bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science Teacher Education: A Program with a Theoretical and Pragmatic Rationale
Authors: Penick John E. , Yager Robert E.
Published: March 2008

Penick and Yager show how research and practice can be blended to produce a powerful preservice science teacher education program. The University of Iowa program includes intensive field ex periences at a variety of levels, small group seminars, and a series of oppor tunities for teacher self-evaluation. Orig inally developed with funding for a ten- year period from the National Science Foundation, this program is now fully self-supporting, visible within the uni versity, and successful in terms of stu dent performance.
What Literature Says to Preservice Teachers and Teacher Educators
Authors: Wear Delese
Published: March 2008

Borrowing rationales for humanities in quiry in medical education, the author argues for the use of literary texts in teacher education. John Updike's Roger's Version and Margaret Laurence's A Jest of God illuminate two difficult problems facing teachers: intellectual paternalism and emotional distancing.
Field Experience as a Vehicle for Transformation: Ideology, Education, and Reflective Practice
Authors: Armaline William D. , Hoover Randy L.
Published: March 2008

Armaline and Hoover explore the use of field experiences in the process of educating preservice teachers for critical reflection. Education for critical reflec tion means bringing to consciousness preservice teachers' belief systems that allow meaning to be made, and ques tioning those belief systems in light of grounds that support or refute them.
Reflecting on Reflective Teaching: A Response
Authors: Killen Lindsay Roy
Published: March 2008

Criticisms of Cruickshank's Reflective Teaching are described by Killen as ill- founded and indicative of a narrow view of the technique. Killen asserts that the real limitationsto Reflective Teaching are the supervising teacher educator's po tential lack of insight and enthusiasm. He counters the criticism that Reflective Teaching is artificial or engenders a technocratic rationality.
A Knowledge Base for Education: Cognitive Science
Authors: Reilly David H.
Published: March 2008

Reilly suggests that the knowledge base of education must be related to the mis sion of the schools and that to develop such a knowledge base requires a shift in emphasis to the cognitive processes utilized by students. The implications of such a shift on the organization of schools, teaching strategies, and teacher education curricula are dis cussed.
Critical Thinking in Teacher Education: Towards a Demythologization
Authors: Walters Kerry S.
Published: March 2008

Critical technique in both general and teacher education has received over whelming support from academicians for at least the last two decades. While it is true that the technique is useful when properly applied, the enthusiastic (and largely uncritical) endorsement it has received has elevated it, argues Wal ters, to the status of "myth." It increas ingly is perceived as an almost sacro sanct, "natural," universally applicable, unproblematic methodology. Walters of fers a minority dissent to the received view, and explains why the reductionis tic methodology and epistemic assump tions underlying critical thinking strate gies are problematic, particularly in re gards to teacher education.
Do Higher Program Admission Standards Alter Profiles of Entering Teacher Candidates?
Authors: Freeman Donald J. , Martin Robert J. , Brousseau Bruce A. , West B. Bradley
Published: March 2008

Entry-level characteristics of teacher candidates who satisfied higher program admission standards were compared with those of candidates who did not. The authors found that those who met the standards scored higher on most, but not all, measures of achievement. The two groups expressed similar educational beliefs and levels of commitment to teaching.
The Electronic Academical Village
Authors: Bull Glen , Harris Judi , Lloyd John , Short Jerry
Published: March 2008

A network of connected electronic mail (e-mail) systems now links most univer sities in the United States. These sys tems can be used to support the student teaching process by linking university faculty, student teachers, and supervis ing teachers in the schools. They can also be used as a tool for school-univer sity collaborations that benefit the schools as well. Bull and his colleagues explain how e-mail is a part of the edu cational culture of the Curry School at the University of Virginia.
Expert-Novice Differences in Teaching: A Cognitive Analysis and Implications for Teacher Education
Authors: Livingston Carol , Borko Hilda
Published: March 2008

Livingston and Borko examine the implications of theory and research on pedagogical expertise for teacher education. They describe an investigation of the thoughts and actions of a small number of expert and novice teachers. Differences among the teachers are analyzed from two perspectives: teach ing as a complex cognitive skill and improvisational perfor mance. They then offer recommendations for teacher educa tion practice.
Teachers' Concepts of Reading, Reading Instruction, and Students' Concepts of Reading
Authors: Meloth Michael S. , Book Cassandra , Putnam Joyce , Sivan Eva
Published: March 2008

