021

Nei mesi che seguirono la guerra d'Etiopia, la cinematografia italiana ebbe un ruolo centrale nella celebrazione degli uomini e nella diffusione degli ideali che avevano permesso la conquista dell'impero. Tra il 1936 e il 1939 vennero realizzate sei pellicole che appaiono oggi come il frutto piů maturo non solo della propaganda coloniale fascista, ma della stessa politica cinematografica messa in atto dal regime a partire dai primi anni Trenta. Attraverso film come Lo squadrone bianco, Il grande appello, Scipione l'Africano, Sentinelle di bronzo, Luciano Serra pilota, Sotto la Croce del Sud, Abuna Messias, ma anche il piů tardo Bengasi del 1942, č cosě possibile ricostruire non solo la percezione che la societŕ italiana ebbe dell'avventura africana nel suo svolgersi, ma anche i topoi tematici che informarono l'immaginario collettivo nazionale in maniera duratura e profonda anche oltre gli ultimi anni di vita del fascismo.
Modern Italy Seen by Americans: a Survey of General Histories
Authors: Di Scala Spencer M.
Published: June 2021

Questo articolo si propone di descrivere le storie generali d'Italia scritte da autori americani. Gli storici americani non hanno pubblicato molte storie generali d'Italia, preferendo concentrarsi su pubblicazioni specialistiche e settoriali. Le poche storie generali d'Italia sono state seriamente condizionate dalla scarsa conoscenza che i lettori americani hanno della storia dell'Italia moderna e da pregiudizi di natura ideologica. Tuttavia, non sono mancati importanti storici americani che hanno cercato di contrastare questa tendenza. Essi hanno anche prodotto lavori generali di tipo collettaneo e notevoli lavori documentari che dovrebbero essere presi in seria considerazione.
A ciascuno il suo Camus. riflessioni sull'Ordre libertaire di Michel Onfray
Authors: Di Maio Mariella
Published: June 2021

Spunto di queste riflessioni č la pubblicazione di L'Ordre libertaire. La vie philosophique d'Albert Camus di Michel Onfray (Flammarion, Paris, 2012). Sulla scia delle biografie magistrali di Herbert R. Lottman e di Olivier Todd, questo poderoso studio biografico, di piů di 600 pagine, ha il pregio di sconvolgere schemi e approcci tradizionali a uno dei piů importanti e "scomodi" testimoni del XX secolo. Non a caso č stato oggetto in Francia di intense polemiche. Fa discutere il fatto che, in attesa delle celebrazioni per il centenario della nascita di Camus nel 2013, la rinnovata legittimazione dell'autore dell'Étranger e della Peste, premio Nobel nel 1957, sembrerebbe provenire dalla filosofia. Per Onfray, Camus č un «nietzschiano di sinistra», in opposizione ad altre interpretazioni che, a cominciare dagli attacchi di Sartre e dei sartriani, vengono contestate in vista della definizione di una filosofia (esistenziale e non esistenzialista) che č sostanzialmente etica cosmopolita, basata sul dialogo interculturale e sulla difesa dei diritti umani. L'opera di Camus (romanzi, saggi, teatro, cronache, discorsi, taccuini e riflessioni) testimonia l'impegno di un edonista libertario, anarchico e anticolonialista, ostile a tutti i totalitarismi, grazie alla sua morale solare di «africano del Nord», come amava definirsi.
Governance multilivello e partecipazione politica: una introduzione
Authors: de Nardis Fabio , Luca Alteri
Published: June 2021

- The introduction draws a picture of the link between multi-level governance and transnational social movement. The Authors moves from the description of governance polity as a system of political opportunities to social mobilization, then they describe both local and global dimensions, regarding as a field of conflict and legitimacy. The fourth paragraph develops a comparative analysis on two alternative Europe, the one from above (the institutional building suffering a democratic deficit), the latter from below (the process of collective learning built up by Social Forums). In the end, the last paragraph describes the guidelines of the whole Issue. Keywords: Multilevel Governance; Social Movements; Europe; Globalization; Public Sphere
Ridefinire la governance globale: apocalisse subito o riforma
Authors: Held David
Published: June 2021

