bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Flapper and the Fogy: Representations of Gender and Age in the 1920s
Authors: Hirshbein Laura Davidow
Published: April 2009

In the 1920s in the United States, public attention was riveted on the antics of a new, rebellious younger generation. Although popular representations focused on youth in crisis, these representations emphasized comparisons between young and old. This article explores the public discussions about youth culture in the 1920s and how they helped to refine cultural categories of youth and old age. In addition, through gender-specific representations, social commentators worked out new definitions of masculinity, femininity, and the relationships between the sexes. Furthermore, the rhetorical conflict between generations of Americans helped to frame important contemporary questions about national identity.
Household Composition and Canada’s Rural Capitalism: The Extent of Rural Labor Markets in 1901
Authors: Sylvester Kenneth M.
Published: April 2009

The impact of family structure on waged employment is examined using data from the national sample of the 1901 census. The findings suggest that historical inflexibility in the supply of rural labor stemmed from the demands farm parents placed von work-age children. The pervasiveness of family proprietorship in agriculture worked to keep a majority of work-age Canadians outside of waged employment in 1901. Even in the country’s western interior, where farms were much larger, individuals who lived in married-couple households on farms were the least likely to report themselves in the census as employees.
Mimetic Appetite for Marriage in Nineteenth-Century Flanders: Gender Disadvantage As an Incentive for Social Change
Authors: Matthijs Koen
Published: April 2009

The development of age at first marriage in three regions of Flanders (roughly the northern part of Belgium) during 1800 to 1913 is examined by gender and social status. The study areas are Leuven, Aalst, and Bierbeek—three municipalities with different socioeconomic structures and cultural climates. All the data from these municipalities were coded and taken from almost 17,000 marriage certificates. The demographic marriage parameters point to the same thing: from the midnineteenth century, a passionate zest for marriage became obvious in Flanders. The proportion of those remaining unmarried fell sharply, and age at first marriage declined rapidly. This process occurred among all social groups. It is hypothesized that this process can be explained by the changed social position and gender identity of women, together with the new economic possibilities for men.
Money, Marriage, Mobility: The Big Bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: April 2009

This article explores the testamentary practice and family strategies of the big bourgeoisie of mid-eighteenth-century London. It does so in the context of two debates: the accessibility of landed status to new wealth and the rise of affective individualism. The author argues that the rich businessmen of the metropolis were not always interested in investing their fortunes in landed estates, but those who were and had the wealth and demographic fortune to do so were not unsuccessful. This article also suggests that businessmen were less interested in male primogeniture and patrilineal descent than the landed aristocracy and more willing to accommodate the interests of wives and daughters in the quest for social ambition and financial security.
The “Rights” of Husbands and the “Duties” of Wives: Power and Desire in the American Bedroom, 1850-1910
Authors: Battan Jesse F.
Published: April 2009

Historians of the nineteenth-century American family have long argued for the dominance of a patriarchal model of marital relations in which demanding husbands subjected their passionless wives to a continual grind of emotional and sexual brutalization. This perspective has been challenged by revisionist historians who have argued that the companionate marital ideal, characterized by considerate husbands and sexually satisfied wives, best reflected the experiences of middle-class married men and women. Based on the sexual experiences described in the pamphlets, letters, and newspaper articles written by sexual radicals known as “Free Lovers,” this article argues that the late nineteenth-century marriage bed still was a site of conflict. Opening the door into the Victorian bedroom, the Free Lovers provide a unique view of both marital models in operation and transition that sheds light on the dynamic of change in which married couples struggled, failed, and sometimes achieved the erotic relationships promised by the companionate ideal.
Surviving Separation: Cross-Plantation Marriages and the Slave Trade in Antebellum South Carolina
Authors: West Emily
Published: April 2009

This article assesses the impact of the threat of forced separations on the relationships between slaves in antebellum South Carolina. The majority of slaves had to live under the constant threat, and sometimes the reality, of being separated from their loved ones. It is suggested, however, that through cross-plantation family ties, slaves managed to resist many of the potential threats to family and to marriage viability. Cross-plantation family networks meant that local separations had a lesser impact on slave family and community ties than did long-distance sales. Local sales, gifts, and divisions of estates among heirs did mean, however, that family patterns often were multidimensional, with some family members belonging to the same owner and others belonging to more or less distant neighbors.
Middle-Class Family Structure in Nineteenth-Century Glasgow
Authors: Gordon Eleanor , Nair Gwyneth
Published: April 2009

