bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chinese Medicinal Leech: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities
Authors: Dong Han , Ren Ji-Xiang , Wang Jing-Jing , Ding Li-Shuai , Zhao Jian-Jun , Liu Song-Yan , Gao Hui-Min
Published: May 2016

Hirudo (Shuizhi in Chinese) is an important Chinese medicine, which possesses many therapeutic properties for the treatment of the cerebral hemorrhage and other thrombosis‐related diseases. The phytochemical investigation gave more than 51 compounds including pteridines, phosphatidylcholines, glycosphingolipids, and sterols, as well as some bioactive peptides from the Shuizhi derived from three animal species recorded in the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The pharmacological studies on the Shuizhi have revealed various activities such as anticoagulation, antithrombosis, antiatherosclerosis, antiplatelet aggregation, antitumor and anti‐inflammatory as well as hemorheology improvement, and protective effects against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury. However, some important issues based on the traditional uses of Shuizhi are still not clear. The aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Shuizhi. It will provide a potential guidance in exploring main active compounds of Shuizhi and interpreting the action mechanism for the further research.
Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer for Global Engineering Optimization
Authors: Mittal Nitin , Singh Urvinder , Sohi Balwinder Singh
Published: May 2016

Nature-inspired algorithms are becoming popular among researchers due to their simplicity and flexibility. The nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms are analysed in terms of their key features like their diversity and adaptation, exploration and exploitation, and attractions and diffusion mechanisms. The success and challenges concerning these algorithms are based on their parameter tuning and parameter control. A comparatively new algorithm motivated by the social hierarchy and hunting behavior of grey wolves is Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), which is a very successful algorithm for solving real mechanical and optical engineering problems. In the original GWO, half of the iterations are devoted to exploration and the other half are dedicated to exploitation, overlooking the impact of right balance between these two to guarantee an accurate approximation of global optimum. To overcome this shortcoming, a modified GWO (mGWO) is proposed, which focuses on proper balance between exploration and exploitation that leads to an optimal performance of the algorithm. Simulations based on benchmark problems and WSN clustering problem demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and stability of mGWO compared with the basic GWO and some well-known algorithms.
Sequence- and Structure-Based Functional Annotation and Assessment of Metabolic Transporters inAspergillus oryzae: A Representative Case Study
Authors: Raethong Nachon , Wong-ekkabut Jirasak , Laoteng Kobkul , Vongsangnak Wanwipa
Published: May 2016

Aspergillus oryzaeis widely used for the industrial production of enzymes. InA. oryzaemetabolism, transporters appear to play crucial roles in controlling the flux of molecules for energy generation, nutrients delivery, and waste elimination in the cell. While theA. oryzaegenome sequence is available, transporter annotation remains limited and thus the connectivity of metabolic networks is incomplete. In this study, we developed a metabolic annotation strategy to understand the relationship between the sequence, structure, and function for annotation ofA. oryzaemetabolic transporters. Sequence-based analysis with manual curation showed that 58 genes of 12,096 total genes in theA. oryzaegenome encoded metabolic transporters. Under consensus integrative databases, 55 unambiguous metabolic transporter genes were distributed into channels and pores (7 genes), electrochemical potential-driven transporters (33 genes), and primary active transporters (15 genes). To reveal the transporter functional role, a combination of homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation was implemented to assess the relationship between sequence to structure and structure to function. As in the energy metabolism ofA. oryzae, the H+-ATPase encoded by the AO090005000842 gene was selected as a representative case study of multilevel linkage annotation. Our developed strategy can be used for enhancing metabolic network reconstruction.
A Patient Specific Biomechanical Analysis of Custom Root Analogue Implant Designs on Alveolar Bone Stress: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Anssari Moin David , Hassan Bassam , Wismeijer Daniel
Published: May 2016

Objectives.The aim of this study was to analyse by means of FEA the influence of 5 custom RAI designs on stress distribution of peri-implant bone and to evaluate the impact on microdisplacement for a specific patient case.Materials and Methods. A 3D surface model of a RAI for the upper right canine was constructed from the cone beam computed tomography data of one patient. Subsequently, five (targeted) press-fit design modification FE models with five congruent bone models were designed: “Standard,” “Prism,” “Fins,” “Plug,” and “Bulbs,” respectively. Preprocessor software was applied to mesh the models. Two loads were applied: an oblique force (300 N) and a vertical force (150 N). Analysis was performed to evaluate stress distributions and deformed contact separation at the peri-implant region.Results. The lowest von Mises stress levels were numerically observed for the Plug design. The lowest levels of contact separation were measured in the Fins model followed by the Bulbs design.Conclusions. Within the limitations of the applied methodology, adding targeted press-fit geometry to the RAI standard design will have a positive effect on stress distribution, lower concentration of bone stress, and will provide a better primary stability for this patient specific case.
Empirical Study of the Effects of Different Similarity Measures on Test Case Prioritization
Authors: Wang Rongcun , Jiang Shujuan , Chen Deng , Zhang Yanmei
Published: May 2016

