bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Oceanic Origin for the Enhanced Seasonal Cycle of SST in the Midlatitudes under Global Warming
Authors: Liu Fukai , Lu Jian , Luo Yiyong , Huang Yi , Song Fengfei
Published: August 2020

Climate models project an enhancement in SST seasonal cycle over the midlatitude oceans under global warming. The underlying mechanisms are investigated using a set of partially coupled experiments, in which the contribution from direct CO2 effects (i.e., the response in the absence of wind change) and wind feedbacks can be isolated from each other. Results indicate that both the direct CO2 and wind effects contribute to the enhancement in the SST seasonal cycle, with the former (latter) being more important in the Northern Hemisphere (Southern Hemisphere). Further decomposition of the wind effect into the wind stress feedback and wind speed feedback reveals the importance of the wind stress–driven ocean response in the change of SST seasonal cycle, a result in contrast to a previous study that ascribed the midlatitude SST seasonal cycle change to the thermodynamic wind speed feedback. The direct CO2 effect regulates the SST seasonal cycle through the warming-induced shoaling in the annual mean mixed layer depth (MLD) as well as the MLD difference between winter and summer. Moreover, the surface wind seasonal cycle changes due solely to the direct CO2 effect are found to bear a great resemblance to the full wind response, suggesting that the root cause for the enhancement of the midlatitude SST seasonal cycle resides in the direct CO2 effect. This notion is further supported by an ocean-alone experiment that reproduces the SST seasonal cycle enhancement under a spatially and temporally homogeneous surface thermal forcing.
Understanding the Distribution of Multimodel Ensembles
Authors: Christiansen Bo
Published: August 2020

When analyzing multimodel climate ensembles it is often assumed that the ensemble is either truth centered or that models and observations are drawn from the same distribution. Here we analyze CMIP5 ensembles focusing on three measures that separate the two interpretations: the error of the ensemble mean relative to the error of individual models, the decay of the ensemble mean error for increasing ensemble size, and the correlations of the model errors. The measures are analyzed using a simple statistical model that includes the two interpretations as different limits and for which analytical results for the three measures can be obtained in high dimensions. We find that the simple statistical model describes the behavior of the three measures in the CMIP5 ensembles remarkably well. Except for the large-scale means we find that the indistinguishable interpretation is a better assumption than the truth centered interpretation. Furthermore, the indistinguishable interpretation becomes an increasingly better assumption when the errors are based on smaller temporal and spatial scales. Building on this, we present a simple conceptual mechanism for the indistinguishable interpretation based on the assumption that the climate models are calibrated on large-scale features such as, e.g., annual means or global averages.
Reexamining the MJO Moisture Mode Theories with Normalized Phase Evolutions
Authors: Wang Lu , Li Tim
Published: August 2020

A normalization method is applied to MJO-scale precipitation and column integrated moist static energy (MSE) anomalies to clearly illustrate the phase evolution of MJO. It is found that the MJO peak phases do not move smoothly, rather they jump from the original convective region to a new location to its east. Such a discontinuous phase evolution is related to the emerging and developing of new congestus convection to the east of the preexisting deep convection. While the characteristic length scale of the phase jump depends on a Kelvin wave response, the associated time scale represents the establishment of an unstable stratification in the front due to boundary layer moistening. The combined effect of the aforementioned characteristic length and time scales determines the observed slow eastward phase speed. Such a phase evolution characteristic seems to support the moisture mode theory of the second type that emphasizes the boundary layer moisture asymmetry, because the moisture mode theory of the first type, which emphasizes the moisture or MSE tendency asymmetry, might favor more “smooth” phase propagation. A longitudinal-location-dependent premoistening mechanism is found based on moisture budget analysis. For the MJO in the eastern Indian Ocean, the premoistening in front of the MJO convection arises from vertical advection, whereas for the MJO over the western Pacific Ocean, it is attributed to the surface evaporating process.
A Nonhomogeneous Regression-Based Statistical Postprocessing Scheme for Generating Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecast
Authors: Ghazvinian Mohammadvaghef , Zhang Yu , Seo Dong-Jun
Published: August 2020

