bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing Reasoning Communities of Security Experts for Internet Commerce Security
Authors: Kelarev Andrei V. , Brown Simon , Watters Paul , Wu Xin-Wen , Dazeley Richard
Published: May 2011

The highly sophisticated and rapidly evolving area of internet commerce security presents many novel challenges for the organization of discourse in reasoning communities. This chapter suggests appropriate reasoning methods and demonstrates how establishing reasoning communities of security experts and enabling productive group discourse among them can play a crucial role in successful resolution of problems concerning the implementation, integration, deployment and maintenance of flexible local security systems for defense against malware threats in internet security. Local security systems of this sort may combine several ready open source or commercial software packages behind a common front-end and may enhance and supplement their facilities with additional plug-ins. To illustrate the diverse character of challenges the reasoning communities in internet security are likely to be faced with, this chapter concentrates on defense against phishing attacks. This example was selected as it is one of the newest and most rapidly changing application domains for the principles of organizing reasoning communities. The major group discourse methods suggested for the reasoning communities of security experts in this chapter include the Delphi Method, the Wideband Delphi Process, the Generic/Actual Argument Model of Structured Reasoning, Brainstorming, Reverse Brainstorming, Consensus Decision Making, Voting, Open Delphi and Open Brainstorming Methods. The Delphi Method and Wideband Delphi Process are suggested as tools for organizing a cohesive reasoning architecture, for coordinating other methods, and for preparing and allocating other methods to particular issues.
Sense of Virtual Community
Authors: Blanchard  , Blanchard
Published: May 2011

Sense of virtual community is an important component of successful virtual communities. Defined as members’ feelings of belonging, identity, and attachment with each other in computer-mediated communication, sense of virtual community distinguishes virtual communities from mere virtual groups. Sense of virtual community is believed to come from members’ exchange of social support as well as creating their own identity and learning the identity of others members. It is believed to lead to positive outcomes such as increased satisfaction and communication with the virtual community as well as to greater trust and social capital in the larger face-to-face community or organization. Future research will be able to further develop the theoretical and empirical contributions of sense of virtual community in computer-medication communication research.
Virtual Communities in Health and Social Care
Authors: Tsiknakis Maonolis
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides an overview and discussion of virtual communities in health and social care. The available literature indicates that a virtual community in health or social care can be defined as a group of people using telecommunications with the purposes of delivering health care and education, and/or providing support. Such communities cover a wide range of clinical specialties, technologies and stakeholders. Examples include peer-to-peer networks, virtual health care delivery and E-Science research teams. Virtual communities may empower patients and enhance coordination of care services; however, there is not sufficient systematic evidence of the effectiveness of virtual communities on clinical outcomes. When practitioners utilize virtual community tools to communicate with patients or colleagues they have to maximize sociability and usability of this mode of communication, while addressing concerns for privacy and the fear of de-humanizing practice, and the lack of clarity or relevance of current legislative frameworks. Furthermore, the authors discuss in this context ethical, legal considerations and the current status of research in this domain. Ethical challenges including the concepts of identity and deception, privacy and confidentiality and technical issues, such as sociability and usability are introduced and discussed.
Agent-Based Network Infrastructure for E-Communities
Authors: Mari M. , Poggi A. , Tomaiuolo M.
Published: May 2011

Virtual communities represent the gathering of people, in an online “space” where they come, communicate, connect, and get to know each other better over time. Virtual communities can be created for different purposes moving from the simple socialization among people to the collaboration among remote people working on shared projects.
Mobile Social Networks and Services
Authors: Humphreys Lee
Published: May 2011

Mobile social networks allow users to connect with each other, share information, and create technologically enabled mobile communities. With the introduction of the iPhone in 2007, the public dream of the likelihood of mobile computing was realized. This chapter reviews mobile social networks ranging from early examples to current services; and, it identifies and categorizes them according to a specific media type, mode, and code. The challenges of categorization in light of technology convergence are discussed. Issues of privacy, compatibility, and pricing are presented as they relate to mobile social networks. Potential strategies are suggested for dealing with these challenges. Finally, future trends of mobile social services are identified.
Online Participation; Shaping the Networks of Professional Women
Authors: Donelan Helen , Herman Clem , Kear Karen , Kirkup Gill
Published: May 2011

