bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Consequences of Conflict on Acute Food Insecurity Situation in Ethiopia: A Review Study
Authors: Assefa Getaneh , Tsegaw Chirotaw
Published: January 2025

This review was focused on consequence conflict on the food security condition in Ethiopia. The food security over much of Ethiopia is destitute within, which assistance needs at their highest level 2016 during the ongoing meher-producing lean season (event of la Niña in Ethiopia). Subsequently, current food insecurity of Ethiopia cause mainly by conflict/insecurity, which, happen in northern Ethiopia and Benishangul Gumuz regional state of Ethiopia. The result of empirical review prosecuted that numerous individuals of food insecurity conditions are assembled in crisis and emergence classification of intense food insecurity. The seriousness of insecurity were most found in Tigray, Afar and Amhara locale of Ethiopia due to conflict. Subsequently, once conflict has broken out, outside help is fundamentally to food noncombatants during and after the viciousness and event of repetitive drought conditions. Therefore, this review recommends that government and non –governmental organization enhance their capacity to supply crisis help once food uncertainty/insecurity condition happened.
Exploring the Influence of Social Context on the Development of Swahili Reading Literacy Among Foreign Children in Zanzibar
Authors: Ali Msellem
Published: January 2025

This article was intended to explore the influence of social context in helping foreign children develop Swahili reading literacy. The study was guided by Marie Clay's Literacy Development Theory. A total of 28 informants participated, including 16 foreign children and 12 parents. The questionnaire method was used to gather information from parents in order to determine the social context of foreign children. Additionally, interviews were conducted with foreign children to gather information about the role of the social context in learning Swahili literacy skills. Through interviews, the article identified various elements of the social context such as Swahili books, digital literacy resources, interaction with friends, and parents' positive attitudes toward the Swahili language have influenced the development of reading literacy among foreign children. The study also found that parents' involvement in practicing Swahili reading and engaging in conversations in Swahili played a significant role in developing Swahili reading skills among foreign children. The article concludes that, even when the formal language learning environment is unstable, the social context in which a language learner resides, with access to language input, significantly contributes to proficiency in various language skills. Based on the findings of this article, it is recommended that aspects of the social context be given consideration by Second Language (L2) and Foreign Language (FL) educators as an essential pedagogical element in teaching L2 and FL reading literacy. Additionally, further research is recommended to investigate the role of social context in developing other L2 and FL literacy skills.
Host Galaxy Properties and AGN Clustering: Insights from X-ray Observations and Their Impact on Cosmic Evolution
Authors: Mekonen Gutu , Terecha Adugna , Kare Anno
Published: January 2025

