bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives in musculoskeletal injury management by traditional bone setters in Ashanti, Ghana
Authors: Edusei Anthony K. , Owusu-Ansah Frances E. , Dogbe Joslin A. , Morgan Julia , Sarpong Kofi
Published: July 2015

Background: The popularity of the services of traditional bone setters (TBS) in Ghana as an alternative health care requires exploration and documentation of the perspectives of providers and users. Objective: To explore and document the perspectives of providers and users of the services of TBS in the management of musculoskeletal injuries in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Methods: From the social constructivist and qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were used to explore the perspectives of eight TBS and 16 users of their services, selected purposively through snowballing. Thematic content analysis (TCA) was employed. Results: High recovery rate, warm reception, prompt attention, and the relatively lower charges, are reported to motivate the patronage of the services of TBS for the management of fractures in the legs, arms, ribs, joint bones dislocations, waist and spinal cord problems. The TBS combined traditional and orthodox procedures, using plant and animal-based materials, beliefs, spirituality (God-given) and physical therapy in the management of musculoskeletal injuries. No adverse experience was reported by either the providers or users of the traditional management methods.Conclusion: With plant and animal-based materials, TBS are observed to combine traditional and orthodox procedures to confidently manage musculoskeletal injuries to the satisfaction of their highly motivated patrons. Although over 60% of the TBS attribute the healing power behind their practice to God, the rest do not discount the role of spiritual therapy. Further studies expanded to include the perspectives of non-users of the services of the TBS will authenticate the findings of this study.
Jesus the interceding High Priest: A fresh look at Hebrews 7:25
Authors: Mbamalu Abiola
Published: July 2015

According to the book of Hebrews, the locus of Jesus’ intercession is found in his role as a high priest. Yet neither the Levitical high priest nor Melchizedek, the prototype after which Jesus’ priestly function is modelled, interceded in a strict sense of the word. In a context where prayer is seen as an activity that pertains to the purview of the weak or needy, how then does one conceive of Jesus’ intercession as portrayed in Hebrews 7:25? In addition, does it not seem rather incongruous that Jesus at the height (right hand) of power should still be found to be interceding? It raises some theological questions as to the subordinate role of the exalted Christ. This stands in sharp relief to other passages in the New Testament that have used the same background text, Psalm 110, to advance the motif of a triumphant Jesus. The contention of this article is that in addition to Psalm 110 that is explicitly cited and alluded to in the letter to the Hebrews, the servant’s song in Isaiah 52:13–53:12 stands behind the high priest motif in Hebrews. The explication of the twin role of Jesus as an intercessor and as an ‘atoner’ for the sins of the people coheres in the servant’s song. The article submits that Jesus’ intercession is indeed a continuation of his vicarious interposition whereby he takes the weakness of the people upon himself and stands in their stead.
The positive definite matrix completion problem
Authors: Klem Estiaan M.
Published: July 2015

No abstract available
A Simple Rank Product Approach for Analyzing Two Classes
Authors: Yang Tae Young
Published: July 2015

