bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased excitation-inhibition ratio stabilizes synapse and circuit excitability in four autism mouse models
Authors: Antoine Michelle W. , Schnepel Philipp , Langberg Tomer , Feldman Daniel E.
Published: May 2018

Distinct genetic forms of autism are hypothesized to share a common increase in excitation-inhibition (E-I) ratio in cerebral cortex, causing hyperexcitability and excess spiking. We provide the first systematic test of this hypothesis across 4 mouse models (Fmr1−/y,Cntnap2−/-,16p11.2del/+,Tsc2+/-), focusing on somatosensory cortex. All autism mutants showed reduced feedforward inhibition in layer 2/3 coupled with more modest, variable reductions in feedforward excitation, driving a common increase in E-I conductance ratio. Despite this, feedforward spiking, synaptic depolarization and spontaneous spiking were essentially normal. Modeling revealed that E and I conductance changes in each mutant were quantitatively matched to yield stable, not increased, synaptic depolarization for cells near spike threshold. Correspondingly, whisker-evoked spiking was not increasedin vivo, despite detectably reduced inhibition. Thus, elevated E-I ratio is a common circuit phenotype, but appears to reflect homeostatic stabilization of synaptic drive, rather than driving network hyperexcitability in autism.
Functional degradation: a mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation by diverse pathogen enzymes
Authors: Sandstrom Andrew , Mitchell Patrick S. , Goers Lisa , Mu Edward W. , Lesser Cammie F. , Vance Russell E.
Published: May 2018

Inflammasomes are multi-protein platforms that initiate innate immunity by recruitment and activation of Caspase-1. The NLRP1B inflammasome is activated upon direct cleavage by the anthrax lethal toxin protease. However, the mechanism by which cleavage results in NLRP1B activation is unknown. Here we find that cleavage results in proteasome-mediated degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B, liberating a C-terminal fragment that is a potent Caspase-1 activator. Proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B is both necessary and sufficient for NLRP1B activation. Consistent with our new ‘functional degradation’ model, we identify IpaH7.8, aShigella flexneriubiquitin ligase secreted effector, as an enzyme that induces NLRP1B degradation and activation. Our results provide a unified mechanism for NLRP1B activation by diverse pathogen-encoded enzymatic activities.

One Sentence Summary

Two distinct pathogen enzymes activate an innate immune sensor called NLRP1B by a mechanism that requires proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B.
Network Enhancement: a general method to denoise weighted biological networks
Authors: Wang Bo , Pourshafeie Armin , Zitnik Marinka , Zhu Junjie , Bustamante Carlos D. , Batzoglou Serafim , Leskovec Jure
Published: May 2018

Networks are ubiquitous in biology where they encode connectivity patterns at all scales of organization, from molecular to the biome. However, biological networks are noisy due to the limitations of technology used to generate them as well as inherent variation within samples. The presence of high levels of noise can hamper discovery of patterns and dynamics encapsulated by these networks. Here we propose Network Enhancement (NE), a novel method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of undirected, weighted networks, and thereby improving the performance of downstream analysis. NE applies a novel operator that induces sparsity and leverages higher-order network structures to remove weak edges and enhance real connections. This iterative approach has a closed-form solution at convergence with desirable performance properties. We demonstrate the effectiveness of NE in denoising biological networks for several challenging yet important problems. Our experiments show that NE improves gene function prediction by denoising interaction networks from 22 human tissues. Further, we use NE to interpret noisy Hi-C contact maps from the human genome and demonstrate its utility across varying degrees of data quality. Finally, when applied to fine-grained species identification, NE outperforms alternative approaches by a significant margin. Taken together, our results indicate that NE is widely applicable for denoising weighted biological networks, especially when they contain high levels of noise.
Color depth MIP mask search: a new tool to expedite Split-GAL4 creation
Authors: Otsuna Hideo , Ito Masayoshi , Kawase Takashi
Published: May 2018

The GAL4-UAS system has proven its versatility in studying the function and expression patterns of neurons theDrosophilacentral nervous system. Although the GAL4 system has been used for 25 years, recent genetic intersectional tools have enabled genetic targeting of very small numbers of neurons aiding in the understanding of their function. This split-GAL4 system is extremely powerful for studying neuronal morphology and the neural basis of animal behavior. However, choosing lines to intersect that have overlapping patterns restricted to one to a few neurons has been cumbersome. This challenge is now growing as the collections of GAL4 driver lines has increased. Here we present a new method and software plug-in for Fiji to dramatically improve the speed of querying large databases of potential lines to intersect and aid in the split-GAL4 creation. We also provide pre-computed datasets for the Janelia GAL4 (5,738 lines) and VT GAL4 (7,429 lines) of the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS). The tool reduced our split-GAL4 creation effort dramatically.
The Membranous Labyrinth in vivo from high-resolution Temporal CT data
Authors: Tanioka Hisaya
Published: May 2018

