bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Campus Revolution
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

This book calls for a revolution on today’s campus in curriculum (more humanities), in teaching methods (more independence for students), and in extracurricular activities (more opportunities for leadership). This chapter makes six recommendations to colleges, and one to college parents. First, bring the goals of students and faculty into alignment. Second, recognize that every teacher teaches ethics. Third, stop teaching altogether if your teaching style makes students passive. Fourth, replace professionally coached teams as much as possible with student sports clubs, and let the students hire their own coaches. Fifth, give students time for extra-curricular activities. Groups that discriminate by race or sex should be discouraged. Sixth (which sums up the first five), trust students to make good decisions for themselves. Finally, parents should let their college-age children grow up.
Introduction
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

There is a tension between two contrasting readings of Buddhist thought, and both are viable and widely attested interpretations of Mahāyāna Buddhist literature and practice. One reading is commonly found in the works of academic philosophers attuned to ontological analyses and the Madhyamaka tradition of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism. Another interpretation is a phenomenological reading that appeals to the irreducibility and inexpressibility of the lived world as experienced. The term “phenomenology” is used here to represent this latter trajectory of interpretation, and while it may not be a perfect fit, the style of doing philosophy in phenomenological traditions clearly resonates, and it certainly shares a family resemblance with an important dimension of Mind-Only, as will be highlighted in this introduction.
Between Construction and Immediacy
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of emptiness and introduces two broad streams of interpretation of the import of negation. The “enframed” interpretation emphasizes the value of language and thought in the discovery of ultimate truth, while the “unenframed” interpretation emphasizes the way that language and thought impede this discovery. Both interpretations claim to represent the view of Madhyamaka, the middle way between the extremes of essentialism and nihilism. The Geluk tradition of Madhyamaka emphasizes the interpretation of emptiness as an absence of true existence, yet its meaning is also participatory and performative, since the meaning of emptiness is to be cultivated through meditation. In Mind-Only and Yogācāra-inflected traditions like the Kagyü and Nyingma, the experiential or phenomenological dimension of emptiness is emphasized, whereby emptiness is inclusive of a participatory (or cognitive) orientation and is not typically framed as an object or solely the (object-ive) nature of things.
Nonduality of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter shows the ways that Madhyamaka and Mind-Only can be seen to offer distinct depictions of the world, framed in terms of a relationship between ontology and phenomenology. The perspectives offered by ontology and phenomenology can be understood as taking their starting points in object-oriented and subject-oriented modes of inquiry, respectively. Mind-Only highlights the subjective orientations to a world; Madhyamaka undermines the finality of any object-ive world picture by highlighting the contingency of all object-ifying constructions. It will be shown how these perspectives are mutually entailed and thus can be seen to share a common ground.
Concepts and the Nonconceptual
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses two theories of Buddhist knowledge: one based in a Yogācāra tradition inspired by Dharmakīrti and one based in a Madhyamaka tradition stemming from the works of Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti. In Dharmakīrti’s epistemology, rather than linguistic entities or objects of thought, perceptual experience is emphasized as the primary medium of undistorted truth. Inference also plays a key role, particularly as we see in Madhyamaka’s critical ontology—where analysis, not pre-reflective self-awareness, leads the way to liberating knowledge. In Yogācāra and Madhyamaka, both inference and perception have important roles to play, so we can see once again how both traditions interpenetrate, as each of them has phenomenological and ontological modalities or contexts where inference or perception is paramount.
A Music Playground
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the nature of informal and formal settings that support musical creativity. It describes how a classroom can function as a music playground, where there are many musical and notational materials to choose from, where rules are minimal and free play is encouraged, and where children are regarded as musicians and composers. The scope of playground materials in a music classroom playground is described—from art supplies to LEGO to conventional pitched instruments—and the role of such materials is illustrated through examples. The chapter discusses the importance of surrounding children with musical diversity, generating a real need for notational systems, providing critical feedback, and creating a community of musicians. Further, it includes an exploration of the types of communication that occur in a music playground, as well as the role of universal design.
Trust and Risk
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the interconnectedness among teacher-student relationships by asking what it means to trust children as learners and to show oneself as vulnerable when teaching. It considers an integrated curriculum, in which music is explored alongside other subjects and linked to the music in children’s out-of-school lives. Further, it argues that the tone set by the teacher is critically important if we expect students to develop as creative musicians, because showing oneself as a creator requires students to be vulnerable, and that vulnerability must be supported in an atmosphere of critical acceptance. The importance of allowing enough time for relationships to blossom and activities to be meaningfully developed is also considered. The chapter closes with an example of students creating a composition that highlights both their cultural roots and their connection with their teacher.
Improvisation—Play First, Write Later
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes a number of improvisational activities, including improvising using keyboards and Orff instruments, and explores pentatonic, whole-tone, and blues scales, among others. Through anecdote and example, the chapter discusses how movement and musical improvisation activities, based on visual patterns found in the classroom environment, can be used to create compositions. These visual patterns, found, for example, on the clothes that someone is wearing, can serve as notational systems and as a way of transitioning to invented and standardized notational systems. The chapter also considers the notions of the teacher as learner and of intentional listening as an important way of shaping musical improvisations.
Stages of Notational Development
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the research on invented music-notation systems, comparing the music notations generated by children with invented spellings, as well as describing the role that music training plays in shaping children’s notations of their own compositions. It also explores the role of developing notations in a creative community of practice. Further, the chapter outlines five developmental stages, beginning with the child who creates notations with no sound-symbol correspondence and moving through to notations showing the musical units, notations depicting limited rhythm and pitch information, and regulated but nonstandardized notations and ending with standardized music notation. The chapter is filled with examples from children to show how notations are developed, including a case study of a single child progressing through all of the developmental phases.
Coda
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