Information linking teachers' knowledge of subject matter, the information they provide students during instruction, and stu dent learning of that subject matter is scarce. Research on teaching seems divided between research on the relationship between teachers' thought and instructional practice, and re search on the relationship between instructional practice and student outcomes. The focus of this paper is on the relationship of teachers' concepts of reading, the degree to which these concepts are communicated during low-group reading instruc tion, and the concepts the students in these reading groups possess at the end of the school year. This study examines whether the concepts held by teachers are communicated to students during instruction and if students' concepts of reading reflect their teacher's concepts of reading. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
Preservice Teachers' Conceptions of Content and Pedagogy: Measuring Growth in Reflective, Pedagogical Decision-Making
Authors: Morine-Dershimer Greta
Published: March 2008

Morine-Dershimer examines the de velopment of knowledge about teaching associated with a generic methods course engaging students in reflective peer teaching. Preconcept and postcon cept maps were used to measure change in conceptions of teacher plan ning and of subject matter content taught in the peer teaching units.
Associate and Assistant Deans of Education: Careers and Responsibilities
Authors: Applegate Jane H. , Book Cassandra
Published: March 2008

Because so little has been documented about assistant and associate deans of education in the face of an apparent increase in their authority and influence, a study was undertaken to find out how people holding these positions view themselves and their roles. Applegate and Book provide a description of the people who have taken these roles, their career development, and their job responsibilities. Questions are raised about preparation for higher education administration and subsequent career development.
Post-Carnegie Developments Affecting Teacher Education: The Struggle for Professionalism
Authors: Beaudry Mary L.
Published: March 2008

Two post-Carnegie efforts to enhance the profession of teaching are examined: the knowledge base debates and teacher preparation reform initiatives from competing coalitions of noneducators and professional educators. Unprecedented public interest in education, academic partnerships at all levels, and NCATE's recent commitment to limit external regulation of teacher education provide a fleeting backdrop of support for the teaching profession. Teacher educators stand at a critical moment requiring an act of collective will to improve the profession.
Should a Master's Degree Be Required of All Teachers?
Authors: Knapp John L. , McNergney Robert F. , Herbert Joanne M. , York Harold L.
Published: March 2008

The feasibility of requiring a master's degree for teachers is explored. Several states that require teachers to obtain a master's degree are identified. Evidence on the impact of a master's degree or advanced study on teaching effectiveness is reviewed to show that the relationship between graduate study and teaching success is modest. The cost of such a proposal in Virginia is esti mated. On the basis of policy considerations, empirical data, and the cost analysis, it is con cluded that a universal master's degree requirement is an inefficient method for improving ele mentary and secondary education.
An Issue for the 1990s: The Efficacy of the Required Master's Degree
Authors: Turner Richard L.
Published: March 2008

By the turn of the century, the societal expectation that teachers should be better educated than the general population will require that teachers have a master's degree. Data showing a modest relationship between the percentage of teachers within a district holding the master's degree and student achievement are presented. The probable effect of state policy requiring teachers to obtain a master's degree on this relationship is discussed. It is recommended that states offer adequate and equitable salary incentives to teachers with a master's degree and that they insti tute policies that allow beginning teachers with a bachelor's degree to receive provisional certifi cation but require a master's degree after a specified number of years for permanent certifica tion.
Differences Between Graduates of 4-Year and 5-Year Teacher Preparation Programs
Authors: Andrew Michael D.
Published: March 2008

A 10-year comparison of graduates from 4- and 5-year teacher education programs at the same institution revealed significant differences between graduates of the two programs. Significantly more 5-year graduates entered and stayed in teaching than graduates of the 4-year program. Graduates of the 5-year program were more satisfied with their career and perceived the quality of their program to be higher than the 4-year graduates did. Limitations of the study and alter native explanations for these differences are discussed.
Pedagogical Content Knowledge: From a Mathematical Case to a Modified Conception
Authors: Marks Rick
Published: March 2008

Eight fifth-grade teachers were interviewed about their teaching of equivalence of fractions. Analysis of the interviews resulted in a conception of pedagogical content knowledge consisting of four components: subject matter for instructional purposes, students' understanding of the subject matter, media for instruction in the subject matter, and instructional processes for the subject matter. Ambiguities and complexities inherent in the notion of pedagogical content knowledge are discussed, and revisions in teacher education practices designed to integrate con tent and pedagogy are suggested.
Using Hypermedia to Improve the Preparation of Elementary Teachers
Authors: Goldman Elizabeth , Barron Linda
Published: March 2008

Expert/novice research suggests that prospective teachers' preparation needs improvement in four areas: pedagogical content knowledge, knowledge of the learner, organization and manage ment skills, and planning and improvisation in instruction. A description is provided of how hypermedia teachnology is being used in content methods courses in Vanderbilt University's elementary teacher education program to achieve these improvements in preservice teacher edu cation. Evaluation data indicate that use of video examples in the mathematics methods courses influenced the way preservice teachers taught mathematics.
Theme: Accreditation and Certification
Authors: Smith David C.
Published: March 2008

