bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in Diabetes: Contributions to Endocrine Pancreas Viability and Function
Authors: Perez-Serna Atenea A. , Guzman-Llorens Daniel , Dos Santos Reinaldo S. , Marroqui Laura
Published: January 2025

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder whose prevalence increases every year, affecting more than 530 million adults worldwide. Type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), the most common forms of diabetes, are characterized by the loss of functional pancreatic β-cells, mostly due to apoptosis. B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), two anti-apoptotic proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family, are crucial for regulating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. However, over the years, they have been implicated in many other cellular processes, including intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism. Thus, understanding the biological processes in which these proteins are involved may be crucial to designing new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the roles of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in apoptosis and metabolic homeostasis. It focuses on how the dysregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL affects pancreatic β-cell function and survival, and the consequences for diabetes development.
Enhanced Lung Cancer Survival Prediction Using Semi-Supervised Pseudo-Labeling and Learning from Diverse PET/CT Datasets
Authors: Salmanpour Mohammad R. , Gorji Arman , Mousavi Amin , Fathi Jouzdani Ali , Sanati Nima , Maghsudi Mehdi , Leung Bonnie , Ho Cheryl , Yuan Ren , Rahmim Arman
Published: January 2025

Objective: This study explores a semi-supervised learning (SSL), pseudo-labeled strategy using diverse datasets such as head and neck cancer (HNCa) to enhance lung cancer (LCa) survival outcome predictions, analyzing handcrafted and deep radiomic features (HRF/DRF) from PET/CT scans with hybrid machine learning systems (HMLSs). Methods: We collected 199 LCa patients with both PET and CT images, obtained from TCIA and our local database, alongside 408 HNCa PET/CT images from TCIA. We extracted 215 HRFs and 1024 DRFs by PySERA and a 3D autoencoder, respectively, within the ViSERA 1.0.0 software, from segmented primary tumors. The supervised strategy (SL) employed an HMLS–PCA connected with six classifiers on both HRFs and DRFs. The SSL strategy expanded the datasets by adding 408 pseudo-labeled HNCa cases (labeled by the Random Forest algorithm) to 199 LCa cases, using the same HMLS techniques. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) linked with four survival prediction algorithms were utilized in the survival hazard ratio analysis. Results: The SSL strategy outperformed the SL method (p << 0.001), achieving an average accuracy of 0.85 ± 0.05 with DRFs from PET and PCA + Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), compared to 0.69 ± 0.06 for the SL strategy using DRFs from CT and PCA + Light Gradient Boosting (LGB). Additionally, PCA linked with Component-wise Gradient Boosting Survival Analysis on both HRFs and DRFs, as extracted from CT, had an average C-index of 0.80, with a log rank p-value << 0.001, confirmed by external testing. Conclusions: Shifting from HRFs and SL to DRFs and SSL strategies, particularly in contexts with limited data points, enabling CT or PET alone, can significantly achieve high predictive performance.
Systemic Mechanisms of Ionic Regulation in Carcinogenesis
Authors: Zamay Tatiana N. , Zamay Sergey S. , Zamay Galina S. , Kolovskaya Olga S. , Kichkailo Anna S. , Berezovski Maxim V.
Published: January 2025

Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation at various levels, leading to tumor growth and spread. This review focuses on the role of ion homeostasis in cancer progression. It describes a model of ion-mediated regulation in both normal and cancerous cell proliferation. The main function of this system is to maintain the optimal number of cells in the body by regulating intra- and extracellular ion content. The review discusses the key points of ion regulation and their impact on tumor growth and spread during cancer development. It explains that normal levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen ions are regulated at different levels. Damage to ion transport mechanisms during carcinogenesis can lead to an increase in sodium cations and water content in cells, disrupting the balance of calcium and hydrogen ions. This, in turn, can lead to chromatin compaction reduction, gene overexpression, and instability at the epigenetic and genomic levels, resulting in increased cell proliferation and mutagenesis. Restoring normal ion balance can reduce the proliferative potential of both normal and tumor cell populations. The proposed model of systemic ionic regulation of proliferation aims to reconcile diverse data related to cell mitotic activity in various physiological conditions and explain tumor growth. Understanding the mechanisms behind pathological cell proliferation is important for developing new approaches to control ion homeostasis in the body, potentially leading to more effective cancer treatment and prevention.
IL-1β in Neoplastic Disease and the Role of Its Tumor-Derived Form in the Progression and Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Oyende Yetunde , Taus Luke J. , Fatatis Alessandro
Published: January 2025

