bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring an ultrashort, ultraviolet pulse in a slowly responding, absorbing medium
Authors: Jones Travis , Peters William K. , Efimov Anatoly , Yarotski Dmitry , Trebino Rick , Bowlan Pamela
Published: March 2021

Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a common technique for measuring ultrashort laser pulses using an instantaneous, nonlinear-optical interaction as a fast time-gate to measure the pulse intensity and phase. But at high frequencies, materials are often absorbing and it is not always possible to find a medium with a fast nonlinear-optical response. Here we show that an ultrashort, ultraviolet (UV) pulse can be measured in a strongly absorbing medium, using the absorption as the nonlinear-optical time-gate. To do this, we build on our recent implementation of FROG, known as induced-grating cross-correlation FROG (IG XFROG), where an unknown, higher-frequency pulse creates a transient grating that is probed with a lower-frequency, more easily detectable reference pulse. We demonstrate this with an 800 nm reference pulse to characterize 400 nm or 267 nm pulses using ZnS as the nonlinear-optical medium, which is absorptive at and below 400 nm. By scanning the delay between the two UV pulses which create the transient grating, we show that the phase-sensitive instantaneous four-wave-mixing contribution to the nonlinear signal field can be detected and separated from the slower, incoherent part of the response. Measuring a spectrally-resolved cross-correlation in this way and then applying a simple model for the response of the medium, we show that a modified generalized projections (GP) phase-retrieval algorithm can be used to extract the pulse amplitude and phase. We test this approach by measuring chirped UV pulses centered at 400 nm and 267 nm. Since interband absorption (or even photoionization) is not strongly wavelength-dependent, we expect IG XFROG to be applicable deeper into the UV.
Demonstration of a fiber optical communication system employing a silica microsphere-based OFC source
Authors: Salgals Toms , Alnis Janis , Murnieks Rihards , Brice Inga , Porins Jurgis , Andrianov Alexey V. , Anashkina Elena A. , Spolitis Sandis , Bobrovs Vjaceslavs
Published: March 2021

The fabrication of microsphere resonators and the generation of optical frequency combs (OFC) have achieved a significant breakthrough in the past decade. Despite these advances, no studies have reported the experimental implementation and demonstration of silica microsphere OFCs for data transmission. In this work, to the best of our knowledge, we experimentally for the first time present a designed silica microsphere whispering-gallery-mode microresonator (WGMR) OFC as a C-band light source where 400 GHz spaced carriers provide data transmission of up to 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK modulated signals over the standard ITU-T G.652 telecom fiber span of 20 km in length. A proof-of-concept experiment is performed with two newly generated carriers (from 7-carrier OFC) having the highest peak power. The experimental realization is also strengthened by the modeling and simulations of the proposed system showing a strong match of the results. The demonstrated setup serves as a platform for the future experimental implementation of silica microsphere WGMR-OFC in more complex WDM transmission system realizations with advanced modulation schemes.
Formation of polarization-dependent optical vortex beams via an engineered microsphere
Authors: Zhou Yan , Hong Minghui
Published: March 2021

In this work, we propose a method that can realize switchable spatial arrangement of the donut-shaped focusing beams through an engineered microsphere, tuned by changing the polarization state of an incident light. In this polarization-dependent light manipulation, the engineered microsphere is designed and fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB). We simulate and experimentally characterize the focus performance of the engineered microsphere. Under the light incidence with radial polarization, multiple focused donut beams are formed along optical axis. By adding an additional linear polarizer with a rotatable relative angle, the pair of donut beams can be re-arranged in the same transverse plane and stay close to each other. Experimental results and numerical simulation are in good agreement. Such tunable polarization-dependent micro-optics can be used for multiplane imaging applications.
Compact OPCPA system seeded by a Cr:ZnS laser for generating tunable femtosecond pulses in the MWIR
Authors: Fuertjes Pia , von Grafenstein Lorenz , Ueberschaer Dennis , Mei Chao , Griebner Uwe , Elsaesser Thomas
Published: March 2021

A compact mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system generates sub-150 fs pulses at wavelengths from 5.4 to 6.8 µm with

>

400

µ

J

energy at a 1 kHz repetition rate. A femtosecond Cr:ZnS master oscillator emitting 40 fs pulses at 2.4 µm seeds both a Ho:YLF regenerative amplifier and a two-stage OPCPA based on

Z
n
G
e

P

2

crystals. The 2.05 µm few-picosecond pump pulses from the Ho:YLF amplifier have an energy of 13.4 mJ. Seed pulses for the OPCPA are generated by soliton self-frequency shifting in a fluoride fiber and are tunable between 2.8 and 3.25 µm with a sub-100 fs duration and few-nanojoule energy. The intense MWIR pulses hold strong potential for applications in ultrafast mid-infrared nonlinear optics and spectroscopy.
Primary vitrectomy for degenerative and tractional lamellar macular holes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Parisi Guglielmo , Fallico Matteo , Maugeri Andrea , Barchitta Martina , Agodi Antonella , Russo Andrea , Longo Antonio , Avitabile Teresio , Castellino Niccolò , Bonfiglio Vincenza , Dell’Omo Roberto , Furino Claudio , Cennamo Gilda , Rejdak Robert , Nowomiejska Katarzyna , Toro Mario , Marolo Paola , Ventre Luca , Reibaldi Michele
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To assess the efficacy of vitrectomy in degenerative and tractional lamellar macular holes (LMHs) by meta-analysis of published studies.

