bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design Multistage External Gear Pumps for Dry Sump Systems: Methodology and Application
Authors: Guerra Davide , Polastri Marco , Battarra Mattia , Suman Alessio , Mucchi Emiliano , Pinelli Michele
Published: March 2021

Thanks to their manufacturing simplicity, robustness, and consolidated design knowledge, external gear pumps are widely adopted in the automotive fields. With the purpose of leading the design procedure of these positive displacement machines, within this work, the authors integrate in a comprehensive tool the salient equations adopted for the design of the major gear pump features. The presented procedure is devoted to the design of multistage external gear pumps characterized by a singular floating driving shaft supported by fluid-dynamic journal bearings. Focusing the attention on the procedure flexibility, it has been structured in three iterative calculation phases. The core section of the methodology concerns the geometrical design of the involute gear tooth profile. It is oriented to ensure a proper volumetric displacement while complying with the space requirement and the tooth manufacturing limitations. Thus, through the analytical pressure loads estimation combined with the operational parameters, the second calculation step provides the design of the driving shaft and the relevant dimensions of the journal bearings. Finally, by means of a power loss approach, the third macrosection of the procedure leads to estimating the clearances between gear tip and housing. The potentials of the methodology are exposed by describing its applications to a case study of multistage gear pump employed in the dry sump lubrication system of an automotive heavy-duty engine. Each calculation step application is outlined with reference to the proposed analytical formulation and the results of the parameters calibration are presented. Within this context, the procedure is assessed by means of a CFD analysis. The results highlight the accuracy of the methodology on the estimation of the required delivery flow rate. Aside from being accurate, flexible, and reliable, the procedure stands out for being an innovative tool within the multistage gear pump framework.
Determination of Formation Time of Calcareous Cements in Marine Sandstone and Their Influence on Hydrocarbon Accumulation: A Case Study of the Carboniferous Donghe Sandstone in the Hadexun Oilfield, Tarim Basin
Authors: Cui Jingwei , Liu Yongfu
Published: March 2021

Based on core observations, the microheterogeneity, diagenetic features, diagenetic mineral compositions, and stable isotopes of cements in the calcareous interlayers in the Donghe sandstone were studied by polarizing microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and other techniques. By determining the proportions of cements of two phases by a statistical method and their clumped isotope values by an end-member method, the multiphase calcareous cementation was shown to be the major contributor to densification. Cluster isotopes revealed that the average formation temperatures of calcareous cements in phases II and III of cementation were 45–50°C and 80–90°C, indicating that they were products of the A and B phases during early diagenesis, respectively. According to the homogenization temperatures of coeval salt-water inclusions associated with hydrocarbon inclusions, which range from 100°C to 130°C, basin modeling revealed that the basin underwent mainly one stage of hydrocarbon charging during 8–5 Ma in the Miocene period. The cements of the two phases in the oil-free calcareous interlayers in the Donghe sandstone, which are the main controlling factor of the oil-water distribution in the reservoir at present, formed much earlier than the oil filling in the oil-bearing sandstone.
Association of Obesity with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Kidney Disease Outcomes in Primary Proteinuric Glomerulopathies
Authors: Shah Paras P. , Brady Tammy M. , Meyers Kevin E.C. , O’Shaughnessy Michelle M. , Gibson Keisha L. , Srivastava Tarak , Zee Jarcy , Cattran Daniel , Tuttle Katherine R. , Gadegbeku Crystal , Glenn Dorey , Derebail Vimal , Smith Abigail , Wang Chia-shi , Gillespie Brenda W. , Bitzer Markus , Sethna Christine B.
Published: March 2021

Background/Aims: Obesity is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and contributes to the development and progression of kidney disease. However, the specific influence of obesity on outcomes in primary glomerular disease has not been well characterized. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, data were from 541 participants enrolled in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE), between 2010 and 2019, at 23 sites across North America. Blood pressure, lipids, and kidney disease outcomes including complete proteinuria remission, kidney failure, and chronic kidney disease progression were evaluated. Data were analyzed using linear and logistic regression with generalized estimating equations and time-varying Cox regression with Kaplan-Meier plots. Results: The prevalence of obesity at baseline was 43.3% (N = 156) in adults and 37.6% (N = 68) in children. In adults, obesity was longitudinally associated with higher systolic BP (β = 6.49, 95% CI: 2.41, 10.56, p = 0.002), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.32, p < 0.001), triglycerides (β = 41.92, 95% CI: 17.12, 66.71, p = 0.001), and lower HDL (β = −6.92, 95% CI: −9.32, −4.51, p < 0.001). In children, obesity over time was associated with higher systolic BP index (β = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06, p < 0.001) and hypertension (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.98, p = 0.03). In both adults and children, obesity was associated with a significantly lower hazard of achieving complete remission of proteinuria (adult HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.88, p < 0.001; pediatric HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.84, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Obesity was associated with higher cardiovascular risk and less proteinuria remission from nephrotic syndrome in adults and children with proteinuric glomerulopathies. Weight-loss strategies may forestall cardiovascular disease and progressive kidney function decline in this high-risk patient group.
ДІАГНОСТИКА КЛІЩОВИХ ІНФЕКЦІЙ У ВАГІТНИХ
Authors: Boychuk A. V. , Yakymchuk Yu. B. , Andreychyn M. A. , Skilna M. I. , Ivakhiv O. L. , Klishch I. M. , Korda M. M. , Zaporozhan S. Yo. , Huk M. T. , Sydorenko I. H.
Published: March 2021

Мета дослідження – з’ясувати частоту інфікування B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), A. phagocytophilum, Babesia spp. і вірусом кліщового енцефаліту (ВКЕ) вагітних Тернопільщини.

Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 43 вагітних на 22–27-му тижнях вагітності, які мали патологію вагітності. В сироватці крові визначали специфічні антитіла класів IgM та IgG до B. burgdorferi s. l. методом ІФА, а також ДНК B. burgdorferi s. l., A. phagocytophilum та РНК Babesia spp. і ВКЕ в крові вагітних за допомогою ПЛР у режимі реального часу.

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. Специфічні антитіла IgM і/чи IgG до B. burgdorferi s. l. (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzeli, B. garinii) за допомогою ІФА виявлено у сироватках крові 41,9 % вагітних. Методом ПЛР ДНК B. burgdorferi s. l. знайдено в крові 9,3 % вагітних; ДНК A. phagocytophilum – у 6,9 %, РНК Babesia spp. – у 4,7 %, РНК ВКЕ – у 4,7 %.

Висновок. Виявлення нуклеїнових кислот збудників кліщових інфекцій у вагітних із патологією вагітності, ймовірно, свідчить про можливу причетність зазначених збудників до виникнення цієї патології. Можливе інфікування вагітних при вживанні термічно не обробленого молока кіз і великої рогатої худоби.
НИЗЬКИЙ ОВУЛЯТОРНИЙ РЕЗЕРВ: ПРИЧИНИ ВИНИКНЕННЯ, ПИТАННЯ ТА ВІДПОВІДІ
Authors: Khmil S. V. , Denefil O. V. , Terletska N. Yu. , Mayorova O. Yu.
Published: March 2021

Мета дослідження – вивчення та аналіз факторів, які негативно впливають на репродуктивну функцію яєчників.

Матеріали та методи. У роботі використано загальнонаукові методи дослідження: аналіз і синтез, індукцію та дедукцію, аналогію, абстрагування і конкретизацію, системний аналіз, формалізацію.

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. Під час виконання дослідження було проаналізовано 43 джерела сучасної вітчизняної та зарубіжної літератури щодо причин погіршення репродуктивної функції яєчників.

Висновки. Аналіз літературних джерел показав, що на стан яєчників та оваріальний резерв негативно впливають різні фактори: анамнез (генетична схильність, ускладнений пренатальний період, операції на яєчниках, ендометріоз, інфекції органів таза, соматична патологія), вік, стиль життя (індекс маси тіла, вживання алкоголю та кави, куріння), шкідливі фактори навколишнього середовища (атмосферозабруднюючі речовини, пестициди, радіоактивні агенти).
Морфометрична оцінка структурної перебудови венозного русла товстої кишки при резекціях різних об’ємів паренхіми печінки
Authors: Hnatjuk M. S. , Tatarchuk L. V. , Procajlo O. M. , Monastyrska N. Ja.
Published: March 2021

Мета роботи: морфометрично вивчити особливості структурної перебудови венозного русла товстої кишки при резекціях різних об’ємів паренхіми печінки.

Матеріали і методи. Дослідження проведено на 60 щурах-самцях, які були розділені на 3 групи. 1-ша група нараховувала 20 інтактних тварин, 2-га – 20 щурів після резекції 31,5 % паренхіми печінки, 3-тя – 20 тварин після видалення правої та лівої бокових часток печінки (58,1 % паренхіми печінки). Евтаназію щурів здійснювали кровопусканням в умовах тіопентал-натрієвого наркозу через один місяць від початку експерименту. Із товстої кишки виготовляли гістологічні мікропрепарати, на яких вимірювали діаметри закапілярних венул, венул, зовнішній та внутрішній діаметри і товщину стінки венозних судин, висоту ендотеліоцитів, їх ядер, ядерно-цитоплазматичні відношення в ендотеліоцитах, відносні об’єми ушкоджених ендотеліоцитів. Кількісні показники обробляли статистично.

Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Через місяць після резекції 58,1 % об’єму печінки виявлено пострезекційну портальну гіпертензію. Встановлено, що при цьому діаметр закапілярних венул зріс на 37,0 %, а діаметр венул – на 30,7 % (р<0,001). В умовах пострезекційної портальної гіпертензії зовнішній діаметр вен товстої кишки з вираженою статистично достовірною різницею (р<0,001) зріс на 19,4 %, внутрішній діаметр – на 36,6 % (р<0,001), а товщина стінки досліджуваних судин зменшилася на 11,9 % (р<0,001). Висота ендотеліоцитів венозних судин товстої кишки при пострезекційній портальній гіпертензії статистично достовірно (р<0,001) зменшилася на 11,4 % порівняно з контролем, діаметри їх ядер – на 9,3 %, а ядерно-цитоплазматичні відношення в ендотеліоцитах зросли на 6,1 % (р<0,001). Відносний об’єм ушкоджених ендотеліоцитів у досліджуваних умовах експерименту статистично достовірно збільшився у 22 рази (р<0,001) порівняно з аналогічним контрольним морфометричним параметром. Резекція великих об’ємів паренхіми печінки призводить до пострезекційної портальної гіпертензії та значного ремоделювання венозного русла товстої кишки, яке характеризується вираженим розширенням та повнокров’ям венозних судин, порушенням їх венозної дренажної функції, гіпоксією, дистрофічними, некробіотичними, інфільтративними та склеротичними процесами в досліджуваному органі.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПСИХОПАТОЛОГІЧНОЇ СИМПТОМАТИКИ У ХВОРИХ ІЗ ДЕПРЕСИВНИМИ РОЗЛАДАМИ
Authors: Belov O. O.
Published: March 2021

Резюме. Дослідження клінічної феноменології депресивних розладів має важливе значення для визначення напрямків сучасного патоморфозу, прогнозування та лікування депресій.

