bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
`Diversity' as a Group-Specific Therapeutic Factor in Group-Analytic Psychotherapy
Authors: Thygesen Bente
Published: March 2007

`Differences are the raison dW'tre of human beings' (Henri Lopes, African author, interviewed in Information, 22, February 1991). This paper argues that `diversity' can function as a third object in dissolving an overcohesive matrix symbolizing the mother-child dyad and sets out a triangular, oedipal model to develop the thesis of diversity as a group-specific factor. The concepts of group cohesion and coherency are discussed in terms of their respective therapeutic and countertherapeutic possibilities.
What Sort of a Journal Are We? What Sort of a Journal Should We Be? Interviews with the Editorial Committee `Group'
Authors: (Tom) Ormay A. P.
Published: March 2007

For the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Group Analysis it seemed a good idea to interview some of the Editorial Committee. I talked to them one at a time, in a free-floating fashion, looking for personal impressions as well as for data. But later it struck me that their responses corresponded with each other, as if they had all been present at the same time in a group, with a stack of journals in the middle.
From Phobic Inhibitions to Dreams
Authors: Foss Torberg
Published: March 2007

The relevance of dreams to group analysis is examined on a clinical level, where the therapeutic effect of dream-analysis is demonstrated in the case of a patient suffering from agoraphobia, and on a theoretical level, where the author discusses the concept of the group dream and the structural similarities between group and dream. The rôle of the therapist and the theory are thematized.
The Interpersonal World of the Infant and the Foundation Matrix for the Groups and Networks of the Person
Authors: Ahlin Goran
Published: March 2007

As a basis for further developing group-analytic method, the rich conceptual legacy from S.H. Foulkes is brought together with the modern developmental psychology formulated by Daniel N. Stern and elaborated into an outline for a comprehensive theory of the development of individual capacities to relate to networks and groups. It appears that the two frames of reference fit well. Together they open up new areas of clinical investigation, for instance of the counterparts in groups of the affect attunement between mother and infant.
Dreams and the Primordial Level
Authors: Zanasi Marco
Published: March 2007

Dreams represent a rich harvest of information in analytical therapy. One can note differences between individual psycho-analysis and group analysis: in the group a peculiar characteristic is the frequency of dreams containing archetypal elements. The author hypothesizes that this is due to the isomorphic reflection of the biological cerebral system, with its two hemispheres, on the psyche of the group. This phenomenon is highlighted where regression is intense. In this model the frequency of archetypal dreams is the expression of the `right hemisphere' of the group.
The Median Group: An Appropriate Setting for the Negotiation of Hatred. An Elaboration of Ideas from the Work of P.B. de Mare
Authors: Lyndon Piers
Published: March 2007

The Median Group is an extension of the conventional Group-analytic Small Group of seven to eight individuals. Encompassing about 12-30 members seated in a circle facing inwards, it stands on the boundary zone between the individual viewed within a family to the individual as citizen in a wider social community. This increases the scope for integrating individual psychodynamics with influences operating in the socio-cultural milieu. The resolution of destructive tendencies is central to this. At the forefront of this work for the past 20 years has been the pioneering figure of RB. de Mare.
A Psychotherapy Group for Turkish Patients Using an Interpreter
Authors: Roder Friedhelm , Opalic Petar
Published: March 2007

Because of the lack of sufficient psychiatric services for Turkish migrants in Germany they were offered a psychotherapy group using an interpreter This therapeutic setting, to begin with regarded as second-rate, soon turned out to be a very effective form of therapy. The basis for this successful development was laid during the first session.
Qualitative Research - State of the Art
Authors: Flick Uwe
Published: March 2007

