bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI. On the Etymology of Mass, &c. in a Letter from H. C. Robinson, Esq. addressed to John Gage, Esq. F.R.S., Director
Authors: Robinson H. C.
Published: June 2012

In your learned Dissertation on St. Æthelwold's Benedictional, (Archaeologia, vol. XXIV. p. 1,) you have adopted the traditional derivation of the word Mass, in the ritual of the Roman Catholic Church, from the formula missa est of the ritual. This induces me to address myself to you on the subject of English Etymology, though I cannot expect you to take an active interest in the argument I mean to lay before you in opposition to that derivation, or be more than the obliging medium through which I may address the learned Society, of which you are so distinguished a support. You have, I believe, not yet directed your attention to the German or other Northern languages; and as far therefore as you can have any opinion upon a subject of controversy to which you have not yet particularly attended, that opinion must of necessity be in conformity with that which has generally prevailed among European scholars for the last three centuries. I am aware of the disadvantage of opposing myself to such a mass of authority; but I own that this rather impels me to, than deters me from, the investigation. The concurrence of all the authorities in favour of any doctrine may be a sufficient inducement for assuming it to be true without further inquiry, but it is a still better reason for exposing an error, if there be one: and more especially if it should appear that the shrewd remark of the German Göthe is here peculiarly applicable, “In this world, there are so few voices and so many echoes.”
XVII. Letter purporting to be written by Margaret Countess of Salisbury to her Son, Cardinal Pole; communicated, with remarks, by Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H., F.R.S. and S.A., to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Palgrave Francis
Published: June 2012

Amongst the State Papers in this repository, is a document without signature, written in a good bold secretary hand, such as was common in the reign of Henry VIII. and to the following effect:

“Sonne Reignald—I send you God's blessyng and myne, more of my charitie then of your deservyng; for where my hope and trust was, in God, to have had comfort of you, the same, by your demeanour, is turned to sorrow.
XXI. Second Letter from Sydney Smirke, Esq. F.S.A., to Sir Henry Ellis, F.R.S., Secretary, on the architectural History of Westminster Hall
Authors: Smirke Sydney
Published: June 2012

In the former Communication which I had the pleasure to make to you respecting the repairs now in progress at Westminster Hall, I stated that on removing the surface of the masonry of the walls, many very manifest indications presented themselves of the original Norman work. The subsequent progress of the restoration continued to bring to light similar indications, sufficient indeed to render it no difficult task to form a pretty distinct conception of the appearance of the walls as built during the Norman period, and I hope in a short time to have the pleasure of putting into your hands a drawing of such an imaginary, but well founded, restoration, which, perhaps, you may think deserving the inspection of the Society.
XXII. A Letter from John Gage, Esq. F.R.S., Director, to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Secretary, accompanying a Gold British Corselet exhibited to the Society, and since purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum
Authors: Gage John
Published: June 2012

Diodorus in his account of Gaul, speaking of the ore obtained from the streams, says, that “by this means accumulating abundance of Gold, not only the women, but the men, use it for ornament; for round their wrists and arms they wear bracelets; round their necks thick collars of pure gold, and rings of great value, and even golden breast-plates.” Polybius, particularly remarks this national custom, and it is the subject of frequent allusion among the Roman authors, as in the following passage from Virgil, relating to the host of Brennus:

Aurea csesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis:

Virgatis lucent sagulis: turn lactea colla

Auro innectuntur.
XI. Sarcastic Verses, written by an Adherent to the House of Lancaster, in the last year of the Reign of Richard the Second, A. D. 1399. Communicated by William Hamper, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Hamper William
Published: June 2012

The attention of the Society of Antiquaries having been lately drawn to the circumstances connected with the latter days of King Richard the Second, I conceive that the enclosed Verses, from a coeval manuscript in my possession, may be acceptable to them; and shall therefore beg you to introduce them at your leisure.
XIII. On the word “Mass:” By John Bruce, Esq. In a Letter to Thomas Amyot, Esq. F.R.S. Treasurer
Authors: Bruce John
Published: June 2012

The derivation of the word “Mass” having lately been the subject of our conversation, I am induced to offer you the following Remarks upon it, from which I think it will appear that the word, as used to signify the service of the Roman Catholic Church, is wholly distinct, both in derivation and sense, from “mas” the adjunct to Christ, &c. in the words, “Christmas,” “Candlemas,” “Lammas,” &c. In the former sense it seems to come from the Latin “Missa,” and in the latter from the Anglo-Saxon “mærre;” the one having been used in the early ages of the Church as a word of dismission to the congregation, or a part of it, and the other signifying a feast or solemn festival.
XXVI. On a Deed of Gift to the Abbey of Ystrad Marchell: Communicated by Samuel Rush Meyrick, Esq. LL. D. and F.S.A. in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Meyrick Samuel Rush
Published: June 2012

