bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-finitely generated relatively hyperbolic groups and Floyd quasiconvexity
Authors: Gerasimov Victor , Potyagailo Leonid
Published: June 2015

We regard a relatively hyperbolic group as a group acting non-trivially by homeomorphisms on a compactum

T

discontinuously on the set of distinct triples and cocompactly on the set of distinct pairs of points of

T

.

In the first part of the paper we prove that such a group

G

admits a graph of groups decomposition given by a star graph whose central vertex group is finitely generated relatively hyperbolic with respect to the edge groups, and the other vertex groups are stabilizers of non-equivalent parabolic points. It follows from this result that every relatively hyperbolic group is relatively finitely generated with respect to the parabolic subgroups. Another corollary is that the definition of the relative hyperbolicity which we are using is equivalent to those of Bowditch and Osin (taken with respect to finitely many peripheral subgroups) and they are all equivalent to the existence of the above star graph of groups decomposition.

The second part of the paper uses the method of the first part. Considering the induced action of

G

on the space of distinct pairs of

T

we construct a connected graph on which

G

acts properly and cofinitely on edges. Equipping the graph with Floyd metrics we prove that the quasigeodesics in this metric are close somewhere to the geodesics in the word metric. This allows us to prove that the parabolic subgroups of

G

are quasiconvex with respect to the Floyd metrics. As a corollary we prove that the preimage of a parabolic point by the Floyd map is the Floyd boundary of its stabilizer.
Some applications of $\ell_p$-cohomology to boundaries of Gromov hyperbolic spaces
Authors: Bourdon Marc , Kleiner Bruce
Published: June 2015

We study quasi-isometry invariants of Gromov hyperbolic spaces, focusing on the

\ell_p

-cohomology and closely related invariants such as the conformal dimension, combinatorial modulus, and the Combinatorial Loewner Property. We give new constructions of continuous

\ell_p

-cohomology, thereby obtaining information about the

\ell_p

-equivalence\linebreak relation, as well as critical exponents associated with

\ell_p

-cohomology. As an application, we provide a flexible construction of hyperbolic groups which do not have the Combinatorial Loewner Property, extending [8] and complementing the examples from [10]. Another consequence is the existence of hyperbolic groups with Sierpinski carpet boundary which have conformal dimension arbitrarily close to

1

. In particular, we answer questions of Mario Bonk, Juha Heinonen and John Mackay.
Quasi-total actions and translation numbers
Authors: Ben-Simon Gabi , Hartnick Tobias
Published: June 2015

We show that a group admits a non-zero homogeneous quasimorphism if and only if it admits a certain type of action on a poset. Our proof is based on a construction of quasimorphisms which generalizes the construction of the classical translation number quasimorphism. We then develop a correspondence between quasimorphisms and actions on posets, which allows us to translate properties of orders into properties of quasimorphisms and vice versa. Concerning examples we obtain new realizations of the Rademacher quasimorphism, certain Brooks type quasimorphisms, the Dehornoy floor quasimorphism as well as Guichardet–Wigner quasimorphisms on simple Hermitian Lie groups of tube type. The latter we relate to Kaneyuki causal structures on Shilov boundaries, following an idea by Clerc and Koufany. As applications we characterize those quasimorphisms which arise from circle actions, and subgroups of Hermitian Lie groups with vanishing Guichardet–Wigner quasimorphisms.
Splittings and automorphisms of relatively hyperbolic groups
Authors: Guirardel Vincent , Levitt Gilbert
Published: June 2015

We study automorphisms of a relatively hyperbolic group

G

. When

G

is one-ended, we describe Out

(G)

using a preferred JSJ tree over subgroups that are virtually cyclic or parabolic. In particular, when

G

is toral relatively hyperbolic, Out

(G)

is virtually built out of mapping class groups and subgroups of

\mathrm {GL}_n(\mathbb Z)

fixing certain basis elements. When more general parabolic groups are allowed, these subgroups of

\operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb Z)

have to be replaced by McCool groups: automorphisms of parabolic groups acting trivially (i.e. by conjugation) on certain subgroups.

Given a malnormal quasiconvex subgroup

P

of a hyperbolic group

G

, we view

G

as hyperbolic relative to

P

and we apply the previous analysis to describe the group Out

(P\nearrow G)

of automorphisms of

P

that extend to

G

: it is virtually a McCool group. If Out

(P\nearrow G)

is infinite, then

P

is a vertex group in a splitting of

G

. If

P

is torsion-free, then Out

(P\nearrow G)

is of type VF, in particular finitely presented.