This paper introduces a new, two-part scheme for postprocessing single-valued precipitation forecast to create probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF). This scheme, herein referred to as the mixed-type nonhomogeneous regression (MNHR), combines the use of logistic regression for estimating rainfall intermittency and nonhomogeneous regression for estimation of additional parameters of the conditional distribution. The performance of MNHR is evaluated relative to operational mixed-type meta-Gaussian distribution (MMGD) and the censored, shifted gamma distribution (CSGD) in postprocessing Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) reforecasts averaged over 25 watersheds in the American River basin in California. The results point to superior performance of MNHR relative to MMGD and CSGD in terms of the skill of postprocessed PQPFs at 24- and 96-h accumulation windows. In addition, it is observed that the performance of CSGD tends to trail behind MNHR and MMGD at least for the 24-h window, though the performance differences tend to narrow at higher forecast amounts and longer lead times. Our analyses suggest that CSGD’s underperformance arises partly from its tendency to inflate the shift parameter estimates, which is pronounced over the study site possibly because of infrequent rainfall occurrence. By contrast, MNHR’s use of logistic regression helps avoid such bias, and its formulation of conditional distribution addresses the lack of skewness of MMGD for higher forecast amounts. Moreover, MHNR-based PQPF exhibits both superior calibration and relatively high sharpness at short lead times and on an unconditional sense, whereas it features lower sharpness relative to the other two suites when conditioned on higher forecast amount. This trade-off between calibration andconditionalsharpness warrants further research.
Potential Vorticity Dynamics of the Arctic Halocline
Authors: Spall Michael
Published: August 2020

An idealized two-layer shallow water model is applied to the study of the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean halocline. The model is forced by a surface stress distribution reflective of the observed wind stress pattern and ice motion and by an inflow representing the flow of Pacific Water through Bering Strait. The model reproduces the main elements of the halocline circulation: an anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre in the western basin (representing the Canada Basin), a cyclonic circulation in the eastern basin (representing the Eurasian Basin), and a Transpolar Drift between the two gyres directed from the upwind side of the basin to the downwind side of the basin. Analysis of the potential vorticity budget shows a basin-averaged balance primarily between potential vorticity input at the surface and dissipation at the lateral boundaries. However, advection is a leading-order term not only within the anticyclonic and cyclonic gyres but also between the gyres. This means that the eastern and western basins are dynamically connected through the advection of potential vorticity. Both eddy and mean fluxes play a role in connecting the regions of potential vorticity input at the surface with the opposite gyre and with the viscous boundary layers. These conclusions are based on a series of model runs in which forcing, topography, straits, and the Coriolis parameter were varied.
The Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone Formation in an Environment with Large Low-Level Low-Frequency (More than 10 days) Vorticity in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Huan , Lee Cheng-Shang , Teng Hsu-Feng
Published: August 2020

A total of 14 tropical cyclones (TCs) that formed from 2008 to 2009 over the western North Pacific are simulated to examine the effects that environmental low-frequency and high-frequency vorticity (more than 10 days and less than 10 days, respectively) have on the formations of TCs [where the maximum surface wind ~25 kt (≈13 m s−1)]. Results show that all the simulations can reproduce the formation of a TC in an environment with a large 850-hPa low-frequency vorticity, even if the high-frequency parts are removed from the initial conditions. High-frequency vorticity mainly affects the timing and location of TC formation in such an environment. The 850-hPa vorticity is also analyzed in 3854 tropical cloud clusters that developed in 1981–2009 and may or may not have formed TCs; this reveals that the strength of the low-frequency vorticity is a crucial factor in TC formation. A tropical cloud cluster is expected to develop into a TC in an environment favorable for TC formation in the presence of a large 850-hPa low-frequency vorticity. The lead time for forecasting the formation of a TC can probably be extended under such conditions.
Tracing Extreme Updrafts in Hurricane Wilma (2005) to Their Boundary Layer Roots Using Trajectories: A Thermodynamic and Structural Analysis
Authors: Miller William , Zhang Da-Lin
Published: August 2020

This study uses a recently developed trajectory model to trace eyewall updrafts in a high-resolution Hurricane Wilma (2005) prediction to their roots in the maritime boundary layer (MBL) in order to better understand their thermodynamics and how they interact with the swirling winds. Out of 97 020 four-hour backward trajectories seeded from the upper troposphere, the 45% of them originating from the MBL are stratified into five subsamples binned by peak vertical velocity wMAX. Of particular interest are the thermodynamic characteristics of parcels belonging to the wMAX-Extreme subsample (i.e., those with wMAX exceeding 20 m s−1) that ascend through Wilma’s strongest convective burst (CB) cores. A vertical momentum budget computed along a selected wMAX-Extreme trajectory confirms that the parcel possesses large positive buoyancy that more than compensates for negative hydrometeor loading to yield an upper-tropospheric wMAX ~ 30 m s−1. Comparing all 1170 wMAX-Extreme trajectories with all 19 296 secondary circulation trajectories shows that the former tends to originate from the MBL where equivalent potential temperature θe and ocean surface heat and moisture fluxes are locally enhanced. The wMAX-Extreme parcels become further differentiated from the background ascent in terms of their (i) greater updraft width and smaller θe reduction while ascending into the midtroposphere, implying lower environmental entrainment rates, and (ii) less hydrometeor loading in the z = 3–5-km layer. The Lagrangian analysis herein bridges two previous studies that focused separately on the importance of high SSTs and fusion latent heat release to the development of CBs, the latter of which may facilitate upper-level warm core development through their compensating subsidence.
On the Progressive Attenuation of Finescale Orography Contributions to the Vertical Coordinate Surfaces within a Terrain-Following Coordinate System
Authors: Husain Syed Zahid , Girard Claude , Separovic Leo , Plante André , Corvec Shawn
Published: August 2020

