bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: ISAACSON P.G. , MACLENNAN K.A. , SUBBUSWAMY S.G.
Published: April 2007

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP) is a distinctive type of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma characterized by polypoid accumulations of lymphoma tissue involving long segments of the gastrointestinal tract. A study of four cases of MLP has shown a tendency for ileocaecal involvement and extra‐abdominal dissemination. The lymphoma is of centrocytic type and exhibits a nodular pattern of variable degree. Trapping of reactive follicle centres with replacement of their mantle zones is characteristic. Immunohistochemical studies show a high concentration of monotypic SIg demonstrable in both cryostat and paraffin sections together with the other features of malignant lymphoma, centrocytic. The histological features of MLP bear a close resemblance to those of intermediate cell and mantle zone lymphoma, as described by American workers, which suggests that these two conditions and malignant lymphoma, centrocytic, are the same entity. In the gastrointestinal tract malignant lymphoma, centrocytic, produces a characteristic classic clinicopathological picture (MLP). In view of its less favourable prognosis it is important to distinguish MLP from other primary gastrointestinal lymphomas of follicle centre cell origin.
Histopathology of erythromelalgia in thrombocythaemia
Authors: MICHIELS J.J. , ten KATE F.W.J. , VUZEVSKI V.D. , ABELS J.
Published: April 2007

Erythromelalgia always appears to be an expression of thrombocythaemia which may be provoked by intravascular platelet aggregation, because it is relieved by agents interfering with platelet prostaglandin synthesis. Biopsies were taken from affected areas 1–3 weeks after discontinuation of aspirin. At that time arteriolar changes were present: the endothelial cells were often swollen with large nuclei. Narrowing of the lumen occurred by proliferation of smooth muscle cells with vacuolisation and swelling of the cytoplasm and deposition of intercellular material. The internal elastic lamina appeared to be split between the proliferated cells. This gave rise to the appearances of fibromuscular intimal arteriolar proliferation which were often occluded by thrombi of differing age. Ultimately the arterioles become completely fibrosed. These vascular changes are restricted to arterioles, are partly reversible with aspirin treatment and seem to be a characteristic of erythromelalgia.
Renal oncocytoma: the incidence of 18 surgical and 12 autopsy cases
Authors: ALANEN K.A. , EKFORS T.O. , LIPASTI J.A. , NURMI M.J.
Published: April 2007

The material of 562 surgically removed renal cell carcinomas or adenomas was reviewed, and 18 tumours were diagnosed as renal oncocytomas. The incidence seemed to increase strikingly during recent years. Similarly, among 112 renal cell tumours from 8489 autopsies, 12 oncocytomas were found. Immunoperoxidase staining for α‐1‐antichymotrypsin was positive in all the tumours studied speaking for the origin from proximal tubular cells. All the tumours behaved in a benign fashion despite the large size and/or moderate histological atypia. The recognition of renal oncocytoma is urged, because its incidence seems to be increasing, and the prognosis is much better than that of renal cell carcinoma.
Myxoid leiomyosarcoma
Authors: SALM R. , EVANS D.J.
Published: April 2007

A series of 13 myxoid leiomyosarcomas (LS) is presented. Seven were from genital and six from extragenital sites and most tumours were large. The myxoid matrix in some tumours separated individual tumour cells; occasionally the myxoid areas were trabecular in shape, resulting in a plexiform tumour pattern; in other tumours there were many closely spaced small mucoid pools which produced a pseudoglandular pattern; in one tumour the pools were large and confluent, and macroscopically evident as gelatinous areas. Four patients who were followed up and whose tumours had shown an absent or very low mitotic rate, nevertheless developed recurrences or metastases; hence a low mitotic count was an unreliable prognostic criterion. The myxoid LS studied did not differ in clinical behaviour and prognosis from the more common solid counterparts. Myxoid LS should be included in the differential diagnosis of any myxoid malignant soft tissue tumour.
Ultrastructural observations on sinusoidal endothelial cells in chronic active hepatitis
Authors: BARDADIN K.A. , DESMET V.J.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructurat features of 12 liver biopsies from patients with chronic active hepatitis were studied, particular attention being paid to endothelial cells. In areas of piecemeal necrosis and parenchymal inflammation sinusoidal endothelial cells show swelling of the cytoplasm, protrusion of the cell body into the sinusoidal lumen, increase in micropinocytotic vesicles and appearance of numerous dense bodies. This cell type is termed ‘active endothelial cell. Subsequent changes include enlargement of the Golgi complex, increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasmic processes with concomitant decrease of dense bodies, appearance of a fuzzy coat and formation of hemidesmosomes in close relationship to basement membrane‐like material and reticulin fibres in the space of Disse. The latter ultrastructural characteristics correspond to those of ‘fibroblastic reticulum cells’ described in lymph nodes. Active endothelial cells and fibroblastic reticulum cells may play a protective role in liver parenchymal inflammation by reducing the accessibility of noxious agents from the blood stream to liver parenchymal cells, and be crucial in the initiation of perisinusoidal fibrosis.
Tubular carcinoma of the breast. A long term follow‐up
Authors: CARSTENS P. H. B. , GFEENBERG R. A. , FRANCIS D. , LYON H.
Published: April 2007