We also determine when Out

(G)

is infinite, for

G

relatively hyperbolic. The interesting case is when

G

is infinitely-ended and has torsion. When

G

is hyperbolic, we show that Out

(G)

is infinite if and only if

G

splits over a maximal virtually cyclic subgroup with infinite center. In general we show that infiniteness of Out

(G)

comes from the existence of a splitting with infinitely many twists, or having a vertex group that is maximal parabolic with infinitely many automorphisms acting trivially on incident edge groups.
A case study of a low-level jet during OPALE
Authors: Gallée H. , Barral H. , Vignon E. , Genthon C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A case study of a low-level jet (LLJ) during the OPALE (Oxidant Production over Antarctic Land and its Export) summer campaign is presented. It has been observed at Dome C (East Antarctica) and is simulated accurately by the three-dimensional version of the Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR). It is found that this low-level jet is not related to an episode of thermal wind, suggesting that Dome C may be a place where turbulence on flat terrain can be studied.
Spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in China
Authors: Wang Y. Q. , Zhang X. Y. , Sun J. Y. , Zhang X. C. , Che H. Z. , Li Y.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were monitored at 24 stations of CAWNET (China Atmosphere Watch Network) from 2006 to 2014 using GRIMM 180 dust monitors. The highest particulate matter (PM) concentrations were observed at the stations of Xian, Zhengzhou and Gucheng, in Guanzhong and the Hua Bei Plain (HBP). The second highest PM concentrations were observed in northeast China, followed by southern China. According to the latest air quality standards of China, 14 stations reached the PM10 standard and only 7 stations, mainly rural and remote stations, reached the PM2.5 standard. The PM2.5 and PM10 ratios showed a clear increasing trend from northern to southern China, because of the substantial contribution of coarse mineral aerosol in northern China. The PM1 and PM2.5 ratios were higher than 80% at most stations. PM concentrations tended to be highest in winter and lowest in summer at most stations, and mineral dust impacts influenced the results in spring. A decreasing interannual trend was observed in the HBP and southern China from 2006 to 2014, but an increasing trend occurred at some stations in northeast China. Also diurnal variations of PM concentrations and meteorological factors effects were investigated.
Annual evapotranspiration retrieved solely from satellites' vegetation indices for the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Helman D. , Lensky I. M. , Givati A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We present a simple model to retrieve actual evapotranspiration (ET) solely from satellites (PaVI-E). The model is based on empirical relationships between vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI from MODIS) and total annual ET (ETAnnual) from 16 FLUXNET sites representing a wide range of plant functional types and ETAnnual. The model was applied separately for (a) annual vegetation systems (i.e., croplands and grasslands) and (b) systems with combined annual and perennial vegetation (i.e., woodlands, forests, savannah and shrublands). It explained most of the variance in ETAnnual in those systems (71% for annuals, and 88% for combined annuals and perennials systems) while multiple regression and modified Temperature and Greenness models using also land surface temperature did not improve its performance (p > 0.1). PaVI-E was used to retrieve ETAnnual at 250 m spatial resolution for the Eastern Mediterranean from 2000 to 2014. Models' estimates were highly correlated (R = 0.92, p < 0.01) with ETAnnual calculated from water catchments balances along rainfall gradient in the Eastern Mediterranean. They were also comparable to the coarser resolution ET products of MSG (LSA-SAF MSG ETa, 3.1 km) and MODIS (MOD16, 1 km) at 148 Eastern Mediterranean basins with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.75 and 0.77 and relative bias of 5.2 and −5.2%, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). The proposed model is expected to contribute to hydrological study in the Eastern Mediterranean assisting in water resource management, which is one of the most valuable resources of this region.
Vertical level selection for temperature and trace gas profile retrievals using IASI
Authors: Vincent R. A. , Dudhia A , Ventress L. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This work presents a new iterative method for optimally selecting a vertical retrieval grid based on the location of the information while accounting for inter-level correlations. Sample atmospheres initially created to parametrise the Radiative Transfer Model for the Television Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV) forward model are used to compare the presented iterative selection method with two other common approaches, which are using levels of equal vertical spacing and selecting levels based on the cumulative trace of the averaging kernel matrix (AKM). This new method is shown to outperform compared methods for simulated profile retrievals of temperature, H2O, O3, CH4, and CO with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). However, the benefits of using the more complicated iterative approach compared to the simpler cumulative trace method are slight and may not justify the added effort for the cases studied, but may be useful in other scenarios where temperature and trace gases have strong vertical gradients with significant estimate sensitivity. Furthermore, comparing retrievals using a globally optimised static grid vs. a locally adapted one shows that a static grid performs nearly as well for retrievals of O3, CH4, and CO. However, developers of temperature and H2O retrieval schemes may at least consider using adaptive or location specific vertical retrieval grids.
Biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in permafrost soils and waterways: a meta-analysis
Authors: Vonk J. E. , Tank S. E. , Mann P. J. , Spencer R. G. M. , Treat C. C. , Striegl R. G. , Abbott B. W. , Wickland K. P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. As Arctic regions warm, the large organic carbon pool stored in permafrost becomes increasingly vulnerable to thaw and decomposition. The transfer of newly mobilized carbon to the atmosphere and its potential influence upon climate change will largely depend on the reactivity and subsequent fate of carbon delivered to aquatic ecosystems. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key regulator of aquatic metabolism and its biodegradability will determine the extent and rate of carbon release from aquatic ecosystems to the atmosphere. Knowledge of the mechanistic controls on DOC biodegradability is however currently poor due to a scarcity of long-term data sets, limited spatial coverage of available data, and methodological diversity. Here, we performed parallel biodegradable DOC (BDOC) experiments at six Arctic sites (16 experiments) using a standardized incubation protocol to examine the effect of methodological differences used as common practice in the literature. We further synthesized results from 14 aquatic and soil leachate BDOC studies from across the circum–arctic permafrost region to examine pan-Arctic trends in BDOC. An increasing extent of permafrost across the landscape resulted in higher BDOC losses in both soil and aquatic systems. We hypothesize that the unique composition of permafrost-derived DOC combined with limited prior microbial processing due to low soil temperature and relatively shorter flow path lengths and transport times, resulted in higher overall terrestrial and freshwater BDOC loss. Additionally, we found that the fraction of BDOC decreased moving down the fluvial network in continuous permafrost regions, i.e. from streams to large rivers, suggesting that highly biodegradable DOC is lost in headwater streams. We also observed a seasonal (January–December) decrease in BDOC losses in large streams and rivers, but no apparent change in smaller streams and soil leachates. We attribute this seasonal change to a combination of factors including shifts in carbon source, changing DOC residence time related to increasing thaw-depth, increasing water temperatures later in the summer, as well as decreasing hydrologic connectivity between soils and surface water as the seasons progress. Our results suggest that future, climate warming-induced shifts of continuous permafrost into discontinuous permafrost regions could affect the degradation potential of thaw-released DOC as well as its variability throughout the Arctic summer. We lastly present a recommended standardized BDOC protocol to facilitate the comparison of future work and improve our knowledge of processing and transport of DOC in a changing Arctic.
Carbonate saturation state of surface waters in the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean: controls and implications for the onset of aragonite undersaturation
Authors: DeJong H. B. , Dunbar R. B. , Mucciarone D. A. , Koweek D. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Predicting when surface waters of the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean will become undersaturated with respect to biogenic carbonate minerals is challenging in part due to the lack of baseline high resolution carbon system data. Here we present ~ 1700 surface total alkalinity measurements from the Ross Sea and along a transect between the Ross Sea and southern Chile from the austral autumn (February–March 2013). We calculate the saturation state of aragonite (ΩAr) and calcite (ΩCa) using measured total alkalinity and pCO2. In the Ross Sea and south of the Polar Front, variability in carbonate saturation state (Ω) is mainly driven by algal photosynthesis. Freshwater dilution and calcification have minimal influence on Ω variability. We estimate an early spring surface water ΩAr value of ~ 1.2 for the Ross Sea using a total alkalinity–salinity relationship and historical pCO2 measurements. Our results suggest that the Ross Sea is not likely to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite until the year 2070.
Review of Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies
Authors: Liu Xinfang , He Qingshun
Published: June 2015