Since its discovery, IL-1β has taken center stage as a key mediator of a very broad spectrum of diseases revolving around immuno-mediated and inflammatory events. Predictably, the pleiotropic nature of this cytokine in human pathology has led to the development of targeted therapeutics with multiple treatment indications in the clinic. Following the accumulated findings of IL-1β’s central modulatory role in the immune system and the implication of inflammatory pathways in cancer, the use of IL-1β antagonists was first proposed and then also pursued for oncology disorders. However, this approach has consistently relied on the perceived need of interfering with IL-1β synthesized and secreted by immune cells. Herein, we discuss the importance of IL-1β derived from cancer cells which impacts primary tumors, particularly metastatic lesions, separately from and in addition to its more recognized role in immune-mediated inflammatory events. To this end, we focus on the instrumental contribution of IL-1β in the establishment and progression of advanced prostate adenocarcinoma. Special emphasis is placed on the potential role that the standard-of-care treatment strategies for prostate cancer patients have in unleashing IL-1β expression and production at metastatic sites. We conclude by reviewing the therapeutics currently used for blocking IL-1β signaling and propose a rationale for their concomitant use with standard-of-care treatments to improve the clinical outcomes of advanced prostate cancer.
Improved Survival and Symptom Relief Following Palliative Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion for Leptomeningeal Disease from Brain Cancers: A Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Wu Adela , Zhou James , Skirboll Stephen
Published: January 2025

Background: Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) from cancer indicates advanced cancer and can lead to obstructive hydrocephalus, for which palliative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion may be indicated to alleviate symptoms. We investigated surgical outcomes for hydrocephalus for adult patients with LMD and conducted a systematic review on pediatric and adult cases. Methods: We analyzed outcomes from a 10-year period of patients with neoplastic LMD, obstructive hydrocephalus, and documented date of death. We also searched databases from inception until 20 August 2022, using search terms including ‘cancer’, ‘hydrocephalus’, and ‘shunt’. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed. Results: Among 50 patients, 30 (60%) underwent CSF diversion after LMD diagnosis with comparable median age in both the surgery (58.4 ± 14.4 years) and non-surgery (57.8 ± 14.5 years) groups. Twenty-three patients (76.7%) achieved symptom relief. The surgery group lived longer after LMD diagnosis than the non-surgery group (6.6 ± 6.0 vs. 1.3 ± 4.3 months, p < 0.001) and had a higher likelihood of survival (hazard ratio 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.37–4.52, p = 0.002). Median survival after surgery was 2.8 ± 3.8 months. From 23 articles, 995 patients (34.3%) presented with LMD. Complication rates were 0–37.7% with no extraneural metastases. Symptom relief rates were 50–100%. Three studies reported median survival after surgery (2–3.3 months). Conclusions: A rare entity with dismal prognosis, LMD can present as symptomatic hydrocephalus in patients with cancer. Symptom relief and improved survival can be achieved with palliative CSF diversion with low complication rates. Prospective studies are needed to assess the outcomes and needs of these patients.
A Mixed Methods Study of Medication Adherence in Adults with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) on a Clinical Trial of Selumetinib
Authors: Curlee Millicent S. , Toledo-Tamula Mary Anne , Baker Melissa , Wikstrom Daniel , Harrison Cynthia , Rhodes Amanda , Fagan Margaret , Tibery Cecilia , Wolters Pamela L. , Widemann Brigitte C. , Gross Andrea M. , Martin Staci
Published: January 2025

Background: Oral therapeutic options for plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are receiving attention in clinical research. The MEK inhibitor (MEKi) Selumetinib is FDA-approved in children ages 2+ years with inoperable PNs, and shows activity in adults. Prolonged therapy with selumetinib is necessary to maintain tumor reduction. Therefore, investigating long-term adherence is vital to understand patterns of adherence over time and its impact on clinical outcomes. Mixed methods research offers rich information about adherence that can inform future intervention trials, and can assist practitioners in addressing medication adherence concerns. Methods: This mixed-method pilot study is the first examination of the feasibility of a technology-based adherence assessment method, the medication events monitoring system (MEMSTM), among individuals with NF1-PN. Adherence was monitored in a small sample of patients (N = 12; mean age = 34.36 years; 58% male) with NF1 and PN across eighteen 28-day treatment cycles. Qualitative data were obtained from individual interviews using inductive and deductive techniques for thematic analysis. Results: The predetermined criterion was met, suggesting that using MEMSTM is feasible despite some challenges with the caps. Depression and overall stress were significantly related to reduced adherence, although these results should be considered hypothesis-generating. Barriers to medication adherence included forgetting and the timing of doses related to eating. Facilitators included consistency, reminders, and social support. Conclusions: This study highlights patient characteristics that may be related to increased risk for nonadherence, as well as challenges with electronic pill caps that should be considered in future clinical trials for NF1-related PN. Results can inform future adherence interventions for adults with NF1 and PNs. Future research with larger samples is needed to fully explore factors related to long-term medication adherence among individuals with NF1.
Evaluating Offspring After Pregnancy-Associated Cancer: A Systematic Review of Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Petca Aida , Niculae Lucia Elena , Tocariu Raluca , Nodiți Aniela-Roxana , Petca Răzvan-Cosmin , Rotar Ioana Cristina
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Pregnancy-associated cancer (PAC) presents significant challenges for maternal and neonatal health, and yet its impact on neonatal outcomes remains poorly understood. This systematic review aims to evaluate the neonatal risks associated with PAC. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and other databases was conducted up to 1 November 2024, identifying observational studies and randomized controlled trials assessing neonatal outcomes in pregnancies affected by PAC. Outcomes included preterm birth, low birthweight, macrosomia, small and large for gestational age, low Apgar score, congenital anomalies, and neonatal mortality. Results: Eleven high-quality studies encompassing over 46 million births, including 9953 PAC-affected pregnancies, were reviewed. PAC significantly increased the risks of preterm birth (adjusted ORs ranging from 1.48 to 6.34) and low birthweight (adjusted ORs up to 5.5). Other adverse outcomes included low Apgar scores and neonatal mortality, primarily linked to prematurity. Cancer type and treatment timing influenced these outcomes, with gynecological and breast cancers posing higher risks. Conclusions: Neonates of mothers with PAC face increased risks of adverse outcomes, underscoring the importance of tailored, multidisciplinary management. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the impacts of specific cancer treatments during pregnancy.
Predicting Early Death in Head and Neck Cancer—A Pilot Study
Authors: Talani Charbél , Olsson Hans , Roberg Karin , Wiechec Emilia , Almangush Alhadi , Mäkitie Antti A. , Farnebo Lovisa
Published: January 2025

