bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOUTHERN WOMEN LEGISLATORS AND PATRIARCHY IN THE SOUTH
Authors: Nuwer Deanne Stephens
Published: August 2010

Women remain poorly represented in Congress and state legislatures throughout the United States, but the under‐representation of women in the states of the Old South remain significantly greater than in nonsouthern states. This article examines the question of southern women's under‐representation in Congress and state legislatures. The literature on women's representation reviewed in this article indicates that the traditional political culture and the patriarchal social culture of the Old South have hampered and continue to restrict the election of women from the Old South at both the national and state levels. In addition to reviewing the literature on representation, this article provides recent statistics on the representation of women in legislatures in the United States.
PRIVATE PENSIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Bykerk Loree , Johnson James B.
Published: August 2010

In spite of alarms raised by economists and journalists over the decreasing availability of private pensions, relatively little is known about the topic. This paper explores the political aspects of pension policy, analyzing congressional hearings and organized interest group data from 1970 through 1994. Changes in committee influence, increased executive pressure for revenue without raising taxes, and interest group activity increasingly skewed toward business rather than workers are shown to underlie the present dilemma. This study thus adds to our understanding of pension policy and assesses current policy against competing theoretical models offered by pluralism, hyperpluralism, market as prison, and market justice. It concludes that pension policy is a case of market as prison and argues for renewed focus on the influence of private interests on public policy.
SOURCES OF STRUCTURE IN CONGRESSIONAL BEHAVIOR: THE INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY ON FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY VOTES
Authors: Sulfaro Valerie A.
Published: August 2010

Some researchers claim that different issues are dominated by different congressional voting patterns. Others argue that a single ideological dimension is sufficient to characterize votes on most issues. This analysis compares foreign and domestic policy votes in the U.S. Senate. The results show that the determinants of Senate voting behavior are very similar for both foreign and domestic policy issues. Ideology has strong direct and indirect effects, constituent influence plays a secondary, more indirect role, and partisanship is a minor influence for issues of domestic policy only. Overall, the expectations of the unidimensional, ideological model of congressional behavior are borne out, while pluralist explanations receive little support.
RACISM OR CONSERVATISM: EXPLAINING RISING REPUBLICANISM IN THE DEEP SOUTH
Authors: Shaffer Stephen D. , Cotter Patrick R. , Tucker Ronnie B.
Published: August 2010

Statewide opinion polls from the Deep South states of Alabama and Mississippi conducted during the 1990s are employed to examine the public's images of the parties, racial differences in those images, and their correlates with party identification. Racial issues appear to exert little effect over whites' partisan identifications, as a diversity of other issues that Republicans have favorable images on, such as crime and traditional values, are more important to whites. Racial differences do exist on perceptions of the two parties' strengths, as well as on the issues most salient in shaping each race's partisan ties. Racial differences in the images of the parties are the primary explanation for racial differences in party identification.
CONGRESS AT COURT: MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AS AMICUS CURIAE
Authors: Heberlig Eric , Spill Rorie
Published: August 2010

Acts of Congress often contain provisions that are ambiguous, complex and/or contradictory, and it is often left to the courts to discern the meaning of the language. This paper examines the potential influence of one method of inter‐branch communication—an amicus curiae brief filed by members of Congress in Supreme Court cases. Several characteristics of the briefs filed by members of Congress during the 1990s are coded and it is found that unlike the solicitor general, members of Congress have little impact on the decisions of the High Court. There is communication between members of Congress and the Court. Thus, this investigation provides no support for the rational actor model of judicial decision‐making; however, the communication seems to serve the re‐election goals of legislators.
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT: COMPARING DU BOIS, WASHINGTON, GARVEY AND ELIJAH MUHAMMAD
Authors: Sullivan Jaswant M. , Breuning Marijke
Published: August 2010

This study provides a systematic and comparative treatment of four African‐American political thinkers. Previous works on African‐American political thought have been mostly biographical and idiographic treatments. This study uses the comparative method to systematically evaluate the political philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, Elijah Muhammad, and Marcus Garvey. Although the study does not claim that the thinker's political thought is causally related to his activist position, it is expected that there is a logical connection between them. The study introduces a framework which combines two dimensions into four categories. The four thinkers are hypothesized to each fit a different category. The findings support the hypothesized categorization.
SCANDAL AND POLITICAL CANDIDATE IMAGE
Authors: Carlson James , Ganiel Gladys , Hyde Mark S.
Published: August 2010

Using a 3X2 experimental design, this research examines political candidate image as a function of candidate gender and involvement in a sex or financial scandal. One hundred fifty students from college classes in continuing education were given candidate descriptions that varied only by gender of candidate and involvement in a sex scandal, financial scandal, or no scandal. Respondents gave candidates involved in scandal lower character scores. Both male and female candidates received lower character scores in the presence of a financial scandal than in the presence of a sex scandal, but counter to expectations, female candidates received significantly higher character scores in the presence of a sex scandal.
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF INTERDEPENDENCE
Authors: Blanton Robert G.
Published: August 2010

