bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD AND FOOD-BORNE DISEASE
Authors: Hall Herbert E. , Angelotti Robert , Lewis Keith H. , Foter Milton J.
Published: January 2020

Hall, Herbert
E. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio),
Robert Angelotti, Keith H. Lewis, and Milton J. Foter
. Characteristics of
Clostridium perfringens
strains associated with food and food-borne disease. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1094–1103. 1963.—A total of 83 strains of
Clostridium perfringens
—30 from England, Europe, and Asia, associated with food-poisoning outbreaks; 28 from the United States, associated with outbreaks or contaminated foods; and 25 from natural or pathological sources—have been studied to determine their serological relationships, sporulation and heat-resistance of spores, and their hemolytic activity on mammalian bloods. A comparison of the results obtained with these three groups of strains reveals that the Eurasian group is characterized by serological typability, poor sporulation with the production of heat-resistant spores, and a hemolytic activity limited to the production of partial hemolysis on horse, ox, and sheep bloods, whereas the strains from natural and pathological sources in this country are not serologically typable, sporulate well but the spores are not heat-resistant, and are hemolytically active, producing both partial and complete hemolysis on horse, ox, and sheep bloods. The American food-poisoning strains have a wide variety of characteristics. Some strains resemble the Eurasian in their serological typability and the production of heat-resistant spores, but sporulation and hemolytic activity are more like the strains from classical sources. On the basis of these data, it appears unlikely that
C. perfringens
food-poisoning outbreaks in the United States are restricted to strains meeting the criteria of classification described by British workers and that the isolation of large numbers of any strain of this organism from an incriminated food must be considered as having a possible bearing on the etiology of the outbreak.
SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF PROLINE-INDUCED PIGMENTATION IN WASHED CELLS OF
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Blizzard John L. , Peterson G. E.
Published: January 2020

Blizzard, John
L. (University of Houston, Houston, Texas)
and G. E. Peterson
. Selective inhibition of proline-induced pigmentation in washed cells of
Serratia marcescens
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1136–1140. 1963.—Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines inhibited the synthesis of prodigiosin by
Serratia marcescens
strain D1. This occurred at concentrations of the antibiotic too low to inhibit the growth of the organism in either agar media or broth cultures. Nonpigmented cells were produced in broth by either adding streptomycin or incubating at 37 C. After being washed and resuspended in aqueous saline containing either casein hydrolysate,
l
-proline, or a glycine-succinate mixture and incubated at 27 C for 24 hr, these cells formed pigment. The appearance of pigment was preceded by a lag period of 10 hr. Prodigiosin production by these washed suspensions of cells was completely inhibited by either streptomycin or glucose, or by incubation at 37 C instead of 27 C. Even though pigmentation by washed-cell suspensions was induced by proline, the utilization of proline was not affected by streptomycin or glucose, or by incubation at 37 C. To block pigmentation completely, streptomycin had to be added to proline-supplemented cells before they were 10 hr old. Addition of the antibiotic after the end of the induction period caused either partial or no inhibition of pigment production. Streptomycin caused an increase in the endogenous respiration of
S. marcescens
but failed to affect the constitutive enzymes that oxidize glucose. The possible relationships of these phenomena are discussed.

Weil (1952) reported that low concentrations of chloramphenicol and certain tetracyclines inhibit the synthesis of prodigiosin while permitting growth by
Serratia marcescens
. He noted the potential value to “mode-of-action” studies of an organism having certain functions selectively inhibited by antibiotics. We confirmed Weil's (1952) observations and found that streptomycin at low concentration would also inhibit the synthesis of prodigiosin without impeding growth.

Further studies of the selective inhibition of prodigiosin synthesis by streptomycin were performed using nonproliferating suspensions of washed cells (Gott and Williams, 1961). Either a glycine-succinate mixture or
l
-proline could cause nonproliferating cells to form pigment. A period of induction preceded the formation of pigment. Either streptomycin or glucose, or an incubation temperature of 37 C, inhibited the proline-induced pigmentation by washed cells. Further investigations provided insights to these findings.
KINETICS OF THE ACTION OF AMPICILLIN ONESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Seligman Stephen J. , Hewitt William L.
Published: January 2020

Seligman, StephenJ. (University of California, Los Angeles)and William L. Hewitt. Kinetics of the action of ampicillin onEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.85:1160–1164. 1963.—The curve of the number of viableEscherichia coliafter exposure to ampicillin can be divided into three phases: a lag phase, a rapid bactericidal phase, and a slow bactericidal phase. Some of the variables affecting the magnitude of the first two of these phases were investigated. Progressive lowering of drug concentration resulted in prolongation of the lag phase and decrease in slope and extent of the rapid bactericidal phase. The production of elongated gram-negative forms and the emergence of a mutant with increased penicillinase activity complicated interpretation of the lower dose curves. With sufficient drug concentration, the length of the lag phase and the slope of the rapid bactericidal curve were independent of the size of inoculum up to 108organisms. Varying pH revealed that maximal activity, as measured by the shortest lag phase and steepest slope of the rapid bactericidal phase, was present at slightly acid pH levels. Increasing pH resulted principally in prolongation of lag phase. With greater acidity, decrease in slope of the rapid bactericidal phase was more prominent. Cultures studied under conditions of lessened metabolic activity exhibited prolonged lag phase and decreased slope and extent of rapid bactericidal phase.
METABOLIC ROLE OF THE BR FACTOR IN
BUTYRIBACTERIUM RETTGERI
Authors: Kline Leo , Pine L. , Barker H. A.
Published: January 2020

