bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Sensor Zenith Angle on MOD10A1 Data Reliability and Modification of Snow Cover Data for the Tarim River Basin
Authors: Li Haixing , Li Xingong , Xiao Pengfeng
Published: September 2016

Snow in the mountainous watersheds of the Tarim River Basin is the primary source of water for western China. The Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500-m Grid (MOD10A1) remote sensing dataset has proven extremely valuable for monitoring the changing snow cover patterns over large spatial areas; however, inherent uncertainty associated with large sensor zenith angles (SZAs) has called its reliability into question. Comparative analysis that utilized a paired-date difference method for parameters such as snow cover frequency, snow cover percentage, and normalized difference snow index (NDSI) has shown that overestimation of snow cover in the Tarim River Basin correlates with high values of SZA. Hence, such overestimation was associated with an increase in the NDSI, attributable to the change in reflectance between Band 4 and Band 6 imagery. A maximum threshold value of SZA of 22.37° was used alongside a multiday refilling method to modify the MOD10A1 dataset to produce a new daily snow cover map of the Tarim River Basin, spanning a 10-year period. A comparison of benchmark results of snow cover classification produced by the HJ-1A/B satellite revealed an increase in the overall accuracy of up to 4%, confirming the usefulness of our modified MOD10A1 data.
A Novel Semi-Supervised Method of Electronic Nose for Indoor Pollution Detection Trained by M-S4VMs
Authors: Huang Tailai , Jia Pengfei , He Peilin , Duan Shukai , Yan Jia , Wang Lidan
Published: September 2016

Electronic nose (E-nose), as a device intended to detect odors or flavors, has been widely used in many fields. Many labeled samples are needed to gain an ideal E-nose classification model. However, the labeled samples are not easy to obtain and there are some cases where the gas samples in the real world are complex and unlabeled. As a result, it is necessary to make an E-nose that cannot only classify unlabeled samples, but also use these samples to modify its classification model. In this paper, we first introduce a semi-supervised learning algorithm called S4VMs and improve its use within a multi-classification algorithm to classify the samples for an E-nose. Then, we enhance its performance by adding the unlabeled samples that it has classified to modify its model and by using an optimization algorithm called quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) to find the optimal parameters for classification. The results of comparing this with other semi-supervised learning algorithms show that our multi-classification algorithm performs well in the classification system of an E-nose after learning from unlabeled samples.
A Survey on Node Clustering in Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Joshi Gyanendra , Kim Sung
Published: September 2016

Cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs) have attracted a great deal of attention recently due to the emerging spectrum scarcity issue. This work attempts to provide a detailed analysis of the role of node clustering in CR-WSNs. We outline the objectives, requirements, and advantages of node clustering in CR-WSNs. We describe how a CR-WSN with node clustering differs from conventional wireless sensor networks, and we discuss its characteristics, architecture, and topologies. We survey the existing clustering algorithms and compare their objectives and features. We suggest how clustering issues and challenges can be handled.
City-as-a-Platform: The Rise of Participatory Innovation Platforms in Finnish Cities
Authors: Anttiroiko Ari-Veikko
Published: September 2016

This article discusses the idea of city as a platform. The analysis focuses on the forms and implications of citizen involvement in publicly-supported participatory innovation platforms that facilitate urban economic development in the welfare society context. The discussion opens with a review of the smart city discourse, which in the context of economic development policy translates into cities’ need to support innovativeness by creating smart environments. Participatory innovation platform is a prime example of such an environment. The empirical section discusses three cases, those of the Finnish cities of Helsinki, Tampere, and Oulu. The analysis shows that platformization in the first half of the 2010s became a strategic focal area supported by national and EU programs. Platforms are used to support both urban revitalization and economic development, of which the former is based on representative and the latter on instrumental modes of participation. Platforms are well integrated with city governments, even though they vary greatly in terms of organizational forms and scopes. Democratic culture, welfarism, and redistributive policy provide contextual support for platformization by strengthening social inclusion, taming the growth machine, and easing the tensions between pro-growth and anti-growth coalitions.
Analyzing Forces to the Financial Contribution of Local Governments to Sustainable Development
Authors: Rodríguez Bolívar Manuel , Navarro Galera Andrés , Alcaide Muñoz Laura , López Subires María
Published: September 2016