Interdependence is one of the most commonly used concepts within the field of international relations. It has been applied, in one form or another, to most every issue within the study of international relations. Yet empirical assessment of this crucial concept is not commensurate with its conceptual complexity. Rather, works commonly focus on a single facet of interdependence: economic ties. Seeking a more complex, empirically driven measurement of this concept, I explore the multiple dimensions of interdependence, as demonstrated by transactions between states. Specifically, ten separate variables, each representing a different facet of interstate ties, are examined to empirically determine the structure of interdependence. Using factor analysis, three distinct dimensions of interdependence are uncovered.
An Overview of Lexical Semantics
Authors: Johnson Kent
Published: August 2010

This article reviews some linguistic and philosophical work in lexical semantics. In Section 1, the general methods of lexical semantics are explored, with particular attention to how semantic features of verbs are associated with grammatical patterns. In Section 2, philosophical consequences and issues arising from this sort of research is reviewed.
SOCS proteins causing trouble in insulin action
Authors: Lebrun P. , Van Obberghen E.
Published: August 2010

First discovered as inhibitors of cytokine signalling, the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins have appeared, over recent years, as potent repressors of other signalling pathways including the one induced by insulin. SOCS‐1 and SOCS‐3 have been extensively studied both in vitro and in vivo in the context of insulin action. It has been shown that these two SOCS members are able to inhibit the insulin signalling pathway by three different mechanisms: (1) inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins because of competition at the docking site on the insulin receptor (IR), (2) induction of the proteasomal degradation of the IRS and (3) inhibition of the IR kinase. A key feature of the SOCS proteins is that they are induced regulators. Indeed, expression of SOCS proteins is virtually absent in basal conditions, but is rapidly and robustly induced in response to several stimuli such as hormones, cytokines and growth factors. A significant correlation between SOCS‐3 expression and insulin resistance has been demonstrated in vivo. Interestingly, the level of SOCS‐3 expression is strikingly enhanced in insulin‐sensitive tissues from both patients and animal models with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. While it remains to be established whether the increased expression of SOCS is a cause or a consequence of insulin resistance, a large body of observations supports a role for SOCS proteins in the disease process found in states with insulin resistance.
Language in Schizophrenia Part 2: What Can Psycholinguistics Bring to the Study of Schizophrenia…and Vice Versa?
Authors: Kuperberg Gina R.
Published: August 2010

This is the second of two articles that discuss higher‐order language and semantic processing in schizophrenia. The companion article (Part 1) gives an introduction to language dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. This article reviews a selection of psycholinguistic studies which suggest that sentence‐level abnormalities in schizophrenia may stem from a relative overdependence on semantic associative relationships at the expense of building higher‐order meaning. Language disturbances in schizophrenia may be best conceptualized as arising from an imbalance of activity across two streams of processing, one directly drawing upon relationships stored within semantic memory and the other involving the use of combinatorial mechanisms to build propositional meaning. This article also discusses some of the ways in which the study of schizophrenia may offer new insights into the cognitive and neural architecture of the normal language system.
Language of the Aging Brain: Event‐Related Potential Studies of Comprehension in Older Adults
Authors: Wlotko Edward W. , Lee Chia‐Lin , Federmeier Kara D.
Published: August 2010

Normal aging brings increased richness in knowledge and experience as well as declines in cognitive abilities. Event‐related brain potential (ERP) studies of language comprehension corroborate findings showing that the structure and organization of semantic knowledge remains relatively stable with age. Highlighting the advantages of the temporal and functional specificity of ERPs, this survey focuses on age‐related changes in higher‐level processes required for the successful comprehension of meaning representations built from multiple words. Older adults rely on different neural pathways and cognitive processes during normal, everyday comprehension, including a shift away from the predictive use of sentential context, differential recruitment of neural resources, and reduced engagement of controlled processing. Within age groups, however, there are important individual differences that, for example, differentiate a subset of older adults whose processing patterns more closely resemble that of young adults, providing a window into cognitive skills and abilities that may mediate or moderate age‐related declines.
Social Psychological Factors in Lifestyle Change and Their Relevance to Policy
Authors: Maio Gregory R. , Verplanken Bas , Manstead Antony S. R. , Stroebe Wolfgang , Abraham Charles , Sheeran Paschal , Conner Mark
Published: August 2010

Crises in obesity and changes in the environment illustrate the need to change problematic behaviors and lifestyles in large segments of the population. This article uses social psychological theory and research to understand methods for facilitating lifestyle change. A basic assumption in the social psychological perspective is that the environment and the person interact to determine behavior. Both factors are important for understanding “upstream” and “downstream” approaches to lifestyle change (McKinlay, 1993; Verplanken & Wood, 2006) and consideration of one factor without the other may be disastrous. We review evidence from within and outside of the health context to illustrate the upstream and downstream approaches and then describe implications for public policy and intervention. The evidence and recommendations encompass a wide range of behaviors, ranging from speeding and intoxicated driving to eating an unhealthy diet and energy conservation. When armed with the relevant social psychological theory and evidence, lifestyle change campaigns are likely to be successful.
Statistics and the Modern Student
Authors: Gould Robert
Published: August 2010

