bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Chromaticity Values and Chlorophyll Concentration in Apple, Grape, and Peach Leaves
Authors: Singha Suman , Townsend Edwin C.
Published: September 2022

The chlorophyll content of leaf tissues can be accurately determined in the laboratory by spectrophotometric measurement of the leaf extract obtained with ethanol (Knudson et al., 1977), acetone (Blessington and Rasberry, 1980), or N,N-dimethylformamide (Moran and Porath, 1980). However, extraction is laborious and destructive. A rapid, nondestructive method to estimate leaf chlorophyll using a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-501, Minolta Corp.) was recently reported (Marquard and Tipton, 1987; Yadava, 1986). However, the manufacture of this instrument has been discontinued.
Estimating Sample Size for Experiments Measuring Photosynthesis in Peach
Authors: Elkner Timothy E. , Coston D. C.
Published: September 2022

One of the most important aspects of designing an experiment is determining sample size. Without prior experience, estimation of the amount of variation that will be encountered during data collection is difficult. This information is necessary to decide the number of replicates needed. Recently, Marini (1985) and Marini and Trout (1984) have published reports on the sample size needed to determine treatment effects in peach tree growth and yield studies. However, this type of information is lacking for sample sizes required to detect differences in net photosynthesis in peach. This note attempts to assist researchers in determining correct sample size.
Adjuvant Addition Increases Paclobutrazol Spray Efficacy on ‘Delicious’ Apple
Authors: El-Khoreiby Ali M. , Lehman L. J. , Unrath C. R.
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various adjuvants in a foliar paclobutrazol (PB) spray on vegetative growth and fruit characteristics of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees.
Rooting Live Oak Rhizomic Shoots
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Rouse Robert E.
Published: September 2022

Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) traditionally has been propagated by seed because vegetative propagation has not been successful on a commercial scale (Flemer, 1962; Maynard and Bassuk, 1987; Morgan and McWilliams, 1976). However, as a result of seedling variability, live oaks offered for sale exhibited varied growth forms with variable quality.
B-21: A Dry Black Bean Breeding Line with Multiple Virus Resistance
Authors: Provvidenti R. , Scully B. , Halseth D. E. , Wallace D. H.
Published: September 2022

In North America, dry black beans are produced primarily for the domestic and Latin American export markets. Currently, most black bean cultivars are susceptible to a broad array of viral diseases that are causing serious crop losses in the western hemisphere. ‘Black Turtle-1’ (‘BT-1’), a selection out of ‘Black Turtle Soup’, has resistance to five viruses, but is extremely susceptible to bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) (Prowidenti, 1983). BYMV is one of the most destructive diseases of beans in New York state. The primary purpose of this breeding program was to incorporate BYMV resistance into ‘BT-1’. Because ‘BT-1’ has a partially recumbent growth habit, which is horticulturally undesirable, a second objective was to select for a plant type similar to the standard ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (‘T-39’) or ‘Midnight’ (Sandsted, 1980).
Flower Bud Coatings of Spray Oils Delay Dehardening and Bloom in Peach Trees
Authors: Call Robert E. , Seeley Schuyler D.
Published: September 2022

Various coating treatments werre applied to ‘Johnson Elberta’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees before budbreak to delay bloom and slow deacclimation. Phenological development was monitored by comparisons with a bud stage chart and hardiness was tested using a programmable freezing chamber. Applications of dormant oil at 2%, 5%, 10%, or 20% were equally effective. In 1984 and 1985, bloom was delayed 2.0 and 1.3 bud stages (5 days) and flower bud hardiness was increased 4.2 and 1.6C, respectively, when compared to the control. Oils applied at 20% concentration were phytotoxic to flower buds. Adding daminozide to various oil treatments produced no additional effect. Chemical name used: succinic acid-2,2-dimethyIhydrazide (daminozide).
Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering in Guayule
Authors: Backhaus R. A. , Higgins R. R. , Dierig D. A.
Published: September 2022

Flowering response in guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) was found to be photoperiodically induced by long days. The critical daylength for flowering was between 9.5 and 11 hours. The flowering response was the same when measured as days to first flower, node to first flower, or percentage of plants flowering. Plants flowered within 57 days of emergence under 16-hour long days or 8-hour short days, with a light interruption midway through the dark period, but did not flower under 8-hour short days. Flowering was most rapid under 20-hour days and slowed as day-lengths approached 11 hours. Flower induction occurred with exposure to as few as three 20-hour photocycles.
Promotion of Fruit Ripening of Ornamental Peppers by Ethephon
Authors: Armitage A. M.
Published: September 2022

Fruit ripening of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was accelerated by the application of ethephon 3 to 6 weeks after anthesis. Concentrations as low as 75 μ1·liter−1 were effective, but 600 μ1·liter−1 resulted in foliar and fruit damage. Concentrations of 150 and 300 μ1·liter−1 were most effective, regardless of cultivar. Fruit <3 cm long were less sensitive to ethephon than more mature fruit. Raising the pH of the treatment solution from 3.3 to 6.3 resulted in increased effectiveness of the chemical, mainly due to an increased response by the larger fruit. Production time was reduced ≈1 day for every 5% increase in colored fruit due to ethephon. Chemical names used: 2-(chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Uniconazole Efficacy on Chrysanthemum and Poinsettia Is Not Affected by Spray Carrier Volume
Authors: Bailey Douglas A.
Published: September 2022