The rank product statistic has been widely used to detect differentially expressed genes in replicated microarrays and a one-class setting. The objective of this article is to apply a rank product statistic to approximate the P-value of differential expression in a two-class setting, such as in normal and cancer cells. For this purpose, we introduce a simple statistic that compares the P-values of each class's rank product statistic. Its null distribution is straightforwardly derived using the change-of-variable technique.
Changing shapes and implied viscosities of suspended submicron particles
Authors: Zhang Y. , Sanchez M. S. , Douet C. , Wang Y. , Bateman A. P. , Gong Z. , Kuwata M. , Renbaum-Wolff L. , Sato B. B. , Liu P. F. , Bertram A. K. , Geiger F. M. , Martin S. T.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The change in shape of atmospherically relevant organic particles is used to estimate the viscosity of the particle material without the need for removal from aerosol suspension. The dynamic shape factors χ of particles produced by α-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor, under conditions of particle coagulation, were measured while altering the relative humidity (RH) downstream of the flow tube. As relative humidity was increased, the results showed that χ could change from 1.27 to 1.02, corresponding to a transition from aspherical to nearly spherical shapes. The shape change could occur at elevated RH because the organic material had decreased viscosity and was therefore able to flow to form spherical shapes, as favored by the minimization of surface area. Numerical modeling was used to estimate the particle viscosity associated with this flow. Based on particle diameter and RH exposure time, the viscosity dropped from 10(8.7±2.0) to 10(7.0±2.0) Pa s (two sigma) for an increase in RH from < 5 to 58 % at 293 K. These results imply that the equilibration of the chemical composition of the particle phase with the gas phase can shift from hours at mid-range RH to days at low RH.
Evaluation of hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis methods for discrimination of primary biological aerosol
Authors: Crawford I. , Ruske S. , Topping D. O. , Gallagher M. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In this paper we present improved methods for discriminating and quantifying Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAP) by applying hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis to multi-parameter ultra violet-light induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectrometer data. The methods employed in this study can be applied to data sets in excess of 1×106 points on a desktop computer, allowing for each fluorescent particle in a dataset to be explicitly clustered. This reduces the potential for misattribution found in subsampling and comparative attribution methods used in previous approaches, improving our capacity to discriminate and quantify PBAP meta-classes. We evaluate the performance of several hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis linkages and data normalisation methods using laboratory samples of known particle types and an ambient dataset. Fluorescent and non-fluorescent polystyrene latex spheres were sampled with a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Spectrometer (WIBS-4) where the optical size, asymmetry factor and fluorescent measurements were used as inputs to the analysis package. It was found that the Ward linkage with z-score or range normalisation performed best, correctly attributing 98 and 98.1 % of the data points respectively. The best performing methods were applied to the BEACHON-RoMBAS ambient dataset where it was found that the z-score and range normalisation methods yield similar results with each method producing clusters representative of fungal spores and bacterial aerosol, consistent with previous results. The z-score result was compared to clusters generated with previous approaches (WIBS AnalysiS Program, WASP) where we observe that the subsampling and comparative attribution method employed by WASP results in the overestimation of the fungal spore concentration by a factor of 1.5 and the underestimation of bacterial aerosol concentration by a factor of 5. We suggest that this likely due to errors arising from misatrribution due to poor centroid definition and failure to assign particles to a cluster as a result of the subsampling and comparative attribution method employed by WASP. The methods used here allow for the entire fluorescent population of particles to be analysed yielding an explict cluster attribution for each particle, improving cluster centroid definition and our capacity to discriminate and quantify PBAP meta-classes compared to previous approaches.
Quantifying importance and scaling effects of atmospheric deposition of inorganic fixed nitrogen for the eutrophic Black Sea
Authors: Varenik A. , Konovalov S. , Stanichny S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Wet atmospheric depositions have been collected in a rural (Katsiveli) and urban (Sevastopol) location at the Crimean coast of the Black Sea from 2003 to 2008. Samples, 217 from Katsiveli and 228 from Sevastopol, have been analyzed for inorganic fixed nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium). Data has revealed almost equal contributions of ammonium (44–45 %) and nitrate (52–53 %) and minor contribution of nitrite (2–4 %) for both rural and urban samples. The average concentration of inorganic fixed nitrogen (IFN) in urban samples (2.81 mg N L−1) is about two-fold of that content in rural samples (1.42 mg N L−1). Seasonal variations in average monthly concentrations have been revealed for both locations with maximum concentrations in winter and minimum values in summer, but intra-annual variations are statistically significant for only urban samples. The average annual deposition of IFN with atmospheric precipitations on the surface of the Black Sea is about 0.31 × 106 t N yr−1 (0.75 t N km−2 yr−1), which is 39 % of the riverine input. It does vary in space and time. The relative importance of the atmospheric input increases from coastal to open areas and from winter to summer. Deposition of IFN with wet atmospheric precipitations proportionally increases the concentration of chlorophyll a, as it is traced from satellite data. The traced increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a has reached 1.5-fold for mesoscale processes. In case of individual rain events supporting up to 50–60 mg N m−2, the influence of IFN deposition is up to 5 % at the north-western shelf of the Black sea, where the most of river-born IFN is loaded. In the central areas of the sea, where the amount of IFN in summer is low, the contribution of individual rainfall can reach 35 %. This input of IFN can potentially double the level of primary production.
Potential impact of climate and socioeconomic changes on future agricultural land use in West Africa
Authors: Ahmed K. F. , Wang G. , You L. , Yu M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Agriculture is a key component of anthropogenic land use and land cover changes that influence regional climate. Meanwhile, in addition to socioeconomic drivers, climate is another important factor shaping agricultural land use. In this study, we compare the contributions of climate change and socioeconomic development to potential future changes of agricultural land use in West Africa using a prototype land use projection (LandPro) algorithm. The algorithm is based on a balance between food supply and demand, and accounts for the impact of socioeconomic drivers on the demand side and the impact of climate-induced crop yield changes on the supply side. The impact of human decision-making on land use is explicitly considered through multiple "what-if" scenarios. In the application to West Africa, future crop yield changes were simulated by a process-based crop model driven with future climate projections from a regional climate model, and future changes in food demand were projected using a model for policy analysis of agricultural commodities and trade. Without agricultural intensification, the climate-induced decrease in crop yield together with increase in food demand are found to cause a significant increase in agricultural land use at the expense of forest and grassland by the mid-century. The increase in agricultural land use is primarily climate-driven in the western part of West Africa and socioeconomically driven in the eastern part. Analysis of results from multiple decision-making scenarios suggests that human adaptation characterized by science-informed decision making to minimize land use could be very effective in many parts of the region.
Evaluation of the high resolution WRF-Chem (v3.4.1) air quality forecast and its comparison with statistical ozone predictions
Authors: Žabkar R. , Honzak L. , Skok G. , Forkel R. , Rakovec J. , Ceglar A. , Žagar N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. An integrated modelling system based on the regional online coupled meteorology–atmospheric chemistry WRF-Chem model configured with two nested domains with horizontal resolutions of 11.1 and 3.7 km has been applied for numerical weather prediction and for air quality forecasts in Slovenia. In the study, an evaluation of the air quality forecasting system has been performed for summer 2013. In the case of ozone (O3) daily maxima, the first- and second-day model predictions have been also compared to the operational statistical O3 forecast and to the persistence. Results of discrete and categorical evaluations show that the WRF-Chem-based forecasting system is able to produce reliable forecasts which, depending on monitoring site and the evaluation measure applied, can outperform the statistical model. For example, the correlation coefficient shows the highest skill for WRF-Chem model O3 predictions, confirming the significance of the non-linear processes taken into account in an online coupled Eulerian model. For some stations and areas biases were relatively high due to highly complex terrain and unresolved local meteorological and emission dynamics, which contributed to somewhat lower WRF-Chem skill obtained in categorical model evaluations. Applying a bias correction could further improve WRF-Chem model forecasting skill in these cases.
The Budyko framework beyond stationarity
Authors: Greve P. , Gudmundsson L. , Orlowsky B. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Water availability is of major importance for a wide range of socio-economic sectors. Over land, the partitioning of precipitation (P) into evapotranspiration (E) and runoff (Q) is the key process to assess hydrological conditions. For climatological averages, the Budyko framework provides a simple first order relationship to estimate the evaporative index E / P as a function of the aridity index (Ep / P, with Ep denoting potential evaporation). However, a major downside of the Budyko framework is its limitation to steady state conditions, being a result of the assumption of a closed land water balance. Nonstationary processes coming into play at other than mean annual catchment scales are thus not represented. Here we propose an analytically derived new formulation of the Budyko curve including an additional parameter being implicitly related to the nonlinear storage term of the land water balance. The new framework is comprehensively analysed, showing that the additional parameter leads to an upward rotation of the original supply limit and therefore implicitly represents the amount of additional water available for evaporation. The obtained model is further validated using standard datasets of P, E and Ep. It is shown that the model is capable to represent first-order seasonal dynamics within the hydroclimatological system.
Investigation of a deep ice core from the Elbrus Western Plateau, the Caucasus, Russia
Authors: Mikhalenko V. , Sokratov S. , Kutuzov S. , Ginot P. , Legrand M. , Preunkert S. , Lavrentiev I. , Kozachek A. , Ekaykin A. , Faïn X. , Lim S. , Schotterer U. , Lipenkov V. , Toropov P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A 182 m ice core has been recovered from a borehole drilled through the glacier to the bedrock at the Western Plateau of Mt Elbrus (43°20'53.9'' N, 42°25'36.0'' E; 5115 m a.s.l.), the Caucasus, Russia, in 2009. This is the first ice core in the region which represents a paleoclimate record practically undisturbed by seasonal melting. Relatively high snow accumulation rate at the drilling site enabled analysis of the intra-seasonal climate proxies' variability. Borehole temperatures ranged from −17 °C at 10 m depth and −2.4 °C at 182 m. A detailed radio-echo sounding survey showed that the glacier thickness ranged from 45 m near marginal zone of the plateau up to 255 m at the central part. The ice core has been analyzed for stable isotopes (δ18O and δ D), major ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, F-), succinic acid (HOOCCH2COOH), and tritium content. The mean annual net accumulation rate was estimated from distinct annual oscillations of δ18O, δ D, succinic acid, and NH4+ and is 1455 mm w.e. for the last 140 years. Using annual layer counting also for the dating of the ice core, a good agreement with the absolute markers of the tritium 1963 bomb test time horizon located at the core depth of 50.7 m w.e. and the sulfate peak of the Katmai eruption (1912) at 87.7 m w.e. was obtained. According to mathematical modeling results, the bottom ice age at the maximal glacier depth is predicted to be about 660 years BP. As the 2009 borehole was situated downstream of this point, the estimated bottom ice age of the drilling site does not exceed 350–400 years BP. Taking into account the information that we have acquired on the Western Plateau Elbrus glacier and first results of the ice core analysis, these data can be used to reconstruct the atmospheric history of the European region.
Literature Discussions as Mangles of Practice: Sociological Theories of Emergence and/in Dialogic Learning Events
Authors: Kamberelis George , McGinley William , Welker Alyson
Published: July 2015

