bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leishmaniose visceral infantil: relato de caso
Authors: Coelho Junior Luilson Geraldo , Wanderley Alessandra De Paiva , Lemes Maire Stefani , Leite Bárbara Cristina Dos Santos Ribeiro , Cabrobó Bárbara Keroleny Viana , Machado Gabrielly Borges , Monteiro Maria Luíza Gonçalves dos Reis
Published: December 2016

leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma infecção causada por protozoários tripanosomatídeos do gênero Leishmania, as espécies são: Leishmania donovani e Leishmania infantum (conhecido como Leishmania chagasi na América do Sul). A LV é uma doença parasitária grave, com elevada morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. É considerada a doença tropical mais negligenciada, em termos de desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Considerada um importante problema de saúde em todo o Brasil, principalmente na área endêmica de Paracatu-MG. Acomete principalmente crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade. A transmissão ocorre através da picada de fêmeas hematófagas dos vetores Lutzomyia longipalpis ou L. cruzi, infectados pela Leishmania (L.) chagasi. Os sinais clínicos da LV variam de acordo com a resposta imune do hospedeiro, podendo assumir formas assintomáticas, oligossintomáticas e a forma clássica; os principais sinais incluem febre, hepatoesplenomegalia, perda de peso e pancitopenia. Indivíduos não tratados, crianças desnutridas, indivíduos infectados pelo HIV ou em uso de drogas imunossupressoras são grupos de risco, sendo que nesses casos a LV apresenta alta letalidade. O diagnóstico é feito através da demonstração da Leishmania em aspirados de linfonodo, medula óssea e baço; por meio de sorologia, ou teste rápido como o rK39, são amplamente utilizados, e apresentam sensibilidade variável. O tratamento é realizado com antimoniais pentavalentes e anfotericina B lipossomal ou desoxicolato. Não há vacina humana; portanto o combate ao vetor é a melhor medida de prevenção. Relatamos um caso de LV em criança de 04 anos de idade, natural e procedente de Paracatu-MG.
Os Canais de Saturnino: documentário conta história de um projeto pioneiro
Authors: Oliveira Carlos José de , Santos Madeleine Alves dos
Published: December 2016

O presente artigo apresenta o filme documentário Os Canais de Saturnino, contextualizando seu momento de realização e revelando detalhes desta produção audiovisual; faz uma síntese do projeto de saneamento criado por Saturnino de Brito para a cidade de Santos, com ênfase em seu sistema de canais de drenagem; e, complementando o conteúdo do filme, aborda ações de conservação e preservação destes canais no final do século XX e início do século XXI, bem como a necessidade de maior conscientização da população quanto à importância desse patrimônio histórico e sua utilidade nos dias atuais.
Os melhoramentos do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Brito Francisco Saturnino Rodrigues de
Published: December 2016

Obras Completas de Saturnino de Brito. Volume XX. Urbanismo - Traçado Sanitário das Cidades - Estudos Diversos, 1944, Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
As “favelas”... de Paris
Authors: Brito Francisco Saturnino Rodrigues de
Published: December 2016

Publicado em ”O Jornal”, 1927.
O Plano de Saneamento de Saturnino de Brito para Santos: construção e crise da cidade moderna
Authors: Carriço José Marques
Published: December 2016

O Plano de Saneamento de Saturnino de Brito para Santos viabilizou a expansão da cidade, constituindo-se em seu referencial urbano mais importante. Seu sistema de canais consolidou excelente padrão sanitário nas novas áreas urbanizadas. Mas com a industrialização do Brasil, Santos cresceu aceleradamente, voltando a piorar suas condições sanitárias. Este quadro resultou em mudança da operação do sistema, nos anos 1990, em princípio recuperando a balneabilidade das praias. Contudo, as condições sanitárias voltaram a piorar, suscitando a rejeição aos canais, por setores da sociedade. Assim, procura-se evidenciar a importância da preservação dos canais, possibilitando recuperar a excelência ambiental da cidade.
Retratos e memórias do arquiteto Jorge O. Caron
Authors: Ruggiero Amanda Saba
Published: December 2016

A Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo estabeleceu eixo difusor e condutor de princípios éticos e estéticos, referenciados na responsabilidade social do arquiteto nas décadas de 50 e 60, por meio da liderança do mestre João Batista Vilanova Artigas. Jorge Oswaldo Caron (1936/2000), ex-aluno da FAU-USP, atuou como arquiteto e urbanista, educador, paisagista, designer, cenógrafo, cineasta e agitador cultural, e trabalhou intensamente no campo constitutivo do ambiente de luta pela formação cultural do país. Trata-se do desenho inédito de um retrato, executado a partir do resgate de memórias e do estudo sistematizado do acervo do arquiteto.
De Curitiba para Moçambique: ações de educomunicação e comunicação popular
Authors: Carvalho Guilherme , Scharlau Toni André , Gomes Evanise Rodrigues
Published: December 2016

