bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Necrotizing Encephalitis Involving Mainly the Grey Matter of the Temporo‐Rhinencephalic and Insular Regions
Authors: Ishino Hiroshi , Nomura Shćtarć , Sarai Keisuke
Published: March 2008

The authors reported an autopsy case of chronic necrotizing encephalitis.

Clinical course: A male aged 34 years, complained of attack of loss of consciousness at age 31. Afterwards dysarthria, recent memory disturbance, polyphagia, and euphoria were noted. From age 33, spastic paresis of the four limbs, optic atrophy, dementia, and emotional incontinence appeared. At the advanced stage, the patient became comatose, died after a history of about three years three months. The CSF showed once, at an early stage, pleocytosis and increased total protein content.

Pathological findings: There was cortical necroses, which are obvious to the naked eye, localized in the insular and temporal lobes, cingulate and orbital convolutions of both hemispheres. The inferior parts of the third frontal convolutions were also involved. In these necrotic areas, compound granular corpuscles without a transport around the vessels were noted, while fibrous organization was absent. A slight to moderate perivascular infiltration was found in the insular, temporal cortex, claustrum and inner capsules. These lesions are known in the type of encephalitis described by van Bogaert under the name of acute necrotizing encephalitis.

The authors discussed the similarity and the difference of the clinico‐pathological features with protracted cases of van Bogaert's acute necrotizing encephalitis. They considered this as a case of chronic necrotizing encephalitis with the same topography of the lesions of acute necrotizing encephalitis.
Fine Structural Changes in the Human Cerebral Cortex Adjacent to Meningioma
Authors: Koizumi Junzo , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Minei Susumu , Nose Tadao , Maki Yutaka , Matsumoto Yutaka
Published: March 2008

Human cerebral cortices adjacent to men‐ingiomas were studied with an electron microscope and compared with the normal materials of adult rabbits.

Various types of presynaptic degenerations are observed in the cerebral cortices adjacent to meningiomas. The glycogen granules appear diffusely in the perikaryal cytoplasm and the dendrites of the nerve cells adjacent to meningiomas, and they accumulate abundantly in the astrocytic cytoplasm and the processes adjacent to the tumors. In most endothelial cells of capillaries adjacent to the tumors, many pino‐cytotic vesicles are observed. These degenerative alterations of the neuronal and glial components and reactive changes of the vascular walls adjacent to meningiomas might be due to the neoplastic process.
Synaptic Changes in the Rabbit Pallidum Following Long‐Term Haloperidol Administration
Authors: Koizumi Junzo , Shiraishi Hiroyasu
Published: March 2008

Following long‐term administration of haloperidol, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special reference to the synaptic changes in the globus pallidus, and compared with the normal materials. After three to five months' intramuscular injections of haloperidol (2 mg/kg/day), irregular windings of the cyto‐plasmic membranes of the axon terminals were observed in the axo‐dendritic and axo‐somatic synapses in the globus pallidus. The animals showed neuroleptic and extrapyra‐midal symptoms throughout the period. These synaptic changes are interpreted as reactive changes induced by the long‐term administration of haloperidol.
Permissiveness Towards the Imperfections Of Human Nature in Psychotherapy
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi
Published: March 2008

First, focus was placed on the Japanese social permissiveness of imperfections of human nature, which placed emphases on the interrelationship between social and therapeutic “permissiveness.”

Second, the importance of the omnipresent needs for love, food, and, of the psychotherapist's empathy of these needs, within the permissive psychotherapeutic approach, was illustrated by using two Japanese case presentations.

Third, Kobayashi psychotherapy was introduced to highlight the particular significance of “permissiveness” in psychotherapy.

Fourth, in order to emphasize the relevant possible universal application of the permissive approach in dynamic psychotherapy, an American case was reviewed.

Finally, it was stressed that the essential core of psychotherapy seemed to be complementary empathic communication between the therapist and the patient as simply human beings, of their imperfect human nature, as it is, or “ningen‐mi,” as natural as possible. (Case I was presented to Dr. T. Doi's Seminar on Psychotherapy at Tokyo University on May 6, 1971; and Case 2 was discussed in a paper on brief psychotherapy read at the 82nd Kanto Regional Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology on March 17, 1973.)
Anti‐Manic and Prophylactic Effects of Carbamazepine (Tegretol) on Manic Depressive Psychosis A Preliminary Report
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Kishimoto Akira , Kinuo Inoue. M.D. , Hisashi Matsumoto , Atsushi Ogura , Toji Matsushita , Nakao Takehisa , Chikara Ogura
Published: March 2008

The anti‐manic, anti‐depressive and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (CAZP, Tegretol‐Ciba Geigy) on the endogenous mani‐depressive psychosis (MDP) were investigated on 50 MDP cases. The dosage of the drug ranged from 200 to 1,200 mg daily (usually 400 to 600 mg).

