bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Crises and COVID-19 in Brazil: Poor People, Victims Again
Authors: Xavier Wescley
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how the social conditions of Black and poor populations in Brazilian cities has resulted in both harsher economic and health consequences in one of the world's most unequal countries. It emphasizes how housing plays a major role in the struggle of Black and poor groups as low-income residents can often only find housing in favelas on the periphery. It also points out that neighborhoods on the outskirts are not only far away from jobs, but also have been largely abandoned by the state and consist of substandard and overcrowded housing. The chapter talks about the flexibilization of labor laws that has aggravated the COVID-19 pandemic as the state has failed to fulfill its mediation role between employer and employee. It mentions the lack of basic sanitation and substandard housing conditions that hamper the cleanliness and personal hygiene necessary to avoid the spread of COVID-19.
Bold Words, a Hero or a Traitor? Fang Fang’s Diaries of the Wuhan Lockdown on Chinese Social Media
Authors: Sally Liu Liangni , Jason Ran Guanyu , Wang Yu
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with an examination of life in the first city to experience lockdown, Wuhan, China. It reviews the diaries of the writer Fang Fang, which provided the first account of life under lockdown and were a vital source of information about the pandemic for many Chinese citizens. It also covers how public sentiment turned against Fang Fang after her diaries were published in English, though her accounts remain one of the most vivid of the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter explores how the diaries provided a rare discursive site for the Chinese public to engage in political deliberations and ideological debate about democratic liberalism and populist patriotism which co-exist in contemporary China. It looks at key commentary articles about the diaries from both sides of arguments that circulated on WeChat and the responses these articles attracted.
Aging at Home: The Elderly in Gauteng, South Africa in the Context of COVID-19
Authors: Parker Alexandra , de Kadt Julia
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses the lives of elderly residents in the Gauteng city-region in South Africa, where the HIV/AIDS pandemic has already placed a disproportionate financial and caregiving burden on the elderly. It uses data from the Gauteng City-Region Observatory's Quality of Life Survey to better understand the challenges for the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also argues that the elderly may be able to absorb some of the socio-economic shocks of the pandemic better than younger generations but are particularly vulnerable in terms of their physical and mental health. The chapter analyzes a range of variables covering living conditions, health vulnerabilities, and roles within families and households to better understand the vulnerabilities faced by older Black Africans in Gauteng with regard to COVID-19. It scrutinizes how the elderly form part of families and households, and fulfill key caregiving and economic roles in the province.
Ethnic Enclaves in a Time of Plague: A Comparative Analysis of New York City and Chicago
Authors: Furiasse Amanda , Tareen Sher Afgan
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the perception that the ‘home’ extends beyond a house or apartment to include schools, shops, and places of worship. It focuses on ethnic enclaves in New York and Chicago and uses the broad concept of ‘home’ to examine how ethnic and religious enclaves have been subject to increased police enforcement of social distancing violations within these spaces. It also argues that the extent of the ‘home’ has been aided by smartphone apps and social media, which have allowed users to report violations within spaces that were once deemed private. The chapter examines why social distancing mandates are enforced disproportionately on racial minorities. It talks about the idea of the ‘private’ that structures the urban design of New York City and Chicago into discrete neighborhoods.
‘Everybody Has to Move, You Can’t Stand Still’: Policing of Vulnerable Urban Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brussels
Authors: De Backer Mattias , Melgaço Lucas
Published: January 2022

It is clear that the pandemic has had much harsher effects on vulnerable urban groups such as migrant youth, refugees, asylum-seekers, undocumented migrants and the homeless. For many of these groups public space is a quintessential realm, not only for leisure and social contact but also for shelter and income. This chapter presents early findings from ongoing research on the fate of these groups based on 30 interviews with frontline practitioners such as social assistants, social workers, language course teachers, outreach workers and youth workers. The interviews reveal how increased policing to enforce COVID-19 measures has perhaps made public spaces safer in terms of health regulation, but has simultaneously made them more desolate, dangerous places for these vulnerable populations.
Failure by Design? Neoliberalism, Public Space, and the (Im)possibility of Lockdown Compliance in the UK
Authors: Wilson Conor
Published: January 2022

The term ‘covidiots’ quickly infiltrated the lexicon of public discourse amid condemnation of those ‘selfish’ individuals seen to be using parks, beaches and other public spaces in spite of the ‘stay at home’ imperative in the UK. This chapter situates the rise of this highly individualistic narrative within the discourse on neoliberalism and argues that this form of ‘non-compliance’ should rather be seen as a failure by design than a failure of the individual deliberately violating the rules, as access to outdoor space is not equally shared in the neoliberal city.
A Place for Life: Striving Towards Accessible and Equitable Public Spaces for Times of Crisis and Beyond
Authors: Yerena Anaid , Casas Rubén
Published: January 2022

