bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Attributional Perspective on African American Adults' Exercise Behavior1
Authors: Minifee Marcus , McAuley Edward
Published: August 2006

The present study examined attributional patterns for successful and unsuccessful exercise behavior change in a sample of African American adults. Subjects typically reported the primary causes of successful exercise change to be of a motivational and personal nature, whereas attributions for unsuccessful change were primarily concerned with time management. Multivariate analyses indicated successes being attributed to internal, stable, and personally controllable causes, and failures to internal, unstable, and personally controllable causes. Stable attributions in the successful group were significantly correlated with expectations for continued maintenance, and unstable attributions were significantly related with expectations for future behavior change in the unsuccessful group. The findings are discussed with respect to attributional approaches to improving exercise and health behavior change.
Black and White Tokens in Academia: A Difference of Chronic Versus Acute Distinctiveness1
Authors: Pollak Kathryn I. , Niemann Yolanda Flores
Published: August 2006

Token status effects, also called distinctiveness, include feelings of racial/gender awareness, representativeness, and accountability. In this multimethod three‐part research, it is argued that Black students in a predominantly White university feel chronically distinctive, whereas White students may feel acutely distinctive when they are in the numerical minority. However, this acute distinctiveness is situation specific. First a pilot study confirmed that Black and White females differ in their reports of distinctiveness. Study 1 showed that Black students feel chronically distinctive and that they are often “solos” in classrooms. Study 2 tried to separate race and solo status effects on distinctiveness by experimentally manipulating group solo status. Results indicate a main effect for solo status and also a main effect for race on feelings of distinctiveness across solo conditions. Applications of this research for the token literature and for distinctiveness theory are discussed.
Reexamining Bases of Power From an Attributional Perspective1
Authors: Rodricues Aroldo , Lloyd Karen L.
Published: August 2006

Four replications of Rodrigues' (1995) study on genotypical similarities of Raven's (1965) power taxonomy are reported. Rodrigues found that compliance induced by reward, informational, and referent power is perceived as more internal and controllable than compliant behavior induced by expert, legitimate, and coercive power. The replications included 4 new aspects: (a) subjects are highly ego‐involved in the hypothetical situation presented; (b) subjects are actors rather than observers; (c) subjects are from another culture; and (d) subjects are asked to play the role of a supervisor and apply sanctions to the person who complied as a result of the influence attempt, thus affording an empirical testing of Weiner's (1995) thought‐affect‐action sequence when responsibility judgments are made. The results of all 5 studies, with a total of 570 subjects, support Rodrigues' (1995) findings and confirm Weiner's (1995) hypothesis
Medical Students' Perceptions of and Willingness to Treat Patients Who Are HIV Infected1
Authors: Ladany Nicholas , Stern Marilyn , Inman Arpana G.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the independent and joint influences of a patient's mode of acquisition of illness (blood transfusion vs. multiple sexual partners), attributions of responsibility (self‐blame vs. chance blame), and sexual orientation (homosexual vs. heterosexual) on female and male medical students' attitudes toward and willingness to treat a patient who is HIV infected. One hundred nineteen 1st through internship‐year medical students were randomly assigned to read and respond to case vignettes. Greater consistency between attribution of blame and mode of acquisition was related to more positive perceptions. Furthermore, the patient's sexual orientation influenced the providers' willingness to offer treatment, particularly for male medical students. Implications concerning health practices and medical education are considered.
Leader Attributions for Subordinate Performance: Consequences for Subsequent Leader Interactive Behaviors and Ratings1
Authors: Offermann Lynn R. , Schroyer Connie J. , Green Susan K.
Published: August 2006

An important application of attribution theory deals with leader explanations for subordinate performance and their effects on future leader–member interactions and performance. In the present study, subjects worked on a 2‐trial task in which there was a leader and 2 members. Leaders received performance feedback and an attributional explanation for subordinate performance after Trial 1, and subsequent Trial 2 behavior was videotaped. Results showed that attributions significantly affected the amount of time spent by the leader talking to the group during the second trial, as well as the number of negative leader comments. Level of performance was a significant determinant of subordinate ratings and reward/punishment recommendations. Attributions differentially affected the punishment advocated by leaders, with failure due to internal causes more likely to be punished than failure due to external causes. Implications for an attributional theory of leadership are discussed.
The Backbone of Closing Speeches: The Impact of Prosecution Versus Defense Language on Judicial Attributions1
Authors: Schmid Jeannette , Fiedler Klaus
Published: August 2006