Similarity-based test case prioritization algorithms have been applied to regression testing. The common characteristic of these algorithms is to reschedule the execution order of test cases according to the distances between pair-wise test cases. The distance information can be calculated by different similarity measures. Since the topologies vary with similarity measures, the distances between pair-wise test cases calculated by different similarity measures are different. Similarity measures could significantly influence the effectiveness of test case prioritization. Therefore, we empirically evaluate the effects of six similarity measures on two similarity-based test case prioritization algorithms. The obtained results are statistically analyzed to recommend the best combination of similarity-based prioritization algorithms and similarity measures. The experimental results, confirmed by a statistical analysis, indicate that Euclidean distance is more efficient in finding defects than other similarity measures. The combination of the global similarity-based prioritization algorithm and Euclidean distance could be a better choice. It generates not only higher fault detection effectiveness but also smaller standard deviation. The goal of this study is to provide practical guides for picking the appropriate combination of similarity-based test case prioritization techniques and similarity measures.
Development of a Wireless Temperature Sensor Using Polymer-Derived Ceramics
Authors: Zhao Ran , Shao Gang , Li Ni , Xu Chengying , An Linan
Published: May 2016

A temperature sensor has been developed using an embedded system and a sensor head made of polymer-derived SiAlCN ceramics (PDCs). PDC is a promising material for measuring high temperature and the embedded system features low-power consumption, compact size, and wireless transmission. The developed temperature sensor has been experimentally tested to demonstrate the possibility of using such sensors for real world applications.
Influence ofβS-Globin Haplotypes and Hydroxyurea on Arginase I Levels in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Moreira J. A. , Machado R. P. G. , Laurentino M. R. , Lemes Romelia Pinheiro Gonçalves , Barbosa M. C. , Santos T. E. , Bandeira I. C. J. , Martins A. M. C.
Published: May 2016

Introduction.Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by hemoglobin S homozygosity, leading to hemolysis and vasoocclusion. The hemolysis releases arginase I, an enzyme that decreases the bioavailability of nitric oxide, worsening the symptoms. The different SCD haplotypes are related to clinical symptoms and varied hemoglobin F (HbF) concentration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of theβS gene haplotypes and HbF concentration on arginase I levels in SCD patients.Methods.Fifty SCD adult patients were enrolled in the study and 20 blood donors composed the control group. Arginase I was measured by ELISA. TheβS haplotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism program and the significance level wasp<0.05.Results.Significant increase was observed in the arginase I levels in SCD patients compared to the control group (p<0.0001). The comparison between the levels of arginase I in three haplotypes groups showed a difference between the Bantu/Bantu×Bantu/Benin groups; Bantu/Bantu×Benin/Benin, independent of HU dosage. An inverse correlation with the arginase I levels and HbF concentration was observed.Conclusion.The results support the hypothesis that arginase I is associated with HbF concentration, also measured indirectly by the association with haplotypes.
Immune Signatures in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris of Blood‐Heat Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Xin , Xiao Qing-qing , Li Fu-lun , Xu Rong , Fan Bin , Wu Min-feng , Zhou Min , Li Su , Chen Jie , Peng Shi-guang , Li Bin
Published: May 2016

Objective. To determine whether immunological serum markers IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐17, IL‐23, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 are elevated or decreased in patients compared with healthy controls. Methods. A complete search of the literature on this topic within the past 30 years was conducted across seven databases. Seventeen studies including 768 individuals were identified. Differences in serum marker levels between subjects and controls were pooled as MDs using the random‐effects model. Results. The pooled MDs were higher in patients than in healthy controls for IFN‐γ (MD 24.9, 95% CI 12.36–37.43), IL‐17 (MD 28.92, 95% CI 17.44–40.40), IL‐23 (MD 310.60, 95% CI 4.96–616.24), and TNF‐α (MD 19.84, 95% CI 13.80–25.87). Pooled IL‐4 (MD −13.5, 95% CI −17.74–−9.26) and IL‐10 (MD −10.33, 95% CI −12.03–−8.63) levels were lower in patients. Conclusion. The pooled analyses suggest that levels of IFN‐γ, IL‐17, IL‐23, and TNF‐α are significantly elevated and that levels of IL‐4 and IL‐10 are significantly decreased in sera of patients with psoriasis vulgaris of blood‐heat syndrome. Measuring progression of blood‐heat syndrome of psoriasis vulgaris will require additional high‐quality data, with a low risk of bias and adequate sample sizes, before and after antipsoriatic therapy.
Composition Formulas of Bessel-Struve Kernel Function
Authors: Nisar K. S. , Mondal S. R. , Agarwal P.
Published: May 2016