Equal doses of uniconazole were applied in differing spray volumes to plants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. ‘Ovaro’) to examine carrier volume effects on uniconazole efficacy. Plants received 204 ml water/m2 (controls) or 102, 204, 306, or 408 ml·m−2 of 40, 20, 13.3, or 10 mg uniconazole/liter, respectively. Treatments did not affect time from start of short days to bloom. Inflorescence display diameter was not affected by spray carrier volume, but was less for uniconazole-treated plants than for controls. No carrier volume effect on plant height was observed, but all uniconazole treatments resulted in plants shorter than controls. Plants of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond’, ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’, ‘Eckespoint Celebrate’, and ‘Eckespoint Jingle Bells 3’) were sprayed with 204 ml water/m2 (controls) or 102, 204, 306, or 408 ml·m−2 of 20, 10, 6.7, or 5 mg uniconazole/liter, respectively. Treatments did not affect time from start of short days to anthesis or bract canopy diameter. Spray carrier volume did not affect plant height, but uniconazole-treated plants were shorter at anthesis than controls. The results obtained do not support the hypothesis that spray carrier volume affects the efficacy of uniconazole on chrysanthemums or poinsettias. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).
Chemicals Control Bermudagrass and Johnsongrass Without Injury to ‘Concord’ Grapes
Authors: Johnson David H. , Talbert Ronald E.
Published: September 2022

Glyphosate, fluazifop, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, and quizalofop were applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] in a ‘Concord’ (Vitis labrusca L.) vineyard in 1985 and 1986. Spray was allowed to contact the grape foliage in all treatments except the glyphosate treatment. Two-year usage of these herbicides controlled johnsongrass and bermudagrass and caused no grape injury. Chemical names used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop); 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim); 2-[4[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoro-methyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (haloxyfop); 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenyoxy]propanoic acid (quizalofop).
Maturity of Spur and Standard Strains of ‘Mcintosh’ Apples
Authors: Meheriuk M.
Published: September 2022

Abstract, Fruit samples from a standard strain (‘Summerland Red’) and four spur-type strains (‘Dewar’, ‘Macspur’, ‘Morspur’, and ‘Starkspur’) of ‘Mcintosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were harvested weekly and evaluated for skin redness, firmness, soluble solids concentration, titrable acidity, weight, starch index, and internal ethylene content. During a 3-year period (1985-87), there was no difference among the strains in the proportion of fruit with core ethylene values of ≥1 μl·liter−1. Lower firmness values, larger size, and greater hydrolysis of starch was evident in the spur strains. The lower firmness values in the spur strains of ‘McIntosh’ apples appear to be an inherent characteristic of these strains and are independent of maturation rate or size.
Effect of Pre-treatments on Transpiration of Chrysanthemum morifolium in the Dark
Authors: Rajapakse Nihal C. , Reed David William , Kelly John W.
Published: September 2022

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pre-treatments with abscisic acid (ABA), silver thiosulfate (STS), or ethylene on transpiration rate of Chrysanthemum morifolium L. cv. Bright Golden Anne during the dark. ABA and STS reduced subsequent dark transpiration, while exposure to ethylene increased it. Treatment with STS partially reduced the influence of ethylene. These results indicate the possibility of using pre-treatments to reduce water loss under dark shipping/storage conditions.
Simulation: An Integrative Tool in Crop Research
Authors: Loomis R. S.
Published: September 2022

A well known agronomist and plant physiologist makes some potent comments on current crop research theory and practice with predictions as to the direction of change. This paper was presented during the annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science at Davis, California, in 1968 in a General Session dealing with the concept of yield in horticulture.
Certification as a Means to Provide Variety Protection1
Authors: Pardee William D.
Published: September 2022

Seed certification now offers a simple, voluntary means of protecting proprietary varieties. Three years ago I could not have said this. But, the International Crop Improvement Association, which has now changed its name to the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies, has reviewed and drastically revised its standards and procedures. One of its aims has been to develop a system of certification to serve seed companies producing private varieties.
Apical Dominance in the Lowbush Blueberry Altered by Indolebutyric Acid1
Authors: Hall I. V. , Aalders L. E. , Crowe A. D.
Published: September 2022

3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) applied to the midvein of lowbush blueberry leaves stimulated lateral shoot development in what is normally an unbranched stem. IBA was effective when applied as a 2% mixture in either lanolin or water. The site of application and habit of shoot growth were shown to influence the treatment response.
Moisture and the Use of Simazine on Prunus1
Authors: Lange A. H. , Elmore C. L.
Published: September 2022

Weed competition reduced the growth of young peach and plum rootstoeks. Heavy sprinkler irrigation increased the phytotoxicity of simazine to young Prunus rootstoeks. Recovery from severe foliar injury occurred during the season and normal growth resulted at the lower rates of simazine. No detrimental residual effect on tree growth was noted during the following season.
Potassium in Floriculture Crops Nutrition
Authors: Boodley J. W.
Published: September 2022

