bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diseño y validación de un instrumento de evaluación de la competencia digital en Educación Superior
Authors: Restrepo-Palacio Sonia , Cifuentes Yasbley de María Segovia
Published: April 2020

Resumen El objetivo es presentar los resultados del diseño y validación del instrumento “Campus Digital”, que evalúa el nivel de desarrollo de la competencia digital en estudiantes de Educación Superior. Se parte del marco conceptual de la competencia digital y de la revisión de instrumentos para diagnosticar el nivel de desarrollo en esta población. Se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario de 25 preguntas a 1.022 estudiantes de pregrado en el 2017. Con el método de Mínimos Cuadrados se demostró la validez del instrumento y con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se muestra que las dimensiones de la competencia digital son independientes. En el análisis de los ítems se evidenció un adecuado desempeño del instrumento, dado que 66,7% de los ítems alcanzó un promedio superior a la mitad del peso asignado para cada ítem, con mejor desempeño en la dimensión de la Ciudadanía Digital (88,9%) y menor desempeño en la dimensión Tecnológica. En esta última, se puede atribuir que en el análisis de las preguntas se evidenciaron limitaciones en el índice de dificultad y de discriminación.
Planejamento e Planos de Educação na Espanha: evolução da produção acadêmica e científica 1978-2016
Authors: Souza Donaldo Bello de
Published: April 2020

Resumo O artigo inscreve-se no campo das políticas públicas de Educação Básica na Espanha, com foco na problemática do seu planejamento. A partir de levantamento documental exaustivo, cobrindo certa produção acadêmica e científica publicada neste país (1978-2016), traça um balanço quantitativo e sua evolução com base nas categorias Planejamento da Educação e Planos para a Educação. Como principal conclusão, identifica: i) repercussões dos processos de regulação supranacionais, traduzidos pelo crescente declínio do interesse por estudos relativos ao planejamento da Educação e, a um só tempo, ascensão de estudos que unicamente discutem metas de Planos de Educação; ii) fragmentação do planejamento em uma série de planos pontuais, quase sempre desvinculados entre si; e, ainda, iii) processos pouco participativos de construção desses planos, portanto, à margem de sua discussão e elaboração sociopolítica.
La urdiembre en la enseñanza: expresiones articuladoras de contenido en la interacción profesor-estudiante
Authors: Olivares Himmbler , Silva David , Opazo Paloma , Arellano Tomás , Cornejo Carlos
Published: April 2020

Resumen Este estudio busca ser un aporte a la pedagogía general al indagar un tipo particular de intervenciones pedagógicas denominadas expresiones articuladoras, caracterizadas por introducir conexiones entre diferentes asuntos técnicos o temas asociados a una disciplina que emergen durante una clase. Se determinaron dos tipos de expresiones articuladoras: de carácter local o global. En particular, se realizó un análisis de videos de clases de matemáticas con dos jueces expertos, quienes llevaron a cabo la codificación de la frecuencia y tipo de las expresiones articuladoras. El material seleccionado correspondió a videos de clases de matemáticas de 138 profesores de segundo ciclo de Enseñanza Básica en Chile. Posteriormente, las expresiones articuladoras identificadas fueron correlacionadas con el desempeño docente global de los 138 profesores, de acuerdo al Sistema Nacional Chileno de Evaluación de Desempeño Docente. Los resultados muestran que las expresiones articuladoras, en particular las de carácter local, correlacionan de forma positiva, pero con un efecto reducido, con distintas dimensiones del desempeño docente, tales como la capacidad del profesor de dar estructura a la clase o la promoción de la interacción pedagógica. Las expresiones articuladoras corresponderían a un recurso pedagógico importante del docente para el aprendizaje, en tanto facilitan la enseñanza del lenguaje técnico de cada disciplina. Lo anterior se logra al establecer relaciones con asuntos tratados durante la clase, pero también con contenidos enseñados previamente o incluso con futuros asuntos disciplinares.
Proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores da saúde em tempos de COVID-19 e respostas à pandemia
Authors: Almeida Ildeberto Muniz de
Published: April 2020

Resumo Objetivo: discutir desafios para a elaboração e implementação de planos de resposta e prontidão estratégica contra a COVID-19. Métodos: partindo de recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, que enfatiza três grupos de objetivos a serem buscados nesses planos, defende-se a inclusão do tema da proteção à saúde dos trabalhadores da Saúde no âmbito de seu terceiro objetivo: “Minimizar o impacto da epidemia sobre sistemas de saúde”. Discussão: a ênfase dada ao uso de EPI, medidas de etiqueta social e higiene é discutida como potencialmente minimizadora da importância de medidas de controle de engenharia e de controles administrativos para a prevenção da doença. Destaque é dado à necessidade de treinamentos que formem trabalhadores para o reconhecimento de situações de risco associadas às dificuldades das novas atividades surgidas na pandemia, com ênfase em novas interações entre colegas e entre trabalhadores, assim como em novos instrumentos e contextos dela decorrentes. Os custos a serem pagos na forma de impactos na saúde dos trabalhadores tendem a crescer em contextos de degradação de situações de trabalho associados à rápida evolução da doença. Um dos desafios dos programas de resposta é o de reconhecer e responder com rapidez às mudanças que criam novos riscos.
Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography Predicts Bone Marrow Involvement in the Staging of Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: St-Pierre Frédérique , Broski Stephen M. , LaPlant Betsy R. , Maurer Matthew J. , Ristow Kay , Thanarajasingam Gita , Macon William R. , Habermann Thomas M. , Witzig Thomas E.
Published: April 2020

