bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management implications of antelope habitat use in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
Authors: Jenkins R. K. B. , Corti G. R. , Fanning E. , Roettcher K.
Published: July 2002

High cattle densities, expanding human settlements and the conversion of miombo woodland into farms and teak plantations are threatening wildlife populations in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania, and conservation research on this internationally important wetland is required as part of an integrated approach to its future management. The effect of land-use change on antelopes (family Bovidae) was investigated by surveying tracks and dung during three seasons over 1999–2000 in an area of mixed land-use. Use of miombo woodland, grassland and farmland habitats by antelopes was highest during the wet season (April–May), probably representing the movements of animals away from the floodplain. Duiker, puku Kobus vardoni and reedbuck Redunca spp. predominantly used the farmland during the wet season, at which time buffalo Syncerus caffer were more common in the miombo woodland. The findings of this study have three main implications for the conservation of the valley. Firstly, the inadvertent provision of suitable wet season habitats for puku and other small-medium antelopes by rice farmers could lead to higher levels of illegal hunting, and may increase the potential for conflict between agriculture and wildlife. Secondly, the loss of miombo vegetation will most strongly affect the larger species of antelope (sable Hippotragus niger and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus), which favour open-woodland habitats; future work should therefore determine levels of habitat use by antelopes in and around maturing teak plantations. Thirdly, any management prescriptions to conserve the Kilombero Valley should include the land on the edge of the floodplain.
Integrin-like RGD-dependent cell adhesion mechanism is involved in the rapid killing of Onchocerca microfilariae during early infection of Simulium damnosum s.l.
Authors: HAGEN H. E. , KLÄGER S. L.
Published: July 2002

Injection trials with compatible and non-compatible Onchocerca species into S. damnosum s.l., the vector of human and bovine onchocerciasis, demonstrated that the rapid killing of microfilariae within the blackfly's haemocoel is species specific. In the presence of the peptide RGDS as a blocking agent for integrin-like receptors of haemocytes, the survival of O. ochengi microfilariae in its natural intermediate host was significantly increased. This increased survival 24 h p.i. correlated with a significant decrease of apoptosis levels in the microfilariae following a 2 h exposure to the haemolymph in vivo. These findings suggest that haemocytes are directly involved in the killing of Onchocerca microfilariae in the blackfly.
A modified in vitro sulfadoxine susceptibility assay for
Plasmodium falciparum suitable for investigating Fansidar resistance
Authors: WANG P. , SIMS P. F. G. , HYDE J. E.
Published: July 2002

The combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine (PSD or
Fansidar) represents one of the most important chemo-
therapeutic agents currently used to treat falciparum malaria. To
investigate the molecular basis of resistance to PSD,
reliable in vitro drug assays are required to permit
correlation of resistance levels with different genotypes. We describe
here protocols that permit accurate evaluation of IC50 values
for sulfadoxine (SDX) inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum.
Historically, tests for this drug have suffered from poor reproducibility
and extreme variability in reported values. We
have examined a series of variables, including serum-containing
versus serum-free media, erythrocyte source, pre-test
growth conditions, test components and post-test processing. We define
conditions which better control the levels of the
drug antagonists folate and p-aminobenzoate, yielding
reproducible differences between lines of P. falciparum with
differing alleles of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene, which encodes
the target enzyme of SDX. We also use this assay
to demonstrate a marked difference in the response of different parasite
lines to antagonism of SDX inhibition by
exogenous folate. The ability to measure reliable IC50
values for SDX inhibition should greatly facilitate further
experiments to explore the molecular basis of Fansidar resistance.
Macrophage apoptosis in microbial infections
Authors: HILBI H. , ZYCHLINSKY A. , SANSONETTI P. J.
Published: July 2002

Upon infection with a pathogen, eukaryotic cells can undergo programmed

cell death as an ultimate response. Therefore,
modulation of apoptosis is often a prerequisite to establish a host-pathogen

relationship. Some pathogens kill macrophages
by inducing apoptosis and thus overcome the microbicidal arsenal of the

phagocyte. Apoptotic macrophages, on the other
hand, can elicit an inflammation by secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

Shigella flexneri, the aetiological agent of
bacillary dysentery, induces apoptosis in macrophages which, in agony,

specifically release mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β).
This cytokine attracts neutrophils (PMN) to the site of infection resulting

in the massive colonic inflammation characteristic of bacillary dysentery.