The epilogue to the book discusses the value of adapting one’s methods and approaches to educational contexts and situates the approach taken in this book with other successful approaches to music in the early years, such as Orff- and Kodály-based methods. A retrospective view is also taken in this chapter, describing some of the ways other teachers adapted activities outlined in the original version of the book into their own teaching practices. The ways children come to view music in a setting where they are encouraged and inspired to improvise and compose are revisited, and the nature and scope of learning that ensues are described. The value of learning by doing is the final piece described in this section.
Russia and the Peoples of the North Caucasus
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the North Caucasus region and its peoples. It provides an overview of the state of research and historiographical controversies, presents the lead questions and theoretical and methodological approaches, and also explains the concept and content of the book.
Conquest and Resistance
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the most important historical trajectories, covering the period from Russia’s advance towards the Caucasus under Catherine II in the last third of the 18th century to military conquest in the mid-19th century with the surrender of Imam Shamil. The main goal is to give readers an understanding of the character of Russian imperial strategies of conquest, as well as providing an insight into the nature and the changing forms of resistance against Russia’s advance. This chapter also includes a discussion of societal, cultural and political changes taking place in the North Caucasus, and an overview of the main historiographical debates concerning the reasons for Russian military victory.
Musa Kundukhov and the Tragedy of Mass Emigration
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter deals with the tragedy of the mass expulsion of the North Caucasian indigenous population in the aftermath of Russian conquest in the mid-1860s. While the causes of the forced emigration of vast numbers of Cherkessians to the Ottoman Empire have been investigated, little research has been conducted regarding the simultaneous emigration of other Muslim communities, including thousands of Chechens. In the migrations of Muslim Ossetians, Karabulaks and Chechens in 1865, it was an ethnic Ossetian Muslim and general of the Russian Imperial Army, Musa Kundukhov, who played a crucial role. When he organized the mass emigration of Chechens and other Muslim peoples to the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1860s, he also departed together with his family, and later became a highly decorated general in the sultan’s forces. By studying the biography of this individual, this chapter sheds light on the situation in the north-eastern part of the Caucasus as well as the features of Russia’s rule in the early 1860s, and thus illuminates a still little-understood aspect of the history of Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus.
The North Caucasus Within the Russian Empire
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the trajectories in the North Caucasus from the end of the Caucasus wars of conquest in the mid-19th century until the outbreak of revolution in 1917. A detailed treatment of this epoch is necessary due to the fact that historical investigation of the post-war period, as opposed to the Caucasus wars themselves, has been rudimentary to date. While Russian historical research has begun to study this period systematically based on new sources, albeit without reaching any kind of consensus in assessing Russian policy, the Western literature has only dealt with this epoch in cursory overviews. This chapter remedies some of these deficiencies by looking more closely at the nature of Russian rule in the Caucasus after the end of formal military conquest. It also takes into account the societal responses and changes that took place during this period.
Illusion of Freedom
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains developments during the early 1920s, when the Bolsheviks, for the sake of consolidating their still shaky hold on power, were eager to win over the rural populations and strengthen the alliances they had forged during the Civil War. One way to achieve this was to accommodate aspirations for freedom through the creation of autonomous administrative units in the form of ethnically defined territories, and by promoting members of the so called “titular nations” to positions of power. In the early 1920s, the Bolsheviks even co-opted religious figures into administrative local structures in order to expand their power basis and gain the trust of the native populations. This chapter provides an insight into developments in the Soviet North Caucasus through the life story of the famous Chechen Sheikh Ali Mitaev, whom the Bolsheviks included into the regional Chechen government in 1923, only to arrest and kill him two years later. At the same time, the Bolsheviks also conducted several campaigns to disarm the male population. The case of Mitaev illustrates the ambiguities of Soviet nationalities policies, especially regarding their attitude towards Muslims, as well as the complex struggle for power and influence in the non-Russian populated North Caucasus region.
State and Society
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

