bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Analysis of Heliospheric Current Sheet Propagation
Authors: Peng Jun , Liu Yong C.‐M. , Huang Jia , Li Hui , Klecker Berndt , Galvin Antoinette B. , Simunac Kristin , Farrugia Charles , Jian L. K. , Liu Yang , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2017

The heliospheric current sheet (HCS) is an important structure not only for understanding the physics of interplanetary space but also for space weather prediction. We investigate the differences of the HCS arrival time between three spacecraft separated in heliolongitude, heliolatitude and radial distance from the Sun (STEREO A, STEREO B, and ACE) to understand the key factors controlling the HCS propagation. By assuming that the source of the solar wind does not evolve except for the effects of solar rotation, we first test the first‐order approach method (ignoring latitudinal differences), using STEREO observation during the year 2007, when the Sun was quiet and the two STEREO spacecraft were separated in heliolongitude by less than 44°. The first‐order approach method matches well with observations for many events except for those events when the HCS has a small inclination angle to the ecliptic plane. The latitudinal effect is suggested to account for such discrepancies. The predictions are not improved much by considering the HCS inclination angle obtained from the potential field source surface (PFSS) model. However, the predictions match well with the observations when the HCS inclination angle at 1 AU is obtained from the time differences of HCS arrival times between the STEREO B and ACE spacecraft. An improved model of calculating the inclination of the heliospheric current sheet other than PFSS is needed.
Observations and Simulations of Eddy Diffusion and Tidal Effects on the Semiannual Oscillation in the Ionosphere
Authors: Wu Qian , Schreiner W. S. , Ho S.‐P. , Liu H.‐L. , Qian Liying
Published: September 2017

We use the National Center for Atmospheric Research TIEGCM (Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) model to investigate the eddy diffusion and tidal effects on the ionosphere SAO (semiannual oscillation). We also use the COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) satellite GPS radio occultation observations to validate the simulation results. The TIEGCM is driven at the 97 km lower boundary by tidal and gravity wave (eddy diffusion coefficient) inputs. The eddy diffusion input can be constant or with a SAO modulation, and the tidal input has on and off options. The TIEGCM simulation with a SAO modulated eddy diffusion (with tidal input) agrees better with the COSMIC observation than that without the SAO. Turning off the tides at the lower boundary makes the TIEGCM‐simulated ionospheric density much higher than the COSMIC observation. The simulations showed two results: (1) the need to add the SAO modulation to the eddy diffusion and (2) how tides reduce the ionospheric density and SAO. As to how much of the SAO should be added to the eddy diffusion is dependent on the amplitudes of the tides since both can have effects on the ionospheric density. The TIEGCM results also demonstrate that the ionospheric density diurnal signal is mostly in situ excited, while the semidiurnal signal comes from lower atmosphere.
Interaction of Magnetic Flux Ropes Via Magnetic Reconnection Observed at the Magnetopause
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Nakamura Rumi , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P. A. , Wang Shui , Giles Barbara , Gershman Dan
Published: September 2017

Using the high‐resolution field and plasma data obtained from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission at the magnetopause, a series of three flux transfer events was observed one after another inside southward ion flows, without time gap between any two successive flux ropes. Using the plasma measurements, the current densities within the flux ropes were studied in detail. The currents within the first two flux ropes, dubbed Fr1 and Fr2, were composed of a series of well‐separated filamentary currents. The thickness of the filamentary currents and the gap between them were sub ion scale, occasionally dropped down to electron scale. In the third flux rope Fr3 which was closest to the expected reconnection X line, the current displayed a singular compact current layer, was ion scale in width and concentrated on its center. Considering the location of the flux ropes relative to the reconnection X line, we suggested that the current density could be a singular structure when the flux rope was just created and then fragmented into a series of filamentary currents as time. By examining the interregions between Fr1 and Fr2, and between Fr2 and Fr3, reconnection was only confirmed to occur between Fr2 and Fr3 and no reconnection signature was found between Fr1 and Fr2. It seems that magnetic field compression resulted from collision of two neighboring flux ropes is one necessary condition for the occurrence of the coalescence.
Complement Receptors
Authors: Verschoor Admar , Kemper Claudia , Köhl Jörg
Published: September 2017

Complement receptors are membrane proteins, expressed either on or in the cells that drive or regulate immune responses. They bind a wide range of the protein fragments generated in the course of canonical and non‐canonical complement activation. Interaction of such fragments with their cognate receptors activates and regulates the function of immune and stromal cells. Through these pathways, complement receptors control the recruitment of blood leucocytes to the sites of inflammation, promote phagocytosis and/or extra‐cellular killing of microorganisms by immune cells and clearance of particulate and soluble immune complexes generated during infectious or non‐infectious inflammatory events. Furthermore, complement receptor activation drives and controls the development of adaptive immune responses towards pathogens, allergens, auto‐antigens and altered self‐molecules through the induction of primary B and T lymphocyte responses. This article provides basic insights into the structure, cellular distribution as well as biological and signalling functions of the different complement receptors.

