bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMBRYONAL SARCOMA OF THE ORBIT
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS
Published: May 2009

The present study deals with 19 Danish cases of embryonal sarcoma of the orbit. Eight patients are still alive, however, only six with long‐period survival (8–21 years).

The contralateral orbit (and eye) remained uninvolved in the 19 cases; accordingly the six long‐period survivors all have normal “social” vision. In 17 cases the homolateral eye was removed early or late in the clinical history. Only one of the long‐period survivors has preserved the homolateral eye (and with useful vision, 6/24 after surgery for irradiation cataract).

The nation‐wide investigation covers a period of 22 years. It reflects the difficulties in diagnosing orbital tumours and the changes in therapeutic approach to date. Megavoltage radiotherapy plus chemotherapy immediately after the initial biopsy is now considered the therapy of choice; exenteration of the orbit is performed only in the case of a recurrence. Against the background of the present and an earlier study, centralization of Danish orbital malignancies in infants and children is advocated.
OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: LINNÉR ERIK
Published: May 2009

An initial group of 152 subjects with moderate ocular hypertension constituted the basic material of the present study. Antiglaucoma treatment was started in 8 men and in 6 women. A remaining group of 92 subjects were kept under clinical observation for ten years without antiglaucomatous therapy and without any evidence of progressive disc cuppping or field defects. The intraocular pressure as well as the outflow facility showed a tendency to decrease with time, which was assumed to indicate a reduction in aqueous flow with increasing age. The tonographic findings support the view that the moderately elevated intraocular pressure is mainly due to an increased rate of aqueous flow.
EFFECT OF THE LENGTH OF WEAR OF CONTACT LENSES ON CORNEAL SENSITIVITY
Authors: MILLODOT MICHEL
Published: May 2009

Corneal touch thresholds (CTT) were determined once in the morning before inserting contact lenses then after 4, 8 and 12 h of continuous wear. Two groups of subjects participated in this study; 12 persons wearing hard contact lenses and 15 wearing soft contact lenses. All subjects were perfectly adapted to their contact lenses and had worn them for not less than three months. It was found that hard contact lenses caused a progressive diminution of corneal sensitivity. After 12 h corneal sensitivity was, on average, 110% lower (that is an increase of the threshold) than in the morning. Soft lenses also caused a progressive reduction of corneal sensitivity which after 12 h wear was, on average, 45 % lower than in the morning, although there were marked differences. Moreover, 9 of the hard contact lens subjects had been tested a year earlier and it was found that their CTT after 8 h wear had slightly but not significantly diminished which indicated that these subjects had not adapted significantly to their lenses in one year.
THE EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN ON IRIDIAL BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY
Authors: SZALAY J. , GOLDBERG R. , KLUG R.
Published: May 2009

Light and electron microscopy is used to examine the effect of exogenous PGE1 on the permeability and reactivity of rat iridial blood vessels. Results show that topical PGE1 causes an increase in the permeability of iridial vessels to carbon particles (200 Ä diameter). The technique of carbon labelling is used to quantitate increases in permeability caused by varying concentrations of PGE1 (0.001‐1.0 mg/ml). Regression analysis shows that there is a linear relationship (P < 0.02) between carbon labelling and PGE1 concentration over the range of concentrations tested. In other experiments rats were treated with the systemic histamine liberator Compound 48/80, or with topical applications of histamine diphosphate in order to examine the effects of exogenous and endogenous histamine upon iridial blood vessel permeability. These procedures produce only minimal labelling of iridial vessels. It therefore seems likely that PGE1 has a direct effect on iridial vessels and does not act indirectly by bringing about the liberation of endogenous histamine.
ORBITOGRAPHY WITH A NEW NON‐IONIZING WATER‐SOLUBLE CONTRAST MEDIUM
Authors: EVENSEN ARNE , JOHANSEN JOHAN G. , UDNÆS INGAR , ARNESEN KRISTEN
Published: May 2009

Metrizamide is a non‐ionic water‐soluble contrast medium which is isotonic with human blood and tissue fluid at a concentration of 170 mg I/ml. Ketrobulbar injection of 3 ml isotonic metrizamide in the muscular conus of rabbits causes slight and inconstant cellulitis, but a similar reaction can also be found after injection of the same amount of saline. It seems probable that the introduction of fluid sufficient to cause an increase in the retrobulbar pressure can cause inflammatory changes in the orbital tissue, and that this is not always caused by the contrast medium itself. Four patients were examined by orbitography with injection of 4 ml isotonic metrizamide. There were no side effects, and the orbitograms showed contrast of good quality. Metrizamide is therefore considered very suitable for orbitography, especially in hospitals where computer‐tomography is not yet available.
THE VARIATION AND COVARIATION OF CUP AND DISC DIAMETERS
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

