bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing fundraising success with custom data modelling
Authors: Key Jennifer
Published: July 2006

The majority of nonprofit organisations rely heavily on contributions to fund their mission‐critical activities. Because building relationships with donors is critical to the success of nonprofits, organisations must be able to transform their data on prospective donors into an action plan that will optimise the yield of their fundraising efforts. This paper offers a methodology for targeting individuals most likely to make a charitable contribution, by building custom response models using the rich donor data maintained by many nonprofit organisations as well as overlaid demographic information. The methodology is able to utilise efficiently a large volume of variables while being flexible enough to use large categorical variables, such as postal code, and capture non‐linear relationships between the independent variables and the likelihood to give. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
An Internet opportunity for museums: ‘.museum’
Authors: Schuler Drue K. , Kurtz Janell M.
Published: July 2006

A new top‐level domain, ‘.museum’, will soon be available to museums. The advantages and procedures for registering as a ‘.museum’ are outlined in the paper. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
The marketing and public relations practices of Australian performing arts presenters
Authors: McDonald Heath , Harrison Paul
Published: July 2006

Although arts organisations are often said to be underdeveloped in marketing and management areas, it is unclear whether this is actually an intentional response to the atypical environment in which they exist, or simply a result of limited skills and resources. This paper looks at performing arts presenters (PAPs) in two Australian States, profiling what they do in the way of marketing, how sophisticated they are at it and the reasons they behave the way they do. In‐depth interviews with marketing managers indicated that PAPs are confused about the role of marketing, relying instead mainly on public relations. While it was widely acknowledged that marketing would be beneficial, the marketing that is executed is generally ad hoc and basic. This lack of marketing action is due primarily to a paucity of skills and resources and a historical preference for public relations, not as a considered response to the arts environment. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Ethnic preference for the arts: the role of the social experience as attendance motivation
Authors: Kolb Bonita M.
Published: July 2006

This paper addresses the issue of the level of ethnic group attendance at the arts, with a special emphasis on African American attendance at classical music concerts. Current attendance data will be examined to determine if there is a difference in attendance rates when the traditional determiners for attendance — education and income — are similar. The paper proposes that the lower rates of attendance for ethnic groups may not be the result of differences in levels of education or income, but are the result of these groups having their own values and tastes that affect the benefits that they desire from attendance. To explore this proposed theory, the results of a survey of an arts event successful in attracting an ethnic audience will be analysed to see if it can provide insight as to whether ethnic audiences have unique attendance motivation. This is important to marketing as these benefits must be included in the artistic event and promoted to the potential ethnic audience. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Understanding the volunteer market: the what, where, who and why of volunteering
Authors: Bussell Helen , Forbes Deborah
Published: July 2006

Although the work of the voluntary sector is growing, the number of people volunteering is not increasing at a comparable rate. This paper argues that the key to an organisation's success in recruiting and retaining its volunteers is to have an understanding of its target group. As a means to developing this understanding the paper reviews the prior research on volunteering and outlines the current situation in the voluntary sector with regard to the donation of time. The review shows that those who volunteer are an extremely diverse group, active in a wide variety of contexts. This makes the definition of a volunteer a more complex task than one would expect. It also demonstrates that individuals and organisations may volunteer for reasons other than purely altruistic motives. Finally, the paper identifies gaps in this area of research and presents topics for further research. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
AIDS prevention advertising: different message strategies for different communication objectives
Authors: Marchand June , Filiatrault Pierre
Published: July 2006

AIDS prevention, especially when it concerns young adults, is a very serious matter. As a topic to advertise, it is therefore particularly challenging. Public policy makers have the difficult task of finding the message strategy most likely to persuade the target group while, at the same time, showing consideration for parents' sensitivities. This study attempts to address this problem by testing three different message strategies on AIDS prevention: a rational strategy, an emotional strategy based on a negative emotion (fear), and an emotional strategy based on a positive emotion (rewarding improved behaviour). The results suggest that the rational message strategy generated more personal concern for AIDS prevention and the emotional message strategy based on a negative emotion presented a positive impact on behaviour intentions. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
ePhilanthropy: using the Internet to build support
Authors: Hart Theodore R.
Published: July 2006

For nonprofit organisations the Internet represents an unprecedented and highly cost‐effective opportunity to build and enhance relationships with supporters, volunteers, clients and the community they serve. As ePhilanthropy has emerged, organisations have discovered that consistent and deliberate e‐mail communication that drives traffic to the organisation's well‐organised and informative website has become the key to success.