Subtle attribution cues embedded in language were investigated in a simulated courtroom setting. Lawyers in training as well as lay attorneys gave closing speeches for the defense and for the prosecution. In a first study, distinct linguistic strategies were identified. Prosecutors attributed internal causality to defendants, whereas defense attorneys supported negative intentional attributions to the victim. In a second study, lay persons judged the closing speeches and decided on verdict and punishment. Severity of punishment depended on speaker's role (defense or prosecution), severity of crime, and 2 linguistic strategies, indicating intentionality of negative behavior and dispositionality of negative behavior. It is concluded that subtle language strategies do have a noticeable effect on the attribution of blame and guilt in a legal setting.
Self‐Identity and the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Useful Addition or an Unhelpful Artifice?1
Authors: Sparks Paul , Guthrie Carol A.
Published: August 2006

Among the variables proposed as useful additions to the structure of the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), there is evidence for the predictive usefulness of a measure of self‐identity. In the study reported here, members of the general population in the United Kingdom (n= 235) completed a questionnaire addressing the consumption of a diet low in animal fats. The questionnaire was structured in terms of the TPB and contained additional variables that previous research has indicated to be useful predictors of intentions and behavior. A multiple regression of intentions (R2= .80) showed self‐identification as a health‐conscious consumer to have a predictive effect independent of the effects of these other variables. This effect was also found in replication studies.
Anticipated Regret and Precautionary Sexual Behavior1
Authors: Richard René , de Vries Nanne K. , van der Pligt Joop
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the impact of anticipated regret on precautionary sexual behavior. Results show that anticipated regret predicts a significant and independent proportion of variance in expectations about future contraceptive behavior. A simple model combining attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and anticipated regret explained 65% of the variance in behavioral expectations. Behavioral expectations explained 34% of the variance in contraceptive behavior of respondents who had casual sex in the 4 weeks following the first session of the study. Implications for our understanding of precautionary sexual behavior and for campaigns aiming to increase safer sexual practices are discussed.
The Effects of Discussion on Eyewitness Memory1
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel , Morris Shaena
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the effects of witness discussion on the accuracy of recall and misidentifications in eyewitness memory. Dyadic groups who discussed the crime and dyads who made joint memorial decisions about the incident were more accurate in recall than were dyads who discussed noncriminal matters, and a no‐discussion group. Collaborative dyads giving joint decisions also were significantly more accurate than were the other groups in rejection of the culprit‐absent lineup. The sequential lineup method proved superior to the simultaneous method, regardless of whether or not witnesses discussed the crime prior to identification. It was concluded that discussion and joint decision making by 2 eyewitnesses can improve both eyewitness recall and minimize false identifications in some circumstances.
The Role of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in Capital Murder Sentencing1
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Hurt Linda E. , Thomas Susan L. , Sadler Melody S. , Bauer Craig A. , Sargent Tracy M.
Published: August 2006

This paper identifies rational orderliness and moral appropriateness as 2 norms that the United States Constitution requires for sentencing in capital murder trials. The courts convey these norms directly to jurors through jury instructions in the penalty phase of capital murder trials. To follow the instructions, jurors require accurate declarative knowledge (rules of law) and procedural knowledge (processes required to execute the rules) of state and federal sentencing law. Undergraduate mock jurors showed low accuracy for both types of knowledge after reviewing and listening to pattern jury instructions. Participants failed to offset aggravating factors with mitigating circumstances as the Missouri Approved Jury Instructions direct. The less knowledge that participants mastered about mitigation, the more certain they were of invoking the death penalty.
The Role of Self‐Perceptions in Reactions to Preferential and Merit‐Based Hiring1
Authors: Hattrup Keith
Published: August 2006

This research attempts to assess the role of preexisting self‐perceptions as moderators of individuals' reactions to preferential and merit‐based selection. A laboratory experiment was conducted in which female participants were recruited to work on a temporary “job.” Participants were randomly “hired” for the job either because they passed a preemployment qualifying test or because of their gender. Results supported hypothesized self‐consistent reactions to the hiring conditions among individuals differing in preexisting self‐efficacy. Compared to high self‐efficacy participants, lower self‐efficacy individuals responded to preferential hiring with lower eventual task performance. Low self‐efficacy individuals were also less apt to attribute performance during selection to ability when hired under a merit‐based procedure, compared to high self‐efficacy participants.
An Evaluation of the Health Belief Model for Predicting Perceived and Actual Dietary Quality1
Authors: Sapp Stephen G. , Jensen Helen H.
Published: August 2006