- The Author analyses the paradox of our times that can be stated simply: the collective issues we must grapple with are of growing extensity and intensity and, yet, the means for addressing them are weak and incomplete. So the paper tries to speak on a necessity of a reframing a global governance in an increasingly interconnected world, where global problems cannot be solved by any one nation-state acting alone. They call for collective and collaborative action - something that the nations of the world have not been good at, and which they need to be better at if these pressing issues are to be adequately tackled. Yet, the evidence is wanting that we are getting better at building appropriate governance capacity. But to improve the situation we first should emancipate from the parameters of Washington Consensus on both economic and security fields because they obstruct off the development of global institution under principles of solidarity, cosmopolitic democracy, social justice and policy effectiveness. Keywords: global governance; cosmopolitic democracy; Washington Consensus; global challenges; multilevel citizenship
Un metodo aperto di coordinamento nella mobilitazione sociale transnazionale: la governance multilivello e la lotta per un'Europa sociale
Authors: Mathers Andrew
Published: June 2021

- This article explores the way that Multi-Level Governance (Mlg) has, or has not, opened up a new Political Opportunity Structure within the European Union which transnational social and political actors can utilise to advance the project for a "Social Europe". It focuses specifically on the ‘European Marches against Unemployment, Job Insecurity and Exclusions' which has emerged to challenge the labour market and welfare state restructuring which has resulted from the Lisbon Strategy to achieve a specifically European social model of development in the context of neoliberal globalisation. The article outlines the learning processes through which the EM Network developed an autonomous agenda and a contentious repertoire of action. It concludes by suggesting that the struggle for a "Social Europe", as conducted by the EM Network, was waged in and against the structures of Mlg and can be understood as an open method of coordination within an emergent transnational social movement. Keywords: multilevel governance; social movements; social Europe; Lisbon Strategy; transnational participation
Azione collettiva e governance della comunicazione globale: la sfida della partecipazione nei processi decisionali transnazionali
Authors: Hintz Arne , Milana Stefania
Published: June 2021

- New modes of governance increasingly go beyond the traditional intergovernmental approach to include business actors and sections of civil society. Multi-stakeholder processes claim to involve all relevant parties in decisionmaking. However, a closer look reveals that opportunities of participation are often limited to large professionalised NGOs, while grassroots movements are missing. This paper seeks to identify the challenges and obstacles for these actors to get further involved, but also the opportunities that have emerged in recent policy processes. It will suggest changes in governance systems to open up for wider participation. The paper looks at two multistakeholder processes: the UN World Summit on the Information Society (Wsis) and the Council of Europe 7th Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy. Both processes provide interesting case studies as they attracted a diversity of civil society actors, leading to different layers of intervention. We look specifically at activist media projects and community radio stations that usually do not focus on policy, do not have the financial and structural background of a larger organisation, and that chose to intervene in those processes outside the remit of larger advocacy organisations and coalitions. Drawing from the two cases, we identify internal challenges (which aspects of activist networks hinder their influence and how can these be tackled?), relations with other civil society actors (how can different tactics and strategies complement each other?) and structural changes in governance systems, in order to enable activist and grassroots networks to participate. Keywords: global governance; media policies; civil society; activists networks; participation.
Narrazioni transnazionali: rappresentazione e racconto nei movimenti alterglobalisti, tra traduzione culturale e attivazione della protesta
Authors: De Sario Beppe
Published: June 2021

- The article focuses on the role of representations (particularly visual and medial representations), of storytelling (biographical, memory of activism, training to global activism), of personal experience (travels, experience included in counter-summits and protests) and more generally examines cultural practices in the building of basis of mutual recognition and identity for people involved in the networks of alterglobal movements. Representations, narratives and experience have a decisive role in the developing of a globalization from below, giving a sort of cultural ground to communication and organizational networks. In this sense, the "activist experience" acts as a device of mediation and cultural translation in the emerging alterglobal movements, becoming a fundamental dimension of movements which should be considered "transnational" not only on the level of organization, agenda setting, activation of protest, but also at level of subjectivity. The article develops in three parts. In the first part, it's the analysis of representations of alterglobal movements in Genoa (counter-summit and protests against G8 summit) emerging from audiovisual products and documentary films. The second one focuses on biographical stories of activists about learning and training to experience activism in the new environment of protest taking place in Genoa. The third part summarizes concepts and theoretical approaches about a culturalist perspective in the study of alterglobal movements. Keywords: alterglobal movements, transnational subjectivity, cultural experience, representations, narratives. 174
La svolta dei consumatori nella responsabilitŕ politica e nella cittadinanza
Authors: Micheletti Michele
Published: June 2021

- This article investigates how and why a growing number of civil society actors increasingly turn to the market as a complement to, or replacement of, traditional tools of political participation. After a discussion about its historical antecedents, the paper focuses on the present features of political consumerism. A section dedicated to theoretical issues introduces the concept of individualized responsibilitytaking to explain why societal roles as consumers should be considered as political agents with responsibilities for others. Two more sections aree also devoted to an investigation of political consumerism. The first section distinguishes eight broad issue areas where political consumerism is to be found, and identifies the role played by civic groups in prompting consumer action. The second section reports on a number of research findings on how civic groups inform and sensitize consumers about the public orientation of their consumption practices. The article ends with a few evaluative comments on the significance of the consumer turn in politics.