This review examines the connection between X-ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies, focusing on how X-ray observations provide insights into AGN structure and clustering. AGNs, powered by supermassive black holes, are key drivers of galaxy evolution, and X-ray data play a critical role in studying these energetic phenomena. The unified model of AGNs, which attributes differences between type 1 (unobscured) and type 2 (obscured) AGNs to orientation effects, is discussed. However, variations in clustering between these two types challenge this model, suggesting additional factors influence their evolution. Detecting AGN clusters in the X-ray band remains difficult due to observational biases and limitations, but such studies are vital for understanding how AGNs form and interact within large-scale structures. Host galaxy properties, including luminosity, stellar mass, and star formation rate, are analyzed for their impact on AGN clustering. Research indicates that AGN luminosity is strongly linked to the mass of the dark matter halos surrounding their host galaxies. This relationship may vary depending on the triggering mechanism of the AGN, such as galaxy mergers or internal instabilities. Differences in AGN clustering patterns provide insights into the diverse pathways through which AGNs are activated. AGN feedback, which describes how AGNs influence star formation in their host galaxies, is another key focus. Observations suggest that at higher redshifts, brighter AGNs tend to enhance star formation rates, showing a complex interplay between AGN activity and galaxy growth. By synthesizing recent observational results, this review highlights the central role of AGNs in shaping galaxies and their environments. It provides a deeper understanding of how AGNs interact with their host galaxies and larger cosmic structures, offering valuable insights into the processes driving galaxy evolution over cosmic time.
Endovascular Coil Occlusion of Right Renal Artery Aneurysm with Embolization of the Right Kidney: A Case Report
Authors: Kenenna Obiatuegwu , Hammed Ninalowo , Terkaa Atim , Obed Dades , Felix Magnus
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Renal artery aneurysm is rare and has reported incidence of 0.09% of the general population. The occurrence of a giant renal artery aneurysm from the main renal artery has even been more rarely reported. Endovascular intervention is ideal for the treatment of patients with vascular anomalies of the renal artery especially in cases where surgical morbidity is high. This article reports our experience in the treatment of giant complex renal artery aneurysm by endovascular techniques in a young man with poor performance status. Case report: A 25-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with progressively worsening abdominal pain, generalized body swelling, progressive abdominal distension, low blood pressure and difficulty in breathing. He had poor performance status with suboptimal oxygen saturation probably due to splinting of the diaphragm from the progressive abdominal distension and was immediately transferred to intensive care unit for close monitoring. Ultrasound scan revealed a huge right renal mass with turbulent internal flow paving way for suspicion of a giant renal artery aneurysm. Subsequent CT angiogram confirmed a giant saccular aneurysm emanating from the proximal main right renal artery with evidence of surrounding hematoma signifying recent rupture. There was significant mass effect on adjacent structures including the inferior vena cava which was nearly completely collapsed. Following a multidisciplinary discussion with interventional radiology, he was transferred to a facility equipped with a catheterization laboratory. Procedure: Real-time ultrasound was used to gain access into the right radial artery and a 6French sheath placed. A 5 Fr Vertebral curve catheter was advanced successfully from the right radial artery access into the right renal artery over a 0.035 guidewire. Following arteriograms and confirmation of site of aneurysm being the proximal main renal artery, considerations for treatment included stent graft placement or sacrifice of the right renal artery. Due to unavailability of an appropriately sized stent graft, we elected to sacrifice the right renal artery. Through the 5 French catheter, multiple 0.035 detachable and nondetectable coils were deployed proximal to the aneurysm sac and distal to the aneurysm sac to completely occlude the right renal artery. Post embolization arteriogram showed complete exclusion of flow within the aneurysm sac. Conclusion: Endovascular embolization as a minimal invasive technique is an ideal treatment option for the treatment of giant complex renal artery aneurysms especially in patients in a poor clinical state.
Fetal Wastage in Cattle Slaughtered at Gambella Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia
Authors: Gelaye Ketema , Weldegebrial Tesfay
Published: January 2025

The slaughter of pregnant animals for meat has been reported in different parts of the world. This practice is becoming a very serious constraint to future livestock populations. Information on the level of fetal wastage in slaughtered cattle in Ethiopia is limited. The study was aimed at evaluation of the incidence of fetal wastage of pregnant cows slaughtered at Gambella Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia. An active abattoir survey study design was employed. The data on breed, origin and number of the cattle slaughtered at the abattoir were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that there was significant (P<0.05) higher proportion (70.5%) of the slaughtered cattle of Nuer (Abigar) breeds followed by Horro (16.6%). There was significant difference (P<0.05) in the rate of fetal wastage among the studied months with the highest value (46.67%) observed in November. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in the pregnancy status among the studied trimesters with majority of the fetuses (42.86%) encountered throughout the period under study were in the second trimester. During the study period the fetal wastages for pregnant cows accounts for economic losses of 828,000.00 ETB (25,668.00 USD). There should be legislative reinforcement through sound surveillance in the ruminant production and an integrated strategic planning and decision-making on animal food security in Ethiopia.
Unpacking the Impact of Political Instability on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Analysis of the Direct and Indirect Pathways (1995-2020)
Authors: Kura Fikre
Published: January 2025

Political stability is extensively recognized as a crucial determinant of economic growth and development in a broader context. Grounded in this assertion, this research endeavor sought to explore the correlation between political instability and economic growth within the Ethiopian context from 1996 to 2020. Throughout the duration of the study, Ethiopia has implemented various institutional reform initiatives aimed at fostering economic growth and establishing a stable political environment. Macro-level trend analyses substantiate that, over the last twenty years, Ethiopia has achieved significant economic growth, albeit hampered by macroeconomic mismanagement; nevertheless, the federation has not succeeded in attaining a stable political framework. In this context, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, this investigation has revealed a long-term co-integration between political instability and economic growth in Ethiopia, with political instability exerting a negative and significant impact on economic growth in both the short and long term. Additionally, the study has identified that political instability adversely influences economic growth by diminishing investment, human capital, labor, and the country’s exports. Consequently, it is proposed that ensuring political stability constitutes one of the essential prerequisites for achieving sustainable and accelerated economic growth in Ethiopia.
Economic Analysis of Smallholder Major Crop Production Under Condition of Risk: The Case of West Arsi and East Shewa Zones of Oromia
Authors: Bati Beriso
Published: January 2025