Les cours d’initiation à la statistique ont traditionellement visé les consomammateurs de la statistique avec l’intention de produire une population capable de faire une analyse critique des statistiques élémentaires publiées. Plus récemment, les professeurs de la statistique ont tenté d’orienter les cours d’initiation vers des données réelles, afin de motiver les élèves d’un part, et de créer un cours plus pertinent d’autre part. Le succès de cette approche repose sur une provision de données que les étudiants considèrent comme réels et pertinents. Cependent, les étudiants modernes ont une vision des données qui est différente de celle qu’ont eu les élèves d’il y a 10 ou même 5 ans. Les cours modernes de statistique doivent s’adapter au fait que la première rencontre des élèves aux données a lieu en dehors de l’académie.
SURGICAL RATES IN THE STATISTICAL DIVISIONS OF QUEENSLAND, 1973–1975
Authors: Schacht Paul J.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents some of the results of a study of some selected surgical procedures in Queensland for the three‐year period 1973 to 1975. The data show a notable variation in rates among the residents of the various Statistical Divisions of the State. There is, also, for each operation, a statistically significant variation of some Divisional rates from the State rate. Some interpretations are made.
A PERSPECTIVE OF THE CANCER PROBLEM IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bonett Anton , Roder David , MacHarper Tony
Published: August 2010

The South Australian cancer problem is described using data notified to the State Cancer Registry. Patterns of incidence and mortality are described for both sexes and various cancer types.

About 5,410 South Australians (0.4%) are likely to be experiencing an intense need for cancer‐related services either because of recently diagnosed disease or imminent cancer death. The crude prevalence of cancer cases will tend to increase by about a quarter in South Australia in response to demographic changes in the last 15 years of this century. The extent to which this increase may be modified by age‐sex‐specific trends in the incidence of various cancers is important and is the subject of a further study.
LIMITATIONS OF TELEPHONE BASED SELECTION AND INTERVIEW PROCEDURES
Authors: Gliksman M. D. , Wlodarcyzk J. , Heller R. F. , Kinlay J.
Published: August 2010

The use of telephone based sampling and interview techniques has become more popular in epidemiological research in recent years. Previous studies of these designs have shown good response rates and reliability of information which is comparable to that obtained from the use of mail and personal interview.

This paper reports on the results of a pilot study, designed to examine the possible limitations of the use of telephone interviews, in population based studies in Australia. The findings show that as many as 31 per cent of people listed on the Federal electoral rolls in the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales may be inaccessible to interview by telephone, and that these people differ from those who are accessible on a number of important socioeconomic and health indicators.

The potential biases introduced by telephone surveys should be considered and explored by those wishing to use them.
SMOKING PREVALENCE, INTENTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH RISK. RESULTS FROM A NEW SOUTH WALES SCHOOL SURVEY
Authors: Chapman Simon , Homel Peter
Published: August 2010

Data from a 1983 survey of 4265 school students are presented. Girls smoked more than boys in all but one age group; 45 per cent of current smokers stated they did not intend stopping; 12 per cent of non‐smokers believed that they would take it up; 67.5 per cent of students overestimated the number of people who smoke; and only 7.8 per cent of students correctly rated tobacco as the drug that causes the greatest number of deaths from a list of different recreational drugs. A case is argued for health education efforts which place greater emphasis on the health consequences of smoking than is currently fashionable in many health education efforts.
PHARMACEUTICAL PROMOTION IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: August 2010

Pharmaceutical companies currently spend over $17 million annually in New Zealand promoting their products with the aim of increasing sales and therefore profits. Although the industry has a code regulating advertising, the code is both weak and voluntary and is routinely violated. Increasingly, pharmaceutical companies are funding medical conferences, continuing medical education and clinical trials. While these activities sometimes contribute to furthering practitioners' education, often they are merely promotional exercises. The companies have also taken to promoting their products through the public media. Detailers' expenses account for over 60 per cent of all promotional spending, but their activities are not subject to any regulation. Advertisements in journals routinely leave out significant prescribing information and also violate provisions of the industry's code. Although the industry claims that the information transmitted in advertising helps promote better prescribing there is disturbing evidence that New Zealand practitioners are overly dependent on the pharmaceutical industry for information about medicines and that this dependence has led to less appropriate prescribing. Reforms to the promotional practices are unlikely to come from either the medical profession or the government. The most hopeful avenue of reform lies in the growing consumer movement, both within New Zealand and internationally.
WORK SATISFACTION, UNIONISM AND MILITANCY AMONGST NURSES
Authors: Arch Maureen , Graetz Brian
Published: August 2010

