bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Dietary Glycyrrhetinic Acid Combined with Different Levels of Lipid on Growth, Body Composition, and Cortisol of Juvenile Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Jiang Guang‐zhen , Liu Wen‐bin , Zhang Chun‐nuan , Zhang Wei‐wei , Wang Ying
Published: August 2012

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main active constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots, is extensively used as food additives and herbal medicines. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of GA on growth and body composition of channel catfish (average weight, 1.10 ± 0.02 g). Eight diets were formulated to contain two levels of lipid (6.0 and 8.0%), and four levels of GA (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 g/kg). The experiments lasted for 60 d. Results showed that weight gain tended to decrease as dietary GA levels increased (P > 0.05) with the lowest found in fish fed 0.9 g/kg dietary GA (P < 0.05). Feed intake increased significantly as dietary GA concentrations increased up to 0.6 g/kg (P < 0.05) and viscera/body ratio, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and intraperitoneal fat ratio decreased significantly as GA concentration increased (P < 0.05). Lipid content of whole body, viscera, and liver decreased significantly (P < 0.01) as dietary GA increased, whereas moisture content showed an opposite trend. The cortisol in fish fed 0.3 and 0.6 g/kg GA was not significantly higher than that of fish without GA supplementation, but glucose in the former two groups was higher (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicate 0.3 and 0.6 g/kg GA had a positive influence in reducing body lipid and IFR deposition in channel catfish without significant side effects on growth. The beneficial effect may be due to extending endogenous cortisol half‐life and increasing the duration of action.
Investigation on Culturable Microflora in Tibetan Kefir Grains from Different Areas of China
Authors: Gao Jie , Gu Fengying , Abdella Nesredin H , Ruan Hui , He Guoqing
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Four samples of Tibetan kefir grains (TK‐ZJUJ 01–04) from Tibet and surrounding areas were investigated via phenotypic and genotypic methods to compare and analyze the diversity of culturable microflora among different origins. As a result, 4 genera of microorganisms from TK‐ZJUJ01: Bacillus subtilis (2.9 × 107 cfu/mL), Lactococcus lactis (8.2 × 107 cfu/mL), Kluyveromyces marxianus (3.0 × 106 cfu/mL), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (9.0 × 106 cfu/mL); 4 genera from TK‐ZJUJ02: Lactobacillus kefiri (1.0 × 108 cfu/mL), Pichia kudriavzevii (5.0 × 106 cfu/mL), K. marxianus (1.9 × 107 cfu/mL), Kazachstania unispora (6.2 × 107 cfu/mL); 6 genera from TK‐ZJUJ03: Leuconostoc lactis (4.6 × 107 cfu/mL), L. lactis (3.0 × 107 cfu/mL), Lactobacillus plantarum (3.0 × 107 cfu/mL), K. unispora (3.0 × 106 cfu/mL), K. marxianus (2.0 × 106 cfu/mL), (1.7 × 107 cfu/mL); and 4 genera from TK‐ZJUJ04: L. plantarum (1.8 × 107 cfu/mL), Acetobacter fabarum (5.0 × 106 cfu/mL), K. unispora (6.2 × 107 cfu/mL), Pichia guilliermondii (6.2 × 107 cfu/mL) were identified. Yeasts like P. kudriavzevii and P. guilliermondii isolated in this study were the first time reported in Tibetan kefir grains. For TK‐ZJUJ 01–03, lactic acid bacteria were the major microorganisms, which accounted for more than 50% of all the microbial population, while for TK‐ZJUJ04, the largest microbial group was yeasts which accounted for more than 50%. In a word, study of diversity and composition of microflora provided us theoretical foundation for further investigation and application of Tibetan kefir grains.

Practical Application:  This is the basic research in order to develop and industrialize a new kind of yogurt starter which is naturally formed microbiota with both lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in it.
Feasibility of Coupling Dehydration‐Impregnation by Soaking Treatment of Meat with Fermentation by Lactobacillus sakei
Authors: Bros Manuela , Arnaud Elodie , Loiseau Gérard , Talon Régine , Collignan Antoine
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  This study examined the feasibility of coupling dehydration‐impregnation by soaking (DIS) with a subsequent lactic fermentation in the treatment of meat. A series of beef fillets were subjected to 3 different DIS treatments. The resulting DIS‐treated fillets had 3 different characteristics in terms of water activity, salt, and fermentable sugars contents. Fillets treated with the DIS with the shortest immersion time (5 h) and the highest salt concentration in the DIS bath (100 g/L) were inoculated with Lactobacillus sakei. A control group was left without inoculation. After 24 h incubation at 25 °C, only inoculated fillets showed signs of lactic fermentation. At 24 h, these fillets had a d‐lactic acid content of 68 μmol/g dry basis and a high population of L. sakei revealed by methods of plate count and quantitative PCR. DIS could therefore be compatible with a subsequent fermentation step by L. sakei.

