bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of hydrogen‐bonding interaction introduced by filled oligomer on bulk properties of blended polyimide films
Authors: Li Baoyin , Pang Yuwei , Fan Cong , Gao Jie , Wang Xu , Zhang Chaoliang , Liu Xiangyang
Published: February 2014

Specific structure oligomer is designed and synthesized to fill “blank interaction points” left among polyimide (PI) rigid‐rod structure in order to further enhance the interaction between PI macromolecules. An oligomer, 4,4′‐bisbenzamide diphenyl ether (BADE) containing amide groups as proton donor, was blended with polyamic acid (PAA) solution to modify PI of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′‐oxydianiline. Fourier transform infrared and dynamic mechanical analyses show that hydrogen‐bonding interaction occurs between NH groups and PI chains. This resulted interchain interaction increases the tensile strength of blended PI films from 115.9 to 135.6 MPa, about 17.0% improvement, with BADE content surprisingly up to 20 wt %. BADE is uniformly dispersed without aggregation within a saturated amount of 20 wt % through wide angle X‐ray diffraction and morphology characterization. Moreover, rheological measurements indicate that the processability of PAA solution is maintained after introduction of BADE. The obtained PI films still have excellent thermal stability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40498.
Synthesis and ultraviolet‐curing behaviors of vinyl ether functionalized polyurethane oligomers
Authors: Feng Ping , Li Wei , Zou Yingquan
Published: February 2014

The vinyl ether functionalized oligomer is one of the most basic components of vinyl ether functionalized materials for cationic UV‐curable coatings. In this study, three types of vinyl ether functionalized polyurethane oligomers (i.e., polyether, polyester, and polydimethylsiloxane) were synthesized with diisocyanate, diol, and hydroxyethyl vinyl ether. These oligomers were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The effect of the raw material ratio on the oligomer, UV‐curing behaviors, and thermal properties of these oligomers were investigated. The UV‐curing behavior was analyzed by real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The vinyl ether terminated polyester urethane oligomer exhibited better UV curing, with a higher final conversion and maximum UV‐curing rates. In addition, the light intensity was enhanced for oligomers with better UV‐curing properties. Research on these vinyl ether functionalized oligomers is essential to the development and applications of cationic vinyl ethers systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40501.
Char barrier effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of high‐density polyethylene flame‐retarded by brominated polystyrene
Authors: Ran Shiya , Chen Chao , Guo Zhenghong , Fang Zhengping
Published: February 2014

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with the char barrier effect were combined with brominated polystyrene (BPS) and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) to improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of high‐density polyethylene. Thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) testing, and vertical burning testing (UL‐94) showed that the presence of GNPs led to enhanced thermal oxidation stability and significantly reduced the flammability. The addition of 1 wt % GNPs to polyethylene/BPS–Sb (mass ratio = 92/6/2) led to UL‐94 grades from NG (first burning time > 30 s) to V‐2 (total burning time = 14 s), and the LOI value increased from 23.4 to 24.1%. The results of the pyrolysis products provided evidence that the GNPs restricted volatilization. The morphology of the chars also proved the formation of the char layer, which could act as a barrier to isolate the material from the flame and retard the vaporization of flammable gases via a tortuous pathway. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40520.
Preparation and properties of Waterborne polyurethane/nanosilica composites: A diol as extender with triethoxysilane group
Authors: Wang Gang , Ma Guozhang , Hou Caiying , Guan Taotao , Ling Lixia , Wang Baojun
Published: February 2014

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was prepared from toluene diisocyanate, polypropylene glycol, 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid and a diol containing triethoxysilane group as the chain extender which was synthesized via Michael addition between 3‐triethoxysilylpropylamine and 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate. Different amounts of nanosilica were incorporated into the WPU to prepare WPU/nanosilica composites. The results showed that the particle size of the emulsions increased and their viscosity decreased first and then increased with increasing the amount of nanosilica. Incorporation of nanosilica into WPU enhanced the water contact angle and thermal stability of the composites films, meanwhile, their tensile strength and hardness increased first and then decreased. However, increasing the amount of nanosilica resulted in reduction in the elongation at break of the films. It suggested that nanosilca was anchored into the side chain of WPU due to the condensation process between the triethoxysilane group in the side chain of WPU molecular and the silanols group on the surface of nanosilica. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40526.
Tunable degradation of piperazine‐based polyurethane ureas
Authors: Ruan Changshun , Hu Yang , Jiang Lixin , Cai Qingqing , Pan Haobo , Wang Huaiyu
Published: February 2014

To manipulate the degradation of polymeric biomaterial for potential applications in tissue regeneration, a series of piperazine‐based polyurethane ureas (P‐PUUs) were designed and prepared with poly(d,l‐lactic acid) diol (PDLLA diol), 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and piperazine (PP). The number of piperazine units [Num(pp)] in the P‐PUUs could be precisely calculated by a specified equation and could be controlled by the regulation of the PDLLA diol/HDI/PP ratio. Then, the in vitro degradation of the P‐PUUs was investigated by the detection of the variation of the pH value, the weight loss ratio, the surface morphologies, and the molecular weight loss over 12 weeks. The results reveal that the degradation stability and the degradation rate of the P‐PUUs could be manipulated by Num(pp), and a linear correlation between the degradation rate of the P‐PUUs and Num(pp) in the polymer was demonstrated; this implied the tunable degradation of the P‐PUUs. Such a linear correlation is expected to benefit to tissue regeneration as the degradation rate of P‐PUUs for specific tissue defects can be well tuned once the tissue regenerative period is known. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40527.

