bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY OF NIMBADI ARKA: A NON-ALCOHOL BASED HERBAL HAND SANITIZER
Authors: R Bhoomika , Kulkarni Prasanna , BV Priyanka , Goud Kiran M.
Published: June 2022

Hand hygiene is crucial as it gets contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets and droplet nuclei from coughs and sneezes. In situations like a pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is imperative to interrupt the transmission chain of the pathogens by the practice of proper hand sanitization. It can be achieved with contact isolation and strict infection control tools like maintaining good hand hygiene in the house, in hospital settings, and in public. The success of hand sanitization solely depends on practical hand disinfecting agents formulated in various types and forms, such as antimicrobial soaps and water-based or alcohol-based hand sanitiser, with the latter being widely used in hospital settings and by common people. Most effective hand sanitiser products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%–95% of alcohol as they can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate pathogens. Considering the need, we prepared five herbal hand sanitizers in Arka form using drugs of krimighna gana dravyas that have an antimicrobial property and are volatile. Among all the five preparations, it was noticed from the statistical analysis, that there was a significant reduction in the bacterial count in the ‘immediate application’ of Batch I (Tulsi Arka), and Batch II (Tulsi, Nimba Arka) showed a significant decrease in the bacterial count in ‘after 30 minutes of application’. However, Batch III (Tulsi, Nimba, Haridra arka) gave an intermediate result in ‘immediate application’ and ‘after 30 minutes of application’. None of the preparations showed any sort of irritation, dryness or discomfort to the subjects even after 30 minutes while conducting the study.
IN VIVO STUDY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Kale Ashishkumar A. , Anjankar Meghsham P. , Nikam Ashwin V. , Pawade Uday V.
Published: June 2022

Calotropis is one of the widely distributed plants along the world’s geographical area. Many studies have been conducted to prove the pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera (Arka). It is classified as Upavisha in Ayurveda by Bhavprakasha and Rasatarangini. In its therapeutic application mentioned in various classical texts, Calotropis procera is treating almost 58 diseases having its 547 formulations which are indicated. It contains many phytochemical constituents like Cardenolides, Benzoyllineolone, Calactin, Calotropagenin etc. These phytoconstituents have proven anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, antitumor, and cytotoxic properties. In this review, a thorough literature search has been done through various textbooks, research magazines and internet search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar etc. Different In Vivo studies carried out on Calotropis procera to assess its pharmacological activities are considered. Meticulous analysis of these studies has been done with special reference to plant parts and their extraction method, animal models, assessment criterion and study outcomes. This provides additional information to carry out further research on Calotropis procera. The present review may be useful to researchers as a ready reckoner for their studies.
THERAPEUTIC USE OF ASHWAGANDHA ON SANDHIVATA: A LITERARY REVIEW
Authors: Mondal Dharmendra , Kumar Ajay , Ranjan Alok , Gupta Ganesh Prasad
Published: June 2022

Today’s fastest, struggling, vigorous hard-working, and stressful lifestyle makes us more susceptible to geriatric diseases and is now a day common in the young generation. One of the most common diseases associated with age is osteoarthritis, with symptoms of joints pain and loss of natural joint form due to degeneration of cartilage, decrease in synovial fluid and abnormal remodelling of bones. In Ayurveda, osteoarthritis is correlated with sandhivata. With age, all Dhatus undergo Kshaya, thus leading to Vataprakopa and making individuals prone to many diseases in old age. Among them, Sandhivata is the most common. Etiopathology of osteoarthritis is not well known yet, but many studies give an idea about osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, synovial inflammation and macrophages in cartilage degeneration and bone remodelling. Ashwagandha is an essential plant discussed in Ayurveda as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory and Rasayana property. Rasayana is described in Ayurveda as ojovardhak, which means boosting Ojas or enhancing the body’s immune system and imparting Vyadhikshamatva.
A REVIEW ON ETHICS, AYURVED DISCIPLINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH: THE CONCERT ART OF MEDICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Sud Sushant
Published: June 2022

Ethics deals with the set of values of rights accomplish. Medical ethics is a practical branch of ethics that analyses clinical medicine's observance and connected methodical examination. Medical ethics is based on standards that professionals can pass on in the case of any bewilderment or divergence. The four pillars of medical ethics are Beneficence (doing well), non-maleficence (to do no harm), Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able) Justice (ensuring fairness). Although the modern-day world predisposes these four philosophies, they are adapted as universal and absolute ethics in the medical field. Clinical ethics is beached in the certainty that medicine is an innately moral endeavour. Ayurvedic ethics take an appealing situation within the little dialogue in the Indian history of medical ethics. The expression 'Ayurvedic ethics' is here used in contrast to the codified beliefs of the noble Ayurved profession as rightly said as 'Ayurvedic professional ethics'.
RECENT ADVANCES IN PLANT BREEDING MODALITIES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON GENETIC MODIFICATION: A REVIEW
Authors: . Vaishali , Rao K. Madhusudana
Published: June 2022

With the advent of a new era and increasing population, there is a global increase in the demand for world food requirements. Plant breeding can be considered a coevolutionary process between humans and edible plants. Plant breeding is the science-driven creative process of developing new plant varieties. Ranging from unintentional changes resulting from the advent of agriculture to the application of molecular tools for precision breeding to the evolution of genetically modified plants in improvising food and health conditions, we have witnessed the advances. Almost throughout the decade, transgenic plants have been engineered for scientific research. Genetic Modification is a technology that involves inserting DNA into an organism’s genome. To produce a Genetically Modified plant, new DNA is transferred into plant cells. Usually, the cells are grown in tissue culture, developing into plants. The seeds produced by these plants will inherit the new DNA. The present study aims to identify the next steps in genetic modification. Genetic Modification has paved new ways in developing nutritionally enhanced crop food and medicinal plants with desirable traits in a much more environment-friendly manner. CRISPR (Clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering. This current trend in Genetically Modified organisms has to be visualised in improving health conditions and cultivating healthy plants with desirable traits.
A BRIEF REVIEW ON TULSI: A HOLY PLANT WITH HIGH MEDICINAL VALUES AND THERAPEUTIC USES
Authors: Chaudhari Latesh Y. , Chaudhari Saurabh P. , Chavan Ghanshyam M.
Published: June 2022

This is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae, and the botanical name is Ocimum Sanctum. Tulsi is widely used for its various healing properties and is called a ‘queen of the herb’. All the parts of the plant are helpful, including leaves and seeds. The Incomparable One and the mother of natural medicine are the other names of Tulsi. Tulsi is available in India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Southwest Asia, China, Thailand, and Malaysia. The plant is an erect, much-branched subshrub, 30-60cm tall, with hairy stems and simple, green leaves that are strongly scented. It is native globally tropics and widely cultivated for its medicinal value. In the traditional system of medicine, different parts of Tulsi have been recommended for the treatment of bronchitis, malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, skin diseases, eye diseases, arthritis, insect bites, and so on. Pharmacological actions like anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and anti-fertility are present in the Aromatic plant. These activities may be attributed mainly to phytochemicals like eugenol, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, methyl chavicol, linalool, etc.
Interdisciplinary Evaluation for the Cameroonian French-speaking Sub-section: Case of the Secondary School
Authors: Christophe Fopoussi Tuebue Jean
Published: June 2022

The management of the Secondary school from the francophone sub-section in Cameroon derives from many previous studies. But, to provide answers for a more efficient school has become inescapable. It was then a question in this work of scrutinizing school life in Cameroon in order to propose an evaluation model centered on an interdisciplinary approach. To do this, the work was carried out on the field and in the laboratory. Many results were collected. So, secondary education in Cameroon has six areas of learning, with subjects assembled into three groups. A distinction is made between the subjects of the different groups. The application to all Pedagogical Departments of the interdisciplinary evaluation seems a little difficult because of the orientation of their specific contents. The Pedagogical Departments that can be brought together are: SVTEEHB, PCT, French, EVA, Mathematics, English, Geography, IT, LVII. The number of evaluations per term is set at two to three, and more rarely four. The system of evaluation highlights the autarky existing between the different Pedagogical Departments. Many subjects are experienced by many learners as a torture. The reframing of the harmonized assessment aims to create complementarity between the tests in Cameroon. The success of such a challenge requires the prior creation of themes to guide the evaluations. It is necessary to reconsider the different programs by Pedagogical Department and by level of study, with the aim of reconstructing them around issues overlapping the different Pedagogical Departments.
To Achieve Faster than Light Astronautic Travel Whether Human Beings can Use Wormholes or Warp Drive Propulsion
Authors: Huang Zhi-Xun
Published: June 2022

Many physicists have repeatedly turned to general relativity(GR) for the feasibility of faster than light astronautic travel, bypassing the difficulties caused by special relativity (SR). This article argues that this should not and need not be done. Because SR's "ban" on faster than light motion is wrong. We think that the idea of relying on GR to achieve faster than light travel is not desirable, because as a theoretical system, GR's internal logic is chaotic and causality is reversed. Einstein's equation of gravitational field (EGFE) is the most important formula in GR, but EGFE has obvious assumptions and traces of patchwork. How to get to "gravity bends spacetime"(or "spacetime bending makes gravity") is a fundamental question. The physical effect of the gravitational field is determined to be embodied by the metric tensor of Riemann space, and it is necessary to know the distribution law of the metric field. However, in the absence of actual observational knowledge, EGFE is derived by speculative reasoning. That is, physics experiments have never provided the knowledge and laws that show the geometry of gravity that only Riemann geometry can show. Therefore, the spacetime bending of GR is not a reassuringly reliable theory.

Wormhole or Warp drive propulsion require extreme spacetime bending and great negative energy, which are not achievable. Therefore, we should still pay attention to basic research. For example, we can learn from the experience of breaking sonic barrier in aviation engineering to achieve supersonic flight. Existing high energy particle accelerators could be modified to look for faster than light particles, and so on. Regarding negative energy and special matter, we believe that the concept of negative energy, first proposed by P. Dirac, is only a means or tool of analysis and does not necessarily exist in fact. However, several possible ways of generating negative energy are also provided for discussion.

By contrast, electromagnetic propulsion(EM drive), which is feasible for faster than light travel, is presented in this paper. In addition, this paper points out that theoretical physicists and aviation and aerospace experts think differently about the same superluminal space travel problem. In this regard, a comparison between the first half and the second half of the article will make it clear that the former pay attention to mathematical analysis; The latter believe that mathematical analysis is necessary, but more attention should be paid to the study of physical reality. In this article, the Warp drive solution may be just a joke.
Physicochemical Analysis and Characterization of the Lipid Fraction of the Tubers of Cyperus esculentus L. var. Sativus from Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Alice Alloka-Kouame Gbaka , Micheline Baguia-Broune Fatou Diane , Chantal Ngaman-Kouassi Kohué Christelle , Akhanovna Mamyrbekova-Bekro Janat , Yves-Alain Bekro
Published: June 2022

Aims: this work consists in determining the physical, physico-chemical parameters, the composition in fatty acids and unsaponifiables of the oil of tuber of Cyperus esculentus of Côte d'Ivoire.Methodology: After extraction of the fat by the Soxhlet method with hexane, the physico-chemical parameters were determined by colorimetric assay. The analysis of the fatty acid and unsaponifiable acid composition was carried out by GC-MS.Results: The fat content ranged from 23.64 to 27.66%, those of fatty and unsaponifiable acids were from 90.41 to 95.20% and 1.59 to 1.60%, respectively. As for the values of the acid, peroxide, saponification, iodine, ester, refraction and density indices, they varied respectively from 2.81 to 10.95 mg KOH/g, 1 to 2 meq of O2/Kg oil, 198.72 to 216.78 mg KOH/g, 54.64 to 73.86 g I2/100g oil, 193.11 to 205.83 mg KOH/g, 1.453 to 1.461, and 0.76 to 0.83. In the fatty acid compositionof oils, the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids (70.7-92.14%) was revealed, mainly oleic acid prevails (51.04-82.83%). Additionally, petroselinic (0.23-10.15%,) and 2,6-di-O-palmitoyl-L- ascorbic (8.58-8.84%) acids known for their medicinal properties (anti-inflammatory,  antimicrobial, antioxidants), were first discovered in the oil of Cyperus esculentus. As for the unsaponifiables, they are mainly dominated by phytosterols (22.30-44.03%) and hydrocarbons (27.70-50.8%).Conclusion: These results suggest that oil from Cyperus esculentus tubers from Côte d'Ivoire can be used as an excellent source of edible and medicinal oil.
The Impact of Debt Financing on Economic Growth
Authors: El Bettioui Rachid , Ouia Aziz , Adaskou Mohamed
Published: June 2022

Aims: This paper focuses on the issue of the impact of debt financing on economic growth, especially the long-term economic growth in Morocco.

Duration of Study: The public debt and economic growth evolution between 1984 and 2018.

Methodology: In order to answer our research question, we adopt a positivist epistemology with a deductive methodological approach through an econometric modeling. An autoregressive model “VAR” was applied using the stationarity and co-integration’s tests and causality’s tests.

Results: The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between public debt and economic growth in the period between 1984 and 2018. This is due to the good management strategy of the public debt and the good institutional governance. However, the level of the external public debt service has no significant impact on real growth rate.
Comparative Studies on the Effect of Quercetin and Emilia sonchifolia Leaf Extract on Lipid Profile of Cadmium Induced Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Ajen M. , Ogar Ironya , Ele E. , Ugor J. , Egbung G.
Published: June 2022

Aims: The effects of quercetin and Emilia sonchifolia on the lipid profile in Cadmium chloride induced oxidative stress were investigated in this study

Methodology: Twenty-four (24) male albino Wistar rats aged 5-6 weeks old and weighing 100-170g were divided into four groups of six rats each; consisting of normal control group, CdCl2 untreated group, QE treated group and ES treated group. In the initial phase of the experiment called the induction phase, Group 1 being the NC group received distilled water orally and the rest of the experimental groups were orally administered CdCl2 at a dose level of 5mg/kg b.w/day for 21 days.  In the next phase of the experiment called the treatment phase Group 1 and 2 being the NC and CdCl2 untreated groups respectively, were orally administered 0.07ml of 2% tween80. Group 3 being QE treated group was administered quercetin at a dose level of 20mg/kg b.w/day + 0.07ml of 2% tween80. Group 4 being ES treated group was administered Emilia sonchifolia at a dose level of 575.8mg/kg b.w/day + 0.07ml of 2% tween80 for 28 days. After the treatment period of 28 days, the animals were fasted overnight, anesthetized and sacrificed. Whole blood was collected for biochemical assay.

Results: Results showed that cadmium decreased body weight and significantly  increased serum levels of TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C across the treatment  groups.

Conclusion: Marked positive response were observed following treatment with quercetin and Emilia sonchifolia in all treated groups thus suggesting the hypolipidemic activities of quercetin and Emilia sonchifolia in cadmium induced oxidative stress.
Determinant Factors Influencing Teacher Job Satisfaction during COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Nurpriani Annisa
Published: June 2022

Teachers have an essential role as spearheads in implementing the entire educational process. The pandemic conditions have an unpleasant effect on the process of educational activities. One of the effects of the pandemic is that universities, schools and their students start working and carrying out the educational process from home with online digital platforms for distance education and teaching systems. In Indonesia, several educational institutions have started implementing policies for remote working activities. In this case, one of the things that must consider is the job satisfaction of the teachers who are required to carry out online learning activities that they conduct distance learning. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to keep students motivated as classes move online. However, teacher motivation must also get a lot of attention, sometimes even ignoring the importance of their motivation in the profession. This research can be helpful for the South Tangerang Education and Culture Office as an operational consideration in the decision-making of principals and teachers. It focuses more on optimizing online learning media to improve student learning satisfaction. This research uses a quantitative approach using the postpositivist paradigm, with 95 respondents being junior high school teachers in South Tangerang City. The analysis technique in this study is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using the SmartPLS program. This research indicates that motivation affects job satisfaction positively and significantly, remote working affects job satisfaction positively and significantly, and social environment affects job satisfaction positively and significantly.
Actual conditions of affiliated facilities with small‐scale daycare services and effect of age composition on the capacity of authorized day nurseries
Authors: Suzuki Kenji
Published: June 2022

Small‐scale daycare services for 0‐ to 2‐year‐old children, which were established in 2015, are expected to eliminate the waiting list for young children. However, securing the acceptance of 3‐year‐old graduates has become a major issue, and it is necessary to establish affiliated facilities for small‐scale daycare services. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual circumstances of facilities affiliated with small‐scale daycare services and the effects of age composition on the capacity of authorized day nurseries. The document analyses and visit surveys were conducted on 17 nurseries.
Coaxially Fabricated Dual‐Drug Loading Electrospinning Fibrous Mat with Programmed Releasing Behavior to Boost Vascularized Bone Regeneration
Authors: Cui Jinjie , Yu Xingge , Yu Bin , Yang Xiuyi , Fu Zeyu , Wan Jianyu , Zhu Min , Wang Xudong , Lin Kaili
Published: June 2022

In clinical treatment, the bone regeneration of critical‐size defects is desiderated to be solved, and the regeneration of large bone segment defects depends on early vascularization. Therefore, overcoming insufficient vascularization in artificial bone grafts may be a promising strategy for critical‐size bone regeneration. Herein, a novel dual‐drug programmed releasing electrospinning fibrous mat (EFM) with a deferoxamine (DFO)‐loaded shell layer and a dexamethasone (DEX)‐loaded core layer is fabricated using coaxial electrospinning technology, considering the temporal sequence of vascularization and bone repair. DFO acts as an angiogenesis promoter and DEX is used as an osteogenesis inducer. The results demonstrate that the early and rapid release of DFO promotes angiogenesis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells and the sustained release of DEX enhances the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells. DFO and DEX exert synergetic effects on osteogenic differentiation via the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, and the dual‐drug programmed releasing EFM acquired perfect vascularized bone regeneration ability in a rat calvarial defect model. Overall, the study suggests a low‐cost strategy to enhance vascularized bone regeneration by adjusting the behavior of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in time dimension.
Peptide‐Based Cancer Vaccine Delivery via the STINGΔTM‐cGAMP Complex
Authors: He Yanpu , Hong Celestine , Fletcher Samantha J. , Berger Adam G. , Sun Xin , Yang Mengdi , Huang Shengnan , Belcher Angela M. , Irvine Darrell J. , Li Jiahe , Hammond Paula T.
Published: June 2022

With the advent of bioinformatic tools in efficiently predicting neo‐antigens, peptide vaccines have gained tremendous attention in cancer immunotherapy. However, the delivery of peptide vaccines remains a major challenge, primarily due to ineffective transport to lymph nodes and low immunogenicity. Here, a strategy for peptide vaccine delivery is reported by first fusing the peptide to the cytosolic domain of the stimulator of interferon genes protein (STINGΔTM), then complexing the peptide‐STINGΔTM protein with STING agonist 2'3' cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP). The process results in the formation of self‐assembled cGAMP‐peptide‐STINGΔTM tetramers, which enables efficient lymphatic trafficking of the peptide. Moreover, the cGAMP‐STINGΔTM complex acts not only as a protein carrier for the peptide, but also as a potent adjuvant capable of triggering STING signaling independent of endogenous STING protein—an especially important attribute considering that certain cancer cells epigenetically silence their endogenous STING expression. With model antigen SIINFEKL, it is demonstrated that the platform elicits effective STING signaling in vitro, draining lymph node targeting in vivo, effective T cell priming in vivo as well as antitumoral immune response in a mouse colon carcinoma model, providing a versatile solution to the challenges faced in peptide vaccine delivery.
3D Interfacial and Spatiotemporal Regulation of Human Neuroepithelial Organoids
Authors: Tang Chunling , Wang Xinhui , D'Urso Mirko , van der Putten Cas , Kurniawan Nicholas A.
Published: June 2022

Neuroepithelial (NE) organoids with dorsal–ventral patterning provide a useful three‐dimensional (3D) in vitro model to interrogate neural tube formation during early development of the central nervous system. Understanding the fundamental processes behind the cellular self‐organization in NE organoids holds the key to the engineering of organoids with higher, more in vivo‐like complexity. However, little is known about the cellular regulation driving the NE development, especially in the presence of interfacial cues from the microenvironment. Here a simple 3D culture system that allows generation and manipulation of NE organoids from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), displaying developmental phases of hiPSC differentiation and self‐aggregation, first into NE cysts with lumen structure and then toward NE organoids with floor‐plate patterning, is established. Longitudinal inhibition reveals distinct and dynamic roles of actomyosin contractility and yes‐associated protein (YAP) signaling in governing these phases. By growing NE organoids on culture chips containing anisotropic surfaces or confining microniches, it is further demonstrated that interfacial cues can sensitively exert dimension‐dependent influence on luminal cyst and organoid morphology, successful floor‐plate patterning, as well as cytoskeletal regulation and YAP activity. This study therefore sheds new light on how organoid and tissue architecture can be steered through intracellular and extracellular means.
PERCHING syndrome: Clinical presentation in the first African patient confirmed by clinical whole genome sequencing
Authors: Makay Prince , Mubungu Gerrye , Mupuala Aimée , Bluske Krista , Brown Carolyn , Schmidt Sarah A. , Ngole Mamy , Fuanani Patrick , Perry Denise L. , Lukusa Prosper , Devriendt Koenraad , Taft Ryan J. , Lumaka Aimé
Published: June 2022

PERCHING syndrome is a rare multisystem developmental disorder caused by autosomal recessive (AR) variants (truncating and missense) in the Kelch‐like family member 7 gene (KLHL7). We report the first phenotypic and molecular description of PERCHING syndrome in a patient from Central Africa. The patient presented multiple dysmorphic features in addition to neurological, respiratory, gastroenteric, and dysautonomic disorders. Clinical Whole Genome Sequencing in the proband and his mother identified two novel heterozygous variants in the KLHL7 gene, including a maternally inherited intronic variant (NM_001031710.2:c.793 + 5G > C) classified as Variant of Uncertain Significance and a frameshift stop gain variant (NM_001031710.2:c.944delG; p.Ser315ThrfsTer23) of unknown inheritance classified as likely pathogenic. Although the diagnosis was only evoked after genomic testing, the review of published patients suggests that this disease could be clinically recognizable and maybe considered as an encephalopathy. Our report will allow expanding the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of Perching syndrome.
Interlaminar improvement of carbon fiber/epoxy composites via fluorine‐containing high‐epoxy‐value sizing agent
Authors: Qiu Zhijie , Wang Yilei , Li Chengsen , Yuan Xiaomin , Zhu Bo , Liu Jianjun
Published: June 2022

To improve the interfacial bonding effect of carbon fibers (CFs) and epoxy resins, we prepared a fluorine‐containing high‐epoxy‐value sizing agent (named TS) in this article. It is an emulsion with a more uniform particle size distribution and higher stability better than a commercial Takemoto sizing agent. In addition, sulfonic acid groups can improve the hydrophilicity of the TS, and the presence of epoxy groups enhances the wettability between CFs and the matrix. The properties of the sizing agents were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis. The sized CFs were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, monofilament tensile test, and dynamic contact angle. Afterward, CF/epoxy composites were prepared, and their fracture morphology and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) were examined. Results indicated that the TS sizing significantly increased the content of activated carbon on the surface of the CFs and improved the bonding effect between the fiber and the matrix. After TS was sized, the ILSS increased from 49.64 to 58.74 MPa, 18.34% higher than unsized CF/epoxy composites, showing the prominent interfacial reinforcement better than commercial Takemoto.
Sensor heavy metal from natural resources for a green environment: A review relation between synthesis method and luminescence properties of carbon dots
Authors: Jariah Ainun , Shiddiq Muhandis , Armynah Bidayatul , Tahir Dahlang
Published: June 2022

Carbon dots (CDs) are 10‐nm nanomaterial classes as excellent candidates in various applications: physics, biology, chemistry, and food science due to high stable biocompatibility and high surface expansive. CDs produced from natural materials have received wide attention due to their unique benefits, easy availabilities, sufficient costs, and harmless to the ecosystem. The various properties of CDs can be obtained from various synthesis methods: hydrothermal, microwave‐assisted, and pyrolysis. The CDs have shown enormous potential in metal particle detection, colorimetric sensors, electrochemical sensors, and pesticide sensors. This review provides systematic information on a synthesis method based on natural resources and the application to the environmental sensors for supporting the clean environment. We hope this review will be useful as a reference source in providing the guidance or roadmap for new researchers to develop new strategies in increasing luminescence properties CDs for multi detection of heavy metals in the environment.
Derivation and validation of a risk classification tree for patients with synovial sarcoma
Authors: Neel Dylan V. , Ma Clement , Collins Natalie B. , Hornick Jason L. , Demetri George D. , Shulman David S.
Published: June 2022

Background

Synovial sarcoma (SS) accounts for 8%–10% of all soft‐tissue sarcomas. Clinical presentation and outcomes vary, yet discrete risk groups based on validated prognostic indices are not defined for the full spectrum of patients with SS.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the SEER (surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program) database of SS patients who were <70 years of age at diagnosis. We constructed a recursive partitioning model of overall survival using a training cohort of 1063 patients with variables: Age at diagnosis, sex, race, ethnicity, primary site, tumor size, tumor grade, and stage. Based on this model, we grouped patients into three risk groups and estimated 5‐year overall survival for each group. We then applied these groups to a test cohort (n = 1063).

Results

Our model identified three prognostic groups with significantly different overall survival: low risk (local/regional stage with either <21 years of age OR tumor <7.5 cm and female sex), intermediate‐risk (local/regional stage, age ≥ 21 years with either male sex and tumor <7.5 cm OR any sex with appendicular anatomic location) and high risk (local/regional stage, age ≥ 21 years, tumor size ≥7.5 cm and non‐appendicular location OR distant stage). Prognostic groups were applied to the test cohort, showing significantly different survival between groups (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Our analysis yields an intuitive risk‐classification tree with discrete groups, which may provide useful information for researchers, patients, and clinicians. Prospective validation of this model may inform efforts at risk‐stratifying treatment.
Optimization of Binary Polymer Concentration for Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Robinson Jackson Genza , Gonawan Fadzil Noor , Harun Kamaruddin Azlina
Published: June 2022

The dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a challenging step in the preparation of conducting composites. Stabilizing CNT suspensions in a liquid solution with surfactants and polymers as dispersants is the most common method. This study aimed to investigate a systematic route to the degree of dispersion of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (F‐MWCNTs) in aqueous solution, assisted by four types of binary dispersants (i.e., polymer/surfactant). A UV‐Vis spectroscopy‐based method was employed to accurately determine the optimum F‐MWCNTs concentration in blended binary polymer with application of the Boltzmann sigmoidal model. The model represents the concentration of dispersed F‐MWCNTs attained versus the initial concentration of F‐MWCNTs used, and it was found that the model fits the experimental data. The significance of the parameters related to the Boltzmann sigmoidal model for the dispersion behavior of F‐MWCNTs is discussed. The model could be a tool to prepare optimally dispersed F‐MWCNTs in various types of liquid solutions.
The chemical process monitoring method based on temporal extended orthogonal neighbourhood preserving embedding (TONPE)
Authors: Wang Yan , Liang Jie , Ling Dan , Gu Xiao‐Guang , Li Shang
Published: June 2022

Due to the high dimensionality, non‐linearity and dynamic characteristics of chemical process data, a fault monitoring method based on temporal extension orthogonal neighbourhood preserving embedding (TONPE) is proposed. In order to make up for the shortcomings of the orthogonal neighbourhood preserving embedding (ONPE) algorithm, an information extraction strategy based on spatio‐temporal structure is developed. First, a local neighbourhood set with spatio‐temporal characteristics is established, and a weight matrix with spatio‐temporal is reconstructed for each time point through the nearest neighbour in space and time. Then, a projection matrix with orthogonal constraints is obtained to establish a monitoring model. The TONPE algorithm can fully capture the local dynamic changes of high‐dimensional data by extracting two different manifold features, so that the low‐dimensional space has better performance capabilities. The simulation results of the continuous stirred tank reactor process and the Tennessee Eastman process verify the effectiveness of the TONPE algorithm in chemical process monitoring.
Mortality after multivitamin supplementation: Nearly 35‐year follow‐up of the randomized Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial
Authors: Fan Jin‐Hu , Wang Jian‐Bing , Yang Huan , Dawsey Sanford M. , Taylor Philip R. , Qiao You‐Lin , Abnet Christian C.
Published: June 2022

Background

The objective of this study was to update the association between multivitamin supplementation and total or cause‐specific mortality in a population with a high prevalence of undernutrition in China.

Methods

The Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in which 3318 persons aged 40–69 years with esophageal squamous dysplasia were assigned to receive daily multivitamin supplementation or a placebo for 6 years and were followed for 29 years. The primary outcome was esophageal/gastric cardia cancer mortality. The data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression models. Subgroup analyses were performed by common characteristics such as age and gender.

Results

The cumulative total mortality was 83.5%. Multivitamin supplementation did not affect total or cause‐specific mortality in the participants as a whole (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–1.03). Subgroup analyses showed that no association between multivitamin supplementation and all‐cause mortality was observed in men (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81–1.01), women (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91–1.12), younger participants (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87–1.08), or older participants (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.85–1.04). Significant reductions in heart disease mortality (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.87) and cerebrovascular disease mortality (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56–1.00) were seen in older men. In a subgroup of younger men and a subgroup of moderate or severe dysplasia, subjects receiving multivitamin supplementation had a lower risk of esophageal/cardia cancer mortality (HR for younger men, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–0.99; HR for moderate or severe dysplasia, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–1.00). No association between multivitamin supplementation and any cause‐specific mortality was observed in a mild dysplasia population.

Conclusions

Multivitamin supplementation in a population with esophageal squamous dysplasia was not associated with the risk of total mortality in the 35‐year follow‐up of this randomized controlled trial. In light of this and previous trials, multivitamin supplements should be used thoughtfully to improve health status of populations with esophageal squamous dysplasia.

Lay summary

Multivitamin supplementation is common, yet its effect on mortality is unclear.

The aim of this study was to update the long‐term effects of multivitamin supplementation on total and cause‐specific mortality during nearly 35 years of follow‐up in the Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial in China.

Multivitamin supplementation in a population with esophageal squamous dysplasia was not associated with the risk of total mortality in the 35‐year follow‐up of this randomized controlled trial, and this indicates that multivitamin supplements should be used thoughtfully to improve health status.
A Comprehensive Guide for Assessing Covalent Inhibition in Enzymatic Assays Illustrated with Kinetic Simulations
Authors: Mons Elma , Roet Sander , Kim Robbert Q. , Mulder Monique P. C.
Published: June 2022

Covalent inhibition has become more accepted in the past two decades, as illustrated by the clinical approval of several irreversible inhibitors designed to covalently modify their target. Elucidation of the structure‐activity relationship and potency of such inhibitors requires a detailed kinetic evaluation. Here, we elucidate the relationship between the experimental read‐out and the underlying inhibitor binding kinetics. Interactive kinetic simulation scripts are employed to highlight the effects of in vitro enzyme activity assay conditions and inhibitor binding mode, thereby showcasing which assumptions and corrections are crucial. Four stepwise protocols to assess the biochemical potency of (ir)reversible covalent enzyme inhibitors targeting a nucleophilic active site residue are included, with accompanying data analysis tailored to the covalent binding mode. Together, this will serve as a guide to make an educated decision regarding the most suitable method to assess covalent inhibition potency. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol I: Progress curve analysis of substrate association competition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1A: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1B: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1C: Two‐step reversible covalent inhibition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1D: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition with substrate depletion

Basic Protocol II: Incubation time–dependent potency IC50(t)

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 2: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Basic Protocol III: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition without dilution

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition without dilution

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3Ai: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 3Aii: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3Bi: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 3Bii: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3C: Two‐step reversible covalent inhibition

Basic Protocol IV: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition with dilution/competition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 4: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition with dilution

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 4Ai: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 4Aii: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Basic Data Analysis Protocol 4Bi: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibition

Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 4Bii: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibition
A Visible‐Light‐Promoted C‐H Arylation and Heteroarylation of Uracil Derivatives with Diazoniums in Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Liu An‐Di , Wang Zhao‐Li , Liu Li , Cheng Liang
Published: June 2022

The photoredox synthesis of C‐5 (hetero)arylated uracil and uridine substrates with the corresponding diazonium salts is described. The coupling proceeds efficiently without protection of the hydroxyls at the ribose or pre‐functionalization of the C5 position at the nucleobase. No transition‐metal catalyst is used in this transformation, thereby avoiding metal contamination in the final products. The use of water as the medium also eliminates the impurities caused by the use of organic solvents. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 5‐aryl and 5‐heteroaryl uracil derivatives

Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 5‐aryl uridine and deoxyuridine uridine derivatives
Fe‐VS2 Electrocatalyst with Organic Matrix‐Mediated Electron Transfer for Highly Efficient Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Xiu Ziyuan , Zheng Ming , Li Jiadong , Wei Feng , Dong Changchang , Zhang Mingrui , Zhou Xin , Han Xiaojun
Published: June 2022

Electrochemical N2 fixation is considered to be a promising alternative to Haber–Bosch technology. Inspired by the composition and structure of natural nitrogenase, Fe‐doped VS2 nanosheets were prepared via one‐step solvothermal method. The electron transfer system mediated by organic conductive polymer (1‐AAQ‐PA) was constructed to promote the electron transfer between Fe‐VS2 nanosheets and the electrode in electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR). The obtained 1‐AAQ‐PA−Fe‐VS2 electrode converted N2 to NH3 with a yield of 31.6 μg h−1 mg−1 at −0.35 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and high faradaic efficiency of 23.5 %. The introduction of Fe dopants favored N2 adsorption and activation, while the Li−S bond between Fe‐VS2 and Li2SO4 effectively inhibited hydrogen evolution. The highly efficient electron utilization in the electrocatalytic NRR process was realized using the 1‐AAQ‐PA as the electron transfer medium. Density functional theory calculations showed that N2 was preferentially adsorbed on Fe and reduced to NH3 via both distal and alternating mechanism.
Robust and Self‐Cleaning Electrochemical Production of Periodate
Authors: Kisukuri Camila M. , Bednarz Roland Jan‐Reiner , Kampf Christopher , Arndt Sebastian , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: June 2022

Periodate, a platform oxidizer, can be electrochemically recycled in a self‐cleaning process. Electrosynthesis of periodate is well established at boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anodes. However, recovered iodate and other iodo species for recycling can contain traces of organic impurities from previous applications. For the first time, it was shown that the organic impurities do not hamper the electrochemical re‐oxidation of used periodate. In a hydroxyl‐mediated environment, the organic compounds form CO2and H2O during the degradation process. This process is often referred to as “cold combustion” and provides orthogonal conditions to periodate synthesis. To demonstrate the strategy, different dyes, pharmaceutically active ingredients, and iodine compounds were added as model contaminations into the process of electrochemical periodate production. UV/Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to monitor the degradation of organic molecules, and liquid chromatography‐MS was used to control the purity of periodate. As a representative example, dimethyl 5‐iodoisophthalate (2 mm), was degraded in 90, 95, and 99 % while generating 0.042, 0.054, and 0.082 kilo equiv. of periodate, respectively. In addition, various organic iodo compounds could be fed into the periodate generation for upcycling such iodo‐containing waste, for example, contrast media.
Cells infected with human papilloma pseudovirus display nuclear reorganization and heterogenous infection kinetics
Authors: Molenberghs Freya , Verschuuren Marlies , Barbier Michaël , Bogers Johannes J. , Cools Nathalie , Delputte Peter , Schelhaas Mario , De Vos Winnok H.
Published: June 2022

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small, non‐enveloped DNA viruses, which upon chronic infection can provoke cervical and head‐and‐neck cancers. Although the infectious life cycle of HPV has been studied and a vaccine is available for the most prevalent cancer‐causing HPV types, there are no antiviral agents to treat infected patients. Hence, there is a need for novel therapeutic entry points and a means to identify them. In this work, we have used high‐content microscopy to quantitatively investigate the early phase of HPV infection. Human cervical cancer cells and immortalized keratinocytes were exposed to pseudoviruses (PsV) of the widespread HPV type 16, in which the viral genome was replaced by a pseudogenome encoding a fluorescent reporter protein. Using the fluorescent signal as readout, we measured differences in infection between cell lines, which directly correlated with host cell proliferation rate. Parallel multiparametric analysis of nuclear organization revealed that HPV PsV infection alters nuclear organization and inflates promyelocytic leukemia protein body content, positioning these events at the early stage of HPV infection, upstream of viral replication. Time‐resolved analysis revealed a marked heterogeneity in infection kinetics even between two daughter cells, which we attribute to differences in viral load. Consistent with the requirement for mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown, pharmacological inhibition of the cell cycle dramatically blunted infection efficiency. Thus, by systematic image‐based single cell analysis, we revealed phenotypic alterations that accompany HPV PsV infection in individual cells, and which may be relevant for therapeutic drug screens.
Individual variation in growth and physiology of symbionts in response to temperature
Authors: terHorst Casey P. , Coffroth Mary Alice
Published: June 2022

In many cases, understanding species’ responses to climate change requires understanding variation among individuals in response to such change. For species with strong symbiotic relationships, such as many coral reef species, genetic variation in symbiont responses to temperature may affect the response to increased ocean temperatures. To assess variation among symbiont genotypes, we examined the population dynamics and physiological responses of genotypes of Breviolum antillogorgium in response to increased temperature. We found broad temperature tolerance across genotypes, with all genotypes showing positive growth at 26, 30, and 32°C. Genotypes differed in the magnitude of the response of growth rate and carrying capacity to increasing temperature, suggesting that natural selection could favor different genotypes at different temperatures. However, the historical temperature at which genotypes were reared (26 or 30°C) was not a good predictor of contemporary temperature response. We found increased photosynthetic rates and decreased respiration rates with increasing contemporary temperature, and differences in physiology among genotypes, but found no significant differences in the response of these traits to temperature among genotypes. In species with such broad thermal tolerance, selection experiments on symbionts outside of the host may not yield results sufficient for evolutionary rescue from climate change.