Social interaction technologies present women with powerful tools to extend their network of professional contacts. This chapter considers the use of online networks by professional women, specifically those working in science, engineering, and technology, who may face particular barriers in advancing their careers; it explores the potential offered by online participation and interaction for overcoming these difficulties. Recent discussions about women’s networks and networking strategies are extended, and the authors investigate how these strategies are being affected by the growth and evolution of online social networking. Different approaches to online networking for career development are discussed, together with an examination of associated Internet and Web 2.0 technologies and the potential these approaches and tools present to women working in science, engineering, and technology.
Online Video as a Social Activity
Authors: Weisz Justin D.
Published: May 2011

Online video is one of the Internet’s most popular services. In addition to entertainment, it can provide a social experience. This chapter describes several design decisions related to incorporating a live chat feature alongside online video, and how these decisions could influence the entertainment and social dimensions of the viewing experience. Two laboratory studies explore issues of distraction, entertainment and sociability when integrating live chat with online video. Surprisingly, these studies show that despite being distracting, chat with video can be enjoyable and sociable. Researchers and practitioners need to explore the generality of this finding both for different genres of content and interaction media and for small and large viewing audiences. The chapter concludes by looking at new models for online video and chat and the implications of those models on sociability.
Privacy and Security for Virtual Communities and Social Networks
Authors: Michaelides Georgios , Hosszú Gábor
Published: May 2011

The importance of the virtual communities’ privacy and security problems comes into prominence by the rapid development of online social networks. This article presents the multiple threats currently plaguing the virtual world, Internet privacy risks, and recommendations and countermeasures to avoid such problems. New generations of users feel comfortable publishing their personal information and narrating their lives. They are often unaware how vulnerable the data in their public profiles are, which a large audience daily accesses. A so-called digital friendship is built among them. Such commercial and social pressures have led to a number of privacy and security risks for social network members. The article presents the most important vulnerabilities and suggests protection methods and solutions that can be utilized according to the threat. Lastly, the authors introduce the concept of a privacy-friendly virtual community site, named CWIW, where privacy methods have been implemented for better user protection.
The Impact of Social Networking Websites on the Education of Youth
Authors: Kuppuswamy Sunitha , Narayan P. B. Shankar
Published: May 2011

Social networking websites like Orkut, Facebook, Myspace and Youtube are becoming more and more popular and has become part of daily life for an increasing number of people. Because of their features, young people are attracted to social networking sites. In this paper, the authors explore the impact of social networking sites on the education of youth. The study argues that these social networking websites distract students from their studies, but these websites can be useful for education based on sound pedagogical principles and proper supervision by the teachers. Moreover, the research concludes that social networking websites have both positive as well as negative impact on the education of youth, depending on oneâ€™s interest to use it in a positive manner for his or her education and vice versa.
Administrative Leadership and the Electronic City
Authors: Streib Greg , Navarro Ignacio
Published: May 2011

Much has been written about the benefits of e-government, but far less has been written about how the e-government revolution will be staffed. Many questions remain about whether we have the capacity to develop and provide new e-government services. This chapter seeks to add to our knowledge in this area by examining three perspectives on the readiness of administrative leaders for effective development of e-government systems and strategies. The authors examine the lingering division of policy and administration, present an assessment of the technology knowledge of city managers, and finish with an examination of the leadership strategies available to administrative leaders in city government for achieving the kind of comprehensive changes that many e-government initiatives require. The authors find challenges in each of these important areas and also opportunities. The chapter concludes with recommendations for administrative leaders to break free from these different barriers to success.
Bringing Real Justice to Virtual Worlds
Authors: Jamerson Hunter W.
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this chapter is to advise developers, content providers, end users, legislators, and business managers about the challenges and ramifications of conducting business in virtual worlds. The chapter examines crime in virtual worlds, as well as evaluates the current status of property rights (real, actual, and intellectual), and suggests changes to the existing legal structure in order to confront virtual crime. Recommendations to the business manager are also included in this chapter.
Network Organisation to Improve Virtual Campus Management
Authors: Fulconis François , Garrot Thierry
Published: May 2011