This article is part of a Special Issue on Bioactive Surface Functionalization. The remaining articles appear in J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2014) volume 131, issue 14. This note was added on 14th July 2014.
Effect of silane integrated sol–gel derived in situ silica on the properties of nitrile rubber
Authors: Kapgate Bharat P. , Das Chayan , Basu Debdipta , Das Amit , Heinrich Gert , Reuter Uta
Published: February 2014

Nitrile rubber/silica composites are prepared by a sol–gel process using tetraethoxysilane as precursor in the presence of γ‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as a silane coupling agent. Here, we follow a novel processing route where the silica particles are generated inside the rubber matrix before compounding with vulcanizing ingredients. The effect of in situ generated silanized silica on the properties of the rubber composite has been evaluated by studying curing characteristics, morphology, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Enhanced rubber–filler interaction of these composites is revealed from stress–strain studies and dynamic mechanical analysis. Excessive use of silane shows an adverse effect on mechanical properties of the composites. Due to finer dispersed state of the in situ silica and enhanced rubber–filler interaction, the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites are improved compared to corresponding ex situ processed composite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40054.
The role of two different internal donors (phthalate and 1,3‐diether) on the formation of surface structure in MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts and their catalytic performance of propylene polymerization
Authors: Song Bo Geun , Ihm Son‐Ki
Published: February 2014

The role of two different internal donors [a phthalate (diisobutylphthalate) and a 1,3‐diether (2,2‐diisobutyl‐1,3‐dimethoxypropane)] on the formation of surface structure in MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts and their catalytic performance of propylene polymerization was investigated by comparing and correlating the catalyst structures and the polymerization characteristics. In the catalyst formation, the 1,3‐diether had better affinity for the MgCl2 surface than the phthalate and the 1,3‐diether generated the (110) surface more than the (104) surface while the phthalate generated both the (110) and (104) surfaces of MgCl2. With both donors introduced, the (110) and (104) surfaces were generated simultaneously, although the (110) surface was dominant due to the higher affinity via the 1,3‐diether. In addition, it seemed probable that the active sites formed on the (110) plane showed isospecific characteristics in the presence of a donor while those formed on the (104) plane could be isospecific regardless of a donor. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40536.
The crystallization morphology evolution of polyoxymethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) blend micropart prepared under microinjection molding conditions
Authors: Tan Changbin , Bai Shibing , Wang Qi
Published: February 2014

This article is the first study on the microinjection molding and the effects of the microprocessing parameters on the crystallization and orientation of polyoxymethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) (POM/PEO) blend, which has better toughness and self‐lubricity compared with the neat POM and therefore is a better candidate material for making microparts like microgears with higher performances. The crystalline and phase morphologies were investigated by polarized light microscope (PLM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystalline orientation of the microparts was evaluated by two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (2D‐WAXD) and Herman's orientation function. The experimental results showed that both POM and POM/PEO microparts prepared by microinjection molding exhibited three distinct layers, i.e., skin layer, shear layer and core layer, while the latter had thicker shear layer but thinner skin layer and core layer. PEO was well dispersed in POM matrix. The spherulite size, the melting point as well as the crystallinity of POM in the POM/PEO blend decreased due to the interference of PEO in the crystallization of POM. A shish‐kebab structure was observed in the shear layers of the POM/PEO microparts. The effects of processing parameters on the thicknesses of different layers of the POM/PEO microparts were investigated. With increase of the injection speed or decrease of the mold temperature, the skin layer and the core layer became thicker, while the shear layer and the oriented region became thinner. However, the influence of the injection pressure was not obvious. Also, the processing parameters affected the crystalline orientation of the POM/PEO microparts. With increase of the injection speed or decrease of the mold temperature, the orientation function f decreased, indicating a lower degree of orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40538.
A GLP‐1 receptor agonist conjugated to an albumin‐binding domain for extended half‐life
Authors: Lindgren Joel , Refai Essam , Zaitsev Sergei V. , Abrahmsén Lars , Berggren Per‐Olof , Karlström Amelie Eriksson
Published: February 2014

Glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and related peptide agonists have been extensively investigated for glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes, and may also have therapeutic applications for other diseases. Due to the short half‐life (t1/2 < 2 min) of the endogenous peptide, caused by proteolytic degradation and renal clearance, different strategies for half‐life extension and sustained release have been explored. In the present study, conjugates between a GLP‐1 analogue and a 5 kDa albumin‐binding domain (ABD) derived from streptococcal protein G have been chemically synthesized and evaluated. ABD binds with high affinity to human serum albumin, which is highly abundant in plasma and functions as a drug carrier in the circulation. Three different GLP‐1‐ABD conjugates, with the two peptides connected by linkers of two, four, and six PEG units, respectively, were synthesized and tested in mouse pancreatic islets at high (11 mM) and low (3 mM) glucose concentration. Insulin release upon stimulation was shown to be glucose‐dependent, showing no significant difference between the three different GLP‐1‐ABD conjugates and unconjugated GLP‐1 analogue. The biological activity, in combination with the high affinity binding to albumin, make the GLP‐1‐ABD conjugates promising GLP‐1 receptor agonists expected to show extended in vivo half‐life. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 252–259, 2014.
Adenoids in children: Advances in immunology, diagnosis, and surgery
Authors: Brambilla Ilaria , Pusateri Alessandro , Pagella Fabio , Caimmi Davide , Caimmi Silvia , Licari Amelia , Barberi Salvatore , Castellazzi Annamaria M. , Marseglia Gian Luigi
Published: February 2014

Adenoids are strategically located for mediating local and regional immune functions as they are exposed to antigens from both the outside air and the alimentary tract. Recurrent or chronic respiratory infections can induce histomorphological and functional changes in the adenoidal immunological barrier, sometimes making surgical treatment necessary. Our aim in this review is to summarize the crucial points about not only the immunological histopathology of adenoidal tissue, especially in patients with adenoid hypertrophy, but also the most common and useful diagnostic techniques and surgical options. Clin. Anat. 27:346–352, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classification system for flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle variants within the leg: Clinical correlations
Authors: Hur Mi‐Sun , Won Hyung‐Sun , Oh Chang‐Seok , Chung In‐Hyuk , Lee Woo‐Chun , Yoon Young Cheol
Published: February 2014

The flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL), a variant leg muscle, can cause tarsal tunnel syndrome. This study was performed to classify the variants of the FDAL by dissection and to correlate the dissection results with clinical cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by this muscle. Eighty lower limbs of embalmed Korean cadavers were dissected. MR images of two clinical cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by the FDAL were correlated with the dissection results. The FDAL was observed in nine out of 80 specimens (11.3%) and it was classified into three types depending on its site of origin and its relationship to the posterior tibial neurovascular bundle (PTNV) in the leg. In Type I (6.3%), the FDAL originated in the leg and ran superficially along the PTNV, either not crossing (Type Ia, 3.8%) or crossing (Type Ib, 2.5%) the neurovascular bundle. In Type II (6.3%), it originated in the tarsal tunnel. Most FDALs followed a similar course in the tarsal tunnel and the plantar pedis. On correlating the MR images of the clinical cases with this classification, the FDAL corresponded to Types Ia and II. All three types of FDAL can compress the tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel or the distal leg. Clarification of the topographical relationship between this muscle and the PTNV would help to improve the results of surgery for tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by the FDAL. Clin. Anat. 27:1111–1116, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Review of Safeguarding Cases in Sport
Authors: Rhind Daniel , McDermott Jamie , Lambert Emma , Koleva Irena
Published: February 2014

This study represents the first investigation into incidents of safeguarding concern in sport within the UK. Questionnaires were completed by 41 lead welfare officers from national governing bodies. A total of 652 cases were reported by a range of key stakeholders, covering a variety of different forms of abuse. Physical and sexual abuse were found to be the most frequently alleged forms of abuse. The majority of alleged perpetrators and victims were males. The need for a standardised form for collecting case data as part of normal practice is highlighted along with the necessity for training and support to manage safeguarding cases both internally and externally to sport organisations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Physical and sexual abuse were found to be the most frequently alleged forms of abuse’

Key Practitioner Messages:

A total of 652 safeguarding cases were managed in sport by this sample during 2011.

Physical and sexual abuse were the most frequently reported.

The majority of victims were boys.

There is a need to collect standardised data regarding all cases.
Pre‐sentence mental health service use by adult offenders in Western Australia: Baseline results from a longitudinal whole‐population cohort study
Authors: Sodhi‐Berry Nita , Preen David B. , Alan Janine , Knuiman Matthew , Morgan Vera A.
Published: February 2014

Background

Little is known about community mental health service use prior to offending.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the 1‐year community mental health service use by adult offenders (18–44 years) prior to their first ever criminal sentence in Western Australia.

Methods

Administrative mental health service data were compared between all offenders (n = 23,755) commencing their first ever criminal sentence in Western Australia during 1985–1994 and a matched community group of 21,977 non‐offenders.

