bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religiosity, spirituality, and psychological distress in African‐Americans at risk for having a hereditary cancer predisposing gene mutation
Authors: Kinney Anita Y. , Coxworth James E. , Simonson Sara E. , Fanning Joseph B.
Published: January 2009

Elevated psychological distress has been observed among people at increased risk for familial cancer. Researchers consider religiosity and spirituality (RS) to be positive coping mechanisms associated with reduced psychological distress. Relatively little is known about the impact of RS on genomic health issues. The objectives of our study were: (1) describe the prevalence of RS and depressive symptoms and (2) explore how RS relates to psychological distress in a cohort of individuals with a ≥25% prior probability of a genetic predisposition to cancer. Participants (n = 99) were drawn from an African‐American, Louisiana‐based kindred with a mutation at the BRCA1 locus. This analysis reports findings from a survey assessing RS and the use of three types of religious coping styles: collaborative, self‐directing, and deferring. Clinically significant depressive symptoms were relatively high (27%); with females (33%) more likely than males (17%) to report symptoms (P < 0.01). The majority of participants reported being highly religious. The most commonly employed religious problem solving style used by participants was collaborative (${\rm \bar X = 22}{\rm .9}$; SD = 5.8) versus self‐directing (${\rm \bar X = 12}{\rm .8}$; SD = 5.1) and deferring (${\rm \bar X = 19}{\rm .9}$; SD = 6.3). We did not observe significant associations between RS indicators and psychological distress, nor did we observe appreciable differences related to gender or risk perception. Although RS beliefs and practices are important for many African‐Americans, we did not find evidence that indicators of self‐reported RS are associated with psychological distress prior to genetic counseling and testing. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Religion, spirituality, and genetics: Mapping the terrain for research purposes
Authors: Churchill Larry R.
Published: January 2009

Genetic diseases often raise issues of profound importance for human self‐understanding, such as one's identity, the family or community to which one belongs, and one's future or destiny. These deeper questions have commonly been seen as the purview of religion and spirituality. This essay explores how religion and spirituality are understood in the current US context and defined in the scholarly literature over the past 100 years. It is argued that a pragmatic, functional approach to religion and spirituality is important to understanding how patients respond to genetic diagnoses and participate in genetic therapies. A pragmatic, functional approach requires broadening the inquiry to include anything that provides a framework of transcendent meaning for the fundamental existential questions of human life. This approach also entails suspending questions about the truth claims of any particular religious/spiritual belief or practice. Three implications of adopting this broad working definition will be presented. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Making sense of genetic uncertainty: The role of religion and spirituality
Authors: White Mary T.
Published: January 2009

This article argues that to the extent that religious and spiritual beliefs can help people cope with genetic uncertainty, a limited spiritual assessment may be appropriate in genetic counseling. The article opens by establishing why genetic information is inherently uncertain and why this uncertainty can be medically, morally, and spiritually problematic. This is followed by a review of the range of factors that can contribute to risk assessments, including a few heuristics commonly used in responses to uncertainty. The next two sections summarize recent research on the diverse roles of religious and spiritual beliefs in genetic decisions and challenges to conducting spiritual assessments in genetic counseling. Based on these findings, religious and spiritual beliefs are posited as serving essentially as a heuristic that some people will utilize in responding to their genetic risks. In the interests of helping such clients make informed decisions, a limited spiritual assessment is recommended and described. Some of the challenges and risks associated with this limited assessment are discussed. Since some religious and spiritual beliefs can conflict with the values of medicine, some decisions will remain problematic. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Christianity, health, and genetics
Authors: Smith David H.
Published: January 2009

Health is an intrinsic value that Christians should respect, but it is not the highest value. Christians should be willing to jeopardize their own health for the health of others, and should repudiate any idea that genetic problems are the result of sin. Rather, sin leads us to make genetic problems harder to live with than they should be. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The personal is political, the professional is not: Conscientious objection to obtaining/providing/acting on genetic information
Authors: Frader Joel , Bosk Charles L.
Published: January 2009

