bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Der Stammbaum des Verheißenen: Theologische Implikationen der Namen und Zahlen in Mt 1.1-17
Authors: OSTMEYER KARL-HEINRICH
Published: September 2019

Die durch ihre Stellung im Stammbaum besonders betonten Personen deuten hin auf wichtige Aspekte in Jesu Leben und Werk: die Namen auf 7-er Positionen unterstreichen zentrale Einzelaspekte des mit Jesus angebrochenen Heils, während die 40 Generationen vor Christi Geburt für die Gesamtheit der Reifezeit stehen, die zwischen der Gabe der Verheißung an Abraham und der Erfüllung in Jesus zu durchlaufen war. Die 14-er Gruppen (Mt 1.17) gliedern die Reifezeit in eine Väter-, eine Königs- und eine Tempelepoche. Der durch 40 gekennzeichnete Zeitraum erweist Jesus als den, der Abraham verheißen war. In Jesus sind durch sein Leben, seine Taten und seine Herkunft alle Verheißungen erfüllt.
Those Now ‘Asleep’ (not dead) Must be ‘Awakened’ for the Day of the Lord in 1 Thess 5.9–10
Authors: HEIL JOHN PAUL
Published: September 2019

1 Thess 5.9–10 can be translated: ‘For God has not destined us for wrath but for possession of salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ who died for us, so that whether we may be awake or whether we may be asleep we may together live with him.’ Paul uses the same verb for ‘asleep’ (καθεύδωμεν) in 5.10 as he uses in 5.6–8 with the metaphorical sense of being ethically or spiritually negligent in contrast to being ‘awake’ and ‘sober’, that is, ethically or spiritually vigilant: ‘Let us not be asleep (καθεύδωμεν) like the rest but let us be awake and sober. For those who sleep (καθεύδοντες) sleep (καθεύδουσιν) at night and those who get drunk get drunk at night. Since we are of the day, let us be sober . . .’ In 4.13–15 Paul uses a different verb for ‘asleep’ (κοιμάομάι) to refer to those who are physically dead. Nevertheless, most commentators insist upon interpreting καθευδώ in 5.10, not with the meaning it has in 5.6–7, but with the same meaning as καιμαομαι in 4.13–15 – those who have physically died. This also requires that ‘awake’ (γρηγορωμεν) in 5.10 be interpreted as physically ‘alive’ rather than ethically or spiritually ‘vigilant’, the sense it has in 5.6.
Target sites of anthelmintics
Authors: MARTIN R. J. , ROBERTSON A. P. , BJORN H.
Published: September 2019

This paper reviews sites of action of anthelmintic drugs including:
(1)
levamisole and pyrantel, which act as agonists at
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of nematodes; (2) the avermectins,
which potentiate or gate the opening of glutamate-gated chloride channels

found only in invertebrates; (3) piperazine, which acts as an agonist at

GABA gated chloride
channels on nematode muscle; (4) praziquantel, which increases the
permeability of trematode tegument to calcium and
results in contraction of the parasite muscle; (5) the benzimidazoles,
like
thiabendazole, which bind selectively to parasite
β-tubulin and prevents microtubule formation; (6) the proton ionophores,

like closantel, which uncouple oxidative
phosphorylation; (7) diamphenethide and clorsulon, which selectively
inhibit glucose metabolism of Fasciola and; (8)
diethylcarbamazine, which appears to interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism

of filarial parasites and host. The review
concludes with brief comments on the development of anthelmintics in the
future.
Preface. Antiparasite chemotherapy: is there hope for the future?
Authors: COOMBS G. H. , CROFT S. L. , CHAPPELL L. H.
Published: September 2019