The review by Evans and Sorger (6) on “The Role of Mineral Elements with Emphasis on the Univalent Cations” as found in the 1966 Annual Review of Plant Physiology Volume 17 is principally concerned with other than floriculture crops. However, the K nutritional requirements of floriculture crops are so similar to those of vegetables that the review can stand for both.
The Efficiency of Developing Male-Sterile and Male-Fertile Inbred Components by Backcrossing1
Authors: Bliss F. A.
Published: September 2022

Control of pollen production without the difficulties of mechanical emasculation allows crosses to be made efficiently in many plant species that would otherwise be disregarded commercially because of problems of hybridization. Development of male-sterile inbreds is facilitated by the use of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility in a manner similar to the system proposed by Jones and Clarke for use in onions (5). This method is now commonly used in F1 hybrid development of such crops as maize (6), sorghum (9), sugar beets (8), and sudan grass (1), and has been suggested for use in other crops (4).
Effect of Indolebutyric Acid and Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Adventitious Root Formation of Woody Cuttings1
Authors: Fretz T. A. , Davis T. S.
Published: September 2022

The influence of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (SADH) on the adventitious root formation of 4 species of woody plants was investigated at concns of 1000, 2500, and 5000 ppm applied as a 15 sec basal dip. At both the 5000 and 2500 ppm levels of IBA, Ilex cornuta Lindl. cv. ‘Burfordii’ and Juniperus horizontalis Moench. cv. ‘Plumosa’ responded with greater adventitious root formation than any of the SADH treatments. Increased adventitious root formation in Cupressus arozonica Greene, was observed only at the 5000 ppm level of IBA. Pinus strobus L. did not respond to any of the treatments.
The Effects of Several Chemical Treatments on Tipburn of Head Lettuce1
Authors: Corgan J. N. , Cotter D. J.
Published: September 2022

Thirteen different foliar sprays and 1 soil treatment of several chemicals were evaluated for their effects on tipburn of ‘Great Lakes 659’ head lettuce. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (5000 ppm), N-6 benzyladenine (25 ppm), simazine (2000 ppm), and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (100 ppm) plus CaCl2 (2500 ppm) each reduced tipburn. Triiodobenzoic acid (50 ppm) and phenylmercuric acetate (100 ppm) each increased tipburn, while gibberellic acid (50 ppm) plus N-6 benzyladenine (25 ppm), CaCl2 (2500 ppm), urea (2500 ppm), calcium chelate (100 ppm), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (1 lb./acre) plus CaCl2 (100 lb./acre) soil treatment each had no significant effect on tipburn. Injury symptoms and reduced head weight were noted from simazine and phenylmercuric acetate treatments.
An Integrated System for Providing Power, Water and Food for Desert Coasts
Authors: Hodges Carl N. , Hodge Carle O.
Published: September 2022

Of the 20,000 miles of coastal deserts that gird the earth (8), most are all but bereft of population. Yet, paradoxically, many of them, were they given the amenities, could be productive, pleasant places to live. Several methods that might make these areas more habitable have been put forth, the most ambitious being that of the Oak Ridge National Laboratories (9). Oak Ridge scientists conceive of huge nuclear centers. Each center could support an industrial complex and a 300-acre farm. But the prerequisite investment would be of such enormity that few less developed nations could afford one without the largess of the developed world. On a modest, and hopefully more immediately attainable scale, the University of Arizona has devised an approach that can economically provide power, water and food for coastal communities.
The Response of Muck-grown Carrots to Fumigation and Soil Water Stress1
Authors: Maurer A. R. , Conroy J. F. , Watson T. K.
Published: September 2022

Soil fumigation with methyl bromide greatly reduced Pythium debaryanum infection on carrots in pot experiments. The yield of carrots in fumigated soil responded to irrigation but did not respond in non-fumigated soil. A soil water stress equivalent to 20% of available water at field capacity produced the poorest yield.
‘Poorman’: A Promising Rootstock For Israeli Citrus1
Authors: Mendel K.
Published: September 2022

The ‘Poorman’ orange (New Zealand grapefruit) has been tested against other rootstocks in Israel during 15 years. After an initial slow development, the trees on ‘Poorman’ are at present the largest trees in the trial. Compared with the standard rootstock (sour orange, sweet lime and rough lemon) trees on ‘Poorman’ excel in the quantity of their yields during 10 years of fruiting. Fruit quality on this rootstock does not differ from that on the standard stocks. This rootstock seems to be fairly resistant to Phytophthora, and tolerant to the viruses of xyloporosis and exocortis, which are universally present in the old clone budwood in Israel. ‘Poorman’ appears adapted to the heavier soil types.
The Third Thirty-three Presidential Address
Authors: Beattie James M.
Published: September 2022

James M. (Jim) Beattie was born in Washington, D. C. on February 14, 1921 and spent his early years on a small truck crops farm at McLean, Virginia. At the age of 15, the family relocated to the U. S. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, where his father served as superintendent. Following graduation from high school, he entered the University of Maryland and completed the BS degree in 1941 with a major in horticulture. His graduate work in the Department of Pomology at Cornell University extended from 1941 through early 1948 with a 4-year interruption for military service with the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II. Graduate studies leading to the PhD degree in 1948 were with a major in pomology and minors in plant physiology and soils.
About Our Cover
Authors: Tresch Phillip S.
Published: September 2022

The brandy glass terrarium is an example of a pleasing and esthetic indoor design element which an “office gardener” of the future ma y produce in order to help make large office working environments more enjoyable and satisfying. There is a new office planning concept called “office landscaping”, or “Burola ndschaft” as it is called in Germany where it was developed a few years ago.1 Basically, it is a flexible open-office arrangement which can include several completely private areas. Instead of the usual permanent walls and halls, an organized spatial pattern is developed with low plantings, low movable p artitions, and an overall emphasis on color, form, and scale.
New Vegetable Varieties List XVIII
Authors: _ _ , Barnes W. C.
Published: September 2022

Seventeen prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 were published in Vols. 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90 and 92 of Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, and Vol. 4 No. 1 and Vol. 5 No. 3 of HortScience.

