bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authors’ rights and their scope
Authors: Pradhan Pustun
Published: May 2013

Allocation of exclusive rights enabling the authors and other producers of intellectual property to exclude non-paying users is the core aspect of copyright law. This exclusion was a foremost precondition before the market for goods containing intellectual property could come into existence. Exclusive rights are essentially monopoly rights but the extent of this monopoly is largely determined, among other factors, by the nature and scope of these rights. While these rights are critical to secure incentives to the creators so that adequate creation and development of intellectual property may take place, they may also impede the free flow of information and hence retard the creation. These rights are therefore drawn with proper delimitations to ensure that information and ideas are not unduly monopolized to the detriment of social and economic development. This paper looks into the nature and scope of the rights granted to the authors. It has six sections. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 111-131 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8047
Nepalese management education at crossroads: Prospects and constraints
Authors: Katuwal Shyam Bahadur
Published: May 2013

Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 144-159 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8050
Adjustment of TV viewing: Adolescents in relation to their family structure
Authors: Tomar Sanjeev
Published: May 2013

Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 160-172 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8051
Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified
Authors: Kafle Narayan Prasad
Published: May 2013

This write-up aims to first clarify the notion of phenomenology by offering sayings of different experts of this genre. Thereafter, it attempts to briefly trace its genesis and classify this broad idea in three different schools viz. transcendental, hermeneutic and existential. After discussing very precisely on each of these schools, it focuses on the premises of hermeneutic phenomenology as a method for doing research. The purpose of this essay is to collect and exhibit a crude paradigmatic clue of doing a hermeneutic phenomenological research. During the course, it emphasizes on the metaphysical stance, methodological grounds, quality concerns and ethical issues that contribute to its paradigmatic assumptions. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 181-200 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8053
Biomechanical performance of leather and modern football helmets
Authors: Rowson Steven , Daniel Ray W. , Duma Stefan M.
Published: May 2013

With the increased national concern about concussions in football, recent research has focused on evaluating the impact performance of modern football helmets. Specifically, this technical note offers a biomechanical analysis of classic leather helmets compared with modern helmets. Furthermore, modern helmets were examined to illustrate the performance differences between the better- and worse-performing ones. A total of 1224 drop tests were performed from a range of drop heights and impact locations on 11 different helmet types (10 modern and 1 leather helmet model). The resulting head acceleration was used to assess the risk of concussion for each drop test. The results of this analysis demonstrate that modern helmets are significantly and substantially superior to leather helmets in all impact scenarios, and that notable differences exist among modern helmets.
A Review of Cyber Threats and Defence Approaches in Emergency Management
Authors: Loukas George , Gan Diane , Vuong Tuan
Published: May 2013

Emergency planners, first responders and relief workers increasingly rely on computational and communication systems that support all aspects of emergency management, from mitigation and preparedness to response and recovery. Failure of these systems, whether accidental or because of malicious action, can have severe implications for emergency management. Accidental failures have been extensively documented in the past and significant effort has been put into the development and introduction of more resilient technologies. At the same time researchers have been raising concerns about the potential of cyber attacks to cause physical disasters or to maximise the impact of one by intentionally impeding the work of the emergency services. Here, we provide a review of current research on the cyber threats to communication, sensing, information management and vehicular technologies used in emergency management. We emphasise on open issues for research, which are the cyber threats that have the potential to affect emergency management severely and for which solutions have not yet been proposed in the literature.
Oenothein B Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Inflammation in the Mouse Brain
Authors: Okuyama Satoshi , Makihata Nahomi , Yoshimura Morio , Amakura Yoshiaki , Yoshida Takashi , Nakajima Mitsunari , Furukawa Yoshiko
Published: May 2013

Oenothein B has been recently evaluated for its ability to affect inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues. In this study, we examined its effect on the damage to the central nervous system due to systemic inflammation. For this purpose, ICR mice were injected with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg mouse). When oenothein B was administered per os (p.o.), it suppressed (1) LPS-induced abnormal behavior in open field; (2) LPS-induced microglial activation in the hippocampus and striatum; and (3) LPS-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production in the hippocampus and striatum of these mice. These results suggest that oenothein B had the ability to reduce neuroinflammation in the brain during systemic inflammation.
Effects of (−)-Gallocatechin-3-Gallate on Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons
Authors: Zhang Yan , Jia Yan-Yan , Guo Jin-Lei , Liu Pei-Qing , Jiang Jian-Min
Published: May 2013

The (−)-gallocatechin-3-gallate (GCG) concentration in some tea beverages can account for as much as 50% of the total catechins. It has been shown that catechins have analgesic properties. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) mediate neuronal action potentials. Tetrodotoxin inhibits all Nav isoforms, but Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are relatively tetrodotoxin-resistant compared to other isoforms and functionally linked to nociception. In this study, the effects of GCG on tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents were investigated in rat primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons via the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. We found that 1 μM GCG reduced the amplitudes of peak current density of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents significantly. Furthermore, the inhibition was accompanied by a depolarizing shift of the activation voltage and a hyperpolarizing shift of steady-state inactivation voltage. The percentage block of GCG (1 μM) on tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current was 45.1% ± 1.1% in 10 min. In addition, GCG did not produce frequency-dependent block of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents at stimulation frequencies of 1 Hz, 2 Hz and 5 Hz. On the basis of these findings, we propose that GCG may be a potential analgesic agent.
Correction: Kim, G.-Y. et al. Pectenotoxin-2 from Marine Sponges: A Potential Anti-Cancer Agent—A Review. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 2176-2187
Authors: Kim Gi-Young , Kim Wun-Jae , Choi Yung
Published: May 2013