Kline, Leo
(University of California, Berkeley), L.
Pine, and H. A. Barker
. Metabolic role of the BR factor in
Butyribacterium rettgeri
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
967–975. 1963.—The BR factor, which is replaceable by lipoic acid, was shown to be required for the decomposition of lactate by
Butyribacterium rettgeri
. Since the factor was not required for the fermentation of pyruvate or glucose by this organism, the results indicate that BR factor is essential only for some reaction involved in the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate, possibly the transport of electrons from lactate to the ultimate anaerobic electron-acceptor systems. The same products, namely, acetate, butyrate, and carbon dioxide, are formed from glucose or pyruvate in the presence or absence of BR factor and from lactate in the presence of the factor. Thus the factor is not required for the conversion of glucose or pyruvate to acetate, butyrate, or carbon dioxide. Although
B. rettgeri
does not require the BR factor for growth on glucose, growth of lactate-adapted cells on glucose is slow and is markedly stimulated by addition of the factor. Such cells growing on glucose do not show any ability to decompose lactate; consequently, an additional function of the BR factor, probably associated with the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, is indicated. Cells fully adapted to glucose grow rapidly on this substrate and do not respond to the factor. Lactate is formed during growth of glucose-adapted cells on glucose, although such cells cannot decompose lactate.
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
I
Authors: Kellogg Douglas S. , Peacock William L. , Deacon W. E. , Brown L. , Pirkle Carl I.
Published: January 2020

Kellogg, Douglas S., Jr.
(Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.),
William L. Peacock, Jr., W. E. Deacon, L. Brown, and Carl I. Pirkle
.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. I. Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1274–1279. 1963.—One type, obtained from the purulent exudate of acute gonorrhea was maintained by 69 selective in vitro passages, at which point the organisms produced infections in human volunteers. A predominance of clonal types found in laboratory strains and a lack of ability to infect human volunteers resulted from 69 nonselective in vitro passages. Physiological and serological characteristics of the clonal types are compared. We are now in a position to study
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
organisms in their virulent form.
ROLE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE CONTROL OF FRUITING OF
SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: January 2020

Niederpruem, Donald
J. (Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis). Role of carbon dioxide in the control of fruiting of
Schizophyllum commune
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1300–1308. 1963.—Compatible matings of
Schizophyllum commune
carried out in sealed chambers showed good vegetative growth and clamp-connection formation but fruiting was markedly inhibited. This inhibition was reversed by either aeration or the inclusion of alkali in the chambers. These phenomena occurred on a defined medium, with glucose as the primary carbon source, and were dependent on the level of carbohydrate employed. Gas mixtures of air-CO
2
(95:5) severely restricted the fruiting process when applied during mating or before the formation of fruit body primordia. It is proposed that respiratory CO
2
plays an important role in the regulation of form of
S. commune
.
CULTURE MEDIUM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN A
Authors: Casman E. P. , Bennett R. W.
Published: January 2020

Casman
, E. P. (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.)
and R. W. Bennett
. Culture medium for the production of staphylococcal Enterotoxin A. J. Bacteriol.
86:
18–23. 1963.—By use of Wadsworth's modification of the gel diffusion test of Ouchterlony for the assay of enterotoxin, cultivation on semisolid Brain Heart Infusion Agar of pH 5.3 permitted the detection of the production of staphylococcal Enterotoxin A with all of 49 strains without concentration of their toxins. The production of appreciably more potent enterotoxin was effected by using a cellophane sac culture technique. The use of the latter procedure, together with Brain Heart Infusion broth, permitted the detection of the production of trace amounts of Enterotoxins A and B.
NUTRITIONAL REGULATION OF MORPHOGENESIS IN
MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS
Authors: Dworkin Martin
Published: January 2020

Dworkin, Martin
(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). Nutritional regulation of morphogenesis in
Myxococcus xanthus
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
67–72. 1963.—Fruiting-body formation by
Myxococcus xanthus
can be induced by omitting phenylalanine and tryptophan from the chemically defined growth medium. This effect was specific for these two amino acids and was not attributable to a nonspecific lowering of the growth rate. A complex pool of amino acids is present in vegetative cells of
M. xanthus
. Nutritional environments leading to morphogenesis also result in a decrease in the level of this pool. These changes have been described.
ABSCESS-FORMING FACTOR(S) PRODUCED BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
II
Authors: Lam Gow T. , Sweeney Francis J. , Witmer Charlotte M. , Wise Robert I.
Published: January 2020