Practical Application:  Traditional meat preservation processes often combine unit operations such as salting, smoking, fermentation, and drying. In tropical countries, high temperatures and high relative humidity, poor infrastructure, and improper slaughterhouse practices explain the need for more drastic processes (more salt, more water loss) for meat preservation. Dehydration‐impregnation by soaking (DIS) could be used as a rapid pretreatment of meat, in order to counteract tropical conditions. This study validates a novel approach whereby DIS is coupled with lactic fermentation by surface inoculation with Lactobacillus sakei. With a final drying step this process could be used for the treatment of whole meat pieces.
Determination of the Metals by ICP‐MS in Wild Mushrooms from Yunnan, China
Authors: Yin Liang‐Liang , Shi Guo‐Qing , Tian Qing , Shen Tao , Ji Yan‐Qin , Zeng Guang
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The elemental contents of Li, Cs, U, Co, As, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, Sb in 157 wild‐grown mushrooms were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The mushrooms including 9 species were collected from 5 counties in Yunnan province, China. Based on the findings for the results from the certified reference materials GBW10014 (cabbage) and GBW10016 (tea), the data from the sample mushrooms were corrected. The contents of investigated trace elements in mushroom samples were determined as μg/g dry weight (dw) in the range of 0.030 to 13 for Li, 0.070 to 8.1 for Cs, 0.0010 to 0.28 for U, 0.040 to 5.4 for Co, 0.070 to 44 for As, 0.28 to 86 for Sr, and 0.15 to 23 for Cd. The maximum contents were 58, 11, and 0.11 for Ba, Pb, and Sb, respectively. The minimum contents of Ba, Pb, and Sb were below the detection limit of the method used.

Practical Application:  The analysis of 9 species wild‐grown edible mushrooms in different regions provides the useful information to evaluate the levels of elements or of the toxic heavy metals, such as Cd, As in wild‐grown edible mushrooms which grew in different regions of China for consumers and other interested groups, especially for the regulators.
Relation between Chemical Composition or Antioxidant Activity and Antihypertensive Activity for Six Essential Oils
Authors: Yvon Yan , Guy Raoelison Emmanuel , Razafindrazaka René , Randriantsoa Adolphe , Romdhane Mehrez , Chabir Naziha , Guedri Mkaddem Mounira , Bouajila Jalloul
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Six essential oils (EOs), Juniperus phoenicea (leaves and berries), Thymus capitatus, Lauris nobilis, Melaleuca armillaris, and Eucalyptus gracilis, were screened for their antioxidant and antihypertensive activity as well as their chemical compositions. We identified and quantified 24 compounds (representing 99.8% of total oil) for J. phoenicea leaves, 14 compounds (representing 98.8% of total oil) for J. phoenicea berries, 11 compounds (representing 99.6% of total oil) for T. capitatus, 32 compounds (representing 98.9% of total oil) for L. nobilis, 32 compounds (representing 98.7% of total oil) for M. armillaris, and 26 compounds (representing 99.3% of total oil) for E. gracilis. In the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the antioxidant activity was in the range of 0.59 to 2183.6 mg/L, whereas T. capitatus (1.24 ± 0.05 mg/L) gave the best activity in the 2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate assay. Antihypertensive activity was evaluated by testing the vasorelaxing capacity of EOs on rat aorta precontracted by phenylephrine (10−6 M). T. capitatus and L. nobilis were most active for an antihypertensive activity (29 ± 3 and 59 ± 2 mg/L, respectively). Correlations between chemical composition or antioxidant activity and/or antihypertensive activity were studied. Significant correlation has been found for antihypertensive activity and p‐cymene (R2= 0.86), β‐elemene (R2= 0.90), and β‐myrcene (R2= 0.76). A good correlation has been found between antihypertensive activity and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay (R2= 0.98). Antioxidant activity can contribute to the prevention of the increase of the blood pressure. According to the literature, no study has been reported until now of correlation between antihypertensive activity and antioxidant activity. Natural EOs can find its interest and application in a medicinal area.
Effects of Pyruvate on Lipid Oxidation and Ground Beef Color
Authors: Ramanathan Ranjith , Mancini Richard A. , Van Buiten Charlene B. , Suman Surendranath P. , Beach Carol M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Our overall objective was to better understand the effects of added pyruvate on enhanced beef color stability. The 2 possible mechanisms assessed were the role of pyruvate in lipid oxidation and direct interaction between pyruvate and beef myoglobin. Microsomes were incubated with pyruvate at pH 5.6, 25 °C, and lipid oxidation was measured hourly for 3 h. Bovine oxymyoglobin at pH 5.6 was incubated with pyruvate and used to quantify both redox stability (metmyoglobin formation) and pyruvate‐myoglobin adduction using mass spectrometry analysis. Surface color and lipid oxidation were measured on ground beef patties stored for 6 d in polyvinyl chloride over‐wrap (PVC) or high oxygen. Addition of pyruvate to microsomes decreased lipid oxidation compared with controls (P < 0.05). Conversely, no effect on myoglobin was observed (no changes in redox stability and no peaks corresponding to pyruvate were observed; P > 0.05). However, pyruvate increased color stability and decreased lipid oxidation of ground beef patties packaged in PVC and high oxygen. Pyruvate decreased nitric oxide metmyoglobin‐reducing capacity and oxygen consumption of patties compared with controls (P < 0.05). This research suggests that pyruvate may improve beef color stability primarily through its antioxidant effect on lipids.

