bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal health, perceived oral health, and dental care utilization of breast cancer survivors
Authors: Taichman L. Susan , Griggs Jennifer J. , Inglehart Marita R.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

This population‐based analysis examined the prevalence of periodontal diseases along with the self‐perceived oral health and patterns of dental care utilization of breast cancer survivors in the United States.

Methods

Data from the 1999‐2004 National Health and Nutrition Surveys were utilized, examining information from 3,354 women between 50 and 85 years of age. Primary outcomes were gingivitis and periodontitis, self‐perceived oral health, and dental care utilization. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate relationships of breast cancer diagnosis and primary outcomes while controlling for confounding factors.

Results

Breast cancer survivors were more likely to be older than 55 years, white, nonsmokers, have higher levels of education and income, and a higher prevalence of osteoporosis. Breast cancer survivors were significantly less likely to have dental insurance (P = 0.04). Utilization of dental services and reason for last dental visit did not significantly differ between groups. A history of a breast cancer diagnosis did not increase the odds of gingivitis [odds ratio (OR):  1.32; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 0.53‐3.63], periodontitis (OR: 1.82; 95 percent CI:  0.89‐4.01), or poor self‐perceived oral health (OR: 0.89; 95 percent CI: 0.61‐1.33) after adjusting for age, race, education, dental care utilization, and smoking status.

Conclusions

In this sample, a history of breast cancer does not significantly impact periodontal health, self‐perceived oral health, and dental care utilization. However, efforts should be made to assure that breast cancer survivors have dental insurance.
Mechanisms of isoproterenol‐induced cardiac mitochondrial damage: protective actions of melatonin
Authors: Mukherjee Debasri , Ghosh Arnab K. , Dutta Mousumi , Mitra Elina , Mallick Sanjaya , Saha Bhaskar , Reiter Russel J. , Bandyopadhyay Debasish
Published: February 2015

Mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative damage is the key feature of several diseases. We have earlier reported mitochondrial damage resulting from the generation of oxidative stress as a major pathophysiological effect of isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced myocardial ischemia in rats. That melatonin is an antioxidant that ameliorates oxidative stress in experimental animals as well as in humans is well established. We previously demonstrated that melatonin provides cardioprotection against ISO‐induced myocardial injury as a result of its antioxidant properties. The mechanism of ISO‐induced cardiac mitochondrial damage and protection by melatonin, however, remains to be elucidated in vitro. In this study, we provide evidence that ISO causes dysfunction of isolated goat heart mitochondria. Incubation of cardiac mitochondria with increasing concentrations of ISO decreased mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, which plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial bioenergetics, as well as altered the activities of other key enzymes of the Kreb's cycle and the respiratory chain. Co‐incubation of ISO‐challenged mitochondria with melatonin prevented the alterations in enzyme activity. That these changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism were due to the perpetration of oxidative stress by ISO was evident from the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. ISO‐induced oxidative stress also altered mitochondrial redox potential and brought about changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, eventually leading to alterations in total ATPase activity and membrane potential. Melatonin ameliorated these changes likely through its antioxidant abilities suggesting a possible mechanism of cardioprotection by this indole against ISO‐induced myocardial injury.
Online monitoring of the social presence effects in a two‐person‐like driving video game using near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Tao , Saito Hirofumi , Oi Misato
Published: February 2015

We examined how a friend's presence affects a performer's prefrontal activation in daily‐life activities using two wireless portable near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices. Participants played a driving video game either solely in the single group or with a friend in the paired group. The two groups (single and paired) were subdivided according to their game proficiency (low and high). The NIRS data demonstrated a significant interaction of group by proficiency. Low‐proficiency players in the paired group showed lower activation than those in the single group, but high‐proficiency players did not. In the paired group, high‐proficiency players showed higher activation than low‐proficiency players, but not in the single group. These results suggest that NIRS detects social presence effects in everyday situations: decreasing prefrontal activation in low‐proficiency performers due to tension reduction and increasing prefrontal activation in high‐proficiency performers due to increased arousal.
Risk of all‐type cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and pancreatic cancer in patients infected with hepatitis B virus
Authors: Andersen E. S. , Omland L. H. , Jepsen P. , Krarup H. , Christensen P. B. , Obel N. , Weis N. ,   the DANVIR Cohort Study
Published: February 2015

The increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is well established; however, long‐term risk estimates are needed. Recently, it has been suggested that HBV is associated with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this Danish nationwide cohort study was to evaluate the association between HBV infection and all‐type cancer, HCC, NHL and PC. A cohort of patients infected with HBV (n = 4345) and an age‐ and sex‐matched population‐based comparison cohort of individuals (n = 26 070) without a positive test for HBV were linked to The Danish Cancer Registry to compare the risk of all‐type cancer, HCC, NHL and PC among the two groups. The median observation period was 8.0 years. Overall, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for all‐type cancer among HBV‐infected patients was 1.1 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.9–1.3). The IRR of HCC was 17.4 (CI 5.5–54.5), whereas the IRR of PC and NHL was 0.9 (CI 0.3–2.5) and 1.2 (CI 0.4–3.6), respectively. HBV‐infected patients had a 10‐year risk of 0.24% (Cl 0.12–0.44) for HCC, whereas the comparison cohort had a 10‐year risk of 0.03% (Cl 0.02–0.07) for HCC. The risk of all‐type cancer, NHL and PC was not higher in the HBV‐infected cohort compared to non‐HBV infected. We found a 17‐fold higher risk of HCC for HBV‐infected individuals.
Structural Damage Detection Using Modal Strain Energy and Hybrid Multiobjective Optimization
Authors: Cha Young‐Jin , Buyukozturk Oral
Published: February 2015

Modal strain energy (MSE) is a sensitive physical property that can be utilized as a damage index in structural health monitoring. Inverse problem solving‐based approaches using single‐objective optimization algorithms are also a promising damage identification method. However, the research into the integration of these methods is currently limited; only partial success in the detection of structural damage with high errors has been reported. The majority of previous research was focused on detecting damage in simply supported beams or plain structures. In this study, a novel damage detection approach using hybrid multiobjective optimization algorithms based on MSE is proposed to detect damages in various three‐dimensional (3‐D) steel structures. Minor damages have little effect on the difference of the modal properties of the structure, and thus such damages with multiple locations in a structure are difficult to detect using traditional damage detection methods based on modal properties. Various minor damage scenarios are created for the 3‐D structures to investigate the newly proposed multiobjective approach. The proposed hybrid multiobjective genetic algorithm detects the exact locations and extents of the induced minor damages in the structure. Even though it uses incomplete mode shapes, which do not have any measured information at the damaged element, the proposed approach detects damage well. The robustness of the proposed method is investigated by adding 5% Gaussian random white noise as a noise effect to mode shapes, which are used in the calculation ofMSE.
Impact of hyperuricaemia on the chronic kidney disease‐associated risk factors in a community‐based population
Authors: Tsumuraya Yoshiko , Hirayama Tomo , Tozuka Emiko , Furuta Wakana , Utsugi Shinobu , Tsuchiya Atsuko , Hishida Akira , Kumagai Hiromichi
Published: February 2015

Aim

Hyperuricaemia is a common finding in subjects with lifestyle related diseases. This study was performed to examine its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in relation to other risk factors in a community‐based population.

Methods

Data from 187 914 participants, excepting CKD stage 5, of the health check‐up were included in this analysis. The association between CKD and its risk factors were examined by a logistic analysis. The association of hyperuricaemia and CKD was also compared in the population without any lifestyle related diseases and the whole population.

Results

The prevalence of hyperuricaemia was significantly higher in the advanced stage of CKD. The odds ratio of hyperuricaemia was higher than that of other factors for the association with CKD. The odds ratio of many CKD‐associated variables was increased in the advanced stage. Among them, the odds ratio of hyperuricaemia was markedly increased. The prevalence of hyperuricaemia was lower in the population without any lifestyle related diseases than in the whole population in the early stages, the difference of prevalence between the two populations becoming smaller in the advanced stage.

Conclusions

The association of incident CKD with hyperuricaemia was stronger than with other chronic kidney disease‐risk factors, this association becoming more significant in the advanced stage of chronic kidney disease. Although this result does not indicate the cause and result relationship, the data suggest that hyperuricaemia might not be appropriately treated in this population.
Taxonomic status of Aster, Galatella and Tripolium (Asteraceae) in view of anatomical and micro‐morphological evidence
Authors: Karanović Dunja , Luković Jadranka , Zorić Lana , Anačkov Goran , Boža Pal
Published: February 2015

Using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), comparative analyses of anatomical and micro‐morphological characteristics of the leaf, stem and peduncle have been carried out on five species of the family Asteraceae (Aster amellus, Galatella linosyris, G. cana, G. sedifolia and Tripolium pannonicum), previously included in Aster although more recent morphological and phylogenetic studies indicate that Galatella and Tripolium should be considered as separate genera. The aim of the present study was to establish whether these species could be differentiated by anatomical characters. Our results will further inform the decision to separate the four aforementioned species from the genus Aster, as well as indicate whether anatomical data confirm the proposed circumscription of the genera Galatella and Tripolium. The anatomical observations and data analyses using discriminant and correspondence analysis showed that the combination of selected qualitative and quantitative characters separated the species into three groups, corresponding to the three genera. The characters of the leaf blade, its epidermis in particular, proved to be of the highest significance for discrimination at generic rank. The specific qualitative features that characterize each of the species and the genera were emphasized. Our findings support the attribution of the examined species to three genera, which proved to be anatomically distinguishable and well defined.
Effects of NaCl on physiology and leaf ultrastructure in the halophyte Kalidium foliatum
Authors: Wang Guoze , Jia Jin
Published: February 2015

