bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Vedic Personality Traits and Empathy among Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chadha Vineeta , Alam Kaushal Kumar
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Medical students are expected to provide compassionate and empathic care to their patients. Empathy is a crucial component of the doctor-patient relationship. The Triguna theory is a fundamental concept in Hindu philosophy that describes three inherent qualities of nature: Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas. Each individual has a unique combination of these qualities, which shapes their personality and behaviour. However, the relationship between Triguna personality and empathy in medical students has not been explored in depth. Aim: To examine the association between Triguna personality and empathy in medical students. Materials and Methods: The present study was a crosssectional questionnaire-based survey conducted among firstphase medical undergraduates in the Department of Physiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India from July 2024 to August 2024. A total of 122 medical students participated in the study. The Vedic Personality Inventory (VPI) was used for assessing personality, and the Brief form of Interpersonal Reactivity Index (B-IRI) was used for assessing empathy. Correlational analysis and an unpaired student’s t-test were performed. Results: There were 122 subjects; the proportion of male and female students was 52 (42.6%) and 70 (57.4%), respectively. The mean± Standard Deviation (SD) age was 20.43±1.23 years. Sattva score was positively correlated with Perspective-taking (PT) (r=0.193, p<0.05) and negatively correlated with Personal Distress (PD) scores (r=-0.322, p<0.01). Tamas scores were positively correlated with Fantasy (FT) (r=0.251, p<0.01) and PD scores (r=0.401, p<0.01). Female participants demonstrated significantly higher mean scores as compared to males in Empathic Concern (EC) (16.9±2.681 vs. 14.730±2.951), PT (15.442±2.618 vs. 14.038±2.779), and PD (13.552±2.776 vs. 12.288±3.291) in the present study. There was no significant difference in Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas scores between males and females. Conclusion: The study explores the association between the VPI traits, such as Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas, and empathy measures. Sattva shows a positive correlation with Perspective Taking (PT) and a negative correlation with PD, indicating that individuals with higher Sattva scores are likely to exhibit better social competence and emotional stability. Additionally, gender differences were observed in empathy scores, with females scoring higher than males in PT, EC, and PD, emphasising the relevance of considering personality traits in medical education to foster empathic skills among healthcare professionals.
ЭКЗОПЛАНЕТЫ В ГАЛАКТИКЕ
Authors: Беленькая Е.С. , Алексеев И. И. , Калегаев В.В.
Published: June 2024

Последние годы интенсивно развивается наука, изучающая Вселенную. Вселенная включает в себя пространство, время, материю и энергию.
Article Socio Economic Impacts of Insufficient Cow Milk Production in Mauritius
Authors: Tagba S. , Puchooa D. , Sina H.
Published: June 2024

Aims: Due to the increase in purchasing power, milk and dairy products have increased steadily in recent years. However, milk production remains insufficient to satisfy the high local demand for milk and dairy products in Mauritius. Adding to the problem of the sector's extinction is the lack of information on the socio-economic impact of dairy production. This study aimed to assess the socio-economic impact of milk production on dairy cattle farms in Mauritius.
Methodology: A survey was carried out among 11 respondents in Mauritius, using a validated two-part questionnaire to collect data from dairy farmers and processors.                                
Results: The survey showed that the majority of dairy farmers were ethnic Hindus with secondary (77.8%) or university (22.2%) education. The breeds of cattle raised are generally Creole (56%) and Friesian (44%) with extensive livestock farming being practised. For the majority (77.8%) of respondents, family members are the primary source of labour. The main purpose of raising cattle is to produce milk (55.5%). The price of a litre of milk varies between dairy farmers, ranging from Rs 45 to Rs 70 per litre, with an average of Rs 58 per litre, and the revenue per cow per day averages Rs 1.036. About cheese production, the source of acquisition of cheese production technology is apprenticeship. From an economic point of view, with regard to yield, cost of production and profit margin for cheese production, we were faced with a total refusal of response from the producers. However, the quantity of milk used per day, the quantity of cheese obtained and the unit price per kg of cheese vary from one producer to another.
Conclusion: This study has led to the realization that milk is the   source of livelihood for the farmer and his family but also for other consumers. The income from the sale of milk contributes to the purchase of food for the farmer’s household and livestock supplements. However, the size of the herd and the low production of milk are an obstacle to the development of this sector.
Pattern and Dynamics of Genetic Stock of Freshwater Fishes Using Various Molecular Markers for Their Conservation Management Concerns in the Indian Riverine System
Authors: Batham Gayatri , Garg R.K.
Published: June 2024

India has a world's richest, most abundant and most promising inland fisheries resources with variety fishes in tributaries, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are several significant river systems in India, including the Cauvery, Tapi, Narmada, Krishna, Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Mahanadi, and Godavari which showing shrinkage of fish fauna because of environmental disturbance, human interference and human threats. In order to conserve the fish diversity, the molecular markers are helpful in determining genetic diversity, gene polymorphism and gene flows from generation to generation. The topic experienced a surge in interest due to the introduction of strong statistical analysis tools and the accessibility of DNA fingerprinting, DNA sequencing techniques and consequently population genetic studies. Some molecular markers, Microsatellite markers, RAPD, Allozymes and mitochondrial (cox1, cytob, ATPase6/8) implications have been discussed in this review which will provide an overview that have been used by scientists to studied population genetic structure and genetic variations at various levels.
Evaluation of In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Fungal, Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing and Cytotoxic Properties of (Camellia chrysantha Hu Tuyama)
Authors: Takey Irfanul Islam , Shomudro Hasib Khan , Chowdhury Sadia Afreen
Published: June 2024