The focus of this chapter is on the difficult state-society relations in the North Caucasus developing during the 1920s. Despite the Bolsheviks’ disarmament campaigns and the purges of Muslim leaders, the rural and non-Russian-populated areas remained largely detached from the modernizing processes that characterized developments in the few Russian- and Slavic-populated cities such as Groznyi and Vladikavkaz. During most of the 1920s, Soviet state institutions and party organizations were still practically non-existent in the countryside. One way in which the Bolsheviks sought to establish their rule over the rural areas was through their program of korenizatsiia (“indigenization”), the promotion of national languages and cultures and the creation of a Soviet-trained indigenous elite. Another was to draw young North Caucasians into the industries of the cities and merge individual ethnic territories into larger units. Through the fate of a contemporary, Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, some aspect of life in Chechnia during the 1920s are exemplified.
At the Fringes of the Stalinist Mobilising Society
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

In order to understand Moscow’s decision to deport the Chechens and other North Caucasians in 1943-4, it is essential to analyze the situation as it presented itself to the Soviet leadership during the late 1930s and early 1940s. The topics covered in this chapter include an in-depth analysis of the functioning of Chechen society and politics, including the role of traditional clan and family structures; the difficulties of the various state mobilization campaigns, namely the effort to mobilize soldiers for the Red Army; the situation in the Chechen-Ingush republic during World War II and the phenomenon of desertions and anti-Soviet rebellions.
Conformity and Rebellion
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

The territory of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR (apart from a small sector at Mozdok) was never occupied by the Germans, and while many of its residents certainly had sympathies with the Germans, there was never wholesale collaboration with the enemy. Nevertheless, the Soviet leadership later added “collaborationism” to the catalogue of accusations used as a pretext to expel the Chechens and other North Caucasians peoples from their homelands. This chapter discusses this tragic, and highly controversial, chapter of North Caucasian history by following the life story of Khasan Israilov, one of the most prominent Chechen rebels who led the anti-Soviet insurgency from 1941 until his death in 1944. The chapter draws to large parts on the unpublished (and to date unknown) diaries of Israilov, which he had ostensibly written during the period 1941–3. These memoirs are among the rare accounts by an anti-Soviet resistance fighter that have survived and show that the path to armed resistance was not foreordained. In order to understand the motivation for Israilov’s choice, the ambiguities of his biography must be taken into account.
After Deportation
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the period from deportation and exile to the Chechen separatist movement of the early 1990s. While life in exile had changed people, many North Caucasians had yet to come to terms with unresolved traumas upon their return to their homeland in the second half of the 1950s. The problem was not a “lack of Sovietization,” as some Russian historians infer, but the fact that the discrimination and injustice experienced by these peoples under Stalinism could not be discussed at any time during the late Soviet era. There might have been an occasion for a true reconciliation with history and with Russia at the end of the 1980s and in the early 1990s, during the period of “glasnost” and “perestroika” under Gorbachev and Yel’tsin, when a clear reckoning was held concerning the crimes during the Stalinist era. However, this opportunity was tragically missed in the course of resurgent Chechen nationalism and the wars that Russia waged in the 1990s and 2000s against this small Caucasus republic.
Precarious Rule and Contested Loyalties
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

The concluding chapter presents a brief summary, discussing main arguments and theses in a concise way, and highlights the main findings of this book.
Univariate Linear Time Series Models
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at a range of popular univariate time series models and their use for forecasting.
Advanced Topics
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers two advanced topics: a machine learning method (support vector machines useful for classification) and nonparametric kernel regression.
Touch and the Genuine
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