Background

Standard bone marrow biopsy (BMB) and bone involvement with follicular lymphoma (FL) on positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) both predict early clinical failure in FL. The key clinical question is whether PET/CT findings can obviate the need for BMB. The goal of this study was to determine the value of PET/CT in determining bone involvement in FL, using posterior iliac crest BMB as the gold standard.

Materials and Methods

A total of 548 patients with newly diagnosed grade 1–3A FL were included. The presence, pattern, and location of bone involvement, spleen involvement, and standardized uptake values (SUVs) in the L3 vertebral body were recorded for all patients and compared with the BMB report.

Results

Excluding patients with focal bone lesions on PET/CT, the sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT in detecting bone or marrow involvement, compared with BMB, were 53% and 88%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of spleen involvement on PET/CT in predicting a positive BMB were 55% and 86%, respectively. An L3 SUVmax of less than 2.0 resulted in a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96% for marrow involvement on BMB; an L3 SUVmean below 1.4 resulted in an NPV of 100%.

Conclusion

In newly diagnosed FL, PET/CT-detected bone and splenic involvement is highly specific for a positive BMB, and very low SUV values (<2.0 SUVmax and < 1.4 SUVmean) in the lumbar spine have a high NPV for a negative BMB. Routine BMB may be obviated in these patients. BMB remains necessary to definitively exclude bone marrow involvement in a large majority of patients with a negative PET.

Implications for Practice

Predicting early clinical failure in follicular lymphoma (FL) is important but difficult. Bone marrow involvement by FL is associated with early clinical failure, and determining this involvement is a key component of the initial staging. This study highlights that in certain patients, positron emission tomography/computed tomography is sufficient in determining bone or marrow involvement, without the need for a confirmatory bone marrow biopsy (BMB). An algorithm is provided based on these findings to help clinicians determine which patients would benefit from BMB and when it can be avoided.
Phase I Study of the Bifunctional Fusion Protein Bintrafusp Alfa in Asian Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors, Including a Hepatocellular Carcinoma Safety-Assessment Cohort
Authors: Doi Toshihiko , Fujiwara Yutaka , Koyama Takafumi , Ikeda Masafumi , Helwig Christoph , Watanabe Morihiro , Vugmeyster Yulia , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: April 2020

Lessons Learned

Bintrafusp alfa had a manageable safety profile and demonstrated preliminary clinical activity in heavily pretreated patients with solid tumors (including hepatocellular carcinoma) with no or limited treatment options. Findings from this study suggest bintrafusp alfa may be a novel therapeutic approach for patients with advanced solid tumors. Additional trials are needed to further explore safety and efficacy of bintrafusp alfa in specific tumor types.

Background

Bintrafusp alfa is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) RII receptor (a TGF-β “trap”) fused to a human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibody blocking programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Bintrafusp alfa is designed to neutralize TGF-β signaling by “trapping” and sequestering all TGF-β isoforms, and this trap function is physically linked to PD-L1 blockade in the tumor microenvironment.

Methods

NCT02699515 was a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study of bintrafusp alfa (3, 10, and 20 mg/kg every 2 weeks) in Asian patients with advanced solid tumors, including a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) safety-assessment cohort. The primary objective was safety and tolerability; the secondary objective is best overall response.

Results

As of August 24, 2018, 23 patients (including 9 in the HCC cohort) received bintrafusp alfa. Eight patients experienced treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Three patients had grade 3 TRAEs (13.0%; hypoacusis, hyponatremia, hypopituitarism, increased blood creatine phosphokinase, and intracranial tumor hemorrhage); one had grade 4 hyponatremia (4.3%). No treatment-related deaths occurred. In the dose-escalation cohort, two patients had a confirmed partial response, and 3 had stable disease (SD), for an overall response rate of 14.3% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 35.7%. In the HCC cohort, one patient had SD (DCR, 11.1%). A dose-proportional pharmacokinetics profile was observed at doses of >3 mg/kg.

