bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of floods in a changing climate: a case study from the Red River in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Boluwade A. , Rasmussen P. F.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Spring flooding in the Red River basin is a recurrent issue in the Province of Manitoba, Canada. There have been a number of flood events in recent years and climate change has been suggested as a potential cause. This paper employs a relatively simple model for predicting changes in the frequency distribution of annual spring peak discharge of the Red River as a response to increased GHG concentrations. A regression model is used to predict spring peak flow from antecedent precipitation in the previous fall, winter snow accumulation, and spring precipitation. Data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 (CMIP5) are used to estimate changes in the predictor variables and this information is then employed to derive flood distributions for future climate conditions. Most climate models predict increased precipitation during winter months but this trend is partly offset by a shorter snow accumulation period and higher winter evaporation rates. The means and medians of an ensemble of 16 climate models do not suggest a particular trend toward more or less frequent floods of the Red River. However, the ensemble range is relatively large, highlighting the difficulties involved in estimating changes in extreme events.
The importance of a surface organic layer in simulating permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics
Authors: Jafarov E. , Schaefer K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Permafrost-affected soils contain twice as much carbon as currently exists in the atmosphere. Studies show that warming of the perennially frozen ground could initiate significant release of the frozen soil carbon into the atmosphere. To reduce the uncertainty associated with the modeling of the permafrost carbon feedback it is important to start with the observed soil carbon distribution and to better address permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics. We used the recent Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Dataset to simulate present soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution in permafrost-affected soils under the steady state climate forcing. We implemented a dynamic surface organic layer with vertical carbon redistribution and dynamic root growth controlled by active layer thickness to improve modeling of the permafrost thermodynamics. Our results indicate that a dynamic surface organic layer improved permafrost thermal dynamics and simulated active layer thickness, allowing better simulation of the observed SOC densities and their spatial distribution.
Chemical and Mineral Composition of Amaranth (Amaranthus L.) Species Collected From Central Malawi
Authors: Kachiguma Nathan Aliel , Mwase Weston , Maliro Moses , Damaliphetsa Alex
Published: June 2015

Chemical analysis and mineral composition of twenty accessions of grain and leaf Amaranth (Amaranthus L.) collected from different agro-ecological zones of Central Malawi were conducted according to the standards of Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using least significance difference (P ≤ 0.05) in Gen Stat version 15. The analyses for grain Amaranth showed that moisture content ranges from 10.69 to 12.22% while ash content varied from 4.4 to 8.7%. Elemental analyses in mg/100 grams on dry weight basis indicated that the grain had calcium (78.3 to 1004.6), iron (3.61 to 22.51), magnesium (44.31 to 97.38), potassium (267.8 to 473.6) and zinc (0.53 to 1.20). The mean differences for leaf chemical analyses were highly significant (p < 0.001) with crude protein ranging from 13.37 to 23.27%; ash (14.08 to 19.95%) and Vitamin C (30.3 to 117.79 mg/100 g) while the mean mineral leaf analyses in mg/100 grams ranged from 14.84 to 31.17 for iron, 1.03 to 3.46 for zinc, 1512 to 2381 for calcium, 1320 to 1677 for potassium and 383.4 to 513.9 for magnesium. Generally the accessions from mid altitude area of Lilongwe showed highest values for both grain and leaf mineral analyses while accessions from the high altitude showed lower values. The results of this study provide evidence that local Amaranthus genotypes have appreciable amount of nutrients, minerals and vitamins important to meet dietary requirements of rural and urban communities in Malawi.
Beginselen van goed toezicht: het onafhankelijkheidsbeginsel
Authors: Aelen Margot
Published: June 2015

Beginselen van goed toezicht: het onafhankelijkheidsbeginsel

De aanleiding van dit themanummer van het Tijdschrift voor Toezicht – de ontwikkelingen inzake de Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit (NZa) – legt maar weer eens bloot hoe sterk de behoefte is aan beginselen van goed toezicht. De hervorming van de NZa staat echter niet op zichzelf. Het is slechts een van de veel bediscussieerde toezichthouders waarbij door schade en schande wordt geleerd en waarbij wordt gezocht naar een optimale institutionele en materiële vormgeving van het toezicht. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op een aantal fundamentele beginselen die ten grondslag moeten liggen bij een dergelijke vormgeving. In het bijzonder wordt ingegaan op de onafhankelijkheid van toezichthouders. De NZa-casus en de lessen die hiervan kunnen worden geleerd, staan centraal.
Acidobacteriia
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: June 2015

A.ci.do.bac.te.ri'i.a. N.L. neut. n.
Acidobacterium
type genus of the type order
Acidobacteriales
; N.L. suff. ‐
ia
, ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Acidobacteriia
, the class of
Acidobacteriales
.