Lam, Gow
T. (Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Francis J. Sweeney, Jr., Charlotte M. Witmer, and Robert I. Wise
. Abscess-forming factor(s) produced by
Staphylococcus aureus
. II. Abscess formation and immunity by a
Staphylococcus
and its mutants. J. Bacteriol.
86:
87–91. 1963.—Three mutants were derived from a virulent parent strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
by ultraviolet irradiation. One mutant retained coagulase but lost its hemolytic activity; a second had no coagulase but retained its hemolysin; and a third contained hemolysin and bound coagulase but no free coagulase. The parent strain was coagulase-positive, hemolysin-positive, and possessed all the known extracellular products. All four strains were compared by bacteriophage typing, mannitol utilization, and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The four isolates were studied for their pathogenicity in Swiss albino mice and four strains of inbred mice. Their immunological characteristics as studied by repeated subcutaneous injections are reported. The importance of hemolysin and the coagulase in abscess formation is discussed. Local immunity was produced only by the parent strain, but abscesses were produced by all the strains containing coagulase.
TERMINAL OXIDATION IN CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF FUNGI
Authors: Dowler William M. , Shaw Paul D. , Gottlieb David
Published: January 2020

Dowler, William
M. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
Paul D. Shaw, and David Gottlieb
. Terminal oxidation in cell-free extracts of fungi. J. Bacteriol.
86:
9–17. 1963.—The terminal respiration in cell-free extracts of ten representative fungi is mediated by an electron transport system similar to that observed in animal tissue. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and succinic cytochrome
c
reductases and NADH oxidase activity are contained in the extracts. An antimycin-sensitive site and cytochrome oxidase are present. Dehydrogenases including glucose-6-phosphate, triose phosphate, isocitric, glutamic, succinic, and malic dehydrogenase were found, but pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenases were absent. The soluble nature of the dehydrogenases indicates probable disruption of the mitochondria, since normally these enzymes are found within the mitochondria. Particles containing most of the terminal respiratory activity could be sedimented by centrifugation at 40,000 ×
g
for 30 min. Oxygen was utilized by cell-free extracts with NADH, succinate, and isocitrate as substrates, but not with glucose.
COMPOSITION OF THE SHEATH OF
SPHAEROTILUS NATANS
Authors: Romano Antonio H. , Peloquin Joyce P.
Published: January 2020

Romano, Antonio
H. (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio)
and Joyce P. Peloquin
. Composition of the sheath of
Sphaerotilus natans
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
252–258. 1963.—The sheath of
Sphaerotilus natans
was isolated and subjected to chemical analysis. Isolation of the sheaths was accomplished by incubating cells in the presence of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and adding sodium dodecyl sulfate subsequently. Under these conditions, there was complete dissolution of cells. The sheaths, which were left intact by this treatment, were recovered by centrifugation, washed exhaustively, lyophilized, and subjected to analysis. Hydrolysis of the sheath material with 2
n
HCl at 100 C resulted in the liberation of reducing sugars amounting to 36% of the dry weight. Amino sugar accounted for 11% of the dry weight. Paper chromatography of hydrolysates showed the presence of glucose and hexosamine. Tests for muramic acid were negative. In addition to carbohydrate, 27% protein and 5.2% lipid were found to be present. Fractionation studies indicated that essentially all of the polysaccharide was associated with a trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction. The sheath is therefore considered to be a protein-polysaccharide-lipid complex, which is chemically and anatomically distinct from the cell wall and the slime layer. It is hypothesized that this unique structure may be related to the microcapsule found in many gram-negative bacteria, and may represent a structural specialization of this more common structure.
EFFECT OF TWEEN 80 ON THE GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN AERATED CULTURES
Authors: Lyon Richard H. , Lichstein Herman C. , Hall Wendell H.
Published: January 2020

Lyon, Richard
H. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Minneapolis, Minn.),
Herman C. Lichstein, and Wendell H. Hall
. Effect of Tween 80 on the growth of tubercle bacilli in aerated cultures. J. Bacteriol.
86:
280–284. 1963.—The effect of Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), glucose, and glycerol on aerated and stationary growth of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strain H
37
Ra was examined in Dubos liquid medium. Previous studies established that aeration (rotation) of liquid cultures of
M. tuberculosis
strains H
37
Ra and H
37
Rv caused an inhibition of growth in a medium containing glucose as a source of carbohydrate. The present studies show that Tween 80 exerts a toxic effect on the growth of tubercle bacilli in aerated cultures when glucose is present in the medium as the sole source of carbohydrate, but not when glycerol is included. The role of hydrolytic products of Tween 80,
viz
. oleic acid and the polyoxyethylene derivative of sorbitol, is discussed. The hypothesis is submitted that glycerol protects against the growth suppression by aeration because it reduces the concentration of free fatty acids in the medium to subinhibitory levels.
DIAGNOSTIC COLOR DIFFERENTIATION PLATES FOR HEREDITARY RESPIRATION DEFICIENCY IN YEAST
Authors: Nagai Susumu
Published: January 2020

Nagai, Susumu
(National Women's University, Nara, Japan). Diagnostic color differentiation plates for hereditary respiration deficiency in yeast. J. Bacteriol.
86:
299–302. 1963.—Color differentiation between normal yeasts and their respiration-deficient mutants was improved by growing yeast colonies on nutrient agar plates containing several selected dyes and their mixtures. Magdala red (5 to 8 mg/liter) was good for single-color plates, giving deep-red sheen to the mutant colonies in contrast to the normal ones which tinted light red. A mixture of eosin (8 to 15 mg/liter, either Y or B) with trypan blue (15 to 20 mg/liter) was excellent in color and convenient to prepare, giving brilliant purple sheen to the mutant colonies contrasted to the normal ones which tinted grayish violet. These color plates were good over a broad range of
Saccharomyces
species, although the colony shades and suitable dye concentrations varied depending on the species and strains.
SPECIFIC VIRAL INTERFERENCE IN HELA CELL CULTURES CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH COXSACKIE B5 VIRUS
Authors: Crowell Richard L.
Published: January 2020