The current study was set out to look into the anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the methanolic extract from the leaf of Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama (MECCL). Primary evaluation of MECCL was performed via phytochemical screening.  Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract revealed the presence of reducing sugar, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Anti-inflammatory activity test was done using egg albumin denaturation assay. In the result of MECCL’s anti-inflammatory test showed 88.88% compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid 98.56%. The anti-fungal activity test was performed by Disc Diffusion method using zone of inhibition against four fungi. MECCL showed moderate antifungal activity compared to standard Griseofulvin against Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Penicillium notatum. Zones of inhibition of the fungi Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Penicillium notatum is 11mm, 14mm and 14mm at the concentration of 700 µg/disc, which is close to the standard Griseofulvin 19mm, 20mm, and 21mm respectively at 50 µg/disc concentration. Mucor hiemalis showed mild zone of inhibition in 300, 500, and 700 µg/disc (7mm). Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay method was used to test the lethality of the methanolic leaf extract. The extract showed significant cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii with LC50 value of 0.843 µg/mL when compared with the standard Vincristine sulphate (LC50 value: 0.608 µg/mL). Comparison with positive control Vincristine sulphate signifies that cytotoxicity exhibited by MECCL and further bioactivity guided investigation can be done to find potent antitumor compounds. In thrombolytic activity test, MECCL demonstrated 95.69% thrombolysis which was significant compared to standard Streptokinase (SK) which demonstrated 91.304 % thrombolysis. While doing membrane stabilizing activity test, Heat induced hemolysis assay was performed and the percent of protection was 85.35 compared to the standard DS 73.63 which was very significant. The results highlight the potential of Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama as a valuable source of phytochemicals that possess notable anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and membrane-stabilizing properties. The methanolic leaf extract also shows moderate antifungal and cytotoxic effects, suggesting potential for future therapeutic advancements.
Seaweed Extract for Sustainable Rice Production- A Review
Authors: Thaimei Teresa , Bokado Kangujam , Bera Barkha, Bidyabhusan
Published: June 2024

Seaweed extract is a bio-simulant that obtain from seaweeds like Agar, and Alginate and many more species of seaweed. By application of seaweed extract in rice crop (Oryza sativa L.) can increase the growth, grain yield, biological yield and improves the nutrient content in grain. Seaweed extract application also reduces the biotic and abiotic stress on crops. This seaweed extract can be applied in many ways to crop plants like foliar spray, soil incorporation, etc., based on crop type. It can impact the cellular respiration of plants and incorporates many enzymes like NAA, auxins, vitamins, cytokinin’s and many other growths promoting hormones in plants. This extract also has growth stimulating properties. It can increase nutrient absorption capacity by increasing root growth. Most of the marine algae are rich in auxins that increase root growth. The application of seaweed extract in soil can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. It can improve Arbuscular mycorrhiza by providing potassium to plant. Application of seaweed extract to soil can improve the availability of nutrients like calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. Moreover, foliar spray of seaweed extract in rice crop increases crop growth, yield, nutrient uptake, water uptake, increases photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. So, seaweed extract incorporation in rice cultivation could be a better approach to gain long-term sustainable production.
Bio Efficacy and Economics of Selected Biopesticides against Shoot and Fruit Borer [Leucinodes orbonalis (G.)] on Brinjal [Solanum melongena (L.)]
Authors: Panwar Chirag , Yadav Usha , Meena Ankush , Bhati Manoj Singh
Published: June 2024

The present investigation was carried out in a Randomized Block Design having 3 replications and 8 treatments (seven insecticides and one control) during kharif season 2023 conducted at the Central Research Farm, NAINI, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The order of effectiveness was observed in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 EC (11.79), (8.01) > Spinosad 45 SC (13.52), (10.52) > Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (14.91), (11.41) > Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (16.00), (12.39) > Metarhizium anisopliae 1x108 CFU/gm (16.71), (13.46) > Neem oil 0.4% + Pongamia oil 0.1% (17.84), (14.79) > Neem oil 2% (20.03), (17.77) > untreated control plot (27.22), (32.12) based on percentage shoot and fruit infestation. While highest yield and benefit cost ratio was obtained in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 EC (220.95 q/ha), (1:6.48) followed by Spinosad 45 SC (198.20 q/ha), (1:5.68), Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (170.87 q/ha), (1:4.98), Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (160.00 q/ha), (1:4.75), Metarhizium anisopliae 1x108 CFU/gm (140.69 q/ha), (1:4.13), Neem oil 0.4% + Pongamia oil 0.1% (125.50 q/ha), (1:3.68), Neem oil 2% (99.85 q/ha), (1:2.96). Lest monetary returns was obtained with untreated control plot (55.16 q/ha), (1:1.70).
A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework for Natural Resource Performance Management
Authors: Trivedi Ayushi , Pandey Pragya , Nandeha Nirjharnee , Choudhary Rishika , Pandey Amit Kumar , Singh Ashutosh
Published: June 2024

