bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the black-box: towards interpretable and reliable deep learning models
Authors: Qamar Tehreem , Bawany Narmeen Zakaria
Published: November 2023

Deep learning (DL) has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence by providing sophisticated models across a diverse range of applications, from image and speech recognition to natural language processing and autonomous driving. However, deep learning models are typically black-box models where the reason for predictions is unknown. Consequently, the reliability of the model becomes questionable in many circumstances. Explainable AI (XAI) plays an important role in improving the transparency and interpretability of the model thereby making it more reliable for real-time deployment. To investigate the reliability and truthfulness of DL models, this research develops image classification models using transfer learning mechanism and validates the results using XAI technique. Thus, the contribution of this research is twofold, we employ three pre-trained models VGG16, MobileNetV2 and ResNet50 using multiple transfer learning techniques for a fruit classification task consisting of 131 classes. Next, we inspect the reliability of models, based on these pre-trained networks, by utilizing Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations, the LIME, a popular XAI technique that generates explanations for the predictions. Experimental results reveal that transfer learning provides optimized results of around 98% accuracy. The classification of the models is validated on different instances using LIME and it was observed that each model predictions are interpretable and understandable as they are based on pertinent image features that are relevant to particular classes. We believe that this research gives an insight for determining how an interpretation can be drawn from a complex AI model such that its accountability and trustworthiness can be increased.
Rhizocompartmental microbiomes of arrow bamboo (Fargesia nitida) and their relation to soil properties in Subalpine Coniferous Forests
Authors: Zhang Nan Nan , Chen Xiao Xia , Liang Jin , Zhao Chunzhang , Xiang Jun , Luo Lin , Wang En Tao , Shi Fusun
Published: November 2023

Arrow bamboo (Fargesia nitida) is a pioneer plant in secondary forest succession in the Sichuan Province mountains. To comprehensively investigate the microbial communities and their functional variations in different rhizocompartments (root endosphere, rhizosphere, and root zone) of arrow bamboo (Fargesia nitida), a high-throughput metagenomic study was conducted in the present study. The results showed that the abundances of the dominant bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the bamboo root endosphere were significantly lower than those in the rhizosphere and root zones. In contrast, the dominant fungal phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, showed the opposite tendency. Lower microbial diversity, different taxonomic composition and functional profiles, and a greater abundance of genes involved in nitrogen fixation (nifB), cellulose degradation (beta-glucosidase), and cellobiose transport (cellulose 1, 4-beta-cellobiosidase) were found in the bamboo root endosphere than in the other rhizocompartments. Greater soil total carbon, total nitrogen, NH4+-N, microbial biomass carbon, and greater activities of invertase and urease were found in the bamboo root zone than in the adjacent soil (spruce root zone). In contrast, the soil microbial community and functional profiles were similar. At the phylum level, invertase was significantly related to 31 microbial taxa, and the effect of NH4+-N on the microbial community composition was greater than that of NO3−-N. The soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were significantly correlated with microbial function. These results indicate that the root endosphere microbiomes of arrow bamboo were strongly selected by the host plant, which caused changes in the soil nutrient properties in the subalpine coniferous forest.
Structured Luck: Downstream Effects of the U.S. Diversity Visa Program
Authors: Imoagene Onoso
Published: November 2023

The Diversity Immigrant Visa Program is a lottery that awards winners from underrepresented countries the chance to apply for legal permanent resident status in the United States. The program serves as one of the main migration pathways for Africans entering the country, yet despite its long history and increasing popularity in developing countries, there are few studies on the experiences of African diversity immigrants. Structured Luck explores the impact of the DV Program on immigrants, non-migrants, and communities from Nigeria and Ghana. Despite the pervasive aura of fortune surrounding the visa lottery, Onoso Imoagene argues that the DV Program is entirely a process of “structured luck”: from who gets to register for the lottery, how people hear about it, and who chooses to participate, to the design and administration of the program’s bureaucracy and the steps required to apply for the lottery and then for the immigrant visa. The author’s interviews with immigrants reveal the successes and failures of the DV program. It is a tool of upward mobility for its winners. Most have succeeded in improving their lives and the lives of their family members. At the same time, their stories reveal how the lottery’s design, implementation, and consequences result in substantial human capital interruption, significant exploitation within origin countries, and persistent suboptimization of immigrants’ potential in the United States. Coining the term “migrapolicy interventions” to label and name such consequences, the author argues that several forms of migrapolicy interventions affect diversity immigrants’ integration into the United States.
Construction 4.0: Cluster analysis and Research perspectives.
Authors: Osorio Gómez Cristian Camilo , Herrera Rodrigo , Pellicer Eugenio , Alzate Buitrago Alejandro , Aristizabal-Torres Daniel
Published: November 2023