The variation and covariation of cup and disc diameters were studied in a material derived from a population survey and consisting of 2,334 fundus photographs from as many eyes in 1,322 subjects. A simple device was used to facilitate focusing of the camera. The colour slides were projected on to a screen at a fixed distance and measured on ruled paper. The effect of refraction on the magnification in the eye‐camera system was compensated by the use of a simple correcting factor. Some apparently quite normal discs, nevertheless, had an area more than four times larger than that of other equally normal ones. The sizes of discs and cups co‐varied, however, to a surprisingly great extent (r = 0.8) and changes in disc diameter were in general parallelled by similar changes in cup diameter. The amount of tissue in the optic nerve head therefore varied somewhat less than the disc size. Cup diameters were widely dispersed, unevenly distributed and heavily dependent on disc size. The “average rim breadths”, on the other hand, were much less dispersed, normally distributed and independent of the disc diameter. By taking the covariation of cup and disc diameters into account the detection of any enlargement or diminution of the optic cup ought to be facilitated.
PERIPHERAL VISUAL FIELD RESTRICTION IN CHLOROQUINE RETlNOPATHY
Authors: LOWES MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Chloroquine compounds are known to cause a retinopathy which typically begins in the central fundus giving rise to a “bull's eye” macula. Ultimately peripheral changes may become apparent. In the routine eye examination of such patients emphasis has been laid on the central area of the fundus. A case is presented where the retinopathy was not diagnosed until marked peripheral changes had occurred with peripheral pigment changes, attenuated retinal vessels, slight optic atrophy, peripheral visual field restriction and a subnormal electroretinogram. The typical “bull's eye” changes were not apparent. Routine examination of the peripheral fundus by means of ophthalmoscopy and perimetry is necessary to avoid missing any such retinopathy.
ATROPHY OF OPTIC NERVE FIBRES IN COMPRESSION OF THE CHIASM
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM MATS , FRISÉN LARS
Published: May 2009

A relationship between the degree of atrophy of retinal nerve fibres and visual field defect has been described in postoperative steady‐state patients (LundstrÖm & FrisÉn 1976). The same factors were studied prior to surgery in six patients with compression of the chiasm due to chromophobe adenoma. In five eyes the field defect was excessive in relation to the degree of atrophy. After surgery the visual field defects improved to a level corresponding to the degree of atrophy in these eyes.

In the remaining seven eyes there was a close correspondence between the atrophy and the visual field defect already before surgery. The visual field defects remained unchanged in these eyes. Provided that atrophy does not increase after surgery, simultaneous preoperative evaluation of retinal nerve fibre atrophy and visual field defect allows an accurate prediction of prognosis for improvement.
PATHOGENESIS OF UNILATERAL PROPTOSIS
Authors: CHOUDHURY A. R.
Published: May 2009

A series of 34 patients presenting with unilateral proptosis has been studied in order to evaluate the mechanism of proptosis. It is observed that symmetrical (axial) proptosis is usually the result of generalised increase in intraorbital contents and occurs in thyroid disease and with intracranial lesions lying remote from the orbit. Rarely, in myasthenia gravis, it may be caused by myogenic paralysis of the extraocular muscles. Asymmetrical proptosis is the result of localised increase in intraorbital contents, and this occurs with expanding lesions of the orbit and in lesions arising from neighbouring structures and enroaching the orbit.
ATYPICAL RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA A Case Report
Authors: CALISSENDORFF BERIT
Published: May 2009

A case of retinal degeneration is reported. The case shows the characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa; pigmentary changes of the fundus, constricted visual fields and non‐recordable ERG but has a normal dark adaptation. The contradictory findings are discussed.
ROD‐CONE INTERACTION: SOME INDIRECT EVIDENCE
Authors: ASPINALL P. A.
Published: May 2009

A group of diabetic patients were found to have losses in green‐blue colour discrimination and significantly early transition times in dark adaptation. Analysis showed that the green‐blue losses were sgnificantly related to early transition time. Pre‐receptoral factors cannot account for these results but selective degeneration of the blue cone mechanism can. The results are in agreement with a proposal of rod‐blue cone linkage after Trezona (1970).
THE OPTICAL FUNCTION OF KERATOPROSTHESES
Authors: SOKOL A. , BERTELSEN T. I. , TEIGLAND N.
Published: May 2009

The optical function of acrylic cylinders used in keratoprostheses is demonstrated by using a water‐filled minicamera as a model of the aphakic human eye. Lengths and diameters of the optical cylinders are important factors influencing the visual fields. The dimensions to be chosen, depends on the thickness of the cornea and the supporting tissues. The most suitable combination of visual field, magnification and diameter of the retinal image field is obtained with optical cylinders with a concave posterior surface. Using a fixed radius of curvature of the posterior surface, the radius of the anterior surfaces are calculated to make the eye emmetropic. With such a cylinder of length 4.5 mm and diameter 2.1 mm a circular visual field of 48° is obtained. With cylinder length 6.0 mm the visual field is at least 35°. The retinal image is about 19% larger than that of the normal phakic eye. Cylinder length exceeding 6.0 mm require a greater diameter to provide an adequate visual field. With cylinder lengths up to 6.0 mm and diameters not less than 2.1 mm, the diameter of the retinal image field is at least 12.0 mm. Accidental obliquity of the optical cylinder or off‐center implantation give the possibility of undesired projection of the image field outside the macula. The obliquity or degree of off‐center implantation tolerance is calculated. The retinal image may be improved by darkening the side of the cylinder.
LYMPHOMA AND OTHER LYMPHOID LESIONS OF THE ORBIT (II)
Authors: KLEENER JØRGEN
Published: May 2009

The incidence, survival rate and causes of death of patients with orbital lymphomas and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit in Denmark, during the period 1943‐62 inclusive, were studied by means of a clinico‐pathological analysis. In the period examined, the incidence of histologically verified primary orbital tumours was 0.06 ‰. The incidence of primary orbital lymphomas and lymphod lesions was at least 0.012 ‰.