Methods

PubMed, Medline and Embase databases were searched up to May 2020. Included cohorts were divided into three groups: degenerative LMH group, lamellar hole associated epiretinal proliferation (LHEP) group and tractional LMH group. LHEP is likely to be associated with degenerative LMHs, but less commonly could be associated with mixed LMHs. To reduce risk of possible misclassification bias, eyes with LHEP which could not have been precisely classified by the authors, were included into the LHEP group. The primary outcome was to investigate the visual change following primary vitrectomy in the degenerative LMH and LHEP group versus the tractional LMH group. A sensitivity analysis excluding the LHEP group was also performed on the primary outcome. Mean difference (MD) in best corrected visual acuity between baseline and post-treatment was calculated, along with 95% confidence interval (CI). Rate of incidence of post-operative full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) was assessed as secondary outcome.

Results

Thirteen studies were included. Pooled analyses including all groups showed a significant visual improvement following vitrectomy (pre-post MD = -0.17;95%CI = -0.22,-0.12;p<0.001), with no difference in visual improvement between the degenerative LMH and LHEP group and the tractional LMH group. The sensitivity analysis excluding LHEP group confirmed no difference in visual change between the degenerative LMH group (pre-post MD = -0.18;95%CI = -0.24,-0.12;p<0.001) and the tractional LMH group (MD = -0.16;95%CI = -0.26,-0.07;p<0.001). The incidence rate of post-operative FTMH was higher in the degenerative LMH and LHEP group than in the tractional LMH group (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Primary vitrectomy for LMH ensured a favorable visual outcome, with no difference in visual gain between degenerative and tractional LMHs. However, a higher incidence of post-operative FTMHs was found in eyes with the degenerative LMH subtype.
Metal artifact reduction and tumor detection using photon-counting multi-energy computed tomography
Authors: Lee Chang-Lae , Park Junyoung , Nam Sangnam , Choi Jiyoung , Choi Yuna , Lee Sangmin , Lee Kyoung-Yong , Cho Minkook
Published: March 2021

Metal artifacts are considered a major challenge in computed tomography (CT) as these adversely affect the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Several approaches have been developed to address this problem. The present study explored the clinical potential of a novel photon-counting detector (PCD) CT system in reducing metal artifacts in head CT scans. In particular, we studied the recovery of an oral tumor region located under metal artifacts after correction. Three energy thresholds were used to group data into three bins (bin 1: low-energy, bin 2: middle-energy, and bin 3: high-energy) in the prototype PCD CT system. Three types of physical phantoms were scanned on the prototype PCD CT system. First, we assessed the accuracy of iodine quantification using iodine phantoms at varying concentrations. Second, we evaluated the performance of material decomposition (MD) and virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) using a multi-energy CT phantom. Third, we designed an ATOM phantom with metal insertions to verify the effect of the proposed metal artifact reduction. In particular, we placed an insertion-mimicking an iodine-enhanced oral tumor in the beam path of metallic objects. Normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) was performed for each energy bin image, followed by an image-based MD and VMI reconstruction. Image quality was analyzed quantitatively by contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measurements. The results of iodine quantification showed a good match between the true and measured iodine concentrations. Furthermore, as expected, the contrast between iodine and the surrounding material was higher in bin 1 image than in bin 3 image. On the other hand, the bin 3 image of the ATOM phantom showed fewer metal artifacts than the bin 1 image because of the higher photon energy. The result of quantitative assessment demonstrated that the 40-keV VMI (CNR: 20.6 ± 1.2) with NMAR and MD remarkably increased the contrast of the iodine-enhanced region compared with that of the conventional images (CNR: 10.4 ± 0.5) having 30 to 140 keV energy levels. The PCD-based multi-energy CT imaging has immense potential to maximize the contrast of the target tissue and reduce metal artifacts simultaneously. We believe that it would open the door to novel applications for the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases.
Evaluación para el aprendizaje. Configuración en Moodle de un taller de evaluación entre iguales, autoevaluación y coevaluación
Authors: Martín Cilleros María Victoria , Sánchez-Gómez María Cruz , González Ortega Eva , Izquierdo Álvarez Vanesa
Published: March 2021

Se presenta una guía basada en la experiencia de direferentes docentes al llevar a cabo una actividad de taller de evaluación entre iguales desde Moodle. Esta experiencia ha permitido detallar los aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta desde que se configura hasta que se cierra la actividad, tratando de solventar las dudas que a los propios profesores les ha surgido cuando han utilizado otras guías, además de detalles que han ido surguiendo en la puesta en práctica. Se ha comprobado la utilidad de la guía con la última versión implantada en Moodle, haciendo en los casos que sean necesarios la comparación entre las dos últimas versiones.
Pérdidas, Muerte y Duelo ante pandemias: “Poner amor donde hay dolor”. El velo pintado, El amor en tiempos de cólera y La ciudad de la alegría
Authors: Acinas Acinas M.ª Patricia
Published: March 2021