In many countries, the economic crisis brought high volumes of deficit and debt in public entities, which jeopardized the ability of governments to continue providing public services and caused considerable imbalances of economic growth in different regions. In this context, from the recognition of the linkage between economic development and efficiency in public management, previous research indicates that local governments are called to play a key role in promoting sustainable development through environment, economic and social policies based on financial sustainability of the public services. This paper aims to identify influencing factors on the financial sustainability of local governments, as an indicator of their capacity to maintain the delivery of public services over time. Based on a sample of 139 Spanish municipalities with large population for the period 2006–2014, our findings reveal the influence of variables such as the unemployment rate by sector, the dependent population, the immigrant population and the level of education of the population, on the financial sustainability in local governments, providing new useful knowledge to managers, policymakers, researchers and others stakeholders interested in the sustainability of public services.
Fostering Residential Demand Response through Dynamic Pricing Schemes: A Behavioural Review of Smart Grid Pilots in Europe
Authors: Kessels Kris , Kraan Carolien , Karg Ludwig , Maggiore Simone , Valkering Pieter , Laes Erik
Published: September 2016

Many smart grid projects make use of dynamic pricing schemes aimed to motivate consumers to shift and/or decrease energy use. Based upon existing literature and analyses of current smart grid projects, this survey paper presents key lessons on how to encourage households to adjust energy end use by means of dynamic tariffs. The paper identifies four key hypotheses related to fostering demand response through dynamic tariff schemes and examines whether these hypotheses can be accepted or rejected based on a review of published findings from a range of European pilot projects. We conclude that dynamic pricing schemes have the power to adjust energy consumption behavior within households. In order to work effectively, the dynamic tariff should be simple to understand for the end users, with timely notifications of price changes, a considerable effect on their energy bill and, if the tariff is more complex, the burden for the consumer could be eased by introducing automated control. Although sometimes the mere introduction of a dynamic tariff has proven to be effective, often the success of the pricing scheme depends also on other factors influencing the behavior of end users. An important condition to make dynamic tariffs work is that the end users should be engaged with them.
The Life-Cycle of the HIV-1 Gag–RNA Complex
Authors: Mailler Elodie , Bernacchi Serena , Marquet Roland , Paillart Jean-Christophe , Vivet-Boudou Valérie , Smyth Redmond
Published: September 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication is a highly regulated process requiring the recruitment of viral and cellular components to the plasma membrane for assembly into infectious particles. This review highlights the recent process of understanding the selection of the genomic RNA (gRNA) by the viral Pr55Gag precursor polyprotein, and the processes leading to its incorporation into viral particles.
Organization, Function, and Therapeutic Targeting of the Morbillivirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Complex
Authors: Sourimant Julien , Plemper Richard
Published: September 2016

The morbillivirus genus comprises major human and animal pathogens, including the highly contagious measles virus. Morbilliviruses feature single stranded negative sense RNA genomes that are wrapped by a plasma membrane-derived lipid envelope. Genomes are encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid protein forming ribonucleoprotein complexes, and only the encapsidated RNA is transcribed and replicated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs towards the structural and functional understanding of the morbillivirus polymerase complex. Considering the clinical burden imposed by members of the morbillivirus genus, the development of novel antiviral therapeutics is urgently needed. The viral polymerase complex presents unique structural and enzymatic properties that can serve as attractive candidates for druggable targets. We evaluate distinct strategies for therapeutic intervention and examine how high-resolution insight into the organization of the polymerase complex may pave the path towards the structure-based design and optimization of next-generation RdRp inhibitors.
Ag85A DNA Vaccine Delivery by Nanoparticles: Influence of the Formulation Characteristics on Immune Responses
Authors: Poecheim Johanna , Barnier-Quer Christophe , Collin Nicolas , Borchard Gerrit
Published: September 2016

The influence of DNA vaccine formulations on immune responses in combination with adjuvants was investigated with the aim to increase cell-mediated immunity against plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A. Different ratios of pDNA with cationic trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology and physicochemical characteristics (size, zeta potential, loading efficiency and pDNA release profile) applied in vitro for cellular uptake studies and in vivo, to determine the dose-dependent effects of pDNA on immune responses. A selected pDNA/TMC nanoparticle formulation was optimized by the incorporation of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as an immunostimulatory agent. Cellular uptake investigations in vitro showed saturation to a maximum level upon the increase in the pDNA/TMC nanoparticle ratio, correlating with increasing Th1-related antibody responses up to a definite pDNA dose applied. Moreover, TMC nanoparticles induced clear polarization towards a Th1 response, indicated by IgG2c/IgG1 ratios above unity and enhanced numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ producing T-cells in the spleen. Remarkably, the incorporation of MDP in TMC nanoparticles provoked a significant additional increase in T-cell-mediated responses induced by pDNA. In conclusion, pDNA-loaded TMC nanoparticles are capable of provoking strong Th1-type cellular and humoral immune responses, with the potential to be further optimized by the incorporation of MDP.
Failure Analysis of a Water Supply Pumping Pipeline System
Authors: Pozos-Estrada Oscar , Sánchez-Huerta Alejandro , Breña-Naranjo José , Pedrozo-Acuña Adrián
Published: September 2016