This article is based on a study of a sample of middle-class households in Glasgow in the second half of the nineteenth century. The empirical findings are intended to add to the currently sketchy picture of middle-class household structure in the high Victorian period, to enable the authors to draw firmer conclusions about the incidence, composition, and explanation of middle-class coresidence patterns. On the basis of this study, and the small number of other studies of the nineteenth-century middle-class family, it seems that extended-family households were as common among the middle class as the working class. However, although the incidence of extended households was similar, the composition of these households differed in a class-specific way.
Fertility Policy in Ceausescu's Romania
Authors: Keil Thomas J. , Andreescu Viviana
Published: April 2009

This study tests a model for the impact that Ceausescu's pro-natalist policies had on the Romanian fertility rate between 1967 and 1989. Using time-series analysis, the authors' findings show that the Ceausescu regime continually struggled with the Romanian population to increase the national birthrate. As a result of the regime's policies, there was a significant increase in overall fertility between 1967 and 1989, when the Ceausescu regime was overthrown. Reasons are offered as to why Romania pursued such policies and was able to make them work, while other Eastern and Central European regimes proved to be less able to sustain drives to increase national fertility. This article also presents a model of what has happened to the Romanian fertility rate since 1989, showing that there has been a significant decline in fertility in the post-Communist period.
A Dynamic Ultrasound Examination for the Diagnosis of Ankle Syndesmotic Injury in Professional Athletes
Authors: Mei-Dan Omer , Kots Eugene , Barchilon Vidal , Massarwe Sabri , Nyska Meir , Mann Gideon
Published: April 2009

Background

Syndesmotic ankle injuries are not easy to recognize when an associated fracture or frank diastasis is not present. There is a need for a simple, fast, inexpensive, and easily reproducible diagnostic tool to assess the integrity of the distal tibiofibular synedesmosis.

Hypothesis

Dynamic ultrasound (US) examination can accurately diagnose anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) rupture.

Study Design

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

We evaluated 3 groups: 9 consecutive professional athletes with recent AITFL rupture, a control group of 18 subjects without a history of ankle injury, and 20 patients with lateral ankle sprain. The dynamic US examination was performed in neutral (N), forced internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER) of the foot for measuring the tibiofibular clear space on the anterior aspect of the ankle, at the level of the AITFL, 1 cm proximal to the joint line.

Results

The mean age of the study group was 27 years (range, 16-32). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the diagnosis of AITFL rupture in all cases. Differences between the injured and control group were statistically significant for the N, IR, and ER positions (P < .001) and for the measured Δ between the AITFL in the ER and N positions (P < .01). The difference in the tibiofibular clear space between the 2 ankles of the injured athletes was significantly different compared with the control athletes for all 3 positions (P < .001). The measured difference between the ER and N positions for both sides of the study group showed a specificity and sensitivity of 100% (P < .001; cutoff point of 0.9 mm and 0.7 mm, respectively). The Δ (Δ = ER — N) of the injured side showed a specificity and sensitivity of only 89% (P < .001; cutoff point of 0.4 mm). Additionally, the third group with the history of lateral ankle sprain showed, as expected, that this type of injury does not correlate with AITFL injury on dynamic US examination.

Conclusion

We conclude that dynamic US examination can be used to accurately diagnose an AITFL rupture. This preliminary study has found the described method to be a simple, inexpensive, and easily reproducible examination.
From Traditional to Virtual HR
Authors: West Jonathan P. , Berman Evan M.
Published: April 2009

This study examines the use of information technology (IT) in human resource management (HRM) and how it affects HRM work. Based on a survey of cities with populations larger than 50,000, it finds that although managers agree that IT is important, relatively few cities use IT in their HRM in any extensive way. Payroll and benefits administration and online recruiting are widely used; however, IT applications in training, job analysis and evaluation, position classification, personnel testing, and background checks are not. The factor that most explains the use of IT in HRM is the technology orientation of HRM managers, and those HRM managers who view IT as a source of competitive advantage are more likely to promote it. The article concludes with implications for careers in HRM.
The Federal Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978)
Authors: Cascio Wayne F. , Aguinis Herman
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this article is to provide an update on a selected set of issues that might be considered if and when the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures is revised. The following issues that have been subject to a considerable number of research-based advances in the field of industrial and organizational psychology are discussed: (a) adverse impact, the four-fifths rule, and statistical significance testing; (b) criterion measures; (c) cutoff scores; and (d) differential prediction. In addition, implications for practice of research findings in each of these areas are discussed.
Is There “One Best Way” to Select Law Enforcement Personnel?
Authors: Daniel Christopher
Published: April 2009

Police selection can be broadened in many jurisdictions, moving beyond traditional reliance on cognitive skills testing, but managers should be aware of dilemmas this process may entail. Jurisdictions differ from one another and trade-offs often need to made between competing values; therefore, there is no “one best way” to select law enforcement personnel. However, in light of several jurisdictions’ problematic experiences, managers should take care not to place undue emphasis on any single knowledge, skill, and ability (KSA) or demographic consideration. Also, personality measures have limitations and may never fully replace cognitive tests.
Georgia on the Mind of Radical Civil Service Reformers
Authors: West Jonathan P.
Published: April 2009