El dolor del duelo tras una pérdida real o percibida es un dolor que invade nuestra vida y transforma nuestra biografía. Una situación de epidemia o pandemia provoca que la muerte se produzca en condiciones más duras y complejas; en ocasiones impide la despedida afectiva de la persona fallecida por mantener las normas que evitan el contagio de la enfermedad. Y el dolor se acrecienta. Entre las diversas maneras de afrontar el dolor de la pérdida, está prestar atención al amor que nos ha dejado la persona fallecida o las personas que nos rodean tras el deceso. Vamos a extraer varias enseñanzas de tres películas que nos hablan de la muerte desde lo más profundo del corazón.
Māturīdite Kalam among Southeast Asian Ash`Arite: A Synthesis of Māturīdite Influences on Dayah’s Theology
Authors: Dhuhri Saifuddin , Jakfar Tarmizi
Published: March 2021

As the earliest Muslims and first known who introduced Islam in Southeast Asia, Dayah community has continuingly played a great role in retaining and spreading the Ash`arite school of theology in the region. Ash`arite theology is a major area of interest within the field of Islamic studies in Southeast Asia. The teachings of Māturīdite kalam have, however, received little attention, in particular its impact on local theology from many scholars. Furthering the legacy of Nasafi’s construction of Southeast Asian theology, this paper is an attempt to unearth Māturīdi’s significance among Southeast Asian Muslims by analyzing the content of dayah’s curriculum, explaining the intellectual network of Māturīdite ulema, and explicating the role of Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah consensus along with interviewing several key informants on the issues of Islamic theology. I craft this paper by arguing that Māturīdite kalam has considerable impacts on local theology, e.g., upholding rationality on God’s attributes, and relying on ilm mantiq method in justifying human freedom. This paper has great contributions in advancing the study of Southeast Asian Muslim theology and its relation to the concept of Islamisation of indigenous culture; like the concepts of cosmopolitanism and syncretism, and the finding of Māturīdi’s kalam in Southeast Asia.[Dayah di Aceh, institusi yang paling awal mengenalkan Islam di Asia Tenggara, hingga saat ini masih merupakan aktor yang berperan penting dalam mempertahankan dan menyebarkan mazhab Ash’ariyah di kawasan ini. Mazhab ini juga dominan dalam kajian Islam di Asia Tenggara. Pengajaran ilmu kalam Māturīdiah, meski mendapat porsi sedikit, pada khususnya berpengaruh pada teologi para ulama setempat. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggali signifikasi Māturīdiah dikalangan muslim Asia Tenggara melalui analisis materi kurikulum pengajaran di dayah, pemetaan jaringan ulama Māturīdiah dan mengurai peran konsensus para Aswaja. Dengan wawancara beberapa tokoh kunci dayah di Aceh, tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa ilmu kalam Māturīdiah berpengaruh pada teologi lokal seperti; dukungan rasionalitas dalam mengenal Tuhan dan mempertimbangkan metode ilmu mantiq dalam pembenaran kebebasan manusia. Artikel ini mempunyai kontribusi penting dalam kajian teologi Islam di Asia Tenggara dan hubungan antar konsep dalam islamisasi budaya lokal seperti kosmopolitanisme, sinkretisme, dan teologi Māturīdi.]
The Legal Impact of Islamic Law in the Identity and Provisions of Qatari Legal System: Conceptual Frame and Legislative Directions
Authors: Abdullah Abdullah
Published: March 2021

This article examines the Islamic law situation in Qatari law based on a case study to the main concepts, and some special practical issues in Qatari Law. The paper focuses on a conceptual approach to Qatari law and Islamic law in the light of centrality of Islamic law. Furthermore this paper also focuses on the distinctive characteristics of the law compared to the other such as the concept of human behavior in such a way that it has an impact on the penalty in the legal rule as a distinct component. The analysis also pays an attention to a distinction between the legal rules and other social rules in the matter of giving an influence on structure of human behavior. As a matter of fact, this article also tries to give e light on the centrality of Islamic law on Qatari law, especially on the case of taking back of charity (hibah) as an example. The paper ends with conclusion that for Islamic legislation in Qatari law, Islamic Sharia is considered to be the main source and it is needed to develop a legislative and judicial orientations based on Islamic legal rules that regulate transactions in Qatari law.[Artikel ini membahas situasi hukum Islam di dalam hukum Negara Qatar berdasarkan pada studi kasus atas beberapa konsep kunci dan isu praktis dalam hukum Qatar. Tulisan ini fokus pada pendekatan konseptual hukum Qatar dan Syariah Islam berdasarkan pada sentralitas Syari’ah islam. Selain itu, artikel ini  juga membahas tentang karakter khusus undang-undang dibanding dengan yang lainnya seperti teori prilaku yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap penerapan hukumannya. Selain itu, pembahasan tersebut juga mempertimbangkan perbedaannya dibandingkan dengan hukum sosial terkait dengan pengaruh terhadap pembentukan prilaku.  Artikel ini juga memberikan penekanan kajian atas sentralitas hukum Islam dan pengaruhnya terhadap konsep undang-undang seperti pengaturan tentang hak menarik kembali dana hibah dalam undang-undang di Qatar. Dalam kesimpulan, artikel ini menyatakan bahwa dalam undang-undang Qatar, hukum Islam menempati posisi yang sentral dan menjadi basis utama dalam pengembangan legislatif dan  orientasi yuridis yang didasarkan pada aturan legal Islam dalam pengaturan transaksi dalam undang-undang hukum di Qatar.]
El Móvil I de Harold Gramatges
Authors: Guzman Barrios Rafael
Published: March 2021