This paper reviewed the new book Patterns and Meanings in Discourse by Alan Partington, Alison Duguid and Charlotte Taylor, published in 2013. In this book, Partington et al. put forth the new ideas of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) and modern diachronic corpus-assisted discourse studies (MD-CADS) and demonstrate them with practical case studies.
Influence of a Microwave Irradiation on the Swelling and Permeation Properties of a Nafion Membrane
Authors: Barragán V.M. , Muñoz S.
Published: June 2015

The effect of a microwave irradiation at 2450 MHz on the swelling and permeation properties of a Nafion membrane in water and methanol media has been studied. The influence of the irradiation power and the exposure time has been analyzed. The results found show that the irradiation hardly affects the membrane liquid uptake, but it affects the expansion properties of the membrane. The hydraulic permeability coefficient of the unmodified and the irradiated membranes has been experimentally determined. Higher hydraulic permeability has been obtained for the irradiated membranes in both water and methanol, but the degree of increment in permeability coefficient with microwave depends on kinds of permeation liquid. The results have been discussed considering the degradation effect occurring on the membrane hydrophobic matrix, which affects to the membrane elastic properties.
The Performance of Hybrid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors (AnMBRs) Added with Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Based on Different Sludge Retention Times
Authors: Tan E-Chuan , Tan Sze Pin , Low Meng Khai , Lo Po Kim , Bashir Mohammed J.K. , Liang Andrew Chai Han , Nisar Humaira , Ng Choon Aun
Published: June 2015

