bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why do SMEs Implement Open Innovation? The Case of Portugal
Authors:   Católica Porto Business School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal, Julião Jorge , Ferreira Inês , Gaspar Marcelo
Published: June 2022

The concept of open innovation is gaining popularity in both the world of engineering and management. However, despite this growing interest, most existing studies tend to focus mainly on large companies. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore the drivers of the implementation of the open innovation concept in SMEs. This study uses a survey carried out through an online questionnaire that was sent to some Portuguese SMEs. The results show that there is a high level of receptivity to implement open innovation. The findings also suggest the existence of a positive relationship between the application of open innovation and the level of satisfaction with the R&D unit’s performance. Overall, SMEs seem to be more motivated to apply open innovation to improve their innovation process and capacity than to reduce costs, share innovation risks, or improve reputation. Moreover, findings also demonstrate that the main drivers for the adoption of open innovation vary along with company size. For micro-enterprises, the main driver is to complement internal skills. Small enterprises look for the most effective way to develop new products and services whilst medium-sized enterprises are mainly driven to monitor market trends and improve their innovation process.
Import substitution in the manufacturing industries and its impact on the state of the domestic market (on the example of the North caucasian Federal District of Russia)
Authors: Batov G. Kh. , Shogenov T. M.
Published: June 2022

Purpose:of the study is to reveal the potential of individual manufacturing industries of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia in import substitution.

Methods:the study is based on the use of a systematic approach, the use of methods of economic and statistical analysis, scientific abstraction, analogies and scientific generalizations, the macroeconomic and geopolitical context was taken into account, and methods of predictive analytics were used.

Results: an analysis of the state of the clothing, footwear, woodworking and processing industries using the methods of predictive analytics shows that the district has the potential and resources for import substitution. To do this, it is necessary to revive these industries on a new technological basis and expand the legal, economic and financial freedom of action for existing actors. To intensify production processes in industries and increase the productivity of production factors, it is advisable to include individual operations in technological value chains carried out in other regions or create clusters or a group of clusters with the participation of enterprises from related industries.

Conclusions and Relevance: in the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia, it is possible to implement an import substitution policy in the textile, clothing, footwear, woodworking and processing industries. The implementation of such a policy will reduce the level of import dependence, replace imported products with domestic counterparts. This statement is based on the availability of raw materials, technologies and labor resources in the district. The implementation of import substitution measures will have an important social and economic effect, which consists in the fact that it becomes possible to reduce unemployment in the district and create new jobs, as well as replenish regional budgets.
Кey trends in the financial services digital transformation in Russia and their influence on consumer experience: forecast of expertsm
Authors: Prokopova L. G. , Sukhov S. V. , Tverdokhlebova M. D. , Pogorilyak B. I. , Kaderova V. A.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: forecasting the key avenues for financial services digital transformation in Russia and its influence on customer experience based on expert surveys.

Methods: a set of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as marketing research methods – desk and field research. The field research included qualitative method: in-depth interviews with financial market experts. The obtained data were analyzed using content analysis and summarized. Results: the authors provided analysis of secondary data on the main global and local digitalization trends in the financial services market and conducted analytical aggregation of expert opinions on the most likely future changes in the financial services market in the process of digitalization. Analysis of the obtained data enabled to describe three avenues for financial services digital transformation – means of payments digital transformation, payments infrastructure digital transformation and customer interaction models digital transformation. The authors also presented and described the positive and negative influence of the results of digital transformation on the consumer experience.

Conclusions and Relevance: the results of this study emphasize the role of financial services digital transformation in the process of new consumer experience creation. The means of payments digital transformation will ensure the total dominance of digital money within the money circulation system positively affecting consumer experience in terms of growing convenience, speed and cost-cutting. Payment infrastructure digital transformation will positively influence on consumer experience by simplifying the customer identification systems and reducing errors. Customer interaction models digital transformation will enhance the level of seamlessness leading to the full integration of financial services in the day-to-day customer activities. The results of the study can be used to develop strategies enabling to achieve the highest level of competitiveness for the financial service providers in the market.
The potential of digitalization of resource regions of the Russian North
Authors: Egorov N. E. , Kovrov G. S. , Tishkov S. V. , Volkov A. D.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: the study of the current state of the potential level of digitalization of the sectors of the economy of the northern regions of the resource type (NRRT) and to identify possible promising directions for their development.

Methods: the research is based on the application of standard methods of data collection and processing, comparative analysis and rating assessment. The data of the Federal State Statistics Service and statistical collections of the Higher School of Economics for the period 2010–2020 were used.

