bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment of birds foraging terrestrially at Marion and Gough Islands to primary and secondary poisoning by rodenticides
Authors: Wanless Ross M. , Cooper John , Slabber Martin J. , Ryan Peter G.
Published: October 2010

Context. Aerial application of poison bait pellets is an established and widely used method for removing invasive rodents and restoring insular ecological processes. However, the non-target effects of saturation poisoning require very careful consideration and precautionary risk-avoidance strategies. Aims. We assessed the risk of primary and secondary poisoning by rodenticides to terrestrially foraging lesser sheathbills (Chionis minor marionensis), Gough moorhens (Gallinula comeri) and Gough buntings (Rowettia goughensis) at Marion and Gough Islands. Methods. Birds taken into temporary captivity were offered non-toxic bait pellets dyed different colours and the carcasses of house mice (Mus musculus). In addition, dead mice were offered to these three species in the field, as well as to sub-Antarctic skuas (Catharacta antarctica) at both islands. Response to captivity was assessed by daily weighings. Key results. Individual birds either gained or lost mass overall during their 4–7 days in captivity. Whereas all captive birds pecked at the pellets, minimal amounts were consumed. However, Gough moorhens offered pellets in the field did consume them. Sheathbills (in captivity and in the field) and moorhens (in the field) consumed mouse carcasses, whereas buntings in captivity ate little from them. Sub-Antarctic skuas offered mouse carcasses in the field at both islands readily consumed them. At Gough Island some, but not all, skuas consumed bait in the field. Conclusions. Although the levels of assessed risk to primary and secondary poisoning differed among the three main species studied, it is recommended that populations for subsequent reintroduction be taken into temporary captivity before and during a poison-bait exercise as a precautionary measure. It is not deemed necessary to take sub-Antarctic skuas into captivity because they will be largely absent during a poisoning exercise in winter (the most likely period). Implications. Captive studies to assess susceptibility to primary and secondary poisoning are useful for determining positive risk; however, cage effects can cause false negatives by altering behaviours, and should be conducted with complimentary field trials. Where endemic species show any degree of risk (e.g. are vulnerable to the poison, regardless of how it might be ingested), precaution dictates that the risk be mitigated.
Do languages originate and become extinct at constant rates?
Authors: Holman Eric W.
Published: October 2010

The shape of phylogenetic trees of language families is used to test the null hypothesis that languages throughout a family originate and go extinct at constant rates. Trees constructed either by hand or by computer prove to be more unbalanced than predicted, with many languages on some branches and few on others. The observed levels of imbalance are not explainable by errors in the trees or by the population sizes or geographic density of the languages. The results suggest changes in rates of origination or extinction on a time scale shorter than the time depth of currently recognized families.
VEGA: variational segmentation for copy number detection
Authors: Morganella Sandro , Cerulo Luigi , Viglietto Giuseppe , Ceccarelli Michele
Published: October 2010

Motivation: Genomic copy number (CN) information is useful to study genetic traits of many diseases. Using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), researchers are able to measure the copy number of thousands of DNA loci at the same time. Therefore, a current challenge in bioinformatics is the development of efficient algorithms to detect the map of aberrant chromosomal regions.

Methods: We describe an approach for the segmentation of copy number aCGH data. Variational estimator for genomic aberrations (VEGA) adopt a variational model used in image segmentation. The optimal segmentation is modeled as the minimum of an energy functional encompassing both the quality of interpolation of the data and the complexity of the solution measured by the length of the boundaries between segmented regions. This solution is obtained by a region growing process where the stop condition is completely data driven.

Results: VEGA is compared with three algorithms that represent the state of the art in CN segmentation. Performance assessment is made both on synthetic and real data. Synthetic data simulate different noise conditions. Results on these data show the robustness with respect to noise of variational models and the accuracy of VEGA in terms of recall and precision. Eight mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and two samples of glioblastoma multiforme are used to evaluate the behavior of VEGA on real biological data. Comparison between results and current biological knowledge shows the ability of the proposed method in detecting known chromosomal aberrations.

Availability: VEGA has been implemented in R and is available at the address http://www.dsba.unisannio.it/Members/ceccarelli/vega in the section Download.

Contact:  ceccarelli@unisannio.it

Supplementary information:  Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
Trends in heart failure care: has the incident diagnosis of heart failure shifted from the hospital to the emergency department and outpatient clinics?
Authors: Ezekowitz Justin A. , Kaul Padma , Bakal Jeffrey A. , Quan Hude , McAlister Finlay A.
Published: October 2010

Aims

Studies of heart failure (HF) incidence and prevalence frequently rely on hospitalization to identify patients. Our objective was to describe the incidence, prevalence, or outcomes for HF patients diagnosed in the outpatient or emergency department (ED) setting.

