bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Colloidal Particle Deposition to a Solid Surface from Pressure Driven Microchannel Flows
Authors: Unni H. N. , Yang C.
Published: July 2010

Kinetics of colloidal particles deposition onto a solid surface in hydrodynamic flows was studied. A phenomenological mathematical model was presented to analyze the particle deposition from pressure‐driven flows in a parallel‐plate microchannel. The two‐dimensional mass transport equation incorporating hydrodynamic convection, particle diffusion, gravity force and DLVO colloidal forces (i.e., the van der Waals and electrical double‐layer forces) was solved numerically using a finite difference method to obtain the dimensionless particle deposition rates expressed by the Sherwood number. The numerical predictions of the Sherwood number were compared with the results of videomicroscopic experiments conducted under various physicochemical conditions including electrolyte concentration, particle size and hydrodynamic flow intensity in terms of the Reynolds number, and reasonable good agreement was found.
Hydrodynamic Cell Model: General Formulation and Comparative Analysis of Different Approaches
Authors: Zholkovskiy Emiliy K. , Shilov Vladimir N. , Masliyah Jacob H. , Bondarenko Mykola P.
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with the Cell Model method of addressing hydrodynamic flow through system of solid particles. The starting point of the analysis is the general problem formulation intended for describing a pressure driven flow through a diaphragm which can be considered as a set of representative cells having arbitrary shape and containing any number of particles. Using the general problem formulation, the hydrodynamic field inside an individual representative cell is interrelated with the applied pressure difference and the external flow velocity. To this end, four relationships containing integrals over the outer boundary of a representative cell are derived in the paper. Assuming that the representative cell is a sphere containing a single particle in the centre, the derived general relationships are transformed into outer cell boundary conditions employed in the literature by different authors. The general number of the obtained outer boundary conditions is more than the required number. Accordingly, by choosing different sets of the outer boundary conditions, different models are considered and compared with each other and with the results obtained by others for regular particle arrays. The common and different features of the hydrodynamic and electrodynamic versions of the Cell Model approaches are analyzed. Finally, it is discussed which version of the cell model gives the best approximation while describing pressure and electrically driven flows through a diaphragm and sedimentation of particles.
The Limits of Fine and Coarse Particle Flotation
Authors: De F. Gontijo Carlos , Fornasiero Daniel , Ralston John
Published: July 2010

The flotation behaviour of quartz particles was studied over the particle size range from 0.5 µm to 1000 µm and for advancing water contact angles between 0° and 83°. Flotation was performed in a column and in a Rushton turbine cell. Particle contact angle threshold values, below which the particles could not be floated, were identified for the particle size range 0.5–1000 µm, under different hydrodynamic conditions. The flotation response of the particles, either in a column or in a mechanically agitated cell with a similar bubble size, was comparable. Turbulence plays a role, as does bubble‐particle aggregate velocity and bubble size. The stability of the bubble‐particle aggregate controls the maximum floatable particle size of coarse particles. For fine particles, the flotation limit is dictated by the energy required to rupture the intervening liquid film between the particle and bubble. Flotation of very fine and large particles is facilitated with small bubbles and high contact angles. These results greatly extend our earlier observations and theoretical predictions.
Role of Pressure in Coking of Thin Films of Bitumen
Authors: Gray Murray R. , Le Tuyet , Wu Xin A.
Published: July 2010

An important step in the formation of product from feed in a fluidized‐bed coker is the evolution of product and coke from layers of vacuum residue on the surfaces of heated particles and from liquid inside agglomerates of liquid and solid. In the present study, the yield of coke from Athabasca vacuum residue was measured using a reactor based on rapid induction heating of thin films of liquid feed on the surface of pieces of Curie‐point alloy. This approach allowed measurement of the yield of coke at pressures from 101–652 kPa, temperatures of 503 and 530°C, and reaction times from 10 to 240 s. When the liquid was reacted in thin films of ca. 20 µm, the effects of temperature and pressure on coke yield were insignificant. As the film thickness was increased to 120 µm, the yield of coke increased at all conditions. The yield of coke from thicker films was only sensitive to total pressure at 503°C reaction temperature, when the pressure was increased from 377 kPa to 652 kPa. Observable bubbling due to cracking reactions during coking was suppressed by increasing pressure, and the transition from quiescent liquid to bubbling liquid increased from circa 26 µm at 101.3 kPa to 78 µm at 652 kPa at 503°C. The bubbling transition was much less sensitive to pressure at 530°C, falling in the range from 22 µm to 43 µm as pressure increased from 101.3 to 652 kPa. These results suggest that the most important effect of pressure will be on the physical behaviour of liquid feed, due to its impact on bubble evolution from liquid inside agglomerates of liquid and solid particles. Depending on the liquid/solid ratio in an agglomerate, the formation of bubbles inside such a structure would make it weaker and easier to disperse on the fluidized bed reactor.
A Study on Process Parameters of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Pramanik H. , Basu S.
Published: July 2010