The health belief model was evaluated for its ability to predict perceived and actual dietary quality. The assessment relied upon data collected from 1,502 respondents by the US. Department of Agriculture in its 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. The health belief model provided good prediction of perceived dietary quality, but provided moderate to weak prediction of 7 measures of actual dietary quality that were calculated from food intake records. Implications are suggested for using the health belief model to understand the determinants of dietary quality.
Women's Reactions to Rape Victims: Motivational Processes Associated With Blame and Social Support1
Authors: Feldman Pamela J. , Ullman Jodie B. , Dunkel‐Schetter Christine
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted with 128 female college students to test the hypothesis that when observers feel vulnerable to rape, they are more likely to blame a rape victim3 and are less willing to offer social support. Similarity and empathy were expected to moderate the effects of perceived vulnerability on blame and predict greater social support. Assumptions about the world were predicted to be associated with greater blame. A multivariate model was tested with structural equation modeling techniques. Perceived vulnerability did not directly or indirectly predict blame. However, similarity directly predicted less blame and indirectly predicted greater social support through associations with blame, perceived vulnerability, and empathy. World assumptions directly predicted greater blame and indirectly predicted less social support through blame. These findings suggest that blame and social support are interrelated processes which are associated with social observers' perceptions of the victim and their basic assumptions about the world.
The Effects of a State‐Wide Media Campaign on Mammography Screening1
Authors: McCaul Kevin D. , Jacobson Kim , Martinson Beverly
Published: August 2006

A media campaign was constructed to promote mammography screening in North Dakota. The media included radio and newspaper advertisements that emphasized personal vulnerability to breast cancer. Persons in northern North Dakota were exposed to the ads; persons in southern North Dakota were not. Surveys conducted after the campaign showed that intervention women were aware of the ads. A state‐wide longitudinal survey (N= 383) also suggested that the campaign may have influenced women who had been screened previously to have a repeat screening. However, the ads may have adversely affected those women who had never been screened. We discuss comparisons between media attempts and other strategies that can potentially influence health behavior in rural areas.
Cognitive and Value Correlates of Health‐Related Behavior in Brazilian Middle‐class Women
Authors: Paine Patricia , Pasquali Luiz , Ribeiro Carlos Augusto Barros
Published: August 2006

The prevalence of several health‐related behaviors was studied in a random sample of 294 Brazilian middle‐class women between 25 and 45 years of age. The interrelationships among these behaviors confirmed previous findings in North America and provided the basis for the computation of a composite index of health behavior. The sociodemographic, cognitive, and value correlates of scores on the Health Behavior Index (HBI) were investigated using regression analysis. Women who behave in favor of good health were mothers of more children, had a definition of health as higher level functioning and self‐realization, believed that care outweighs chance as a determinant of health, and valued inner harmony as opposed to comfort and independence. These findings verified most aspects of Pender's health promotion model (Pender, Walker, Sechrist, & Stromberg, 1990).
Nonsmokers' Attributions for the Outcomes of Smokers: Some Potential Consequences of the Stigmatization of Smokers1
Authors: Gibson Bryan
Published: August 2006

The current research examines intergroup attributional biases made by nonsmokers for the outcomes of smokers. Nonsmokers were asked to make attributions for either the success or failure of either an in‐group member (a nonsmoker) or an out‐group member (a smoker). Overall, subjects attributed the preponderance of cause for the outcomes to external or unstable (approximately 80%) rather than internal (approximately 20%) factors. However, results confirmed the expected in‐group protective and in‐group enhancing attributions on the part of nonsmokers. Specifically, nonsmokers attributed a significantly higher proportion of success to external factors and a lower proportion of success to internal factors when the target was a smoker compared to when the target was a nonsmoker. The implications of these results for smokers and smoking policy are discussed.
The Discounting Principle and Attitudes Toward Victims of HIV Infection1
Authors: McBride Christine A.
Published: August 2006

Reactions to victims of HIV infection often encompass not only the stigma of disease, but also the stigma of membership in a high‐risk group and the stigma of being held responsible for one's own illness. To examine the role the discounting principle might play in the evaluation of victims with multiple stigmas, 181 undergraduate students reacted to vignettes describing an HIV‐positive male. Participants received information about the mode of transmission and the sexual preference of the described victim. Results suggested that the stigma of homosexuality had a greater effect when the victim was not viewed as behaviorally responsible than when he was considered to be responsible for the illness. This finding is explained in terms of both the discounting principle and the just world theory. Implications for attitude change are discussed.
Why Are We Reluctant to Sell Friendship?1
Authors: Kemp Simon , Burt Christopher D. B.
Published: August 2006

There are a number of indicators that people try to keep money out of social relationships, and a number of reasons why such separation might occur: undermining of intrinsic motivation, contamination of signals of friendship, and the apparently irrational tainting influence of money. Two experiments in which psychology students participated in brief conversations under various payment conditions found little evidence for payment adversely affecting the social interactions. A third study comparing a service group (hairdressers) that has considerable social interaction with its customers and a control group indicated that the former did not suffer any undermining of normal social motivation. Overall, the findings suggest that the separation of money from social relationships may not have a rational foundation.
Television Viewing and Self‐Perceived Health, Weight, and Physical Fitness: Evidence for the Cultivation Hypothesis1
Authors: McCreary Donald R. , Sadava Stanley W.
Published: August 2006