Мета дослідження – вивчити структуру і вираження психопатологічної симптоматики у хворих із депресивними розладами на сучасному етапі з урахуванням віку та гендерного фактора.

Матеріали і методи. Проведено клінічне обстеження 107 чоловіків і 138 жінок із депресивними розладами ендогенного характеру (коди за МКХ-10 F 31.3,  F 31.4, F 32.0, F 32.1, F 32.2, F 33.0, F 33.1, F 33.2) з урахуванням віку та гендерного фактора, з використанням опитувальника SCL-90-R.

Результати. Депресивні розлади, окрім депресивної симптоматики, проявляються широким спектром психопатологічних проявів, серед яких домінують підвищені рівні тривожності – (2,40±0,45) бала, помірні рівні міжособистісної сензитивності – (1,73±0,48) бала та обсесивно-компульсивної симптоматики – (1,44±0,85) бала, близькі до помірних рівні соматизації – (1,05±0,51) бала і фобічної тривожності – (1,00±0,47) бала, а також невисокі рівні психотизму – (0,64±0,24) бала, ворожості – (0,55±0,77) бала і паранояльної симптоматики – (0,26±0,13) бала. У чоловіків виявлено значуще вищі показники депресії, ворожості й паранояльної симптоматики, а у жінок – тривожності, обсесивно-компульсивної симптоматики, міжособистісної сензитивності, соматизації та фобічної тривожності. Гендерні відмінності у вираженні психопатологічної симптоматики ймовірно пов’язані з різними статеворольовими моделями і специфікою гендернозумовлених патохарактерологічних змін. Вираження усіх психопатологічних проявів збільшується з віком, при цьому більш суттєве погіршення проявів психопатологічної симптоматики відбувається у віці 45 років і старше, тоді як зростання показників психопатологічної симптоматики у молодому віці виявилося менш суттєвим.

Висновки. Клінічна картина сучасних депресивних розладів характеризується поліморфністю симптоматики і наявністю значущих гендерних відмінностей; психопатологічні прояви посилюються з віком, досягаючи найбільшого вираження у пацієнтів середнього, похилого і старечого віку, що можна розглядати як прояв сучасного клінічного патоморфозу депресій.
ВПЛИВ МЕЛАТОНІНУ НА АНТИОКСИДАНТНУ СИСТЕМУ ПЕЧІНКИ ЩУРІВ ПРИ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІЙ НЕФРОПАТІЇ
Authors: Kolianyk І. О. , Gerush І. V.
Published: March 2021

Резюме. Ураження нирок призводить до ускладнення багатьох соматичних захворювань і підвищує ризик смерті у пацієнтів. Це зумовлює необхідність пошуку засобів ефективної та безпечної фармакологічної корекції нефропатій різної етіології. Печінка та нирки відіграють важливу роль також у знешкодженні ксенобіотиків, тому вони більш схильні до окиснювальних ушкоджень. Мелатонін – гормон епіфіза, який володіє протизапальними та антиоксидантними властивостями. Доцільним є дослідження його ефектів на антиоксидантну систему печінки при захворюваннях нирок.

Мета дослідження – оцінити вплив мелатоніну на антиоксидантну систему печінки щурів при експериментальній нефропатії.

Методи і методи. Експеримент проведено на 127 нелінійних щурах-самцях масою 0,16–0,18 кг. Експериментальну нефропатію моделювали за допомогою одноразового внутрішньочеревного введення фолієвої кислоти в дозі 250 мг/кг маси тіла. Мелатонін вводили інтрагастрально упродовж 3-х та 7-ми днів після моделювання нефропатії в дозі 10 мг/кг. Стан антиоксидантної системи печінки оцінювали за показниками активності SOD, каталази, GP, GST та вмісту відновленого глутатіону в постмітохондріальній фракції печінки.

Результати. У печінці тварин з експериментальною нефропатією спостерігали суттєві порушення досліджуваних показників антиоксидантної системи.Так, активність GP, GST, вміст відновленого глутатіону знижувалась, а активність SOD та каталази зростала в печінці щурів із нефропатією на 3 добу експерименту порівняно з аналогічними показниками контрольної групи. Введення мелатоніну за умов нефропатії сприяло нормалізації активності SOD, каталази, GST та вмісту відновленого глутатіону на 7 добу експерименту, хоча активність GP залишалася зниженою.

Висновки. У тварин з експериментальною нефропатією спостерігається дисбаланс показників антиоксидантної системи, що, ймовірно, зумовлено посиленим вільнорадикальним ушкодженням біомолекул. Введення мелатоніну упродовж 7 днів сприяє нормалізації показників антиоксидантної системи у печінці щурів із нефропатією, що, ймовірно, зумовлено його здатністю безпосередньо знешкоджувати токсичні сполуки й активувати антиоксидантні ензими.
ВПЛИВ ТІОТРИАЗОЛІНУ НА ПЕРВИННУ І ВТОРИННУ ІМУННУ ВІДПОВІДЬ ЗА УМОВ ФОРМУВАННЯ КОНТАКТНОГО ДЕРМАТИТУ ТА ПНЕВМОНІЇ
Authors: Regeda-Furdychko M. M. , Regeda М. S. , Regeda S. M. , Furdychko L. O.
Published: March 2021

Резюме. Контактний дерматит (КД) і пневмонія залишаються найбільш розповсюдженими захворюваннями серед патології бронхолегеневого апарату і шкіри.