Shigellosis represents a paradigm of a proinflammatory apoptosis in a bacterial
infection.
The molecular link between apoptosis and inflammation is interleukin-1β

converting enzyme (ICE) which is activated
during macrophage apoptosis and binds to IpaB, a secreted Shigella
protein.
Associations among multiple geohelminth species
infections in schoolchildren from Pemba Island
Authors: BOOTH M. , BUNDY D. A. P. , ALBONICO M. , CHWAYA H. M. , ALAWI K. S. , SAVIOLI L.
Published: July 2002

In order to estimate the potential benefits of interventions
against multiple geohelminth species in endemic areas, an
improved understanding of the population biology of multiple infections
is required. This paper presents a detailed
analysis of the associations among Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections in 1539 schoolchildren
on Pemba Island, Tanzania, where 58% of the sampled children
carried infections of all 3 parasites at the time of the
study. Infection intensities of different species were
positively correlated, and individuals with single-species infections
had generally lower species-specific egg counts than individuals
with multiple-species infections. There was no age- or
sex-related clustering of infections. A weak clustering of
intense infections among individuals with multiple-species
infections was observed, which became more pronounced as the
threshold defining an intense infection increased for each
species. The results suggest that individuals with multiple species
infections are likely to be at highest risk of geohelminth-related
morbidity, not only because of the number of infections they harbour,
but also because they generally carry heavier
infections of each species.
Transmission-blocking effects of sera from malaria-exposed individuals

on Plasmodium falciparum isolates from gametocyte carriers
Authors: DRAKELEY C. J. , MULDER L. , TCHUINKAM T. , GUPTA S. , SAUERWEIN R. , TARGETT G. A. T.
Published: July 2002

Sera from donors exposed to malaria were tested for their ability
to
block the transmission of isolates from Cameroonian
Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. Sera were selected
from
amongst Cameroonian and Gambian donors who had
positive antibody reactivity against the surface of activated gametes and
against
epitopes of Pfs 48/45 (a potential
transmission-blocking vaccine candidate antigen). Aliquots of washed blood

from gametocyte carriers were resuspended
in test and control sera and fed to An. gambiae mosquitoes via
a
membrane feeder. Comparisons of the prevalence and
intensity of infections in dissected mosquitoes showed variations in the

ability of sera to block the transmission of the
different isolates. Sera were identified that had little or no blocking

effect on the transmission of isolates unless the isolate
was poorly infectious. Some sera completely blocked the transmission of

some isolates whilst having little or no effect on
others. The observed variation in transmission-modulating activity may

have implications for the development of a transmission-blocking vaccine.
Preface
Authors: Doenhoff M. J. , Chappell L. H.
Published: July 2002

The papers in this volume draw attention to both
new and recent information on the mechanisms
employed by infectious pathogens to underpin their
survival in the immunocompetent host and to
facilitate their transmission between hosts. Classical
survival strategies include induction of immuno-
suppression, antigenic variety and variation, host
antigen sequestration, molecular mimicry, antibody
destruction and invasion of cells or privileged sites.
To these we can now add novel and diverse
mechanisms with which the invader may manipulate
the host for its own ends. They range from making
use of a single molecular component of the immune
system, through more sophisticated mechanisms of
evasion to modulation of the immune response in the
pathogen's favour, particularly by manipulation of T
cell subsets and cytokine fluxes. There are then
examples of pure exploitation of the adaptive
immune system by the generation of specific humoral
and cell-mediated responses that prolong the invader's survival
and aid transmission. The order of
the chapters in this volume is intended to reflect this
increasing level of complexity.

It is our hope that the studies described in this
multi-disciplinary assemblage of papers will stimulate
further research in this important area. We
would like to thank all our contributing authors and
the anonymous refereees for their commitment and
help in seeing this project through to completion.
Analysis of the roles of cysteine proteinases of Leishmania mexicana in the host–parasite interaction
Authors: FRAME M. J. , MOTTRAM J. C. , COOMBS G. H.
Published: July 2002

Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mutants lacking the multicopy CPB
cysteine proteinase genes (ΔCPB) are markedly
less able than wild-type parasites to infect macrophages in vitro. ΔCPB promastigotes invade macrophages in large
numbers but are unable to survive in the majority of the cells. In contrast, ΔCPB amastigotes invade and survive within
macrophages in vitro. This extreme in vitro stage-specific difference was not mimicked in vivo; both promastigotes and
amastigotes of ΔCPB produced lesions in BALB/c mice, but in each case the lesions grew considerably more slowly than
those caused by wild-type parasites and only small lesions resulted. Inhibition of CPB in situ using cell-permeant
peptidyldiazomethylketones had no measurable effect on parasite growth or differentiation axenically in vitro. In contrast,
N-benzoyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-diazomethylketone reduced the infectivity of wild-type parasites to macrophages by 80%.
Time-course experiments demonstrated that application of the inhibitor caused effects not seen with ΔCPB, suggesting
that CPB may not be the prime target of this inhibitor. The data show that the CPB genes of L. mexicana encode enzymes
that have important roles in intracellular survival of the parasite and more generally in its interaction with its mammalian
host.
The development of specific IgG4 and IgE in a paediatric population is influenced by filarial endemicity and gender
Authors: TERHELL A. J. , PRICE R. , KOOT J. W. M. , ABADI K. , YAZDANBAKHSH M.
Published: July 2002

