bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of vegetation changes based on RS monitoring in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve
Authors: Li Hongjin
Published: July 2024

High vegetation cover helps maintain the ecosystem's stability and reduces the risk of soil erosion and natural disasters. Vegetation restoration is essential for the ecological value of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. In this study, the interannual changes in vegetation cover in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, China, from 2013 to 2022 were studied in depth based on Landsat remote sensing data and land use transfer matrix. The study includes interannual dynamic changes in vegetation types, quantitative analysis of interannual changes in surface vegetation types, and the land use transfer matrix analysis. In addition, the drivers of dynamic changes in vegetation types were analysed. The research indicates a notable advancement in ecological restoration within Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve between 2013 and 2022. There was a substantial reduction in the extent of barren land, which predominantly transitioned into grass and woodland areas. In particular, the year 2022 exhibited a significant increase in grassland area when compared to 2013, with a remarkable expansion of 27.18 square kilometers, primarily concentrated in the central-eastern sector of the study area. The findings of this investigation serve as a valuable scientific foundation for guiding ecological preservation and management decisions within Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, contributing to a deeper comprehension of the evolving patterns in vegetation cover.
The impact of different types of wastewaters on electrode passivation in electrical coagulation systems
Authors: Ying Jie , Yuan Yingru , Xin Shiran
Published: July 2024

Water is a crucial part of the production process when the company uses reaction or cooling water to create customized goods. It is therefore expected that some of the chemical components from the boats will be present in the water. Ensuring the safety of discharged water into rivers for human consumption is vital, as water supplies are limited and subject to cycles. Industrial wastewater sometimes includes higher concentrations of heavy metals like copper, lead, and other pollutants, whereas domestic wastewater usually has higher amounts of nitrogen and phosphate. Our previous strategy to dealing with these components involved adding chemicals and filtering them, but this method introduced additional compounds into the water sample. Science and technology have advanced alongside sewage treatment techniques. In this paper, we investigated the effects of electrical coagulation on water treatment in a rapidly industrializing environment. The effectiveness of electrical coagulation has been extensively studied, but less is known about how it impacts aquatic habitats and machinery. This work addresses the issue of equipment passivation in a number of potential methods that are related to an improvement in water quality.
Central versus deployed drinking water treatment
Authors: Liang Ruien , Huang Maolei , Tu Yue
Published: July 2024

Nowadays, the level of urbanization is in rapid increasing, but the freshwater resources still have the problems of unbalanced distribution of regions and time. Besides, the freshwater resources are still in short supply. However, in fact, there is always a hidden resource in the city - the wastewater. The rapid population growth and increasing urbanization have increased the needs for wastewater treatment and recycling to ensure water resources adequacy, and then improve the environmental quality. In this day and age, there are two main ways to treat wastewater: centralized treatment and decentralized treatment. Both of these methods can reduce the pollution of wastewater to water resources and provide domestic water. In this article, we will introduce and compare the two approaches with real-world examples: The Shanghai Bailonggang Sewage Treatment Plant, located in Chaoyang Village, Heqing Town, Pudong New Area, and the decentralized sewage treatment system in Germany.
History of Earth evolution
Authors: Zhang Yifei
Published: July 2024

The paper delves deeply into crucial subjects spanning the birth of our solar system to humanitys ascendancy on Earth. It aims to enable humankind to gain a deeper understanding of our own origins and the Earths genesis and evolution. Given that Earth is our sole habitat, we must gain insights into the conditions necessary for it to sustain life or identify potential terrestrial planets suitable for human habitation. Throughout its history, Earth has weathered countless encounters with meteorites, comets, and asteroids, dating back to the formation of the solar system. These events, though rare, played a pivotal role in shaping our planets atmosphere, magnetic field, and unique environmental characteristics. Perhaps the most extraordinary aspect of Earths history is the emergence of life itselfa true marvel. Starting with single-celled protists, life evolved into complex multicellular organisms. Yet, a pivotal moment in Earths history came with a momentous global extinction event triggered by the rise of oxygen. This event reshaped the planets natural ecosystem, leading to the extinction of many species and the emergence of new ones. Humanitys own journey, navigating the depths of history, eventually led to our dominance over the Earth.
Design of digital frequency meter based on FPGA
Authors: Fan Zherui
Published: July 2024

Frequency measurement is one of the key technicals of the electronic measurement field, and the digital frequency meter is an indispensable measuring tool for measuring technology engineering personnel. Nowadays, digital frequency meters are indispensable components in daily appliances such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, and other smart home appliances. Therefore, the measurement range of digital frequency meters is becoming wider, and their design structures are becoming increasingly complex. Digital frequency meters play a crucial role in developing electronic products as a whole. Use the Very High-speed Hardware Description Language (VHDL) in Electronic Design Automation(EDA)technology to simulate and verify the digital frequency meter. Through simulation analysis, design the measurement circuit of the digital frequency meter and verify its accuracy. In the design process of a digital frequency meter, its function is to measure SIN signals, unit pulse signals, and the frequency range of various signals, achieved by collecting physical quantities within a unit of time.
The investigation of traffic flow prediction and optimization based on Spark
Authors: Mai Yikang , Xu Meng
Published: July 2024

