bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A genetic risk score is significantly associated with statin therapy response in the elderly population
Authors: Ciuculete D.M. , Bandstein M. , Benedict C. , Waeber G. , Vollenweider P. , Lind L. , Schiöth H.B. , Mwinyi J.
Published: October 2016

The ability of statins to strongly reduce low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) varies interindividually and is partially influenced by genetic variants. Based on a comprehensive analysis of 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated with pharmacokinetics and dynamics of statins, we developed a genetic risk score to study its impact on the therapy outcome in elderly individuals under at least 5 years statin therapy. The study was performed in a population‐based cohort of 1016 elderly individuals, which comprised 168 statin users investigated at age 75 and 80. Using random forest models, the major variants influencing LDL‐C levels were summarized in a weighted GRS (wGRS). The wGRS was tested with lipid and glucose outcomes and validated in an independent population‐based cohort including 221 statin users. Four SNPs within the APOE cluster (rs7412, rs4420638), ABCC2 (rs2002042) and CELSR/SORT1/PSRC1 (rs646776), displayed a major impact on statin efficacy. The wGRS was significantly associated with lower LDL‐C at age 75 and 80. This association was replicated displaying similar results. GRS analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate the additive effects of genetic variants on statin response and to estimate the magnitude of LDL‐C reduction to a considerable extent in the older population.
A lethal neonatal phenotype of mitochondrial short‐chain enoyl‐CoA hydratase‐1 deficiency
Authors: Al Mutairi F. , Shamseldin H.E. , Alfadhel M. , Rodenburg R.J. , Alkuraya F.S.
Published: October 2016

Short‐chain enoyl‐CoA hydratase (SCEH) is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and the catabolic pathway of valine and, to a lesser extent, isoleucine. Deficiency of this enzyme was recently shown to cause an early childhood Leigh syndrome phenotype. The few reported patients were compound heterozygotes for two missense or missense with truncating variants in ECHS1 that encodes SCEH. We describe two siblings with severe refractory lactic acidosis and death within the first 2 days of life. Following negative clinical whole‐exome and whole‐genome sequencing, we resorted to autozygome/exome analysis on research basis and identified a homozygous splice site mutation (c.88+5G>A) in the two cases. Analysis of cDNA confirmed complete replacement of the normal transcript with an aberrant transcript (r.88_89ins 88+1_88+11) predicting premature truncation of the protein [p.(Ala31Glufs*23)]. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) showed marked reduction in ECHS1, most likely nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD)‐mediated. This is the first report of homozygosity for a truncating mutation in ECHS1, which may explain the severe phenotype. Our report highlights the need to consider SCEH deficiency in patients with lethal neonatal lactic acidosis, and the potentially limited sensitivity of untargeted genomic sequencing towards non‐canonical splicing mutations, which may explain at least some of the ‘negative’ cases on clinical exome/genome sequencing.
Measuring Children's Experience of Their Right to Participate in School and Community: A Rights‐Based Approach
Authors: Emerson Lesley , Lloyd Katrina
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses the development of a children's rights‐based measure of participation and the findings from its use in a survey of 10‐ to 11‐year‐old children (n = 3773). The measure, which was developed in collaboration with a group of children, had a high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). Findings suggest that children's positive experience of their participation rights is higher in school than in community, and higher for girls compared to boys. It is argued that involving children in the ‘measurement’ of their own lives has the potential to generate more authentic data on children's lived experiences.
Estimation of Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose Using Predicted Promiscuity and Potency
Authors: Liu T , Oprea T , Ursu O , Hasselgren C , Altman RB
Published: October 2016

We report a simple model that predicts the maximum recommended therapeutic dose (MRTD) of small molecule drugs based on an assessment of likely protein–drug interactions. Previously, we reported methods for computational estimation of drug promiscuity and potency. We used these concepts to build a linear model derived from 238 small molecular drugs to predict MRTD. We applied this model successfully to predict MRTDs for 16 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and 14 antiretroviral drugs. Of note, based on the estimated promiscuity of low‐dose drugs (and active chemicals), we identified 83 proteins as “high‐risk off‐targets” (HROTs) that are often associated with low doses; the evaluation of interactions with HROTs may be useful during early phases of drug discovery. Our model helps explain the MRTD for drugs with severe adverse reactions caused by interactions with HROTs.
Best practices in teaching echocardiography to cardiology fellows: a review of the evidence
Authors: Ruden Emily A. , Way David P. , Nagel Rollin W. , Cheek Fern , Auseon Alex J.
Published: October 2016

Background

Best practices in the teaching of performance and interpretation of echocardiography to cardiology fellows are unknown, and thus, it has traditionally been performed through an apprenticeship model. This review summarizes the existing literature describing evidence‐based teaching of echocardiography.

Methods

A comprehensive search of multiple scientific and educational databases included prospective studies describing an educational intervention for teaching echocardiography to physicians. A total of 288 articles were retrieved, and 10 articles were included in our review. The Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI), a validated rubric designed to measure the methodological quality of educational research, was used to assign a comprehensive score to each paper.