The following abbreviations are used: exp. desig.-experimental designation; orig.-originated at or by; intr.-introduced by; par.-parentage or parents; char.-outstanding characteristics; res.-resistant to; sim.-similar to or resembles; sel.-selection or selected; adapt.-adapted to or adaptation.
Design and Operational Features of the Minnesota Precision Plot Irrigator1
Authors: Allred Evan R. , Read Paul E. , Anderson Sigurd H.
Published: September 2022

Experiments on the design of plot applicators for use in irrigation research were conducted, with 4 units constructed and successfully used on the University of Minnesota Sand Plain Experimental Field, of such applicators permits uniform application and precise measurement of the water applied. With minor adjustments, plot application areas up to 1, 250 ft2 (25 × 50 ft) can be accommodated.

Those units where the sprinkler arm was driven hydraulically by the available water pressure had less down-time and were more easily maintained, as compared to those which were driven by chain from a small gasoline engine. With hydraulically driven models, operating at pressures of 30 psi or less, it is recommended that cylinder diam of 1½-inch (or larger) be used.

Balloon-type tires are recommended for greater maneuverability between plots. The supporting beam of the applicator should be at the minimum heights permissible, as determined by the maximum anticipated height of the crop being grown.
Prestorage Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with Bromodine-Ethephon Mixtures1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: September 2022

Mixtures of Bromodine and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) were often superior to either chemical used alone for prestorage stimulation of leaf abscission of tree fruit nursery stock. Environmental conditions favorable to natural leaf abscission reduced the advantage of a mixture. Ethephon injury was observed at 500 and 1000 ppm on species previously undamaged at much higher rates.
Postharvest Color Promotion in Cranberry with Ethylene1
Authors: Craker Lyle E.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene treatment of field harvested cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) promoted red color development in the fruit. Anthocyanin production by berries in 3 different stages of maturity was greatest when the fruit was treated with ethylene in the light. Light stimulated ethylene production by the cranberry fruit.
Breeding Grapes for Central Florida1
Authors: Mortensen J. A.
Published: September 2022

The most successful grape growing areas of the world are those in which little rain falls during the ripening period of the fruit. Abundant rains during this period promote disease, cracking and rotting of berries, and watery grapes of inferior quality (39). In Florida the time of ripening for grapes is June to September, which is also the time of most frequent rainfall. Since Vitis vinifera L. is highly susceptible to the diseases that accompany summer rainfall, new disease-resistant cultivars are needed with fruiting characters competitive with V. vinifera. Sources of such resistance in Vitis are found in both subgenera: Muscadinia (muscadine type) and Euvitis (bunch type) (1).
2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid and 1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-dimethylaminodithiobiuret as Chemical Thinners for Peach1
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M. M. , Nishijima Chikara
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) at petal fall or when the ovules had grown to 4 or 9 mm resulted in an acceptable level of thinning on ‘Johnson’ and ‘Halford’ peach. Thinning of ‘Fay Elberta’ with ethephon occurred at the 5- to 9-mm ovule length. Foliar sprays of 1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-3-dimethylaminodithiobiuret (ER-3952) effectively thinned ‘Johnson’ and ‘Halford’ at the 4- to 9-mm ovule length but gave poor results with ‘Fay Elberta’.
Effect of Potassium Nitrate Foliar Sprays on Leaf Nitrogen Concentration and Growth of Peach Trees1
Authors: Leece D. R. , Kenworthy A. L.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of KNO3 were applied to young, N-deficient peach trees in 2 experiments over a 2-year period. Urea was compared with KNO3 in 1 year. Neither autumn nor spring applications of KNO3 or urea increased leaf N concn or tree growth significantly, although, in 1 year, the sprays delayed the onset of leaf senescence. By comparison, an autumn soil application of NH4NO3 significantly increased leaf N concn, terminal shoot growth, and trunk circumference.
Organic Gardening, Is it the Answer?
Authors: Carolus Robert L.
Published: September 2022

A growing uneasiness that the natural environment may be deteriorating is causing increasing numbers of intelligent concerned people, both young and old, to challenge scientific agricultural practices and embrace and promote the back to “nature” philosophy of the organic gardeners. The followers of the “organic” way condemn or prohibit the use of all manufactured agricultural chemicals and advocate the use of only certain “natural” products and biodegradable refuse in producing, and biological means in protecting their “organically” grown foods and ornamentals. If their practices were universally adopted, they contend, a more healthful abundant life in a less polluted environment would soon follow.
Production of Gladiolus Fruit and Seed from Detached Spikes1
Authors: Wilfret G. J.
Published: September 2022

