bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundar escuelas para consolidar la República y formar ciudadanos. Una aproximación para el caso colombiano, 1819-1825
Authors: Pita Pico Roger
Published: November 2016

El naciente gobierno republicano emprendió esfuerzos con miras a brindarle mayor importancia a las escuelas primarias. Estos establecimientos fueron concebidos no solo como un nivel de formación básica para el desarrollo cultural e intelectual de los ciudadanos, sino también como un espacio propicioparaentronizar en la sociedad los principios liberales y republicanos. Los ambiciosos planes en cobertura de educación primaria se tropezaron con un ambiente hostil signado por la crisiseconomica, el deficit fiscal y la tensión  político-militar en medio de una frágil y fluctuante estructura administratica. Esta situación conllevó a plantear nuevas yvariadas formulas de financiacion, lo cual implicó un apoyo y un ompromiso más activo por parte de la comunidad y de las instancias de gobierno a escala local.
Educación y control político-social del Estado: Visitadores de Escuela en Tacna y Arica (1800-1900)
Authors: Pizarro Pizarro Elías , Bustos González Raúl
Published: November 2016

Este artículo pretende, aportar a la visibilidad de actores desconocidos de la historia regional del norte de Chile, mediante el análisis de fuentes documentales, método literal y lógico, presentando las funciones que cumplían los visitadores de escuelas como agentes de laacción  educatica planificada desde   el Estado y como mecanismo de control político y social, durante el período comprendido entre la incorporación militar de la zona de Arica, (1880) y su anexión a la soberanía chilena(1929), marcado por un proceso que la historiografía nacional conoce como “Chilenización”.
Documentos
Authors: Argueta Hernández Bienvenido , González Orellana Carlos
Published: November 2016

Documentos
La enseñanza de la Independencia Americana en Colombia y España 2009-2011
Authors: Soto Arango Diana Elvira , Bernal Villate Sandra Liliana , Pacheco Vargas William , Espinosa Yules Alejandro , Paternina Soto Liliana , Perelló Beatriz
Published: November 2016

La investigación “La independencia americana en la enseñanza en Colombia y España 2009-2011”, analizó las maneras cómo el tema de la independencia americana, desde la institución educativay el aula escolar, (con los contenidos, mensajes, iconografía de los textos, guías procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje) originó unos imaginarios sociales en los estudiantes de educación básica primaria y secundaria (4, 5, 7 y 8 grado), que asimilaron como una nueva identidad los ideales de la nación en la región cundiboyacense de Colombia, y en los grados 2 y 4 de la Secundaria Obligatoria (conocidacomo la ESO) de la Comunidad de Andalucía, España. Reconoce la historia de la educación dentro del contexto socioeducativo local, donde se delimitan los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje eninstituciones escolares públicas y privadas que vehiculan contenidos, mensajes, representaciones sociales e iconografía sobre el tema de la independencia americana. Se pensó en los problemasrelacionados con la producción de ideologías y de mentalidades, es decir, problemas propios del campo de las representaciones sociales. En la metodología, se utilizó la comparada con aproximación a la cartografía social. Se concluyó que los contextos socio-culturales de la institución y país conllevan a diferentes apreciaciones e interpretaciones sobre el tema de la independencia americana en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de Colombia y España.
Leolinda Daltro – a Oaci-zauré – relato de suexperiencia de propuesta laica de educación para los pueblos indígenas en el Brasil central
Authors: Cunha dos Santos Paulete Maria
Published: November 2016

Teniendo en cuenta su experiencia entre los indios de las tierras de los sectores de Goiás y la propuesta de creación de una asociación de protección de los pueblos indígenas la cual Leolinda de Figueredo Daltro (1859 - 1935) divulgó intensamente y en diversos espacios sociales, después de su regreso al Río de Enero, se pueden hacer algunas proposiciones. Al final, lo que ella sabía o había leído sobre el modo de vida indígena antes de su experiencia entre ellos. ¿Lo que ella sabía de la política indígena adoptada por la República? O lo que conocía sobre  la región central de Brasil y por la cual se dirigió. Estos son los temas que discutiremos a lo largo del texto. Para  mejor profundizar ese regreso a la capital federal, creemos que también es importante comprobar cómo Leolinda se involucró con la "causa indígena”. O de qué manera una propuesta secular de educación indígena logró mover la opinión pública. Por lo tanto, se puede suponer que el episodio singular experimentado por Leolinda - y registrado en su libro Da catechese dos indios no Brasil - nos señala varias pistas sobre su misión - en las ciudades y en los sectores - y la pluralidad de red de la sociedad regional y nacional en el que estaba involucrada y comprometida.
Sex as an expression of hospitality - Theological investigation amongst some Africans
Authors: Elijah Baloyi Magezi
Published: November 2016