Conclusion

Bintrafusp alfa had a manageable safety profile and preliminary efficacy in heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors, including HCC.
Results of a critical state line testing round robin programme
Authors: Reid David , Fourie Andy , Ayala Juan Luis , Dickinson Simon , Ochoa-Cornejo Felipe , Fanni Riccardo , Garfias Juan , da Fonseca António Viana , Ghafghazi Mason , Ovalle Carlos , Riemer Michael , Rismanchian Amin , Olivera Roberto , Suazo Gonzalo
Published: April 2020

A critical state testing round robin programme was carried out on sandy silt gold tailings. This involved 15 laboratories around the world testing a sandy silt tailings to infer its critical state line (CSL). Methods to be used were intentionally not supplied to participants, to enable the current methods being employed in industry and academia to be obtained in an unbiased manner. All but one of the laboratories involved in the study used the moist tamping sample preparation technique, generally to produce loose, contractive specimens. Void ratio was measured using a variety of means, including cell calibration, end-of-test water content and end-of-test soil freezing (EOTSF) to assist in measuring the final water content. Of the 15 entries, four were excluded from the primary comparison owing to various issues that appear to have led to their divergence from most of the entries received. Of the remaining entries, the best reproducibility was produced by laboratories that used EOTSF to measure void ratio. Most other test procedure variations appeared to have a negligible effect, with the exception of fixing of the top platen and possibly sample size. A CSL elevation range of 0·04 void ratio for laboratories using EOTSF was observed.
Rosa María Palacios, Augusto Álvarez Rodrich, Juan Carlos Tafur (2017). Fuera del aire. Lima: Editorial Planeta Perú S. A. 179 pp.
Authors: Gutiérrez Gómez Edgar
Published: April 2020

La historia de la política peruana está impregnada de populismos extremos y moderados, con poca objetividad de la situación nacional. Los medios de comunicación compiten con un papel importante desde los orígenes de la república: “Sin embargo, en sociedades como la peruana, existen indicios de un uso soterrado de técnicas de propaganda por parte de los medios de comunicación” (Hinojosa, 2014, p. 262). Esta propaganda se encuentra vigente en regímenes democráticos y autoritarios, con sus operadores de censura y agentes de prensa. Bajo este contexto, se articula muy bien el trabajo dialogado de Rosa María Palacios, Augusto Álvarez Rodrich y Juan Carlos Tafur en el libro titulado Fuera del aire, que explora—al estilo de Diálogos de Platón—la situación de la prensa actual y su influencia en las decisiones políticas. Esta publicación se divide en nueve capítulos precisos para su comprensión crítica de los puntos de vista que abordan. Además, interpelan sus experiencias personales en los trabajos periodísticos desde sus primeras etapas de iniciación periodística personal, con un trabajo para empresarios que no tienen profesión de periodistas, sino propietarios de empresas informativas del Perú y sus desavenencias constantes con el término que fueron botados, casi con la misma experiencia en los tres autores del libro Fuera del aire.
Validación de rúbrica para evaluación de e-actividades diseñadas para el logro de competencias digitales docentes
Authors: Marcano Beatriz , Íñigo Victoria , Sánchez Ramírez José Manuel
Published: April 2020

Debido a la importancia de desarrollar competencias digitales docentes en los procesos de formación del profesorado, se diseñaron e-actividades a fin de incrementar la funcionalidad de dichas competencias y ser evaluadas mediante rúbricas. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es verificar la validez de las rúbricas a fin de valorar la competencia digital docente y su respectiva efectividad, según el modelo del Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y Formación del Profesorado de España. A tal efecto, se implementó un procedimiento de validación en dos fases: una por juicio de expertos, en la que debían corroborar la correspondencia de las rúbricas con los indicadores de la competencia digital docente y otra fase de validación empírica para validar la eficiencia de las rúbricas para las correcciones de e-actividades, corregidas por tres profesores. En esta fase se realizó un análisis de diferencia de medias (F de Friedman al nivel de 0.05) y se encontró que no había diferencias significativas entre los correctores que no fueron el profesor de la asignatura. Además, se concluyó que las rúbricas eran válidas para comprobar las competencias digitales docentes evaluadas.
The Effect of STEM-EDP in Professional Learning on Automotive Engineering Competence in Vocational High School
Authors: NURTANTO Muhammad , PARDJONO Pardjono , - Widarto , RAMDANİ Sulaeman Deni
Published: April 2020

