bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Hegemony: The View from Australia
Authors: Beeson Mark
Published: February 2007

Australia and the United States have been extremely close allies since
World War II. The engagements in Afghanistan and Iraq have continued this
tradition. Yet even before the bombings in Bali and the confrontation
with Iraq, an important debate about the costs and benefits of the
relationship with the United States was underway in Australia. At a number
of levels—economic, political, and even strategic—increasing
numbers of Australians were critically reassessing the relationship and
questioning the supposed benefits. Recent events have accelerated this
process and thrown the relationship into even starker relief. This paper
argues that the increasingly unilateral nature of American economic and
strategic policy is imposing major costs on even its most loyal allies,
a situation that threatens to undermine the legitimacy of, and support
for, U.S. hegemony.
Modern Jihad : The Islamist Crusade
Authors: Napoleoni Loretta
Published: February 2007

This article compares the roots of the medieval Christian Crusades
and of the modern Islamist jihad. Focusing on the economics
of these two phenomena, the author argues that religion provides a
cohesive and convenient identity for a partnership motivated far more by
economic factors than by religious fervor. The alliance of the papacy,
the nobility, the emerging commercial classes of traders, merchants,
and bankers, and the starving peasants of Europe took shape under the
banner of the First Crusade as a reaction to the economic hegemony of
Islam over the Mediterranean Basin. Similarly, today, religion provides
the ideological ground upon which the emerging Muslim classes of traders,
merchants, and bankers have built a partnership with the religious leaders
and impoverished masses of the Muslim world. This alliance targets the
hegemonic domination of the West, strengthened and supported by corrupt
Muslim elites and governments. Islamist armed groups, like the Franj
knights of the Crusades a thousand years before, are only the vanguard of
a war of economic liberation cleverly disguised as a war of religion.
International Interventions and Imperialism: Lessons from the 1990s
Authors: Ottaway Marina , Lacina Bethany
Published: February 2007

The increasing frequency and changing nature of UN interventions over
the course of the 1990s led to concern over a new imperialism. In this
period, the international community showed an increasing willingness
to disregard the notion of sovereignty, and thus anticipated the more
extreme doctrine of preemptive intervention recently adopted by the
Bush administration. But the experience of the 1990s also shows that,
far from imposing a new imperial order, international interventions have
had a surprisingly limited ability to bring positive transformation to
targeted countries, a dilemma that U.S. unilateralist interventions are
likely only to aggravate.
Archimago: Between Text and Countertext
Authors: Berger Harry
Published: February 2007

Spenser's representation of Archimago in book 1 of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene is divided. On the one hand the old enchanter is comically treated as a figure whose personal interventions are seldom fully successful despite his magic and mumbo jumbo. But on the other hand, he succeeds when his deception is internalized by the protagonist, the Redcross Knight, as self-deception. Redcross too easily loses faith in Una, lets himself get victimized by Duessa, and maintains his bad faith to the very end of the first book. Because the poem fuses the Christian quest for identity with the chivalric quest for manhood, the spiritual dangers connected with loss of faith get dramatized predominantly as sexual dangers, and women become the scapegoats enabling Redcross to justify behavior that would otherwise fill him with despair.
Hope, Land Ownership, and Milton's "Paradise Within"
Authors: Fenton Mary C
Published: February 2007

This study examines Milton's ontology of hope in Paradise Lost and argues that Milton's hopefulness about the future after the Restoration hinges crucially on contemporary domestic land issues and changes in land law that Milton contextualizes within the larger discourse of hope. The epic shows that Satan materializes hope, basing his hopes to gain power on the acquisition of land. The epic also demonstrates that while land may be a source of powers and liberty, real hope comes from Pauline and Augustinian notions of spiritual hope and faithful stewardship of land.
Marvell's Dialogized Nymph
Authors: Jaeckle Daniel
Published: February 2007

In "The Nymph Complaining for the Death of her Faun," Andrew Marvell inserts multiple social languages into the traditional literary language of a complaining nymph and thereby tests that language in the face of outside linguistic pressures. The languages of contemporary militarism, British law, quasi-Christian theology, Canticles, and Marvell's own poetic practice enter the poem to reveal the instability and vulnerability of traditional literary languages in a period of rapid social change and extreme heteroglossia. By dialogizing the Nymph's language of complaint, then, Marvell refracts the social disorder of his time.
Charles Chester and Richard Hakluyt
Authors: Steggle Matthew
Published: February 2007

Charles Chester was satirized frequently for his indiscreet speech by 1590s writers including Thomas Nashe, Thomas Dekker, and Sir John Harington. But this article retraces his career from his merchant origins in Bristol, through his imprisonment in the Canaries, and his work as an agent of Sir Walter Raleigh, in which capacity he traveled to Paris with the captured conquistador Pedro Sarmiento. Chester's career as Hispanist, informer, and spy meant that he was well known both to Richard Hakluyt and to Hakluyt's patron Robert Cecil: thus, Hakluyt's account of Chester in Principal Navigations is already involved in a complex network of accusation and betrayal.
Jane Shore and the Politics of Cursing
Authors: Steible Mary
Published: February 2007

