bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attributions and Affects Related to Actual Vs Perceived Success in An Actual Achievement Context
Authors: Chandler Theodore A. , Seibel Cynthia A. , Spies Carl J.
Published: August 2011

The present study sought to explore Weiner's model of attribution-affect linkage using nondichotomized measures of both objective and subjective success, in a real achievement context. Contrary to expectation, attributional internality related more strongly to objective than to perceived success on three course examinations. Affectivity, as expected, related significantly more strongly to subjective success. Attribution-affect linkage accounted for relatively small amounts of variance in both types of outcome. However, Weiner's concept of “outcome-dependent, attribution-independent” affects was supported covarying with more specific self-worth affects. The concept of “hedonic bias” and concomitant positive affect was supported here, but the lack of a uniform group trend towards self-enhancing attributions highlights the necessity of considering individual differences in achievement behavior.
Implementation of Large-Scale Planned Change: Some Areas of Agreement and Disagreement
Authors: Covin Teresa Joyce , Kilmann Ralph H.
Published: August 2011

This article discusses the results of a study designed to identify key issues in the large-scale planned change process. 80 internal consultants, 58 external consultants, 71 researchers, and 189 managers indicated the extent to which they perceived various issues as having a positive or negative influence on the process of large-scale change. These positive and negative influence issues, as well as areas of agreement and disagreement concerning the perception of key issues are summarized.
Work Satisfaction of Females with Full-Time Employment and Full-Time Housekeeping: 15 Years Later
Authors: Weaver Charles N. , Matthews Michael D.
Published: August 2011

Comparison of National Opinion Survey data from 1972 and 1973 with similar data from 1987 and 1988 suggests that, in contrast to the earlier data which showed no difference, women who work full-time outside the home now report greater work satisfaction than women engaged in full-time housekeeping. These results suggest that sex-role socialization in American society no longer prepares women strictly for the domestic role.
A Measure of Self-Defeating Personality
Authors: Schill Thomas
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the development of a scale to assess self-defeating personality. Cronbach alpha is .68, and 3-wk. test-retest reliability is .71 for men, .75 for women. Correlations between Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Checklist Scales indicated the scale identifies individuals who strongly identify with a victim's position and have a number of characteristics consistent with the DSM-III—R criteria for diagnosing self-defeating personality disorder.
Relationship between Alcohol Dependency and Suicide Ideation among High School Students
Authors: Workman Michael , Beer John
Published: August 2011

126 high school students completed the MacAndrew Alcohol Scale and a modified version of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. Analyses of variance (2 × 4) showed boys were not experiencing suicide ideation any more than girls; suicide ideation was similar across the four grades, but on alcohol-dependency boys scored significantly higher than girls and scores for Grade 9 were significantly higher than those for Grade 10. The sophomores' scores on alcohol dependency were significantly lower than the freshmen's scores. One Pearson r of 0.28 between alcohol dependency and suicide ideation was significant but research must explore better the associations of thoughts of suicide and drug/alcohol dependency among high school students so strategies may focus upon prevention and intervention.
Utilization of Temporally Ordered Evidence in Evaluative and Predictive Judgments
Authors: Matthews Leroy
Published: August 2011

90 subjects were presented with 3, 4, or 5 previous semesters of students' academic performance and asked to rate how likely a student is an “above average” student (evaluation group) or rate how likely the student would perform “above average” the following semester (prediction group). Use of evidence at each temporal position was estimated with a linear model, Y = X1 b1 + X2 b2 + X3 b3, + X4 b4 + X5 b5, where Y refers to the subject's judgment, X1 refers to the ith academic performance, and bi to the weight, or contribution of the performance in the ith temporal position. Subjects in the prediction groups used the temporal position of the displayed evidence more than subjects in the evaluation groups for both the 3 and 4 previous semesters' displays but not for the 5-semester display. The results were interpreted as supporting an hypothesis that temporal features of the evidence are minimally relevant unless the task requires involvement of the temporal dimension such as making a prediction to a future point in time.
Adolescents' Locus of Control and Compliance with Contingency Contracting and Counseling Interventions
Authors: Trice Ashton D.
Published: August 2011

This study compared secondary school students' compliance with counseling or contingency contracting for truancy and disruptive behavior. Contracting was more effective than counseling with the 44 truants but not for those showing disruptive behavior ( n = 52). Individuals with an internal locus of control were more responsive to counseling than those with external locus of control.
Low Self-Esteem in Eating Disordered Patients in the Absence of Depression
Authors: Silverstone Peter H.
Published: August 2011