Results: the rating of the TOP 10 countries of the world on digital competitiveness is presented. A methodological approach is proposed to substantiate the attribution of NRRT subjects to the resource-type category by calculating the share of the statistical indicator "mining" in the structure of the gross regional product. An assessment of the resource dependence of the regions of the Far North was carried out, based on the analysis of which the criteria for assigning eight subjects of the Russian Federation to NRRT were determined. The analysis and assessment of the current state of the level of digitalization of NRRT, which showed the leading positions of the Magadan region, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs, was carried out. It is noted that the level of regional expenditures on the introduction and use of digital technologies does not significantly affect the composite integral index of the digitalization potential of the northern resource–type regions.

Conclusions and Relevance: the development of methodology and research on digitalization of resource regions of the Russian North, the results of which are presented in this article, is being implemented in a number of areas: the development of a conceptual scheme and a system of indicators for monitoring the northern regions; the development and construction of a composite index of development of the digital economy in the regions of the North; the development of methodology for monitoring the development and use of "end-toend" digital technologies (technologies for working with big data); monitoring and assessment of the level of development of the digital economy in the Arctic municipalities; the study of the relationship between socio-economic and digital development of the regions of the Russian North; the development of digital technologies of regional and municipal management and the study of socio-economic effects of their implementation; the study of digital transformation of priority economic sectors of the northern regions.
The global shortage of semiconductor components as a source of the current crisis in the global automotive industry
Authors: Shcherbakov G. A.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: of this article is to identify the causes of the automotive industry crisis in 2020–2022, which led to the shutdown of the conveyor lines of the largest automotive companies around the world, based on the study of the degree of dependence of the automotive industry on microelectronic components.

Methods: in preparing the work, a complex of scientific research methods was used, in particular, the method of system analysis, as well as conceptual-methodological and logical methods.

Results: during the COVID-19 pandemic, the global automotive industry faced two unforeseen shocks that virtually paralyzed production output. The first of them was associated with a deep drop in demand for automotive products. The second – with the complete depletion of the semiconductor industry's production capacity for the release of critical microcircuits necessary for the production of cars. Both events, directly related to the change in consumer behavior during the pandemic, provoked a severe industry crisis, in which the automotive industry has been to this day. The resulting shortage showed the fragility of existing supply chains and the precariousness of the practice of "immediate production" in emergency economic conditions.

Conclusions and Relevance: the crisis of the automotive industry in 2020–2021 proceeded in two stages and was triggered by two mutually exclusive reasons from the point of view of economic theory. The first stage is a drop in demand, a «classic» crisis of overproduction. The second stage of the crisis is a chronic (continuing for a long time) shortage of microelectronic components for automotive production. It is this phenomenon that does not fit into the framework of a generalized understanding of the functioning of market economy mechanisms.
Economic factors of increasing fertility in the Volga Federal District: a retrospective analysis (2000–2020)
Authors: Ildarhanova Ch. I. , Ershova G. N. , Ershova Yu. N. , Ibragimova A. A.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: to determine the economic factors that steadily influenced reproductive trends in the Volga Federal District in 2000-2020, their regional differentiation. The hypothesis of the study: the dynamics of the birth rate is predetermined, among other things, by economic factors (of a general economic nature and economic activity of households). With a positive change in the economic well-being of the population and households, stable prerequisites are formed for the growth of the birth rate in the Volga Federal District.

Methods: the correlation and regression analysis of the total fertility rate and economic predictors for 2000-2020 of the Volga Federal District regions was used. Econometric prerequisites for determining reproductive trends are formed based on changes in macro- and microeconomic indicators of the economic well-being of the region and individual households.

Results: regional differences in the influence of economic factors on fertility are revealed: direct linear dependence on the volume of investments per capita and the level of employment; inverse dependence on the level of poverty and the share of household spending on food (except for the Republic of Bashkortostan). When assessing the inverse linear dependence on the indexation of prices for primary housing, the coefficient of determination is insufficient (except for the Udmurt Republic), as in the case of assessing the impact of the unemployment rate (the factor is insignificant for the Republic of Bashkortostan, Kirov Region, Perm Krai). The growth and decrease in monthly consumer spending lead to a decrease in the birth rate.