The object of this paper is to study and develop the generalized fractional calculus operators involving Appell’s functionF3(·)due to Marichev-Saigo-Maeda. Here, we establish the generalized fractional calculus formulas involving Bessel-Struve kernel functionSαλz,  λ,z∈Cto obtain the results in terms of generalized Wright functions. The representations of Bessel-Struve kernel function in terms of exponential function and its relation with Bessel and Struve function are also discussed. The pathway integral representations of Bessel-Struve kernel function are also given in this study.
Pharmacogenetic Discovery in CALGB (Alliance) 90401 and Mechanistic Validation of a VAC14 Polymorphism that Increases Risk of Docetaxel-Induced Neuropathy
Authors: Hertz Daniel L. , Owzar Kouros , Lessans Sherrie , Wing Claudia , Jiang Chen , Kelly William Kevin , Patel Jai , Halabi Susan , Furukawa Yoichi , Wheeler Heather E. , Sibley Alexander B. , Lassiter Cameron , Weisman Lois , Watson Dorothy , Krens Stefanie D. , Mulkey Flora , Renn Cynthia L. , Small Eric J. , Febbo Phillip G. , Shterev Ivo , Kroetz Deanna L. , Friedman Paula N. , Mahoney John F. , Carducci Michael A. , Kelley Michael J. , Nakamura Yusuke , Kubo Michiaki , Dorsey Susan G. , Dolan M. Eileen , Morris Michael J. , Ratain Mark J. , McLeod Howard L.
Published: May 2016

Purpose: Discovery of SNPs that predict a patient's risk of docetaxel-induced neuropathy would enable treatment individualization to maximize efficacy and avoid unnecessary toxicity. The objectives of this analysis were to discover SNPs associated with docetaxel-induced neuropathy and mechanistically validate these associations in preclinical models of drug-induced neuropathy.

Experimental Design: A genome-wide association study was conducted in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel, prednisone and randomized to bevacizumab or placebo on CALGB 90401. SNPs were genotyped on the Illumina HumanHap610-Quad platform followed by rigorous quality control. The inference was conducted on the cumulative dose at occurrence of grade 3+ sensory neuropathy using a cause-specific hazard model that accounted for early treatment discontinuation. Genes with SNPs significantly associated with neuropathy were knocked down in cellular and mouse models of drug-induced neuropathy.

Results: A total of 498,081 SNPs were analyzed in 623 Caucasian patients, 50 (8%) of whom experienced grade 3+ neuropathy. The 1,000 SNPs most associated with neuropathy clustered in relevant pathways including neuropathic pain and axonal guidance. An SNP in VAC14 (rs875858) surpassed genome-wide significance (P = 2.12 × 10−8, adjusted P = 5.88 × 10−7). siRNA knockdown of VAC14 in stem cell–derived peripheral neuronal cells increased docetaxel sensitivity as measured by decreased neurite processes (P = 0.0015) and branches (P < 0.0001). Prior to docetaxel treatment, VAC14 heterozygous mice had greater nociceptive sensitivity than wild-type litter mate controls (P = 0.001).

Conclusions: VAC14 should be prioritized for further validation of its potential role as a predictor of docetaxel-induced neuropathy and biomarker for treatment individualization. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4890–900. ©2016 AACR.
Renal Artery Stenting Associated With Improvement in Renal Function and Blood Pressure Control in Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Milewski Krzysztof , Fil Wojciech , Buszman Piotr , Janik Małgorzata , Wanha Wojciech , Martin Todd , Król Marek , Gorycki Bogdan , Wiernek Szymon , Krzych Lukasz , Kiesz R. Stefan , Wojakowski Wojciech , Buszman Paweł
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims: Clinical benefits of percutaneous treatment of renal artery stenosis (RAS) remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of renal artery stenting on kidney function and blood pressure (BP) control in the log-term follow-up. Additionally angiographic follow up was performed in selected subgroup of patients. Methods: The study was designed as international registry of 265 consecutive patients with RAS treated with renal artery stenting. The primary end-point of the study was the change in renal function and blood pressure at long-term follow-up as compared with baseline values. Evaluation of the renal function was based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the use of the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. Results: All patients had clinical follow-up at the median time of 23.8 (interquartile range: 3-90) months during ambulatory visits. At follow-up eGFR improved in 53,9% of patients. These patients had lower pre-procedural systolic BP, more severe lesion type at baseline and lower diameter stenosis in control angiography. At follow up visits, SBP improvement was observed in 77,4% of patients. The average number of anti-hypertensive medications before the procedure and at follow up did not change significantly (2,70±1,0 vs 2,49±0,9, p=0,1). Restenosis rate based on control angiography performed at median time of 15 months was 12%. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that interventional treatment of RAS may preserve renal function and improve blood pressure control at long-term follow-up.
Pretreatment of Sialic Acid Efficiently Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Renal Failure and Suppresses TLR4/gp91-Mediated Apoptotic Signaling
Authors: Hsu Shih-Ping , Chen Chin-Chih , Chien Chiang-Ting
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activate NADPH oxidase gp91 subunit-mediated inflammation and oxidative damage. Recognizing the high binding affinity of sialic acid (SA) with LPS, we further explored the preventive potential of SA pretreatment on LPS-evoked acute renal failure (ARF). Methods: We determined the effect of intravenous SA 30 min before LPS-induced injury in urethane-anesthetized female Wistar rats by evaluating kidney reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses, renal and systemic hemodynamics, renal function, histopathology, and molecular mechanisms. Results: LPS time-dependently reduced arterial blood pressure, renal microcirculation, and increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in the rats. LPS enhanced monocyte/macrophage infiltration and ROS production, and subsequently impaired kidneys with the enhancement of TLR4/NADPH oxidase gp91/Caspase 3/poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP)-mediated apoptosis in the kidneys. SA pretreatment effectively alleviated LPS-induced ARF. The levels of LPS-increased ED-1 infiltration and ROS production in the kidney were significantly depressed by SA pretreatment. Furthermore, SA pretreatment significantly depressed TLR4 activation, gp91 expression, and Caspase 3/PARP induced apoptosis in the kidneys. Conclusion: We suggest that pretreatment of SA significantly and preventively attenuated LPS-induced detrimental effects on systemic and renal hemodynamics, renal ROS production and renal function, as well as, LPS-activated TLR4/gp91/Caspase3 mediated apoptosis signaling.
Developmental Changes in Skin Barrier and Structure during the First 5 Years of Life
Authors: Walters Russel M. , Khanna Preeya , Chu Melissa , Mack M. Catherine
Published: May 2016