The science of chemotherapy has been built upon
the seminal concepts arising from pioneering studies,
notably by Paul Ehrlich, carried out nearly 100 years
ago. The investigations conducted in the early
decades of this century were of major significance for
antiparasite chemotherapy as they resulted in the
discovery of a variety of drugs for treating human
and animal diseases. Derivatives of many of these
drugs are still being used today, which, it could be
claimed, reflects the outstanding success of the early
approaches. However, it also highlights the relatively
poor record of drug discovery in more recent
decades. While major advances were taking place in
the development of drugs and vaccines for bacterial,
fungal and viral diseases, the discovery of new drugs
for parasitic infections progressed relatively slowly.
It would be wrong, however, to give an impression
that there were no advances. The discovery of the
avermectins and praziquantel has had an enormous
impact on anthelmintic therapy, and new classes of
antiprotozoal drugs have been developed for both
prophylaxis and treatment of infections. Nevertheless, major
problems remain and for some
parasitic diseases the situation now is worse than it
was 20 years ago. Malaria is perhaps the best example
in this respect. The advent of chloroquine resistance
in Plasmodium falciparum has resulted in a major
public health problem. In addition, the increase in
importance of some diseases, notably those associated with
immunosuppression in AIDS, has again
highlighted the limitations of antiparasite chemotherapy. New
drugs are needed urgently for a number of parasitic diseases.
The gp63 gene locus, a target for genetic characterization
of Leishmania belonging to subgenus Viannia
Authors: VICTOIR K. , BAÑULS A. L. , AREVALO J. , LLANOS-CUENTAS A. , HAMERS R. , NOËL S. , DE DONCKER S. , LE RAY D. , TIBAYRENC M. , DUJARDIN J. C.
Published: September 2019

In the present study the gp63 gene locus was used as a target for genetic characterization of Leishmania parasites by 2 methods: (i) RFLP analysis with several restriction enzymes (gp63–RFLP), and (ii) intra-genic PCR amplification coupled with restriction analysis (PCR–RFLP). Both methods were applied to a large number of natural isolates belonging to 4 species of the subgenus Viannia, namely L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) peruviana, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) lainsoni: reference stocks of subgenus Leishmania were included as outgroups. Multilocus isoenzyme typing (MLEE) was used as a reference. On the one hand gp63–RFLP evidenced an extensive polymorphism and revealed specific markers for subgenus, species and geographical populations: congruence with MLEE was demonstrated statistically. The particular interest of gp63–RFLP was illustrated by infra-specific polymorphism, because of the possible relationship with phenotype diversity. On the other hand intra-genic amplification was less resolutive than gp63–RFLP, but also allowed discrimination of the 2 subgenera (PCR alone) and all the species tested in the subgenus Viannia (PCR–RFLP). PCR–RFLP presents an important operational advantage as it allows genetic characterization of minute amounts of parasites, using Leishmania specific primers. The polymorphism revealed by gp63–RFLP and PCR–RFLP illustrates the very high genomic and genetic plasticity of gp63 genes.
Depression, APOE genotype and subjective memory impairment: a cross-sectional study in an African-Caribbean population
Authors: STEWART R. , RUSS C. , RICHARDS M. , BRAYNE C. , LOVESTONE S. , MANN A.
Published: September 2019

Background. Subjective memory impairment (SMI) is common in older populations but its
aetiology and clinical significance is uncertain. Depression has been reported to be strongly
associated with SMI. Associations with objective cognitive impairment are less clear cut. Other
factors suggested to be associated with SMI include poor physical health and the apolipoprotein E
(APOE) ε4 allele. Studies of SMI have been predominantly confined to white Caucasian
populations.

Method. A community study was carried out in a UK African-Caribbean population aged 55–75,
sampled from primary care lists. Twenty-three per cent were classified with SMI. Depression was
defined using the 10-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Other aetiological factors investigated were
education, objective cognitive function, APOE genotype, disablement and vascular disease/risk.
The principal analysis was restricted to 243 participants scoring > 20 on the Mini-Mental State
Examination (85%). A second analysis included all 290 participants.