As in other pandemics, COVID-19 has reminded us of the importance of abundant, high-quality, and accessible public spaces, while simultaneously putting into sharp relief the disparities in availability and access to these. Because the pandemic requires people to remain in their dwellings, which for some are limited in size and lack appropriate outdoor spaces, the experience of the pandemic has been varied and unequal. These differences reveal themselves in familiar ways, along racial and class lines, further demonstrating the uneven ways cities develop in relation to density and housing. This chapter provides recommendations for planners, civic leaders, and communities to envision more equitable and accessible public places.
How Can Inequalities in Access to Green Space be Addressed in a Post-Pandemic World? Lessons from London
Authors: Whitten Meredith , Massini Peter
Published: January 2022

Parks and green spaces have long been central to London’s identity. The importance of London’s greenness has been highlighted during COVID-19. Access to green space has featured prominently in government’s response, and use of public parks has dramatically increased. Yet, the pandemic also has brought existing inequalities into sharper focus. Initial data suggest increased park use been driven by young and wealthy residents. This chapter explores two initiatives that emerged from this framework: The Urban Greening policy and the Liveable Neighbourhoods programme. These initiatives reframe London’s approach to urban greening by integrating a broader spectrum of green elements – including trees, pocket parks, and vegetated roofs and walls — into streets, buildings and public realm. This builds a network of greener civic spaces that connect to and augment existing parks while magnifying benefits green spaces provide. Rather than proposing wholly new solutions to address complex problems reinforced by the pandemic, this chapter reflects on whether accelerated implementation of existing initiatives provides a more pragmatic approach to achieving more equitable access to increased greening across London.
City Cycling after COVID-19 for Interspecies Mobility Justice
Authors: Scott Nicholas A.
Published: January 2022

Drawing on cinematic GoPro 8 footage collected in Vancouver from April to June of 2020, this chapter describes the metaphor of a ‘double-edged sword’ of people’s changed mobility behaviour as a result of the pandemic; there is simultaneously a resurgence of ‘slow’ mobility like walking and cycling in public space, but also an expansion of private car use. While the latter is certainly concerning, the COVID-19 crisis proved that transport behaviour is not as difficult to change as people had assumed. Using the framework of mobility justice, the chapter suggests how expanding cycling in the post-COVID city might proceed in a more socially and ecologically equitable manner, by targeting the inner suburbs.
Conclusion
Authors: van Melik Rianne , Doucet Brian , Filion Pierre
Published: January 2022

This conclusion reflects upon how Volume 3 affects our understanding of public space and mobility. Contributions in this book by a mix of scholars depict both bleak and promising developments concerning public space and mobility in times of a global pandemic. With increased use of parks and pedestrian-oriented developments such as cycling and walking, public spaces appear to be rediscovered by both policy-makers and users alike. The pandemic has increased the awareness of many national governments that public space plays an important role in facilitating human well-being. At the same time, public spaces such as parks and libraries were already suffering from decades of austerity and neoliberal planning. In the (post) pandemic city, certain population groups are prioritized or privileged over others, resulting in limited access for vulnerable or marginalised people. Pre-existing and new urban inequalities are manifesting themselves in public space. We do not yet know to what extent the observed developments, patterns and processes will be transformational, but if anything, the pandemic has revamped the debate about the value and reclaiming of public space that will most certainly extend after the crisis.
Improving image resolution on point-like sources in a type 1 light-field camera
Authors: Serabyn Eugene
Published: January 2022

A ray-trace simulation of a type 1 light-field imager is used to show that resolutions significantly better than the lenslet scale can be deterministically reached in reconstructed images of isolated point-like sources. This is enabled by computationally projecting the system pupil onto the lenslet-array plane to better estimate the lenslet-plane-crossing locations through which the rays from a point source have passed on their way to the detector array. Improving light-field type 1 image resolution from the lenslet scale to the pixel scale can significantly enhance signal-to-noise ratios on faint point-like sources such as fluorescent microbes, making the technique of interest in, e.g., in situ microbial life searches in extreme environments.
Plasmon-induced transparency in a reconfigurable composite valley photonic crystal
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Jiayi , Yang Donghao , Wang Yu , Zhang Xinyuan , Hassan Faheem , Li Yigang , Zhang Xinzheng , Xu Jingjun
Published: January 2022

We propose a new kind of reconfigurable topological valley photonic crystal (TVPC), and a novel topological waveguide can be formed by constructing a domain wall between two TVPCs with opposite valley-Chern indices. The topological waveguide mode in the composite TVPC has large group refractive index. A topologically protected coupled waveguide cavity system is then designed by introducing a hexagonal ring cavity at the center of the straight domain wall of a combined TVPC, in which a narrow plasmon induced transparency window rises at 3.8848 GHz with a Q-factor of 1387 and a maximum group refractive index as high as 186. We propose a notch filter with a resonant frequency of 3.8852 GHz and a very high Q-factor of 10224. By changing the refractive index of liquid crystals via an external voltage applied between two parallel metal plates, the filter can be switched between band-pass and band-stop based on the reconfigurable topological interface state.
Efficient second harmonic generation of a high-power picosecond CO2 laser
Authors: Matteo Daniel , Welch Eric , Tochitsky Sergei , Schunemann Peter G. , Guha Shekhar , Joshi Chan
Published: January 2022

