bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Shareholder
Authors: Ferran Eilis
Published: November 2023

European corporate law policy is the focus of this paper. Europe has historically lagged behind the USA in viewing company law’s primary role as being to facilitate the operation of business in corporate form. However, the report by the High Level Group of Company Law Experts (Winter Report) to the European Commission in November 2002 marks a distinct break with the past in this respect. This chapter reviews aspect of the Winter Report concerning the role of shareholders in internal corporate governance.
American Experience and EU Perspectives
Authors: Gordon Jeffrey N
Published: November 2023

The new German Takeover Act contains anti-takeover provisions that reject the ‘board neutrality/shareholder choice’ of the defeated draft of the 13th Directive. These anti-takeover provisions may have a particular (albeit temporary) justification as part of negotiating strategy to obtain a Directive with a ‘level playing field’ approach to a wide variety of control barriers in the EU. This is because assent to cross-border mergers and the transnational economic integration associated with such mergers ultimately depends upon the control of economic nationalism. Mutual vulnerability to takeover bids by both acquirors and targets, in which acquirors who engage in value-reducing home country bias would face a control threat, can play a valuable role in restraining economic nationalism.
Telecommunications Law And Regulation: An Introduction
Authors: Walden Ian
Published: November 2023

First things first! Whereas the first edition of this book was straightforwardly concerned with telecommunications, as a UK-based textbook, changes have occurred at a European level that have created a conundrum for the second edition. Under European Union (EU) law, telecommunications as a legal and regulatory term has disappeared, to be replaced by ‘ communications’ embracing all forms of infrastructure, services, and equipment supplied for the transmission of data and Information, whether traditionally viewed as broadcasting or voice telephony.
A Service to the Public: The Containment of Ethical and Moral Conflicts by Public Bureaucracies
Authors: Haggett Paul
Published: November 2023

The rhetoric of pragmatism has become a defining characteristic of public service reform under Britain’s (New) Labour government. Exemplified in policies such as the Private Finance Initiative and Best Value, it construes choice between public and private as essentially a matter of efficacy-what works is what’s best, or so the rhetoric goes (on’Best Value’ see Miller, Chapter 10, this volume). This rhetoric has been subject to sustained critique from several directions. Some (Pollock, Shaoul, and Rowland 2001) have argued that it is simply a camouflage for the further penetration of global market forces into public life, a continuation of Thatcherism but in a more publicly acceptable clothing. Others have focused more upon pragmatism as the cloak beneath which a bland and homogenizing managerialism has spread its tentacles across public life (Clarke and Newman 1997).
Performing for the Public: Doubt, Desire, and the Evaluation of Public Services
Authors: Clarke John
Published: November 2023

Public services have been the setting for persistent and complex arguments about bureaucracy. From the 1980s onwards, they have been criticized as bureaucratic monoliths, ill­suited to the demands of modern market societies. When broken­up into marketized or contractualized forms, others saw the rise of management as the reappearance of bureaucracy, particularly in the National Health Service. More recently the growth of evaluative processes and systems­inspection, audit, performance measurement, and so on­ has also been linked to complaints about bureaucracy. The apparatus of targets, measurement, and ‘bureaucratic tick­boxes’ is seen as a cumbersome and intrusive bureaucratization of relationships between the public, the government, and public services. This could be the basis for a bleak story about how ‘things never change’, or how bureaucracy always triumphs over reform initiatives. Such stories abound, of course, but they rely on a simplified and universalized idea of bureaucracy, and on a strange disconnection
What is Best ‘Value’? Bureaucracy, Virtualism, and Local Governance
Authors: Miller Daniel
Published: November 2023

In preparing you for reading this chapter it is perhaps worth starting with the admission that I am not a student of bureaucracy or indeed of government. Rather this chapter is a by­product of a much larger study that is concerned with the concept of value and its centrality to activities ranging from commerce and finance, to morality and government. As an anthropologist committed to using ethnography I am carrying out a series of studies that include, where possible, an element of participant observation. This chapter is based upon my first case study which took as its subject the ‘Best Value’ (from here on BV) audit of local government in England and Wales (Audit Commission 1999, 2001). My primary concern was the role of value in the transformation of public funds back into public services, but for the purpose of this chapter I will be concerned more with the issues that were encountered in the tensions between the BV inspection and the people and practices observed within local government.
The Escalation Of Commitment Steps Toward An Organizational Theory
Authors: Staw Barry M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will describe the evolution of my research on the escalation of commitment how it began, how it changed, and where the stream of research now stands, at least from my perspective. It is my hope that some insights may be gained from the way this theory and research developed over time, moving from the test of a relatively narrow hypothesis to the broader investigation of an organizational phenomenon. With luck, this narrative will also provide some lessons, both good and bad, for future researchers seeking to explain a variety of organizational issues.
Organizational Effectiveness Its Demise And Re-Emergence Through Positive Organizational Scholarship
Authors: Cameron Kim
Published: November 2023

