bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Ethephon on Fate of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Seed in Soil
Authors: Adkins Stephen W. , Adkins Andrea L.
Published: May 2019

A study under glasshouse conditions determined the effect of germination stimulants, potassium nitrate and ethephon, on emergence of several pure lines of wild oat from soil. Effect of the two chemicals on stimulating emergence was variable and no synergism noted when used together. Examination of exhumed seed showed that these treatments reduced seed viability. By counting the number of dead and adding to those that emerged, total seed removed from the soil was obtained. All treatments removed seed from the soil seedbank, especially when seed was old, near the soil surface, was primary seed, or from low or intermediate dormancy lines. However, because of the insensitivity of a large proportion of the seed and the high rates required it is unlikely that either potassium nitrate or ethephon has practical use for field application.
Formation and Movement of14C-Atrazine Degradation Products in a Clay Loam Soil in the Field
Authors: Sorenson Brent A. , Koskinen William C. , Buhler Douglas D. , Wyse Donald L. , Lueschen William E. , Jorgenson Michael D.
Published: May 2019

Formation of14C-atrazine degradation products and their distribution in the top 90 cm of soil was determined over 16 mo in a Webster clay loam in the field. After 16 mo, 64% of the applied14C could still be accounted for in the 90-cm soil profile. At 1 mo after treatment (MAT),14C moved to the 70- to 80-cm depth. Rapid movement of radioactivity could be attributed in part to preferential movement through vertical macropores. Atrazine accounted for 32% of the14C applied 16 MAT and was the predominant14C-compound in soil below 10 cm through 12 MAT. Hydroxyatrazine (HA) was the major degradation product in the top 10 cm of soil accounting for 9% of the14C present 1 MAT and increasing to 24% within 6 MAT. Deethylatrazine (BEA) was the predominant degradation product at depths greater than 10 cm, accounting for 26% of the14C in the 10- to 20-cm depth 16 MAT. Deisopropylatrazine (DIA) accounted for less than 10% of the14C recovered at any soil depth. Deethyldeisopropylatrazine (DEDIA) and an unidentified product were detected in soil extracts 1 MAT indicating further degradation past primary metabolites. The proportion of DEA and DIA increased while the proportion of HA decreased as soil depth increased indicating that DEA and DIA are more mobile in soil than HA. The large amount of radioactivity remaining in the soil 16 MAT suggests that a large pool of atrazine and its degradation products are present in the soil for a long period of time, having the potential to move deeper in the soil and ultimately contaminate ground water.
Effect of Tillage and Cover Crop on Fluometuron Adsorption and Degradation under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Brown Blake A. , Hayes Robert M. , Tyler Donald D. , Mueller Thomas C.
Published: May 2019

Fluometuron adsorption and degradation were determined in soil collected at three depths from no-till + no cover, conventional-till + no cover, no-till + vetch cover, and conventional-till + vetch cover in continuous cotton. These combinations of tillage + cover crop + soil depth imparted a range of organic matter and pH to the soil. Soil organic matter and pH ranged from 0.9 to 2.5% and from 4.7 to 6.5, respectively. Fluometuron adsorption was affected by soil depth, tillage, and cover crop. In surface soils (0 to 4 cm), fluometuron adsorption was greater in no-till + vetch plots than in conventional-tilled + no cover plots. Soil adsorption of fluometuron was positively correlated with organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Fluometuron degradation was not affected by adsorption, and degradation empirically fit a first-order model. Soil organic matter content had no apparent effect on fluometuron degradation rate. Fluometuron degradation was more rapid at soil pH > 6 than at pH ≤ 5, indicating a potential shift in microbial activity or population due to lower soil pH. Fluometuron half-life ranged from 49 to 90 d. These data indicate that tillage and cover crop may affect soil dissipation of fluometuron by altering soil physical and chemical properties that affect fluometuron degrading microorganisms or bioavailability.
Chlorimuron and Imazaquin Persistence in Selected Southern Soils under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Schroeder Jill
Published: May 2019

Growth chamber research was conducted to compare the persistence of chlorimuron or imazaquin in soils from 11 locations in the southern United States at 25 C. Chlorimuron at 30 ng g-1or imazaquin at 60 ng g-1of soil was incorporated throughout each soil, and soils were watered to the water holding capacity and incubated in the dark. Soil samples were taken 0, 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 d after treatment. Amount of chlorimuron or imazaquin remaining in each soil was quantified by sicklepod or corn root length bioassay, respectively. First order regression generally fit the concentration data for each herbicide. Bioactivity and persistence of chlorimuron in the soils was related primarily to soil organic matter content. Bioactivity and persistence of imazaquin was similar among the soils.
Effect of Paclobutrazol and Waterhyacinth Weevil (Neochetina eichhorniae) on Plant Growth and Leaf Dynamics of Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Authors: Van Thai K. , Center Ted D.
Published: May 2019

