bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significance of Biologically Inspired Optimization Techniques in Real-Time Applications
Authors: Mishra Sushruta , Mishra Brojo Kishore , Tripathy Hrudaya Kumar
Published: February 2017

The techniques inspired from the nature based evolution and aggregated nature of social colonies have been promising and shown excellence in handling complicated optimization problems thereby gaining huge popularity recently. These methodologies can be used as an effective problem solving tool thereby acting as an optimizing agent. Such techniques are called Bio inspired computing. Our study surveys the recent advances in biologically inspired swarm optimization methods and Evolutionary methods, which may be applied in various fields. Four real time scenarios are demonstrated in the form of case studies to show the significance of bio inspired algorithms. The techniques that are illustrated here include Differential Evolution, Genetic Search, Particle Swarm optimization and artificial bee Colony optimization. The results inferred by implanting these techniques are highly encouraging.
Generating Efficient Techniques for Information Extraction and Processing Using Cellular Automata
Authors: Paul Subrata , Mitra Anirban
Published: February 2017

The evolution of Cellular automaton has proved to be very efficient in carrying out arbitrary information processing. A significant application lies in the theory and practice of finding a technique for unifying the information processing. But, in this case the structures used in conventional computer languages are largely inappropriate. The definite organization of computer memory into named areas, stacks, and so on, is not suitable for cellular automata in which processing elements are not distinguished from memory elements. Rather it can be assumed that the data could be represented by an object like a graph, on which transformations can be performed in parallel. This chapter initiate with basic literature on cellular automata, related definitions and notations and focuses on its applications in information processing.
A Novel Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Unconstrained and Constrained Function Optimization
Authors: Mishra Rajashree , Das Kedar Nath
Published: February 2017

During the past decade, academic and industrial communities are highly interested in evolutionary techniques for solving optimization problems. Genetic Algorithm (GA) has proved its robustness in solving all most all types of optimization problems. To improve the performance of GA, several modifications have already been done within GA. Recently GA has been hybridized with many other nature-inspired algorithms. As such Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is popular bio inspired algorithm based on the foraging behavior of E. coli bacteria. Many researchers took active interest in hybridizing GA with BFO. Motivated by such popular hybridization of GA, an attempt has been made in this chapter to hybridize GA with BFO in a novel fashion. The Chemo-taxis step of BFO plays a major role in BFO. So an attempt has been made to hybridize Chemo-tactic step with GA cycle and the algorithm is named as Chemo-inspired Genetic Algorithm (CGA). It has been applied on benchmark functions and real life application problem to prove its efficacy.
A regulamentação do trabalho docente superior posta na Reforma Universitária dos anos de 1960
Authors: Vieira Emilia Peixoto
Published: February 2017

A reforma do ensino superior e, consequentemente, as regulamentações do trabalho docente nos anos de 1960 estiveram inscritas nas estratégias de reformar o Estado e a administração pública para promover a modernização econômica. Frente a essa questão, analisa-se a regulamentação do trabalho docente universitário nesse período e, principalmente, posta pelas legislações e pela reforma universitária de 1968. Utilizamos a pesquisa bibliográfica e o levantamento de legislação específica acerca da reforma do ensino superior e do trabalho docente nos anos de 1960. O resultado foi uma intensa intervenção estatal na reorganização do ensino superior, e no trabalho docente, com uma série de mudanças na carreira do professor do ensino superior nos anos de 1960: enquadramento dos professores em cargos de professor do ensino superior; criação do Estatuto do Magistério Superior; extinção do cargo de professor catedrático; ampliação da participação dos professores em órgãos colegiados das universidades; normas para admissão na carreira do ensino superior. O estudo sugere, ainda, que o grande impacto ocorreu com a introdução da Lei 5.540 de 1968, não só sobre a regulamentação da carreira docente, mas, sobretudo, sobre o modelo de ensino superior que até hoje orienta as políticas para a área.
Aspectos históricos da formação de professores de ciências: alguns apontamentos para a construção de identidades docentes
Authors: De Oliveira André Luis , Obara Ana Tiyomi
Published: February 2017

Considerar a construção de identidades docentes em Ciências supõe um olhar crítico para as políticas de formação inicial e continuada de professores, objeto de estudo do presente ensaio, que tem por objetivo apresentar determinados momentos históricos dessa profissionalização. Trata-se de uma reestruturação de um dos capítulos de revisão bibliográfica da tese intitulada Um estudo sobre a formação inicial e continuada de professores de Ciências: o ensino por investigação na construção do profissional reflexivo, defendida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação para a Ciência e a Matemática da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. O texto foi organizado em quatro seções, a saber: O Ensino de Ciências e a formação de professores: para iniciar o diálogo...; A institucionalização da disciplina Ciências e a formação de professores para o seu ensino; A ampliação da disciplina Ciências na escola: desdobramentos para a formação de professores; Políticas públicas de formação de professores de Ciências no final do século XX e início do século XXI: para onde vamos? Deste modo, podemos inferir que, tanto na institucionalização de cursos de licenciatura como nas reformulações, reorientações e complementações, encontramos indicativos que comprometeram e/ou comprometem as representações de identidades profissionais dos professores até os dias de hoje.
A Ditadura Militar no Brasil e a proibição do ensino de filosofia: entre o tecnicismo e a subversão política
Authors: Costa Regis Clemente da , Subtil Maria José Dozza
Published: February 2017

