bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Step Platform Height on Stepping Efficiency in Children
Authors: Francis Kennon , Hopkins Scott , Feinstein Ronald
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to determine if VO2, of stepping in children is affected by altering the step platform height based on leg length. The effect of leg length on VO2 and heart rate (HR) during stepping was examined in 19 children, ages 8–17, who stepped onto 5 different bench heights that corresponded to hip angles of 65°, 73°, 82°, 90°, or 98°. VO2 and HR response to a work load of 8 m · min−1 assumed a U-shaped curve with 82° assuming the lowest point of the curve. Efficiency of stepping was significantly higher at 82° when compared to the other hip angles. It was concluded that VO2 and HR in children is influenced by leg length during stepping, and there is an optimum step height for stepping that can be determined from the ratio of leg length to stature.
The Physiological Effects of Swimming Competition on 16–17-Year-Old Elite Female Swimmers
Authors: Griffin Amanda J. , Unnithan Viswanath B. , Ridges Peter
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a weekend of swimming competition on various physiological parameters in a group of elite female swimmers. Eight female swimmers (age, 16.6 ± 0.5 years) participated in this study. Resting blood lactate (Bla) and heart rate (HR) were taken at the beginning of each testing session. Testing involved a discontinuous incremental peak VO2 treadmill test during which on-line, measures of VO2 were obtained. HR and Bla measurements were taken at the end of each exercise increment. A 30-s leg Wingate test (WAnT) was used to measure anaerobic power. Paired t-tests were carried out on all data. Resting HR was significantly higher and submaximal and maximal HR were significantly lower comparing pre- and postcompetition (p < .005). Resting Bla and submaximal VO2 were significantly higher postcompetition (p < .005). The results suggest that swimming competition causes a number of the recognized symptoms related to excitatory (acute) overtraining
The Evolution of Fitness and Fatness in 10–11-Year-Old Australian Schoolchildren: Changes in Distributional Characteristics between 1985 and 1997
Authors: Dollman Jim , Olds Tim , Norton Kevin , Stuart David
Published: August 2016

There is evidence that fitness has been declining and fatness increasing in Australian schoolchildren over the last generation. This study reproduced the methods of a national survey of Australian schoolchildren conducted in 1985. Anthropometric and performance tests were administered to 1,463 10- and ll-year-old South Australians. Compared to the 1985 sample, the 1997 children were heavier (by 1.4−2.9 kg), showed greater weight for height (by 0.13−0.30 kg · m−2.85), and were slower over 1.6 km (by 38−48.5 s). Furthermore, the distribution of values was markedly more skewed in the 1997 data. While there was little difference between the fittest and leanest quartiles in 1997 and their 1985 counterparts, the least fit and fattest quartiles were markedly worse in 1997. This suggests that the decline in fitness of Australian schoolchildren is not homogeneous and that interventions should target groups where the decline is most marked.
Relationship between Peak VO2 and 1-Mile Walk Test Performance of Adolescent Males with Mental Retardation
Authors: Teo-Koh Sock Miang , McCubbin Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak VO2 and the 1-mile walk test (WALK) performance of forty 12–17-year-old males (mean age = 14.13 years) with mental retardation (mean IQ = 50). Test-retest reliability of the WALK was high for WALK times (R = .97), WALK End-HR (R = .88), and WALK HRpeak (R = .92). Test-retest reliability of relative peak VO2 was .90. Partial correlation analysis indicated that when weight and various combinations of variables with weight were held constant, the relationship between WALK time and peak VO2 was strengthened. Multiple regression analysis of WALK performance variables and peak VO2 measures indicated the best model for estimating relative peak VO2: VO2peak = 95.56 − 3.345 (walk time) − 0.174 (WT) and the best model for estimating absolute peak VO2: VO2peak = 2.90 − .176 (walk rime) + .031 (WT). Results indicated the WALK as a reliable field test for the sample tested.
The Effect of Training Volume and Growth on Gymnastic Performance in Young Women
Authors: Richards Joanne E. , Ackland Timothy R. , Elliott Bruce C.
Published: August 2016