Richard Kunkel served as Executive Director of the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) from 1984 to 1990. During that time the Council underwent a major change. The new standards were written; the corporate and governance structures were overhauled, and the accreditation process was vastly changed. Kunkel discusses the impact of accreditation and the NACTE redesign on the improvement of the profession of teaching. Kunkel is currently Dean of the College of Education at Auburn University in Auburn, Ala bama.
Talking About Instruction: Student Teachers' Reflections on Success and Failure in the Classroom
Authors: Ellwein Mary Catherine , Graue M. Elizabeth , Comfort Ronald E.
Published: March 2008

Verbal descriptions of successful and unsuccessful lessons were used to examine 47 student teach ers' conceptions of instruction. The interns identified seven elements related to lesson success or failure. Further, responses were typed according to attribution of lesson outcome. Three perspec tives represented the degree to which student teachers emphasized their role or that of their students in the success or failure of the lesson. Illustrations and commentaries on the typology are presented, and its use to promote reflection in teacher education is discussed.
Reflective Pedagogical Thinking: How Can We Promote It and Measure It?
Authors: Sparks-Langer Georgea M. , Simmons Joanne M. , Pasch Marvin , Colton Amy , Starko Alane
Published: March 2008

The Collaboration for the Improvement of Teacher Education (CITE) is a pre-student teaching program that promotes students' reflective thinking about curriculum, methods, and sociopolitical issues through blocked classes and structured field experiences. The Framework for Reflective Thinking, a coding scheme, was developed to evaluate students' ability to reflect on pedagogical principles underlying teaching decisions, contextual factors affecting the application of the princi ples, and moral, ethical, or political issues surrounding a teaching experience. The initial evalua tion indicated that CITE students were beginning to apply pedagogical principles in making teach ing decisions. Above average students were able to adapt these principles to a specific context. Two additional studies indicated that CITE students showed significantly greater gains in reflection than other methods students not in the CITE program and that the Framework for Reflective Thinking could be used with experienced teachers to note changes in reflective thinking in a year- long staff development effort.
Problems, Process, and Promise: Reflections on a Collaborative Approach to the Solution of the Minority Teacher Shortage
Authors: Goodwin A. Lin
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the work of a nine-college consortium that aimed to address the minority teacher shortage. First, the consortium's beginnings, aims, and activities are presented. Then the collaborative process is analyzed in terms of nine factors that have been identified in the litera ture as contributors to effective collaboration: (a) commitment of institutional officials, (b) mu tual needs and interests, (c) clarity about goals, roles, and control, (d) sufficient time, (e) energy, (f) effective communication, (g) resources, (h) leadership, and (i) ongoing evaluation. The analy sis resulted in the identification of three additional factors that support successful collaboration: (a) levels of collaboration, (b) continual redefinition, and (c) avoidance of interinstitutional conflicts.
Teacher Beliefs About Training in Testing and Measurement
Authors: Wise Steven L. , Lukin Leslie E. , Roos Linda L.
Published: March 2008

Teachers spend approximately one third of their time in assessment activities, yet most states do not require a course in tests and measurement for certification. Three hundred ninety-seven teachers completed a survey of their formal measurement training, their beliefs about the ade quacy and importance of their training, influences on their measurement knowledge, and their perceived abilities in measurement. Forty-seven percent of the teachers reported that their mea surement training was somewhat or very inadequate. Most reported that they learned about testing and measurement by trial and error in their classes. Teachers who had taken less than one course in tests and measurement during their undergraduate course work were less likely to acquire measurement skills through graduate courses or inservice work than teachers who took one or more courses. Regardless of the amount of their measurement training, teachers reported that measurement skills were very important and that they considered their own abilities in measurement to be high.
Translating Research into Practice: The Effects of Various Forms of Training and Clinical Experience on Preservice Students' Knowledge, Skill, and Reflectiveness
Authors: Winitzky Nancy , Arends Richard
Published: March 2008

Three related studies of the impact of variations in classroom and field experiences on preservice students' knowledge, skill, and reflectiveness are reported. In the first study the effects of a videotape of teaching strategies and seminars were compared with a live demonstration of the teaching strategies and seminar. Videotape was as effective as the live demonstration. In the second study, the effectiveness of a schema-theoretic approach to instruction in cooperative learning was compared with a conventional approach. Students in the schema demonstration group exhibited more organized and expert-like knowledge structures for cooperative learning than students in the conventional group. In the third study, the relative efficacy of clinical seminars and microteaching was investigated. The clinical treatment was as effective as micro teaching. Implications for research and practice in teacher education are explored.
The Ethic of Caring in Teacher Education
Authors: Rogers Dwight , Webb Jaci
Published: March 2008