Results

The articles were categorized by educational themes as follows: focused curriculum‐based training, simulation, and assessment of competency. Individual study MERSQI scores varied from 8 to 13 (mean 10.55) on a scale of 18 points. The distribution of each group's median score (focused curriculum‐based training 11.64; simulation 12.92; assessment of competency 9.39) was analyzed using boxplots with a 95% confidence interval. The median MERSQI score for the assessment of competency group was significantly lower than the others.

Conclusions

A review of the data exploring best practices in teaching echocardiography shows only limited effects describing the curricular and assessment components of an overall educational system, rather than one‐on‐one clinical teaching. Future papers should explore application of point‐of‐care teaching and the impact of interventions on patient outcomes.
Interpreting measurements of cardiac function using vendor‐independent speckle tracking echocardiography in children: a prospective, blinded comparison with catheter‐derived measurements
Authors: Goudar Suma P. , Baker G. Hamilton , Chowdhury Shahryar M. , Reid Kimberly J. , Shirali Girish , Scheurer Mark A.
Published: October 2016

Background

Adult studies demonstrate that echocardiographic measurements of cardiac function using speckle tracking correlate with invasive measurements, but such data in the pediatric population are sparse. Our aim was to compare speckle‐derived measures of cardiac function to measurements routinely obtained by cardiac catheterization in children.

Methods

Echocardiograms were performed on the day of cardiac catheterization. Using Tomtec 2D Cardiac Performance Analysis, longitudinal strain (LS), longitudinal strain rate (LSR), early diastolic LSR, and ejection fraction (EF) for the right and left ventricle (RV and LV) were calculated via speckle tracking. Global LS and LSR were calculated for the LV. These results were compared to cardiac index, maximum ventricular dp/dt (max dp/dt), ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (EDP), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) obtained by fluid‐filled catheters. A blinded observer performed all echo measurements.

Results

Fifty studies were performed on 28 patients ages 4 months to 20 years old. Their diagnoses included cardiac transplant (48 studies), repaired AV septal defect (1), and dilated cardiomyopathy (1). RVEDP ranged from 2 to 22 mm Hg (median=6) and PCWP ranged from 6 to 32 mmHg (median 10). LV global LS and LV 2‐chamber LSR by speckle‐tracking negatively correlated with LV max dp/dt (LV global LS R=−.83, P=.001; LV 2‐chamber LSR R=−.69, P=.009). RV LS weakly correlated with max dp/dt (R=.363, P=.002). Early diastolic strain rate did not correlate with EDP in either ventricle.

Conclusion

Speckle‐derived measurements of function in the LV have stronger correlation than the RV to catheter‐derived measures. LV global LS has the strongest correlation with invasive function measures in children.
A novel semiquantitative assessment of right ventricular systolic function with a modified subcostal echocardiographic view
Authors: Díaz‐Gómez José L. , Alvarez Andres Borja , Danaraj Jonathan J. , Freeman Michelle L. , Lee Augustine S. , Mookadam Farouk , Shapiro Brian P. , Ramakrishna Harish
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is a validated measure of right ventricular function; however, the apical echocardiographic window varies and has limitations in intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving mechanical ventilation or those with underlying disease and air entrapment. We aimed to evaluate the subcostal echocardiographic assessment of tricuspid annular kick (SEATAK) as an alternative to TAPSE in critically ill patients.

Methods

To measure SEATAK, we obtained the subcostal inferior vena cava view and used M‐mode to measure excursion of the tricuspid annulus (kick). Analysis was performed with JMP for Bland‐Altman and Spearman correlations.

Results

We evaluated 45 patients, 26 (57.8%) of whom were women, with a mean age of 60.8 years. We were not able to obtain the apical view to measure TAPSE in 8.9% of the patients. In contrast, SEATAK was measured in all patients. The mean SEATAK and TAPSE were 1.62 cm and 1.93 cm, respectively, with a mean pairwise difference of −0.26 cm (95% CI: −0.19 to −0.35), with the SEATAK value being lower than TAPSE. The overall correlation was strong and significant (ρ = .86, P=.03). The graphical correlation was maintained between TAPSE and SEATAK and the degree of RVF.

Conclusion

In patients presenting with RVF in the ICU (or in situations where the apical echocardiographic view is suboptimal for tricuspid annular assessment), SEATAK can be an alternative to TAPSE. Further research is needed to validate and determine the sensitivity and specificity of SEATAK for RVF prognostication.
FIRMS' EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE IMPACT OF AI AND ROBOTICS: EVIDENCE FROM A SURVEY
Authors: Morikawa Masayuki
Published: October 2016