Both low self-esteem and depression are well recognised as occurring in patients with eating disorders. 43 patients with eating disorders were studied to assess whether this low self-esteem occurred as part of an affective disorder or was independent of this. The patients, 23 with anorexia nervosa and 20 with bulimia nervosa, were assessed for low self-esteem, using the Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire, and for depression, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The patients had low self-esteem, despite only a minority (33%) being depressed. This study demonstrates that low self-esteem occurs in patients with eating disorders in the absence of depression.
Therapeutic Techniques vs Therapeutic Relationships in Child Behavior Therapy
Authors: Motta Robert , Lynch Christopher
Published: August 2011

The parents of 56 children who had received behavior therapy rated a number of variables, including the degree to which they viewed the therapeutic relationship versus the specific techniques used in treatment as important, the extent to which the child improved in therapy, and the child's present functioning. Therapists also provided ratings of clinical improvement. Even though parents gave the highest ratings for the importance of the relationship in therapy, the correlation between technique and clinical outcome was statistically significant while the correlations between the relationship and outcome was not. These statistical associations also held when therapists rated improvement. Also, therapists saw greater improvement in children than did the parents. Over-all, the results support the view that the relationship and techniques are interwoven and are both perceived as important factors in treatment.
Educational Needs of School Personnel regarding Child Abuse and/or Neglect
Authors: Baxter Garry , Beer John
Published: August 2011

From a review of literature a questionnaire was developed to identify problems related to child abuse/neglect in a rural school district. School administrators, regular and special education teachers, and counselors completed the survey to help establish more effective training programs. Analysis indicated that (1) school personnel need further assistance in dealing with problems pertaining to the maltreatment of students. (2) Formal, coordinated, workshop training for child abuse/neglect is needed. (3) Colleges and universities should offer instruction on abuse/neglect for persons preparing to work in schools. (4) School personnel need to be aware of and abide by the laws regarding reporting cases of abuse/neglect. (5) Improved communication among school, community, courts, and social service agencies is required for dealing with abuse cases. (6) School personnel should become more aware of what happens after abuse/neglect has been reported. Information from such analysis even for one school district can increase insight into problems.
Similarity among Common Measures of Academic Achievement: Implications for Assessing Disabled Children
Authors: Breen Michael J. , Drecktrah Mary
Published: August 2011

Four commonly used measures of academic achievement were administered in counterbalanced order to 32 elementary and middle school-aged children enrolled in exceptional education programs for the learning disabled. Measures chosen were the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, KeyMath—R, Test of Written Spelling 2, and the Gray Oral Reading Test—Revised. Analysis suggested corresponding measures of reading, mathematics, and spelling were highly correlated, although in some instances generated significantly different mean standard scores. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
Correspondence between Parental Reports and Children's Actual Grades
Authors: Weine Andrew M. , Kurasaki Karen S. , Jason Leonard A.
Published: August 2011

The current study examined how accurately parents report their children's grades. Parents of 316 students in Grades 3 to 5 reported their children's past academic performances in reading, writing, and mathematics. Moderate to high correlations between parents' reports and the children's actual grades indicate that parents' reports of their children's grades are reliable substitutes for school grades when those grades are unavailable. Analysis showed that children of parents who underrated, accurately rated, and overrated their children's grades did not differ significantly on measures of self-esteem, ability, and achievement. Similarly, children of parents who reported grades did not differ significantly from children of parents who did not report their grades. Researchers and educators can benefit by using parents' reports of their children's grades if actual grades are unavailable.
Aids Knowledge and Homophobia among French and American University Students
Authors: Conner Gillette , Richman Charles L. , Wallace Susan , Tilquin Charles
Published: August 2011

22 male American and 24 male French college students' knowledge of AIDS scores were equivalent on a currently constructed 18-item questionnaire. Both groups answered more than 75% of the questions correctly. The American students' homophobic bias and reaction scores were higher than those of the French students on a 43-item homophobic questionnaire. The latter findings were interpreted as consistent with reduced effects of conservative, orthodox religion in France and the stability of traditional religious influence in America over the past three decades. No relation was found between knowledge of AIDS and homophobia in these small conveniently available samples.
Effects of Three Instructional Formats on Task Performance
Authors: Powell Shawn David , Harris Howard
Published: August 2011

In an extension of an experiment conducted by Green and Powell (1988) three different instructional formats were used to administer a series of psychomotor tasks to 120 subjects. 60 men and 60 women were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. All the subjects were asked to perform the same series of psychomotor tasks but the instructional format varied across the three groups. Subjects assigned to Group 1 heard the instructions; Group 2 read the instructions; and Group 3 heard and read the instructions simultaneously. A two-way analysis of variance was nonsignificant which suggests that psychomotor task performance is not dependent on how instructions are presented and that sex has no differential effects on the psychomotor task of marble placement. These results are consistent with prior research.
Testosterone and Gonadotropin Levels and R/K Reproductive Strategies
Authors: Lynn Richard
Published: August 2011