O Núcleo de Comunicação e Educação Popular (NCEP) é um programa de extensão universitária que foi criado em 2003 junto ao Departamento de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Paraná (Decom/UFPR). Antes de produzir um histórico dessa trajetória, apresentamos nesse texto os resultados que vêm sendo alcançados pela equipe e parceiros do projeto, bem como fornecer breves relatos das experiências. O NCEP tem como objetivo estimular a discussão sobre educomunicação e comunicação popular. Os alunos de graduação e pós-graduação envolvidos auxiliam os parceiros do Núcleo em projetos específicos na perspectiva do gerenciamento de ferramentas de comunicação. Atualmente, o NCEP conta com seis parcerias nas quais os integrantes do Núcleo desenvolvem oficinas de redação e produção em rádio e em jornal impresso, além de uma parceria internacional com a Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, de Moçambique, que é relatada em destaque.
Educomunicação científica: rádio, jornalismo e popularização das ciências na construção da cidadania
Authors: Façanha Alessandro Augusto Barros , Nápolis Patrícia Maria Martins , Luz Jociara Pinheiro
Published: December 2016

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade desvelar as conexões entre a rádio universitária e o processo de educomunicação científica. Trata-se de uma descrição analítica de um projeto educomunicador que insere a cultura científica como um caminho para a construção de conhecimento e cidadania para além do espaço universitário, tendo como foco a difusão de ciência no cotidiano das pessoas a partir de uma programação perene de divulgação de ciência, tecnologia e inovação. Como resultados preliminares, são descritos parâmetros de participação da comunidade com o projeto, bem como os desdobramentos jornalísticos e educacionais oriundos desta ação, os quais revelaram que o rádio, apesar das inúmeras possibilidades de comunicação existentes, permanece como um grande aliado no processo de difusão e construção de conhecimento, bem como uma ferramenta importante no diálogo entre o erudito e o coloquial podendo ser vastamente aproveitado nos processos educacionais.
Resfriamento das sociedades quentes? – Crítica da modernidade, história intelectual, história política
Authors: Iegelski Francine
Published: December 2016

Esse artigo faz das interpretações de Claude Lévi-Strauss e François Hartog acerca da mudança da sensibilidade europeia sobre o tempo e a história, quando da passagem do século XX para o XXI, um ponto de partida para tratar da crítica aos ideais da modernidade que marca as ciências sociais e humanas na atualidade. Em seguida, discutiremos as relações entre os pares modernidade/tempo histórico, de Reinhart Koselleck, e presentismo/regimes de historicidade, de François Hartog. Por fim, para demonstrar a fertilidade dessa maneira de curto-circuitar história e antropologia, apresentaremos uma proposta de abordagem do diverso espectro das experiências temporais vivenciadas no contexto político, histórico e literário do Brasil contemporâneo, tendo como referência o processo de redemocratização e suas promessas de futuro.
Imprensa, esfera pública e memória operária - Rio de Janeiro (1880-1920)
Authors: Maciel Laura Antunes
Published: December 2016

A experiência de trabalhadores com a imprensa na cidade do Rio de Janeiro constitui-se no interior do movimento de ampliação da cultura letrada, dos circuitos de comunicação social e das tensões que marcaram esse processo na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Este artigo mapeia a distribuição espacial desses periódicos e suas redações e analisa a atuação dos mesmos como espaços de organização e afirmação da presença pública dos trabalhadores na cidade. Destaca, no interior dessa imprensa, as iniciativas voltadas para a produção e coleta de testemunhos históricos procurando compreendê-las como estratégias de afirmação de identidades operárias e de legitimação de suas memórias e histórias.
Crime e perdão em Castela e Portugal (séculos XIV e XV)
Authors: Teodoro Leandro Alves
Published: December 2016

Nos séculos XIV e XV, um conjunto de escritos portugueses e castelhanos foi elaborado para combater, entre outras práticas, crimes considerados frutos do pecado mortal da ira, como o homicídio ou a agressão física e verbal. Levando em conta as prédicas contidas especialmente em tratados religiosos, o objetivo deste ensaio é analisar o papel do sacramento da penitência e do ensino dos rudimentos da fé cristã na formação moral de homens julgados violentos, isto é, de pessoas que menosprezavam, na visão de letrados dessa época, os princípios mais ínfimos da virtude da justiça. Mais precisamente, a partir da análise de uma série de obras eclesiásticas produzidas em Portugal e Castela, o presente trabalho busca questionar em que medida o sacramento da penitência e as prédicas dos párocos foram instrumentos pedagógicos decisivos para a construção de um modelo de cristão brando e avesso à violência.
Ambientes domésticos e dinâmicas sociais em São Paulo colonial
Authors: Borrego Maria Aparecida de Menezes , Félix Rogério Ricciluca Matiello
Published: December 2016

A proposta do artigo é analisar a dimensão material da vida social dos grupos intermédios residentes na cidade de São Paulo ao longo do Setecentos ligados ao comércio. Para tanto, partimos do pressuposto de que os atributos físicos de peças de mobiliário informam não apenas sobre a função utilitária do objeto, mas, antes, seus usos indicam a reiteração e/ou transformação de padrões de conduta e de hierarquias familiar e social. Para desenvolver o argumento, primeiramente teceremos breves comentários sobre o espaço doméstico na cidade de São Paulo durante o século XVIII. Em seguida, nos deteremos na análise do uso social de alguns móveis nos interiores das moradas de setores mercantis, relacionando sua existência com as mudanças socioeconômicas pelas quais passava a capital, graças às atividades comerciais que se desenvolviam na região paulista em razão do abastecimento das áreas mineratórias de Minas Gerais, Goiás e Cuiabá.
O tribunal como rito de passagem em Ressurreição e a literatura como rito de passagem em Tolstói
Authors: Danese Viviane Michelline Veloso
Published: December 2016