Georgia’s comprehensive reform of its civil service system in July 1996 removed merit system protections from all employees hired after that date and substantially altered the relationship between the state’s central personnel agency and the line agencies and departments. This article introduces the symposium by briefly tracing the driving forces, rationale, and central features of Georgia’s reform efforts. In 2000, Florida became the second state to substantially restructure its civil service system, removing merit system protections from a significant number of public employees. The interests and arguments supporting and opposing Florida’s “Service First” initiative are identified together with a short analysis of its major legislative provisions and their implications. Reforms in both Georgia and Florida are designed to enhance managerial flexibility, but there are concerns that employee rights are diminished in the process.
The Sad Demise of Skill-Based Pay in the Virginia Department of Transportation
Authors: Shareef Reginald A.
Published: April 2009

The Virginia Department of Transportation attempted to use skill-based pay (SBP) to trigger the development of both multiskilled, self-managing work teams and a high-involvement work culture. A case study determined that this “new pay” intervention did not achieve intended goals. Two related, internal dynamics negatively affected the change effort: untimely systems redesign between SBP and agency subsystems and nonexistent strategic visioning to articulate where managers would “fit” in a high-involvement culture. These incongruencies led to loss of political support in the Virginia legislature, which ended the Virginia Department of Transportation SBP innovation. The study suggests that public agencies using SBP as a catalyst for institutional transformation must (a) be prepared for simultaneous systems redesign to support the SBP intervention, (b) address the job security needs of managers, and (c) produce successful outcomes to maintain political support throughout implementation and diffusion.
British Hegemony and Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1815-1939
Authors: Cupitt Richard T. , Whitlock Rodney L. , Whitlock Lynn Williams
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we examine some competing explanations of the Pax Britannia, the long era of relative peace that marks the 19th century. We test hypotheses derived from balance of power theory and from theories of hegemonic order (including the hegemonic stability theory of Gilpin, the political long-cycle theory of Modelski, Thompson and their associates, world systems theory, and the economic long-cycle theory of Kondratieff) regarding the occurrence of militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) for 1815-1939. Using indicators of British economic and military capacity, the regression analyses indicate that the rise and fall of British military and economic capacity associates inversely some measures of major power MIDs. From the theoretical models of phases of hegemonic order, we find no support for the implications of the Gilpin and the World systems models. Support for the double cobweb model (Modelski) exists, but the model is very sensitive to a single data point. Finally, eras of world economic expansion (from the Kondratieff model) appear to be positively associated with the incidence of MIDs.
Power Cycle Theory and State Involvement in Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816-1976
Authors: Spiezio K. Edward
Published: April 2009

The study broadens the scope of power cycle theory by examining the relationship between critical point intervals and a state's tendency to become involved in militarized interstate disputes. The results reveal intriguing cross-national variations in the strength of this relationship. The onset of a critical point interval significantly increased the probability of dispute participation for some states but not for others. The implications of this finding for future research is discussed in the conclusion.
From Desert Shield To Desert Storm: Success, Strife, Or Quagmire?
Authors: Kugler Jacek , Snider Lewis W. , Longwell William
Published: April 2009

This real time evaluation of decisions during the Gulf Crisis were done to establish the utility of systematic evaluations based on the tenets of the micro-economic theory of expected utility. The expected utility framework used assumes that decision-makers evaluate the costs and benefits associated with viable choices seeking the largest net gain for each group at acceptable levels of risk. The forecast and simulations shows the initial and eventual resolution based on an analysis of group preferences, potential influence and salience. The results, based on data obtained in September 1990, show, first, that Iraq would dominate oil supplies without US military intervention. Second, that US intervention was essential to solidify the coalition that eventually liberated Kuwait. Third, that Mr. Hussein could not be dislodged; and the internal dissent, culminating in the Shia' and Kurdish rebellions, would be crushed. Analysis of missed opportunities shows that the best option for peace was a Saudi Arabia led negotiated settlement with Iraq. Even if such negotiations failed they produced a most stable partnership where all actors, including Israel, backed negotiations or war. The most prominent incorrect prediction was that the Gulf Crisis could be resolved without conflict. Upon review, the reason for this error is that the analyst overstated peace despite clear model indications that war was probable. The implications are profound. If similar real time analyses proved accurate, much carnage can be avoided without diminishing policy goals. Had decision-makers anticipated that inciting domestic violence in Iraq was fruitless but dangerous to the Shia' and Kurdish minorities, would they still pursue such options? We opt to believe that they would not, or, perhaps, they would extended Desert Storm. Information provided in a timely manner makes a difference. Perhaps the policy community is too passive. Perhaps, we should risk failure in order to advance credible options dictated by knowledge. Perhaps, during the next crisis we will do so.
Chaos As A Tool For Exploring Questions of International Security
Authors: Saperstein Alvin M.
Published: April 2009

