bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cloning and characterization of the ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle protein from the water flea Daphnia magna
Authors: Kato Yasuhiko , Kobayashi Kaoru , Oda Shigeto , Tatarazako Norihisa , Watanabe Hajime , Iguchi Taisen
Published: March 2007

cDNAs encoding the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultra spiracle (USP) protein were cloned from the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Cladocera). The deduced EcR and USP amino acid sequences showed a high degree of homology to those of other crustaceans as well as insects. We isolated three isoforms of EcR that differ in the A/B domain. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated differing temporal expression patterns of the EcR isoforms during the molting period and demonstrated that the expression of one subtype correlated well with the timing of molt. Using cDNAs encoding EcR and USP, we constructed a Daphnia EcR/USP reporter based on a two-hybrid system. The gene fusions encoded the EcR ligand-binding domain (LBD) fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain, and the USP–LBD fused to the Vp16 activation domain. These chimeric genes were transfected with a luciferase reporter gene. Dose-dependent activation of the reporter gene could be observed when transfectants were exposed to Ec and other chemicals known to have Ec-like activities. This two-hybrid system may represent a useful reporter system for further examination of hormonal and chemical effects on Daphnia at the molecular level.
The role of glucocorticoid in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in non-pregnant bovine endometrium
Authors: Lee Hwa-Yong , Acosta Tomas J , Tanikawa Michiyo , Sakumoto Ryosuke , Komiyama Junichi , Tasaki Yukari , Piskula Mariusz , Skarzynski Dariusz J , Tetsuka Masafumi , Okuda Kiyoshi
Published: March 2007

To determine whether glucocorticoids (GCs) play a role in regulating uterine function in cow, the present study examined the expression of mRNA encoding GC receptor (GC-R) α, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) type 1 and type 2, and the activity of 11-HSD1 in bovine endometrial tissue throughout the estrous cycle. We also studied the effects of cortisol on basal, oxytocin (OT)- and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) production. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that GC-Rα mRNA was expressed more strongly in the mid-luteal stage (days 8–12) than in the other stages. In contrast to GC-Rα mRNA expression, 11-HSD1 mRNA expression was greater in the follicular stage than in the other stages, whereas 11-HSD2 mRNA expression was lowest in the follicular stage. The activity of 11-HSD1 was greater in the follicular stage and estrus than in the other stages and was lowest in the mid-luteal stage. Cortisone was dose-dependently converted to cortisol in the cultured endometrial tissue. Although cortisol did not affect either the basal or OT-stimulated production of PGs in the cultured epithelial cells, the production of PGs stimulated by TNFα in the stromal cells was suppressed by cortisol (P < 0.05). Cortisol suppressed basal prostaglandin (PG)F2α without affecting basal PGE2 production in the stromal cells. The overall results suggest that the level of cortisol is locally regulated in bovine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle by 11-HSD1, and that cortisol could act as a luteoprotective factor by selectively suppressing luteolytic PGF2α production in bovine endometrium.
Explaining tunnel construction by joint mapping
Authors: Knight S. J.
Published: March 2007

Modern-day railway tunnels are a superb legacy from a bygone age, built by eminent Victorian tunnel engineers. The great skills and abilities of these engineers and their workmen, even in very poor working conditions and with very limited technology, have resulted in these tunnels being in constant use up to the present time and beyond. But how were they built to last so long? No plans or as-built drawings survive, and only very limited written accounts of their construction are available. Attempts at looking deeper through the linings with ground-probing radar and electrical resistance techniques have failed to reveal any of the secrets. Destructive testing such as coring has been used, but the overall picture is still missing. The only remaining signs of the construction works are the open shafts and the joints. The shafts indicate where some of the access and construction points were situated along the tunnel, and the joints mark the lengths of excavation used in building the tunnel. The joint lengths can be long in good ground, or shorter in poor ground; they can be shorter across an infilled or hidden shaft, or in a ‘break-up’ length, but longer in a ‘junction’ length. The length between joints can therefore reveal much about the conditions under which tunnelling took place, and can also point to the location of other working shafts that have been backfilled and hidden. The author believes that there is much to learn about tunnel construction from a careful study or ‘mapping’ of the joint lengths, particularly when now used in conjunction with a non-destructive testing technique such as ground-probing radar.
The Nottingham railway test facility, UK
Authors: Brown S. F. , Brodrick B. V. , Thom N. H. , McDowell G. R.
Published: March 2007