A fundamental shift has occurred over the last two decades in the organizational studies literature. Whereas the concept of organizational evocativeness was once the dominant dependent variable in organizational studies and lay at the centre of discussions about organizational success, it gradually lost favour and has largely been replaced by an emphasis on single indicators of outcomes such as share price, productivity, Wnancial ratios, error rates, or customer loyalty (Cameron and Wheaten, 1996). One well-known evocativeness scholar concluded, in fact, that organizational electiveness’ as a topic of study is dead (Wheaten, 2004). It was killed by the ‘‘validity police’’ (Hirsch and Levin, 1999), who tend to discard no useful and immeasurable concepts.
The Development Of Stakeholder Theory An Idiosyncratic Approach
Authors: Freeman R Edward
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to trace the development of what has come to be known as ‘‘stakeholder theory.’’ I intend to accomplish this in a manner that could be called ‘‘autobiographical’’ or ‘‘idiosyncratic’’ because I want to illustrate a philosophical point about the general issue of ‘‘theory development’’ and the importance of a role for ‘‘the author.’’ To claim that ‘‘the author’’ has an important role in the development of management theory is neither to promote the selfimportance of particular individuals nor to deny the role of inter-subjective agreement that is so vital in science. Rather it is to claim that contextual factors and serendipity can be crucial in process of theory development.
Developing Evolutionary Theory For Economics And Management
Authors: Winter Sidney G
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1959, chance events led me to read a 1950 paper by Armen Alchian, entitled ‘‘Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory’’ (Alchian, 1950). At the time, I was trying to do a dissertation featuring an empirical analysis of the determinants of corporate spending on research and development. R&D had become quite a hot topic in applied economics after the mid-1950s. The theoretical framework that I had planned to use in this investigation was a model based on the familiar concept of the proWt-maximizing Wrm, a core theoretical commitment of mainstream economics then and now.
Merger Control in the united kingdom
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher
Published: November 2023

Merger control in the United Kingdom has recently entered a new phase in its development. The advent of the relevant aspects of the Enterprise Act 2002 has been welcomed as a ‘depoliticisation’ of the regime. The role of the Secretary of State has been all but excised, and the substantive criteria against which mergers are assessed have been revised to offer formally a competition-based standard. Together with guidance published subsequently, the reforms also prescribe a range of new procedural guarantees for those parties affected under the regime. In addition, the EC merger control regime and in particular the nature of its relationship with the competent authorities of the Member States has been significantly revised. It is against this backdrop that the authors—leading experts with first rate regulatory, practical and academic experience—offer a comprehensive statement of the law, architecture, and procedure of merger control in the United Kingdom; explain the factors pertinent to the economic appraisal of mergers in a manner accessible to a legal audience; and give invaluable practical guidance on managing the transactional process and regulatory risk.
Word of Mouth: The Oldest, Newest Marketing Medium
Authors: Silverman George R
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to identify word of mouth in its various forms, explain why it has such a seemingly disproportionate effect on buying behavior, show why it should be approached proactively as a medium—instead of a serendipitous by product of other marketing efforts—and outline a way to think about this very different medium. This chapter describes the conditions and steps necessary for contemporary marketers to harness the power of word of mouth.
Beyond Resource Allocation: How Definition and Impetus Interact to Shape Strategic Outcomes
Authors: Gilbert Clark G
Published: November 2023

Up to now, most of the chapters in this book have focused on whether firms will or will not allocate resources to a given project. Burgelman asks whether Intel will invest in microprocessors, Christensen looks at commitments to new disk-drive technologies, Sull tries to explain why Firestone will not divest old tire technologies, and Noda compares the expansion and contraction of investment in cellular telephony. That emphasis is appropriate, given the book’s premise that these resource commitments shape strategic outcomes. But what happens when the process building impetus behind an investment impacts the definition of plans that use those resources? This chapter will examine a resource allocation failure—commitment to disruptive technology—and show how overcoming the resource allocation problem can actually lead to problems with strategic definition.
Resource Allocation Processes in Multidimensional Organizations: MNCs and Alliances
Authors: Doz Yves L
Published: November 2023