It has been brought to our attention that the Figure 1 (page 2177) in our published paper [1] has some errors, we would like to change it to the following one: [...]
A Shark Liver Gene-Derived Active Peptide Expressed in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori: Preliminary Studies for Oral Administration of the Recombinant Protein
Authors: Liu Yunlong , Chen Ying , Chen Jianqing , Zhang Wenping , Sheng Qing , Chen Jian , Yu Wei , Nie Zuoming , Zhang Yaozhou , Wu Wutong , Wang Lisha , Indran Inthrani , Li Jun , Qian Lian , Lv Zhengbing
Published: May 2013

Active peptide from shark liver (APSL) is a cytokine from Chiloscyllium plagiosum that can stimulate liver regeneration and protects the pancreas. To study the effect of orally administered recombinant APSL (rAPSL) on an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the APSL gene was cloned, and APSL was expressed in Bombyx mori N cells (BmN cells), silkworm larvae and silkworm pupae using the silkworm baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). It was demonstrated that rAPSL was able to significantly reduce the blood glucose level in mice with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The analysis of paraffin sections of mouse pancreatic tissues revealed that rAPSL could effectively protect mouse islets from streptozotocin-induced lesions. Compared with the powder prepared from normal silkworm pupae, the powder prepared from pupae expressing rAPSL exhibited greater protective effects, and these results suggest that rAPSL has potential uses as an oral drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the future.
Theoretical Study of H/D Isotope Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Shieldings Using an ab initio Multi-Component Molecular Orbital Method
Authors: Udagawa Taro , Ishimoto Takayoshi , Tachikawa Masanori
Published: May 2013

We have theoretically analyzed the nuclear quantum effect on the nuclear magnetic shieldings for the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded systems of σ-hydroxy acyl aromatic species using the gauge-including atomic orbital technique combined with our multi-component density functional theory. The effect of H/D quantum nature for geometry and nuclear magnetic shielding changes are analyzed. Our study clearly demonstrated that the geometrical changes of hydrogen-bonds induced by H/D isotope effect (called geometrical isotope effect: GIE) is the dominant factor of deuterium isotope effect on 13C chemical shift.
A Ferrocene-Porphyrin Ligand for Multi-Transduction Chemical Sensor Development
Authors: Lvova Larisa , Galloni Pierluca , Floris Barbara , Lundström Ingemar , Paolesse Roberto , Natale Corrado
Published: May 2013

5,10,15,20-Tetraferrocenyl porphyrin, H2TFcP, a simple example of a donor-acceptor system, was tested as ligand for the development of a novel multi-transduction chemical sensors aimed at the determination of transition metal ions. The fluorescence energy transfer between ferrocene donor and porphyrin acceptor sub-units was considered. The simultaneously measured optical and potentiometric responses of solvent polymeric membranes based on H2TFcP permitted the detection of lead ions in sample solutions, in the concentration range from 2.7 × 10−7 to 3.0 × 10−3 M. The detection limit of lead determination was 0.27 μM, low enough to perform the direct analysis of Pb2+ in natural waters.
Position Measurement/Tracking Comparison of the Instrumentation in a Droplet-Actuated-Robotic Platform
Authors: Casier Renaud , Lenders Cyrille , Lhernould Marion , Gauthier Michaël , Lambert Pierre
Published: May 2013

This paper reports our work on developing a surface tension actuated micro-robotic platform supported by three bubbles (liquid environment) or droplets (gaseous environment). The actuation principle relies on the force developed by surface tension below a millimeter, which benefits from scaling laws, and is used to actuate this new type of compliant robot. By separately controlling the pressure inside each bubble, three degrees of freedom can be actuated. We investigated three sensing solutions to measure the platform attitude in real-time (z-position of each droplet, leading to the knowledge of the z position and Θx and Θy tilts of the platform). The comparison between optical, resistive, and capacitive measurement principles is hereafter reported. The optical technique uses SFH-9201 components. The resistive technique involves measuring the electrical resistance of a path flowing through two droplets and the platform. This innovative technique for sensing table position combines three pairs of resistances, from which the resistance in each drop can be deduced, thus determining the platform position. The third solution is a more usual high frequency (~200 MHz) capacitive measurement. The resistive method has been proven reliable and is simple to implement. This work opens perspectives toward an interesting sensing solution for micro-robotic platforms.
Global Insights Based on the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI)
Authors: Nussbaumer Patrick , Nerini Francesco , Onyeji Ijeoma , Howells Mark
Published: May 2013

