bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reasons for discrepancy between incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in lower income countries: Epilepsia's survey results
Authors: Mathern Gary W. , Beninsig Laurie , Nehlig Astrid
Published: November 2014

Objective

From July to August 2014, Epilepsia conducted an online survey seeking opinions that explained the discrepancy between the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in lower income countries. Data on cumulative incidence suggest a higher rate of active epilepsy than reported in lifetime prevalence surveys. This study reports the findings of that poll addressing the proposal in our Controversy in Epilepsy series that it could be from increased death rates.

Methods

The survey consisted of a question addressing possible reasons to explain the discrepancy between the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy. Another four questions addressed demographic information.

Results

There were 34 responders who completed the survey. Half (50%) of the responders felt that the discrepancy between cumulative incidence and lifetime prevalence was due to lack of uniform definitions and misclassification of patients in study design, 23.5% said the discrepancy was due to a higher mortality from diseases and conditions such as trauma and infections associated with epilepsy, 23.5% indicated that the stigma of epilepsy prevented people from acknowledging their disease in prevalence surveys, and 2.9% felt it was from poor access to qualified medical personal and utilization of medical treatments that increased death rates directly related to epilepsy.

Significance

Within the limitations of sample size, the results of this survey support that the discrepancy between the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in lower income regions of the world is due to problems in acquiring the data and stigma rather than higher mortality from diseases associated with epilepsy and repeated seizures.
Effects of Age and Experience on Male Mate Choosiness
Authors: Baxter Carling M. , Barnett Rachael , Dukas Reuven
Published: November 2014

Mate choosiness by males has been documented in many taxa but we still do not know how it varies with age even though such variation can be important for our understanding of sexual selection on females. Theory provides conflicting predictions: young males, who are less attractive to females than older males, may be less choosy, or older males, who face fewer expected future mating opportunities, may be less choosy. In our experiments with fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), young (1‐d‐old) males spent relatively less time courting recently mated females than did mature (4‐d‐old) males. Overall, there was a gradual decline in male mate choosiness from age 1–7 d. As male age was correlated with the duration of deprivation from females, we tested for the effect of deprivation and found that same‐age males previously exposed to females were choosier than female‐deprived males. We also assessed key male parameters that could affect choosiness and found that, compared to mature males, young males were less attractive to females, less competitive in intramale interactions and less fertile. Although the lesser attractiveness and competitiveness should select for lesser mate choosiness in young males, their limited fertility and more expected future mating opportunities seem to override the other factors and lead to high mate choosiness in young males. Overall, our data indicate that young males just after reaching sexual maturity are choosy and that subsequent exposure to females can maintain high levels of male mate choosiness with age. Hence, males can contribute much more to sexual selection than previously appreciated.
Fixed‐dose combination ezetimibe+atorvastatin lowers LDL‐C equivalent to co‐administered components in randomized trials: use of a dose–response model
Authors: Bays Harold E. , Chen Erluo , Tomassini Joanne E. , McPeters Gail , Polis Adam B. , Triscari Joseph
Published: November 2014

Co‐administration of ezetimibe with atorvastatin is a generally well‐tolerated treatment option that reduces LDL‐C levels and improves other lipids with greater efficacy than doubling the atorvastatin dose. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the equivalent lipid‐modifying efficacy of fixed‐dose combination (FDC) ezetimibe/atorvastatin compared with the component agents co‐administered individually in support of regulatory filing. Two randomized, 6‐week, double‐blind cross‐over trials compared the lipid‐modifying efficacy of ezetimibe/atorvastatin 10/20 mg (n = 353) or 10/40 mg (n = 280) vs. separate co‐administration of ezetimibe 10 mg plus atorvastatin 20 mg (n = 346) or 40 mg (n = 280), respectively, in hypercholesterolemic patients. Percent changes from baseline in LDL‐C (primary endpoint) and other lipids (secondary endpoints) were assessed by analysis of covariance; triglycerides were evaluated by longitudinal‐data analysis. Expected differences between FDC and the corresponding co‐administered doses were predicted from a dose–response relationship model; sample size was estimated given the expected difference and equivalence margins (±4%). LDL‐C‐lowering equivalence was based on 97.5% expanded confidence intervals (CI) for the difference contained within the margins; equivalence margins for other lipids were not prespecified. Ezetimibe/atorvastatin FDC 10/20 mg was equivalent to co‐administered ezetimibe+atorvastatin 20 mg in reducing LDL‐C levels (54.0% vs. 53.8%) as was FDC 10/40 mg and ezetimibe+atorvastatin 40 mg (58.9% vs. 58.7%), as predicted by the model. Changes in other lipids were consistent with equivalence (97.5% expanded CIs <±3%, included 0); triglyceride changes varied more. All treatments were generally well tolerated. Hypercholesterolemic patients administered ezetimibe/atorvastatin 10/20 and 10/40 mg FDC had equivalent LDL‐C lowering. This FDC formulation proved to be an efficacious and generally well‐tolerated lipid‐lowering therapy.
Components and regulation of nuclear transport processes
Authors: Cautain Bastien , Hill Richard , de Pedro Nuria , Link Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

The spatial separation of DNA replication and gene transcription in the nucleus and protein translation in the cytoplasm is a uniform principle of eukaryotic cells. This compartmentalization imposes a requirement for a transport network of macromolecules to shuttle these components in and out of the nucleus. This nucleo‐cytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is critical for both cell physiology and pathology. Consequently, investigating its regulation and disease‐associated alterations can reveal novel therapeutic approaches to fight human diseases, such as cancer or viral infection. The characterization of the nuclear pore complex, the identification of transport signals and transport receptors, as well as the characterization of the Ran system (providing the energy source for efficient cargo transport) has greatly facilitated our understanding of the components, mechanisms and regulation of the nucleo‐cytoplasmic transport of proteins in our cells. Here we review this knowledge with a specific emphasis on the selection of disease‐relevant molecular targets for potential therapeutic intervention.
Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod
Authors: Thor Peter , Dupont Sam
Published: November 2014

Ocean acidification (OA) caused by anthropogenic CO2emission is projected for thousands of years to come, and significant effects are predicted for many marine organisms. While significant evolutionary responses are expected during such persistent environmental change, most studies consider only short‐term effects. Little is known about the transgenerational effects of parental environments or natural selection on the capacity of populations to counter detrimental OA effects. In this study, six laboratory populations of the calanoid copepodPseudocalanus acuspeswere established at three different CO2partial pressures (pCO2of 400, 900 and 1550 μatm) and grown for two generations at these conditions. Our results show evidence of alleviation of OA effects as a result of transgenerational effects inP. acuspes. Second generation adults showed a 29% decrease in fecundity at 900 μatm CO2compared to 400 μatm CO2. This was accompanied by a 10% increase in metabolic rate indicative of metabolic stress. Reciprocal transplant tests demonstrated that this effect was reversible and the expression of phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, these tests showed that at apCO2exceeding the natural range experienced byP. acuspes(1550 μatm), fecundity would have decreased by as much as 67% compared to at 400 μatm CO2as a result of this plasticity. However, transgenerational effects partly reduced OA effects so that the loss of fecundity remained at a level comparable to that at 900 μatm CO2. This also relieved the copepods from metabolic stress, and respiration rates were lower than at 900 μatm CO2. These results highlight the importance of tests for transgenerational effects to avoid overestimation of the effects of OA.
So what sort of climate do we want? Thoughts on how to decide what is ‘natural’ climate
Authors: Caseldine Chris
Published: November 2014

As interest in climate geoengineering and the advertent manipulation of climate increases rapidly there is a tendency to overlook that we are already constructing current and future global climate through our use of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Any decisions on forms of geoengineering, enhanced or reduced GHG use will lead to a climate response and a global climate that is inevitably to some extent anthropogenically determined. It is therefore of value to pose the question: So what sort of climate do we want? In order to examine this question we need to look at a number of key questions. First, if we wish to remove any anthropological forcing of climate how do we determine and agree on what ‘natural’ climate is and will be over the next century? Second, how are the climate goals of GHG reductions/geoengineered climates defined by their proponents, i.e. what sort of climate(s) are we aiming to achieve and how have different bodies and authors defined these climates? Consideration of these questions has wider implications for how climate change discourses may change in the near future.
Metastatic melanoma of the tongue: a case report with immunohistochemical profile
Authors: Alves Mônica Ghislaine O. , Chagas Luciene R. , Carvalho Yasmin R. , Cabral Luiz A. G. , Coletta Ricardo D. , Almeida Janete D.
Published: November 2014

Background

Melanoma of the skin is characterised by a high metastatic potential, but reports of metastasis to the tongue are rare. We report a case of skin melanoma with metastasis to the lymph nodes, tongue and brain.

Objectives

This report highlights the clinical and histological features of oral metastatic melanoma.

Case report

A 72‐year‐old man was seen with a nodule on the tongue. The differential diagnosis included salivary gland tumour, lymphoma and metastatic melanoma. His medical history revealed treatment for melanoma in the periumbilical region and micrometastases in the inguinal lymph nodes. An incisional biopsy was obtained and histological analysis showed the presence of a solid, epithelioid malignant tumour of monotonous appearance infiltrating the skeletal musculature. Immunohistochemistry showed reactivity of neoplastic cells to anti‐HMB45, anti‐melan A and anti‐S100 antibodies and negativity for anti‐PAN cytokeratin, confirming the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma.

Conclusion

The present findings highlight the importance of a complete medical evaluation of the patient by anamnesis to identify possible oral repercussions of primary diseases in other organs and/or systems.
Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients after multiple antiviral failures
Authors: Liu Yingxia , Zhang Ying , Yuan Jing , Zeng Wen , Zhang Guoliang , Yao Simin , Li Huijuan , Yang Min , Deng Yong , Zou Rongrong , Li Shaxi , Xiao Jia
Published: November 2014

Aim

In this prospective study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in Chinese chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients after multiple nucleoside/nucleotide analog (NA) treatment failures.

Methods

A total of 115 Chinese CHB patients with suboptimal response to two or more NA treatments were included in this study. All patients were changed to TDF (300 mg/day, oral administration) antiviral treatment for at least 72 weeks. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (P) gene mutation screening for each patient was performed. In addition, virological, biochemical responses and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of each patient at weeks 12, 24, 48 and 72 of TDF treatment were evaluated.

Results

Seventy‐six out of 115 patients had drug‐resistance mutations (R+), including 27 with adefovir (ADV)‐associated mutations (35.5%) and 49 with lamivudine (LMV)‐associated mutations (64.5%). For all included patients, complete viral response (CVR) of HBV DNA (<100 IU/mL) was 57.4%, 69.6%, 74.8% and 86.1% at weeks 12, 24, 48 and 72 of TDF treatment, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase normalization and hepatitis B e‐antigen seroclearance occurred in 77.3% and 23.2%, respectively, after 72‐week TDF treatment. CVR at weeks 12, 24 and 48 was observed more commonly in patients with baseline HBV DNA of less than 106 IU/mL. There was no significant reduction of eGFR induced by the TDF treatment.

Conclusion

Seventy‐two‐week treatment with TDF in Chinese CHB patients with previously multiple NA treatment failures exhibited effective and safe outcomes, which were independent of baseline mutations conferring ADV or LMV resistance.
Therapeutic effects of short‐ and intermediate‐term tolvaptan administration for refractory ascites in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis
Authors: Akiyama Shintaro , Ikeda Kenji , Sezaki Hitomi , Fukushima Taito , Sorin Yushi , Kawamura Yusuke , Saitoh Satoshi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Akuta Norio , Kobayashi Masahiro , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: November 2014

Aim

Tolvaptan, an oral arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, became available for hepatic ascites. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of tolvaptan administration to treat refractory ascites.

Methods

Data were collected from 15 hospitalized patients with cirrhosis (hepatitis C, 10; alcoholism, five) after adding tolvaptan (3.75–11.25 mg/day) to conventional diuretics. Bodyweights and serum sodium and creatinine concentrations were measured. Tolvaptan was continued for 4 weeks or longer for a median follow‐up period of 42 days (range, 28–56).

Results

In the first week (introduction phase), tolvaptan significantly reduced median weight (66.6, 65.9 and 63.1 kg on days 0, 1 and 7, respectively; P < 0.004). The numbers of good responders (≥3 kg reduction in 4 days), responders (<3 kg weight reduction) and non‐responders (no weight reduction) were seven (46.7%), six (40.0%) and two of the 15 (13.3%), respectively. The two non‐responders had concomitant chylous pleural effusion or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. All patients continued tolvaptan for 2 weeks or longer and six (40%, three good responders and three responders) were treated for a median of 42 days without additional intervention. During this intermediate‐term administration of tolvaptan, the median weight reduction was statistically significant (65.4, 61.9 and 56.9 kg on days 0, 7 and 42, respectively; P < 0.030) and there was no serum sodium imbalance or renal dysfunction; but two of these six developed hepatic coma.

Conclusion

Tolvaptan safely alleviated fluid retention caused by hepatic cirrhosis. Intermediate‐term administration of tolvaptan apparently helped maintain weight reduction achieved during the introduction phase.
Serum alanine aminotransferase predicts the histological course of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in Japanese patients
Authors: Seko Yuya , Sumida Yoshio , Tanaka Saiyu , Mori Kojiroh , Taketani Hiroyoshi , Ishiba Hiroshi , Hara Tasuku , Okajima Akira , Yamaguchi Kanji , Moriguchi Michihisa , Mitsuyoshi Hironori , Kanemasa Kazuyuki , Yasui Kohichiroh , Minami Masahito , Imai Shunsuke , Itoh Yoshito
Published: November 2014

Aim

Some cases with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can ultimately progress to liver cirrhosis. However, studies to clarify factors predictive of histological change in patients with NASH remain scarce. Our aim is to determine predictors of histological progression in Japanese patients with biopsy‐proven NASH.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study enrolled 52 patients with NASH who underwent serial liver biopsies. Histological evaluation included NAFLD activity score (NAS) and liver fibrosis. The median interval between initial and second liver biopsies was 968 days. An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) response was defined as a decrease of 30% or more from baseline.

Results

Of 52 patients, NAS was ameliorated in 30.8%, deteriorated in 30.8% and remained unchanged in 38.4%. Liver fibrosis was improved in 25.0% of patients, progressed in 25.0% and remained stable in 50.0%. Multivariate analysis identified ALT non‐response as a predictor of deterioration of NAS (hazard ratio [HR], 5.85; P = 0.031) and progression of liver fibrosis (HR, 4.50; P = 0.029). The mean annual rate of fibrosis was 0.002 stages/year overall, increasing to 0.15 stages/year in ALT non‐responders.

Conclusion

A lack of reduction in serum ALT level by at least 30% from baseline was a predictor for histological progression in patients with NASH. Serum ALT level is a better predictor of histological change than insulin resistance or bodyweight and can be a valid index in treatment. Serum ALT should be strictly controlled to prevent liver histological progression in patients with NASH.
Pediatric Sweet syndrome. A retrospective study
Authors: García‐Romero Maria Teresa , Ho Nhung
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Sweet syndrome (SS) is a relatively rare pediatric diagnosis, with fewer than 80 pediatric cases reported in the literature, characterized by tender erythematous plaques and nodules associated with systemic inflammation.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of pediatric patients diagnosed with SS both clinically and histologically at our reference hospital between the years of 2000 and 2012. Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic data were analyzed.

Results

We found five patients; four were male, aged between 9 and 14 years. All had fever, elevated markers of systemic inflammation, and typical skin lesions. SS was associated with underlying hematologic malignancy in one patient; all‐trans retinoic acid in another; infection in two patients; and in one patient, no identifiable cause was found. Three of the five patients treated with systemic corticosteroids had excellent response, and two had recurrences and received additional treatment with dapsone and saturated solution of potassium iodide.

Conclusions

Sweet syndrome is an extremely rare diagnosis in children. It is associated with the same conditions as in adults, but it is more frequently associated with infections than malignancies. In general, prognosis is good, but recurrences occur and second‐line treatment may be needed.
Increased serum levels of interleukin‐23 circulating in patients with non‐segmental generalized vitiligo
Authors: Vaccaro Mario , Cannavò Serafinella P. , Imbesi Selene , Cristani Mariateresa , Barbuzza Olga , Tigano Valeria , Gangemi Sebastiano
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Vitiligo is a common progressive depigmentation of the skin due to selective destruction of melanocytes. Nowadays increasing evidences support the hypothesis of an autoimmune etiology.

Methods

In order to sustain the role of T‐helper‐17 lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, we measured the serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐23 (an important regulator of this subset) using a quantitative enzyme immunoassay technique in 12 males and 16 females (ages ranging from 18 to 58 years) affected by non‐segmental vitiligo and compared the results with a group of healthy donors.

Results

IL‐23 serum levels were significantly higher in patients with vitiligo as compared with controls. There was a significant positive correlation of IL‐23 serum levels with disease duration and extent of vitiligo and disease activity.

Conclusions

The inhibition of IL‐23 might be a novel strategy in the therapy of autoimmune inflammatory diseases like vitiligo.
Fingerprint verification prediction model in hand dermatitis
Authors: Lee Chew K. , Chang Choong C. , Johor Asmah , Othman Puwira , Baba Roshidah
Published: November 2014

Background

Hand dermatitis associated fingerprint changes is a significant problem and affects fingerprint verification processes. This study was done to develop a clinically useful prediction model for fingerprint verification in patients with hand dermatitis.

Methods

A case–control study involving 100 patients with hand dermatitis. All patients verified their thumbprints against their identity card. Registered fingerprints were randomized into a model derivation and model validation group. Predictive model was derived using multiple logistic regression. Validation was done using the goodness‐of‐fit test.

Results

The fingerprint verification prediction model consists of a major criterion (fingerprint dystrophy area of ≥ 25%) and two minor criteria (long horizontal lines and long vertical lines). The presence of the major criterion predicts it will almost always fail verification, while presence of both minor criteria and presence of one minor criterion predict high and low risk of fingerprint verification failure, respectively. When none of the criteria are met, the fingerprint almost always passes the verification. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.937, and the goodness‐of‐fit test showed agreement between the observed and expected number (P = 0.26).

Conclusions

The derived fingerprint verification failure prediction model is validated and highly discriminatory in predicting risk of fingerprint verification in patients with hand dermatitis.
A survey of self‐reported skin disease in the elderly African‐American population
Authors: Caretti Katherine L. , Mehregan Darius R. , Mehregan David A.
Published: November 2014

Background

In the USA, the geriatric population, almost 12% of which will be comprised of African‐Americans, is expected to exceed 88 million by 2050. Data on dermatologic conditions in elderly African‐Americans are deficient.

Objectives

This study aimed to identify prevalences of self‐reported skin disease and skin‐related concerns in elderly African‐Americans, and to assess participants’ perceptions of skin disease and awareness of skin cancer.

Methods

Elderly African‐Americans were recruited into a cross‐sectional study and asked to complete a 17‐item questionnaire.

Results

A total of 101 participants aged 60–91 years (median age: 71 years) completed the questionnaire. The majority (75.2%) of the subjects were female. The most common self‐reported skin diseases were eczema/dermatitis (28.7%), fungal skin infections (16.8%), alopecia (6.9%), viral skin infections (4.9%), and urticaria (4.9%). The most common skin concerns were dry skin/pruritus (40.6%), moles (27.7%), hair loss (25.7%), skin discoloration (20.8%), and wrinkles (15.8%). Overall, 40.6% of participants reported concern about skin cancer, and 75.2% reported examining their skin regularly. However, 34.7% did not believe that people with darker skin types should be concerned about skin cancer.

Conclusions

This study provides an important overview of the most common self‐reported skin conditions in elderly African‐Americans. Substantial age‐related differences in the frequencies of skin disorders were apparent. It is important to include the elderly population within campaigns to educate minority group members on skin cancer.
Association of HLA‐B*1502 allele with lamotrigine‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Han Chinese subjects: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zeng Tao , Long Yue‐Sheng , Min Fu‐Li , Liao Wei‐Ping , Shi Yi‐Wu
Published: November 2014

Background

Despite several studies investigating the association between the human leukocyte antigen HLA‐B*1502 allele and lamotrigine‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in Han Chinese subjects, the relationship remains unclear.

Objectives

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to ascertain the association between the HLA‐B*1502 allele and lamotrigine‐induced SJS and TEN in Han Chinese populations.

Methods

We searched the biomedical literature archived in the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Science and Technology Journal databases. Only studies investigating the association between HLA‐B*1502 and lamotrigine‐induced SJS/TEN were included. We then performed a meta‐analysis of the data in these studies.

Results

Four studies including a total of 12 patients with SJS/TEN and 128 lamotrigine‐tolerant control subjects were identified. The HLA‐B*1502 allele was present in 33.3% (four of 12) of lamotrigine‐induced SJS/TEN cases but in only 9.4% (12 of 128) of lamotrigine‐tolerant controls. The occurrence of SJS/TEN was thus associated with the presence of the HLA‐B*1502 allele (odds ratio: 4.98, 95% confidence interval 1.43–17.28; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

We found a statistical association between HLA‐B*1502 and lamotrigine‐induced SJS/TEN in Han Chinese subjects. Future studies with larger sample sizes are suggested to verify the results.
Differential expression patterns of metastasis suppressor proteins in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Bozdogan Onder , Yulug Isik G. , Vargel Ibrahim , Cavusoglu Tarik , Karabulut Ayse A. , Karahan Gurbet , Sayar Nilufer
Published: November 2014

Background

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are common malignant skin tumors. Despite having a significant invasion capacity, they metastasize only rarely. Our aim in this study was to detect the expression patterns of the NM23‐H1, NDRG1, E‐cadherin, RHOGDI2, CD82/KAI1, MKK4, and AKAP12 metastasis suppressor proteins in BCCs.

Methods

A total of 96 BCC and 10 normal skin samples were included for the immunohistochemical study. Eleven frozen BCC samples were also studied by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) to detect the gene expression profile.

Results

NM23‐H1 was strongly and diffusely expressed in all types of BCC. Significant cytoplasmic expression of NDRG1 and E‐cadherin was also detected. However, AKAP12 and CD82/KAI1 expression was significantly decreased. The expressions of the other proteins were somewhere between the two extremes. Similarly, qRT‐PCR analysis showed down‐regulation of AKAP12 and up‐regulation of NM23‐H1 and NDRG1 in BCC. Morphologically aggressive BCCs showed significantly higher cytoplasmic NDRG1 expression scores and lower CD82/KAI1 scores than non‐aggressive BCCs.

Conclusion

The relatively preserved levels of NM23‐H1, NDRG1, and E‐cadherin proteins may have a positive effect on the non‐metastasizing features of these tumors.
Are all patients with psoriasis at increased risk for coronary artery disease?
Authors: Seremet Sila , Genc Berhan , Tastan Ahmet , Akyildiz Zehra Ilke , Nazli Cem , Ozcelik Sinan , Afsar Fatma Sule , Solak Aynur , Emren Volkan
Published: November 2014

Associations have been recently recognized between psoriasis and an increased incidence of atherosclerotic diseases. However, there are scarce data on the prevalence of coronary lesions in patients with psoriasis. The aim of this study was to identify the calcified and non‐calcified atherosclerotic coronary lesions in patients with psoriasis compared to controls. Forty patients with psoriasis and 42 control subjects matched for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk profile were included in this case–control study. Coronary lesions were evaluated by a 128‐slice dual source multidetector computed tomography scanner. Coronary calcification scoring was calculated according to the Agatston score. The prevalence of atherosclerotic coronary lesions (psoriasis: 15%, controls: 16.7%; P = 0.83) and the mean coronary calcification scoring (psoriasis: 9.9 ± 35.2 Agatston unit, controls 2.8 ± 12.0 Agatston unit; P = 0.81) did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Multivariate analysis identified age ≥48 years and fasting blood glucose ≥99.0 mg/dl as independent predictors of coronary artery disease in patients with psoriasis (F = 30.9; P = 0.001; adjusted R2 = 0.49). Patients with psoriasis had the same prevalence of calcified and non‐calcified atherosclerotic coronary lesions as compared to controls. Our results demonstrated the necessity of considering the age and fasting blood glucose of patients with psoriasis in a decision for further cardiovascular evaluation.
The function of endogenous cathepsin in quality deterioration of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets stored in chilling conditions
Authors: Ge Lihong , Xu Yanshun , Xia Wenshui
Published: November 2014

Changes of textural properties and cathepsin activity of grass carp fillets during storage in superchilling (−1.5 ± 0.2 °C) and ice (0.2 ± 0.1 °C) was investigated, and the function of cathepsin in quality deterioration of grass carp fillets was discussed. Results showed that shear force of superchilled and ice‐stored fillets decreased by 50% and 55% after 6 days of storage, respectively. The cathepsin activies in different fractions changed significantly during storage at both conditions. Cathepsin B, B+L activities in sarcoplasma, myofibrillar and heavy mitochondrial fraction significantly increased during the early 3 days postmortem, accompanied by remarkable reduction of corresponding activity in lysosome. Cathepsin D activity in sarcoplasma and myofibrillar significantly increased during 6 days of storage with corresponding decrease in lysosome and heavy mitochondria. Correlation analysis showed that changes of shear force of grass carp fillets were significantly correlated with integration of cathepsin B, D and B+L throughout storage time (r2 > 0.94). As derived from the first‐order exponential decay model, the enzyme efficiencies (ka) of cathepsin B and B+L were more than twofold higher than those of cathepsin D, suggesting the major role of cathepsin B and B+L in textural deterioration of grass carp fillets in chilling storage.
Frequency distribution of autoimmunity associated FCGR3B gene copy number in Indian population
Authors: Almal S. H. , Padh Harish
Published: November 2014

Amongst several human genome variations, copy number variations (CNVs) are considered as an important source of variability contributing to susceptibility to wide range of diseases. Although CNV is scattered for genes throughout the human genome, several of autoimmunity related genes have CN variation and therefore play an important role in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. The association of the Fc gamma receptor 3B (FCGR3B) gene copy number in autoimmunity is well characterized in various populations studied. The Fc gamma receptor is a low affinity, glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐linked receptor for IgG molecule predominantly expressed on human neutrophils. The variable gene copy number of FCGR3B is found to be involved in the impaired clearance of immune complexes, which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type‐1 diabetes and others. The FCGR3B copy number ranged from 0 to ≥2 copies per diploid genome in other populations, but yet not explored in Indian population. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the variation in the frequency distribution of FCGR3B CNV in Indian population. FCGR3B gene copy number varied significantly when compared to other population of the world. This observation will help us in exploring the potential role of CNV in FCGR3B gene and its association to autoimmune disorders in Indian population.
Refugee community organizations inCanada: From the margins to the mainstream? A challenge and opportunity for social workers
Authors: Lacroix Marie , Baffoe Michael , Liguori Marilena
Published: November 2014

Various waves of asylum seekers and resettled refugees arriving inCanada since the 1980s reflect the eruption of war and ethnic conflicts in parts ofAfrica, CentralAmerica, andSouthEastAsia. Contrary to long‐established immigrant communities such as theGreeks,Italians, andPortuguese, these newcomers have had to fend for themselves and develop their own support networks, leading to new forms of organizing and to the formation of refugee community organizations (RCOs). This article discusses the findings of a 2008–2011 study onRCOs inCanada, specifically inMontréal and Winnipeg. The objective of the study was to understand the context in whichRCOs have developed, the populations they serve, and the role they play in their ethnic communities. Working within theRCOparadigm, we analyze the creation of these organizations, contrast findings with research done in theUK, and raise issues for social work practice.

Key Practitioner Message:● Innovative research in Canada documenting refugee community organizations gives fresh insight regarding community organizing practice; ● Documents the situation of asylum seekers and refugees on an individual and a collective basis in terms of needs; ● Focuses on the necessity of building bridges with refugee organizations to bring them into the mainstream.
Socio‐legal Scholarship in Canada: A Review of the Field
Authors: Arthurs Harry , Bunting Annie
Published: November 2014

This article is the second in an occasional series dealing with the development, current status, and future of socio‐legal studies in selected countries. It follows Kim Economides's review of socio‐legal studies in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
Would John Stuart Mill have Regulated Pornography?
Authors: McGlynn Clare , Ward Ian
Published: November 2014

John Stuart Mill dominates contemporary pornography debates where he is routinely invoked as an authoritative defence against regulation. This article, by contrast, argues that a broader understanding of Mill's ethical liberalism, his utilitarianism, and his feminism casts doubt over such an assumption. New insights into Mill's approach to sex, sexual activity, and the regulation of prostitution reveal an altogether more nuanced and activist approach. We conclude that John Stuart Mill would almost certainly have accepted certain forms of pornography regulation and, in this light, we argue that Mill can provide the foundation for new, liberal justifications of some forms of pornography regulation.
Of ‘Landmark’ or ‘Leading’ Cases: Salomon's Challenge
Authors: Lim Ernest
Published: November 2014

This article seeks to question the two dominant conceptions of ‘landmark’ or ‘leading’ cases in English legal scholarship, using the House of Lords decision in Salomon v. Salomon Co Ltd. – the most famous case in corporate law – as a case study. It argues that neither the first dominant conception of ‘leading’ or ‘landmark’ cases, characterized by the analysis of the intrinsic merits of a case, nor the second, which looks at the historical contexts in which cases were decided, appears sufficient by itself to determine whether a case is landmark or canonical. Rather, we have to look at how the canonicity of a case is constructed by subsequent courts. The article seeks to advance the debate concerning the formation of landmark cases and aims to challenge certain prevailing views on the canonicity of corporate law's arguably most significant case.
Criminal Jury Trials in 2030: A Law Odyssey
Authors: Horan Jacqueline , Maine Shelley
Published: November 2014

‘Strategic foresight’ is a technique used by institutions to prepare for a technology‐charged future. It involves considering how the institution might look in the future. In doing so, it enables the institution to prepare for and achieve the preferred future. This article explores what the process of strategic foresight has to offer common law criminal justice systems, with a particular emphasis on the role of expert evidence in criminal jury trials. A hypothetical vision for the future set in 2030, which foresees the adoption of technological advances in the courtroom, is compared and contrasted with processes from a 2012 murder trial. We examine how a well‐designed digital courtroom could enhance the delivery of expert evidence. Considering ‘alternative future law scenarios’ can illuminate what a legal system is likely to need in times to come and can identify the necessary steps for beneficial adaptation via research, policies, and training.
The Lost Art of Regulated Tolerance? Fifteen Years of Regulating Vices in Amsterdam
Authors: Huisman Wim , Nelen Hans
Published: November 2014

Fifteen years ago, Brants explored the idiosyncrasies of Dutch policy with regard to prostitution, focusing on the situation in the Dutch capital. Amsterdam was on the brink of the enactment of new policies and legislation regarding the legalization of prostitution and the crackdown on organized crime. This article presents a short description and analysis of the latest developments in the prostitution sector in the Netherlands and, in particular, the developments in the red light district of Amsterdam since the publication of Brants's article. The analysis reveals that the majority of her predictions have come true. However, what she did not foresee was that the Netherlands would be in the middle of a transitional stage: Dutch policy has undergone a paradigm shift from a pragmatic, rational approach towards a state of moralization.
The Scottish Independence Referendum 2014
Authors: Mullen Tom
Published: November 2014

On 18 September, in a historic referendum, the people of Scotland voted by 55.3 per cent to 44.7 per cent to remain in the United Kingdom. This article provides an immediate response. It is inevitably provisional and broadbrush in character and cannot cover all of the varied and conflicting perspectives on the referendum and its consequences; it is just one man's view. Given the varied international readership of this journal, I shall assume little prior knowledge of politics and government in the United Kingdom or of its history. Citations have been kept to a minimum.
Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Lattice Thermal Transport Properties of Insulating Materials: A Predictive Model
Authors: Gheribi Aïmen E. , Chartrand Patrice
Published: November 2014

We present two theoretical models to predict the lattice thermal conductivity degradation of insulating materials at high temperature (above one‐third of the Debye temperature). This degradation is due to the presence of grains, with known sizes and shapes, inducing thermal resistance at their boundaries. The first model is derived directly from the kinetic theory of gases (KTG). The formulation of the second is based on a localized continuum model (LCM), assuming phonon Umklapp scattering and the Debye approximation of phonon density of state. The two proposed models are purely predictive, as no experimental information related to the grain size dependence of the thermal conductivity is necessary for the parameterization of the models. The predictive accuracy of the two proposed models is tested on several different types of electrically insulating compounds. Although the model derived from the KTG is similar to the well‐known Kapitza thermal resistance formalism, it fails to predict the grain size dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity. The one derived from a LCM is a new formalism predicting, with good accuracy, the lattice thermal conductivity as a function of the average grain size. It is applicable for microstructures with a grain size typically above 20–50 nm.
How Does Crack Bridging Change at Cryogenic Temperatures?
Authors: Wei Sai , Chen Juan , Xie Zhipeng , Xue Weijiang
Published: November 2014

The crack bridging behaviors of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics based on the advancing cracks have been evaluated at cryogenic temperatures in contrast with those happened at ambient temperatures. R‐Curve behavior of Si3N4 ceramics was determined to compare the cumulative effect of bridging at 77 and 293 K. The detailed changes in crack morphologies and crack opening displacement profiles at different temperatures were investigated. The bridging stress maps around a bridging ligament were recorded by in situ Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the highest tensile stress measured at 77 K (~1.0 GPa) is much higher than that at 293 K (~0.7 GPa). The experimental results suggested that Si3N4 ceramics at cryogenic temperatures possessed a higher probability of crack bridging with a higher closing force, which could make them a promising candidate for cryogenic applications.
Reactive Hot Pressing and Properties of Zr1−xTixB2–ZrC Composites
Authors: Rosenberger Andrew T , Hodson Stephen , Fisher Timothy , Stanciu Lia
Published: November 2014

Reactive hot pressing was used to prepare Zr1−xTixB2–ZrC composites with advantageous microstructure and mechanical properties from ZrB2–TiC powders. The reaction mechanisms and the effects of different levels of TiC on the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composite were explored in detail and compared to conventionally hot‐pressed ZrB2 and ZrB2–ZrC. Incorporation of 10 to 30 vol% TiC enabled full densification and restrained grain growth, reducing the final average grain size from 5.6 μm in pure ZrB2 to a minimum of 1.4 μm in samples with 30 vol% TiC. The flexural strengths and hardnesses of the composites sintered with TiC were consequently greater than the conventionally processed ZrB2–ZrC materials, increasing from 440 MPa and 17.4 GPa to a maximum of 670 MPa and 24.2 GPa at 10 vol% TiC. However, despite a decrease in the total average grain size, the flexural strength at higher TiC levels was limited by an increase in ZrC grain growth, which was observed to determine the flexural strength of the reaction sintered composites similar to the case of ZrB2–SiC.
Factors influencing the provision of end‐of‐life care in critical care settings: development and testing of a survey instrument
Authors: Ranse Kristen , Yates Patsy , Coyer Fiona
Published: November 2014

Aim

To develop and psychometrically test a survey instrument to identify the factors influencing the provision of end‐of‐life care by critical care nurses.

Background

Following a decision to withdraw life‐sustaining treatment, critical care nurses remain with the patient and their family providing end‐of‐life care. Identification of factors influencing the provision of this care can give evidence to inform practice development and support nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey of critical care nurses.

Method

An online survey was developed, reviewed by an expert panel and pilot tested to obtain preliminary evidence of its reliability and validity. In May 2011, a convenience sample of critical care nurses (n = 392, response rate 25%) completed the survey. The analytical approach to data obtained from the 58 items measured on a Likert scale included exploratory factor analysis and descriptive statistics.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis identified eight factors influencing the provision of end‐of‐life care: emotional support for nurses, palliative values, patient and family preferences, resources, organizational support, care planning, knowledge and preparedness. Internal consistency of each latent construct was deemed satisfactory. The results of descriptive statistics revealed a strong commitment to the inclusion of families in end‐of‐life care and the value of this care in the critical care setting.

Conclusion

This paper reports preliminary evidence of the psychometric properties of a new survey instrument. The findings may inform practice development opportunities to support critical care nurses in the provision of end‐of‐life care and improve the care that patients and their families receive.
Is there an economic case for investing in nursing care – what does the literature tell us?
Authors: Twigg Diane E. , Myers Helen , Duffield Christine , Giles Margaret , Evans Gemma
Published: November 2014

Aim

To determine the cost effectiveness of increasing nurse staffing or changing the nursing skill mix in adult medical and/or surgical patients?

Background

Research has demonstrated that nurse staffing levels and skill mix are associated with patient outcomes in acute care settings. If increased nurse staffing levels or richer skill mix can be shown to be cost‐effective hospitals may be more likely to consider these aspects when making staffing decisions.

Design

A systematic review of the literature on economic evaluations of nurse staffing and patient outcomes was conducted to see whether there is consensus that increasing nursing hours/skill mix is a cost‐effective way of improving patient outcomes. We used the Cochrane Collaboration systematic review method incorporating economic evidence.

Data sources

TheMEDLINE,CINAHL,SPORTDiscus and PsychINFOdatabases were searched in 2013 for published and unpublished studies in English with no date limits.

Review methods

The review focused on full economic evaluations where costs of increasing nursing hours or changing the skill mix were included and where consequences included nursing sensitive outcomes.

Results

Four‐cost benefit and five‐cost effectiveness analyses were identified. There were no cost‐minimization or cost‐utility studies identified in the review. A variety of methods to conceptualize and measure costs and consequences were used across the studies making it difficult to compare results.

Conclusion

This review was unable to determine conclusively whether or not changes in nurse staffing levels and/or skill mix is a cost‐effective intervention for improving patient outcomes due to the small number of studies, the mixed results and the inability to compare results across studies.
A descriptive study of nurse‐reported missed care in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Tubbs‐Cooley Heather L. , Pickler Rita H. , Younger Janet B. , Mark Barbara A.
Published: November 2014

Aims

The aims of this study are to describe: (1) the frequency of nurse‐reported missed care in neonatal intensive care units; and (2) nurses’ reports of factors contributing to missed care on their last shift worked.

Background

Missed nursing care, or necessary care that is not delivered, is increasingly cited as a contributor to adverse patient outcomes. Previous studies highlight the frequency of missed nursing care in adult settings; the occurrence of missed nursing care in neonatal intensive care units is unknown.

Design

A descriptive analysis of neonatal nurses’ self‐reports of missed care using data collected through a cross‐sectional web‐based survey.

Methods

A random sample of certified neonatal intensive care nurses in seven states was invited to participate in the survey in April 2012. Data were collected from nurses who provide direct patient care in a neonatal intensive care unit (n = 230). Descriptive statistics constituted the primary analytic approach.

Results

Nurses reported missing a range of patient care activities on their last shift worked. Nurses most frequently missed rounds, oral care for ventilated infants, educating and involving parents in care and oral feedings. Hand hygiene, safety and physical assessment and medication administration were missed least often. The most common reasons for missed care included frequent interruptions, urgent patient situations and an unexpected rise in patient volume and/or acuity on the unit.

Conclusion

We find that basic nursing care in the neonatal intensive care unit is missed and that system factors may contribute to missed care in this setting.