Acidobacteria
Coriobacteriia class. nov.
Authors: König Helmut
Published: June 2015

Co.ri.o.bac.te.ri'i.a. N.L. neut. n.
Coriobacterium
type genus of the type order; suff. ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. pl. neut. n.
Coriobacteriia
the
Coriobacteriales
class.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia
Nitriliruptoria class. nov.
Authors: Ludwig Wolfgang , Euzéby Jean P. , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

Ni.tri.li.rup.tor'i.a. N.L. masc. n.
Nitriliruptor
type genus of the type order; suffix ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. pl. neut. n.
Nitriliruptoria
the
Nitriliruptorales
class.

Actinobacteria / Nitriliruptoria
Thermoleophilia class. nov.
Authors: Suzuki Ken‐ichiro , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.le.o.phi'li.a. N.L. neut. n.
Thermoleophilum
type genus of the type order; suff. ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. pl. neut. n.
Thermoleophilia
the
Thermoleophilales
class.

Actinobacteria / Thermoleophilia
Chlamydiia class. nov.
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: June 2015

Chla.my.di'ia. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chlamydiales
type order of the class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chlamydiia
the
Chlamydiales
class.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia
Chrysiogenetes class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Chry.si.o.ge.ne' tes
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chrysiogenales
type order of the class; dropping ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chrysiogenetes
the class of
Chrysiogenales
.

Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenetes
Clostridia class. nov.
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: June 2015

Clos.tri'di.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Clostridiales
type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Clostridia
the class of the
Clostridiales
.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia”
Gemmatimonadetes
Authors: Kamagata Yoichi
Published: June 2015

Gem.ma.ti.mo.na.de'tes. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Gemmatimonadales
type order of the class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Gemmatimonadetes
the class of the order
Gemmatimonadales
.

Gemmatimonadetes / Gemmatimonadetes
Planctomycetia class. nov.
Authors: Ward Naomi L.
Published: June 2015

Planc.to.my.ce.t'i.a. N.L. pl. n.
Planctomycetales
type order of the class; ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. pl. n.
Planctomycetia
the class of
Planctomycetales
.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia
Alphaproteobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Al.pha.pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a
. Gr. n.
alpha
name of first letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n.
Proteus
ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Alphaproteobacteria
class of bacteria having
16S rRNA
gene sequences related to those of the members of the order
Caulobacterales
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria class nov.
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich W.
Published: June 2015

Del.ta.pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a
. Gr. n.
delta
name of fourth letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n.
Proteus
ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Deltaproteobacteria
class of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order
Myxococcales
.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Gam.ma.pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a
. Gr. n.
gamma
name of third letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n.
Proteus
ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Gammaproteobacteria
class of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order
Pseudomonadales
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria
Spirochaetia class. nov.
Authors: Paster Bruce J.
Published: June 2015

Spi.ro.chae'ti.a. N.L. fem. n.
Spirochaeta
type genus of the type order
Spirochaetales
; suff. ‐
ia
ending proposed by Gibbons and Murray and by Stackebrandt et al. to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Spirochaetia
the class of
Spirochaetales
.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia
Thermodesulfobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Hatchikian E. Claude , Ollivier Bernard , Garcia Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo.bac.te' ri.a
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermodesulfobacteriales
type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote an class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermodesulfobacteria
the class of
Thermodesulfobacteriales
.

Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermotogae class. nov.
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.to' gae
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermotogales
type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermotogae
the class of
Thermotogales
.

Thermotogae / Thermotogae
Spartobacteria class. nov.
Authors: Janssen Peter H. , Costa Kyle C. , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: June 2015

Spar.to.bac.te'ri.a. Gr. adj
spartos
sown, in relation to the Spartoi, the sown men of the Cadmus myth, who sprung from the soil; L. neut. n.
bacterium
(from Gr. dim. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod) rod; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Spartobacteria
sown small rods.

Verrucomicrobia / Spartobacteria
Verrucomicrobiae
Authors: Hedlund Brian P.
Published: June 2015

Ver.ru'co.mi.cro.bi'a.e. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Verrucomicrobiales
type order of the class; −
ae
ending to denote a class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Verrucomicrobiae
the
Verrucomicrobiales
class.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae
Catenulisporales ord. nov.
Authors: Donadio Stefano , Cavaletti Linda , Monciardini Paolo
Published: June 2015

Ca.te.nu.li.spo'ra.les. N.L. fem. n.
Catenulispora
, type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
, ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Catenulisporales
, the
Catenulispora
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Catenulisporales
Jiangellales ord. nov
Authors: Tang Shu Kun , Zhi Xiao‐Yang , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: June 2015

Ji.ang.el'la.les. N.L. fem. n.
Jiangella
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Jiangellales
the
Jiangella
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Jiangellales
Propionibacteriales ord. nov
Authors: Patrick Sheila , McDowell Andrew
Published: June 2015

Pro.pio.ni.bac.te.ri.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Propionibacterium
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Propionibacteriales
the
Propionibacterium
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales
Pseudonocardiales ord. nov
Authors: Labeda David P. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: June 2015