Thirty-seven females, aged initially between 10 and 13.5 years, completed a mixed longitudinal study over 3.3 years to investigate the effect of training volume and growth upon gymnastic performance. Gymnasts undergoing high volume training (mean = 30 hrs/week: Group 1) and moderate volume training (mean = 15 hrs/week: Group 2) were tested at 4-month intervals on growth measures including height, mass, skinfolds, and segment lengths, as well as the strength of lower limb, upper limb, and trunk musculature. Functional gymnastic development was observed through the assessment of generic, whole body rotation tasks, a vertical jump, and a v-sit action. The high training volume gymnasts were significantly smaller but markedly stronger than those gymnasts in Group 2 despite the size disadvantage. Consequently, Group 1 gymnasts were able to produce higher velocities for front and backward rotations and a faster v-sit action. These training group differences remained significant after initial size differences were taken into account via an analysis of covariance.
Pulmonary Function of Children with Asthma in Selected Indoor Sport Environments
Authors: Pelham Thomas W. , Holt Laurence E. , Moss Michael A.
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study was to examine pre- and postexercise pulmonary function of males (13 children with asthma, 8 children without asthma) performing controlled exercise in 3 indoor sport environments: ice rink, gymnasium, and swimming pool. A positive test was defined as a 20% decrease in any of the forced expiratory values. Three children with asthma and 2 children without asthma had a greater than 20% decrease in FEV1 and FHVT following activity in the rink. One child with asthma had a greater than a 20% decrease in FEV1 following pool activity. In general, results showed children with asthma had a significant (p < .05) decrease in both FEV1 and FEVT% 5 min following exercise in the ice rink. No similar decrease was found 5 min following gymnasium and pool activity of the same intensity. In general, children without asthma maintained normal pulmonary function in all 3 environments. Evidence from this study would seem to suggest that the environmental conditions of the indoor ice rink may potentiate bronchospasm in some children with asthma.
Patterns of Physical Activity in 9–10-Year-Old American Children as Measured by Heart Rate Monitoring
Authors: Kelly Linda E.
Published: August 2016

Physical activity levels of 40 American children, 9–10 years old, were assessed by 12-hrs of continuous heart rate monitoring over the 7 different days of the week. Most participants (92.5%) accumulated 30 min of moderate physical activity on most days of the week. A little more than half (52.5%) reached this level for 7 days of the week. Less than one third (27.5%) accrued the greater health benefits of physical activity by being active for 30 sustained minutes 3 times per week. A slightly larger percentage (35%) obtained 30 min in 10-min or greater sustained bouts 5 or more days of the week. Boys (95.2%) were 6.4% more active in accumulating 30 min or more on most days of the week than girls (88.9%). Boys (40.8%) also obtained 30 min of physical activity in sustained bouts of 10-min or greater at a higher percentage than girls (27.7%).
The Legacy of Physical Education: Influences on Adult Lifestyle
Authors: Shephard Roy J. , Trudeau François
Published: August 2016

It is now well-established that well-designed programs can induce short-term gains in aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and physical performance, although during the primary school years, gains may be somewhat less than in adults. Long-term effects have as yet had little investigation. Most studies have looked simply at the tracking of activity patterns and associated lifestyle variables, usually from mid or late adolescence into early adult life. Although statistically significant, such tracking has been relatively weak. Further, in the absence of an experimental intervention, such studies provide little information on the long-term health value of physical education. The potential for obtaining definitive information is suggested by a long-term (20+ year) follow-up of participants in the Trois Rivières study. This program was well-perceived by participants, and the data obtained on adults suggest it may have had some favorable long-term impact on activity patterns, physiological parameters, and smoking behavior.
Sociocultural Correlates of Physical Activity in Adolescents
Authors: Raudsepp Lennart , Viira Roomet
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relative contributions of sex, social class, socioeconomic status of the family, and exercise behavior of significant others (father, mother, sister, brother, best friend) to the variability of physical activities of 13–15-year-old urban adolescents (N = 475). Physical activity was measured using 7-day physical activity recall. Family income was negatively correlated with physical activity of adolescents. Physical activity of the father, older brother, and best friend was associated with a higher activity level of adolescents (r = 0.24–0.33). Sex and social class of the families accounted for 18% of the variance of the adolescents’ physical activity. When the physical activity of the father, older brother, and best friend were entered into regression analysis, a total of 32% of the variation in adolescents’ physical activity was explained. Physical activity of adolescents is associated with sex, activity levels of significant others, and socioeconomic status of the family.
Changes in Physical Fitness and Physical Activity during Puberty Do Not Predict Lipoprotein Profile Changes: The Muscatine Study
Authors: Janz Kathleen F. , Dawson Jeffrey D. , Mahoney Larry T.
Published: August 2016

To evaluate the effect of changes in aerobic fitness and physical activity on changes in lipoproteins, we measured body composition, peak V̇O2, vigorous and sedentary activity, maturation, and lipoproteins in 125 children (mean baseline age, 10.5 years) for 5 years. Change in variables was analyzed using the slopes of the regression line obtained by plotting the data for each child. No predictor variables were significant for girls. In boys, predictors of favorable changes in lipoproteins included decreases in fatness, increases in fitness, early maturation, and increases in fat-free body mass (FFM). Multivariable analysis, adjusted for baseline age, indicated that change in FFM explained 21% of the variability in change in LDL-C. Results suggest that during puberty, changes in activity and fitness do not predict changes in lipoproteins.
The Acute Effects of an 8-Week Diet, Exercise, and Educational Camp Program on Obese Children
Authors: Gately Paul John , Cooke Carlton Brian , Butterly Ron John , Knight Charlotte , Carroll Sean
Published: August 2016