The present study was carried out with the objectives of understanding the existing resource allocation practice, the possibility of increasing farm income through optimal allocation of resources under risk situation, and to develop risk efficient sets of farm plans for representative households based on cross-sectional data drawn from 240 households who were selected using stratified multi-stage random sampling technique during the 2022/23 production year. Linear programming and MOTAD model were used to analyse the data. The results of descriptive analysis show that most of the socioeconomic variables were found to be significantly different among the three agro-ecologies. Based on the existing farm situation and prevailing price levels, households in highland, midland, and lowland areas were obtaining the total annual income of Birr 19,480.00, 22,356.00, and 14,717.00, respectively. From the results of the MOTAD risk programming model, Sustainable plans within which households can minimize risks and remain efficient are suggested for the three identified agro-ecologies. The model results also show that, in all agro-ecologies under risk neutral plan, there is substantial difference between households’ existing plan and gross income maximization plan implying that if farm households reallocate their resources among different activities, there is a much room to increase their income under risk neutral plan. Overall, from general discussion there is need for policies that spur investment in public infrastructure, rural financial markets, private investment, and support institutions to address the problems of high transaction costs to investors, and reduce risks faced by farmers.
The Impact of Private Investment on the Sustainable Development of Sub-Saharan African Countries: The Moderating Role of Institutional Quality
Authors: Joefendeh Roland , Mom Aloysius , Nguena Christian
Published: January 2025

With an emphasis on the moderating effect of institutional quality, this study examines the effect of private investment on the sustainable development of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations. The analysis uses Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) methodologies to address potential endogeneity concerns and to improve the robustness of the results respectively. The study made use of panel data from 30 SSA nations from 2009 to 2019 obtained from World Develop-ment Indicators and Heritage Foundation. The results show that institutional quality and private investment have each have substantial and favourable impacts on sustainable development. Nevertheless, the results further demonstrates their combined influence have a negative impact on sustainable development, indicating that although both are advantageous separately; their combined influence might not always be in line with the objectives of sustainable development in the SSA context. This demonstrates a threshold effect by showing that the advantages of private investment in sustainable development decline in settings with inadequate institutional frameworks. The results imply that in order to guarantee that investments successfully support sustainable development, SSA nations should give priority to fortifying institutional frameworks in addition to encouraging private investment. These findings offer practical policy suggestions for creating a supportive atmosphere that optimises the positive developmental effects of private sector involvement.
The Double-Edged Sword of 5G: Weighing Its Advantages and Environmental Effects
Authors: Ahmed Aya
Published: January 2025

5G is the fifth-generation technology in which the cellular mobile companies started deploying globally in 2019 to raise speed, decrease latency (the time interval required for any device to demand a request from a server and receive a response), and allow more mobile devices to access the internet simultaneously due to the greater bandwidth 5G provides. When comparing the 5G technology to the previous generation, 4G, the 5G networks are expected to be much faster than 4G to be as close to the real time communication. While taking into consideration the huge benefits of the fifth-generation technology that outweigh the previous generations, are those advantages sufficient for the deployment of the 5G? Are not there any negative influences that may result from the usage of the new technologies in the 5G’s development? The fundamental components of the 5G’s network are the millimeter (mm) waves because it provides access to the large bandwidth and capacity available in the high frequency band, and the small cells that are located for providing targeted coverage in specific spaces. These newly-used components raise myriad inquiries that are a must to be answered: do those technologies have any negative effects on the individuals, birds, animals, and environment? That's what motivated the researcher to do an extensive research and work on finding answers to these essential inquiries.
Review on Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield and Yield Components of Okra in Ethiopia
Authors: Gaddisa Mathewos
Published: January 2025

Maintaining soil fertility necessitates applying inorganic and organic fertilizer sources in balance. Vegetable crops cannot be successfully produced without proper plant nutrition. Though little is known about it, okra is a crop that is commonly farmed in western Ethiopia and is rather adaptable. Grown across Ethiopia, okra is a vegetable crop with significant economic value, especially in the southwest region. For okra's output to increase integrated use of chemical and organic fertilizer on yield and yield components is essential. By optimizing the benefits from all available plant nutrient sources in an integrated manner, integrated nutrient supply/management, or INS, aims to maintain or improve soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimal level for sustaining the desired crop productivity. This includes enhancing or maintaining soil productivity through a balanced use of fertilizers that are organic and biological sources of plant nutrients. Increase the amount and effectiveness of plant nutrients in the soils to reduce losses to the environment. However, the integrated nutrient management system (INMS) continues to be the means of preserving and perhaps enhancing soil fertility for long-term crop yield and lowering the cost of inorganic (fertilizer) inputs for all agricultural production.
A Novel Nonsense Homozygous Mutation in SMARCD2 Gene Causing Specific Granulocyte Deficiency Type 2: Case Report
Authors: Kuwaiti Amna , Awadi Haifa , Kizhakkedath Praseetha , Baydoun Ibrahim , Tabouni Mohammed , Alblooshi Hiba , Al-Jasmi Fatma , Shamsi Aisha , Shendi Hiba
Published: January 2025

