bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning systems detect dysplasia with human-like accuracy using histopathology and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy
Authors: Guleria Shan , Shah Tilak U. , Pulido J. Vincent , Fasullo Matthew , Ehsan Lubaina , Lippman Robert , Sali Rasoul , Mutha Pritesh , Cheng Lin , Brown Donald E. , Syed Sana
Published: March 2021

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) allows for real-time diagnosis of dysplasia and cancer in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) but is limited by low sensitivity. Even the gold standard of histopathology is hindered by poor agreement between pathologists. We deployed deep-learning-based image and video analysis in order to improve diagnostic accuracy of pCLE videos and biopsy images. Blinded experts categorized biopsies and pCLE videos as squamous, non-dysplastic BE, or dysplasia/cancer, and deep learning models were trained to classify the data into these three categories. Biopsy classification was conducted using two distinct approaches—a patch-level model and a whole-slide-image-level model. Gradient-weighted class activation maps (Grad-CAMs) were extracted from pCLE and biopsy models in order to determine tissue structures deemed relevant by the models. 1970 pCLE videos, 897,931 biopsy patches, and 387 whole-slide images were used to train, test, and validate the models. In pCLE analysis, models achieved a high sensitivity for dysplasia (71%) and an overall accuracy of 90% for all classes. For biopsies at the patch level, the model achieved a sensitivity of 72% for dysplasia and an overall accuracy of 90%. The whole-slide-image-level model achieved a sensitivity of 90% for dysplasia and 94% overall accuracy. Grad-CAMs for all models showed activation in medically relevant tissue regions. Our deep learning models achieved high diagnostic accuracy for both pCLE-based and histopathologic diagnosis of esophageal dysplasia and its precursors, similar to human accuracy in prior studies. These machine learning approaches may improve accuracy and efficiency of current screening protocols.
Health-related quality of life and its related factors in coronary heart disease patients: results from the Henan Rural Cohort study
Authors: Mei Yong-xia , Wu Hui , Zhang Huan-yun , Hou Jian , Zhang Zhen-xiang , Liao Wei , Liu Xiao-tian , Sang Sheng-xiang , Mao Zhen-xing , Yang Dong-bin , Wang Chong-jian , Zhang Wei-hong
Published: March 2021

The aims were to identify the possible influencing factors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its domain-specific scores in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 1247 patients with CHD from the Henan Rural Cohort Study (n = 39,259) were included in this study. The Chinese version of the European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five level scale (EQ-5D-5L) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to evaluate HRQoL in patients with CHD. Tobit regression, generalized linear models and binary logistic regression were applied to determine the potential factors influencing the EQ-5D utility, as well as each domain, and the VAS. CHD patients had lower per capita monthly actual income, and higher rates of diabetes mellitus, stroke, anxiety and poor sleep quality, which significantly decreased EQ-5D index and VAS scores. In addition, sex, older age, education, not having a spouse, ever drinking alcohol, a high-fat diet, physical activity, hypertension and depression affected the various domain-specific EQ-5D scores in CHD patients. CHD patients in rural areas have a lower HRQoL. Factors associated with the EQ-5D index, including each domain, and the VAS need attention. CHD patients in rural areas need to be managed systematically.
Neuroinflammatory changes of the normal brain tissue in cured mice following combined radiation and anti-PD-1 blockade therapy for glioma
Authors: Clausi Mariano Guardia , Stessin Alexander M. , Zhao Zirun , Tsirka Stella E. , Ryu Samuel
Published: March 2021

The efficacy of combining radiation therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade to treat brain tumors is currently the subject of multiple investigations and holds significant therapeutic promise. However, the long-term effects of this combination therapy on the normal brain tissue are unknown. Here, we examined mice that were intracranially implanted with murine glioma cell line and became long-term survivors after treatment with a combination of 10 Gy cranial irradiation (RT) and anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade (aPD-1). Post-mortem analysis of the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to tumor implantation showed complete abolishment of hippocampal neurogenesis, but neural stem cells were well preserved in subventricular zone. In addition, we observed a drastic reduction in the number of mature oligodendrocytes in the subcortical white matter. Importantly, this observation was evident specifically in the combined (RT + aPD-1) treatment group but not in the single treatment arm of either RT alone or aPD-1 alone. Elimination of microglia with a small molecule inhibitor of colony stimulated factor-1 receptor (PLX5622) prevented the loss of mature oligodendrocytes. These results identify for the first time a unique pattern of normal tissue changes in the brain secondary to combination treatment with radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The results also suggest a role for microglia as key mediators of the adverse treatment effect.
A suitable RNA preparation methodology for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing harvested from Plasmodium vivax-infected patients
Authors: Bourgard Catarina , Lopes Stefanie C. P. , Lacerda Marcus V. G. , Albrecht Letusa , Costa Fabio T. M.
Published: March 2021

