bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the relationships between family functioning, pubertal timing and adolescent substance use
Authors: Hummel Alegra , Shelton Katherine H. , Heron Jon , Moore Laurence , van den Bree Marianne B. M.
Published: November 2012

Aims

Experiences linked to poor family functioning and pubertal timing have each been associated with increased risk of substance misuse in adolescence. However, it remains unclear to what extent family functioning and pubertal timing combine to put adolescents at particular risk.

Method

A systematic review was planned, undertaken and reported according to the 27 items of the PRISMA statement. Databases World of Knowledge, PsycINFO and PubMed were searched. Fifty‐eight papers were retained and are discussed in this review after screening titles, abstracts and full papers against pre‐established exclusion criteria.

Results

The combination of off‐time pubertal timing and poor parent–adolescent relationship quality has been related to higher levels of substance use. However, this is an under‐studied area of research and the evidence is less strong for boys than girls.

Conclusions

Adolescents experiencing both poor parent–adolescent relationship quality and off‐time pubertal timing may represent a high‐risk group that can benefit from approaches aimed at reducing risk of substance misuse.
Developmental Changes in Infant Spatial Categorization: When More Is Best and When Less Is Enough
Authors: Casasola Marianella , Park Youjeong
Published: November 2012

Two experiments examined infants' ability to form a spatial category when habituated to few (only 2) or many (6) exemplars of a spatial relation. Sixty‐four infants of 10 months and 64 infants of 14 months were habituated to dynamic events in which a toy was placed in a consistent spatial relation (in or on) to a referent object. At 10 months, infants formed a spatial category (looking longer at an unfamiliar than familiarized spatial relation) only when habituated to 6 exemplars. At 14 months, infants formed the spatial category regardless of the number of habituation exemplars. The results highlight developmental changes in infant spatial categorization and show that increasing exemplar number facilitates this ability in infants of 10 months.
Development of Intra‐ and Intergroup Judgments in the Context of Moral and Social‐Conventional Norms
Authors: Killen Melanie , Rutland Adam , Abrams Dominic , Mulvey Kelly Lynn , Hitti Aline
Published: November 2012

Children and adolescents evaluated group inclusion and exclusion in the context of generic and group‐specific norms involving morality and social conventions. Participants (N = 381), aged 9.5 and 13.5 years, judged an in‐group member's decision to deviate from the norms of the group, whom to include, and whether their personal preference was the same as what they expected a group should do. Deviating from in‐group moral norms about unequal allocation of resources was viewed more positively than deviating from conventional norms about nontraditional dress codes. With age, participants gave priority to group‐specific norms and differentiated what the group should do from their own preference about the group's decision, revealing a developmental picture about children's complex understanding of group dynamics and group norms.
The PTPN22 1858T allele but not variants in the proximal promoter region ofIL-21gene is associated with the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and the presence of autoantibodies in a Brazilian cohort
Authors: Mainardi-Novo D T O , Santos A S , Fukui R T , Gamberini M , Correia M R S , Ruiz M O , Mangueira C L P , Matioli S R , Vasconcelos D M , Silva M E R
Published: November 2012

Interleukin (IL)-21 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) regulate lymphocyte function and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. We sequenced the proximal promoter of the IL-21 gene for the first time and analysed the PTPN22 1858T polymorphism in type 1A diabetes (T1AD) patients and healthy controls (HC). We correlated the frequencies of islet and extra-pancreatic autoantibodies with genotypes from both loci. The case series comprised 612 T1AD patients and 792 HC. Genotyping of PTPN22 C1858T was performed on 434 T1AD patients and 689 HC. The −448 to +83 base pairs (bp) region of the IL-21 gene was sequenced in 309 Brazilian T1AD and 189 HC subjects. We also evaluated human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR3/DR4 alleles. The frequencies of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), tyrosine phosphatase-like protein (IA)-2, anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), thyrotrophin receptor autoantibody (TRAb), anti-smooth muscle (ASM) and 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) autoantibodies were higher in T1AD patients than in HC. The PTPN22 1858T allele was associated with an increased risk for developing T1AD [odds ratio (OR) = 1·94; P < 0·001], particularly in patients of European ancestry, and with a higher frequency of GAD65 and TG autoantibodies. HLA-DR3/DR4 alleles predominated in T1AD patients. A heterozygous allelic IL-21 gene variant (g.-241 T > A) was found in only one patient. In conclusion, only PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism and HLA-DR3 and/or DR4 alleles, but not allelic variants in the 5′-proximal region of the IL-21 gene were associated with T1AD risk. Patients with T1AD had increased frequencies of anti-islet-cell, anti-thyroid, anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle and anti-21-OH autoantibodies. The C1858T PTPN22 polymorphism was also associated with a higher frequency of GAD65 and TG autoantibodies.
Degradation of CI Reactive Red 141 by heterogeneous Fenton‐like process over iron‐containing ZSM‐5 zeolites
Authors: Yaman Yadigar C , Gündüz Gönül , Dükkancı Meral
Published: November 2012