Results

Just over 8% of offenders had used mental health services prior to sentence compared with 1% of non‐offenders. After adjusting for age, offenders were more likely to have used these services than non‐offenders in all gender–race groups, but the effect was strongest for non‐Indigenous women, who were over 12 times more likely to have used such services, and weakest among Indigenous men, who were about twice as likely to have used them as their non‐offending peers. Service use for substance use disorder, the most common diagnosis, was about one and a half times more prevalent among Indigenous than non‐Indigenous offenders, regardless of gender. For non‐Indigenous offenders, prevalence of any mental health service contact was higher for violent than non‐violent offenders, irrespective of gender. Service use was no different between offenders receiving custodial or non‐custodial sentences in all gender‐race groups.

Conclusion

The higher likelihood of mental health service use by offenders in the year prior to their first ever sentence than by non‐offenders suggests that, insofar as the disorder was relevant to offending, there were some opportunities for preventive measures during that time. Differential service use according to gender and Indigenous/non‐Indigenous status is of concern. It would be important to understand more about this apparently unequal service access, not least because Indigenous populations tend to be over‐represented in prison. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative cluster analysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐diaphorase histochemistry in the brains of amphibians
Authors: Pinelli Claudia , Rastogi Rakesh K. , Scandurra Anna , Jadhao Arun G. , Aria Massimo , D'Aniello Biagio
Published: February 2014

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate–diaphorase (NADPH‐d) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide. We compare the distribution of NADPH‐d in the brain of four species of hylid frogs. NADPH‐d–positive fibers are present throughout much of the brain, whereas stained cell groups are distributed in well‐defined regions. Whereas most brain areas consistently show positive neurons in all species, in some areas species‐specific differences occur. We analyzed our data and those available for other amphibian species to build a matrix on NADPH‐d brain distribution for a multivariate analysis. Brain dissimilarities were quantified by using the Jaccard index in a hierarchical clustering procedure. The whole brain dendrogram was compared with that of its main subdivisions by applying the Fowlkes–Mallows index for dendrogram similarity, followed by bootstrap replications and a permutation test. Despite the differences in the distribution map of the NADPH‐d system among species, cluster analysis of data from the whole brain and hindbrain faithfully reflected the evolutionary history (framework) of amphibians. Dendrograms from the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and isthmus showed some deviation from the main scheme. Thus, the present analysis supports the major evolutionary stability of the hindbrain. We provide evidence that the NADPH‐d system in main brain subdivisions should be cautiously approached for comparative purposes because specific adaptations of a single species could occur and may affect the NADPH‐d distribution pattern in a brain subdivision. The minor differences in staining pattern of particular subdivisions apparently do not affect the general patterns of staining across species. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2980–3003, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D finite element modeling and analysis of dynamic force in bone drilling for orthopedic surgery
Authors: Qi Lin , Wang Xiaona , Meng Max Q.
Published: February 2014

Three‐dimensional finite element modeling and analysis are made to simulate the dynamic process of bone drilling during the orthopedic surgery. This study is proposed to evaluate the performance of various surgical tools and the possible pre‐operative biohazard. In the simulation, the strain–stress curve of the bone is divided into linear elastic region and nonlinear plastic region according to the strain range. Rigid‐plasticity and elasto‐plasticity are used as bone material. The performances of twist drill bit and hollow drill bit are evaluated. The results of finite element analysis give different patterns of stress distribution on the two types of bone models and drill bits. The FE simulations show dynamic drilling process that the drill bit penetrates through the bone model. In vitro drilling experiment on porcine femur is conducted to measure the drilling force for the validation of the FEM. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pharmacokinetic effect of coadministration of apremilast and methotrexate in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Liu Yong , Zhou Simon , Nissel James , Wu Anfan , Lau Henry , Palmisano Maria
Published: February 2014

Apremilast is a novel agent for the treatment of inflammatory based autoimmune disorders. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic effects of co administration of apremilast and methotrexate on both agents. This was an open‐label, multi‐center, 3‐treatment period, sequential study conducted in otherwise healthy subjects with psoriatic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving a stable oral dose of methotrexate between 7.5 to 20 mg once weekly. Subjects received their dose of methotrexate on Days 1 and 8 of the study in addition to Apremilast 30 mg oral every 12 hours on Days 3–8. Pharmacokinectic profiles of methotrexate and 7‐OH methotrexate were characterized after methotrexate alone (Day 1) and after co‐administration of methotrexate and Apremilast (on Day 8). The pharmacokinetic profile of Apremilast was characterized after Apremilast alone (on Day 7) and after co‐administration of methotrexate and Apremilast (on Day 8). The 90% confidence interval of the ratio of the geometric means for the Cmax and AUC parameters for methotrexate, 7‐OH methotrexate, and Apremilast alone and after co‐adminstration are all within the FDA acceptance range for equivalency (80–125%). This study showed that methotrexate and apremilast can be co‐ administered without any effect on the pharmacokinetic exposure of either agent.
Modeling a seeded continuous crystallizer for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients
Authors: Besenhard M. O. , Hohl R. , Hodzic A. , Eder R. J. P. , Khinast J. G.
Published: February 2014