The topic of "Performance management of natural resources" has drawn more attention in the last few decades. Investigating how to manage natural resource performance more optimally is crucial for the long-term social and economic advancement of a nation. This study reviews the research progress of performance management of natural resources (including water resources) based on the pertinent literature of "Performance management of natural resources" and "performance management and evaluation of nature resources" in Web of Science. Through a review of the literature and inductive analysis, the authors found that the pursuit of sustainable resource consumption and management has emerged as the frontier direction of study. However, there is still room for development in the natural resource performance management evaluation system and methods, as well as the requirement for a comprehensive conceptual interpretation and analytical framework. As the literature on the factors impacting the success of natural resource management is currently lacking in depth, future research should concentrate on bolstering the usage of quantitative models. Enhancing the combination of research and quantitative models is also essential. This study builds research framework for natural resource performance management based on the body of current literature and the real-world experience of nations worldwide. In order to support decision-making for the sustainable use of natural resources, the authors describe the process and mechanism of performance management of natural resources and provide some workable evaluation methods based on a variety of evaluation objectives, subjects, and means.
Betriebsstättendefinition: Aktuelle Rechtsprechung zur Definition der Betriebsstätte
Authors: Ditz Xaver , Spychalski Alexander
Published: June 2024

Die Rechtsunsicherheiten im Zusammenhang mit der Betriebsstättenbesteuerung sind vielfältig. Sie resultieren oftmals aus dem Begriff der Betriebsstätte nach § 12 AO und Art. 5 OECDMA (bzw. den diesem nachgebildeten abkommensrechtlichen Regelungen). Und obwohl die abkommensrechtliche Betriebsstättendefinition des Art.5 OECD-MA auf eine mittlerweile fast 100-jährige Tradition zurückblickt, sind grundsätzliche Fragen der Auslegung der Voraussetzungen einer Betriebsstätte nach wie vor umstritten. Vor diesem Hintergrund hatte der BFH in jüngster Zeit in mehreren Entscheidungen Gelegenheit, sich mit dem Betriebsstättenbegriff auseinanderzusetzen. Gegenstand des Beitrags ist es, diese Entscheidungen kritisch zu analysieren und in die bisherige Rechtsprechung zum Betriebsstättenbegriff einzuordnen.
Verfassungsbeschwerde: Einkünftekorrektur bei einem unbesicherten grenzüberschreitenden Konzerndarlehen – Anmerkung zum Beschluss des BVerfG v. 8.11.2023 – 2 BvR 1079/20
Authors: Rasch Stephan , Cladder Benedikt
Published: June 2024

Zusamenfassung

Mit Beschluss vom 8.11.2023 hat das BVerfG erneut einer Verfassungsbeschwerde zur Rechtsprechung des BFH in Zusammenhang mit der Fremdüblichkeit unbesicherter grenzüberschreitender Konzerndarlehen stattgegeben. Konkret richtete sich die Verfassungsbeschwerde gegen das BFH, Urt. v. 14.8.2019 - I R 34/18 zur Frage, ob Teilwertabschreibungen auf unbesicherte Konzerndarlehen einer Korrektur i.S.d. § 1 Abs. 1 AStG unterliegen. In dieser Anmerkung soll der Beschluss vorgestellt und in Bezug auf die Aussagen zur Fremdüblichkeit und zur Auslegung der „wirtschaftlichen Gründe“ analysiert werden.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Cu2L2Cl2 (LH = N‐Salicylidene‐1,2‐ethanediamine) – A New S = 1/2 Spin–Liquid Candidate
Authors: Piovesana Olivo , Chiari Brunetto , Cinti Antonio , Sulpice André
Published: August 2011

