bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Style and Fictionalisation in Eyewitness Personal Accounts of the Thirty Years War
Authors: Mortimer Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

Eyewitness personal accounts of the Thirty Years War are of interest not only for their overt content, but as examples of how the process of writing itself can shape both the resultant text and the meaning derivable from it by the reader. Techniques adopted, probably unconsciously, by writers seeking to give force and point to their narratives, here collectively termed ‘fictionalisation’, add to well‐known problems of eyewitness testimony to affect the historical evaluation of such sources. ‘Natural narrative’ style, akin to oral story‐telling, leads many of these authors – and their readers – to focus on one or a series of lively and anecdotal stories, often at the expense of the overall perspective. In other cases, more structured narrative accounts likewise suggest selection and ordering of the material in order to create the desired impression, possibly at the expense of strict representational accuracy.
From Buddhism to Bolshevism: Some Orientalist Themes in German Thought
Authors: Moore Gregory
Published: March 2003

Like other Western cultures, the German–speaking lands have a long tradition of fascination with the Orient. This essay explores, firstly, some of the different ways in which the East came to be seen as both a means of invigorating German culture and the epitome of decadence. The hopes and fears invested in the Orient were focused in particular on the issue of religion; the acutely felt desire for the rebirth of religious sentiment in the nineteenth century led many to demand either a return to the purity and primordiality of Eastern faiths or the purging of ‘Oriental’ features from Western spirituality. Secondly, where existing accounts of German orientalism have highlighted eighteenth–century ‘chinoiserie’ or the Romantic affinity with Indian philosophy and literature, this essay seeks to demonstrate how German orientalism converged with anti–Semitism and the discourse of German national identity; how the language, concepts and prejudices of orientalism were not only deployed against the ‘traditional’ Oriental lands in the Middle and Far East, but also used to portray Russians and Jews as Oriental peoples.
New Public Management Reforms of the Danish and Swedish Welfare States: The Role of Different Social Democratic Responses
Authors: Green‐pedersen Christoffer
Published: March 2003

This article investigates market‐type reforms of the service welfare states in Sweden and Denmark. Sweden has implemented such reforms to a greater extent than Denmark. The explanation should be found in the different responses of the Social Democratic parties to the NPM agenda in general and market‐type reforms in particular. In Denmark, the Social Democrats have opposed market‐type reforms, whereas in Sweden they have been more open towards these ideas. With this focus, the paper differs from most other writings about variation in the extent of NPM.
Deliberative Democracy and International Labor Standards
Authors: Fung Archon
Published: March 2003

Political theorists have argued that the methods of deliberative democracy can help to meet challenges such as legitimacy, effective governance, and citizen education in local and national contexts. These basic insights can also be applied to problems of international governance such as the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of labor standards. A participatory and deliberative democratic approach to labor standards would push the labor–standards debate into the global public sphere. It would seek to create broad discussion about labor standards that would include not only firms and regulators, but also consumers, nongovernmental organizations, journalists, and others. This discussion could potentially improve (1) the quality of labor standards by incorporating considerations of economic context and firm capability, (2) their implementation by bringing to bear not only state sanctions but also political and market pressures, and (3) the education and understanding of citizens. Whereas the role of public agencies in state–centered approaches is to formulate and enforce labor standards, central authorities in the decentralized–deliberative approach would foster the transparency of workplace practices to spur an inclusive, broad, public conversation about labor standards. To the extent that a substantive consensus around acceptable behavior emerges from that conversation, public power should also enforce those minimum standards.
Factors and Correlates of Employment Growth in the Canadian Urban System, 1971–1991
Authors: Coffey William J. , Shearmur Richard G.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this paper is to examine a number of hypotheses concerning the factors or correlates of employment growth in the Canadian urban system—a set of 152 urban areas having populations of more than ten thousand inhabitants which comprises 77.4 percent of the national population. Do observed patterns of sectoral employment growth obey some sort of underlying logic? More specifically, do the rates of employment growth that are found in individual urban areas vary significantly according to one or more of the following attributes of an urban area: a) the region in which it is located; b) its population size; c) its relative proximity to a major metropolitan area; d) its socioeconomic characteristics? While approaches involving a, e and f yield promising results, it is clear that there are few immutable laws that permit one to predict where employment growth will occur within the urban system. Perhaps the most fundamental characteristic of the analyses conducted involves the instability of the results from one decade to another; one decade’s category of winners is often the other decade’s category of losers.
The Origins, Forms and Effects of Modularisation and Semesterisation in Ten UK‐Based Business Schools
Authors: Morris Huw
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the introduction of modularisation and semesterisation at ten UK‐based business schools. Using this case study evidence, it is argued that the main reasons for the introduction of these schemes were the personal ambitions of senior managers, pressure from external regulatory agencies and a desire to emulate initiatives undertaken by competitor institutions. In addition, it is suggested that the form of these schemes varied between institutions as a consequence of the negotiations which accompanied the introduction of these new arrangements, and constraints imposed by the legacy of earlier degree structures, regulations from external agencies, institutional geography, limits on financial resources and the organization of internal management systems. The paper concludes by arguing that these constraints have meant that modularity has had limited effects on the experiences of staff and students, but that semesterisation has significantly increased costs without any accompanying benefits.
Competition in UKHigher Education: Competitive Advantage in the Research Assessment Exercise and Porter's Diamond Model
Authors: Curran Paul J.
Published: March 2003