We studied the effects of salt exposure on the growth and physiology of the xerohalophyte Kalidium foliatum. Plants were grown for 21 days under greenhouse conditions in the presence of between 0 and 500 mM NaCl. Optimum root activity and chlorophyll content were observed at 200 mM and 300 mM NaCl, respectively. Superoxide production increased with increasing NaCl concentration throughout the studied range. These results indicate that moderate salinity has a stimulating effect on the growth of K. foliatum. NaCl also induced leaf ultra‐structural changes. The chloroplasts and cell nuclei all displayed an elliptic shape between 0 and 300 mM NaCl. However, they appeared to be swollen between 400 and 500 mM NaCl. The mitochondria were unaffected by salinity, and all organelles remained intact under NaCl stress. These results provide insights into the mechanism of salt tolerance in K. foliatum.
De novo hepatitis B virus infection after pediatric liver transplantations with hepatitis B core antibody‐positive donors: A single‐center 20‐yr experience
Authors: Lee Yeoun Joo , Oh Seak Hee , Kim Kyung Mo , Song Seung Min , Namgoong Jung‐Man , Kim Dae Yeon , Lee Sung‐Gyu
Published: February 2015

DNHB is common in countries with high prevalence of hepatitis B, and therefore, contracting hepatitis B after LT with HBcAb+ grafts is a major concern. We studied DNHB in 247 children (aged <18 yr) who underwent LT from 1994 to 2013. Sixty‐six of 247 recipients received HBcAb+ donor grafts. The incidence of DNHB was 5.7% (14 of 247 children) and that in HBcAb+ donor grafts was 19.7% (13 of 66 children). The incidence of DNHB without LAM prophylaxis was 31.3% (nine of 29 children), while that with prophylaxis was 10.8% (four of 37 children). LAM prophylaxis negatively correlated with DNHB by Cox regression analysis (p = 0.028, odds ratio = 0.258). Among 13 DNHB patients with HBcAb+ donor grafts, eight recovered from DNHB and four showed the emergence of LAM resistance. There was no DNHB‐related graft failure. This study showed that HBcAb+ donor graft was associated with development of DNHB, and use of LAM prophylaxis decreased the incidence of DNHB with HBcAb+ graft.
How Irish Citizens Negotiate Foreign Policy: A Social Representations Approach to Neutrality
Authors: O'Dwyer Emma , Lyons Evanthia , Cohrs J. Christopher
Published: February 2015

The present study investigates the relationship between the foreign policy orientation of Irish neutrality and national identity using a social representations approach (Elcheroth, Doise, & Reicher, 2011; Moscovici, 1961/76). In four focus groups conducted in the Republic of Ireland, 22 participants discussed vignettes in which hypothetical conflicts were described. The findings pointed towards the dynamic relationship between neutrality and Irish national identity and more generally to the importance of macropolitical phenomena for identity construction. The process of categorization was key to participants' decision making regarding the hypothetical conflicts; the decision to support or oppose the Irish state's involvement in the conflicts frequently revolved around a reconsideration of the boundaries of the ingroup. Furthermore, social representations were laden with the possibility of social change; the construction of neutrality as morally ambivalent, motivated by pragmatism rather than principles, opened up a space for younger participants to resist dominant, pragmatic interpretations of the policy and offer alternatives. Theoretical and empirical implications of the findings are discussed. Taken together, the findings demonstrate the critical potential of extending a social representations approach to issues of political psychological significance.
Different strategies for photoprotection during autumn senescence in maple and oak
Authors: Moy Andy , Le Sherry , Verhoeven Amy
Published: February 2015

During autumn senescence, plants must disassemble the photosynthetic apparatus as nutrients are remobilized from the leaves. The goal of this study was to examine changes in relative abundance of photosynthetic proteins and pigments throughout autumn senescence in order to understand the mechanisms of photoprotection used during this process. We sampled leaves from two deciduous tree species [sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.)] throughout autumn during 2010 and 2013. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured, thylakoids were isolated for western blotting with antibodies to individual proteins and pigment content was assessed. Both species retained high photochemical efficiency until late autumn and showed earlier onset of degradation of photosystem I relative to photosystem II. The species differed in the timing and pattern of degradation of individual photosynthetic proteins and pigments. In maple, there were increases in anthocyanins, more rapid degradation of light‐harvesting proteins and enrichment of xanthophyll cycle pigments in late autumn. In oak, light‐harvesting proteins were retained in higher abundance throughout autumn, PsbS levels increased during early autumn and lutein was enriched in late autumn samples. The results suggest that the species differ in strategies for photoprotection during autumn senescence.
Older people's experience of utilisation and administration of medicines in a health‐ and social care context
Authors: Gransjön Craftman Åsa , Westerbotn Margareta , von Strauss Eva , Hillerås Pernilla , Marmstål Hammar Lena
Published: February 2015

Background

People living at home who lack ability to manage their medicine are entitled to assistance to improve adherence provided by a home care assistant employed by social care.

Aim

The aim was to describe how older people with chronic diseases, living at home, experience the use and assistance of administration of medicines in the context of social care.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Ten participants (age 65+) living at home were interviewed in the participants' own homes. Latent content analysis was used.