Methods and results

In a population‐based study of 82 323 HF patients in a single‐payer health‐care system in Alberta, Canada from 1999 to 2007, we examined trends over time and clinical outcomes. Heart failure patients were first diagnosed in a general outpatient clinic (45.7%), a specialty outpatient clinic (4.0%), the ED (13.7%), or in hospital (36.6%). From years 2000 to 2006, the age‐standardized incidence (per 100 000 population) decreased from 538 to 403, whereas the overall prevalence increased from 1585 to 2510. One‐year mortality was significantly different among patients first diagnosed in a general outpatient clinic (6.6%), a specialty outpatient clinic (7.5%), ED (19.1%), and hospital (29.8%). Patients initially diagnosed at the time of hospitalization had the fewest median days alive and out of hospital [347, inter‐quartile range (IQR): 136–363] over the next year compared with patients in the ED (354, IQR 313–365), specialty outpatient clinic (365, IQR 355–365), and general outpatient clinics (365, IQR: 359–365, P < 0.0001). Patients in the ED had the highest rate of subsequent ED visits, and all‐cause, cardiovascular, or HF hospitalization.

Conclusions

Over time, more patients were diagnosed as outpatients compared with a hospital setting. The trends observed in incidence, prevalence, and outcomes for patients with HF differ substantially depending on the location of initial diagnosis. Additionally, efforts to study patients with HF in the ED should be a priority.
Cytokinin Regulates Compound Leaf Development in Tomato
Authors: Shani Eilon , Ben-Gera Hadas , Shleizer-Burko Sharona , Burko Yogev , Weiss David , Ori Naomi
Published: October 2010

Leaf shape diversity relies on transient morphogenetic activity in leaf margins. However, how this morphogenetic capacity is maintained is still poorly understood. Here, we uncover a role for the hormone cytokinin (CK) in the regulation of morphogenetic activity of compound leaves in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Manipulation of CK levels led to alterations in leaf complexity and revealed a unique potential for prolonged growth and morphogenesis in tomato leaves. We further demonstrate that the effect of CK on leaf complexity depends on proper localization of auxin signaling. Genetic analysis showed that reduction of CK levels suppresses the effect of Knotted1 like homeobox (KNOXI) proteins on leaf shape and that CK can substitute for KNOXI activity at the leaf margin, suggesting that CK mediates the activity of KNOXI proteins in the regulation of leaf shape. These results imply that CK regulates flexible leaf patterning by dynamic interaction with additional hormones and transcription factors.
A Search for Scintillation in Doped Cubic Lead Fluoride Crystals
Authors: Mao Rihua , Zhang Liyuan , Zhu Ren-Yuan
Published: October 2010

An effort was made to introduce scintillation light in lead fluoride crystals by selective doping. It was found that some rare earth ions doped in the lead fluoride crystal may serve as luminescence centers. The photo- and X- luminescence spectra, the decay time constants and the light outputs were measured for these doped samples. The decay time was found to be at a few milliseconds for these rare earth doped lead fluoride samples, which is too long to be useful for the homogeneous hadronic calorimeter detector concept with dual readout for future high energy physics experiments. Work to introduce scintillation in lead fluoride will continue.
Peptides derived from human insulin‐like growth factor‐II mRNA binding protein 3 can induce human leukocyte antigen‐A2‐restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive to cancer cells
Authors: Tomita Yusuke , Harao Michiko , Senju Satoru , Imai Katsunori , Hirata Shinya , Irie Atsushi , Inoue Mitsuhiro , Hayashida Yuki , Yoshimoto Kentaro , Shiraishi Kenji , Mori Takeshi , Nomori Hiroaki , Kohrogi Hirotsugu , Nishimura Yasuharu
Published: October 2010

Insulin‐like growth factor‐II mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP‐3) is an oncofetal protein expressed in various malignancies including lung cancer. This study aimed to identify immunogenic peptides derived from IMP‐3 that can induce tumor‐reactive and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A2 (A*02:01)‐restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) for lung cancer immunotherapy. Forty human IMP‐3‐derived peptides predicted to bind to HLA‐A2 were analyzed to determine their capacity to induce HLA‐A2‐restricted T cells in HLA‐A2.1 (HHD) transgenic mice (Tgm). We found that three IMP‐3 peptides primed HLA‐A2‐restricted CTL in the HLA‐A2.1 Tgm. Among them, human CTL lines reactive to IMP‐3 515NLSSAEVVV523 were reproducibly established from HLA‐A2‐positive healthy donors and lung cancer patients. On the other hand, IMP‐3 199RLLVPTQFV207 reproducibly induced IMP‐3‐specific and HLA‐A2‐restricted CTL from healthy donors, but did not sensitize CTL in the HLA‐A2.1 Tgm. Importantly, these two IMP‐3 peptide‐specific CTL generated from healthy donors and cancer patients effectively killed the cancer cells naturally expressing both IMP‐3 and HLA‐A2. Cytotoxicity was significantly inhibited by anti‐HLA class I and anti‐HLA‐A2 monoclonal antibodies, but not by the anti‐HLA‐class II monoclonal antibody. In addition, natural processing of these two epitopes derived from the IMP‐3 protein was confirmed by specific killing of HLA‐A2‐positive IMP‐3‐transfectants but not the parental IMP‐negative cell line by peptide‐induced CTL. This suggests that these two IMP‐3‐derived peptides represent highly immunogenic CTL epitopes that may be attractive targets for lung cancer immunotherapy. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 71–80)
Risk of recurrent myocardial infarction with the concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors
Authors: Valkhoff V. E. , ‘t Jong G. W. , Van Soest E. M. , Kuipers E. J. , Sturkenboom M. C. J. M.
Published: October 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;33:77–88

Background The association between myocardial infarction (MI) and co‐administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and clopidogrel remains controversial.