We set out to study how anti-filarial IgG4 and IgE, which have been studied extensively in adult populations, are
influenced by gender and by the degree of filarial endemicity during childhood. Development of specific IgG4 and IgE
was examined in 502 children aged 3 months to 12 years, who were resident in 3 villages in South-Sulawesi with microfilaria
prevalences of 6, 23 and 42%. Specific IgG4 and IgE could be detected as early as 18 months after birth, in low amounts,
and increased to levels comparable to those produced by adults at the age of 3 years. A higher prevalence of anti-filarial
IgG4 in boys, indicating higher filarial infection compared to girls, became apparent after the age of 7. The specific IgG4
response was strongly influenced by the degree of filarial endemicity and production of this antibody was considerably
delayed in the low transmission village. With respect to IgE, it was noted that specific IgE was consistently higher in boys
from infancy onwards indicating a predisposition for high IgE production in males. The influence of filarial endemicity
was less profound on IgE than on IgG4. In conclusion, reactivity to filarial antigens begins early in life and is differentially
influenced by gender and transmission intensity.
Consciousness and Lesser States: the evolutionary foothills of the mind
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: July 2002

Consciousness and its relation to the unconscious mind have long been debated in philosophy. I develop the thesis that consciousness and its contents reflect the highest elaboration of a set of abilities to respond to the environment realized in more primitive organisms and brain circuits. The contents of the states lesser than consciousness are, however, intrinsically dubious and indeterminate as it is the role of the discursive skills we use to construct conscious contents that lends articulation and clarity to the mental acts which cumulatively make up our mental lives. I lay out a tripartite structure for the formation of mind in which the ongoing interaction between brain and world, the formative effect of socio-cultural context and the self production of a relatively coherent narrative all play an important part in making a mind. The latter two influences clearly transcend biological science and suggest that human minds have features which broadly align with certain Freudian insights but do not support the reification of the causally structured unconscious that Freud envisaged.
Markets, Networks and the New Welfare State:
Employment Assistance Reforms in Australia
Authors: CONSIDINE MARK
Published: July 2002

Contemporary theoretical debates point to a transformation of societies
and social organisations away from universal forms of mass production
and consumption, organised through mass institutions, towards smaller,
diversified, entrepreneurial units linked together by new forms of market
and network co-ordination. This greater diversity is also held to be a
feature of service users who require individually fashioned solutions to
non-standard problems and tailored products for their different tastes.

Applications of these accounts of social and economic transformation
to the public sector propose similar patterns to those evident in private
industry and in regional communities. The large, standardised bureaucracy
is seen to give way to de-coupled, multiple agency models of service
delivery within a new type of welfare state.

The study uses interviews and surveys (n = 365) with service delivery
staff in the Australian employment assistance sector where transformations
of this type have recently been sponsored by government. These data
indicate that many of the key propositions of the post-Fordist account are
valid. Smaller, non-unionised units dominate the new order and services
are devolved to the local level. However a number of the expected patterns
of flexible specialisation, diversity and networking are not found, suggesting
marked differences and possible tensions between public and private
sector forms of organisational development in the new order.
Martha Komter, Dilemmas in the courtroom: A
study of trials of violent crime in the Netherlands.
(Everyday communication: Case studies of behavior in context.)
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xxix, 186. Hb $49.95, pb
$27.50.
Authors: Matoesian Greg
Published: July 2002

Among the most relevant, practical issues in the courtroom
– and explicitly recognized by attorneys well in advance
of their occurrence – are the potential dilemmas involved
in the questioning of witnesses. Practicing attorneys (and often
their trial consultants) spend much time considering strategies
for managing these. If we do X, this will happen; if we do Y,
that will happen. Komter's book is a fine-grained and
multiplex analysis of the interactional dilemmas that confront
courtroom participants in cases of violent crime in the
Netherlands. Using a conversation-analytic/ethnomethodological
framework, she examines the communicative dilemmas that
arise in a system with both adversarial and inquisitorial
elements, and she shows how these dilemmas are shaped by
the institutional interests of the participants. In a much
broader sense, her study continues a strong empirical program
initiated by Atkinson & Drew 1979 on the attribution
and negotiation of blame in accusation sequences; but other
readers may find Komter's work strikingly reminiscent
of Pomerantz's classic analysis (1978) of the interactional
dilemmas that shape compliment responses.
Effect of the irrelevant location of the response signal on choice reaction time: An electromyographic study in humans
Authors: Hasbroucq Thierry , Possamaï Camille‐Aimé , Bonnet Michel , Vidal Franck
Published: July 2002

Choice reaction time (RT) is shorter when the stimulus corresponds spatially to the response than when the stimulus does not, even when the stimulus location is irrelevant to the task. We used electromyographic measures to document that this effect is the result of a response conflict. The activity of the prime movers of two alternative responses was recorded during the performance of a visual RT task in which the irrelevant spatial correspondence between the stimuli and the responses was varied. Only the premotor component of RT was affected by the stimulus–response correspondence. Correct trials were distinguished according to whether or not the activation of the prime mover involved in the required response was preceded by an activation of the prime mover involved in the alternative response. Double muscular activation trials were more numerous for noncorresponding than for corresponding stimulus–response associations. Furthermore, these trials yielded longer RTs than the single muscular activation trials.
Cardiac activity during sleep onset
Authors: Burgess Helen J. , Kleiman Jan , Trinder John
Published: July 2002