In this report, we argue that some of the most productive and edifying kinds of literature discussions among certain ages/grade levels may be best understood as “mangles of practice” (Pickering, 1995).  Mangles of practice involve the coalescence of planned and contingent forces, and they produce emergent or self-organizing transformations of ongoing social activities, as well as unpredictable outcomes or products.  Indeed, the discussions we studied had these characteristics.  They often involved both planned and contingent actions and reactions by individual, social, cultural, and material agents and agencies.  As such, they were emergent phenomena about which we could seldom predict what precise collections, collisions, and collusions of actions and reactions would occur within them or what the effects of these collections, collisions, and collusions would be.  In spite of (or more likely because of) their unpredictability, these discussions were extremely dynamic knowledge-producing activities.  Given this social fact, we think our findings contribute significantly to understanding the lineaments and potentials of dialogic pedagogy, which deepens students’ learning and development.  More specifically, when teachers successfully prompt and engage students in more robustly dialogic talk that promotes text-to-life connections, life-to text connections, linkages to non-school knowledge (like that of popular culture), etc., then students often reap a wide variety of benefits with respect to their abilities to engage in genuine inquiry, to reason and argue for particular interpretations, to evaluate complex human actions and decisions, and to develop principled social, cultural, and moral equipment for living their own lives.
There’s an App for That: A Guide for Healthcare Practitioners and Researchers on Smartphone Technology
Authors: BinDhim Nasser F , Trevena Lyndal
Published: July 2015

