bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Incentives in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Speckbacher Gerhard
Published: July 2012

This article combines research on incentives with nonprofit organization theories to derive three “nonprofit characteristics” that influence the use and effectiveness of incentive mechanisms in nonprofit organizations: the lack of undistorted contractible measures for the organization’s overall performance, the relevance of identified employee motivation and the social relationships between the organization and its stakeholders. Building on research from social psychology, the article argues for a more deliberate use of implicit (i.e., not contractually defined) incentives rather than a shift toward the increased use of performance contracts. Because implicit incentives are often subtle (without the need of formal justification to others) and emergent rather than planned, managers are frequently not aware of these mechanisms, and their deliberate use creates a major challenge.
Moisture conditions during the Younger Dryas and the early Holocene in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, central China
Authors: Huang Xianyu , Meyers Philip A , Yu Jianxin , Wang Xinxin , Huang Junhua , Jin Fang , Gu Yansheng , Xie Shucheng
Published: July 2012

The last glacial–interglacial climate transition in East Asia was characterized by an intensified monsoon, but knowledge about hydrological responses at a regional scale during this transitional period is limited. Here we provide a novel lipid-based paleohydrological record for this period from the Dajiuhu peat deposit, central China. High water levels and persistent wet conditions during the Younger Dryas (12.5–11.6 ka) and the early Holocene (10.5–9.9 ka) were inferred on the basis of enrichments of sterenes, a group of unstable intermediate diagenetic products derived from biogenic sterols that are most likely preserved under a waterlogged peatland surface. These two wet intervals were accompanied by temperature decreases indicated by an increase in pollen abundance from cold favoring conifer trees and a decrease in total hardwood tree pollen. This cold and wet climate pattern, which is different from the concordant cold-dry pattern documented in north China, was probably caused by the regional influence of the western Pacific subtropical high on the residence time of the Meiyu rainband in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley.
A unified dynamic model for concrete considering viscoplasticity and rate-dependent damage
Authors: Ren Xiaodan , Li Jie
Published: July 2012

Precise numerical simulation of structures under dynamic loading is often hampered by the lack of the elaborate rate-dependent nonlinear model of materials. Thus in this article, a unified damage model is proposed to represent the nonlinear behaviors and the rate-dependency of plain concrete in an energy consistent manner. The coupled inviscid plastic damage theory with two damage scalars is first adopted as the multi-dimensional framework of this model. Then based on the strain equivalence hypothesis, the ‘effective stress space plasticity’ is introduced and its rate-dependent extension is proposed by analogy of the Perzyna-type viscoplasticity. To consider the dynamic damage evolution, the rate-dependent damage evolution is introduced according to the simplified Perzyna-type flow rule. Finally, the unified model is developed by introducing both the ‘effective stress space viscoplasticity’ and the rate-dependent damage evolution into the elastoplastic damage framework. Under uniaxial tension, the closed form solution of the dynamic increase factor is analytically derived with two material parameters which have been thoroughly investigated in the literatures. The model results also show well agreements with the experimental data in both material and structural levels.
A neural network self tuner based on input shapers behavior for anti sway system of gantry cranes
Authors: Saeidi Hamed , Naraghi Mahyar , Raie Abolghasem Asadollah
Published: July 2012

The rapid and sway-less conveyance of crane loads has been an essential task and a field of research; considering the broad application of transportation of goods and materials by these systems. In this paper, a neural network self tuner (NNST) controller, which aims to move the load precisely as well as to eliminate its sway, is presented. This controller is capable of being trained flexibly for either increasing the speed of load transportation or decreasing its sway. The developed training algorithm, in this paper, is inspired by a sway elimination method of input shapers. The proposed training method provides the controller with the capability to remove the majority of load sway, at the outset of transportation, and transport it with a slight sway. The results show that the neural network controller with the proposed training method, in the same time, is capable of removing the sway of the load in a better way and be more appropriate for longer distances compared to a proportional-integral-derivative controller with constant gain. Besides, compared to standard input shapers, the NNST controller is more robust to cable length variations as well as length uncertainty by utilizing the feedback. Using a lab scale gantry crane model, the feasibility of empirical implementation is proved and results are verified.
Psychometrics and utility of Psycho-Educational Profile–Revised as a developmental quotient measure among children with the dual disability of intellectual disability and autism
Authors: Alwinesh Merlin Thanka Jemi , Joseph Rachel Beulah Jansirani , Daniel Anna , Abel Julie Sandra , Shankar Satya Raj , Mammen Priya , Russell Sushila , Russell Paul Swamidhas Sudhakar
Published: July 2012