The structure of the stratum corneum (SC) and the corresponding skin barrier develops from before birth up to about 4 years of age. Large subject-to-subject variability within an age group requires a large population to observe trends in skin barrier properties over time. Barrier function, quantified by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and SC thickness, was measured on the upper inner arm and dorsal forearm in subjects aged 3 months to 4 years (n = 171) and a subset of mothers (n = 44). The rate of skin surface area expansion as a function of age peaked before birth (∼90 cm2/week) and declined to a steady plateau (∼10 cm2/week) by 1 year of age. SC thickness increased and TEWL decreased, but did not reach adult values until 3-4 years of age. A better understanding of how skin hydration changes after birth suggests that barrier function may be related mechanistically to skin surface area expansion.
Aging Effect on Korean Female Voice: Acoustic and Perceptual Examinations of Breathiness
Authors: Lee Seung Jin , Cho YoonHee , Song Ji Yeon , Lee DamHee , Kim Yunjung , Kim HyangHee
Published: May 2016

Objective: This paper sought to examine perceptual and acoustic characteristics in Korean female voices, focusing on the ‘breathy' quality as a function of aging. In addition, we aimed to investigate if the three selected measures, H1-H2, H1-A1, and H1-A3, demonstrated any changes along a sustained vowel production. Participants and Methods: A total of 42 participants were assigned to two age groups, young women and elderly women. All participants were asked to sustain /a/ as long and as steadily as possible. Perceptual judgments of breathiness were made on the GRBAS scale and by a direct magnitude estimation technique, while three acoustic parameters, H1-H2, H1-A1, and H1-A3, were measured at five measurement time points during the sustained vowel test. Results: Results indicated that the H1-H2 and H1-A1 values were significantly lower for elderly women compared to young women, although no difference in the perceptual estimation of breathiness was found between the age groups. Among the acoustic measures, only H1-A1 was significantly regressed against the perceptual estimate of breathiness. In addition, no significant acoustic difference in the measures was found across the five measurement points. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the aging voice might not be universally characterized by the breathy quality, which hints at the need for further research on ethnic diversity in vocal quality.
Jaw Dislocation as an Unusual Complication of Upper Endoscopy
Authors: Dellon Evan S. , Steele David
Published: May 2016

This case report presents an unusual complication of upper endoscopy, resulting in jaw dislocation. Temporomandibular joint dislocation is commonly reported in association with anesthesia and intubation, but it is not widely recognized as a complication of gastrointestinal endoscopy. This report also reviews the current literature regarding this complication and discusses the potential causes of dislocation, differential diagnoses for jaw pain following endoscopy, and recommendations for prevention.
Omphalocele-Exstrophy-Imperforate Anus-Spinal Defects Complex: Associated Malformations in 12 New Cases
Authors: Mallmann Michael Rudolf , Reutter Heiko , Müller Annette Margarete , Geipel Annegret , Berg Christoph , Gembruch Ulrich
Published: May 2016

Objective: The omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects (OEIS) complex is a rare variant of the bladder exstrophy epispadias complex with in most cases unknown etiology. Due to the rarity of the disease, no large series exist that describe the prenatal spectrum of disease or additional malformations. Methods: In this study, we present the prenatal findings in a series of 12 cases. Results: All fetuses showed exstrophy of the bladder, 9/12 omphalocele, 9/12 anal atresia, 10/12 neural tube defects, 4/12 vertebral defects, 5/12 lower extremity defects including clubfeet, and 4/12 a single umbilical artery. Additional malformations included hydrocephalus, hypertelorism, aplasia of the gall bladder, heart defects and kidney malformations. All karyotyped fetuses (11/11) showed a normal karyotype. Conclusions: These findings illustrate the spectrum of disease in prenatal diagnosis.
Long-Term Remission of Acromegaly after Octreotide Withdrawal Is an Uncommon and Frequently Unsustainable Event
Authors: Casagrande Alessandra , Bronstein Marcello D. , Jallad Raquel S. , Moraes Aline B. , Elias Paula C.L. , Castro Margaret , Czepielewski Mauro A. , Boschi Artur , Ribeiro-Oliveira Jr. Antonio , Schweizer Junia R.O.L. , Vilar Lucio , Nazato Debora M. , Gadelha Mônica R. , Abucham Julio ,   on behalf of all other investigators of the study
Published: May 2016