Waterhyacinths grown outdoors were treated with combinations of 0 or 22 kg ai ha-1of the plant growth retardant paclobutrazol and 0, 25, or 250 waterhyacinth weevils per culture tank under conditions of low (25% coverage) or high (100% coverage) plant densities. The low plant density treatments simulated a regrowth or colonization situation. Weevil feeding activity, canopy height, plant volume, leaf production, and leaf mortality were monitored biweekly for 22 weeks or until all plants had died. In high plant densities, weevil infestations increased leaf mortality rates while decreasing production rates, causing eventual plant death. At low plant densities, waterhyacinth plants partially compensated for weevil feeding by increased leaf production rates, thus enabling them to survive until the end of the study. Paclobutrazol reduced canopy height for about 3 months but had little effect on weevil feeding intensities. Combinations of weevils and paclobutrazol gave complete control of waterhyacinths regardless of plant densities. The combined effects were synergistic, with accelerated leaf mortality rates exceeding production rates leading to early plant death. This study demonstrated the potential for increasing effectiveness of waterhyacinth weevils using integrated strategies.
Interference Durations of Bearded Sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis) in Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Carey V. Frank , Smith Roy J. , Talbert Ronald E.
Published: May 2019

Effects of bearded sprangletop interference durations on Lemont and Newbonnet rice cultivars were studied. Interference durations of 63, 70, and 130 d after rice emergence reduced Lemont grain yields 11, 21, and 50%, respectively, and lowered Newbonnet grain yields 11, 13, and 37%, respectively. Interference durations of 21 to 56 d after emergence did not reduce grain yields of either cultivar. Bearded sprangletop grown in Lemont rice produced more biomass than that in Newbonnet. Season-long interference reduced plant height and straw dry weight of Lemont more than that of Newbonnet.
Economic Evaluation of Conservation Tillage Systems for Dryland and Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Wiese Allen F. , Harman Wyatte L. , Regier Cecil
Published: May 2019

This 4-yr experiment was conducted to develop a profitable conservation tillage system for dryland and furrow-irrigated cotton in a winter wheat-fallow-cotton cropping system at Etter, TX. In the 2-yr cropping sequence, winter wheat was planted immediately after cotton harvest in mid-November and furrow irrigated. Three residual herbicide treatment combinations with atrazine or propazine with fluometuron, or propazine alone were sprayed on stubble after wheat harvest in late June and compared to repeated applications of glyphosate and conventional disk tillage. Glyphosate was used to control weeds that escaped residual herbicides. The following March, fluometuron, prometryn, and 2,4-D were sprayed on no-tillage treatments and trifluralin was incorporated with conventional planting. Hoeing cost ha-1to control Palmer amaranth and kochia averaged about $13 where trifluralin was used, $38 when initial treatment included fluometuron, $63 with propazine, and $93 when glyphosate alone was used to control weeds in fallow. Lint yield on dryland was about 390 kg ha-1with disking and when glyphosate was followed by disking in spring, and 540 kg ha-1with no-tillage. With irrigation, lint yield was 660 kg ha-1with disking and 759 kg ha-1with the best no-tillage treatment. Long-term profits ha-1on dryland ranged from $340 for disking to $524 for propazine no-tillage. With irrigation, profit ha-1ranged from $707 for disking alone to $751 when glyphosate was used after wheat harvest and followed by disking and incorporation of trifluralin the next spring before planting cotton.
Quinclorac-induced Electrolyte Leakage in Seedling Grasses
Authors: Koo Suk J. , Neal Joseph C. , Di Tomaso Joseph M.
Published: May 2019

The mode of action of quinclorac was investigated in broadleaf and grass species. Quinclorac induced characteristic auxinlike symptoms in broadleaf species but not in susceptible grasses. In susceptible grasses, quinclorac caused necrotic bands near the zones of elongation in shoots and roots. Electrolyte leakage was induced by quinclorac in smooth crabgrass and other susceptible grasses but not in tolerant grass or susceptible broadleaf species. In smooth crabgrass, increased electrolyte leakage and reduced fresh weight were rate dependent, and initially specific to young tissues. An inhibitory effect on elongation in the youngest leaf of smooth crabgrass and in primary roots of corn was detected 6 and 3 h after quinclorac treatment, respectively. Electrolyte leakage required more than 12 and 6 h in the leaf and root, respectively. Depolarization of corn root cell membrane potential was not observed in a 6-h treatment period. Results presented here provide additional evidence that quinclorac activity differs between susceptible broadleaf and grass species. In addition, the action of quinclorac appears to be similar in both shoot and root tissues of susceptible grasses. It is proposed that quinclorac-induced electrolyte leakage in susceptible grasses is a secondary response and that the primary mechanism of action involves inhibition of an as yet unknown metabolic process associated with cell expansion.
Leaf Surface Morphology of Erythroxylum sp. and Droplet Spread
Authors: McWhorter Chester G. , Ouzts Clark
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to examine the micromorphology of leaf surfaces of coca and nova plants and to determine which spray diluents provided optimum coverage of leaf surfaces. Adaxial leaf surfaces of both species were covered with a smooth layer of polygonal-shaped epidermal cells which were covered with wax crystals. Abaxial leaf surfaces were composed only of papillae cells and the guard and subsidiary cells surrounding stomata. Abaxial leaf surfaces of both species were also covered with wax crystals. Average wax weights were 28 to 53 μg cm−2. Water droplets containing an organosilicone surfactant at 0.1% by vol spread better on leaf surfaces that did other adjuvants. Droplets of several different petroleum-based oils spread much better on leaf surfaces than either water droplets with adjuvants or droplets of soybean or cottonseed oil.
Nitrogen Reduces Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) Seed Germination
Authors: Irmaileh B. E. Abu
Published: May 2019