Crowell, Richard
L. (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.). Specific viral interference in HeLa cell cultures chronically infected with Coxsackie B5 virus. J. Bacteriol.
86:
517–526. 1963.—The presence of large amounts of Coxsackie B5 virus in culture fluids of a HeLa subline, serially propagated over a 3-year period, provided evidence for attainment of a viral carrier state. Human serum in the growth medium of carrier cultures appeared prerequisite for maintenance of a stable virus-cell equilibrium. Virus was eliminated from HeLa cells by addition of B5 antiserum to the growth medium, whereas subcultivation in calf serum medium resulted in cellular degeneration by virus. HeLa cells, chronically infected by B5 virus, retained normal morphology in monolayer cultures and were found preservable by freezing. Persistently infected HeLa cells formed colonies with high efficiency in a medium containing B5 antiserum, to provide evidence that the majority of cells in carrier populations were not fatally infected. The significance of occurrence of small and large plaque variants of B5 virus in the carrier system remains to be determined. Coxsackie B5-carrier cultures were found specifically resistant to superinfection by all members of Coxsackie group B. This resistance, due to viral interference, was not extended to three immunological types of Coxsackie group A, poliovirus types 1 to 3, adenovirus T1, or vaccinia virus. Viral interference was found to be a consequence of altered surfaces of carrier cells, as reflected by decreased adsorption kinetics and cell penetration by Coxsackie group B viruses. The data suggested that Coxsackie group B viruses share a unique requirement, distinct from that of polioviruses, for reception and eclipse by HeLa cells. Interference between polioviruses and members of Coxsackie group B is discussed.
PREPARATION OF A COPPER-DEFICIENT MEDIUM FOR YEAST GROWTH
Authors: Giorgio Anthony J. , Cartwright G. E. , Wintrobe M. M.
Published: January 2020

Giorgio, Anthony
J. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), G. E.
Cartwright, and M. M. Wintrobe
. Preparation of a copper-deficient medium for yeast growth. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1037–1040. 1963.—A simple, rapid, and effective means was described for removing trace amounts of copper without removal of other growth nutrients from synthetic media. The complete synthetic medium minus added copper was batch-extracted with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate in carbon tetrachloride. The concentration of copper in extracted media was 0.3 to 1.7 μg per liter of media as compared with 8 μg per liter before extraction. Yeast growth in extracted media to which copper was added was comparable with growth in unextracted media. Yeast growth in copper-deficient media was significantly impaired. The growth requirement of two different strains of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
was of the order of 10 μg of copper per liter of medium.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN I
Authors: Marucci Americo A.
Published: January 2020

Marucci, Americo
A. (Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, N.Y.). Mechanism of action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. I. Some factors influencing the measurement of alpha-hemolysin. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1182–1188. 1963.—A kinetic method for the accurate and reproducible measurement of the action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin on rabbit erythrocytes is described. The activity of the alpha-hemolysin depends upon the temperature used for measurement. At 37 C the hemolysin lyses cells faster, but it in turn is rather quickly inactivated. At 0 C there is no inactivation, but the rate of lysis is greatly decreased. There is no change in the activity with change in total reaction volume, providing that the concentrations of cells and hemolysin are kept constant. The fraction of rabbit red cells lysed by a given amount of hemolysin in a given time is constant and independent of the total number of cells in the reaction mixture.
EFFECT OF CATIONS UPON HYDROPHOBICITY OF YEASTS GROWN IN AMINO ACID MEDIA
Authors: Hedrick L. R. , Feren C. J.
Published: January 2020

Hedrick
, L. R. (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago),
and C. J. Feren
. Effect of cations upon hydrophobicity of yeasts grown in amino acid media. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1288–1294. 1963.—Cells of four species of
Hansenula
, namely,
H. holstii
Y2154,
H. subpelliculosa
Y1683 and Y1542, and
H. anomala
Y365, were cultured for 3 days in a glucose-salts medium with one amino acid or (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
as a nitrogen source. The
l
-amino acids used were glutamic acid, valine, proline, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. After growth, the cells were washed three times and added to small tubes which contained varying concentrations of chlorides of the cations Cs
+
, K
+
, Na
+
, and Al
+++
. The concentration of salt in ionic strength required for sedimenting yeast cells to form a fixed pellet represents an index of hydrophobicity of the cells, i.e., the smaller the ionic strength, the greater the hydrophobicity. All species grown in (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
had a high degree of hydrophobicity. Cells of
H. holstii
and
H. subpelliculosa
Y1683 were very hydrophilic when cultured in the three aromatic amino acids as a nitrogen source and in proline as a carbon and a nitrogen source; cells of the latter species were much more hydrophobic if grown with proline as a nitrogen source. Cells of
H. holstii
cultured in
l
-glutamic acid as a nitrogen source were much more hydrophobic than those grown in proline as either a nitrogen or a carbon source. Cells of all species grown in
l
-lysine were more hydrophobic than cells cultured in the other amino acids tested.
H. subpelliculosa
Y1542 cells were somewhat more hydrophilic than those of
H. anomala
Y365, but both were much more hydrophobic than the other two yeasts studied. The concentration of cations required to detect an identical degree of hydrophobicity of cells decreased in the order Cs, Li, K, Na, and Al. This order corresponds to the compressibility method for estimating the water of hydration of the cations.
EFFECT OF ALANINE AND THREONINE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF SERINE BY
LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: O'Barr Thomas P.
Published: January 2020