Conscientious objection (CO) to genetic testing raises serious questions about what it means to be a health‐care professional (HCP). Most of the discussion about CO has focused on the logic of moral arguments for and against aspects of CO and has ignored the social context in which CO occurs. Invoking CO to deny services to patients violates both the professional's duty to respect the patient's autonomy and also the community standards that determine legitimate treatment options. The HCP exercising the right of CO may make it impossible for the patient to exercise constitutionally guaranteed rights to self‐determination around reproduction. This creates a decision‐making imbalance between the HCP and the patient that amounts to an abuse of professional power. To prevent such abuses, professionals who wish to refrain from participating have an obligation to warn prospective patients of their objections prior to establishing a professional–patient relationship or, if a relationship already exists, to arrange for alternative care expeditiously. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Religious traditions and prenatal genetic counseling
Authors: Anderson Rebecca Rae
Published: January 2009

Members of organized religious groups may look to their faith traditions for guidance regarding the moral implications of prenatal diagnosis and intervention. Many denominations have doctrinal statements relevant to these deliberations. In this article, common spiritual issues arising in the genetic counseling encounter are described. Representative doctrinal positions, derived from the responses of 31 U.S. religious denominations to a survey relating to prenatal genetic counseling, are given. Because the long‐term adjustment of patients may be dependent in part on their ability to reconcile their actions with their faith traditions, genetic counselors best serve their patients when they invite discussion of matters of faith. Unless invited, patients may assume these topics are “off limits” or that care providers are indifferent to their beliefs. Although genetics professionals ought not assume the role of spiritual advisor, a working knowledge of doctrinal approaches should help counselors frame the issues, and avoid missteps. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Y‐chromosomal comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary)
Authors: Bíró A.Z. , Zalán A. , Völgyi A. , Pamjav H.
Published: January 2009

The Madjars are a previously unstudied population from Kazakhstan who practice a form of local exogamy in which wives are brought in from neighboring tribes, but husbands are not, so the paternal lineages remain genetically isolated within the population. Their name bears a striking resemblance to the Magyars who have inhabited Hungary for over a millennium, but whose previous history is poorly understood. We have now carried out a genetic analysis of the population structure and relationships of the Madjars, and in particular have sought to test whether or not they show a genetic link with the Magyars. We concentrated on paternal lineages because of their isolation within the Madjars and sampled males representing all extant male lineages unrelated for more than eight generations (n = 45) in the Torgay area of Kazakhstan. The Madjars show evidence of extensive genetic drift, with 24/45 carrying the same 12‐STR haplotype within haplogroup G. Genetic distances based on haplogroup frequencies were used to compare the Madjars with 37 other populations and showed that they were closest to the Hungarian population rather than their geographical neighbors. Although this finding could result from chance, it is striking and suggests that there could have been genetic contact between the ancestors of the Madjars and Magyars, and thus that modern Hungarians may trace their ancestry to Central Asia, instead of the Eastern Uralic region as previously thought. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage disequilibrium patterns and genetic structure of Amerindian and non‐Amerindian Brazilian populations revealed by long‐range X‐STR markers
Authors: Leite Fabio P.N. , Santos Sidney E.B. , Rodríguez Elzemar M.R. , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Demarchi Dario A. , Tsuneto Luiza T. , Petzl‐Erler M. Luiza , Salzano Francisco M. , Hutz Mara H.
Published: January 2009

The extent of X‐chromosome linkage disequilibrium (LD) was studied in a southern Brazilian population, and in a pool of samples from Amerindian populations. For this purpose, 11 microsatellites, located mostly in a Xq region comprising ∼86 Mb was investigated. The lower Amerindian gene diversity associated with significant differences between the populations studied indicated population structure as the main cause for the higher LD values in the Amerindian pool. On the other hand, the LD levels of the non‐Amerindian Brazilian sample, although less extensive than that of the Amerindians, were probably determined by admixture events. Our results indicated that different demographic histories have significant effects on LD levels of human populations, and provide a first approach to the X‐chromosome ancestry of Amerindian and non‐Amerindian Brazilian populations, being valuable for future studies involving mapping and population genetic studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zersetzung von Lachgas in die Elemente mit In‐situ‐Entfernung des Sauerstoffs durch eine Perowskitmembran
Authors: Jiang Heqing , Wang Haihui , Liang Fangyi , Werth Steffen , Schiestel Thomas , Caro Jürgen
Published: January 2009

An Perowskit‐Hohlfasermembranen gelingt die direkte Zersetzung von N2O zu N2 mit hohem Umsatz (siehe Bild), wenn der inhibierende Sauerstoff in situ entfernt wird. Durch eine gekoppelte partielle Methan‐Oxidation kann N2‐freies Synthesegas erhalten werden. Dieses nachhaltige Konzept kombiniert die N2O‐Entfernung mit der Erzeugung hochwertiger Chemikalien.