Charities should approach the Internet as a communication and stewardship tool first and a fundraising tool second. Success will come not from an emphasis on the technology, but on cultivating and enhancing relationships. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Charity Technology Trust: a case study
Authors: Sweatman Peter
Published: July 2006

Charity Technology Trust (CTT) is one of a new breed of philanthropic initiatives aimed at helping UK charities become more efficient by better use of technology. Its founder believes that charities are ideally placed to benefit from the reduced costs and shared benefits of jointly developed strategies and fundraising, communications and data management tools. CTT was formed to catalyse a move in this direction from the major UK fundraising charities and is supported by the personal philanthropic contributions of its trustees—a group of successful businessmen. The challenge for such a new organisation with a new idea is considerable, but after 18 months CTT is working with 27 of the top 100 UK charities on projects from online raffles through e‐mail communications to IT strategy. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
The behavioural consequences of self‐congruency in volunteers
Authors: Beerli Asunción , Díaz Gonzalo , Martín Josefa D.
Published: July 2006

The authors of this paper studied some aspects of volunteers from a marketing angle in order to analyse the differences in the self‐concept of volunteers collaborating with either charitable, or ecological organisations; to examine the differences between the images of charitable and ecological organisations; and to show the role of self‐congruency as an influence on of the type of organisation with which to collaborate. Some conclusions derived from this study can be used to attract volunteers through corporative social marketing actions. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
A brigade model for the management of service volunteers: lessons from the former Soviet Union
Authors: Kaufman Roni , Mirsky Julia , Avgar Amos
Published: July 2006

This is a case study of a volunteer programme in a community welfare centre in St Petersburg, Russia. It is suggested that the successful and long‐term activation of its 900 volunteers can be credited to the programme's structural and managerial characteristics. These include: a formal and hierarchical structure and management; clearly defined privileges and obligations; small working groups called ‘brigades’; a comprehensive support system for volunteers and a variety of volunteer opportunities and participation benefits. Advantages and limitations of the programme are discussed, as well as the applicability of some of its principles to other settings. The research demonstrates the importance of contextual and socio‐cultural variables to the debate on the relevance to volunteer work of managerial principles applied with paid employees. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Not‐for‐profit marketing in the real world: an evaluation of Barnardo's 1995 promotional campaign
Authors: Denney Fiona C.
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the extent to which the academic literature underpinning marketing communications appears in the practice of charities' marketing. The first part of the paper investigates the theoretical background surrounding the marketing communications of nonprofit‐making organisations drawing from the main academic papers written since the subject was opened in 1969. This theory is then compared and contrasted with the results of a case study concerning a major campaign by Barnardo's, one of the United Kingdom's largest charities.

Resultsindicatethatsomeofthepoints highlighted by the academic literature are found in the marketing communications strategy of Barnardo's. Nevertheless, a range of areas is ripe for improvement, including improved systems for obtaining feedback from the target audience on the message that they received. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
The diary of a charity donor: an exploration of research information from the Royal Mail Consumer Panel and Mail Characteristics Survey
Authors: Francis Nick , Holland Neville
Published: July 2006

This paper looks at direct mail in the United Kingdom across all market sectors and in detail at the charity sector. It uses the research information that Royal Mail has been collecting foroveradecadetoshowthegrowthofthe medium. The diary system used by the Consumer Panel gives an insight into the typical donor and their relationship with charities. This paper looks only at direct mail: ‘personally addressed advertising material that is delivered through the post’. This definition means that leaflets put through the letterbox are excluded. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Opinions about privacy: does the type of information used for marketing purposes make a difference?
Authors: Hamilton Richard A. , Spiller Lisa D.
Published: July 2006

The availability of personal information is at an all‐time high. Technology has revolutionised the marketing industry, enabling marketers to achieve precise selectivity through database efforts. With this selectivity comes the responsibility of determining acceptable and unacceptable uses of personal information by businesses and nonprofits for marketing purposes.

This paper explores opinions on information privacy by investigating the impact of education in the formulation of opinions on the use of personal information for marketing purposes. A single credit course in direct marketing does not change opinions regarding information privacy. But a series of credit marketing courses does reduce the level of restrictions desired on the availability and use of personal information for marketing. Thus, the direct marketing industry would be better served by promoting and demonstrating the ethical use of personal information through ethical marketing practices by all its practitioners rather than by attempting to educate the general public about the nature and uses of such information and data for marketing purposes. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Attracting members to avocational nonprofit organisations
Authors: Cason Roger L.
Published: July 2006

For avocational nonprofit organisations, ‘marketing’ means attracting and retaining members. Avocational organisations experiencing membership difficulties may offer a variety of explanations, the most frequent one being a purported shrinkage of leisure time for the average American. The 68 largest avocational nonprofit organisations in the USA were studied in an attempt to identify common factors associated with membership success, and to confirm or disprove commonly offered explanations for membership distress. Very few general attributes could be found; in most cases, an organisation's success or distress seem to stem from factors that are specific to that organisation. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
A combined HPLC‐UV and HPLC‐MS method for the identification of lignans and its application to the lignans of Linum usitatissimum L. and L. bienne Mill.
Authors: Schmidt Thomas J. , Hemmati Shiva , Fuss Elisabeth , Alfermann A. Wilhelm
Published: July 2006