Spark and flink have made great strides in big data processing in recent years. Although the current spark can process a large amount of data at the same time, it still has a lot of shortcomings in the transparency, credibility, and practicality of the model. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how to tackle the performance bottlenecks, insufficient model interpretability, and lack of regional adaptability faced by Spark and Flink in big data processing. It discusses the introduction of interpretable algorithms such as SHAP and LIME to enhance the transparency and user trust of neural network models. Then it discusses how to combine time-aware transfer learning and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to enhance the technology generalization and adaptability of Spark machine learning models. Time-aware transfer learning uses historical datas temporal evolution to ensure models perform well in new time periods or scenarios, while GIS technology enables more precise predictions and analyses based on geographical data, enhancing spatial adaptability. Lastly, the study explores hybrid processing strategies by integrating Apache Flink, Kafka Streams, and Spark batch processing frameworks. This approach not only facilitates efficient real-time data processing and detailed analysis but also enhances the models flexibility and processing capabilities in complex data scenarios. By integrating these techniques, it is possible to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of big data processing frameworks in addressing complex real-world challenges, thereby advancing technology and application development in related fields.
The investigation of traditional models and machine learning models in dynamic facial expression recognition
Authors: Wu Xiyu
Published: July 2024

In everyday life, dynamic facial expressions are merely continuous human responses to external events. However, in human-computer interaction, rapidly recognizing changes in facial expressions from video streams is a relatively complex process. This complexity renders Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition (DFER) a critical research task in the domains of computer vision and image processing. This paper analyses the correlations and contrasts between static and dynamic facial expression research, highlighting key issues in the study of dynamic facial expressions, such as dynamic feature extraction and frame extraction. After that, it enumerates significant algorithms in both traditional models and deep learning models, providing an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these two major approaches. At the same time, it investigates the reasons behind the transition of research models for DFER from traditional methods to deep learning approaches. The paper focuses on two notable models from each approach: Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) for processing raw images, Support Vector Machine (SVM) for data classification in traditional models. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for spatial feature extraction and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for temporal feature extraction in deep learning models. These models are discussed in detail concerning their strengths and weaknesses, operational processes, and performance outcomes. In the concluding section, the author summarizes the main factors influencing research in this field and the current challenges encountered. By focusing on future research directions, the paper also presents a review of recent methodologies and offers insightful research directions for further investigation.
Predicting borrower default risk using support vector machine AI models
Authors: Liang Pengjian
Published: July 2024

Precise prediction on the likelihood of borrower default is pivotal for credit institution and decision makers to mitigate the loss of capital and rationalize decision process. This article reviewed the Effects of Support Vector Machine (SVM) models with radial basis function (RBF) kernel in predicting the mortality rate of borrowers. By integrating with a dataset of approximately 100,000 borrowers profile harvested through historical loan performance, we set up the SVM model, and employed a feature-distribution method utilizing grid search and cross-validation technique to fine-tune the predictive model of SVM. Results indicated that the model accomplished an excellent performance with accuracy of 92%, precision of 89%, the recall and F1-score of 85% and 87%, respectively, alongside an Area Under the Curve -Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC-ROC value of 0.95). It was evinced that the model performed substantially better than traditional logistic regression and decision trees in discriminating defaulter from non-defaulter. The outcome informs that an in-depth process should be implemented on data preprocessing, featureselection, and parameter tuning to achieve a robust predictive model for credit risk assessment. The article concludes the potentials of AI based on the resort to artificial technology in revolutionising the risk assessment scheme within the financial industry.
Detection of network false information based on artificial intelligence models
Authors: Mao Haoxi
Published: July 2024

There is often some false information in social platforms to mislead public opinion. Due to the rapid development of the Internet, the spread of false information on the Internet has become easier, which has brought many losses to people's economy and life. In this paper, the relevant research on false information based on bidirectional convolutional networks is analyzed, and the method is divided into four stages: data preprocessing, model architecture, training process and prediction process. Then, the relevant research on rumor detection by propagation tree kernel model are analyzed. Finally, this paper delineates a comprehensive framework that amalgamates enhanced Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and a hybridized Black Widow Optimization (BWO) with Moth Optimization Algorithm (MOA) (referred to as HM-BWO) for the accurate detection of network-based false information. This paper analyzes and discusses the challenges of poor universality and insufficient detection speed encountered by the current rumor detection research and puts forward the idea of introducing migration model to solve the problem of poor universality and Spark to solve the problem of insufficient detection speed. This article provides a good overview of the field of online disinformation.
Analysis of traffic accidents based on Spark and causal inference
Authors: liu Quanjin
Published: July 2024

