bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allosterische Kinaseinhibitoren – Erwartungen und Chancen
Authors: Lu Xiaoyun , Smaill Jeff B. , Ding Ke
Published: December 2019

Wirkstoffe, die das Kinasesignal allosterisch hemmen, sind vielversprechend für die Suche nach hochselektiven Therapeutika. Die meisten allosterischen Kinasehemmer sind Typ‐III‐ oder Typ‐IV‐Inhibitoren, die gute Kinom‐Selektivität aufweisen, aber meist unselektiv für Subtypen innerhalb derselben Kinasefamilie sind. Kürzlich wurden allosterische Hemmstoffe entwickelt, die außerhalb der katalytischen Kinasedomäne hochselektiv für spezifische Kinasesubtypen binden. Wir stellen hier allosterische Hemmstoffe vor, die an die Pseudokinase‐Domäne von Pseudokinasen oder an die extrazelluläre Domäne von Rezeptortyrosin‐Kinasen binden. Daneben behandeln wir auch neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der allosterischen Kinaseinhibitoren, darunter Beispiele für PROTACs, beleuchten die Bindungsweisen bei jedem Inhibitortyp und diskutieren künftige Chancen in diesem Feld.
Incorporation of indolinospirooxazine on ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer to produce a intelligently temperature‐regulated nonwhite cool material
Authors: Xu Sheng , Qi Yanli , Zhang Jun
Published: December 2019

Cool materials that adjust cooling efficiency according to sunlight intensity are needed because people have different needs for cooling at different times. Several colors of commercial microencapsulated photochromic powder were melt blended with ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer in a two‐roll mill at 90 °C to prepare the photochromic films of corresponding colors. Pink photochromic films [the organic photochromic compound is indolinospirooxazine (NISO)] were selected to continue the following variable experiment due to its best performance in the indoor cooling test. The pink photochromic films change color as well as transmittance according to the intensity of sunlight, thereby achieving an intelligent cooling effect. A maximum decrease around 10 °C was observed in natural environment when the addition amount of pink photochromic powder reaches 2.0 phr under strong sunlight and all films did not show cooling effect under weak sunlight. This material can be covered on buildings to regulate the indoor temperature. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48887.
Enhanced function of chondrocytes in a chitosan‐based hydrogel to regenerate cartilage tissues by accelerating degradability of the hydrogel via a hydrolysable crosslinker
Authors: Ishikawa Shohei , Iijima Kazutoshi , Matsukuma Daisuke , Iijima Michihiro , Osawa Shigehito , Otsuka Hidenori
Published: December 2019

Chitosan‐based hydrogels as scaffolds for culturing chondrocytes were prepared using linkers with and without hydrolysable poly(dl‐lactide) (PLA) segments. The evaluation of the cultured chondrocytes in them indicated that the accelerated degradation of the hydrogel via hydrolysis of the PLA slightly promoted production of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan and drastically improved that of collagen from the encapsulated chondrocytes, which are the chondrospecific extracellular matrix components. Furthermore, the accelerated degradability significantly upregulated the gene expression for Collagen II production and downregulated that for Collagen I production of the encapsulated chondrocytes. Because major component of the articular cartilage tissue is Collagen II‐rich hyaline cartilage, these results suggest the degradation of the scaffolds is an important parameter in cartilage tissue regeneration and the accelerated degradability may have benefits on promotion of cartilage tissue regeneration especially from the viewpoint of hyaline cartilage‐like collagen production. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48893.
Soybean oil induced efficient thermal–oxidative degradation of covalently crosslinked styrene butadiene rubber
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wan Chaoying , Song Pan , Xie Yanling , Zhang Yuxin , Wang Shifeng
Published: December 2019

It has been a technical challenge of recycling tire rubbers due to the covalently crosslinked polymer network structure. Unlike conventional recombination of crosslinked SBR under thermal oxidation, SBR vulcanizate was efficiently degraded by thermal oxidation at 150 °C in presence of soybean oil, resulting in 47.3% sol fraction by weight. The structural evolution of SBR vulcanizates during thermal oxidation was characterized by sol–gel ratio, chemical structure, molecular weight, and oxidative erosion on the rubber surface. It was found that the continuous oxidation process facilitated main chain scission of SBR vulcanizates, resulting in a decrease of molecular weight of the sol fraction. The concentration of carbonyl groups, sol fraction, and surface erosion continually increased with reaction time. The large amounts of soybean oil significantly affect the thermal stability of SBR vulcanizates. Moreover, soybean oil is more efficient in decomposition of the SBR vulcanizates and results in more homogeneous and efficient oxidation reactions than paraffin oil. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48935.
Orthopedic findings in arthrogryposis and congenital Zika syndrome: A case series
Authors: Serpa Sarah Costa , de Melo Ana Claudia M. G. , Gomes Lins Otávio , van der Linden Vanessa , Leite Rolim Filho Epitacio , Oliveira dos Santos Ana Célia
Published: December 2019

Background

Congenital arthrogryposis (CA) consists of congenital joint contractures that affect at least two joints in different parts of the body. Approximately, 80% of CA cases are neurogenic, with changes to the formation, structure or functioning of the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Most abnormalities are triggered either by motoneurons decreased activation in the corticospinal tract or by direct motoneurons injury. There had been few reports in the literature correlating congenital infection in humans with arthrogryposis until 2015. CA has recently been described associated with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS).