Construction is a sector that has been operating with lower productivity rates than other industries; historically, it has used artisanal methods, which have generated low competitiveness and efficiency, leading to considerable cost overruns and waste. For these reasons, the industrial revolution 4.0 is a movement involving large-scale changes and a transversal implementation of technology in industries' value chains. In the same way, the basic principles of Industry 4.0 can be applied to the construction sector in the term Construction 4.0, a movement that seeks to integrate new technologies with the processes of the industry, generating added value that allows for increased productivity, and close gaps with other industries. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis focused on Cluster analysis is presented, which allows knowing the research state of Construction 4.0 and its implications in developing the Construction sector. The search equation in the Web of Science (WOS) database was queried by topic (Construction 4.0), from which 225 scientific articles related to the subject were obtained. These articles are directly related to this new movement from new materials, more efficient construction processes, BIM, Digital Twin (DT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and other topics of research relevance in Construction 4.0. The main results show low research participation of Latin America in implementing technologies and methodologies offered by Construction 4.0. In contrast, developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, China, the United States, and Australia, show a greater interest in research and adopting these trends.
Overview of feminist movements in Turkey
Authors: Akansel İlkben , Çakir Fatma Sönmez
Published: November 2023

Feminism is based on the principle that women are equal to men in social, political, cultural and economic fields. These principles include women's equal rights with men, women's social and political empowerment, women's sexual freedom, prevention of violence against women, women's health rights and the fight against gender discrimination. The aim of this study is to shed light on the idea of feminism in Turkey, which is on the transition route between Asia and Europe, with the last developed feminism scale and to compare the scores given by the participants to the statements of the Feminism scale according to different characteristics. It has been revealed whether there are differences between the scores given to the scale not only according to gender, but also according to demographic characteristics such as race, education, place of birth, etc.
Estimation of the Degree of Heavy Metal Pollution in Market Gardening Soils in Kadiogo Region, Burkina Faso
Authors: Derra Moumouni , Bambara Telado Luc , Kaboré Karim , Sawadogo Yalgado Zakaria , Cissé Ousmane , Zougmoré François
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study is to estimate the degree of heavy metal pollution (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl and Zn) of market gardening soils in the Kadiogo region. This work provides reassurance about the quality of the studies soils in the central region of Burkina Faso. Thirty-two (32) market garden soil samples, including two (02) for the background, were measured using ICP-MS. Indeed, the results show that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the 0-20 cm soil profile respect the recommended limits. However, Contamination Factors (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) show that certain soils are polluted. These indices reveal that the pollution of exploited soils differs not only from one site to another but also between the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm levels. Thus, the most polluted soil on the surface (0-10 cm) is SK2 in Koubri with a PLI of 8.20 compared to 0.24 for STD1 in Tanghin-Dassouri. For the 10-20 cm horizon, the PLI values show that the soils PO5 (Pissy), PO1 (CHU-YO), PO2 (CHU-YO) and PK3 (Koubri) already polluted at the surface (0-10 cm) the rest in profile (10-20 cm). Also, we can emphasize that the presence of non-essential trace metal elements such as Pb, As and Hg constitute a threat to the health of consumers of market garden products from these sites. In addition, the low concentrations of metals in the soil samples suggest that this is diffuse pollution.
Real-Time Sprinkler Irrigation (RTSI) Scheduling for Improving Wheat Crop Water Productivity in Vertisols
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Singh C. D. , Singh R. K. , Kumar Mukesh , Singh Satish Kumar , Jangre Nilima
Published: November 2023

An experiment was conducted at ICAR- Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, during the rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objectives of to study improved irrigation scheduling for enhancing water productivity of wheat crops in Vertisols. The experiment involved permanent raised bed cultivation in Vertisols and was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two planting systems (elevated bed and flatbed) replicated three times. The elevated bed levels were set as 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm. Soil moisture was continuously monitored using a real-time sensor network sprinkler irrigation, during crop growth period. Field data on soil moisture, crop performance, and yield were regularly recorded at different crop growth stages. The results indicated that both conventional sprinkler irrigation and real-time moisture sensor-based sprinkler irrigation led to substantial water savings of 27 and 35%, respectively with corresponding yield increase of 9 and 15% when compared to gravity (flood) irrigation, showing their effectiveness. Soil moisture variability study revealed that average soil moisture levels significantly varied when bed elevation was 10 cm or more, as compared to control (bed with normal field level) in different crop physiological stages. This variation occurred under sprinkler irrigation in Vertisols for recommended irrigation water depth. Under recommended irrigation water application through sprinkler, the wheat crop yield increased for elevation variations up to 10 cm bed elevation and the yield reduced significantly for more than 15 cm bed elevation. For sprinkler irrigation, the developed irrigation water application prescriptions (water depth/irrigation) include 400 mm irrigation depth (ID) for bed of 0 cm elevation, 476 mm ID for bed of 20 cm elevation and 552 mm ID for 30 cm bed elevation to sustain the wheat crop yield under soil moisture variability in Vertisols.
Study of Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Different Morphological Characters in Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
Authors: Nikhil  , Singh S. K. , Gangwar L. K. , Mourya Alok Kumar , Pushpendra  , Chiranjeev
Published: November 2023