In the restructuring and reforming of European education, e-learning has become one of the priorities of the Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research in France. Since 2001, e-learning virtual campuses have been promoted by the state. Within the context of Economics and Management, the CANEGE project (CAmpus Numérique en Economie-GEstion) was created. Identified as a form of network organisation, this virtual campus will be explored in this chapter in relation to its functioning and its management. Through the academic literature covering network organisation, the main purpose of this chapter is to make recommendations and establish best practices regarding the management of e-learning virtual campuses based on the CANEGE experience. This chapter explores what the authors consider to be the most relevant aspects that need to be considered in relation to the establishment and implementation of virtual campus initiatives that comprise several partners.
The Amplification of Power Dynamics in Virtual Work
Authors: Yungbluth Stephen C. , Hart Zachary P.
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines how power dynamics are manifested in virtual work. It starts with a look at how power is demonstrated in traditional decision making, and progresses to an exploration of how some organizations are experimenting with different forms of e-participation. Two cases are presented to illustrate some of the decisions associated with the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT), and the consequences of those choices. The first case looks at President Obama’s platform on technology and how his administration has embraced it to expand his vision of democracy in the information age. The second case portrays a utility company seeking to increase the involvement of its stakeholders through the creation of a blog site for the exclusive use of its community council. Both cases reveal a complex view of how organizations attempting to increase participation can paradoxically find themselves stifling it.
The Emergence of Agency in Online Social Networks
Authors: Code Jillianne R. , Zaparyniuk Nicholas E.
Published: May 2011

Social and group interactions in online and virtual communities develop and evolve from expressions of human agency. The exploration of the emergence of agency in social situations is of critical importance to understanding the psychology of agency and group interactions in social networks. This chapter explores how agency emerges from social interactions, how this emergence influences the development of social networks, and the role of social software’s potential as a powerful tool for educational purposes. Practical implications of agency as an emergent property within social networks provide a psychological framework that forms the basis for pedagogy of social interactivity. This chapter identifies and discusses the psychological processes necessary for the development of agency and to further understanding of individual’s engagement in online interactions for socialization and learning.
The Search for the ’Hidden’ Virtual Communities of Practice
Authors: Ribeiro Richard , Kimble Chris
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines the possibility of discovering a “hidden” (potential) Community of Practice (CoP) inside electronic networks, and then using this knowledge to nurture it into a fully functioning Virtual Community of Practice (VCoP). Starting from the standpoint of the need to manage knowledge and create innovation, the chapter discusses several issues related to this subject. It begins by examining Nonaka’s SECI model and his notion of Knowledge Transfer; the authors follow this by an investigation of the links between Communities of Practice (CoPs) and Knowledge Management; the chapter concludes by examining the relation between Nonaka’s Communities of Interaction and CoPs. Having established this the authors start their examination of the characteristics of “hidden” Communities of Practice. Following on from the previous discussion, they look at what is meant by “hidden” CoPs and what their value might be. They also look at the distinction between Distributed CoPs (DCoPs) and Virtual CoPs (VCoPs) and the issues raised when moving from ‘hidden’ CoPs to fully functioning VCoPs. The chapter concludes with some preliminary findings from a semi-structured interview conducted in the Higher Education Academy Psychology Network (UK). These findings are contrasted against the theory and some further proposals are made.
Patent Infringement Risk Analysis Using Rough Set Theory
Authors: Huang Chun-Che , Lin Hao-Syuan
Published: May 2011

Patent infringement risk is a significant issue for corporations due to the increased appreciation of intellectual property rights. If a corporation gives insufficient protection to its patents, it may loss both profits from product, and industry competitiveness. Many studies on patent infringement have focused on measuring the patent trend indicators and the patent monetary value. However, very few studies have attempted to develop a categorization mechanism for measuring and evaluating the patent infringement risk, for example, the categorization of the patent infringement cases, then to determine the significant attributes and introduce the infringement decision rules. This study applies Rough Set Theory (RST), which is suitable for processing qualitative information to induce rules to derive significant attributes for categorization of the patent infringement risk. Moreover, through the use of the concept hierarchy and the credibility index, it can be integrated with RST and then enhance application of the finalized decision rules.
Employee Attitudes towards Business-to-Employee (B2E) Portals Use
Authors: Rahim Md Mahbubur , Singh Mohini , Quaddus Mohammad
Published: May 2011

B2E portals represent a state of the art technology for organisations (businesses) to deal with employees using electronic communication, access and data management. B2E portals enable reduced operation costs for organisations and satisfied employees by offering them convenience, flexibility and agility. However, adoption, continued use, and eventual success of portals depend to a large extent on employees’ attitudes towards portal use, which generally impinges on demographic characteristics of employees. To establish the influence of demographic characteristics on employee attitudes towards portal use, this chapter reports a study on B2E portal use and employee attitudes from a large Australian university. This chapter highlights that employees’ attitudes towards portal use is only somewhat positive, and not overwhelmingly favourable. Although not statistically significant, attitudes of employee varied based on age and educational background. Senior management of organisations should thus formulate strategies to develop positive attitudes for portal use to accelerate its diffusion among employee communities. Such strategies should take into consideration of the possible effect of employees’ age and educational characteristics. E-commerce researchers could undertake further research to find out whether demographic characteristics become more significant once the portals are in use for sometime.
Validity and Reliability Evidence of a New Version of the Internet Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Hsu Ti , Huang Liang Cheng
Published: May 2011