This study presents new evidence on firms' views about the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics on their business and employment, using data from an original survey of more than 3,000 Japanese firms. The focus of this study is on technology‐skill complementarity. Firms with highly educated employees tend to expect positive impacts of AI‐related technologies on their business, and vice versa. Larger firms and firms that engage in global markets tend to have positive views about the impacts of AI‐related technologies. (JEL O33, J23, J24, M15)
Modelling habitat distributions for multiple species using phylogenetics
Authors: Guénard Guillaume , Lanthier Gabriel , Harvey‐Lavoie Simonne , Macnaughton Camille J. , Senay Caroline , Lapointe Michel , Legendre Pierre , Boisclair Daniel
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we describe an empirical approach to model community structure using phylogenetic signals. That approach combines information about the species (i.e. traits and phylogeny) with information about the habitat (i.e. environmental conditions and spatial distribution of sampling sites) and their interactions to predict the species responses (e.g. the local densities). As an application, we use the approach to model fish densities in rivers. In the model, the different species and size classes were described using a functional trait, body length, and phylogenetic eigenvectors maps whereas the sites were described using water velocity, depth, substrate composition, macrophyte cover, degree‐days, total phosphorus, and spatial eigenvector maps. The model (estimated using a regularised Poisson‐family generalised linear modelling approach) fitted the data well (likelihood‐based R2adj = 0.512) and showed fair predictive power (likelihood‐based cross‐validation R2 = 0.283) to predict the density of fish pertaining to 48 species totalling 143 combinations of species and size classes in 15 unregulated Canadian rivers. Using the model as a baseline to estimate the effect of flow regulation on community composition, we found that, with few exceptions, the densities of most fish species were lower in regulated than in unregulated rivers. Phylogenetics have been proposed to study community structure, but this is, to our knowledge, the first time phylogenetic information is used explicitly for numerical habitat modelling. We expect that models of that type will be in increasing demand now that development projects are routinely assessed through impact studies.
Seasonal effects of macrophyte growth on rainbow trout habitat availability and selection in a low‐gradient, groundwater‐dominated river
Authors: Kuzniar Zachary J. , Van Kirk Robert W. , Snyder Eric B.
Published: October 2016

Rainbow trout habitat use is often described in high‐gradient, runoff‐driven, heterotrophic streams where geomorphic features and overhanging riparian vegetation provide channel complexity and cover. However, many rainbow trout populations thrive in rivers with contrasting aquatic habitat. We describe rainbow trout habitat use in a low‐gradient, groundwater‐dominated tailwater river where river flow management and macrophyte growth and senescence largely govern available trout habitat. In the summers of 2013 and 2014, available aquatic habitat (depth, velocity, macrophyte cover, substrate size) was quantified, while individual trout location was determined by radio telemetry and linked to environmental variables. Detailed habitat surveys indicate that macrophyte cover increases throughout the summer and is a strong determinant of in‐stream habitat characteristics. Paired logistic regression shows that adult rainbow trout prefer greater depths. Water depth increases with macrophyte abundance at both reach and local scales as plants restrict flow, and available trout habitat is linked to this seasonal pattern. When macrophyte abundance is high, adult trout show secondary preference for localised areas of lower macrophyte cover but otherwise show no selectivity for macrophyte cover, velocity or substrate size. Results suggest that submerged aquatic plants increased the quantity and quality of rainbow trout habitat as a source of channel complexity and cover. Macrophytes may play a similar role in other low‐gradient streams and should not be overlooked by fisheries managers considering habitat suitability.
An assessment of professionalism on students’ Facebook profiles
Authors: Nason K. N. , Byrne H. , Nason G. J. , O'Connell B.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

With the advent of social media, healthcare professionals not only need to be conscious of professionalism in their face‐to‐face interactions but also in the electronic environment. The aim of this study was to assess the level of online professionalism on Facebook profiles available for public viewing of students from a dental school.

Materials and methods

A search was performed via a new Facebook account of all students in the University Dental School (dental hygiene, dental nursing, dental science and dental technology). Profiles were categorised as ‘private’ or ‘public’. Demographic details and photographs/comments of unprofessional behaviour were recorded for each individual Facebook profile. Each profile was subsequently scored with regard to professionalism based on a previously published score.

Results

There are a total of 287 students in the dental school. Of these, 62% (n = 177) had a Facebook account. Three per cent (n = 6) had a public account (fully accessible) whilst 97% (n = 171) had a private account (limited access); 36% (n = 63) of students mentioned the dental school/hospital on their profile; 34% (n = 60) had questionable content on their profile whilst 3% (n = 6) had definite violations of professionalism on their profile; and 25% (n = 44) had unprofessional photographs on their profile. Of those with unprofessional content, 52% (n = 23) of these had a documented affiliation with the dental school also visible on their profile.