Aim To quantify the association between concomitant use of PPIs and clopidogrel and occurrence of recurrent MI.

Methods We conducted a case–control study within a cohort of acute MI patients in PHARMO Record Linkage System (1999–2008). The cases were patients readmitted for MI. PPI exposure was categorized as current (3–1 days before MI), past (30–3 days before MI), or no use (>30 days before MI). We used conditional logistic regression analyses.

Results Among 23 655 patients hospitalized following MI, we identified 1247 patients readmitted for MI. Among clopidogrel users, current PPI use was associated with an increased risk of recurrent MI (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.15–2.27) when compared with no PPI use, but not when compared with past PPI use (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.38–2.41). Among clopidogrel non‐users, current PPI use was associated with an increased risk of recurrent MI (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.18–1.61) when compared with no PPI use.

Conclusions The apparent association between recurrent MI and use of PPIs with clopidogrel depends on the design, and is affected by confounding by indication. The association is not present when (un)measured confounding is addressed by design.
Dynamic changes of transcript profiles after fertilization are associated with de novo transcription and maternal elimination in tobacco zygote, and mark the onset of the maternal‐to‐zygotic transition
Authors: Zhao Jing , Xin Haiping , Qu Lianghuan , Ning Jue , Peng Xiongbo , Yan Tingting , Ma Ligang , Li Shisheng , Sun Meng‐Xiang
Published: October 2010

The maternal‐to‐zygotic transition (MZT) is characterized by the turnover of zygote development from maternal to zygotic control, and has been extensively studied in animals. A majority of studies have suggested that early embryogenesis is maternally controlled and that the zygotic genome remains transcriptionally inactive prior to the MZT. However, little is known about the MZT in higher plants, and its timing and impact remain uncharacterized. Here, we constructed cDNA libraries from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) egg cells, zygotes and two‐celled embryos for gene expression profiling analysis, followed by RT‐PCR confirmation. These analyses, together with experiments using zygote microculture coupled with transcription inhibition, revealed that a marked change in transcript profiles occurs approximately 50 h after fertilization, and that the MZT is initiated prior to zygotic division in tobacco. Although maternal transcripts deposited in egg cells support several early developmental processes, they appear to be insufficient for zygotic polar growth and subsequent cell divisions. Thus, we propose that de novo transcripts are probably required to trigger embryogenesis in later zygotes in tobacco.
Temporal and spatial regulation of DROOPING LEAF gene expression that promotes midrib formation in rice
Authors: Ohmori Yoshihiro , Toriba Taiyo , Nakamura Hidemitsu , Ichikawa Hiroaki , Hirano Hiro‐Yuki
Published: October 2010

Genes involved in the differentiation and development of tissues and organs are temporally and spatially regulated in plant development. The DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene, a member of the YABBY gene family, promotes midrib formation in the leaf and carpel specification in the flower. Consistent with these functions, DL is initially expressed in the central region of the leaf primordia (presumptive midrib) and in the presumptive carpel primordia in the meristem. To understand the regulatory mechanism underlying DL expression, we tried to identify cis‐regulatory regions required for temporal and spatial expression of this gene. We found that the cis region responsible for the presumptive midrib‐specific expression in the leaf primordia is located in intron 2. Next, we confined the region to a sequence of about 200 bp, which corresponds to a conserved non‐coding sequence (CNS) identified by phylogenetic footprinting. In addition, a sequence termed DG1, incorporating a 5′ upstream region of about 7.4 kb, and introns 1 and 2, was shown to be sufficient to induce DL in the presumptive midrib, and to suppress it in other regions in the leaf primordia. By contrast, the regulatory region required for carpel‐specific expression was not included in the DG1 sequence. We modified Oryza sativa (rice) plant architecture by expressing an activated version of DL (DL‐VP16) in a precise manner using the DG1 sequence: the resulting transgenic plant produced a midrib in the distal region of the leaf blade, where there is no midrib in wild type, and formed more upright leaves compared with the wild type.
From defense to symbiosis: limited alterations in the kinase domain of LysM receptor‐like kinases are crucial for evolution of legume–Rhizobium symbiosis
Authors: Nakagawa Tomomi , Kaku Hanae , Shimoda Yoshikazu , Sugiyama Akifumi , Shimamura Masayuki , Takanashi Kojiro , Yazaki Kazufumi , Aoki Toshio , Shibuya Naoto , Kouchi Hiroshi
Published: October 2010