Conclusions and Relevance: one-factor regression analysis showed that in the Volga Federal District, the formation of reproductive trends is negatively affected by an increase in the share of spending on essential goods. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a correlation of fertility rates with a steady increase in the level of employment. The presented approach can be used to describe the prerequisites for the formation of stable reproductive trends in other districts and regions of Russia for the implementation of preventive measures of the demographic policy of the state in order to maintain the stability and positive development of the demographic situation, prognostic estimates of trends of deviation from the positive trend.
Increasing the social responsibility of oil and gas companies in the context of the green economy formation: Russian and Western experience
Authors: Gusov A. Z. , Lylova E. V. , Kolganova E. V. , Eyeberdiyeva M. M.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: the main idea of the article is to prove that the level of corporate social responsibility (hereafter CSR) of large gas and oil companies can be improved. This is a necessary condition for providing sustainable development of these companies because on the one hand the new paradigm of their development considers transition to low-carbon technologies, on the other hand, the main activity of gas and oil companies is associated with natural resources consumption, which inevitably leads to certain negative environmental consequences. At the same time, it is these consequences that trigger the process of establishing a green economy.

Methods: the authors conducted a comparative and iterative analysis of the CSR development process of four major Western and four major Russian oil and gas companies.

Results: large oil and gas companies around the world are deeply involved into the implementation of various areas of CSR in different directions to ensure long-term sustainable development. Our analysis showed that CSR areas are different and correspond to the basic set of CSR activities. Also, there are more advanced activities, though this applies only to individual companies. Oil companies have demonstrated certain features in their CSR practice, such as the variety of issues being addressed, the wide presence of intersectoral partnerships, and interaction with social entrepreneurs. However, not all companies are equally involved in the implementation of CSR.

Conclusions and Relevance: the results of research allow us to determine the main reserves for improving the competitiveness of the analysed companies. The practical application of the results of this study is possible in the field of corporate governance, strategic planning for oil and gas companies. The results of the study are also of interest from the point of view of the development of scientific ideas about modern ways of implementing corporate social responsibility and the specifics of its implementation in the oil and gas industry.
Trends in the development of mortgage–backed securities in modern condition
Authors: Niyazbekova Sh. U. , Mottaeva A. B , Eroshkin S. Yu. , Krishtal M. G.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: to identify objective patterns of development of mortgage–backed securities that determine the prospects of this direction to increase its role in the Russian economy.

Methods: the study used general scientific methods of cognition, including comparative analysis, economic–statistical and abstract– logical methods, generalization and complex analysis. The methodological basis is the fundamental provisions of the theory of mortgages, the general theory of mortgage lending, thematic works of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as data from the Analytical Center DOM.RF.

Results: the concept and classification of mortgage–backed securities are considered, the features of securitization are presented. The analysis of factors affecting the price level and profitability of mortgage–backed securities is carried out. The analysis of the state of the mortgage securities market in Russia has been carried out. The analysis of factors that have a significant impact on the current level of prices and yields of Russian mortgage bonds has been carried out. Development problems have been identified.

Conclusions and Relevance: in the conditions of uncertainty in the Russian economy caused by the pandemic, sanctions, geopolitical tensions and inflation, retail investors are seek to secure their savings by investing them in bonds with yields higher than deposit rates. Bank deposits will remain the main way of saving money for the population. The popularity of bond investments will gradually grow, especially among the younger generation. The state has taken the right step towards improving the financial literacy of the Russian population and instilling a culture of investing in various instruments, especially securities. A similar practice should be applied to mortgage–backed securities. It is recommended to use positive experience in attracting individuals to certain segments of the stock market: simplification of access and purchase of mortgage bonds for the ordinary population; information campaign to popularize mortgage bonds as a simple investment tool with optimal compliance with the «risk–return» parameters; provision of state or institutional support measures in the form of tax benefits for investors, or reduced size agency commissions.
Psychometric Function Characteristics of Time- Compressed Persian Words
Authors: Moosapour Bardsiri Mohammadsaleh , Mahdavi Mohammad Ebrahim
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: The psychometric function characteristics (e.g. threshold and slope) of the time-compressed words have not been investigated in previous studies to compile psychometrically homogeneous word lists. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate psychometric function characteristics of monosyllabic time-compressed Persian words to develop psychometrically equivalent time-compressed word lists.
Methods: Two hundred most common monosyllabic words in Persian language were time- compressed at a rate of 40%-85% and presented to 21 participants with normal hearing at  a fixed intensity level. The threshold and slope of the psychometric function for all words were determined using the logistic regression. The compression ratio (CR) for 5%-95% correct recognition was predicted based on the psychometric function fitted to the measured correct recognition score.
Results: Mean CR 50% of the words was in a range of 53%-78%. The mean CR 50% and slope were not significantly different between consonant-vowel-consonant and consonant- vowel-consonant-consonant words. The predicted CR for 5%-95% correct recognition varied from 61.5% to 88.4%. The final result was two 50-word lists of monosyllabic words with the same mean threshold and slope.
Conclusion: Persian time-compressed monosyllabic words have different CR 50% and slope that may interact with their intelligibility.
 