Energy access metrics are needed to track the progress towards providing sustainable energy for all. This paper presents advancements in the development of the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), as well as results and analysis for a number of developing countries. The MEPI is a composite index designed to shed light on energy poverty by assessing the services that modern energy provides. The index captures both the incidence and intensity of energy poverty. It provides valuable insights–allowing the analysis of determinants of energy poverty–and, subsequently insights into policy efficacy. Building on previous work, this paper presents results obtained as a result of both increased data availability and enhanced methodology. Specifically, this analysis (i) includes an increased number of countries, and (ii) tracks the evolution of energy poverty over time of energy poverty in selected countries is reported.
Pourquoi le Parthénon?
Authors: Tréheux Jacques
Published: May 2013

Examen critique d'une théorie de G. Roux exposée, sous le même titre, dans les CRAI de 1984, p. 301-309. On admet communément que le nom du Parthénon, que les auteurs et les inscriptions appellent « le Grand Temple » jusqu'au milieu du IVe siècle, provient d'une extension à l'ensemble de l'édifice du nom de la salle aux quatre colonnes située à l'ouest de la salle contenant la statue chryséléphantine d'Athéna Parthenos, l'Hécatompédos néôs. G. Roux estime que la salle aux quatre colonnes a été baptisée Parthénon par les modernes de façon arbitraire et qu'il est paradoxal qu'une salle secondaire ait donné son nom au temple entier. D'après G. Roux, le nom de Parthénon, au sens étroit, serait une seconde appellation, utilisée dans certaines circonstances, de l'Hécatompédos néôs. L'A. s'applique à montrer que les inventaires du Ve et du IVe siècle condamnent formellement cette théorie, que l'Hécatompédos néôs et le Parthenon doivent être tenus pour deux salles distinctes et qu'ainsi la nomenclature traditionnelle des diverses sections du temple, y compris l'opisthodomos, doit être conservée sans changement.
Les Cinq-Cents à Érythrie
Authors: Knoepfler Denis
Published: May 2013

Un traité d'alliance entre Athènes et Érétrie, datant de 341 av. J.-C. (IG, II*, 230), fait mention d'un corps de 500 membres qui, sur la base d'une restitution toujours adoptée jusqu'ici, serait le Conseil d'Érétrie. Mais ce supplément, problématique à plus d'un titre, se heurte à un obstacle matériel insurmontable (à cause du stoichêdon) dès le moment où l'on s'avise qu'à la même ligne il faut de toute nécessité substituer τὴν συμ[μαχίαν] à [τὴν συν[θήκην]. D'autres modifications se révèlent alors indispensables. En fin de compte, il apparaît que les Cinq-Cents doivent être identifiés aux hippeis mentionnés dans un second fragment de la même inscription. On écrira donc [τους ἱππέας] (au lieu de [τήν τε βουλὴν]) τοὺς πεντακοσίους. Les cavaliers d'Érétrie, qui formaient un contingent de 600 hommes à l'époque archaïque, ont joué un rôle considérable dans l'histoire de cette cité. S'ils n'étaient plus que 500 au ive s. (à raison de 100 par chôros, puisque la subdivision en cinq « districts » semble aujourd'hui établie), ils représentaient toujours une force politique importante, de tendance évidemment oligarchique. D'où l'obligation qui leur fut faite, après l'expulsion du tyran Kleitarchos, de s'engager tous à respecter l'alliance conclue avec la démocratie athénienne.

Une réédition complète de ce traité est donnée en appendice.
Development and characterization of EST‐SSR markers in the Chinese medicinal plant Callerya speciosa (Fabaceae)
Authors: Li Li , Li Zhiying , Li Kelie , Huang Bilan , Xu Li
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: The first microsatellite primers were developed for Callerya speciosa, an important traditional medicinal plant with island‐mainland distributions in China, to further investigate its genetic variability and population structure.

• Methods and Results: The microsatellite‐containing sequences were selected from a cDNA library of C. speciosa. In total, 58 primer pairs were designed, and 25 of the corresponding loci showed clear amplification. Polymorphisms were assessed in two different natural populations. The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from two to nine. Observed and expected heterozygosity per loci ranged from 0.067 to 0.938 and 0.064 to 0.836, respectively. One out of 25 loci showed departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations in both populations, and three pairs of loci showed significant linkage disequilibrium after Bonferroni correction.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful tools for genetic and conservation studies and to understand the evolutionary processes in Callerya species.
Grating-assisted coupling to nanophotonic circuits in microcrystalline diamond thin films
Authors: Rath Patrik , Khasminskaya Svetlana , Nebel Christoph , Wild Christoph , Pernice Wolfram HP
Published: May 2013

Synthetic diamond films can be prepared on a waferscale by using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on suitable substrates such as silicon or silicon dioxide. While such films find a wealth of applications in thermal management, in X-ray and terahertz window design, and in gyrotron tubes and microwave transmission lines, their use for nanoscale optical components remains largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that CVD diamond provides a high-quality template for realizing nanophotonic integrated optical circuits. Using efficient grating coupling devices prepared from partially etched diamond thin films, we investigate millimetre-sized optical circuits and achieve single-mode waveguiding at telecoms wavelengths. Our results pave the way towards broadband optical applications for sensing in harsh environments and visible photonic devices.
ENABLING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE – LEADERSHIP, COMMITMENT TO CHANGE AND THE MEDIATING ROLE OF CHANGE READINESS
Authors: Santhidran Sinnappan , Chandran V. G. R. , Borromeo Junbo
Published: May 2013