The synthesis, room temperature crystal and molecular structure, and magnetic properties are reported for the new compound Cu2L2Cl2, where L– is the tridentate anion of N‐salicylidene‐1,2‐ethanediamine. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 6.213(5) Å, b = 11.622(5) Å, c = 14.260(5) Å, β = 100.240(5)°, and Z = 2. The crystal consists of dichloro‐bridged binuclear molecules. The four‐membered Cu2Cl2 bridging unit is strictly planar owing to crystallographic inversion symmetry. The geometry at the copper(II) centers is approximately square pyramidal, with the base plane formed by the cis‐nitrogen atoms and the phenolic oxygen atom of the tridentate L– ligand and one chloride ion; the fifth, apical site is occupied by the basal chloride ligand of the neighboring copper center. The intradimer copper–copper separation is 3.271(1) Å. The out‐of‐plane Cu–Cl distance is 2.824(1) Å and the bridging Cu–Cl–Cu angle is 78.58(2)°. Unit a translations of the binuclear molecules generate ladder‐like chains of copper atoms parallel to [1 0 0]. Each dimer is connected to each of its two nearest neighbors by Cu–Cl···H–N–Cu and Cu–O···H–N–Cu H bonding interactions. Interladder Cu–N–C–H···Cl–Cu and Cu–N–C–H···O–Cu interactions give rise to a 3D, coupled two‐chain lattice. The dependence of the magnetization (M) on the applied magnetic field (H) up to 7.5 T at 1.7 K, and the temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility (χ–1) between 1.7 K and 250 K show that the compound behaves as an ideal S = 1/2 paramagnet. This persisting spin disorder is tentatively attributed to the formation of an unusual spin–liquid state where ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the CuII centers cancel.
Friedel–Crafts‐Type Alkylation with Bromodifluoro(phenylsulfanyl)methane through α‐Fluorocarbocations: Syntheses of Thioesters, Benzophenones and Xanthones
Authors: Kuhakarn Chutima , Surapanich Nakin , Kamtonwong Siriporn , Pohmakotr Manat , Reutrakul Vichai
Published: August 2011

Bromodifluoro(phenylsulfanyl)methane undergoes a Friedel–Crafts‐type alkylation, through α‐fluorocarbocations, with activated aromatic compounds yielding thioesters and/or benzophenones. The methodology has been applied to the synthesis of naturally occurring xanthone derivatives.
Relevance of Social and Self‐standards in Eating Disorders
Authors: Gunnard Katarina , Krug Isabel , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Penelo Eva , Granero Roser , Treasure Janet , Tchanturia Kate , Karwautz Andreas , Collier David , Menchón José M. , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: August 2011

Objective

To compare the importance given to self/other standards by eating disorder (ED) patients and healthy controls.

Methods

A total of 392 individuals (240 consecutively referred and 152 healthy controls) took part in this study. All subjects were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria and were female patients. Participants completed the Family Style, Self‐Expectations and Emotional related subscales of the Cross‐Cultural Questionnaire.

Results

Three domains (namely, family standards, self‐achievement and physical appearance) were associated with ED. Family standards scores discriminated for the presence of an ED (area under receiver operating characteristic curve equals 0.89), the main predictors being a higher level of importance of physical appearance (p < .001), family standards (p = .029) and conflicts with parents about physical appearance (p < .001). Higher self‐standards, in physical appearance, were more relevant in bulimia nervosa and ED not otherwise specified, whereas higher family standards were more associated with anorexia nervosa.

Conclusions

High self‐standards and social standards are common features in ED. The parallelism that ED may establish between reaching them and their life success may have a crucial role as a developing and maintaining factor in ED. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Care at the end of life for people with dementia living in a care home: a qualitative study of staff experience and attitudes
Authors: Livingston Gill , Pitfield Catherine , Morris Jackie , Manela Monica , Lewis‐Holmes Elanor , Jacobs Hannah
Published: August 2011

Objective

The aim of this study is to examine barriers and facilitators to care home staff delivering improved end‐of‐life care for people with dementia.

Method

Individual qualitative interviews of 58 staff in a 120‐bed nursing home where the staff and the residents' religion differed were carried out. Interviews continued until a maximum variation sample was achieved and theoretical saturation was reached.

Results

The staff felt warmly towards the residents and felt they could recognise when they were near death. Care staff, nurses and doctors did not see themselves as a team and communicated poorly with relatives about approaching death. The staff used opaque euphemisms and worried about being blamed. They were often unaware of or had concerns about the validity of advance care plans. They knew of the religious rituals around death but frequently misunderstood religious tradition.

Conclusion

The staff require education and support about discussing and implementing plans around care at the end of life in dementia and about cultural issues around death to improve practice. This would enable the staff to implement advance care plans, knowing that they will be supported. Education would encompass communicating the complicated, unpredictable path of dementia near the time of death explicitly but sensitively, including recognising that people often do not hear difficult messages and are unable to take on large quantities of information at once. The staff need to know about the resident's religious and cultural ideas as well as ritual practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using MRI for the assessment of paraoxon‐induced brain damage and efficacy of antidotal treatment
Authors: Rosman Yossi , Eisenkraft Arik , Krivoy Amir , Schein Ophir , Makarovski Igor , Shrot Shai , Ramaty Erez , Shilderman Eugenia Bloch , Kapon Joseph , Gilat Eran , Kadar Tamar , Maier Stephan , Daniels Dianne , Shneor Ran , Salomon Sharona , Tamar Gregori , Last David , Mardor Yael
Published: August 2011