These can be histologically divided into 3 categories: benign, indeterminate (intermediary) and malignant. The present study confirms the relevance of this classification, as there is a definite relationship between the histological diagnosis and the clinical survival rate.

For the patients in question, the chances of dying of a universal malignant disease were approximately 103 times greater than in the normal Danish population.
THE INFLUENCE OF STIMULUS DURATION ON THE HUMAN D. C. REGISTERED c‐WAVE
Authors: TEXTORIUS OLA
Published: May 2009

The c‐wave of the human ERG was studied at different stimulus durations with a d. c. technique which permitted stable and reproducible recordings. With increasing stimulus lengths the implicit time increased up to a maximum of about 5.5 s. Also the amplitude of the c‐wave rose. However, it was influenced by positive and negative off‐effects, seen in most volunteers, and at several stimulus lengths superimposed upon the peak of the c‐wave. This fact must be considered when developing a standardized method for measuring the c‐wave amplitude proper.
COMBINED STAINING OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM BY ALIZARINE RED AND TRYPANE BLUE
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Combined staining by alizarine red and trypane blue is an easy and reliable method for in vitro visualization of corneal endothelial nuclei, cellular borders and uncovered parts of the membrane of Descemet. A stained full thickness wet mount can be prepared in less than five min. The staining method and preliminary findings concerning endothelial morphology in the centre and in the periphery of normal corneas are presented.
THE VALUE OF FLUORESCEIN FUNDUS ANGIOGRAPHY IN EVALUATING OPTIC DISC OEDEMA
Authors: ANMARKRUD NILS
Published: May 2009

43 patients with blurred disc margins were studied by means of fluorescein fundus angiography. The differentiation between very early disc oedema and a normal disc was possible, due to an increased capillary network, some microaneurysms and the late fluorescence located in a special circular manner at disc margin. It was not possible to differentiate between optic neuritis and papilloedema, although minor differences may exist. Ischaemic optic neuropathy is a type of optic disc oedema which clearly differs from other causes of oedema when studied by fluorescein fundus angiography. The method is especially suitable in differentiating pseudopapilloedema from genuine oedema of the optic disc.
DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY WITH AMIPAQUE (METRIZAMIDE)
Authors: JOHANSEN JOHAN G. , UDNÆS INGAR
Published: May 2009

Amipaque is found to be very suitable for dacryocystography because it has a low osmolality and high viscosity, and is in addition the only aqueous contrast medium currently available which in higher concentrations does not cause pain when applied to the conjunctival sac.
TIME CHANGES OF CONTRAST THRESHOLDS DURING AUTOMATIC PERIMETRY
Authors: HEUL ANDERS
Published: May 2009

Contrast thresholds were continuously recorded in six points of the visual field through a repetitive up‐and‐down staircase method using the automatic perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b). The uninterrupted sessions lasted about 30 min. Nineteen patients with a verified diagnosis of glaucoma, or in whom glaucoma was suspected, and twelve healthy normal subjects were tested.

With increasing test time, a decreased contrast sensitivity was found. In most subjects the mean threshold increment was small (< 1.5 dB). The threshold increments were larger in the patient group than in the normal subjects ‐ many test points showing increments of 6–10 dB during the test session. Such a large deterioration of sensitivity was most common in eyes with visual field defects. Test points which showed large threshold increments were often situated in the vicinity of documented visual field defects.

In eyes with pathological visual fields, the short‐term variation increased with increasing test time. An impairment of fixation with increasing test time was found in the patient group.
WORK AND DISABILITY AT THE AGE OF 30 YEARS
Authors: KINGE FINN OLAV , AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons consisting of all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. A sample was taken of the cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable mentally retarded or received care from National Services for the mentally retarded. The final sample consisted of 262 persons.

Persons in the sample were examined neurologically, and the results of these examinations formed the basis for further ophthalmological examinations.

Frequency of visual impairment in the cohort at the age of 30 years, according to relatively strict criterion, is estimated at 4.6% ± 2.0%. Frequency was found to increase with a lower level of education (type of school) and decreasing IQ‐points. Pathology of the eye was found most frequently among members of the services for the mentally retarded and was associated with encephalopathy.
TREATMENT OF KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA WITH LIQUID PARAFFIN OR POLYVINYL ALCOHOL IN DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIALS
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐two eyes affected with keratoconjunctivitis sicca have been subjected to double trials using the double‐blind randomized cross‐over technique.