O presente trabalho se propõe a pensar sobre a terra, o homem e a luta enquanto categorias constitutivas do romance Ressurreição, de Tolstói. Ao se deparar, em um tribunal, com uma antiga criada de suas tias, o aristocrata Nekhliúdov inicia um processo de transformação operado por uma crise de consciência desencadeada pelas lembranças do tempo em que seduziu a moça e a abandonou à própria sorte. As mudanças ocasionadas geram um deslocamento tanto interior quanto exterior, uma vez que são travadas indagações sobre a conduta e os valores que moldam a sociedade russa, bem como sobre a própria conduta da personagem masculina, em paralelo a um deslocamento espacial que atravessa o território russo no romance. A terra, o homem e a luta se relacionam de forma dialética, uma vez que associam a personagem ao meio físico e às transformações por ele desencadeadas. A dualidade comumente atribuída ao ser humano é percebida na apresentação do príncipe, que aparece, no decorrer do enredo, como um homem dos avessos, ou seja, como um ser surpreendente ao se apresentar sob a veste da aristocracia, mas se afirmar como portador das necessidades dos socialmente excluídos
Discursos Anticomunistas e a Literatura Russa na Era Vargas
Authors: Gomide Bruno Barretto
Published: December 2016

Este artigo apresenta as principais tipologias da literatura russa feitas pelos discursos anticomunistas no Brasil da primeira Era Vargas (1930-1945). Eles desqualificam a literatura russa produzida no período posterior a 1917 e concentram-se na do século dezenove, que é enquadrada em três chaves em relação ao comunismo (incompatibilidade radical, identidade total e contato problemático).
Reconstrução e crítica imanente: Rahel Jaeggi e a recusa do método reconstrutivo na Teoria Crítica
Authors: Repa Luiz Sérgio
Published: December 2016

O objetivo principal do artigo consiste em discutir se o modelo habermasiano de crítica reconstrutiva é um tipo de crítica imanente. Para isso, procura-se expor e rebater a posição de Rahel Jaeggi segundo a qual a crítica reconstrutiva é antes um tipo de crítica interna que tem um aspecto mais conservador do que transformador. Em vez disso, defende-se que a crítica reconstrutiva habermasiana apresenta traços específicos que configuram um tipo novo de crítica imanente, em comparação com a crítica da ideologia, um tipo mais ligado às práticas sociais e às regras estruturantes dessas práticas.
Resenha de Nietzsche e o ressentimento, de Antonio Edmilson Paschoal
Authors: Ishikawa Ítalo Kiyomi
Published: December 2016

Resenha de Nietzsche e o ressentimento, de Antonio Edmilson Paschoal (São Paulo: Humanitas, 2015)
Kant, Rawls e a razão pública
Authors: Alles Nicolás
Published: December 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma crítica ao conceito de razão pública de John Rawls de uma perspectiva kantiana. Acreditamos que uma formulação da razão pública mais próxima do uso público da razão proposto por Kant pode prover solução face a alguns problemas do liberalismo rawlsiano. Em particular, no tocante à questão da igualdade política.
Necessária, mas não suficiente: sobre a função da crítica da economia na teoria crítica tardia de Theodor W. Adorno
Authors: Fleck Amaro
Published: December 2016

Diversos intérpretes da obra de Theodor W. Adorno sugerem que a crítica da racionalidade instrumental substituiu a crítica do capitalismo no desenvolvimento de sua obra, principalmente por causa da adoção do diagnóstico acerca do surgimento do capitalismo de Estado proposto por Friedrich Pollock. Neste artigo questiono a aceitação por parte de Adorno, ao menos em sua obra tardia, de tal diagnóstico e mostro que a crítica do capitalismo não foi substituída pela crítica da razão, e sim complementada.
Revolução e liberdade
Authors: Arendt Hannah
Published: December 2016

Edição e tradução de Adriano Correia
Forma e paisagem urbana de Lisboa
Authors: Oliveira Vitor
Published: December 2016

Este artigo descreve a aplicação da metodologia Morpho na análise da forma e paisagem urbana de Lisboa. Para além de uma avaliação morfológica da capital portuguesa, centrada nos principais elementos de forma urbana (ruas, parcelas e edifícios), desenvolve-se neste artigo uma apreciação do Plano Diretor Municipal de Lisboa de 2012 e do Plano de Urbanização do Alto do Lumiar de 1998, tendo em consideração a coerência interna das suas propostas e o papel dos objetivos e a relevância das propostas do plano para a capital do país.
Da preservação à restauração: políticas e métodos aplicados aos jardins históricos
Authors: Cardoso Marianna Gomes Pimentel
Published: December 2016

O presente artigo aborda a questão do tratamento dos jardins históricos no âmbito patrimonial internacional e nacional tanto nas políticas patrimoniais quanto nas metodologias de restauração/intervenção nos mesmos. Objetivando expor um panorama de como o jardim foi abordado no domínio do patrimônio e apontar questionamentos atualizados, em um primeiro momento centra-se nas políticas patrimoniais, versando sobre as transformações do conceito de jardim histórico, inicialmente vinculado à noção de monumento e hoje convergindo para o conceito de paisagem cultural. Discute-se também a classificação do jardim pelo Instituto Nacional do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (Iphan) tanto tombamento quanto nos instrumentos de proteção. Finalmente analisam-se os métodos de restauro dos jardins ressaltando suas especificidades por meio de estudo comparativo de duas metodologias específicas: uma internacional, publicada pelo Comitê Internacional dos Jardins Históricos (ICOMOS-IFLA), de Carmen Añón (1989), e outra nacional, de Carlos Delphim (2005), adotada pelo Iphan.
The Suburbs of Ulan-Ude and the Ger Settlements of Ulaanbaatar
Authors: Breslavsky Anatoliy S.
Published: December 2016

