bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEW AUTOMATED CLOUD AND CLOUD-SHADOW DETECTION USING LANDSAT IMAGERY
Authors: Kustiyo - , Dianovita - , Ismaya Hedi , Rahayu Mulia Inda , Adiningsih Erna Sri
Published: January 2018

Cloud cover has become a major problem in the use of optical satellite imageries, particularly in Indonesian region located along equator or tropical region with high cloud cover almost all year round. In this study, a new method for cloud and cloud shadow detection using Landsat imagery for specific Indonesian region was developed to provide a more efficient and effective way to detect clouds and cloud shadows. Landsat Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and Brightness Temperature (BT) were used as inputs into the model. The first step was to detect cloud based on cloud physical properties using albedo and thermal bands, the second step was to detect cloud shadows using the Near Infrared (NIR), and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands, and finally, the geometric relationships were used to match the cloud and cloud shadow layer, before proceeding to the production of the final cloud and cloud shadow mask. The results were then compared with other method such as tree base cloud separation. It showed that method we proposed could provide better result than tree base method, the accuracy result of this method was 98.75%.
INTERPOLATION METHODS FOR SEA SURFACE HEIGHT MAPPING FROM ALTIMETRY SATELLITES IN INDONESIAN SEAS
Authors: Hamzah Rossi , Prayogo Teguh
Published: January 2018

Altimetry satellite data, has a very low spatial resolution for using in determine fishing ground area. With very low spatial resolution is required interpolation method that can mapped Sea Surface Height (SSH) with a good result. SSH data from Global Near Real Time from AVISO, mapped in geographic projection and interpolated with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Ordinary Krigging method. This interpolation method are expected to know which the good method for mapped SSH data in resulting better information. The results of statistical calculation shows that RMSE value and standar deviations from kriging method is smaller than IDW method.
Thyroid function in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Afrin Sajeda , Sarkar Chandra Rani , Zahid ATM Zoadur Rahim , Ahmed Neaz
Published: January 2018

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid disorder are common endocrine disorders that affect major population worldwide. Subclinical hypothyroidism is common among T2DM.Objectives: To observe thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels in newly diagnosed T2DM.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from July 2014 to June 2015. For this, 50 newly diagnosed T2DM patients aged 30 to 50 years of both sexes were enrolled from the Out Patient Department of Endocrinology, Rangpur Medical College and Diabetic Association, Rangpur. Fifty age matched non-diabetic healthy subjects of both sexes constituted control. Serum TSH, TT4 , FT4, TT3, FT3 levels were estimated to observe thyroid function. All these hormones were estimated by ELISA method. For statistical analysis independent sample “t” test was performed.Results: Serum TSH was significantly higher (p<0.001) and serum TT4, FT4, FT3 levels were significantly lower (p<0.001) in T2DM compared to control. Eight (16%) of T2DM were hypothyroid.Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that altered thyroid status leading to hypothyroidism may be associated with T2DM.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2017, December; 12(2): 61-64
‘Another sort of writing’? Invalidism and Poetic Labour in the Letters of Elizabeth Barrett
Authors: Waithe Marcus
Published: January 2018

This chapter responds to Thomas Carlyle’s suggestion that correspondence might be a lesser form of literary ‘work’ than other forms of writing. The question of epistolary labour is particularly pertinent to the case of Elizabeth Barrett whose letters to her fellow poet Robert Browning are the subject of scrutiny here. In the course of this chapter, letters are analysed as a comforting, and sometimes experimental proxy for the more personally fraught medium of poetic and literary production.
The Gift of George Yeats
Authors: Campbell Matthew
Published: January 2018

Much scholarship has been devoted to the extraordinary experience of W.B. Yeats and his wife George on their honeymoon, when she acted as medium for the writing dictated by the spirits who came, they told Yeats, ‘to give you metaphors for poetry.’ Much has been made of Yeats’s adoption of the revealed symbolic system as it emerged into his subsequent poetry. And much has also been said about the sexual politics of the relationship between Yeats and George and the other women in his life, like Maud Gonne or Lady Gregory and their various functions from muse to patron. This chapter thinks again about these writers as correspondents with the poetry, as historical persons, amatory fantasies, spiritual personae and psychic practitioners. It focuses on George, though, and gives another version of Yeats the collaborator, the poet of correspondences: ‘Where got I that truth?’, the two-part lyric ‘Fragments’ asks: ‘Out of a medium’s mouth’ is the answer.
Last Letters: Keats, Bishop and Hughes
Authors: Ellis Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at the discourse of last letters in the writing of poets such as John Keats, Elizabeth Bishop and Ted Hughes. In particular, it scrutinises the close relationship of the ‘last letter’ to aesthetic and theoretical debates about the permanence of art over life, mind over matter, writing over speech. The chapter also addresses the elegiac strain in late twentieth-century letter writing, the sense among many poets that they are the very last letter writers.
The arrival of Islam
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