Besides the fact that sexual relationships have been understood and misunderstood in different ways, the possibility of sexual abuse remains a big issue amongst African South Africans. It has been sexual relationships, amongst other factors, that have been widely used by one gender to dominate the other. Sometimes this happens because women, because of their defencelessness, are perceived to enjoy the kind of sexual abuse they are subjected to. It is from this kind of attitude that some people, particularly men, come to the conclusion that sexual intercourse is another form of hospitality that can be offered to women. This kind of thinking has been fuelled by the traditional rejection of singlehood or widowhood and other related situations that women find themselves in. It is for this reason that polygamy, levirate marriage and cohabitation have crept into the minds of some men. This paper will attempt to unveil how thinking of sexual intercourse as extending a form of hospitality has encouraged the domination and abuse of women in the African context. The study will also unveil how the gift of sex has been misunderstood and misinterpreted in order to subject women to sexual violence and harassment. Afgesien van die feit dat seksuele verhoudinge op verskillende wyses verstaan en misverstaan is, bly die moontlikheid van seksuele misbruik ‘n groot probleem onder Suid-Afrikaanse Afrikane. Dit was nog altyd seksuele verhoudinge, sowel as ander faktore, wat wyd deur een geslag gebruik is om die ander geslag te domineer. Soms gebeur dit omdat gedink word dat vroue, as gevolg van hulle weerloosheid, die soort seksuele misbruik waaraan hulle blootgestel word geniet. Voortvloeiend hieruit ontstaan die houding dat sommige mense, veral mans, tot die gevolgtrekking kom dat seksuele gemeenskap ‘n vorm van gasvryheid is wat vroue behoort te geniet. Hierdie soort denke word aangehelp deur die tradisionele verwerping van enkellopende vroue en weduwees en ander soortgelyke situasies waarin vroue hulleself bevind. Dit is om hierdie rede dat poligamie, swaershuwelike en saambly sommige mans se denke insluip. Hierdie artikel sal poog om aan te toon hoe ‘n denkbeeld van seksuele omgang as ‘n vorm van gasvryheid die dominasie en mishandeling van vroue in die Afrika-konteks versterk is. Die studie sal ook aantoon hoe die “geskenk” van seksuele omgang vroue meer blootstel aan seksuele geweld en mishandeling.
A missional study of the use of social media (Facebook) by some Ghanaian Pentecostal Pastors
Authors: White Peter , Tella Fortune , Ampofo Mishael Donkor
Published: November 2016

Social media as a new phenomenon has become a tool used by many televangelists and pastors all over the world. It is against this background that this research sought to explore the Facebook activities of some Ghanaian Pentecostal pastors from a missional perspective. The article deals with the concept of social media, Facebook and its potential for mission purposes, the Facebook phenomenon among Ghanaians and how Ghanaian Pentecostal Pastors are using Facebook for missional purposes, as well as some of concerns on the negative uses of social media. The study revealed that Ghanaian pastors are followed by people from different religious and societal backgrounds. It has also offered the pastors and their congregations the opportunity to form relationships with a wide and diverse range of people without being bound by geographical space.

Sosiale media as nuwe fenomeen het ‘n instrument geword wat deur meeste TV-evangeliste en pastore regoor die wêreld gebruik word. Dit is teen hierdie agtergrond dat die Facebookaktiwiteite van sommige Ghanese Pentekostale pastore vanuit ‘n missionale perspektief ondersoek word. In hierdie artikel word die volgende ondersoek: Die konsepte van sosiale media en Facebook, veral dan in terme van hulle potensiaal vir missionale doeleindes; die Facebookfenomeen, spesifiek onder die Ghanese; en die wyse waarop Ghanese Pentekostale pastore van Facebook gebruik maak vir missionale doeleindes. Die navorsing bevind dat Ghanese pastore deur mense van verskillende godsdienstige en sosiale agtergronde op sosiale media gevolg word. Dit bied aan pastore en hulle geloofsgemeenskappe die geleentheid om verhoudings met ‘n wye verskeidenheid mense te ontwikkel, sonder om deur die grense van geografiese gesitueerdheid beperk te word.
Study on the Impact of Malnutrition and Fruits Using Fuzzy Relational Maps
Authors:   Department of Mathematics,Loyola College,Chennai - 600 034, Mary M.Martin Powlin , Devadoss A. Victor ,   Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, Chennai - 600 034, Felix J.Maria Roy ,   Department of Mathematics, Loyola College,Chennai - 600 034
Published: November 2016

In this paper we find the relation between the nutritious content in fruits using Fuzzy Relational Maps. We are using a linguistic questionnaire and using this interview we have constructed the FRM model, relating the nutritious content in fruits. Thus we use FRM models to study and analyze this problem and our study strongly reveals that the fruits intake by the pregnant women minimizes the rate of malnutrition
Authenticated Technologies for Visually Challenged Candidates
Authors:   Research Scholar, Department of Computer Applications, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute University, Chennai, Ms G.Veena , Rajini Nirmala Sujirtha ,   Professor , Department of Computer Applications, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute University, Chennai
Published: November 2016