The article examines development patterns, driving forces and consequences of growth of two large post-socialist cities: Ulan-Ude (Republic of Buryatia, Russia) and Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). Despite the different scales of these cities’ growth between the 1990s and the 2000s, such factors as the decentralisation of urban governance, the housing legacy and explosion of individual construction on the city outskirts and suburban areas impacted on both cities. In addition to these factors, the paper discusses the important role of rural–urban in-migration, the influence of the harsh climatic conditions and regional housing traditions.
Social Development and Space Patterns in Ger Settlements
Authors: Castrillón Renato D’Alençon , Kummel Olivia , Ershuu Purev-Erdene
Published: December 2016

Over the last 20 years, Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, has witnessed unprecedented urbanisation. Nomadic families from the rural provinces of the country have been pouring into the city and developing the so-called ‘ger settlements’. The traditional mobile dwelling, the ger (Mongolian for ‘yurt’), forms the nucleus of semi-formal settlement compounds, where yurts and makeshift shelters are surrounded by improvised walls and connected by dusty access lanes. Ger settlements lack essential urban services, such as water and sewage systems, as well as many public services and public spaces. At the same time, ger settlements are dynamic, hybrid spaces in which nomadic/rural and urban lifestyles still merge today, bearing problems but also opportunities for the city, as linkages to former nomadic lifestyles. The paper discusses challenges to community making and empowerment when transforming from nomadic life style to urban life and these are linked to the traditions and daily routines of ger settlement Yarmag.
閩南語「免」bian2的用法初探
Authors: Lien Chinfa
Published: December 2016

The paper explores the uses of bian2 免 in Southern Min from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. It not only occurs in negative imperatives, but also in the non-finite clause in indicative sentences in Ming and Qing playscripts. Negative imperatives are used to show that the speaker requests the addressee to make preparatory actions to avoid unpleasant behavior. The construction featuring put4 bian2 不免 indicates that the speaker performs an act that does not result from an optimal choice. M7 bian2 毋免 in modern Southern Min differs drastically from put4 bian2 不免 in the Ming and Qing in that m7 毋 is a form devoid of any meaning in the former, whereas the latter involves double negation. Furthermore, bian2 in modern Southern Min either combines with other negatives like bi7 未 to yield a frozen expression reflecting the subjective attitude of the speaker, or with kong2 講 to form another freeze taking on the function of a parenthetical.

本文從共時和歷時的觀點探討閩南語中「免」的用法。明清時期「免」除否定祈使式外，也用於帶非限定目的補語直陳句式中，表示說話者由於先有請求對方的準備動作，自己可以免於從事不悅的行為。「不免」句式表示說話者從事不是最佳選項的行為，現代閩南語的「毋免」和明清時期的「不免」大相逕庭，前者「免」為有形無義的語詞，後者為雙重否定。此外，現代閩南語「免」和其他否定語詞（如「未」）形成凝固語式，反映說話者的主觀看法，或和動詞「講」形成凝固語式，帶有插入語的功能。(This article is in Chinese.)
臺灣海陸客家話處所介詞「TU5」的用法及來源──兼論持續體標記「TEN3」的來源
Authors: Chiang Min-hua
Published: December 2016

This article discusses the locative TU5 in Hailu Hakka and analyzes its syntactic behaviors and grammatical functions when used as a locative verb and a locative preposition. This article probes into the usages of TU5 in Hailu Hakka from the perspective of dialectal comparison and historical grammar. It not only presents the features of Hailu Hakka in the typology of Chinese dialects, but, through phonological and grammatical correspondence, also proves that TU5 derives from the word 著 in the construction of “V + (O) + 著 + L(ocation)”, which was widely used in the Six Dynasties of China. In addition, with a macro view to typological comparison in Chinese dialects, this article tries to suggest that the durative marker TEN3 in Hakka is related to a locative suffix TEN1.

本文討論海陸客家話引介處所的「TU5」，分析它作為存在動詞與作為引介處所的介詞時的句法行為與語法功能。本文從方言比較和歷史語法的觀點探討海陸客家話「TU5」的用法，除了呈現海陸客家話在漢語方言類型學上的特色外，還從語音和語法的對應證明「TU5」就是來源於魏晉南北朝大量用於「V+（O）+著+L（ocation）」格式中的「著」字。此外，本文也從漢語方言宏觀性的類型比較中，提出以梅縣為代表的客家話持續體「TEN3」可能來源於處所詞語，與來源於處所指代詞、後演變為方位詞或方位後綴的「TEN1」有關的看法。(This article is in Chinese.)
Bythaelurus bachi n. sp., a new deep-water catshark (Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) from the southwestern Indian Ocean, with a review of Bythaelurus species and a key to their identification
Authors: WEIGMANN SIMON , EBERT DAVID A. , CLERKIN PAUL J. , STEHMANN MATTHIAS F.W. , NAYLOR GAVIN J.P.
Published: December 2016