Television (TV) often depicts a version of the world that differs from social reality in several ways. The present study examined the relationship between the amount of TV people watch, how important TV is for their entertainment and information‐gathering purposes, and their perceptions of their health, weight, and physical fitness. Regression analyses showed that, after controlling for their actual level of obesity, health perceptions were negatively related to both the amount of time spent watching TV and TV's perceived importance as an entertainment medium, but for women only. In addition, those who watched a lot of TV tended to see themselves as more overweight than did those who watched less TV. The implications of these findings for the cultivation hypothesis, as well as issues of replication, were discussed.
The Importance of Subjective Norms on Intentions to Perform Health Behaviors
Authors: Finlay Krystina A. , Trafimow David , Moroi Eri
Published: August 2006

Trafimow & Finlay (1996) employed between‐ and within‐subjects analyses to show that people, as well as behaviors, can be under attitudinal or normative control. Using both types of analyses, Finlay, Trafimow & Jones (1997) provided evidence that subjective norms are particularly important in the health domain. The current research compares health and domain general behaviors to show that people intend to perform health behaviors that have relatively large subjective norm beta weights more than those with smaller normative beta weights. Also, people whose behaviors are generally under normative control intend to perform more healthful behaviors than do people whose behaviors are generally under attitudinal control. These results were not found using domain‐general behaviors.
Gender and Nature: A Psychological Analysis of Ecofeminist Theory1
Authors: Wang Alvin Y.
Published: August 2006

For ecofeminists, the logic of domination (Warren, 1990) subserves the interconnected oppressions of patriarchy (i.e., sexism) and the anthropocentric domination of nature (i.e., naturism). Given this premise, it was hypothesized that interconnections would be found across instruments that assessed the following constructs: right‐wing authoritarianism, attitudes toward women, social‐dominance orientation, and attitudes toward the environment. As predicted, a correlation was found between attitudes toward women and the environment. Regression analyses indicate that authoritarianism reliably predicted sexism in men and women. Authoritarianism also predicted naturism in women. These results are interpreted as an initial rapprochement between psychology and the ecofeminism framework delineating the social attitudes that are inherent in the oppressive systems of sexism and naturism.
Why Authors Believe That Reviewers Stress Limiting Aspects of Manuscripts: The SLAM Effect in Peer Review1
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M.
Published: August 2006

This manuscript describes a preliminary study examining judgments of authors and reviewers regarding manuscripts that have been either accepted or rejected for publication. Consistent with hypotheses, results reveal that participants believe that their own manuscripts are superior to others' manuscripts in terms of general, theoretical, and methodological quality. Relevant to the presumed tendency among reviewers to stress limiting aspects of manuscripts (SLAM), reviewers exhibited greater agreement with editorial decisions favoring rejection, relative to those favoring acceptance. These findings suggest that authors' beliefs in reviewers' tendencies to SLAM can be partially understood in terms of authors' unrealistically favorable and optimistic beliefs regarding their manuscripts and in reviewers' actual tendencies to be quite critical—at least more critical than editors.
Individualism and Authoritarianism Shape Attitudes Toward Physician‐Assisted Suicide1
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Burnstein Eugene , Peng Kaiping
Published: August 2006

We investigated the relation between value orientations and attitudes toward physician‐assisted suicide (PAS) in 267 United States college students. We predicted that individualistic values, especially those having to do with control and self‐determination, would lead to favorable attitudes toward PAS, and authoritarianism would lead to a rejection of PAS. A positive association between individualism and approval of PAS emerged which was moderated by attitude importance: People who did not endorse individualistic values did not have favorable opinions of PAS, regardless of how important the issue was to them. However, for individualists, PAS attitudes and attitude importance were positively related. Independent of individualism, authoritarianism was negatively related to PAS attitudes. Primarily for low authoritarianism, we found a correlation between attitude and attitude importance. The discussion focuses on the value‐expressive function of death‐related attitudes.
Condom Use on Spring‐Break Vacation: The Influence of Intentions, Prior Use, and Context1
Authors: Maticka‐Tyndale Eleanor , Herold Edward S.
Published: August 2006

Triandis' theory of interpersonal behavior was used to analyze factors related to condom use among Canadian spring‐break vacationers in Daytona Beach, Florida, who had engaged in coital activity with existing relationship partners (N= 46) or casual partners (N= 121). Intention to use condoms explained 36% of the variance in condom use with relationship partners, but only 10% with new partners. An additional 43% was explained by prior condom use and conditions facilitating condom use. Conditions facilitating condom use had the strongest influence on condom use, with new partners followed by prior condom use and intentions. The latter two variables exerted both direct and indirect influences on condom use.
Predicting Intentions to Conserve Water From the Theory of Planned Behavior, Perceived Moral Obligation, and Perceived Water Right1
Authors: Lam San‐Pui
Published: August 2006