The objective of the project is to bridge up the gap between normal people and blind people by the way to spread education to everyone and also giving chance to blind people to get qualified. It helps the blind people to eradicate poverty from weaker sections of society and to improve social and economic conditions of the visually challenged persons. It will give the confidence to blind community of people to make their career and get developed in all the ways. Exam simulator to help blind people give their certification or other exams. Blind candidate will register through the website with the help of his/her invigilator and a unique ID will be generated .At the examination center, he/she will enter the ID through voice commands with the help of invigilator. After entered the Id and password the exam will start by the invigilator then what ever the candidates doing in a system all the functions will stored in database .The invigilator can restore the database in the CD, a softcopy of the QA sheet has to be taken and giving this to the evaluation server directly.The system can automatically generate the result to candidate ID.
Thoughts and Happiness
Authors:   Thoughts and Happiness, Mr R.Vicram , Sunwar Dhan Kumar ,   Student, Gaeddu College of Business Studies, Choden Yeshi ,   Student, Gaeddu College of Business Studies
Published: November 2016

Our thoughts play a vital role in ones happiness. Mahatma Gandhi says Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. Let us measure the happiness of a student after writing his exam with respect to his preparation and expectation by decision making
KARAKTERISTIK FISIK NANOKOMPOSIT ZNO/Fe2O3 YANG DIBUAT MENGGUNAKAN FLAME SPRAY PYROLISIS DENGAN VARIASI LAJU ALIR GAS PEMBAWA
Authors: Jumari Arif , Purwanto Agus , Distantina Sperisa
Published: November 2016

Abstract: Biodiesel is a very potential alternative energy resources. Producing of Biodiesel was much carried out using homogeneous catalytic esterification of vegetable oil and alcohol. These proces had many disanvantages. ZnO as a transesterification catalyst has given high yield. To improve the catalytic performance, the surface area per mas of catalyst must be increased by decreasing the size of particle. To ease the separation between product and catalyst, the magnetic  behaviour should be added to the catalyst. The aim of the research were to obtain nanocomposite ZnO/Fe2O3 and determine physical characteristic as well as catalytic and separation performance. Nanocomposite ZnO/Fe2O3 was synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis method. Assisted by carrier air precursor solution of Zn(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 was nebulized and flowed to the inner tube of the burner. Nebulasation was carried out by varying carrier gas flow rate but  at constant rateof nebulization. LPG gas dan oxidant air  were flowed to the inner annulus  and outer annulus, respectively. The solid produced was separated from gas by particle filter. The solid particle was then examined by XRD , FE-SEM and BET as wel as catalytic performance. The result showed that the crystalinity of samples decreased by increasing the carrier gas flow rate. The particle size was not influenced by carrier gas flow rate and the size were dominantly between 50-100 nm. A part of particle was flowerlike particle.  The specific surface area  of particle was not inflenced by carrier gas flow rate and its value was 50.5 m2/gram.

 Keywords : Tran-esterification,  nanocomposite ZnO/Fe2O3,  flame spray pyrolysis,   carrier gas, particle size,  particle morphology, specific surface area 
PENGARUH JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM TERHADAP KINETIKA REAKSI HIDROLISIS PELEPAH PISANG (Musa Paradisiaca L)
Authors: Kriswiyanti Enny
Published: November 2016

Abstract: Banana stem is a biomass that contain high cellulose that can be converted into glucose through hydrolysis reaction. This research purposes were to understand the influence of any kind of acid and its concentration for banana leaves cellulose hydrolysis and to gain the kinetic data or the reaction rate constant (k) of banana leaves hydrolysis reaction. The constant variables in this research were mass of banana leaves (25 gram), mass ratio of solid to solvent (1:10) and cooking temperature (100 oC). The observated variables were kind of acid (H2SO4 and HCl) in each concentration of 1.0 N; 1.5 N; 2.0 N; 2.5 N; 3.0 N. The glucose samples were then analyzed using refractometer. Datas showed that at higher acid concentration and longer reaction time, the higher glucose concentration was formed. Datas also showed that HCl will deliver higher glucose concentration than H2SO4. The maximum operation condition was gained at 2 N HCl concentration. By assuming the order of hydrolysis reaction was one, the reaction rate constant were in the range of 0.000182 – 0.0043/minute and 0.00209 – 0.0066/minute for H2SO4 and HCl respectively.

 Keywords: cellulose hydrolysis; banana stem; sulfite acid; chloride acid
Innovative Chemical Treatment Campaign on a Challenging Sandstone Reservoir in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ghouth Alaa , Alsalman Ali , Danish Syed Muhammad , Mutairy Faisal Abdullah
Published: November 2016

This paper highlights the difficulties and limitations encountered along with the solutions proposed and executed during the chemical treatment campaign on a highly permeable and challenging sandstone reservoir.

The subject field has both an onshore and offshore footprint with water injector wells placed on land. The formation oil contains asphaltene, causing stable emulsions with thermal imbalance. Power water injected into the formation has a tendency to build up soluble scale near the formation face. With time, fines migrations and sand dislodgment are observed from reservoir rock. Residual oil from the gas oil separation plant (GOSP), once mixed with scale and sand deposits, causes mixed deposits that plug perforation tunnels or pre-perforated liner ports.