Pseu.do.no.car.di'a.les. N.L. fem. n.
Pseudonocardia
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Pseudonocardiales
the
Pseudonocardia
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales
Coriobacteriales
Authors: König Helmut
Published: June 2015

Co.ri.o.bac.te.ri.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Coriobacterium
, type genus of the order, suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Coriobacteriales
the
Coriobacterium
order.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales
Cytophagales
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: June 2015

Cy.to.pha.ga'les. N.L. fem. n.
Cytophaga
the type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Cytophagales
the
Cytophaga
order.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales
Flavobacteriales ord. nov
Authors: Bernardet Jean‐François
Published: June 2015

Fla.vo.bac.te.ri'a.les. N.L. neut. n.
Flavobacterium
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Flavobacteriales
the
Flavobacterium
order.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales
Sphingobacteriales ord. nov
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: June 2015

Sphin.go.bac.te.ri'a.les. N.L. neut. n.
Sphingobacterium
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Sphingobacteriales
the
Sphingobacterium
order.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales
Thermales ord. nov
Authors: Rainey Fred A. , da Costa Milton S.
Published: June 2015

Ther.ma' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Thermus
type genus of the order, ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermales
the order of
Thermus
.

“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Thermales
Methanococcales
Authors: Whitman William B. , Boone David R. , Koga Yosuke
Published: June 2015

Me.tha.no.coc.ca' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Methanococcus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanococcales
the
Methanococcus
order.

Euryarchaeota / Methanococcales / Methanococcales
Lactobacillales ord. nov
Authors: Ludwig Wolfgang , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

Lac.to.ba.cil.la'les. N.L. masc. n.
Lactobacillus
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Lactobacillales
the
Lactobacillus
order.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales”
Erysipelotrichales ord. nov
Authors: Ludwig Wolfgang , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

E.ry.si.pe.lo.tri'cha.les. N.L. fem. n.
Erysipelothrix
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Erysipelotrichales
the
Erysipelothrix
order.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales
Fusobacteriales ord. nov
Authors: Staley James T. , Whitman William B.
Published: June 2015

Fu.so.bac.te.ri.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Fusobacterium
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending denoting order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Fusobacteriales
the
Fusobacterium
order.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia / Fusobacteriales
Gemmatimonadales
Authors: Kamagata Yoichi
Published: June 2015

Gem.ma.ti.mo.na.da'les. N.L. fem. n.
Gemmatimonas
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Gemmatimonadales
the order of the genus
Gemmatimonas
.

Gemmatimonadetes / Gemmatimonadetes / Gemmatimonadales
“Candidatus Brocadiales” ord. nov
Authors: Jetten Mike S.M. , den Camp Huub J.M. Op , Gijs Kuenen J. , Strous Marc
Published: June 2015

Bro.ca.di.a'les. N.L. fem. n. “
Candidatus
Brocadia” type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Brocadiales
the order of “
Candidatus
Brocadia”.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / “Candidatus Brocadiales”
Planctomycetales
Authors: Ward Naomi L.
Published: June 2015

Planc.to.my.ce.ta'les. N.L. masc. n.
Planctomyces, −etis
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Planctomycetales
the order of
Planctomyces
.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales
Rhizobiales ord. nov
Authors: David Kuykendall L.
Published: June 2015

Rhi.zo.bi.a' les
. M.L. n.
Rhizobium
type genus of the family
Rhizobiaceae
; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. n.
Rhizobiales
the
Rhizobium
order.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales
Rhodobacterales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Rho.do.bac.ter.a' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Rhodobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
suffix to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Rhodobacterales
the
Rhodobacter
order.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales
Rickettsiales
Authors: Dumler J. Stephen , Walker David H.
Published: June 2015

Rick.ett.si.a' les
. M.L. fem. n.
Rickettsia
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Rickettsiales
the
Rickettsia
order

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales
Methylophilales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Me.thy.lo.phi.la' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Methylophilus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Methylophilales
the
Methylophilus
order.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Methylophilales
Rhodocyclales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Rho.do.cy.cla' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Rhodocyclus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
suffix to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Rhodocyclales
the
Rhodocyclus
order.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales
Bdellovibrionales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Bdel.lo.vib.ri.on.a' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Bdellovibrio
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Bdellovibrionales
the
Bdellovibrio
order.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Bdellovibrionales
Desulfarcales ord. nov
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: June 2015

De.sulf.ar.ca' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Desulfarculus
type genus of the type family of the order; suffix ‐
ales
denotes order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfarcales
the order that comprises the family
Desulfarculaceae
.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfarcales
Desulfobacterales ord. nov
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: June 2015

De.sul.fo.bac.ter.a' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Desulfobacter
type genus of family; suffix ‐
ales
denotes order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfobacterales
the order that comprises
Desulfobacteraceae
and other families.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales
Desulfurellales ord. nov
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: June 2015