Background: Specific granulocyte deficiency type 2(SGD2) is a rare disorder of neutrophil defect caused by mutation in SMARCD2 gene characterized by neutropenia, recurrent infections, skin and mucosal ulceration. Objective: We aim to describe a symptomatic patient with a novel homozygous nonsense variant in SMARCD2 to help expand the phenotypic description of this rare disease. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on our patient. Data collection included information on demographic, clinical and laboratory data. Results: We report a 4 years old boy with history of delayed separation of cord, recurrent sepsis, skin infections as well as mucocutaneous ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding and Epstein Barr virus induced lymphoproliferation. He had variable neutropenia, bone marrow biopsy revealed hypogranular neutrophils and no blast excess. Whole genome analysis detected a novel homozygous variant in SMARCD2 gene c.208C > T p.(Gln70*). Conclusion: This case report aims to provide insight on additional clinical and molecular features of SGD2. It also sheds light on potential role of SMARCD2 gene in other immune cells.
Narrative Strategies of Animated Short Films from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics: Taking "A Dog Under Bridge" as an Example
Authors: Chen Xiao
Published: January 2025

The "Reception Aesthetics" theory of the Konstanzer School in Germany holds that the meaning of a literary text depends not only on its own creative intention but also on the understanding of its content. On this basis, the audience is regarded as an important role in the narrative process of animated films, including "aesthetic distance", "expectation horizon", "calling structure", etc. The Birmingham Centre for Modern Literature was established in 1960 and holds a crucial position worldwide. The idea and method of "compilation and decoding" proposed by Stuart Hall made an important exploration for cultural research in China and had a considerable influence around the world. Raymond Williams' "cultural materialism" advocated the organic integration of Marx's historical viewpoints with specific cultural activities to form a new theoretical system. He Yun, a professor from the School of Fine Arts of Southeast University in China, encoded and decoded the hermit figures in Chinese landscape paintings based on the basic framework of "metaphor" and "recluseness", and decoded their emotional experiences. Through the analysis of the work "A Dog Under Bridge", this paper reveals how the author achieves a kind of encoding of narration through artistic techniques, thereby constructing a novel with realistic and transcendent significance. The "dog" in the film is not a simple character image, but a "symbol" with multiple cultural symbolic meanings. Its fate and choices are thought-provoking: life, freedom, and a sense of belonging. On this basis, by adopting an interdisciplinary cross-comparison method, this paper explores the blend of its narrative rhetoric between reality and escape, and how the audience enhances their emotional feelings through their own personal experiences and interpretations, thereby proposing new ideas and inspirations for the narration and emotional expression of Chinese animated films.
Exploring Performance Techniques in Schumann's Piano Suite Papillons
Authors: Ziyu Kuang
Published: January 2025

Schumann's early piano suite Papillons is a cornerstone of Romantic piano literature and one of the most significant masterpieces of his youth. This work not only represents the evolution of the piano suite as a genre but also reflects Schumann's artistic maturity and innovative compositional style. Drawing inspiration from the composer’s life, this study explores the historical and cultural context of Papillons, its musical characteristics, and its role in shaping Romantic performance practices. The article examines the suite’s melody, rhythm, and harmony, highlighting the structural and thematic elements that contribute to its expressive depth. By focusing on the interplay between these musical components, the study identifies key challenges in interpreting Papillons and provides insights into the performance techniques required to overcome them. Special attention is given to the performer’s "imagination," emphasizing its critical role in interpreting Schumann’s intricate emotional landscapes. Through the construction of an inner vision, performers are encouraged to transform abstract musical ideas into vivid, evocative expressions. This research delves into technical elements such as force control, key touch, and pedal use, providing practical guidance for piano learners seeking to master Papillons. By dissecting the nuances of Schumann's phrasing and dynamic contrasts, the article offers actionable techniques to accurately convey the work’s shifting moods and characters. Ultimately, this study seeks to foster a deeper understanding of Papillons in both technical and artistic terms. It aims to enhance the interpretative skills of pianists by bridging analytical insights with expressive execution. The findings serve as a valuable resource for performers and educators, offering a pathway to elevate the performance level and appreciation of one of Schumann's most iconic compositions.
Syllable Position Effects on the Coordination of Two Lingual Stop Clusters in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic: Testing the C-centre Hypothesis
Authors: Shitaw Abdurraouf
Published: January 2025

