bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percolation on dual lattices with k‐fold symmetry
Authors: Bollobás Béla , Riordan Oliver
Published: February 2008

Zhang found a simple, elegant argument deducing the nonexistence of an infinite open cluster in certain lattice percolation models (for example, p = 1/2 bond percolation on the square lattice) from general results on the uniqueness of an infinite open cluster when it exists; this argument requires some symmetry. Here we show that a simple modification of Zhang's argument requires only two‐fold (or three‐fold) symmetry, proving that the critical probabilities for percolation on dual planar lattices with such symmetry sum to 1. Like Zhang's argument, our extension applies in many contexts; in particular, it enables us to answer a question of Grimmett concerning the anisotropic random cluster model on the triangular lattice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Seasonal Growth Rate of the Sponge Haliclona oculata (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)
Authors: Koopmans Marieke , Wijffels René H.
Published: February 2008

The interest in sponges has increased rapidly since the discovery of potential new pharmaceutical compounds produced by many sponges. A good method to produce these compounds by using aquaculture of sponges is not yet available, because there is insufficient knowledge about the nutritional needs of sponges. To gain more insight in the nutritional needs for growth, we studied the growth rate of Haliclona oculata in its natural environment and monitored environmental parameters in parallel. A stereo photogrammetry approach was used for measuring growth rates. Stereo pictures were taken and used to measure volumetric changes monthly during 1 year. Volumetric growth rate of Haliclona oculata showed a seasonal trend with the highest average specific growth rate measured in May: 0.012 ± 0.004 day−1. In our study a strong positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found for growth rate with temperature, algal biomass (measured as chlorophyll a), and carbon and nitrogen content in suspended particulate matter. A negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found for growth rate with salinity, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate. No correlation was found with dissolved organic carbon, suggesting that Haliclona oculata is more dependent on particulate organic carbon.
Building Capacity of State Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Coalitions to Implement Science‐Based Approaches
Authors: Rolleri Lori A. , Wilson Mary Martha , Paluzzi Patricia A. , Sedivy Valerie J.
Published: February 2008

A central question in adolescent reproductive health circles is how to effectively disseminate research to practitioners in a way that supports them in using the most scientifically sound and effective programming. In 2002, the Division of Reproductive Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tackled this question by funding three national‐level and five state‐level organizations focused on adolescent pregnancy prevention to promote the use of science‐based programs and approaches. Healthy Teen Network (HTN) and Education, Training and Research Associates (ETR), two national organizations, have partnered under this CDC funding to implement an effective model for capacity building. This paper provides an overview of the approaches used by HTN and ETR in capacity building using a seven‐step process. We describe how we modified the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF) for science‐based innovations to apply to capacity‐building for adolescent reproductive health (ARH) programs, and how we developed relevant, sustainable training and technical support. We conclude by reviewing some of the results of this training, and discuss the future work that will likely continue to advance the science behind effective dissemination of ARH research to practice.
EuroGentest
Authors: Cassiman J.-J.
Published: February 2008

Dank der begeisterten Hilfe Tausender europäischer Humangenetiker, die sich direkt und indirekt an der Umsetzung der Ziele des Exzellenznetzwerks (NoE) EuroGentest beteiligt haben und mit der Unterstützung der European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) hat EuroGentest in den ersten drei Jahren eine Reihe von Produkten geliefert, die der „Genetics Community“ helfen können, ihre Dienstleistungen zu verbessern und zu harmonisieren. EuroGentest wurde dadurch zu einem Markenzeichen für die Qualität europäischer Genetikeinrichtungen und hat eine in Europa beispiellose Bewegung zur Verbesserung der Qualität der Einrichtungen und zur Harmonisierung der entsprechenden Dienstleistungen angestoßen. Viele der hier genannten Aktivitäten und Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, dass Forschungsergebnisse rasch in die Diagnostik übernommen werden können und schaffen die Voraussetzung dafür, dass dies auch in Zukunft gewährleistet ist, so daß die Bürger schnell und effizient von den täglichen Fortschritten in der genetischer Forschung profitieren können.
Does NO play a role in cytokinin signal transduction?
Authors: Romanov Georgy A. , Lomin Sergey N. , Rakova Natalia Yu. , Heyl Alexander , Schmülling Thomas
Published: February 2008

We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in cytokinin signaling. Inhibitors of NO‐synthase (NOS), L‐NMMA and L‐NAME, inhibited the expression of the GUS gene controlled by the cytokinin‐responsive ARR5 promoter. However, the inactive analogues D‐NMMA and D‐NAME had a similar inhibitory activity. NO donors alone did not induce GUS activity and the NO scavenger cPTIO did not prevent the induction of the ARR5 promoter by cytokinin. Northern blot analysis of the PARR5::GUS transgene and the host ARR5 gene revealed that cytokinin‐induced transcript accumulation was not altered by NMMA‐treatment, indicating that NMMA acts post‐transcriptionally. Together the data show that NO has no direct role in eliciting the primary cytokinin response in plants.
Co‐evolution and co‐adaptation in protein networks
Authors: Juan David , Pazos Florencio , Valencia Alfonso
Published: February 2008