Findings

The assistance eases daily life with regard to practical matters and increases adherence to a medicine regimen. There were mixed feelings about being dependent on assistance; it interferes with self‐sufficiency at a time of health transition. Participants were balancing empowerment and a dubious perception of the home care assistants' knowledge of medicine and safety. Physicians' and district nurses' professional knowledge was a safety guarantee for the medicine process.

Conclusions

Assistance eases daily life and medicine regimen adherence. Dependence on assistance may affect self‐sufficiency. Perceived safety varied relating to home care assistants' knowledge of medicine.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

A well‐functioning medicine assistance is crucial to enable older people to remain at home. A person‐centred approach to health‐ and social care delivery is efficient and improve outcome for the recipient of care.
The investigation and comparison of the underlying needs of common disruptive behaviours in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang Chi‐Jane , Pai Ming‐Chyi , Hsiao Hua‐Shan , Wang Jing‐Jy
Published: February 2015

Background

Management of the disruptive behaviours is one of the most challenging aspects of caring for patients with Alzheimer's dementia (PwAD). The underlying needs of disruptive behaviours in PwADhad rarely been studied, especially the comparison of the underlying needs of disruptive behaviours in PwADhave never been mentioned.

Aims and Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the underlying needs of five common disruptive behaviours including hoarding, aggressive behaviour, repetitive behaviour, altered eating behaviour and delusion in PwAD, as perceived by family caregivers, and to relate these needs from the perspective of Maslow's hierarchy.

Methods

An exploratory research design with qualitative data collection techniques was employed. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the data collection. A total of 65 pairs of caregiver–patient with Alzheimer's disease participated in the study. A semi‐structured interview guide was used during the interview, and the directed content analysis method was conducted to analyse data.

Results

Four themes related to the underlying needs of the five selected disruptive behaviours emerged from the data, and these included a desire for comfort (physical and psychological), a desire for security (psychological and economic), a need for a sense of belonging (including a need to connect with the outside world and a need for attention) and a need for self‐control. These behaviour features were found closely related to Maslow's hierarchy model of human needs.

Conclusion

Although the data were gathered from the caregivers, and the views of the patients were thus not included in the analysis, the findings provide information for health providers that can enable them to better understand the underlying needs of common disruptive behaviours in patients with Alzheimer's disease and thus help develop better patient‐centred care plans.
Machiavellianism in long‐term relationships: Competition, mate retention and sexual coercion
Authors: Brewer Gayle , Abell Loren
Published: February 2015

Machiavellianism is characterized by a manipulative interpersonal style and willingness to exploit others (Christie & Geis, 1970). Though previous research has focused on the influence of Machiavellianism in short‐term relationships, Machiavellianism may also influence behavior within long‐term committed romantic relationships. Heterosexual men (N = 93) and women (N = 141) in current romantic relationships of at least 12 months duration were recruited online. Participants completed Machiavellianism, Intra‐Sexual Competition, Mate Retention and Sexual Coercion scales. Regression analyses revealed that those with high levels of Machiavellianism were more likely to compete with same‐sex rivals, directly guard a mate and employ inter‐sexual or intra‐sexual negative inducements as a form of mate retention than those with low levels of the personality trait. Gender did not moderate the influence of Machiavellianism on these behaviors. Findings highlight the influence of Machiavellianism within long‐term committed romantic relationships.
Motivational climate, goal orientation, perceived sport ability, and enjoyment within Finnish junior ice hockey players
Authors: Jaakkola T. , Ntoumanis N. , Liukkonen J.
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the relations among situational motivational climate, dispositional approach and avoidance achievement goals, perceived sport ability, and enjoyment in Finnish male junior ice hockey players. The sample comprised 265 junior B‐level male players with a mean age of 17.03 years (SD = 0.63). Players filled questionnaires tapping their perceptions of coach motivational climate, achievement goals, perceived sport ability, and enjoyment. For the statistical analysis, players were divided into high and low perceived sport ability groups. Multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed an indirect path from task‐involving motivational climate via task‐approach goal to enjoyment. Additionally, SEM demonstrated four other direct associations, which existed in both perceived ability groups: from ego‐involving motivational climate to ego‐approach and ego‐avoidance goals; from ego‐approach goal to ego‐avoidance goal; and from task‐avoidance goal to ego‐avoidance goal. Additionally, in the high perceived sport ability group, there was an association from task‐involving motivational climate to enjoyment. The results of this study reveal that motivational climate emphasizing effort, personal development and improvement, and achievement goal mastering tasks are significant elements of enjoyment in junior ice hockey.
In‐field gait retraining and mobile monitoring to address running biomechanics associated with tibial stress fracture
Authors: Willy R. W. , Buchenic L. , Rogacki K. , Ackerman J. , Schmidt A. , Willson J. D.
Published: February 2015