A comparative analysis of AgGaSe2, GaSe, CdGeAs2, and Te for second harmonic generation (SHG) of a picosecond CO2 laser at intensities up to 50 GW/cm2 is presented. We demonstrate external energy conversion efficiency of >20% in AgGaSe2. Conversion efficiency >5% is measured in GaSe and CdGeAs2. Self-focusing and multifilamentation are found to severely limit the SHG process in CdGeAs2 and Te at such high fields. Demonstration of ≥150 MW SH pulses for a 10

μ

m picosecond pump, in combination with femtosecond CO2 laser development, will open new strong-field applications in the 4.5–5.5

μ

m range.
Use of Raman and Raman optical activity to extract atomistic details of saccharides in aqueous solution
Authors: Palivec Vladimír , Johannessen Christian , Kaminský Jakub , Martinez-Seara Hector
Published: January 2022

Sugars are crucial components in biosystems and industrial applications. In aqueous environments, the natural state of short saccharides or charged glycosaminoglycans is floating and wiggling in solution. Therefore, tools to characterize their structure in a native aqueous environment are crucial but not always available. Here, we show that a combination of Raman/ROA and, on occasions, NMR experiments with Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) is a viable method to gain insights into structural features of sugars in solutions. Combining these methods provides information about accessible ring puckering conformers and their proportions. It also provides information about the conformation of the linkage between the sugar monomers, i.e., glycosidic bonds, allowing for identifying significantly accessible conformers and their relative abundance. For mixtures of sugar moieties, this method enables the deconvolution of the Raman/ROA spectra to find the actual amounts of its molecular constituents, serving as an effective analytical technique. For example, it allows calculating anomeric ratios for reducing sugars and analyzing more complex sugar mixtures to elucidate their real content. Altogether, we show that combining Raman/ROA spectroscopies with simulations is a versatile method applicable to saccharides. It allows for accessing many features with precision comparable to other methods routinely used for this task, making it a viable alternative. Furthermore, we prove that the proposed technique can scale up by studying the complicated raffinose trisaccharide, and therefore, we expect its wide adoption to characterize sugar structural features in solution.
Superficial basal cell carcinoma, think deeper: Step sectioning of skin biopsy specimens yields 14% more aggressive subtypes
Authors: El Sharouni Mary-Ann , van Diest Paul J. , Blokx Willeke A. M.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Because of different therapeutic regimens for superficial and non-superficial basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), accurate histopathological examination of a punch biopsy to determine its subtype is essential. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the additional yield of a more extensive step-section method to that of a standard histologic examination at 4 levels.

Material and methods

Data for this prospective study was obtained from the Pathology department of a Dutch tertiary hospital. Biopsy specimens of subsequent patients from March 2019 to June 2020 were sectioned to 8-levels instead of the regular 4-levels. Only patients with a superficial BCC subtype in the first 4-levels of sectioning were included (n = 100). After 8-level sectioning, it was recorded in which level (5–8) a more aggressive BCC component was found (i.e. nodular, infiltrative, or micronodular). Patients were followed-up to evaluate further treatment, and in case of excision, the excision specimen was reviewed to determine the BCC subtype. A logistic regression was performed to assess characteristics associated with a more aggressive BCC component in levels 5–8.

Results

In 14 patients (14%) a more aggressive component was found in levels 5–8, all with a nodular component. Thirteen of these patients underwent excision, confirming a more aggressive BCC subtype. Of the 86 patients that had no deeper BCC component in levels 5–8, 26 (30.2%) underwent excision; In 4 patients no residual BCC was found, in 15 patients superficial BCC, and in 7 a more aggressive BCC subtype (1 nodular and 6 a combination of superficial/nodular/infiltrative). In multivariable analysis, head&neck localization was associated with finding a more aggressive BCC subtype in levels 5–8 (OR 6.41 (95%CI 1.56–26.30), p = 0.01)).

Conclusions

More extensive sectioning of superficial BCC biopsy specimens, especially in the head&neck area, leads to a more accurate BCC subtype diagnosis requiring different clinical management strategies.
Impact of paleoclimate on present and future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Yang Hu , Krebs-Kanzow Uta , Kleiner Thomas , Sidorenko Dmitry , Rodehacke Christian Bernd , Shi Xiaoxu , Gierz Paul , Niu Lu , Gowan Evan J. , Hinck Sebastian , Liu Xingxing , Stap Lennert B. , Lohmann Gerrit
Published: January 2022