A prerequisite for the modeling and understanding of the inner ear mechanics needs the accurate created membranous labyrinth. I present a semi-automated methodology for accurate reconstruction of the membranous labyrinth in vivo from high-resolution temporal bone CT data of normal human subjects. I created the new technique which was combined with the segmentation methodology, transparent, thresholding, and opacity curve algorithms. This technique allowed the simultaneous multiple image creating without any overlapping regions in the inner ear has been developed. The reconstructed 3D images improved the membranous labyrinth geometry to realistically represent physiologic dimensions. These generated membranous structures were in good agreement with the published ones, while this approach was the most realistic in terms of the membranous labyrinth. The precise volume rendering depends on proprietary algorithms so that different results can be obtained, and the images appear qualitatively different. For each anatomical question, a different visualization technique should be used to obtain an optimal result. All scientists can create the membranous labyrinth in vivo in real time like a retinal camera.
AnIn SilicoModel of DNA Repair for Investigation of Mechanisms in Non-Homologous End Joining
Authors: Warmenhoven John W. , Henthorn Nicholas T. , Sotiropoulos Marios , Korabel Nickolay , Fedotov Sergei , Mackay Ranald I. , Kirkby Karen J. , Merchant Michael J.
Published: May 2018

In human cells, non-homologous end joining is the preferred process to repair radiation induced DNA double strand breaks. The complex nature of such biological systems involves many individual actions that combine to produce an overall behaviour. As such, experimentally determining the mechanisms involved, their individual roles, and how they interact is challenging. An in silico approach to radiobiology is uniquely suited for detailed exploration of these complex interactions and the unknown effects of specific mechanisms on overall behaviour. We detail the construction of a mechanistic model by combination of several, experimentally supported, hypothesised mechanisms. Compatibility of these mechanisms was tested by fitting to results reported in the literature. To avoid over fitting, individual mechanisms within this pathway were sequentially fitted. We demonstrate that using this approach the model is capable of reproducing published protein kinetics and overall repair trends. This process highlighted specific biological mechanisms which are not clearly defined experimentally, and showed that the assumed motion of individual double strand break ends plays a crucial role in determining overall system behaviour.
Genetic basis of variation in heat and ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Riles Linda , Fay Justin C.
Published: May 2018

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the capability of fermenting sugar to produce concentrations of ethanol that are toxic to most organisms. Other Saccharomyces species also have a strong fermentative capacity, but some are specialized to low temperatures, whereas S. cerevisiae is the most thermotolerant. Although S. cerevisiae has been extensively used to study the genetic basis of ethanol tolerance, much less is known about temperature dependent ethanol tolerance. In this study, we examined the genetic basis of ethanol tolerance at high temperature among strains of S. cerevisiae. We identified two amino acid polymorphisms in SEC24 that cause strong sensitivity to ethanol at high temperature and more limited sensitivity to temperature in the absence of ethanol. We also identified a single amino acid polymorphism in PSD1 that causes sensitivity to high temperature in a strain dependent fashion. The genes we identified provide further insight into genetic variation in ethanol and temperature tolerance and the interdependent nature of these two traits in S. cerevisiae.
Genetic Dissection of Haploid Male Fertility in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Yang Jiwei , Li Haochuan , Qu Yanzhi , Chen Qiong , Tang Jihua , lübberstedt Thomas , Liu Zonghua
Published: May 2018

Haploid genome doubling is a key limiting step of haploid breeding in maize. Spontaneous restoration of haploid male fertility (HMF) provides a method by which costs can be saved and which does not require the use of toxic chemicals, in contrast to the artificial doubling process. To reveal the genetic basis of HMF, haploids were obtained from the offspring of 285 F2:3 families, derived from the cross Zheng58× K22. The F2:3 families were used as female donor and YHI-1 as the male inducer line. The rates of HMF from each family line were evaluated at two field sites over two planting seasons. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for HMF were identified using a genetic linkage map containing 157 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. QTL for HMF displayed incomplete dominance. Transgressive segregation of haploids from F2:3 families was observed relative to haploids derived from the two parents of the mapping population. A total of nine QTL were detected, which were distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8. Three QTL, qHMF3b, qHMF7a, and qHMF7b were detected in both locations, respectively. In our mapping population, HMF was controlled by three major QTL. These QTL could be useful to predict the ability of spontaneous haploid genome doubling in related breeding materials, and to accelerate the haploid breeding process by introgression or aggregation of those QTL.
The Effect of Berberine on the Transcriptome and Proteome ofE. coli
Authors: Shilei Zhang , Ze Jia , Xianghe Zhai , Chunguang Wang , Tie Zhang
Published: May 2018