Thomas Churchyard's contribution to the 1563 edition of The Mirror for Magistrates, "Shore's wife," one of the first literary treatments of Jane Shore's role in pre-Tudor English affairs, is notable for its political exploitation of one of several of Edward IV's concubines. Narrating her fall from politically influential mistress of a king to an impoverished, friendless woman, Churchyard's Shore bitterly curses Richard III, whom she regards as the cause of her suffering. Engaging in the historiographical hazing of one of England's most unpopular monarchs, Churchyard's tragic heroine is subversive, if not treasonous, in her stance against Richard III.
Constructing a Critical Subject in Religio Medici
Authors: Wong Samuel Glen
Published: February 2007

Read together, Kenelm Digby's Observations upon "Religio Medici" and Sir Thomas Browne's responses to Digby in private correspondence and in his address "To the Reader" in the 1643 edition of Religio show how Browne's masterpiece becomes a public text that illuminates the dynamics of early modern critical reception and authorial defense and complicates the idealized performance of subjectivity in Religio itself. In the exchange between Browne and Digby, Religio is transformed into a collective enterprise produced by the activity of printers and readers as well as the author: a collaboration larger than the author can control and defined by a public reading that overrides authorial desires.
"Great is Diana" of Shakespeare's Ephesus
Authors: Hart F. Elizabeth (Faith Elizabeth)
Published: February 2007

This article examines historical and literary genealogies of the goddess Diana of Ephesus (a.k.a. Artemis of Ephesus), applying these genealogies to Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors and Pericles. Diana of Ephesus is embedded within the Abbess of Errors, and their amalgamation makes topical reference to the Catholic Virgin and Queen Elizabeth I. In Pericles, Diana of Ephesus is a providential deity who offers Shakespeare an icon of female authority capable of restoring Pericles to his role as king. In the tradition of feminist Shakespeare studies, this article evaluates the function of female characters—mother figures especially—in Renaissance patriarchal drama.
Bethlem and Bridewell in The Honest Whore Plays
Authors: Jackson Ken
Published: February 2007

Even though The History of Bethlem, an account of London's notorious psychiatric hospital ("Bedlam"), disavows any substantial connection between the hospital and Thomas Dekker and Thomas Middleton's The Honest Whore, Part One (1605), this essay argues that the historians' narrative actually exposes a clear relationship between play and place. The historians suggest that the hospital began an organized effort to show its mad inhabitants around 1600, not for perverse entertainment, but to elicit charity. This real charitable "show" corresponds to the odd and confusing conclusion of Dekker and Middleton's play and Dekker's sequel, The Honest Whore, Part Two.
Colonialism, Politics, and Romanization in John Fletcher's Bonduca
Authors: Jowitt Claire
Published: February 2007

The essay first explores the ways in which John Fletcher's Roman play Bonduca engages with early-seventeenth-century British colonial ambitions, particularly in relation to the Virginia colony. Secondly, the article focuses on the topical political allegory in the play. The leadership styles of the two Britons Caratach and Bonduca are read in terms of the colonial policies of James I and Elizabeth I. Fletcher's Britons and Romans are shown to serve multiple political functions as both groups are seen to represent aspects of contemporary British colonial concerns.
Mrs. Humphry Ward's Fictional Experiments in the Woman Question
Authors: Argyle Gisela
Published: February 2007

Current evaluations of Mrs. Humphry Ward as novelist range
from "Victorian anti-feminist" to "New Woman novelist" and "rebel."
For a more nuanced treatment of Ward, which would justify her
initial reception as an important serious novelist who engaged
her readers in imaginative experiments on important social and
moral questions, this essay examines five novels as a series, in
accordance with Hans Robert Jauss's methodological precept in
his seminal essay, "Literary History as a Challenge to Literary
Theory." According to Jauss, such a literary series implies "a dialogical
and at once processlike relationship between work, audience,
and new work."
Art Patronage and Philistinism in Argentina: Maurycy Minkowski in Buenos Aires, 1930
Authors: Baker Zachary M
Published: February 2007

In August 1930 the Polish-Jewish painter Maurycy
Minkowski arrived in Buenos Aires for a well-publicized but commercially
unsuccessful exhibition of his artworks. Minkowski's exhibition
coincided with the onset of the Great Depression, a military uprising,
and a roundup of Jewish procurers associated with the Sociedad Zwi
Migdal. Both before and after his accidental death (and "celebrity
funeral") in November 1930, his patrons--who included the ambassador
from Poland and prominent Jewish cultural figures--denounced what they
regarded as the philistinism of Jewish parvenus in Argentina. As memory
of the artist lapsed into obscurity, his supporters established the
Museo Minkowski, housing it in the Argentine Jewish community building
(AMIA). The salvage of this collection from the ruins of the AMIA,
following the July 1994 terrorist bombing, has set the stage for the
rehabilitation of this neglected artist's reputation.
Rootless Nostalgia: Vienna in La Paz, La Paz in Elsewhere
Authors: Spitzer Leo
Published: February 2007

Starting in the mid-1930s, and up until the end of the first year of
World War II, thousands of refugees from Nazi-dominated Central Europe,
the majority of them Jews, fled to Bolivia to escape an increasingly
vehement persecution. Indeed, in the panic months following the German
Anschluss of Austria, Bolivia was one of very few remaining places
in the entire world to accept Jewish refugees. But today, few Jews
still reside in that country. From the very start of their large-scale
inflow in the 1930s, many of the refugees had considered Bolivia only
a temporary haven--"Hotel Bolivia," as they described it. The majority
emigrated in the years after the war: some back to Austria or Germany,
others to the U.S., Israel, or to "less exotic" Latin American countries.