Nitrogen‐fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is initiated by the recognition of rhizobial Nod factors (NFs) by host plants. NFs are diversely modified derivatives of chitin oligosaccharide, a fungal elicitor that induces defense responses in plants. Recent evidence has shown that both NFs and chitin elicitors are recognized by structurally related LysM receptor kinases. Transcriptome analyses of Lotus japonicus roots indicated that NFs not only activate symbiosis genes but also transiently activate defense‐related genes through NF receptors. Conversely, chitin oligosaccharides were able to activate symbiosis genes independently of NF receptors. Analyses using chimeric genes consisting of the LysM receptor domain of a Lotus japonicus NF receptor, NFR1, and the kinase domain of an Arabidopsis chitin receptor, CERK1, demonstrated that substitution of a portion of the αEF helix in CERK1 with the amino acid sequence YAQ from the corresponding region of NFR1 enables L. japonicus nfr1 mutants to establish symbiosis with Mesorhizobium loti. We also showed that the kinase domains of two Lotus japonicus LysM receptor kinases, Lys6 and Lys7, which also possess the YAQ sequence, suppress the symbiotic defect of nfr1. These results strongly suggest that, in addition to adaptation of extracellular LysM domains to NFs, limited alterations in the kinase domain of chitin receptors have played a crucial role in shifting the intracellular signaling to symbiosis from defense responses, thus constituting one of the key genetic events in the evolution of root nodule symbiosis in legume plants.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: Response to chlorambucil
Authors: Ryan Emma , Warren Lachlan J , Szabo Ferenc
Published: October 2010

This report of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia describes the response of skin lesions to chlorambucil. Characteristic clinical and histological features of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma are presented, as well as a discussion regarding management and the use of chlorambucil.
Microvillous cells expressing IP3 receptor type 3 in the olfactory epithelium of mice
Authors: Hegg Colleen C. , Jia Cuihong , Chick Wallace S. , Restrepo Diego , Hansen Anne
Published: October 2010

Microvillous cells of the main olfactory epithelium have been described variously as primary olfactory neurons, secondary chemosensory cells or non‐sensory cells. Here we generated an IP3R3tm1(tauGFP) mouse in which the coding region for a fusion protein of tau and green fluorescent protein replaces the first exon of the Itpr3 gene. We provide immunohistochemical and functional characterization of the cells expressing IP3 receptor type 3 in the olfactory epithelium. These cells bear microvilli at their apex, and we therefore termed them IP3R3 MV cells. The cell body of these IP3R3 MV cells lies in the upper third of the main olfactory epithelium; a long thick basal process projects towards the base of the epithelium without penetrating the basal lamina. Retrograde labeling and unilateral bulbectomy corroborated that these IP3R3 MV cells do not extend axons to the olfactory bulb and therefore are not olfactory sensory neurons. The immunohistochemical features of IP3R3 MV cells varied, suggesting either developmental stages or the existence of subsets of these cells. Thus, for example, subsets of the IP3R3 MV cells make contact with substance P fibers or express the purinergic receptor P2X3. In addition, in recordings of intracellular calcium, these cells respond to ATP and substance P as well as to a variety of odors. The characterization of IP3R3 MV cells as non‐neuronal chemoresponsive cells helps to explain the differing descriptions of microvillous cells in the literature.
Basics on emulsion technologies were reviewed from the following viewpoints
Authors: Suzuki T.
Published: October 2010

Basics on emulsion technologies were reviewed from the following viewpoints.

1 Definition of the types and states of emulsions, and the differences among emulsions, nano emulsions and micro emulsions.

2 Classification of emulsion formation and the summary of conventional emulsification methods.

3 Instability factors and the theories of emulsion stability.

4 Phase diagram and emulsions: How to understand the states of emulsions and micro emulsions and effective emulsification and solubilization.

5 Summary of recent emulsion technologies for preparation of fine emulsions.
Skincare instruction for remission period of acne and utility of proactive management for skincare
Authors: Ooe M. , Shirahige Y. , Kubota Y. , Inui M. , Murakami Y. , Matsunaka H. , Morioka T.
Published: October 2010

In recent years, slightly acid formulas for cosmetics which remove follicular infundibulum obstruction of the hair follicle, have been devised. Therefore, few acne patients experience a problem with cosmetics use. On the other hand, cosmetics use differs from person to person. Thus, an investigation of actual conditions of cosmetics use was done among acne patients. Compared with healthy people, acne patients used more facial wash products more. It has been understood that treatment and skincare instruction are important for the improvement and prevention of acne. We examined skin physiology function and patient's QOL by using a skin care product for women for two months with skincare instruction from a dermatologist for 31 female patients this time. As a result, it was able to be confirmed that the physiology function of the skin and the patient's QOL were improved, and the skin care instruction by a leading dermatologist was useful as treatment assistance of the acne patient.
Simplified assay of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol in various raw materials by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Molever K.
Published: October 2010

The FDA has recently taken steps to reduce risks due to raw materials affected by economically motivated adulteration (EMA). One area of great interest is diethylene glycol (DEG) or ethylene glycol (EG) adulteration of glycerin, propylene glycol, and solutions of sorbitol, for which the USP monographs have recently been, revised (1). Such adulterations have occurred many times and in many countries, including a tragic episode between November 2008 and January 2009 in which 84 children in Nigeria died after ingesting teething syrup contaminated with DEG (9, 10). To eliminate this problem, the FDA has required manufacturers of finished products to assay and confirm that incoming glycerin, propylene glycol, and sorbitol solutions meet the USP limits, and the FDA/USP has incorporated such testing into the identity requirements of its updated monographs.

