bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orchestration of the Floral Transition and Floral Development inArabidopsisby the Bifunctional Transcription Factor APETALA2
Authors: Yant Levi , Mathieu Johannes , Dinh Thanh Theresa , Ott Felix , Lanz Christa , Wollmann Heike , Chen Xuemei , Schmid Markus
Published: July 2010

The Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor APETALA2 (AP2) has numerous functions, including roles in seed development, stem cell maintenance, and specification of floral organ identity. To understand the relationship between these different roles, we mapped direct targets of AP2 on a genome-wide scale in two tissue types. We find that AP2 binds to thousands of loci in the developing flower, many of which exhibit AP2-dependent transcription. Opposing, logical effects are evident in AP2 binding to two microRNA genes that influence AP2 expression, with AP2 positively regulating miR156 and negatively regulating miR172, forming a complex direct feedback loop, which also included all but one of the AP2-like miR172 target clade members. We compare the genome-wide direct target repertoire of AP2 with that of SCHLAFMÜTZE, a closely related transcription factor that also represses the transition to flowering. We detect clear similarities and important differences in the direct target repertoires that are also tissue specific. Finally, using an inducible expression system, we demonstrate that AP2 has dual molecular roles. It functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor, directly inducing the expression of the floral repressor AGAMOUS-LIKE15 and directly repressing the transcription of floral activators like SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1.
Property developers and the robust downtown:  the case of four major Canadian downtowns
Authors: Charney Igal
Published: August 2010

By and large, the downtowns of Canada's largest cities have remained important business nodes within their metropolitan regions, even though they have experienced some dimensions of decline. This fact can be ascribed to political, economic and social factors. The focus of this paper is on the property dimension: the structure of property ownership and the role of property developers. Large and powerful property developers and owners (property development firms, banks, life insurance companies and, more recently, pension funds) control a substantial stake in downtown top‐quality commercial properties. These agents attempt to reinforce the prominence of downtowns to keep the outstanding performance of their assets. Developers consider Canadian downtowns safe investment outlets in which they hold core assets. Through proactive measures they sustain the health of downtowns.
TRANSLOCATION OF 11C‐PHOTOASSIMILATE IN THE BLADE OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Buggeln R. G. , Fensom D. S. , Emerson C. J.
Published: August 2010

Radioactive bicarbonate was pulse fed to blades of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. A. Ag. and the movement of the 11C‐labelled photoassimilates was monitored in vivo using an externally mounted array of Geiger‐Müller detectors. Results of experiments conducted in August 1982 and February 1983 showed kinetic transport profiles composed of short pulses of 11C (periods of two to three minutes and six to eight minutes) and a mass flow component travelling with a speed of 6–22 cm · h−1. The pulse‐like movement of 11C‐photoassimilates, revealed for the first time in a kelp, may be driven by an energy‐assisted transport mechanism. Light microscopy revealed a putative symplastic transport pathway from the photo synthetic meristoderm to the medullary sieve cells in the M. pyrifera blade. Of particular importance were the connections between the inner cortical cells and thin‐walled medullary sieve cells. Electron microscopy showed sieve plate pore diameters ranging between 35–60 nm in the cortex and ca. 40 nm in the end walls of the thin‐walled sieve cells.
AN ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THE RECENT HISTORY OF LAKE ONTARIO BASED ON SILICEOUS ALGAL MICROFOSSILS PRESERVED IN THE SEDIMENTS1,2
Authors: Stoermer E. F. , Wolin J. A. , Schelske C. L. , Conley D. J.
Published: August 2010

Quantitative analysis of siliceous algal microfossils (diatoms and chrysophytes) in a radiometrically dated core of Lake Ontario sediments shows striking modifications of the flora produced and preserved, apparently as a result of anthropogenic modification of nutrient loadings to the lake, Qualitatively similar microfossil assemblages were deposited during the period ca. 1700–1815. A single major event is recorded in assemblages deposited ca. 1769. Between this event horizon and ca. 1815 there was an apparent increase in algal production, but minimal change in species composition. A major disturbance occurred at the level of the Ambrosia horizon, ca. 1831–1847. Assemblages deposited between ca. 1855 and 1900 indicate increasing eutrophication. We infer that silica limitation became important by about 1860 and that the system reached its greatest effective production ca. 1900. Major modification of the flora occurred in the period ca. 1900–1945, with most local extinctions of major indigenous populations occurring ca. 1920–1945. Assemblages deposited in the period ca. 1945–1975 are composed of some stenothermal populations also present in pre‐disturbance assemblages, a large component of benthic and nearshore planktonic species, and a number of apparently planktonic populations rarely recorded from large temperate lakes, particularly species of the genus Nitzschia. Our results indicate that the major factor driving species succession in Lake Ontario was phosphorus enrichment and consequent depletion of available silica supplies. Our results also show the importance of a species' physical niche in determining its survival under these conditions.
KINETICS OF NITROGEN‐15 LABELLED AMMONIUM UPTAKE BY CAULERPA CUPRESSOIDES (CHLOROPHYTA)1,2,3
Authors: Williams Susan Lynn , Fisher Thomas R.
Published: August 2010