Background: Long-term remission of acromegaly after somatostatin analog withdrawal has been reported in 18-42% of patients in studies with a relatively small number of patients using different inclusion and remission criteria. The objectives of this study were to establish the probability and predictive factors for short- and long-term remission [normal IGF-1 for age/sex: IGF-1 ≤1.00 × upper limit of normal (ULN)] after octreotide long-acting release (LAR) withdrawal in a larger population of well-controlled patients with acromegaly (normal mean IGF-1 in the last 24 months). Methods: This is a prospective multicenter study in which 58 well-controlled patients with acromegaly receiving only octreotide LAR as a primary or postsurgical treatment were included in 14 university centers in Brazil. All patients had been on stable doses and dose intervals of octreotide LAR in the last year, and none had been submitted to radiotherapy. The main outcome measure was serum IGF-1 after 8 weeks (short-term) and 60 weeks (long-term) of octreotide LAR withdrawal. Results: Seventeen of 58 patients (29%) were in remission in the short term, and only 4 patients achieved long-term remission after treatment withdrawal. The Kaplan-Meier estimated remission probability at 60 weeks was 7% and decreased to 5% at 72 weeks. The short-term remission rate was significantly higher (44%; p = 0.017) in patients with pretreatment IGF-1 <2.4 × ULN. No other predictive factor for short- or long-term remission was found. Conclusion: Our results show that long-term remission of acromegaly after octreotide LAR withdrawal was an uncommon and frequently unsustainable event and do not support the recommendation of a systematic withdrawal of treatment in controlled patients.
Violência urbana e saúde
Authors: Peres Maria Fernanda Tourinho , Ruotti Caren
Published: May 2016

The article discusses the conformation of urban violence in the country and its central role in everyday perceptions and experiences of the population; and draws particularly on the case of the city of São Paulo. The category of urban violence is considered from its different perspectives, namely as representation and social problem as well as a growing interest in different fields of knowledge and intervention, especially in the field of public health
Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Performed in Acute Perinatal Stroke Reveals Hyperperfusion Associated With Ischemic Injury
Authors: Watson Christopher G. , Dehaes Mathieu , Gagoski Borjan A. , Grant P. Ellen , Rivkin Michael J.
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—

Perfusion-weighted imaging in adults with acute stroke often reveals hypoperfusion in the ischemic core and in a surrounding area of nondiffusion-restricted penumbral tissue. Perinatal stroke is common, but the perfusion pattern is rarely documented. We aimed to describe the perfusion pattern in newborns with perinatal stroke.

Methods—

Neonates with clinical features of acute stroke underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Perfusion data were obtained using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling. Strokes were classified as arterial, venous, or both. Core infarction was determined by the presence of restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging. Perfusion-weighted imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging signal in the ischemic area were visually compared with the homologous region in the contralesional hemisphere. Electroencephalogram data were evaluated for seizure activity.

Results—

In 25 neonates with acute stroke, 8 of 11 (73%) with arterial ischemic stroke demonstrated hyperperfusion, 1 of 9 (11%) with venous stroke, and 4 of 5 (80%) with both. Hypoperfusion was observed in 3 of 9 (33%) with venous and none with arterial ischemic stroke. Perfusion was normal in 4 of 9 (45%) with venous and 1 of 5 (20%) with both. Twenty-one of 24 patients (88%) with electroencephalogram data had either electrographic seizures or focal sharp waves in the ipsilesional hemisphere (11/11 arterial ischemic stroke, 6/9 venous, and 4/5 both).

Conclusions—

Perfusion-weighted imaging can be obtained in neonates with acute stroke and often reveals hyperperfusion in the infarct core. Penumbra in arterial ischemic stroke is seldom found. Hyperperfusion may be caused by poststroke reperfusion or to neuronal hyperexcitability of stroke-associated seizure. Its identification may be useful for consideration of therapy for acute neonatal stroke.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement of Transmission of Arterial Pulsation to the Brain on Propranolol Versus Amlodipine
Authors: Webb Alastair J.S. , Rothwell Peter M.
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral arterial pulsatility is associated with leukoaraiosis and depends on central arterial pulsatility and arterial stiffness. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on transmission of central arterial pulsatility to the cerebral circulation is unknown, partly because of limited methods of assessment.

Methods—

In a technique-development pilot study, 10 healthy volunteers were randomized to crossover treatment with amlodipine and propranolol. At baseline and on each drug, we assessed aortic (Sphygmocor) and middle cerebral artery pulsatility (TCDtranscranial ultrasound). We also performed whole-brain, 3-tesla multiband blood-oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance imaging (multiband factor 6, repetition time=0.43s), concurrent with a novel method of continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. Drug effects on relationships between cardiac cycle variation in blood pressure and blood-oxygen level dependent imaging were determined (fMRI Expert Analysis Tool, fMRIB Software Library [FEAT-FSL]).

Results—

Aortic pulsatility was similar on amlodipine (27.3 mm Hg) and propranolol (27.9 mm Hg,
P
diff=0.33), while MCA pulsatility increased nonsignificantly more from baseline on propranolol (+6%;
P
=0.09) than amlodipine (+1.5%;
P
=0.58). On magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac frequency blood pressure variations were found to be significantly more strongly associated with blood-oxygen level dependent imaging on propranolol than amlodipine.