A major new full-scale laboratory test facility for railway trackbeds is described. The equipment was designed and developed by the research team at the University of Nottingham, and has been used initially for two projects concerned with the performance of railway ballast. One dealt with the application of geogrid reinforcement to reduce the rate of settlement under repeated vehicle loading, and the other was concerned with ballast degradation both under loading and tamping. The facility allows application of cyclic loads of up to 94 kN directly to the sleepers using a loading system constructed in a laboratory test pit. Three sleepers are involved, and loads are applied by servo-controlled hydraulic actuators with their inputs phased to simulate a moving wheel. A tamping bank can be attached to the loading frame to perform the normal maintenance operation. Instrumentation is used to measure the permanent track settlement and the transient deflection of the central sleeper. Earth pressure cells can be installed in the subgrade to monitor transient stresses. Facilities are incorporated to determine the degree of particle degradation and to control the subgrade water table level. The design and performance of the equipment are described, together with some typical results from early experiments.
Performance of foamed bitumen-stabilised mixtures
Authors: Khweir K.
Published: March 2007

Mixtures stabilised with foamed bitumen are commonly made with recycled aggregate, typically reclaimed asphalt planings. These mixtures are influenced by many factors, which require full consideration during the production and construction stages. Untreated recycled material is often unsatisfactory owing to the particle size distribution and high water content. Addressing the grading problem may require the addition of other materials; defining material type and quantity is significant. Foamed bitumen stabilised material is often modified with a hydraulic binder, not only to dry up the mixture, but also to enhance its performance, particularly in its early life. Moisture levels within the material during compaction are very important in aiding the workability of the mixture. Also, the compaction process is very dependent on the compaction energy. The stabilised mixture should be protected from the ingress of water during its early life. Foamed bitumen stabilised mixtures perform successfully when laid as a base layer, and a conventional binder course and surface course can be laid immediately on top. This paper is based on more than ten years of the author's experience in this field. In particular, it highlights the significance of the addition of hydraulic binder, moisture content, compaction level and curing time. Graphical relationships are established to aid mixture design, and can be used to predict mixture performance. Also, analyses of laboratory and site curing times are compared.
Behaviour of airfield pavement subgrades under load test
Authors: Gopalakrishnan K. , Thompson M. R.
Published: March 2007

The US Federal Aviation Administration's National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) was constructed to provide full-scale pavement response and performance data under new generation aircraft loading for development and verification of airport pavement design criteria. During the first series of traffic tests, four flexible pavement test sections (two low-strength subgrade and two medium-strength subgrade test sections) were subjected to six-wheel and four-wheel gear loading to assess the relative severity effects. Trench sections were opened at the completion of traffic testing for conducting forensic investigations. In this paper, the effect of full-scale accelerated heavy aircraft gear trafficking on the NAPTF unbound aggregate and fine-grained subgrade layer material properties (referred to as geomaterials) is discussed. The results indicate that the in situ dry densities and moisture contents have decreased in the crushed stone base as a result of trafficking whereas the dry densities of the sub-base (grey quarry blend fines) layer have increased. The low-strength subgrade California Bearing Ratio (CBR) has increased as a result of trafficking, whereas the medium-strength subgrade CBR has decreased. These results can be used to develop input parameters for NAPTF pavement structural modelling and analysis.
The Relationship Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Self-Rated Health for Adults With Chronic Conditions
Authors: Brown Arleen F. , Ang Alfonso , Pebley Anne R.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We sought to determine whether the association between neighborhood characteristics and health differs for people with and without a chronic condition.

Methods. We analyzed data from 2536 adults from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey and evaluated the relationship between the presence of a chronic condition at the individual level, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and self-rated health. We constructed multilevel models to evaluate the relationship between the neighborhood SES index and self-rated health for people with and without chronic conditions, after adjustment for other individual characteristics.

Results. Having a chronic condition was associated with substantially poorer self-rated health among participants in a deprived area than among those in a more advantaged area.

Conclusions. Residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood may be associated with barriers to the management of a chronic condition. Further work is needed to identify the specific characteristics of disadvantaged areas associated with poorer self-rated health for adults with chronic conditions.
The Latino Paradox in Neighborhood Context: The Case of Asthma and Other Respiratory Conditions
Authors: Cagney Kathleen A. , Browning Christopher R. , Wallace Danielle M.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Evidence indicates that foreign-born Latinos have a health advantage compared with US-born persons of the same socioeconomic status. An explanation for this paradox has remained elusive. We examined the extent to which this paradox exists for the prevalence of asthma and other respiratory conditions. We then explored the role of neighborhood social context in understanding any observed advantage. We invoked theories of social organization, collective efficacy, and the urban ethnic enclave.

Methods. We combined data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey with 2 other data sources and used hierarchical generalized linear modeling techniques.

Results. We found a distinctly graded effect for asthma and other breathing problems among foreign-born Latinos, depending on community composition. Foreign-born Latinos embedded in a neighborhood that had a high percentage of foreign-born residents experienced a significantly lower prevalence of asthma and other breathing problems; those in communities that had a low percentage of foreign-born residents had the highest prevalence overall (even when compared with African Americans).