Berberine is commonly used to treat diarrhea in China, and the antibacterial properties of berberine have been confirmed. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to explore the changes induced inE. coliby berberine. After treatment with berberine, the expression of RstA and YbjG were found to be significantly different by RNA-seq and quantitative proteomics. However, the levels of MdtA, PmrA, LolD, LptG, MlaB, RcsF, and DppB were found to be significantly different by quantitative proteomics. Transcriptome sequencing did not yield as many results as proteome sequencing. The results of small RNA prediction showed increased sRNA00002 levels. The study showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs and proteins were associated with multidrug-resistant efflux systems. It can be inferred that berberine reducesE. coliantibiotic resistance. The results of this study are undoubtedly valuable to other researchers.
Multiple functions for the catenin family member plakoglobin in cadherin-dependent adhesion, fibronectin matrix assembly andXenopusgastrulation movements
Authors: Hirsh Glen D. , Dzamba Bette J. , Sonavane Pooja R. , Shook David R. , Allen Claire M. , DeSimone Douglas W.
Published: May 2018

Shaping an embryo requires tissue-scale cell rearrangements known as morphogenetic events. These force-dependent processes require cells to adhere to their neighbors, through cadherin-catenin complexes, and to their extracellular matrix substrates, through integrin-based focal contacts. Integrin receptors are not only important for attachment to the extracellular matrix, but also for its fibrillar assembly. Fibrillogenesis requires actomyosin contractility, regulated in part by cadherin-catenin complexes. One such catenin, plakoglobin, mediates the attachment of actin stress fibers to cadherin cytoplasmic tails through its interactions with actin-binding proteins. InXenopusgastrulae, plakoglobin has been identified as an essential member in the force-induced collective migration of the mesendoderm tissue. In the current study, we have further characterized the role of plakoglobin in two additional morphogenetic processes, epiboly and convergent extension. Plakoglobin-deficient tadpoles are 40% shorter and gastrulae contain notochords that are 60% wider than stage-matched controls, indicating convergent extension defects. The radially intercalating ectoderm of morphant animal caps is nearly twice as thick as controls. Furthermore, morphant embryos exhibit a failure to assemble a fibronectin matrix at the notochord-somite-boundary or along the blastocoel roof. The loss of the fibronectin matrix, while not due to changes in overall patterning, is a result of a failure to assemble the soluble dimers into long fibrils. The force of attachment to a cadherin or fibronectin substrate is reduced in plakoglobin morphants, indicating defects in adhesion to both cadherin and fibronectin. These data suggest that plakoglobin regulates morphogenesis and fibronectin assembly through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
Comprehensive Glycoproteomic Analysis of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
Authors: Yang Ganglong , Hu Yingwei , Sun Shisheng , Ouyang Chuanzi , Yang Weiming , Betenbaugh Michael , Zhang Hui
Published: May 2018

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is a major expression system for the production of therapeutic proteins, the majority of which are glycoproteins, such as antibodies and erythropoietin (EPO). The characterization of the glycosylation profiles is critical to understand the important role of glycosylation on therapeutic glycoproteins from CHO cells. In this study, a large scale glycoproteomic workflow was established and applied to CHO-K1 cells expressing EPO. The workflow includes enrichment of intact glycopeptides from CHO-K1 cell lysate and medium using hydrophilic enrichment, fractionation of the obtained intact glycopeptides (IGPs) by basic reversed phase liquid chromatography (bRPLC), analyzing the glycopeptides using LC-MS/MS, and annotating the results by GPQuest 2.0. A total of 10,338 N-linked glycosite-containing IGPs were identified, representing 1,162 unique glycosites in 530 glycoproteins, including 71 unique atypical N-linked IGPs on 18 atypical N-glycosylation sequons with an overrepresentation of the N-X-C motifs. Moreover, we compared the glycoproteins from CHO cell lysate with those from medium using the in-depth N-linked glycoproteome data. The obtained large scale glycoproteomic data from intact N-linked glycopeptides in this study is complementary to the genomic, proteomic, and N-linked glycomic data previously reported for CHO cells. Our method has the potential to accelerate the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins.
Interactive visualization of multi-data-set Rietveld analyses usingCinema:Debye-Scherrer
Authors: Vogel Sven C. , Biwer Chris M. , Rogers David H. , Ahrens James P. , Hackenberg Robert E. , Onken Drew , Zhang Jianzhong
Published: May 2018

A tool namedCinema:Debye-Scherrerto visualize the results of a series of Rietveld analyses is presented. The multi-axis visualization of the high-dimensional data sets resulting from powder diffraction analyses allows identification of analysis problems, prediction of suitable starting values, identification of gaps in the experimental parameter space and acceleration of scientific insight from the experimental data. The tool is demonstrated with analysis results from 59 U–Nb alloy samples with different compositions, annealing times and annealing temperatures as well as with a high-temperature study of the crystal structure of CsPbBr3. A script to extract parameters from a series of Rietveld analyses employing the widely usedGSASRietveld software is also described. Both software tools are available for download.
Factors for the adoption of green building specifications in China
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Shoujian , Pasquire Christine
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Green specifications are some of the most important strategies for energy saving and describe the best practice in the field of sustainable construction. They have great effects on resource saving and environmental protection. The demand of sustainable construction has spurred the emerging and development of green specifications. However, there are many factors that affect the adoption of green specifications in China. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that affect the adoption of green specifications in China.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the comprehensive literature review, a questionnaire survey has been conducted to with major stakeholders in construction area to identify issues concerning the adoption of green specifications in China. In total, 18 variables that affect the adoption of green specifications in were summarized. Then this study uses factor analysis and mean score method to analyze 18 variables which the authors get from the questionnaire.

