bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ulcerative interstitial cystitis in an adolescent successfully treated with complete transurethral ulcer resection: A case report
Authors: Yuki Eri , Obara Kenji , Kuroki Hiroo , Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Yamana Kazutoshi , Tadokoro Akira , Hiruma Kaede , Tomita Yoshihiko
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Interstitial cystitis is difficult to treat and may affect adolescents.

Case presentation

A 15‐year‐old girl presented with severe pain upon terminal micturition that persisted for approximately 2 hours. The pain had been present for more than 1 month. Cystoscopy revealed severe erosion throughout the trigone. Transurethral fulguration did not improve her symptoms. However, complete electric resection of the ulcer markedly reduced the symptom. After complete resection, pain on urination disappeared and she has had no pain without medication for 15 months.

Conclusion

Complete resection not fulguration of the ulcer is effective for interstitial cystitis in adolescent female patients.
Effects of laser shock peening on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of a nickel–titanium alloy
Authors: Zhang Ruixia , Mankoci Steven , Walters Nicholas , Gao Hongyu , Zhang Hao , Hou Xiaoning , Qin Haifeng , Ren Zhencheng , Zhou Xianfeng , Doll Gary L. , Martini Ashlie , Sahai Nita , Dong Yalin , Ye Chang
Published: December 2018

Nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy is an attractive material for biomedical implant applications. In this study, the effects of laser shock peening (LSP) on the biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, ion release rate and hardness of NiTi were characterized. The cell culture study indicated that the LSP‐treated NiTi samples had lower cytotoxicity and higher cell survival rate than the untreated samples. Specifically, the cell survival rate increased from 88 ± 1.3% to 93 ± 1.1% due to LSP treatment. LSP treatment was shown to significantly decrease the initial Ni ion release rate compared with that of the untreated samples. Electrochemical tests indicated that LSP improved the corrosion resistance of the NiTi alloy in simulated body fluid, with a decrease in the corrosion current density from 1.41 ± 0.20 μA/cm2 to 0.67 ± 0.24 μA/cm2. Immersion tests showed that calcium deposition was significantly enhanced by LSP. In addition, the hardness of NiTi alloy increased from 226 ± 3 HV before LSP to 261 ± 3 HV after LSP. These results demonstrated that LSP is a promising surface modification method that can be used to improve the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of NiTi alloy for biomedical applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1854–1863, 2019.
Notoginsenoside R1 protects oxygen and glucose deprivation‐induced injury by upregulation of miR‐21 in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Liu Zengjia , Wang Haiyang , Hou Guoliang , Cao Honglei , Zhao Yan , Yang Baofa
Published: December 2018

Notoginsenoside R1 (NG‐R1) is a major component of Panax notoginseng, which has been used clinically for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy for centuries in China. This study aimed to reveal the functional impacts and the underlying mechanisms of NG‐R1 on oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD)‐injured cardiomyocytes. Rat cardiomyocyte line H9c2 and primary cardiomyocytes were subjected to OGD with or without NG‐R1 treatment. The expression levels of miR‐21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the cell were altered by microRNA, vector or short‐hairpin RNA transfections. Thereafter, changes in cell viability, apoptosis, and PI3K/AKT signaling were monitored. NG‐R1 with low concentrations had no impact on H9c2 cells viability, but 80 μM of NG‐R1 significantly reduced cell viability. NG‐R1 (20 μM) protected H9c2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes against OGD‐induced cell damage, as cell viability was increased, apoptotic cell rate was reduced, and Bax, cleaved caspase‐3 and ‐9 were downregulated by addition of NG‐R1. MiR‐21 was low expressed in response to OGD exposure, while was highly expressed by NG‐R1 treatment. PTEN was a direct target of miR‐21. More interestingly, OGD‐induced cell damage could be recovered by miR‐21 overexpression or PTEN silence. Furthermore, PTEN silence recovered OGD‐blocked PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. To conclude, this study demonstrated that NG‐R1 exerted remarkable benefits in reduction of OGD‐induced cardiomyocyte loss. The cardioprotective actions of NG‐R1 possibly via upregulation of miR‐21, repressing the expression of miR‐21's target PTEN and thereby preventing the blockage of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Physician referral to a psychologist: Testing alternative behavioral healthcare seeking models
Authors: Hammer Joseph H. , Spiker Douglas A. , Perrin Paul B.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Primary care physicians (PCPs) often refer patients to psychological services, but help‐seeking factors in the context of behavioral healthcare referral are understudied. This study examined perceptions of seeking psychological help for depression by comparing alternative structural equation models derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).

Method

Internet survey participants (N = 685 US adults, 77% female,
M
age = 45) imagined themselves in a vignette scenario in which they are experiencing depression symptoms and encouraged by a PCP to see a psychologist.

Results

Results supported the indirect model, in which the links between distal help‐seeking factors (i.e., self‐stigma, symptom recognition, perceived effectiveness of treatment) and intention to follow through on the referral to the psychologist were fully mediated by the more proximal TRA factors (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, etc).