Laboratory experiments were carried out under aseptic conditions to study the effect of nitrogen applied as ammonium nitrate at 0, 20,40,60,80 and 100 ppm (wt per vol) in either distilled H2O or modified Hoagland's solution on germination and radicle length of branched broomrape in association with growing seedlings of different crops. As nitrogen rate increased, seed germination and radicle length of branched broomrape decreased linearly in flax, lentil, pepper, tomato, and wheat in modified Hoagland's solution. Similar responses to nitrogen application were found with distilled water. The parasite's seed germination was considerably lower in the media with wheat than with other crops, and lower still in the absence of crop seedings.
Sorption and Desorption of Imazethapyr and 5-Hydroxyimazethapyr in Minnesota Soils
Authors: Gan Jianying , Weimer Monte R. , Koskinen William C. , Buhler Douglas D. , Wyse Donald L. , Becker Roger L.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory batch equilibrium studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption-desorption behavior of imazethapyr and its major plant metabolite, 5-hydroxyimazethapyr, in three Minnesota soils. Sorption of both compounds on all soils was low, and pH did not significantly influence sorption in the range of 4,8 to 7.1. Less 5-hydroxyimazethapyr was sorbed than imazethapyr on the same soil. Once sorbed, both compounds were only partially desorbable from all soils. Significant hysteresis and formation of nonextractable residues indicate that the small amount of chemical sorbed is bound to selective surfaces with strong bonds. Webster clay loam had greater irreversibility than Waukegen silt loam and Estherville sandy loam soil. The hysteresis observed in desorption may be responsible for the difference between mobility estimations made from laboratory sorption studies and the limited mobility observed in field experiments.
IL NEO-ISTITUZIONALISMO IN SCIENZA POLITICA: IL CONTRIBUTO DELLA TEORIA DELLA SCELTA RAZIONALE
Authors: Giannetti Daniela
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Insieme alla ripresa di interesse per il tema dello stato, lo studio delle istituzioni è tornato al centro dell'analisi politologica. È opinione condivisa che il rinnovato interesse per le istituzioni rappresenti una reazione alla rivoluzione comportamentista, la quale a sua volta - con l'enfasi sul comportamento osservabile e sui processi informali di potere e influenza - reagiva all'impostazione legalistica e formalistica degli esordi della disciplina. Ciò che, non senza qualche eccesso polemico, è stato definito uno «slittamento paradigmatico» ha coinvolto una varietà di approcci, accomunati dal riconoscimento dei limiti dellabehavioral persuasion, e in particolare dei due orientamenti teorici ad essa associati in scienza politica: il pluralismo, con l'accento posto sulla politica come processo e la conseguente messa in ombra degli elementi strutturali, e il funzionalismo, un approccio tendenzialmente più inclusivo ma che in scienza politica si è identificato sostanzialmente con la versione almondiana. Rispetto ai più ambiziosi tentativi teorici del funzionalismo sociologico, essa ha fornito soprattutto uno schema categoriale per l'analisi comparata dei sistemi politici, in cui è attribuito rilievo centrale alle funzioni diinputo ai processi che vanno dalla società alla politica.
Appendix I: Report on the Cremations from Sarn-Y-Bryn-Caled, Welshpool, Powys
Authors: Stead S.
Published: May 2019

The adults appear to be healthy and relatively young. None has vertebral degeneration nor any trace of osteoarthritis. There is no dental pathology. As for age deduced from dental attrition, only the primary cremation from the timber circle (site 1) and cremation 3 from site 2 have useful molar crown fragments (either first or second). Both show some flattening of die occlusal surface but with wear limited to level 3. This would give an age of 17-25 if first molars and 25-35 if second - in any case an upper limit of 35. The secondary cremation in the timber circle (site 1) and cremation 1 in the floor of the southern ditch terminal of site 2 arc young adults between 17 and 25.

The sexing of cremations in general has to be prefaced with a ‘probable’ because of the absence of the relevant pelvic remains, Le. the complete girdle with sub-pubic angle, etc.
Appendix II: Report on the Charcoals
Authors: Morgan Graham
Published: May 2019

Sues (mm) and ages arc estimated minima. Only floated material over 1mm was analysed.
Appendix IV: Thermoluminescence Dating of Daub from Site 1: The Timber Circle
Authors: Detenham N
Published: May 2019

A sample of burnt clay (SBC 1), recovered from context 80, c. 0.5 m deep in the central pit of the umber ciicle, was examined by thermoluminescence (TL). The clay was expected to be either Bronze Age or Iron Age in date, being associated either with the timber circle or with the Iron Age metal working in the top of the central pit.

