bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A variational data assimilation system for ground‐based GPS slant delays
Authors: Järvinen Heikki , Eresmaa Reima , Vedel Henrik , Salonen Kirsti , Niemelä Sami , de Vries John
Published: June 2007

Tropospheric delay affects the propagation of the microwave signals broadcast by the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Geodetic processing software enable estimation of this effect on the slanted signal paths connecting the satellites with the ground‐based receivers. These estimates are called slant delay (SD) observations and they are potentially of benefit in numerical weather prediction.

The three‐dimensional variational data assimilation system of the High‐Resolution Limited‐Area Model (HIRLAM 3D‐Var) has been modified for data assimilation of the SD observations. This article describes the ground‐based GPS observing system, the SD observation operator, the estimation of the observation‐ and background‐error standard deviations, the methodology of accounting for the observation‐error correlation, and the tuning of the background quality control for this observation type.

The SD data assimilation scheme is evaluated with experiments utilizing hypothetical observations from a single receiver station, as well as a single‐case experiment utilizing real observations from a regional GPS receiver network. The ability of the data assimilation system to extract the asymmetric information from the SD observations is confirmed. In terms of analysis increment structure and magnitude, SD observations are found to be comparable with other observation types currently in use, provided that the observation‐error correlation is taken into account. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Inter‐domain cooperation for mesoscale atmospheric laboratories: The mesoscale Alpine programme as a rich study case
Authors: Volkert Hans , Gutermann Thomas
Published: June 2007

The development and conduct of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) is summarized—a 10‐year research initiative shared by meteorological services, research laboratories and university institutes from 14 countries. The overall investment is estimated to have exceeded 35 million Euros. Inventories are given of scientific results as published in some 220 peer‐reviewed publications and over 40 completed PhD theses spanning a full decade. The close linkage between field measurements and various types of simulation experiments is emphasized by considering the role of natural laboratories (observing the atmosphere) and numerical laboratories (undertaking simulation experiments). Various forms of cooperation between laboratories and different domains such as nations, institutions and generations are used as the structuring elements of the survey. A comparison with surveys from other large field programmes helps to put the overall achievements of MAP into perspective. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysing multivariate data from designed experiments: a case study of photo‐oxidation in sour cream
Authors: Bjerke Frøydis , Larsen Hanne , Tellefsen Siri Geiner
Published: June 2007

Exposure to light induces photo‐oxidation in dairy products, causing undesired off‐taste/rancidity. In this case study we present the results of a designed experiment in four factors: illumination source, type of packaging, distance to illumination source and exposure time, in order to observe the resulting oxidation of low‐fat sour cream, measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Such spectroscopic data yield highly correlated response variables. A novel multivariate method, 50–50 MANOVA, is applied for the statistical analysis. The main objective is to present and interpret complex and comprehensive data results to researchers and practitioners in an informative way. The experimentation revealed that several factors and
interactions must be taken into consideration when designing optimal environment for sour cream storage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping the local local: Recalibrating the status of science and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in education
Authors: Eijck Michiel Van , Roth Wolff‐Michael
Published: June 2007

The debate on the status of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in science curricula is currently centered on a juxtaposition of two incompatible frameworks: multiculturalism and universalism. The aim of this paper is to establish a framework that overcomes this opposition between multiculturalism and universalism in science education, so that they become but one‐sided expressions of an integrated unit. To be able to do so, we abandon the concept of “truth.” Instead, we adopt a contemporary epistemology that (a) entails both the cultural and material aspects of human, intersubjective reality; (b) concerns the usefulness of knowledge; and (c) highlights the dynamic, heterogeneous, and plural nature of products of human being and understanding. Drawing on narratives of scientists and aboriginal people explaining a comparable natural phenomenon (a salmon run), we show that both TEK and scientific knowledge, though simultaneously available, are incommensurable and irreducible to each other, as are the different processes of knowledge construction/evolution inherent to the constituting artifacts. Drawing on social studies of science, we point out that the transcendent nature of scientific knowledge implies absence of local heterogeneity, dynamic, and plurality making it useless in local contexts other than itself. We discuss the educational implications of this recalibration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed,91:926–947, 2007
Iron adsorption on SiO2/Si(111)
Authors: Costine Allan , Thurgate Stephen
Published: June 2007

The adsorption of ferric and ferrous iron onto the native oxide of the SiO2/Si(111) surface has been evaluated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through a series of immersion experiments, performed at room temperature and pH 1, it has been shown that the ferric species is strongly adsorbed onto the hydrophilic surface, while ferrous iron remains in solution. Dehydroxylation of the silica surface by etching with hydrofluoric acid reduces the concentration of receptive Si‐OH groups, thereby limiting iron adsorption. The experiments were reproduced in a combined ultrahigh vacuum‐electrochemical system (UHV‐EC), which allowed a carbon‐free surface to be prepared before contacting the iron solutions, and confirmed the strong affinity of ferric iron towards the SiO2/Si(111) surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arcsine test for publication bias in meta‐analyses with binary outcomes
Authors: Rücker Gerta , Schwarzer Guido , Carpenter James
Published: June 2007

In meta‐analyses, it sometimes happens that smaller trials show different, often larger, treatment effects. One possible reason for such ‘small study effects’ is publication bias. This is said to occur when the chance of a smaller study being published is increased if it shows a stronger effect. Assuming no other small study effects, under the null hypothesis of no publication bias, there should be no association between effect size and effect precision (e.g. inverse standard error) among the trials in a meta‐analysis.