Results. Depression, self-reported physical impairment and APOE ε4 were associated with SMI.
The association between SMI and physical impairment was not explained by depression, vascular
disease/risk, or disability/handicap. The association between ε4 and SMI increased as MMSE
scores decreased and was particularly strong in those with depression. The ε4 allele was present in
69% (95% CI 41–89%) of those with depression and SMI compared with 28% (20–36%) of those
with neither.

Conclusions. Depression may not be a sufficient explanation for subjective memory complaints.
Memory complaints in the presence of depression are associated with high prevalence of ε4 and
therefore, presumably, a raised risk of subsequent dementia.
Understanding the relationship between postpartum depression one month and six months after delivery and mother-infant bonding failure one-year after birth: results from the Japan Environment and Children's study (JECS)
Authors: Kasamatsu Haruka , Tsuchida Akiko , Matsumura Kenta , Shimao Moeko , Hamazaki Kei , Inadera Hidekuni ,   the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
Published: September 2019

Background

Postpartum depression is a major mental health issue. It not only adversely affects the mother's quality of life, but also mother-infant bonding. However, the relationship between postpartum depression (at multiple points after childbirth) and mother-infant bonding failure one year after birth is not well understood. This study investigates the relationship between postpartum depression at 1-month and 6-month after birth and mother-infant bonding failure at 1 year after birth with a large cohort.

Methods

Data from 83 109 mothers from the Japan Environment and Children's Study were analyzed. Mother-infant bonding 1-year after delivery was assessed using the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale Japanese version (MIBS-J). Postpartum depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1-month and 6-month after delivery. Twenty covariates during pregnancy and one month after delivery were controlled for deriving the odds ratios (ORs) describing postpartum depression to mother-infant bonding.

Results

EPDS Total Score crude ORs and adjusted ORs against the MIBS-J Total Score at 1-month and 6-month after delivery were calculated. Crude ORs were 1.111 (95% CI 1.110–1.112) and 1.122 (95% CI 1.121–1.124) respectively. In the fully adjusted model, ORs were 1.088 (95% CI 1.086–1.089) and 1.085 (95% CI 1.083–1.087), respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated prospectively, in a large-scale cohort, that depression at multiple postpartum points, including associations with each EPDS and MIBS-J factors, may be a robust predictor of mother-infant bonding failure 1-year after birth.
John Weaver and the Origins of English Pantomime: A Neoclassical Theory and Practice for Uniting Dance and Theatre
Authors: Taylor Nancy
Published: September 2019

Theatre historians have long acknowledged John Weaver as the father of English pantomime. In 1985, however, the foremost Weaver scholar, Richard Ralph, noted that no one had systematically studied Weaver's pantomime descriptions, printed in The Loves of Mars and Venus, nor had classical influences upon Weaver been sufficiently investigated.1 Scholarship in the past fifteen years has not filled these gaps; thus, this article begins an examination of these two areas of Weaver's work. They are especially significant because the pantomime descriptions and classical influences reveal that Weaver was a scholar-artist, a rare combination in his era, whose theories and practices deepened the interplay among the arts in early eighteenth-century England.2
The World Shakespeare Bibliography, 1980 – 1996. Edited by James L. Harner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (in association with the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC), 2000. CD-ROM. $810.
Authors: Mazer Cary M.
Published: September 2019

In the 1970s, during the first major wave of stage-centered Shakespeare scholarship, Shakespeare Quarterly started dedicating so much space to reviews of contemporary Shakespeare productions that it took up a whole issue. Space pressures created a dilemma for editors and contributors: should the reviews document (listing personnel, cuts and alterations, and running time) describe (concept, tone, unusual line readings, and business) or assess (individual actors and overall effectiveness)? That wave, and the annual dedicated issue of Shakespeare Quarterly, passed (with another journal, Shakespeare Bulletin, taking up the banner). One legacy of that era has been the continuing efforts of the World Shakespeare Bibliography, published annually as a special number of Shakespeare Quarterly, to record as much as it can about Shakespeare in the theatre — not just scholarly books and articles, but contemporary productions and journalistic reviews.
Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History. By Joy S. Kasson. New York: Hill & Wang, 2000; pp. 319. $26.00 hardcover.
Authors: Hall Roger A.
Published: September 2019