A combined HPLC‐UV/PAD and HPLC‐ESI/MS method allowing the fast detection and identification/structural characterisation of lignans of different structural subclasses is described. Twenty‐four lignans of different skeletal types were analysed and the combined information derived from their UV and ESI/MS spectra led to the identification of group characteristics that can be used to establish the structure of unknown lignans in plant samples. This method was successfully applied to the identification of lignans in crude extracts of Linum usitatissimum L. and L. bienne Mill. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of composites of polyaniline and polyurethane‐modified epoxy
Authors: Chiou Wen‐Chin , Yang Doung‐Yi , Han Jin‐Lin , Lee Sung‐Nung
Published: July 2006

A toughened, semiconductive polyaniline/polyurethane (PANI/PU)‐epoxy nanocomposite was prepared using a conductive polymer, PANI, and a PU prepolymer‐modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy. The formation of a nanostructure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and SEM. The mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated and compared with those of the corresponding matrix. The improvement in impact strength of the composites (especially in the PANI/PU(PPG2000)‐epoxy system) was explained after fracture surface analysis using SEM. DSC and TGA studies indicated that the thermal properties of these composites were comparable to those of DGEBA epoxy. A conductivity in the range 10−9–10−3 S cm−1 was obtained, depending on the testing frequency (103–107 Hz) and the PANI content incorporated. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A computational analysis of the binding affinities of FKBP12 inhibitors using the MM‐PB/SA method
Authors: Xu Yong , Wang Renxiao
Published: July 2006

The FK506‐binding proteins have been targets of pharmaceutical interests over years. We have studied the binding of a set of 12 nonimmunosuppressive small‐molecule inhibitors to FKBP12 through molecular dynamics simulations. Each complex was subjected to 1‐ns MD simulation conducted in an explicit solvent environment under constant temperature and pressure. The binding free energy of each complex was then computed by the MM‐PB/SA method in the AMBER program. Our MM‐PB/SA computation produced a good correlation between the experimentally determined and the computed binding free energies with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.93 and a standard deviation as low as 0.30 kcal/mol. The vibrational entropy term given by the normal mode analysis was found to be helpful for achieving this correlation. Moreover, an adjustment to one weight factor in the PB/SA model was essential to correct the absolute values of the final binding free energies to a reasonable range. A head‐to‐head comparison of our MM‐PB/SA model with a previously reported Linear Response Approximation (LRA) model suggested that the MM‐PB/SA method is more robust in binding affinity prediction for this class of compounds. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational exploration of the activated pathways associated with DNA damage response in breast cancer
Authors: Wen Liting , Li Wei , Sobel Marc , Feng Jin‐an
Published: July 2006

Molecular signaling events regulate cellular activity. Cancer stimulating signals trigger cellular responses that evade the regulatory control of cell development. To understand the mechanism of signaling regulation in cancer, it is necessary to identify the activated pathways in cancer. We have developed RepairPATH, a computational algorithm that explores the activated signaling pathways in cancer. The RepairPATH integrates RepairNET, an assembled protein interaction network associated with DNA damage response, with the gene expression profiles derived from the microarray data. Based on the observation that cofunctional proteins often exhibit correlated gene expression profiles, it identifies the activated signaling pathways in cancer by systematically searching the RepairNET for proteins with significantly correlated gene expression profiles. Analyzing the gene expression profiles of breast cancer, we found distinct similarities and differences in the activated signaling pathways between the samples from the patients who developed metastases and the samples from the patients who were disease free within 5 years. The cellular pathways associated with the various DNA repair mechanisms and the cell‐cycle checkpoint controls are found to be activated in both sample groups. One of the most intriguing findings is that the pathways associated with different cellular processes are functionally coordinated through BRCA1 in the disease‐free sample group, whereas such functional coordination is absent in the samples from patients who developed metastases. Our analysis revealed the potential cellular pathways that regulate the signaling events in breast cancer. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary identification of a subtype specific functional site in the ligand binding domain of steroid receptors
Authors: Raviscioni Michele , He Qiang , Salicru Eleni M. , Smith Carolyn L. , Lichtarge Olivier
Published: July 2006