A number of tests for small study effects/publication bias have been developed. These use either a non‐parametric test or a regression test for association between effect size and precision. However, when the outcome is binary, the effect is summarized by the log‐risk ratio or log‐odds ratio (log OR). Unfortunately, these measures are not independent of their estimated standard error. Consequently, established tests reject the null hypothesis too frequently.

We propose new tests based on the arcsine transformation, which stabilizes the variance of binomial random variables. We report results of a simulation study under the Copas model (on the log OR scale) for publication bias, which evaluates tests so far proposed in the literature. This shows that: (i) the size of one of the new tests is comparable to those of the best existing tests, including those recently published; and (ii) among such tests it has slightly greater power, especially when the effect size is small and heterogeneity is present. Arcsine tests have additional advantages that they can include trials with zero events in both arms and that they can be very easily performed using the existing software for regression tests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From “Spongy” and “Cold” Hearts to Cellular Cardiomyoplasty: Tales of Canadian Contribution to Global Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Chiu Ray C‐J.
Published: June 2007

Despite the small size of its population and the number of its cardiac surgeons, Canadians have participated actively in the birth and development of cardiac surgery during the past half century, with pioneers such as Arthur Vineberg and Wilfred Bigelow leading the way. New and innovative cardiac surgical techniques and their scientific bases were developed and shared globally over the years. Canadian surgeons continue to be productive and are contributing to advances in this field at the dawn of the twenty‐first century. Some of these efforts and achievements are illustrated in this review.
In vivo dedifferentiation of human epidermal cells
Authors: Li Haihong , Fu Xiaobing , Zhang Lei , Sun Tongzhu , Wang Jun
Published: June 2007

Consistent with our previous study, we herein offer further evidence to demonstrate the dedifferentiation of differentiating epidermal cells into stem cells or stem cells ‐like in vivo. The epidermal sheets eliminated of basal cells were labeled with 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI), and then were transplanted onto the full‐thickness skin wounds nude mice. Immunohistochemical examination of the survival sheets showed that some cells were positive for both DAPI and either cytokeratins (CK19, CK14) or β1 integrin in spinous and granular layers at day 7 after transplantation. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the percentages of both α6briCDdim and α6briCD71bri populations in survival epidermal sheet grafts 7 d after transplantation compared with those before xenotransplantation (P < 0.05), as determined by flow cytometry. The results collectively indicated that some of the differentiated cells in engrafted epidermal sheets dedifferentiated into stem cells or stem cells‐like in vivo, which offer us new evidence and insights into the dedifferentiation.
Tutoplast‐Processed Fascia Lata for Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Jang Yong Ju , Wang Jong Hwan , Sinha Vikas , Song Hyung Min , Lee Bong‐Jae
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE

Tutoplast‐processed fascia lata (TPFL) is a commercially available homograft, which has been successfully used as human graft tissue for physical support procedures. The present report evaluates the use of TPFL in rhinoplasty.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

The study involved a retrospective analysis of rhinoplasty cases using TPFL. The study population consisted of 69 patients (52 male and 17 female) and a minimum follow‐up of 12 months.

RESULTS

TPFL was used as a smoothening graft after correction of deviated and hump noses, as a major dorsal contouring graft for saddle or flat noses, and in secondary rhinoplasty following silicone implant complications. TPFL alone was used in 41 cases and in combination with other material in 28 cases. The only complication was major resorption in three cases, with two being secondary rhinoplasty patients.

CONCLUSION

TPFL alone or in combination with other materials can be used as a dorsal augmentation material in rhinoplasty. TPFL was particularly useful for correction of dorsal irregularities and in cases requiring a minimal amount of augmentation.
Comprehensive Loss of Heterozygosity Analysis and Identification of a Novel Hotspot at 3p21 in Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Authors: Honjo Noriyasu , Gunduz Mehmet , Fukushima Kunihiro , Cengiz Beyhan , Beder Levent B. , Gunduz Esra , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Xiao Jing , Shimizu Kenji , Nishizaki Kazunori
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES

We sought to assess loss of heterozygosity (LOH) profiles of 3p, 6q, 8q, 10q, 12q, 13q, and 17p and to identify the tumor suppressor genes involved in salivary gland neoplasms.

STUDY DESIGN

LOH analysis was performed using 26 microsatellite markers by polymerase chain reaction—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method in 20 benign and 6 malignant salivary gland tumors.