In this particular campaign, four water injector wells, which had modest injection rates in the area, were chemically treated to remove these deposits utilizing proprietary aromatic organic solvent and organic acid recipes combined with the fluidic pulse oscillating downhole nozzle. The operational design allowed for a thorough cleanout with nitrified fluid before injecting the treatment in two phases (wash 10 gal/ft and stimulation 25 gal/ft), with intermediate injectivity tests to determine the treatment's effectiveness.

The chemical system presented in this paper has the property of associating a co-solvent that enhances the dissolution of the asphaltene deposit, as well as improves deabsorption of these deposits from the surface of the formation rock. The downhole nozzle with Tuned Frequency Amplitude (TFA) enables better control, matching fluid rates to the most desirable frequency and amplitude of the pressure pulses, and resulting in an optimized treatment placement.
Studies on Foam Flooding Formulation for Complex Fault Block Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Zhu Youyi , Xu Qianqian , Luo Yousong
Published: November 2016

Wen-120 block formation in Huabei Oilfield belongs to the typical complex fault block sandstone reservoirs. It is characterized by high heterogeneity, poor water sweep efficiency, high water cut and inefficient oil recovery during the post-water flooding period. The selection of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique is very important for future development of such reservoirs. Foam flooding can improve macroscopic sweep efficiency, which may increase oil recovery for highly heterogeneous reservoirs particularly. One of key techniques of foam flooding is to develop foam formulation to fit the reservoir conditions, especially in the harsh reservoir fluids conditions. In this study, systematic laboratory studies on foam flooding formulation for Wen-120 formation have been performed.

Foam flooding formulations were investigated based on foaming agents and foam stabilizers screening tests, oil sand adsorption experiments and oil displacement core flooding experiments under the target reservoir conditions (reservoir temperature is 80.4 °C, total salinity of formation water is 22,520 mg/L). The research results would lay the foundation of foam flooding EOR pilot test for the fault block reservoir.

The results showed that: (1) a compounded system of surfactant AOS and FC-1 mixture acted as foaming agent, and polymer KYPAM as foam stabilizer were selected, the foam formulation showed a good salt-tolerant and oil-resistant properties. (2) both of the good foamability and stability was obtained within concentrations of foaming agent of 0.4wt% and foam stabilizer of 1,400 mg/L. (3) the foam system still has higher foamability and stability after four times static adsorption. (4) EOR effect evaluation on core flooding indicated that foam flooding could contribute 24%-32% of OOIP incremental recovery under good operating protocols.

Foam flooding integrates both properties of gas injection technique and chemical flooding. It is a candidate EOR method which has great potential to be applied on highly heterogeneous complex fault block sandstone reservoirs.
Novel High Viscus Acid System for Proppant Fracture Acidizing
Authors: Karadkar Prasad , Suzart Walter , Sabhapondit Anupom , Buenrostro Adrian , Jauregui Jairo Leal
Published: November 2016

Production decline in acid-fractured reservoirs result from the elastic, plastic, and creeping response of highly confined vertical stresses that can destroy the conductive channels created by the acid. This paper introduces a novel, highly viscous acid system having the potential to suspend proppant and perform simultaneous acid and proppant fracturing treatments.

During production, impure carbonates tend to decrease productivity as quartz and other minerals migrate, leading to channel closing and/or collapse. Conventionally, acid fracturing treatments are performed by fracturing without proppant followed by different acid stages, including gelled acid. The idea of proppant-fracturing-acidizing (PFA) system entails fracturing in a single stage operation, although to avoid post-treatment plugging of the propped fractures the application of the process would be limited to very clean carbonates. This paper describes PFA fluid prepared by emulsifying hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the internal phase using diesel as the external phase. PFA offers distinct advantages compared to conventional acid systems, namely high viscosity to carry proppant, simultaneously acid-etching the rock, while attaining deeper live acid penetration. Another potential advantage is lowering operational time because mixing can be performed on-the-fly.

Preliminary experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of PFA fluid and validate its applicability to perform simultaneous acid and proppant fracturing. PFA was prepared at various HCl concentrations and tested up to 28%. PFA fluid viscosity under different shear rates was measured at high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/PT). It exhibited viscosity as high as 2424 cp at 100°F and 300 cp at 300°F at 50 1/s shear rate. The oil external nature and the stability of the PFA fluid were examined using HP/HT autoclaves at 300°F. The effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in PFA fluid was determined at 300°F. Static proppant settling tests showed that PFA fluid has good proppant carrying capacity at different particle loadings. After spending PFA fluid in carbonate, the viscosity was reduced significantly, exhibiting breaker-free cleanup.