Мета дослідження – з’ясувати рівень активності імуноглобулінів А, M, G у крові та встановити коригувальний вплив на них тіотриазоліну в умовах КД і експериментальної пневмонії (ЕП).

Матеріали і методи. Були проведені дослідження на 55 морських свинках-самцях масою 180–210 г. Контактний дерматит відтворювали за методом  В. А. Волкової, ЕП – за методом В. Н. Шляпникова,  Т. Л. Солодова. Вміст імуноглобулінів А, M, G в крові визначали за методом Е. Ф. Чернушенко, Л. С. Когосова. Тіотриазолін вводили щоденно у дозі 100 мг на 1 кг маси упродовж 10 діб (з 8-ї до 18-ї доби) ЕП і КД. Тварин декапітували під ефірним наркозом на 4-ту, 8-му, 10-ту і 18-ту доби до та після застосування цього препарату.

Результати. Встановлено, що КД і ЕП (4-та, 8-ма, 10-та і 18-та доби) супроводжується підвищенням вмісту IgA в крові відповідно на 46,4 % (p<0,05),  84,6 % (p<0,05), 115,4 % (p<0,001) і 123,1% (p<0,001). IgM відповідно на 50,0 % (p<0,05), 58,3 % (p<0,05),  91,7 % (p<0,05) і 103,3 % (p<0,001), IgG – на 49,0 % (p<0,05), 73,6 % (p<0,05), 86,8 % (p<0,05) і 90,6 % (p<0,05) проти контролю до лікування. Застосування тіотриазоліну приводило до зниження IgA, IgM і IgG в крові відповідно на 27,5 % (p<0,05), 36,0 % (p<0,05) і  29,7 % (p<0,05) відносно групи тварин з ЕП і КД до лікування, що свідчить про його імунокоригувальний ефект.

Висновки. Контактний дерматит і експериментальна пневмонія супроводжуються поступовим зростанням рівня IgA, M, G в крові упродовж усього періоду їх розвитку з домінуванням у найпізніший термін спостереження (10-та і 18-та доби), що дає підстави констатувати про їх активну участь у механізмах формування первинної та вторинної імунної відповіді. Застосування тіотриазоліну зумовлювало імунокоригувальну дію на рівень імуноглобулінів у крові при КД і ЕП.
A desinformação é o parasita do século XXI
Authors: Boarini Margareth , Ferrari Pollyana
Published: March 2021

Juntos, os fenômenos da desinformação, das fake news e do negacionismo ganharam robustez e fluidez e passaram a demandar uma atenção permanente pautada na multi, inter e transdisciplinaridade. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e do estudo de casos reais, o artigo traz reflexões e fatores que movem os fenômenos e reflete ainda sobre ações que podem ser usadas no estímulo ao pensamento crítico das audiências.
Epistemologias do Sul: desafios teórico-metodológicos da educomunicação
Authors: Rosa Rosane
Published: March 2021

Neste artigo, procuramos fazer uma reflexão acerca dos desafios teórico-metodológicos imperativos para a concepção da educomunicação como uma epistemologia do Sul, com potência crítica e emancipatória. As epistemologias do Sul, com base em Sousa Santos (1994-2019) se utilizam dos seguintes procedimentos: sociologia das ausências, sociologia das emergências, ecologia de saberes e a tradução intercultural. As epistemologias do sul produzem ciência de forma contra hegemônica, apropriando-se de metodologias não extrativistas, pois objetivam promover a justiça cognitiva e a produção de conhecimento emancipatório que implica em um re\conhecimento do outro como sujeito (comunicativo).
Transmetodologia como identidade: uma epistemologia transformadora na pesquisa em comunicação
Authors: Almeida Renata Cardoso de , Torre Alberto Efendy Maldonado Gómez de la
Published: March 2021

A ciência e a comunicação afetam e são afetadas pela realidade ao mesmo tempo em que necessitam de uma ruptura com o senso comum raso e não reflexivo, ao contrário dos saberes milenares que foram construídos com muita engenharia mental por diversos povos. Por isso, este artigo tem como objetivo propor uma forma alternativa de pensar o modo como fazemos ciência em comunicação, valorizando as experiências pessoais e as tencionando de acordo com as diversas correntes teóricas, buscando compreender a diversidade sobre diferentes prismas. Assim, este artigo defende a proposta transmetodológica formulada por Alberto Efendy Maldonado como uma identidade epistêmica.
Pleonasmo Jurídico da MP nº 966/2020
Authors: Szczerbacki Castello Branco Luiza
Published: March 2021

O presente trabalho tem o escopo de fazer uma análise crítica da MP n. 966/2020, que dispõe sobre a responsabilização de agentes públicos por ação e omissão em atos relacioandos com a pandemia da covid-19. A referida norma, todavia, apenas reproduziu dispositivos inseridos pela Lei n. 13.655/18 à LINDB, assim como do Decreto n. 9.839/19. A mencionada legislação, reforçando o pragmatismo jurídico, busca criar um ambiente propício para o gestor público bem intencionado e que quer agir de maneira inovadora, o que se afigura útil para suplantar a crise atual. Instado a se manifestar, o STF, utilizando-se do pragamatismo, estabeleceu parâmetros interpretativos a fim de harmonizar a MP n. 966/2020 à Constituição. Acredita-se que, não obstante salutar a manifestação do Supremo, a Medida Provisória, ao repetir o que já normatizado, em nada inovou, incorrendo em um pleonasmo jurídico desnecessário.
Intracranial Pressure During the Development of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Fernandes Marcos Vinicius , Rosso Melo Mariana , Mowry Francesca Elisabeth , Lucera Gabriela Maria , Lauar Mariana Ruiz , Frigieri Gustavo , Biancardi Vinicia Campana , Menani Jose V. , Colombari Débora Simões Almeida , Colombari Eduardo
Published: March 2021