Smartphone technology is nascent compared to other technologies; however, it has shown an unprecedented uptake amongst lay consumers and professionals. This article presents the history, components, and key features of smartphones, as well as their related concepts and how they work, and it also delineates the process of smartphone applications (apps) development and publishing in the app stores. It also describes and discusses smartphone technology utilisation for health consumers, healthcare professionals, and health researchers, as well as the regulations of health-related apps.
Role of Pharmacovigilance in India: An overview
Authors: Suke Sanvidhan G , Kosta Prabhat , Negi Harsh
Published: July 2015

Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a key role in the healthcare system through assessment, monitoring and discovery of interactions amongst drugs and their effects in human. Pharmaceutical and biotechnological medicines are designed to cure, prevent or treat diseases; however, there are also risks particularly adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can cause serious harm to patients. Thus, for safety medication, ADRs monitoring required for each medicine throughout its life cycle, during development of drug such as pre-marketing including early stages of drug design, clinical trials, and post-marketing surveillance. PV is concerns with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of ADRs. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are an indispensable part of the clinical research. Variation in the human genome is a cause of variable response to drugs and susceptibility to diseases are determined, which is important for early drug discovery to PV. Moreover, PV has traditionally involved in mining spontaneous reports submitted to national surveillance systems. The research focus is shifting toward the use of data generated from platforms outside the conventional framework such as electronic medical records, biomedical literature, and patient-reported data in health forums. The emerging trend in PV is to link premarketing data with human safety information observed in the post-marketing phase. The PV system team obtains valuable additional information, building up the scientific data contained in the original report and making it more informative. This necessitates an utmost requirement for effective regulations of the drug approval process and conscious pre and post approval vigilance of the undesired effects, especially in India. Adverse events reported by PV system potentially benefit to the community due  to their proximity to both population and public health practitioners, in terms of language and knowledge, enables easy contact with reporters by electronically. Hence, product safety PV helps to the patients get well, and to manage optimally, or ideally avoid, illness is a collective responsibility of industry, drug regulators, and clinicians and other healthcare professionals. This review summarized objectives and methodologies used in PV with critical overview of existing PV in India, challenges to overcome and future prospects with respect to Indian context.Keywords: Pharmacovigilance; Adverse drug reaction; Clinical trials; Pharmacogenomics; Data mining; Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission
What’s Past is Prologue: A Scoping Review of Recent Public and Global Health Informatics Literature
Authors: Dixon Brian E , Pina Jamie , Kharrazi Hadi , Gharghabi Fardad , Richards Janise
Published: July 2015

Objective: To categorize and describe the public health informatics (PHI) and global health informatics (GHI) literature between 2012 and 2014.Methods: We conducted a semi-systematic review of articles published between January 2012 and September 2014 where information and communications technologies (ICT) was a primary subject of the study or a main component of the study methodology. Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to filter PHI and GHI articles from the larger biomedical informatics domain. Articles were identified using MEDLINE as well as personal bibliographies from members of the American Medical Informatics Association PHI and GHI working groups.Results: A total of 85 PHI articles and 282 GHI articles were identified. While systems in PHI continue to support surveillance activities, we identified a shift towards support for prevention, environmental health, and public health care services. Furthermore, articles from the U.S. reveal a shift towards PHI applications at state and local levels. GHI articles focused on telemedicine, mHealth and eHealth applications. The development of adequate infrastructure to support ICT remains a challenge, although we observed a small but growing set of articles that measure the impact of ICT on clinical outcomes.Discussion: There is evidence of growth with respect to both implementation of information systems within the public health enterprise as well as a widening of scope within each informatics discipline. Yet the articles also illuminate the need for more primary research studies on what works and what does not as both searches yielded small numbers of primary, empirical articles.Conclusion: While the body of knowledge around PHI and GHI continues to mature, additional studies of higher quality are needed to generate the robust evidence base needed to support continued investment in eHealth by governmental health agencies.
Building an Ontology for Identity Resolution in Healthcare and Public Health
Authors: Duncan Jeffrey , Eilbeck Karen , Narus Scott P , Clyde Stephen , Thornton Sidney , Staes Catherine
Published: July 2015