Conclusions. Foreign-born Latinos have a respiratory health advantage only in enclave-like settings. Contexts such as these may provide the cohesiveness critical for effective prevention.
Globalization, Binational Communities, and Imported Food Risks: Results of an Outbreak Investigation of Lead Poisoning in Monterey County, California
Authors: Handley Margaret A. , Hall Celeste , Sanford Eric , Diaz Evie , Gonzalez-Mendez Enrique , Drace Kaitie , Wilson Robert , Villalobos Mario , Croughan Mary
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Although the burden of lead poisoning has decreased across developed countries, it remains the most prevalent environmental poison worldwide. Our objective was to investigate the sources of an outbreak of lead poisoning in Monterey County, California.

Methods. An investigation in 3 county health department clinics in Monterey County, California, was conducted between 2001 and 2003 to identify risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (≥ 10 μg/dL) among children and pregnant women.

Results. The prevalence of elevated blood lead levels was significantly higher in 1 of the 3 clinics (6% among screened children and 13% among prenatal patients). Risk factors included eating imported foods (relative risk [RR]=3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 9.5) and having originated from the Zimatlan area of Oaxaca, Mexico, compared with other areas of Oaxaca (RR=4.0; 95% CI=1.7, 9.5). Home-prepared dried grasshoppers (chapulines) sent from Oaxaca were found to contain significant amounts of lead.

Conclusions. Consumption of foods imported from Oaxaca was identified as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels in Monterey County, California. Lead-contaminated imported chapulines were identified as 1 source of lead poisoning, although other sources may also contribute to the observed findings. Food transport between binational communities presents a unique risk for the importation
Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Whitaker Daniel J. , Haileyesus Tadesse , Swahn Monica , Saltzman Linda S.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We sought to examine the prevalence of reciprocal (i.e., perpetrated by both partners) and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence and to determine whether reciprocity is related to violence frequency and injury.

Methods. We analyzed data on young US adults aged 18 to 28 years from the 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which contained information about partner violence and injury reported by 11 370 respondents on 18761 heterosexual relationships.

Results. Almost 24% of all relationships had some violence, and half (49.7%) of those were reciprocally violent. In nonreciprocally violent relationships, women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Reciprocity was associated with more frequent violence among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.9, 2.8), but not men (AOR=1.26; 95% CI=0.9, 1.7). Regarding injury, men were more likely to inflict injury than were women (AOR=1.3; 95% CI=1.1, 1.5), and reciprocal intimate partner violence was associated with greater injury than was nonreciprocal intimate partner violence regardless of the gender of the perpetrator (AOR=4.4; 95% CI=3.6, 5.5).

Conclusions. The context of the violence (reciprocal vs nonreciprocal) is a strong predictor of reported injury. Prevention approaches that address the escalation of partner violence may be needed to address reciprocal violence.
Self-Rated Health Trajectories in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sacker Amanda , Wiggins Richard D. , Bartley Mel , McDonough Peggy
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We reviewed literature on comparative social policy and life course research and compared associations between health and socioeconomic circumstances during an 11-year period in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Methods. We obtained data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the British Household Panel Survey (1990–2002). We used latent transition analysis to examine change in self-rated health from one discrete state to another; these health trajectories were then associated with socioeconomic measures at the beginning and at the end of the study period.

Results. We identified good and poor latent health states, which remained relatively stable over time. When change occurred, decline rather than improvement was more likely. UK populations were in better health compared with US populations and were more likely to improve over time. Labor market participation was more strongly associated with good health in the United Kingdom than in the United States.

Conclusions. National policies and practices may be keeping more US workers than UK workers who are in poor health employed, but British policies may give UK workers the chance to return to better health and to the labor force.
History of water and health from ancient civilizations to modern times
Authors: Vuorinen H.S. , Juuti P.S. , Katko T.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the influence of water on public health throughout history. Farming, settling down and building of villages and towns meant the start of the problems mankind suffers from this very day – how to get drinkable water for humans and cattle and how to manage the waste we produce. The availability of water in large quantities has been considered an essential part of a civilized way of life in different periods: Roman baths needed a lot of water as does the current Western way of life with water closets and showers. The importance of good quality drinking water was realized already in antiquity, yet the importance of proper sanitation was not understood until the 19th century.
Historical development of soil-water physics and solute transport in porous media
Authors: Rolston D.E.
Published: March 2007

The science of soil-water physics and contaminant transport in porous media began a little more than a century ago. The first equation to quantify the flow of water is attributed to Darcy. The next major development for unsaturated media was made by Buckingham in 1907. Buckingham quantified the energy state of soil water based on the thermodynamic potential energy. Buckingham then introduced the concept of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, a function of water content. The water flux as the product of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and the total potential gradient has become the accepted Buckingham-Darcy law. Two decades later, Richards applied the continuity equation to Buckingham's equation and obtained a general partial differential equation describing water flow in unsaturated soils. For combined water and solute transport, it had been recognized since the latter half of the 19th century that salts and water do not move uniformly. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that scientists began to understand the complex processes of diffusion, dispersion, and convection and to develop mathematical formulations for solute transport. Knowledge on water flow and solute transport processes has expanded greatly since the early part of the 20th century to the present.
Roman aqueduct and hydraulic engineering: case of Nîmes aqueduct and its Pont du Gard bridge
Authors: Fonder N. , Xanthoulis S.
Published: March 2007