The background of this article is the observation that the methodological discussions about qualitative research in German-speaking and Anglo-Saxon contexts are quite different. The article gives an overview of the state of the art of qualitative research in terms of its methodological development and its establishment in the broader field of social research. After some brief remarks about the history of the field, the major research perspectives and schools of qualitative research - grounded theory, ethnomethodology, narrative analysis, objective hermeneutics, life-world analysis, ethnography, cultural and gender studies - are outlined against the background of recent developments. The establishment of qualitative research is discussed with reference to the examples of the German and International Sociological Associations (DGS and ISA), to developments in the area of textbooks and handbooks, and to the founding of specialized journals. Methodological trends such as the move to visual and electronic data, triangulation of methods and the hybridization of qualitative procedures are discussed. In conclusion some perspectives are outlined which are expected to become more important in the future of qualitative research or which are seen as demands for further clarification. Beside the use of computers and further clarification on linking qualitative and quantitative research, and the limits and problems of such linkage, further suggestions concerning the ways of presenting appropriate and at the same time compulsory criteria for qualitative research are mentioned. Trends in building schools and developing research pragmatics, on the one hand, and a tendency towards elucidation and mystification of methodological procedures, on the other hand, are identified as tensional fields in methodological discussions in qualitative research. Finally a stronger internationalization in different directions and answering the question of indication are discussed as needs for the future of qualitative research.
What do we know about “don't knows”? Or, contexts of “ignorance”
Authors: Turner Jill , Michael Mike
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the meanings of “ignorance” in the context of “don't know” responses to questionnaires. First, we consider some of the broader functions of questionnaires, suggesting that they reflect and mediate between particular types of institutions, respondents and society. We then unpack some of the meanings of “don't know” responses. Specifically, we argue that the “don't know” response is not merely a sign of deficit but, potentially, a potent political statement. Moreover, in relation to studies of the public understanding of science, it can be employed as a resource by people reflexively to express their identity through their relationship with science. Next we consider ignorance in the more expansive contexts of late modernity, which include concerns about the ambivalent role of science in general, the transgressive quality of biotechnology in particular and the impetus to narrate the self. Consideration of these factors, we argue, may be useful for further interrogation of the meanings of “don't know” responses.
Individual development and Anglo-American pluralism
Authors: Eisenberg Avigail I.
Published: March 2007

Political pluralism is often portrayed as a theory about interest-group competition, which was developed primarily by post-war American political scientists. This conventional view is mistaken. This analysis examines the ways in which advocates of political pluralism have handled the theme of individual development. In the first part, a distinction is drawn between two dimensions of group power. In the second part, this distinction is used to examine how four different pluralists conceive the relation between self-development and pluralist politics. The first three theorists, John Dewey, Harold Laski and Mary Parker Follett, are scholars whose contributions to the pluralist tradition rarely figure accurately in contemporary accounts of the doctrine. The fourth pluralist, Robert Dahl, offers a more familiar rendition. Even Dahl's theory contains insights that help to establish a pluralist account of self-development. The concluding section considers briefly some lessons relevant to contemporary debates that might be drawn from pluralism's account of self-development.
We are the Dance: Cinema, Death and the Imaginary in the Thought of Edgar Morin
Authors: Mortimer Lorraine
Published: March 2007

A colleague of Roland Barthes at the CNRS in the 1950s and cowriter and friend of Cornelius Castoriadis until the latter's death, Edgar Morin has until recently been too little known in the English-speaking world. In an oeuvre that spans half a century, attempting to combine in ongoing dialogue the `humanities' and `sciences', Morin has written on scientific method, fundamental anthropology, politics, contemporary life and popular culture. He is an advocate of `complex' thought, thought which does not reduce, rationalize and mutilate phenomena under examination, which emphasizes the interaction between researcher and researched, and participation as a way of being in the world. This article particularly focuses on his work on death and cinema, suggesting a strong continuity between his early studies and his more recent writing on complexity and ecology. The radically democratic complexion of Morin's writings, his emphasis on a human empathy that can incorporate notions of unity and difference, make him a thinker of great relevance for today.
The Enduring Enigma: Physis and Nomos in Castoriadis
Authors: Adams Suzi
Published: March 2007

The physis and nomos controversy first emerged in ancient Greek thought. This article explores Castoriadis' reactivation of the issues concerned; in particular, his radicalization of Aristotle's conception of physis and nomos. It suggests that nomos appears as multifaceted in his work. However, three key variations may be identified: empirical nomos, normative nomos and generic nomos. Empirical nomos signifies the human creation of laws. It challenges the notion, long held in western philosophy, that Being = being determined. Although all laws are by humans created and thus in one sense autonomous, Castoriadis further distinguishes normatively between those societies which embrace their self-creating and self-transformative capacity and those which obscure it. Normative nomos, then, refers to the autonomous or heteronomous institution of society. The third sense of nomos refers to the creation of form. In this generic sense, it is argued that the debate shifts from the human to the non-human realm; that nomos also manifests itself in the realm of physis.
Modernity and Communism: Zygmunt Bauman and the Other Totalitarianism
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: March 2007

Bauman's work can be understood as a critical theory, but its east European context needs to be established alongside the west European sensibilities of the Frankfurt School. The question of Soviet modernity and the status of the Polish experience of which Bauman was part need to be placed alongside the more famous critique of the Holocaust, which can be more readily aligned with Horkheimer and Adorno's views in Dialectic of Enlightenment. To this end, some of Bauman's essays and arguments on the Soviet and Polish experience are reviewed in order to begin to fill out this other dimension of Bauman's critique of modernity and totalitarianism. Both Bauman's views on eastern Europe, and my survey of them, are offered as hints for those that follow.
The Self-Presupposition of the Origin: Homage to Cornelius Castoriadis
Authors: Ciaramelli Fabio
Published: March 2007