Conclusions

Our findings supported the use of TRA in understanding peoples’ intention to seek psychological help for depression when referred by their PCP.
The Influence of Hero and Villain Labels on the Perception of Vice and Virtue Products
Authors: Masters Tamara M. , Mishra Arul
Published: December 2018

The placement of heroes and villains is ubiquitous on labels and packages in the marketplace. In this research, we examine the influence of a hero versus a villain label on the preference for virtue versus vice products. Across seven laboratory and field studies, we find that consumers derive higher utility for a hero (villain) label with a vice (virtue) food than from a hero (villain) label with a virtue (vice) food. Relying on a coherence‐based explanation, we propose that a hero label adds a beneficial aspect to vice foods, making them appear less harmful, whereas a villain label adds an edgy aspect to virtue foods, making them appear more fun. This research provides insights into the effect of hero and villain branding and offers implications for marketing strategy and public policy.
Breast lesion detection and characterization with contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: Prospective randomized intraindividual comparison of gadoterate meglumine (0.15 mmol/kg) and gadobenate dimeglumine (0.075 mmol/kg) at 3T
Authors: Clauser Paola , Helbich Thomas H. , Kapetas Panagiotis , Pinker Katja , Bernathova Maria , Woitek Ramona , Kaneider Andreas , Baltzer Pascal A.T.
Published: December 2018

Background

Contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE‐MRI) of the breast is highly sensitive for breast cancer detection. Multichannel coils and 3T scanners can increase signal, spatial, and temporal resolution. In addition, the T1‐reduction effect of a gadolinium‐based contrast agent (GBCA) is higher at 3T. Thus, it might be possible to reduce the dose of GBCA at 3T without losing diagnostic information.

Purpose

To compare a three‐quarter (0.075 mmol/kg) dose of the high‐relaxivity GBCA gadobenate dimeglumine, with a 1.5‐fold higher than on‐label dose (0.15 mmol/kg) of gadoterate meglumine for breast lesion detection and characterization at 3T CE‐MRI.

Study Type

Prospective, randomized, intraindividual comparative study.

Population

Eligible were patients with imaging abnormalities (BI‐RADS 0, 4, 5) on conventional imaging. Each patient underwent two examinations, 24–72 hours apart, one with 0.075 mmol/kg gadobenate and the other with 0.15 mmol/kg gadoterate administered in a randomized order. In all, 109 patients were prospectively recruited.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T MRI with a standard breast protocol (dynamic‐CE, T2w‐TSE, STIR‐T2w, DWI).

Assessment

Histopathology was the standard of reference. Three blinded, off‐site breast radiologists evaluated the examinations using the BI‐RADS lexicon.

Statistical Tests

Lesion detection, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated per‐lesion and per‐region, and compared by univariate and multivariate analysis (Generalized Estimating Equations, GEE).

Results

Five patients were excluded, leaving 104 women with 142 histologically verified breast lesions (109 malignant, 33 benign) available for evaluation. Lesion detection with gadobenate (84.5‐88.7%) was not inferior to gadoterate (84.5–90.8%) (P ≥ 0.165). At per‐region analysis, gadobenate demonstrated higher specificity (96.4–98.7% vs. 92.6–97.3%, P ≤ 0.007) and accuracy (96.3–97.8% vs. 93.6–96.1%, P ≤ 0.001) compared with gadoterate. Multivariate analysis demonstrated superior, reader‐independent diagnostic accuracy with gadobenate (odds ratio = 1.7, P < 0.001 using GEE).

Data Conclusion

A 0.075 mmol/kg dose of the high‐relaxivity contrast agent gadobenate was not inferior to a 0.15 mmol/kg dose of gadoterate for breast lesion detection. Gadobenate allowed increased specificity and accuracy.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1157–1165.
Hyperbaric storage at variable room temperature – a new preservation methodology for minced meat compared to refrigeration
Authors: Fernandes Pedro AR , Moreira Sílvia A , Santos Mauro D , Duarte Ricardo V , Santos Diana I , Inácio Rita S , Alves Susana P , Bessa Rui JB , Delgadillo Ivonne , Saraiva Jorge A
Published: December 2018

