bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linezolid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates at a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India
Authors: Nambiar Remya , Tornheim Jeffrey A. , Diricks Margo , Bruyne Katrien De , Sadani Meeta , Shetty Anjali , Rodrigues Camilla
Published: November 2021

Background & objectives:

Linezolid (LZD) is increasingly being used in tuberculosis (TB) treatment. However, LZD resistance has already been reported, which is highly alarming, given its critical therapeutic role. This study was aimed to phenotypically and genotypically assess LZD resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates at a laboratory in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India.

Methods:

A sample of 32 consecutive LZD-resistant MTB isolates identified by liquid culture susceptibility testing was subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on the Illumina NextSeq platform. Sequences were analyzed using BioNumerics software to predict resistance for 12 antibiotics within 15 min.

Results:

Sixty eight of the 2179 isolates tested for LZD resistance by MGIT-based susceptibility testing (June 2015 to June 2016) were LZD-resistant. Thirty two consecutive LZD-resistant isolates were analyzed by WGS to screen for known mutations conferring LZD resistance. WGS of 32 phenotypically LZD-resistant isolates showed that C154R in the rplC gene and G2814T in the rrl gene were the major resistance determinants.

Interpretation & conclusions:

LZD resistance poses an important risk to the success of treatment regimens, especially those designed for resistant isolates; such regimens are extensively used in India. As LZD-containing regimens increase in prominence, it is important to support clinical decision-making with an improved understanding of the common mutations conferring LZD resistance and their frequency in different settings.
Distribution of APOE gene polymorphism in the Chinese Uyghur children & its association with urolithiasis
Authors: Huang Yuanni , Bao Mian , Liu Caixia , Zheng Shukai , Du Taifeng , Wu Kusheng
Published: November 2021

Background & objectives:

This study was to survey the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism distribution among Chinese Uyghur children and to explore the relationship between APOE gene polymorphism and the occurrence of urolithiasis.

Methods:

A total of 144 Uyghur children with urolithiasis and 274 without the history of urolithiasis were enrolled in this study. Venous blood samples were collected from all participants, and APOE genotyping, derived from rs429358 and rs7412, was performed using Sanger sequencing.

Results:

Among the 418 children, the most prevalent genotype was E3/3, accounting for 71.3 per cent in the urolithiasis group and 71.4 per cent in the control group, followed by E3/4 and E2/3. Higher frequencies of the [Latin Small Letter Open E]2 and [Latin Small Letter Open E]4 alleles and lower frequencies of the [Latin Small Letter Open E]3 allele were observed in the test group, and the unusual allele [Latin Small Letter Open E]1 was also found in them. However, there were no significant differences between cases and controls at both rs429358 and rs7412 genotype and allele frequencies [odds ratio (OR)=0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57-1.67; 0.98 (0.59-1.63); 1.43 (0.75-2.74) and 1.40 (0.74-2.62), respectively]. Likewise, none of significant differences was found between cases and controls at both APOE genotype and allele frequencies [OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.51-1.53; 0.74 (0.33-1.64); 1.10 (0.73-1.66); 1.13 (0.76-1.67) and 1.14 (0.76-1.70), respectively].

Interpretation & conclusions:

The present study does not support any association between APOE genotyping and urolithiasis in Uyghur children.
Case Report: Intravenous Pentamidine Rescue Treatment for Active Chronic Visceral Leishmaniasis in an HIV-1 Infected Patient
Authors: Chechi Flavia , Corsi Paola , Bartolozzi Dario , Gaiera Giovanni , Bartoloni Alessandro , Zammarchi Lorenzo
Published: November 2021

The management of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in HIV-infected patients is complex because of high mortality rates, toxic drug-related side effects, and a high risk of treatment failure and relapse. We report a case of active chronic VL in an HIV-1-infected woman presenting multiple secondary VL episodes over 7 years leading to massive splenomegaly and blood transfusion–dependent anemia despite several treatment courses and secondary prophylaxis. The patient was finally successfully treated with rescue treatment based on intravenous pentamidine. Twenty months after discontinuation of pentamidine the patient presented complete clinical and parasitological response. In patients with active chronic VL, treatment with intravenous pentamidine can be effective and should be considered as rescue treatment.
Ouverture de ‘Covid-19. Management Perspectives’
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M. , Risso Mario , Musso Fabio
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is a complex, disruptive event with many impacts beyond those related to health, national economies and global competition. While many worldwide companies were challenged to survive, the pandemic also presented many development opportunities for the long-term. The digital transformation, accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, require new skills (OECD, 2020) informed by greater attention to the applied ethics of responsibility. Moreover, the development of the pandemic has generated an acceleration in a process of change in consumer behavior. Many businesses around the world have become aware of having to reconsider their market relationships starting from marketing channels, the use of marketing channels, from multichannelling, to omnichanneling, to metachannelling.
The Pandemic and Shareholder Value
Authors: Valsan Calin
Published: November 2021