Interviews from an ethnographic study of elementary school teachers and students are cited to support the conclusion that an ethic of caring is essential to the definition of effective teaching. A process for restructuring teacher education programs on the basis of an ethic of caring is described. Seven characteristics of a teacher education program designed to promote the development of an ethic of caring are described: curriculum construction, modeling, dialogue, reflection, confirmation, practice, and continuity.
Revealing the Mysteries of Teacher-Written Cases: Opening the Black Box
Authors: Shulman Judith H.
Published: March 2008

This article examines one way to develop teacher-written cases with commentaries that can foster learning for both their writers and subsequent readers. The method requires collaborative exchanges among teachers, scholars, and researchers and often numerous iterations of the original narratives. I trace the development of four sample cases from their original drafts to their final published accounts. In the analysis propose four stages in the evolution of a case and frame the discussion of what was learned about collaborative case writing within those individual stages.
Learning to Teach English—Maybe: A Study of Knowledge Development
Authors: Clift Renée T.
Published: March 2008

This case study describes the first 2 years of one young woman's (Lesley) experi ences in learning to teach secondary school English. Analysis of her response to three problematic incidents she encountered during her preservice preparation suggests that developing knowledge for the teaching of English includes the intersection of knowledge schemes for literary analysis, the teaching of literature and language, planning for instruction, assessment and evaluation, group management, pedagogical problem solving, student diversity, and self-image as a teacher. Although Lesley did not believe that she had achieved a high level of sophisticated knowledge in these areas, she drew upon them frequently as she began teaching. This study documents Lesley's perceived gaps in knowledge as she worked through instructional problems, the resources she used to elaborate upon her prior knowledge, and her short-term resolution of problematic issues. Implications for further research and for program development are discussed.
Surviving Katrina and Keeping Our Eyes on the Prize
Authors: Akbar Renee , Sims Michele Jean
Published: March 2008

Given the physical, social, cultural, and financial devastation of New Orleans, all aspects of life after Katrina irrevocably changed, as did the institutions that once served the legendary Crescent City. Yet scant reports provide an ethnographic-like view that documents the effects of Katrina on historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and the populations they serve, including preservice and veteran teachers in teacher education programs, specifically in hardest hit New Orleans. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Hurricane Katrina on HBCU teacher education programs in post-Katrina New Orleans, their recovery, and their response to the emerging educational landscape that includes the New Orleans Public School District and the state takeover schools in the Recovery School District. The authors use a qualitative, ethnographic-like approach to analyze each HBCU's intersection of legacy and tradition with public schools, its community, and its students.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Planning of the Tourism Industry
Authors: Bargur Jona , Arbel Avner
Published: March 2008

Comprehensive planning of the tourist industry should involve the simultaneous introduction of demand-supply relationships in quantitative terms within the context of the national economy in question. These demand-supply relationships should be analyzed in terms of feasibility and optimality based on macroeconomic criteria of efficiency.
Psychographics Are Meaningful ... Not Merely Interesting
Authors: Hawes Douglass K.
Published: March 2008

While the term psychographics is subject to numerous interpretations, it is typically implemented through what has become known as Activity, Interest and Opinion (AIO) statements or measures. This article presents detailed demographic breakdowns of the responses to 10 travel- and vacation-related AIO statements. Further analysis of the interrelationships among these statements precedes some evidence that responses to these statements can be predictive of reported expenditures on entertainment, recreation, and vacations/vacation travel.
An Empirical Study of Association Decision Processes in Convention Site Selection
Authors: Fortin Paul A. , Ritchie J.R. Brent
Published: March 2008

Relatively little information is available concerning the structure and decision processes of the various components of the conventions and corporate meetings market. The research described in this article studied the manner in which associations select sites at which to hold their conventions. A descriptive overview of the site selection process is discussed. Then factors influencing the choice of a convention site are provided, and structure of influence within the site selection decision process is reviewed.
Highlights of the Eighth Annual TTRA Conference Scottsdale, Arizona, June 12-15, 1977
Authors: Dicke Karen P. , Goeldner Charles R.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the Eighth Annual Conference of The Travel Research Association held in Scottsdale, Arizona. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $25 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Secretary, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Dissertations on Travel, Recreation, and Leisure
Authors: Crichton Keith
Published: March 2008

This manuscript is a compilation of dissertations on travel, recreation and leisure as listed in Dissertations Abstracts International.
Recreation Use Limits: Issues for the Tourism Industry
Authors: Mccool Stephen F.
Published: March 2008

Managers of outdoor recreation areas have become increasingly concerned about biophysical and social impacts resulting from increased recreational use and have turned to a carrying-capacity concept as a strategy for limiting and managing high levels of recreational use. This concern has led managers of many outdoor recreation resources to implement a use-limit policy based on an estimate of the area's carrying capacity. This article discusses some of the questions and issues that use-limit policies pose for the tourism industry.
The Relationship Between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N.
Published: March 2008

Using the Fishbein-type choice or attitude model, this article demonstrates that preferences for (choice of) tourist destinations are largely dependent on the favorableness of perceptions of those destinations. The more favorable the perception, the greater the likelihood of choice.