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Nanophotonic Ion Production from Silicon Microcolumn Arrays
Authors: Walker Bennett N. , Razunguzwa Trust , Powell Matthew , Knochenmuss Richard , Vertes Akos
Published: January 2009

Nanoantennen für Ionen: Kieselgel‐Mikrosäulenarrays nutzen das Licht eines Laserpulses zur Ionisierung. Das System verhält sich wie eine quasiperiodische Antennenanordnung, und die Ionenausbeute hängt stark von der Polarisationsebene und dem Einfallwinkel des Laserstrahls ab. Photonische Ionenquellen könnten die kontrollierte Ionenbildung auf der Mikro‐ und Nanometerebene verbessern und lassen sich möglicherweise direkt in miniaturisierte Analysatoren integrieren.

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Control of Duplex Formation and Columnar Self‐Assembly with Heterogeneous Amide/Urea Macrocycles
Authors: Fischer Lucile , Decossas Marion , Briand Jean‐Paul , Didierjean Claude , Guichard Gilles
Published: January 2009

The perfect blend : A new class of self‐assembling cyclooligomers with mixed urea/amide backbone is described (see figure). A high level of hierarchical and directional control is achieved: depending on the level of backbone preorganization, columnar or tubular arrangements with either parallel or antiparallel growing modes can be selected.

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Direct Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide to Nitrogen by In Situ Oxygen Removal with a Perovskite Membrane
Authors: Jiang Heqing , Wang Haihui , Liang Fangyi , Werth Steffen , Schiestel Thomas , Caro Jürgen
Published: January 2009

Direct decomposition of N2O to N2 using perovskite hollow fiber membranes is achieved by combination with in situ oxygen removal (see picture). A coupled partial methane oxidation allows N2‐free synthesis gas to be obtained. This sustainable process combines N2O removal with the simultaneous production of valuable chemicals.

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Oxindole Synthesis by Direct Coupling of CH and CH Centers
Authors: Jia Yi‐Xia , Kündig E. Peter
Published: January 2009

An sp2/sp3 get‐together: A novel and efficient method can be used to synthesize 3,3‐disubstitued oxindoles by the direct intramolecular oxidative coupling of an aryl CH and a CH center (see scheme; DMF=N,N‐dimethylformamide).

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Room‐Temperature Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation: ortho‐Carbonylation of Aniline Derivatives
Authors: Houlden Chris E. , Hutchby Marc , Bailey Chris D. , Ford J. Gair , Tyler Simon N. G. , Gagné Michel R. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I.
Published: January 2009

Pd and CO—ureally got me! The title reaction proceeds efficiently at 18 °C under CO (1 atm) with 5 % [Pd(OTs)2(MeCN)2] as precatalyst. Depending on the solvents used, either anthranilates or cyclic imides can be obtained in high yields (see picture, BQ=benzoquinone, Ts=4‐toluenesulfonyl).

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Rheological characterization and morphology of nylon 1212/functional elastomer blends
Authors: Wang Wanjie , Cao Yanxia , Wang Jingwu , Zheng Qiang
Published: January 2009

The rheological characterization and morphological analysis of nylon 1212 toughened with a maleated triblock copolymer styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) elastomer were carried out. We found that the critical shear strain of nylon 1212 was higher than that of virgin SEBS‐g‐MA and the plateau modulus of the blends in the curves of a dynamic strain sweep test was larger than those of the virgin components. All of the curves of a dynamic frequency sweep test showed a second plateau in the low‐frequency region, except those of nylon 1212 and the blend containing 10 wt % SEBS‐g‐MA. Furthermore, the positive deviation in the plots of G′ versus blend composition demonstrated that the blends were still immiscible, although the graft reaction improved the compatibility of the blends. According to the theory of phase transition, the phase‐inversion point was predicted to be about 50 wt % SEBS‐g‐MA, which corresponded to the morphology analysis. Additionally, the yield stress behaviors and long‐time relaxation behaviors of the blends were investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Ultrasonic degradation of poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Shukla Neelesh Bharti , Darabonia Nagu , Madras Giridhar
Published: January 2009