Romans are considered as the greatest aqueduct builders of the ancient world, though qanat systems were in use in ancient Persia, India, Egypt, and other Middle Eastern countries thousand of years earlier. Based on history documents and civil engineering studies, this paper summarizes hydrology and hydraulics engineering techniques developed by Roman Engineers. The study case is the Nîmes Aqueduct and its Pont du Gard bridge, the most intact aqueduct bridge remaining today. Despite the existence of superb ruins and conducts' frames, little is known of the hydraulic engineering of these Roman aqueducts and on their water supply and flow rates. This paper explains hydraulic structures and regulations used. It demonstrates the expertise of Roman Engineers on hydraulics of open channel flows.
Analysis of a large-scale water supply system of the Byzantine period using modern fluid mechanics
Authors: Haut B. , Viviers D.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the flow of water in several elements of the water supply system of the city of Apamea is simulated. The studied elements were used at the end of the 6th century AD (Byzantine period). These simulations allow for the analysis of the water supply system from a modern point of view, in terms of water flow rate, energy loss, etc. This analysis provides a quantitative description of the water supply system of the city, supplementing the field observations.
Partner Plan Choices and Medicare Advantage Enrollment Decisions Among Older Adults
Authors: Lei Lianlian , Levy Helen , Ankuda Claire , Hoffman Geoffrey J. , Kim Hyungjin Myra , Strominger Julie , Maust Donovan T.
Published: March 2024

This study examines the association of partner Medicare Advantage plan status over 1 year with beneficiary and plan characteristics.
Type 2 Myocardial Infarction—Poorly Understood, Underevaluated, and Too Often Ignored
Authors: de Lemos James A. , Lindahl Bertil , Mills Nicholas L.
Published: March 2024

This Viewpoint discusses diagnosis of type 2 myocardial infarction.
Decoding Suicide Decedent Profiles and Signs of Suicidal Intent Using Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Xiao Yunyu , Bi Kaiwen , Yip Paul Siu-Fai , Cerel Julie , Brown Timothy T. , Peng Yifan , Pathak Jyotishman , Mann J. John
Published: March 2024

Importance

Suicide rates in the US increased by 35.6% from 2001 to 2021. Given that most individuals die on their first attempt, earlier detection and intervention are crucial. Understanding modifiable risk factors is key to effective prevention strategies.

Objective

To identify distinct suicide profiles or classes, associated signs of suicidal intent, and patterns of modifiable risks for targeted prevention efforts.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from the 2003-2020 National Violent Death Reporting System Restricted Access Database for 306 800 suicide decedents. Statistical analysis was performed from July 2022 to June 2023.

Exposures

Suicide decedent profiles were determined using latent class analyses of available data on suicide circumstances, toxicology, and methods.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Disclosure of recent intent, suicide note presence, and known psychotropic usage.

Results

Among 306 800 suicide decedents (mean [SD] age, 46.3 [18.4] years; 239 627 males [78.1%] and 67 108 females [21.9%]), 5 profiles or classes were identified. The largest class, class 4 (97 175 [31.7%]), predominantly faced physical health challenges, followed by polysubstance problems in class 5 (58 803 [19.2%]), and crisis, alcohol-related, and intimate partner problems in class 3 (55 367 [18.0%]), mental health problems (class 2, 53 928 [17.6%]), and comorbid mental health and substance use disorders (class 1, 41 527 [13.5%]). Class 4 had the lowest rates of disclosing suicidal intent (13 952 [14.4%]) and leaving a suicide note (24 351 [25.1%]). Adjusting for covariates, compared with class 1, class 4 had the highest odds of not disclosing suicide intent (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% CI, 2.51-2.66) and not leaving a suicide note (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.41-1.49). Class 4 also had the lowest rates of all known psychiatric illnesses and psychotropic medications among all suicide profiles. Class 4 had more older adults (23 794 were aged 55-70 years [24.5%]; 20 100 aged ≥71 years [20.7%]), veterans (22 220 [22.9%]), widows (8633 [8.9%]), individuals with less than high school education (15 690 [16.1%]), and rural residents (23 966 [24.7%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study identified 5 distinct suicide profiles, highlighting a need for tailored prevention strategies. Improving the detection and treatment of coexisting mental health conditions, substance and alcohol use disorders, and physical illnesses is paramount. The implementation of means restriction strategies plays a vital role in reducing suicide risks across most of the profiles, reinforcing the need for a multifaceted approach to suicide prevention.
Combining VPS34 inhibitors with STING agonists enhances type I interferon signaling and anti‐tumor efficacy
Authors: Yu Yasmin , Bogdan Madhumita , Noman Muhammad Zaeem , Parpal Santiago , Bartolini Elisabetta , Van Moer Kris , Kleinendorst Simone Caroline , Bilgrav Saether Kristine , Trésaugues Lionel , Silvander Camilla , Lindström Johan , Simeon Jodi , Timson Mary Jane , Al‐Hashimi Hikmat , Smith Bryan D. , Flynn Daniel L. , Alexeyenko Andrey , Viklund Jenny , Andersson Martin , Martinsson Jessica , Pokrovskaja Tamm Katja , De Milito Angelo , Janji Bassam
Published: March 2024