This study tested the explanatory power of Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB), and a modified TPB model including perceived moral obligation (PMO) and perceived water right (PWR), to predict people's intentions to conserve water. The study had 244 government employees who participated. The TPB variables improved the prediction of intention to use less water, but were less successful in predicting intention to install water‐efficient appliances. A significant interaction was found between attitude and subjective norm, suggesting that past studies have overlooked moderating effects in the TPB model. In addition to the TPB variables, PWR further improved the prediction of intention to install water‐efficient appliances. Results also suggest that water‐saving procedures should be differentiated into curtailment and efficiency procedures.
Communication Networks in the Diffusion of an Innovation in an Organization1
Authors: Weenig Mieneke W. H.
Published: August 2006

Research on decision‐making processes and the diffusion of innovations in organizations has been focused on the influence of formal organizational structures. Since the successful implementation of most innovations requires the cooperation of employees, it is important to investigate how employees' knowledge, opinions, and individual decisions concerning an innovation are influenced by other employees. The present study investigates how information acquisition and adoption decisions of employees are influenced by the quantity and strength of their informal communication ties in the organization, and how strong this influence is in comparison with influence from formal communication sources. Results indicate that formal communication sources contributed more to the process of information diffusion, whereas informal communication sources (especially the employees' strong ties), were more influential on attitudes and adoption intentions.
The Impact of Race, Racial Attitude, and Gender on Reactions to the Criminal Trial of O. J. Simpson1
Authors: Brigham John C. , Wasserman Adina W.
Published: August 2006

Opinions about the criminal trial of O. J. Simpson, as well as general racial attitude, were assessed in different samples of African Americans and Whites in three studies: during jury selection (Study 1), after closing arguments (Study 2), and after the jury verdict was reached (Study 3). We assessed the effects of respondent race, gender, and general racial attitude on case opinion factors and guilt judgments at each point in time. Race was strongly related to case opinions and guilt judgments in all three studies. Racial attitude related significantly to guilt judgments only in Study 1 for Blacks and in Study 3 for Whites. Guilt judgments of Whites were more strongly predicted by the case opinion factors than were those of African Americans. General racial attitudes and opinions about the criminal justice system were more positive for Blacks in Studies 2 and 3, while they did not differ across studies for Whites. A hindsight bias was found for Whites but not for African Americans. Race had a more powerful impact than did gender. Across‐study comparison suggested that very few respondents changed their views appreciably over the year‐long trial.
Personal Strategies for HIV Prevention: The Development and Validation of a Strategy‐Coding Instrument1
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A. , Maibach Edward , DiIorio Colleen , Cantor Nancy
Published: August 2006

This paper describes the development of a coding instrument to classify college students' strategies for preventing HIV infection, and examines the association of distinct strategies with social cognitive and behavioral measures related to safer sexual behavior. This instrument classifies each strategy into both a content domain (e.g., using condoms, remaining abstinent, limiting sexual partners), and 3 distinct dimensions: commitment, specificity, and effectiveness. We examine the reliability and validity of this instrument by showing the discriminative associations of each dimension with social cognitive and behavioral measures, and demonstrate the differential importance of distinct dimensions in predicting behavior in different content domains. Discussion focuses on the importance of tailoring HIV prevention messages to change strategy dimensions in order to maximize behavior change.
Attachment Style, Assertive Communication, and Safer‐Sex Behavior1
Authors: Feeney Judith A. , Kelly Lucile , Gallois Cynthia , Peterson Candida , Terry Deborah J.
Published: August 2006

This research tested the proposition that the effect of attachment security on safer‐sex practice may be mediated by communication patterns. One hundred eighty‐five undergraduate students completed questionnaire measures of attachment, assertiveness, and attitudes to communication about AIDS. Eight weeks later, they reported on their practice of safer sex in the period since the first testing session. Hierarchical regressions showed that at Step I, anxiety about relationships (a measure of insecure attachment) was associated with less safer‐sex practice, for all outcome measures. Attitudes to communication about AIDS added to the prediction of general reports of safer‐sex practice: in line with the mediational model, anxiety about relationships became unimportant as a predictor when communication variables were included. Communication variables failed to add to the prediction of safer sex on the most recent encounter, and both anxiety about relationships and attitudes to communication about AIDS predicted condom use. Some gender differences in patterns of prediction were noted. The results are discussed in terms of attachment style and its links with the negotiation of sexual practice and relationship issues.
Changing Perceptions About Self‐Change and Moderate‐Drinking Recoveries From Alcohol Problems: What Can and Should Be Done?1
Authors: Cunningham John A. , Sobell Linda C. , Sobell Mark B.
Published: August 2006