Integration of disparate information from electronic health records, clinical data warehouses, birth certificate registries and other public health information systems offers great potential for clinical care, public health practice, and research. Such integration, however, depends on correctly matching patient-specific records using demographic identifiers.  Without standards for these identifiers, record linkage is complicated by issues of structural and semantic heterogeneity.Objectives: Our objectives were to develop and validate an ontology to: 1) identify components of identity and events subsequent to birth that result in creation, change, or sharing of identity information; 2) develop an ontology to facilitate data integration from multiple healthcare and public health sources; and 3) validate the ontology’s ability to model identity-changing events over time.Methods: We interviewed domain experts in area hospitals and public health programs and developed process models describing the creation and transmission of identity information among various organizations for activities subsequent to a birth event. We searched for existing relevant ontologies. We validated the content of our ontology with simulated identity information conforming to scenarios identified in our process models.Results:  We chose the Simple Event Model (SEM) to describe events in early childhood and integrated the Clinical Element Model (CEM) for demographic information.  We demonstrated the ability of the combined SEM-CEM ontology to model identity events over time.Conclusion: The use of an ontology can overcome issues of semantic and syntactic heterogeneity to facilitate record linkage.
Virtual communities of practice: can they support the prevention agenda in public health?
Authors: Ford Jennifer Rose , Korjonen Helena , Keswani Asha , Hughes Emma
Published: July 2015

Background: Virtual Communities of Practice (CoPs) are flexible communication and knowledge management tools enabling collaboration, sharing of best practice and professional development. There have been few studies that have looked at the use and usefulness of virtual CoPs in public health.Methods: This project sought to gather the evidence and develop recommendations for the value of virtual CoPs in public health through a literature review, and through piloting two CoPs in obesity. The research aimed to answer how useful CoPs are in obesity prevention, what makes a CoP successful and what evaluation methods are appropriate.Results: CoPs  are composed of observers, passive and active contributors with a small group of ‘super-users’. All users learn through reading and listening, even if they do not post. The CoPs had higher levels of reading activity as opposed to low levels of posting activity. Longer existence of CoPs usually means more active membership. There are complex reasons why users fail to engage in knowledge sharing. Success of a CoP is creating an online environment where users feel comfortable. CoPs need administrative support and facilitation. Champions play a vital role.Conclusions: Evidence shows some encouraging results about the value of CoPs in enabling collaboration and information sharing. Despite low membership numbers of the obesity CoPs piloted, members see value and suggest improvements. Findings suggest that success comes from leadership, champions, and larger networks with more posting activity.  Mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative research are appropriate in measuring the use and impact of, CoPs.Keywords: Communities of practice, public health, obesity, online networks, knowledge translationAbbreviations: Public Health England (PHE), Community of Practice (CoP), UK Health Forum (UKHF), Obesity Learning Centre (OLC), NCMP – National Child Measurement Programme
Stranded in Arabic:
Authors: Kesrouany Maya Issam
Published: July 2015

This article explores Buṭrus al-Bustānī's translation of Daniel Defoe's inaugural novel, Robinson Crusoe (1719), into Arabic in 1861. The translation was published in Beirut as Al-tuḥfah al-Bustānīyah fī al-Asfār al-Krusoeiyah, which translates as The Bustānīan Masterpiece Concerning Crusoeian Travels. Comparing the translation closely to the original, the article studies this early Arabic adaptation of the genre of the novel and points to the translation's preoccupation with domesticating the alien form of the novel and with authoring a new sense of nation, one that completely rewrites that of the original. The article concludes on the important role of translation in the adoption of the novel in Arabic, a genre that is inextricably related to the production of local and global nationalisms.
The Ends Of an Empire:
Authors: Ziolkowski Saskia Elizabeth
Published: July 2015