Practical Application:  Discoloration of meat often results in significant revenue loss. This study suggests that pyruvate can improve the color stability of patties packaged in high oxygen and PVC primarily through its antioxidant effect on lipids.
Skin Extracts from 2 Italian Table Grapes (Italia and Palieri) Inhibit Tissue Factor Expression by Human Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Milella Rosa Anna , Antonacci Donato , Crupi Pasquale , Incampo Francesca , Carrieri Cosimo , Semeraro Nicola , Colucci Mario
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Grape and its products such as red wine and grape juice have well‐known antithrombotic properties, which have been attributed to their high content in polyphenolic compounds. Most studies on the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects, among which the suppression of tissue factor (TF) synthesis in blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and vascular endothelium is a prominent one, have been performed with purified polyphenols, while little is known about the effect of fresh grapes which contain a multitude of phytochemicals whose interaction may lead to different cell responses. In this study, we investigated the effect of grape skin extracts (GSEs) on TF expression in isolated blood MNC and in whole blood. Alcoholic extracts from skins of 2 grape varieties (Palieri and Italia) inhibited TF expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated MNC in a concentration‐dependent manner with ≥90% inhibition of TF activity and antigen at 6 μg/mL of gallic acid equivalents. Noteworthy, GSEs were also able to inhibit the appearance of TF in whole blood challenged with LPS. The 2 grape varieties displayed a fairly similar TF‐inhibiting capacity despite marked differences in phenolic profile. When selected purified polyphenols were tested, their ability to inhibit TF expression was markedly lower as compared to grape extracts, whereas a mixture of some representative polyphenols was much more efficient, supporting the occurrence of a synergistic effect. Given the key role of cell TF in thrombotic diseases, the inhibition of MNC‐mediated clotting activation, if confirmed by in vivo studies, might represent an important antithrombotic mechanism.

Practical Application:  Our data indicate that the combination of different polyphenols, as in grape extracts, is much more efficient than the single constituents, a finding that might be useful as starting point for the development of new antithrombotic nutraceutics. In addition, our study validated a simple, inexpensive, and physiologically relevant in vitro method on whole blood that allows the evaluation of one of the most important antithrombotic activities of food and food‐derived products. The simplicity of the method makes it suitable also for screening purposes in large‐scale studies.
Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Aeromonas hydrophila AH 191 Growth in Milk
Authors: Durães‐Carvalho Ricardo , Souza Ancelmo R. , Martins Luciano M. , Sprogis Adriane C. S. , Bispo Jose A. C. , Bonafe Carlos F. S. , Yano Tomomasa
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Exposure to high pressure is an efficient method of bacterial inactivation that is particularly important for reducing the microbial load present in foods. In this study, we examined the high pressure inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila AH 191, a virulent strain that produces aerolysin, a cytotoxic, enterotoxic, and hemolytic toxin. High pressure treatment (250 MPa for 30 min at 25 °C in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4) of A. hydrophila grown in milk reduced bacterial viability by at least 9 orders of magnitude. Under these conditions, the enterotoxic, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities of A. hydrophila culture supernatants were unaltered. These results indicate the need for caution in the use of high pressure for food processing since although truly toxigenic bacteria may be inactivated, their toxins may not be, thus posing a risk to human health. At higher pressure (350 MPa) the inactivation of bacteria was much more effective. Scanning electron microscopy showed a significant decrease in the number of bacteria after higher pressurization (350 MPa for 1 h) and transmission electron microscopy showed irregular shaped bacteria, suggestive of important cell wall and membrane damage, and cytoplasm condensation.

Practical Application:  High pressure inactivates Aeromonas hydrophila efficiently but is enhanced when combined with moderate temperature (40 °C). The biological activities of toxins from this bacterium are unaltered under these conditions.
Antifungal Effect of Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) Essential Oil on a Wheat Flour‐Based Medium
Authors: Portillo‐Ruiz Martha Cristina , Sánchez Raúl Avila‐Sosa , Ramos Sabina Viramontes , Muñoz José Vinicio Torres , Nevárez‐Moorillón Guadalupe Virginia
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The antimicrobial activity of oregano has been attributed mainly to the presence of volatile compounds found in its essential oil (EO), mainly carvacrol and thymol. The search for antimicrobial activity of oregano EO with different concentrations of thymol and carvacrol, can lead to products with a wider range of applications. The aim of this work was to describe the in vitro antifungal effect of Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) EO fractions on the growth of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus sp. The Mexican oregano EO fractions studied had different concentrations of carvacrol, which decreased from fraction 1 to 5 (81% to 23%), while thymol content increased from 3% to 64%. Fungal inhibition was evaluated on a wheat flour‐based medium with EO fractions concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/kg. Radial growth curves were fitted using the modified Gompertz model (R2adj= 0.989 ± 0.01). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found with the different composition of the Mexican oregano EO fractions; nevertheless, fraction concentration presented significant (P < 0.05) mold inhibition as concentration increased. Rhizopus sp. (Rh18) showed a linear reduction on specific growth rate, on the maximum mold growth at the stationary phase, and an increase in the lag time as the concentration of the oregano EO increased; mold growth inhibition were achieved at 150 mg/kg in fractions 1 to 4, and at 100 mg/kg for fraction 5. Aspergillus sp. (As6) and Penicillium sp. (Pe36) were inhibited at 150 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Results obtained suggest that Mexican oregano EO (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) compounds could be used as antimicrobial agents to prevent fungal growth in bakery products.
Effect of Thyme Oil on the Preservation of Vacuum‐Packaged Chicken Liver
Authors: Papazoglou Stefania , Tsiraki Maria , Savvaidis Ioannis N.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  In this study fresh chicken liver meat was stored under vacuum packaging (VP) and under refrigeration (4 °C). The following treatments were used: V (control samples, stored under VP), VT1 (thyme oil; 0.1% v/w, stored under VP) and VT2 (thyme oil; 0.3% v/w, stored under VP). Lipid oxidation was low, as judged by determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) values, in vacuum‐packaged chicken liver meat, both in the absence or presence of thyme essential oil (EO) during the entire storage period. Of the color parameters (L*, a*, b*) monitored during storage time, L* (lightness) values for vacuum‐packaged chicken liver, irrespective of treatment, showed a varying trend, whereas a* (redness) values for V, VT1, and VT2 liver samples decreased, showing no significant differences. As determined by sensory analysis the observed shelf life of chicken liver samples was longest for VT2 (>12 d) followed by VT1 (12 d) and control (V) samples (7 d). Our results suggest that a Brochothrix thermosphact count (7 log CFU/g) and appearance of visible colonies can be used as indicators of chicken liver spoilage.
Rapid Determination of Sugar Level in Snack Products Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Ting , Rodriguez‐Saona Luis E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Real‐time spectroscopic methods can provide a valuable window into food manufacturing to permit optimization of production rate, quality and safety. There is a need for cutting edge sensor technology directed at improving efficiency, throughput and reliability of critical processes. The aim of the research was to evaluate the feasibility of infrared systems combined with chemometric analysis to develop rapid methods for determination of sugars in cereal products. Samples were ground and spectra were collected using a mid‐infrared (MIR) spectrometer equipped with a triple‐bounce ZnSe MIRacle attenuated total reflectance accessory or Fourier transform near infrared (NIR) system equipped with a diffuse reflection‐integrating sphere. Sugar contents were determined using a reference HPLC method. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to create cross‐validated calibration models. The predictability of the models was evaluated on an independent set of samples and compared with reference techniques. MIR and NIR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands for sugars, and generated excellent PLSR models (sucrose: SEP < 1.7% and r > 0.96). Multivariate models accurately and precisely predicted sugar level in snacks allowing for rapid analysis. This simple technique allows for reliable prediction of quality parameters, and automation enabling food manufacturers for early corrective actions that will ultimately save time and money while establishing a uniform quality.