Unfortunately, even though USP test procedures detail a simultaneous DEG and EG assay for these materials, different standard solutions are specified depending upon whether the incoming sample is glycerin, propylene glycol, or a sorbitol solution; in addition, a certain gas chromatography (GC) capillary phase is detailed for sorbitol solutions, while the assays for glycerin and propylene glycol use a different capillary phase, requiring column changeovers, separate GC systems, or front/rear column configuration. In addition, NF monographs for polyethylene glycols (PEG) and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers (MPEG) used in pharmaceutical products also require DEG and EG testing (detailing their own specific tests); three separate test procedures for these types of raw materials (the larger PEG‐type polymers are assayed differently than their smaller counterparts), making assay at QC unwieldy.

This paper describes a single, simple test procedure that is applicable to the simultaneous assay of DEG and EG in all types of the described raw materials, using one standard solution. The assay procedure involves straightforward isolation, trimethylsilylation, and simultaneous capillary gas chromatographic quantitation using capillary GC with flame ionization detection. Although the USP‐NF limits are 0.10% DEG and 0.10% EG (and 0.25% total DEG plus EG for the PEG and MPEG products), in reality any EMA would be at levels significantly higher than that, as low‐level illegal EMA would not be economically advantageous. The scope of this project was not to fully validate this technique for inclusion in USP‐NF, but just to demonstrate its applicability for those wishing to utilize it or take it further.
Comparative in vivo study of the efficacy and tolerance of exfoliating agents using reflectance spectrophotometric methods
Authors: Rizza L. , Frasca G. , Bonina C. , Puglia C.
Published: October 2010

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness and the safety of different topical agents (glycolic acid, mandelic acid and grape juice acid mixture) in skin exfoliation by objective instrumental methods. To evaluate the exfoliating effects of these substances, a new experimental in vivo protocol based on DHA (dihydroxyacetone)‐induced skin pigmentation was used. Skin acceptability towards acid application was investigated by the evaluation of skin erythema induced by topical application of these substances at increased concentrations. Furthermore, their photosensitizing effects were evaluated by determining the increase in sensitivity to UV‐light exposure in cutaneous sites previously treated with acids. These in vivo evaluations were monitored by reflectance spectrophotometry. From the results obtained, we observed the differing capacities of the tested acids to increase the rate of skin regeneration, with a significant reduction in the time required to obtain skin renewal. The study pointed out that glycolic acid (10% w/w) induced a faster skin exfoliation, a more intense erythema, and a higher photosensitizing effect in comparison with the mandelic acid and grape juice acid mixtures. Further evidence showed that the mandelic acid and grape juice acid mixtures were able to induce a slower and safer peeling action in comparison with glycolic acid. Finally, our results suggest that the methodologies and protocols used in this study may help in choosing the most appropriate topical agents for skin exfoliating treatments.
Structural characterization and stability of dimethylaminoethanol and dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate for possible use in cosmetic firming
Authors: Clares B. , Ruíz M. A. , Morales M. E. , Tamayo J. A. , Gallardo Lara V.
Published: October 2010

2‐Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) (also known as deanol) has been used as an ingredient in skin care, and in cognitive function‐ and mood‐enhancing products. It is marketed as a free base or salt, and in theory, the two forms should be equally effective and able to substitute for each other in pharmaceutical formulations. Detecting possible alterations in the active principle is a basic part of preformulation studies. Accordingly, this study compared DMAE and DMAE bitartrate to identify potential alterations or differences between the free base and the salt that might compromise the long‐term stability of cosmetic preparations at different temperatures, and also compared the behavior of the base substance and derivative alone and in solution. Samples were analyzed with different physicochemical methods such as differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Wild Plum: Novel particles of improved optical brightness and fluorescence
Authors: Groathouse J. , Barcena H. , Gustafson C. , Wilson M. V. , Symonsbergen D. J. , Lucas K. A. , Holmes A. E.
Published: October 2010

A novel compound named Wild Plum fluorescence blue, and has been synthesized to camouflage skin imperfections, addressing the market demand for an anti‐aging product. Wild Plum imparts optical brightness and fluorescence and can be used as an ingredient in cosmetic formulations. Skin appearance before and after application of Wild Plum compounds demonstrated an improved appearance of skin including a decreased number of wrinkles. When added to makeup, lotions, creams, and powders, Wild Plum conveys the glow of healthy youthful skin, replacing other costly or invasive alternatives such as cosmetic surgery.
Morphological study of cationic polymer–anionic surfactant complex precipitated in solution during the dilution process
Authors: Miyake M. , Kakizawa Y.
Published: October 2010