Traffic accidents have occurred frequently in recent years, causing great losses to personal and property safety. Studying traffic accident data is helpful to identify key factors of traffic accidents from big data. This paper processes and calculates big data based on the Spark platform. By introducing causal inference into the analysis of traffic accidents, it establishes the causal relationships between 17 factors and the severity of traffic accidents, thereby analyzing the root causes and intermediate causes of the accidents. In addition, this paper also conducts an intervention study to evaluate the influence weight of each factor. The study finds that the physical conditions of pedestrians and weather conditions are inferred to be the root causes, and the others are intermediate causes. Besides that, the presence of police force and reduced traffic volume are considered to be the best ways to reduce traffic accidents. Therefore, this article believes that in real life, we should reduce the incidence of traffic accidents by controlling traffic flow and increasing patrol or on-duty police force. These findings provide a scientific basis for traffic management departments to develop more effective traffic safety strategies.
An analysis of the hot hand phenomenon in basketball and mid-range shooting
Authors: He Haoran
Published: July 2024

Does the Hot Hand phenomenon exist during basketball, especially in the NBA? This question has been controversial over the past years in the sports field. The enormous literature on the Hot Hand effect in basketball was conducted to investigate the Hot Hand hypothesis. This study analyzes this question using a novel data set of all mid-range shots from the 2023-2024 NBA regular season, combined with data on teams and players. A model was built based on the definition of the Hot Hand and potential influential variables such as distance and location to analyze the players' shot data. Supervised machine learning methods fit the model and measure its performance. The results suggest that mid-range shooting streaks do not affect making the next shot in game situations, indicating that the Hot Hand effect is not present in mid-range shooting situations.
Let's Take a Look at the Tape: The Impact of ERAS Video Prompts on Interview Offerings for Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Applicants: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: DeAngelis Ryan D. , Brown Jeffrey B. , Dehghani Bijan , Karnuta Jaret M. , Minutillo Gregory T. , Kogan Monica , Donegan Derek J. , Mehta Samir ,   the VERG (Video ERAS Study Group)
Published: July 2024

Introduction:

Matching into an orthopaedic surgery residency consistently reinforces a competitive landscape, challenging the applicants and programs. A group of orthopaedic surgery residency programs implemented video prompts asking applicants to respond to a standardized question by video recording. Assessing the impact of this video on the decision to offer an interview can help guide programs and applicants through the interview process.

Methods:

Twenty residency applications to one institution requiring video prompts were randomly selected and deidentified. Thirteen experienced faculty from various orthopaedic surgery programs served as applicant reviewers. The reviewers evaluated the electronic residency application service (ERAS) application and determined whether they would grant the applicant an interview (“no,” “maybe,” or “yes”) before and after watching the video prompt. The reviewer also scored the impact of the applicant's dress, facial presentation, and video background distractions on their evaluation of the video. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted using a group of applicants where interview status was not impacted by the video compared with the group of applicants where the interview status changed after video review. An alpha value of 0.05 was used to define significance.

Results:

The video prompt impacted the decision to offer an interview 29.3% of the time; 15.8% were switched from “yes” or “maybe” to “no” and 13.5% were switched from “no” or “maybe” to “yes.” For the positively impacted applicants, facial presentation score was significantly higher (P = 0.005). No recorded variables were associated with decreased chance of interview.

Discussion:

Video prompts impacted the decision to offer interviews to orthopaedic surgery applicants approximately one-third of the time, with a similar number of applicants being positively and negatively impacted. Facial presentation score was associated with increased chance of interview, and no variables were associated with decreased chance of interview. Thus, the answer to the videos presumably negatively impacted applicants.
PENGUKURAN KINERJA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE BALANCE SCORECARD PADA PT. MODERN PLASINDO MUTIARA PLASTIK BINJAI
Authors: Sianturi Nora , Saragih Joana L. , Purba Antonius M.
Published: July 2024