The TL dating method measures the time that has elapsed since the heating of the material (which zeroes the TL signal). The measurement consists of firstly a determination of the radiation dose received by the sample since its heating (through the examination of its TL) and secondly an assessment of the rate at which the radiation dose was received (carried out by radioactivity measurements). Further descriptions of the method are given by Aitken (1985) and Zimmerman (1971).

The outer 2 mm or more of the sample were cut away to remove those pans that had been exposed to light and to the alpha and beta activity of the surrounding sediment The interior piece was crushed, and fine grains of 2-10 mu were separated by suspension in dilute hydrochloric acid. The grains were then washed in water, methanol and acetone before deposition onto aluminium discs.
The petrographie study of the
ceramics
Authors: Day P.M.
Published: May 2019

The fragmentary assemblage was analysed by
various techniques, mostly based on pétrographie
methods, the results of which are summarised. The
analyses generated data which are applicable to
on-site spatial and chronological problems, in
addition to those concerning characterisation and
provenance study.

Macroscopic examination of pottery from each
individual scatter and ceramic spot finds was
undertaken to establish the extent of variation
within these apparently discrete spreads of
material. This information was enhanced by data
from microscopic techniques. The colour, surface
treatment, size and temper of inclusions and any
other observable fabric characteristics were
recorded from the hand specimen. Surface and
fabric traits were identified with the aid of a
binocular microscope and colour readings were
taken with reference to Munsell Soil Colour
Charts. One sample from each scatter or spot find
was refired, with the exception of SF182 and SF184
(both consisted of one small sherd, and were
therefore only available for thin sectioning.
Catalogue of human
bone
Authors: Henderson Janet D.
Published: May 2019

SF35 Context 002

An inhumed mandibular right second molar from
the permanent dentition. There was slight
polishing of the occlusal surface which indicated
that it came from an adult individual.

SF37 Context 002

1. Two fragments of inhumed human cranium, one
of them from the parietal bone. Both fragments
could be aged as adult but it was not possible to
say whether this represented more than one
individual or not.

2. A few fragments of inhumed human long bone
shafts.
The Molluscs
Authors: Howard-Davis Christine
Published: May 2019

A small sample of snail shells were retained
from context 002, It represented the complete, or
almost complete shells of not less than 172
individuals. From this samples six common and
widespread species were identified and two further
species recognised but not identified.

The best represented species was
Cepaea, with both
C.hortensis (represented
largely by its yellow unbanded form) and
C.nemoralis present.
Helix aspersa,
Cernuellavirgata?,
Oxychilusallianus and
Trichiahispida? were also
represented; of these
H.aspersa was present in
the greatest numbers. All of these species are now
widespread and occupy a wide range of
habitats.
A New Quantitative Measure for Monitoring Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Authors: Moulton Richard J. , Konasiewicz Stefan J. , O'Connor Paul
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the development and testing of a computer algorithm to automate the process of peak identification and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) grading. We tested the accuracy of computerized peak detection and evaluated grading schemes using a test set of 60 SSEPs ranked from worst to best by the programmer (RJM) and a blinded grader (PO). The computer algorithm recognized 95% of peaks identified by visual inspection. Twelve percent of peaks identified by the computer were noise. Summed peak to peak amplitude gave the most accurate ranking of SSEPs. Rank correlation between computer and blinded and unblinded expert grading was r = .82 for PO, r = .92 for RJM, p < .0001 for both. Computer and manually summed amplitudes were highly correlated (Pearson r = .98, p < .0001). Correlation between the 2 expert graders was .86, p < .0001. Computer graded SSEPs were significantly related to clinical outcome at 3 months, p < .0001. Automatic grading of SSEPs using summed peak to peak amplitude is highly correlated with expert grading. The measure is objective, continuous, and well suited to statistical analysis.
Lexical transfer and second language morphological development
Authors: Hancin-Bhatt Barbara , Nagy William
Published: May 2019

This study investigates the development of two levels of morphological knowledge that contribute to Spanish-English bilingual students’ ability to recognize cognates: the ability to recognize a cognate stem within a suffixed English word, and knowledge of systematic relationships between Spanish and English suffixes (e.g., the fact that words ending in -ty in English often have a Spanish cognate ending in -dad). A total of 196 Latino bilingual students in 4th, 6th, and 8th grade were asked to give the Spanish equivalent for English words, some of which had derivational and inflectional suffixes. The results indicated that the students’ ability to translate cognates increased with age above and beyond any increase in their vocabulary knowledge in Spanish and English. There was also marked growth in the students’ knowledge of systematic relationships between Spanish and English suffixes. Students recognized cognate stems of suffixed words more easily than noncognate stems, suggesting that, in closely related languages such as Spanish and English, cross-language transfer may play a role, not just in recognizing individual words, but also in the learning of derivational morphology.
Conceptual and associative processing in antonymy and synonymy
Authors: Charles Walter G. , Reed Marjorie A. , Derryberry Douglas
Published: May 2019