This study aims to test the validity of the C-centre hypothesis by investigating the pattern of temporal organisation of the articulatory gestures of two lingual stop clusters in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic. Five speakers of Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic produced four singleton stops /t/, /d/, /tˤ/ and /ɡ/, and three back-to-front clusters /ɡt/, /ɡd/ and /ɡtˤ/ in syllable onset and coda positions. The C-center lag for these singletons and the two-stop clusters was measured. The results show that word-initial two-stop consonants in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic exhibit more inter-consonantal cohesion and overlap than the same clusters in word-final position. While word-initial clusters sometimes allow intrusive vowels, the same clusters in word-final positions have epenthetic vowels. This study proposes that Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic has two coordination patterns governing articulatory gestures of two-stop consonant clusters. First, there is the onset pattern in which the articulatory gestures of the two lingual stops are aligned in close transition, such that the release of the first stop is sometimes masked. In coda position, the articulatory gestures of the two lingual stops are loosely aligned. They exhibit a more open transition and no overlap. The pattern here is characterised by allowing the separation of the two articulatory gestures, leading to the insertion of an epenthetic vowel.
Views of Secondary School Teachers Towards Using Technology: The Case of Jimma Town
Authors: Kebebe Muleta , Akesha Kedir , Ferede Bekalu
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to investigate teachers’ perceptions of technology use in secondary schools located in Jimma town. The research focused on two primary questions: what secondary school teachers think about using technology for teaching, and what challenges they encounter while implementing it. A qualitative research approach was utilized, incorporating interviews with both academic and ICT teachers to gather primary data. The study was conducted in two carefully selected secondary schools using purposive sampling, involving a total of 12 participants. The interviews collected were coded and organized by themes for analysis. The results indicated that one prominent theme was teachers’ beliefs, which included two sub-themes: pedagogical beliefs and value beliefs. Another significant theme revealed teachers’ perceived challenges in using technology, which encompassed four main aspects: inadequate training, insufficient technological resources, personal attributes, and lack of technical support. Based on these findings, the study suggests that effective implementation of technology policies is crucial. This includes continual reviews, evaluations, and supervision, alongside providing both material and human resources. Attention must also be given to the availability of technological resources for teaching and learning. Additionally, ongoing professional development for teachers regarding technology integration in the classroom is essential. Finally, having dedicated ICT technicians available in schools is recommended to enhance the effectiveness of technology use in educational settings.
Development of an Online Farm Produce Marketing System (A Case Study of Yusroh Farms)
Authors: Adedapo Olufikayo , Adio Michael , Saliu Yusirat , Bello Jamilu , Owolabi Abiodun
Published: January 2025

Advancements in agricultural technologies have demonstrated promise in enhancing the management of agricultural practices. In many regions, traditional agricultural practices face challenges in accessing broader markets due to logistical, informational, and infrastructural barriers. This awareness has attracted researchers to develop technologies to create a direct and efficient connection between Farmers growing different types of crops and raising various agricultural products, consumers seeking fresh, locally sourced goods. This paper developed a user-friendly interface accessible via a web platform, where farmers can showcase their produce with detailed descriptions, pricing, and availability. Customers can browse available products, place orders, and arrange for delivery or pick-up directly from the farmers or designated distribution points. The implementation of the web-based system was carried out using C# (c sharp programming language), HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language), CSS (Cascading stylesheet), JavaScript, Bootstrap and Microsoft SQL (MSSQL). The research work aims to empower farmers economically by expanding their market reach and providing fair pricing opportunities. Simultaneously, it seeks to offer consumers access to fresher, healthier produce while supporting local agricultural communities. The final result of this project is the web application which is used to manage the farmer's income and improve their management.
Primary Diagnosis of Nutritional Status and Physical Quality of First-year Students in the Volleyball Sports Association at NIYPES
Authors: Dieu-Donné Agbodjogbe , Josi-Noelline Sinh , Fabrice Gouthon , Abiodoun Gbonhoue , Folly Messan , Houndjovi Dansou
Published: January 2025