Key Concepts

Structural diversity of receptors reflecting the diversity of the complement fragments engaged.

Functional diversity, depending on the type of complement fragment involved and/or the type of cells expressing the appropriate receptor.

Intra‐cellular expression and function of anaphylatoxin receptors.

Homo‐ and heterodimerisation of anaphylatoxin receptors that alter their biologic functions.

Cross‐talk of complement receptors with several other receptor classes.
Genetics of Long
QT
and Short
QT
Syndromes
Authors: Maragna Riccardo , Mazzanti Andrea , Priori Silvia G
Published: September 2017

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the best described inheritable arrhythmogenic disorder. It is characterised by a increased duration of cardiac action potential secondary either to mutations that produce a loss‐of‐function of potassium channels responsible for cardiac repolarisation or to gain‐of‐function alterations of sodium channels responsible for cardiac depolarisation. Seventeen genes have been associated with LQTS. The first three genotypes discovered (LQT1–LQT3) account for 95% of genotype‐positive cases. Genetic analysis allows to identify the pathogenic genetic defect in 80% of patients and plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment.

Conversely, short QT syndrome (SQTS) is the latest described inheritable arrhythmogenic disease, and its genetic basis has been poorly clarified. It is characterised by an abnormal shortening of the cardiac repolarisation, which may result either from gain‐of‐function mutations of potassium channels responsible for cardiac repolarisation or from a diminished function of voltage‐dependent‐L‐type calcium channels responsible for cardiac depolarisation. The five genetic forms of the disease identified account for only 20% of SQTS patients. Therefore, genetic analysis portends a limited contribution to the diagnosis and management of SQTS patients.

Key Concepts

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the best described monogenic inherited arrhythmogenic disorder, with 17 disease‐related genes described to date. The first three genotypes discovered represent about 75% of all LQTS cases.

The common pathophysiological substrate of LQTS variants is represented by a prolongation of cardiac repolarisation that can be secondary either to loss‐of‐function defects of potassium channels responsible for cardiac repolarisation or to gain‐of‐function alterations of sodium channels responsible for cardiac depolarisation.

Genetic analysis allows to identify the pathogenic defect in 80% of LQTS patients and therefore plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic approach of LQTS patients.

Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is the latest described inherited arrhythmogenic disorder, and its genetic basis has been scarcely understood. To date, five genetic forms of the disease have been identified.

Genetic analysis allows to identify the pathogenic defect in only 20% of SQTS affected individuals.

The pathophysiological substrate of SQTS resides in an abnormal shortening of cardiac repolarisation, which can be secondary to gain‐of‐function mutations harboured in potassium channels or to loss‐of‐function defects of voltage‐dependent L‐type calcium channels.

Due to the lack of genotype–phenotype correlation information to this date and due to the low yield of genetic testing, in SQTS genetic analysis does not help in risk stratification and clinical management of affected individuals.
Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs
Authors: Arauna Lara R , Comas David
Published: September 2017

The human population history of North Africa has been different from the rest of the continent, and it has been characterised by population replacements, extensive continuous gene flow, and differential admixture from neighbouring regions. This complex demographic landscape has yielded a large degree of genetic heterogeneity among North African populations. Recent historical admixture processes have been inferred from genome‐wide data; no correlation between genetics and ethnic groups has been described, pointing to a lack of genetic differentiation between Berber and Arab groups in North Africa. This complex genetic population structure should be taken into account when designing biomedical approaches in North African groups.

Key Concepts

A back‐to‐Africa migration replaced the population of North Africa in pre‐Holocene times.

North African populations are very heterogeneous and are composed of North African, Middle Eastern, sub‐Saharan and European genetic components.

No genetic differences have been found between Arab and Berber groups.

The Arab expansion had an important cultural and genetic impact in North Africa.

The Berber people are genetically diverse and heterogeneous.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Tetralin Derivatives by Sequential (Hetero)Michael Reaction–Intramolecular Nitrone Cycloaddition
Authors: Rabasa‐Alcañiz Fernando , Torres Javier , Sánchez‐Roselló María , Tejero Tomás , Merino Pedro , Fustero Santos , del Pozo Carlos
Published: September 2017

The enantioselective synthesis of tetralin derivatives bearing a trifluoromethylated all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter has been accomplished through a synthetic sequence comprising an organocatalytic β‐functionalization of ortho‐1‐trifluoromethylvinyl‐(hetero)aromatic conjugated aldehydes followed by the intramolecular nitrone 1,3‐cycloaddition reaction (INCR). Both nitromethane and N‐Cbz‐hydroxylamine were employed as nucleophiles in the initial organocatalytic conjugate addition step, which provided the chiral information required for the subsequent diastereoselective INCR. Although diastereoselectivity was moderate, good yields and enantioselectivities were, in general, obtained. Interestingly, an inversion of the selectivity in the intramolecular cycloaddition step was observed when either nitromethane or N‐Cbz‐hydroxylamine was employed. This outcome was studied by means of theoretical calculations, which were in agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the ring opening of the isoxazolidine moiety furnished the corresponding fluorinated diamino alcohols in a very efficient manner.