The first chapter contains the gist of the argument that is expanded throughout the book, namely, that encounters with genuine old things—also called Real Things—are aesthetic in character, despite the fact that the property of being genuine is nonperceptible. The first section of this chapter defends an “experiential” account of the aesthetic, acknowledging the importance of belief that the object of one’s experience is genuine. The distinction between historical value and age value is advanced to support the aesthetic character of old things. The root of encounters with old things can be found in the role that touch plays, even absent the ability to make literal contact with an object. Several avenues are explored that might explain what has been criticized as “magical thinking” regarding the “transitivity” of touch—the impression of communion with others who have also touched an object.
Relics, Remnants, and Scrap
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

The final chapter examines the conditions under which artifacts can invite encounters with the past, noting the metaphysical implications that arise with the claim that genuineness comes in degrees. Several approaches to the persistence of objects over time are reviewed, including some well-known metaphysical problems (such as the ship of Theseus). The metaphysics endorsed follows Lynne Rudder Baker’s claim that objects of both art and nature are inherently vague, a thesis that supports the idea that material things can persist through change that causes their deterioration. The conclusion draws together the various ways that persistence over time can invite encounters with the past, centering on material presence and including continuity of function and use.
A Tale of Two Schopenhauers
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

Commentators generally see Schopenhauer as offering a hierarchy of ethical visions, with resignation at the top since it embodies the highest ethical insight into the fixed, grim nature of the world. The life of the compassionate person is a good but ultimately second-rate ideal, for the compassionate person still acts as though the sufferings of the world can be substantially lessened. This chapter calls this the “One Schopenhauer” view. By contrast, this chapter puts forth the “Two Schopenhauers” view. On this view, the ethics of compassion and resignationism cannot be fit neatly into a hierarchy because they are mutually antagonistic: Insofar as one resigns from the will-to-life, one does not live up to the compassionate injunction to “help everyone as much as you can”; and insofar as one lives compassionately, one does not resign from life. Thus, there seem to be two distinct and incompatible Schopenhauerian ethical stances on the world: the Schopenhauer who recommends resignationism, or the “the Knight of Despair,” and the Schopenhauer who recommends compassion, whom this chapter refers to as the “Knight with Hope.” This chapter argues that the interpretive fulcrum here—on the question of which of these incompatible Schopenhauerian ethical visions we should embrace—is the issue of hope: Are there good Schopenhauerian grounds for hope that the world can be substantially improved and suffering reduced?
Schopenhauer’s Pessimism in Light of His Evolving System
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that the pessimistic doctrine that Schopenhauer does espouse is that (a) there is a preponderance of undeserved suffering in the world; (b) this is an extremely bad-making feature of existence that is not outweighed by any good-making features; and (c) this situation cannot get substantially better in time. The metaphysical and empirical reasons he adduces to support this pessimistic doctrine are then investigated. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the grounds for his pessimism are weak and become weaker as his philosophy develops in light of proto-Darwinian thought from 1818 to 1859. Two facets of this development are especially salient: First, Schopenhauer comes to rely less on the Platonic Ideas to explain the fixity of species and instead embraces proto-Darwinian evolutionary theory. This change has important ramifications for Schopenhauer’s system that he never works out. One of these is that from within Schopenhauer’s mature system, there emerge some grounds for hope that the human (and even non-human animal) condition can get significantly better. Second, Schopenhauer emphasizes more in his later work (WWR II) the hermeneutic nature of his metaphysics. Given the sort of metaphysical methodology he embraces, the identification of thing-in-itself with will cannot be used in a foundationalist manner, by the lights of his own theorizing, to support pessimism by demonstrating that the world cannot get substantially better. His hermeneutic metaphysics must always be responsive to the empirical evidence, and there may be actual evidence of progress.
Conclusion
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