Data for the study were collected from American Express travel customers through a mail questionnaire. The data included preference rankings of nine tourist-attracting areas (Florida, California, Hawaii, Mexico, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Barbados), perceptions of these regions as tourist destinations, importance ratings of touristic benefits/attributes to respondents (e.g., facilities for golfing, tennis, and water sports), and demographic data. Marketing and methodological implications are discussed.
Does Life-Style Profiling Work?
Authors: Abbey James R.
Published: March 2008

The vast majority of tourism research collects information on number and origin of travelers, monies spent, and personal characteristics of travelers. Such reports provide interesting demographic statistics on who, where, and how, but fail to explain why people travel. Most recently, life-style has been employed as a means to explain the reasons behind purchase behavior. The research discussed in this article studied the relevance of life-style and demographic information in the design of package travel tours. Using a quasi-experimental design, this research provides some evidence that life-style variables are superior to demographics in communicating tourist preferences.
Forecasting Travel Demand When the Explanatory Variables Are Highly Correlated
Authors: Fujii Edwin T. , Mak James
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses the problem of multicollinearity among explanatory variables commonly encountered in travel demand forecasting by using ridge regression. The authors demonstrate that when severe multicollinearity exists and the pattern of collinearity among regressors changes over time, ridge regression models yield forecasts with significantly lower forecast error than ordinary least squares models.
Elderly Recreational Vehicle Tourists: Motivations for Leisure
Authors: Guinn Robert
Published: March 2008

Relationships between motivations for leisure and participation in types of activities and demographic and socioeconomic variables were studied in 1,089 elderly recreational vehicle tourists. Subjects were drawn from a popular winter recreational vehicle tourist area and data were gathered through a self-report survey instrument. Leisure motivations investigated were: rest and relaxation, association with friends and family, physical exercise, learning experience, and self-fulfillment. Chi-square analysis indicated significant relationships between motivations and selected active and sedentary leisure activities, age, occupation, income, and per ceived health status. Little relationship was ascertained between motivations and educational level.
Highlights of the 11 th Annual TTRA Conference Savannah, Georgia, June 15-18, 1980
Authors: Dicke Karen P. , Goeldner Charles R.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 11th Annual Conference of The Travel Research Association held in Savannah, Georgia. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceed ings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the con ference proceedings may order copies for $30 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Sec retary, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Market Segmentation of New Zealand Package Tours
Authors: Thomson Christine M. , Pearce Douglas G.
Published: March 2008

The package tourist has rarely been studied by the travel researcher. This paper examines package tourism in New Zealand and aims to provide more detailed information on the markets of three types of tours there: coach tours, camping tours, and fly-drive tours. Demographic and socioeconomic profiles as well as the process of tour selection are examined.
The Effect of Tour Leaders' Training on Travelers' Satisfaction with Tour Quality
Authors: Lopez Elsa M.
Published: March 2008

The effect of human relations training for tour leaders on travelers'satisfaction with tour quality was investigated. Twelve tour leaders classified as possessing a high authoritarian-dogmatic-rigid personality and sixteen possessing a low authoritarian- dogmatic-rigid personality were randomly assigned to either the group that received the training (experimental) or the group that did not participate in it (control). It was found that the travelers under the tour leaders who participated in the human relations training were more satisfied with the quality of the tour, at different periods of the tour, than travelers under tour leaders who did not participate in the training program. Further research directions in this area were suggested.
Family Vacation Decision Making Over The Family Life Cycle: A Decision And Influence Structure Analysis
Authors: Cosenza Robert M. , Davis Duane L.
Published: March 2008

This article reports the results of research which examined family vacation decision making over the life cycle in terms of both decision and influence structures. The study utilized a relatively new methodology for measuring dyadic dominance in the purchase decision. Both influence and decision structures appear to vary across states in the FLC. Future research implications of the present study are explored.
Taking the Mystery Out of Travel and Tourism Investment Decisions
Authors: Etzel Michael J. , Swensen Philip R.
Published: March 2008