Examining the refugees' recollections of Europe (specifically of Austria)
in Bolivia, as well as their recollections of the "Bolivia experience"
in the U.S. (some fifty years later), this essay engages in an act
of witnessing (in retrospect) and reflects on the interrelations of
place, memory, and nostalgia. In particular, it explores and begins
to theorize "rootless nostalgia" specific to the postmemory of the
second generation--to the children of exiles or refugees who have
inherited ambivalent memories and a condition of homelessness from
their parents. Such nostalgia, the author argues, is not "homesickness"
or longing for return to a lost origin, or a yearning for a better
time. Instead, it reflects a desire to establish a connection,
or reconnection, between a past known only secondhand and a lived
present. It represents a need to repair the ruptured fabric of a
painfully discontinuous, fragmentary history, even as it acknowledges
the impossibility of such reparation.
Editor's Introduction: The Jewish Diaspora of Latin America
Authors: Vieira Nelson
Published: February 2007

As a burgeoning and dynamic field, Latin American Jewish Studies
represents nearly more than twenty-five years of formal research
development and professional activity, marked by the establishment
of such international professional associations as AMILAT (1974), the
Israeli research association on Latin American Judaism, and LAJSA (1982),
the international Latin American Jewish Studies Association. While there
have been earlier research activities in this field, the last quarter
of this century has witnessed the steady growth of this dynamic area
as a professional field of study. Ergo, it is an honor to introduce
Latin American Jewish Studies to a wider audience of English speakers
by presenting this special issue of SHOFAR, dedicated to the "Latin
American Jewish Diaspora."
Sephardic Songs, Proverbs, and Expressions: A Continuing Tradition
Authors: Ascher Gloria J
Published: February 2007

The Sephardic folk tradition embodied in these songs, proverbs, and
expressions in Spanyol is a living, evolving tradition. The proverbs and
expressions, the legacy of my Izmirl� family, reveal surprising
relationships to the broader Sephardic experience and literary and
philosophical tradition. Beyond the traditional songs, new compositions,
including my own, have enriched the tradition. These new songs reflect
enduring Sephardic concerns and values--the ambivalent attitude toward
Spain and the appreciation of the value of life. The creative resilience
of the Sephardim, supported and encouraged by new efforts, should insure
a healthy future for the Sephardic language and folk tradition.
Three Sefardic Folktales from Salonika, Greece
Authors: Esformes Maria
Published: February 2007

This paper contains an example of three folktales of the Greek
Sefardim. They are moralistic and didactic and serve a double purpose:
to teach and to entertain. The first story shows the complex relationship
between fate, destiny, and free-will. The hero of the story, through his
own efforts and by the performance of a good deed, is able to change his
negative destiny for the better. The second story is one of friendship
and co-operation between a Jewish and Christian woman. They join forces
and, through cleverness and trickery, are once again able to change a
negative destiny into something more positive. The third story teaches the
importance of gratitude to God for all the pleasures that humans enjoy
in life. The stories are translated from Judeo-Spanish into English. An
example of the original Judeo-Spanish is included for one of the stories.
Ensenyando el Djudeo-Espanyol (Ladino) en la Universidad Ben-Gurion
Authors: Koen-Sarano Matilda , Mitchell Bruce
Published: February 2007

Eksperiensas de ensenyansa del djudeo-espanyol (ladino) avlado, en la
Universidad Ben- Gurion en el Negev, al prinsipio del kuart�n
anyo akad�miko, en el kurso tenido por m� en el "Merkaz
Eliachar."

Deskripsi�n de los dos kursos semestrales: para Prinsipiates i
para Adelantados, ande se topan integrados los dos lados de la ensenyansa
de una lingua: forma i kontenido: reglas de lektura i eskritura,
reglas gramatikales i sint�ktikas, eksplikadas atrav�s
reflanes, kantigas, kuentos, poez�as modernas i mas.

Kompozisi�n i publikasi�n de dos livros de estudio de la
lingua para Prinsipiantes i para Adelantados, kon sus Vokabulario i
Tabelas de Verbos en djudeo-espanyol (ladino).

