bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjustment of Vietnamese Refugee Youths: A Self-Report
Authors: Daly Sharon , Carpenter Mary D.
Published: September 2011

Structured interviews explored the problems of 41 Vietnamese refugee youths in foster homes in New York State. Refugees in this country 3 years or more and 1 1/2 years or less were compared. Self-reports indicated the youths were adapting well, and their social adjustment increases significantly over time.
Mobilizing Support for the Moral Majority
Authors: Johnson Stephen D. , Tamney Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

A random sample of residents of Middletown provided evidence that the advocacy (or condemnation) of the Moral Majority by the leaders of one's own church is another environmental influence, in addition to exposure to conservative religious television, in mobilizing support for this political/religious group. Other findings confirmed the continued role of a Christian Right orientation and authoritarianism in predisposing individuals to support the Moral Majority and raised the possibility that the Moral Majority is becoming perceived more as a conservative political, and less as a conservative religious, group. A discussion of these continued and new influences on support for the Moral Majority was then presented.
Self-Esteem as a Source of Raters' Bias in Peer Evaluation
Authors: Keller Betty G. , Bishop Ronald C.
Published: September 2011

Peer rating has received considerable attention with regard to biasing factors that emanate either from the group situation or from the raters' and ratees' interpersonal relationships. This study examined self-esteem, one of yet a third source of biasing factors—intrapersonal characteristics of the rater—which might affect peer evaluations. A sample of 93 undergraduate and gtaduate students enrolled in six classes rated class members' performance on oral presentations and then completed a measure of self-esteem. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance showed self-esteem had a significant effect on peer ratings. Implications for validity of peer ratings given by raters of high and low self-esteem are discussed. In support of past findings, affinity was also shown to have a significant effect on ratings.
The Parent-Child Relationship Survey: An Examination of its Psychometric Properties
Authors: Fine Mark A. , Worley Susan M. , Schwebel Andrew I.
Published: September 2011

The psychometric properties of the Father and Mother Scales of the Parent-Child Relationship Survey were examined. 149 undergraduate students in psychology from divorced families and 155 students from continuously intact families completed the instrument which was designed to assess the perceived quality of older children's relationships with their parents. Results suggest that the Father and Mother Scales each assess primarily a unidimensional positive affective component of perceived parent-child relationships. Normative, reliability, and validity data are also presented. These findings support the research and clinical utility of the instrument.
Relationship between Self-Esteem, Depression and Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents
Authors: Yanish Donna L. , Battle James
Published: September 2011

22 adolescents, 8 boys and 14 girls, aged 12 through 18 yr., who were taking part in a youth development program, participated in the study done to determine the relationships among self-esteem, depression, and alcohol consumption. Scores on self-esteem correlated significantly with both of those on depression and alcohol consumption, whereas nonsignificant correlations were observed between scores on depression and alcohol consumption.
Individual and Social Correlates of the Just World Belief: A Study of Taiwanese College Students
Authors: Ma Li-Chen , Smith Kevin B.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the results of a study to identify empirically the nature and correlates of the Just World Belief among Taiwanese college students. Data were collected from over 1,000 students enrolled in two major Taiwanese universities. Similar to Western findings, the average Just World Scale score fell almost exactly at the midpoint of the acceptance-rejection attitudinal continuum. Also similar to Western findings were strong correlations between belief scores and scores on work ethic and alienation scales. In contrast to many Western studies, weak correlations were found for belief scores with authoritarianism, sex, religiosity, subjective social class location, and parents' education. Cross-cultural measurement problems and interpretations are also presented.
Litter Effects in Open-Field Behavior and Distortion of Type I Error Rate with Individual Animals as the Unit of Statistical Analysis
Authors: Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

Using open-field test data of male rats, a correlation provided an estimate of the magnitude of dependency among litter mates. A simulation experiment was performed to estimate the magnitudes of Type I error rate distortions when individual scores instead of litter mean scores were employed as the unit of statistical analysis. The results showed a rather large correlation among litter mates in defecation, latency of defecation, and latency of urination, suggesting that it is better to avoid treating the individual animal as the unit of statistical analysis. However, the magnitude of correlations in the remaining measures was negligible. As to Type I error rate, except for defecation, latency of defecation, and latency of urination, the obtained values obtained were not seriously affected. A very seriously inflated distortion in the error rate was found for body weight.
Psychological Research on Empathy: In Search of an Elusive Phenomenon
Authors: Hickson Joyce
Published: September 2011