The quality of teacher learning practices currently continues to be improved through various training programs, mentoring, and evaluations from Indonesian government support. The 21st-century teacher's ability to develop learning technology is a cooperative learning approach and multidisciplinary integration of science to solve surrounding problems. This study describes the effectiveness and benefits of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in the Automotive Engineering Competency with the Engineering Design Process (EDP) approach in the "motorcycle burglary case studies." This research is a type of pre-experimental design in the form of a pretest-posttest group design. Purposive sampling technique carried out to determine the sample of students of class XI SMK N 2 Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 2019. The results showed that (1) the assessment of lesson plan in the form of RPP review and RPP supervision was declared complete; (2) aspects of the STEM-EDP assessment consist of formative tests, the 1st Student Worksheet, the 2nd Student Worksheet, and Products which stated in the seven stages of EDP; (3) Wilcoxon test, Z = -4.86 with significance (p) = 0.00 <0.05, illustrates that STEM-EDP is effective than summative learning, and can improve learning.
Environmental Exposures and Craniofacial Birth Defects: A Scoping Review Protocol. v1
Authors: Alejandra Moreno Castillo Maira , Victor Leite Dias João , Alves Auharek Sarah
Published: April 2020

Introduction: birth defects and congenital anomalies include a variety of pathologies that affect 2-3% of all newborns, with craniofacial birth defects (CFBD) such as neural tube defects (NTD) and orofacial clefts (OFC), being some of the most prevalent congenital anomalies in children. Since an individual may be exposed to pollutants present in the workplace, and at the same time, the population may be exposed to multiple sources of environmental contamination (for example water, soil and air) and socioeconomic deprivation, assess the possible association between environmental exposures, both at the individual and area level, it could improve the understanding of how these variables would affect pregnant women and the developing fetus. To provide an overview about updated information related to those factors and its association with NTD and OFC, we consider performing a scoping review. The aim of this publication is to present a scoping review protocol about the relationship between environmental exposures and the etiology of CFBD. Methods and analysis: the identification of the papers for this review was done through a search strategy using MeSH vocabulary, in the electronic database PUBMED MEDLINE and SCIELO. Additionally, we performed a gray literature search using Google Scholar. All the selected studies for the review were subjected to methodological quality assessment, according to the Joanna Briggs Institute protocol for scoping reviews. Ethics and dissemination: a paper summarizing the findings from this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Ethical approval is not required.
Quantification of Total Biomass in Ground Coral Samples v1
Authors: Mclachlan Rowan , Dobson Kerri , G Grottoli Andrea
Published: April 2020

This protocol outlines a method for quantifying the total biomass of Scleractinian coral samples which have been ground into a homogenous paste consisting of aragonite skeleton, coral host tissue, and endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae cells. There are four parts to quantifying total biomass: 1) grind coral fragments into a homogenous paste, 2) partition the biomass subsample, 3) quantify the ash-free dry weight [AFDW], and 4) standardize AFDW to the colony surface area. This method has been reported in several publications by Grottoli's team (e.g., Rodrigues & Grottoli 2007). This protocol was written by Rowan McLachlan (03-19-20) and was reviewed by all co-authors.
Manual Silane magnetic bead-based high throughput protocol for SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction v1
Authors: Goñi-Salaverri Ainhoa , Antonio Rodriguez Garcia Jose , D Weber Nicholas , Pablo Unfried Juan , Argemi Josepmaria , not provided not provided , Lara Astiaso David , not provided not provided
Published: April 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedent challenge to develop and validate testing tools for urgent disease diagnosis. Current testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via molecular diagnostics is woefully inadequate due to myriad issues with cross-entity coordination, reagent availability, and labor- and time-intensive protocols. The bottleneck in the workflow from patient sampling to diagnosis is not in the identification of viral genetic material (RT-qPCR) but in the collection, processing, and purification of the viral genetic material (patient sampling and RNA extraction). The majority of tests performed in laboratories lacking sophisticated automation require individual sample processing that severely limits the possibilities of scale-up. Thus, throughput depends on the availability of trained operator person-hours. We have developed a protocol for SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction based on silane ferrimagnetic beads that is easily scaled up to multiwell culture plates with the processing done using multichannel pipettes. This protocol significantly reduces the hands-on time per sample and increases throughput such that an individual operator can process 100-200 samples per hour.
Strand specific detection of overlapping transcripts via purification involving denaturation of biotinylated cDNA v1
Authors: Uddin Faizan , Srivastava Madhulika
Published: April 2020

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the most widely employed technique for gene expression analysis owing to its high sensitivity, easy reproducibility and fast output. It has been conceived that priming reverse transcription reactions with gene specific primers generates cDNA only from the specific RNA. However, several reports have revealed that cDNA gets synthesized even without addition of exogenous primers in RT reactions. Due to such self-priming activity, the signals from specific strands cannot be accurately detected and can confound the expression analysis, especially in context of overlapping bidirectional transcripts. The protocol described here was used for purification of biotin-tagged cDNA in conjunction with alkaline denaturation. This obviated the problem of background priming and enabled accurate strand specific detection of overlapping transcripts.
TH & Filled Cell Immunocytochemistry v1
Authors: Mansourian Kasra
Published: April 2020

TH & Filled Cell Immunocytochemistry Margolis/Waung Lab
An Investigation into Students’ Agentic Engagement in Online English Listening Learning
Authors: Dong Yanxiu , Liu Suli
Published: April 2020