Using transient climate forcing based on simulations from the Alfred Wegener Institute Earth System Model (AWI-ESM), we simulate the evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) from the last interglacial (125 ka, kiloyear before present) to 2100 AD with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). The impact of paleoclimate, especially Holocene climate, on the present and future evolution of the GrIS is explored. Our simulations of the past show close agreement with reconstructions with respect to the recent timing of the peaks in ice volume and the climate of Greenland. The maximum and minimum ice volume at around 18–17 ka and 6–5 ka lag the respective extremes in climate by several thousand years, implying that the ice volume response of the GrIS strongly lags climatic changes. Given that Greenland’s climate was getting colder from the Holocene Thermal Maximum (i.e., 8 ka) to the Pre-Industrial era, our simulation implies that the GrIS experienced growth from the mid-Holocene to the industrial era. Due to this background trend, the GrIS still gains mass until the second half of the 20th century, even though anthropogenic warming begins around 1850 AD. This is also in agreement with observational evidence showing mass loss of the GrIS does not begin earlier than the late 20th century. Our results highlight that the present evolution of the GrIS is not only controlled by the recent climate changes, but is also affected by paleoclimate, especially the relatively warm Holocene climate. We propose that the GrIS was not in equilibrium throughout the entire Holocene and that the slow response to Holocene climate needs to be represented in ice sheet simulations in order to predict ice mass loss, and therefore sea level rise, accurately.
The importance of active surveillance of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in colonization rates in critically ill patients
Authors: Gomides Mabel Duarte Alves , Fontes Astrídia Marília de Souza , Silveira Amanda Oliveira Soares Monteiro , Matoso Daniel Chadud , Ferreira Anderson Luiz , Sadoyama Geraldo
Published: January 2022

Objective

This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of active carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) surveillance and evaluate the prevalence of invasive infections, risk factors, and mortality risk in CRE-colonized patients.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study analyzing 1,920 patients identified using an active CRE surveillance protocol, admitted to an adult intensive care unit in southeastern Brazil from January 2014 to December 2018.

Results

There were 297 (15.47%) CRE colonized patients, with one colonized for every six control patients. CRE-colonized patients demonstrated an increased chance of infection (odds ratio [OR] 7.967, p < 0.001). Overall, 20.54% of the colonized patients presented invasive infection (81.96% due to Klebsiella pneumoniae). The colonization and infection ratio demonstrated the important role of the active CRE surveillance protocol. There were identified multiple risk factors for CRE colonization, including long-term mechanical ventilation (OR 1.624, p = 0.019) and previous exposure to aminopenicillins (OR 5.204, p < 0.001), carbapenems (OR 3.703, p = 0.017), cephalosporins (OR 12.036, p < 0.001), and fluoroquinolones (OR 5.238, p = 0.012). The mortality risk was significantly higher among colonized (OR 2.356, p < 0.001) and colonized-infected (OR 2.000, p = 0.009) patients and in those with Enterobacter cloacae colonization (OR 5.173, p < 0,001) and previous aminopenicillins exposure (OR 3.452, p = 0.007).

Conclusions

Early detection of CRE colonization through screening testing proved to be an important tool to control CRE spread. However, observation over the years has shown no effective control of colonization and infection. The prevalence rates of CRE colonization and colonization-infection were high, as were the mortality rates. In conclusion, an active CRE surveillance protocol is essential, but its impact depends on the effective implementation of preventive measures and feedback between team members.
Prevalence of depression among HIV-positive pregnant women and its association with adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Abebe Workeabeba , Gebremariam Mahlet , Molla Mitike , Teferra Solomon , Wissow Larry , Ruff Andrea
Published: January 2022

Background

Vertical transmission of HIV remains one of the most common transmission modes. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreases the risk of transmission to less than 2%, but maintaining adherence to treatment remains a challenge. Some of the commonly reported barriers to adherence to ART include stress (physical and emotional), depression, and alcohol and drug abuse. Integrating screening and treatment for psychological problem such as depression was reported to improve adherence. In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence of depression and its association with adherence to ART among HIV-positive pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March through November 2018. Participants were conveniently sampled from 12 health institutions offering ANC services. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to screen for depression and the Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE) Adherence index to evaluate adherence to ART. Descriptive statistics was used to estimate the prevalence of depression during third-trimester pregnancy and nonadherence to ART. A bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to get significant predictors for each of the two outcome measures. The final multivariable logistic regression analysis included variables with a P<0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression model; statistical significance was evaluated at P<0.05.

Results

We approached 397 eligible individuals, of whom 368 (92.7%) participated and were included in the analysis. Of the total participants, 175(47.6%) had depression. The participants’ overall level of adherence to ART was 82%. Pregnant women with low income were twice more likely to have depression (AOR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.31–3.36). Women with WHO clinical Stage 1 disease were less likely to have depression than women with more advanced disease (AOR = 0.16, 95%CI = 0.05–0.48). There was a statistically significant association between depression and nonadherence to ART (P = 0.020); nonadherence was nearly two times higher among participants with depression (AOR = 1.88, 95%CI = 1.08–3.27).

Conclusion

We found a high prevalence of depression among HIV-positive pregnant women in the selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, and what was more concerning was its association with higher rates of nonadherence to ART adversely affecting the outcome of their HIV care. We recommend integrating screening for depression in routine ANC services.
Survival analysis in patients with invasive lobular cancer and invasive ductal cancer according to hormone receptor expression status in the Korean population
Authors: Kwon Douk , Ko Byung Kyun , Jung Seung Pil , Kim Hong-Kyu , Kim Eun-Kyu , Jung Yong Sik , Youn Hyun Jo , Lee Sae Byul
Published: January 2022

Background

We compared the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) cases with those of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cases in various hormone receptor expression subgroups.