One hundred and ninety-four children enrolled in a summer weight loss camp program (64 boys and 130 girls, aged 12.6 ± 2.5 years) and were assessed for body mass and stature on arrival. One hundred and fourteen subjects were assessed for waist circumference, with a subgroup of 14 boys assessed on 8 skinfold thicknesses, 9 circumference measures, and a self-paced walk test to evaluate aerobic performance. A further group of 40 girls were assessed on 3 psychometric variables (self concept, body esteem, and body cathexis). During the camp (located in Massachusetts, U.S.), diet was restricted to 1,400 kcal · day−1, with a daily prescription of structured fun-type, skill-based physical activities and regular behavioral and educational sessions. Paired t tests showed highly significant improvements (p < .001) in all variables comparing pre and post intervention measures. The improvements in body composition, aerobic performance, and psychometric variables suggest that the camp program was successful in reducing significant risk factors in children’s health.
Comparison of Physical Performance Characteristics of Female and Male Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Bracko Michael R. , Fellingham Gilbert W.
Published: August 2016

Fifty-four female and 77 male hockey players ranging in age from 10–15 years volunteered for this study. Demographic data included: age (AGE) and years of playing experience (YPE). Off-ice tests included: height (HGT), body mass (BM), lean body mass (LBM), predicted body fat % (FAT%), 40-yard dash (40YD), vertical jump (VJ), push-ups/min (PUPS), sit-ups/min (SUPS), and sit-and-reach flexibility (S&R). On-ice performance skating tests included: acceleration (ACC), agility (AGL), and speed (SPD). On-ice anaerobic power (AnPow) was calculated using the formula of Watson and Sargeant (IS). Generally speaking, the females and males in this study had similar results in office fitness. The males consistently out-performed the females in the on-ice tests. It would be difficult for females to compete with or against same-aged males based on the fact that males are superior skaters.
Relation of Academic Performance to Physical Activity and Fitness in Children
Authors: Dwyer Terence , Sallis James F. , Blizzard Leigh , Lazarus Ross , Dean Kimberlie
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the association of scholastic performance with physical activity and fitness of children. To do so, school ratings of scholastic ability on a five-point scale for a nationally representative sample of 7,961 Australian schoolchildren aged 7–15 years were compared with physical activity and fitness measurements. Consistently across age and sex groups, the ratings were significantly correlated with questionnaire measures of physical activity and with performance on the 1.6-kilometer run, sit-ups and push-ups challenges, 50-meter sprint, and standing long jump. There were no significant associations for physical work capacity at a heart rate of 170 (PWC170). The results are concordant with the hypothesis that physical activity enhances academic performance, but the cross-sectional nature of the observations limits causal inference, and the disparity for PWC170 gives reason to question whether the associations were due to measurement bias or residual confounding.
The Effect of Long-Term Resistance Training on Anthropometric Measures, Muscle Strength, and Self Concept in Pre-Pubertal Boys
Authors: Sadres Eliahu , Eliakim Alon , Constantini Naama , Lidor Ronnie , Falk Bareket
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 2 school years (21 months) of a twice-weekly resistance training program on stature, muscle strength, and self-concept among prepubertal boys. The experimental group (E, n = 27) aged 9.2 ± 0.3 yrs, participated in progressive resistance training, while the control group (C, n = 22) aged 9.4 ± 0.3 yrs, participated in standard physical education classes (as advised by the Ministry of Education). Training sessions included 1–4 sets of 3–6 exercises, with 5–30 repetitions/set. The load ranged between 30% and 70% 1RM. No differences were observed in the gain in body height between groups. Muscle strength increased significantly more in E (e.g., knee extensors: 0.51 ± 0.13 to 0.77 ± 0.16 kg/kg body mass), compared with C (0.34 ± 0.12 to 0.54 ± 0.11 kg/kg body mass). One minor injury was reported throughout the study. Initial scores of self-concept were high in both groups, with no training effect. The results demonstrate that among prepubertal boys, a twice-weekly low-to-moderate-intensity resistance training program over a period of 2 school years (21 months) can result in enhancement in muscle strength with no detrimental effect on growth.
Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Endurance to Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency among Adolescents
Authors: Okely Anthony D. , Booth Michael L. , Patterson John W.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated a possible relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and fundamental movement skill proficiency among adolescents. Locomotor (run and jump) and object-control (catch, throw, kick, and strike) skills and cardiorespiratory endurance, indirectly measured using the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) or PACER, were assessed in 2,026 boys and girls in Grade 8 (mean age = 13.3 years) and Grade 10 (mean age = 15.3 years), who were part of a randomly selected sample who agreed to participate in the New South Wales Schools Fitness and Physical Activity Survey, 1997. Boys had higher levels of cardiorespiratory endurance and were more competent than girls on 5 out of 6 skills. Grade 10 students were better on all skills and were aerobically fitter than Grade 8 students. All six skills and a skills index were related to the number of laps completed on the MFT. The six skills explained 20% and 26% of the variance in the number of laps completed on the MFT for Grade 8 and Grade 10 girls, respectively, and 12% and 17% for Grade 8 and Grade 10 boys, respectively. This finding can be interpreted as evidence of a relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and fundamental movement skills among adolescents. Further studies are recommended to determine if improved movement skills in adolescents can promote cardiorespiratory endurance.
Correlates of Vigorous Physical Activity for Children in Grades 1 through 12: Comparing Parent-Reported and Objectively Measured Physical Activity
Authors: Sallis James F. , Taylor Wendell C. , Dowda Marsha , Freedson Patty S. , Pate Russell R.
Published: August 2016