The mechanisms by which changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) occur during hypertension are unclear. The experimental 2K1C (2-kidney, 1-clip) hypertension is a model characterized by sympathetic and renin-angiotensin system overactivation in which ICP still needs investigation. In the present study, we analyzed ICP alterations during the development of 2K1C hypertension using invasive and noninvasive ICP recording methods. We also tested the importance of AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) activation for the ICP changes and investigated the integrity of the blood-brain barrier within central cardioregulatory nuclei in 2K1C hypertensive rats. 2K1C hypertension was induced in 6-week-old male rats (150 g). In the fourth week of 2K1C hypertension induction, when mean arterial pressure reached 162±2 mm Hg, ICP significantly increased, ICP pulse waveforms changed, increasing the ratio between the two peaks (P2/P1 ratio) of the ICP waveform. In the third week of 2K1C hypertension induction, blood-brain barrier disruption was detected within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, rostral ventrolateral medulla, and nucleus tractus solitarius. In the sixth week, intravenous losartan (AT1R antagonist) or the vasodilator hydralazine acutely reduced arterial pressure to normotensive levels. Losartan, but not hydralazine, partially reduced the increase of ICP and P2/P1 ratio in hypertensive rats. These results show significant changes in ICP in 2K1C hypertensive rats and suggest that AT1R activation may contribute to elevated ICP during hypertension—an effect possibly intensified by the blood-brain barrier disruption in important central cardioregulatory nuclei in renovascular hypertensive animals.
Premna caridantha (Lamiaceae: Permnoideae), a distinct new species from Kachin State, northern Myanmar

Authors: TAN YUN-HONG , MIN DAO-ZHANG , DING HONG-BO , YANG BIN , MAW MYA BHONE , LI BO
Published: March 2021

A distinct new species of Premna, P. caridantha which was discovered from Putao District, Kachin State, northern Myanmar, is described and illustrated here. It is characterized by having large and intricate paniculiform inflorescences which branch three times with the terminal branch formed by a spike-like thyrse, zygomorphic corolla with a short-incurved tube, and a bright yellowish spot on the middle lob of the lower corolla lip. The species is most similar to P. grandipaniculata but clearly differs in leaf shape and corolla characters. Premna caridantha is the fourth species having spike-like thyrses in Premna and the third new Premna species recently discovered from northern Myanmar.
A new genus and species in the Sporolithales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) from northern New Zealand: Roseapetra farriae sp. nov.
Authors: NELSON WENDY A. , NEILL KATE F. , TWIST BRENTON A. , SUTHERLAND JUDY E.
Published: March 2021

A new genus in the order Sporolithales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta), Roseapetra farriae gen. et sp. nov. is described, based on material from northern New Zealand. Previously placed in the genus Heydrichia on the basis of morpho-anatomical characters, phylogenetic analyses have shown that this northern New Zealand taxon is not resolved with either Heydrichia or Sporolithon, the two genera currently recognized in this order. Roseapetra displays the key diagnostic features of the order, namely the production of cruciately divided tetrasporangia singly within calcified sporangial compartments. In Roseapetra the tetrasporangia are surrounded by an involucre, and mature tetrasporangia are subtended by up to three stalk cells. The tetrasporangial compartments are shed once spores have been released. Gametangial conceptacles are not shed but become buried, with secondary meristem producing lens-like areas of regrowth. While there are several morpho-anatomical characters that separate Roseapetra and Sporolithon, there are none that can be used to distinguish Roseapetra from Heydrichia: recognition of Roseapetra requires sequence data. Roseapetra farriae is found growing in the low intertidal zone on rocky reefs in shaded, understorey habitats.
Four new species of Litoblatta from Argentina with a key to species based on males (Blattaria: Ectobiidae: Blattellinae)
Authors: VALVERDE ALEJANDRA DEL CARMEN , CRESPO FRANCISCO A.
Published: March 2021

New diagnostic characters were used to study the genus Litoblatta Hebard: paraprocts, styles due to their shape and distribution of spines, and sclerites of the genitalia of the male with emphasis on the right complex. Male and female genitalia are described in detail. Four new species of cockroaches are described, Litoblatta elisae, Litoblatta lutea, Litoblatta misionerae, and Litoblatta tucumanae. The number of species recorded for Argentina rises to 7 and a key for male determination is provided. The geographic distribution of the studied species of cockroaches is extended.
Two new species of Coccomorpha (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) collected from Japanese silver grass, Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae) in Okinawa Island, Japan
Authors: TANAKA HIROTAKA , KAMITANI SATOSHI
Published: March 2021

Two new species of Coccomorpha collected from Japanese silver grass, Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Poaceae), in Okinawa Island, Japan, are described based on the morphology of adult females: Aspidiella kijimuna sp. nov. (Diaspididae) and Dysmicoccus bunagaya sp. nov. (Pseudococcidae). Aspidiella kijimuna is similar to A. phragmitis (Takahashi, 1931) but differs from it by having relatively well-developed and recognisable third lobes, and median lobes with rounded apices. Dysmicoccus bunagaya is similar to Trionymus okiensis Tanaka, 2018 but differs from it by having more than eight pairs of cerarii. Keys to all the Japanese species of Aspidiella and Dysmicoccus are provided.
Tropical and Extratropical Influences on the Variability of the Southern Hemisphere Wintertime Subtropical Jet
Authors: Gillett Z. E. , Hendon H. H. , Arblaster J. M. , Lim E.-P.
Published: March 2021

