bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do the Traditional and Modified Latarjet Techniques Produce Equivalent Reconstruction Stability and Strength?
Authors: Giles Joshua W. , Puskas Gabor , Welsh Mark , Johnson James A. , Athwal George S.
Published: October 2012

Background:

The Latarjet procedure has been described as a reconstructive option for instability associated with substantial glenoid bone defects. A modification, termed the Congruent-Arc, is thought to improve glenoid reconstruction through better articular congruency and greater bone reconstitution. The strengths of these techniques, however, have not been reported.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

To compare the fixation stability, strength, glenoid vault load transfer, and joint contact between the Classic and Congruent-Arc techniques. The authors hypothesized that the Classic Latarjet would exhibit inferior joint contact characteristics while having greater stability and strength and more normal glenoid vault strain.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Sixteen shoulder specimens (8 pairs) were tested by loading the glenohumeral joint with the glenoid intact, following creation of a 25% anterior bone defect, and after random assignment to the Classic or Congruent-Arc Latarjet techniques. Specimens were mounted to a testing apparatus that allowed concentric, centralized loading and loading 30° anterior on the glenoid rim. Cyclic loading (100 cycles at 1 Hz) was applied with a staircase protocol (50, 100, 150, and 200 N). Graft interface displacement and glenoid load transfer, quantified in terms of strain, were recorded during loading. Contact was quantified during 50-N loading using a thin pressure sensor. After cyclic loading, specimens were loaded to failure, defined as 5 mm of graft interface displacement.

Results:

The 30° loading ≥100 N resulted in significantly greater graft displacement ( P < .004) in the Congruent-Arc group as compared with the Classic (mean displacement range, 0.9-2.6 vs 0.1-0.5 mm, respectively). Failure testing yielded a significantly ( P = .010) greater ultimate strength for the Classic (557 N) as compared with the Congruent-Arc (392 N). Load-transfer measurements demonstrated that neither technique’s glenoid vault strain values significantly differed from intact ( P ≥ .076). Both techniques resulted in contact areas significantly less than intact ( P < .035); however, the Congruent-Arc trended toward better contact characteristics ( P = .074).

Conclusion:

The Congruent-Arc results in significantly poorer fixation stability as compared with the Classic technique but did more closely reproduce intact joint contact, which may yield more favorable long-term outcomes.

Clinical Relevance:

Care must be taken in balancing the consideration of initial fixation stability and joint contact for the Congruent-Arc and Classic Latarjet, as these factors have opposing implications for each of the 2 reconstructions’ outcomes.
Nursing’s Role in Courage Development in Patients Facing Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Donohue-Porter Patricia
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of nurses in relation to courage development in patients with disabling complications of diabetes. The phenomenon of courage has been explored in philosophy, theology, literature, and other fields of inquiry rooted in the humanities. Nursing inquiry has not often been directed toward an exploration of courage, although coping, compassion, caring, and other experiences integral to the nurse–patient relationship have been examined. The holistic view of the cascading effect of complications on the individual patient is often overlooked. This qualitative study used phenomenological inquiry and included face-to-face interviews of nurses to explore their experience in assisting patients in the development of courage. The experience of courage is investigated as it relates to a specific group of patients who have complications of diabetes. Four categories representing the unique opportunities for courage development by nurses were generated. These categories included education, advocacy, relationship building, and humanization. Each category described nursing intentions and actions and taken together formed an essential structure of courage development. Conclusions indicated that nurses recognize and are able to describe their role in courage development. Implications for improved health through deliberate caring nursing interventions, aimed at courage development, are presented.
Gendered antiblackness and the impossible Brazilian project: Emerging critical black Brazilian studies
Authors: Vargas João H. Costa
Published: October 2012

A new generation of black Brazilian scholar-activists is asking critical questions about the polity’s nature and process. No longer restricted to Brazilian white-dominated, Eurocentric academic canons and rituals, these black voices, rooted in collective efforts aimed against ubiquitous and persistent gendered antiblack discriminatory practices, challenge the social world’s cognitive and political machinery. Sônia Santos, Jaime Alves, Luciane Rocha, and Maria Andrea Soares zero in on black experiences that consistently reveal a structure of antiblack antagonisms. Their analyses suggest the imminently corrupt character of the dominant Brazilian social and ideological project. Whether the project can be reformed, or whether it should be destroyed and replaced depends on how we read and how far we are willing to take each analysis.
Controlling black women’s reproductive health rights: An impetus to black women’s collective organizing
Authors: dos Santos Sônia Beatriz
Published: October 2012

This article analyzes how the Brazilian state’s control of black women’s reproductive health rights shaped the emergence of the black women’s movement and organizations, particularly the rise in black women’s non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To understand the circumstances surrounding the state’s regulatory practices’ impact on reproductive health, I recount the history of the implementation of family planning policies of the 1960s through the 1980s and interrelated social action in the country. The essay focuses on the activism of the black women’s movement during the historical period from the 1960s to the 1980s, identifying their struggles around issues of reproductive health rights. I examine the political divergences black women activists encounter with state institutions and representatives, the broader black movement, the mainstream feminist movement, and other important social and political forces.
Desire
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Van Dillen Lotte
Published: October 2012

Traditionally, self-control research has put a strong focus on the mechanisms that support the control of behavior in the face of temptation. This emphasis in the field has led to some neglect of desire as an impelling force that needs to be controlled. However, the focus appears to be shifting, as recent research has led to novel insights into the nature of desire. In this review, we integrate these insights into how desire emerges, how it operates, and how it may best be controlled. Drawing on competitive-access models of working memory and dynamical reprocessing models, we highlight, among other factors, the role of top-down attentional resources in preventing the early conscious processing and subsequent escalation of desire.
Guilt Proneness and Moral Character
Authors: Cohen Taya R. , Panter A. T. , Turan Nazli
Published: October 2012

Guilt proneness is a personality trait indicative of a predisposition to experience negative feelings about personal wrongdoing, even when the wrongdoing is private. It is characterized by the anticipation of feeling bad about committing transgressions rather than by guilty feelings in a particular moment or generalized guilty feelings that occur without an eliciting event. Our research has revealed that guilt proneness is an important character trait because knowing a person’s level of guilt proneness helps us to predict the likelihood that person will behave unethically. Web-based studies of adults across the United States have shown that people who score high on measures of guilt proneness (compared to low scorers) make fewer unethical business decisions, commit fewer delinquent behaviors, and behave more honestly when making economic decisions. In the workplace, guilt-prone employees are less likely to engage in counterproductive behaviors that harm their organization.
Study of a piezoelectric switching circuit for energy harvesting with bistable broadband technique by work-cycle analysis
Authors: Chen Yu-Yin , Vasic Dejan , Liu Yuan-Ping , Costa François
Published: October 2012

In this article, a piezoelectric energy harvesting device comprises a bistable vibrating cantilever beam and a switching-type interface circuit (synchronized switching harvesting on an inductor) is proposed, and the resulting performance is compared to the traditional linear technique. It was known that the synchronized switching techniques increase efficiently the output power of the piezoelectric energy harvester for low-coupled structures. However, the traditional piezoelectric energy harvester based on a cantilever beam is only efficient at resonance. To broaden the available bandwidth, a bistable nonlinear technique was proposed. In this article, the bistable technique and synchronized switching harvesting on an inductor interface are combined together to accomplish a more efficient broadband piezoelectric energy harvester. The power flow and work cycles are adopted to simplify the analysis of the switching techniques and then summarize the increasing performance of the nonlinear piezoelectric harvester. Finally, simulation results and experimental validations show that the proposed integrated device owns larger bandwidth and collects more harvested energy.
Reference-free damage detection by means of wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition applied to Lamb waves
Authors: Bagheri Abdollah , Li Kaiyuan , Rizzo Piervincenzo
Published: October 2012

Guided ultrasonic waves are increasingly used in all those structural health monitoring applications that benefit from built-in transduction, moderately large inspection ranges, and high sensitivity to small flaws. This article describes a monitoring system based on the generation and detection of the guided ultrasonic waves from an array of sparse transducers. In a round-robin manner, ultrasonic waves are generated and measured from all possible different pairs of excitation and sensing transducers. The ultrasonic signals are then processed using continuous wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition to extract few damage-sensitive features that enable the detection and localization of damage. With respect to most of the existing guided ultrasonic wave–based methods, the proposed approach does not require to record data from a pristine structure (baseline data), and damage is inferred by examining the selected features obtained from all the possible combinations of actuator–sensor pairs of the array. In this study, the method is validated using commercial finite element software to model the presence of 10 ultrasonic transducers bonded onto an aluminum plate. The results are promising and ongoing studies are focusing on the experimental validation and the application to other waveguides.
On research of a phase synthesis time reversal focusing method for damage imaging of complex composite structures
Authors: Qiu Zixue , Qiu Lei , Yuan Jiang , Lu Guan
Published: October 2012

Time reversal focusing method has been proved to be an effective method for active Lamb wave–based structural health monitoring. In this article, aiming at developing a practical method for online localization of damage on aircraft composite structures that can take advantage of time reversal focusing and do not rely on the transfer function, a phase synthesis–based time reversal focusing method was proposed. In this method, damage images are given out directly through time reversal focusing, and the other imaging processes such as the delay-and-sum imaging method adopted in many researches of time reversal focusing are not needed. Based on the damage imaging method, a structural health monitoring demonstration system was built on a composite panel of an aircraft wing box with many bolt holes and stiffeners. The demonstrated results show that this method can estimate the positions of damages efficiently with a low sensitivity of group velocity errors and a high antijamming capability.
Challenges for health psychology: Theorizing belief and beyond
Authors: Lyons AC , Chamberlain K
Published: October 2012

We are supportive of Cromby’s challenge to further develop ‘belief’ as a concept relevant for health psychology. Drawing on the wider “affective turn” in the social sciences, Cromby demonstrates the importance of theorising the sociality of thinking and feeling for fundamental health psychology conceptualisations. These theorisations might usefully be applied to key health psychology topics, such as social cogntion models, beliefs about adherence, medications, diagnoses, and illness perceptions. Cromby’s approach to beliefs might also be beneficial for fostering a more contextual and culturally oriented health psychology, as well as a greater (and much needed) engagement with notions of embodiment. Cromby’s arguments raise many questions for health psychology research practice and deserve close attention and consideration by health psychologists.
Co-creational subtitling in the digital media: Transformative and authorial practices
Authors: Pérez-González Luis
Published: October 2012

This article explores the emergence of transformative subtitling practices in the digital culture, a context of production shaped by the dialectical relation between technological advances and cultural change. Drawing on a qualitative discussion of fansubbing practices, the article contends that transformative subtitling signals a clear move towards a regime of co-creation between producers and users of media content, fostering mutual recognition between these increasingly blurred camps. The second part of the article delivers an analytical discussion of examples of authorial titling in mainstream British drama to demonstrate the penetration of transformative subtitling in commercial media products that also posit spectatorial subjectivity. The article concludes by reflecting on the parataxic reading practices that these new subtitling practices encourage and the fluid nature of the transnational collectivities it caters for.
Anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries from the opposite sinus: A critical appraisal of risk
Authors: Peñalver Josiah M , Mosca Ralph S , Weitz Daniel , Phoon Colin KL
Published: October 2012

Background

Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA) from the opposite sinus of Valsalva with an interarterial course has received much attention due to its association with sudden death in otherwise healthy individuals. AAOCA is relatively common and may have significant public health implications. While our knowledge of its pathophysiology and natural history remains incomplete, an emphasis has been placed on surgical correction.

Discussion

In 2005 we published a review examining the rates of sudden death with AAOCA, as well as complications of surgical management. Evidence now points even more strongly to lower rates of sudden death, while surgical outcomes data now better documents associated risks.

Armed with this updated information, we agree with the need for a national registry to better track patients with AAOCA. We submit that the risks of surgical management outweigh any benefits in the asymptomatic patient with anomalous right coronary artery, and expectant management should also be strongly considered even in asymptomatic patients with anomalous left coronary artery.
CHD1L Protein is overexpressed in human ovarian carcinomas and is a novel predictive biomarker for patients survival
Authors: He Wei-Peng , Zhou Juan , Cai Mu-Yan , Xiao Xiang-Shen , Liao Yi-Ji , Kung Hsiang-Fu , Guan Xin-Yuan , Xie Dan , Yang Guo-Fen
Published: October 2012

Background

Our recent studies suggested that the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1-like (CHD1L) gene plays an oncogenic role in human hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the status of CHD1L protein expression in ovarian cancer and its clinical/prognostic significance are obscure.

Methods

In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CHD1L was performed on a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 102 primary ovarian carcinomas and 44 metastatic lesions (omental metastasis). Receiver-operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate patients’ survival status.

Results

There is an augmented tendency of CHD1L expression in ovarian carcinoma metastasis than in primary lesions (P<0.05). A significant association was found between positive expression of CHD1L and tumors histological type (P <0.05). By univariate survival analysis of the ovarian carcinoma cohorts, positive expression of CHD1L was significantly correlated with shortened patient survival (mean 66.7 months versus 97.4 months, P<0.05). Moreover, CHD1L expression was evaluated to be a significant and independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P<0.05).

Conclusions

These findings provide evidence that positive expression of CHD1L protein is significantly correlated with the metastasis proceeding of ovarian carcinoma, and CHD1L protein expression, as examined by IHC, may act as a novel prognostic biomarker for patients with ovarian carcinoma.
Influenza epidemics, seasonality, and the effects of cold weather on cardiac mortality
Authors: von Klot Stephanie , Zanobetti Antonella , Schwartz Joel
Published: October 2012

Background

More people die in the winter from cardiac disease, and there are competing hypotheses to explain this. The authors conducted a study in 48 US cities to determine how much of the seasonal pattern in cardiac deaths could be explained by influenza epidemics, whether that allowed a more parsimonious control for season than traditional spline models, and whether such control changed the short term association with temperature.

Methods

The authors obtained counts of daily cardiac deaths and of emergency hospital admissions of the elderly for influenza during 1992–2000. Quasi-Poisson regression models were conducted estimating the association between daily cardiac mortality, and temperature.

Results

Controlling for influenza admissions provided a more parsimonious model with better Generalized Cross-Validation, lower residual serial correlation, and better captured Winter peaks. The temperature-response function was not greatly affected by adjusting for influenza. The pooled estimated increase in risk for a temperature decrease from 0 to −5°C was 1.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1%). Influenza accounted for 2.3% of cardiac deaths over this period.

Conclusions

The results suggest that including epidemic data explained most of the irregular seasonal pattern (about 18% of the total seasonal variation), allowing more parsimonious models than when adjusting for seasonality only with smooth functions of time. The effect of cold temperature is not confounded by epidemics.
Primary prevention of overweight in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions aiming to decrease sedentary behaviour
Authors: van Grieken Amy , Ezendam Nicole PM , Paulis Winifred D , van der Wouden Johannes C , Raat Hein
Published: October 2012

The objectives of this meta-analysis were to provide an overview of the evidence regarding the effects of interventions, implemented in the school- and general population setting, aiming to prevent excessive sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents on (1) the amount of sedentary behaviour and (2) BMI. Differences in effects on sedentary behaviour and BMI between single health behaviour interventions (sedentary behaviour only) and multiple health behaviour interventions were explored.

A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Thirty-four (R)CT studies evaluating 33 general population interventions, published between 1990 and April 2011, aiming to decrease sedentary behaviour in normal weight children or adolescents (0–18 years) were included. Intervention duration ranged from 7 days to 4 years. Mean change in sedentary behaviour and BMI from baseline to post-intervention was calculated using a random effects model.

Results showed significant decreases for the amount of sedentary behaviour and BMI. For sedentary behaviour the post-intervention mean difference was −17.95 min/day (95%CI:-26.61;–9.28); the change-from-baseline mean difference was −20.44 min/day (95%CI:-30.69;–10.20). For BMI the post-intervention mean difference was −0.25 kg/m² (95%CI:-0.40;–0.09); the change-from-baseline mean difference was −0.14 kg/m² (95%CI:-0.23;–0.05). No differences were found between single and multiple health behaviour interventions.

Interventions in the school- and general population setting aiming to reduce only sedentary behaviour and interventions targeting multiple health behaviours can result in significant decreases in sedentary behaviour. Studies need to increase follow-up time to estimate the sustainability of the intervention effects found.
Aluminum-doped ceria-zirconia solid solutions with enhanced thermal stability and high oxygen storage capacity
Authors: Dong Qiang , Yin Shu , Guo Chongshen , Sato Tsugio
Published: October 2012

A facile solvothermal method to synthesize aluminum-doped ceria-zirconia (Ce0.5Zr0.5-x
Al
x
O2-x/2, x = 0.1 to 0.4) solid solutions was carried out using Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6, Zr(NO3)3·2H2O Al(NO3)3·9H2O, and NH4OH as the starting materials at 200°C for 24 h. The obtained solid solutions from the solvothermal reaction were calcined at 1,000°C for 20 h in air atmosphere to evaluate the thermal stability. The synthesized Ce0.5Zr0.3Al0.2O1.9 particle was characterized for the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) in automotive catalysis. For the characterization, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) technique were employed. The OSC values of all samples were measured at 600°C using thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis. Ce0.5Zr0.3Al0.2O1.9 solid solutions calcined at 1,000°C for 20 h with a BET surface area of 18 m2 g−1 exhibited a considerably high OSC of 427 μmol-O g−1 and good OSC performance stability. The same synthesis route was employed for the preparation of the CeO2 and Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. The incorporation of aluminum ion in the lattice of ceria-based catalyst greatly enhanced the thermal stability and OSC.
Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana
Authors: Nakayima Jesca , Nakao Ryo , Alhassan Andy , Mahama Charles , Afakye Kofi , Sugimoto Chihiro
Published: October 2012

Background

African trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or T. brucei gambiense, while African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused mainly by T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae,
T. evansi and T. brucei brucei. Trypanosomiasis is of public health importance in humans and is also the major constraint for livestock productivity in sub-Saharan African countries. Scanty information exists about the trypanosomiasis status in Ghana especially regarding molecular epidemiology. Therefore, this study intended to apply molecular tools to identify and characterize trypanosomes in Ghana.

Methods

A total of 219 tsetse flies, 248 pigs and 146 cattle blood samples were collected from Adidome and Koforidua regions in Ghana in 2010. Initial PCR assays were conducted using the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) primers, which can detect most of the pathogenic trypanosome species and T. vivax- specific cathepsin L-like gene primers. In addition, species- or subgroup-specific PCRs were performed for T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, T. evansi and three subgroups of T. congolense.

Results

The overall prevalence of trypanosomes were 17.4% (38/219), 57.5% (84/146) and 28.6% (71/248) in tsetse flies, cattle and pigs, respectively. T. congolense subgroup-specific PCR revealed that T. congolense Savannah (52.6%) and T. congolense Forest (66.0%) were the endemic subgroups in Ghana with 18.6% being mixed infections. T. evansi was detected in a single tsetse fly. Human infective trypanosomes were not detected in the tested samples.

Conclusion

Our results showed that there is a high prevalence of parasites in both tsetse flies and livestock in the study areas in Ghana. This enhances the need to strengthen control policies and institute measures that help prevent the spread of the parasites.
Measuring patient-reported outcomes in psychosis: conceptual and
methodological review
Authors: Reininghaus Ulrich , Priebe Stefan
Published: October 2012

Background

There are calls to use patient-reported outcomes (PROs) routinely across
mental health services. However, the use of PROs in patients with
psychosis has been questioned.

Aims

To examine the concepts and measures of four widely used PROs: treatment
satisfaction, subjective quality of life, needs for care and the quality
of the therapeutic relationship.

Method

We conducted a literature search of academic databases on concepts,
characteristics and psychometric properties of the four PROs in patients
with psychosis.

Results

Although numerous concepts and measures have been published, evidence on
the methodological quality of existing PROs is limited. Measures designed
to assess distinct PROs showed a considerable conceptual, operational and
empirical overlap, and some of them also included specific aspects. The
impact of symptoms and cognitive deficits appears unlikely to be of
clinical significance.

Conclusions

The popularity of PROs has not been matched with progress in their
conceptualisation and measurement. Based on current evidence, some
recommendations can be made. Distinct and short measures with clinical
relevance and sufficient psychometric properties should be preferred.
Future research should optimise the validity and measurement precision of
PROs, while reducing assessment burden.
Host–Guest Interactions in Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels
Authors: László Krisztina , Manek Enik , Vavra Szilvia , Geissler Erik , Domján Attila
Published: October 2012

Measurements by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and 1H combined rotation and multiple-pulse NMR spectroscopy (CRAMPS) indicate that small aromatic molecules dissolved in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPA) hydrogels modify the temperature of the volume phase transition (TVPT) in this system by partially shielding the NIPA side-chains from the water molecules and disrupting their organization. The strength of the interaction increases in the order pyrocatechol < phenol < resorcinol < phloroglucinol.
White-light-emitting Liquefiable Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors: Ghosh Batu , Ogawara Makoto , Sakka Yoshio , Shirahata Naoto
Published: October 2012

White-light-emitting silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) have been prepared from Si powder through a facile route including HF–HCl etching. Owing to a broad size distribution, the light emission spectrum covers the whole visible wavelength range with full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 230 nm. Covalent attachment of octyl monolayers to the Si surface changes the physical nature of the NCs from a solid into a solvent-free liquid, and affords them high thermal stability of photoluminescence (PL) even under ambient conditions.
Reconfiguring the emergency and urgent care workforce: Mixed methods study of skills and the everyday work of non-clinical call-handlers in the NHS
Authors: Turnbull Joanne , Prichard Jane , Halford Susan , Pope Catherine , Salisbury Chris
Published: October 2012

Objectives:

To examine the skills and expertise required and used by non-clinical call-handlers doing telephone triage and assessment, supported by a computer decision support system (CDSS) in urgent and emergency care services.

Methods:

Comparative case study of three different English emergency and urgent care services. Data consisted of nearly 500 hours of non-participant observation, 61 semi-structured interviews with health service staff, documentary analysis, and a survey of 106 call-handlers.

Results:

Communication skills and ‘allowing the CDSS to drive the assessment’ are viewed by the CDSS developers and staff as key competencies for call-handling. Call-handlers demonstrated high levels of experience, skills and expertise in using the CDSS. These workers are often portrayed simply as ‘trained users’ of technology, but they used a broader set of skills including team work, flexibility and ‘translation’. Call-handlers develop a ‘pseudo-clinical’ expertise and draw upon their experiential knowledge to bring the CDSS into everyday use.

Conclusions:

Clinical assessment and triage by non-clinical staff supported by a CDSS represents a major change in urgent and emergency care delivery, warranting a detailed examination of call-handlers’ skills and expertise. We found that this work appears to have more in common with clinical work and expertise than with other call-centre work that it superficially resembles. Recognizing the range of skills call-handlers demonstrate and developing a better understanding of this should be incorporated into the training for, and management of, emergency and urgent care call-handling.
Cassius Dio’s Agrippa-Maecenas Debate: An Operational Code Analysis
Authors: Adler Eric
Published: October 2012

This article discusses Cassius Dio’s political thought in his Agrippa-Maecenas debate (52.2–40) through the use of a form of content analysis developed by political scientists called “operational code analysis.” It offers a description of operational code analysis, which demonstrates the value of this method to the debate. It then presents an examination of Dio’s operational code, from which one can glean his philosophical and instrumental views on politics. It argues, inter alia , that the Agrippa address is based on the same epistemological foundations as the Maecenean corollary. Further, the article stresses that the Agrippa oration remains consistent with views Dio expresses elsewhere in his history. This suggests that scholars should not discount the efficacy of the Agrippa oration, despite its utopian character.
Tribute and Syntely at Erythrai
Authors: Jensen Sean R.
Published: October 2012

It has usually been assumed that the Ionian city of Erythrai lost control over its traditional dependencies on the Mimas peninsula during the period of the Delian League, since they appear on the quota lists as independent tributaries of Athens after a time of joint payment with the city. Contrary to this conclusion, the article argues that Erythrai maintained its dominance over the Mimas peninsula and that that evidence from the quota lists reveals the outcomes of negotiation of the tribute system by an important city on the frontier between two competing empires.
Transgender College Students: An Exploratory Study of Perceptions, Engagement, and Educational Outcomes
Authors: Dugan John P. , Kusel Michelle L. , Simounet Dawn M.
Published: October 2012

We explored transgender students' perceptions, engagement, and educational outcomes across 17 dimensions of the collegiate experience. Data were collected as part of a national study and represent a total of 91 transgender-identified college students as well as matching samples of nontransgender LGB and heterosexual peers for comparative purposes. Results suggest some variation within the transgender student population (i.e., male to female, female to male, intersexed) as well as significant differences in perceptions of campus climate and educational outcomes between transgender students and their nontransgender LGB and heterosexual peers.
A Dialectical Approach to Rethinking Roommate Relationships
Authors: Hanasono Lisa K. , Nadler Lawrence B.
Published: October 2012

Previous research on the complex interplay between roommate factors and relational satisfaction has offered contradictory findings. This study establishes a typology that accounts for relational satisfaction among first-year college roommates. Drawing from the theoretical framework of Interactional Dialectics and the ideal hypothesis, three roommate types were proposed and analyzed. The results suggest that individuals who share the same roommate type report higher levels of relational satisfaction. Furthermore, this study found that smaller discrepancies between individuals' ideal and actual roommate relationships yielded higher levels of relational satisfaction. Implications and directions for future research on roommate relationships are discussed.
Biofeedback and Counseling for Stress and Anxiety Among College Students
Authors: Ratanasiripong Paul , Sverduk Kevin , Prince Judy , Hayashino Diane
Published: October 2012

With the rise in stress and anxiety among college students, there is a need for more comprehensive and effective counseling options for counselors in college counseling centers. This study investigated the impact of using biofeedback and brief counseling in treating stress and anxiety in an ethnically diverse college student population. Results indicated that participants who received biofeedback training and counseling had greater reduction in anxiety symptoms than did participants who received counseling alone. Implications for augmenting biofeedback training to traditional college counseling model are discussed.
The Corporatization of Higher Education
Authors: Mills Nicolaus
Published: October 2012

In 2003, only two colleges charged more than $40,000 a year for tuition, fees, room, and board. Six years later more than two hundred colleges charged that amount. What happened between 2003 and 2009 was the start of the recession. By driving down endowments and giving tax-starved states a reason to cut back their support for higher education, the recession put new pressure on colleges and universities to raise their price.
From Master Plan to No Plan: The Slow Death of Public Higher Education
Authors: Bady Aaron , Konczal Mike
Published: October 2012

The California student movement has a slogan that goes, "Behind every fee hike, a line of riot cops." And no one embodies that connection more than the Ronald Reagan of the 1960s. Elected governor of California in 1966 after running a scorched-earth campaign against the University of California, Reagan vowed to "clean up that mess in Berkeley," warned audiences of "sexual orgies so vile that I cannot describe them to you," complained that outside agitators were bringing left-wing subversion into the university, and railed against spoiled children of privilege skipping their classes to go to protests. He also ran on an anti-tax platform and promised to put the state's finances in order by "throw[ing] the bums off welfare." But it was the University of California at Berkeley that provided the most useful political foil, crystallizing all of his ideological themes into a single figure for disorder, a subversive menace of sexual, social, generational, and even communist deviance.
Having Text: Desire and Language in Haywood’s Love in Excess and The Distressed Orphan
Authors: Harrow Sharon
Published: October 2012

In this article, I read two of Eliza Haywood’s popular amatory novels— Love in Excess (1719) and The Distressed Orphan; or, Love in a Mad-House (1726)—in the context of her philosophical poems in order to shed light on the ways in which Haywood re-scripts both conventional seduction narratives and patriarchy’s master narrative. Haywood uses the trope of confinement to reconceptualize the power of language in relation to female desire. She grants epistemological authority to women’s intellect and to passion, and she uses the novel genre to show that illegitimate, feminized passion is as legitimate a way to understand the world as is masculinized reason.
“If a man dared act for himself”: Family Romance and Independence in Frances Burney’s Cecilia
Authors: Woodworth Megan
Published: October 2012

Concerns about agency and independence are expressed throughout Frances Burney’s Cecilia (1782). Though Cecilia’s struggle for autonomy is an obvious concern, Burney examines this problem by investigating the independence of men. When read in conjunction with contemporary debates about the war in America, the imperial project, and the state of the nation and its (male) citizens—a context invited by the terms of Belfield and Monckton’s debate—this discussion clearly sets the political stakes for the public and private actions of men in the novel. While “things as they are” ultimately triumph at the novel’s end for both men and women, the costs of this victory are carefully calculated, and the subdued ending suggests Burney’s dissatisfaction with the status quo.
“Booby’s fruitless operations”: The Crisis of Male Authority in Richardson’s Pamela
Authors: Leiman Jessica L.
Published: October 2012

Critics have read Mr B.’s failure to rape Pamela either as evidence of his sexual impotence and Richardson’s authorial incompetence or as a testament to the power of Pamela’s heroically resistant voice. In contrast, I argue that Mr B.’s inability to acquit himself as a rake is crucially linked to his desire to silence Pamela’s narrative. While he fails to penetrate her body, he ultimately succeeds at insinuating a competing narrative within her epistolary text—a narrative that highlights his own discursive powerlessness and depicts her writing as an act of sexualized boldness. Mr B.’s counter-narrative allows him both to redirect his erotic pursuit and to supplant Pamela’s story with his own. As his professions of weakness become his means of co-opting and reforming Pamela’s writing, Mr B.’s rhetorical tactics anticipate Richardson’s own strategic self-diminution as he publishes Pamela alongside—and in opposition to—female-authored romances.
Out of Egypt and into England: Secrecy and the State in Samuel Pratt’s Family Secrets
Authors: Cruise James
Published: October 2012

Though unfamiliar to many students of the period, Samuel Pratt’s Family Secrets (1797) explores themes common to the eighteenth-century novel in a narrative that marries the domestic to the Gothic. True to the title of his novel, Pratt entangles each of the major characters in a web of secrecy, rendered emphatic by his use of Gothic elements, such that his narrative creates in miniature a culture of secrecy within this extended family romance. Pratt contrasts legitimate (alphabetical or modern) secrecy with illegitimate (Egyptian or dated) secrecy, and he re-enacts the broader tensions that define the history of secrecy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These differences, I contend, play a key role in the formation of a modern British state, already steeped in secrecy (reason of state), which in turn governs the fortunes awaiting individual characters.
Consuming Indians: Tsonnonthouan , Colonialism, and the Commodification of Culture
Authors: Richardson Robbie
Published: October 2012

During and following the Seven Years War, North American Indigenous people began to occupy a unique position in the British imaginary as compelling yet contradictory subjects, existing outside the culture of consumerism that was rapidly rising in Britain. The satirical novel Memoirs of the Life and Adventures of Tsonnonthouan (1763) mimicked both the ethnographic works that British people read in increasing numbers and the body of Grub Street texts imitating Tristram Shandy . The novel, which depicts "Indians" as consumers and worshippers of European commodities, negotiates the entanglement of culture and consumerism in both Britain and the colonies.
Performing Criticism during Cultural War: The Case of Voltaire’s L’Écossaise (1760)
Authors: Connors Logan J.
Published: October 2012

By examining various criticisms of Voltaire’s comedy L’Écossaise (1760), I explain how pamphlets and publication strategies altered dramatic performance. Instead of separating non-theatrical writing from dramatic texts, I underline how pamphlets emerged as part of the author’s construction of a “theatrical event.” During the cultural battles of the mid-eighteenth century, participants sought to “ready” their public by any discursive means possible. This persuasive activity began before the premiere of plays, which were also attempts to push the spectator into thinking congruently with the author of the work. Drawing on reviews from members of both the philosophe and antiphilosophe camps, I highlight the ambiguity between pamphlet and dramatic text, playwright and polemicist, performance and “set up,” and finally, fiction writer and theatre critic.
How to Portray a Trade?: Identity and Interpretation in Johan Zoffany's An Optician with His Attendant
Authors: Hanson Craig Ashley
Published: October 2012

Johan Zoffany's An Optician with His Attendant (1772) underscores the conventional character of the depiction of a tradesman and, by extension, trade generally in eighteenth-century Britain. Despite the striking visual naturalism of this painting, it resists classification as a straightforward portrait. The sitter has been identified alternately as Peter Dollond and John Cuff, both important opticians. Each proposal, however, entails complications. This article considers the ways in which this Royal Collection painting misrepresents the working lives of both men. The picture provides insight—not into the life of an individual—but into the problem of how trades could be represented.
"New People in a New World"?: Defoe's Ambivalent Narratives of Emigration
Authors: Bartolomeo Joseph F.
Published: October 2012

Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders and Colonel Jack , both published in 1722, have often been read as propaganda for emigration, transportation of criminals, and involuntary servitude. Both title characters find financial security and social status after being transported as indentured servants, and they eventually return to England. Each protagonist, however, makes an additional transatlantic journey out of choice rather than necessity, which paradoxically leads to greater risk and a more coercive atmosphere. Defoe complicates matters further by reversing the order of these journeys in the two novels, thus qualifying and in some respects subverting a purely optimistic view of colonial prospects. And while both Moll and Jack clearly distinguish themselves from African slaves, each is subject to more subtle forms of subjugation because of the connectedness of a transatlantic world that proves surprisingly small.
Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur et les costumes des « Sauvages du Canada »
Authors: Turbide Chantal
Published: October 2012

Cet article s'intéresse à l'œuvre de Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur (1757–1810), particulièrement à sa production graphique et plus spécifiquement à sa représentation des Iroquois du Canada. L'analyse d'un vaste corpus de textes et de gravures a permis de retracer les sources littéraires et iconographiques de la représentation de la femme et de l'homme Iroquois de Grasset de Saint-Sauveur et d'en dégager l'originalité. Alors que l'on s'interroge sur les notions de vérité ou de fiction, on est ici confronté à un artiste qui copie, imite, reproduit, juxtapose et entremêle des éléments empreints de la réalité, d'une certaine réalité. La gravure devient ainsi le véhicule parfait pour partager des connaissances anciennes et propager des idées nouvelles dans l'Europe des Lumières.
“Seeing something that was doing in the World”: The Form of History in Colonel Jack
Authors: Mack Ruth
Published: October 2012

Form plays a crucial role in establishing a relationship between history and individual consciousness in Daniel Defoe’s Colonel Jack (1722). Jack’s fictional world is structured by major historical events: from the War of the League of Augsburg in 1697 to the battle of Preston in 1715. Although Jack signals his desire to participate in these events—and to participate in them as history—he does not do so in any simple way, missing one battle entirely and failing to fight in another. This strange partial action is part of Defoe’s larger engagement with a question both philosophical and historiographical: how the individual’s experience is related to public history. The chronological structure of historical events in Colonel Jack shows history’s traditional form, but only in order to demonstrate that the individual’s story is never fully pulled into what we might consider history’s plot. Form marks off history as related to, but also as distinct from, Jack’s experience.
Episodic or Novelistic?: Law in the Atlantic and the Form of Daniel Defoe’s Colonel Jack
Authors: Cervantes Gabriel
Published: October 2012

Like other fictions by Daniel Defoe, The History and Remarkable Life of the Truly Honourable Col. Jacque, Commonly Call’d Col. Jack , draws together various literary genres. Until recently, this heterogeneity has been studied through a mode of ideological critique that privileges novelistic coherence, and Colonel Jack has long been dismissed as an ideological and aesthetic failure. Taking a different approach, this article examines how Defoe’s ostensibly broken novel uses a mixture of genres and analogous rather than progressive plot lines to capture and resolve a contemporary problem: the stretching of British legal authority from internal struggles (with criminals, slaves, and Jacobites) to the permeable interimperial boundaries of the Atlantic. Historicized in the development of the illicit trade between Britain and Spanish America, Colonel Jack ’s famously problematic conclusion—a remorseless smuggler’s adventure—does not offer a negative example for mercantile morality, but rather serves to theorize a legal regime based on negotiation.
No Dishonour to Be a Pirate: The Problem of Infinite Advantage in Defoe’s Captain Singleton
Authors: Wear Jeremy
Published: October 2012

In Captain Singleton (1720), Daniel Defoe rehearses the ethical and discursive justifications of predatory capitalism. Through an examination of Defoe’s economic writings, I illustrate how the author confronts readers with the moral ambiguity of legal trade by comparing the “litteral” pirate Singleton with the “allegorical” pirates of London’s central economic institutions. Through this comparison, Defoe places legal trade on an uncertain continuum with piracy. By extension, he explores the problematic necessity of reconciling the hero-outlaw Singleton’s piracy to conceptions of national identity predicated on economic expansionism. Defoe suggests this reconciliation is best achieved by understanding trade in terms of “infinite advantage.” This article contextualizes “infinite advantage” as an imaginative projection onto the world of the conditions necessary to sustain infinite trade, and argues that Singleton appropriates this ideology to palliate fears of Hobbesian scarcity. Thus, the novel examines the conditions of scarcity that precipitate predatory trade practices alongside the fantasy of economic infinitude that would make these practices obsolete.
Tears in Tehran/Laughter in London: James Morier, Mirza Abul Hassan Khan, and the Geopolitics of Emotion
Authors: O'Quinn Daniel
Published: October 2012

Throughout the eighteenth century, diplomatic relations were frequently supplemented by the deployment of entertainment, specifically the theatre, as a potential site where negotiation could be furthered, altered, or impeded. Both the British embassy to Tehran in 1809 and the Persian embassy to London in 1809-10 involved acts of shared theatrical consumption. James Morier, the secretary to Harford Jones, published detailed descriptions of Ta'ziyeh performances in Tehran in A Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor (1812). And the journal of his counterpart, Mirza Abul Hassan Khan, engages with the many operas and plays he attended during his sojourn in London. Both envoys recognize and contain the allegorical scenarios being staged in the scene of diplomacy. In each case, Morier and Abul Hassan are troubled by the reception of these affect-laden performances, and the ways in which they distinguish themselves from the audience around them reveal the limits of intercultural exchange at this moment in the Napoleonic wars.