Polyvinyl alcohol in a 5% concentration improved the condition whereas liquid paraffin aggravated it, as estimated subjectively, and by the measurement of the break up time of the corneal film, and, finally, by the scoring of rose bengal vital staining of exposed cornea and conjunctiva. The conclusion is drawn that oil is contraindicated in keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and that rose bengal scoring (modified Bijsterveld method) is a valuable aid in control of the sicca syndrome.
ARACHNOID CYST OF THE INTRAORBITAL PORTION OF THE OPTIC NERVE WITH UNILATERAL DISC OEDEMA AND TRANSIENT SHALLOWING OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Authors: SAARI MATTI , MUSTONEN EILA , PALVA ANTTI , JOKINEN KALEVI , REUNANEN MAURI
Published: May 2009

An unusual occurrence of chronic monocular disc oedema, visual loss and shallowing of the anterior chamber in a patient with an arachnoid cyst involving a portion of the intraorbital optic nerve was reported. Decompression of the optic nerve sheath through a Krönlein approach was followed by prompt deepening of the anterior chamber and a gradual, delayed relief of the disc oedema. It is concluded that orbitotomy and decompression of the optic nerve sheath should be done before atrophic changes of the optic nerve and visual loss begin to develop.
THE EFFECT OF POLYPHLORETIN PHOSPHATE ON THE AQUEOUS FLARE RESPONSE TO α‐MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: BENGTSSON ELISABETH
Published: May 2009

The breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier caused by topical prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or subcutaneous α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) was quantified by measurements of the aqueous flare seen in the anterior chamber. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) administered subcutaneously was found to effectively block the protein leakage caused by all three traumatic stiumli. The same dose of PPP given intravenously inhibited effectively the flare response to PGE1 and α‐MSH, whereas the effect of PGE2 was only slightly decreased.

Significant inhibition by subconjunctival PPP was not achieved for any of the three stimuli.

Assuming that PPP is a specific PG‐antagonist the present results support the earlier suggestion that PGs take part in the barrier damaging action of α‐MSH. However, it cannot be excluded that PPP acts on a step subsequent to PG. This step might be common to PGs‐ and α‐MSH‐effects on the barrier, explaining why PPP inhibits both types of trauma.
CHANGES IN ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SHEEP PIGMENT EPITHELIUM AND RETINA INDUCED BY SODIUM IODATE1
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , KNAVE BENGT , PERSSON HANS E.
Published: May 2009

The delayed effects on the sheep pigment epithelium and retina of sodium iodate, as studied three days after the injection, included electrophysiological as well as morphological changes. The c‐wave of the ERG was abolished, and the a‐ and b‐waves were substantially reduced in amplitude, which was also the case as early as about 100–150 min after the injection. The cornea‐negative potential earlier having replaced the c‐wave was no longer present, however. In addition to changes in the pigment epithelium seen already at an earlier stage, marked ultrastructural damage was observed also in the neuroretina, particularly in the photoreceptor cells and the Müller cells, but involving all layers except the ganglion cell axons. The receptor outer segments were greatly vesiculated and disorganized and the inner segments vacuolized. The more vitread cells of the retina showed various degrees of oedema with distended mitochondria and a reduced amount of cytoplasmic structures. It appears that the effects on the neuroretina of sodium iodate are to a great extent caused by the insufficient membrane and metabolic properties of the pigment epithelium. From this series of three papers it can be concluded that sodium iodate primarily damaged the pigment epithelium, thereby destroying the structural organization of the latter and abolishing the c‐wave. Later the neuro‐retina was affected, first in the form of a‐ and b‐wave reductions and then also as ultrastructural changes. It thus seems that the early stage after injection of sodium iodate may provide a valuable possibility of studying the electrophysiological effects on the neuroretina of various drugs without interference of the potentials from the pigment epithelium.
EFFECTS OF OPHTHALMIC VEHICLES ON THE STABILITY OF THE PRECORNEAL FILM
Authors: NORN MOGENS S. , OPAUSZKI ANNA
Published: May 2009

The break up time (B. U. T.) of the precorneal film has been studied before and after application of 34 different vehicles. The material examined comprised 646 eyes.

Maximum increase of the B. U. T. was obtained with 2% methyl cellulose (four times) and 10% polyvinyl alcohol (seven times). These vehicles in the usually employed concentrations, fat‐free ointment (polyethylene glycol), acetyl cysteine and polysaccharide (dextran) affected a less pronounced prolongation.

The B. U. T. was reduced four or five times by fatty, anhydrous ointments and by silicone oil, about two or three times by emulsions and oils, and twice by 0.01% benzalkonium chloride.

The clinical significance of the B. U. T. alterations is discussed.
PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE NERVE FIBER LAYER IN RETINAL DISTURBANCES
Authors: VANNAS ANTTI , RAITTA CRISTINA , LEMBERG SEPPO
Published: May 2009

The diagnostic value of nerve fiber layer photography is assessed. The series comprised 39 patients with various neuro‐ophthalmological diseases. Photography of the nerve fibers in the retina is time consuming and requires skill on the part of the photographer. Differences in the papillomacular nerve fiber layer are difficult to distinguish using the present methods. The wasting of nerve fibers could be documented by photography in advanced cases with bitemporal hemianopia, but not in small relative scotomas. Cases with homonymous hemianopia are interesting because lesions in the optic tract can be differentiated from affections of the second neuron on the basis of retinal nerve fiber atrophy. In demyelinating diseases inspection of the retinal nerve fiber layer is of clinical importance and diagnostic changes appear.
OCULAR FUNCTION IN CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
Authors: KROGH ERIK , RING‐LARSEN HELMER
Published: May 2009

The ocular state of 28 ascertained non‐alcoholic females with cirrhosis of the liver was assessed. Only twenty were able to go through the complete colour vision test, and among these, three patients (one without, and two with increased level of serum bilirubin) with acquired colour vision defects were observed. Visual acuity, visual field, intraocular pressure, binocular function, slit lamp microscopy, ophthalmoscopy and tear production were normal in all cases. It is concluded that the frequency of colour vision defects in the present sample is increased, and that alcohol abuse is not a prerequisite for colour vision defects in patients with cirrhosis.
VERTICAL STEPS IN ISOPTERS AT THE HEMIOPIC BORDER — IN NORMAL AND GLAUCOMATOUS EYES
Authors: DAMGAARD‐JENSEN LARS
Published: May 2009

Careful perimetry disclosed small steps in peripheral isopters corresponding to the vertical meridian in about 50% of normal eyes as well as eyes with glaucomatous field defects. Most steps were found inferiorly. The contraction of the isopter was always found on the nasal side of the field apart from a few of the glaucomatous eyes, all of which also showed central field defects.