There is no agreement about the measure to quantify the intellectual/developmental level in children with the dual disability of intellectual disability and autism. Therefore, we studied the psychometric properties and utility of Psycho-Educational Profile–Revised (PEP-R) as a developmental test in this population. We identified 116 children with dual disability from the day care and inpatient database of a specialised Autism Clinic. Scale and domain level scores of PEP-R were collected and analyzed. We examined the internal consistency, domain-total correlation of PEP-R and concurrent validity of PEP-R against Gesell’s Developmental Schedule, inter-rater and test–retest reliability and utility of PEP-R among children with dual disability in different ages, functional level and severity of autism. Besides the adequate face and content validity, PEP-R demonstrates a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.91 to 0.93) and domain-total correlation (ranging from 0.75 to 0.90). The inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.96) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.87) for PEP-R is good. There is moderate-to-high concurrent validity with GDS ( r ranging from 0.61 to 0.82; all Ps = 0.001). The utility of PEP-R as a developmental measure was good with infants, toddlers, pre-school and primary school children. The ability of PEP-R to measure the developmental age was good, irrespective of the severity of autism but was better with high-functioning children. The PEP-R as an intellectual/developmental test has strong psychometric properties in children with dual disability. It could be used in children with different age groups and severity of autism. PEP-R should be used with caution as a developmental test in children with dual disability who are low functioning.
Interpositional Arthroplasty of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Using a Regenerative Tissue Matrix for the Treatment of Advanced Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Hyer Christopher F. , Granata Jaymes D. , Berlet Gregory C. , Lee Thomas H.
Published: July 2012

Background. Painful osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, known as hallux rigidus, can be difficult to treat in young and active patients that who fail conservative treatment. The purpose of this study is to report the 5-year follow-up of a joint preservation technique for the treatment of advanced hallux rigidus. Methods. Preservation of the first MTP joint is performed using a human acellular dermal regenerative matrix as an interpositional arthroplasty graft. A retrospective chart review was performed and compared with follow-up modified American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle scores (AOFAS) obtained by telephone. Of the first 9 consecutive patients in the original study cohort, 6 patients were available for follow-up. The outcome measures include AOFAS modified for pain and function, reoperation rates, and overall satisfaction with the procedure. Results. The average follow-up was 5.43 years. No patient had a subsequent fusion or additional procedure performed on their first MTP joint. Average preoperative modified AOFAS were 38 (range, 34 to 43). Average postoperative AOFAS were 65.8 (range, 58 to 68). All patients were satisfied with their results. Conclusion. Interpositional arthroplasty of the first MTP joint using a regenerative tissue matrix has led to reliable pain relief and preserved function at an average follow-up of 5.4 years in 6 patients. The authors recommend this technique to active patients with advanced hallux rigidus who want to delay a fusion of their first MTP joint.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV
Cosmetic Results of Wedge Resection of Nail Matrix (Winograd Technique) in the Treatment of Ingrown Toenail
Authors: Kose Ozkan , Guler Ferhat , Gurcan Serkan , Arik Hasan Onur , Baz Ali Bulent , Akalin Serdar
Published: July 2012

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the cosmetic results of wedge resection of the nail matrix (Winograd technique) in the treatment of ingrown toenail. Materials and methods: This study retrospectively reviewed medical charts of 68 patients with 75 ingrown toenails who underwent surgical correction with the Winograd technique between January, 2008, and December, 2009, at the Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Antalya Education and Research Hospital. For the final follow-up, patients were contacted by telephone and completed a telephone questionnaire. Recurrence, cosmetic results, and satisfaction of the patients were the major outcome measures. Results: There was recurrence in 9 patients (13.2%). The mean recurrence time was 6.7 months (range = 2-12 months). All recurrences involved the lateral border of the toenail. Cosmetic ratings were statistically lower in female patients (P = .005). The reasons for poor and acceptable cosmetic results were proximal-incision scar and narrowing of the nail plate. Conclusion: Wedge resection of nail matrix has a considerably high recurrence rate. Furthermore, narrowing of the nail plate is a disadvantage of this procedure. All patients should be informed about the possibility of recurrence and disfigurement in their toenails (narrow nail plate). Particularly, female patients who care about the cosmesis may be dissatisfied with this surgical technique.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV
JAKing up AML1-ETO
Authors: Crispino John D.
Published: July 2012

In this issue of Blood, Chou et al1 and Pulikkan et al2 reveal that the (8;21)(q22;q22) translocation product AML1-ETO (RUNX1-RUNX1T1) leads to enhanced JAK/STAT signaling downstream of myeloproliferative leukemia (MPL) virus, which in turn contributes to increased survival of tumor cells. Hijacking of the JAK/STAT pathway through up-regulation of wild-type MPL is a new paradigm for hematologic malignancies.
Discovery and functional characterization of two diterpene synthases for sclareol biosynthesis in Salvia sclarea(L.) and their relevance for perfume manufacture
Authors: Caniard Anne , Zerbe Philipp , Legrand Sylvain , Cohade Allison , Valot Nadine , Magnard Jean-Louis , Bohlmann Jörg , Legendre Laurent
Published: July 2012

Background

Sclareol is a diterpene natural product of high value for the fragrance industry. Its labdane carbon skeleton and its two hydroxyl groups also make it a valued starting material for semisynthesis of numerous commercial substances, including production of Ambrox® and related ambergris substitutes used in the formulation of high end perfumes. Most of the commercially-produced sclareol is derived from cultivated clary sage (Salvia sclarea) and extraction of the plant material. In clary sage, sclareol mainly accumulates in essential oil-producing trichomes that densely cover flower calices. Manool also is a minor diterpene of this species and the main diterpene of related Salvia species.