Interacting or functionally related proteins have been repeatedly shown to have similar phylogenetic trees. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain this fact. One involves compensatory changes between the two protein families (co‐adaptation). The other states that the tree similarity may be an indirect consequence of the involvement of the two proteins in similar cellular process, which in turn would be reflected by similar evolutionary pressure on the corresponding sequences. There are published data supporting both propositions, and currently the available information is compatible with both hypotheses being true, in an scenario in which both sets of forces are shaping the tree similarity at different levels.
Shaping dots and lines: Adding modularity into protein interaction networks using structural information
Authors: Campagna Anne , Serrano Luis , Kiel Christina
Published: February 2008

Determining protein interaction networks and generating models to simulate network changes in time and space are crucial for understanding a biological system and for predicting the effect of mutants found in diseases. In this review we discuss the great potential of using structural information together with computational tools towards reaching this goal: the prediction of new protein interactions, the estimation of affinities and kinetic rate constants between protein complexes, and finally the determination of which interactions are compatible with each other and which interactions are exclusive. The latter one will be important to reorganize large scale networks into functional modular networks.
Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) modulates endothelial cell proliferation
Authors: Dewberry Rachael M. , King Andrea R. , Crossman David C. , Francis Sheila E.
Published: February 2008

Endothelial cell (EC) lifespan controlled by the IL‐1 family of cytokines is an important determinant of susceptibility to artery wall disease. Here we show that EC lacking intracellular interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) have a reduced lifespan compared to controls. Over expression of IL‐1ra enhanced proliferation via cyclin dependent kinase 2 activity and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. This was not seen in EC lacking IL‐1 receptor 1 (IL‐1 signalling ability), nor apparent using other stimuli e.g. TNFα. These data suggest that IL‐1ra has a specific and receptor‐dependent function to control the growth and lifespan of EC.
NMR structure of the mengovirus Leader protein zinc‐finger domain
Authors: Cornilescu Claudia C. , Porter Frederick W. , Zhao Kate Qin , Palmenberg Ann C. , Markley John L.
Published: February 2008

The Leader protein is a defining feature of picornaviruses from the Cardiovirus genus. This protein was recently shown to inhibit cellular nucleocytoplasmic transport through an activity mapped to its zinc‐binding region. Here we report the three‐dimensional solution structure determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of this domain (residues 5–28) from mengovirus. The domain forms a CHCC zinc‐finger with a fold comprising a β‐hairpin followed by a short α‐helix that can adopt two different conformations. This structure is divergent from those of other eukaryotic zinc‐fingers and instead resembles motifs found in a group of DNA‐binding proteins from Archaea.
The Making of the “March Fallen”: March 4, 1919 and the Subversive Potential of Occupation
Authors: Campbell Michael Walsh
Published: February 2008

For more than eighty-five years, Sudeten German communities have gathered together to commemorate the so-called “March Fourth Massacre.” On this date in 1919, Czechoslovak troops opened fire on crowds of Germans who were demonstrating for national self-determination in thirty-five towns across Czechoslovakia's western frontier. By day's end, the violence in seven towns across the border region had claimed a total of fifty-four lives and had left hundreds wounded. The bloodiest altercation took place in the northwestern Bohemian town of Kadaň (Kaaden), which left twenty-two dead and ninety wounded. On that fateful day in Kadaň, this violence was precipitated by an altercation between unruly German students and anxious Czechoslovak guardsmen, who were stationed in front of the town hall. This altercation triggered two minutes of sustained and indiscriminate gunfire upon the crowd of nearly 10,000, who found themselves trapped by Czechoslovak machine gun nests at opposing ends of the market square.
Fortress Under Siege: A New German History
Authors: Brady Jr. Thomas A.
Published: February 2008

Measured against its subject, German history from the ancient forests to the “Berlin Republic,” A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People by Steven Ozment is a very short book. Karl Lamprecht (1856–1915) required some 6,000 pages in twelve volumes to cover the subject, and he had no twentieth century to master. Ozment's book is readable. It moves along in the athletic style and at the brisk pace we expect from him and is largely free of the sarcasms that pepper some of his earlier (though not the earliest) writings. The most surprising thing about A Mighty Fortress is that it was written at all. Why no German historian would tackle the subject today needs no explanation, but it is truly curious that a foreigner would essay the task. Yet Ozment has done just that. The product is a book easy and fun to read, in many respects better entertainment than history. A Mighty Fortress' point of view is so obstinately personal, its attitude toward established scholarship so brusque, and its narrative so broken and at times opaque, that only generous quotations can supply a fair impression of the book.
Prevention, Welfare, and Citizenship: The War on Tuberculosis and Infant Mortality in Germany, 1900-1930
Authors: Frohman Larry
Published: February 2008

