bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of 7-iodo-4-oxo-4H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshinobu
Published: November 2016

In the title compound, C10H5IO3, an iodinated 3-formylchromone derivative, the non-H atoms are essentially coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0344 Å), with the largest deviation from the least-squares plane [0.101 (3) Å] being found for the formyl O atom. In the crystal, molecules are linked through stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance between the benzene rings = 3.700 (3) Å] and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. Halogen bonds between the I atoms at 7-position and the formyl O atoms [I1...O3 = 3.056 (2) Å, C6—I1...O3 = 173.18 (8)° and I1...O3—C10 = 111.12 (18)°] are also formed along [110], resulting in sheets perpendicular to thecaxis, constructed by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and I...O halogen bonds.
Crystal structures of two new carbazole derivatives: 12-(4-nitrophenyl)-7-phenylsulfonyl-7H-benzofuro[2,3-b]carbazole and 2-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-9-phenylsulfonyl-9H-thieno[2,3-b]carbazole
Authors: Swaminathan K. , Narayanan P. , Sethusankar K. , Saravanan Velu , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: November 2016

The title compounds, C30H18N2O5S, (I), and C27H18N2O4S2, (II), are carbazole derivatives with a phenylsulfonyl group and a nitrophenyl group attached to the carbazole moiety in identical positions in both molecules. A benzofuran ring system in (I) and a methylthiophene ring in (II) are fused with the respective carbazole moieties on the same sides. The mean plane of the carbazole ring system makes a dihedral angle of 3.17 (7)° with the benzofuran ring system in (I) and a dihedral angle of 3.39 (11)° with the methylthiophene ring in (II), implying that both fused units are essentially planar. The mean planes of the carbazole ring systems in both the compounds are almost orthogonal to the respective nitro-substituted phenyl rings, making dihedral angles of 75.64 (10) and 77.63 (12)° in compounds (I) and (II), respectively. In (I), the phenylsulfonyl ring system is positionally disordered with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.63 (2):0.37 (2). In both compounds, the molecular structures are stabilized by intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generatingS(6) ring motifs with the sulfone group O atoms. In the crystal of compound (I), molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, which generateR22(18) inversion dimers, and interconnected byC(14) chains running along thec-axis direction, whereas in compound (II), the C—H...O hydrogen bonds generateR43(37) ring motifs. In the crystals of both compounds, C—H...O hydrogen-bonded sheets are formed lying parallel to (10-1). In addition, C—H...π and offset π–π interactions [intercentroid distance = 3.7158 (14) Å in (I) and 3.9040 (15) Å in (II)] are also present in the crystals of both compounds.
Crystal structure ofN,N′-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexane-1,4-diammonium dichloride
Authors: Moon Suk-Hee , Im Hansu , Kim Tae Ho , Park Ki-Min
Published: November 2016

The title salt, C18H26N42+·2Cl−, was obtained by the protonation ofN,N-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)cyclohexane-1,4-diamine with hydrochloric acid in ethanol. The asymmetric unit consists of one half of anN,N-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexane-1,4-diammonium dication, with a crystallographic inversion centre located at the centre of the cyclohexyl ring, and a chloride anion. The central cyclohexyl ring in the dication adopts a chair conformation. The twotrans-(4-pyridine)–CH2–NH2– moieties at the 1- and 4-positions of the central cyclohexyl ring occupy equatorial sites. The terminal pyridine ring is tilted by 53.72 (6)° with respect to the mean plane of the central cyclohexyl ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.2413 Å). In the crystal, N+—H...Cl−hydrogen bonds between the dications and the chloride anions, and π–π stacking interactions between the pyridine rings of the dications afford a two-dimensional sheet extending parallel to theabplane. These sheets are further connected through weak C—H...Cl−hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
Diethyl 2,2′-(trisulfane-1,3-diyl)dibenzoate
Authors: Boukebbous Khaled , Laifa El Adoui , De Mallmann Aimery , Taoufik Mostafa
Published: November 2016

The title compound, C18H18O4S3, was synthesized in the presence of chloridoauric acid from 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-thione as starting material. The asymmetric unit comprises one half of the molecule, the complete molecule being generated by the application of twofold rotation symmetry. The two benzene rings are inclined by 81.0 (2)°. In the crystal, slipped π–π stacking interactions are observed between the benzene rings of neighbouring molecules.
5-Anilino-4-chloro-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one
Authors: Boukebbous Khaled , Laifa El Adoui , De Mallmann Aimery , Taoufik Mostafa
Published: November 2016

In the title compound, C9H6ClNOS2, the two rings subtend a dihedral angle of 51.9 (7)°. The S—S bond has a length of 2.061 (2) Å. In the crystal, hydrogen-bonding interactions and π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance = 3.927 (2) Å] contacts link the molecules into a three-dimensional network.
Ethyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Naveen S. , Kumar Vasantha , Poojary Boja , Vishwanatha P. , Lokanath N. K. , Abdoh M. M. M.
Published: November 2016