Conclusion

There was a concerning level of unprofessional content visible on students’ Facebook profiles. Students need to be fully aware of their professional responsibility in the setting of social media.
Comparative effects of adaptation on layers II–III and V–VI neurons in cat V1
Authors: Chanauria Nayan , Bharmauria Vishal , Bachatene Lyes , Cattan Sarah , Rouat Jean , Molotchnikoff Stéphane
Published: October 2016

V1 is fundamentally grouped into columns that descend from layers II–III to V–VI. Neurons inherent to visual cortex are capable of adapting to changes in the incoming stimuli that drive the cortical plasticity. A principle feature called orientation selectivity can be altered by the presentation of non‐optimal stimulus called ‘adapter’. When triggered, LGN cells impinge upon layer IV and further relay the information to deeper layers via layers II–III. Using different adaptation protocols, neuronal plasticity can be investigated. Superficial neurons in area V1 are well acknowledged to exhibit attraction and repulsion by shifting their tuning peaks when challenged by a non‐optimal stimulus called ‘adapter’. Layers V–VI neurons in spite of partnering layers II–III neurons in cortical computation have not been explored simultaneously toward adaptation. We believe that adaptation not only affects cells specific to a layer but modifies the entire column. In this study, through simultaneous multiunit recordings in anesthetized cats using a multichannel depth electrode, we show for the first time how layers V–VI neurons (1000–1200 μm) along with layers II–III neurons (300–500 μm) exhibit plasticity in response to adaptation. Our results demonstrate that superficial and deeper layer neurons react synonymously toward adapter by exhibiting similar behavioral properties. The neurons displayed similar amplitude of shift and maintained equivalent sharpness of Gaussian tuning peaks before and the following adaptation. It appears that a similar mechanism, belonging to all layers, is responsible for the analog outcome of the neurons’ experience with adapter.
Differential localization of PER1 and PER2 in the brain master circadian clock
Authors: Riddle Malini , Mezias Erica , Foley Duncan , LeSauter Joseph , Silver Rae
Published: October 2016

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), locus of the master circadian clock, bears many neuronal types. At the cellular–molecular level, the clock is comprised of feedback loops involving ‘clock’ genes including Period1 and Period2, and their protein products, PERIOD1 and PERIOD2 (PER1/2). In the canonical model of circadian oscillation, the PER1/2 proteins oscillate together. While their rhythmic expression in the SCN as a whole has been described, the possibility of regional differences remains unknown. To explore these clock proteins in distinct SCN regions, we assessed their expression through the rostro‐caudal extent of the SCN in sagittal sections. We developed an automated method for tracking three fluorophores in digital images of sections triply labeled for PER1, PER2, and gastrin‐releasing peptide (used to locate the core). In the SCN as a whole, neurons expressing high levels of PER2 were concentrated in the rostral, rostrodorsal, and caudal portions of the nucleus, and those expressing high levels of PER1 lay in a broad central area. Within these overall patterns, adjacent cells differed in expression levels of the two proteins. The results demonstrate spatially distinct localization of high PER1 vs. PER2 expression, raising the possibility that their distribution is functionally significant in encoding and communicating temporal information. The findings provoke the question of whether there are fundamental differences in PER1/2 levels among SCN neurons and/or whether topographical differences in protein expression are a product of SCN network organization rather than intrinsic differences among neurons.
Incidence and risk factors of posttraumatic seizures following traumatic brain injury: A Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study
Authors: Ritter Anne C. , Wagner Amy K. , Fabio Anthony , Pugh Mary Jo , Walker William C. , Szaflarski Jerzy P. , Zafonte Ross D. , Brown Allen W. , Hammond Flora M. , Bushnik Tamara , Johnson‐Greene Douglas , Shea Timothy , Krellman Jason W. , Rosenthal Joseph A. , Dreer Laura E.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Determine incidence of posttraumatic seizure (PTS) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) among individuals with moderate‐to‐severe TBI requiring rehabilitation and surviving at least 5 years.

Methods

Using the prospective TBI Model Systems National Database, we calculated PTS incidence during acute hospitalization, and at years 1, 2, and 5 postinjury in a continuously followed cohort enrolled from 1989 to 2000 (n = 795). Incidence rates were stratified by risk factors, and adjusted relative risk (RR) was calculated. Late PTS associations with immediate (<24 h), early (24 h–7 day), or late seizures (>7 day) versus no seizure prior to discharge from acute hospitalization was also examined.

Results

PTS incidence during acute hospitalization was highest immediately (<24 h) post‐TBI (8.9%). New onset PTS incidence was greatest between discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and year 1 (9.2%). Late PTS cumulative incidence from injury to year 1 was 11.9%, and reached 20.5% by year 5. Immediate/early PTS RR (2.04) was increased for those undergoing surgical evacuation procedures. Late PTS RR was significantly greater for individuals who self‐identified as a race other than black/white (year 1 RR = 2.22), and for black individuals (year 5 RR = 3.02) versus white individuals. Late PTS was greater for individuals with subarachnoid hemorrhage (year 1 RR = 2.06) and individuals age 23–32 (year 5 RR = 2.43) and 33–44 (year 5 RR = 3.02). Late PTS RR years 1 and 5 was significantly higher for those undergoing surgical evacuation procedures (RR: 3.05 and 2.72, respectively).

