bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes Induced in Ascites Tumor Cells by Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Canzanelli A. , Sossen R. , Rapport D.
Published: December 2017

Suspensions of mouse ascites tumor cells were irradiated in the cold with ultraviolet light. Observations were made on the changes in optical density at 260 mµ, and in the amount of acid-insoluble, acid-soluble and inorganic phosphate, as well as protein, in the suspension, the cell-free medium, and in the supernatant solution after acid precipitation, for the purpose of detecting changes in the nucleic acids and their derivatives. The data show that the irradiation caused a marked increase in the permeability of some or all of the cells. Under the circumstances of the irradiation, there was no evidence of the breakdown of high polymer nucleotides to smaller fragments, contrary to the findings with pure solutions of such compounds. It was incidentally found that the ribonuclease activity of the tumor cells was reduced to an average of one-third its original value by irradiation under the conditions of the experiments.
Role of Dietary Protein in Normal Rat Proteinuria
Authors: Rumsfeld H. W.
Published: December 2017

A twofold increase in proteinuria, which is produced by raising the dietary content of casein from 12 or 18% to a level of 50%, was duplicated by other proteins fed either singly or in combinations. The type of urinary protein was not electrophoretically altered by the protein fed. Increased urea and water excretion, common factors associated with the intake of the various proteins, were investigated. Urea, either fed or injected, was found to cause a proteinuria similar in many respects to that produced by intact protein. Water loading experiments separated the two factors to show that a much closer parallelism exists between urea and protein excretion than between the latter and urine volume.
Relationship of Changes in Ionic Concentrations to the Augmentation Produced by Extra Contractions in Isolated Mammalian Ventricular Muscle
Authors: Penna Mario , Garb Solomon
Published: December 2017

Studies performed on the isolated cat papillary muscle show that at calcium levels which reduce to about one-half the force of regularly spaced contractions, the extent of augmentation produced by a single interpolated beat is unchanged. Increase in potassium concentration produced a slight decrease in the augmentation effect. Variation in magnesium concentration had no effect. Changes from bicarbonate to phosphate buffer lowered the force of the regularly spaced contractions but did not change the degree of augmentation. It appears that the augmentation phenomenon probably cannot be explained on the basis of loss of intracellular potassium.
Metabolism of Isotopic Lactate by the Isolated Dog Heart
Authors: Cavert H. Mead , Johnson John A.
Published: December 2017

Two aspects of the metabolism of carboxyl-C13-lactate and of alpha-, beta-C13-lactate were investigated in the completely isolated dog heart perfused with heparinized, oxygenated, autogenous blood. Approximately 20% of the respired CO2 was derived from administered lactate (racemic). The extent of conversion of the carboxyl carbon to CO2 was about 70% greater than that of the average of the noncarboxyl carbons. Analysis of cardiac glycogen following the perfusion failed to reveal significant C13 labeling.
Circulatory Pathways in the Rat Liver as Revealed by P32 Chromic Phosphate Colloid Uptake in the Isolated Perfused Liver Preparation
Authors: Brauer Ralph W. , Leong G. F. , McElroy R. F. , Holloway R. J.
Published: December 2017

P32-labeled chromic phosphate colloid disappears from the circulation of the isolated rat liver preparation according to a single exponential term of time. A small nonextracted contaminant, less than 3% of the total activity is also detected. At comparable blood flow rates the colloid is extracted about as completely by the isolated liver preparation as by the liver in situ in the intact animal. The efficiency with which chromic phosphate colloid is removed from perfusate passing through the isolated rat liver decreases with increasing perfusion rate. If whole blood is used as a perfusate, the efficiency of colloid extraction is almost twice as high as it is if rat blood plasma is employed, even if adequate oxygenation of the tissue is assured by high oxygen partial pressures in the latter series. A theoretical treatment of these results is given in terms of first order reaction kinetics. Agreement of experimental results with this theory at perfusion rates greater than 2 cc/gm/min. indicates that the rate of chromic phosphate colloid extraction is a function of plasma concentration of the colloid, and that the extraction efficiency for a given perfusate varies as a function of the mean transit time of perfusate through the liver. Deviations from the predictions of the theory occur at low perfusion rates, and are discussed in the light of the above concepts. A decrease of the ratio of transit time to perfusion rate under these conditions suggests a decrease in the number of channels open to blood flow at low perfusion pressures.
Movement of Aldolase From Excised Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Zierler Kenneth L.
Published: December 2017

A protein, aldolase, flows from excised rat diaphragm incubated in a variety of media. The rate of outflow of aldolase is increased by anoxia and by a high potassium concentration in the medium, and it is decreased by a reduction in temperature and by addition of glucose. When diaphragm is transferred to fresh media and reincubated the rate of outflow of aldolase is also accelerated. From measurements of rates of outflow of aldolase, estimates have been made of the area of the membrane required for aldolase to flow through the cell membrane as though it were flowing simply through an aqueous solution. This area is about 10–7–10–8 of the estimated total fiber surface. The estimated area for diffusion of aldolase is modified 16-fold by factors which alter the metabolism of diaphragm.
A Respiratory Reflex as Affected by an Anticholinesterase
Authors: Metz Bernard
Published: December 2017