Carbonate reservoirs having closure stress of more than 5,000 psi could be propped to enhance conductivity using PFA system. Enhancing the stimulated reservoir volume could be plausible using PFA system as a single-fluid treatment option, particularly if acid leakoff control and diversion, deeper penetration, and acid and proppant fracturing can be simultaneously implemented.
Extending Early Life PVT Model to Match Production and Fluid Composition History of A Gas Condensate Reservoir
Authors: Kabir Akim H. , Ahmed Mahbub S. , Lehman Joel R. , Al-Malki Bandar H.
Published: November 2016

This paper presents results (a case history) of a comprehensive equation of state (EOS) PVT model validation and calibration study conducted on an extensive gas condensate reservoir. Previous PVT model, derived from the original condition PVT samples has been reviewed. PVT samples, separator test data and production history matching of subsequent producing years pose a significant challenge to any early life PVT model. A systematic approach has been taken to tackle the task, starting from trying to recalibrate the original EOS PVT model to conducting various quality control and sensitivity studies. We show all the challenges that we faced trying to match well tests, well stream samples and the long production history, and their solutions. This includes identifying and explaining anomalous data, filling in the gap of the data trends, making use of look-alike (pressure, temp, depth, area) reservoir fluid composition, minor compositional modulation to account for common and known sampling and testing inaccuracies etc. This study shows how a pre-development PVT model of a gas condensate can successfully be calibrated with a long production history with minor logical adjustments, thus spare the engineers from the agony of having to re-do a full-fledged PVT modelling work; therefore add confidence to their predictive modeling work.
Innovative Well and Field Uncertainty Analysis
Authors: Ahonsi Wilson
Published: November 2016

Uncertainty analysis is usually conducted during field development, in order to quantify the uncertainty within the field, its impact on the recovery and the development strategy used in developing the field. However, uncertainty analysis usually focuses on field level, with little or no analysis done on the direct impact of well placement within uncertain region and it's impact on the field recovery i.e. well level uncertainty analysis. In order to investigate this and as a part the field phase development strategy, a thorough uncertainty analysis was conducted both on the field and well level. The field level uncertainty was done in order to quantify the reservoir uncertainty, and its effect on the production plateau length. The well level uncertainty was done, in order to optimize well placement and its effect of future recovery.

In order quantify the uncertainty in the field, the main uncertain parameters and their respective ranges were first identified using the data available. Once defined their respective impact on stock tank oil initially in place (STOIIP) and cumulative production was calculated by sensitivity analysis. Monte Carlo simulation was then used to combine the different parameters, in order to obtain a pessimistic, base and optimistic case. Well level uncertainty analysis was conducted using FSCAT analysis, to ensure that based on the current well location, future well location and cumulative production to date, each well was capable of delivering the predicted rate forecasted. Wells within high uncertain regions or with lower potential in meet production plateau were highlighted for relocation in the field development strategy.

The main uncertainty parameters identified in the field based on existing data were, oil water contact (OWC), Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) oil formation volume factor (Bo), saturation height (rock type), structure and reservoir connectivity (poro/perm). Sensitivity analysis showed that structure has the highest impact on the STOIIP, while reservoir connectivity showed the smallest impact. The well level uncertainty analysis used a combination of conventional and streamline simulator, in order to produce a more robust form of decline curve analysis (DCA) using FSCAT analysis. This analysis allowed the calculation of the remaining oil per well that can be produced.

This paper describes how the uncertainty analysis was conducted on a field and well level, by combining the conventional simulator (compositional) and streamline simulator. As a result of this uncertainty analysis, the P10, P50 and P90 cases were created. The base case (P50) showed it is possible to maintain plateau to 2043. The well level analysis showed that, each well could produce the forecasted production based on its current location in the base case (P50). Wells potential map could be used in optimizing well placement.

Novel/Additive Information: Combined conventional and streamline simulation, in order to conduct a more robust uncertainty analysis and improved well placement strategy in field development.
New Age of Coiled Tubing CT Oriented Perforation—World First Application for Intelligent Completion in Hostile High-H2S Well
Authors: Panferov Rostislav , Zhandin Alexander , Burov Anton , Ghioca Gelu , Boulter Derek
Published: November 2016

Well completion and commissioning operations offshore present a variety of technical and operational challenges in the quest to maximize well productivity and optimize the economic value together with focus on safety. This is very relevant to perforation operations performed in hostile and high-pressure reservoir conditions encountered in a complex development project in the Caspian basin. The degree of complexity is increased due to required oriented perforation in a deviated intelligent completion well equipped with well monitoring system mounted on the outer side of the production liner. We describe the developed innovative technical solution for oriented perforation, challenges encountered, lessons learned, and results of this first-time-in-the-world implementation.

To meet job objectives, we selected electric-line enabled (e-line enabled) coiled tubing (CT) for precise depth control, the latest-generation advanced gun deployment system (15,000-psi working pressure 5.12-in. ID H2S-rated) for conveyance of long gunstrings under pressure paired with specially developed hostile oriented gun system, and newly designed CT perforation string components, such as the perforation-shock-resistant bottomhole assembly (BHA), two independent emergency disconnects, high-tensile CT logging head disconnect weak points, perforation passive casing orienting device, and tuned software to predict and evaluate shock load and dynamic underbalance.