Hyperbaric storage (HS) at variable room temperature (RT) has been proposed as an alternative to refrigeration at atmospheric pressure (RF/AP) for food preservation. Little information is available regarding the effect of HS in meat products. In this study the RT/HS effect was evaluated at 100 MPa and variable RT (≈20 °C) for minced meat preservation up to 24 h, initially for one batch. A further two different batches were studied independently. Microbiological and physicochemical parameters were analyzed to assess the feasibility of RT/HS, using storage at RF/AP and variable RT/AP (≈20 °C), for comparison. A post‐hyperbaric storage (post‐HS) was also tested over 4 days at RF/AP. For the first batch the results showed that RT/HS allowed a decrease of the total aerobic mesophile value (P < 0.05) when compared to the initial sample, whereas at RF/AP and RT/AP, values increased to > 6 Log CFU g−1 after 24 h. Similarly, Enterobacteriaceae increased > 1 and > 2 Log CFU g−1 at RF/AP and RT/AP, respectively, while yeasts and molds presented similar and lower overall loads compared to the initial samples for all storage conditions, whereas RT/HS always allowed lower counts to be obtained. Regarding pH, lipid oxidation, and color parameters, RT/HS did not cause significant changes when compared to RF/AP, except after 24 h, where pH increased. The three batches presented similar results, the differences observed being mainly due to the heterogeneity of the samples. RT/HS is a potential quasi‐energetic costless alternative to RF for at least short‐term preservation of minced meat. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Modular A4 invariance and neutrino mixing
Authors: Kobayashi Tatsuo , Omoto Naoya , Shimizu Yusuke , Takagi Kenta , Tanimoto Morimitsu , Tatsuishi Takuya H.
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We study the phenomenological implications of the modular symmetry Γ(3) ≃ A
4 of lepton flavors facing recent experimental data of neutrino oscillations. The mass matrices of neutrinos and charged leptons are essentially given by fixing the expectation value of modulus τ, which is the only source of modular invariance breaking. We introduce no flavons in contrast with the conventional flavor models with A
4 symmetry. We classify our neutrino models along with the type I seesaw model, the Weinberg operator model and the Dirac neutrino model. In the normal hierarchy of neutrino masses, the seesaw model is available by taking account of recent experimental data of neutrino oscillations and the cosmological bound of sum of neutrino masses. The predicted sin2
θ
23 is restricted to be larger than 0.54 and δ
CP = ±(50°-180°). Since the correlation of sin2
θ
23 and δ
CP is sharp, the prediction is testable in the future. It is remarkable that the effective mass m

ee
of the neutrinoless double beta decay is around 22 meV while the sum of neutrino masses is predicted to be 145 meV. On the other hand, for the inverted hierarchy of neutrino masses, only the Dirac neutrino model is consistent with the experimental data.
A semi-classical Schwinger-Keldysh re-interpretation of the 4D Majorana fermion mass term
Authors: Chu Yi-Zen
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We offer a semi-classical re-interpretation of the 4D Majorana fermion mass term as an ‘influence action’ in the Schwinger-Keldysh formulation of fermionic Quantum Field Theories.
Deep learning as a parton shower
Authors: Monk J. W.
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We make the connection between certain deep learning architectures and the renormalisation group explicit in the context of QCD by using a deep learning network to construct a toy parton shower model. The model aims to describe proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. A convolutional autoencoder learns a set of kernels that efficiently encode the behaviour of fully showered QCD collision events. The network is structured recursively so as to ensure self-similarity, and the number of trained network parameters is low. Randomness is introduced via a novel custom masking layer, which also preserves existing parton splittings by using layer-skipping connections. By applying a shower merging procedure, the network can be evaluated on unshowered events produced by a matrix element calculation. The trained network behaves as a parton shower that qualitatively reproduces jet-based observables.
The Schwarzian theory — a Wilson line perspective
Authors: Blommaert Andreas , Mertens Thomas G. , Verschelde Henri
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We provide a holographic perspective on correlation functions in Schwarzian quantum mechanics, as boundary-anchored Wilson line correlators in Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity. We first study compact groups and identify the diagrammatic representation of bilocal correlators of the particle-on-a-group model as Wilson line correlators in its 2d holographic BF description. We generalize to the Hamiltonian reduction of SL+(2, ℝ) and derive the Schwarzian correlation functions. Out-of-time ordered correlators are determined by crossing Wilson lines, giving a 6j-symbol, in agreement with 2d CFT results.
Two Higgs doublets and a complex singlet: disentangling the decay topologies and associated phenomenology
Authors: Baum Sebastian , Shah Nausheen R.
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We present a systematic study of an extension of the Standard Model (SM) with two Higgs doublets and one complex singlet (2HDM+S). In order to gain analytical understanding of the parameter space, we re-parameterize the 27 parameters in the Lagrangian by quantities more closely related to physical observables: physical masses, mixing angles, trilinear and quadratic couplings, and vacuum expectation values. Embedding the 125 GeV SM-like Higgs boson observed at the LHC places stringent constraints on the parameter space. In particular, the mixing of the SM-like interaction state with the remaining states is severely constrained, requiring approximate alignment without decoupling in the region of parameter space where the additional Higgs bosons are light enough to be accessible at the LHC. In contrast to 2HDM models, large branching ratios of the heavy Higgs bosons into two lighter Higgs bosons or a light Higgs and aZboson, so-called Higgs cascade decays, are ubiquitous in the 2HDM+S. Using currently available limits, future projections, and our own collider simulations, we show that combining different final states arising from Higgs cascades would allow to probe most of the interesting region of parameter space with Higgs boson masses up to 1 TeV at the LHC withL= 3000 fb−1of data.
Singlet Dirac fermion dark matter with mediators at loop
Authors: Hisano Junji , Nagai Ryo , Nagata Natsumi
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We study the phenomenology of singlet Dirac fermion dark matter in the simplified models where the dark matter interacts with the Standard Model particles at loop-level with the help of either colored or non-colored mediators. We especially focus on the implications of non-zero CP phases in the dark sector, which induce the electric dipole moments of the Dirac fermion dark matter as well as those of electron and nucleon. It is then found that the dark matter direct detection searches and the measurements of the electric dipole moments are able to test the singlet Dirac fermion dark matter scenario in the forthcoming experiments.
Adding flavour to the S-matrix bootstrap
Authors: Córdova Lucía , Vieira Pedro
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We explore the S-matrices of gapped, unitary, Lorentz invariant quantum field theories with a global O(N) symmetry in 1+1 dimensions. We extremize various cubic and quartic couplings in the two-to-two scattering amplitudes of vector particles. Saturating these bounds, we encounter known integrable models with O(N) symmetry such as the O(N) Gross-Neveu and non-linear sigma models and the scattering of kinks in the sine-Gordon model. We also considered more general mass spectra for which we move away from the integrable realm. In this regime we find (numerically, through a large N analysis and sometimes even analytically) that the S-matrices saturating the various coupling bounds have an extremely rich structure exhibiting infinite resonances and virtual states in the various kinematical sheets. They are rather exotic in that they admit no particle production yet they do not obey Yang-Baxter equations. We discuss their physical (ir)relevance and speculate, based on some preliminary numerics, that they might be close to more realistic theories with particle production.
Magnetotransport in multi-Weyl semimetals: a kinetic theory approach
Authors: Dantas Renato M. A. , Peña-Benitez Francisco , Roy Bitan , Surówka Piotr
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We study the longitudinal magnetotransport in three-dimensional multi-Weyl semimetals, constituted by a pair of (anti)-monopole of arbitrary integer charge (n), with n = 1,2 and 3 in a crystalline environment. For any n > 1, even though the distribution of the underlying Berry curvature is anisotropic, the corresponding intrinsic component of the longitudinal magnetoconductivity (LMC), bearing the signature of the chiral anomaly, is insensitive to the direction of the external magnetic field (B) and increases as B
2, at least when it is sufficiently weak (the semi-classical regime). In addition, the LMC scales as n
3 with the monopole charge. We demonstrate these outcomes for two distinct scenarios, namely when inter-particle collisions in the Weyl medium are effectively described by (a) a single and (b) two (corresponding to inter- and intra-valley) scattering times. While in the former situation the contribution to LMC from chiral anomaly is inseparable from the non-anomalous ones, these two contributions are characterized by different time scales in the later construction. Specifically for sufficiently large inter-valley scattering time the LMC is dominated by the anomalous contribution, arising from the chiral anomaly. The predicted scaling of LMC and the signature of chiral anomaly can be observed in recently proposed candidate materials, accommodating multi-Weyl semimetals in various solid state compounds.
Evidence for Stable Holocene Basin‐Scale Overturning Circulation Despite Variable Currents Along the Deep Western Boundary of the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Hoffmann Sharon S. , McManus Jerry F. , Swank Emerson
Published: December 2018