Italian Triestine literature tends to be seen as somewhat foreign to the Italian literary tradition and linguistically outside of Austrian (or Austro-Hungarian) literature. Instead of leaving it as “neither nor,” viewing it as “both and” can help shape the critical view of the Italian literary landscape, as well as add to the picture of Austro-Hungarian literature. Joseph Roth's Radetzkymarsch (Radetzky March) and Pier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini's novel Il cavallo Tripoli (The Horse Tripoli) depict the experience of loss brought on by the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in similar ways, although they do so from different linguistic and national sides. However, the writings of the Italian author are generally categorized as representing a pro-Italian perspective and those of the Austrian as pro-Austro-Hungarian. This article argues that their novels provide a more nuanced portrayal of the world and identities than just their nationalities or political views do. Because of assumptions about the authors, the complexity of the novels' representations of layered linguistic and cultural interactions have often been missed, especially those of Il cavallo Tripoli. This comparison provides a case of how engaging Austro-Hungarian work can benefit the critical understanding of Italian literature.
Intellectuals as Sacrificial Heroes:
Authors: Talajooy Saeed
Published: July 2015

A study of Bahram Beyzaie and Wole Soyinka's works reveals how in two disparate cultural settings, traditional structures and themes appear in modern forms to renegotiate people's cultural identity. Both writers demythologize the ancient and modern superstitious beliefs that haunt their peoples, depict the fallacy of hybrid obsessions that distort everyday life in their countries, and mythologize the positive aspects of history to redefine cultural identity with the best their cultures offer. One aspect of this process is their depiction of creative intellectuals as sacrificial heroes. The form reveals their concern with the question of leadership and citizenship, the victimization of the educated people, and the resulting brain drain in their countries. In the paper that follows, I will compare Beyzaie and Soyinka's depictions of intellectuals as sacrificial heroes. I will first study the dramatic origins of their forms and their approach to tragedy, myth, history, and sacrificial heroism, and explore the sociopolitical and personal reasons for the development of their forms. My intention is to discover how these forms evolved and why they reflect similar paradigms. I will then compare Beyzaie's Parchment of Master Sharzin with Soyinka's Madmen and Specialists to provide textual examples of these similarities and differences.
À chacune son rang. Les « filles données » des Soeurs Grises 1855-1905
Authors: Gervais1 Diane
Published: July 2015

Cet article s’intéresse aux « filles données », retracées dans les archives des Soeurs Grises de Montréal à partir du milieu du XIXe siècle. Il brosse le portrait de cette catégorie de domestiques et analyse la marche de ces femmes vers le statut de religieuse. La première partie (1855-1889) s’attache à la période où elles ne sont que de pieuses aides laïques consacrées pour la vie à la communauté. La seconde (1889-1905) parcourt leur cheminement vers un statut canonique. En 1889, elles deviennent Petites Soeurs Auxiliaires. Elles peuvent prononcer les trois voeux de religion sans toutefois être intégrées à la communauté. Cette nouvelle association ne reçut pas l’agrément du Saint-Siège. C’est en 1905 qu’un statut conforme au droit canonique leur fut accordé.
Community Delivery of a Comprehensive Fall-Prevention Program in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hugos Cinda L. , Frankel Debra , Tompkins Sara A. , Cameron Michelle
Published: July 2015

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) fall frequently. In 2011, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society launched a multifactorial fall-prevention group exercise and education program, Free From Falls (FFF), to prevent falls in MS. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of participation in the FFF program on balance, mobility, and falls in people with MS.

Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation of assessments from community delivery of FFF. Changes in Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale scores, Berg Balance Scale scores, 8-foot Timed Up and Go performance, and falls were assessed.

Results: A total of 134 participants completed the measures at the first and last FFF sessions, and 109 completed a 6-month follow-up assessment. Group mean scores on the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (F1,66 = 17.14, P < .05, η2 = 0.21), Berg Balance Scale (F1,68 = 23.39, P < .05, η2 = 0.26), and 8-foot Timed Up and Go (F1,79 = 4.83, P < .05, η2 = 0.06) all improved significantly from the first to the last session. At the 6-month follow-up, fewer falls were reported (χ2 [4, N = 239] = 10.56, P < .05, Phi = 0.21).

Conclusions: These observational data suggest that the FFF group education and exercise program improves balance confidence, balance performance, and functional mobility and reduces falls in people with MS.
Effects of Single Bouts of Walking Exercise and Yoga on Acute Mood Symptoms in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ensari Ipek , Sandroff Brian M. , Motl Robert W.
Published: July 2015

Background: Little is known about the acute or immediate effects of walking exercise and yoga on mood in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Such an examination is important for identifying an exercise modality for inclusion in exercise-training interventions that yields mood benefits in MS. We examined the effects of single bouts of treadmill walking and yoga compared with a quiet, seated-rest control condition on acute mood symptoms in MS.

Methods: Twenty-four participants with MS completed 20 minutes of treadmill walking, yoga, or quiet rest in a randomized, counterbalanced order with 1 week between sessions. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire before and immediately after each condition. Total mood disturbance (TMD) and the six subscales of the Profile of Mood States were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests.