Recent models of antonymy differ over the involvement of associative and conceptual connections in the representation of direct and indirect antonyms. To assess these models, subjects were presented with two sequential adjectives. In the first study they made relatedness judgments, and in the second study they made antonym and synonym judgments. Conceptual processes were manipulated by varying semantic distance, and associative processes were manipulated by varying lexical markedness. Judgments were fastest for direct antonyms, even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness. Although judgments for synonyms were faster than for indirect antonyms, semantic distance and markedness had similar effects on these word classes. These results suggest that direct antonymy may utilize associative connections, but that indirect antonymy, like synonymy, relies primarily on conceptual connections.
HEIGHT AND INEQUALITY IN SPAIN: A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Cámara Antonio D. , Martínez-Carrión José Miguel , Puche Javier , Ramon-Muñoz Josep-Maria
Published: May 2019

This article analyses the evolution of nutritional inequality in Spain among cohorts born between 1840 and 1964. With male height data (N= 358,253), the secular trend of biological well-being and intergenerational anthropometric inequalities are studied based on the coefficient of variation, height percentiles and socioeconomic categories (students, literate non-students and illiterate). The results reveal that the nutritional inequalities were very large in the mid-19thcentury. Anthropometric inequalities diminished among those born between 1880 and 1919 and increased again, although only moderately, from the cohorts of the 1920s. From the 1930s there was a cycle of sustained increase in height. Despite nutritional improvement, the data suggest that nutritional inequalities increased during the Franco regime, affecting the low-income population segments particularly.
A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education
Authors: O'Dowd Robert
Published: May 2019

Virtual exchange is a well-known pedagogical approach in foreign language (FL) education which involves engaging classes in online intercultural collaboration projects with international partners as an integrated part of their educational programmes. This paper begins by reviewing e-tandem and telecollaborative approaches to virtual exchange which are currently being used extensively in FL education and presents two case studies which illustrate the common learning outcomes and limitations of such approaches. I then propose an alternative model of virtual exchange which maintains many of the key characteristics of earlier approaches but which incorporates the principles of global citizenship education and which moves away from bilingual–bicultural approaches. I conclude by outlining the main characteristics of this model and presenting some examples of how this approach could be put into practice.
Moral Change and Social Relativism
Authors: Raz Joseph
Published: May 2019

I could not write the essay I hoped to write. I hoped to write about cultural pluralism and moral epistemology by assuming that the first is the case and exploring what implications this may have for the second. But I soon realized that I do not know what cultural pluralism is. I do not mean that I have just belatedly discovered that the phrase “cultural pluralism” is used in different ways on different occasions. I mean that I realized that I myself did not know in what sense the phrase may be used which makes it relevant to the inquiry suggested by the general topic of this volume. So the following reflections are based on one assumption: The fact of multiculturalism cannot have much bearing on moral epistemology unless it bears on moral truths.
Explaining Value
Authors: Harman Gilbert
Published: May 2019

I am concerned with values in the descriptive rather than in the normative sense. I am interested in theories that seek to explain one or another aspect of people's moral psychology. Why do people value what they value? Why do they have other moral reactions? What accounts for their feelings, their motivations to act morally, and their opinions about obligation, duty, rights, justice, and what people ought to do?

A moral theory like (one or another version of) utilitarianism (or social-contract theory, natural-law theory, Kantianism, or whatever) may be put forward as offering the correct normative account of justice, or of the good, or of what people ought morally to do. The answers such a theory offers may be surprising in suggesting that what people ought to do is quite different from what they think they ought to do. I am not concerned with normative moral theories of this revisionary sort. Indeed, I am interested in less revisionary normative theories only to the extent that they can be reinterpreted as offering potential explanations of people's actual moral reactions.
The Concept of Property in the Early Common Law
Authors: Seipp David J.
Published: May 2019

“There is nothing,” wrote William Blackstone, “which so generally strikes the imagination and engages the affections of mankind, as the right of property.” Property continues to occupy a place of enormous importance in American legal thought. More than just a staple of the first-year law school curriculum, the concept of property guides the application of constitutional doctrines of due process and eminent domain. A grand division between “property rules” and “liability rules” classifies our common law entitlements. Property is a concept of such longstanding importance in our law, of such great inertial momentum, that it has expanded to include nonphysical property in goodwill, inventions, designs, artistic expression, symbols, secrets, privacy, and celebrity, as well as “new” property in social security benefits, government contracts, job security, and occupational licenses. Recent scholars have identified property with autonomy, personality, political participation, and reliance interests. Thus expanded, the concept of property threatens to disintegrate. If it includes everything, does it mean anything?
Coloured Lenses and Reading: A Review of Research into Reading Achievement, Reading Strategies and Causal Mechanisms
Authors: Robinson G.L.
Published: May 2019