The incorporation of 15NH4+ as a function of time and concentration was used to estimate ammonium uptake by Caulerpa cupressoides (West) C. Agardh, taken from its habitat on the sediments of Tague Bay lagoon, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. 15N‐based uptake rates followed Michaelis‐Menten type saturation kinetics; the maximum uptake rate was 8.7 ± 3.0 μmol N/g dry wt·h at 26° C and the half‐saturation constant was 48 ± 10 μM (X̄± SE). The high half‐saturatiaon constant reflects the dependence of Caulerpa on sediment pore waters as a nitrogen source. Calculations of uptake from isotope time course data were compared to estimates made from ammonium depletion. More ammonium disappeared than could be accounted for by the incorporation of 15N in Caulerpa, and isotope dilution of the ammonium pool is shown not to be responsible for underestimates of uptake, primarily because large 15N additions (40–300 μM) were used. It is suggested that either (1) a secondary ammonium sink such as wall sorption or bacterial uptake significantly influenced ammonium concentrations, or (2) 15N was lost as labelled dissolved organic nitrogen or volatilized during 15N sample preparation.
THE MECHANISM OF DAYLENGTH PERCEPTION IN THE RED ALGA ACROSYMPHYTON PURPURIFERUM1
Authors: Breeman Anneke M. , Hoopen Aart ten
Published: August 2010

The red alga Acrosymphyton purpuriferum (J. Ag.) Sjöst. (Dumontiaceae) is a short day plant in the formation of its tetrasporangia. Tetrasporogenesis was not inhibited by 1 h night‐breaks when given at any time during the long (16 h) dark period (tested at 2 h intervals). However, tetrasporogenesis was inhibited when short (8 h) main photoperiods were extended beyond the critical daylength with supplementary light periods (8 h) at an irradiance below photosynthetic compensation. The threshold irradiance for inhibition of tetrasporogenesis was far lower when supplementary light periods preceded the main photoperiod than when they followed it (<0.05 μmol·m−2·s−1 vs. 3 μmol·m−2·s−1). The threshold level also depended on the irradiance given during the main photoperiod and was higher after a main photoperiod in bright light than after one in dim light (threshold at 3 μmol·m−2·s−1 after a main photoperiod at ca. 65 μmol·m−2·s−1 vs. threshold at <0.5 μmol·m−2·s−1 after a main photoperiod at ca. 35 μmol·m−2·s−1). The spectral dependence of the response was investigated in day‐extensions (supplementary light period (8 h) after main photoperiod (8 h) at 48 μmol·m−2·s−1) with narrow band coloured light. Blue light (λ= 420 nm) was most effective, with 50% inhibition at a quantum‐dose of 2.3 mmol·m−2. However, yellow (λ= 563 nm) and red light (λ= 600 nm; λ= 670 nm) also caused some inhibition, with ca. 30% of the effectiveness of blue light. Only far‐red light (λ= 710 nm; λ= 730 nm) was relatively ineffective with no significant inhibition of tetrasporogenesis at quantum‐doses of up to 20 mmol·m−2.
QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN AN ANTARCTIC DIATOM GROWN AT TWO LIGHT INTENSITIES1
Authors: Michelle Wood A. , Lande Russell , Fryxell Greta A.
Published: August 2010

Ten clonal isolates of Thalassiosira tumida (Janisch) Hasle were grown in duplicate semi‐continuous batch cultures at 116 and 11.6 μE·m−2·s−1 acclimated cells were harvested during exponential growth and cleaned for examination by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Number of strutted processes surrounding the central annulus (SP) and average number of satellite pores per process (AVSAT) were counted using SEM on 20 valves from each culture grown in high light, for a total of 400 valves examined; number of marginal labiate processes (LP) and overall diameter (DIAM) were measured using LM on 20 valves from each culture grown in both high and low light for a total of 800 valves examined. Univariate analysis of variance showed that bottle effects resulting from microenvironmental differences between replicates were a small but significant source of variation in DIAM, LP, and SP but not AVSAT. Significant differences among clones were observed for all characters. Decreased irradiance resulted in a significant decrease in valve diameter but no significant effect on LP; no light × clone interaction was observed. Significant covariance between characters among clones was also observed; since valve diameter is known to decrease during asexual growth, the correlation coefficients for SP, AVSAT, and LP with DIAM were used to correct the data for this source of nongenetic differences between clones. Analysis of the size‐corrected data showed that the proportion of total phenotypic variance in SP, LP, and AVSAT caused by genetic differences among clones was 0.14, 0.14, and 0.30, respectively. This indicates that the majority of total phenotypic variance was due to environmental or developmental causes, but that sufficient genetic variability exists to support rapid phenotypic evolution in SP, LP, and AVSAT under continued directional selection. Finally, the results of the genetic analysis revealed a high (0.82) genetic correlation between SP and LP.
STUDIES OF NITRATE TRANSPORT BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON USING36Cl‐ClO3−AS A TRANSPORT ANALOGUE. I. PHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS1
Authors: Balch William M.
Published: August 2010