Context: Volleyball is a sport that demands specific physical qualities. When paired with a balanced diet, it helps optimize the athletic performance of players, especially students training at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports in Benin. These students, particularly those in their first year, often adopt inappropriate diets due to a lack of dietary knowledge, which negatively impacts their athletic performance and health. Objective: This research aimed to establish the relationships between food consumption and the physical quality of first-year students in the Volleyball Sports Association. Materials and methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 23 first-year students of the Volleyball Sports Association at NIYPES from May to June 2023. The surveyed students were selected using a non-random method and the exhaustive choice technique to ensure all students meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. A questionnaire for the students, an electronic scale model CS20M (KAMTHRON, China), and a wall-mounted stadiometer (SECA, France) were used to collect data. Results: The results revealed that the majority (82.60%) of the students have a normal weight. However, they have limited knowledge in sports nutrition and do not adopt the recommended dietary practices for athletes. Conclusion: It is urgent to provide nutritional education to these students to encourage proper food consumption, which would further improve their physical quality.
The Implementation of Inclusive Education in TVET Institutions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jobir Tesmamu
Published: January 2025

Inclusive education has emerged as a vital framework for ensuring equitable and quality education for all, as emphasized in global goals such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). In Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, which play a crucial role in equipping learners with employable skills, implementing inclusive education presents unique challenges, especially for students with disabilities. This systematic review synthesizes research findings on inclusive education in TVET institutions, focusing on prevailing practices, challenges, and opportunities. The review analyzed six studies selected through a structured process based on inclusion criteria such as relevance to TVET inclusion, publication recency, and geographical diversity. The findings highlight both the potential and the barriers to implementing inclusive practices. Successful strategies include offering counseling services, accommodating diverse learning styles, and improving accessibility through inclusive curricula and infrastructure. However, persistent challenges such as insufficient funding, societal stigmatization, inaccessible facilities, and untrained staff continue to hinder progress. Key recommendations from the studies advocate for comprehensive reforms, including targeted teacher training, establishment of disability support units, inclusive policy implementation, and collaboration among stakeholders. Addressing societal attitudes and integrating students with disabilities into mainstream education rather than segregating them are emphasized as critical steps toward equity. The review concludes that while notable strides have been made in some regions, systemic reforms and enhanced resource allocation are required to achieve meaningful inclusivity in TVET institutions.
Review on Effects of Inter and Intra Row Spacing on Production of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.)
Authors: Hibstu Mandefro
Published: January 2025

Garlic is propagated by means of cloves and this vegetative propagation leads to infection by several viruses, which are called garlic viral complex. Planting density is one of the main factors that have an important role in the growth, yield, and quality of onions. Garlic yield mostly depends on the number of plants per unit area. Increase in yield and for bulb grade improvement planting garlic at proper spacing is considered a necessary practice. Considering the importance of garlic as one of the potential vegetable crops for both domestic consumption and export, it is imperative to increase its productivity along with appropriate use of inter and intra-row spacing. Therefore the review is undertaken to review the status of the optimum inter and intra-row spacing for garlic production. The Latin term for garlic is allium. It belongs to the monocot group of flowering plants known as the onion genus. The number of plants per square foot has a major impact on garlic yield. Garlic planting at the right spacing is thought to be a crucial practice for improving bulb quality and productivity. The low production of garlic in Ethiopia is caused by a variety of biotic and abiotic problems, including ineffective fertilizer application, diminishing soil fertility, improper agronomic techniques, and improper inter- and intra-row spacing. Planting distance is regarded as a crucial management strategy in the production of garlic. Reviewing the best inter- and intra-row spacing for garlic production is the goal.
Navigating the Strategic Triangle of South Asia: Analyzing the Power Dynamics Between China, India and Pakistan
Authors: Dar Zahoor , Janbaz Shanaza
Published: January 2025