This paper describes the most important results of a theoretical, experimental and in situ investigation developed in connection with a water supply pumping pipeline failure. This incident occurred after power failure of the pumping system that caused the burst of a prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). Subsequently, numerous hydraulic transient simulations for different scenarios and various air pockets combinations were carried out in order to fully validate the diagnostic. As a result, it was determined that small air pocket volumes located along the pipeline profile were recognized as the direct cause of the PCCP rupture. Further, a detail survey of the pipeline was performed using a combination of non-destructive technologies in order to determine if immediate intervention was required to replace PCC pipes. In addition, a hydraulic model was employed to analyze the behavior of air pockets located at high points of the pipeline.
Lauzerte, mécanismes de revitalisation d'un bourg rural en crise
Authors: Stecktman-Labry G.
Published: September 2016

Lauzerte, commune de 1 529 habitants en 1990, dont la moitié agglomérés, est chef-lieu d'un canton agricole et bourg rural contenant des activités de services différenciés dont l'enquête montre la mobilité : remplacement des entrepreneurs, évolution des structures et de l'organisation des entreprises. Au déclin des fonctions de centre et de la prospérité passée et à l'émigration s'opposent l'arrivée de nouveaux habitants, la réorganisation d'entreprises qui cherchent clients et marchés hors du bourg et du canton. Depuis 1989, le renouveau des activités et des ambitions de la société locale s'exprime dans un conseil municipal renouvelé qui succède à des élus qui avaient à la fois restauré une partie du cadre bâti et multiplié les acquisitions foncières par la commune. La recomposition des forces socio-économiques locales dans le contexte de crise générale permet de considérer les transformations de Lauzerte comme exemplaires des possibilités de renaissance rurale.
18F-FDG-PET/CT in unexplained elevated inflammatory markers
Authors: Braune Isabell , Meller Birgit , Sahlmann Carsten , Ritter Carsten , Meller Johannes , Bouter Caroline
Published: September 2016

The diagnostic strategy in patients with fever or inflammation of unknown origin remains a major clinical challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with unexplained elevated C-reactive protein with or without fever. Contribution of 18F-FDG-PET/CT to the final diagnosis was evaluated. In addition we determined whether a differentiation between patients with or without fever is clinically reasonable. Patients, methods: We retrospectively analysed 72 consecutive patients with unexplained elevated C-reactive protein levels (above 8mg/l) that underwent 18F-FDG-PET/ CT in our facility between 10/2009 and 11/2012. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was considered a so-called diagnostic scan when results decisively led to a final diagnosis and adequate therapy with a response of symptoms was initiated due to the PET/CT result. Results: In 60/72 patients (83%) a final diagnosis was established. Diagnoses included infections (58%), non-infectious inflammatory diseases (29%) and malignancies (8%). 18F-FDG-PET/CT was true positive in 47 cases (65%) and the diagnostic scan in 29 patients (40%). Sensitivity of 18F-FDG-PET/CT was 81% and specificity was 86%. Diagnostics, final diagnoses, 18F-FDG-PET/CT results, SUVmax, C-reactive protein levels and the diagnostic scan did not differ significantly between patients with fever and patients without fever. Conclusion: 18F-FDG-PET/CT is a useful method in the diagnostic workup of patients with inflammation of unknown origin. In our series there was no significant difference between patients with or without fever. Regarding 18F-FDG-PET/CT-imaging inflammation of unknown origin and unexplained fever can be joined to one entity.
CONSTRAINTS ON NEUTRINO MASSES FROM THE LENSING DISPERSION OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE
Authors: Hada Ryuichiro , Futamase Toshifumi
Published: September 2016

We investigate how accurately the total mass of neutrinos is constrained from the magnitude dispersion of SNe Ia due to the effects of gravitational lensing. For this purpose, we use the propagation equation of light bundles in a realistic inhomogeneous universe and propose a sample selection for supernovae to avoid difficulties associated with small-scale effects such as strong lensing or shear effects. With a fitting formula for the nonlinear matter power spectrum taking account of the effects of massive neutrinos, we find that in our model it is possible to obtain the upper limit

for future optical imaging surveys with the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope and Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Furthermore, we discuss how far we need to observe SNe Ia and to what extent we have to reduce the magnitude error except for lensing in order to realize the current tightest limit

.
Energia, agronegócio e cooperação para o planejamento e desenvolvimento
Authors: Catapan Anderson
Published: September 2016