Keywords: Political Consumerism, Individualized Responsibility-Taking, Market-Based Action Repertoire, Taming of Consumption, Sustainable Citizenship.
I Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale. Una proposta solida nella societŕ liquida
Authors: Carrera Letizia
Published: June 2021

- In the currently liquid and uncertain world, purchasing represents a dimension where individuals live the illusion of control over their own lives. Solidarity Purchasing Groups (or GAS, an Italian acronym for Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale) aree an attempt to reverse this model, and to build relationships not despite but through the market and purchasing. They choose products and producers on the basis of respect for the environment and solidarity between the members of the groups, traders, and producers. GAS aree rooted in a critical approach to today's global economic model and lifestyle of consumerism; individuals that feel the unfairness in this model and who aree searching for a practical alternative can find reciprocal aid and advice by joining solidarity purchasing groups. They aree a catalyst of political and social change. Empirical research, which completes these reflections, points out two very different ways to live this experience: "health cares" ("salutisti") and "critical protester" ("contestatori critici"). Only the second one is characterized by a strong, albeit scarcely perceptible, political impact.

Keywords: Solidarity Purchasing Groups, Purchase, Market, Civicness, Political Participation.
Imprese sociali e rapporti con la comunitŕ locale: radicamento, legittimazione, rappresentanza
Authors: Ambrosini Maurizio , Boccagni Paolo
Published: June 2021

- The local embeddedness of social enterprises, within community-based contexts and networks, is generally taken for granted. Yet, empirical research on the matter in Italy is still poor. Even theoretical analyses often follow a prescriptive approach, as if community networking and social capital generation were natural properties of such organizations. The article elaborates on a few theoretical categories which can be helpful in operationalizing and empirically testing the third sector's ties with local communities - whether in the start-up or during the life course of social enterprises. A case study on an EU-led funding initiative involving social enterprises is then analyzed. Special attention is given to the role of "intermediary bodies", representative of the civil society at local level. This allows for a critical reflection on the potential and the limits of partnerships between public authorities and social enterprises. As far as these enterprises state, and as they aree expected to participate in local policy-making processes, some key dilemmas emerge, such as the tension between advocacy and policybuilding, or between the representation of local civil society and their active involvement in public policies. Finally, a balance is provided of the prospects for a more "community oriented" model of social enterprise to be developed across the country.

Keywords: Social Enterprises, Community, Social Capital, Organizational Networks, Participation in The Policy-Making Process.
I Centri Sociali italiani: verso tre decadi di occupazioni e di spazi autogestiti
Authors: Mudu Pierpaolo
Published: June 2021

In the 1970s, Italy experienced a difficult crisis that marked the end of the economic model carried out after world war two. The resulting changes in production relations led to the disappearance of traditional public spaces and meeting places such as open squares, workplaces, party offices or the premises of left extra-parliamentary groups. Within this context, in the 1980s and 1990s, these groups managed to create new social and political spaces by setting up Self-Managed Social Centers, ie squatted properties which became the venue of social, political and cultural events. In Italy, over 300 Social Centers have been active over the past 25 years, especially in urban areas. Their organizational modes indicate examples of successful direct democracy in non-hierarchical structures and may provide alternative options to the bureaucratic organization of so many aspects of social and political life. Social Centers have turned abandoned places into public spaces relying mostly on collective action, that is cooperative working modes which do not come under the provisions governing regular employment contracts. Their actions explicitly contest marginalization and exclusion processes which are becoming more and more fierce in our cities. An analysis of the evolution of this original Italian movement provides the opportunity to address a number of issues associated with alternative practices to neoliberal globalization.
Modelli del pensare metaforico
Authors: Formigari Lia
Published: June 2021