Mathematical models-static or dynamic-of international systems arc often used to predict outcomes of specific policy choices. The focus of this paper is not such predictions themselves but the question of whether or not such predictability is meaningful. Non-predictability in a deterministic dynamic model is usually referred to as “chaos” and is used in this paper as a paradigm for crisis instability and the possible outbreak of war in a system of competing states. The use of the paradigm is illustrated via initial explorations of three international security questions: 1.) Which is more stable, a bipolar or a multipolar system? 2.) Which are more war prone, democracies or autocracies? 3.) Which leads to more stability, seeking security via independent acquisition of arms or via a balance of power? A simple model-not empirically founded but manifesting some dominant aspects of the situation-is formulated for each question. The stability regime of each model is then determined. Using the postulate that a larger stability range indicates a less war-prone world, and vice-versa, answers to these questions are found, thus providing an alternate approach to the investigation of pressing theoretical and practical questions in international relations.
Arms Race Dynamics and Economic Stability
Authors: Donaghy Kieran P.
Published: April 2009

In the research reported on in this paper, a hybrid continuous-time model of the U.S. macroeconomy and the arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union is formed from two previously developed structural models and fitted with data from the 1960s and 1970s for the purpose of analyzing how changes in arms race dynamics might have influenced developments in the macroeconomy and the stability of this coupled system structure. In terms of standard measures of model assessment, the hybrid model is found to capture well developments in these two decades. Estimates of the model's parameters indicate that changes in the levels of variables in the arms race equations had discernible impacts on macroeconomic variables, although these impacts do not appear to have been large. The growth process characterized by the model was cyclical and appears to have been stable. This stability, however, is likely to have been susceptible to changes in the rates of adjustment in arms stocks, military spending levels, and key macro-economic variables. The stability of each of the subsystems seems to have been relatively unaffected by developments in the other.
A Theory of Armament
Authors: Oren Ido
Published: April 2009

I develop a theory explaining how states decide how much armament to acquire. The theory treats states as unitary optimizers choosing between guns and butter, and it offers a novel exposition of the role intentions play in armament decisions-how they are perceived, and how their assessment interacts with the assessment of power. One of the results deduced from the theory is that if statesmen worry about intentions more than about power, then high arms levels possessed by one state will be matched by low arms levels possessed by another, this prediction sharply contradicts conventional wisdom about the nature of arms-races. Statistical analysis of the Superpowers' cold war interaction-which supports the theory-is briefly discussed.
R. J. Rummel's Understanding Conflict and War: An Overlooked Classic?
Authors: Ray James Lee
Published: April 2009

R.J. Rummel's five volume work Understanding Conflict and War is an ambitious, comprehensive theoretical approach to international as well as domestic conflict. It provides a substantial theoretical as well as epistemological basis for the democratic peace proposition, which has received a lot of attention in recent years. Yet most writers in the field seem unaware of the roots of that proposition in this 5 volume work. The democratic peace proposition is only one of the 33 interrelated propositions regarding the causes of international conflict developed in Understanding Conflict and War. Many others, regarding the argument that international politics are less violent than domestic politics, or the impact of power transitions, or of recurring crises, or of geographic contiguity, or of regime type of states in general, and not just on their relationships with each other, play a prominent role in important contemporary research efforts. The theoretical approach developed by Rummel may have important potential to integrate and/or subsume all of these “islands of theory.” It may also provide an alternative to rational choice, or formal methods of developing a theory of international conflict.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Regulatory Growth Management Programs
Authors: Carruthers John I.
Published: April 2009

This article develops an analytic framework for evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory growth management programs. First, the literature review assembles a large body of recent research examining the evolution of growth management programs, the role of government institutions, and evidence of policies’ effectiveness. Second, working from the findings of the literature review, the article inductively develops a conceptual model identifying the relationships between program implementation, land market processes, and land use outcomes. Finally, the conceptual model is used to derive a set of principles that may be used to inform future research.
Linguistic Contact Zones in the College Writing Classroom
Authors: Kells Michelle Hall
Published: April 2009

In this examination of Mexican-American bilingual college writers, it is argued that implicit language ideologies, common misconceptions about bidialectalism/bilingualism, and the classroom attitudinal domain subvert the success of ethnolinguistic minority students. The author designed and conducted a randomized language attitude survey (N = 195) of 1st-year composition students on the assumption that language attitudes, reflective of the social/ethnic/linguistic polarization of south Texas, exist inside the English classroom. Findings correlate the multiple ethnolinguistic identities of this student population with language myth adherence. Results reveal the tendency among college writers for subscription to various language myths: dialect misconception, English bias, language purity myth, literacy myth, misconception of oral performance.
Representing Gun Owners
Authors: Downs Douglas
Published: April 2009