A modified hybrid terrain-following vertical coordinate has recently been implemented within the Global Environmental Multiscale atmospheric model that introduces separately controlled height-dependent progressive decaying of the small- and large-scale orography contributions on the vertical coordinate surfaces. The new vertical coordinate allows for a faster decay of the finescale orography imprints on the coordinate surfaces with increasing height while relaxing the compression of the lowest model levels over complex terrain. A number of tests carried out—including experiments involving Environment and Climate Change Canada’s operational regional and global deterministic prediction systems—demonstrate that the new vertical coordinate effectively eliminates terrain-induced spurious generation and amplification of upper-air vertical motion and kinetic energy without increasing the computational cost. Results also show potential improvements in precipitation over complex terrain.
The Weather Hazards Associated with the US-Bangla Aircraft Accident at the Tribhuvan International Airport, Nepal
Authors: Regmi Greema , Shrestha Sajan , Maharjan Sangeeta , Khadka Anil Kumar , Regmi Ram Prasad , Chandra Kaphle Gopi
Published: August 2020

Safe flights over the Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA), Kathmandu, Nepal, remain a considerable challenge. Since the airport opened, there have been 13 aircraft accidents during landings and takeoffs that have claimed 392 lives. A detailed understanding and dependable forecast of atmospheric conditions that may develop over the complex terrain of the midhills of central Nepal Himalaya are yet to be achieved. The present study discusses the near-surface atmospheric conditions possibly associated with the most recent fatal crash at TIA on 12 March 2018 as revealed by the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model routine forecast. At the time of the accident, two prominent gap winds were converging in the valley, thereby, forming a crosswind and a mix of strong up- and downdrafts over the airfield. As a result, the near-surface atmosphere was significantly turbulent. Unexpected encounters with such turbulent winds are a likely contributor to the fatal crash. This indicates that the knowledge of near-surface atmospheric conditions, critically needed by pilots in advance, for safe operations over the airfield may be generated with WRF-ARW forecasts.
Recent Progress in Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasting at the National Hurricane Center
Authors: Cangialosi John P. , Blake Eric , DeMaria Mark , Penny Andrew , Latto Andrew , Rappaport Edward , Tallapragada Vijay
Published: August 2020

It has been well documented that the National Hurricane Center (NHC) has made significant improvements in Atlantic basin tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasting during the past half century. In contrast, NHC’s TC intensity forecast errors changed little from the 1970s to the early 2000s. Recently, however, there has been a notable decrease in TC intensity forecast error and an increase in intensity forecast skill. This study documents these trends and discusses the advancements in TC intensity guidance that have led to the improvements in NHC’s intensity forecasts in the Atlantic basin. We conclude with a brief projection of future capabilities.
Stories of Calling: How Called Professionals Construct Narrative Identities
Authors: Bloom Matt , Colbert Amy E. , Nielsen Jordan D.
Published: August 2020

Experiencing work as a calling has been described as the ideal of a truly positive experience of work. But what we know about how called professionals construct identities as people who are called to their work is incomplete. Discussions about callings are often framed as narratives—stories of people’s callings—yet little is known about how professionals incorporate a wide variety of life events into coherent stories that support their identity claims. To understand this process, we analyzed the narratives of 236 individuals from four professions. We found two ways our participants identified their callings: discernment and exploration. Discerners journeyed toward their destiny, which was their one true calling. Explorers actively searched for work they loved, but destiny played no role. Through a series of lived experiences, called professionals’ identities took shape as they were enacted, with their callings strengthening over time. After identifying their calling, each of these professionals engaged in two crucial processes for integrating self and work as they lived their calling. Like other professionals, called professionals sought legitimacy in their fields by demonstrating mastery and receiving affirmation. Yet their sense of calling simultaneously propelled them to craft personal authenticity through tailoring their own unique enactment of the role.
Radiographic Determination of Skeletal Maturity Guides Optimal Timing of Bar Removal After Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum
Authors: Bond Logan M. , Bond Sheldon J.
Published: August 2020

Background

A small number of patients treated with minimally invasive correction of pectus excavatum recur after bar removal. This risk appears to be greater in younger children who continue to grow following bar removal.

Methods

We propose the use of wrist films to determine skeletal maturity and delay bar removal until it is completed. This is not possible in very young patients (less than 14 years of age) or necessary in patients older than 19.