Thinking the origin in a radical way amounts to thinking the movement by which what does not proceed from something else - what does not have its origin elsewhere - comes to itself, has within itself precisely the ontological energy to detach itself from itself and to exist as origin. In its primordial sense, then, origin is self-origin: it is, becomes, and is known starting from itself. This self-presupposition of the origin constitutes the very advent of Being, its unmotivated and permanent upsurge, which has to be thought in terms of creation. Human creation responds to this ontological genesis, to its indeterminacy and to its incompletion - and, consequently, to its temporality. At once individual and collective - that is, both psychical and social - human creation alone can give meaning to ontological genesis.
Inside Medical Marriages
Authors: HINZE SUSAN WALDOCH
Published: March 2007

Recent research indicates support for a meritocratic view of the persistent gender gap in physician incomes: Young male physicians continue to outearn young female physicians because they are located in more lucrative specialties and practices and work longer hours. Using a sample of 321 physicians married to physicians, regression analyses are conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of gender on income. Although traditional human capital variables and structural labor market variables explain part of the income gap, family context variables explain much and call attention to the importance of the work-family interface in studies of physician income. Despite similar human capital investments and labor market locations, women married to physicians tend to do family, and men married to physicians tend to do career. The findings challenge a meritocratic view and suggest a closer look at the gendered assumptions of the institutions within which physicians reproduce and labor.
Lifestyle Preferences as Determinants of Women's Differentiated Labor Market Careers
Authors: HAKIM CATHERINE
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal studies have shown the long-term impact of attitudes, values, and aspirations on labor market behavior and outcomes. However, sociological theory has so far failed to incorporate this new knowledge. Preference theory does so, positing that recent social and economic changes give women genuine choices for the first time in history. A 1999 national survey in Britain shows that women choose three distinct combinations of market work and family work: They have home-centered, work-centered, or adaptive lifestyle preferences. The survey confirms that lifestyle preferences are a major determinant of fertility, employment patterns, and job choice. However, lifestyle preferences no longer determine occupational choice.
Dimensions of Occupational Prestige
Authors: Haug Marie R. , Widdison Harold A.
Published: March 2007

Eight dimensions of occupational prestige are examined for their effect on the general prestige ratings accorded a set of professions in the medical situs, ranging in status from chiropractor to brain surgeon. Stepwise multiple regression analyzes the relative weight of these dimensions among the responses of 410 persons in various types of educational institution. The variable of "importance to society" appears less predictive of overall prestige than "prestige-other," a variable measuring the respondents' view of the general public's evaluation. The findings tend to suggest that public stereotypes exert a normative pressure on individual judgments, as do different linkages of respondents to the occupational structure.
Occupational Situs, Prestige, and Stereotypes
Authors: More Douglas M. , Suchner Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Attempting to discover a classification scheme that discriminates stereotypes persons hold regarding members of different occupations, we construct an experiment varying occupations across three levels of occupational prestige within each of three categories of occupational situs. Within this design, 168 respondents each rate members of three occupations on six personality dimensions. Analysis of these data demonstrates that occupational prestige influences perceptions of intelligence, responsibility, and assertiveness. Perceptions of likeability, emotion ality, and rebelliousness also discriminate members of different occupations, but do so independently of both occupational prestige and the "rationality" cluster of perceptions defined above. Occupational situs proves ineffective in systematically differentiating perceptions on these six personality traits.
Women Lawyers in England
Authors: PODMORE DAVID , SPENCER ANNE
Published: March 2007

Female participation in employment, particularly in male-dominated elite occupations and professions, is often influenced by structures, ideologies, and recruitment patterns which effectively discriminate against women. The English legal profession is male dominated and sex-typed as “male”; less than 1 lawyer in 10 is a woman. Interviews with 76 women lawyers are used to examine the experience of inequality both at the point of entry and in professional practice. It is concluded that although dramatic and overt discrimination was not a typical experience, many women lawyers had had difficulties on account of their gender and found their careers and choices shaped and fashioned in particular ways.
Becoming a Male Stripper
Authors: DRESSEL PAULA L. , PETERSEN DAVID M.
Published: March 2007

Using interview data from fourteen male strippers, this article examines several occupational issues related to this nontraditional work role for men. The intention is to concentrate on the individual dynamics of becoming a male stripper. Specifically, we discuss (a) the situational contingencies affecting how males are recruited to stripping, (b) the socialization process they undergo, and (c) the outcome of socialization, which is the development of ideologies regarding the occupation of stripping. A secondary purpose is to put our findings in perspective by comparing and contrasting them with those on females involved in stripping.
Lawyers in Corporate Chief Executive Positions
Authors: PRIEST T. B. , ROTHMAN ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