While substantial changes in thermohaline circulation related to deglacial climate variability are well established, the role of this circulation in Holocene climate variability remains uncertain. Here we use two dynamical proxies, 231Pa/230Th ratios and mean sortable silt size (
), to reconstruct Holocene bottom water circulation at the intermediate‐depth Carolina Slope. We find no substantial change in deep current speed or 231Pa export at this site during the Holocene, suggesting consistent 231Pa export via the Deep Western Boundary Current.
shows increasing millennial‐scale variability in the middle‐late Holocene, which may reflect Labrador Sea Water contribution to current speed. We conclude that deepwater export from the North Atlantic has remained remarkably stable during the Holocene, decoupled from changing rates of specific water masses, while production of these water masses varied at millennial to centennial time scales. The persistence of the large‐scale overturning may reflect the ocean's stabilizing influence on Holocene climate.
Climatology and Anomaly of the Quasi‐Two‐Day Wave Behaviors During 2003–2018 Austral Summer Periods
Authors: Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xian‐Kang , Yang Cheng‐Yun , Jia Mingjiao , Huang Kai‐Ming , Huang Chun‐Ming , Zhang Shao‐Dong
Published: December 2018

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry satellite instrument has been measuring the mesospheric global temperature since February 2002, providing the longest continuous data set to statistically study the climatology and anomaly of the quasi‐two‐day waves (QTDWs), including the westward zonal wave number 2 (W2), 3 (W3), and 4 (W4) modes. It is found that the W2 QTDW generally peaks earliest, followed by the W3 mode with the W4 QTDW being amplified lastly. This temporal pattern is always disordered during the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) periods. The temperature oscillations of the QTDW usually peak at nearly the same period at different altitudes and different latitudes for a certain case but would be different from year to year. The statistical results show that the periods of the W2 QTDWs are more frequently observed to be at 45–48 hr and the periods of the W3 mode are mostly confined between 45 and 52 hr. Nevertheless, the oscillations of the W4 QTDW peak more dispersedly between 41 and 56 hr. The W3 QTDW is usually the strongest among the three modes, whereas it is sometimes equal to or even weaker than W2 and W4 QTDWs, especially during SSW periods. Besides, we found that the vertical distribution of the W3 QTDW splits into a bimodal structure during the SSW periods of 2006 and 2011. And the solar cycle trend of the QTDWs is frequently disturbed by a 2‐ to 5‐year variability, which seems to be a common feature for all the QTDW modes.
Evaluating Cloud Feedbacks and Rapid Responses in the ACCESS Model
Authors: Colman Robert , Brown Josephine R. , Franklin Charmaine , Hanson Lawson , Ye Harvey , Zelinka Mark D.
Published: December 2018