The aim of this study is to provide a long‐term follow‐up of patients with tubular carcinoma and to investigate whether the separation of the mixed type of tubular carcinoma, tubular component more than 75%, from invasive ductal carcinoma with a major tubular component (ductal carcinoma MTC), tubular component 50 to 75%, is supported by long term follow‐up. For this study 388 consecutive breast carcinomas were selected from the files of the Department of Pathology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark for the years: 1956–59. Twenty tubular carcinomas were found and 16 ductal carcinomas MTC were also identified. For each patient with tubular carcinoma and ductal carcinoma MTC, two controls with ductal carcinoma NOS were selected. The patients in these four groups were followed until 1 April 1982. None of the patients were lost to follow‐up. Among the 20 patients with tubular carcinoma, 10 died within this period compared to 37 of the 40 controls. Of the 16 patients with ductal carcinoma MTC, 15 died compared to 29 of the 32 controls. The difference in Kaplan‐Meier survival curves between the tubular carcinomas and their controls is highly significant. There is no significant difference between ductal carcinomas MTC and their controls. These findings are not changed significantly when 5, 10, and 20 year survival rates are corrected for expected survival. This study demonstrates long‐term survival for patients with tubular carcinoma as compared to ductal carcinoma NOS. There is no difference in long‐term survival between ductal carcinoma MTC, tubular component between 50 and 75%, and ductal carcinoma NOS. It therefore seems appropriate to set 75% tubular component as a reasonable cut‐off point for the mixed type of tubular carcinoma.
Granular cell angiosarcoma of the skin: histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry of a newly recognized tumor
Authors: McWILLIAM L.J. , HARRIS M.
Published: April 2007

We report a unique angiosarcoma of the skin of the face in which a large part of the tumour was of granular cell appearance. Histologically the granular cells resembled those of conventional granular cell tumours. By electron microscopy the granules were identical to those of granular cell tumours but other features were lacking. Stains for vimentin and factor VIII related antigen were positive, but for S‐100 protein and CEA were negative. The occurrence of granular cell change in an angiosarcoma supports the view that granular cell tumours are histogenetically diverse.
A method of reporting radial invasion and surgical clearance of rectal carcinoma
Authors: CHAN K.W. , BOEY J. , WONG S.K.C.
Published: April 2007

Fifty rectal carcinomas resected during a 24‐month period were examined by whole‐mount giant sections. By light microscopy, the distance of maximal tumour invasion (penetration) into the bowel wall and the surgical clearance were measured by a new standardized method. The outer border of the muscularis propria and the line of surgical excision were used as the reference points. Preliminary results suggest that there is a significant inverse correlation between tumour penetration and radial surgical clearance. The adequacy of radial surgical clearance may affect the risk of local recurrence, and may prove useful as a prognostis indicator.
Primary neuroectodermal tumour of the testis
Authors: NISTAL M. , PANIAGUA R.
Published: April 2007

A 51‐year‐old male presented with metastasis of a small cell carcinoma of unknown origin in a right inguinal lymph node. Clinical and laboratory studies failed to locate the primary tumour. After three years, a swelling appeared in the right testis, which was removed. Histological examination revealed a proliferation of small tumour cells forming irregular masses or nests that occupied most of the testicular parenchyma. At the periphery of the testicular parenchyma a few seminiferous tubules could be observed, showing a low and incomplete seminiferous epithelium and numerous tumour cells in the lumen. Most of the tumour cells showed a euchromatic nucleus with small nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm. Among these cells, larger binutleate or trinucleate cells as well as small cells with pyicnotic nuclei were also observed. Mitoses were numerous. Electron microscopy revealed some tumour cells with 80 to 100 nm vesicles containing electron‐dense granules. Some cells displayed dendrite‐like prolongations with numerous intermediate filaments and electron‐dense vesicles. This tumour is compatible with a primary neuroectodermal tumour of the testis.
The relative prognostic significance of nucleolar morphometry in invasive ductal breast cancer
Authors: BAAK J.P.A.
Published: April 2007

In a group of 65 patients with invasive ductal breast cancer with adequate follow‐up for at least 5 years, the prognostic significance of nucleolar area morphometry was investigated. In general, non‐survivors have larger and more pleomorphic nucleoli. A value of the standard deviation of the nucleolar area above 2.49μm2 was almost exclusively found in non‐survivors. This is the more interesting because several of these patients had a low mitotic activity index and small tumours, some of these having negative lymph nodes. Without nucleolar morphometry these patients would have been included in a favourable prognosis group. Although the sensitivity of nucleolar morphometry is low, the method can be used as an additional prognostic indicator. This is more important as nucleoli can in principle be automatically measured with digital image processing computers.
Vascular changes in radiation bowel disease
Authors: HASLETON P. S. , CARR N. , SCHOFIELD P. F.
Published: April 2007