An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment promotes tumor growth and is one of the main factors limiting the response to cancer immunotherapy. We have previously reported that inhibition of vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34), a crucial lipid kinase in the autophagy/endosomal trafficking pathway, decreases tumor growth in several cancer models, increases infiltration of immune cells and sensitizes tumors to anti‐programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 therapy by upregulation of C‐C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) and C‐X‐C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) chemokines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the signaling mechanism leading to the VPS34‐dependent chemokine increase. NanoString gene expression analysis was applied to tumors from mice treated with the VPS34 inhibitor SB02024 to identify key pathways involved in the anti‐tumor response. We showed that VPS34 inhibitors increased the secretion of T‐cell‐recruitment chemokines in a cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING)‐dependent manner in cancer cells. Both pharmacological and small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐mediated VPS34 inhibition increased cGAS/STING‐mediated expression and secretion of CCL5 and CXCL10. The combination of VPS34 inhibitor and STING agonist further induced cytokine release in both human and murine cancer cells as well as monocytic or dendritic innate immune cells. Finally, the VPS34 inhibitor SB02024 sensitized B16‐F10 tumor‐bearing mice to STING agonist treatment and significantly improved mice survival. These results show that VPS34 inhibition augments the cGAS/STING pathway, leading to greater tumor control through immune‐mediated mechanisms. We propose that pharmacological VPS34 inhibition may synergize with emerging therapies targeting the cGAS/STING pathway.
Institute for Foundations of Machine Learning (IFML): Advancing AI systems that will transform our world
Authors: Klivans Adam , Dimakis Alexandros G. , Grauman Kristen , Tamir Jonathan I. , Diaz Daniel J. , Davidson Karen
Published: March 2024

The Institute for Foundations of Machine Learning (IFML) focuses on core foundational tools to power the next generation of machine learning models. Its research underpins the algorithms and data sets that make generative artificial intelligence (AI) more accurate and reliable. Headquartered at The University of Texas at Austin, IFML researchers collaborate across an ecosystem that spans University of Washington, Stanford, UCLA, Microsoft Research, the Santa Fe Institute, and Wichita State University. Over the past year, we have witnessed incredible breakthroughs in AI on topics that are at the heart of IFML's agenda, such as foundation models, LLMs, fine‐tuning, and diffusion with game‐changing applications influencing almost every area of science and technology. In this article, we seek to highlight seek to highlight the application of foundational machine learning research on key use‐inspired topics:

Fairness in Imaging with Deep Learning: designing the correct metrics and algorithms to make deep networks less biased.

Deep proteins: using foundational machine learning techniques to advance protein engineering and launch a biomanufacturing revolution.

Sounds and Space for Audio‐Visual Learning: building agents capable of audio‐visual navigation in complex 3D environments via new data augmentations.

Improving Speed and Robustness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: using deep learning algorithms to develop fast and robust MRI methods for clinical diagnostic imaging.

IFML is also responding to explosive industry demand for an AI‐capable workforce. We have launched an accessible, affordable, and scalable new degree program—the MSAI—that looks to wholly reshape the AI/ML workforce pipeline.
An Artificial Enzyme: How Nanoconfinement Allows the Selective Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Directly in Whole Blood
Authors: Benedetti Tania M. , Somerville Samuel V. , Wordsworth Johanna , Yamamoto Yasuaki , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Tilley Richard D. , Gooding J. Justin
Published: March 2024

Nanoparticles that catalyze biochemically relevant reactions are promoted as alternative enzymes. The application of such artificial enzymes is severely restricted by poor selectivity in biological fluids; mainly because the reactions occur at active sites on the exterior surface of the nanoparticle. Enzymes in contrast typically have their active sites down a nanoconfined substrate channel where the reaction occurs in different solution conditions to bulk solution which aids in achieving selectivity for the substrate. Herein the same 3D structure of enzymes is mimicked in nanoparticles to allow selective reactions in biological fluids. This is achieved using a gold nanoparticle coated in a conducting mesoporous carbon shell where isolated nanochannels lead to the gold surface. It can detect glucose in whole blood with no interference from other species. This is achieved by electrochemically pulsing the artificial enzymes to generate the locally required alkalinity for an effective electrocatalytic reaction in the nanochannels, as well as expelling fouling agents that will otherwise passivate the electrocatalytic reaction. The artificial enzymes are shown to be capable of detecting glucose in biological fluids, without loss of signal, for several months. This study shows how nanoconfinement in nanoparticles can be exploited to potentially allow a broad range of species to be selectively detected in biological fluids with stability that can exceed that of enzymes.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance‐Enhanced Photocatalytic Antibacterial of In Situ Sprayed 0D/2D Heterojunction Composite Hydrogel for Treating Diabetic Wound
Authors: Wang Zhengao , Li Wei , Fan Youzhun , Xiao Cairong , Shi Zhifeng , Chang Yunbing , Liang Guoyan , Liu Chengli , Zhu Zurong , Yu Peng , Yang Xuebin , Song Zhiguo , Ning Chengyun
Published: March 2024