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Recent Progress in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Domino Transformations
Authors: Chanda Tanmoy , Zhao John C.‐G.
Published: September 2017

Sustainability in chemical synthesis is a major aspect of the current synthetic endeavors and, therefore, mimicking the biological process in the laboratory nowadays has the highest priority. Towards achieving this goal, designing organic reactions in domino mode rather than the multistep synthetic pathways and using organocatalysis instead of metal catalysis have received a lot of attention due to the inherent advantages of these processes in terms of synthetic efficiency and sustainability. As a result, the field of asymmetric organocatalytic domino reactions has witnessed tremendous progress in recent years. This review attempts to summarize the latest developments in asymmetric organocatalyzed domino reactions since 2012, with the emphasis on the catalysts and reaction modes. Discussions on the reaction mechanisms and the applications of the developed domino reaction methods in the synthesis of biologically active molecules and natural products are also included when appropriate.

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A Retrospective Examination of Child Protection Involvement Among Young Adults Accessing Homelessness Services
Authors: Putnam‐Hornstein Emily , Lery Bridgette , Hoonhout Jonathan , Curry Susanna
Published: September 2017

Highlights

Administrative records were used to document child protection histories of homeless youth.

Fully half of homeless young adults had been reported for abuse or neglect during childhood.

The prevalence of maltreatment varied across demographic and child protection characteristics.

Patterns of service use can be outlined for vulnerable populations through linked administrative data.
Measuring leading placental edge to internal cervical os: Transabdominal versus transvaginal approach
Authors: Westerway Susan Campbell , Hyett Jon , Henning Pedersen Lars
Published: September 2017

We aimed to compare the value of transabdominal (TA) and transvaginal (TV) approaches for assessing the risk of a low‐lying placenta. This involved a comparison of TA and TV measurements between the leading placental edge and the internal cervical os. We also assessed the intra‐/interobserver variation for these measurements and the efficacy of TA measures in screening for a low placenta.

Methodology

Transabdominal and TV measurements of the leading placental edge to the internal cervical os were performed on 369 consecutive pregnancies of 16–41 weeks' gestation. The difference (TA‐TV) from the mean was calculated and plotted against gestational age. Bland‐Altman plots and paired t‐tests were used to look at the differences in TA/TV measurement. Screening performance of a transabdominal approach was compared to a transvaginal ‘gold standard'. Nonparametric methods were used to calculate the area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve. Intra‐/interobserver variations were also calculated.

Results

Of the pregnancies, 278 had a leading placental edge that was visible with the TV approach. Differences (TA‐TV) ranged from −50 mm to +57 mm. Bland‐Altman plot shows that TA measurements overestimated the distance compared with the TV measurements; the average difference in measurement was 12.0 mm (95% confidence interval 9.9–14.1). The sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive values of a TA approach were 18.2%, 97.5% and 87.2%, respectively. The receiver operator characteristics area between gestational weeks 16–23 was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76–0.86).

Conclusion

The TA approach has a low sensitivity for detecting a low‐lying placenta as choosing a TA cut‐off with sensitivity >90% will decrease the specificity to 50%.
Nanobodies: Chemical Functionalization Strategies and Intracellular Applications
Authors: Schumacher Dominik , Helma Jonas , Schneider Anselm F. L. , Leonhardt Heinrich , Hackenberger Christian P. R.
Published: September 2017

Nanobodies can be seen as next‐generation tools for the recognition and modulation of antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and high stability, nanobodies see frequent usage in basic research, and their chemical functionalization opens the way towards promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Review, central aspects of nanobody functionalization are presented, together with selected applications. While early conjugation strategies relied on the random modification of natural amino acids, more recent studies have focused on the site‐specific attachment of functional moieties. Such techniques include chemoenzymatic approaches, expressed protein ligation, and amber suppression in combination with bioorthogonal modification strategies. Recent applications range from sophisticated imaging and mass spectrometry to the delivery of nanobodies into living cells for the visualization and manipulation of intracellular antigens.
Sulfamic acid immobilized on amino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: A new and active magnetically recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of N‐heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Shiri Lotfi , Narimani Hojatollah , Kazemi Mosstafa
Published: September 2017

Sulfamic acid immobilized on amino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs/DETA‐SA) was successfully fabricated and characterized using various techniques. Diameters of approximately 15 nm for the MNPs/DETA‐SA were observed from scanning electron microscopy images. The as‐fabricated nanocomposite was applied as an efficient and magnetically reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazoline‐4(1H)‐one and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. All products were obtained in good to excellent yields. Recovery tests confirm that the catalyst can be readily recovered using an external magnet and reused many times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Boehmite nano‐particles functionalized with silylpropylamine‐supported Keggin‐type heteropolyacids: Catalysts for epoxidation of alkenes
Authors: Mirzaee Mahdi , Bahramian Bahram , Ashrafian Azam , Amoli Adonis
Published: September 2017