In this study, the effects of different sludge retention times (SRTs) on membrane fouling control with the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) were investigated for the anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs). Chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), food to microorganisms (F/M) ratio, particle size distribution, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and their relationships with membrane fouling were studied for AnMBR added with PAC at different SRTs. As SRT of the AnMBR increased to higher days, MLVSS concentration would increase and F/M ratio decreased and it was found to have a better membrane fouling control. It was also noticed that PAC addition would decrease EPS concentration and increased the floc size of the biomass which would help to reduce membrane fouling rate of AnMBRs.
Functional subregions of the human entorhinal cortex
Authors: Maass Anne , Berron David , Libby Laura A , Ranganath Charan , Düzel Emrah
Published: June 2015

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the primary site of interactions between the neocortex and hippocampus. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that EC can be divided into subregions that connect differentially with perirhinal cortex (PRC) vs parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and with hippocampal subfields along the proximo-distal axis. Here, we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla to identify functional subdivisions of the human EC. In two independent datasets, PRC showed preferential intrinsic functional connectivity with anterior-lateral EC and PHC with posterior-medial EC. These EC subregions, in turn, exhibited differential connectivity with proximal and distal subiculum. In contrast, connectivity of PRC and PHC with subiculum followed not only a proximal-distal but also an anterior-posterior gradient. Our data provide the first evidence that the human EC can be divided into functional subdivisions whose functional connectivity closely parallels the known anatomical connectivity patterns of the rodent and nonhuman primate EC.
Functional topography of the human entorhinal cortex
Authors: Navarro Schröder Tobias , Haak Koen V , Zaragoza Jimenez Nestor I , Beckmann Christian F , Doeller Christian F
Published: June 2015

Despite extensive research on the role of the rodent medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (MEC/LEC) in spatial navigation, memory and related disease, their human homologues remain elusive. Here, we combine high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T with novel data-driven and model-based analyses to identify corresponding subregions in humans based on the well-known global connectivity fingerprints in rodents and sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial information. We provide evidence for a functional division primarily along the anteroposterior axis. Localising the human homologue of the rodent MEC and LEC has important implications for translating studies on the hippocampo-entorhinal memory system from rodents to humans.
Nano-Dielectric Resonator Antenna Reflectarray/Transmittarray for Terahertz Applications
Authors: Malhat H. A. , Eltresy N. A. , Zainud-Deen S. H. , H. Awadalla K.
Published: June 2015

Nanoantennas have introduced wide bandwidth for fast data communications. The material properties of good conducting metals introduce plasmonic behavior at Terahertz frequencies. The material property of good conducting metals using Drude Lorentz model has been investigated. The radiation characteristics of nano-dielectric resonator antenna (NDRA) reflectarray at 633 nm have been investigated. A parametric study for the nano DRA unit cell dimensions and material has been introduced. A NDR with silver ground plane have been designed and analyzed. A nano-transmitarray unit-cell has been introduced for the analysis. A comparison between the radiation characteristics of 17×17 and 21×21 NDRA transmitarray has been given. A compromise between the nano-transmitarray size, maximum gain, and operating bandwidth is applied to Terahertz applications. The finite integral technique is used to carry a full wave analysis to design a NDRA reflectarray and a NDRA transmitarray.
Evaluations of tropospheric aerosol properties simulated by the community earth system model with a sectional aerosol microphysics scheme
Authors: Yu Pengfei , Toon Owen B. , Bardeen Charles G. , Mills Michael J. , Fan Tianyi , English Jason M. , Neely Ryan R.
Published: June 2015

A sectional aerosol model (CARMA) has been developed and coupled with the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). Aerosol microphysics, radiative properties, and interactions with clouds are simulated in the size‐resolving model. The model described here uses 20 particle size bins for each aerosol component including freshly nucleated sulfate particles, as well as mixed particles containing sulfate, primary organics, black carbon, dust, and sea salt. The model also includes five types of bulk secondary organic aerosols with four volatility bins. The overall cost of CESM1‐CARMA is approximately ∼2.6 times as much computer time as the standard three‐mode aerosol model in CESM1 (CESM1‐MAM3) and twice as much computer time as the seven‐mode aerosol model in CESM1 (CESM1‐MAM7) using similar gas phase chemistry codes. Aerosol spatial‐temporal distributions are simulated and compared with a large set of observations from satellites, ground‐based measurements, and airborne field campaigns. Simulated annual average aerosol optical depths are lower than MODIS/MISR satellite observations and AERONET observations by ∼32%. This difference is within the uncertainty of the satellite observations. CESM1/CARMA reproduces sulfate aerosol mass within 8%, organic aerosol mass within 20%, and black carbon aerosol mass within 50% compared with a multiyear average of the IMPROVE/EPA data over United States, but differences vary considerably at individual locations. Other data sets show similar levels of comparison with model simulations. The model suggests that in addition to sulfate, organic aerosols also significantly contribute to aerosol mass in the tropical UTLS, which is consistent with limited data.
Holophagae
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: June 2015

Ho.lo.pha'gae. N.L. fem. n.
Holophaga
type genus of the type order
Holophagales
; ‐
ae
ending to designate a class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Holophagae
the class of
Holophagales
.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae
Acidimicrobiia class. nov.
Authors: Norris Paul R.
Published: June 2015

A.ci.di.mi.cro.bi'i.a. N.L. neut. n.
Acidimicrobium
type genus of the type order; suff. ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. pl. neut. n.
Acidimicrobiia
the
Acidimicrobiales
class.