It is proposed that different levels of testosterone are the physiological basis in males of the racial differences in sexual drive which form the core of the different r/K reproduction strategies documented by J. P. Rushton. There is direct evidence for higher testosterone levels in Negroids than in Caucasoids and indirect evidence from the incidence of cancer of the prostate. Prostatic cancer is a function of testosterone levels and shows increasing incidence from Mongoloids to Caucasoids to Negroids. It is further proposed that in females the hormonal basis of differential r/K behaviour lies in the level of gonadotropin.
Interaction between Constant Levels of Low Back Pain and other Psychological Parameters
Authors: Líndal Eiríkur
Published: August 2011

87 subjects with varying intensities of constant low back pain answered a pain questionnaire which included Graphic Rating Scales and took part in a battery of psychological tests (Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Meta-Contrast Technique, the Separation Test, and the Rod-and-Frame Test). This was done to corroborate the relationship found between subjects with different intensities of pain and their experiences of psychological problems. Comparisons are made between subjects with acute and chronic pain and between past pain experiences and the present level of pain. No statistical significant differences on psychological measures were found between subjects with varying intensities of pain, but differences were found for previous pain experiences. All subjects had significant rates of depression and regression. A difference between acute and chronic pain subjects was noted in that significantly more women had chronic pain than did men.
On the Synthesis of Information from Psychological Tests
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T.
Published: August 2011

This paper evaluated research concerning the synthesis or integration of information from Wechsler intelligence, Rorschach, and Thematic Apperception tests, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory in the process of personality assessment. Five methodological issues were considered in evaluating the extent to which the results contributed to the statistical prediction of clinical status: the method of measuring the clinical criteria, the status of participants or the groups tested, whether results were estimated for specific diagnostic groups, whether there were estimates of incremental validity for different psychological tests, and if diagnostic group status was predicted on the basis of test scores as opposed to the report of differences on tests between diagnostic groups. Few studies met as many as four of these methodological criteria; several provided information relevant to the process of statistical prediction.
Childhood Peer Rejection as a Predictor of Young Adults' Mental Health
Authors: Roff James D.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 2453 grade school children was followed into young adulthood through mental health record sources. Peer rejection was significantly related to subsequent mental health problems. Correlational findings were compared with alternative measures of predictive efficiency.
Parental versus Peer Influence on Adolescents' Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Mitic Wayne
Published: August 2011

We surveyed 1128 students from Grades 7 through 12 on their average alcohol consumption. Students' drinking behaviors were categorized into four groups: only with parents, never with parents, and also for those who drank with and without parents, their consumption when parents were present and when parents were not present. Adolescents drink less in the presence of parents. However, when parents are not present, adolescents who never drink with their parents drink less than those who drink with and without their parents.
Ecological Correlates of Suicide and Homicide in India and the USA
Authors: Lester David , Agarwal Kavita
Published: August 2011

Ecological correlates of suicide and homicide were observed to be different in India from those in the USA, indicating the importance of identifying culture-general versus culture-specific associations.
Self-Defeating Personality, Self-Reinforcement, and Depression
Authors: Schill Thomas , Kramer Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

51 men who were more self-defeating were observed to use lower frequency of self-reinforcement and to be more depressed. The results were seen as supporting Beck's early work which proposed a relationship between depression and self-defeating patterns. They also provide construct validity for the measure of Self-defeating Personality used in the srudy.
Relationship of MMPI Dependency and Dominance Scale Scores to Staff's Ratings, Diagnoses, and Demographic Data for Day-Treatment Clients
Authors: Hedayat Marsha M. , Kelly David B.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the MMPI Dominance ( Do) and Dependency ( Dy) scales of day-treatment clients were correlated with staff's ratings, age, sex, diagnosis, length of time in day treatment, and level of independent living. A total of 72 subjects, 36 men and 36 women between the ages of 20 and 65 years, completed the MMPI. Day-treatment staff were asked to rate the dependent and dominant characteristics of each subject on a unipolar adjective checklist of 20 10-point scales. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated significant associations between the two scales, between subjects' scores and staff's ratings, and between scores and age. Analysis of variance showed that (a) Dy scale T-scores were significantly higher than Do scale T-scores, (b) women scored higher on Dy and men scored higher on Do, (c) depressed subjects scored higher on Dy than did other diagnostic groups, (d) apartment dwellers scored lower on Dy than did subjects living in either group homes or with their families, and (e) Dy and Do scores did not vary with length of time in day treatment.
Do Men's and Women's World-Views Differ?
Authors: Jensen Larry C. , McGhie Angela R , Jensen Janet R.
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to investigate whether men and women differ in what they view as important. Using Gilligan's theory, it was predicted that women would prefer a more caring, personal world-view. A questionnaire with 40 contrasting word pairs and phrases was developed to measure this caring perspective. It was administered to 56 husbands and wives. They were each asked to circle the choice of each pair that was more important to them. Using chi squared, 14 of the word pairs showed a significant difference between men and women, and all differences were in the direction predicted.
Response Bias Associated with Asking Former Study Participants to Assist in New Research
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Thapa Puru , Gale James L. , Vaughan Thomas L. , Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: August 2011