Results

Based on previous general knowledge of diterpene biosynthesis in angiosperms, and based on mining of our recently published transcriptome database obtained by deep 454-sequencing of cDNA from clary sage calices, we cloned and functionally characterized two new diterpene synthase (diTPS) enzymes for the complete biosynthesis of sclareol in clary sage. A class II diTPS (SsLPPS) produced labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate as major product from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) with some minor quantities of its non-hydroxylated analogue, (9 S, 10 S)-copalyl diphosphate. A class I diTPS (SsSS) then transformed these intermediates into sclareol and manool, respectively. The production of sclareol was reconstructed in vitro by combining the two recombinant diTPS enzymes with the GGPP starting substrate and in vivo by co-expression of the two proteins in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Tobacco-based transient expression assays of green fluorescent protein-fusion constructs revealed that both enzymes possess an N-terminal signal sequence that actively targets SsLPPS and SsSS to the chloroplast, a major site of GGPP and diterpene production in plants.

Conclusions

SsLPPS and SsSS are two monofunctional diTPSs which, together, produce the diterpenoid specialized metabolite sclareol in a two-step process. They represent two of the first characterized hydroxylating diTPSs in angiosperms and generate the dihydroxylated labdane sclareol without requirement for additional enzymatic oxidation by activities such as cytochrome P450 monoxygenases. Yeast-based production of sclareol by co-expresssion of SsLPPS and SsSS was efficient enough to warrant the development and use of such technology for the biotechnological production of scareol and other oxygenated diterpenes.
A time course analysis of the extracellular proteome of Aspergillus nidulans growing on sorghum stover
Authors: Saykhedkar Sayali , Ray Anamika , Ayoubi-Canaan Patricia , Hartson Steven D , Prade Rolf , Mort Andrew J
Published: July 2012

Background

Fungi are important players in the turnover of plant biomass because they produce a broad range of degradative enzymes.Aspergillus nidulans,a well-studied saprophyte and close homologue to industrially important species such asA. nigerandA. oryzae, was selected for this study.

Results

A. nidulanswas grown on sorghum stover under solid-state culture conditions for 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. Based on analysis of chitin content,A. nidulansgrew to be 4-5% of the total biomass in the culture after 2 days and then maintained a steady state of 4% of the total biomass for the next 12 days. A hyphal mat developed on the surface of the sorghum by day one and as seen by scanning electron microscopy the hyphae enmeshed the sorghum particles by day 5. After 14 days hyphae had penetrated the entire sorghum slurry. Analysis (1-D PAGE LC-MS/MS) of the secretome ofA. nidulans, and analysis of the breakdown products from the sorghum stover showed a wide range of enzymes secreted. A total of 294 extracellular proteins were identified with hemicellulases, cellulases, polygalacturonases, chitinases, esterases and lipases predominating the secretome. Time course analysis revealed a total of 196, 166, 172 and 182 proteins on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 respectively. The fungus used 20% of the xylan and cellulose by day 7 and 30% by day 14. Cellobiose dehydrogenase, feruloyl esterases, and CAZy family 61 endoglucanases, all of which are thought to reduce the recalcitrance of biomass to hydrolysis, were found in high abundance.

Conclusions

Our results show thatA. nidulanssecretes a wide array of enzymes to degrade the major polysaccharides and lipids (but probably not lignin) by 1 day of growth on sorghum. The data suggests simultaneous breakdown of hemicellulose, cellulose and pectin. Despite secretion of most of the enzymes on day 1, changes in the relative abundances of enzymes over the time course indicates that the set of enzymes secreted is tailored to the specific substrates available. Our findings reveal that A. nidulansis capable of degrading the major polysaccharides in sorghum without any chemical pre-treatment.
Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1,000 drugs and other xenobiotics
Authors: Schulz Martin , Iwersen-Bergmann Stefanie , Andresen Hilke , Schmoldt Achim
Published: July 2012

Introduction

In order to assess the significance of drug levels measured in intensive care medicine, clinical and forensic toxicology, as well as for therapeutic drug monitoring, it is essential that a comprehensive collection of data is readily available. Therefore, it makes sense to offer a carefully referenced compilation of therapeutic and toxic plasma concentration ranges, as well as half-lives, of a large number of drugs and other xenobiotics for quick and comprehensive information.

Methods

Data have been abstracted from original papers and text books, as well as from previous compilations, and have been completed with data collected in our own forensic and clinical toxicology laboratory. The data presented in the table and corresponding annotations have been developed over the past 20 years and longer. A previous compilation has been completely revised and updated. In addition, more than 170 substances, especially drugs that have been introduced to the market since 2003 as well as illegal drugs, which became known to cause intoxications, were added. All data were carefully referenced and more than 200 new references were included. Moreover, the annotations providing details were completely revised and more than 100 annotations were added.