Conclusions—

We piloted a novel method of assessment of arterial pulsatility with concurrent high-frequency blood-oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance imaging and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. This method was able to identify greater transmission of aortic pulsation on propranolol than amlodipine, which warrants further investigation.
Degree and Timing of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Hematoma Growth in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Carcel Cheryl , Wang Xia , Sato Shoichiro , Stapf Christian , Sandset Else Charlotte , Delcourt Candice , Arima Hisatomi , Robinson Thompson , Lavados Pablo , Chalmers John , Anderson Craig S.
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—

Degree and timing of blood pressure (BP) lowering treatment in relation to hematoma growth were investigated in the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial-2 (INTERACT2).

Methods—

INTERACT2 was an international clinical trial of intensive (target systolic BP [SBP], <140 mm Hg) versus guideline-recommended (SBP, <180 mm Hg) BP lowering in 2839 patients within 6 hours of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and elevated SBP (150–220 mm Hg), in which 964 had repeat cranial computed tomography at 24 hours. ANCOVA models assessed categories of SBP reduction and time to target SBP on 24-hour hematoma growth.

Results—

Greater SBP reduction was associated with reduced hematoma growth (13.3, 5.0, and 3.0 mL for <10, 10–20, and ≥20 mm Hg, respectively;
P
trend<0.001). In the intensive treatment group (n=491), the least mean hematoma growth was in patients who achieved target SBP <1 hour (2.6 mL) versus to those in target at 1 to 6 (4.7 mL) and >6 hours (5.4 mL). The smallest mean absolute hematoma growth (2.0 mL) was in those achieving target SBP 5 to 8 times versus 3 to 4 (3.1 mL) and 0 to 2 times (5.2 mL).

Conclusions—

Intensive BP lowering with greater SBP reduction, which is achieved quickly and maintained consistently, seems to provide protection against hematoma growth for 24 hours.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00716079.
Size Matters: The Syntax of Disjunctive Questions
Authors: Gračanin-Yuksek Martina
Published: May 2016

In languages like English, disjunctive questions have an alternative (ALT) reading and a yes/no (YN) reading. The two readings behave differently; there are environments in which one reading disappears and the other one survives. In this article, examining novel Croatian data, I investigate the environments where the YN reading disappears. Such environments suggest that the two readings of disjunctive questions differ in the size of the disjuncts: ALT readings arise when the disjoint constituents are bigger than theTP, while YN readings arise from disjunctions of phrases as big as the surface string suggests and not bigger than theTP.
Turkey and the Kurdish Question: Last Exit Before the Bridge
Authors: Özpek Burak Bilgehan , Mutluer Oğuzhan
Published: May 2016

The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government initiated a peace process with the Kurds in January 2013 to become the first government since 1984 to systematically negotiate with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) instead of using the military against them. Nevertheless, a bloody war restarted after AKP lost its majority in the parliament due to the Kurdish backed Peoples’ Democratic Party’s (HDP) success in the 7 June 2015 elections. In the coalition negotiation process, the AKP, which is under the strict control of Erdoğan, did not make a serious offer to any of the opposition parties, and Erdoğan did not mandate other parties to form a coalition government. Thus, holding a snap election remained the only option. Erdoğan’s strategy to attract the nationalist voters worked, and the AKP re-gained the overall majority in the parliament by receiving the nationalist votes again. Nevertheless, this was a Pyrrhic victory for the AKP. In addition to the domestic polarization, the new AKP government has needed to deal with the Kurdish Question, which has turned into armed conflict since the 7 June elections, along with re-formulating its relations with the allies of the PKK in Northern Syria and in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Furthermore, increasing activism in the ISIS issue and the “jet crisis” experienced with Russia seems to have complicated Turkey’s foreign policy and compelled the AKP to revise its approach towards the Kurdish Question.
Fighting Religious Intolerance and Discrimination: The un Account
Authors: Limon Marc , Ghanea Nazila , Power Hilary
Published: May 2016

The main United Nations (un) global policy framework for combating religious intolerance, stigmatisation, discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against persons based on religion or belief is set down in un Human Rights Council resolution 16/18. Adopted in March 2011, this resolution was hailed by stakeholders from all regions as a turning point in international efforts to confront religious intolerance. After more than five decades, un member states had, it was hoped, at last come together to agree a common, consensus-based approach and practical plan of action. Some four years on, and against the backdrop of heightened religious hostility, un consensus around the ‘16/18 framework’ continues to be contested. Rather than working together to implement the 16/18 action plan, states have returned to pre-2011 arguments over the nature of the problem. These divisions have re-emerged in large part because of conceptual confusion among policymakers about what implementation of resolution 16/18 means and what it entails. Linked to (and indeed flowing from) this conceptual opacity, states—especially states from the Western Group (weog) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (oic)—contend over whether resolution 16/18 is being effectively implemented or not and, if not, why this is so. This article offers an assessment of levels of implementation of resolution 16/18 as well as recommendations for strengthened compliance in the future.
SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF AMERICAN TRICHILIA (MELIACEAE)
Authors: PENNINGTON TERENCE D.
Published: May 2016