El sistema gr�fiko de los Kursos i de los livros es el sistema
en letras latinas de la Revista "Ak� Yerushal�yim,"
kon la empozisi�n de la aksentuasi�n sig�n la
lingua espanyola.
The Excommunication of Spinoza: Trouble and Toleration in the "Dutch Jerusalem"
Authors: Nadler Steven M.
Published: February 2007

Baruch de Spinoza, one of the most important philosophers of his time,
and certainly the most radical, was excommunicated from Amsterdam's
Sefardic synagogue at the age of twenty-four. The immediate reasons for
the cherem pronounced against him remain hidden, although there
are some good reasons for thinking that he was already propounding
the heretical views that are found in his later writings. In this
essay, however, I look closely at the political context for Spinoza's
excommunication, especially in the relationship between Amsterdam's Jews
and Dutch society.
Current Methods and Methodology in Ladino Teaching
Authors: Refael Shmuel
Published: February 2007

"Current Methods and Methodology in Ladino Teaching" presents an
historical overview of Ladino research in Israel from the early 1960s
until the present day, which forms a backdrop for recent developments
in the pedagogy of Ladino. Although the researchers of the sixties were
primarily interested in the preservation of archaic Spanish forms in
the Ladino ballads, recent years have witnessed the establishment of
Ladino as a field of university investigation in its own right. As
a result of an increased interest in Sefardic Studies as a separate
discipline, committed scholars have successfully convinced Israeli
universities that Ladino should be transmitted to a young generation of
students as a research tool. Accordingly, most of the Ladino language
learning materials are prepared for university students for the purpose
of scientific investigation. Proficiency in Ladino using the Rashi
script is preferable to Latin letters as it gives the student access to
several centuries of Ladino literary documents. Adequate Hebrew/Ladino
and Ladino/Hebrew dictionaries have yet to be developed.
Deconstructing the Christian Merchant: Antonio and The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Rosenshield Gary
Published: February 2007

In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare tests the
viability in the contemporary world of a marriage of venture capital and
Christian ideals. The question that the play implicitly asks is whether
Antonio can be simultaneously a merchant and a Christian: that is, a
merchant and not in some way also a Jew, a Shylock. This article shows
that although Antonio remains a model of friendship, love, and care in
his relationships with all his Christian acquaintances, his stature as
a Christian, as well as his attempt to disassociate himself from usury,
is undermined by his obsessive hatred of Shylock. Furthermore, the aura
of aristocratic Belmont and Portia's complete victory over Antonio in
the final two acts deal a serious blow not only to Antonio's image,
but to the notion of merchantry as a noble and knightly venture. The
self-serving dichotomy between evil Jewish usurer and good Christian
merchant turns out to be an inviable one--a construct that, unlike
Belmont, cannot be sustained through artifice and rhetoric alone.
Itsik Fefer: A Yiddish Wunderkind of the Bolshevik Revolution
Authors: Ėstraĭkh G. (Gennadiĭ)
Published: February 2007

Itsik Fefer (1900-1952) was one of the most prominent Soviet Yiddish
writers, who perfectly combined the two talents of a poet and an
apparatchik. His 1922 poetry collection, Splinters, established
him as a rising literary star. The same year he formulated his literary
credo of "simple speech," which would become the trademark of his work. By
1924, Fefer already occupied one of the highest places in the hierarchy of
Soviet Yiddish literature. In 1927 he was one of the founding members of
the Ukrainian Association of Yiddish Revolutionary Writers. He combined
editorial positions at both Yiddish literary journals, Prolit
(Proletarian Literature) and Di royte velt (Red World), published
in Ukraine in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The creation of the Writers'
Union increased Fefer's importance. He represented Yiddish literature on
the board of the Soviet and Ukrainian's Writers' Unions. During WWII,
Fefer became a leading figure in the Jewish Antifascist Committee. In
1943 he, together with Solomon Mikhoels, visited the United States,
Canada, Mexico, and England. Fefer finished his life in prison, accused
of Jewish nationalism and of spying for the Americans.
The Name in the Poem: Women Yiddish Poets
Authors: Hellerstein Kathryn
Published: February 2007

A poet's name appearing in a poem signals the question:
To what degree does the individual writer speak for her/himself and
to what degree for the community? In Old Yiddish poems, no modern
idea of the individual writer is present. When the poet signs her
name—Rivke Tiktiner in an acrostic, Royzl Fishls and Toybe Pan in a
rhymed stanza—she carves her name into her prayer or proem according
to the convention of signature established by medieval Hebrew liturgical
poems. She names herself as a woman linked to Jewish learning through
male ancestors and as a voice for the Jewish people awaiting messianic
redemption. Such a poet signs her name to claim the distinction of an
authorship predicated on the author's place within the Jewish community
and its conventions, both literary and religious. But when modern women
poets—Anna Margolin, Kadya Molodowsky, Rokhl Korn—place their
names in a Yiddish poem, they inscribe a vexed individuality. The pull
away from traditional Jewish life produces a literary tension between
the poet's responsibilities to voice the will of the Jewish people and
her own desires. The lyric poem becomes an analogue for the individual
person, yet vestiges of communal responsibility and traditional writings
linger in its Yiddish language, culture, and historical context.
Forging a Hero for a Jewish Stage: Goldfadn's Bar Kokhba
Authors: Wolitz Seth L
Published: February 2007

The emergence of Jewish theater under Abraham Goldfadn
permitted an esthetic recuperation of the Past not outside of history
as in Biblical Purimshpils but inside history. Goldfadn wanted
his audience to retrieve from the stage their lost memory of Jewish
sovereignty and in the case of his play, Bar Kokhba, recover an
image of Jewish dignity and nobility and a model of Jewish heroics for
the present: a Jewish military hero. The old/new Jewish hero reflects the
aristocratic ideals drawn from Western theatrical traditions but made
"Jewish" by its placement in an Israelite setting: the Romantic hero
leading his people to defeat Rome and to establish independence. The play,
constructed on the nineteenth-century melodramatic form of the five-act
"well-made" play, touches all the bases that would evoke pride and revive
memories of Jewish wholeness, authenticity, and greatness as opposed to
the present fragmented and weak Jewish audience. The play introduced
the classic love triangle, the mutual passions of Bar Kokhba and Dina
but tragically destroyed by Romans and traitors. Thus Goldfadn tied the
personal trauma to the national one, revealing his goal of employing
Western form to celebrate Jewish life and history through the esthetics
of stage production. This play marks the beginning of Yiddish theater
celebrating Jewish history and heroics and providing through art a new
Jewish secular identity by which to encounter the present with a vision
of the restored nation in the future.
New Technologies and Old Methodologies: Jewish Studies Research in the Digital Age
Authors: Lerner Heidi G.
Published: February 2007

Rapidly changing information technologies and networking capabilities are
transforming scholarly research in Jewish Studies. Computer screens work
alongside and even supplant the printed page as a research tool. The next
generation of Jewish scholars and academics must be prepared for these
changes or suffer the consequences of not keeping up with them. Jewish
Studies librarians, as information specialists, can help train researchers
in the use of electronic resources and searching techniques. Librarians
and scholars need to work together to integrate these new resources
into their research methodologies. Contemporary research methods courses
may be the best place to introduce and forge innovative, collaborative
teaching partnerships.
Rootlessness and Alienation in the Poetry of Helen Degen Cohen
Authors: Dean-Otting Miriam
Published: February 2007

This essay explores various themes in the poetry of Helen Degen
Cohen. Cohen survived the Holocaust as a child in hiding. In her poetry
she integrates her experiences in Poland, both before and during the war,
with her life in America as a young immigrant. Her many identities as a
Jew, Pole, child, teenager, adult, immigrant, and American blend together
as stark memories in her exploration of themes of fear, war, death,
ethnicity, family, and solitude. While Cohen's poetry is not expressly
Jewish, underlying all her works are subtle references to the challenges
of living in a world that is not entirely Jewish and often hostile.
The Historical Imperative in Contemporary Jewish American Poetry: Enid Dame, Michael Heller, and Nikki Stiller
Authors: Kimmelman Burt
Published: February 2007

The basic situation of the post-World War Two American Jew is one
conditioned by the Diaspora, the Shoah, and both a religious and
otherwise a cultural tradition marked by letters. American Jewish poets
who represent a third generation from the point of immigration, Enid Dame,
Michael Heller, and Nikki Stiller take history as their backdrop and often
as their subject in their poems, as a way in which to define themselves,
to locate themselves within a heterogeneous society that both beckons
to them and threatens to vitiate their traditional identities. Their
voices, peculiarly American and then again peculiarly of New York City
(the point of entry into the new world), are nonetheless Jewish for all
their modernity, but Jewish in a way not seen before the present.
There Are Less Jews Left in the World: Louis Zukofsky's Holocaust Poetry
Authors: Scroggins Mark
Published: February 2007

Louis Zukofsky's poetry rarely addresses the Holocaust directly, for
reasons that stem both from Zukofsky's natural reticence and from his
conflicted relationship with his own Jewishness. The Holocaust, however,
drove him to reconsider a Jewish identity to which he had given little
consideration in his poetry since the 1926 "Poem beginning 'The.'" In
"Song for the Year's End," Zukofsky ties the Holocaust to reflections
on American antisemitism. In "A"-12, he mourns the death both of his
father and of European Yiddishkayt in general. Through a series
of biblical and contemporary allusions, "Nor Did the Prophet" addresses
Zukofsky's relationship with his mentor Ezra Pound and attempts to come
to terms with Pound's antisemitism by reconsidering the rhetoric of
Pound's controversial Pisan Cantos.
Senator Jacob K. Javits and Soviet Jewish Emigration
Authors: Lazarowitz Arlene
Published: February 2007

Senator Jacob K. Javits rendered a critical service in writing the compromise wording and leading the negotiations over the Jackson-Vanik Amendment of 1974, which linked most- favored-nation trade status and subsidized low-interest government credits between the United States and the Soviet Union with a higher and more sustained level of Soviet Jewish emigration. As a Jewish Republican, Javits had to reconcile his relationship with the Nixon Administration, which regarded the linkage of trade agreements with human rights abuses as destructive of detente, with his support for Soviet Jews. Javits brought his ability to balance competing interests to make more moderate and flexible the amendment language. The influence of a Jewish Senator was critical because the established Jewish organizations were initially opposed to tying Soviet trade to emigration. His connections within the United States government and with the American Jewish leadership proved indispensable in aiding Soviet Jewish emigration.
Teaching the Hebrew Bible in a Small Religious Studies Department: Problems and Resolutions
Authors: Mandell Sara
Published: February 2007

Students educated in public institutions, particularly those with small Religious Studies Departments, frequently have little knowledge of the academic study of the Hebrew Bible. Problems for faculty include insufficient time to do research (in the case of lecturers of large general survey sections), insufficient knowledge (in the case of graduate students), and faith-based knowledge (in the case of visiting local clergy). Students frequently display attitude problems when faced with other approaches to scripture than that taught by their religion, or when they realize that they cannot earn an easy A just by knowing Bible stories; occasionally such students become evangelical or disruptive. Even those students who attend class because they are interested in Western culture have no knowledge of the Ancient Near Eastern world from which a great portion of the Hebrew Scripture emanates, and they do not have the requisite languages.
Young Children's Acquisition of the Formational Aspects of American Sign Language: Parental Report Findings
Authors: Bonvillian John D , Siedlecki Theodore
Published: February 2007

The early sign language acquisition of nine young children of sign- using parents was examined in a longitudinal study. In monthly home visits, the parents demonstrated on videotape how their children formed the signs that they had acquired since the previous visit. Each of these signs was transcribed, using the notation system developed by Stokoe, into its formational aspects of location, handshape, and movement. The location, handshape, and movement cheremes (sign phonemes) of the children�s signs were then analyzed for accuracy of production, order of onset, production frequency, and patterns of errors or systematic substitutions. The results of these analyses are interpreted as indicating several distinct trends in young children�s acquisition of sign formational aspects.
Manuel Tinoco
Authors: Plann Susan
Published: February 2007

his study examines the contribution to deaf history of Manuel Tinoco, a hitherto unknown deaf student at Spain�s National School for Deaf-Mutes and the Blind. Along the way, it sheds considerable light on the day-to-day life at this establishment during the 1870s.
Language-Related Symptoms in Persons with Schizophrenia and How Deaf Persons May Manifest These Symptoms
Authors: Trumbetta Susan L , Bonvillian John D , Siedlecki Theodore , Haskins Barbara G
Published: February 2007

Disturbances in language have long been viewed as a principal identifying characteristic of schizophrenia. The language-processing deficits of persons with schizophrenia are manifested in a variety of ways. Historically, analyses of schizophrenic patients� language disorders have focused almost entirely on speech. Deaf persons, however, constitute a portion of the population that is diagnosed as schizophrenic, and sign languages are often their principal means of communication. In recent years, preliminary observations have been reported that indicate that there are a number of similarities between the linguistic deficits of signing Deaf persons with schizophrenia and those evident in the speech of hearing schizophrenic patients. Systematic investigations of schizophrenic Deaf persons� signing need to be conducted both to improve treatment programs for Deaf patients and to increase our understanding of the language aspects of schizophrenia.
Sign Language versus Spoken Language
Authors: Stokoe William C
Published: February 2007

In the debate over continuities vs. discontinuities in the emergence
of language, sign language is not taken to be the antithesis but is
presented as the antecedent of spoken languages. Several recent
elucidations
of face-to-face behavior microscopically observed show the
importance of expression by gestural signs (gSigns) of the infant's
developing communicative needs. They also show smooth
transition of the communicational synchrony achieved by very
young infants in their performance of communicative actions (and in
some instances of reflexive body movements) into the kind of behavior
to be discerned in adult language competence. The ease of learning
conferred by iconic gSigns leads to early lexicosemantic mastery
when speech is not the major channel. Various parts of the grammar
of a contemporary sign language (ASL), particularly its verb and pronoun
systems, give convincing evidence that such grammar cannot
have derived from the grammars of spoken languages; rather that
the continuity is from cognitive activity expressed in gSigns toward
linguistic organization both of the expressive material and the semantic,
and thence into spoken language.
Deaf-Blind Interpreting: Interpreters' Use of Negation in Tactile American Sign Language
Authors: Frankel Mindy A
Published: February 2007

Researchers have recorded linguistic variation in discourse techniques that occur between visual and tactile ASL. Documentation of this kind benefits interpreters in the way they produce material in its target form. This study focuses on negation in tactile interpreting and the way nonmanual signals are transferred from a visual entity to a tactually accessible mode. Several aspects of variation occur during a communicative event that involves deaf-blind individuals, and negation is one element that requires additional consideration when moving between modalities.
Certain Distinct Features of TTY Conversations
Authors: Mozzer-Mather Susan
Published: February 2007