Practical Application:  The U.S. snack food industry generates billions of dollars in revenue each year and vibrational spectroscopic methods combined with pattern recognition analysis could permit optimization of production rate, quality, and safety of many food products. This research showed that infrared spectroscopy is a powerful technique for near real‐time (approximately 1 min) assessment of sugar content in various cereal products.
Trans Fatty Acid Contents in Selected Dietary Fats in the Estonian Market
Authors: Meremäe Kadrin , Roasto Mati , Kuusik Sirje , Ots Meelis , Henno Merike
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  In response to public concern, this study assessed the fatty acid (FA) composition of blended spreads, margarines and shortenings in the Estonian retail market in 2011. Special attention was paid to the trans fatty acids (TFA) composition. The changes in these characteristics of selected dietary fats in the market over recent years are also presented. Twenty‐six edible fat brands, available in the Estonian retail market in 2011, were purchased and FA compositions were analyzed by chromatography. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the dominant group of FAs for all blended spreads (49.6 to 65.8%), and for the majority of shortenings (from 21.1 to 54.6%). Cis monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the dominant group of FAs for the majority of margarines, ranging from 25.3% to 50.5%. The total TFA for blended spreads varied from 1.18% to 9.08%, for margarines from 0.04% to 34.96% and for shortenings from 0.14% to 39.50%. Octadecenoic (C18:1) isomers were the main TFA found. Compared to 2008/2009, the industrially produced TFA (IP‐TFA) content in several of the dietary fat brands was much reduced in 2011. This voluntary reformulation was probably a response to consumer demand associated with a public health campaign directed against IP‐TFA in Estonian foods, and were mainly achieved by replacing TFA with SFA C12:0‐C16:0.

Practical Application:  Present paper is directed toward public health related institutions and food industries producing foods with potentially high contents of trans fatty acids (TFA). According to the public concern TFA content in domestic blended spreads has declined significantly over the past 3 y in Estonia. The reduction in the TFA content was achieved by replacing TFA with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (C12:0‐C16:0). To shift food composition toward healthier product formulations, mandatory labeling of the sum of IP‐TFA and SFA (C12:0‐C16:0) was recommended.
The p53‐Dependent Expression of Frataxin Controls 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐Induced Accumulation of Protoporphyrin IX and Photo‐Damage in Cancerous Cells
Authors: Sawamoto Mari , Imai Takafumi , Umeda Mana , Fukuda Koji , Kataoka Takao , Taketani Shigeru
Published: August 2012

Mitochondrial frataxin is involved in various functions such as iron homeostasis, iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis, the protection from oxidative stress and apoptosis and acts as a tumor suppressor protein. We now show that the expression of frataxin is stimulated in a p53‐dependent manner and prove that frataxin is a direct p53 target gene by showing that the p53‐responsive element in the promoter of the mouse frataxin gene is bound by p53. The bacterial expression of human frataxin stimulated maturation of human ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron into protoporphyrin at the last step of heme biosynthesis. Overexpression of frataxin in human cancer A431 and HeLa cells lowered 5‐aminolevulinic acid(ALA)‐induced accumulation of protoporphyrin and induced resistance to ALA‐induced photo‐damage, whereas p53 silencing with siRNA in non tumor HEK293T cells down‐regulated the expression of frataxin and increased the accumulation of protoporphyrin. Thus, the decrease of the expression of frataxin unregulated by p53 in tumor cells enhances ALA‐induced photo‐damage, by down‐regulation of mitochondrial functions.
Predictors for Mathematics Achievement? Evidence From a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sasanguie Delphine , Van den Bussche Eva , Reynvoet Bert
Published: August 2012