Correlates of physical activity were examined in young people in grades 1 through 12, and analyses were conducted separately for eight age/grade and sex subgroups. Twenty-one explanatory variables were assessed by parental report. Physical activity was assessed in 781 young people via parent report, and 200 wore an accelerometer for seven days. Between 11% and 36% of parent-reported child vigorous physical activity was explained. The most consistent correlates were peer support and use of afternoon time for active rather than sedentary recreation. Peer support was the only significant correlate of objectively monitored activity in multiple subgroups.
Assessing Physical Activity among Children with Accelerometers Using Different Time Sampling Intervals and Placements
Authors: Nilsson Andreas , Ekelund Ulf , Yngve Agneta , Söström Michael
Published: August 2016

The aim was to investigate (a) the effect of five different time sampling intervals (epoch settings) on different intensity levels when assessing physical activity with an accelerometer (CSA, WAM 7164), and (b) whether the placement of the monitor (on the hip and back) would affect the outcome. Sixteen children (aged 7 yrs) were monitored for four consecutive days. A significant main epoch effect was found for time spent at very high (p < .01) and high (p < .01) intensity activities. No significant difference between the two placements regarding total amount of physical activity (cnts • min−1) or different intensity levels was observed. In conclusion, different time sampling intervals, but not placement, should be carefully considered when assessing physical activity.
Parental Influences on Physical Activity in Children: An Exploration of Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Welk Gregory J. , Wood Kherrin , Morss Gina
Published: August 2016

This study examined the utility of a model to explain parental influence on children’s physical activity. Children (n = 994) from 3 elementary schools completed a survey with scales assessing physical activity, attraction to activity, perceived competence, and perceived parental influence. Self-report data on the physical activity levels of parents (n = 536) were also obtained to test the hypothesis that active parents may provide more encouragement and support for their children. The parental influence scales accounted for 20%, 26%, and 28% of the variance in physical activity, attraction to physical activity, and perceptions of competence, respectively. Correlations between parent and child levels of activity were low, but children of active parents had higher scores on the parental influence measures and psychosocial correlates than inactive parents. This study provides further confirmation of the important influence that parents exert on their child’s physical activity behavior.
School-Age Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in Former Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Barker Michael , Merz Ulrich , Hertl Minou S. , Heimann Gerhard
Published: August 2016

Pulmonary function and exercise performance were evaluated in a cohort of 26 children born prematurely at very low birth weight (VLBW) and compared to healthy term controls (age 8-14 years). Children with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) had slightly lower lung resting function than those without BPD or controls. Oxygen uptake kinetics in the aerobic range were similar in all three groups. With incremental exercise, however, preterm children with and without BPD demonstrated ventilatory limitation with significantly lower peak work rates. A closer pulmonary follow-up including an exercise test may thus appear warranted after preterm delivery at VLBW.
Genetics of Strength and Power Characteristics in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Beunen Gaston , Thomis Martine , Peeters Maarten , Maes Hermine H. , Claessens Albrecht L. , Vlietinck Robert
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study is to quantify the genetic and environmental variation in isometric and explosive strength (power) in children and adolescents, using structural equation models. Arm pull (static strength) and vertical jump (explosive strength, power) were measured in 105 twin pairs from the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study. Boys and girls were tested at annual intervals between 10 and 16 years and at 18 years. Path models were fitted to the observed strength characteristics and a gender heterogeneity analysis was performed at each age level. A model including additive genetic and specific environmental factors (AE-model) allowing for a difference in total phenotypic variance or in genetic/environmental variance components in boys and girls best explains both strength characteristics at most age levels. The additive genetic contribution for isometric strength varies between a2 = .44 and a2 = .83, and for explosive strength between a2 = .47 and a2 = .92, except at 16 years in males. In conclusion there is good evidence that during the growth period both static and explosive strength are under moderate to moderately strong genetic influence.
Slow Kinetics of Oxygen Uptake in Patients with a Fontan-Type Circulation
Authors: Mertens Luc , Reybrouck Tony , Eyskens Benedicte , Daenen Wim , Gewillig Marc
Published: August 2016