Este editorial introduz o segundo número do quinto volume da Revista Brasileira de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento. Os tópicos dos artigos incluem agronegócio, energia e cooperação em estudos realizados no Brasil, Equador, Iran, Espanha e Uganda.
Planejamento e políticas públicas para a cooperação e a sustentabilidade
Authors: Catapan Anderson
Published: September 2016

Este editorial introduz o terceiro número do quinto volume da Revista Brasileira de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento. Os tópicos dos artigos incluem estudos de gênero e desenvolvimento, segurança pública, cooperação, sustentabilidade, produtividade, pesquisa e desenvolvimento e políticas públicas, realizados em países como o Brasil, Peru, Espanha, Nigéria e África do Sul.
The China Academic Digital Associative Library (CADAL)
Authors: Huang Chen , Xue Helen F.
Published: September 2016

In 2000, a collaboration project called the China-America Digital Academic Library (CADAL) was launched by Chinese and U.S. computer scientists and supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Chinese Ministry of Education. The leading parties, Carnegie Mellon University and Zhejiang University, pioneered the construction of massive, digitized resources across the world. In 2002, CADAL merged with the China Academic Library and Information System into the China Academic Digital Library and Information System, emerging as one of the most important information infrastructures in the nation. In August 2009, the China Academic Digital Associative Library (new CADAL) was approved by the Ministry of Education, initiating CADAL Project Phase II. CADAL has promoted Chinese university libraries from the role of information-sharing institutions to partners of resource construction and sharing, achieving the world's largest non-profit digital library with more than 2.5 million Chinese and English e-books, a resource that has been exclusively “made in China.”
The China Academic Social Sciences and Humanities Library (CASHL)
Authors: Guan Zhiying , Wang Jingjing
Published: September 2016

In 2004, the Ministry of Education of China started the construction of the China Academic Social Sciences and Humanities Library (CASHL). CASHL is composed of 17 university libraries in mainland China, receiving its primary funding from government support. As the only collection with full subject coverage of the humanities and social sciences in China, CASHL's process of development was cause for wide scale interest, and many research articles were published on this topic nationally and internationally. Throughout a decade of development, CASHL has formed unique characteristics in resource sharing, collaborative acquisition, and more. This chapter gives a detailed introduction to the origin, structure, and primary services of CASHL, as well as the implementation of collaborative innovation within the service. It can be seen as an exploration of CASHL's more than ten years of development through a research perspective. Furthermore, the author also describes some obstacles and challenges CASHL is now facing, and shares some considerations about future development strategies.
The Practice of Outreach Services in Chinese Special Libraries
Authors: Xin Xiaoping , Wu Xinnian
Published: September 2016

Outreach services are defined as those based on traditional library services. Libraries utilize resources, improve social education, expand service range, and enrich service content and methods, not only providing the public with diverse and customized services, but also deepening the scope and depth of outreach services. Library outreach services refers to the extension of service ideas, content, space, time, object, and range. Different libraries have distinct meanings and forms of outreach services. Based on the example of the documentation and information system in the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), this chapter briefly states how Chinese research-oriented libraries implement outreach services for various levels of needs in different user groups through persistent innovation. This will provide meaningful guidance and implications for future research on the outreach service practices of special libraries.
Digital Libraries in the Western Region of China
Authors: Sha Yongzhong , Hu Wenjing , Guo Wei
Published: September 2016

The rapid technological development of the 21st century brought with it the rise of the digital library, which has become a global trend in university libraries. This chapter examines the construction and development of university digital libraries in western China. By investigating the current samples, consisting of 100 universities in the region, we try to reveal problems which arise during the construction process and discuss the future directions of university digital libraries in western China.
Research Data Management
Authors: Cui Yuhong
Published: September 2016

Research Data is acknowledged as constituting elements of the big data landscape and currency of science. With the rise of the open science movement and data sharing policies, research data management has been an emerging practice among domain-specific science and library and information science, while academic libraries have become deeply involved in the development of principles and best practices for managing data for long-term use. Research data management practices in China have a much shorter history and face more challenges. This paper is to explore the development of research data management in China across different disciplines. A conceptual framework of Research Data Management for Development (RDM4D) is proposed to demonstrate the status of data sharing policies, data repositories and libraries actions within three dimensions of societies, technology and humanity in China. Our goal is to bridge the gap between China and other countries and explore which are the proper actions for Chinese academic libraries.
Library and Information Science Education and Graduate Programs in Academic Libraries
Authors: Na Lyu
Published: September 2016