This paper provides a comprehensive review on the current situation of non-English major students’ agentic engagement in online English listening course. The paper aims to investigate students’ low motivation in doing their online listening homework. Paper questionnaires and SPSS 22.0 were used to analyze the results. 46 freshmen and 43 sophomores of non-English majors participated in this research. It has been found that the agentic engagement of non-English majors is low and freshmen’s average agentic engagement is higher than sophomores’. Besides, it doesn’t have significant correlations with students’ scores in online weekly tasks. The research findings indicate the importance of raising teachers’ awareness of student agentic engagement, and a more effective e-learning platform is required. At last, with the results of this investigation, the current study provides some suggestions for future English listening course design.
Usage-based Approaches to Second Language Acquisition: Cognitive and Social Aspects
Authors: Javadi Yaghoob , Kazemirad Fakhereh
Published: April 2020

Usage-based approaches focus on learning language through engaging in the interpersonal communicative and cognitive processes. They consider language as the best accomplishment of our social and cognitive competences which bridges society and cognition. Based on usage-based approaches, language can be learned from language use, by means of social skills and generalizations over usage events in interaction. These approaches actually explore how language learning occurs through language experience. Therefore, usage-based approaches are input-dependent and experience-driven and assume frequency of usage as an inseparable part of language learning which plays an important role in the language production, language comprehension, and also grammaticality of the patterns. While usage-based approaches have been successful in showing how first language is learnt from the input, it is still less clear how these approaches can be made use of in second language learning. The present study provides an overview of the usage-based approaches to second language acquisition and their cognitive and social underpinnings. Firstly, the notion, underlying tenets, and major constructs of usage-based approaches are summarized. Then usage-based linguistics is described in detail. Finally, cognitive and social aspects of usage-based approaches are taken into account.
Business Unity and Anticorporate Protests: The U.S. Fortune 500 in 2010*
Authors: Banerjee Tarun , Burroway Rebekah
Published: April 2020

Do large corporations respond to social movement protests following a firm-centric rationale or do they develop their strategies relationally? If they do so relationally, do corporate networks help foster class-wide unity in their responses to protests? We address these questions through an examination of protests against U.S. Fortune 500 firms. We incorporate data on board of director interlocks and corporate involvement in policy planning organizations to test the effect of corporate networks on firm behavior. Utilizing firm- and dyadiclevel analyses, we show that firms more embedded in the capitalist class concede to protest demands less often while retaliating against protesters more. However, this resistance is moderated by the ideologies of the networks in which the firm is embedded: firms connected to relatively liberal groups instead display the reverse pattern. These findings suggest class-wide networks shape corporate responses to protests in ideologically identifiable ways and enable greater unity between these firms.
“ONE SIZE DOESN'T FIT ALL”: CONNECTING VIEWS OF ACTIVISM WITH YOUTH ACTIVIST IDENTIFICATION*
Authors: Maher Thomas V. , Johnstonbaugh Morgan , Earl Jennifer
Published: April 2020

Identity is crucial to social movement participation. Existing research examines why active people “avoid” activist identities but has less to say about how active people adopt such identities as if they automatically follow participation. We draw on interviews with high school and college students from a midsize southwestern city to examine how young people make sense of what it means to be an activist, who identifies as such, and why youth are willing—or unwilling—to adopt this label. We find that respondents' conceptualizations of “activists” are critical to (non)identification. Those who see activism as a broad category are more likely to identify, holding constant their level of activity. Those who see activism as a greedy institution, requiring significant substantive fluency, making the issue their primary focus, and willingness to sacrifice, do not, despite their level of engagement. Our findings have implications for identity formation and movement participation more broadly.
Identity and Action
Authors: Oberschall Anthony , Kim Hyojoung
Published: April 2020

With the pursuit of ethnic idenitity as an example, we deduce some testable propositions on ethnic mobilization and polarization from a graphic analysis of a purposive action model. The method allows incorporation of identity in collective action models. In a village of two ethnic groups, people pursue two idenitities, their own ethnicity and a shared villager identity. Pursuit of their identities is constrained by the inter- and intra-ethnic organization of the village. We show that under fragile" inter-ethnic village organization, small changes in ethnocentrism can precipitate much change in the ethnic relations, whereas when inter-ethnic organization is "robust, " inter-ethnic relations change little, even when ethnocentrism changes a great deal. The effects of ethnic mobilization are studied, as when ethnic moderates close ranks with extremists to create polarization. The pursuit of political identity (dissidents, pragmatists) in repressive regimes can be similarly modeled and studied for predicting opposition to the regime.
To Map Contentious Politics
Authors: McAdam Doug , Tarrow Sidney , Tilly Charles
Published: April 2020