Methods

We compared clinicopathological characteristics, overall survival (OS), and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) between patients with IDC (n = 95,486) and ILC (n = 3,023). In addition, we analyzed the effects of different hormone receptor expression subgroups on survival.

Results

The ILC group had more instances of advanced stage and hormonal receptor positivity than did the IDC group (p < 0.001), but the IDC group had higher histological grade and nuclear grade, as well as higher frequency of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and Ki67 expression than did the ILC group (p < 0.001). The OS and BCSS were not significantly different between the IDC and ILC groups. The 5-year OS of the IDC group was 88.8%, while that of the ILC group was 90.6% (p = 0.113). The 5-year BCSS of the IDC group was 94.8%, while that of the ILC group was 95.0% (p = 0.552). When analyzing each hormone receptor expression subgroup, there were no significant differences in survival between the IDC and ILC groups. However, the estrogen receptor (ER) negative/progesterone receptor (PR) negative subgroup showed differences in survival between the IDC and ILC groups. Moreover, the hazard ratio of ILC in the ER negative/PR negative subgroup was 1.345 (95% confidence interval: 1.012–1.788; p = 0.041).

Conclusions

Hormone receptor expression should be considered when determining prognosis and treatment regimen for IDC and ILC. Researchers should further study the ER negative/PR negative population to identify treatment and prognostic models that will facilitate the development of individualized therapy for these patients, which is needed for good outcomes.
Critical Costume 2020 Exhibition: Costume Agency, curated by Yuka Oyama
Authors: Muniz Rosane , Guérin-Garnett Nigel
Published: January 2022

Critical Costume 2020 Exhibition: Costume Agency, curated by Yuka Oyama

Online, 21 August 2020, https://exhibition.costumeagency.com/. Accessed 25 January 2021.
Surinamese Music in the Netherlands and Suriname
Authors: Weltak Marcel
Published: January 2022

Surinamese Music in the Netherlands and Suriname published in Dutch in 1990 was the first book to provide an overview of the music styles originating from the land that had recently gained its independence from the Netherlands. It examines both the instruments and the way in which they are played as well as the melodic and rhythmic components of music produced by the country’s ethnically diverse populations, including people of Amerindian, African, South Indian, and Javanese descent. A new generation of musicians of Surinamese descent has carried on making music, and some of their elders referred to in the original edition have died. The catalog of recordings that have become available has also expanded, particularly in the areas of hip-hop, rap, jazz, R&B, and new fusions such as kaskawi. This edition, in English for the first time, includes a new opening chapter by Marcel Weltak giving a historical sketch of Suriname’s relationship to the Netherlands. It includes updates on the popular music of second and third generation musicians of Surinamese descent in the Netherlands, and Weltak's own subsequent and vital research into the Amerindian and maroon music of the interior. It is followed by the integral text of the original edition. New appendices have been added to this edition that include a bibliography and updated discography, a listing of films, videos, and DVDs on or about Surinamese music or musicians, and concise alphabetically arranged notes on musical instruments and styles as well as brief biographies of those authors who contributed texts.
Rough Tactics
Authors: Johnson Mark A.
Published: January 2022

From the end of Reconstruction in 1877 to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, black southerners influenced local, state, and national politics, and challenged white supremacy by performing at political spectacles. Reformers, Lost Cause advocates, and party leaders employed spectacle to generate enthusiasm, demonstrate the strength of the movement, mobilize voters, legitimize electoral results, and spread their platforms. Before Jim Crow laws and disfranchisement, African Americans played prominent roles in these spectacles as performers, orators, musicians, marchers, and torchbearers. They were part of a robust culture of spectacular politics. At the end of the nineteenth century, white southerners led the movement to disfranchise black voters and eliminate political spectacles, but black and white southerners continued to view spectacle as an important part of the political process. Despite disfranchisement, diminished economic opportunity, and the threat of lynching, African Americans performed a spectrum of behavior with a wide range of effect. Often, they simply participated as spectators, which may have had little effect except reminding white southerners of their shared status as citizens. At times, African Americans exhibited dangerous behavior at political spectacles by harassing white politicians and confronting white women, thus making bold political statements. This study intersperses localized case studies from Atlanta, New Orleans, and Memphis with broader thematic chapters to show how African Americans and spectacle remained an important part of southern politics.
Toni Morrison and the Natural World
Authors: Wardi Anissa Janine
Published: January 2022