Peak oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold are both decreased in patients with a Fontan-type circulation. This study wanted to evaluate oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset and at the end of of a steady-state low-level exercise. The delay in cardiorespiratory response was evaluated by calculating the oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise and the recovery half-time at the end. Twelve patients with Fontan circulation (aged 11.4 − SD 5.1 year; 5.2 − 1.9 year after surgery) and 26 normal controls of comparable age (11.3 − 2.2 year) were submitted to a constant-load exercise test of six minutes on a treadmill (speed 5 km/h, inclination 4%). Gas exchange was measured using a breath-by-breath technique. The normalized oxygen deficit was calculated by subtracting the oxygen uptake (VO2) values measured at the onset of exercise from the steady-state VO2 obtained at the end of exercise. These differences were cumulated and expressed as a percentage of the cumulated oxygen cost for the 6 min exercise test. The half-time recovery time was defined as the time to reach 50% of the end exercise VO2 value. The normalized oxygen deficit was significantly higher in Fontan-patients compared to the control group (10.2 − 4.6% vs. 6.1 − 1.3%; p < .001). Also the recovery half-time was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (74.2 − 25.6 s vs. 51.2 − 10.8 s; p < .05). A blunted heart rate response was present in the patients during the first two minutes of exercise, indicating that a slowed cardiac output response could explain the decreased oxygen kinetics in Fontan-patients.
Fatness and Fitness in Obese Children at Low and High Health Risk
Authors: Ball Geoff D.C. , Marshall J. Dru , McCargar Linda J.
Published: August 2016

We investigated whether body composition, physical activity, physical inactivity, and cardiorespiratory fitness explained the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes in youth. Eighty-three obese children (6–12 years old) were classified as either low health risk (LHR; n = 30) or high health risk (HHR; n = 53) based on the absence/presence of metabolic risk factors that included measures of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and elevated blood pressure. Along with demographic and anthropometric data, body composition, physical activity, physical inactivity, and cardiorespiratory fitness variables were assessed. Risk factor clustering was evident in this sample with 24/83 (29%) possessing at least 2 risk factors. Percent body fat did not differ between the LHR (38.5%) and HHR (39.8%) groups, but total fat mass, total fat-free mass, and central body fat mass were greater in the high health risk group. The strongest predictor for the presence of risk factors was central body fat accumulation. Physical activity, physical inactivity, and cardiorespiratory fitness were unable to predict metabolic risk. Overall, we found that risk factors for CVD and type 2 diabetes were common and that body fat mass and central body fat distribution, in particular, were more important than physical activity, physical inactivity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in predicting metabolic risk in obese children.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Cluster in Children and Adolescents with Low Physical Fitness: The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS)
Authors: Wedderkopp Niels , Froberg Karsten , Hansen Henrik Steen , Riddoch Chris , Andersen Lars Bo
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the association between physical fitness and clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in boys and girls aged 9 years (children) and 15 years (adolescents). Subjects were 1020 randomly selected children and adolescents. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a maximal cycle ergometer test. A subject was defined as having a risk factor if he/she belonged to the upper quartile of risk within age and gender group for that risk factor. Clustering was analysed in relation to being at risk in a) three or more and b) four or more of five possible risk factors (TC:HDL ratio, insulin:glucose ratio, triglyceride, systolic BP and sum of four skinfolds. Physical fitness was weakly related to single CVD risk factors except sum of skinfolds where the relationship was strong. Low fitness increased the risk of having three or more CVD risk factors with odds ratios (OR) using the upper quartile of fitness as reference of 1.9 (95% CI: 0.8–4.1), 3.0 (95% CI: 1.4–6.3) and 11.4 (95% CI: 5.7–22.9), respectively. Using the criterion of four or more risk factors, an OR of 24.1 (95% CI 5.7–101.1) was found in the low fit group.
One-Year Stability of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors in Portuguese Youngters
Authors: Guerra Sandra , Ribeiro José Carlos , Oliveira José , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Twisk J.W.R. , Duarte José Alberto , Mota Jorge
Published: August 2016

The purposes of the present study were to analyze the stability of biological risk factors for CVD (blood pressure [BP], percentage of fat mass [%FM], total cholesterol [TC]) and one behavioral/life style risk factor (physical activity [PA]), as well as to study the stability of biological risk factors clustering. The sample comprised 325 males and 367 females, aged 8-15 years old. Participants were classified as being “at risk” according to age and sex adjusted 4th quartile or the first for PA. Three biological risk factors (%FM, SBP and TC) showed higher stability (one-year interval; r = 0.9–0.5) than DBP (r = 0.3) and PAI (r = 0.3). It can be concluded that 46% of subjects with two and/or three biological risk factors at the first measurement remained with the same number of biological risk factors in the second measurement.
Actual and Perceived Physical Competence in Overweight and Nonoverweight Children
Authors: Southall Jodie E. , Okely Anthony D. , Steele Julie R.
Published: August 2016