The backgrounds and careers of lawyer-corporate chief executive officers in each of three historical populations of corporate chief executive officers are examined. Contrary to Newcomer (1955), the proportion of lawyer-chief executives now appears to be increasing. Data also indicate that the backgrounds of lawyer-chief executives frequently include attendance at prestigious undergraduate educational institutions and law schools, and initial positions in large, prestigious law firms. Career paths toward top corporate positions differ, but include organizational, professional, and interlocking governmental-corporate paths. These results are discussed.
Sex and Mobility in the Dual Economy
Authors: HOWELL FRANK M. , REESE WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2007

Recent work using a dual-economy approach to labor markets has documented heterogeneities in descriptive profiles of workers and returns to human capital by core-periphery sector of the economy. However, an important need that has gone relatively uninformed is an understanding of movement across sectors of the economy as a dimension of individual careers. This study explores how sex is related to core-periphery placement and mobility from labor force entry to almost midcareer. The results support the existing literature that suggests women enter the labor force in peripheral industries. Moreover, not only are women more likely to work in the periphery during this important initial phase of their careers but they are twice as likely to be located there at midcareer regardless of where they began. Further analysis of the intersectoral mobility process shows that many human capital variables do not serve as “sorting-and-selection” devices by the capitalistic economy but there are sex differences in the effects of these variables on the mobility process. Limitations and issues pertaining to future studies using both individualistic and structural approaches are discussed.
Expertise and Professional Standards
Authors: BAER WILLIAM C.
Published: March 2007

Although professional expertise is generally considered to be a key attribute of any profession, little analysis of it has been directly undertaken. Using a model that distinguishes the kinds of uncertainty faced by the profession from those faced by individual practitioners, this study suggests how uncertainty is absorbed through professionalization and managed by practitioners through the use of professional standards. Examination of this use reveals the professional contradictions in expertise between individual virtualities and collective science; the dilemmas that standards produce by permitting the democratization of expertise yet enabling the proletarianization of professionals; and how standards may be used by outsiders to analyze and evaluate directly a profession's expertise, thereby facilitating a measure of societal control over seemingly autonomously generated knowledge.
Educational Attainment, Job Satisfaction, and the Professionalization of Correctional Officers
Authors: JURIK NANCY C. , HALEMBA GREGORY J. , MUSHENO MICHAEL C. , BOYLE BERNARD V.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the impact of an administrative effort to increase the educational attainment of correctional officers employed in a medium security facility department of corrections in a western state. Following an era of riots and judicial intervention, higher educational qualifications have been a major component of attempts to professionalize prison security staff. Three competing expectations regarding the relationship between educational attainment and job satisfaction are evaluated: (1) higher education increases job satisfaction; (2) higher education leads to greater dissatisfaction; and (3) work environment negates the importance of worker educational background. Educational attainment is found to be negatively associated with correctional officer job satisfaction even when other important determinants are held constant.
The Political Economy and Technical Control of Work Humanization in Sweden During the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Van HOUTEN DONALD R.
Published: March 2007

This article closely looks at the nature of the Swedish production system incorporating autonomous work groups, and the historical course the innovation has taken from its emergence in the early 1970s to its reversion in the 1980s. The article examines (1) whether managers were motivated by idealism or by labor shortages and protest; (2) whether or not the production system is a sophisticated form of technical control; (3) whether or not the innovation produces mixed outcomes for labor and for employers; and (4) whether or not the managers' interest in the innovation has diminished as unemployment has risen in the late 1970s and 1980s. Based on eight months of interviews in Sweden and many secondary sources in English and Swedish, this article concludes that the adoption and diffusion of a workplace innovation cannot be fully understood without considering: (1) the characteristics of the production system in which the innovation is implanted that may simultaneously embrace rationalization and humanization, (2) the task environment of the firm that may compel managers to design production innovations with an eye to competition and market fluctuations, and (3) economic cycles and shifts in the political climate, both of which can influence (4) the relative strengths of labor and management to demand arrangements in a labor process favoring them.
High Technology, Work, and Inequality in Southern Labor Markets
Authors: COLCLOUGH GLENNA , TOLBERT CHARLES M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship among high-technology industrialization, skill levels, and economic inequality is the subject of considerable controversy among social scientists and policymakers. We explore these relationships in this article, drawing on classic post-industrial, skill upgrading, and deskilling debates. Using several types of local labor markets in the South, we compare high-tech workers to other workers with respect to industrial, occupational, and earnings distributions. Our findings suggest that much of the conflicting evidence is due to differences in definitions of high technology and to the local labor market context in which high-tech industries are located. The earnings distributions of some high-tech workers exhibit considerable inequality and suggest that deskilling may be occurring. Other high-tech workers have more equal earnings distributions that may be a product of skill upgrading. We also find that minority labor force participants—women and blacks—experience more earnings discrimination in high-tech industries than in other industries. We attribute these findings to variations in local labor market contexts and to the widely differing stages of product cycles that high-tech encompasses.
Patriarchy, Technology, and Conceptions of Skill
Authors: WAJCMAN JUDY
Published: March 2007

