bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON RESPONSE TO VARIOUS ANTIGENS OF A MARSUPIAL SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOKKA)
Authors: Stanley NF , Yadav M , Waring H , Eadie Margaret
Published: November 2007

The responses of intact, superficially and totally thymectomized (quokkas to sheep red blood cells. Salmonella adelaide flagella and øχ174 bacteriophage were examined, Natural antibody to sheep rod blood cells and S. adelaide was detected in juveniles and adults but not in pouch young. Natural antibody to øχ174 phage was not observed. Intact quokka pouch young showed some variation in the age at which capacity to respond to sheep red blodd cells was attained.

The antibody response of intact and thymectomized quokkas to S. adelaide flagella and øχ14′ phage was studied in three age groups: 60 days, 150 days and juveniles. Intact animals of all ages exhibited a classical secondary response. ‘Total’ thymectomy reduced the magnitude of the response in pouch young. Response to a second injection of antigen in juveniles was smaller than the response to the first dose.

Removal of the superficial thymus alone, before day 10, delayed the onset of antibody response to sheep red blood cells from day 10 to day 36, and the removal of both the superficial and thoracic thymus glands before day 20 delayed the onset of antibody response to sheep red blood cells from day 10 to 150 days. Normal or near‐normal titres of antibody developed in juveniles thymectomized shortly after birth.

The respective roles of the superficial and thoracic thymus glands in the immune response were discussed.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF TISSUE NUCLEOTIDES AND GLUTATHIONE AFTER HYPERBARIC OXYGEN TREATMENT
Authors: Willis RJ , Kratzing CC
Published: November 2007

Rats were exposed for 4 hours to either hyperbaric air or oxygen at 3·5 atmosphere absolute in a pressure chamber. Oxygen treatment decreased the NADPH2 content of lung by 43% and increased its GSSG level by a quarter. These results are consistent with the concept that the autoxidation of tissue constituents is a contributing factor in oxygen poisoning.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT:
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Goldrick RB , Whyte HM
Published: November 2007

Female rats maintained on a protein‐deficient diet during gestation gave birth to stunted offspring. The progeny, raised on a well balanced diet, grew at a normal rate until the age of twelve to sixteen weeks when their rate of growth became abnormally slow. This slowing down of the rate of growth was associated with an excessive loss of urea, creatinine and α amino acid nitrogen in the urine. Plasma levels of urea, creatinine and α amino acid nitrogen were normal.
THE PRESSOR EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN PREGNANT SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Scoggins BA , Wintour E Marelyn
Published: November 2007

The pressor response to intravenous angiotensin II was depressed in sheep during the last third of gestation in a manner similar to that observed in sodium depletion. Sodium deficiency during pregnancy did not further depress it. It is suggested that reduced extracellular or intracellular sodium concentration may be the modifying factor in both pregnancy and sodium deficiency.
SERUM TRANSFERRIN AND CERULOPLASMIN CONCENTRATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA, MELANOMA, SARCOMA AND CANCERS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES
Authors: Hughes Norman R
Published: November 2007

The serum transferrin and ceruloplasmin concentrations in 1,032 patients with cancer and 256 healthy controls were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Transferrin concentrations were significantly lowered in most groups of patients, irrespective of the tissue primarily involved. A positive correlation between transferrin and haemoglobin concentrations was found in the patients. A negative regression of transferrin concentration on age was observed for females. Ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly increased in most groups of patients. Females had significantly higher ceruloplasmin levels than males.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTION OF SWAINSONA GALEGIFOLIA ON THE LIVER LYSOSOMES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Huxtable CR
Published: November 2007

The effect of the ingestion of Swainsona galegifolia on the liver lysosomes of the guinea‐pig has been investigated. The activity of at least one lysosomal hydrolase has been shown to be elevated in both liver homogenates and serum, and certain physical properties of isolated lysosomes were found to be abnormal.

It is considered that these findings add weight to the hypothesis that the swainsona lesion is the visible manifestation of a storage process, although the exact nature of the process is yet to be resolved.
ANTAGONISM AT THE CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR OF DENERVATED DIAPHRAGM BY MONOQUATERNARY AND BISQUATERNARY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Freeman Shirley E , Turner RJ
Published: November 2007

A study has been made of the actions of agonists and antagonists at the cholinergic receptor of denervated rat diaphragm. The antagonists studied were tetraethylammonium, 3‐hydroxyphenyltriethylammonium, 3‐hydroxyphenyl‐diethylmethylammonium, ambenonium and methoxyambenoium. Acetylcholine, carbachol and tetramethylammonium were used as agonists. The effects of the drugs on agonist‐induced isometric contractions and depolarizations were studied. Logarithmic plots of (dose ratio–1) against antagonist concentration yielded regressions with slopes greater than unity when monoquaternary antagonists were used, and less than unity when bisquaternary compounds were used. In every instance acetylcholine required higher levels of antagonist to produce dose‐ratios comparable to carbachol or tetramethylammonium. This effect is unlikely to be due to cholinesterase inhibition.