The Fenton‐like oxidation of CI Reactive Red 141 was investigated over iron‐containing ZSM‐5 zeolites. Iron was loaded by ion exchange or through hydrothermal synthesis. The oxidation process was carried out in an aqueous solution using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The catalyst prepared by ion exchange with a silicon/aluminium ratio of 42 zeolite showed the highest activity (97% decolorisation and 52% chemical oxygen demand reduction at an initial pH of 3.5) after an oxidation duration of 2 h. The chemical oxygen demand reduction increased with the increasing amount of iron loaded to the zeolite. The FeZSM‐5 catalyst, prepared by hydrothermal synthesis in the presence of oxalic acid, showed very good activity in terms of mineralisation (99% of chemical oxygen demand reduction). The iron leaching was noticeably low (below the European Union directives of 2 mg dm−3) for the above‐mentioned catalysts.
Bone mineral density in children with congenital spinal dysfunction: updated technology for an old issue
Authors: APKON SUSAN
Published: November 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Haas et al. on pages 1133‐1137 of this issue.
Stability of the Gross Motor Function Classification System after single‐event multilevel surgery in cerebral palsy
Authors: MCCORMICK ANNA
Published: November 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Rutz et al. on pages 1109‐1113 of this issue.
Caring and Learning Together: exploring the relationship between parental leave and early childhood education and care
Authors: Moss Peter
Published: November 2012

Parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC) are two policies widely proposed and implemented to support working parents with young children. This article examines entitlement to leave and ECEC in 25 European countries, including 22 EU Member and Accession States, and the relationship between them, in particular to what degree entitlements are aligned to provide parents with integrated support. In most countries, there is a substantial gap between the end of well‐paid leave and the start of an entitlement to ECEC. Only five countries, four Nordic States plus Slovenia, are aligned and the article considers some of the reasons for this. It highlights the common approach to ECEC adopted by all five countries, resulting in a fully integrated system, rather than the much more common split system that divides responsibility for children under and over 3 years between welfare and education. The article ends with some speculations about future developments.
Distribution of Affiliative Behavior Across Kin Classes and Their Fitness Consequences in Mandrills
Authors: Charpentier Marie J. E. , Huchard Elise , Widdig Anja , Gimenez Olivier , Sallé Bettina , Kappeler Peter , Renoult Julien P.
Published: November 2012

Multimale–multifemale primate groups are ideal models to study the impact of kinship on the evolution of sociality. Indeed, the frequent combination of female philopatry and male reproductive skew produces social systems where both maternal and paternal kin are co‐resident. Several primates are known to bias their behavior toward both maternal and paternal kin. Moreover, allocation of affiliation toward paternal kin has been shown to depend on the availability in maternal kin: Female baboons invest more in paternal kin after the loss of preferred maternal kin. Here, we examined how affiliation co‐varies across kin classes in juvenile mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate living in a multimale–multifemale society. While affiliation levels observed with the mother and with maternal half‐sibs co‐varied positively, especially in young females, we found that levels of affiliation among paternal half‐sibs correlated negatively with levels of affiliation among individuals from the same matriline (distant kin), possibly as a result of kin availability. In addition, in social species, social bonds between individuals have been linked to differentiated fitness consequences: More socially integrated individuals generally enjoy higher fitness. We therefore also tested whether affiliation during early life impacts fitness. We showed that the global amount of affiliation during juvenescence translated into possible reproductive benefits: Females who were more socially integrated gave birth on average a year before females that were less socially integrated. However, age at first reproduction was not predicted by the amount of affiliation exchanged with any particular kin class. These results add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating differential investment in bonding and possible social adjustments among different kin categories and emphasizing once more the adaptive value of sociality.
Ephemeral Sexual Dichromatism in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Hutter Sophie , Hettyey Attila , Penn Dustin J. , Zala Sarah M.
Published: November 2012

Secondary sexual displays may be overlooked in many species, especially when they are ephemerally expressed or imperceptible to human senses. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), like many schooling fish, do not appear sexually dichromatic, but previous anecdotal observations indicate that sexual colouration is expressed briefly during courtship (ephemeral nuptial colouration). Our goals were to compare colour estimates of male vs. female zebrafish using digital photography in situ, computer software and human observations. We found that both sexes changed their colour estimates during spawning (dark and light stripes) and that some sex differences (light stripes) were larger or only became apparent during this time. We also found that individual males that appeared more colourful and conspicuous to the human eye engaged in courtship more often than less conspicuous males. We detected differences in the colour estimates between wild‐derived vs. a laboratory strain of zebrafish and reduced individual variation in the laboratory strain. This is the first study to systematically and objectively quantify body colour in zebrafish by utilizing colour estimates, although further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and signalling functions of this sexual dichromatism.
Sex‐Specific Response of Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae) to Experience with a Chemotactile Predation Cue
Authors: Sitvarin Michael I. , Rypstra Ann L.
Published: November 2012