This study deals with communications between deaf persons over
telephone lines via teletypewriters (TTY). Although numerous studies
have centered on speech and writing, few linguistic works have
dealt with TTY conversations. These past studies indicate that TTY
conversations should be classified along with writing as opposed to
spoken discourse.
The study is based on a collection of TTY conversations by deaf
persons who have found no difficulties in using TTYs. In particular,
the study focuses on the use of �oh.� These conversations
contain linguistic features that are more similar to those of spoken
conversations (i.e., face-to-face and ordinary (voice) telephone
conversations) than to those of writing. These features focus more
on interpersonal involvement than on information. One of the two
TTY features that are distinct from those of spoken discourse is the
delayed backchannel response. By their very nature, TTYs permit
only one person to talk at a time and do not permit any overlapping
talk, interruption, or use of backchannel markers. This study shows
that TTY users use oh markers to backchannel in a delayed fashion.
The other distinct feature of TTY usage is the use of multitopic
turns, which proves to be an effective device for dealing with the �one person at a time� requirement the TTY imposes.
This device allows a user to include a number of topics per turn�for example, six in my data�in order to reduce the number
of turns and save time. In some sequences the typists use oh
markers to respond to each part or some of the parts of the interlocutor�s
multitopic turn to create the effect of face-to-face interaction.
Double-Decker Definitions: The Role of Frames in Meaning Explanations
Authors: Fillmore Charles J
Published: February 2007

This article maintains that certain kinds of structured background
information (or "frames") should be treated as essential
components or accompaniments of word definitions. For ordinary
print dictionaries, the provision of such information would amount
to a very large investment. Instead, we should be thinking in terms
of a dictionary on compact disk or preferably a web utility with
hyperlinks
facilitating easy access to the necessary background information.
Since a single background frame, entered only once, can serve
many word senses, its description could be made accessible from all
of the relevant entries; it does not need to occupy space within the
text of individual entries. The advent of the electronic format thus
makes it possible to fully integrate frame-based lexicoencyclopedic
information into lexicographic descriptions.
The British Sign Language Variant of Stokoe Notation: Report on a Type-Design Project
Authors: Thoutenhoofd Ernst
Published: February 2007

This article reports the outcome of a publicly funded research project
titled "Redesign of the British Sign Language (BSL) Notation
System with a New Font for Use in ICT," which ran from
September 2000 to December 2001.

The aim of the project was to redesign the British Sign Language
variant of Stokoe notation (as used in the BSL/English Dictionary)
for
practical use in information technology systems and software, such as
lexical databases, word-processing packages, and teaching and learning
applications. The project�s objectives tackled design issues,
not sign linguistic system-level problems.

The project resulted in two new type designs for writing BSL
Stokoe, united into a larger type family called William C., in memory
of William C. Stokoe. I anticipate that the new type design proposals
will make the provision of searchable BSL Stokoe notation in
database designs a possible next step in lexicographic and other sign
linguistic research projects.
Lexicography and the University: Making the Gallaudet Dictionary of American Sign Language
Authors: Van Cleve John V
Published: February 2007

Gallaudet University Press (GUPress) began work on the Gallaudet Dictionary of American Sign Language in 1998. This would seem a natural project for the scholarly publishing unit of Gallaudet University. The institution�s name is synonymous with research on American Sign Language and deaf people, and GUPress early experienced the commercial advantages of lexicography. The decision to produce and publish a press-sponsored ASL dictionary was slow, difficult, and controversial, however. The press hesitated nearly two decades before deciding that it even wanted to publish such a work; getting the project under way took many more months of planning. Some obstacles that Gallaudet faced are common to the experience of dictionary making, but others were related to GUPress�s particular history.
Brazilian Sign Language Lexicography and Technology: Dictionary, Digital Encyclopedia, Chereme-Based Sign Retrieval, and Quadriplegic Deaf Communication Systems
Authors: Capovilla Fernando Cesar , Duduchi Marcelo , Raphael Walkiria Duarte , Luz Renato D , Rozados Daniela , Capovilla Alessandra G. S , Macedo Elizeu C
Published: February 2007

The Brazilian Sign Language digital encyclopedia contains a databank of fifty-six hundred signs glossed in Portuguese and English, along with descriptions and illustrations of their sign form (sublexical structure) and meaning (referent). The encyclopedia includes a sublexical- component indexing system and a menu-based sign-retrieval system. These allow deaf users to locate specific signs based on five parameters, their cheremes, and allochers: (1) hands: articulation (e.g., 1�9, A�Z), orientation, and relationships; (2) fingers: type and articulation; (3) place; (4) movement: type, frequency/intensity, hand, finger, and body; and (5) facial expression. By taking advantage of imagery and linguistic processes involved in mental-lexicon access, the sign-retrieval system takes sign language dictionaries beyond the traditional alphabetical indexing of glosses. Utilizing the extensive sign bank, an eye-blink, air-puff-operated communication and telecommunication system allows deaf users with quadriplegia to select automatically scanned animated signs, compose messages, and have them printed and spoken with digitized speech in Portuguese and English.
From Variant to Standard: An Overview of the Standardization Process of the Lexicon of Sign Language of the Netherlands over Two Decades
Authors: Schermer G. M.
Published: February 2007

This article describes the process of the standardization of the basic lexicon of the Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN) and the different types of dictionaries that were produced. Research into the lexicon of SLN started in the early 1980s with the KOMVA (�Communicative Competence�) project. The process of the unification of signs through a system of preference signs has been accelerated at the request of the Dutch government to standardize the lexicon of SLN in order to recognize it as an official language. The article describes the background and method of this Standardization of Basic Lexicon (STABOL) project.
How the Alphabet Came to Be Used in a Sign Language
Authors: Padden Carol , Gunsauls Darline Clark
Published: February 2007