A series of 20 cases of radiation bowel disease (RBD) was studied qualitatively and the arterial changes were studied quantitatively. A control series of 45 cases was studied. In the control cases there were positive correlations between the medial thickness of all vessels studied and the diastolic blood pressure as well as the incidence of intimal fibrosis in both intramural and extramural arteries. The medial thickness in all the arteries in cases of RBD was significantly higher than in the controls. This was probably due to the large number of fibrin thrombi which increased the vascular resistance. The degree of intimal fibrosis of the intramural arteries and arterioles was significantly greater than in the controls. Similarly the incidence of intimal fibrosis in all arterioles and intramural arteries was greater than the control group. The degree of intimal fibrosis was related to the dose of radiation received. The effect of radiation was an on‐going process since the percentage of arterioles with intimal fibrosis increased with the time after radiotherapy. Blood pressure and age played no part in these correlations in RBD. The most consistently observed qualitative changes in RBD were in the arteries, arterioles and to a lesser extent the veins. These showed fibrin thrombi, fibrinoid necrosis, subendothelial oedema and fibrin. Various stages of healing were seen in the vessels. We believe that the blood vessels are the main site of injury in RBD and that the endothelial cell is the initial target for radiation damage.
The human spleen; a histological study in splenectomy specimens embedded in methylmethacrylate
Authors: VAN KRIEKEN J. H. J. M. , TE VELDE J. , KLEIVERDA K. , LEENHEERS‐BINNENDIJK L. , VAN DE VELDE C. J. H.
Published: April 2007

In a series of 316 surgically removed spleens, a histological and supportive immunohistological study was performed on methylmethacrylate sections. The structure of the human white and red pulp differs from the rat spleen in many respects, e.g. the human lacks the marginal sinus and the architecture of the periarteriolar lymph sheath seen in the rat. In man, the lymphoid compartment is in both white and red pulps. In the white pulp separate periarteriolar T‐cell areas contain a large lymph‐vessel plexus, which was reconstructed in serial sections. The circulation in the red pulp is discussed. The area between the red and white pulp, the perifollicular zone, is not the equivalent of the marginal sinus in the rat. Its anatomy in man suggests that it is an area formed from red pulp during the expansion of new follicles. The micro‐anatomy was analysed in 119 controls. In cases of traumatic rupture the white pulp showed evidence of stimulation. A pathognomonic histological picture was not found in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. In haemolytic anaemia the pulp cords were engorged by erythrocytes accompanied by a decreased B/T cell ratio in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and by an increased B/T cell ratio in congenital spherocytosis.
The lymph node in mycosis fungoides: a light and electron microscopy and immunohistological study supporting the Langerhans' cell‐retrovirus hypothesis
Authors: SLATER D. N. , ROONEY N. , BLEEHEN S. , HAMED A.
Published: April 2007

This paper describes the light and electron microscopy and monoclonal antibody findings in the lymph nodes of nine patients with mycosis fungoides. Four cases showed dermatopathic change characterized by close association between small convoluted T4 lymphocytes and T6 antigen‐presenting cells (Langerhans' and indeterminate dendritic cells) in the sinuses and paracortical zones. The T4:T8 ratio was between 3 and 5:1. One case showed dermatopathic change but included large convoluted T4 lymphocytes and occasional T10 lymphocytes. The T4:T8 ratio was 4:1. The antigen‐presenting cells were mostly T6 negative (interdigitating reticulum cells). One case showed extensive paracortical expansion by small and large convoluted T4 lymphocytes. The T4:T8 ratio was 20:1. Few B lymphocytes and antigen‐presenting cells were present. Two cases showed partial and one case total effacement by atypical lymphoid tissue. This included small and large convoluted T4 lymphocytes and T4 immunoblasts. The T4:T8 ratios were between 30 and 40:1. The changes in their antigen‐presenting cell population were complex. Langerhans' cells in one case generally failed to express T6 antigen and in two displayed histiocyte features. In one case, both immature and budding type C retrovirus‐like particles were identified in Langerhans cells. One extracellular mature type C virus‐like particle was identified in another case. No ultrastructural distinction could be made between similarly sized primary lysosomes and possible intracytoplasmic mature type C retrovirus particles. These findings support the hypothesis that mycosis fungoides may represent an altered dermatonodal cycle resulting from an interaction between retrovirus, Langerhans' cells and lymphocytes.
The distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in the kidney and its tumours
Authors: FLEMING S. , LINDOP G. B. M. , GIBSON A. A. M.
Published: April 2007

The distribution of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) in the kidney and its tumours has been studied using a polyclonal anti‐EMA antiserum and the immunoperoxidase‐antiperoxidase technique (PAP). Twelve fetal and 10 adult kidneys examined showed EMA to be confined to the distal tubular or their embryological precursors. The examination of 55 primary renal tumours showed EMA to be present on the epithelial tumours, on tubular epithelium in nephroblastoma, but not on mesenchymal tumour cells nor on undifferentiated areas of nephroblastoma.
Mesoblastic nephromas: a study of 29 tumours from the SIOP nephroblastoma file
Authors: SANDSTEDT B. , DELEMARRE J.F.M. , KRUL E.J. , TOURNADE M.F.
Published: April 2007

In a series of 889 Wilms' tumours we found 29 pure mesoblastic nephromas. The age of the patients varied from newborn to 22 months, but only five were older than four months. Two histologic types were recognized—leiomyomatous (9) and cellular (20) with a fibrohistiocytic appearance. The leiomyomatous type was almost invariably in stage I, smaller and present in younger infants. At operation half of the cellular type has ruptured or infiltrated the renal pelvis or perirenal tissue. Two patients died of postoperative complications. All others are alive after four years and free from disease.
Endocrine liver tumour differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: ØRGAARD T.N. , BARDRAM LINDA
Published: April 2007