In large complex firms, research on resource allocation often has been premised on three critical assumptions: Resource allocation takes place in the context of a single and unidimensional hierarchy of functions, product lines, business units, and business groups or sectors, typified by the ‘M-Form’ organizational structure. Resource allocation takes place in a simple governance structure consisting of one owner and one set of decision rights competing for customers against similar corporate entities in an open market. Resources are capital allocated through a process largely distributed in a centrally designed structural context. The multinational company differs from these assumed conditions in significant ways. To begin with, multinational companies (MNCs) relatively early developed multidimensional structures, with at least a geographic and a product/business perspective intersecting in some matrix form of organization to deal with increasing product and geographic diversity (Fouraker and Stopford 1968; Stopford and Wells 1972).
Resource-Based Theory
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N
Published: November 2023

The 'Resource-Based View of the Firm' has emerged over the last fifteen years as one of the dominant perspectives used in strategic management. It addresses the fundamental research question of strategic management: Why it is that some firms persistently outperform others? Resource-Based Theory provides a considered overview of this theory, including the latest developments, from one of the key thinkers in its development. In broad terms it offers an alternative to Michael Porter's approach, focusing more on the competences and capabilities of the firm, rather than its positioning in its chosen markets. Jay B. Barney has long been recognised as one of the leading contributor to the resource-based theory literature. In this book he has collaborated with Delwyn N. Clark to produce the first book to examine the theory in a holistic and in-depth manner. The authors explore not only the applications of the theory in research, teaching, and practice, but also its early roots in traditional economic theory, development and proliferation in the 1990s, and later influence on management thinking.
The Psychological Vulnerabilities Of Witnesses And The Risk Of False Accusations And False Confessions
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H
Published: November 2023

‘Investigative interviewing’ is an important form of evidence gathering. The principal 4.01 objective is to obtain information that is detailed, complete, comprehensible, valid (in legal settings the words ‘safe’ and ‘reliable’ are commonly used to describe validity), and relevant to the legal issues in the case that need to be established and proved. A number of governmental and local agencies are involved in conducting investigative interviews, including the police, Customs and Excise, the military and the security services Interviewing also occurs in other settings, such as mental health and organisational.
Forensic Facial Identification
Authors: Valentine Tim
Published: November 2023

All criminal prosecutions rely on identifying the culprit. In some cases, it may be possible 16.01 to establish identification through Fingerprints, DNA or other forensic evidence. In other cases identification may not be disputed. Nevertheless, in many criminal cases identification by eyewitnesses is the only means of establishing a disputed identification. Concerns about the role of mistaken identification in wrongful convictions in England and Wales led eventually to the report of the departmental committee chaired by Lord Devlin.
Assessing Contentious Eyewitness Evidence: A Judicial View*
Authors: Bingham Tom
Published: November 2023

In the hierarchy of legal skills, pride of place is given, and quite rightly, to the great 18.01 exponents of legal principle, those (whether academic or judicial) who weave disparate * Originally included as part of a paper published in Current Legal Problems, vol. 38, London: Stevens & Sons Ltd, 1985, 1–27, and subsequently incorporated as part of Chapter 1 in Bingham, T. H., The Business of Judging: selected essays and speeches, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. The text is virtually unchanged but the insertion of section headings and a small number of deletions and additions by the editors in the interests of consistency of chronology and house-style has been kindly approved by the author.
Introduction
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: November 2023

Just after 11.00 a.m., every weekday that is not a bank holiday, an apparently mundane calculation is performed at a couple of desks in an unremarkable open-plan office in London’s Docklands. Small sets of numbers arrive electronically or by telephone. The two people orchestrating the calculation correct obvious typing mistakes and check less clear-cut discrepancies by telephone calls: ‘Hello, it’s [X]. Just want to check the one-week on the Danish [Krone]. You guys are quoting 2.51. You want to keep it around that?’ or ‘Everyone else is coming in a good bit under that.’ Sometimes they telephone and remind those who should have provided figures.
Constructing Emissions Markets
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: November 2023

Universities contain rooms and buildings that academics never enter: boiler houses, for example. Amongst their contents are meters that measure the consumption of electricity, natural gas, and oil. Those readings determine the substantial sums that universities spend on energy: around £9 million per year for my university. Some of the meters at the University of Edinburgh now have a second function too, indirectly measuring the carbon dioxide emitted by the boilers and combined heat and power units to which they are connected. Largely un- noticed, the meters have become part of what is in effect a measurement net- work stretching across Europe.
Habitats Conservation in EC Law-From Nature Sanctuaries to Ecological Networks
Authors: Sadeleer Nicolas de
Published: November 2023