To limit research costs, former parent-participants from a completed pediatric neurology study were asked to assist with new research on behavioral contributors to childhood injury. An evaluation of the response bias associated with this recontact effort showed that 224 parents who completed the survey did not differ from the 51 who failed to complete it in race, age, education, or income. Nonresponders were significantly less likely to be married than responders.
Gender Difference in Australian Attitudes towards Premarital Sex: A Re-Examination
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data from 463 Australian adults indicated that their attitudes towards premarital sex are generally permissive and that the 229 men's attitudes are significantly more permissive than are the 234 women's.
Stable Vs Unstable Weight History, Body-Image, and Weight Concern in Women of Average Body Weight
Authors: Thomas Cheryl D.
Published: August 2011

The focus of this study was the effect of unstable weight history on current body-image among women. Participants were 45 college women of average weight (median age = 23 yr.); 15 had stable weight histories, 15 had past lowest weights 15% or more below current weight, and 15 had past highest weights 15% or more above current weight. The women were assessed on perceptual and attitudinal measures of body-image and a self-report measure of preoccupation with weight. In comparison to women with stable weight histories, those with unstable weight histories indicated greater dissatisfaction with the shape and size of their bodies, expressed more negative body attitudes, and reported increased concern about weight. Women with high weight histories overestimated their frontal body-size and expressed greater dissatisfaction with frontal size than women with low weight histories, but the two groups did not differ significantly on any of the other dependent measures. Possible explanations for increased body-image disturbance and weight concern among women with unstable weight histories are presented.
Self-Concepts of Mothers Who Show Mental Retardation
Authors: Tymchuk Alexander J.
Published: August 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was orally administered to 27 mothers with mental retardation and self-administered to 95 mothers whose children attended daycare in the areas in which the former mothers lived. Analyses showed that the mothers with mental retardation scored significantly lower on all subscales. Where 72% of the comparison group scored above a recommended cut-off indicative of a positive self-concept, only 33% of the mothers with mental retardation did. Comparisons of the 27 mothers with mental retardation (18 with positive versus 9 with negative self-concepts) on personal, child, family, and other background variables suggested different relationships for the two groups. Cross-validation of the present work and studies of the actual childcare of these latter two groups of mothers are needed.
An Examination of the Priming Effect as it Pertains to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire Form XII
Authors: Head Thomas C.
Published: August 2011

The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire Form XII is frequently used in leadership research. In this laboratory study 126 college students were assigned to two groups. The task involved describing an ideal leader using the questionnaire and an open-ended response form. One group completed the questionnaire first, the other group used the open-response form first. Analysis indicated that the questionnaire shows the priming effect, i.e., an increasing salience of an item used on a survey.
The Naming of Children in British Society
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: August 2011

Children's first names, according to S. Lieberman's analysis, are shaped by several criteria. British society appears to conform to established patterns.
Conference Papers Index and Information Retrieval in Psychology
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Perdue Bob
Published: August 2011

The Conference Papers Index is presented as a potential source for retrieval of convention presentations.
Private Self-Consciousness: Does it Influence Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Self-Reported Anxiety and Depression?
Authors: Smári Jakob
Published: August 2011

A continuing problem in measurement of anxiety and depression with self-report is lack of discriminant validity. It is argued that private self-consciousness might be expected to be related to both convergent and discriminant validity of self-reported anxiety and depression. Several self-report measures of anxiety and depression were administered to 157 female undergraduates, ages 20 to 36 years, but no evidence was found for a moderating influence of private self-consciousness. The possibility of lack of correspondence between private self-consciousness and self-awareness with regard to attentiveness to internal states is discussed as a possible explanation.
Personality, Personal Epistemology, and Moral Judgment
Authors: Walker Heather A. , Rowland Guy L. , Boyes Michael C.
Published: August 2011