This historical account of the development of the manual alphabet in ASL (and of representational systems in other sign languages) traces fingerspelling back to the monks of the seventh century, who devised a system for representing speech without needing to speak. Many years later, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, their manual alphabet underwent significant adaptation as a result of the contact between the monks and the deaf children they tutored. This article describes the evolution of the manual alphabet from that time to the present day.
St. James at the Fair: Religious Ceremony, Civic Boosterism, and Commercial Development on the Colonial Mexican Frontier
Authors: de la Teja Jesús F.
Published: February 2007

Every year a fair is held in the last days of September at which not only the inhabitants of Saltillo provision themselves for the entire year, but also those of the Kingdom of Nuevo León, Coahuila, Texas, and a great part of the colony of Santander as well. They come to sell wool, deer skins, salt, mules, and some other products that those places produce, and return with clothes, tanned hides, soap, saddles, and a variety of foodstuffs that come from Michoacán and Nueva Galicia, such as rice, sugar, chickpeas, and other commodities harvested in those lands. As a result, Saltillo has become a sort of warehouse, where the neighboring provinces provision themselves not only at fair time, but where they come between-times to stock themselves of those articles that they lack, which are considerable because of the impossibility of preserving them in such hot places.
Workers' Health and Colonial Mercury Mining at Huancavelica, Peru
Authors: Brown Kendall W.
Published: February 2007

Mining had far-reaching ecological consequences throughout much of colonial Spanish America. It deformed the landscape, introduced pollutants such as sulfur, mercury and salt into the biosphere, and caused human settlement of sparsely populated or uninhabited regions. Forests succumbed to the charcoal makers' axes. Workers' lungs filled with silicosis-causing dust. Cave-ins snuffed out lives or crippled those they spared.

As unhealthy as mining was elsewhere in Spanish America, it was reported to have been especially harmful in the central Andes at Huancavelica. Workers there suffered the common diseases and injuries associated with the industry such as respiratory disease and broken limbs. They also had to overcome the challenges of arduous labor at high altitude. Most pernicious of all was the toxic nature of the mercury they were mining. Colonial critics asserted that Huancavelica was an environmental tragedy that placed workers in exceptionally dangerous conditions in order to produce the mercury needed by silver refiners to amalgamate and refine their ores. The critics claimed that the mercury mines' human cost was immoral, yet their cries of despair and outrage could not overcome quicksilver's crucial importance to the imperial economy. Killing and maiming, Huancavelica earned for itself an infamous reputation as themina de la muerte(the mine of death).
Vanishing Indians: The Social Construction of Race in Colonial São Paulo
Authors: Nazzari Muriel
Published: February 2007

Much has been written about race and race stereotyping in Brazil in relation to African-Brazilians and their mixed African-European descendants. The situation of Indians and their mixed-blood descendants has been studied much less. In fact, the word mestizo as it is used in Spanish America does not translate well into Portuguese, for in Portuguese a mestiço can be any mixture. In the case of Brazil, it can mean either a descendant of Indian-European parents or of African-European parents.

This paper studies racial classifications in seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth-century São Paulo. São Paulo was a unique region in colonial Brazil and, because of its unique history, these findings cannot be automatically extrapolated to all other parts of Brazil. São Paul was very poor, especially if compared to the northeast, and later to Minas Gerais, the center of the gold and diamond mining region. Though the town was founded in 1554, it lacked exportable natural resources until the late eighteenth century, so that the economy was partly based on the raising of a few cattle and crops for subsistence or for sale locally or to other regions of Brazil. The labor needs of Paulistas (inhabitants of São Paulo) were met through exploratory and slaving expeditions called bandeiras that replenished their Indian labor force or else provided captives to be sold to other parts of Brazil. Though there were a few African slaves in São Paulo in the seventeenth century, the settlers could not afford them in substantial numbers until the second half of the eighteenth century.
Gender, Welfare and the Catholic Church in Argentina: Conferencias de Señoras de San Vicente de Paul, 1890-1916
Authors: Mead Karen
Published: February 2007

Between 1880 and 1916, elite women engaged in social welfare and transformed the politics of subordination in Argentina as they brokered a new accommodation between the Catholic Church and the Argentine state. Without ever claiming equality, women made it clear that the progress of the new nation—as male intellectuals and statesmen conceived it—could not be accomplished without their assistance. By stressing what they considered to be their essential contributions to social peace and national integration, elite women completely ignored both traditional and liberal ideas of the divisions between public and private responsibility without appearing to challenge gender norms.
At Home in the Field: Smithsonian Tropical Science Field Stations in the U.S. Panama Canal Zone and the Republic of Panama
Authors: Christen Catherine A.
Published: February 2007

By the 1960s many biologists affiliated with North American institutions were intent upon establishing a new kind of field station within tropical America. Conditions at such new stations contrasted with those at tropical medicine research centers, commodity-oriented agricultural research stations like those run by the United Fruit Company, or established botanical centers such as the Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory in Cuba. Absent were the arboreta, the crop demonstration plots, full-scale expatriate residences and most home comforts. Absent too were the nearby plantations served by the economic botany practiced at the agricultural stations.