The ultrasonic degradation of poly(acrylic acid), a water‐soluble polymer, was studied in the presence of persulfates at different temperatures in binary solvent mixtures of methanol and water. The degraded samples were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography for the time evolution of the molecular weight distributions. A continuous distribution kinetics model based on midpoint chain scission was developed, and the degradation rate coefficients were determined. The decline in the rate of degradation of poly(acrylic acid) with increasing temperature and with an increment in the methanol content in the binary solvent mixture of methanol and water was attributed to the increased vapor pressure of the solutions. The experimental data showed an augmentation of the degradation rate of the polymer with increasing oxidizing agent (persulfate) concentrations. Different concentrations of three persulfates—potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, and sodium persulfate—were used. It was found that the ratio of the polymer degradation rate coefficient to the dissociation rate constant of the persulfate was constant. This implies that the ultrasonic degradation rate of poly(acrylic acid) can be determined a priori in the presence of any initiator. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Recyclable shape‐memory polymer: Poly(lactic acid) crosslinked by a thermoreversible Diels–Alder reaction
Authors: Inoue Kazuhiko , Yamashiro Midori , Iji Masatoshi
Published: January 2009

An intelligent shape‐memory polymer was made through the synthesis of poly(lactic acid) macromonomers with furanyl groups and crosslinking with linkers with maleimidyl groups. The thermoreversible covalent bonds formed by the Diels–Alder reaction between these groups made this polymer recyclable (i.e., environmentally friendly). The structure of the polymer was also studied. A defect of the structure, a dissociated moiety of the thermoreversible bonding, was strongly affected by the reaction conditions and was investigated with UV spectroscopy, which was used to monitor the concentration of the maleimidyl groups. The relation between the flexibility of the linker and the strength and inner stress of the polymer was also evaluated. Reducing the number of defects and relaxing the inner stress were found to increase the strength of the shape‐memory polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Improving the creep stability of high‐density polyethylene with acicular titania nanoparticles
Authors: Bondioli F. , Dorigato A. , Fabbri P. , Messori M. , Pegoretti A.
Published: January 2009

Acicular titania nanoparticles with average dimensions of 15 × 60 nm2 were produced by hydrothermal crystallization of TiOCl2. Titania particles were surface‐functionalized with octadecylsilane to obtain an organophilic surface. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding with 2, 3, and 5 vol % concentrations of untreated and surface‐functionalized titania nanoparticles. Quasi‐static mechanical tensile tests evidenced slight increments of both the elastic modulus and stress at yield, which were accompanied by a marked reduction of the strain at break at high filler contents. The introduction of titania nanoparticles induced a substantial reduction of the creep compliance of the HDPE matrix and of its creep rate, especially at long loading times. Untreated titania nanoparticles were more effective in reducing the creep compliance than the functionalized ones. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Uniform ethyl cellulose microspheres of controlled sizes and polymer viscosities and their drug‐release profiles
Authors: Choy Young Bin , Choi Hyungsoo , Kim Kyekyoon
Published: January 2009

Monodisperse ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres (MSs) of three size groups (20–35, 55–60, and 80–105 μm in diameter) were fabricated to study the effect of the MS size on the drug‐release profiles with a novel scheme combining mechanical and hydrodynamic forces. More than 90% of the MSs were within ±3 μm of the average diameter, regardless of the EC viscosities used in the study. The effect of the polymer viscosity was also examined with ECs with two distinct viscosities (4 and 45 cp). The encapsulation efficiencies (EEs) of piroxicam and rhodamine were 6.4–51 and 63–80%, respectively. The drug distribution in the MSs showed a higher concentration near the particle surface, and this was more distinct with rhodamine. An approximately zero‐order release was observed with the small MSs of 4‐cp EC during 24 h without evident initial bursts. The MS size affected the surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, EE, and intraparticle drug distribution, affecting the drug‐release profiles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Epoxy curing process with small shrinkage based on binary nucleophilic reagent system consisting of amine and carboxylic acid
Authors: Sudo Atsushi , Isobe Yukio , Endo Takeshi
Published: January 2009

A curing process of bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether using amine‐carboxylic acid salts was studied with focusing on its small‐volume shrinkage. The characteristic point of the curing process was the initial high‐density created by strong interactions between the ionic species such as electro‐statistic one and hydrogen‐bonding, which disappeared on the consumption of these species by their reactions with the epoxide to give the low‐density neutral polymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation, morphology, and mechanical properties of elastomers based on polydimethylsiloxane/ polystyrene blends
Authors: Dong Jian , Zhang Naiqiang , Liu Zonglin
Published: January 2009