The UK public sector has been exposed to competition as a means of enhancing its performance. HE institutions now compete for resources on the basis of research. In this competitive environment the crucial question is not why one HE institution is more successful than another at research but why some institutions are home to a large number of departments that are successful. The answer lies in exploring what gives competitive advantage at the level of the department, discipline and nation. Porter' three layer ‘diamond’ model of competitive advantage is proposed as a framework for this exploration. This identified four major components: factor conditions (research orientation and accumulated wealth of institution); demand conditions (demand by academy for departmental research as measured by ability to secure external income/research students); related and supporting departments (research strength of institution and presence of a relevant cluster of research‐strong departments) and departmental strategy, structure and rivalry (ability to focus departmental attention on the successful training of research students and publication in refereed journals). In a linked paper this model provided a framework to evaluate research performance in the discipline of geography (Curran, 2001).
Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects Meta‐Analysis Models: Implications for Cumulative Research Knowledge
Authors: Hunter John E. , Schmidt Frank L.
Published: March 2003

Research conclusions in the social sciences are increasingly based on meta‐analysis, making questions of the accuracy of meta‐analysis critical to the integrity of the base of cumulative knowledge. Both fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) meta‐analysis models have been used widely in published meta‐analyses. This article shows that FE models typically manifest a substantial Type I bias in significance tests for mean effect sizes and for moderator variables (interactions), while RE models do not. Likewise, FE models, but not RE models, yield confidence intervals for mean effect sizes that are narrower than their nominal width, thereby overstating the degree of precision in meta‐analysis findings. This article demonstrates analytically that these biases in FE procedures are large enough to create serious distortions in conclusions about cumulative knowledge in the research literature. We therefore recommend that RE methods routinely be employed in meta‐analysis in preference to FE methods.
Rondas Campesinas in the Peruvian Civil War: Peasant Self‐defence Organisations in Ayacucho
Authors: Fumerton Mario
Published: March 2003

Despite the fact that the Shining Path guerrilla movement in Peru enjoyed initial peasant support, the emergence and spread of rondas campesinas or self‐defence committees in the Andean highlands of Ayacucho was principally a response against coercion and violence exerted by Shining Path against the very same peasantry. This article seeks to demonstrate that the ronda phenomenon must be understood as part of the complex changes brought about by the proliferation of violence in the Peruvian Andes. The spread of rondas campesinas cannot be reduced to a mere counterinsurgent strategy imposed by the security forces on the rural communities; communal initiative and peasant ‘agency’ were, at certain stages, at least as important. Only with the rise to power of Fujimori were the self‐defence committees formally incorporated in the state’s anti‐guerrilla strategy. Subsequently, with the reduction in the level of violence, self‐defence committees have been seeking new roles in relation to the challenges of re‐civilianisation and reconstruction.
Transnational communities and business systems
Authors: Morgan Glenn
Published: March 2003

The paper examines the concept of ‘transnational communities’ as a way of understanding globalization practices in business and management. It argues that ‘transnational communities’ are emergent properties of the internationalizing of economic activity. Three specific aspects of this process are considered in detail: the development of multinational companies; the development of international regulatory bodies; and the development of cognitive and normative frameworks through the practices of business education, management consultancies and other global professional service firms. It is argued that in each case, transnational spaces are emerging; within these spaces, transnational communities are developing. The article calls for more research into the diverse nature of these spaces and communities as a way of avoiding the sterile polarities of what Held et al. (1999) refer to as the ‘hyperglobalists’ and the ‘sceptics’.
On the trail of the global green bean: methodological considerations in multi‐site ethnography
Authors: Freidberg Susanne
Published: March 2003