Transport of a nitrate analogue,36Cl‐ClO3−, was examined in two diatoms,Skeletonema costatum(Greve.) Cleve andNitzschia closterium(Ehrenb) W. Sm. A dinoflagellate,Gonyaulax polyedradid not transport ClO3−. Transport of36Cl‐ClO3−, by diatoms appeared to be active and showed saturation kinetics. The data were fitted by Michaelis‐Menten equation at all but the lowest chlorate concentrations (where plots of S vs. v showed a slight concave bend). Affinity of cells for nitrate was considerably higher than for chlorate. The Kifor nitrate inhibition of chlorate transport was calculated assuming competitive inhibition. Light had little or no effect on chlorate transport. Pulse‐chase experiments demonstrated that (1) ClO3−(hence NO3−) was stored in two intracellular compartments of equal size, (2) internal ClO3−was exchangeable with external ClO3−(rates of efflux and influx were measured), and (3) efflux of intracellular ClO3−showed transient states following a chase of ClO3−or NO3−which stabilized after 10–20 min. Transport of chlorate was a function of growth phase.
PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN THE SEVERN RIVER ESTUARY, CHESAPEAKE BAY, MARYLAND1
Authors: Wilderman Candice C.
Published: August 2010

Distribution patterns of diatoms from natural substrates and surface waters of the Severn River, Maryland, are related to salinity and seasonal gradients through time and spare by minimum spanning tree cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Assemblages were found to be distributed in a complex but orderly fashion, with primary discontinuities occurring between seasons, and between planktonic and attached forms. Within seasons, benthic groupings are distributed as continua along a horizontal salinity gradient, with one discontinuity at a location with a mean salinity of approximately 7‰, Downstream from this discontinuity, most species do not follow the changing salinity patterns from season to season, and are considered euryhaline for a salinity range of 8–16‰. Upstream from this discontinuity there is a relatively distinct and persistent assemblage of oligohaline indicators. Evidence derived by comparing this study with similar studies from Oregon estuaries indicates that similar distribution patterns, community structures and taxa can be expected to occur in estuaries on the east and west coasts of North America.
Cloacogenic polyps—clinical and pathological features
Authors: KASTHURI N. , SAVAGE A.
Published: August 2010

Two cases of cloacogenic polyp are described. These polyps have been previously reported by American authors (Lobert & Appleman 1981), but the entity has not been described in the British literature.
Over‐expression of p53 protein as an indicator of the malignant transformation in spiradenoma
Authors: BIERNAT W. , KORDEK R. , WOŹNIAK L.
Published: August 2010

Malignant spiradenomas (spiradenocarcinomas) are exceedingly rare tumours of cutaneous adnexal origin, consisting of two components: benign—the pre‐existent adenoma, and malignant—developing from the former part. We studied p53 protein expression in both compartments of three cases of malignant spiradenoma and compared these results with results obtained with eight cases of spiradenoma. Nuclear staining was consistently negative in all benign tumours, whilst in the cases of malignant transformation within spiradenoma p53 protein was present in the carcinomatous component, but the immunostaining remained negative in the benign counterpart of the tumour. In the zone of transition between both components of the spiradenocarcinomas p53 expression was positive in the cells with morphological atypia, providing clear discrimination. Thus, we conclude that the accumulation of p53 protein, which results from alterations in its turnover, accompanies the process of malignant transformation within long‐standing spiradenomas.
Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and accumulation of 8‐OHdG in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Segawa Y , Oda Y , Yamamoto H , Uryu H , Shiratsuchi H , Hirakawa N , Tomita K , Yamamoto T , Oda S , Yamada T , Komune S , Tsuneyoshi M
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), has been suggested to cause oxidative stress, leading to 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) accumulation and subsequent transversion mutation of DNA. The aim was to evaluate iNOS expression and the status of oxidative stress in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods and results:  Seventy‐three cases of NPC were investigated to examine the immunohistochemical expression of iNOS, 8‐OHdG and latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) and Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded small RNA (EBER) expression using in situ hybridization. iNOS mRNA expression and p53 gene mutations were also assessed. Overexpression of iNOS, LMP‐1 and EBER was observed in 62 (84.9%), 28 (38.4%) and 53 (72.6%) cases respectively. p53 gene mutation was found in 10 of 73 (13.7%) cases. Immunohistochemical iNOS expression was associated with the 8‐OHdG labelling index, iNOS mRNA expression and p53 gene alteration (P < 0.0001, P = 0.016 and 0.0082 respectively).

Conclusions:  Our present findings suggest that the expression of iNOS induces oxidative stress in NPC. Although the presence of p53 mutation was associated with iNOS overexpression, the type of acid–base change of p53 was transition, but not transversion, which suggests that the p53 gene is not the direct target of DNA damage by 8‐OHdG accumulation.
Continuing low uptake of periconceptional folate warrants increased food fortification
Authors: Sillender M.
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveTo assess whether the Health Education Authority’s recent promotion of periconceptional folic acid has been successful in increasing uptake sufficient to prevent neural tube defects.

DesignA retrospective questionnaire, completed by 162 patients in the early pregnancy clinic in Doncaster Royal Infirmary, an average‐sized UK district general hospital. The study ran in February and March 1999.

Methods and main outcome measuresData were collected on: supplementation and dietary intake of folic acid, both preconceptionally and after confirmation of pregnancy; awareness of the benefits of folic acid; source of information on folic acid; the reasons for not taking folic acid (if this was so); planned or unplanned pregnancy; previous pregnancies; previous neural tube defect in a pregnancy; smoking habit; and age.