De.sul.fu.rel.la' les
. M.L. fem. n.
Desulfurella
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfurellales
the order of
Desulfurellaceae
.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfurellales
Thiotrichales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

Thi.o.tri.cha' les.
M.L. fem. n.
Thiothrix
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
suffix to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Thiotrichales
the
Thiothrix
order.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales
Xanthomonadales ord. nov
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Bradbury John F.
Published: June 2015

Xan.tho.mo.na.da' les. Xanthomonas
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Xanthomonadales
the
Xanthomonas
order.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales
Acholeplasmatales
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Johansson Karl‐Erik
Published: June 2015

A.cho.le.plas.ma.ta'les. N.L. neut. n.
Acholeplasma
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acholeplasmatales
the
Acholeplasma
order.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales
Thermodesulfobacteriales ord. nov
Authors: Hatchikian E. Claude , Ollivier Bernard , Garcia Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo.bac.te.ri.a' les
. M.L. neut. n.
Thermodesulfobacterium
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermodesulfobacteriales
the order of
Thermodesulfobacterium
.

Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteriales
Thermomicrobiales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Ther.mo.mi.cro.bia' les
. M.L. neut. n.
Thermomicrobium
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermomicrobiales
the order of
Thermomicrobium
.

Thermomicrobia / Thermomicrobia / Thermomicrobiales
Chthoniobacterales ord. nov
Authors: Janssen Peter H. , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: June 2015

Chtho.ni.o.bac.ter.a'les. N.L. masc. n.
Chthoniobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chthoniobacterales
the
Chthoniobacter
order.

Verrucomicrobia / Spartobacteria / Chthoniobacterales
Actinobacteria phyl. nov.
Authors: Goodfellow Michael
Published: June 2015

Ac.ti.no.bac.te'ri.a. Gr. n.
actis ‐inos
a ray, beam, N.L. n.
bacter
a rod; suff. ‐
ia
ending denoting phylum; N.L. pl. neut. n.
Actinobacteria
actinomycete bacteria with diverse morphologies.

Actinobacteria
Chlorobi phy. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Chlo.ro' bi
. M.L. neut. n.
Chlorobium
genus of the phylum; dropping ending to denote a phylum; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chlorobi
phylum of the genus
Chlorobium
.

Chlorobi
Chloroflexi phy. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Chlo.ro.flex' i
. M.L. masc. n.
Chloroflexus
genus of the phylum; dropping ending to denote a phylum; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Chloroflexi
phylum of the genus
Chloroflexus
.

Chloroflexi
Euryarchaeota phy. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Eur.y.arch.ae.o' ta
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Euryarchaeota
from the Kingdom
Euryarchaeota
(Woese, Kandier and Wheelis 1990, 4579).

Euryarchaeota
Planctomycetes
Authors: Ward Naomi L.
Published: June 2015

Planc.to.my.ce'tes. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Planctomycetales
type order of the phylum; ‐
etes
ending to denote a phylum; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Planctomycetes
the phylum of
Planctomycetales
.

Planctomycetes
Spirochaetes
Authors: Paster Bruce J.
Published: June 2015

Spi.ro.chae'tes. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Spirochaetales
type order of the phylum; dropping the ending to denote a phylum; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Spirochaetes
the phylum of
Spirochaetales
.

Spirochaetes
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (cos. 54
bce
)
Authors: Carlsen Jesper
Published: June 2015

L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (c. 99–48
bce
) belonged to a distinguished and influential Roman noble family. He was the sixth consul (54
bce
) in five generations. For fifteen years he was among the most prominent opponents of Julius Caesar. He was killed in the battle of Pharsalos in 48
bce
.
Julian
Authors: Peachin Michael
Published: June 2015

Julian was an important political figure over the course of the mid second century CE, and was also one of Rome's greatest jurists.
Ithaca
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M.
Published: June 2015

Ithaca (also Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea. It is traditionally considered as the home of the Homeric hero Odysseus, although some scholars suggest that Homer's Ithaca should be identified with Leukas or (parts of) Kephallenia. Archaeology indicates that the earliest human activity on Ithaca dates back to the Palaeolithic era, while the island flourished in the Mycenaean era.
Osteology
Authors: Barbiera Irene
Published: June 2015

Osteology – from the Greekostéon, meaning bone – is the study of human and faunal bones. A branch of anatomy, it is relevant both to forensic anthropology and also, to a greater extent, to disciplines dealing with animal and human history, including zooarchaeology, paleontology, physical anthropology, paleopathology, and archaeology.