This research was conducted to investigate the correlation and path coefficient analysis of thirty three genotypes for green fodder yield and its attributes of forage sorghum. The experimental material was planted in Completely Randomized Block Design (RBD)in three replication during Kharif in the year 2019-20 at Crop Research Centre, SVPUA&T, Modipuram, Meerut - 250110 (U.P.). The study of association and path analysis evaluation carried out using the ten green fodder yield traits, viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, stem girth, leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio, total soluble solids and green fodder yield per plant. There is significant and positive correlation with green fodder yield per plant was exhibited with stem girth, leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf stem ratio and total soluble solids at genotypic and phenotypic level. While leaf area showed the maximal direct effect on green fodder yield per plant followed by stem girth, leaves per plant and leaf stem ratio. There for selection for these traits is advisable for improving the character of green fodder yield.
An Investigation into the Order of Difference of Product of Consecutive Integral Perfect Powers
Authors: Ibrahim Ladan, Umaru , Garba Emmanuel, J. D. , Ishaya Tanko
Published: November 2023

The article established an analysis on the difference of the product of order of integral perfect powers. The proof on the analysis were achieved by the use of property of difference operator, combinatorial technique, mathematical induction principle. The results proved conclusively that if any number of consecutive integers are raised to a positive power k, then the (2k)th difference of the product of the kth power of two consecutive integers is equal to (2k)!
The Benefits of Shiatsu for a Holistic Approach to Health: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cardim Janaína M. , Braga Brenda P. , Santos Diana M. , Quaresma Elisangela C. , Pantoja Ivyla Thais N. , Silva Kerina Do Socorro V. Da , Silva Leandro Franklim S. Da , Junior Paulo Dias R. , Silva Regina Dos S. , Silvia Renata Dos S. , Silva Diego Rodrigues da , Maia Richer Praxedes , Salgado Daniele , Lima Vitor Hugo Auzier
Published: November 2023

Shiatsu is contextualised as an ancient therapeutic practice of Chinese origin, which, however, developed in Japan and has gained prominence in contemporary physiotherapy. For this reason, this research aimed to explore the origins, historical evolution and fundamental principles of Shiatsu, providing a comprehensive overview of this holistic approach. The methodology adopted was a systematic literature review, analysing scientific articles. In order to meet the desired objectives, the fundamental techniques, indications and contraindications and therapeutic benefits for the mind and body were also explored. The main expected results were an in-depth understanding of the history and foundations of Shiatsu, as well as the identification of scientific evidence that supports its therapeutic efficacy. This review also served to better consolidate Shiatsu as a recognised and research-backed practice, which positions this therapy as a valuable tool in promoting physical and emotional balance. Finally, it concluded by anticipating research that has filled gaps in knowledge, providing support to guide ethical and safe clinical practices. That said, this article makes a significant contribution to the advancement of knowledge in the field of physiotherapy, supporting the application of Shiatsu as an integral and effective therapeutic approach, in line with contemporary demands for a holistic view of health.
Accurate Machine Learning Prediction in Psychiatry Needs the Right Kind of Information
Authors: Kraus Brian , Sampathgiri Kruthika , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: November 2023

This Viewpoint discusses the type and amount of data needed for machine learning models to accurately predict diagnoses and treatment outcomes at the individual patient level.
Designing a Novel Porous Fixation Plate with a Gyroid Lattice Structure for Humerus Fractures Using a Probabilistic Approach
Authors: Kaymaz Irfan , Yavuz Osman , Murat Fahri , Korkmaz İsmail Hakkı
Published: November 2023

Conventional fixation plates permanently attached to the body can lead to complications, such as stress shielding and aseptic loosening, due to their contact with the bone, resulting in bone loss. The contact between these solid fixation plates and the bone surface inhibits blood flow, potentially leading to necrosis at the interface. To overcome this challenge, a porous implant featuring a gyroid lattice structure for humerus bone fixation is proposed. However, designing such an implant typically involves deterministic approaches, which do not account for uncertainties in design parameters, loadings on the plate, and additive manufacturing process parameters. Consequently, the actual conditions experienced by the plate may not be accurately modeled. Herein, both deterministic and probabilistic analyses of a porous implant with a gyroid lattice structure positioned on the humeral bone is conducted. The findings are compared to the failure probabilities of both the conventional fixation plate and the optimal plate derived from a previous study. The study reveals that uncertainties in design parameters significantly influence the plate's failure probability compared to deterministic analysis, emphasizing the importance of probability‐based analyses for a reliable plate design.
Advances and Perspectives of Ion‐Intercalated Vanadium Oxide Cathodes for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery
Authors: Bai Youcun , Qin Yuan , Hao Jiangyu , Zhang Heng , Li Chang Ming
Published: November 2023

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are recognized as one of the most competitive next generation energy storage systems due to the high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1), abundant reserves, low expense, and environmental friendliness. However, in comparison to that monovalent ion secondary battery, the multivalent ion rechargeable battery faces larger metal ion sizes and higher charge/discharge number in the electrochemical reaction process, thereby suffering from larger steric resistance and the electrostatic repulsion in the intercalation–deintercalation process. At present, a great deal of research has shown that the guest ion pre‐embedded host structured cathodes can effectively alleviate the above problems and improve the comprehensive performance of aqueous zinc ion battery. In this review, the development of vanadium oxide ion‐intercalated cathode materials in AZIBs is reviewed, mainly including MXV2O5∙nH2O, MXV3O8∙nH2O, MXV6O13∙nH2O, MXV6O16∙nH2O, and MXV10O25∙nH2O type materials. The reaction mechanisms and electrochemical performance of these materials are described, and the future research directions are prospected. It is expected to provide fundamental and engineering guidance for the development of high performance AZIBs cathode materials.
Local Geometric Distortion to Stimulate Oxygen Reduction Activity of Atomically Dispersed Zn‐Nx Sites for Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Tan Yangyang , Zhang Zeyi , Chen Suhao , Wu Wei , Yu Liyue , Chen Runzhe , Guo Fei , Wang Zichen , Cheng Niancai
Published: November 2023