Plasmodium vivax is a world-threatening human malaria parasite, whose biology remains elusive. The unavailability of in vitro culture, and the difficulties in getting a high number of pure parasites makes RNA isolation in quantity and quality a challenge. Here, a methodological outline for RNA-seq from P. vivax isolates with low parasitemia is presented, combining parasite maturation and enrichment with efficient RNA extraction, yielding ~ 100 pg.µL−1 of RNA, suitable for SMART-Seq Ultra-Low Input RNA library and Illumina sequencing. Unbiased coding transcriptome of ~ 4 M reads was achieved for four patient isolates with ~ 51% of transcripts mapped to the P. vivax P01 reference genome, presenting heterogeneous profiles of expression among individual isolates. Amongst the most transcribed genes in all isolates, a parasite-staged mixed repertoire of conserved parasite metabolic, membrane and exported proteins was observed. Still, a quarter of transcribed genes remain functionally uncharacterized. In parallel, a P. falciparum Brazilian isolate was also analyzed and 57% of its transcripts mapped against IT genome. Comparison of transcriptomes of the two species revealed a common trophozoite-staged expression profile, with several homologous genes being expressed. Collectively, these results will positively impact vivax research improving knowledge of P. vivax biology.
Computed tomography based measurements to evaluate lung density and lung growth after congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Stoll-Dannenhauer Timm , Schwab Gregor , Zahn Katrin , Schaible Thomas , Wessel Lucas , Weiss Christel , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Henzler Thomas , Weis Meike
Published: March 2021

Emphysema-like-change of lung is one aspect of lung morbidity in children after congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study aims to evaluate if the extent of reduced lung density can be quantified through pediatric chest CT examinations, if side differences are present and if emphysema-like tissue is more prominent after CDH than in controls. Thirty-seven chest CT scans of CDH patients (mean age 4.5 ± 4.0 years) were analyzed semi-automatically and compared to an age-matched control group. Emphysema-like-change was defined as areas of lung density lower than − 950 HU in percentage (low attenuating volume, LAV). A p-value lower than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Hypoattenuating lung tissue was more frequently present in the ipsilateral lung than the contralateral side (LAV 12.6% vs. 5.7%; p < 0.0001). While neither ipsilateral nor contralateral lung volume differed between CDH and control (p > 0.05), LAV in ipsilateral (p = 0.0002), but not in contralateral lung (p = 0.54), was higher in CDH than control. It is feasible to quantify emphysema-like-change in pediatric patients after CDH. In the ipsilateral lung, low-density areas are much more frequently present both in comparison to contralateral and to controls. Especially the ratio of LAV ipsilateral/contralateral seems promising as a quantitative parameter in the follow-up after CDH.
Radioiodine labeling and in vivo trafficking of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Hong Chae Moon , Gangadaran Prakash , Oh Ji Min , Rajendran Ramya Lakshmi , Gopal Arunnehru , Zhu Liya , Ahn Byeong-Cheol
Published: March 2021

Biodistribution and role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are still largely unknown. Reliable tracking methods for EVs are needed. In this study, nuclear imaging using radioiodine were developed and applied for tracking EVs derived from cell lines. EVs were obtained from supernatant of thyroid cancer cell (Cal62) and natural killer cells (NK92-MI) using sequential ultracentrifuges. Sulfosuccinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxypheynyl) propionate were labeled to membrane of Cal62 and NK92-MI cell derived EVs, then the EVs were labeled with radioiodine (I-131 and I-125) using pre-coated iodination tubes (RI-EVs). In vivo gamma camera images were obtained after intravenous injection of the RI-EVs, and ex vivo biodistribution study was also performed. EVs were labeled with radioiodine and radiochemical purity of the RI-EV was more than 98%. Results of nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy showed that there was no significant difference in EVs before and after the radioiodine labeling. After intravenous injection of RI-EVs to mice, gamma camera imaging well visualized the real-time biodistribution of the RI-EVs. RI-EVs were mainly visualized at liver, spleen, and lung. Nuclear imaging system of EVs derived from thyroid cancer and NK cells using radioiodine labeling of the EVs was established. Thus, this system might be helpful for in vivo tracking of EVs.
Evaluation of the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content in fish fillets using hyperspectral imaging coupled with deep learning neural network and meta-analysis
Authors: Moosavi-Nasab Marzieh , Khoshnoudi-Nia Sara , Azimifar Zohreh , Kamyab Shima
Published: March 2021

Recently, hyperspectral-imaging (HSI), as a rapid and non-destructive technique, has generated much interest due to its unique potential to monitor food quality and safety. The specific aim of the study is to investigate the potential of the HSI (430–1010 nm) coupled with Linear Deep Neural Network (LDNN) to predict the TVB-N content of rainbow trout fillet during 12 days storage at 4 ± 2 °C. After the acquisition of hyperspectral images, the TVB-N content of fish fillets was obtained by a conventional method (micro-Kjeldahl distillation). To simplify the calibration models, nine optimal wavelengths were selected by the successive projections algorithm. A seven layers LDNN was designed to estimate the TVB-N content of samples. The LDNN model showed acceptable performance for prediction of TVB-N content of fish fillet (R2p = 0.853; RSMEP = 3.159 and RDP = 3.001). The performance of LDNN model was comparable with the results of previous works. Although, the results of the meta-analysis did not show any significant difference between various chemometric models. However, the least-squares support vector machine algorithm showed better prediction results as compared to the other models (RMSEP: 2.63 and R2p = 0.897). Further studies are required to improve the prediction power of the deep learning model for prediction of rainbow-trout fish quality.
Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers with risk of mortality, severity or SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in COVID-19 patients: meta-analysis
Authors: Biswas Mohitosh , Kali Most. Sumaiya Khatun
Published: March 2021

The effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in the treatment of COVID-19 are highly debated. This study was aimed to assess aggregated risk by investigating the association of ACEIs/ARBs users against non-users of ACEIs/ARBs with the risk of mortality or severe clinical manifestations or magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in COVID-19 patients. Systematic literature search was carried out in different databases for eligible studies. The pooled relative risks (RRs) were measured using RevMan software where P<0.05 was set as statistical significance. In total, 10 studies were included in this analysis. After pooled estimation, it was demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 positive patients taking ACEIs/ARBs were not associated with an increased risk of mortality compared to those not taking ACEIs/ARBs (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.64–1.23; P=0.48). Furthermore, the risk of composite severe clinical manifestations was not significantly different between the positive patients with or without ACEIs/ARBs users (RR 1.29; 95% CI 0.81–2.04; P=0.28). There was no risk difference for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in patients with or without ACEIs/ARBs users (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.95–1.05; P=0.91). These findings may augment current professional society guidelines for not discontinuing ACEIs/ARBs in treating COVID-19 patients where it is clinically indicated.
Redefining the boundary between crystalline and sedimentary rock of Eastern Dahomey Basin
Authors: Mosuro Ganiyu O. , Adebisi Niyi-Ola , Ariyo Stephen O. , Omosanya Kamaldeen O. , Bayewu Olateju O. , Oloruntola Moroof O.
Published: March 2021

This study defines a new boundary between the crystalline and sedimentary rocks of Eastern Dahomey Basin at the southwestern part of Nigeria using a geophysical approach that combines regional aeromagnetic and ground resistivity data. Aeromagnetic data covering the entire Eastern Dahomey Basin were acquired at 500 m line spacing, 80 m mean terrain, and processed into grids of Residual Magnetic Intensity (RMI) map. Filters and corrections such as upward continuation, and reduction to equator were applied to enhance deep magnetic sources and correct for magnetic inclination and declination. Tilt Derivative Angles (TDR) was applied for edge detection. To support the aeromagnetic analysis and interpretation, 104 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys and 8 Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data were also acquired, processed and interpreted along the basement-sedimentary rock boundary. The TDR revealed a significant trend that corresponds to the edge between the basement complex and the sediments of the Eastern Dahomey Basin. A strong match was also noticed between the VES positions and the TDR map. Areas interpreted as basement rocks from the VES stations align with positive values on the TDR maps while the sedimentary terrains have negative TDR values. Our work demonstrates that areas that were previously fixed as sedimentary terrains on geological maps belong to the crystalline basement or transition zone. A new and reliable geological boundary is hereby drawn between the basement and sedimentary rocks. Thus, providing a revised map of the Eastern Dahomey Basin.
A compact and high efficiency intracavity OPO based on periodically poled lithium niobate
Authors: Wang Ke , Gao Mingyao , Yu Shuhui , Ning Jian , Xie Zhenda , Lv Xinjie , Zhao Gang , Zhu Shining
Published: March 2021

We demonstrate a compact, high efficiency and widely tunable intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (IC-OPO) based on multichannel periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). The IC-OPO is composed of 808 nm pump laser diode (LD), Nd:YVO4 laser and linear OPO. The continuous-wave (CW) mid-infrared (MIR) output laser is tunable from 2.25 to 4.79 μm. The maximum output power exceeds 1.08 W at 3.189 μm at 9.1 W LD pump power and the conversion efficiency is 11.88%. We also build up a prototype with volume of 145 × 85 × 42.5 mm3 and its total weight is less than 2 kg. The measured power stability is 1.3% Root Meat Square (RMS) for a 3 h duration under simulated high temperature conditions of 40 °C. RMS is 2.6% for a 4 h duration when simulated temperature is − 40 °C.
Iron oxides and aluminous clays selectively control soil carbon storage and stability in the humid tropics
Authors: Kirsten Maximilian , Mikutta Robert , Vogel Cordula , Thompson Aaron , Mueller Carsten W. , Kimaro Didas N. , Bergsma Huig L. T. , Feger Karl-Heinz , Kalbitz Karsten
Published: March 2021