A liver tumour, initially diagnosed by light microscopy as a hepatocellular carcinoma, was later shown to be endocrine by argyrophilia and electron microscopy. It was tested by immunohistochemistry for insulin, glucagon, gastrin, VIP, pancreatic polypeptide, glicentin, C‐peptide and somatostatin. A few cells were shown to contain somatostatin, but the secretion product in most of the cells was not identified. The patient is well, without any sign of endocrine disturbances, 18 months after the operation.
High‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast
Authors: HASTRUP N. , SEHESTED M.
Published: April 2007

A case of high‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast with a dominantly epidermoid component is presented. The tumour was biochemically oestrogen and progesterone receptor negative. Though the primary tumour was small (1 cm) and without axillary lymph node metastases at mastectomy, the clinical course was rapid. Despite radio‐, chemo‐ and hormonal therapy the patient died 25 months after mastectomy with widespread systemic disease. The metastatic pattern was that of typical breast carcinoma despite the unusual histological appearance of both primary and metastatic tumour tissue.
Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia I: observations before chemotherapy
Authors: ISLAM A. , CATOVSKY D. , GOLDMAN J. M. , GALTON D. A. G.
Published: April 2007

Pretreatment bone marrow trephine biopsy sections (BMB) from 34 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were studied in parallel with bone marrow aspiration smears and peripheral blood films. In four cases marrow aspiration was inadequate and in five cases it was unsatisfactory. In two other cases hypoplastic AML was diagnosed, the aspirate in one suggested hypercellularity and in another it was unsatisfactory. Trephine biopsy was superior to aspiration for the evaluation of fat and marrow cellularity, pattern and extent of blast cell infiltration, homogeneity of the leukaemic infiltrate, frequency of mitoses, residual haemopoietic activity and presence of inflammatory cells. Of the various features studied in the sections, the presence of an increased number of plasma cells and considerable myelodysplasia (MD) appeared to be unfavourable prognostic features. We conclude that trephine biopsies are essential for the diagnosis of hypoplastic AML and are most useful when marrow aspiration is either inadequate or unsatisfactory. They also provide additional information about the bone marrow changes in AML and suggest that some histological features may also have prognostic significance.
Post‐mortem investigation and quantification of coronary artery disease
Authors: THOMAS A. C. , DAVIES M. J.
Published: April 2007

The controversies that exist amongst patlologists about ischaemic heart disease result in part from the widespread use of non‐quantifiable techniques in examining the coronary artery tree. Such techniques are used because it is believed that there is no alternative method which does not involve an inordinate expenditure of time, money and effort. This paper describes procedures involving post‐mortem coronary angiography which may be used alone or in combination with histological examination to give an immediate, accurate and permanent record of coronary artery disease or allow a far more detailed quantitative investigation of coronary vasculature.
Dendritic cells in the dermal infiltrate of Sézary syndrome
Authors: ROMAGNOLI P. , MORETTI S. , FATTOROSSI A. , GIANNOTTI B.
Published: April 2007

The dermal infiltrates of four patients with the Sézary syndrome were studied by electron microscopy and the data were evaluated quantitatively. The nuclear contour index of lymphocytes was calculated, and many tumour cells had an index greater than 6.5. Dendritic cells were found in all cases. The dendritic cells contained smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, moderately well‐developed Golgi apparatus, scanty lysosomes and many thin and intermediate filaments; their surface was scalloped with numerous vesicles. Birbeck granules were not found in the cytoplasm of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells comprised 24% of infiltrating cells and were interspersed with lymphocytes; 75% of the lymphocytes were in contact with dendritic cells; 35% of the lymphocytes in contact with dendritic cells had a nuclear contour index higher than 6.5 and 76% had a nuclear contour index higher than 5. The data strongly suggest a functional relationship between lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the dermal infiltrate of Sézary syndrome. They are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the disease is a consequence of chronic immune stimulation.
Fibrinogen inclusions in liver cells: a new type of ground‐glass hepatocyte. Immune light and electron microscopic characterization
Authors: CALLEA F. , DE VOS R. , TOGNI R. , TARDANICO R. , VANSTAPEL M. J. , DESMET V. J.
Published: April 2007

A new type of ground‐glass hepatocyte is described. The appearance is due to pale, homogeneous, weakly eosinophilic inclusions filling a portion of or the entire hepatocytic cytoplasm. On haematoyxlin and eosin stained sections, these cells closely resemble ground‐glass hepatocytes described in other conditions. However, they are negative on special stains for HBsAg and on PAS staining. Immunohistochemically, they reveal a selective and exclusive positivity for fibrinogen. On electron microscopy, the immunoreactive fibrinogen appears as amorphous, fluffy or granular material within dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This finding suggests intracellular storage possibly reflecting a defective intracellular transport of fibrinogen.
Soft tissue chondroma—a study of 15 tumours
Authors: HUMPHREYS S. , PAMBAKIAN H. , McKEE P.H. , FLETCHER C.D.M.
Published: April 2007