The need to demystify and ‘ground’ globalization has spurred many calls for multi‐site fieldwork. This article discusses how such fieldwork was used to examine the contemporary restructuring of fresh food commodity chains between Africa and Europe, at a time of increasing European concerns about food safety and quality. Drawing on convention theory and actor‐network theory for conceptual guidance, qualitative fieldwork was conducted at sites of production, import and export in ‘anglophone’ (Zambia–London) and ‘francophone’ (Burkina Faso–Paris) commodity chains. The article also discusses the challenges posed by multi‐site research, especially in realms where secrecy and deception are standard tools of the trade.
Ethics and Genetics in Latin America
Authors: Rivera‐Lóez Eduardo
Published: March 2003

Genetic research in human beings poses deep ethical problems, one being the problem of distributive justice. If we suppose that genetic technologies are able to produce visible benefits for the well being of people, and that these benefits are affordable to only a favored portion of society, then the consequence is obvious. We are introducing a new source of inequality. In the first section of this paper, I attempt to justify some concern for the distributive consequences of applying genetics to human beings. This concern transcends a mere preoccupation for material equality. I argue that genetic inequality can undermine the very basis of social cooperation, at least regarding health care. The second section is more practical. My aim is to defend how, at least in some legal and cultural frameworks (such as those clearly apparent in some Latin American countries), the undesired distributive consequences of genetics are more likely to arise and more difficult to avoid.
In situ preservation of archaeological bone: a histological study within a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Jans M. M. E. , Kars H. , Nielsen–Marsh C. M. , Smith C. I. , Nord A. G. , Arthur P. , Earl N.
Published: March 2003

To make preservation in situ a serious option for the management of archaeological sites, research has to be done on the factors affecting conservation of different archaeological materials, including bone. A European project has been started which deals with bone degradation in a multidisciplinary way. The goals of the project are to develop techniques to describe the preservation of archaeological bone, to make a classification of soil environments according to their preservation potential and to detect what factors in the environment of the bone affect its conservation. One technique used in this project to determine the state of preservation of archaeological bone is histology. The relevance of this technique for archaeological heritage management research is discussed.
The taphonomy of cooked bone: characterizing boiling and its physico–chemical effects
Authors: Roberts S. J. , Smith C. I. , Millard A. , Collins M. J.
Published: March 2003

Cooking is perhaps the most common pre–burial taphonomic transformation that occurs to bone, yet it is still one of the least understood. Little progress has been made in determining a method of identifying cooked bone in the archaeological record, despite its import for various branches of archaeology. This paper attempts to describe boiling in terms of its physico–chemical effects on bone, and uses a suite of diagenetic indicators to do this.

It is shown that cooking for brief periods of time has little distinguishable effect on bone in the short term, but that increased boiling times can mirror diagenetic effects observed in archaeological bone. The relationship between the loss of collagen and alterations to the bone mineral is explored through heating experiments, and the results compared with archaeological data.The possibility of boiling being used as an analogue for bone diagenesis in future studies is raised, and the key relationship between protein and mineral is once again highlighted as vital to our understanding of bone diagenesis.
Infant feeding in North East England: contested spaces of reproduction
Authors: Pain Rachel , Bailey Cathy , Mowl Graham
Published: March 2003

Decisions about infant feeding are commonly viewed as an issue of personal choice made in the light of information about the benefits of breastfeeding. A pilot study of first‐time parents’ decisions and experiences in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, suggests that local cultural contexts, in particular how men and women are seen to be parenting in different spaces, have a profound influence on infant feeding.
Local communities and the new environmental planning: a case study from Zanzibar
Authors: Myers Garth Andrew
Published: March 2003

Sub–Saharan Africa is experiencing a new round of conservation initiatives, based around democratized local institutions and local knowledge of the environment. This essay uses political ecology research from a case study settlement in the Zanzibar islands of Tanzania to interrogate how to create the enabling conditions for these new conservation programmes. The case study highlights the importance of understanding social and political issues at the local scale for appreciating the problematic trajectories of progressive environmental planning strategies in Africa in the context of democratization.
The Sirens’ voices? Field practices and dialogue in geography
Authors: Powell Richard C.
Published: March 2003

This paper responds to recent demands for greater discussion between physical and human geographers over common conceptualizations and entities. I argue that one possible way in which to conduct such a dialogue would be through considerations of reconceptualized modes of fieldwork practice across the discipline of geography and cognate disciplines. In consequence, I examine such concepts of fieldwork, encompassing diverse attempts such as an ethnographic politics of location and new visions of geomorphological practice. In so doing, I indicate some of the broader potentialities available to historians and philosophers of field science.
On what it takes to be a good geographer
Authors: Simandan Dragos
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that, in order to take place, space and scale more seriously in the study of our discipline, we have to complement the pervasive understanding of geography as a tradition of thought or an extended conversation with an understanding of our discipline as a tradition of practice, in which the main focus is on the becoming of geographers. It is argued that the theme of ‘what it takes to be a good geographer’ is a fertile way to study this process of becoming. The four main advantages of this approach are illustrated empirically in the body of the argument by the author’s reflections on his socializing within two very different geographical traditions.
The Impact of Regulatory Reform on the Portfolio Performance of Australian Credit Unions
Authors: Ralston Deborah
Published: March 2003