The findings suggest that no significance with regard to pathology can be attached to small peripheral steps at the vertical meridian provided that the temporal hemifield is the greater. Steps showing preponderance of the nasal half of the field, however, should arouse suspicion of an existing pathology.

The reported observation as well as findings in the literature concerning function, anatomy and pathology suggest that the nasal hemiretina is dominant over the temporal one.
LENTICONUS IN ALPORT'S SYNDROME
Authors: SINGH D. S. , BISHT D. B. , KAPOOR SHASHI , SHARMA R. N. , SANKARAN K. , MAJUMDAR N. K.
Published: May 2009

A South Indian family with three well documented cases of Alport's syndrome with anterior lenticonus are reported. Clinical features of the syndrome including ocular and laboratory findings have been presented and discussed. Macular pigmentation, 5 cases, subcapsular opacity and nephrotic syndrome, one case each, observed in the present series are of great interest and are quite rare in patients with Alport's syndrome. Critical analysis of the family pedigree revealed autosomal dominance with incomplete penetrance as the possible mode of genetic transmission of the disease.
UNILATERAL TRAUMATIC CATARACT IN CHILDREN
Authors: SJØLIE ANNE K. , MORTENSEN K. KAMP
Published: May 2009

A survey is presented of the course of unilateral traumatic cataract in 15 children of 8 years of age and below, admitted consecutively to the Ophthalmological Department of the Odense University Hospital over a period of 9 years. The follow‐up examination revealed that four patients had visual acuity of more than 6/18, and of these two retained binocular single vision and used contact lenses.

The size of the material does not permit any conclusive statements to be made. Thus it is impossible to select the patients who will have either a good or a poor final result from the treatment, with regard to vision and binocular single vision.
CORRECTION OF APHAKIA WITH INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTS
Authors: KARAUSE ULF
Published: May 2009

40 cases of intraocular lens implants are reported. 33% had an optimal post‐operative vision of >1.0; 56% and ≥0.9 and 84% 0.5 or better. After a postoperative follow‐up of 1 month to 32 months, mean 15.1 months, the patients were all satisfied with the pseudophakc eye, and no endothelial corneal dystrophy, chronic uveitis or glaucoma was detected. Several minor post‐operative complications were seen, most without consequence. One case had recurrent iridial haemorrhages.
VARIATION AND HERITABILITY OF OCULAR DIMENSIONS
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

Adult Greenland Eskimos from Umanaq town (age 15+) and villages (age 40+) were examined. Optical pachymetry, ultrasonic oculometry, corneal diameter and curvature measurements, and subjective refraction were performed in 5–600 persons. Frequent occurrence of primary angle‐closure glaucoma motivated the survey.

Age‐, sex‐ and family‐variations were studied by linear regression analyses. Conspicuous age effect was found with respect to increase of lens thickness and forward displacement of the lens with age. Almost no age influence was found with respect to corneoscleral size, i. e. axial length, corneal size and corneal radius of curvature. Conspicuous heritability (h2 = 0.6–0.8) was found in corneoscleral size parameters as well as lens position, while refractive error showed a much smaller genetic influence.
PHOTOCOAGULATION IN RETINAL VENOUS OCCLUSION
Authors: LAATIKAINEN LEILA
Published: May 2009

Results of retinal photocoagulation therapy in 26 eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion (RBVO) and in 18 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) are presented. The final visual outcome in eyes with macular oedema (non‐ischaemic type of occlusion) did not significantly differ from that reported in various untreated series of branch or central retinal vein occlusion. Neovascular complications in eyes with capillary nonperfusion (ischaemic type of occlusion) could not be prevented with the relatively mild photocoagulation technique (less than 200 xenon burns in CRVO) used in this study. On the basis of this series the value of photocoagulation therapy in improving the visual prognosis in venous occlusion is questionable, and, in order to prevent neovascular complications in the ischaemic type of occlusion, a more extensive treatment seems to be necessary.
DISCIFORM DETACHMENT OF THE MACULA
Authors: SAARI MATTI
Published: May 2009

Six patients with juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy were studied with fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence (ICG) angiography, and red‐light and red‐free light photography in different stages of the disease. The primary lesion consisted of multifocal, whitish, dot‐like areas of choroidal infiltration showing hyperfluorescence in the late phase of the fluorescein angiograms. Red‐light photographs revealed depigmentation of the pigment epithelium overlying the choroidal lesion, and clearly demonstrated the subsequent pigment‐ring lesion. Fluorescein angiograms revealed subretinal neovascularization at the site of the disciform‐stage choroidal lesion. ICG angiograms revealed the choroidal lesion to be located in the region of greatest supply of short posterior ciliary arteries, whereas the lesion itself remained underfilled throughout the angiogram suggesting vascular decompensation at the site of the lesion. The results suggest a vascular basis, namely intravascular coagulation in the central choriocapillaris, for this uveitis entity.
EFFECT ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE OF RETROBULBAR INJECTION OF XYLOCAINE WITH AND WITHOUT ADRENALINE
Authors: GJÖTTERBERG MAGNUS , INGEMANSSON SVEN‐OLOF
Published: May 2009

