bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dopamine and anti‐dopamine systems: polar opposite roles in behavior
Authors: Jhou Thomas C
Published: June 2021

For over 50 years, neuroscientists have studied the multifaceted roles of the neurotransmitter dopamine in behavior, emotion, and cognition. Recent findings regarding the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), habenula, and other closely related structures suggests that equally powerful “anti‐dopamine” systems exist in the brain whose functions are still being elucidated. Emerging evidence suggests that the RMTg and its efferents may strongly modulate dopamine systems during aversive learning, motor inhibition, and a wide range of other cognitive and behavioral processes. Many of its functions appear opposite to those of dopamine, with possible implications for understanding disorders such as depression, addiction, mania, and bipolar disorder.
Synthesis and anti‐mycobacterial characterization of ester protected ethambutol derivatives
Authors: Stephens Dominique Curtis , Johnson R. Jeremy
Published: June 2021

The world‐wide health impact of tuberculosis (TB) infection continues to grow, as new drug resistant versions of TB emerge and co‐infections between HIV/AIDS and TB spread. Yet, no new antibiotics for TB infection have been developed in the last thirty years. We have investigated the potential for TB lipases to serve as novel inhibitory targets for TB infection. Specifically, we screened for the ability of novel derivatives of ethambutol, a common antibiotic treatment for TB infection, to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis, a model bacterium for TB infection. We initially synthesized a small library of ester‐protected ethambutol derivatives, using simple esterification reactions between ethambutol and a range of diverse carboxylic acids. The ester‐protected ethambutol derivatives were screened for inhibitory activity toward M. smegmatis growth. The inhibitory potential of ester derivatives of ethambutol was dependent on hydrolase activity, as general serine hydrolase inhibitors blocked the inhibitory action of ethambutol. Ester‐protecting groups on ethambutol derivatives with specific activity toward M. smegmatis are now being refined to precisely define the substrate specificity of mycobacterial hydrolases. Funding provided by Butler University Holcomb research fund.
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase affects the level of global DNA methylation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Dobrzyn Agnieszka , Malodobra‐Mazur Malgorzata , Kolczynska Katarzyna , Kozinski Kamil , Dziewulska Anna , Dobrzyn Pawel
Published: June 2021

Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, play a central role in the regulation of lipid‐mediated metabolic pathways and energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), an important control point in lipid metabolism and body weight regulation, affects DNA methylation in adipocytes. Our study showed that the level of global DNA methylation is significantly reduced in 3T3‐L1 cells overexpressing SCD1. In contrast, both the silencing of SCD1 gene expression by siRNA and the treatment of cells with specific SCD1 inhibitor resulted in hipermethylation of DNA in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. The changes in the level of DNA methylation correlated with the activity and expression level of methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a). Interestingly, DNMT1 and DNMT3B were not affected by SCD1 expression. The effect of SCD1 on global DNA methylation was most pronounced in fully differentiated adipocytes. While the expression of adipogenic genes (C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ and PPARγ) was significantly increased in 3T3‐L1 cells overexpressing SCD1, the promoter methylation profiles of these genes did not differ between groups. Obtained results show that SCD1 regulates the level of DNA methylation in adipocytes and suggest that the mechanism by which SCD1 increases adipogenesis do not involve changes in methylation of the target gene promoters. Support: FNP TEAM/2010–5/2
Fecal Lipidomics Analysis using Liquid Chromatography‐ Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bird Susan S. , Gregory Katherine E , Gross Vera S , Marur Vasant R , Lazarev Alexander V , Walker W Allen , Kristal Bruce S
Published: June 2021

Methodologies for the analysis of intact lipids from fecal matter will facilitate the understanding of gut (patho)physiology, its role(s) in health and disease and help improve patient care. Because lipids are central to intestinal biology, more stable than many metabolites, and more conserved across microbiota than proteins, they will provide information relevant to the microbiome, host, and environment. We developed a fecal extraction method that utilizes two separate, complementary extraction chemistries, dichloromethane and a methyl tert‐butyl ether/hexafluoroisopropanol mixture, alone or with high pressure cycling (PCT), to provide the most robust and comprehensive lipidome coverage. Extracts were assessed by liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry profiling with all ion high energy collisional dissociation fragmentation in both positive and negative ionization modes, which enhances unknown lipid characterization. The platform detected >;500 intact lipids, with >;300, spanning 6 LIPIDMAPS categories, identified. This study offers a non‐invasive method to evaluate the GI tract, complement microbiome studies and assess inflammation, nutritional health, and infectious disease in patient vulnerable populations. Research support: K23NR011320 (KEG), U01ES16048 (BSK) and P30DK040561 (WAW).
Temporal Regulation of Pro‐Resolving Mediators and MicroRNA in Self‐Limited versus Delayed Resolution of Acute Inflammation
Authors: Li Yongsheng , Fredman Gabrielle , Dalli Jesmond , Chiang Nan , Serhan Charles N.
Published: June 2021