Significance

In this prospective, longitudinal, observational study, PTS incidence was similar to that in studies published previously. Individuals with immediate/late seizures during acute hospitalization have increased late PTS risk. Race, intracranial pathologies, and neurosurgical procedures also influenced PTS RR. Further studies are needed to examine the impact of seizure prophylaxis in high‐risk subgroups and to delineate contributors to race/age associations on long‐term seizure outcomes.
Computed tomography of nuchal ligament and semispinalis capitis tendon avulsions in a foal
Authors: Swarbrick M. T. , Powell S. E. , Haggett E. F.
Published: October 2016

Head trauma is a common injury in young horses. This case report describes a 10‐week‐old Thoroughbred foal with an open wound following trauma to the poll region, showing abnormal head carriage and depression. A computed tomography (CT) study was performed under general anaesthetic (GA). This identified a complete avulsion of the nuchal ligament (NL) and partial avulsions of the left and right semispinalis capitis (SS) tendons. Following diagnosis and conservative treatment the foal made a good recovery and 18 months later the filly had no detectable neurological or physical abnormalities. Computed tomography enabled an accurate and rapid diagnosis of a novel injury.
Nutritional tips for veterinarians
Authors: Harris P. , Dunnett C.
Published: October 2016

As a herd‐living, nonruminant, hindgut fermenting, primarily grazing herbivore the horse has evolved with a specialised gastrointestinal tract capable of utilising a wide range of plant species, which are hydrolysed and/or fermented to yield energy and nutrients for bodily processes. Domestication has resulted in the horse often being fed and managed to suit human requirements rather than their own, which can lead to digestive, behavioural and clinical issues. Appropriate nutrition not only reduces the risk of a nutritional component being a limiting factor to performance, but it also supports the maintenance of health and appropriate behaviour. A basic understanding of the digestive processes therefore can be very valuable when deciding how to feed horses optimally for both health and activity. This article provides a general overview of the gastrointestinal tract from a nutritional perspective and points out a few key practical areas where knowledge of feeding practices can be helpful for veterinarians.
Deinococcus radiodurans DR2231 is a two‐metal‐ion mechanism hydrolase with exclusive activity on dUTP
Authors: Mota Cristiano S. , Gonçalves Ana Maria D. , de Sanctis Daniele
Published: October 2016

DR2231 from Deinococcus radiodurans was previously functionally and structurally characterized as an all‐α NTP pyrophosphohydrolase with specific dUTPase activity. dUTPases have a central role in the regulation of dUTP intracellular levels and dTTP nucleotide metabolism. DR2231 presents a conserved dimetal catalytic site, similar to all‐α dimeric dUTPases, but contrary to these enzymes, it is unable to process dUDP. In this article, we present functional and structural evidence of single‐point mutations that affect directly or indirectly the enzyme catalysis and provide a complete description of the all‐α NTP pyrophosphohydrolase mechanism. Activity assays, isothermal titration calorimetry and the crystal structures of these mutants obtained in complex with dUMP or a dUTP analogue aid in probing the reaction mechanism. Our results demonstrate that the two metals are necessary for enzyme processing and also important to modulate the substrate binding affinity. Single‐point mutations located in a structurally mobile lid‐like loop show that the interactions with the nucleoside monophosphate are essential for induction of the closed conformation and ultimately for substrate processing. β‐ and γ‐phosphates are held in place through coordination with the second metal, which is responsible for the substrate ‘gauche’ orientation in the catalytic position. The lack of sufficient contacts to orient the dUDP β‐phosphate for hydrolysis explains DR2231 preference towards dUTP. Sequence and structural similarities with MazG proteins suggest that a similar mechanism might be conserved within the protein family.

Database

Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 5HVA, 5HWU, 5HX1, 5HYL, 5I0J, 5HZZ, 5I0M.
The Influence of a Credit Rating Change on Dividend and Investment Policy Interactions
Authors: Khieu Hinh D. , Pyles Mark K.
Published: October 2016

We examine firms’ alterations in dividend and investment activities following credit rating changes. We find that downgraded firms reduce both dividends and investments more than no‐rating‐change firms. However, a silver lining of this doubly negative impact for shareholders is an increase in investment efficiency in firms that are most likely to overinvest. For upgraded firms, investments increase, but dividend outlays do not, compared to firms without rating changes. Our findings of asymmetric dividend stickiness and symmetric investment changes on a credit shock suggest that dividends and investments should not always be considered competing uses of funds.
The Effects of Executive, Firm, and Board Characteristics on Executive Exit
Authors: Becker‐Blease John , Elkinawy Susan , Hoag Christopher , Stater Mark
Published: October 2016

We estimate a hazard model of the probability of top corporate executives exiting their firms over the period 1996–2010. Our main findings are that: (1) female executives have greater likelihoods of exit than males, (2) the likelihood of exit increases with the independence of the board and decreases with the fraction of the board that is female and the average age of board members, and (3) a higher percentage of independent directors on the board lowers the probability of exit more for females than for males. Further, controlling for exit risk reduces the well‐documented compensation differential between men and women.
Entrepreneurial Spawning: Experience, Education, and Exit
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Walz Uwe , Werth Jochen Christian
Published: October 2016