Results

In the 14-year to 18-year age group, we have used wrist films to determine skeletal maturity in 25 patients. Ten patients (age 14-18) demonstrated full maturation, and their bars were removed at 2 years. Five patients had films that demonstrated nearly closed growth plates, and those bars were removed 6 months later (2.5 years post-insertion). Ten patients had 2 sets of films taken, initially at 2 years post-operation demonstrating open growth plates. Films 12 months later showed skeletal maturation. Their bars were removed at 3 years post-operation. There were no recurrences with an average follow-up of 3 years.

Discussion

Radiographic determination of skeletal maturity may be used as a guide to the timing of bar removal following the correction of pectus excavatum.
Trends in Surgical Critical Care Training Among General Surgery Residents: Pursuing an Ideal Curriculum
Authors: Jordan Rebecca M. , Ullrich Lauryn A. , Decapua-Guarino Alexandria , Klock Brian
Published: August 2020

Background

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) provides no specific guidelines for surgical critical care (SCC) training during general surgery residency. Growing emphasis is placed on this experience with increasing case requirements and dedicated SCC content on board certification exams.

Methods

A digital survey was distributed to ACGME-accredited general surgery residencies via email. Respondents reported number and setting of critical care months during residency and rated comfort level within 5 critical care principles and overall satisfaction with their SCC experience. Study cohorts were formed to compare experiences and competencies between respondents based on setting, months, postgraduate year (PGY) level, and formal surgical intensive care unit (SICU) experience. Differences between cohorts were compared using the Mantel-Haenszel test ( P < .05).

Results

Seventy-three residents responded with 45% training at academic centers versus 46% in community hospitals. Approximately 50% completed a formal SICU rotation, while 9% reported no dedicated critical care rotation during residency. Overall, 78% felt satisfied with their SCC experience. Residents training at academic centers were more satisfied overall and felt more comfortable with ventilator management. Those who completed 5 or more months of critical care training reported greater confidence with intravenous sedation and ventilator management, while residents having a formal SICU rotation felt more confident with vasopressor and ventilator management.

Discussion

Variability remains within SCC training among general surgery residents with perceived benefits seen in training at academic centers and completing a formal SICU rotation. Although limited, these findings offer a foundation for developing an effective SCC curriculum.
A Novel Approach to Managing a Strangulated De Garengeot’s Hernia
Authors: Simpson Francis J. , Fay Katherine , Wang Vivian , Elwood David
Published: August 2020

De Garengeot’s hernia, the presence of an incarcerated vermiform appendix within a femoral hernia, is a rare general surgery emergency that predominantly affects elderly female patients. Due to its rarity, there is significant variation in surgical technique; however, most case reports favor an open approach. Here we present a case of a De Garengeot’s hernia with a unique hybrid open and laparoscopic repair, utilizing the hernia defect as a port site. We will also review the relevant literature.
Why Do Institutions Revert? Institutional Elasticity and Petroleum Sector Reforms in India
Authors: Awasthi Kshitij , Gopakumar K. V. , Ojha Abhoy K.
Published: August 2020

The institutional change literature has predominantly focused on successful changes and sparsely on failed changes, but the idea of institutional fields reverting to their pre-change or near pre-change state, after change attempts, remains underexplored. Although recent studies have explored similar phenomenon from the perspective of actors resisting change and trying to restore status quo, a field-level understanding of the processes and the dynamics associated with it remains underexamined. The present study, using the case of reforms in the field of petroleum exploration and production in India, examines an institutional change where the institution, once modified, gradually reverted near to its prechange state. We suggest the concept of institutional elasticity to explain such reverting of institutions, and elaborate on three boundary conditions—scope of change, pace of change, and field-level actor constellations—which have implications for the relationship between institutional elasticity and reverting of institutions.
Executive Migration Matters: The Transfer of CSR Profiles Across Organizations
Authors: Kim Bongsun , Moon Jon Jungbien , Kim Eonsoo
Published: August 2020

This study investigates whether and how the corporate social responsibility (CSR) profile of a company transfers to another company when an executive leaves a firm. We integrate upper echelon and institutional theories, and develop a novel measure of CSR profiles to explore this issue with a longitudinal data set of executive migrations over a 14-year period. We find that migrated executives assimilate elements of their old firms’ CSR profiles into their new firms (i.e., narrowing the distance between the two firms’ CSR profiles), and this is true for both CSR and corporate social irresponsibility (CSiR). This relationship is stronger when the migrating executive comes from a bigger firm with better social and financial performance than that of the new firm. We also find that the potential for improvement in CSR profiles in migration holds true for CSiR, but not CSR. Our findings have import for upper echelon theory and the managerial discretion afforded to executives regarding CSR decisions.
A Collaborative and Cognitive-based Intervention for Young People with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Sousa Larissa K. , Brandão Marina Brito , Curtin Clare M. , Magalhães Livia C.
Published: August 2020

Background.