Boehmite nano‐particles with a high degree of surface hydroxyl groups were covalently functionalized by 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propylamine to support H3[PMo12O40], H3[PW12O40], H4[SiMo12O40] and H4[SiW12O40] Keggin‐type heteropolyacids. After characterization of these catalysts by FT‐IR, powder X‐ray diffraction, TG/differential thermal analysis, CHN, inductively coupled plasma and transmission electron microscopy techniques, they were applied to the epoxidation of cis‐cycloocten. The progress of the reactions was investigated by gas–liquid chromatography, and the catalytic procedures were optimized for the parameters involved, such as the solvent and oxidant. The results showed that 25 mg of supported H3[PMo12O40] catalyst in 1 ml C2H4Cl2 with 0.5 mmol cyclooctene and 1 mmol tert‐butylhydroperoxide at reflux temperature gave 98% yield over 15 min. Recycling experiments revealed that these nanocatalysts could be repeatedly applied up to five times for a nearly complete epoxidation of cis‐cycloocten. The optimized experimental conditions were also used successfully for the epoxidation of some other alkenes, such as cyclohexene, styrene and α‐methyl styrene.
Isophorone‐based organometallic chromophores: Synthesis, characterization and investigation of electro‐optical properties
Authors: Rahimpour Keshvar , Teimuri‐Mofrad Reza , Vaez Alireza
Published: September 2017

A series of hybrid donor–acceptor complexes with a ferrocene moiety and isophorone derivatives were synthesized. Data from 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared, atomic absorption and mass spectroscopies and CHN analysis supported the predicted structure of the products. A comparative investigation was performed using UV–visible, cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence measurements. Density functional theory was used to optimize the chromophore structure and calculation of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels. The ferrocene/isophorone hybrids show useful properties for further development and studies as electro‐optic materials.
Covalent bonding of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles to aminopropyl‐functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate clay: Synthesis and cytotoxic potential investigation
Authors: Nasrabadi Hasan , Amirghofran Zahra , Esmaeilbeig Ahmadreza , Bahrami Mehrangiz , Jafar Hoseini S.
Published: September 2017

Stable water dispersion of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized by using 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and Mg‐phyllo (organo) silicate known as aminoclay (AC) containing pendant amino groups with the approximate composition (R8Si8Mg6O16(OH)4, R = CH2CH2CH2NH2). The Fe3O4‐GPTMS magnetic NPs with an epoxy functional group are suitable for forming a covalent bond with the amine group of aminoclay in an epoxy ring opening reaction. Appropriate Fe3O4‐GPTMS‐aminoclay (FG‐AC) magnetic composite are promising carriers for the targeting and delivery of platinum‐based anticancer drugs. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of the nanostructures on a K562 leukemia cell line using a colorimetery assay shows that both the FG‐AC and cis‐platin/FG‐AC magnetic composite were biocompatible. The nanostructures characterizations were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray techniques. Magnetic measurement revealed that the saturated magnetization of the FG‐AC nanocomposite reached 7.6 emu/g and showed the characteristics of magnetism.
Rhodium‐catalyzed ortho‐C‐H olefination of aromatic aldehydes employing transient directing strategy
Authors: Liu Xi , Wang Zhonghao , Chen Qun , He Ming‐yang , Wang Liang
Published: September 2017

A Rhodium(III)‐catalyzed ortho‐C‐H olefination of aromatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amount of TsNH2 has been developed. The in situ generated imine intermediate from aldehyde and TsNH2 worked as a transient directing group. Both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aromatic aldehydes were tolerated, affording the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Importantly, the present protocol provides a straightforward access to olefinated aromatic aldehydes with aldehydes as the simple starting materials.
Adamantyl ferrocene derivatives: Antioxidant abilities and effects on model lipid membranes
Authors: Štimac Adela , Lapić Jasmina , Blasina Valentino , Lukinac Marija , Djaković Senka , Crnolatac Ivo , Frkanec Leo , Frkanec Ruža
Published: September 2017

A series of homoannularly and heteroannularly substituted adamantyl ferrocene derivatives has been synthesized and their effects on membrane fluidity were investigated using liposomes as the membrane models. The liposome formulations of adamantyl ferrocene derivatives were characterized by using dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence anisotropy measurements. It was demonstrated that adamantyl ferrocene derivatives incorporated into the liposome significantly affect the structure of the lipid bilayer. The results of the study have revealed that adamantyl ferrocene derivatives, compounds 9–12, partition into the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface of the membrane, causing a significant decrease in membrane fluidity. The antioxidant potential of synthesized compounds was assessed with DPPH method and it was shown that the examined compounds possess certain antioxidant activity.
Guanine oxidation signal enhancement in single strand DNA with polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline (PAN/PAni) hybrid nanofibers
Authors: Cam Ezginur , Aladag Tanik Nilay , Cerkez Idris , Demirkan Elif , Aykut Yakup
Published: September 2017

Pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline (PAN/PAni) hybrid nanofibers (NFs) were produced via electrospinning and used to monitor guanine oxidation in single strand DNA (ssDNA) by electrochemical methods. Two different methodologies were conducted. First, pre‐synthesized PAni was added into electrospinning PAN solution and electrospun into composite PAN/PAni nanofibrous structure on cylindrical pencil graphite (PGE) surface. In the second route, PAN NFs were electrospun on a PGE surfaces and polymerization of PAni was conducted on the surfaces of the as‐spun PAN NFs. NFs were kept at −18 °C in a refrigerator for several days. ssDNA was immobilized on the prepared NFs and guanine oxidation signals were observed for each system. The results revealed that use of PAN NFs enhanced signal intensity from 0.92 µA (PGE) to 1.04 µA (PAN NFs). Addition of PAni to PAN increased signal intensity to 1.23 µA. When the PAN NF surfaces were coated with PAni, signal enhancement continued to increase up to 4.19 µA for fourth day and decreased again when PAni‐coated NFs were kept at −18 °C in the refrigerator. Since the prepared system is fast and cheap, it is promising for application in DNA biosensor devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45567.
Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Chinese freshwater mussel Solenaia carinata (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Authors: Sun Tingting , Liu Xiongjun , Zhou Chunhua , Ding Hongxiu , Yang Wenjing , Zanatta David T. , Ouyang Shan , Wu Xiaoping
Published: September 2017

The freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the Yangtze River basin of China are among the most diverse assemblages on Earth. Freshwater mussels provide valuable ecosystem services (e.g. natural water filtration) and economic value (shell, pearls, and food), but are experiencing global declines as a result of pollution, habitat alteration, and overharvest.

Despite the diversity and value of freshwater mussels in the Yangtze River basin, relatively little is known about the biology of the many species endemic to the region. Solenaia carinata is an endemic and potentially imperilled freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in China that is distributed in a single major tributary of the middle Yangtze; the Poyang Lake basin in Jiangxi Province.

This study represents the first analyses of the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of S. carinata. Solenaia carinata specimens (n=64) were collected from three sites in large tributary rivers of Poyang Lake.

Using 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers, the results showed that S. carinata had a moderate level of genetic diversity (PIC ranged from 0.464 to 0.484), limited evidence of a recent genetic bottleneck, little genetic differentiation (FST ranged from 0.021 to 0.045), high levels of gene flow (Nm ranged from 3.675 to 33.227) and limited genetic structure among the three sampling locations.

Given that S. carinata inhabits a highly interconnected system of large rivers and lakes, the results of low differentiation and high gene flow among geographically proximate sampling locations (sites separated by between 8 and 20 km of water) are not surprising. The results indicate that specimens can be used and moved from anywhere across the distribution of S. carinata for the purposes of captive propogation and translocation.
Control of two Electrical Plants
Authors: Rubio José de Jesús , Lopez Jesus , Pacheco Jaime , Encinas Rodrigo
Published: September 2017

In this paper, a controller is recommended for the regulation of two electrical plants. Since electrical plants generate electricity all the time, the regulation to get that all the plant states reach constant behaviors is important. Two main characteristics of the introduced method are: (i) it is based in the separation of the plant model equations, only some model equations are chosen for the regulation while the other model equations are ignored, it avoids the difficulty in the consideration of the full plant model; (ii) the Lyapunov strategy is employed to analyze the stability of the selected model equations in the electrical plant, it lets to ensure the regulation purpose. The advised method is applied in a gas turbine and a wind turbine for the electricity generation.
Control charts for monitoring correlated counts with a finite range
Authors: Rakitzis Athanasios C. , Weiß Christian H. , Castagliola Philippe
Published: September 2017

Correlated count data processes with a finite range can be adequately described by a first‐order binomial autoregressive model. However, in several practical applications, these data demonstrate extra‐binomial variation, and a more appropriate choice is the first‐order beta‐binomial autoregressive model. In this paper, we propose and study control charts that can be used for the monitoring of these 2 processes. Practical guidelines concerning their statistical design are provided, whereas the effect of the extra‐binomial variation is investigated as well. Finally, the practical application of the proposed schemes is illustrated via a real‐data example.
Identification spectra of several Northern Hemisphere cataclysmic variable candidates
Authors: Worpel H. , Schwope A. D.
Published: September 2017

We obtained the Calar Alto identification spectra for six cataclysmic variable candidates and studied archival observations over a range of wavelengths. Two sources were too faint to allow easy identification by their spectra, and the other four are likely to be dwarf novae. No periodicity was detected for any of the sources on the basis of Catalina Real‐Time Transient Survey (CRTS) data.
Process development and techno‐economic analysis of bio‐based succinic acid derived from pentoses integrated to a sugarcane biorefinery
Authors: Klein Bruno C. , Silva Jean F.L. , Junqueira Tassia L. , Rabelo Sarita C. , Arruda Priscila V. , Ienczak Jaciane L. , Mantelatto Paulo E. , Pradella José G.C. , Junior Silvio Vaz , Bonomi Antonio
Published: September 2017