The changes in IOP were registered in two groups, each comprising 30 patients, after a retrobulbar injection of Xylocaine and Xylocaine‐adrenaline respectively. No significant difference between the mean values of the initial pressures and the IOP during the following ten min could be proved in either of the groups, but in several individual cases there was a considerable and unpredictable change in IOP following the injection. After ten min this effect was still often present but less pronounced. The change in IOP was significantly greater when adrenaline was used. As a result of these findings the authors have been inclined to cease using adrenaline in retrobulbar anaesthesia for intraocular surgery of short duration.
MODEL COMPUTATION OF THE EFFECT OF ARBITRARY VARIATIONS IN AQUEOUS INFLOW, OUTFLOW CONDUCTANCE, OCULAR RIGIDITY AND EPISCLERAL VEIN PRESSURE ON OCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: NISSEN OLE I.
Published: May 2009

Model calculations of the time course of the intraocular pressure are performed in cases where the four determinants mentioned in the title vary, singly or simultaneously, according to specified time functions. Assumptions are 1) that the outflow of the aqueous humour is proportional to the driving pressure, and 2) that the intraocular pressure and volume are related to each other as described by Friedenwald. The mathematical solution is numerical and involves the repetition of the same calculatory step process. It is rendered probable that the maximal inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on the secretion of aqueous humour is reached in less than one minute after the drug has reached the receptors. A programmable calculator with 224 storage locations is used, the programs are given.—
RELATIVE CONTENTS OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, WATER AND DRY MATTER IN HUMAN SENILE CATARACTOUS LENSES IN RELATION TO ANTERIOR CAPSULAR/SUBCAPSULAR OPACITY
Authors: KLAUBER A. , LAURSEN A. BRUUN
Published: May 2009

In 49 human senile cataractous lenses the sodium and potassium concentrations of the lens water as well as the water and dry weight percentages were examined. It was found justifiable to classify the lenses into three categories on the basis of correlated biomicroscopic and biochemical findings:

Immature cataractous lenses without anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ac‐sco) were characterized by low CNaL+, high CKL+ and low sums of CNaL+ + CKL+.

Immature cataractous lenses with ac‐sco were characterized by intermediate values of CNaL+ and CKL+, as well as high sums of CNaL+ + CKL+.

Totally opaque lenses (these lenses had 80–100% of ac‐sco) were characterized by high CNaL+, low CKL+, high sums of CNaL+ + CKL+, high water, and low dry weight percentages.

It was found that in immature cataractous lenses increasing extension of ac‐sco was correlated to increasing CNaL+ and increasing ratios of CNaL+/CNaA+ as well as to decreasing CKL + and decreasing ratios of CKL+/CKA+. The sums of CNaL+ + CKA+ increased. There was a correlation of the extent of ac‐sco to the water and dry weight percentages of the immature senile cataractous lenses with ac‐sco, viz. a negative correlation for water and a positive one for the dry weight. However, these latter two correlations may be due to chance significances, the level of significance being only 0.05 > P > 0.02 in both instances.

Lenses which were estimated to have ≥ 30% of ac‐sco were found to be more opaque than lenses with ≤ 25% of ac‐sco.
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION MATERIAL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE UVEOSCLERAL ROUTE OF AQUEOUS HUMOUR
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND , DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The distribution of pseudo‐exfoliation material along the uveoscleral route of aqueous humour has been studied by electron microscopy. It turned out that such material is present only in the very first part of this exit pathway, i. e. in the innermost zone of the connective tissue bordering the anterior chamber angle. No pseudo‐exfoliation material was observed between the ciliary muscle cells, in the suprachoroidal space or in the sclera. It is concluded that transport of pseudo‐exfoliation material by flow of aqueous humour through the uveoscleral route to the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva is improbable, and accordingly the pseudo‐exfoliation material found in extrascleral tissue most likely arises in loco.
POLYSACCHARIDE COATING OF HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: SCHRøDER HENRIK DAA , SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a 600–1500 å thick layer of polysaccharide on the surface of human corneal endothelial cells. The surface layer was visualized by combined fixation and staining in a mixture of ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide. The coating material was stable for at least 39 h post mortem and was retained on disintegrating cells.
CLOXACILLIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE RABBIT EYE AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Authors: SALMINEN LOTTA
Published: May 2009

Distribution of isotopically labelled and intravenously injected cloxacillin was studied in the rabbit eye. The antibiotic concentration determined by liquid scintillation counting proved to be a reliable measure of the total antibiotic concentration when controlled by microbiological assay. In the rabbit eye after an intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg of cloxacillin sodium, longlasting antibiotic concentration regarded as therapeutic against penicillinase producing staphylococci was obtained in all vascularized ocular structures and in the cornea. The antibiotic present in the iris and ciliary body, and in the retina and choroid preparations, proved to be partly intravascular, whereas it penetrated better into the extravascular tissue compartment of the sclera and limbal area. Cloxacillin failed to achieve a therapeutic antibiotic concentration in the vitreous body and in the lens.