The effect of CAZP on 33 manic states was: “markedly effective” seven (23%), “effective” six (19%), “slightly effective” five (16%), “ineffective” 13 (42%), whereas the effect on six depressive states was: “markedly effective” one and “ineffective” five. No definite relationship was found between the kinds of drugs in combination use and the effect of CAZP. No significant difference of the CAZP effect was found in the four patient groups with different age of onset of the illness, nor among the “continuous,”“frequent” and “periodic” type cases.

The prophylactic effect of CAZP on 27 cases in which the assessment of the effect on the manic episode was possible was: “markedly effective” 13 (48%), “effective” seven (26%) and “ineffective” seven (26%), whereas that for depressive episode was: 12 (45%), two (7%) and 13 (48%), and the result of the general assessment on each patient was 14 (43%), 10 (30%) and nine (27%), respectively. The kinds of drugs in combination use, age of onset and type of course of the illness did not have any influence on the prophylactic effect of CAZP.

The prophylactic effect on MDP of CAZP did not parallel that of lithium salt, but CAZP may be effective on cases which did not respond to lithium and vice versa.

Side‐effects such as ataxia, dizziness, exanthema, drowsiness and headache were observed in five of the cases, and the CAZP was discontinued in four of them.

The mechanism of effectiveness of the CAZP on MDP was discussed.
Epilepsy and Folic Acid
Authors: Ueda Seiichiro , Shirakawa Tsunemitsu , Nakazawa Yoichi , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

With 15 cases of epilepsy as the subject, studies were made of the therapeutic effects of folic acid on psychiatric symptoms and clinical seizures. Folic acid proved effective for a part of chronic and prolonged psychiatric symptoms shown by epileptic patients and brought on slight improvement in hyperexcitability, aggressiveness, bad humor and slowness of psychomotor activities. Improvement in mood was also observed. However, incidence of clinical fits increased in three cases.

Electroencephalograms showed the desyn‐chronizing phenomenon following oral administration of folic acid. Appearance or increase of spikes was noted in six cases.

The epileptic group showed significantly low folic acid level in both serum and spinal fluid compared with the non‐epileptic group. When folic acid was administered orally to the epileptic group, the serum folic acid level increased easily but the folic acid level in spinal fluid hardly increased.
A Study on Long‐Term Prognosis of Epilepsy
Authors: Fukushima Yutaka
Published: March 2008

Of 631 epileptic patients examined in our seizure clinic in the period between January 1961 and December 1966, 97 (15.4%) have been treated until September 1976, when the long‐term prognosis was evaiuated. The “good prognosis (completely controlled)” were found in 59% of grand mal, in 55% of focal motor seizure, in 42% of psychomotor and in 33% of the mixed seizure in which more than two types of seizures were combined; in 49% (48 cases) on the average. Seventy‐nine percent of the cases of the mixed seizure were combined with psychomotor seizures. In the psycho‐motor and the mixed seizure groups, the presence of personality disorders tended to lead them to “poor prognosis” which meant that the seizures were not well controlled.

Twelve cases manifested psychotic (paranoid) state: a schizophrenic, a case with chronic paranoid‐hallucinatory state, and 10 patients with episodic paranoid state, whose episodes may be identified with the paranoid reactions.

Out of the 49 “poor prognosis” cases, 17 (35%) had had seizure‐free periods for more than three years in the past course of their treatment.
Ictal Clinical Patterns and IctaL EIEG in a Case of Partial Seizures of Frontotemporal Origin Associated With Complex Symptomatology
Authors: Nishiura Nobuhiro
Published: March 2008

The patient was a 35‐year‐old, unmarried male whose epileptic psvchomotor fits persisted since the age of 13. The author has observed the case for about 12 years, so that incomplete information concerning epileptic symptoms was considered to be compensated considerably by longitudinal observation, including ictal seizure and ictal EEG's. In this patient seizure with impaired consciousness which correspond rhvthmic slow waves of EEG tracing might be a nuclear sign; several kinds of automatism then might be considered as postictal phenomenon. The most important of all was tonic seizure of psvchomotor epilepsv particularlv in the face which was not seen in the petit mal epilepsv. With observation of ictal period as well as ictal EEG, differential identification of centrencephalic epilepsy and psychomotor epilepsy may not be totallv impossible. The case also showed a typical productive psychotic episodes of Landolt,3 which could be treated favorably by 10 mg of intravenous Haloperidol. This method, named as “pathologization” of Helmchen,2 was found by the present author as a useful treatmental means of choice.
Polygraphic Study on the Clinical Seizures Induced During Nocturnal Sleep
Authors: Kawahara Ryuzo , Umezawa Yoichi , Fukubara Tomokazu , Funakoshi Shiro , Kuba Kenko
Published: March 2008

The subjects of this study consisted of 17 epileptic patients with clinical seizures during all‐night sleep recording (the seizure group) and another 17 epileptic patients without clinical seizures (the control group). The results obtained were as follows:

The 50–90% out of total clinical seizures were induced in non‐REM sleep, while a few clinical seizures were induced in REM sleep. The number of clinical seizures in sleep stage of higher activity level increased as the incidence of clinical seizure during all‐night grew.