Clay minerals and pedogenic metal (oxyhydr)oxides are the most reactive soil mineral constituents controlling the long-term persistence of organic carbon (OC) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, their co-occurrence in most soils complicates direct assessment of their individual contribution to OC persistence. Making use of unique mineralogical combinations in soils located in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, we disentangled the contribution of clay-sized aluminous minerals (kaolinite, gibbsite) and pedogenic Fe (oxyhydr)oxides (predominant goethite and hematite) on OC storage and stabilization under natural forests and croplands. Topsoil samples, varying in contents but not types of aluminous clays and pedogenic Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, were identified by selective extractions, X-ray diffraction, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Associated abundance of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter (OM) was quantified by density fractionation and their changes during land-use conversion were determined as a measure of OC persistence. Additionally, we assessed the resistance of OC to chemical oxidation as well as microbial decomposition in a 50-day laboratory incubation. We found that the ratio of pedogenic Fe to aluminous clay is more consequential for OC storage and stabilization than their individual contents, despite the fact that Fe (oxyhydr)oxides generally exert a stronger impact on OC than aluminous clays. Conjunction of large amounts of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides with low aluminous clay contents caused the strongest accumulation of mineral-associated OC, a low soil respiration, high OC stability against chemical oxidation, and high OC persistence during land-use change. Our study suggests that certain mineralogical combinations in the humid tropics alleviate OM losses during land conversion because of the strong and selective mineral control on OC stabilization, particular if the weight ratio of pedogenic Fe to aluminous clay exceeds the threshold range of 0.44‒0.56.
Author Correction: Concordance in detecting amyloid positivity between 18F-florbetaben and 18F-flutemetamol amyloid PET using quantitative and qualitative assessments
Authors: Cho Soo Hyun , Choe Yeong Sim , Kim Young Ju , Lee Byungju , Kim Hee Jin , Jang Hyemin , Kim Jun Pyo , Jung Young Hee , Kim Soo-Jong , Kim Byeong C. , Farrar Gill , Na Duk L. , Moon Seung Hwan , Seo Sang Won
Published: March 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Development of a focused high-energy macromolecular ion beam
Authors: Lai Szu-Hsueh , Chu Ming-Lee , Lin Jung-Lee , Chen Chung-Hsuan
Published: March 2021

The development of a focused macromolecular ion beam with kinetic energy of up to 110 keV. This is the first report of both a focused and high-kinetic-energy protein ion beam.
Super-resolution plasmonic imaging via scattering saturation STED
Authors: Gao Zhaoshuai , Wu Pei , Yin Lixin , Kang Bin , Chen Hong-Yuan , Xu Jing-Juan
Published: March 2021

Super-resolution plasmonic scattering imaging was realized with a 65 nm spatial resolution on 50 nm gold nanoparticles.
Transition metal-mediated O–O bond formation and activation in chemistry and biology
Authors: Zhang Xue-Peng , Chandra Anirban , Lee Yong-Min , Cao Rui , Ray Kallol , Nam Wonwoo
Published: March 2021

O–O bond formation and activation reactions proceed via multi-step reactions in chemistry and biology and involve similar reactive intermediates like metal–oxo/oxyl, metal–superoxo, and/or metal–(hydro)peroxo species.
Catalytic role of metals supported on SBA-16 in hydrodeoxygenation of chemical compounds derived from biomass processing
Authors: Szczyglewska Paulina , Feliczak-Guzik Agnieszka , Jaroniec Mietek , Nowak Izabela
Published: March 2021

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) carried out under mildest possible experimental conditions (temperatures and hydrogen pressures) is one of the alternative methods of upgrading pyrolytic oils from biomass, leading to high quality biofuels.
Leveraging autocatalytic reactions for chemical domain image classification
Authors: Arcadia Christopher E. , Dombroski Amanda , Oakley Kady , Chen Shui Ling , Tann Hokchhay , Rose Christopher , Kim Eunsuk , Reda Sherief , Rubenstein Brenda M. , Rosenstein Jacob K.
Published: March 2021

Kinetic models of autocatalytic reactions have mathematical forms similar to activation functions used in artificial neural networks. Inspired by these similarities, we use a copper-catalyzed reaction to perform digital image recognition tasks.
A reusable, reagent-less free chlorine sensor using gold thin film electrode
Authors: Alam Arif Ul , Clyne Dennis , Lush Will , Deen M. Jamal
Published: March 2021

Free chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in the water industry.
Deciphering the effects of hexagonal and monoclinic structure distribution on the properties of Li-rich layered oxides
Authors: Ren Qingqing , Xie Huixian , Wang Minjun , Ding Xiaokai , Cui Jiaxiang , Luo Dong , Liu Chenyu , Lin Zhan
Published: March 2021

Uniform distribution of Li2MnO3 and LiMO2 structures in a Co-free Li-rich layered oxide contributes to excellent electrochemical performance and storage stability.
A series of A- and B-type Anderson compounds with Al, Te and Cr as centers by tuning different ligands: syntheses, electrochemical, photocatalytic and CO2RR properties
Authors: Ying Jun , Zhang Baoyue , Tian Aixiang , Wang Xiuli
Published: March 2021

A series of N- and N/O-containing ligands were used, inducing the 2D structures of compounds 1, 3, 4 and 6, a discrete unit containing the tri-nuclear [CuII3(tybm)3(H2O)4]6+ cluster of 2, and a 3D framework of 5.
Evaporative self-assembly of the binary mixture of soft colloids
Authors: Jose Merin , Mayarani Muraleedharapai , Basavaraj Madivala G. , Satapathy Dillip K.
Published: March 2021

Monolayer deposits of binary mixture of soft colloids are obtained by controlled evaporation. The interface-assisted self-assembly are studied by imaging techniques and the degree of ordering is quantified using Voronoi tessellations.
Correction: Fused ambipolar aza-isoindigos with NIR absorption
Authors: Yao Liping , Zhu Danlei , Liao Hailiang , Haseena Sheik , Ravva Mahesh Kumar , Cong Shengyu , Lan Liuyuan , Wang Yazhou , Li Zhengke , Jiang Lang , Yue Wan
Published: March 2021

Correction for ‘Fused ambipolar aza-isoindigos with NIR absorption’ by Liping Yao et al., Org. Chem. Front., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01495h.
Cytotoxicity of targeted PLGA nanoparticles: a systematic review
Authors: Chiu Hock Ing , Samad Nozlena Abdul , Fang Lizhen , Lim Vuanghao
Published: March 2021