This research aims to find out how the performance of PT Moderen Plasindo Mutiara is when measured using the Balance Scorecard method. The benefit of this research for the author is to add insight into measuring company performance based on the Balance Scorecard method. The population in this research is financial reports, customer data and service data. employees at PT Moderen Plasindo Mutiara since it was founded in 1987 until now. Meanwhile, the research samples are financial reports, customer data, service data and employee data during 2017-2018. Data collection techniques in this research are documentation and questionnaire data. Analysis techniques The data in this research is a descriptive method. From the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the performance measurement used by PT Moderen Plasindo Mutiara still focuses on financial improvement only and is not equipped with non-financial performance such as a customer perspective, an internal business process perspective and a learning and growth perspective. Based on the Balance Scorecard concept that has been obtained, PT Moderen Plasindo Mutiara should implement a Balance Scorecard so that the company does not only focus on financial aspects, but also pays attention to non-financial aspects and service to customers must be further improved, both in terms of hospitality and greetings regarding product explanations. , so that customers feel satisfied. Meanwhile, to improve employee performance, training should be carried out in a programmed manner for employees.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN, PELATIHAN DAN KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT TUNAS CAHAYA MANDIRI WIDYATAMA MEDAN
Authors: Sitompul Pandapotan , Sihombing Watalina , Tinambunan Anitha P. , Purba Saut
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this research is to determine and explain the influence of leadership, training and compensation on employee performance at PT Tunas Cahaya Mandiri Widyatama Medan. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. Before testing the hypothesis, the classical assumption test is first carried out. The analysis used multiple linear regression, hypothesis testing (F test and t test) and analysis of the coefficient of determination. From the results of data processing, a multiple linear regression equation is obtained where: Y= 1.106 + 0.319 X1 + 0.306X2 + 0.365X3 + ei. The results of this research show that the variables of leadership, training and compensation together (simultaneously) have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Partially, it shows that leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a multiple regression coefficient value of 0.319 and a significant value of 0.036 <0.05. Training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a multiple regression coefficient value of 0.306 and a significant value of 0.045 <0.05. Compensation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a multiple regression coefficient value of 0.365 and a significant value of 0.040 <0.05. The results of this research also conclude that to improve employee performance, companies should pay more attention to leadership, training and compensation.
Strategi Pemasaran dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan Ayam Geprek Aroma
Authors: Maina Maina , Usman Usman
Published: July 2024

This study aims to find out the marketing mix strategy in the Ayam Geprek Aroma culinary business in conducting marketing that utilizes social media such as Facebook and Whatsapp which can affect consumers' buying interest in Ayam Geprek Aroma food. The marketing strategy used is products, prices, promotions, and places in marketing so that it can increase the sales turnover of Ayam Geprek Aroma. This study uses a type of qualitative research with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, direct interviews, and documentation. The results of this study also show that marketing strategies carried out through social media such as Facebook and Whatsapp as a marketing medium are quite effective, because many consumers use Facebook and Whatsapp more often to order Ayam Geprek Aroma products. As for the marketing mix of Ayam Geprek Aroma products, the quality has been guaranteed and product development can meet the wishes of consumers, as well as product prices that are affordable for all groups because they are relatively cheap. Promotions carried out through social media Facebook, Whatsapp and offline have a very good impact on Ayam Geprek Aroma products. The marketing mix strategy that most affects consumer buying interest is the price where Ayam Geprek Aroma is sold at a low price, but the taste is no less competitive with other products
Upaya Peningkatan Pronunciation Siswa Melalui Metode Song
Authors: Khudriyah Khudriyah
Published: July 2024

Pronunciation is a science that studies techniques/procedures for pronouncing English vocabulary. This technique should not be ignored when learning English because errors in pronunciation can cause misunderstandings of meaning. This this study aimed to improve the pronunciation skills of MTs al Urwatul Wutsqo Bulurejo Jombang students by using the singing method. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the mentoring of English vocabulary pronunciation was very effective and had a positive impact, where students' English vocabulary pronunciation abilities increased significantly, because based on the paired sample test there was a significant comparison between the mean before and after the mentoring where the mean was found. (41.00, increased to 60.00) and the results of t count > t table (9, 628 > 2, 0902) so it can be concluded that this mentoring was successful.
Re-Orientalism and Colonial Nostalgia in Pakistani Austen Rewritings: A Case Study of Austenistan
Authors: Shameen Imran  , Dr. Sofia Hussain
Published: July 2024

Our paper aims to explore the recent Austen rewritings in Pakistani Anglophone fiction such as Austenistan as an example of professional fan fiction and postcolonial literature. These rewritings, we argue, possess such qualities that not only appeal to Janeites but also adhere to Re-Orientalism. The primary premise of our work focuses on the strategic use of ‘Austenmania’ by Pakistani Anglophone female writers in their fiction and its tendencies to project an oriental gaze on Pakistan, while also aligning it with the ‘benevolent modernity’ of former colonial masters. In our paper, we have critically analysed seven stories from the anthology Austenistan by mainly drawing upon the theoretical lens of Re-Orientalism propounded by Lisa Lau along with other relevant theories of Robert Dryden, Sarah Brouillette, Patricia M. E. Lorcin, and William Bissell, etc. Our research explores that Pakistani Janeites employ the practices of “possession” and “selfothering” in Austenistan through compromised and pejorative representations of Pakistan which is a manifestation of their nostalgia for the colonial past.Keywords: Janeites, Regency era, South Asian writers, Pakistani Anglophone fiction, Self-othering, Re-Orientalism, Colonial Nostalgia.
Evolución y análisis de los Planes de Igualdad en Paraguay (1997-2017)
Authors: González González Luis
Published: July 2024