Evidence-based approaches to improve function in individuals with cerebral palsy are needed.

Purpose.

To investigate the effectiveness of the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance approach™ (CO-OP) to improve performance on self-chosen, functional goals as compared to traditional occupational therapy for cerebral palsy.

Method.

Crossover design with 12 participants, aged 6–15 years, randomly assigned to CO-OP and traditional intervention groups, followed by crossover and a 3-month follow-up. The participants identified three occupation-based goals for CO-OP and each group received ten 45-minutes intervention twice weekly in clinical context. Occupational performance, manual dexterity and Gross Motor Function Measures were analysed using generalized estimating equations.

Findings.

There were clinical and statistically significant improvements in functional goals following CO-OP and not traditional therapy. There were gains in dexterity but not in gross motor skills.

Implications.

CO-OP was effective to improve functional performance in young people with cerebral palsy and should be more utilized.
Beyond Co-location: Visual Connections of Staff Workstations and Staff Communication in Primary Care Clinics
Authors: Lim Lisa , Kanfer Ruth , Stroebel Robert J. , Zimring Craig M.
Published: August 2020

The importance of communication among healthcare providers has been long recognized, and many healthcare organizations are implementing team-based care, with emphasis on staff communication. While previous empirical studies in various settings illustrate the role of built environments in user communication, there is a lack of quantified interpersonal spatial metrics to predict interactions. This study investigates how interpersonal spatial metrics at different scales predict staff communication patterns by empirically studying four primary care clinics that provide team-based care. We found that staff members in clinics with higher visual connections among staff members reported more timely and frequent communication. We also found that staff members talked to each other more frequently when their workstations were visually connected. The findings of this study are expected to help designers and facility managers provide well-designed team-based clinic layouts, beyond just shared work spaces for team members, for improved staff communication.
Efficacy Validation of the Revised First Step Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Feil Edward G. , Walker Hill M. , Frey Andy J. , Seeley John , Small Jason W. , Golly Annemieke , Lee Jon , Forness Steve R.
Published: August 2020

Disruptive behavior problems frequently emerge in the preschool years and are associated with numerous, long-term negative outcomes, including comorbid disorders. First Step is a psychosocial early intervention with substantial empirical evidence supporting its efficacy among young children. The present study reports on a validation study of the revised and updated First Step early intervention, called First Step Next, conducted within four preschool settings. One hundred sixty students at risk for school failure, and their teachers, were randomized to intervention and control conditions. Results indicated coach and teacher adherence to implementing the core components of the program was excellent. Teachers and parents had high satisfaction ratings. For the three First Step Next prosocial domains, Hedges’ g effect sizes (ESs) ranged from 0.34 to 0.91. For the problem behavior domain, children who received the First Step Next intervention had significant reductions in teacher- and parent-reported problem behavior as compared to children randomized to the control condition. For the problem behavior domain, Hedges’ g ESs ranged from 0.33 to 0.63, again favoring the intervention condition. All of the domains were statistically significant. This study builds on the evidence base supporting the First Step intervention in preschool settings.
“L’antica gioia per la vita”. Stile, motivi e varianti nelle Poesie di Giulio Di Fonzo
Authors: Mosena Roberto
Published: August 2020

This essay examines the poetry of contemporary author Giulio Di Fonzo in depth for the first time, analysing the central and recurrent themes of his poetic work, material symbols such as water, light, and air, and highlighting the style and variants of Poesie.
Cloud curriculum resource management platform based on Hadoop
Authors: Zhao Yu , Liu Hongxin
Published: August 2020

The rapid development of online education, knowledge sharing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology has brought innovation to education. With the popularization of online education, the variety of teaching resources and the amount of curriculum resources have exploded, and traditional curriculum platforms have been unable to meet the growing demand. The paper builds a cloud computing platform based on Hadoop, which is used for big data analysis and application curriculum resource management. It elaborates on the architecture, functional design, resource storage, and implementation and test of the cloud resource platform. The cloud platform applies to and serves the field of education, which improves resource utilization and sharing, and it can provide better services for teachers, students, and staff.
Study on the safety grade identification and reinforcement effect of factory structure building
Authors: Bu Wen-Ping , Wang Li , Wu Qing-Hua , Zheng Zhi-Guo
Published: August 2020