Predators frequently leave behind chemical information (i.e., semiochemicals such as pheromones or kairomones) that can be detected by their prey and used to avoid areas where predators are likely present. Prey that have interacted indirectly with predators via chemical information thus may gain insight into their risk of being consumed that naïve individuals lack. Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae) is a chemosensitive wolf spider that shows adaptive responses to chemotactile cues deposited by the larger wolf spider Tigrosa helluo. We raised offspring from P. milvina to examine the effect of experience with a predation cue on activity, foraging, and antipredator behavior. Spiders differed in activity and foraging behavior across ontogeny and between sexes, but there was no effect of experience with a predation cue. However, a sex‐specific effect of experience was found in antipredator behavior. Male spiders, but not females, used experience with a predator cue to increase their survival in the presence of a live predator. Specifically, naïve males were attacked sooner than experienced males, indicating that prior exposure to predator cues can modify Pardosa antipredator behavior. Intersexual differences in how spiders respond to experience with a predation cue likely reflect the risk of predation faced by males and females in nature.
Uncertainty in assessing the impacts of global change with coupled dynamic species distribution and population models
Authors: Conlisk Erin , Syphard Alexandra D. , Franklin Janet , Flint Lorraine , Flint Alan , Regan Helen
Published: November 2012

Concern over rapid global changes and the potential for interactions among multiple threats are prompting scientists to combine multiple modelling approaches to understand impacts on biodiversity. A relatively recent development is the combination of species distribution models, land‐use change predictions, and dynamic population models to predict the relative and combined impacts of climate change, land‐use change, and altered disturbance regimes on species' extinction risk. Each modelling component introduces its own source of uncertainty through different parameters and assumptions, which, when combined, can result in compounded uncertainty that can have major implications for management. Although some uncertainty analyses have been conducted separately on various model components – such as climate predictions, species distribution models, land‐use change predictions, and population models – a unified sensitivity analysis comparing various sources of uncertainty in combined modelling approaches is needed to identify the most influential and problematic assumptions. We estimated the sensitivities of long‐run population predictions to different ecological assumptions and parameter settings for a rare and endangered annual plant species (Acanthomintha ilicifolia, or San Diego thornmint). Uncertainty about habitat suitability predictions, due to the choice of species distribution model, contributed most to variation in predictions about long‐run populations.
The Case of European Monetary Integration and its Former Hegemon
Authors: Hampl Mojmír
Published: November 2012

There is no historical precedent for the institutional set-up of the eurozone. However, it is an arrangement that could not and cannot escape the universal laws and principles of economics. This article tries to look generally at the consequences of this integration project from the perspective of the former monetary hegemon, Germany, whose hegemony largely ended as a result of the monetary integration method chosen. Those consequences are, of course, more apparent in bad times than they were in good times. We then specifically examine the problem of convergence and divergence within a currency area and discuss the issue of competitive devaluation. In the conclusion, we try to formulate the fundamental dilemma faced by the former monetary hegemon. Its solution will affect those inside and outside the integration project.
Effects of land‐use change and rainfall in Sudano‐Sahelian West Africa on the diet and nestling growth rates of an avian predator
Authors: Buij Ralph , Folkertsma Ingrid , Kortekaas Kim , De Iongh Hans H. , Komdeur Jan
Published: November 2012

Raptor populations in Sudano‐Sahelian West Africa are being severely affected by widespread habitat alteration which depletes prey populations, potentially aggravated by changing rainfall patterns. We studied Grasshopper Buzzards Butastur rufipennis at nests in natural and transformed habitats in the Sudano‐Sahelian region of northern Cameroon to assess the effects of habitat transformation and rainfall on nestling diet and growth. Grasshoppers and small mammals were more frequently taken in natural habitat, whereas lizards were most frequently taken in transformed habitats. These dietary differences reflected differences in prey availability around nests in natural and transformed habitats. Land use was a significant predictor of asymptotic weight: nestlings in natural habitat attained a higher mass than those in transformed habitats, when potentially confounding variables such as hatch order, gender, hatch date, rainfall or the presence of siblings were taken into consideration. These results suggest that body condition at fledging was habitat‐dependent, with potential consequences for subsequent survival. However, we recorded no differences in caloric content of food delivered to nests in natural and transformed habitat, which was possibly related to prey caught during twilight hours. There was a positive relationship between precipitation levels during the nestling phase and nestling growth rate. We predict unfavourable future conditions for nestling growth of raptors in Sudano‐Sahelian savannas as a consequence of continued widespread habitat transformation and diminished rainfall.
Cloning and expression analysis of the vitellogenin gene in the scallop Chlamys farreri and the effects of estradiol‐17β on its synthesis
Authors: Qin Zhenkui , Li Yun , Sun Dapeng , Shao Mingyu , Zhang Zhifeng
Published: November 2012