Organophosphate intoxication induces neural toxicity as demonstrated in histological analysis of poisoned animals. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) enables early noninvasive characterization of biological tissues based on their water diffusion characteristics. Our objectives were to study the application of MRI for assessment of paraoxon‐induced brain damage and the efficacy of antidotal treatments. Seventy‐six rats were poisoned with paraoxon followed by treatment with atropine and obidoxime. The rats were then divided into five treatment groups consisting of midazolam after 1 or 30 min, scopolamine after 1 or 30 min and a no anticonvulsant treatment group. Five untreated rats served as controls. Animals underwent MRI on days 1, 8, 15, 29 and 50 post poisoning. Histological evaluation was performed on representative rat brains. Acute DWMRI effects, such as enhancement of temporal brain regions, and chronic effects such as ventricular enlargement and brain atrophy, depicted on T2‐weighted MRI, were significantly more prominent in late anticonvulsant treatment groups. There was no significant difference between the neuroprotective effects of midazolam and scopolamine as shown by DWMRI. Early MRI abnormalities were found to correlate significantly with histological analysis of samples obtained 15 days post treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using DWMRI for depiction of early cytotoxic response to paraoxon and T2‐weighted MRI for later changes, thus enabling assessment of early/late brain damage as well as treatment efficacy in rats. The ability to depict these changes early and noninvasively may be applied clinically in the acute phase of organophosphate poisoning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Alkyl‐PEI‐Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoclusters for Efficient siRNA Delivery
Authors: Liu Gang , Xie Jin , Zhang Fan , Wang Zhiyong , Luo Kui , Zhu Lei , Quan Qimeng , Niu Gang , Lee Seulki , Ai Hua , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: August 2011

Small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) is an emerging class of therapeutics, which works by regulating the expression of a specific gene involved in disease progression. Despite the promises, effective transport of siRNA with minimal side effects remains a challenge. In this study, a nonviral nanoparticle gene carrier is developed and its efficiency for siRNA delivery and transfection is validated at both in vitro and in vivo levels. Such a nanocarrier, abbreviated as Alkyl‐PEI2k‐IO, was constructed with a core of iron oxide nanoparticles (IOs) and a shell of alkylated polyethyleneimine of 2000 kDa molecualr weight (Alkyl‐PEI2k). It is found to be able to bind with siRNA, resulting in well‐dispersed nanoparticles with a controlled clustering structure and narrow size distribution. Electrophoresis studies show that the Alkyl‐PEI2k‐IOs could retard siRNA completely at N:P ratios (i.e., PEI nitrogen to nucleic acid phosphate) above 10, protect siRNA from enzymatic degradation in serum, and release complexed siRNA efficiently in the presence of polyanionic heparin. The knockdown efficiency of the siRNA‐loaded nanocarriers is assessed with 4T1 cells stably expressing luciferase (fluc‐4T1) and further, with a fluc‐4T1 xenograft model. Significant down‐regulation of luciferase is observed, and unlike high‐molecular‐weight analogues, the Alkyl‐PEI2k‐coated IOs show good biocompatibility. In conclusion, Alkyl‐PEI2k‐IOs demonstrate highly efficient delivery of siRNA and an innocuous toxic profile, making it a potential carrier for gene therapy.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy versus pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy: the clinical impact of a new surgical procedure; pylorus‐resecting pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Kawai Manabu , Yamaue Hiroki
Published: August 2011

Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PpPD) has been performed increasingly for periampullary tumors as a modification of conventional pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with antrectomy. Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two meta‐analyses have been performed to compare PD with PpPD. The results of these trials have shown that the two procedures were equally effective concerning morbidity, mortality, quality of life (QOL), and survival, although the length of surgery and blood loss were significantly lower for PpPD than for PD in one RCT and in the two meta‐analyses. Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the major postoperative complication after PpPD. One of the pathogeneses of DGE after PpPD is thought to be denervation or devascularization around the pyloric ring. Therefore, one RCT was performed to compare PpPD with pylorus‐resecting pancreaticoduodenectomy (PrPD; a new PD surgical procedure that resects only the pyloric ring and preserves nearly all of the stomach), concerning the incidence of DGE. The results clarified that the incidence of DGE was 4.5% after PrPD and 17.2% after PpPD, which was a significant difference. Several RCTs of surgical or postoperative management techniques have been performed to reduce the incidence of DGE. One RCT for surgical techniques clarified that the antecolic route for duodenojejunostomy significantly reduced the incidence of DGE compared with the retrocolic route. Two RCTs examining postoperative management showed that the administration of erythromycin after PpPD reduced the incidence of DGE.
Drain management after pancreatic resection: state of the art
Authors: Giovinazzo Francesco , Butturini Giovanni , Salvia Roberto , Mascetta Giuseppe , Monsellato Daniela , Marchegiani Giovanni , Pederzoli Paolo , Bassi Claudio
Published: August 2011

Background

Placement of intraperitoneal drain (ID) after abdominal surgery is a common practice. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), incidence of which ranges from 2% to more than 30%, represents the most common major complication after pancreatic resection. The goal of this paper is to review the state of the art in ID management after pancreatic resection.

Methods

Data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) are reported together with data from our institution in the period before and after the start of the two reported RCTs.

Results

One thousand five hundred eighty patients underwent surgical resection for pancreatic lesions at our institution from 1990 to 2010. The overall rate of POPF was 23% before and 19.5% after (p = 0.24) the performance of the RCTs. Both postoperative morbidity and average in‐hospital stay were higher in the period before the RCTs (13.6 ± 11.4 versus 13.4 ± 10.3 days, respectively).