Although less marked than on other continents, Europe’s biological diversity displays a number of particular characteristics. Significant variations in the physical environment (climate, soils, hydrology, winds, topography), the influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the different regional seas, as well as the geological and climatic history of the region (glaciations) have contributed to the evolution of a rich diversity of animal species, ecosystems, and natural landscapes on the continent. Various large groups of inland and freshwater ecosystems (forests, moors, brush land, and steppes), mountains (rocky outcrops and sands), internal freshwater systems (lakes and rivers), wetlands (peat-bogs, swamps), deserts and tundra (agricultural and artificial em-systems) span the continent, shaped both by the physical conditions characterizing the continent (soils, climate, hydrology, exposure, and so on) and by human activity.
Language Classification by Numbers
Authors: McMahon April , McMahon Robert
Published: November 2023

This book considers how languages have traditionally been divided into families, and asks how they should classified in the future. It describes and applies computer programs from biology and evolutionary genetics to data about languages and shows how the power of the computer can be harnessed to throw light on long-standing problems in historical linguistics. It tests current theories and hypotheses, shows how new ideas can be formulated, and offers a series of demonstrations that the new techniques applied to old data can produce convincing results that are sometimes startlingly at odds with accepted wisdom. April and Robert McMahon combine the expertise and perspectives of an historical linguist and a geneticist. They analyse the links between linguistic and population genetics, and consider how far language can be used to discover and understand the histories and interrelations of human populations. They explore the origins and formation of the Indo-European languages and examine less well studied languages in South America. Their book will be of great practical importance to students and researchers in historical and comparative linguistics and will interest all those concerned with the classification and diffusion of languages in fields such as archaeology, genetics, and anthropology. Its approachable style will appeal to general readers seeking to know more about the relationship between linguistic and human history.
High brow and low brow culture
Authors: Führer Karl Christian
Published: November 2023

The memory of the Weimar Republic is strongly shaped by its various art forms. Some would see the ‘expressionist film’ epitomizing the culture of the 1920s, with the vampire Nosferatu from F. W. Murnau’s film of the same name or the female robot in Fritz Lang’s film Metropolis having become part of the iconography of the twentieth century. Others would cite literary monuments like Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain or Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz, the works of Brecht or those of the composers Kurt Weill and Paul Hindemith, as aesthetic high points of the era.
Knowledge, Options, and Institutions
Authors: Kogut Bruce
Published: November 2023

Bruce Kogut's writing has sketched a theory of human motivation that sees managers as social, often altruistic, sometimes as selfish, who care about their colleagues and their status among them. For the first time this book collects together key pieces that show how this view works in application to practical managerial issues, such as technology transfer and licensing, joint ventures as options, and the diffusion of ideas and best practices in the world economy. In an extensive introduction to these chapters, Kogut grounds this view in recent work in neurosciences and behavioural experiments in human sociality. On this basis, he provides a critique of leading schools of thought in management, including the resource based view of the firm cognition, and experimental economics. He proposes that people are hardwired to learn social norms and to develop identities that conform to social categories. This foundation supports a concept of coordination among people that is inscribed in social communities. It is this concept that leads to a theory of the firm as derived from social knowledge and shared identities. Kogut argues that the resource based view of the firm is only a view and it fails as a theory because it lacks a behavioural foundation. If it were to choose one, the choice would be between knowledge and organizational economics. Similarly, he argues that recent statements regarding cognition do not confront the age-old question of shared templates. If it did, it too would have to confront a theory of social knowledge. The author then proposes that this foundation is essential to an understanding of norms and institutions as well. Thus, we are moving into a period in which rapid advances in neuroscience increasingly lead to an integrated foundation for the social sciences. This opening chapter is the gateway to the collected essays, which assemble the author's published articles on knowledge, options, and institutions. The book ends on the most recent work on open source software and generating rules. The chapter on open source discusses how new technology is changing the face of innovation. The final article on generating rules is the segue to the author's current work that looks at how simple rules of social exchange leads to complex patterns of local and global knowledge.
She gave him a look, they both had a laugh and then took a stroll Give a Verb, Have a Verb and Take a Verb constructions
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

Parallel to Mary walked in the garden we can say Mary had a walk in the garden. Here the verb have substitutes for walk, and takes tense inflection. The original verb base walk now functions as head of an NP which follows have, with the singular indefinite article a. The locational phrase in the garden is carried over unaltered. These two sentences, Mary walked in the garden and Mary had a walk in the garden, have a similar meaning; there is, however, a definite and predictable semantic difference, which we discuss in §14.3.