A cloud feedback diagnostic package is implemented in the Australian Community Climate and Earth‐System Simulator General Circulation Model, based on the methodology of “cloud radiative kernels.” Using separate increased sea surface temperature and CO2 experiments, both the “rapid response” cloud contribution to forcing and temperature‐mediated cloud feedbacks are analyzed. Under increased temperature and CO2 changes, temperature‐mediated cloud radiative feedback dominates over the rapid response in the final radiative response. Cloud feedback is positive in both long and short wave, with short wave dominating global values. Contributing most to this are low to mid‐level clouds, of medium‐to‐high optical thickness. As a means of illustration of the methodology, a number of key parameters related to clouds, precipitation, and convection that are typically used in “tuning” in the model are modified. These changes result in substantial impacts on the model's current climate, but only modest changes to rapid response and feedbacks occur globally, regionally, and as a function of cloud optical thickness and height. This limited set of experiments shows that cloud adjustments and feedbacks in this model are robust under these changes, lending confidence that both model climate change projections and the conclusions of attribution studies are not overly sensitive to such parameterization tuning. Of course, a considerably larger set of experiments would be needed to demonstrate that feedbacks and rapid response are robust under the wider set of tuning adjustments commonly undertaken.
Phase Functions of Typical Lunar Surface Minerals Derived for the Hapke Model and Implications for Visible to Near‐Infrared Spectral Unmixing
Authors: Yang Yazhou , Li Shuai , Milliken Ralph E. , Zhang Hao , Robertson Kevin , Hiroi Takahiro
Published: December 2018

Laboratory spectrophotometric measurements of minerals common on the lunar surface (olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite) are measured over a wavelength range of 0.4 to 2.5 μm to better understand the effects of the particle phase function (PF; P[g]) on the application of Hapke's radiative transfer model to reflectance spectra of lunar materials. One objective of this work is to determine if accounting for wavelength‐dependent photometric effects can improve spectral estimates of mineral abundance in lunar materials, particularly that of ilmenite. We also discuss a two‐step calibration method to correct for the non‐Lambertian behavior and wavelength dependence of the common reference standard Spectralon. Both a two‐term Legendre polynomial representation of the PF and the Henyey‐Greenstein PF are examined. We use our results to apply the Hapke radiative transfer model to reflectance spectra of lab mixtures and test the effects of different PF characteristics and assumptions. Laboratory spectra indicate that ilmenite exhibits more backward scattering behavior compared with silicate minerals, which are more forward scattering. We find that the variations in PF can affect derived single‐scattering albedo values and thus spectral unmixing results. Because single‐scattering contribution dominates the reflectance properties of dark minerals such as ilmenite, large uncertainties in derived single‐scattering albedo values can be introduced by small changes in PFs. However, it is observed that the use of a wavelength‐dependent PF does not produce significant differences in spectral unmixing results for binary and ternary silicate mixtures.
Dynamic Hyporheic Zones: Exploring the Role of Peak Flow Events on Bedform‐Induced Hyporheic Exchange
Authors: Singh Tanu , Wu Liwen , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Lewandowski Jörg , Hannah David M. , Krause Stefan
Published: December 2018

Discharge varies in space and time, driving hyporheic exchange processes in river corridors that affect biogeochemical cycling and ultimately control the dynamics of biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments. Herein, we use a reduced‐order model to conduct the systematic analysis of the interplay between discharge variability (peak flow intensities, duration, and skewness) and streambed topography (bedform aspect ratios and channel slopes) and their role in the flow and transport characteristics of hyporheic zones (HZs). We use a simple and robust conceptualization of single peak flow events for a series of periodic sinusoidal bedforms. Using the model, we estimate the spatial extent of the HZ, the total amount of exchange, and the residence time of water and solutes within the reactive environment and its duration relative to typical time scales for oxygen consumption (i.e., a measure of the denitrification potential). Our results demonstrate that HZ expansion and contraction is controlled by events yet modulated by ambient groundwater flow. Even though the change in hyporheic exchange flux (%) relative to baseflow conditions is invariant for different values of channel slopes, absolute magnitudes varied substantially. Primarily, peak flow events cause more discharge of older water for the higher aspect ratios (i.e., for dunes and ripples) and lower channel slopes. Variations in residence times during peak flow events lead to the development of larger areas of potential nitrification and denitrification in the HZ for longer durations. These findings have potential implications for river management and restoration, particularly the need for (re)consideration of the importance of hyporheic exchange under dynamic flow conditions.
The Bias‐Detecting Ensemble: A New and Efficient Technique for Dynamically Incorporating Observations Into Physics‐Based, Multilayer Snow Models
Authors: Winstral A. , Magnusson J. , Schirmer M. , Jonas T.
Published: December 2018