About twenty years ago I copied a transcript, made as long previous, from an original Deed of Gift by Wenwynwyn the son of Owain Cyveiliawg, a Powysian Prince, to the Abbey of Ystrad Marchel in the year 1201, at that time in the possession of a Mr. Edward Herbert, of Montgomery. Whether it be still preserved by his family or what has been its fate, perhaps some of our Members connected with the Principality may know, but on that head I am in utter ignorance. I regret, therefore, that what I am able to send you is incomplete, wanting the final clause and attestation.
XXVIII. The Bill of the Expences attending the Journey of Peter Martyr and Bernardinus Ochin, from Basil to England, in 1547: Communicated by Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Nicolas Nicholas Harris
Published: June 2012

It is known to every person acquainted with the history of the reign of Edward the Sixth, that in the year 1547 the famous Peter Martyr and Bernardinus Ochin, in consequence of their zeal for the reformed Faith, were invited to this Country; that the former was in the following year appointed Regius Professor of Divinity in Oxford; and that Ochin was nominated a Prebendary of the Cathedral of Canterbury by Archbishop Cranmer, on the 9th May 1548.
III. Observations on the circumstances which occasioned the Death of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester; in a Letter from John Bruce, Esq. F.S.A. to Thomas Amyot, Esq. F.R.S., Treasurer
Authors: Bruce John
Published: June 2012

Few men have suffered the extreme penalty of the law under circumstances more calculated to arouse general commiseration, than those which attended the death of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester. It has nevertheless happened, that whilst the most trifling circumstances relating to his illustrious companion in misfortune have been dwelt upon with great minuteness, the fall of Fisher has not been investigated with any thing like a proportionable diligence. The chief reason for this marked difference may be found, I imagine, in the personal character of Sir Thomas More, compounded as it was of qualities more showy and attractive than the meek and Christian virtues of Bishop Fisher. The discrepancies and contradictions in the accounts of the proceedings against Fisher given by our best historians are so numerous, that I have thought a careful statement of the circumstances which accompanied his fall, partly derived from MSS. which do not appear to have been printed, would probably be acceptable to you, and if you think the matter of sufficient general interest to merit the attention of the Society of Antiquaries, you will oblige me by submitting the following remarks to their notice.
V. Notices of the Palace of Whitehall; in a Letter from Sydney Smirke, Esq. F.S.A., addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Smirke Sydney
Published: June 2012

It appears to come so peculiarly within the scope and intention of the Society of Antiquaries, to receive from its Members notices of such subjects of antiquarian or historical interest as circumstances may have given them advantageous opportunities of examining, that I make no apology for now sending you some Drawings which represent almost the only remaining fragment of a Palace which was the principal residence of the English Court for more than a century and a half, during a brilliant and important period of English History: I allude to the ancient Palace of Whitehall.
XIII. Remarks on certain Celtic Monuments at Locmariaker, in Britany; in a Letter from the Rev. John Bathurst Deane, M.A., F.S.A., to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Deane John Bathurst
Published: June 2012

The accompanying plan of the village of Locmariaker and its vicinity is necessary to the completion of my description of the Dracontium of Carnac, lately read to the Society of Antiquaries; and I shall be obliged if you will lay it, together with the following remarks, before the Society.
XVIII. An Outline of the History of the Court of Star Chamber, in a Letter from John Bruce, Esq. F.S.A., addressed to Thomas Amyot, Esq. F.R.S., Treasurer
Authors: Bruce John
Published: June 2012

The jurisdiction of the Court of Star Chamber is connected with a variety of curious questions relative to the ancient “Consilium Regis,” which, although often approached by writers of great reputation, do not appear to have been as yet satisfactorily elucidated. Whilst men were within the reach of this powerful judicature, they seem to have been unwilling to inquire too curiously into its origin; and, since its overthrow, the loss, or destruction, of its records, has increased the difficulties inseparable from such an investigation. I propose to attempt an outline of that part of the subject which is necessary to be considered by those who desire to form a general idea of the nature of the judicial jurisdiction exercised in the Star Chamber, and, by that means, to understand the reasons of the abhorrence in which that Court was held by our ancestors of the seventeenth century. If you deem the inquiry likely to interest the Society of Antiquaries, you will oblige me by submitting my remarks to that body. Amongst them I am aware there are many persons who are more favoured by circumstances, and better able, than myself, to treat the whole subject satisfactorily;—perhaps my paper may induce some one of them to give his attention to the inquiry.
XXII. Extracts from the Household and Privy Purse Accounts of the Lestranges of Hunstanton, from A.D. 1519 to A.D. 1578; Communicated by Daniel Gurney, Esq. F.S.A., in a Letter to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Gurney Daniel
Published: June 2012

I send for your inspection, and that of the Society of Antiquaries, some extracts from the Household and Privy-purse accounts of the Lestranges of Hunstanton, during the reigns of Henry the Eighth and his children. They appear to me of considerable interest, as detailing the expenditure of the better sort of gentry at that period, and as throwing much light upon the method of life pursued by them.
XXIII. A short Account of some Antiquities discovered in the District of Peten, in Central America; in a Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Galindo, Governor of Peten, addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Galindo Juan
Published: June 2012