We sought to determine if an in‐field gait retraining program can reduce excessive impact forces and peak hip adduction without adverse changes in knee joint work during running. Thirty healthy at‐risk runners who exhibited high‐impact forces were randomized to retraining [21.1 (±1.9) years, 22.1 (±10.8) km/week] or control groups [21.0 (±1.3) years, 23.2 (±8.7) km/week]. Retrainers were cued, via a wireless accelerometer, to increase preferred step rate by 7.5% during eight training sessions performed in‐field. Adherence with the prescribed step rate was assessed via mobile monitoring. Three‐dimensional gait analysis was performed at baseline, after retraining, and at 1‐month post‐retraining. Retrainers increased step rate by 8.6% (P < 0.0001), reducing instantaneous vertical load rate (−17.9%, P = 0.003), average vertical load rate (−18.9%, P < 0.0001), peak hip adduction (2.9° ± 4.2 reduction, P = 0.005), eccentric knee joint work per stance phase (−26.9%, P < 0.0001), and per kilometer of running (−21.1%, P < 0.0001). Alterations in gait were maintained at 30 days. In the absence of any feedback, controls maintained their baseline gait parameters. The majority of retrainers were adherent with the prescribed step rate during in‐field runs. Thus, in‐field gait retraining, cueing a modest increase in step rate, was effective at reducing impact forces, peak hip adduction and eccentric knee joint work.
5‐week block periodization increases aerobic power in elite cross‐country skiers
Authors: Rønnestad B. R. , Hansen J. , Thyli V. , Bakken T. A. , Sandbakk Ø.
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two different methods of organizing endurance training in elite cross‐country skiers approaching the competition period. During the 5‐week intervention period, one group performed block periodization (BP; n = 10) with 5 and 3 high‐intensity sessions (HIT) during the first and third training week. One HIT was performed during the remaining weeks in BP, while the group performing traditional training organization (TRAD, n = 9) performed two weekly HIT except during the third week where they performed three HIT. HIT were interspersed with low‐intensity training (LIT) and both groups performed similar total amount of both HIT and LIT during the intervention. BP achieved a larger relative increase in peak power output and power output at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L than TRAD (4 ± 4 vs −3 ± 6% and 11 ± 10 vs 2 ± 4%, respectively, both P < 0.01). BP also increased maximal oxygen uptake by 2 ± 2% (P < 0.05), while no changes occurred in TRAD. The effect sizes of the relative improvement in these measurements revealed moderate effects of BP vs TRAD training. The present study suggests that block periodization of endurance training have superior effects on several endurance and performance indices compared with traditional organization.
Short‐term cardiorespiratory adaptation to high altitude in children compared with adults
Authors: Kriemler S. , Radtke T. , Bürgi F. , Lambrecht J. , Zehnder M. , Brunner‐La Rocca H. P.
Published: February 2015

As short‐term cardiorespiratory adaptation to high altitude (HA) exposure has not yet been studied in children, we assessed acute mountain sickness (AMS), hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) at rest and maximal exercise capacity (CPET) at low altitude (LA) and HA in pre‐pubertal children and their fathers. Twenty father–child pairs (11 ± 1 years and 44 ± 4 years) were tested at LA (450 m) and HA (3450 m) at days 1, 2, and 3 after fast ascent (HA1/2/3). HVR was measured at rest and CPET was performed on a cycle ergometer. AMS severity was mild to moderate with no differences between generations. HVR was higher in children than adults at LA and increased at HA similarly in both groups. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) relative to body weight was similar in children and adults at LA and decreased significantly by 20% in both groups at HA; maximal heart rate did not change at HA in children while it decreased by 16% in adults (P < 0.001). Changes in HVR and VO2peak from LA to HA were correlated among the biological child–father pairs. In conclusion, cardiorespiratory adaptation to altitude seems to be at least partly hereditary. Even though children and their fathers lose similar fractions of aerobic capacity going to high altitude, the mechanisms might be different.
Effortless Self‐Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self‐Control
Authors: Gillebaart Marleen , de Ridder Denise T. D.
Published: February 2015

Self‐control is of invaluable importance for well‐being. While previous research has focused on self‐control failure, we introduce a new perspective on self‐control, including the notion of effortless self‐control, and a focus on self‐control success rather than failure. We propose that effortless strategies of dealing with response conflict (i.e., competing behavioral tendencies) are what distinguishes successful self‐controllers from less successful ones. While people with high trait self‐control may recognize the potential for response conflict in self‐control dilemmas, they do not seem to subjectively experience this conflict as much as people with low self‐control. Two strategies may underlie this difference: avoidance of response conflict through adaptive, habitual behaviors, and the efficient downregulating of response conflict. These strategies as well as the role of response conflict are elaborated upon and discussed in the light of existing literature on self‐control.
Infections after T‐replete haploidentical transplantation and high‐dose cyclophosphamide as graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis
Authors: Crocchiolo R. , Bramanti S. , Vai A. , Sarina B. , Mineri R. , Casari E. , Tordato F. , Mauro E. , Timofeeva I. , Lugli E. , Mavilio D. , Carlo‐Stella C. , Santoro A. , Castagna L.
Published: February 2015

Background

Recently, a platform of T‐cell replete haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) using post‐transplant cyclophosphamide (Cy) has shown high reproducibility and acceptable safety profile.