A need for additional study of the empathic process is evidenced by a review of the literature. As yet there is no definitive study, and contradictory definitions exist regarding empathy's nature, meaning, and use. Because empathy has presumptive value in aiding interactional situations, the concept seems particularly relevant to psychology. Although empathy is an influential directive in all interactions and vital to communication, its full implications remain unknown. The present discussion focuses on the unique problems empathy poses for the psychological investigator.
Effects of Glutamic Acid on Operant Behavior, Activity, and Open-Field Behavior in Rats
Authors: Agruso Victor M. , Matthews Michael D.
Published: September 2011

The current study examined the effects of dietary administration of glutamic acid and/or Vitmin B0 on operant behavior, activity, and open-field behavior in rats. Compared to controls, experimental subjects showed prolonged extinction of the lever-press task and entered more squares in the open-field. Experimental groups did not differ among themselves on these measures. No differences between experimental groups and controls were found for acquisition of the lever-press response, activity measured on an activity wheel, and number of defecations in the open-field. Results were partially supportive of previous studies showing significant effects of peripherally administered glutamic acid on measures of operant behavior.
Is the I-O Social Preference Scale Internally Consistent?
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

The I-O Social Preference Scale has been a preferred measure of social character. The scale, however, has been used without evaluation of its reliability as internal consistency. Using data from 70 students and 73 adults alpha coefficients (.58 and .62, respectively) were low.
Relationships between Cognitive Flexibility and Sex-Role Orientation in Young Adults
Authors: Carter D. Bruce
Published: September 2011

This study examined relationships between sex-role orientation and cognitive flexibility in young adults, specifically, differences in cognitive flexibility between persons with different sex-role orientations and the contributions of masculinity and femininity to the differences observed. A sample of 100 men and 100 women completed the Bern Sex-role Inventory and a test of cognitive flexibility. Androgynous individuals were expected to exhibit greater cognitive flexibility than traditionally sex-typed, i.e., masculine and feminine, or undifferentiated individuals. Men scored significantly higher on this measure than women. Androgynous individuals, as predicted, were cognitively more flexible than were feminine or undifferentiated individuals, but no differences emerged between androgynous and masculine persons. Further study of cognitive correlates of sex-role orientation seem appropriate.
Reliability of Social Skills and Social Anxiety Ratings with Different Sets of Raters
Authors: Fingeret Allan L. , Monti Peter M. , Paxson Maryann A.
Published: September 2011

Two independent sets of 2 raters who rated the same 34 videotaped role-plays of psychiatric patients for social skill and social anxiety showed high intraset and interset reliabilities. These findings increase confidence that continuing assessment of these constructs should not be affected by changes in raters.
Type a Behavior, Family Health History, and Psychological Distress
Authors: Nowack Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between Type A behavior and family health history to psychological distress in the face of daily life stress. Measures of stress, Type A behavior, family health history, and psychological distress were collected for 196 employees over 4 mo. Analyses of co-variance showed that Type A individuals experienced significantly more psychological distress than Type Bs. Family health history and stress did not directly affect psychological health status.
Considering the Preponderance of Evidence: A Reply to Cummings
Authors: Braukmann Curtis J. , Belden Brian D. , Wolf Montrose M.
Published: September 2011

Cummings's 1985 response to our prior article suggests that the American Psychological Association was justified in not adequately describing or qualifying medical-cost-offset research findings, because the “preponderance of evidence” in the over-all literature is “quite persuasive.” We argue in return that one's willingness to accept a body of evidence as persuasive does not excuse one from providing important qualifications for findings, especially when significant threats to validity exist. We question whether the evidence is indeed persuasive. A review of the evidence suggests that the potential for serious regression and selection biases is not limited to the studies described in the APA document. Cummings acknowledges that studies of offset have weaknesses but argues that collectively they provide evidence analogous to that establishing a causal link between smoking and disease. On the contrary, as we describe, the evidence linking smoking and disease is vastly stronger. We do not find compelling the analogy pairing the Surgeon General's conclusion about smoking with a government agency's report concluding that psychological care reduces medical costs. We appreciate that one would not want to use a no-treatment control group in the kind of research Cummings is currently conducting, but there may be alternative, quasi-experimental designs which allow testing for absolute effects while controlling for possible regression.
Proofreading the Cat in the Hat: Evidence for Different Reading Styles of Good and Poor Spellers
Authors: Ormrod Jeanne Ellis
Published: September 2011

While previous research indicates a relationship between ability to spell and proofreading, two variables, knowledge of word spellings and presentation time, have consistently not been controlled. In this study, a very easy passage (allowing control of word knowledge) was presented in short segments on a computer screen (controlling presentation time). Ten pairs of 9th- and 10th-grade students, matched for IQ and sex but differing in spelling ability, were asked to identify whether each segment contained a spelling error (half of the segments contained a misspelled word). An analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for both spelling ability and correctly spelled versus misspelled segments and a significant interaction between these: good and poor spellers performed equally well on correctly spelled segments, but good spellers were superior to poor spellers in identifying misspelled segments. The results are interpreted as supporting Frith's (1980) “partial cues” hypothesis regarding different reading styles in good and poor spellers.
Comparison of Sexual Fantasies of Homosexuals and of Heterosexuals
Authors: Price James H. , Allensworth Diane D. , Hillman Kathleen S.
Published: September 2011