The approximation of a well mixed reactor is prevalent when it comes to the modeling of a crystallization process. Since temperature, concentration, and mass content vary due to inhomogeneous mixing, this approximation is a very loose one. The continuously operated seeded tubular crystallizer system developed in our group overcomes obstacles like a slow response to changes in the outer parameters and inhomogeneous mixing. Therefore the applicable well mixed assumption facilitates detailed modeling of the crystallization process by means of population balance equations (PBE) coupled with mass and energy balances. Modeled results were validated by means of experiments. The amount of aggregation events during the crystallization could be quantified and it was proven that the growth of seeded crystals is almost exclusively responsible for solid mass uptake if the reactor is operated appropriately. The performed sensitivity analysis exposed which process settings should be maintained most accurately to avoid fluctuations in the product crystals’ quality attributes and to limit undesired nucleation events.
A Knock‐in Foxj1CreERT2::GFP mouse for recombination in epithelial cells with motile cilia
Authors: Muthusamy Nagendran , Vijayakumar Akshitha , Cheng Gang , Ghashghaei H. Troy
Published: February 2014

The transcription factor Foxj1 is expressed by cells destined to differentiate into epithelial cells projecting motile cilia into fluid‐ or air‐filled cavities. Here, we report the generation of an inducible knock‐in Foxj1CreERT2::GFP mouse, which we show reliably induces Cre‐mediated recombination for genetic studies in epithelial cells with motile cilia throughout embryonic and postnatal development. Induction during embryonic stages revealed efficient recombination in the epithelial component of the choroid plexus in the developing brain as early as E12.5. Induction during late embryonic stages showed confined recombination not only in the choroid plexus but also in the ventricular walls of the brain. Recombination induced during postnatal periods expanded to include epithelia of the lungs, testis, oviduct, and brain. Using these mice, we confirmed our recent discovery of a perinatally derived neuronal population in the mouse olfactory bulbs, which is derived from the Foxj1 lineage. Our Foxj1CreERT2::GFP knock‐in mouse will be a powerful tool for studying molecular mechanisms associated with the continuum of cells that form the Foxj1 lineage, and for assessing their physiological significance during development and aging. genesis 52:350–358, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comprehensive survey of wnt and frizzled expression in the sea urchin Paracentrotuslividus
Authors: Robert Nicolas , Lhomond Guy , Schubert Michael , Croce Jenifer C.
Published: February 2014

WNT signaling is, in all multicellular animals, an essential intercellular communication pathway that is critical for shaping the embryo. At the molecular level, WNT signals can be transmitted by several transduction cascades, all activated chiefly by the binding of WNT ligands to receptors of the FRIZZLED family. The first step in assessing the biological functions of WNT signaling during embryogenesis is thus the establishment of the spatiotemporal expression profiles of wnt and frizzled genes in the course of embryonic development. To this end, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot, and in situ hybridization assays, we report here the comprehensive expression patterns of all 11 wnt and 4 frizzled genes present in the genome of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus during its embryogenesis. Our findings indicate that the expression of these wnt ligands and frizzled receptors is highly dynamic in both time and space. We further establish that all wnt genes are chiefly transcribed in the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo, whereas expression of the frizzled genes is distributed more widely across the embryonic territories. Thus, in P. lividus, WNT ligands might act both as short‐ and long‐range signaling molecules that may operate in all cell lineages and tissues to control various developmental processes during embryogenesis. genesis 52:235–250. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator therapy in a 34‐year‐old patient with eating disorders and after the third sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Piotrowicz Ewa , Orzechowski Piotr , Bilinska Maria , Przybylski Andrzej , Szumowski Lukasz , Piotrowicz Ryszard
Published: February 2014

Eating disorders (ED) such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia are psychiatric diseases associated with the highest mortality rate of any other psychiatric disorders. More recently, long‐term outcome studies with follow‐up of over 20 years report a mortality of between 15% and 18% (Casiero and Frishman, Cardiol Rev 14(5), 227, 2006). The sudden death secondary to arrhythmias is often the cause of death in these patients (Casiero and Frishman, Cardiol Rev 14(5), 227, 2006). A case of life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmia (VA) in a patient with ED is presented. Clinical records (cardiologic, psychiatric), electrocardiograms, echocardiogram, coronary angiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance, and endocrine diagnostics were performed. Finally a cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) was implanted in the patient after her third cardiac arrest. An optimal approach to antiarrhythmic therapy in such patients is a real challenge for a cardiologist. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:253–257
Microscopic oil uptake mechanisms in fried products*
Authors: Vauvre Jean‐Michaël , Kesteloot Régis , Patsioura Anna , Vitrac Olivier
Published: February 2014