It is suggested that there is a second anionic site in the vicinity of the receptor, which binds cholinergic agonists and antagonists, and which has regulatory or allosteric effects on the receptor.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD, SERUM PROTEIN AND ENZYME GROUPS IN A SERIES OF LEBANESE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Blake NM , Kirk RL , McDermid EM , Case John , Bashir Helen
Published: November 2007

Blood samples from a series of persons of Lebanese origin living in Sydney have been tested for 9 blood group, 5 serum protein and 16 red cell enzyme systems as well as haemoglobin types. The Lutheran, Kidd and Colton blood group systems and all the serum protein and enzyme group systems reported on here, except haptoglobin and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, have not been studied previously in Lebanese. There were no cases of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or abnormal haemoglobins nor were any unusual phenotypes detected in the other 29 systems investigated. In the blood group systems there was a relatively high A1/A2 ratio and low frequencies for the Rh ‐ve and Co(b+) phenotypes, but frequencies in the other systems were comparable with values found in studies of other Middle East or European populations. In the Kell system the possibility exists that the Lebanese may have an appreciable frequency of (K‐k‐). Gene frequencies for die serum protein systems were similar to other Middle East populations where comparable figures are available, and the same is true for the red cell enzyme systems. For glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphohexose isomerase, values obtained suggest that frequencies in north India are similar to those in Lebanon.

The overall results are discussed in relation to selection in a migrant population.
LOCAL ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF GUINEA‐PIG MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: McDowell GH
Published: November 2007

Local immunization of the mammary glands of pregnant guinea‐pigs with killed Brucella abortus elicited a local production of specific antibody most of which was associated with IgA. The local response to intra‐ductal infusion of antigen was greater than that which followed injection of antigen into subcutaneous sites near the mammary gland. Local production of antibody persisted for two consecutive lactation periods following immunization by either route.

Concentrations of IgA in milk were 10‐25 times greater than in serum, whereas the levels of IgG in milk were approximately 1/5th those for scrum. Significantly greater amounts of IgA were present in milk from locally‐infused' glands than in milk from glands immunized by subcutaneous injection and from non‐immunized glands. The levels of IgG in milk were not affected by local immunization.
THE UTILIZATION OF ZWITTERIONIC BUFFER SYSTEM IN THE PLAQUE ASSAY OF A FELINE CALICIVIRUS
Authors: Love Daria N
Published: November 2007

In 1971 feline picornaviruses were placed with vesicular exanthema virus in the genus Calicivirus within the family Picornaviridae (Wildy, 1971). Several publications utilizing the tube culture technique for infectivity titrations of feline caliciviruses have appeared (Burki, 1965; Burki and Pichler, 1971). Kahn and Gillespie (1970) mentioned plaque formation by strains of feline caliciviruses but no plaque assay technique has previously been described. Although Good, Winget, Winter, Connolly, Izawa and Singh (1966) first reported the development and the possible application of certain zwitterionic amino acids as buffering systems for biological research, most virus plaque assay techniques still utilize either closed or open systems with carbon dioxide supplementation. However, Richter (1967) reported the use of a zwitterionic buffer N‐tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl‐2‐aminoethane sulphonic acid (TES) in an open system which gave results comparable to bicarbonate‐carbon dioxide buffering in air. This communication reports on the use of a zwitterionic amino acid buffer system in the development of a plaque technique for feline caliciviruses.
COLICIN‐LIKE ANTIBIOTICS OF 100 STRAINS OF SALMONELLA
Authors: Atkinson Nangy
Published: November 2007

The colicin‐like antibiotics of 100 strains of Salmonella (here called ‘salcols’) were divided into four groups. Group 1 was the largest (78 members) and was related to colicins I and SI but showed at least two subgroups. Group 2 was related to colicins E and F and had four members. Group 3 contained several weak salcols of uncertain relationship to other salcols and colicins and was heterogeneous, although having some reactions in common with group 1, Group 4 contained one salcol which was diffusible through cellophane and had some resemblances to colicins V and B. These four groups were defined by inhibition zone characters, diffusibility and activity range on resistant or producer strains and on various strains of Salmonella; they were compared directly with known colicins.
THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE WITH TOLERANT LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

Immunological tolerance of sheep erythrocytes has been transferred to normally reactive rats. Transfer could be effected by parabiosis of tolerant and normal rats or by the transfer of cell suspensions from a tolerant donor to a normal recipient. While thoracic duct lymphocytes and spleen cells from tolerant donors were highly effective in transferring tolerance, bone marrow cells were completely lacking in this capacity. Preliminary lymphocyte depletion of a prospective normal transferee assisted, but was not mandatory for, subsequent establishment of the tolerant state. It is suggested that tolerance of sheep erythrocytes is characterized by the presence of repressor cells.
STUDIES ON GOAT ANTI‐CBA THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN: THE LARGE SCALE PREPARATION. PURIFICATION AND TESTING OF ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE SERUM AND ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE GLOBULIN
Authors: Fahey KJ
Published: November 2007

A reliable method of preparing large amounts of pure goat anti‐CBA thymocyte globulin has been described. Various dosing schedules were investigated, with “medium term” dosing proving superior to either “short term” or “chronic” dosing schedules. The limited use of adjuvant was found to be a necessary part of successful schedules. With the exception of the rosette inhibition assay, the in vitro assays applied to the anti‐lymphocyte serum and anti‐lymphocyte globulin batches produced, indicated that there was no direct correlation between these assays and the immunosuppressive activity of the material. The rosette inhibition assay did, however, clearly differentiate between immunosuppressive and non‐immunosuppressive preparations. A simple in vivo assay which measured the proliferation of allogeneic tumour cells in immunosuppressed mice by the per cent mortality and mean time to death of the animals is also described.
THE EFFECT OF L. ARGININE HYDROCHLORIDE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAT EMBRYOS
Authors: Naidu R Chandramohan
Published: November 2007