The reconstruction of Schopenhauer’s ethical thought on offer in this book is novel in three main ways. First, it views Schopenhauer as a more faithful Kantian than most commentators have been apt to recognize. Second, it sees Schopenhauer’s philosophy as an evolving rather than static body of thought. Third, it claims that there are really two Schopenhauers—The Knight of Despair and the Knight with Hope—and this distinction helps to capture the real incompatibilities between the resignationist and the compassionate moral realist sides of Schopenhauer’s ethical thought. This reconstructed version of Schopenhauer’s ethical theory—compassionate moral realism—provides an interesting option for the contemporary ethical-theoretical landscape. A Schopenhauerian value ontology of degrees of inherent value puts this theory into the animal rights camp, but in a more moderate way—closer to Mary Anne Warren’s “weak animal rights” position, rather than Tom Regan’s strong theory of animal rights.
The Formative Years
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the cultural background for the Supreme Court’s decisions of the 1940s. It considers the ascendency and increasing unity of American Catholicism and the disunity among Protestantism. This Catholic unity was both organizational, in the creation of the National Catholic Welfare Conference which now spoke for the hierarchy nation-wide, and theological in the American church’s embrace of a more socially assertive Thomism. It examines the reaction of Protestants and liberal intellectuals to controversial political and social stances by the Catholic Church: movie and book censorship, and apparent support for fascist regimes in Italy and Spain. It concludes with a discussion of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s decision to appoint an emissary to the Vatican at the cusp of World War II.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the legal controversies and cases that provided the background for the modern Court’s early church–state cases. It pays particular attention to the activities and litigation involving Jehovah’s Witnesses—canvassing and flag-salute controversies—and how those cases impacted the justices’ thinking about church and state. Although representing distinct constitutional issues, the Witnesses’ free exercise and free speech claims laid the groundwork for the Court’s Establishment Clause decisions. The chapter then examines Protestant–Catholic relations during the war years and the church–state controversies that arose in its immediate aftermath. These events set the stage for the Court’s holdings in Everson and McCollum.
The Cases
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the background to and the Court’s decisions in the two seminal church–state cases: Everson v. Board of Education and McCollum v. Board of Education. The chapter asserts that the parties and justices concurred that separation of church and state was the operative principle, though they disagreed on its meaning and application. It also notes that the metaphor of a “wall of separation” was an afterthought in Justice Black’s opinions. The chapter then discusses the public reaction to both decisions and the response of Protestant leaders to form Protestants and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State (POAU). It also discusses the impact of the initial writings by Paul Blanshard and the Catholic reaction to them.
The 1950s: Part Two
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter continues with the examination of the church–state events of the 1950s. It begins with the Protestant–Catholic tensions associated with the Red Scare and the congressional investigations into communism, particularly the controversy surrounding Catholic support for the activities of Senator Joseph McCarthy. It continues with an examination of a thawing of religious tensions brought about by the religious revival of the 1950s and the growth of ecumenism and religious cooperation. This section focuses on the impact of three religious figures: Bishop Fulton Sheen, Billy Graham, and Norman Vincent Peale. The chapter concludes with an examination of the Protestant opposition to the candidacy of John F. Kennedy for U.S. president, an effort that was led by Graham, Peale, and POAU.
Introduction
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

Provides a broad overview of the centrality of The Hijaz as well as Saudi Arabia and the Holy Land today. It explains why The Hijaz is relevant as Islamic statecraft, collective identity and statesmanship. It deals directly with methodology of the research and the problems of historiography and the encounters with international law. It provides an extensive treatment of statehood by explaining the negotiation between crucial ideas of the Westphalian nation-state and the Islamic worldview of the state and the caliphate. It maps out in detail the scope and value of modern literature and secondary sources and provides an extensive section on archival theory and literature review of The Hijaz. As a precursor for this “hidden narrative,” the study traces the origins of Islamic statehood over a thousand years back to find the “idealized state” in the venture of Islam- The Hijaz.
Idealized Statehood
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the birth and progression of Islamic statehood policy and governance. It begins by laying out a context for The Hijaz state. Chapter 1 crucially defines the key governance features in the Caliphate including leadership selection. It explores the idealized pre-modern state and the unique Islamic “nationalist historiography” going back over 1500 years to examine the transitions and development of Islam, the Shari’a objectives of statecraft and the political economic evolution of the state.
International Order and the Nation-State
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