William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody and his Wild West show have not wanted for ink. There are Cody's own autobiographical accounts of his frontier and his theatrical adventures, Don Russell's well-researched standards on Cody's life and the Wild West shows, Sarah Blackstone's examination of the economic basis of the Wild West show in general, Joseph G. Rosa and Robin May's pictorial biography of Cody, Paul Reddin's overview of Wild West images, and a host of other, related books. In fact, there have been so many books written about “Buffalo Bill” Cody and Wild West shows, it is somewhat remarkable that Joy Kasson has found such a productive new angle on the western hero and his dramatic presentations.
“A Wind is Rising”: The Correspondence of Agnes Boulton and Eugene O'Neill. Edited by William Davies King. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000; pp. 328. $49.50 hardcover.
Authors: Wainscott Ronald
Published: September 2019

After all these years I am glad to see that the correspondence (letters, notes and wires) of O'Neill and his second wife Agnes Boulton have finally reached print. I have had occasion to use some of these letters in my research, but many I had not read until this publication. Boulton was married to O'Neill during his most experimental period as a playwright, 1918 – 29, and some of the letters provide material related to productions and his writing of the plays, but most of the letters focus on the marriage and the daily vicissitudes of living in a volatile, love-hate relationship which vacillates between the euphoric and the accusatory, much like the text of O'Neill's 1924 play Welded — a thinly disguised account of their relationship.
Agency, Rationality and Social Policy
Authors: HOGGETT PAUL
Published: September 2019

The recent concern to develop a radical but critical account of agency in
social policy is to be welcomed. However this article questions whether the
work of A. Giddens can provide an adequate foundation for such a project.
Giddens's account of the welfare subject contains several weaknesses. It is
voluntaristic and yet paradoxically it cannot offer an adequate understanding
of radical change. It is also rationalistic and assumes the existences
of a unitary and knowledgeable subject. As a consequence there is
a danger that social policy develops a lop-sided model of agency which is
insufficiently sensitive to the passionate, tragic and contradictory dimensions
of human experience. A robust account of the active welfare subject
must be prepared to confront the real experiences of powerlessness and
psychic injury which result from injustice and oppression and acknowledge
human capacities for destructiveness towards self and others. Only by
exploring these different subject positions – victim, ‘own worst enemy’ and
creative, reflexive agent – can we develop an understanding of the welfare
subject which is optimistic without being naive.
Before the Cradle: New Genetics, Biopolicy and Regulated Eugenics
Authors: FITZPATRICK TONY
Published: September 2019

The new genetics is of undoubted importance to the future of welfare
reform, but if this influence is not to be dominated by Right-wing values
and prescriptions then some alternative conceptions need to be in place.
This article begins by criticising the recent intervention by Charles
Murray, insisting that Murray opens the door to a laissez faire eugenics. It
then proceeds to outline a theory of regulated eugenics, justifying use of
the concept ‘eugenics’ along the way, in terms of three elements: a multi-dimensional
conception of human nature, differential egalitarianism and
the precautionary principle. It then elaborates upon these ideas, and contrasts
them with laissez faire eugenics, in a discussion of three areas of
direct and immediate relevance to social policy: genetic screening, gene
therapy and reproduction.
European Tax Systems and their Impact on Family Employment Patterns
Authors: DINGELDEY IRENE
Published: September 2019

Drawing on neo-classical assumptions many studies generally assume negative
effects of female labour supply with systems of married couples' joint
taxation. By comparing the structure of rewards or concessions contained in
the various tax systems for particular family employment patterns with the
frequency distributions of the various family patterns of labour force participation
that can be observed in ten different European countries, however, a
clear ‘shaping effect’ of tax systems can not be found. This leads to the conclusion
that the systems of family taxation alone can not explain emerging
family patterns of labour force participation. Only if various social policies,
such as the design of the tax system and labour market regulation, family
policy, and – most important – childcare supply are coordinated to support a
certain model of families' labour force participation that is in line with the
preferences of families can a shaping effect be found.
Dialect stylization in radio talk
Authors: COUPLAND NIKOLAS
Published: September 2019

Stylization is the knowing deployment of culturally familiar
styles and identities that are marked as deviating from those
predictably associated with the current speaking context. Dialect
stylization involves performing non-current-first-person personas
by phonological and related means, sometimes in play or parody.
Although these processes may seem to be very local, it is arguably
true that dialects are increasingly experienced in reflexive
and mediated environments that breed stylization. One of these
is light entertainment on radio; this article analyzes data
from English-language national radio broadcasts in Wales. Welshness
is self-consciously evoked in the data, partly through dialect
performance, where the variables (ou) and (ei) are a rich semiotic
resource, linked to nondialectal means of evoking Welsh cultural
stances and practices. Although stylization is a form of strategic
de-authentication, its ultimate relationship with authenticity
is complex. As a facet of cultural performance, stylization
can be part of a process of cultural reproduction, and I argue
that this is the best interpretation of the present data. As
a result, sociolinguistics may need to reconsider its assumptions
about cultural authenticity.
Code-switching and dialogism: Verbal practices among Catalan
Jews in the Middle Ages
Authors: ARGENTER JOAN A.
Published: September 2019

From a strict linguistic viewpoint, code-switching
intertwines with a diverse range of language contact phenomena,
from strict interference to several kinds of language mixture.
Code-switching has also been addressed as an interactional
phenomenon in everyday talk, an approach that implies a synchronic
perspective. In this article, however, data are drawn from the
records of communicative practices left behind by Catalan Jewish
communities of the 14th and 15th centuries. These communities
lived under well-defined cultural, political, and social conditions
and displayed a rather complex linguistic repertoire of both
linguistic resources and verbal genres. I analyze two of these
verbal genres, which themselves must be viewed in the context
of a broader Hispano-Arabic cultural tradition; they draw on
a heteroglot background in which Semitic and Romance languages
merged. In this analysis of the functions that code-switching
played in these verbal practices, a contrast emerges between
the use of code-switching and lexical borrowing (or alternation
vs. insertional types of code-switching) in both verbal genres.
This has implications for a much debated issue – the alleged
existence of a medieval Catalan Jewish language – and
challenges the idea that forms of linguistic practice must always
be reduced to a bounded code.
In the heat of the sequence: Interactional features preceding
walkouts from argumentative talk
Authors: Dersley Ian , Wootton Anthony J.
Published: September 2019

This article examines complaint sequences that terminate
with one party's walking out, unilaterally, on the other.
The analysis of three such extended sequences, using the
Conversation Analytic approach, reveals interactional parallels
among them. The complaints that precede the walkouts are
constructed so as to identify deleterious and generic personal
deficiencies. As these sequences develop, they come to focus
on faults in the current behavior of those involved. In their
final stages, the actions of the leavers appear sensitive to
the persistence of behavior that has been deemed to be at fault.
This combination of features seems connected to both the unilateral
departure and the state of indignation that also becomes evidently
present. This invites comparison with other forms of antagonistic
dispute, such as those that lead to certain instances of murder.
John Baugh, Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic pride and
racial prejudice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Pp. vii, 149. Hb $29.95.
Authors: Lanehart Sonja L.
Published: September 2019

The foundation of the Ebonics controversy (EC) was laid
centuries before its December 1996 debut. The EC was not about
the name “Ebonics,” but about a legacy. In the
Introduction, Baugh writes: “This text attempts to clarify
several of the issues, misconceptions, and educational policies
that emerged from the Ebonics controversy while striving to
view them within the broader context of the linguistic legacy
of American slavery and to address the linguistic prejudices
that tend to inhibit improved race relations” (xiii).
Within this context, Baugh clarifies how the EC happened, and
why.
Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists?
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Ortmann Andreas
Published: September 2019

This target article is concerned with the implications of the surprisingly different experimental practices in economics and in areas of psychology relevant to both economists and psychologists, such as behavioral decision making. We consider four features of experimentation in economics, namely, script enactment, repeated trials, performance-based monetary payments, and the proscription against deception, and compare them to experimental practices in psychology, primarily in the area of behavioral decision making. Whereas economists bring a precisely defined “script” to experiments for participants to enact, psychologists often do not provide such a script, leaving participants to infer what choices the situation affords. By often using repeated experimental trials, economists allow participants to learn about the task and the environment; psychologists typically do not. Economists generally pay participants on the basis of clearly defined performance criteria; psychologists usually pay a flat fee or grant a fixed amount of course credit. Economists virtually never deceive participants; psychologists, especially in some areas of inquiry, often do. We argue that experimental standards in economics are regulatory in that they allow for little variation between the experimental practices of individual researchers. The experimental standards in psychology, by contrast, are comparatively laissez-faire. We believe that the wider range of experimental practices in psychology reflects a lack of procedural regularity that may contribute to the variability of empirical findings in the research fields under consideration. We conclude with a call for more research on the consequences of methodological preferences, such as the use on monetary payments, and propose a “do-it-both-ways” rule regarding the enactment of scripts, repetition of trials, and performance-based monetary payments. We also argue, on pragmatic grounds, that the default practice should be not to deceive participants.
Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: “Category-specific” neuropsychological deficits
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. , Forde Emer M. E.
Published: September 2019

Category-specific impairments of object recognition and naming are among the most intriguing disorders in neuropsychology, affecting the retrieval of knowledge about either living or nonliving things. They can give us insight into the nature of our representations of objects: Have we evolved different neural systems for recognizing different categories of object? What kinds of knowledge are important for recognizing particular objects? How does visual similarity within a category influence object recognition and representation? What is the nature of our semantic knowledge about different objects? We review the evidence on category-specific impairments, arguing that deficits even for one class of object (e.g., living things) cannot be accounted for in terms of a single information processing disorder across all patients; problems arise at contrasting loci in different patients. The same apparent pattern of impairment can be produced by damage to different loci. According to a new processing framework for object recognition and naming, the hierarchical interactive theory (HIT), we have a hierarchy of highly interactive stored representations. HIT explains the variety of patients in terms of (1) lesions at different levels of processing and (2) different forms of stored knowledge used both for particular tasks and for particular categories of object.
Two stumbling blocks to a general account of selection: Replication and information
Authors: Baum William M.
Published: September 2019

When one takes the evolution of operant behavior as prototype, one sees that the term replication is too tied to the peculiarities of genetic evolution. A more general term is recurrence. The important problem raised by recurrence is not “information” but relationship: deciding when two occurrences belong to the same lineage. That is solved by looking at common environmental effects.
Making living versus nonliving distinctions: Lessons from infants
Authors: Arterberry Martha E.
Published: September 2019

Developmental research on infants' categorization of living and nonliving objects finds that very young children are equally skilled in grouping such objects. The lack of a specialization for one type of object over another may be due to knowledge of function and the time frame for acquiring such knowledge.
Selection as a cause versus the causes of selection
Authors: Catania A. Charles
Published: September 2019

Hull et al. rightly point out the special character of selection as a causal mode, but ironically they seem to force selection back into traditional causal modes by decomposing it into replication, variation, and environmental interaction. Many processes are selective, and a taxonomy of a broad range of kinds of selection may be preferable to narrowing the applicability of the term.
Behavioral and economic approaches to decision making: A common ground
Authors: Fantino Edmund , Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie
Published: September 2019

Experimental psychologists in the learning tradition stress the importance of three of the authors' four key variables of experimental design. We review research investigating the roles played by these variables in studies of choice from our laboratory. Supporting the authors' claims, these studies show that the effects of these variables are not fixed and should not be taken for granted.
Are scripts or deception necessary when repeated trials are used? On the social context of psychological experiments
Authors: Goodie Adam S.
Published: September 2019

Scripts and deception are alternative means, both imperfect, to the goal of simulating an environment that cannot be created readily. Under scripts, participants pretend they are in that environment, while deception convinces participants they are in that environment although they are not. With repeated trials, they ought to be unnecessary. But they are not, which poses challenges to behavioral sciences.
Selection in operant learning may fit a general model
Authors: Leslie Julian C.
Published: September 2019

The generic account of selection proposed by Hull et al. readily fits operant learning where, by comparison with natural selection, the process is well understood but little is known about the mechanism. Objections within psychology, that operant learning ignores internal processes, fail to recognise the general significance of behaviour-environment interactions. Variation within operant response classes requires further investigation.
Concerns of old, revisited
Authors: Madden Gregory J.
Published: September 2019

Commentaries surrounding Skinner (1984) were re-examined and applied to Hull et al. Hull et al. were found to address many of these concerns by paying attention to neuroscience, by providing some discussion of the origins of behavior, and by forwarding a deterministic account that may prove as revolutionary as that of Copernicus and Darwin.
Variability is not uniformly bad: The practices of psychologists generate research questions
Authors: Huettel Scott A. , Lockhead Gregory
Published: September 2019

The practices of economists increase experimental reproducibility relative to those of selected psychologists but should not be universally adopted. Procedures criticized by Hertwig and Ortmann as producing variable data are valuable, instead, for generating questions. The procedure of choice should depend on the theoretical goal: measure a known factor or learn what factors are important and need to be measured.
Concepts and categories: What is the evidence for neural specialisation?
Authors: Tyler Lorraine K. , Moss Helen E.
Published: September 2019

Humphreys and Forde argue that semantic memory is divided into separate substores for different kinds of information. However, the neuro-imaging results cited in support of this view are inconsistent and often methodologically and statistically unreliable. Our own data indicate no regional specialisation as a function of semantic category or domain and support instead a distributed unitary account.
Are experimental economists behaviorists and is behaviorism for the birds?
Authors: Kurzban Robert
Published: September 2019

Methods in experimental economics are reminiscent of the methods employed by behaviorists in the first half of the twentieth century. Empirical and conceptual progress led the field of psychology away from the principles of behaviorism, and experimental economists should consider whether the criticisms leveled against behaviorists might apply equally to them.
Operant behavior and the thesis of “selection by consequences”
Authors: Moore J.
Published: September 2019

Behavioral theorists such as B. F. Skinner have argued that the thesis of selection by consequences applies to behavior just as much as to morphology. This commentary specifically examines certain respects in which the thesis of “selection by consequences” applies to the development of ontogenic operant behavior.
Replication in selective systems: Multiplicity of carriers, variation of information, iteration of encounters
Authors: Reeke George N.
Published: September 2019

An analysis of biological selection aimed at deriving a mechanism-independent definition removes Hull et al.'s obligatory requirement for replication of the carriers of information, under conditions, such as those obtaining in the nervous system, where the information content of a carrier can be modified without duplication by an amount controlled by the outcome of interactions with the environment.
Different perspectives of human behavior entail different experimental practices
Authors: Suleiman Ramzi
Published: September 2019

My main argument is that the advice offered to experimental psychologists by Hertwig & Ortmann overlooks fundamental differences between the goals of researchers in psychology and economics. Furthermore, it is argued that the reduction of data variability is not always an end to be sought by psychologists. Variability that originates in individual differences constitutes valuable data for psychological research.
Are units of retention necessary?
Authors: Vaidya Manish
Published: September 2019