RESULTS

Overall, LOH was detected in at least one informative locus in 18 of 20 (90%) of benign tumors and in all of 6 cases of malignant tumors. High LOH frequencies were revealed at the loci D3S1307 (22%, 3p26), D3S966 (41%, 3p21), D6S255 (27%, 6q25), D8S166 (25%, 8q12), D8S199 (21%, 8q24), and D10S1765 (28%, 10q23) in benign tumors, defining the hotspot regions for putative tumor suppressor genes.

CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

The hotspot regions defined by the present study suggest that new tumor suppressor genes related to the development of salivary gland tumors may reside at several chromosomal loci, including loci at 3p, 6q, 8q and 10q.
How does Prosthesis Head Size Affect Vibration Transmission in Ossiculoplasty?
Authors: Bance Manohar , Campos Alfredo , Wong Lillian , Morris David P. , van Wijhe Rene
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES

The transmission of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the stapes footplate by an ossicular reconstruction prosthesis is affected by the size of the prosthesis head. We sought to determine if augmenting or reducing the head size of prosthesis had a systematic effect on transmission of vibrations to the stapes.

STUDY DESIGN

We conducted a fresh cadaveric temporal bone middle ear study.

METHODS

The incus was replaced with a prosthesis using a tympanic membrane to stapes head (TASH)‐type hydroxyapatite prosthesis in nine fresh cadaveric temporal bones. Three prosthesis head sizes were created: unaltered, reduced, and augmented. Stapes vibrations were measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer in response to acoustic frequency chirps at 90 dB SPL.

RESULTS

All three head size prostheses resulted in smaller stapes vibrations than the intact ear. There was no difference in the vibration transmission between the three different head sizes. All prostheses showed a vibration loss of 10 to 15 dB compared to the intact ear.

CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

Within the range of sizes tested, prosthesis head size had little impact on vibration transmission to the stapes footplate.
Acoustic Rhinometry in Preschool Children
Authors: Qian Wei , Chen Wenwen , Chen Joseph M. , Haight James
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to measure nasal cavity volume (NV) in preschool children with the use of acoustic rhinometry (AR).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Prospective study: 1) Nasal cavity models were used to test the correlations between NV, minimal cross‐sectional area (MCA), and nasal resistance; 2) 97 four‐year‐olds (48 boys, 49 girls) and 137 five‐year‐olds (68 boys, 69 girls) children were selected to undergo AR.

RESULTS

1. Model tests showed that the resistance correlated better with the changes of the volume than the MCA. 2. The average bilateral NV in preschool children was 2.03 ± 0.4 mL. There was no significant difference in either gender (P = 0.2) or age (P = 0.197).

CONCLUSIONS

Volume measurement appears more sensitive and reliable than the MCA in assessing nasal patency. AR was easily performed on preschool children, and normative NV values were achieved.

SIGNIFICANCE

The results and conclusions can be used to establish a standardized technique for AR measurement and interpretation.
Hearing Loss after Spinal Anesthesia: The Effect of Different Infusion Solutions
Authors: Yildiz Tulay Sahin , Solak Mine , Iseri Mete , Karaca Burhan , Toker Kamil
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE

We speculate that the preoperative volume replacement with a convenient solution may protect the inner ear function after spinal anesthesia.

METHODS

The patients were randomized in a single‐blind fashion into two groups: group LR (n = 40) received lactated Ringer's and group GF (n = 40) received gelatin polysuccinate 4% (Gelofusine). Spinal anesthesia was performed with a 25 G Quincke needle and was given bupivacaine 0.5% 10 mg and fentanyl 25 jxg. Audio‐grams were performed preoperatively and 2 days postoperatively.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of hearing loss was 7.5%. The hearing loss was unilateral in two and bilateral in four patients. Hearing loss occurred within the low‐frequency range and the hearing thresholds returned to normal by the fifth postoperative day.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the incidence of hearing loss for the lactated Ringer's group was higher than the Gelofusine group, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. For medicolegal and ethical reasons, patients should be informed about the possibility of hearing loss after spinal anesthesia.
The Impact of a Cation Channel Blocker (Furosemide) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 Biofilm Architecture
Authors: Cross Jenny L. , Ramadan Hassan H. , Thomas John G.
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE

To determine if furosemide could have a role in inhibition of biofilm formation.

STUDY DESIGN

A prospective study of 72‐hour biofilms grown in the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) treated with furosemide and controls.

METHODS

Bacteria were treated with furosemide and controls to determine its antiplanktonic properties. PA01 biofilms were treated with serial 2‐fold dilutions of furosemide and controls over a 48‐hour period at pH concentrations of 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0.

RESULTS

Furosemide had no effect on planktonic PA01. It had minimal effect at pH below 8.0. A pH of 8.0 and 9.0 reduced biofilms 25%. Furosemide 10 mg/mL reduced biofilms 50% at pH 8.0 and 9.0. It inhibited biofilms to <30% at concentrations of 0.6 to 0.16 mg/mL at pH 8.0 and <10% at concentrations of 1.25 to 0.3 mg/mL at pH 9.0.