The purpose of the research was designed to bridge the gap and to update the Internet self-efficacy scale. Based on a sample of 1123 college students with 10 different majors in the northern, central, and southern portions of Taiwan, a new Internet self-efficacy scale based on 26 items was developed and validated statistically. The new version of the Internet self- efficacy scale was composed of five domains including blogs, auction, video sharing, photo albums, and wiki. Detailed evidence of the reliability and factorial analytic work were presented and suggestions for the future research were also discussed.
Using Simulation Systems for Decision Support
Authors: Tolk Andreas
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes the use of simulation systems for decision support in support of real operations, which is the most challenging application domain in the discipline of modeling and simulation. To this end, the systems must be integrated as services into the operational infrastructure. To support discovery, selection, and composition of services, they need to be annotated regarding technical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, dynamic, and conceptual categories. The systems themselves must be complete and validated. The data must be obtainable, preferably via common protocols shared with the operational infrastructure. Agents and automated forces must produce situation adequate behavior. If these requirements for simulation systems and their annotations are fulfilled, decision support simulation can contribute significantly to the situational awareness up to cognitive levels of the decision maker.
E-Collaboration Tools and Technologies for Creativity and Innovation Enhancement
Authors: Fedorowicz Jane , Laso-Ballesteros Isidro , Padilla-Meléndez Antonio
Published: May 2011

IT–endowed collaboration within and between groups will catalyze creativity that, in turn, will facilitate organizational innovation and reduce barriers and inefficiencies amongst people working together. This chapter describes the challenges of supporting creativity and innovation through e-collaboration technologies and tools and proposes how future technologies and tools can help to mitigate issues arising from working virtually. The authors discuss how future advancements in communications and information sharing technologies will help to make virtual team location transparent, while improving access to common work processes and information repositories. They call for technology design researchers to include evaluation of how collaboration environments will be used by virtual teams in extant individual, team, organizational and cultural contexts. In this way, the implications of a technological advance on the creativity and innovation resulting from virtual teamwork can be assessed and understood, and generalized to appropriate settings.
Designing for Creativity in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
Authors: Farooq Umer , Carroll John M. , Ganoe Craig
Published: May 2011

We are investigating the design of tools to support everyday scientific creativity in distributed collaboration. Based on an exegesis of theoretical and empirical literature on creativity and group dynamics, we present and justify three requirements for supporting creativity: support for divergent and convergent thinking, development of shared objectives, and reflexivity. We elaborate on these requirements by describing three implications for design to support creativity in context of computer supported cooperative work (CSCW): integrate support for individual, dyadic, and group brainstorming; leverage cognitive conflict by preserving and reflecting on minority dissent; and support flexibility in granularity of planning. We conclude by outlining a future research trajectory for designing and evaluating creativity support tools in the context of collaboratories.
Using Multimedia Learning Aids from the Internet for Teaching Chemistry
Authors: Eilks Ingo , Witteck Torsten , Pietzner Verena
Published: May 2011

Large advances in technology in the last few years have made computers cheap and presentation technologies easily available in most secondary schools, at least in industrialised countries. Due to recent developments in software technology nearly anyone can create animations and visualisations. The Internet has helped to make the distribution of such graphic tools both wide and fast. Thus, using multimedia in science teaching is becoming more and more common. Today, integrating visualisations and animations from the Internet into the science classroom seems an obvious choice for enhancing science lessons. But are all of the animations offered on the Internet really helpful for promoting understanding? This chapter discusses what might occur while working with animations taken from the Internet and how these multimedia illustrations can potentially interact to reinforce rather than resolve students’ misconceptions about chemical principles. Daniell’s voltaic cell serves as a good example to illustrate the ways in which visual aids can be interpreted differently by experts and novices. The following discussion takes place in the form of an exaggerated example. It is meant to appear as a critical interjection making readers more aware of the myriad, often invisible, potential drawbacks which exist when first selecting promising-looking animated illustrations for classroom use.
Diffusion of ICT Innovation in Science Education
Authors: Cavas Bulent , Cavas Pinar , Karaoglan Bahar , Kisla Tarik
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, the authors first discuss how Roger’s theory of innovation diffusion can be incorporated into ICTs in formal and informal learning and teaching environments. The authors begin by presenting the use of ICT in education in general terms, then they introduce Rogers’ diffusion of innovation (DoI) theory and the related literature. This is followed by a description of a project which explored the relationship between some characteristics of primary science teachers and their attitudes toward the use of ICT in education. A national project was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK), and Ege University, Science and Technology Application and Research Center. The last section involves a discussion of the diffusion of technological innovations into science education in the light of Rogers’ DoI theory.
A Productive Decade of Andragogy’s History and Philosophy
Authors: Henschke John A.
Published: May 2011