This article discusses investment decision making for the non-financial executive. Bases for realistic estimates of cash flows are presented, and the method of discounting these cash flows using interest rates is discussed. The aim is to allow the non-financial executive to ask informed questions about proposed investment projects.
Tourism and Crime: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2008

The relative contribution of tourism to nine various types of crimes throughout the 50 states of the U.S. is examined for the year of 1975. Nine regression models, each one involving a different type of crime, analyzed the relative contribution of tourism alongside nine other sociodemographic predictors. The results indicate that for five out of nine crimes tourism was not found to be a determinant at all. For the remaining four the magnitude of contribution was so low that it could be considered insubstantial.
Incorporating Casino Game Preference Market Segment Data Into Marketing Plans
Authors: Dandurand Lawrence
Published: March 2008

An understanding of visitor game preference and associated market segment structures may contribute to improved marketing plans and programs. This article presents findings of casino game preferences and correlated structures, and indicates how they may be used in the marketing planning process.
The Interface Between National Tourism and the Hotel Industry in Promoting a Destination Area in Off-Season: The Bermuda Case
Authors: Lewis Robert C. , Beggs Thomas J.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the efforts of the Bermuda Department of Tourism and its interaction with the island's hotel industry to maintain the tourist flow during the off-season.
Tourism Training Strategies and Programs for the 1980s
Authors: Rovelstad James M.
Published: March 2008

Training and human resource development frequently are overlooked in tourism development programs, especially in developing countries. This article provides an overview of the levels and types of educational programs needed and identifies the most commonly encountered barriers to meeting these needs. An approach for designing and implementing a strategic plan for tourism training, integrated with other development needs and with a national manpower plan, is described. This includes the more important criteria to be considered in selecting the best strategic mix and the timing for its implementation.
Tourism Manpower Development in Asia: Problems and Managerial Responsibilities
Authors: Baroncini G.L.
Published: March 2008

The distance of Asian destinations from tourist-generating areas has been compensated up to the present by the cheapness of the labor force, which permits a remarkable employment absorption. In the long term, however, such a situation might be affected by a number of factors, notably the improvement of tourism employees' wages. According to the International Labor Office's (ILO) experience, the expansion of the sector in this continent requires that priority be given to some definite fields of action.
A Tool for Investigating Tourism-Related Seasonal Employment
Authors: Stynes Barbara White , Pigozzi Bruce William
Published: March 2008

Seasonality is often removed from economic time series data to clarify structure and process. In the tourism industry, to remove seasonality is to lose information. Seasonal employment information is useful for the definition of the market both temporally and geographically. Harmonic analysis applied to northern Michigan reveals the influence of tourism on the magnitude and timing of seasonal employment.
A Demand Function for Length of Stay on Ski Trips to Aspen
Authors: Walsh Richard G. , Davitt Gordon J.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to develop and apply a statistical procedure to estimate the demand for length of stay at the Aspen ski resort. Length of stay can be increased by several variables, most of which can be influenced by the promotional and service programs of resorts. The article illustrates how information on the determinants of demand for length of stay can help resort managers make more effective operating and planning decisions.
The Trip Index
Authors: Pearce Douglas G. , Elliott Jeanette M.C.
Published: March 2008

This article introduces a relative measure of travel time, the Trip Index, and illustrates its use with reference to two empirical studies from New Zealand. The Trip Index relates the nights spent at a destination to the total length of the trip or holiday.
Monitoring Current Activity in Arizona With a Quarterly Tourism Model
Authors: Hogan Timothy D. , Rex Tom R.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a county-specific model for monitoring the level of tourism activity and estimating the volume and expenditures of out-of-state visitors on a quarterly basis.
Measuring Satisfiaction with Tourism
Authors: Maddox R. Neil
Published: March 2008

The validity of several frequently employed satisfaction scales was tested using data from a study of satisfaction with tourism in Nova Scotia. Although all measures performed well, one, the delighted-terrible (DT) scale, appears to be superior. Satisfaction with tourism is shown to be an independent measurable construct.
An Investigation of Entertainment Proneness and Its Relationship to Gambling Behavior: The Las Vegas Experience
Authors: Dandurand Lawrence , Ralenkotter Rossi
Published: March 2008

The research results reported in this article indicate significant relationships between entertainment and gambling behavior and indicate variables which can be used to predict the entertainment-proneness of a visitor. In addition the entertainment-prone visitor is described and compared to other visitors.
The Effect of the Across-the-Border Commerce of Canadian Tourists on the City of Spokane
Authors: Kreck Lothar A.
Published: March 2008