Bio‐based succinic acid is a potential building block for the production of renewable chemicals and polymers. The use of hemicellulosic hydrolyzate from sugarcane bagasse allows production of succinic acid without competing with food chains and increasing the biomass ‐aggregated value. This work assesses the economic impacts of integrating the production of ‐succinic acid on an optimized sugarcane biorefinery with the production of first‐generation ethanol and electricity. Process simulation was performed to obtain mass and energy balances of the entire process, from bagasse pre‐treatment to pentose fermentation and succinic acid recovery, using several pieces of technical information and data taken from the scientific literature. After ‐assessing the impacts of key economic variables through risk analysis, the obtained results were benchmarked against those of an optimized ethanol distillery. Calculated succinic acid production cost was US$ 2.32/kg, comparable to costs related to less expensive sugar sources. The integrated succinic acid biorefinery presented a slightly lower internal rate of return (IRR) compared to an ‐ethanol distillery. However, even when considering uncertainties, succinic acid production has a strong probability (84.6%) of achieving an IRR higher than 12%. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Veteran treatment courts: A promising solution
Authors: Yerramsetti Ashok Paparao , Simons Daniel David , Coonan Loretta , Stolar Andrea
Published: September 2017

The high prevalence of substance use, traumatic brain injury, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and other mental illness in the veteran population presents unique public health and social justice challenges. Veteran involvement in the justice system has been identified as a national concern. Criminal justice involvement compounds pre‐existing socioeconomic stressors and further strains support systems. The point of contact with the criminal justice system, however, presents an opportunity to establish mental health treatment. This is consistent with the concept of the sequential intercept model that seeks to divert offenders with mental illness from the criminal justice system into treatment. In recent years, many jurisdictions have established veterans treatment courts (VTCs), a type of problem‐solving court serving this diversion function for military veterans. This article presents an overview of the problem, the ethical basis for their development, a brief history of the courts, and their potential for success. The Harris County Veterans Court is presented as an example.
Cross‐country differences in consumer cosmopolitanism and ethnocentrism: A multilevel analysis with 21 countries
Authors: Han C. Min , Won Sung Bin
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the country‐level antecedents of cross‐country differences in consumer cosmopolitanism and consumer ethnocentrism (CET) using samples from 21 nations. Country‐level antecedents have not been examined extensively in the past, in spite of their importance in understanding consumer behavior across countries. Specifically, we perform a multilevel analysis with various country‐level cultural and economic antecedents as between‐country factors and individual‐level demographics as within‐country covariates. Our findings show that the level of consumer cosmopolitanism in a country is related to several country‐level factors. It was found to be high in more individualistic, less masculine, and high‐uncertainty‐avoidance cultures; developing countries; and countries with trade surpluses. On the other hand, CET had a high level in economically open countries. In addition, CET was higher among older consumers across countries.
Acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome caused by a neuroendocrine tumor arising within a sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Babiker Tarig , Kyrodimou Efstathia , Berney Daniel M. , Gurnell Mark , Drake William M. , Brooke Antonia
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

A 60‐year‐old man with a pre‐existing stable sacrococcygeal teratoma developed acromegaly, ectopic Cushing's syndrome, and 5HIAA secretion. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of ACTH and serotonin secretion, and likely GHRH or GH cosecretion, from a sacrococcygeal teratoma in an adult.
Kinetic Resolution and Deracemization of Racemic Amines Using a Reductive Aminase
Authors: Aleku Godwin A. , Mangas‐Sanchez Juan , Citoler Joan , France Scott P. , Montgomery Sarah L. , Heath Rachel S. , Thompson Matthew P. , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: September 2017

The NADP(H)‐dependent reductive aminase from Aspergillus oryzae (AspRedAm) was combined with an NADPH oxidase (NOX) to develop a redox system that recycles the co‐factor. The AspRedAm‐NOX system was applied initially for the kinetic resolution of a variety of racemic secondary and primary amines to yield S‐configured amines with enantiomeric excess (ee) values up to 99 %. The addition of ammonia borane to this system enabled the efficient deracemization of racemic amines, including the pharmaceutical drug rasagiline and the natural product salsolidine, with conversions up to >98 % and >99 % ee Furthermore, by using the AspRedAm W210A variant it was possible to generate the opposite R enantiomers with efficiency comparable to, or even better than, the wildtype AspRedAm.
Continuous Waste Cooking Oil Transesterification with Microwave Heating and Strontium Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Lee Han , Liao Jiunn-Der , Yang Jung-Wei , Hsu Wen-Dung , Liu Bernard Haochih , Chen Teng-Chien , Sivashanmugan Kundan , Gedanken Aharon
Published: September 2017

Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils (WCOs) mixed with methanol was efficiently transesterified using a continuous fluid flow system with a focused microwave heating device. Strontium oxide (SrO) was added as the catalyst. The factors that most influence the biodiesel conversion rate were first estimated by considering the effects of oil‐to‐methanol ratio, added quantity of SrO, and microwave heating power on reaction time in a built‐in batch unit. The optimal parameter values were then applied to a continuous fluid flow system, which simulates the conversion of a scaled‐up quantity of WCOs into biodiesel. Under the optimum fluid flow velocity and an appropriate output temperature, a biodiesel conversion rate of ca. 93 % was reached, associated with the decomposition of ester bonds and the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate substance during the reaction.
Seasonal patterns of acute and recurrent idiopathic pericarditis
Authors: Hammer Yoav , Bishara Jihad , Eisen Alon , Iakobishvili Zaza , Kornowski Ran , Mager Aviv
Published: September 2017

Background

Idiopathic pericarditis is presumed to result from viral infection. The incidence rates of some viral infections have typical seasonal patterns. The data in the literature on a possible seasonal pattern of acute pericarditis are very limited. The mechanism and possible seasonality of recurrent episodes are not well established .

Hypothesis

The incidence of acute idiopathic pericarditis has a seasonal pattern.

Methods

The computerized database of a tertiary, university‐affiliated hospital was searched for all patients admitted with a first episode of acute idiopathic pericarditis between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. Patients for whom a nonviral etiology for the pericarditis was identified were excluded.

Results

The final cohort included 175 patients (75% male) ages 19 to 86 years (median = 50.0 ± 18.2 years). The incidence of the disease was twice as high during the colder half of the year (October–March) than the warmer half, peaking in the first quarter (January–March, P = 0.001). This first‐quarter peak was observed in each of the 6 years examined. Comparison of the patients who acquired pericarditis during peak and nonpeak quarters yielded no differences in baseline characteristics, peak body temperature, white blood cell count, C‐reactive protein level, or frequency of myocardial involvement or liver enzyme elevation. No seasonal pattern was identified for recurrent episodes of pericarditis (n = 57).

Conclusions

Acute idiopathic pericarditis appears to have a seasonal pattern with a distinct late winter peak. No seasonal pattern was identified for recurrent episodes.
Scheduling approaches in beacon‐enabled mode for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Alghamdi Bandar Ali , Ayaida Marwane , Fouchal Hacene
Published: September 2017

Efficient energy consumption is the most important challenge in wireless sensors networks. Many solutions have been proposed since many years as efficient medium access control protocols, smart sensing applications, appropriate task scheduling, and so on. Task scheduling allows could participate to optimise energy consumption, it aims to propose planning over repetitive time periods where sensors need to sleep, to collect data and to communicate. In this paper, we propose two scheduling procedures (semi‐dynamic and dynamic) which are executed over the ZigBee network in beacon‐enabled mode. Each of these algorithms has its own features and advantages. The Zigbee super‐frame is used as a means to inform each node on its duties (when to sleep or when to communicate). In order to evaluate our proposals, we have implemented them over TelosB motes running on operating system TinyOS. These algorithms have been implemented on the Z‐Monitor tool . We have compared our scheduling approaches to the usual static scheduling method provided by Zigbee. These evaluations show that our proposals enhance network lifetime and ensure better packet data rate and lower latency. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When More Is Less: An Exploratory Study of the Precautionary Reporting Bias and Its Impact on Safety Signal Detection
Authors: Klein Kevin , Scholl Joep H.G. , De Bruin Marie L. , van Puijenbroek Eugène P. , Leufkens Hubert G.M. , Stolk Pieter
Published: September 2017

Concerns have been expressed that large numbers of nonvalue‐added reports have been accumulating in adverse drug reaction (ADR) databases, for example, via patient support programs. We performed an assessment of the impact of such reports, which we refer to as “precautionary reports,” on safety signal detection in the Netherlands. The case narratives of ADR reports of three case products were screened with text‐mining algorithms to identify those reports that lack a causal relationship with the suspected medicinal product. We demonstrate that precautionary reports impede the optimal use of the pharmacovigilance system by, on the one hand, masking safety signals and, on the other hand, creating spurious signals. The precautionary reporting bias and its suppressing effect on statistical signal detection results in an altered adverse event safety profile. The findings from this study highlight the need for a better alignment between regulatory authorities and marketing authorization holders regarding pharmacovigilance guidelines.
1,10‐Phenanthroline Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Model Systems in the Search for High‐Performing Triplet Photosensitisers: Addressing Ligand versus Metal Effects
Authors: Lu Yue , Conway‐Kenny Robert , Twamley Brendan , McGoldrick Niamh , Zhao Jianzhang , Draper Sylvia M.
Published: September 2017