There is also the take a verb construction, built on similar principles— compare John kicked at the ball and John took a kick at the ball.
Social Business Entrepreneurs are the Solution
Authors: Yunus Muhammad
Published: November 2023

Many of the problems in the world remain unresolved because we continue to interpret capitalism too narrowly. In this narrow interpretation we create a one-dimensional human being to play the role of entrepreneur. We insulate him from other dimensions of life such as religious, emotional, and political dimensions. He is dedicated to one mission in his business life—to maximize profit. He is supported by masses of one-dimensional human beings who back him up with their investment money to achieve the same mission. The game of free market works out beautifully with one-dimensional investors and entrepreneurs. We have remained so mesmerized by the success of the free market that we never dared to express any doubt about it. We worked extra hard to transform ourselves, as closely as possible, into the one-dimensional human beings as conceptualized in theory to allow the smooth functioning of free market mechanisms.
Delivering on the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship: Challenges Faced in Launching a Global Social Capital Market
Authors: Hartigan Pamela
Published: November 2023

The notion of a global social capital market has been the subject of academic publications in the USA since the mid-1990s. But at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, a panel discussion catapulted the concept to a global stage and captured international attention among social investors, philanthropists, social entrepreneurs, and other thought leaders. During the year that followed, major efforts were undertaken to launch the market—which was baptized as the GEXSI—the Global Exchange for Social Investment. Over the past twenty years, the growth in the size and global influence of socially oriented activity by the for-profit and not-for-profit sectors has become a factor promising positive transformation of national and international development.
World Society and the Proliferation of Formal Organization
Authors: Meyer John W , Drori, Gili S , Hwang Hokyu
Published: November 2023

Americans of all ages, all conditions, and all dispositions constantly form associations. They have not only commercial and manufacturing companies, in which ail take part, but associations of a thousand other kinds, religious, moral, serious, futile, general or restricted, enormous or diminutive. Alexis de Toqueville, in his commentary on nineteenth-century America. noted the tendency of Americans toward the organizational structuring of social life (1969 [1836]). Today, this tendency is shared across societies worldwide, and for some of the same reasons that mobilized American society over two centuries ago.
The Worldwide Diffusion of Business Education, 1881-1999: Historical Trajectory and Mechanisms of Expansion
Authors: Moon Hyeyoung , Wotipka Christine Min
Published: November 2023

The universalistic and standardized organizational forms resulting from globalization as argued in this volume have without a doubt caused dramatic changes in the business arena. Businesses regardless of nationality have come to be viewed as similar-organizational actors that share universal and standardized characteristics. Challenges for businesses are expected to call for similar solutions, i.e. new managerial knowledge and skills, and to be carried out by rational actors. In order to meet the need for professional managers, we have witnessed, along with the massive expansion of higher education, a global explosion of professional management education throughout the twentieth century, across countries (Locke 1984, 1989; Engwall and Zamagni 1998)-from a handful of countries at the dawn of the twentieth century to more than 100 countries by the end of the same century.
Transparent Accounting as a World Societal Rule
Authors: Jang Yong Suk
Published: November 2023

A worldwide movement of theorization and professionalization of management has spread a variety of modern organizational systems, including personal training, decision-making, accounting, organizational behavior, and strategy. This movement advocates expanded notions of organizational ‘rationality’, denigrating older forms of organization. In this chapter, I examine and explain this movement, focusing on the area of accounting. The core theme is the elaboration of an accountability model for global governance in general and of modern corporate accounting in particular. The main explanatory story is that of globalization.
The Moral Rights of Authors and Performers
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This book is a comprehensive guide to the development and utilisation of moral rights across the key jursidictions of the English-speaking world and in France and Germany. In recent years, the copyright statutes of the common law countries have been expanded by the introduction of provisions dealing with purely authorial rights moral rights. The book discusses the historical development of the rights in Europe, with particular reference to France and Germany, and shows the growth of moral rights theory and legislative coverage up to the late 1930s. During the 1920s the moral rights of authors became the subject of international protection, particularly through the operation of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The book explores the adoption of moral rights into this and other international instruments, explaining the functions that moral rights were intended to perform. The author gives detailed accounts of the operation of moral rights in France and Germany today, addressing both statutory interpretation and doctrinal issues. The provision of case studies gives an impression of the rich jurisprudence associated with the rights in these countries. The book also contains a detailed discussion of the versions of moral rights that have become entrenched in Canada, the UK, the US and Australia, with each country considered independently. It deals separately with the introduction of the rights into each country and their operation and interpretation by courts and commentators. Material on common law analogues to the rights is provided, which indicates alternative actions that practitioners might take. Problems of cross-jurisdictional legal proceedings (especially arising from technological transfer of information) are also addressed, with moral rights protection elsewhere in the world summarised in tabular form.
‘Arbitrary’ Pro and the Theory of Pro-Drop
Authors: Hofherr Patricia Cabredo
Published: November 2023