Vitellogenin (VTG), the precursor of yolk protein, plays an important role during vitellogenesis and oogenesis. However, little is known about the vitellogenin gene in marine bivalves. We cloned the full‐length cDNA of Chlamys farreri vitellogenin (Cf‐vtg) using a homologous cloning strategy and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full‐length cDNA consisted of 7604 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 2296 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shared high similarity with the VTG of other species, particularly in the N‐terminal region. We analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of Cf‐vtg transcripts by semiquantitative and quantitative real‐time PCR. Cf‐vtg was primarily expressed in the ovary, and levels were 1.917±0.035 (mean±S.E.) and 2.570±0.252 times higher in growing and mature stages, respectively, than in the proliferative stage. There was negligible expression at the resting stage. Interestingly, we observed weak expression in the female hepatopancreas. The level was 4.50±0.90% (mean±S.E.) that in the ovary during the proliferative stage. We did not detect any expression in testis or in other tissues. Using in situ hybridization, Cf‐vtg transcripts were localized to the follicle cells surrounding the oocytes in the ovary. Moreover, synthesis of Cf‐vtg transcripts in the ovary increased when estradiol‐17β was injected in vivo into the gonads of early growing stage. We conclude that VTG synthesis is heterosynthetic in C. farreri. Also, we hypothesize that Cf‐VTG synthesis occurs primarily in the follicle cells and is mediated by estradiol‐17β.
The impact of stroke aphasia on health and well‐being and appropriate nursing interventions: an exploration using the Theory of Human Scale Development
Authors: Thompson Juliana , Mckeever Margo
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectives.  This paper considers the impact of aphasia on health and well‐being and provides suggestions for appropriate nursing interventions.

Background.  Effective communication is essential to holistic care and positive outcomes for individuals affected by aphasia. When verbal communication is absent, nurses fail to adequately use alternative strategies so that the standard of nurse/patient communication is frequently poor.

Design.  This is a discursive paper which reviews relevant literature and uses the Theory of Human Scale Development as a framework for discussion.

Method.  The Theory of Human Scale Development is introduced. This theory emphasises that quality of life depends as much upon self‐actualisation and relation building as on physical health. The theory is used within the discussion to highlight the significance of communication to quality of life and how its loss has profound psychological and social consequences.

Results.  Aphasia results in ‘loss of self’. The situation is exacerbated by inadequate healthcare communication strategies. Suggestions are offered regarding more appropriate strategies. Efficacy of family input is considered; nursing competence regarding language practice therapies is discussed, and the ‘quest approach’ is explored. Aphasia has a negative impact on relationships by denying access to support networks, which results in isolation. The individual’s predicament is worsened by negative nursing responses. Positive nursing strategies, which alleviate effects of aphasia on individuals’ social health, are investigated. Concept analysis and self‐awareness exercises as methods of enhancing compassion skills are explored. The social model of disability is discussed to highlight the benefits to individuals of environmental adaptations. The social benefits of aphasia‐group affiliation are discussed.

Conclusion.  The paper concludes by emphasising that fundamental human needs involve social and psychological as well as physical aspects.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nursing interventions must address all needs to provide holistic care in its fullest sense.
Swaustraltingis isobellae, a new genus and new species of Australian lacebug (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingidae), with a redescription of Cysteochila cracentisDrake, and notes on the lacebug fauna of south‐west Australia
Authors: Moir Melinda L , Guilbert Eric
Published: November 2012

An unusual new lacebug, Swaustraltingis isobellae gen. and sp. nov., is described from south‐west Australia. We compare this new genus to other potentially closely related genera and give details of the species' ecology. S isobellae gen. and sp. nov. is flightless and host specific to the plant Empodisma gracillimum, which may indicate its potential to become threatened if its habitat is subject to disturbance or climate change which results in the local loss of this host. A key was also provided to the genera of tingids currently known in south‐west Australia and a redescription of one resident species, Cysteochila cracentis.
SPECT ventilation perfusion scanning with the addition of low‐dose CT for the investigation of suspected pulmonary embolism
Authors: Ling I. T. , Naqvi H. A. , Siew T. K. , Loh N. K. , Ryan G. F.
Published: November 2012

Single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scanning with low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) is an emerging imaging technique for investigation of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). We aimed to estimate diagnostic utility of the combined technique using results from all patients referred in 2009 compared with final diagnosis and 6‐month follow‐up status. PE was diagnosed in 28 of 106 patients (26%), including in 2 of 80 (2%) with negative SPECT V/Q and LDCT. The estimated negative predictive value of SPECT V/Q for PE was 97%. LDCT was abnormal in 43 (41%) patients, including 41 patients who had negative SPECT V/Q. In 29 (27%) patients, LDCT provided information on alternative pathologies that accounted for presenting symptoms, and the combined technique had a diagnostic yield of 52%.
The effect of coachwhip presence on body size ofNorthAmerican racers suggests competition between these sympatric snakes
Authors: Steen D. A. , McClure C. J. W. , Smith L. L. , Halstead B. J. , Dodd C. K. , Sutton W. B. , Lee J. R. , Baxley D. L. , Humphries W. J. , Guyer C.
Published: November 2012