A series of RuII complexes containing extended 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands with triphenylamine (TPA) and/or pyrene as light‐harvesting chromophores, were synthesised and investigated in triplet photosensitising applications. “Chemistry‐on‐the‐complex” methods were employed using Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions. Tunable absorption and triplet lifetimes were achieved depending on the type and number of the chromophores. Intense absorption in the visible region was common to the generated complexes. Those RuII complexes containing only TPA appendages showed much shorter triplet lifetimes (τT<0.6 μs) than those containing pyrene (τT up to 148 μs). The complexes were explored as triplet photosensitisers for singlet‐oxygen (1O2) photosensitisation and triplet–triplet annihilation based upconversion applications. The best performing complex, Ru‐5, with a single pyrene chromophore, displayed the highest 1O2 quantum yield (ΦΔ=84.4 %) and an attractive upconversion quantum yield (ΦUC=14.7 %). A comparison of the results with those of analogous IrIII complexes comprising the same large N^N coordinating ligands showed that both sets of complexes exhibit the same ligand‐dependent trends in behaviour. The implication is that synthetically accessible RuII complexes might be effective model systems for predicting those ligand frameworks likely to give the highest performing IrIII‐based triplet photosensitisers.
Fuel Production from Seawater and Fuel Cells Using Seawater
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo
Published: September 2017

Seawater is the most abundant resource on our planet and fuel production from seawater has the notable advantage that it would not compete with growing demands for pure water. This Review focuses on the production of fuels from seawater and their direct use in fuel cells. Electrolysis of seawater under appropriate conditions affords hydrogen and dioxygen with 100 % faradaic efficiency without oxidation of chloride. Photoelectrocatalytic production of hydrogen from seawater provides a promising way to produce hydrogen with low cost and high efficiency. Microbial solar cells (MSCs) that use biofilms produced in seawater can generate electricity from sunlight without additional fuel because the products of photosynthesis can be utilized as electrode reactants, whereas the electrode products can be utilized as photosynthetic reactants. Another important source for hydrogen is hydrogen sulfide, which is abundantly found in Black Sea deep water. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of Black Sea deep water can also be used in hydrogen fuel cells. Production of a fuel and its direct use in a fuel cell has been made possible for the first time by a combination of photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide from seawater and dioxygen in the air and its direct use in one‐compartment hydrogen peroxide fuel cells to obtain electric power.
Hessian‐based quantitative image analysis of host‐pathogen confrontation assays
Authors: Cseresnyes Zoltan , Kraibooj Kaswara , Figge Marc Thilo
Published: September 2017

Host‐fungus interactions have gained a lot of interest in the past few decades, mainly due to an increasing number of fungal infections that are often associated with a high mortality rate in the absence of effective therapies. These interactions can be studied at the genetic level or at the functional level via imaging. Here, we introduce a new image processing method that quantifies the interaction between host cells and fungal invaders, for example, alveolar macrophages and the conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus. The new technique relies on the information content of transmitted light bright field microscopy images, utilizing the Hessian matrix eigenvalues to distinguish between unstained macrophages and the background, as well as between macrophages and fungal conidia. The performance of the new algorithm was measured by comparing the results of our method with that of an alternative approach that was based on fluorescence images from the same dataset. The comparison shows that the new algorithm performs very similarly to the fluorescence‐based version. Consequently, the new algorithm is able to segment and characterize unlabeled cells, thus reducing the time and expense that would be spent on the fluorescent labeling in preparation for phagocytosis assays. By extending the proposed method to the label‐free segmentation of fungal conidia, we will be able to reduce the need for fluorescence‐based imaging even further. Our approach should thus help to minimize the possible side effects of fluorescence labeling on biological functions. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Comprehensive support for students with ASD leads to success
Authors: Novis David
Published: September 2017

Jackie Clark is the assistant coordinator for the College Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder at Marshall University, where she provides individualized support for students with ASD. We discussed how the program has managed to garner such a high rate of retention and graduation — getting students to effectively transition into college, through graduation, and out into the workforce.
Know how to respond to challenges presented by animals on campus
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2017

If your institution is like most, you're seeing an increase in the number of animals on campus. Besides service animals in the classrooms and around campus, if your institution has housing, you're reviewing requests for emotional support animals.
Students prioritize mental health but can't find resources
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2017

Students don't know where to turn for resources on mental health, according to a study by the Born This Way Foundation, which was founded by Lady Gaga in 2012. The survey, entitled “Kind Communities — A Bridge to Youth Mental Wellness,” received responses from 3,015 participants aged 15 to 24, as well as more than 1,000 parents, in an online survey. More than half of the students surveyed said they believed mental health was important, but a much smaller percentage of students surveyed reported seeking help for mental health concerns.
Comparison of Demagnetization Curve of Nd‐Fe‐B Magnets Measured with Various Magnetization Measurement Systems
Authors: HAYASHI YUKI
Published: September 2017

The magnetic properties of Nd‐Fe‐B magnets with 0.5 mm and 1 mm cubes in size were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer equipped with high‐temperature superconducting magnet (VSM_HSC). With the VSM_HSC, high sweep speed and high accuracy in magnetization measurement were achieved. Furthermore, magnetic properties of Nd‐Fe‐B magnets were measured with the VSM_HSC, pulsed field magnetometer, and a permeameter. It was found that the squareness of demagnetization curves appeared depending on the measurement systems.