Polydimethylsiloxane/polystyrene (PDMS/PS) blends were prepared by radical copolymerization of styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of α,ω‐dihydroxy‐polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The PDMS/PS blends obtained by this method are a series of stable, white gums, when the feed ratio of PDMS to St is 60/40 and DVB to St is not more than 2.0 wt %. Elastomers based on PDMS/PS blends were formed by crosslinking PDMS with methyl‐triethoxysilicane (MTES). The MTES dosage was much larger than the amount necessary for end‐linking hydroxy‐terminated chains of PDMS, with the excess being hydrolyzed to crosslinked networks, which were similar to SiO2 and acted as filler. Mechanical property measurements show that the elastomers thus formed exhibit superior mechanical properties with respect to pure PDMS elastomer and the elastomers based on PDMS/PS system we prepared before. Moreover, investigations were carried out on the elastomers by extraction measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extraction data show that the sol‐fraction decreases with increasing the feed ratio of DVB to St. SEM observation demonstrates that the elastomer has a microphase‐separated structure consisting of dispersed PS domains within a continuous PDMS matrix, and the extracted material exhibits a porous structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Ho , Li Hsiang‐Yuan , Chien Chien‐Yuan , Yen Fu‐Su , Chen Heng‐Yi , Lin Jian‐Min
Published: January 2009

In this study, two types of nanoscale α‐Al2O3 particles were used to prepare α‐Al2O3/Nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. They were either uncoated or coated with stearic acid. A wide angle X‐ray diffractometer was used to examine the crystal structure of virgin pure nylon 6 and α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. Meanwhile, a differential scanning calorimeter and a thermogravimetric analyzer were used to illustrate the influence of nanoscale α‐Al2O3 particles on the thermal properties of the α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. In addition, a field‐emission scanning electron microscopy was applied to reveal the dispersion of uncoated or coated α‐Al2O3 particles in the nylon 6 matrix. Furthermore, an energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer was also conducted to confirm the existence of the aluminum element in the α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of poly(pyrrole‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) conducting copolymer
Authors: Li Ningyuan , Shan Dan , Shi Chenjun , Xue Huaiguo
Published: January 2009

The direct electrochemical copolymerization of pyrrole (Py) and ε‐caprolactone at various monomer ratios was carried out by potentiostatic methods in nitromethane. Characterizations of the novel copolymer were based on scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetrical analysis, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and elemental analysis studies. The results showed that the electrochemical oxidation of Py and ε‐caprolactone comonomers generated true copolymers rather than blends of the two homopolymers. The electrical conductivity of the copolymers increased with the amount of polypyrrole in the copolymer between the value of 8.2 S/cm and 0.6 S/cm. A probable mechanism of copolymerization was proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Investigation of thixotropy behavior of crude oil—Polyacrylamide emulsions
Authors: Ghannam Mamdouh T.
Published: January 2009

This investigation focuses on the study of the thixotropy behavior of crude oil–polyacrylamide emulsions. A wide range of crude oil and polymer concentrations were covered. Crude oil concentrations of 0–75% by volume and polymer concentrations of 0–104 ppm were used. Two polyacrylamides of Alcoflood polymers, AF1235 and AF1285, were examined. RheoStress RS100 rheometer from Haake was employed to study the thixotropy behavior of crude oil–polymer emulsions. Measurements of thixotropy were conducted under the controlled rate mode. The aqueous solutions of Alcoflood polymers show thixotropy behavior. AF1235 aqueous solutions show lower hysteresis rheograms and thixotropy area than the aqueous solutions of AF1285. Polymer concentration shows strong influence on the ramp‐up and ramp‐down curves. The crude oil–polymer emulsions behave in an antithixotropy response instead of thixotropy behavior experience for the polymer aqueous solutions. The yield stress values of the crude oil–polymer emulsions increase strongly with polymer concentration for ascending and descending cycles. However, for polymer concentration of less than 1000 ppm, crude oil shows strong effects on the emulsion yield stress values for the ramp‐down cycles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
An integrated analysis of lidar observations in association with optical properties of aerosols from a high altitude location in central Himalayas
Authors: Hegde P. , Pant P. , Bhavani Kumar Y.
Published: January 2009