There has been little empirical analysis on the complex relationship between leadership, change readiness and commitment to change in the context of Asian countries. In this paper, we propose a research model to analyze the interrelationship between leadership, change readiness and commitment to change using the partial least square technique. Results of the study suggest that leadership positively and significantly affect change readiness but not commitment to change. Consequently, change readiness is found to significantly affect commitment to change. In other words, change readiness is found to mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and commitment to change. This may suggest that the influence of leadership is a sequential process affecting change readiness, and in turn, the commitment to change as opposed to the conventional belief that it affects both change readiness and commitment to change simultaneously. The implication of the study is further discussed.
OUTWARD FDI, MERCHANDISE AND SERVICES TRADE: EVIDENCE FROM SINGAPORE
Authors: Wong Koi Nyen , Goh Soo Khoon
Published: May 2013

This paper aims to explore the causality pattern between outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and major external trade components (i.e. exports and imports of merchandise as well as services) using Singapore as a case study, since it is one of the largest outward investors in the Asian region and it is overtly trade-dependent. The findings reveal that there is evidence of an OFDI-led trade hypothesis, particularly with regard to merchandise exports and imports, which is an indication OFDI opens important channels for intra-firm trade activities, home country sourcing and backward integration. However, there is no evidence of causality relationships between Singapore's OFDI and services trade because the purpose of such services is mainly to provide a market presence in the consuming country. As such, Singaporean multinationals are likely to outsource their services either from the host country services sector or from their own services-supporting subsidiaries that have been relocated abroad. The present study provides implications for policy formulation to strengthen OFDI-services trade linkages.
FINANCIAL MARKET PREDICTION SYSTEM WITH EVOLINO NEURAL NETWORK AND DELPHI METHOD
Authors: Maknickienė Nijolė , Maknickas Algirdas
Published: May 2013

Use of artificial intelligence systems in forecasting financial markets requires a reliable and simple model that would ensure profitable growth. The model presented in the paper combines Evolino recurrent neural networks with orthogonal data inputs and the Delphi expert evaluation method for its investment portfolio decision making process. A statistical study demonstrates the reliability of the model and describes its accuracy. Capabilities of the model are demonstrated using a trading simulation.
EARNINGS RESPONSE COEFFICIENTS IN THE GREEK MARKET
Authors: Maditinos Dimitrios I. , Šević Željko , Stankevičienė Jelena , Karakoltsidis Nikolaos
Published: May 2013

The paper explores the relationship between accounting information and stock returns of the companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) in the period 1998–2008. Publicly available financial data on the companies included in the ASE during 1998–2008 have been collected and processed. The data sample consists of 245 companies and varies from 2,166 to 1,441 firm-year observations. The research methodology has been based on the extension of the model introduced by Kothari and Sloan (1992) and investigates whether the level of earnings divided by price at the beginning of the stock return period is associated with returns in the context of ‘prices lead earnings’ using annual and quarterly data. Cross-sectional regression analysis points to a significant relationship between earnings and returns on measurement windows of one year and longer. Similar results have been found in the case of a cumulative model where earnings are aggregated up to four years; however, relationship in the short measurement window up to three quarters has resulted in low earnings response coefficients.
Esquisse d'un guide des perplexes : problèmes de définition et de classification des adverbes de degré en français
Authors: Gaatone David
Published: May 2013

Les notions de quantité et d’ intensité sont très présentes dans le lexique du français. Mais elles restent trop intuitives. On essaie ici de les circonscrire plus rigoureusement, en notant tout d’abord qu’il s’agit des deux faces d’une même notion, le degré , dont la définition inclut les termes mesure ou dimension. En effet, de nombreux adverbes désignent tant la quantité que l’intensité (tellement) et des adverbes différents, les uns visant plutôt la quantité (beaucoup) , les autres plutôt l’intensité (très) , fonctionnent comme variantes libres ou contextuelles. On distinguera aussi les purs marqueurs de degré (combien) de ceux où le degré est associé à d’autres sèmes (loin, longtemps) . Par ailleurs, ces adverbes ne forment pas une classe sémantique ou syntaxique homogène. Certains sont des marqueurs de mesure de degré (beaucoup) , d’autres, de conformité, d’égalité ou d’emphase de degré (assez, trop, si) . D’autres propriétés, telles que l’orientation argumentative (peu, un peu), la définitude (trois, beaucoup), les niveaux (faible, moyen, élevé : peu, pas mal, beaucoup) , la nombrabilité (peu, un peu) , découpent l’inventaire en diverses sous-classes.
À la recherche de l'intensité
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: May 2013