The title benzoimidazole derivative, C24H21FN2O3, is T-shaped, with the methoxyphenyl and fluorobenzyl rings inclined to the benzoimidazole ring system by 40.91 (8) and 86.04 (8)°, respectively, indicating that the fluorobenzyl ring system is nearly orthogonal to the benzoimidazole ring system. The fluorobenzyl and methoxyphenyl rings are inclined to one another by 78.90 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviatwo pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers withR22(28) andR22(22) ring motifs. As a result of these hydrogen bonds, ribbons propagating along [010] are formed.
Intimate partner violence, fatherhood, and co-parenting of men in residential substance misuse treatment
Authors: Rubenstein Batya , Stover Carla Smith
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of co-parenting, childhood experiences, and satisfaction with fathering in a sample of men in a long-term residential drug rehabilitation program.

Design/methodology/approach

A paper and pencil survey was completed by 128 men between the ages of 18 and 68 (M age=30.42 years) in a court ordered residential rehabilitation center for drug misuse. Of the 128 respondents, 40.625 percent (n=52) were fathers and completed a longer survey to assess their co-parenting relationships.

Findings

The percentage of men with positive role models did not differ between the fathers and non-fathers, with 40.4 percent of fathers having had a positive role model growing up, χ2(1, n=127)=0.54, p=0.816. Fathers were more likely to report witnessing IPV between their parents during childhood than non-fathers, χ2(1, n=125)=4.7888, p=0.029. Linear regression models examining factors associated with co-parenting agreement and exposure to conflict were significant, but witnessing IPV as a child was the only significant individual predictor.

Practical implications

Exposure to IPV in childhood was a common experience for fathers in residential treatment for substance misuse. Fathers reported significant problems in their co-parenting relationships indicating a need for fatherhood and co-parenting focused services available within residential treatment programs.

Originality/value

There is little research about fathers with co-occurring histories of substance misuse and IPV in residential treatment. This paper is the first to examine co-parenting in this specific population.
Toward a scholarship of peace leadership
Authors: McIntyre Miller Whitney
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the phenomenon of peace leadership, an emerging sub-area of leadership studies.

Design/methodology/approach

This literature review discusses peace leadership scholarly work specifically identified as such by its authors, and therefore does not include literature potentially viewed as informing the broader discussion of peace leadership.

Findings

The peace leadership specific scholarly literature discussed herein includes work on the traits, characteristics, and practices of peace leaders; peace leader role and responsibilities; and the connective and collective nature of peace leadership.

Originality/value

Discussion of the literature concludes a proposed definition of peace leadership and with three suggestions for ways to continue to build peace leadership scholarship including: empirical studies, theoretical and conceptual model creation, and ongoing informed discussions, and in itself contributes to the emerging conversation of peace leadership.
Linking demands to work-family conflict through boundary strength
Authors: Furtado Liliane , Sobral Filipe , Peci Alketa
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a model to examine how the active management of work-family boundary strength acts as behavioral mechanism through which role-based factors – role demands and role identity – influence the conflict experienced by individuals.

Design/methodology/approach

Three studies were conducted to examine the proposed model. Studies 1 and 2 used an experimental design to test the causal effects of role demands on the strength of work and family boundaries, whereas Study 3 surveyed 389 working professionals to test the interactional and mediating effects of the model variables on inter-role conflict.

Findings

Results suggest that increasing demands in one domain weaken the boundary strength around the cross-domain to make resource drain possible, which, in turn, increases the conflict experienced in that domain; moreover, results show that work identity reinforces the weakening of the boundary strength at home caused by increasing work demands.

Research limitations/implications

The study of boundary management decisions as an underlying mechanism through which individuals’ role-based factors affect work-family conflict (WFC) can offer new insights into how to manage increasing work-family responsibilities.

Practical implications

This study findings can help individuals to cope with role demands and organizations to promote a culture that supports work-family balance.

Originality/value

This paper advances WFC research by examining alternative mechanisms through which role demands influence WFC. Methodologically, the research improves on past studies by bringing together experimental and correlational designs.
Surface acting as a mediator between personality and attitudes
Authors: Andrews Martha C. , Kacmar K. Michele , Valle Matthew
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore surface acting as a mediator in the relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and personality, with stress, turnover intentions, and job satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained via survey from 276 working adults, and responses were subjected to structural equation modeling to confirm the measurement model and test hypotheses.

Findings

Surface acting was found to mediate the relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and intent to turnover and satisfaction, and between proactive personality and intent to turnover and satisfaction. No mediating effect for surface acting was found between agreeableness and the outcomes.

Practical implications

Individual differences and situational contingencies do affect surface acting in the workplace, and individual work-related outcomes. Managers need to be aware of personality characteristics and situational contexts that impact surface acting in organizations to help understand the effects of potential divergent attitudes and behaviors on employee outcomes.