The effect of L. Arginine hydrochloride on the development of rat embryos was studied. Hind limb abnormalities such as loss of distal parts like tibio‐fibula, loss of feet and malformation of feet were observed. In a few cases triangular projections from faces were observed. The dysmorphogenetic effect of L. Arginine hydrochloride may be due to the creation of a relative imbalance of amino acids in the amino acid pool or due to the toxicity of the accumulated by‐products of excess arginine such as urea, ornithine, arginosuccinic acid and creatine or arginine itself.
SOME PROPERTIES OF PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE IN HUMAN FOETAL LIVER
Authors: Cartwright Elizabeth C , Connellan JM , Danks DM
Published: November 2007

A study on a phenylalanine‐hydroxylating enzyme has been carried out on five human foetuses of gestational ages from 13 to 18 weeks.

Activity was found in liver homogenates, with no apparent variation with gestational age. No activity was detected in kidney and muscle.

Several more properties of this enzyme have been identified.
THE IMPORTANCE OF OPSONIC FACTORS IN THE REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE CIRCULATION OF THE CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: Tyson CJ , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

Data presented in this paper show that the removal of bacteria from the circulation of the fresh water crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus) follows an exponential curve as in vertebrates and is dependent on the presence of opsonic factors in the haemolymph.
THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN IMMUNOLOGICALLY TOLERANT LYMPHOID TISSUE
Authors: Awaya Kazuhiko , McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

The histological features of the regional lymph node draining a skin homograft have been examined in normal and tolerant recipients. The response of this node was morphologically identical in normal and specifically tolerant hosts, the most important feature being the appearance of medullary cords packed with intensely pyroninophilic cells. Furthermore, a similar response was observed in the regional lymph nodes of (DA × Lewis)F1 hybrids bearing DA skin grafts of which they were “genetically tolerant”. It was concluded that the failure of graft rejection in tolerant rats could not be attributed to an absence of reactivity to the grafts on the part of the lymphoid tissue of the host.
MODIFICATION OF THE RESPONSIVENESS OF F1 HYBRID RATS TO LYMPHOCYTES FROM PARENTAL STRAIN RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

An experimental protocol to modify the susceptibility of F1 hybrid rats to graft‐versus‐host disease produced by parental strain lymphocytes has been described. This procedure entails preliminary exposure of the F1 hybrids to parental strain lymphocytes which have been treated with mitomycin‐C The Susceptibility of F1 hybrids treated in this manner to parental strain lymphocyte varies with the interval which has elapsed before the injection of normal parental strain lymphocytes. It appears that, in order to afford protection, the cells of the preliminary inoculum are required to engage the lymphoid cells of the host in an allogeneic interaction and that F1 hybrid unresponsiveness on re‐exposure to parental strain cells reflects unresponsiveness of host lymphocytes. Concomitant modification of the susceptibility of F1 hybrids to lymphocytes from donors of the Other parental strain was observed alter preliminary exposure to cells of one parental strain.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT. STUDIES IN VITRO OF ADIPOSE TISSUE LIPOGENESIS AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY FOLLOWING FRUCTOSE FEEDING
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Nestel PJ , Goldrick RB
Published: November 2007

When female rats are fed a protein‐deficient diet (6% protein by weight) for 2 weeks prior to and during gestation, the offspring exhibit deficits in body weight, epididymal fat pad weight and the size and number of adipocytes which cannot be corrected by an adequate post‐natal diet. However, the plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations are similar in the progeny of normally‐fed (control) and protein‐deficient (test) dams.

Studies of adipose tissue lipogenesis mid lipoprotein lipase activity were carried out in the absorptive or fasted states in 10‐ or 30‐week‐old control and test progeny that had either been fed a chow diet or chow plus a 20% fructose supplement in the drinking water for 2 weeks. Fructose feeding produced similar rises in the plasma triglyceride concentration in test and control progeny, the rise being more evident in older progeny. With chow feeding alone, the incorporation in vitro of glucose into both glyceride‐glycerol and glyceride‐fatty acids per adipocyte was similar in test and control groups at each age. With one exception (basal incorporation into glycerol in older lest progeny), fructose feeding increased both basal and insulin‐stimulated incorporation of glucose into glyceride‐glycerol and glyceride‐fatty acid but to a significantly smaller extent in the test progeny. With the exception of fructose‐fed test progeny, there was a rise in baseline glycerol production with age in all groups tested in the absorptive State but a fall with age when tested in the fasted state. There was also a marked reduction of fatty acid synthesis with age in all groups, and the values obtained in the fasted state were significantly lower than those in the absorptive state. Release of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase was similar in test and control progeny when expressed in terms of unit numbers of adipocytes and was unaffected by fructose feeding.
THE TADPOLE TAIL AS A MODEL FOR DECOMPRESSION STUDIES
Authors: Gooden BA
Published: November 2007