When sympatric species compete, character divergence may help maintain coexistence. Snakes are often found in species‐rich assemblages while exploiting similar resources; because snake body size is a relatively plastic trait that determines the range of prey sizes an individual may consume, divergence in body size between sympatric species may arise as a result of interspecific interactions. TheNorthAmerican racer,Coluber constrictor, and the larger coachwhip,Coluber flagellum, have a close taxonomic relationship and similar foraging strategies. Therefore, we hypothesized thatC. constrictorwould be smaller where they co‐occur withC. flagellum, as compared to whereC. flagellumis absent, throughout the southeastern extent of their range. To evaluate this hypothesis, we obtained data on body size for 2321 adultC. constrictorand 526 adultC. flagellum, along with habitat data and other potentially important factors influencing body size.Coluber constrictorwas smaller than elsewhere when in peninsularFlorida, in pine forests, on hydric soils and in the presence of the larger and potentially competingC. flagellum. Body size ofC. flagellumdid not vary by any measured habitat variables. The trends we documented are consistent with the hypothesis thatC. constrictorbody size is influenced by several variables, including co‐occurrence withC. flagellum.
Lower extremity bone mineral density in children with congenital spinal dysfunction
Authors: HAAS ROCHELLE E , KECSKEMETHY HEIDI H , LOPICCOLO MARIA A , HOSSAIN JOBAYER , DY ROCHELLE T , BACHRACH STEVEN J
Published: November 2012

Aim  To assess lower extremity bone mineral density (BMD) of children with congenital spinal dysfunction and examine factors that may influence BMD in this population.

Method  Forty‐four children (25 females, 19 males) aged 6 to 18 years (mean 11y 11mo, SD 3y 6mo) with congenital spinal dysfunction (35 with myelomeningocele, seven with lipomas, one with sacral agenesis, one with caudal regression) were enrolled in the study. A health survey including ambulatory status, history of bladder augmentation, and history of fracture was administered. Each participant had a physical examination including Tanner stage and neurological level. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans of the lateral distal femur (LDF) and, when possible, lumbar spine were obtained. We reported LDF BMD results as z‐scores for three regions of interest (metaphyseal, metadiaphyseal, and diaphyseal). Univariable and multivariable analyses examined relationships between LDF BMD and the other variables.

Results  BMD was significantly related to ambulatory status (14 non‐ambulatory, 15 partly ambulatory, 15 fully ambulatory) and neurological level (13 with low‐level lesions, 15 medium‐level, 16 high‐level) in the univariable analysis (p<0.01 for both in all three regions). Neither history of fracture, nor Tanner stage, nor history of bladder augmentation showed a significant relationship to BMD. The significance of ambulatory status and neurological level in the univariable analysis failed to persist in the multivariable analysis of this study with a small sample size.

Interpretation  The LDF measurement proved to be a viable technique for assessing BMD in children with congenital spinal dysfunction. LDF BMD was sensitive to differences in three categories of ambulation. The overall influence of neurological level was not deemed as important as ambulation.
Clinical Features of New Daily Persistent Headache in a Tertiary Outpatient Population
Authors: Li Nan , Wang Jing , Huang Qingqing , Tan Ge , Chen Lixue , Zhou Jiying
Published: November 2012

Objective

To analyze the clinical features of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) in the neurological outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in China.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted between July and December 2011 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. All consecutive patients who cited headache as their chief complaint were asked to participate in a face‐to‐face interview by a qualified headache specialist through a detailed headache questionnaire, and the diagnosis of NDPH was according to the modified version criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders.

Results

A total of 38 were diagnosed as NDPH among 1219 patients with headache, including 20 women and 18 men. The mean age was 42.1 years. The duration of headache ranged from 3 months to 30 years. Headache location was bilateral in 84.2% of the patients. The intensity of pain was mainly described as mild and moderate. Nausea occurred in 21.1% of the patients, vomiting in 5.3%, photophobia in 15.8%, phonophobia in 10.5%, and vertigo in 18.4%. Seventy‐nine percent of the patients were able to pinpoint the exact month when their headache started. Trigger factors were noted in 47.4% of the patients, which consisted of stressful life events, flu‐like illnesses, surgeries, and some other reasons. Twenty‐six patients were able to be followed up by telephone, and 16 had good outcomes.

Conclusions

NDPH is underrecognized in China. This study outlines the clinical features of patients with NDPH in a tertiary outpatient population. Better education among physicians is needed urgently so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment of NDPH.
Tenosynoviotomy for Sepsis of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath in 9 Horses
Authors: Mc Nally Turlough P. , Slone Donnie E. , Hughes Faith E. , Lynch Timothy M.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To describe a tenosynoviotomy technique for treatment of sepsis of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) in horses and report long‐term outcome.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Horses (n = 9).