In academic libraries, there are two main types of education activities: information literacy, serving all university students and staff, and graduate education, focusing on LIS students. Academic libraries bear the responsibility of teaching information literacy to university students and staff, so the libraries develop a variety of training programs to help them with literature retrieval and resource utilization in order to improve their academic abilities. The first library to offer graduate education in library and information science independently was Shanghai Jiaotong University, which received authorization to offer an information science master's degree in 1996. In 2003, academic libraries began to offer graduate education and library and information science training more widely. After ten years, academic libraries had developed their own graduate education and training experience as distinct from LIS schools. This chapter investigates and analyzes academic library web portals in terms of education patterns, fields of study, entrance examination subjects, and curriculum.
Research Initiatives and Projects in Academic Libraries
Authors: Fan Yafang , Zhang Xuejuan , Li Guisu
Published: September 2016

Academic libraries are not only service agencies that provide support and consultation for teaching and research at an institution but are also academic institutions as well. In our study, we found that some libraries have implemented reward systems to encourage librarians to conduct scientific research through which librarians work to improve research and research to improve work. This chapter analyzes academic research conducted by academic libraries in China with regards to scientific input and output. For input, we analyzed the types and numbers of funded projects, affiliated institutions, researchers, and research hotspots by studying the National Science Foundation projects in the field of library, information and document science conducted by academic libraries from 2005 to 2014. To study the scientific output, we analyzed the annual distribution of publications, affiliated institutions, authors, journals, and research funds by studying the papers produced by academic librarians published in SSCI-indexed and CSSCI-indexed journals in this field from 2005 to 2014.
Assessment and Evaluation of Academic Libraries in China
Authors: Tang Qiong , Xie Yin , Su Rina
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to present a systematic and comprehensive review of the assessment and evaluation efforts of academic libraries in China. Generally, it is believed that theoretical research on academic library assessment and evaluation spurs corresponding practice. Holistic activities related to this include the integration of undergraduate teaching level evaluation and the promulgation of the System of Indicators of Academic Library Evaluation. These activities propel pertinent work in a general way, yet to some extent they lack operability. Specific standards and practice of assessment and evaluation of collections, service quality, and digital libraries, as well as the collection of assessment statistics, indicate that academic library evaluation focuses on the association/consortium, standardization, and the user. Problems in academic library assessment and evaluation in China at this stage include the absence of a standard evaluation system, an unrealistic assessor/evaluator structure, and an inappropriate preponderance of input indicators over output.
Bioactive Compound Analysis of Coriandrum Sativum L against Microbial Keratitis
Authors: Nithya V.
Published: September 2016

In recent years, multiple drug resistance has been developed due to indiscriminate use of existing drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases. One such herbal drug is Coriandrum Sativum L that possesses potential pharmaceutical activities and used in several ayurvedic formulations. Keratitis caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal activity, anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of Coriandrum Sativum L leaves and seeds using various organic solvent of plant extract against keratitis disease. The present study carried out the effect on various organic solvents extract of leaves and seeds of Corindrum sativum not only on the bacterial and fungal populations isolated from the conjunctivitis infected eyes but also to screen the phytochemical, anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant potential of the leaf and seed extracts.
Breeding for Improving Human Nutrition and Grain Quality through Biofortification of Traditional Land Races and Improved Cultivars in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Savitha P. , Kumari R. Usha
Published: September 2016

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) which belongs to the family poaceae, is the life and the prince among cereals as this unique grain helps to sustain two thirds of the world's population. India have traditionally been used or rice cultivation due to availability of water and conductive soil (Nadesa panic). Rice was grown in 155.30 million hectares and around 600 million tonnes of rice harvested each year globally. About 114 countries produce rice with China and India supporting 50 per cent of total production. India stands first in area under cultivation (41.85 mha) and ranks second in production, where as China ranks first in production with just half of the area. India's production is 89.13 million tonnes with a productivity of 2130 kg/ha. Among the rice producing states of India, Tamil Nadu ranks sixth in production (6.53 million tonnes) and second in productivity of 3918 kg/ha with an area of 20.16 lakh ha (Season and Crop Report, 2012). Local farmers in such farming systems retain the traditional varieties based on their knowledge of the quality of the rice varieties and their adaptation to varying agro-ecological situations created by diverse seasons and land situations (Tapasi das & Ashesh Kumar Das, 2014). Among the major micronutrient deficiencies common in rice consuming countries, iron and zinc deficiencies (“hidden hunger”), affect over three billion people worldwide, mostly in developing countries (Welch & Graham, 2004).
Communicating Architectural Heritage
Authors: Ippolito Alfonso
Published: September 2016