There are many ways to approach the history of the welfare state, and one's understanding of the subject depends to a large degree on the path one takes and the questions that are asked along the way. This paper will take as its point of entry the social programs created to prosecute the war on tuberculosis and infant mortality in Germany from the turn of the last century through the 1920s, specifically the work of the tuberculosis welfare and infant welfare centers (Tuberkulose- and Säuglingsfürsorgestellen). Preventive social hygiene or medical relief programs (Gesundheitsfürsorge) to combat tuberculosis and infant mortality are central to the history of public health not only because of their role in the epidemiological transition in Germany and other western countries. These programs also have a much broader relevance because the refiguring of the rights and duties of citizenship entailed by the preventive project raises a set of questions concerning the relation between preventive social hygiene, individual freedom and well-being, and modernity that are paradigmatic for understanding the modern welfare state.
From Collaboration to Resistance: Politics, Experience, and Memory of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Southern Germany
Authors: Planert Ute
Published: February 2008

Travelers strolling through Stuttgart's Old Town who pause before Württemberg's royal residence can hardly fail to notice the Victory Column. Thirty meters high, it towers over the square and proclaims Crown Prince Wilhelm's victories against the armies of Napoleon in 1814. Erected in 1841, the Victory Column marked the Silver Jubilee of Wilhelm's reign, by that time a much-loved regent. Eight years earlier, at the twentieth anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig, the Bavarian king Ludwig I dedicated a memorial to the dead of the Russian Campaign. Evidently cast from the metal of French cannons, the massive obelisk dominates a crossroads in Munich—roads named after victorious battles fought during the Wars of Liberation. With their military campaigns engraved in stone, the two monarchies, Württemberg and Bavaria, demonstrated their zealous opposition to the French Emperor.
Jüdische Wege ins Bürgertum. Kulturelles Kapital und sozialer Aufstieg im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: February 2008

In his small essay collection with the programmatic title German Jews beyond Judaism (Cincinnati/Bloomington, 1985), the late George L. Mosse stressed the cultural dimension of Jewish emancipation in the German context. Jews became Germans by replacing traditional Judaism with the universal and inclusive Enlightenment ideal of Bildung, which developed almost into a new “religion” for bourgeois German Jews. When all German Jews were finally emancipated in 1871, the large majority belonged to the Bürgertum, which can be loosely translated as bourgeoisie. The German term Bürgertum, however, refers not simply to the socioeconomic position but also to a very specific set of values and forms of behavior, underpinned by constant education and achievement—to Bildung. The very broad Verbürgerlichung (embourgeoisement), in two to three generations, of a hitherto marginalized and destitute group is indeed remarkable in the larger European context. “The Pity of it All,” to borrow from the title of Amos Elon's remarkable synthesis of the “German-Jewish Epoch” (New York, 2002), was that in 1933 many of the truest German Bürger still loyal to the universal Bildungsideal were German Jews. They, Mosse emphasized, “more than any other single group, preserved Germany's better self across dictatorship, war, holocaust, and defeat.”
The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany. By Michael B. Gross. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. 2004. Pp. 376. $70.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper). ISBN 0-472-11383-6 (cloth); 0-472-03130-9 (paper).
Authors: Weichlein Siegfried
Published: February 2008

In recent years, a growing literature on nationalism has highlighted cultural and gender topics. At the same time, religion, most prominently Catholicism, has attracted the intellectual energy of more and more scholars. To date, however, the relationship between nationalism and religion has been undervalued. Helmut Walser Smith's study German Nationalism and Religious Conflict was one of the first to relate religious conflict to the character of German nationalism. Michael B. Gross now analyzes the relationship between German liberalism and religion.
Sex and Character: An Investigation of Fundamental Principles. By Otto Weininger. Translated by Ladislas Löb. Edited by Daniel Steuer and Laura Marcus with an introduction by Daniel Steuer. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 2005. Pp. liv+437. $75.00. ISBN 0-253-34471-9.
Authors: Janik Allan
Published: February 2008