- Thought Through an apparently uniform development starting from Aristotle's argumentation theory, more or less strong versions of the cognitive import of metaphor have been advanced. A first turning point can be summarized as the move from external to internal representation (17th and 18th centuries), when metaphor came to be seen, not as an optional linguistic device, but as a necessary modality of categorization, a form of conceptualization complementary to abstraction and, as such, as a primary principle of lexical semantics. A second turning point is still under way. Post-Chomskyan semantic theories have extended the power of metaphor to the formation of basic categories, such as space, time, causation, force etc., that is, to forms rather than the content of knowledge. This opens a still unexplored, or partly explored, perspective in the philosophy of grammar and the analysis of grammatical categories in natural languages. Keywords: Analogy, Categorization, Grammatical categories, Lexical semantics, Metaphor, Philosophy of Grammar
Semiotica della metafora in Vico
Authors: Ponzio Augusto
Published: June 2021

- According to Vico metaphor is a fundamental and primary instrument of thought. This concept was further developed by Du Marsais and Rousseau. Particularly important is Vico's concept of poetical logic. Linguistic creativity is the capacity to form new metaphorical associations, to propose new cognitive combinations, and invent new figurations. The species-specific trait of the human being is a modelling device capable of inventing an indeterminate number of worlds. This species-specific human modelling capacity is the lingua mutola, the mute language discussed by Vico: gesture or body language spoken by mankind in its origins. Keywords: Language, Metaphor, Modeling, Poetic Logic, Semiotics, Vico.
Effetto framing: come inquadriamo il mondo con le metafore
Authors: Casadio Claudia
Published: June 2021

- In the study of metaphor, frame is intended as the context, the environment, the landscape in which a metaphor is conceived, expressed and used; the term framing was introduced by George Lakoff within a cognitive setting and gives a distinctive shape to his theory. The idea however can be traced back to Richards (1936) and Black (1962): both the tenor vs. vehicle and the topic vs. focus distinctions, on the ba- sis of which they propose a general characterization of a metaphorical domain, can be considered as instances of framing in the sense argued by Lakoff. The same holds for recent cognitive theories of metaphor such as Way's (1991) and Indurkhya (1992). Interestingly, the notion of frame has been invoked by well known psychologists like Kahneman and Tversky as a fundamental conceptual model for explaining human rational behaviour and decision making. In this paper we maintain that the psychological approach is not indifferent to the frame theory of metaphor. On the contrary, it offers useful clues and research hypotheses for further development. Keywords: Context, Decision, Focus, Frame, Metaphor, Rationality.
Spazi di parole: metafore e rappresentazioni semantiche
Authors: Lenci Alessandro
Published: June 2021

- The aim of this paper is to analyse the analogy of the lexicon with a space defined by words, which is common to a number of computational models of meaning in cognitive science. This can be regarded as a case of constitutive scientific metaphor in the sense of Boyd (1979) and is grounded in the so-called Distributional Hypothesis, stating that the semantic similarity between two words is a function of the similarity of the linguistic contexts in which they typically co-occur. The meaning of words is represented in terms of their topological relations in a high-dimensional space, defined by their combinatorial behaviour in texts. A key consequence of adopting the metaphor of word spaces is that semantic representations are modelled as highly context-sensitive entities. Moreover, word space models promise to open interesting perspectives for the study of metaphorical uses in language, as well as of lexical dynamics in general. Keywords: Cognitive sciences, Computational linguistics, Distributional models of the lexicon, Metaphor, Semantics, Word spaces.
Metafore metatestuali
Authors: Cuenca Maria Josep , Ribeira Josep
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the cognitive importance of metaphor is shown by analysing text deixis, which can be thought of as an operation based on the metaphor text is space. After reviewing the concept of metaphor as found in cognitive linguistics, text deixis is defined and exemplified as a procedure related to both situational deixis and anaphora. The analysis of narrative examples highlights different types of text deixis which can be understood as metaphoric extensions of the above mentioned metaphor basic metaphor. Metaphorically, demonstratives can indicate proximity or distance from a textual, temporal or emotive perspective; in addition, deixis am Phantasma and presentational deixis, which are not related to any linguistic antecedent, are considered as special cases of text deixis. Keywords: Anaphor, Deixis, Demonstratives, Metaphor, Metalinguistic metaphor, Text deixis
Il linguaggio letterale e figurato nelle descrizioni dell'esperienza sensoriale: l'olfatto č davvero un senso "senza parole"?
Authors: Monopoli Davide , Cacciari Cristina
Published: June 2021

- The Role of Literal and Figurative Language Olfaction is still the less investigated of the sensory modalities. This also reflects the fact that olfaction is the most subjective and emotional sensory modality and the one with the fewer relationships with verbal language. Since metaphors are cognitive bridges between perception and language, in principle they might be more effective in giving voice to olfaction, the "speechless sense". However, research in this fascinating field is still in its infancy, and the linguistic and psychological results are still scarce and contradicting. Key Words: Cross modal interactions, Language, Metaphor, Olfaction, Perception, Synaesthetic metaphors.
Varietŕ di naturalismo
Authors: Perconti Pietro
Published: June 2021