Nuclear receptors are ubiquitous eukaryotic ligand‐activated transcription factors that modulate gene expression through varied interactions. However, the highly conserved functional sites known today seem insufficient to explain receptor specific recruitment of different coactivator and corepressor proteins and regulation of transcription. To search for new receptor‐subtype specific functional sites, we applied difference evolutionary trace (difference ET) analysis to the ligand binding domain of steroid receptors, a subgroup of the nuclear receptor (NR) family. This computational approach identified a new functional site located on a surface opposite to currently known protein–protein interaction sites and distinct from the ligand binding pocket. Strikingly, the literature shows that in vivo variations at residues in the new site are linked to androgen resistance and leukemia, and our own targeted mutations to this site lower but do not eradicate transcriptional activation by estrogen receptor α (ERα), with reduced ligand binding affinity and SRC‐1 interaction. Thus, these data demonstrate that this evolutionary important surface can function as an allosteric site that modulates some but not all receptor binding interactions. Evolutionary analysis further shows that this allosteric regulatory site is shared among all NRs from groups 2 (HNF4‐like) and 4 (NGFIB‐like), suggesting a role among many nuclear receptors. Its concave structure, hydrophobic composition, and residue variability among nuclear receptors further suggest that it would be amenable for specific drug design. This highlights the power of evolutionary information for the identification of new functional sites even in a protein family as well studied as NRs. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile hormone III, hydroprene and a juvenogen as soldier caste differentiation regulators in three Reticulitermes species: potential of juvenile hormone analogues in termite control
Authors: Hrdý Ivan , Kuldová Jelena , Hanus Robert , Wimmer Zdeněk
Published: July 2006

The efficacy of juvenile hormone III (JH III) and two JH‐mimicking compounds was compared in laboratory experiments with Reticulitermes lucifugus (Rossi), R. santonensis Feytaud and R. virginicus (Banks). Induction of presoldier, soldier and/or soldier‐worker intercaste differentiation was taken as positive response to the treatment. The novel juvenogen, a fatty acid ester of a juvenoid alcohol, induced greatest soldier differentiation in all species tested, followed by hydroprene. JH III was less effective. Representatives of three Reticulitermes species showed similar trends in soldier induction rates. Differences in mortality in treatments of termites of the same species from different colonies with the same compound were observed and evidently were caused by differences in the conditions of respective colonies. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduction in an almond moth Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) population by means of mating disruption
Authors: Ryne Camilla , Ekeberg Mats , Jonzén Niclas , Oehlschlager Cam , Löfstedt Christer , Anderbrant Olle
Published: July 2006

Pheromone‐based mating disruption of the almond moth (Ephestia cautella) (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was carried out in a chocolate factory in Sweden. Population monitoring was conducted with pheromone‐baited traps and water traps. Pheromone traps showed a 94% catch reduction, and monitoring with water traps showed a significant decrease in total catch (5.0 and 1.6 individuals per trap per week before and during treatment respectively). The significance of the results was tested by fitting the observed data to a first‐order autoregressive model. This made it possible to test the data with a 95% confidence interval, comparing trap catches before mating disruption treatment with trapping data during the experiment. It is suggested that this statistical approach may be used more frequently in mating disruption experiments where it is extremely difficult to control external factors and therefore equally difficult to use a comparable control plot to evaluate the treatment. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Light pulse delay in semiconductor quantum well Bragg structures
Authors: Binder R. , Yang Z. S. , Kwong N. H. , Nguyen D. T. , Smirl Arthur L.
Published: July 2006

We discuss a scheme for controlled stopping, storing, and releasing of light pulses in one‐dimensional resonant photonic band gap structures (RPBG's) made of Bragg spaced quantum wells. Our scheme is based on parametric manipulation of the RPBG's bandstructure in real time. We extend earlier studies on the limitations of presently existing quantum well Bragg structures to the regime of small detunings of the exciton resonance from the Bragg frequency. We also set the stage for exploring mechanisms of bandstructure control by studying the nonlinear response of the quantum well RPBG. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibition of respiratory burst in human neutrophils and lipoxygenase enzyme by compounds fromHaloxylon griffithii
Authors: Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Azizuddin  , Jalil Saima , Israr Muddasir , Attar‐ur‐Rahman
Published: July 2006

Secondary metabolites, ferulic acid (1), 2,6‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxy acetophenone (2), herniarin (3),p‐hydroxy acetophenone (4), methyl 3,4‐dihydroxycinnamate (5), and methyl 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycinnamate (6) were isolated fromHaloxylon griffithii, a member of the family Chenopodiaceae. The structures of compounds 1–6 were identified with the help of spectroscopic techniques. These compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. The lipoxygenase and respiratory burst inhibitory activities were determined. Compound 5 was found to be the most potent inhibitory activity against respiratory burst in human neutrophils among all the compounds as well as exhibited moderate lipoxygenase inhibitory activity from this plant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tulbaghia alliacea phytotherapy: a potential anti‐infective remedy for candidiasis
Authors: Thamburan S. , Klaasen J. , Mabusela W. T. , Cannon J. F. , Folk W. , Johnson Q.
Published: July 2006

The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections, however, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects has complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used since time immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however, very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anticandidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were 0.007–0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half‐life of approximately 2 h. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T. alliacea exhibit anti‐infective activity against candida species in vitro. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorous 2,4‐Dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazines (F‐DCTs) as Nucleophile Scavengers
Authors: Lu Yimin , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2006