Originality/value

Previous research examining surface acting assessed behavior in light of employee-customer interactions. This research extends the study of surface acting by examining the mediating role of surface acting among new predictors including organizational politics, proactive personality, and agreeableness with stress, turnover intentions, and job satisfaction.
Session identification techniques used in web usage mining
Authors: Fatima Bahjat , Ramzan Huma , Asghar Sohail
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the state-of-the-art session identification techniques used in web usage mining (WUM) process in terms of their limitations, features, and methodologies.

Design/methodology/approach

In this research, systematic literature review has been conducted using review protocol approach. The methodology consisted of a comprehensive search for relevant literature over the period of 2005-2015, using four online database repositories (i.e. IEEE, Springer, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect).

Findings

The findings revealed that this research area is still immature and existing literature lacks the critical review of recent session identification techniques used in WUM process.

Originality/value

The contribution of this study is to provide a structured overview of the research developments, to critically review the existing session identification techniques, highlight their limitations and associated challenges and identify areas where further improvements are required so as to complement the performance of existing techniques.
Endoscopic and clinical responses to anti‐tubercular therapy can differentiate intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease
Authors: Pratap Mouli V. , Munot K. , Ananthakrishnan A. , Kedia S. , Addagalla S. , Garg S. K. , Benjamin J. , Singla V. , Dhingra R. , Tiwari V. , Bopanna S. , Hutfless S. , Makharia G. , Ahuja V.
Published: November 2016

Background

Differentiation between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease is difficult and may require therapeutic trial with anti‐tubercular therapy in tuberculosis‐endemic regions.

Aim

To evaluate the role of therapeutic trial with anti‐tubercular therapy in patients with diagnostic confusion between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease.

Methods

We performed retrospective‐comparative (n = 288: 131 patients who received anti‐tubercular therapy before being diagnosed as Crohn's disease and 157 intestinal tuberculosis patients) and prospective‐validation study (n = 55 patients with diagnostic confusion of intestinal tuberculosis/Crohn's disease). Outcomes assessed were global symptomatic response and endoscopic mucosal healing.

Results

In the derivation cohort, among those eventually diagnosed as Crohn's disease, global symptomatic response with anti‐tubercular therapy was seen in 38% at 3 months and in 37% who completed 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy. Ninety‐four per cent of intestinal tuberculosis patients showed global symptomatic response by 3 months. Endoscopic mucosal healing was seen in only 5% of patients with Crohn's disease compared with 100% of intestinal tuberculosis patients. In the validation cohort, all the patients with intestinal tuberculosis had symptomatic response and endoscopic mucosal healing after 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy. Among the patients with an eventual diagnosis of Crohn's disease, symptomatic response was seen in 64% at 2 months and in 31% who completed 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy, none had mucosal healing.

Conclusions

Disproportionately lower mucosal healing rate despite an overall symptom response with 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy in patients with Crohn's disease suggests a need for repeat colonoscopy for diagnosing Crohn's disease. Patients with intestinal tuberculosis showing significant symptomatic response after 2–3 months of anti‐tubercular therapy, suggest that symptom persistence after a therapeutic trial of 3 months of anti‐tubercular therapy may indicate the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.
Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult patients with osteoarticular infections: interaction with fusidic acid
Authors: Marsot Amélie , Ménard Amelie , Dupouey Julien , Muziotti Cedric , Guilhaumou Romain , Blin Olivier
Published: November 2016

Aims

Rifampicin represents the key antibiotic for the management of osteoarticular infections. An important pharmacokinetic variability has already been described, particularly for absorption and metabolism. All previous pharmacokinetic studies have been focused only on patients treated for tuberculosis. The objective of the present study was to describe a population pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin in patients with staphylococcal osteoarticular infections, which has not been investigated to date.

Method

Rifampicin concentrations were collected retrospectively from 62 patients treated with oral rifampicin 300 mg three times daily. Plasma concentration–time data were analysed using NONMEM to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters. Demographic data, infection characteristics and antibiotics taken in addition to rifampicin antibiotics were investigated as covariates.

Results

A one‐compartment model, coupled to a transit absorption model, best described the rifampicin data. Fusidic acid coadministration was identified as a covariate in rifampicin pharmacokinetic parameters. The apparent clearance and apparent central volume of distribution mean values [95% confidence interval (CI)] were 5.1 1 h–1 (1.2, 8.2 1 h–1)/23.8 l (8.9, 38.7 l) and 13.7 1 h–1 (10.6, 18.0 1 h–1)/61.1 1 (40.8, 129.0 1) for patients with and without administration of fusidic acid, respectively. Interindividual variability (95% CI) in the apparent clearance and apparent central volume of distribution were 72.9% (49.5, 86.0%) and 59.1% (5.5, 105.4%), respectively. Residual variability was 2.3 mg l–1 (1.6, 2.6 mg l–1).