Ladislas Löb's superb translation of Otto Weininger's highly controversial but enormously influential book is a most welcome contribution to understanding Vienna circa 1900 for readers who, for whatever reason, must approach Weininger via an English edition. It replaces what Wittgenstein termed a “beastly” anonymous translation published by Heinemann in England and G. P. Putnam's Sons in 1906 in the United States; the latter was reissued in 1975 by AMS Press and again as recently as 2003 by Howard Fertig. Approaching Weininger from that translation, one has the sense of being confronted with the work of a madman, who spins thoughts off the top of his head in a way that can only be described as absurd, so absurd that their very implausibility and contrariness have a way of making it into a fascinosum. To be sure, there is enough in Weininger's original to encourage that impression. It also helps to explain his appeal to half-educated fanatics like Dietrich Eckhart. Such a seriously defective edition, expurgated, bereft of one hundred thirty-five pages of notes and references and notoriously inaccurate, made it even more difficult than it otherwise might have been to understand how Weininger attracted the attention of brilliant thinkers and writers like Karl Kraus, Elias Canetti, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and even James Joyce (whose Ulysses, improbable as it seems, is deeply indebted to Weininger). In his Translator's Note, Löb provides numerous examples of absolutely grotesque mistranslations—in one place “es ist klar” is rendered as “it does not follow”—which more than corroborate the judgment Wittgenstein passed on the 1906 English edition. Löb neglects to mention, however, that English prudery seems to have dictated that all explicit references to orgasm be deleted. The expurgated version gives the impression of being a kind of misogynistic, anti-Semitic version of Peter Pan. Only a naïve, sensitive “boy genius” could have written such nonsense. In the end, camps formed on both sides about whether the author was a genius or a madman. Nobody, however, paid much attention to the argument—or the state of the text itself. This state of affairs has persisted until recently. Only in 1982 did it become known that there were two slightly different German editions of the work, and this only became widely known in the mid-1990s thanks to the assiduous research of Waltraud Hirsch (who is currently preparing an electronic critical edition of Weininger's complete works that should finally clear up the matter of the authoritative German text). Little wonder that there has been so much confusion surrounding Weininger.
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich
Authors: Johnson Eric A.
Published: February 2008

In 1997, Peter Hayes was approached by the German chemical firm Degussa to research and write a detailed report about its activities in Nazi Germany. As the author of a well-received volume on the history of IG Farben in the Third Reich and a respected professor of German history and Holocaust studies at Northwestern University, Hayes was a logical and solid choice to undertake such a task. The judicious and careful volume under review is the final product of his effort.
Fascists. By Michael Mann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. Pp. x+429. $65.00. ISBN 0-521-83131-8.
Authors: Campbell Bruce
Published: February 2008

Seeking a general theory of fascism is a bit like the attempt to gather all of modern physics into a single unified field theory. It is a necessary exercise that can stimulate reflection, even in failure. Michael Mann, a historical sociologist at UCLA, provides an intriguing survey and theory of European fascism. While he does not really break significant new ground, he does raise questions that will eventually advance the state of our knowledge.
Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism
Authors: von Klemperer Klemens
Published: February 2008

Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878-1946) is popularly known as the “Lion of Münster” for his resolute opposition to Nazism, notably to Hitler's policy of euthanasia that was to cleanse Germany of the mentally retarded. Von Galen was the Bishop of Münster in Westphalia until he became a cardinal in 1946, shortly before his death. In the summer of 1941, he delivered three powerful sermons against euthanasia and the closing of monasteries. The sermons were secretly copied and distributed and also, much to the embarrassment of the Nazi regime, dropped as leaflets by the Royal Air Force over Germany. It is thanks to these sermons that Bishop von Galen has been widely recognized and indeed celebrated as a resister against National Socialism.
Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule
Authors: Lumans Valdis O.
Published: February 2008

Reading Karel C. Berkhoff's Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule reaps reward but also some disappointment. For the general public unfamiliar with the historical issues and intricacies of the Nazi occupation of the Soviet Union, this book contains far more reward as a montage of vivid depictions of everyday life under German domination in the occupied East. But conversely, for those with a more advanced, research-level familiarity with the subject, the results are reversed.
War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans. By Ben Shepherd. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2004. Pp. 300. $29.95. ISBN 0-674-01296-8.
Authors: Liulevicius Vejas Gabriel
Published: February 2008

This concise study of the German army's anti-partisan campaigns on the Eastern Front in World War II provides added detail and nuance to historical understanding of the “war of devastation” launched by the Nazi leadership. While titanic armies clashed on the battlefields, German campaigns in the occupied territories behind the front also took a devastating toll, with “the destruction of more than 5,000 villages and the killing of up to 300,000 mainly civilian Soviet citizens” (p. 27). This brutal treatment was meted out not only by the indoctrinated killers of the SS units, but also by units of the German army (contrary to the idealized depictions of a “fundamentally decent” regular army circulated after 1945). Shepherd aims to reveal the mix of “personal influences and particular conditions” (p. 33) and their interplay in causing the brutalization of the German army, the Wehrmacht. Shepherd states, “the Wehrmacht was the single institution that, more than any other, shaped the lives and actions of ordinary Germans between 1933 and 1945” (p. 28), with eleven million men serving in its ranks in this period.
From Yalta to Berlin: The Cold War Struggle over Germany
Authors: Cary Noel D.
Published: February 2008