This paper applies a portfolio approach to examine the effectiveness of the Financial Institutions (FI) Code (1992) in achieving the twin regulatory objectives of stability and efficiency in Australian credit unions. A model is developed to examine the allocation of credit union portfolios in unregulated and regulation‐constrained environments. The impact of regulatory constraints on portfolio performance prior to and following the introduction of the FI Code is thus assessed. The paper concludes that, overall, the FI Code increased both the stability and the allocative efficiency of credit unions over that of previous regulatory regimes.
Determinants of Household Saving in Australia
Authors: Harris Mark N. , Loundes Joanne , Webster Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a unique survey of consumers to test several separate but inter‐related hypotheses of household saving. Unit records from 17,585 Australian households are available, which enables the incorporation of a range of household characteristics that may be important factors for saving behaviour, but which are not typically available to researchers undertaking macroeconomic analyses. An ordered probit estimation method is used, and the results support the view that current incomes are perhaps the most important determinant of saving. However, it can also be seen that demographics and householders level of economic optimism play a key role.
The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Earnings
Authors: Barrett Garry F.
Published: March 2003

The effect of alcohol consumption on the earnings of full‐time male workers is analysed using the Australian National Health Survey 1989–90. A multinomial logit choice model is used to explain workers’ choice of drinking status and to correct for selection bias in the earnings equation estimation. It is found that moderate drinking leads to a significant earnings premium relative to abstention and heavy drinking. The results are consistent with moderate drinking improving individual’s health and hence productivity and earnings.
Trevor Swan’s 1956 Economic Growth ‘Seminar’ and Notes on Growth
Authors: Pitchford John D.
Published: March 2003

Trevor Swan’s ‘Economic Growth’ notes were written and distributed before the publication of what has become known as the Swan model of growth. Here I provide some further background on the preparation of this work, give a commentary on the notes and draw attention to the farsightedness of Swan’s early contributions to this literature.
Cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies: thirty years of change
Authors: Carlyle William J.
Published: March 2003

Changes in cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies are examined from the early 1960s to the mid‐1990s using census data. Patterns of change within the region are mapped by census division using averaged proportions of land in crops occupied by the main crops for three pairs of census years. Spring wheat and oat have undergone the most significant relative declines. Canola increased dramatically from being the sixth‐ranked crop by area in the early 1960s to the third‐ranked crop by area by the 1990s. The main change in the Brown soil zone has been a large decline in spring wheat and a compensatory gain in durum wheat. Increases in special crops, especially pulse crops, canola and durum wheat have offset a substantial decline in spring wheat in the Dark Brown soil zone. Barley, tame hay and especially canola have increased at the expense of spring wheat, oat and flaxseed in the Black and Gray soil zones. Prices, transportation costs, changing export markets, crop breeding and local processing all have contributed to these changes.
Media framing and social movement mobilization: German peace protest against INF missiles, the Gulf War, and NATO peace enforcement in Bosnia
Authors: Cooper Alice Holmes
Published: March 2003