The quality of construction projects is related to the safety of people's lives and property, and also has a greater impact on the stability of the entire society; factory structure is one of the most common productive buildings, and some factory buildings have been partially lost its using function due to a long service history; in order to ensure the safety, applicability and durability of these factory buildings and continue to utilize or strengthen these factory structures, it is necessary to perform safety testing and identification for factory buildings at the first time. Structural safety assessment is the process of inspecting, measuring, analyzing and evaluating the structural effects, structural resistance and their interrelationships and finally obtaining structural safety grade of buildings that have been built or in service for many years. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous research works, this article expounded the research background, current status and future challenges of building safety grade identification, elaborated material testing methods, specifications, frameworks and processes of security grade identification for factory structure buildings, analyzed the concrete strength and steel corrosion detection, structural seismic identification and bearing capacity calculation of factory building, and proposed corresponding reinforcement measures and discussed its reinforcement effect. The final identification results of an engineering case are in good agreement with its actual construction conditions and on-site inspections and basically satisfactory the results of the factory building structure. The study results of this paper provide a reference for the further researches on the safety grade identification and reinforcement effect of the factory structure building.
Bullies Get Away With It, But Not Everywhere: Mental Health Sequelae of Bullying in Chinese and German Students
Authors: Lin Muyu , Wolke Dieter , Schneider Silvia , Margraf Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Bullying victimization is associated with adverse mental health consequences, while bullies suffer few or no adverse consequences in Western societies. Yet the universality of these consequences across western and eastern cultures is unknown. The current study investigated retrospective bullying experience in primary and secondary schools and its effects on adult mental health (depression, anxiety, stress, lifetime suicidal behavior, positive mental health, life satisfaction, social support, self-efficacy, and sense of control) in 5,012 Chinese and 1,935 German university students. School bullying victimization was far less frequently recalled by the Chinese sample (6.2%–12.6%) than the German sample (29.3%–37.0%), but victims had similar adverse mental health in both countries. In Germany, bullies and not-involved had equally good mental health, whereas bullies in China had poor mental health comparable to victims. Bullying victimization has similar adverse effects on mental health across countries. However, compared to the German students, the prevalence of school bullying is significantly lower, and bullies are also more likely to suffer mental health problems in adulthood in Chinese students. The differences of reasons for and consequences of being bullies are discussed and may have important implications for evolutionary theories and interventions of bullying.
Resolving the problem: Examining officer characteristics possibly linked to mediation selection in police oversight agencies
Authors: Williams Cynthia-Lee
Published: August 2020

Currently, research that examines mediation within independent police oversight agencies are quite scarce. The few studies that analyze this process focus on civilian satisfaction. This study adds to existing research by determining which subject officer characteristic is linked to mediation selection. Specifically, the characteristics examined are the officer’s race, gender, and years of service. Intersections of police characteristics are also examined. Quantitative methods is employed to analyze CCRB data covering the years of 2007 to 2012. Chi-square tests and independent sample t-test are used to uncover bivariate relationships. Binary Logistic regression was used to control for some of the police characteristics and to test for interactions. The overall objective of mediation is to strengthen police ties with the community. Revealing possible correlates of mediation selection may help authorities allocate resources to the proper channels, thus, ultimately helping the police improve their relationship with the public.
Structural Power, Hegemony, and State Capitalism: Limits to China’s Global Economic Power
Authors: Liu Mingtang , Tsai Kellee S.
Published: August 2020

A comparative historical perspective shows how globalization and the specificities of China’s rapid growth era limit its hegemonic potential in the twenty-first century global economy. Although state capitalism and openness to foreign capital facilitated China’s economic transformation, interactions among three forms of capital—state, private, and foreign—have produced developmental dynamics that constrain China’s capacity to assume the position of the world’s economic hegemon. These include (1) the compromised competitiveness of China’s corporate sector due to the domination of state-owned enterprises, (2) limits on the ability of Chinese firms to develop leading transnational corporations, and (3) early openness to and continued dependence on foreign capital. Moreover, the party-state’s efforts to ameliorate these constraints arouse external suspicion rather than support a Chinese-led hegemonic order based on consent and shared interests. These historically conditioned realities should temper expectations that China is converging teleologically toward a familiar hegemonic role in the international economy.
Book review: Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, Good Economics for Hard Times
Authors: Oommen M. A.
Published: August 2020

ABHIJIT BANERJEE AND ESTHER DUFLO, Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems. New York: Hachette Book Group, 2019, 432 pp., $26.87, ISBN: 9781610399500 (Hardcover).
COVID-19 Highlights, Fault Lines in China, India and the World
Authors: Mohanty Manoranjan
Published: August 2020

The on going COVID-19 pandemic has succeeded in bringing before us many social, political fault lines which can no longer be ignored and must be addressed urgently. The first is the phenomenon of inequality in power, status, wealth and living conditions which has been growing rapidly in recent decades within countries and between countries. The second is the clear decline of publicness in society, economy and politics. Inspired by capitalism, individual enterprise and private initiative have been eulogised to such an extent that the state’s investment in basic public goods such as health, education, housing and child welfare has remained woefully inadequate. The third fault line is an over-centralisation of power leading to a clear decline of democracy by manipulating institutional mechanisms and making full use of the technology of mass communication to mobilise votes. If these emerging fault lines don’t engage global rulers immediately then the sufferings faced by humanity the world over will explode.
Target Groups on the Mainline: A Theoretical Framework of Policy Layering and Learning Disparity
Authors: Choi Taehyon , Seon So Won
Published: August 2020