This study compared actual and perceived physical competence of overweight and nonoverweight children. Participants were 109 nonoverweight and 33 overweight Grade 5 and 6 children (mean age 10.8 years). Overweight status was determined using age- and gender-specific international body-mass-index cut-off values. Actual competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd ed., and perceived competence was assessed using an expanded version of the Athletic Competence subscale of the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC). Overweight children had significantly lower actual and perceived physical competence. When actual competence was partitioned into locomotor and object-control skills, however, differences only existed for locomotor skills. These findings indicate that low actual and perceived physical competence might be important contributing factors in maintaining childhood obesity. Interventions to improve actual and perceived physical competence in overweight children should provide opportunities to learn and master fundamental movement skills in an environment where parents, teachers, and coaches provide positive and specific feedback, encouragement, and modeling.
Relationships among Religiosity, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior in Jewish Adolescents
Authors: Kahan David
Published: August 2016

Because the effects of religion or religiosity on physical activity (PA) and sedentary activity (SA) are unknown, weekend accrual of PA and SA was measured among Jewish adolescents (N = 437) attending religious day schools in two large cities in the western United States. Participants completed the Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist and demographic and religious questionnaire items. Orthodox respondents accrued less PA and SA on Saturday than the non-Orthodox; no differences on Sunday were found. Factor analysis of the religiosity items yielded three factors: observance, devotion, and doctrinal consonance. Correlation of factor scores with PA and SA revealed that observance was most strongly associated with accrual of PA and SA.
Seasonality in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Young Children
Authors: Fisher Abigail , Reilly John J. , Montgomery Colette , Kelly Louise A. , Williamson Avril , Jackson Diane M. , Paton James Y. , Grant Stanley
Published: August 2016

This study examined whether there was a significant seasonal variation in objectively measured habitual physical activity and sedentary behavior in young children. Participants were children who attend nursery in Glasgow, Scotland, and measurements were taken using uniaxial accelerometry over 3 to 6 days. There were small but significant seasonal associations with physical activity and sedentary behavior (ANOVA: p < .001 in both cases). Total physical activity (accelerometry cpm) was significantly lower in spring than in summer, fall, and winter. We also found slight but significant seasonal variations in time spent in low-intensity activity and in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity. Sedentary time was significantly lower in summer vs. spring and in fall vs. spring. The present study suggests that seasonality plays only a limited role in physical activity and sedentary behavior in young children in our setting. Single measures of these variables should be adequate for research purposes in the absence of marked seasonal variability. In our sample and setting, the limited degree of seasonality precluded identification of major seasonal barriers to and opportunities for physical activity.
Predicting the Scale of Tennis Rackets for Optimal Striking from Body Dimensions
Authors: Gagen Linda M. , Haywood Kathleen M. , Spaner Steven D.
Published: August 2016

This study tested the hypothesis that scaling environmental objects can afford differently sized individuals the opportunity to make similarly effective movements with that object. Four similar tennis rackets were scaled to provide consistent differences in length, weight, and grip size. Children between 4 and 10 years of age were asked to strike with each racket for speed and accuracy. A significant relationship existed between body size and strength and the ability to both generate racket head speed and control the racket for an accurate strike; racket size and weight, however, were not significant factors in the ability to swing effectively.
Factors Influencing Bone Mineral Density and Content in Young Girls
Authors: Ondrak Kristin S. , Morgan Don W.
Published: August 2016

The influence of height, body mass, daily physical activity (DPA), and dietary calcium intake (DCI) on bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) was evaluated in 33 four-year-old girls. Results indicated that body mass was significantly correlated with and predictive of BMD and BMC at all sites except the femoral neck BMD. DPA and height also explained a significant proportion of the variance in femoral neck BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine and total body. DCI was not related to or predictive of BMD or BMC at any bone site. These findings highlight the importance of engaging in daily weight-bearing physical activity to promote bone health in young girls.
Adolescents’ Left Ventricular Response at Peak Wingate Anaerobic Test
Authors: Sagiv Moran , Sagiv Michael , Goldhammer Ehud , Ben-Sira David
Published: August 2016

Left ventricular function was evaluated in 14 adolescents (13.1 ± 1 years) at maximal oxygen uptake and at peak Wingate anaerobic test by means of echocardiography. Significant (p < .05) differences between aerobic and Wingate test bouts were found for: cardiac output (15.5 ± 1.2 and 12.2 ± 1.1 L/min, respectively); left ventricular end-systolic pressure—volume ratio (5.2 ± 0.8 and 6.0 ± 0.7, respectively); ejection fraction (72.2 ± 5.2 and 65.2 ± 5.1%, respectively); and mean arterial blood pressure (102.9 ± 10.8 and 111.1 ± 11.3 mmHg, respectively). Data suggest that left ventricular function at peak Wingate anaerobic test was markedly lower from that observed at peak aerobic exercise as a result of a higher afterload response.
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Affective Responses of Normal-Weight and Overweight Adolescents during Physical Education
Authors: Fairclough Stuart , Stratton Gareth
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the enjoyment and perceived competence of normal-weight (n = 48) and overweight (n = 20) adolescents during physical education (PE) classes. Amount of PE time spent in moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA), as well as cardiorespiratory fitness (graded treadmill test) and body composition (body mass index) were also compared. Normal-weight students reported the greatest values for enjoyment (p = .008) and perceived competence (p = .005), though no differences in MVPA and VPA were observed. Cardiorespiratory fitness was highest among normal-weight students (p < .0001). In comparison with normal-weight adolescents, overweight youth might not be provided with optimal psychological experiences during PE classes.
Acute Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Anaerobic Performance in Teenage Athletes
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D. , Kang Jie , McFarland James , Bloom Jason M. , Magnatta James , Ratamess Nicholas A. , Hoffman Jay R.
Published: August 2016