The relations among personality traits, moral judgment, and personal epistemology were investigated. The relationship between personality and moral judgments is empirically unclear, which may reflect that personal epistemology mediates the relationships between personality and moral reasoning. In the present study 41 men and 57 women, ranging in age from 18 to 46 yr. responded to Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V, a measure of moral reasoning or Rest's Defining Issues Test, and a measure of persona] epistemology by Unger, Draper, and Pendergrass, the Attitudes About Reality scale. The pattern of inter-correlation among measures differed for men and women. For women an epistemology based on assumptions of logical positivism was negatively correlated with sensation seeking. For men an epistemology based on assumptions of logical positivism was negatively correlated with principled moral reasoning. Implications of these results are discussed.
Value Selection in Relation to Grade in School and Stage of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Glover Rebecca J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined change in values based on grade in school, stage of moral reasoning, and sex. Boys and girls were selected from Grades 6, 9, and 12, as well as college. Rokeach's (1973) Value Survey and Gibbs' (1982) Social Reflection Questionnaire were administered. As quantitative analyses indicated no statistically significant differences among groups, qualitative analyses were implemented to examine more accurately the relationship of values to the independent variables.
A Two-Factor Measure of Jealous Responses
Authors: Rich Jonathan
Published: August 2011

A two-factor measure of jealous reactions was created, based on previously proposed theories. The first scale measures the extent to which one reacts in partner-enhancing ways when faced with a jealousy-evoking situation, and the second scale measures the extent to which one reacts in partner-attacking ways when faced with such situations. A validation study supports the construct validity of the scales.
Paranormal Beliefs and Preference for Games of Chance
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome J. , Wilkinson Lamar V.
Published: August 2011

The Paranormal Belief Scale and six items concerning preference for games of chance were completed by 235 college students. As hypothesized, significant Pearson correlations were found for beliefs in Superstition, Psi, and Precognition with preference for games of chance.
Interpersonal Dependency and Locus of Control as Personality Correlates among Adult Male Alcoholics Undergoing Residential Treatment
Authors: Mills Jon K. , Taricone Patrick F.
Published: August 2011

The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and the I-E Control Scale were administered to 22 male alcoholics in residential treatment. Contrary to prediction, subjects had normal dependency scores and external locus of control orientation. These findings contradict currently held assumptions about levels of dependence and the directionality of control orientation among inpatient alcoholics. Subjects were further examined for the influence of previous inpatient alcoholism treatment. Significant correlations were found between interpersonal dependency and control orientation scores for 14 alcoholics who were in residential treatment for the first time. Clinical implications for treatment concerning dependency factors and locus of control in inpatient populations are also discussed.
Response Bias in Job Analysis Ratings: Relation between Ratings of Task Liking and Task Characteristics
Authors: Love Kevin G. , Bishop Ronald C. , Scionti Catherine
Published: August 2011

Through a task analysis of the position of Resident Hall Assistant, 97 incumbents and 19 supervisors provided ratings on task liking and three task characteristics—frequency of occurrence, level of difficulty, and consequence of error—for 88 separate tasks. A significant relation was demonstrated between task liking (a potential response bias) and the ratings on these task characteristics.
Smoking Control and Smoking Rate: Implications for Worksite Smoking Cessation
Authors: Dawley Linda T. , Glasgow Russell E. , Dawley Harold H. , Correa Pelayo , Rice Janet
Published: August 2011

Amount of control of smoking at three comparable chemical plants was associated with smoking rates. Using a self-report survey, smoking rates were assessed at the three plants. Company authorities were asked about smoking control policy and the extent to which smoking was controlled at each of the three plants was observed. A judgment was made that one plant had a very strict smoking control policy while the other two had moderate policies of control. Smoking rate was then compared for each of the three companies. The company with the strongest smoking control policy had a significantly lower mean rate of smoking than the other two companies. Smoking control may serve to facilitate cessation on the worksite.
A Practitioner's Notes on Treating Sexual Deviance
Authors: French Laurence
Published: August 2011

Considerable controversy exists regarding the treatment of sexual offenders. Often incarceration masks the environmental stimuli, resulting in not only early release but a false clinical prognosis for success. The paper looks at treatment strategies applicable to both the diagnostic and treatment components of sexual deviance. Specifically, what factors contribute to the symptoms associated with intense sexual urges and are there any viable treatment programs which carry over into the home world environment?
Cognitive Predictors of Not-Guilty Verdicts in a Simulated Acquaintance Rape Trial
Authors: Fischer Gloria J.
Published: August 2011

Cognitive predictors, such as relatively accepting attitudes toward forcible date rape, helped identify self-reported sexually coercive college students and were expected to help identify students voting not guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial. To test this hypothesis college students self-administered in random order (1) an anonymous sex survey measuring attitudes toward forcible date rape, attitudes toward women, sexual experience, including victimization, sexual permissiveness, and sexual knowledge and (2) a trial survey based on a simulated acquaintance rape trial. Only gender and cognitive variables from the trial (e.g., being male, tending to blame the victim, and uncertainty about one's verdict) identified not guilty verdicts above chance expectancy. Thus, the hypothesis that the cognitive predictors measured here would help identify students voting not guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial was not supported.
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire—Form E: Experimental Norms for Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Spirrison Charles L.
Published: August 2011