The intent of this study was to obtain data on the incidence and types of sexual fantasies of homosexuals and heterosexuals as identified by an original Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire. Participants were 142 subjects, 72 heterosexual college students (39 men and 33 women) and 70 homosexuals (39 men and 31 women) associated with gay students' organizations. Analysis of responses to the 34 sexual fantasies led to conclusions that the 10 most common sexual fantasies differed between heterosexual and homosexual men more than between heterosexual and homosexual women. Fifteen sexual fantasies were significantly different between the groups of men, with 7 fantasies reported more often by the homosexual men. Only 8 fantasy items were significantly different between the groups of women, with 2 fantasies reported more often by the homosexual women.
Stability of Ratings of the Structural Importance of Text Idea Units in Folk Stories
Authors: Townsend Michael A. R. , Allen Linda G.
Published: September 2011

44 adult readers rated units of text information using four levels of importance to the story theme. Ratings were stable across independent groups of readers and across two rating sessions. Also, ratings were unaffected by the order in which the ratings were made. The results suggest adult readers' ratings are reliable for developmental comparisons.
Type a Behavior Pattern and Tendency to Cooperate or Compete during a Simulation Negotiation Activity
Authors: Stensrud Robert
Published: September 2011

This study examined the Type A behavior pattern of 80 indidividuals who participated in a simulation in which they acted in either a cooperative or a competitive manner. Correlations of Type A behavior scores with the tendency to compete were small but significant and positive. These findings were consistent with the existing literature on the Type A behavior pattern but suggested that the competitiveness of this pattern may exist for situations in which competition is inappropriate.
Effect of Expectation and Level of Adjustment on Treatment Outcome
Authors: Evans Ron L. , Smith Keith M. , Halar Eugen M. , Kiolet Carol L.
Published: September 2011

This analysis assessed the hypothesis that a relation between adjustment prior to treatment and client outcome, based on documented theoretical observations about similar relationships between clients' expectations and subsequent adjustment after therapeutic counseling, is curvilinear. A sample of 77 outpatients at a University-affiliated hospital completed self-assessments using standardized adjustment scales. There was no curvilinear relationship between prior adjustment and outcome, but a linear relationship between expectation and self-assessed outcome was observed.
Factor Analysis of the WISC—R for Gifted Students: A Replication and Comparison
Authors: Chissom Brad , Sapp Gary L. , Graham Eve
Published: September 2011

Prior research examining the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised for gifted children has produced somewhat contradictory results. This study examined the factor structure of the WISC—R for gifted children for comparison with those of previous studies. The basic factor structure of the Verbal Comprehension and the Perceptual Organization factors was reconfirmed for a gifted sample; factors were similar to those in previous studies. However, the third factor appeared to measure somewhat different abilities for this sample. These results further support the validity of the test for use with gifted children.
Cross-Cultural Study of the Development of Law-Abiding Orientation
Authors: Ma Hing-Keung
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that (i) a person is less oriented to abide by the law if he is deficient in lower order needs (e.g., physiological, safety or love needs) than in deficiency of higher order needs (e.g., esteem, social or self-actualization needs), and (ii) the probability of an individual's (A) breaking the law to do something in favour of a person (B) depends on the relationship between A and B. The probability decreases in the following order of relationships: brother/sister, best friend, acquaintance, stranger. Two hypothetical dilemmas were used to study the cultural and age differences in law-abiding orientation of 220 English adolescents and 47 English adults (mean ages in years were 15.50 and 25.83, respectively) in London, and 353 Chinese adolescents and 136 Chinese adults (mean ages in years were 16.81 and 21.24, respectively) in Hong Kong. The general findings supported the above hypotheses. Also (i) there was a positive relation between age and law-abiding orientation and (ii) the Chinese were more oriented to abide by the law than the English.
Life Stress, Weight Gain, and Resuming Smoking after Success in a Cessation Clinic
Authors: Gunn Robert C. , Shapiro Allison
Published: September 2011

To determine how important life stresses and weight gain may be as reasons for resuming smoking, 89 subjects who had stopped smoking in cessation clinics answered follow-up telephone interviews 3 mo. later. Although many relapsers claimed that their return to cigarette use was in response to external pressure, as a group they had no more changes on the Life Change Inventory than those remaining stopped. Weight gain, reported by most of the subjects, was not a significant reason given for resuming smoking. Caution is urged in interpreting stated reasons for return to cigarette use since many seem to be guilt-reducing justifications for succumbing to intense cravings to smoke.
Cross-Cultural Study of the Hierarchical Structure of Human Relationships
Authors: Ma Hing-Keung
Published: September 2011