Shareholder value has driven corporate governance in North America for over a century. In the wake of significant financial crises and growing inequalities, corporate America decided in 2019 to embrace a more egalitarian model, in which all stakeholders matter equally. The brutal pandemic that wreaked havoc in the first half of 2020 exposed a startling disconnect between the real economy and the stock market. This disconnect is due to a gap between explicit and implicit corporate governance. While officially corporate America wants to convert to a new doctrine, the pandemic has shown that shareholder capitalism has remained the default model. Good intentions and official declarations are not enough in a system that has been specifically designed to serve the shareholders. If stakeholder capitalism is to succeed, it needs a clear normative content and perhaps a more radical reform of institutions and regulation.
Active Lockdown: Exploring the effect of Government enforced lockdown on physical activity habits and the corresponding relationship with wellbeing
Authors:   , Warne Samuel
Published: November 2021

Whilst regular physical activity benefits our health, both physically and mentally, many people do not meet recommended activity levels - often because of a lack of enjoyment, motivation or spare time. The current study investigated whether the COVID-19 government-enforced lockdown in the UK in March 2020 (which saw many furloughed from their work and only able to leave the house to exercise or for essentially activities) influenced physical activity habits. An initial survey collected data around physical activity levels (both self-reported and via smart device activity trackers) for the week preceding lockdown and a week during lockdown. It also collected data on mental wellbeing during lockdown. A second survey collected the same measures (plus questions regarding motivations to exercise) once the lockdown restrictions eased and non-essential shops reopened. Analyses indicated that lockdown significantly increased the length of time participants spent engaging in physical activity compared to pre-lockdown levels, though metabolic equivalency and accelerometer data did not see such significant results. There was no statistically significant difference in physical activity levels in the period of eased-lockdown when compared to during-lockdown. Those with the perception of having more spare time during lockdown elicited significant effects in self-reported data, such that those with the perception did greater levels of physical activity than those without. However, when ‘eased lockdown’ data was examined, this was not deemed statistically significant. Correlational analyses examining the relationship between physical activity levels and mental wellbeing showed a significantly weak, positive relationship between self-reported physical activity and mental wellbeing during lockdown. The findings demonstrate that lockdown increased the total time people engaged in physical activity, though the activities were seemingly of low metabolic equivalency. Though when lockdown was eased, these levels did not differ significantly to during lockdown. Results also found that those with spare time during lockdown elicited greater self-reported physical activity levels than previously. The data also supported previous literature outlining the positive relationship between physical activity and wellbeing, despite the extremely negative circumstances that caused the lockdown.
Trastorno de ansiedad generalizada abordado desde la terapia de aceptación y compromiso: caso clínico
Authors: Mera-Posligua Mauro Julio , Arredondo-Aldana Karina , Ponce-Alencastro Jhon Alexander
Published: November 2021

El trastorno de ansiedad generalizada alcanza alrededor del 14,6% de todos los diagnósticos relacionados con la ansiedad en Ecuador, este trastorno mental comparte síntomas similares a otros trastornos como el de pánico y el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, en ocasiones puede convivir con otros diagnósticos de índole depresiva. Se caracteriza por síntomas que incluyen preocupación excesiva por eventos del futuro, inquietud, fatiga, dificultad para concentrarse, entre otros síntomas que deterioran las distintas áreas de funcionamiento en las personas. El presente caso clínico se aborda desde la terapia de aceptación y compromiso, esta es una terapia contextual de tercera generación que aborda la ansiedad generalizada partiendo de la primicia que este trastorno es producido por evitación experiencial, la cual es la constante necesidad de evitación hacia los pensamientos y emociones, que a su vez conlleva que la sintomatología persista indefinidamente.

Palabras clave: Ansiedad, evitación experiencial, marcos relacionales, flexibilidad psicológica.
Indonesian EFL Students’ Difficulties in Recognizing English Letters
Authors: Indrayadi Toni , Daflizar Daflizar , Irawan Yoki , Helty Helty
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the difficulties of Indonesian undergraduate students in recognizing English letters at one public Islamic higher education institution in Jambi Province, Indonesia as the basis for designing pronunciation teaching strategies for English lecturers. Using a qualitative methodology that attempts to investigate and understand human issues in a particular group (Harrison et al., 2017), 4 participants were interviewed. through semi-structured interview questions. The interviews were analyzed and compared along four dimensions of EFL English pronunciation mastery factors: motivation, attitude, first language pronunciation interference, and phonetic ability. The findings of this study provide evidence for lecturers on the importance of introducing pronunciation class in the English study program in the earlier years of study to improve students' English pronunciation ability. Implication and limitation of research are provided.
Athletes with Neurodegenerative Disease: A Phenomenological Exploration of Family Members’ Experiences
Authors: Smith Matthew , Young Georgia , Batten John , Parry Keith , Collins Rosie , Anderson Eric , White Adam
Published: November 2021