Mechanisms underlying delays in resolution programs of inflammation are of interest for many diseases. Here, we addressed delayed resolution of inflammation and identified specific microRNA (miR)‐metabolipidomic signatures. Delayed resolution initiated by high‐dose challenges decreased miR‐219–5p expression along with increased leukotriene B4 (~5‐fold) and decreased (~3‐fold) specialized pro‐resolving mediators, e.g. protectin D1. Resolvin (Rv)E1 and RvD1 (1 nM) reduced miR‐219–5p in human macrophages, not shared by RvD2 or PD1. Since mature miR‐219–5p is produced from pre‐miRs miR‐219–1 and miR‐219–2, we co‐expressed in human macrophages a 5‐lipoxygenase (LOX) 3′UTR‐luciferase reporter vector together with either miR‐219–1 or miR‐219–2. Only miR‐219–2 reduced luciferase activity. Overexpression of miR‐219–2 in human macrophages downregulates 5‐LOX expression. Apoptotic neutrophils administered into inflamed exudates in vivo increased miR‐219–2‐3p expression and PD1/NPD1 levels as well as decreased leukotriene B4. These results demonstrate that delayed resolution undermines endogenous resolution programs, altering miR‐219–2 expression, increasing pro‐inflammatory mediators and compromising SPM production that contribute to failed catabasis and homeostasis.
Identification of a cell adhesion molecule involved in negative regulation of presynaptic assembly in C.elegans
Authors: Taru Hidenori
Published: June 2021

Synapses are asymmetric structures that are specialized for neuronal signal transduction. The molecular mechanisms of how the assembly of presynaptic components is initiated and regulated remain unknown. In C. elegans hermaphrodite‐specific motor neurons HSN, SYD‐1 (a conserved protein with PDZ, C2 and RhoGAP domains) and SYD‐2 (a Liprin‐α adapter protein) are essential for the assembly of presynaptic components at synaptic region. Loss‐of‐function of syd‐1 or syd‐2 causes failure in the formation of presynaptic structure at normal synaptic location, which results in abnormal egg‐laying behavior. To further understand the molecular mechanisms, we carried out genetic suppressor screen of syd‐1. We identified a mutant that restored egg‐laying defects and partially improved the localization of synaptic vesicle markers at synaptic sites in HSN in syd‐1 loss‐of‐function animals. The mutant weakly suppressed egg‐laying defects and synaptic defects in HSN in syd‐2 loss‐of‐function. The responsible gene encodes a non‐classical cadherin protein. Future characterization of the mutant may contribute to our understanding of molecular mechanisms of presynaptic assembly.
The role of HSF1 in maintenance of β‐catenin stability in breast cancer stem cells.
Authors: Chou Shiuh‐Dih , Calderwood Stuart
Published: June 2021

Heat Shock Factor I (HSF1) is the master regulator of heat shock response. It is continuously present in the cells but can be activated by stress. Elevated level of HSF1 and heat shock proteins are known to protect cells from apoptosis and thus, are often correlated with promotion of tumor cell growth. It has been shown that hyperphosphorylation of HSF1 on specific serine residues can determine the state of HSF1 in transactivation of hsp genes. We found that HSF1 serine 326 and its nearby sequence resemble that of an mTOR targeting consensus sequence and inhibition of mTOR function by Rapamycin treatment or knocking down mTOR lead to loss of heat induced HSF1 S326 phosphorylation. Our studies also suggested a role of HSF1 S326 phosphorylation in cancer stem cells. Enrichment of HSF1 S326 phosphorylation and expression of stem cell factor β‐catenin was detected in the CD44+/CD24− “stem cell” population of the MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells suggesting a potential role of HSF1 in the maintenance of β‐catenin stability. HSF1 knockdown cells were generated with shRNA and our data demonstrated a correlation between the loss of β‐catenin expression and HSF1 depletion. The loss of β‐catenin expression was not due to transcriptional regulation since the level of β‐catenin mRNA was not reduced in HSF1 knockdown cells. In addition, treatment of HSF1 knockdown cells with proteasome inhibitor did not restore β‐catenin expression suggesting that the loss of β‐catenin was not due to proteosome degradation. Expression of the RNA‐binding protein HuR was also downregulated in the HSF1 knockdown cells, suggesting a role for HSF1 in the regulation of β‐catenin expression through mRNA translation.
Constitutive HER2 signaling promotes breast cancer metastasis through cellular senescence
Authors: Arribas Joaquin , Angelini Pier Davide , Fluck Mariano Zacarias
Published: June 2021

Senescence, a terminal cell proliferation arrest, can be triggered by oncogenes. Oncogene‐induced senescence is considered a tumor defense barrier. However, several findings show that, under certain circumstances, senescent cells may favor tumor progression because of their secretory phenotype. In this communication we will show that the expression in different breast epithelial cell lines of p95HER2, a constitutively active fragment of the tyrosine kinase receptor HER2, results in either increased proliferation or senescence. In senescent cells, p95HER2 elicits a secretome enriched in proteases, cytokines and growth factors. This secretory phenotype is not a mere consequence of the senescence status and requires continuous HER2 signaling to be maintained. Underscoring the functional relevance of the p95HER2‐induced senescence secretome, we show that p95HER2‐induced senescent cells promote metastasis in vivo in a non‐cell autonomous manner. Given the crucial role of HER2 in a subtype of breast cancers, these results are relevant for a better understanding of the progression of certain breast tumors.
Developing a collaboration in New York State to improve the STEM‐pipeline
Authors: Ortiz Phillip , Breton Kristian , Duncan‐Poitier Johanna , Groome Meghan , Lansing Jill , Matias Audeliz , McDonald Frank , Thomson Sonja , Wortel Stephanie
Published: June 2021

The United States is facing a crisis in education ‐‐ not enough students are being trained in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (the STEM disciplines) to support and foster economic growth. To respond, the State University of New York (SUNY) and the New York Academy of Sciences (The Academy) are collaborating to train SUNY graduate students and post‐doctoral fellows to deliver mentoring and STEM content to underserved middle‐school children in afterschool programs. Since 2010, as part of the Afterschool STEM Mentoring Program, the Academy has successfully trained graduate students within the New York City area, and to date they have reached >;7,000 middle school students with curricula in areas such as genetics, mathematics, and space science. At the suggestion of SUNY Chancellor Nancy Zimpher, who also serves as the Chair of the Academy's Board of Governors, we have developed a collaboration in which SUNY graduate students and post‐doctoral fellows will learn pedagogy and content via a www‐based course, and then be placed in underserved afterschool programs in New York State. This online course is being developed by faculty at SUNY Empire State College, and once evaluated the curriculum and methods will be made available with the hope that this program may be repeated throughout the United States.
Student conceptions and misconceptions about energy transformations in biochemistry
Authors: Wolfson Adele J , Rowland Susan L , Lawrie Gwen A. , Wright Tony H.
Published: June 2021

Concept inventories have repeatedly demonstrated that students have innate beliefs about how the world works, that these beliefs play a dominant role in how students approach introductory courses, and that instruction which ignores these misconceptions does almost nothing to change beliefs. We explored students’ concepts about free energy and flow within metabolic pathways by in‐depth interviews with students in introductory chemistry classes before and after the topic of free energy was discussed and with students in biochemistry courses. The results indicate that students already come to introductory chemistry with misconceptions in place; there was little difference among responses for the three cohorts. The concepts that students found most difficult were 1) the difference between standard and actual free energy change, and 2) the lack of connection between catalysts and free energy change. Students were also unclear on the definition of standard conditions and had little understanding of how conditions in a living cell differ from standard chemical conditions. Our results suggest that biochemists might work with faculty teaching introductory chemistry to infuse some knowledge about living systems, and that those teaching biochemistry might put greater emphasis on thermodynamics early in the curriculum.
A Metabolic Pathways Diagnosis Test for Assessing the Development of Biochemistry Students’ Visualization Skills
Authors: Galembeck Eduardo , dos Santos Vanessa J S V , Anderson Trevor
Published: June 2021

We have developed a Metabolic Pathways Visualization Skill Test (MPVST) to gain greater insight into our students’ abilities to comprehend the visual information presented in metabolic pathways diagrams. The test is able to discriminate students’ visualization ability with respect to six specific visualization skills that we identified as key to the understanding of metabolic map diagrams. Application of the MPVST to B. S. Biochemistry students showed that their visualization skills develop informally and progressively during their college years. Furthermore, the complex nature of biochemical pathways, together with students’ lack of familiarity with metabolic maps, suggests that it is important for instructors to spend more time than usual explaining visual representations to their students.

This research was partially supported by FAPESP, Brazil.
UF CPET: Professional Development for Secondary Science Teachers
Authors: Darwiche Houda A , Bokor Julie , Joseph Drew , Koroly Mary Jo
Published: June 2021

The University of Florida Center for Precollegiate Education and Training (UF CPET) promotes the use of university resources for the preparation and enhancement of STEM teaching in secondary schools. UF CPET offers an array of teacher professional development programs, the two largest being the NIH SEPA‐funded Biomedical Explorations: Bench to Bedside and the HHMI‐funded ICORE: Emerging Pathogens.

These innovative programs integrate experiences from a summer institute into classroom action. During the institute, an experimental sequence in basic and applied science illustrates scientific content, pedagogical methods, and conceptual/technological interrelationships. Teachers work with science and education researchers to develop lessons and laboratory exercises that convey these content‐based principles in the context of career choices. During the school year, research proposals, resources, formal presentations, review of classroom outcomes and incentives for ongoing professional development provide continuing support to incorporate scientific processes, real‐world skills and enthusiasm for bioscience careers into classrooms. Continued support from UF CPET encourages science teachers’ personal enrichment and professional advancement in biotechnology education and empowers them as agents of change in their classrooms and communities.

Sources of research support include UF, NIH, and HHMI.
Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
Authors: Tyler jessica
Published: June 2021

The eukaryotic genome is packaged together with histone proteins to form the nucleoprotein structure called chromatin. This packaging of DNA into chromatin is critical to prevent inappropriate access to the DNA in order to enable the fundamental processes of the genome, such as gene expression, DNA repair and DNA replication, to be highly regulated. While many groups study histone modifications and ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling, we study the ultimate end point of all of these chromatin dynamics, which is the physical removal of histones from the DNA, or their establishment or assembly onto the DNA. Using a combination of biochemistry, structural biology, molecular genetics in budding yeast and tissue culture studies we have identified and characterized the histone chaperones that mediate chromatin assembly and/or chromatin disassembly during replication, repair and gene expression, as well as revealing that these processes are regulated by histone modifications that influence histone‐DNA contacts. At this meeting, we will present our latest findings on chromatin assembly and disassembly.
Changes in daily water intake impact mood of high and low drinkers
Authors: Guelinckx Isabelle , Klein Alexis , Perrier Erica , Metzger Deborah , Pross Nathalie
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The effect of dehydration on cognition has been examined in fluid deprivation studies. However, such study conditions are far from real life conditions. This inpatient crossover trial evaluated the effect of mild changes in water intake on subjective cognitive performance (i.e. mood) in 22 high volume (HIGH; 2–4L/d; 25 ± 1 y) and 30 low volume drinkers (LOW; <1.2L/d; 25 ± 3 y).

Method

During days 1 and 2 HIGH consumed 2.5L of water/day and LOW 1L/day. On Days 3 through 5, HIGH restricted water intake to 1L/d and LOW increased to 2.5L/d. Several mood scales (Bond & Lader VAS, Profile of mood states, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Thirst & Emotional VAS) were administered at different time points. An ANOVA model including treatment, time point and treatment × time as fixed effects on mean values (i.e.; baseline data vs mean of 3 intervention days) for each mood scale was performed.

Results

In LOW increased water consumption resulted in a significant decrease in fatigue (p<0.001), confusion (p=0.05) and thirst (p<0.001) and a trend to lower sleepiness (p=0.07) compared to baseline. In HIGH the restricted water intake lead to a significant increase in thirst (p<0.001) and a decrease in contentedness (p<0.05), calmness (p<0.01), positive emotions (p<0.05) and vigor (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Increasing water intake has a beneficial mood effect, especially on sleep/wake feelings, whereas restricting water intake can deteriorate mood. Even though the results were observed in young adults, they can still be of importance to the healthy aging population. The link between water increase and decrease in confusion is also of interest for diagnosis and treatment of delirium.
Preparation of Soy Protein Hydrolysates through alcalase treatment using Response Surface Methodology with Alzheimer's β‐amyloid (Aβ 1–42) Peptide Aggregation inhibition property
Authors: Ravichandran Madhuram , Hettiarachchy Navam
Published: June 2021

Soy protein isolate (SPI), has the highest protein content and wide range of health benefits. Soy peptides have been studied for their various beneficial effects including anti‐cancer, anti‐hypertensive, anti‐diabetic etc properties. However there is no literature regarding their anti‐Alzheimer's disease properties. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States and expected to become the sixth leading cause of death by 2013.

In this study we aim to evaluate the anti‐aggregative property of alcalase hydrolysates of SPI. Since the anti‐aggregative properties against Alzheimer's β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ 1–42) depends on the peptide composition of the hydrolysates and the enzyme used, the effect of process conditions on SPI hydrolyzed with alcalase was investigated systematically using response surface methodology. Hydrolysis conditions for optimal β‐amyloid aggregation inhibition were defined using the response surface model of central composite design (CCD). The optimum conditions obtained by the model for hydrolysate (with maximum anti‐beta amyloid aggregation activity) preparation was found to be pH=8, Time=1 hr, E/S=0.5%, Temperature= 50 C which was in perfect correlation with the experimental model. This is by far one of the first studies to show that soy protein hydrolysates possess bio‐activity against beta amyloid peptide found in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Grant Funding Source: ABI
Region and harvest season determine child feeding frequency in Ghana
Authors: Birks Katherine Anne , Marquis Grace S , Colecraft Esi K
Published: June 2021

Adequate feeding frequency (FF) helps to ensure young children obtain sufficient energy and nutrients for proper growth and development. In 2008, only 50% of breastfed and 22% of non‐breastfed Ghanaian children 6–23 mo consumed the minimum FF recommendations. No similar information exists for children 2–5 y. The objectives of this study were to determine what factors influence child FF in Ghana. Weighed food intake data of 76 children 2–5 y from 3 regions (2004–2009 ENAM study) were analyzed with ANCOVA to determine predictors of FF. Interviews with 40 caregivers of children < 5 y were conducted in two regions in 2011; grounded theory guided the generation of FF themes. FF was greater in the Central (p<0.05) and Brong Ahafo (p<0.001) regions compared to Upper East, during the post‐harvest compared to pre‐harvest season (p<0.05), and if a caregiver was unmarried compared to married (p=0.01). FF tended to be higher when a caregiver worked as an artisan compared to a farmer (p=0.06). Caregivers identified lack of time and money as main constraints, whereas caregivers with social networks and established working hours felt more confident in providing adequate FF. Strategies to increase child FF must acknowledge a caregiver's environmental context such as region of residence and season, as well as resource constraints, including time and food availability. Funding: Africa Initiative.
Comparison of the diet quality of young and older Mexican‐ American sedentary women enrolled in community‐based social support physical activity interventions
Authors: Pignotti Giselle Pereira , Keller Colleen , Belyea Michael , Williams Allison Nagle , Ramos Crystal , Vega‐López Sonia
Published: June 2021

The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2005 was calculated to assess diet quality of Mexican‐American sedentary women enrolled in 2 community‐based social support physical activity interventions: Mujeres en Accion (Mujeres; n = 124 older women; 53±12 y; BMI = 32.9±7.4 kg/m2) and Madres para la Salud (Madres; n = 139 postpartum women; 28±5 y; BMI = 29.6±3.5 kg/m2), using baseline data. Older Mujeres participants had higher mean scores (0 to 5) for total fruit (3.9±0.5 vs. 2.6±0.2, p=0.017), whole fruit (5.0±0.3 vs. 3.3±0.2, p=0.001), total vegetables (3.9±0.3 vs. 2.7±0.1, p=0.001), and dark green/orange vegetables (3.2±0.4 vs. 1.8±0.2, p=0.007), but had a lower score for whole grains (3.3±0.3 vs. 5.0±0.05, p<0.001) than Madres participants. Mujeres participants also had a lower score (0 to 10) for % of energy (%E) from saturated fat (5.5±0.5 vs. 7.3±0.3, p=0.008). Both groups had low scores for sodium (1.4±0.5 vs. 2.0±0.4 out of 10, n.s.) and % E from solid fat/alcohol/added sugar (11.5±0.8 vs. 9.9±0.5 out of 20, n.s.). There were no differences in overall HEI score (63.9±2.4 [Mujeres] vs. 61.5±1.4 [Madres], n.s.) or scores for total grains, milk, meat/beans, and oils. In conclusion, despite differences in some of the individual HEI components, the overall score (below an ideal value of 80) suggests that both groups of Mexican‐ American women would benefit from dietary quality improvement. Supported by NIH 3R01NR010356–02S1.
Liberian refugee families: What are they eating and where are they shopping after 10 years of resettlement in the U.S.
Authors: Nunnery Danielle , Dharod Jigna
Published: June 2021

The objectives of the study were to: 1) Deter mine the feasibility of using the 24‐hour recall method, 2) Describe food habits, shopping, budgeting practices & examine what pre & post resettlement factors influence these behaviors, among Liberian refugees resettled in the U.S. A trained community interviewer conducted in‐home, semi‐quantitative interviews with Liberian mothers/caregivers (n = 33). The mean age of the participants was 39 years. Approximately, 42% of participants received SNAP & average monthly household income was $903. In using the 24‐hour recall method, it was found that estimation of portion size, measurement of ingredients & use of standardized recipes were uncommon concepts among this group. For instance, participants often reported making ‘Soup & Fufu’ but ingredients in soup were not fixed & dependent upon several factors including what was left in the refrigerator, and where they went for food shopping that week. In food habits, intake of meat & green leafy vegetables was common while dairy & fruits were uncommon food groups. Majority (90%) of the participants visited ethnic food stores to buy traditional food items such as cassava leaves, palm butter, and smoked fish. On average, monthly grocery expenditure was $109/person. Those without a driver's license (p=0.03), and those who visited mainly ethnic stores (p=0.10) had a higher food budget.

Grant Funding Source: University of North Carolina at Greensboro New Faculty Grant
Social Ecological Model (SEM) and Childhood Obesity: What Do the Data Suggest?
Authors: Ohri‐Vachaspati Punam , DeWeese Robin , Crespo Noe C. , Todd Michael , Yedidia Michael J.
Published: June 2021

The SEM is often used to describe the complex etiology of childhood obesity. Variables included in proximal layers of the SEM (age, gender, parent characteristics) influence weight outcomes in youth. Roles of distal factors such as food and physical activity (PA) environments are less clear. This study examines relationships of different layers of the SEM on child weight outcomes. Data on demographics and parental perceptions and children's use of PA and food outlets were collected from parents of 1400 children. Location of child's home and neighborhood food and PA outlets were geocoded. Multivariate analyses tested independent and joint significance of variables in different layers of the SEM. In fully adjusted models with all layers of SEM, as a group, variables in proximal layers were significantly associated with child's weight. Collectively, variables representing the built environment, those representing perception of built environments, and those assessing use of these environments were not significant. Individually, several measures of the built environment such as presence of a convenience store within a quarter mile radius of home (OR=2.16, CI: 1.12–4.16), presence of a park within a half mile radius of home (OR=0.41, CI: 0.18 – 0.94), and use of the main store to purchase fruits and vegetables (OR= 0.48, CI: 0.27–0.85) were significantly associated with child's weight outcomes.
Monitoring the sodium content of restaurant foods: public health challenges and opportunities
Authors: Maalouf Joyce , Cogswell Mary E , Gunn Janelle P , Curtis Christine J , Rhodes Donna , Hoy Kathy , Pehrsson Pamela , Nickle Melissa , Merritt Robert
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Review the methods of selected studies that assessed sodium in restaurant foods to inform potential approaches to a national monitoring system.

Methods

This review relied on systematic searches of the PubMed, Agricola, Global Health, and Ovid databases and on manual examination of references in selected articles. In all 499 articles were found from 1964 to September 30, 2012; 26 articles met the inclusion criteria and were abstracted.

Results

Of the 26 studies, five were conducted at the national level. Food categories varied according to the purpose of the studies, location, and restaurant type. The methods for determining the sodium content of restaurant foods included laboratory analysis (n=15), determination of the nutrition content at point of purchase or the restaurants’ Web sites (n=8), and analysis of menus using a nutrient database (n=3). Only one of the five studies performed at the national level used laboratory analyses. One study evaluated more than one time period.

Conclusions

At present, there is no comprehensive private or publicly available data system that provides all of the information needed to monitor changes in sodium or other nutrients among restaurant foods. Combining information from different sources and methods may help inform a comprehensive system to monitor efforts to reduce the sodium content of the United States food supply and to develop future strategies.
The Harvest of the Month (HOTM) program successfully promotes vegetable selection and consumption among first graders from low‐income schools
Authors: Chen Qiong , Gerson Amanda , Goto Keiko , Wolff Cindy , Bianco‐Simeral Stephanie , Hansen Garth , Frigaard Martin , Armstrong Ben
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the impact of a multi‐component intervention on fruit and vegetable selection and consumption among low‐income public school first grade students.

Methods

Using a quasi‐experimental design, the HOTM program was implemented over a seven month period. The study was conducted with 117 intervention students from three schools and 90 control students from two schools. Intervention students were exposed to 14 classroom cooking demonstrations, tasting activities, and received fruit and vegetable themed educational materials. Students’ vegetable selection and consumption was measured using a digital photography method before and after the intervention period. Photographs of food trays were taken before and after lunch on four consecutive days, and analyzed for consumption patterns. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for variance within clusters (school/classroom).

Results

Intervention students selected and consumed significantly more vegetables than control students. The vegetables selected were also of a greater variety compared to the control. No significant differences were found in fruit consumption.

Conclusions

The HOTM program has a positive impact on vegetable selection and consumption. The results of this study document the accuracy of the digital photography method as an easy to use, effective tool for assessing food consumption.
Young child complementary food diversity in the East African region: cross‐country differences, geographic distribution and relationship with health‐care utilization
Authors: Gewa Constance , Leslie Timothy
Published: June 2021

We utilized available demographic health survey data, between 2000 and 2011, to assess the geographical distribution of complementary food diversity and examine the relationship between health‐care utilization indicators and complementary food diversity within countries in the East African region. Complementary food diversity score (DDS) was calculated for children between 6 and 24 months old with a possible maximum diversity score of six. At least 1691 children in Kenya, 730 in Uganda, 2352 in Tanzania, 1332 in Ethiopia and 1674 in Malawi were included in the analysis. Ethiopian children experienced the least diversified complementary food diet. Across time, complementary food diversity increased in Tanzania and Malawi, remained relatively unchanged in Kenya and decreased in Ethiopia and Uganda. Low DDS were found in large parts of Ethiopia, the north and north‐eastern regions of Kenya. Tanzania and Malawi had fairly consistent DDS, with only pockets of low values. Uganda had fairly consistent DDS across the country with DDS with no extreme DDS values. Number of prenatal care visits, hospital‐based births and receipt of vitamin A supplements were each shown to have a positive relationship with complementary food diversity score in at least one of the countries. This analysis contributes to the understanding of geography and determinants of complementary food quality in the East African region.
Effect of micronutrient supplementation on diarrhea and acute bronchitis morbidity in rural Honduran children
Authors: Feeney Laura , Paxton‐Aiken Amy , Kruse Kerri , Heck Jeffrey E. , Reinhart Gregory A.
Published: June 2021

Diarrhea and acute bronchitis are among the top 10 diagnoses among children 84 months and younger in the southern Intibucá region of Honduras. Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly of iron and zinc, likely contribute to this high rate of morbidity. This study investigated the relationship between micronutrient supplementation and diarrhea and acute bronchitis morbidity. Children (n=2,686) from six municipalities in Intibucá, ages 6–60 months at study initiation, received the supplement Chispuditos® daily for 12 months. Chispuditos is a corn‐ and soy‐based beverage fortified with 21 vitamins/minerals including iron (12 mg/serving) and zinc (9 mg/serving). Number of clinic visits at two main health centers with a diagnosis of diarrhea or acute bronchitis was collected for all children under 84 months. Monthly incidences of diarrhea and acute bronchitis were reduced by 46% (p<.01) and 21% (p<.20) respectively for the intervention period compared to the 12 months prior. Monthly incidences of diarrhea and acute bronchitis were reduced by 78% (p<.01) and 73% (p<.01) respectively for the intervention period compared to children 0–84 months in the same region that did not receive Chispuditos. These results support a relationship between micronutrient supplementation and decreased diarrhea and acute bronchitis morbidity in a community based setting. This study was funded by the Mathile Institute.
Development of a point‐of‐use, iron fortification technology of nixtamalized corn masa for rural communities in Central America
Authors: Torres‐Aguilar Pablo Cesar , Chen Chen , Jacobson Brian , Lee Youngsoo , Andrade Juan E.
Published: June 2021

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is major health concern. Fortification of nixtamalized corn (NC) for tortillas at the point of wet grinding could be an effective strategy against IDA in rural Central America. Process of making iron containing extruded pellets (IEP) and their addition to NC is presented. IEPs will be added to NC previous to grinding at local milling facilities. Welly Puffing extruder set at a feed rate of 60 g/min was used to create brown rice:corn grits (1:1, w/w) pellets. Two chelated Fe sources were evaluated, ferric NaEDTA (FeNaEDTA) and ferrous bisglycinate (FeBG). Fe solutions were pumped (2 mL/min) to target levels, 0.4 mg/g or 1 mg/g pellet, respectively. Process stability was evaluated from 0.5 to 19 min from Fe addition. IEPs were added to NC at different amounts,12.5, 25, 50 g pellet/kg NC, resulting in target levels of 8.2, 16.3 and 32.6 (FeBG) and 3.9, 7.8 15.65 (FeNaEDTA) mg Fe/kg of masa. Fe recoveries in IEPs upon processing were 78.3±5% and 65.3±3.8 % for FeNaEDTA and FeBG, respectively; with homogenous distribution for both iron sources after 14 min of processing (Brown and Forsythe P>;0.1). IEPs dimensions (l×ø) from both sources were similar, 16.7±1.1 × 11.4±0.9 mm. Fe source changed color in pellets, but it did not affect masa color. Iron distributed well in NC masa fortified with both EIPs. Our technology shows the feasibility of Fe fortification at the point of NC grinding using extruded materials.

Grant Funding Source: ACES SAO Ayre Fellowship, Hatch
A study on the relationship between serum mineral content and Inflammatory markers in Korean young adult males.
Authors: Kim Soon Kyung , Choi Mi‐Kyeong , Lim Hee‐Sook , Kwon Yeon‐Hwa
Published: June 2021

It has been reported that some minerals in metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc. have been associated with the inflammation. Especially, it is known that mineral problems such as a Zn deficiency have an effect on occurrence of cytokines, including TNF‐α. The purpose of this study is to find out the relation between serum mineral content in Korean young adult males and inflammatory markers. The subjects were 48 young adult males 18 to 27 years (average age 21.4±2.4 years old), body mass index (BMI, % of body fat, % of abdominal fat ), serum minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn) and inflammatory markers (CRP, Adiponectin, TNF‐α) were measured. Mean body weight, BMI and % body fat of subjects were 75.3±11.9 kg, 24.4±3.8 kg/m2, and 21.5±6.0 %, respectively. The average mineral content in serum for Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn were 9.92±1.45 mg/dℓ, 2.06±0.29 mg/dℓ, 133.68±75.61 ug/dℓ, 77.62±24.60 ug/and 89.61±31.51 ug/dℓ, respectively, which are all within the normal range. The average level of each of the inflammatory indicators in serum, CRP, Adiponectin, and TNF‐, were 0.34±0.21 mg/dℓ, 9.54 ± 6.00 μg/mℓ, and 2.34±2.64 apg/mℓ, respectively. Obesity Index(BMI, % of body fat etc.) did not show any reletion between serum minerals and inflammatory markers. The content of Zn in the serum showed a significant correlation (P <0.001) to TNF‐α content.
Variation in body mass index heritability based on diverse twin studies
Authors: Min Jungwon , Chiu Dorothy T , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Over three decades, twin studies showed various heritability of obesity, although genetic variation crucially affected obesity. This study examined the difference of body mass index (BMI) heritability (BMI‐H) by population characteristics.

Methods

Twin studies with a combination of field tags for keywords, having quantitative information about BMI‐H without disease, special occupations or mixed population and written in English from Jan 1990 to Feb 2011 were searched in PubMed. Total 32 eligible studies identified. Meta regression models with random effect were used to test BMI heritability varied by population characteristics.

Results

Heterogeneity of BMI‐H is attributable to variations in age, year of observation, average BMI, and GDP (< $20,000, $20,000–25,999 & >;= $26,000) significantly. BMI‐H estimates were higher in adolescents, in the past, and study populations with high average BMI, or high GDP than those among their counterparts. Consistent lowering effects of high GDP growth rate were shown on the stratified analysis by GDP. Adults, in recent year and countries with low obesogenic condition (low average BMI) would likely to have lower BMI heritability, especially in middle GDP and experiencing rapid economic growth.

Conclusions

BMI heritability is sensitive to age, time of observation, average BMI, GDP and rapid economic growth.
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and serum carotenoids in children. What is the role of diet?
Authors: Branum Amy M
Published: June 2021

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been associated with lower serum carotenoid concentrations in children; however, differences in diet quality by ETS exposure have not been thoroughly examined. The association between ETS exposure and serum carotenoids was evaluated along with possible differences in diet quality. Using the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 4,206 6–18 year‐olds with ETS exposure (serum cotinine = 0.05–10 ng/L) and without (serum cotinine <0.05 ng/L) were evaluated to determine an association among ETS exposure, serum carotenoids (α‐carotene, β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeanthin), and diet quality using data from 24‐hour dietary recalls and usual intake methods provided by the National Cancer Institute. After controlling for age, ETS‐exposed had lower serum α‐carotene (b=−0.06 (p<0.01), β‐carotene (b=−0.08, p<0.01), and β‐cryptoxanthin (b=−0.07, p<0.05). Although control for dietary carotenoids did not impact these coefficients, ETS‐exposed were more likely to have lower median usual fiber (11.9 g vs. 13.3 g, p=0.03), calcium (892 mg vs. 1030 mg, p=0.01), and whole grain intake than ETS‐non‐exposed after controlling for age and income. Dietary carotenoids may not fully represent differences in dietary quality by ETS exposure among nonsmoking children and dietary quality may be poorer among children regularly exposed to ETS.
Use of Highly Fortified Foods Among US Adults
Authors: Costello Rebecca B , Dwyer Johanna T , Bailey Regan L , French Steven
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Little is known about the use of highly fortified food and supplement products (HFP).

Objective

To describe use of HFP among US adults >;18 yr in 2011.

Methods

Data on prevalence of use of HFP (energy/nutrition bars, energy drinks, sports drinks, protein bars, energy shots, fortified foods/beverages) was collected in 2011 on a sample of 2355 US adults >;18 yr using a web‐based survey balanced to reflect US census data.