Despite abundant indications that resolutions from alcohol problems without treatment are common, there appears to be little awareness that such recoveries occur and a general skepticism regarding their possibility. This paper presents results from a study investigating the impact of hypothetical newspaper articles about self‐change and moderate‐drinking recoveries on subjects' beliefs. It is concluded that newspaper articles do not appear to have much impact on the public's perceptions. The importance of modifying the general public's knowledge about recoveries from alcohol problems without treatment are discussed.
Narcotics Use Among Miami's Public School Students, 1992: No Restraints
Authors: Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: August 2006

This analysis examines narcotics use by 464 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools during 1992. Significant factors that tend to increase the probability of narcotics use include peer use of narcotics, that they are White, that they are male, and that they tend to be good students.
Discrimination Against Ethnic Minorities in Germany: Going Back to the Field1
Authors: Klink Andreas , Wagner Ulrich
Published: August 2006

A series of 14 field experiments on the differential treatment of ethnic majority and minority groups were conducted. In all studies, German participants were confronted with a German or a foreign confederate (ostensibly a member of the migrant‐worker population or a refugee/asylum seeker). In 9 experiments, the foreign confederate received worse treatment than did his German counterpart. Meta‐analyses showed a significant overall correlation between ethnic group membership and indexes of discrimination (r= .24), which support the assumption of everyday ethnic discrimination in Germany. Categorizing studies according to the directness of interaction between confederate and participants revealed a significantly stronger discrimination in remote contact situations (r= .34 vs. r= .17), replicating results of a review on American studies by Crosby, Bromley, and Saxe (1980).
A Person‐Relative‐to‐Event (PrE) Approach to Negative Threat Appeals and Earthquake Preparedness: A Field Study1
Authors: Duval T. Shelley , Mulilis John‐Paul
Published: August 2006

The person‐relative‐to‐event (PrE) model of fear‐arousing or negative threat appeals predicts that increasing levels of threat when resources are appraised as sufficient relative to the magnitude of the threat will increase problem‐focused coping. Conversely, increasing levels of threat when resources are appraised as insufficient relative to threat magnitude will decrease problem‐focused coping. These hypotheses were tested in the context of a field study in which homeowners living in a local city were the participants. Results generally supported the PrE model in that preparedness increased over a I‐month period as level of appraised threat increased, but only for those who also appraised resources as sufficient relative to threat. The possibility that perceived difficulty of preparation for a threatening event should be added to the PrE model as an essential component is discussed.
The Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Global Social Power Based on French and Raven's Power Taxonomy1
Authors: Nesler Mitchell S. , Aguinis Herman , Quigley Brian M. , Lee Suk‐Jae , Tedeschi James T.
Published: August 2006

A measure of global power was developed based on French and Raven's (1959) definition of social power as the potential of an agent to influence a target. A sample of 346 graduate students responded to a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the power of their supervising professors in paid assistantship duties. Power was measured using established scales of the French and Raven 5 power bases in addition to the newly developed global power measure. Results indicate that the global power scale (a) has strong internal consistency, (b) is significantly related to each of the 5 individual power bases, and (c) significantly accounts for additional variance in compliance beyond the measures of the 5 power bases, beyond the sum of the bases, and beyond a measure of resistance and control.
Effects of Technology on Attributions of Performance and Employee Evaluation1
Authors: Stern Steven E.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the effects of technological automation on explanations of why a person failed or succeeded at a task, and on evaluations of the user of technology. Subjects were presented with scenarios involving a photographer on an assignment. The scenarios manipulated 3 variables: (a) whether the camera was automatic or required skill, (b) experience level, and (c) whether the picture was a success or a failure. Subjects rated the picture's success or failure on attributions of ability and the technology. They also evaluated the photographer. Internal attribution was associated with technological devices requiring a greater amount of skill, while external attribution was associated with technological devices requiring less skill. When the picture was a success, ratings of internal attributions correlated positively with evaluations. When the picture was a failure, ratings of internal attributions correlated negatively with evaluations.
Capturing Entrepreneurial Values
Authors: Kecharananta Nattaphan , George Baker Herbert
Published: August 2006

This research was designed to identify entrepreneurial value orientations by comparing them with the value orientations of professional managers. The SYMLOG values measuring instrument was administered in Thailand to Thai entrepreneurs (n= 55) and Thai professional managers (n= 200). Results show that the value orientation of the entrepreneurs differed significantly from that of professional managers on several dimensions, particularly with regard to those elements that almost always contribute to teamwork effectiveness. Implications for training and staffing are discussed.
Mishandling the Gift of Life: Noncompliance in Renal Transplant Patients1
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Hope Gonzales Marti , Borgida Eugene
Published: August 2006