In recent years there has been a substantial increase in attitudinal and industrial militancy amongst nurses. This paper examines some of the factors associated with this change, in the context of the 50‐day strike by Victorian nurses in late 1986. Using data collected from 125 nurses in a large public hospital in Melbourne, it is shown that dissatisfaction with the levels of autonomy, pay and intrinsic work rewards were of greatest concern to nurses at that time, and contributed to their growing unrest and attitundinal militancy. This suggests that measures such as professionalisation and salary restructuring may help to alleviate some of the grievances of nurses, but are unlikely to resolve other important issues that contribute to their discontent.
THIAMIN IN BEER: A HEALTH PROMOTION PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Binns Colin W. , Carruthers Susan J. , Howat Peter A.
Published: August 2010

Wemicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a serious disease resulting from excessive alcohol intake. As well as the disastrous consequences for the individual, patients with WE place a heavy burden for continuing care on the community. Australia appears to have a higher rate of WE than other western countries, probably due to differences in the consumption patterns of alcoholic beverages. Unlike most other western countries, Australia does not fortify flour with thiamin. On the other hand the USA does fortify flour and has higher thiamin intakes and lower rates of WE.

In Australia it has been proposed that thiamin be added to alcoholic beverages. Given that technical problems related to stability, taste and absorption can be solved, the fortification of a substance which is potentially harmful, raises serious problems for health educators. The labeling of alcoholic beverages as ‘vitamin enriched’ could result in changes in the community's beliefs about alcohol and in increased alcohol consumption.

The nutrition and education implications of this proposal are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that Australia should follow the example of other western countries and fortify flour with thiamin.
REVIEW: Apathy Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Robert Philippe H. , Mulin Emmanuel , Malléa Patrick , David Renaud
Published: August 2010

Apathy is defined as a disorder of motivation. There is wide acknowledgement that apathy is an important behavioral syndrome in Alzheimer's disease and in various neuropsychiatric disorders. In light of recent research and the renewed interest in the correlates and impacts of apathy and in its treatments, it is important to develop criteria for apathy that will be widely accepted, have clear operational steps, and be easy to apply in clinical practice and in research settings. Meeting these needs was the focus for a task force that included members of the European Psychiatric Association, the European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium and experts from Europe, Australia and North America.
REMAINS OF JURASSIC PLANTS FROM PATAOHO, MANCHURIA.
Authors: KRYSHTOFOVICH A.
Published: August 2010

All the forms undoubtedly prove the Jurassic age of the coal‐bearing strata of Pataoho. A more exact age of the deposits is difficult owing to the small number of species represented; Nevertheless the presence of Dioonites kotoi which is typical as it seems, to the upper divission of the east‐Asiatic Jurassic, and shows the probability that the series at Pataoho corresponds nearer to the Nicanian Series of the Maritime Province or to the Upper Division of Jurassic deposits developed in the Ussuri Region.
Proceedings of the Special Meeting of the Geological Society Held at the Library of the National Geological Survey, Peiping on Nov. 3rd 1931, at 3 P. M.
Authors: Wong W. H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract

During the season of 1928 an immature Sinanthropus jaw specimen (from Locus B) and an adult jaw fragment (from Locus A) were recovered from the Main Deposit at Chou Kou Tien. These specimens have already been briefly described before this Society but preparation work has now advanced on the Locus B specimen to a point where the continuity of the whole of the right side of the jaw is apparent. (lantern slide)
ENCLAVES DES ROCHES CRISTALLINES DU NORD‐OUEST DU PLATEAU CENTRAL FRANCAIS*
Authors: Kieh Par Yang
Published: August 2010

Resume

Au Nord‐Ouest du Plateau Central francais on rencontre fréquemment, dans les granites à biotite, des enclaves qui sont beaucoup moins abondantes dans les autres roches éruptives. Ces enclaves présentent presque toujours des caractères différents de ceux de roches encaissants. Elles paraissent généralement très foncées et à grain fin, leur composition minéralogique semble plus basique. Il y a en effet, en quantité de la biotite ou de la hornblende.

On peut lithologiquement conclure que les enclaves des granites ressemblent à la diorite quartzique, sauf celles de granite de Huriel des Trillers qui se rapprochent de la syénite, de la diorite et du gabbro. Les enclaves des granulites ont un aspect très micacé et plus ou moins schisteux, celles des grano‐diorites, des diorites quartziques et des diorites présentent, des analogies avec la diorite ou l'amphibolite. Le grands blocs contenus dans lea gneiss du Pont Noir possédent la même apparence, de ces denières.
Notes on the Chemical Properties of the Underground Waters of Peiping*
Authors: Tseng‐Huei Chang
Published: August 2010

These chemical anomalies, so to speak, are most probably controlled by geological factors; and for this reason it is attached herewith in Pl. II some of our well logs.
Finite Element Incremental Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Zudans Zenons
Published: August 2010