Results

For nearly 1,000 drugs and other xenobiotics, therapeutic ("normal") and, if data were available, toxic and comatose-fatal blood-plasma concentrations and elimination half-lives were compiled in a table.

Conclusions

In case of intoxications, the concentration of the ingested substances and/or metabolites in blood plasma better predicts the clinical severity of the case when compared to the assumed amount and time of ingestion. Comparing and contrasting the clinical case against the data provided, including the half-life, may support the decision for or against further intensive care. In addition, the data provided are useful for the therapeutic monitoring of pharmacotherapies, to facilitate the diagnostic assessment and monitoring of acute and chronic intoxications, and to support forensic and clinical expert opinions.
Genome and low-iron response of an oceanic diatom adapted to chronic iron limitation
Authors: Lommer Markus , Specht Michael , Roy Alexandra-Sophie , Kraemer Lars , Andreson Reidar , Gutowska Magdalena A , Wolf Juliane , Bergner Sonja V , Schilhabel Markus B , Klostermeier Ulrich C , Beiko Robert G , Rosenstiel Philip , Hippler Michael , LaRoche Julie
Published: July 2012

Background

Biogeochemical elemental cycling is driven by primary production of biomass via phototrophic phytoplankton growth, with 40% of marine productivity being assigned to diatoms. Phytoplankton growth is widely limited by the availability of iron, an essential component of the photosynthetic apparatus. The oceanic diatom Thalassiosira oceanica shows a remarkable tolerance to low-iron conditions and was chosen as a model for deciphering the cellular response upon shortage of this essential micronutrient.

Results

The combined efforts in genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics reveal an unexpected metabolic flexibility in response to iron availability for T. oceanica CCMP1005. The complex response comprises cellular retrenchment as well as remodeling of bioenergetic pathways, where the abundance of iron-rich photosynthetic proteins is lowered, whereas iron-rich mitochondrial proteins are preserved. As a consequence of iron deprivation, the photosynthetic machinery undergoes a remodeling to adjust the light energy utilization with the overall decrease in photosynthetic electron transfer complexes.

Conclusions

Beneficial adaptations to low-iron environments include strategies to lower the cellular iron requirements and to enhance iron uptake. A novel contribution enhancing iron economy of phototrophic growth is observed with the iron-regulated substitution of three metal-containing fructose-bisphosphate aldolases involved in metabolic conversion of carbohydrates for enzymes that do not contain metals. Further, our data identify candidate components of a high-affinity iron-uptake system, with several of the involved genes and domains originating from duplication events. A high genomic plasticity, as seen from the fraction of genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer, provides the platform for these complex adaptations to a low-iron world.
SnoN regulates mammary gland alveologenesis and onset of lactation by promoting prolactin/Stat5 signaling
Authors: Jahchan Nadine S. , Wang Douglas , Bissell Mina J. , Luo Kunxin
Published: July 2012

Mammary epithelial cells undergo structural and functional differentiation at late pregnancy and parturition to produce and secrete milk. Both TGF-β and prolactin pathways are crucial regulators of this process. However, how the activities of these two antagonistic pathways are orchestrated to initiate lactation has not been well defined. Here, we show that SnoN, a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, coordinates TGF-β and prolactin signaling to control alveologenesis and lactogenesis. SnoN expression is induced at late pregnancy by the coordinated actions of TGF-β and prolactin. The elevated SnoN promotes Stat5 signaling by enhancing its stability, thereby sharply increasing the activity of prolactin signaling at the onset of lactation. SnoN–/– mice display severe defects in alveologenesis and lactogenesis, and mammary epithelial cells from these mice fail to undergo proper morphogenesis. These defects can be rescued by an active Stat5. Thus, our study has identified a new player in the regulation of milk production and revealed a novel function of SnoN in mammary alveologenesis and lactogenesis in vivo through promotion of Stat5 signaling.
Electrosensory ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes in cartilaginous fishes
Authors: Gillis J. Andrew , Modrell Melinda S. , Northcutt R. Glenn , Catania Kenneth C. , Luer Carl A. , Baker Clare V. H.
Published: July 2012

Ampullary organ electroreceptors excited by weak cathodal electric fields are used for hunting by both cartilaginous and non-teleost bony fishes. Despite similarities of neurophysiology and innervation, their embryonic origins remain controversial: bony fish ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes, whereas a neural crest origin has been proposed for cartilaginous fish electroreceptors. This calls into question the homology of electroreceptors and ampullary organs in the two lineages of jawed vertebrates. Here, we test the hypothesis that lateral line placodes form electroreceptors in cartilaginous fishes by undertaking the first long-term in vivo fate-mapping study in any cartilaginous fish. Using DiI tracing for up to 70 days in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, we show that lateral line placodes form both ampullary electroreceptors and mechanosensory neuromasts. These data confirm the homology of electroreceptors and ampullary organs in cartilaginous and non-teleost bony fishes, and indicate that jawed vertebrates primitively possessed a lateral line placode-derived system of electrosensory ampullary organs and mechanosensory neuromasts.
SERPINB3 expression on B-cell surface in autoimmune diseases and hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver infection
Authors: Vidalino Laura , Doria Andrea , Quarta Santina M , Crescenzi Marika , Ruvoletto Mariagrazia , Frezzato Federica , Trentin Livio , Turato Cristian , Parolin Maria Cristina , Ghirardello Anna , Iaccarino Luca , Cavalletto Luisa , Chemello Liliana , Gatta Angelo , Pontisso Patrizia
Published: July 2012