Critical discourse analysis of a 75,000-word corpus of newspaper articles, editorials, and letters to the editor reveals the presence of a cosmopolitan worldview-frame and its effects on representations of gun owners in the United States. This cosmopolitan worldview, which includes cultural frames of reliance on others, specialization, risk avoidance, and government responsibility for risk reduction, results in the marginalization of gun owners and the silencing of frames and information that would counter it. This study demonstrates that the frames news media adopt in covering contentious social issues can not only silence participants in public debate but hamper efforts to find common ground on those issues. Socially responsible news media should instead explore and report on the variety of frames in play regarding a range of social issues in an effort to educate their audiences and, in so doing, promote public debate.
The Personal Narrative as Cultural Artifact
Authors: Dyer Brenda , Friederich Lee
Published: April 2009

The article explores the purpose and methods of teaching the personal narrative in foreign language classrooms. Following a cross-cultural comparison of the history, purpose, and form of autobiography in first-language contexts in the United States and Japan; a review of the place of personal narrative in second- and foreign-language compo sition theory and practice; and the results from survey research involving 160 Japanese freshman students about high school writing instruction in English, a rationale and methodology for teaching personal narrative to Japanese college students of English is presented. The five-paragraph, thesis-driven personal essay presented in English as a second language/English as a foreign language textbooks is critiqued, with recommendations for a more organic form synthesizing story and essay, as in Barrington's concept of “scene, summary and musing.” The limitations of peer editing are discussed, and the bundan writing workshop is described as an effective alternative.
Incontinentia Pigmenti With Encephalocele in a Neonate: A Rare Association
Authors: Demirel Nihal , Aydin Mustafa , Zenciroglu Aysegul , Okumus Nurullah , Tekgunduz Kadir Serafettin , Ipek Mehmet Sah , Boduroglu Esin
Published: April 2009

Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare, X-linked dominant multisystem genodermatosis affecting ectodermal and mesodermal tissues. After the skin, the central nervous system is the second-most affected system. We report a neonate with incontinentia pigmenti and encephalocele, as a feature of the central nervous system involvement, to stress this uncommon association.
Clinical Observations: A Nutrition Intervention With Families of Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants
Authors: Kennedy Tay Seacord , Oakland Mary Jane , Shaw Robert D.
Published: April 2009

A randomized, prospective, family‐centered study investigated the outcome of a telephone‐based, nutrition intervention that provided monthly nutritional guidance and support to families of infants (N = 25) born at < 1750 g and evaluated the effects of the intervention on the stress level of the infants' mothers. Growth in length normalized at 1‐year adjusted age (p = .08) after using regression modeling to control for the effects of broncho‐pulmonary dysplasia. Maternal stress related to parental expectations was negatively correlated with the intervention (p = .027). Infants' 24‐hour recall at 4 months was pooled, and the mean, which was 117 kcal/kg, was significantly above the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for age (p = .008). Results suggest that interventions focusing on early catch‐up growth and ensuring that preterm infants have an intake higher than the RDA for age in the first few months of life may normalize growth and developmental outcomes and decrease maternal stress.
Current Literature: Body‐Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Authors: Calle Ee , Thun MJ , Petrelli JM
Published: April 2009

Background: Body‐mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is known to be associated with overall mortality. We investigated the effects of age, race, sex, smoking status, and history of disease on the relation between body‐mass index and mortality. Methods: In a prospective study of more than 1 million adults in the United States (457,785 men and 588,369 women), 201,622 deaths occurred during 14 years of follow‐up. We examined the relation between body‐mass index and the risk of death from all causes in four subgroups categorized according to smoking status and history of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, we further examined whether the relation varied according to race, cause of death, or age. The relative risk was used to assess the relation between mortality and body‐mass index. Results: The association between body‐mass index and the risk of death was substantially modified by smoking status and the presence of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, the nadir of the curve for body‐mass index and mortality was found at a body‐mass index of 23.5 to 24.9 in men and 22.0 to 23.4 in women. Among subjects with the highest body‐mass indexes, white men and women had a relative risk of death of 2.58 and 2.00, respectively, as compared with those with a body‐mass index of 23.5 to 24.9. Black men and women with the highest body‐mass indexes had much lower risks of death (1.35 and 1.21), which did not differ significantly from 1.00. A high body‐mass index was most predictive of death from cardiovascular disease, especially in men (relative risk, 2.90; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.37 to 3.56). Heavier men and women in all age groups had an increased risk of death. Conclusions: The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer or others disease increases throughout the range of moderate and severe overweight for both men and women in all age groups. The risk associated with a high body‐mass index is greater for whites than for blacks. (N Engl J Med 341:1097–1105, 1999)
Current Literature: Food and Nutrient Exposures: What to Consider When Evaluating Epidemiologic Evidence
Authors: Sempos CT , Liu K , Ernst ND
Published: April 2009