I Have the honour of presenting the accompanying articles to your Society, and which I presume may be interesting. The whole have been collected in the extensive district of Peten, the most northern portion of Central America, in which I have lately resided some months as Governor. The description of this district will form a portion of a Work on Central America, which I have lately prepared for publication.
XII. Copy of a Manuscript Tract addressed to Lord Burghley, illustrative of the Border Topography of Scotland, A.D. 1590; with a Platt or Map of the Borders taken in the same Year, both preserved in one of the Royal MSS. in the British Museum: Communicated by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary, in a Letter addressed to the Right Honourable the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T. President
Authors: Ellis Henry
Published: June 2012

Among the Royal Manuscripts in the British Museum is a Volume of Saxton's Maps, published in 1579: upon the Margins of which the names of the Justices of Peace in England at that time, or soon after, are written, with occasional miscellaneous Remarks. Several manuscript Maps and Draughts of Sea-ports, Towns, &c. are added in different places of the Volume, likewise accompanied by Memoranda in the hand-writing of Lord Burghley, to whom the Volume at one time belonged.
XXIV. An Account of some recent Discoveries at Holwood-hill, in Kent, by A.J. Kempe, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Kempe A.J.
Published: June 2012

About fifteen years since I was resident in the neighbourhood of Caesar's Camp, Holwood-hill, in Kent, of which a Plan is engraved in the fourth Volume of the Vetusta Monumenta of the Society of Antiquaries. I had then the opportunity of making some observations in the vicinity of those remains which have ultimately led to the discoveries which form the subject of this communication.
XXVI. Disquisition on a passage in King Athelstan's Grant to the Abbey of Wilton: communicated by William Hamper, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Hamper William
Published: June 2012

As every thing connected with Stonehenge must be especially interesting to the Society of Antiquaries; I submit to their indulgence the following Disquisition on a passage in King Athelstan's Grant to the Abbey of Wilton, although it will directly (but I trust not disrespectfully) contravene the opinions of several of our most distinguished Members, hitherto misled by treading in the footsteps of an early writer: so true is the observation, that “one man adopts a system or hypothesis, and another follows him, not examining the grounds on which the foundation was laid.”
A NEW SPECIES OF SALACIA (HIPPOCRATEACEAE) FROM SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Udayan P. S. , Yohannan Regy , Devipriya M. S. , Devipriya V. , Pradeep A. K.
Published: June 2012

A new species from South India, Salacia agasthiamalana Udayan, Regy Yohannan & Pradeep (Hippocrateaceae), is described from the Western Ghats of Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala State. An illustration and data on habitat, distribution and phenology are provided.
John Ray’s Cambridge Catalogue (1660) . Translated and edited by P. H. Oswald & C. D. Preston.
Authors: Noltie H. J.
Published: June 2012

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POUZOLZIA FLORESIANA (URTICACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM FLORES, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR (LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS), INDONESIA
Authors: Wilmot-Dear C. M. , Friis I.
Published: June 2012

Pouzolzia floresiana Friis & Wilmot-Dear (Urticaceae) is described and illustrated on the basis of a single collection from the western part of the Indonesian island of Flores. The species is a thick-stemmed herb, similar in habit to Pouzolzia thailandica, but differs in having axillary flower clusters and broadly winged fruiting perianths. The description of the new species supplements a revision of the Old World taxa of Pouzolzia by the two authors published in 2006.
NEW CHROMOSOME COUNTS IN OLD WORLD GESNERIACEAE: NUMBERS FOR SPECIES HITHERTO REGARDED AS CHIRITA, AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Christie F. , Barber S. , Möller M.
Published: June 2012

Chromosome numbers were determined in 23 accessions representing 21 species hitherto belonging to Chirita (Gesneriaceae), a genus that has recently been remodelled and split into five different genera: Damrongia, Henckelia, Liebigia, Microchirita and Primulina. The previously monotypic Primulina tabacum was also investigated. Counts for 19 species were new, two were confirmatory and two gave different numbers from previously published counts. The results here, together with previously published cytological data for the erstwhile genus Chirita, were analysed in the light of the taxonomic revision of the genus and published phylogenetic data. Chirita was originally highly heterogeneous in chromosome numbers, including seven different somatic numbers, 2n = 8, 18, 20, 28, 32, 34 and 36. Among the five remodelled genera, Henckelia was found to be as equally heterogeneous as the erstwhile Chirita, Microchirita included only two chromosome numbers, 2n = 18 and 34, the three species of Damrongia were uniform with 2n = 18, while species belonging to the extended Primulina showed only one basic number, x = 18, with 15 samples being diploid, and one being tetraploid. In the light of recent phylogenetic studies, polyploid as well as dysploid changes appear to have shaped the genomes of the newly defined genera Henckelia, Microchirita and, to a lesser degree, Primulina.
Claes G. H. Rooth (1928–2011)
Authors: Prospero Joseph M. , Fine Rana A. , Johns William E.
Published: June 2012