Small doses of the potent anticholinesterase, TEPP, introduced via a cisternal puncture produce a marked potentiation of the respiratory reflex response induced by electrical stimulation of Hering's nerve in the dog. Larger doses of TEPP cause an inhibition of this reflex followed by respiratory failure. These experiments lend suggestive evidence that a neurohumoral mediator (e.g. acetylcholine) may be a component of respiratory control.
Influence of the Adrenal Cortex on Renal Hemodynamics in the Dog
Authors: Little J. Maxwell , Kelsey Weston M. , Yount Ernest H.
Published: December 2017

The effect of ACTH administration on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), effective renal blood flow (ERBF) and on filtration fraction (FF) was studied in unanesthetized female dogs before and after the production of atrophic changes in the zonae reticularis and fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. The atrophic changes were produced by Rhothane (DDD) which has been shown to produce changes in the two inner zones of the adrenal cortex. The administration of ACTH to normal dogs caused a considerable increase in GFR, ERPF, ERBF, and a significant decrease in FF. The administration of DDD resulted in varying degrees of necrosis and atrophy of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex with minimal histological evidence of glomerulosa damage. There was a concomitant decrease below control values for the renal function studied in three of five dogs. The subsequent administration of ACTH restored the renal functions to the control level in all five dogs, with the exception of FF. The simultaneous administration of ACTH and Rhothane resulted in a progressive decrease to or below control values from elevated levels in three of five dogs studied. In one dog there was no appreciable elevation of renal function with ACTH under these conditions. In the other dog ACTH administration was continued uninterrupted, and the addition of Rhothane abolished the renal stimulating effect of ACTH within five days. It is concluded that the two inner zones of the adrenal gland influence renal hemodynamics, as manifested by the stimulating effect of ACTH and the depressing effect of Rhothane.
Effects of Intracarotid and Intraventricular Injections of Hypertonic Solutions on Electrical Activity of the Rabbit Brain
Authors: Sawyer Charles H. , Gernandt Bo E.
Published: December 2017

A study has been made of the effects on the rabbit electroencephalogram of injecting substances known to activate the release of pituitary antidiuretic hormone. Intracarotid injections of hypertonic saline and hypertonic glucose induced a characteristic change in the EEG of various regions of the telencephalon and diencephalon lasting approximately 20 sec. Isotonic saline and hypertonic urea served as control solutions. Hypertonic solutions were ineffective when injected into the external carotid artery. Intraventricular injections of hypertonic saline induced arousal or seizures but no EEG changes comparable to those stimulated by intracarotid injections. Repeated intracarotid injections of hypertonic saline eventually caused, in more than half of the animals, seizures which always started in the amygdala and/or hippocampus and often remained localized there.
Increased Intestinal Absorption of Glucose in Three Forms of Obesity in the Mouse
Authors: Mayer Jean , Yannoni Claudine Z.
Published: December 2017

In three types of obesity in the mouse, obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, goldthioglucose obesity and hypothalamic obesity, there is observed an increase in intestinal absorption of glucose when the dose of glucose administered is sufficient. The difference with normal animals is due neither to differences in gastrointestinal weight nor to differences in rate of gastric emptying. This phenomenon appears to be an adaptative result of prolonged hyperphagia.
Influence of Blood pH on Procaine Toxicity
Authors: Mitchell Walter G. , Jacoby Jay
Published: December 2017

Groups of mice were rendered acidotic by injections of acetazoleamide (1.0 gm/kg) and alkalotic by injections of NaHCO3 (2.0 gm/kg). Dosage-mortality curves showed procaine toxicity to be increased in acidotic mice and decreased in alkalotic mice as compared to controls. The effect of acid-base balance disturbance on the convulsant effect of procaine was not sufficiently clear-cut to permit conclusions to be drawn. The effects seen probably reflect changes in the cardiotoxic action of procaine.
Effect of Chlorpromazine on Pituitary ACTH Secretion in the Dog
Authors: Egdahl Richard H. , Richards John B.
Published: December 2017

Effect of chlorpromazine on adrenal cortical function has been determined by measuring 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in adrenal venous blood of dogs following intravenous injection of the drug. It was found that approximately half of the animals had significant adrenal responses to the injection of 1.3–3.3 mg./kg of chlorpromazine, and that all animals responded to dosages of 3.5 mg./kg and above. The adrenal response was abolished by hypophysectomy, ruling out a direct action of the drug on the adrenal gland. The response was unaffected by maintaining high peripheral blood levels of hydrocortisone. These observations suggest that chlorpromazine stimulates the release of ACTH from the adenohypophysis.
Role of Castration and Androgens in D-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity of Tissues
Authors: Endahl Barbara R. , Kochakian Charles D.
Published: December 2017

A large number of C19 steroids were able to markedly increase the d-amino acid oxidase activity of the kidney of the castrated mouse. The maximum effect was attained within 21 days of treatment and with relatively small doses of the most potent androgens. On the other hand, neither castration nor various androgens were able to significantly alter the d-amino acid oxidase activity of either the kidney or liver of the castrated rat and guinea pig. Furthermore, age did not influence the enzyme activity of the tissues of the rat (2–8 months of age) or the guinea pig (4–8 months of age). Estradiol produced a small increase in the d-amino acid oxidase activity of the kidney of the mouse but estrone, methoxybisdehydrodiosynolic acid and several corticoids were ineffective.
Changes in Rate of Intestinal Absorption of Sodium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Tidball M. E. , Tidball C. S.
Published: December 2017