- Naturalism is a widely accepted trend of contemporary philosophy, the analytic tradition in particular. However, the (dis)continuity between philosophy and the sciences is still controversial. In this paper a survey is presented of the different approaches to philosophical naturalism, focusing on the debate between a pluralistic position and a more restrictive one. The latter is well represented by Sandro Nannini's Naturalismo cognitivo (2007), the best example of "hard" naturalism on the Italian philosophical scene. In contrast with this position, we argue that many genuine philosophical issues, such as the first person perspective of conscious experience and the ontological commitment about social rules, remain "hard problems" for radical naturalism. Keywords: Analytical philosophy, Cognitive science, Hard naturalism, Pluralistic naturalism, Reductionism, Social ontology.
In difesa del naturalismo forte. Risposta a Pietro Perconti
Authors: Nannini Sandro
Published: June 2021

- In replying to Perconti's objection that my strong naturalism implies an unjustifiable materialistic reductionism, I maintain firstly that my materialistic naturalism implies only ontological, not methodological reductionism. Secondly I think that materialism is compatible with the introduction in scientific language of concepts that refer to ficta, that is, to objects that do not exist: in such a way I can preserve the autonomy of mathematics while maintaining that numbers do not exist. Thirdly I suspect that Perconti's "liberalized" naturalism is not compatible with a truly scientific view of the world. Keywords: Ficta, Materialism, Mind, Naturalism, Ontology, Reductionism.
Traduzione e filosofia analitica: prima di Quine
Authors: Morra Lucia
Published: June 2021

- This paper is a survey of the analytical theories of translation prior to Quine's writings on this subject, which must be read in the light of previous discussion and the observations of authors such as Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Schlick and Carnap. Translation became an issue of major importance in analytical philosophy in the second half of the last century. Born as a query concerning a very specific task (translating mathematics into logic), the problem of translation became increasingly more general: in the Thirties, the point was to find a general method for translating all sorts of formal languages; only in the Fifties and later on, it focused on the general conditions of translating.

Keywords: Logical translation, Reversible translation, Translation scalarity, Intensional isomorphism, Carnap, Wittgenstein. Alberto Voltolini, L'irrimediabile dilemma del traduttore

Parole chiave: Traduzione logica, Traduzione reversibile, Scalaritŕ della traduzione, Isomorfismo intensionale, Carnap, Wittgenstein.
L'Ubersetzungsregel in Wittgenstein
Authors: Montibeller Marcello
Published: June 2021

In this paper we discuss the evolution of the concept of Übersetzungsregel in Wittgenstein's writings from the early period to the later manuscripts, focusing on: i) the relationship between the early formalist concept of translation and the work on experimental scale models Wittgenstein carried out as engineering researcher in Manchester; ii) the relationship between Piero Sraffa's critique to neo-classical economy and Wittgenstein's new, anthropologically oriented, idea of translation, in which a formal concept of "translation rule" is no longer acceptable.

Parole chiave: Wittgenstein, Traduzione, Sraffa, Modello sperimentale, Antropologia, Frazer

Keywords:Wittgenstein, Translation, Sraffa, Experimental model, Anthropology, Frazer. 198 Paradigmi. Rivista di critica filosofica
Come puň una traduzione essere "radicale"?
Authors: Ervas Francesca
Published: June 2021

- In analytical philosophy a translation is "radical" when we try to translate a sentence from a completely unknown language. However, understanding another person always requires a radical interpretation, whether she speaks our native tongue or a language we do not know. In this second sense, "radical" describes a kind of inquiry that leads us to the root of the problem of linguistic meaning. The purpose of this paper is to show that the philosophical question on translation is "radical", precisely because it concerns the conditions of possibility of translating.

Keywords: Radical, Translation, Interpretation, Conditions of possibility, Meaning, Translatability.

Parole chiave: Radicale, Traduzione, Interpretazione, Condizioni di possibilitŕ, Significato, Traducibilitŕ.
Nella testa del traduttore
Authors: Ferretti Francesco
Published: June 2021

- This paper analyses the process of translating by using the conceptual tools involved in two different models of linguistic comprehension: the code model and the inferential model. If communication is described as a process of coding and decoding the same thought in the same code, then translation into a different code becomes impossible. But linguistic communication, instead of a process of coding and decoding, can be considered an inferential practice that involves the human capacity of mind-reading. Once we abandon the explanation of translation as something happening between ideal and abstract entities (the linguistic codes), the real use of language, and translation with it, turns out to be a matter of degree.