Claes G. H. Rooth, professor emeritus at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), died in Falmouth, Mass., on 17 January 2011. Claes's research focused on oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. He was a pioneer in the application of theoretical fluid mechanics to the oceanic and atmospheric sciences, and he played a major role in the development of numerical ocean circulation and coupled climate models. Claes possessed an unusually broad knowledge of oceanic and atmospheric sciences. His research activities included studies of the ventilation of deep ocean basins by convective overturning; studies of intensive air‐sea interactions in coastal regions; the use of transient tracers to understand general circulation in the oceans; and the integration of the fields of physical oceanography with those of marine chemistry, biology, and fisheries.
Challenges in selecting sites for Arctic Ocean drilling
Authors: Mikkelsen Naja , Coakley Bernard , Stein Ruediger
Published: June 2012

Overcoming Barriers to Arctic Ocean Drilling: The Site Survey Challenge; Copenhagen, Denmark, 1–3 November 2011 The climate of the high Arctic appears to be changing faster than any other region on Earth. To place contemporary change in context, it is necessary to use scientific ocean drilling to sample the climate history stored in the sediments of the Arctic Ocean. The focus of the November 2011 workshop was to define site survey investigations for drilling campaigns based on existing proposals and preproposals; to identify themes and areas for developing new and innovative science proposals; and to discuss opportunities, technical needs, and limitations for drilling in the Arctic Ocean.
Enhancing terrestrial ecosystem sciences by integrating empirical modeling approaches
Authors: Lee Hanna , Wullschleger Stan D. , Luo Yiqi
Published: June 2012

Strategies to Promote Integrated Experiment‐Model Approaches to Terrestrial Ecosystem Study; Bethesda, Maryland, 19–21 March 2012 Field and laboratory experiments and observations, along with models, are foundational approaches to scientific inquiry. Integration of these approaches, however, can be an exceedingly difficult challenge because empiricists and modelers often work in communities separated by cultural differences and communication barriers, reflecting a largely independent evolution of these disciplines. To address this challenge, more than 40 participants gathered for a 3‐day workshop to discuss how models can best inform empirical experiments, how data can most effectively inform models, and what strategies can be employed to integrate these two approaches. The workshop was convened with the understanding that such a priori exchange between the empirical and modeling communities can maximize intellectual investments and result in high‐quality predictive models and more scientific discovery.
AGU and Earth Science Women's Network sign memorandum of understanding
Authors: McEntee Chris
Published: June 2012

In furtherance of our strategic goal to be a diverse and inclusive organization that uses its position to build the global talent pool in Earth and space science, AGU signed a memorandum of understanding with the Earth Science Women's Network (ESWN) in spring 2012. Under the agreement, AGU will provide ESWN with an online platform through which to better connect its members. The agreement will allow AGU to further its strategic goal and help ESWN enhance cooperation and collaboration among women in Earth and space science. ESWN is a community of scientists dedicated to supporting collaborations and providing mentorship for its members, many of whom are in the early stages of their careers. The new online platform should help ESWN to connect with more individuals and create a stronger network of dedicated women pursuing research in Earth and space science.
Luminosity and propagation characteristics of sprite streamers initiated from small ionospheric disturbances at subbreakdown conditions
Authors: Kosar Burcu C. , Liu Ningyu , Rassoul Hamid K.
Published: June 2012

This paper reports a modeling study on sprite streamer formation at subbreakdown conditions, i.e., the initiation of sprite streamers in a lightning field below the breakdown threshold field Ek. Successful formation of streamers is observed for a variety of electric fields with the lowest field of 0.3Ekwhen an appropriate ionization column is introduced. The simulation results also indicate that the initial ionization patch from which a streamer is initiated may become very bright following the streamer formation, and its brightness persists as the streamer continues its propagation. The overall luminous structure of the streamer and the ionization patch is very similar to the appearance of initiation of a single sprite streamer on high‐speed images. The brightness of the patch depends on its initial density, and the patch with smaller density is brighter than the denser one. An analytical formula describing the temporal and spatial variation of the electric field in the streamer channel is derived to explain the brightening of the ionization column as well as the luminous streamer trail. Finally, comparisons between the streamers from the ionization patch and those forming in the vicinity of a conducting sphere in an electric field belowEk show that the exponential growth rates associated with streamer characteristics are similar.
Waves and air‐sea fluxes from a drifting ASIS buoy during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange experiment
Authors: Sahlée Erik , Drennan William M. , Potter Henry , Rebozo Michael A.
Published: June 2012