A theoretical hierachy of human relationships is constructed in terms of altruism. It is hypothesized that the probability for an actor A to perform an altruistic act to a person B depends on the relationship between A and B, and the probability decreases consistently in the following order of relationships: close relatives, best friends, strangers who are very weak or very young or who are elite in society, common strangers, and enemies. Two hypothetical moral dilemmas were used to study the hierarchy and five test scores expressing correspondingly the above human relationships were constructed. The sample consisted of 400 English subjects in London and 519 Chinese subjects in Hong Kong. It was found that (i) the intercorrelations of the five score variables displayed a simplex-like structure and (ii) loadings for the score variables approximated a two-factor, semicircular configuration with score variables ordered by their hierarchical positions. The findings in both the London and Hong Kong Studies supported the proposed hierarchical structure of human relationships.
How Team Composition Affects Task Performance: Some Theoretical Insights
Authors: Tziner Aharon
Published: September 2011

Two social psychological theories—similarity theory and equity theory—are employed to elucidate the relationship between group members' abilities and group performance on tasks involving high interdependence. Contrasting hypotheses are drawn regarding compositions of specific abilities which should evoke performance above or below the simple sum of individual members' capacities.
Relationships among Locus of Control, Coronary-Prone Behavior, and Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Froyd John , Perry Nancy
Published: September 2011

This study examined how each of two factors, coronary-prone behavior and locus of control, are related to suicidal ideation in a college population. 43 students (23 men and 20 women) completed the Jenkins-Glass College Activity Survey, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and a self-assessment questionnaire of suicidal ideation. Scores on Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control and the Suicidal Ideation Scale were significantly positively correlated. A nonsignificant value obtained for scores on the Jenkins-Glass College Activity Survey and the Suicidal Ideation Scale.
Students' Guessing Strategies: Do They Work?
Authors: Shatz Mark A.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of the most popular guessing strategies was investigated. The selection of the least-used letter choice, the random selection of a choice, and the selection of choice “c” were identified by 120 psychology students as the most frequently used forms of guessing. Those strategies and the strategy of selecting the longest answer were applied to the test files of six introductory psychology texts. The strategies did not produce higher-than-chance scores for any of the test files and in several instances yielded lower-than-chance results. The implications for test-taking strategies and test construction were discussed.
Factor Structure of the Network Orientation Scale
Authors: Vaux Alan
Published: September 2011

An enormous body of research on social support has been generated over the last decade, but this work has largely ignored personal characteristics that influence the utilization of support networks. The Network Orientation Scale is a self-report measure of negative network orientation—the perspective that it is inadvisable, useless, or risky to seek help from others. In this paper, factor analyses were performed on data from 48 women and 32 men in college. Three meaningful factors emerged, reflecting independence (and norms regarding help-seeking), help-seeking history, and mistrust.
Medical School Stressors and Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Conte Hope R. , Plutchik Robert , Wild Katherine V. , Buckley Peter
Published: September 2011

Responses of 21 medical students requesting psychiatric evaluation at a personnel clinic were compared on a 33-item measure of stress with those of 25 medical students who had never been involved in psychiatric treatment. Items distinguishing clinic and comparison groups related to general psychological problems such as anxiety and difficulty concentrating on work rather than to problems related to the medical school experience per se, such as dealing with very sick people or worry over having to make life and death decisions.
Evaluations of Job-Related Descriptors across Time and between Sexes
Authors: Ward Edward A.
Published: September 2011

The stability of evaluations of job-related descriptors across 24 yr. was investigated along with a determination of present sex differences in such evaluations. The desirability ratings of 129 job-related descriptors which had been evaluated in 1961 were compared to effectiveness ratings of the same job-related descriptors by men and women raters in 1985. A total of 128 men and 73 women served as raters. Analysis indicated that evaluations are reasonably stable across time and present sex differences are negligible. This implies that research on performance appraisal using ratings of job-related descriptors is valid over time and that women and men evaluate job-related descriptors in a similar manner.
Nonverbal Assessment of Anxiety as a Function of Intimacy of Sexual Attitude Questions
Authors: Jurich Anthony P. , Polson Charyl J.
Published: September 2011