Since Rizzi’s influential work (1986a) on pro-drop, it has been generally assumed that null subject pronouns pattern together depending on their u-role. The idea is that null pronouns bearing a full u-role need more con- tent identification than null pronouns bearing a quasi-u-role or no u-role at all (section 8.1).
The Pronominal Argument Parameter
Authors: Jelinek Eloise
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to distinguish a class of Pronominal Argument (PA) languages from the larger class of pro-drop languages. There is considerable typological variation across languages with respect to the distribution of subject and object agreement and clitics (Alexiadou, Chapter 5 above; Alex- iadou and Anagnostopoulou 1998: 493–5). One variety is found in Egyptian Arabic, where the verb agrees in person and number with the subject, permitting pro-drop of subject NPs.
Organizational Sociology and the Analysis of Work
Authors: Haveman Heather , Khaire Mukti
Published: November 2023

Organizations are the basic building blocks of modern societies (Coleman 1974; Perrow 1991). They wield great power and distribute many benefits, therefore, they have an enormous impact on many aspects of social life, including work. Indeed, structuralist scholars (Stolzenberg 1978; Baron and Bielby 1980) have proposed that, because most people work in organizations, they play the dominant role in shaping people’s work lives. Over the last twenty-five years, sociologists have demonstrated that organizations’ task structures, technologies, cultures, power relations, hiring and promotion practices, compensation systems and benefits, and job ladders affect workers’ social, psychological, and economic outcomes (see Hodson and Sullivan 2002: 175–95 for a review).
Ethics and Work
Authors: Legge Karen
Published: November 2023

Ethics has been defined as a ‘systematic attempt to make sense of our individual and social moral experience, in such a way as to determine the rules that ought to govern human conduct, the values worth pursuing, and the character traits deserving development in life’ (de George 1995: 19). In the last thirty years there has been an explosion of explicit interest in ethics relating to business and work organizations, reflected in the creation of new journals, academic courses, and posts in ‘business ethics’.
Professional Work
Authors: Macdonald Keith
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with ‘occupations based on advanced, or complex, or esoteric, or arcane knowledge’, or ‘formally rational abstract utilitarian knowledge’ (Murphy 1988: 245) or what the English-speaking world calls ‘professions’. It is important to recognize that ‘professional’ has a wide range of uses in everyday speech, many of which are value-laden. As Abbott (1988) writes: ‘There are so many uses, many of them tendentious, that one has to take as part of one’s inquiry the problem of how and why these uses come to exist, and leave the matter of ‘‘meaning’’ to one side.
Identity and Work
Authors: Leidner Robin
Published: November 2023

Theoretical interest in the nature of identity has boomed in both the social sciences and the humanities. However, relatively few contemporary theorists have put work at the center of their analyses of identity in late or post modernity. Some argue that other dimensions of life, such as consumption, have displaced work as a crucial arena for identity construction. Other theorists have simply focused analytical attention elsewhere.
The Advanced Dictionary of Marketing
Authors: Dacko Scott G
Published: November 2023

This advanced dictionary of marketing focuses on leading-edge terminology for use by individuals who are serious about the theory and practice of marketing: researchers, directors, managers, and anyone studying marketing for a professional and/or academic qualification. Covering 1,098 terms, the dictionary includes over 500 major entries. All terms are extensively cross-referenced and thematic indices allow the reader to locate terms by their applications and by keywords. All major and emerging marketing approaches, from ambient marketing and fusion marketing, to tribal marketing and word-of-mouth marketing, are included, as are hundreds of other advanced concepts such as brand community, disintermediation, dynamic capabilities, and share of voice. Further, entries spanning 132 theories and 45 marketing-related laws and principles are presented, making this dictionary more theoretically complete than any other marketing dictionary available. Finally, an extensive collection of 107 marketing effects, such as the loyalty ripple effect and mere exposure effect are also included, where, in all cases, their marketing implications and applications are presented fully. Each term covered in this advanced dictionary includes six elements: Description -- how the term is defined Key insights -- important insights provided by an understanding of the term Keywords -- words to further understand the nature of the term Implications -- what knowledge of the term means to marketers Application areas and further readings -- areas where the term’s knowledge is being put to use Bibliography -- articles and books referenced Example entries include: Agency Theory, Audience Effect, Blog Marketing, Boomerang Effect, Confirmation Bias, Country of Origin Effect, Customer Equity, Disruptive Technology, Double Jeopardy Effect, Eclectic Paradigm, E-marketing, First Law of Marketing, Foot-in-the Door Technique, Free Rider Effect, Game Theory, Glocal Marketing, Green Marketing, Halo Effect, Honeymoon Effect, Law of Comparative Advantage, Leapfrogging, Market Entry Timing, Mega marketing, Metcalfe’s Law, Moore’s Law, Network Effect, Not Invented Here Syndrome, Odd Price Effect, Permission Marketing, Psychic Distance, Regency Principle, Retro-Marketing, Rule of Ten Percent, Sagacity Segmentation, Salutary Products, Snob Effect, Social Marketing, Stealth Marketing, Substitute Awareness Effect, Sunk Cost Fallacy, Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Value-Based Marketing, Viral Marketing, Winner’s Curse.
The Firm as a Collaborative Community
Authors: Heckscher Charles , S.Adler Paul
Published: November 2023

