A global test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wang Ke , Goldenberg Amit , Dorison Charles , Miller Jeremy K. , Uusberg Andero , Lerner Jennifer Susan , Gross James , Marcu Gabriela Mariana , Agadullina Elena , Adamkovic Matus , Roczniewska Marta , Kassianos Angelos , Dursun Pinar , ARINZE Azuka Ikechukwu , Arinze Nwadiogo Chisom , Ogbonnaya Chisom , Ndukaihe Izuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel , Dalgar Ilker , Akkas Handan , Macapagal Paulo Manuel Labalan , Lewis Savannah C , Metin-Orta Irem , Willis Megan , Santos Anabela Caetano , Mokady Aviv , Reggev Niv , Vasilev Martin R. , Nock Nora L , Parzuchowski Michal , Espinoza Barría Mauricio F , Vranka Marek Albert , Ropovik Ivan , Yao Xiaohui , Becker Maja , Manunta Efisio , Kaminski Gwenaël , Findor Andrej , Lewis David M. G. , ARUTA JOHN JAMIR BENZON R. , Zickfeld Janis , Vásquez Julio Cruz , Pronizius Ekaterina , Lamm Claus , Li Ranran , Valentova Jaroslava Varella , Mioni Giovanna , Cellini Nicola , Chen Sau-Chin , Moon Karis , Azab Habiba , Todsen Anna Louise , van Schie K. , Bavolar Jozef , Warmelink Lara , Ross Robert M , Stephen Ian D , Hostler Tom , McCarthy Randy J. , Grano Caterina , Singh Solorzano Claudio , Kácha Ondřej , Arvanitis Alexios , Xiao Qinyu , Cárcamo Rodrigo , Zorjan Saša , Tajchman Zuzanna Jagoda , Vilares Iris , Pavlacic Jeffrey Michael , Kunst Jonas R. , Tamnes Christian K. , Atari Mohammad , Sharifian MohammadHasan , Hricova Monika , Kačmár Pavol , Rahal Rima-Maria , Zakharov Ilya , Koehn Monica A , Esteban Serna Celia , Hajdu Nandor , Calin-Jageman Robert , Krafnick Anthony James , Očovaj Sanja Batić , Khosla Meetu , Urban Jan , Boudesseul Jordane , Silva Jaime , Martončik Marcel , Šakan Dušana , Kuzminska Anna O. , Đorđević Jasna Milošević , Almeida Inês A. T. , Lazarevic Ljiljana B. , Manley Harry , Zambrano Danilo , Monteiro Renan P. , Musser Erica D. , Dunleavy Daniel J. , Godbersen Hendrik , Ruiz-Fernandez Susana , Reeck Crystal , Batres Carlota , Azevedo Flavio , Alvarez Daniela Serrato , Chen Zhang , Verbruggen Frederick , Ziano Ignazio , Tümer Murat , Dubrov Dmitrii , KARABABA Alper , del Carmen Maria , Aberson Chris , Moller Arlen C. , Hubená Barbora , Ceary Chris , Singer Gage Anthony , Perillo Jennifer Torkildson , Ballantyne Tonia , Du Hongfei , Pit Ilse L. , Hruška Matej , Sousa Daniela , Aczel Balazs , Szaszi Barnabas , Barzykowski Krystian , Micheli Leticia , Zsido Andras N. , Paruzel-Czachura Mariola , Bialek Michal , Kowal Marta , Sorokowska Agnieszka , Misiak Michał , Arriaga Patricia , Oliveira Raquel Alves , Vaughn Leigh Ann , Szwed Paulina , Kossowska Małgorzata , Kielińska Julita , Antazo Benedict Guzman , Stieger Stefan , Nilsonne Gustav , Simonovic Nicolle , Taber Jennifer M , Gourdon-Kanhukamwe Amélie , Domurat Artur , Ihaya Keiko , Yamada Yuki , Urooj Anum , Gill Tripat , Bylinina Lisa , Baklanova Ekaterina , Albayrak-Aydemir Nihan , Kappes Heather Barry , Gjoneska Biljana , House Thea , Berkessel Jana , Muda Rafał , Chopik William J. , Çoksan Sami , Seehuus Martin , Khaoudi Ahmed , Azouaghe Soufian , ARABI Kanza AIT EL , Djamai Ikhlas , Wilson John Paul , Adıgüzel Arca , Kocalar Halil Emre , Norton James , Papadatou-Pastou Marietta , Evans Kortnee , Chuan-Peng Hu , DE LA ROSA GOMEZ ANABEL , Ankushev Vladislav , Bogatyreva Natalia , Grigoryev Dmitry , Ivanov Aleksandr , Prusova Irina , Romanova Marina , Sarieva Irena , Terskova Maria , Hristova Evgeniya , Janak Allison , Schei Vidar , Sverdrup Therese E , Askelund Adrian Dahl , Collins W. Matthew , Boucher Leanne , Ouherrou Nihal , Schrötter Jana , Bokkour Ahmed , Say Nicolas , Sinkolova Sladjana , Janjić Kristina , Stojanovska Dragana , Bijlstra Gijsbert , Mosannenzadeh Farnaz , Reips Ulf-Dietrich , Baskin Ernest , Ishkhanyan Byurakn , Czamanski-Cohen Johanna , Dixson Barnaby , Moreau David , Sutherland Clare , Noone Chris , Anne Michele , Janssen Steve M. J. , Fu Cynthia H.Y. , Majeed Nadyanna M. , Kunisato Yoshihiko , Daches Shimrit , Hartanto Andree , Vdovic Milica , Forbes Paul , Kamburidis Julia , Rachev Nikolay R. , Stoyanova Alina , Marinova Evelina , Schmidt Kathleen , Suchow Jordan W , Koptjevskaja-Tamm Maria , Jernsäther Teodor , Olofsson Jonas , Bialobrzeska Olga , Marszalek Magdalena , Tatachari Srinivasan , Afhami Reza , Law Wilbert , Zuro Barbara , Van Doren Natalia , Soto Jose , Searston Rachel A , Miranda Jacob Francisco , Yeung Siu Kit , Krupić Dino , Jaeger Bastian , Ren Dongning , Pfuhl Gerit , Klevjer Kristoffer , Vally Zahir , Vargas-Nieto Juan Camilo , Corral-Frías Nadia Saraí , Frías-Armenta Martha , Lucas Marc Yancy , Torres Adriana Olaya , Toro Mónica , Vega Diego , Solas Sara Álvarez , Vilar Roosevelt , Massoni Sébastien , Reyna Cecilia , Pöntinen Sara Johanna , Adetula Gabriel Agboola , Foroni Francesco , Kurfali Merve A. , Braun Kohlová Markéta , Harutyunyan Mikayel , Landry Anais Thibault , Ortiz Manuel S , Voracek Martin , Grinberg Maurice , Vintr Jáchym , Kaliska Lada , Pourafshari Razieh , Geiger Sandra Jeanette , Beitner Julia , Szala Anna , Anjum Gulnaz , von Bastian Claudia Christina , Cohen Noga , Kirgizova Komila , Muminov Abdumalik , Butt Muhammad Mussaffa , Lee Jeong Min , CHARYATE Abdelilah , Sacakli Asli , Richard Karley , Cyrus-Lai Wilson , Fedotov Maksim , Wielgus Magdalena , Adamus Sylwia , Mola Débora , Correa Pablo , Belaus Anabel , Muchembled Fany , Ribeiro Rafael Ramos , Abbas Nida , Čadek Martin , Messerschmidt Johanna , Adetula Adeyemi , Kadreva Veselina , Bran Alexandre , Vaidis David C. , Vieira Luc , Coelho Gabriel Lins Holanda , Whitt Cassie Marie , Tullett Alexa Mary , Du Xinkai , Volz Leonhard , Sarioguz Eylül , Korbmacher Max , Lima Tiago , Ribeiro Matheus Fernando Felix , Verharen Jeroen , Karekla Maria , Jaremka Lisa M , Storage Daniel , Studzinska Anna , Hanel Paul H. P. , Holford Dawn Liu , Sirota Miroslav , Wolfe Kelly , Chiu Faith , Theodoropoulou Andriana , Ahn El Rim , Lin Yijun , Westgate Erin Corwin , Hofer Gabriela , Vezirian Kevin , Travaglino Giovanni A. , Marko Dafne , Li Manyu , Torunsky Nathan , Manavalan Mathi , Song Xin , Walczak Radoslaw B. , Zdybek Przemysław , Dalla Rosa Anna , Kozma Luca , Alves Sara Gouveia , Correia Rita , Pinto Isabel Rocha , Babincak Peter , Baník Gabriel , Varella Marco Antonio Correa , Uttley Jim , Beshears Julie , Thommesen Katrine Krabbe , Behzadnia Behzad , Bradford Maria , Geniole Shawn , Silan Miguel Alejandro A. , Vilsmeier Johannes K , Tran Ulrich S. , Morales-Izquierdo Sara , Mensink Michael Craig , Groyecka-Bernard Agata , Sorokowski Piotr , Radtke Theda , Özdoğru Asil Ali , Ishii Tatsunori , Wichman Aaron Lee , Röer Jan Philipp , Ostermann Thomas , Davis William E. , Suter Lilian , Ferreira Ana , EMMANUEL AGESIN BAMIKOLE , Rana Kafeel , Eudave Luis , Campos Olatz , Grzech Karolina , Hausman Ozery Daphna , Jackson Emily A. , Jimenez-Leal William , Krizanic Valerija , Garcia Elkin Oswaldo Luis , Meir Drexler Shira , Jurković Anita Penić , Štrukelj Eva , Antoniadi Maria , Desai Kermeka , Gialitaki Zoi , Kushnir Elizaveta , Nadif Khaoula , Bravo Olalla Niño , Nauman Rafia , Oosterlinck Marlies , Pantazi Myrto , Pilecka Natalia , Szabelska Anna , van Steenkiste I M M , Filip Katarzyna , Bozdoc Andreea Ioana , Westerlund Minja , Ahlgren Lina , Wang Chunhui , Levy Neil L , Beaudry Jennifer L , Samojlenko Lara , Isager Peder Mortvedt , Chou Weilun , Palfi Bence , Schmidt Nadya-Daniela , Ortiz Maria Victoria , Czarnek Gabriela , Jones Marc , Berkessel Jana B. , Iyer Aishwarya , Parashar Neha , Bundt Carsten , Pineda Lina Maria Sanabria , Thomas Andrew G. , Kung Franki Y. H. , Balci Busra Bahar , Flowe Heather D , Topor Marta , Yu Karen , Anton-Boicuk Lisa , Kurfalı Murathan , Antfolk Jan , Damnjanović Kaja , Hoyer Karlijn , Galindo-Caballero Oscar J. , Calderón Pérez Laura , Delgado Grey Javela , Frizzo Thomas , Capizzi Mariagrazia , Greenburgh Anna , Bosma Minke , KARAARSLAN CEMRE , Allred Tara Bulut , Colloff Melissa Fay , Karashiali Christiana , Sunami Nami , Habib Sumaiya , Hassan Widad , Brohmer Hilmar , Dujols Olivier , Feldman Gilad , Ahmed Afroja , Bosch Jasmijn , Bai Hui , Friedemann Maja , Rojas-Berscia Luis Miguel , Maturan Princess Lovella Gonzales , Walasek Lukasz , Adoric Vera Cubela , Carpentier Joelle , Joy-Gaba Jennifer Alana , Zabel Chelsea , Ebersole Charles R. , Chartier Christopher R. , Mallik Peter Robert , Urry Heather L. , Buchanan Erin Michelle , Coles Nicholas Alvaro , Primbs Maximilian , Basnight-Brown Dana , IJzerman Hans , Forscher Patrick S. , Moshontz Hannah 
Published: April 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy which modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries/regions (N = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vs. both control conditions) had consistent effects in reducing negative emotions and increasing positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world to build resilience during the pandemic and beyond.