Absorption of distilled water, NaCl solutions and 1.0% glucose solution was studied in acute experiments in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. A reduction in rate of absorption in consecutive 10-minute periods was observed for distilled water and solutions of 0.2% NaCl, 0.9% NaCl and 1.0% glucose. The degree of change in rate of absorption is inversely proportional to the concentration of test solution for distilled water, 0.2% NaCl, 0.9% NaCl and 1.0% NaCl. The inhibiting effect of hypotonic NaCl solutions on absorption is of local origin and is reversed in part by 2.0% NaCl solution.
Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity of the Heart and Skeletal Muscle of Exercised Rats
Authors: Hearn George R. , Wainio W. W.
Published: December 2017

Male albino rats of the Wistar Institute strain with an average beginning weight of 250 gm were exercised from 5–8 weeks on a training regimen consisting of swimming for 1/2 hour daily. Pair-fed, nonswimming animals served as controls. All exercised animals gained less body weight than did their controls. The adrenals and heart ventricles of the exercised animals hypertrophied significantly ( P < 0.01), while the skeletal muscles (gastrocnemii) did not. Succinic dehydrogenase activities (reduction of ferricytochrome c) were determined in the heart ventricles and the gastrocnemii. The results were expressed in terms of unit activities, actual total activities and relative total activities. The exercise, whether for 5, 6, 7 or 8 weeks, did not significantly alter the unit and actual total activities of either tissue, or the relative total activities of skeletal muscles, but did significantly increase the relative total activities of the heart ventricle ( P < 0.02).
Pulsatile and Steady Pressure-Flow Relations in the Vascular Bed of the Hind Leg of the Dog
Authors: Randall James E. , Stacy Ralph W.
Published: December 2017

Instantaneous pressure and flow in the femoral artery of the dog were recorded under steady and pulsatile pressure conditions. Static pressure-flow diagrams and dynamic pressure-flow diagrams over the pulse pressure range at different points in the cardiac cycle were constructed. A comparison was made of the flow corresponding to a) normal pulsatile conditions, and b) static pressures equal to the mean of the pulsatile pressures. The static pressure-flow diagrams were consistent with those described by other workers, and were essentially linear in the ranges studied. Changing from steady to pulsating pressures altered the flow from 40.4 ml/min. to 40.9 ml/min. This difference was less than the measurement accuracy of the flow, although statistical analysis indicated significance to 1%. The dynamic pressure-flow diagram appeared as a ‘loop,’ the shape of which indicated that in 12 of 13 animals, the system was mass controlled and the heart rate was higher than the resonant frequency. In the one exception, the phase angle was negligible and the system was apparently in resonance.
Relative Renal Excretion Patterns of p-Aminohippurate (PAH) and Glomerular Substances
Authors: Chinard Francis P.
Published: December 2017

Renal excretion patterns of PAH have been determined relative to the excretion patterns of glomerular substances simultaneously injected into the renal arteries of anesthetized dogs. The mean transit time of secreted PAH from the renal artery to the uretero-pelvic junction is greater by about 70 seconds than the mean transit time of glomerular substances. It is shown that this delay in the secretion of PAH can be accounted for on the basis of transient accumulation of PAH within the tubular cells. A modified model for the secretion of PAH is proposed; it is suggested that the slow process in the secretion of PAH is the transport across the tubular cell. Values have been calculated for the diffusion coefficient of the hypothetical PAH-intracellular substance complex. The values calculated suggest that the complex may be macromolecular but is not necessarily particulate in size.
Comparison of Continuously Collected Urines From the Two Normal Kidneys and Some Effects of Unilateral Denervation
Authors: Surtshin A. , Schmandt Werner P.
Published: December 2017

A method for chronic continuous urine collection from the two separate kidneys is described. In successful preparations, presumably normal urine may be collected for at least several weeks. The excretions from the two sides are compared and are quite similar, with differences being greatest for sodium excretion. For a variable period following unilateral renal denervation excretion of water, sodium, osmotically active solutes and creatinine may be greater from the denervated kidney than the normal. The differences usually decrease markedly or vanish with time. Any chronic influence of renal denervation in the normal resting dog on sodium excretion, if present, is minor as compared with that of other factors such as mechanically induced unilateral slight fall in GFR, which may result in diminution of sodium output of constricted kidney to only 10 or 20% that of unmolested kidney. Renal vascular sympathetic tone in the resting untraumatized dog is very small or absent within the limits of experimental error.
Effect of Chlorpromazine on Survival From a Single Massive Hemorrhage
Authors: Horvath Steven M. , Spurr G. B. , Blatteis C.
Published: December 2017