We investigate the career dynamics of high‐tech entrepreneurs by analyzing the exit choice of entrepreneurs: to act as a business angel, to found another firm, or to become dependently employed. Our detailed data from CrunchBase indicate that founders are more likely to stick with entrepreneurship as a serial entrepreneur or as an angel investor in cases where the founder had prior experience either in founding other startups or working for a startup, or had a “jack‐of‐all‐trades” education.
Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization
Authors: Denis Diane
Published: October 2016

This essay is based on my keynote address at the 2016 annual meeting of the Eastern Finance Association. I propose that misunderstandings about the traditional model of corporate governance, with its emphasis on shareholder wealth maximization, contribute to negative societal attitudes about corporations. I discuss the implications of shareholder wealth maximization for other corporate stakeholders, the dangers of deviating from shareholder wealth maximization, and the roles that the media and the government play in the governance of corporations.
Differing environmental drivers of settlement across the range of southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) suggest resilience of the fishery to climate change
Authors: Hinojosa Ivan A. , Gardner Caleb , Green Bridget S. , Jeffs Andrew , Leon Rafael , Linnane Adrian
Published: October 2016

Temporal and spatial trends in settlement of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, were examined to identify the influence of environmental variables over different spatial scales. Settlement data were collected from 1994 to 2011 along the Southern Australian and New Zealand coasts. We identified common settlement trends at a regional scale (100–500 km): the magnitude of settlement at sites from South Australia (SA) and Victoria (VIC) were similar, but different to sites in Tasmania (TAS). In New Zealand, three spatial regions were identified: northern (NNZ), middle (MNZ) and southern regions (SNZ). Higher settlement in SA, VIC and MNZ occurred in years with higher rainfall and storms in spring and El Niño conditions. In TAS and SNZ, higher settlement occurred during La Niña conditions. These results suggest that settlement over regional scales is modulated by oceanic processes, but outcomes vary between regions. At a local scale, a higher wave period and wind relaxation were relatively more important than the sea surface temperature (SST) in SA and VIC. In TAS, the current velocity also influenced the strength of settlement. However, much of the local settlement variability was not explained by the models suggesting that settlement in J. edwardsii is a complex process where larval behaviour, biological factors and oceanographic processes interact over different scales. The apparently complex processes affecting settlement showed that environmental conditions that reduced settlement strength in one region of the fishery often increased settlement strength in other regions. This could provide resilience to climate change at the stock level.
Cognition in aged rhesus monkeys: effect of DHEA and correlation with steroidogenic gene expression
Authors: Sorwell K. G. , Renner L. , Weiss A. R. , Neuringer M. , Kohama S. G. , Urbanski H. F.
Published: October 2016

Estradiol supplementation has been shown to enhance cognitive performance in old ovariectomized rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). To determine if similar benefits could be achieved in perimenopausal animals using alternative hormonal supplements, we administered dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to old ovary‐intact female rhesus macaques for ∼2.5 months. Using computerized touch screen memory tasks, including delayed response (DR) and delayed matching‐to‐sample (DMS), we observed improved performance with time in all of the animals but failed to detect a significant effect of DHEA. On the other hand, gene expression profiling disclosed a significant correlation between cognitive performance and the expression of several steroidogenic and steroid‐responsive genes. The DR performance was positively correlated with hippocampal expression of AKR1C3 and STAR and negatively correlated with the expression of SDRD5A1. A positive correlation was also found between DMS performance and prefrontal cortical expression of AKR1C3 and a negative correlation with STAR, as well as a negative correlation with the hippocampal expression of HSD11B1 and NR3C1. Taken together, the results suggest that steroidogenic gene regulation within the brain may help to maintain cognitive function during the perimenopausal transition period, despite a decline in sex‐steroid levels in the circulation.
Significance of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Crohn's disease: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sagami Shintaro , Ueno Yoshitaka , Tanaka Shinji , Fujita Akira , Hayashi Ryohei , Oka Shiro , Hyogo Hideyuki , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: October 2016

Aim

Aim

The prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Crohn's disease (CD) is increasing. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with CD, as well as to investigate the effect of NAFLD on the disease course of CD.

Methods

Our retrospective cohort study included 303 patients who underwent abdominal ultrasound for CD and NAFLD diagnosis at our center between November 2008 and October 2014. Serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) level and rate of remission, defined by a score <150 on the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, were compared between CD patients with and without NAFLD, using multivariate logistic regression. The effect of NAFLD on the surgery‐free interval was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential demographic confounders.

Results

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed in 66 (21.8%) patients in our study cohort and was associated with lower CRP levels (0.58 vs. 2.18 mg/dL, P < 0.0001) and a higher rate of remission (75.9% vs. 53.7%, P = 0.0024). Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was identified as an independent predictor of a negative CRP level (<0.3 mg/dL; odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–3.37) and higher rate of remission (odds ratio, 2.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–5.80). Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with longer surgery‐free interval (log–rank test, P = 0.0035), with NAFLD identified as a positive predictor of surgery‐free interval (P = 0.0014).