Nutritional epidemiology is the science concerned with conducting research into the relation between diet and disease risk. The public has a great deal of interest in this issue. Much of that interest, however, is fueled by the publication of sensationalized, startling, and often contradictory health messages. Unfortunately, there is a great deal of confusion in both the scientific press and the public or lay press about the nature of nutritional epidemiology, its strengths, and its limitations. The purpose of this article is to discuss these strengths and limitations. It is hoped that clarification of these issues can help lead to a resolution of the research community's and lay public's misunderstandings about nutritional epidemiology research. (Am Jour Clin Nut 69:1330S‐1338S, 1999)
Current Literature: Long‐term Survival and Parenteral Nutrition Dependence in Adult Patients With the Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Messing BB , Crenn P , Beau P
Published: April 2009

Background & Aims: The short bowel syndrome (SBS) may be associated with either transient or permanent intestinal failure, presently treated by parenteral nutrition (PN). Survival and PN‐dependence probabilities, taking into account both small bowel remnant length and the type of the digestive circuit of anastomosis, are not known in adult SBS patients. The aim of this study was to assess such prognostic factors. Methods: A total of 124 consecutive adults with nonmalignant SBS were enrolled from 1980 to 1992 at 2 home PN centers. They were analyzed for survival and PN‐dependence probabilities using the Cox model and for PN dependence using linear discriminant analysis. Data were updated in April 1996. Results: Survival and PN‐dependence probabilities were 86% and 49% and 75% and 45% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. In multivariate analysis, survival was related negatively to end‐enterostomy, to small bowel length of <50 cm, and to arterial infarction as a cause of SBS, but not to PN dependence. The latter was related negatively to postduodenal small bowel lengths of <50 and 50–99 cm and to absence of terminal ileum and/or colon in continuity. Cutoff values of small bowel lengths separating transient and permanent intestinal failure were 100, 65, and 30 cm in end‐enterostomy, jejunocolic, and jejunoileocolic type of anastomosis, respectively. Conclusions: In adult SBS patients, small bowel length of <100 cm is highly predictive of permanent intestinal failure. Presence of terminal ileum and/or colon in continuity enhances both weaning off PN and survival probabilities. After 2 years of PN, probability of permanent intestinal failure is 94%. These rates may lead to selection of other treatments, especially intestinal transplantation, instead of PN, for permanent intestinal failure caused by SBS. (Gastroenterology 117:1043–1050, 1999)
Clinical Research: Comparison of Open Versus Closed Systems of Intermittent Enteral Feeding in Two Long‐Term Care Facilities
Authors: Herlick Shirley J. , Vogt Carolyn , Pangman Verna , Fallis Wendy
Published: April 2009

Background: In the acute care setting, closed enteral feeding systems have been found to be cost effective when compared with traditional open systems. Because the majority of studies have been conducted in acute care, the following variables pertaining to the open and closed systems were studied in two long‐term care facilities: nutritional intake, formula waste, bacterial contamination, diarrhea, nursing time, nursing satisfaction, and cost. Cost included formula, formula waste, and administration sets. Methods: An experimental, randomized crossover design with quantitative and qualitative data was used on a sample of 36 patients, mainly brain injured, who were receiving intermittent enteral feeding. The study was completed in 7 weeks. At the onset, patients were randomly selected to either the closed or open system. Crossover occurred in week 4. In weeks 2, 3, 5, and 6, data collection occurred. Time motion studies of 20 nurses were completed in week 6. Twenty‐nine nurses completed the nursing satisfaction surveys in week 7. Results: No significant differences were found in the amount of formula infused and formula wasted. A significant difference (p = .001) in bacterial contamination was found, with a significant contamination rate of 78% in the open and 39% in the closed systems. No significant differences were noted in diarrhea. Time motion studies of 20 nurses revealed no significant differences. In the nursing satisfaction survey of a convenience sample of 29 nurses, nurses expressed more satisfaction with the open system than the closed. Cost analysis revealed that the closed system was more expensive at $7.85 (Canadian)/patient/d compared with the open at $4.78. Conclusions: Decisions relating to choice of enteral feeding systems for patients must include a thorough study of all pertinent variables. Significant differences between the two systems in relation to bacterial contamination and cost were found. The potential complications of bacterial contamination in open
Current Literature: Sequential Single Doses of Cisapride, Erythromycin, and Metoclopramide in Critically III Patients Intolerant to Enteral Nutrition: A Randomized, Placebo‐controlled, Crossover Study
Authors: MacLaren R , Kuhl DA , Gervasio JM
Published: April 2009