The tail of the tadpole of Litoria etoingi (Anura. Hylidae) has been used to visualise directly the growth and reabsorption of gas bubbles in living tissue following decompression. Intravascular bubbles were observed to move along the vascular arcades of the transparent tail fins after rapid decompression from 600 pounds per square inch. Some blood vessels became so distended with gas that they ruptured at intervals along their length mid the bubbles extended into the extravascular tissue. It is therefore suggested that this preparation provides a useful model for studies on the effects of rapid decompression.
EFFECT OF CYCLOLEUCINE AND PARACHLOROPHENYLALANINE ON PHENYLALANINE REABSORPTION IN THE RENAL TUBULE OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: Lines DR
Published: November 2007

As cycloleucine and parachlorophenylalanine are known to affect phenylalanine metabolism, their effect on renal tubular handling of a phenylalanine load was studied. The addition of either substance to an intravenous infusion of phenylalanine did not decrease renal tubular reabsorption of phenylalanine in the Rhesus monkey. However, both cycloleucine and parachlorophenylalanine increased glomerular filtration rate as measured by inulin clearance.
ROLE OF TRIGEMINAL, OLFACTORY, CAROTID SINUS AND AORTIC NERVES IN THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY RESPONSE TO NASAL INHALATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE AND OTHER IRRITANTS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: McRitchie RJ , White SW
Published: November 2007

The contributions of different afferent pathways to the reflex apnoea in expiration, mild hypertension and marked bradycardia evoked in unanaesthetized rabbits by nasal inhalation of cigarette smoke, formaldehyde, ammonia and benzene vapour were defined according to a factorial experimental design. Animals were used with (1) trigeminal nerve ablation, (2) olfactory bulb ablation, (3) total and selective section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, and (4) combinations of the above lesions. Trigeminal afferents are the primary source of the respiratory and circulatory disturbance. Olfactory afferents cannot initiate the respiratory and circulatory disturbance but weakly potentiate the apnoea induced by trigeminal stimulation. Arterial baroreceptor mechanisms contribute to the evoked bradycardia. Arterial chemoreceptor mechanisms do not contribute to the circulatory effects, but act to terminate the induced apnoea.
OVINE PROINSULIN – IDENTIFICATION AND IMMUNOLOGICAL SIMILARITY TO BOVINE PROINSULIN
Authors: Ellis M Jane , Donald RA , Arcus AC , Livesey JH
Published: November 2007

Ovine proinsulin has been partially purified and characterised and shown to be immunologically similar to bovine proinsulin.

Gel filtration of ovine insulin crystals followed by insulin radioimmunoassay of the effluent fractions indicated a small peak of insulin immunoreactivity characterised by a higher molecular weight than insulin. This material co‐eluted with porcine proinsulin tracer when refiltered on Sephadex, and on poly‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis was shown to contain a protein component corresponding to porcine proinsulin.

Tryptic digestion converted both the immunoreactivity and the radioactivity of 125 I‐labelled crude ovine proinsulin from the proinsulin to the insulin elution position on Sephadex. Following reduction of the disulphide bonds with dithiothreitol, the labelled material partially retained a single‐chain form as expected for proinsulin, but showed some of the cleavage characteristics of insulin or insulin‐like conversion intermediates.

In a specific bovine proinsulin radioimmunoassay, the crude ovine proinsulin exhibited parallelism and considerable cross‐reactivity whereas ovine insulin and porcine proinsulin showed little cross‐reaction.

These results suggest that there is an insulin precursor, proinsulin, in sheep as reported in other species. Furthermore, the immunological properties of ovine proinsulin imply that its molecular structure is more closely related to that of bovine proinsulin than porcine proinsulin.
THE INFLUENCE OF REPLACING SODIUM BY POTASSIUM IONS ON UPTAKE OF NORADRENALINE IN THE RABBIT EAR ARTERY
Authors: Waterson JG , De La Lande IS
Published: November 2007

The uptake of exogenous noradrenaline into sympathetic nerves in the rabbit ear artery was demonstrated readily when sodium ions were present in the perfusion fluid but not when the sodium was replaced by potassium. The findings are discussed in relation to the potentiating action of cocaine on responses of the artery to noradrenaline.
ACTIVATION OF THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES FROM CONGENITALLY ATHYMIC “NUDE” MICE BY MITOGENIC STIMULI IN VITRO
Authors: Kearney JF , Reade PC
Published: November 2007

Thoracic duct lymphocytes from congenitally athymic “nude” mice were used as a source of B‐lymphocytes in a study of the activation of B‐cells by various mitogenic stimuli.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide produced a response in the “nude” lymphocyte population which was equivalent to that obtained with thoracic duct lymphocytes from normal littermates. The mitogens concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and the mixed lymphocyte reaction produced a poor response in “nude” mouse thoracic duct lymphocytes while pokeweed mitogen which has been shown to activate both T‐ and B‐cells in other systems showed very little stimulatory activity on this relatively pure population of B‐lymphocytes.
THE KINETICS OF MOUSE THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION BY MITOGENS IN VITRO
Authors: Kearney JF , Reade PC
Published: November 2007

Mouse thoracic duct lymphocytes responded vigorously to the mitogens phytohaemaeglutimn, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in a dialysis membrane culture system. Characteristic responses were induced by each mitogen in this population of lymphocytes as observed by light microscope autoradiography and tritiated thymidine uptake. The kinetics of these responses were dependent on mitogen concentration.