Alterations in a number of measures of cardiac activity were examined during sleep onset in 6 participants over 3 experimental nights. Each sleep onset was divided into four consecutive phases: wakefulness, mixed alpha and theta activity, stage 2 NREM sleep with arousals, and stable stage 2 sleep. The variables measured were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), pre‐ejection period (PEP) and T‐wave amplitude (TWA). Respiration rate (RR) was also measured. HR and RR were lower in stable Stage 2 sleep compared with wakefulness, whereas PEP, TWA and RSA did not change significantly. During the second and third phases of sleep onset, HR decreased at each transition into sleep and increased following each spontaneous arousal. This increase resolved rapidly, with a return to sleep levels by 12 beats after the arousal. HR changes are discussed with reference to RSA, PEP, TWA and the concept of a waking reflex.
The organization of Organization: Neuronal scaffold or cognitive straitjacket?
Authors: Amos A. J. , Wynne C. D. L.
Published: July 2002

We praise Arbib et al.'s Neural organization for its support of the integration of different levels of analysis, while noting that it does not always achieve what it advocates. We extend this approach into an area of neuropsychological activity in need of the structure offered by Organization at the intersection of the conflated fields of executive function and frontal lobe function.
Merging speech perception and production
Authors: Meyer Antje S. , Levelt Willem J. M.
Published: July 2002

A comparison of Merge, a model of comprehension, and WEAVER, a model of production, raises five issues: (1) merging models of comprehension and production necessarily creates feedback; (2) neither model is a comprehensive account of word processing; (3) the models are incomplete in different ways; (4) the models differ in their handling of competition; (5) as opposed to WEAVER, Merge is a model of metalinguistic behavior.
g and Darwinian algorithms
Authors: MacDonald Kevin , Geary David
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West's assumption of discrete System 1 and System 2 mechanisms is questionable. System 2 can be understood as emerging from individuals who score high on several normally distributed cognitive mechanisms supporting System 1. Cognitions ascribed to System 1 and System 2 appear to be directed toward the same evolutionary significant goals, and thus are likely to have emerged from the same selection pressures.
A causal relationship between LTP and learning? Has the question been answered by genetic approaches?
Authors: Gerlai Robert
Published: July 2002

Gene targeting has generated a great deal of data on the
molecular mechanisms of long-term potentiation and its potential role
in learning and memory. However, the interpretation of some results
has been questioned. Compensatory mechanisms and the contribution
of genetic background may make it difficult to unequivocally prove the
existence of a causal (genetic) link between LTP and
learning.
As in long-term memory, LTP is consolidated by reinforcers
Authors: Reymann Klaus G.
Published: July 2002

Recent evidence from our lab indicates that LTP shares an
important property with memory consolidation: it is consolidated by
natural reinforcement. Nevertheless, the hypothesis, that LTP-like
mechanisms or other forms of enhanced synaptic efficacy are basic
elements in learning is not unequivocally supported. Skepticism aside,
LTP is an accessible experimental model that is optimally equipped for
the investigation of the cellular and molecular machinery involved in
synaptic weight changes.
Theory of mind in young human primates: Does Heyes's task measure it?
Authors: Kamawar Deepthi , Olson David R.
Published: July 2002

Three- to six-year-olds were given Heyes's proposed task
and theory of mind tasks. Although they correlated, Heyes's was
harder; only 50% of participants with a theory of mind reached a
criterion of 75% correct. Because of the complex series of inferences
involved in Heyes's task, it is possible that one could have a
theory of mind and fail Heyes's version.
The “trivial neuron doctrine” is not trivial
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: July 2002

I argue that the trivial neuron doctrine as characterized by
Gold & Stoljar is not trivial; it appears to be inconsistent with
property dualism as well as some forms of functionalism and externalism.
I suggest that the problem is not so much with the particular way in
which Gold & Stoljar draw the distinction as with the unruliness
of the distinction itself. Their failure to see this may be why they
misunderstand the views of the Churchlands.
Stigmatizing women's aggressive behavior: Who does it benefit and why?
Authors: Johnston Marc A. , Crawford Charles B.
Published: July 2002

Why is female violence a taboo? We suggest that both men and
women actively contribute to the creation of this stigma. Men may
benefit because nonaggressive women may make better mothers and
be more faithful and fertile. Females may benefit by downplaying their
aggressive nature because they will be perceived as more valuable
mates and because they will be more accepted within female social
groups.
Cognitive and psychiatric science beyond determinism
Authors: Stein Dan J.
Published: July 2002

Many of Rose's criticisms of determinism in biology have
clear relevance to modern cognitive and psychiatric science; too narrow
a focus on the brain as an information processing machine runs the risk
of neglecting the context in which information processing takes place,
and too narrow a focus on the neuroscience of psychopathology runs the
risk of neglecting other levels of explanation for these phenomena.
It should be emphasized, however, that animal and genetic studies of
phenomena of interest to cognitive and psychiatric science (e.g.,
Alzheimer's disorder, schizophrenia, attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and violence), while perhaps only
providing a partial perspective, may be useful in understanding these
phenomena and in leading to appropriate psychiatric interventions.
Knowledge and intention can penetrate early vision
Authors: Peterson Mary A.
Published: July 2002