ResumoEste trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o contexto da proibição do ensino de filosofia no período da Ditadura Militar no Brasil e a luta pelo seu retorno, inserido no conjunto das lutas em defesa da educação e da redemocratização do país. Para isso, utilizamos principalmente as obras de Cartolano (1985), Ridenti (2010), Saviani (1980, 2007) e Moraes e Carminati (2000). A retirada do ensino de filosofia e sua proibição no segundo grau se deu a partir da Lei n. 5.692 (1971), por não atender aos interesses políticos, ideológicos e econômicos e, em seu lugar, de maneira estratégica, foram inseridas as disciplinas de Organização Social e Política Brasileira (OSPB) e Educação Moral e Cívica, com o Decreto-Lei n. 869 (1969). Não se tratava de qualquer filosofia que foi retirada do currículo, mas aquela que constituía ameaça ao poder e à ordem vigente e caracterizava subversão política. A Ditadura Militar impôs a educação tecnicista, voltada aos valores morais e patrióticos, obscurecendo as ações repressoras e autoritárias do Regime Militar. Esse período foi acompanhado de resistência por parte de grupos organizados, movimentos estudantis, trabalhadores do campo e da cidade e de organização de professores nas universidades, no qual o ensino de filosofia se inseria. No final de década de 1970, os debates em torno do ensino de filosofia se fortalecem e, no ano de 1982, é permitido como optativo no então 2º grau.
Avaliação da aprendizagem: uma experiência formativa com mapas conceituais
Authors: Lopes Betania Jacob Stange , Souza Nadia Aparecida de , Bernardo Guimarães Ana Luiza
Published: February 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar em que aspectos a introdução de uma nova ferramenta avaliativa – o mapa conceitual – contribui para a consecução de uma avaliação formativa. A pesquisa pautou-se em abordagem qualitativa da realidade investigada, configurando-se em estudo de caso avaliativo. Os procedimentos de coleta foram: questionário, entrevista semiestruturada, observação e documentos produzidos pelos alunos. Os resultados, advindos de análise de conteúdo temática, revelaram que a utilização do mapa conceitual como ferramenta avaliativa: (a) possibilita a concretização da dimensão formativa, uma vez que elucida os meandros por meio dos quais o aluno avança no domínio dos saberes propostos, oferecendo indicadores para a reorganização do trabalho docente; (b) permite ao professor espreitar mais que apenas a apropriação de um conceito, facultando-lhe determinar a qualidade e efetividade das relações estabelecidas pelos alunos com outras informações; e, (c)contribui para a formação de educadores e aprendizes mais reflexivos, que compreendem a avaliação não como uma ação punitiva e limitada, mas como um processo que favorece avanços e superações quando o erro é utilizado para redimensionar o ensinar e o aprender.
Teoria evolutiva e quadrinhos: tiras da níquel náusea e a tematização da evolução biológica
Authors: Costa Alan Bonner da Silva , Silva Edson Pereira
Published: February 2017

A revista em quadrinhos Níquel Náusea, do cartunista Fernando Gonsales, retrata a vida de uma ratazana e seus amigos. A temática da evolução biológica aparece nas páginas desta revista que foi analisada com o objetivo principal de entender como o tema é abordado nesta mídia. Um total de 1155 tirinhas presentes em todas as 29 edições de Níquel Náusea foi estudado a partir do referencial teórico da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram um tratamento cômico e irônico aos temas biológicos, bem como aspectos metalinguísticos na abordagem dos conceitos e concepções sobre a teoria evolutiva.
O enfoque CTS nas questões de matemática no ENEM de 2014: uma realidade?
Authors: Pereira Caroline Subirá , Dias Cristiane De Fatima Budek , Silveira Rosemari Monteiro Castilho Foggiatto , Santos Junior Guataçara Dos
Published: February 2017

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar as questões do ENEM do bloco de Matemática e suas Tecnologias, aplicado no ano de 2014, para identificar os níveis de reflexões referentes ao enfoque Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS), propostas pelas competências da Matriz de Referência, presentes nessas questões. Essa análise, fundamentada nos conteúdos de Bardin, busca categorizar as questões do caderno amarelo em quatro classificações de acordo com os níveis de envolvimento com a temática CTS. Com a análise, elaboraram-se as seguintes categorias: I - Propicia ao aluno reconhecer aspectos científicos, tecnológicos e sociais; II - Oportuniza ao aluno interpretar fenômenos científicos, tecnológicos e sociais; III - Possibilita ao aluno avaliar modos de intervenção sobre problemas científicos, tecnológicos e sociais; e, IV - Enfatiza apenas conhecimento matemático específico sem relações consideráveis com a ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. Nos resultados encontrados, em resumo, constatou-se que a maioria das questões não enfatizam as relações sociais e, consequentemente, não mostram essa mesma abordagem dentro da disciplina de Matemática, o que nos leva a acreditar que não há uma preocupação da referida disciplina em relação à Alfabetização Científica e Tecnológica.
Temas socioambientais: um olhar sobre dissertações e teses no ensino de Química
Authors: Carmo Tânia Do , Kiouranis Neide Maria Michellan , De Oliveira Magalhães Júnior Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2017