In Chapters 2, the central aim is the detailed exploration of political structures and nationalist narratives. It describes and re-examines the developments of the nation-state in the international legal order. It looks in greater detail at how scholars have understood developments that have shaped and influenced the existential nature of national statehood and how they dealt with them in accounts on modern notions of statehood. The discussion is pivoted on Islamic statehood and the idea of the collectivity (or the umma) under Islamic law and whether that concept can be reconciled with the nation-state. International cooperation, treaties in Islam and the Caliphate participating at an international level are also discussed in this chapter.
Arab Self-Determination and the Rise of the Modern State
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers Arab self-determination: as a wide Arab national self-determination movement that engages a worldview with the new international order imposed by WW1. It covers Arab Nationalism: The Great Arab Revolt of 1916; The British Alliance with the Arab Nationalist Movement; The Kingdom of Hijaz declaration of Arab independence; French and German outlook on Arab statehood; The era of the League of Nations; The Mandate System and Its Legal Challenges; Arab Representation in the Paris Peace Conference; San Remo conference and finally; the collapse of the Hijazi–British alliance.
International Law and its Impact on The Hijaz
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 6 is an international legal examination of the status of The Hijaz in the aftermath of its conquest and absorption into a Saudi personal union. It discusses the impact of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States as well as the Territorial Principle. The Chapter tackles the legal question of secession and warns against the pitfalls of the ‘Self-Determination Trap’. It draws lessons from the difference between involuntary extinction of states as opposed to their creation. By looking at the cases of Czechoslovakia and Quebec it tackles the issue of ‘the Right to Secession by Agreement’. The Chapter reflects on lessons from Scotland, Catalan and Kurdistan highlighting that The Hijaz presents us with a delicate and nuanced understanding of ‘Internal Self-Determination’ and ‘Autonomy’ establishing, de facto, an international legal status of “Self-Determination Spectrum Disorder”. A special status calls for an active and special legal solution. The notion of a broader integrative role for The Hijaz and the broader Islamic world. The potential integrative institutionalization of The Hijaz is investigated bringing to bare a unique approach to self-determination that would entail coupling autonomy with international territorial administration. The propositions under this Chapter are supported by looking at other sui generis entities such as the Holy See being sovereigns without being states.
The Ideological Drivers of Submerged Statehood in the Afterlife of The Hijaz
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

This Chapter focuses on the idea of positive vs. negative space in ideology and religion. It discusses Islamic revivalism and Wahhabism in detail in the context of statehood. discuss the fragility of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as Iran- the Islamic Republic. It considers the religious and cultural differences within the region noting in particular Shi’ite and Sunni peculiarities. It also covers the views and ideologies of al-Qaeda and Daesh. It covers in great detail Islamic governance and thereby dispels the false claims and doctrines of post-modernist al-Qaeda and neo-medievalist Daesh which seeks absolute control of religion, population and, imperial territory. The Chapter looks at counter efforts, namely, Islamic Centrism, by using historical evidence to demonstrate the characteristics of pan Islamic governance as a positive space in The Hijaz.
Conclusion
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

The afterlife of The Hijaz) statehood and the right of self-determination) this chapter calls for finding the lost space in Islamic governance and advocates for an inclusive form of statehood. The policy proposal is that The Hijaz become the fountainhead of Islamic governance and organization, in this way reinventing relations between Islam with Saudi Arabia. The book does not in any way advocates a caliphate. The conclusion suggests the development of a soft form regionalism which considers Islamic norms and does not merely seek to replicate western structures. The book concludes with an emphasis of the potential for The Hijaz to have an integrative value at multiple levels; for (i) its own benefit and that of Saudi Arabia; (ii) the benefit of the Arab world; (iii) the benefit of the Islamic world (including Iran); (iv) the development of a global relationship and world relations between Islamic states, Muslim constituencies and the rest of the world and finally; (iv) the heritage of all mankind, being the focal point for almost a quarter of the world’s population and the logical starting place in which the West, Islam and the Middle East can remedy and rebuild their encounters.
Epilogue
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

God, right after creation, said to the angels, ‘Indeed, I will make upon earth a khalifa.’1 They said, ‘Will You place upon it one who causes corruption therein and sheds blood, while we exalt You with praise and declare Your perfection?’ He said, ‘I know what you do not know.’...
“Between Us and the Compleat Anabaptists”
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 explains and analyzes why the first Baptists rejected infant or paedobaptism, rooting the rejection of paedobaptism in the prior embrace of a congregational ecclesiology, thus serving to both explain the emergence of baptistic congregationalists while also reinforcing the historical connection drawn in chapter 2 between “Baptists” and more mainstream congregationalists. Drawing on close readings of theological treatises published during the 1640s, chapter 3 demonstrates that baptistic congregationalists understood their embrace of believer’s baptism to be the logical outworking of their congregational principles. The chapter also demonstrates that episcopalian and presbyterian critics of both “Baptists” and congregationalists understood the two groups to be closely allied to one another, an insight that further buttresses the chapter’s overarching contention that it was congregational ecclesiology which made the rejection of paedobaptism a viable, mainstream, intellectual possibility for the first time in England’s history.
Conclusion
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