The oriented perforation job was successfully completed with this innovative oriented method for perforation applications—passive casing orienting device for deviated wells. This perforation technique proved capable of providing desired orientation accuracy and effectively minimized operational time and associated risks. Such approach allowed safe and efficient perforation in a controlled well environment and provided perforation in the desired direction away from downhole well monitoring equipment and with accurate depth control, and managed detonation shock load in overbalanced conditions, which avoided any well fluid influx or H2S release. The developed solution is a seamless integration of e-line enabled CT, the CT logging head, a gun deployment system for pressurized well conditions, and a set of wireline tools and specialized perforation equipment for passive orientation.

This is the first time that the described oriented CT perforation operation using such innovative techniques has been performed in the world. The experience demonstrates a method to safely and efficiently facilitate challenging oriented perforation jobs in the future for intelligent completion applications and a great opportunity for well performance evaluation through distributed temperature-sensing analysis.
Bridging Gaps: Establishing Safety Culture within Young Engineers
Authors: AlKazimi Mohammad A. , Altabbakh Hanan M.
Published: November 2016

The inherent complexity of the processes and the volatile nature of petroleum products compel the petroleum industry to continually seek and develop tools and techniques to identify, evaluate, and mitigate potential risks that can negatively impact their process operations. Additionally, government agencies and nonprofit professional societies guide the petroleum industry with regulatory guidelines, standards, and recommended best practices. The industry and these agencies and societies work to improve operational management, to ensure safe working conditions, and to minimize risk of all kinds, so that if failures occur, damage is contained within tolerable limits.

This paper defines the establishment of "Health, Safety and Environment Risk Management System in the Oil Industry" course in Kuwait's Academic institutes. Not only it is designed to cover the technical aspects of HSE in the oil and gas industry, but it also enhances soft skills many students tend to overlook such as communications skills, safety awareness, ethical responsibilities, and most importantly, creating safety culture by exposing HSE awareness and knowledge to cater to the oil and gas industry. In a vision to invest in the human capital, this course will be a starting point to bridge academic gaps between academia and the oil industry throughout different disciplines, as well.
Cementing Practices to Solve Well Integrity Challenges of Ultra Deep High Temperature Wells in Western China
Authors: Guo Yabin , Li Xiaochun , Feng Shaobo , Zhang Changduo , Liu Rui , Zhang Zhi , Li Tan , Guo Peng , Wang Rui , Taoutaou Salim , Lee Junn Shyong
Published: November 2016

Ultra-deep wells (maximum measured depth of 8000 m) located in the Tarim Kuqa foreland oil field in western China pose significant challenges to well integrity because of the high temperature (maximum bottom hole static temperature of 180°C), high pressure (maximum 145 MPa), and a deeply buried, thick, salt-gypsum formation (maximum measured depth of 7800 m). An engineering cementing approach with continuous improvements has been applied in the cementing operations in over 200 wells from 2008 to 2015.

The ultra-deep casing program was designed to meet the complex drilling and high-pressure completion requirements. Meanwhile, fit-for-purpose cement systems have been developed to seal the long, high-pressure interval of the salt-gypsum formation. In addition, a procedure on spacer optimization and evaluation has been established to optimize target zone cementing in oil-base mud. Tailored cementing procedures from well preparation to post-job remedial work were developed to meet the severe lost circulation challenge caused by the narrow pore-fracture pressure window in the reservoir.

Since 2008, various problems related to well integrity have been encountered in the field, including casing leaks, incomplete zonal isolation post cementing and sustained casing pressure (SCP) during the exploration and development activities. Substantial local operational practices have been accumulated to solve these intractable problems through the 1200 primary and remedial cementing operations undertaken to the present. A comprehensive pool of cement slurry formulations has been established with optimized properties including extreme high density with good pump-ability, saturated salinity resistance, and cement setting under an extended temperature difference to meet the various cementing requirements resulting from complex and extreme downhole conditions. A design-execution-evaluation (DEE) cycle of cementing operation has been implemented to achieve continuous improvements and shorten the learning curve in the face of the new challenges continuously encountered during the extended exploration activity of this region. The annual average percentage of qualified cementing jobs has been enhanced steadily from an initial 55% in 2008 to the present 73%.

The nature of this ultra-deep reservoir limited the application of lessons learned from other oil fields. A series of cementing practices developed empirically to address the challenges of this field have been documented and optimized over the years. They have proven to be successful in the field and form the foundation of designs going forward.
Well Integrity Management: Analysis of Multi-Barrier Corrosion in Mature Wells Using Advanced Magnetic Impulse Technology
Authors: Jain S. , Al Hamadi M. A. , Alghasra A. M. , Saada M. , Amin A. H.
Published: November 2016

Cost effective management of Well Integrity is crucial for maintaining O&G production economics particularly in mature fields. Optimization of Workover resources, cost, time and associated production outage is the key for maximizing productivity. Monitoring wellbore completion through multi-tubular corrosion scanning provides the ability to operators in making this critical decision. Objective of this field trial conducted in the SNOC Sajaa field, onshore Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; was to determine thru-tubing high resolution metal loss across multiple barriers for well integrity assurance in single completion wells.