This volume explores the changing nature of community in modern corporations. Community within and between firms-the fabric of trust so essential to contemporary business-has long been based on loyalty. This loyalty has been largely destroyed by three decades of economic turbulence, downsizing, and restructuring. Yet community is more important than ever in an increasingly complex, knowledge-intensive economy. The thesis of this volume is that a new form of community is slowly emerging-one that is more flexible and wider in scope than the community of loyalty, and that transcends the limitations of both traditional Gemeinschaft and modern Gesellschaft. We call this form collaborative community. The trend towards collaborative community is difficult to detect amidst the ferocious forces of market and bureaucratic rationalization. But close analysis of some of America ‘s most successful corporations reveals three dimensions of the emerging form: a shared ethic of interdependent contribution: distinct from the uneasy mix of loyalty and individualism that prevailed for so long; a formalized set of norms of interdependent process management that include iterative co-design, metaphoric search, and systematic mutual understanding: distinct from both rigid authority hierarchies and informal log-rolling; An interdependent social identity that supports these organizational features: distinct from both dependent, traditionalistic identities and the independence of the autonomous self that is often associated with Western culture. This volume is a collaborative effort of leading scholars in organization studies to delineate the new form of community and the forces encouraging and constraining its growth. The contributors combine sociology and psychology theory with detailed analysis of business cases at the firm and inter-firm level.
The Self in TransitionFrom Bureaucratic to Interactive Social Character
Authors: Maccoby Michael
Published: November 2023

The values and attitudes of the most highly educated and productive Americans are changing to fit a new economic and social environment. This chapter attempts to describe this change and its significance for the development of collaborative community.
‘Under the Rudest Form in Which We Can Conceive Man to Subsist’: The Scottish Enlightenment and the North American Indians
Authors: Bickham Troy O
Published: November 2023

Whereas the English excelled at disseminating information about Indians through their extensive newspaper and periodical press network, prominent Scots succeeded in assimilating this information into an accessible, intellectual framework for widespread British audiences to digest. In the perspective of the Scottish Enlightenment, the American Indians were much more than curiosities living at the periphery of the empire: they were living windows on Europeans’ past. Key Scots philosophers fuelled British interest in the related investigations into their own historical origins and the reasons for the vast social and economic differences between the world’s cultures.
Guidance Without Constraint: Assessing the Impact of the Precautionary Principle on the European Community’s Chemicals Policy
Authors: Heyvaert Veerle
Published: November 2023

What difference does precaution make? This chapter assesses the real impact of the precautionary principle on Community law and policy, inquiring as to whether the introduction of the precautionary principle in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty has brought any significant change in Community law- and policy-making, focusing on the control of chemical substances. It will be argued that, while chemicals policy contains a range of approaches that are compatible with a precautionary approach, there are virtually no cases where it can be comfortably asserted that the pertinent policy or rule would not have been adopted but for the precautionary principle. In addition, the article discusses the proliferation of a broad and moderate interpretation of the precautionary principle (precautionary principle sensu lato), which may foster acceptance of the principle, but risks compromising its prescriptive character. The precautionary principle has been a formal part of European Community (EC) law for the last twelve years. The principle sanctions regulatory action to protect health or environmental goals taken under conditions of uncertainty, in other words, in the absence of conclusive evidence of harm. Whereas the principle kept a fairly low profile during the first years after its incorporation in Article 130(r) of the Maastricht version of the EC Treaty (currently Article 174 EC), the last five years have witnessed its rise to prominence in policy, judicial, and academic circles. In 2000, the Commission devoted a Communication to the precautionary principle, and since then the principle has sprung up in virtually every health and environmental policy document issued by Community institutions, and frequently features in the preambles, and at times even in the actual binding text of new pieces of EC health and environmental legislation. The precautionary principle is the focus of burgeoning scholarship, and features with remarkable frequency in the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the Court of First Instance (CFI). The 2002 Alpharma decision confirmed the status of the precautionary principle as a ‘central plank’ of Community policy; two months later the Artegodan judgment elevated it to a ‘general principle of Community law’. At the international level, the EC has, unsuccessfully, invoked the precautionary principle as a justification for its international trade restrictions on beef treated with hormones, and has, with greater success, championed the inclusion of the principle in, inter alia, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollution, in the face of objections from other negotiating countries such as the United States (US) and Japan.
The Art of Public Strategy
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