A new deep-water catshark, Bythaelurus bachi, is described based on 44 specimens caught on the southern Madagascar Ridge in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The new species is the only stout-bodied Bythaelurus with oral papillae in the region and is distinguished from all congeners by the plain beige to light gray-brown coloration, high diversity in dermal denticle morphology, and presence of composite oral papillae. Despite resemblance in body shape, Bythaelurus bachi n. sp. is distinguished from its closest congener, B. naylori Ebert & Clerkin, 2015, by the presence of numerous large, partially composite papillae on the tongue and roof of the mouth (vs. papillae lacking), plain light coloration (vs. medium to dark brown ground color, light fin edges and a distinctly dark dusky-colored snout), only slightly enlarged dermal denticles on the anterior upper caudal-fin margin (vs. dermal denticles distinctly enlarged), a higher diversity in dermal denticle morphology in general, and smaller maximum size and size at maturity. The distinction of both species is also supported by molecular results. The new species differs from all other congeners in the western Indian Ocean in the stout body shape of large specimens, coloration, larger size, as well as several morphometrics, including larger claspers, longer eyes and dorsal fins, and shorter pelvic—anal and pelvic—caudal spaces. The genus is reviewed, a key to its species given.
The ant genus Linepithema (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) in Colombia
Authors: ESCÁRRAGA MAYRON , GUERRERO ROBERTO J.
Published: December 2016

The species of Linepithema Mayr in Colombia are reviewed from collection material. The genus Linepithema comprises 20 species, of which the following are reported in Colombia: L. angulatum (Emery), L. dispertitum (Forel), L. gallardoi (Brèthes), L. humile (Mayr), L. iniquum (Mayr), L. neotropicum Wild, L. piliferum (Mayr), L. tsachila Wild, and a new species, Linepithema hirsutum sp. nov. Linepithema dispertitum is a new record for Colombia and South America. A taxonomic key (English and Spanish) and distribution maps to the species of Linepithema in Colombia are provided.
A new species of Neobathyclupea from the northern Indian Ocean with comments on N. malayana (Teleostei, Perciformes, Bathyclupeidae)
Authors: PROKOFIEV ARTEM M. , GON OFER , PSOMADAKIS PETER N.
Published: December 2016

A new species of Neobathyclupea is described from two specimens collected off Myanmar and off Socotra Island. The new species is most similar to N. malayana, but differs from it and other congeners in having jet-black coloured fins, larger pseudobranch, dorsal-pterygiophore pattern and some body proportions. Neobathyclupea malayana is re-diagnosed. Individual variations in armament of the preopercle and in the dorsal-pterygiophore patterns within Bathyclupeidae are discussed.
Entrainment in a Dense Current Flowing Down a Rough Sloping Bottom in a Rotating Fluid
Authors: Ottolenghi Luisa , Cenedese Claudia , Adduce Claudia
Published: December 2016

Dense oceanic overflows descend over the rough topography of the continental slope entraining and mixing with surrounding waters. The associated dilution dictates the fate of these currents and thus is of fundamental importance to the formation of deep water masses. The entrainment in a dense current flowing down a sloping bottom in a rotating homogeneous fluid is investigated using laboratory experiments, focusing on the influence of the bottom roughness on the flow dynamics. The roughness is idealized by an array of vertical rigid cylinders and both their spacing and height are varied as well as the inclination of the sloping bottom. The presence of the roughness is generally observed to decelerate the dense current, with a consequent reduction of the Froude number, when compared to the smooth bottom configuration. However, the dilution of the dense current due to mixing with the ambient fluid is enhanced by the roughness elements, especially for low Froude numbers. When the entrainment due to shear instability at the interface between the dense current and the ambient fluid is low, the additional turbulence and mixing arising at the bottom of the dense current due to the roughness elements strongly affects the dilution of the current. Finally, a strong dependence of the entrainment parameter on the Reynolds number is observed.
Damaging Southerly Winds Caused by Barrier Jets in the Cook Strait and Wellington Region of New Zealand
Authors: Yang Yang , Uddstrom Michael , Revell Mike , Moore Stuart , Turner Richard
Published: December 2016

Strong southerly winds regularly occur in the Cook Strait region of New Zealand. Occasionally, these winds are strong enough to cause severe damage to property and threaten human life. One example of a storm containing such winds is the “Wellington Storm,” which occurred on 20 June 2013. For this case, wind speeds in Cook Strait were stronger than those observed or forecast elsewhere in the storm. Even though wind speeds of this intensity are rare, storms affecting New Zealand with central pressures equal to the Wellington Storm (~976 hPa) are not uncommon. Numerical experiments have been carried out to investigate the possible reasons for the exceptional damaging southerly winds (DSWs) occurring in this storm. Analyses of the simulations showed that DSWs in Cook Strait for this event were actually barrier jets, not gap winds as they appeared. The strength of barrier jets in Cook Strait is sensitive to the precise location of the storm center. This explains the uncommon occurrence of DSWs in Cook Strait. Numerical experiments that used scaled (either increased or decreased) New Zealand orography showed that the barrier jets became shallower and weaker when the mountain top heights were lower. This decrease in barrier jet strength with mountain height is largely consistent with the results from linear-scale analyses in previous publications. This result implies that numerical simulations using a lower topography than actual (usually the case in current operational NWP) may lead to errors in timing and in forecasting the strength of the damaging winds associated with barrier jets.
Does therapeutic hypothermia during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation preserve cardiac function?
Authors: Bergan Harald A. , Halvorsen Per S. , Skulstad Helge , Fosse Erik , Bugge Jan F.
Published: December 2016

Background

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) is increasingly used as a rescue method in the management of cardiac arrest and provides the opportunity to rapidly induce therapeutic hypothermia. The survival after a cardiac arrest is related to post-arrest cardiac function, and the application of therapeutic hypothermia post-arrest is hypothesized to improve cardiac outcome. The present animal study compares normothermic and hypothermic E-CPR considering resuscitation success, post-arrest left ventricular function and magnitude of myocardial injury.