Este artículo hace un recorrido a través de las políticas de igualdad en Paraguay, en relación con la transición democrática, desde su origen en un contexto post dictadura, su desarrollo en la era democrática, y desmantelamiento de las prácticas discriminatorias hacia las mujeres en la última década. Las políticas de igualdad de género han tenido un desarrollo característico en Paraguay desde principios de la democracia. Se han institucionalizado gracias a la creación de organismos de igualdad mandado por la Constitución Nacional y de alcance en todos los niveles de gobierno, han diversificado sus instrumentos incluyendo planes, leyes y unidades de género, y han generado unos avances que desde 1997 hasta 2017 indican cierta consolidación. Sin embargo, desde el 2017 se ha evidenciado con mayor fuerza la influencia de grupos de presión ultraconservadores en el gobierno, logrando que éste cediera generando retrocesos y cuestionando las bases mismas de la igualdad, establecida constitucionalmente.
COST DEPLOYMENT: UM ESTUDO ABORDANDO A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA FERRAMENTA ESTRATÉGICA NA GESTÃO DOS CUSTOS DE PERDAS EM UMA EMPRESA DO POLO INDUSTRIAL DE MANAUS
Authors: Paixão Lucas Lopes , Nogueira Ricardo Jorge da Cunha Costa
Published: July 2024

No contexto empresarial contemporâneo, a gestão eficiente dos custos é essencial para a competitividade das organizações. Este estudo investigou o papel do Cost Deployment como uma ferramenta estratégica para identificação e gestão dos custos associados às perdas e desperdícios em uma empresa multinacional do setor automotivo localizada no Polo Industrial de Manaus. A pesquisa utilizou uma abordagem de estudo de caso empírico com métodos mistos, combinando análises qualitativas e quantitativas dos dados operacionais e financeiros da empresa. O Cost Deployment foi explorado como uma metodologia derivada do World Class Manufacturing (WCM), focando na redução sistemática de perdas e desperdícios ao atribuir custos às causas raízes identificadas. Os resultados revelaram que a implementação do Cost Deployment permitiu uma análise detalhada das perdas de produção, categorizadas e quantificadas através de matrizes específicas, o que facilitou a priorização de melhorias nas áreas impactadas. Este estudo contribuiu para a compreensão teórica e prática da gestão de custos, destacando a importância da abordagem estratégica do Cost Deployment para a eficiência e competitividade organizacional.
MICOLOGIA FORENSE APLICADA EM INVESTIGAÇÕES CRIMINAIS: UMA REVISÃO
Authors: Andrade Ingrid Lima de
Published: July 2024

A Micologia Forense é uma disciplina emergente que desempenha um papel crucial em investigações criminais. Os fungos cadavéricos, encontrados em corpos em decomposição, são essenciais para estimar o Intervalo Post Mortem (IPM), fornecendo informações vitais sobre o tempo decorrido desde a morte. Além disso, a presença e a distribuição desses fungos podem auxiliar na determinação do local de morte e na compreensão da dinâmica dos eventos que levaram à morte. Encontrando aplicações em casos de suspeita de homicídio, suicídio ou acidente, onde a análise de fungos pode fornecer evidências adicionais para auxiliar nas investigações criminais. Os objetivos deste estudo incluem realizar uma revisão bibliográfica para apresentar o uso da Micologia Forense em investigações criminais, apresentar trabalhos com sua aplicação, relatar a necessidade de novas técnicas e estudos para identificações mais precisas de espécies de fungos, destacar as principais espécies de fungos utilizadas na área forense, relatar as diversas aplicações da Micologia Forense e apresentar estudos de casos com seu uso. A Micologia Forense é uma ferramenta subutilizada, especialmente no Brasil, devido à falta de especialistas qualificados, à complexidade da identificação de fungos e à carência de recursos de referência adequados. Isso destaca a necessidade de investimento em pesquisa e treinamento para aprimorar sua eficácia na resolução de casos criminais. No entanto, seu potencial é vasto, e essa disciplina tem muito a oferecer para investigações criminais, proporcionando uma compreensão mais profunda e precisa das circunstâncias envolvidas em crimes e mortes suspeitas.
ARQUITETURAS RESISTENTES A TEMPESTADES
Authors: Wanderley Kamila Reis
Published: July 2024

O presente trabalho se destina a expor a história da arquitetura, desde a pré-história, avançando conforme os conhecimentos das civilizações. Além disso, mostra também os materiais que foram descobertos e utilizados nessas construções ao longo do tempo. Os tipos de arquitetura mais adotados nos Estados Unidos, de forma geral, e no estado da Flórida, de forma um pouco mais específica, também constam no artigo e mostram que, quando esse estado enfrenta as fortes tempestades, que muitas vezes se transformam em furacões, essas construções podem não resistir por não apresentarem a resistência necessária contra o vento e contra os detritos que são lançados por ele. Para tanto, é apresentada uma forma de construção que está sendo difundida no mundo, que é o Insulated Concrete Forms, mais conhecido como ICF, que é conhecido por resistir a tempestades e terremotos. Por fim, é apresentada uma breve comparação entre o ICF e outros materiais utilizados nas construções como o wood frame, e o steel frame.
Disinfection protocols reduce the amount of porcine circovirus type 2 in contaminated 1:61 scale model livestock transport vehicles
Authors: Patterson Abby , Baker Rodney , Madson Darin , Pintar Adam , Opriessnig Tanja
Published: July 2024