Actinobacteria / Acidimicrobiia
Bacteroidia class. nov.
Authors: Krieg Noel R.
Published: June 2015

Bac.te.ro.i.di'a. N.L. masc. n.
Bacteroides
type genus of the type order
Bacteroidales
; suff. ‐
ia
ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Bacteroidia
the
Bacteroidales
class.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia
Flavobacteriia class. nov.
Authors: Bernardet Jean‐François
Published: June 2015

Fla.vo.bac.te'ri.i.a. N.L. neut. n.
Flavobacterium
type genus of the type order
Flavobacteriales
; suff. ‐
ia
, ending proposal by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Flavobacteriia
, the
Flavobacterium
class.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia
“Chloroflexi”
Authors: Castenholz Richard W.
Published: June 2015

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi”
Deferribacteres class. nov.
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: June 2015

De.fer.ri.bac' te.res
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Deferribacterales
type order of the class; dropping ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Deferribacteres
the class of
Deferribacterales
.

Deferribacteres / Deferribactere
Deinococci class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Dei.no.coc' ci
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Deinococcales
type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Deinococci
the class of
Deinococcales
.

“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci
Dictyoglomia class. nov.
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: June 2015

Dic.ty.o.glo'mi.a. N.L. n.
Dictyoglomus
type genus of the type order of the class; suff. ‐
ia
ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Dictyoglomia
the class of the order
Dictyoglomales
.

Dictyoglomi / Dictyoglomia
Methanobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Boone David R.
Published: June 2015

Me.tha.no.bac.te' ri.a
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanobacteriales
type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanobacteria
the class of
Methanobacteriales
.

Euryarchaeota / Methanobacteria
Thermococci class. nov.
Authors: Zillig Wolfram , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.coc' ci
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermococcales
the type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermococci
the class of
Thermococcales
.

Euryarchaeota / Thermococci
Thermoplasmata class. nov.
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.plas.ma' ta
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermoplasmatales
the type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermoplasma
the class of
Thermoplasmatales
.

Euryarchaeota / Thermoplasmata
Fibrobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Spain Anne M. , Forsberg Cecil W. , Krumholz Lee R.
Published: June 2015

Fi.bro.bac.te'ri.a. N.L. masc. n.
Fibrobacter
type genus of the type order of the class; suff. ‐
ia
ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Fibrobacteria
the
Fibrobacter
class.

Fibrobacteres / Fibrobacteria
Erysipelotrichia class. nov.
Authors: Ludwig Wolfgang , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

E.ry.si.pe.lo.tri'chia. N.L. fem. n.
Erysipelothrix
type genus of the type order of the class; suff. ‐
ia
ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Erysipelotrichia
the
Erysipelothrix
class.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia
Fusobacteriia class. nov.
Authors: Staley James T. , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

Fu.so.bac.te'ri.ia. N L. neut. n.
Fusobacterium
type genus of the order
Fusobacteriales
; suff. ‐
ia
ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Fusobacteriia
the
Fusobacterium
class.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia
Lentisphaeria class. nov.
Authors: Cho Jang‐Cheon , Derrien Muriel , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: June 2015

Len.ti.spha.e'ria. N.L. fem. n.
Lentisphaera
type genus of the type order; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Lentisphaeria
class of the order
Lentisphaerales
.
Lentisphaeria
the class of bacteria having
16S rRNA
gene sequences related to those of the members of the
Lentisphaerales
.

Lentisphaerae / Lentisphaeria
Betaproteobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Be.ta.pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a
. Gr. n.
beta
name of second letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n.
Proteus
ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Betaproteobacteria
class of bacteria having
16S rRNA
gene sequences related to those of the members of the order
Spirillales
.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Ep.si.lon.pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a
. Gr. n.
epsilon
name of fifth letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n.
Proteus
ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Epsilonproteobacteria
the class of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order
Campylobacterales
.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria
Acidobacteriales
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: June 2015

A.ci'do.bac.ter.i.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Acidobacterium
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acidobacteriales
the
Acidobacterium
order.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Acidobacteriales
Acanthopleuribacterales
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: June 2015

A.can'tho.pleu.ri.bac'te.ra'les. N.L. masc. n.
Acanthopleuribacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acanthopleuribacterales
the
Acanthopleuribacter
order.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae / Acanthopleuribacterales
Holophagales
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: June 2015

Ho.lo.pha.ga'les. N.L. fem. n.
Holophaga
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Holophagales
the
Holophaga
order.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae / Holophagales
Actinopolysporales ord. nov
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Trujillo Martha E.
Published: June 2015