Interannual variability of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet (STJ) is assessed using atmospheric reanalyses during 1979–2018. The focus is on the austral winter season when the STJ is strongest and most distinct from the midlatitude eddy-driven jet (EDJ). Variations in the intensity and latitudinal position of the STJ are diagnosed using an index developed to discriminate between variations associated with the EDJ. STJ intensity and position variations are found to be tied to different mechanisms. An intensification of the STJ is associated with enhanced divergent outflow from diabatic heating over the equatorial Pacific Ocean, primarily resulting from eastern Pacific or canonical El Niño. This intensification is associated with a narrowing of the STJ and an in-place weakening of the EDJ. An equatorward-shifted STJ, however, appears to be eddy driven and is associated with an acceleration and poleward displacement of the EDJ, which projects onto the positive polarity of the southern annular mode. As has previously been reported, El Niño Modoki (or central Pacific El Niño) can act to shift the EDJ poleward during austral winter; thus, a possible pathway for changes in the position of the STJ is via tropically forced changes in the position of the EDJ. In contrast to previous studies, we also highlight a weakening and poleward shift of the STJ in association with an expansion of the Hadley circulation.
Ocean Surface Boundary Layer Response to Abruptly Turning Winds
Authors: Wang Xingchi , Kukulka Tobias
Published: March 2021

Turbulence driven by wind and waves controls the transport of heat, momentum, and matter in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL). For realistic ocean conditions, winds and waves are often neither aligned nor constant, for example, when winds turn rapidly. Based on a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method, which captures shear-driven turbulence (ST) and Langmuir turbulence (LT) driven by the Craik-Leibovich vortex force, we investigate the OSBL response to abruptly turning winds. We design idealized LES experiments, whose winds are initially constant to equilibrate OSBL turbulence before abruptly turning 90° either cyclonically or anticyclonically. The transient Stokes drift for LT is estimated from a spectral wave model. The OSBL response includes three successive stages that follow the change in direction. During stage 1, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) decreases due to reduced TKE production. Stage 2 is characterized by TKE increasing with TKE shear production recovering and exceeding TKE dissipation. Transient TKE levels may exceed their stationary values due to inertial resonance and non-equilibrium turbulence. Turbulence relaxes to its equilibrium state at stage 3, but LT still adjusts due to slowly developing waves. During stages 1 and 2, greatly misaligned wind and waves lead to Eulerian TKE production exceeding Stokes TKE production. A Reynolds stress budget analysis and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation models indicate that Stokes production furthermore drives the OSBL response. The Coriolis effects result in asymmetrical OSBL responses to wind turning directions. Our results suggest that transient wind conditions play a key role in understanding realistic OSBL dynamics.
Using Drifter Velocity Measurements to Assess and Constrain Coarse-Resolution Ocean Models
Authors: Zhao Mengnan , Ponte Rui M. , Wang Ou , Lumpkin Rick
Published: March 2021

Properly fitting ocean models to observations is crucial for improving model performance and understanding ocean dynamics. Near-surface velocity measurements from the Global Drifter Program (GDP) contain valuable information about upper-ocean circulation and air–sea fluxes on various space and time scales. This study explores whether GDP measurements can be used for usefully constraining the surface circulation from coarse-resolution ocean models, using global solutions produced by the consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) as an example. To address this problem, a careful examination of velocity data errors is required. Comparisons between an ECCO model simulation, performed without any data constraints, and GDP and Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real-Time (OSCAR) velocity data, over the period 1992–2017, reveal considerable differences in magnitude and pattern. These comparisons are used to estimate GDP data errors in the context of the time-mean and time-variable surface circulations. Both instrumental errors and errors associated with limitations in model physics and resolution (representation errors) are considered. Given the estimated model–data differences, errors, and signal-to-noise ratios, our results indicate that constraining ocean-state estimates to GDP can have a substantial impact on the ECCO large-scale time-mean surface circulation over extensive areas. Impact of GDP data constraints on the ECCO time-variable circulation would be weaker and mainly limited to low latitudes. Representation errors contribute substantially to degrading the data impacts.
A Functional Analysis of 2016 Nonpresidential Campaign Tweets
Authors: Stein Kevin A. , Benoit William L.
Published: March 2021

A functional analysis was conducted on 2016 candidate tweets in races for governor, U.S. Senate, and U.S. House. The 2016 presidential campaign left no doubt that Twitter has come of age as a campaign medium. Because this form of communication is relatively new, we know relatively little about it. Tweets and retweets combined used acclaims more than attacks. Tweets used more acclaims, and fewer attacks, than retweets. Incumbent candidates acclaimed more, and attacked less, than challengers. These campaign messages addressed character slightly more than policy. Tweets acclaimed more than they attacked when addressing general goals and ideals. Incumbents (compared with challengers) were more likely to acclaim, and less likely to attack, when discussing past deeds. With the exception of topic (about the same number of policy and character comments) these findings reflect other campaign message forms.
Biological sources of variations of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b in a healthy Japanese population
Authors: Kikuchi Wataru , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Mori Kazuo , Shimizu Yoshihisa
Published: March 2021

Background

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b) is a bone resorption marker that is mainly used in clinical management of osteoporosis. For proper interpretations of test results for serum TRACP5b, we explored their biological sources of variation, esp. age-related changes, and associations with other bone-related markers in healthy Japanese adults.