O'Barr, Thomas
P. (Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C.). Effect of alanine and threonine on the synthesis of serine by
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1321–1325. 1963.—Growth of
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
in the absence of serine was inhibited by
l
-alanine and
l
-threonine. Varying the glycine concentration when
l
-alanine was present suggested a direct relationship between the molar ratio of these two amino acids and the amount of growth achieved by the test organism. Supplements of leucovorin did not reverse the effect of
l
-alanine upon growth. In experiments with washed cells of
L. mesenteroides
, both
l
-alanine and
l
-threonine reduced the amount of C
14
-labeled formate fixed into serine and the amount of glycine-
1-C
14
found in boiling-water extracts of the cells. Neither
l
-alanine nor
l
-threonine had any inhibitory effect upon the glycine-dependent disappearance of formaldehyde by acetone powders prepared from
L. mesenteroides
.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE PROPIONIC ACID FERMENTATION
Authors: Allen S. H. G. , Kellermeyer R. W. , Stjernholm R. L. , Wood Harland G.
Published: January 2020

Allen
, S. H. G. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), R. W.
Kellermeyer, R. L. Stjernholm, and Harland G. Wood
. Purification and properties of enzymes involved in the propionic acid fermentation. J. Bacteriol.
87:
171–187. 1964.—Chromatographic procedures are described for the separation and purification of phosphotransacetylase, acetyl kinase, malic dehydrogenase and coenzyme A (CoA) transferase. Purity of the enzymes was judged by homogeneity in an ultracentrifuge and by specific activity. Phosphotransacetylase was obtained 85% pure with a specific activity of 27.1. The preparation of acetyl kinase was a homogeneous protein with a specific activity of 531. The malic dehydrogenase likewise was homogeneous with a specific activity of 938. The CoA transferase, which was about 56% pure with a specific activity of 42.6, is the purest preparation of this enzyme yet described. The pH optimum was 6.5 to 7.8, and the
K
m
for succinyl-CoA in the transfer of CoA to acetate was found to be 1.3 × 10
−4
m
; for acetate, in the same transfer, the
K
m
was 7.0 × 10
−3
m
; for succinyl-CoA to propionate it was 6.8 × 10
−5
m
, and for propionate, in the same reaction, 6.2 × 10
−4
m
. Methods are described for the enzymatic production of methyl-malonyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, and succinyl-CoA. The role of these enzymes in the propionic acid fermentation as well as the possible mechanism responsible for the high yields of adenosine triphosphate from glucose are considered.
INTRACELLULAR BEHAVIOR OFHISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
Authors: Howard Dexter H.
Published: January 2020

Howard, DexterH. (University of California, Los Angeles). Intracellular behavior ofHistoplasma capsulatum. J. Bacteriol.87:33–38. 1964.—The tinctorial characteristics and intracellular generation time ofHistoplasma capsulatumwithin mouse histiocytes maintained in tissue culture were studied. The appearance of viable and nonviable cells ofH. capsulatumwas observed after staining with the May Grunwald-Giemsa, Methenamine Silver, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) procedures. Death of the fungus, either induced by heat or occurring naturally in saline suspension, caused a loss of nuclear differentiation. This loss was not accompanied by changes in the PAS or Silver staining capacities of the cell walls of the fungus. There was no tinctorial evidence for intracellular death ofH. capsulatumin normal mouse histiocytes. The intracellular generation time of the fungus was estimated to be 10.3 ± 1.5 hr, and was not affected by the age of the histiocytes. The generation time was approximately the same in histiocytes from Webster-Swiss and A/J mice.
GREEN FLUORESCENT PIGMENT ACCUMULATED BY A MUTANT OF
CELLVIBRIO GILVUS
Authors: Love Samuel H. , Hulcher Frank H.
Published: January 2020

Love, Samuel
H. (Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.),
and Frank H. Hulcher
. Green fluorescent pigment accumulated by a mutant of
Cellvibrio gilvus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
39–45. 1964.—A mutant of
Cellvibrio gilvus
, designated strain 139A, liberated a green, fluorescent pigment into the surrounding culture medium. A study of the factors which affected the accumulation of this pigment led to the development of a chemically defined medium which supported maximal pigment accumulation in aerated, liquid cultures.
d
-Glucose, glycine or
l
-serine,
l
-phenylalanine,
l
-proline, and
l
-lysine comprised the organic components of this medium. The visible absorption spectrum of the pigment showed a maximal band at 400 mμ (pH 7.0). A difference spectrum between reduced and oxidized pigment showed loss of the band at 400 mμ upon oxidation. However, a methanol-extractable, flavinelike compound occurred in the wild strain but not in the mutant. Ferric ions added to the defined medium stimulated growth, with a concomitant reduction of pigment accumulation. Pigment was formed at a maximal rate during the stationary growth phase, and the highest yield was obtained by 18 hr. Organic solvents did not extract the pigment from water solutions. One and sometimes two, compounds absorbing at 400 mμ could be eluted by ion-exchange chromatography on Cellex-P (H
+
), which was used to separate the pigment from other components in the culture supernatants so that the radioactivity of the pigment could be measured. The mutant synthesized C
14
-labeled pigment from
d
-glucose-
U-C
14
and from each of four amino acids (glycine-
1-C
14
,
l
-phenylalanine-
U-C
14
,
l
-proline-
U-C
14
, and
l
-lysine-
U-C
14
. Δ-Amino-levulenic acid-
4-C
14
did not contribute C
14
to the pigment.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF
l
-ALANINE DEHYDROGENASE FROM VEGETATIVE CELLS OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: McCormick Neil G. , Halvorson Harlyn O.
Published: January 2020