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate biomarkers and biological characteristics of tumor biopsies from patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) to assess the risk of early death. Furthermore, we analyzed whether any combination of markers could be used for the prognostication of death within six months after cancer diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with HNC, receiving curative treatment decision at a multidisciplinary tumor board meeting, and who died within six months of diagnosis were included in this study. Nine patients who died within six months from diagnosis were identified and matched according to the tumor site and stage to seventeen patients who survived for at least two years. Results: The expression of markers was compared between the early-death patients and survivors. There was significantly higher Ki-67 expression in patients who died within six months than in those surviving for two years, with a mean difference of 21% (p = 0.038). A significant difference in cytoplasmic survivin expression was noted where early-death patients had increased expression compared to the survivors (p = 0.021). Furthermore, the intensity of survivin staining differed between the groups (p = 0.006). Conclusions: The results of this pilot study indicate that Ki67 and survivin could be potential prognostic biomarkers for early death in patients with HNC and possibly included in a panel of prognostic markers of value for treatment decision making.
CRISPR-Cas9 in Cardiovascular Medicine: Unlocking New Potential for Treatment
Authors: Bonowicz Klaudia , Jerka Dominika , Piekarska Klaudia , Olagbaju Janet , Stapleton Laura , Shobowale Munirat , Bartosiński Andrzej , Łapot Magdalena , Bai Yidong , Gagat Maciej
Published: January 2025

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a significant global health challenge, with many current treatments addressing symptoms rather than the genetic roots of these conditions. The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized genome editing, offering a transformative approach to targeting disease-causing mutations directly. This article examines the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in the treatment of various CVDs, including atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, hypertension, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The technology’s ability to correct single-gene mutations with high precision and efficiency positions it as a groundbreaking tool in cardiovascular therapy. Recent developments have extended the capabilities of CRISPR-Cas9 to include mitochondrial genome editing, a critical advancement for addressing mitochondrial dysfunctions often linked to cardiovascular disorders. Despite its promise, significant challenges remain, including off-target effects, ethical concerns, and limitations in delivery methods, which hinder its translation into clinical practice. This article also explores the ethical and regulatory considerations surrounding gene editing technologies, emphasizing the implications of somatic versus germline modifications. Future research efforts should aim to enhance the accuracy of CRISPR-Cas9, improve delivery systems for targeted tissues, and ensure the safety and efficacy of treatments in the long term. Overcoming these obstacles could enable CRISPR-Cas9 to not only treat but also potentially cure genetically driven cardiovascular diseases, heralding a new era in precision medicine for cardiovascular health.
Transcriptomic Profiling and Tumor Microenvironment Classification Reveal Unique and Dynamic Immune Biology in HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Yang Jihua , Cali Daylan Ayse Ece , Shevkoplias Aleksei , Postovalova Ekaterina , Wang Meng , Tyshevich Andrey , Lee Matthew , Narvel Hiba , Zornikova Ksenia , Shin Nara , Kotlov Nikita , Paoluzzi Luca , Zhu Changcheng , Halmos Balazs , Zang Xingxing , Cheng Haiying
Published: January 2025

Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor originating from endothelial cells and is associated with human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) infection. It disproportionately affects populations facing health disparities. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved KS control in people with HIV (PWH), treatment options for advanced KS remain limited. This study investigates the tumor microenvironment (TME) of KS through whole-transcriptomic profiling, analyzing changes over time and differences based on HIV status. The TME was categorized into four subtypes: immune-enriched (IE), non-fibrotic, immune-enriched/fibrotic (IE/F), fibrotic (F) and immune-depleted (D). Nine KS patients (four HIV-negative and five HIV-positive) were enrolled in the study. Longitudinally collected KS samples from three patients (one HIV-negative and two HIV-positive) allowed for the investigation of dynamic TME changes within individual patients. The immune cellular composition was determined using deconvolution and compared to a cohort of non-KS patients. Our findings revealed that all KS samples, regardless of HIV status, were enriched in endothelial cells. Compared to non-KS tissues, the KS samples contained a higher percentage of NK and CD8+ T cells. HIV-negative KS samples displayed the IE and IE/F TME subtypes, while HIV-positive samples exhibited IE, IE/F, and F subtypes. Over the course of the disease, a decrease in angiogenic signatures was observed in two HIV-positive KS patients. Notably, HIV-negative KS samples showed alterations in NK cell-mediated immunity and cytotoxic response pathways, whereas HIV-positive samples exhibited changes in growth regulation and protein kinase activity pathways at the time of initial diagnosis. The gene expression of immune checkpoints, including CD274 (PD-L1) and PDCD1LC2 (PD-L2), was comparable between HIV-positive and HIV-negative KS samples at diagnosis. Furthermore, sequencing identified a shared TCRβ chain in all patients analyzed, indicating a T-cell immune response to a common antigen. This study demonstrates unique transcriptomic features and TME subtypes in KS that differ based on HIV status. Additionally, it illustrates longitudinal dynamic changes in the gene signatures and TME subtypes in individual patients. The identification of a shared TCRβ chain suggests that immune T cells in KS patients may target a common antigen. Future studies should further explore the immune microenvironment and unique T cell clonotypes, which could pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for KS patients.
Deciphering the Transcriptional Metabolic Profile of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells During Osteogenic Differentiation and Epigenetic Drug Treatment
Authors: Gerini Giulia , Traversa Alice , Cece Fabrizio , Cassandri Matteo , Pontecorvi Paola , Camero Simona , Nannini Giulia , Romano Enrico , Marampon Francesco , Venneri Mary Anna , Ceccarelli Simona , Angeloni Antonio , Amedei Amedeo , Marchese Cinzia , Megiorni Francesca
Published: January 2025

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are commonly employed in clinical treatment for various diseases due to their ability to differentiate into multi-lineage and anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory properties. Preclinical studies support their use for bone regeneration, healing, and the improvement of functional outcomes. However, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ASC biology is crucial to identifying key regulatory pathways that influence differentiation and enhance regenerative potential. In this study, we employed the NanoString nCounter technology, an advanced multiplexed digital counting method of RNA molecules, to comprehensively characterize differentially expressed transcripts involved in metabolic pathways at distinct time points in osteogenically differentiating ASCs treated with or without the pan-DNMT inhibitor RG108. In silico annotation and gene ontology analysis highlighted the activation of ethanol oxidation, ROS regulation, retinoic acid metabolism, and steroid hormone metabolism, as well as in the metabolism of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides, and pinpointed potential new osteogenic drivers like AOX1 and ADH1A. RG108-treated cells, in addition to the upregulation of the osteogenesis-related markers RUNX2 and ALPL, showed statistically significant alterations in genes implicated in transcriptional control (MYCN, MYB, TP63, and IRF1), ethanol oxidation (ADH1C, ADH4, ADH6, and ADH7), and glucose metabolism (SLC2A3). These findings highlight the complex interplay of the metabolic, structural, and signaling pathways that orchestrate osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, this study underscores the potential of epigenetic drugs like RG108 to enhance ASC properties, paving the way for more effective and personalized cell-based therapies for bone regeneration.
MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kolanis Savvas , Kotanidou Eleni P. , Tsinopoulou Vasiliki Rengina , Georgiou Elisavet , Hatzipantelis Emmanuel , Fidani Liana , Galli-Tsinopoulou Assimina
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: MTHFR gene polymorphisms (677C>T and 1298A>C) correlate with various types of cancer across all age groups; however, a small number of studies have included solely children and adolescents. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to present and synthesize all the available evidence on the association between MTHFR gene polymorphisms and the incidence of all types of cancer in children and adolescences. Methods: After a systematic search of all of the available data, original case–control studies involving children or adolescents with a confirmed diagnosis of any type of cancer and a molecular genetic test of MTHFR gene polymorphisms were included. Results: A total of 53 original studies in children and adolescents with cancer were included in the systematic review. Among these, 40 studies reviewed children and adolescents with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), 4 those with Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML), 8 those with central nervous system (CNS) tumors and 3 those with other types of cancer. Children and adolescents with ALL had less frequent T allele sequences (CT and TT variations) of the 677C>T polymorphism compared to a healthy population (OR: 0.85; CI: 0.80–0.91; p < 0.00001). Concerning the 1298A>C polymorphism, the C allele sequences (AC and CC) did not present a statistically significant difference in frequency compared to a healthy population (OR: 1.01; CI: 0.95–1.08; p = 0.69). Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ALL appeared to have the T allele sequences of the 677C>T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene less frequently compared to a healthy population.
Analysis of Empirical Models for Predicting the Rupture Force in Four-Pile Caps
Authors: Spozito Raphael Saverio , Christoforo André Luis , de Almeida Filho Fernando Menezes , Delalibera Rodrigo Gustavo , Reis Elvys Dias , Branco André Luís Lima Velame
Published: January 2025