In research on policy learning, target groups’ responses have been insufficiently investigated. This article aims to expand the theory of policy learning by focusing on the effect of policy layering on disparity in learning among target groups, and its social consequences. Using the case of South Korea’s education policy, we show that policy layering to pursue multiple goals over 25 years has resulted in a complexly layered policy structure that has generated a discriminatory effect among different target groups and policy instability. We conclude that research on target groups renders implications for effective and ethical policy learning.
Reference maintenance in the narratives of Albanian–Greek and Russian–Greek children with Developmental Language Disorder: A study on crosslinguistic effects
Authors: Andreou Maria , Peristeri Eleni , Tsimpli Ianthi Maria
Published: August 2020

Although a considerable number of studies have shown D(eterminer) elements, i.e. determiners and pronominal clitics, to be particularly vulnerable to impairment in monolingual children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), little is known about the use of appropriate or/and grammatically correct referring expressions in the children’s narrative production. Grammars of languages that differ in the way they encode and realize their D system may be viewed as the ideal context to disentangle the contribution of language (L1) transfer and morpho-syntactic impairment to reference use in the L2. The aim of the current study is to examine L1 effects in the use of referring expressions of 5- to 11-year-old Albanian–Greek and Russian–Greek children with DLD, along with typically developing (TD) bilingual groups speaking the same language pairs when maintaining reference to characters in their narratives. The three languages differ in their D elements, since Albanian and Greek have morphologically rich D systems in contrast to Russian, which lacks a definiteness distinction. Children produced oral narratives in Greek by using the Greek versions of two stories ( Cat and Dog) which have been designed within the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) tool of the COST Action IS0804. Results show that the groups did not differ in referential appropriateness. Regarding grammatical correctness, both groups with DLD produced more ungrammatical forms than TD children, while Russian–Greek children with DLD produced more ungrammatical article-less NPs than the other groups. The overall results reflect the joint contribution of language impairment and L1-specific typological properties in the definite forms used for character maintenance by bilingual children with DLD.
‘Women take care and men take charge’: The case of leadership and gender in the Public and Commercial Services Union
Authors: Prowse Julie , Prowse Peter , Perrett Robert
Published: August 2020

This article presents the findings of a case study that aimed to understand the specific leadership styles that are valued by women and men lay representatives in the Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS) and to determine the gendered implications for increasing women’s leadership and representation in trade unions. Survey responses from PCS lay representatives (reps) show the majority of women and men agreed that the leadership style they value, and that makes a good union leader, is post-heroic (communal) leadership. This approach is associated with leadership characteristics such as being helpful, sensitive and kind and are generally practised by women. This contrasts with male union leaders who are associated with a traditional, heroic (agentic) leadership style characterised by confidence, self-reliance and decisiveness. Although some differences exist that highlight gender issues, both women and men lay reps have positive attitudes towards increasing women’s representation and participation in union leadership.
Arytenoid Subluxation Reduction Using 28-Jackson Dilator
Authors: Kim Annette , Alnouri Ghiath , Sataloff Robert T.
Published: August 2020

Arytenoid dislocation and subluxations commonly are reduced surgically using Holinger and straight Miller-3 laryngoscopes. We present a case of arytenoid cartilage subluxation returned to good position using a 28-Jackson dilator. A 66-year-old man was diagnosed previously with right vocal fold paresis and left vocal fold paralysis following a motor vehicle accident that required a 14-day intubation and tracheotomy maintained for 3 weeks. Evaluation by strobovideolaryngoscopy 3 months following the accident showed severe left vocal fold hypomotility and arytenoid height disparity; laryngeal electromyography showed only mild-to-moderate decreased recruitment in laryngeal muscles. No abnormalities were appreciated on neck computed tomography. Upon palpation of both arytenoid cartilages in the operating room, the left joint was found to be subluxed anteriorly and immobile. A 28-Jackson dilator was used to mobilize and reduce the left arytenoid cartilage, and steroid was injected into the cricothyroid joint. Increased mobility was obtained in the operating room and the patient reported significant improvement in his voice. Six months later, we saw improvement in arytenoid height disparity and left vocal fold movement, better glottic closure, and voice handicap index was improved. A 28-Jackson dilator can be used to manipulate the cricoarytenoid joint without trauma to the vocal process.
Evolving Criteria for Adult and Pediatric Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Varadarajan Varun V. , Sydlowski Sarah A. , Li Michael M. , Anne Samantha , Adunka Oliver F.
Published: August 2020