Although some types of cognition may not affect early vision,
there is ample evidence that other types of cognition do. Evidence
indicating that early vision is penetrable by direct manipulation of
viewers' perceptual intentions and by knowledge of the structure
of familiar objects is reviewed, and related to both the Pylyshyn
target article and Fodor (1983).
Consciousness and introspection: How we get to know the inner world
Authors: Smythies John
Published: July 2002

We can in fact obtain scientific information about the contents of consciousness by the methods of introspectionist psychology. An example comes from the author's work on the stroboscopic patterns and from the way psychedelic drugs alter color perception.
The central limit theorem for $\sum f(\theta^nx)g(\theta^{n^2}x)$
Authors: FUKUYAMA KATUSI
Published: July 2002

In this paper, it is proved that the distribution of values of $N^{-1/2}\sum_{n=1}^N f_1(\theta^{p_1(n)}x)\dots f_K(\theta^{p_K(n)}x)$ converges to normal distribution. Here $p_k(n)$ are polynomials.
Decay of correlations and mixing properties in a dynamical system with
zero K–S entropy
Authors: COURBAGE M. , HAMDAN D.
Published: July 2002

We consider the ergodic skew product of translations on the torus
${\Bbb T}^{2}$. We characterize a class of smooth functions with
exponential correlation decay rate and a class of subsets with an
exponential rate of mixing. We show that the class of functions
with sub-exponential correlation decay rate is generic. We also
characterize another class of subsets with mixing rate of the
order of $1/t$.
Applications of the Melnikov method to twist maps in higher dimensions
using the variational approach
Authors: LOMELI HECTOR E.
Published: July 2002

We work with symplectic diffeomorphisms of the $n$-annulus
${\Bbb{A}}^n=T^*({\Bbb{R}}^n/{\Bbb{Z}}^n)$. Using the variational approach of
Aubry and Mather, we are able to give a local description of the stable (and
unstable) manifold for a hyperbolic fixed point. We use this in order to get
a Melnikov-like formula for exact symplectic twist maps. This formula
involves an infinite series that could be computed in some specific cases. We
apply our formula to prove the existence of heteroclinic orbits for a family
of twist maps in ${\Bbb{R}}^4$.
A classical ergodic property for IFS: a simple proof
Authors: FORTE B. , MENDIVIL F.
Published: July 2002

Let $\{w_i,p_i\}$ be a contractive iterated function system (IFS) [1, pp. 79–80] with probabilities, i.e. a set of contraction maps $w_i:X\to X$ with associated probabilities $p_i$, $i=1,2,\ldots,N$. We provide a simple proof that for almost every address sequence $\sigma$ and for all $x$ the limit $\lim_{n\to \infty}1/n\sum_{i\le n}f(w_{\sigma_n}\circ w_{\sigma_{n-1}}\circ\cdots\circ w_{\sigma_1}(x))$ exists and is equal to $\int_Xf(z)\,d\mu(z)$, where $\mu$ is the invariant measure of the IFS. This is the so called ‘ergodic property’ for the IFS and was proved by Elton in [3]. However, the uniqueness of the invariant measure was not previously exploited. This provides considerable simplification to the proof.
Ergodicity of hard spheres in a box
Authors: SIMÁNYI NÁNDOR
Published: July 2002

We prove that the system of two hard balls in a $\nu$-dimensional ($\nu\ge 2$) rectangular box is ergodic and, therefore, actually it is a Bernoulli flow.
Landscapes of loss: spaces of memory, times of bereavement
Authors: HOCKEY JENNY , PENHALE BRIDGET , SIBLEY DAVID
Published: July 2002

The qualitative study described in this paper explores later life spousal bereavement as a spatialised experience. It draws on interviews with 20 older widowed people who were living alone, half in owner-occupied accommodation and half in sheltered housing. Moving beyond the older adult's ‘inner’ world of grief, it examines changes in the use and meaning of both public and domestic space in order to provide an holistic, culturally-located analysis. The following themes are identified as important: the type of housing, interviewees’ spatialised social relationships, the experience of spousal caregiving prior to bereavement and the ongoing relationship between the living and the dead partner.
Influence of intrinsic X-ray emission on the processes in
low-density laser targets
Authors: VERGUNOVA G.A. , ROZANOV V.B.
Published: July 2002

The calculations of 1014–1015
W/cm2 laser interaction with volume-structured
agar-agar and Cu targets were performed. The influence
of intrinsic X-ray plasma radiation on the propagation
of thermal waves in such targets was investigated. It is
shown that the velocity of heat transfer in agar-agar foam
targets is increased due to X-ray preheating when a thin
Cu layer is added.
Adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF)-based mobile robot localization using sonar
Authors: Meng Qing-hao , Sun Yi-cai , Cao Zuo-liang
Published: July 2002