Fifteen cases of soft tissue chondroma have been reviewed. This lesion shows an equal sex incidence and occurs predominantly in middle‐aged individuals. The majority arise in the hands and feet. Histologically these tumours are largely composed of adult‐type hyaline cartilage, but in all cases foci show nuclear atypia and pleomorphism. In cartilaginous lesions of the axial skeleton or large limb bones this would probably have led to a diagnosis of well differentiated chondrosarcoma. Despite these worrying features none of the seven cases for which follow‐up information is available recurred. The importance of recognizing the benign nature of these little‐known tumours is stressed. The differential diagnosis of soft tissue cartilaginous tumours is briefly discussed.
Immunocytochemical detection of basement membrane antigens in the histopathological evaluation of laryngeal dysplasia and neoplasia
Authors: VISSER R. , VAN DER BEEK J.M.H. , HAVENITH M.G. , CLEUTJENS J.P.M. , BOSMAN F.T.
Published: April 2007

Immunocytochemical detection of intrinsic components of the basement membrane (type IV collagen and laminin) was performed in biopsies of carcinoma in situ, dysplasia and hyperplasia of the laryngeal mucosa. We found a distinct and continuous basement membrane, containing both laminin and type IV collagen, at the border between epithelial cells and mesenchymal stroma in normal as well as in hyperplastic and dysplastic mucosa. In contrast, irregular discontinuities were found in some cases of carcinoma in situ and in invasive carcinoma. In addition, immunoreactivity for intracytoplasmic basement membrane components was noticed occasionally in neoplastic epithelial cells. In areas of inflammation, infiltration of leucocytes into the epithelium was occasionally accompanied by sharply defined small interruptions of the basement membrane. Our results indicate that immunohistochemical detection of basement membrane components can be of value for the demonstration of microinvasive growth in laryngeal cancer.
Gangliorhabdomyosarcoma: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study of three cases
Authors: KODET R. , KASTHURI N. , MARSDEN H.B. , COAD N.A.G. , RAAFAT F.
Published: April 2007

A histopathological and immunoperoxidase study on three cases of genitourinary gangliorhabdomyosarcoma using a spectrum of conventional staining methods and antibodies against myoglobin, neuron‐specific enolase and S‐100 protein is presented. The results of the study have shown that differentiated myoblasts, ganglion cells and Schwann cells reacted positively with the particular antisera, but the majority of undifferentiated cells were negative. From the immunopathology results it was not possible to determine whether the undifferentiated cells were precursors of neural cells or myoblasts; the histological appearance resembled that of mesenchymal cells commonly seen in rhabdomyosarcomas. Theories concerning the origin of these tumours from neural crest ectomesenchyme or from neural crest and somitic mesenchyme are considered. Further study is needed to establish their histogenesis.
Peripheral T‐cell lymphomas: a clinicopathological and immunological study of 10 cases
Authors: VAN DER VALK P. , WILLEMZE R. , MEIJER C.J.L.M.
Published: April 2007

Diagnosis and classification of T‐cell lymphomas is notoriously difficult. Existing classification schemes are insufficient. Some clinicopathologically well defined T‐cell lymphomas exist (mycosis fungoides, Sézary's syndrome, and T‐lymphoblastic lymphomas) but the remaining tumours, frequently called peripheral T‐cell lymphomas, are a heterogeneous group, clinically, morphologically and immunologically. The data on 10 peripheral T‐cell lymphomas are presented and compared to data from the literature. Patients were elderly, had a high frequency of extranodal localizations (notably the skin 75%) and had a poor prognosis: five of 10 patients have died, median survival 22 months. Morphologically and immunophenotypically the group is very heterogeneous. The variety of blast cell morphology is emphasized. No correlations were found between immunophenotype and prognosis, or immunophenotype and morphology.
Comparison of Ulex europaeus I lectin binding and factor VIII‐related antigen as markers of vascular endothelium in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: STEPHENSON T.J. , GRIFFITHS D.W.R. , MILLS PATRICIA M.
Published: April 2007

Factor VIII‐related antigen (F VIII‐RAg), a well established marker for endothelial cells, and the lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA‐1), a newly described marker, were used in immunoperoxidase techniques to demonstrate endothelial cells in 30 follicular neoplasms of the thyroid and so to assist in detection of vascular invasion. Both endothelial cell markers made visible a greater number of instances of vascular invasion than were detected on routine elastic stains, but UEA‐1 lectin gave more reliable staining of endothelium lining large capsular veins and of blood vessels within the tumour than did F VIII‐RAg. In vessels completely occluded by tumour, examples of endothelial staining by UEA‐1 in the absence of F VIII‐RAg staining were found, but some such vessels appeared to lack surviving endothelial cells and in these no staining occurred. It is concluded that UEA‐1 lectin is a more reliable endothelial marker in this setting than F VIII‐RAg and may assist the demonstration of vascular invasion in these tumours.
Demonstration of vascular endothelium in thyroid carcinomas using Ulex europaeus I agglutinin
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐CÁMPORA R. , MONTERO C. , MARTINLACAVE I. , GALERA H.
Published: April 2007

The usefulness of using peroxidase‐labelled Ulex europaeus agglutinin I for the staining of small vessels and capillaries in the capsule of thyroid tumours is demonstrated. With this procedure the scanning for small tumour deposits in those vessels and, consequently, the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid is facilitated.
Basement membrane proteins in the spleen: immunohistochemical demonstration and relation to reticulin
Authors: APAJA‐SARKKINEN M. , ALAVAIKKO M. , KARTTUNEN T. , AUTIO‐HARMAINEN HELENA
Published: April 2007