The analysis method described in Part 1 of the present paper is designed to handle the general case of an axisymmetric shell under axisymmetric loadings. Incremental approach is used under the consideration of the first order approximation in determining the tangent stiffness characteristics of the finite element. Effects of strain hardening, both isotropic and kinematic, are included. In order to account for instability and large accumulated deformations during the loading of the structure, the effect of the initial stress on the element stiffness is included. Incremental principle of virtual work is used to derive the working equations. A computer program is then designed and utilized to generate the design charts for formed heads of pressure vessels of various configurations. Part 2 of the present paper will give a detailed description of the numerical techniques used to apply the theory developed in Part 1. Additional significant sample problem solutions will be given in Part 2.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Some Pressure Vessel Heads
Authors: Popov E. P. , Khojasteh-Bakht M. , Sharifi P.
Published: August 2010

Sixteen ASME standard torispherical heads attached to cylinders and subjected to internal pressure are analyzed as elastic and/or elastic-plastic shells using a new finite element. As basic elements, thin-walled frusta with curved meridians having common tangents and radii at the nodal circles are employed assuring good accuracy of the results. In the plastic analysis each wall-thickness was subdivided into concentric lamina in order to monitor the behavior of the material. The incremental law of plasticity in conjunction with the Mises yield condition and the associated flow rule were used in the inelastic range. The results of the analysis are presented in detail and are compared with the provisions of the ASME Pressure Vessel Code.
Prediction of Press Loads in Deep Drawing Ti–6Al–4V, Stainless Steel AISI 304 and Inconel X Alloy Under Various Conditions of Lubrication at Room Temperature
Authors: Ray Ranjan , Berry J. T.
Published: August 2010

Attempts have been made to predict loads in deep drawing Ti–6Al–4V, AISI 304, and Inconel X taking into account anisotropy and work-hardening characteristics. This has been accompanied by a comprehensive series of tests on these materials in different thicknesses (0.030–0.070 in.) using a variety of lubricants at room temperature. Draw-ability and agreement of predicted loads with those observed are seen to depend on a variety of factors. Most satisfactory agreement between prediction and observation is seen with the strongly anisotropic titanium alloy. Of the lubricants examined, polyethylene sheet and a molybdenum disulfide suspension in an acrylic resin appear to be most effective. Further work is proceeding on elevated temperature drawing.
Lateral Distribution of Pressure in Thin Strip Rolling
Authors: Kuhn H. A. , Weinstein A. S.
Published: August 2010

A method is presented for the determination of the lateral distribution of pressure in thin strip rolling. A simplified three-dimensional analysis of elastic deformation of the rolls is developed for use in the method. Pressure in the roll edge contact regions (in underface rolling), as well as in the roll-strip contact region, is considered. In the case of four-high, planetary, and Sendzimir-type mills, the lateral distribution of pressure between the work roll and backup rolls is also found. Calculated results indicate lateral pressure distributions which have peak values at each edge of the strip with a minimum at the center. The degree of this nonuniformity depends on roll geometry and configuration. Partition of the total rolling force between roll-strip contact and roll edge contact in underface rolling is also determined. Since interroll heat transfer is dependent on contact area, and hence, pressure, the results can also aid the determination of lateral temperature distributions in the rolls. In addition, the method is potentially useful for a study of the influence of roll geometry and configuration on strip shape.
Local Friction Coefficients in Axisymmetric Extrusions of Aluminum
Authors: Sohrabpour Said , Shabaik Aly H. , Thomsen Erich G.
Published: August 2010

The results from steady-state extrusion studies with commercially pure aluminum using the visioplasticity method for analysis showed that interfacial friction between billet and tool influences the velocity distribution in the entire plastic zone. It was found that for well-lubricated billets, the tool-billet interface tends toward a stream line. It was found further that a reversal in sign of the resolved shear stresses and the coefficients of friction occurs in the interfacial material in the conical section of the die. An explanation for this anomaly has not yet been found, but it is believed that this behavior is due to the mechanism of plastic flow within the billet.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE. PART XIII: BERNOULLI στ-SHIFT RULES
Authors: CHUA LEON O. , PAZIENZA GIOVANNI E.
Published: August 2010

More than one third of the 88 globally-independent Cellular Automata rules exhibit robust simple Bernoulli-shift dynamics. Among them we find rule [Formula: see text], which we proved to be chaotic in the previous episodes of our chronicle, and rule [Formula: see text], the famous global majority rule. Therefore, we cannot overstate the importance of the Bernoulli στ-shift rules which we will present in two parts of our continuing odyssey on the Nonlinear Dynamics Perspective of Cellular Automata. This paper covers the first 15 of the 30 Bernoulli στ-shift rules. In this paper, after recalling the main concepts of Bernoulli rules — such as the role of the three Bernoulli parameters σ, τ and β — we will display the basin tree diagrams of these rules together with a convenient summary of the results extracted from them. Then, we will show that the superstring [Formula: see text] is an excellent testing signal to find the robust behavior of a given rule. Finally, we will conclude this paper with a discussion about the difference between robust and nonrobust ω-limit orbits of the Bernoulli στ-shift rules.
STICKINESS EFFECTS IN CONSERVATIVE SYSTEMS
Authors: CONTOPOULOS G. , HARSOULA M.
Published: August 2010