Chronic diabetic wounds pose significant challenges due to uncontrolled bacterial infections, prolonged inflammation, and impaired angiogenesis. The rapid advancement of photo‐responsive antibacterial therapy shows promise in addressing these complex issues, particularly utilizing 2D heterojunction materials, which offer unique properties. Herein, an in situ sprayed Bi/BiOCl 0D/2D heterojunction composite fibrin gel with the characteristics of rapid formation and effective near‐infrared activation is designed for the treatment of non‐healing diabetes‐infected wounds. The sprayed composite gel can provide protective shielding for skin tissues and promote endothelial cell proliferation, vascularization, and angiogenesis. The Bi/BiOCl 0D/2D heterojunction, with its localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), can overcome the wide bandgap limitation of BiOCl, enhancing the generation of local heat and reactive oxygen species under near‐infrared irradiation. This facilitates bacterial elimination and reduced inflammation, supporting the accelerated healing of diabetes‐infected wounds. This study underscores the potential of LSPR‐enhanced heterojunctions as advanced wound therapies for chronic diabetic wounds.
Designer Lithium Reservoirs for Ultralong Life Lithium Batteries for Grid Storage
Authors: Tian Mengyu , Yan Yong , Yu Hailong , Ben Liubin , Song Ziyu , Jin Zhou , Cen Guanjun , Zhu Jing , Armand Michel , Zhang Heng , Zhou Zhibin , Huang Xuejie
Published: March 2024

The minimization of irreversible active lithium loss stands as a pivotal concern in rechargeable lithium batteries, particularly in the context of grid‐storage applications, where achieving the utmost energy density over prolonged cycling is imperative to meet stringent demands, notably in terms of life cost. Departing from conventional methodologies advocating electrode prelithiation and/or electrolyte additives, a new paradigm is proposed here: the integration of a designer lithium reservoir (DLR) featuring lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) and elemental sulfur. This approach concurrently addresses active lithium consumption through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and mitigates minor yet continuous parasitic reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface during extended cycling. The remarkable synergy between the Li‐ion conductive Li4SiO4 and the SEI‐favorable elemental sulfur enables customizable compensation kinetics for active lithium loss throughout continuous cycling. The introduction of a minute quantity of DLR (3 wt% Li4SiO4@S) yields outstanding cycling stability in a prototype pouch cell (graphite||LiFePO4) with an ampere‐hour‐level capacity (≈2.3 Ah), demonstrating remarkable capacity retention (≈95%) even after 3000 cycles. This utilization of a DLR is poised to expedite the development of enduring lithium batteries for grid‐storage applications and stimulate the design of practical, implantable rechargeable batteries based on related cell chemistries.
2D Air‐Stable Nonlayered Ferrimagnetic FeCr2S4 Crystals Synthesized via Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Liu Lei , Yu Qin , Xia Jing , Shi Wenxiao , Wang Dong , Wu Juanxia , Xie Liming , Chen Yuansha , Jiao Liying
Published: March 2024

The discovery of intrinsic 2D magnetic materials has opened up new opportunities for exploring magnetic properties at atomic layer thicknesses, presenting potential applications in spintronic devices. Here a new 2D ferrimagnetic crystal of nonlayered FeCr2S4 is synthesized with high phase purity using chemical vapor deposition. The obtained 2D FeCr2S4 exhibits perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, as evidenced by the out‐of‐plane/in‐plane Hall effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance. Theoretical calculations further elucidate that the observed magnetic anisotropy can be attributed to its surface termination structure. By combining temperature‐dependent magneto‐transport and polarized Raman spectroscopy characterizations, it is discovered that both the measured Curie temperature and the critical temperature at which a low energy magnon peak disappeared remains constant, regardless of its thickness. Magnetic force microscopy measurements show the flipping process of magnetic domains. The exceptional air‐stability of the 2D FeCr2S4 is also confirmed via Raman spectroscopy and Hall hysteresis loops. The robust anisotropic ferrimagnetism, the thickness‐independent of Curie temperature, coupled with excellent air‐stability, make 2D FeCr2S4 crystals highly attractive for future spintronic devices.
Aluminum‐Based Chalcopyrite Thin Films and Solar Cells
Authors: Ishizuka Shogo , Taguchi Noboru
Published: March 2024