The arrival of Islam in Indonesia is bound up with developments in the wider geographical area of Southeast Asia. This chapter presents a broader angle than the current political boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia. The chapter addresses the question of the relatively late local acceptance of Islam, even though Southeast Asia’s contacts with the Middle East and South Asia go back to pre-Islamic times. Based on a critical assessment of the historiography of Southeast Asian Islam, the chapter will identify four key issues that are relevant for a balanced account of the Islamization process: Time frame (13th century); Provenance (theories propose various origins: South Asia, Middle East, and China; Agency (Merchants, religious professionals (missionaries, Sufis), local involvement); Motivations (political, commercial, colonial, religious factors). The emerging picture consists of a variety of starting points, numerous modalities for the diffusion of Islam, positioning the Indian Ocean basin as a vital contact zone. The associated ‘single ocean concept’ turned it into a ‘neutral water’ links the history of the Islamization of Southeast Asia to the newly emerging scholarly field of Indian Ocean studies
Islam as resistance
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

Increasing frequency and higher intensity of trans-regional contacts across the Indian Ocean in the course of the 19th century also helped turning Islam into a tool of resistance. The account will begin with the challenge of local power structures in South Sumatra by returning Hajjis inspired by the Wahhabi capture of Mecca and Medina in the early 1800s, resulting in the Padri Wars. This foreshadowed a changing of the guards of the leadership of anti-colonial activities after the Java War of the 1830s, when aristocrats were replaced by religious figures as resistance leaders. Coincidental with the high imperialism of the industrial age, technological advances making traffic between Indonesia and the holy places easier, thus accelerating the arrival of ideas associated with Islamic reformism and modernism. The political translation of these ideas into Panislamist ideologies and the hybrid religious nationalism of ‘Islamic nationhood’ were met with fierce repression on the part of the Dutch Indies colonial authorities. The chapter ends by pointing out that in the same period we also find the roots of the separatism in Aceh which would continue into the independence era.
An Indonesian Islam?
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

The history of postcolonial Indonesia can therefore be divided into three periods, dominated by different regimes with its own characteristics, during which Islamisation process has continued to evolve. The Sukarno presidency (1945-1965) marks the first period, during which Mayumi established itself as the main Islamic political party. It began with decade of continuing nation building when the young republic was first engaged in armed conflict with the Dutch; experimented with liberal democracy; but then shifted toward ‘Guided Democracy’ and the disbanding of Masyumi. During the same twenty-year period, the unity of Indonesia was also challenged by the Islamist Darul Islam movement. A military coup in 1965 heralded the beginning of the military New Order Regime of General Suharto (1965-1998). Political Islam was kept control and occasionally manipulating it for its own purposes. From the 1970s onward, New Order did make some allowances for Muslim participation in governance, initiating further use of Islam for political purposes between 1983—1993. After the dramatic regime change in 1998, the democratisation process that started in 1999 saw an unprecedented opening-up of the public sphere. This change in Indonesia’s political climate offered new opportunities for socio-political activism across the Islamic spectrum, but also presented a new set of challenges for the world’s largest Muslim nation state. Islamic mass organisations, newly formed political parties, NGOs, think tanks and other platforms began presenting a range of competing Islamic discourses.
Ius Civile in Scotland, c 1600
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the changing nature of the references to sources in Scotland in the 100 years or so after the founding of the College of Justice. It traces a decline in the overt reliance on Canon law through examination of the sources cited in the Jus feudale of Thomas Craig, written around 1600, and the Practicks of Sir Robert Spottiswoode, collected from the 1620s to the 1640s. It shows the continued significance of Canon law, but a failure to cite it by Spottiswoode, other than in his reliance on it for procedural issues. While Sinclair’s Practicks demonstrate that Scotland had a typical mix of ius commune (Canon and Civil laws) and ius proprium (Scots customs and statutes), Craig and Spottiswoode’s works suggest that in the intervening period there had been a subtle change out of which emerged a competing understanding of the nature of Scots law, located within the structure of the law of nature and nations in a Europe of developing nation states with imperial ambitions.
The Law, the Advocates, and the Universities in Late Sixteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