Findings

Using the rank analysis and factor analysis, the variables have been ranked, analyzed and categorized into five independent factors. They are summarized as: green technology and techniques; awareness and attitude; policies and regulations; market; and economics. This study provides a variable reference for policy makers to put forward focused policies and incentives for green specifications implementation and industry practitioners to better understand of green specifications adoption in China.

Originality/value

This paper makes a contribution to the understanding of the factors that affect the adoption of the green specifications in China. The results can also contribute to better adoption of green specifications in other developing countries.
Open data hackathons: an innovative strategy to enhance entrepreneurial intention
Authors: Kitsios Fotis , Kamariotou Maria
Published: May 2018

Purpose

In terms of entrepreneurship, open data benefits include economic growth, innovation, empowerment and new or improved products and services. Hackathons encourage the development of new applications using open data and the creation of startups based on these applications. Researchers focus on factors that affect nascent entrepreneurs’ decision to create a startup but researches in the field of open data hackathons have not been fully investigated yet. This paper aims to suggest a model that incorporates factors that affect the decision of establishing a startup by developers who have participated in open data hackathons.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 70 papers were examined and analyzed using a three-phased literature review methodology, which was suggested by Webster and Watson (2002). These surveys investigated several factors that affect a nascent entrepreneur to create a startup.

Findings

Eventually, by identifying the motivations for developers to participate in a hackathon, and understanding the benefits of the use of open data, researchers will be able to elaborate the proposed model and evaluate if the contest has contributed to the decision of establish a startup and what factors affect the decision to establish a startup apply to open data developers, and if the participants of the contest agree with these factors.

Originality/value

The paper expands the scope of open data research on entrepreneurship field, stating the need for more research to be conducted regarding the open data in entrepreneurship through hackathons.
The role of boards of directors of family-owned microfinance institutions
Authors: Mori Neema , Charles Goodluck
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the composition and role of a board of directors in a family-owned microfinance institution (FO-MFI) in Tanzania.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a longitudinal analysis of the board practices based on boardroom observations for the period between 2012 and 2015. The study further collected and analyzed qualitative data from interviews with board members, management, and institution staff.

Findings

The findings indicate that even though external board members were appointed as a result of their diverse expertise and skills, their personal relationships with shareholders, life-cycle stage of the institution, and the nature of the industry influenced their selection. It was also found that the board played more of the service role in strategy formulation, resource mobilization, and networking, and, through that, members were also able to exercise control of the firm.

Research limitations/implications

Because this paper is based on a qualitative approach, it suffers from the challenge of generalization. However, numerous research issues have been raised that require further investigation.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the governance literature by showing what really happens in a family-owned firm, as it is based on a unique data set drawn from the boardroom of the FO-MFI in a context of a developing economy. This context is unique, given that most private MFIs operating as family enterprises do not have a professional board of directors. The study shows how the board contributes to a strategic direction of the firm in which the management and ownership are not separated, and the first generation is running the firm.
From community participation to co-design: “Quartiere bene comune” case study
Authors: Carra Martina , Levi Nicoletta , Sgarbi Giulia , Testoni Chiara
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to contribute to research in the field of social innovation and participatory policies through the analysis of the experimental “Quartiere bene comune” project implemented by Reggio Emilia municipality. The paper focuses on the planning strategies, the operational co-design methodologies and the programming of the used processes.

Design/methodology/approach

Firstly, the paper reviews the regulatory instruments and previous participatory policies implemented in Italy. Secondly, it describes the approaches and methodologies used in the context of participatory policies, through strategic planning and according to bottom-up governance models.

Findings

The study assesses the quality of the non-standardized solutions which were adopted, both in terms of community daily needs and of management of public space. Such assessment relies on a system of measurable numerical indicators, to the goals established within the pre-agreements between public administration and community and to the ensuing consistency with the indicators provided for in the planning and executive management plan of the public body.

Research limitations/implications

This paper proposes a new model for the evaluation of public action, capable of highlighting the relation between assumptions, operative processes, results and impacts achieved. The study is limited to the case of seven sample neighbourhoods of a single city, in which the Citizen Agreement cycle has been completed.