The neotropical species of Trichilia are revised. The last major treatment of the group was published in 1981 and 3500 additional collections are examined for the present study. Eighty-one species are recognized, a key to the species is provided, all names are typified and descriptions of all species are given. Substantial changes to the known distribution patterns are documented for species. Distribution maps of all species are provided. Ten new species and one new subspecies are described.
A new subgenus Oculogaster subgen. n. for viviparous representatives of Procloeon s. l., with discussion about status of the generic name Austrocloeon Barnard 1932 and the species name africanum Esben-Petersen 1913 [Cloeon] (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae)
Authors: KLUGE NIKITA J.
Published: May 2016

A new subgenus Oculogaster subgen. n. is established in the genus Procloeon Bengtsson 1915. It is characterized by viviparity and constant presence of one vein in pterostigma. Widely distributed African species Procloeon (Oculogaster) cylindroculum Kimmins 1956 is redescribed based on male and female imagoes reared from larvae in Zambia and Uganda. A new species Procloeon (Oculogaster) album sp. n. is described based on reliably associated larvae, subimagoes and imagoes of both sexes from Thailand. Status of the generic name Austrocloeon Barnard 1932 and the species name Cloeon africanum Esben-Petersen 1913 are discussed, and the nominal species C. africanum is fixed as the type species of the genus-group name Austrocloeon; according to this type fixation, the binomen Austrocloeon africanum belongs to a species of the subfamily Rhithrocloeoninae.
A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon
Authors: CARVALHO MARCELO R. DE , ROSA RICARDO S. , ARAÚJO MARIA LÚCIA G. DE
Published: May 2016

A new species of Potamotrygon is described from the Rio Negro drainage, Amazonas, Brazil. In spite of being cited or pictured several times in the scientific and aquarium fish literature since the 19th Century, it had been misidentified and still lacked a scientific name. Potamotrygon wallacei, n. sp., is diagnosed by the following characters: dorsal surface of disc light brown, with black irregularly-shaped vermiculate markings forming an amphora- or Ω-shaped figure on mid-disc, delimiting light brown reniform areas at disc center, and with subcircular light brown ocellate markings on disc margins; small body size (smallest known Potamotrygon species; largest examined specimen measured 310 mm DW); dorsal spines on tail usually rather low, without broad bases, in one to rarely three irregular rows, but extending posteriorly only to tail mid-length and not to caudal stings, with altogether relatively few spines; denticles on posterior mid-disc and tail base Y-shaped, with a central, anterior, bulbous cusp and usually two posterior pairs of smaller, rounded cusps; and single (anterior) angular cartilage. The new species is similar to P. orbignyi and other "reticulated" species in having a single (anterior) angular cartilage and in the color pattern of the tail, but is easily distinguished based on its size, dorsal tail spine arrangement, and specific details of color pattern.
Replacement names for Chapinia and Ripleyia (Aves: Passeriformes: Muscicapidae)
Authors: VOELKER GARY , BOWIE RAURI C. K. , CONWAY KEVIN W.
Published: May 2016

Earlier this year, two of us (GV & RB) introduced the genus-group names Chapinia and Ripleyia (in Voelker et al. 2016) for two species of African flycatchers allied to Muscicapa. We recently became aware that both of these genus-group names are preoccupied within Animalia (Chapinia by Chapinia Ewing, 1927 [Insecta: Phthiraptera] and Ripleyia by Ripleyia Cossman, 1920 [Mollusca]), rendering them junior homonyms. Following Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) we herein provide replacement names for the two generic names introduced in Voelker et al. (2016).
WRF with Water Vapor Tracers: A Study of Moisture Sources for the North American Monsoon
Authors: Dominguez Francina , Miguez-Macho Gonzalo , Hu Huancui
Published: May 2016

The regional atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with water vapor tracer diagnostics (WRF-WVT) is used to quantify the water vapor from different oceanic and terrestrial regions that contribute to precipitation during the North American monsoon (NAM) season. The 10-yr (2004–13) June–October simulations with 20-km horizontal resolution were driven by North American Regional Reanalysis data. Results show that lower-level moisture comes predominantly from the Gulf of California and is the most important source of precipitation. Upper-level (above 800 mb) southeasterly moisture originates from the Gulf of Mexico and Sierra Madre Occidental to the east. Moisture from within the NAM region (local recycling) is the second-most important precipitation source, as the local atmospheric moisture is very efficiently converted into precipitation. However, WRF-WVT overestimates precipitation and evapotranspiration in the NAM region, particularly over the mountainous terrain. Direct comparisons with moisture source analysis using the extended dynamic recycling model (DRM) reveal that the simple model fails to correctly backtrack moisture in this region of strong vertical wind shear. Furthermore, the assumption of a well-mixed atmosphere causes the simple model to significantly underestimate local recycling. However, the direct comparison with WRF-WVT can be used to guide future DRM improvements.
The influence of organizational and environmental factors on job satisfaction among security guards in Singapore
Authors: Nalla Mahesh K , Paek Seung Yeop , Lim Sylvia SL
Published: May 2016