60 female college students were videotaped in interviews during which they were questioned about premarital sexual attitudes about kissing, petting, sexual intercourse, and oral-genital sex. Independent pairs of judges rated the subjects shown on these videotapes on a global rating and also for immediacy, tone of voice, rate of speech, postural relaxation, eye contact, editorial errors, and filled pauses. The data indicated significant increases of sexual anxiety on all measures as the intimacy of questions increased. The largest increase in anxiety occurred between the petting and intercourse questions, with a smaller, but significant, increase between the questions on kissing and petting.
Brand Choice Modeling: Identifying a Brands Optimal Positioning
Authors: Schori Thomas R. , Meadow H. Lee
Published: September 2011

Using a Fishbein-type approach, the authors developed a Brand Choice Model. Conceptually very simple, this model identifies each consumer's unique determinants of brand choice. By simulating changes in beliefs about a brand, it is possible to identify that brand's optimal positioning, i.e., a perceptual positioning that will maximize the brand's share of the market. As a result of having carefully selected attributes for inclusion in the model, the identified optimal positioning can be readily implemented.
A Multiple-Choice, Group Screening Format for the Quick Test
Authors: Nash Michael M. , Schwaller Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test worked well when presented in a multiple-choice format to a small group to estimate IQs of 158 inmates. rs were .55 with the General Aptitude Test Battery Verbal scores and .58 with the General scores. Research forms developed by the publisher are more easily managed.
Children's Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill: A Developmental Analysis
Authors: Weiss Marc Franchot
Published: September 2011

For 577 children, Grades K through 8, attitudes toward mental illness and mentally ill persons relative to other stigmatized groups were measured on a projective measure of social distance. Attitudes toward deviant groups were evidenced by kindergarten and did not change appreciably with increasing age/grade. Across the grades assessed, four distinct and consistent concept groupings emerged. From the most to least preferred they were (1) normal, (2) physically handicapped, (3) mentally ill, mentally retarded, and emotionally disturbed, and (4) convict and crazy. Attitudes of kindergarten children were strikingly similar to those of peers in Grade 8. Crazy people (synonymous with the professional-technical term mental illness) are apparently regarded with the same fear, distrust, digust, and aversion by children and adults alike.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XL. The Hampstead Wartime Nurseries
Authors: Jackson D. Joyce
Published: September 2011

To learn the fate of the Hampstead Wartime Nurseries established by Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham during World War II, the writer visited the sites 40 yr. later. Although she found they no longer exist, she learned they served as the precursor to the existing Hampstead Therapy and Child Clinic, the largest training center in the world offering a subspecialty of child psychoanalysis. Some of Anna and Dorothy's major findings about children are included. Their burial sites demonstrate the friendship, dedication and devotion the two had.
Comparison of Student and Nonstudent Employees
Authors: Gannon Martin J. , Gannon Doris H. , Kaufman Allan
Published: September 2011

Many firms hire students on a part-time basis, at least partially because they can be scheduled in a flexible manner during peak periods of activity. The present study compared 325 student and nonstudent employees of a large supermarket chain. In terms of attitudinal orientation, students were more negative than nonstudent employees. Also, the supervisory ratings of student employees were significantly lower than those of nonstudent employees. The students were also characterized by significantly lower tenure than the nonstudent employees. Implications derived from these findings are discussed.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Pituitary Weight during Stress
Authors: Richardson John H.
Published: September 2011

40 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to stress by crowding and water immersion for five days. Three groups of animals were compared: controls ( n = 20), stressed animals dosed with ascorbic acid ( n = 20), and stressed animals not dosed with ascorbic acid ( n = 20). Ascorbic acid prevented both adrenal and pituitary hypertrophy in stressed animals. Ascorbic acid appears to act as a potentiating factor for ACTH when there is an increased demand for ACTH during stress.
Using Group Decision to Reduce Adolescent Girls' Smoking
Authors: Peterson Anthony J. , Clark Alfred W.
Published: September 2011

A group discussion and decision technique was used to change adolescent girls' smoking behaviour. Girls in experimental groups exposed to discussion reduced the number of cigarettes they smoked per day whereas girls in a control group did not. The former also shifted their attitudes, becoming more negative toward smoking and more aware of their susceptibility to tobacco-related illness than girls in the control group. The findings demonstrate the importance of peer-group influence on smoking as well as showing the predictive power of a health belief model.
Delusional Thinking in Psychotics: Correlates of Religious Content
Authors: Cothran Margaret M. , Harvey Philip D.
Published: September 2011

Manic ( n = 18) and schizophrenic ( n = 23) patients were subdivided on the basis of delusional status, with special reference to religious delusions, and compared to a control sample of normal subjects. Assessments of religious attitudes and beliefs, as well as demographic factors, were conducted. No differences existed in the characteristics of manic and schizophrenic patients with delusions, and it was difficult to differentiate delusional patients with and without religious content in their symptoms, although these patients differed in several ways from nondelusional patients and normals. These data are discussed in terms of their implications for theories about the development of delusions.
Personal Control as a Moderator Variable of Life Stress: Preliminary Inquiry
Authors: Flannery Raymond B.
Published: September 2011