Keywords: Time compression; intelligibility; psychometric function; Persian monosyllabic words
Clinical Significance or Statistical Significance: Which One Should Be Considered for Analyzing the Gain- Frequency Responses of Hearing Aids?
Authors: Moossavi Zahra Sadat , Jalilvand Hamid , Nazeri Ahmadreza , Tabatabaee Seyed Mehdi
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: When analyzing the gain-frequency response of a hearing aid, data can be analyzed both clinically and statistically. This study aimed to investigate and compare the gain-frequency responses using statistical and clinical analyses under active digital noise reduction (DNR-on) and inactive digital noise reduction (DNR-off) conditions.
Methods: The gain-frequency responses of a hearing aid for one of the most well-known commercial digital hearing aid manufacturers were measured using the FP35 hearing aid analyzer (Frye Electronics Inc., USA) by presenting  two types of signals  (digital  speech  and composite noise) at input levels of 65 and 80 dB SPL under the DNR-on and DNR-off conditions. Data analysis was performed both statistically (using Wilcoxon signed rank test) and clinically (using 3 dB difference criterion).
Results: A statistically significant difference was found in the gain-frequency responses for all speech and noise input levels between the two conditions; while a clinically significant difference was observed only at noise input levels of 65 and 80 dB SPL.
Conclusion: For analyzing the hearing aid performance, both clinical and statistical analyses should be considered.
 
Keywords: Digital noise reduction; gain-frequency response; clinical analysis
Relationship between Auditory Processing Abilities and Hearing Aid Benefit in Elderly Individuals with Hearing Impairment
Authors: Chinnaraj Geetha , Parmeshwara Keerthi Sringari , Jain Chandni
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: Cognitive and auditory processing deficits are seen in older individuals with normal hearing sensitivity. Studies on older individuals with hearing impairment have assessed the cognitive function and correlated with hearing devices benefit. Since auditory processing can also affect speech perception abilities, and there is a possible relationship between cognition and some of the  auditory  processing  abilities,  it is essential  to assess  the relationship between auditory processing abilities and hearing aid benefit in naïve and experienced hearing aid users in older adults.
Methods: Fifty individuals in the age range of 51 to 70 years with mild to moderate hearing loss participated in the study. There were 30 participants without any hearing aid experience and 20 participants with hearing aid experience for at least six weeks. Their auditory processing abilities were tested using gap detection test, duration pattern test, speech perception in noise, dichotic consonant-vowel test, masking level difference, forward and backward span tests. The hearing aid benefit was assessed using aided speech perception in noise measures and International Outcome Inventory-Hearing Aids questionnaire in Kannada.
Results: Spearman’s correlation showed only correlation between auditory closure ability  and binaural integration abilities with hearing aid benefit in experienced users. There was no correlation between any other auditory processing abilities and hearing aid benefit.
Conclusion: There is a correlation between a few auditory processes and hearing aid use in elderly individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss.
Keywords: Auditory processing abilities; hearing aid benefit; hearing aid users; working memory
Auditory	Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder in Brown- Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome
Authors: Talebi Hossein
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: This study shows the clinical symptoms pertinent to auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) for a 16-year-old girl with Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome (BVVL). The results have been followed for six years between 2015 and 2021.
The Case: In the present study, auditory test battery including tympanometry, acoustic reflex, pure tone audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response were utilized and repeated three times during six years.
Conclusion: In the first session, the results revealed bilaterally normal transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, absent acoustic reflexes (ipsilateral and contralateral), mild to moderate low tone loss in the pure tone audiometry, no auditory brain stem responses at high stimulus intensities and different polarities and present cochlear microphonic component in single polarities. In the second session, pure tone audiometry showed slight to mild high tone loss but the other tests demonstrated their same results. In the final session, the latter results were repeated. In this comprehensive follow up study, the patient with BVVL demonstrated clinical symptoms of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder in which auditory system showed an impairment in the auditory temporal synchronization and encoding.
Keywords: Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome; auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder; auditory brainstem response; pure tone audiometry
Relationship between Physical Activity and Coping Styles in the Face of Covid-19 Epidemic among Women in Ahvaz
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Masoumeh , Janbozorgi Maryam
Published: June 2022