In dogs subjected to a single hemorrhage equivalent to 4% of the body weight, 2 and 5-mg/kg doses of chlorpromazine administered 30 minutes before hemorrhage and 2 mg/kg given immediately after hemorrhage exerted a deleterious effect in terms of survival. When the drug was given 5 hours before hemorrhage no injurious effect on survival was observed. The reduced frequency of survival appeared to be related to the autonomic blocking activity of the chlorpromazine.
Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Inorganic Sulfate in the Dog, as Affected by Glomerular Filtration Rate and Sodium Chloride
Authors: Berglund Fredrik , Lotspeich William D.
Published: December 2017

The sulfate Tm varies in the dog directly with the glomerular filtration rate. Sulfate Tm is markedly depressed by the intravenous injection of as little as 0.1 gm sodium chloride/kg body weight. Maximum depression is obtained first 50 minutes after the injection. Xylose, urea and mannitol have no effect on sulfate Tm. The effect of sodium chloride is therefore not due to an osmotic action, but seems to depend on an increased level of sodium or chloride ions in the glomerular filtrate.
Ascending Reticular Influences Upon Thalamically Evoked Pyramidal Discharges
Authors: Parma Mario , Zanchetti Alberto
Published: December 2017

In unanesthetized cats, immobilized with Flaxedil, augmenting responses were induced on the sensori-motor cortex by thalamic excitation. Reticular stimulation blocked both the cortical response and the synchronous pyramidal discharge, normally related in time to the positive component of the cortical potential. When reticular stimulation reduced only the negative cortical deflection leaving unaffected the positive component, the pyramidal volley remained unmodified.
Role of Hyperphospholipidemia and Neutral Fat Increase in Plasma in the Pathogenesis of Hypercholesteremia
Authors: Friedman Meyer , Byers Sanford O.
Published: December 2017

The induction of a continuous state of hyperphospholipidemia in rats by the infusion of an emulsion of commercially pure soybean phosphatides quickly led to a rise in the plasma cholesterol of the animals. The degree of this rise moreover appeared to be directly dependent upon either the amount of phosphatides injected or the rise in plasma phospholipid occasioned by the injected phosphatides. The hypercholesteremia induced in this fashion was not affected by diversion of the animal's own intestinally derived cholesterol. A similar but less constantly induced hypercholesteremia also was observed to occur soon after the continuous injection of either a saturated or unsaturated type of neutral fat. Although such injection of fat also led to a rise in plasma phospholipid, this latter rise did not appear to be totally responsible for the hypercholesteremia induced. The results suggest not only that hypercholesteremia may be induced by experimental elevation of either plasma phospholipid or neutral fat but also that the hyperlipemia observed in various hypercholesteremic states may be involved in the latter's pathogenesis.
Effect of Frontal Section Through the Hypothalamus on Respiration in Diencephalic Cats
Authors: Dasgupta S. R.
Published: December 2017

Development of a panting type of breathing in decorticate cats following frontal (coronal) section passing within 1 mm in front of the optic chiasma has been observed. Frontal section made further rostrally or further caudally immediately in front or through the tubercinerium is not followed by similar respiratory change. It is suggested that an anterior periventricular polypneic center, normally tonically inhibited by rostrally placed centers, through corticohypothalamic fibers, is released from the rostral control by the severance of these fibers, by a frontal section passing immediately in front of the optic chiasma.
In Vitro Responses of Nictitating Membrane to Drugs and to Denervation
Authors: Wescott William C. , Christensen Herbert E. , Marrazzi Amedeo S.
Published: December 2017

The smooth musculature of the cat's nictitating membrane, whose characteristics make it interesting and suitable for permeability studies as measured by transverse electrical impedance, has been studied in vitro. The inferior smooth muscle was removed, divested of its connective tissue covering, and mounted in a controlled temperature muscle bath composed of oxygenated ringer buffered with phosphate and containing glucose. Isotonic contractions were recorded on a kymograph using a frontal writing lever. The responsiveness of the muscle to adrenergic and cholinergic drugs was qualitatively in agreement with the results reported in in vivo studies. The cholinesterase inhibitor DFP enhances responsiveness to ACh without otherwise affecting brane length. ACh responsiveness is counteracted by small amounts of atropine. Denervated membranes exhibited a lowered threshold for adrenaline and noradrenaline—the sensitization being greater for the latter—and a lack of response to ephedrine. A method for recording isometric contractions by a mechano-electronic transducer has been developed for use in the conductance studies that are to follow. It is believed that, in addition to its use in study of permeability, this preparation will be of value in further elucidating the mechanism of action of various agents acting at autonomic neuro-effector junctions.
Urinary Excretion and Plasma Levels of Free Ninhydrin Reactive Compounds in X-Irradiated Rats
Authors: Kay R. E. , Harris D. C. , Entenman C.
Published: December 2017