Keywords: Untranslatability, Code model, Inferential model, Processing effort, Pidgin, Mind-reading.

Parole chiave: Intraducibilitŕ, Modello del codice, Modello inferenziale, Sforzo di elaborazione, Pidgin, Lettura della mente.
Il problema mente-corpo nel dibattito contemporaneo
Authors: Cosentino Erica
Published: June 2021

- The mind-body problem is a crucial question to philosophers and cognitive scientists who pursue a program of naturalization of mind while preserving its causal efficacy. Two options seem to be open if we approach the question from a materialistic point of view: either preserve the notion of mental autonomy, by adhering to a nonreductive materialism, or give up that notion by supporting a reductive option. What I propose for discussion here is a neo-reductive perspective which considers mental causation as a sort of physical causation and maintains the mind-body identity.

Keywords: Mental causation, Physicalism, Supervenience, Epiphenomenalism, Qualia, Identity theory.

Parole chiave: Causalitŕ mentale, Materialismo, Sopravvenienza, Epifenomenalismo, Qualia, Teoria dell'identitŕ psico-fisica.
Audi e Habermas. Forme del discorso fra religione e sfera pubblica
Authors: Monti Paolo
Published: June 2021

- R. Audi and J. Habermas share, despite their mutual differences, the goal of rethinking the relationship between public discourse and religious inspirations in a new way, with the aim of overcoming the inadequacy of traditional liberal schemes. Both focus on the issue at stake from the point of view of a possible ethics of citizenship and find a key point in the epistemological position of religious discourse inside the public sphere. Audi's proposal effectively offers normative boundaries to a public ethics of political arguments of religious nature, within a liberal but fairly inclusive perspective. Habermas' reflection looks more persuasive at the level of premises, as it radically questions the epistemological issue behind public discourse in liberal democracies.

Keywords: Audi, Habermas, Religion, Democracy, Public discourse, Secularism.

Parole chiave: Audi, Habermas, Religione, Democrazia, Discorso pubblico, Laicitŕ.
Il tempo nelle immagini e la legittimazione dell'identitŕ
Authors: Cassinari Flavio
Published: June 2021

- Starting from Franz Wickhoff's typology of figurative representations in a sequence of events, different conceptions of time and identity presupposed by each form of this typology are here outlined, and the observer's role in the construction of temporal succession is emphasized. The thesis according to which temporality is an ontological attribute or a phenomenological peculiarity of images is rejected. The temporality of images is, instead, the outcome of a "dynamics of legitimation" of the identity both of the artist and of the onlooker, who configure their own identity by constructing temporal succession in a figurative narration.

Key words: Image, Identity, Dynamics of Legitimation, Subject, Time, Narration.
Extase scopique, sédimentation langagičre et inscription corporelle. Les images dans la civilisation contemporaine
Authors: Wunenburger Jean-Jacques
Published: June 2021

- Linguistic Sedimentation, and Bodily Inscription At present, we are exposed to an excessive offer of images, which raises a problem of assimilation. Subjects are increasingly passive, in ways that can border on pathological conditions. Yet, it is not so much a question of condemning this situation as of finding a way of re-symbolizing images, saving them from mere contemplation and inserting them in a process of contextualisation. Such a process requires an understanding of the role of the body and of the incorporation of images along the lines of Bachelard's intuition of the "resisting" nature of images. This raises the possibility of an education to images suited to the present age.

Key words: Alienation, Education, Embodiment, Image, Informatics, Symbolisation.

Parole chiave: Alienazione, Educazione, Immagine, Incorporazione, Informatica, Simbolizzazione.
Il soggetto che si dice nella poesia melica greca. Finzione enunciatva, immagini poetiche e pragmatica
Authors: Claude Calame
Published: June 2021

- Poetic images and Pragmatics Starting from Benveniste's analyses of historical enunciation, the nature of pronouns and the subjectivity of language, this essay focuses on that the kind of subjectivity implied in much Greek lyric poetry, especially in Pindar. By means of discursive tools, the narration builds an exclusively verbal image of the "I", which comes before any reference to elements external to the text. In this way, the "I" stands for an enunciative, pragmatic and polyphonic subject: it is, indeed, the actor (singer, tragic actor, choral group) of a ritualized situation. This performative identity is different from the author of the written text. In Greek poetry, the written text is above all a speech-act, mostly a song-act. This raises the problem of the difference - and of the relation - between the author's biographic subjectivity and the identity created by the linguistic devices in the text. Using different images: chariots, ceremonial processions, Calame's analysis focuses on the metaphorical identification between poetic song and journey.