Numerical processing has been extensively studied by examining the performance on basic number processing tasks, such as number priming, number comparison, and number line estimation. These tasks assess the innate “number sense,” which is assumed to be the breeding ground for later mathematics development. Indeed, several studies have associated children's performance in these tasks with individual differences in mathematical achievement. To date, however, most of these studies have cross‐sectional designs. Moreover, the few longitudinal studies either use complex tasks (e.g., story problems) or investigate only one of these basic number processing tasks at a time. In this study, we examine the association between the performance of children on several basic number processing tasks and their individual math achievement scores on a curriculum‐based test measured 1 year later. Regression analyses showed that most of the variance in children's math achievement was predicted by nonsymbolic number line estimation performance (i.e., estimating large quantities of dots) and, to a lesser extent, the speed of comparing symbolic numbers. This knowledge about the predictive value of the performance of 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds on these markers of number processing can help with the early identification of at‐risk children. In addition, this information can guide appropriate educational interventions.
Developing Children's Understanding of Fractions: An Intervention Study
Authors: Gabriel Florence , Coché Frédéric , Szucs Dénes , Carette Vincent , Rey Bernard , Content Alain
Published: August 2012

Fractions constitute a stumbling block in mathematics education. To improve children's understanding of fractions, we designed an intervention based on learning‐by‐doing activities, which focused on the representation of the magnitude of fractions. Participants were 292 Grade 4 and 5 children. Half of the classes received experimental instruction, while the other half pursued their usual lessons. For 10 weeks, they played five different games using cards representing fractions (e.g., Memory and Blackjack). Wooden disks helped them represent and manipulate fractions while playing games. Our results showed an improvement in the conceptual understanding of fractions. The findings confirmed that the usual practice in teaching fractions is largely based on procedural knowledge and provides only minimal opportunities for children to conceptualize the meaning and magnitude of fractional notations. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a short intervention inducing children to manipulate, compare, and evaluate fractions improves their ability to associate fractional notations with numerical magnitude.
Language‐Switching Costs in Bilingual Mathematics Learning
Authors: Grabner Roland H. , Saalbach Henrik , Eckstein Doris
Published: August 2012

Behavioral studies on bilingual learning have revealed cognitive costs (lower accuracy and/or higher processing time) when the language of application differs from the language of learning. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to provide insights into the cognitive underpinnings of these costs (so‐called language‐switching costs) in mathematics. Twenty‐nine bilingual adults underwent a 4‐day arithmetic training in one language, followed by an fMRI test session in which they had to solve the trained problems in both languages. Language‐switching costs were accompanied by increased activation in areas associated with magnitude processing (intraparietal sulcus), visuo‐spatial imagery (precuneus), numerical stimulus recognition (fusiform gyrus) and executive functions (frontal areas). These findings suggest that language‐switching costs in arithmetic are due to additional numerical information processing. Bilingual education programs need to take these findings into account to reduce language‐switching costs in order to fully exploit the potential of bilingual learning.
Pharmacogenetic selection of transplanted human hepatocytes in immunocompetent rats
Authors: Smolic Martina , Wu Catherine H , Madadi Shilpa , Gupta Nidhi , Smolic Robert , Coash Marcy , Smith Jeanette , Wu George Y
Published: August 2012

Objective

To introduce a genetic survival advantage for transplanted human hepatocytes over host cells in rats.

Methods

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was introduced into Huh‐7 human hepatoma cells to create fluorescent GFP‐Huh‐7 cells. mRNA of CYP2E1, the enzyme that converts acetaminophen (APA) into hepatotoxic intermediates, was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The effects of APA on GFP‐Huh‐7 and control Huh‐7 cells were determined in a cell culture. Immunological tolerance was induced by the injection of GFP‐Huh‐7 cells into fetal rats in utero. The GFP‐Huh‐7 cells were transplanted after birth of the rats into tolerant rats followed by APA treatment. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver histological data were obtained. GFP‐Huh‐7 cells were detected by quantitive PCR and microscopy.

Results

CYP2E1 mRNA levels in the GFP‐Huh‐7 cells were 2.7% of parental Huh‐7 cells. In 1 mmol/L APA, parental Huh‐7 cells decreased by 60% while GFP‐Huh‐7 cells increased to within 95% of untreated controls after 5 days. In rats in which GFP‐Huh‐7 cells were transplanted and treated with APA, serum ALT increased to a peak of 200 U/L on day 1 and returned to normal levels by day 3. Fluorescence microscopy of liver specimens from rats transplanted with GFP‐Huh‐7 cells showed substantial increases in GFP‐Huh‐7, but not Huh‐7 cells by day 7 after APA treatment. Real‐time PCR confirmed a 10‐fold increase of GFP mRNA in APA‐treated rats, but not in those without APA treatment.