ResultsEighty‐one per cent of women were aware of the benefits of folic acid, but only 27% took it preconceptionally. Sixty‐eight per cent took it after confirmation of pregnancy. A quarter of patients made an attempt to increase dietary folate. Unplanned pregnancy was a significant bar to uptake, with significant differences in awareness and consumption. Number of pregnancies had no effect. Older women were more likely to take postconceptional folate, but awareness and preconceptional use were the same as younger women.

ConclusionDespite an extensive campaign commissioned by the Department of Health and run by the Health Education Authority, use of periconceptional folate will probably only prevent one‐sixth of affected pregnancies. The adverse effects of fortification discussed in the body of this paper are small. It is now time for increased fortification of all cereal‐grain products to be instituted in the UK in a similar manner to the United States.
Meta‐analysis of interferon randomized trials in the treatment of viral hepatitis C in naive patients: 1999 Update
Authors: Thévenot T. , Regimbeau C. , Ratziu V. , Leroy V. , Opolon P. , Poynard T.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to update our previous meta‐analysis of interferon (IFN) in the treatment of hepatitis C and to analyse new factors, namely, HCV RNA end‐point, patients with cirrhosis and patients with normal ALT. We use the Der Simonian and Laird method, with heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses. Seventy‐six randomized control trials (RCTs) in naive patients were found but we focused our analysis on 59 RCTs with chronic hepatitis C (26 vs. controls and 33 comparing different regimens) and on seven RCTs in acute hepatitis. Interferon‐α (IFN‐α) at 3 MU thrice weekly (TIW) for 12 months exhibited 39% of virological end‐of‐treatment response (ETR) and 17% of virological sustained response (SR), respectively, vs. 1% and 3% in untreated controls (allP < 0.001). There was a significant dose effect (in favour of 6 vs. 3 MU TIW): the virological SR at 6 months were 35% in the 6 MU group (95% CI: 24–47) and 16% in the 3 MU group (95% CI: 8–27) and were at 12 months 43% in the 6 MU group (95%CI: 31–56) and 25% in the 3 MU group (95% CI: 16–37). There was a significant duration effect (12 vs. 6 months) upon the virological SR rate both at 3 and 6 MU: 3 MU provided 14% of virological SR (95% CI: 11–19) in the 12 months group vs. 7% (95% CI: 5–11) in the 6 months group and 6 MU provided 22% (95% CI: 17–29) and 16% (95% CI: 11–22) virological SR in the 12 and 6 months groups, respectively. Cirrhotic treated patients had 17% of virological SR (95 CI: 9–24%;P < 0.001) vs. 0% in controls and provided a 20% reduction rate (95 CI: −2% to −37%,P=0.03) in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. In acute hepatitis C, a 3‐month treatment with IFN‐α showed significant efficacy vs. controls upon the virological SR rate (32% vs. 4%,P < 0.001). In conclusion, we confirm the dose and duration effect of IFN in chronic hepatitis C, and the efficacy of IFN‐α in the treatment of acute hepatitis and in cirrhotic patients.
Virtual experimentation on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics and its application to a temperate reservoir (Torrão, Portugal)
Authors: Oliva Teles Luis , Pereira Elisa , Saker Martin , Vasconcelos Vitor
Published: August 2010

The objective of this study was to use artificial neural networks to develop a regression model capable of simulating the complexity of events contributing to the development of cyanobacterial blooms in an important potable water supply located in northern Portugal (Torrão Reservoir). This model was produced with environmental variables collected from the reservoir over a 40‐month sampling period. For development of the model, 10 variables were selected from a total group of 18, all with an equal contribution in the final model. The correlations between the predicted and observed values were high (0.970, 0.912 and 0.908 in the training, verification and test sets, respectively). These variables could be grouped into three categories based on their influence on cyanobacterial abundance. In order of decreasing association, these classes were as follows: (i) oxygen stratification; (ii) conductivity, discharge, and minimum air temperature, water evaporation and solar radiation; and (iii) precipitation, phosphate, ammonia, and pH.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants potentiate methylphenidate (Ritalin)‐induced gene regulation in the adolescent striatum
Authors: Van Waes Vincent , Beverley Joel , Marinelli Michela , Steiner Heinz
Published: August 2010

The psychostimulant methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used in conjunction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of medical conditions such as attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder with anxiety/depression comorbidity and major depression. Co‐exposure also occurs in patients on SSRIs who use psychostimulant ‘cognitive enhancers’. Methylphenidate is a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that produces altered gene expression in the forebrain; these effects partly mimic gene regulation by cocaine (dopamine/norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitor). We investigated whether the addition of SSRIs (fluoxetine or citalopram; 5 mg/kg) modified gene regulation by methylphenidate (2–5 mg/kg) in the striatum and cortex of adolescent rats. Our results show that SSRIs potentiate methylphenidate‐induced expression of the transcription factor geneszif268and c‐fosin the striatum, rendering these molecular changes more cocaine‐like. Present throughout most of the striatum, this potentiation was most robust in its sensorimotor parts. The methylphenidate + SSRI combination also enhanced behavioral stereotypies, consistent with dysfunction in sensorimotor striatal circuits. In so far as such gene regulation is implicated in psychostimulant addiction, our findings suggest that SSRIs may enhance the addiction potential of methylphenidate.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the sensory appendages of a kinorhynch introvert
Authors: BROWN ROSEMARY
Published: August 2010