The T‐cell activating mitogens, phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, produced the most marked lymphocyte activation, while pokeweed mitogen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide produced a lesser response. The differentiation of thoracic duct lymphocytes to plasmacytoid cells was noted in cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen.
THE ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF FIRST‐SET ALLOGRAFT RESPONSES BY RECIRCULATING SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT
Authors: Dorsch Susan , Roser B
Published: November 2007

While the immunological competence of recirculating, small lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph is well documented, there is no unequivocal evidence that these are the cells which mediate the rejection of first‐set allografts in vivo. This evidence was sought by assaying the capacity of thoracic duct lymphocytes from normal donors to adoptively restore primary skin allograft responses to recipients in which these responses had been suppressed by irradiation. It was found that 30 million thoracic duct lymphocytes were sufficient to restore rejection of allogeneic skin with a normal first‐set tempo. The cell type responsible was identified as the recirculating small lymphocyte by showing that those cells which migrated from blood to lymph in heavily irradiated syngeneic rats were equally competent to restore first‐set allograft responses. The specificity of this restoration was shown using thoracic duct lymphocytes from tolerant donors which restored activity against third party allo‐antigens but not against antigens of the strain to which the donor was tolerant. These results establish that recirculating small lymphocytes mediate the destruction of first‐set allografted tissue in vivo.
ERYTHROCYTIC GALACTOKINASE ACTIVITY IN NEONATAL AND ADULT BLOOD FROM VARIOUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES
Authors: Harley JD , Irvine Susan , Gupta JD
Published: November 2007

Wide variation exists between various mammalian species with regard to erythrocytic galactokinase activity. In man, the galactokinase activity is approximately double in neonatal than adult erythrocytes, suggesting the possibility that activity of this enzyme may be stimulated as a result of exposure of the human foetus to galactose during pregnancy. However, no consistent pattern emerged from testing various other mammalian species, in that the mean neonatal and adult erythrocytic galactokinase ratio ranged from 0·73 in guinea‐pigs to 3·77 in rats. While the wide variations observed in both neonatal and adult erythrocytes remain unexplained, the high neonatal: adult ratio of erythrocytic galactokinase activity observed in humans and rats may reflect an evolutionary process of adaptation to post‐natal exposure in two species known to be susceptible to galactose cataractogenesis.
THE DERMAL RESPONSE TO KILLED AND VIABLE ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC CELLS IN THE DUCK
Authors: Bell RG
Published: November 2007

The response which followed the subcutaneous injection of allogeneic or xenogeneic cells into the duck was followed by measuring increases in skin thickness at the site over a period of 5‐7 days. It was shown that killing of allogeneic lymphoid cells with peroxide abrogates the local swelling that untreated cells produce. Xenogeneic lymphoid or non‐lymphoid cells also produced strong local reactions in the skin, but these reactions were not influenced by killing of these cell types with peroxide.

It was suggested that the basis for the reactivity to allogeneic and xenogeneic cells in the duck was different, the former relying on an interaction of host tissue elements with donor lymphoid cells for which the viability of donor cells was a pre‐requisite. The latter response, however, represented a recognition of, and a response to, the antigens presented by xenogeneic cells. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the duck has the capacity to respond peripherally to antigenic challenge.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Schlegel RA
Published: November 2007

The response to the hapten NIP (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid) presented on the carrier POL (polymerised bacterial flagellin) in culture was found to be basically similar to the response in vivo. Primary immunisation gave unusual kinetics, peaking at 3 days, whereas a secondary response gave a normal peak at 4‐5 days. The primary response was exclusively IgM, whereas the secondary response was exclusively IgM, exclusively IgG or a combination of the two, depending on the priming protocol.

Studies with athymic mice and anti‐θ treated T cells demonstrated that a primary IgM response could be obtained in the absence of T cells, although the presence of T cells in vitro did appear to enhance the response. The IgG response was totally dependent on T cells. The addition of in vivo flagellin‐primed T cells produced effective collaboration with NIP‐primed B cells in the production of an IgG response.

Addition of β‐mercaptoethanol to the culture medium failed to enhance either the primary IgM or secondary IgG response to NIP‐POL.

The cell dose response curve of unprimed cells was non‐linear under normal conditions, but could be made linear by the addition of irradiated cells to produce a constant number of cells per culture. The antigen dose response curve gave a sharp optimum, with no significant difference between primed and unprimed cells.
CELL PROLIFERATION KINETICS OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS ERYTHROID SPLEEN COLONIES IN LETHALLY IRRADIATED MICE
Authors: Hasthorpe Suzanne , Hodgson GS
Published: November 2007

Two types of spleen colony formation have been compared with respect to the kinetics of erythroid cells. Endogenous colonies were obtained using phenylhydrazine treatment followed by lethal total body irradiation and exogenous colonies derived from normal bone marrow transplanted into irradiated animals. Individual colonies of both endogenous and exogenous types were scored for 3HTdR labelling index (LI), mitotic index (MI) and vincristine mitotic accumulation. Then; was no significant difference in kinetic behaviour of erythmid colonies in the endogenous compared with the exogenous situation.