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection protocols on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in 1:61 scale model livestock trailers and determine the infectivity of PCV2 DNA detected using a bioassay. Materials and methods: Each model trailer was contaminated with intestinal content from a pig experimentally infected with PCV2, washed, and disinfected with one of four protocols. Between protocol steps, swabs were collected from six different areas of each trailer and tested for PCV2 DNA. Disinfection protocols were quaternary ammonium compound (DISF1), oxidizing agent containing potassium peroxomonosulfate (DISF2), combined glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium product (DISF3), and DISF2 followed by sodium hypochlorite compound (DISF4). Four PCV2-contaminated, nonwashed, nondisinfected trailers served as positive controls and an uncontaminated trailer as negative control. Two 6- to 10-week-old PCV2-naive pigs were placed in each cleaned and disinfected trailer for 2 hours. Blood samples collected weekly for 7 weeks were tested for anti-PCV2 IgG antibodies and PCV2 DNA. Results: In all four disinfection protocols, the amount of PCV2 DNA was significantly smaller (P < .05) after the initial wash; however, only in DISF4 (P < .01) was the amount of PCV2 DNA reduced after the disinfection step. After disinfection, 1.5 to 5.3 log10 PCV2 genomic copies per mL were identified in the trailers. While animals exposed to positive control trailers became viremic and seroconverted, no seroconversion or viremia was detected in animals exposed to disinfected trailers. Implications: Although detectable amounts of PCV2 may remain in transport vehicles after proper disinfection, risk of transmission appears minimal.
Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine on postweaning performance and carcass composition
Authors: Venegas-Vargas Maria Cristina , Bates Ronald , Morrison Robert , Villani Dennis , Straw Barbara
Published: July 2024

Objective: To evaluate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on average daily gain (ADG), mortality, carcass fat depth, loin depth, and percent lean. Materials and methods: Pigs were weighed and ear-tagged 2 days prior to weaning to examine the influences of PCV2 vaccination on ADG, mortality, and carcass composition. Within litters, pigs were matched in pairs by gender and weight. Matched pairs of pigs were randomly allocated to Vaccinated and Control groups. Vaccinated pigs received a PCV2 killed baculovirus vector vaccine at weaning (approximately 3 weeks of age) and 3 weeks later. Pigs were weighed again at the end of the nursery phase and prior to marketing. Carcass data from the two groups of pigs were collected and compared. Results: Overall ADG was higher for Vaccinated pigs (630.5 g per day) than for Control pigs (580.6 g per day; P < .001). More Vaccinated pigs (93%) went to primary markets than did control pigs (79%; P < .01). Vaccinated and Control pigs did not differ in carcass fat depth, loin depth, or percent lean (P > .05). Implications: Under the conditions of this study, PCV2 vaccination has a large impact on growth rate and on the proportion of pigs going to primary markets, but not on carcass fat depth, loin depth, or percent lean, measurements that are used to determine market value.
A four-year summary of air filtration system efficacy for preventing airborne spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Dee Scott , Pitkin Andrea , Otake Satoshi , Deen John
Published: July 2024

A 4-year study evaluated the ability of commercial air filters to protect susceptible populations against airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. All filter types equally reduced the risk of airborne transmission of both pathogens, compared to non-filtered controls, supporting further application in the field.
Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in oral-fluid samples obtained from experimentally infected pigs
Authors: Costa Giordana , Oliveira Simone , Torrison Jerry
Published: July 2024

The use of cotton ropes has been recently proposed to collect oral fluids from pigs as a method to detect and monitor viral infections in swine populations. However, its use for detection and monitoring of swine bacterial pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has not been assessed. In this study, oral-fluid testing for diagnosis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was evaluated over time, utilizing samples from experimentally infected pigs. Eighty pigs were randomly assigned to experimental groups infected with A pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, or 15 and a non-inoculated control group. Oral fluids and blood samples were collected prior to infection, 1 day post infection, and weekly thereafter for 7 consecutive weeks. Oral fluids were tested for A pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis by specific PCR tests offered by the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was detected on days 1 and 7 post infection, whereas H parasuis and S suis, normal colonizers of the swine respiratory tract, were detected at all time points. These results indicate that oral-fluid testing has the potential to be a screening tool for detection of swine bacterial pathogens. Field studies are indicated to explore this potential further.
Cleaning and disinfection with Virkon S significantly reduces Lawsonia intracellularis survival and transmission to naive pigs
Authors: Collins Alison , Fell Shayne , Barchia Idris
Published: July 2024