Mature fruit and viable seed were produced from gladiolus spikes which were harvested in tight bud, placed in vases containing water, and hand pollinated. The addition of 600 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate + 2% sucrose (8-HQC + S) greatly increased fruit size, wt and the no. of viable seed. Nutrient solution decreased fruit and seed wt as compared to water alone and reduced the effect of 8-HQC + S.
Studies of Greenhouse Orientation in a Heliodon1
Authors: Mattson Richard H. , Maxwell Thomas J.
Published: September 2022

Shadows were photographed in a wire-model greenhouse oriented in N-S, E-W, and NE to SW (45°) directions in a heliodon which simulated 39° N latitude. Photographs were taken at 2 hr intervals during morning hours of winter and summer solstices. E-W greenhouses cast fewer shadows than other orientations during the winter solstice. Similar amounts of shadows occurred in all orientations during the summer solstice.
Inheritance of Fruit Spine Color in Cucumber1
Authors: Shanmugasundaram S. , Williams P. H. , Peterson C. E.
Published: September 2022

Black spine color of fruit in cucumber is controlled by either of two dominant genes B and C. The double recessive (bbcc) is white. No linkage was observed between fruit spine color and cotyledon bitterness.
Technical Developments in Bulk Storage Processing1
Authors: Nelson Philip E.
Published: September 2022

Those familiar with the fruit and vegetable processing industries are aware of the serious problems of the seasonal processor. The short and hectic harvest season produces a number of conditions that reduces the effectiveness of these horticultural industries. Some of the more serious problems include the following:

Short supply of labor

Processing bottlenecks

Over production of certain products

Large capital investment

Sizable inventory expenses

Large warehousing costs

Large waste disposal load over a short period of time

Raw product scheduling
Industrial Application of Bulk Storage in the ‘Concord’ Grape Juice Industry
Authors: Friedman I. E.
Published: September 2022

My discussion is related almost entirely to the grape juice industry, where bulk storage has been practiced for 40 years. Yet, I hope this presentation will be of interest and assistance to others as they contemplate adoptions of bulk storage in related industries.
Changes in Lycopene and Carotene Content of ‘Redblush’ Grapefruit Exposed to High Temperatures1
Authors: Meredith Filmore I. , Young Roger H.
Published: September 2022

The flesh of ‘Redblush’ grapefruit exposed to 41.8°C day/36.1°C night temperatures in environmental growth chambers for 60 days did not increase in lycopene content, while fruit exposed to natural conditions in sunlight and under shade did. Lowering the temperature from 41.8°C/36.1°C to 32.2°C/21.1°C produce a high level of lycopene. Carotene concns. of fruit exposed to 41.8°C/36.1°C and natural conditions remained the same. Exposure to 32.2°C/21.1°C caused a small increase in carotene, while exposure to natural conditions, at lower temperatures, caused a larger increase in carotene.
Effect of Subfreezing Temperature on the Viability of Persian Walnut Pollen1
Authors: Griggs William H. , Forde Harold I. , Iwakiri Ben T. , Asay Richard N.
Published: September 2022

Viability of walnut, Juglans regia L., pollen was not diminished by storage at subfreezing temperature, as previously indicated. Pollen stored 20 days at −19°C effected high percentages of fruit set in the orchard in 1969. Fruit set of the bagged flowers was relatively low in 1970, but the set effected by pollen stored a year at −19°C was not significantly different from that effected by fresh pollen. Laboratory tests indicated less than 1% germination for both freshly dehisced and stored pollen, and were unreliable for indicating the ability of walnut pollen to effect fertilization.
Urban Vegetation: Values and Stresses1
Authors: Lanphear F. O.
Published: September 2022

Increasing urban problems in regards to people and plants suggest consideration of a new emphasis in urban horticulture. This article is based on a talk presented by F. O. Lanphear at a symposium entitled “Urban Ecology Today” at the AAAS meetings in Chicago, Illinois in December, 1970.
Golden Cotyledon: A Radiation-Induced Mutant in Cucumber
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P.
Published: September 2022

Golden cotyledon, in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), induced in seed treated with gamma radiation, is controlled by a single recessive gene, designated gc. The gene is lethal in the homozygous recessive state and seedlings die 7 to 10 days after emergence.
Whitewashing to Prevent Sunburn of ‘Crenshaw’ Melons1
Authors: Lipton W. J. , Matoba F.
Published: September 2022

Sunburn of ‘Crenshaw’ melons (Cucumis melo, L.) was greatly reduced by spraying the fruits with a suspension of finely ground aluminum silicate at a concn of 1 lb. per gal of water. An effective spreader-sticker and complete coverage were essential. The material was readily removable by washing or wet brushing. The whitewash reduced the max pulp temperature at 1 to 2 mm depth by 4°C and the surface temperature by 8°. Incidence of postharvest decay was not related to sunburn, and decay most frequently started at the stem end.
Effect of Row Width and Direction, and Mist Irrigation on the Microclimate of Bush Beans1
Authors: Crandall P. C. , Jensen M. C. , Chamberlain J. D. , James L. G.
Published: September 2022