Methods

The objective of this study was to investigate and describe accurately the arthrogrypotic alterations in infants diagnosed with CZS and thus, suggest a possible pattern of orthopedic impairment. A total of 198 medical records of infants with CZS were evaluated. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 infants were included in the present study. Arthrogrypotic joints were orthopedically evaluated in four segments: right, left, upper, and lower limbs. All the four segments were assessed independently.

Results

Flexed wrists were the most frequently observed manifestation, associated with ulnar deviation (35.29%). Deformities were also commonly found in the third and fourth fingers (64.70%). Hip dislocation was found in 58.82% of the patients and talipes equinovarus and equinovalgus ankles were found in 29.41 and 23.52%.

Conclusion

There was a particular pattern of joint impairment related to CZS and arthogrypotic alterations of infants evaluated in this study.
Genetic engineering of transitory starch accumulation by knockdown of OsSEX4 in rice plants for enhanced bioethanol production
Authors: Huang Li‐Fen , Liu Yu‐Kuo , Su Sung‐Chieh , Lai Chih‐Chang , Wu Ching‐Rong , Chao Tai‐Jang , Yang Yung‐Hsing
Published: December 2019

Rice straw, a common agricultural waste, is used as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production. Currently, bioethanol is made mostly from the microbial fermentation of starch‐containing raw materials. Therefore, genetically engineered starch‐excess rice straw through interference of starch degradation as a potential strategy to enhance bioethanol production was evaluated in this study. Arabidopsis Starch Excess 4 (SEX4) encodes a chloroplast‐localized glucan phosphatase and plays a role in transitory starch degradation. Despite the identification of a SEX4 homolog in rice, OsSEX4, its biological function remains uncertain. Ectopic expression of OsSEX4 complementary DNA complemented the leaf starch‐excess phenotype of the Arabidopsis sex4‐4 mutant. OsSEX4‐knockdown transgenic rice plants were generated using the RNA interference approach. Starch accumulation was higher in OsSEX4‐knockdown suspension‐cultured cells, leaves, and rice straw compared with the wild type, suggesting that OsSEX4 plays an important role in degradation of transitory starch. The OsSEX4‐knockdown rice plants showed normal plant growth and no yield penalty. Starch‐excess OsSEX4‐knockdown rice straw used as feedstock for fermentation resulted in improved bioethanol yield, with a 50% increase in ethanol production in a vertical mass‐flow type bioreactor, compared with that of the wild‐type straw.
“I like it, but I don't use it”: Impact of carsharing business models on usage intentions in the sharing economy
Authors: Hahn Rüdiger , Ostertag Felix , Lehr Adrian , Büttgen Marion , Benoit Sabine
Published: December 2019

Carsharing is often promoted as a potentially environmental‐friendly alternative to individual car ownership. However, various carsharing programs have displayed limited success in the past. An initial field study of a new carsharing service is such a story of failure: The introduction of this new service at a medium‐sized German university generated unexpectedly low adoption rates so that the service was eventually scaled down and then suspended. Quantitative field study results as well as additional qualitative focus groups reveal that missing compatibility is a key barrier to adoption. Drawing on extant conceptual frameworks of user participation in sharing business models, a factorial survey identifies the importance of different dimensions of carsharing business models for their acceptance. The results reveal that a set of convenience and lifestyle dimensions influences usage intentions, including mode of drive, pickup and drop‐off mode, service level, price model, availability, and type of market mediation. In contrast, vehicle fleet does not appear to influence carsharing models' acceptance. These findings contribute to research on business model configuration as well as the attitude–behavior gap in the sharing economy by determining relevant dimensions of a carsharing business model that can bridge the gap between basically positive attitudes and usage resistance. Thereby, they also serve for concrete managerial recommendations.
Clinical relevance of the left brachiocephalic vein anatomy for vascular access in dialysis patients
Authors: Vertemati Maurizio , Rizzetto Francesco , Cassin Simone , Zerbi Pietro , Giordano Antonino , Cariati Maurizio , Gallieni Maurizio
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Most hemodialysis patients start renal replacement therapy with a central venous catheter (CVC). The left internal jugular vein (LIJV) is the second‐choice vein for CVC positioning, after the right IJV. However, to reach the right atrium, the CVC must pass through the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV), which also drains blood from the left arm through the subclavian vein. The purpose of this study is to describe how the anatomy of the central venous system and in particular that of the LBV affects vascular access in hemodialysis patients.

Materials and methods

Three‐dimensional (3D) virtual model reconstructions of the central thoracic veins of three hemodialysis patients were obtained from contrast‐enhanced computed tomography scans acquired in the venous phase. The images were exported as DICOM files and loaded on open‐source software for visualizing and analyzing the medical imaging (3D Slicer, Windows version 4.8.1).