Methods

After a 15-min untreated ventricular fibrillation, the pigs (n = 20) were randomized to either normothermic (38 °C) or hypothermic (32–33 °C) E-CPR. Defibrillation terminated ventricular fibrillation after 5 min of E-CPR, and extracorporeal support continued for 2 h, followed by warming, weaning and a stabilization period. Magnetic resonance imaging and left ventricle pressure measurements were used to assess left ventricular function pre-arrest and 5 h post-arrest. Myocardial injury was estimated by serum concentrations of cardiac TroponinT and Aspartate transaminase (ASAT).

Results

E-CPR resuscitated all animals and the hypothermic strategy induced therapeutic hypothermia within minutes without impairment of the resuscitation success rate. All animals suffered a severe global systolic left ventricular dysfunction post-arrest with 50–70% reductions in stroke volume, ejection fraction, wall thickening, strain and mitral annular plane systolic excursion. Serum concentrations of cardiac TroponinT and ASAT increased considerably post-arrest. No significant differences were found between the two groups.

Conclusions

Two-hour therapeutic hypothermia during E-CPR offers an equal resuscitation success rate, but does not preserve the post-arrest cardiac function nor reduce the magnitude of myocardial injury, compared to normothermic E-CPR.

Trial registration FOTS 4611/13 registered 25 October 2012
Oriented surface passive seismic location using local slopes
Authors: Khoshnavaz M. Javad , Chambers Kit , Bóna Andrej , Urosevic Milovan
Published: December 2016

A common acquisition scenario in microseismic monitoring is the deployment of large areal receiver arrays at or near the surface. This recording geometry has the advantage of providing coverage of the source’s focal hemisphere as well as characterization of the arrival time moveout curve; however, the accuracy of many location techniques applied to these data sets depends on the accuracy of the depth velocity model provided prior to location. We have developed a simple oriented time-domain location technique so that full knowledge of the velocity model is not required a priori. The applicability of the technique is limited to horizontally layered models and also to models with dipping interfaces of small angles; however, this restriction is acceptable in many unconventional reservoirs. Implementation of the technique includes three steps: (1) smoothing of the observed time arrivals by fitting a hyperbolic moveout curve with a broad set of constraints, (2) updating and restricting the constraints using a local-slopes-based location workflow, and (3) estimation of the focal coordinates of passive sources using the updated constraints for the final least-squares fitting of the moveout curves. We have tested the performance of the proposed technique on several 2D examples and a 3D field data set. The results from synthetic examples suggest that, despite the assumption of the method that the arrival moveout can be modeled using a constant effective velocity, a reliable event location is achieved for layered models without considerable lateral heterogeneities. Our tests on the field data set find that the focal point coincides with a previously derived estimate of the source location. To assess the uncertainty of the proposed technique, bootstrap statistics was also used and applied to the field data set.
INVENTIVE THINKING IN THE HUMANITIES
Authors: Epstein Mikhail
Published: December 2016

This essay's central concern is the need for a new, practical dimension in the humanities, emphasizing their constructive rather than purely scholarly aspects. An analysis is offered of various types of inventions in the fields of linguistics, philosophy, art, and literature, such as new disciplines, genres, cultural practices, and intellectual movements. An invention is not the production of a given work, however great, but rather a principle or technique that can be applied to the production of many works by others. Following Francis Bacon's call for the invention of new arts and sciences, the essay outlines new disciplines: technohumanities, which would study humans as a part of the technosphere; pathohumanities, which would investigate the self-destructive mechanisms of civilization; and scriptorics, which would focus on Homo scriptor, who has survived “the death of the author.” A research and educational program, uniting major fields of the humanities, is proposed: PILLAR (the acronym of philosophy, information, language, literature, art, religion) would be a transdisciplinary strategy complementary to STEM, integrating scholarship and inventorship.
THE CRITIC AS HUMAN BEING
Authors: Petel Adir H.
Published: December 2016

Mikhail Epstein's essay “Inventive Thinking in the Humanities,” also published in the January 2017 issue of Common Knowledge, argues that the humanities are in crisis because humanist academics have “turned away from human beings and focused on texts.” Expanding on this point while concentrating on a single humanities field, literary studies, this response to Epstein makes the case that fear and awe of the sciences have resulted in the exclusion of subjectivity from literary criticism, even though regarding the critic as anything but a subjective human being responding to the creative work of other subjective human beings makes very limited sense. Avenues of resistance to impersonal criticism have emerged from time to time, and this essay explores several, including those of Susan Sontag, Stanley Fish, Jane Tompkins, Rivka Eifermann, Harold Bloom, and Stephen Greenblatt. None, however, is seen as having had a decisive impact on the academic mainstream. This essay concludes by examining the possibility that literary works are best responded to not in criticism but in other literary works.
STUDYING DEEP HISTORY ABROAD
Authors: Paxton Frederick S.
Published: December 2016