This research addresses the strongly felt need associated with Cultural Heritage objects, particularly with architectures of Tomaso Buzzi, which in the process of concrete research opened up and imposed an interesting methodological and practical enquiry. In fact, the research confronts the problem of how to communicate – through virtual means, which happen to be the only workable ones – of unbuilt projects or complex architectures. The objective of this is to effectuate a Virtual Comeback of the architectural object through digital means. This study aims at a hyper-medial acquisition, composed of digital objects recreated by means of more advanced techniques of ICT communication.
Thermographic Survey for the Preservation and Restoration of Architectural Cultural Heritage
Authors: Della Bella Emiliano
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides technical information and physics background to the use of thermographic cameras in the field of preservation and restoration of architectural cultural heritage. After an overview on how IR cameras work, both applications and common cases will be presented so that the operator may easily deal and recognize building pathologies and masonry anomalies. These, described in detail, range from water moist problems to structural gaps. As moisture and humidity related problems represent the majority of IR surveying cases in the field of architecture, they will be handled in a comprehensive way so that both the operator and the scholar are well prepared to understand and treat the pathologies these may cause. The operator is instructed on how to perform a project survey on a step by step layout based on the UNI 9252, the UNI EN 13187 and the ISO 9712:2005 regarding the methodologies of IR survey and the procedures of non destructive tests.
Digital Surveying in Cultural Heritage
Authors: Stylianidis Efstratios , Georgopoulos Andreas
Published: September 2016

Cultural Heritage is recognized as a priceless asset of human being, which exposes the humanity's achievements over centuries. The need for documentation and preservation of cultural heritage is well known worldwide. Digital surveying techniques are playing a catalytic role towards recording and documentation of cultural heritage. This chapter describes the methodological and technological aspects of image-based recording and documentation approaches acting as the vehicle for the digital surveying of cultural heritage. The chapter not only describes the different technologies and techniques used but also goes to the extent of clarifying several applied implementation issues. Three different examples and application case studies from a small, a medium and a large-scale cultural heritage objects are provided to demonstrate the developments.
Going Further
Authors: Vilas-Estevez Benito , Vázquez-Martínez Alia , Carrero-Pazos Miguel
Published: September 2016

In this chapter a revision of the traditional tracing methods over petroglyphs through the employment of three dimensional models is proposed. The different techniques suggested here are: Radiance Scaling and Algebraic Point Set Surfaces (APSS). Radiance Scaling is a shader that adjusts reflected light intensities in a way dependent on both surface curvature and material characteristics. While APSS allows the colorization of the vertices of a mesh or point set using the curvature of the underlying surface. These methods applied to 3D models allow a better visualisation, comprehension, and objectification of the open-air rock art carvings, improving the researches over a more reliable database, but also for issues related to management and conservation.
Virtuality and Multimedia for Digital Heritage
Authors: Incerti Manuela , Iurilli Stefania
Published: September 2016

The present chapter concerns the multimedia products related to Schifanoia Palace and its famous Hall of Months, some already completed and others still in the design phase. The building, fulfilling the role of museum, is almost entirely closed to the public following the earthquakes of 2012: access is possible only to the main hall, but it will shortly become unusable for a period of at least 12 months due to important works of consolidation, restoration and re-functionalization. The research project is split in stages, half of which have already been completed to date. Its objective is to provide support to visitors in this period of reduced use of space and to be one of the leading tools of communication for the new Schifanoia Civic Museum.
Enhancing the Cultural Heritage between Visual Technologies and Virtual Restoration
Authors: Ippoliti Elena , Calvano Michele
Published: September 2016

Enhancement of the cultural heritage is not simply a matter of preserving material objects but comes full circle only when the heritage can be enjoyed and used by the community. This is the rationale behind this paper: the application to exploring projects for the Casa del Fascio (Fascist Party Office) and the building complex of Foro Mussolini in Littoria (now Latina), by the architect Oriolo Frezzotti. Starting with consistent iconographic documentation integrated with bibliographic research and comparison with similar cases, the historical process was retraced and interpreted, reconstructed three-dimensional hypotheses of the figural unity were formulated, and interactive application was created. The application refers to the area of “virtual restoration”, the only possibility for non-material histories and works, a field in which visual technologies can prolong the critical “eye” to which recomposition of the figural combination is entrusted.
Digital Representation Techniques to Interpret, Communicate, and Share 20th c. Architectural Archives
Authors: Spallone Roberta , Paluan Francesca
Published: September 2016

20th c. Architectural Archives are probably the latest and hugest collections of architectural documents on paper. Their conservation depends largely on the discovery, analysis, comprehension and interpretation of their value as Cultural Heritage. Today design documents produced by contemporary masters of Architecture, especially original drawings, are usually digitized and shared in the Web at scholars' disposal. The fate of the Archives that preserve the design drawings of minor architectures is completely different, so that the main motive of their safeguard has to be found in the recognition of their value as the testimony of a diffused architecture, significant to trace a framework of the building activity of their time. This is the case of the Archive of Industrial Architecture produced by Nino and Paolo Rosani, active in Turin up to 2010, for which a series of digital devices designed to enhance and communicate its most relevant content are being hypothesized.
Representation and Elaboration of Architectural Perspectives
Authors: Càndito Cristina
Published: September 2016