Background & Objective: Decreased levels of physical activity during the COVID-19 epidemic can cause physical and psychological problems for the individual. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and control coping styles in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic in Ahvaz, Iran.
Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study and the research population includes females in Hamidiyeh Ahvaz, Iran, who were studying in 2019-2020. In this regard, 208 females were selected based on Cochran’s formula and random sampling for participation in the study. Beck’s physical activity questionnaires and Coping Styles Questionnaire in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish statistical relationships.
Results: The results only showed a significant relationship between social support coping style and physical activity (physical activity related to leisure time) (r= 0.142, p= 0.044). There was no significant relationship between physical activity (related to work, sport, leisure time and total) and any of the other coping styles (Confrontation, Avoidance, Self-control, Responsibility, Escape and avoid, Problem solving, Positive estimation) (p≥0.05).
Conclusion: During the COVID-19 epidemic, physical activity related to leisure time was positively associated with social support coping style but all other cases we did not observe a significant relationship between physical activity and coping styles with Covid-19.
Antileishmanial Activity of New Steroidal Saponin Isolated from the Flowers of Allium Austroiranicum
Authors: Delazar Zeinab , Ashrafi Mahrouz , Sadeghi Dinani Masoud
Published: June 2022

Background & Objective: Plants are reservoirs of bioactive compounds, which are known to be chemically balanced, effective and least injurious as compared to synthetic medicines. The current resistance and the toxic effects of the available drugs have brought the trend to assess the antileishmanial effect of various plant extracts and their purified compound/s. Alliums are rich sources of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and sulphuric compounds of which steroidal saponins have recently received more attention due to their important pharmacological activities. Allium austroiranicum is a common edible vegetable in western regions of Iran, especially in “Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari” province, where it is named “Lopo” and is considerably used as a raw vegetable, flavoring agent, and as a medicinal plant.
Materials & Methods: The chloroform-methanolic extract was fractionated using MPLC, and the appropriate fractions were then subjected to isolation and purification of the constituents by HPLC. Structure elucidation was done using comprehensive spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR. Antileishmanial effects of the isolated compound against the promastigotes of Leishmania major were evaluated using MTT method.
Results: Phytochemical investigation of chloroform-methanol extract of the plant resulted in the isolation and identification of a Nicotianoside C related steroidal saponin and its chemical structure was determined as (25S)-5α-Spirostan-1β,3βdiol-3-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)}-[β-D-glucopyranoside}. Investigation of in vitro antileishmanial activity of the isolated compound, in 10 and 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations, exhibited significant leishmanicidal effects against the promastigotes of Leishmania major.
Conclusion: The results established a valuable basis for further studies about A. austroiranicum and anti-parasitic activity of steroidal saponins.
The Protective Effect of Curcumin on the Proliferation and Colonization of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Gamma-Irradiated Rats
Authors: Azarmi Sareh , Hoseini Pajooh Khosro , Tajik Parviz , Lashkari Marziye
Published: June 2022

Background & Objective: One of the side effects of radiotherapy can be damage to spermatogonial stem cells that may lead to spermatogenesis disorders and sterility. Protective effects of curcumin on normal cells against radiotherapy side effects have already been shown. In the current study, the protective effects of curcumin on the spermatogonial stem cells against gamma radiation were evaluated.
Materials & Methods: This study was done on 50 adult rats in 10 experimental groups. Four groups were injected 0, 25, 50, or 100mg/kg of curcumin in 1ml olive oil for 15 days intraperitoneally, then exposed to radiation at 2 Gy on the next day. Also, four groups were treated like above but without radiation; and two groups as control with and without radiation. The day after radiation, all of the rats were euthanatized, their testes were removed, and they underwent enzymatic digestion to co-culture spermatogonial stem cells. After 12 days, the colonization of spermatogonial stem cells was assessed.
Results: There was a significant decrease in the colonization of spermatogonial stem cell proliferation in groups that had taken radiation but not curcumin. There was a significant increase in the colonization of spermatogonial stem cells in the group which had taken radiation whit maximum curcumin compared with the other irradiated groups and was similar to non-irradiated control animals. Colonization of spermatogonial stem cells in non-irradiated animals treated with curcumin had increased compared with control groups.
Conclusion: Injection of curcumin can protect spermatogonial stem cells against radiation. Thus, curcumin may prevent sterility in men who undergo radiotherapy.
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Uses in Orthopedic Open Fracture: A Current Concept Review
Authors: Moazen Jamshidi Mir Mansour , Tabrizi Behzad Nezhad , Fallah Ehsan , Ebrahimian Mazaher , Salehi Ali , Moharram Alireza , Mortazavi Seyed Mohammad Javad
Published: June 2022