Much of the debate over the deskilling of work has assumed that skill is simply technically derived. Here it is argued that this is a partial view and that the categories for evaluating skill definitions are gender-biased. An adequate understanding of gender inequality at work must take account of both the ideological aspects and the material components of skill. The centrality of men's control of technology to their power in the workplace is discussed. The article concludes that social relations are expressed in and shape technologies themselves and that patriarchal relations are integral to this process.
The Mutability of Educational Credentials as Hiring Criteria
Authors: BILLS DAVID B.
Published: March 2007

Although there is no single “overeducation” thesis, most accounts hold that increasingly large numbers of employees have educational credentials beyond those needed for performance on their jobs. Rather than assuming a mismatch between skill levels and atypical credentials, this article asks how employers actually evaluate educational credentials that are higher than those usually associated with a given job. Employers do maintain educational ceilings for positions, but these are usually flexible and established largely by default. Further, some employers are willing to hire apparently overqualified workers because the candidate may eventually be promoted into a position where his or her skills are more fully used. What is usually interpreted as overeducation (the mismatch between proxied worker skills and job demands) may be either a barrier to the culmination of a job-worker match or the temporary underuse of skills.
Gender and the Effects of Demographics, Status, and Work Values on Work Centrality
Authors: MANNHEIM BILHA
Published: March 2007

The author compares the work role centrality of married working women and men and the factors related to it. The factors of socialization, status, status inconsistency, and work values as well as job satisfaction are examined. Although in the aggregate women are found to be less work-centered than men, further specification indicates that this is true mainly in the intermediate socioeconomic status (SES) categories, but not in others. The author proposes that this is related to the greater status inconsistency that women experience in these SES categories, and to their dual role as wives and mothers and employed workers. For women only, country of origin is of relevance to work role centrality (WRC), suggesting the importance of socialization. A combined model of status, work values, and job satisfaction explains WRC best for men, whereas status, socialization, and job satisfaction explains it best for women.
“Government by Injunction”
Authors: McCAMMON HOLLY J.
Published: March 2007

The decision among workers to strike is influenced by many factors. Researchers, however, have only recently begun to consider the role of labor law in shaping this decision. This article examines the period from the early 1880s to the early 1930s in which the U.S. courts developed legal policies that allowed them to routinely issue injunctions to halt strikes. The analyses demonstrate that the courts' use of the injunction not only ended the targeted strike but also significantly diminished the willingness of other workers to strike. Also, not all strikes were affected equally. The courts' use of the injunction tended to limit strikes over issues of workplace control and, to some degree, strikes taken in sympathy with other striking workers. Conclusions concern the significant role legal policies play in workplace relations.
The Effect of Family on the Job Exits of Young Adults
Authors: KOENIGSBERG JUDY , GARET MICHAEL S. , ROSENBAUM JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effect of family of origin and procreation on job exits for a sample of young White women and men (ages 18-24) between 1980 and 1986. Unlike much of the sociological literature that employs path analysis to examine occupational attainment at a small number of fixed points in time, this study employs event history analysis to examine family status factors and occupational attainment as dynamic processes. A competing risk model is used to estimate the effects of marriage and child status as well as socioeconomic status, age, and a set of control variables on two types of job exits: exits to school and exits for reasons other than school. For men the results indicate that marriage and children at job entry have a negative effect on both job exits to attend school and exits for reasons other than school. For women marriage and children at job entry have a negative effect on job exits to attend school but a positive effect on job exits for reasons other than school. For the most part, the effects of marriage on job exits were shown to be weaker than the effects of children. These findings suggest that despite the influx of women into the labor force during the 1980s, young women with children at job entry may have considered parenting rather than financial provision for their family to be their primary responsibility. The opposite holds true for young men.
Institutionalizing Flexibility in a Service Firm
Authors: SMITH VICKI
Published: March 2007