Form E of the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF—E) was administered to 286 adults (168 men, 118 women) who resided in public facilities for the mentally retarded. Based on each subject's 16 primary-trait raw scores, standard sten scores were established for the subject population. Experimental norms for the 16 PF—E responses of mentally retarded adults are presented.
Effects of Food Deprivation on Subjective Effects and Self-Administration of Marijuana in Humans
Authors: Zacny James P. , de Wit Harriet
Published: August 2011

The effects of fasting on the intake and subjective effects of marijuana were studied in five marijuana smokers. A within-subjects design was used in which subjects smoked either active (0.8 and 3.6% THC) or placebo (0.0% THC) marijuana after eating normally or after fasting for 24 hr. Six experimental sessions were conducted in a randomized order. Each 3-hr. session consisted of two periods: a sampling period in which subjects took 4 controlled puffs from a cigarette of a given potency, followed about one hour later by a 30-min. self-administration period, in which subjects could smoke as much or as little of the sampled marijuana as desired. Subjective and physiological measures (i.e., carbon monoxide level and heart rate) were assessed before and 5, 20, and 60 min. after the four puffs during the sampling period. During the self-administration period, the number of puffs taken was recorded. Dose-dependent effects of marijuana, such as elevated heart rate and “high” ratings, were observed during the sampling period, but these effects of marijuana were not affected by the feeding manipulation. Subjects varied widely in their marijuana self-administration, but self-administration was not systematically affected by fasting. We conclude that an acute period of food deprivation does not affect the mood-altering effects of different potencies of marijuana. We could not adequately demonstrate whether fasting increases the reinforcing efficacy of marijuana, since self-administration rate of active marijuana did not exceed that of placebo marijuana self-administration.
Trained Helping Behaviors and Group Performance
Authors: Stone Nancy J. , O'Gorman Molly E.
Published: August 2011

96 students assigned to 32 groups were trained in seeking information to judge whether particular helping behaviors would increase application of the behavior found positively correlated with performance. Three-person groups worked crossword puzzles which decreased in difficulty over two trials. Training significantly increased seeking behaviors and performance (reduced errors). Helping behaviors were also more useful when the task was difficult and not helpful when the task was easy, which supports the notion that helping behaviors may even be debilitating under certain circumstances. More research is needed to establish a functional definition of helping behaviors and to investigate the use of helping behaviors on tasks requiring interdependence among group members.
Interpersonal Correlates of Trust and Self-Disclosure
Authors: Steel Jennifer L.
Published: August 2011

An individual's concept of and ability to self-disclose is in part a product of trust. The primary concern was evaluating the relation of interpersonal trust and self-disclosure and to examine the influencing factors. 100 undergraduates were asked to complete three questionnaires, a demographic questionnaire, a self-disclosure questionnaire, and an interpersonal trust scale. A significant low correlation of .236 between trust and self-disclosure was found. There were significant effects of sex and race on trust and self-disclosure. Also, results supported the prediction that individuals low and high in trust disclose to different people. Research should address such issues as predicting trustworthy individuals and disclosure of critical information. Development of trust in the client-therapist relationship should also be examined.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XVII. Conceptual Approach to Psychohistory, Integrating Ideas over Atomic Individualism
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

In urging a conceptual, rather than a biographical, approach to psychohistory, this paper is a plea to psychohistorians to draw light from the creative flame of the pioneers: Freud, Adler, Jung, Rank, and Sullivan. Beginning with the Freudian concept of the psychic unity of mankind, the paper attempts to show how some of the insights of the pioneers are more valuable as integrating ideas for world history than as formulae for deciphering biographies.
Conventional Diagnostic Nomenclature versus Multimodal Assessment
Authors: Lazarus Clifford N.
Published: August 2011

Standard psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., DSM-III—R) are compared with multimodal assessment and problem identification (i.e., BASIC I.D. formulations). Two case comparisons are presented as an heuristic to illustrate the way in which the multimodal framework promotes diagnostic precision and enhances clinical decision-making.
An Annual Quantitative Index of American Social, Economic, and Political Threats and Stressors for 1920–1986
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H. , Stewin Leonard L.
Published: August 2011