Wells operating in a low pressure envelope during later life cycle are susceptible to collapse against the original pore pressure due to the loss in wall thickness from corrosion, particularly in the case of legacy packerless completions. Quantitative measurement of thickness in the tubing and casing strings independently was addressed by a real time Magnetic Impulse Defectoscope tool. Scanning metal thickness by measuring magnetic impulse decay including the qualitative detection of the fourth barrier was achieved in the downhole gas-condensate environment. The results were interpreted to classify the average wall loss profile in this pilot project. The results analyzed and presented in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of continuous corrosion inhibitor using ¼″ capillary strings and direct annulus injection. In addition, a deterioration comparison of tubular integrity over 10+ years of production in a high temperature low pressure corrosive (H2S & CO2) system is presented. Effectiveness and limitations of the Electromagnetic survey against Multi-Finger Caliper is compared and the importance of repeatability in well integrity testing is also demonstrated.

An insight into the metal detection accuracy through multiple tubulars and the fundamentals of well integrity assurance in mature assets is presented. Finally, evaluating the true need for intervention- method and timing, resulting in the reduction of mature well life cycle costs in the current low oil price environment.
Achieving Environmental & Efficiency Gains by Upgrading The Rolls Royce Avon 1533 to Avon 200 Gas Generator
Authors: AlNajar Mansoor , El-Abyouki Mohammed
Published: November 2016

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Thermal Activated Resin to Repair Casing Leaks in the Middle East
Authors: Sanabria A. E. , Knudsen K. , Leon G. A.
Published: November 2016

The challenge was with wells where the casing had lost its barrier/integrity because of casing leakage. There the result was that production wells were closed in. These problems are often caused by cementing failure when the well was drilled and cemented, lost zone, experienced corrosive formation fluid from the formation, treads leakage or other reasons for this integrity failure. There have been tried out serial methods for how this casing leakage can be repaired safely and in a cost-effective manner.

Casing damage/leakage with low or non-injectivity have been squeezed and repaired with Thermal activated resin. Thermal activated resin is a nonreactive polymer with qualities that are resistant to all formation corrosives/hazard fluids. Thermal activated resin will reinstall a good well barrier and integrity to protect casing from future corrosion. Thermal activated resin has been used in serial wells in Saudi Arabia in both onshore and offshore fields. In a small volume, with a controlled setting and short operation time, a high success rate has been achieved.

The solution to these challenges was developed by designing thermal activated resin casing repair liquid plug with a density equal from 64 pcf to 152 pcf. The setting time can also be adjusted accurately. This new treatment slurry was able to be bullheaded and displaced with polymer mud/brine at 64 pcf to 152 pcf. The slurry was easily able to be pumped through the drill pipe. This novel product possesses low elastic modulus and high flexibility in density, viscosity and fast setting time according to requirements. The well barrier elements made of this product have no risk of shrinking, cracking, gas channeling or deterioration upon exposure to harsh reservoir environments.

This paper presents a case history and field application of this novel polymer based casing repair material for successful treatment of full losses or when there is no/low injectivity in formations in most of the critical oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. Also, the paper includes a discussion of the methodology, material properties and applications.
Sulphur Recover Unit Condenser External Tube Failure Investigation
Authors: Sabry Houssam
Published: November 2016

Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Ltd (ADGAS) operates three sulphur recovery units (SRU). Units are aimed at reducing acid gas flaring. Sulfur is produced from these units. Units follow the Calus and Super Calus process. Each unit is composed of a main combustion chamber, waste heat boiler, series of condenser, reactors, line heaters and an incinerator. In one of the SRU units, one of the sulphur condensers had a tube failure. Failure investigation showed that one tube failed externally (water side). Tube internal surface revealed no tube degradation. Root Cause Analysis exercise revealed that failure was attributed to a corrosion assisted steam blanketing phenomenon. Damage was only confined to the first few centimetres away from the tube sheet hot side. Furthermore signs of Boiler Feed Water (BFW) corrosion was there. Corrosion control of the BFW quality was ensured through continuous intermittent blow down of the condensed BFW in addition to introducing an additional chemical injection skid to control the BFW quality in the SRU. These actions were able to control the quality of the BFW. Furthermore, ADGAS initiated a Computational Fluid Dynamics Exercise (CFD) through a specialised consultant to understand the possible scenario of the steam blanketing. CFD was done for normal operation ns cases in addition to transient conditions. CFD was able to prove that steam blanketing actually took place during one of the transient conditions. Actions were hence considered to prevent the recurrence of such transient condition.
Technology Trial Review: Selective Coiled Tubing Re-Entry of Two Open Hole Multilateral Wells Using Intelligent Electromechanical Arm
Authors: Abubaker Saeed , Abdelaziz Mohannad , Noui-Mehidi Mohamed N. , Zarea Marwan
Published: November 2016

A maximum reservoir contact (MRC) well, by definition, is a single or a multilateral horizontal well with more than five km of total contact with the reservoir rock. Planning of these wells requires extensive modeling studies to optimize total length, placement and configuration of branches.