We investigated the phase diagrams and the morphology of the complexes that were formed by cationic polymers, cationic cellulose (CC) and cationic dextran (CD), and by anionic surfactant‐based sodium poly(oxyethylene) lauryl ether sulfate (LES). The anionic charge of the LES‐based surfactants was changed by adding an amphoteric surfactant, lauryl amidopropyl betaine acetate (LPB), or a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether (C18EO25). We discuss the relationship between the complex aggregation process and the morphology of the precipitated complexes. The morphologies of CC complex aggregates, which precipitated during the dilution process in a model shampoo solution, changed from membranous forms to mesh‐like forms by decreasing the charges of both the CC and the surfactant. Their touch on hair in the rinsing process changed from sticky to smooth and velvety, corresponding to their rheological properties. In contrast, CD complex aggregates had a membranous form and a smooth touch independently of the charges on the polymer and surfactant. These results suggested that the control of the charges of both the polymer and surfactant and the choice of polymer structure are important for excellent conditioning effects upon rinsing with shampoo.
Regional variation in the free amino acids in the stratum corneum
Authors: Visscher M. , Robinson M. , Wickett R. R.
Published: October 2010

Regional differences in water‐binding free amino acids (FAAs) in the stratum corneum (SC) may be expected, since differences in skin biophysical properties are well known. The objective was to determine whether differences in skin hydration as a function of body site may arise from differences in the chemical makeup of the skin, specifically the FAAs. Levels were quantified from serial SC samples collected from the forearm, calf, back, torso, and jaw in two studies using HPLC methods. FAA levels were higher from the calf versus the forearm and lower from the jaw compared to torso and back skin. Body site variations in skin hydration could not be attributed to differences in FAA levels.
Evaluation of the effect of Thai breadfruit's heartwood extract on the biological functions of fibroblasts from wrinkles
Authors: Viyoch J. , Buranajaree S. , Grandmottet F. , Robin S. , Binda D. , Viennet C. , Waranuch N. , Humbert P.
Published: October 2010

In previous studies, extract from Artocarpus incisus's heartwood (breadfruit tree) had antioxidant and antimelanogenic activities. Here, we investigated the extract's action on facial skin fibroblasts from wrinkled skin and nonwrinkled skin biopsies, particularly in the production of type I procollagen and metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) and in the reorganization of collagen fibers. We found that the extract at a concentration of 50 μg/ml significantly enhanced percent viability and proliferation of wrinkled‐skin fibroblasts. Flow cytometry showed that a 3.6‐fold increased proportion of the wrinkled‐skin fibroblasts were in their cell cycle S‐phase, indicating increased proliferation. Type I procollagen synthesis by wrinkled‐skin fibroblasts was augmented by the extract. Nonwrinkled‐skin fibroblasts had higher synthesis and were unaffected by the extract. MMP‐1 secretion was greater for wrinkled‐skin fibroblasts, but the extract decreased its secretion for both fibroblasts samples. Fibroblasts were incorporated in collagen lattice disks. Lattices with nonwrinkled‐skin fibroblasts contracted uniformly by 56% after a 3‐day culture and the extract had little effect. However, wrinkled‐skin fibroblast lattices failed to show appreciable contractions (to 12% after 3 days). But remarkably, the extract conferred an ability of the wrinkled‐skin fibroblast lattices to fully contract (to 53%). This shows that wrinkled‐skin fibroblasts have the ability to reorganize collagen but that the extract can reactivate this latent potential. Our findings for the first time reveal that A. incisus's heartwood extract reversed the fibroblast deficiencies in the metabolism and reorganization of collagen and may underlie a wrinkle treatment.
‘Fascination’, ‘contagion’ and naming what we do: rethinking the transcendent function
Authors: Clark Alison
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Taking ‘The psychology of the transference’ (Jung 1946) and ‘Problems of modern psychotherapy’ (Jung 1931) as its text, this paper begins by challenging the usefulness of the term ‘transcendent function’ in contemporary debate about the nature of ‘imagination and psychic transformation in analysis’. It argues that Jung's language in The Practice of Psychotherapy (CW 16)—fascination, suffering, infection, influence—is closer and truer to the experience it describes than the philosophically inspired terms transcendent function and conflict of opposites. His ideas in these writings anticipate later trends in psychoanalytic theory concerning countertransference and the effect of one mind on another, and constitute a theoretical basis for the concept of mutual transformation. Jung's radical insistence on an analytic relationship founded on mutual unconsciousness as the locus of transformation cannot, it is argued, be satisfactorily accounted for by the traditional terminology.
Social dreaming:competition or complementation to individual dreaming?
Authors: Noack Amélie
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Social dreaming is presented as a method to explore the unconscious dimension of the social world. The theoretical position of social dreaming and its historical development is described. Two examples are given for the practical application of social dreaming, a professional meeting of psychotherapists and an experiential workshop dealing with the aftermath of trauma. It is suggested that social dreaming is complementary to individual dreaming and offers insights and explanations, as well as guidance on various levels for applications in clinical, organizational, institutional and social settings.
Disagreement and the Cost of Capital
Authors: BLOOMFIELD ROBERT , FISCHER PAUL E.
Published: October 2010