Administration of probenecid had an enhancing effect on ocular cloxacillin concentration allowing improved drug diffusion into the eye by means of an elevated plasma concentration. No specific ocular effect of probenecid was noticed. Therapeutic concentration of cloxacillin in the aqueous humour, otherwise barely achieved, was more satisfactorily obtained with a previous injection of probenecid.
DISRUPTION OF BLOOD‐RETINAL BARRIER AT THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM AFTER SYSTEMIC UREA INJECTION
Authors: OKINAMI SATOSHI , OHKUMA MASATO , OHTA MINORU , TSUKAHARA ISAMU
Published: May 2009

Electron microscopic studies were done on the structural alterations of retinal pigment epithelial cells occurring under osmotic stress utilizing rhesus monkeys and lanthanum nitrate as a tracer. Fluorescein fundus angiography revealed leaking points of fluorescein from the choroid to the retina, and various degenerative alterations of the retinal pigment epithelial cells were observed in these leaking areas. Some cells included many vacuoles in their cytoplasm, but diffusion of lanthanum from the choroid to the outer segment of visual cell was obstructed by the tight junctions between the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Other cells were severely damaged with ruptured membranes. Abundant tracer material diffused through the cytoplasm into the subretinal space. Other cells were broken down in an isolated manner and here marked extravasation of lanthanum into the subretinal space was observed.
THE EFFECT OF 5‐IODO‐2′DEOXYURIDINE (IDU) AND DEXAMETHASONE ON CORNEAL WOUND HEALING IN THE RABBIT
Authors: PUELHORN G. , SOSATH G. , THIEL H.‐J.
Published: May 2009

Using lamellar keratectomy as a model, the effect of 5‐iodo‐2′deoxyuridine (IDU) and dexamethasone on epithelial regeneration and stromal wound healing in rabbits was studied. Under IDU medication, there was a dose‐dependent delay in both epithelial and stromal regeneration of the cornea. This negative effect of IDU was considerably intensified by additional doses of dexamethasone. When IDU was used alone, regeneration in the wound was delayed by five days in comparison to the control eyes. When dexamethasone was added, the delay was prolonged to about 10 days. The results are discussed and compared with the available literature.
CONJUNCTIVAL BLEEDING IN OSLER'S DISEASE WITH ASSOCIATED PLATELET DYSFUNCTION: A Case Report
Authors: PANDOLFI MAURIZIO , EHINGER BERNDT
Published: May 2009

A patient with Osler's disease (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia) was admitted to hospital because of obstinate, profuse conjunctival bleeding occurring without any known preceding trauma. Extensive examination of the haemostatic mechanism revealed an impaired platelet function reflected in defective platelet aggregation by ADP, collagen, adrenalin and defective clot retraction. This platelet dysfunction, whose association with conjunctival telangiectasia was hitherto unknown, impaired the patient's already deficient primary haemostasis following the vascular anomaly and apparently contributed to the severity of the bleeding which could only be checked surgically. The findings seem to warrant investigation of the platelet function in patients with Osler's disease. In the event of platelet dysfunction drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), indomethacin, dextrans as well as transfusions with bank blood are contra‐indicated.
CORNEAL THICKNESS: I. Age Variation, Sex Difference and Oculometric Correlations
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

An oculometric survey was performed in a Greenland Eskimo population, covering 98% of selected age groups. From this sample 839 persons without corneal abnormalities, aged 7–89 years, formed the basis of a central corneal thickness (CT) study. A sample of 98 Danes in Greenland was measured for comparison. Using Haag Streit 900 pachymeter No. I, the average of three readings from both eyes was taken to represent the individuals. In Eskimos a Gaussian distribution of CT values was found with mean and SD: 0.518 + 0.032 mm in males and 0.529 + 0.029 mm in females. A significant corneal thinning with age was seen, predominantly in males (0.0007 mm decrease per year). Thus in adults an increasingly significant sex difference was observed (0.019 mm above the age of 40), while boys and girls differed only little (0.005 mm). A subsample with primary angle‐closure glaucoma showed an insignificant CT excess.

The Danes showed a corresponding thinning with age although not significant. A highly significant ethnic difference was found, but only in men (Eskimos 0.024 mm below Danes).

In a subsample of 325 adult Eskimos oculometric correlations were studied. Between CT and refractive error (r = +0.12) as well as CT and anterior chamber depth (r = ‐0.12) just significant correlations were found (P < 0.05). Other relationships showed weaker correlations.
EXPERIENCE WITH TREPANOTRABECULECTOMY
Authors: CVETKOVIC D. , BLAGOJEVIC M. , DODIC V.
Published: May 2009