In order to study the aerosol backscatter profiles, a portable micro pulse lidar (MPL) system was installed in the year 2006 at Manora Peak, (29°22′N, 79°27′E, ∼1960 m amsl) Nainital, a high altitude location in the central Himalayas. In the present study the results of observed lidar profiles, columnar aerosol optical depths (AOD) and prevailing meteorology during May 2006 to June 2007 are presented. Although the lidar was operated from a sparsely inhabited free tropospheric site, nevertheless the height distribution of aerosol layers are found to be extended up to the summit of ∼2 km above the ground level (AGL). The backscatter ratio (BSR) varies from ∼10 to ∼20 having lowest values during post‐monsoon and highest during pre‐monsoon period. The observed boundary layer height during the post monsoon was shallower to the pre‐monsoon period. Occasionally the lidar profiles reveal the presence of cirrus clouds at an altitude of 8–10 km AGL. The extended lidar observations over Manora Peak not only provided the profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient but also significantly substantiate the elevated aerosol layers and clouds, which are important in the study of climate modelling. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The role of air turbulence in warm rain initiation
Authors: Wang Lian‐Ping , Grabowski Wojciech W.
Published: January 2009

Quantitative parameterization of turbulent collision of cloud droplets represents a major unsolved problem in cloud physics. Here a hybrid direct simulation tool is used specifically to quantify the turbulent enhancement of the gravitational collision‐coalescence. Simulation results show that air turbulence can enhance the collision kernel by an average factor of about 2, and the observed trends are supported by scaling arguments. An impact study using the most realistic collection kernel suggests that cloud turbulence can significantly reduce the time for warm rain initiation. Areas for further development of the hybrid simulation and the impact study are indicated. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of adjusting DRO schedules on the reduction of stereotypic vocalizations in children with autism
Authors: Rozenblat Eric , Brown John L. , Brown Ann K. , Reeve Sharon A. , Reeve Kenneth F.
Published: January 2009

The reduction of stereotypic behavior is important for individuals with developmental disabilities because it may interfere with learning new skills. A common procedure used to reduce stereotypic behavior is differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). A DRO schedule is a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered given the absence of a target response for a period of time. Although DRO schedules have been shown to be effective in reducing a variety of stereotypic behavior, empirical studies have not yet determined the most effective way to thin the reinforcement schedule. The current study examined the extent to which the relationship between the inter‐response time (IRT) and the DRO requirement affects the reduction of stereotypic behavior. Results of the current study showed the DRO requirement that was set to the 25th percentile of the IRT distribution was more effective in reducing stereotypic behavior when compared with a DRO requirement set to the 95th percentile of the IRT distribution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Problem‐solving test: The mechanism of protein synthesis
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: January 2009

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: protein synthesis, ribosomes, amino acids, peptides, peptide bond, polypeptide chain, N‐ and C‐terminus, hemoglobin, α‐ and β‐globin chains, radioactive labeling, [3H] and [14C]leucine, cytosol, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, trypsin, electrophoresis, chromatography
A qualitative approach to enzyme inhibition
Authors: Waldrop Grover L.
Published: January 2009

Most general biochemistry textbooks present enzyme inhibition by showing how the basic Michaelis–Menten parameters Km and Vmax are affected mathematically by a particular type of inhibitor. This approach, while mathematically rigorous, does not lend itself to understanding how inhibition patterns are used to determine the kinetic aspects of an enzyme. The discussion here describes a qualitative approach to teaching enzyme inhibition that allows for a physical or mechanistic understanding. This qualitative approach to enzyme inhibition starts by recognizing that the two fundamental kinetic parameters of an enzyme catalyzed reaction are Vmax and Vmax/Km, which correspond to the apparent rates of reaction at very high and very low concentrations of substrate, respectively. It just so happens that the reciprocals of Vmax and Vmax/Km correspond to the y‐intercept and slope of the Lineweaver–Burk plot, respectively. Thus, an inhibitor that affects the y‐intercept binds to the enzyme at very high substrate concentrations, and thus binds to the enzyme–substrate complex, while an inhibitor that affects the slope binds to the enzyme at very low substrate concentrations, and thus binds only to free enzyme. These simple precepts can be used to interpret the basic inhibition patterns, competitive, uncompetitive and noncompetitive, and more importantly, derive mechanistic information, especially in multisubstrate reactions. The application of these principles is illustrated by using an example from cancer chemotherapy, the inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 5‐fluorouracil and leucovorin.
A new way to introduce microarray technology in a lecture/laboratory setting by studying the evolution of this modern technology
Authors: Rowland‐Goldsmith Melissa
Published: January 2009