Ethanol is one of the promising future fuels of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFC). The electro‐oxidation of ethanol fuel on anode made of carbon‐supported Pt‐Ru electrode catalysts was carried out in a lab scale direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). Cathode used was Pt‐black high surface area. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared by sandwiching the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, prepared from Nafion® (SE‐5112, DuPont USA) dispersion, between the anode and cathode. The DEFC was fabricated using the MEA and tested at different catalyst loadings at the electrodes, temperatures and ethanol concentrations. The maximum power density of DEFC for optimized value of ethanol concentration, catalyst loading and temperature were determined. The maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.815 V, short circuit current density (SCCD) of 27.90 mA/cm2 and power density of 10.30 mW/cm2 were obtained for anode (Pt‐Ru/C) and cathode (Pt‐black) loading of 1 mg/cm2 at a temperature of 90°C anode and 60°C cathode for 2M ethanol.
Conductivity of a Fixed Bed Adsorber during Propylene Adsorption and Breakthrough
Authors: Mackay James E. , Smith Kevin J.
Published: July 2010

The electrical resistance of a fixed bed of Al2O3 and SnO2, measured during a step change in C3H6 flow through the bed, is reported. The mixed bed was used to simulate a device for simultaneous containment and monitoring of leaks from valves. Simultaneous measurements of the C3H6 concentration breakthrough and the bed resistance showed that Al2O3 was responsible for most of the C3H6 adsorption, whereas low levels of surface adsorption on SnO2 resulted in large changes in the bed electrical resistance. The bed resistance was modelled as a function of the C3H6 breakthrough using first‐order kinetics for the reduction of the oxidized SnO2 by C3H6.
Dry Reforming of Methane with a Ni/Al2O3‐YSZ Catalyst: The Role of the Catalyst Preparation Protocol
Authors: Blanchard Jasmin , Nsungui Ana Julia , Abatzoglou Nicolas , Gitzhofer François
Published: July 2010

Many studies of Ni based ceramic supporting reforming catalysts are found in the literature. A synthesis of the reported results shows that their efficiency and durability are significantly affected by their fabrication protocol. This research has been aimed at evaluating how the conditions of 1) the ceramic support preparation and 2) the Ni deposition, through an impregnation‐drying‐calcination‐reduction protocol, affect the catalytic activity and the catalyst deactivation over time during methane dry reforming. The catalyst support used in this study was obtained by the mixing and pressing of alumina and YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) powders, then calcining the mixtures at high temperature to form pellets of limited porosity (specific surface of 1.5‐10 m2/g), without inducing change to the crystalline phases. The results show that the surface density of the nickel particles, the catalyst activity, and its life span are highly dependent upon the catalyst preparation protocol. The initial nitrate solution concentration, the duration of the impregnation and the specific surface of the ceramic support have, all of them, a considerable influence on the size range of the deposited nickel particles. The surface density, the amount and the size of the latter highly affect the catalytic activity. It has been also shown that an increase in the ratio CH4/CO2 is detrimental to the catalytic activity of the tested formulations; a small excess of methane is enough to initiate the deactivation process of the catalyst very quickly for all of the composition tested in this study. A phenomenological deactivation kinetics model has been built and optimized. Although there are differences in deactivation rates among the different formulations tested, the model shows that the deactivation rate is highly dependent upon the reaction rate constant and that zero‐ and first‐order kinetics give statistically the same prediction error; the latter is always lower or equal to the experimental error.
Base‐Catalyzed Depolymerization of Lignin: Separation of Monomers
Authors: Vigneault Alexandre , Johnson David K. , Chornet Esteban
Published: July 2010

In our quest for fractionating lignocellulosic biomass and valorizing specific constitutive fractions, we have developed a strategy for the separation of 12 added value monomers generated during the hydrolytic based‐catalyzed depolymerization of a Steam Exploded Aspen Lignin. The separation strategy combines liquid‐liquid‐extraction (LLE), followed by vacuum distillation, liquid chromatography (LC) and crystallization. LLE, vacuum distillation and flash LC were tested experimentally. Batch vacuum distillation produced up to 4 fractions. Process simulation confirmed that a series of 4 vacuum distillation columns could produce 5 distinct monomer streams, 3 of which require further chromatography and crystallization for purification.
Intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of protective buffering among cancer patients and caregivers
Authors: Langer Shelby L. , Brown Jonathon D. , Syrjala Karen L.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

Protective buffering refers to hiding cancer‐related thoughts and concerns from one's spouse or partner. In this study, the authors examined the intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of protective buffering and the motivations for such behavior (desire to shield partner from distress, desire to shield self from distress).

METHODS:

Eighty hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients and their spousal caregivers/partners completed measures that were designed to assess protective buffering and relationship satisfaction at 2 time points: before transplantation (T1) and 50 days after transplantation (T2). Overall mental health also was assessed at T2.

RESULTS:

There was moderate agreement between 1 dyad member's reported buffering of their partner and the partner's perception of the extent to which they felt buffered. Caregivers buffered patients more than patients buffered caregivers, especially at T2. The more participants buffered their partners at T2 and the more they felt buffered, the lower their concurrent relationship satisfaction and the poorer their mental health. The latter effect was particularly true for patients who buffered and for patients who felt buffered. With respect to motivations, patients who buffered primarily to protect their partner at T1 reported increases in relationship satisfaction over time; however, when they did so at T2, their caregiver reported concurrent decreases in relationship satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS:

Protective buffering is costly, in that those who buffer and those who feel buffered report adverse psychosocial outcomes. In addition, buffering enacted by patients with an intention to help may prove counterproductive, ultimately hurting the object of such protection. Cancer 2009;115(18 suppl):4311–25. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6‐mercaptopurine riboside, and prednisolone (DCMP) combination chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in adults
Authors: Ohno Ryuzo , Hirano Masami , Imai Kuniyuki , Koie Katsuo , Kamiya Tadashi , Nishiwaki Hiroshi , Ishiguro Junzo , Uetani Tadaaki , Sako Fujio , Imamura Kazuo , Yamada Kazumasa
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐seven adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were treated with a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6‐mercaptopurine riboside, and prednisolone (DCMP) for remission induction. Twenty‐three of 37 patients (62.2%) achieved complete remission, three, partial remission and 11, failure. Patients with prior therapy responded as well as patients without it. The median survival time of the patients who received DCMP for their initial remission induction therapy was 10.3 months and that of the patients who obtained complete remission was 17 months. Complete remission occurred in 21 out of 28 patients (75%) less than 40 years old but in only two out of nine patients (22.2%) more than 40 years old. The most common toxic effects were severe myelosuppression and liver function abnormalities. DCMP therapy is an effective remission induction chemotherapy for adults with AML.
High dose cyclophosphamide therapy in solid tumors: Therapeutic, toxic, and immunosuppressive effects
Authors: Mullins G. M. , Anderson P. N. , Santos G. W.
Published: July 2010

Cyclophosphamide (CY) in a total dose of 120 mg/kg was given over 2 days on one to three occasions to 12 patients with a variety of nonlymphoid solid tumors. Two of 10 patients with measurable disease had a partial response. One had embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and the other had ovarian carcinoma. In the 20 treatment courses, the mean leukocyte count was less than 1,00O/mm3 for 7 days. Thrombocytopenia was variable with a mean nadir of 87,90O/mm3 on day 12. There were four instances of local infection, one of bacteremia, and 11 of fever of undetermined origin. Weight gain of 2 or more kg occurred after 12, and EKG changes compatible with cardiotoxicity after six courses of CY. Serial skin testing with recall antigens revealed a frequent transient loss, and in three patients a later overall gain, in responsiveness. All patients, were immunized with Vi antigen before CY, and with Vi and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after CY. Specific immune tolerance to Vi, with a satisfactory response to SRBC, was found in six of 12 patients. Patients' responses to the lymphocytes of 2 ABO compatible normal subjects were measured in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) before and after CY. Patients were given 500 ml of whole blood from one of the subjects prior to CY. Following CY, the patients' responses to the blood donors' cells were not significantly lower than their responses to nondonor cells. Thus, tolerance to HL‐A antigens was not demonstrable in RILC. Three patients had an increase from subnormal to normal reactivity to nondonor cells in MLC.
Vincristine‐induced myocardial infarction
Authors: Mandel Eugen M. , Lewinskimd Uri , Djaldetti Meir
Published: July 2010

A patient with lymphosarcoma treated with weekly injections of vincristine developed an acute myocardial infarction immediately after the second injection of vincristine. After he recovered from the infarction, the treatment was continued and he developed an additional myocardial infarction. In vivo and in vitro studies have not revealed any effect of vincristine on the clotting mechanism. The possible causes for the association of vincristine‐treated lymphoma and myocardial infarction are discussed. Canceri 36:1979–1982, 01975
CEA levels in patients with colorectal polyps
Authors: Doos W. G. , Wolff William I. , Shinya H. , DeChabon A. , Stenger R. J. , Gottlieb L. S. , Zamcheck N.
Published: July 2010

Preoperative plasma CEA levels were measured in 93 selected patients with histologically defined colorectal adenomata removed at fibroptic colonoscopy in order to determine whether CEA levels are elevated in patients with colonic polyps, or vary with different histologic patterns. None of the patients had inflammatory bowel disease, previous history of carcinoma, or evidence of liver disease. Fifteen percent of the patients had elevated CEA levels (≥2.5 ng/ml; Hansen method), and two‐thirds of these were between 2.5 and 4.0 ng/ml. Increased association of elevated CEA levels was noted with old age, villous adenomas (2‐to 4‐fold), and increased tumor size ((2.3‐cm diameter; 2‐fold), but not with foci of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ as such. One‐half (7/14) of the patients with elevated CEA levels showed the following: two patients had villous tumors with carcinoma in situ, one had a villous adenoma, two had mixed villous and tubular adenomas (with a high proportion of villous pattern), and two were subsequently shown to have carcinoma elsewhere in the colon. It is uncertain that the polyps were the source of the elevated circulating CEA levels; other factors including smoking and patient selection need to be considered. This preliminary study suggests that patients with colorectal adenomata and elevated circulating CEA may be at higher risk for the development of carcinoma. Further follow‐up studies of the malignant potential of the polyp‐bearing colon are essential.
Intensity of immunosuppressive therapy and the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis
Authors: Hughes Walter T. , Feldman Sandor , Aur Rhomes J. A. , Verzosa Manuel S. , Hustu H. Omar , Simone Joseph V.
Published: July 2010

One hundred and forty‐nine children with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated according to a prospective protocol were randomized after induction of remission and central nervous system (CNS) irradiation to receive maintenance chemotherapy with 1, 2, 3, or 4 chemotherapy agents. The incidence of P. carinii pneumonitis (PCP) was 5.0, 2.3, 2.2, and 22.4%, respectively, during the period of maintenance therapy. An additional 31 patients enrolled in the same study were placed in special categories to receive three drugs for maintenance plus supplemental chemotherapy or irradiation because of CNS leukemia on admission, remission failure, mediastinal mass, or generalized lymphosarcoma without bone marrow involvement. The incidences of PCP in these groups were 16.7, 30.0, 35.7, and 0%, respectively, during the period of maintenance therapy.
Lymphographic demonstration of cyclic changes in lymph node size during pel‐epstein fever
Authors: Scanlon Gerard T. , Castellino Ronald A. , Rudders Richard
Published: July 2010

Pel‐Epstein fever cycles, consisting of 1–2 weeks of high fever separated by afebrile periods of the same duration, are classically characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. Clinical observation has determined that the lymph nodes enlarge during periods of fever and reduce in size as the fever subsides. To our knowledge, the waxing and waning of lymph nodes in tempo with the fever cycle in Hodgkin's disease have never before been documented by lymphography. The alterations we verified radiographically resemble cyclic swings in classic autoimmune diseases. Speculations are offered regarding the observed changes.
Metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and lactic acidosis
Authors: Kachel Richard G.
Published: July 2010

The clinical course of a woman with metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and intractable lactic acidosis is described. Although her illness was dominated by a myelopathy, she developed severe lactic acidosis which could not be related to decreased tissue oxygen delivery. Necropsy showed extensive hepatic replacement with tumor and widespread disease. This and other possible pathogenetic factors causing lactic acidosis are discussed.
A study of childhood non‐hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Murphy Sharon B. , Frizzera Glauco , Evans Audrey E.
Published: July 2010

The pathologic and clinical features of 31 cases of childhood non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were reviewed retrospectively using Rappaport's classification and a modification of the Ann Arbor staging system. Twenty‐nine (93.5%) of the patients had diffuse and 2 (6.5%) had nodular lymphoma. Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma accounted for 10 cases (32.3%), diffuse undifferentiated for 9 (29%), and diffuse lymphocytic, poorly differentiated for 5 (16.1%). Five cases (16.1%) were unclassifiable. No cases of well‐differentiated lymphocytic or mixed cell lymphoma were found. A modified classification was attempted, which included also large basophilic cell (LBC), convoluted T‐lymphocytic (CTL), and Burkitt's lymphomas. These pathologic subgroups accounted for 35.4%, 16.1%, and 6.5% of the cases, respectively. The patients were almost equally divided between clinically localized and generalized stages, and their survival was stage‐dependent. The overall survival was 32.3%; the 3‐year survival was 50% for Stages I and II, compared to 7.7% for Stages III and IV. The gastrointestinal tract was the most common site of origin. In 22% of the cases, the disease originated in extra‐lymphatic tissues. Central nervous system involvement occurred in 10 of 31 children (32%), and a leukemic picture developed in 6 of 31 (19%). The CTL lymphomas were confined to the mediastinum, whereas the LBC lymphomas arose mostly in Waldeyer's ring and Peyer's patches. We conclude that the extent of the disease as determined by clinical staging has prognostic significance in childhood NHL. The prognostic value of the histological classification could not be clearly established from our data.
Childhood hodgkin's disease in israel: A study of 17 cases
Authors: Aghai E. , Brenner H. , Ramot B.
Published: July 2010

A study of 17 children suffering from Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) is presented. The special ethnic distribution with predominance in Arab and Oriental Jewish children is noted. A high incidence of mixed cellularity histology in Arab children is emphasized. A conservative approach to therapy, i.e. extended field regional radiotherapy only, resulted in a long first complete remission period in lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis H.D. Stages IA and IIA. All children in Stage IIIB and IV were treated by six courses of combined chemotherapy, and were maintained either on chlorambucil and vinblastine or on MOPP. Patients with mixed cellularity H.D. Stage IIA and all patients in Stage IIIA were treated by four courses of MOPP after the completion of extended regional radiotherapy. The 5 children who did not receive the scheduled treatment died. The remaining 12 are well, with a survival of 8 to 104 months.
Breast thermography as a screening technique: An evalutation of performance data
Authors: Revesz George , Lapayowker Marc S.
Published: July 2010

The concepts of relative operating characteristics (ROC‐curves) and detectability index (d') are introduced for the purpose of evaluating performance in breast thermography. In assessing published information on the subject we have found that much of it is anecdotal and lacks sufficient data to determine performance. We have also found that for those published findings which had sufficient data it was possible to reconcile conflicting conclusions as to the efficacy of thermography, and that performance could be quantitated with the use of the detectability index. Conclusions for optimizing available clinical thermographic techniques are given together with ways for future improvement.
Unusual intracardiac tumor in a child: Inflammatory pseudotumor or “granulomatous” variant of myxoma?
Authors: Gonzalez‐Crussi F. , Vanderbilt Burton L. , Miller Jon K.
Published: July 2010

An intracardiac tumor arising in the right atrium of a young child is reported. Morphologically, the lesion was reminiscent of “plasma cell granulomas,” but unprecedented in this location. Based on clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, histologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the mass, the speculation is put forth that this lesion may represent a cardiac myxoma with atypical structural features. An extension of this proposal is a pathogenetic sequence that would try to reconcile the complex clinical course of some myxomas with the described structural observations. Alternative choices for classification of the lesion are also given consideration.
Breast cancer screening: Preliminary report of 207 biopsies performed in 4,128 volunteer screenees
Authors: Moskowitz Myron , Russell Peter , Fidler James , Sutorius Darryl , Law Edward J. , Holle Jan
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐six carcinomas of the breast were pathologically verified in the first 207 biopsies performed to date on women attending the Breast Cancer Detection Center at The University of Cincinnati. Fifty‐three percent of these have been minimal breast cancer, 14 being totally in situ. This is compared with a similar number of breast biopsies performed prior to the opening of the Breast Cancer Project. In the latter group of cases there were 45 carcinomas proven, only 1 of which was in situ, 24 of which were invasive Stage I and 20 Stage II or higher. In addition, 65 biopsies demonstrated proliferative disease of varying degrees of severity as compared to a total of 13 in the non screened population.
A metastasising ameloblastoma associated with renal calculi and hypercalcaemia
Authors: Seward G. R. , Beales S. J. , Johnson N. W. , Lumsden E. G. Sita
Published: July 2010

A young male had an assumed dentigerous cyst marsupialized and later a recurrent ameloblastoma resected. Eleven years later he was admitted with renal stones and hypercalcemia and metastases of the ameloblastoma in the left lung were discovered. Death occurred as a result of spinal and hepatic spread of his tumor and thrombosis of the renal veins. Renal calcification was demonstrated. The possible causes of the hypercalcaemia which was not associated with a raised serum parathormone or affected by parathyroidectomy is discussed.
Divergent and point‐to‐point connections in the commissural pathway between the inferior colliculi
Authors: Malmierca Manuel S. , Hernández Olga , Antunes Flora M. , Rees Adrian
Published: July 2010

The commissure of the inferior colliculus interconnects the left and right sides of the auditory midbrain and provides the final opportunity for interaction between the two sides of the auditory pathway at the subcortical level. Although the functional properties of the commissure are beginning to be revealed, the topographical organization of its connections is unknown. A combination of neuroanatomical tracing studies, 3D reconstruction, and neuronal density maps was used to study the commissural connections in rat. The results demonstrate that commissural neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus send a divergent projection to the equivalent frequency‐band laminae in the central nucleus and dorsal and lateral cortices on the opposite side. The density of this projection, however, is weighted toward a point that matches the position of the tracer injection; consistent with a point‐to‐point emphasis in the wiring pattern. In the dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus there may be two populations of neurons that project across the commissure, one projecting exclusively to the frequency‐band laminae in the central nucleus and the other projecting diffusely to the dorsal cortex. Neurons in the lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus make only a very weak contribution to the commissural pathway. The point‐to‐point pattern of connections permits interactions between specific regions of corresponding frequency‐band laminae, whereas the divergent projection pattern could subserve integration across the lamina. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:226–239, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monte‐carlo study of errors in the tristimulus colorimetry of white papers
Authors: Sève Robert
Published: July 2010

A computational method with pseudorandom numbers was used to determine the spectral radiance factors of various dyed or fluorescent white samples, designed to be statistically similar to those evaluated by direct measurements. Colorimetric parameters were then computed and compared with direct readings from a tristimulus colorimeter for various practical conditions. Also obtained were evaluations of errors, comparison between CIE 2° and CIE 10° observers, comparisons among actual filters used, and comparisons with different sources. A number of practical conclusions that are difficult to obtain from direct experimental methods can be deduced from this study.
Examining and responding to conflict between African American and Jewish American students on a college campus
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren J. , Robinson Lisa D.
Published: July 2010

In the spring of 1995, Warren J. Blumenfeld and Lisa D. Robinson, doctoral candidates in the Social Justice Education Program at the University of Massachusetts–Amherst, interviewed several undergraduate students of African and Jewish heritage at the university to accumulate information focusing on the question, “What is the relationship on campus between African American and Jewish American students?” The results from this sample showed that there were indeed tension, conflict, and misunderstanding on campus between the two groups, which are particularly heightened when outside speakers are brought to campus. As a result of this initial research project, they designed and facilitated a general education, two–credit, full‐weekend course at an off–campus conference site, bringing together undergraduate students of African and Jewish heritage. The instructors share the results of their survey and the design, facilitation, and evaluation of their course, EDUC 396J: African American and Jewish American Students Dialogue, within the historical background of race relations at the university.
A Bio‐Metal–Organic Framework for Highly Selective CO2 Capture: A Molecular Simulation Study
Authors: Chen Yifei , Jiang Jianwen
Published: July 2010

A recently synthesized bio‐metal–organic framework (bio‐MOF‐11) is investigated for CO2 capture by molecular simulation. The adenine biomolecular linkers in bio‐MOF‐11 contain Lewis basic amino and pyrimidine groups as the preferential adsorption sites. The simulated and experimental adsorption isotherms of pure CO2, H2, and N2 are in perfect agreement. Bio‐MOF‐11 exhibits larger adsorption capacities compared to numerous zeolites, activated carbons, and MOFs, which is attributed to the presence of multiple Lewis basic sites and nano‐sized channels. The results for the adsorption of CO2/H2 and CO2/N2 mixtures in bio‐MOF‐11 show that CO2 is more dominantly adsorbed than H2 and N2. With increasing pressure, the selectivity of CO2/H2 initially increases owing to the strong interactions between CO2 and the framework, and then decreases as a consequence of the entropy effect. However, the selectivity of CO2/N2 monotonically increases with increasing pressure and finally reaches a constant. The selectivities in bio‐MOF‐11 are higher than in many nanoporous materials. The simulation results also reveal that a small amount of H2O has a negligible effect on the separation of CO2/H2 and CO2/N2 mixtures. The simulation study provides quantitative microscopic insight into the adsorption mechanism in bio‐MOF‐11 and suggests that bio‐MOF‐11 may be interesting for pre‐ and post‐combustion CO2 capture.
Surface‐Driven Asymmetry and Instability in the Acceleration Region of Hall Thruster
Authors: Taccogna F. , Longo S. , Capitelli M. , Schneider R.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown experimentally that the channel wall material has a substantial effect on the behaviour of Hall discharges. For this reason, the radial profile inside the Hall thruster SPT‐100 is investigated in detail. This is done by a one‐dimensional fully kinetic self‐consistent Particle‐in‐Cell model between the two walls in the acceleration region of the channel. A detailed Monte Carlo probabilistic model for secondary electron emission is implemented as boundary module. Using the local field approximation, two different operative conditions (axial electric field Ez =100 V/cm and 300 V/cm) have been simulated. For high discharge voltage case, a strong radial asymmetry and a stream instability propagating all along the radial domain are detected, while in the low voltage case a stable classical situation is recovered. The critical parameters for triggering this unstable regime are the electron azimuthal drift energy and the induced secondary electron emission, while the saturation mechanism is the increasing of the temperature of the initially cold secondary‐electrons. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Long‐term time series analysis of quantum dot encoded cells by deconvolution of the autofluorescence signal
Authors: Brown M. Rowan , Summers Huw D. , Rees Paul. , Chappell Sally C. , Silvestre Oscar F. , Khan Imtiaz A. , Smith Paul J. , Errington Rachel J.
Published: July 2010

The monitoring of cells labeled with quantum dot endosome‐targeted markers in a highly proliferative population provides a quantitative approach to determine the redistribution of quantum dot signal as cells divide over generations. We demonstrate that the use of time‐series flow cytometry in conjunction with a stochastic numerical simulation to provide a means to describe the proliferative features and quantum dot inheritance over multiple generations of a human tumor population. However, the core challenge for long‐term tracking where the original quantum dot fluorescence signal over time becomes redistributed across a greater cell number requires accountability of background fluorescence in the simulation. By including an autofluorescence component, we are able to continue even when this signal predominates (i.e., >80% of the total signal) and obtain valid readouts of the proliferative system. We determine the robustness of the technique by tracking a human osteosarcoma cell population over 8 days and discuss the accuracy and certainty of the model parameters obtained. This systems biology approach provides insight into both cell heterogeneity and division dynamics within the population and furthermore informs on the lineage history of its members. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Prolonged cutaneous analgesia in rats induced by 3‐acetylaconitine as an additive
Authors: Wang Chi‐Fei , Gerner Peter , Schmidt Birgitta , Wang Sho‐Ya , Wang Ging Kuo
Published: July 2010

3‐Acetylaconitine (3AA) is an “aconitine‐like” plant alkaloid that has been used as an analgesic agent for the treatment of chronic pain and rheumatoid arthritis in China. Aconitine‐like alkaloids appear to target the CNS for their analgesic action, although they also display local anesthetic properties. We tested whether 3AA prolonged cutaneous analgesia in rats when co‐injected with lidocaine (0.5%) and epinephrine (1:200,000), a mixture commonly used in infiltration anesthesia. Inhibition of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex was evaluated quantitatively by pinpricks applied to the injected area. Co‐injection of lidocaine and epinephrine with 3AA ranging within 50–125 µM elicited complete cutaneous analgesia in vivo lasting 3–12 h, and full recovery occurred after ∼5–8 days in a 3AA concentration‐dependent manner. In contrast, cutaneous analgesia induced by the mixture of lidocaine and epinephrine or by 3AA alone in rats was significantly shorter. No adverse systemic effects or local toxicities were evident after injection of 3AA as an additive. Our results suggest that “aconitine‐like” alkaloids could be exploited as an additive for long‐lasting cutaneous analgesia. Drug Dev Res 69: 83–88, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of isatin‐isoniazid derivatives on drug metabolizing and chemoprotective enzymes in mice
Authors: El‐Sayed Wael M. , Aboul‐Fadl Tarek , Franklin Michael R.
Published: July 2010

Four isatin‐isoniazid derivatives with proven efficacy against resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, that had greater lipophilicity than isoniazid were evaluated for effects on hepatic drug metabolizing and chemoprotective enzymes and compared to isoniazid. Following intragastric administration to mice (75 or 150 mg/kg×3 days), none of the four compounds exhibited hepatotoxicity, and only isoniazid was found to elevate CYP2E1 activity. All compounds slightly elevated Cyp1a1/2 mRNA levels, but these did not result in increased methoxyresorufin demethylase activity. With the exception of isoniazid, approximately twofold elevations in Ugt1a mRNAs (seen with isatin‐isoniazid [Ugt1a1, Ugt1a6, Ugt1a9], 1‐propynylisatin‐isoniazid [Ugt1a1, Ugt1a9], and 1‐propylisatin‐isoniazid [Ugt1a1]) also did not result in changes in 4‐nitrophenol glucuronidation activity. 1‐Benzylisatin‐isoniazid was the only compound that (1) elevated Ugt2b5 mRNA, and (2) like isoniazid, had no effect on glutathione transferase activities and mRNAs. 1‐Propynylisatin‐isoniazid elevated glutathione transferase activity toward 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, 1‐propylisatin‐isoniazid decreased the 2.4‐kb Gstp transcript, and isatin‐isoniazid increased Gsta, Gstm, and the 1.2‐kb Gstp transcripts. None of the four compounds affected glutathione peroxidase activity, although 1‐propynylisatin‐isoniazid and 1‐benzylisatin‐isoniazid elevated mRNA transcripts. None of the four compounds affected microsomal epoxide hydrolase or thioredoxin reductase activities but, in parallel, isoniazid, 1‐propynylisatin‐isoniazid, and 1‐propylisatin‐isoniazid elevated mRNAs of each. 1‐Propynylisatin‐isoniazid, 1‐propylisatin‐isoniazid, and 1‐benzylisatin‐isoniazid, and isoniazid, elevated quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA, but only 1‐propylisatin‐isoniazid elevated the activity. Altogether, and despite some changes in mRNA expression, the novel isatin‐isoniazid derivatives had only minor effects on mouse hepatic enzyme activities and are worthy of further investigation as possible therapeutic agents likely free of major induction‐related drug–drug interactions. Drug Dev Res 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin therapy and quality of life. A review
Authors: Pouwer François , Hermanns Norbert
Published: July 2010

Three central goals in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are (1) the avoidance of hyperglycaemia to prevent the development or progression of diabetes complications over time, (2) the avoidance of hypoglycaemia and (3) the maintenance or achievement of good quality of life. Insulin is the most powerful agent that can be used to control blood glucose levels. This article reviews the studies that have investigated the effects of different types of insulin and insulin delivery techniques on quality of life of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. First, the concept of ‘quality of life’ (QoL) is defined and different ways of measuring QoL are explained. Secondly, the effects of different aspects of insulin therapy on QoL are reviewed: (1) the phenomenon of ‘psychological insulin resistance’; (2) the effects of different types of insulin: regular insulin versus short‐acting insulin analogues, long‐acting insulin analogues or biphasic mixtures; (3) multiple daily injections versus pump therapy.

Having multiple complications of diabetes is clearly associated with decreased QoL. Results from large studies such as the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) suggest that intensive treatment itself does not impair QoL. Recent findings further suggest that pump therapy, compared to multiple daily injections, has beneficial effects on QoL. The fact that multiple tools are used to assess QoL makes it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the effects of different types of insulin on QoL. More work on the standardization of the assessment of QoL in diabetes is urgently needed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity, a key factor to quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Zanuso Silvano , Balducci Stefano , Jimenez Alfonso
Published: July 2010

Exercise as a public health tool has largely been built around its plausible impact on physical health, including a positive impact on the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. There is a growing interest in its potential to influence other aspects of quality of life such as mental health and general well‐being. The effects of physical activity on overall quality of life are well established in the general population and have been analyzed on various dimensions of the Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQL) including physical and social functioning; subjective well‐being, emotion and mood; self esteem and self‐perception; cognitive performance; and sleep quality.

Even though the effectiveness of physical activity and exercise on physical health has been shown in numerous studies, less evidence is available to show if similar positive improvements in well‐being can be seen in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the efficacy of structured exercise counseling on the well‐being of type 2 diabetic patients and make some general recommendations. As such, although there is more to be learned about effective strategies in clinical practice, it seems clear that the intervention needs to incorporate individualization and long‐term interaction with trained facilitators. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technology and the issue of cost/benefit in diabetes
Authors: Giannini Cosimo , Mohn Angelika , Chiarelli Francesco
Published: July 2010

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease in childhood and adolescence. Type 1 diabetes accounts for over 90% of diabetes in children. During the past decades, epidemiological studies have clearly shown a worldwide increase in the incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in many countries. The worldwide incidence of diabetes and especially the diabetes‐related complications highlight the relevant economic burden of this disease. In fact, its costs affect health services, national productivity as well as individuals and families. Hospital in‐patient costs for the treatment of complications are the largest single contributor to direct healthcare costs. Anyway, many of these complications and, therefore, their costs, as well as most of the indirect costs, are partially or completely preventable. In fact, intensive therapy, directed at controlling blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels, has been shown to be cost effective in that, although initial costs are high, longer term costs decrease as a result of delayed or prevented complications.

From this point of view, technological advances have provided new therapeutic options to achieve metabolic control as close to normal as possible in children and adolescents with diabetes. In fact, the relevant technological devices that have been adopted till now, if adequately utilized, should allow patients to achieve intensive management with improved metabolic control, quality of life as well as reduced mortality and morbidity. However, new technologies are not a panacea, and the benefit they provide can be completely achieved only if adequately and especially individually determined. Furthermore, it is inevitable that new modalities of treatment for people with diabetes will be considered critically by healthcare planners and providers in the prevailing global environment of increasing costs of medical care and pressure for rational allocation of resources. Therefore, new technologically derived devices and therapeutic opportunity for diabetes should be rationally utilized in order to offer real advantages and reduce the relevant worldwide cost of diabetes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carnitine and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mynatt Randall L.
Published: July 2010

Studies in humans and animals demonstrate that “lipid over supply” causes or worsens insulin resistance via multiple mechanisms involving the accumulation of intracellular lipids in multiple tissues. In particular, the accumulation of fatty acyl CoA derivatives/metabolites in muscle inhibits both insulin signaling and glucose oxidation. Therefore agents that ameliorate the accumulation of fatty acyl CoA derivatives and/or their metabolites would be beneficial in the treatment or prevention of insulin resistance and T2D.

Hyperinsulemic/euglycemic clamp studies in humans and carnitine supplementation studies in rodents provide “proof‐of‐concept” that carnitine is effective at improving insulin‐stimulated glucose utilization and in reversing abnormalities of fuel metabolism associated with T2D.

Carefully controlled clinical trials are warranted to determine the efficacy dietary carnitine supplementation as an adjunctive treatment for type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The genetics of essential metal homeostasis during development
Authors: Kambe Taiho , Weaver Benjamin P. , Andrews Glen K.
Published: July 2010

Zinc is one of the essential metals that along with copper and iron are essential for embryonic and postnatal development and homeostasis. See the review by Kambe et al. in this issue.
Sociotechnical issues for the ubiquitous information society in 2010
Authors: Funabashi Motohisa , Homma Koichi , Sasaki Toshiro , Sato Yoshinori , Kido Kunihiko , Fukumoto Takashi , Yano Koujin
Published: July 2010

Impact of the ubiquitous information technology on our society is so significant that directing technological development and preparing institutional apparatus are quite important and urgent. The present paper elaborates, with the efforts by both humanity and engineering disciplines, to find the sociotechnical issues of ubiquitous information society in 2010 by inspecting social implications of emerging technology as well as social expectations. In order to deliberate the issues, scenarios are developed that describe possible life in ubiquitous information society. The derived issues cover integrating information technology and the human body, producing smart sharable environment, protecting individual rights, fostering new service business, and forming community. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 60–67, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20565
High‐Voltage Pulse Generation in Nonlinear Transmission Line with Ceramic Capacitors
Authors: Suzukif Hiromitsu , Ibuka Shinji , Miyazawa Takehiro , Ishii Shozo
Published: July 2010

Usual axial cables and aerial lines are distributed constant linear transmission lines which can transmit a pulse without changing its initial shape. On the other hand, a nonlinear transmission line consisting of nonlinear capacitors can sharpen the front of a propagating pulse. In this study, a transmission line with commercially available ferroelectric BaTiO3ceramic capacitors is constructed to obtain high‐voltage pulses with short rise‐time. Strong dependence of their capacitance on the applied voltage has been found. The rise‐time of the input pulse with 300 V in amplitude was shortened from 60 ns after propagating through the line.