In successful performance personal control includes both outcome expectations, the belief that the environment will be responsive to individual coping efforts and expectations of efficacy, the belief that one has the skills for specific tasks. This study examined the relationship between these two expectation factors and dependent measures of anxiety and depression. As predicted, there were sex differences. Depression in men was negatively correlated with outcome expectations. No relationship for either sex was found between expectations of efficacy and symptomatology. Possible reasons for these findings were presented.
Preliminary Evidence regarding Black-White Differences in Scores on the Adult Personality Inventory
Authors: Krug Samuel E.
Published: September 2011

Scores of a sample of 251 males (15% black) on the Adult Personality Inventory (API) were analyzed to provide preliminary evidence on what impact respondents' race might have on interpretation of test profiles. Within this relatively homogeneous sample of employed adults, statistically significant relationships were found for only two of the scales: Creative, on which whites scored higher, and Uncertainty, on which blacks scored higher. The magnitude of the observed relationships suggested that race is not a significant source of bias in the remaining scales of this inventory.
Diagnostic and Treatment Differences among Five Ethnic Groups
Authors: Flaskerud Jacquelyn H.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the diagnosis and treatment of white American psychiatric patients to those of black, Mexican, Vietnamese, and Filipino American psychiatric patients ( N = 293) in four public mental health agencies. Aspects of diagnosis examined were primary psychiatric diagnosis, somatic complaints, and social, legal, and economic problems. Aspects of treatment studied were treatment modality, duration of treatment, frequency of treatment, number of visits, and therapists' disciplines. Although important differences among groups emerged, the pronounced differences in diagnosis and treatment reported in the literature between whites and ethnic minorities were not supported. This might be partially attributed to the similarity of economic class among these samples.
Reliability of an Experimental Version in Spanish of the WISC—R with Puerto Rican Children 9–5 to 13–1 Years of Age
Authors: Prewitt-Diaz Joseph O. , Rodriguez Maria D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the experimental version of the Spanish translation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R; EIWN-R) with a group of children in elementary school in Puerto Rico. The test was administered to a group of 51 subjects in grades 4 and 5. A summary of the items showed that in all the subtests the items were generally ordered from less to most difficult. Correlations between all subtests and the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale scaled scores ranged between .20 for Arithmetic and Picture Completion to .94 between the Verbal and Full Scales. Alpha coefficients of reliability ranged from .53 for Arithmetic to .80 for Vocabulary. Test-retest correlations for Coding and Digit Span were .70 and .78, respectively.
A Possible Confounding Variable in Different Versions of the “Aggression Machine” When Used in Research on Alcohol
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

When various versions of the Buss aggression paradigm are used in research concerning alcohol-related aggression, different information about the confederate's degree of intoxication is given to the subject. Sober subjects get the impression that the confederate is sober, whereas intoxicated subjects believe that the confederate is intoxicated. This constitutes a confounding variable making it impossible to attribute conclusively differences among alcohol and control groups on measures of aggression to consumed alcohol. An experiment tested whether this difference in information affects subjects' conception concerning expected level of aggression directed towards them from an opponent and their own level of aggression towards the opponent within the Taylor version of the “aggression machine”. Results clearly indicate that subjects expect intoxicated opponents to be more aggressive. Subjects are also more aggressive toward intoxicated opponents than sober ones. This confirms the importance of holding constant information about the confederate; this has not been done in many relevant studies.
Serial Organization during Posthypnotic Amnesia Using a Modified Version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , De Groh Margaret M. , Bertrand L. David
Published: September 2011

A version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) modified for group testing was administered to 108 subjects. The final item on the scale was modified to enable (a) computation of a continuous amnesia score for each subject and (b) the measurement of serial organization on the recall trials during amnesia and after the cancellation of amnesia. Scores on the SHSS:C (computed without the amnesia item) and amnesia were significantly correlated. Furthermore, SHSS:C scores correlated significantly and negatively with three of four indexes of seriation during amnesia. Amnesia scores, however, correlated significantly with only one of the seriation measures, and in regression analyses the addition of amnesia to SHSS:C scores did not enhance prediction of any organization index. Methodological and theoretical implications are discussed.
Child Molestation and Homosexuality
Authors: Cameron Paul , Proctor Kay , Coburn William , Forde Nels , Larson Helen , Cameron Kirk
Published: September 2011