DNA microarray is an ordered grid containing known sequences of DNA, which represent many of the genes in a particular organism. Each DNA sequence is unique to a specific gene. This technology enables the researcher to screen many genes from cells or tissue grown in different conditions. We developed an undergraduate lecture and laboratory exercise using an interdisciplinary approach to the study of microarray technology. What made this approach unique was studying the evolution of the technology leading up to the formation of the MicroArray Quality Control Project (MAQC). Students realized that this technique has potential of saving lives, making it absolutely necessary to validate all results. Students were then able to complete their own microarray project, evaluate their results and continue to analyze a gene from the study, by further utilizing basic bioinformatic tools as well as critiquing primary journal articles.
RNase one gene isolation, expression, and affinity purification models research experimental progression and culminates with guided inquiry‐based experiments
Authors: Bailey Cheryl P.
Published: January 2009

This new biochemistry laboratory course moves through a progression of experiments that generates a platform for guided inquiry‐based experiments. RNase One gene is isolated from prokaryotic genomic DNA, expressed as a tagged protein, affinity purified, and tested for activity and substrate specificity. Student pairs present detailed explanations of materials and methods and the semester culminates in a poster session. Experimental plans take into account the expense and time required to move from gene isolation to enzyme assays. This combination of instructor‐guided and student‐designed experiments is a manageable foray into guided inquiry‐based learning in a biochemistry laboratory course, while providing a cohesive story and context for individual experiments.
Identifying gel‐separated proteins using in‐gel digestion, mass spectrometry, and database searching
Authors: Albright Jessica C. , Dassenko David J. , Mohamed Essa A. , Beussman Douglas J.
Published: January 2009

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is an important bioanalytical technique in drug discovery, proteomics, and research at the biology‐chemistry interface. This is an especially powerful tool when combined with gel separation of proteins and database mining using the mass spectral data. Currently, few hands‐on laboratory opportunities exist for undergraduate students to master this technique despite the usefulness of this technique in biological research. One reason for this lack of incorporation into the teaching curriculum is the relatively low number of published laboratory experiments that demonstrate how mass spectrometry can be incorporated into undergraduate laboratories. We present a simple experiment designed to introduce students to the analysis of gel separated proteins using mass spectrometry. In this experiment, students analyze one or more proteins using gel electrophoresis, followed by in‐gel digestion, MALDI‐time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry and database mining. The experiment also demonstrates how erroneous results can be obtained if careful attention is not paid to all aspects of the experimental process. The data presented here can be used in a classroom or laboratory setting even if hands‐on access to a MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometer is not possible.
GPU‐based interactive visualization framework for ultrasound datasets
Authors: Lim Sukhyun , Kwon Koojoo , Shin Byeong‐Seok
Published: January 2009

Ultrasound imaging is widely used in medical areas. By transmitting ultrasound signals into the human body, their echoed signals can be rendered to represent the shape of internal organs. Although its image quality is inferior to that of CT or MR, ultrasound is widely used for its speed and reasonable cost. Volume rendering techniques provide methods for rendering the 3D volume dataset intuitively. We present a visualization framework for ultrasound datasets that uses programmable graphics hardware. For this, we convert ultrasound coordinates into Cartesian form. In ultrasound datasets, however, since physical storage and representation space is different, we apply different sampling intervals adaptively for each ray. In addition, we exploit multiple filtered datasets in order to reduce noise. By our method, we can determine the adequate filter size without considering the filter size. As a result, our approach enables interactive volume rendering for ultrasound datasets, using a consumer‐level PC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narratives of ‘green’ consumers — the antihero, the environmental hero and the anarchist
Authors: Autio Minna , Heiskanen Eva , Heinonen Visa
Published: January 2009

Environmental policy makers and marketers are attracted by the notion of green consumerism. Yet, green consumerism is a contested concept, allowing for a wide range of translations in everyday discursive practices.

This paper examines how young consumers construct their images of green consumerism. It makes a close reading of three narratives reflecting available subject positions for young green consumers: the Antihero, the Environmental Hero and the Anarchist.