Results

As expected, the 3D reconstructions showed that the LBV has a tortuous path with three main angulations that could be associated with external compression and stenosis. These could determine the difficulties and increased risks of venous injury during CVC placement, and an increased risk of medium to long‐term catheter‐associated vein thrombosis and stenosis.

Conclusions

The anatomical features of the LBV indicate that the path of a CVC from the LIJV to the right atrium is tortuous and can easily be complicated by vein injury, negatively affecting the creation of future arterio‐venous vascular accesses in the left arm.
Orthogonal Genetic Systems
Authors: Chaput John C. , Herdewijn Piet , Hollenstein Marcel
Published: December 2019

Xenobiology is an emerging area of synthetic biology that aims to safeguard genetically engineered cells by storing synthetic biology information in xeno‐nucleic acid polymers (XNAs). Critical to the success of this effort is the need to establish cellular systems that can maintain an XNA chromosome in actively dividing cells. This viewpoint discusses the structural parameters of the nucleic acid backbone that should be considered when designing an orthogonal genetic system that can replicate without interference from the endogenous genome. In addition to practical value, these studies have the potential to provide new fundamental insight into the structure and function properties of unnatural nucleic acid polymers.
A non‐canonical rhodopsin‐mediated insulin receptor signaling pathway in retinal photoreceptor neurons
Authors: Rajala Ammaji , Rajala Raju V.S.
Published: December 2019

We previously reported a ligand‐independent and rhodopsin‐dependent insulin receptor (IR) neuroprotective signaling pathway in both rod and cone photoreceptor cells, which is activated through protein–protein interaction. Our previous studies were performed with either retina or isolated rod or cone outer segment preparations and the expression of IR signaling proteins were examined. The isolation of outer segments with large portions of the attached inner segments is a technical challenge. Optiprep™ density gradient medium has been used to isolate the cells and subcellular organelles, Optiprep™ is a non‐ionic iodixanol‐based medium with a density of 1.320 g/mL. We employed this method to examine the expression of IR and its signaling proteins, and activation of one of the downstream effectors of the IR in isolated photoreceptor cells. Identification of the signaling complexes will be helpful for therapeutic targeting in disease conditions.
Keep Your Eye On…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2019

The risks of stopping medication for opioid use disorder too soon

The fears of teens with epilepsy

The possibility that preexisting conditions may increase adverse effects of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD
Childhood emotional abuse linked to adult psychopathology
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2019

Child maltreatment at any stage can result in psychiatric and medical disorders; a literature review summarizes the research, including a focus on recent studies showing an increase in prevalence of child maltreatment, and an associated increased risk for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts in individual with mood disorders, and an increased risk for first mood episode and episode recurrence.
Adolescent suicide prevention in Rhode Island
Authors: Bettis Alex
Published: December 2019

Suicide is currently the second‐leading cause of death for adolescents and young adults (ages 10–24) in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). All the more concerning, this marks a rise in rates of suicide death in this age group over the past decade; while rates were stable from 2000 to 2007, the following decade marked a significant rise (56% increase). In addition, emergency service utilization for suicide and self‐injury has nearly doubled in the past decade (Plemmons et al., 2018), and rates of suicidal thoughts and nonsuicidal self‐injury are high among adolescents. Further, many youth who report elevated mental health problems, including suicidality, self‐harm, and depression, do not access mental health services. While suicide rates remain a concern, recent data show that Rhode Island's rates of suicide are the lowest in the country for the second year in a row (United Health Foundation, 2019). Just five years ago, Rhode Island was 16 positions lower on the list. Within that time, clinicians and researchers at Bradley Hospital have worked to decrease these rates with targeted suicide prevention programs.
Insulin Delivery from Glucose‐Responsive, Self‐Assembled, Polyamine Nanoparticles: Smart “Sense‐and‐Treat” Nanocarriers Made Easy
Authors: Agazzi Maximiliano L. , Herrera Santiago E. , Cortez M. Lorena , Marmisollé Waldemar A. , Tagliazucchi Mario , Azzaroni Omar
Published: December 2019

Polyamine–salt aggregates (PSA) are biomimetic soft materials that have attracted great attention due to their straightforward fabrication methods, high drug‐loading efficiencies, and attractive properties for pH‐triggered release. Herein, a simple and fast multicomponent self‐assembly process was used to construct cross‐linked poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/phosphate PSAs (hydrodynamic diameter of 360 nm) containing glucose oxidase enzyme, as a glucose‐responsive element, and human recombinant insulin, as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (GI‐PSA). The addition of increasing glucose concentrations promotes the release of insulin due to the disassembly of the GI‐PSAs triggered by the catalytic in situ formation of gluconic acid. Under normoglycemia, the GI‐PSA integrity remained intact for at least 24 h, whereas hyperglycemic conditions resulted in 100 % cargo release after 4 h of glucose addition. This entirely supramolecular strategy presents great potential for the construction of smart glucose‐responsive delivery nanocarriers.
Reorganization of longitudinal compartments in the laterally protruding paraflocculus of the postnatal mouse cerebellum
Authors: Panezai Saddam K. , Luo Yuanjun , Vibulyaseck Suteera , Sarpong Gideon A. , Nguyen‐Minh Viet T. , Nedelescu Hermina , Hirano Shinji , Sugihara Izumi
Published: December 2019