CONCLUSION

Furosemide was found to be nonantiplanktonic, but does appear to destabilize preformed PA01 biofilms at pH‐dependent concentrations.
Accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Determining the Location of the Genial Tubercle
Authors: Hueman Elizabeth M. , Noujeim Marcel E. , Langlais Robert P. , Prihoda Thomas J. , Miller Frank R.
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE

To determine the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CT) to predict the location of the genial tubercle.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Cadaver study for anatomic analysis of 17 adult human cadaver heads. Each skull/cadaver head underwent radiographic imaging with cone beam CT and cadaver dissection. Measurements, including mandibular height (MH), genial tubercle width (GTW), genial tubercle height (GTH), distance from inferior border of mandible to genial tubercle (IBM/GT), and mandibular thickness (MT) were recorded.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis with paired t test showed no significant difference between cadaver dissections versus cone beam measurements. Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals (CI) were as follows: GTW (−0.2 to 1.0), GTH (−0.1 to 0.9), distance IBM/GT (−0.8 to 5.0), MH (−1.3 to −2.6), and MT (−0.1 to 0.3).

CONCLUSION

These results show the accuracy of the 3D cone beam CT in the anatomic location of the genial tubercle.

SIGNIFICANCE

This radiographic technique may prove useful in pre‐operative planning for the mandibular osteotomy in genioglossus advancement procedures.
The contribution of the outer retina to color constancy: A general model for color constancy synthesized from primate and fish data
Authors: VANLEEUWEN M.T. , JOSELEVITCH C. , FAHRENFORT I. , KAMERMANS M.
Published: June 2007

Color constancy is one of the most impressive features of color vision systems. Although the phenomenon has been studied for decades, its underlying neuronal mechanism remains unresolved. Literature indicates an early, possibly retinal mechanism and a late, possibly cortical mechanism. The early mechanism seems to involve chromatic spatial integration and performs the critical calculations for color constancy. The late mechanism seems to make the color manifest. We briefly review the current evidence for each mechanism. We discuss in more detail a model for the early mechanism that is based on direct measurements of goldfish outer retinal processing and induces color constancy and color contrast. In this study we extrapolate this model to primate retina, illustrating that it is highly likely that a similar mechanism is also present in primates. The logical consequence of our experimental work in goldfish and our model is that the wiring of the cone/horizontal cell system sets the reference point for color vision (i.e., it sets the white point for that animal).
Retrograde endocannabinoid inhibition of goldfish retinal cones is mediated by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
Authors: FAN SHIH-FANG , YAZULLA STEPHEN
Published: June 2007

A functional role for retinal endocannabinoids has not been determined. We characterized retrograde suppression of membrane currents of goldfish cones in a retinal slice. Whole-cell recordings were obtained from cone inner segments under voltage clamp.IK(V)was elicited by a depolarizing pulse to +54 mV from a holding potential of −70 mV. A fifty-millisecond puff of saline with 70 mM KCl or Group I mGluR agonist DHPG was applied through a pipette directly at a mixed rod/cone (Mb) bipolar cell body. The amplitude ofIK(V)decreased 25% compared to the pre-puff control. Retrograde suppression ofIK(V)was blocked by CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 had no effect on the suppression ofIK(V), whereas nimesulide, a COX-2 inhibitor, prolonged the effects of the K+puff 10-fold. Orlistat, a blocker of 2-AG synthesis, blocked the effect of the K+puff. Group I mGluR activation of Gq/11 was demonstrated in that a puff with DHPG decreasedIK(V)of cones by 32%, an effect blocked by SR141716A. The effect of DHPG was not blocked by the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP, indicating involvement of mGluR1. The suppressive effect of the K+puff vanished in a Ca2+-free, 2 mM Co2+saline. TMB-8 or ryanodine, blocked the effect of DHPG, but not that of the K+puff, showing that calcium influx or release from intracellular stores could mediate retrograde release. We suggest that retrograde suppression of coneIK(V)is mediated by Ca2+-dependent release of 2-AG from Mb bipolar cell dendrites by separate mechanisms: (1) voltage-dependent, mimicked by the K+puff, that may be activated by the depolarizing ON response to light; (2) voltage-independent, occurring under ambient illumination, mediated by tonic mGluR1 activation. The negative feedback of this latter mechanism could regulate tonic glutamate release from cones within narrow limits, regardless of ambient illumination.
Professor William R.A. Muntz (1936–2005)
Authors: DOUGLAS RON
Published: June 2007

Whereas I only worked with Bill for three years when he supervised my
PhD at the University of Stirling in the mid 1970s, his influence on me
has lasted a lifetime. This piece, rather than summarizing the details of
his considerable contributions to science, is a personal tribute to one of
the most significant people in my life.
When Socrates met the Buddha: Greek and Indian Dialectic in Hellenistic Bactria and India
Authors: Sick David H.
Published: June 2007

If with all these openings there had been no exchange whatever between East and West in their literary productions, it would have been strange, to say no more; and though, as I repeat, we have no tangible evidence of anything like translations, whether oriental or occidental, at that time …