Originality/value

The study contributes to defining the framework of participatory practices in terms of active citizenship and organizational/social innovation and proposes a new methodology of impact assessment.
More descriptive norms, fewer diversions
Authors: Zheng Wenzhi , Wu Yenchun Jim , Lv Yue
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between researchers’ social media (SM) behavior and their academic performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 362 researchers was recruited from the colleges of management of 52 Chinese universities. A factor analysis of eight indices retrieved from the 362 data items was conducted. A total of 24 Chinese researchers were interviewed and given a robust test.

Findings

The results indicate that Chinese general social media (GSM) is insufficient to support academic research and it is difficult for scholars to enhance the visibility of their academic performance using GSM platforms, which can actually induce addiction. University resources, management systems, and working environment affect how scholars apply SM.

Research limitations/implications

The authors examined the researchers’ SM behavior by giving them a questionnaire and interview; however, this approach proved inadequate. The academic performance of researchers is affected by numerous factors, but the authors only considered SM behavior.

Practical implications

It is suggested that universities apply academic social media (ASM) indicators to measure researchers’ contributions so that they self-regulate their SM usage attitudes. Also, universities should also promote ASM platforms.

Originality/value

This study analyzed scholars’ GSM usage and academic performance, and the moderating effect of university level on the relationship between need for competence and relatedness and need for autonomy. This comprehensive analysis contributes to the scholarly SM usage literature.
Learning by revisiting assumptions: an adaptive decision process
Authors: Barabba Vincent
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This article demonstrates the value of adding a learning and adaptation component into the decision-making process.

Design/methodology/approach

By reviewing the case of Kodak’s decision not to focus its investments in digital technology in the 1980s the article introduces The Learning and Adaptation Decision Process, a model enables a firm to reassess analysis about future market disruptions and opportunities

Findings

Organizations need decision processes that are designed to be reviewed and rethought so they continue to provide fresh insight into how to prepare for disruptions and opportunities. This example shows how Kodak could have used its considerable resources to expedite its own digital camera technology, purchased companies with leading edge digital technology, put a digital technology-minded management team in place and lead the industry into the realm of mass market digital photography.”

Practical implications

A learning and adaptation approach might have helped Kodak take advantage of an opportunity to survive the disruption of its market and to avoid the eventual bankruptcy of the firm.”

Originality/value

The model introduced in this article can help leaders in a wide variety of industries review critical decisions, identify problematic outcomes, anticipate disruptions and prepare sooner for opportunities.
Contrasting seasonal and aseasonal environments across stages of the annual cycle in the rufous‐collared sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis: Differences in endocrine function, proteome and body condition
Authors: González‐Gómez Paulina L. , Echeverria Valentina , Estades Cristian F. , Perez Jonathan H. , Krause Jesse S. , Sabat Pablo , Li Jonathon , Kültz Dietmar , Wingfield John C.
Published: May 2018

The timing and duration of life‐history stages (LHSs) within the annual cycle can be affected by local environmental cues which are integrated through endocrine signalling mechanisms and changes in protein function. Most animals express a single LHS within a given period of the year because synchronous expression of LHSs is thought to be too costly energetically. However, in very rare and extremely stable conditions, breeding and moult have been observed to overlap extensively in rufous‐collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) living in valleys of the Atacama Desert—one of the most stable and aseasonal environments on Earth.

To examine how LHS traits at different levels of organization are affected by environmental variability, we compared the temporal organization and duration of LHSs in populations in the Atacama Desert with those in the semiarid Fray Jorge National Park in the north of Chile—an extremely seasonal climate but with unpredictable droughts and heavy rainy seasons.

We studied the effects of environmental variability on morphological variables related to body condition, endocrine traits and proteome. Birds living in the seasonal environment had a strict temporal division of LHSs, while birds living in the aseasonal environment failed to maintain a temporal division of LHSs resulting in direct overlap of breeding and moult. Further, higher circulating glucocorticoids and androgen concentrations were found in birds from seasonal compared to aseasonal populations. Despite these differences, body condition variables and protein expression were not related to the degree of seasonality but rather showed a strong relationship with hormone levels.

These results suggest that animals adjust to their environment through changes in behavioural and endocrine traits and may be limited by less labile traits such as morphological variables or expression of specific proteins under certain circumstances. These data on free‐living birds shed light on how different levels of life‐history organization within an individual are linked to increasing environmental heterogeneity.
Timing and Appearance of Postmortem Root Banding in Nonhuman Mammals,
Authors: Richard Adam H. , Hietpas Jack , Buscaglia JoAnn , Monson Keith L.
Published: May 2018