Ac.ti'no.po.ly.spo.ra.les. N.L. fem. n.
Actinopolyspora
the type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Actinopolysporales
the
Actinopolyspora
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinopolysporales
Bifidobacteriales
Authors: Biavati Bruno
Published: June 2015

Bi.fi.do.bac.te.ri.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Bifidobacterium
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending denoting an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bifidobacteriales
the
Bifidobacterium
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales
Frankiales ord. nov
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: June 2015

Fran.ki'a.les. N.L. fem. n.
Frankia
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Frankiales
the
Frankia
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales
Glycomycetales ord. nov
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: June 2015

Gly.co.my.ce'ta.les. N.L. masc. n.
Glycomyces ‐etis
, type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
, ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Glycomycetales
the
Glycomyces
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Glycomycetales
Kineosporiales ord. nov
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: June 2015

Ki.ne.o.spo.ri'a.les. N.L. fem. n.
Kineosporia
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Kineosporales
the
Kineosporia
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Kineosporiales
Streptomycetales ord. nov
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: June 2015

Strep.to.my.cet.al'es. N.L. masc. n.
Streptomyces
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Streptomycetales
the
Streptomyces
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptomycetales
Streptosporangiales ord. nov
Authors: Goodfellow Michael
Published: June 2015

Strep.to.spo.ran.gi'a.les. N.L. neut. n.
Streptosporangium
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Streptosporangiales
the
Streptosporangium
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales
Euzebyales
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: June 2015

Eu.ze.by'a.les. N.L. fem. n.
Euzebya
type genus of the family; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Euzebyales
the order of the genus
Euzebya
.

Actinobacteria / Nitriliruptoria / Euzebyales
Bacteroidales ord. nov
Authors: Krieg Noel R.
Published: June 2015

Bac.te.ro.i.da'les. N.L. masc. n.
Bacteroides
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bacteroidales
the
Bacteroides
order.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales
Chrysiogenales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Chry.si.o.gen' ales
. M.L. masc. n.
Chrysiogenes
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chrysiogenales
the order of
Chrysiogenes
.

Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenales
Desulfurococcales ord. nov
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: June 2015

De.sul.fu.ro.coc.ca' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Desulfurococcus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfurococcales
the order of
Desulfurococcus
.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales
Sulfolobales
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: June 2015

Sul.fo.lo.ba' les
M.L. masc. n.
Sulfolobus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Sulfolobales
the order of the
Sulfolobus
.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Sulfolobales
Thermoproteales
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.pro.te.a' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Thermoproteus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermoproteales
the order of
Thermoproteus
.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales
Fibrobacterales ord. nov
Authors: Spain Anne M. , Forsberg Cecil W. , Krumholz Lee R.
Published: June 2015

Fi.bro.bac.ter.a'les. N.L. masc. n.
Fibrobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Fibrobacterales
the
Fibrobacter
order.

Fibrobacteres / Fibrobacteria / Fibrobacterales
Thermoanaerobacterales ord. nov
Authors: Wiegel Juergen
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.an.ae.ro.bac.ter.a'les. N.L. masc. n.
Thermoanaerobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. n.
Thermoanaerobacterales
the order
Thermoanaerobacter
.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales
Lentisphaerales
Authors: Cho Jang‐Cheon , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: June 2015

Len.ti.spha.e.ra'les. N.L. fem. n.
Lentisphaera
type genus of the order; ‐
ale
s ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Lentisphaerales
the order of the genus
Lentisphaera

Lentisphaerae / Lentisphaeria / Lentisphaerales
Caulobacterales
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Cau' lo.bac.ter.a' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Caulobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Caulobacterales
the
Caulobacter
order.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Caulobacterales
Neisseriales ord. nov
Authors: Tønjum Tone
Published: June 2015

Neis.se.ri.a' les
. M.L. fem. n.
Neisseriaceae
type family of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Neisseriales
the
Neisseriaceae
family.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales
Campylobacterales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Cam.py.lo.bac.ter.a' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Campylobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Campylobacterales
the
Campylobacter
order.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales
Pasteurellales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Pas.teu.rel.la' les
. M.L. fem. n.
Pasteurella
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
suffix to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Pasteurellales
the
Pasteurella
order.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales
Chrysiogenetes phy. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Chry.si.o.ge.ne' tes
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chrysiogenales
type order of the phylum; dropping ending to denote a phylum; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chrysiogenetes
the phylum of
Chrysiogenales
.

Chrysiogenetes
Crenarchaeota phy. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Cren.arch.ae.o' ta
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Crenarchaeota
from the Kingdom
Crenarchaeota
(Woese, Kandler and Wheelis 1990, 4579).

Crenarchaeota
Cyanobacteria
Authors: Castenholz Richard W.
Published: June 2015

Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria

Cyanobacteria
Fusobacteria
Authors: Staley James T. , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

Fu.so.bac.te'ri.a. N.L. neut. n.
Fusobacterium
genus of the phylum with ending ‐
ia
to denote phylum; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Fusobacteriia
the phylum of
Fusobacterium
.