In the present study imunohistochemical staining has shown that the ring fibres of the human spleen contain the major basement membrane components, type IV collagen and laminin. The superiority of immunohistochemical methods in demonstrating basement membrane material in the spleen is emphasized. The results are compared with the demonstration of reticular fibres by Gomori's reticulin stain. The findings provide further information about the relationship between basement membrane material and reticular fibres in human spleen. The nature of splenic ring fibres is discussed in the light of the scientific literature.
The ultrastructure of medullary, atypical medullary and non‐medullary carcinomas of the breast
Authors: HARRIS M. , LESSELLS A.M.
Published: April 2007

Three medullary, eight atypical medullary and four non‐medullary carcinomas of the breast were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Detailed comparison of a number of structural, cytoplasmic and nuclear features failed to confirm previous suggestions that medullary carcinoma cells have a distinctive ultrastructure. Electron microscopy is thus unlikely to be useful in the differential diagnosis of the tumours, nor does it suggest a basis for the good prognosis of medullary carcinoma.
Sclerosing haemangiomas of the lung
Authors: SPENCER H. , NAMBU S.
Published: April 2007

A series of 29 pulmonary sclerosing haemangiomas is analysed. Included is one case with multiple tumours and another with metastatic growth in a hilar lymph node. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies show that type 2 pneumocytes are an important constituent cell type though bronchial structures, tumorlets and angiomas also occur within these tumours. They are considered to be pulmonary hamartomas formed from distal lung structures. They are of slow growth and have been confused in the past with pulmonary histiocytomas and plasma cell granulomas.
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: FLETCHER C.D.M. , POWELL G. , McKEE P.H.
Published: April 2007

In reviewing a large series of soft tissue sarcomas, nine cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma have been retrieved. These tumours, which principally presented in middle‐aged adults, have been examined histochemically to determine the heteroglycan content of their myxoid matrix and immunohistochemically for the presence of S‐100 protein. The principal mucopolysaccharides identified were chondroitin‐4 and 6‐sulphate and keratan sulphate; each of the tumours was S‐100 positive. The relevance of these findings to the histogenesis and differential diagnosis of these uncommon neoplasms is discussed.
A case of eosinophilic meningo‐encephalitis accompanied by eosinophilic inflammation of the myenteric plexus in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: CALAME J.J. , VAN'T WOUT J. W. , VAN DIJK J.G. , BOTS G.TH.A.M.
Published: April 2007

A case of Hodgkin's disease with eosinophilia in the cerebrospinal fluid without blood eosinophilia is presented. An additional remarkable feature was the finding of eosinophilia in Auerbach's myenteric plexus. Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia is usually associated with blood eosinophilia and this is often caused by helminthic infections of the CNS. The finding of cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia without blood eosinophilia in any patient with Hodgkin's disease should point the physician to the possibility of a localization of tumour in the CNS.
Liver disease in pregnancy
Authors: ROLFES D. B. , ISHAK K. G.
Published: April 2007

The diseases which affect the liver in pregnancy can be subdivided into those which occur simultaneously with gestation and those which occur in the context of and exclusively during pregnancy. This review deals with the latter group and describes the histopathological features of acute fatty liver of pregnancy and liver disease in toxaemia of pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
Lymph‐node infarction and malignant lymphoma: a multicentre survey of European, English and American cases
Authors: MAURER R. , SCHMID U. , DAVIES J.D. , MAHY N.J. , STANSFELD A.G. , LUKES R.J.
Published: April 2007

A multicentre study of 51 cases of lymph‐node infarction seen in the 30‐year period 1956 to 1985 was conducted in order to assess both the short‐ and long‐term prognostic implications of the condition. In 14 cases malignant lymphoma was found synchronously with the infarct. Of the remaining 37 patients with apparently ‘benign’ lymph‐node infarction only six showed manifestations of malignant lymphoma in the follow‐up time studied (x=48 months; range 1‐156 months). These subsequent malignant lymphomas all occurred within 2 years of the lymph‐node infarction. A postal enquiry and collation of other cases in the medical literature indicates that a minority (26 of 81) have developed malignant lymphoma, and that these lymphomas, too, have all appeared within 2 years. Thorough examination of both the infarcted lymph nodes and others resected at the same time is mandatory in order to exclude concomitant or underlying malignant lymphoma. Two years after lymph‐node infarction the risk of malignant lymphoma is negligible.
Mediastinal large‐cell lymphoma of B‐type, with sclerosis: Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of eight cases
Authors: MENESTRINA F. , CHILOSI M. , BONETTI F. , LESTANI M. , SCARPA A. , NOVELLI P. , DOGLIONI C. , TODESCHINI G. , AMBROSETTI A. , FIORE‐DONATI L.
Published: April 2007

Eight cases of mediastinal non‐lymphoblastic large‐cell lymphoma have been studied by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. A common clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic pattern was identified. Six of eight cases proved to be of B‐cell origin by the expression of B‐associated antigens detected by specific monoclonal antibodies. Cells of large size with nuclei of varying morphology and a peculiar type of fine compartmentalizing fibrosis were observed in all specimens. Clinically the disease was characterized by the young age of the patients, primary mediastinal involvement, aggressive behaviour and spread to unusual sites (kidneys in four cases).