The reliance on distributed energy‐ and mass‐balance snow models as runoff forecasting tools has been increasing. Compared to traditional, conceptual forecasting approaches, these physics‐based tools are robust to conditions that deviate from historic norms and offer improved performance in potentially dangerous rain‐on‐snow events. The physics‐based simulations, however, depend on a large suite of accurate forcing data. Current numerical weather prediction products are capable of supplying the full range of required data, but systematic biases are often present. Data assimilation presents a means of compensating for such errors as well as potential snow model errors, yet currently available data assimilation techniques have limited usefulness in these snow models. This study introduced an alternative technique that similarly uses observations to update and improve simulations. As such, it is the first method to incorporate point snow observations in a fully distributed, physics‐based, multilayer snow model while conserving mass and maintaining physically consistent layer states that are in accord with observations. At the core of this technique is an ensemble of predetermined perturbations to the model forcings termed the bias‐detecting ensemble. Ensemble members were evaluated using observed snow depths to ascertain potential biases at nearly 300 sites across Switzerland. The bias assessments were distributed to 38 independent sites and incorporated into the model. Tests were conducted over three winter seasons using two numerical weather prediction‐based products with varying quality. Averaged across the 38 sites and 3 seasons, the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency score for bias‐detecting ensemble‐corrected snow depth was 0.98 compared to 0.81 without the bias‐detecting ensemble method.
Fast, sensitive, selective and reversible fluorescence monitoring of TATP in a vapor phase
Authors: An Yanqin , Xu Xiaojie , Liu Ke , An Xuan , Shang Congdi , Wang Gang , Liu Taihong , Li Hong , Peng Haonan , Fang Yu
Published: December 2018

A low-cost, portable, reusable, visible paper-based fluorescent sensor for the sensitive detection of TATPviavapor sampling is reported.
VC2 and V1/2Mn1/2C2 nanosheets with robust mechanical and thermal properties as promising materials for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Bingwen , Zhang Weiyi , Meng Qiangqiang , Fan Lele , Zhang Qinfang
Published: December 2018

In this paper, vanadium carbides VC2 and bi-transition-metal carbides V1/2Mn1/2C2 are predicted to be stable metallic nanosheets showing promising mechanical properties.
Pandora's box of binary tungsten iodides
Authors: Ströbele Markus , Meyer Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2018

More than 20 binary tungsten iodides have been discovered. This was possible due to a new synthesis of W3I12 through halide exchange reaction and by thermal scanning. Depending on the I2 partial pressure compounds can incorporate or release I2. On heating they undergo self-reduction. Some tungsten iodide clusters can be directly transferred into solution.
A novel low-temperature resistive NO gas sensor based on InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well-embedded p–i–n GaN nanorods
Authors: Reddeppa Maddaka , Park Byung-Guon , Chinh Nguyen Duc , Kim Dojin , Oh Jae-Eung , Kim Tae Geun , Kim Moon-Deock
Published: December 2018

In gas sensors, metal oxide semiconductors have been considered as favorable resistive-type toxic gas sensing materials.
2D few-layer iron phosphosulfide: a self-buffer heterophase structure induced by irreversible breakage of P–S bonds for high-performance lithium/sodium storage
Authors: Fan Chao-Ying , Zhang Xiao-Hua , Shi Yan-Hong , Xu Hai-Yang , Zhang Jing-Ping , Wu Xing-Long
Published: December 2018

2D few-layer FePS3 is proposed for high-performance and low-temperature lithium/sodium storage through the synergism of oriented nanoengineering and intrinsic phase evolution.
Converting benzene into γ-graphyne and its enhanced electrochemical oxygen evolution performance
Authors: Li Qiaodan , Yang Chaofan , Wu Lulu , Wang Hui , Cui Xiaoli
Published: December 2018

2D γ-graphyne is mechanosynthesized by using benzene and its effective oxygen evolution reaction performance is demonstrated.
Class of easily implementable fixed‐length to variable‐length balanced binary line codes
Authors: da Rocha V.C. , de Lemos‐Neto J.S. , Pacheco A.F.
Published: December 2018

This Letter introduces a class of fixed‐length to variable‐length balanced binary line codes. By considering fixed size blocks of source digits, a balanced line code is constructed by appending a minimum number of 0's or 1's to each such block in order to produce words having equal number of 0's and 1's, i.e. balanced words of variable length. By taking into account the design constraint of being easily implementable in practice, the construction introduced achieves high coding efficiency and is at least asymptotically optimal in terms of redundancy.
Performance enhancement of double hard limited 2D atmospheric OCDMA system using aperture averaging and spatial diversity
Authors: Yadav Ajay , Kar Subrat , Jain Virander Kumar
Published: December 2018

The probability of error of a new two‐dimensional (2D) code, one‐coincidence frequency hopping code/quadratic congruence code, atmospheric optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system is evaluated with single hard limiter and double hard limiter in presence of weak, moderate and strong turbulence. In the atmospheric channel, weak turbulence is characterised by lognormal probability density function (pdf) and moderate and strong turbulence by gamma‐gamma pdf. Further, aperture averaging and spatial diversity techniques are used to improve the error probability () of double hard limited 2D atmospheric OCDMA system. The increment in the receiver aperture diameter from 2 to 10 cm improves performance in presence of weak, moderate and strong turbulence. This improvement in performance is due to aperture averaging. In addition, spatial diversity also improves performance in presence of turbulence and different weather conditions, i.e. light fog, light mist, haze and clear air. For an eight user system, is achievable with light mist, haze and clear air in presence of weak, moderate and strong turbulence. With light fog, eight users can communicate (can achieve ) in presence of weak turbulence and not in moderate and strong turbulence.
Optimal control of a class of semi‐linear stochastic evolution equations with applications
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Cai Qianqian , Ren Zhigang , Zhang Huanshui , Fu Minyue , Wu Zongze
Published: December 2018