In the seizure group REM sleep could not be detectable during all‐night in five cases out of 17 cases, while we could not find cases lacking REM sleep in the control group. This difference between two subject groups was statistically significant (P< 0.025).

As to focal spike group, the spike discharge incidence of total sleeping time and of each sleep stage was higher respectively in the seizure group than that in the control group, and particularly in St.1, St.2 and REM sleep the figure of the discharge incidence was found significantly higher in the seizure group than that in the control group (P<0.05).

We discussed on above‐mentioned results, and we emphasized particularly that REM‐sleep suppresses clinical seizures, although non‐REM sleep induces clinical seizures.
EEG Patterns of Grand Mal Seizures Occurring Under Different Recording Conditions
Authors: Sano Joh , Enokido Hideaki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Thirty‐five EEG patterns of grand mal seizures recorded under some conditions such as awake‐rest, sleep activation, beme‐gride activation and intermittent photic stimulation were studied in 31 epileptics and four non‐epileptics.

Preictal EEG's were generally variable in comparison with ictal EEG's. It was not till 10 sec before seizures that the incidence of seizure discharges changed in most all cases, of which six increased and four decreased.

A paroxysmal extreme varied EEG abnormality often continued for several to several ten sec immediately before a tonic phase, associated with some clinical symptoms. EEG patterns of the “preconvulsive phase” were divided into six types with different clinical features. In most all cases of bamegride activation, poly‐spike and wave discharges preceded on seizure activities and some of them related with absence or psychomotor epilepsies. In all cases of sleep activation and photic stimulation, high voltage slow bursts or poly spikes preceded. Seizure patterns recorded at awake‐rest were indefinite. A few cases didn't show any preconvulsive EEG changes, and were closely related with grand mal epilepsies.

While the grand mal seizure during sleep had a long tonic‐clonic convulsive phase and a short pre‐ and postconvulsive phase, that induced by bemegride activation showed the opposite findings. The grand mal seizure at awake‐rest had the middle tendency between the two.

The differences among the effects of various recording conditions on seizure patterns present some suggestions as to the patho‐physiological mechanism of epileptic seizures.
Functional Changes in the Caudate and Accumbens Nuclei During Amygdaloid and Hippocampal Seizure Development in Kindled Cats
Authors: Sato Mitsumoto
Published: March 2008

Electroencephalographic changes were examined in the caudate nucleus and accumbens nucleus during limbic seizure development in eight kindled cat preparations. The emergence of self‐sustained after‐discharge and interictal discharge was demonstrated in tbe accumbens nucleus during limbic seizure development. This finding suggests secondary epileptogenic functional alterations in the mesolimbic dopamine neuron systems. Moreover, the epileptiform re‐spouses triggered from the accumbens and caudate nuclei increased markedly with progressive limbic seizure development. These results suggest that a limbic seizure could produce a secondary.functional reorganization of the brain dopaminergic neuron systems, especially of the mesolimbic dopamine neuron systems that has been reported to play an important role in the manifestation of psychotic symptom.
Effects of Amoxapine, a New Antidepressant, on Pseud oneurotic Schizophrenia
Authors: Aono Tetsuhiko , Kaneko Motohisa , Numata Yoshihiko , Takahashi Yukio , Yamamoto Toshiaki , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: During a four‐week open study, amoxapine (AX), a new antidepressant agent, was administered to seven patients with pseudoneurotic schizophrenia, seven with neurosis and another seven with schizophrenia, all having similar symptoms. The improvement ratio was 71.4% in the pseudo‐neurotic schizophrenia group, 57.1% in the neurosis group and 42.8% in the schizophrenia group. Through the application of rating instruments, improvements were observed in the pseudoneurotic schizophrenia group in such items as psychotic and psychoneurotic symptoms in the assessment through the Springfield Outpatient Symptom and Adjustment Index, somatic concern and blunted affect through the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and depression and depersonalization through the Clinical Rating Scale. On the other hand, overall improvements were less seen in the items of the neurosis group and the schizophrenia group. Effective doses of AX were 30 to 75 mg/day in the three groups. Side effects were observed in four cases which included insomnia, tachycardia, palpitation and hypomanic state. There were no cases in which AX was discontinued because of the side effects as these symptoms were slight. AX is remarkable and characteristically efficacious in the pseudoneurotic schizophrenia, and this effectiveness is presumed due to its antidepressant and antipsychotic actions.
Differences in Human Group Mean SEP between Sexes: with Reference to the Rohrer's Index*
Authors: Ikuta Takumi , Furuta Noriko , Unzai Atsushi , Kondo Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: With 200 SEPs of normal subjects, the differences in the Group Mean SEP between sexes were defined eliminating the differences attributable to another peripheral factor relating to the nutritional condition represented by the Rohrer's index. The differences in the baseline amplitude of the Group Mean SEP between males vs. females in the sections between roughly 23–111 msec, around 330 msec, and behind 389 msec in latency were verified, subtracting the differences between the groups with a high vs. low value of the Rohrer's index, not attributable to the different nutritional condition, and might be the central origin. Applying the Amplitude Scaling, the differences in the sections 23–104 msec in latency were verified similarly, being more a significant indication of the sex difference per se.
An Autopsy Case of Subacute Encephalopathy with Disseminated Necrosis
Authors: Nakao Takehisa , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An autopsy case of subacute encephalopathy with disseminated necrosis was reported. The patient, a 34‐year‐old male, complained of headache and generalized convulsion. He also showed constructional apraxia and dementia. These symptoms progressed slowly. Neurological examinations revealed no abnormalities except for a slight optic nerve atrophy. Laboratory examinations disclosed a high ratio of the titer of antibody of rubella virus. Based on the findings mentioned above, he was diagnosed as atypical subacute encephalopathy, and because of his usage of thinner for 10 years, intoxication by it was also suspected. An autopsy of the brain revealed disseminated small necrosis in the gray matter over the whole brain. The relationship between the genesis which provoked the atypical clinical course and pathological findings was discussed.
Frequency of Alzheimer's Neurofibrillary Tangle in the Brains of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Postencephalitic Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's Disease, Senile Dementia and Non‐Demented Elderly Person
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Seyama Shinichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The frequency and the distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles were examined in those cases of progressive supranuclear palsy (one case), postencephalitic parkinsonism (one case), Alzheimer's disease (two cases), senile dementia (two cases) and non‐demented elderly person (three cases). The light microscopic pattern of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles seen in progressive supranuclear palsy was similar to those in postencephalitic parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia and non‐demented elderly person. Some differences in the frequency and the distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles were demonstrated.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Brain of Rats Administered with 6‐Hydroxydopamine
Authors: Ueda Seiichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Adult Wistar rats were treated with 6‐Hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA, 200–500 μg) by intraventricular injection. Two, five, seven or 14 days after the injection, the effects of 6‐OHDA on rat behavior and the brain ultra‐structure were observed. The increased irritability and the tendency of a decrease in self‐grooming along with a reduced spontaneous movement were found in rats given 6‐OHDA. The main ultrastructural alterations were observed in the nerve terminals localized in the catecholaminergic neurons, particularly the hypothalamic axon terminals. These ultrastructural changes might relate to the behavioral abnormalities in the animals.
Plasma Levels and Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic Drugs in Children
Authors: Miura Hisao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Michaelis‐Menten pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of phenytoin were evaluated in children. The Vmax was inversely related to age, but there was no such relationship for Km. The fraction excreted in urine as 5‐(p‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐phenylhydantoin, the main metabolite of phenytoin after oral administration, was not significantly different among the patients aged two months to 16 years; suggesting that no functional difference existed between children and adults that would alter the drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