Erythroid colonies from both endogenous and exogenous sources were classified into three separate groups, “early”, “intermediate” and “late” on the basis of their morphological appearance. When this classification was later taken into account there were no differences in kinetic behaviour between “early”, “intermediate” and “late” colonies of endogenous as compared to the respective classes of exogenous colonies. Labelling indices of “early”, “intermediate” and “late” colonies fell into three distinct groups having mean corrected labelling indices of approximately 75%, 63% and 47%, respectively. The mean nuclear diameter of cells in “early” colonies was significantly greater than of cells in “intermediate” and “late” colonies, cells of the latter two having similar mean nuclear diameters.

The only significant difference observed between the endogenous and exogenous colonies was that the erythroid to granulocytic colony ratio was considerably higher for endogenous colonies. This may be attributed to the presence of an environment more favourable to erythroid development in spleens of mice which have haemolytic anaemia.
SUBSURFACE LOCATION OF NON‐AGGLUTINATING ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS (SEROTYPE BIFLEXA)
Authors: Graves S , Faine S
Published: November 2007

Neither monoprecipitin rabbit antiserum against precipitating antigen ‘d’ nor ‘e’ of Leptospira interrogans (serotype biflexa) would agglutinate whole leptospires, even at very low antiserum dilution.

By means of antibody fluorescent labelling and anti‐globulin cross‐linking techniques, antigen ‘d’ and ‘e’ were shown to be subsurface in cellular location.
RELATIVE SPECIFICITIES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS REACTING WITH AXIAL FILAMENT ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Chang Annabella , Faine S
Published: November 2007

Four different antisera to different serotypes of Leptospira interrogans (Pyrogenes zanoni, Ballum castelloni Castellan 3, Autumnalis rachmati Rachmat, Autumnalis djasiman Djasiman) were fractionated by DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to separate the γM and γG components reacting as precipitins in gels with axial filament preparations.

Cross‐reactions of whole antiserum and of immunoglobulin fractions showed that the order of increasing specificity was whole serum and γM, slow γG and fast γG.
THE EFFECTS OF MENTAL ARITHMETIC ON HAND BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Ludbrook J , Vincent Annette H
Published: November 2007

The effects of mental arithmetic on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, hand blood flow and resistance to hand blood flow have been tested. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure always increased. In cool conditions, when resting hand blood flow was less than 4·9 ml/100 ml/min, mental arithmetic caused no change in resistance to hand blood flow. Under warm conditions, when resting hand blood flow was greater than 4·9 ml/100 ml/min, mental arithmetic caused a sustained rise in resistance to blood flow in the hand.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE RESPONSE OF NORMAL AND LEUKAEMIC LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Shaw JM , Hagon EE , Vincent PC , Gunz FW
Published: November 2007

The dose response curves of purified normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes to highly purified phytohaemagglutinin in 3‐ and 6‐day cultures have been defined.

Normal lymphocytes cultured for 3 days were maximally stimulated by low concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin, in the range 0·4 to 1·4 μg phyto‐haemagglutinin/106 cells/ml. Higher concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin caused no further stimulation.

Normal lymphocytes cultured for 6 days showed a progressively greater response to increasing concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin up to 15 μg phytohaemagglutinin/106 cells/ml.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes responded subnormally to all ranges of phytohaemagglutinin concentrations tested, in both 3‐ and 6‐day cultures. The shape of the dose response curve resembled the normal curve in 2 of 5 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes studied in 3‐day cultures, and in all 7 cases studied in 6‐day cultures. No evidence could be adduced of a consistently greater response of chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes in 6‐day compared with 3‐day cultures.

Five hours’ exposure of normal lymphocytes to an optimum phytohaemagglutinin dose did not result in maximum H3‐thymidine incorporation after 3 days in culture.
THE ORIGIN OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN INTESTINAL SECRETION OF SHEEP
Authors: Cripps AW , Husband AJ , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

Studies were made on the origin and mechanism of transfer of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM into the secretion of isolated loops of jejunum of unanaesthetized sheep. IgA was the major immunoglobulin in intestinal secretion, although considerable quantities of IgG1 and IgG2 were also present. Secretion: serum radioactivity ratios for IgG1 and IgG2 were similar, indicating that they were transferred into intestinal secretion with equal facility. Specific radioactivities of the various immunoglobulins in serum and secretion were compared and the results suggested that all the IgG2 and most of the IgG1 were derived from blood plasma, whereas only a trivial amount of the IgA was plasma‐derived. The slow equilibration of IgM, together with its relatively short biological ‘half‐life', prevented accurate assessment of plasma contribution of this immunoglobulin.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. CHARACTERISATION OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES OF NORMAL AND ATHYMIC MICE TO THE HAPTEN 4‐HYDROXY‐3‐IODO‐5‐NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID PRESENTED ON THE CARRIER POLYMERISED BACTERIAL FLAGELLIN
Authors: Schlegel RA
Published: November 2007

The hapten 4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid (NIP) has been coupled to polymerised bacterial flagellin (POL) to produce a linear array of repetitive antigenic determinants. The kinetics and nature of the immune response to this antigen have been studied in normal and athymic nude mice.