The paraflocculus and the neighboring smaller flocculus form a remarkable protrusion in the ventrolateral aspect of the mouse cerebellum, in which the longitudinal compartments are conspicuously oriented perpendicularly to the sagittal plane. The developmental process of such anatomical arrangements in these lobules has not been fully clarified. Here, we used the genetic tractability of pcdh10‐lacZ knock‐in (OL‐KO), IP
3R1‐nls‐lacZ transgenic (1NM13) and Gpr26cre‐Ai9‐AldocV mice to track the development of compartments and examined local longitudinal orientation of Purkinje cells within the paraflocculus and flocculus. We observed a distinct pcdh10‐positive (pcdh10+) compartment in the flocculus, whereas the paraflocculus and other lobules had a continuous paravermal pcdh10+ compartment, in the embryonic OL‐KO cerebellum. During the first postnatal week, the parafloccular pcdh10+ compartment shifted laterally to the most lateral edge in the caudal part of the protruding paraflocculus. Although the most medial edge of the parafloccular pcdh10+ compartment remained in the nonprotruding part of the paraflocculus, it was disrupted from the originally continuous pcdh10+ compartment in the copula pyramidis. The local longitudinal orientation changed gradually along with the mediolateral extent of the copula pyramidis, almost becoming perpendicular to the sagittal plane in the laterally connected paraflocculus in the adult cerebellum. This rotational change in orientation was derived from the short U‐shaped embryonic cerebellum, in which the surfaces of the flocculus and paraflocculus were oriented laterally. These results indicated that the peculiar compartmental organization of the paraflocculus originates from the embryonic common hemispheric compartmental organization and shaped by the significant reorganization process in the first postnatal week.
Intravital Imaging Techniques for Biomedical and Clinical Research
Authors: Coste Anouchka , Oktay Maja H. , Condeelis John S. , Entenberg David
Published: December 2019

Intravital imaging, the direct visualization of cells and tissues within a living animal, is a technique that has been employed for the better part of a century. The advent of confocal and multiphoton microscopy has dramatically improved the power of intravital imaging, making it possible to obtain optical sections of tissues non‐destructively. This review discusses the various techniques used for intravital imaging, describes how intravital imaging provides information about cellular and tissue dynamics not possible to be garnered by other techniques, and details several ways in which intravital imaging is making a direct impact on the clinical care of patients. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Evolution in acute pain assessment and treatment in the paediatric emergency department of a tertiary health care centre
Authors: Ganzijeva Kristina , Kindereviciute Ieva , Dagys Algirdas , Jankauskaite Lina
Published: December 2019

Background

Paediatric pain remains one of the most misunderstood, under‐diagnosed and under‐treated medical problems in children.

Aim

To investigate the accuracy of acute pain assessment and management in the Paediatric Emergency Department in Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Hospital.

Methods

We performed a retrospective record analysis before (the year 2017) and after (the year 2018) paediatric pain training course was conducted. In total, 1,000 randomly selected outpatient records were analysed. We divided all patients into two groups: group A records from 2017 and group B from 2018. Patients were further divided into trauma and non‐trauma and subdivided into four different age groups. We collected patient age, the origin of pain, pain characteristics, pain score and medication.

Results

We compared 500 children in each group. Groups A and B consisted of 154 (30.8%) and 116 (23.2%) trauma patients, respectively. The pain was scored less in group A (420 children; 84%) compared to group B (94.4% of all 500 patients, p < .001). In all age groups, the pain was assessed more often, and pain medication was prescribed more often in group B compared to group A (p < .001). There was a tendency to assess pain more often in group A non‐trauma patients (p = .054). However, pain relief in trauma patients was less adequate compared to non‐trauma.

Conclusion

Our research showed improvement in pain evaluation and treatment after systemic and local changes in paediatric emergency department (PED). In group B, pain was evaluated more frequently, and patients received pain medication more often than in group A. Teenagers are still less likely to receive analgesics than toddlers. Tendency remains to give fewer painkillers to trauma patients compared to non‐trauma children.

Significance

This is one of the few studies in the Baltic region analysing changes in children's pain assessment and management in the PED after systemic and local adjustments. Our data show an impact of systemic changes and a specialized education focused on improving knowledge in acute pain diagnostics and management of medical professionals leading to better patient care.
Von Frey testing revisited: Provision of an online algorithm for improved accuracy of 50% thresholds
Authors: Christensen Sarah Louise , Hansen Rie Bager , Storm Mikkel Ammentorp , Olesen Jes , Hansen Thomas Folkmann , Ossipov Michael , Izarzugaza Jose M. G. , Porreca Frank , Kristensen David M.
Published: December 2019

Background

In the pain field, it is essential to quantify nociceptive responses. The response to the application of von Frey filaments to the skin measures tactile sensitivity and is a surrogate marker of allodynia in states of peripheral and/or central sensitization. The method is widely used across species within the pain field. However, uncertainties appear to exist regarding the appropriate method for analysing obtained data. Therefore, there is a need for refinement of the calculations for transformation of raw data to quantifiable data.