SERPINB3 is a serine protease inhibitor with pleiotropic functions. It is involved in several physiological and pathological processes, where it appears to exert antiapoptotic effects. Little is known about its expression on immune system cells, the major players in mechanisms of viral defense and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of SERPINB3 on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in both normal subjects and in patients with chronic viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Sixty-two patients were analyzed by flow cytometric analysis, including 45 with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease and 17 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SERPINB3 was expressed on B lymphocytes in 79% of the controls, in 32% of the HCV-infected patients and in none of the SLE patients. Surface localization of SERPINB3 was confirmed by confocal microscopy. SERPINB3 positivity was associated with CD27 reactivity ( r = 0.98), but not to other activation molecules (CD69, CD71, CD86 and CXCR3). SERPINB3 is physiologically expressed on the surface of CD27+B lymphocytes, but its expression is reduced in HCV viral infection and not detectable in SLE patients. These results may suggest a role for SERPINB3 in B-cell defects typically found in viral infections and autoimmune disorders.
Molecular architecture of zinc chelating small molecules that inhibit spliceosome assembly at an early stage
Authors: Patil Vishal , Canzoneri Josh C. , Samatov Timur R. , Lührmann Reinhard , Oyelere Adegboyega K.
Published: July 2012

The removal of intervening sequences (introns) from a primary RNA transcript is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex. At the start of each splicing cycle, the spliceosome assembles anew in a sequentially ordered manner on the pre-mRNA intron to be removed. We describe here the identification of a series of naphthalen-2-yl hydroxamate compounds that inhibit pre-mRNA splicing in vitro with mid- to high-micromolar values of IC50. These hydroxamates stall spliceosome assembly at the A complex stage. A structure–activity analysis of lead compounds revealed three pharmacophores that are essential for splicing inhibition. Specifically, a hydroxamate as a zinc-binding group and a 6-methoxynaphthalene cap group are both critical, and a linker chain comprising eight to nine methylene groups is also important, for the specific binding to the docking site of a target protein molecule and precise positioning of the zinc binding group. As we found no correlation between the inhibition patterns of known histone deacetylases on the one hand and pre-mRNA splicing on the other, we conclude that these compounds may function through the inhibition of the activities of other, at present, unknown spliceosome-associated zinc metalloprotein(s).
Luftkrieg and alien invasion: Unacknowledged themes of German wartime suffering in the Hollywood blockbuster Independence Day
Authors: Pirro Robert
Published: July 2012

West German native Roland Emmerich's Independence Day (1996) is considered the prototypical Hollywood blockbuster of a post-Cold War era of globalization in which new impulse was given to the diffusion of American cultural products across national borders. Michael Rogin's analysis
of Independence Day as a resonant document of post-Cold War American anxieties and hopes illuminates the meaning of the film for American audiences but fails to note the film's relationship to post-unification German anxieties and hopes. Referencing a key text in the postCold War German
reconsideration of (non-Jewish) German wartime suffering, W. G. Sebald's essay on the cultural effects of the Allied bombing campaign (Luftkrieg and Literatur), and singling out Sebald's argument about the suspect role of fantasy in depicting unprocessed trauma, this article suggests
how narrative and visual elements of Independence Day evoked problematic notions of German victimhood. However inadvertently issues of German national identity and historical memory were broached by Emmerich and his many German collaborators, the product of their collective efforts
offered a cinematic experience that could resonate in distinctive ways with post-unification German moviegoing audiences.
Art, morality and the national interest: Theodore Winthrop, Frederic Church and Martin Johnson Heade at the Tenth Street Studios in 1859
Authors: Corbett David Peters
Published: July 2012

This article examines the relationship between the painters Frederic Edwin Church and Martin Johnson Heade, and the author Theodore Winthrop at a time when all three were tenants of the Tenth Street Studio building in New York City and Church was completing his important painting,
The Heart of the Andes (1859). The article examines the close intellectual relationship between Church and Winthrop, who wrote a pamphlet to explicate Church's painting. The association of Winthrop's ardent nationalism and belief in American expansionism with this understanding of art
as a moral practice is analysed and related to current interpretations of mid-century landscape. A discussion of Winthrop's 1861 novel, Cecil Dreeme, as a fictionalized account of the complexity of debates in the Tenth Street Studios leads into an analysis of The Heart of the Andes,
which identifies complexities and ambivalences in the painting that put it partly outside the moral position. A comparison of The Heart of the Andes and Heade's 1859 painting Approaching Thunderstorm suggests Heade's opposition to Church's work as moral example. The article concludes
by situating these positions and debates within influential accounts of US culture after the Civil War and arguing that the three-way conversation between its protagonists that began in 1859 exemplifies some of the tensions characteristic of attitudes to the arts in the society that went to
war.
William S. Burroughs and engaged damage
Authors: Fisher Allen
Published: July 2012