Este trabalho versa sobre a análise de pesquisas em termos de mestrado e de doutorado que abordam temas socioambientais voltados para o ensino de Química, como possibilidade de formar sujeitos críticos e capazes de assumirem os desafios ambientais apresentados. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo e de natureza bibliográfica, teve como objetivo reconhecer aspectos relacionados aos conhecimentos científicos, sociais e culturais em textos de mestrado e de doutorado defendidos no período de 2003 a 2015, em programas brasileiros reconhecidos pela CAPES. Foram analisadas 21 dissertações e uma tese, sob a perspectiva da Análise de Conteúdo. Para a organização e a discussão dos resultados, utilizou-se quatro categorias elaboradas e validadas por Silva e Marcondes: aplicação do conhecimento químico, descrição científica dos fatos e processos, compreensão da realidade social e transformação da realidade social. Tal método faz referência à contextualização, aos conhecimentos químicos por meio de fatos do cotidiano e a tomada de atitudes para a resolução de problemas ambientais. Por meio dos resultados, infere-se que a inserção de temas socioambientais no ensino de Química pode se configurar em uma estratégia significativa para a instrução dessa matéria, porém precisa ser melhor trabalhada na busca de transformações da realidade física e social.
β2 Glycoprotein I Recognition Drives Th1 Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaques of Patients with Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Benagiano Marisa , Gerosa Maria , Romagnoli Jacopo , Mahler Michael , Borghi Maria O. , Grassi Alessia , Della Bella Chiara , Emmi Giacomo , Amedei Amedeo , Silvestri Elena , Emmi Lorenzo , Prisco Domenico , Meroni Pier Luigi , D’Elios Mario M.
Published: February 2017

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by recurrent arterial/venous thrombosis and miscarriages in the persistent presence of autoantibodies against phospholipid-binding proteins (aPLs), such as β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI). In addition to the aPL thrombophilic effect, arterial thrombosis was related to accelerated atherosclerosis in animal models; however, contrasting findings were reported in primary APS patients with regard to the increased number of plaques or abnormal arterial wall thickness. We investigated the cytokine production induced by β2GPI in activated T cells that infiltrate in vivo atherosclerotic lesions of primary APS patients with atherothrombosis. We also examined the helper function of β2GPI-specific T cells for monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue factor production, as well as their cytolytic potential and their helper function for Ab production. APS patients with atherothrombosis harbor in vivo–activated CD4+ T cells that recognize β2GPI in atherothrombotic lesions. β2GPI induces T cell proliferation and IFN-γ expression in plaque-derived T cell clones. β2GPI-specific T cells display helper function for monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue factor production and promote Ig production in autologous B cells. Moreover, plaque-derived β2GPI-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes express perforin-mediated and Fas/Fas ligand–mediated cytotoxicity. β2GPI, and especially the DI domain, drive a local Th1 inflammatory response, with subsequent plaque instability that eventually favors atherothrombosis. This finding may explain the association between aPLs and arterial thrombosis, despite the lack of evidence of surrogate markers for atherosclerosis in primary APS.
Diesel Fuel Injection Pump - Validation of Calibrating Nozzle Holder Assemblies
Authors:   Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

The fuel injection pump is intended to validate the accuracy of calibrating nozzle and holder assemblies for applications using 0.4 - 0.8 mm diameter orifice plates and to assist in identifying problems in fuel injection pump test stands.

This SAE Recommended Practice is divided into two parts:

Part I—Design, Description and Specifications of the Fuel Injection Pump; and

Part II—Test Procedures for Using the Fuel Injection Pump.
Standard Metrology for Vehicular Displays
Authors:   Vehicular Flat Panel Display Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

The scope of this SAE Standard is to provide methods to determine display optical performance in all typical automotive ambient light illumination - with focus on High Ambient Contrast Ratio, which is critical for display legibility in a sunshine environment. It covers indoor measurements and simulated outdoor lighting.

It is not the scope of this document to set threshold values for automotive compliance. However some recommended values are presented for reference.
On Board Diagnostics Implementation Guide
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-03 provides requirements and guidelines for the implementation of On Board Diagnostics (OBD) on heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) using the SAE J1939 family of standards. The guidelines identify where the necessary information to meet OBD regulations may be found among the SAE J1939 document set. Key requirements are identified here to insure the interoperability of OBD scan tools across individual OBD compliant vehicles.