Conclusions

The difference in CYP2E1 gene expression between GFP‐Huh‐7 and rat hepatocytes provides a convenient means for the enrichment of transplanted human cells in rat liver.
Simultaneous assay of activated platelet count and platelet‐activating capacity by P‐selectin detection using K2‐EDTA‐treated whole blood for antiplatelet agents
Authors: Okano K. , Araki M. , Mimura Y. , Nogaki H. , Ichihara K.
Published: August 2012

Introduction

It is well recognized that examinations of activated platelets (aPLTs) and platelet‐activating capacity are very important to observe and prevent embolic diseases (events) such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Previously, we reported an appropriate measurement technique of aPLT for clinical assay. In this paper, we investigated stable conditions for measurement of activating capacity of platelets.

Methods

Blood samples were taken from healthy volunteers using anticoagulants of 2K‐EDTA, sodium citrate and heparin, and platelets were stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen. We demonstrated platelet‐activating capacity by detection of scattering light, absorbance, microscopic observation, and P‐selectin (CD62P) expression. We also performed basic experiments in seven healthy volunteers to test the clinical application of these assays with monitoring aspirin therapy.

Results

We judged that samples of whole blood with 2K‐EDTA were suitable for CD62P expression assay as functional assessments of platelet activity, because platelets treated with anticoagulants such as sodium citrate and heparin were extremely damaged after stimulation, and it was difficult to measure the CD62P expression by flow cytometry. For optimal results, samples should be tested within 1 h after the drawing of blood and stimulated with ADP or collagen for 10 min. The CD62P‐positive platelet value of blood from volunteers who had taken aspirin was decreased, and platelet activation was inhibited as well.

Conclusion

The simultaneous assay of aPLT and platelet‐activating capacity by CD62P detection using whole blood treated with the K2‐EDTA anticoagulant was useful for the monitoring of antiplatelet drugs.
Two novel mutations in the 3′ untranslated region of the beta‐globin gene that are associated with the mild phenotype of beta thalassemia
Authors: Bilgen T. , Clark O. A. , Ozturk Z. , Akif Yesilipek M. , Keser I.
Published: August 2012

Introduction

There are approximately 800 different genomic alterations of the β‐globin gene described in the human hemoglobin variant (HbVar) database. In this study, we have identified two novel putative mutations (HBB:c.*+108 A>G and HBB:c.*+132 C>T) in the 3′ untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the β‐globin gene and describe their clinical implications.

Methods

Four patients from two unrelated families, all with hematological and clinical features associated with beta‐thalassemia (β‐thal), and their family members were included. The molecular diagnoses of the β‐globin gene mutations were performed by direct sequencing.

Results

A novel mutation, HBB:c.*+108 A>G, was found in combination with the IVS‐I‐110 G>A (HBB:c.93‐21 G>A) mutation in three siblings (two brothers and one sister) from one of the families involved in our study. Their mother was found to be a carrier for HBB:c.*+108 A>G with normal HbA2 levels. The other novel mutation, HBB:c.*+132 C>T, was found in combination with IVS‐I‐1 G>A (HBB:c.92 + 1G>A) in a 7‐year‐old boy diagnosed as β‐thal intermedia from the second family. His father and two brothers were all carriers of HBB:c.*+132 C>T with borderline HbA2 levels.

Conclusion

Based on the observed β‐thal intermedia phenotypes and the accompanying mutations, we conclude that these novel β‐globin gene 3′ UTR mutations are associated with the mild phenotype of β‐thal.
Evaluation of CytoDiff™ on cord blood WBC differential
Authors: Gac F. , Thibert J. B. , Le Berre C. , Le Priol J. , Semana G. , Fest T. , Roussel M.
Published: August 2012

Introduction

An umbilical cord blood bank was recently opened in our institution as an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells. Before inclusion of a cord blood in an international register, a WBC with differential is requested, among others. Currently, the reference method is the microscopic manual count, and we sought to evaluate the routine flow cytometric method (CytoDiff™) as an alternative.

Methods

A total of 161 cord bloods were analyzed between November 2010 and February 2011. WBC differentials were determined for each sample, by (i) the cell counter (DxH800), (ii) a manual review, and (iii) the flow cytometry using the CytoDiff™ antibody cocktail.

Results

Correlation coefficients between flow cytometry and microscopic count were satisfying for neutrophils, lymphocytes, and immature granulocytes and acceptable for eosinophils. On the other hand, we found lower correlation coefficient for basophils and monocytes. Monocytes' correlation was better when comparing flow cytometry with cell counter.

Conclusion

The flow cytometric approach is suitable to realize cord blood WBC differential and allows for the identification of additional cell subsets.
The Value of Connecting Diversity in Organizations and Cross-Cultural Work Psychology Through Dialogue and Multiplicity
Authors: Ferdman Bernardo M. , Sagiv Lilach
Published: August 2012

In our focal article (Ferdman & Sagiv, 2012), we suggested that increased dialogue and connection between researchers and practitioners focused on diversity in organizations and those focused on cross-cultural work psychology could be beneficial to growth and advancement in both fields. The thoughtful and intriguing commentaries to the article are heterogeneous both in the topics they focus on and in their relative emphasis on theory versus practice, and in our view support our call for more dialogue. In this response, we address some of the key issues the commentaries stimulated for us, including the notion of integration versus homogenization and the differential role of values in research in each field. We summarize by highlighting, as did many of the commentaries, the importance of multiple and diverse approaches and perspectives, a value consistent with both fields.
Diversity in Organizations and Cross-Cultural Work Psychology: What If They Were More Connected?
Authors: Ferdman Bernardo M. , Sagiv Lilach
Published: August 2012