A study was undertaken using nonhuman mammal specimens to better understand environmental influences on postmortem hair root band (PMRB) formation and to see whether PMRBs would occur in nonhuman mammal hairs in a similar fashion to human hairs. Carcasses from surrounding roadways were the primary source of specimens for this study, augmented by donated deceased domestic pets. Sections of pelt from each specimen were placed in controlled environmental conditions while the remainder of the carcass was left in a secure outdoor setting. Hair samples were collected daily from outdoor and control specimens and examined for evidence of PMRBs. Several environmental factors were also recorded on a daily basis. Results demonstrate PMRBs can occur in nonhuman mammal hairs, and they have microscopic characteristics similar to human PMRBs. Factors found to correlate with PMRB formation include postmortem interval, temperature, pH, and the formation and subsequent volatilization of ammonia from the surrounding tissue.
Buzz‐pollination in Neotropical bees: genus‐dependent frequencies and lack of optimal frequency for pollen release
Authors: Rosi‐Denadai Conrado Augusto , Araújo Priscila Cássia Souza , Campos Lucio Antônio de Oliveira , Cosme Lirio , Guedes Raul Narciso Carvalho
Published: May 2018

Over 50 genera of bees release pollen from flower anthers using thoracic vibrations, a phenomenon known as buzz‐pollination. The efficiency of this process is directly affected by the mechanical properties of the buzzes, namely the duration, amplitude, and frequency. Nonetheless, although the effects of the former two properties are well described, the role of buzz frequency on pollen release remains unclear. Furthermore, nearly all of the existing studies describing vibrational properties of natural buzz‐pollination are limited to bumblebees (Bombus) and carpenter bees (Xylocopa) constraining our current understanding of this behavior and its evolution. Therefore, we attempted to minimize this shortcoming by testing whether flower anthers exhibit optimal frequency for pollen release and whether bees tune their buzzes to match these (optimal) frequencies. If true, certain frequencies will trigger more pollen release and lighter bees will reach buzz frequencies closer to this optimum to compensate their smaller buzz amplitudes. Two strategies were used to test these hypotheses: (i) the use of (artificial) vibrational playbacks in a broad range of buzz frequencies and amplitudes to assess pollen release by tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and (ii) the recording of natural buzzes of Neotropical bees visiting tomato plants during pollination. The playback experiment indicates that although buzz frequency does affect pollen release, no optimal frequency exists for that. In addition, the recorded results of natural buzz‐pollination reveal that buzz frequencies vary with bee genera and are not correlated with body size. Therefore, neither bees nor plants are tuned to optimal pollen release frequencies. Bee frequency of buzz‐pollination is a likely consequence of the insect flight machinery adapted to reach higher accelerations, while flower plant response to buzz‐pollination is the likely result of its pollen granular properties.
Determinants of Broadacre Farming Efficiency in Western Australia: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis
Authors: Lefroy Tim , Key James
Published: May 2018

We analyse a rich panel dataset of farm production to determine the potential for broadacre farms in Western Australia to increase productivity through exploiting economies of scale and increasing technical efficiency. Using stochastic frontier analysis, we find that the majority of farms are operating below the optimal scale and would benefit from expansion, suggesting that a documented trend towards larger farms is desirable. We also observe a reasonable proportion of farms significantly below the efficient frontier, while differences between regional production functions and the metafrontier further contribute to inefficiency. Determinants of technical inefficiency were examined in the efficiency effects model; the adoption of technologies was aligned with reducing inefficiency, particularly in the cropping sector. This suggests the deployment of existing technologies should be a priority for both farmers and policy‐makers to further improve the efficiency of broadacre farms.
Understanding Pediatric Caretakers’ Views on Obtaining Medical Care for Low‐acuity Illness
Authors: Cabey Whitney V. , Shea Judy A. , Kangovi Shreya , Kennedy Danielle , Onwuzulike Chiamaka , Fein Joel
Published: May 2018

Background

A significant proportion of low‐acuity emergency department (ED) visits are by patients under 18 years of age. Results from prior interventions designed to reduce low‐acuity pediatric ED use have been mixed or poorly sustained, perhaps because they were not informed by patient and caretakers’ perspectives. The objective of this study was to explore caretaker decision‐making processes, values, and priorities when deciding to seek care.

Methods

We conducted semistructured interviews of caretakers in both emergency and primary care settings, incorporating stimulated recall methodology. We also explored receptiveness to two care delivery innovations: use of community health workers (CHWs) and video teleconferencing.

Results

Interviews of 57 caretakers identified multiple barriers to accessing primary care for their children's acute illness, including transportation, work constraints, and childcare. Frequent ED users lacked reliable social supports to overcome barriers. Fear of unforeseen health outcomes and a lack of trust in unfamiliar providers also influenced decision‐making, rather than lack of general knowledge about minor illness. Receptiveness to CHWs was mixed, reflecting concerns for privacy and level of expertise. The option of video teleconferencing for low‐acuity care was well received by caretakers.