The strategies adopted by governments and public officials can have dramatic effects on peoples’ lives. The best ones can transform economic laggards into trailblazers, eliminate diseases, or sharply cut crime. Strategic failures can result in highly visible disasters, like the shrinking of the Russian economy in the 1990s, or the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005. This book is about how strategies take shape, and how money, people, technologies, and public commitment can be mobilized to achieve important goals. It considers the common mistakes made, and how these can be avoided, as well as analysing the tools governments can use to meet their goals, from targets and behaviour change programmes, to innovation and risk management. Written by Geoff Mulgan, a former head of policy for the UK prime minister, and advisor to governments round the world, it is packed with examples, and shaped by the author’s practical experience. The author shows that governments which give more weight to the long-term are not only more likely to leave their citizens richer, healthier, and safer; they’re also better protected from being blown off course by short-term pressures. The book is essential reading for anyone involved in running public organizations - from hospitals and schools to national government departments and local councils—and for anyone interested in how government really works.
The Interorganizational Context of Open Innovation
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim
Published: November 2023

Open innovation is almost by definition related to the establishment of ties of innovating firms with other organizations. Companies are increasingly forced to team up with other companies to develop or absorb new technologies, commercialize new products, or simply to stay in touch with the latest technological developments. Firms are working more and more as part of broader networks to create customer value. Those networks are based on the collaborative efforts of specialist companies each providing complementary intermediate goods and services. As Information and Communication Technology (ICT) becomes a powerful technology, it allows those companies to be linked by sophisticated business-to-business information systems.
Knowledge Networks and the Geographic Locus of Innovation
Authors: West Caroline Simard Joel
Published: November 2023

A crucial goal of Open Innovation is to capture external knowledge that flows between organizations, allowing firms to be more successful at innovation than firms that close off such flows. As has been discussed in Part I, one goal of external innovation is to capture the value of internal knowledge transferred to other firms. In other cases, firms find it more efficient and effective to incorporate external knowledge rather than develop it internally. In the overall scope of innovation, most new ideas emerge from outside companies, and those that emerge inside can leave if not quickly captured (Chesbrough 2003a; Moore and Davis 2004). However, prior research on Open Innovation has mostly focused on the firm level of analysis and has not emphasized the role of the firm ‘s external institutional and geographic context in shaping the flows of knowledge that the firm can act on in pursuing an Open Innovation strategy.
Organizational Life: The Good, the Bad, and the Instrumental
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: November 2023

Organizations as workplaces are inherently instrumental institutions, structured and oriented to meeting their goals, be they making proflt, as in the case of capitalist organizations, or pursuing what might be termed use-value ends, such as education or sport, in the case of nonproflt making organizations. In either case, no one expects employers to hire employees out of charity or respect; they are hired for their usefulness to the organization. Particularly in the face of competitive pressures and a changing environment, workplaces are commonly sites of insecurity, domination, overweening ambition and competitiveness, status seeking, callousness, strategizing, and dissembling ( Jackall 1988). They may also be sites of prejudice, discrimination, bullying, and harassment. Yet at the same time one may flnd sociability, moral concern, the pursuit and granting of esteem and respect, concern for justice, gift exchanges, commitments to causes, projects and people, and intrinsic satisfaction in work and its effects.
Knowledge Management’s Social Dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel
Authors: Gupta Anil K , Govindarajan Vijay
Published: November 2023

To sustain competitive advantage, a company must give people incentives to transfer their knowledge. A look at the innovative steel company Nucor and others suggests how to build a knowledge-sharing environment. A gap exists between the rhetoric of knowledge management and how knowledge is actually managed in organizations. There is widespread awareness of the economic value that creating and mobilizing intellectual capital can unleash. Yet, for most companies, the reality rarely matches the potential. As the CEO of a commercial-services company lamented in an interview, ·we provide pretty much the same services in every location.
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: November 2023

In April 1814, 112 elected delegates assembled at Eidsvoll in Norway. Their task was to draft a constitution for a potentially independent Norwegian state, following the defeat of the Kingdom of Denmark, with which Norway had been united since 1380. The document which they eventually agreed was, for its time, one of the most liberal constitutions in Europe. It established a unicameral parliament (Storting) which possessed both tax-raising powers and a veto over the actions of the crown, elected by a democratic franchise which gave nearly half of adult male Norwegians the vote.¹