Abstract. How does media framing of issues affect social movement mobilization? This relationship is examined in light of the striking variation in levels of German peace protest against INF missiles, the Gulf War and the NATO peace‐keeping mission to Bosnia. I argue that this variation in mobilization capacity can be explained in part by the degree of congruence between media framing and movement framing of the issues involved. Congruence between the two framings facilitates movement mobilization, whereas divergence hinders it. I compare the relative congruence between movement framing and media framing in Die Tageszeitung and Der Spiegel coverage of the three issues. I also evaluate possible alternative or complementary explanations, including public opinion, ‘normalization’ and elite cues, and political opportunity structure.
Voter ideology in Western democracies: An update
Authors: KIM HEEMIN , FORDING RICHARD C.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In this article, we update and expand the measure of voter ideology we originally proposed in this journal in 1998. Our new measure combines party manifesto data most recently updated byBudge et al. (2001) with election return data. Assuming the comparability and relevance of left‐right ideology, we estimate the median voter position in 25 Western democracies throughout most of the postwar period. With this measure, we are able to make cross‐national comparisons of voter ideology among these countries, as well as cross‐time comparisons within individual countries.
Interests and information in referendum voting: An analysis of Swiss voters
Authors: Christin Thomas , Hug Simon , Sciarini Pascal
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Referendums impose considerable informational demands on voters. Recent theoretical and empirical research has emphasized the different shortcuts and heuristics they may employ in deciding how to vote. Relying on a substantial series of votes at the national level in Switzerland, we provide empirical tests on how Swiss voters cope with the informational demands in referendum voting. We combine simple heuristics, like partisan cues and endorsements, with indicators of instrumental interests to explain citizens’ choices in a series of votes.
Partisanship and principle: Voters and the New Zealand electoral referendum of 1993
Authors: Aimer Peter , Miller Raymond
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In a two–stage referendum process, in 1992 and 1993, New Zealand voters authorised a radical change from a plurality electoral system to proportional representation. Although ad hoc groups, not the major political parties, led the debate for and against the change, the nature of the issue ensured that partisanship had a strong effect on voters’ choices. Yet many voters were also guided by their political principles and values, including fairness of representation on one side, and preference for single–party, decisive governments on the other. Experience of proportional representation since 1996 has resulted in a fairly high level of uncertainty toward electoral change, independent of partisanship. Values and partisanship, however, remain the two stabilising influences.
Utilization of Home Health Services before and after the Balanced Budget Act of 1997: What Were the Initial Effects?
Authors: McCall Nelda , Petersons Andrew , Moore Stanley , Korb Jodi
Published: March 2003

Objective To estimate the impact of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA), which changed the way Medicare reimbursed for home health services, on a range of home health utilization measures, and to examine whether particular subgroups of beneficiaries were differentially impacted in the post‐BBA period.

Data Sources Secondary data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Standard Analytic Files for the 1 percent sample of Medicare beneficiaries for fiscal years 1997 and 1999, linked with information from CMS eligibility, provider, and cost report files as well as the Area Resources File.

Study Design Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of being in the post‐BBA period on the incidence of home health service use and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to estimate the effects of being in the post‐BBA period on the amount and type of use by home health service users. Interaction terms were included for all the independent variables to assess whether the effect was disproportionate among particular beneficiary subgroups.

Principal Findings Results show a 22 percent decrease in the percentage using home health services post‐BBA and a 39 percent decrease in the number of visits per user. Stronger reductions, though not very large, were found in the incidence of use for beneficiaries aged 85 and older, those in states with high historical Medicare home health use, and those with Medicaid buy‐in. More intensive reductions in the number of services were found for those aged 85 and older, in high historical Medicare use states, nonwhites, females, those using for‐profit agencies, and those treated for certain diagnoses. Less intensive reductions were associated with hospital‐based agencies.

Conclusions This research demonstrates that public program expenditures can be sharply curtailed with financial incentives. As reimbursement shifts to a prospective payment system legislated by the BBA, utilization should be closely monitored, especially for vulnerable subgroups.
Effectiveness and Cost‐effectiveness of Four Treatment Modalities for Substance Disorders: A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin , Graff Zivin Joshua
Published: March 2003

Objective To assess the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of four treatment modalities for substance abuse.

Data Sources The study used data from the Services Research Outcomes Study (SROS), a survey of 3,047 clients in a random sample of 99 drug treatment facilities across the United States. Detailed sociodemographic, substance use, and clinical data were abstracted from treatment records. Substance abuse outcome and treatment history following discharge from index facilities were assessed using a comprehensive interview with 1,799 of these individuals five years after discharge. Treatment success was defined in two ways: as abstinence and as any reduction in substance use.

Study Design Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of four modalities were compared: inpatient, residential, outpatient detox/methadone, and outpatient drug‐free. Clients were stratified based on propensity scores and analyses were conducted within these strata. Sensitivity analyses examined the impact of future substance abuse treatment on effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness estimates.

Principal Findings Treatment of substance disorders appears to be cost‐effective compared to other health interventions. The cost per successfully treated abstinent case in the least costly modality, the outpatient drug‐free programs, was $6,300 (95 percent confidence intervals: $5,200–$7,900) in 1990 dollars. There were only minor differences between various modalities of treatment with regard to effectiveness. However, modalities varied considerably with regard to cost‐effectiveness. Outpatient drug‐free programs were the most cost‐effective. There was little evidence that relative effectiveness or cost‐effectiveness of programs varied according to factors that were associated with selection into different programs.