In this paper, an AEKF algorithm is used to localize a mobile robot equipped with eight Polaroid sonars in an indoor structured environment. The system state equation and sonar measurement models used for locating the mobile robot are set up. The localization

process based on the AEKF algorithm is given. Four criteria used to judge the validity of predictive measurements of sonars are presented, which can increase the probability of the matching between predictive measurements and actual measurements. Experiments show that the localization precision based on our methods is greater than that using the conventional EKF algorithm.
A 3-D Potential panel method for robot motion planning
Authors: Zhang Yanjun , Valavanis Kimon P.
Published: July 2002

A potential panel method is proposed to solve the collision-free path
planning problem for a free-flying robot operating in an obstacle filled 3-D
environment. The problem is solved in three steps: (1) transform the arbitrary
shaped obstacles in the 3-D workspace into simple convex polyhedrons; (2)
generate an artificial potential field using the 3-D panel method in the 3-D
workspace; (3) generate a streamline from the starting position towards the goal
position in the artificial potential field. The computational complexity of the
pertinent algorithms justify the efficiency of the approach and its
applicability in real-time. Simulation results illustrate the potential of the
proposed approach. The reported research is the outgrowth of the 2-D method,
already published.
General method for kinematic synthesis of manipulators with task specifications
Authors: Ouezdou F.B. , Régnier S.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the kinematic synthesis of manipulators.
A new method based on distributed solving is used to determine the dimensional
parameters of a general manipulator which is able to reach a set of given
tasks specified by orientation and position. First, a general Distributed
Solving Method (DSM) is presented in three steps: the problem statement,
the objective functions formulations and the minimum parameters values
determination. Then, this method is applied to solve the synthesis of the
Denavit and Hartenberg set of parameters of a manipulator with a given
kinematic structure. In this case, the kind and the number of joints are
specified and a set of constraints are included such as joint limits, range
of dimensional parameters and geometrical obstacles avoidance. We show that
if the Denavit and Hartenberg parameters (DH) are known, the synthesis problem
is reduced to an inverse kinematic problem. We show also how the problem of
robot base placement can be solved by the same method. A general algorithm is
given for solving the synthesis problem for all kind of manipulators. The main
contribution of this paper is a general method for kinematic synthesis of all
kind of manipulators and some examples are presented for a six degrees of
freedom manipulator in cluttered environment.
Model-based control of rigid-link flexible-joint robots: an experimental evaluation
Authors: de Queiroz M. S. , Donepudi S. , Burg T. , Dawson D. M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we present an experimental evaluation of several link position tracking control algorithms for rigid-link flexible-joint robot manipulators. To study the performance of the controllers, an IMI 2-link direct-drive planar robot manipulator was
modified to approximate linear torsional spring couplings from the actuators to the links. Preliminary experimental results seem to indicate that reduced-order, model-based controllers with an actuator feedback loop provide relatively good link position tracking while a full-order, model-based controller offers some further improvement in link position tracking at the expense of increased computation.
Generation of dynamic models of complex robotic mechanisms in symbolic form
Authors: Racković Miloš , Vukobratović Miomir , Surla Dusan
Published: July 2002

A
system to control a database is used for modelling of
robotic mechanisms. This brings up the modelling process of robotic
mechanisms to a higher level of abstraction and reduces the
problem of numerical complexity reduction of the robotic mechanism model
to database updating. Structural System Analysis was used to describe
the functionality of the system for modelling of robotic mechanisms.
The database model is presented by Extended Model Object-Connections, and
all the object types for representation of mathematical expressions in
the form of calculating graph are described in detail. The
complete system is implemented and tested on the example of
a robotic mechanism with six degrees of freedom and on
the example of anthropomorphic locomotion robotic mechanism.
A general method for the computation of the canonical form of three-systems of infinitesimal screws
Authors: Martínez José María Rico , Duffy Joseph
Published: July 2002

A general method for the computation of the canonical form of three-systems of infinitesimal screws is presented. The method is particularly simple when the three-system has a basis that is simultaneously perpendicular and reciprocal. However, it can also handle the special or degenerate cases. The method and the concurrent results are important from the theoretical point of view because of the obvious connection with the classification of
screw-systems. Moreover, the results are also important for applied kinematics after recent applications of the canonical form of screw-systems to the analysis and synthesis of manipulators and manipulator substructures.
Image coding using wavelet transforms and vector quantization with
error correction
Authors: Zenkouar H. , Nachit A.
Published: July 2002

Image compression is essential for applications such as transmission of databases, etc. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for image compression combining recursive wavelet transforms with vector quantization. This method is based on the Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) which take into account features of a visual system in both space and frequency domains.
The Juche ideology: English in North Korea
Authors: Song Jae Jung
Published: July 2002

An account of the use and teaching of English in one of the world's most isolated and reclusive states.

An introduction, and a brief history of English in Korea before independence from Japan in 1945, then in post–1945 North Korea, followed by a discussion first of how North Korea's ideological and political imperatives gave rise to the elimination of English from the school curriculum, then of the subsequent reinstatement and promotion of the language. In North Korea English is taught not so much as the global lingua franca but as a means of idolizing Kim Il Sung and to promote his brand of Communist ideology. The article closes with brief comments on the future of English in North Korea.
PRIORITIZATION ATTITUDES AMONG DOCTORS AND NURSES EXAMINED BY A SCENARIO METHOD
Authors: Ryynänen Olli-Pekka , Myllykangas Markku , Kinnunen Juha , Halonen Pirjo , Takala Jorma
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To investigate doctors' and nurses'
attitudes toward 14 potential prioritization criteria.