McCormick, Neil
G. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and Harlyn O. Halvorson
. Purification and properties of
l
-alanine dehydrogenase from vegetative cells of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
68–74. 1964.—The
l
-alanine dehydrogenase from vegetative cells of
Bacillus cereus
strain T has been purified approximately 200-fold. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 248,000 and a turnover number of 80,000 moles of substrate per min per mole of enzyme. The Michaelis constants for the substrates and the equilibrium constant for the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme are in close agreement with reported values for other
l
-alanine dehydrogenases. The kinetic properties of the enzyme purified from vegetative cells are identical to those of the enzyme isolated from spores of the same organism, but differ with respect to relative heat stability. Whereas spores contain a heat-resistant enzyme, vegetative cells contain, in addition, a heat-sensitive enzyme. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that a molecular conversion type of phenomenon plays a role in the appearance of spore enzyme.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOIL SALINITY ON THE ECOLOGY OF
COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
Authors: Elconin Ann F. , Egeberg Roger O. , Egeberg Margaret C.
Published: January 2020

Elconin, Ann
F. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles),
Roger O. Egeberg, and Margaret C. Egeberg
. Significance of soil salinity on the ecology of
Coccidioides immitis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
500–503. 1964.—An 8-year study of the soil in a small parcel of land where coccidioidomycosis is endemic was conducted. Over 5,000 samples collected from the surface of the soil at monthly intervals were tested for the presence of
Coccidioides immitis
. These samples were also analyzed to determine their major chemical composition. During the first 3 years,
C. immitis
was recovered in profusion from the spring samples, but during the next 4 years the fungus virtually disappeared from this endemic area.
C. immitis
reappeared in the spring of the final year of this study. There had been no significant deviation in the climatic conditions, flora, or fauna of the region. Chemical analysis of soils showed a marked elevation of the soluble salts (principally Na, Ca, SO
4
, and Cl) during those years when
C. immitis
was recovered. The soluble salts, expressed in terms of the saturation extract conductivity, ranged from 11 to 27 in those spring seasons when
C. immitis
was recovered, and from 3.5 to 8.8 when it was not found. This degree of correlation indicates that the high level of surface salinity encouraged the growth of
C. immitis
, and could be a factor in accounting for the spotty distribution of this fungus within endemic areas.
QUICK SEROLOGICAL METHOD OF CLASSIFYING STRAINS OF
RHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM
IN NODULES
Authors: Means Ura M. , Johnson Herbert W. , Date R. A.
Published: January 2020

Means, Ura
M. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.),
Herbert W. Johnson, and R. A. Date
. Quick serological method of classifying strains of
Rhizobium japonicum
in nodules. J. Bacteriol.
87:
547–553. 1964.—A new method of classifying strains of
Rhizobium japonicum
serologically by utilizing the contents of nodules as antigens is described. The method differs from standard procedures only in the preparation of antigens, but it is less time-consuming. Agglutination reactions of culture and nodule antigens were identical for 15 of the 17 strains investigated. Nodule antigens of ineffective strain 24 failed to agglutinate with any of the 17 antisera employed, and nodule antigens of strain 46 reacted with two antisera in addition to the two with which the culture antigens reacted. Host genotypes affected the reactions of nodule antigens of strain 46, with the reactions ranging from those typical for culture antigens for some soybean (
Glycine max
) varieties to reactions with heterologous antisera only for other soybean varieties and six cowpea (
Vigna sinensis
) varieties. Although nodule antigens of most strains of
R. japonicum
reacted the same as culture antigens, the inconsistent reactions of nodule antigens of strain 46 suggest precautions in the general use of nodule antigens. Indicated precautions are discussed.
AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS IN HUMAN CELLS
Authors: Tankersley Robert W.
Published: January 2020

Tankersley, Robert W., Jr
. (Medical College of Virginia, Richmond). Amino acid requirements of herpes simplex virus in human cells. J. Bacteriol.
87:
609–613. 1964.—Progressive infection of human cells minimally infected with herpes simplex virus requires 11 of the amino acids of Eagle's medium, and glutamine. Lysine is not required, but rather exerts a partially inhibitory effect upon virus multiplication. Infected cells deprived of arginine support neither cytopathogenic effects nor virus replication; when arginine is replaced, a prompt and extensive infection follows. The effect of nutritional deficiencies on virus infection is discussed.
METHICILLIN-INDUCED LYSOZYME-SENSITIVE FORMS OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Aldrich K. M. , Sword C. P.
Published: January 2020