‘Tempo’ bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) planted in rows spaced 12-inches apart yielded 64% more crop and had 64.4% more leaf surface per unit area than those planted in 36-inch rows. Row direction in relation to the prevailing wind had little effect on yields but a perpendicular arrangement caused lower relative humidity and higher air temperatures than parallel. Widening the row spacing increased the effect on relative humidity. Mist applications increased relative humidity and lowered air temperature.
Introduction to the Symposia
Authors: Dilley David R.
Published: September 2022

Widespread interest exists among horticulturists in the biosynthesis and mode of action of ethylene in relation to plant growth and development. The recent introduction of the ethylene-generating chemical, ethephon, has stimulated a tremendous amount of research broadly varying across many agricultural disciplines. Exogenous ethylene, supplementing that produced by the plant, has been found to exert diverse morphological and physiological effects, many of which may prove to be of horticultural importance. Depending upon the stage of plant development ethylene may; inhibit cell division and elongation, promote radial cell expansion and extend the growth period, promote flowering and modify sex expression, promote leaf and fruit abscission, and promote fruit ripening in addition to a myriad of other effects. Research at both the basic and applied level has contributed much to our current knowledge of ethylene's involvement in plant growth and development and has laid the ground work for future investigations.
Practical Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)Phosphonic Acid in Agricultural Production
Authors: de Wilde Robert C.
Published: September 2022

In 1946 Kabachnik and Rossiiskaya (96) reported the chemical synthesis of “2-chloroethanephosphonic” acid and in 1963 Maynard and Swan (125) described the formation of ethylene from this compound. When (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon; also variously cited as 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid, Amchem 66-329, CEPA and Ethrel® disintegrates, it releases ethylene and also chloride and phosphate ions (43, 67, 125, 196, 202) Ethephon is essentially stable in aqueous solutions below pH 4. When the presence of hydroxyl ions is increased and the pH rises above 4, disintegration of the chemical takes place. The pH of the cytoplasm of plant cells is generally greater than 4, so the plant growth activity of ethephon has been attributed primarily to its ability to release ethylene to plant tissues (14, 43, 132, 195, 196). Ethrel formulations provide a convenient way to apply ethylene without the need of gas-confining chambers.
Instant Waxing by Use of the arg Gene as a Means to Improve Wax Beans1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Shannon S.
Published: September 2022

The arg y gene combination in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) normally produces white pods, but pods with desirable yellow wax bean color can be developed by selection within this genotype for high cartoenoid levels and low chlorophyll levels. These pods exhibit acceptable yellow color at all stages of growth, unlike normal wax pods which are green initially but turn yellow in color only as they approach full size.
Screening Tomatoes for Ozone Resistance1
Authors: Clayberg Carl D.
Published: September 2022

Among more than 1200 tomato lines of a world-wide collection, 4 of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, were found to be resistant to ozone: PI 109835, PI 237136, PI 285663, and PI 303792. When these were tested against a sample of American cultivars, 2 additional resistant cultivars were found: ‘Heinz 1439’ and ‘New Yorker’.
Cellulase Activity and Ethylene Concentration in Citrus Fruit Sprayed with Abscission-inducing Chemicals1
Authors: Rasmussen G. K. , Jones J. W.
Published: September 2022

Cellulase activity in separation zones of ‘Orlando’ tangelo and ‘Valencia’ orange fruits was associated with the ethylene concn in their internal atm. The pull force required to separate the fruit from its stem decreased when ethylene increased cellulase activity.
Effect of Shuck Disease on Ripening and Filling of Nuts of Carya illinoensis (Wang.) Koch cv. Success1
Authors: Schaller C. C.
Published: September 2022

Healthy nuts and nuts showing advanced stages of shuck disease of Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch cv. Success were harvested at intervals prior to and during the normal ripening period. Shuck disease appears as a black spot on the shuck adjoining and finally surrounding the peduncle. Shuck disease greatly reduced the wt, density, shelling %, and grade of the nuts. The date of termination of filling of the nuts noticeably affected nut quality and shelling %.
Prolonging Dormancy of Tung Trees with Spray Oil and Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: September 2022

Naphthenic oil with and without succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied to dormant tung trees in February or early March to delay bloom in the spring. A late frost occurred in March 1968; the only branches of the trees to flower and set fruit were those that were treated with napthenic oil and oil with SADH. By contrast, branches treated with aqueous SADH were not saved. In 1969, branch sprays of 10% oil with 1% SADH resulted in delaying bloom up to 5 days and in setting more fruit than the control. In 1970, sprays of 50% oil with 2% SADH delayed bloom on 5-year-old tung trees by approx 2 weeks.
Ripening of ‘Early Italian’ Prunes Improved by Low Temperature Exposure1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H.
Published: September 2022

Inhibition of ripening of ‘Early Italian’ prunes picked at maturity for fresh market shipment is reduced by storage at 35°F.
A Proposed System for Once-over Machine Harvesting of Strawberries for Fresh Use1
Authors: Stang Elden J. , Denisen E. L.
Published: September 2022

A mechanized system for harvesting strawberries with minimal damage to fruit is proposed. Cultural requirements involve placing plastic or fiber mesh netting over the beds before growth of leaves and inflorescences begins, permitting leaves and fruit to develop above the netting. The prototype machine developed for the system mows off leaves, raises the netting, cuts off pedicels of fruit supported on the netting and delivers the fruit to a conveyor and bulk box before rolling up the netting for storage. The harvester is supported under and can readily be adapted to most conventional garden tracter designs. Observations on a small sample of fruit harvested by the machine suggest the possibility of a sizable reduction in amount of injury to fruit compared with earlier designs.
Crop Energetics and Horticulture1
Authors: Kriedemann P. E.
Published: September 2022