The Southern Ocean, while widely acknowledged as playing a major role within the Earth's climate system, remains the most poorly sampled and understood of the world's ocean basins. The High Latitude Surface Flux Working Group of U.S. CLIVAR (Climate Variability and Predictability, part of the World Climate Research Programme) has accordingly identified as a key priority the need for further measurements in the Southern Ocean. During the 2008 Southern Ocean Gas Exchange experiment, an Air‐Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoy was deployed to measure air‐sea fluxes, surface waves, and mean properties of the upper ocean and lower atmosphere. During its eight‐day deployment in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, the drifting buoy captured two storm events, with winds reaching 20 m s−1 and waves approaching 6 m significant height. The wavefield was observed to be dominated by swell waves except for the storm periods. In a combined analysis using data from two other ASIS deployments, existing relations for fetch limited wave growth were evaluated. Measured moisture flux showed good comparison with previous findings indicating a near‐constant Dalton number. The drag coefficient was found to be significantly higher than previous parameterization predictions, due to an effect of swell wave interaction with the atmospheric turbulence. This enhanced momentum flux in the swell dominated seas of the Southern Ocean must be accounted for in regional bulk flux relations.
Influence of size and shape of InAs/GaAs quantum dots in the photophysics of regimented arrays
Authors: Luque-Rodríguez A. , Rodríguez-Bolívar S. , López-Villanueva J. A. , Gómez-Campos F. M.
Published: June 2012

The photon absorption coefficient in the arrays of InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs is investigated. The influence of size and shape of the quantum dots on the miniband structure is analyzed. A detailed study is carried out in order to understand the physics relating to the absorption. The influence on the absorption coefficient due to the difference of energies between the lowest minibands, the joint density of states and the features of the wavefunctions are investigated in order to shed light on the phenomenon and understand it. The existence of thresholds in the absorption coefficient in the far infrared region, related to the shape of the quantum dots, is finally revealed, thus demonstrating that it may be an element to use both in future applications and in characterization of the materials.
A witness for coherent electronic vs vibronic-only oscillations in ultrafast spectroscopy
Authors: Yuen-Zhou Joel , Krich Jacob J. , Aspuru-Guzik Alán
Published: June 2012

We report a conceptually straightforward witness that distinguishes coherent electronic oscillations from their vibronic-only counterparts in nonlinear optical spectra of molecular aggregates. Coherent oscillations as a function of waiting time in broadband pump/broadband probe spectra correspond to coherent electronic oscillations in the singly excited manifold. Oscillations in individual peaks of 2D electronic spectra do not necessarily yield this conclusion. Our witness is simpler to implement than quantum process tomography and potentially resolves a long-standing controversy on the character of oscillations in ultrafast spectra of photosynthetic light harvesting systems.
Finite element calculations of the time dependent thermal fluxes in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell
Authors: Montoya Javier A. , Goncharov Alexander F.
Published: June 2012

The time-dependent temperature distribution in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (DAC) is examined using finite element simulations. Calculations are carried out for the practically important case of a surface-absorbing metallic plate (coupler) surrounded by a thermally insulating transparent medium. The time scales of the heat transfer in the DAC cavity are found to be typically on the order of tens of microseconds depending on the geometrical and thermochemical parameters of the constituent materials. The use of much shorter laser pulses (e.g., on the order of tens of nanoseconds) creates sharp radial temperature gradients, which result in a very intense and abrupt axial conductive heat transfer that exceeds the radiative heat transfer by several orders of magnitude in the practically usable temperature range (<12 000 K). In contrast, the use of laser pulses with several μs duration provides sufficiently uniform spatial heating conditions suitable for studying the bulk sample. The effect of the latent heat of melting on the temperature distribution has been examined in the case of iron and hydrogen for both pulsed and continuous laser heating. The observed anomalies in temperature-laser power dependencies cannot be due to latent heat effects only. Finally, we examine the applicability of a modification to the plate geometry Ångström method for measurements of the thermal diffusivity in the DAC. The calculations show substantial effects of the thermochemical parameters of the insulating medium on the amplitude change and phase shift between the surface temperature variations of the front and back of the sample, which makes this method dependent on the precise knowledge of the properties of the medium.
Mechanism for reversible hydrogen storage in LiBH4–Al
Authors: Ravnsbæk Dorthe B. , Jensen Torben R.
Published: June 2012

A detailed investigation of the mechanism for the hydrogen release and uptake reactions in LiBH4–Al reactive composites by in-situ synchrotron radiation powder x-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) is presented. Different compositions of LiBH4–Al and the effect of the additive titaniumdiboride, TiB2, are investigated. This study reveals that dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation takes place via several reactions involving intermediate compounds and are more complex than previously anticipated. For the sample with high aluminum content (LiBH4:Al = 1:1.5), a reaction between molten LiBH4 and Al occurs at ∼340 °C to form LiH and an unknown compound, denoted 1. Upon further heating to ∼385 °C, lithiumaluminum alloy, LiAl, is formed from a reaction between LiH and Al and 1 transforms into a solid solution LixAl1−xB2. Rehydrogenation of the sample takes place in two steps with formation of LiH and Al at ∼260 °C and slow formation of LiBH4 and Al from LiH and LixAl1−xB2 at 400 °C using p(H2) = 100 bar for 1 h. For a sample with lower aluminum content (LiBH4:Al = 1:0.5) only partial dehydrogenation to LiH and 1 is obtained under similar conditions. The addition of TiB2 as catalyst to the sample of lower aluminum content (LiBH4:Al = 1:0.5) results in full dehydrogenation, i.e., formation of LiAl and LixAl1−xB2 again via 1 as intermediate. The presence of TiB2 seems to affect the reaction rates for the formation of LiAl and LixAl1−xB2. However, the lower amount of Al in these samples may cause formation of amorphous boron, hence only partial rehydrogenation is obtained under these relatively benign conditions (p(H2) = 100 bar, T = 400 °C).
Effect of the interface resistance of CoFe/MgO contacts on spin accumulation in silicon
Authors: Ishikawa M. , Sugiyama H. , Inokuchi T. , Hamaya K. , Saito Y.
Published: June 2012

We show direct evidence for importance of the interface resistance to electrically create large spin accumulation in silicon (Si). With increasing the thickness of the tunnel barrier in CoFe/MgO/n+-Si devices, a marked enhancement of spin accumulation signals can be observed in the electrical Hanle-effect measurements. To demonstrate room-temperature detection of the spin signals in three-terminal methods, the influence of the spin absorption from Si into CoFe through a tunnel barrier should be taken into account.
Concepts and steps for the realization of a new domain wall based giant magnetoresistance nanowire device: From the available 24 multiturn counter to a 212 turn counter
Authors: Mattheis R. , Glathe S. , Diegel M. , Hübner U.
Published: June 2012

Two concepts for new types of a magnetic domain wall (DW) based multiturn counter with true power on functionality are presented. Both counters use several closed loops of magnetic nanowires, each with different numbers of cusps. The turns are counted by the motion of domain walls through the loops, whereas a DW will move through one cusp during 90° external field rotation. Two concepts are introduced: a system based on binary logic, which is easy to integrate in digital electronics, and a system based on coprime numbers, which is useful to count large numbers. We have performed micromagnetic simulations in order to optimize the geometry of the cusp with respect to the operation margin of the device. Experimental verification of the domain wall motion through a giant magnetoresistance stack cusp is given. Furthermore, the read-out scheme for both systems is shown.
Electronic properties of iron and cobalt impurity centres in germanium
Authors: Lauwaert J. , Vanhellemont J. , Simoen E. , Vrielinck H. , Clauws P.
Published: June 2012

The electronic properties of the 3d transition metal impurities iron and cobalt in crystalline germanium have been investigated by means of deep level transient spectroscopy. The metals were implanted at 90 keV and diffused deeper into the bulk during a thermal anneal at 500 °C, which yielded spectra specific for the implanted metal. It was found that Fe introduces one deep electron trap and one deep hole trap. For Co, one deep electron trap and two hole traps were observed. The capture cross-section of both electron and hole traps has been directly measured. The results are in agreement with the metals being present on substitutional lattice sites forming multiple acceptor states. It is concluded that Fe and Co are double acceptors in germanium, with Co having an additional donor level close to the valence band.
Role of heteroepitaxial misfit strains on the band offsets of Zn1−xBexO/ZnO quantum wells: A first-principles analysis
Authors: Dong L. , Alpay S. P.
Published: June 2012

There is a growing interest in Zn1−xBexO (ZBO)/ZnO heterostructures and quantum wells since the band gap energy of ZBO solid solutions can be tuned over a very large range (3.37–10.6 eV) as a function of the Be composition. Due to its extremely large exciton binding energy (263 meV for Zn0.8Be0.2O/ZnO), ZBO/ZnO has been utilized in ultraviolet light emission diodes and lasers, and may find applications as active elements of various other electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this study, we report the results of an ab initio study on valence and conduction band offsets (ΔEC and ΔEV) of strain-free and epitaxial ZBO/ZnO heterostructures. These offsets determine the degree of the localization of charges at the interfaces of semiconductor multilayers and thus their electronic/optoelectronic properties. We show that while ΔEV of strain-free ZBO/ZnO varies almost linearly from 0 eV to −1.29 eV as Be composition increases from 0 to 1, there is a large nonlinear increase in ΔEC from 0 eV for x = 0 to 5.94 eV for x = 1 with a bowing parameter of 5.11 eV. To understand the role of misfit strains, we analyze epitaxial c-plane and m-plane Zn0.75Be0.25O/ZnO heterostructures. Due to the differences in the atomic displacements for the two growth orientations, ΔEC and ΔEV of c-plane Zn0.75Be0.25O/ZnO are significantly larger than those of m-plane Zn0.75Be0.25O/ZnO heterostructures.
Multiferroic bending mode resonators and studies on temperature dependence of magnetoelectric interactions
Authors: Burdin D. A. , Chashin D. V. , Ekonomov N. A. , Fetisov Y. K. , Srinivasan G.
Published: June 2012

Temperature dependence of the magneto-electric voltage u and resonance frequency are measured at bending mode over T = 220–350 K for Ni-PZT bilayers fabricated by epoxy bonding and by electro-deposition. Both samples show a general decrease in u due to T-dependent permittivity. In epoxy bonded resonators, a further decrease in u occurs due to weakening of mechanical coupling originating from softening of the epoxy. Bending mode frequency varies by 4.5%–16% and is attributed to changes in the Young’s modulus and differential thermal expansion. The results are of importance for composite based devices such as magnetic sensors.
Statistical description of hydrodynamic processes in ionic melts while taking into account polarization effects
Authors: Markiv B. , Vasylenko A. , Tokarchuk M.
Published: June 2012