About seventy years ago, W. C. Dickinson drew attention to a document that, he argued, explained the failure of the project initiated on January 16, 1589 by the Lords of Council and Session to found a chair in Law in the University of Edinburgh. This unsuccessful attempt had been noticed in the standard histories of the university, but no satisfactory explanation of the failure had been offered. Based on the document, Dickinson argued that the the project failed because of the opposition of the Advocates, on whom the Lords of Session had relied for help with the necessary endowment. This chapter suggests there was more substance to the Advocates’ arguments against the proposal. Examination of the evidence shows that the Advocates had good reason for their views, and also throws valuable light both on the development of education in law in the Scottish universities and on the early educational aspirations for advocates.
“Famous as a School for Law, as Edinburgh … for Medicine”: Legal Education in Glasgow, 1761–1801
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines legal education in the University of Glasgow during the period 1761–1801, focusing on John Millar's tenure as chair of Civil Law. Millar succeded Robert Davidson, who failed to attract students in part due to the location of the University. Millar turned Glasgow from a minor law school with very few students to a major centre of legal education. A pupil of Adam Smith, Millar taught Smith's jurisprudence in all his courses at some level or another. He used Smith's theory of rights to understand and to structure his courses in Civil Law. The reasons for Millar's success were complex, but they seem to lie in his expansion of the Glasgow law curriculum, in the content of his courses and in his abilities as a teacher, as well as in the weakness of legal education in contemporary Edinburgh during crucial periods of his tenure.
Hamesucken and the Major Premiss in the Libel, 1672–1770: Criminal Law in the Age of Enlightenment
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines prosecutions for hamesucken between 1672 and 1770, the first date being that of the establishment of the refounded Court of Justiciary. One of John Millar's last surviving letters is to John Wilde, the Professor of Civil Law in Edinburgh, discussing a recent conviction for the crime, expressing his view that hamesucken had fallen into disuse. The chapter considers how arguments were developed in framing the major premiss in the libel from the law of nature and nations, a practice which also allowed influence from English criminal law. It begins with a discussion of procedure in criminal trials during the period, followed by an analysis of the law of hamesucken as found in treatises and the practice of the Justiciary Court. It also looks at the 1752 trial of James Macgregor before concluding with some remarks on marital rape.
Sylvia Plath and ‘The Blessed Glossy New Yorker’
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the making of Sylvia Plath in the context of The New Yorker, as well as her sense of her own materiality, or immateriality, as a writer in that context. In Jacqueline Rose's positioning of Plath in the terrain of contemporary periodicals, The New Yorker figures as the most desirable destination for her writing, even though her work appears more frequently in other periodicals such as the Ladies' Home Journal, Mademoiselle, and Seventeen. Rose points out that Plath published in a range of magazines with quite different markets. She went for highbrow and middlebrow, literary and popular, with exposure as her overriding concern. The New Yorker's initial reluctance to publish Plath made acceptance in its pages all the more attractive.
Collage and the Anxiety of Self-description: Blood and Guts in High School
Authors: Colby Georgina
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 addresses Acker’s practice of collage, and the anxiety of self-description. Blood and Guts in High School is positioned in relation to both the Dadaist collage and montage practices of artists such as Hannah Höch at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the subversive publications of the 1960s and 1970s: mimeographed magazines, and the punk and post-punk medium of Xeroxed publications. The original manuscript of Blood and Guts in High School housed in the archive possesses a different materiality to the published version of the novel. The materiality of the text in its collage and typographic experimentation is situated in a counter position to the language and hegemonic discourses within which Janey, the voice of the text, is imprisoned. Drawing on Acker’s practices of illegibility, and Denise Riley’s work on language and affect, the chapter argues that Blood and Guts in High School, through its experimental form, reveals the anxiety of self-description that Janey experiences within conventional language structures. Illustration, experimental typography, non-referential language, and the use of the poetic, function in Blood and Guts in High School as sites of an alternate language that emerges through compositional form and experimental forms of iteration.
Neolithic Pasts, Neolithic Futures: The Contemporary Socio-politics of Prehistoric Landscapes
Authors: MacGregor Gavin
Published: January 2018

The ways that we understand the Neolithic period in Scotland are often shaped by the study of certain areas. In this paper, the significance of the designation of areas of Orkney in the 1990s as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site is reviewed. The impact this has had on other aspects of Scotland’s Neolithic is explored. The World Heritage Site, and overlaps with a National Scenic Area, are also explored, with lessons learned from this unique synergy explored.
Seeing the Wood in the Trees: The Timber Monuments of Neolithic Scotland
Authors: Millican Kirsty
Published: January 2018

This paper presents an overview of evidence for timber monument in Scotland’s Neolithic, most of which have been found as cropmarks in the lowlands. The reviews looks at the impact of aerial survey (1976 onwards) and developer-funded excavations since the 1980s on this dataset, which has greatly expanded. Site categories discussed include timber cursus monuments, timber halls, mortuary structures, timber circles, palisaded enclosures and assorted miscellaneous sites. The author combines cropmark evidence, excavation results, radiocarbon dates and site visits to offering a fresh interpretation of this large group of monuments. They are also set within their broader social context.
The Principle of Sufficient Autonomy
Authors: Shields Liam
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that we should adopt a sufficientarian view of how autonomy should be promoted. The chapter considers egalitarian and prioritarian principles for promoting autonomy and considers whether our concern with autonomy can be reduced to our concern with welfare. The chapter finds these views to be deficient. The chapter argues that we have non-instrumental reasons to secure a threshold of autonomy for each person so that their choices and decisions can be considered free and so securing enough autonomy is of special importance to justice.
Between Zion and Diaspora: Internationalisms, Transnationalisms, Obligation and Security
Authors: Baron Ilan Zvi
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this chapter is fairly simple: to further frame what is meant by transnational political obligation in a series of three moves, and then to demonstrate how security features in the transnational political obligation of Diaspora/Israel relations. In moving away from the statist discourses of political obligation, it will prove helpful to reveal how political obligation does have implications for international relations. The particularity principle involves ignoring the international implications of assuming a moral liberal character of a state. This point is also important because, first, it helps reveal a synergy between liberal discourses of political obligation and the liberal discourses of Jewish internationalism.
In Secrecy's Shadow
Authors: Willmetts Simon
Published: January 2018