Technical literature provides experimental campaign results for four-pile caps with significant value in structural engineering. However, failure modes and measurement of these specimens are particularly challenging due to their volumetric nature. These experimental records are frequently utilized to evaluate analytical models focusing on less conservative than normative models to predict rupture force. Moreover, recent studies emphasize the necessity of developing simplified predictive models. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of regression models for estimating the rupture force associated with strut failure. The evaluation was based on a commonly used database and employed analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level to identify critical variables. The regression models were developed with variable interactions incorporated into the equations in three forms: (i) without interaction, (ii) with linear interaction, and (iii) with quadratic interaction. An analysis of the developed regression models identified a model with satisfactory accuracy. This model achieved an average predicted force ratio of 1.00 (COV = 14%) for the database and 1.03 (COV = 16.68%) for extrapolated numeric models in finite elements with the concrete damaged and plasticity (CDP) constitutive model, initially calibrated with experimental tests. A methodology was proposed to assist in the initial design of four-pile caps.
Zooplankton as an Indicator: A Dramatic Shift in Its Composition Following a Sudden Temporal Brownification of a Tropical Oligotrophic Lake in Southern Mexico
Authors: Elías-Gutiérrez Manuel , Valdez-Moreno Martha , Montes-Ortiz Lucia , García-Morales Alma E.
Published: January 2025

Lake Bacalar, a fragile oligotrophic ecosystem located in the southeast of Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, suffered from a sudden brownification after the tropical storm Cristobal in June 2020 in the Gulf of Mexico. The color change was the most visible effect of the storm, but all other water variables changed towards eutrophication. We used light traps and DNA barcoding of the zooplankton specimens based on previous baseline constructed for comparison with the species found after the change. A dramatic shift in the zooplankton community occurred: biomass was reduced to a minimum and 20 species of water mites, five copepods, three cladocerans, three chironomids and six species of fish larvae disappeared for a period of at least one year. They were replaced by three species of water mites, four cladocerans, one copepod, 23 chironomids and one ephemeropteran previously not registered, most of the species being characteristic of more eutrophic environments. The southernmost part of the lake, Laguna Xul-Ha, which conserved its oligotrophic characteristics, apparently became a refuge for the original fauna from the whole system. The ecosystem did not fully recover to its original condition until about two years later. While the system has returned to its original state after the storm described here, future changes in land use, including unsustainable tourism expansion, may compromise its resilience and induce hysteresis.
Exploring Traditional Knowledge and Potential Uses of Local Freshwater Algae and Aquatic Plants in Thai Wetland Communities
Authors: Norkum Ai Pasin , Inta Angkhana , Sommano Sarana Rose , Phinyo Kittiya , Duangjan Kritsana , Tangpao Tibet
Published: January 2025

This study explored the ecological and cultural significance of Thailand’s wetlands, particularly the Nong Bong Kai Non-Hunting Area and the Lower Songkhram River. These areas were essential for biodiversity, flood prevention, and supporting local livelihoods, serving as food sources, biofertilizers, and natural water purifiers. However, these wetlands faced mounting threats from pollution, habitat loss, and climate change, jeopardising their ecological health and biodiversity. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted to assess regional and demographic patterns in using and recognising algae and aquatic plants. The collected data highlighted traditional ecological knowledge held primarily by older community members. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to analyse generational differences in knowledge and utilisation, focusing on the potential generational knowledge gap due to migration trends among younger individuals. The study revealed significant biodiversity differences between the wetland areas, with Nong Bong Kai exhibiting greater diversity in aquatic plant species. Older residents demonstrated higher recognition and use of algae and aquatic plants for sustainable practices, though a generational knowledge gap was evident. This gap suggested that local ecological knowledge may be at risk as younger residents migrate to urban areas. This research underscored the need for conservation and educational initiatives to bridge generational gaps and engage younger generations in resource management. By integrating local cultural practices and focusing on high-impact species like Lemna perpusilla Torr. and Hydrilla verticillate (L.f.) Royle, region-specific conservation efforts could enhance wetland sustainability, preserve biodiversity, and support ecosystem health in Thailand’s wetland regions.
Fetal Safety in MRI During Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Puris Gal , Chetrit Angela , Katorza Eldad
Published: January 2025