Stickiness refers to chaotic orbits that stay in a particular region for a long time before escaping. For example, stickiness appears near the borders of an island of stability in the phase space of a 2-D dynamical system. This is pronounced when the KAM tori surrounding the island are destroyed and become cantori (see [Contopoulos, 2002]). We find the time scale of stickiness along the unstable asymptotic curves of unstable periodic orbits around an island of stability, that depends on several factors: (a) the largest eigenvalue |λ| of the asymptotic curve. If λ > 0 the orbits on the unstable asymptotic manifold in one direction (fast direction) escape faster than the orbits in the opposite direction (slow direction) (b) the distance from the last KAM curve or from the main cantorus (the cantorus with the smallest gaps) (c) the size of the gaps of the main cantorus and (d) the other cantori, islands and asymptotic curves. The most important factor is the size of the gaps of the main cantorus. Then we find when the various KAM curves are destroyed. The distance of the last KAM curve from the center of an island gives the size of the island. When the central periodic orbit becomes unstable, chaos is also formed around it, limited by a first KAM curve. Between the first and the last KAM curves there are still closed invariant curves. The sizes of the islands as functions of the perturbation, have abrupt changes at resonances. These functions have some universal features but also some differences. A new type of stickiness appears near the unstable asymptotic curves of unstable periodic orbits that extend far into the large chaotic sea. Such a stickiness lasts for long times, increasing the density of points close to the unstable asymptotic curves. However after a much longer time, the density becomes almost equal everywhere outside the islands of stability. We consider also stickiness near the asymptotic curves from new periodic orbits, and stickiness in Anosov systems and near totally unstable orbits. In systems that allow escapes to infinity the stickiness delays the escapes. An important astrophysical application is the case of barred-spiral galaxies. The spiral arms outside corotation consist mainly of sticky chaotic orbits. Stickiness keeps the spiral forms for times longer than a Hubble time, but after a much longer time most of the chaotic orbits escape to infinity.
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN CRITERIA FOR GLOBAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF MULTISCROLL CHAOTIC SYSTEMS UNDER LINEAR FEEDBACK CONTROL
Authors: WU XIAOFENG , GUI ZHIFANG , CHEN GUANRONG
Published: August 2010

This paper provides a unified approach for achieving and analyzing global synchronization of a class of master-slave coupled multiscroll chaotic systems under linear state-error feedback control. A general mathematical model for such a class of multiscroll chaotic systems is first established. Based on some special properties of such systems, two less-conservative frequency-domain criteria for the desirable global synchronization are rigorously proven by means of the absolute stability theory. The analysis is then applied to two master-slave coupled modified Chua's circuits, obtaining the corresponding simple and precise algebraic criteria for global synchronization, which are finally verified by numerical simulations.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF RAT BRAIN TISSUE BASED ON NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MIE THEORY
Authors: HU GUANGXIA , QIAN ZHIYU , YANG TIANMING , LI WEITAO , XIE JIERU
Published: August 2010

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology and Mie theory are utilized for fundamental research on radiofrequency ablation of biological tissue. Firstly, NIRS is utilized to monitor rats undergoing radiofrequency ablation surgery in real time so as to explore the relationship between reduced scattering coefficient ([Formula: see text]) and the degree of thermally induced tissue coagulation. Then, Mie theory is utilized to analyze the morphological structure change of biological tissue so as to explore the basic mechanism of the change of optical parameters caused by thermally induced tissue coagulation. Results show that there is a close relationship between [Formula: see text] and the degree of thermally induced tissue coagulation; the degree of thermal coagulation can be obtained by the value of [Formula: see text]; when biological tissue thermally coagulates, the average equivalent scattering particle decreases, the particle density increases, and the anisotropy factor decreases.
John Stuart Webb, FREng, and Applied Geochemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London
Authors: Howarth Richard J.
Published: August 2010

The life and work of the pioneering applied geochemist, Professor John Stuart Webb (1920–2007), FREng, founder and long-time Director of the Geochemical Prospecting Research Centre (1954–63) and Applied Geochemistry Research Group (1963–79), and Senior Research Fellow until 1988 is reviewed. The work began with his recognition of geochemical provinces as the key to location of areas which might contain mineral deposits, initially recognized in New Brunswick, proven in Zambia and Sierra Leone. The initial focus of the work was on mineral exploration but, with the passage of time, it broadened to embrace: multi-purpose geochemical mapping; agricultural and environmental geochemistry; the publishing of pioneering regional geochemical atlases of Zambia (

Webb
et al
. 1964
a

), Derbyshire (

Nichol
et al
. 1970
b

), Denbighshire (

Nichol
et al
. 1970
b

), Devon and North Cornwall (

Nichol
et al
. 1971

), Northern Ireland (

Webb
et al
. 1973

) and England and Wales (

Webb
et al
. 1978

); applied marine geochemistry (especially the investigation of metalliferous brines and manganese nodules); and urban geochemistry. Over 100 students have now graduated with higher degrees from the school which Webb began, to apply the techniques in industry, geological surveys, or to train a new generation of exploration and environmental geochemists around the world. Sadly, the recognition which he well deserved was much greater abroad than in his home country. Following his retirement, research in environmental and marine geochemistry continued to prosper for another 20 years.