Damage can be identified as a strident signifier of twentieth-century art, exemplified by the use of damage in the processes of artistic facture. The processes of this facture have long been recognized in the methods of collage and post-collage transformations. This article addresses
the work of William S. Burroughs, an artist who factured exemplary work from 1955 into the late 1960s for a major series of novels. The work for these novels may be characterized as raw and involved in engaged damage. It was work factured fifteen or more years before most of the work published
in 1982 in RE/SEARCH, where the rawness is cleaned up. In contrast to RE/Search’s presentation, this article discusses Burroughs’ use of damage to engender new texts from existing texts, using visual as well as literary facture and practices, such as the use of multiple columns
of text and image, which carries the intention that the writer and reader perceiving one column of text or image picks up another or more than one text or image from parallel columns as a kind of peripheral vision that has the potential to overlap or interfere with the primary column being
read; this proposal develops into a theory of a consciousness. The prose is representation of transformed perception, memories and inventions. The general outlook is post-realistic with hints of menace and the future, a science fiction with a retrospective eye on the other watching the individual.
Cleaned-up versions of Burroughs’ work from his period, using book publishers’ typesetting norms, can be seen in work for Burroughs’ first trilogy of novels. In addition, Burroughs’ use of accident in these texts may conceal a conventional worry about truth or veracity;
as the text shifts from column to column, it is then regularized into a chopped and selected syntax in a parody, rather than a simulation, of a damaged filmstrip. These recurrences bring with them contrasted chreods, one from the concept of ‘a stream of consciousness’, the other
from mechanical collage: the proprioceptive demands of empathy undermined by assemblage. A collection of the texts titled White Subway becomes a mimesis of consciousness and a demonstration of the context as it replays the tapes of a historical record. This is done overtly, with deliberate
reference and allusion to the process of recording events and the damage in the process. Rather than knowing the outcome, Burroughs’ texts provide positive engagement with this damage.
RE/Search in context
Authors: Lucas Michael
Published: July 2012

This article examines the growth and decline of RE/Search as a commercial enterprise dedicated to documenting and, in effect, marketing selected countercultural trends. Particular attention is given to the publishers’ attempts to negotiate the traditional bohemian disdain for
commerce (as delineated in Malcolm Cowley’s Exile’s Return) in order to maintain credibility with both early adopters of trends, who provide essential information to RE/Search, and the intended consumers of RE/Search’s publications. The question is posed whether the Internet
has provided a more efficient means of transmitting subcultural memes, rendering RE/Search commercially and otherwise unviable as a promoter and popularizer of subcultural trends and tendencies.
The myths of modern primitivism
Authors: Lodder Matt
Published: July 2012

RE/Search Publications’ Modern Primitives (Vale and Juno 1989) changed countless lives, bringing what had been a localized and niche set of body modification practices, aesthetics and philosophies out of San Francisco to a global audience, dominating scholarly and popular discourse
around body modification subculture for more than a decade afterwards. The voice of Fakir Musafar dominates the book. This article argues that modern primitives as Musafar defines them never really existed (and never could have existed) in the terms he suggests, and goes on to address an important
sub-strand within Modern Primitives almost entirely ignored by critics and commentators, who have read the book as generally representative of the body modification culture as a whole. With specific reference to contributors such as infamous tattoo artist Don Ed Hardy who do not frame their
practice in ‘primitive’ terms, the article concludes with a study of an alternative account presented by Vale and Juno’s book: body modification as artistic practice.
Television's fashion gay teens: Justin Suarez and Kurt Hummel
Authors: COLE SHAUN
Published: July 2012

Over the last fifteen years there has been an increase in the number of positive portrayals of gay people, including teenagers, on television. This article takes as a case study the characters Justin Saurez from Ugly Betty (2006-10, created by Silvio Horta) and Kurt Hummel from Glee
(2009-11 (ongoing), created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuck and Ian Brennan) and addresses the role that fashionable clothing and appearance plays in the formation and discussion of their sexual orientation. It argues that the very matter of their fashionability acts as a shorthand to announce
their teenage sexuality.
REVIEWS
Authors: Radner Hilary , Warner Helen
Published: July 2012

Hollywood Catwalk: Exploring Costume and Transformation in American Film, Tamar Jeffers McDonald (2010) London/New York: I.B. Tauris, xii, 240 pp., ISBN 978-1848850408, Paperback, £16.99