Aluminum‐based chalcopyrite materials have attracted attention because of the wide controllability range of their material properties and potential for use in energy‐conversion devices. Herein, CuAlSe2‐based thin‐film growth and solar cell device properties are discussed. Ternary CuAlSe2 thin films are relatively unstable and decompose weeks after film growth, even when preserved in a dry box. However, alloying with elemental In led to significant improvements in stability. Cu(In,Al)Se2 (CIAS) solar cells yield better photovoltaic performance than CuInSe2 cells, although the effective range of Al concentration that can improve device performance is narrower than that of elemental Ga in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS). A decrease in the alkali metal concentration in CIAS films with increasing Al concentration is observed, indicating that the formation energy of alkali‐metal substitutional defects on the Cu site is high, and/or Al‐related complex defects formed are kinetically stable and difficult to replace with alkali metals once they form. Although the direct observation of alkali metals in the bulk (grain interior) of chalcopyrite CuInSe2 and CIGS films has been difficult to date, this result can serve as indirect evidence of the presence of alkali metals in the bulk of CuInSe2 films.
Asymmetric Carbene‐Alkyne Metathesis‐Mediated Cascade: Synthesis of Benzoxazine Polychiral Polyheterocycles and Discovery of a Novel Pain Blocker
Authors: Liu Shuhao , Yang Haoyi , Shu Jirong , Wu Linna , Li Yukai , Zhang Zhijing , Guo Weijie , Cai Shuxian , Li Fuyi , Liu Wenjiang , Jia Shikun , Cai Song , Shi Taoda , Hu Wenhao
Published: March 2024

This study introduces a novel approach for synthesizing Benzoxazine‐centered Polychiral Polyheterocycles (BPCPHCs) via an innovative asymmetric carbene‐alkyne metathesis‐triggered cascade. Overcoming challenges associated with intricate stereochemistry and multiple chiral centers, the catalytic asymmetric Carbene Alkyne Metathesis‐mediated Cascade (CAMC) is employed using dirhodium catalyst/Brønsted acid co‐catalysis, ensuring precise stereo control as validated by X‐ray crystallography. Systematic substrate scope evaluation establishes exceptional diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities, creating a unique library of BPCPHCs. Pharmacological exploration identifies twelve BPCPHCs as potent Nav ion channel blockers, notably compound 8 g. In vivo studies demonstrate that intrathecal injection of 8 g effectively reverses mechanical hyperalgesia associated with chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), suggesting a promising therapeutic avenue. Electrophysiological investigations unveil the inhibitory effects of 8 g on Nav1.7 currents. Molecular docking, dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay provide insights into the stable complex formation and favorable binding free energy of 8 g with C5aR1. This research represents a significant advancement in asymmetric CAMC for BPCPHCs and unveils BPCPHC 8 g as a promising, uniquely acting pain blocker, establishing a C5aR1‐Nav1.7 connection in the context of CIPN.
Predicting per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal in pilot‐scale granular activated carbon adsorbers from rapid small‐scale column tests
Authors: Hopkins Zachary R. , Knappe Detlef R. U.
Published: March 2024

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occur widely in drinking water, and consumption of contaminated drinking water is an important human exposure route. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption can effectively remove PFAS from water. To support the design of GAC treatment systems, a rapid bench‐scale testing procedure and scale‐up approach are needed to assess the effects of GAC type, background water matrix, and empty bed contact time (EBCT) on GAC use rates. The overarching goal of this study was to predict PFAS breakthrough curves obtained at the pilot‐scale from rapid small‐scale column test (RSSCT) data. The scale‐up protocol was developed for pilot data obtained with coagulated/settled surface water (TOC = 2.3 mg/L), three GACs, and two EBCTs. Between 7 and 11 PFAS breakthrough curves were available for each pilot column. RSSCT designs were investigated that assumed intraparticle diffusivity is independent of GAC particle size (i.e., constant diffusivity [CD]) or linearly dependent on GAC particle size (i.e., proportional diffusivity [PD]). CD‐RSSCTs effectively predicted the bed volumes of water that could be treated at the pilot‐scale to reach 50% breakthrough (BV50%) of individual PFAS. In contrast, PD‐RSSCTs overpredicted BV50% obtained at the pilot‐scale by a factor of ~2–3. The shape of PFAS breakthrough curves obtained with CD‐RSSCTs deviated from those obtained at the pilot‐scale, indicating that intraparticle diffusivity was dependent on GAC particle diameter (dp). Using the pore surface diffusion model (PSDM), intraparticle diffusivity was found to be proportional to (dp)0.25 when considering data up to about 70% PFAS breakthrough. This proportionality factor can be used to design RSSCTs or scale up existing CD‐RSSCT data using the PSDM. Using pilot‐scale data obtained with groundwater and wastewater‐impacted groundwater as well as with additional GACs, the developed RSSCT scale‐up approach was validated for PFAS breakthrough percentages up to 70%. The presented methodology permits the rapid prediction of GAC use rates for PFAS removal.
Self‐Distancing Regulates the Effect of Incidental Anger (vs. Fear) on Affective Decision‐Making Under Uncertainty
Authors: Mayiwar Lewend , Hærem Thorvald , Løhre Erik
Published: March 2024