Fusobacteria
Nitrospirae phy. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Ni.tro.spi' rae
. M.L. fem. n.
Nitrospira
genus of the phylum; ending to denote a phylum; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Nitrospirae
the phylum of
Nitrospira
.

Nitrospirae
Proteobacteria phyl. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a
. Gr. n.
Proteus
ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Proteobacteria
the phylum of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order
Pseudomonadales
.

Proteobacteria
Tenericutes
Authors: Brown Daniel R.
Published: June 2015

Ten.er'i.cutes. L. adj.
tener
tender; L. fem. n.
cutis
skin; N.L. fem. n.
Tenericutes
prokaryotes of a soft pliable nature indicative of a lack of a rigid cell wall.

Tenericutes
Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area in Humans
Authors: Stewart Marissa C. , Goliath Jesse R. , Stout Sam D. , Hubbe Mark
Published: June 2015

Histomorphometric and cross‐sectional geometric studies of bone have provided valuable information about age at death, behavioral and activity patterns, and pathological conditions for past and present human populations. While a considerable amount of exploratory and applied research has been completed using histomorphometric and cross‐sectional geometric properties, the effects of intraskeletal variability on interpreting observed histomorphometric data have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to quantify intraskeletal variability in the relative cortical area of long bones and ribs from modern humans. To examine intraskeletal variability, cross‐sections of the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and rib when present, were examined within individuals from a cadaveric collection (N = 34). Relative cortical area was compared within individuals using a repeated measurements General Linear Model, which shows significant differences between bones, particularly between the rib and the remaining long bones. Complementarily, correlations between bones’ relative cortical area values suggest an important allometric component affecting this aspect of long bones, but not of the rib. This study highlights the magnitude of intraskeletal variability in relative cortical area in the human skeleton, and because the relative cortical area of any particular bone is affected by a series of confounding factors, extrapolation of relative cortical area values to infer load history for other skeletal elements can be misleading. Anat Rec, 298:1635–1643, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ammonia‐based intermittent aeration control optimized for efficient nitrogen removal
Authors: Regmi Pusker , Bunce Ryder , Miller Mark W. , Park Hongkeun , Chandran Kartik , Wett Bernhard , Murthy Sudhir , Bott Charles B.
Published: June 2015

This work describes the development of an intermittently aerated pilot‐scale process (V = 0.45 m3) operated for optimized efficient nitrogen removal in terms of volume, supplemental carbon and alkalinity requirements. The intermittent aeration pattern was controlled using a strategy based on effluent ammonia concentration set‐points. The unique feature of the ammonia‐based aeration control was that a fixed dissolved oxygen (DO) set‐point was used and the length of the aerobic and anoxic time (anoxic time ≥25% of total cycle time) were changed based on the effluent ammonia concentration. Unlike continuously aerated ammonia‐based aeration control strategies, this approach offered control over the aerobic solids retention time (SRT) to deal with fluctuating ammonia loading without solely relying on changes to the total SRT. This approach allowed the system to be operated at a total SRT with a small safety factor. The benefits of operating at an aggressive SRT were reduced hydraulic retention time (HRT) for nitrogen removal. As a result of such an operation, nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) out‐selection was also obtained (ammonia oxidizing bacteria [AOB] maximum activity: 400 ± 79 mgN/L/d, NOB maximum activity: 257 ± 133 mgN/L/d, P < 0.001) expanding opportunities for short‐cut nitrogen removal. The pilot demonstrated a total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal rate of 95 ± 30 mgN/L/d at an influent chemical oxygen demand: ammonia (COD/NH4+‐N) ratio of 10.2 ± 2.2 at 25°C within the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h and within a total SRT of 5–10 days. The TIN removal efficiency up to 91% was observed during the study, while effluent TIN was 9.6 ± 4.4 mgN/L. Therefore, this pilot‐scale study demonstrates that application of the proposed on‐line aeration control is capable of relatively high nitrogen removal without supplemental carbon and alkalinity addition at a low HRT. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2060–2067. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guest Editorial: The Professional Status of European Chemists and Chemical Engineers
Authors: Salzer Reiner , Taylor Philip , Majcen Nineta H. , De Angelis Francesco , Wilmet Sophie , Varella Evangelia , Kozaris Ioannis
Published: June 2015

Which country pays its chemists and chemical engineers the highest salaries? Where can I find a new job quickest? Which chemical sub‐discipline offers most jobs? Reliable answers for these and other questions have been derived from the first European employment survey for chemists and chemical engineers, which was carried out in 2013. Here we publish the first general evaluation of the results of this survey.
Diagenetic incorporation of Sr into aragonitic bivalve shells: implications for chronostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretations
Authors: Marcano Maria C. , Frank Tracy D. , Mukasa Samuel B. , Lohmann Kyger C , Taviani Marco
Published: June 2015