Local geometric strain engineering is useful for modulating the performance of nitrogen‐coordinated transition metal‐carbon catalysts. However, realizing the nano‐level strain is technically challenging. Additionally, the structure‐property relationship between strain degree and performance remains poorly understood. Herein, it is conceptually predict that geometric bending induces more electron transfer from Zn to the coordinated N in Zn─N─C, leading to a positive shift of the d‐band center of the Zn atom, which promotes the adsorption reduction process of the O2 molecule and thus increases the intrinsic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Moreover, a low‐temperature non‐saturated coordination strategy is proposed to prepare spherical porous carbon catalysts with surface‐enriched geometrically bent (20‐50°) Zn─N─C sites. Benefiting from the highly active Zn─N─C sites, large specific surface area and abundant pore structure, the optimized catalyst (S─Zn─N─C‐950) exhibited excellent intrinsic alkaline ORR activity (half‐wave potential E1/2 = 0.89 V) and high zinc‐air battery performance (peak power density of 229.2 mW cm−2), exceeding that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that when the geometrical bending angle is 30–45°, Zn centers with suitable charge transfer to the surrounding N can produce a moderate adsorption strength to the oxygen intermediate state, resulting in optimal ORR activity.
Electrode Protection and Electrolyte Optimization via Surface Modification Strategy for High‐Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yong , Wang Jirong , Xue Zhigang
Published: November 2023

Lithium batteries have become one of the best choices for energy storage due to their long lifespan, high operating voltage‐platform and energy density without any memory effect. However, the ever‐increased demands of high‐performance lithium batteries indeed place a stricter request to the electrodes and electrolytes materials, and electrode‐electrolyte interface. Various strategies are developed to enhance the overall performances of current lithium batteries, and among them, artificial modification of battery components is regarded as one of the most effective. However, systematic summery surrounding surface modifications is rare. In this review, the structural instability of the bare electrodes and the main defects of unmodified separator/solid electrolytes are briefly presented. Then diverse and advanced surface‐engineering strategies for both the cathode and anode materials, as well as the separator/solid electrolytes are carefully summarized. More importantly, the prospects of surface modification and challenges of current methods for constructing high‐performance lithium batteries are pointed out.
A Single NIR‐II Laser‐Triggered Self‐Enhancing Photo/Enzyme‐coupled Three‐in‐One Nanosystems for Breast Cancer Phototheranostics
Authors: Dai Rong , Liu Qi , Zhang Binyue , Zhang Xin , Gao Mengting , Li Dongsheng , Kang Weiwei , Chen Lin , Zhao Mingxin , Zheng Ziliang , Zhang Ruiping
Published: November 2023

Multifunctional phototheranostics, employing precise and non‐invasive techniques, is widely developed to enhance theranostic efficiency of breast cancer (BC), reduce side‐effects, and improve quality of life. Integrating all phototheranostic modalities into a single photosensitizer for highly effective BC treatment is particularly challenging due to the potential inefficiency and time consumption associated with repeated switching of multiple‐wavelength lasers. Herein, a novel single NIR‐II laser‐triggered three‐in‐one nanosystem(PdCu NY) is rationally designed, which enables dual‐modal (NIR‐II FL/NIR‐II PA) imaging‐guided self‐enhancing photothermal‐photodynamic therapy (PTT‐PDT) in NIR‐II window. The PdCu NY based on optimal Pd/Cu molar‐ratio(1:11) can be easily fabricated and large‐scale production for simultaneous PTT‐PDT against BC under a single 1064nm laser irradiation. Significantly, the PdCu NY acted as a promising photocatalyst for decomposition of H2O into O2 upon the same laser irradiation. In addition, the inherent catalase (CAT)‐like activity of PdCu NYs enables photo‐enzyme dual‐catalytic O2 supply to effectively alleviate hypoxia, achieving self‐enhanced PDT efficiency. These PTT‐PDT self‐enhanced nanosystems demonstrate precise lesion localization and complete tumor ablation using a single 1064nm laser source by “one‐laser, multi‐functions” strategy. More importantly, this study not only reports a three‐in‐one PdCu‐based phototheranostic agent, but also sheds light on the exploration of versatile biosafety nanosystems for clinical applications.
Polyelectrolyte‐Cation Complexes Using PAsp‐Sr Complexes Induce Biomimetic Mineralization with Antibacterial Ability
Authors: Xu Yuedan , Shen Dongni , Zhou Zihuai , Sun Yi , Pan Xinni , Liu Wei , Chu Chun Hung , Zhang Ling , Hannig Matthias , Fu Baiping
Published: November 2023