A contribution to a set of case studies, titled “In the Humanities Classroom,” this essay describes a course on the deep history of Italy developed for a “semester abroad” program in Perugia during the spring of 2016. It describes, in particular, two class meetings in the middle of the term that focused on the use of DNA, archaeology, and anthropology to study the lives of seven women who are the ancestors of almost every European today, as “imagined” by the geneticist Bryan Sykes in his book The Seven Daughters of Eve. These women lived between forty-five hundred and ten thousand years ago—from the period when glaciers expanded to cover much of the northern hemisphere until the “Neolithic revolution,” when, in the wake of the glaciers' retreat, people turned permanently to farming. The student-led discussions, reconstructed here, of the lives of these women show the value of addressing questions of deep history in an international setting, where the intersections and disjunctions of the global and the local are especially evident.
THE WRONG WORDS IN THE WRONG TIMES
Authors: Naddaff Ramona , Wallerstein Katharine
Published: December 2016

Written for a series of case studies titled “In the Humanities Classroom,” this contribution describes an undergraduate course on ancient rhetoric at Berkeley, in which Professor Ramona Naddaff was accused by a male student of demeaning women during a lecture and of causing him trauma in the process. He threatened to bring charges against her to campus authorities, claiming the support of fellow students. In her lecture, she had discussed the classical figuration of rhetoric—persuasive speech—as violence and sometimes rape. In a discussion the following week, some students requested the use of “trigger warnings” before the utterance of words like rape. The instructor and her teaching assistant Katharine Wallerstein individually give their views of this disconcerting experience and comment on the difficulties of teaching critical thinking in the current political and cultural climate. They conclude that the language of personal rights and the demand for self-protection tend to come at the expense of teaching and learning alike.
AFTERWORD
Authors: Bynum Caroline Walker
Published: December 2016

The historian Caroline Walker Bynum, who solicited and organized this set of five case studies, explains in her afterword that one intention behind the series is to stimulate other teachers, as well as students, of the humanities to write similar ethnographies of the classroom and submit them to Common Knowledge.
Ascl2 inhibits myogenesis by antagonizing the transcriptional activity of myogenic regulatory factors
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Min , Arrington Justine , Shan Tizhong , Yue Feng , Nie Yaohui , Tao Weiguo Andy , Kuang Shihuan
Published: December 2016

Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) including Myf5, MyoD and Myog are muscle-specific transcriptional factors orchestrating myogenesis. Although MRFs are essential for myogenic commitment and differentiation, timely repression of their activity is necessary for self-renewal and maintenance of muscle stem cells (satellite cells). Here we define a novel inhibitor of MRFs: the achaete-scute homologue 2 (Ascl2). During development, Ascl2 is transiently detected in a subpopulation of Pax7+MyoD+ progenitors (myoblasts) that become Pax7+MyoD− satellite cells prior to birth, but not detectable in postnatal satellite cells. Knockout of Ascl2 in embryonic myoblasts decreases both the number of Pax7+ cells and the proportion of Pax7+MyoD− cells. Conversely, overexpression of Ascl2 inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of cultured myoblasts, and impairs regeneration of injured muscles. At the molecular level, Ascl2 competes with MRFs for binding to E-boxes in the promoters of muscle genes, without activating gene transcription. Ascl2 also forms heterodimer with classical E-proteins to sequester their transcriptional activity on MRFs. Accordingly, MyoD or Myog expression rescues myogenic differentiation despite Ascl2 overexpression. Finally, Ascl2 expression is regulated by Notch signaling, a key governor of satellite cell self-renewal. These data together demonstrate that Ascl2 inhibits myogenic differentiation by targeting MRFs, and facilitates generation of postnatal satellite cells.
mTORC1 signaling and primary cilia are required for brain ventricle morphogenesis
Authors: Foerster Philippe , Daclin Marie , Asm Shihavuddin , Faucourt Marion , Boletta Alessandra , Genovesio Auguste , Spassky Nathalie
Published: December 2016

Radial glial cells (RCG) are self-renewing progenitor cells that give rise to neurons and glia during embryonic development. Throughout neurogenesis, these cells contact the cerebral ventricles and bear a primary cilium. Although the role of the primary cilium in embryonic patterning has been studied, its role in brain ventricular morphogenesis is poorly characterized. Using conditional mutants, we show that the primary cilia of radial glia determine the size of the surface of their ventricular apical domain through regulation of the mTORC1 pathway. In cilium-less mutants, the orientation of the mitotic spindle in radial glia is also significantly perturbed and associated with an increased number of basal progenitors. The enlarged apical domain of RGC leads to dilatation of the brain ventricles during late embryonic stages (ventriculomegaly), which initiates hydrocephalus during postnatal stages. These phenotypes can all be significantly rescued by treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. These results suggest that primary cilia regulate ventricle morphogenesis by acting as a brake on the mTORC1 pathway. This opens new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus.
The mammal-specific Pdx1 Area II enhancer has multiple essential functions in early endocrine-cell specification and postnatal β-cell maturation
Authors: Yang Yu-Ping , Magnuson Mark A. , Stein Roland , Wright Christopher V.E.
Published: December 2016