The economic impact of Canadian tourists on the city of Spokane was examined during a weekend in November and the results extrapolated for all of November. Marketing suggestions are made in light of the results of the study.
Highlights of the 16th Annual TTRA Conference Palm Springs, California, June 9-13, 1985
Authors: Guernsey Cindy , Hayden Gin
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 16th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Palm Springs, California. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $50 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Cruiseship Travel in Alaska: A Profile of Passengers
Authors: Field Donald R. , Clark Roger N. , Koth Barbara A.
Published: March 2008

The socio-demographic characteristics of Alaskan cruiseship clientele are described. In general these passengers are older, well educated, retired from or employed in a professional capacity, and enjoy a high income. Married couples predominate, but widowed women comprise a large segment.
The Economics of Travel Advertising Revisited
Authors: Yochum Gilbert R.
Published: March 2008

Performance of black-and-white newspaper and magazine ads for tourism in Virginia Beach is compared with performance of a similar compaign for North Carolina. Economic performance of a radio ad campaign is also assessed.
A Look At The American Traveler: The U.S. Pleasure Travel Market Study
Authors: Dybka Jerry M.
Published: March 2008

This article summarizes the findings of a study of the American pleasure travel market commissioned by the Canadianfederalgovernment. Thefindings ofthe study revealed that touring trips to Canada were more preferred than outdoors trips, and marketing implica tions of the study are discussed.
United States' Travel and Tourism Policy
Authors: Ronkainen Ilkka A. , Farano Richard J.
Published: March 2008

This article summarizes present governmental policy and activities regarding travel and tourism, and makes recommendations for increasing the competitive position of the United States with respect to the world market for tourism.
Remarks by Somerset Waters
Authors: Waters Somerset
Published: March 2008

The remarks published here were made by Somerset Waters on December 8, 1986 when he received the award for "Man-of-the-Year" in Travel Research from the TTRA Student Chapter at the New School for Social Research.
Service Attributes And Situational Effects On Customer Preferences For Restaurant Dining
Authors: June Leslie P. , Smith Stephen L.J.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a model of consumer choice behavior and illustrates the effective ness of the model through decisions made about a restaurant meal. Management and marketing implications are discussed.
Touristic Travel To Outer Space: Profile And Barriers To Entry
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N.
Published: March 2008

Space business is big business, with several implications for the travel industry. Space commercialization revenues, expected to reach $200 billion annually by the year 2000, will come from the sale of products and services such as communications satellites, computer hardware and software for space R & D, and transportation into space. Companies involved include IBM, RCA, McDonnell Douglas, and Society Expeditions (travel agency), and countries already participating include the USA, USSR, West Germany, and Japan. This articlegives a briefprofile oftouristic space travel and explores barriers to entry for the travel industry. Marketing implications are presented.
Ethnicity And Its Relevance To Marketing: The Case Of Tourism
Authors: Thanopoulos John , Walle A.H.
Published: March 2008

A significant component of overseas travel is the pilgrimage to the ancestral lands of ethnic groups in the United States. This article examines variables that correlate (and those that do not) with this tedious and expensive purchase by studying a specific ethnic group in North America.
Family Decision Making And Tourism Behavior And Attitudes
Authors: Nichols Catherine M. , Snepenger David J.
Published: March 2008

This study examines decision making by families who vacation to Alaska. The three decision-making modes — husband-dominant, wife-dominant, and joint decision making by husband and wife — were compared using sociodemographics, travel behaviors, and attitudes towards the vacation experience. Some differences were observed between the three forms of family vacation decision making. Marketing implications and recom mendations for future research regarding vacation decision making by families are discussed.
Segmenting Local Residents By Their Attitudes, Interests, and Opinions Toward Tourism
Authors: Davis Duane , Allen Jeff , Cosenza Robert M.
Published: March 2008

The present study was designed to assess and segment local residents with respect to their attitudes, interests, and opinions toward tourism. An analysis of AIO data from a mail survey of 415 Florida residents uncoveredfive clusters of differing degrees of attitudes toward the state's tourism efforts. A strong anti-tourism, anti-growth segment in the state seems to indicate that state government should devote a portion of the state's tourism promotion efforts toward enlightening the residents regarding the positive multiplier effects of tourism. Additionally, some recommendations are discussed that could encourage this effort.
Visitor Segmentation By Trip Index
Authors: Uysal Muzaffer , Mcdonald Cary D.
Published: March 2008

A major concern of the tourist industry is the pursuit of a continued and intensifying understanding of the tourists who support that industry. Although market segmentation has become one ofthe most valuable concepts in developingpromotional strategies to better reach the market, the number ofpossible variables and identifiable attitudes is unlimited. The study reported in this article contributes to this growing body of literature in that it attempts to evaluate an alternative way ofsegmenting visitor markets using the criteria of a trip index based on length of stay with reference to the state of South Carolina.
A General Model Of Traveler Destination Choice
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Lysonski Steven
Published: March 2008