Don DeLillo once described the CIA as “America’s myth”, an agency that “takes on shapes and appearences embodying whatever we need to know ourselves or unburden ourselves.” This book is the story of the emergence of that myth, of the CIA as an American cultural icon in the most iconic of mediums: Hollywood cinema. It is also the story of how, at times, the CIA have worked with Hollywood to try to shape that myth. The story begins with a band of intrepid Hollywood filmmakers led by the legendary director John Ford who were willing to die to make films for the CIA’s wartime predecessor, the OSS. It ends with a deeply suspicious film industry, and society, that was left profoundly altered by decades of government deceit. Based on years of archival research from libraries across the United States and beyond, this acclaimed study demonstrates how the massive expansion of US government secrecy and the national security state in the aftermath of the Second World War profoundly altered American culture in the post-war years.
The Facts of War: Cinematic Intelligence and the Office of Strategic Services
Authors: Willmetts Simon
Published: January 2018

This chapter tells the story of the OSS Field Photographic Unit (FPU) and its impact on American cinema and society. Led by the legendary Hollywood film director John Ford, the FPU produced training, reconnaissance and propaganda films for the CIA’s wartime predecessor. In doing so, it is argued here, they made a significant contribution to what theorist Paul Virilio termed “the logistics of perception”, or the ways and means by which war is perceived. By helping to transform the second-hand experience of war from a predominantly textual to a mostly visual experience, the FPU left a profound legacy.
Languages, Speech and Voice: The Heritage of Jean Rouch and Pier Paolo Pasolini in Convention: Black Wall / White Holes
Authors: Galmard Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes Joris Lachaise's documentary approach in Convention: Black Wall/White Holes (2011), in order to identify how, as a Western filmmaker filming ‘Africa’ today, he positions himself vis-à-vis the double cinematic heritage of the French ethno-filmmaker and Italian film poet. This heritage seems of particular interest for contemporary independent documentary films. Indeed, in the context of modern cinema of the 1960s, Paolo Pasolini and Lachaise, in their own particular styles, drew a new path for the documentary film and broke away from the conventions of the genre. Pasolini developed a kind of film project against didactic and close-ended documentaries, while Rouch tried to report (or even adopt) the Other's point of view and thus broke away from colonial cinema, in which the dominating voice of the coloniser always prevailed. More specifically, this chapter will analyse the functions of speech, language and voice in the film Convention, because they are at the core of our interrogations concerning this heritage.
‘We All Invented Our Own Algeria’:1 Habiba Djahnine’s Letter to My Sister as Memory-Narrative
Authors: Petty Sheila
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how activist filmmaker Habiba Djahnine creates an Algerian memory film with her 2006 documentary Lettre à ma soeur/Letter to My Sister. It examines how Djahnine uses aspects of the performative documentary mode for personal and autobiographical explorations of Algerian history and culture, creating a personal and political memory-narrative that acts as a posthumous response to a letter written to her by her sister Nabila before her assassination on 15 February 1995 in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria. The chapter will also touch on the context of the Black Decade in Algeria and its subsequent impact on women's voices and expression, using Letter to my Sister as a case study.
From the Ashes: The Fall of Apartheid and the Rise of the Lone Documentary Filmmaker in South Africa
Authors: Maasdorp Liani
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how South African documentary practice has evolved since the 1990s, leading to the emergence of film practices based on a single individual. It considers films such as The Mothers' House (dir. Verster, 2006), Surfing Soweto (dir. Blecher, 2010), Dawn of a New Day (dir. Grunenwald, 2011), Imam and I (dir. Shamis, 2011), Saying Goodbye (dir. Mostert, 2012), and Incarcerated Knowledge (dir. Valley, 2013). Although these are not the only films pertaining to this filmmaking model, they reflect how more individualised and personal film documentary practices are intrinsically linked to the character of independent documentary filmmaking in South Africa today, as they contribute new critical views on the contested issue of post-apartheid national identity.
Fukushima and the Shifting Conventions of Documentary: From Broadcast to Social Media Netizenship
Authors: Broderick Mick , Jacobs Robert
Published: January 2018