In this article, we discuss how the fields of diversity in organizations and cross-cultural work psychology can benefit from greater attention to and integration with each other as well as more clarity regarding the distinctions between them. We first present—each in our own voice and from our individual perspective—past and current issues in the two respective areas. We then jointly identify and discuss key areas of commonality and difference between diversity and cross-cultural work psychology in theory, research, and practice. Subsequently, we point to ways the two fields might learn and benefit from each other's approaches and perspectives. We consider issues such as the interplay between culture and diversity, the dual impact of individuals on groups and vice versa, and the role of identity as an organizing principle in group diversity. Overall, this article provides illustrative examples of the benefits of more exchange and dialogue between the fields.
Learning Agility: Many Questions, a Few Answers, and a Path Forward
Authors: DeRue D. Scott , Ashford Susan J. , Myers Christopher G.
Published: August 2012

This article responds to and extends the commentaries offered in response to our focal article on learning agility. After summarizing the basic themes in the commentaries, we use this response to clarify points that were unclear in our original article and push back on certain points raised in a few of the responses. In particular, we reframe the rigor–relevance debate from an “either–or” to a “both–and” discussion, clarify the relationship between learning agility and ability to learn, explain how learning agility in organizations moves beyond cognition, and describe how exchanges such as the one we have collectively engaged in here are central to progressing the scientific study on learning agility and its effective use in practice.
Linking αMSH with PPARγ in B16‐F10 melanoma
Authors: Maresca Vittoria , Flori Enrica , Camera Emanuela , Bellei Barbara , Aspite Nicaela , Ludovici Matteo , Catricalà Caterina , Cardinali Giorgia , Picardo Mauro
Published: August 2012

We have discovered a new α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH)/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) connection in B16‐F10 cells. Both PPAR‐γ up‐regulation and its induction as an active transcription factor were observed in response to α‐MSH. The α‐MSH/PPAR‐γ connection influenced both pigmentation and proliferation. The forskolin‐stimulated cAMP/PKA pathway was not able to induce either PPAR‐γ translocation into the nucleus or PPAR‐γ transcriptional activity. As the melanocortin‐1 receptor, the specific receptor for the α‐MSH, is a G‐protein coupled receptor, we wondered whether the phosphatidylinositol [PI(4,5)P2/PLCβ] signal pathway was involved in mediating the α‐MSH‐dependent PPAR‐γ activation. Employing inhibitors of PI(4,5)P2/PLCβ pathway, the results of our experiments suggested that this pathway was promoted by α‐MSH and that α‐MSH played a role in mediating PPAR‐γ activation. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that α‐MSH induces the PI(4,5)P2/PLCβ pathway, through analysis of the basic steps of the pathway. The α‐MSH effect on PPAR‐γ was independent of animal species and was not correlated with the physio‐pathological status.
A Case–Control Study of Risk Factors for Bovine Cysticercosis in Danish Cattle Herds
Authors: Calvo‐Artavia F. F. , Nielsen L. R. , Dahl J. , Clausen D. M. , Graumann A. M. , Alban L.
Published: August 2012

Bovine cysticercosis (BC) is a zoonotic, parasitic infection in cattle. Under the current EU meat inspection regulation, every single carcass from all bovines above 6 weeks of age is examined for BC. This method is costly and makes more sense in countries with higher number of BC‐infected animals than in countries with few lightly infected cases per year. The aim of the present case–control study was to quantify associations between potential herd‐level risk factors and BC in Danish cattle herds. Risk factors can be used in the design of a risk‐based meat inspection system targeted towards the animals with the highest risk of BC. Cases (n = 77) included herds that hosted at least one animal diagnosed with BC at meat inspection, from 2006 to 2010. Control herds (n = 231) consisted of randomly selected herds that had not hosted any animals diagnosed with BC between 2004 and 2010. The answers from a questionnaire and register data from the Danish Cattle Database were grouped into meaningful variables and used to investigate the risk factors for BC using a multivariable logistic regression model. Case herds were almost three times more likely than control herds to let all or most animals out grazing. Case herds were more than five times more likely than control herds to allow their animals access to risky water sources with sewage treatment plant effluent in proximity. Case herds were also more likely to share machinery or hire contractors than control herds. The risk decreased with increasing herd size probably because the larger herds generally tend to keep cattle indoors in Denmark. The results are useful to guide future data recording that can be supplied by the farmer as food chain information and then be used for differentiated meat inspection in low‐ and high‐risk groups, enabling development of risk‐based meat inspection systems.
Therapeutic liver repopulation for metabolic liver diseases: Advances from bench to bedside
Authors: Wan Zhen , Zhang Xiao‐Gang , Liu Zheng‐Wen , Lv Yi
Published: August 2012