El presente artículo se propone analizar la obra Móvil I (1969) del compositor cubano Harold Gramatges (Santiago de Cuba, 1918 - La Habana, 2008). Para alcanzar este propósito, implementé el modelo analítico de Molino-Nattiez, recurrí al uso de gráficos y tablas que me auxiliaron a valorar las macros y las microestructuras, y también me apoyé en otras herramientas como la teoría de conjuntos. Trataré de demostrar que el Móvil I continúa la tradición pianística cubana, a pesar de la incorporación de los nuevos recursos musicales de los 60.
Tú vales por lo que eres. El espejismo de un cambio en la relación de los niños/jóvenes con madres en reclusión
Authors: Díaz Fernández Adris , Peña Alba Anahí Elizabeth Peña Alba , Martínez Pérez Andrea Amanda , Guerra Martínez Ana Lucía
Published: March 2021

El trabajo tiene como propósito identificar la relación madre-hijo-tutor para mejorar el vínculo familiar. El estudio estuvo dirigido a niños/jóvenes de 8 a 15 años de edad cuyas madres se encuentran presas, en Nuevo León, México. Investigación cualitativa que utilizó las pruebas proyectivas “La familia” y “Niño bajo la lluvia” para identificar los deseos íntimos e inconscientes de los niños/jóvenes y sus necesidades afectivas. Se estableció un plan de acción participativo a través de la expresión plástica y una evaluación de su composición y sus efectos. Se concluyó que no existe un vínculo afectivo entre niños-madre (presas)-tutor, dejándoles a los niños/jóvenes miedos, carencias, inseguridad y baja autoestima. La pesquisa evidencia cómo el arte es una vía ideal para redescubrir situaciones de apego, sueños y desconciertos en situaciones de abandono, de exclusión y un medio eficaz para lograr cambio de actitud y comportamiento.
Campo de trabajo de voluntariado: Alacant, trobada intergeneracional.
Authors: Aguado Barahona María Clara
Published: March 2021

En este artículo se presenta un programa de intervención realizado en una Residencia de personas mayores dependientes en Alicante. El objetivo de este programa consiste en favorecer una convivencia intergeneracional en la que se posibilite el intercambio de experiencias entre personas mayores y jóvenes, creando vivencias gratificantes que afecten positivamente al estado de salud y bienestar del mayor. Presentamos aquí datos descriptivos, y valoraciones de los participantes cuantitativas y cualitativas, con una muestra de 90 ancianos, con diversos grados de dependencia física y/o psíquica, y edades comprendidas entre los 60 y los 99 años. Se excluyen de la evaluación los residentes encamados en estadios avanzados de enfermedad, que en esta última edición, han supuesto aproximadamente un 10% de la población total. El IVAJ selecciona 20 voluntarios, estudiantes españoles y extranjeros, con buen nivel de castellano, cuya edad se sitúa entre 18 y 25 años. La Psicóloga y las TASOCS del centro son las responsables de la puesta en práctica de este programa. La evaluación se realiza a través de la información recogida a los participantes que pueden contestar.
Prevalencia e intervención terapéutica en la psicología clínica privada
Authors: Baquero Escribano Abel , Calvo Orenga Gema , Lluch Quevedo Mar , Santolaya Ochando Francisco , Haro Cortés Gonzalo
Published: March 2021

La intervención terapéutica psicológica desde el ámbito privado se presenta como una de las principales líneas de desempeño laboral en el colectivo de psicólogos, si bien el contenido de esta intervención, y más en concreto la psicopatología en la que se interviene permanece desconocida para el colectivo de psicólogos y para la sociedad en general. Mediante un estudio realizado en la Comunidad Valenciana se obtiene información descriptiva de la actividad clínica privada de un total de 362 psicólogos. Los resultados mostraron una mayor prevalencia de intervención desde la psicología cognitivo conductual. La actividad clínica a nivel privado se relaciona con el tratamiento de trastornos del estado de ánimo y ansiedad en adultos y en trastornos del aprendizaje y problemas de conducta en menores de 16 años.
The motives for seeking dental health services in a sample of children attending a College of Dentistry.
Authors: Mustafa Alaa , Hassan Heran , Huseen Fighan
Published: March 2021