Market-defined regulations permit the use of SAE J1939 to meet OBD requirements. Implementers are cautioned to obtain and review the specific regulations for the markets where their products are sold. This document is focused on guidelines and requirements to satisfy the State of California Air Resources Board (ARB), the authors of 13 CCR 1971.1, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Euro IV and V requirements from European Commission directives, and UN/ECE WP 29 GRPE WWH OBD Global Technical Regulation (GTR).
Application Layer - Generator Sets and Industrial
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-75 Generator Sets and Industrial Applications defines the set of data parameters (SPNs) and messages (PGNs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications.

The data parameters (SPNs) and messages (PGNs) previously published within this document are now published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document may need to reference SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Compliance
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-82 Compliance describes the compliance tests and procedures to verify an SAE J1939 ECU will operate correctly on a SAE J1939 network. The purpose of these compliance procedures is to generate one or more test documents that outline the tests needed to assure that an ECU that is designed to operate as a node on a SAE J1939 network would do so correctly. SAE does not certify devices and these tests and their results do not constitute endorsement by SAE of any particular device. These tests are presented to allow testing of a device to determine self-compliance by the manufacturer of a device. The manufacturer can use its record of what procedures were run successfully to show the level of compliance with SAE J1939.
Recommended Practice for Pass-Thru Vehicle Programming
Authors:   Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a standardized interface that connects between a standard personal computer (PC) and vehicle.

The purpose of this interface is to enable the reprogramming of emission-related control modules, in 2004 and later model year vehicles. The interface shall consist of the necessary hardware and/or software to support the requirements defined in this document. It is expected that vehicle manufacturers will provide the software application that will control the Pass-Thru Interface, to perform the actual reprogramming.

The goal of this document is to ensure that reprogramming software from any vehicle manufacturer is compatible with interface supplied by any tool manufacturer. A common interface for all vehicle manufacturers reduces the tool costs for aftermarket garages, while allowing each vehicle manufacturer to control the programming sequence for the electronic control units (ECUs) in their vehicles. Aftermarket garages will be able to obtain a standardized interface from a variety of tool suppliers.

This document does not limit the hardware possibilities for the connection between the PC and the interface (e.g., RS-232, RS-485, USB, Ethernet…). Tool suppliers are free to choose the connection that is most appropriate for their needs. Tools that are required to be SAE J2534-1 compliant must strictly adhere to the requirements defined in this document.

Applications that are required to be SAE J2534-1 compliant must strictly adhere to the requirements defined in this document. Applications that use features defined in the SAE J2534-2/xxxx document set are not considered to be SAE J2534-1 compliant.
Fastener Part Standard - Washers and Lockwashers (Inch Dimensioned)
Authors:   Ship Systems - Fasteners Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Part Standard covers selected inch dimensioned washers and lock washers manufactured in accordance with American Society for Mechanical Engineers dimensional standards. This SAE standard covers material most often used in ship systems and equipment but its use may be applied wherever washers of the covered materials are used. This standard permits the washers to be identified and ordered by a part identification number (PIN) as defined in this standard.

Appendix A provides a means of establishing PINs for non-standard flat washers.

Appendix B establishes standards for lock plates and tab lock washers often used in Navy designs.

Appendix C identifies other military and non-government standards for flat washers, helical and toothed lock washers. It identifies the materials covered by each standard with a comparison of those dimensions with those SAE J2655 washers.
Blind Spot Monitoring System (BSMS): Operating Characteristics and User Interface
Authors:   Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Committee
Published: February 2017

This document specifies the minimum recommendations for Blind Spot Monitoring System (BSMS) operational characteristics and elements of the user interface. A visual BSMS indicator is recommended.

BSMS detects and conveys to the driver via a visual indicator the presence of a target (e.g., a vehicle), adjacent to the subject vehicle in the “traditional” Adjacent Blind Spot Zone (ABSZ). The BSMS is not intended to replace the need for interior and exterior rear-view mirrors or to reduce mirror size. BSMS is only intended as a supplement to these mirrors and will not take any automatic vehicle control action to prevent possible collisions. While the BSMS will assist drivers in detecting the presence of vehicles in their ABSZ, the absence of a visual indicator will not guarantee that the driver can safely make a lane change maneuver (e.g., vehicles may be approaching rapidly outside the ABSZ area).