Methods

Horses were positioned in lateral recumbency with the affected limb uppermost. A linear incision was made just lateral to the mesotenon beginning 5 cm proximal to the apices of the proximal sesamoid bones, extending 2 cm distal to the bifurcation of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). The incision was continued through the skin, subcutaneous tissue, palmar/plantar annular ligament, andDFTS. Tenotomy of the distal lateral branch of theSDFTwas also performed. The site was thoroughly debrided, lavaged, and packed with gauze and allowed to heal by second intention. Follow‐up was obtained via owner telephone interview.

Results

Mean surgery time was 32 minutes (range, 10–64 minutes). Systemic antibiotics were administered postoperatively (range, 11–46 days; mean, 23 days). Mean hospitalization was 11 days (range, 0–49 days). Follow‐up was available for 7 (70%) horses. One year postoperatively, 5 (71%) horses were serviceable for their intended use, and 2 (29%) had been euthanatized. Of 5 survivors, 3 returned to ridden exercise, 1 was retired as a broodmare, and 1 was a broodmare. All owners were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance of the surgery site.

Conclusion

Open drainage via tenosynoviotomy, performed as a salvage procedure, represents a feasible treatment forDFTSsepsis.
Unionization and Work Attitudes: How Union Commitment Influences Public Sector Job Satisfaction
Authors: Davis Randall S.
Published: November 2012

This article explores whether union commitment dampens public sector job satisfaction. By examining the connection between union commitment and two workplace attributes that are presumed to be more prevalent in public sector workplaces—perceptions of higher red tape and greater public service motivation—this article develops three hypotheses exploring the direct and indirect relationships between union commitment and public sector job satisfaction. The findings from a series of structural equation models indicate that union commitment directly increases members’ job satisfaction, but it more prominently increases members’ job satisfaction indirectly by reducing perceived red tape and enhancing public service motivation.
Shaping Public Corporation Leadership in a Turbulent Environment
Authors: Hahm Sung Deuk , Jung Kwangho , Moon M. Jae
Published: November 2012

This article explores how public corporation leadership copes with a turbulent environment using political, managerial, and individual leadership elements. It is an in‐depth case study of Lee Ji‐Song, who effectively managed the politically and managerially challenging environment that resulted from the merger of two large public corporations into the Korea Land and Housing Corporation. Lee, an engineer, manager, and chief executive of a major construction company, took advantage of his political, managerial, and individual leadership capital to cope with political challenges from lawmakers and with managerial challenges such as postmerger integration management, organizational stabilization, and financial improvement. The authors suggest that an effective public corporation leader must be a skillful politician and businessperson, as public corporations often operate in an environment in which public and private values interact.
Are All Ratings Created Equal? The Impact of Issuer Size on the Pricing of Mortgage‐Backed Securities
Authors: HE JIE (JACK) , QIAN JUN (QJ) , STRAHAN PHILIP E.
Published: November 2012

Initial yields on both AAA‐rated and non‐AAA rated mortgage‐backed security (MBS) tranches sold by large issuers are higher than yields on similar tranches sold by small issuers during the market boom years of 2004 to 2006. Moreover, the prices of MBS sold by large issuers drop more than those sold by small issuers, and the differences are concentrated among tranches issued during 2004 to 2006. These results suggest that investors price the risk that large issuers received more inflated ratings than small issuers, especially during boom periods.
The Socio‐Technical Alliance: Bringing New Tools to the Design of Policies Aimed to Promote Social Inclusion
Authors: Garrido Santiago , Lalouf Alberto
Published: November 2012

In this article, we analyze the links between some cases of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and the passing of the Biofuels Act by the Argentinean parliament. The analysis is guided by a theoretical–methodological approach based on tools drawn from the social studies of technology field.

The employment of eatable crops in the biofuel industry sparked a global debate concerning the drawbacks. Critics argue that it deepens the capital‐intensive monoculture agricultural production, driving away small farmers and peasants from their lands.

Far from these debates, in southern Buenos Aires Province, there were alternative biodiesel production experiences whose main objective was providing solutions to social and environmental problems. After the Biofuels Act was passed, the new scenario posed unprecedented challenges.

The socio‐technical approach allowed operating a systemic interpretation of these processes, bringing new insights to explain the construction of sustainability—or impracticality—of technological policies aimed to promote social inclusion.
Collective Remittances and Migrant-State Collaboration in Mexico and El Salvador
Authors: Burgess Katrina
Published: November 2012

As part of an emerging research agenda on the political impact of remittances in high-migration countries, this article explores the conditions under which organized migrants are likely to engage in transnational public-private partnerships with their home governments through a comparison of Mexico and El Salvador. Both countries have well-organized migrants who have cofinanced community projects back home. But this collaboration has been more sustained, multifaceted, and negotiated in Mexico than in El Salvador. These outcomes are linked to four factors: the density and type of migrant organizations, the territorial distribution of state authority and resources, the extent and nature of diaspora outreach, and legacies of state-society relations. The article discusses how this framework might be applied to other high-migration countries and whether there is room for agency in creating more favorable conditions for migrant-state collaboration.
Migration and Distributive Politics: The Political Economy of Mexico's 3×1 Program
Authors: Meseguer Covadonga , Aparicio Francisco Javier
Published: November 2012