Method

This prospective cohort analysis allowed us to collect data on infections among 70 consecutive recipients of haplo‐HSCT affected by various hematologic malignancies.

Results

After a median follow‐up of 23 months, cumulative incidence of viral infections was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI] 59–81) at 100 days and 77% (95% CI 67–87) at 1 year; 35 of 65 patients at risk had CMV reactivation (54%) and the rate of polyomavirus‐virus‐associated cystitis was 19% (13/70). Cumulative incidence of bacterial and fungal infections at 1 year were 63% (95% CI 51–75) and 12% (95% CI 4–19), respectively. Of note, only 1 invasive fungal infection occurred beyond 1 year after transplant (day +739).

Conclusion

In conclusion, despite a high rate of viral infections in the early period, present data suggest a satisfactory infectious profile after T‐cell replete haplo‐HSCT using post‐transplant Cy. These results may help clinicians to improve both prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial strategies in this emerging haploidentical setting.
Variability of hepatitis E serologic assays in a pediatric liver transplant recipient: challenges to diagnosing hepatitis E virus infection in the United States
Authors: Sue P.K. , Pisanic N. , Heaney C.D. , Mixson‐Hayden T. , Kamili S. , Nelson K. , Schwarz K.B. , Forman M. , Valsamakis A. , Ticehurst J. , Karnsakul W.
Published: February 2015

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging cause of viral hepatitis among immunocompromised individuals in developed countries. Yet the diagnosis of HEV infection in the United States remains challenging, because of the variable sensitivity and specificity of currently available tests, and the lack of a US Food and Drug Administration‐approved test. We report a case of multiple discordant HEV serology results in a pediatric liver transplant recipient with idiopathic hepatitis, and review the challenges to diagnosis of HEV infection in the United States.
Controversies regarding choice of vasopressor therapy for management of septic shock in animals
Authors: Silverstein Deborah C. , Santoro Beer Kari A.
Published: February 2015

Objective

To review and appraise common vasopressor drugs used to treat septic shock‐induced hypotension in volume replete animals.

Data Sources

Human and animal publications were searched using PubMed without time limits and the following keywords were used: “vasopressor,” “septic shock,” “norepinephrine,” “dopamine,” “epinephrine,” and “vasopressin.”

Human Data Synthesis

The choice of vasopressor drug is unlikely to have a marked impact on outcome, but the incidence of adverse events (eg, tachycardia) varies greatly between the various treatment options. In agreement with the 2012 Cochrane Database consensus, norepinephrine is the first‐choice vasopressor to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg. If an additional agent is required, epinephrine should be administered. Low‐dose vasopressin can be added to norepinephrine to either increase the arterial blood pressure to the target goal value or decrease the norepinephrine dose, but should not be used as the initial vasopressor. Dopamine is not recommended except in highly selected circumstances.

Veterinary Data Synthesis

There is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions regarding the treatment of naturally occurring septic shock, but clinical studies are underway to provide further data.

Conclusions

The treatment of hypotension in people or animals with septic shock is challenging and vasopressor therapy is associated with a variety of adverse effects. Further research is warranted in dogs and cats to establish evidence‐based guidelines.
Computed Tomographic and Low‐Field Magnetic Resonance Arthrography: A Comparison of Techniques For Observing Intra‐articular Structures of the Normal Canine Shoulder
Authors: De Rycke Lieve M. , Gielen Ingrid M. , Dingemanse Walter , Kromhout Kaatje , van Bree Henri
Published: February 2015

Objective

To compare low‐field magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) for identification of intra‐articular ligaments and joint cartilage in the normal canine shoulder with the aid of cross‐sectional anatomy.

Animals

Normal adult Foxhounds (n = 3) and 4 Foxhound cadaver shoulders.

Methods

CTA of 3 dogs was performed after intra‐articular administration of contrast medium in both shoulders. Transverse slices and reformatted sagittal and dorsal images were obtained. Later, an MRA study of all 6 shoulder joints was performed using a low‐field system. T1‐ and T2‐weighted images were made in 3 planes, arthrography performed, and T1‐weighted images repeated. Unrelated cadaver shoulder joints were injected with red methylmethacrylate, frozen, and sectioned into dorsal, sagittal, and transverse sections. Representative anatomic images were compared with the CTA, MRA, and T2‐weighted images.

Results

The joint cartilage was identified on all CTA images. The glenohumeral ligaments were clearly visible on the transverse and dorsal CTA and MRA images but were not detected on the T2‐weighted sequences. The biceps tendon could be evaluated on all images. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscle tendons were most easily identified on the MRA and T2‐weighted MR images.