Neo-Feminist Cinema: Girly Films, Chick Flicks and Consumer Culture, Hilary Radner (2011)
London: Routledge, ISBN13: 978-0-415-87774-9, RRP£23.99 221 pp.
The Inherent Jurisdiction and Inherent Powers of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Liang Jessica
Published: July 2012

The concepts of inherent powers and inherent jurisdiction are curious under international criminal law. Their source is unclear and their content indeterminate. With potentially coercive consequences on individuals, the exercise of such powers in the criminal context deserves close scrutiny. This article argues that the concepts serve a legitimate function within international criminal courts and tribunals. They are indispensable for filling lacunae in jurisdiction and controlling the abuse of process. Invocations of a court's inherent powers are guided by the necessity of guarding the judicial function and notions of justice. Problematically, this vests substantial discretion in the judiciary and opens their use to judicial activism. This article delineates a clear set of limitations and argues that judicial restraint is crucial to ensuring that there is no abuse of discretion flowing from the exercise of this power.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Critical Review
Authors: Datta Mridul , Schwartz Gary G.
Published: July 2012

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the prevalence of bone loss with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.Discuss the possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease and of advanced prostate cancer with high calcium intake.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.

Loss of bone mineral density is an unintended consequence of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Supplementation with calcium and/or vitamin D in these men seems logical and is advocated by many lay and professional groups.

Methods.

We reviewed guidelines for calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the results of clinical trials of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy.

Results.

Whether supplementation of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy with calcium and/or vitamin D results in higher bone mineral density than no supplementation has not been tested. The results of 12 clinical trials show that, at the doses commonly recommended, 500–1,000 mg calcium and 200–500 IU vitamin D per day, men undergoing androgen deprivation lose bone mineral density.

Conclusion.

The doses of calcium and vitamin D that have been tested are inadequate to prevent loss of bone mineral density in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. In light of evidence that high levels of dietary calcium and calcium supplement use are associated with higher risks for cardiovascular disease and advanced prostate cancer, intervention studies should evaluate the safety as well as the efficacy of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in these men.
A plastic design theory for reinforced and prestressed concrete shell roofs
Authors: Baker A. L. L.
Published: July 2012

Summary:

A theory is proposed which provides a simple method for designing shell roofs, including prestressed shells. This method takes into account the effect of the plasticity and cracking of the concrete as the ultimate load is approached. The theory considers two possible limits of shear stress distribution across a transverse section, and it is shown that the bending moment does not vary greatly between these limits. The theory is intended as a basis for experimental work which is to be carried out in the near future at Imperial College.
Comparison of the behaviour of concrete beams under static and dynamic loading
Authors: Trott J. J. , Fox E. N.
Published: July 2012

Summary

This paper describes preliminary experiments to determine whether or not the rate of loading significantly affects the mechanical properties of concrete beams tested in flexure. Two rates of loading were used: 5xl0-7 in/in.s, the rate employed in normal mechanical tests; about 6 x 10-2 in./in.s when the beams were tested under impact conditions.

This change of the rate of loading produced the following results:

the load at fracture rose from static values of 749 and 792 lb to dynamic values of 990, 1,050 and 1,115 lb; the strain at fracture rose from static values of 185 and 243 μin./in. to 200, 287, and 293 μin./in. under impact conditions;

the approximately linear portion of the load-strain line became curved at dynamic strains of 130 and 180μ in./in. compared with static values of 69 and 85 μin./in.—the corresponding loads were 720 and 900 lb compared with static values of 395 and 530 lb.

If the onset of cracking is associated with the departure from linearity of the stress-strain curve, it appears that increase in the rate of loading markedly effects the strain at which cracking begins.
Application of a Newly Developed Workflow to Design and Optimize MRC and Smart Well Completions
Authors: Shenawi S. , Hidayat W. , Shammari M. , Nasser K. , Faleh A. , Nahdi U. , Ghuwaidi Y. , Mekki N.
Published: July 2012

It is challenging to find optimal well placement and completion design for maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells in heterogeneous oil and gas reservoirs. Saudi Aramco initiated a new workflow in collaboration with a service company, to achieve such objectives based on integrated software packages of Petrel™ and Saudi Aramco's POWERS™ simulator. This workflow can conduct simulation runs optimizing well architecture, smart completions with inflow control devices (ICD/ICV), lateral and vertical shift of the well, to obtain maximum oil and gas recovery applying sensitivity and optimization algorithms. The new workflow proved to have robust functionality and provided significant cost savings and optimal oil and gas recovery.

Three case studies are discussed in this paper. The new workflow assessed the proposed side track and concluded that it was not a good option due to faster water influx from the west flank. This workflow moved the side track lateral to 207 meters to the east and designed to equip the well with ICD and blank pipes. The optimized side track provided 50% more oil recovery than the well that was not moved.

The second case was to propose the best location and complex well design for a dual-lateral maintain potential well. The most sensitive parameters were moving the well to the north and vertical locations, motherbore's length and oil rates. Shifting dual laterals to 750 meters north, optimized ICDs, and 1750-meter motherbore length provided double the cumulative oil production than the single well manually designed and completed.