Urinary excretion and plasma levels of ninhydrin-reactive compounds in x-irradiated rats were quantitatively studied. In the urinary excretion studies fasted rats were exposed to either a sublethal (450 r) or superlethal (2500 r) dose of whole-body 250 kvp x-rays. Twenty-four-hour urines, taken from two days preirradiation to 3 days postirradiation, were analyzed for ninhydrin-reactive compounds. During the day following x-irradiation, rats exposed to either sublethal or superlethal irradiation excreted increased amounts of urinary taurine, cysteic acid, leucine and valine. In the plasma studies four groups of rats were exposed to 600 r of whole-body x-irradiation. At 6, 12, 24 and 30 hours after irradiation plasma was analyzed for ninhydrin-reactive compounds and creatinine. Transitory elevations in plasma concentrations of lysine, glutamine, taurine, methionine, valine and leucine were observed, while elevations in the levels of arginine, serine plus glycine, threonine, alanine and creatinine were not noted. The increased urinary excretion of nonglycogenic amino acids and the increased plasma concentrations of the nonglycogenic amino acids may be the result of a breakdown of protein or protein-like compounds to amino acids with the subsequent rapid conversion of the excess glycogenic amino acids to liver glycogen. The early excessive excretion of taurine in the x-irradiated rat suggests an increased oxidation of sulfur containing compounds.
Dose Response Relationship of Pancreatic Enzyme Stimulants: Pancreozymin and Methacholine
Authors: Lin T. M. , Grossman M. I.
Published: December 2017

Relationship between the dose of the stimulants pancreozymin and methacholine and the secretion of amylase by the pancreas has been studied. The nembutalized dogs were given a continuous intravenous infusion of secretin during the entire course of the experiments and samples of pancreatic juice were collected every 10 minutes for amylase determination. The average minimal dose required for elevation of enzyme output was 0.025 mg and 0.008 µg/kg body weight for pancreozymin and methacholine, respectively. The response to these doses at the start and end of the experimental period were quite similar. Over a wide dosage-range of both methacholine and pancreozymin, the absolute rise in amylase output was a linear function of the logarithm of the dose. Within a small portion of the S-shaped curve obtained by correlating the absolute increase in output with the absolute value of the dose, an apparent linear proportionality existed at low dosage levels. No synergism between pancreozymin and methacholine was found; the combined effect was additive. The gland was practically inexhaustible by continuous stimulation for 20 hours and the enzyme could be made at the rate secreted within the dosage-range of the stimulants used. Practical suggestions have been made for the bioassay of stimulants of pancreatic enzyme output.
Inhibition of Implantation by Production of Deciduomata in the Rat
Authors: Nichaman Milton Z.
Published: December 2017

Deciduomata produced in pseudopregnant rats by passing a burred needle into the uterine canal practically completely inhibited the implantation of ova. In rats which did not produce deciduomata, the same maneuver did not interfere with implantation. Histological study revealed no apparent morphological differences between the traumatized horns following the regression of deciduomata and the untraumatized horns. The mechanism of the inhibition is unexplained.
Chlorpromazine and the Pressor Response to Nitrogen and Adrenaline in the Rabbit
Authors: Archdeacon James W. , Giles Jack K.
Published: December 2017

Rabbits anesthetized with Nembutal were subjected to anoxic breathing and blood pressure was measured. A depressor phase of blood pressure was followed by a marked pressor phase when the anoxic gas was applied for short intervals. Intravenous chlorpromazine prompted a severe drop in blood pressure. However, the animal still exhibited depressor-pressor responsiveness to the anoxic mixture after administration of the drug. Intravenous adrenaline effected a marked but temporary pressor response after chlorpromazine. Evidently chlorpromazine does not completely block an appreciable hemodynamic response to anoxia and adrenaline.
Cytochrome Oxidase Activity and Body Weight in Rats and in Three Species of Large Animals
Authors: Kunkel H. O. , Spalding John F. , de Franciscis Glovanni , Futrell Mary F.
Published: December 2017

Study of the relationship of cytochrome oxidase activity of certain tissues to the body weight has been extended to include three species of large animals. In the comparison of rats, sheep, swine and cattle, the cytochrome oxidase activity of skeletal muscle (principally of the gracilis) was found to be roughly an inverse function of body weight. A logarithmic regression of –0.239 was calculated. Although the cytochrome oxidase activity per unit weight of liver in the sheep, swine and cattle series does not reflect the variation in body mass, the regression of the logarithm of total liver cytochrome oxidase activity on the logarithm of body weight was calculated to be 0.674. The data support the concept that the summated total measurable cytochrome oxidase activity is very nearly proportional to body weight to the 3/4 power and, hence, to basal metabolism.
Content of Inorganic and High Energy Phosphates, Potassium, Sodium, Lactate and Glycogen in Different Areas of the Dog Heart
Authors: Mulder Arthur G. , Omachi Akira , Rebar Blanche T.
Published: December 2017

Concentrations of inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, adenosine polyphosphate and potassium were all lower in atrial than in ventricular tissue by approximately 40%. Sodium concentration, in contrast, was higher by 60%. In right atrium, phosphocreatine, adenosine polyphosphate and potassium concentrations were all about 20% lower than in left atrium. Nonspecific factors such as variation in extracellular space or in connective tissue content are believed to be responsible for these results. Slightly higher phosphocreatine and glycogen values in right ventricle in contrast to the left may be related to functional differences in the muscle cells in these areas.
Changes in Tissue Composition During Acute Sodium Depletion
Authors: Nichols George , Nichols Nancy
Published: December 2017