This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with 15 family members (mainly partners and children) of deceased athletes who experienced deterioration in their neurological health towards the end of their life. The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors these family members experienced with the ailed players, their emotional responses to their family member’s condition, as well as the coping strategies they used. Vertical and horizontal thematic analyses were conducted on the data, which revealed five distinct temporal stages, a range of emotional responses, as well as accompanying stressors and coping strategies at each temporal stage. The findings are presented as an ethnodrama, capturing the lived experiences of participants. This ethnodrama aims to resonate with those caring for family members who are experiencing deteriorating neurological health, while also raising awareness of the various emotional responses of the individuals in these situations, as well as inviting dialogue and reflection about these issues.
Aether, Fields & Energy Dynamics in Living Bodies - Part II
Authors:   Department of Radiology, Sparrow Health System, Lansing, MI, Thorp K. E. , Thorp James A. ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sisters of St. Mary’s Health System, St. Louis, MO
Published: November 2021

In this article, we examine dynamics of the three primary aether modalities in the water-body: first, the magnetic, which takes origin in the cardiovascular system; secondly, the radiant, related to ambient light-fall upon the body from the outside or that generated internally, and flows as organized currents in interstitial water; and the dielectric, which predominates in the intracellular fluid spaces, mediated by ion currents, and is involved in the generation and maintenance of cell structure and molecular energy metabolism.
PLAYING IN THE FRONTIERS OF THE WOODWARD-HOFFMANN RULES
Authors:   Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Vigo, López Carlos Silva
Published: November 2021

Pericyclic reactions are known for their exquisite selectivity and, in many cases, the formation of multiple chiral centers with a high degree of control. With the advent of accurate computational tools, this control was translated into predictability, and the design and exploitation of this set of reactions opened a new era in organic synthesis. Suddenly, highly complex and profusely decorated polycyclic structures were accessible in relatively short reaction sequences. Out interest in exploring the limits of application of the rules that govern these reactions with ironfist led us to discover a range of eye opening post-transitional effects that are key to ultimately understand reactivity at a microscopic level.
ENERGY BALANCE OF MILK PASTERIZATION PROCESS TOPOLOGICAL INDICES – WHY AND HOW
Authors:   Agricultural and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Karahmet Enver , Isaković Senita , Toroman Almir
Published: November 2021

Energy balances of milk pasteurization process are very important in the industry, they are the basis for process control, especially in the control of the economic and general production balance. In case of any changes in the process, it is necessary to re-fabricate the material balance of the process in order to determine the flow and final result of the production process. In these researches, we examined the energy balance of gas consumption in the process of pasteurization four milks with different fat content in them. Research was carried out in “Milkos” Sarajevo’s dairy industry on their production lines. The most optimal energy balance of the pasteurization process is milk with 0.9% mf, then milk with 1.5% and 2.8% of milk fat and in the end milk with 3.2% milk fat had the worst energy balance. It was found that the oscillations in the gas consumption within the batch were the highest in milk with 0.9% mf while the milk 1.5% mf, 2.8% mf and the milk with 3.2% mf had more uniform energy consumption between the batches.
TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE LOWER HYBRID CAVITIES IN THE IONOSPHERE PLASMA DUE TO TURBULENT DIFFUSION
Authors: Azarenkov N.A. , Chibisov D.V. , Kovalenko N.I. , Maslennikov D.I.
Published: November 2021

The problem of evolution and disappearance of the lower hybrid cavities that are observed in the plasma of the Earth’s ionosphere is solved. It is assumed that the destruction of the cavity is caused by turbulent diffusion of plasma, which arises due to the drift instability of radially inhomogeneous plasma. The initial plasma density distribution on the radius in the cavity is considered to be the inverse Gaussian distribution. A solution of the diffusion equation is obtained, which at any time determines the radial dependence of the plasma density in the cavity. In the asymptotic limit t →∞ the plasma density in the cavity becomes equal to the density of the surrounding plasma.
EVOLUTION OF THE WAKE WAVE EXCIDED BY THE SEQUENCE OF THE RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BUNCHES
Authors: Vynnyk O.K. , Anisimov I.O.
Published: November 2021

The amplitude of plasma waves, excited by the resonant sequence of electron bunches, saturates after passage of some number of bunches. This behavior was observed and simulated, using particle-in-cell code, but was not completely explained yet. Our study of this behavior was carried out via computer simulation, using modified PDP3 code − 2D3V PIC code for axially symmetric geometry and relativistic collisionless plasma. Simulation demonstrated that amplitude saturation was caused by the plasma pressing-out from the area of the most intensive wake field. This hypothesis has been verified by the obtained electrical and magnetic field spectra, temperature and density maps and density profile for various simulation times.
BASIC PLASMA FEATURES OF PLANAR JET FORMED BY CAPACITIVE RF DISCHARGE IN ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE ARGON
Authors: Bazhenov V.Yu. , Gubarev S.M. , Tsiolko V.V.
Published: November 2021