Children on sodium valproate mono‐therapy were divided into three different age groups. The daily dose per kilogram of body weight correlated poorly with the plasma concentration in each age group. However, the plasma level to dose ratio increased with the advancement of the group age. Also in children treated only with carbamazepine at daily doses of 10–15 mg/kg body weight, the younger age group achieved the lower steady‐state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine. In contrast, the concentration of carbamaze‐pine‐10, ll‐epoxide, the main metabolite of carbamazepine, expressed as a percentage of the parent drug, was higher in the younger age group.
A Lithium and Carbamazepine Combination in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder–A Preliminary Report
Authors: Inoue Kazuomi , Arima Seiki , Tanaka Kunio , Fukui Yoshihisa , Kato Nobukatsu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A lithium and carbamazepine combination was reported in five patients with bipolar disorder (DSM‐III), who had not received benefits from conventional treatments. Patients 1, 2 and 4 showed favorable antimanic responses to carbamazepine used in combination with lithium carbonate. Patient 3 did not respond well to either lithium or carbamazepine alone, but improved dramatically on the simultaneous administration of the two drugs. The prophylactic benefit was observed in two patients. These clinical results suggest that a lithium and carbamazepine combination may be more efficacious in the treatment of acute manic episode and the prevention of affective recurrences than each drug alone.
Foetal Head Growth Retardation due to Antiepileptic Drugs: With Reference to GH, TSH, T4. T3 and Reverse T3 Concentrations
Authors: Kaneko Sunao , Hirano Takayuki , Fukushima Yutaka , Sato Tokijiro , Nomura Yukimitsu , Shinagawa Shinryo , Ogawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To study the mechanisms of inhibitory action of antiepileptic drugs on foetal head growth, determinations were made of the growth hormone, thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in the sera of pregnant women, and the correlations between each hormone concentration and the foetal head circumference were studied. The thyroxine level decreased in the maternal serum and in the cord blood, and the thyrotropin level also became lower in the epileptic mother taking antiepileptic drugs. The growth hormone level in the umbilical vein sample of the epileptic mother was lower than that in the controls. The correlations between the head circumference of an infant at delivery and the decreased levels of the hormones seemed to indicate that a decrease in the thyroxine level, caused by antiepileptic drugs, produced the foetal head growth retardation.
Tachistoscopic Recognition of Normal and Mirror Images of Kana and Kanji Characters
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Endo Masaomi , Nakamura Ichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Accuracy of recognition was investigated for normal and mirror images of Kana (syllabic symbols) and Kanji (ideographic symbols) characters tachistoscopically presented in the left and right visual fields in normal right‐handed Japanese subjects. A significant right field superiority was obtained for the recognition of each type of normal letter. In the case of mirrored letters, Kanji characters were better recognized in the right field while no lateral asymmetry for the recognition of Kana characters was shown. The results indicated that Kanji processing is somewhat different from the processing of Kana characters.
Psychotic Symptoms in Childhood Epilepsy –An Electroencephalographic Study–
Authors: Oka Eiji , Yamatogi Yasuko , Ichiba Naofumi , Terasaki Tomoyuki , Kohno Chikahiko , Yoshida Harumi , Matsuda Miyako , Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To investigate the significance of EEG findings relating to the appearance of psychic symptoms in epileptic children, a clinicoelectroen‐cephalographic study was undertaken on 15 cases with psychotic episodes. 1) Psychotic episodes with hallucination and/or illusion were observed, though rarely, in childhood epilepsy. These seemed liable to occur in temporal lobe epilepsy. 2) Three of four patients in the hallucination and illusion group showed frequent epileptic discharges. However, no distinct relation existed between seizure discharges and psychotic episodes. 3) Eight of 11 patients in the dysphoria and excitement group were secondary generalized epilepsy. 4) In the dysphoria and excitement group, psychotic episodes occurred either as a result of the increase in epileptic discharges or conversely as a result of the suppression of epileptic discharges. The former was more frequent. Epileptic discharges tended to be suppressed in the Lennox syndrome and allied conditions relating to psychotic episodes. 5) A forced normalization‐like phenomenon mostly resulted from the marked suppression of diffuse slow spike‐waves. However, a complete suppression of epileptic discharges was not always noted.
Pharmacodynamic Factors in the Occurrence of Psychiatric Symptoms among Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The frequency of the cases which showed the toxic levels and the relationship between the serum levels and mental symptoms were discussed on the basis of determination of the serum antiepileptic drugs. This was aimed at recognizing the effects of drug therapy in the appearance of some psychiatric symptoms in patients with epilepsy. The serum levels of folate and vitamin B12 were measured simultaneously to examine the relationship with some mental change. The direct cause‐and‐effect relationship could not be demonstrated between the serum levels and the mental symptoms.