Methods

During the 2009 East-Southeast Asian multicentre study for determination of reference intervals, 72 major laboratory tests were measured by centralized assays in 3541 well-defined healthy volunteers. The current study included 1980 test results in Japanese subjects for five bone-related markers: TRACP5b, bone alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone, calcium and inorganic phosphate. Information on sources of variation, including body mass index, smoking habits and ABO-blood group, were obtained from a health status questionnaire.

Results

Gender-specific profiles of age-related changes were observed for each parameter. Increased values starting from 40 years of age in females were most prominent for TRACP5b, followed by bone alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphate. TRACP5b in males decreased with body mass index, bone alkaline phosphatase and TRACP5b were higher in blood type-O subjects, especially in males. TRACPT5b was closely correlated with bone alkaline phosphatase, and moderately correlated with adjusted calcium and inorganic phosphate, especially in females aged ≥45 years. Reference intervals for each analyte were determined parametrically based on gender and age.

Conclusions

This study elucidated sources of variation of TRACP5b and related bone markers in healthy Japanese subjects and demonstrated a specific age profile for each marker. These results are of relevance for better clinical usage and interpretations of serum levels of bone markers.
The relationship between traffic and non-traffic offending in Western Australia
Authors: Crosetta Monica L , House Paul , Parmar Jesse , McComb Christine , Pritchard Elizabeth , Barnes Geoffrey
Published: March 2021

Self-selection policing is an approach whereby serious underlying criminality is detected by an offender’s minor crimes (known as trigger offences). Strategic offences are offences that indicate an increased likelihood that the associated offender will engage in later offending. The purpose of this study was to determine if first-time serious traffic offending in Western Australia indicates previous and/or future non-traffic criminality, thereby demonstrating the utility of serious traffic offences as trigger offences and strategic offences. The authors collated the crime data of all first-time serious traffic offenders in Western Australia between December 2004 and December 2014. Using this data, survival analyses were conducted to determine if and when a first-time serious traffic offender committed an initial non-traffic offence within 10 years of their first serious traffic offence. When comparing this data to data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the authors found that first-time serious traffic offenders are more likely than the average Western Australian to have a previous or future initial non-traffic offence. Some groups of first-time traffic offenders were more likely to commit non-traffic offences than others including males, individuals under the age of 25, drug drivers and drivers without authority. These results support the use of first-time serious traffic offences as trigger/strategic offences and could be used to identify and divert traffic offenders with versatile criminal histories and traffic offenders at risk of future criminal activity.
Brexit Domino? The Political Contagion Effects of Voter-endorsed Withdrawals from International Institutions
Authors: Walter Stefanie
Published: March 2021

This article examines the systemic implications of the growing popular backlash against international cooperation and analyzes how voter-endorsed attempts to withdraw from international institutions reverberate abroad. Observing other countries’ disintegration experiences allows voters to better assess the feasibility and desirability of such withdrawals. More positive withdrawal experiences encourage exit-support abroad, whereas negative experiences are likely to have a deterring effect. These contagion effects will be conditioned by the availability of information and voters’ willingness to learn. The article empirically examines this argument for the case of Brexit. It leverages original survey data from 58,959 EU-27 Europeans collected in six survey waves during the Brexit withdrawal negotiations and from a two-wave survey of 2,241 Swiss voters conducted around the first Brexit extension in spring 2019. It finds both encouragement and deterrence effects, which are bigger when respondents pay attention to Brexit and are dampened by motivated reasoning.
A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Model for Continuous and Graded Responses With Error in Persons and Items
Authors: Ferrando Pere J. , Navarro-González David
Published: March 2021

Item response theory “dual” models (DMs) in which both items and individuals are viewed as sources of differential measurement error so far have been proposed only for unidimensional measures. This article proposes two multidimensional extensions of existing DMs: the M-DTCRM (dual Thurstonian continuous response model), intended for (approximately) continuous responses, and the M-DTGRM (dual Thurstonian graded response model), intended for ordered-categorical responses (including binary). A rationale for the extension to the multiple-content-dimensions case, which is based on the concept of the multidimensional location index, is first proposed and discussed. Then, the models are described using both the factor-analytic and the item response theory parameterizations. Procedures for (a) calibrating the items, (b) scoring individuals, (c) assessing model appropriateness, and (d) assessing measurement precision are finally discussed. The simulation results suggest that the proposal is quite feasible, and an illustrative example based on personality data is also provided. The proposals are submitted to be of particular interest for the case of multidimensional questionnaires in which the number of items per scale would not be enough for arriving at stable estimates if the existing unidimensional DMs were fitted on a separate-scale basis.
Modeling and realization for visual simulation of circular knitting transfer-jacquard fabric
Authors: Zheng Peixiao , Jiang Gaoming
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this research was to achieve visual simulation of circular weft-knitted transfer-jacquard fabric based on a computer-aided design platform. The corresponding mathematical models were established according to pattern presentations after analyzing the structural characteristics of this kind of stitch. To determine the spatial geometry of the loops, eight-point models were built, especially the introduced multi-course loop model. By comparing the influence of four usual lights on stereoscopic sense, directional light was selected to establish an illumination model. Based on these models and matrix operations, spatial positions of different loop types in the intermesh structure were confirmed by coordinate mapping. The simulation effects of three important parameters of yarn spline rendering were analyzed and discussed, so as to choose the most reasonable data. Integrated with a transfer-jacquard design program, the approach realized three-dimensional structural simulation of circular knitting transfer-jacquard fabric with a naturalistic visual impression which can shorten the proofing process and even inspire the design potential of developers.
Morphodynamic modelling of dryland non-perennial riverscapes, with implications for environmental water allocation
Authors: Grenfell MC , Grenfell SE , Mazvimavi D
Published: March 2021