In this study, the authors derive a new type of maximum principle for both stochastic evolution and parabolic type stochastic partial differential systems. The systems only require the Hamiltonian functional to be concave in the state variable rather than in both state and control variables. They also show a connection between these two types of systems. Finally, examples are given to illustrate the authors' theoretical results.
Slope‐compensated interferogram filter with ESPRIT for adaptive frequency estimation
Authors: Li Shijin , Zhang Shubi , Gao Yandong , Zhang Qiuzhao
Published: December 2018

Interferometric phase filtering represents an indispensable step in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data processing. However, conventional filtering methods fail to make a balance between the noise elimination and phase preserving in strong noise environments or dense fringe regions. This in turn leads to an inaccurate interferometric phase. To overcome this problem, the authors introduce the concept of slope‐compensated filter based on the local adaptive frequency estimation. This method uses the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRITs), based on the singular value decomposition of the correlation matrix and generalised eigenvalue solution for providing an accurate local fringe frequency. Meanwhile, the size of the estimation window is adaptively determined by the coherence coefficient, and the judgement and modification of the invalid frequency estimation are utilised to further improve the accuracy of the local fringe frequency. Moreover, the authors consider a two‐stage with the back projection technique to further eliminate the noise residual and improve the filtering performance. The simulated and TerraSAR‐X add‐on for Digital Elevation Measurements (TanDEM) data sets are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that this method is capable of efficiently reducing the noise level as well as minimising the loss of the signal, outperforming other conventional methods.
Cooperative distributed predictive control for collision‐free vehicle platoons
Authors: Zheng Huarong , Wu Jun , Wu Weimin , Negenborn Rudy R.
Published: December 2018

The rapidly developing computing and communication technologies improve the autonomy of individual vehicles on the one hand and facilitate the coordination among vehicles on the other. In the context of dynamic speed management, this study considers a platoon of intelligent vehicles that are required to maintain desired inter‐vehicle spaces and to respond to speed changes in a collision‐free, stable and cooperative way. The platoon is modelled as a cascaded network with linear longitudinal vehicle dynamics, independent physical constraints, and coupling safety constraints. In the case of global information sharing, the authors first propose a centralised collision‐free solution on the basis of model predictive control that guarantees asymptotic platoon tracking of speed changes and satisfaction of system constraints during the transient process. A cooperative distributed approach is then further proposed on the basis of the alternating direction method of multipliers resulting in a scheme involving communication only with the roadside infrastructure, e.g. the speed manager. Vehicles in a platoon conduct parallel computation while still achieving global optimal performance and coordination with respect to the collision avoidance constraints. Convergence properties of the distributed solutions are established for the concerned vehicle platoon problem. Simulation results show satisfactory platoon performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Tricore photonic crystal fibre based refractive index sensor for glucose detection
Authors: Natesan Ayyanar , Govindasamy Kuppusamy Peramandai , Gopal Thavasi Raja , Dhasarathan Vigneswaran , Aly Arafa Hussein
Published: December 2018

An enhanced compact sensitivity of glucose sensor in the presence of human blood using tricore photonic crystal fibre is numerically proposed where one hollow channel filled by analyte acts as liquid core and remain two cores considering the silica substrate. The uniqueness of this structure is single material substrate and capable of tuning its sensitivity with minimum variation of glucose concentration (g/l) to detect the low level presence of glucose in the human blood. The transmission spectrum shows the maximum wavelength shift for x‐polarisation at 470 nm, and 440 nm for y‐polarisation to the response of refractive index of glucose resulting enhanced average sensitivity of 23,267.33 nm/RIU achieved at 470 nm of wavelength shift. The entire analysis and its mechanism of the proposed structure are applied with help of finite‐element method.
Non‐isolated high‐voltage gain dual‐input DC/DC converter with a ZVT auxiliary circuit
Authors: Zhu Binxin , Zeng Qingdian , Vilathgamuwa Don Mahinda , Li Yang , She Xiaoli
Published: December 2018

A non‐isolated high‐voltage gain dual‐input DC/DC converter with a zero voltage turn‐off (ZVT) auxiliary circuit has been presented. Two photovoltaic (PV) modules can be connected to the proposed converter with separate maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The cost of whole PV power generation system can be decreased significantly as a single converter is employed instead of two converters. All switches can achieve ZVT by an auxiliary circuit, and turn‐off switching losses can be decreased and the efficiency of the converter can be improved. Working principle and performance characteristics of the proposed converter are analysed in detail, a dual‐input maximum power point tracking control algorithm has been designed for the proposed converter. An 800 W experimental prototype has been built to verify the theoretical analysis.
Sensorless current model control for permanent magnet synchronous motor based on IPID with two‐dimensional cloud model online optimisation
Authors: Wei Haifeng , Tao Heng , Duan Fuqiao , Zhang Yi , Li Yuanjiang , Luo Zhihong
Published: December 2018