Those words come from one of Max Müller's last essays ‘Coincidences’, in which he listed the many points of contact between East and West in the period after Alexander the Great's invasion of Bactria and the Indus valley. Müller thought a translation of a literary work from Greek or Latin to Sanskrit or Pāli or vice versa might be the key to resolving the numerous similarities he had found in the myths of East and West, particularly in the sacred texts of Buddhism and Christianity. In fact, according to his son, the collection of these parallels was the project on which Müller was working at his death. Had the father of the Sacred Books of the East lived another half century, he would have had his translation, but, I believe, he would have been disappointed with the profit accrued so far from the discovery.
Al-Manār and the Ḥadhramī Elite in the Malay-Indonesian World: Challenge and Response
Authors: Abushouk Ahmed Ibrahim
Published: June 2007

Al-Manār was an Arabic and reformist journal founded by Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā in Cairo in 1898, and its primary objectives were to examine the decadence of Muslim political institutions, underline the danger of European colonialism in the Muslim world, and promote the idea that Islam was compatible with modernity and reason. The present article attempts to examine the intellectual influence of al-Manār among the Ḥadhramī elite in the Malay-Indonesian world, and critically assess its role as the mouthpiece for the propagation of ‘Abduh's doctrines and accomplishment of his reforms. It first addresses the mission of al-Manār as a reformist journal that worked towards the promotion of social, religious and economic reforms in the Muslim world. It secondly examines the religio-cultural background of the Ḥadhramī elite who were influenced by the reformist mission of al-Manār and subscribed to its ultimate goal. The study finally highlights the impact of al-Manār on the religio-political and social structure of the Ḥadhramī diaspora in the Malay-Indonesian world, and discusses how this impact resulted in the establishment of a revivalist movement that rejected the conservative attitude of blind imitation (taqlīd ) of the four schools of Islamic law, and denounced the Sufi practices that were not in harmony with the fundamentals of Islam. Special attention will also be paid to the role of the Ḥadhramī organisations, schools and press that contributed to the propagation of al-Manār's reformist mission and its dissemination at the grass roots level of the Ḥadhramī community.
MEDIEVAL JAPANESE CONSTRUCTIONS OF PEACE AND LIBERTY: MUEN, KUGAI AND RAKU, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Authors: Amino Yoshihiko
Published: June 2007

The main text upon which these notes are based (Muen, kugai, raku) was first published as a chapter in a book of essentially the same name in 1978. When the revised edition of the work was published in 1996, voluminous notes were added as an appendix, as a way for Amino to reply to his critics. The present article consists of three notes, one on raku, one on kugai and one comparing the three raku, kugai and muen with the idea of “liberty” (Amino's preferred translation for the Japanese term jiyū). To recapitulate the main text (whose translation appeared in IJAS 4:1), all three terms, originally Buddhist, were used as secular concepts in medieval times to denote people and places outside the control of the political authority. All were characterized by certain “freedoms” or “liberties”, but such connotations disappeared in the course of the seventeenth century with the unification of the country.
MODERN EUROPE AND THE CREATION OF THE “ISLAMIC WORLD”
Authors: Haneda Masashi
Published: June 2007

This article attempts to demonstrate that the notion of “Islamic world” was a creation of the modern age, emanating from north-western Europe in the nineteenth century. The term incorporates two opposing ideological meanings: on the one hand, Europe representing modern, positive values is set against the Islamic world, representing pre-modern, minus values, while on the other hand, the Islamic world was the common bond among all Muslims for their solidarity and unification against European colonialism. The article goes on to investigate why, how and when precisely the two concepts of “Islamic world” were created under the influence of modern European thought. It is stressed that in much of today's discourse too we can still perceive the two different meanings of the term, and this has often led to confusion and misunderstanding in discussion. Modern historians have played a role in substantiating the ideology of the “Islamic world”, because modern historiography has often described political objectives as actual reality.
INTRODUCTION: CURRENCY ASSORTMENT IN THE CHINA-JAPAN TRANS-MARITIME REGION
Authors: Kuroda Akinobu
Published: June 2007

History tells us that neither government decree nor intrinsic content can determine the value of currencies. However true this statement is, though, it is not at all clear who actually made that determination. It is easy to say theoretically that the market decides the price of currencies, but it is not so easy actually to mark the boundaries of the market and identify those who were influential in valuing the currency. Thus, the question remains unanswered. Nevertheless, certain historical facts concerning medieval Japan discovered by Hiroyuki Honda in the following paper furnish us with two important implications regarding it.
COPPER COINAGE, RULING POWER AND LOCAL SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL JAPAN
Authors: Honda Hiroyuki
Published: June 2007

This article studies the role copper coinage, mainly of Chinese origin, played as the currency of preference in medieval Japan and the process by which it replaced commodities as the main medium of exchange. By the late fifteenth century a major watershed in the development of a money economy had been reached, when distinctions began to be made between good-quality coins and others. The practice of shroffing then became widespread. Though both the Bakufu and local magnates attempted to forbid the practice, local needs dictated which coins were circulated. A contrast in usage grew up between “pure coins” (seisen), that is authentic or standard coins, and “inferior coins,” such as those privately minted in Japan and certain Ming coins. Attention is drawn to the need to distinguish between the monetary policy and their financial policy in the anti-shroffing decrees issued by the authorities.
ASPECTS OF CHINESE LEGAL CULTURE – THE ARTICULATION OF WRITTEN LAW, STATE, AND SOCIETY: A REVIEW (PART ONE)
Authors: Bourgon Jérôme
Published: June 2007