The authors analysed the effect of 100 trepanotrabeculectomy operations performed in primary (79 cases), in congenital (16 cases) and in secondary (5 cases) types of glaucoma. The operation itself could normalize the intraocular pressure in 87% of the cases, in 8% the intraocular pressure was normalized by miotics after the operation. In 3% of the cases the pressure could not be controlled even by the additional application of miotics and in 2% of the cases the operation produced a hypotony. The intraoperative and postoperative complications were temporary and without definitive sequels. As the blebs were present in 76% of cases, the authors concluded that the drainage took place under the scleral and conjunctival flap. In the smaller group, the blebs were absent but the intraocular tension was normalized. In these cases it is supposed that Schlemm's canal represents the main route of drainage. According to the authors' experience, trapanotrabeculectomy represents an operation which is easy to perform, which does not cause severe operative or postoperative complications and which can achieve normalization of the intraocular pressure, either by itself or with miotics, in a high percentage of cases.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF A MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE COATING ON HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: JACOBSEN STEEN RØJ , SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Scanning electron microscopic observations of human corneal endothelium revealed a binding of ruthenium red‐osmium tetroxide to a material on the inner surface of the endothelial cells on the cornea and the trabecular meshwork. The coating material was partially digested by proteolytic enzymes.
RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA
Authors: TARKKANEN AHTI , MUSTONEN RAINE
Published: May 2009

In the period 1956–1974, 31 new cases of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) were diagnosed at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. All were alive in 1974. 90% weighed less than 1500 g at birth and the gestational age of less than 30 weeks at birth was present in 85%. All patients had required supplementary oxygen during the first weeks of life. 84% of the eyes had visual acuity of finger counting 1 m or less and when classified according to the corrected visual acuity in the better eye, 71% of the patients were practically blind according to the classification by Rintelen. 81% of the eyes showed one of the cicatricial stages of RLF, III to V, and 45% showed the grade V of the disease. 11% of the eyes showed corneal opacities, 44% a flat or absent anterior chamber, 11% had intraocular pressure of ≥ 30 mmHg and 21% showed lenticular opacities.

When the period of the observation was surveyed, it was found that during the latter half of the observation period, twice as many new cases of RLF were born. At a rough estimate it was calculated that in 1956–1974 at least 50 new cases of RLF developed in Finland.
PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION FIBRILS EXAMINED BY NEGATIVE STAINING
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , HOVIG TORSTEIN
Published: May 2009

Pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material, collected from lenses extracted because of cataract, has been examined by negative staining. The material was fragmented by ultrasound into single fibrils and small collections of fibrils. The fibrils were composed of a small number of filamentous sub‐units associated with or surrounded by a fuzzy material which had side excrescences at regular intervals of 50–55 nm or 25–30 nm. The side excrescences correspond to the cross‐bands of the PE fibrils. It is proposed that the PE fibrils are composed of a few subunits of a fibrillar protein, which form a core to which glycosaminoglycan side chains are attached. The visible periodicity of the PE fibrils, appearing as cross‐bands, is thought to be caused by clusters of glycosaminoglycan distributed at regular intervals along the fibrils.
ACCUMULATION OF 8‐METHOXYPSORALEN IN THE RAT RETINA
Authors: WULF HANS C. , HART JAMES
Published: May 2009

The distribution of 3H‐8‐methoxypsoralen (3H‐8‐MOP) has been examined by autoradiography in albino and pigmented rat eyes. Very high concentrations were seen in the pigmented layer of the retina, ciliary body and iris in pigmented rats. Cornea concentrations in both rat strains were about twice that of blood, and lower concentrations were seen in the lens.
TIMOLOL
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

In 43 persons with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) Timolol maleate eye drops (0.25 % and 0.5 %) were used as a single and combined treatment. A significant decrease in IOP was noticed in 34 persons (P < 0.001) initially. No diminished effect of treatment was apparent after 9 weeks in 34 subjects or after 15 weeks in 23 subjects with Timolol alone. In nine persons with high IOP, Timolol had a significant (P < 0.001) but insufficient lowering effect. Epinephrine (1 %) and acetazolamide appeared to have an additive effect in these cases. No serious local or systemic adverse effects were discovered.
LENTICONUS ANTERIOR AND ALPORT'S SYNDROME
Authors: NIELSEN CLAUS EGE
Published: May 2009

Six patients, from five families, five males and one female, suffering from lenticonus anterior are presented. Furthermore, all suffered from chronic nephritis and nerve deafness and must be considered cases of Alport's syndrome.

As all cases with lenticonus anterior which have been published within the last 13 years likewise were affected with nerve deafness and/or chronic nephritis, the assumption is submitted that lenticonus anterior exists exclusively as a part of Alport's syndrome.

It is pointed out that four patients had a weakened bilateral macula reflex with changes in pigmentation. Attention is drawn to the fact that patients with lenticonus anterior often have a cornea astigmatism of 2–3 D.

A complete table of all reported patients with anterior lenticonus is presented.
KERATINIZATION OF THE BULBAR CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIUM IN SUPERIOR LIMBIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS IN HUMANS
Authors: COLLIN H. BARRY , DONSHIK PETER C. , FOSTER C. STEPHEN , BORUCHOFF S. ARTHUR , CAVANAGH H. DWIGHT
Published: May 2009

A prominent histological feature of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is the presence of keratinization of the superior bulbar conjunctiva. Ultra‐structurally the affected conjunctival epithelium shows all of the characteristics of keratinization as described in skin. There is a superficial layer of horny cells with reduced organelles and thickened cell membrane. In the intermediate layers, the cells contain an increased number of cytoplasmic filaments which are sometimes aggregated into dense masses, kera‐tohyalin granules, both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, membrane coating granules, lysosomes and various other types of membranous structures.