Results: There was a significant condition × time interaction on TMD scores (ηp2 = 0.13). Walking and yoga conditions yielded comparable reductions in TMD scores. There was a significant condition × time interaction on vigor (ηp2 = 0.23) whereby walking but not yoga yielded an improvement in vigor. There was a significant main effect of time on anger, confusion, depression, and tension (P < .05) but not on fatigue.

Conclusions: Walking and yoga yielded similar improvements in overall acute mood symptoms, and walking improved feelings of vigor. These effects should be further investigated in long-term exercise-training studies.
Perceived Impact of a Self-Management Program for Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mulligan Hilda , Wilkinson Amanda , Snowdon Jessie
Published: July 2015

Background: Fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) is reported to be one of its most debilitating symptoms, affecting personal, family, and community participation. Despite a high incidence of MS in New Zealand, there was no cohesive approach to support people with MS to manage their fatigue. This prompted the development of Minimise Fatigue, Maximise Life: Creating Balance with Multiple Sclerosis (MFML), a group-based, 6-week fatigue self-management program. This study explored the perceived impact of MFML for participants who attended the program.

Methods: We undertook semistructured individual telephone interviews 1 (n = 23) and 3 (n = 11) months after delivery of the program. Data were analyzed for themes.

Results: Two themes emerged from the data: achieving behavior change to manage fatigue and whole of life effects. These themes represent participants' perceived benefits of the program.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the MFML fatigue self-management program positively affected the lives of participants. The findings suggest that participants had begun to successfully develop and integrate self-management skills into their everyday lives. This affected the individual personally and also their participation in family and community life. This study adds to the current knowledge and understanding of the positive effect that delivery of a fatigue self-management intervention can have for people with MS.
Sleeve Gastrectomy With Modified Jejunoileal Bypass Model in Goto-Kakizaki Rats
Authors: Zhu Zhanyong , Yang Xilin , Wang Zhong , Zhao Yueqiang , Yu Mosheng , Fan Huajun
Published: July 2015

The objective of this study was to develop a nonobese diabetic rat model for sleeve gastrectomy with modified jejunoileal bypass (SG/MJIB) and to investigate its effectiveness and safety for inducing diabetic control. Thirty-five 13-week-old male Goto-Kakizaki rats were randomly assigned to the pair-fed to sham-operated SG/MJIB (PFSO-SG/MJIB), SG/MJIB, PFSO-SG, SG, and control groups. The experimental period was 16 weeks postoperatively. Body weight; food intake; glycemic control outcomes; and ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and insulin levels were measured. The operated and PFSO groups showed significant weight loss 4 weeks postoperatively compared with the controls. The SG/MJIB and SG groups exhibited a significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance compared with the PFSO and control groups. The improved effects in the SG/MJIB group were better than those in the SG group. The SG/MJIB and SG groups showed decreased fasting ghrelin levels and increased levels of GLP-1 secretion 2 and 16 weeks postoperatively. Compared with the SG group, only the SG/MJIB group showed higher glucose-stimulated GLP-1 levels and significantly improved insulin secretion. SG/MJIB may be an effective, steady hypoglycemic surgical model, showing better diabetic control than SG. The hindgut may play a direct role in ameliorating glucose homeostasis.
Climate change impacts and greenhouse gas mitigation effects on U.S. water quality
Authors: Boehlert Brent , Strzepek Kenneth M. , Chapra Steven C. , Fant Charles , Gebretsadik Yohannes , Lickley Megan , Swanson Richard , McCluskey Alyssa , Neumann James E. , Martinich Jeremy
Published: July 2015

Climate change will have potentially significant effects on freshwater quality due to increases in river and lake temperatures, changes in the magnitude and seasonality of river runoff, and more frequent and severe extreme events. These physical impacts will in turn have economic consequences through effects on riparian development, river and reservoir recreation, water treatment, harmful aquatic blooms, and a range of other sectors. In this paper, we analyze the physical and economic effects of changes in freshwater quality across the contiguous U.S. in futures with and without global‐scale greenhouse gas mitigation. Using a water allocation and quality model of 2119 river basins, we estimate the impacts of various projected emissions outcomes on several key water quality indicators, and monetize these impacts with a water quality index approach. Under mitigation, we find that water temperatures decrease considerably and that dissolved oxygen levels rise in response. We find that the annual economic impacts on water quality of a high emissions scenario rise from $1.4 billion in 2050 to $4 billion in 2100, leading to present value mitigation benefits, discounted at 3%, of approximately $17.5 billion over the 2015–2100 period.
Theory of Tribotronics
Authors: Liu Ying , Niu Simiao , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: July 2015