Notre contribution a pour objectif, non pas de proposer une nouvelle définition de l’ intensité , qui règlerait tous les problèmes que pose cette notion, mais de mettre en évidence comment la conception standard de l’intensité comme « quantité de propriété » est amenée, par des « dérapages incontrôlés », à des mutations définitoires qui aboutissent à une autre intensité qui n’est plus de l’ordre de la quantité, mais de la qualité. Nous essaierons en effet de montrer que, pour dissiper la confusion qui règne dans la conception que l’on a de l’intensité, il est nécessaire de distinguer deux acceptions différentes : l’intensité comprise comme détermination quantitative de propriétés et l’intensité comprise comme étant elle-même une propriété, en l’occurrence une qualité. Cette distinction, on le verra chemin faisant, est à même de résoudre un grand nombre de difficultés qu’a pu faire naître dans les travaux linguistiques le recours à la notion d’ intensité .
De la complétude à l'intensité : totalement , entièrement et complètement
Authors: Lenepveu Véronique
Published: May 2013

Nous nous proposons d’analyser le fonctionnement sémantique des adverbes totalement , complètement et entièrement intégrés à la sous-classe des adverbes de complétude au sein des adverbes de manière quantifieurs chez Molinier & Levrier (2000). Nous étudions en particulier ces adverbes dans les constructions verbales transitives pour reconnaître, d’une part, un fonctionnement strictement quantitatif, qui respecte la contrainte de télicité (détruire totalement une ville / *regarder totalement le tableau) , et nécessite une structure partie/tout pour le sujet ou l’objet du verbe et, d’autre part, un fonctionnement qualitatif qui n’est pas soumis à cette contrainte de télicité et produit éventuellement une intensification (avoir totalement raison) . La comparaison entre les trois adverbes au moyen d’exemples attestés montre qu’à l’effet de sens intensif sont associées des exigences contextuelles spécifiques qui peuvent varier selon l’adverbe employé.
L'intensification des noms de propriété
Authors: Whittaker Sunniva
Published: May 2013

Cette contribution vise à établir dans quelle mesure les procédés d’intensification qui s’appliquent aux adjectifs peuvent aussi être mis en œuvre pour l’intensification des noms de propriété (NPr) – dont beaucoup sont dérivés d’adjectifs –, et à examiner les constructions d’intensification qui sont spécifiques à ce type de nom (en particulier les suites d’un NPr + intensificateur et intensificateur + de NPr ). L’article cherche aussi à montrer qu’il y a une relation intéressante entre la fonction syntaxique remplie par un nom de propriété et les possibilités de l’intensifier. L’hypothèse qui est avancée est que les secondes dépendent de la première : moins saillante sera la position syntaxique du nom de propriété et plus grande sera la probabilité qu’il fasse l’objet d’une intensification.
La gestion d’un lagon en mutation : acteurs, enjeux et recherche-action en Nouvelle-Calédonie (Pacifique sud)
Authors: Léopold Marc , Sourisseau Jean-Michel , Cornuet Nathaniel , David Carine , Bonmarchand Arnaud , Meur Pierre-Yves Le , Lasseigne Laetitia , Poncet Estelle , Toussaint Marie , Fontenelle Guy , Beuret Jean-Eudes , Guillemot Nicolas
Published: May 2013

Cet article synthétise les résultats d’un programme de recherche interdisciplinaire effectué sur la côte nord-ouest de la province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (Pacifique sud) de 2008 à 2011. Cette région fait face aux rapides changements urbains et économiques induits par la création d’un important complexe métallurgique. Ce projet industriel, porteur de développement économique, est aussi un projet politique emblématique du processus original de décolonisation négociée dans lequel la Nouvelle-Calédonie est engagée. Une démarche scientifique adaptative a été mise en place pour améliorer la connaissance de l’écosociosystème côtier et mieux gérer les usages littoraux, et les petites pêcheries en particulier. Cette démarche combinait trois approches complémentaires : recherche-action (s’appuyant sur les points de vue et les logiques des parties prenantes locales), interdisciplinarité (sciences biologiques, sociales et juridiques) et partenariat entre plusieurs institutions de recherche et de développement. Les résultats montrent que les principaux défis de gestion des usages littoraux sont fortement imbriqués et renvoient à des questions environnementales, sociales, culturelles aussi bien qu’économiques et politiques. Toutes les conditions pour la réussite d’une gestion participative ne sont pas actuellement réunies à l’échelle de la zone d’étude. Cependant, notre étude ouvre des pistes pour la promotion d’initiatives de gouvernance partagée, en se fondant sur des dynamiques locales existantes ou émergentes pouvant être élargies à d’autres échelles. Des orientations de politiques publiques sont aussi suggérées, incluant la promotion d’approches territoriales pour le développement local.
Developmental Expression of IL-12Rβ2 on Murine Naive Neonatal T Cells Counters the Upregulation of IL-13Rα1 on Primary Th1 Cells and Balances Immunity in the Newborn
Authors: Hoeman Christine M. , Dhakal Mermagya , Zaghouani Adam A. , Cascio Jason A. , Wan Xiaoxiao , Khairallah Marie-Therese , Chen Weirong , Zaghouani Habib
Published: May 2013

Upon exposure to Ag on the day of birth, neonatal mice mount balanced primary Th1 and Th2 responses, with the former displaying upregulated IL-13Rα1 expression. This chain associates with IL-4Rα to form a heteroreceptor (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1) that marks the Th1 cells for death by IL-4 produced by Th2 cells during rechallenge with Ag, hence the Th2 bias of murine neonatal immunity. The upregulation of IL-13Rα1 on neonatal Th1 cells was due to the paucity of IL-12 in the neonatal environment. In this study, we show that by day 8 after birth, naive splenic T cells are no longer susceptible to IL-13Rα1 upregulation even when exposed to Ag within the neonatal environment. Furthermore, during the 8-d lapse, the naive splenic T cells spontaneously and progressively upregulate the IL-12Rβ2 chain, perhaps due to colonization by commensals, which induce production of IL-12 by cells of the innate immune system such as dendritic cells. In fact, mature T cells from the thymus, a sterile environment not accessible to microbes, did not upregulate IL-12Rβ2 and were unable to counter IL-13Rα1 upregulation. Finally, the 8-d naive T cells were able to differentiate into Th1 cells even independently of IL-12 but required the cytokine to counter upregulation of IL-13Rα1. Thus, in neonatal mice, IL-12, which accumulates in the environment progressively, uses IL-12Rβ2 to counter IL-13Rα1 expression in addition to promoting Th1 differentiation.
miR-142-3p Is Involved in CD25+ CD4 T Cell Proliferation by Targeting the Expression of Glycoprotein A Repetitions Predominant
Authors: Zhou Qihui , Haupt Sonja , Prots Iryna , Thümmler Katja , Kremmer Elisabeth , Lipsky Peter E. , Schulze-Koops Hendrik , Skapenko Alla
Published: May 2013

Because of the numerous targets of microRNAs (miRNAs), functional dissection of specific miRNA/mRNA interactions is important to understand the complex miRNA regulatory mechanisms. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) is specifically expressed on regulatory CD25+ CD4 T cells upon their activation. GARP has a long 3′ untranslated region containing five highly conserved regions suggesting miRNA regulation of its expression. Although GARP is physiologically expressed on a cell subset characterized by stringent control of proliferation, amplification of the GARP gene has been found in many tumors characterized by uncontrolled proliferation. In this study, we investigated in detail miRNA regulation of GARP expression, in particular by miR-142-3p, and dissected the functional outcome of miR-142-3p/GARP mRNA interaction. We demonstrate that miR-142-3p binds directly to the 3′ untranslated region of GARP and represses GARP protein expression by Argonaute 2–associated degradation of GARP mRNA. Functionally, miR-142-3p–mediated regulation of GARP is involved in the expansion of CD25+ CD4 T cells in response to stimulation. The data indicate that miR-142-3p regulates GARP expression on CD25+ CD4 T cells and, as a result, their expansion in response to activation. Our data provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling regulatory T cell expansion. They may also have implications for understanding tumor cell biology.
Group V Secretory Phospholipase A2 Is Involved in Macrophage Activation and Is Sufficient for Macrophage Effector Functions in Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation
Authors: Ohta Shin , Imamura Mitsuru , Xing Wei , Boyce Joshua A. , Balestrieri Barbara
Published: May 2013

We reported that Pla2g5-null mice lacking group V secretory phospholipase A2 (gV-sPLA2) showed reduced eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation and Th2 cytokine generation when challenged with an extract from house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae, compared with wild-type (WT) controls. Adoptive transfer studies suggested that gV-sPLA2 in dendritic cells was necessary for sensitization of Pla2g5-null mice, but was not sufficient to induce the effector phase of pulmonary inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that gV-sPLA2 is inducibly expressed in mouse and human macrophages (Mϕ) activated by IL-4 and is required for the acquisition of Mϕ effector functions that facilitate the effector phase of pulmonary inflammation. We demonstrate that gV-sPLA2 expression in Mϕ is sufficient for the development of pulmonary inflammation, even when inflammation is induced by intrapulmonary administration of IL-4. The concentrations of CCL22/CCL17 and effector T cell recruitment are severely impaired in Pla2g5-null mice. Intratracheal transfers of enriched CD68+ cells isolated from the lungs of D. farinae–challenged WT donor mice induce eosinophilia, chemokine production, and recruitment of T cells into the lungs of Pla2g5-null recipients previously sensitized by WT D. farinae–loaded dendritic cells. Our studies identified a unique function of gV-sPLA2 in activation of Mϕ and in their capacity to recruit T cells to amplify the effector phase of pulmonary inflammation.
STAT4-Dependent and -Independent Th2 Responses Correlate with Protective Immunity against Lung Infection with Pneumocystis murina
Authors: Myers Riley C. , Dunaway Chad W. , Nelson Michael P. , Trevor Jennifer L. , Morris Alison , Steele Chad
Published: May 2013