Targeted drug delivery systems using PLGA as a nanocarrier for anti-cancer agents to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity in normal cells.
A novel wideband DOA estimation method based on a fast sparse frame
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Tao Haihong , Xie Jian , Jiang Xiaowei
Published: March 2021

In this study, a novel fast wideband direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm is proposed to reduce the computational complexity. First, a multiple measurement vector (MMV)‐based compact structure for a wideband signal is established. Combined with the focus operation, the array manifolds of different frequency bins are transformed into the dictionary of the reference frequency. Then, two efficient novel methods named adaptive step‐size‐based null space tuning with hard thresholding and feedback (ASNHF) and MMV‐ASNHF are proposed to process single measurement vector and MMV problem, respectively. Finally, wideband DOA estimation can be achieved by MMV‐ASNHF algorithm. Compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm has higher accuracy at a low signal‐to‐noise ratio and lower computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator is effective and feasible.
Fairness‐aware power allocation in downlink MIMO‐NOMA systems
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Shen Ruijuan , Jiang Rui , Xu Youyun
Published: March 2021

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has attracted great attention due to its potential of providing high spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. Combining it with multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technology can further improve the spectrum efficiency. In this paper, the power allocation problem in downlink multi‐cluster MIMO‐NOMA systems is investigated for maximizing the fairness utility function. First, a long‐term fairness function is considered and the optimization problem is formulated as a weighted sum‐rate maximization problem. The problem is transformed into a convex form by introducing two sets of auxiliary variables, and propose an iterative algorithm to update the weight factors and the auxiliary variables. Then, an instantaneous fairness is considered and the optimization problem is formulated as a minimum data‐rate maximization problem. It is transfiormed into a one‐dimensional optimization problem based on an iterative algorithm and a closed‐form power allocation expression is deduced. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed two fairness power allocation schemes have better performance of edge‐user rate than the comparable schemes.
Standard solution to mixed H2/H∞ control with regular Riccati equation
Authors: Li Xiaoqian , Xu Juanjuan , Zhang Huanshui
Published: March 2021

In this study, the authors are concerned with the long‐standing mixed problem for discrete linear systems. The main contribution is to derive the standard solution of the mixed problem by a regular Riccati equation. Firstly, in ‐optimisation procedure, the optimal strategy is explicitly given where the ‐norm is maximised by w and ‐norm is minimised by u at the same time. It is noted that there exists an arbitrary item in the optimal strategy for the positive semi‐definite weighting matrices. Secondly, the ‐optimisation problem is explicitly solved with respect to the arbitrary item. Finally, the standard solution of the mixed problem is explicitly given in terms of regular Riccati equations by combining the optimal strategy in optimisation procedure and the optimal solution of optimisation procedure. Examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Spatial‐temporal attention wavenet: A deep learning framework for traffic prediction considering spatial‐temporal dependencies
Authors: Tian Chenyu , Chan Wai Kin (Victor)
Published: March 2021

Traffic prediction on road networks is highly challenging due to the complexity of traffic systems and is a crucial task in successful intelligent traffic system applications. Existing approaches mostly capture the static spatial dependency relying on the prior knowledge of the graph structure. However, the spatial dependency can be dynamic, and sometimes the physical structure may not reflect the genuine relationship between roads. To better capture the complex spatial‐temporal dependencies and forecast traffic conditions on road networks, a multi‐step prediction model named Spatial‐Temporal Attention Wavenet (STAWnet) is proposed. Temporal convolution is applied to handle long time sequences, and the dynamic spatial dependencies between different nodes can be captured using the self‐attention network. Different from existing models, STAWnet does not need prior knowledge of the graph by developing a self‐learned node embedding. These components are integrated into an end‐to‐end framework. The experimental results on three public traffic prediction datasets (METR‐LA, PEMS‐BAY, and PEMS07) demonstrate effectiveness. In particular, in the 1 h ahead prediction, STAWnet outperforms state‐of‐the‐art methods with no prior knowledge of the network.
Evaluation of emergency driving behaviour and vehicle collision risk in connected vehicle environment: A deep learning approach
Authors: Peng Liqun , Wang Yiting , Zhang Fan , Zhang Jisheng , Li Zhixiong
Published: March 2021

In the latest connected vehicle (CV) message standards, including SAE J2735‐2016 and T‐CASE 53–2017, the basic safety messages (BSMs) are designed specifically as effective measures for traffic safety management and applications. In this study, a testbed on the Nanchang‐Jiujiang Intelligent Highway in Jiangxi, China is illustrated as an example, and the basic architecture and key technologies is introduced for a proactive traffic safety utilisation, where the core basic safety message (BSM) data are sorted and implemented to perceive and predict risky driving behaviours in a field environment. On this basis, an accurate insight into time‐critical driving safety issues can be achieved by investigating raw BSM data, such as the inter‐vehicle distance, driver manipulation, vehicle speed, and acceleration/deceleration. Furthermore, to effectively take advantage of connected vehicle information and perceive the high uncertainty of driving behaviours during an emergency situation and evaluate the driving safety in mixed traffic scenarios, a long short‐term memory (LSTM) based deep learning framework is introduced to build a multi‐horizon vehicle crash risk prediction model using continuous BSMs as the inputs. The experimental results demonstrate the significance of connected vehicle data and deep learning algorithms for improving driving safety and promoting widespread deployment and application of connected vehicles.
Electronic‐photonic board as an integration platform for Tb/s multi‐chip optical communication
Authors: Lamprecht Tobias , Betschon Felix , Bauwelinck Johan , Van Kerrebrouck Joris , Lambrecht Joris , Gaul Holger , Eichler Alexander , Yin Xin
Published: March 2021