We assess how forms of disagreement among investors affect a firm's cost of capital. Firms experience a lower cost of capital if investors perceive that other investors are ignoring relevant disclosures (perceived errors of omission), but a higher cost of capital if investors perceive that others are responding to irrelevant disclosures (perceived errors of commission). The impact of these two sources of disagreement on the cost of capital is determined by the distribution of opinion and the nature of disclosure. For example, even though aggregated disclosures reveal less to investors, aggregated disclosures may decrease the cost of capital by eliminating disagreement associated with perceived errors of commission. These and additional results arise because the cost of capital is driven not only by investors’ uncertainty about the firm's future earnings performance, but also by investors’ uncertainty about the evolution of beliefs, which partly determines the path of prices.
Negative cooperativity in binding of muscarinic receptor agonists and GDP as a measure of agonist efficacy
Authors: Jakubík J , Janíčková H , El‐Fakahany EE , Doležal V
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEConventional determination of agonist efficacy at G‐protein coupled receptors is measured by stimulation of guanosine‐5′‐γ−thiotriphosphate (GTPγS) binding. We analysed the role of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) in the process of activation of the M2muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and provide evidence that negative cooperativity between agonist and GDP binding is an alternative measure of agonist efficacy.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHFiltration and scintillation proximity assays measured equilibrium binding as well as binding kinetics of [35S]GTPγS and [3H]GDP to a mixture of G‐proteins as well as individual classes of G‐proteins upon binding of structurally different agonists to the M2muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

KEY RESULTSAgonists displayed biphasic competition curves with the antagonist [3H]‐N‐methylscopolamine. GTPγS (1 µM) changed the competition curves to monophasic with low affinity and 50 µM GDP produced a similar effect. Depletion of membrane‐bound GDP increased the proportion of agonist high‐affinity sites. Carbachol accelerated the dissociation of [3H]GDP from membranes. The inverse agonist N‐methylscopolamine slowed GDP dissociation and GTPγS binding without changing affinity for GDP. Carbachol affected both GDP association with and dissociation from Gi/oG‐proteins but only its dissociation from Gs/olfG‐proteins.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese findings suggest the existence of a low‐affinity agonist‐receptor conformation complexed with GDP‐liganded G‐protein. Also the negative cooperativity between GDP and agonist binding at the receptor/G‐protein complex determines agonist efficacy. GDP binding reveals differences in action of agonists versus inverse agonists as well as differences in activation of Gi/oversus Gs/olfG‐proteins that are not identified by conventional GTPγS binding.
Agonist activation of the G protein‐coupled receptor GPR35 involves transmembrane domain III and is transduced via Gα13 and β‐arrestin‐2
Authors: Jenkins Laura , Alvarez‐Curto Elisa , Campbell Kate , de Munnik Sabrina , Canals Meritxell , Schlyer Sabine , Milligan Graeme
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

GPR35 is a poorly characterized G protein‐coupled receptor at which kynurenic acid has been suggested to be the endogenous ligand. We wished to test this and develop assays appropriate for the study of this receptor.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Human and rat orthologues of GPR35 were engineered and expressed and assays developed to assess interaction with β‐arrestin‐2, activation of Gα13 and agonist‐induced internalization.

KEY RESULTS

GPR35‐β‐arrestin‐2 interaction assays confirmed that both the endogenous tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid and the synthetic ligand zaprinast had agonist action at each orthologue. Zaprinast was substantially more potent than kynurenic acid at each and both agonists displayed substantially greater potency at rat GPR35. Two novel thiazolidinediones also displayed agonism and displayed similar potency at each GPR35 orthologue. The three ligand classes acted orthosterically with respect to each other, suggesting overlapping binding sites and, consistent with this, mutation to alanine of the conserved arginine at position 3.36 or tyrosine 3.32 in transmembrane domain III abolished β‐arrestin‐2 recruitment in response to each ligand at each orthologue.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These studies indicate that β‐arrestin‐2 interaction assays are highly appropriate to explore the pharmacology of GPR35 and that Gα13 activation is an alternative avenue of signal generation from GPR35. Arginine and tyrosine residues in transmembrane domain III are integral to agonist recognition and function of this receptor. The potency of kynurenic acid at human GPR35 is sufficiently low, however, to question whether it is likely to be the true endogenous ligand for this receptor.
Low‐molecular‐weight heparin in patients with advanced cirrhosis
Authors: Bechmann Lars P. , Sichau Matthias , Wichert Marc , Gerken Guido , Kröger Knut , Hilgard Philip
Published: October 2010

Background & aims: The use of low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWH) in patients with advanced liver diseases is frequently avoided because of the enhanced risk of bleeding complications. However, many patients with impaired liver function are at a high risk of thrombosis or have an indication for therapeutic anticoagulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LMWH in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods: Eighty‐four consecutive patients with cirrhosis and a clinical indication for prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulation were included. The LMWH doses were chosen according to current guidelines. Antifactor Xa activity (anti‐Xa) was assessed on two consecutive days, 4 h after drug administration. The severity of liver disease was quantified using Child–Turcotte–Pugh score, the MELD score and clinical features and was correlated with the anti‐Xa value and the occurrence of complications.

Results: Antifactor Xa activity was negatively correlated with the severity of the liver disease, and a positive correlation was observed between antithrombin‐III (AT) levels and anti‐Xa value. AT itself was negatively correlated with the severity of liver disease. Seven patients had an episode of variceal bleeding. No patient died during the observation interval and no thromboembolic events occurred.