Although pre-event static stretching (SS) is an accepted practice in most youth programs, pre-event dynamic exercise (DY) is becoming popular. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of pre-event SS, DY, and combined SS and DY (SDY) on vertical jump (VJ), medicine-ball toss (MB), 10-yard sprint (SP), and pro-agility shuttle run (AG) in teenage athletes (15.5 ± 0.9 years). Thirty athletes participated in three testing sessions in random order on three nonconsecutive days. Before testing, participants performed 5 min of walking/jogging followed by one of the following 10 min warm-up protocols: a) five static stretches (2 × 30 s), b) nine moderate-to-high-intensity dynamic movements (2 × 10 yards), or c) five static stretches (1 × 30 s) followed by the same nine dynamic movements (1 × 10 yards). Statistical analysis of the data revealed that performance on the VJ, MB, and SP were significantly (p < .05) improved after DY and SDY as compared with SS. There were no significant differences in AG after the 3 warm-up treatments. The results of this study indicate that pre-event dynamic exercise or static stretching followed by dynamic exercise might be more beneficial than pre-event static stretching alone in teenage athletes who perform power activities.
Characteristics of Glycemic Control in Taiwanese Children with Asthma
Authors: Lai Cheng-Hsiu , Tsai Yin-Lan , Chou Shih-Wei , Lin Fon-Chin , Chen Chung-Yu , Chen Shu-Man , Lee Wen-Chih , Liao Yi-Hung , Kuo Chia-Hua
Published: August 2016

The majority of schoolchildren with asthma do not participate in regular physical activity due to a risk of exercise-induced asthma. The aim of the study was to determine the glycemic characteristic of Taiwanese children with persistent asthma. The current study found that children with asthma (age 10.4 ± 0.4 years) exhibited lower whole-body insulin sensitivity and poorer physical fitness compared to children without asthma (age 10.9 ± 0.6 years). Postprandial glucose and insulin, BMI, and waist circumference of the children with asthma were greater than those of the healthy children. Four patients with asthma regularly participating in a permissible amount of physical activity exhibited lower postprandial glucose and insulin levels compared to those of the rest of the children with asthma who were totally lacking physical activity. A permissible amount of physical activity appears to be beneficial for children with asthma in the prevention of the early onset of insulin resistance.
Immune Responses to Exercise in Children: A Brief Review
Authors: Timmons Brian W.
Published: August 2016

Despite significant advances in exercise immunology over the last two decades, our understanding of immune responses to exercise in children remains sparse. This review outlines and discusses commonly reported aspects of the immune response to exercise, with emphasis on child-adult differences. Compared with adults, children generally experience smaller perturbations to the immune system (e.g., NK cells and IL-6) in response to exercise of the same duration and intensity. Children also demonstrate a faster recovery of immune components (e.g., neutrophil and IL-6) after exercise. The health and clinical relevance of exercise-induced changes in a child’s immune system remain to be determined.
Exercise Behavior among New Zealand Adolescents: A Test of the Transtheoretical Model
Authors: Maddison Ralph , Prapavessis Harry
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine whether variables in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) acted more as predictors than as consequences of exercise behavior (stage of change). Students from 13 New Zealand high schools (N = 1,434) completed questionnaires corresponding to variables in the TTM (i.e., stage of exercise change, processes of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance) at two time periods separated by 6 months. Reciprocal relationships were found between exercise behavior and the TTM variables. The TTM might be a useful framework for understanding longitudinal exercise behavior in the adolescent population.
Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children in Children of Different Races
Authors: Moore Justin B. , Hanes John C. , Barbeau Paule , Gutin Bernard , Treviño Roberto P. , Yin Zenong
Published: August 2016