Conclusion

We developed the first population pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin in patients with osteoarticular infections. Our model demonstrated that fusidic acid affects rifampicin pharmacokinetics, leading to potential high drug exposure. This finding suggests that fusidic acid dosing regimens should be reconsidered.
The World Health Organization's Clean Hands Save Lives: A concept applicable to equine medicine as Clean Hands Save Horses
Authors: Verwilghen D.
Published: November 2016

Even before the discovery of germs, the practice of hand hygiene had revealed itself as a crucial element in the fight against infectious diseases. In fact, supported by the historical discoveries and more recent evidence based data, the World Health Organization considers hand hygiene as the pillar of infection control, particularly when related to nosocomial infections. Therefore, the World Health Organization has a strong focus on “Clean Hands Save Lives” campaigns, a principle that is easily translatable into “Clean Hands Save Horses”. Considering the recognised importance given to skin health and integrity as the first principle of good hand hygiene, using decontamination methods and products that are the least harmful to the skin is mandatory. This is why the currently accepted presurgical hand preparation methods do not involve aggressive brushing and disinfecting soaps anymore. Rather, hands should be washed with a neutral pH friendly soap first before a hydroalcoholic solution is applied. Although the principles and benefits of proper hand hygiene have been recognised in the healthcare world, one of the major drawbacks remains the lack of compliance with established protocols. To increase compliance, equine clinics should work on improving product accessibility, enhancing staff and client education as well as helping each other to remember to actually do it. This article reviews historical and current facts on hand hygiene and relates it to equine practice. Clean equine care is safer equine care: it's all in your hands!
Factors influencing cure rates of non‐dermatophyte mold and Candida onychomycosis: analysis of outcomes in 81 patients who completed treatment
Authors: Ranawaka Ranthilaka R. , de Silva S. H. Padmal
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Onychomycosis shows a poor response to current topical, oral, or device‐related antifungal therapies. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the cure rates of non‐dermatophyte mold and Candida onychomycosis.

Methods

Eighty‐one patients who completed treatments were divided into “cured” and “non‐cured” groups. The statistical significance of differences between the two groups was studied.

Results

Male gender (P < 0.01), long duration of disease before the initiation of treatment (P < 0.02), three or more infected nails (P < 0.0002), continuous exposure to water and detergents (P < 0.05), frequent exposure to mud and soil (P < 0.01), barefoot walking (P < 0.025), concomitant diabetes and hypertension (P < 0.04), eczema (P < 0.03), and associated paronychia (P < 0.01) had negative effects on cure rates of onychomycosis. Patient age, occupation, site of illness (hand, foot or big toe), type of disease (distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, proximal subungual onychomycosis or total dystrophic onychomycosis), pathogenic fungi, and treatment modality had no statistically significant impact on cure rate.

Conclusions

To minimize the failure rate of antifungal therapies in the treatment of onychomycosis, patients are advised to start treatment as soon as possible, and to avoid predisposing factors such as exposure to water, detergents, mud and soil, and barefoot walking.
An investigation into the effect of a resin infiltrant on the micromechanical properties of hypomineralised enamel
Authors: Kumar Harleen , Palamara Joseph Emilio Aurelio , Burrow Michael Francis , Manton David John
Published: November 2016

Background

Resin infiltration may alter the mechanical properties of enamel hypomineralised lesions (HL); however, variable surface layer (SL) thickness may affect resin penetration.

Aims

To determine the thickness of the SL of HL and to investigate the effect of resin infiltration on the mechanical properties of HL.

Design

The thickness of the SL over HL was determined using polarised light microscopy. Etching time using 15% HCl gel to remove the SL of 52 samples was determined. Selected HL and control areas of 21 teeth were infiltrated with Icon® resin infiltrant, and cross‐sectional Knoop microhardness (KHN) measurements were recorded before and after resin infiltration.

Results

Ninety‐six point five per cent of HL had a detectable SL with mean thickness of 58 ± 29 μm. Application of HCl for 120 s produced a mean MIH erosion depth of 58 ± 12 μm. Eleven of 21 samples had evidence of infiltration using visual examination. The infiltrant penetrated some of the HL leading to an increase in KHN (111 ± 75 KHN) which, when compared to adjacent non‐infiltrated HL (96 ± 52 KHN), was not statistically significantly different (P = 0.56).

Conclusions

There was marked variation in the SL thickness of HL. Resin infiltration of HL did not increase microhardness significantly.
Climate Change, No‐Harm Principle, and Moral Responsibility of Individual Emitters
Authors: Kyllönen Simo
Published: November 2016

The article defends the no‐harm principle as an intuitively plausible and a common‐sense way to justify individual emitters’ duties to take more radical steps in the fight against climate change. The appearance of climate change as requiring large‐scale collective action should not lead us astray with respect to the fundamental moral nature of the problem: individual emitters who knowingly sustain and foster the carbon intensive ways of acting also bear personal moral responsibility for the foreseeable climate‐related harm and acquire in line with the no‐harm principle a direct personal duty to contribute to the efforts of preventing the harm. The article examines more closely the so‐called collectivistic approach, according to which emitters’ responsibilities are primarily collective, and argues that without individualistic grounds of emitters’ personal moral responsibility for the harm the collectivistic approach fails to provide unstructured emitters with sufficient reason to act together and fulfil their correlative duty of effective harm prevention. The article argues that since an emitter's personal moral responsibility warrants others to expect her personal engagement in the efforts of effective harm prevention and can justify blame if she fails, identifications of personal responsibility may also significantly increase unstructured emitters’ collective capability of remedying the climate crisis.
Multiple paternity in a wild population of Armadillidium vulgare: influence of infection with Wolbachia?
Authors: Valette V. , Durand S. , Bech N. , Grandjean F. , Beltran‐Bech S.
Published: November 2016