Conclusion: Prophylactic use of LMWH in patients with cirrhosis appears to be safe. A decreased anti‐Xa value in cirrhotic patients and a negative correlation with liver function challenge the unconditional use of anti‐Xa assays in LMWH monitoring in cirrhotic patients and reveals a potential limitation of anti‐Xa analysis in these patients. Low levels of AT, because of reduced hepatic synthesis, are the most likely cause of this phenomenon.
A comparison of the symptomatic profile between two consecutive depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder type I
Authors: De Macedo-Soares Marcia B , Brietzke Elisa , Da Silva Dias Rodrigo , Mendonça Tiago , Moreira Camila , Lafer Beny
Published: October 2010

de Macedo-Soares MB, Brietzke E, da Silva Dias R, Mendonca T, Moreira C, Lafer B. A comparison of the symptomatic profile between two consecutive depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder type I.

Objective:

To compare the variability of patterns of depressive symptoms between two consecutive depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder type I.

Methods:

Review of prospectively collected data from 136 subjects of an out-patient bipolar unit from 1997 to 2007. Binomial statistics was used for the analysis of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-31 items of the first and second episodes, and the correlation of the HDRS-31 item scores of both episodes was determined using the Spearman coefficient.

Results:

Ten depressive symptoms showed a significant correlation between index and subsequent episodes: psychological anxiety, somatic anxiety, somatic symptoms, diurnal variation, paranoid symptoms, obsessive and compulsive symptoms, hypersomnia, loss of appetite and helplessness. Only four symptoms were stable in both statistical tests: paranoid symptoms, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, loss of appetite and hypersomnia.

Conclusions:

Paranoid and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, loss of appetite and hypersomnia tended to be found in successive episodes. However, the moderate correlations of the symptoms across two depressive recurrences suggested that clinical presentations in bipolar depression may not be predicted by symptom profiles presented in previous episodes.
Association between paternal smoking and nutritional status of under‐five children attending Diarrhoeal Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Fahmida , Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Hossain Md Iqbal , Malek Mohammad Abdul , Salam Mohammed Abdus , Faruque Abu Syed Golam
Published: October 2010

Aim:  The study aimed at determining whether there is an association between paternal smoking and nutritional status of children aged 0–59 months. Furthermore, the study looked at the presence of any nutritional differentials within different socio‐economic groups.

Methods:  Secondary analysis of data on children aged 0–59 months enrolled in the Hospital Surveillance System of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka Hospital, Bangladesh, during 1996–2006.

Results:  Among 13,555 under‐five children, fathers of 49% were smokers. In multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounders, fathers’ smoking was significantly associated with increased risk of moderate underweight (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08–1.25), severe underweight (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.26), moderate stunting (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.23) and severe stunting (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.25). In middle and lower socio‐economic strata, risk of moderate and severe child malnutrition was found to be significantly increased in the group where the father was a smoker.

Conclusion:  Results indicate that there is an association between fathers’ smoking and malnutrition of under‐five children particularly in lower socio‐economic group. A possible mechanism – if this association is causal – may be through a negative effect on family economy.
Giving and Receiving Awards
Authors: Frey Bruno S.
Published: October 2010

Awards in the form of orders, medals, decorations, prizes, and titles are ubiquitous in monarchies and republics, private organizations, and not-for-profit and profit-oriented firms. Nevertheless, this kind of nonmaterial extrinsic incentive has been given little attention in the social sciences, including psychology. The demand for awards relies on an individual's desire for distinction, and the supply of awards is governed by the desire to motivate. The technique of analytic narratives is used to show that a number of empirically testable propositions about awards are consistent with observable data.
Giving Psychology Away: A Personal Journey
Authors: Epstein Robert
Published: October 2010

In this autobiographical essay, I trace the origins of my passion for communicating with the public about mental health and the behavioral sciences and make a case for spreading such passion among psychologists. I also describe the circuitous route that led to my unlikely 4-year tenure as editor-in-chief of Psychology Today magazine and describe some of the inner workings of this New York—based, commercial enterprise—formerly the property of the American Psychological Association. I made some progress in that role to return the magazine to its scientific origins, providing an outlet for hundreds of scientists and practitioners to speak directly to millions of Americans about their work. This is an essential task, I argue, if our field is to flourish. I also detail my departure as editor-in-chief of Psychology Today and describe the magazine's rapid return to “pop” status. Media sources do not automatically welcome participation by clinicians or behavioral scientists. Through a contingency analysis, I suggest ways of improving our ability to interface successfully with media professionals.
Innate Ideas Revisited: For a Principle of Persistence in Infants' Physical Reasoning
Authors: Baillargeon Renée
Published: October 2010

The notion of innate ideas has long been the subject of intense debate in the fields of philosophy and cognitive science. Over the past few decades, methodological advances have made it possible for developmental researchers to begin to examine what innate ideas—what innate concepts and principles—might contribute to infants ' knowledge acquisition in various core domains. This article focuses on the domain of physical reasoning and on Spelke's (1988, 1994) proposal that principles of continuity and cohesion guide infants' interpretation of physical events. The article reviews recent evidence that these two principles are in fact corollaries of a single and more powerful principle of persistence, which states that objects persist, as they are, in time and space.