Bones preserve a range of information: they can tell us a past individual's size, gender, age, and nutritional status, and, because they grow and change during life, they retain traces of various impacts such as illness or activity. They are a kind of bibliography of the deceased and are an invaluable tool for understanding the past. The wide range of methods employed in the field of osteology, and the many questions that can be answered through the analysis of bones, have evolved over the past century.
Honey, Greco‐Roman
Authors: Francis Jane E.
Published: June 2015

Honey was the main sweetener of antiquity, produced in the Greco‐Roman period through beekeeping. It was a valuable commodity used in ritual activities, medicinal treatments, and as a preservative, but was also a major ingredient in many recipes and was added to wine to make
mulsum
. Ancient authors like Varro, Pliny, Columella, and Palladius wrote extensively about the qualities of honeys from different regions; that from Mount Hymettus in Attica was the most highly praised.
Ophites
Authors: Rasimus Tuomas
Published: June 2015

Certain church fathers gave the name “Ophites” to a gnostic Christian group that supposedly worshiped the serpent and advocated a mythology that reinterpreted the events of Genesis 1–3 by assigning a positive role to the serpent and a demonic character to the creator. The Nag Hammadi findings have confirmed some aspects of the mythology, but a close reading of the texts reveals that it was not the serpent itself that was praised, but only its advice to Adam and Eve, which it was able to offer after it had been temporarily possessed by a higher power. Another central feature of the mythology is the doctrine of the seven evil archons (led by Yaldabaoth) whose animal shapes stand in stark contrast to the anthropomorphism of the true, androgynous God, after whose image the archons created humanity. Such Ophite retellings of Genesis form an integral part of a wider, “classic gnostic” mythology, which also includes but is not identical to Sethianism.
Knossos, Greek and Roman
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron
Published: June 2015

Knossos survived the collapse of Aegean civilizations towards the end of the Bronze Age and prospered in the Early Iron Age (eleventh to seventh centuries BCE) by developing strong cultural and commercial links with the Aegean, Cyprus and the Near East. After a decline during the Archaic period (sixth century BCE), Knossos acquired substantial power in the Classical and Hellenistic period (fifth to first centuries BCE) and the city expanded considerably. A few decades after the Roman conquest in 67 BCE Knossos became a Roman colony and continued to be, at least for the first and second centuries CE, one of the most prosperous cities of the island.
Kastrokephala in Crete
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron
Published: June 2015

Kastrokephala in Crete is a fortified site located on a hill above Heraklion bay. From around 1200 to 1150/1130 BCE a small community lived on this hill, protected by a thick wall and high precipices. Archaeological evidence suggests that in this settlement Mycenaean immigrants coexisted with the native population.
Water
Authors: Keenan‐Jones Duncan
Published: June 2015

Water's cyclical movement shaped the environment and interacted with human societies in profound ways. Ancient reliance on water for the production of food and fuel meant that too little water could be devastating, as could too much. Hence, human modification of the hydraulic cycle was widespread. As well as for drinking and irrigation, humans intercepted, impounded, or redirected water for the purposes of display, bathing, hygiene, drainage, war, and water power. Water restricted terrestrial movement but enabled navigation, and served important religious and social functions.
Nikagoras of Athens
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: June 2015

The Athenian sophist Nikagoras (b. ca. 190 CE; d. after 244) held one of the two chairs of rhetoric in Athens and was Sacred Herald of the Eleusinian mysteries. Although information about his professional activities is limited, sufficient evidence survives to trace his distinguished intellectual and family connections.
Palaepaphos
Authors: Georgiou Artemis
Published: June 2015

Palaepaphos is an ancient site, situated on the southwest coast of Cyprus, within the modern‐day village of Kouklia.
Priests and priestesses, ancient Near East
Authors: Taggar‐Cohen Ada
Published: June 2015

In the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, North Syria, Hatti, and ancient Israel) the terms “priest” and “priestess” referred to individuals as well as groups of male and female professionals whose tasks were to mediate between the world of the gods and that of humans. The priesthood took care of the gods’ needs and ensured their satisfaction, so that in return the gods would guarantee the well‐being and prosperity of humanity. Priests and priestesses were part of the state institutions and the royal economy. They cared for the houses of the gods, celebrated their festivals, and performed the prescribed cult rituals.

Among the issues discussed here are the rulers as priests, the various titles of the priests, their distinction from other cult personnel, their tasks and social standing, priesthood in ancient Israel, the tradition of “sacred marriage,” the debate over cult prostitution, and the iconography of priesthood.
Taxation, Greco‐RomanEgypt
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: June 2015

Taxation in Greco‐Roman Egypt was carried out through a complex system of different fiscal practices, first established in the Ptolemaic period (third century BCE) with the introduction of money taxes and banks. Several changes were made to this taxation system over the centuries, notably in the Roman period (first and second century CE), when a new annual poll tax called
laographia
was imposed on the male adult population and a system of tax collection relying on liturgies was introduced.
Puberty
Authors: Hubbard Thomas K.
Published: June 2015