This research paper examines the complex and changing power dynamics within the strategic triangle of South Asia, concentrating on the interactions and relationships among China, India, and Pakistan. It examines the historical context and current developments that have influenced the geopolitical dynamics of the region, emphasizing the complex nature of bilateral and multilateral interactions among these three countries. The paper asserts that strategic relationships in South Asia are defined by an intricate interplay of cooperation and competition, shaped by external influences and regional ambitions. It analyzes critical themes, including territorial conflicts, military advancements, economic alliances, and diplomatic efforts, highlighting China's emergence as a dominant force and its influence on India-Pakistan relations. This paper enhances the comprehension of South Asia's geopolitical intricacies and contends that the future of peace and stability in the region depends on acknowledging and managing the fundamental power dynamics among China, India, and Pakistan. The study highlights the need for sophisticated diplomatic efforts and strategic planning from all stakeholders to reduce conflicts and promote collaborative security arrangements in a swiftly evolving global environment.
The Role of Chinese Manufacturing Industries in Enhancing Economic Diplomacy Between Ethiopia and China
Authors: Yiblet Fikadie
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the impact of Chinese manufacturing investments on Ethiopia's economic diplomacy, focusing on industrialization, skills development, and trade relations. The objectives include analyzing the role of Chinese investments in Ethiopia's industrial growth, assessing the effectiveness of trade and investment agreements, and exploring the alignment between economic diplomacy and Chinese manufacturing. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. Key stakeholders from government ministries, Chinese companies, and industry experts were interviewed to gather insights. The study also reviewed trade and investment agreements between Ethiopia and China, along with relevant policy documents. Data triangulation ensured the reliability and validity of findings. Chinese manufacturing investments have significantly contributed to Ethiopia's industrial development, introducing advanced technology and knowledge transfer agreements. This has enhanced Ethiopia's competitiveness and aligned with its aspirations for middle-income status. Skills development programs initiated through Chinese investments have improved worker productivity and the overall industrial ecosystem. Trade and investment agreements facilitated by Ethiopia have expanded market reach for Ethiopian products, supporting the nation's industrialization goals and aligning with China's strategies. The study concludes that Chinese manufacturing investments have reshaped Ethiopia's economic landscape, fostering industrial growth, skills development, and enhanced trade relations. This symbiotic relationship underscores the importance of strategic economic engagements in achieving broader development objectives and strengthening diplomatic ties. Recommendations include diversifying industries, enhancing skills transfer, and fostering sustainable economic practices.
Smart Sustainable Cities Implementation in Zambia: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Political Will and Barriers to SMART Sustainable CITIES
Authors: Chipulu Chipulu , Kaliba Chabota , Mwiya Balimu , Coleman Charles
Published: January 2025

The emergence of smart sustainable cities (SSCs) offers a potential solution to many urban development challenges, prompting various cities and nations, including Zambia, to adopt this concept. However, it is essential to recognize the significant role that politics plays in the implementation of SSCs in Zambia. This study aimed to explore the relationship between political will and the barriers to the development of SSCs in the country. Using a quantitative research method, a questionnaire survey was administered via Google Forms, gathering responses from 92 participants. The study examined the relationship between prioritized barriers and the lack of political will, employing the Kendall Tau b correlation coefficient. A positive correlation of varying significance was found between the lack of political will and the barriers to SSC implementation in Zambia. Particularly strong correlations were identified between the lack of political will and several barriers, including insufficient knowledge and information sharing, inadequate research and development funding, lack of technological capacity, limited use of information and communication technology (ICT) for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, insufficient funding for SSC initiatives, as well as centralized decision-making processes and top-down approaches. While this study was conducted in Zambia, the findings may not significantly differ from those in other developing countries.
Validation Trial of Rhizobium Strains Inoculation on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Regassa Desalegn
Published: January 2025

The sustainability of agriculture has become a major global concern due to the adverse environmental impacts of intensive chemical input use. The application of biofertilizers, such as rhizobium, can mitigate the reliance on chemical fertilizers, reduce production costs, and lessen environmental harm. This study evaluates the benefits of rhizobial inoculation in enhancing chickpea productivity and its implications for broader adoption. Conducted in the Becho and Seya-Debrna Wayu districts of Ethiopia during the 2019 cropping season, the experiment utilized two chickpea varieties (Habru and Natoli) and three rhizobium strains (cp-11, cp-17, and cp-29) in a factorial randomized complete block design with unfertilized controls. Data on grain yield, above-ground biomass yield, yield components, and nodule scores were collected and analyzed using ANOVA in SAS. Results indicated significant differences among treatments in nodulation, grain yield, and yield components. The combination of the recommended NPS boron blend (100 kg/ha) with the CP-29 strain yielded the highest grain yield (4.52 ton/ha), the most pods per plant (39.88), and the tallest plants (112.6 cm). This treatment increased grain yield by 55.22% and 26.41% over the uninoculated and unfertilized control and the uninoculated but phosphorus-fertilized control, respectively, demonstrating the potential of inoculant technology to enhance chickpea productivity. The Habru variety consistently outperformed at both sites, warranting its recommendation for further promotion in the study districts and similar agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia.
Isolation and PCR Validation of DNA from Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Leaves Using an Optimized CTAB Method to Propel Medicinal Insights
Authors: Ahamad Shadab , Arya Mamta , Taj Gohar
Published: January 2025