As medical imaging continues to expand, concerns about the potential risks of ionizing radiation to the developing fetus have led to a preference for non-radiation-based alternatives such as ultrasonography and fetal MRI. This review examines the current evidence on the safety of MRI during pregnancy, with a focus on 3 T MRI and contrast agents, aiming to provide a comprehensive synthesis that informs clinical decision-making, ensures fetal safety and supports the safe use of all available modalities that could impact management. We conducted a comprehensive review of studies from 2000 to 2024 on MRI safety during pregnancy, focusing on 3 T MRI and gadolinium use. The review included peer-reviewed articles and large database studies, summarizing key findings and identifying areas for further research. Fetal MRI, used alongside ultrasound, enhances diagnostic accuracy for fetal anomalies, particularly in the brain, thorax, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, with no conclusive evidence of adverse effects on fetal development. While theoretical risks such as tissue heating and acoustic damage exist, studies show no significant harm at 1.5 T or 3 T, though caution is still advised in the first trimester. Regarding gadolinium-based contrast agents, the evidence is conflicting: while some studies suggest risks such as stillbirth and rheumatological conditions, animal studies show minimal fetal retention and no significant toxicity, and later clinical research has not substantiated these risks. The existing literature on fetal MRI is encouraging, suggesting minimal risks; however, further investigation through larger, prospective and long-term follow-up studies is essential to comprehensively determine its safety and late effects.
MafB Transcription Factor Involved in IRD-Induced AKI (Acute Kidney Injury) Phenotype Attenuation and Inflammation Resolution
Authors: Daassi Dhouha
Published: January 2025

In this research, we induced acute kidney injury (AKI) by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), one of its main causes. Then, we assessed kidney dysfunction by CRE (creatinine)/BUN (serum blood urea nitrogen) levels and histological analysis. Surprisingly, kidney macrophages, initially not expressing MafB and c-Maf, expressed both of them 48 h after bilateral ischemia renal disease (double IRD; dIRD), supporting their possible roles in the disease. We speculated that the M2 macrophages involved in AKI repair might be the source of MafB and c-Maf after injury and that these two transcription factors could have a significant role in the disease. Considering that IL-4/IL-13-induced M2a is the main contributor to AKI recovery and that MafB is upregulated under the effect of these two cytokines combined, we chose to focus on MafB analysis and aimed to examine its potential role in IRD. Previous studies have not examined the role of MafB in ischemic renal disease (IRD). In this study, we demonstrated a significant loss of brush borders, accumulation of intraluminal debris, and extensive damage to the anatomical structure of the MafBf/f::Lys-Cre mice kidneys compared to their littermates, MafBf/f, which are considered as a negative control in the entire paper. This was marked by the enlarged tubules, a significant decrease in mature macrophages (F4/80+ cells), and, therefore, worsening of the disease in the absence of MafB and delay/failure of the early signs of ischemia recovery. Importantly, these MafB cKO mice presented higher mortality, caused by the abrogation of the intraluminal debris clearance, and died after 48 h from IRD, suggesting the involvement of MafB in the signaling pathway of this pathology. Therefore, we found evidence that MafB attenuates IRD.
Research on Lightweight Scenic Area Detection Algorithm Based on Small Targets
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Liya
Published: January 2025

Given the difficulty of effectively detecting small target objects using traditional detection technology in current scenic waste disposal settings, this paper proposes an improved detection algorithm based on YOLOv8n deployed on mobile carts. Firstly, the C2f-MS (Middle Spilt) module is proposed to replace the convolution module of the backbone network. Retaining the original feature details of different scales enhances the ability to detect small targets while reducing the number of model parameters. Secondly, the neck network is redesigned, introducing the CEPN (Convergence–Expansion Pyramid Network) to enhance the semantic feature information during transmission. This improves the capture of detailed information about small targets, enabling effective detection. Finally, a QS-Dot-IoU hybrid loss function is proposed. This loss function enhances sensitivity to target shape, simultaneously focuses on classification and localization, improves the detection performance of small targets, and reduces the occurrence of false detections. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other detection algorithms regarding small targets’ detection performance while maintaining a more compact size.
Electrical Modeling and Control of a Synchronous Non-Ideal Step-Down Converter Using a Proportional–Integral–Derivative Neural Network Controller
Authors: Medrano-Hermosillo Jesús A. , Rodríguez-Mata Abraham Efraim , Gonzalez-Huitron Victor Alejandro , López-Estrada Francisco-Ronay , Valencia-Palomo Guillermo , Suarez Oscar J.
Published: January 2025