Critics have routinely excluded African American literature from ecocritical inquiry despite the fact that the literary tradition has, from its inception, proved to be steeped in environmental concerns that address elements of the natural world and relate nature to the transatlantic slave trade, plantation labor, and nationhood. Toni Morrison’s work is no exception. Toni Morrison and the Natural World: An Ecology of Color is the first full-length ecocritical investigation of the Nobel Laureate’s novels and brings to the fore an unequaled engagement between race and nature. Morrison’s ecological consciousness holds that human geographies are enmeshed with nonhuman nature. It follows, then, that ecology, the branch of biology that studies how people relate to each other and their environment, is an apt framework for this book. The interrelationships and interactions between individuals and community, and between organisms and the biosphere are central to this analysis. They highlight that the human and nonhuman are part of a larger ecosystem of interfacings and transformations. Toni Morrison and the Natural World is organized by color, examining soil (brown) in The Bluest Eye and Paradise; plant life (green) in Song of Solomon, Beloved, and Home; bodies of water (blue) in Tar Baby and Love; and fire (orange) in Sula and God Help the Child. By providing a racially inflected reading of nature, Toni Morrison and the Natural World makes an important contribution to the field of environmental studies and provides a landmark for Morrison scholarship.
Junkanoo/Jankunú
Authors: McGregory Jerrilyn
Published: January 2022

The festal art forms of The Bahamas and Belize have procured a confluence of variegated spellings. This chapter charts the Bahamian Junkanoo tradition’s autonomous rise from the early “grotesque” masqueraders’ appearances on Christmas Day in cheap materials such as crocus sacks and banana leaves to its present-day morphing into a “breathtaking art” for Boxing Day. In Belize, its Jankunú principally unfolds in Dangriga, the home and the cultural center of the Garifuna (or Garinagu) people. Christmas Day boasts its wanáragua processions with Boxing Day traditionally preserved for Charikanari with more spontaneous appearances embracing a festive art form dependent on crossdressing males.
J’ouvert
Authors: McGregory Jerrilyn
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 situates J’ouvert (pronounced joo-vay) with Carnival in Trinidad. In that country, J’ouvert inaugurates the Lenten season as Carnival, a rite of spring. St. Kitts and St. Croix have their own long-standing masquerade and Christmas holiday traditions although celebrants now appropriate much of the festival culture of their island neighbor, including the celebratory name for their Boxing Day–related Carnival, J’ouvert. Located in the eastern Caribbean, these island chains may offer the most interesting and paradoxical cultural and historical connections. For instance, St. Croix is one of the US Virgin Islands; and while not unusual for Caribbean islands, over the centuries, six nations have ruled it. In addition, locals identify St. Kitts as Ground Zero because, initially named St. Christopher by Christopher Columbus, it bears the weight of the site from which chattel slavery spread. On both Lesser Antilles isles, Boxing Day morning’s J’ouvert personifies Caribbean transcultural globalization.
From “Back o’ Town”
Authors: McGregory Jerrilyn
Published: January 2022

The creolized expression, “back o’ town,” pinpoints the locales customarily allocated to the workforce, generally within proximity of the rich landowners and merchants. Highlighting temporality, as well, chapter seven reveals unresolved political tensions, centering Boxing Day as the vehicle for transgressive release. The parade and procession routes speak multivocally about the symbolic reclamation of seats of power. As a theater of the street, movement from “back o’ town” through the center of commerce functions as a reenactment of persistence and resistance along with a sense of triumph over relentless obstruction. Each Boxing Day site offers its own particularized temporal and spatial dynamic. While not exactly waging political or class warfare, the masses contest colonial discourse by strategically creating time and space for a subaltern group of people to challenge the hegemony through the exercise of antithetical power.
The Challenge of Merger Result Bank during the Global Economic Recession due to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Case Study of Indonesian Islamic Banks
Authors: Idries Fahmy Akbar , Sholihin Anwarul , Satibi Ibi
Published: January 2022

Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) is a new entity resulting from the merger of Bank Syariah Mandiri, BNI Syariah, and BRI Syariah. BSI was inaugurated in February 2021 amid the global economic recession due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It has not much been explained about the fundamental data of the 3 banks that formed BSI when the recession occurred due to the Covid-19 hit. As a result, BSI's record of challenges during the global recession has not appeared much. The aim of the research is to map the challenges that BSI will face when the economic recession due to the pandemic has not ended. BSI's challenge notes are useful for BSI policymakers, so they can mitigate risks. A  qualitative method Miles-Huberman model is employed to analyze the data which is done through 3 stages: data reduction, data display, and verification or conclusion. Based on data analysis, BSI will face the challenges of slow deposit and financing growth, rising non-performing financing, declining net profit, and declining sukuk ratings.
GIS-basierte multidimensionale Verfahren zur optimalen Baulandentwicklung im Städtebau – anhand des Beispiels des innerstädtischen Projekts Holsten-Areal in Hamburg
Authors: Naumann Lion Lukas , Nadler Michael
Published: January 2022