1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H‐perfluoroundecanol‐ and 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecanethiol‐displaced 2,4‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazines 1 and 2 are synthesized and used as nucleophile scavengers to remove thiols and amines from solution‐phase reactions. Two active sites on the triazine ring are able to remove two equivalents of nucleophiles. The purification of reaction mixtures is accomplished by plate‐to‐plate fluorous solid‐phase extraction or automated solid‐phase extraction on the RapidTrace system.
Recent Applications of Fluorous Separation Methods in Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry
Authors: Dandapani Sivaraman
Published: July 2006

Initially introduced as a niche technique to recover and recycle catalysts, fluorous chemistry has rapidly expanded into organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry over the past 12 years. Recently, fluorous methods are also enabling purification of biomolecules such as peptides, oligosaccharides, and oligonucleotides assembled by traditional solid‐phase synthesis. Apart from synthetic applications, fluorous chemistry is also providing solutions for critical problems in proteomics and microarray chip technology. This review highlights selected recent advances that underscore the impact of fluorous separation methods in organic and bioorganic chemistry.
Synthesis of Bistratamide H Using a New Fluorous Protecting Group
Authors: Nakamura Yutaka , Takeuchi Seiji
Published: July 2006

Bistratamide H was expeditiously synthesized using a new fluorous protecting group, 2‐(tris(perfluorodecyl)silyl)ethoxycarbonyl (FTeoc) via a preparation of thiazole amino acid by a modified Hantzsch's method. The intermediates of the synthesis were easily isolated by fluorous liquid–liquid extraction. The fluorous protecting group was removed from the precursor of bistratamide H with TBAF and the recovered fluorous fragment, tris(perfluorodecyl)silylfluoride, was reacted with vinyl magnesium chloride to give an intermediate in the synthesis of FTeoc reagent.
Fluorous Phosphine‐Assisted Recycling of Gold Catalysts for Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Lantos Diána , Contel María , Larrea Angel , Szabó Dénes , Horváth István T.
Published: July 2006

The facile recycling of gold hydrosilylation catalyst was achieved by using fluorous phosphine‐modified gold complexes and/or nanoparticles.
Pyridyl Tags as Phase Labels in Organic Synthesis: Fluorous and Non‐Fluorous Approaches
Authors: El Bakkari Mounir , Vincent Jean‐Marc
Published: July 2006

Pyridyl tags represent very attractive phase labels for reactants and reagents. Pyridyl tags are the prototypical example of “masked phase tags” which require an activation step to modify the natural phase affinity of the tagged compound. The activation is carried out by either protonation or coordination to a metal ion, whereas deactivation is achieved by basification or addition of competitive ligands. By such simple operations the tagged compounds can be reversibly switched between a liquid‐organic phase and other liquid phases (aqueous or fluorous) or between a liquid‐organic phase and a solid phase. The purification of reaction products can thus be achieved by straightforward liquid/liquid or solid/liquid separation procedures. Additionally, the pyridyl tags may function both as a phase label and directing tags by accelerating reactions and/or increasing their selectivity.
First Fluorous Synthesis of Fluorinated Uracils
Authors: Fustero Santos , Catalán Silvia , Flores Sonia , Jiménez Diego , del Pozo Carlos , Luis Aceña José , Sanz‐Cervera Juan F. , Mérida Salvador
Published: July 2006

This paper describes a novel fluorous synthesis of fluorinated uracils 4. In this new protocol, fluorous alcohols 1, which are used as fluorous tags, are acetylated to yield acetates 2, which in turn are treated with a base to form their enolates. These are then reacted with fluorinated nitriles to furnish tagged β‐enamino esters 3. Although this condensation step had been performed easily in previous solution and solid‐phase syntheses, it proved to be very elusive in the fluorous version. Meticulous control of the reaction conditions was thus essential in order to achieve satisfactory yields of β‐enamino esters 3. The final treatment of compounds 3 with isocyanates or isothiocyanates efficiently afforded uracils 4 with concomitant elimination of the fluorous tag, thereby facilitating the preparation of a small library of these derivatives.
Ab initio study of the unimolecular decomposition of 2‐butenenitrile: Molecular elimination channels
Authors: Oh Chang Young , Choi Heechol , Kim Hong Lae
Published: July 2006

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been performed for the unimolecular decomposition of 2‐butenenitrile (CH3CHCHCN), especially for HCN and H2 molecular elimination channels. Structures and energies of the reactants, products, and relevant species in the individual reaction pathways were determined by MP2 gradient optimization and MP4 CCSD(T) single‐point energy calculations. Direct 1,1 and 1,2 molecular eliminations and H or CN migration followed by elimination channels were identified. Dissociation rates for the individual reaction pathways were calculated from vibrational frequencies at the ab initio transition state geometries by employing Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory, from which channel branching ratios were determined. It was concluded that the most important reaction channel should be the direct 1,1 three‐center molecular elimination of HCN. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Quantum chemical study of the mechanism of action of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR)
Authors: Deerfield David , Davis Charles H. , Wymore Troy , Stafford Darrel W. , Pedersen Lee G.
Published: July 2006