Conclusions

Caretakers who used the ED frequently had limited social support and reported difficulty accessing care when compared to other caretakers. Fear also motivated care seeking and a desire for immediate medical care. Teleconferencing for low‐acuity visits may be a useful health care delivery tool to reduce access barriers and provide rapid reassurance without engaging the ED.
Effect of different methods for conserving rice grain on in situ ruminal degradation and in vivo nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation in steers
Authors: Miyaji Makoto , Inoue Hidehiko , Kawaide Tetsuo , Tohno Masanori , Kamiya Yuko , Nonaka Kazuhisa
Published: May 2018

We investigated the effects of different rice conservation techniques on in situ ruminal degradation and in vivo nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in steers. Raw rice grain was dried before crushing (DRY), ensiled after crushing (ENS‐A), or ensiled before crushing (ENS‐B). Six ruminally cannulated steers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three dietary treatments: diets containing DRY, ENS‐A, or ENS‐B at 36% of the dietary dry matter. The in situ rapidly degradable fraction and effective ruminal degradability were higher for ensiled rice than for DRY, and higher for ENS‐A than for ENS‐B. The ruminal pH was lower and the lactic acid and total volatile acid concentrations were higher for the steers fed ensiled rice than those fed the DRY diet, but a treatment effect was not observed in the comparison between ENS‐A and ENS‐B. The whole‐tract digestibility of crude protein and ether extract was improved when the rice grain was ensiled, but there were no differences in nutrient digestibility between ensiling methods. These results show that ensiling treatment can be a strategy to improve the nutrient value of rice grain, but the ensiling method has little impact on in vivo digestion.
Anatomical and histochemical features of the digestive system ofOctopus vulgarisCuvier, 1797 with a special focus on secretory cells
Authors: Fernández‐Gago Raquel , Molist Pilar , Rocha Francisco
Published: May 2018

This study reports a detailed anatomical and histological study of the digestive system ofOctopus vulgaris. Emphasis was placed on characterising the glands and glandular cells and their distribution throughout the digestive tract. The use of classic histological and histochemical techniques revealed two morphological types of glandular cells: granular and mucous. Moreover, the histochemical analysis indicated specialisation of mucous glandular cells in the buccal mass, the submandibular gland and the caecum for secreting acid and neutral glycoconjugates. The cells of the anterior salivary glands are specialised for secreting neutral glycoproteins, and those of the posterior salivary glands are specialised for granular and mucous secretion. The oesophagus, crop and stomach lack glandular cells, but both granular and mucous glandular cells are found in the intestine. An unusual structure resembling the typhlosole of bivalves is described for the first time in the intestine ofO. vulgaris. The highly ciliated epithelium and location of the structure in the anterior part of the intestine suggest a possible role in bypassing the caecum, stomach and intestine. We discuss how these cells and organs contribute to the process of digestion in the light of the present histological and histochemical data and of previously published information on the morphology and physiology of digestion in the octopus.
A phase 2 study of modified lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone in transplant‐ineligible multiple myeloma
Authors: O'Donnell Elizabeth K. , Laubach Jacob P. , Yee Andrew J. , Chen Tianqi , Huff Carol Ann , Basile Frank G. , Wade Philip M. , Paba‐Prada Claudia E. , Ghobrial Irene M. , Schlossman Robert L. , Burke Jill N. , Harrington Cynthia C. , Lively Kathleen J. , Lyons Hannah F. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Trippa Lorenzo , Richardson Paul G. , Raje Noopur S.
Published: May 2018

We sought a regimen that incorporates optimal novel agents and balances efficacy with toxicity in transplant‐ineligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Our study evaluated modified lenalidomide‐bortezomib‐dexamethasone (RVD lite) in this population and was administered over a 35‐day cycle. Lenalidomide 15 mg was given orally on days 1–21; bortezomib 1·3 mg/m2 weekly subcutaneously on days 1, 8, 15 and 22; and dexamethasone 20 mg orally was given on the day of and day after bortezomib for 9 cycles followed by 6 cycles of consolidation with lenalidomide and bortezomib. The primary objective was to evaluate the overall response rate (ORR); secondary objectives included safety, progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Fifty‐three eligible patients were screened between April 2013 and May 2015; 50 received at least one dose of therapy. Median age at study entry was 73 years (range 65–91). The ORR was 86% and 66% of patients achieved a very good partial response or better. Median PFS was 35·1 months (95% confidence interval 30·9–not reached) and median OS was not reached at a median follow‐up of 30 months. Peripheral neuropathy was reported in 31 (62%) patients with only 1 patient experiencing grade 3 symptoms. RVD lite is a well‐tolerated and highly effective regimen, with robust PFS and OS, in the transplant‐ineligible MM population.
On the spectrum, off the beaten path. A qualitative study of Irish parents’ experiences of raising a child with autism spectrum conditions
Authors: Byrne Gary , Sarma Kiran M. , Hendler John , O'Connell Anthony
Published: May 2018

Accessible summary

Ten Irish parents raising a child with autism talked about their experiences.