The Berlin Republic of the twenty-first century, writes W. R. Smyser, is destined to be unlike all previous German states. A status quo power and a stable democracy, it is neither the battleground of others nor dominant over them, neither reticent like Bonn nor arrogant like the Berlin of the late Hohenzollerns. The Cold War was “the essential incubator” of this “new Germany” (p. 402). It provided Germany with the tools of change—a role through which to overcome its past, and time to overcome old wounds. Aiding the incubation were contradictory Communist policies, astute Western statesmanship, and bravely pursued Eastern popular aspirations. Two Germans and two Americans, Smyser avers, stand at the heart of the eventual Communist defeat: East German leader Walter Ulbricht, West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, President Ronald Reagan, and Smyser’s onetime mentor, General Lucius Clay. Mighty assists go to British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev, and the inspirational Polish Pope. Further down this idiosyncratic hierarchy stand Chancellors Adenauer and Kohl and U.S. President George H. W. Bush.
Die Politik der Ehre. Die Rehabilitierung der Berufssoldaten in der frühen Bundesrepublik
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: February 2008

Since the mid-1990s, a number of books have appeared that examine the tumultuous early years of the Federal Republic of Germany through the lens of the former Wehrmacht officer corps. How this elite group, so closely tied to the aims and institutions of the National Socialist regime, managed the transition to democracy is critical to understanding the ultimate success of the Federal Republic in establishing legitimacy and avoiding the fate of its Weimar ancestor.
Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945-1953. By David Monod. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2005. Pp. xiv+325. $45.00. ISBN 0-8078-2944-7.
Authors: Potter Pamela M.
Published: February 2008

The impetus among Germany's cultural elite to mark the end of World War II as a “zero hour” has been analyzed mainly as a German phenomenon, with considerably less attention to the role of the occupying forces in fostering that mentality. Settling Scores offers a long-awaited analysis of the American Military Government's precarious navigation in the music world, one of the most sensitive cultural areas for both the conquerors and the conquered. Most histories of twentieth-century German music and culture suffer from a basic misunderstanding of this tumultuous time and uncritically accept many of the prejudices it engendered. As this study demonstrates, the notion of a musical “zero hour” is one such misconception, for the imperfect projects of denazification and reeducation left the musical world of the post-war period largely indistinguishable from its pre-war existence. Based on thorough archival research, interviews with eyewitnesses, and a wide range of literature, this highly readable and engaging history reveals in detail the successes and failures of the Military Government's ambitious agenda to root out the musical “Führers” of the Third Reich and to transform music from a tool of nationalist aggression to one of democratic tolerance.
Jews and Queers: Symptoms of Modernity in Late-Twentieth-Century Vienna
Authors: Wolff Larry
Published: February 2008

“We have all suffered,” remarked the Austrian chancellor Leopold Figl in 1946, looking back at Austria during the Nazi period (p. 34). This blanket affirmation of Austrian victimhood became the ideological basis of the postwar Austrian state and mandated an inability or refusal to recognize that some Austrians had suffered rather more than others, while some Austrians had actively contributed to the suffering of others by their participation in the Nazi regime. This Austrian victim myth was left largely intact for forty years until the controversy that erupted around the election to the presidency in 1986 of Kurt Waldheim, whose convenient suppression of his own Nazi past was emblematic of Austria's more general national amnesia.
The Transnational Beginnings of West German Zeitgeschichte in the 1950s
Authors: Eckert Astrid M.
Published: February 2008

The study of Zeitgeschichte, or contemporary history, was not an invention of the postwar era. But it was in the wake of the Second World War that it carved out a space in the historical professions of the United States, Great Britain and, most pronouncedly, West Germany. In each country, it came with similar definitions: in West Germany as “the era of those living, and its scholarly treatment by academics”; in the United States as “the period of the last generation or two”; and in Britain as “Europe in the twentieth century” or “the histories of yesterday which are being written today.” Such definitions contained a generational component and left contemporary history open to continuous rejuvenation. Yet during the postwar decades, the above definitions steered interest clearly toward the history of National Socialism, the Second World War, and foreign policy of the 1920s and 1930s. The horrific cost in human lives of Nazi racial and anti-Semitic policies gave an instant relevance to all aspects of Germany's past. The German grip on much of Europe had made National Socialism an integral component in the history of formerly occupied countries, and the Allied struggle to defeat Nazism added yet more countries to the list of those that had seen their histories become entangled with that of Germany. Hence, the academic writing of German contemporary history was never an exclusively German affair. Scholars outside Germany, especially in Great Britain and the United States, were part of the endeavor from the outset. Their involvement was facilitated by the fact that the Western Allies had captured an enormous quantity of German records and archives at the end of the war, part of which would become available to historians over the course of the 1950s and 1960s.
Sleeping with the Enemy? A Fiction Film for German Television about the Bombing of Dresden
Authors: Crew David F.
Published: February 2008