The increasingly poor perception of fried products encourages the development of rupture technologies to reduce oil uptake. The current available descriptions of oil uptake mechanisms remain incomplete, neglecting: (i) the critical role of the total pressure gradient inside hygroscopic materials during cooling, (ii) the coupling between mechanical ruptures and oil uptake routes, (iii) the different configurations of biphasic oil–air flow inside the material: co‐ and counter‐currents. This paper demonstrates how additional understanding could be gained by using high‐resolution, dynamic and non‐invasive techniques, including X‐ray micro‐computed tomography, UV–VIS laser or synchrotron source microscopy, and new generations 3D percolation models fitted on digitized structures. The critical role of air in hindering/preventing oil absorption is particularly highlighted. The effects of cell injuries and starch on the creation of cavities and oil absorption are discussed on parfried French fries subjected to different surface pretreatments.
Physico‐chemical properties and fatty acid profile of seed oils from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extracted by cold pressing
Authors: Khoddami Ali , Man Yaakob Bin Che , Roberts Thomas H.
Published: February 2014

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seeds are normally waste products from pomegranate fruit processing but they are a valuable source of certain pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds. This study was performed to determine and compare the physico‐chemical properties of oils of pomegranate seed extracted by cold pressing from the variety Torshe Malas Iran (TMOI) and two commercial oils from Iran (COI) and Turkey (COT). Fatty acid analysis indicated that all the oil samples had a dominant fatty acid, punicic acid, with the other prominent fatty acids being linoleic and oleic acids. The thermal behavior of the three oils was determined using differential scanning calorimetry, which gave melting points of TMOI (−12.70°C), COI (1.87°C), and COT (2.25°C). TMOI was found to have the most favorable chemical quality attributes, including a low peroxide value (4.67 meq/kg), low free fatty acid content (0.65% as punicic acid), and high total phenolic content (10.44 mg GAE/g sample), followed by COT. Analysis of flavor compounds was conducted using fast gas chromatography‐surface acoustic wave technology, which allowed detection of 13 distinct aromas among the three oils. Overall, the physico‐chemical properties of the three oils were superior to those of pomegranate seed oils extracted using organic solvents reported previously.

Practical application: Medical applications of pomegranate seed oil are gaining increasing attention, particularly due to the health benefits of punicic acid. Pomegranate seed oil is also highly suited to specific industrial applications, such as tanning. Despite its importance, little research has been conducted on the physico‐chemical properties of the oil extracted by cold press compared to conventional extraction methods and super critical CO2 extraction. This study shows that superior quality pomegranate seed oil can be extracted simply and without using organic solvents. Extraction of the highly nutritious cold‐pressed oil from pomegranate seeds could enable the generation of substantial revenue for pomegranate processing factories without associated environmental impacts.
When does dual identity predict protest? The moderating roles of anti‐immigrant policies and opinion‐based group identity
Authors: Wiley Shaun , Figueroa Jessica , Lauricella Taylor
Published: February 2014

Dual identities are defined as immigrants' identification with their ethnic ingroup as well as the national community in their country of residence. Dual identities have been argued to increase protest, because they make immigrants feel entitled to advocate for their disadvantaged ethnic group as part of a larger national community. In a study of Latino immigrants to the United States, however, we found that dual identities no longer predict protest when immigrants learn that other members of the national community have passed laws or enacted policies that would exclude immigrants or restrict their rights, through deportation and detention. Further, we found that immigrants who identify with those fighting to change such anti‐immigrant policies support protest regardless of the level of their dual identity and regardless of policy salience. We argue that these results point to the importance of dual identity recognition for research on immigrant protest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apron design for protecting double‐skin façade fires
Authors: Chow Nadia C. L. , Li S. S. , Huang D. X.
Published: February 2014

Although double‐skin façade (DSF) is an environmental‐friendly architectural feature, its fire behaviour is a deep concern. The interior glass system including the glass pane, metal frame and associated accessories will be hotter than the exterior glass system as demonstrated by earlier studies. The glass pane above the fire room will be broken to spread flame into the upper compartment. Aprons are proposed to protect the air cavity of DSF in a way similar to those outside a single‐skin façade. In this paper, the effect of aprons in protecting against fire spread from an underlying compartment to the compartments above by preventing glass breakage of the inner glass pane was studied. Fire and smoke from a post‐flashover room fire adjacent to the DSF would be trapped in the air cavity between the two glass panes. Spreading of hot gases with different apron widths was studied by numerical simulations with CFD first. Fire environment with and without breaking the apron immediately above the fire room was studied. Full‐scale burning tests on part of an experimental DSF rig were then carried out to demonstrate the performance of horizontal apron in the DSF rig of 6 m tall and air cavity depth of 2 m with different apron widths. All demonstrated that providing apron is appropriate in protecting DSF fires. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PERIOD1 coordinates hippocampal rhythms and memory processing with daytime
Authors: Rawashdeh Oliver , Jilg Antje , Jedlicka Peter , Slawska Jolanta , Thomas Lukas , Saade Anastasia , Schwarzacher Stephan W. , Stehle Jörg H.
Published: February 2014