Lawsonia intracellularis infection was transmitted to naive pigs introduced into pens contaminated by pigs with proliferative enteropathy. However, cleaning pens with a pressure hose then disinfecting with potassium peroxymonosulfate was able to prevent transmission of infection in a second group of naive pigs.
Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers
Authors: Holtkamp Derald , Kliebenstein James , Neumann Eric , Zimmerman Jeffrey , Rotto Hans , Yoder Tiffany , Wang Chong , Yeske Paul , Mowrer Christine , Haley Charles
Published: July 2024

Objective: To estimate the current annual economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on the US swine industry. Materials and methods: Data for the analysis was compiled from the US Department of Agriculture, a survey of swine veterinarians on the incidence and impact of PRRSV, and production records (2005 to 2010) from commercial farms with known PRRSV status. Animal-level economic impact of productivity losses and other costs attributed to PRRSV were estimated using an enterprise budgeting approach and extrapolated to the national level on the basis of the US breeding-herd inventory, number of pigs marketed, and number of pigs imported for growing. Results: The total cost of productivity losses due to PRRSV in the US national breeding and growing-pig herd was estimated at US $664 million annually, an increase from the US $560 million annual cost estimated in 2005. The 2011 study differed most significantly from the 2005 study in the allocation of losses between the breeding and the growing-pig herd. Losses in the breeding herd accounted for 12% of the total cost of PRRSV in the 2005 study, compared to 45% in the current analysis. Implications: Despite over 25 years of experience and research, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome remains a costly disease of pigs in the United States. Since 2005, some progress has been made in dealing with the cost of productivity losses due to the disease in the growing pig, but these were offset by greater losses in the breeding herd.
Effects of day of farrowing induction and spontaneous versus induced farrowing on sow and suckling piglet performance
Authors: Smith H , Selby C , Williams A , Ellersieck M , Lamberson W , Safranski Tim
Published: July 2024

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of day of farrowing induction on production parameters under commercial conditions (Analysis 1) and impact of induction, regardless of day, on production parameters (Analysis 2). Materials and methods: First- and second-parity sows (n = 469) were induced with prostaglandin F2α at 3:30 and 6:00 am on gestation day 113, 114, or 116. Sows that had not farrowed by 5:30 am the following day received 10 IU oxytocin. Results: Analysis 1: Gestation length (mean ± standard error) was 114.01 ± 0.08, 114.67 ± 0.08, and 115.19 ± 0.09 days for day 113, 114, and 116 groups, respectively; spontaneous farrowing occurred in 6.50%, 14.89%, and 80.83% of sows. There was no treatment effect on number born alive (NBA), mummies, stillborns, litter weaning weight, litter average daily gain, percentage litters receiving medical intervention once, piglet mortality, or percentage sows in estrus by day 7 post weaning. Percentage unsupervised piglets was greater (P = .001) in day 116 (64.8%) than day 113 sows (56.9%), and intermediate in day 114 sows. Analysis 2: Sows farrowing spontaneously had shorter gestation lengths (114.4 ± 0.09 days) than induced sows (114.7 ± 0.07 days; P = .01). Other sow and piglet parameters did not differ between induced and spontaneous sows. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, more piglets are born during unsupervised hours when sows are induced on day 116 than when sows are induced on day 113. Gestation length must be known for successful farrowing induction.
Diagnostic assessment and lesion evaluation of chronic deoxynivalenol ingestion in growing swine
Authors: Madson Darin , Ensley Steve , Patience John , Gauger Phil , Main Rodger
Published: July 2024

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin contaminant of cereal grains and is associated with reduced feed intake or refusal in swine. The objective of this assessment was to determine if diagnostic tests or lesions could assist in diagnosing chronic DON ingestion in swine. Twenty-four 11-week-old cross-bred pigs of both genders were fed either an ad libitum diet without deliberate contamination of DON (Control; n = 6) or a diet containing approximately 5 mg per kg DON (DON-fed; n = 18). Dried distillers’ grains with solubles were the source of DON for the diets. Serum analytes were measured at the beginning and conclusion of the 120-day study. All pigs were necropsied and liver analyte concentrations, bone density, and bone ash were determined. Differences in serum analyte concentrations, macroscopic or microscopic lesions, and bone ash and density were not detected between treatment groups (P > .05). Liver selenium concentrations were lower (P = .02) in DON-fed pigs. Results suggest DON ingestion is not correlated with lesions or bone integrity, but can significantly lower liver selenium concentrations.
Marijke Verhegghe; Florence Crombé; Ingrid De Man; Freddy Haesebrouck; Patrick Butaye; Marc Heyndrickx; Geertrui Rasschaert
Authors: Verhegghe Marijke , Crombe Florence , De Man Ingrid , Haesebrouck Freddy , Butaye Patrick , Heyndrickx Marc , Rasschaert Geertrui
Published: July 2024