This article uses in-depth case study research to examine one set of organizational and staffing arrangements designed to facilitate flexible service delivery. “Institutionalized flexibility” incorporated multiple contingent bases of employment and concealed hidden hierarchies in workplaces within and across organizations. It also relied on the combined efforts of permanent, moderately skilled workers and temporary, deskilled workers. The article analyzes how these multitiered organizational settings created unique opportunities and costs for the individuals working within them, and introduced new intraorganizational and interorganizational complexities.
Local Employment Contexts and Job Attainment in Swedish Manufacturing Industry
Authors: HEDSTRÖM PETER
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes factors that influence the attainment of organizational rank in Swedish manufacturing industry. It is argued that competition for promotions is highly localized and largely restricted to the insiders of organizations. As a consequence, the attainment process is likely to be idiosyncratic and strongly influenced by the particularities of each place of employment. In the empirical analysis, particular attention is given to how an individual's likelihood of attaining a sought-after job is influenced by the educational levels of fellow employees. These analyses reveal substantial contextual effects, thus supporting the idea that the attainment process is deeply embedded in the local employment context.
Adapting, Resisting, and Negotiating
Authors: HOFF TIMOTHY J. , McCAFFREY DAVID P.
Published: March 2007

The organization and economics of health care in the United States are in the midst of profound change. Yet we know little about how individual physicians cope with and respond to this change on a daily basis. This article examines primary care doctors in two different work settings to see how professionals attempt to actively deal with structural developments in their environment. The findings show the complex, uncertain, and ongoing process of professional adaptation and how characteristics of the specific work context play a mediating role in this adaptation. They also provide a rationale for bringing the study of individual-and group-level processes back into the literature on the professions.
Strength of Intermingled Hybrid Composites
Authors: Fukunaga Hisao , Chou Tsu-Wei , Fukuda Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

This paper first treats the stress concentrations in an intermingled hybrid composite. An eigenvector expansion method is used to solve the governing equations of shear-lag analyses. Two effects on the stress concentrations are examined, namely, the effect of the low elongation fiber volume fraction and the effect of the bundle sizes of the low elongation and high elongation fibers. Next, the strength characteristics of hybrid com posites with and without the scattering in the strength of the individual fibers are discussed on the basis of the stress concentrations. Finally, the occurrence of "hybrid effects" is examined.
Computer Sizing of Composite Laminates for Strength
Authors: Massard Thierry N.
Published: March 2007

This report presents a procedure to design laminated composite panels subjected to bending loads and in plane loads. The procedure takes advantage of the directionality of the mechanical properties of the composite material using the laminated plates theory.
Buckling of Hand Lay Up Composite Cylindrical Vessel
Authors: Hoa S.V. , Berczynski W.S. , Sankar T.S.
Published: March 2007

The buckling behavior of a 12.7 in. outside diameter, 0.366 in. thick vessel made of chopped strand mat fiber glass reinforced polyester was investigated. External pressure of up to 105 psi plus additional vacuum was imposed. A subsequent test involving axial load was also examined. Under external pressure, the strain values showed unstable response at 60 psi. Under axial loads, longitudinal ribs formed at 100,000 lbs.
Cure Process Model of Organic Matrix Composites in the Presence of Vapor Release
Authors: Lee Woo I. , Ciriscioli Peter R. , Dusi Mark R. , Peterson Douglas R.
Published: March 2007

A model is presented for the curing process of organic matrix composites when significant amounts of vapor are released during the cure. The results of the model provide the temperature, degree of cure, and the total amount of vapor mass released as functions of position and time. Procedures are described for measuring the param eters required in the calculations.
Design of Laminated Composites with Stress Concentrations by the Ranking Method
Authors: Tan Seng C.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a ranking method is introduced to design laminated composites with stress concentrations. The ranking method can be approached in two ways: (1) by con sidering many different thickness ratios of a family or several families of laminates; (2) by rigid body rotation of a family or several families of laminates to obtain many combina tions of lamination. Numerical examples are given for the design of a slanted elliptical opening under a single load, combined loads, and multiple loads. The differences between the design of composite laminates with stress concentrations and those without stress con centrations are also investigated.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Surface-Modified Kaolinite- Polyester Particulate Composites
Authors: Jalajakumari B. , Warrier K.G.K. , Satyanarayana K.G. , Pavithran C.
Published: March 2007

Clay-polyester particulate composites are prepared using surface modified kaolinite par ticles, the modification being conducted by a controlled heat treatment technique. Physical and mechanical properties of the composite containing different percentages of both mod ified and unmodified clay particles are compared. It is found that composites containing modified clays showed higher density, higher compressive strength, abrasion resistance and electrical resistivity over the composites containing unmodified clay. These differ ences have been attributed to changes that may have taken place in surface area, adhesion characteristics and degree of dispersion as revealed by microstructural and other studies.
Strength Analysis of Composite Turbine Blades
Authors: Pagano Nicholas J. , Soni Som R.
Published: March 2007