Upgraded method of determining basic parameters of weakly ionized plasma by means of photometric study of bremsstrahlung emission continuum in visible spectrum range is described. Time-averaged spatial distributions of electron temperature and density in planar plasma jet formed by capacitive RF discharge in atmosphere pressure argon at the discharge glow in a low-current α-mode are experimentally obtained.
PARAMETRIC X-RAY RADIATION IN THE BACKWARD GEOMETRY
Authors: Alekseev V.I. , Eliseyev A.N. , Irribarra E.F. , Kishin I.A. , Kubankin A.S. , Nazhmudinov R.M.
Published: November 2021

Parametric X-ray Radiation registered in the backward geometry is analysed. The main properties of the radiation for such geometry are discussed. The advantages of the backward geometry over other configurations regarding the intensity, the spectral width and the possibility to discriminate the contributions form different radiation mechanisms to the total radiation yield are presented.
EXCITATION OF PLASMA BY ELECTRIC PULSES IN NEON MEDIUM
Authors: Zaleskyi D.Yu. , Krivonosov G.A. , Sotnikov G.V.
Published: November 2021

We studied characteristics of the neon plasma source excited in the atmosphere under the following conditions: gas pressure is about 2 Torr, rectangular pulses have an amplitude from 200 to 800 V, pulse duration is from 0.2 to 10 μs, repetition rate is from 0.2 up to 1 kHz. There is a mode with a stable and unstable mode of existence of the plasma when the voltage on the electrodes of the plasma source varies from 800 to 350 V and from 350 to 250 V before the extinction of the plasma. The pulse from the PMT output in a steady state plasma has a decay of about 100 μs, the duration of which does not depend on the magnitude of the voltage, frequency and pulse duration. With a decrease in the supply voltage U, the pulse front duration with a photomultiplier is increased from 74 to 450 ns. It
is shown that a large neon plasma relaxation time of 100 µs compared with a beam pulse duration of 1…2 µs allows only one time to change the phase of the accelerating field.
Surface Radio Refractivity of Akure and Ondo town, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Onujagbe IP , Ahmed-Ade F , Mopah M , David AJ
Published: November 2021

The surface radio refractivity, refractivity gradient at 1km above ground surface and the effective earth radius factor, K over Akure and Ondo town of South west Nigeria has been investigated using Ten (10) years daily data of the meteorological parameters of Pressure, air temperature and humidity. The result showed that the mean monthly value of the surface refractivity at the Ondo station is generally slightly higher than that of Akure. The monthly mean value of refractivity at the two stations was found to be strongly correlated with a value of 0.915. The most negative refractive gradient value observed at Ondo and Akure are of -46.48N-units/km and -45.64N-units/km respectively and the least effective earth radius factor, k value of 1.421 and 1.410 were observed at the station respectively. These results showed that the Ondo and Akure station were generally super-refractive. The Ondo station was however found to be slightly more super-refractive than the Akure station.
Pfizer Vaccine-Associated Parsonage-Turner Syndrome
Authors:   General Physician, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pérez Tatiana Betancur
Published: November 2021

Parsonage-Turner syndrome, a rare condition with a reported overall incidence of 1.64 cases per 100,000 people. PTS is also characterized by associated delayed upper extremity weakness, muscle atrophy, and painless paresthesias, which tend to diminish slowly and resolve gradually; Although most patients report 80% to 90% muscle strength recovery within 2-3 years, more than 70% of patients experience residual paresis and exercise intolerance. As described in the existing bibliography, the patients reported initial pain in the shoulder and weakness after vaccination that, as it worsened, led them to visit the emergency department. Vaccination is a known cause of this syndrome although there is difficulty in early identification, it is often overlooked or misdiagnosed, Possible immune-mediated mechanisms include molecular simulation and bystander activation, which can occur after any infection or vaccination.
Comparison of PSF and Non PSF BLOB based reconstructed image in Time-of-Flight PET/CT
Authors:   Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Vishwakarma Manish Kumar
Published: November 2021

Hybrid PET/CT imaging with the use of 18F FDG is a widely used imaging technique with major indications in oncology for staging, re-staging and monitoring response to therapy. There is a major issue of partial volume effect in PET images which affects image quality as well as quantitative accuracy in small lesions. Multiple attempts have been made to resolve these issues. The aim of our study was to look into impact of Point‐spread-function (PSF) on reconstructed attenuation corrected (AC) images of PET/CT and to find out best combination of the number of PSF iterations with regularization level while applying PSF.
THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BIO-MEDICAL WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT AMONG CLASS IV WORKERS
Authors: Mr. Vishnu Kumar Swarnkar Mr. Vishnu Kumar Swarnkar , Dr. Rajendra Prasad Sharma Dr. Rajendra Prasad Sharma
Published: November 2021