Female multiple mating has been extensively studied to understand how nonobvious benefits, generally thought to be of genetic nature, could overcome heavy costs such as an increased risk of infection during mating. However, the impact of infection itself on multiple mating has rarely been addressed. The interaction between the bacterium Wolbachia and its terrestrial crustacean host, Armadillidium vulgare, is a relevant model to investigate this question. In this association, Wolbachia is able to turn genetic males into functional females (i.e. feminization), thereby distorting the sex ratio and decreasing the number of available males at the population scale. Moreover, in A. vulgare, females have been shown to mate multiply under laboratory conditions and males prefer uninfected females over infected ones. Additionally, different Wolbachia strains are known to infect A. vulgare and these strains differ in their transmission rate and virulence. All these elements suggest a potential impact of different Wolbachia strains on multiple mating. To investigate this assumption, we collected gravid females in a wild A. vulgare population harbouring both uninfected females and females infected with one of two different Wolbachia strains (wVulM and wVulC) and performed paternity analyses on the obtained broods using microsatellite markers. We demonstrate that (i) multiple paternity is common in this wild population of A. vulgare, with a mean number of fathers of 4.48 ± 1.24 per brood and (ii) females infected with wVulC produced broods with a lower multiple paternity level compared with females infected with wVulM and uninfected ones. This work improves our knowledge of the impact of infections on reproductive strategies.
Bacteriocins and the assembly of natural Pseudomonas fluorescens populations
Authors: Bruce J. B. , West S. A. , Griffin A. S.
Published: November 2016

When competing for space and resources, bacteria produce toxins known as bacteriocins to gain an advantage over competitors. Recent studies in the laboratory have confirmed theoretical predictions that bacteriocin production can determine coexistence, by eradicating sensitive competitors or driving the emergence of resistant genotypes. However, there is currently limited evidence that bacteriocin‐mediated competition influences the coexistence and distribution of genotypes in natural environments, and what factors drive interactions towards inhibition remain unclear. Using natural soil populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens, we assessed the ability of the isolates to inhibit one another with respect to spatial proximity in the field, genetic similarity and niche overlap. The majority of isolates were found to produce bacteriocins; however, widespread resistance between coexisting isolates meant relatively few interactions resulted in inhibition. When inhibition did occur, it occurred more frequently between ecologically similar isolates. However, in contrast with results from other natural populations, we found no relationship between the frequency of inhibition and the genetic similarity of competitors. Our results suggest that bacteriocin production plays an important role in mediating competition over resources in natural settings and, by selecting for isolates resistant to local bacteriocin production, can influence the assembly of natural populations of P. fluorescens.
Jordanian Nursing Work Environments, Intent to Stay, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Al‐Hamdan Zaid , Manojlovich Milisa , Tanima Banerjee
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine associations among the nursing work environment, nurse job satisfaction, and intent to stay for nurses who practice in hospitals in Jordan.

Design

A quantitative descriptive cross‐sectional survey design was used.

Methods

Data were collected through survey questionnaires distributed to 650 registered nurses (RNs) who worked in three hospitals in Jordan. The self‐report questionnaire consisted of three instruments and demographic questions. The instruments were the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES‐NWI), the McCain Intent to Stay scale, and Quinn and Shepard's (1974) Global Job Satisfaction survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated for discrete measures of demographic characteristics of the study participants. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore relationships among the nursing work environment, job satisfaction, and intent to stay, adjusting for unit type.

Findings

There was a positive association between nurses’ job satisfaction and the nursing work environment (t = 6.42, p < .001). For each one‐unit increase in the total score of the PES‐NWI, nurses’ average job satisfaction increased by 1.3 points, controlling for other factors. Overall, nurses employed in public hospitals were more satisfied than those working in teaching hospitals. The nursing work environment was positively associated with nurses’ intent to stay (t = 4.83, p < .001). The Intent to Stay score increased by 3.6 points for every one‐unit increase in the total PES‐NWI score on average. The highest Intent to Stay scores were reported by nurses from public hospitals.

Conclusions

The work environment was positively associated with nurses’ intent to stay and job satisfaction. More attention should be paid to create positive work environments to increase job satisfaction for nurses and increase their intent to stay.