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors of the Convulsive Strain (E1) Mouse
Authors: Mori Koichi , Fujita Seiichiro , Kawaguchi Kenji , Chikami Takashi , Ohno Kyosuke , Tsuji Masaki , Onishi Hiroshi , Yamagami Sakae , Kawakita Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The biochemical characteristics of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors were studied on the El strain mouse brain by the binding assay using [3H]l‐quinuclydinyl benzylate. Scatchard analyses showed that the receptor density (Bmax) of the hippocampus significantly decreased by 26.4% and the affinity (Kd) increased by 18.8% in El(+) compared to dd‐Y. It is suggested that this hippocampal subsensitivity found in El(+) mouse might be strain‐specific, because repeated megimide convulsions failed to produce the same down regulation.
Evaluation and Management in Consultation‐Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Nishiura Kenshi , Araki Shiro , Matsushima Michito , Morimoto Nobumitsu , Ogata Ryo , Shibata Shiro , Tagawa Kensuke , Tashiro Kenichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The subjects were 95 medical and surgical inpatients referred to Kyushu University Hospital Psychiatric Consultation Service. The authors studied the mental status of each referred patient and elicited some Unclassified mental status cases. It was recommended, therefore, to bring in new concepts of normal condition and polymorphous condition in dealing with those Unclassified mental status cases which are often recognized as problematic both by the patient's primary physician and the psychiatric consultant. The ordinary style Single contact consultation was also compared with the Active follow‐up consultation regarding the function of psychiatric consultations. The authors confirmed that most referring physicians who were supported by the Active follow‐up consultation appreciated highly the evaluating function of a psychiatric consultant
Long‐Term Follow‐up Study of 13 Autistic Children
Authors: Shirataki Sadaaki , Hanada Masanori , Kuromaru Shoshiro , Sugiura Yasuo , Uchida Susumu , Shimada Shozo , Masuda Ineko , Goto Takeshi , Yamada Togo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report concerning 13 autistic children who have been followed up from their early infancy to adulthood. Some intake variables, such as speech development at the age of 5, were correlated with the outcome status. As a result, we showed that a higher level of speech development at age 5 did not necessarily lead to a better outcome in social adaptability. We showed also that any of the variables we examined, such as the presence of brain organic abnormality, the duration of schooling and the duration of medical treatment, were not factors in determining a good or poor prognosis. We concluded that a rather poor outcome seen in our subjects might be due to the particular situation in Japan throughout this study period, and not a reflection of the real natural history of early infantile autism.
An Investigation on Sleep Disturbance of Autistic Children
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Watanabe Hiroko , Yashima Yuko , Kaneko Motohisa , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: For the purpose of clarifying the pathophysiological meaning of sleep disturbance in autistic children, the sleep pattern of 75 such children was examined by a questionnaire method. Forty‐nine of them showed sleep disturbance in their early life with an incidence of 65%. The poorly‐developed group showed a high rate of sleep disturbance as compared with the relatively well‐developed group. There was a negative correlation between the developmental level and duration period of sleep disturbance. The investigation of circumstances in which autistic children often exhibited sleep disturbance proved that abrupt changes in life environment or various problems in the way of bringing up children brought about their sleep disturbance. These findings suggest that sleep disturbance might be one of the main symptoms and related to the pathophysiology of infantile autism.
Studies on Prolactin in Major Psychoses—With Reference to Prolactin Response to Stress in Schizophrenia
Authors: Tsuchiya Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The serum prolactin concentrations of schizophrenics with delusions or hallucinations, hypomanics, depressives, alcoholics with and without psychotic symptoms were examined. Among them, only the serum prolactin concentrations of alcoholics with psychotic symptoms were significantly higher when compared to the normal controls. In a stress experiment, the alterations of serum prolactin seen in schizophrenics were significantly greater when compared to the normal controls. The results are discussed in connection with the neurochemical mechanisms for the emotional states caused by stress.
Experimental Psychological Studies on Schizophrenia: Word‐Card Distribution Test and Some Psychological Consideration
Authors: Ishida Takashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An experiment was conducted on 150 subjects; 100 schizophrenic and 50 control subjects. Each subject was given 56 or 57 word‐cards, which consisted of 5 Cards sebes (I, me, myself, etc.), 4 or 6 Cards families (father, mother, etc.), 7 Cards bodies (head, eyes, etc.), 11 Cards detestable (snake, etc.) and others. These cards were to be distributed in three concentric circles according to the standard of importance for the subjects. The results for the schizophrenic group in comparison with those for the control group were:

(1) Fewer cards were distributed in the central circle. (2) The number of the distributed Cards important was smaller for the central and larger for the outward circle, etc. The discussion on the results was carried out with regard to the inner structure of ego, the boundary between ego and the outer world and the flexibility of ego. The conclusion of the discussion is as follows: In schizophrenics, (1) The boundaries among the inner region of ego diminish.

(2) The boundary between ego and the outer world diminishes. (3) Ego loses its flexibility. (4) Ego contracts.
Three Epileptic Patients Suffering from Periods of Frequent Complex Partial Seizures and Diagnostic Criteria for Epileptic Status
Authors: Egawa Isao , Yamamoto Junji , Yamada Yoshihide , Hishikawa Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Presented here are three epileptic patients suffering from periods of frequent complex partial seizures. The importance of the following two points for the diagnosis of epileptic status of complex partial seizure is stressed. The first is the importance of EEG examination for differentiation of such epileptic status from psychogenic attack and absence status. The second is the importance of disturbed consciousness lasting between seizures. Based on EEG and clinical findings in our three patients, it was concluded that two of the three patients suffered from epileptic status of complex partial seizure and that the condition in the remaining one patient could not be judged as epileptic status of complex partial seizure. Detailed clinical and electroencephalographic findings in previously reported seven patients suffering from status epilepticus of complex partial seizure were compared with those of our two patients. The seven cases out of nine patients had epileptiform EEG activities beginning with localized rhythmic activities. All of the nine patients showed marked motor manifestations during the complex partial seizure such as adversive movement and automatic behaviors. Such motor manifestations of complex partial seizure are very useful for confirming the initiation and termination of the seizure. When the frequency of complex partial seizure is markedly increased, it becomes difficult to detect the initiation and termination of each seizure, and the discontinuous form of status epilepticus of complex partial seizure passes into its continuous form.
Abnormal Phosphatidylinositol‐Cycle of Platelet Membrane in Schizophrenia–––A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kaiya Hisanobu , Takeuchi Koji , Namba Masuyuki , Imai Atsushi , Nakashima Shigeru , Nozawa Yoshinori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Phosphatidylinositol (PI)‐cycle in the platelet membrane was examined in eight untreated patients with psychotic symptoms. A defect of PI‐cycle in the transformation from 1,2–diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid was found in three patients, who were diagnosed as having Schizophrenic Disorders or Schizophreniform Disorder according to the DSM‐III criteria. Two out of the three patients were reexamined while undergoing neuroleptic medication, and they showed the same abnormality in PI‐cycle. Further studies were required to determine the nature of the abnormality in PI‐cycle in the platelets of schizophrenics.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Autistic Children
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Ohno Yoshinori , Murata Shigeo , Yokoyama Fujio , Kaneko Motohisa , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was carried out on autistic and other handicapped children to investigate the function of the hypothalamo‐pituitary adrenal axis (HPA‐axis). The subjects were 19 autistic children consisting of 11 relatively well‐developed and eight poorly‐developed children. The control groups were 26 normal volunteers, 19 patients with schizophrenia and 15 children with mental retardation (MR) or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). The DST procedures followed the Carroll method. As a result, all of the normal volunteers and 19 schizophrenic patients showed normal response (suppressor). Nine of the 11 well‐developed autistic children exhibited suppressor, while all of the poorly‐developed children showed an abnormal response (non‐suppressor). Nine of the 10 children with MR and all of the five children with MBD were suppressor. These results suggest that there might be a dysfunction in the HPA‐axis of the poorly‐developed autistic children.
Appearance of Frontal Midline Theta Rhythm and Personality Traits