Aragonite is easily altered during diagenesis, therefore presumed pristine when present. In effect, beyond polymorphic transformation to calcite, alteration paths of aragonite remain poorly understood despite heavy reliance on such material to produce palaeoenvironmental and chronostratigraphic interpretations. Previous work on core material from Southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, showed that unlike their calcitic counterparts, seemingly unaltered aragonite shell fragments invariably produced older than expected 87Sr/86Sr ages. In this study, we pursued additional analyses of these aragonite shells and of the porewater of the core to understand this discrepancy. Aragonite mineralogy was reconfirmed and elemental mapping of shell fragments revealed growth lines within the middle layer suggestive of good preservation. The outer layer, however, showed anomalously high Sr concentrations (average 4·5 ± 0·6 mole% SrCO3; ca 25 mmol mol−1 Sr/Ca) and was depleted in 18O and 13C compared to the middle layer, both features inconsistent with pristine material. The δ18O values and Sr concentrations of the porewater were used to model outer layer compositions reasonably well. Coincidentally, porewater Sr isotope composition was in general agreement with the age model of the core only at the aragonite‐bearing interval suggesting that Sr‐isotopic disequilibrium between porewater and the carbonates was the rule rather than the exception in the core. The Sr isotope compositions of the aragonite shells are most likely the result of early diagenesis as suggested by the inconsistent O and C isotope compositions between shell layers and the anomalously high Sr concentrations. We conclude that knowledge of Sr concentration and distribution in shells is critical to determine the viability of Sr stratigraphy and the scale at which it may be applied. Reliance on traditional indicators of lack of alteration, such as cathodoluminescence, Mn‐Fe concentration, and the presence of labile mineralogies to assert chronostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental questions may produce erroneous conclusions due to obscurely altered material.
Species sensitivity weighted distribution for ecological risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials: The n-TiO2 case study
Authors: Semenzin Elena , Lanzellotto Elisa , Hristozov Danail , Critto Andrea , Zabeo Alex , Giubilato Elisa , Marcomini Antonio
Published: June 2015

Societal concerns about the environmental risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have recently increased, but nano-ecological risk assessments are constrained by significant gaps in basic information on long-term effects and exposures, for example. An approach to the ecological risk assessment of ENMs is proposed that can operate in the context of high uncertainty. This approach further develops species sensitivity weighted distribution (SSWD) by including 3 weighting criteria (species relevance, trophic level abundance, and nanotoxicity data quality) to address nano-specific needs (n-SSWD). The application of n-SSWD is illustrated for nanoscale titanium dioxide (n-TiO2), which is available in different crystal forms; it was selected because of its widespread use in consumer products (e.g., cosmetics) and the ample availability of data from ecotoxicological studies in the literature (including endpoints for algae, invertebrates, bacteria, and vertebrates in freshwater, saltwater, and terrestrial compartments). The n-SSWD application resulted in estimation of environmental quality criteria (hazard concentration affecting 5% and 50% of the species) and ecological risk (potentially affected fraction of species), which were then compared with similar results obtained by applying the traditional species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach to the same dataset. The n-SSWDs were also built for specific trophic levels (e.g., primary producers) and taxonomic groups (e.g., algae), which helped to identify the most sensitive organisms. These results showd that n-SSWD is a valuable risk tool, although further testing is suggested. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2644–2659. © 2015 SETAC
The Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Gene Is a Direct Target of RUNX1
Authors: Qadi Abeer A. , Taberlay Phillippa C. , Phillips Jessica L. , Young Arabella , West Alison C. , Brettingham‐Moore Kate H. , Dickinson Joanne L. , Holloway Adele F.
Published: June 2015

Activation of cytokine signaling via the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) plays an integral role in hematopoiesis, osteogenesis, and placental development, along with mediating neurotrophic mechanisms. However, the regulatory control of the LIFR gene has remained largely unexplored. Here, we characterize the LIFR gene as a novel target of the RUNX1 transcription factor. The RUNX1 transcription factor is an essential regulator of hematopoiesis and is a frequent target of point mutations and chromosomal alterations in leukemia. RUNX1 regulates hematopoiesis through its control of genes important for hematopoietic cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, including a number of cytokines and cytokine receptors. LIFR is regulated by two alternate promoters: a placental‐specific and a ubiquitously active general promoter. We show that both of these promoters are regulated by RUNX1. However, in myeloid cells LIFR expression is driven solely by the general LIFR promoter with our data indicating that the placental promoter is epigenetically silenced in these cells. While RUNX1 activates the LIFR general promoter, the oncogenic RUNX1‐ETO fusion protein generated by the t(8;21) translocation commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia represses promoter activity. The data presented here establish LIFR as a transcriptional target of RUNX1 and suggest that disruption of RUNX1 activity in myeloid cells may result in altered LIFR signaling in these cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 49–58, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.