The conclusion considers how the book’s central argument might impinge more broadly upon the widespread historiographical assumption that one can appropriately and coherently describe a distinctive “Baptist” identity during the English Revolution and Interregnum. The labels with which we describe the past inevitably presuppose and project an interpretation of that past. But these embedded interpretations are almost always implicit rather than explicit and often inherited from historiographical predecessors rather than chosen with intention and care. Religious labels often confuse rather than clarify, and it is not at all obvious that the labels affixed to mid-seventeenth-century “Baptists” have helped to clarify the self-identity of the men and women they purport to describe.
Introduction
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Kohli Atul , Murali Kanta
Published: January 2019

Over the last few decades politics in India has moved steadily in a probusiness direction. In this volume we seek to analyze the growing power of business groups in the Indian polity. In this introductory chapter to the volume, we first set the scholarly context to analyze these changes, describe the historical background of India’s probusiness shift, discuss the probusiness tilt beginning in the 1980s and its implications for business power, and provide a summary of the chapters that follow in the volume.
Economic Liberalization and the Structural Power of Business
Authors: Murali Kanta
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on private capital’s structural power, the indirect mode of influence that business enjoys in the policy process as a result of the key economic role it plays in capitalist democracies. Specifically, the chapter traces the evolution of business’s structural power in the era of economic liberalization in India and empirically demonstrates the marked rise in capital’s structural power at both the national and subnational levels since 1991. It also finds that business’s structural power is not constant but varies across states in India. Though capital’s structural power has clearly risen in India in the era of economic liberalization, the chapter suggests that business influence is not hegemonic; the chapter identifies four factors—the importance of noneconomic factors in electoral politics, the internal heterogeneity of capital, the continuing role of the public sector, and patterns of patronage and cronyism—that mitigate business’s structural influence.
Business Interests, the State, and the Politics of Land Policy
Authors: Jenkins Rob
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between business interests and the Indian state. It focuses on the legal framework governing the state’s forcible acquisition of land for “public purposes,” including private sector industrial development. Recent land acquisition policy trends reveal ambiguities in the character of the Indian state. On the one hand, in 2013 India enacted legislation containing protections for landowners and communities facing dispossession. The inability of business interests to prevent passage of such a law—or of the probusiness government elected in 2014 to repeal or amend it—suggests that the nexus between business and the Indian state may be less all-embracing than it seems. On the other hand, this case demonstrates the capacity of business to adapt to political obstacles at the federal level—notably, by shaping and supporting a series of state-level reforms designed to neutralize the key community-protection provisions found in the 2013 act.
Business and Politics
Authors: Harriss John , Wyatt Andrew
Published: January 2019

The political economy of Tamil Nadu presents a puzzle: in spite of politics that are generally considered to be unhelpful to development, the state does relatively well in terms both of economic growth and of human development. The chapter argues that Tamil Nadu is neither a developmental nor a social democratic state, while having some of the features of both. It is, rather, characterized by Bonapartism. While the state has generally been supportive of big business, the relationship between the corporate sector and the political elite is distinctly “arm’s-length.” The power and influence of business groups has not “grown enormously,” as has been claimed elsewhere. Tamil politicians do not rely for financial resources on big business but have their own sources of finance, some of them in semilegal or illegal activities such as sand mining and granite quarrying.
Conclusion
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Kohli Atul , Murali Kanta
Published: January 2019

This conclusion follows the three main concerns of the volume: the power of business in India, business influence across issue areas, and cross-state variations. The chapters that address these respective concerns and their main contributions were already summarized in the introduction to this volume. This conclusion draws out some key themes that emerge when the chapters are either juxtaposed to each other or considered as a set. In particular, it addresses three broad questions: How do we assess the power of business in contemporary India? How is this power shift shaping democracy and development in India? Do insights from India travel to other countries?
Brows
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 focuses upon two archetypal figures in the 1920s battle of the brows: the highbrow and the so-called man in the street. It discusses the various ways in which the term ‘highbrow’ was employed during this period, before considering which music periodicals and critics fell into the highbrow camp, even if the term was not always explicitly used. The chapter proposes that there were various types of highbrow critic: some overt snobs, others more benevolent voices who wanted to share good music with a wide audience. The second part of the chapter analyses the eclectic, middlebrow tastes of the ‘man in the street’, a mythical figure who represented the burgeoning middle classes. Finally, the chapter considers publications, talks and broadcasts that were employed by various opera companies and individuals during the 1920s to encourage more people to watch and listen to opera.
Boundaries
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers opera’s interactions with various forms of popular culture in 1920s Britain. It establishes that ‘cultural purity’ was important to highbrow commentators but not to those with middlebrow taste, and explains that opera, as a hybrid art form, was problematic in this regard. The chapter considers the ways in which the newer form of cinema was perceived to be posing a threat to live opera, but reveals that film and opera interacted in productive ways. It also draws surprising connections between opera and jazz and examines opera’s appearances in popular fiction. The latter part of the chapter is devoted to the relationship between opera recordings and the notion of the bestseller, a problematic new term in the context of the battle of the brows. 1920s concerns about the commercialisation of listening and reading are considered, as are those about new audiences and who had the right to consume culture.
The Subhedar's Son
Authors: Dandekar Deepra
Published: January 2019