Authors: Mizuki Yasushi , Kajimura Naofumi , Nishikori Satoshi , Imaizumi Junichi , Yamada Michio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The distinct theta rhythm in the frontal midline area during a performance of mental tasks has been called Fmθ. However, Fmθ shows individual differences in its appearance. The relationship between the appearance of Fmθ and the subject personality was investigated in the present study. Forty male university students performed an arithmetic addition test for 5 min daily during three consecutive days and their EEGs were recorded during the test. They also completed the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) after the EEG recording on the last day. The subjects who obtained low scores on the anxiety scale of MAS, high scores on the extraversion scale of MPI and low scores on the neuroticism scale of MPI showed larger amounts of Fmθ. On the other hand, those subjects who showed high scores on the anxiety scale, low scores on the extraversion scale and high scores on the neuroticism scale showed smaller amounts of Fmθ or none. These results suggest that the appearance of Fmθ is closely related to the subject personality traits.
Regional and Developmental Heterogeneities of Central Muscarinic Receptor and Its Deviated Maturation in El Mouse
Authors: Mori Koichi , Fujita Seiichiro , Kawaguchi Kenji , Furutsuka Daisuke , Yamagami Sakae , Kawakita Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: El mice were given the pitching stimulation at 25 days of postnatal age, showing the initial appearance of convulsive seizures at about 75 days. The regional and developmental heterogeneities of the central muscarinic receptor and its deviation in El from dd‐Y, as a normal control, were elucidated by the binding assays using [3H]‐1‐quinuclidinyl benzilate. In the hippocampus and the septal area, the receptor densities (Bmax) of El were down regulated. In the cerebral cortex they were up regulated. In the striatum they showed the crossing change from the down regulation at 25 days to the up regulation at 75 days. These deviations of El were not the response of the El convulsion and did not directly correlate with the pitching stimulation. As the convulsive seizures increased the pitching stimulation significantly decreased the Kd value of dd‐Y(st), but it, conversely, increased that of El except in the septal area where there was no effect. These deviations of the receptor densities and affinities in El may reflect the dysfunction of the receptor regulation and may be related to the biochemical basis of epileptogenesis in the genetic model of epilepsy.
A Case of Unusual Ictal Stupor and Gelastic Running Seizure
Authors: Onuma Teiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An unusual case of epilepsy is described here showing episodic stupor lasting for half an hour and frequent short lapses of consciousness of 10 to 20 seconds in duration in which she runs about, laughs and has urinary incontinence.
Electroclinical Features and Evolution of Grand mal Seizures in Infancy
Authors: Watanabe Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Seizures belonging to primary generalized epilepsy seem to be rare in infancy. Absence seizures are virtually non‐existent, although atypical absence is infrequently observed. Most of the apparently generalized tonic‐clonic seizures seem to be secondarily generalized partial seizures with initial subtle complex seizure manifestations characterized by motion arrest, staring or blank eyes. Among the generalized motor seizures in the first year, an extremely benign type of epilepsy exists, in which seizures stop before 3 years of age with normal psychomotor development. It is characterized by cryptogenic etiology, normal development before the onset, no neurological abnormality, no evolution into other types of seizures, a normal EEG course and no episodes of status epilepticus. However, it was difficult to differentiate this group from those developing normally but continuing to have seizures beyond 3 years.
Relationship between Sibship Size and Neurotic Symptoms of Anxiety, Hypochondriasis and Depression in Japanese Neurotic Children and Adolescents
Authors: Matsuo Tadashi , Nose Reiko , Yoshida Keiko , Fujikawa Naohiro , Takagi Kimiko , Nose Yoshiaki , Ikari Koichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Two hundred and sixty‐eight Japanese aged 19 or below were studied retrospectively from their medical records to determine the relationship between the sibship size (number of siblings in the family) and the appearance of symptoms of anxiety, hypochondriasis and depression during the time period I (1955 + 1960 + 1965) and the time period II (1970 + 1975 + 1978). The results showed that only sons and either sex of a large sibship size (4 or more) possessed these three symptoms to a larger extent than only daughters and either sex of a medium sibship size (2 or 3) during both time periods. These three adult‐type neurotic symptoms were thought to be manifested among the children and adolescents who communicated primarily with adults and/or those who were required by their parents to exhibit adult‐type behavior whether in traditional or in modern Japanese families.
R‐R Intervals of ECG in Depression
Authors: Imaoka Kenji , Inoue Hiroshi , Inoue Yuichi , Hazama Hidebumi , Tanaka Takahiko , Yamane Norikuni
Published: March 2008