The global urban growth trend is also evident in Germany and the pressure on the real estate markets is pushing construction activity to the threshold of available building land. To limit urban expansion, additional space is to be created primarily through brownfield development, but here large housing potentials are usually only to be found on sites that are difficult to develop. The framework conditions that have arisen here in the interplay between land and real estatemarkets in conjunctionwith the multidimensionality of urban planning problems suggest a need for urban planners and researchers to develop more effectivemethods. This paper therefore describes a GISbasedmethod for optimising building sites, which can be used to evaluate sites in context and optimise them attribute-spatially. It combines a fuzzy methodology with a heuristic optimisation algorithm, the Parameterised Region-Growing, and demonstrates it using the example of the Holsten site in Hamburg. It successfully generates spatially compact and coherent, highly valued residential building areas, to which urban development parameters are assigned. Comparisons with existing planning show instructive results, e.g., regarding more effective utilisation of good micro-locations, realistic buildingdensity values and realisable area parameters.
Humanistyka akademicka w dobie postnauki. Kilka uwag o filozofii reform szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce
Authors: Wawrzynowicz Andrzej
Published: January 2022

The aim of the paper is to discuss the current status of academic humanities (specifically philosophy) in the modern system of science and higher education. The recent structural reforms carried out in this sector in Poland had the ambitious goal of bringing the Polish universities in line with the current trends observed in academic education systems in developed countries, and improving the global competitiveness of Polish science. The article is an attempt at a critical confrontation of these strategic intentions with the actual effects achieved through the reforms, primarily in the context of the profound transformations of the very concept of science that has historically accompanied these changes. In particular, the paper presents a methodological analysis of the impact of the postulated new interpretation of research on the scientific status to date – and the prospects for further development – of traditional humanistic disciplines.
A Female-Specific Role for Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in Rodent Pain Models
Authors: Paige Candler , Plasencia-Fernandez Isabel , Kume Moeno , Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou Melina , Lorenzo Louis-Etienne , David Eric T. , He Lucy , Mejia Galo L. , Driskill Christopher , Ferrini Francesco , Feldhaus Andrew L. , Garcia-Martinez Leon F. , Akopian Armen N. , De Koninck Yves , Dussor Gregory , Price Theodore J.
Published: January 2022

We aimed to investigate a sexually dimorphic role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rodent models of pain. Based on findings in migraine where CGRP has a preferential pain-promoting effect in female rodents, we hypothesized that CGRP antagonists and antibodies would attenuate pain sensitization more efficaciously in female than male mice and rats. In hyperalgesic priming induced by activation of interleukin 6 signaling, CGRP receptor antagonists olcegepant and CGRP8-37both given intrathecally, blocked, and reversed hyperalgesic priming only in females. A monoclonal antibody against CGRP, given systemically, blocked priming specifically in female rodents but failed to reverse it. In the spared nerve injury model, there was a transient effect of both CGRP antagonists, given intrathecally, on mechanical hypersensitivity in female mice only. Consistent with these findings, intrathecally applied CGRP caused a long-lasting, dose-dependent mechanical hypersensitivity in female mice but more transient effects in males. This CGRP-induced mechanical hypersensitivity was reversed by olcegepant and the KCC2 enhancer CLP257, suggesting a role for anionic plasticity in the dorsal horn in the pain-promoting effects of CGRP in females. In spinal dorsal horn slices, CGRP shifted GABAAreversal potentials to significantly more positive values, but, again, only in female mice. Therefore, CGRP may regulate KCC2 expression and/or activity downstream of CGRP receptors specifically in females. However, KCC2 hypofunction promotes mechanical pain hypersensitivity in both sexes because CLP257 alleviated hyperalgesic priming in male and female mice. We conclude that CGRP promotes pain plasticity in female rodents but has a limited impact in males.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe majority of patients impacted by chronic pain are women. Mechanistic studies in rodents are creating a clear picture that molecular events promoting chronic pain are different in male and female animals. We sought to build on evidence showing that CGRP is a more potent and efficacious promoter of headache in female than in male rodents. To test this, we used hyperalgesic priming and the spared nerve injury neuropathic pain models in mice. Our findings show a clear sex dimorphism wherein CGRP promotes pain in female but not male mice, likely via a centrally mediated mechanism of action. Our work suggests that CGRP receptor antagonists could be tested for efficacy in women for a broader variety of pain conditions.
Organización comunitaria e infraestructura vial: Procesos comunitarios en la vialidad rural. Una guía metodológica de Yolanda Pérez Carrillo
Authors: Soto-Ramírez Marybel
Published: January 2022

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Si eres orejón, eres noble. Reflexiones en torno a las orejeras metálicas prehispánicas en el área centro-sur andina
Authors: Sagárnaga M. Jédu A.
Published: January 2022

A partir de los datos etnohistóricos se pretende reconstruir cuál fue el uso de las orejeras en la sociedad inka, y su significado. Pero también se echa mano del dato iconográfico (plasmado en dibujos, vasos de madera y cuadros coloniales) y del dato arqueológico (recuperado especialmente en pequeñas figurinas metálicas). La única evidencia del Período Pos Tiwanaku nos la proporciona la cultura mollo, aunque la muestra arqueológica se reduce a tan solo 4 orejeras de oro. El análisis no se detiene allí sino que, en retrospectiva, procura observar lo que ocurría durante el Horizonte Medio, basando la observación tanto en la iconografía (representaciones en cerámica fundamentalmente) como en el objeto en sí mismo.
US Hospital Stays in Children and Adolescents With Acetaminophen Poisoning
Authors: Shadman Kristin A. , Edmonson M. Bruce , Coller Ryan J. , Sklansky Daniel J. , Nacht Carrie L. , Zhao Qianqian , Kelly Michelle M.
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES

Acetaminophen poisoning occurs in all age groups; however, hospital-based outcomes of children with these poisonings were not well characterized. Our objectives were to describe the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of hospital stays in children with acetaminophen poisoning and evaluate the contribution of intentionality.