Background and Objectives: The chief complaints of the patients are essential components, being useful for several reasons, including monitoring of oral health services and measuring the effectiveness of the oral health awareness programs. The objective of the study was to explore the common chief complaints of patients seeking treatment and distribution of cases according to the demographic data among patients attending a dental college in Erbil, Iraq. Patients and methods: The age, gender, and the chief complaints or the main reason for the visit were recorded for each consecutive patient of a total of 1233 patients who visited the oral hygiene clinics in the College of Dentistry at Hawler Medical University (Erbil city, Iraq), from October 2016 to June 2017 were recruited. Patients at the age of 3 - 14 years old. The chi-square test was used to find any statistical association between the variables. P value of less than 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Results: The pain was found to be the most common chief complaint reported by 51.1% of the patients. Followed by oral hygiene reported by 26%, among which 658 (53.4%) were males and 575 (46.6%) were females. When the age groups were considered separately, “toothache” or pain was the most common chief complaints reported by all ages except for the <5 years’ group patients for whom that oral hygiene was the most common chief complaint. In the age group of 10-14 years, in addition to pain and oral hygiene, significantly more subjects complained of or-thodonitc treatment need. Conclusion: Chief complaints denote the demand for dental care and thus, helps in proper plan-ning of the public dental health care system. So the reason for dental visit varies across differ-ent age groups and to some extent, gender differences was a considering issue. Keywords: Distribution, Paedodontics, Diagnosis, Dental chief complaints.
Computational and Neurobiological Substrates of Cost-Benefit Integration in Altruistic Helping Decision
Authors: Hu Jie , Hu Yang , Li Yue , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: March 2021

Although altruistic behaviors, e.g., sacrificing one's own interests to alleviate others' suffering, are widely observed in human society, altruism varies greatly across individuals. Such individual differences in altruistic preference have been hypothesized to arise from both individuals' dispositional empathic concern for others' welfare and context-specific cost-benefit integration processes. However, how cost-benefit integration is implemented in the brain and how it is linked to empathy remain unclear. Here, we combine a novel paradigm with the model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach to examine the neurocomputational basis of altruistic behaviors. Thirty-seven adults (16 females) were tested. Modeling analyses suggest that individuals are likely to integrate their own monetary costs with nonlinearly transformed recipients' benefits. Neuroimaging results demonstrate the involvement of an extended common currency system during decision-making by showing that selfish and other-regarding motives were processed in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right inferior parietal lobe in a domain-general manner. Importantly, a functional dissociation of adjacent but different subregions within anterior insular cortex (aINS) was observed for different subprocesses underlying altruistic behaviors. While dorsal aINS (daINS) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were involved in valuation of benefactors' costs, ventral aINS and middle INS (vaINS/mINS), as empathy-related regions, reflected individual variations in valuating recipients' benefits. Multivariate analyses further suggest that both vaINS/mINS and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) reflect individual variations in general altruistic preferences which account for both dispositional empathy and context-specific other-regarding tendency. Together, these findings provide valuable insights into our understanding of psychological and neurobiological basis of altruistic behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
Altruistic behaviors play a crucial role in facilitating solidarity and development of human society, but the mechanisms of the cost-benefit integration underlying these behaviors are still unclear. Using model-based neuroimaging approaches, we clarify that people integrate personal costs and non-linearly transformed other's benefits during altruistic decision-making and the implementations of the integration processes are supported by an extended common currency neural network. Importantly, multivariate analyses reveal that both empathy-related and cognitive control-related brain regions are involved in modulating individual variations of altruistic preference, which implicate complex psychological and computational processes. Our results provide a neurocomputational account of how people weigh between different attributes to make altruistic decisions and why altruistic preference varies to a great extent across individuals.
The Sustained Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine Are Independent of the Lateral Habenula
Authors: Zhou Xuelong , Zhang Chenjing , Miao Jiamin , Chen Ziyang , Dong Hongquan , Liu Cunming
Published: March 2021

Ketamine is known to have a rapid and lasting antidepressant effect. Recent studies have shown that ketamine exerts it rapid antidepressant effect by blocking burst firing in the lateral habenula (LHb). Whether the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine occurs through the same mechanism has not been explored. Here, using male rats, we found that local infusion of (R,S)-ketamine into the LHb resulted in a rapid antidepressant-like effect 1 h after infusion, which almost returned to baseline levels after 24 h. Intra-LHb injection of (S)-ketamine also showed a significant antidepressant-like effect 1 h after injection, which recovered at 24 h. No significant antidepressant-like effect was found at 1 or 24 h after the administration of (R)-ketamine into the LHb. Injection of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, a ketamine metabolite, into the LHb did not result in any obvious antidepressant-like effect 1 or 24 h after injection. Systemic administration of (R,S)-ketamine (intraperitoneally) significantly suppressed LHb bursting activity at 1 h, but the inhibitory effect was reversed 24 h after injection. No significant effect of (R,S)-ketamine on miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials of LHb neurons was found at 1 or 24 h after systemic application. Our study demonstrated that the sustained antidepressant-like effect of ketamine may not depend on burst firing of LHb neurons.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTKetamine exerts it rapid antidepressant effect by blocking burst firing in the lateral habenula (LHb). However, whether the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine occurs through the same mechanism has not been explored. In the present study, we demonstrated that the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine may not depend on the burst firing of LHb neurons. This finding may lead to a novel perspective on LHb in the antidepressant effect of ketamine.
Nonlinear Spatial Integration Underlies the Diversity of Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses to Natural Images
Authors: Karamanlis Dimokratis , Gollisch Tim
Published: March 2021