Isolating and purifying DNA from plants, particularly from species like Cichorium intybus (chicory), poses significant challenges due to the presence of rigid cell walls and high levels of polyphenols and polysaccharides. These compounds can severely hinder the efficiency of traditional DNA extraction protocols, often resulting in poor-quality DNA. Conventional methods, such as the Cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol, are often found inadequate due to these biochemical barriers. In this study, we formulated an optimized DNA isolation protocol for chicory that eliminates the need of liquid nitrogen and phenol during processing. The refined approach resulted in the extraction of high-quality DNA suitable for downstream applications. The effectiveness of the optimized method was validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (1-SST) gene, a key gene involved in the biosynthesis of inulin- a compound with notable medicinal and nutritional value. The PCR amplification yielded the expected 2.01 kb product, confirming the high quality and integrity of the extracted DNA. Overall, the quantity and quality of the DNA were well-suited for molecular analysis, demonstrating the success of our method. This optimized protocol provides a valuable tool for molecular research on chicory and other plants with similar biochemical challenges, facilitating more efficient genetic studies and holding potential for advancing biotechnological applications.
Study of the Microbiological Quality of Groundwater Consumed by the Population of the Messassi District in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon
Authors: Sone Lucien , Gueguim Cédric , Otoulou Yannick , Abomo Anne , Oyong Damase , Sipewa Marie , Akono Laurent , Feuzeu Marius , Banga Corneille , Betti Jean , Tanwi Richard
Published: January 2025

The lack of an efficient drinking water management and distribution system across the territory of developing countries has forced populations to turn to other sources of water supply including wells and boreholes. The objectives of this study were to assess the microbiological quality of groundwater consumed by the population of the Messassi district in the city of Yaoundé. After a household survey to identify sources of drinking water supply, water samples were taken from the boreholes and wells most frequented by the population. The microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of sample through a nitrocellulose membrane, with a microporosity of 0.22 µm. This membrane was then placed on the surface of the agar plates and incubated at 37°C and 44°C for 24 +/- 2 hours. After subculture on different media, pure bacterial isolates were identified by their cultural characteristics and commercialized biochemical galleries. Of the 101 households surveyed, 23 were supplied with borehole water and 21 with water from developed wells, i.e. 43.56% of households that consumed and used groundwater for their various needs when the other 56.44% households consumed tap water supplied by Cameroonian Water or mineral water. Of the 20 water samples that were taken in total, 04 came from boreholes, 07 from developed and regularly disinfected wells and 09 from developed and not regularly disinfected wells. The probable source of pollution was that of latrines located less than 15m from the wells (70℅). The 04 water samples taken from the boreholes were all compliant with total flora (TF), total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC). Of the 07 wells developed and disinfected regularly, 06 samples were non-compliant with TF while 05 were non-compliant with TC and FC. Concerning the samples from the 09 wells developed and not disinfected, they were non-compliant with both TF and TC and FC. Bacterial species such as Salmonella arizonae (40℅), E. Coli (30℅), Proteus mirabilis (20℅) and Salmonella choleraesuis (10℅) were isolated. The results of the current survey show risks of microbiological contamination among the drinking water samples studied and consumed by the population. Regular and proper disinfection of the boreholes and wells in the town of Messassi is necessary to ensure a better quality of life for the population that consumes groundwater.
The Constructive Aspects of Higher Education Exit Exams in Undesirable Situations: A Systematic Review
Authors: Teshome Samson
Published: January 2025

Higher education exit exams serve as a means to evaluate students' ability in their respective programs before graduation. They are intended to ensure that graduates meet certain academic and professional standards. These assessments aim to measure students' critical thinking skills and mastery of the subject, acting as a comprehensive review of their acquired knowledge during their studies. This systematic literature review aimed to synthesize the constructive aspects of exit exams and their undesirable situations in higher education. In the literature search, the researcher used different electronic databases. Search terms were formulated and applied to the online databases. The databases used were ERIC, Google Scholar, Sematic Scholar, and Wiley. A total of 115 study articles were identified, and 24 studies were included in the study after applying inclusion, exclusion, and quality assessment criteria. The review process was guided by the research questions—what are the constructive aspects of exit exams in higher education? And, what are the undesirable situations of higher education exit exams? PICO was used to formulate the research question. The paper was prepared using the planning, protocol, extraction, analysis, and reporting stages. This systematic review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria. Zotero was for reference management. The systematic literature review revealed that exit exams have constructive aspects in undesirable situations. To this effect, an attempt must be made to capitalize on the constructive aspects and curtail the undesirable situations of exit exams in higher education institutions.