Aldrich, K. M. (The University of Kansas, Lawrence),and C. P. Sword. Methicillin-induced lysozyme-sensitive forms of staphylococci. J. Bacteriol.87:690–695. 1964.—Staphylococcus aureusandS. epidermidisgrown in the presence of sublethal amounts of methicillin were converted to enlarged spheres within 2 to 4 hr, as shown by phase microscopy, Gram stain, and electron microscopy. Addition of lysozyme to cells incubated in the presence of methicillin, and to methicillin-induced spheres suspended in hypotonic saline, caused lysis of methicillin-treated cells but not of untreated cells.
FOLIC ACID METABOLISM IN ANTIFOLIC-RESISTANT MUTANTS OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Johnson Alva H. , Hutchison Dorris J.
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Alva
H. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Rye, N.Y.),
and Dorris J. Hutchison
. Folic acid metabolism in antifolic-resistant mutants of
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
786–791. 1964.—
Streptococcus faecalis
ATCC 8043 and three of its mutants resistant to amethopterin were compared for their quantitative requirements for serine, purines, and thymine; for their quantitative requirements of folic acid (FA) for the synthesis de novo of serine, purines, and thymine; for the susceptibility to amethopterin of each pathway; and for the relative capacity of resting cells of each culture to synthesize
N
5
-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHOFAH
4
) from FA and serine or FA and formate. The mutants were found to be both qualitatively and quantitatively different from one another and from the wild strain. The growth conditions, specifically the composition of the medium in which each mutant strain was selected, had a marked effect on the metabolic capacities of the mutants. The ability to synthesize serine, purines, and thymine, as observed from the FA requirements, directly reflected the level of resistance of each pathway to amethopterin. The resistant mutants were more efficient than the wild strain in the formation of 5-CHOFAH
4
from FA and formate and, furthermore, this formate activation paralleled their capacities in the synthesis de novo of serine. Alterations in purine and thymine biosyntheses were also observed.
RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION IN BACTERIAL O ANTIGENS
Authors: Johnson Arthur G. , Nowotny Alois
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Arthur
G. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and Alois Nowotny
. Relationship of structure to function in bacterial O antigens. III. Biological properties of endotoxoids. J. Bacteriol.
87:
809–814. 1964.—Endotoxin (somatic O antigen) was rendered much less lethal for mice and rabbits after treatment with boron trifluoride, potassium methylate, or pyridinium formate. In addition, the ability to induce the second fever peak of the biphasic febrile response characteristic of endotoxin was abolished. The capacity to prepare for the local Shwartzman reaction was also reduced after such treatments. On the other hand, stimulation of nonspecific resistance, and adjuvant action in mice was retained. The ability to elicit specific antibody was diminished after boron trifluoride treatment but only slightly retarded by the other two procedures.
NATURE OF THE ENDOTOXIN-INACTIVATING PRINCIPLE IN GUINEA-PIG LIVER
Authors: Corwin Laurence M. , Farrar W. Edmund
Published: January 2020

Corwin, L. M. (Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.),and W. E. Farrar, Jr. Nature of the endotoxin-inactivating principle in guinea-pig liver. J. Bacteriol.87:832–837. 1964.—Guinea-pig liver preparations inactivateSerratia marcescensendotoxin as assayed in chick embryo. The activity is optimal at pH 6.5 to 7.0 and 8.5 to 9.0. Mitochondria and the supernatant fraction containing microsomes possess activity. Mitochondria are only active at the acid pH optimum. The activity of acetone powder extracts of mitochondria is enhanced by adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whereas the mitochondria themselves are also activated by malate. It was concluded that the enzymes which inactivate endotoxin involve fatty acid activation and oxidation. Such a finding suggests that the lipid moiety of endotoxin is required for toxicity.
SEROLOGY OF THEMIMA-HERELLEAGROUP AND THE GENUSMORAXELLA
Authors: Mitchell Paul D. , Burrell Robert G.
Published: January 2020

Mitchell, PaulD. (West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown),and Robert G. Burrell. Serology of theMima-Herelleagroup and the genusMoraxella. J. Bacteriol.87:900–909. 1964.—The identity of organisms which have been assigned to theMima-Herelleagroup of the tribe Mimeae and their taxonomic position are uncertain. In considering the possible relationship of theMima-Herelleagroup to the genusMoraxella, the approach used was the isolation and identification of representative antigenic constituents of strains designatedMima polymorpha, M. polymorphavar.oxidans, Herellea vaginicola, Moraxella lwoffi, M. liquefaciens, M. non-liquefaciens, andBacterium anitratum. Cell-free extracts of sonically disrupted cells were used in these studies, and the precipitinogens derived by this method were considered to be of capsular and somatic origin. Identity among the strains was established by immunodiffusion, with immune sera and antigenic extracts. Heterologous and homologous reactions were performed with adsorbed and unadsorbed sera to verify the cases of identity. In every instance of homologous reaction, at least five distinct antigen-antibody systems were discernible within theMima-Herelleagroup. However, as evidenced by heterologous studies, the demonstrable antigenic composition varied among the species and, in some instances, among the strains.M. polymorphavar.oxidansappeared to be serologically distinct fromH. vaginicolaandM. polymorpha, whereas strains of the latter two organisms were theorized to be closely related serologically. Serological cross-reactions in heterologous studies and reciprocal adsorption tests revealed the existence of a serological relationship between members of theMima-Herelleagroup and the genusMoraxella. A tentative scheme of identity is postulated on the basis of these crossreactions and cultural and biochemical reactions among the designated strains ofHerellea, Mima, Moraxella, andBacterium.
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID TRANSFER IN PBS2 TRANSDUCTION
Authors: Mahler I. , Cahoon M. , Marmur J.
Published: January 2020