Over the decades, evolving models of international broadcast television and their overt promotion of ‘public sphere’ engagement have sought ‘balance’ in their documentary, news, and current affairs programming, often allowing aggrieved corporate parties a ‘right of reply’. The more controversial and anti-establishment a documentary is perceived, the greater the pressure exerted to censor, discredit, or minimise its impact. Drawing from this larger context, this chapter demonstrates how repeated tropes and patterns of public/private interest have been contested in the arena of nuclear energy policy, most recently evident in the independent documentary responses to the earthquake, tsunami, and reactor meltdowns in Fukushima. It also discusses the problems resulting from this complex balance of power.
Post-withdrawal Prospects for Iraq’s ‘Ultra-minorities’
Authors: Al-Jeloo Nicholas
Published: January 2018

The signing of Iraq's Transitional Administrative Law on 8 March 2004 ushered in a new, more pluralistic era for Iraq. It was now a ‘country of many nationalities’. In addition, all Iraqi citizens were equal in their rights ‘without regard to gender, sect, opinion, belief, nationality, religion, or origin’; ‘discrimination on the basis of gender, nationality, religion, or origin’ was prohibited. However, ‘ultra-minorities’ have been the subjects of sustained oppression and active persecution. This chapter explores the successes and failures with regard to Iraq's ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, referring especially to recent human rights reports, making for a valuable case study in the way contemporary states deal with their minority groups.
‘If You’re a Female, You Risk Being Attacked’: Digital Selves, Warblogs and Women’s Rights in Post-invasion Iraq
Authors: Campbell Perri , Howie Luke
Published: January 2018

This chapter engages with the stories told by two female Iraqi bloggers, who write a digital self online: ‘Riverbend’, as she is known, whose blog is titled Baghdad Burning; and Faiza al-Araji, whose blog is titled A Family in Baghdad. Both blogs tell the story of women growing up and working (before the war) in Baghdad. Faiza and Riverbend are tied together by friendship. They are digitally networked, prominent figures in the Iraq War blogosphere, due partly to their position as two of the first female Iraqi bloggers, and partly to their ability to capture their audience with eyewitness accounts of life in Iraq. Many of Faiza's posts are translated by Riverbend. Many of Riverbend's stories and calls for justice are echoed in Faiza's own blog.
Introduction
Authors: Bryden John , Opsahl Erik , Brox Ottar , Riddoch Lesley
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines the book’s main purpose – to answer the question of how the development of two small counties in the north of Europe, whose histories were intertwined from c.AD 795, and whose economic, social, cultural and political structures had certain similarities in the early and late medieval periods, nevertheless diverged sharply in the development of these structures from the eighteenth century on. In answering this question, the authors seek to move closer to an understanding of the political, social and economic conditions that make an ‘alternative’ development possible. In this way, they intend to inform debates about the political and economic future of post-Brexit Scotland, and contribute to debates about present and future policy choices in Norway, as well as those about future relationships between Scotland and the Nordic Union.
Money and Banking in Scotland and Norway
Authors: Bryden John , Hart Keith
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the history of money and banking in Scotland and Norway, and, focusing for the most part on Scotland, make comparisons between the monetary experience of both in the period up to the recent financial crisis and its aftermath. The Chapter further considers the currency and banking options facing small open economies like those of the two countries, in the context of the dramatic changes take place in the global organisation of money. The authors consider the key features of banking and monetary policy in Norway and Scotland, and explore fiscal policy questions relating to Scottish independence and the available monetary alternatives, querying the continued use of monopoly currencies as the accepted norm and emphasising the firm need for regulation of finance in any future Scotland. The analysis, which uses sociological, anthropological, economic, historical, legal and philosophical sources, is far from conventional and includes a critical discussion of the consequences of the removal of political controls over money in recent decades that has led to a situation where politics is still mainly national while the money circuit is global and lawless.
Access, Nature, Culture and the Great Outdoors – Norway and Scotland
Authors: Riddoch Lesley
Published: January 2018

Scotland and Norway differ markedly in their approach to right of access to the outdoors, as well as in the history and practice of outdoor recreation. Historically vast tracts of Scotland’s wilderness areas have been owned privately; by contrast Norway has 43 national parks. The proportion of people using the outdoors in either country differs hugely both in the definition of, and participation in, outdoor sporting activities; a contrast is drawn between childrens’ experience of the outdoors in both countries and the thinking behind the differing levels of engagement. Comparisons are made between outdoor activity associations enabling access to the outdoors, and the chapter also looks at notions of rural life, accessibility, affordability, and the relative levels of confidence the populace in each country has in their access rights, touching upon cabin culture and the use of allotments. Idealised notions of rural life, health, sporting activity and outdoor pursuits are enshrined in the national identity of Norwegians – not so in Scotland. The conclusion is that Scots are uncertain of their rights in relation to the land, have less access to and ownership of land than the average Norwegian, and this is reflected in their lifestyle choices.
The Cinema of Ozu Yasujiro
Authors: Joo Woojeong
Published: January 2018