How neurons encode natural stimuli is a fundamental question for sensory neuroscience. In the early visual system, standard encoding models assume that neurons linearly filter incoming stimuli through their receptive fields, but artificial stimuli, such as contrast-reversing gratings, often reveal nonlinear spatial processing. We investigated to what extent such nonlinear processing is relevant for the encoding of natural images in retinal ganglion cells in mice of either sex. We found that standard linear receptive field models yielded good predictions of responses to flashed natural images for a subset of cells but failed to capture the spiking activity for many others. Cells with poor model performance displayed pronounced sensitivity to fine spatial contrast and local signal rectification as the dominant nonlinearity. By contrast, sensitivity to high-frequency contrast-reversing gratings, a classical test for nonlinear spatial integration, was not a good predictor of model performance and thus did not capture the variability of nonlinear spatial integration under natural images. In addition, we also observed a class of nonlinear ganglion cells with inverse tuning for spatial contrast, responding more strongly to spatially homogeneous than to spatially structured stimuli. These findings highlight the diversity of receptive field nonlinearities as a crucial component for understanding early sensory encoding in the context of natural stimuli.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
Experiments with artificial visual stimuli have revealed that many types of retinal ganglion cells pool spatial input signals nonlinearly. However, it is still unclear how relevant this nonlinear spatial integration is when the input signals are natural images. Here we analyze retinal responses to natural scenes in large populations of mouse ganglion cells. We show that nonlinear spatial integration strongly influences responses to natural images for some ganglion cells, but not for others. Cells with nonlinear spatial integration were sensitive to spatial structure inside their receptive fields, and a small group of cells displayed a surprising sensitivity to spatially homogeneous stimuli. Traditional analyses with contrast-reversing gratings did not predict this variability of nonlinear spatial integration under natural images.
Application of Grey Relational Approach and Artificial Neural Network to Optimise Design Parameters of Bridge-Type Compliant Mechanism Flexure Hinge
Authors: Thai Huynh Ngoc , Manh Nguyen Quoc
Published: March 2021

The investigation proposed a hybrid Grey-artificial neural network to optimise the design parameters of a two degree of freedom (2-DOF) bridge-type compliant mechanism flexure hinge (BTCMFH). The design variables play a vital role in determining the deformation and stress of the mechanism. The investigation is different from the previous studies where the hybrid method is a combination of grey relational analysis and artificial neural network based on finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS to maximise output displacement (DI) and minimise the stress (ST) of the mechanism. The simulation and ANOVA results identified the design variables have significantly affected the output displacement and stress by their contribution. The grey relational analysis and artificial neural network predicted values are in agreement with the simulation results at optimal combination parameters with a deviation error displacement and stress being 0.57% and 2.1%, respectively. The optimal combination parameters with a deviation error of displacement and stress of 0.52% and 2.1%, respectively. The optimal values of DI and ST were obtained as 0.957 mm and 104.74 MPa, respectively. The optimal value of displacement amplification ratio gained is 95.7.
Previous Stenting Doesn’t Affect Outcome of Extensive Endarterectomy for Diffuse Coronary Artery Total Occlusions: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Authors: Singab Hamdy , Sami Gamal
Published: March 2021

Background and aim: Extensive diffuse coronary artery total occlusions (CTOs) constitute a challenging surgical problem. Extensive coronary endarterectomy (CE) combined with CABG was suggested as a revascularization technique. It was claimed that previous stenting may affect outcome. The present study aimed to report the outcome of LAD endarterectomy for CTO and to determine the effect of previous stenting on this outcome.
Patients and methods: The present retrospective study was conducted on 194 patients with CTO indicated for left anterior descending artery (LAD) endarterectomy. To reduce the bias related to unbalanced patients selection, propensity score matching analysis was used. According to the propensity score, 194 patients were included in the analysis. They comprised 66 patients with previous stent and 128 patients without previous stent. Patients were followed for a median (range) of 74.0 (6.0-149.0) months. The primary study outcome was LAD graft patency. Other outcome parameters included postoperative complications, hospital and ICU stay, and mortality.
Results: Comparison between the studied groups regarding outcome parameters revealed no significant differences regarding graft patency (93.9% versus 89.1%; P = .27), graft survival (median [95% CI]: 134.3 months [127.0-141.5] versus 135.2 months [128.4-142.0]; P = .35), patients’ survival (93.9% versus 91.4%) and patients’ survival time (median [95% CI]: 132.3 months [125.0-139.5] versus 138.0 months [132.0-144.1]; P = .75].
Conclusion: The present study supports using CE as an adjuvant technique with CABG in patients with TCOs.
 