Supplementary material:
A complete list of all GPRC/AGRG publications, plus the few AGRG ‘Technical Communications’ not concerned with analytical methods, is given in Supplementary Appendix 1; of Technical Communications on analytical methods in Supplementary Appendix 2; of GPRC/AGRG theses in Supplementary Appendix 3; and of technical personnel in Supplementary Appendix 4. All are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18422.
Analytical methodology in the Applied Geochemistry Research Group (1950–1988) at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London
Authors: Thompson Michael
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews the development of analytical methodology in the Applied Geochemistry Research Group (AGRG), during its lifetime from 1950 to 1988 and by scientists remaining at Imperial College after the Group's disbanding. This period encompasses a time in which extraordinary advances in electronics and computing technology revolutionized analytical science and, correspondingly, the scope of applied geochemistry. The analytical requirements of applied geochemistry were such that new ideas were eagerly sought and exploited and, as a consequence, the AGRG was often in the forefront of these developments. After the AGRG was disbanded and the analytical staff dispersed, the impetus of these changes was carried into other fields. As an outcome, the philosophy that evolved in the early days of AGRG is now, in a developed form, influencing analytical chemists and their customers over a variety of application sectors much broader than geochemistry.

Supplementary material:
Results of chemical analysis on geochemical field courses are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18427.
Identification of the ectonucleotidases expressed in mouse, rat, and human Langerhans islets: potential role of NTPDase3 in insulin secretion
Authors: Lavoie Elise G. , Fausther Michel , Kauffenstein Gilles , Kukulski Filip , Künzli Beat M. , Friess Helmut , Sévigny Jean
Published: August 2010

Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine regulate endocrine pancreatic functions such as insulin secretion by Langerhans islet β-cells via the activation of specific P2 and P1 receptors. Membrane-bound ectonucleotidases regulate the local concentration of these ligands and consequently control the activation of their receptors. The objective of this study was to identify and localize the major ectonucleotidases, namely NTPDases and ecto-5′-nucleotidase, present in the endocrine pancreas. In addition, the potential implication of ecto-ATPase activity on insulin secretion was investigated in the rat β-cell line INS-1 (832/13). The localization of ectonucleotidase activity and protein was carried out in situ by enzyme histochemistry and immunolocalization in mouse, rat, and human pancreas sections. NTPDase1 was localized in all blood vessels and acini, and NTPDase2 was localized in capillaries of Langerhans islets and in peripheral conjunctive tissue, whereas NTPDase3 was detected in all Langerhans islet cell types. Interestingly, among the mammalian species tested, ecto-5′-nucleotidase was present only in rat Langerhans islet cells, where it was coexpressed with NTPDase3. Notably, the inhibition of NTPDase3 activity by BG0136 and NF279 facilitated insulin release from INS-1 (832/13) cells under conditions of low glycemia, probably by affecting P2 receptor activation. NTPDase3 activity also regulated the inhibitory effect of exogenous ATP in the presence of a high glucose concentration most likely by controlling adenosine production. In conclusion, all pancreatic endocrine cells express NTPDase3 that was shown to modulate insulin secretion in rat INS-1 (832/13) β-cells. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase is expressed in rat Langerhans islet cells but absent in human and mouse endocrine cells.
Expression and distribution of voltage-gated ion channels in ferret sinoatrial node
Authors: Brahmajothi Mulugu V. , Morales Michael J. , Campbell Donald L. , Steenbergen Charles , Strauss Harold C.
Published: August 2010

Spontaneous diastolic depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node enables it to serve as pacemaker of the heart. The variable cell morphology within the SA node predicts that ion channel expression would be heterogeneous and different from that in the atrium. To evaluate ion channel heterogeneity within the SA node, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization to examine ion channel expression in the ferret SA node region and atrial appendage. SA nodal cells were distinguished from surrounding cardiac myocytes by expression of the slow (SA node) and cardiac (surrounding tissue) forms of troponin I. Nerve cells in the sections were identified by detection of GAP-43 and cytoskeletal middle neurofilament. Transcript expression was characterized for the 4 hyperpolarization-activated cation channels, 6 voltage-gated Na+channels, 3 voltage-gated Ca2+channels, 24 voltage-gated K+channel α-subunits, and 3 ancillary subunits. To ensure that transcript expression was representative of protein expression, immunofluorescence was used to verify localization patterns of voltage-dependent K+channels. Colocalizations were performed to observe any preferential patterns. Some overlapping and nonoverlapping binding patterns were observed. Measurement of different cation channel transcripts showed heterogeneous expression with many different patterns of expression, attesting to the complexity of electrical activity in the SA node. This study provides insight into the possible role ion channel heterogeneity plays in SA node pacemaker activity.
Circadian variations in gene expression in rat abdominal adipose tissue and relationship to physiology
Authors: Sukumaran Siddharth , Xue Bai , Jusko William J. , DuBois Debra C. , Almon Richard R.
Published: August 2010