A statistical description of hydrodynamic processes for molten salts is proposed taking into account polarization effects caused by the deformation of external ionic shells. This description is conducted by means of the Zubarev nonequilibrium statistical operator method, appropriate for researches of both strong and weak nonequilibrium processes. The nonequilibrium statistical operator and the generalized hydrodynamic equations that take into account the polarization processes are acquired for the ion-polarization model of ionic molten salts when the nonequilibrium averaged values of densities of ions number, their momentum, dipole momentum, and total energy are chosen for the reduced description parameters. A spectrum of collective excitations is investigated within the viscoelastic approximation for the ion-polarization model of ionic melts.
Magnetic hyperthermia investigation of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Comparison between experiment, linear response theory, and dynamic hysteresis simulations
Authors: Verde E. L. , Landi G. T. , Gomes J. A. , Sousa M. H. , Bakuzis A. F.
Published: June 2012

Considerable effort has been made in recent years to optimize materials properties for magnetic hyperthermia applications. However, due to the complexity of the problem, several aspects pertaining to the combined influence of the different parameters involved still remain unclear. In this paper, we discuss in detail the role of the magnetic anisotropy on the specific absorption rate of cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 3 to 14 nm. The structural characterization was carried out using x-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis and all relevant magnetic parameters were extracted from vibrating sample magnetometry. Hyperthermia investigations were performed at 500 kHz with a sinusoidal magnetic field amplitude of up to 68 Oe. The specific absorption rate was investigated as a function of the coercive field, saturation magnetization, particle size, and magnetic anisotropy. The experimental results were also compared with theoretical predictions from the linear response theory and dynamic hysteresis simulations, where exceptional agreement was found in both cases. Our results show that the specific absorption rate has a narrow and pronounced maxima for intermediate anisotropy values. This not only highlights the importance of this parameter but also shows that in order to obtain optimum efficiency in hyperthermia applications, it is necessary to carefully tailor the materials properties during the synthesis process.
The effect of particle vertical positioning on the absorption enhancement in plasmonic organic solar cells
Authors: Wang Shu-Yi , Borca-Tasciuc Diana-Andra , Kaminski Deborah A.
Published: June 2012

The light absorption enhancement of an organic solar cell with plasmonic nanoparticles (NP) embedded in the active layer is studied employing 3D finite element simulation. The effect of the vertical positioning of the particle monolayer inside the active layer is elucidated. The results indicate that the highest enhancement is obtained when the particles lay at the bottom of the active layer, an organization less difficult to control accurately in practice. The paper also discusses the difference in the absorption enhancement obtained for two existing definitions currently used in the literature. The results show that models assessing absorption by taking both host and nanoparticles into consideration may overpredict the enhancement even when integration is carried out only over the wavelength interval where the host absorption dominates.
Thermal lens study of thermo-optical properties and concentration quenching of Er3+-doped lead pyrophosphate-based glasses
Authors: Santos C. C. , Rocha U. , Guedes I. , Vermelho M. V. D. , Boatner L. A. , Jacinto C.
Published: June 2012

In this work, we have used the thermal lens technique combined with conventional spectroscopy to characterize the thermo-optical properties of Er3+-doped lead pyrophosphate-based glasses. More precisely, we have investigated and quantified experimentally the fluorescence quantum efficiencies of the Er3+ levels, and we describe the role of concentration quenching effects. The fluorescence quantum efficiency of the 4I13/2 level is very high when compared to other phosphate glasses, while that of the green-coupled levels is very small. Other important photonic materials parameters, such as the thermal diffusivity and temperature coefficient of the optical path length change, were obtained and compared with those of other glass systems. The cumulative results obtained here for the Er-doped lead pyrophosphate glass show that this material is a good candidate for photonic applications with a characteristic Er3+ infrared emission around 1550 nm.
A molecular simulation study on the role of ion sizes and dielectric images in near-surface ion distribution far from the strong coupling limit
Authors: Wang Zhi-yong , Ma Yu-qiang
Published: June 2012

A series of Monte Carlo simulations of the planar electric double layers are carried out in the primitive model for two electrolyte mixtures next to a smooth and uniformly charged hard wall representing an ideal biological interface with low and moderate surface charge densities. The structural information of the double layers is applied to reveal charge inversion and overcharging through the addition of multivalent electrolyte at a certain physiological concentration. Various values for the radius of the ions are taken into account to capture the impact of short-range correlations. Meanwhile, the influence of image charges on ion distribution is analyzed, which stems from dielectric discontinuity between the interior and exterior of the membrane matrix. It is clearly shown that depending on the amount of foreign salt, the large size of charged species regardless of its polarity plays a positive role in promoting charge inversion. Moreover, our findings indicate that charge inversion do not signify the reversal of the electrophoretic mobility, in consistent with the recent theoretical predictions by Horno and co-workers [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 356, 325 (2011)]10.1016/j.jcis.2010.12.063. In addition, the depletion effect triggered by repulsive image forces which are intertwined with the excluded volume correlations gives rise to an anomalous overcharging for low surface charged surface in the high concentrations of trivalent salt. Overall, the ion distribution in a double layer is exclusively governed by entropic and electrostatic contributions but with preferentially leading status for different magnitudes of surface charge.
An empirical quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer method for multiple acceptors based on partial acceptor photobleaching
Authors: Yu Huaina , Zhang Jianwei , Li Huali , Qu Junle , Chen Tongsheng
Published: June 2012