This seems to be a hitherto unrecognized entity in the field of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, often misdiagnosed because of location and a morphology uncommon for B‐cell malignancies. Immunohistochemical analysis on frozen tissue sections appears to be mandatory for a correct diagnosis. Nevertheless, this type of lymphoma could be suspected also on the basis of its peculiar clinicopathological characteristics.
Lobular cancerization: incidence and differential diagnosis with lobular carcinoma in situ of breast
Authors: KERNER H. , LICHTIG C.
Published: April 2007

A series of 120 breast biopsies and mastectomy specimens originally diagnosed as carcinoma was reviewed in order to emphasize the differences between lobular carcinoma in situ and cancerization of lobules. Criteria for differential diagnosis between the two types of lobular lesion are proposed. In the reviewed material 15 (12.5%) cases of lobular carcinoma in situ and 64 (53.3%) of lobular cancerization were found. The carcinoma in situ usually co‐existed with other types of breast carcinoma, such as intraductal carcinoma, cancerization and invasive carcinoma of different types.
Primitive neuroectodermal (neuroepithelial) tumour of soft tissue of the neck in a child: demonstration of neuronal and neuroglial differentiation
Authors: SHUANGSHOTI S.
Published: April 2007

A 4‐year‐old girl had a pathologically proven primitive neuroectodermal (neuroepithelial) tumour of soft tissue in the left posterolateral aspect of the neck. The neoplasm consisted of primitive neuroepithelial cells forming Homer Wright rosettes, mature ganglion cells and astrocytes. Astroglia were identified by localization of cytoplasmic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Striking similarity is noted between the current tumour and those found in the central nervous system, including cerebellar medulloblastomas. The diverse cellular elements of the present primitive neuroectodermal neoplasm suggest an origin of the tumour from the neuroectodermal component of an ectomesenchymal remnant of the neural crest. Differentiation of the neuroectodermal component of the neural crest into primitive neuroepithelial cells could result in the occurrence of a primitive neuroectodermal neoplasm which may further differentiate into neurons and neuroglia.
Histological changes in the genital tract in transsexual women following androgen therapy
Authors: MILLER N. , BÉDARD Y. C. , COOTER N. B. , SHAUL D. L.
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐two young women who desired sexual reassignment were treated with large doses of androgen for a period of 1 year or more, followed by total hysterectomy. Histological examination revealed marked atrophy of cervical epithelium which could mimic dysplasia, and variable degrees of endometrial atrophy. The ovaries showed occasional corpora lutea indicating that even in the face of long term androgen therapy, ovulation may occur.
Two unusual pathological reactions to nitrofurantoin: case reports
Authors: MAGEE F. , WRIGHT J. L. , CHAN N. , CURRIE W. , KARR G. , HOGG J. , THURLBECK W. M.
Published: April 2007

Idiosyncratic pulmonary reactions to nitrofurantoin are not unusual, often presenting as eosinophilic pneumonia. We report two cases of uncommon pathological reactions, one resembling a hypersensitivity pneumonitis and the other mimicking a giant cell interstitial pneumonia,
The preservation and loss of various non‐haematopoietic antigens in human post‐mortem tissues as demonstrated by monoclonal antibody immunohistological staining
Authors: KNUDSEN L. M. , PALLESEN G.
Published: April 2007

Immunohistological methods using monoclonal antibodies have proved to be valuable in the differentiation between cells of various origins. We have previously shown most leucocyte differentiation antigens to be very resistant to post‐mortem disintegration (Pallesen & Knudsen 1985). In the present study we have examined the preservation of several non‐haematopoietic antigens in tissue samples of human skin, kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, thyroid gland, uterine tissue, female breast and brain from 30 autopsies performed at specific intervals after death. Frozen tissue sections were stained using monoclonal antibodies and an immunoperoxidase method. A total of 17 monoclonal antibodies against various intermediate filament proveins, epithelial antigens, various hormones and factor VIII related antigen were tested. We found surprisingly good preservation and staining of tissue antigens—even 3 d after death—in all organs except pancreas. It is concluded that many tissue antigens are fairly resistant to post‐mortem disintegration and that immunohistology may be applied to diagnostic problems in human autopsy material.
T‐cell lymphoma: a morphological, histochemical and immunological study of nine Chinese cases
Authors: LIANG G‐Z. , ZHUANG H‐G. , LI W‐C. , GUO R‐Z.
Published: April 2007

Nine cases of T‐cell lymphoma presenting in the Guizhou province of China between 1982 and 1984 are reviewed. Seven of the patients were male; seven patients have died, the mean survival period being 22 months. The clinical features resembled those reported in Japanese cases, but skin lesions were absent. Histologically three cases were classified as of lymphoblastic type, three as pleomorphic cell type, two as clear cell type and one as immunoblastic‐lymphadenopathy‐like T‐cell type.
Giant vascular eccrine spiradenomas: a report of two cases with histology, immunohistology and electron microscopy
Authors: COTTON D.W.K. , SLATER D.N. , ROONEY N. , GOEPEL J.R. , MILLS P.M.
Published: April 2007

Two examples of a variant of benign spiradenoma are reported, both characterized by their large size and high degree of vascularity. The results of studies using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistology are described. The relationship of this unusual variant to other spiradenomas and their eccrine sweat gland origin is discussed. The possible misdiagnosis of this rare type of spiradenoma is emphasized.
Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney
Authors: FLEMING S. , LEWI H.J.E.
Published: April 2007