With the foundation of andragogy having been laid, there was a serious attempt at investigating its value. Some felt that a broad scope was established in the practice to support growth in learners, with any mention of adult learning needing to include andragogy. Others perceived that andragogy produced unproductive debates along a binary path, with its being too caught up in individualization, the politics of exclusion, conformity, and de-contextualizing adult learning. However, some research revealed numerous dimensions of andragogy. The connection with distance learning became very strong and solid. New applications of andragogy were spawned into foreign language learning, internet learning, validation of the adult instructor’s perspective, the public school, emotional intelligence, and an interlinking with brain research. The long range projection of andragogy saw a strong resurgence in numerous research papers being put forward through conferences and publications with the world-wide foundation being established thorough documentation of the materials. Savicevic looks far into the future and credits Knowles with a meritorious place in the advancement of andragogy. Many new applications over an extensive period of time were increasing.
Evaluation Models for Evaluating Educational Programs
Authors: Brewer Ernest W.
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the literature related to three of the many evaluation models that can be applied to programs providing services (training, teaching, counseling, or any type of intervention) or products to students, personnel, or program participants. The three models addressed are the CIPP Evaluation Model, the Kirkpatrick Four-Step Evaluation Framework, and the Outcome-Base Evaluation Model. These models are capable of helping decision makers assess the effectiveness and efficiency of programs or projects. The following discussion is based on over 50 different sources in the literature and focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of these models.
An Intelligent Framework for Automatic Question Set Generation
Authors: Dhar Joydip , Vaid Abhishek , Goyal Manyata , Gupta Shilp
Published: May 2011

Automated question selection is an emerging problem in the industry of Online Test Management. The Test Management Suites, offer administration of question sets, either precompiled by experts, or randomized over the database of questions. Presently available literature in this domain is sparse and primarily focuses on automated question classification problem. This paper proposes a novel technique for administering question sets in an intelligent and automated approach. Artificial Intelligence, in the form of Self Organizing Feature Maps is utilized for question selection process. Finally, results from experiments are compiled for an illustration of the whole technique. Optimal design parameters for further research are also proposed alongside plausible future direction in pervasive computing.
Virtual Vidyalaya
Authors: Kasera Ashutosh , Ranjan Piyush
Published: May 2011

Pervasive computing is an evolving environment for the next generation providing with Information & Communication Technology everywhere, for everyone, at all times. e-learning is a phenomenon which is catching up the fire fiercely not only in corporate training world but also in the different sections of society. Pervasive computing is still in the evolving stage and opens a great naïve market yet unexplored. This chapter studies the features of Pervasive Computing which can take e-learning to the greater heights opening a new horizon for its growth and development. It also tries to analyze the factors that can contribute to the success of e-learning not only in making it reach the corporate training world but also in the rural areas of the world making a dream of education to all a reality in the environment of Pervasive Computing. It also studies and tries to find out the scope of e-learning in the light of Pervasive Computing.
From Igloos to iPods
Authors: Alexander Cynthia J.
Published: May 2011

Inuit in the Eastern Arctic of Canada reclaimed their homeland on 1 April 1999 when the newest territory in Canada, Nunavut, was created. Inuit are using new media technologies to preserve and promote their language, traditional knowledge, and ways of being. In this chapter, the reader is offered an exploration of the challenges northerners face in the digital era, including affordable, reliable access to the Internet. However, the author shows how the resilience that characterizes Inuit culture extends to their innovative adoption of new media technologies. The author offers insight into one web development project, a partnered initiative with Inuit, which enables Inuit youth to learn from their Elders, and for users around the world to learn from Inuit via an interactive online adventure. The case study of The Nanisiniq Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, or IQ Adventure, provides an interesting example of how harnessing the power of new media can support Indigenous peoples’ decolonization efforts.
The Digital Abyss in Zimbabwe
Authors: Jameson Jill
Published: May 2011