Objective: To evaluate the comparative efficacy of enteral cisapride, metoclopramide, erythromycin, and placebo for promoting gastric emptying in critically ill patients with intolerance to gastric enteral nutrition (EN). Design: A randomized, crossover study. Setting: Adult medical intensive care unit at a university‐affiliated private hospital and trauma intensive care unit at a university teaching hospital. Patients: Ten adult, critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients not tolerating a fiber‐containing EN product defined as a single aspirated gastric residual volume >150 mL or two aspirated gastric residual volumes >120 mL during a 12‐hour period. Interventions: Patients received 10 mg of cisapride, 200 mg of erythromycin ethylsuccinate, 10 mg of metoclopramide, and placebo as 20 mL of sterile water every 12 hours over 48 hours. Acetaminophen solution (1000 mg) was administered concurrently. Gastric residual volumes were assessed, and plasma acetaminophen concentrations were serially determined by TDx between 0 and 12 hours to evaluate gastric emptying. Measurements and Main Results: Gastric residual volumes during the study were not significantly different between agents. No differences in area under the concentration vs. time curve or elimination rate constant were identified between agents. Metoclopramide and cisapride had a significantly shorter mean residence time of absorption than erythromycin (6.3 ± 4.5 [SEM] mins and 10.9 ± 5.8 vs. 30.1 ± 4.5 mins, respectively [p < .05]). Metoclopramide (9.7 ± 15.3 mins) had a significantly shorter time to peak concentration compared with erythromycin and placebo (60.7 ± 8.1 and 50.9 ± 13.5 mins, respectively [p < .05]). The time to onset of absorption was significantly shorter for metoclopramide vs. cisapride (5.7 ± 4.5 vs. 22.9 ± 5.7 mins [p < .05]). Conclusion: In critically ill patients intolerant to EN, single enteral doses of metoclopramide or cisapride are effective for promoting gastric emptying in critically ill patients with gastric motility dysfunction. Additionally, metoclopramide may provide a quicker onset than cisapride. (Crit Care Med 28:438–44, 2000)
Tube Feeding Syndrome Revisited
Authors: Pardoe Elaine M.
Published: April 2009

Tube feeding syndrome is a potentially fatal condition caused by a tube feeding regimen that provides too little water for the excretion of its solute load. It has received little attention in the literature for the past 30 years. A recent case is described in which the patient improved with reduced tube feeding and an adequate water prescription. Observing generally accepted methods of estimating calorie, protein, and fluid needs, and monitoring patients' hydration status both initially and long term can help prevent tube feeding syndrome and can be lifesaving.
Techniques and Procedures: Simple Bedside Placement of Nasal‐Enteral Feeding Tubes: A Case Series
Authors: Nicholas Christopher D. , Zgoda Michael A. , Kearney Paul A. , Boulanger Bernard R. , Ochoa Juan B. , Tsuei Betty J.
Published: April 2009

The placement of postpyloric feeding tubes has been clinically difficult. A study was undertaken to identify a reliable bedside manual technique. One hundred one consecutive enteral feeding tubes were placed in 93 patients at the bedside. One patient was not available for radiographic evaluation. Nonweighted, straight tubes were used in supine patients premedicated with metoclopramide. Two additional stock wire stylets were used to stiffen the tubes. The tubes were simply advanced. If resistance was encountered, the tube was backed up and advanced again. Tip location was checked by injection of blue dye and plain roentgenography. Sixty‐nine percent of tubes were placed to the ligament of Treitz or jejunum, 15% in the third or fourth portion of the duodenum (D3/D4), 11% in D1/D2, and 5% in the pylorus or stomach. Ninety‐five percent of tubes were used successfully for enteral nutrition. Time for placement was 28 ± 22 minutes (mean ± SD). Blue saline injection localized tube position correctly relative to the pylorus more frequently than plain roentgenography [98% vs 95%, not statistically significant (NSS)]. Ninety‐five percent of feeding tubes were positioned distal to the stomach. Simple bedside placement of stiffened feeding tubes is effective and reliable.
The Limitations of Using Gastric Residual Volumes to Monitor Enteral Feedings: A Mathematical Model
Authors: Burd Randall S. , Lentz Christopher W.
Published: April 2009