Methods

Here, we briefly review the fundamentals behind von Frey testing using the standard up‐down method and the associated statistics and show how different parameters of the statistical equation influence the calculated 50% threshold results. We discuss how to obtain the most accurate estimations in a given experimental setting.

Results

To enhance accuracy and reproducibility across laboratories, we present an easy to use algorithm that calculates 50% thresholds based on the exact filaments and their interval using math beyond the traditional methods. This tool is available to the everyday user of von Frey filaments and allows the insertion of all imaginable ranges of filaments and is thus applicable to data derived in any species.

Conclusion

We advocate for the use of this algorithm to minimize inaccuracies and to improve internal and external reproducibility.

Significance

The von Frey testing procedure is standard for assessing peripheral and central sensitization but is associated with inaccuracies and lack of transparency in the associated math. Here, we describe these problems and present a novel statistical algorithm that calculates the exact thresholds using math beyond the traditional methods. The online platform is transparent, free of charge and easy to use also for the everyday user of von Frey filaments. Application of this resource will ultimately reduce errors due to methodological misinterpretations and increase reproducibility across laboratories.
Evaluation of soft‐tissue response around laser microgrooved titanium percutaneous devices
Authors: Pawar Divya R. L. , Jeyapalina Sujee , Bachus Kent N.
Published: December 2019

Percutaneous devices are prone to epidermal downgrowth and sinus tract formation, which can serve as a nidus for bacterial colonization and increase the risk of peri‐prosthetic infection. A laser microgrooved topography has been shown to limit gingival epidermal downgrowth around dental implants. However, the efficacy of this laser microgrooved topography to limit epidermal downgrowth around nongingival percutaneous devices is yet to be investigated. In this study, devices with a porous‐coated subdermal component and a percutaneous post were designed and manufactured. The proximal 2 mm section of the percutaneous post were left smooth, or were textured with either a porous coating, or with the laser microgrooved topography. The smooth and porous topographies served as controls. The devices were tested in a hairless guinea pig back model, where 18 animals were randomly assigned into three groups, with each group receiving one implant type (n = 6/group). Four weeks postimplantation, the devices with surrounding soft‐tissues were harvested and processed for histological analyses. Results indicated that the laser microgrooved topography failed to prevent epidermal downgrowth (23 ± 4%) around percutaneous posts in this model. Furthermore, no significant differences (p = 0.70) in epidermal downgrowth were present between the three topographies, with all the groups exhibiting similar measures of downgrowth. Overall, these findings suggest that the laser microgrooved topography may not halt downgrowth around percutaneous devices for dermal applications.
Genetic counselors with advanced skills: I. Refining a model of advanced training
Authors: Baty Bonnie J. , Davis Claire , Erby Lori , Hippman Catriona , Trepanier Angela
Published: December 2019

Advanced training for master's trained genetic counselors has been a topic for many years. In 2016, Baty et al. published a model of advanced training for genetic counselors that interconnects three grids: skills, paths, and positions. The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess how well this model of advanced training reflected the experiences of genetic counselors with advanced genetic counseling skills. Using purposive sampling and deductive content analysis, results of 17 interviews demonstrated that the 3‐grid model of advanced genetic counseling skills, paths to attaining these skills, and positions which utilize advanced skills, described elements important for the interviewees’ career development. Results suggested refinements to the model in terms of content and organization and also suggested that advanced training be conceptualized as an important element of a career lattice that includes both vertical and horizontal movement. This refined model of genetic counselor advanced training can foster profession‐wide career development by stimulating new career paths and career development research.
A weekly spatio‐temporal distribution of drought events over the Po Plain (North Italy) in the last five decades
Authors: Baronetti Alice , González‐Hidalgo José Carlos , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , Acquaotta Fiorella , Fratianni Simona
Published: December 2019

The aim of this research is to identify and characterize, in terms of length, intensity, and spatial propagation, the main drought events which took place in the Po Valley (Italy) from 1965 to 2017. Two drought indices were applied, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Daily precipitation and temperature series belonging to the National System for the Collection, Processing, and Dissemination of Climatic Data of Environmental Interest (SCIA) database were collected. Subsequent to an accurate quality control, the converted weekly climatic values were spatialized on a 20 × 20 km cell grid, and for each index, weekly severe and extreme drought episodes at a 12‐, 24‐, and 36‐month time scale were calculated. Results showed that the application of two indices is fundamental in the study of drought episodes, and that different triggering factors act over time. Especially, since the 2001 drought, episodes have become stronger in terms of frequency and length, and they seem to be mostly related to changes in the intra‐annual precipitation distribution. An analysis of the spatial propagation also indicates that two spatial gradients follow each other during the analysed period.
Retracted: MiR‐194‐5p inhibited metastasis and EMT of nephroblastoma cells through targeting Crk
Authors: Liu Hong , Ren Shi‐Ying , Qu Yan , Liu Cui , Zhang Yi , Li Xiang Qing , Ma Hong
Published: December 2019

Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common solid childhood tumors all over the world. MicroRNAs (miRs) contribute to tumorigenesis of various cancers through targeting gene. The present study investigated the vital role of miR‐194‐5p and its underlying mechanism in the progression of WT. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assay indicated downregulation of miR194‐5p and upregulation of Crk, in WT tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Transfection with miR‐194‐5p mimics into nephroblastoma cells showed a significant decline in cell migration and invasion, which was detected by Transwell assay. Luciferase assay confirmed that Crk was a direct target gene of miR‐194‐5p. More important, the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (EMT) biomarkers containing E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin and Zeb1 were examined by Western blot, and revealed that miR‐194‐5p mimics decreased the levels of N‐cadherin and Zeb1 but increased E‐cadherin, which suggested that miR‐194‐5p inhibited EMT. Crk knockdown could reverse the increased nephroblastoma cell invasion, migration and EMT caused by miR‐194‐5p inhibitor. Interestingly, qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis showed that overexpression of miR‐194‐5p deactivated HGF/c‐Met/Scr signaling pathway via targeting Crk. In conclusion, miR‐194‐5p inhibited nephroblastoma cell metastasis and EMT in the progression of WT by targeting Crk. Thus, miR‐194‐5p might be a potential target in WT particularly for the prevention of metastasis and EMT.
Superoxide imbalance triggered by Val16Ala‐SOD2 polymorphism increases the risk of depression and self‐reported psychological stress in free‐living elderly people
Authors: da Cruz Jung Ivo Emilio , da Cruz Ivana Beatrice Mânica , Barbisan Fernanda , Trott Alexis , Houenou Lucien J. , Osmarin Turra Bárbara , Duarte Thiago , de Souza Praia Raquel , Maia‐Ribeiro Ednea Aguiar , da Costa Escobar Piccoli Jaqueline , Bica Claudia Giugliano , Duarte Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura
Published: December 2019

Background

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory states triggered by a single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in superoxide dismutase manganese‐dependent gene (Val16Ala‐SOD2) have been associated with the risk of developing several chronic, nontransmissible diseases. However, it is still not clear whether the VV‐SOD2 genotype that causes higher basal superoxide anion levels has any impact on the risk for depression and self‐reported psychological stress in elderly people.

Methods

In the present study, we tested this hypothesis using a case‐control study where depression was detected using the Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 (GDS‐15). A total of 612 Brazilian free‐living elderly subjects with a mean age of 67.1 ± 7.1 years old (number of controls, C = 497, and depressive individuals, D = 115) were included in this study. All participants had similar social, health, and lifestyle variables, with the exception of polypharmacy (≥5 medicines daily intake), which was higher in the D group, compared to C subjects.

Results

Our results showed that the VV‐SOD2 genotype significantly increased the risk for depression and psychological stress in the elderly subjects, independently of sex/gender, age, and other prior diseases and health indicators (depression risk = 1.842, 1.109–3.061 95% CI, p = .018). VV‐subjects also had a higher daily intake of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and anti‐inflammatory drugs than A‐allele subjects.

Conclusion

Our findings support the hypothesis that genetically induced oxidative superoxide‐hydrogen peroxide imbalance may be involved in an increased risk for developing depression and psychological stress in free‐living elderly people without other chronic nontransmissible diseases.
Performance of semiconductor dosimeters with a range of radiation qualities used for mammography: A calibration laboratory study
Authors: Salomon Elisabeth , Homolka Peter , Csete Istvan , Toroi Paula
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To investigate the radiation quality dependence of the response of commercial semiconductor‐based dosimeters, and to estimate potential errors and uncertainties related to different measurement and calibration scenarios.

Methods

All measurement results were compared to reference values measured at the IAEA dosimetry laboratory which is traceable to the international system of units (SI). Energy dependence of the response of eight semiconductor dosimeters were determined for five different anode‐filter combinations and tube voltages from 25 to 35 kV. For systems capable of deriving half value layer (HVL) and tube voltage from measurements, calibration coefficients for these measurements were calculated.

Results

For six dosimeters, the maximum deviations from the reference value of the air kerma measurement were within ±5% as required by IEC 61674. Calibration coefficients for radiation qualities (anode‐filter and tube voltage combinations) relative to reference radiation quality Mo‐Mo 28 kV deviate up to 12%. HVL and tube voltage measurements exhibited deviations up to 11% and 10%, respectively.

Conclusions

The air kerma responses of modern semiconductor dosimeters have a small energy dependence. However, no dosimeter tested complied with the accuracy limits stated by the manufacturer for tube voltage measurements, and only two dosimeters complied with the limits for HVL measurements. Absolute measurement of HVL and tube voltage with semiconductor dosimeters have to be verified for actual clinical radiation conditions on clinical mammography systems. Semiconductor dosimeters can be used for quality control measurements if individual calibration coefficients are available for the radiation condition applied. If other conditions are applied, additional uncertainty needs to be considered, particularly in the case of HVL and tube voltage measurements.
Body Composition During Pregnancy Differs by Obesity Class
Authors: Most Jasper , Altazan Abby D. , Hsia Daniel S. , Beyl Robbie A. , Redman Leanne M.
Published: December 2019

Objective

The aim of this study is to characterize changes in body composition during pregnancy in women with obesity.