The structure and arrangement of appendages (scalids) on the head of the homalorhagid kinorhynch Kinorhynchus phyllotropis Brown & Higgins, 1983 are named, described and illustrated. In adults of this species, seven rings of external scalids are separated by segment boundary structures from the oral styles and three rings of internal scalids. All of these appendages contain ciliated receptor cells which pass to pores at the scalid tips, and all but the two anterior rings are jointed. All of these appendages are radially arranged in multiples of five, and closely associated with the ten lobed circumoral nerve ring. The most posterior scalid ring consists of fourteen trichoscalids, of which six are longer than the other eight. The six longer trichoscalids are arranged in bilateral symmetry, two to each of the three facets of the body. Similarities between scalid arrangement in Kinorhyncha and Loricifera are discussed.
Accounting for Securitizations: A Comparison of SFAS 140 and IASB 39
Authors: Adhikari Ajay , Betancourt Luis
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the accounting for securitizations under US GAAP and international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Using a sample securitization of the Ford Motor Company, we demonstrate substantial differences depending on whether the securitization is recorded following US GAAP or IFRS. Our analysis suggests international convergence of accounting standards will be more challenging as the FASB and IASB begin tackling issues, such as asset securitization, that have important economic consequences and where the differences between US GAAP and IFRS are substantive.
BI‐REGIONAL SAM LINKAGES: A MODIFIED BACKWARD AND FORWARD DISPERSION APPROACH
Authors: Ciaschini Maurizio , Socci Claudio
Published: August 2010

The aim of the paper is to apply a new backward and forward dispersion approach, starting from the original Rasmussen definition, which can give further insight into the interactions between industries and institutional sectors in a multiregional framework. The method is based on identification of the Macro Multipliers and the related impact components of a model based on a bi‐regional SAM, which allows for the representation of the bi‐regional multisectoral and multi‐industry model in a two‐dimensional space defined by the two dominating impact components. From such representation, we derive a set of indices of intraregional and interregional backward and forward dispersion that identifies key groups of industries and institutional sectors. The strength of these groups is further evaluated in terms of correlation of the impact components within the groups and cross‐correlation between industry and institutional sectors groups. Comparative analysis among regional results gives a full picture of regional income policies.
Dynamics of Female Employment and Youth Unemployment in Italy
Authors: Accornero Aris , Carmignani Fabrizio , Pruna Maria Letizia
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The authors, in this article, consider the possibility of how the peak in the birth rate during the 60s could have affected the present unemployment situation. First of all the hypothesis put forward by various sources that the baby boom is the principle cause of unemployment is examined, together with how plausible this explanation is.

Then some data relevant to birth rates and the subsequent employment levels in various countries is presented, and finally, a more detailed analysis of the Italian situation is given, both with regard to the baby boom and the most recent employment statistics for the different Italian areas. The authors also take a close look at the female labour market and its development over the past years, and how these figures would appear to confute the baby boom as being the sole cause responsible for present day unemployment levels.
Immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the granulomatous rosacea compared with the non‐granulomatous rosacea
Authors: Jang YH , Sim JH , Kang HY , Kim YC , Lee E‐S
Published: August 2010

Background  There is a granulomatous variant which is recognized in the rosacea spectrum. However, the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in rosacea has not been clearly demonstrated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for recruitment of inflammatory cells and for tissue remodelling, making way for the development of well‐organized granuloma.

Objective  The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, TGF‐β type II receptor (TβRII), Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, MMP‐1, 2 and 9 in the granulomatous rosacea (GR) compared with the non‐granulomatous rosacea (NGR) and test the hypothesis that the changes of these profiles in GR would be related with chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐exposure.

Methods  Facial skin samples were obtained from 20 patients with GR and NGR (control group). The sections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff’s elastic stain, and antibodies to TGF‐β, TβRII, TNF‐α, MMP‐1, ‐2 and ‐9.

Results  The amount of elastotic material was significantly increased in the dermis of GR lesions. Expression of TGF‐β was significantly decreased in the epidermis of GR lesions compared with NGR lesions. In addition, the expression of MMP‐9 was significantly increased in the dermis of GR lesions compared with NGR lesions, especially at the centre of the granuloma on a semi‐quantitative analysis. MMP‐2 expression was also increased in GR lesions, although the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.

Conclusions  The results of this study suggest that the increased expression of MMPs in the dermis may participate in granuloma formation of GR in association with UVR.
INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMME PLANS AND BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION: a system of care for the residential setting
Authors: Kyle Neil , Roche Val
Published: August 2010

The article describes the implementation of the individual programme plan (IPP) system as an approach to care in residential units for mentally handicapped people. It contrasts this system of care and training with programmes that are labelled “behaviour modification” which often place heavy reliance on psychologists for their implementation and maintenance. IPP system can be tailored to run in units where there is no available psychological support.
Educational aims and time allocation
Authors: de Souza Denis A. , Bailey Terence J.
Published: August 2010

This article discusses the relationship of educational aims to time allocations for specific curricular areas considered important by a wide variety of lay and professional groups involved with a special school for pupils with severe learning difficulties.
Short stay receptions into residential care
Authors: Ballard Rod
Published: August 2010