The biomedical waste [management & handling] rules, 1998 gives a wider definition of biomedical waste,
covers different sources generation of biomedical: includes different types of biomedical waste. Biomedical
waste management & handling rules 1998 of India provide different waste categories like human
anatomical waste, animal waste, microbiological & biotechnology waste, waste sharps, discarded medicine etc.
The quantity of biomedical waste generated per bed per day will vary depending upon the type of health
problems, the type of care provided & the hospital waste management practices. It is estimated that the
hospital in India generates around 1-2 kg/bed/day of biomedical waste in a general practitioner’s clinic.
Approximately 75% of biomedical waste is as harmless as other municipal waste, the remaining 25% however
differ from others.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Manish Saxena Manish Saxena , sharma Dr. Rajendra Prasad Sharma
Published: November 2021

A study regarding poor hygiene and inadequate sanitary conditions play major roles in the increased burden of
communicable diseases. The study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, practice of hygiene among rural school
children in Ethiopia; about 669 students were in grades 1-6, and they were interviewed by trained staff. Data
consisted of hygiene and hand washing practices, knowledge about sanitation, personal hygiene characteristics.
Approximately 52% of students were having adequate knowledge of hygiene, only 36.2% reported using soap, and of
the 76.7% of students who reported hand washing after defecation, only 14.8% reported actually following this
practice. Study findings underscore the need for more hand washing and hygiene education in schools. The first
concept in personal hygiene is the positive and negative emotions that affect physical health, such as feeling pride in
being neat and clean or feeling frustration in using hygiene tools. The second concept is personal hygiene practices
such as hand washing, oral hygiene etc. The third concept is the fact that germs can lead to common diseases such as
the flu or a cold. Nurses can use various techniques to help kids remember these.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC PLAYBACK ON INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION PAIN AMONG CHILDREN
Authors: s Ms. Reshma P. S* , r Mrs. Anju A , j Mrs. Evangeline , r Mrs. Sabitha
Published: November 2021

A quasi experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of music playback on intravenous
cannulation pain among children in a selected hospital. Objectives: to assess the mean posttest pain score
among children in the experimental and control group, to find out the effectiveness of music playback on
intravenous cannulation pain among children and to find out the association between posttest pain score and
selected socio demo graphic variables of children in control group. Quasi experimental posttest only controls
group design and convenience sampling technique was used to select 60 children in a selected hospital at
Alappuzha district. Conceptual framework: Ernestine Wiedenbach’s Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory
(1969). Posttest was conducted in the control and the experimental group by using FLACC Behavioral Pain Scale
and Socio demographic proforma. Music playback was played to the experimental group for 10 minutes during
intravenous cannulation. The data were tabulated and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The
mean posttest pain score of children in the experimental group was 4.1 with SD 1.33 which was significantly
lower than the mean posttest pain score of children in the control group which was 7.8 with SD 1.27 with a
mean difference of 3.6. The calculated ‘t’ value 10.910 was greater than the table value 2.00, is significant at
p<0.05 level with degree of freedom 58. Hence, we can conclude that the music playback was effective in
reducing the pain level of children during intravenous cannulation. The analysis showed that the calculated chi
square value for family monthly income, number of previous hospitalisations, previous exposure of cannulation
were greater than that of the table value at p < 0.05 level of significance. Hence null hypothesis (H02) can be
rejected and research hypothesis (H2) can be accepted. So, it can be concluded that there was significant
association between posttest pain score an
KNOWLEDGE OF SCHOOL STUDENTS REGARDING ROAD SAFETY
Authors: kesar Mr. Ashu Kesar , sohi Dr. Darshan
Published: November 2021

Road safety is the methods and measures for reducing the risk of person using the road network for being killed or
seriously injured. Children are nation’s biggest asset. Every year 1, 40,590 people die due to road traffic accidents.
Road safety is the necessity of each human being to protect oneself and other’s life because there is day to day
increase the number of the traffic and that leads road traffic accidents. As adults, we are responsible for young
children’s safety on roads. With the help of creating awareness among people that can prevent road traffic
accidents. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of school students regarding road safety. The study
adopted a pre - experimental research design to assess the knowledge of students regarding road safety in selected
senior secondary school of Amritsar. The sample size was 500 school students. Convenient Sampling technique was
used. The tool was two sections, section 1 consists of a self-structured demographic questionnaire and section 2
consists of a self-structured knowledge questionnaire. The result indicates that out of 500 samples, Pre- Test the
majority 5.6% had very good knowledge, 17.2% had Good knowledge, 53.8% of sample had Average knowledge,
23.4% had poor knowledge, Post- Test the majority 46.6% had very good knowledge, 45.6% had Good knowledge,
7.8% of sample had Average knowledge, and 0% had poor knowledge.
Current State of Regulatory Oversight of Biosimilars in India and Its Implications on the Quality of Drugs: A Comparative Assessment with EU and FDA Regulations
Authors:   Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi -410210, India, Varghese Diana , Karbelkar Shayma ,   Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai-400012, India
Published: November 2021