The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) is a validated self-report measure of physical activity widely used to assess physical activity in children (8-14 years of age). To date, however, the instrument has been validated in largely White Canadian samples. The purpose of the present article is to determine the psychometric properties of the PAQ-C for African American, European American, and Hispanic children. Two studies were conducted in which independent samples were administered the PAQ-C, along with varying indices of cardiovascular fitness, fatness, and psychological measures related to physical activity. Results showed that the reliability and validity of the PAQ-C varied by race and that modifications might be necessary.
The Effect of Age on Physical Fitness of Deaf Elementary School Children
Authors: Hartman Esther , Visscher Chris , Houwen Suzanne
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to measure physical fitness of deaf Dutch elementary school children compared with hearing children and to investigate the influence of age on physical fitness. Deaf children were physically less fit than hearing children. Overall, physical fitness increased with age in deaf children, but no significant differences were found between the age groups of 9–10 years and 11–12 years on most of the Eurofit items. The difference in performance between deaf and hearing children, favoring the latter, increased with age in handgrip strength and the 20-m endurance shuttle run. More attention should be paid to developing and maintaining an adequate level of physical fitness in deaf children.
Active Transport to School as Part of a Broader Habit of Walking and Cycling among South Australian Youth
Authors: Dollman James , Lewis Nicole R.
Published: August 2016

This study examined whether active commuting to and from school was associated with more frequent walking and cycling to other neighborhood destinations. Parents reported on free-time physical activity and frequency of active commuting among 1,643 South Australians (9–15 years), as well as their perceptions of risk associated with active commuting in the neighborhood. Groups were formed on the basis of active and motorized transport to and from school and compared on the frequency of walking and cycling to other neighborhood destinations. Those who actively commuted between home and school were approximately 30% more likely to actively commute to other neighborhood destinations, independent of age, free-time physical activity, and neighborhood risk. Active commuting to and from school is part of a broader habit of walking and cycling in the neighborhood among school age South Australians. The advantages of promoting active transport between home and school might extend beyond the energy expenditure of that journey alone.
Exercise Oxygen Uptake in 3- through 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Shuleva Kathleen M. , Hunter Gary R. , Hester Donna J. , Dunaway Donna L.
Published: August 2016

This study compared submaximal and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max) in children ages 3–4 and 5–6 years. Methods appropriate for this age group were developed to elicit maximal performance on the exercise tests. Subjects (N = 22) performed progressive treadmill walking tests. The criteria used to determine whether V̇O2 max was reached were a plateauing of oxygen uptake, HR > 195, and an R > 1.00. The V̇O2 max for the 3- and 4-year-olds (44.5 ml•kg−1•min−1) was not significantly different from that of the 5- and 6-year-olds (44.1 ml•kg−1•min−1). At submaximal levels, 5- and 6-year-olds had significantly lower relative oxygen uptake, indicating better economy in walking. A large proportion of children met testing criteria for V̇O2 max. Test-retest results indicated that the tests were reliable.
Association of Selected Circumferences with Height between Gender and Race in Prepubescent and Postpubescent Children
Authors: Slaughter Mary H. , Christ Constance B. , Stillman Rachel J. , Lohman Timothy G. , Boileau Richard A.
Published: August 2016

This study was designed to determine the association of selected circumferences with height among black and white, male and female, prepubescent and postpubescent children. Volunteers (N = 232) were grouped according to gender, race, and maturation level. Regression of the logs of the circumferences on the log of height revealed regression coefficients ranging from .74 to 1.3, except for the upper arm circumference (1.7), thus confirming the theoretical expectation of a linear relationship between circumference and height. Within-gender relationships of each circumference with height were determined using regression analysis. In general the prepubescent circumferences deviated below the within-gender line while the postpubescent circumferences typically deviated above it; however, there were exceptions in both sexes. Moreover, the racial differences in the circumference deviation scores were not consistent within either the male or female samples. The consideration of gender, race, and maturation is important in determining the association of circumference with height. The use of circumferences adjusted for height can be useful in studying muscle development in children.
Physical Activity Level and Related Factors in Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: van Eck Mirjam , Dallmeijer Annet J. , Beckerman Heleen , van den Hoven Petronella A.M. , Voorman Jeanine M. , Becher Jules G.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity level of adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and to investigate the associated factors. The physical activity level was measured by means of a questionnaire filled in by the parents of 72 adolescents with CP (12–16 years of age) and expressed in METs. Older age, female gender, and hip dysplasia were significantly associated with a lower level of physical activity. Eighty-nine percent were not physically active enough according to the Dutch norm. Physical activity needs to be promoted, especially among older adolescents with CP (age 14–16 years), girls, and adolescents with hip dysplasia.
The Effect of Structured Exercise Classes and a Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary Schoolchildren: An Exploratory Trial (The A-CLASS Project)
Authors: Henaghan Jayne , McWhannell Nicola , Foweather Lawrence , Cable N. Tim , Batterham Alan M. , Stratton Gareth , George Keith P.
Published: August 2016

This exploratory trial evaluates the effect of a structured exercise (STEX) or lifestyle intervention (PASS) program upon cardiovascular (CV) disease risk factors in children. Sixty-one schoolchildren were randomly assigned by school to an intervention or control (CON) condition. The effect of the STEX (compared with CON) was a mean benefit of −0.018 mm for average maximum carotid intimamedia thickness. The PASS intervention did not result in clinically important effects, and no other substantial changes were observed. Relatively high probability of clinically beneficial effects of the STEX intervention suggests that a larger, definitive randomized trial with longer follow-up is warranted.