They reported that it was difficult but also how it has helped them grow.

They hope that their children will be included but are scared about the challenges they will face.

Background

Raising a child with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) presents many challenges and learning experiences for parents and other family members. There has been limited research to date on Irish parents’ experience of raising a child with ASC. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of a sample of Irish parents who have a child on the autistic spectrum.

Method

A series of 1:1 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with parents in the Republic of Ireland. In total, 10 interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify themes.

Results

Five main themes were identified: (a) blame and stigma; (b) isolation; (c) being vigilant; (d) advocacy; and (e) coping with autism.

Conclusions

The findings of the study have implications for professionals who work with Irish families affected by autism. Although Ireland's movement towards social inclusion lags behind other countries, a number of the experiences faced by Irish parents are similar to that reported in other countries, suggesting a universality of ASC parenting experiences. The implications of this are discussed.
Comparison of high intensity focused ultrasound and radioiodine for treating toxic thyroid nodules
Authors: Giovanella Luca , Piccardo Arnoldo , Pezzoli Cinzia , Bini Fabiano , Ricci Riccardo , Ruberto Teresa , Trimboli Pierpaolo
Published: May 2018

Purpose

We compared the effectiveness of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and radioiodine (RAI) to treat patients carrying toxic thyroid nodule (TTN). Normalization of serum thyrotropin (TSH) 1 year after treatment was the primary end‐point; concurrent changes in nodules' volume and scintigraphic pattern were also evaluated as secondary end‐points.

Materials and Methods

Among patients ≥18 years old with TTN observed at our centre between January 1st, 2016 and December 31th, 2016 we prospectively enrolled 17 and 15 age and sex‐matched patients treated with RAI and HIFU, respectively. Biochemical thyroid tests and nodules' volume were assessed before and 3, 6 and 12 months after treatments. A thyroid scintigraphy was performed before and 1 year after treatment, respectively.

Results

The final series included 17 patients treated with RAI and 15 patients treated with HIFU, respectively. Neither demographic nor clinical differences were found at baseline. One year after treatment 14 of 17 RAI‐treated and 4 of 15 HIFU‐treated patients fulfilled criteria for response to treatment (P = .0008). Indeed, the median TSH value was 1.5 IU/mL and 0.2 IU/mL in HIFU and RAI groups, respectively (P < .0001). Finally, despite a similar decrease in nodules' volume in both groups, a scintigraphic response was achieved in 16 of 17 (94%) RAI‐treated compared to 8 of 15 (53%) HIFU‐treated patients (P = .024), respectively.

Conclusions

In our series, RAI clearly outperforms HIFU in treating patients carrying TTN and remains the first‐line noninvasive treatment in such cases.
Textile dyes and human health: a systematic and citation network analysis review
Authors: Tang Alan Y.L. , Lo Chris K.Y. , Kan Chi‐wai
Published: May 2018

This study reviewed 155 journal articles that examined the adverse effects of textile dyes on human health. The distribution of these articles was investigated in terms of journal type, year of publication, methodologies and research contexts. Based on the use of citation network analysis, an objective approach for identifying clusters of articles in the literature, three major research domains of textile dyes on human health issues were found, dermatological effect, toxicological effect and respiratory effect. Further investigation was done by conducting a Main Path Analysis of the articles to draw a map of knowledge structure within each research domain. Finally, future research opportunities and directions were proposed for each research domain from a human health perspective.
Eversion endarterectomy of the deceased donor renal artery to prevent kidney discard
Authors: Khan Muhammad A. , El‐Hennawy Hany , Jones Korie C. , Harriman David , Farney Alan C. , Rogers Jeffrey , Orlando Giuseppe , Stratta Robert J.
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Deceased donor (DD) kidneys exhibiting severe atherosclerosis involving the renal artery (RA) may represent a contraindication to kidney transplantation (KT).

Methods

Eversion endarterectomy (EE) was performed as a salvage procedure to permit KT.

Results

We identified 17 cases (1.2% of all DD KTs during the study period) involving EE of the DD RA. Thirteen (76.5%) kidneys were imported, and mean Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) was 81%. Mean DD age was 59 years, mean RA plaque length was 1.7 cm, and mean glomerulosclerosis on biopsy was 10%. Mean recipient age was 64 years, and dialysis vintage was 32 months. With a mean follow‐up of 36 months, actual patient and graft survival rates were both 76.5%. One patient died early without a technical problem. Of the remaining 16 patients, 2‐year patient and graft survival rates were both 100%. There were no early or late vascular complications. The incidence of delayed graft function was 35%. Mean serum creatinine and GFR levels in patients with functioning grafts at latest follow‐up were 1.8 mg/dL and 40 mL/min, respectively.

Conclusions

EE appears to be a safe and under‐utilized procedure that may prevent discard of marginal donor kidneys and is associated with acceptable short‐term outcomes.