How much child molestation occurs in our society and how much is homosexual? Random-probability samples in Los Angeles, Denver, Omaha, Louisville, and Washington, DC yielded 4,340 adults who answered an extensive questionnaire regarding sexual attitudes, activities, and experiences. Results indicate that perhaps 16% of both boys and girls claim sexual relations with an adult before the age of 16; if only experiences with men are counted about 5% of boys and 15% of girls claim sexual involvements. Sexual contacts with adults before respondents were aged 13 were claimed by 9% of boys and 7% of girls; if only experiences with men are counted, only 3% of boys claimed molestation. Considering only children's claims of sex with men, about a third were homosexual molestations. About 1% of females claimed some sexual involvement with their fathers and a like number with stepfathers. The latter were considerably more apt to be considered “serious.” About 1% of elementary pupils and 3% of secondary pupils claimed sexual advances by teachers and about a third of these advances resulted in physical sexual contact. Bisexuals or homosexuals claimed much more frequent sexual contact with caretakers, and homosexuality was disproportionately implicated in sexual events under caretakers' charge. No generational differences in rate of claims of sexual molestation were found.
Modal Personality and Values of Medical Students
Authors: Renzo Gordon J. Di
Published: September 2011

30 men and 12 women in the third year of medical training completed the D-20 version of Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, the Rokeach Scales for Terminal and Introductory Values, and items on career attitudes and background. Scores suggested these students are congenial to primary-care and patient-oriented medicine.
Convenience Store Losses and Employees' Attitudes
Authors: Brown Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

Employees in eight regional areas of a convenience store chain were given the Employee Attitude Inventory. This psychological integrity test correctly differentiated the regional areas with respect to mean dollar amounts recovered from employees' confessions of theft. Significantly more dollars were recovered from those areas in which employees had more favorable attitudes toward theft. Moreover, significant correlations were noted between scores on the theft-related subscales and the mean accumulated discrepancy on the chain's inventory reports.
Psychosexual Symbolism in the Handwriting of Male Homosexuals
Authors: Anderson Timothy
Published: September 2011

This study examined the psychosexual symbolic significance of the letter “I” in the handwriting of male homosexuals and a male control group. It was argued that symbols are enmeshed with the subject's daily conflicts. For this reason, it was suggested that the symbols also be taken from the subjects' everyday lives and that the subjects create these symbols themselves, rather than the experimenter attempting to create symbols for the subjects. Further, a distinction was made between symbols that are created and symbols that are chosen. Handwriting samples were collected from 25 male homosexuals and 25 male controls to see if the letter “I” (as the ego) carried this special indirect representation. As expected, homosexuals created more proportional (feminine) “I”s, while controls produced “I”s that were more elongated (masculine) in their symbolic shape. Other letters, for which no self-representational elements were apparent, did not statistically differ between samples.
Construction and Validation of a Power Motive Questionnaire
Authors: Moser Klaus , Gerth Andrea
Published: September 2011

Existing projective measures of power motive have often been criticized, so an objective self-report questionnaire is proposed as an alternative. The first steps in the construction of the test and aspects of validity are presented.
Agoraphobia: A Superstitious Conditioning Perspective
Authors: Thyer Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

The disabling escape and avoidance behaviors of agoraphobics are known to be psychological sequelae to the onset of apparently spontaneous attacks of severe anxiety. Evidence is cited in favor of the view that such spontaneous panic attacks have a biological etiology and that the avoidance rituals and escape behavior of the agoraphobic may be accounted for in terms of superstitious conditioning. Although panic attacks subside within a few minutes, in most cases, regardless of the activities of the individual, ongoing operant behavior such as flight may be adventitiously reinforced by the removal of severe anxiety. Only a few such episodes may be required to establish superstitious avoidance. This analysis is supported by extensive clinical research indicating that an effective technique in alleviating agoraphobic behavior consists of exposing the patient for prolonged periods of time to anxiety-evoking situations while he refrains from all escape and avoidance behavior. This appears to weaken the apparent established contingency relationships between panic relief, and phobic escape and avoidance, and extinguishes such superstitious behavior.
Religion and Visiting Hospitalized Old People: Sex Differences
Authors: Leivers S. , Serra P. I. , Watson J. S.
Published: September 2011

Old people in religiously affiliated nursing homes were more likely to have visitors than those in secular homes. Women outnumbered men visitors 2:1.
Reward Context: Influence on Hypotheses during Learning Set Formation by Preschool Children
Authors: Metzger Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have shown that, compared to separate reward, a reward sticker attached to the underside of the positive stimulus facilitates solution of discrimination problems by preschool children. It is established here that the context of reward also affects the formation of learning set over a series of discrimination problems and that the improvement is characterized by a reduced frequency (from 19% to 7%) of incorrect position-related hypotheses (error factors) and an increased frequency (from 34% to 65%) of object-related hypotheses.
A Longitudinal Model with Parameters of Stability and Change
Authors: Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: September 2011