As a potential next generation mechanical‐to‐electricity power generator, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Its mechanical‐to‐electrical signal control properties also gave rise to the original idea of “tribotronics”, which utilize triboelectric output to drive/control electronic devices. Using a TENG as input for gate voltage for a field effect transistor, a tribotronic device has potential application in mainly two areas (i) mechanically controlled electronics and (ii) motion/displacement sensing. An experimental study has already been recently reported and therefore a theoretical study is strongly desired as the theoretical basis and optimization strategy for designing such circuits. Here, both analytical calculations and numerical simulations are used to study the tribotronic device, both on the logic operation and on mechanical sensing. The static charge and inherent capacitance of TENG are determined by the structure design of the TENG and have strong coupling with the field effect transistor. Such coupling effect is taken into consideration, thus developing a methodology to effectively optimize the tribotronic device design according to such a coupling effect.
Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Doubly Vinylogous Michael Addition of α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Butyrolactams to Dienones
Authors: Gu Xiaodong , Guo Tingting , Dai Yuanyuan , Franchino Allegra , Fei Jie , Zou Chuncheng , Dixon Darren J. , Ye Jinxing
Published: July 2015

An asymmetric doubly vinylogous Michael addition (DVMA) of α,β‐unsaturated γ‐butyrolactams to sterically congested β‐substituted cyclic dienones with high site‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselectivity has been achieved. An unprecedented DVMA/vinylogous Michael addition/isomerization cascade reaction affords chiral fused tricyclic γ‐lactams with four newly formed stereocenters.
Synthesis and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers and their application as rubber reinforcements
Authors: Deng Fei , Ge Xin , Zhang Yinhang , Li Mei‐Chun , Cho Ur Ryong
Published: July 2015

In this study, redox‐initiated free radical graft copolymerization of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been carried out in aqueous media to develop a novel cellulose‐based copolymer. Cerium ammonium nitrate was used as the initiator in the presence of nitric acid. Effects of monomer concentration, initiator concentration, polymerization time, and polymerization temperature on the graft parameters of copolymers were studied. The successful grafting copolymerization between MCC and MMA was validated through attenuated total reflection, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. In comparison to native MCC, the resultant copolymers exhibited enhanced thermal stability and better compatibility with natural rubber, suggesting its potential application as reinforcement material in rubber industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42666.
Experience‐Based Decisions Favor Riskier Alternatives in Large Sets
Authors: Noguchi Takao , Hills Thomas T.
Published: July 2015

Research on risky choice has been predominantly based on studies of choices between two alternatives, but their findings are often generalized to environments with more than two alternatives. One prominent claim of this research is that choices differ with respect to risk when alternatives are described (the description paradigm) as opposed to sampled (the sampling paradigm). Here, we demonstrate that the difference in choices is sensitive to the number of alternatives in a choice set: with a growth in set size, alternatives with rare payoffs become more likely to be chosen in the sampling paradigm. This increased risk‐taking is due to the statistical property of payoffs: with a growth in set size, at least one riskier alternative becomes much more likely to deliver an attractive sample payoff at a higher frequency than its underlying probability. The increased risk‐taking eventually diminishes the difference between the description and the sampling paradigms in the gain domain. Further, we show that the increase in risk‐taking is difficult to avoid, even if each alternative is thoroughly sampled. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbazole Functionalized Silole: Synthesis, Aggregation‐induced Emission, and Electrochemical Polymerization
Authors: Lee Ah‐Rang , Han Won‐Sik
Published: July 2015

A carbazole‐functionalized silole, 9,9′‐(4,4′‐(2,3,4,5‐tetraphenyl‐1H‐silole‐1,1‐diyl)bis(4,1‐phenylene))bis(9H‐carbazole) (
BPCTPS
), was prepared through the reaction of dilithium diene with tetrachlorosilane followed by a direct substitution reaction with (4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)lithium. Combining the carbazole donor with the silole acceptor resulted in a new type of donor–acceptor (D–A) dyad. Density function theory (DFT) calculations showed that the highest occupied molecular orbital was localized on the carbazole group whereas the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital was localized on the silole group.
BPCTPS
exhibited very weak emission properties in dilute solution but emitted intensely in the aggregated state, revealing that it was an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐active species. Furthermore, addition of electron donating groups to the silole ring resulted in a slight red shift of both the absorption and emission spectra compared with those of the reference compound hexaphenylsilole (
HTS
). The electrochemical properties of
BPCTPS
were also studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), which indicated that the compound formed a cross‐linked film on the Pt electrode via electropolymerization.
Assist students on the spectrum as they prepare for jobs
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: July 2015

Laurie Ackles, director of the Spectrum Support Program at the Rochester Institute of Technology, provides ongoing support to students with autism spectrum disorder to help them prepare for the workforce.
Make sure that your campus software is accessible to students with disabilities
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: July 2015

Just having software geared toward disabled students is not enough. Review all software and technology providers used on campus, as well as campus websites, for compliance with Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act to avoid costly complaints and lawsuits and provide disabled students with the most up‐to‐date and useful resources.