Conclusions Substance disorders can be treated most cost‐effectively in outpatient drug‐free settings. Savings from transitioning to the most cost‐effective treatment modality may free resources that could be reinvested to improve access to substance abuse treatment for a larger number of individuals in need of such treatment.
Breast Cancer and Women's Labor Supply
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Bednarek Heather L. , Neumark David
Published: March 2003

Objective. To investigate the effect of breast cancer on women's labor supply.

Date Source/Study Setting. Using the 1992 Health and Retirement Study, we estimate the probability of working using probit regression and then, for women who are employed, we estimate regressions for average weekly hours worked using ordinary least squares (OLS). We control for health status by using responses to perceived health status and comorbidities. For a sample of married women, we control for spouses' employer‐based health insurance. We also perform additional analyses to detect selection bias in our sample.

Principal Findings. We find that the probability of breast cancer survivors working is 10 percentage points less than that for women without breast cancer. Among women who work, breast cancer survivors work approximately three more hours per week than women who do not have cancer. Results of similar magnitude persist after health status is controlled in the analysis, and although we could not definitively rule out selection bias, we could not find evidence that our results are attributable to selection bias.

Conclusions. For some women, breast cancer may impose an economic hardship because it causes them to leave their jobs. However, for women who survive and remain working, this study failed to show a negative effect on hours worked associated with breast cancer. Perhaps the morbidity associated with certain types and stages of breast cancer and its treatment does not interfere with work.
Error Reduction and Performance Improvement in the Emergency Department through Formal Teamwork Training: Evaluation Results of the MedTeams Project
Authors: Morey John C , Simon Robert , Jay Gregory D , Wears Robert L , Salisbury Mary , Dukes Kimberly A , Berns Scott D
Published: March 2003

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of training and institutionalizing teamwork behaviors, drawn from aviation crew resource management (CRM) programs, on emergency department (ED) staff organized into caregiver teams.

Study Setting. Nine teaching and community hospital EDs.

Study Design. A prospective multicenter evaluation using a quasi‐experimental, untreated control group design with one pretest and two posttests of the Emergency Team Coordination CourseTM (ETCC). The experimental group, comprised of 684 physicians, nurses, and technicians, received the ETCC and implemented formal teamwork structures and processes. Assessments occurred prior to training, and at intervals of four and eight months after training. Three outcome constructs were evaluated: team behavior, ED performance, and attitudes and opinions. Trained observers rated ED staff team behaviors and made observations of clinical errors, a measure of ED performance. Staff and patients in the EDs completed surveys measuring attitudes and opinions.

Data Collection. Hospital EDs were the units of analysis for the seven outcome measures. Prior to aggregating data at the hospital level, scale properties of surveys and event‐related observations were evaluated at the respondent or case level.

Principal Findings. A statistically significant improvement in quality of team behaviors was shown between the experimental and control groups following training (p=.012). Subjective workload was not affected by the intervention (p=.668). The clinical error rate significantly decreased from 30.9 percent to 4.4 percent in the experimental group (p=.039). In the experimental group, the ED staffs' attitudes toward teamwork increased (p=.047) and staff assessments of institutional support showed a significant increase (p=.040).

Conclusion. Our findings point to the effectiveness of formal teamwork training for improving team behaviors, reducing errors, and improving staff attitudes among the ETCC‐trained hospitals.
A Demonstration of the Impact of Response Bias on the Results of Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Authors: Mazor Kathleen M , Clauser Brian E , Field Terry , Yood Robert A , Gurwitz Jerry H
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The purposes of the present study were to examine patient satisfaction survey data for evidence of response bias, and to demonstrate, using simulated data, how response bias may impact interpretation of results.

Data Sources. Patient satisfaction ratings of primary care providers (family practitioners and general internists) practicing in the context of a group‐model health maintenance organization and simulated data generated to be comparable to the actual data.

Study Design. Correlational analysis of actual patient satisfaction data, followed by a simulation study where response bias was modeled, with comparison of results from biased and unbiased samples.

Principal Findings. A positive correlation was found between mean patient satisfaction rating and response rate in the actual patient satisfaction data. Simulation results suggest response bias could lead to overestimation of patient satisfaction overall, with this effect greatest for physicians with the lowest satisfaction scores.

Conclusions. Findings suggest that response bias may significantly impact the results of patient satisfaction surveys, leading to overestimation of the level of satisfaction in the patient population overall. Estimates of satisfaction may be most inflated for providers with the least satisfied patients, thereby threatening the validity of provider‐level comparisons.
Primary Care, Self‐rated Health, and Reductions in Social Disparities in Health
Authors: Shi Leiyu , Starfield Barbara , Politzer Robert , Regan Jerri
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine the extent to which good primary‐care experience attenuates the adverse association of income inequality with self‐reported health.