Key words: Enunciation, Image, Metaphor, Poetry, Pragmatics, Subjectivity.

Parole chiave: Enunciazione, Immagine, Metafora, Poesia, Pragmatica, Soggettivitŕ. Vedere come.
L'immagine invisibile: simbolo, astrazione, concetto
Authors: Franzini Elio
Published: June 2021

- This essay interprets the notion of image as being the correlate of a symbolic experience. From this perspective, it is possible to discuss philosophically the reality of the image, while avoiding either reducing it to a neuronal phenomenon, or positioning it in a non-conceptual dimension. The image constitutes a central moment in the genesis of objectuality, which is immanent to representational intentionality. It constitutes the hinge between visible and invisible, represented and non-representable, spatiality and temporality. A conception of image which is vital and capable of producing figures constitutes a specifically philosophical instrument capable, on the one hand, to clarify the dynamics of representational phenomena, and on the other the reality of the creation of the work of art, especially in our time. The images that art is looking for are those which lead to the dimension of primitiveness, understood in terms of reality as of a vital genetic dimension, and in those of abstraction as the emergence of a form.

Key words: Image, Symbol, Representation, Art, Abstraction, Sensibility.

Parole chiave: Immagine, Simbolo, Rappresentazione, Arte, Astrazione, Sensibilitŕ.
Il dibattito epistemologico sulle neuroscienze
Authors: Monetti Stefano
Published: June 2021

- Two fundamental approaches are considered in this paper: materialistic reductionism and neurophenomenology. According to reductionism, the neurosciences can ascertain the reliability of psychological cognition by investigating the material do- main. Neurophenomenology, instead, recurs to an integrated and complex approach, which combines philosophical, psychological and neurological knowledge. This essay critically analyses these approaches, and tries to define their respective philosophical genealogy.

Key words: Epistemology, Mind/body problem, Neurophenomenology, Neuroscience, Psychoanalysis, Reductionism.

Parole chiave: Epistemologia, Neurofenomenologia, Neuroscienze, Psicoanalisi, Relazione mente/corpo, Riduzionismo
Arte e realtŕ in Danto e Adorno
Authors: Marchetti Luca
Published: June 2021

Il saggio affronta il rapporto tra opera e oggetto nella filosofia dell'arte di A. Danto. In particolare: 1) le opere d'arte sono sempre a "distanza" da ciň che rappresentano (contro le avanguardie artistiche, Danto difende la "differenza" tra arte e realtŕ); 2) sono oggetti semi-opachi, ovvero trasparenti e opachi allo stesso tempo; 3) come per Adorno, sono "paradossali", perché attraverso qualcosa di reale si manifesta qualcosa che non č "reale". A partire da queste considerazioni Danto distingue arti disturbanti e arti disturbazionali: le prime operano all'interno dei "confini" dell'arte senza metterli in discussione, le seconde, invece, cercano di superare la differenza tra arte e realtŕ.
Martha Nussbaum e il dibattito americano su cosmopolitismo e patriottismo
Authors: Taraborrelli Angela
Published: June 2021

Il dibattito americano tra "cosmopoliti" e "patrioti" ha espresso un contrasto fra due modi di perseguire i valori della democrazia e della giustizia sociale. Si ricostruiscono qui le tappe del pensiero cosmopolitico di M. Nussbaum, con l'obiettivo di mostrare come l'interesse per la giustizia sociale globale e la conseguente elaborazione della teoria politica normativa del capabilities approach l'abbiano indotta a modificare la propria concezione del cosmopolitismo e della sua funzione epistemologica. L'articolo spiega perché Nussbaum, partendo da una versione radicale del cosmopolitismo e passando per una posizione di "patriottismo limitato", approdi infine ad una teoria politica alla quale addirittura rifiuta l'attributo di cosmopolita.
La fabrique du renvoi. Sur quelques thčmes sémiotiques chez le premier Husserl
Authors: Majolino Claudio
Published: June 2021

The early manuscript "Semiotik" constitutes the very first layer of Husserl's reflection on signs. In this text, Husserl literally constructs - fabricates as it were - the phenomenological notion of sign that he tacitly presupposes in his later work. The author tries to show the way in which this notion is constituted, the conceptual distortions that make it possible as well as some of its theoretical side-effects.
La teoria dell'evoluzione oggi. Un approccio neo-lakatosiano
Authors: Pievani Telmo
Published: June 2021