Different forms of contentious politics such as social movements, revolutions, ethnic mobilizations, and cycles of protest share a number of causal properties, but disciplinary fragmentation has obscured their similarities. Recent work and this new journal provide opportunities for comparison and synthesis. A network of researchers is undertaking a broad survey of contentious politics in hopes of producing an intelligible map of the field, a synthesis of recent inquiries, a specification of scope conditions for the validity of available theories, and an exploration of worldwide changes in the character of contention. Discussions of 1) social movements, cycles, and revolutions, 2) collective identities and social networks, 3) social movements and institutional politics, 4) globalization and transnational contention illustrate the promise and perils of the enterprise.
Northern Theory, Southern Protest: Opportunity Structure Analysis in Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Boudreau Vincent
Published: April 2020

The study of protest outside the industrial North is largely under-theorized. This article extends the political process model and particularly its opportunity structure component to cases of Southern protest. It begins by investigating the model's central variables and relationships and then considers how to render them with enough flexibility to accommodate new cases outside the industrial North. Three questions are asked. First, how do movement networks' internal social connections vary across settings? Second, how do variations in state strength and elaboration influence protest? Third, how does the relationship between the movement's social structure and its external political environment shape its opportunities? The article considers how political opportunity can illuminate new cases if it is used in connection with specific collective forms that are both encouraged by structures external to the movement and responsive to the needs and constraints produced by the movement's internal structure.
Whatever Happened to The Women's Movement?
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne , Taylor Verta
Published: April 2020

Analyses of the women's movement that focus on its "waves" and theories of social movements that focus on contentious politics have encouraged the view that the women's movement is in decline. Employing alternative perspectives on social movements, we show that the women's movement continues to thrive. This is evidenced by organizational maintenance and growth, including the international expansion of women's movement organizations; feminism within institutions and other social movements; the spread of feminist culture and collective identity; and the variety of the movement's tactical repertoires. Moreover, the movement remains capable of contentious collective action. We argue for research based on broader conceptions of social movements as well as the contentious politics approach.
"There Will be Fighting in The Streets": The Distorting Lens of Social Movement Theory
Authors: McAdam Doug , Sampson Robert , Weffer Simon , MacIndoe Heather
Published: April 2020

We argue that the disproportionate attention accorded the struggles of the sixties has created a stylized image of social movements that threatens to distort our understanding of popular contention, not only in earlier periods and in nondemocratic contexts, but also in the contemporary U.S. This stylized view tends to equate movements with (a) disruptive protest in public settings, (b) loosely coordinated national struggles over political issues, (c) urban and/or campus based protest activities, and (d) claim making by disadvantaged minorities. Drawing on a larger study of trends and patterns in collective civic engagement in metropolitan Chicago, we employ new data on some 1,000 protest events between 1970 to 2000 to assess these four stylized views and address a number of related questions. The data do not support the common imagery of social movements—since 1980 there has been a marked transformation of the movement form to the point where public protest is now largely peaceful, routine, suburban, local in nature, and initiated by the advantaged. We discuss the implications of these findings for the rise of a "movement society" in the U.S. and suggest directions for future research.
Making The Polis: Social Forums and Democracy in The Global Justice Movement
Authors: Porta Donatella
Published: April 2020

The debate on deliberative democracy could open a fruitful perspective for research on social movement conceptions and practices of democracy. This article reports a pilot study of the values and norms that guide the global justice movement's organizational choices based upon focus groups and in-depth interviews with participants in various Italian social forums. Deliberative democracy, which emphasizes participation and the quality of communication, is particularly relevant for a multifaceted, heterogeneous movement that incorporates many social, generational, and ideological groups as well as movement organizations from different countries. The global justice movement—a "movement of movements" according to some activists—comprises a dense network of movement organizations, often the product of previous protest cycles. It builds upon past experiences of organizational institutionalization, but also upon reflexive criticisms of it. These networks of networks provide important resources, but also pose challenges for participation and internal communication. The activists in our study addressed these challenges by building an organizational culture that stressed diversity rather than homogeneity; subjectivity, rather than obedience to organizational demands; transparency, even at the cost of effectiveness; open confrontations oriented to consensus building over efficient decision making; and "ideological contamination" rather than dogmatism. Traditional participatory models of democracy are bridged with concerns for good communication and deliberation.
Start Small, Build Big: Negotiating Opportunities in Media Markets
Authors: Ryan Charlotte , Anastario Michael , Jeffreys Karen
Published: April 2020

We track the strategic choices of Rhode Island Coalition against Domestic Violence (RICADV), a statewide collective actor working in one media market to expand opportunities to promote its mission. We reconstruct an organizational life history describing how RICADV built its communications capacity and deepened internal and external relations, thereby increasing media standing with Rhode Island journalists. To measure growth in media standing quantitatively, we analyze print coverage of three comparable clusters of domestic violence murders occurring in Rhode Island between 1996 and 2002. Over this interval, RICADV rose from invisibility to become Rhode Island reporters' foremost source for background information on domestic-violence murders. Also, the use of language identifying these murders as domestic violence increased sixteen-fold. Stressing dialogic and relational approaches, we conclude that despite restricted access to corporatized media markets, intentional collective actors can negotiate and expand media opportunities by strategically selecting mission-relevant media projects that match their existing resources and networks.
Appeal, Threat, and Press Resonance: Comparing Mayday Protests in London and Berlin
Authors: Rucht Dieter
Published: April 2020