Data Sources. Data for the study were drawn from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation sponsored 1996–1997 Community Tracking Study (CTS) Household Survey and state indicators of income inequality and primary care.

Study Design. Cross‐sectional, mixed‐level analysis on individuals with a primary‐care physician as their usual source of care. The analyses were weighted to represent the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the continental United States.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Principal component factor analysis was used to explore the structure of the primary‐care indicators and examine their construct validity. Income inequality for the state in which the community is located was measured by the Gini coefficient, calculated using income distribution data from the 1996 current population survey. Stratified analyses compared proportion of individuals reporting bad health and feeling depressed with those with good and bad primary‐care experiences for each of the four income‐inequality strata. A set of logistic regressions were performed to examine the relation between primary‐care experience, income inequality, and self‐rated health.

Principal Findings. Good primary‐care experience, in particular enhanced accessibility and continuity, was associated with better self‐reported health both generally and mentally. Good primary‐care experience was able to reduce the adverse association of income inequality with general health although not with mental health, and was especially beneficial in areas with highest income inequality. Socioeconomic status attenuated, but did not eliminate, the effect of primary‐care experience on health. In conclusion, good primary‐care experience is associated not only with improved self‐rated overall and mental health but also with reductions in disparities between more‐ and less‐disadvantaged communities in ratings of overall health.
‘Fight the Power’: The Politics of Music and the Music of Politics
Authors: Street John
Published: March 2003

Popular music has a long and varied association with politics. It has provided the soundtrack to political protest and been the object of political censorship; politicians have courted pop stars and pop stars — like Bono of U2 — have acted as politicians. But although these more familiar aspects of pop's connections to politics have been noted in passing, they have not received a great deal of academic attention, and there are other aspects of the relationship — the state's role as sponsor of popular music, for instance — which have been largely ignored. This article explores the various dimensions of the interaction between popular music and politics, and argues that the study of music can contribute to our understanding of political thought and action.
On Separating the Landowner’s Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek
Authors: Andelson Robert V.
Published: March 2003

On a given site, some increments of rent or land value may reflect improvements by the owner, either to it or to adjacent sites he or she also owns. Because these increments cannot always be distinguished with precision from the value arising from natural features and/or from improvements due to communal efforts, F. A. Hayek dismissed the Georgist paradigm as fatally flawed. This paper disputes Hayek’s criticism on the following grounds: 1. As Professor Backhaus observed, the degree of certainty in measurement demanded by Hayek is more rigorous than that required in practice for enforceable tax assessment. 2. Under a Georgist‐style system, landowners who improve their land would, in any case, get to keep much more of the fruits of their efforts than under any alternative public revenue system. 3. The distinction between value produced by the owner, on the one hand, and that produced by nature and society, on the other, remains authoritative as an ideal even if not perfectly realizable in practice; hence, there is a sense in which even the theoretical elegance of Georgism is not undercut by Hayek's criticism.
Professor Ludwig M. Lachmann (1906‐1990): Scholar, Teacher, and Austrian School Critic of Late Classical Formalism in Economics
Authors: Boehm Stephan , Kirzner Israel M. , Koppl Roger , Lavoie Don , Lewin Peter , Torr Christopher
Published: March 2003