Reach-scale river restoration or environmental water allocation (EWA) exercises typically address the magnitude and temporal dynamics (frequency, duration, timing, rate of change) of flows required to sustain desirable ecological conditions along a river. The role of geomorphology in this process is to broaden the gaze beyond flows to consider larger and longer-term interactions between valley lithological structure, and the feed and fate of flow-sediment mixtures. This paper proposes the integration of numerical morphodynamic modelling in evaluations of environmental water requirements for non-perennial riverscapes (channel–riparian–floodplain environments). The paper presents a methodological framework, and proof of concept case study from the Touws River, South Africa, for the application of morphodynamic modelling in EWA. The paper illustrates operational approaches to modelling the complexity of dryland mixed bedrock-alluvial (and mixed-load) riverscapes with highly variable non-perennial flow regimes, including an approach to generating initial bed conditions for numerical experiments by ‘morphodynamic spin-up’, and approaches to synthesising and presenting numerical experiment output in the form of a dynamic range of potential variability in metrics of physical habitat suitability and diversity, and disturbance/renewal regimes. Such efforts can assist in enhancing field observations and testing field-based hypotheses of flow-sediment regime–physical habitat associations, extending the timescales of analysis beyond field observation, and constraining uncertainty about the dynamic range of variability in responses to predicted future flow-sediment regime modifications. Further research is needed to develop growth models appropriate for key non-perennial river vegetation types, to support biomorphodynamic modelling of geomorphology–vegetation interactions, and to determine or predict appropriate inlet sediment concentrations for historical and future modification scenarios.
Introduction to Special Issue on Advanced Cancer Care and Palliative Care Integration
Authors: Calkins Bethany C. , Swetz Keith M.
Published: March 2021

Palliative care is uniquely positioned to optimize the care of the oncology patient through exploring unmet needs and utilizing interdisciplinary care. The studies presented here highlight some of the ways this can be done which includes: identifying patients at risk or in need; providing solutions to those requiring community supports; addressing psychological and existential concerns; managing symptoms over the course of a disease; communicating prognosis effectively and with compassion; exploring goals of care and advance directives; and facilitating conversations regarding goals, preferences, and values.
A Meta-Analysis of Extracorporeal Anticoagulants in Pediatric Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Agrawal Nirav , Kusumi Kirsten , Pandey Avisha , Tibrewal Abhishek , Botsch Alexander
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is the primary therapeutic modality utilized in hemodynamically unstable patients with severe acute kidney injury. As the circuit is extracorporeal, it poses an increased risk of blood clotting and circuit loss; frequent circuit losses affect the provider’s ability to provide optimal treatment. The objective of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the extracorporeal anticoagulants in the pediatric CKRT population.

Data Sources:

We conducted a literature search on PubMed/Medline and Embase for relevant citations.

Study Selection:

Studies were included if they involved patients under the age of 18 years undergoing CKRT, with the use of anticoagulation (heparin, citrate, or prostacyclin) as a part of therapy. Only English articles were included in the study.

Data Extraction:

Initial search yielded 58 articles and a total of 24 articles were included and reviewed. A meta-analysis was performed focusing on the safety and effectiveness of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) vs unfractionated heparin (UFH) anticoagulants in children.

Data Synthesis:

RCA had statistically significantly longer circuit life of 50.65 hours vs. UFH of 42.10 hours. Two major adverse effects metabolic alkalosis and electrolyte imbalance seen more commonly in RCA compared to UFH. There was not a significant difference in the risk of systemic bleeding when comparing RCA vs. UFH.

Conclusion:

RCA is the preferred anticoagulant over UFH due to its significantly longer circuit life, although vigilant circuit monitoring is required due to the increased risk of electrolyte disturbances. Prostacyclin was not included in the meta-analysis due to the lack of data in pediatric patients. Additional studies are needed to strengthen the study results further.
Substance Use and Violent Victimization: Evidence from a Cohort of >82,000 Patients Treated for Alcohol and Drug Use Disorder in Denmark
Authors: Seid Abdu Kedir , Hesse Morten , Houborg Esben , Thylstrup Birgitte
Published: March 2021

Although the association between substance use and violence has been well established, knowledge on predictors for violent victimization of individuals treated for alcohol use disorder (AUD) or drug use disorder (DUD) is lacking. Using Goldstein’s tripartite conceptual framework, this study examines the relationship between substance use and violent victimization. Data were derived from national registers on persons aged between 15 and 75 years, living in Denmark, and admitted for AUD or DUD treatment during 2006-2016 ( n = 82,767). Rates of new incidence of violent victimization were estimated per 10,000 person years for the patient cohort, and for an age- and gender-matched control group of 492,397 people with no history of treatment for drug and alcohol problems. The incidence of victimization for the AUD/DUD sample was 145.6 per 10,000 person years and 5.4 per 10,000 person years for the comparison cohort. Results of multivariate Cox regression on specific types of substance use supported Goldstein’s psychopharmacological and economic compulsive models of victimization, but not the systemic model. Gender-stratified results showed that the use of cannabis and methadone was associated with victimization in women treated for AUD and DUD. Patients with a non-Western background were more likely to experience victimization than Danish patients. The study highlights the strong association between substance use disorder and victimization, and the important role that service providers play in addressing the high levels of victimization experienced by patients with AUD or DUD.