Remineralized dentin with an antibacterial ability is still a significant challenge in dentistry. Previously, a polyelectrolyte‐calcium complexes pre‐precursor (PCCP) process is proposed for rapid collagen mineralization. In the present study, the expansion concept of the PCCP process is explored by replacing the calcium with other cations, such as strontium. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 3D stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high‐resolution TEM with selected area electron diffraction demonstrate that biomimetic mineralization of collagen fibrils and demineralized dentin could be fulfilled with Sr&F‐codoped hydroxyapatite (HAp) after they are treated with poly‐aspartic acid‐strontium (PAsp‐Sr) suspension followed by a phosphate&fluoride solution. Moreover, dentin remineralized with Sr&F‐codoped HAp exhibits in vitro and in vivo antibacterial ability against Streptococcus mutans. The cytotoxicity and oral mucosa irritation tests reveal excellent biocompatibility of mineralization mediums (PAsp‐Sr suspension and phosphate&fluoride solution). The demineralized dentin's mechanical properties (elastic modulus and microhardness) could be restored almost to that of the intact dentin. Hence, the expansion concept of the PCCP process that replaces calcium ions with some cationic ions along with fluorine opens up new horizons for generating antibacterial remineralized dentin containing ions‐doped HAp with excellent biocompatibility via biomimetic mineralization technology.
Materials Strategies Tackling Interfacial Issues in Catalyst Layers of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Tang Meihua , Yan Huangli , Zhang Xianming , Zheng Zhenying , Chen Shengli
Published: November 2023

The most critical challenge for the large‐scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), one of the primary hydrogen energy technologies, is to achieve decent output performance with low usage of platinum (Pt). Currently, the performance of PEMFCs is largely limited by two issues at the catalyst/ionomer interface, specifically, the poisoning of active sites of Pt by sulfonate groups and the extremely sluggish local oxygen transport toward Pt. In the past few years, emerging strategies are derived to tackle these interface problems through materials optimization and innovation. This perspective summarizes the latest advances in this regard, and in the meantime unveils the molecule‐level mechanisms behind the materials modulation of interfacial structures. This paper starts with a brief introduction of processes and structures of catalyst/ionomer interfaces, which is followed by a detailed review of progresses in key materials toward interface optimization, including catalysts, ionomers, and additives, with particular emphasis on the role of materials structure in regulating the intermolecular interactions. Finally, the challenges for the application of the established materials and research directions to broaden the material library are highlighted.
Robust and Flame‐Retardant Zylon Aerogel Fibers for Wearable Thermal Insulation and Sensing in Harsh Environment
Authors: Hu Peiying , Wu Fushuo , Ma Bingjie , Luo Jie , Zhang Peigen , Tian Zhihua , Wang Jin , Sun ZhengMing
Published: November 2023

The exceptional lightweight, highly porous, and insulating properties of aerogel fibers make them ideal for thermal insulation. However, current aerogel fibers face limitations due to their low resistance to harsh environments and a lack of intelligent responses. Herein, a universal strategy for creating polymer aerogel fibers using crosslinked nanofiber building blocks is proposed. This approach combines controlled proton absorption gelation spinning with a heat‐induced crosslinking process. As a proof‐of‐concept, Zylon aerogel fibers that exhibited robust thermal stability (up to 650 °C), high flame retardancy (limiting oxygen index of 54.2%), and extreme chemical resistance are designed and synthesized. These fibers possess high porosity (98.6%), high breaking strength (8.6 MPa), and low thermal conductivity (0.036 W m−1 K−1). These aerogel fibers can be knotted or woven into textiles, utilized in harsh environments (−196–400 °C), and demonstrate sensitive self‐powered sensing capabilities. This method of developing aerogel fibers expands the applications of high‐performance polymer fibers and holds great potential for future applications in wearable smart protective fabrics.
Construction of PTFE/Nafion Composite Membrane with Ultrathin Graphene Oxide Layer for Durable Fuel Cells
Authors: Choi Eunho , Kang Hojin , Jang Yeonghwan , Kim Ji Hoon , Ahn Ho Seon , Kim Sang Moon , Jang Segeun
Published: November 2023

The long‐term operation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) relies heavily on the durability of the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA, e.g., Nafion) membrane against chemical and mechanical degradation. To mitigate mechanical degradation, the introduction of a reinforcing matrix, such as a porous PTFE sheet, is employed. However, completely impregnating the PFSA ionomer into the PTFE sheet through the conventional blade‐coating method using a highly viscous ionomer solution proves challenging. This limitation results in decreased mechanical and proton transport properties. To reduce proton transport resistance, thinner membrane thickness is desirable, although it increases the amount of gas crossover, which generates radicals and accelerates the chemical degradation of the membrane. In this study, a spraying process utilizing a low viscous‐solvent‐rich ionomer solution is experimentally optimized to construct a well‐impregnated PTFE/Nafion membrane and analyzed using a simple theoretical droplet‐spreading model. Furthermore, an ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) layer is introduced during the membrane fabrication process with the same spraying technique for reducing gas crossover while minimizing performance loss. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with the prepared PTFE/Nafion membrane‐incorporated ultrathin GO layer shows significantly greater durability and initial performance compared to the conventional MEA.
A Flexible and Wearable Visual Pressure Sensing System Based on Piezoresistive Sensors and Alternating Current Electroluminescence Devices
Authors: Qu Changming , Zhang Yuanlong , Chen Zhihao , Yao Jingjing , Shao Hanxiao , Xu Yun
Published: November 2023