Possible model, but simplistic, mechanisms for the action of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) are investigated with quantum mechanical methods (B3LYP/6‐311G**). The geometries of proposed model intermediates in the mechanisms are energy optimized. Finally, the energetics of the proposed (pseudo‐enzymatic) pathways are compared. We find that the several pathways are all energetically feasible. These results will be useful for designing quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical method (QM/MM) studies of the enzymatic pathway once three‐dimensional structural data are determined and available for VKOR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
‘Rationalizing sustainable development’ – a critical treatise
Authors: Kallio Tomi J. , Nordberg Piia , Ahonen Ari
Published: July 2006

This paper analyses the themes of rationality and legitimation in the discourse of sustainable development. We start by constructing ideal types of interpretation of sustainable development (weak and strong) and rationality (value rationality and instrumental rationality) as conceptual and theoretical ‘tools’ for our further analysis. We then discuss the role of and analyze the construction of rationality and legitimation in the sustainable development discourse. We explore the ways in which rationality and legitimation are constructed to support one's own interpretation, and, on the other hand, how the rationality and legitimacy of the opposing interpretations are nullified. We then discuss the basis of prudent decision‐making, and the possibilities and problems that are bound up in the concept of sustainable development. The paper concludes by stating that when it comes to sustainable development neither societal decision‐making nor the actions based on it is currently prudent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Dimensions of environmentally sustainable innovation: the structure of eco‐innovation concepts
Authors: Hellström Tomas
Published: July 2006

The present study analyses environmentally sustainable innovation, or eco‐innovation for short, from the perspective of extant theories of innovation, in order to establish dominant structures of such innovations and current weaknesses, as well as fruitful ways forward. 105 venture concepts were sampled from the winning contributions of a national environmental innovation competition, and analysed in terms of Schumpeterian innovation type and innovation mode (radical–incremental and component–architectural). The resulting distribution confirms a bias towards incremental process innovations, but points towards interesting characteristics in radical–architectural modes of eco‐innovation, e.g. the tendency to combine ‘hardware’ and ‘software’, or technology and social arrangements, the combination of generically diverse technologies and finally the ‘eco‐enabling’ of old technologies by the application of new ones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Classical galactosaemia revisited
Authors: Bosch Annet M.
Published: July 2006

Classical galactosaemia (McKusick 230400) is an: autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT; EC 2.7.712). Most patients present in the neonatal period, after ingestion of galactose, with jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, hepatocellular insufficiency, food intolerance, hypoglycaemia, renal tubular dysfunction, muscle hypotonia, sepsis and cataract. The gold standard for diagnosis of classical galactosaemia is measurement of GALT activity in erythrocytes. Gas‐chromatographic determination of urinary sugars and sugar alcohols demonstrates elevated concentrations of galactose and galactitol. The only therapy for patients with classical galactosaemia is a galactose‐restricted diet, and initially all galactose must be removed from the diet as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. After the neonatal period, a lactose‐free diet is advised in most countries, without restriction of galactose‐containing fruit and vegetables. In spite of the strict diet, long‐term complications such as retarded mental development, verbal dyspraxia, motor abnormalities and hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism are frequently seen in patients with classical galactosaemia. It has been suggested that these complications may result from endogenous galactose synthesis or from abnormal galactosylation. Novel therapeutic strategies, aiming at the prevention of galactose 1‐phosphate production, should be developed. In the meantime, the follow‐up protocol for patients with GALT deficiency should focus on early detection, evaluation and, if possible, early intervention in problems of motor, speech and cognitive development.
On the motion of a rigid body immersed in a bidimensional incompressible perfect fluid
Authors: Ortega Jaime , Rosier Lionel , Takahashi Takéo
Published: July 2006

We consider the motion of a rigid body immersed in a bidimensional incompressible perfect fluid. The motion of the fluid is governed by the Euler equations and the conservation laws of linear and angular momentum rule the dynamics of the rigid body. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a global classical solution for this fluid–structure interaction problem. The proof relies mainly on weighted estimates for the vorticity associated with the strong solution of a fluid–structure interaction problem obtained by incorporating some viscosity.

Nous étudions le mouvement d'un corps rigide immergé dans un fluide parfait incompressible bidimensionnel. Le mouvement du fluide est modélisé par les équations d'Euler, et la dynamique du corps rigide est régie par les lois de conservation des moments linéaires et angulaires. Nous prouvons l'existence et l'unicité d'une solution globale classique pour ce problème d'interaction fluide–structure. La preuve repose essentiellement sur des estimées à poids pour la vorticité associée à la solution forte d'un problème d'interaction fluide–structure obtenu en incorporant de la viscosité.
The effects of intravenous sildenafil on hemodynamics and cardiac sympathetic activity in chronic human heart failure
Authors: Al‐Hesayen Abdul , Floras John S. , Parker John D.
Published: July 2006

Background

Erectile dysfunction is common in patients with chronic heart failure and sildenafil is an effective treatment option in this population. Sildenafil has been reported to increase sympathetic outflow in normal volunteers. To date, experience with sildenafil in patients with congestive heart failure is limited and the impact of phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibition on sympathetic activity in this population has not been evaluated.

Methods and results

10 patients with heart failure (ejection fraction 23±3%) were studied. Generalized and cardiac sympathetic activity responses to an intravenous infusion of sildenafil were measured by the norepinephrine spillover method. In response to sildenafil, there was a significant reduction in mean pulmonary artery (− 26±5%, P<0.01) and mean arterial pressures (−8±1%, P<0.01). These hemodynamic responses were accompanied by a 22±5% reduction in cardiac norepinephrine spillover (P<0.02) but no change in total body norepinephrine spillover.

Conclusions

The acute administration of sildenafil is associated with a modest reduction in systemic arterial blood pressure and a more substantial reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure. These hemodynamic changes are observed in the absence of systemic sympathetic activation and are associated with a reduction in cardiac norepinephrine spillover in patients with chronic heart failure. These observations are relevant given the high prevalence of erectile dysfunction in this patient population.
Tea catechins improve left ventricular dysfunction, suppress myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and alter cytokine expression in rat autoimmune myocarditis
Authors: Suzuki Jun‐ichi , Ogawa Masahito , Futamatsu Hideki , Kosuge Hisanori , Sagesaka Yuko M. , Isobe Mitsuaki
Published: July 2006

Background:

Myocarditis is a clinically serious disease. Tea catechins have been shown to reduce inflammation; however the effects of catechins on the development of myocarditis have not been well studied.

Aims:

To clarify the role of catechins, using an experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model.

Methods and results:

Lewis rats were immunized with porcine cardiac myosin to establish EAM. Tea catechins were administered orally from day 0 to day 21 (Group A, n=12), from day 14 to day 21 (Group B, n=8), or saline (Group C, n=9) daily. Rats were killed on day 21. Echocardiograms indicated that Group A showed significantly improved cardiac function compared to Group C. Pathologically, non‐treated EAM hearts showed severe myocardial cell infiltration and fibrosis; however Group A showed significantly less area. Immunohistochemistry revealed enhanced expression of NF‐κB and ICAM‐1 in non‐treated EAM hearts, which was suppressed by catechin administration in Group A. mRNA levels of TNF‐α were decreased and Th2 cytokines were markedly enhanced in Group A compared with the control group. Late catechin administration (Group B) showed limited effects on EAM.

Conclusion:

The catechins suppressed ventricular remodelling in EAM; thus catechin treatment might be a promising option for the prevention of EAM myocarditis.
Cannabidiol, a constituent of Cannabis sativa, modulates sleep in rats
Authors: Murillo-Rodríguez Eric , Millán-Aldaco Diana , Palomero-Rivero Marcela , Mechoulam Raphael , Drucker-Colín René
Published: July 2006

Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are two major constituents of Cannabis sativa. Δ9‐THC modulates sleep, but no clear evidence on the role of CBD is available. In order to determine the effects of CBD on sleep, it was administered intracerebroventricular (icv) in a dose of 10 μg/5 μl at the beginning of either the lights‐on or the lights‐off period. We found that CBD administered during the lights‐on period increased wakefulness (W) and decreased rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). No changes on sleep were observed during the dark phase. Icv injections of CBD (10 μg/5 μl) induced an enhancement of c‐Fos expression in waking‐related brain areas such as hypothalamus and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRD). Microdialysis in unanesthetized rats was carried out to characterize the effects of icv administration of CBD (10 μg/5 μl) on extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) within the nucleus accumbens. CBD induced an increase in DA release. Finally, in order to test if the waking properties of CBD could be blocked by the sleep‐inducing endocannabinoid anandamide (ANA), animals received ANA (10 μg/2.5 μl, icv) followed 15 min later by CBD (10 μg/2.5 μl). Results showed that the waking properties of CBD were not blocked by ANA. In conclusion, we found that CBD modulates waking via activation of neurons in the hypothalamus and DRD. Both regions are apparently involved in the generation of alertness. Also, CBD increases DA levels as measured by microdialysis and HPLC procedures. Since CBD induces alertness, it might be of therapeutic value in sleep disorders such as excessive somnolence.
Characterization of chicken interleukin 2 receptor α chain, a homolog to mammalian CD25
Authors: Teng Qiao-Yang , Zhou Ji-Yong , Wu Jia-Jun , Guo Jun-Qing , Shen Hui-Gang
Published: July 2006