The indications for cochlear implantation have gradually expanded as advancements in technology have evolved, resulting in improved audiologic outcomes for both adult and children. There remains a significant underutilization of cochlear implant technology in the United States, and recognition of the potential benefits of cochlear implantation for non-traditional indications is critical for encouraging the evolution of candidacy criteria. Adult cochlear implantation candidacy has progressed from patients with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) to include patients with greater degrees of residual hearing, single-sided deafness and asymmetric hearing, and atypical etiologies of hearing loss (eg, vestibular schwannoma, Ménière’s disease, and otosclerosis). Indications for pediatric cochlear implantation have similarly evolved from children with bilateral severe to profound SNHL to implanting children at a younger age, including those with residual hearing, asymmetric hearing loss, inner ear malformations, as well as cochlear nerve deficiency. In this editorial, the literature investigating cochlear implantation for nontraditional indications is reviewed with an aim to use the best available evidence to encourage the evolution of candidacy criteria.
Optimizing Management of Otophyma: A Case Series Highlighting the Role of Surgical and Retinoid Therapy
Authors: Paradiso Michela M. , Kaffenberger Benjamin H. , Rock Alexander N. , Dodson Edward E.
Published: August 2020

Otophyma is a rare condition that can result in conductive hearing loss. Current otophyma literature does not examine validated treatment outcomes for patients. Utilizing a medical and surgical approach to maintain a patent canal can lead to significant objective improvements. The aim of this case series is to describe a combined successful approach in 3 cases from an academic, multidisciplinary center. The main outcomes analyzed were pre and post air-bone gap audiogram analysis and disimpaction frequency. The results showed that post-management, patient 1 had substantial improvement in hearing, recovering 49 dB in his right ear and 25 dB in his left ear, demonstrating near complete air-bone gap closure. Patient 2 showed a similar dermatologic and functional improvement, although objective audiometric assessment related to otophyma could not be performed due to coexisting chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. Patient 3, in the 12 months prior to comanagement, had 8 bilateral disimpactions, and following comanagement had 2 disimpactions in 23 months. All 3 patients were pleased with the resultant functional and physical appearance following comanagement. By presenting this approach and objective measures of treatment, we hope to improve future clinical decision-making in a rare condition.
Transoral Carbon Dioxide Microsurgery of the Larynx as a Day-Case Outpatient Procedure: An Observational, Retrospective, Single-Center Study
Authors: Chiesa-Estomba Carlos M. , Suarez Jon A. Sistiaga , Ninchritz-Becerra Elisabeth , Soriano-Reixach Maria , González-García Jose A. , Larruscain Ekhiñe , Altuna Xabier
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

Despite good results of transoral laser CO2 microsurgery (CO2TOLMS) of the larynx, a lack of data related to the safety of this technique as a day-case procedure across the literature is evident.

Materials and Methods:

An observational, retrospective, non-randomized study.

Results:

One hundred four (62.6%) patients met the inclusion criteria, 96 (92.3%) patients were male, and 8 (7.7%) patients were female. The mean age of the study group was 66 ± 11 years (min: 34/max: 90). All the patients underwent CO2TOLMS were treated as an outpatient procedure. The glottis was the most common location affecting 97 (93.3%) patients, regarding the need of readmission, just 4 (3.8%) patients needed to be readmitted after surgery due to dyspnea secondary to laryngeal edema in 2 cases by laryngeal bleeding, and cervical emphysema in one case, respectively. Being just necessary to reintubate 1 patient (<1%) to control the bleeding. We didn’t find any statistical correlation between variables and the need for readmission of reintubation.

Conclusion:

According to our results, CO2TOLMS of the larynx can be safely performed as an outpatient procedure. To establish a proper protocol and to perform a careful preoperative assessment are essential to increase our success rate and to prevent any potential complication.
The Quality Versus Quantity Trade-Off: Why and When Choices for Self Versus Others Differ
Authors: Liu Peggy J. , Baskin Ernest
Published: August 2020

The trade-off between quality and quantity pervades many domains of life, including that of making product choices for ourselves and others, whether as gifts or as everyday favors. In five studies (four pre-registered), participants preferred quality over quantity when choosing for a friend versus for themselves. We demonstrate that one reason why this difference in choice for self and other arises is because of heightened self-presentation concerns: People choosing for friends (vs. self) are more concerned about conveying poor taste, thus increasing choice of quality (vs. quantity). Consistent with this process, the effect is mitigated when choosing for a nonjudgmental friend or when choosing for a person whom one does not highly value. Finally, this effect is particular to quality-quantity trade-offs; it does not occur for flavor-quantity trade-offs, indicating that the effect is driven by the quality aspect rather than by the quantity aspect or by cost-per-unit considerations.