During an open fracture, the barrier of skin that protects the bones is breached, and the unprotected bones are exposed to the environment, resulting in contamination that leads to hematoma formation. It is often found that open fractures are associated with a high rate of morbidity and infection. In spite of the lack of evidence supporting negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), open fractures may benefit from it. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that it can be used to treat open fractures and open complex wounds after failure of arthroplasty or spinal surgery. Based on the recent studies and evidence, we reviewed the role of the NPWT in the open fracture in the present study.
The Dorr Type and Cortical Thickness Index just Below the Lesser Trochanter and its Comparison with Cortical Thickness Index Ten Centimeters Below the Tip of the Lesser Trochanter: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sadeghpour Alireza , Ghaffari Seyed Hamed , Ganjpour Sales Jafar , Aslani Hossein , Zeinalzadeh Ali Hossein
Published: June 2022

Background: Quality of the bone before surgery determines the choice of the appropriate prosthesis and the surgical approach as well as the result of total hip arthroplasty (THA). The proximal femur morphology determines the decision of cemented or uncemented THA, and the Dorr classification is often employed for this purpose.
Methods: 100 patients over the age of 40 who had been referred to the emergency department of Shohada Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, for any reason and had an accurate pelvic anteroposterior (AP) X-ray with proximal femur were included in this study, and Dorr classification and mean cortical thickness index (CTI) just below the lesser trochanter and 10 cm below it were measured.
Results: In this study, the Dorr classification differed significantly in men and women, and type C was higher in women. Classification is strongly subjected to the surgeon's clinical experience, and training class significantly affects it. There was a significant relationship (P < 0.001) between the CTI 10 cm below the trochanter and just below it.
Conclusion: The proximal femur morphology covers a wide range. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the exact morphology, especially for groups B and C. There was also a significant correlation between the mean CTI below the lesser trochanter and 10 cm below it. Therefore, we think this is a practical and most straightforward method for classifying proximal femur morphology with cortical index (CI) just below the lesser trochanter and 10 cm below it, especially for inexperienced training residents.
Recombinant probiotic-Based Vaccines; Attractive vehicles for immunization via mucosal routes
Authors: Nabizadeh Seyyed Fatemeh , Dehqan Fatemeh , Khashei Varnamkhasti Khalil
Published: June 2022

Introduction: The importance of genetically modified microorganisms, including probiotics, now widely have considered as attractive vehicles for mucosal delivery of therapeutic molecules. Previous studies have indicated that mucosal administration of these molecules can effectively trigger humoral along with cellular immune responses. Therefore, development of induction of mucosal immune responses, utilizing of recombinant probiotics-based vaccines, as live delivery vectors with no side effects in humans, may contribute to effectiveness of control strategies against infection agents.
Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Women Referred to Urology Clinics in Yazd City in 2019-2020
Authors: Karami Hormoz , Abedinzadeh Mehdi , Khanizadeh Maryam , Ahrari Mohsen , Ayatollahi Alireza , Alipor Hojjat
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Urinary incontinence is one of the most common problems among women that has significant effects on various aspects of their lives. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence and risk factors in women aged 40-60 years referred to urology clinics affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University in Yazd City in 2010-2011.
Methods: This cross-sectional study performed on 200 randomly selected women aged 40-60 years referred to urology clinics. Questionnaire containing demographic information and questions related to determining urinary incontinence and type of urinary incontinence and risk factors (age, weight, height, BMI, age of onset of menopause, age of onset of menopause, number of deliveries, age at first delivery, number of vaginal deliveries, number Cesarean delivery, menopause, diabetes, hypertension, constipation, chronic lung disease, use of contraceptive hormones, postmenopausal hormone therapy, smoking, obsession) were completed by face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 software using Chi-square and t-test.
Results: The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women aged 40-60 years referred to these clinics was 54%. The highest prevalence was stress urinary incontinence with 89.2%, followed by urge (48.6%) and mixed incontinence (47.7%), respectively. In the study of risk factors, a significant relationship was observed between taking birth control pills and urinary incontinence (P=0.032), constipation and stress and urgency urinary incontinence (P=0.046); there was also a significant relationship between taking birth control pills and not having mixed urinary incontinence (P=0.02).
Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women referred to urology clinics is high and in order to reduce the incidence of urinary incontinence, diet change is recommended.
Evaluation of the Correlation between Spiritual Health and Depression in Dental Students of Clinical Stage in 2020
Authors: Habibi Hoora , Alaee Arezoo , Hasani Gholamhossein
Published: June 2022