Clinical Relevance

Hospital and nurse managers and healthcare policymakers urgently need to create satisfactory work environments supporting nursing practice in order to increase nurses’ job satisfaction and intent to stay.
The Paradox of Openness: How Product and Patenting Experience Affect R&D Sourcing in China?
Authors: Wang Tang , Libaers Dirk , Park Haemin Dennis
Published: November 2016

External R&D sourcing may help firms compete in an environment characterized by rapid technological changes. Yet, prior studies have produced conflicting findings on how a firm's technological experience affects the extent to which the firm engages in external R&D sourcing. Although many highlight that firms with extensive technological experience are equipped with more technological knowledge, collaborative skills, and absorptive capacity, encouraging greater levels of external R&D, others suggest the opposite due to potential exchange hazards and partnership conflicts. Adopting an external partner's perspective, the current study reconsiders this “paradox of openness” by analyzing how a focal firm's product experience and patenting experience affect an external partner's tendency to provide external R&D services to the focal firm. Specifically, this study explore how a focal firm's knowledge protectiveness and tacitness embedded in its product and patenting experience influences the external partners' motivation for knowledge transfer. This study predicts that a firm's product experience increases the focal firm's external R&D sourcing because it provides high levels of knowledge tacitness and external openness and can encourage external partners to share and exchange knowledge with the focal firm. In contrast, a firm's patenting experience decreases the focal firm's external R&D sourcing because it denotes knowledge explicitness and protectiveness and may discourage external partners to share and exchange knowledge with the focal firm. This study further predicts that patenting experience has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between product experience and external R&D sourcing. Using a data set of 575 high‐tech firms in China, this study finds support for our predictions. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on the knowledge‐based view and technology entrepreneurship in emerging markets.
“Kind of Natural, Kind of Wrong”: Young People's Beliefs about the Morality, Legality, and Normalcy of Sexual Aggression in Public Drinking Settings
Authors: Tinkler Justine E. , Becker Sarah , Clayton Kristen A.
Published: November 2016

Unwelcome touching, groping, and kissing are illegal, but widely tolerated in public drinking settings. This contingency in the law's response means that patrons routinely negotiate the moral boundaries of nonconsensual sexual contact. We use 197 interviews with college-age individuals to examine the discursive strategies young people employ when negotiating those boundaries. We find that most interviewees have experiences with sexual aggression, do not categorize it as aggression, but advocate for stronger legal punishments against offenders. In accounting for this paradox, they draw on contradictory legal and cultural narratives that both normalize and condemn men's sexual aggression. We build on legal consciousness theories and gender theories by highlighting the complex ways that gender stereotypes enshrined in law are implicated in the construction of a social problem. We also contribute to the sociology of culture by explicating the often unconscious link between culture and action revealed in young people's narratives about sexual aggression.
All the President's Senators: Presidential Copartisans and the Allocation of Federal Grants
Authors: Christenson Dino P. , Kriner Douglas L. , Reeves Andrew
Published: November 2016

Previous scholarship argues that House members' partisan relationship to the president is among the most important determinants of the share of federal dollars they bring home to their constituents. Do presidential politics also shape distributive outcomes in the Senate? Analyzing the allocation of more than $8.5 trillion of federal grants across the states from 1984 to 2008, we show that presidential copartisan senators are more successful than opposition party members in securing federal dollars for their home states. Moreover, presidents appear to target grantsex postto states that gain presidential copartisans in recent elections.
Epidermolysis Bullosa with Pyloric Atresia and Significant Urologic Involvement
Authors: Walker Gregory D. , Woody Meghan , Orrin Elizabeth , Mellerio Jemima E. , Levy Moise L.
Published: November 2016

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare inherited disease that causes epidermal fragility, blistering, and erosions. EB results from a variety of mutations in proteins of the skin and mucous membranes of the body. Mutations in plectin a protein involved in hemidesmosome integrity and function, are associated with subtypes of EB, including EB with pyloric atresia and EB with muscular dystrophy. We present two cases of EB with significant urologic involvement resulting from mutations in plectin.
Experimentally evolved populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida allow the targeting of genomic footprints of selection due to host adaptation
Authors: Eoche‐Bosy D. , Gauthier J. , Juhel A. S. , Esquibet M. , Fournet S. , Grenier E. , Montarry J.
Published: November 2016

In the current agronomical context of pesticide use reduction, deciphering the genetic bases of pathogen adaptation to plant defences is of major importance to improve durability of resistance. Indeed, knowledge of virulence gene frequencies in pathogen populations could allow the prediction of resistance durability before deployment. Globodera pallida is a major pest of potato crops for which a promising resistance QTL, GpaVvrn, has been identified in Solanum vernei. An experimental evolution study, in which G. pallida lineages evolved on resistant or susceptible potato genotypes for up to eight generations, previously showed that G. pallida was able to rapidly overcome GpaVvrn resistance. However, it was not known if enough genetic mixing occurred in these lineages to be able to detect islands of differentiation in a genome scan approach. Here, this question was investigated using 53 polymorphic microsatellite markers distributed along the genome and three different tests based on genetic differentiation and heterozygosity. Eight outlier loci were identified, indicative of genomic regions putatively involved in host adaptation. Several loci were identified by multiple detection methods and/or in two independent adapted lineages. Some candidate genomic regions identified also seemed to be involved in overcoming resistance to nematodes in a plant genotype harbouring the same resistance QTL in a different genetic background. These results validate the feasibility of a genome scan approach on biological material coming from short experimental evolution, and encourage the use of a high coverage genome scan by whole genome resequencing.
Improving new product development using big data: a case study of an electronics company
Authors: Tan Kim Hua , Zhan Yuanzhu
Published: November 2016