Bringing three key issues - Ozu, everyday life and the modern Japanese history - into a unified discussion, The Cinema of Ozu Yasujiro re-examines the renowned film director Ozu Yasujiro and his films from a socio-historical point of view to present a more contextualised contour of his cinema. The new approach will revise the previous tendency in Ozu studies that have emphasised Ozu's formal style, and articulate his consistent effort to explore the everyday life of ordinary Japanese people. The main subjects of this book include major issues of the history of Japan and Japanese cinema from prewar modernism and coming of sound cinema through struggles at war and during the US occupation, and the reconstruction and change of the postwar. It also emphasizes Ozu’s status and role as a studio director in Japanese film industry, with discussions of his generic contributions, such as shōshimin films, family melodrama, and bourgeois drama, which could be established under the constant conflict and negotiation with the studio Shochiku’s everyday realism. Upon this socio-historical context, the book attempts detailed reanalysis of Ozu's films throughout his career, centering on the multilateral aspect of the everyday in terms of space and time, produced through constant negotiation among different genders, classes and generations.
Late Ozu: New Generation and New Salaryman Film
Authors: Joo Woojeong
Published: January 2018

This chapter covers the last years of Ozu’s career in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when Shochiku and the director himself were confronted by the younger generation’s challenge to established styles of everyday realism. The first part discusses the contextual basis of this change, from economic recuperation of postwar Japanese society, to the new wave of film industry, as epitomised by the boom of Nikkatsu’s Sun tribe films and the appearance of television. It is suggested that Ozu, though adopting certain aspects of the new changes, essentially maintained his styles and subject matters of urban everyday life and generational conflict, albeit with lesser critical perspective. This can be reflected in his ‘new salaryman films’ of this era, a genre that inherits the middle-classness of the shōshimin film, but with a brighter tone as to class consciousness, anticipating the appearance of television hōmudorama (home drama) genre. In the second part, such new salaryman films as Good Morning (1959) and An Autumn Afternoon (1962), are critically analysed, in terms of their active acknowledgement of new commodity culture and the ensuing banality of middle class everyday life.
Wales, Devolution and the Scottish Independence Debate
Authors: Powell Sian
Published: January 2018

The chapter begins by noting a recent historical tendency for Wales to take an interest in Scottish political developments, alongside deficiencies in the Welsh media landscape and a lack of Welsh media engagement with Welsh politics. It is observed that yet fewer Welsh media consumers have the opportunity to engage with indigenous media than counterparts in Scotland. Awareness of the potential implications of Scottish constitutional developments for Wales produced substantial coverage of the Scottish referendum. The tightening of the polls just ahead of the referendum caused a spike in Welsh coverage, in which however the Welsh media faced challenges in adopting a view differentiated from London coverage. The chapter concludes with observations about absences in the Welsh media ecology.
Spain, Catalonia and the Scottish Referendum: A Study in Multiple Realities
Authors: Castelló Enric , León-Solís Fernando , O’Donnell Hugh
Published: January 2018

The Scottish referendum was a high priority topic, seen as a domestic issue by the Spanish media, throughout the campaign. Coverage was heavily influenced by demands for Catalan independence, with which Spanish politicians and the Spanish media heavily associated Scottish constitutional demands. The chapter discusses press and broadcast coverage from both Madrid and Barcelona, the media coverage being very extensive, to the point that on polling day itself several newspapers each carried over a dozen pieces on the referendum, with much advance coverage. Scotland was often depicted as a ‘mirror’ for Catalan aspirations and a source of ‘lessons’ for both Catalonia and Spain. The chapter concludes by noting that Scotland’s importance during the referendum phase was as a resource in negotiating territorial tensions inside Spain.
The French View
Authors: Revest Didier
Published: January 2018

During 2013, there was little French media interest in the Scottish referendum, though by 2014 some coverage was evident in both press and broadcast output, though interest still appeared low. Coverage spiked after the publication of a Yes lead poll in early September 2014, from about 7 September until 19 September, a few days after the vote. But the general lesson from France was that while French regional nationalists in the Basque country, in Brittany, and Corsica, reacted supportively over the referendum, as did the equivalent of the French Green Party, Europe Écologie Les Verts, the great majority of French politicians were dismissive of claims for Scottish independence. There was a tendency to see such claims as selfish or anti-European, while support for the Union (the UK) was frequent. The overall sense was that France did not really engage with the Scottish referendum.
The End of Time: Evolution, Extinction, and the Fate of Meaning
Authors: Woodward Ashley
Published: January 2018