La teoria dell'evoluzione nel suo secolo e mezzo di storia č passata attraverso continue revisioni ed estensioni, teoriche e sperimentali, senza alcun evidente cambiamento radicale di "paradigma". La transizione in corso fra la Sintesi Moderna e la cosiddetta "Sintesi Estesa" viene qui interpretata attraverso la Metodologia dei Programmi di Ricerca Scientifici, proposta da Imre Lakatos e successivamente ag- giornata. La situazione attuale in campo evoluzionistico viene cosě rappresentata come uno slittamento "progressivo" del programma di ricerca neodarwiniano, che abbandona il quadro teorico piuttosto rigido della Sintesi Moderna per approdare a un programma di ricerca piů inclusivo, dotato di un "nucleo teorico" allargato (il "darwinismo esteso" illustrato da Stephen J. Gould) e di una "cornice protettiva" di tipo pluralista. Questa analisi della dinamica continuativa e razionale di crescita della conoscenza biologica č della massima utilitŕ anche per una disamina critica dei piů diffusi fraintendimenti e delle controversie riguardanti l'evoluzione.
Biology's last paradigm shift. The transition from natural theology to Darwinism
Authors: Pigliucci Massimo
Published: June 2021

Evolutionary theory went through several phases ever since the publication of the original Darwin-Wallace paper, including neo-Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis and, possibly, a currently ongoing Extended Synthesis. In this paper I tackle the question of whether evolutionary biology ever underwent anything like a Kuhn-style paradigm shift. I conclude that it did not, and is not likely to do so in the future, although a paradigmlike shift did occur early on, at the transition between natural theology and Darwinism. Parole chiave: Darwinismo, Paradigmi, Sintesi estesa, Sintesi moderna, Teologia naturale
Il labirinto, l'albero e la scala. Sulla forma del Tractatus
Authors: Mezzadri Daniele
Published: June 2021

Questo articolo presenta e discute alcune recenti interpretazioni della forma del Tractatus di Wittgenstein. Borutti (2010) interpreta il Tractatus come un labirinto, in cui le proposizioni, invece che condurre verso un'unica conclusione, rappresentano differenti sentieri e vie attraverso i quali la natura del linguaggio e della realtŕ č delucidata. Bazzocchi (2010), al contrario, descrive il Tractatus come avente una struttura ad albero, in cui le proposizioni principali sono le radici e quelle decimali i rami e le foglie, differenti livelli di commento alle proposizioni principali. Secondo la lettura di Conant e Diamond (2010), il Tractatus ha una struttura a scala (di cui le proposizioni sono pioli) attraverso la quale guida il lettore a liberarsi da confusioni filosofiche. L'articolo termina discutendo brevemente come queste letture trattano la questione del nonsenso del Tractatus.
Gli anni di Mao: storia e politica del presente
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: June 2021

- Reflects on how political changes that have taken place in the People's Republic of China (Prc) during the era of economic reform, together with changes that have taken place in the world at large since 1989, especially those following the collapse of Communism in Europe, have shaped the way in which historians inside and outside the Prc have written the history of the Mao era (1949 to 1976). The article examines both Chinese and western historiography of four key issues relating to the Mao era: the idea of the 1950s as a "golden age"; the Great Leap Forward (1958-61); the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) and the view of Mao himself. The more negative representation of these issues derives, in part, from the fact that scholars now have much greater access to sources than was true prior to the 1980s. At the same time, the more negative representation it is bound up with political changes that have occurred inside and outside the Prc. For that reason, the historiography of the Mao may be said to represent an almost textbook example of the way in which historical writing is implicated in the politics of the present. Keywords: China, Communism, Mao, Economy, Historiography, History. Parole chiave: Cina, Comunismo, Mao, Economia, Storiografia, Storia.
La Madre India nuda, un affare di Stato nazionale
Authors: Virmani Arundhati
Published: June 2021

- In February 2006, a painting, representing a map of India in the form of a naked woman, entitled "Nude Bharatmata" (Nude Mother India) by Maqbool Fida Husain, appeared in an Indian magazine in English «India Today». A national affair: Nude Bharatmata 2006 analyses reactions in India and abroad, examines the Husain affair in the light of the longue durée of national iconography and highlights the coexistence of different, even conflictual expectations from national representations as India goes "global". Keywords: India, National identity, Iconography, History. Parole chiave: India, Identitŕ nazionale, Iconografia, Storia.