Dealing with the Nazi past has become a permanent component (some would say obsession) of contemporary German national identity. Almost every day, the German print and visual media carry stories related to Hitler, World War II, and the Holocaust. Each new major anniversary sets in motion another round of discussion, argument, and controversy. Each new autobiography and each new film on Nazism generates extensive media commentary. Among the most interesting aspects of recent discussions of the Nazi past is the new prominence afforded to depictions of Germans as victims of “Hitler's War.” Nowhere has this predilection for presenting Germans as victims been more apparent and pronounced than in the flood of recent popular books and made-for-TV documentaries about the bombing war.
Gordon Alexander Craig (1913–2005)
Authors: Sheehan James J.
Published: February 2008

In the spring of 1936, Gordon A. Craig, twenty-two years old and about to graduate from Princeton, made two of his earliest public appearances. The first was a poem, modeled on a Latin Ode, published in the Nassau Lit with the title “Marxicos Odi,” and dedicated “To My Proletarian Sweetheart.” The poem evokes the brevity of life, the swift passing of undergraduate pleasures, and their irresistible distraction from more serious things:
Nationalist Politics and the Dynamics of State and Civil Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1867–1914
Authors: Cohen Gary B.
Published: February 2008

Historians have conventionally depicted the Habsburg Monarchy as the largest modern European imperial polity to disappear from the map because of its inability to accommodate the national aspirations of its peoples. It is the locus classicus for the failure of an old-fashioned dynastic empire to develop among its subjects a broader civic identity and loyalty to the state to counter the rise of nationalist demands for self-government. For later historians as well as many contemporary observers of the frequent internal crises after the 1890s, this was already a failed state even before World War I brought on the tragic denouement. In this perspective the monarchy's participation in the war was not a purely exogenous factor that led eventually to the polity's demise. Most scholars have agreed that the monarchy's entry into the war came largely because of its need to preserve its status as a Great Power, defend its position in the Balkans, and counter the challenges of its own nationalist political movements, some of them allied with political forces beyond the borders. Older western European and North American histories also tended to view nationalist politics in Habsburg central Europe, in contrast to western European experience, as an intolerant and ultimately anti-democratic force that helped doom hopes for parliamentary democracy both under the monarchy and in the post-1918 successor states.
German Antifascist Refugees in America and the Public Debate on “What Should be Done with Germany after Hitler,” 1941–1945
Authors: Lamberti Marjorie
Published: February 2008

The debate over “what should be done with Germany after Hitler” became so intense in America in 1943–44 that competitive organizations were created to influence public opinion and official postwar planning. German refugees fought on both sides in the crossfire of opinion. Recent historical scholarship has discussed the failure of the German political emigration to gain formal political recognition from the United States government and the right to participate in Allied planning for postwar Germany. Though correct, this contention should not obscure the significant role that some of the anti-Nazi exiles played in framing the public debate on the treatment of Germany. They swam against the tide of extreme anti-German sentiments at the height of the Second World War, and their views found considerable resonance among American intellectuals. The public debate on the Allied policy for postwar Germany was more extensive than many historical accounts suggest in focusing on the proposals of Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau and the infighting within President Roosevelt's administration. German antifascist emigrants in America devised the arguments and rhetorical tools against the movement for a draconian peace long before the political controversy over the Morgenthau Plan in September 1944. Their contribution to the wartime debate on Germany's future helped to prepare Americans to accept the modification of Washington's tough policy for occupied Germany before the Cold War turned a onetime enemy into an ally. By the terms in which they cast this debate, they contributed also to the marginalization of the Holocaust in the wartime discourse on Germany more than historians have hitherto recognized.
Realms of Oblivion: The Vienna Auschwitz Trial
Authors: Allen Michael Thad
Published: February 2008

On March 10, 1972, a little-known Auschwitz trial came to a rather unremarkable conclusion with the release of Fritz Ertl and Walter Dejaco. Both had served as SS architects in the Central Construction Directorate(ZBL)-Auschwitz. Both were part of a team responsible for designing and building the gas chambers of Birkenau. The District Attorneys' Office of Vienna had prepared the case against them with great ambition nearly a decade before. Prosecutors originally had in mind something like the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial in the Federal Republic of Germany, which included more than twenty defendants. Such plans were speedily curtailed. The court had only grudgingly agreed to try three defendants and then readily granted a motion to dismiss charges against one (Hermann Töfferl, a construction foreman). That left only two. “The public interest for this monster trial appears to be slight. The benches in the great jury court remain empty,” the Wiener Zeitung reported upon the opening of the trial. Less than two months later, the paper recorded the defendants' release, and no public debate followed.
The Russian Germans in the Interwar German National Imaginary
Authors: Casteel James E.
Published: February 2008