Washing sows (n = 12 per herd) on four Belgian pig farms positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had no significant effect on MRSA status of the sow’s skin (P = .32) or nares (P = 1.00). In 64% of cases, the same strain was detected before and after washing.
Evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and toxigenic culture for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated enteritis in piglets
Authors: Silva Rodrigo , Guedes Roberto , Silva Marcos , Lobato Francisco
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to compare test performances of three commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for A and B toxin detection and that of a simple toxigenic culture protocol to the cytotoxicity assay (CTA) as the gold standard for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated enteritis in piglets. A total of 73 piglets submitted to the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais were included in this study. Intestinal content was collected from 62 diarrheic and 11 non-diarrheic piglets, 1 to 7 days old. Vero cells were used in the CTA protocol to detect A and B toxins. Fecal samples were inoculated on cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar for isolation of C difficile. The EIAs were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each EIA and for toxigenic culture against CTA. The CTA was positive for 22 of the 73 samples (30.1%). Sensitivities of all EIAs and toxigenic culture for the piglet samples were low (41% to 64%), whereas specificities were 80% to 98%. These results suggest that the EIAs and toxigenic culture protocol tested are not suitable for diagnosis of C difficile infection in individual piglets.
Use of equine-origin antitoxins in piglets prior to exposure to mitigate the effects of Clostridium difficile infection - a pilot study
Authors: Ramirez Alejandro , Rowe Eric , Arruda Paulo , Madson Darin
Published: July 2024

Administration to newborn pigs of an oral or intraperitoneal dose of equine-origin Clostridium difficile antitoxin 4 hours before orogastric inoculation with a swine-origin C difficile field isolate resulted in lower histopathology scores 72 hours post challenge than in pigs receiving no antitoxin (P < .05).
Swine respiratory disease minimally affects responses of nursery pigs to gas euthanasia
Authors: Sadler Larry , Karriker Locke , Johnson Anna , Schwartz Kent , Widowski Tina , Wang Chong , Millman Suzanne
Published: July 2024

Objectives: To assess effects of swine respiratory disease (SRD) on nursery pig responses during gas euthanasia and to compare responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) and argon (Ar) gas euthanasia in terms of efficacy and welfare. Materials and methods: Fifty-four pigs identified for euthanasia were classified as having SRD or euthanized for other reasons (OT). These pigs were distributed among three treatments: prefill CO2 (P-CO2), gradual fill CO2 (G-CO2), and prefill Ar (P-Ar). Behavioral and physiological indicators of efficacy and welfare were assessed directly and from video. Modified atmosphere CO2 and O2 concentrations (%) were collected throughout the process. Results: Respiratory disease status did not affect behavioral or physiological responses associated with efficacy or welfare with P-CO2 or G-CO2. Conversely, SRD pigs lost consciousness faster than OT pigs with P-Ar (P < .05) and duration of open-mouth breathing was shorter (P < .05), but duration of ataxia tended to be longer (P < .10). Regardless of disease status, P-CO2 was associated with superior animal welfare, with shorter latency to loss of consciousness than P-Ar, and shorter duration of ataxia and duration and intensity of righting responses. Implications: Standard operating procedures for gas euthanasia utilizing CO2 or Ar do not require adjustment for nursery pigs with respiratory disease. Minimum exposure of 10 minutes at > 70% CO2 concentration is required to reliably produce respiratory arrest in nursery pigs. Argon is not recommended as a euthanizing agent for nursery pigs. Duration of exposure to Ar required to reliably produce respiratory arrest remains unknown.
Variation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus open reading frame 5 diagnostic sequencing
Authors: Stricker Amber , Polson Dale , Murtaugh Michael , Christopher-Hennings Jane , Clement Travis
Published: July 2024

Objective: To assess porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) open reading frame 5 (ORF5) sequencing variation, within and among state diagnostic laboratories, that may contribute to observed differences in sequence homology among isolates. Materials and methods: PRRS virus-positive blood samples were collected from individual pigs on three different farms and submitted on three independent occasions to three diagnostic laboratories for PRRSV ORF5 nucleotide sequencing. The PRRSV isolates on each farm were genetically disparate. Vaccine viruses (Ingelvac PRRS MLV and Ingelvac PRRS ATP; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc, St Joseph, Missouri) were submitted as positive controls. Results: Full-length ORF5 sequences were obtained from all samples. Positive-control vaccine virus sequencing was precise and highly accurate, with all laboratories on all occasions obtaining nearly identical sequences. The analytical specificity of field PRRSV sequencing was robust, with a median variation among laboratories for the same farm sample, across all pigs and submission dates, of one base difference per 603-base sequence (0.2%). Seventy-five percent of sequences had fewer than six base differences, and the greatest difference was 2.2%. However, 16% of samples in one submission from one farm appeared to be misidentified in the reports of one laboratory. Implications: Inter- and intra-laboratory ORF5 sequencing results are reproducible, reliable, and do not contribute significantly to estimated PRRSV diversity. Tracking errors may occur which can lead to confusion or inappropriate reaction by key decision makers. Submitters should retain aliquots of all samples to enable further investigation of a diagnostic error not related to the sequencing procedure.