It reveals problems in the prevailing fragmented, gendered and individualistic notions of green consumerism, and discusses implications for policy and marketing practitioners.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Polymorphism in New Organic—Inorganic Hybrid: Pyrazolium Bromoantimonates(III) [C3N2H5] 6Sb4Br18×2H2O (Tetragonal and Triclinic Forms). Thermal, Dielectric and Proton Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Studies on the Tetragonal Form.
Authors: Piecha A. , Bialonska A. , Jakubas R. , Medycki W.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Hydrogen Permeation Properties of BaCe0.95Nd0.05O3‐δ Membranes.
Authors: Cai Ming Ya , Luo Hui Xia , Li Zhong , Feldhoff Armin , Caro Juergen , Wang Hai Hui
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Influence of Humidity on the Mechanochemical Reaction Between NaF and AlF3.
Authors: Scholz G. , Feist M. , Kemnitz E.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Struvite‐Type Compounds M[Mg(H2O)6](XO4), where M: Rb, Tl and X: P, As.
Authors: Weil M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Molybdenum(V) Phosphates Containing Sandwich‐Shaped Clusters with Zero‐ and Three‐Dimensional Structures.
Authors: Lin Bi‐Zhou , Liu Xue‐Zhong , Xu Bai‐Huan , Wang Qin‐Qin , Xiao Zi‐Jing
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallographic and Thermal Expansion Properties of Rare Earth Solid Solution Er2‐xRxMo4O15.
Authors: Peng J. , Xiao X. L. , Hu Z. , Tao J. Z.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Dimensional Open Framework Built from Cu—S Icosahedral Clusters and Its Photocatalytic Property.
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Jian , Wu Tao , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stoichiometric Single Crystal Growth of AgGaS2 by Iodine Transport Method and Characterization.
Authors: Prabukanthan P. , Dhanasekaran R.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Alkylative Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers.
Authors: Kummer David A. , Chain William J. , Morales Marvin R. , Quiroga Olga , Myers Andrew G.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Multiply Substituted 7‐Norbornenone Derivatives or Diels—Alder Cycloadducts from 1,2,3,4‐Tetrasubstituted 1,3‐Butadienes and Maleic Anhydride with or without Lewis Acids.
Authors: Li Dongzhen , Shi An , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Liu Guangzhen , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformation of Tertiary Amines into Alkylating Reagents by Treatment with 2‐Chloro‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine. A Synthetic Application of Side‐Reaction Accompanying Coupling by Means of 4‐(4,6‐Dimethoxy‐[1,3,5]triazin‐2‐yl)‐4‐methyl‐morpholin‐4‐ium Chloride (DMTMM).
Authors: Kolesinska B. , Kaminski Z. J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Multisubstituted N‐Fused Heterocycles via Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Protocols.
Authors: Seregin Ilya V. , Schammel Alex W. , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient AIBN‐Initiated Radical Addition of Ethyl Iododifluoroacetate to Alkenes.
Authors: Leung Leo , Linclau Bruno
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Orthoselective Arylation of Arylazoles with Aryl Bromides Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complexes.
Authors: Oi Shuichi , Sasamoto Hiromi , Funayama Raito , Inoue Yoshio
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzaldimines as Ligands for Palladium in Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions.
Authors: Srimani Dipankar , Sarkar Amitabha
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Lactones α,β‐ and β,γ‐Fused to Carbocycles as Novel Antiproliferative Drugs.
Authors: Leon Leticia G. , Machin Ruben P. , Rodriguez Carmen M. , Ravelo Jose L. , Martin Victor S. , Padron Jose M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Allylic Sulfoxides and Their Use in the Construction of 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Furans via a [3 + 2] Annulation.
Authors: Fu Zhenqian , Wang Mang , Ma Yuhui , Liu Qun , Liu Jun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Cyclopropenes.
Authors: Sherrill William M. , Rubin Michael
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(0)‐Induced Aminocyclopropanation of Olefins via Deselenation of N,N‐Disubstituted Aromatic Selenoamides.
Authors: Mitamura Takenori , Nomoto Akihiro , Sonoda Motohiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Unusual [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition Reactions of Ethyl 4‐Chloro‐2‐oxobut‐3‐ynoate with Unactivated Alkenes.
Authors: Koldobskii Andrey B. , Solodova Ekaterina V. , Godovikov Ivan A. , Kalinin Valery N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Double Michael—Claisen Cyclizations: A Powerful General Tool for Introducing Quaternary Stereocenters at C(4) of Cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones and Total Synthesis of Diverse Families of Sterically Congested Alkaloids.
Authors: Ishikawa Teruhiko , Kudo Kazuhiro , Kuroyabu Ken , Uchida Satoshi , Kudoh Takayuki , Saito Seiki
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.