In recent years considerable progress has been made in the provision of short stay care facilities. As policies of community care begin to make themselves felt an increasing number of families are using such short stay arrangements to provide relief from the taxing business of looking after their mentally handicapped relatives. The effect of this has been to put nursing and care staff into more frequent touch with the families concerned. I want to argue that such contact can be used in positive and creative ways if staff relate to families with sensitivity and understanding. Whilst this might seem to be an obvious point to make, I will try to show that such a response may not be as easy to give as it sounds. I will also suggest some principles of sound practice for workers who are involved with families at the point at which they take over the care of their handicapped relatives.
Our “Blue Rose”— a parent's experience of tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Bond John
Published: August 2010

We have two children, Joanne and Carly. Joanne is a normal, healthy child who attends the local primary school and is making good progress. Carly is mentally handicapped and suffers from a genetically based illness called tuberous sclerosis. She attends a special school and receives additional care and training.

I decided to write this narrative in a simple way, and as a down to earth account of family life with a mentally handicapped child. I would like professionals to read it, and maybe enhance their understanding of situations; parents, to show them that they are not on their own; and those not connected with mental handicap, as this section of health care needs all the positive publicity it can get …
ACQUIRING MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS: an IT/INSET project to help children with severe learning difficulties
Authors: Hughes John M.
Published: August 2010

This is an account of the cooperation between a teacher training institute and a school for children with severe learning difficulties in a project designed to combine initial training with inservice training. It describes the efforts of class teacher, tutor, and students to evaluate and develop an educational programme to assist the children acquire mathematical concepts. Even though the children varied in their patterns and styles of learning, the team detected certain common learning characteristics which served as guidelines for planning objectives and learning experiences. These characteristics included a slower rate of learning, lack of spontaneous learning, difficulties in transfer of learning, deficiency in short‐term memory, poor spatial discrimination, difficulty in attending and poor language development.
The AWS from a parent's point of view:
Authors: Donovan Tina , Allen David
Published: August 2010

The parents of 36 people with mental handicaps were interviewed concerning their views on more integrated services for their relatives. Most were in favour of such developments, but considerable opposition was expressed in a number of areas, especially in relation to day care and education. Parents of those with more severe handicaps tended to be least in favour of integration. Some implications for consumer involvement in the AWS are discussed.
Reflections on an All‐Wales Strategy vanguard area
Authors: Humphreys Stuart , McGrath Morag , Grant Gordon
Published: August 2010

The paper considers three major issues raised by implementation of the AWS based on evidence of research conducted in the vanguard area of Gwynedd. It concludes by listing some important questions which merit further research.
Mental handicap in Nigeria: a study of attitudes in Bendel State
Authors: Okoh Grace
Published: August 2010

The findings of a thirty month study into educational provision for children with severe mental handicaps in Bendel State, Nigeria, reveal that before suitable facilities are provided much work remains to be done to overcome the population's fear and ignorance of mental handicap and to demonstrate that people with mental handicaps can benefit from education and participate in community and family life.
Out of Africa: an alternative style of services for people with mental handicaps and their families
Authors: McConkey Roy
Published: August 2010

In this article the author describes the home‐based learning programme of the Zimcare Trust, which is directed by Lilian Mariga in Zimbabwe. The programme aims to help families living in rural areas, far removed from schools and services. He reflects on the lessons for services in developed countries.
Students' attitudes to disability
Authors: Freeman Andrea
Published: August 2010

A survey of undergraduate students' attitudes was carried out as part of a general course in education studies, using a questionnaire and a semantic differential scale.

Attitudes were found to be positive in general but showed an element of paternalism which implied feelings of superiority. The concept which now appears to be acceptable when considering people with disabilities is that of “disadvantaged”.
QUALITY MATTERS 4. “Ideas into action”: the benefits of monitoring through a Quality Action Group
Authors: Howell Hilary , James Judy , Abbott Kerry
Published: August 2010

As services for people with mental handicaps move away from institutional methods of care, parents and professionals are becoming concerned with how to monitor and improve community‐based services. “Quality assurance” has departed from the notion of outsiders checking up on a service and has shifted towards more self‐evaluation by “stakeholders”. Stakeholders can include service users, staff, parents, neighbours, and friends.

This paper describes how the parents of four young people with mental handicaps and the staff who care for them have joined together to look at the service that is being provided and to plan ways of improving the quality of life.
Psychodynamic Work and Mental Handicap: Observations of an Autistic Child
Authors: O'Hara Jean
Published: August 2010

Observing an infant increases our understanding of non‐verbal behaviours, interactions, emotional development and emerging relationships. An observational component is now included in the one year course at the Tavistock Clinic on psychodynamic work and mental handicap. This article describes my own personal experience in the hope that it will stimulate interest in such an approach. In working with non‐verbal individuals with severe mental handicap observation is often our most powerful and accurate mode of assessment and we must have the courage to verbalise it.
Accommodative responses to anisoaccommodative targets
Authors: Koh L. H. , Charman W. N.
Published: August 2010