In species ranging from flies to mammals, parameters of memory processing, like acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval are clearly molded by time of day. However, mechanisms that regulate and adapt these temporal differences are elusive, with an involvement of clock genes and their protein products suggestive. Therefore, we analyzed initially in mouse hippocampus the daytime‐dependent dynamics of parameters, known to be important for proper memory formation, like phosphorylation of the “memory molecule” cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element binding protein (CREB) and chromatin remodeling. Next, in an effort to characterize the mechanistic role of clock genes within hippocampal molecular dynamics, we compared the results obtained from wildtype (WT) ‐mice and mice deficient for the archetypical clock gene Period1 (Per1‐/‐‐mice). We detected that the circadian rhythm of CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus of WT mice disappeared completely in mice lacking Per1. Furthermore, we found that the here for the first time described profound endogenous day/night rhythms in histone modifications in the hippocampus of WT‐mice are markedly perturbed in Per1‐/‐‐mice. Concomitantly, both, in vivo recorded LTP, a cellular correlate for long‐term memory, and hippocampal gene expression were significantly altered in the absence of Per1. Notably, these molecular perturbations in Per1‐/‐‐mice were accompanied by the loss of daytime‐dependent differences in spatial working memory performance. Our data provide a molecular blueprint for a novel role of PER1 in temporally shaping the daytime‐dependency of memory performance, likely, by gating CREB signaling, and by coupling to downstream chromatin remodeling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GPR40 activation leads to CREB and ERK phosphorylation in primary cultures of neurons from the mouse CNS and in human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Zamarbide Marta , Etayo‐Labiano Iñigo , Ricobaraza Ana , Martínez‐Pinilla Eva , Aymerich María S. , Luis Lanciego José , Pérez‐Mediavilla Alberto , Franco Rafael
Published: February 2014

GPR40, the free fatty acid receptor 1, is expressed strongly in the primate pancreas and brain. While the role of pancreatic GPR40 in glucose homeostasis has been extensively studied, the absence of this G‐protein‐coupled receptor from the brain of rodents has hampered studies into its role in the central nervous system. However, we found intense GPR40 mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in mouse hippocampal and motor cortex neurons. Furthermore, in a neuroblastoma cell GPR40 was activated by docosahexaenoic acid and selective agonists, yet not by palmitic acid. Significantly, the activation of GPR40 provoked the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element‐binding protein, CREB. The receptor was also functional in primary cultures of murine neurons, in which its activation by a selective agonist produced the phosphorylation of CREB and of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases, ERK1/2. These results suggest that mice represent a suitable model for elucidating the role of GPR40 in brain function. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human hippocampal processing of environmental novelty during spatial navigation
Authors: Kaplan Raphael , Horner Aidan J. , Bandettini Peter A. , Doeller Christian F. , Burgess Neil
Published: February 2014

The detection and processing of novel information encountered as we explore our environment is crucial for learning and adaptive behavior. The human hippocampus has been strongly implicated in laboratory tests of novelty detection and episodic memory, but has been less well studied during more ethological tasks such as spatial navigation, typically used in animals. We examined fMRI BOLD activity as a function of environmental and object novelty as humans performed an object‐location virtual navigation task. We found greater BOLD response to novel relative to familiar environments in the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal gyrus. Object novelty was associated with increased activity in the posterior parahippocampal/fusiform gyrus and anterior hippocampus extending into the amygdala and superior temporal sulcus. Importantly, whilst mid‐posterior hippocampus was more sensitive to environmental novelty than object novelty, the anterior hippocampus responded similarly to both forms of novelty. Amygdala activity showed an increase for novel objects that decreased linearly over the learning phase. By investigating how participants learn and use different forms of information during spatial navigation, we found that medial temporal lobe (MTL) activity reflects both the novelty of the environment and of the objects located within it. This novelty processing is likely supported by distinct, but partially overlapping, sets of regions within the MTL. © 2014 The Authors. Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tea and coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer: The European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study
Authors: Zamora‐Ros Raul , Luján‐Barroso Leila , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. B(as) , Dik Vincent K. , Boeing Heiner , Steffen Annika , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Bech Bodil Hammer , Overvad Kim , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Racine Antoine , Fagherazzi Guy , Kuhn Tilman , Katzke Verena , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Vineis Paolo , Grioni Sara , Palli Domenico , Weiderpass Elisabete , Skeie Guri , Huerta José María , Sánchez María‐José , Argüelles Marcial , Amiano Pilar , Ardanaz Eva , Nilsson Lena , Wallner Bengt , Lindkvist Björn , Wallström Peter , Peeters Petra H.M. , Key Timothy J. , Khaw Kay‐Thee , Wareham Nicholas J. , Freisling Heinz , Stepien Magdalena , Ferrari Pietro , Gunter Marc J. , Murphy Neil , Riboli Elio , González Carlos A.
Published: February 2014

Epidemiological data regarding tea and coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer (EC) is still inconclusive. We examined the association of tea and coffee consumption with EC risk among 442,143 men and women without cancer at baseline from 9 countries of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Tea and coffee intakes were recorded using country‐specific validated dietary questionnaires. Cox regression models were used to analyze the relationships between tea and coffee intake and EC risk. During a mean follow‐up of 11.1 years, 339 participants developed EC, of which 142 were esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and 174 were esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In the multivariable models, no significant associations between tea (mostly black tea), and coffee intake and risk of EC, EAC and ESCC were observed. In stratified analyses, among men coffee consumption was inversely related to ESCC (HR for comparison of extreme tertiles 0.42, 95% CI 0.20–0.88; p‐trend = 0.022), but not among women. In current smokers, a significant and inverse association was observed between ESCC risk and tea (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23–0.93; p‐trend = 0.053) and coffee consumption (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19–0.73; p‐trend = 0.011). However, no statistically significant findings were observed using the continuous variable (per 100 mL/d). These data did not show a significant association between tea and coffee consumption and EC, EAC and ESCC, although a decreased risk of ESCC among men and current smokers is suggested, but need to be confirmed in further prospective studies including more cases.
A DNA methylation classifier of cervical precancer based on human papillomavirus and human genes
Authors: Brentnall Adam R. , Vasiljević Nataša , Scibior‐Bentkowska Dorota , Cadman Louise , Austin Janet , Szarewski Anne , Cuzick Jack , Lorincz Attila T.
Published: February 2014

Testing for high‐risk (hr) types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is highly sensitive as a screening test of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplastic (CIN2/3) disease, the precursor of cervical cancer. However, it has a relatively low specificity. Our objective was to develop a prediction rule with a higher specificity, using combinations of human and HPV DNA methylation. Exfoliated cervical specimens from colposcopy‐referral cohorts in London were analyzed for DNA methylation levels by pyrosequencing in the L1 and L2 regions of HPV16, HPV18, HPV31 and human genes EPB41L3, DPYS and MAL. Samples from 1,493 hrHPV‐positive women were assessed and of these 556 were found to have CIN2/3 at biopsy; 556 tested positive for HPV16 (323 CIN2/3), 201 for HPV18 (73 CIN2/3) and 202 for HPV31 (98 CIN2/3). The prediction rule included EPB41L3 and HPV and had area under curve 0.80 (95% CI 0.78–0.82). For 90% sensitivity, specificity was 36% (33–40) and positive predictive value (PPV) was 46% (43–48). By HPV type, 90% sensitivity corresponded to the following specificities and PPV, respectively: HPV16, 38% (32–45) and 67% (63–71); HPV18, 53% (45–62) and 52% (45–59); HPV31, 39% (31–49) and 58% (51–65); HPV16, 18 or 31, 44% (40–49) and 62% (59–65) and other hrHPV 17% (14–21) and 21% (18–24). We conclude that a methylation assay in hrHPV‐positive women might improve PPV with minimal sensitivity loss.
Lifetime risk of distinct upper aerodigestive tract cancers and consumption of alcohol, betel and cigarette
Authors: Hsu Wan‐Lun , Chien Yin‐Chu , Chiang Chun‐Ju , Yang Hwai‐I , Lou Pei‐Jen , Wang Cheng‐Ping , Yu Kelly J. , You San‐Lin , Wang Li‐Yu , Chen Shu‐Yuan , Yang Czau‐Siung , Chen Chien‐Jen
Published: February 2014

The cancer of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) is a common cancers in the world. However, its lifetime risk by consumption of alcohol, betel and cigarettes remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to estimate lifetime risk of distinct UADT cancers and assess their associations with alcohol, betel and cigarette consumption. Three cohorts of 25,611 men were enrolled in 1982–1992 in Taiwan. The history of alcohol, betel and cigarette consumption was enquired through questionnaire interview. Newly developed UADT cancers were ascertained through computerized linkage with national cancer registry profile. Lifetime (30–80 years old) risk and multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) of distinct UADT cancers by alcohol, betel and cigarette consumption were estimated. A total of 269 pathologically confirmed cases of UADT cancers were newly‐diagnosed during 472,096 person‐years of follow‐up. The lifetime risk of UADT cancer was 9.42 and 1.65% for betel chewers and nonchewers, 3.22 and 1.21% for cigarette smokers and nonsmokers and 4.77 and 1.85% for alcohol drinkers and nondrinkers. The HRadj (95% confidence interval) of developing UADT cancer was 3.36 (2.51–4.49), 2.02 (1.43–2.84), 1.90 (1.46–2.49), respectively, for the consumption of betel, cigarette and alcohol. Alcohol, betel and cigarette had different effect on cancers at various anatomical sites of UADT. The cancer risk from the mouth, pharynx, esophagus to larynx increased for alcohol and cigarette consumption, but decreased for betel consumption. Alcohol, betel and cigarette consumption are independent risk predictors for distinct UADT cancers.