Methods: This study was performed by using the random paired
scenario method. The respondents received a questionnaire with 12 pairs of
scenarios, imaginary patient cases, each of which contained two to three
different prioritization criteria (e.g., child, old patient, poor patient).
Respondents were asked which one of each scenario pair they would choose if
only one patient could be treated. The scenarios were randomly put into 30
different questionnaire sets. There was a random selection of 241 doctors and
151 nurses in Finland, with response rates of 60.3% and 50.3%, respectively.

Results: Doctors prioritized young patients, severe disease,
expensive treatments and posteriorized (negatively prioritized) demented or
institutionalized patients, and patients having a self-caused disease.
Children were strongly prioritized, even over serious diseases. Expensive
treatments appeared to be favored by doctors, and this result cannot be
explained by severity of disease. Nurses' attitudes were similar to those
of doctors.

Conclusions: Children were strongly prioritized. Elderly persons
were posteriorized if they had dementia or were living in institutions.
Patients having a self-caused disease are posteriorized, more often by nurses
than by doctors.
DO QOL INSTRUMENTS AGREE?
Authors: Rissanen Pekka , Søgaard Jes , Sintonen Harri
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Several instruments for measuring health-related

quality of life (HRQOL) have been developed, and others are under

construction. The problem is whether the different HRQOL measures

show comparable results. We first compared the functional

relationship of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the

15-dimensional measure of HRQOL (15D) in hip and knee replacement

patients. The hypothesis was that condition or intervention does not

affect the functional relationship between NHP and 15D changes.

Methods: We assessed the agreement of the instruments by

comparing observed changes in the 15D and its fitted values derived

by regressing the 15D by the NHP dimensions.

Patients (n = 452) were

recruited consecutively from seven Finnish orthopedic departments

during April 1991–May 1992. HRQOL was measured prior to surgery and

6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively.

Results: There was a different functional relationship between

the HRQOL instruments in hip and knee patients; they agreed upon the

direction of changes in HRQOL in 84% and showed opposite signs in

12%. The NHP showed significantly more improvement in quality of

life than the 15D.

Conclusions: The two instruments were in slight but significant

disagreement. Estimates of effectiveness can vary according to the

instrument used. Comparisons of effectiveness in healthcare programs

measured by differing instruments need information on the functional

discrepancies between the instruments in the conditions and

interventions in which they are applied.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL
ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION IN ENGLAND
Authors: Raine Rosalind A. , Crayford Tim J. B. , Chan Koon Lan , Chambers John B.
Published: July 2002

We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on a case note review to
determine whether there are differences in the treatment pathways followed for
men and women admitted with acute myocardial ischemia and infarction after
adjusting for differences in case mix. Women were as likely as men to receive
thrombolysis, but were less likely subsequently to undergo exercise testing
(adjusted odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40–0.84) or angiography (adjusted
odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39–0.99). Coronary anatomy was the strongest
predictor of revascularization regardless of sex. Women with diagnosed cardiac
pain are less likely than men to be placed on the investigative pathways that
lead to revascularization. Those women who are investigated are as likely as
men to undergo revascularization. These findings are independent of the
effects of age, angina grade, comorbidity, or cardiac risk factors.
Clinicians' and patients' beliefs and preferences about treatment
require investigation.
AN INTEGRAL INEQUALITY ON C([0,1]) AND
DISPERSION OF OLS UNDER NEAR-INTEGRATION
Authors: Bailey Ralph W. , Burridge Peter , Nandeibam Shasikanta
Published: July 2002