Introduction: The widespread prevalence of depression in society is one of the biggest concerns today. Spiritual health affects depression and plays an important role in improving the quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between spiritual health and depression in general and residency dental students of Islamic Azad  University of Medical Sciences
Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 166 students  of 5th semester and higher were selected through census. Demographic questionnaires of Palutzian and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire and Beck depression questionnaire were used to collect data. Participants' information was entered into PASS statistical software version 11 and data analysis was performed using ANOVA tests and correlation coefficients.
Results: In the study, 166 students were included by census. Among all the factors measured, marital status had a direct and significant relationship with spiritual health (P=0.022). Moreover, the history of physical and mental illness had an inverse and significant relationship with spiritual health (P=0.034). Educational status and history of physical and mental illness had a statistically direct and significant relationship with depression (P=0.014, P=0.064). People who had no history of physical or mental illness and were married had higher spiritual health, and people who studied in higher semesters and had a history of physical and mental illness had more depression. Finally, spiritual health and depression showed an inverse and significant relationship (P≤0.0001).
Conclusion: A study of the results obtained from dentistry students showed that there was a significant and inverse correlation between spiritual health and depression.
Antioxidant defense system: regulation of metabolic processes, genetic determinants, methods of determination
Authors: Nikitina O. A. , Darenskaya M. A. , Semenova N. V. , Kolesnikova L. I.
Published: June 2022

An increase in peroxidation activity is considered as a nonspecific process characteristic of the pathogenesis of various diseases accompanied by antioxidant deficiency. As bioregulators that can increase defense, antioxidants are important links in a multi-stage system of regulation and coordination of various body functions. The structure and function of enzymes involved in the regulation of oxidative stress can be significantly affected by genetic polymorphism. To date, the role of genes encoding the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of many diseases remains unexplored, which is of great interest to researchers from various fields. The article presents a review and analysis of data from modern scientific literature on the role of antioxidant defense components in the regulation of metabolic processes, their genetic determinant, and summarizes data on modern methods for the determination of some antioxidants. When writing the review, the database of the scientific electronic library eLibrary was used, the keywords are oxidative stress, free radical oxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, antioxidant response element, research methods; filters – publication years 2012–2022, publications with full text, publications available for viewing; English-language database of medical and biological publications, created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), keywords – lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, oxidative stress, metabolism, methods.
SILICON CONTENT IN BIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES ON ANIMALS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Authors:   ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России, Егорова Н.А. , Михайлова Р.И. ,   ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России, Рыжова И.Н. ,   ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России, Морозова Г.Д. ,   ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. С.Н. Голикова» ФМБА России, Кочеткова М.Г. ,   ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России
Published: June 2022

Представлен один из аспектов проблемы биологической роли кремния – его содержание в организме человека и животных. До 1970-х гг. кремний рассматривали как инертный универсальный транзитный загрязнитель без каких-либо определенных биологических свойств, «случайное напоминание о нашем геохимическом происхождении или показатель воздействия на окружающую среду». Позднее стали обращать внимание на тот факт, что кремний − третий (после физиологически значимых железа и цинка) по распространенности в организме человека микроэлемент, что способствовало проведению дальнейших исследований его содержания в отдельных органах и тканях. В обзоре собраны данные об общем количестве кремния в организме человека и животных, сведения о его процентном содержании в некоторых внутренних органах человека, концентрациях в коже, ногтях, волосах, зубной эмали, межпозвоночных дисках, тканях молочных желез, в сыворотке, плазме и цельной крови, образцах желчи, панкреатического сока, спинномозговой, плевральной, перитонеальной, синовиальной и амниотической жидкостей и в моче. Представлены результаты изучения наличия кремния в таких биологических субстратах животных, как сыворотка крови, ткани разных отделов толстого кишечника, мышечные ткани, кости, кожа, внутренние органы – печень, почки, сердце, легкие, трахея, пищевод, мозг, субклеточные фракции печени, включая ядра, митохондрии и микросомы. Обращено внимание на возможность влияния возраста и пола на уровни кремния в органах и биологических жидкостях человека и животных. Отмечено, что в большинстве исследований содержания кремния в биологических субстратах использованы атомно-абсорбционные и атомно-эмиссионные методы анализа. Данные о присутствии кремния в разных частях организма человека не всегда полностью совпадают и не всегда непосредственно сопоставимы, однако хорошо иллюстрируют динамизм взаимодействия кремния с биологическими субстратами, способствуя ответу на вопрос – является ли кремний микроэлементом и истинно эссенциальным элементом для человека.
METHODICAL ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL OF TOXIC ELEMENTS IN URINE BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors:   ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Лобанова Ю.Н. , Коробейникова Т.В. ,   ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Серебрянский Е.П. ,   ООО «Микронутриенты», Морозова Г.Д. ,   ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России»
Published: June 2022