This article presents a dynamic modeling and control strategy for a non-ideal buck DC–DC (direct current) converter using a PID neural controller. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on fixed-gain PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controllers, the proposed method dynamically updates the controller’s gain constants to enhance robustness against parametric variations caused by tolerances, wear, or other practical discrepancies. To ensure the neural network’s weight convergence, a Lyapunov-based algorithm is employed, enabling optimal weight adjustments in conjunction with the PID control strategy. The study validates the ANN-based (Artificial Neuronal Network) PID controller under diverse dynamic conditions (input voltage variations, disturbances in voltage sensors, etc.) through numerical simulations, incorporating theoretical derivations and circuit dynamics modeling. The main contribution of this work lies in demonstrating the convergence of the system under the proposed control law, substantiated by Lyapunov stability analysis and comparative simulations against traditional methods in the literature.
Innovative Machine Learning and Image Processing Methodology for Enhanced Detection of Aleurothrixus Floccosus
Authors: Valderrama Solis Manuel Alejandro , Valenzuela Nina Javier , Echaiz Espinoza German Alberto , Yanyachi Aco Cardenas Daniel Domingo , Villanueva Juan Moises Mauricio , Salazar Andrés Ortiz , Villarreal Elmer Rolando Llanos
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a methodology for detecting the pest Aleurothrixus floccosus in citrus crops in Pedregal de Arequipa, Peru. The study employs simple random sampling during image collection to minimize bias, alternating and extracting leaves from different citrus trees. Image processing techniques, including noise reduction, edge smoothing, and segmentation, are applied for pest detection. Machine learning algorithms are used to classify the images, culminating in a robust detection methodology. A dataset of 1200 images was analyzed during the study.
Estimating Word Lengths for Fixed-Point DSP Implementations Using Polynomial Chaos Expansions
Authors: Rahman Mushfiqur , Nicolici Nicola
Published: January 2025

Efficient custom hardware motivates the use of fixed-point arithmetic in the implementation of digital signal-processing (DSP) algorithms. This conversion to finite precision arithmetic introduces quantization noise in the system, which affects the system’s performance. As a result, characterizing quantization noise and its effects within a DSP system is a challenge that must be addressed to avoid over-allocating hardware resources during implementation. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) is a method used to model uncertainty in engineering systems. Although it has been employed to analyze quantization effects in DSP systems, previous investigations have been limited in scope and scale. This paper introduces new techniques that allow the application of PCE to be scaled up to larger DSP blocks with many noise sources, as needed for building blocks in software-defined radios (SDRs). Design space exploration algorithms that leverage the accuracy of PCE to estimate bit widths for fixed-point implementations of DSP blocks in an SDR system are explored, and their advantages will be presented.
Federated Learning for Extreme Label Noise: Enhanced Knowledge Distillation and Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Ouyang Chengtian , Mao Jihong , Li Yehong , Li Taiyong , Zhu Donglin , Zhou Changjun , Xu Zhenyu
Published: January 2025

Federated learning, with its unique privacy protection mechanisms and distributed model training capabilities, provides an effective solution for data security by addressing the challenges associated with the inability to directly share private data due to privacy concerns. It exhibits broad application potential across various fields, particularly in scenarios such as autonomous vehicular networks, where collaborative learning is required from data sources distributed across different clients, thus optimizing and enhancing model performance. Nevertheless, in complex real-world environments, challenges such as data poisoning and labeling errors may cause some clients to introduce label noise that significantly exceeds ordinary levels, severely impacting model performance. The following conclusions are drawn from research on extreme label noise: highly polluted data severely affect the generalization capability of the global model and the stability of the training process, while the reweighting strategy can improve model performance. Based on these research conclusions, we propose a method named Enhanced Knowledge Distillation and Particle Swarm Optimization for Federated Learning (FedDPSO) to deal with extreme label noise. In FedDPSO, the server dynamically identifies extremely noisy clients based on uncertainty. It then uses the particle swarm optimization algorithm to determine client model weights for global model aggregation. In subsequent rounds, the identified extremely noisy clients construct an interpolation loss combining pseudo-label loss and knowledge distillation loss, effectively mitigating the negative impact of label noise overfitting on the local model. We carried out experiments on the CIFAR10/100 datasets to validate the effectiveness of FedDPSO. At the highest noise ratio under Beta = (0.1, 0.1), experiments show that FedDPSO improves the average accuracy on CIFAR10 by 15% compared to FedAvg and by 11% compared to the more powerful FOCUS. On CIFAR100, it outperforms FedAvg by 8% and FOCUS by 5%.
A Particularly Dangerous Case of the Bubble Effect in Transformers That Appeared in a Large Mass of Pressboard Heated by Mineral Oil
Authors: Moranda Hubert , Moscicka-Grzesiak Hanna
Published: January 2025

The topic concerns the so-far-unknown mechanism of the bubble effect (b.e.) in a large mass of moist cellulose heated with mineral oil. The well-known b.e. occurs in the Hot Spot area, i.e., in the place where the hot metal of the windings is in contact with the insulation paper. The authors first showed that cyclic heating of a windings model causes the drying of both the insulation paper and pressboard, but the paper dries faster. For this reason, the bubble effect inception temperature can be lower in the pressboard than in the paper. Next, the authors showed that the bubble effect in the pressboard is very intense and causes a sudden and very large increase in pressure in the tank. Moreover, if the tank seal is suddenly damaged because of this, the number and volume of bubbles will increase dramatically. Next, the influence of the mass of cellulose to the mass of oil ratio on the pressure increase dynamics was tested. This experiment showed that the greater the mass of cellulose to the mass of oil, the greater the increase in pressure in the test chamber. The authors also determined that the characteristics of the bubble effect initiation temperature in the pressboard samples, depending on their moisture content, ranged from 2.0 to 4.8%. The experiment showed that the b.e. in the pressboard proceeds in the same way as in paper insulation. The research results showed that, in addition to the well-known b.e. in the winding paper in the Hot Spot area, the b.e. can occur in a large mass of pressboard cellulose, which can be much more dangerous for the transformer.
Flame–Flame Interactions and Jet–Jet Interactions in Gas Turbine Swirl Combustors
Authors: Wei Wei , Hui Xin , Xue Xin , An Qiang , Yu Shiyang
Published: January 2025