Ludwig M. Lachmann was born in Berlin in 1906 and died in Johannesburg in 1990. For more than forty years, until his retirement in 1972, Lachmann established himself as a prominent South African economist and for a time served as head of the economics department at the University of Witwatersrand. From 1974 to 1987, he worked with Professor Israel Kirzner in New York City to give new shape and life to the older Austrian school of economics. Lachmann influenced a small army of modern Austrians to discard the elaborate formalisms of orthodox economics for a “radical subjectivism” that had its roots in the teachings of the founder of the Austrian school, Carl Menger. Here a small platoon of scholars offer their thoughts about Lachmann, his contributions to economic reasoning, and his eccentric but engaging character. First hand reports explain what their mentor taught and what his students took away. Lavoie makes the case that Lachmann’s “radical subjectivism” took a rhetorical turn toward the end of Lachmann’s career in New York City. In addition, Kirzner reports on his long and most productive relationship with Lachmann and provides additional insights about the seminal role of the Austrian Economics Seminar at New York University from 1985 to 1987 in giving shape to the modern Austrian revival. This article is the written version of a “Remembrance and Appreciation Session” held on June 28, 1999 at the History of Economics Society meeting at the University of North Carolina in Greensboro. It is one of an ongoing series that appears in the July issues of this journal.
Rationality‐in‐Relations
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT.If in a game with multiple proper coordination equilibria there is a single one that is best for all participants, it isrationalfor each participant to choose the strategy that has the best equilibrium as one of its possible outcomes. This seems so obvious that any plausible theory of rationality should be expected to be applicable to such situations. However, this is not true for the “orthodox” theory of rational choice, as Robert Sugden has convincingly shown. In this paper, I shall argue that this failure is due to an implicit individualistic understanding ofintentionality. John R. Searle's concept ofcollective intentionality(as put forth in hisConstruction of Social Reality) and his more recent theory ofRationality in Actionprovides important conceptual tools pertaining to a more comprehensive theory of rationality. The account I shall develop differs from Searle's own, as for reasons to be found in his overall project, Searle's departure from the orthodox view of rationality gets stuck half‐way.
The New Role of the Constitutive Rule
Authors: Hindriks Frank A.
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT . Searle used to analyze institutional facts in terms of the constitutive rule. In his more elaborate account in The Construction of Social Reality he introduces the notion of a status function. The “counts as” locution is central to both the constitutive rule and the status function. The main question I ask is what role is left for the constitutive rule after the introduction of the status function. In order to answer this question, I start by analyzing the notion of a status function. An examination of the relation between status functions and the function of representation reveals that the former is a species of the latter. An exploration of the relation between status functions and collective acceptance reveals that Searle does not provide an argument as to why collective acceptance is required for institutional facts. Searle's new account goes beyond his old analysis of institutional facts in terms of the constitutive rule. Rather than declaring the notion to be redundant, Searle assigns the constitutive rule a new role: it is to account for the fact that there can be counterfeit instances of a subclass of institutions, including, for example, that of money. This subclass consists of institutions that are codified.
An Illuminating Exchange The Construction of Social Reality
Authors: Smith Barry , Searle John
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT . In his The Construction of Social Reality, Searle presents an account of rights, responsibilities, obligations, duties, and similar entities in terms of the formula X counts as Y in context C, where “X” refers in the simplest case to some physical object or event and “Y” to the result of imposing upon X some deontic power or function. Smith attempts to show the limitations of this formula, focusing especially on the examples of contested property rights (where C is not uniquely defined), and of money in bank accounts and other phenomena (where no physical X‐term is available). Searle responds to these criticisms, above all by pointing to the fact that some of the problems Smith raises are to be addressed not by an ontological analysis of social reality but rather through legal or political means.
The effect of unemployment insurance on weekly hours of work in Canada
Authors: Friesen Jane
Published: March 2003

Major revisions to the Canadian unemployment insurance program in 1997 created a benefit structure that effectively provides more insurance to workers who are employed for longer workweeks. This anomaly creates an incentive for workers and firms to tailor their weekly work schedules to maximize net program benefits. Analysis of Labour Force Survey data shows that workers and firms responded to these changes by altering weekly hours as expected. This behavioural response demonstrates the sensitivity of hours of work decisions to labour market policies. JEL classification: J65

Les effets de l’assurance‐chômage sur le nombre hebdomadaire d’heures de travail au Canada. Des changements majeurs dans le programme canadien d’assurance‐chômage en 1997 ont mis en place une structure de prestations qui fournissait un support additionnel aux travailleurs qui travaillaient de plus longues heures dans la semaine. Cette anomalie a créé une incitation pour travailleurs et entreprises à ajuster leur cédule hebdomadaire de travail de manière à maximiser les bénéfices nets du programme. L’analyse des données de l’Enquête sur la population active montre que travailleurs et entreprises ont répondu à ces changements en ajustant les heures hebdomadaires de travail comme prévu. Cette réaction montre bien la sensitivité des heures de travail aux politiques du marché du travail.
Cities and the Creative Class
Authors: Florida Richard
Published: March 2003

Cities and regions have long captured the imagination of sociologists, economists, and urbanists. From Alfred Marshall to Robert Park and Jane Jacobs, cities have been seen as cauldrons of diversity and difference and as fonts for creativity and innovation. Yet until recently, social scientists concerned with regional growth and development have focused mainly on the role of firms in cities, and particularly on how these firms make location decisions and to what extent they concentrate together in agglomerations or clusters. This short article summarizes recent advances in our thinking about cities and communities, and does so particularly in light of themes advanced in my recently published book, The Rise of the Creative Class, which focuses on diversity and creativity as basic drivers of innovation and regional and national growth. This line of work further suggests the need for some conceptual refocusing and broadening to account for the location decisions of people as opposed to those of firms as sources of regional and national economic growth. In doing so, this article hopes to spur wider commentary and debate on the critical functions of cities and regions in 21st–century creative capitalism.