Ancient sources are fairly uniform in placing the first signs of puberty around age 14. Defining characteristics of pubertal development are menarche in females, the ability to produce semen in males, swelling of breasts and growth of the genitals, secondary hair in the pubic area, armpits, and on the chin and body for males, and changes in voice. Puberty was considered a time of vulnerability to psychic disorders in females, and a time when the young of both sexes needed to be guarded from acquiring bad sexual habits; this did not, however, entail complete abstinence from sexual activity.
Abortion
Authors: Hubbard Thomas K.
Published: June 2015

While abortion was not subject to explicit legal regulation in Greece and Rome until the third century
ce
, it was the object of considerable ethical problematization by Greek and Roman authorities. Abortions were most commonly induced through herbal concoctions taken either orally or as vaginal suppositories; most of these were toxic to the mother as well as the fetus, and were thus dangerous. The Hippocratic Oath was generally considered to ban advice on abortion, and most medical writers are reluctant to recommend it except in cases where the mother's life or health are at risk. Some philosophical texts suggest it was permissible only before the fetus assumed human form and sensation (i.e. about forty days after conception). Abortion was banned in all cases in the Persian Empire, perhaps reflected in the sacred laws of some Greek cities in the east. Hellenistic Jewish and Christian writers condemn abortion strongly.
Al‐Hīra
Authors: Toral‐Niehoff Isabel
Published: June 2015

Al‐Hīra is the name of the capital of the Arab principality of the Lakhmids or Naṣrids (ca. 300 until 602
ce
). Situated at the west bank of the Middle Euphrates, at the fringes of the desert, the city was located in the Roman‐Sasanian frontier zone, and also lay in close proximity to the Arab tribes of the peninsula. Here Christian‐Aramaic, Arabic‐Bedouin, Jewish, and Persian influences interacted and produced a peculiar, multicultural urban symbiosis that drew on neighboring civilizations. Via commerce, missionaries, and the visits of itinerant poets who frequented the kingly court, it is likely that reports about the Iranized and Christianized Arabs of al‐Hīra would have affected the earliest community of Muhammad.
Livilla (daughter of Antonia Minor and Drusus)
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn
Published: June 2015

Livilla (ca. 13
bce
–31
ce
), daughter of Drusus and Antonia Minor, was the sister of Germanicus (15
bce
–19
ce
) and Claudius (11
bce
–54
ce
). She was married to Gaius Caesar in 1
bce
, then Drusus the Younger in 4
ce
. With Drusus she produced a daughter and twin boys. In 31
ce
Livilla was accused of having helped her lover, the praetorian prefect Aelius Sejanus, poison Drusus in 23
ce
. After her death she suffered
damnatio memoriae
.
Medeon in Phokis
Authors: Livieratou Antonia
Published: June 2015

Medeon is a city with a long history of occupation lasting from the Early Helladic to the Hellenistic period. The citadel itself has not been excavated, but hundreds of tombs have been found in the area outside. A variety of burial customs is attested for all periods, while the offerings testify to prosperity and overseas contacts in the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age.
Triumvirate, First
Authors: Russell Amy
Published: June 2015

“First Triumvirate” is a modern and misleading name for the unofficial political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus which began in 60bce. Between them, the three men wielded unsurpassed influence over Roman politics over the following decade, though they also faced opposition. The breakdown of the alliance after Crassus’ death in 53bcewas the prelude to the eventual civil war between the two remaining partners, Caesar and Pompey.
Strong Single‐Band Blue Emission from Colloidal Ce3+/Tm3+‐Doped NaYF4 Nanocrystals for Light‐Emitting Applications
Authors: Adusumalli Venkata N. K. B. , Sarkar Shyam , Mahalingam Venkataramanan
Published: June 2015

An intense single‐band blue emission at λ=450 nm is observed from Tm3+ ions through Ce3+ sensitization, for the first time, in colloidal Ce3+/Tm3+‐doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. The intense Tm3+ emission through broad‐band excitation is advantageous for developing luminescent nanocomposites because they can be easily incorporated into polymers. The composites can easily be coated over UV light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) to develop phosphor‐based blue LEDs.
Tiled ChrI RHS collection: a pilot high‐throughput screening tool for identification of allelic variants
Authors: Singh Rohini , Sinha Himanshu
Published: June 2015

Reciprocal hemizygosity analysis is a genetic technique that allows phenotypic determination of the allelic effects of a gene in a genetically uniform background. Expanding this single gene technique to generate a genome‐wide collection is termed as reciprocal hemizygosity scanning (RHS). The RHS collection should circumvent the need for linkage mapping and provide the power to identify all possible allelic variants for a given phenotype. However, the published RHS collections based on the existing genome‐wide haploid deletion library reported a high rate of false positives. In this study, we report de novo construction of a RHS collection that is not based on the yeast deletion library. This collection has been constructed for the shortest yeast chromosome, ChrI. Using this ChrI RHS collection, we identified 13 allelic variants for the previously mapped loci and novel allelic variants for the growth differences in different environments. A few of these novel variants, which were fine mapped to a gene level, identified novel genetic variation for the previously studied environmental conditions. The availability of a genome‐wide RHS collection would thus help us uncover a comprehensive list of allelic variants and better our understanding of the molecular pathways modulating a quantitative trait. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct enzyme assay evidence confirms aldehyde reductase function of Ydr541cp and Ygl039wp from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Moon Jaewoong , Liu Z. Lewis
Published: June 2015