In 1990 McCann and Stewin developed a quantitative American social, economic, and political threat (SEPT) index based on the judgements of 196 historians, who were asked to rate each of the years from 1920 to 1986 on a 7-point scale according to the degree to which they felt it could be perceived as threatening to the established order and way of life in the United States. Interrater reliability was high, test-retest reliability was adequate, and validity was shown through significant correlations with threat indicators such as the unemployment rate, suicide rate, number of active military personnel, and stock price fluctuations. Studies involving threat were also replicated and extended using the ratings. The SEPT index, a “pseudo-archival” instrument, seems useful for testing hypotheses derived from theories in which threats and stressors play a part. To facilitate research, the yearly values are tabled here for the first time.
The Schalling Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity Scales: Their Relationship to Time Perspective and Time Awareness, a Preliminary Report
Authors: Lennings C. J.
Published: August 2011

This study reports use of two scales developed in 1983 by Schalling, Edman, and Asberg, Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking and their association with Time Perspective. 102 first-year university students completed both scales, a time perspective questionnaire, and a time awareness scale. The convergent validity, test-retest, and split-half reliability for both the Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity scales were high. Both sensation seeking and impulsivity showed strong relationships with time awareness but not with time perspective.
Factor Analysis of Authority Behaviour Inventory
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Boyce A. , Ready N.
Published: August 2011

A factor analysis of the responses from 185 subjects to Rigby's (1987) Authority Behaviour Inventory Scale allowed other estimates of homogeneity. The results suggest that the scale is highly heterogeneous for the sample of 185 Canadian students
A Multiple Baseline Analysis of the Effect of Peer Tutoring on the Academic Performance of a Second Grade Child with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Blackbourn J. M. , Campbell James
Published: August 2011

A multiple baseline, single-subject design was employed in the analysis of the academic performance of a second grade girl labeled “learning disabled.” Peer tutoring combined with praise led to a significant improvement in solving mathematics problems requiring regrouping, word recognition, and ability to locate specific text pages.
Decreasing Junk-Food Consumption through the Use of Self-Management Procedures: A Case Study
Authors: McNamara J. Regis , Green Joseph P.
Published: August 2011

By using a self-management program, a 25-yr.-old white male was able to decrease the amount of junk food and beverage consumed while increasing the amount of healthier food and beverage ingested during evening snacks. This change was evident at 6 wk. and at a 6-mo. follow-up. Factors contributing to this success were discussed.
Copying Strategies and Memory on the Complex Figure Test in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Heinrichs R. Walter , Bury Alison
Published: August 2011

We assessed three copying strategies on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test among 50 psychiatric patients. The strategies were featural (detail-focused), contextual (framework-focused), and mixed. Reliable classification of each patient's copying strategy showed 7 patients used a featural and 7 patients used a contextual strategy. The remaining 36 used a mixed strategy involving both elements. Analysis indicated that patients who met DSM-III—R criteria for schizophrenia tended to use a mixed strategy. Nonschizophrenic patients also favoured the mixed approach. Moreover, when subjects were divided into groups based on their strategies, there were no differences in copying accuracy. However, the groups differed on immediate and delayed recall of the Complex Figure Test. Patients who adopted a featural strategy on the copy trial had the lowest recall scores. “Process” variables may be important in understanding neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia; however, there is little evidence that schizophrenic patients use copying strategies consistent with lateralized impairment of brain function.
Violence and Degradation as Themes in “Adult” Videos
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Videocassettes have become the dominant medium for pornography. One previous content analysis examined the prevalence of violence in such videos. The Attorney General's Commission on Pornography (1986) has asserted that nonviolent pornography depicting degradation produces harm similar to that from violent pornography. Content analysis of a 10% random sample ( n = 50) of the videos displayed in the “adult” section of a video store showed that 13 6% of the scenes in the videos contained violent acts and 18.2% contained degrading acts
Theoretical Comparison of the Decision Theories of J. M. Keynes, Kahneman-Tversky, and Einhorn-Hogarth
Authors: Brady Michael E. , Lee Howard B.
Published: August 2011

It is demonstrated that J. M. Keynes in 1921 provided a complete decision rule that handles both the cases of nonlinear probability preferences and ambiguity or uncertainty. The 1979 Kahneman-Tversky approach deals only with risk (nonlinear probability preferences) and does not specify a decision rule. The 1985–1986 Einhorn-Hogarth anchoring and adjustment rule deals only with ambiguity or uncertainty and not risk. Only Keynes' rule does both.
Principal Components Analysis of the Psychological Screening Inventory in a Sample of Substance Abusers
Authors: Dunn Gary E. , Paolo Anthony M. , Ryan Joseph J.
Published: August 2011