Approximately one trillion, trillion, trillion (101728) years from now, the universe will suffer a “heat death.” What are the existential implications of this fact for us, today? This chapter explores this question through Lyotard’s fable of the explosion of the sun, and its uptake and extension in the works of Keith Ansell Pearson and Ray Brassier. Lyotard proposes the fable as a kind of “post-metanarrative” sometimes told to justify research and development, and indeed the meaning of our individual lives, after credulity in metanarratives has been lost: it replaces the adventure of the subject of history aimed towards the perfection and emancipation of the human with the adventure of inhuman, negentropic processes aimed towards the survival and extension of complexity. Negotiating Lyotard’s thought in relation to contemporary movements such as transhumanism and speculative realism, this chapter reflects on the existential significance of the “deep time” revealed by contemporary science.
‘A Mixed Choir’ from The Ditch of Astonishment: An Introduction
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the adaptations of Samuel Beckett's prose texts. Artful as such adaptations may be, what they seem to ignore, in the very conception of such performances, is the process of thinking, philosophy, ontology, and often epistemology, particularly the dissipation, or deterritorialization of being, and, consequently, the dispersal of literary character, which may be Beckett's most stunning creative innovation, on page and stage — the replacement of being by becoming. Watt (1953), and other Beckett works, with creatures unnamed and finally unnamable, is an open system that performance tends to close; that is, Watt has no final word, but offers instead replicated images that resonate with various intensities, with repetitions that are rhythms or refrains, and for which the material text, with its lacunae, remains part of the sentient, affective experience.
Angelopoulos’ Gaze: Modernism, History, Cinematic Ethics
Authors: Sinnerbrink Robert
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how, in Ulysses' Gaze, Theo Angelopoulos strives to combine history, myth, and politics in ways that constitute a cinema of historical experience, collective memory, and ethics. Angelopoulos' films have been praised for their historical ambition, political themes and explorations of memory, as well as for their commitment to cinematic modernism. For some critics, like David Bordwell, Angelopoulos is a late modernist auteur whose ‘anachronistic’ cinematic style bears the hallmarks of 1960s and 1970s ‘political modernism’. For others, like Fredric Jameson, Angelopoulos' work is best understood as hybrid or transitional. The chapter considers how Angelopoulos' aesthetic style expresses historical experience and cultural memory and argues that Angelopoulos' methods as a filmmaker are paradigmatically modernist.
Angelopoulos and Collective Narrative
Authors: Jameson Fredric , Kouvelakis Stathis
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the role of collective narrative in Theo Angelopoulos' films from the 1970s. It begins with the premise that ‘our failure to grant Theo Angelopoulos the position he deserves in modern cinema’ stems from the fact that modern Greek history remains ‘far less familiar than that of the Western European countries’. It argues that ‘Greece has gone through a collective experience of which most other modern nations have only known bits and pieces’, and considers some of the ways that Angelopoulos depicts this experience as a kind of modern epic. The chapter analyses some of Angelopoulos' first films, including The Travelling Players, Reconstruction and The Hunters.
Theo Angelopoulos’ Early Films and the Demystification of Power
Authors: Karalis Vrasidas
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the ways that Theo Angelopoulos forged a cinema of demystification, whose individual films ‘contested history as the justifying discourse of power and authority’. Angelopoulos' trilogy of History includes Days of '36, The Travelling Players, and The Hunters. This trilogy is one of the most radical ‘political’ interventions attempted within the established visual poetics of World Cinema. Both historically and culturally, these films were produced at the beginning and the end of a period of extreme experimentation with visual representation, becoming in their own distinct ways meditations on the limits of representability, on the function of cinematic images, and on the visualisation of collective memory. The chapter offers a reading of Angelopoulos' historical trilogy and shows that all three films articulated an integrated vision of how structures and institutions work together to deprive contemporary citizens of their agency and self-determination.
Megalexandros: Authoritarianism and National Identity
Authors: Georgakas Dan
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses Theo Angelopoulos' 1980 film Megalexandros (or Alexander the Great), which was released in 1980 and which is generally considered to emblematise a moment of political disenchantment for the director. Megalexandros seeks to join history, myth and current events seamlessly with a healthy disrespect for all things that represent authoritarianism. In confronting the shortcomings of the contemporary Greek popular movement, the film stood alone in the New Greek Cinema. The chapter first considers critical and popular reactions to Megalexandros before discussing the film within the context of the handful of works that examine anti-authoritarian revolutionary strategies. It also looks at Angelopoulos' views on the question of Greek national identity and argues that Megalexandros is an expression of political transition, in which Angelopoulos' sympathies shifted from state socialism and party politics to anarchism or anarchocommunism.
Tracks in the Eurozone: Late Style Meets Late Capitalism
Authors: Steven Mark
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how Theo Angelopoulos' late style mediates a political response to the ascent of neoliberalism in Europe and especially in Greece. Angelopoulos' shift from one aesthetic mode to another might be a kind of exilic disavowal, but it is not problematic or complicating or alienated in and of itself. To be sure, art cinema's will to an ostensibly humanist aestheticism provides a point of entry into thinking how compositional beauty can in fact be political. The chapter offers a reading of The Dust of Time, describing it as a work of late style not only because it articulates within a different and seemingly reactive aesthetic to the earlier films, but also because this new aesthetic remains disjointed. It situates the actual problems in the film within Angelopoulos' evolving aesthetic and within their historical context, and highlights the peculiar relationship between form and history in this work.
Landscape in the Mist:Thinking Beyond the Perimeter Fence
Authors: Donald Stephanie Hemelryk
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Theo Angelopoulos' depiction of children in his 1988 film Landscape in the Mist, which meditates on some of the key themes from his larger oeuvre: the repetitions in Greek history, leaving Greece (and staying put), mobility, the courage of children and the fragility of humankind, and God. The key protagonists in Landscape in the Mist are two runaway children, who are sacrificed to redeem an idea of Greece and a belief in paternity, and who possess a kind of innocence that is dangerous. The chapter considers the pensivity in the film and suggests that Landscape in the Mist's progress towards sacrifice is a pensive collaboration between child-protagonists and filmmaker, thinking their way towards a Stygian border beyond which lies the landscape in the mist.
Memory Under Siege: Archive Fever in Theo Angelopoulos’ Ulysses’ Gaze
Authors: Kamboureli Smaro
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the idea of recollection by focusing on Theo Angelopoulos' 1995 film Ulysses' Gaze, arguing that cultural memory creates virtual spaces in which ‘different temporalities’ are brought together and ‘experienced simultaneously’. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's concept of ‘archive fever’, it considers this aspect of cultural memory in Ulysses' Gaze and shows that the film compulsively returns to its historical antecedents, but in doing so it confronts the countervailing logic: that ‘the archive never fully yields its secrets’. Through the aesthetic tropes and complex ideological vision that have become the trademarks of Angelopoulos' cinematography, Ulysses' Gaze dramatises not only that the history embodied in cultural archives must be heard in the plural but also that the imperative to remember and who — as well as how one — remembers must be seen as the result of complex discursive forces.
Conclusion
Authors: Gott Michael
Published: January 2018