Big data is becoming more important to the new product development (NPD) efforts of global firms. Although the term of big data is not new, very few studies have investigated how firms can harvest big data to facilitate NPD. The purpose of this article is to present the means by which big data can be used to assist firms in NPD to shorten the time to market, improving customers’ product adoption and reducing costs. This research is based on a two‐step approach. First, we identified and analysed three world‐leading firms that have successfully integrated big data in supporting their NPD. Then, the observations from the firms were used to determine the principle involved in leveraging big data to reduce product development lead times and costs. Given the exploratory nature of the research objective, a participant‐observation case study is adopted in which during a 6‐month period a NPD project in a fast moving high‐tech industry was investigated. This study provides empirical confirmation for the three principles to big data supported NPD: (a) Autonomy; (b) Connection; and (c) Ecosystem. It is termed the ACE principles which we believe represent a paradigm shift to help firms unlock the power of big data and make NPD faster and less costly. This article provides guideline to firms in harvesting big data to better support their NPD: it allows organisations to launch new products to market as quickly as possible; it helps organisations to determine the weaknesses of the product earlier in the development cycle; it allows functionalities to be added to a product that customers are willing to pay a premium for, while eliminating features they do not want; and it identifies and then prioritises customer needs for specific markets.
Measuring the Impacts of Global Trade Reform with Optimal Aggregators of Distortions
Authors: Laborde David , Martin Will , van der Mensbrugghe Dominique
Published: November 2016

Aggregation of trade distortion measures is essential in applied work, but traditional trade‐weighted average measures are egregiously flawed. This paper shows how appropriate tariff aggregation can overcome underestimation of both efficiency and terms‐of‐trade gains from reform. The improvement is shown to result from better measurement of a distortion effect that is most important in the early stages of reform and a weighting effect that becomes more important as protection is reduced. Applications confirm that the technique can be applied relatively easily, and—with elasticity estimates suggested by the available econometric evidence—point to close to a doubling of the global welfare gains from global trade reform, and dramatic changes in the measured welfare impacts in many individual cases. Sensitivity analysis suggests that, for global trade reform, the ease of substitution between tariff lines is much more important than that between varieties from different countries. We provide an online aggregation tool to allow replication of our analysis or investigation of alternative scenarios for global reform. We hope that this paper will contribute both to wider use of optimal aggregators and improved estimates of the key elasticity parameters.
Citrate metabolism in red blood cells stored in additive solution‐3
Authors: D'Alessandro Angelo , Nemkov Travis , Yoshida Tatsuro , Bordbar Aarash , Palsson Bernhard O. , Hansen Kirk C.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Red blood cells (RBCs) are thought to have a relatively simple metabolic network compared to other human cell types. Recent proteomics reports challenge the notion that RBCs are mere hemoglobin carriers with limited metabolic activity. Expanding our understanding of RBC metabolism has key implications in many biomedical areas, including transfusion medicine.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In‐gel digestion coupled with mass spectrometric analysis proteomics approaches were combined with state‐of‐the‐art tracing experiments by incubating leukofiltered RBCs in additive solution‐3 for up to 42 days under blood bank conditions, in presence of 13C1,2,3‐glucose, 2,2,4,4‐d‐citrate, and 13C,15N‐glutamine.

RESULTS

Results indicate that the pentose phosphate pathway/glycolysis ratio increases during storage in additive solution‐3. While the majority of supernatant glucose is consumed to fuel glycolysis, incorporation of glucose‐derived pentose phosphate moieties was observed in nucleoside monophosphates. Incubation with deuterated citrate indicated that citrate uptake and metabolism contribute to explain the origin of up to approximately 20% to 30% lactate that could not be explained by glucose oxidation and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate consumption alone. Incubation with 13C,15N‐glutamine showed that glutaminolysis fuels transamination reactions and accumulation of millimolar levels of 5‐oxoproline, while de novo glutathione synthesis was not significantly active during refrigerated storage.