We obtain an inequality for the sample variance
of a vector Brownian motion on [0,1] and an associated
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The result is applied
to a regression involving near-integrated regressors, and
establishes that in the limit the dispersion of the least
squares estimator is greater in the near-integrated than
in the integrated case. Our proof uses a quite general
integral inequality, which appears to be new.
ASYMPTOTIC INFERENCE FOR NONSTATIONARY FRACTIONALLY
INTEGRATED AUTOREGRESSIVE MOVING-AVERAGE MODELS
Authors: Ling Shiqing , Li W.K.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers nonstationary fractional autoregressive
integrated moving-average (p,d,q) models
with the fractionally differencing parameter d ∈
(− 1/2,1/2) and the autoregression function with roots on or
outside the unit circle. Asymptotic inference is based on the
conditional sum of squares (CSS) estimation. Under some suitable
conditions, it is shown that CSS estimators exist and are consistent.
The asymptotic distributions of CSS estimators are expressed as
functions of stochastic integrals of usual Brownian motions. Unlike
results available in the literature, the limiting distributions
of various unit roots are independent of the parameter d over
the entire range d ∈ (− 1/2,1/2). This allows
the unit roots and d to be estimated and tested separately
without loss of efficiency. Our results are quite different from the
current asymptotic theories on nonstationary long memory time series.
The finite sample properties are examined for two special cases through
simulations.
Phosphorus nutrition of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tree seedlings from a lowland tropical rain forest in Korup National Park, Cameroon
Authors: MOYERSOEN BERNARD , ALEXANDER IAN J. , FITTER ALASTAIR H.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between mycorrhizal colonisation and phosphorus acquired by seedlings of the arbuscular mycorrhizal tree Oubanguia alata Bak f. (Scytopetalaceae) and the ectomycorrhizal tree Tetraberlinia moreliana Aubr. (Caesalpiniodeae) was evaluated at low and high inorganic phosphorus availability. AM colonisation was positively correlated with phosphorus uptake by O. alata at low, but not at high phosphorus availability. Seedlings growth was positively related to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation at both low and high phosphorus availability, suggesting that growth promotion by arbuscular mycorrhizas is not simply related to an increase of phosphorus uptake. In contrast, phosphorus uptake by T. moreliana was correlated with EM colonisation at both low and high phosphorus availability, but there was no relationship between growth and ectomycorrhizal colonisation. Promotion of phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas at low phosphorus availability is consistent with the co-occurrence of the two types of mycorrhiza in tropical rain forests where available soil phosphorus is low. However, ectomycorrhizal colonisation may also be of advantage where inputs of phosphorus rich litter raise the phosphorus status of the soil, as seen in the groves of ectomycorrhizal trees in Korup National Park, and may be one of the factors reinforcing local dominance by these trees.
Nineteenth-century urban Greek households: the case of Hermoupolis, 1861–1879
Authors: HIONIDOU VIOLETTA
Published: July 2002

The structure of nineteenth-century Greek households remains largely
unknown. The handful of published articles and books based on
quantitative analysis suggest the existence and persistence of many
household forms among Greek populations. The most extensive study,
and the only one dealing with an urban population, focuses on Athens. In
The Making of the modern Greek family, Sant Cassia and Bada argue that
an ‘urban model’ had emerged by the 1830s. Adopted from the nikokirei
‘upper-class’ group, households were characterized by equal partibility of
parental property among sons and daughters, the generous endowment
of daughters at marriage and ‘a tendency towards neolocality’ (the
formation of an independent household on marriage). Gradually, this
‘Athenian model’ of property transmission and household organization
‘was legitimized by the church and by popular literature, and eventually
became the cultural norm not merely for townspeople but for those in the
countryside as well’. The authors are eager to point out that these ‘family
forms and patterns of property transmission in Greece, especially in urban
areas, are “new” rather than continuations of traditional rural patterns’,
implying the ‘export’ of these new forms from the Athenian to other
urban and rural populations.
Meta-knowledge in systems design: panacea … or undelivered promise?
Authors: KALFOGLOU YANNIS , MENZIES TIM , ALTHOFF KLAUS-DIETER , MOTTA ENRICO
Published: July 2002

In this study we present a review of the emerging field of meta-knowledge components as practised over the past decade among a variety of practitioners. We use the artificially defined term “meta-knowledge” to encompass all those different but overlapping notions used by the artificial intelligence and software engineering communities to represent reusable modelling frameworks: ontologies, problem-solving methods, patterns and experience factories and bases, to name but a few. We then elaborate on how meta-knowledge is deployed in the context of system's design to improve its reliability by consistency-checking, enhance its reuse potential and manage its knowledge-sharing. We speculate on its usefulness and explore technologies for supporting deployment of meta-knowledge. We argue that, despite the different approaches being followed in systems design by divergent communities, meta-knowledge is present in all cases, in a tacit or explicit form, and its utilisation depends on pragmatic aspects which we try to identify and critically review on criteria of effectiveness.
Methodological foundations for agent-based systems
Authors: FISHER MICHAEL , MÜLLER JÖRG , SCHROEDER MICHAEL , STANIFORD GEOF , WAGNER GERD
Published: July 2002

In spite of the rapid spread of agent technology, there is, as yet, little evidence of an engineering approach to the development of agent-based systems. In particular, development methods for these systems are relatively rare. One of the key reasons for this is the inadequacy of standard software development approaches for these new, and fundamentally different, agent-based systems. Traditional software development methods often lack the flexibility to handle high-level concepts such as an agent's dynamic control of its own behaviour, its ability to represent cooperative interactions, and its mechanisms for representing internal change, assumptions, objectives, and the uncertainty inherent in its interactions with the real-world.
INEQUALITIES BETWEEN EVENT AND TIME AVERAGES
Authors: Shanthikumar J. George , Zazanis Michael A.
Published: July 2002

We consider a stochastic process with an embedded
point process in a stationary and ergodic context. Under
a “lack of anticipation” assumption for the
evolution of the process vis-à-vis the point process,
a new better (worse) than used expectation property for
the point process, and a monotonicity assumption for the
behavior of the process between points, inequalities between
event and time averages are obtained. Sample path monotonicity
between points is not required (as is the case with existing
approaches) and can be replaced with a simple monotonicity
requirement for the expected value of the process between
points. Inequalities between conditional event and time
averages are also examined via a novel argument involving
a conditional version of the Palm inversion formula.