The International Journal of Asian Studies has published four seminal articles by Japanese scholars of the history of Chinese law (2004–2007). In this issue and the next, an eminent French scholar will analyse and review the articles, adding his perspective to the questions already raised. Part One looks mainly at Shigeo Nakamura's article “Was Traditional Chinese Law a Mere ‘Model’?” and at Osamu Takamizawa's article “Legal Troubles and their Resolution in China: The Interaction of shuolizhe and Xinfuzhe.” The remaining articles, by Hiroaki Terada and Susumu Fuma, will be treated in the next issue.
Nitric acid condensation on ice: 2. Kinetic limitations, a possible “cloud clock” for determining cloud parcel lifetime
Authors: Gamblin B. , Toon O. B. , Tolbert M. A. , Kondo Y. , Takegawa N. , Irie H. , Koike M. , Hudson P. K. , Ballenthin J. O. , Hunton D. E. , Miller T. M. , Viggiano A. A. , Anderson B. E. , Avery M. , Sachse G. W. , Guenther K. , Sorenson C. , Mahoney M. J.
Published: June 2007

Measurements of NOY condensation on cirrus particles found in stratospherically influenced air sampled during the SOLVE‐I mission are analyzed and compared with data from other field studies of HNO3 or NOY condensation on ice. Each field study exhibits an order of magnitude data spread for constant HNO3 pressures and temperatures. While others assumed this distribution is due to random error, the data spread exceeds instrument precision errors and instead suggests HNO3 removal had not attained equilibrium at the time of sampling. During the SOLVE‐I mission, condensation on ice was a significant sink for HNO3 despite submonolayer surface coverages; we therefore propose condensation of HNO3 on lower‐stratospheric cirrus particles is controlled by kinetics and will occur at a kinetically limited rate. Furthermore, we suggest the low accommodation coefficient for HNO3 on ice combined with relatively short‐lived clouds causes highly scattered, limited HNO3 uptake on cirrus particles. We couple laboratory data on the accommodation coefficient of HNO3 on ice with field surface coverage data in order to generate a “cloud clock”: a calculation to determine the age of a cloud parcel. Data from the aforementioned field studies are compared to theoretical models for equilibrium surface coverage on the basis of laboratory data extrapolated to atmospheric temperatures and HNO3 pressures. This comparison is difficult because most of the atmospheric data are probably not at equilibrium and follow a condensation time curve rather than an equilibrium surface coverage curve. Finally, we develop a simple mathematical solution for the time required for HNO3 condensation on ice.
Generation of VLF waves in the ionosphere with coherent dual‐site excitation
Authors: Wong A. Y. , Wei E. , Pau J.
Published: June 2007

High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) Observatory and High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) are two radiating facilities in the Arctic region separated by a distance of the order of VLF wavelengths. The current‐carrying plasma in the E region of the ionosphere above each facility can be modulated to radiate VLF waves via HF heating. Experiments demonstrated that VLF waves can be coherently excited by these two facilities through constructive interference that is sensitive to the phase difference between these two sources.
Imaging of crustal heterogeneous structures using a slowness‐weighted back‐projection with effects of scattering modes: 1. Theory
Authors: Taira T. , Yomogida K.
Published: June 2007

This is the first paper in a two‐part series on a newly developed imaging approach for small‐scale heterogeneities (<1 km) in the crust with effects of scattering modes. To obtain a reliable crustal heterogeneous structure, we follow the six major steps: (1) removing overall complex propagation effects, including anelastic attenuation, by using a statistical technique with the use of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), (2) obtaining high‐resolution frequency‐wave number (f‐k) power spectra and slowness vectors of spectral peaks in the time‐frequency domain, based on a stationary autoregressive model, (3) estimating polarization vectors of the scattered waves identified in step 2 with a stationary multivariate autoregressive model, (4) determining scattering modes (i.e., P or S wave arrival) from the angle between the slowness and polarization vectors obtained in steps 2 and 3, respectively, (5) correcting effects of seismic‐source radiation and surface geology by a coda‐normalization approach, and finally (6) mapping the f‐k power spectra into small blocks in a model space as scattering coefficients, using a slowness‐weighted back‐projection. We can incorporate scattering modes as well as propagation effects such as anelastic attenuation factors in the background medium, with the AIC based amplitude recovery technique. The resolution in f‐k spectrograms and the accuracy of polarization estimates are significantly improved through the present approach, so that not only more scattered phases are clearly identified but also their spatial three‐dimensional locations are pinpointed more precisely and stably than previous approaches in imaging based on scattering theory.
Illuminating the plate interface structure beneath Cook Strait, New Zealand, with receiver functions
Authors: Boyd Oliver S. , Savage Martha K. , Sheehan Anne F. , Jones Craig H.
Published: June 2007