Methods

Fifty‐four healthy women with obesity (class 1, 30‐34.9 kg/m2: n = 25; class 2, 35‐39.9 kg/m2: n = 21; class 3, ≥ 40.0 kg/m2: n = 8) expecting a singleton pregnancy were studied. Body composition was measured in early pregnancy (13‐16 weeks), midpregnancy (24‐27 weeks), and late pregnancy (35‐37 weeks) using air displacement plethysmography, stable isotopes, and skinfold thickness measurements. Fasting glucose, insulin, and leptin were measured.

Results

The gain in fat‐free mass was lower in the second trimester compared with the third (2.7 ± 0.2 to 5.3 ± 0.2 kg; P < 0.001), whereas fat mass accumulation declined over time (0.6 ± 0.3 to −0.7 ± 0.4 kg; P = 0.005). Women with class 1 and 2 obesity gained 1.1 ± 0.7 kg of fat mass during pregnancy, while women with class 3 obesity lost 4.1 ± 0.6 kg (both P < 0.001). The difference in fat accumulation between obesity classes was observed only in the second trimester (P = 0.02). Gestational weight gain was associated positively with changes in plasma concentrations of insulin, leptin, and insulin resistance (all P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Gestational weight gain in pregnancy differs by obesity class and trimester. Women with class 3 obesity gain less body weight and fat mass. Fat mass gain is most likely preventable in the second trimester.
Experimental investigation of spilling fire spread over steady flow n‐butanol fuel: Effects of flow speed and spreading direction
Authors: Pan Yang , Li Manhou , Wang Changjian , Luo Xinjiao , Luo Qiuting
Published: December 2019

Studying on the behaviors and mechanisms involving liquid spilling fire is imperative issue in the accident investigations, safety management, risk assessment, and fire analysis of petroleum products. The experimental investigations of spilling fire spread over steady flow n‐butanol fuel under different discharge flow rates and spreading directions (opposed and concurrent spreading) were conducted based upon a self‐developed laboratory‐scale apparatus. Several parameters were revealed to characterize the steady flow fire namely flame brightness, flame height, and relative velocity of spilling fire to flow speed (Vf − u). The fluid dynamic analysis of continuously spilling fuel was performed to find out the relationship of the flow speed and the discharge flow rate. The spilling fires at different flow speeds were separated into four regimes: (I) retardation regime and (II) nonspreading regime in opposed flow, and (III) acceleration regime and (IV) detachment regime in concurrent flow. The parametric variation and the inherent mechanism were discussed to reveal the effects of the discharge flow rate and spreading direction on the liquid spilling fire. The findings of the present research are beneficial for the development of the fuel spilling fire protection measures.
Recursive Calculation of the Optical Response of Multicomponent Metamaterials
Authors: Mochán W. Luis , Singla Raksha , Juárez Lucila , Ortiz Guillermo P.
Published: December 2019

A recursive computational procedure is developed to efficiently calculate the macroscopic dielectric function of multicomponent metamaterials of arbitrary geometry and composition within the long wavelength approximation. Although the microscopic response of the system might correspond to non‐Hermitian operators, a representation of the microscopic fields and of the response is developed, and an appropriate metric that makes all operators symmetric is introduced. This allows one to use a modified Haydock recursion, introducing complex Haydock coefficients that allow an efficient computation of the macroscopic response and the microscopic fields. The procedure is tested by comparing the results with analytical ones in simple systems and verifying whether they obey a generalized multicomponent Keller's and the Mortola and Steffe's theorems for four‐component metallic and dielectric systems.
Magnetoelectric Coupling in Epitaxial Multiferroic BiFeO3–BaTiO3 Composite Thin Films
Authors: Hohenberger Stefan , Lazenka Vera , Selle Susanne , Patzig Christian , Temst Kristiaan , Lorenz Michael
Published: December 2019

Herein, the magnetoelectric (ME) performance of epitaxial multilayer composite films built from nanometer‐thick layers of multiferroic BiFeO3 and ferroelectric BaTiO3 is reviewed. A successful implementation of shadow‐mask pulsed laser deposition considerably reduces the interface and surface roughness of the multilayers. In dependence of double‐layer thickness and the degree of structural perfection, the multilayers show high ME voltage coefficients up to 480 V cm−1 Oe−1 at 300 K and 0 T bias magnetic field. With decreasing double‐layer thickness, an interface‐driven effect critically enhances the ME coupling in this strain and charge–comediated system. Interestingly, the characteristics of temperature and DC magnetic field dependencies of magnetoelectric voltage coefficients change with the transition from the 2D to 3D character of the single layers, i.e., for BiFeO3 layers thicker than 5 nm within the multilayers. These changes are attributed to variations of the contributing ME coupling mechanisms. Furthermore, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy mapping‐based nanoanalysis indicates that chemical effects at the interfaces play an important role for the ME performance of the BiFeO3–BaTiO3 multilayer thin films.
The effect of a leading edge erosion shield on the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine blade
Authors: Kyle Ryan , Wang Fan , Forbes Brian
Published: December 2019