Biosimilars are biologic products that are highly similar to a licensed reference biologic, with no clinically meaningful differences in quality characteristics, biological activity, safety, or efficacy. Biosimilars can help to fulfill unmet medical needs due to their cost effectiveness while at the same time being as efficacious as the innovator drug. They can also improve patient access to otherwise costly innovator biologics. India has the largest number of approved biosimilars as compared to the US and Europe. However, the numbers of clinical studies that are conducted to prove the biosimilarity are lesser than the number of biosimilars approved, which is evident by the number of CTRI registrations done. Some studies have shown the quality of biosimilars approved and marketed in India to be inferior to the innovator drug. This raises concerns regarding the quality of the biosimilars. In this review, the similarities and differences in the guidelines, the approval process, and quality enforcement measures prevailing in the three regulatory regions of USA, Europe and India are discussed. Changes in the approval process and post approval monitoring of drugs and manufacturing facilities are recommended in order to ensure sustained quality standards of drugs entering the market.
A GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL CONSTITUI-SE COMO UM INSTRUMENTO PARA MITIGAR DANOS AMBIENTAIS ADVINDOS DO SETOR
Authors: De Castro Daiane Melo , Sartori Luci
Published: November 2021

A indústria da construção civil é considerada um setor importante para a sociedade, devido as crescentes atividades e inovações aplicadas nos canteiros de obras, consequentemente é um segmento responsável por uma grande porcentagem no consumo de recursos não renováveis, desde a extração de recursos naturais para a fabricação de insumos, até a geração de resíduos sólidos. O gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC) é imprescindível para reduzir a geração e dar destinação correta aos resíduos, visando o uso racional dos recursos e com práticas mais sustentáveis. Nessa perspectiva o artigo busca através de uma revisão bibliográfica mostrar a importância dos municípios realizarem o gerenciamento dos RCC, bem como a importância do Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos (PGRS), que tem como objetivo controlar e reduzir a geração de resíduos, minimizando e evitando o consumo excessivo de recursos naturais ambientais e renováveis, as grandes poluições, e a sua destinação final adequada em conformidade a sua classificação.
Choosing a single·sex school: Elite cloning motive or queue jumping ambition?
Authors: Opare James A.
Published: November 2021

Headmasters and headmistresses, who are the direct managers of our secondary boarding Schools, each year go through stressful pressures from parents who besiege their offices seeking admission for their children. Those who manage single-sex secondary boarding schools, as observed. tend to undergo more of the pressures. This study shows that both elites and non-elites want these single-sex boarding schools for their children because the fonnet see such schools as a means of socially reproducing themselves, while the latter see these schools as a means of upward social mobility through their children. The implications of the findings for educational management/ policy are discussed.
The role of the school head in financial administration in Ghana
Authors: Owusu J.S.K.
Published: November 2021

A very crucial aspect in the head:, administration of a school is his financial management.sound financial management results in efficient utilization of resources and succeeds in raising the development of the school. Many of the heads of schools in Ghana do not, unfortunately, have the opportunity to pursue a basic course in financial administration prior to their appointment as heads. This paper attempts to discuss certain fundamental principles and practices in financial management, knowledge of which heads urgently require. The paper discusses the role of the head as School Business Manager and the efforts he has to make to obtain extra funding for his school. It raises pertinent issues that guide effective preparation of budget estimates and touches on the head's responsibilities in important fiscal control measures. It is hoped the paper will be of some benefit to heads and prospective heads of our schools in Ghana.
The two faces of the higher national diploma
Authors: Amuzu-Kpeglo Andrew
Published: November 2021

Two statements purported to have been made by two different public officials regarding the "two faces of the HND" appeared to have ignited the indignation of the Polytechnic students in respect of the status of the Higher National Diploma (HND) Programme. The Executive Secretary of the National Accreditation Board said that "the HND ranks next to a first degree" (Daily Graphic, 23rd June, 1997) while the Minister of Education is of the view that the "HND is a step below first degree", (Ghanaian Times, 16th July, 1997).
THE DOCTRINARY FRAMEWORK OF PHILOSOPHICAL TREATMENT
Authors:   Akdeniz University, Filiz Şahin , Zhanbayeva Zhanat ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University
Published: November 2021

Being at the heart of all sciences, Philosophy is an understanding of thinking, knowing, enlightenment and practical life wisdom aimed at researching and enlightening the ways for human to be happy on earth, at the final point. In other words, it means to explore the ways and the methods to achieve eunoia, that is, "good thinking", "having a well-balanced mind" and finally "goodwill" and "kindness". For this reason, philosophy is the knowledge, wisdom and method of holistic thinking and action. Benefiting from the results of every science that studies all intellectual, emotional and behavioural accumulation of humanity individually within their borders, by their own methods, stems from the nature of this holistic approach of philosophy.
STUDY OF CULTURAL VALUES OF THE KYZYLORDA REGION
Authors:   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University, Abikenov Zharkynbek
Published: November 2021