In the present contribution, the author presents research on the Winter Room of Palazzo Brignole-Sale (Palazzo Rosso) in Genoa, Italy, which is part of the decorative cycle of the Seasons. The cycle displays the peculiar characteristics of the seventeenth-century Genoese decorative style, where architecture, painting, furniture and stuccos are highly interconnected. The research was carried out using the data collected with nodal-photography techniques. Thanks to these techniques, it was to possible to obtain an interactive panoramic spherical photo and high-resolution scaled photos of planar projections of the architectural perspective, in order to identify the real and illusory space. The analysis proceeded with a series of reverse-perspective constructions and the consequent reconstruction (using three-dimensional models) of the possible virtual space represented in the paintings. Thanks to this information, the author was able to carry out the necessary study to understand the peculiar characteristics of the decorations, the optical illusions of which are extremely impressive.
Digital Technologies for “Minor” Cultural Landscapes Knowledge
Authors: Salerno Rossella
Published: September 2016

The chapter aims to point out the most emerging technologies in analysing and sharing knowledge about ‘not outstanding' cultural landscapes. Therefore the chapter starts focusing on the concept of ‘minor' cultural landscapes in the wider debate on heritage, then shows the changing approach to the question: the relevance of bottom-up vision in considering heritage. Secondly are taken into account image and information technologies through some definite research topics: Educating by multimedia; Experiencing and sharing new contents by people; Transmitting local heritage; Using image and information technologies to share collective experiences of places; Answering demand for social participation and free access to sources; Connecting tangible and intangible heritage in a tourist perspective. The goal of the chapter is to show how digital technologies can support knowledge and share of values about ‘minor' cultural landscapes both through inhabitants and potential tourists to be attracted to.
Città Invisibili of Teatro Potlach
Authors: Sansone Vincenzo
Published: September 2016

Città Invisibili is a multidisciplinary art project made by the Italian company Teatro Potlach. Compared to the canonical theatrical performances, Città Invisibili, being in its essence a site-specific performance, interacts with the place where it grows. With the project, the Italian group builds next to the existing space of the place (physical space and memory space) other two spaces, the space of the staging and the space of the performer, using different materials, in particular cloths and video projections. Moreover Teatro Potlach conducts a historical, anthropological and social research trying to bring out the latent memory of places. All these interventions bring out from the place a city never seen before, invisible to the eyes of its inhabitants, but present and buried in the meanderings of their memory. The objective is to bring out this memory so that the inhabitants preserve and hand down it to new generations.
The Use of Videos in the Triangulation Process among Professors, School Teachers, and Students
Authors: Rossi Pier Giuseppe , Fedeli Laura
Published: September 2016

Awareness of the centrality of education and training in a knowledge society, the need for Lifelong Learning, and, connected to these, the search for recursive processes between theory and practice, require educators to look for training models suitable for emerging professionals and their development. Specifically, training models appear to be necessary; models that can activate a holistic approach, starting from initial training. Those models should be present in the different training steps (training for pre-service, newly hired and in-service teachers) and could build bridges among the different training steps so that the approach to knowledge and the development of professionality can become a habitus and a deeply-rooted personal drive. Learning paths in which videos are used can ensure those goals. The chapter describes a university training path for pre-service primary teachers in which class video recordings are used as binding objects whose discussion involves students, university professors and school teachers. Such process proposes Lifelong Learning also as interaction among different training levels.
The Use of Videos in the Training of Math Teachers
Authors: Bolondi Giorgio , Ferretti Federica , Gimigliano Alessandro , Lovece Stefania , Vannini Ira
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to present a systematic observational research on the math teachers' assessment practices in the classroom. This research is a specific phase of an international project (FAMT&L - Comenius Multilateral Project) and it is aimed to promote the use of formative assessment in teaching mathematics to students aged from 11 to 16. The observational study is carried out by a plan of systematic observations of teachers' behaviour in the classroom with the help of video recording. Thanks to a specific tool of video analysis (a structured grid), developed using indications from international literature and experiences of teacher training in the five Partner countries involved (Italy, France, Holland, Switzerland and Cyprus), we managed to gather many different indicators on good and bad practices for the formative assessment of mathematics teachers. Furthermore, the analysed video will be used in in-service teacher training courses in order to promote a correct use of formative assessment and to improve achievements in learning mathematics.
Constructing a Multidimensional Socioeconomic Index and the Validation of It with Early Child Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Krishnan Vijaya
Published: September 2016