This document applies to original equipment and aftermarket BSMS systems for passenger vehicles. This document does not apply to installing a BSMS on either motorcycles or commercial vehicles. Finally, this document does not address Lane Change Warning systems, which monitor areas substantially farther back than the side blind spot areas monitored by the BSMS (See ISO FDIS 17387).
Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery Recycling
Authors:   Battery Standards Recycling Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Technical Information Report provides information on Automotive Battery Recycling. This document provides a compilation of current recycling definitions, technologies and flow sheets and their application to different battery chemistries.
Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Safety Systems Information Report
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: February 2017

This information report provides an overview of a typical high voltage electric propulsion vehicle (xEV) and the associated on-board safety systems typically employed by OEM’s to protect these high voltage systems. The report aims to improve public confidence in xEV safety systems and dispel public misconceptions about the likelihood of being shocked by the high voltage system, even when the vehicle has been damaged. The report will document select high voltage systems used for xEV’s and describe safety systems employed to prevent exposure to the high voltage systems.
FTIR Gas Analyzer Performance Evaluation / Qualification for Automotive Testing
Authors:   Emissions Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

The scope of this document focuses on the tests required by EPA to validate the performance of the FTIR system following the section in the Code of Federal Regulations Part 1065 (40CFR1U.1065 and hereafter referred to as “EPA Part 1065”) on the guidelines and performance criteria for various regulated gases. This document focuses on the use of continuous emissions sampling for both Engine and Vehicle testing. Future addenda will be needed to cover bag and other sampling techniques.

Gas components that do not currently have performance criteria but may soon be regulated are noted and EPA suggestions as to what should be required are applied. This will help ensure that the FTIR will be recognized as a valid and alternative tool for engine exhaust emissions testing. Components in engine exhaust that are specifically called out in this document include: carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2 and N2O), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and formaldehyde (H2CO). Others may be added as needed by following this standard operating procedure and determining the certification requirements from EPA or other governing bodies as required.

This SAE standard references the specific sections in the EPA Part 1065 certification test requirements (current as of April 23, 2014) for all of the steps required to provide proof of performance. The document provides the user a guideline for the FTIR gas analyzer as applied to engine or vehicle emissions testing. This document is applicable to a wide range of fuels including, but not limited to, diesel, gasoline, natural gas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), blends, bio-fuel and bio-fuel blends.

While this document specifically references 191 °C as the temperature used for performance validation, this may not always be the case. The temperature specification applies specifically to the raw gaseous emissions that have not been diluted. If the analysis is to be performed upon a diluted gas stream where the emission gas is at a lower temperature then the analyzer can also be run at a lower temperature provided that the components of interest do not condense or react prior to reaching the analyzer.
Fuel Injection Equipment Nomenclature
Authors:   Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard establishes a vocabulary and definitions
relating to the components used in fuel injection systems for
compression ignition (diesel) engines.

Definitions are separated into six sections by topic as
follows:

Section 3--Fuel Injection Pumps

Section 4--Fuel Injectors

Section 5--Unit Injectors

Section 6--Governors

Section 7--Timing Devices

Section 8--High Pressure Pipes and Connections

NOTE: When the word fuel is used in the terms listed it
may be omitted providing there can be no misunderstanding.
Constraining uncertainties in particle-wall deposition correction during SOA formation in chamber experiments
Authors: Nah Theodora , McVay Renee C. , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Seinfeld John H. , Ng Nga L.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The effect of vapor-wall deposition on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation has gained significant attention; however, uncertainties in experimentally derived SOA mass yields due to uncertainties in particle-wall deposition remain. Different approaches have been used to correct for particle-wall deposition in SOA formation studies, each having its own set of assumptions in determining the particle-wall loss rate. In volatile and intermediate-volatility organic compound (VOC and IVOC) systems in which SOA formation is governed by kinetically limited growth, the effect of vapor-wall deposition on SOA mass yields can be constrained by using high surface area concentrations of seed aerosol to promote the condensation of SOA-forming vapors onto seed aerosol instead of the chamber walls. However, under such high seed aerosol levels, the presence of significant coagulation may complicate the particle-wall deposition correction. Here, we present a model framework that accounts for coagulation in chamber studies in which high seed aerosol surface area concentrations are used. For the α-pinene ozonolysis system, we find that after accounting for coagulation, SOA mass yields remain approximately constant when high seed aerosol surface area concentrations ( ≥  8000 µm2 cm−3) are used, consistent with our prior study (Nah et al., 2016) showing that α-pinene ozonolysis SOA formation is governed by quasi-equilibrium growth. In addition, we systematically assess the uncertainties in the calculated SOA mass concentrations and yields between four different particle-wall loss correction methods over the series of α-pinene ozonolysis experiments. At low seed aerosol surface area concentrations (< 3000 µm2 cm−3), the SOA mass yields at peak SOA growth obtained from the particle-wall loss correction methods agree within 14 %. However, at high seed aerosol surface area concentrations ( ≥  8000 µm2 cm−3), the SOA mass yields at peak SOA growth obtained from different particle-wall loss correction methods can differ by as much as 58 %. These differences arise from assumptions made in the particle-wall loss correction regarding the first-order particle-wall loss rate. This study highlights the importance of accounting for particle-wall deposition accurately during SOA formation chamber experiments and assessing the uncertainties associated with the application of the particle-wall deposition correction method when comparing and using SOA mass yields measured in different studies.
Long-lived contrails and convective cirrus above the tropical tropopause
Authors: Schumann Ulrich , Kiemle Christoph , Schlager Hans , Weigel Ralf , Borrmann Stephan , D'Amato Francesco , Krämer Martina , Matthey Renaud , Protat Alain , Voigt Christiane , Volk C. Michael
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This study has two objectives: (1) it characterizes contrails at very low temperatures and (2) it discusses convective cirrus in which the contrails occurred. (1) Long-lived contrails and cirrus from overshooting convection are investigated above the tropical tropopause at low temperatures down to −88 °C from measurements with the Russian high-altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysica, as well as related observations during the SCOUT-O3 field experiment near Darwin, Australia, in 2005. A contrail was observed to persist below ice saturation at low temperatures and low turbulence in the stratosphere for nearly 1 h. The contrail occurred downwind of the decaying convective system Hector of 16 November 2005. The upper part of the contrail formed at 19 km altitude in the tropical lower stratosphere at ∼ 60 % relative humidity over ice at −82 °C. The ∼ 1 h lifetime is explained by engine water emissions, slightly enhanced humidity from Hector, low temperature, low turbulence, and possibly nitric acid hydrate formation. The long persistence suggests large contrail coverage in case of a potential future increase of air traffic in the lower stratosphere. (2) Cirrus observed above the strongly convective Hector cloud on 30 November 2005 was previously interpreted as cirrus from overshooting convection. Here we show that parts of the cirrus were caused by contrails or are mixtures of convective and contrail cirrus. The in situ data together with data from an upward-looking lidar on the German research aircraft Falcon, the CPOL radar near Darwin, and NOAA-AVHRR satellites provide a sufficiently complete picture to distinguish between contrail and convective cirrus parts. Plume positions are estimated based on measured or analyzed wind and parameterized wake vortex descent. Most of the non-volatile aerosol measured over Hector is traceable to aircraft emissions. Exhaust emission indices are derived from a self-match experiment of the Geophysica in the polar stratosphere in 2010. The number of ice particles in the contrails is less than 1 % of the number of non-volatile aerosol particles, possibly because of sublimation losses and undetected very small ice particles. The radar data show that the ice water content in convective overshoots is far higher than measured along the flight path. These findings add insight into overshooting convection and are of relevance with respect to hydration of the lower stratosphere.
Uncertain Henry's Law Constants Compromise Equilibrium Partitioning Calculations of Atmospheric Oxidation Products
Authors: Wang Chen , Yuan Tiange , Wood Stephen A. , Goss Kai-Uwe , Li Jingyi , Ying Qi , Wania Frank
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Gas-particle partitioning governs the distribution, removal and transport of organic compounds in the atmosphere and the formation of secondary organic aerosol. The large variety of atmospheric species and their wide range of properties make predicting this partitioning equilibrium challenging. Here we expand on earlier work and predict gas-organic and gas-aqueous phase partitioning coefficients for 3414 atmospherically relevant molecules using COSMOtherm, SPARC and poly-parameter linear free energy relationships. The Master Chemical Mechanism generated the structures by oxidizing primary emitted volatile organic compounds. Predictions for gas-organic phase partitioning coefficients (KWIOM/G) by different methods are on average within one order of magnitude of each other, irrespective of the numbers of functional groups, except for predictions by COSMOtherm and SPARC for compounds with more than three functional groups, which have a slightly higher discrepancy. Discrepancies between predictions of gas-aqueous partitioning (KW/G) are much larger and increase with the number of functional groups in the molecule. In particular, COSMOtherm often predicts much lower KW/G for highly functionalized compounds than the other methods. While the quantum-chemistry based COSMOtherm accounts for the influence of intramolecular interactions on conformation, highly functionalized molecules likely fall outside of the applicability domain of the other techniques, which at least in part rely on empirical data for calibration. Further analysis suggests that atmospheric phase distribution calculations are sensitive to the partitioning coefficient estimation method, in particular to the estimated value of KW/G. The large uncertainty in KW/G predictions for highly functionalized organic compounds needs to be resolved to improve the quantitative treatment of SOA formation.