Since its beginnings in 1890, the First of May (hereafter Mayday) was meant to symbolize the presence and power of the workers' movement. Throughout its history, this day served two purposes for the movement. On the one hand, the workers took to the streets to let their voices be heard in marches, rallies, and various other public gatherings. Thus, Mayday was proclaimed as a "day of struggle", a recurrent opportunity for the movement to symbolically flex its muscles and make claims to further the workers' cause. On the other hand, Mayday also helped strengthen internal bonds and maintain the collective identity. For this purpose, the workers came together—usually after the public performances in the morning or early afternoon—to sing and drink as though they were family. This two-fold character of a "day of struggle" and a "day of festivities"' still can be found in many Mayday events.
Coalitions and The Development of The Global Environmental Movement: A Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Murphy Gillian
Published: April 2020

Censuses reveal an increasing prominence of coalition organizations within transnational social movements. However, the causes and implications of this change are unclear. Using original data on a population of transnational environmental social movement organizations, this research shows that coalition presence is a double-edged sword. While greater numbers of coalitions suggest movement expansion, empirical evidence suggests that this rise makes foundings of new organizations less likely.
Political Protest and Policy Change: The Direct Impacts of Indian Anti-Privatization Mobilizations, 1990-2003
Authors: Uba Katrin
Published: April 2020

This study explores the mechanisms of how social movements' activities influence public policy by focusing on the role of protest characteristics. By applying an event history analysis to the data on India's anti-privatization movement activity between 1990-2003, I demonstrate that favorable policy outcomes are more likely in cases where the movement uses large or economically disruptive protests. Although privatization policy is primarily dependent on the financial situation of the enterprise, protests against privatization had significant direct impact on policy. The results of this study allow for the argument that threatening rather than persuasive tactics offer an explanation of the direct impact of social movement actions.
A Movement Society Evaluated: Collective Protest in The United States, 1960-1986
Authors: Soule Sarah , Earl Jennifer
Published: April 2020

In an attempt to make sense of shifts in the social movement sector and its relationship to conventional politics over the past forty years, some have proposed that Western nations are increasingly becoming "movement societies." Accordingly, there are four key characteristics of the movement society: (1) over time expansion of protest; (2) over time diffusion of protest; (3) over time institutionalization of protest; and (4) over time institutionalization of state responses to protest. Using newly available data on over 19,000 protest events occurring in the U.S. between 1960 and 1986, we evaluate these four claims. Our findings suggest that movement society scholars are correct in some respects: the size of protest events has grown over time, the percentage of events at which at least one social movement organization is present has increased over time, the number of distinct protest claims has increased over time, and violent forms of protest policing have decreased over time. However, our findings call into question other movement society claims: the number of protests has declined over time, fewer organizations were present at each protest event over time, fewer new groups initiated events over time, fewer new claims emerged over time, and there was more significant activity by groups on the right in the 1960s and 1970s than expected. We suggest potential explanations for some of the negative findings in an attempt to refine the movement society arguments.
When Do Leaders Matter? Hypotheses on Leadership Dynamics in Social Movements
Authors: Nepstad Sharon , Bob Clifford
Published: April 2020

Leaders are central to social movements, yet scholars have devoted relatively little attention to understanding the concept of leadership or its effects on movements. In this article, we explore leadership's influence on movement dynamics by examining Nigeria's Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), the Catholic Left-inspired Plowshares movement, the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico, and the liberation movement in El Salvador. Building on Bourdieu, Putnam, and the existing literature on social movement leadership, we argue that these movements' leaders possessed "leadership capital" having cultural, social, and symbolic components. We then turn our attention to the conditions under which leadership capital affects three key processes in movement development: mobilization of aggrieved parties, activation of third-party supporters, and responses to repression. We conclude by calling for more comprehensive, systematic, and comparative investigation of factors influencing leadership in domestic and transnational movements.
Islamic "New Social Movements"? Radical Islam, AL-QA'IDA and Social Movement Theory
Authors: Sutton Philip , Vertigans Stephen
Published: April 2020