The conclusion builds on Chapter 5’s discussion migrant travel by asking if migrant films and indeed European anxieties over the issue of migration might lead to the end of the road for ready mobility and by extension the road movie boom. It also considers the book within the context of recent development in the 2015 European refugee crisis and the closing of borders within the Schengen Zone.
The Arab World and Western Intelligence
Authors: Rezk Dina
Published: January 2018

This book addresses a critical question embedded within a heated debate about the ‘failure’ of American intelligence in a post 9/11 age: have Western experts in some fundamental way failed to understand the dynamics, leaders and culture of the Middle East? Looking back in recent history through a series of seminal case studies culminating in Sadat’s dramatic assassination, this monograph explores whether, how and why the most knowledgeable and powerful intelligence agencies in the world have been so notoriously caught off guard in this region.
The story begins after the tripartite invasion of the Suez Canal in 1956 which triggered a ripple of ideological and geopolitical transformations that continue to shape the politics and borders of the modern Middle East. Revolutions swept across Syria, Iraq and Yemen; the three devastating Arab-Israeli wars ravaged the holy lands; and finally, a fraught and contested bilateral treaty bound Egypt and Israel to uneasy peace. The West and the Soviet Union vied for control over the Middle East’s destiny through its political centre, Egypt. The transition from Gamal Abdel Nasser to Anwar el Sadat witnessed the decline of an ardently anti-imperialist Arab nationalism, supplanted by a radical quest to realign Egypt’s identity towards the Western world.
As revolutionary turmoil and conflict continue to unfold throughout the Middle East today, The Arab World and Western Intelligence is the untold story of how the British and American intelligence services have anticipated and reacted to crisis and upheaval in the region’s recent history.
Early Years of Sadat’s Presidency
Authors: Rezk Dina
Published: January 2018

The death of President Nasser marked the end of an era in the Arab world. His successor Anwar el Sadat was an unknown quantity. Over the course of a decade, Sadat expelled the Russians from Egypt, broke the Arab-Israeli stalemate and radically reoriented Egypt’s identity towards the Western world. But what were the first impressions of this enigmatic figure?
The intelligence material provides a hidden insight into Sadat that has been neglected in most Western scholarship. This chapter reveal that the intelligence communities on both sides of the Atlantic saw Sadat as a temporary figure, an inferior statesman to his predecessor and a man of tactics rather than principles.
Thus while analysts were acutely aware of the Soviet-Egyptian tensions that led to Sadat’s dramatic expulsion of 15,000 Soviet advisors in July 1972, their negative perceptions of Sadat made it difficult to recognise the strategic considerations behind the move. Not until the October 1973 War did the intelligence community appreciate that Sadat might have been clearing the way for an attack on Israel.