Although it is clear that the loss of CD4+ T cells is a predisposing factor for the development of Pneumocystis pneumonia, specific Th mechanisms mediating protection are not well understood. Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses have each been implicated in protective responses during infection. As STAT4 may promote Th1 and Th17 development, yet antagonize Th2 development, we investigated its role in Pneumocystis murina host defense. STAT4 was required for Th1 and, unexpectedly, Th2 responses in the lungs of C57BL/6 (BL/6) and BALB/c mice 14 d postchallenge, but only BALB/c Stat4−/− mice demonstrated susceptibility to P. murina lung infection. BL/6 Stat4−/−, but not BALB/c Stat4−/−, mice maintained an enhanced alternatively activated (M2) macrophage signature in the lungs, which we have previously reported to be associated with enhanced P. murina clearance. In addition, anti-P. murina class-switched Abs were increased in BL/6 Stat4−/− mice, but not BALB/c Stat4−/− mice. Supporting our experimental observations, plasma from HIV-infected individuals colonized with Pneumocystis jirovecii contained significantly lower levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 compared with HIV-infected individuals who were not colonized. Collectively, our data suggest that robust local and systemic Th2-mediated responses are critical for immunity to Pneumocystis.
A study of descriptive data for orphans and non-orphans on key criteria of economic vulnerability in two municipalities in South Africa
Authors: Skinner Donald , Sharp Carla , Jooste Sean , Mfecane Sakhumzi , Simbayi Leickness
Published: May 2013

Background: It is generally assumed that orphan status increases the risk to children of a range of negative outcomes. In South Africa, death of parents due to HIV-related illness is contributing to a rapid increase in the prevalence of orphans. This paper presents descriptive data from two South African communities, namely Kopanong, in the Free State and Kanana in the North West province, characterising the differences between orphans (double, maternal and paternal) and non-orphans on key criteria of social vulnerability.Objectives: The objective was to obtain a better understanding of how different types of orphans and non-orphans may differ in these key areas as a crucial starting point for addressing the devastating consequences the AIDS epidemic has on these children’s lives. While the study focuses on two specific areas these will provide insight into the general situation of orphans in South Africa.Methods: A cross-sectional census survey was conducted in the two communities of Kopanong, comprising n = 5254 households and Kanana, comprising n = 12 984 households.Results: In Kopanong, 8.2% of children had lost both parents, 19.1% had lost their father and 6.5% their mother only, whilst in Kanana the results were 6.5%, 28.1% and 3.7% respectively. Loss of both parents appeared to have a consistent impact on material need, including access to food, clothing and essential services, whilst loss of a single parent seems to have a more variable impact. At present, there are very few child headed households, but this constitutes a risk in the longer term.Conclusions: Orphans appear to be more vulnerable in terms of material need. Children assessed in this study as being most in need were not accessing adequately many services directed at them. There is a need to extend understanding and measurement of emotional need and abuse.
Factors influencing successful implementation of the basic antenatal care approach in primary health care facilities in eThekwini district, KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Ngxongo Thembelihle S.P. , Sibiya Maureen N.
Published: May 2013

Background: In a move to alleviate the burden of consistently high maternal and perinatal mortality rates, the South African National Department of Health (DoH) introduced Basic Antenatal Care (BANC) in all Primary Health Care facilities that were providing antenatal care services. However, not all facilities in the eThekwini district have successfully implemented the approach. The aim of the study was to identify the factors that influence successful implementation of the BANC approach.  Objectives: The objectives were to identify facilities that had successfully implemented the BANC approach and the factors that influenced successful implementation of the BANC approach, in order to make recommendations on these factors.Method: A descriptive quantitative design was used. Firstly, primary health care facilities that were successful in implementing the BANC approach were identified through a retrospective record auditing. A total of 27 facilities were identified, of which 18 facilities were included in the study. This was followed by data collection from 59 midwives in order to identify the factors that influenced successful implementation of the BANC approach. The data was analysed using version 19 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.Results: The positive factors that influenced successful implementation of the BANC approach included: the availability and accessibility of BANC services, policies, guidelines and protocol; various means of communication; a comprehensive package of and the integration of primary health care services; training and in-service education; human and material resources; the support and supervision offered to the midwives by the primary health care supervisors; supervisors’ understanding of the approach and the levels of experience of midwives involved in implementation of the BANC approach.Conclusion: The success that the facilities had achieved in implementing BANC approach was attributed to these positive factors.
Selective doxorubicin drug eluting beads chemoembolization of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Kalra Naveen , Mahajan Divyesh , Chawla Yogesh , Khandelwal N
Published: May 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of the liver is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Only one-third of patients with HCC are suitable candidates for hepatic resection. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is performed in unresectable HCC. Drug-eluting beads (DEB) TACE is a modification of TACE, in which doxorubicin beads are used as embolizing material.These beads deliver the drug and embolize the vessels; however, it carries the risk of non-target embolization and it is difficult in cases with absent arterial blush on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This is resolved using C-arm cone-beam computed tomography in the DSA suite. It identifies the tumor-feeding vessels, their area of supply, and differentiates between tumor and normal liver parenchyma. In addition, it is very useful in the embolization of hypovascular HCC. It helps and guides the radiologist in performing TACE effectively and also prevents non-target embolization of normal liver parenchyma.
Soft tissue attenuation in middle ear on HRCT: Pictorial review
Authors: Anbarasu Arangasamy , Chandrasekaran Kiruthika , Balakrishnan Sivasubramanian
Published: May 2013