CONCLUSION

Quantitative tracing metabolic experiments revealed that mature RBCs can metabolize other substrates than glucose, such as citrate, an observation relevant to transfusion medicine (i.e., formulation of novel additives), and other research endeavors where metabolic modulation of RBCs opens potential avenues for therapeutic interventions, such as in sickle cell disease.
Research on Cold Orbital Forming of Complex Sheet Metal of Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Han Xinghui , Jin Qiu , Hua Lin
Published: November 2016

This study aims at exploring the potentialities of cold orbital forming in forming complex sheet metal. Aiming at a complex mobile phone shell component of aluminum alloy, two technical schemes for cold orbital forming are first presented. Then, the optimized one, i.e., the more complex inner surface of mobile phone shell is arranged to be formed by the rocking punch with a complex motion, is determined by analyzing the nonuniform plastic deformation laws and punch filling behaviors. On the basis of the optimized technical scheme, the blank geometry in cold orbital forming of mobile phone shell is also optimized based on the forming status of the most difficult forming zone. The consistent finite element (FE) simulated and experimental results indicate that under the optimized technical scheme, not only the bosses in the mobile phone shell are fully formed but also the obtained flow lines are reasonable, which proves that the technical scheme presented in this study is feasible and cold orbital forming exhibits huge potentialities in forming complex sheet metal.
Design and Development of Permanent Magneto-Hydrodynamic Hybrid Journal Bearing
Authors: Lijesh K. P. , Hirani Harish
Published: November 2016

Fluid film bearings (FFBs) provide economic wear-free performance when operating in hydrodynamic lubrication regime. In all other operating conditions, except hydrostatic regime, these bearings are subjected to wear. To get wear-free performance even in those conditions, a hybrid (hydrodynamic + rotation magnetized direction (RMD) configured magnetic) bearing has been proposed. The hybrid bearing consists of square magnets to repel the shaft away from the bearing bore. Load-carrying capacities of four configurations of hybrid bearings were determined. The results are presented in this paper. The best configuration of hybrid bearing was developed. A test setup was developed to perform the experiments on the fluid film and hybrid bearings. The wear results of both the bearings under same operating conditions are presented.
Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO
2
emission
Authors: Notz Dirk , Stroeve Julienne
Published: November 2016

Why we are losing sea ice

Arctic sea ice is disappearing rapidly, leading to predictions of an ice-free summer in the near future. Simulations of the timing of summer sea-ice loss differ substantially, making it difficult to evaluate the pace of the loss. Notz and Stroeve observed a linear relationship between the monthly-mean September sea-ice area and cumulative CO
2
emissions. This allowed them to predict Arctic summer sea ice directly from the observational record. Interestingly, most models underestimate this loss.

Science
, this issue p.
747
Live Attenuated Human
Salmonella
Vaccine Candidates: Tracking the Pathogen in Natural Infection and Stimulation of Host Immunity
Authors: Galen James E. , Buskirk Amanda D. , Tennant Sharon M. , Pasetti Marcela F.
Published: November 2016

Salmonellosis, caused by members of the genus
Salmonella
, is responsible for considerable global morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, focusing on human
Salmonella
infections. We will trace the path of
Salmonella
through the body, including host entry sites, tissues and organs affected, and mechanisms involved in both pathogenesis and stimulation of host immunity. Careful consideration of the natural progression of disease provides an important context in which attenuated live oral vaccines can be rationally designed and developed. With this in mind, we will describe a series of attenuated live oral vaccines that have been successfully tested in clinical trials and demonstrated to be both safe and highly immunogenic. The attenuation strategies summarized in this review offer important insights into further development of attenuated vaccines against other
Salmonella
for which live oral candidates are currently unavailable.
Draft Genome Sequence of Methylophaga muralis Bur 1, a Haloalkaliphilic (Non-Methane-Utilizing) Methylotroph Isolated from a Soda Lake
Authors: Trotsenko Yuri A. , Shmareva Maria N. , Doronina Nina V. , Tarlachkov Sergey V. , Mustakhimov Ildar I. , Vasilenko Oleg V.
Published: November 2016

The draft genome sequence of
Methylophaga muralis
strain Bur 1 (VKM B-3046T), a non-methane-utilizing methylotroph isolated from a soda lake, is reported here. Strain Bur 1 possesses genes for methanol and methylamine (methylamine dehydrogenase and N-methylglutamate pathway) oxidation. Genes for the biosynthesis of ectoine were also found.
Nucleotide sequence of plasmid NAH7 gene nahR and DNA binding of the nahR product
Authors: You I S , Ghosal D , Gunsalus I C
Published: November 2016

The nah and sal operons of the 80-kilobase-pair (kb) NAH7 plasmid specify catabolism of naphthalene and salicylate under positive regulation by gene nahR. A 1.75-kb fragment (PstI-HindIII) cloned into the pCP13 derivative of vector RK2 complemented in trans five nahR mutations. The fragment sequence contained a 1,122-base-pair open reading frame with a predicted sequence of 374 residues that was rich in basic amino acids with regions similar to known DNA-binding proteins. Clones from the nahR gene region were expressed in mexicells. Plasmid pY1923, carrying the 1.75-kb PstI-HindIII fragment, expressed a protein of Mr ca. 35,000 which bound to the upstream region of gene nahR in a gel electrophoresis DNA-binding assay. Other clones expressed proteins of currently unknown function; pY1311, with the 1.1-kb HindIII fragment, produced a polypeptide with an Mr of 23,000, and pY1812, with the 1.2-kb PstI-SphI fragment, produced a polypeptide (Mr 41,000) which appeared to be a fused nahR-lacZ product.