Emotions integral to a task are often adaptive, particularly in situations where outcomes and probabilities are not known. However, decisions are also influenced by emotions that arise from situations unrelated to the task. This is especially the case with negative emotions like fear and anger, which also tend to be accompanied by ruminative thinking that might divert decision‐makers' attention from the task at hand. In two preregistered experiments, we show how self‐distancing regulates the influence of incidental anger (vs. fear) on decision‐making under uncertainty. Participants recalled and reflected on a fear‐related or anger‐related event from either a self‐immersed or self‐distanced perspective. Next, they completed a task that is commonly used to measure affective decision‐making under uncertainty, the Iowa Gambling Task. The results in both experiments indicated that self‐immersed angry (vs. fearful) decision‐makers were significantly slower to avoid the risky, disadvantageous decks. These findings demonstrate how the ways in which we process negative emotional events shape their carryover effects in decision‐making under uncertainty and point to self‐distancing as a potential tool to control incidental emotional influences.
Children who experience misrecognition in primary education: A social justice perspective
Authors: Hargreaves Eleanore , Quick Laura , Buchanan Denise
Published: March 2024

Our research constructed school life histories with 23 ‘lower‐attaining’ primary school children in England. Previous research has often failed to focus on the social justice aspects of this group, and no attempt has been made to contextualise children's misrecognition experiences within their full school life history, nor to hear primarily from children. Our results reveal for the first time the feelings, thinking and actions of lower attainers across 5 years of schooling, in response to the institutionalised practice of grouping by prior attainment. Nancy Fraser's conceptualisation of social justice as parity of participation provides our analysis framework, incorporating concepts of redistribution, recognition and representation. We focus primarily on how some low‐attaining children experience misrecognition. Our results indicate how lower‐attaining children sometimes identify themselves as less worthy, less connected, less similar and less visible than others. This construction allows for less respect to be shown to them and could block the fair distribution of schooling resources, and limit their opportunities for achieving social esteem.
Multifunctional agents based on 3‐dicycanovinylindan‐1‐one acceptor: Molecular design and phototheranostic application
Authors: Zhu Najia , Jiang Yajing , Wu Wenbo
Published: March 2024

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has garnered considerable attention in recent years, owing to its precise spatiotemporal accuracy with minimal side effects. Recent research reveals that the combination of PDT and PTT exhibits a remarkable anti‐tumor efficacy compared to PDT or PTT alone, which has put forward the new requirements of multifunctional phototherapy agents with both high photosensitization and photothermal conversion efficiencies. Among the newly developed multifunctional agents, the ones with one or two 3‐dicycanovinylindan‐1‐one (IC) moieties as the acceptors attract much more attention, due to their long‐wavelength excitation and emission, as well as high phototherapy efficacies. Therefore, in this review, the latest advancement of multifunctional agents based on IC acceptor is summarized. Especially, we focus on the structure–property relationships of the agents, as well as their biomedical application in anti‐tumor therapy or image‐guided therapy. Our perspective on the further future development of this field is also discussed to conclude.
Global diversification, profitability and revenue creation: Evidence from an emerging economy
Authors: Subramaniam Vasanthan , Wasiuzzaman Shaista , Hosen Mosharrof , Lau Evan
Published: March 2024

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of global diversification on firm performance. Data for this study were gathered from a total of 714 firms over a period of 5 years, from 2016 to 2020, totalling 2904 firm‐year observations. The relationship between global diversification and firm performance is analysed using ordinary least square (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) approaches. Based on OLS regression, global diversification negatively influences both the ability to create revenue and generate profits, with significant evidence only for revenue. On the other hand, QR analysis presents various perspectives of the relationship. Although global diversification is still negatively associated with the profitability of under‐performing firms, the relationship can be positive once the firms begin to perform well. In terms of revenue creation, its association with global diversification is found to be significantly negative for all levels of revenue. This demonstrates how global diversification can provide a distinctive platform for firms to generate profits even though their ability to make revenue decreases as their performance improves. Policy implications are discussed accordingly.
Neurobiological evidence and criminal competencies
Authors: Zhang Tianyi , Nesbit Ariana , Datta Vivek
Published: March 2024

Neuroimaging and other neurobiological evidences are increasingly introduced in criminal litigation, especially when a neuropsychiatric disorder is suspected. Evaluations of criminal competencies are the most common type of criminal forensic assessment in forensic psychiatry and psychology. Given this, it is critical for forensic evaluators to understand how neuropsychiatric disorders may affect a defendant's criminal competencies and how neurobiological data may be used in competency determinations. This paper reviews the use of neurobiological data, particularly neuroimaging, while considering the limitations and potential misuse of such data in criminal competency evaluations.