Migration of sodium out of body cells has been assumed to account for discrepancies observed between total losses of this ion from the body and changes in the sodium content of the extracellular compartment. To study this concept a ‘pure’ sodium deficiency was produced acutely in dogs by means of vivodialysis, resulting in the removal of approximately 23% of total body sodium. Analyses of plasma, muscle, skin, tendon, bone, heart and liver for water and electrolytes were performed before, during and after the procedure. It was found that the extracellular phase of the body contributed 70%, bone mineral 25% and body cells only 5% of the total sodium removed. The relative rates of removal of sodium from various tissues were compatible with their known vascularity and water content, with the exception of bone mineral. Highly vascular tissues, such as muscle and skin, had a rapid initial rate of sodium removal which declined with time, as sodium stores were rapidly depleted. Avascular tissues, as exemplified by tendon, showed an increasing rate of sodium removal with time, as equilibration became more complete. Removal of this fraction of total body sodium resulted in a severe, uncompensated, metabolic acidosis. Despite relatively small changes in plasma electrolytes, hypotension, vascular collapse and, in some cases, death occurred in these animals. A new hypothesis, based on current concepts of bone crystalline structure, is presented to account for the falling rate of sodium removal from bone mineral as contrasted with the increasing rate of removal from other avascular tissues.
Decomposition of Lecithin in Parenteral Fat Emulsions
Authors: Lambert G. Frederick , Miller Jonathan P. , Frost Douglas V.
Published: December 2017

Aqueous solutions of alcohol-soluble phosphatide, synthetic lecithin and purified egg lecithin develop hemolytic and other toxic properties over a period of time at ordinary room temperature, or at an increased rate at 40°C. The toxicity of emulsions made with phosphatide as a stabilizer also increases with time. The evidence suggests that hydrolysis of synthetic lecithin proceeds first to give a hemolytic product, presumably lysolecithin. When liberation of both fatty acids from l-alpha-dimyristoyl lecithin was complete and the myristic acid was removed, no toxicity was shown by the aqueous phase, presumably glyceryl phosphorylcholine. Attempts to decrease the hydrolysis of lecithin solutions did not succeed. Although the use of lecithin phosphatide preparations as emulsifiers for intravenous fat may have limitations as to time and temperature of storage, there is no clear indication from these studies that any real hazard is involved from the standpoint of clinical use.
Glucose Uptake by Isolated Normal and Diabetic Rat Lenses
Authors: Macintyre M. Neil , Polt Sarah S. , Patterson John W.
Published: December 2017

The uptake of glucose by isolated lenses from normal and diabetic rats has been measured and found to average 1.1 and 0.5 mg of glucose/gm of lens/hr., respectively. The uptake is not affected by fasting the rats or by the addition of insulin to the incubation medium. The injection of insulin 2 hours before killing increases the uptake of normal lenses to 1.4 mg of glucose/gm of lens/hr. The same result is obtained if the blood sugar level of the insulin injected animal is maintained by intraperitoneal administration of glucose.
Physiologic 24-Hour Periodicity and Hepatic Phospholipid Metabolism in Relation to the Mouse Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Vermund H. , Halberg F. , Barnum C. P. , Nash C. W. , Bittner J. J.
Published: December 2017

Several groups of male CBC mice 6 weeks of age were studied. Some of the mice were subjected to a sham operation, others to adrenalectomy. The specific activity of phospholipid phosphorus was determined in liver cytoplasm from these mice, killed at two times of day, in each case 2 hours following an injection of radiophosphorus. Significant day-night differences in relative specific activity were found for sham-operated mice. Adrenalectomy was associated with inhibition of day-night differences and lowering of relative specific activity. This lowered relative specific activity of phospholipid phosphorus from liver cytoplasm of adrenalectomized mice was raised back to values within the physiologic range by the administration of 11,17-oxycorticosteroids.
Effect of Pentobarbital Sodium and Acetylcholine on Eosinophil Count in Dogs
Authors: Schopp Robert T.
Published: December 2017

The eosinophil count typically decreases in unanesthetized dogs subjected to venipuncture. A decrease in the eosinophil count is observed following anesthetization with sodium pentobarbital. The decrease is not significantly different than that observed in repeated counts in unanesthetized dogs. The effect of acetylcholine in reducing the level of eosinophils in circulating blood in dogs under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia is mild but is significant at the 95% confidence level.
Hypertrophy of the Denervated Hemidiaphragm
Authors: Stewart Doris M. , Martin Arthur W.
Published: December 2017

The phenomenon of hypertrophy of the hemidiaphragm following denervation was found to occur in the mouse, rabbit and in the right hemidiaphragm of the rat. The peak of the hypertrophy occurred between 5 and 8 days in the mouse, at which time increases of 24–57% in wet weight of the hemidiaphragm were observed. In the rabbit the maximum hypertrophy observed was 29.5% at 10 days after denervation. The response of the right hemidiaphragm to denervation was quantitatively very similar to the response of the left hemidiaphragm in the rat. A slight increase in relative amount of water was observed in the hemidiaphragms of both the mouse and rat which does not account for the observed increases in wet weight.
Changes in Properties of Heart Muscle Due to Mephentermine
Authors: Stewart G. H. , Lynch Peter R. , Barrera Frank , Oppenheimer M. J.
Published: December 2017

