bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co‐(POSS#‐styrene) nanocomposites reduced the glass‐transition temperature, rubbery modulus, and melt viscosity of entangled polystyrene
Authors: Romo‐Uribe Angel
Published: October 2019

The addition of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐styrene copolymers, co(POSS#‐sty), to entangled polystyrene (PS) reduced (1) the glass‐transition temperature, Tg,blend, (2) the rubbery modulus, and (3) the melt viscosity. POSS#‐sty copolymers with # = 15, 25, and 45 wt% POSS were blended with PS. The blends were miscible and Tg,blend decreased with POSS#‐sty content. Strikingly, POSS#‐sty copolymers also reduced the melt viscosity, up to an order of magnitude reduction. The reductions of Tg,blend and melt viscosity were driven by the type of POSS#‐sty copolymer, POSS45‐sty producing the largest decrease of Tg,blend. Linear viscoelasticity and the time–temperature superposition (TTS) principle (using Tref = Tg + 50 K to ensure iso‐frictional conditions) revealed that POSS#‐sty induced up to an order of magnitude reduction of the rubbery modulus Ge. The increase of free volume fg promoted by POSS#‐sty induced the reduction of Tg,blend and Ge, as revealed by TTS analysis. The increase of free volume promoted by POSS#‐sty induced chain intercalation (TEM showed that POSS domains were smaller than the molecular mesh) and these are key factors for the chain disentanglement with the consequent rubbery modulus and melt viscosity reductions. The use of low‐molecular weight polystyrene alone will not produce increase of free volume and tube dilation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2377–2386, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Bulk Microstructure of Modern Composites Studied Jointly by Impulse Acoustic Microscopy and X‐ray Microtomography Techniques
Authors: Levin Vadim , Petronyuk Yulia , Morokov Egor , Ryzhova Tatiana , Shanygin Alexander , Yuan Qingxi , Wanxia Huang , Artyukov Igor , Bellucci Stefano
Published: October 2019

Two key techniques—impulse acoustic microscopy and X‐ray microtomography—have been applied in combination for studying bulk microstructure in polymer composites whose properties critically depend on their spatial organization; nanocomposites and fiber reinforced plastics. It has been shown that the both techniques are able to represent three‐dimensional (3D) internal structure with micron resolution. The technique is based on different principles of 3D imaging and employs distinct mechanisms of contrast for microstructure displaying. In many cases, they are complementary in 3D microstructure recovering. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2508–2513, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics of an Ethylene‐Vinyl‐Acetate: I Calorimetry Versus Rheology
Authors: Minale Mario , Carotenuto Claudia , Paduano Liana P. , Grassia Luigi
Published: October 2019

The knowledge of the thermo‐mechanical response of polymers during crystallization is of seminal importance for process control and modeling. Among the other subtle findings, the crystallinity‐rheological simplicity, resembling the thermo‐rheological one, was frequently reported, based on the observation that the same amount of crystallinity induces the same rheological hardening to the polymer, regardless the crystallization conditions. The crystallization kinetics, which is a fundamental issue in polymer science, is investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. However, the poor agreement of calorimetric data with data coming from rheological investigation remains a debated issue. The crystallization kinetics of a commercial poly‐ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate copolymer (EVA) is here investigated both with DSC and rheological measurements. EVA is a nice model system since its melting point is below 100°C, thus allowing avoiding all the experimental shortcomings related to thermal degradation. We show that DSC and rheological crystallization data satisfactorily agree for the investigated copolymer and thus we conclude that all the discrepancies found in the literature must be principally due to experimental artifacts. Moreover, the observed agreement between DSC and rheological data confirms that the rheological hardening is proportional to the volume of crystallites only and not to the modality in which the crystallization takes place. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2557–2563, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Impact of early caffeine therapy in preterm newborns on infant lung function
Authors: Sanchez‐Solis Manuel , Garcia‐Marcos Patricia W. , Agüera‐Arenas Juan , Mondejar‐Lopez Pedro , Garcia‐Marcos Luis
Published: October 2019

Objective

To know the effect of caffeine therapy on infant lung function in preterm infants with a gestational age less than 31 weeks.

Material and Methods

Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 0.5 seconds (FEV0.5), and forced expiratory flows were measured by raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique; functional residual capacity was measured by plethysmography (FRCpleth). Compliance of the respiratory system was measured by a single interruption technique (Crs). The Student t test was used to compare lung function measurements between the two groups: treated versus nontreated with caffeine. A multivariate analysis was carried out considering each and every lung function parameter (z‐score) as the dependent variable; and gender, gestational age, birth weight (z‐score), corrected age, invasive mechanical ventilation (yes/no), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) diagnosis (yes/no) as independent ones. Additionally, stratified analyses by BPD diagnosis were performed.

Results

The multivariate analysis showed significant higher z‐scores of FVC and FEV0.5 in preterm infants treated with caffeine (P = .004 and P = .024, respectively). This result only being significant in the group of non‐BPD infants (P = .021 and P = .042), after stratifying by BPD diagnosis. Differences were not found in z‐scores of FEV0.5/FVC, FEF75, FEF25‐75, FRCpleth, nor Crs.

Conclusion

Lung function (FVC and FEV0.5) is improved in infants born under 31 weeks of gestation when treated with caffeine. This improvement is driven by the group of infants who did not suffer from BPD. Overall, our results show that there is an early beneficial effect of caffeine treatment in infant lung function
In silico design and molecular basis for the selectivity of Olinone toward the first over the second bromodomain of BRD4
Authors: Rodríguez Yoel , Gerona‐Navarro Guillermo , Osman Roman , Zhou Ming‐Ming
Published: October 2019

Bromodomains (BrDs), a conserved structural module in chromatin‐associated proteins, are well known for recognizing ε‐N‐acetyl lysine residues on histones. One of the most relevant BrDs is BRD4, a tandem BrD containing protein (BrD1 and BrD2) that plays a critical role in numerous diseases including cancer. Growing evidence shows that the two BrDs of BRD4 have different biological functions; hence selective ligands that can be used to study their functions are of great interest. Here, as a follow‐up of our previous work, we first provide a detailed characterization study of the in silico rational design of Olinone as part of a series of five tetrahydropyrido indole‐based compounds as BRD4 BrD1 inhibitors. Additionally, we investigated the molecular basis for Olinone's selective recognition by BrD1 over BrD2. Molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and conformational analyses of the apo‐BRD4‐BrD1|2 and BRD4‐BrD1|2/Olinone complexes showed that Olinone's selectivity is facilitated by five key residues: Leu92 in BrD1|385 in BrD2 of ZA loop, Asn140|433, Asp144|His437 and Asp145|Glu438 of BC loop, and Ile146|Val49 of helix C. Furthermore, the difference in hydrogen bonds number and in mobility of the ZA and BC loops of the acetyl‐lysine binding site between BRD4 BrD1/Olinone and BrD2/Olinone complexes also contribute to the difference in Olinone's binding affinity and selectivity toward BrD1 over BrD2. Altogether, our computer‐aided molecular design techniques can effectively guide the development of small‐molecule BRD4 BrD1 inhibitors, explain their selectivity origin, and further open doors to the design of new therapeutically improved derivatives.
Assessing the accuracy of contact predictions in CASP13
Authors: Shrestha Rojan , Fajardo Eduardo , Gil Nelson , Fidelis Krzysztof , Kryshtafovych Andriy , Monastyrskyy Bohdan , Fiser Andras
Published: October 2019

The accuracy of sequence‐based tertiary contact predictions was assessed in a blind prediction experiment at the CASP13 meeting. After 4 years of significant improvements in prediction accuracy, another dramatic advance has taken place since CASP12 was held 2 years ago. The precision of predicting the top L/5 contacts in the free modeling category, where L is the corresponding length of the protein in residues, has exceeded 70%. As a comparison, the best‐performing group at CASP12 with a 47% precision would have finished below the top 1/3 of the CASP13 groups. Extensively trained deep neural network approaches dominate the top performing algorithms, which appear to efficiently integrate information on coevolving residues and interacting fragments or possibly utilize memories of sequence similarities and sometimes can deliver accurate results even in the absence of virtually any target specific evolutionary information. If the current performance is evaluated by F‐score on L contacts, it stands around 24% right now, which, despite the tremendous impact and advance in improving its utility for structure modeling, also suggests that there is much room left for further improvement.
Delineation of a new structural motif involving NHN γ‐turn
Authors: Dhar Jesmita , Kishore Raghuvansh , Chakrabarti Pinak
Published: October 2019

Macromolecules are characterized by distinctive arrangement of hydrogen bonds. Different patterns of hydrogen bonds give rise to distinct and stable structural motifs. An analysis of 4114 non‐redundant protein chains reveals the existence of a three‐residue, (i − 1) to (i + 1), structural motif, having two hydrogen‐bonded five‐membered pseudo rings (the first, an NH···OC involving the first residue, and the second being NH∙∙∙N involving the last two residues), separated by a peptide bond. There could be an additional hydrogen bond between the side‐chain at (i‐1) and the main‐chain NH of (i + 1). The average backbone torsion angles of −76(±21)° and – 12(±17)° at i creates a tight turn in the polypeptide chain, akin to a γ‐turn. Indeed, a search of three‐residue fragments with restriction on the terminal Cα···Cα distance and the existence of the two pseudo rings on either side revealed the presence 14 846 cases of a variant, termed NHN γ‐turn, distinct from the NHO γ‐turn (2032 cases) that has traditionally been characterized by the presence of NHO hydrogen bond linking the terminal main‐chain atoms. As in the latter, the newly identified γ‐turns are also of two types—classical and inverse, occurring in the ratio of 1:6. The propensities of residues to occur in these turns and their secondary structural features have been enumerated. An understanding of these turns would be useful for structure prediction and loop modeling, and may serve as models to represent some of the unfolded state or disordered region in proteins.
Experimental comparison of energy landscape features of ubiquitin family proteins
Authors: Nandi Tathagata , Yadav Anju , Ainavarapu Sri Rama Koti
Published: October 2019

Small ubiquitin‐related modifiers (SUMO1 and SUMO2) are ubiquitin family proteins, structurally similar to ubiquitin, differing in terms of their amino acid sequence and functions. Therefore, they provide a great platform for investigating sequence‐structure‐stability‐function relationship. Here, we used chemical denaturation in comparing the folding‐unfolding pathways of the SUMO proteins with their structural homologue ubiquitin (UF45W‐pseudo wild‐type [WT] tryptophan variant) with structurally analogous tryptophan mutations (SUMO1 [S1F66W], SUMO2 [S2F62W]). Equilibrium denaturation studies report that ubiquitin is the most stable protein among the three. The observed denaturant‐dependent folding rates of SUMOs are much lower than ubiquitin and primarily exhibit a two‐state folding pathway unlike ubiquitin, which has a kinetic folding intermediate. We hypothesize that, as SUMO proteins start off as slow folders, they avoid stabilizing their folding intermediates and the presence of which might further slow‐down their folding rates. The denaturant‐dependent unfolding of ubiquitin is the fastest, followed by SUMO2, and slowest for SUMO1. However, the spontaneous unfolding rate constant is the lowest for ubiquitin (~40 times), and similar for SUMOs. This correlation between thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability is achieved by having different unfolding transition state positions with respect to the solvent‐accessible surface area, as quantified by the Tanford β
u values: ubiquitin (0.42) > SUMO2 (0.20) > SUMO1 (0.16). The results presented here highlight the unique energy landscape features which help in optimizing the folding‐unfolding rates within a structurally homologous protein family.
Numerical Simulations for In‐Depth Analysis of Transmission Line Method Measurements for Photovoltaic Applications—The Influence of the p–n Junction
Authors: Urban Tobias , Heitmann Johannes , Müller Matthias
Published: October 2019

For optimization of solar cell perfomance, the knowledge of the specific contact resistivity between grid finger and emitter is an important component. The contact resistivity is typically characterized by transmission line method (TLM) measurement directly on samples made from complete fabricated solar cells. Large contact spacing on solar cells leads to high measured resistances and thus high voltage drops along the emitter, measuring between several finger distances. This, in turn, imposes a strong load on the p–n junction and can lead to a parasitic current flow over the wafer base itself. The influence of this current flow on the TLM measurement evaluation for typical solar cell parameters is investigated. The 2D simulation of TLM measurements is used to derive handling instructions to improve the contact resistivity measurements. For typical solar cell TLM stripes with emitter sheet resistances of about 150 Ω sq−1 and a reverse p–n junction characteristic similar to rshunt in the range of 10 kΩ cm2, an influence of about 10% or higher ρc evaluation uncertainty is expected.
Direct Heteroepitaxy of Orientation‐Patterned GaP on GaAs by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy for Quasi‐Phase‐Matching Applications
Authors: Strömberg Axel , Omanakuttan Giriprasanth , Mu Tangjie , Natesan Pooja Vardhini , Tofa Tajka Syeed , Bailly Myriam , Grisard Arnaud , Gérard Bruno , Jang Hoon , Pasiskevicius Valdas , Laurell Fredrik , Lourdudoss Sebastian , Sun Yan-Ting
Published: October 2019

Heteroepitaxial growth of orientation‐patterned (OP) GaP (OP‐GaP) on wafer‐bonded OP‐GaAs templates is investigated by low‐pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy for exploiting the beneficial low two‐photon absorption properties of GaP with the matured processing technologies and higher‐quality substrates afforded by GaAs. –First, GaP homoepitaxial selective area growth (SAG) is conducted to investigate the dependence of GaP SAG on precursor flows and temperatures toward achieving a high vertical growth rate and equal lateral growth rate in the [110] and [10]‐oriented openings. Deteriorated domain fidelity is observed in the heteroepitaxial growth of OP‐GaP on OP‐GaAs due to the enhanced growth rate on domain boundaries by threading dislocations generated by 3.6% lattice matching in GaP/GaAs. The dependence of dislocation dynamics on heteroepitaxial growth conditions of OP‐GaP on OP‐GaAs is studied. High OP‐GaP domain fidelity associated with low threading dislocation density and a growth rate of 57 μm h−1 are obtained by increasing GaCl flow. The properties of heteroepitaxial GaP on semi‐insulating GaAs is studied by terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy in the terahertz range. The outcomes of this work will pave the way to exploit heteroepitaxial OP‐GaP growth on OP‐GaAs for frequency conversion by quasi‐phase‐matching in the mid‐infrared and terahertz regions.
Melt Spin Coating for X‐Ray‐Sensitive Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Layers of Small Carbazolyl‐Containing Molecules Blended with Tungsten
Authors: Dobužinskas Rokas , Poškus Andrius , Viliūnas Mindaugas , Jankauskas Vygintas , Daškevičienė Marytė , Getautis Vytautas , Arlauskas Kęstutis
Published: October 2019

For the first time, a blend of carbazolyl‐containing small molecules and tungsten particles for X‐ray‐sensitive layers is developed using the solvent‐free melt spin‐coating (MSC) method. The composite films fabricated on a glass substrate, using aluminum as electrodes, are applied for direct current conversion of X‐rays with high signal‐to‐noise ratio, reliable on–off switching characteristics, and short‐ and long‐term stability. To elucidate the processes of charge carrier generation by X‐rays, Monte Carlo simulations of X‐ray‐induced current are performed. The response and charge transfer processes investigated by an X‐ray pulse experiment indicate possibilities for real‐time detection.
GaN Micropillar Schottky Diodes with High Breakdown Voltage Fabricated by Selective‐Area Growth
Authors: Debald Arne , Kotzea Simon , Riedel Jona , Heuken Michael , Kalisch Holger , Vescan Andrei
Published: October 2019

Herein, selective‐area growth (SAG) of lightly n‐doped GaN micropillars on masked GaN‐on‐sapphire templates is investigated. Using the micropillar SAG approach, the maximum GaN drift layer thickness in Schottky diodes on foreign substrates is increased. Thus, cost‐efficient vertical power devices with large breakdown voltages (VBD) based on heteroepitaxy are enabled. The influence of different hard‐mask materials and SAG temperatures (TSAG) on growth selectivity, morphology, and net doping concentration (ND–NA) is investigated. By using an AlOx hard mask and TSAG = 1045 °C, 3.7 μm high GaN micropillars are grown in circular mask openings. Quasi‐vertical Schottky diodes on these pillars exhibit low ND–NA = 5.2 × 1016 cm−3, VBD = 393 V, and a critical electric field EC = 2.63 MV cm−1.
Intentional Incorporation and Tailoring of Point Defects during Sublimation Growth of Cubic Silicon Carbide by Variation of Process Parameters
Authors: Schöler Michael , Lederer Maximilian W. , Schuh Philipp , Wellmann Peter J.
Published: October 2019

Cubic silicon carbide (3C‐SiC) is an emerging material with promising properties for various applications in power electronics, energy saving, and quantum technology. In recent years, size and quality of 3C‐SiC substrates reached a level where real applications become tangible. However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning defects in 3C‐SiC. Point defects can be considered as one of the key defects, as they influence all applications in one way or another. Herein, the growth rate dependent tailoring of point defects—according to probability and density—is presented for bulk 3C‐SiC grown by epitaxial sublimation growth. Photoluminescence characterization reveals a group of four distinct peaks in the near‐infrared which are assumed to have their joint origin in the carbon vacancy. Moreover, indications for a novel Al‐related defect are presented. The observed defects show bright luminescence in the 175 K/200 K regime and remain excitable up to 300 K.
Nonlinear Absorption and Photocurrent in Weyl Semimetals
Authors: Leppenen Nikita V. , Ivchenko Eugeniyus L. , Golub Leonid E.
Published: October 2019

A theory of light absorption and circular photocurrent in Weyl semimetals is developed for arbitrary large light intensities with account for both the elastic and inelastic relaxation processes of Weyl fermions. The direct optical transition rate is shown to saturate at large intensity, and the saturation behavior depends on the light polarization and on the ratio of the elastic and inelastic relaxation times. The linear‐circular dichroism in absorption is shown to exceed 10% at intermediate light wave amplitudes and fast energy relaxation. At large intensity I, the light absorption coefficient drops as , and the circular photogalvanic current increases as .
Environmental impacts on the flux of mass through deep convection
Authors: Storer Rachel L. , Posselt Derek J.
Published: October 2019

Though deep convective clouds are important to numerous aspects of the climate system, they remain a source of much uncertainty. The varying large‐scale dynamics, relatively short development time, range of spatial scales, and complex microphysics involved in deep convection lead to difficulty in both observation of these clouds and modelling their impacts on larger spatial and longer temporal scales. This study utilizes an ensemble of high‐resolution cloud‐resolving simulations of deep convection forming in a spectrum of different environments to explore the sensitivity of deep convection, and in particular convective mass flux to changes in the initial conditions. We find that convection strength is strongly sensitive to small perturbations in the environment, specifically the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and boundary‐layer humidity. That storm effects on the environment, such as mass transport and tropospheric moistening through detrainment, are sensitive to these initial conditions points to the importance of better representing such parameters in global models.
Mesoscale precipitation systems and their role in the rapid development of a monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Fujinami Hatsuki , Hirata Hidetaka , Kato Masaya , Tsuboki Kazuhisa
Published: October 2019

The structure of mesoscale precipitation within monsoon depressions is still not as well‐known as the synoptic‐scale composite cloud and precipitation structure. Here, using observational data from multi‐satellite sensors and a cloud‐resolving regional model, we investigate the three‐dimensional structure of mesoscale precipitation systems in the different stages of the life cycle of a monsoon depression. Effects of latent heating from the precipitation systems and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) on the development of the monsoon depression are also evaluated in sensitivity experiments with the model. A typical monsoon depression developed on 17 August 2016 over the BoB. In the rapid development phase, satellite observations reveal mesoscale convective systems with deep convective precipitation cells and stratiform precipitation near the head of the BoB. Extremely deep and intense convective cells appear along a ring‐like rain band when a closed cyclonic circulation becomes obvious around the northernmost part of the BoB. The deep convection appears frequently, particularly along the western‐to‐southwestern side of the low, a convergence‐prone area between northerlies with air masses of large convective available potential energy (CAPE) that makes up the western–southwestern part of the closed cyclonic circulation, and strong monsoon westerlies with relatively stable air masses to the south of the low. Sensitivity experiments reveal that both cloud/precipitation processes and evaporation from the BoB are essential for the rapid development of the monsoon depression over the BoB. Evaporation from the BoB adds a large amount of moisture to the atmospheric boundary layer near the low. Southwesterlies and southerlies on the eastern side of the low draw in warm, humid boundary‐layer air to the closed cyclonic circulation, which maintains a large‐CAPE environment in the low and enhances deep convection. A possible positive feedback process including moist convection that leads to the rapid intensification of monsoon depressions over the BoB is discussed.
Flow‐dependent stochastic coupling for climate models with high ocean‐to‐atmosphere resolution ratio
Authors: Rackow Thomas , Juricke Stephan
Published: October 2019

This study introduces a new flow‐dependent distribution sampling (FDDS) scheme for air–sea coupling. The FDDS scheme is implemented in a climate model and used to improve the simulated mean and variability of atmospheric and oceanic surface fields and thus air–sea fluxes. Most coupled circulation models use higher resolutions in the sea ice and ocean compared to the atmospheric model component, thereby explicitly simulating the atmospheric subgrid‐scale at the interface. However, the commonly applied averaging of surface fields and air–sea fluxes tends to smooth fine‐scale structures, such as oceanic fronts. The stochastic FDDS scheme samples the resolved spatial ocean (and sea ice) subgrid distribution that is usually not visible to a coarser‐resolution atmospheric model. Randomly drawn nodal ocean values are passed to the corresponding atmospheric boxes for the calculation of surface fluxes, aiming to enhance surface flux variability. The resulting surface field perturbations of the FDDS scheme are based on resolved dynamics, displaying pronounced seasonality with realistic magnitude. The AWI Climate Model is used to test the scheme on interannual time‐scales. Our set‐up features a high ocean‐to‐atmosphere resolution ratio in the Tropics, with grid‐point ratios of about 60:1. Compared to the default deterministic averaging, changes are largest in the Tropics leading to an improved spatial distribution of precipitation with bias reductions of up to 50%. Enhanced sea‐surface temperature variability in boreal winter further improves the seasonal phase locking of temperature anomalies associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Mean 2m temperature, sea ice thickness and concentration react with a contrasting dipole pattern between hemispheres but a joint increase of monthly and interannual variability. This first approach to implement a flow‐dependent stochastic coupling scheme shows considerable benefits for simulations of global climate, and various extensions and modifications of the scheme are possible.
Strain Partitioning and Softening Mechanisms of δ/γ in Lean Duplex Stainless Steels during Hot Deformation
Authors: Zhao Yan , Li Xin , Zhang Weina , Misra Raja Devesh Kumar , Liu Zhenyu
Published: October 2019

A novel lean duplex stainless steel (DSS) with excellent hot workability is successfully developed, referred as 21Cr‐DSS. The strain partitioning and softening mechanisms of the constituent phases in the novel steel are elucidated and compared with the conventional DSS. The strain is preferentially accommodated in the soft ferrite phase, leading to the significant strain localization and a faster restoration of dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization (DRV or DRX) in ferrite, whereas conventional DSS is characterized by inhomogeneity in softening and incompatibility in deformation between ferrite and austenite, which promotes the propagation of cracks along the δ/γ interface during hot deformation. However, the novel 21Cr‐DSS exhibits homogeneous strain–stress partitioning in δ/γ, especially at low deformation temperature, resulting in superior deformation compatibility between ferrite and austenite.
Enhancement of cardiac lymphangiogenesis by transplantation of CD34+VEGFR-3+ endothelial progenitor cells and sustained release of VEGF-C
Authors: Zhang Hai-feng , Wang Yong-li , Tan Yu-zhen , Wang Hai-jie , Tao Ping , Zhou Pei
Published: October 2019

Impairment of cardiac lymphatic vessels leads to cardiac lymphedema. Recent studies have suggested that stimulation of lymphangiogenesis may reduce cardiac lymphedema. However, effects of lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells (LEPCs) on cardiac lymphangiogenesis are poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated effectiveness of LEPC transplantation and VEGF-C release with self-assembling peptide (SAP) on cardiac lymphangiogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI). CD34+VEGFR-3+ EPCs isolated from rat bone marrow differentiated into lymphatic endothelial cells after VEGF-C induction. VEGF-C also stimulated the cells to incorporate into the lymphatic capillary-like structures. The functionalized SAP could adhere with the cells and released VEGF-C sustainedly. In the condition of hypoxia and serum deprivation or abdominal pouch assay,
the SAP hydrogel protected the cells from apoptosis and necrosis. At 4 weeks after intramyocardial transplantation of the cells and VEGF-C loaded with SAP hydrogel in rat MI models, cardiac lymphangiogenesis was increased, cardiac edema and reverse remodeling were reduced, and cardiac function was improved significantly. Delivery with SAP hydrogel favored survival of the engrafted cells. VEGF-C released from the hydrogel promoted differentiation and incorporation of the cells as well as growth of pre-existed lymphatic vessels. Cardiac lymphangiogenesis was beneficial for elimination of the inflammatory cells in the infarcted myocardium. Moreover, angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration were enhanced after reduction of lymphedema. These results demonstrate that the combined delivery of LEPCs and VEGF-C with the functionalized SAP promotes cardiac lymphangiogenesis and repair of the infarcted myocardium effectively. This study represents a novel therapy for relieving myocardial edema in cardiovascular diseases.
Assessment of the appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET in an unselected memory clinic cohort: The ABIDE project
Authors: de Wilde Arno , Ossenkoppele Rik , Pelkmans Wiesje , Bouwman Femke , Groot Colin , van Maurik Ingrid , Zwan Marissa , Yaqub Maqsood , Barkhof Frederik , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Biessels Geert Jan , Scheltens Philip , van Berckel Bart N. , van der Flier Wiesje M.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the appropriate use criteria (AUC) for amyloid imaging in an unselected cohort.

Methods

We calculated sensitivity and specificity of appropriate use (increased confidence and management change), as defined by Amyloid Imaging Taskforce in the AUC, and other clinical utility outcomes. Furthermore, we compared differences in post–positron emission tomography diagnosis and management change between “AUC‐consistent” and “AUC‐inconsistent” patients.

Results

Almost half (250/507) of patients were AUC‐consistent. In both AUC‐consistent and AUC‐inconsistent patients, post–positron emission tomography diagnosis (28%–21%) and management (32%–17%) change was substantial. The Amyloid Imaging Taskforce's definition of appropriate use occurred in 55/507 (13%) patients, detected by the AUC with a sensitivity of 93%, and a specificity of 56%. Diagnostic changes occurred independently of AUC status (sensitivity: 57%, specificity: 53%).

Discussion

The current AUC are not sufficiently able to discriminate between patients who will benefit from amyloid positron emission tomography and those who will not.
Decadal Shift in Nitrogen Inputs and Fluxes Across the Contiguous United States: 2002–2012
Authors: Sabo Robert D. , Clark Christopher M. , Bash Jesse , Sobota Daniel , Cooter Ellen , Dobrowolski James P. , Houlton Benjamin Z. , Rea Anne , Schwede Donna , Morford Scott L. , Compton Jana E.
Published: October 2019

The effectiveness of policies and management actions in reducing the release of excess nitrogen (N) to the environment is best assessed if N fluxes across air, land, and water are regularly quantified at relevant scales. Here we compiled 2002, 2007, and 2012 inventories of inputs and nonhydrologic N outputs along with fossil fuel emissions, food demand, and terrestrial N surpluses for all subbasins of the contiguous United States using peer‐reviewed, publicly available data sets. We found that at the national scale, total inputs, outputs, and surpluses changed little (±6%) between 2002 and 2012 and remained dominated by agricultural processes, despite efforts to curb N losses. This consistency at the national scale, however, obscured large counteracting shifts at regional levels driven by variable fluxes across regions. Throughout the eastern United States, declines in deposition and fertilizer inputs combined with increased crop yields resulted in a decrease in terrestrial N surpluses, which may explain recent water quality improvements in the region. On the other hand, fertilizer N inputs in the Midwest increased at a greater rate than crop harvest N increased, leading to a larger terrestrial surplus N. A large relative increase (~320%) in N emissions in the West due to an unusual wildfire season in 2012 was also observed. These changes coincided with national policies that decreased N emissions and increased demand for domestic biofuels, potentially highlighting the capacity to change the source and magnitude of N inputs and fluxes across the landscape through market and regulatory actions.
A high-sensitivity MEMS gravimeter with a large dynamic range
Authors: Tang Shihao , Liu Huafeng , Yan Shitao , Xu Xiaochao , Wu Wenjie , Fan Ji , Liu Jinquan , Hu Chenyuan , Tu Liangcheng
Published: October 2019

Precise measurement of variations in the local gravitational acceleration is valuable for natural hazard forecasting, prospecting, and geophysical studies. Common issues of the present gravimetry technologies include their high cost, high mass, and large volume, which can potentially be solved by micro-electromechanical-system (MEMS) technology. However, the reported MEMS gravimeter does not have a high sensitivity and a large dynamic range comparable with those of the present commercial gravimeters, lowering its practicability and ruling out worldwide deployment. In this paper, we introduce a more practical MEMS gravimeter that has a higher sensitivity of 8 μGal/√Hz and a larger dynamic range of 8000 mGal by using an advanced suspension design and a customized optical displacement transducer. The proposed MEMS gravimeter has performed the co-site earth tides measurement with a commercial superconducting gravimeter GWR iGrav with the results showing a correlation coefficient of 0.91.
Identification of a biomarker panel for improvement of prostate cancer diagnosis by volatile metabolic profiling of urine
Authors: Lima Ana Rita , Pinto Joana , Azevedo Ana Isabel , Barros-Silva Daniela , Jerónimo Carmen , Henrique Rui , de Lourdes Bastos Maria , Guedes de Pinho Paula , Carvalho Márcia
Published: October 2019

Background

The lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) is a major hurdle to improve patient management.

Methods

A metabolomics approach based on GC-MS was used to investigate the performance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in general and, more specifically, volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs) present in urine as potential markers for PCa detection.

Results

Results showed that PCa patients (n = 40) can be differentiated from cancer-free subjects (n = 42) based on their urinary volatile profile in both VOCs and VCCs models, unveiling significant differences in the levels of several metabolites. The models constructed were further validated using an external validation set (n = 18 PCa and n = 18 controls) to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the urinary volatile profile to discriminate PCa from controls. The VOCs model disclosed 78% sensitivity, 94% specificity and 86% accuracy, whereas the VCCs model achieved the same sensitivity, a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 89%. Our findings unveil a panel of 6 volatile compounds significantly altered in PCa patients’ urine samples that was able to identify PCa, with a sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 83%, and accuracy of 86%.

Conclusions

It is disclosed a biomarker panel with potential to be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for PCa.
Tumour cell-derived debris and IgG synergistically promote metastasis of pancreatic cancer by inducing inflammation via tumour-associated macrophages
Authors: Chen Qi , Wang Jianxin , Zhang Qi , Zhang Jingying , Lou Yu , Yang Jiaqi , Chen Yiwen , Wei Tao , Zhang Jian , Fu Qihan , Ye Mao , Zhang Xiaozhen , Dang Xiaowei , Liang Tingbo , Bai Xueli
Published: October 2019

Background

The progression and metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly dependent on the tumour microenvironment. Most tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are M2 phenotype macrophages, which normally show anti-inflammatory functions in numerous disorders. Previously, we found that alternatively activated macrophages showed pro-inflammatory characteristics upon stimulation with hepatoma cell-derived debris; however, the molecular mechanism was unclear.

Methods

In vitro and in vivo experiments were employed to investigate the molecular mechanism. Using pancreatic cancer cell lines, mouse models and human tissues, we obtained a general picture of tumour cell-derived debris promoting metastasis of pancreatic cancer by inducing inflammation via TAMs.

Results

We showed that M2 macrophage-derived inflammation also exists in PDAC. Debris from PDAC cells induced potent IL-1β release by M2 macrophages via TLR4/TRIF/NF-κB signalling, and this effect was further boosted by IgG that was also derived from PDAC cells. Increased IL-1β promoted epithelial–mesenchymal transition and consequent metastasis of PDAC cells. A selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, enhanced the anti-tumoural efficacy of gemcitabine.

Conclusions

These data revealed a pro-inflammatory mechanism in PDAC, which indicated that IL-1β and COX-2 could be therapeutic targets of an anti-inflammatory strategy to treat PDAC.
MOF-derived cobalt–nickel phosphide nanoboxes as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Lu Yidong , Deng Yaoyao , Lu Shuanglong , Liu Yayuan , Lang Jianping , Cao Xueqin , Gu Hongwei
Published: October 2019

The CoNi-MOF which was synthesised using a Co-MOF was converted into a CoNiP nanobox by low temperature phosphating. The CoNiP nanobox exhibits outstanding catalytic activity and long durability for the HER in alkaline electrolytes.
Clinical Factors in Trunk Capillary Malformations in the Neonate: When to Suspect Other Associated Malformations? A Case–Control Study
Authors: Delgado-Miguel Carlos , Vicente Miriam , Serrano-Muñoz Antonio Jesus , Miguel-Ferrero Miriam , Diaz Mercedes , Triana Paloma , López-Gutiérrez Juan Carlos
Published: October 2019

Introduction Capillary malformations (CMs) can be sporadic or syndromic, in association with other underlying venous malformation (VM) or lymphatic malformation (LM). The objective of this study is to describe the clinical patterns in the neonate that allow us to differentiate sporadic CMs from those associated with other vascular malformations.

Materials and Methods A case–control study was performed in neonates with CM located in the trunk, followed at our institution between 2008 and 2018. The patients were divided into two groups: group A (cases: CM associated with VM or LM) and group B (controls: sporadic CM without associated malformations). Demographic and clinical variables collected in the clinical history were evaluated (color, location, multifocality, bilaterality, position regarding the vascular axis, and involvement of the midline).

Results Thirty-eight patients were included (18 cases and 20 controls) without differences in gender and age. In group A, the totality of patients presented CM with uniform color and lateral location (p < 0.001). In this group, bilateral and multifocal involvements were lower than in group B, without significant differences between both groups. The distribution of CMs in group A was always parallel to the vascular axis and the midline was always respected, without observing these characteristics in the group B (p < 0.001).

Conclusion The presence of a CM in the trunk of a neonate with uniform color, lateral location, parallel position to the vascular axis, and absence of involvement of the midline should make us suspect other underlying vascular malformations, which should be studied with complementary tests.
Venous Thromboembolism despite Ongoing Prophylaxis after Fast-Track Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Multicenter Study of 34,397 Procedures
Authors: Petersen Pelle Baggesgaard , Jørgensen Christoffer Calov , Kehlet Henrik ,   on behalf of the Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Fast-track Hip Knee Replacement Collaborative Group
Published: October 2019

Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication to total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA). However, recent publications found low 90-day incidences of VTE with in-hospital only thromboprophylaxis after fast-track THA and TKA, but with a subgroup with VTE despite thromboprophylaxis.

Objectives We aimed to investigate in detail the incidence and risk for VTE despite ongoing thromboprophylaxis after fast-track THA and TKA.

Materials and Methods This is a prospective unselected multicenter cohort from January 2010 to August 2017. Data on preoperative characteristics were entered into the Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Fast-track Hip and Knee Replacement database (www.FTHK.dk). Length of stay (LOS) and complete 90-day follow-up was obtained from the Danish National Patient Registry and review of medical records. Patients with preoperative use of potent anticoagulants were excluded.

Results Of 34,397 procedures, 32 (0.09%, 22.4% of all VTE) had VTE after median 2 (interquartile range: 2–4) days despite ongoing thromboprophylaxis. Twenty-nine (2.1% of LOS > 5 days) occurred with LOS > 5 days and 3 during primary admission with LOS ≤ 5 days. Note that 78% of VTEs despite ongoing thromboprophylaxis occurred without any identifiable pre-VTE complication. Risk factors were age from 81 to 85 years (odds ratio [OR] 6.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.8–22.4], p = 0.005), body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 (OR 11.1 [1.1–109.2], p = 0.040), BMI 35 to 40 (OR 5.1 [1.0–26.2], p = 0.050), and BMI ≥ 40 (OR 21.8 [4.6–103.6], p < 0.001).

Conclusion VTE after fast-track THA/TKA occurred after median 2 days in 0.09% (22% of all VTE) despite ongoing thromboprophylaxis. Further investigation of this “high-risk” population might help to improve the optimal choice for patient-specific thromboprophylaxis to further reduce incidence of postoperative VTE.
Understanding Factors Associated with Quality of Life in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Erickson Reaghan M. , Feehan Michael , Munger Mark A. , Tak Casey , Witt Daniel M.
Published: October 2019

Introduction Quality of life (QoL) deficits have been noted among patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) but understanding of the drivers of that poorer QoL is limited. The objective of this study was to examine associations between a variety of factors and QoL in patients with VTE.

Methods Adult patients who had experienced at least one VTE episode within the past 2 years completed an online survey between May and July 2016 with responses to a variety of questions designed to ascertain QoL scores, Optum Short Form-12, and potential factors associated with these scores.

Results Most of the 907 patients were female (56.7%) and Caucasian (88.6%). Physical and mental QoL scores below the general population average were present in 76.0 and 56.7% of patients, respectively. Multiple regression modeling revealed several factors associated with below average physical QoL scores including unemployment (odds ratio [OR] 3.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76–8.05), gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.28–5.01), high depression scores (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.88–8.58), or difficulty accessing VTE care (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.77–10.17). Factors associated with below average mental QoL scores included experiencing VTE within the last month (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.58–9.41), unemployment (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.30–6.16), or high depression (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.60–9.28) and/or anxiety (OR 9.17, 95% CI 4.81–17.47) scores.

Conclusion Most patients with recently diagnosed VTE reported below average QoL. Many of the factors associated with below average QoL are modifiable, indicating that patients with VTE could potentially benefit from interventions aimed at improving QoL.
Ngu-ng-gi-la-nha (to exchange) knowledge. How is Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's empowerment being upheld and reported in smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy: a systematic review
Authors: Bovill Michelle , Chamberlain Catherine , Bar-Zeev Yael , Gruppetta Maree , Gould Gillian S.
Published: October 2019

Smoking during pregnancy is a national priority to improve Aboriginal health. Empowerment approaches underpin the priorities set by the government to improve Aboriginal health and wellbeing; however, empowerment is seldom evaluated within interventions for Aboriginal people. Literature was searched to April 2018 and data was extracted using an assessment tool with domains of individual and community empowerment in smoking cessation during pregnancy studies with Aboriginal women. Three interventions were found in published and grey literature. Elements of individual empowerment were embedded in all interventions. Interventions considered barriers for Aboriginal women to quit smoking and areas for capacity building. Interventions used health education resources. There was limited reporting of community empowerment domains. Aboriginal ethics and capacity building was the only criterium addressed by all studies. Interventions are incorporating individual empowerment, but seldom report community empowerment. The development of reporting guidelines or extensions of current guidelines would be beneficial to set a consistently high standard reporting across Aboriginal health interventions, similar to the work conducted to develop the extension of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Equity (PRISMA-E) for health equity in systematic review reporting. Reporting empowerment domains would reflect the government priority of empowerment to improve Aboriginal health, as well as enhancing knowledge translation into practice.
Understanding lived experiences of Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes living in remote Kimberley communities: diabetes, it don't come and go, it stays!
Authors: Straw Sarah , Spry Erica , Yanawana Louie , Matsumoto Vaughan , Cox Denetta , Cox Erica , Singleton Sally , Houston Naomi , Scott Lydia , Marley Julia V.
Published: October 2019

This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of Kimberley Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes managed by remote Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services using phenomenological analysis. Semi-structured interviews formulated by Aboriginal Health Workers, researchers and other clinicians were used to obtain qualitative data from 13 adult Aboriginal patients with type 2 diabetes managed in two remote communities in the Kimberley. Together with expert opinion from local Aboriginal Health Workers and clinicians, the information was used to develop strategies to improve diabetes management. Of 915 regular adult patients in the two communities, 27% had type 2 diabetes; 83% with glycated haemoglobin A >10%. Key qualitative themes included: the need for culturally relevant education and pictorial resources; importance of continuous therapeutic relationships with healthcare staff; lifestyle management advice that takes into account local and cultural factors; and the involvement of Aboriginal community members and families in support roles. Recommendations to improve diabetes management in the remote communities have been made collaboratively with community input. This study provides a framework for culturally relevant recommendations to assist patients with diabetes, for collaborative research, and for communication among patients, Aboriginal Health Workers, community members, researchers and other clinicians. Interventions based on recommendations from this study will be the focus of further collaborative research.
Resolving nomenclatural ambiguity in South American Tephrosia (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae), including the description of a new species
Authors: de Queiroz R. T. , de Moura T. M. , Gereau R. E. , Lewis G. P. , de Azevedo Tozzi A. M. G.
Published: October 2019

Taxonomic studies of Tephrosia Pers. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) in South America have highlighted the need to resolve some nomenclatural issues. Five new synonyms are proposed and a new species is described. Nine lectotypes of accepted names and synonyms, and one neotype, are here designated. An identification key to the taxa occurring in South America is also presented.