Much evidence supports the idea that the Pdx1 transcription factor is required for multiple aspects of pancreatic organogenesis, including early growth of the entire pancreatic epithelium, islet β-cell lineage allocation, and maintenance of fate and function in adult β cells. It remains unclear, however, to what extent Pdx1 expression and function depend upon trans-activation focused through 5' upstream conserved cis-regulatory regions and, in particular, if the mammal-specific Area II (located at -2139 to -1958 bp) affects minor or major aspects of organogenesis. We show that Area II is a primary effector of endocrine-selective transcription in epithelial multipotent cells, nascent endocrine progenitors, and differentiating and mature β cells in vivo. Pdx1ΔAREAII/NULL mice exhibited a massive reduction in endocrine progenitor cells and progeny hormone-producing cells, indicating Area II activity as fundamental to mounting an effective endocrine lineage-specification program within the multipotent cell population. Moreover, creating an Area II-deleted state within already-specified Neurog3-expressing endocrine-progenitor cells increased the proportion of glucagon+ α relative to insulin+β cells, associated with the transcriptional and epigenetic derepression of the α-cell-determining Arx gene in endocrine progenitors. There were also glucagon/insulin coexpressing cells, and β cells that were incapable of maturation. Creating the Pdx1ΔAREAII state after cells entered an insulin-expressing stage also led to immature and dysfunctional islet β cells carrying abnormal chromatin marking in vital β-cell-associated genes. Therefore, trans-regulatory integration through the mammal-restricted Area II mediates a surprisingly extensive range of progenitor and β-cell-specific functions of the Pdx1 gene.
Derivation of a robust mouse mammary organoid system for studying tissue dynamics
Authors: Jamieson Paul R. , Dekkers Johanna F. , Rios Anne C. , Fu Nai Yang , Lindeman Geoffrey J. , Visvader Jane E.
Published: December 2016

Advances in stem cell research have enabled the generation of mini-organs or organoids that recapitulate phenotypic traits of the original biological specimen. Although organoids have been demonstrated for multiple organ systems, there are more limited options for studying mouse mammary gland formation in vitro. Here we have built upon previously described culture assays to define culture conditions that enable the efficient generation of clonal organoid structures from single-sorted basal mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Analysis of Confetti-reporter mice revealed the formation of uni-coloured structures and thus the clonal nature of these organoids. High resolution 3D imaging demonstrated that basal cell-derived, complex organoids comprised an inner compartment of polarized luminal cells with milk-producing capacity and an outer network of elongated myoepithelial cells. Conversely, structures generated from luminal MECs rarely contained basal/myoepithelial cells. Moreover, flow cytometry and 3D microscopy of organoids generated from lineage-specific reporter mice established the bipotent capacity of basal cells and the restricted potential of luminal cells. In summary, we describe optimized in vitro conditions for the efficient generation of mouse mammary organoids that recapitulate features of mammary tissue architecture and function, and can be applied to understand tissue dynamics and cell-fate decisions.
Helicobacter pylori VacA, acting through receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase α, is crucial for CagA phosphorylation in human duodenum carcinoma cell line AZ-521
Authors: Nakano Masayuki , Yahiro Kinnosuke , Yamasaki Eiki , Kurazono Hisao , Akada Junko , Yamaoka Yoshio , Niidome Takuro , Hatakeyama Masanori , Suzuki Hidekazu , Yamamoto Taro , Moss Joel , Isomoto Hajime , Hirayama Toshiya
Published: December 2016

Helicobacter pylori, a major cause of gastroduodenal diseases, produces vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), which seem to be involved in virulence. VacA exhibits pleiotropic actions in gastroduodenal disorders via its specific receptors. Recently, we found that VacA induced the phosphorylation of cellular Src kinase (Src) at Tyr418 in AZ-521 cells. Silencing of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)α, a VacA receptor, reduced VacA-induced Src phosphorylation. Src is responsible for tyrosine phosphorylation of CagA at its Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) variant C (EPIYA-C) motif in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells, resulting in binding of CagA to SHP-2 phosphatase. Challenging AZ-521 cells with wild-type H. pylori induced phosphorylation of CagA, but this did not occur when challenged with a vacA gene-disrupted mutant strain. CagA phosphorylation was observed in cells infected with a vacA gene-disrupted mutant strain after addition of purified VacA, suggesting that VacA is required for H. pylori-induced CagA phosphorylation. Following siRNA-mediated RPTPα knockdown in AZ-521 cells, infection with wild-type H. pylori and treatment with VacA did not induce CagA phosphorylation. Taken together, these results support our conclusion that VacA mediates CagA phosphorylation through RPTPα in AZ-521 cells. These data indicate the possibility that Src phosphorylation induced by VacA is mediated through RPTPα, resulting in activation of Src, leading to CagA phosphorylation at Tyr972 in AZ-521 cells.
Vesicular PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Rab7 are key effectors of sea urchin zygote nuclear membrane fusion
Authors: Lete Marta G. , Byrne Richard D. , Alonso Alicia , Poccia Dominic , Larijani Banafshé
Published: December 2016

Regulation of nuclear envelope dynamics is an important example of the universal phenomena of membrane fusion. The signalling molecules involved in nuclear membrane fusion might also be conserved during the formation of both pronuclear and zygote nuclear envelopes in the fertilised egg. Here, we determine that class-I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are needed for in vitro nuclear envelope formation. We show that, in vivo, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is transiently located in vesicles around the male pronucleus at the time of nuclear envelope formation, and around male and female pronuclei before membrane fusion. We illustrate that class-I PI3K activity is also necessary for fusion of the female and male pronuclear membranes. We demonstrate, using coincidence amplified Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) monitored using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), a protein–lipid interaction of Rab7 GTPase and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 that occurs during pronuclear membrane fusion to create the zygote nuclear envelope. We present a working model, which includes several molecular steps in the pathways controlling fusion of nuclear envelope membranes.