Mexico's 3 × 1 Program for Migrants is a matching grant scheme that seeks to direct the money sent by migrant organizations abroad to the provision of public and social infrastructure and to productive projects in migrants’ communities of origin. To this end, the municipal, state, and federal administrations match the amount sent by hometown associations by 3 to 1. This article explores the impact on the operation of the 3 × 1 of a particular facet of Mexican political life: its recent democratization and the increasing political fragmentation at the municipal level. The study finds a lower provision of public projects in jurisdictions where a high number of political parties compete. This finding casts doubt on the claim that policy interventions such as the 3 × 1 Program actually improve local public goods provision at the local level under increasing political competition.
Variability in Diagnosing Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Using Standard and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Newey C. R. , Sarwal A. , Wisco D. , Alam S. , Lederman R. J.
Published: November 2012

INTRODUCTION

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive dementia with a median survival of 2‐14 months. The diagnosis can only be made accurately by biopsy/autopsy. However, this is not always feasible or desirable. Thus, diagnostic criteria have been proposed by UCSF, European MRI‐CJD Consortium, and WHO. We will compare these criteria.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospective study of 31 patients (average age of 69.2 years) between 2003 to 2010 by ICD9 codes 046.1, 046.11, and 046.19.

RESULTS

All patients presented with rapidly progressive dementia (mean duration of 4.25 months). Pyramidal and extrapyramidal findings, myoclonus, cerebellar changes, akinetic mutism, and visual disturbances were observed in 6.5‐48.4%. Five had periodic pattern on EEG. CSF biomarker 14‐3‐3 was positive in 11. Tau was positive in 6. Neuron specific enolase was positive in 9. By consensus (kappa = 0.62), MRI was “typical” of CJD in 23 with cortical ribboning (n = 16), basal ganglia hyperintensity (n = 15), or combination (n = 8). By WHO criteria, which does not include neuroimaging, CJD was diagnosed in 10, but 14 if any CSF biomarker was used (p = NS). The UCSF criteria, which does not include CSF biomarkers, diagnosed 18 cases, and the European MRI‐CJD Consortium, which includes neuroimaging and CSF biomarkers but with less neurological signs, diagnosed 23 cases (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). CJD‐mimics included urosepsis, neurosarcoidosis, idiopathic left temporal lobe epilepsy, alcohol intoxication, central nervous system vasculitis, viral encephalitis, and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.

CONCLUSION

This study illustrates the variability in diagnosing CJD and emphasizes the diagnostic utility of neuroimaging. It also highlights false‐positives that occur with neuroimaging.
Victorian Instincts: Anthony Trollope and the Philosophy of Law
Authors: Van Dam Frederik
Published: November 2012

This essay attempts to chart one of the ways in which the philosophy of law informed the Victorian novel by situating two of Anthony Trollope’s later novels in the context of contemporary jurisprudential debates. Trollope’sThe Eustace Diamonds(1873) andJohn Caldigate(1879) push the discourse of legal hermeneutics to its epistemological limits and offer the concept of conscience as an alternative to that of intention. As such, Trollope is drawing on a popular understanding of the legal notion of equity, although he qualifies its influence by contrasting conscience to both instinct and knowingness. These concepts focus on ends only, which aligns them with natural law. Trollope’s representation of positive law does not offer a way out, since positive law seems to exercise a violence that can always be justified retrospectively. A solution to the problem of legal violence lies in the fact that Trollope embeds his conceptualization of conscience in the vocabulary of the sublime and perfection. These models resemble what Walter Benjamin has defined as divine violence and find formal expression in the rhythm that Trollope’s novels create between free indirect speech and narratorial intervention.
Fichte, Carlyle and the British Literary Reception of German Idealism
Authors: Andrews Kit
Published: November 2012

This article reconsiders the relationship of Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus to German Idealism in light of Frederick Beiser’s revaluation of Fichte’s influence on early German Romanticism in German Idealism: The Struggle against Subjectivism (2002). Beiser claims that for Novalis, Hölderlin, and Friedrich Schlegel, “drama and novel became the only proper medium to explore and resolve philosophical problems.” I argue that Carlyle, like these writers, found in the representation of particular lives a unique literary form through which to further develop Fichte’s efforts to ground philosophical truth in individual moral action. In particular, the role of the fictional editor in Sartor Resartus foregrounds Carlyle’s Fichtean effort to work through the correspondences of his imagined German Idealist philosopher Diogenes Teufelsfdröckh’s biography and philosophy.
“Moving Things into Certain Places”: Nature, Culture and Art as Practice in Victorian Writing
Authors: Erchinger Philipp
Published: November 2012