Currently, there are many issues in the field of cultural values of science that are not studied and require study at the modern level. The fundamental changes that have taken place in the political, social, economic, cultural and spiritual spheres of society since the republic of Kazakhstan gained independence have set the task of studying them in a new way for cultural scientists. In order to take a fresh look at our work in this task, it is necessary to use research methods. It is important to study the stages of development, activities and directions of cultural values of the Kyzylorda region, which are the subject of research. The cultural values of the Kyzylorda region are considered a cultural artifact that provides complete information about the kazakh cultural world. Since the scientific and theoretical issues of the analysis of cultural values of the Kyzylorda region were not the subject of special research in cultural anthropology, an attempt to consider it in a complex interdisciplinary field on the basis of semantic, pragmatic ideas, classification of various basic elements that form culture, elements of the Turkic worldview, defining the concept of the sanctity of cultural values in the Turkic worldview are an urgent problem. In the article, we conducted cross-cultural research and identified specific problems, requirements and research directions in cross-culture.
PHENOMENON OF RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY. ARTICLE TWO. THEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY
Authors:   Professor,  Doctor  of  Philosophical  Sciences,  Chief Researcher, Institute for Philosophy, Political Science and Religius Studies of the CS MES RK, Almaty, KazakhstanФеномен религиозной философии, Khamidov A.
Published: November 2021

The article compares such phenomena as religion, theology, philosophy and religious philosophy. It is shown that religion, theology and philosophy grow out of different world-attitude modalities, and therefore are directly incomparable and incommensurable. The specificity of religious philosophy, according to the position of the author of the article, is that it is primarily philosophy, but it poses and solves purely philosophical (that is, worldview and attitude) problems based on religious. It is argued that a particular religious philosophy may be more or less dependent on religious dogma. But it is never free from it.
The Role of Public Policy in the Formation of Religious and Secular Values: the Experience of Kazakhstan and Turkey
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies СS MES RK, Altaikyzy A. , Tasbolat A. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: November 2021

The authors of the research provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of state policy in the formation of religious and secular values. Scientists give various examples and evidence of the effectiveness of the Turkish model of religious and confessional policy for Kazakhstan. The article considers the problem of religious minorities in Kazakhstan and Turkey. Also the features of cooperation of the Turkish state and authorities with public organizations were analyzed and the possibilities of using the Turkish experience in the practice of Kazakhstan were considered.
Impact of Technology on Agriculture Workers in Tirunelveli District
Authors: Vairavan Dr. M. , Rajeswari Ms. N.
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the technology impact of agriculture workers in Tirunelveli District. In the last century, the basic agriculture technology like machines has changed a little. Though the modern technology, planters and harvesters do a better job or are slightly tweaked from their predecessors. However, the modern technology is changing the way that humans operate the machines, GPS locators, as computer monitoring systems and self-steer programs allow the most advanced tractors and implements to be more precise and less wasteful in the use of fuel, fertilizer or seed. In future, there may be mass production of driverless tractors and other agriculture machinery which use electronic sensors and GPS maps.
Smart Trolley for Shopping Using RFID
Authors: Sonmale Monika , Chavan Vaishnavi , Jadhav Aditya , Kadam Rutuja , Mane Nikita
Published: November 2021

Now a day world is in a digital era. In most of the fields like medical, education , business also in day-to-day life we use technology. one of the examples of digital technology that we are presenting in this paper is smart trolley using RFID. In old days we use normal trolley for shopping but in earlier digital world the smart trolley is best method to do shopping as it avoids standing in long queue whereas in smart trolley system there is facility to payment where we can scan product code that adds or remove the amount of product and at last that gives us total bill regarding our shopping.
Diálogo con las Bases para el plan de nación "Las sociedades prósperas son las que existen en función del ser humano"
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier , Montoya Aquiles , Olano Gerardo , Pleitez Rafael Antonio , Sánchez Sonia Lvett
Published: November 2021

Este artículo constituye una reflexión crítica sobre algunos aspectos del documento Bases para el plan de nación. Integra una amplia gama de problemas y desafíos inmersos en los niveles político, cultural, socioeconómico, de participación democrática e institucional del Estado. Destaca la importancia de la planificación, que debe entenderse como el ejercicio concertado y participado entre la administración pública y los representantes, empresariales y laborales, de los sectores productivos. Entonces, un objetivo clave es la "concertación" nacional, el cual no puede lograrse sin la aurocrítica. Los modelos económicos actuales han impedido el avance paralelo del crecimiento económico y del desarrollo humano sostenible, de allí la necesidad de una planeación concertada cuyo objetivo principal sea: la nación.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 594, 1998: 319-342.
¿Por qué no votan los salvadoreños?
Authors: Cruz José Miguel
Published: November 2021

El presente artículo utiliza las encuestas de opinión pública para mostrar que el problema del abstencionismo salvadoreño no se encuentra solamente en el sistema electoral, sino en la forma en que funciona el sistema político salvadoreño en su conjunto. En tal sentido, argumenta que las razones principales para el absentismo de las últimas elecciones no son la falta de carné o los problemas del padrón electoral, sino la ausencia de cambios sustantivos en la situación del país y de los ciudadanos y en la falta de confianza en los políticos y en la mayor parte de las instituciones del gobierno.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 595-596, 1998: 449-472.
Psicología social de la niñez en El Salvador
Authors: Gaborit Mauricio
Published: November 2021