Conduction times were measured from a point of stimulation just below the pulmonary conus to a site 10–12 mm below on the right ventricle and to a second point near the apex on the right ventricle. Atrioventricular conduction time was also observed. Maximal rates of stimuli which the ventricle could follow and ventricular voltage thresholds were measured. Atrial flutter was established by intervenous crush and subsequent atrial electrical stimulation. All these parameters were observed in control periods and after mephentermine, 3 mg/kg by vein. Mephentermine produced the following changes: conduction time via muscle and Purkinje tissue and refractory period of the ventricle were shortened. Atrioventricular conduction time was decreased. The ratio of atrial to ventricular beats in flutter was decreased. The nervous system does not play a role in these changes. It is concluded that the antifibrillatory action of mephentermine depends on decreased ventricular conduction time. This prevents the ventricle from responding to more than one order of excitation. Termination of atrial flutter due to a circus movement also depends on an increased conduction velocity.
Hemodynamics of the Vascular Tree of the Isolated Rat Liver Preparation
Authors: Brauer Ralph W. , Leong G. F. , McElroy R. F. , Holloway R. J.
Published: December 2017

The hemodynamic properties of the hepatic vascular bed of the isolated rat liver preparation have been studied by the use of flow-pressure diagrams in experiments involving as a perfusate either whole blood or cell-free rat plasma under an oxygen partial pressure of 2.5 atm. Either perfusion medium yields a nonlinear flow-pressure diagram of sigmoid shape approaching a straight line through the origin at perfusion pressures slightly above physiological ones. Data are also reported concerning change of liver weight with perfusion pressure of the isolated organ. These, together with previously reported results of radiocolloid uptake studies, are incorporated into a representation of the hepatic vascular bed in terms of a population of parallel vascular channels having critical opening pressures distributed between 7 and 13 cm of plasma. The distribution function is described and its bearing upon liver function in relation to liver blood flow is briefly discussed.
Liver Function in the Chick Following X-Irradiation
Authors: Bernstein Elaine Katz , Stearner S. Phyllis , Brues Austin M.
Published: December 2017

Abnormal levels of some plasma constituents influenced by the activity of the liver were studied in 3-day chicks after single dose x-irradiation of 1000 r, given at 43 r/min. An approximately twofold increase in total plasma amino acid concentration was observed at 1 hour following x-irradiation and an approximately threefold increase at 3 hours following x-irradiation. Although the average increase over control values at 5 hours was the same as at 3 hours, some individual values increased to about four times the control level. Concurrently, total plasma protein decreased. There is a lack of correlation between the condition of the irradiated animal and the amino acid level or number of amino acids; increased levels occurred at 1 hour following x-irradiation in animals which appeared normal at autopsy. A similar alteration in amino acid levels has been reported in man immediately following x-irradiation; this seems to be an extremely sensitive radiation response. Mean plasma glucose levels determined in newly hatched chicks at 1, 3 and 5 hours after x-irradiation showed no significant changes from control levels. Individual animals, however, showed a hyperglycemia of 50–100 mg % over control values at 3 and 5 hours following x-irradiation. Such hyperglycemia was usually found in sick birds and was commonly associated with liver hemorrhages.
Antigenic Properties of Purified Bovine Prothrombin
Authors: Halick Paul , Seegers Walter H.
Published: December 2017

Purified bovine prothrombin preparations were found to produce immune serum in rabbits. This immune serum possessed precipitating antibodies capable of specific reaction with these preparations. Prothrombin activity was removed coincidentally with specific precipitation. A second antigenic component was evident in these preparations. It is believed that these procedures demonstrated that bovine prothrombin possesses antigenic qualities.
Influence of Glucose on Contractile Activity of Papillary Muscle During and After Anoxia
Authors: Winbury Martin M.
Published: December 2017

Papillary muscles from the right ventricle of the cat were subjected to periods of anoxia ranging from 15–60 minutes with and without glucose in the Krebs-Henseleit (bicarbonate) solution. Under aerobic conditions glucose was not required in the medium for the maintenance of contraction strength. Under anaerobic conditions the contraction strength decreased rapidly and after 30 minutes of oxygen deficiency contractile activity ceased. Reintroduction of oxygen after 15 minutes of anoxia resulted in full recovery of contraction strength for both control and glucose deficient muscles. After longer periods of anoxia, aerobic recovery was greater for muscles with glucose present during the anaerobic period. Little aerobic recovery was noted for muscles in glucose deficient medium during the 60 minutes of anoxia.
Diastolic Filling of the Beating Excised Heart
Authors: Bloom Walter L.
Published: December 2017

The excised rat heart placed in saline was found to propel itself with each systole provided the auricles were opened. Jet propulsion resulted from systolic ejection of fluid from the aorta. Thus the excised heart has been shown to draw in fluid during diastole and to eject fluid in systole. Inherent elasticity of the heart was demonstrated in the non-beating rat heart which could draw in fluid following release of compression from an external source. It was concluded that part of the energy of systole was dissipated in diastole.
Effects of Graded Doses of Whole-Body X-Irradiation on Mast Cells in the Rat Mesentery
Authors: Conte F. P. , Melville G. S. , Upton A. C.
Published: December 2017