Just as refugees fleeing to escape Zimbabwe have struggled to cross the crocodile-hungry waters of the Limpopo, so are Zimbabweans battling to find ways to traverse the abyss of a digital divide affecting their country. In 2008-09, Zimbabwe was rated third worst in the world for its national information communications technology (ICT) capability by the World Economic Forum, being ranked at 132/134 nations on the global ICT ‘networked readiness index’. Digital divide issues, including severe deficits in access to new technologies facing this small Sub-Saharan country, are therefore acute. In terms of global power relations involving ICT capability, Zimbabwe has little influence in any world ranking of nations. A history of oppression, economic collapse, mismanagement, poverty, disease, corruption, discrimination, public sector breakdown and population loss has rendered the country almost powerless in ICT terms. Applying a critical social theory methodology and drawing on Freirean conceptions of critical pedagogy to promote emancipation through equal access to e-learning, this chapter is written in two parts. In the first place, it analyzes grim national statistics relating to education and to the digital divide in Zimbabwe, situating these in the wider context of Africa; in the second part, the chapter applies this information in a practical fictional setting to imagine life through the eyes of an average Zimbabwean male farm worker called Themba, recounting through narrative an example of the impact on one person’s life that could result from, firstly, a complete lack of educational and ICT resources for adults in a rural farming situation and, secondly, new opportunities as a migrant to become engaged with adult and higher education, including ICT training and facilities. Access to education, to book publications, to ICT facilities, in dialogue with others during a long process of conscientization, are seen to open up democratising and liberating opportunities for Themba in South Africa. The powerful transformation that takes place Themba’s life and propels him towards many achievements as an e-learning teacher is inspired by Freire’s critical pedagogy: it provides a message of hope in an otherwise exceptionally bleak educational and technological situation, given the current difficult socio-economic and political situation that has resulted in a digital abyss in Zimbabwe.
Using Security Patterns to Develop Secure Systems
Authors: Fernandez Eduardo B. , Yoshioka Nobukazu , Washizaki Hironori , Jurjens Jan , VanHilst Michael , Pernu Guenther
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes ongoing work on the use of patterns in the development of secure systems. The work reflects a collaboration among five research centers on three continents. Patterns are applied to all aspects of development, from domain analysis and attack modeling to basic design, and to all aspects of the systems under development, from the database and infrastructure to policies, monitoring, and forensics. The chapter, provides an overview of the method of development involving the full range of patterns, and describes many recent contributions from the many research threads being pursued within the collaboration. Finally, future directions of research in the use of patters are described.
A Pattern-Based Method to Develop Secure Software
Authors: Schmidt Holger , Hatebur Denis , Heisel Maritta
Published: May 2011

The authors present a security engineering process based on security problem frames and concretized security problem frames. Both kinds of frames constitute patterns for analyzing security problems and associated solution approaches. They are arranged in a pattern system that makes dependencies between them explicit. The authors describe step-by-step how the pattern system can be used to analyze a given security problem and how solution approaches can be found. Afterwards, the security problems and the solution approaches are formally modeled in detail. The formal models serve to prove that the solution approaches are correct solutions to the security problems. Furthermore, the formal models of the solution approaches constitute a formal specification of the software to be developed. Then, the specification is implemented by generic security components and generic security architectures, which constitute architectural patterns. Finally, the generic security components and the generic security architecture that composes them are refined and the result is a secure software product built from existing and/or tailor-made security components.
Incorporating Social Trust into Design Practices for Secure Systems
Authors: Cofta Piotr , Lacohée Hazel , Hodgson Paul
Published: May 2011

Companies are increasingly dependent on modern information and communication technology (ICT), yet the successful adoption of ICT systems stubbornly hovers at only around 50%, adding disappointment to business losses. Trust (both inter-personal and technology-related) has significant explanatory power when it comes to technology adoption, but only as part of a systematic methodology. Therefore, understanding more fully the interaction between human process and technology by adding the richness of socio-technical considerations to the design process of ICT systems should significantly improve adoption rates. At the same time, trust-based design has to demonstrate the (often neglected) business value of trust. ‘Designing for trust‘, discussed in this chapter, is a design framework that consolidates trust governance and security management. Trust governance is a complete proposition that makes trust relevant to business practices, including the design and deployment of ICT systems. Trust governance incorporates the business justification of trust with an analytical framework, and a set of relevant tools and methods, as well as a maturity model. This chapter discusses how ‘designing for trust‘ leverages trust governance into the design practices of ICT systems by complementing security-based methodologies, demonstrating the value of this approach.
Inexpensive, Simple and Quick Photorealistic 3DCG Modeling
Authors: Torii Ippei , Okada Yousuke , Onogi Manabu , Ishii Naohiro
Published: May 2011