The book The Subhedar’s Son: A Narrative of Brahmin-Christian Conversion from Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra is based on an annotated translation of the Marathi book Subhedārāchā Putra written in 1895 by Rev. Dinkar Shankar Sawarkar. This book explores the experience of Christian conversion among Brahmins from the earliest Anglican missions of the Bombay Presidency (Church Missionary Society) established in the nineteenth century. Investigating how Brahmin converts counterbalanced social and family ostracism and accusations of procolonialism by retaining upper-caste and Marathi identity, this book demonstrates how retaining multiple identities facilitated Christian participation in the early nationalist and reformist intellectual movements of Maharashtra. Further, Brahmin Christians contributed to the burgeoning vernacular literary market as authentic rationalists and modernists, who countered atheism and challenged Hindu social-religious reform as inadequate. Not only did early vernacular Christian literature contribute to the precipitation of knowledge on ‘religion’ in colonial Maharashtra, as sets of dichotomized ideas and identities, but converts also transcended these dichotomized binaries by staging ‘conversion’ as a discursive activity straddling emergent religious, ethnic, and caste differences. Discussing whether nineteenth-century Marathi upper-caste converts constituted an ethnic community, the book explores how interstitial identity between multiple and ascribed ethnicities in colonial Maharashtra produced Brahmin Christians as a political minority whose demographic strength dwindled with the independence of India. Their presence today, elicited only within the history of vernacular literature from nineteenth-century Maharashtra, reveals how converts sought to integrate themselves with both Marathi and Christian society by rearticulating Christian devotion within Indic frameworks of Bhakti.
The Subhedar’s Son (Subhedārāchā Putra)
Authors: Dandekar Deepra
Published: January 2019

The annotated translation of the novel The Subhedar’s Son constitutes the main bulk of this book. The translation consists of fifteen chapters describing Rev. Shankar Balwant and his wife’s religious conversion to Christianity from a conservative Hindu Brahmin clan in 1849 at Nasik. These chapters closely explain the nature of the first Church Missionary Society mission in Nasik. The translation also describes the close interaction between the defeat of the Maratha Empire at British hands and the emotions of individual Brahmins, who converted to Christianity out of the feelings of frustration. While the first chapters discuss the Maratha defeat and the loss of Hindu grandeur, the latter part of the book unravels individual Brahmin expectations and the persecution faced by converts, despite intellectual ferment and conviction.
The Context of The Subhedar’s Son
Authors: Dandekar Deepra
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses different social questions that were important for Brahmin conversion in the nineteenth-century Marathi mission. It begins with the racialization of religion at the mission, highlighting the question of rescued African slaves and the importance of retaining caste status among upper-caste converts. The chapter explores how caste identity among Brahmin converts in Nasik was produced from experiences of ostracism and oppression. While European missionaries oppressed native converts, Hindu Brahmins from Nasik ostracized Christians, who were disallowed from entering Nasik and lived in a Christian inhabitation called Sharanpur. The Subhedar’s Son is a perfect example of a conversion biography that simultaneously highlights Brahmin-Christian ancestry and the discrimination meted out to converts by Hindus. The book also demonstrates how writing about conversion and Christianity utilized borrowed emotions and experience from an entire vernacular literary domain that inscribed religious modernity and individual emancipation.
Shankar Nana, Parubai, and the Author, Dinkar Shankar Sawarkar
Authors: Dandekar Deepra
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the life story of the first converts Shankar Nana, his wife Parubai, and the author of the novel, Dinkar Shankar Sawarkar, their son. The life stories are based on Christian witnesses, Church Missionary Society archival records, and the Marathi Christian literature of the time that provided protagonists in the novel human agency. This chapter is important for its narrative that lies outside missionary discourse and the native Christian interest that seeks to justify conversion. Based on archival records, this chapter then constitutes the ‘other’ of the translated text.