The paper reviews investigations on the use of coloured filters in relation to possible causal mechanisms, effects on reading achievement and effects on eye movement. Studies of causes suggest a retinal - sensory after-imaging problem, possibly related to the magnocellular visual neurological pathway. Studies of reading achievement suggest this disability may be one causal factor in reading problems but improvement will be influenced by prior word attack skill and willingness to be involved in reading. Investigation of reading strategies suggest that the claimed reductions in print distortions could allow more reading fluency and enable attention to be directed to meaning rather than word identification, which in turn facilitates access to text context as a supplement to word recognition.
Current Perspectives on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Literature
Authors: Carroll Annemaree
Published: May 2019

During the past decade, research on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has increased substantially. As the quantity and quality of research have improved, a more optimistic perspective of the disorder has begun to emerge. To address this issue, this paper summarises the characteristics and related attentional problems of children with disorders of attention. Attentional processes in theories of observational learning are discussed and the link between observational learning and social skills training are addressed. The literature review also suggests current intervention strategies, and promising avenues for future research.
Behavioural and Cognitive Approaches to Social Skills Training with Young Children
Authors: Taffe Richard , Smith Ian D.
Published: May 2019

Establishing peer relationships is an important part of social development in children. Children who are social isolates or rejected by their peers may be at risk in their social relationships during adolescence and adulthood. Two main approaches to intervening in peer relationships have been employed over the past sixty years: the first emphasises the individual’s role as a member of a peer group, while the second focusses on improving social skill learning and performance. The research evidence is reviewed with respect to both these theoretical approaches, with the social skills training (SST) approach being generally more clearly supported. Problems with the generalisation of social skills learned in the training program to actual social situations and to improved peer relationships are seen as requiring an extension of the behavioural SST approach. A social cognitive strategy which coaches children in making self-efficacy judgements of their ability to perform a task successfully is claimed to be a useful adjunct to the SST program. Specific teaching/coaching points are included as a guide to teachers who wish to help children improve their social skills and peer relationships.
Services for Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Foreman Phil
Published: May 2019

Parents of 221 school-aged children with Down syndrome completed a questionnaire about their experiences with service-providers from the time of diagnosis of their child’s disability. These experiences were compared with those of 782 parents of children with moderate or severe intellectual disability, with disabilities other than Down syndrome. Down syndrome was the earliest diagnosed disability, the average age of suspicion being two weeks and of diagnosis four weeks. Two-thirds of the children with Down syndrome had at least one additional disability, some having up to four additional disabilities. Some differences were apparent between older and younger children in the sample. Parents of younger children with Down syndrome were less likely to report inaccurate predictions about their child’s health and development. Children with Down syndrome were significantly more likely than children with other disabilities to be receiving speech therapy and significantly less likely to be receiving occupational therapy or physiotherapy. Parents of younger children with Down syndrome were more likely than parents of older children with Down syndrome or of children with other disabilities to regard an integrated school placement as ideal for their child, and their children were more likely to be in integrated settings.
Anniversary article: Then and now: 25 years of progress in natural language engineering
Authors: Tait John , Wilks Yorick
Published: May 2019

The paper reviews the state of the art of natural language engineering (NLE) around 1995, when this journal first appeared, and makes a critical comparison with the current state of the art in 2018, as we prepare the 25th Volume. Specifically the then state of the art in parsing, information extraction, chatbots, and dialogue systems, speech processing and machine translation are briefly reviewed. The emergence in the 1980s and 1990s of machine learning (ML) and statistical methods (SM) is noted. Important trends and areas of progress in the subsequent years are identified. In particular, the move to the use of n-grams or skip grams and/or chunking with part of speech tagging and away from whole sentence parsing is noted, as is the increasing dominance of SM and ML. Some outstanding issues which merit further research are briefly pointed out, including metaphor processing and the ethical implications of NLE.
Gain enhancement for MIMO antenna using metamaterial structure
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc Lan , Vu Van Yem
Published: May 2019

In this paper, a multiple input multiple output antenna which operates at 5.8 GHz for wireless local area network applications is proposed. The proposed antenna is composed of two sets of four elements antenna array (2 × 2) on the top and a novel metamaterial structure on the ground plane. Here, the ground plane, which includes a lattice of 2 × 5 unit cells of metamaterial structure, is utilized in order to improve parameters of the antenna. Thanks to the proposed metamaterial structure, not only gain and bandwidth of antenna are enhanced, but also mutual coupling is reduced. The final design, with an overall size of 137 × 77 × 3.048 mm3, resulted in a |S11| <−10 dB bandwidth of 1.78 GHz and a peak gain of 9.2 dBi. In addition, the isolation is higher than 18 dB although the close separation from edge to edge of the two antennas is only 2 mm and radiation efficiency of 73% at the operating frequency band. All is simulated based on CST Studio software and the simulated S-parameter results of the antenna are in good agreement with measurement results.
An Exact Multiobjective Optimization Approach for Evaluating Water Distribution Infrastructure Criticality and Geospatial Interdependence
Authors: Abdel‐Mottaleb N. , Ghasemi Saghand P. , Charkhgard H. , Zhang Q.
Published: May 2019