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of x-radiation, and changes in the number of mast cells in the mesentery were correlated with dose and time postirradiation. After 75 r of whole-body x-radiation, a transient increase during the first 24 hours, followed by a slight decrease, in number of mast cells was observed. After larger doses of radiation (150–600 r), the mast cells were not seen to increase, but only to decrease in number during the first 2 weeks after exposure.
Blood Picture of Spinal and Bitemporal Monkeys Under the Influence of Immobilization
Authors: Poirier L. J. , Cordeau J. P. , Lemire A. P. , Ayotte R. A.
Published: December 2017

Metabolic and hematological changes produced by immobilization were studied in monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) with temporal lobe and spinal cord lesions. The normal hyperglycemic response to immobilization was abolished by bilateral destruction of the hippocampus, hippocampal gyrus and amygdala, and by transection of the spinal cord above the splanchnic nerves, but remained intact after less extensive lesions of the temporal lobes or after sections of the cord sparing one or both lateral columns. No changes were induced by immobilization on the sodium, potassium and cholesterol levels of the plasma. The normal granulocytosis produced by immobilization was significantly decreased following complete transection of the cord at low thoracic levels and greatly reduced after high thoracic transections; it was unchanged after incomplete sections sparing one or both ventral columns or after extensive bilateral ablations of the temporal lobes. The lymphopenia of immobilization was of the same degree after bitemporal ablations and low spinal transections; following high thoracic transections the lymphopenic, and eosinopenic, responses were completely abolished for a period of seven to ten days, following which they were gradually restored. It is concluded that the limbic lobe structures studied are essential to the hyperglycemic response to immobilization and that this response is mediated through the lateral columns of the cord while the granulocytosis of immobilization is not affected by similar limbic lobe lesions and is mediated through the ventral columns of the cord.
Relation Between Tubular Transport of Inorganic Phosphate and Bicarbonate in the Dog
Authors: Malvin Richard L. , Lotspeich William D.
Published: December 2017

It has been demonstrated that the renal capacity to reabsorb inorganic phosphate is depressed if the plasma CO2 concentration is increased to such a level that bicarbonate is excreted in the urine. That this situation was not the result of alkalosis per se was demonstrated by the infusion of ‘Diamox.’ This agent caused a mild acidosis, and yet at the same time depressed phosphate reabsorption. Moreover, since ‘Diamox’ also caused a decrease in the total reabsorption of bicarbonate these results appear to be explicable only on the assumption that bicarbonate may be reabsorbed by two different mechanisms. The first, and possibly major pathway is one involving carbonic anhydrase. The second pathway is one in which bicarbonate is reabsorbed as such. It is along this second pathway that bicarbonate competes with phosphate for reabsorption. This assumption was given more weight by the findings that Tm phosphate was depressed by respiratory alkalosis, or by raising the bicarbonate and CO2 levels of the plasma in such a way as to maintain the blood ph at the control level.
Osmotic Regulation of Body Fluids
Authors: Zuidema George D. , Clarke Neville P. , Minton Mary F.
Published: December 2017

Intracarotid injections of hypertonic solutions were made in animals, using light chloralose anesthesia to rule out the possibility of conditioning an antidiuretic response. These experiments, raising carotid osmolarity by approximately 50% for a 10-second period, confirmed previous observations that an antidiuresis follows an increase in carotid osmolarity. When carotid osmolarity is increased by less than 2% over a 40-minute period an antidiuresis also results. Little difference was observed in the relative effectiveness of hypertonic urea, sodium chloride or sodium sulfate, all of which were calculated to raise osmolarity by approximately equal amounts. Bioassay techniques showed greatly increased amounts of antidiuretic substance in urine after intracarotid injections of hypertonic solutions. Controls given isotonic saline injections showed only minimal antidiuretic activity.
Inactivation of Cholinesterases by Gamma Radiation
Authors: Sabine Jean C.
Published: December 2017

Animals and in vitro preparations of cholinesterase were exposed to massive doses of gamma radiation from a barium-lanthanum source and from two x-ray sources. The cholinesterase activity and the activity-pS kinetics of rat brain were unaffected by an in vivo dose of 60,000 r from the isotope source. The animals were in violent convulsion and had severe diarrhea at the time they were killed. The activity of whole human plasma was unaffected by 100,000 r of 1000-kvp x-rays. Dilute hemolysate of human blood in 0.1% gelatin was inactivated 10% by 150,000 r of 250-kvp x-rays. Purified cholinesesterase in dilute sheep serum was inactivated at a rate of 15%/100,000 r of 250-kvp x-rays. In m/15 phosphate buffer containing 0.1% bacteriological gelatin it was inactivated at a rate of 50%/100,000 r from the isotope source. In buffer alone it was inactivated at a rate of 21%/10,000 r from the isotope source. The relationship between dose and effect appears to be linear, and this is attributed to the very low concentration of enzyme molecules which makes the probability of a second hit negligible. The gradation of protection is regarded as a nonspecific effect, a function of the concentration of large molecules which compete for the ionization. The enzyme was not protected by a high concentration of its substrate. While the enzyme can be inactivated by gamma irradiation, the conditions required are so different from those found in the intact animal that the signs and symptoms resembling cholinergic manifestations observed with supralethal doses cannot be explained in terms of inactivation of cholinesterase by the radiation.