Flexible pressure sensor, as an important research branch of electronic skin (e‐skin), has attracted much attention and has been widely developed in recent years. However, pressure sensors normally transfer the pressure signals into electrical signals for sensing, and that requires the assistance of signal processing and readout circuits. Herein, an alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) device, a piezoresistive sensor, and an AC driver in series, forming a visual pressure sensing system (VPSS) is connected. The VPSS, as a stand‐alone sensing system without readout circuit, can directly convert pressure signals into luminous intensity, which can be observed directly with the naked eyes. In order to obtain flexible and wearable functions, the integrated VPSSs are further designed and manufactured. The integrated VPSS with single sensing unit can be attached on human finger and foot for sensing human movements, such as finger bending and walking. The integrated VPSS with 2×2 sensing units can be used for sensing pressure distribution, such as sensing the pressure distribution inside the robotic gripper. The integrated VPSSs can be easily installed as stand‐alone sensing modules and can be extended to more application fields, providing a unique idea for flexible pressure sensing.
Cr3+‐Yb3+‐Ni2+ Tri‐Doped NIR Phosphors with Spectral Output Covering NIR‐I and NIR‐II Regions
Authors: Jiang Lipeng , Zhang Liangliang , Jiang Xue , Xie Jihuan , Lv Guocai , Su Yanjing
Published: November 2023

To realize efficient and broadband near infrared (NIR) light in both NIR‐I and NIR‐II regions, Gd3Mg0.5Al1.5Ga2.5Ge0.5O12 (GMAGG): Cr3+, Yb3+, Ni2+ phosphors are prepared in this study. The effects of Cr3+‐Yb3+ co‐doping and Cr3+‐Yb3+‐Ni2+ tri‐doping on the luminescence properties are investigated. GMAGG: Cr3+, Yb3+ exhibits high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 96.4%, and near‐zero thermal quenching (96.5%@423 K) in 650–1100 nm. By constructing energy transfer from Cr3+ to Ni2+, the emission range of GMAGG: Cr3+, Yb3+, Ni2+ is further extended to 650–1700 nm with a high IQE of 28% and good thermal stability (66%@423 K). The NIR LEDs prepared with GMAGG: 0.04Cr3+, 0.008Yb3+, and GMAGG: 0.04Cr3+, 0.008Yb3+, 0.04Ni2+ exhibit 57.5 and 8.1 mW at an input current of 100 mA, respectively. The results show that GMAGG: Cr3+, Yb3+, Ni2+ is a promising NIR phosphor for NIR light sources.
Microfluidic Organoid Cultures Derived from Pancreatic Cancer Biopsies for Personalized Testing of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
Authors: Choi Daheui , Gonzalez‐Suarez Alan M. , Dumbrava Mihai G. , Medlyn Michael , de Hoyos‐Vega Jose M. , Cichocki Frank , Miller Jeffrey S. , Ding Li , Zhu Mojun , Stybayeva Gulnaz , Gaspar‐Maia Alexandre , Billadeau Daniel D. , Ma Wen Wee , Revzin Alexander
Published: November 2023

Patient‐derived cancer organoids (PDOs) hold considerable promise for personalizing therapy selection and improving patient outcomes. However, it is challenging to generate PDOs in sufficient numbers to test therapies in standard culture platforms. This challenge is particularly acute for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) where most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage with non‐resectable tumors and where patient tissue is in the form of needle biopsies. Here the development and characterization of microfluidic devices for testing therapies using a limited amount of tissue or PDOs available from PDAC biopsies is described. It is demonstrated that microfluidic PDOs are phenotypically and genotypically similar to the gold‐standard Matrigel organoids with the advantages of 1) spheroid uniformity, 2) minimal cell number requirement, and 3) not relying on Matrigel. The utility of microfluidic PDOs is proven by testing PDO responses to several chemotherapies, including an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase (GSKI). In addition, microfluidic organoid cultures are used to test effectiveness of immunotherapy comprised of NK cells in combination with a novel biologic. In summary, our microfluidic device offers considerable benefits for personalizing oncology based on cancer biopsies and may, in the future, be developed into a companion diagnostic for chemotherapy or immunotherapy treatments.
Isolation of an Anionic Dicarbene Embedded Sn2P2 Cluster and Reversible CO2 Uptake
Authors: Ebeler Falk , Vishnevskiy Yury V. , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ghadwal Rajendra S.
Published: November 2023

Decarbonylation of a cyclic bis‐phosphaethynolatostannylene [(ADC)Sn(PCO)]2 based on an anionic dicarbene framework (ADC = PhC{N(Dipp)C}2; Dipp = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3) under UV light results in the formation of a Sn2P2 cluster compound [(ADC)SnP]2 as a green crystalline solid. The electronic structure of [(ADC)SnP]2 is analyzed by quantum‐chemical calculations. At room temperature, [(ADC)SnP]2 reversibly binds with CO2 and forms [(ADC)2{SnOC(O)P}SnP]. [(ADC)SnP]2 enables catalytic hydroboration of CO2 and reacts with elemental selenium and Fe2(CO)9 to afford [(ADC)2{Sn(Se)P2}SnSe] and [(ADC)Sn{Fe(CO)4}P]2, respectively. All compounds are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and their solid‐state molecular structures are determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
An Aqueous Rechargeable Al‐Ion Battery Based on Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate and Al Metal
Authors: Yuan Xinhai , Yuan Xuelong , Zhang Shuaishuai , Chen Peng , Wu Xiongwei , Ye Jilei , Liu Lili , Fu Lijun , Wang Tao , Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Wu Yuping
Published: November 2023

Like other aqueous batteries, aqueous rechargeable Al‐ion batteries (ARAIBs) have attracted much attention due to their high safety and low cost. However, the low energy density of ARAIBs limits its popularization and application. In order to solve this problem, in addition to choosing Al metal as the negative electrode, it is also necessary to choose a suitable positive electrode material. Here, a cubic phase cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) with excellent rate and cycling performance is used as the positive electrode material. Due to the reversible catalysis of the Cl−/Cl0 reaction at high potential in saturated AlCl3 solution, it has the characteristics of high capacity up to 103.5 mAh g−1. Combined with the Al metal as negative electrode, an ARAIB with an average discharge voltage of 1.56 V and an energy density of 155 Wh kg−1 is constructed, which shows outstanding cycling and rate performances.
Gaps in pediatric emergency medicine education of emergency medicine residents: A needs assessment of recent graduates
Authors: Schoppel Kyle , Spector Jordan , Okafor Ijeoma , Church Richard , Deblois Katy , Della‐Giustina David , Kellogg Adam , MacVane Casey , Pirotte Matthew , Snow David , Hays Geoffrey , Mariorenzi Amy , Connelly Haley , Sheng Alexander
Published: November 2023

Background

More than 90% of pediatric patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) in the United States are evaluated and treated in community‐based EDs. Recent evidence suggests that mortality outcomes may be worse for critically ill pediatric patients treated at community EDs. The disparate mortality outcomes may be due to inconsistency in pediatric‐specific education provided to emergency medicine (EM) trainees during residency training. There are few studies surveying recently graduated EM physicians assessing perceived gaps in the pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) education they received during residency.

Methods

This was a prospective, survey‐based, descriptive cohort study of EM residency graduates from 10 institutions across the United States who were <5 years out from residency training. Deidentified surveys were distributed via email.

Results

A total of 222 responses were obtained from 570 eligible participants (39.1%). Non‐ED pediatric rotations during residency training included pediatric intensive care (60%), pediatric anesthesia (32.4%), neonatal intensive care unit (26.1%), and pediatric wards (17.1%). A large percentage (42.8%) of respondents felt uncomfortable managing neonates and performing tube thoracostomy on pediatric patients (56.3%). The EM graduate's satisfaction with pediatric simulation–based training during residency was positively associated with comfort caring for neonates and infants (p < 0.0070 andp < 0.0002) and performing endotracheal intubation (p < 0.0027), lumbar puncture (p < 0.0004), and Pediatric Advanced Life Support resuscitation (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions/discussion

This survey‐based cohort study found considerable variation in pediatric‐specific experiences during EM residency training and in perceived comfort managing pediatric patients. In general, participants were more comfortable managing older children. This study suggests that the greatest perceived knowledge gaps in PEM were neonatal medicine/resuscitation and pediatric cardiac arrest. Future research will continue to address larger cohorts, representative of the PEM education provided to EM physicians in the United States to promote future educational initiatives.
Predicting acquirers of US food and agribusiness firms
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Ramyani , Adelaja Adesoji O.
Published: November 2023

To fill an important gap in the literature on acquirer prediction, this paper investigates which factors contribute to the likelihood that a firm will choose to acquire a target company from the United States (US) food and agribusiness industry (FABI). It relies on existing literature and a conceptual model in identifying the determinants of the choice to be an acquirer. Rejecting the pooled ordinary least squares and random‐effects models, the paper estimates a fixed‐effects logistic regression model based on panel data on acquirers and nonacquirers of US FABI (USFABI) target companies. Contrary to the study's various hypotheses, the results suggest that (1) efficiency, profitability, and liquidity do not affect the likelihood of being an acquirer, but that (2) less‐solvent, less‐leveraged, and less‐attractive firms are more likely to become acquirers (possibly to improve their solvency, profitability, and attractiveness). These contradictory results are attributed to the uniqueness of the USFABI sector. The mergers and acquisitions process may therefore be a way for acquirers of USFABI firms to strengthen themselves, not necessarily an expression of their financial strength. This analysis is useful to target companies, acquirers, transaction advisers, investors, regulators, and other merger and acquisition stakeholders. [EconLit Citations: D22, G24, G34, L66, Q14].
First principle based rate equation (1pRE) for random pore model in Fe2O3 reduction reaction with CO
Authors: Li Jiaye , Wang Yang , Li Zhenshan
Published: November 2023

The redox kinetics of the oxygen carriers are crucial in Chemical‐Looping Combustion (CLC) systems. The random pore model (RPM) was widely used to investigate the macroscale redox kinetics of oxygen carriers in previous studies, in which the reaction rate constants were obtained just by fitting the experimental data. This study presents a first principle based rate equation (1pRE) applied to the RPM to calculate the reaction rate constants directly using density functional theory (DFT). The 1pRE is integrated with the RPM that accounts for the effect of pore size distribution derived from the surface area evolution of reaction interface and product layer diffusion, thus bridging the gap between the microscale elementary surface reactions and macroscale overall conversion. The developed 1pRE predicts the reduction kinetics of Fe2O3 oxygen carriers accurately, thereby facilitating the optimization of design processes for oxygen carrier materials and the scale up of CLC reactors.
Neurotrophins and neural stem cells in posttraumatic brain injury repair
Authors: Guo Wenwen , Liu Ke , Wang Yinghua , Ge Xu , Ma Yifan , Qin Jing , Zhang Caiqin , Zhao Ya , Shi Changhong
Published: November 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of disability, mental health disorder, and even death, with its incidence and social costs rising steadily. Although different treatment strategies have been developed and tested to mitigate neurological decline, a definitive cure for these conditions remains elusive. Studies have revealed that various neurotrophins represented by the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor are the key regulators of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier permeability, neurite regeneration, and memory function. These factors are instrumental in alleviating neuroinflammation and promoting neuroregeneration. In addition, neural stem cells (NSC) contribute to nerve repair through inherent neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties, the release of neurotrophins, the activation of endogenous NSCs, and intercellular signaling. Notably, innovative research proposals are emerging to combine BDNF and NSCs, enabling them to synergistically complement and promote each other in facilitating injury repair and improving neuron differentiation after TBI. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of neurotrophins in promoting neurogenesis and restoring neural function after TBI, comprehensively explore the potential therapeutic effects of various neurotrophins in basic research on TBI, and investigate their interaction with NSCs. This endeavor aims to provide a valuable insight into the clinical treatment and transformation of neurotrophins in TBI, thereby promoting the progress of TBI therapeutics.
Dual Nanoparticle Conjugates for Highly Sensitive and Versatile Sensing Using 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Cooke Daniel J. , Maier Esther Y. , King Tyler L. , Lin Haoding , Hendrichs Santiago , Lee Slade , Mafy Noushaba N. , Scott Kathleen M. , Lu Yi , Que Emily L.
Published: November 2023

Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) has emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional 1H MRI due to enhanced specificity deriving from negligible background signal in this modality. We report a dual nanoparticle conjugate (DNC) platform as an aptamer‐based sensor for use in 19F MRI. DNC consists of core–shell nanoparticles with a liquid perfluorocarbon core and a mesoporous silica shell (19F‐MSNs), which give a robust 19F MR signal, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as magnetic quenchers. Due to the strong magnetic quenching effects of SPIONs, this platform is uniquely sensitive and functions with a low concentration of SPIONs (4 equivalents) relative to 19F‐MSNs. The probe functions as a “turn‐on” sensor using target‐induced dissociation of DNA aptamers. The thrombin binding aptamer was incorporated as a proof‐of‐concept (DNCThr), and we demonstrate a significant increase in 19F MR signal intensity when DNCThr is incubated with human α‐thrombin. This proof‐of‐concept probe is highly versatile and can be adapted to sense ATP and kanamycin as well. Importantly, DNCThr generates a robust 19F MRI “hot‐spot” signal in response to thrombin in live mice, establishing this platform as a practical, versatile, and biologically relevant molecular imaging probe.
Kabelbakterienskelette als katalytisch aktive Elektroden
Authors: Digel Leonid , Mierzwa Maciej , Bonné Robin , Zieger Silvia E. , Pavel Ileana‐Alexandra , Ferapontova Elena , Koren Klaus , Boesen Thomas , Harnisch Falk , Marshall Ian P. G. , Nielsen Lars Peter , Kuhn Alexander
Published: November 2023

Kabelbakterien sind vielzellige, filamentöse Bakterien, die interne leitfähige Fasern verwenden, um Elektronen über Zentimeterdistanzen von Elektronenspendern in anoxischen Sedimentschichten zu Sauerstoff an der Oberfläche zu transportieren. Wir haben diese Fasern extrahiert und sie als freistehende biobasierte Elektroden verwendet, um ihr elektrokatalytisches Verhalten zu untersuchen. Die Fasern katalysieren die reversible Umwandlung von Sauerstoff und Wasser, kombiniert mit einem elektrischen Stromfluss durch die Fasern, selbst wenn die Potentialdifferenz ausschließlich durch einen Sauerstoffkonzentrationsgradienten erzeugt wird. Sowohl die Sauerstoffreduktion als auch die Sauerstoffentwicklung wurden durch optische Messungen bestätigt. Bei lebenden Kabelbakterien erklärt sich die Sauerstoffreduktion durch direkte Elektrokatalyse an den Fasern, und nicht durch membrangebundene Proteine, und führt zu den außergewöhnlich hohen zellspezifischen Sauerstoffverbrauchsraten, die in der oxischen Zone beobachtet werden, während die elektrokatalytische Wasseroxidation Zellen in der anoxischen Zone mit Sauerstoff versorgen kann.