The third case discusses a tri-lateral well optimization for an oil field that is under development. Based on the sensitivity analysis and shifting well locations have the most significant impact to provide higher oil recovery and delayed water breakthrough for several years.
Automated knowledge based filter synthesis using modified Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind
Authors: Pavlovic Vlastimir , Lutovac Miroslav , Lutovac Maja
Published: July 2012

The paper presents the automated design of active RC and programmable
filters. The approximating function is derived using Chebyshev orthogonal
polynomials of the first kind. Optimization is performed using symbolic
manipulation of expressions inputted into computer algebra system. The code
is in the form of template notebook, and the user should specify the minimal
number of numeric values, such as the number of second-order filter sections,
the pass-band edge frequency, the reflection coefficient, and the preferred
values of component values.
Input-output based quasi-sliding mode control of DC-DC converter
Authors: Mitic Darko , Antic Dragan , Milojkovic Marko , Nikolic Sasa , Peric Stanisa
Published: July 2012

The paper presents the design of discrete-time quasi-sliding mode voltage
controller for DC-DC buck converter. The control algorithm is realized by
measuring only sensed output voltage. No current measurements and time
derivatives of output voltage are necessary. The proposed quasi-sliding mode
controller provides stable output voltage, exhibiting robustness to parameter
and load variations.
Design of compandor quantizer for Laplacian source for medium bit rate using spline approximations
Authors: Velimirovic Lazar , Peric Zoran , Nikolic Jelena , Stankovic Miomir
Published: July 2012

In this paper, the approximation of the optimal compressor function using
spline function of the first and second degree is done. On the basis of the
obtained approximate spline functions, a quantizer designing is done. The
achieved SQNR is very close to that of the model of quantizer based on the
nonlinear compressor function. Also, it is shown that for the medium bit rate
a higher value of SQNR is achieved by using quantizer model proposed in this
paper for the spline of degree 2 than by optimal compandor.
Determination of lisinopril in pharmaceuticals by a kinetic spectrophotometric method
Authors: Cakar Mira , Popovic Gordana
Published: July 2012

A kinetic spectrophotometric method for determination of lisinopril in
pharmaceuticals has been developed. The method is based on activator action
of lisinopril on Cu(II) ions catalysing the oxidation of nile blue A with
hydrogen peroxide in borate buffer (pH 9.3). A decrease of the absorbance was
recorded at 635 nm for 5 min at 25?C. The linearity was established applying
the tangent method within the concentration range of lisinopril from 0.8-6.4
?g mL-1, the detection and quantification limits being 0.158 ?g mL-1 and
0.480 ?g mL-1, respectively. The method has been successfully applied in
three brands of tablets containing lisinopril alone or in combination with
hydrochlorothiazide.
Genetic algorithm-based wavelength selection in multicomponent spectrophotometric determination by PLS: Application on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim mixture in bovine milk
Authors: Givianrad Hadi , Saber-Tehrani Mohammad , Zarin Saber
Published: July 2012

The simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim
(TMP) mixtures in bovine milk by spectrophotometric method is a difficult
problem in analytical chemistry, due to spectral interferences. By means of
multivariate calibration methods, such as partial least square (PLS)
regression, it is possible to obtain a model adjusted to the concentration
values of the mixtures used in the calibration range. Genetic algorithm (GA)
is a suitable method for selecting wavelengths for PLS calibration of
mixtures with almost identical spectra without loss of prediction capacity
using the spectrophotometric method. In this study, the calibration model
based on absorption spectra in the 200-400 nm range for 25 different mixtures
of SMX and TMP Calibration matrices were formed form samples containing
0.25-20 and 0.3-21 ?g mL-1 for SMX and TMP, at pH=10, respectively. The root
mean squared error of deviation (RMSED) for SMX and TMP with PLS and genetic
algorithm partial least square (GAPLS) were 0.242, 0.066 ?gmL-1 and 0.074,
0.027 ?g mL-1, respectively. This procedure was allowed the simultaneous
determination of SMX and TMP in synthetic and real samples and good
reliability of the determination was proved.
The comparative study of linear solvatation energy relationship for the reactivity of pyridine carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in protic and aprotic solvents
Authors: Drmanic Sasa , Nikolic Jasmina , Marinkovic Aleksandar , Jovanovic Bratislav
Published: July 2012

Protic and aprotic solvent effects on the reactivity of picolinic, nicotinic
and isonicotinic acid, as well as of some substituted nicotinic acids with
diazodiphenylmethane (DDM) were investigated. In order to explain the kinetic
results through solvent effects, the second-order rate constants for the
reaction of the examined acids with DDM were correlated using the Kamlet-Taft
solvatochromic equation. The correlations of the kinetic data were carried
out by means of the multiple linear regression analysis and the solvent
effects on the reaction rates were analyzed in terms of the contributions of
the initial and the transition state. The signs of the equation coefficients
support the already known reaction mechanism. The solvatation models for all
the investigated acids are suggested and related to their specific structure.