Conclusions

POPF is a complex and multifactorial complication after pancreatic surgery. On the basis of the present results and review of the RCTs, the value of ID and its management after pancreatic surgery remain unclear.
Survival, but not maturation, is affected in neutrophil progenitors from GSD‐1b patients
Authors: Visser Gepke , de Jager Wilco , Verhagen Liesbeth P. , Smit G. Peter A. , Wijburg Frits A. , Prakken Berent J. , Coffer Paul J. , Buitenhuis Miranda
Published: August 2011

Glycogen storage disease type 1b (GSD 1b) is caused by mutations in the Glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter and is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis. In addition, GSD‐1b is associated with chronic neutropenia resulting in recurrent infections and inflammatory bowel disease. It is unclear whether the neutropenia is solely due to enhanced apoptosis of mature neutrophils or whether aberrant neutrophil development may also contribute. Here we demonstrate that hematopoietic progenitors from GSD‐1b patients are not impaired in their capacity to develop into mature neutrophils. However, optimal survival of neutrophil progenitors from GSD‐1b patients requires high glucose levels (> 200 mg dl−1), suggesting that even under normoglycemic conditions these cells are more prone to apoptosis. Furthermore, analysis of cytokine levels in peripheral blood suggests an inflammatory state with an inverse correlation between the level of inflammation and the number of neutrophils. Finally, in some patients, with low numbers of peripheral blood neutrophils, high numbers of neutrophils were observed in the intestine. Together, these results suggest that the neutropenia observed in GSD‐1b patients is not caused by impaired maturation, but may be caused by both increased levels of apoptosis and egress of neutrophils from the blood to the inflamed tissues.
Mixture enhances productivity in a two‐species forest: evidence from a modeling approach
Authors: Perot Thomas , Picard Nicolas
Published: August 2011

The effect of mixture on productivity has been widely studied for applications related to agriculture but results in forestry are scarce due to the difficulty of conducting experiments. Using a modeling approach, we analyzed the effect of mixture on the productivity of forest stands composed of sessile oak and Scots pine. To determine whether mixture had a positive effect on productivity and if there was an optimum mixing proportion, we used an aggregation technique involving a mean‐field approximation to analyze a distance‐dependent individual‐based model. We conducted a local sensitivity analysis to identify the factors that influenced the results the most. Our model made it possible to predict the species proportion where productivity peaks. This indicates that transgressive over‐yielding can occur in these stands and suggests that the two species are complementary. For the studied growth period, mixture does have a positive effect on the productivity of oak‐pine stands. Depending on the plot, the optimum species proportion ranges from 38 to 74% of oak and the gain in productivity compared to the current mixture is 2.2% on average. The optimum mixing proportion mainly depends on parameters concerning intra‐specific oak competition and yet, intra‐specific competition higher than inter‐specific competition was not sufficient to ensure over‐yielding in these stands. Our work also shows how results obtained for individual tree growth may provide information on the productivity of the whole stand. This approach could help us to better understand the link between productivity, stand characteristics, and species growth parameters in mixed forests.
The Interactions Between Rapeseed Lipoxygenase and Native Polyphenolic Compounds in a Model System
Authors: Dwiecki Krzysztof , Siger Aleksander , Czubiński Jarosław , Nogala‐Kałucka Małgorzata , Lampart‐Szczapa Eleonora
Published: August 2011

The focus of the present research was to study inhibition of lipoxygenase activity by rapeseed native polyphenols and the interactions between those compounds and the enzyme. The enzyme and polyphenolic compounds (polyphenols, phenolic acids) were extracted from rapeseed (Brassica napus) varieties Aviso and PR45DO3. The total phenolic compounds concentration in tested rapeseed was 1,485–1,691 mg/100 g d.m. (dry matter) and the free phenolic acids content in both rapeseed varieties was about 76 μg/100 g d.m. The isolated proteins showed lipoxygenase activity. Prooxidant properties of phenolic compounds in the presence of lipoxygenase and linoleic acid were observed rather in the case of extracts containing a relatively high concentration of miscellaneous polyphenols. Antioxidant properties were recorded in the case of phenolic acid extracts which contain only 1.4–1.9% of phenolics present in raw phenolic extracts. We propose that the prooxidant effect of phenolic compounds comes from quinone and oxidized polyphenols formation. The observed antioxidant activity of phenolic acid extracts is probably due to their ability to scavenge free radicals formed from linoleic acid. However, reduction of lipoxygenase ferric to ferrous ions, which prevent the activation of the enzyme and inhibited its activity, was also observed.
Knock‐down of SOX11 induces autotaxin‐dependent increase in proliferation in vitro and more aggressive tumors in vivo
Authors: Conrotto Paolo , Andréasson Ulrika , Kuci Venera , Borrebaeck Carl A.K. , Ek Sara
Published: August 2011

The transcription factor SOX11 is a novel diagnostic marker for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), distinguishing this aggressive tumor from potential simulators. Recent data also show that the level of SOX11 correlates to in vitro growth properties in MCL, as well as the clinical progression. We have previously shown that MCL‐associated pathways, such as Rb‐E2F, are dysregulated leading to decreased proliferation upon overexpression of SOX11, emphasizing the impact of SOX11 on MCL‐specific gene expression and growth control. However, it remains to be determined which growth regulatory pathways that are induced upon SOX11 knock‐down, leading to an increased cellular growth. Consequently, we established a model cell line with constitutive down‐regulation of SOX11. The highly proliferative features of this cell line were investigated by gene expression analysis, proliferation assay, cell cycle distribution and potential to induce tumors in NOD‐SCID mice. Our in vitro studies demonstrated a SOX11‐dependent regulation of MCL‐specific gene expression. In addition, we identified autotaxin (ATX) to be regulated by SOX11. Our results clearly showed a correlation between SOX11 level and cellular growth rate, which was dependent on ATX, as well as a direct relation between the level of SOX11 in tumorigenic cells and the growth rate of these tumors in NOD‐SCID mice.
A Monument of the Lares Augusti in the Forum of Ostia
Authors: Bloch Herbert
Published: August 2011

Many observant visitors to ancient Ostia must have noticed the remains of a small circular building in the middle of the Forum on the south side of the Decumanus Maximus, the continuation of the Via Ostiensis (Figs. 1-3). It came to light in the excavations of the Forum about forty years ago and was believed by the excavator Guido Calza to be a nymphaeum. Also in his posthumous detailed description of the oldest part of the city, the Castrum, the structure still appears as an ‘imperial nymphaeum.’ It was erected over the northeast corner of a very early rectangular building (Fig. 1 A) dated by Calza at the end of the fourth century B. C. Although the so-called nymphaeum obliterated the part of this building's eastern wall, which it straddles, this structure had been levelled before, when the authorities of Ostia decided to create at the crossing of the Decumanus Maximus and Cardo Maximus, in the center of the ancient Castrum, a monumental square.
“Outside the Camp”: Hebrews 13.9–14
Authors: Koester Helmut
Published: August 2011

Hebrews 13.9–14 is among the most difficult passages of the entire New Testament. Here, in the context of a warning against “diversified and foreign doctrines” (διδαξαì πoικíλαι καì ξεναι), a Christological argument occurs (13.11-12). It is obviously the intention of the writer to ground his objection to the “foreign doctrines” on this Christological basis. But the character of the doctrines opposed in these verses has remained an enigma to commentators inasmuch as the function of the Christological argument in this polemical setting has not been recognized clearly. However, a closer examination of the Old Testament passage which underlies the Christological argument in Hebrews 13.11 may provide a key for a fresh solution of the complex problems of this passage.
An Introduction to the Mss of the New Testament
Authors: Tasker R. V. G.
Published: August 2011

Last year there was published in New York a Revised Standard Version of the New Testament. This version, in the words of the title-page, is “translated from the Greek being the version set forth in 1611, revised 1881 and 1901, and compared with the most ancient authorities and revised 1946.” In effect this Revised Standard Version is a revision in the light of the Greek text of the English and American Revised Versions. It is not my business in this lecture to discuss the merits and demerits of this new Version as a translation. What I wish to point out, however, is that such a new version has been rendered necessary not only for linguistic but for textual reasons. The discovery of additional MSS and the very considerable achievements of textual critics since the publication of Hort's theory of the text in 1881, a theory which exercised considerable influence upon the framers of the English Revised Version, have, quite apart from any other considerations, made a fresh revision desirable.
Origen, Celsus, and the Resurrection of the Body
Authors: Chadwick Henry
Published: August 2011

There were indeed many respects in which Christianity was objectionable to Celsus. But perhaps no doctrine was so peculiarly nauseating to him as the Jewish-Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body. At the beginning of the fifth book of the contra Celsum Origen is dealing with Celsus' attacks on the pride shown by the Jews in supposing that they were the chosen people of God. Celsus is contending that the Jewish belief in angels is merely a manifestation of this (5.6). They believe they have a particularly privileged position in God's sight on the ground of the angelic messengers sent to them by God (cf. 5.41), and this fantastic conceit is equally manifested in their selfcentered conception of the resurrection which is nothing more than the outcome of their delusion that they are the center of the universe and that the world was made entirely for their benefit (4.74–99). It is in this context that he continues:

It is foolish also of them to suppose that, when God applies the fire (like a cook!), all the rest of mankind will be thoroughly burnt up, and that they alone will survive, not merely those who are alive at the time, but also those long dead who will rise up from the earth possessing the same bodies as before. This is simply the hope of worms.
Cults of Thessalonica (Macedonica III)
Authors: Edson Charles
Published: August 2011