Since crop productivity depends directly on photosynthetic efficiency, it is desirable to understand the environmental and internal factors that regulate photosynthetic rate. The purpose of this article is 1) to outline some general features of horticultural plants which enable them to utilize the aerial environment and to compare their photosynthetic behaviour with that of some other rapidly growing crop species and 2) to see if information on the physiology of energy utilization by plants is relevant to horticulture.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 26
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: September 2022

Bonza.-Orig. in Batlow, New South Wales, Australia, by B. Atkinson. Introd. in 1962. Chance sdlg., parentage unknown, disc, in 1953. Fruit: size medium to large; conical oblate, even; skin 80-100% bright crimson, lightly streaked, coarse and unattractive first few years, will subsequently fine up and in some localities resemble Jonathan; flesh pale, creamy white, firm texture crisp, fine-grained, flavor pleasant; good storage quality, approx 8 mo. at 30-32°F; ripens Mar. 25. Tree: vigor moderate; hardiness unknown; very productive, tip bearing; moderately tolerant to scab.
Effects of Defoliation Date on Yield, Quality, Nutlet Set, and Foliage Regrowth for Pecan1
Authors: Worley Ray E.
Published: September 2022

Defoliation of pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] in August reduced yield and nut size the current season. No nutlets were set the next season when trees were defoliated on September 15 or earlier. Nutlet set increased as defoliation date became later the previous fall through November 15. Yield was less than 1 kg/tree for trees defoliated the previous season on October 15, or earlier compared with 11 kg/tree for trees defoliated November 1. Early defoliation in the fall also caused late refoliation the next spring.
The Role Of Tax-Supported Research Scientists In Solving Problems Associated With The Horticultural Industries
Authors: Carew John
Published: September 2022

Horticultural research exists for one purpose - to gain through basic or applied investigations knowledge useful to man in growing and using plants as food and to improve his environment.
Industry Needs in Relation to Genetics, Plant Breeding, and Variety Selection
Authors: Scott E. Wilbur
Published: September 2022

I am pleased to represent the seed industry in this symposium. However, I would like to qualify my remarks by pointing out that my comments will represent my own personal opinions and to emphasize that my experiences have been entirely in the field of plant breeding in vegetable crops. However, many of the points on which I touch should apply equally as well to breeding and variety work in fruits and ornamentals. I would also like to emphasize that by representing the seed industry our role in this discussion is sort of a middleman's role. The seed industry stands between this tax supported institution and the ultimate consumer, whether it be a home gardener, a roadstand operator, a large truck farmer, or a huge processing industry. This point is very important and should be kept clearly in mind as it has important ramifications in the relationships between tax supported institutions, ASHS and the seed companies. We would like to feel that we are members of both teams and act as sort of a buffer between them. In many cases our personnel are on a par in training and experience with those in public research institutions. Thus I think that some of the remarks I make will be much kinder to members of the Society and the Society itself than other groups may make.
Industry Needs in Relation to Food and Environmental Quality
Authors: Heringer Fred
Published: September 2022

In 1969, issues of environmental quality rose to a national dimension. This was affirmed in our own state political and legislative life, and nationally by the major attention given to it by President Nixon in his state of the nation address. The President warned, though he was not specific, that some of our institutions would have to change.
Costs for Direct Seeding and Transplanting of Tomatoes for Processing1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Wilcox G. E.
Published: September 2022

Analysis of costs of tomatoes for processing indicated savings from direct seeding as compared to transplanting. Total production costs for direct seeding averaged $17.34 per acre, or 11% less than for transplanting operations, excluding potential returns from increased useable yields under direct seeding.
Regulation of Flowering in Onions by Maleic Hydrazide and Chlormequat1
Authors: Sinnadurai Suppiah , Mukherjee Illabantha , Abu John
Published: September 2022

Maleic hydrazide (MH) partially suppressed flowering of onion (Allium cepa L. cv. Bawku) at 150 ppm and totally inhibited flowering at 1500 ppm. (2-Chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) promoted flowering at 1000 - 4000 ppm.
Evaluation of New Ornamental Peppers1
Authors: Corley W. L. , Dempsey A. H.
Published: September 2022

All available U.S. Department of Agriculture plant introductions (PI) of pepper were screened and evaluated for their value as annual ornamentals. Eighteen accessions compared favorably with the plant and fruit characters of ornamental cultivars available in the seed trade. Varying plant statures, foliage colors, and fruit colors were noted. Two new Capsicum species are reported for ornamental peppers.
Evidence for a Gibberellin-like Substance in Flower Buds of Lowbush Blueberry Under Short-day Conditions1
Authors: Collins W. B. , Irving K. H.
Published: September 2022

The identity of a growth-regulating substance that occurs in flower buds of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) subjected to short-day inductive conditions was investigated. The results of Avena bioassay tests and thin layer chromatography led to the conclusion that the growth regulator was similar in its properties to the gibberellins. Under continued exposure to short-day conditions the induced flower buds developed into naturally parthenocarpic fruit.
Reaction of Strawberry Cultivars and their Progenies to Leaf Scorch in Southern Illinois1
Authors: Nemec S. , Blake R. C.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-three strawberry cultivars, naturally infected with Diplocarpon earliana (Ell. & Ev.) Wolf, ranged from resistant in cultivars such as ‘Earlibelle’, ‘Albritton’ and ‘Empire’ to very susceptible in the cultivars ‘Redglow’, ‘Jerseybelle’ and ‘Vesper’. In general, leaf scorch resistance ratings were similar to those for the same cultivars tested elsewhere.