Six cases of renal epithelial neoplasms, which show atypical histological features previously described in cases of collecting duct carcinomas, are presented. The tumours were of a tubulo‐papillary architecture, arose in the renal medulla and showed prominent infiltrating tubules with an associated desmoplastic reaction. Atypical hyperplastic changes were present in the medullary collecting ducts in five cases.
Morphometric grading of squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: BARRY J.D. , SHARKEY F.E.
Published: April 2007

Histological grading of squamous cell carcinoma is subjective and suffers from poor observer reproducibility. We investigated the feasibility of quantifying histological differentiationviapoint counting, using both the degree of keratinization and a novel definition of differentiation that was based on architectural features of the tumour. Multiple recounts of 20 cases of human oral squamous cell carcinoma were performed at several magnifications (x100, x160 and x250). Six lines of human squamous cell carcinoma tumour lines were examined for changes in differentiation following transplantation to athymic nude mice. Observer reproducibility was extremely high for all recounts except at the highest magnification, where the tumour architecture may have been obscured. Of the human squamous cell carcinomas transplanted to nude mice, five of six tumour lines showed significant histological changes, most commonly toward decreased differentiation. The changes were usually present in the initial transplant and were similar to those we have reported for transplants of adenocarcinomas. We conclude that histological differentiation can be quantified in squamous cell carcinomas with a high degree of observer reproducibility, even in the absence of keratinization; the method employed is sufficiently sensitive to be applied to practical problems of biological significance.
Immunohistological demonstration of factors XIIIa and XIIIs in reactive and neoplastic fibroblastic and fibro‐histiocytic lesions
Authors: REID M.B. , GRAY C. , FEAR J.D. , BIRD C.C.
Published: April 2007

Factor XIII sub‐units a and s (XIII‐a and XIII‐b) have been localized previously in fibroblasts of the liver and in other tissues. An immunoperoxidase technique was used to localize these factors in benign and malignant fibroblastic and fibro‐histiocytic lesions. Positive staining was present in cells in almost all of the benign and fibro‐histiocytic lesions but was reduced in the malignant group. However, the pattern of staining was not sufficiently consistent to justify the use of the factors XIII as diagnostic markers in soft tissue neoplasia.
An analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the cytokeratin marker CAM 5.2 for epithelial tumours. Results of a study of 203 sarcomas, 50 carcinomas and 28 malignant melanomas
Authors: LEADER M. , PATEL J. , MAKIN C. , HENRY K.
Published: April 2007

Two hundred and three sarcomas, 40 carcinomas, 10 carcinomas with spindle cell features, 27 malignant melanomas and one spindle cell melanoma were examined using CAM 5.2, a monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin. This antibody which was prepared against colorectal carcinoma cells and which identifies low molecular weight intermediate filament cytokeratin proteins is suitable for use in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material. Seventeen of the 203 sarcomas showed positive staining. These included 15/21 synovial sarcomas, 1/5 epithelioid sarcomas and 1/18 malignant neural tumours. Five carcinosarcomas showed positive staining of their epithelial components but negative staining of their spindle cell components; three out of four pure spindle cell carcinomas stained positively; a metastasis from a spindle cell renal carcinoma was negative. A spindle cell thymoma also stained positively. Thirty‐seven of the 40 carcinomas stained positively; the three negative carcinomas were a squamous cell carcinoma, a renal cell carcinoma and an oat cell carcinoma. All malignant melanomas were negative. These results are compared with those of other workers and the sensitivity and specificity of CAM 5.2 as an epithelial marker is assessed.
Carney's triad: gastric leiomyosarcoma, pulmonary chondroma and extra‐adrenal paraganglioma in young females
Authors: RAAFAT F. , SALMAN W.D. , ROBERTS K. , INGRAM L. , REES R. , MANN J.R.
Published: April 2007

The case of a 13‐year‐old girl with a gastric leiomyosarcoma and a pulmonary osteochondroma is presented. The association of these two tumours and extra‐adrenal paraganglioma has been described as a triad by Carney. The patient is free of recurrence of the gastric tumour with no evidence of paraganglioma 10 months after the operation. To our knowledge this is the first case of the triad reported in the UK.
B‐and T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas with large multilobated cells: morphological, phenotypic and clinical heterogeneity
Authors: BARONI C.D. , PESCARMONA E. , CALOGERO A. , CASSANO A.M. , PEZZELLA F. , BARSOTTI P. , GALLO A. , RUCO L.P.
Published: April 2007

Ten cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, mainly composed of large multilobated cells, have been studied. Our results are consistent with the view that they represent a somewhat heterogeneous group of lymphoid tumours displaying different morphological, clinical and immunophenotypic features. In B‐cell type the large multilobated cells were histologically characterized by prominent nucleoli and distinctly basophilic cytoplasm whereas in the T‐cell type they had indistinct or small nucleoli and ill‐defined weakly eosinophilic cytoplasm. These difterential features between B‐ and T‐cell type were confirmed by electron microscopy. From a clinical standpoint B‐cell type was characterized by a constant involvement of lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and/or Waldeyer's ring); T‐cell type showed, on the contrary, a more frequent involvement of extra‐lymphoid sites (mainly bone and subcutaneous tissues). Our study provides some morphological features that may be helpful for a correct differential diagnosis in this heterogeneous group of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas.