bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ventral posterolateral deep brain stimulation treatment for neuropathic pain shortens pain response after cold stimuli
Authors: Kim Jinhyung , Eun Lee Sung , Sik Min Kyou , Jung Hyun Ho , Lee Ji Eun , Kim Sung June , Chang Jin Woo
Published: April 2013

Neuropathic pain is often severe. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a treatment method for neuropathic pain, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Patients with neuropathic pain are affected by various stimulations, such as mechanical and cold stimuli, but studies of cold allodynia showed the associated pain to be less than that caused by mechanical stimuli. This study focused on the effects of DBS on cold allodynia in rats. To observe the effects of DBS, we established three groups: a normal group (normal), a neuropathic pain group (pain), and a DBS with neuropathic pain group (DBS). The stimulation target was the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL). We observed differences in the degree of cold allodynia elicited between a conventional method that measured the number of pain responses and our altered novel method that measured the duration of pain responses. Cold allodynia after DBS did not differ when conventional analysis was applied, but the pain response duration was decreased. We suggest that VPL DBS was partially effective in cold allodynia, implicating complex pathways of pain signaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases‐2 and ‐9 in the formation of a lacuna‐like cerebral cavity
Authors: Cayabyab Francisco S. , Gowribai Krishnamoorty , Walz Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

We used a modified pial vessel disruption (PVD) protocol with adult male Wistar rats to mimic small‐vessel stroke in the cerebral cortex. Within 3 weeks, this lesion develops into a single lacuna‐like cavity, which is fluid‐filled and encapsulated by reactive astrocytes. Minocycline treatment that commences 1 hr after lesion and continues for 6 days prevents the cavitation and causes a filling of the lesion with reactive astrocytes and no barrier. Here, we determined whether inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases‐2 and ‐9 (MMPs) mediates this minocycline action. Confocal microscopy revealed increased punctate staining of MMPs inside the lesion sites after 2 days of PVD. Astrocytes lined the lesion border but showed sparse localization inside the lesion. In contrast, increased MMP levels inside the lesion coincided with increased ED1 or OX‐42 immunostaining, suggesting that MMP elevation reflected increased secretions from microglia/macrophages. Imaging analyses also revealed that minocycline administered for 2 days before animal euthanasia, significantly decreased MMP levels within the lesion. Moreover, Western blot analysis of cortical tissue extracts showed a significant 30–40% upregulation of MMPs 2 days after lesion. Minocycline administered 2 hr before the lesion significantly inhibited both MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 levels by ∼40%. In contrast, minocycline administered 1 hr after the lesion only decreased MMP‐9 levels by ∼30%. Because MMP inhibition with batimastat injection also prevented cavity formation at 21 days, we conclude that minocycline prevented the creation of a lacuna‐like cyst in the cerebral cortex by inhibiting the MMP secretion from microglia in the affected tissue. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute inflammation alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a multiple sclerosis mouse model
Authors: Giannakopoulou A. , Grigoriadis N. , Bekiari C. , Lourbopoulos A. , Dori I. , Tsingotjidou A.S. , Michaloudi H. , Papadopoulos G.C.
Published: April 2013

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) give rise to thousands of new cells every day, mainly hippocampal neurons, which are integrated into existing neuronal circuits. Aging and chronic degenerative disorders have been shown to impair hippocampal neurogenesis, but the consequence of inflammation is somewhat controversial. The present study demonstrates that the inflammatory environment prevailing in the brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice enhances the proliferation of NPCs in SGZ of the dorsal DG and alters the proportion between radial glial cells and newborn neuroblasts. The injection protocol of the cell cycle marker bromodeoxyuridine and the immunohistochemical techniques that were employed revealed that the proliferation of NPCs is increased approximately twofold in the SGZ of the dorsal DG of EAE mice, at the acute phase of the disease. However, although EAE animals exhibited significant higher percentage of newborn radial‐glia‐like NPCs, the mean percentage of newborn neuroblasts rather was decreased, indicating that the robust NPCs proliferation is not followed by a proportional production of newborn neurons. Significant positive correlations were detected between the number of proliferating cells in the SGZ and the clinical score or degree of brain inflammation of diseased animals. Finally, enhanced neuroproliferation in the acute phase of EAE was not found to trigger compensatory apoptotic mechanisms. The possible causes of altered neurogenesis observed in this study emphasize the need to understand more precisely the mechanisms regulating adult neurogenesis under both normal and pathological conditions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor budding as a useful prognostic marker in T1‐stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Teramoto Hitoshi , Koike Masahiko , Tanaka Chie , Yamada Suguru , Nakayama Goro , Fujii Tsutomu , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Michitaka , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Kodera Yasuhiro
Published: April 2013

Background

Establishing a new prognostic factor for early‐stage cancer may seem difficult due to the small number of disease‐specific deaths. Tumor budding has been recognized as a useful microscopic finding reflecting biological activity of the tumor.

Methods

Tumor budding stand for isolated single cancer cells and cell clusters scattered beyond the tumor margin at the invasive front. It was searched for in the resected esophagus with T1 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the correlation between the tumor budding, patient survival, and various pathologic factors were analyzed to verify whether tumor budding is a prognostic factor in superficial esophageal cancer.

Results

Seventy‐nine patients undergoing curative esophagectomy were assigned to frequent (n = 29) and rare (n = 50) groups according to the microscopically observed frequency of tumor budding in the tumor. Three‐year survival rates after esophagectomy were 48.8% for the frequent group and 94.5% for the rare group. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified this morphological variable as a significant independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions

Tumor budding reflects the biological activity of the tumor and may be a useful prognostic indicator even in early‐stage SCC of esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;108:42–46. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening for illicit and medicinal drugs in whole blood using fully automated SPE and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with TOF‐MS with data‐independent acquisition
Authors: Pedersen Anders Just , Dalsgaard Petur Weihe , Rode Andrej Jaroslav , Rasmussen Brian Schou , Müller Irene Breum , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian
Published: April 2013

A broad forensic screening method for 256 analytes in whole blood based on a fully automated SPE robotic extraction and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with TOF‐MS with data‐independent acquisition has been developed. The limit of identification was evaluated for all 256 compounds and 95 of these compounds were validated with regard to matrix effects, extraction recovery, and process efficiency. The limit of identification ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg, and the process efficiency exceeded 50% for 73 of the 95 analytes. As an example of application, 1335 forensic traffic cases were analyzed with the presented screening method. Of these, 992 cases (74%) were positive for one or more traffic‐relevant drugs above the Danish legal limits. Commonly abused drugs such as amphetamine, cocaine, and frequent types of benzodiazepines were the major findings. Nineteen less frequently encountered drugs were detected e.g. buprenorphine, butylone, cathine, fentanyl, lysergic acid diethylamide, m‐chlorophenylpiperazine, 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone, mephedrone, 4‐methylamphetamine, p‐fluoroamphetamine, and p‐methoxy‐N‐methylamphetamine. In conclusion, using UHPLC–TOF‐MS screening with data‐independent acquisition resulted in the detection of common drugs of abuse as well as new designer drugs and more rarely occurring drugs. Thus, TOF‐MS screening of blood samples constitutes a practical way for screening traffic cases, with the exception of δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, which should be handled in a separate method.
A comparison of white light laryngostroboscopy versus autofluorescence endoscopy in the evaluation of vocal fold pathology
Authors: Caffier Philipp P. , Schmidt Bernd , Gross Manfred , Karnetzky Klaus , Nawka Tadeus , Rotter Andreas , Seipelt Matthias , Sedlmaier Benedikt
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To prove the diagnostic value of autofluorescence endoscopy (AFE) and white light laryngostroboscopy (WLS) versus the gold standard microlaryngoscopy with histopathological examination in differential diagnostics of laryngeal lesions for experienced phoniatricians and laryngologists, using the PENTAX SAFE‐3000 system.

Study Design

Exploratory cohort study.

Methods

High‐resolution rigid WLS was executed in 32 consecutive patients with initial manifestation of benign, precancerous, and malignant vocal fold lesions. Fiberoptic blue light AFE (SAFE‐3000; λ = 408 nm) was subsequently performed by an experienced endoscopist in a blinded study setting. Findings were rated based on objective WLS and AFE parameters (e.g., phonatory vibration, mucosal wave propagation, and loss of autofluorescence). The clinically assumed WLS and AFE diagnoses were compared with the final histopathology of biopsied material taken during microlaryngoscopy.

Results

In reference to histopathological diagnosis, WLS achieved a higher sensitivity (100% vs. 94%), specificity (94% vs. 69%), and accuracy (97% vs. 81%) than AFE diagnostics. The concordance between both endoscopic techniques was 87.5% (28/32 patients); additional AFE benefits were not detectable. Significant loss of autofluorescence was observed in malignant findings clinically clearly diagnosed by WLS, but also in chronic inflammation, severe dysplasia, granulomas, vascular polyps, and glottal papillomatosis.

Conclusions

The evaluation of vocal fold pathology by the clinically experienced examiner precisely applying WLS appears to be more reliable than diagnostics of mucosal tissue changes by means of AFE via the SAFE‐3000 system as a relatively nonspecific method. Microlaryngoscopy with histopathological examination and phonomicrosurgical excision of pathologic changes remains the gold standard. Laryngoscope, 2012
An Experimental Test of the Robustness and the Power of Forward Induction
Authors: Shahriar Quazi
Published: April 2013

Existing experimental studies tested the forward induction (FI) prediction, an equilibrium selection criterion, in a battle‐of‐the‐sexes game and found limited support due to a confounding focal point. The focal point arises from an asymmetrically offered outside option in the first stage of the game. The robustness of FI to different first‐stage asymmetries, however, is still unknown. To investigate this issue, the paper sheds light on the interplay of FI and (i) payoff asymmetries and (ii) endogenously generated asymmetries (in a game that is initially fully symmetric). The results from a laboratory experiment confirm the robustness and power of the FI prediction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo MRI cell tracking using perfluorocarbon probes and fluorine‐19 detection
Authors: Ahrens Eric T. , Zhong Jia
Published: April 2013

This article presents a brief review of preclinical in vivo cell‐tracking methods and applications using perfluorocarbon (PFC) probes and fluorine‐19 (19F) MRI detection. Detection of the 19F signal offers high cell specificity and quantification ability in spin density‐weighted MR images. We discuss the compositions of matter, methods and applications of PFC‐based cell tracking using ex vivo and in situ PFC labeling in preclinical studies of inflammation and cellular therapeutics. We also address the potential applicability of 19F cell tracking to clinical trials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and tailoring phase behavior of mesogen jacketed liquid crystalline copolymers based on 2, 5‐bis[(4‐alkoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrenes
Authors: Chen Sheng , Qiu Jun , Xie He‐Lou , Zhang Hai‐Liang
Published: April 2013

Based on 2, 5‐bis[(4‐alkoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrenes (M‐OCm, m is the number of the carbons of alkyl tails, m = 1, 4, and 18), three series of binary copolymers with high‐molecular weights, {poly(M‐OC1‐co‐M‐OC4), poly(M‐OC1‐co‐M‐OC18), and poly(M‐OC4‐co‐M‐OC18)} have been prepared via free‐radical polymerization. The random nature of the copolymers was expected on the basis of the assumed similar reactivities because of the analogous monomers. The phase behaviors of copolymers were studied by DSC, POM, and one‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that liquid crystalline (LC) phase structures of copolymers, containing smectic phase, reentrant isotropic phase, columnar phase. and isotropic phase, were strongly depended on the composition and the alkyl length due to the competing among the steric effect, the microphase separation and the driving force of the entropy. When one of them occupied a dominant position, the LC phase structure can be presented for the copolymers. Otherwise, the LC phase structure is lost despite the pair of corresponding homopolymers forming mesogenic structure. Therefore, through copolymerization, LC behavior of the mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline polymers can be greatly varied. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2804–2816
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) and poly(4‐substituted‐ε‐caprolactone): Synthesis, characterization, and cellular uptake
Authors: Peng Kang‐Yu , Wang Shiu‐Wei , Lee Ren‐Shen
Published: April 2013

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers with various block compositions were synthesized on poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOz) as a hydrophilic block and poly(4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PMCL) or poly(4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PBCL) as a hydrophobic block. These PEtOz‐b‐PMCL and PEtOz‐b‐PBCL copolymers consisting of soft domains of amorphous PEtOz and PM(B)CL had no melting endothermal peaks but displayed Tg. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) values for the PEtOz‐b‐PMCL, and the PEtOz‐b‐PBCL aqueous solution were observed to shift to lower temperature than PEtOz homopolymers. Their aqueous solutions were characterized using fluorescence techniques and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The block copolymers formed micelles with critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range 0.6–11.1 mg L−1 in an aqueous phase. As the length of the hydrophobic PMCL or PBCL blocks elongated, lower CMC values were generated. The mean diameters of the micelles were between 127 and 318 nm, with PDI in the range of 0.06–0.21, suggesting nearly monodisperse size distributions. The drug entrapment efficiency and drug‐loading content of micelles depend on block polymer compositions. In vitro cell viability assay showed that PEtOz‐b‐PMCL has low cytotoxicity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)‐loaded micelles facilitated human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell uptake of DOX; uptake was completed within 2 h, and DOX was able to reach intracellular compartments and enter the nuclei by endocytosis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2769–2781
Synthesis of homopolypeptides with PPII structure
Authors: Martin Charlotte , Lebrun Aurélien , Martinez Jean , Cavelier Florine
Published: April 2013

Polyprolines are attractive polymers because of their folding property into polyproline II (PPII) structure, their significance in protein/protein interactions, and their potential as new therapeutic targets. Silaproline (Sip) is an analogue of proline, which exhibits similar conformational properties. The presence of dimethylsilyl group confers to Sip a higher lipophilicity as well as an improved resistance to biodegradation. Enantiomerically pure Sip was available in gram quantities from resolution of the enantiomers by chiral high performance liquid chromatography. This study describes the first synthesis of Sip N‐carboxyanhydride (NCA) and shows preliminary results on comparison of polymerization of (l)Pro‐NCA and (d)Sip‐NCA to obtain homopolypeptides with PPII structure, polyproline, and polysilaproline polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3103–3109
Managing children with protracted bacterial bronchitis
Authors: Paul Siba Prosad , Abdelrhim Hisham , Heaton Paul Anthony
Published: April 2013

Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for the successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the authors discuss the diagnosis of protracted bacterial bronchitis and its management.
Properties and characteristics of wet (HF) and dry (RIE) etched borosilicate glass
Authors: Blass J. , Köhler O. , Fingerle M. , Müller C. , Ziegler C.
Published: April 2013

Wet and dry etching methods were used to physically modify the surface of borosilicate glass for further measurements in roughness‐induced protein adsorption. The etching parameters determine the roughness of the glass surface while other parameters are not significantly changed. To exclude a chemical alteration of the surface, the isoelectric points, contact angles, and surface energies were analyzed before and after the etching process.
Formation of the magnetic fractal structure in CoSiO2 granular nanocomposite system at percolation threshold
Authors: Dokukin E. B. , Erhan R. V. , Islamov A. Kh. , Dokukin M. E. , Perov N. S. , Gan'shina E. A.
Published: April 2013

Magnetic and structural properties of (Co)x(SiO2)1 − x nanocomposite systems have been investigated over a wide range of Co concentrations using small‐angle neutron scattering in combination with magnetic, magneto‐optic, and magneto‐transport characterization. It was found that in the region of structural percolation , the characteristics of magnetically correlated clusters are several times larger than the structural size of Co granules. Starting from the percolation point, the spatial distribution of magnetic nanoclusters can be described by the surface fractal model. With further growth of cobalt concentration x ≥ 0.67 the formation of three‐dimensional (3D) magnetic domains with typical sizes of 1.5 μm was observed.
Ferroelectricity from iron valence ordering in rare earth ferrites?
Authors: Angst Manuel
Published: April 2013

The possibility of multiferroicity arising from charge ordering in LuFe2O4 and structurally related rare earth ferrites is reviewed. Recent experimental work on macroscopic indications of ferroelectricity and microscopic determination of coupled spin and charge order indicates that this scenario does not hold. Understanding the origin of the experimentally observed charge and spin order will require further theoretical work. Other aspects of recent research in these materials, such as geometrical frustration effects, possible electric‐field‐induced transitions, or orbital order are also briefly treated.

magnified image

Bilayer subunit in R Fe2O4 compounds with proposed charge order rendering it polar.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ficus carica Leaf Extract Modulates the Lipid Profile of Rats Fed with a High‐Fat Diet through an Increase of HDL‐C
Authors: Joerin Lorenz , Kauschka Michaela , Bonnländer Bernd , Pischel Ivo , Benedek Birgit , Butterweck Veronika
Published: April 2013

Ficus carica has been traditionally used for the treatment of several metabolic syndrome‐related health problems. It was the objective of this study to investigate the preventive effects of a Ficus carica (FC) leaf extract on hyperlipidemia in high fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese male rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (180 – 200 g) were fed with a regular diet, HFD or a HFD + oral treatment of either 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of FC or 30 mg/kg pioglitazone for six weeks. A range of parameters was evaluated including body weight development, plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), atherogenic index (AI) and the coronary risk index (CRI). FC significantly lowered TG and IL‐6 levels and elevated HDL cholesterol (p < 0.05). The effects of FC on lipid parameters were more pronounced than those of the positive control pioglitazone. FC significantly lowered AI and CRI (p < 0.01) while it had no effect on adiponectin and leptin levels. Our results demonstrate that preventive treatment with FC significantly improved the lipid profile and decreased adipogenic risk factors in HFD rats most likely mediated through an increase in HDL‐C levels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN SEMI‐REGULATED AND UNREGULATED RIVERS USING A FLEXIBLE FRAMEWORK: CASE STUDIES FROM TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bobbi C. J. , Warfe D. M. , Hardie S. A.
Published: April 2013

Despite the many methodologies available for undertaking environmental flow assessments, there are few published examples of environmental flow recommendations that arise from those assessments, and even fewer that evaluate their implementation. This is somewhat surprising considering environmental flow recommendations are effectively testable hypotheses of flow‐ecology responses. We describe a framework to guide the assessment and recommendation of environmental flow regimes in Tasmania, Australia, where environmental values are highly catchment specific and rivers are largely semi‐regulated or unregulated. This means that environmental flows must be focussed on setting water use thresholds to prevent degradation in condition, rather than delivering water to restore condition. The framework retains the philosophy and elements of many other methodologies but differs by having the flexibility to support application across different catchments while catering for catchment‐specific issues. We present two case studies that demonstrate the application of our Framework, its use in the development of scientifically defensible environmental flow recommendations, and their implementation in catchment water management plans. The strengths of the Framework are: (i) using specific ecosystem values to define and communicate the objectives of environmental flows; (ii) using a non‐prescriptive and flexible approach to incorporate catchment‐specific issues; and (iii) framing recommendations in a manner that clearly illustrates flow linkages with ecosystem values so that stakeholders and managers understand the risks associated with water abstraction. Our experience demonstrates the imperative that scientists are not only involved in water planning but also in the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of plans so that the benefits of adaptive management can be realized. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Evolution of Inclusions in Ti‐Bearing Al‐Deoxidized Molten Irons at 1873 K
Authors: Wang Deyong , Jiang Maofa , Matsuura Hiroyuki , Tsukihashi Fumitaka
Published: April 2013

To study the evolution of inclusions in Ti‐bearing Al‐deoxidized steel, four types of molten irons with different Al and Ti contents were prepared. Subsequently, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high‐temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) were used to investigate the dynamic process of inclusions in the samples. The CSLM showed that Al2O3 inclusions strongly attracted each other and agglomerated easily. In high‐Al and high‐Ti melt, although inclusion clusters were frequently observed, its number and size were small. The Al–Ti–O cluster appeared much denser, unlike the Al2O3 cluster, which had loose structure. In high‐Al and low‐Ti melt, the number of inclusions was large, whereas their size was small. Collision among small inclusions was not observed, possibly because the trace of Ti addition accelerated the dispersion of inclusions. In low‐Al and high‐Ti melt, typical inclusions of Al–Ti–N–O were observed, and they always had irregular or bar‐like shapes or form a cluster. The bar‐like inclusion was found to adhere easily to a cluster via bridging or packing. In low‐Al and low‐Ti melt, only small amount of inclusions were observed. The inclusions presented nearly spherical in shape, and few cluster could be seen. In addition, the phenomenon of collision and agglomeration among the inclusions was never observed.
Study on Inclusions in Wire Rod of Tire Cord Steel by Means of Electrolysis of Wire Rod
Authors: Yan Wei , Xu Hong‐cheng , Chen Wei‐qing
Published: April 2013

The wire rod electrolysis is an extraction approach of inclusions in wire rod based on non‐aqueous solution electrolysis, which can extract large‐size inclusions (>20 µm) from Φ5.5 mm wire rod even about Φ0.22 mm cord wire. Analysis and study on large‐size inclusions in tire cord steel from domestic and overseas steel plants were carried out by wire rod electrolysis, the study shows that the sizes of inclusions in wire rod of tire cord steel are far larger than those observed by metallographic microscope or scanning electron microscopy. Eighty percent large‐size inclusions in wire rod come from the involvement of reaction products of mold fluxes or refractories. Further study according to electrolysis of wire rod and cord wire presents that reaction products containing K and Na of mold fluxes and refractories are brittle and easy to break into more small inclusions. Wire broken during drawing process is mainly caused by large‐size and high‐hardness Al2O3 inclusions, inclusions containing high content MgO from reaction products of mold fluxes and refractories, and Ti(CN) inclusions.
Imaging space weather over Europe
Authors: Baumgardner Jeffrey , Wroten Joei , Mendillo Michael , Martinis Carlos , Barbieri Cesare , Umbriaco Gabriele , Mitchell Cathryn , Kinrade Joe , Materassi Massimo , Ciraolo Luigi , Hairston Marc
Published: April 2013

We describe the introduction of the first all‐sky imaging system for low‐light‐level optical observations of the disturbed ionosphere over mid‐latitude Europe. Using 6300 Å auroral emissions that come from the 200–400 km altitude range, we demonstrate that sub‐visual optical patterns spanning the European continent can be obtained from a single site in Italy. Pilot observations during the 26–27 September 2011 geomagnetic storm show that the diffuse aurora's low latitude boundary can be used to find where the poleward wall of the ionospheric trough is located. This relates directly to regions of radiowave disruptions caused by the precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetospheric plasma sheet that move to lower latitudes during space weather events. Images of stable auroral red (SAR) arcs can be used to track the magnetospheric ring current and plasmapause location, a second region of radiowave interference. Comparisons with ground‐based and satellite observations of the ionosphere during the same storm demonstrate how ASI images reveal the lowest energy components of magnetospheric input to the ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Such observations can be used, potentially, for both now‐casting of storm effects spanning Europe, and for retrospective validation of existing models of space weather impacts at sub‐auroral locations.
The Solar Cycle Turned Sideways
Authors: Guhathakurta Madhulika , Phillips Tony
Published: April 2013

Key Points

Solar cycle is widely misunderstood as alternating periods of quiet and stormy

A better analogy is La Nina and El Nino, opposite extremes of a climate cycle

Solar activity affect life on Earth, regardless of the phase of the solar cycle
A 27 day persistence model of near‐Earth solar wind conditions: A long lead‐time forecast and a benchmark for dynamical models
Authors: Owens M. J. , Challen R. , Methven J. , Henley E. , Jackson D. R.
Published: April 2013

Geomagnetic activity has long been known to exhibit approximately 27 day periodicity, resulting from solar wind structures repeating each solar rotation. Thus a very simple near‐Earth solar wind forecast is 27 day persistence, wherein the near‐Earth solar wind conditions today are assumed to be identical to those 27 days previously. Effective use of such a persistence model as a forecast tool, however, requires the performance and uncertainty to be fully characterized. The first half of this study determines which solar wind parameters can be reliably forecast by persistence and how the forecast skill varies with the solar cycle. The second half of the study shows how persistence can provide a useful benchmark for more sophisticated forecast schemes, namely physics‐based numerical models. Point‐by‐point assessment methods, such as correlation and mean‐square error, find persistence skill comparable to numerical models during solar minimum, despite the 27 day lead time of persistence forecasts, versus 2–5 days for numerical schemes. At solar maximum, however, the dynamic nature of the corona means 27 day persistence is no longer a good approximation and skill scores suggest persistence is out‐performed by numerical models for almost all solar wind parameters. But point‐by‐point assessment techniques are not always a reliable indicator of usefulness as a forecast tool. An event‐based assessment method, which focusses key solar wind structures, finds persistence to be the most valuable forecast throughout the solar cycle. This reiterates the fact that the means of assessing the “best” forecast model must be specifically tailored to its intended use.
Using SDO EVE data as a proxy for GOES XRS B 1–8 angstrom
Authors: Hock Rachel A. , Woodraska Don , Woods Thomas N.
Published: April 2013

Solar soft X‐ray irradiance measured by the GOES X‐Ray Sensor (XRS) is a critical measurement for space weather operations. At present, there is a primary GOES XRS operating with a second XRS in storage on orbit. This configuration results in gaps in critical observational coverage when the primary XRS is nonoperational such as during satellite maneuvers and during the spring and fall eclipse seasons. EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory provides near–real‐time measurements of the solar soft X‐ray irradiances at wavelengths similar to XRS. This study examines the accuracy in using EVE data as a proxy for GOES XRS. Using EVE data, we develop three different solar irradiance index models, which are then tested to determine how well they predict the XRS irradiances and magnitude (GOES class) of solar flares. The best performing index model has been implemented in Version 3 of EVE data and is publicly available within minimal latency through the EVE Science Processing and Operations Center.
Unified National Space Weather Capability (UNSWC) Established
Authors: Williamson Samuel P. , Bonadonna Michael F.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

The UNSWC MOU has been approved by the NSWP council

The UNSWC MOU strengthens Federal interagency partnerships

The establishment of the UNSWC is a bold step forward for the NSWP
New Ages of Operational Space Weather Forecast in Japan
Authors: Nagatsuma Tsutomu
Published: April 2013

Key Points

Introducing current activities of Japanese space weather forecast

Future direction of Japanese operational space weather research

Historical background of Japanese space weather forecast
Management and consumer transformation in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Authors: Shama Avraham , Matesova Jana , Mellár Tamás , Radomski Bogdan , Sementsov Sergey
Published: April 2013

This study centers on the transformation of management and the consumer in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Carried out in collaboration with scholars in these countries, the study outlines the impact of the transformation to a market economy on managers and consumers, and discusses the adjustments which managers and consumers have been making in response to new economic realities. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quality improvement programs: Tools for international competitive advantage
Authors: Mahmoud Essam , Rice Gillian , Anders Gary
Published: April 2013

There is growing concern about the long‐run success of U.S. industries in the face of increasing foreign competition. Product quality is a strategic business issue. In an effort to gain competitive advantage, some firms are implementing organization‐wide quality training programs. Many firms have still to recognize the benefits of a quality orientation, however. This article examines how quality programs are implemented in organizations. It considers factors leading to success in developing a quality orientation and compares the Japanese and American approaches. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organizational and environmental impact on the use of Japanese‐style HRM policies in Japanese firms in the U.S.
Authors: Yang John Zhuang
Published: April 2013

This survey investigates the extent of Japanese‐style HRM that is being adopted in Japanese‐owned firms in the U.S. It focuses on organizational and environmental factors that influence the design and use of Japanese‐style HRM policies in Japanese firms in the U.S. Preliminary results show that there is no single model of Japanese HRM in the U.S. Contextual factors in terms of firm size, firm age, firm type, union status firm location, corporate culture, and the degree of parent control all influence the use of Japanese‐style HRM policies and practices in the U.S.© 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Political instability and capital flight: An application of event study methodology
Authors: Fatehi Kamal , Gupta Manoj
Published: April 2013

The relationship between capital flight and political instability is investigated by using the event study methodology, which is widely used in the finance literature. The advantage of using this method is that by isolating specific instances of political instability (defined as events), one can examine the relationship more closely. An index of political instability is calculated using data on intranation political developments from the Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB). For our sample, we get mixed results, probably because the “event” could not be defined very precisely due to the volatile nature of the political index.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Ferrocenyl‐NHC ­Palladium Complexes
Authors: He Pan , Du Yufeng , Wang Shuzhan , Cao Changsheng , Wang Xiaojun , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: April 2013

palladium complexes of ferrocenyl‐functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbenes with different substituents were synthesized. The molecular structures of selected complexes were determined by X‐ray diffraction and show a pseudo‐square‐planar structure with a central palladium atom surrounded by carbene, pyridine, and two chloride ligands. The influence of the different substituents on the structure and reactivity of the complexes was studied. The catalytic properties of the complexes were investigated in the Larock indolization reactions of 2‐bromoanilines with diphenylacetylene. Their performances slightly varied in this reaction, but the complex with mesityl substituent showed the best activity.
Room Temperature Synthesis and Crystal Structure of mer‐[MoBr3Py3], the Vibrational Spectra of mer‐[MoBr3Py3], mer‐[MoI3Py3] and trans,trans‐[MoBr2Py4][MoBr4Py2]
Authors: Veryasov Gleb , Goreshnik Evgeny , Jesih Adolf
Published: April 2013

The reaction of MoBr3 and pyridine at room temperature provided single crystals of mer‐[MoX3Py3]. mer‐[MoBr3Py3] crystallizes in P21/n monoclinic space group with cell dimensions a = 9.2297(5) Å, b = 12.911(8) Å, c = 15.7022(9) Å and β = 90.479(3)°. There are four formula units in a unit cell. Mo–N distances are in the range 2.196(8)–2.214(8) Å and Mo–Br distances are 2.573(1) Å and 2.574(1) Å. Fundamental vibrational frequencies of pyridine molecules are strongly affected upon coordination in all three coordination compounds: mer‐[MoBr3Py3], mer‐[MoI3Py3] and trans,trans‐[MoBr2Py4][MoBr4Py2].
Noncommutative field theories on $ \mathbb{R}_{\lambda}^3 $: towards UV/IR mixing freedom
Authors: Vitale Patrizia , Wallet Jean-Christophe
Published: April 2013

Abstract

We consider the noncommutative space
$ \mathbb{R}_{\lambda}^3 $
, a deformation of the algebra of functions on
$ {{\mathbb{R}}^3} $
which yields a “foliation” of
$ {{\mathbb{R}}^3} $
into fuzzy spheres. We first construct a natural matrix base adapted to
$ \mathbb{R}_{\lambda}^3 $
. We then apply this general framework to the one-loop study of a two-parameter family of real-valued scalar noncommutative field theories with quartic polynomial interaction, which becomes a non-local matrix model when expressed in the above matrix base. The kinetic operator involves a part related to dynamics on the fuzzy sphere supplemented by a term reproducing radial dynamics. We then compute the planar and non-planar 1-loop contributions to the 2-point correlation function. We find that these diagrams are both finite in the matrix base. We find no singularity of IR type, which signals very likely the absence of UV/IR mixing. We also consider the case of a kinetic operator with only the radial part. We find that the resulting theory is finite to all orders in perturbation expansion.
The Impact of the Lymph Node Ratio is Greater than Traditional Lymph Node Status in Stage III Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Lu Yen‐Jung , Lin Pei‐Ching , Lin Chun‐Chi , Wang Huann‐Sheng , Yang Shung‐Haur , Jiang Jeng‐Kai , Lan Yuan‐Tzu , Lin Tzu‐Chen , Liang Wen‐Yi , Chen Wei‐Shone , Lin Jen‐Kou , Chang Shih‐Ching
Published: April 2013

Background

The prognostic value of nodal status in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients may be influenced by the total number of lymph nodes (LNs) harvested. This study evaluates the impact of LN ratio (LNR) on CRC patients’ outcome.

Methods

A total of 612 stage III CRC patients who underwent curative‐intent surgery between 2004 and 2008 were enrolled. The measured end point was postoperative disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

The metastatic LN numbers were significantly higher in patients with more than 12 LN harvested (4.6 ± 5.81 vs. 2.7 ± 1.97, P < 0.001). The mean LNR was 22.9 ± 20 % (range = 2–100 %, median = 16.7 %). As the cutoff value of LNR was set above 17 %, the impact of the LNR on 5‐year DFS became statistically significant. In univariate analysis, the 5‐year DFS and OS for patients with high‐LNR tumors was 54.4 and 57.3 %, respectively, significantly lower than those for patients with low‐LNR tumors (72.8 and 76.4 %; P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the independent factors affecting the 5‐year DFS and OS were tumor depth, carcinoembryonic antigen level, and LNR.

Conclusion

The LNR, set at the median value or 17 %, could be an independent prognostic factor for stage III CRC patients.
Fermentation and downstream process for high yield production of Plasmodium falciparum recombinant HRP II protein and its application in diagnosis
Authors: Singh Anil K , Athmaram T N , Shrivastava Saurabh , Merwyn S , Agarwal G S , Gopalan N
Published: April 2013

Malaria represents the world’s greatest public health problem in terms of number of people affected, levels of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical countries. Malaria parasites are members of the Apicomplexa, family of Plasmodiidae. Histidine-rich protein-II secreted by Plasmodium falciparum is known to be a compelling marker in malaria diagnosis and follow-up. In our present study, we have optimized the batch fermentation and downstream process for large scale production of recombinant P. falciparum HRP-II 62 kDa protein for diagnostic application. The culture broth was effectively induced with IPTG twice at different time intervals to sustain induction for a long period. Batch fermentation resulted in a wet weight of 61.34 g/L and dry cell biomass 12.81 g/L. With the improved downstream process, purified recombinant protein had a yield of 304.60 mg/L. The authenticity of the purified recombinant protein was confirmed via western blotting using indigenously developed HRP-II specific monoclonal antibodies and known positive human clinical sera samples. Further, the reactivity of recombinant HRP-II protein was validated using commercially available immuno chromatographic strips. Indirect ELISA using recombinant purified protein recognized the P. falciparum specific antibodies in suspected human sera samples. Our results clearly suggest that the recombinant HRP-II protein produced via batch fermentation has immense potential for routine diagnostic application.
Blood–brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery
Authors: Abbott N. Joan
Published: April 2013

The neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) require precise control of their bathing microenvironment for optimal function, and an important element in this control is the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by the endothelial cells lining the brain microvessels, under the inductive influence of neighbouring cell types within the ‘neurovascular unit’ (NVU) including astrocytes and pericytes. The endothelium forms the major interface between the blood and the CNS, and by a combination of low passive permeability and presence of specific transport systems, enzymes and receptors regulates molecular and cellular traffic across the barrier layer. A number of methods and models are available for examining BBB permeationin vivoandin vitro, and can give valuable information on the mechanisms by which therapeutic agents and constructs permeate, ways to optimize permeation, and implications for drug discovery, delivery and toxicity. For treating lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), models can be included that mimic aspects of the disease, including genetically‐modified animals, andin vitromodels can be used to examine the effects of cells of the NVU on the BBB under pathological conditions. For testing CNS drug delivery, severalin vitromodels now provide reliable prediction of penetration of drugs including large molecules and artificial constructs with promising potential in treating LSDs. For many of these diseases it is still not clear how best to deliver appropriate drugs to the CNS, and a concerted approach using a variety of models and methods can give critical insights and indicate practical solutions.
An Empirical Analysis of Income Inequality between a Minority and the Majority in Urban China: The Case of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Authors: Shi Li , Sai Ding
Published: April 2013

Based on 2006 urban survey data of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, this paper studies the impact of ethnic characteristics on the region's income determination mechanism. Using the decomposition methods of Blinder and Oaxaca, Fields, and Morduch and Sicular, we analyze income gaps between employed Hui and Han as well as income inequality within the two groups. The main conclusions are that there is almost no income gap between Han and Hui in Ningxia, but different ethnic characteristics affect the income determination mechanism. Ethnic factors such as religion and social capital have no obvious effect on the income determination.
Cellular localization of NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Wang Yan , Yang Chen , Mao Kairui , Chen Shuzhen , Meng Guangxun , Sun Bing
Published: April 2013

Inflammasome is a large protein complex activated upon cellular stress or microbial infection, which triggers maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 through caspase-1 activation. Nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) is the most characterized inflammasome activated by various stimuli. However, the mechanism of its activation is unclear and its exact cellular localization is still unknown. We examined the potential co-localization of NLRP3 inflammasome with mitochondria and seven other organelles under adenosine triphosphate, nigericin or monosodium urate stimulation in mouse peritoneal macrophages using confocal microscopy approach. Our results revealed that the activated endogenous apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) pyroptosome forms in the cytoplasm and co-localizes with NLRP3 and caspase-1, but not with any of the organelles screened. This study indicates that the ASC pyroptosome universally localizes within the cytoplasm rather than with any specific organelles.
Code of behaviour at sea: women seafarers’ shipboard identity management
Authors: Kitada Momoko
Published: April 2013

The employment of women on cargo ships, particularly at officer’s level, is paid more attention in order to supplement the shortage of qualified officers. However, seafaring jobs are still overwhelmingly dominated by men, and there seems to be gender-related challenges for women in such work environment. Women seafarers in this research are those who work in the ship operational sections on cargo ships as deck officers, engineers or radio officers. A total of 36 female and 8 male seafarers from eight different countries participated in the project and shared their experiences of working on board ships. The research revealed that the occupational culture of seafaring often reflects masculine norms and values which could affect women seafarers’ behaviour and attitudes. This paper further explores how women manage such situations on board by utilising various strategies in order to avoid gender-related problems. This study identifies a typical pattern of women seafarers’ identity management and creates a model of women’s strategic shifting patterns over time.
The specifics of ferromanganese ore formation on the submarine Vityaz’ Ridge (Pacific slope of the Kuril island arc)
Authors: Astakhova N.V. , Lelikov E.P.
Published: April 2013

We present data on the location, chemical composition, and contents of trace elements in thin ferromanganese crusts at two sites of the submarine Vityaz’ Ridge: Diana and Bussol’ test grounds. The crusts abound in inclusions of grains of nonferrous (Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ni, W) and noble (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt) metals in the form of native elements, sulfides, sulfates, oxides, or intermetallic compounds. The crusts at the Diana test ground contain mainly grains of nonferrous-metal minerals, and those at the Bussol’ test ground, mainly noble-metal minerals. There are also sites with Ni-rich (up to 3.5%) manganese crust. A detailed study of the ore crusts from the Vityaz’ Ridge showed that they are probably at the initial stage of formation.
stripe lasers for high-power fiber coupled pump modules
Authors: Platz René , Erbert Götz , Pittroff Wolfgang , Malchus Moritz , Vogel Klaus , Tränkle Günther
Published: April 2013

We present a 940 nm quasi-continuous wave semiconductor laser designed as a building block for high-power fiber coupled pump modules. The laser comprises a $400~\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{m} $ narrow-stripe array mounted on an aluminum nitride substrate using hard solder. The chip has been optimized for high optical power and low lateral far-field angles. Two vertical and six lateral structure variations have been investigated to determine the best achievable performance. Operating at 1 ms pulse width and a repetition rate of 10 Hz, the laser device reaches a maximum pulse power of 86 W from a $400~\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{m} $ aperture and more than 62% maximum conversion efficiency. Low lateral far-field angles (95% power enclosed) of 11.5° and 13.5°, depending on the epitaxial design, enable efficient multimode fiber coupling. The potential for highly reliable applications has been demonstrated.