Using teleseismic receiver functions derived from broadband seismic arrays on the north end of the South Island and south end of the North Island of New Zealand, we image seismic impedance discontinuities in the upper mantle beneath Cook Strait using common conversion point (CCP) and Kirchhoff migration methods. Our primary findings are observations of discontinuities associated with the top of the subducting Pacific Plate. Our results suggest that contrary to recent suggestions, the plate is continuous under the northern South Island through the region of seismicity deeper than 50 km. West of Cook Strait, the slab dips steeply to the northwest. We find evidence for a low‐velocity layer at the top of the slab, near which much of the seismicity is concentrated. We see hints of two crustal discontinuities, consistent with observations from previous studies. We also see substantial and continuous energy on the transverse receiver function stacks above the mantle wedge extending to the northwestern edge of our stacks, which may indicate seismic anisotropy above 50 km depth.
Aircraft observations of rapid meridional transport from the tropical tropopause layer into the lowermost stratosphere: Implications for midlatitude ozone
Authors: Spackman J. R. , Weinstock E. M. , Anderson J. G. , Hurst D. F. , Jost H.‐J. , Schauffler S. M.
Published: June 2007

Meridional transport from the tropics redistributes ozone and water vapor at middle and high latitudes. In situ measurements of water vapor, CH4, and N2O, acquired aboard the NASA ER‐2 aircraft during January−March 2000 in a campaign to survey the Arctic vortex, are used to examine transport into the lowermost stratosphere in the context of middle‐ and high‐latitude ozone declines observed over the last several decades. Analysis of tracer‐tracer correlations of H2O + 2*CH4 and N2O indicates that rapid, poleward isentropic transport from the lower tropical stratosphere coupled with diabatic descent between the subtropical and polar jet streams delivers very young air to the high‐latitude lowermost stratosphere during winter, while descent of older air from the vortex and subsequent transport to lower latitudes is very limited. From middle to late winter, mixing ratios of H2O + 2*CH4 decrease by about 1 ppmv immediately outside the vortex, consistent with rapid transport of the winter phase of the seasonal cycle in water vapor to high latitudes from the lower tropical stratosphere. No evidence of isentropic mixing from the upper tropical troposphere survives in the high‐latitude lowermost stratosphere except below 350 K, where markedly higher water vapor mixing ratios indicate mixing from the extratropical troposphere. All of these transport processes pose dynamical and chemical consequences for ozone. Transport from the lower tropical stratosphere (1) exports ozone‐poor air to midlatitudes and the subvortex region and (2) distributes elevated water vapor to high latitudes, potentially enhancing halogen‐catalyzed ozone destruction through heterogeneous processing in the polar vortex.
Coevolution of continental ice cover and permafrost extent over the last glacial‐interglacial cycle in North America
Authors: Tarasov Lev , Peltier W. R.
Published: June 2007

The bed thermal characteristics of a glacial systems model that has been calibrated against a large set of relative sea level, geodetic, and strandline observations are examined for the previously glaciated sector of the North American continent. The model compares favorably against the present‐day extent of permafrost and against the observed temperature profiles from three deep boreholes when appropriate bed thermal conductivities are employed. Estimates for the present‐day depth field of the lower permafrost boundary are presented. We find a significant disequilibrium in the lower permafrost boundary for most of the Arctic region, with present‐day depth as much as 250 m shallower than the equilibrium value for present‐day climate forcing. This is largely due to the ongoing response to the loss of ice cover from the glacial period. The time evolution of the subglacial warm‐based area fraction is also presented together with calibration‐derived confidence intervals. A peak warm‐based fraction of 50% ± 6% is obtained at Last Glacial Maximum. The timing of the three largest ice volume maxima that were produced in response to the obliquity component of orbital forcing during the last glacial cycle matches that of the maxima for the warm‐based area fraction with no significant phase delay. Warm‐based conditions are required to enable ice streaming (fast flow) in the model. It is therefore hypothesized that the expansion of the area covered by warm‐based ice played a critical role in producing a highly dynamic ice sheet during both the most intense growth and recession phases.
Next solar cycle expected to be intense
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: June 2007

Solar Cycle 24 will be a period of intense solar storms that will peak in late 2011 to mid‐2012, according to the NOAA‐led Solar Cycle 24 Prediction Panel's consensus forecast that was released on 25 April. The forecast will be used for planning by government and industry groups; power and communication networks, satellites, and airplanes can be affected by sunspot activity. The panel evaluated more than 40 predictions, which ranged from 42 to 185 sunspots total for the cycle. The consensus prediction was based on six techniques, three based on statistics and three based on physics and theory of the Sun's dynamo conveyor belt. The validity of the prediction will soon get its first test; if it does not accurately predict the Solar Cycle 23 minimum, it will also likely fail to predict the timing, duration, and intensity of the next peak, said panel chair Douglas Biesecker, a solar physicist with the NOAA Space Environment Center.
Russian lab added to Arctic observatory program
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: June 2007

A research laboratory in Tiksi, Russia, has been added to five existing Arctic labs that comprise NOAA's Arctic Atmospheric Observatory Program. The lab's location, a few kilometers to the northwest of the new Tiksi weather station in north‐central Siberia, was chosen for its clean and clear air that will allow good measurement of aerosols, air chemistry, cloud properties, ozone, solar radiation, temperature, water vapor, and winds. The Tiksi lab was formed through a partnership of NOAA, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment Monitoring. Alexander MacDonald, director of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory, said,“The development of the facility is an excellent example of cooperation between Russia and the [United States] and will help to strengthen international collaboration in science, recognizing the importance of addressing environmentalissues of common concern.”The other labs are located in Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, and the United States.
A strategy for climate change stabilization experiments
Authors: Hibbard Kathy A. , Meehl Gerald A. , Cox Peter M. , Friedlingstein Pierre
Published: June 2007

Climate models used for climate change projections are on the threshold of including much greater biological and chemical detail than previous models. Today, standard climate models (referred to generically as atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models, or AOGCMs) include components that simulate the coupled atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice. Some modeling centers are now incorporating carbon cycle models into AOGCMs in a move toward an Earth system model (ESM) capability. Additional candidate components to include in ESMs are aerosols, chemistry, ice sheets, and dynamic vegetation [e.g., Cox et al., 2000; Friedlingstein et al., 2006].
NASA science problems deeper than dollars
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: June 2007

With little increase in funding at NASA over the last few years and a presidential mandate to go to the Moon and Mars, NASA science has suffered as funds have been redirected to the manned space program. However, the agency could make better use of its existing science funds, according to several witnesses who testified on 2 May before the U.S. House of Representatives Science and Technology Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics.

About $3–4 billion was removed from future spending plans for NASA's Science Mission Directorate following the implementation of the Vision for Space Exploration, which was announced in 2004. The recent hearing focused on how this loss of funding could be better managed by three of NASA's four science divisions.
Imaging Sierra Nevada lithospheric sinking
Authors: Gilbert Hersh , Jones Craig , Owens Thomas J. , Zandt George
Published: June 2007

The sinking of dense mantle lithosphere farther into the mantle is an often invoked but still poorly understood process in continental development. Such events have been inferred to cause uplift and extensional deformation in areas around the world and back billions of years. Samples of garnet‐rich mantle lithosphere from under the Sierra Nevada were brought up in basaltic eruptions from before 80 million years ago to approximately 8 million years ago but are absent from volcanics after about 3.5 million years ago [Ducea and Saleeby, 1998]. Granitic batholiths like the Sierra Nevada evolve from more quartz poor melts and thus have roots of mafic (quartz‐poor) residuum that remain under the batholith. This residuum, metamorphosed to a dense garnet‐rich rock, apparently sinks together with part of the mantle lithosphere below it at one or more locations beneath the Great Valley.
Geoscience research in U.S. national parks
Authors: Higgins Bob
Published: June 2007

Characterizing volcanic rock alteration in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park to better understand Martian data; developing a groundwater flow model for a Grand Canyon National Park karst aquifer to enhance understanding of the area's drinking water; investigating sand waves on Fire Island National Seashore to help with the interpretation and management of dynamic coast‐lines: Each of these projects has benefited from recent U.S. National Park Service (NPS) research procedure revisions that streamline the NPS's Research Permit and Reporting System.

Geology, which forms the foundation of park ecosystems as well as many spectacular views within the national parks, and frames the natural and historic heritage of the United States, is central to the national park concept. The NPS has identified more than 160 national parks with significant geologic resources, including important fossil deposits, dynamic shorelines, karst formations, geothermal systems, and volcanic features. Park museum collections contain over 270,000 geologic and paleontological specimens. Although good management decisions demand understanding the underlying science, about 90% of U.S. national parks and most regional NPS offices lack a geoscientist.
Congressman asks about ocean winds satellite replacement
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: June 2007

NASA's QuikSCAT satellite, which launched in 1999, was intended to measure ocean winds over a two‐year period. Now in its fifth year, the satellite has proven its worth; NOAA, for example, uses QuikSCAT data in its hurricane forecasts. However, there are no plans to replace the satellite or its capabilities. Rep. Nick Lampson (D‐Tex.), chair of the U.S. House of Representatives Science and Technology Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, sent letters on 8 May to the NASA Director and the NOAA Administrator asking about their plans for replacing QuikSCAT data in the event of the satellite's failure, particularly during the Atlantic hurricane season. He noted that in a recent media report, the director of NOAAs Hurricane Center said that without QuikSCAT data, the accuracy of the center's two‐ and three‐day forecasts would decrease by 10% and 16%, respectively.
Circum‐Arctic Map compilation
Authors: Saltus Richard W. , Gaina Carmen
Published: June 2007

The eyes of the world are increasingly focused on the polar regions. Exploration and assessment of energy and mineral resources for the growing world economy are moving to high‐latitude frontier areas. The effects of climatic changes are particularly pronounced at these ends of the Earth and have already attracted worldwide attention and concern. Many recent articles related to the International Polar Year underscore the importance of even basic mapping of the Arctic and Antarctic.