The aldehyde reductase gene ARI1 is a recently characterized member of an intermediate subfamily within the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily that clarified mechanisms of in situ detoxification of 2‐furaldehyde and 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs) are common among tolerant candidate genes identified for lignocellulose‐to‐advanced biofuels conversion. This study presents partially purified proteins of two ORFs, YDR541C and YGL039W, and direct enzyme assay evidence against aldehyde‐inhibitory compounds commonly encountered during lignocellulosic biomass fermentation processes. Each of the partially purified proteins encoded by these ORFs showed a molecular mass of approximately 38 kDa, similar to Ari1p, a protein encoded by aldehyde reductase gene. Both proteins demonstrated strong aldehyde reduction activities toward 14 aldehyde substrates, with high levels of reduction activity for Ydr541cp toward both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. While Ydr541cp was observed to have a significantly higher specific enzyme activity at 20 U/mg using co‐factor NADPH, Ygl039wp displayed a NADH preference at 25 U/mg in reduction of butylaldehyde. Amino acid sequence analysis identified a characteristic catalytic triad, Ser, Tyr and Lys; a conserved catalytic motif of Tyr–X–X–X–Lys; and a cofactor‐binding sequence motif, Gly–X–X–Gly–X–X–Ala, near the N‐terminus that are shared by Ydr541cp, Ygl039wp, Yol151wp/GRE2 and Ari1p. Findings of aldehyde reductase genes contribute to the yeast gene annotation and aids development of the next‐generation biocatalyst for advanced biofuels production. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mark‐resight estimates of seasonal variation in harbor seal abundance and site fidelity
Authors: Cordes Line S. , Thompson Paul M.
Published: June 2015

Monitoring trends in abundance of pinnipeds typically involves counting seals at terrestrial haul‐out sites during the breeding season. Counts of seals made at other times of the year are typically lower; however, it is often unknown whether this is because fewer animals are present or whether lower counts simply reflect a reduction in haul‐out probability. Here we illustrate how photo‐identification data from an individual‐based study of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) can be used to estimate seasonal variation in abundance and site fidelity. Monthly data collected over a two‐year period were analyzed using a mark‐recapture mark‐resight model accounting for individuals transitioning between observable and unobservable states. Levels of site fidelity were high throughout the year and abundance estimates showed no seasonal pattern. This suggests that individual seals used haul‐out sites to the same extent throughout the year, and that peaks in counts during the breeding season are a result of seasonal changes in haul‐out probability. The results of this study have implications for understanding population sub‐structuring, gene flow and disease spread.
Did We Get It Wrong? The True Meaning of European Federalism
Authors: Reho Federico Ottavio
Published: June 2015

This article reflects on the meaning of European federalism. Although many enthusiasts of European unity have referred to their vision as ‘federalist’, very little systematic analysis of what European federalism means and implies has been carried out. The result has been a tendency in the pro-European debate to identify the federalisation of Europe with the transfer of more and more powers to the EU level and the eventual creation of a continental state-like polity. This article argues that such a tendency is not in line with the proper and historical meaning of federation, a polity whose political and institutional logic is completely at odds with that of the modern nation state. The latter is characterised by an emphasis on institutional hierarchy, bureaucratic uniformity and economic controls, while the former encourages institutional competition, societal diversity and economic openness. This article concludes that embracing a clearly articulated federalist doctrine could help pro-European forces, most notably the pro-European right, to recover a sense of purpose and successfully meet many of the present challenges in European integration.
Evolutionary analysis of the global landscape of protein domain types and domain architectures associated with family 14 carbohydrate‐binding modules
Authors: Chang Ti-Cheng , Stergiopoulos Ioannis
Published: June 2015

Domain promiscuity is a powerful evolutionary force that promotes functional innovation in proteins, thus increasing proteome and organismal complexity. Carbohydrate‐binding modules, in particular, are known to partake in complex modular architectures that play crucial roles in numerous biochemical and molecular processes. However, the extent, functional, and evolutionary significance of promiscuity is shrouded in mystery for most CBM families. Here, we analyzed the global promiscuity of family 14 carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBM14s) and show that fusion, fission, and reorganization events with numerous other domain types interplayed incessantly in a lineage‐dependent manner to likely facilitate species adaptation and functional innovation in the family.
Critical steps in the isolation and expansion of adipose-derived stem cells for translational therapy
Authors: Riis S. , Zachar V. , Boucher S. , Vemuri M.C. , Pennisi C. P. , Fink T.
Published: June 2015