Patients and methods: The present retrospective study was conducted on 194 patients with CTO indicated for left anterior descending artery (LAD) endarterectomy. To reduce the bias related to unbalanced patients selection, propensity score matching analysis was used. According to the propensity score, 194 patients were included in the analysis. They comprised 66 patients with previous stent and 128 patients without previous stent. Patients were followed for a median (range) of 74.0 (6.0-149.0) months. The primary study outcome was LAD graft patency. Other outcome parameters included postoperative complications, hospital and ICU stay and mortality.
 
Results: Comparison between the studied groups regarding outcome parameters revealed no significant differences regarding graft patency (93.9 % versus 89.1; p=0.27), graft survival [median (95% CI): 134.3 months (127.0-141.5) versus 135.2 months (128.4-142.0); p=0.35], patients’ survival (93.9 % versus 91.4 %) and patients’ survival time [median (95% CI): (132.3 months (125.0-139.5) versus 138.0 months (132.0-144.1); p= 0.75].
 
Conclusions: The present study supports use CE as an adjuvant technique with CABG in patients with TCOs.
The Book of Psalms in the Church Slavonic Language from Norov´s Book Collection
Authors: Celunova Jelena
Published: March 2021

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.
On error of interval quadrature formula of rectangles for the class $W^2 H_1^{\omega}$
Authors: Derets Ye.V.
Published: March 2021

We found the error of interval quadrature formula of rectangles for the class of functions with given convex majorant of integral modulus of continuity of second derivative.
On sharp inequalities of Jackson type for entire functions in $L_2$
Authors: Doronin V.G. , Ligun A.A.
Published: March 2021

We conducted the research of sharp inequalities of Jackson type in $L_2$ space for approximation by entire functions of exponential type.
Characterization of the best integral approximant of multivariable functions
Authors: Traktynska V.M.
Published: March 2021

We obtain the criterion of the best approximant for multivariable functions in $L_{p_1,\ldots p_n}$ space.
Inequalities of Kolmogorov type for fractional derivatives of multivariable functions
Authors: Babenko V.F. , Matveeva T.V.
Published: March 2021

We prove new sharp inequality of Kolmogorov type that estimates the norm of mixed fractional Marchaud derivative of n-variable function by C-norm of this function and its norms in Lipschitz spaces.
On inequalities of Kolmogorov type for fractional derivatives of functions defined on the real domain
Authors: Babenko V.F. , Churilova M.S.
Published: March 2021

We obtain new inequalities that generalize known result of Geisberg, which was obtained for fractional Marchaud derivatives, to the case of higher derivatives, at that the fractional derivative is a Riesz one. The inequality with second higher derivative is sharp.
Estimates of generalized Lebesgue constants of partial Fourier-Jacobi sums
Authors: Goncharov S.V. , Motornyi V.P.
Published: March 2021

We obtain, in some cases, estimates of generalized Lebesgue constants of Fourier-Jacobi sums in $L_{p,w}$ spaces.
On non-Abelian infinite-dimensional linear groups
Authors: Dashkova O.Yu.
Published: March 2021

We study non-Abelian solvable infinite-dimensional linear groups of infinite $p$-rank ($р \geqslant 0$) and of infinite fundamental dimensionality, whose any proper non-Abelian subgroup of infinite $p$-rank has finite fundamental dimensionality. We obtain the description of structure of groups from this class.
On inequalities of Kolmogorov type for fractional Hadamard derivatives of functions defined on the half-line
Authors: Babenko V.F. , Parfinovich N.V.
Published: March 2021

New exact inequalities for Hadamard fraction derivatives of functions, defined on the half-line, are obtained.
On groups that are nearly metahamiltonian
Authors: Yarova O.A.
Published: March 2021

We consider groups whose subgroups are either normal or have Chernikov commutant. It was proved that if such group G has a subgroup H of finite index and its commutant is a Chernikov group, then commutant of group G is a Chernikov group.
Properties of almost locally normal groups, in which any two Sylow $p$-subgroups are locally conjugate
Authors: Tkachenko O.M.
Published: March 2021

We prove that in the class of almost locally normal groups the property of locally conjugation of any two Sylow $p$-subgroups is not inherited by normal dividers of a finite index. The separates cases are explored, in which such property is inherited by subgroups of a finite index or by all subgroups.
Isolation, identification, molecular detection and sensitivity to antibiotics of Salmonella from cattle faeces
Authors: Khan M. N. K. , Das M. R. , Sabur M. A. , Rahman M. M. , Uddin M. B. , Cho H. S. , Hossain M. M.
Published: March 2021