The chapter focuses on the development of a socioeconomic index (SEI) using a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of 26 variables at the Dissemination Area (DA) level for Alberta. First, the importance of socioeconomic factors in understanding child development outcomes is discussed, addressing the micro-macro level influences. Second, a description of the framework is provided along with the statistical procedures. Third, the results are presented, followed by a discussion of the benefits of having a summary measure in understanding kindergartners' developmental outcomes. The five components of SEI explained 56 per cent of the total variation in the overall index. The SEI patterns across Alberta were examined and the index was validated for its associations to the five domains of early child developmental outcomes, physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive skills, and communication and general knowledge. The index emerged as a strong correlate of all five domains with the strength of relationships varying across developmental domains and geography. A major strength of the procedure presented in the study is that it can be applied to different levels of geography and provides meaningful information to developmental research.
Teaching Teamwork in Design
Authors: Tucker Richard
Published: September 2016

This chapter proposes an Input-Process-Output framework for understanding what impacts the effectiveness of teamwork when higher education students are collaborating on design assignments. The framework can help design educators integrate teamwork into their courses and better evaluate learning outcomes, and may also elucidate good practice for professional design teams. Explaining the genesis of the framework, the literature is assimilated on team effectiveness and predictors of team performance, including: definitions, dimensions and frameworks of team effectiveness in contexts far wider than design education. Informed by the challenges specific to teaching design, a 22-factor framework is proposed. The paper concludes with recommendations for teachers informed by the framework. The viability of the 22-factor model of team effectiveness is evidenced by national surveys across Australia, which are reported in summary here.
Cognitive Challenges for Teamwork in Design
Authors: Lee Ju Hyun , Ostwald Michael J. , Gu Ning
Published: September 2016

This chapter combines experimental data and established design theory to examine four issues associated with design cognition that contribute to an improved understanding of creativity and teamwork in design. Drawing on data developed from two parametric design experiments undertaken by the authors, this chapter investigates the implications of (i) cognitive space, (ii) design strategy, (iii) design productivity and (iv) spatial representation, for individuals, and by inference, for groups and educators. Through this process the chapter develops a deeper understanding of the cognitive challenges facing design teams and educators of those teams.
Learning Design Through Facilitating Collaborative Design
Authors: Bown Oliver , Gough Philip , Tomitsch Martin
Published: September 2016

This chapter presents a project in which students taking an undergraduate course on Design Thinking participated in a university widening participation project, visiting local schools from a low socioeconomic status background and engaging the school students in a design exercise. The project aimed to draw on the value of service learning, learning through an engaged and socially meaningful task, with tertiary students learning to facilitate design, following principles of co-design, in a community of stakeholders, and secondary students gaining contact with university life, seeing an undergraduate perspective on design, and receiving education in design thinking. Tertiary students were asked to develop design thinking toolkits that would support their design facilitation process. The authors present the results of a study of the project, based on students' assignment submissions, and a focus group following the activity.
Collaborative Spectra
Authors: Beyerle Ammon , Missingham Greg
Published: September 2016

Two teaching experiences that structured individual student learning through the designed variation of group work opportunities are examined: a graduate architectural design studio and a repeated undergraduate course focused on methods and approaches for designing. The teaching approaches draw on participatory design and group learning theories. Group work was structured as a series of overlapping layers to bring about an individual learning experience and a shared studio experience of creativity. Various outcomes are read against an excerpt from Nancy's “The Inoperative Community” in Bishop's Participation (2006b). The discussion is a means to further explore common interests in designing design processes, in particular through developing collaborative learning in design, and a social-reflective practice in students. The authors are figuring yet another way of developing creativity wherein a student's skills, projects, and ideas come out of, and are intersected by a complexity of social processes, oppositions and the spectra that define them.
Group Work and the Externally-Oriented Capstone
Authors: Wragg Nicole , Barnes Carolyn
Published: September 2016

Professional learning, where students gain skills and attributes relevant to their future work, is currently emphasised in tertiary education. Group work is promoted here for preparing students to work with clients and colleagues. We report on two capstone projects undertaken for external clients by teams of design students. In discussing the curricula and pedagogy of professional design education, the chapter addresses the value of group projects in developing graduates' work-readiness and insight into professional practice. Variances in approach, knowledge and perspective between colleagues, combined with differing needs and expectations across the designer-client-end-user divide, make goal setting and project resolution challenging in design. Project work approached from an expanded sense of the group and which delivers implementable proposals for clients provides graduating students with authentic learning around the demands of practice, stressing collaborative problem-solving based on knowledge of the design context and the wider relational systems surrounding industry practice.