Chip‐on‐board silicon photonics O‐band wavelength‐division multiplexing transceivers have been developed that will eventually enable high‐throughput on‐board optical communication for multi‐socket on‐board communication. This direct, any‐to‐any configuration yields low‐latency, low‐power optical communication among multiple compute nodes on the board. Silicon photonic transceiver chips are flip‐chipped on a polymer waveguide containing an electro‐optical circuit board using adiabatic coupling and then completed with driver and amplifier electronic chips. A transceiver assembly based on wire‐bond technology verifies 50 Gb/s operation per channel, and the flip‐chip version demonstrates the chip on‐board assembly techniques for compact on‐board transceivers.
Numerical study of treatment chambers for single and multi‐stage pulsed electric field systems
Authors: Araujo Eduardo J. , Lopes Ivan J. S. , Ramirez Jaime A.
Published: March 2021

Pulsed electric field (PEF) systems should be designed to be microbiologically and energy efficient for industrial applications applied to treatment of different types of liquid foods. A thorough numerical model for the design of PEF systems is presented. It takes into account two combined approaches, a field evaluation based on an electric‐thermal‐fluid dynamic analysis and a design of numerical experiment considering as variables the applied high voltage and the internal electrode radius of a coaxial geometry. Then, the survival ratio and the specific energy are solved as conflicting objectives for the PEF design, using the treatment time and pulse frequency from the coupled analysis. The formulation is applied for grape and orange juices with E. coli for single and multiple stages systems. The simulations with multiple stages for the grape juice showed that it is possible to reach a microbial inactivation of 3.1 (log10 scale of survival rate) with a specific energy of about 450kJ/kg lower in relation to a two stage system. It means an energy reduction of 92, 421kJ/h for a treatment system with a capacity of 163 L/h.
The Corona Borealis supercluster: connectivity, collapse, and evolution
Authors: Einasto Maret , Kipper Rain , Tenjes Peeter , Lietzen Heidi , Tempel Elmo , Liivamägi Lauri Juhan , Einasto Jaan , Tamm Antti , Heinämäki Pekka , Nurmi Pasi
Published: March 2021

Context.Rich superclusters of galaxies represent dynamically active environments in which galaxies and their systems form and evolve.

Aims.We study the dynamical properties and connectivity of the richest galaxy clusters in the Corona Borealis (CB) supercluster and of the whole supercluster, and analyse star formation of galaxies in them with the aim to understand the evolution of the supercluster and the galaxies within it. We compare it with the supercluster SCl A2142.

Methods.We used the luminosity-density field to determine the high-density cores of the CB. We identified the richest galaxy clusters in them and studied the dynamical state of the clusters, analysed their substructure, and studied the star formation properties of galaxies in them using normal mixture modelling and the projected phase space diagram. We determined filaments in the supercluster to analyse the connectivity of clusters. To understand the possible future evolution of the CB, we compared the mass distribution in it with predictions from the spherical collapse model and analysed the gravitational acceleration field in the CB.

Results.The richest clusters in the high-density cores of the CB are the Abell clustersA2065,A2061(together withA2067),A2089, and Gr2064. At a radiusR30around each cluster (corresponding to the density contrast Δρ ≈ 30), the galaxy distribution shows a minimum. TheR30values for individual clusters lie in the range of 3 − 6h−1Mpc. The radii of the clusters (splashback radii) lie in the range ofRcl ≈ 2 − 3Rvir. The projected phase space diagrams and the comparison with the spherical collapse model suggest thatR30regions have passed turnaround and are collapsing, forming infall regions around each cluster. Galaxies in the richest cluster of the CB, A2065, and in its infall region have on average younger stellar populations than other clusters and their environment. The cluster A2061 has the highest fraction of galaxies with very old stellar populations, similar to those in A2142. The number of long filaments that begin near clusters vary from one near A2089 to five near A2061. The total connectivity of these clusters (the number of infalling groups and filaments) varies from two to nine.

Conclusions.During the future evolution, the clusters in the main part of the CB may merge and form one of the largest bound systems in the nearby Universe. Another part, with the cluster Gr2064, will form a separate system. Our study suggests that structures with a current characteristic density contrast Δρ ≈ 30 have passed turnaround and started to collapse at redshiftsz ≈ 0.3 − 0.4. The comparison of the number and properties of the most massive collapsing supercluster cores from observations and simulations may serve as a test for cosmological models.
Rotationally and tidally distorted compact stars
Authors: Claret A.
Published: March 2021

Context. To the best of our knowledge, there are no specific calculations of gravity-darkening exponents for white dwarfs in the literature. On the other hand, the number of known eclipsing binaries whose components are tidally and/or rotationally distorted white dwarfs is increasing year on year.