Turbine engine blades can be made in a laminate form of composite layers oriented in various directions. In this work we derive two approximate analytical models to describe the stress/strain field within each layer of a rotating turbine blade. At the foundation of the model is the fundamental observation that the very low width-to-thickness ratio precludes the use of the assumptions of classical lamination theory. Reasonable assumptions regard ing the response distributions that are consistent with overall equilibrium lead to the ap propriate analytical expressions. Strength predictions are made for three different blade architectures, one with orientations used by an existing design, the second prone to failure, and the third not prone to failure for a given angular velocity. The results show that an op timum blade architecture can be determined using these models. A comparison is made between the predicted results by an existing model and one of the present models by using effective material properties of the laminate. A computer code for IBM-PC computer has been written using these models for conducting the strength analysis of the turbine blade.
Twisting of Filament Wound Cylinders under Internal Pressure
Authors: Hoa S.V. , Mannarino G.
Published: March 2007

Filament wound cylinders used to contain internal pressure exhibits twisting under load. This twist can give significant effect particularly when analysis requiring the axisymmetric property of the cylinder is necessary. This paper presents the significance of this twist.
Deflection of Thin-Walled Fiber-Reinforced Composite Beams
Authors: Bank Lawrence C. , Bednarczyk Paul J.
Published: March 2007

The deflection of a thin-walled fiber-reinforced anisotropic composite ma terial beam under the action of an applied transverse load is given as a function of the elas tic constants of the composite material panels that form the beam cross-section. A Timoshenko beam theory, that uses a modified form of the shear coefficient that accounts for the different in-plane properties of the panels, is used to find the beam deflection. The minimum attainable deflection depends on finding an optimal combination of the contribu tions from the bending deflection and the shear deflection of the beam. Numerical and graphical results obtained from a computer code allow the user to investigate the effects of different composite material systems and layup configurations in the panels of the beam.
The Effects of Cyclic Humidity Exposure on the Mechanical Properties of AS4/3502 Graphite/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Tsotsis T.K. , Weitsman Y.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of damage growth caused by humidity cycling between 95% RH and 0% RH at 40°C on AS4/3502 graphite/ epoxy composite material. Tests were performed to measure tensile and compressive moduli, Poisson's ratios, and ultimate strengths. Fracture behavior was determined from double cantilever beam tests in which energy release rates were measured. In virtually all cases it was found that the cycling conditions utilized in this work did not lead to any sig nificant changes in moduli, Poisson's ratio, ultimate strength, or energy release rates de spite the fact that micro-level damage was known to be present.
The Influence of Epoxy Matrix Properties on Delivered Fiber Strength in Filament Wound Composite Pressure Vessels
Authors: Cohen David , Lowe Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

Filament winding is an efficient process for manufacturing composite pressure vessels that take advantage of the high structural efficiency of graphite fiber. One critical parameter in evaluating the performance of composite pressure vessels is burst strength. Burst failure in such vessels is primarily a result of fiber breakage. Once fibers start to break, the role of the matrix material becomes increasingly important. The major objective of this study was to investigate the influence of preselected epoxy matrix proper ties on delivered fiber strength and strength variability. It is shown that important matrix variables in determining delivered fiber strength and strength variability are the neat resin fracture toughness** ( GIc); elongation at yield ( εys); initial modulus ( Eo); and strength yield ( σ ys) .
Micro-Failure Prediction of the Strength of Composite Materials under Combined Loading
Authors: Aboudi Jacob
Published: March 2007

Micro-failure criteria which were previously proposed for the prediction of strength and fatigue failure of composite materials are generalized for capturing the trend of the increase in shear strength with moderate transverse normal compressive stress. The generalization involves the introduction of the Coulomb frictional law, which follows from physical considerations, to accommodate this trend. Comparisons of the pre dicted failure of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy laminae under combined transverse normal and shear stress with measured data, support the validity of the proposed micromechanical approach.
Reliability of Composite Materials under General Plane Loadings
Authors: Zhanjun Gao
Published: March 2007

The reliability method of design is one in which we learn or determine the statistical distributions of stresses and strengths, and then relate these two in order to achieve an acceptable success rate. In this article, a methodology is introduced to study the reliability of composite materials in an attempt to improve consistency in the treatment of uncertainty of both loadings and material properties. Micro-mechanical analysis is utilized to represent the effects of statistical distributions of micro-parameters on global failure. The analysis is combined with the Tsai-Hill failure criterion and models of structural reliability to study the reliability optimization and the influence of micro-level material pa rameters on reliability of composites.
Design and Performance of Connections for Pultruded Frame Structures
Authors: Bank Lawrence C. , Mosallam Ayman S. , McCoy Greg T.
Published: March 2007