Since the discovery of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), there have been high expectations of their putative clinical use. Recent advances support these expectations, and it is expected that the transition from pre-clinical and clinical studies to implementation as a standard treatment modality is imminent. However ASCs must be isolated and expanded according to good manufacturing practice guidelines and a basic assurance of quality, safety, and medical effectiveness is needed for authorisation by regulatory agencies, such as European Medicines Agency and US Food and Drug Administration. In this review, a collection of studies investigating the influence of different steps of the isolation and expansion protocol on the yield and functionality of ASCs has been presented in an attempt to come up with best recommendations that ensure potential beneficial clinical outcome of using ASCs in any therapeutic setting. If the findings confirm the initial observations of beneficial effects of ASCs, the path is paved for implementing these ASC-based therapies as standard treatment options.
Prospective Validation of Central Line–Days Derived From an Electronic Medical Record System
Authors: Boyce John M. , Paci George , Feidner Carl , Hubbard Lori , Devin Laurie , Reilly Lenore , Gentile Anthony , Siner Jonathan M.
Published: June 2015

Validation of the number of central line–days by hospitals is required by the National Healthcare Safety Network. A prospective study that compared a daily report of such days generated by an electronic medical record with observational audits by nurses revealed that the report was 100% sensitive and 99.9% specific.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(9):1098–1099
Contextual Distance and the International Strategic Alliance Performance: A Conceptual Framework and a Partial Meta-analytic Test
Authors: Li Jiatao (J.T.) , Tian Li , Wan Guoguang
Published: June 2015

We propose an integrative model on how contextual distance influences the learning process and performance of international strategic alliances (ISAs). We argue that contextual distance increases knowledge diversity but decreases knowledge exchange between the alliance partners, which has implications for the alliance's knowledge creation and performance. A meta-analysis of 46 empirical studies published between 1990 and 2013 dealing with Sino-foreign collaborations in China revealed that contextual distance showed an inverted U-shaped relationship with alliance performance. Proxies for partners’ contextual experience, for example, the length of an alliance's operation in China, the foreign partners’ in-country experiences, and ISAs’ location in a more developed Chinese region, moderate the learning processes. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Adherence to cancer prevention recommendations and antioxidant and inflammatory status in premenopausal women
Authors: Morimoto Yukiko , Beckford Fanchon , Cooney Robert V. , Franke Adrian A. , Maskarinec Gertraud
Published: June 2015

For cancer prevention, the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) emphasise recommendations to improve individual behaviour, including avoidance of tobacco products, maintaining a lean body mass, participating in physical activity, consuming a plant-based diet, and minimising the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as sodas, red and processed meats and alcohol. In the present study of 275 healthy premenopausal women, we explored the association of adherence scores with levels of three biomarkers of antioxidant and inflammation status: serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum γ-tocopherol and urinary F2-isoprostane. The statistical analysis applied linear regression across categories of adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations. Overall, seventy-two women were classified as low ( ≤ 4), 150 as moderate (5–6), and fifty-three as high adherers ( ≥ 7). The unadjusted means for CRP were 2·7, 2·0 and 1·7 mg/l for low, moderate and high adherers (Ptrend= 0·03); this association was strengthened after adjustment for confounders (Ptrend= 0·006). The respective values for serum γ-tocopherol were 1·97, 1·63 and 1·45 μg/ml (Ptrend= 0·02 before andPtrend= 0·03 after adjustment). Only for urinary F2-isoprostane, the lower values in high adherers (16·0, 14·5, and 13·3 ng/ml) did not reach statistical significance (Ptrend= 0·18). In an analysis by BMI, overweight and obese women had higher biomarker levels than normal weight women; the trend was significant for CRP (Ptrend< 0·001) and γ-tocopherol (Ptrend= 0·003) but not for F2-isoprostane (Ptrend= 0·14). These findings suggest that both adherence to the WCRF/AICR guidelines and normal BMI status are associated with lower levels of biomarkers that indicate oxidative stress and inflammation.
Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study from Italy
Authors: Shivappa Nitin , Zucchetto Antonella , Montella Maurizio , Serraino Diego , Steck Susan E. , La Vecchia Carlo , Hébert James R.
Published: June 2015

Diet and inflammation have been suggested to be important risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the risk of CRC in a multi-centre case–control study conducted between 1992 and 1996 in Italy. The study included 1225 incident colon cancer cases, 728 incident rectal cancer cases and 4154 controls hospitalised for acute non-neoplastic diseases. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated seventy-eight-item FFQ that included assessment of alcohol intake. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the OR adjusted for age, sex, study centre, education, BMI, alcohol drinking, physical activity and family history of CRC. Energy intake was adjusted using the residual method. Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e. with a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk of CRC, with the DII being used both as a continuous variable (ORcontinuous1·13, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·18) and as a categorical variable (ORquintile 5v. 11·55, 95 % CI 1·29, 1·85;Pfor trend < 0·0001). Similar results were observed when the analyses were carried out separately for colon and rectal cancer cases. These results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased risk of CRC.