In this study, a sensorless current model control algorithm for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is investigated based on intelligent proportion integration differentiation (IPID) with two‐dimensional cloud model online optimisation. To obtain a relatively accurate rotor position and speed estimation, in virtual rotating coordinate system, estimation of the position and speed is performed using a current error between an actual current and the model current obtained from a current model of the motor. Simultaneously, a type of IPID with parameter dynamic real‐time self‐tuning function is designed to adjust the speed and current loop in the current model control. By introducing the chaos particle swarm optimisation (CPSO) algorithm to optimise the control parameters offline, the entire control system is in the optimised state, then the two‐dimensional cloud model online adjustment module is used to perform real‐time tuning. The experimental results show that the new control algorithm proposed can accurately estimate the real‐time rotor position and speed, which effectively avoids the influence of back EMF harmonics, and it has the robustness to motor internal parameter perturbation and external load disturbance.
Fault location method for transmission grids based on time difference of arrival of wide area travelling wave
Authors: Chen Rui , Yin Xianggen , Li Yilin
Published: December 2018

In allusion to fault location failure on wide area travelling‐wave‐based fault location methods caused by the indeterminate shortest transmission path of initial travelling wave and the inaccurate travelling wave velocity, this study proposed a novel fault location method for complex transmission grids based on the time difference of arrival of wide area travelling wave. Firstly, the shortest transmission path in the loop network is determined online by using the time difference of arrival of the initial travelling wave measured at both ends of the fault line. Then, the travelling wave velocity and accurate fault distance are calculated by fusing arrival time of wide area initial travelling waves via the least‐square estimation. The phase current travelling wave is used for the proposed method, and the S transform is used for detecting the arrival time of phase current travelling wave at the Nyquist frequency. The proposed method avoids the phase‐mode transformation and the matching between the actual fault condition and the pre‐determined shortest transmission path. The proposed method can also exactly calculate the fault distance without obtaining the travelling wave velocity. The performance of the proposed method is verified by the power systems computer aided design/electro magnetic transients in DC system (PSCAD/EMTDC) simulation results.
Short switch fault diagnosis method for power converter using a model‐based approach in switched reluctance motor drives
Authors: Yang Wenhao , Gou Bin , Lei Yu , Wang Jun
Published: December 2018

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is a competitive solution for aircraft and automotive applications due to its fault‐tolerant capabilities and robust configuration. Power converter is a key component in SRM drives, but it prone to faults. In this study, a new and fast diagnosis method for short‐circuit fault of the SRM converter is proposed based on the mixed logical dynamic (MLD) model and residual generation. Effects of short‐circuit fault on SRM drives are analysed in detail. The MLD model of an asymmetrical half‐bridge converter of SRM drives is presented to evaluate the currents of the power converter. The short‐circuit faulty switch is identified by analysing the system residual, achieved by comparing the outputs of the MLD model and the sensor measurements. In contrast to other methods, the presented method requires no additional hardware but only measured phase currents and command signals, which are available in the control system. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed diagnosis method. It is shown that such diagnosis method can identify the faulty switch of the power converter in a few milliseconds, which is important to avoid catastrophic consequences. It is fast, reliable and easy for industrial applications due the low‐computational requirement.
Motion of metallic particle near the conical insulator of UHVAC gas‐insulated transmission line
Authors: Sun Gang , Zhang Bo , Zhong Jianying , Guo Yujing , Liu Hongyu
Published: December 2018

The UHV gas‐insulated transmission line (GIL) has the advantages of large transmission capacity, high operation reliability, and environmental friendliness. It is suitable for the power transmission of hydropower stations and nuclear power stations and the restricted environmental or geographical conditions. China is constructing a single‐phase length of 5.8 km from Suzhou to Nantong UHVAC GIL over the Yangtze River project. However, due to the large size of the UHV GIL, the long standard units, and the large capacity, it is of great significance to study the motion of metallic particles near the disc insulator for the safety and stability of UHV GIL. Taking the typical insulation structure of UHVAC GIL as an example, a numerical model of the movement of spherical metal particles near the conical insulator was established. The influence of different initial positions, different loading voltages, and different particle quality on the motion characteristics of the particles was analysed. The conclusions of the study provide theoretical support for the design of insulation structure and engineering application of UHVAC GIL.
Constitutive model of shape memory alloy under the effect of martensite plasticity for finite‐element applications
Authors: Zou Aicheng , Wang Yanping , Zhang Qidong
Published: December 2018

This study is focused on the superelastic Ni‐based shape memory alloy (SMA) for finite‐element applications. SMA has presented excellent characterisations in biomedical application, mechanical application, aerospace application, seismic prevention, disaster reduction and so on. In this study, a SMA constitutive model is proposed that is capable of describing SMA superelastic features and its plasticity effects. Finally, the analysed results show good ability to predict the experimental data.