Mahler
, I. (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.), M.
Cahoon, and J. Marmur
.
Bacillus subtilis
deoxyribonucleic acid transfer in PBS2 transduction. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1423–1428. 1964.—Lysates of the general transducing bacteriophage PBS2 grown on
Bacillus subtilis
SB19 were fractionated by preparative CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. Five distinct and separate bands which varied in their ability to transduce three nutritional markers were obtained by this procedure. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples prepared from unfractionated lysates and from each of the separate bands were examined by analytical CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. In addition to a major band (density, 1.723 g/cc) identified as PBS2 DNA, a satellite band of lighter density was detectable in the nucleic acids obtained from whole lysates and those bands that possessed transducing activity. The biological activity of the purified nucleic acids, determined by transformation experiments, was found to reside in the light satellite band (1.703 g/cc) characteristic of
B. subtilis
DNA. In view of the correlation between general transducing ability of phage particles and the presence of bacterial DNA which appears not to be physically associated with the phage DNA, it is suggested that transduction by bacteriophage PBS2 does not depend upon areas of homology between the phage genome and the host chromosome but resides in specific particles which have incorporated segments of bacterial DNA.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI II
Authors: Willoughby Donald S. , Watson Dennis W.
Published: January 2020

Willoughby, Donald
S. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Dennis W. Watson
. Host-parasite relationships among group A streptococci. II. Influence of sex on the susceptibility of inbred mice toward streptococcal infection. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1457–1461. 1964—BALB/Sy mice showed marked sex differences in susceptibility to a strain of
Streptococcus pyogenes
type 18. Castration of the highly susceptible normal adult male increased their resistance 1,000-fold, which approximated that of normal female mice. Treatment of male mice with estrogen and stilbestrol did not affect their resistance significantly. Young, sexually immature male mice, 4 weeks old, were more resistant than mature males. Susceptibility of the resistant females was not affected by age or bilateral ovariectomy, but testosterone injections caused an increase in susceptibility. Treatment of male mice with estrogen and stilbestrol did not modify their resistance. Smears of peritoneal exudates from normal male mice after intraperitoneal injection of streptococci revealed rapid multiplication of the organisms. There was no evidence of multiplication in the resistant normal female and castrated male mice.
THIN SECTIONS OF DIVIDING
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Authors: Fitz-James Philip
Published: January 2020

Fitz-James, Philip
(University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada). Thin sections of dividing
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1477–1482. 1964.—The fine structure of the gram-negative pathogen
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
is described. Its cell-wall and membrane structures are not unlike those of
Escherichia coli
, possessing periodic points where wall and membrane are approximated. It appears to divide by a process of unequal constriction plus septum formation, preceded by a loop of membrane. Mesosomes are also seen but in the cell periphery away from the division plane. At some of the wall-membrane junctions, the cell wall appears to arise out of the membrane.
EFFECT OF
SALMONELLA GALLINARUM
ON CERTAIN KREBS CYCLE INTERMEDIATES OF DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Freeman B. M. , Chubb L. G.
Published: January 2020

Freeman
, B. M. (Houghton Poultry Research Station, Huntingdon, England),
and L. G. Chubb
. Effect of
Salmonella gallinarum
on certain Krebs cycle intermediates of domestic fowl. J. Bacteriol.
88:
93–95. 1964.—In chickens infected with
Salmonella gallinarum
, the citric acid content of the blood rose but that of the liver fell significantly. The former may be due solely to anorexia; the latter is suggested to be a result of the inhibition of the reaction between pyruvic and oxaloacetic acids. Pyruvic acid in the blood remained at its normal level, suggesting that other pathways for its metabolism were being utilized. A rise in the blood α-ketoglutaric acid concentration was also found; this appeared to be a specific response to the infection. These results are compared with data available for other species of
Salmonella
.
EFFECTS OF BICARBONATE ON GROWTH OF
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
I
Authors: Surgalla M. J. , Andrews A. W. , Baugh C. L.
Published: January 2020

Surgalla
, M. J. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), A. W.
Andrews, and C. L. Baugh
. Effects of bicarbonate on growth of
Pasteurella pestis
. I. Differential response of virulent and avirulent cells. J. Bacteriol.
88:
269–272. 1964.—Virulent
Pasteurella pestis
and the avirulent mutants always present in a virulent inoculum have been demonstrated to give growth responses in opposite directions upon addition of bicarbonate to broth cultures under certain conditions. The effect of supplemental bicarbonate on initiation of growth from a virulent inoculum was found to be either stimulation of both virulent and avirulent cells at low levels of added bicarbonate, depression of both virulent and avirulent cells at higher initial concentrations, or depression of avirulent mutants with simultaneous stimulation of virulent cells at a narrow range of intermediate levels.