A variety of methods are used to estimate whether a gastric residual volume is excessive during enteral feedings. In this study, mathematical models of gastric volume during continuous or bolus feedings were developed to evaluate the relevance of measuring residual volumes. The validity of common threshold values of residual volumes that are used to monitor the safety of enteral feeding in infants and adults was tested. A mathematical representation of gastric volume was established using standard integration methods. Assuming an exponential rate of gastric emptying, continuous feedings result in a steady state volume that is proportional to the half‐emptying time of the stomach and the rate of addition of endogenous and exogenous fluids. During bolus feedings, a steady state volume will be achieved that is proportional to the volume of the bolus and a rate constant calculated using the half‐emptying time and the bolus interval. Based on these models, it can be predicted that threshold values commonly used to monitor feedings do not accurately predict residual volume. In both infants and adults, the threshold values often will overestimate residual volumes at shorter half‐emptying times and underestimate residual volumes at longer half‐emptying times. Because of the complex relationship between infusion volume, gastric emptying, and gastric volume, evaluation of the volume of gastric contents is an unreliable method for monitoring feeding tolerance.
Child Abuse and Future Criminality
Authors: McMahon Jennifer , Clay-Warner Jody
Published: April 2009

This study examines the extent to which family disorganization moderates the effect of social service placement on juvenile and adult arrests. Using Widom's prospective data containing 749 substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect, the authors test hypotheses relating to two measures of family disorganization: family separation and family moves. They find that removing an abused or neglected child from the home increased the likelihood of adult arrest for children who experienced a recent family separation. Placement reduced likelihood of arrest for males who experienced frequent moves and increased risk of adult arrest for females who experienced frequent moves. The authors conclude that gender differences in placement outcomes should be explored, and they discuss the implications of this research for social service agencies.
Sensitizing Teachers to English Language Learner Evaluation Procedures for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Layton Carol A. , Lock Robin H.
Published: April 2009

Identifying appropriate evaluation strategies for students who are English Language Learners (ELL) and have a learning disability is of critical importance in today's schools. A lack of sensitivity to the differences in ELL characteristics and Those of learning disabilities has often resulted in over-identification for special education services. This study examines the effect of training on teachers' sensitivity to the complex issues surrounding the evaluation process of second language acquisition and its similarities to learning disabilities. A group of teachers were trained using a CD-ROM instructional program and then surveyed to ascertain their sensitivity to components of evaluations for English language learners and students with learning disabilities. Responses from a control group of untrained teachers were compared with the trained responses. Significant differences were noted between the two groups indicating the efficacy of training teachers to be sensitive to the conventional second language acquisition process and its subtle differences from learning disabilities.
Interdisciplinary Education of Social Inclusion Facilitators in Early Childhood Settings
Authors: Able-Boone Harriet , Harrison Melody F. , West Tracey A.
Published: April 2009

Successful inclusion of very young children with disabilities in natural environments requires professionals to have specialized skills including: collaboration with the child's parents and caregivers and other professionals, ecologically valid assessment of the child within the context of his or her natural environment, and the design of an individualized program within the routines of the child's inclusive settings. To provide preservice preparation for graduate students focused on full inclusion of young children with disabilities, a collaborative interdisciplinary program was developed. Components of the program included (a) interdisciplinary course work, (b) competency-based seminars, and (c) and an interdisciplinary practicum providing opportunities for students to implement inclusion focused knowledge and skills. A description of the program and outcomes are presented.
Strategic Planning in Family Business: A Powerful Developmental Tool for the Next Generation
Authors: Mazzola Pietro , Marchisio Gaia , Astrachan Joe
Published: April 2009

This article addresses the issue of training next-generation family members once they have joined the management team in their family firm. The qualitative analysis of strategic planning processes of 18 Italian family firms shows that involving next-generation family members in the planning process benefits their developmental process. The findings indicate that this involvement provides the next generation with crucial tacit business knowledge and skills, facilitating interpersonal work relationships between incumbents and next-generation leaders and building credibility and legitimacy for the next generation. The comparative analysis of the cases allowed us to identify the five variables that seem to combine in explaining much of the observed differences in the amount and composition of benefits experienced in the 18 firms. Our findings extend current understanding of two understudied topics in family business: the postentryphase training of the next generation and strategic management in family firms.
Discipline, subjectivity and personality: an analysis of the manuals of four psychological tests
Authors: Derksen Maarten
Published: April 2009

The administration of psychological tests is highly regulated. Test manuals prescribe the instructions to the test subject, the time the test should take, where it should take place, whether and how the test administrator should answer questions from the test subject, and other aspects of the testing situation. Through the manual, the behaviour of test administrator and test subject is disciplined so that the subject may become measurable. The manuals of four tests are analysed, and the disciplinary mechanisms that operate in the administration of these tests are described. Attention is then given to the question whether the discipline of the test is repressive or productive. It is concluded that test manuals, while being central to the production of a psychological subject, also articulate an excess subjectivity in the measures they prescribe to exclude it from the testing situation.