Контроль качества в современной лабораторной практике включает в себя определение метрологических характеристик, таких как воспроизводимость, правильность и прецизионность. В работе проведена оценка качества определения токсических элементов в моче методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой согласно ГОСТ Р 53133.2-2008. Измерение химических элементов (Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Tl) в контрольных материалах мочи методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой показало допустимую повторяемость и прецизионность. Установлено, что повторяемость результатов приемлема, так как коэффициент внутрисерийной вариации метода не превышает половины максимально допустимого значения коэффициента общей аналитической вариации. Таким образом, учитывались случайные и систематические ошибки. Оценка лабораторного контроля качества определения токсических элементов в моче методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой выявила возможность использования этого метода в клинико-диагностических и научных лабораториях.
Civil activity of generations in modern Russian society
Authors: Parma Roman
Published: June 2022

The article presents the results of a sociological study of the manifestations of social activity of representatives of various age groups (young, mature, old age) of citizens of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is caused by the need to assess the scale and specifics of intergenerational contradictions and gaps in modern Russian society. These contradictions are due to disproportions in the demographic structure of the population and the financial situation of generations. Intergenerational gaps are manifested primarily in differences in value systems, vision of the image of the future, mastery of digital skills, as well as in the practices of forms of activity and motivations for civil participation.

The study is based on the theory of generations. The network approach was chosen as the methodological basis. The method of collecting empirical data was an online survey of Russian citizens aged 15 years and older (N = 1600), the formation of a sample population was subject to representation by age, gender and area of residence. The study compared the civil activity of generations by the level of social interaction, readiness for joint actions and the intensity of civil actions. There were revealed differences in the problem field and motives for civil participation of generations. The study shows the preferred forms of civic engagement of generations in offline and online spaces. The revealed ratio of forms of civil activity is compared with the data of the survey of the social and political activity of Russians VCIOM-Sputnik. The vision by different age groups of key ways for the development of civil engagement is also indicated.

The article partly explains generational gaps by age differences in the choice of informational channels and the level of digital skills. If previouly in offline civil engagement, a higher level of participation corresponded to an increase in the age of citizens, then in the digital environment, the younger generation shows a greater readiness for civil action. Based on the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion about the low potential of civil engagement, that is due to the frustration of Russians' social relations during periods of socialisation of generations. The author believes that there is a weak social interaction and a high level of disunity between citizens in Russian society. The younger generation, despite the high declared civil activity, unlike the older generations, is not disposed to make significant efforts in social activity and shows a penchant for collectivist forms of participation. With a weak potential for activity, the development of Russian civil society can be facilitated by the assistance of state institutions that harmonise relations between generations.
Desigualdades algorítmicas
Authors: Añón Roig María José
Published: June 2022

Este artículo propone un análisis sobre las desigualdades originadas o reforzadas por el uso de los modelos y programas de aprendizaje automático que encuentran una de sus principales justificaciones en el principio de precisión predictiva, así como sobre algunas respuestas que cabe esperar del sistema jurídico para abordarlas. Este tema ha sido tratado fundamentalmente bien a través de la tutela del derecho a la privacidad y la protección de datos, bien mediante la elaboración de códigos éticos. Aquí se adoptarán dos perspectivas distintas a las anteriores. En primer lugar, el enfoque del riesgo, marco en el que se ha emplazado recientemente la regulación europea de la inteligencia artificial y desde el que se examinarán las obligaciones vinculadas a las prácticas consideradas de alto riesgo. En segundo lugar, la perspectiva del Derecho antidiscriminatorio; en este sentido, se analizarán las virtualidades y los límites del este sector delos ordenamientos jurídicos. La finalidad de este artículo es mostrar que si el Derecho antidiscriminatorio ha de responder a las prácticas más controvertidas de los modelos algorítmicos, ha de superar la visión binaria de la teoría antidiscriminatoria y ser interpretada como una teoría jurídica con capacidad para transformar la realidad social.