A longitudinal model is briefly described and demonstrated. The model is a submodel of a general covariance structural model. It supplements the information derived from simple correlations or path coefficients on developmental trends.
Russian Cannibals: The Case of the Downed Korean Airliner
Authors: Krus David J.
Published: September 2011

Validation of the Arens atrocity attribution theory was reported. Subjects read a fictitious passage about the crash of a New Zealand airliner en route to the South Pole, with passengers representing 21 different nationalities. Paired comparisons were used to evaluate subjects' perceptions of the likelihood that survivors of each nationality would commit anthropophagy during the period of privation following the crash. The measurements were conducted prior to and following the downing of a Korean airliner by the Soviet Air Force. This incident provided the abrupt change in the attitudes of the American public toward the Soviet Union, necessary for empirical validation of the theory. Implications of the obtained results were discussed within the historical context of the use of the attribution of atrocity for attainment of political goals.
Reduction of Test Anxiety Using Pavlovian Conditioning Principles: A Preliminary Note
Authors: Siegel Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

10 test anxious college students participated in an experiment that assessed the effectiveness of Test Anxiety Reduction Training. Five subjects were randomly selected to receive treatment; the other five received no treatment and served as a control group. The procedure involved two types of Pavlovian pairings, (1) a conditioned stimulus (small glass marble) with an unconditioned stimulus (relaxing music) and (2) the image of the test-taking situation with the unconditioned stimulus. When treated subjects brought the conditioned stimulus into their tests, their test scores improved significantly compared to those of control subjects. Advantages of this treatment over other treatments were discussed along with possible uses in other anxiety-producing situations.
Alcohol, Aggression and the Validity of Experimental Paradigms with Women
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

A study tested if women are influenced in the Taylor aggression paradigm by different information about the state of intoxication in their faking men partners. Earlier results for men indicated the operation of a confounding variable in this respect. Women like men expected intoxicated partners to be more aggressive but unlike men did not choose a more aggressive mode of responding. Different explanations were suggested, for instance in terms of women's attitudes to electric shocks, different perceptions of provoking stimuli, and attributions. With women this paradigm is valid but may be insensitive to experimental manipulations.
Personality Correlates of a Test of Honesty
Authors: Logan Thomas G. , Koettel Robert C. , Moore Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The goal of this study is to assess the construct validity of a preemployment test of honesty, the Phase II Profile, in relation to the personality traits measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Of the four predetermined criteria, only the relationship to emotional stability was significant. Two of the 12 relationships expected to be nonsignificant were significant. The correlations obtained in this study and in two others were so low that the construct validity for the tests of honesty in relation to the chosen personality traits could not be confirmed.
Adjustment Disorders and Suicidality
Authors: De Leo Diego , Pellegrini Claudio , Serraiotto Laura
Published: September 2011

In this study two rating scales, the Echelle d'Evaluation de Risque Suicidaire and the Pierce-modified form of the Suicide Intent Scale, were administered to a group of 43 persons admitted to the general hospital of Padua for suicide attempts. The purpose of our study was to verify whether these tools could be considered useful in the assessment of severity of the attempts. The rating scales showed good concordance in identifying the adjustment disorder group as less dangerous for the seriousness of the attempt.
Progression of Symptoms in Women Alcoholics: Comparison of Jellinek's Model with Two Groups
Authors: Piazza Nick J. , Peterson James S. , Yates J. W. , Sundgren Ann S.
Published: September 2011

In 1952 Jellinek presented a model for the symptom progression of alcoholism in men. Neither Jellinek nor subsequent investigators made any attempts to extend his progression to women alcoholics. James, in 1975, studied this association, but the report of her results was descriptive and not statistical. The current study compared Jellinek's model with the progression reported by James and with a progression reported for a sample obtained by the authors. The authors did not obtain a significant correlation between the data of Jellinek and James but did for Jellinek and the authors' sample and between the authors' sample and James's.
Consistency between Self-Report and Actual Proficiency in Giving and Taking Criticism
Authors: Lemelin Margot , Piccinin Serge , Chislett Lise , McCarrey Michael
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the level of consistency between demonstrated proficiency in giving and taking criticism and related personal beliefs and feelings about doing so. Accordingly, the proficiency of 87 female and 45 male college students was tested in terms of the extent to which they actually did give and take criticism effectively in response to a standardized interaction with a confederate. There were no effects associated with sex of confederate; men were more effective in taking criticism. Those who showed greater skills had previously reported higher aspiration for improvement and greater difficulty in giving and taking criticism as well as higher social anxiety and irrational beliefs. Significant low eta coefficients suggested that higher performers set higher goals for themselves, felt more risk, and reported more social anxiety and irrational beliefs.