The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and identification of Salmonella by con-ventional culture method and their confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibacte-rial sensitivity study of isolated Salmonella from cattle faeces was also performed. During the study period of July 2017 to June 2018, a total of 200 faecal samples were collected from different government and private farms in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Out of 200 samples, 24 (12%) were found to be positive for Salmonella by conventional culture methods. Among the twenty four suspected colonies of Salmonella, seventeen were confirmed by biochemical test and same number was detected by PCR estimating a prevalence of 8.5% (17/200). The prevalence was high-er in calves under 1 year of age (16%) compared with older animals (11.25% of 1–2 years; 10% of above 2 years of age) but without statistically significant differences (χ2=4.835, P=0.089). Moreo-ver, in diarrhoeic animals the prevalence was significantly higher (32.14%, χ2=49.414, P<0.01) than in apparently healthy animals (8.72%). The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that highest number of Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%), gentamicin (100%) and neomycin (100%). On the other hand, significantly high resistance of Salmonella isolates was detected to erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), cotrimoxazole (81.48%), streptomycin (62.96%) followed by tetracycline (55.56%).
Finite element analysis and neural network investigation of box columns under climate change
Authors: Hashemi Fereshteh , Jafari Faezeh
Published: March 2021

The behavior of box-shaped columns under heating is investigated. For this purpose, the various sections of thin-wall box-shaped columns were modeled and verified in different temperature ranges by ABAQUS software. The results of this research showed that increasing the thickness leads to increase the buckling stability of column under temperature change. Since the behavior of column will be better than thinner columns under climate change because of the increase in the modulus of elasticity. The solid columns have better buckling stability than hollow columns in normal conditions.
An annotated bird checklist of community-managed lands in Kailash Sacred Landscape-India, Kumaon Himalaya
Authors: Kumar Arya Sumit , Gopi Govindan Veeraswami
Published: March 2021

In the Indian Himalayan region, community-managed lands such as community-managed forests and agriculture lands play an important role in conserving native biodiversity. Our avifaunal surveys done between 2013 and 2016 recorded 205 species belonging to 52 families. Two species were first records from Pithoragarh district. Six species are classified as Threatened and five as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List. Six are Schedule-I species under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. In total, 63 migratory (local/altitudinal and long-range) and 81 Himalayan endemic species were observed. Overall, our observations reveal a niche providing both transient and perennial havens for resident and migrant avifauna in our study site’s landscape. Our findings suggest that despite human persistence in the landscape, diversity within avifaunal guilds is rich in the community-managed lands. We recommend further research to focus on understanding the factors governing the bird distribution and co-occurrence in the landscape. 
ABSTRACTS OF VI CONFERENCE FOR STUDENTS AND YOUNG SCIENTISTS “PEDIATRIC READINGS”. PART 2
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: March 2021

.
Identification of patterns related to linkage groups or disequilibrium by factor analysis
Authors: Oliveira Cristiano Ferreira de , Teixeira Gabriely , Temoteo Alex da Silva , Nascimento Moysés , Cruz Cosme Damião
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT: Empirical patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) can be used to increase the statistical power of genetic mapping. This study was carried out with the objective of verifying the efficacy of factor analysis (AF) applied to data sets of molecular markers of the SNP type, in order to identify linkage groups and haplotypes blocks. The SNPs data set used was derived from a simulation process of an F2 population, containing 2000 marks with information of 500 individuals. The estimation of the factorial loadings of FA was made in two ways, considering the matrix of distances between the markers (A) and considering the correlation matrix (R). The number of factors (k) to be used was established based on the graph scree-plot and based on the proportion of the total variance explained. Results indicated that matrices A and R lead to similar results. Based on the scree-plot we considered k equal to 10 and the factors interpreted as being representative of the bonding groups. The second criterion led to a number of factors equal to 50, and the factors interpreted as being representative of the haplotypes blocks. This showed the potential of the technique, making it possible to obtain results applicable to any type of population, helping or corroborating the interpretation of genomic studies. The study demonstrated that AF was able to identify patterns of association between markers, identifying subgroups of markers that reflect factor binding groups and also linkage disequilibrium groups.
Effect of sowing time and density for vegetative and reproductive traits of genotypes of maize landrace in an agroecological system
Authors: Munarini Anderson , Nodari Rubens Onofre
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT: Family farmers preserve the tradition of cultivating maize landrace varieties because these plants have characteristics that hybrids lack. The greatest challenge in conserving in situ on-farm genetic diversity is avoiding gene flow and genetic introgression of transgenes to landrace varieties. Thus, farmers are obliged to change sowing times to guarantee temporal isolation since most farms are small, making spatial isolation impossible. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of maize landrace varieties submitted to different sowing times and densities in an agroecological system. The test was conducted in sub-sub-divided plots, where the main plot was represented by the sowing time, the sub-plot by the genotype, and the sub-sub-plot by the density, with three replications, for two consecutive years. The results demonstrate the effect of sowing time and density on the characteristics evaluated. In western Santa Catarina, the best time to sow seeds of maize landrace varieties in an agroecological system is in September, which is when the varieties expressed the greatest potential at densities from 45,000 to 50,000 pl.ha-1 , but it will not avoid transgene contamination.