Annular combustors are widely used in newly developed aero-engines. Nevertheless, the development of annular combustors requires substantial air supplies and high-power heaters during testing, leading to high experimental costs. To reduce these costs during the design phase, researchers often simplify annular combustors into single-dome configurations using aerodynamic and thermodynamic similarity principles. A fundamental divergence exists between the boundary conditions of annular and simplified single-dome combustors, which is reviewed in this article. It highlights the limitations of single-dome model combustors in accurately representing the crucial features of annular combustors, particularly flame–flame interaction (FFI) and jet–jet interaction (JJI). FFI and JJI existing in annular combustors are observed to result in alternating flow patterns and the superposition of mass and energy transfer between adjacent domes, which can deteriorate flame stabilization and increase NOx emissions. This review emphasizes the characteristics of multi-dome combustors and notes a lack of research comparing single-dome and multi-dome combustors under engine-relevant conditions. Addressing this research gap in the future can better connect fundamental combustion research and engine development, providing more guidance for engine designers.
Enhancing Thermal-Hydraulic Modelling in Dual Fluid Reactor Demonstrator: The Impact of Variable Turbulent Prandtl Number
Authors: Elgendy Hisham , Kubacki Sławomir , Czerski Konrad
Published: January 2025

In response to the growing demand for advanced nuclear reactor technologies, this study addresses significant gaps in thermal-hydraulic modelling for dual fluid reactors (DFRs) by integrating Kays correlation to implement a variable turbulent Prandtl number in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. Traditional approaches employing a constant value of the turbulent Prandtl number have proven inadequate, leading to inaccurate heat transfer predictions for low Prandtl number liquids. The study carefully selects the appropriate formula for the turbulent Prandtl number in the DFR context, enhancing the accuracy of thermal-hydraulic modelling. The simulations consider Reynolds numbers between 15,000 and 250,000, calculated based on the hydraulic diameters at different diameter pipes of the fuel and coolant loops. The molecular Prandtl number is equal to 0.025. Key findings reveal that uneven flow distributions within the fuel pipes result in variable temperature distribution throughout the reactor core, confirming earlier observations while highlighting significant differences in parameter values. These insights underscore the importance of model selection in CFD analysis for DFRs, revealing potential hotspots and high turbulence areas that necessitate further investigation into vibration and structural safety. The results provide a framework for improving reactor design and operational strategies, ensuring enhanced safety and efficiency in next-generation nuclear systems. Future work will apply this modelling approach to more complex geometries and flow scenarios to optimise thermal-hydraulic performance.
A Long Short-Term Memory–Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network-Based Data Imputation Method for Photovoltaic Power Output Prediction
Authors: Liu Zhu , Xuan Lingfeng , Gong Dehuang , Xie Xinlin , Zhou Dongguo
Published: January 2025

To address the challenges of the issue of inaccurate prediction results due to missing data in PV power records, a photovoltaic power data imputation method based on a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network is proposed. This method introduces a data-driven GAN framework with quasi-convex characteristics to ensure the smoothness of the imputed data with the existing data and employs a gradient penalty mechanism and a single-batch multi-iteration strategy for stable training. Finally, through frequency domain analysis, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) metrics, and prediction performance validation of the generated data, the proposed method can improve the continuity and reliability of data in photovoltaic prediction tasks.
Topology and Control Strategy of Multi-Port DC Power Electronic Transformer Based on Soft Switching
Authors: Zhang Jialin , Zha Kunpeng , Tang Xiaojun , Yang Yuefeng , Li Lanfang , Li Jiafei
Published: January 2025

Multi-port DC power electronic transformer (PET) is a core equipment for achieving transformation of different voltage levels and flexible interconnection of different DC buses in a DC distribution system. It is capable of bidirectional energy flow, flexible regulation of power flow, port fault isolation, and other functions. A new five-port DC transformer topology based on soft switching technology is proposed in this paper. In this topology, different DC voltage levels can be interconnected efficiently, such as 20 kV, 750 V, ±375 V, and 300 to 500 V adjustable. The control of each port is simple and flexible. The output voltage is stable, and they are independent of each other, which can improve the system reliability. The topology of the proposed multi-port DC transformer is introduced in detail. The working principle, control strategy, and parameter design method of the transformer are analyzed. Simulations and experimental results are provided to validate the theoretical analysis.