Metabolic liver diseases are characterized by inherited defects in hepatic enzymes or other proteins with metabolic functions. Therapeutic liver repopulation (TLR), an approach of massive liver replacement by transplanted normal hepatocytes, could be used to provide the missing metabolic function elegantly. However, partial and transient correction of the underlying metabolic defects due to very few integrated donor cell mass remains the major obstacle for the effective and widespread use of this approach. Little engraftment and proliferation insufficiency lead to the poor outcome. This article reviews the advances in the mechanisms of initial engraftment and selective proliferation and suggests some effective treatment strategies, from pharmacological preconditioning to stem cell transplantation, to optimize liver repopulation with liver cell transplantation. Enhancing cell viability and plating efficiency, increasing sinusoidal spaces, regulation of sinusoidal endothelial cell barrier and controlling inflammatory reaction may promote initial cell engraftment. Liver‐directed irradiation, reversible portal vein embolization and fetal liver stem/progenitor cell transplantation induce preferential proliferation of donor cells substantially without severe side‐effects. Furthermore, it seems better to use combined approaches to achieve a high level of liver repopulation for the management of metabolic liver diseases.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single and Multiple Oral Doses of Meloxicam in Adult Horses
Authors: Noble G. , Edwards S. , Lievaart J. , Pippia J. , Boston R. , Raidal S.L.
Published: August 2012

Background

Safety of meloxicam, a potentNSAIDwith selectiveCOX‐2 inhibition, has not been evaluated in horses.

Objectives

To evaluate pharmacokinetics and safety of single and repeated oral doses of meloxicam in adult horses.

Animals

Forty‐nine healthy, university‐owned adult lightbreed horses.

Methods

Study conducted in 2 parts. Part I addressed pharmacokinetics of single oral dose meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) in 16 horses. PartII, 33 horses were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups to assess prolonged administration (0.6 mg/kgPOq24h for 6 weeks, n = 7) or higher doses (1.8 mg/kg, n = 7, or 3.0 mg/kgPOq24h, n = 7) of meloxicam for 2 weeks, compared with control horses (placebo, n = 7, or phenylbutazone, 4.4 mg/kg q12h on day 1, 2.2 mg/kg q12h for 4 days, then 2.2 mg/kg q24h for 9 days, n = 5).

Results

Maximum plasma concentration following a single oral dose of meloxicam was 915.1 ± 116.9 ng/mL and elimination half‐life 10.2 ± 3.0 hours. Meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg, q24h, PO for 6 weeks) yielded plasma concentrations between 100 and 1000 ng/mL and was well tolerated by healthy adult horses. Administration of 3–5 times the recommended dose of meloxicam was associated with decreased total serum protein and albumin concentrations, gastrointestinal damage, renal damage, or bone marrow dyscrasia.PBZadministration was associated with the development right dorsal colitis, gastric ulceration, and protein losing enteropathy in 2 horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Administration meloxicam at 0.6 mg/kg q24h was well tolerated for 6 weeks, without drug accumulation in plasma. Higher doses were associated with dose‐dependent adverse effects typical of class of drugs.
The Emergence of New Industries at the Regional Level in Spain: A Proximity Approach Based on Product Relatedness
Authors: Boschma Ron , Minondo Asier , Navarro Mikel
Published: August 2012

abstract

How do regions diversify over time? Inspired by recent studies, we argue that regions diversify into industries that make use of capabilities in which regions are specialized. Since the spread of capabilities occurs through mechanisms that have a strong regional bias, we expect that capabilities that are available at the regional level play a larger role than do capabilities that are available at the country level for the development of new industries. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the emergence of new industries in 50 Spanish regions at the NUTS 3 level in the period 1988–2008. We calculate the capability‐distance between new export products and existing export products in Spanish regions and provide econometric evidence that regions tend to diversify into new industries that use similar capabilities as existing industries in these regions. We show that proximity to the regional industrial structure plays a much larger role in the emergence of new industries in regions than does proximity to the national industrial structure. This finding suggests that capabilities at the regional level enable the development of new industries.
Clinical trial of acupuncture in need of an appropriate intervention and adequate sample size
Authors: Zhang J , Xing D , Smith C
Published: August 2012

Smith CA, Crowther CA, Petrucco O, Beilby J, Dent H.

Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: a randomized controlled trial.

Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2010: 612464.
SheaFlex70: cosmetic marker effects rather than clinical outcome improvement
Authors: Chrubasik S
Published: August 2012

Cheras PA, Myers SP, Paul‐Brent PA, Outerbridge KH, Nielsen GV.

Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial on the potential modes of action of SheaFlex70TM in osteoarthritis.

Phytother Res 2010; 24: 1126–31.
Short‐term improvement in visual memory by a proprietary North American ginseng extract in stable schizophrenia
Authors: Clement Y , Chen EYH
Published: August 2012

Chen EYH, Hui CLM.

HT1001, A proprietary North American ginseng extract, improves working memory in schizophrenia: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.

Phytother Res 2012; 26: 1166–72.
Can yoga help patients with pain?
Authors: Vagg M , Büssing A
Published: August 2012

Bussing A, Ostermann T, Ludtke R, Michalsen A.

Effects of yoga interventions on pain and pain‐associated disability: a meta‐analysis.

J Pain 2012; 13: 1–9.
Tai chi improves self‐efficacy and decreases the incidence of falls in older adults
Authors: Posadzki P
Published: August 2012

Tousignant M, Corriveau H, Roy PM, Desrosiers J, Dubuc N, Hébert R, Tremblay‐Boudreault V, Beaudoin AJ.

The effect of supervised tai chi intervention compared to a physiotherapy program on fall‐related clinical outcomes: a randomized clinical trial.

Disabil Rehabil 2012; 34: 196–201.
Unconvincing evidence that reiki affects mood
Authors: Gilbey A , Bowden D
Published: August 2012

Bowden D, Goddard L, Gruzelier J.

A randomised controlled single‐blind trial of the efficacy of reiki at benefitting mood and well‐being.

Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011: 381862.