Young subjects (mean age 25.2±2.3 years) viewed with symmetric convergence two fusible targets situated at different distances (i.e. anisoaccommodative targets). The fused target was a Maltese cross which subtended 3° at the eye: the right and left arms of the cross were seen by both eyes and each of the other arms was seen by only one eye. The vergences of the anisoaccommodative targets differed by either 3.00 or 0.50 D. Accommodation of each eye was measured by a Canon R1 auto‐refractor. There was no evidence of systematic anisoaccommodation. When presented with anisoaccommodative targets, the accommodation of both eyes tended towards a level which was more appropriate to the farther target, i.e. that which required less accommodative effort. Implications of the findings for optometry are briefly discussed.
Hypoglycemia as a Result of Propranolol During Treatment of Infantile Hemangioma: A Case Report
Authors: Breur Johannes M.P.J. , de Graaf Marlies , Breugem Corstiaan C. , Pasmans Suzanne G.M.A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Propranolol is a new and promising treatment for hemangiomas of infancy. We report of a patient in whom steroid maintenance therapy is successfully tapered after introduction of propranolol. This patient, however, developed symptomatic hypoglycemic events presumably because of a concurrent deficiency of epinephrine and cortisol as a direct result of both beta‐blockage by propranolol and adrenal insufficiency as a result of prednisone use. Extreme care should be taken in patients treated with both propranolol and prednisone as they are at increased risk of hypoglycemia.
VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN CONTENTS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Bowes Peggy M.
Published: August 2010

An extraction procedure was developed for determining vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin contents of marine phytoplankton. Phytoplankters were collected either by centrifugation or by retention on a glass fiber filter, then heated at 100 C for I hr in 100 ml of vitamin‐free seawater acidified to pH 3.5 with HCl. The extract, after debris removal, was filter‐sterilized and analyzed, for vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin with standard vitamin assay procedures.

The vitamin contents of haeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Stephanopyxis turris, and occolithus liuxleyi were determined during growth in batch cultures. P. tricornutum (non‐vitamin requirer) growing in aerated cultures contained 0.29–0.96 ng B12, 5–15 ng thiamine, and 0.45–1.70 ng biotin/mg C. Under similar conditions S. costatum (B12‐requirer) contained about 0.06 ng B12, 5–36 ng thiamine, and 0.16–2.10 ng biotin/mg C. The concentrations of vitamin were generally similar during some portion of the growth curve, eg, logarithmic growth.

The vitamin B12, content of S. costatum growing under nonaerated conditions decreased when medium B12, was reduced. The biotin content did not change when medium B12was decreased.

The thiamine content per unit weight of C. huxleyi (thiamine‐requirer) growing with either 10 or 120 ng/liter thiamine decreased under both medium concentrations, indicating no net synthesis of the vitamin.
A CARBON BUDGET FOR THE AUTOTROPHIC CILIATE MESODINIUM RUBRUM1
Authors: Smith Walker O. , Barber Richard T.
Published: August 2010

Extensive blooms of the autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann) occurred in the Peru coastal upwelling region at 15°S latitude in March through May 1977 and contributed significantly to the organic productivity of the region. From observations made during the JOINT‐II oceanographic expedition, a budget of the carbon flux of these unusual photosynthetic organisms can be constructed. The light dependent C fixation was determined with short (1 h) incubations because of the organisms' sensitivity to confinement and rapid nutrient exhaustion. Maximum photosynthesis occurred at 50% of incident light with a maximum rate of particulate C synthesis of 2187 mg C · m−3· h−1. The specific carbon uptake rates were also high with a maximum light saturated value of 16.8 mg C ·(mg chl a)−1· h−1. The rate of excretion of dissolved organic C at the productivity maximum ranged from 16.1 to 181.1 mg C · m−3· h−1. The range of percent excretion was 1.8–12.5% the total C fixed, similar to the range found in both motile and nonmotile phytoplankton assemblages. Respiration, determined by the decrease in particulate C in the dark, averaged 4.6% of the previously fixed photosynthetic C · h−1. M. rubrum actively took up amino acids and naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon. The C budget for this ciliate indicates that the daily contribution to the particulate food chain is large, although not as great as is indicated by short incubations. The contribution of M. rubrum to the productivity and elemental fluxes of upwelling and coastal ecosystems has been seriously underestimated.
THE BIOLOGY OFHARVEYELLA MIRABILIS(CRYPTONEMIALES, RHODOPHYCEAE). VI. TRANSLOCATION OF PHOTOASSIMILATED14C122
Authors: Goff Lynda J.
Published: August 2010

Pulse‐chase labelling experiments demonstrate that photoassimilated14C‐bicarbonate is translocated from the host red algaOdonthalia floccosa (Esper)Falkenberg to the parasiteHarveyella mirabilis(Reinsch) Schmitz & Reinke. The primary path of translocation is from host cortical cells (the site of photoassimilation) to the erumpent parasite pustule via the zone of interdigitation. The latter is a tissue region in which rhizoidal cells ofHarveyellagrow between, and establish secondary pit plugs with medullary cells ofOdonthalia.A secondary translocation pathway occurs from isolated host cells dispersed in the pustule ofHarveyellato adjacent parasite cells.
THE RELATIVE PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OFASTERIONELLA FORMOSAHASS. (BACILLARIOPHYTA) IN NATURAL PLANKTON ASSEMBLAGES1
Authors: Ostrofsky Milton L. , Peairs Hervey J.
Published: August 2010