Circadian rhythms occur in all levels of organization from expression of genes to complex physiological processes. Although much is known about the mechanism of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the regulation of clocks present in peripheral tissues as well as the genes regulated by those clocks is still unclear. In this study, the circadian regulation of gene expression was examined in rat adipose tissue. A rich time series involving 54 animals euthanized at 18 time points within the 24-h cycle (12:12 h light-dark) was performed. mRNA expression was examined with Affymetrix gene array chips and quantitative real-time PCR, along with selected physiological measurements. Transcription factors involved in the regulation of central rhythms were examined, and 13 showed circadian oscillations. Mining of microarray data identified 190 probe sets that showed robust circadian oscillations. Circadian regulated probe sets were further parsed into seven distinct temporal clusters, with >70% of the genes showing maximum expression during the active/dark period. These genes were grouped into eight functional categories, which were examined within the context of their temporal expression. Circadian oscillations were also observed in plasma leptin, corticosterone, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and LDL cholesterol. Circadian oscillation in these physiological measurements along with the functional categorization of these genes suggests an important role for circadian rhythms in controlling various functions in white adipose tissue including adipogenesis, energy metabolism, and immune regulation.
KRAB Zinc Finger Protein ZNF382 Is a Proapoptotic Tumor Suppressor That Represses Multiple Oncogenes and Is Commonly Silenced in Multiple Carcinomas
Authors: Cheng Yingduan , Geng Hua , Cheng Suk Hang , Liang Pei , Bai Yan , Li Jisheng , Srivastava Gopesh , Ng Margaret H.L. , Fukagawa Tatsuo , Wu Xiushan , Chan Anthony T.C. , Tao Qian
Published: August 2010

Zinc finger transcription factors are involved broadly in development and tumorigenesis. Here, we report that the little studied zinc finger transcription factor ZNF382 functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple carcinomas. Although broadly expressed in normal tissues, ZNF382 expression was attenuated in multiple carcinoma cell lines due to promoter CpG methylation. ZNF382 was also frequently methylated in multiple primary tumors (nasopharyngeal, esophageal, colon, gastric, and breast). Ectopic expression of ZNF382 in silenced tumor cells significantly inhibited their clonogenicity and proliferation and induced apoptosis. We further found that ZNF382 inhibited NF-κB and AP-1 signaling and downregulated the expression of multiple oncogenes including MYC, MITF, HMGA2, and CDK6, as well as the NF-κB upstream factors STAT3, STAT5B, ID1, and IKBKE, most likely through heterochromatin silencing. ZNF382 could suppress tumorigenesis through heterochromatin-mediated silencing, as ZNF382 was colocalized and interacted with heterochromatin protein HP1 and further changed the chromatin modifications of ZNF382 target oncogenes. Our data show that ZNF382 is a functional tumor suppressor frequently methylated in multiple carcinomas. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6516–26. ©2010 AACR.
Bcl9/Bcl9l Are Critical for Wnt-Mediated Regulation of Stem Cell Traits in Colon Epithelium and Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Deka Jürgen , Wiedemann Norbert , Anderle Pascale , Murphy-Seiler Fabienne , Bultinck Jennyfer , Eyckerman Sven , Stehle Jean-Christophe , André Sylvie , Vilain Nathalie , Zilian Olav , Robine Sylvie , Delorenzi Mauro , Basler Konrad , Aguet Michel
Published: August 2010

Canonical Wnt signaling plays a critical role in stem cell maintenance in epithelial homeostasis and carcinogenesis. Here, we show that in the mouse this role is critically mediated by Bcl9/Bcl9l, the mammalian homologues of Legless, which in Drosophila is required for Armadillo/β-catenin signaling. Conditional ablation of Bcl9/Bcl9l in the intestinal epithelium, where the essential role of Wnt signaling in epithelial homeostasis and stem cell maintenance is well documented, resulted in decreased expression of intestinal stem cell markers and impaired regeneration of ulcerated colon epithelium. Adenocarcinomas with aberrant Wnt signaling arose with similar incidence in wild-type and mutant mice. However, transcriptional profiles were vastly different: Whereas wild-type tumors displayed characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell–like properties, these properties were largely abrogated in mutant tumors. These findings reveal an essential role for Bcl9/Bcl9l in regulating a subset of Wnt target genes involved in controlling EMT and stem cell–related features and suggest that targeting the Bcl9/Bcl9l arm of Wnt signaling in Wnt-activated cancers might attenuate these traits, which are associated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6619–28. ©2010 AACR.