METHODS

We used the 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database and validated International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnostic codes to identify hospitalizations of children aged 0 to 19 years for acetaminophen poisoning. We used standard survey methods to generate weighted population estimates and describe characteristics and outcomes, both overall and stratified by intentionality.

RESULTS

There were 9935 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9252–10 619) discharges from acute care hospitals for acetaminophen poisoning in U.S. children aged 0 to 19 years during 2016, corresponding to a population rate of 12.1 (95% CI, 11.3–12.9) hospitalizations per 100 000 children. Most hospitalizations for both intentional and unintentional acetaminophen poisoning occurred in females, with a strongly age-related sex distribution. Median length of stay was 2 days (interquartile range, 1–4 days); however, nearly half of discharges were subsequently transferred to another type of facility (eg, psychiatric hospital). Median hospital charges for acute care were $14 379 (interquartile range, $9162–$23 114), totaling $204.7 million (95% CI, $187.4–$221.9) in aggregate. Of 31 632 hospital discharges associated with self-harm medication poisoning in children aged 0 to 19 years, acetaminophen was the single most commonly implicated agent.

CONCLUSIONS

Acetaminophen poisoning was the most common cause of U.S. hospital stays associated with medication self-harm poisoning. More effective acetaminophen poisoning prevention strategies are needed, which may reduce the burden of this common adolescent malady.
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TWO COMMERCIAL STRAINS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM HARD-TO-FERMENT SUGAR-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS
Authors: Koval O. , Oliynichuk S. , Lysak T.
Published: January 2022

The growth of bioethanol production in Ukraine is practical for both environmental and economic reasons. To reduce the cost of bioethanol production from sugar-containing raw materials, in particular, sugar beet molasses, it is effective to use high gravity wort and osmotolerant yeasts strains. Due to long exposure to high temperatures during sugar production and because of changes in the composition during storage, molasses accumulates compounds that adversely affect the function of yeast cells. For this type of raw material, a yeast strain should be found that will not only withstand high concentrations of sugars or the finished product, but will also be more resistant to inhibitors. The use of two industrial yeast strains (Deltaferm® AL-18 and Y 5007 (K-7)) for fermentation of high gravity molasses wort has been considered. It has been determined that sugar beet molasses, which is hard-to-ferment, can be used to produce ethanol from high gravity wort if some corrective measures are taken, in particular, resistant producer strains are used. It has been found that the yeast Deltaferm® AL-18 has a longer lag phase and consumes 50–60% of carbohydrates from the medium by 24 hours later than the yeast strain Y 5007 (K-7) does. It has been established how the parameters of the wash change depending on what yeast strains ferment high gravity wort based on hard-to-ferment molasses. It has been found that when using high gravity wort obtained from low-quality molasses, the yeast strain of foreign selective breeding does not allow achieving the calculated alcohol content in the fermented wash. According to the research results, under the same fermentation conditions, the distiller’s yeast strain Y 5007 (K-7) is more effective in fermenting high gravity wort based on hard-to-ferment molasses. Unlike it is with dry yeast, the industrial use of this strain according to the classical two-stream fermentation scheme does not require additional investments.
“GÊNERO” NOS PLANOS NACIONAIS DE EDUCAÇÃO (2001 E 2014): discursos antifeministas e inflexões nos processos decisórios
Authors: Moreno Meire Ellen , Mariano Silvana
Published: January 2022

Os planos de educação, nacional, estaduais e municipais, foram importante objeto de disputa política em anos recentes no Brasil e terreno de forte atuação de movimentos e discursos antifeministas. Esta tem disso uma forma de reação à organização e aos resultados alcançados pelas lutas feministas, especificamente à emergência e usos do conceito de gênero na política internacional e nacional. O objetivo deste artigo  é  compreender as etapas da elaboração do Plano Nacional de Educação de 2014, identificando os momentos de inflexão do processo, e desvendar as rupturas e continuidades relativas às questões de gênero entre o PNE 2014-2024 e seu precedente,  especificamente no que diz respeito às questões de gênero, sexualidade e orientação sexual. O estudo está baseado em revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. Constatamos que os avanços nas discussões sobre políticas educacionais com perspectiva de gênero ocorreram nos momentos de participação da sociedade civil e dos movimentos sociais e que os principais momentos de inflexão ocorreram nas instâncias institucionais do poder político. Concluímos pela importância do fortalecimento da participação democrática para os avanços, ou conservação das conquistas, relativas às questões de gênero.