Substantial evidence exists to support the proposition that consumer perceptions and preferences should be the basis for tourism marketing and consumerpolicy. Some of this evidence is reviewed, and a general model of traveler destination awareness and choice is presented. Results of an empirical test of the model provide some supportfor the hypotheses presented in the model.
An Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of Press Kits As A Tourism Promotion Tool
Authors: Gladwell Nancy J. , Wolff Robert M.
Published: March 2008

The importance and effectiveness of tourism promotion press kits distributed to travel writers has been largely unexplored. This empirical study of 388 travel writers, conducted for the Greater Wilmington, North Carolina, Chamber of Commerce, assessed the effectiveness of a press kit as a tourism promotion tool and addressed other questions concerning the press kit, travel writers' views of its usefulness, and the importance of included items in an effectivepress kit. The study also lists practical recommendationsfor the development of future press kits by tourism bureaus.
Conversion Studies: Assumptions, Applications, Accuracy And Abuse
Authors: Burke James F. , Gitelson Richard
Published: March 2008

This article is the third in a series of articles prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce Task Force to examine the issues of accountability and evaluation in travel research. An important issue in tourism marketing is the evaluation of the effectiveness of advertisingprograms conducted by state tourism offices. This articlefocuses on conversion studies, the most commonly used method of evaluating tourism advertising programs. Basic assumptions on which conversion research is based are discussed, as are methodological issues and concerns. Recommendations for improving the quality and accuracy of conversion studies as well as understanding their limitations are presented.
Free Elicitation Of Descriptive Adjectives For Tourism Image Assessment
Authors: Reilly Michael D.
Published: March 2008

An accurate assessment of product image is a prerequisite to designing an effective marketing strategy. Studies of products, brands, retail stores, and tourism destinations have typically used either multidimensional scaling or semantic differential scales to assess images. The current study suggests thatfree elicitation of descriptive adjectives can serve a similar function with advantages in ease of data collection, straightforward analysis, and ability to specify intersegment differences. The use of the procedure is demonstrated with data from two tourism studies, one on the state of Montana and onefrom an on-slope interview at a ski area.
A Conference Report
Authors: Goeldner C.R. , Frechtling Douglas
Published: March 2008

The Fourth Annual Travel Review Conference, sponsored by the Travel and Tourism ResearchAssociation, U. S. Travel and Tourism Administration and the U. S. TravelData Center, was held February 5, 1990 in Washington, D. C. It was a particularly significant conference as many speakers not only reviewed the 1989 travel trends and statistics to assist planners and marketers in formulating future strategy but in many cases they provided a review of the decade of the '80s. This 10 year history provides valuable insight in planning for the 1990s. The 1989 Travel Review Conference was the capstone to a decade of travel history. Proceedings will bepublished and can be ordered from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, P.O. Box 58066, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0066.
Winter Texans: Two Segments Of The Senior Travel Market
Authors: Vincent Vern C. , De Los Santos Gilberto
Published: March 2008

A relatively undocumented segment ofthe senior travel market, the older winter traveler to Texas, is profiled in this study. In addition, an existing market segmentation theory is compared and extended to the winter Texas travel market.
Motivational Determinates Of International Pleasure Time
Authors: Yuan Sue , Mcdonald Cary
Published: March 2008

This research examines the motivationsfor overseas travel using the concept of "push" and "pull" factors. Data were examined from four countries—Japan, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. The results indicate that individuals from each of the four countries travel to satisfy the same unmet needs (pushfactors); however, attractions for choosing a particular destination (pullfactors) appear to differ among the countries. The results also indicate that the level of importance that individuals attach to the various factors differs among the countries.
Destination Marketing By States
Authors: Hawes Douglass K. , Taylor David T. , Hampe Gary D.
Published: March 2008

While the marketing efforts of a number of individual states have been reported in the literature, evidently no previous attempt has been made to analyze the marketingplans of all the states. This article reports on an effort to isolate common and unique marketing approaches across as many states as possible. Thirty-six states and the District of Columbia responded to a requestfor their marketingplan (orsimilar materials). Of these 37 responses, 14 were essentially economic impact studies and 18 were marketingplans or "plan-like" materials; five states indicated that no materials were available. Analysis resulted in a list of 150 destination marketing goals, strategies, tactics, activities, and tasks which provide both an indication ofthe scope ofsuch travel/tourism marketing activities and a collection of "thought-starters" for destinations seeking to enhance their marketing efforts.