Two studies investigating renal transplant patients compliance with their post‐transplant medical regimen are presented. Compliance was operationalized as a multidimensional construct incorporating behaviors that represent adherence to the regimen. Study 1 examined the association of noncompliance with clinically significant outcomes and the medical and demographic predictors of noncompliance. Noncompliance was associated with rejection episodes, graft loss, and multiple transplants. The best predictors of noncompliance were medication side effects, age, education, and insurance coverage. Study 2 examined the psychosocial predictors of noncompliance. After age and side‐effects complaints, self‐efficacy and threat appraisal were the best predictors of compliance. The implications of these results for expectancy‐value models of health behaviors (e.g., protection motivation theory; Rogers, 1983) and their ability to predict compliance in patients following long‐term regimens are discussed.
Illusory Correlations in Perceptions of Obese and Hypertensive Patients’ Noncooperative Behaviors1
Authors: Madey Scott F. , Ondrus Sherri A.
Published: August 2006

This research investigated perceived medical noncompliance between obese and hypertensive patients. An illusory correlation formed between obese patients and their noncooperative behaviors. Participants overestimated the frequency with which obese patients did not cooperate with their physician's advice when these patients appeared infrequently. When hypertensive patients appeared infrequently, however, participants were accurate in their estimates of noncooperation for these patients. These findings suggest that stigmatized patients suffer more from an illusory correlation bias than do nonstigmatized patients, and this effect is exacerbated when people have infrequent contact with stigmatized patients.
The Association of Group Self‐Identification and Adolescent Drug Use in Three Samples Varying in Risk1
Authors: Sussman Steve , Simon Thomas R. , Stacy Alan W. , Dent Clyde W. , Ritt Anamara , Kipke Michele D. , Montgomery Susanne B. , Burton Dee , Flay Brian R.
Published: August 2006

This study provides a cross‐sectional analysis of the relations between group self‐identification and adolescent drug use in 3 samples of youth: comprehensive high‐school, continuation high‐school, and runaway/street youth. Youth identified with discrete groups in all 3 samples, and similar general groups were formed. In most comparisons, a high‐risk group showed greater levels of drug use than did other groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that group self‐identification (a) is a generalizable construct across different types of adolescent samples, (b) is related to use of drugs other than tobacco, and (c) remains a significant correlate of drug use controlling for its relations with demographic variables and several other psychosocial variables.
Augmenting the Theory of Planned Behavior: Roles for Anticipated Regret and Descriptive Norms1
Authors: Sheeran Paschal , Orbell Sheina
Published: August 2006

Ajzen (1991) invited researchers to identify additional predictors of intentions and behavior after the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) have been taken into account. Findings from 3 correlational studies showed that anticipated regret and descriptive norms contributed substantial variance in intentions to play the lottery after the theory's predictors had been controlled. Study 4 used an experimental manipulation to confirm that anticipated regret increased intentions to play. Intentions were found to predict lottery play to a similar extent as other behaviors. Importantly, however, anticipated regret moderated the intention‐behavior relation such that lottery play was greatest when participants both intended to play and anticipated regretting not playing.
Lending a Helping Hand: The Effects of Gender Stereotypes and Gender on Likelihood of Helping1
Authors: Fiala Samuel E. , Giuliano Traci A. , Remlinger Natalie M. , Braithwaite Lisa C.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender and gender‐role stereotypes on judgments of help‐giving. As part of a 2 × 2 within‐subjects design, 40 undergraduates read 4 different scenarios that described either a man or a woman needing help in either a stereotypically masculine or a stereotypically feminine situation. Although male participants felt more sympathy for men in stereotypically feminine situations and for women in stereotypically masculine situations, they were no more likely to help these individuals than they were to help those in gender‐consistent situations. By contrast, women were more likely to help people in gender‐inconsistent situations, despite feeling the most sympathy for people needing help in masculine situations. Implications for Weiner's (1980) attribution model of help‐giving and Nadler & Fisher's (1986) threat‐to‐self‐esteem model are discussed.
The Interactive Role of Negative Affectivity and Job Characteristics: Are High‐NA Employees Destined to Be Unhappy at Work?1
Authors: Hochwarter Wayne A. , Zellars Kelly L. , Perrewè Pamela L. , Harrison Allison W.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined whether employees high in negative affectivity (NA) are destined to be unhappy at work. Managerial employees provided information regarding perceptions of job characteristics, negative affectivity (NA), job satisfaction, and intentions to turnover. Using hierarchical regression, our findings suggest that employees who reported being high NA were more reactive to the environmental cues of perceived job scope. Specifically, NA interacted with job scope such that individuals high in NA who perceived their jobs as being higher (lower) in scope reported more (less) job satisfaction than did individuals low in NA. Implications for organizations and future research directions are discussed.
The Effects of Self‐Set Goals on Task Performance
Authors: HARKINS STEPHEN G. , LOWE MALIA D.
Published: August 2006