VHF antenna pattern characterization by the observation of meteor head echoes
Authors: Renkwitz Toralf , Schult Carsten , Latteck Ralph
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) with its active phased array antenna is designed and used for studies of phenomena in the mesosphere and lower atmosphere. The flexible beam forming and steering combined with a large aperture array allows for observations with a high temporal and angular resolution. For both the analysis of the radar data and the configuration of experiments, the actual radiation pattern needs to be known. For that purpose, various simulations as well as passive and active experiments have been conducted. Here, results of meteor head echo observations are presented, which allow us to derive detailed information of the actual radiation pattern for different beam-pointing positions and the current health status of the entire radar. For MAARSY, the described method offers robust beam pointing and width estimations for a minimum of a few days of observations.
Combining Meteosat-10 satellite image data with GPS tropospheric path delays to estimate regional integrated water vapor (IWV) distribution
Authors: Leontiev Anton , Reuveni Yuval
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Using GPS satellites signals, we can study different processes and coupling mechanisms that can help us understand the physical conditions in the lower atmosphere, which might lead or act as proxies for severe weather events such as extreme storms and flooding. GPS signals received by ground stations are multi-purpose and can also provide estimates of tropospheric zenith delays, which can be converted into accurate integrated water vapor (IWV) observations using collocated pressure and temperature measurements on the ground. Here, we present for the first time the use of Israel's dense regional GPS network for extracting tropospheric zenith path delays combined with near-real-time Meteosat-10 water vapor (WV) and surface temperature pixel intensity values (7.3 and 10.8 µm channels, respectively) in order to assess whether it is possible to obtain absolute IWV (kg m−2) distribution. The results show good agreement between the absolute values obtained from our triangulation strategy based solely on GPS zenith total delays (ZTD) and Meteosat-10 surface temperature data compared with available radiosonde IWV absolute values. The presented strategy can provide high temporal and special IWV resolution, which is needed as part of the accurate and comprehensive observation data integrated in modern data assimilation systems and is required for increasing the accuracy of regional numerical weather prediction systems forecast.
Precipitable Water Characteristics during the 2013 Colorado Flood using Ground-Based GPS Measurements
Authors: Huelsing Hannah K. , Wang Junhong , Mears Carl , Braun John J.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. During 9th–16th September 2013, the Front Range region of Colorado experienced heavy rainfall that resulted in severe flooding. Precipitation totals for the event exceeded 450 mm, damages to public and private properties were estimated to be over $ 2 billion, and nine lives were lost. This study analyzes the characteristics of precipitable water (PW) surrounding the event using 10 years of high-resolution GPS PW data in Boulder, Colorado, which was located within the region of maximum rainfall. PW in Boulder is dominated by seasonal variability with an average summertime maximum of 36 mm. In 2013, the seasonal PW maximum extended into early September and the September monthly mean PW exceeded the 99th percentile of climatology with a value 25 % higher than the 40 year climatology. Prior to the flood, around 18 UTC on 8 September, PW rapidly increased from 22 mm to 32 mm and remained around 30 mm for the entire event as a result of the nearly saturated atmosphere. The frequency distribution of September PW for Boulder is typically normal, but in 2013 the distribution was bimodal due to a combination of above average PW values from September 1st–15th and much drier conditions from 16th–30th September. The above normal, near saturation PW values during the flood were the result of large-scale moisture transport into Colorado from the eastern tropical Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. This moisture transport was the product of a stagnating, cutoff low over the southwestern United States working in conjunction with an anticyclone located over the southeastern United States. A blocking ridge located over the Canadian Rocky Mountains kept both of the synoptic features in place over the course of several days, which helped to provide continuous moisture to the storm, thus enhancing the accumulated precipitation totals.
Abundances of isotopologues and calibration of CO2 greenhouse gas measurements
Authors: Tans Pieter P. , Crotwell Andrew M. , Thoning Kirk W.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We have developed a method to calculate the fractional distribution of CO2 across all of its component isotopologues based on measured δ13C and δ18O values. The fractional distribution can be used with known total CO2 to calculate each component isotopologue individually, in units of mole fraction. The technique is applicable to any molecule where isotopologue-specific values are desired. We used it with a new CO2 calibration system to account for isotopic differences among the primary CO2 standards that define the WMO X2007 CO2 in air calibration scale and between the primary standards and standards in subsequent levels of the calibration hierarchy. The new calibration system uses multiple laser spectroscopic techniques to measure amount of substance fractions (in mole fraction units) of the three major CO2 isotopologues (16O12C16O, 16O13C16O, and 18O12C16O) individually. The three measured values are then combined into total CO2 (accounting for the rare unmeasured isotopologues), δ13C, and δ18O values. The new calibration system significantly improves our ability to transfer the WMO CO2 calibration scale with low uncertainty through our role as the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch Central Calibration Laboratory for CO2. Our current estimates for reproducibility of the new calibration system are ±0.01 μmol mol−1 CO2, ±0.2 ‰ δ13C, and ±0.2 ‰ δ18O, all at 68 % confidence interval (CI).
Quantifying N2O reduction to N2 based on N2O isotopocules – validation with independent methods (helium incubation and 15N gas flux method)