European new social movement (NSM) theory was developed to describe and explain the apparently unique character of the wave of collective action that began in the 1960s and continues to this day. Key characteristics of NSM theory are a post-industrial orientation, middle-class activist core, loose organizational form, use of symbolic direct actions, creation of new identities, and a "self-limiting radicalism." The theory's claims to movement innovation were later criticized by many as exaggerated and ahistorical. However, the filtering down of key NSM elements into social movement studies has led to changing definitions of what social movements actually are and opened up new opportunities for the integration of religious movements into the social movements mainstream. Using the case of radical Islam, and with particular reference to the terrorist social movement organization al-Qa'ida, this article argues that drawing on key features of NSM theory should lead to a better understanding of radical Islam as well as a more realistic explanation of its continuing development and transformation.
Repression, Backfire, and The Theory of Transformative Events
Authors: Hess David , Martin Brian
Published: April 2020

Repression sometimes can lead to greater movement mobilization: repressive events that are perceived as unjust have the potential to generate enormous public outrage against those seen as responsible. One result of repression-backfire-can contribute to the understanding of the conditions under which some repressive events may become transformative for social movements. Three case studies that highlight the processes involved in backfire are examined: the 1930 Salt March in India, in particular the beatings at Dharasana, that mobilized popular support for independence; the 1991 massacre in Dili, East Timor, which stimulated a massive expansion in international support for East Timorese independence; and the arrest of alternative cancer therapist John Richardson in 1972, which led to a huge growth in the U.S. movement for alternative therapies. The cases generate a preliminary understanding of the potential scope of backfire, the processes involved in backfire, and new hypotheses.
"Let's Get Small": The Dynamics of (Small) Contention in Repressive States
Authors: Johnston Hank
Published: April 2020

This report builds upon the dynamics of contention approach to political mobilization by tracing the development of a type of contentious episode common to repressive states, here identified as resistant contention. This form of claim making targets the state but is distinct from the fully public and trangressive challenges against the state that are the focus of the dynamics of contention approach. This report traces how episodes of resistant contention track through two key processes-actor constitution and scale shift-as well as many mechanisms that combine in more public contention. Examples from Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Soviet Caucasus, and Spain are reviewed to trace, first, patterns of contentious speech; namely, "small" claim making and grievance articulation under conditions of risk. I argue that contentious political talk is fundamental to the process of actor constitution in repressive states. Then I trace how contentious speech is patterned in the form of intellectual circles, cultural groups, dissident groups, and official groups and organizations, many of which function publicly but also privately and contentiously. These boundary-spanning groups are the loci of innovation and identity formation in resistant episodes. Scale shift dynamically occurs with the process of actor constitution, typically taking the form of hit-and-run protests, graffiti, clandestine placements, and event seizures. The final stage in resistant contention is the emergence of symbolic mobilizations, which are clearly public and transgressive.
Stigmatization and Repression of Extreme-Right Activism in the Netherlands
Authors: Linden Annette , Klandermans Bert
Published: April 2020

This article discusses repression and stigmatization of movement activists. Building on recent discussions of repression and mobilization of social movements, a distinction is made between hard and soft repression. These forms of repression are further differentiated into state repression, confrontation with countermovements, and exclusion from the political and social environment. It is argued that all of these forms of repression work simultaneously. Furthermore, it is argued that a climate of soft repression facilitates hard repression. This reasoning is evidenced by material from in-depth interviews with thirty-six activists from the extreme-right movement in the Netherlands. Indeed, all forms of repression are experienced by the interviewees. The way they cope with repression depends on their pathway into activism. Disengagement from the movement appears to be unrelated to repression, but rather due to the daily hassles, interpersonal conflicts, and petty complaints as part of movement activism.
Seeing Blue: A Police-Centered Explanation of Protest Policing
Authors: Earl Jennifer , Soule Sarah
Published: April 2020

Existing explanations of repression and the policing of protest focus on the interests of political elites, with research indicating that a chief predictor of state repression is the level of threat protesters pose to elite interests. However, prior research has only paid sporadic attention to how the institutional and organizational characteristics of local law enforcement agencies shape the character of protest policing. This article addresses this significant theoretical gap by developing a police-centered, or "blue," approach to protest policing. Using data on the policing of public protest events in New York State between 1968 and 1973, this article finds support for the blue approach. Specifically, the situational threats posed by protesters to those agents who actually perform repression-local police-are critical predictors of police presence and action. Results also show some residual support for the role of elite threats in structuring repression.
A Two-Stage Model for a Two-Stage Process: How Biographical Availability Matters for Social Movement Mobilization
Authors: Beyerlein Kraig , Hipp John
Published: April 2020

We model differential participation in protest as a two-stage mobilization process: willingness to engage in protest and conversion of willingness into participation. Treating mobilization as a two-stage process resolves an important puzzle in the literature on differential participation: the lack of constraining effects for biographical unavailability. Using a nationally representative sample of individuals in the United States, we find that while our measures of biographical unavailability have no effect on the second stage of the mobilization process (converting willingness to protest to actual behavior), they show robust negative effects on the first stage of the mobilization process, removing people from the pool of willing protest participants. We also find that gender moderates the relationship between some of our measures of biographical unavailability-particularly marital status-and protest willingness.