Armour EDGE is a novel shield developed to protect the leading edge of wind turbine blades from erosion. The aerodynamic impact on aerofoils of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5MW wind turbine has been investigated using 2D fully turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD), with three profiles at critical locations along the blade simulated both with and without the shield to compare aerodynamic performance. Two wind speeds were investigated that reflect regular operating conditions: at rated speed of 11.4 m/s and a below rated speed of 7 m/s. The results showed that the presence of the shield during rated wind speed reduced the drag by as much as 4.5%, where the lift‐to‐drag ratio increased by a maximum of 4%. At the below rated wind speeds, the shield had negligible impact on the performance of all but one National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 64‐618 profile, which resulted in an increase in the drag coefficient of 7%. It was also found that the suction side of the aerofoil is much more sensitive to leading edge protection placement than the pressure side. It was concluded that the erosion shield as a method of leading edge protection, with a gradual transition from shield to blade, will not have a major impact on the aerodynamic performance of a multi‐megawatt wind turbine blade and could slightly increase aerofoil efficiency at high wind speeds.
Integrative genomics reveal a role for MCPIP1 in adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism
Authors: Losko Magdalena , Dolicka Dobrochna , Pydyn Natalia , Jankowska Urszula , Kedracka-Krok Sylwia , Kulecka Maria , Paziewska Agnieszka , Mikula Michal , Major Piotr , Winiarski Marek , Budzynski Andrzej , Jura Jolanta
Published: December 2019

Obesity is considered a serious chronic disease, associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP1) is an RNase decreasing stability of transcripts coding for inflammation-related proteins. In addition, MCPIP1 plays an important role in the regulation of adipogenesis in vitro by reducing the expression of key transcription factors, including C/EBPβ. To elucidate the role of MCPIP1 in adipocyte biology, we performed RNA-Seq and proteome analysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes overexpressing wild-type (WTMCPIP1) and the mutant form of MCPIP1 protein (D141NMCPIP1). Our RNA-Seq analysis followed by confirmatory Q-RT-PCR revealed that elevated MCPIP1 levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes upregulated transcripts encoding proteins involved in signal transmission and cellular remodeling and downregulated transcripts of factors involved in metabolism. These data are consistent with our proteomic analysis, which showed that MCPIP1 expressing adipocytes exhibit upregulation of proteins involved in cellular organization and movement and decreased levels of proteins involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, MCPIP1 adipocytes are characterized by decreased level of insulin receptor, reduced insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, as well as depleted Glut4 level and impaired glucose uptake. Overexpression of Glut4 in 3T3-L1 cells expressed WTMCPIP1 rescued adipogenesis. Interestingly, we found decreased level of MCPIP1 along with an increase in body mass index in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The presented data show a novel role of MCPIP1 in modulating insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that MCPIP1 is an important regulator of adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism.
Parental magma, magmatic stratigraphy, and reef-type PGE enrichment of the 2.44-Ga mafic-ultramafic Näränkävaara layered intrusion, Northern Finland
Authors: Järvinen Ville , Halkoaho Tapio , Konnunaho Jukka , Heinonen Jussi S. , Rämö O. Tapani
Published: December 2019

About 20 mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions in the northern Fennoscandian shield were emplaced during a widespread magmatic event at 2.5–2.4 Ga. The intrusions host orthomagmatic Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr-V-Ti-Fe deposits. We update the magmatic stratigraphy of the 2.44-Ga Näränkävaara mafic-ultramafic body, northeastern Finland, on the basis of new drill core and outcrop observations. The Näränkävaara body consists of an extensive basal dunite (1700 m thick), and a layered series comprising a peridotitic–pyroxenitic ultramafic zone (600 m thick) and a gabbronoritic–dioritic mafic zone (700 m thick). Two reversals are found in the layered series. The composition of the layered series parental magma was approximated using a previously unidentified marginal series gabbronorite. The parental magma was siliceous high-Mg basalt with high MgO, Ni, and Cr, but also high SiO2 and Zr, which suggests primary magma contamination by felsic crust. Cu/Pd ratio below that of primitive mantle implies PGE-fertility. The structural position of the marginal series indicates that the thick basal dunite represents an older wallrock for the layered intrusion. A subeconomic reef-type PGE-enriched zone is found in the border zone between the ultramafic and mafic zones and has an average thickness of 25 m with 150–250 ppb of Pt + Pd + Au. Offset-type metal distribution and high sulfide tenor (50–300 ppm Pd) and R-factor (105) suggest reef formation by sulfide saturation induced by fractional crystallization. The reef-forming process was probably interrupted by influx of magma related to the first reversal. Metal ratios suggest that this replenishing magma was PGE-depleted before emplacement.