The design and performance of connections for framed structures built from commercially produced pultruded wide-flange shapes is discussed. These connec tions, known in the civil engineering community as beam-to-column connections, can be found in most building frames. The response of a framed structure is influenced by both the rotational stiffness and the ultimate strength of its connections. This article describes an experimental and analytical investigation of the behavior of pultruded beam-to-column connections. Four full-size connections were designed and tested. Connection elements consisted of pultruded angle and Tee Flange shapes and gusset plates which were "bolted" with pultruded threaded rods and compression molded nuts or "bonded" with an epoxy adhesive. Conventional clip angle type connections and a novel prototype connection that utilized both Tee Flange shapes and tubular stiffeners were tested. Moment-rotation and ultimate strength data are reported as well as detailed descriptions of the failure modes of each of the connections. Comparisons are made between the different connections. Results of an analysis of a full-size pultruded frame are presented to demonstrate the significance of the connection rotational stiffnesses on the frame's response. The performance of the prototype connection was found to be far superior to the conventional clip angle connec tion. Recommendations are made for the design of connections for pultruded frame struc tures.
The Use of FRP with Alcohol-Containing Fuels
Authors: Kamody John F. , Damiani Annemarie , Stadelman Richard J.
Published: March 2007

There will be increasing use of alcohols and other oxygenated compounds, such as MTBE and TAME, for enhancing the octane value of gasoline. In some cases, alcohols, such as methanol, may be used as a direct fuel. In recognition of this, many standards relating to the storage, handling, or containment of petroleum products contain ing oxygenates have been adopted, such as UL 1361. FRP has had a long history of suc cessful use in containment of gasoline, but introduction of alcohols coupled with increased levels of reformates makes the fuels more aggressive toward FRP. Designing resins for this purpose is now very demanding, especially in view of stringent standards required to pre vent leaking from underground tanks and secondary containment vessels. This article dis cusses the trends in gasoline production as well as recently completed testing for candidate resins. Of special interest is the good performance observed for novolac-based vinyl esters and high-crosslink-density polyesters.
Tension-Compression Fatigue Behavior of a Silicon Carbide Calcium-Aluminosilicate Ceramic Matrix Composite
Authors: Opalski F.A. , Mall S.
Published: March 2007

The fatigue behavior of a silicon carbide fiber reinforced glass ceramic matrix composite, SiC/CAS subjected to tension-compression cycling was investigated. Two laminate layups were studied: cross-ply, [0/90]25 and unidirectional, [0]16. At first, the fatigue limit based on one million cycles was established for a tension-tension fatigue condition. Then, compression cycling was superimposed on this measured fatigue limit. The addition of this compression loading resulted in the development of longitudinal cracks parallel to the loading direction. This increased the amount of damage and ulti mately led to total specimen failure prematurely. The larger the magnitude of the compres sion cycle, the earlier the development of longitudinal crack occurred and, consequently, the earlier failure occurred. This behavior was due to the inherently poor interfacial bond between matrix and fiber of the tested ceramic matrix composite.
An Experimental and Analytical Study of Delamination of Unidirectional Specimens with Cut Central Plies
Authors: Weicheng Cui  , Wisnom Michael R. , Jones Mike
Published: March 2007

The effect of various factors on delamination has been studied using uni directional glass fibre and carbon fibre-epoxy specimens with cut central plies. It is con cluded that the fracture energy is not a material constant. Among the various factors which affect the fracture energy, the specimen thickness and the through thickness normal stress are the two most significant ones. A simple model is proposed to take account of these two factors. The new model gives excellent correlation with experimental results and is able to account for the effect of through thickness compressive stresses in mode II fracture, which is ignored in conventional fracture mechanics calculations.
Locus of Control and Long-term Care
Authors: Hyer Lee , Matteson Mary Ann , Siegler Ilene C.
Published: March 2007

Locus of control is a variable of high interest in the assessment and behavior of the elderly in long-term care (LTC) facilities. This study uses a situation-specific locus of control (LOC) index and controls for the influential variables in an LTC setting: age, education, sex, depression, and cognitive decline. Having an in ternal LOC proved to influence various adjustment measures, including behavior rating, perception of environment, and psychiatric factors. The value and use of such a specialized LOC measure in LTC settings are stressed and discussed.
Life Care: An Emerging Industry in Need of Professional Scrutiny
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Unks Raymond P.
Published: March 2007

Review of the literature on life care and continuing care communities for the elderly reveals a gap in the gerontological literature. This article addresses the many issues surrounding life care and continuing care communities. Life care is defined here as any retirement community wherein older persons sign contracts which guarantee care for the rest of their lives. First, the writers examine key life care concepts; important elements of contracts, ownership, management, sponsorship; and issues surrounding legislation and litigation. Second, the writers discuss issues pertinent to residents and make the case for more research from the perspective of resident experience .