In 14 progenies from crosses involving 9 cultivars a larger % of seedlings were rated resistant from selfed resistant (R) parents than from selfed susceptible (S) or intermediate (I) parents, or from crosses involving these parents.
Analysis of Vegetable Seedlings Grown in Contact with Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Fines1
Authors: Walkinshaw Charles H. , Johnson Pratt H.
Published: September 2022

Chemical analyses and other measurements made on lunar-treated plant seedlings grown for 14 to 21 days demonstrate a direct interaction between germfree plants and lunar material. Treated plants dissolved and absorbed significant quantities of Al, Fe, and Ti from the lunar fines. Cabbage and Brussels sprouts were particularly efficient in the dissolution and absorption of Mn. These results suggested that the beneficial effects observed in the Apollo 11 and 12 quarantine studies might be caused by the uptake of ions from the lunar material.
Gibberellin Estimation by an Adaptation of the Dwarf Rice Bioassay1
Authors: Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

‘Tan-ginbozu’ dwarf rice was responsive to root-applied gibberellins which had previously been separated by thin layer chromatography on glass fiber sheets. A 3-day test was less variable than 4, 5, 6 or 7-day tests. Seven replications enabled 50% differences in growth to be discernible with 95% confidence among 3 treatments; with 2 treatments, 50% differences in growth were discernible with 4 replications.
Calcium Accumulation in Fruit of Certain Apple Crosses1
Authors: Faust Miklos , Shear C. B. , Oberle G. B. , Carpenter G. T.
Published: September 2022

Progenies of various apple cultivars differ in their accumulation of calcium into the fruit. Fruit from seedlings of ‘Cortland’ accumulated relatively high, whereas seedlings of ‘Cox Orange’ accumulated low Ca. Ca content of 15 progenies are listed.
The Effect of Physiological Seed Quality on Plant Establishment
Authors: Pollock Bruce M.
Published: September 2022

Physiological seed quality can be divided into 2 components. “Viability,” whether a seed is living or dead, is one of these. Because of the emphasis of the seed industry on seed quality, and the stringent enforcement of regulatory laws in past years, viability is not a problem of serious concern to the vegetable industry today.
Sprinkle, Furrow and Trickle Irrigation of Muskmelon in an Arid Zone1
Authors: Shmueli M. , Goldberg D.
Published: September 2022

In a comparison of sprinkle, furrow and trickle irrigation applied during the growing season from August to December to muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Haogen-2), vegetative growth was found more rapid and yields were earlier and higher with the trickle method. No yield differences were detected between sprinkle and furrow irrigation. Salt accumulation on the leaves was greater with sprinkling than with the other 2 methods which do not wet the foliage. The chloride concn in the leaves was also high throughout the entire growing season with sprinkle irrigation. Soil chloride content during the growing season varied according to the method of irrigation.
Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation of Green Pepper in an Arid Zone1
Authors: Goldberg D. , Shmueli M.
Published: September 2022

Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder) were sprinkle and trickle irrigated, each at 2 different frequencies, during the growing season from September to April. Yield, leaf growth, and root development were all greater with trickle than with sprinkle irrigation. Frequency of water application had a slight, but non-significant effect. Yield tended to decrease when the plants were sprinkle irrigated daily. With trickle irrigation, the infrequent interval, every 5 days, tended to reduce the yield. Leaf chloride content was considerably greater under sprinkling, especially at the frequent interval.
The Effect of Distance from the Tricklers on Soil Salinity and Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn in an Arid Zone1
Authors: Goldberg D. , Shmueli M.
Published: September 2022

The effect of the distance between crop row and tricklers on growth and yield of sweet corn, and on soil moisture and salinity was studied. The max yield was obtained when the nozzles were located 5-25 cm from the plants. Less vigorous vegetative development resulted when the tricklers were at a distance of 50 cm. The salt concn in the 0 to 30-cm soil layer increased with distance from the trickle line. Soil water tension was almost constant throughout the irrigation cycle at distances between 5 to 35 cm, it was lower at 0 cm from the tricklers, and markedly higher at 50 cm from the irrigation line.
Relationship Between Surface Color Development and Total Soluble Solids in Papaya1
Authors: Akamine Ernest K. , Goo Theodore
Published: September 2022

Using the puree juice of 1/2 fruit for soluble solids determination, it was found that for freshly harvested fruit to meet the min % soluble solids (SS) of 11.5 required by Hawaiian grade standards for marketable papayas, the fruit should have at least 6% surface yellow coloration. For postharvest ripened fruit, the min degree of surface coloring when harvested should be as least 3% for the ripened fruit to meet the min soluble solids (SS) requirement. Because the 6% surface coloration is more readily visible than the 3% level in the papaya orchard, the higher stage of coloration is recommended as a index for min harvest maturity.