Abstract: ECG measurements of consecutive 100 R‐R intervals were done on depressive patients. The patient group presented lower mean values for coefficients of variation (CV) at each generation than the control group (normal subjects); the differences were significant especially for the subjects 40 to 49 years of age (P < 0.05) and for those 60 to 69 years of age (P < 0.01). These results can probably be regarded as a significant and objective index of autonomic disturbances in depression.
Chronobiological Comparison of Sleep‐Wake Rhythm between Chronic Schizophrenia and Normal Control
Authors: Ohta Tatsuro , Endo Shiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Few studies on schizophrenia with respect to the circadian alteration of the sleep‐wake rhythm have been reported. We made a comparative study of the sleep‐wake rhythm between chronic inpatient schizophrenics with a relatively bed‐prone daily life and normal subjects under the conditions of absolute bed‐rest to elucidate the chronobiological features of schizophrenia. The sleep‐wake rhythm of the schizophrenics differed from that of the normals in two points:

A significant difference was observed in the decrease of Stage 4 during their nocturnal sleep compared with the normal subjects, becoming conspicuous with the increasing lapse of time during sleep.

The distribution and amount of their REM sleep in the morning were markedly low and the latency of their REM sleep was also prolonged. These facts suggested that the smooth slide of the sleep‐wake rhythm was somewhat disturbed in the schizophrenics and that they were, therefore, in a state of hyperarousal despite their bed‐prone life.
Measurement of Platelet Monoamine Oxidase Using Three Different Substrates in Patients with Alcoholism and Schizophrenia
Authors: Tsuji Motohiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in alcoholism and schizophrenia were investigated by means of the simultaneous determination, using β‐phenyl‐ethylamine, tryptamine and serotonin as substrates. No significant difference was found between the MAO levels in the alcoholic and schizophrenic groups, when tryptamine was used as a substrate, but both groups showed lower values than the controls. On the other hand, β‐phenylethylamine, a specific substrate for MAO B used as a substrate, showed no significant difference between the alcoholic and control groups in the activities. These two groups showed higher values in MAO activity than the schizophrenic group, whereas when MAO activity was estimated using serotonin, platelet enzyme was found to be inhibited significantly in alcoholism, and the level of activities in the schizophrenics was similar to that of the controls. Moreover, the β‐phenylethylamine inhibition curve obtained serotonin as the substrate in the pooled platelets of 50 normal human subjects, and the MAO activity could not be inhibited by higher concentrations than the Km value of serotonin. These findings suggested that there might be two interacting catabolic sites having different substrate affinities in blood platelet MAO. Thus, it could be speculated that serotonergic catabolic sites of MAO in the platelets are disturbed in the alcoholics, while β‐phenylethylaminergic catabolic sites of platelet MAO are inherently vulnerable in schizophrenia.
Neuroleptic Drugs and 5HT1 Receptor:Different Potencies of Various Neuroleptic Drugs on 5HT1 Receptors in Discrete Regions of the Rat Brain
Authors: Harada Toshiki , Sato Mitsumoto , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The potencies of various neuroleptic drugs (zotepine, chlorpromazine‐HCl, haloperidol and spiperone) on serotonin, (5HT1) receptors were examined in discrete rat brain regions using the radio receptor assay. The potencies of the neuroleptic drugs on 5HT1 receptors were clearly differentiated in the discrete brain regions:zotepine was the most potent in the frontal cortex, striatum and brain stem; spiperone was the most potent in the hippocampus. Furthermore, zotepine and chlorpromazine‐HCl produced no great differences among the various regional 5HT1 receptors, while butyrophenones, haloperidol and spiperone showed remarkable differences. These findings demonstrate that the neuroleptic drugs can be differentiated according to their different affinities for regionally discrete 5HT, receptors in the brain. This suggests that 5HT1 receptors may be able to be classified into two subtypes:the zotepine and chlorpromazine‐HCl group having a high affinity for one subtype and butyrophenones a high affinity for the other.
The Development of EEG Background Activities in El Mouse
Authors: Sato Hitomi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The development of background activities of cortical EEG in El mouse, the seizure susceptible mutant strain of ddN mouse, were investigated. Furthermore, it was compared to that of the ddN control mouse.

The average peak frequency of EEG background activity was much slower than that of the ddN mouse. After seizures in the El mouse were completed, the average energy distribution rates of the main frequency band, theta band, have decreased because of an increase in the delta band compared to those in seizure‐free periods (the 5th to 8th week).
On Two Cases of Circumscribed Hypochondriasis
Authors: Kimura Sadamu , Kutani Naonori , Matsumoto Shinichiro , Nakanishi Kazuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Two cases of circumscribed hypochondriasis were reported. Although the syndrome did not seem so rare, these cases were worthy of reporting in the following sense. In spite of the general opinion that the syndrome appeared in the middle age, the onset in our patients was in the young adult age, namely one at 25 and the other at 35, respectively. While the course of the syndrome is said to be chronic, our patients indicated a fairly favorable prognosis. The psychodynamics of the syndrome in our cases was discussed chiefly from the psychoanalytic point of view, and finally the similarity among the related syndromes was considered.