To identify chicken IL‐2R α chain (chCD25), the cDNA of chCD25 was cloned and mapped onto chicken chromosome 1. The polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised from the recombinant chCD25 specifically bound to the cell surface of splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) and inhibited chicken IL‐2‐dependent proliferation of T cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that chCD25 molecules could be expressed on the surface of monocytes/macrophages, thrombocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ cells as well as tissue cells. Importantly, the CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ cells were upregulated dramatically in chickens infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus. These results confirm that the cloned cDNA is the nucleotide sequence of chicken IL‐2R, and suggest that chicken CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ cells may play an important role in immune responses induced by H9N2 virus, and the monoclonal antibodies to chCD25 may be useful for investigating biological functions of chicken regulatory T cells.
Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase activity by anacardic acid sensitizes tumor cells to ionizing radiation
Authors: Sun Yingli , Jiang Xiaofeng , Chen Shujuan , Price Brendan D.
Published: July 2006

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) regulate transcription, chromatin structure and DNA repair. Here, we utilized a novel HAT inhibitor, anacardic acid, to examine the role of HATs in the DNA damage response. Anacardic acid inhibits the Tip60 HAT in vitro, and blocks the Tip60‐dependent activation of the ATM and DNA–PKcs protein kinases by DNA damage in vivo. Further, anacardic acid sensitizes human tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. These results demonstrate a central role for HATs such as Tip60 in regulating the DNA damage response. HAT inhibitors provide a novel therapeutic approach for increasing the sensitivity of tumors to radiation therapy.
Catalytic properties of a mutant β‐galactosidase from Xanthomonas manihotis engineered to synthesize galactosyl‐thio‐β‐1,3 and ‐β‐1,4‐glycosides
Authors: Kim Young-Wan , Chen Hongming , Kim Jin Hyo , Withers Stephen G.
Published: July 2006

The identity of the acid/base catalyst of the Family 35 β‐galactosidases from Xanthomonas manihotis (BgaX) has been confirmed as Glu184 by kinetic analysis of mutants modified at that position. The Glu184Ala mutant of BgaX is shown to function as an efficient thioglycoligase, which synthesises thiogalactosides with linkages to the 3 and 4 positions of glucosides and galactosides in high (>80%) yields. Kinetic analysis of the thioglycoligase reveals glycosyl donor K
m values of 1.5–21 μM and glycosyl acceptor K
m values from 180 to 500 μM. This mutant should be a valuable catalyst for the synthesis of metabolically stable analogues of this important glycosidic linkage.
Effects of high pressure homogenisation of raw bovine milk on alkaline phosphatase and microbial inactivation. A comparison with continuous short-time thermal treatments
Authors: Picart Laëtitia , Thiebaud Maryse , René Malika , Pierre Guiraud Joseph , Cheftel Jean Claude , Dumay Eliane
Published: July 2006

Raw whole milk of high microbial quality ([les ]4×104 cfu/ml) was processed using a ~15 l/h homogeniser with a high pressure (HP) valve immediately followed by cooling heat exchangers. The effects of homogenisation between 100 and 300 MPa (HP valve) with an initial milk temperature Tin=4 °C or 24 °C was investigated on the inactivation of: (i) endogenous alkaline phosphatase (ALP); (ii) endogenous milk flora and (iii) two Gram positive (Listeria innocua and Micrococcus luteus) and one Gram negative (Pseudomonas fluorescens) strains inoculated into milk. Temperatures T1 and T2 measured before and immediately after the HP valve, and fat globule size distributions were also determined. ALP activity slightly decreased after homogenisation above 250 MPa when Tin=4 °C (corresponding T2>58 °C), but markedly decreased above 200 MPa when Tin=24 °C (T2>60 °C). In contrast to inactivation induced by continuous short-time thermal treatments, ALP inactivation induced by HP homogenisation was clearly due to mechanical forces (shear, cavitation and/or impact) in the HP valve and not to the short ([Lt ]1 s) residence time at temperature T2 in the same valve. Inactivation of the three exogenous microorganisms led to similar conclusions. Homogenisation at 250 MPa or 300 MPa (Tin=24 °C) induced a 2–3 log cycle reduction of the total endogenous milk flora and a 1·5–1·8 log cycle reduction of inoculated List. innocua. Higher reduction ratios (2–4 log cycles) were obtained for the two other microorganisms. The highest levels of ALP inactivation corresponded to the highest extents of microbial reduction. Running the milk twice or three times through the homogeniser (recycling), keeping temperature T1≈29 °C and pressure=200 MPa, increased homogenisation efficiency.