Conclusions

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease may offer a protective effect in patients with CD and could be used as a prognostic marker in patients with CD.
Impacts of Camellia kucha and its main chemical components on the lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Li Kai Kai , Wong Hing Lok , Hu Tianyong , Zhang Cheng , Han Xiao Qiang , Ye Chuang Xing , Leung Ping Chung , Cheng Bao Hui , Ko Chun Hay
Published: October 2016

Camellia kucha, a wild tea plant with potent antioxidant potential, has been consumed as local beverage for a long history. It is featured for the presence of theacrine and low content of caffeine. Interestingly, compared with caffeine showed strong stimulant effect, theacrine showed sedation, hypnoses and promoting memory function. In this study, the anti‐adipogenic ability of Kucha tea (KT) and its main components were evaluated in mouse 3T3‐L1 cells. The results indicated that KT acted significantly to decrease lipid droplet accumulation. Moreover, KT decreased the expression of major transcription factors of adipogenesis pathway, such as PPAR γ and C/EBP α. KT also decreased the mRNA and protein levels of fatty acid synthase, fatty acid translocase, steroylcoenzyme A desaturase‐1, lipoprotein lipase and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐1. Furthermore, KT suppressed the activation of ERK, p38 and JNK.
Employer Branding: A Brand Equity‐based Literature Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Theurer Christian P. , Tumasjan Andranik , Welpe Isabell M. , Lievens Filip
Published: October 2016

Over the past two decades, scholarly interest in employer branding has strongly increased. Simultaneously, however, employer branding research has developed into a fragmented field with heterogeneous interpretations of the employer branding concept and its scope, which has impeded further theoretical and empirical advancement. To strengthen the foundation for future work, this paper takes a brand equity perspective to review the extant literature and create an integrative model of employer branding. Using an analytical approach, the authors identify 187 articles, which they integrate along different employer brand dimensions and branding strategies: (i) conceptual; (ii) employer knowledge dimensions; (iii) employer branding activities and strategies. On the basis of this review, the authors develop an employer branding value chain model and derive future research avenues as well as practical implications.
The Emergence of an Amplified Mindset of Design: Implications for Postgraduate Design Education
Authors: Moreira Mafalda , Murphy Emma , McAra‐McWilliam Irene
Published: October 2016

In a global scenario of complexity, research shows that emerging design practices are changing and expanding, creating a complex and ambiguous disciplinary landscape. This directly impacts on the field of design education, calling for new, flexible models able to tackle future practitioners’ needs, unknown markets and emergent societal cultures. In response to design's uncertain contemporary identity, a programme of doctoral research was designed with the aim of identifying distinct approaches to postgraduate design education that could help to prepare future designers for what the thesis terms an Amplified Mindset of Design. This article presents emerging findings from this doctoral research, proposing and evidencing a conceptual framework that synthesises key movements within design, to bring clarity to the current discourse on emerging design practices. The conceptual framework of an Amplified Mindset of Design clusters this discourse into four groups: a world‐ and human‐centred worldview; integrative behaviours, social skills and visualisation. The article closes by discussing this framework in relation to design education, suggesting the Amplified Mindset of Design as a tangible frame of reference to enable the development of design education. In this context it can be used as principles for pedagogical approaches, and as guidelines for curriculum design that fits our changing disciplinary practice within a complex global environment. Furthermore, the authors contend that there is potential to apply this framework outwith the field of design, proposing that other disciplines such as management, economics and medicine could benefit from an educational experience that emphasises an Amplified Mindset.
Who Assesses the Assessors? Sustainability and Assessment in Art and Design Education
Authors: Robins Claire
Published: October 2016

This article draws on recent research from the Pre‐Degree Summative Assessment in Art Design and Media Study, conducted at UCL Institute of Education, which found that pre‐degree art and design qualifications at levels 3 and 4 vary greatly in their appropriateness as a preparation for degree level study in art subjects. Central to the article are findings concerning external assessment processes and assessor selection and training. The research was commissioned by the awarding body of University of the Arts London in response to the then imminent Department for Education (DFE) directives for additional external assessment in all level 3 and 4 vocational pre‐degree programmes. Our research revealed the negative consequences of assessment becoming a bureaucratic process of measuring what is most easily measurable. In such instances it can become a task that is devoid of ‘expert’ knowledge and opinion. As the research demonstrates, the consequences for art education are serious. The title is appropriated from Bourdieu's sociological examination ‘But who created the “creators”?’ which casts a critical eye on the broader social landscape in which art and artists are produced and imbricated into the wider cultural order. To ask, who assesses the assessors? Is, of course, to ask a different kind of question, but never‐the‐less it is one which deserves to be opened out to scrutiny beyond the specificity of individual qualifications. This article's contribution argues for a more sustainable and radically transparent assessment regime in which professional expertise can be shared across the UK's secondary, further and higher education continuum.
Underwritten Dividend Reinvestment Plans and Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Pricha Nicholas , Foley Sean , Partington Graham , Svec Jiri
Published: October 2016