Results

In 2011, 33% of adults used HFP. Use was significantly higher among those <45 yr, males, African Americans, Hispanics, and the more highly educated (e.g. some college or more) than among nonusers. Among HFP users in 2011, 27% used energy bars, 32% energy drinks, 52% sports drinks, 26% protein bars, 10% energy shots, and 41% fortified foods/beverages. Usage trends for a subgroup of these products (energy bars, energy drinks, sports drinks, and fortified foods and beverages) were available using similar survey techniques, the prevalence of use among the population sampled was 36% for 2005 (n=2039), 35% for 2009 (n=2010), and 30% for 2011 (n=2355). Prevalence decreased from 2005 to 2011 especially among females, non‐Hispanics, and those with education of high school or less (P=<0.05).

Conclusion

HFP continue to be widely used by US adults, despite an apparent recent decline in use. Funding: Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH
Decreasing Breastfeeding trends in Mexico: 1999–2012
Authors: de Cosío Teresita González , Escobar Leticia , Castell Luz Dinorah , Rivera Juan , Hernández Mauricio
Published: June 2021

Breastfeeding (BF) saves lives, especially when exclusive during the first 6 mo of life (EBF<6m). Governments must protect infants so that they can reach their potential health & survival. Mexican representative 1999, 2006 and 2012 National Health & Nutrition Surveys (NNS99, NHNS06, NHNS2012 respectively) data were used. BF indicators were collected according to WHO‐2008 recommendations. Statistical tests and results are presented adjusted for sample design. Participants were 12–49 y mothers of children <2y; n=3,191 for NNS99, n=2,953 for NHNS06 & n=4,097 for NHNS12. Three‐mo mobile means were used to estimate median duration (MD). Data were analyzed and presented by urban/rural and socioeconomic level (SEL). BF MD has remained stable throughout the last 13 y (9.7, 10.4 & 10.2 mo for successive surveys) but EBF<6m has declined sharply form 20.0% in NNS99 & 23.3% in NHNS2006 to 14.4% in NHNS12, decline explained by increases in early formula and water consumption. EBF<6mo decrease was sharpest in the most vulnerable population; e.g. in rural area EBF<6mo went form 32.7 & 36.9% in the first two surveys, to 18.5% in NHNS12 (p<0.05 between last 2 surveys, declines similar in lowest SEL). Though formula industry has pledged endorsement of the International Marketing Code, it is not a law in Mexico and decreasing EBF<6mo BF rates reflect the lack of effective widespread BF support. Policy to improve rates that halt the sharp EBF<6mo decline must include all BF intervening partners, including government, industry, academia and society at large, following the WHO proposed strategy to improve infant feeding. Mexico has accomplished uncontestable recent improvements in undernutrition, so that similar nation‐wide efforts with coordination & leadership are well within its capabilities. Funding for the National Health and Nutrition Survey was obtained from the Mexican Secretariat of Health
Evaluation of the SHAPEDOWN weight loss program conducted through a hospital in north central Indiana: A family‐centered approach
Authors: Friesen Carol A. , Harter Mary R.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine if participation in the ten‐week SHAPEDOWN program was associated with a reduction in BMI and improved measures of physical fitness among obese children and their parent‐participant and to determine if a parent's success in the program was correlated with their child's success. Subjects included 47 obese children aged 8–18 years and their parent‐participant who completed the program during 2009–2011. Results obtained during the first session (e.g., height, weight, BMI, and endurance, stretch, and flexibility tests) were compared to post‐test results in a paired analysis. Results indicated participation was associated with a decrease in BMI (p<0.01) and heart rate (p<0.01) and an increase in flexibility (p<0.01) and the number of sit ups completed in one minute (p<0.01) among the children and an increased number of sit ups (p<0.01) and flexibility (p<0.01) among the parents. No reduction in body weight was observed among the children (p=0.33) or their parent‐participant (p=0.16) over the ten‐weeks. A positive correlation was observed between the parent‐child dyad for both weight loss (p<0.01) and flexibility (p<0.01). These results indicate SHAPEDOWN positively impacted indices of health and that parental participation positively impacted a child's weight loss and flexibility. Parents should be encouraged to engage in healthy behaviors with their overweight child.
Towards a better understanding of the negative relationship between adiposity and cognitive health in prepubertal children
Authors: Raine Lauren B , Khan Naiman A , Drollette Eric S , Scudder Mark R , Cohen Neal J , Kramer Arthur F , Hillman Charles H
Published: June 2021

The relation of weight status to cognitive performance in children remains controversial. Furthermore, there is a paucity of literature regarding the influence of fat distribution on measures of cognitive control. Accordingly, this study determined relationships between weight status, fat distribution, and cognitive function in 55 prepubertal children (8–9 years). Participants completed a cognitive battery assessing attention, working memory, writing, and arithmetic. DXA was used to measure percent fat mass (%Fat) and abdominal adiposity (FM‐abd). Initial correlation analyses suggested that BMI was negatively related to attention, written language, and overall achievement. %FM and FM‐abd were negatively related to written language and attention. However, none of the adiposity variables were related to working memory or arithmetic. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed adjusting for demographic variables (age, sex, SES), IQ, and aerobic fitness (VO2max). Following adjustment, BMI was negatively related to overall academic achievement and the negative effect of FM‐abd on written language persisted. Our findings suggest that weight status negatively impacts academic achievement, but not working memory. The influence of fat distribution appears specific to written language but not mathematics. (Funding source: NIH HD069381)

Grant Funding Source: NIH HD069381