The main objective behind the MRC well concept was to improve individual well productivity and hence reduce the unit development cost and to better develop hydrocarbon assets. In fact, oil fields developed using MRC wells shows significant improvements in those wells performance in terms of increased PI, lower drawdown, and significantly delaying water and gas conning.

A major challenge that faces production engineers in their daily operations is identifying and accessing laterals windows in those MRC multilateral wells, in order to preform rigless downhole sensing and intervention jobs (logging, stimulation, etc.). This challenge varies in difficulty based on the technology advancement of multilaterals (TAML) level, for example in TAML level 2 wells (cased mainbore) metal logging tools such as casing collar locator can be used to identify and confirm the access of laterals, while this of course is not an option in TAML Level 1 multilateral wells (open hole mainbore and lateral). Another reason selective re-entry of TAML Level 1 is considered very difficult is due to the shape and quality of the wellbore near the junction (window), post drilling and after distortion of hydrocarbon flow. 

This paper presents an intelligent electromechanical tool, jointly developed to address this issue. The tool consists of a sensing package that can identify and locate the depth and orientation of the lateral window using US and EM sensors, and an electromechanical arm that can be easily rotated and actuated with a wide range of angle, to lead and steer the bottom-hole assembly into the required lateral. This paper also presents the discoveries, challenges, and results of testing this intelligent tool in two TAML Level 1 multilateral oil producers, one fishbone well with a mainbore and six open hole laterals branching from it (shut in conditions) (Mohannad Abdelaziz, 2016), and the other is an open hole well mainbore with a lateral branching from it (shut in, flowing conditions). In Both trials the tool was successfully used to guide a production logging tool into different wells laterals.
In-House Developed Workflow Smart System for Rig-Less Operation
Authors: AL-Bahrani Hasan
Published: November 2016

E-Business, an industry abbreviation that is short for "electronic business," refers to business that is conducted or facilitated in some way over the Internet. However, e-Business not only refers to the act of buying or selling; instead, it also covers the areas of customer service and collaboration with business partners. E-Business also refers to the processes and tools that allow an organization to use Internet-based technologies and infrastructures, both internally and externally, to conduct day-to-day business process operations of any kind, in addition to services or commerce that must be conducted over the Internet.

Well Surveillance Group adopted Automated Workflow under Services Teams responsible about well intervention under Kuwait Oil Company. The paper explains the development an E-Business Model as a case study. First, organization structure should be identified. Then strategic plan analyses take place to understand the organization goal. After that, record of each activities and responsibilities to the organization unit or department. In Addition, each activity should be break and converted to measurable task and information required to completed. Finally, link tasks together according to tasks relationship, information required exchange between them, authority manpower or unit, assigned to tasks to complete the organization workflow activities. This report simplifies the case and focus on Automation and integration satisfy both interal and eternal cusomers. The data analysis shows more than 90 % improvement to satisfy customer request. It also carify that automation minimizes delay of communication and inetrgration between responsible team/business unit/employee. The Workflow system customization help to get instance reposnse related to wel intervention. It also, helps sharing information and eliminate dubplication task between team/business unit/employee. The measurable HSSE impact of automate the business process through workflow found also significant by reducing paper less work and manpower driving KM from office to oil field in oil sector. The case study presented in this paper suggest recommendation on how to adopted such system in their task by giving guidelines of each phase of developmine such system.
A New Approach to Forecasting Production from Liquid Rich Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Makinde Ibukun , Lee W. John
Published: November 2016

The oil and gas industry is in need of rapid and simple techniques of forecasting oil and gas production. Forecasting production from unconventional, low permeability reservoirs is particularly challenging. As a contribution to the ongoing efforts of finding solutions to this problem, this paper presents a new method of forecasting production from liquid rich shale reservoirs called the Principal Components Methodology (PCM).

In our study, we simulated production of fluids with different compositions for 30 years with the aid of a commercial compositional simulator. We then applied the Principal Components Methodology (PCM) to the production data from several representative wells by using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to calculate the principal components. These principal components were then used to forecast oil production from wells with production histories ranging from 0.5 to 3 years, and the results were compared to simulated data. Application of the PCM to field data is also included in this work.

Various factors ranging from ultra-low permeability to multi-phase flow effects have plagued the mission of forecasting production from liquid rich shale reservoirs. Traditional decline curve analysis (DCA) methods have not been completely adequate for estimating production from shale reservoirs. The PCM method enables us to obtain the production decline structure that best captures the variance in the data from the representative wells considered. This new technique eliminates the need for parameters like the hyperbolic decline exponents (b values) and the task of switching from one DCA model to another. It also allows us to forecast production without necessarily using diagnostic plots. With PCM, we were able to forecast oil production from shale reservoirs with reasonable certainty.

This study presents an innovative and simple method of forecasting production from shale reservoirs. It provides fresh insights into how estimating production can be done in a different way.