In September 1929, a group of Russian German farmers who were dissatisfied with conditions under Soviet rule traveled to the suburbs of Moscow and demanded that they be allowed to emigrate. The gathering of ethnic Germans, most of whom were Mennonites, grew rapidly and numbered more than 13,000 people at its height. Their demands were widely reported in the German press and brought the subject of Soviet collectivization into the public eye in Germany. The effect of this event on German-Soviet diplomatic relations, which became increasingly strained as Stalinism took hold, is well known. Although studies of the gathering mention the public outcry in the press, they have generally assumed that the German public's identification with the Russian Germans was self-evident and not in need of explanation. In fact, public interest in and government concern for the Russian Germans was a relatively recent phenomenon. In the post-World War I era, Germans came to understand the Russian Germans as emblematic of Germany's fate—as innocent, hard-working farmers who were loyal to Germanness and who worked tirelessly to expand German culture in the world. The Russian Germans also came to represent the larger crisis of legitimacy that affected the Weimar Republic in which parliamentary government was increasingly perceived as not being able to protect the German people and its interests, whether in Germany or abroad.
Between Two Scholarly Cultures: Reflections on the Reorganization of the East German Historical Profession after 1990
Authors: Lässig Simone
Published: February 2008

Studies of the East German historical profession and what became of it after 1990—which are now numerous—have primarily dealt with institutes in Berlin affiliated with the Akademie der Wissenschaften or the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED). Little attention has been paid to the academic institutions where most of the German Democratic Republic's historians and history teachers received their scholarly and political training, namely the history departments of the country's universities and the teachers' colleges (pädagogische Hochschulen). In this essay, in which I draw in part upon my personal experiences, I will therefore be less concerned with the well-researched “nerve centers” of the East German research establishment than with the long-neglected “academic provinces” and the everyday realities of academic life that, however absurd they might seem in hindsight, shaped the experiences of countless students, instructors, and professors.
Scarcity and Resentment: Economic Sources of Xenophobia in the GDR, 1971–1989
Authors: Zatlin Jonathan R.
Published: February 2008

“In all of economic history, the foreigner appears everywhere as the trader, or the trader as foreigner.”
Modelling the reproductive efficiency in a beef cow herd: effect of calving date, bull exposure and body condition at calving on the calving–conception interval and calving distribution
Authors: BLANC F. , AGABRIEL J.
Published: February 2008

A model of reproductive performance was developed to study the influences of breeding management decisions and animal characteristics on the reproductive performance and the calving distribution in a beef herd. In the model, reproductive performance is formalized as a sequence of events (parturition, ovulation, conception), each of which modifies the reproductive status of the simulated cow. With respect to reproduction, a cow can be in one of three possible states: open-not-cycling, open-cycling or pregnant. The length of the different intervals that are included between two successive reproductive events (calving to first cycle interval, length of oestrous cycles, calving–conception and calving intervals) is formalized using stochastic or empirical laws that may be influenced by numerous animal or environmental factors or by management decisions (feeding strategy, breeding season and length of the breeding period). Within the herd, cows are considered to differ from each other by their parity, calving date, body condition at calving and their bull exposure.

Calving to first oestrous interval (postpartum anoestrous interval (PPAI)) is expressed as the sum of three equations which formalize the respective effects of calving date, body condition score at calving (BCScalving) and the response to early bull exposure in interaction with BCScalving. The influences of these variables on reproductive performance were quantified by analysing data sets (three bibliographical and two experimental) or by expertise. Special attention was paid to the influence of calving date on PPAI and a biological interpretation of this effect is proposed. Probabilities of natural insemination success were estimated according to the number of oestrus and the number of matings.

The model was fitted to data from primiparous Charolais cows (n=139) bred at the experimental station Laqueuille (French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)). Its ability to simulate PPAI was tested using an independent data set of primiparous Charolais cows (n=188) from the experimental farm Le Pin. The model only accounts for 39% of the observed inter-individual variability. However, the analysis of the mean square deviation components led to validation of the structure of the model. In particular, the assumption that the influence of calving date on PPAI can be attributed to a sensitivity of the reproductive function to the variation of the photoperiod during the month preceding parturition was confirmed. Simulations also revealed that fat cows could have similar anoestrus to thin cows when they are exposed early to a bull. Such a result emphasized the necessity to investigate further and better calibrate the combined effects of BCS at calving and bull exposure on PPAI.
Botulinum toxin A for quality of life improvement in post-parotidectomy gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome)
Authors: Hartl D M , Julieron M , LeRidant A-M , Janot F , Marandas P , Travagli J-P
Published: February 2008

Objective:

To measure patient-reported quality of life before and after botulinum toxin A treatment of post-parotidectomy Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating).