Authors: Lewicka-Szczebak Dominika , Augustin Jürgen , Giesemann Anette , Well Reinhard
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Stable isotopic analyses of soil-emitted N2O (δ15Nbulk, δ18O and δ15Nsp = 15N site preference within the linear N2O molecule) may help to quantify N2O reduction to N2, an important but rarely quantified process in the soil nitrogen cycle. The N2O residual fraction (remaining unreduced N2O, rN2O) can be theoretically calculated from the measured isotopic enrichment of the residual N2O. However, various N2O-producing pathways may also influence the N2O isotopic signatures, and hence complicate the application of this isotopic fractionation approach. Here this approach was tested based on laboratory soil incubations with two different soil types, applying two reference methods for quantification of rN2O: helium incubation with direct measurement of N2 flux and the 15N gas flux method. This allowed a comparison of the measured rN2O values with the ones calculated based on isotopic enrichment of residual N2O. The results indicate that the performance of the N2O isotopic fractionation approach is related to the accompanying N2O and N2 source processes and the most critical is the determination of the initial isotopic signature of N2O before reduction (δ0). We show that δ0 can be well determined experimentally if stable in time and then successfully applied for determination of rN2O based on δ15Nsp values. Much more problematic to deal with are temporal changes of δ0 values leading to failure of the approach based on δ15Nsp values only. For this case, we propose here a dual N2O isotopocule mapping approach, where calculations are based on the relation between δ18O and δ15Nsp values. This allows for the simultaneous estimation of the N2O-producing pathways' contribution and the rN2O value.
Can river temperature models be transferred between catchments?
Authors: Jackson Faye L. , Fryer Robert J. , Hannah David M. , Malcolm Iain A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The use of spatial statistical models to understand and predict river temperature (Tw) from landscape covariates has increased rapidly. However, it is not logistically feasible to monitor all rivers and the transferability of such models has not been explored. This paper uses Tw data from four river catchments collected in August 2015 to assess how well spatial regression models predict the maximum 7 day rolling mean of daily maximum Tw (Twmax) within and between catchments. Models were fitted for each catchment separately using (1) landscape covariates only (LS models) and (2) landscape covariates and an air temperature (Ta) metric (LS_Ta models). All the LS models included upstream catchment area and three included a river network smoother (RNS) that accounted for unexplained spatial structure. The LS models transferred reasonably to other catchments, at least when predicting relative levels of Twmax. However, the predictions were biased when mean Twmax differed between catchments. The RNS was needed to characterise and predict finer scale spatially correlated variation. Because the RNS was unique to each catchment and thus non-transferable, predictions were better within catchments than between catchments. A single model fitted to all catchments found no interactions between the landscape covariates and catchment, suggesting that the landscape relationships were transferable. The LS_Ta models transferred less well, with particularly poor performance when the relationship with the Ta metric was physically implausible or required extrapolation outside the range of the data. A single model fitted to all catchments found catchment-specific relationships between Twmax and the Ta metric, indicating that the Ta metric was not transferable. These findings improve our understanding of the transferability of spatial statistical river temperature models and provide a foundation for developing new approaches for predicting Tw at unmonitored locations across multiple catchments and larger spatial scales.
TESSA: design and implementation of a platform for situational sea awareness
Authors: Scalas Mario , Marra Palmalisa , Tedesco Luca , Quarta Raffaele , Cantoro Emanuele , Tumolo Antonio , Rollo Davide , Spagnulo Marco
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This article describes the architecture of sea situational awareness (SSA) platform, a major asset within TESSA, an industrial research project funded by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research. The main aim of the platform is to collect, transform and provide forecast and observational data as information suitable for delivery across a variety of channels, like web and mobile; specifically, the ability to produce and provide forecast information suitable for creating SSA-enabled applications has been a critical driving factor when designing and evolving the whole architecture. Thus, starting from functional and performance requirements, the platform architecture is described in terms of its main building blocks and flows among them: front-end components that support end-user applications and map and data analysis components that allow for serving maps and querying data. Focus is directed to key aspects and decisions about the main issues faced, like interoperability, scalability, efficiency and adaptability, but it also considers insights about future works in this and similarly related subjects. Some analysis results are also provided in order to better characterize critical issues and related solutions.
Groundwater level changes on Jeju Island associated with the
Kumamoto and Gyeongju earthquakes
Authors: Lee Soo-Hyoung , Park Yoon-Suk , Ha Kyoochul , Kim YongCheol , Kim Sung-Wook , Hamm Se-Yeong
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The largest earthquake since the beginning of instrumental earthquake monitoring (magnitude 5.4) in Korean peninsula occurred in Gyeongju City area, South Korea, at 20:32:54 on September 12, 2016 (local time). Before the Gyeongju earthquake, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 occurred in Kumamoto prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, at 01:25:06 on April 16, 2016 (local time). This study examined groundwater level changes of the monitoring wells on Jeju Island in relation to the Gyeongju and Kumamoto earthquakes. Groundwater level changes due to the Kumamoto and Gyeongju earthquakes exhibited spikes or oscillations, with the initial water level change occurring 2–3 min after earthquake generation, displaying different behaviors depending on the magnitude of the earthquakes and different sensitivities depending on the aquifer and geological characteristics. On Jeju Island, the groundwater level change caused by the Gyeongju earthquake (M 5.4) was larger than that caused by the Kumamoto earthquake (M 5.4). This was because a smaller energy attenuation occurred during the Gyeongju earthquake along the Yangsan fault on the Korean peninsula extending in the NNE-SSW direction, while a larger energy attenuation occurred during the Kumamoto earthquake along the median tectonic line (MTL) fault on the Japanese island arc extending in the ENE-WSW direction.