The site of ancient Thessalonica has been continuously inhabited as an important city ever since its foundation by the forceful Macedonian king, Cassander, in the last years of the fourth century before Christ. Yet few ancient cities of equal importance have been the subject of so little investigation in modern times. Up to now, the inscriptions found in Salonica have all been chance discoveries, almost invariably due to such causes as the demolition of the old city walls during the last decades of the nineteenth and the early years of this century, the remodelling or removal of older buildings and other construction inevitable in the life of a large port and center of population. For these reasons it must be emphasized that the several hundred pagan Greek inscriptions of Thessalonica whose texts are now known (many of the stones once seen have been lost or destroyed) are in fact a quite fortuitous body of evidence. The following pages, therefore, cannot pretend to be a balanced and complete study of the religious cults of pagan Thessalonica. That is a task for the future when circumstances will, we must hope, permit a continuous and accurate study of the existing ancient remains, as well as of those new discoveries which may confidently be anticipated. Here I have only attempted to put together what can now be said about the cults of the Roman city.
The “Divine Hero” Christology in the New Testament
Authors: Knox Wilfred L.
Published: August 2011

[I am deeply indebted to Professor A. D. Nock for his kindness in reading this paper in its first draft and for his invaluable criticisms and suggestions.]

In the Christology of the New Testament we are faced with two distinct methods of expressing the belief of the Church as to the person of the historical Jesus of Nazareth. Of the belief that He was merely a great human teacher we find no trace; the Church would never have come into being, if it had not believed that He had risen from the dead. As we all know, the Christology that prevailed was that which saw in Him the Incarnation of the divine Word or Wisdom, which was at once the divine and living pattern of the cosmos, the agent by which the cosmos was created, and the divine mind immanent in the cosmos and more particularly in the mind of man. It was inevitable that this cosmogony should triumph in the end, since it was the only one which could, with whatever difficulty, be formally reconciled with Jewish monotheism; moreover it transferred the Lord from the realm of eschatology, which meant nothing to the Greek convert, into the sphere of cosmogony which was one of the central problems of the semi-Gnostic philosophy and theology of the hellenistic age, as we meet it in the Corpus Hermeticum.
Irenaeus and Hellenistic Culture
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Three recent discussions of Irenaeus by Reynders, Audet, and Enslin have examined the thought of Irenaeus almost exclusively in relation to the Christian tradition. This attitude toward his writings is natural, since Irenaeus lives so largely within the tradition; but he lived in the philosophical-rhetorical world of his day as well as in the church. It is the purpose of this paper to examine some of the ideas which he shares with non-Christians of the second century. First we shall consider his use of doxographical materials for the opinions of philosophers, and then we shall turn to his knowledge of other authors and of rhetoric.
Another Parallel to the Maenadism of the Bacchae: Hasidism in Modern Jewry
Authors: Feldman Louis H.
Published: August 2011

E. R. Dodds, in his article “Maenadism in the Bacchae,” notes a number of parallels in other cults to the Dionysiac practices mentioned in Euripides' Bacchae. His list of parallels, while long, is by no means intended to be exhaustive; and it is proposed here to point out still another — the dancing and ecstasy characteristic of that unique movement in modern Jewry known as Hasidism.
Letter to Professor Arthur D. Nock on Some Fundamental Concepts in the Science of Religion
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

Prefatory Note. This letter has a lengthy history. More than thirty years ago I felt the necessity of a knowledge of and clearing up of the modes and lines of thought of unlettered people and wrote down a draft of a lecture upon which I have drawn here. Later on I applied my views to a special field, the concept, or to speak more justly the concepts of the soul, in a lecture delivered to the Fifth Congress for the History of Religions at Lund in 1929. Then I put the subject aside, although it always lurked at the back of my mind. Certain recent tendencies in the science of religion caused me to reconsider the problems involved and to write down a draft in order to coördinate and to systematize my views in regard to certain fundamental questions of this science. I happened to mention this in a letter to Professor Nock, and, as he wanted to take cognizance of the draft I had made for private purposes, I translated it into English and sent it to him. When he wished to publish it I asked him to subject my draft to the judgment of an expert anthropologist and to let me know his opinion. Professor Kluckhohn of Harvard was kind enough to read my manuscript and to supply some useful remarks and references. As he found my considerations useful, I consented to their being printed. I thank these two colleagues warmly for the interest they have taken in them. I am under a heavy debt of gratitude to Mrs. W. L. Sperry for her kindness in undertaking the difficult task of revising my English style in this paper as well as in others which I have published in the Harvard Theological Review.
Mt. 5.43: ‘Hate Thine Enemy’
Authors: Smith Morton
Published: August 2011

Mt. 543, which reads, ‘Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy,’ has long puzzled historians of Judaism. Strack-Billerbeck (ad loc.) profess themselves unable to find a written source for the second half of the maxim quoted, and think it is to be explained as a popular saying based on II Sam. 19.7 (so the Hebrew; English, 6) where Joab rebukes David for loving those who hate him and hating those who love him. This is not quite satisfactory, however, for all the five other maxims quoted in the chapter (and introduced by the same or almost the same formula) are either verbal quotations or close verbal reminiscences of verses of the Mosaic Law. (Mt. 5. 33, parallel to Num. 30.3, is, of the five, the one most remote from its presumptive original.) Therefore it has been suggested, e.g., that the second half of the maxim in 43 was not intended to be a part of the quotation, but was a bit of exegesis, added by Jesus or by some Christian editor, to indicate the popular understanding of ‘Thou shalt love thy neighbor’ (Lev. 19.18).