We examine conflicts of interests arising from the pricing of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) in underwritten dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs). A DRIP is a type of SEO that enables shareholders automatically to reinvest their dividend entitlements in the issuing company's shares. The underwriters have an incentive to sell stock during the DRIP pricing period in order to hedge price risk and/or to reduce the price at which shares are issued. Using individual brokers’ transactions, we show that underwriting brokers engage in an abnormally high level of selling during the issue pricing period. Comparison of pricing period returns between stocks with underwritten DRIPs and a matched sample of non‐underwritten DRIPs shows that significantly more negative returns accrue to firms that have their issues underwritten.
Headwater captures and the phylogenetic structure of freshwater fish assemblages: a case study in central Brazil
Authors: De Podestà Uchôa de Aquino Pedro , Rinaldi Colli Guarino
Published: October 2016

Aim

The astonishing diversity of Neotropical fishes results from historical and ecological processes intrinsically related to the geomorphological evolution of this region. Headwater captures are important biogeographical processes that promote dispersal or isolation of fish populations between watersheds. We investigate the effects of headwater captures on the phylogenetic structure of stream fish assemblages among watersheds in the Brazilian Shield highlands.

Location

Headwaters of Tocantins, Paraná and São Francisco watersheds, Brazilian Shield, Neotropical region.

Methods

Based on the phylogenetic relationships of 70 native fish species, we quantified the phylogenetic diversity of each basin, as well as species richness and the phylogenetic beta diversity between basins.

Results

The Upper Paraná basin showed higher richness and phylogenetic diversity, indicating phylogenetically distant species composition. The number of shared species and phylogenetic beta diversity values were not different from the null expectation, indicating recent exchange of species between the basins.

Main conclusions

Our results suggest that the fish assemblage of the Upper Paraná basin is older and many species colonized recently the neighbouring Upper Tocantins and São Francisco basins, highlighting the impact of headwater captures on the community assembly of Neotropical fishes.
Estimating 24‐Hour Urine Sodium From Multiple Spot Urine Samples
Authors: Rhee Moo‐Yong , Kim Ji‐Hyun , Shin Sung‐Joon , Gu Namyi , Nah Deuk‐Young , Park Ju‐Hyun , Kim Sun‐Woong , Kim Hyun Ja. , Oh Kyung Won. , Kim Ji‐Hyeon , Lee Sim‐Yeol
Published: October 2016

The authors developed an equation to estimate 24‐hour urine sodium (24HUNa) using the average of three spot urine (SU) samples (morning‐first, morning, and evening) from 74 individuals and validated this equation using the average of three SU samples (morning‐first, daytime, and evening) from 174 additional individuals. Compared with previously published equations using a single SU sample, the currently developed equation using the average of three SU samples showed much lower bias from measured 24HUNa (−2.9 vs >10 mmol/24 h). The intraclass and concordance correlation coefficients of the proposed equation using the average of three SU samples were 0.909 and 0.832, respectively. The limits of agreement were −64.1–58.3 mmol/24 h and approximately 100 mmol/24 h for the currently developed and previously published equations, respectively. All equations showed a tendency to overestimate or underestimate 24HUNa in a manner dependent on the level of 24HUNa but irrespective of the number of SU samples considered. Nonetheless, among the currently tested equations, our equation using the average of three SU samples provided the best estimation of 24HUNa at a population level.
A practical decision‐tree model to predict complexity of reconstructive surgery after periocular basal cell carcinoma excision
Authors: Tan E. , Lin F. , Sheck L. , Salmon P. , Ng S.
Published: October 2016

Background

Periocular basal cell carcinomas (pBCC) have unpredictable growth. The authors seek to derive a decision rule for predicting surgical complexity in pBCC.

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted at two centres in New Zealand from September 2010 to November 2015. Baseline demographic information and an initial assessment of operative complexity (a four‐point grading scale) were collected. Assessment of operative complexity was repeated at the time of reconstruction. Univariate analysis was applied to identify the associative factors and supervised machine learning was used to determine the best predictive models to construct a clinical decision rule.

Results

A total of 156 patients and 156 periocular BCC were analysed. Univariate analysis revealed that older age, recurrent skin cancer, large tumour size, being a public patient and high complexity at pre‐operative assessment were associated with high actual operative complexity. Tumour histology was not associated with more complex surgery. Machine learning analyses revealed that Naive Bayesian classifier was able to distinguish surgical complexity with an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.854 (95% CI: 0.762–0.946) whereas a simpler, alternating decision tree (ADT) that used only three clinical variables achieved an AUC of 0.853 (95% CI: 0.739–0.931). The ADT model was 10.1 times more likely to correctly identify a high complexity case. The three predictive variables were pre‐operative assessment of complexity (high vs. low), surgical delays [early (<75 days) or delayed (≥75 days)], and tumour size [small (<14 mm), or large (≥14 mm)]. For the subgroup with large tumours but low initial assessed complexity, late surgery was associated with a 6.7‐fold increase in risk of high‐risk surgery.

Conclusions

A simple, three‐variable risk stratification system was able to predict the operative complexity of pBCC.