Aims. Our main objective is to present the first theoretical approaches to the problem of the distribution of temperatures on the surfaces of compact stars distorted by rotation and/or tides in order to compare with relevant observational data.

Methods. We used two methods to calculate the gravity-darkening exponents: (a) a variant of our numerical method based on the triangles strategy and (b) an analytical approach consisting in a generalisation of the von Zeipel theorem for hot white dwarfs.

Results. We find discrepancies between the gravity-darkening exponents calculated with our methods and the predictions of the von Zeipel theorem, particularly in the cases of cold white dwarfs; although the discrepancy also applies to higher effective temperatures under determined physical conditions. We find physical connections between the gravity-darkening exponents calculated using our modified method of triangles strategy with the convective efficiency (defined here as the ratio of the convective to the total flux). A connection between the entropy and the gravity-darkening coefficients is also found: variations of the former cause changes in the way the temperature is distributed on distorted stellar surfaces. On the other hand, we have generalised the von Zeipel theorem for the case of hot white dwarfs. Such a generalisation allows us to predict that, under certain circumstances, the value of the gravity-darkening exponent may be smaller than 1.0, even in the case of high effective temperatures.

Conclusions. To constrain the gravity-darkening exponent values observationally it would be necessary to find and investigate eclipsing binaries constituted by white dwarfs showing tidal and/or rotational distortions that were double-lined and that were bright enough to obtain good radial-velocity semi-amplitudes for both components. It would be very interesting and useful if observer were to focus their attention on this kind of system to check our theoretical results.
A Case of Two Abdominal Gossypibomas in a Patient: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Batra Radhika , Gautam Richa , Manchanda Alpana , Ghuliani Deepak
Published: March 2021

Gossypiboma is a rare condition caused by retention of a foreign body, most commonly surgical sponge following any surgical procedure. The patient may be asymptomatic, can present with vague symptoms, or rarely with acute symptoms depending on the location of the foreign body and the complications associated with it; thus it may be difficult to diagnose this condition. A 30-year-old woman presented to our hospital with complaints of lump and mild pain on both sides of the lower abdomen for 3 months following caesarean section which was performed in a rural hospital. Ultrasound and computed tomography findings along with the classical history helped in arriving at the diagnosis of two gossypibomas in lower abdomen, one in each flank which was further confirmed on laparotomy.
Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Formation Secondary to Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment Using 4D-Combo-MR-Venography
Authors: Schuchardt Florian F. , Demerath Theo , Elsheikh Samer , Wehrum Thomas , Harloff Andreas , Urbach Horst , Meckel Stephan
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVFs) can develop secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). The incidence of DAVF has not yet been investigated prospectively.

Methods Between July 2012 and January 2018, combined static and dynamic 4D MR venography (4D-combo-MRV) was performed in 24 consecutive patients at diagnosis of CVT and after 6 months. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging with time of flight and contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo were performed at baseline to evaluate the extent of thrombosis and affected vessel segments. Baseline and follow-up 4D-combo-MRV were assessed for signs of DAVF. Interrater reliability of DAVF detection and the extent of recanalization were analyzed with kappa statistics.

Results DAVFs were detected in 4/30 CVT patients (13.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3–26.7). Two of 24 patients (8.3%, 95% CI: 0–20.8) had coincidental DAVF with CVT on admission. At follow-up, de novo formation of DAVF following CVT was seen in 2/24 patients (8.3%, 95% CI: 0–20.8). Both de novo DAVFs were low grade and benign fistulae (Cognard type 1, 2a), which had developed at previously thrombosed segments. Endovascular treatment was required in two high degree lesions (Cognard 2a + b) detected at baseline and in one de novo DAVF (Cognard 1) because of debilitating headache and tinnitus. Thrombus load, vessel recanalization, and frequency of cerebral lesions (hemorrhage, ischemia) were not associated with DAVF occurrence.

Conclusion This exploratory study showed that de novo DAVF formation occurs more frequently than previously described. Although de novo DAVFs were benign, 75% of all detected DAVFs required endovascular treatment. Therefore, screening for DAVF by dynamic MRV, such as 4D-combo-MRV, seems worthwhile in CVT patients.
Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease—Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Baghdasaryan Patrick , Natarajan Balaji , Nalbandian Madlena , Varadarajan Padmini , Pai Ramdas G.
Published: March 2021

Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a complex clinical syndrome that is characterized by evidence of acute myocardial infarction in the absence of significant epicardial coronary artery disease on angiography. The term “MINOCA” encompasses a group of heterogeneous diseases with varying underlying mechanisms and each with its own pathophysiology. Overlooked plaque rupture or erosion and coronary vasospasm are the most common causes of MINOCA and can be diagnosed by routine intracoronary imaging and vasoreactivity testing, respectively. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is a less recognized, albeit an important cause of morbidity in patients presenting with MINOCA. Although MINOCA is a rare presentation of acute coronary syndrome, it is not a benign disorder and can have adverse consequences if untreated. In this article, we aim to review the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and finally propose a systematic approach in the diagnosis and management of patients with MINOCA.
Comparison of the Radiologic, Morphometric, and Clinical Outcomes between Kinematically and Mechanically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity Matching Study
Authors: Kim Tae Woo , Lee Jae Ik , Choi Han Gyeol , Yoo Hyun Jin , Kim Kyu Tae , Lee Yong Seuk
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare radiologic, morphometric, and clinical outcomes between kinematically aligned (KA) and mechanically aligned (MA) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Korean patients. Overall, 168 patients who underwent primary TKA were retrospectively reviewed, and propensity matching (age, sex, and body mass index) was performed as 1:3 ration (KA TKAs [n = 42]: MA TKAs [n = 126]). Joint-line orientation angle (JLOA), coronal and axial alignments of implants, hip–knee–ankle (HKA) angle, and patellar tilt angle were assessed using full-length standing radiograph, axial computed tomography (CT) scan, and plain radiographs. Morphometric assessment was performed by analyzing the intraoperative measurement of the femoral cut surface and femoral components fitting in five zones. Clinical outcomes more than 2 years of follow-up were evaluated with the Knee Society (KS) knee and functional scores, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, and the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). In radiologic results, JLOA was more parallel to the floor in KA TKAs (KA: medial tilt 0.9 ± 1.5 degrees; MA: lateral tilt 1.7 ± 1.5 degrees, p < 0.05), and patellar tilt angle was closer to preoperative status after KA TKA (KA: 2.0 ± 1.6 degrees; MA;0.3 ± 1.2 degrees, p < 0.05). HKA angle and rotational mismatch were similar between two groups. In morphometric analysis, entire overhang of anterior femoral cutting surface was reduced in KA TKA compared with MA TKA (KA: 11.7 ± 6.2 mm; MA: 14.4 ± 5.9 mm, p < 0.05). However, both of MA and KA TKAs showed underhang in mediolateral dimension without difference. There were no significant differences in clinical scores between two groups. KA TKA showed more parallel JLOA to floor, closer patellar tilt to preoperative status, and better anterior flange fitting that can reproduce more natural knee kinematics compared with MA TKA. Although clinical outcomes assessed by conventional evaluating tools were similar between two groups, further evaluation focusing on the patellofemoral symptoms or unawareness of TKA is necessary to clarify the clinical benefit of KA TKA.
Assessment and Treatment of Concussion in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Lugo Giancarlo J. , Beletanga Maria , Goldstein Laura , Rana Mandeep , Jonas Rinat , Torres Alcy R.
Published: March 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common in children. The evaluation and management of children with TBI is based on the research performed in adults. There is a relative paucity of research in the literature involving children and many of the practice recommendations for this age are based on expert opinion in the absence of good research studies in both sports and non–sports-related injuries. The pediatric population is heterogeneous and the approach might be specific for infants, preschoolers, school age children, and adolescents. Children may also suffer from neurodevelopmental disabilities, making their evaluation even more challenging. Adult neurologists are often asked to see children due to increasing demands. This review will focus on specific issues related to TBI in children that might be useful to adult neurologists. Science, however, is evolving rapidly and physicians should make sure to remain up to date to offer evidence-based services to their patients.
Umbilical Cord Separation Time and Influencing Factors in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Neonates
Authors: Unal Sezin , Demirel Nihal , Arslan Zehra , Tokgoz-Cuni Betül , Ulubas-Isik Dilek , Bas Ahmet Yagmur
Published: March 2021

Objective The average time for umbilical cord separation in term neonates is 7 to 10 days. Prematurity, phototherapy, prolonged duration of antibiotic treatment, and parenteral nutrition are other factors which were demonstrated to delay cord separation. In the previous studies including greater premature infants, the time of separation of the umbilical cord was shown to vary 2 to 3 weeks. We aimed to determine the cord separation time and associated factors in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants.

Study Design In this retrospective study, VLBW infants (birth weight [BW] <1,500 g, gestational age [GA] < 32 weeks) without umbilical catheterization were included. Specific cord care was not applied. The cord separation time, gender, mode of delivery, presence of sepsis, duration of antibiotic treatment, serum free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone, lowest leukocyte, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), and platelet counts were recorded.

Results The study included 130 infants (GA: 29 ± 2 weeks, BW: 1,196 ± 243 g). Mean cord separation time was 14 ± 5 days, while 95th percentile was 22nd day of life. A positive correlation was demonstrated between duration of antibiotic treatment and cord separation time (p < 0.001, r: 0.505). Cord separation time did not differ regarding gender or mode of delivery. Corrected leukocyte count (p = 0.031, r: −0.190) and PMNL count (p = 0.022, r: −0.201), and serum FT3 level (p = 0.003, r: −0.261) were found to be negatively correlated with cord separation time. The cord separation time was found to be delayed in the presence of sepsis (with sepsis: 18 ± 7 days and without sepsis: 13 ± 3 days; p = 0.008). Sepsis was found to delay the cord separation time beyond second week (odds ratio = 6.30 [95% confidence interval: 2.37–15.62], p < 0.001).

Conclusion The 95th percentile for cord separation time was 22nd day. Sepsis might be either the reason or the consequence of delayed cord detachment. The exact contribution of low serum FT3 levels to the process of cord separation should be investigated in further studies.

Key Points
Vibrating wire scanner to profile micron-sized beams
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: March 2021

A spin on the traditional wire scanner that employs a vibrating wire allows for the characterization of a micron-sized focused laser beam.