The essay takes the debate over Darwin’s method of reasoning, by analogy, from ‘artificial selection’ to ‘natural selection’ as a sample case to explore some of the epistemological issues that this method raised. It, moreover, explicates the relevance of these issues for the study of Victorian literature. Darwin, I argue, uses the arts of breeding and gardening as a model to study the nature of life, but this broached the question of whether a modelled version of nature can be sufficiently similar to nature ‘as it really is’ to warrant the logical step from the one to the other. Indeed, while many other naturalists maintained that human practices of domestication interfere with the laws of nature in an irregular way, making a difference between the ‘cultivated’ and ‘the wild’ that rules out the possibility of claiming them to be alike, Darwin’s argument is premised on the assumption of a continuity between the natural and the cultural according to which these domains have – in the medium of human practice – always already been crossed. As the essay shows, this assumption, encapsulated in the metaphor of ‘natural selection’, implies an integrative concept of ‘nature’ converging with the one that has been spelled out by J.S. Mill, who was involved in a fierce debate with W. Whewell about these matters. For ‘nature’, in Mill’s sense, does not exclude but include the many ways in which it is realised by human culture or art. Science, as a cultural practice, can therefore never fully grasp or domesticate nature from the outside but only – by “moving things into certain places” (Mill) – draw out its potentialities from the inside. The essay concludes by making a case for an approach to Victorian writing which does not cling to a theoretical distinction between ‘literature’ and ‘science’ but analyses how this distinction is, in practice, constantly drawn afresh.
Evaluation of Near‐Critical Overdamping Effects in Slug‐Test Response
Authors: Weeks E.P. , Clark A.C.
Published: November 2012

A slug test behaves as a harmonic oscillator, subject to both inertial effects and viscous damping. When viscous and inertial forces are closely balanced, the system is nearly critically damped, and water‐level recovery is affected by inertial effects, but does not exhibit oscillation. These effects were investigated by use of type curves, generated both by modification of Kipp's (1985) computer program and by use of the Butler‐Zhan (2004) model. Utility of the type curves was verified by re‐analysis of the Regina slug test previously analyzed by Kipp. These type curves indicate that near‐critical inertial effects result in early‐time delayed water‐level response followed by merger with, or more rapid recovery than, response for the fully damped case. Because of this early time response, slug tests in the moderately over‐damped range are best analyzed using log‐log type curves of (1 − H/H0) vs. Tt/. Failure to recognize inertial effects in slug test data could result in an over‐estimate of transmissivity, and a too‐small estimate of storage coefficient or too‐large estimate of well skin. However, application of the widely used but highly empirical Hvorslev (1951) method to analyze both the Regina slug test and type‐curve generated data indicate that such analyses provide T values within a factor of 2 of the true value.
Chocolate Swelling during Storage Caused by Fat or Moisture Migration
Authors: Svanberg L. , Lorén N. , Ahrné L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract: Quantification of swelling in dark chocolate subjected to fat or moisture migration was conducted using a new method based on confocal chromatic displacement sensor. The nondestructive method allowed for the height profile of dark chocolate samples to be scanned with a sensitivity of ± 2.8 μm. By performing multiple scans on each sample prior to and after being subjected to fat or moisture migration, the induced swelling could be quantified. Applying the new method on confectionery systems revealed that fat and moisture migration generate different swelling behavior/kinetics in dark chocolate during storage. Moisture migration resulted in a rapid swelling once a water activity of 0.8 was reached in the chocolate, probably by interaction and absorption of moisture by the particulate solids. Fat migration also affected the swelling behavior in chocolate, possibly by inducing phase transitions in the continuous cocoa butter phase. Migrating fat also proved to induce a more pronounced swelling than the same amount of absorbed moisture which further consolidated that the observed swelling caused by fat or moisture migration is a result of significant different mechanisms.
The relative importance of genetic and nongenetic inheritance in relation to trait plasticity inCallosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Hallsson L. R. , Chenoweth S. F. , Bonduriansky R.
Published: November 2012

A trait's response to natural selection will reflect the nature of the inheritance mechanisms that mediate the transmission of variation across generations. The relative importance of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms of inheritance is predicted to be related to the degree of trait plasticity, with nongenetic inheritance playing a greater role in the cross‐generational transmission of more plastic traits. However, this prediction has never been tested. We investigated the influence of genetic effects and nongenetic parental effects in two morphological traits differing in degree of plasticity by manipulating larval diet quality within a cross‐generational split‐brood experiment using the seed beetleCallososbuchus maculatus. In line with predictions, we found that the more plastic trait (elytron length) is strongly influenced by both maternal and paternal effects whereas genetic variance is undetectable. In contrast, the less plastic trait (first abdominal sternite length) is not influenced by parental effects but exhibits abundant genetic variance. Our findings support the hypothesis that environment‐dependent parental effects may play a particularly important role in highly plastic traits and thereby affect the evolutionary response of such traits.