Este artículo presenta algunas reflexiones en torno a la incidencia que ejerce la violencia institucionalizada, desde la experiencia de El Salvador, en la preciudadanía, entendida ésta como las representaciones mentales de los niños, sus actitudes y valoraciones afectivas que tienen relación con el sistema político y su sustentación. Hay que tener presente que todas aquellas condiciones que favorezcan el desarrollo integral de la niñez ayudan a fortalecer las instituciones democráticas, el ejercicio de las libertades ciudadanas y la consolidación del Estado de Derecho.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 595-596, 1998: 497-509.
El FMLN y ARENA
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: November 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 595-596, 1998: 511-516.
Las campañas electorales o la política como mercado
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: November 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 595-596, 1998: 517-520.
Technical Note: Real-Time Diagnosis of the Hygroscopic Growth Micro-Dynamics of Nanoparticles with Two-Dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wei Xiuli , Dai Haosheng , Gui Huaqiao , Zhang Jiaoshi , Cheng Yin , Wang Jie , Yang Yixin , Sun Youwen , Liu Jianguo
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Nanoparticles can absorb water to grow up and this will affect the light scattering behavior, cloud condensation nuclei properties, lifetime, and chemical reactivity of these particles. Current techniques usually assume the shapes of nanoparticles to be spherical in calculation of aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), which may result in large uncertainties when the shapes of nanoparticles show large deviations to the spherical assumptions. Furthermore, current techniques are also difficult to identify the intermolecular chemical interactions of phase transition micro-dynamics during nanoparticle deliquescence process because their limited temporal resolutions are unable to capture the complex femtosecond-level intermediate states. In this study, the hygroscopic growth properties of nanoparticles with electrical mobility diameter of approximately 100 nm and their phase transition interaction dynamics on molecular scale are characterized on real time by using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and the two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopic techniques. With the FTIR spectroscopy, we develop a novel real-time method for ALWC by constructing the absorption spectra of liquid water, and realized real-time measurements of water content and dry nanoparticle mass to characterize the hygroscopic growth factors (GF) which show discrepancies to the extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM). We further explore the difference that the deliquescence points of sodium nitrate (SN) and oxalic acid (OA) compounds are lower than that of AS by using the 2D-IR spectroscopic analysis technique. We also identify the occurrence sequential order of the hydration interactions and investigate the dynamic deliquescence process of the functional groups for AS and its mixture compounds. Both SN and OA compounds lower the deliquescence point of AS, but only AN can change the hydrolysis reaction mechanism for AS in AS/AN and AS/OA mixtures. This study can not only provide important information with respect to the difference in phase transition point under different conditions, but also improve current understanding of the chemical interaction mechanism between nanoparticles (particularly for organic particles) and medium, which is of great significance for haze control across China.
An investigation into the chemistry of HONO in the marine boundary layer at Tudor Hill Marine Atmospheric Observatory in Bermuda
Authors: Zhu Yuting , Wang Youfeng , Zhou Xianliang , Elshorbany Yasin , Ye Chunxiang , Hayden Matthew , Peters Andrew J.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Here we present measurement results of temporal distributions of nitrous acid (HONO) along with several chemical and meteorological parameters during the spring and the late summer of 2019 at Tudor Hill Marine Atmospheric Observatory in Bermuda. Large temporal variations in HONO concentration were controlled by several factors including local pollutant emissions, air mass interaction with the island, and long-range atmospheric transport of HONO precursors. In polluted plumes emitted from local traffic, power plant and cruise ship emissions, HONO and nitrogen oxides (NOx) existed at substantial levels (up to 278 pptv and 48 ppbv, respectively) and NOx-related reactions played dominant roles in daytime formation of HONO. The lowest concentration of HONO was observed in marine air, with median concentrations at ~3 pptv around solar noon and < 1 pptv during the nighttime. Considerably higher levels of HONO were observed during the day in the low-NOx island-influenced air ([NO2] < 1 ppbv), with a median HONO concentration of ~17 pptv. HONO mixing ratios exhibited distinct diurnal cycles that peaked around solar noon and were lowest before sunrise, indicating the importance of photochemical processes for HONO formation. In clean marine air, NOx-related reactions contributed to ~35 % of the daytime HONO source and the photolysis of particulate nitrate (pNO3) can account for the missing source assuming a moderate enhancement factor of 30 relative to gaseous nitric acid photolysis. In low-NOx island-influenced air, the contribution from both NOx-related reactions and pNO3 photolysis accounted for only ~30 % of the daytime HONO production, and the photochemical processes on surfaces of the island, such as the photolysis of nitric acid on the forest canopy, might contributed significantly to the daytime HONO production. The concentrations of HONO, NOx and pNO3 were lower when the site was dominated by the aged marine air in the summer and were higher when the site was dominated by North American air in the spring, reflecting the effects of long-range transport on the reactive nitrogen chemistry in the background marine environments.