The primary immune response by normal mice involved exclusively IgM antibody‐forming cells (AFC), whereas the response by normal mice primed to the NIP determinant consisted of IgG as well as IgM AFC. Both the primary and secondary IgM responses by nude mice were unimpaired, whereas the IgG response was absent, indicating that thymus derived (T) lymphocytes were not necessary for complete expression of the IgM response but were essential for the production of an IgG response.

The kinetics of the primary IgM response in normal as well as nude mice were unusual, giving a peak at 3 rather than 4‐5 days and giving a cycling response after the initial decline. However, the kinetics of the IgM response in both normal and nude NIP‐primed mice were normal with a peak at 4‐5 days. This suggests that the primary response to NIP‐POL may be the characteristic response of true “virgin” AFC‐progenitors rather than the response of pre‐immunised AFC‐progenitors.
COMPARISON OF BIOREACTIVE AND IMMUNOREACTIVE GASTRIN
Authors: Hansky J , Royle JP , Korman MG
Published: November 2007

Fasting serum gastrin has been compared by radioimmunoassay and a rat bioassay in normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, pernicious anaemia and Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome.

Although the level of sensitivity of the bioassay was at least 5,000 times less than that of the immunoassay, all patients with Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome and 12 of 17 patients with duodenal ulcer showed a positive response in the rat bioassay. By contrast. 1 of 13 patients with pernicious anaemia showed a positive rat bioassay despite significantly raised levels of immunoreaetive gastrin, similar to those found in the Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome.

The finding of positive bioassayable gastrin in the patients with duodenal ulcer and Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome thus suggests the presence of “gastrin‐like” material or other gastric acid stimulants which are not measured by the radioimmunoassay. The negative bioassay results in the group with pernicious anaemia suggest that this additional “gastrin‐like” material, present in the duodenal ulcer and Zollinger‐Ellison patients, is not present in pernicious anaemia.
ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISMS IN THE INTESTINE
Authors: Knop Jürgen , Rowley Derrick
Published: November 2007

The elimination of 32‐P‐labelled V. cholerae 569B from the gastrtointestinal tract of infant mice (6‐day‐old) and the role of passively administered antibacterial antibody in this process have been studied. Whereas infant mice removed the oral inoculum to some degree by the same mechanisms found in adult mice, antibody treatment of the bacteria increased the efficiency of these considerably. Antibody sensitization led to a more rapid mechanical removal of the organisms from the small intestine and the bacteria remaining in the intestine were killed more efficiently.
IRON AND ANAEMIA IN THE NEONATAL MOUSE
Authors: Loh TT
Published: November 2007

The relationship between changes in the blood picture and iron metabolism in the neonatal mouse, from birth to 20 days of age, was studied. From the time of birth the haemoglobin, haematocrit and erythrocyte count dropped and reached their lowest values on day 5. The values then increased rapidly to exceed the day 0 values between 10 and 15 days of age. This phenomenon is analogous to the ‘neonatal anaemia’ cited in other newborn mammals, and it has been suggested to be an iron‐deficiency anaemia. As reflected by the negligible increase in body iron over the first 5 days, a poor dietary source could be one of the contributing factors. This condition is further accentuated by the animal's inability to utilize dietary iron effectively for erythropoiesis. Other factors such as shortened erythrocyte survival and haemodilution may also have been involved. The erythrocytes were macrocytic at birth but gradually became normocytic as the mouse grew older.
EVIDENCE FOR RECOMBINATION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT IMMUNOLOGICAL TYPES OF FOOT‐AND‐MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Mackenzie JS , Slade WR
Published: November 2007

Recombination was observed between temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants of two immunological types of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus which were distinguishable by two marker characteristics in addition to their antigenic type. Putative ts+ recombinants were isolated and the segregation patterns of their marker characteristics examined. The results are discussed in terms of the origin of new sub‐type strains.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: von Boehmer Harald , Shortman Ken
Published: November 2007

Equilibrium density separation on continuous albumin gradients was used to separate and characterise the T cells responding by proliferation to both syngeneic and allogeneic stimulating cells in the one‐way mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR). In CBA mouse spleen both light and dense T cells were capable of responding in an allogeneic MLR. No T cells responding to stimulation by syngeneic B lymphocytes could be isolated from adult or 7‐day CBA mouse spleen. In adult CBA mouse thymus, cells responding to allogeneic stimuli were enriched in the light density region, along with the low θ sub‐population. Self‐reactive cells, responding with proliferation when cultured with syngeneic adult CBA splenic lymphocytes, and found in adult and 4‐day CBA mouse thymus, were also enriched in the light density zones. However, in adult thymus syngeneic MLR reactivity was also found in the dense zones, and the density distribution profiles of total syngeneic MLR responding cells revealed a series of peaks extending over the whole density range. It was suggested that these syngeneic MLR responders undergo a complete maturation process, including progressive density increases, within the thymus gland. Such a sterile differentiation pathway could be a censorship process, leading to death of self‐reactive cells within the thymus.
ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM: STUDIES OF THE SPECIFICITY OF THE ROSETTE‐INHIBITING ANTIBODY IN RABBIT ANTI‐MOUSE ALS
Authors: Morton H , Hegh V , Clunie GJA
Published: November 2007

In an investigation into the characteristics of the rosette‐inhibiting antibody of antilymphocyte serum (ALS), rabbit anti‐mouse ALS were assayed for antibodies against lymphoid cells from the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus of Quackenbush (Q) mice, and against spleen cells from athymic nude mice. The lymphagglutinating and lymphocytotoxic titres were similar with both Q and nude cells, and the titres showed no significant correlation with skin graft survival times in mice receiving the corresponding ALS. A significant depletion of peripheral blood lymphocytes occurred in animals receiving both an immunosuppressive and a non‐immunosuppressive ALS, suggesting that the antibodies involved in this depletion are not significant in determining the immunosuppressive activity of ALS.