Locke & Latham (1990a) report that specific, difficult goals lead to better performance than “do‐your‐best” instructions, whether the goals are self‐set or are set by an external source. However, in Experiment I, as well as in previous research (White, Kjelgaard, & Harkins, 1995), we did not find self‐set goal effects. A meta‐analysis showed that self‐set goal effects can be produced if two conditions are met: Prior to setting their goals, participants take part in a pretest that is equal in duration to the experimental task; and the experimenter has access to the participants' goals and the performances. Experiment 2 confirmed these meta‐analytic findings by showing that when these two conditions were met, goals stringent enough to produce the effects were set, and goal‐setting effects were obtained.
Regional Variation in Preferences for Vernacular Houses
Authors: NASAR JACK L. , DEVLIN ANN SLOAN
Published: August 2006

This paper tests 2 theories of relevance to design review and design guidelines. In Study I. a between‐subjects design. III college students in Connecticut and 93 college students in Ohio judged goodness of example, familiarity, or preference for 6 houses. The results failed to uncover differences in response related to local experience, suggesting that global features of the houses may overcome local experience. In Study 2, a within‐subjects design, 110 students from Connecticut and 49 from Ohio rated goodness of example, familiarity, and preference for the same 6 houses. Results indicate minor effects of goodness of example and familiarity on preference. The results show preference as multidimensional, reflecting knowledge structure, physical features, and connotative meanings.
Prediction and Intervention in Health‐Related Behavior: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Protection Motivation Theory
Authors: MILNE SARAH , SHEERAN PASCHAL , ORBELL SHEINA
Published: August 2006

Protection motivation theory (PMT) was introduced by Rogers in 1975 and has since been widely adopted as a framework for the prediction of and intervention in health‐related behavior. However. PMT remains the only major cognitive model of behavior not to have been the subject of a meta‐analytic review. A quantitative review of PMT is important to assess its overall utility as a predictive model and to establish which of its variables would be most useful to address health‐education interventions. The present paper provides a comprehensive introduction to PMT and its application to health‐related behavior, together with a quantitative review of the applications of PMT to health‐related intentions and behavior. The associations between threat‐ and coping‐appraisal variables and intentions, and all components of the model and behavior were assessed both by meta‐analysis and by vote‐count procedures. Threat‐ and coping‐appraisal components of PMT were found to be useful in the prediction of health‐related intentions. The model was found to be useful in predicting concurrent behavior, but of less utility in predicting future behavior. The coping‐appraisal component of the model was found to have greater predictive validity than was the threat‐appraisal component. The main findings are discussed in relation to theory and research on social cognition models. The importance of the main findings to health education is also discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
Sexual Assault and Defendant/Victim Intoxication: Jurors' Perceptions of Guilt1
Authors: WALL ANNE‐MARIE , SCHULLER REGINA A.
Published: August 2006

The present research investigates how defendant and claimant intoxication operates in sexual‐assault trials. Participants (N= 323) were provided with a description of a sexualassault trial in which the intoxication level (sober, moderate, extreme) of both parties was systematically varied. While the introduction of alcohol altered participants' perceptions of the case and of the parties involved, a complex interplay between the defendant's and complainant's level of intoxication was apparent. When the complainant was sober, harsher judgments were rendered when the defendant was intoxicated, particularly at the extreme level. In contrast, when the complainant was moderately intoxicated, more guilty verdicts occurred when the defendant was similarly inebriated. Finally, when the complainant was extremely intoxicated, the defendant's beverage consumption did not exert any discemible impact. Evaluations of both parties' abilities to self‐regulate their behavior and for the female target to become sexually disinhibited were also influenced by the intoxication manipulation.
Examining the Relationship Between Exercise Goals, Self‐Efficacy, and Overt Behavior With Beginning Exercisers1
Authors: DAWSON KIMBERLEY A. , BRAWLEY LAWRENCE R.
Published: August 2006

Despite the overwhelming evidence that associates regular physical activity with physical and mental health benefits, millions of North Americans remain sedentary. Previous research by Poag‐DuCharme and Brawley (1993, 1994) and suggestions by Bandura (1989, 1997) led to the hypothesis that goals would influence exercise behavior through the mediating variable of self‐efficacy. Changes to the social cognitions and behavioral patterns of adherers during the exercise program were also assessed. Results demonstrate that at midprogram, self‐efficacy beliefs mediated the relationship between goal influence and exercise frequency. Significant increases were observed in self‐efficacy and perceived exertion from onset to midprogram. Onset goal influence and self‐efficacy significantly discriminated adherers from dropouts. Results are discussed with respect to the need to continue investigating the changing influence of social cognitions on motivating behavior.