The process of creating photorealistic 3-dimensional computer graphic (3DCG) images is divided into two stages: modeling and rendering. Automatic rendering has gained popularity, and photorealistic rendering is generally used to render different types of images. However, professional artists still model characters manually. Moreover, not much progress has been achieved with regard to 3-D shape data acquisition techniques that can be applied to facial modeling. This is an important problem hampering the progress of 3DCG. Generally, a laser and a highly accurate camera are used to acquire 3-D shape data. This technique is time-consuming and expensive. The eyes may be damaged during measurements by this method. In order to solve these problems, this chapter proposes a simple method for 3-D shape data acquisition using a projector and Web cameras. This method is economical, simple, and less time-consuming than conventional techniques. This chapter describes the setup of the projector and Web cameras, shape data acquisition process, image processing, and generation of a photorealistic image. As an example, the authors take a reconstructed photorealistic 3DCG image of Japanese vegetable “bitter melon,” whose surface is extremely bumpy. The authors evaluate the error margin of this technique. They also verify the accuracy of this method by comparing the photograph of a face with its rendered image.
E-Cocreation of Knowledge through Informal Communications
Authors: Nishimoto Kazushi
Published: May 2011

It is pointed out that the 21st century is an era of knowledge creation where productivity of knowledge is more important than the productivity of things. Therefore, improvement of the productivity of knowledge is an urgent demand from public organizations i.e., industry, academia and government as well as personal individuals. As a method to achieve it, knowledge management systems have recently been studied and developed. However, there have been few cases that could successfully improve the productivity of knowledge; many systems have been installed but not used. One of the principal problems of the ordinary attempts is, I think, the unbalanced way for sharing the knowledge. For example, experts are required to voluntarily provide their professional knowledge to create and to maintain a knowledge-base with many efforts so that novices as free riders can readily exploit the knowledge-base without any efforts. In order to solve and/or to avoid this problem, I focused on informal communications by chance as places for sharing knowledge and my laboratory has been constructed various e-cocreation systems to support sharing and creating knowledge in the informal communications. This chapter introduces some of the research efforts conducted in the author’s laboratory.
Study on Image Quality Assessment with Scale Space Approach Using Index of Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Hayashi Hidehiko , Minazuki Akinori
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents an objective assessment method of image quality using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to image engineer field based on multi-disciplinarily approach such as knowledge of neurobiology, image recognition theory, or computer vision. The multi-disciplinarily based objective assessment method applies Gaussian scale-space filtering in order to define a scalar parameter to depict blur image. In the experiment, visual stimuli are provided by the scalar parameter, and subjects are detected using VEPs. Their VEPs are recoded during observation of the checkerboard pattern reversal (PR) stimuli, and are analyzed with a latency of about Negative 145 msec (N145) component. The result of the experiment was that latency of N145 components were long about10-20 msec when parameters were large vale (more blur). This result shows one example of availableness for the multi-disciplinarily based objective assessment of image quality by integrating the pattern reversal visual evoked potential (PR-VEP) and the scale-space theory.
Global “Knowledge Management” in Humanist Perspective
Authors: Pawlak Piotr
Published: May 2011

The term “knowledge management” is widely circumscribed to organizations, being considered fundamental at an institutional level (frequently within a specific corporate level). Hence, it is the domain of organizational and management theories, rational selection theories or, of various concepts related to economic efficiency. Nonetheless, this chapter will attempt to consider this issue from a holistic perspective, considering as a starting point the global dimension of this quandary. This overview falls back on analyses conducted by widely understood social studies, which use economic tools and methodologies. The author‘s opinion is that today the Internet evidently is a specific global knowledge warehouse. To be more specific, he means the “ICT space” created by the Internet, which herein the author will refer to as the cyberspace entails a global knowledge flux. As a result, this chapter is an overview of humanist discussions on cyberspace exploration and (more importantly) management.
Games for Learning and Learning Transfer
Authors: Súilleabháin Gearóid Ó , Sime Julie-Ann
Published: May 2011

Research findings are at best mixed with regard to the effectiveness of computer and video games in promoting learning transfer or learning, but much of this research makes use of the same unsuccessful methods of classic transfer experiments which offered research subjects limited initial practice in the learning to be transferred. Learning transfer however, like expertise, may need to be based on extended practice, an idea supported by studies of habitual or expert game players and recent non-game related developments in transfer research. Practice however must be joined to a certain kind of game complexity and cognitive or experiential game fidelity before deep learning and instances of significant transfer can be facilitated. Implications of these transfer conditions for the design of games for transfer are discussed as well as the need for research with regard to the various learning processes underlying the game-play behaviour of expert and habitual gamers.
The Student Perspective
Authors: O’Donnell Eileen
Published: May 2011

This chapter explores students’ perspectives on the transformations that the use of technology has brought to higher education. The use of technologies in higher education facilitates flexible learning environments but the benefits to students who engage with these technologies will only be realised if the design is pedagogically sound. The pedagogic approach employed by lecturers when designing their e-learning platforms or learning management systems has the capability to transform learning. The author’s discipline is Information Technology and Business Information Systems; from experience and case studies there is ample evidence to suggest that the use of technology does not always necessarily meet user requirements. Students are the end users of the technologies that educators use to enhance students’ learning experiences. This chapter was undertaken to obtain students’ perspectives (as the end users) on the uses of technologies in higher education to assist educators in improving the pedagogical design of their e-learning platforms. The responses received from students clearly indicate they are of the opinion that the use of technologies in higher education beneficially transforms learning but will never replace lecturers. In essence, the benefits that can be achieved through the use of technologies are totally dependent on the ways they are employed pedagogically by lecturers.
Decision Support for River Quality Management
Authors: Hamlett James M. , Knight C. Gregory
Published: May 2011

A decision support system linking a geographic-information-systems-based simulation of basin-scale water quality with a linear programming decision model for improving water resources management was developed using the Yantra River Basin in Bulgaria as a case study. This chapter describes the structure and purpose of the three model components of the River Environmental Knowledge and Assessment (REKA) model, focusing on challenges and solutions encountered in the building, parameterization, and testing of the model (particularly on issues of environmental data input), and reports on the difficulties in system implementation. Our intent is to inform other investigators of the kinds of problems encountered by the REKA research team (consisting of American and Bulgarian scientists), including challenges in locating and acquiring data and identifying and translating environmental parameters from the socialist scientific system to the conventions used in the West where basic model components originated. Instances of sparse and incomplete data and the processing to develop appropriate spatial and attribute data compatible with the model structure are presented. The chapter also speaks to the frustration of the research team and local environmental officials that the developed system could not be implemented for practical pollution management due to lack of funding for integrated practices and policy adoption.1
GI-Technology
Authors: Wijffels Anja , Van Orshoven Jos , Muys Bart , Cattrysse Dirk
Published: May 2011

To deal with the complexity of land use allocation in a spatio-temporally variable context, a generic framework for automated support to multi-objective land use planning is proposed. The framework is rooted in the discipline of land evaluation which is considered a go-between between land resources survey and land use planning. It draws on own experiences and on lessons learnt from literature. It consists of five integrated and interoperable components. The core three ones, the spatio-temporal database, the engine for data query, transformation and analysis and the user interface are adopted from geographical information systems (GIS). A ‘knowledge and model base’ component adds capability for assessing land performance over time. Finally, a multicriteria decision analysis component allows for identifying optimal land units and optimal land use options. The framework’s applicability and the limitations of geographical information technology (GI-Technology) to generate spatio-temporal decision support systems (stDSS) are illustrated with two cases: one in data rich and one in data poor conditions.
GrapeMilDeWS
Authors: Léger Bertrand , Naud Olivier , Bellon-Maurel Véronique , Clerjeau Michel , Delière Laurent , Cartolaro Philippe , Delbac Lionel
Published: May 2011

GrapeMilDeWS is an expert-based approach for the integrated pest management (IPM) of two of the major pathogens of grapevine (Vitis vinifera): Erysiphe necator which causes powdery mildew and Plasmopara viticola which causes downy mildew. GrapeMilDeWS has been designed and tested by a team of phytopathologists. It is presented here as a formal model in Statechart. We argue that formal modelling under the Discrete Event System paradigm (DES) is effective to model this kind of Decision Workflow System. The formalism is introduced and the GrapeMilDeWS system thoroughly described. Formal modelling is discussed as a representation of the dynamics of decision making in pest management and as an aid to large scale experiments