In contrast, the rosette inhibition titres showed a significant correlation with graft survival times in the results obtained in tests using Q spleen, lymph node and thymus cells. No inhibition of rosette formation was obtained when using nude spleen cells. However, the numbers of spontaneous rosettes formed by both the mixed B and T cell populations from Q spleen were not significantly different from the numbers formed by the largely B cell population from nude spleen.

These results confirm that the antibodies of ALS which are responsible for both the in vitro inhibition of spontaneous rosette function and the in vivo suppression of graft rejection are specifically directed against a T cell population, and it is suggested that the antibodies are related if not identical.
SUPPRESSOR CELLS IN HOMOGRAFT TOLERANT RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

If sufficient normal syngeneic lymphocytes to effect skin graft rejection are transferred to homograft tolerant rats, a prolonged period elapses before lymphoid cells from the recipient acquire normal levels of GvH responsiveness against tissues of which the donor was previously tolerant (Silvers and Billingham, 1970; Elkins, 1972; Miyamoto and McCullagh, 1974). Although the ability of lymphoid populations of such animals to mount GvH reactions can be demonstrated to reside in donor type cells during the weeks immediately after transfer, reactive cells are ultimately derived from the host itself (Elkins, 1973; Miyamoto and McCullagh, 1974). Not only are lymphoid cells from tolerant rats which have been injected recently with normal lymphocytes poorly responsive in a GvH assay, but they have been observed in some experiments to suppress the GvH activity of normal syngeneic lymphoid cells (Elkins, 1972; Atkins and Ford, 1972). It is not clear whether the cells mediating suppression of the normal lymphocytes were derived from the tolerant host itself or, alternatively, from the normal lymphocytes injected into it to terminate the tolerant state.

The present experiments sought to delineate the origin of any suppressor cells within populations of lymphocytes collected from rats in which tolerance had recently been terminated. They indicate that suppression of the normal donor cells within such populations may be exerted by cells derived from the tolerant host.
THE LOCALISATION OF SORBITOL PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN THE RAT RENAL CORTEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE RENAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Hutton JC , Schofield PJ , Williams JF , Hollows FC
Published: November 2007

A series of in vivo and in vitro investigations was performed to examine the localisation of sorbitol pathway activity in the rat renal cortex and to investigate the possible relation that the accumulation of sorbitol pathway intermediates in renal cortical tissue may have to the pathogenesis of renal complications in diabetes mellitus.

Neither of the sorbitol pathway intermediates, sorbitol or fructose, were detected either in intact glomeruli which had been isolated from rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin, or in metabolically active glomeruli which had been incubated in vitro in high glucose media. Such data agreed with previously published observations that the enzyme aldose reductase is not present in renal glomeruli, and suggested that changes in sorbitol pathway activity cannot be directly related to the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

Sorbitol was detected in low concentrations (3·1 μmol/g protein) in cortical tubules which had been isolated from the renal cortex of rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin. This concentration of sorbitol was higher than that in the intact renal cortex of the diabetic animal (0·3 μmol/g protein) or in the cortical tubules of non‐diabetic animals (0·5 μmol/g protein). It is apparent that the renal cortical tubule is a major site of sorbitol pathway activity in the renal cortex. However, there is presently no obvious causal relationship between the accumulation of such relatively low concentrations of sorbitol in the renal cortical tubule and the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis or cortical tubular lesions in diabetes.
THE ROLE OF CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN IN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3)
Authors: Hamilton John W , Holdsworth Eric S
Published: November 2007

A role has been sought for the calcium binding protein (CaBP) which is synthesised de novo after giving cholecalciferol (CC, vitamin D3) to rachitic chicks. After homogenation of mucosal cells in sucrose media, the CaBP was found in the 78,000 × g supernatant. Therefore, the CaBP is either present in the cytoplasm or in some labile membrane structure, e.g. the microvilli, that is disrupted by homogenation. This intracellular CaBP may facilitate diffusion of Ca into intestinal cells. No secretion of CaBP into the lumen could be detected nor did excess CaBP placed in the lumen increase Ca absorption of rachitic chicks.

The mitochondria of duodenal mucosal cells contained most of the Ca being translocated by the small intestine. CaBP caused release of Ca already present in mitochondria and diminished Ca uptake by mitochondria and it appeared to do this by increasing the rate of Ca flux across the mitochondrial membrane. This would explain the greater “turnover” of Ca in mucosal cells of cholecalciferol‐treated chicks. These and previous findings have been used to propose a scheme for the effect of cholecalciferol on Ca transport from the small intestine.