This study examines the determinants of security guards’ job satisfaction in Singapore. Specifically, data gathered from 251 security guards and security supervisors are analyzed to assess how job and organizational characteristics such as autonomy, supervisory support, innovation, pay and benefits, and support from other employees (non-security) affect the participants’ job satisfaction. In addition, given the nature of their work that brings them in close contact with citizens, the authors examine to what extent the environmental factor of perceived citizens’ views of security guards helps explain the level of satisfaction. The findings suggest that job autonomy, pay and benefits, and perceived support from other employees in the organization are strong predictors of participants’ job satisfaction.
A ‘Pretensed and Counterfeit Holiness’ or Sowers of ‘Spiritual Things’? John Jewel and Thomas Harding on Monasticism
Authors: Peters Greg
Published: May 2016

Though Bishop John Jewel did not say much against the institution of monasticism in his Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae, he does have much to say about it in his other works. An examination of his opinions on monasticism show that he is in general agreement with other Reformation-era views of monasticism, including some Anglican divines as well as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli. The Roman Catholic Thomas Harding’s A confutation of a booke intituled An apologie of the Church of England took Jewel to task for his misunderstanding of monasticism. Jewel, in due course, responded to Harding in his A defence of the Apologie of the Churche of Englande by stitching together a litany of quotations from the early and medieval Church to show that Harding was mistaken. Though Jewel’s rhetorical strategy in this instance has been called a ‘polemical duplicity’ by Gary Jenkins, it is part of Jewel’s larger rhetorical strategy. This article investigates the writings of Jewel to discern his understanding of monasticism, showing that Jewel’s rejection of monasticism falls under the principle of abusus tollit usum (‘abuse removes use’), whereas Harding’s response conforms to traditional Catholic Reformation understandings of the monastic life. An analysis of Jewel’s litany of patristic and medieval sources that supposedly oppose monasticism shows how he often misuses his sources. At all times due consideration is given to both Jewel’s and Harding’s rhetorical strategies in their disagreement. In the end, Jewel’s views of monasticism, though in agreement with many other Reformers, are not wholly consistent with 16th-century views of monasticism in England.
Neuropsychological profiles of adults and older adults with HIV
Authors: Cassimjee Nafisa , Motswai Phenyo K
Published: May 2016

The wider availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a concomitant increase in adults aging with HIV and the persistence of milder forms of neuropsychological impairment in this cohort. This study investigated the differences in neuropsychological functioning between a group of HIV+ adults and older adults and an HIV− matched control group. Participants from a semi-urban community clinic volunteered to participate in the study. The performance of 50 participants (33 HIV+ and 17 HIV−) who met the inclusion criteria were compared on the following measures: Dementia Rating Scale-2, the Stroop Color and Word Test, the Symbol Digits Modalities Test, and the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Test. The results indicated that the HIV+ in comparison with the HIV− negative group had poorer performance profiles in global cognitive functioning, memory, executive functioning, visuoconstruction ability, psychomotor functioning, and processing speed. The findings suggest that further research in South Africa will contribute to a better understanding of the neuropsychological profiles of adults aging with HIV and inform intervention strategies specific to addressing the mental healthcare needs of this subgroup.
Predictors for Permanent Medialization Laryngoplasty in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Mor Niv , Wu Guojiao , Aylward Alana , Christos Paul J. , Sulica Lucian
Published: May 2016

Objective

Early differentiation of patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (VFP) who recover from those who do not and consequently require permanent medialization laryngoplasty (ML) remains a challenge. The goal of this study is to identify factors that predict the need for ML.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Academic center.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 507 records of patients with VFP were analyzed, of which 252 met criteria and were stratified according to whether or not they obtained ML. Demographic information and clinical features were analyzed to determine predictors of ML. A nomogram was generated according to the significance and utility of these parameters.

Results

Of 252 patients, 86 underwent ML, and 166 did not. No differences in age or sex were observed between the ML and non‐ML patients (P =. 27 and P =. 35, respectively). The most common cause of VFP was iatrogenic injury (62.79%, ML; 49.40%, non‐ML). ML correlated with VFP secondary to neoplastic disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.01‐4.53) and iatrogenic injury (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.01‐2.94). ML had an inverse correlation with idiopathic VFP (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20‐0.79). Patients in the ML group were more likely to have left‐sided VFP, to have a history of aspiration, and to present ≥90 days from onset and less likely to have had temporary injection augmentation.

Conclusion

Clinical features may be used to predict the likelihood of a patient obtaining ML. Nomograms may be useful to counsel patients who would benefit from early definitive surgery.
Teaching Africa, presenting, representing and the importance of who is in the classroom
Authors: Routley Laura
Published: May 2016

Teaching Africa within international relations (IR) carries a responsibility to engage students with the power relations that dominate Africa’s global position and ‘western’ knowledge of the continent. The key contribution of this article is to highlight the significance of difference and power relations not only when these are manifested in the identities present within the classroom but also just as importantly when they are not. The article argues that positionality and representations profoundly shape engagement with Africa. Who is in the classroom particularly matters when teaching material embedded in ongoing colonial relations. Disrupting students’ assumptions, such as their alignment with Western actors who will ‘solve’ Africa’s problems, may therefore involve disempowering them. By doing so, it is possible to potentially establish more productive starting points for learning about Africa within IR.