Patients and methods:

A questionnaire concerning functional, social and emotional aspects of Frey's syndrome (14 questions, with responses on a zero to three point scale) was administered to 17 patients (13 women and four men) before and one month after intradermal injection of botulinum toxin A. Parotidectomy had been performed one to 19 years previously, for benign (n = 10) or malignant (n = 7) tumours, with gustatory sweating occurring a median of 15 months after surgery (range: one month to 14 years). Pre- and post-treatment quality of life scores were compared using Wilcoxon's test (p < 0.05).

Results:

Patients' reported functional quality of life improved significantly (p = 0.0004). Their social and emotional scores were not significantly modified (p = 0.155 and 0.142, respectively). Seven patients (41 per cent) found the injections painful, but all patients said that the effects were beneficial, that they would undergo new injections if necessary and that they would recommend this treatment to other patients. The benefit lasted over 1.5 years for 60 per cent of patients. No correlation was found between duration of the effect and the extent of parotidectomy (p = 0.067).

Conclusions:

Botulinum toxin A significantly improved patients' functional quality of life, without significant improvement in their social or emotional quality of life, according to our questionnaire results. The duration of the effect was longer than the reported physiological effect of botulinum toxin A on acetylcholine receptors.
An Aristotelian Critique of Situationism
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: February 2008

Aristotle says that no human achievement has the stability of activities that express virtue. Ethical situationists consider this claim to be refutable by empirical evidence. If that is true, not only Aristotelianism, but folk psychology, contemporary virtue ethics and character education have all been seriously infirmed. The aim of this paper is threefold: (1) to offer a systematic classification of the existing objections against situationism under four main headings: ‘the methodological objection’, ‘the moral dilemma objection’, ‘the bullet-biting objection’ and ‘the anti-behaviouristic objection’; (2) to resuscitate a more powerful Aristotelian version of the ‘anti-behaviouristic objection’ than advanced by previous critics; and (3) to explore some of the implications of such resuscitation for our understanding of the salience of character and for future studies of its nature.
What Is an Attributive Adjective?
Authors: Rind Miles , Tillinghast Lauren
Published: February 2008

Peter Geach's distinction between logically predicative and logically attributive adjectives has become part of the technical apparatus of philosophers, but no satisfactory explanation of what an attributive adjective is has yet been provided. Geach's discussion suggests two different ways of understanding the notion. According to one, an adjective is attributive just in case predications of it in combination with a noun fail to behave in inferences like a logical conjunction of predications. According to the other, an adjective is attributive just in case it cannot be applied in a truth-value-yielding fashion unless combined with a noun. The latter way of understanding the notion yields both a more defensible version of Geach's arguments that ‘good’ and ‘bad’ are attributive and a more satisfactory explanation of attributivity.
The Linguistic View ofa PrioriKnowledge
Authors: Giaquinto M.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents considerations against the linguistic view ofa prioriknowledge. The paper has two parts. In the first part I argue that problems about the individuation of lexical meanings provide evidence for a moderate indeterminacy, as distinct from the radical indeterminacy of meaning claimed by Quine, and that this undermines the idea ofa prioriknowledge based on knowledge of synonymies. In the second part of the paper I argue against the idea thata prioriknowledge not based on knowledge of synonymies can be explained in terms of implicit definitions.1
Does better common property forest management promote behavioral change? On-farm tree planting in the Bolivian Andes
Authors: BLUFFSTONE RANDALL , BOSCOLO MARCO , MOLINA RAMIRO
Published: February 2008

This paper analyzes behavioral change spurred by better common property forest management (CPFM), with a focus on on-farm tree planting. Results from our theoretical household model suggest that on-farm trees, which provide products that can substitute for those from common forests, should be stimulated by better CPFM systems. We test this finding using data from a household survey conducted in the Bolivian Andes in 2000. We find that better CPFM at its highest level of aggregation is positively correlated with more and higher quality on-farm trees. In terms of less aggregated indices, relatively few variables are significant, though two particularly important aspects of forest property rights – access clarity and the existence of formal penalties for overuse – actually reduce on-farm tree planting. We therefore conclude that in general synergies between individual CPFM components are most critical for behavioral change, but improvement of property rights aspects of CPFM may give counter-intuitive results.
Optimizing protected area entry fees across stakeholders: the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: KIDO ANTONIO , SEIDL ANDREW
Published: February 2008

Tourists, protected area managers, gateway communities, and national or international interested parties may have different objectives for protected areas management in developing countries. When values and incentives are at cross-purposes, difficulties in management may persist, but policy alternatives may be available. This research hopes to better understand the incentives facing different groups of stakeholders in the ecological-economic management of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Michoacan, Mexico. The quasi-private management of this protected area by ‘ejidatarios’ provides an additional feature of interest. Travel cost, contingent behavior and export base analyses are used to establish alternative optimal entrance price strategies at the Reserve. Potential policy alternatives from the perspective of each stakeholder group are explored. Significant changes in management strategy, optimal entry fee and economic benefit appear to be possible by recognizing different scales and orientations of relevant stakeholders.