Failures within water distribution systems are usually not isolated and tend to propagate to corresponding transportation infrastructure, yet most criticality and resilience analyses of water distribution networks are conducted for the individual water infrastructure without accounting for interdependence. To address this research gap, this study investigates how the critical components identified within water distribution systems may be different when accounting for failure propagation to the transportation road network. In this study, failure propagation is assumed to be based on geospatial interdependence and unidirectional, starting from water distribution network components to transportation network components. A logical interaction network is constructed considering the interdependence between both infrastructures, and multiobjective optimization is used to solve for the critical water distribution components considering: quantity of failures, performance loss, and financial costs. This work presents a modular workflow for water distribution criticality analysis and proposes the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov distance statistic between solution sets as a measure of the significance of interdependency for decision making. Results from the case study suggest that as the magnitude of water infrastructure failure increases beyond a threshold, the interdependency between water distribution and transportation becomes more significant. The difference between identified critical components using only information from water distribution and using both water distribution and transportation is significantly different (with greater than 95% confidence) for the city of Tampa, when more than 40 components fail (are isolated). These results will assist utilities in asset management and strategy assessment, by helping prioritize component repair and better allocate resources for critical interdependent infrastructures.
Comparing Aerial Lidar Observations With Terrestrial Lidar and Snow‐Probe Transects From NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign
Authors: Currier William Ryan , Pflug Justin , Mazzotti Giulia , Jonas Tobias , Deems Jeffrey S. , Bormann Kat J. , Painter Thomas H. , Hiemstra Christopher A. , Gelvin Arthur , Uhlmann Zach , Spaete Lucas , Glenn Nancy F. , Lundquist Jessica D.
Published: May 2019

NASA's 2017 SnowEx field campaign at Grand Mesa, CO, generated Airborne Laser Scans (ALS), Terrestrial Laser Scans (TLS), and snow‐probe transects, which allowed for a comparison between snow depth measurement techniques. At six locations, comparisons between gridded ALS and TLS observations, at 1‐m resolution, had a median snow depth difference of 5 cm, root‐mean‐square difference of 16 cm, mean‐absolute difference of 10 cm, and 3‐cm difference in standard deviation. ALS generally had greater but similar snow depth values to TLS, and results were not sensitive to the gridded cell size between 0.5 and 5 m. The greatest disagreements were where snow‐off TLS scans had shrubs and high incidence angles, leading to deeper snow depths (>10 cm) from ALS than TLS. The low vegetation and oblique angles caused occlusion in the TLS data and thus produced higher snow‐off bare Earth models relative to the ALS. Furthermore, in subcanopy areas where both ALS and TLS data existed, snow depth differences were comparable to differences in the open. Meanwhile, median values from 52 snow‐probe transects and near‐coincident ALS data had a mean difference of 6 cm, root‐mean‐square difference of 8 cm, mean‐absolute difference of 7 cm, and a mean difference in the standard deviation of 1 cm. Snow depth probes had greater but similar snow depth values to ALS. Therefore, based on comparisons with TLS and snow depth probes, ALS captured snow depth magnitude with better than or equal agreement to what has been reported in previous studies and showed the ability to capture high‐resolution spatial variability.
The Exceptional 2018 European Water Seesaw Calls for Action on Adaptation
Authors: Toreti Andrea , Belward Alan , Perez‐Dominguez Ignacio , Naumann Gustavo , Luterbacher Jürg , Cronie Ottmar , Seguini Lorenzo , Manfron Giacinto , Lopez‐Lozano Raul , Baruth Bettina , van den Berg Maurits , Dentener Frank , Ceglar Andrej , Chatzopoulos Thomas , Zampieri Matteo
Published: May 2019

Temperature and precipitation are the most important factors responsible for agricultural productivity variations. In 2018 spring/summer growing season, Europe experienced concurrent anomalies of both. Drought conditions in central and northern Europe caused yield reductions up to 50% for the main crops, yet wet conditions in southern Europe saw yield gains up to 34%, both with respect to the previous 5‐year mean. Based on the analysis of documentary and natural proxy‐based seasonal paleoclimate reconstructions for the past half millennium, we show that the 2018 combination of climatic anomalies in Europe was unique. The water seesaw, a marked dipole of negative water anomalies in central Europe and positive ones in southern Europe, distinguished 2018 from the five previous similar droughts since 1976. Model simulations reproduce the 2018 European water seesaw in only 4 years out of 875 years in historical runs and projections. Future projections under the RCP8.5 scenario show that 2018‐like temperature and rainfall conditions, favorable to crop growth, will occur less frequent in southern Europe. In contrast, in central Europe high‐end emission scenario climate projections show that droughts as intense as 2018 could become a common occurrence as early as 2043. While integrated European and global agricultural markets limited agro‐economic shocks caused by 2018's extremes, there is an urgent need for adaptation strategies for European agriculture to consider futures without the benefits of any water seesaw.
Predicting Wave Wash Overs for Sea Turtle Nests
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: May 2019

To better protect coastal species, researchers developed a model that predicts harmful wash overs with 83% accuracy.
How Does Cloud Overlap Affect the Radiative Heating in the Tropical Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere?
Authors: Johansson Erik , Devasthale Abhay , Ekman Annica M. L. , Tjernström Michael , L'Ecuyer Tristan
Published: May 2019

Characterizing two‐layer cloud systems has historically been difficult. These systems have a strong radiative impact on the composition of and the processes in the upper troposphere‐lower stratosphere (UTLS). Using 4 years of combined spaceborne lidar and radar observations, the radiative impact of two‐layer cloud systems in the tropical UTLS is characterized, and its sensitivity to the properties of top‐ and bottom‐layer clouds is further quantified. Under these overlapping cloud conditions, the bottom‐layer clouds can fully suppress the radiative heating caused by high clouds in the UTLS, by inducing strong longwave cooling. If the vertical separation between the layers is <4 km, the radiative heating of the high cloud changes sign from positive to negative. Furthermore, the radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere is investigated, and it is found that the characteristic net warming by cirrus with ice water path <50 g/m2 is suppressed in the two‐layered system.
Transcriptional and functional consequences of TP53 splice mutations in colorectal cancer
Authors: Smeby Jørgen , Sveen Anita , Eilertsen Ina A. , Danielsen Stine A. , Hoff Andreas M. , Eide Peter W. , Johannessen Bjarne , Hektoen Merete , Skotheim Rolf I. , Guren Marianne G. , Nesbakken Arild , Lothe Ragnhild A.
Published: May 2019

TP53 mutations are common in colorectal cancer (CRC). Most TP53 sequencing studies have been restricted to coding regions, but recent studies have revealed that splice mutations can generate transcript variants with distinct tumorigenic and prognostic properties. Here, we performed unrestricted sequencing of all coding sequences and splice regions of TP53 in a single-hospital series of 401 primary CRCs. TP53 splice mutations were detected in 4% of the cases (N = 16), considerably more frequent than reported in major databases, and they were mutually exclusive to exon mutations. RNA sequencing revealed high-level expression of aberrant transcript variants in the majority of splice mutated tumors (75%). Most variants were predicted to produce truncated TP53 proteins, including one sample expressing the potentially oncogenic and druggable p53ψ isoform. Despite heterogeneous transcript structures, downstream transcriptional profiling revealed that TP53 splice mutations had similar effects on TP53 target gene expression and pathway activity as exonic mutations. Intriguingly, TP53 splice mutations were associated with worse 5-year relapse-free survival in stage II disease, compared to both TP53 wild-type and exon mutations (P = 0.007). These data highlight the importance of including splice regions when examining the biological and clinical consequences of TP53 mutations in CRC.
Translation of yes-associated protein (YAP) was antagonized by its circular RNA via suppressing the assembly of the translation initiation machinery
Authors: Wu Nan , Yuan Zhidong , Du Kevin Y. , Fang Ling , Lyu Juanjuan , Zhang Chao , He Alina , Eshaghi Esra , Zeng Kaixuan , Ma Jian , Du William W. , Yang Burton B.
Published: May 2019

Yap is the key component of Hippo pathway which plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of Yap activity could promote apoptosis, suppress proliferation, and restrain metastasis of cancer cells. However, how Yap is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we reported Yap being negatively regulated by its circular RNA (circYap) through the suppression of the assembly of Yap translation initiation machinery. Overexpression of circYap in cancer cells significantly decreased Yap protein but did not affect its mRNA levels. As a consequence, it remarkably suppressed proliferation, migration and colony formation of the cells. We found that circYap could bind with Yap mRNA and the translation initiation associated proteins, eIF4G and PABP. The complex containing overexpressed circYap abolished the interaction of PABP on the poly(A) tail with eIF4G on the 5′-cap of the Yap mRNA, which functionally led to the suppression of Yap translation initiation. Individually blocking the binding sites of circYap on Yap mRNA or respectively mutating the binding sites for PABP and eIF4G derepressed Yap translation. Significantly, breast cancer tissue from patients in the study manifested dysregulation of circYap expression. Collectively, our study uncovered a novel molecular mechanism in the regulation of Yap and implicated a new function of circular RNA, supporting the pursuit of circYap as a potential tool for future cancer intervention.
Bridging the gap between transition metal- and bio-catalysis via aqueous micellar catalysis
Authors: Cortes-Clerget Margery , Akporji Nnamdi , Zhou Jianguang , Gao Feng , Guo Pengfei , Parmentier Michael , Gallou Fabrice , Berthon Jean-Yves , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: May 2019

Previous studies have shown that aqueous solutions of designer surfactants enable a wide variety of valuable transformations in synthetic organic chemistry. Since reactions take place within the inner hydrophobic cores of these tailor-made nanoreactors, and products made therein are in dynamic exchange between micelles through the water, opportunities exist to use enzymes to effect secondary processes. Herein we report that ketone-containing products, formed via initial transition metal-catalyzed reactions based on Pd, Cu, Rh, Fe and Au, can be followed in the same pot by enzymatic reductions mediated by alcohol dehydrogenases. Most noteworthy is the finding that nanomicelles present in the water appear to function not only as a medium for both chemo- and bio-catalysis, but as a reservoir for substrates, products, and catalysts, decreasing noncompetitive enzyme inhibition.