Conclusions

CTA was useful for seeing articular cartilage and both CTA and MRA were useful for seeing the normal glenohumeral ligaments; however, further research is needed to examine each technique's sensitivity for diagnosing the pathology of these ligaments and any associated lesions of the capsule, tendon, and bone, and for determining the clinical importance of CTA for evaluating loose fragments or osteochondral lesions.
Genus-2 curves and Jacobians with a given number of points
Authors: Bröker Reinier , Howe Everett W. , Lauter Kristin E. , Stevenhagen Peter
Published: February 2015

We study the problem of efficiently constructing a curve$C$of genus $2$over a finite field$\mathbb{F}$for which either the curve$C$itself or its Jacobian has a prescribed number$N$of$\mathbb{F}$-rational points.

In the case of the Jacobian, we show that any ‘CM-construction’ to produce the required genus-$2$curves necessarily takes time exponential in the size of its input.

On the other hand, we provide an algorithm for producing a genus-$2$curve with a given number of points that, heuristically, takes polynomial time for most input values. We illustrate the practical applicability of this algorithm by constructing a genus-$2$curve having exactly$10^{2014}+9703$(prime) points, and two genus-$2$curves each having exactly$10^{2013}$points.

In an appendix we provide a complete parametrization, over an arbitrary base field$k$of characteristic neither two nor three, of the family of genus-$2$curves over$k$that have$k$-rational degree-$3$maps to elliptic curves, including formulas for the genus-$2$curves, the associated elliptic curves, and the degree-$3$maps.

Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Nox4 supports proper capillary growth in exercise and retina neo‐vascularization
Authors: Vogel Juri , Kruse Christoph , Zhang Min , Schröder Katrin
Published: February 2015

Key points

We provide evidence for two distinct functions of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 in angiogenesis using Nox4 knockout mice.

First, Nox4 maintains vascular endothelial growth factor expression and prevents an increase in angiopoietin 1 expression, thereby contributing to angiogenesis in exercise.

Second, deletion of Nox4, via an enhanced angiopoietin 1 expression, contributes to stabilization of new formed vessels and prevents an exacerbated neo‐angiogenesis in oxygen‐induced retinopathy.

By contrast, Nox4 does not influence developmental angiogenesis.

By producing H2O2, the NADPH oxidase Nox4 is involved in hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis, as present in vascular remodelling of the hypertrophic heart or blood flow recovery after hind limb ischaemia. In the present study, we hypothesized that Nox4 contributes to proper capillary growth in the retina and in exercised muscles and investigated this in wild‐type and Nox4−/− mice. Exercise, as induced by voluntary running in a running wheel or forced running on a treadmill, stimulated capillary growth in wild‐type but not Nox4−/− mice. As an underlying mechanism, we identified both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression to be reduced and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) expression to be increased in response to Nox4 knockout. To differentiate the two factors, oxygen‐induced retinopathy was investigated. In this model, deletion of Nox4 protected from neo‐angiogenesis and stabilized the network of regrown vessels, which is a typical feature of Ang1. However the angiogenesis in the developing retina was similar between Nox4−/− and wild‐type mice. Thus, Nox4 contributes to exercise‐ and hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis through a dual mechanism of maintaining VEGF and preventing Ang‐1 expression, whereas the developmental angiogenesis is Nox4 independent.
Longitudinal shear wave and transverse dilatational wave in solids
Authors: Catheline S. , Benech N.
Published: February 2015

Dilatation wave involves compression and extension and is known as the curl-free solution of the elastodynamic equation. Shear wave on the contrary does not involve any change in volume and is the divergence-free solution. This letter seeks to examine the elastodynamic Green's function through this definition. By separating the Green's function in divergence-free and curl-free terms, it appears first that, strictly speaking, the longitudinal wave is not a pure dilatation wave and the transverse wave is neither a pure shear wave. Second, not only a longitudinal shear wave but also a transverse dilatational wave exists. These waves are shown to be a part of the solution known as coupling terms. Their special motion is carefully described and illustrated.
A Me6Age for pluripotency
Authors: Stunnenberg Hendrik G. , Vermeulen Michiel , Atlasi Yaser
Published: February 2015

Methylation of messenger RNA on the adenine base is critical for stem cell commitment and differentiation
Use of IgG in Oral Fluid To Monitor Infants with Suspected Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Chapey Emmanuelle , Meroni Valeria , Kieffer François , Bollani Lina , Ecochard René , Garcia Patricia , Wallon Martine , Peyron François
Published: February 2015

Infants born to mothers who seroconverted for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy are at risk of sequelae. In the case of a negative work-up at birth, congenital infection can be ruled out only by monitoring the disappearance of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) transmitted through the placenta, which can be achieved by regular blood sampling during the first year. To alleviate the discomfort of this follow-up, we developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect specific IgG diffusing passively from the blood through the gingival epithelium by collecting oral fluid on microsponges. To assess the feasibility of the test, 212 patients were first enrolled. Levels of specific IgG in oral fluid were significantly higher in seropositive (n= 195) than in seronegative (n= 17) patients (mean optical densities, 1.145 ± 0.99 versus 0.092 ± 0.127;P< 0.0001). In a population of 93 patients <15 months of age born to mothers who displayed toxoplasmic infection during pregnancy, 70 were free of congenital infection and were followed up until their serology turned negative, and 23 were congenitally infected. The same patterns of IgG were observed in the oral fluid and sera in each group. Using a cutoff of 0.04 (optical density value), the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 67.9% and 80.3%, respectively, and the probability of not having a congenital infection when the test on oral fluid was negative was 99%. Although the performance of the test needs to be improved, oral fluid sampling appears to be a promising tool for monitoring infants with suspected congenital toxoplasmosis.
Shigella Outer Membrane Protein PSSP-1 Is Broadly Protective against Shigella Infection
Authors: Kim Jae-Ouk , Rho Semi , Kim Su Hee , Kim Heejoo , Song Hyo Jin , Kim Eun Jin , Kim Ryang Yeo , Kim Eun Hye , Sinha Anuradha , Dey Ayan , Yang Jae Seung , Song Man Ki , Nandy Ranjan Kumar , Czerkinsky Cecil , Kim Dong Wook
Published: February 2015

In developing countries,Shigellais a primary cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Although antibiotic therapy is an effective treatment for shigellosis, therapeutic options are narrowing due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Thus, preventive vaccination could become the most efficacious approach for controlling shigellosis. We have identified several conserved protein antigens that are shared by multipleShigellaserotypes and species. Among these, one antigen induced cross-protection against experimental shigellosis, and we have named it pan-Shigellasurface protein 1 (PSSP-1). PSSP-1-induced protection requires a mucosal administration route and coadministration of an adjuvant. When PSSP-1 was administered intranasally, it induced cross-protection againstShigella flexneriserotypes 2a, 5a, and 6,Shigella boydii,Shigella sonnei, andShigella dysenteriaeserotype 1. Intradermally administered PSSP-1 induced strong serum antibody responses but failed to induce protection in the mouse lung pneumonia model. In contrast, intranasal administration elicited efficient local and systemic antibody responses and production of interleukin 17A and gamma interferon. Interestingly, blood samples from patients with recent-onset shigellosis showed variable but significant mucosal antibody responses to other conservedShigellaprotein antigens but not to PSSP-1. We suggest that PSSP-1 is a promising antigen for a broadly protective vaccine againstShigella.
Role of Type I Interferon Signaling in Human Metapneumovirus Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Replication
Authors: Hastings Andrew K. , Erickson John J. , Schuster Jennifer E. , Boyd Kelli L. , Tollefson Sharon J. , Johnson Monika , Gilchuk Pavlo , Joyce Sebastian , Williams John V.
Published: February 2015

Type I IFN signaling, which is initiated through activation of the alpha interferon receptor (IFNAR), regulates the expression of proteins that are crucial contributors to immune responses. Paramyxoviruses, including human metapneumovirus (HMPV), have evolved mechanisms to inhibit IFNAR signaling, but the specific contribution of IFNAR signaling to the control of HMPV replication, pathogenesis, and adaptive immunity is unknown. We used IFNAR-deficient (IFNAR−/−) mice to assess the effect of IFNAR signaling on HMPV replication and the CD8+T cell response. HMPV-infected IFNAR−/−mice had a higher peak of early viral replication but cleared the virus with kinetics similar to those of wild-type (WT) mice. However, IFNAR−/−mice infected with HMPV displayed less airway dysfunction and lung inflammation. CD8+T cells of IFNAR−/−mice after HMPV infection expressed levels of the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) similar to those of WT mice. However, despite lower expression of inhibitory programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), HMPV-specific CD8+T cells of IFNAR−/−mice were more functionally impaired than those of WT mice and upregulated the inhibitory receptor Tim-3. Analysis of the antigen-presenting cell subsets in the lungs revealed that the expansion of PD-L1lowdendritic cells (DCs), but not PD-L1highalveolar macrophages, was dependent on IFNAR signaling. Collectively, our results indicate a role for IFNAR signaling in the early control of HMPV replication, disease progression, and the development of an optimal adaptive immune response. Moreover, our findings suggest an IFNAR-independent mechanism of lung CD8+T cell impairment.

IMPORTANCEHuman metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness. CD8+T cells are critical for clearing viral infection, yet recent evidence shows that HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce CD8+T cell impairment via PD-1–PD-L1 signaling. We sought to understand the role of type I interferon (IFN) in the innate and adaptive immune responses to HMPV by using a mouse model lacking IFN signaling. Although HMPV titers were higher in the absence of type I IFN, virus was nonetheless cleared and mice were less ill, indicating that type I IFN is not required to resolve HMPV infection but contributes to pathogenesis. Further, despite lower levels of the inhibitory ligand PD-L1 in mice lacking type I IFN, CD8+T cells were more impaired in these mice than in WT mice. Our data suggest that specific antigen-presenting cell subsets and the inhibitory receptor Tim-3 may contribute to CD8+T cell impairment.