A principal components analysis of responses to the Psychological Screening Inventory from a sample of substance abusers was conducted. Subjects were 153 inpatients admitted to a midwestern program for chemical dependency treatment. Means for age and education were 28.0 yr. ( SD = 8.1) and 11.4 ( SD = 1.8), respectively. Analysis indicated that a two-factor solution best described these data. Factor 1 reflected over-all maladjustment, while Factor 2 was a measure of extroversion. Clinical utility of the inventory was discussed.
Perceived Self-Efficacy and Language Differences
Authors: Keane Mary C. , Morgan Barbara S.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between language differences and perceived self-efficacy was examined for two different classes ( ns = 89 and 66) of a linguistically diverse nursing student population. Sherer, et al.'s General Self-efficacy Scale was factor analyzed, producing two factors (subscales) labeled Tendency to Avoid/Give Up and Tendency to Persist. Students who were nonprimary speakers of English were more likely to avoid difficult tasks or give up because they believed they would fail than those students who were primary speakers of English. There were no significant differences between the groups on Tendency to Persist. Also, students' class level in the program was not related to self-efficacy.
Effective Leadership: Evaluations of the Next Generation of Workers
Authors: Thomas Cher Carrie , Tartell Ross
Published: August 2011

This study compared evaluations of leaders' behavior made by 425 college students, who represent the next generation of workers, with evaluations predicted by House's Path Goal Theory of Leadership. Specifically, the effect of the interaction of instrumental and supportive leader behaviors with low and high task structure was examined. In addition, the effect of the manager's sex was investigated. Students rated supportive male leaders as more likeable and instrumental male leaders as more potent. Female managers were also rated as more likeable and as being more satisfying to work for when supportive. Female and male leaders received similar ratings on competence, potency, and performance. Implications for leadership theory and management development are discussed.
The Savant Syndrome and Extrasensory Perception
Authors: McMullen T.
Published: August 2011

D. A. Treffert, following B. Rimland, cited examples which he states show ESP to be occurring in certain autistic savant children. The evidence is questioned on the ground that it is hearsay, uncorroborated by independent scrutiny.
Work Experiences of Minority Managers and Professionals: Individual and Organizational Costs of Perceived Bias
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the relations of the way minority managers and professionals described their treatment within their organizations, and their organizations' acceptance and openness to minorities within measures of satisfaction, commitment, skill utilization, and integration. Data were collected from 81 minority managers and professionals in early career stages using questionnaires completed anonymously. Minority managers experiencing more positive treatment in their organization, and employed in organizations more accepting of minorities, were more satisfied, committed, and integrated.
Correlation between Psychic and Somatic Symptoms and Vision in Aged Patients before and after a Cataract Operation
Authors: Fagerström Ritva
Published: August 2011

The connection between psychic and somatic symptoms with vision was investigated by studying 100 cataract operation patients, aged 71 to 76 years, 25 of them being men and 75 women. The investigations were conducted one day before the operation and three months afterwards. The cataract operation restored sufficient acuity of vision for reading (minimum E-test value 0.40) to 79% of the old people. Psychic vsymptoms were tested with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Mini-Mult MMPI, and direct questions. Somatic symptoms were studied through questionnaires. Psychic symptoms showed a statistically significant correlation with vision before the cataract operation but not afterwards. Psychic symptoms increased with deterioration of the acuity of vision and diminished when the acuity of vision improved. Somatic symptoms did not show similar association with vision but the symptoms were significantly alleviated after the cataract operation. Restoration of vision through the cataract operation normalized the old people's psychic condition and reduced their somatic symptoms to correspond with their prior chronic diseases.
Methadone Patients' Opinions on Legalization of Drugs
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Gay William
Published: August 2011

Clear differences in the attitudes of 1,226 adults in a Gallup survey and 130 patients in 4 methadone treatment programs were observed. Patients were more permissive on legalization of use of and education about drugs than the adult sample.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Firo-B Questionnaire
Authors: Salminen Simo
Published: August 2011

The Kramer-Froehle controversy about the construct validity of FIRO-B questionnaire was evaluated with a multitrait-multimethod design. 113 women and 26 men completed the FIRO-B questionnaire. After the examiner had given a lecture on the FIRO-dimensions, the subjects rated themselves on these dimensions. Only three out of six intercorrelations on the validity diagonal were statistically significant. Of the discriminant validity comparisons 80% met the required criterion. Our results confirmed Kramer's results about the construct validity of the FIRO-B questionnaire.
Can Innuendos in Headlines Affect Perceptions?
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Gray Susan J.
Published: August 2011

The effects of innuendos in headlines on the memory and attitudes of 67 male and 81 female college students who read simulated news articles were studied. Analysis indicated no main or interactive effect of headlines containing innuendo on memory, rated responsibility of the accused or victim, or on sentencing. Memory and attitudes were affected by identification and stereotyping.