Middle ear disease is a common clinical entity; imaging, especially High resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT), plays a crucial role in diagnosis and assessing the disease extent, helping to decide appropriate management. Temporal bone imaging is challenging and involves thorough understanding of the anatomy, especially in relation to HRCT imaging. Most of the middle ear pathologies appear as "soft tissue" on imaging. Careful analysis of the soft tissue on the HRCT is crucial in achieving the right diagnosis; clinical information is essential and the imaging findings need correlation with clinical presentation and otoscopic findings. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to enlist the pathologies that present as soft tissue in middle ear and to provide a structured and practical imaging approach that will serve as a guide for confident reporting in daily practice.
Pictorial essay: Salivary gland imaging
Authors: Rastogi Rajul , Bhargava Sumeet , Mallarajapatna Govindarajan Janardan , Singh Sudhir Kumar
Published: May 2013

Salivary glands are the first organs of digestion secreting their digestive juices into the oral cavity. Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the major paired salivary glands in the decreasing order of their size. In addition, multiple small minor salivary glands are noted randomly distributed in the upper aerodigestive tract, including paranasal sinuses and parapharyngeal spaces. The imaging is directed to the major salivary glands. Commonly used imaging methods include plain radiography and conventional sialography. Recently, high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) is being increasingly used for targeted salivary gland imaging. However, the advent of cross-sectional imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revolutionized the imaging of salivary glands. This article illustrates the role of imaging in evaluating the variegated disease pattern of the major salivary glands.
Neural fibrolipoma in pharyngeal mucosal space: A rare occurrence
Authors: Kumar Nishith , Mittal M K , Sinha Mukul , Thukral B B
Published: May 2013

Neural fibrolipoma is a rare lesion presenting in early childhood, as a slow-growing fusiform swelling of a nerve, usually in the forearm or wrist (median nerve), associated with symptoms of compression neuropathy. There are only few case reports of neural fibrolipoma in neck and no such case has been reported in pharyngeal mucosal space.
Source attributions of pollution to the Western Arctic during the NASA ARCTAS field campaign
Authors: Bian H. , Colarco P. R. , Chin M. , Chen G. , Rodriguez J. M. , Liang Q. , Blake D. , Chu D. A. , da Silva A. , Darmenov A. S. , Diskin G. , Fuelberg H. E. , Huey G. , Kondo Y. , Nielsen J. E. , Pan X. , Wisthaler A.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. We use the NASA GEOS-5 transport model with tagged tracers to investigate the contributions of different regional sources of CO and black carbon (BC) to their concentrations in the Western Arctic (i.e., 50–90° N and 190–320° E) in spring and summer 2008. The model is evaluated by comparing the results with airborne measurements of CO and BC from the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) field campaigns to demonstrate the strengths and limitations of our simulations. We also examine the reliability of tagged CO tracers in characterizing air mass origins using the measured fossil fuel tracer of dichloromethane and the biomass burning tracer of acetonitrile. Our tagged CO simulations suggest that most of the enhanced CO concentrations (above background level from CH4 production) observed during April originate from Asian anthropogenic emissions. Boreal biomass burning emissions and Asian anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance in July domain wise, although the biomass burning CO fraction is much larger in the area of the ARCTAS field experiments. The fraction of CO from Asian anthropogenic emissions is larger in spring than in summer. European sources make up no more than 10% of CO levels in the campaign domain during either period. Comparisons of CO concentrations along the flight tracks with regional averages from GEOS-5 show that the along-track measurements are representative of the concentrations within the large domain of the Western Arctic in April but not in July.
Assessment of a multi-species in situ FTIR for precise atmospheric greenhouse gas observations
Authors: Hammer S. , Griffith D. W. T. , Konrad G. , Vardag S. , Caldow C. , Levin I.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. We thoroughly evaluate the performance of a multi-species, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyser with respect to high-accuracy needs for greenhouse gas monitoring networks. The in situ FTIR analyser is shown to measure CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O mole fractions continuously, all with better reproducibility than the inter-laboratory compatibility (ILC) goals, requested by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme. Simultaneously determined δ13CO2 reaches reproducibility as good as 0.03‰. Second-order dependencies between the measured components and the thermodynamic properties of the sample, (temperature, pressure and flow rate) and the cross sensitivities among the sample constituents are investigated and quantified. We describe an improved sample delivery and control system that minimises the pressure and flow rate variations, making post-processing corrections for those quantities non-essential. Temperature disequilibrium effects resulting from the evacuation of the sample cell are quantified and improved by the usage of a faster temperature sensor. The instrument has proven to be linear for all measured components in the ambient concentration range. The temporal stability of the instrument is characterised on different time scales. Instrument drifts on a weekly time scale are only observed for CH4 (0.04 nmol mol−1 day−1) and δ13CO2 (0.02‰ day−1). Based on 10 months of continuously collected quality control measures, the long-term reproducibility of the instrument is estimated to ±0.016 μmol mol−1 CO2, ±0.03‰ δ13CO2, ±0.14 nmol mol−1 CH4, ±0.1 nmol mol−1 CO and ±0.04 nmol mol−1 N2O. We propose a calibration and quality control scheme with weekly calibrations of the instrument that is sufficient to reach WMO-GAW inter-laboratory compatibility goals.