The relative photosynthetic efficiencies of net vs. nanoplankton and diatom vs. non‐diatom plankton were estimated weekly in Woodcock Creek Reservoir, Pennsylvania, from April to November 1979, using carbon‐14 in conjunction with size fractionation and germanium as a diatom inhibitor. The nanoplankton contributed a proportionally greater share of the community carbon assimilation than their share of the community biomass would indicate. Diatoms, specificallyAsterionella formosaHass. were photosynthetically inefficient and contributed significantly less than expected. The mechanism of periodic diatom dominance in lakes remains unexplained.
THE DINOFLAGELLATE PELLICULAR WALL LAYER AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE DIVISION PYRRHOPHYTA1
Authors: Morrill Lenita C. , Loeblich Alfred R.
Published: August 2010

Forty‐five species of dinoflagellates were surveyed for the presence of a pellicular layer in the amphiesma or cell covering. Such a layer was found in 15 of the 20 genera studied. Half the pellicles tested were resistant to acetolysis and may contain a sporopollenin‐like material similar to that of some dinoflagellate cyst walk. Most organisms which formed pellicles were capable of reinforcing this layer with cellulose. Pellicles ofHeterocapsa niei(Loeblich) Morrill & Loeblich andScrippsiella trochoidea(Stein) Loeblich were studied with the electron microscope. Evidence is presented indicating that dividing cells ofS. trochoideafrom new walls while still enclosed in the parental pellicular layer.
THE MECHANISM OF DAYLENGTH PERCEPTION IN THE RED ALGA ACROSYMPHYTON PURPURIFERUM1
Authors: Breeman Anneke M. , ten Hoopen Aart
Published: August 2010

The red alga Acrosymphton purpuriferum (J. Ag.) Sjöst. (Dumontiaceae) is a short day plant in the formation of its tetrasporangia. Tetrasporogenesis was not inhibited by 1 h night‐breaks when given at any time during the long (16 h) dark period (tested at 2 h intervals). However, tetrasporogenesis was inhibited when short (8 h) main photoperiods were extended beyond the critical daylength with supplementary light periods (8 h) at an irradiance below photosynthetic compensation. The threshold irradiance below photosynthetic compensation. The threshold irradiance for inhibition of tetrasporogenesis was far lower when supplementary light periods preceded the main photoperiod than when they followed it (< 0.05 μmol.m−2. s−1 vs. 3 μmol.m−2.s−1. The threshold level also depended on the irradiance given during the main photoperiod and was higher after a main photoperiod in bright light than after one in dim light (threshold at 3 μmol.m−2.s−1 after a main photoperiod at ca. 65 μmol.m−2.s−1 vs. threshold at <0.5 μmol.m−2.s−1 after a main photoperiod at ca. 35 μmol.m−2.s−1. The spectral dependence of the response was investigated in day‐extensions (supplementary light period (8 h) after main photoperiod (8 h) at 48 μmol. m−2.s−1) with narrow band coloured light. Blue light (λ= 420 nm) was most effective, with 50% inhibition at a quantum‐dose of 2.3 mmol.m−2. However, yellow (λ= 563 nm) and red light (λ= 600 nm; λ= 670 nm) also caused some inhibition, with ca. 30% of the effectiveness of blue light. Only far‐red light (λ= 710 nm; λ= 730 nm) was relatively ineffective with no significant inhibition of tetrasporogenesis at quantum‐doses of up to 20 mmol. m−2.
OCCURRENCE OF THREENITZSCHIA(BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) TAXA WITHIN COLONIES OF TUBE‐FORMING DIATOMS1
Authors: Carr Jennifer M. , Hergenrader Gary L.
Published: August 2010

In benthic samples from the unchannelized Missouri River, the diatoms Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grun., N. filiformis (W. Sm.) Schütt and N. pseudofonticola Hust. were observed within the mucilage tubes of four tube‐forming diatoms: Cymbella prostrata (Berk.) Cl., C. prostrata var. auerswaldii (Rabh.) Reim., Navicula tripunctata var. schizonemoides (V.H.) Patr., and Nitzschia filiformis. Microscopical observations of live and preserved specimens indicated that “invasion” by Nitzschia occurred primarily in older tubes. Data are presented on the environmental conditions in which the tube‐formers and their cohabitants have been found.
STUDIES OF NITRATE TRANSPORT BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON USING36Cl‐ClO3−AS A TRANSPORT ANALOGUE. I. PHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS1
Authors: Balch William M.
Published: August 2010

Transport of a nitrate analogue,36Cl‐ClO3−, was examined in two diatoms, Skeletonema costatum (Greve.) Cleve and Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb) W. Sm. A dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra did not transport ClO3−. Transport of36Cl‐ClO3−by diatoms appeared to be active and showed saturation kinetics. The data were fitted by Michaelis‐Menten equation at all but the lowest chlorate concentrations (where plots of S vs. v showed a slight concave bend). Affinity of cells for nitrate was considerably higher than for chlorate. The Kifor nitrate inhibition of chlorate transport was calculated assuming competitive inhibition. Light had little or no effect on chlorate transport. Pulse‐chase experiments demonstrated that (1) ClO3−(hence NO3−) was stored in two intracellular compartments of equal size, (2) internal ClO3−was exchangeable with external ClO3−(rates of efflux and influx were measured), and (3) efflux of intracellular ClO3−showed transient states following a chase of ClO3−or NO3−which stabilized after 10–20 min. Transport of chlorate was a function of growth phase.