We present an empirical quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method based on partial acceptor photobleaching, termed emp-PbFRET. This method can be used to determine the FRET efficiency of construct with multiple acceptors by measuring the degree of acceptor photobleaching (x) and the donor intensity before and after photobleaching. We validated the emp-PbFRET method using the constructs consisting one Cerulean and two (VCV) or three (VCVV) Venus. The FRET efficiencies of VCV and VCVV in living cells obtained by emp-PbFRET method under different x (10%-60%) were consistent with those obtained by fluorescence lifetime imaging and spectral imaging methods.
A new neutral particle analyzer diagnostic and its first commissioning on HL-2A
Authors: Li W. , Xia Z. W. , Lu J. , Yang Q. W. , Ding X. T.
Published: June 2012

A new neutral particle analyzer diagnostic has been developed for HuanLiuqi-2A (commonly referred to as HL-2A), which can provide the neutral particle flux measurement along 11 separate sightlines, simultaneously, within a wider energy range (1—70 keV). It is an electrostatic type analyzer with a removable pinhole and special-shape condenser. The energy analysis can be flexibly achieved by controlling a preset stepwise high voltage on the condenser. It is compact and its field of view covers HL-2A cross section from −33 cm to 33 cm without “cross-talk.” The energy spectra and ion temperature profile have been obtained during its commissioning.
Considerably long carrier lifetimes in high-quality 3C-SiC(111)
Authors: Sun J. W. , Ivanov I. G. , Liljedahl R. , Yakimova R. , Syväjärvi M.
Published: June 2012

As a challenge and consequence due to its metastable nature, cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) has only shown inferior material quality compared with the established hexagonal polytypes. We report on growth of 3C-SiC(111) having a state of the art semiconductor quality in the SiC polytype family. The x-ray diffraction and low temperature photoluminescence measurements show that the cubic structure can indeed reach a very high crystal quality. As an ultimate device property, this material demonstrates a measured carrier lifetime of 8.2 μs which is comparable with the best carrier lifetime in 4 H-SiC layers. In a 760-μm thick layer, we show that the interface recombination can be neglected since almost all excess carriers recombines before reaching the interface while the surface recombination significantly reduces the carrier lifetime. In fact, a comparison of experimental lifetimes with numerical simulations indicates that the real bulk lifetime in such high quality 3C-SiC is in the range of 10–15 μs.
A comparison of biomass gasification and pyrolysis in three kinds of reactors using corn stalk pellets
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Lei Tingzhou , Yue Zenghe , Yan Xiaoyu , He Xiaofeng , Hu Jianjun , Zhu Jinling
Published: June 2012

Biomass resources are abundant in China, the cultivation of which is encouraged as it could provide energy for future social and economic development. Utilization of biomass pellets for energy through gasification could help ease critical problems such as energy shortage and environmental deterioration in China. In this paper, the performance of three types of gasification and pyrolysis reactors—downdraft, bubbling, and pyrolysis—were evaluated in terms of thermal output using the same corn stalk pellets. The three reactors were connected in parallel with a common control system, condenser, root blower, gas tank, and gas chromatography (GC) system. Gas composition was analysed using two GC columns. The lower heating values (LHVs) of the pellets, pellets charcoal, and bio-oil were analysed using a rapid screening device. Analyses of the properties of the pellets and pellets charcoal were carried out using an automatic proximate analyser. In the downdraft reactor, gas with an LHV of 3.91–4.44 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at a reduction zone temperature (RZT) of 660–760 °C. In the bubbling reactor, gas with an LHV of 8.48–9.38 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at an RZT of 575–750 °C. In the pyrolysis reactor, gas with an LHV of 14.51–16.49 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 380–530 °C, and pellets charcoal and bio-oil were formed in the pyrolysis reactor as gas-assisted products.
Signatures of the semiconductor crystallographic orientation on the charge transport across non-epitaxial diodes
Authors: Garramone John J. , Abel Joseph R. , Barraza-Lopez Salvador , LaBella Vincent P.
Published: June 2012

The hot electron attenuation length of Ag is measured utilizing ballistic electron emission microscopy on nanoscale Schottky diodes for Si(001) and Si(111) substrates. Marked differences in the attenuation length are observed at biases near the Schottky barrier depending upon the substrate orientation, increasing by an order of magnitude only for Si(001). These results provide clear evidence that the crystallographic orientation of the semiconductor substrate and parallel momentum conservation affect the charge transport across these interfaces. A theoretical model reproduces the effect that combines a free-electron description within the metal with an ab-initio description of the electronic structure of the semiconductor.