Hull et al. propose a set of features that can be used to identify explanatory systems as being selectionist. The commentary questions the necessity of identifying a unit of retention at the level of behavior-environment interactions. It is concluded that an answer to the question “Are units of retention necessary?” can only be given in light of a clear statement of the goals of a science of behavior.
Money, lies, and replicability: On the need for empirically grounded experimental practices and interdisciplinary discourse
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Ortmann Andreas
Published: September 2019

This response reinforces the major themes of our target article. The impact of key methodological variables should not be taken for granted. Rather, we suggest grounding experimental practices in empirical evidence. If no evidence is available, decisions about design and implementation ought to be subjected to systematic experimentation. In other words, we argue against empirically blind conventions and against methodological choices based on beliefs, habits, or rituals. Our approach will neither inhibit methodological diversity nor constrain experimental creativity. More likely, it will promote both goals.
Resolving homography: The role of post-homograph context in reading aloud ambiguous sentences in Hebrew
Authors: Bar-On Amalia , Dattner Elitzur , Braun-Peretz Oriya
Published: September 2019

This study examined whether the context immediately succeeding a heterophonic-homographic word (ht-homographic) plays a role in ambiguity resolution during voiced reading of Hebrew. A pretest was designed to find the preferred alternatives of 12 ht-homographic words: 20 adult subjects completed truncated sentences, each ending with a homographic word, preceded by a context allowing for both of its alternatives to be read. Following the pretest, each word was embedded in four research conditions determined by post-homographic context (keeping preceding context constant): two adjacent revealing contexts, one supporting the preferred alternative and the other the un-preferred alternative; and two distant revealing contexts, one supporting the preferred alternative and the other the un-preferred alternative. Four lists of 12 sentences, each including the four conditions, were then read aloud by four groups of 20 adults. Results from a generalized linear mixed-model analysis showed that the immediately succeeding context affected the deciphering of un-preferred alternatives in voiced reading. An item analysis further showed that highly preferred alternatives were less prone to the immediately succeeding context effect than slightly preferred alternatives. We conclude that the context immediately succeeding a ht-homographic word plays a role in ambiguity resolution during voiced reading, through interactions with the word’s lexical and syntactic characteristics.
The discourse of self in dementia
Authors: SMALL JEFF A. , GELDART KATHY , GUTMAN GLORIA , CLARKE SCOTT MARY ANN
Published: September 2019

The preservation of self-identity in dementia is dependent upon
internal
(cognitive) and external (social) conditions. This study investigates the

integrity of self (internal) and personae (external) in dementia as indexed
by
the verbal and nonverbal behaviours of dementia residents and their caregivers

in a special care unit. Videotaped observations of spontaneous nursing
staff-resident interactions were collected over a three-day period. The recordings

were transcribed and subjected to detailed discourse analysis. Our analyses

focused on several indexicals of self and personae including personal pronouns,

proper nouns, interpersonal conflicts, and discursive positioning. The
findings
revealed that both self and personae are susceptible to decline in dementia.

However, the results also provide evidence that even in severe dementia
self
and personae can be indexed in a variety of ways. We discuss the important

role that caregivers can have in reinforcing self and personae in dementia.
Mental and physical frailty in older
people: the costs and benefits of informal care
Authors: RIS MRC CFAS  , BAMFORD CLAIRE , GREGSON BARBARA , FARROW GRAHAM , BUCK DEBBIE , DOWSWELL THERESE , MCNAMEE PAUL , BOND JOHN , WRIGHT KEN
Published: September 2019

The financial, opportunity and social costs and benefits of providing
informal
support to frail older people are described within an economic framework.

Mentally and/or physically frail older people were identified through

screening interviews with random community samples of people aged 65 and

over in four UK areas: 884 frail older people living in private households

nominated key informal supporters and 650 of these supporters were
interviewed. Around half the supporters reported financial costs (43 per
cent)
or lost social opportunities (45 per cent). A minority of supporters had
reduced
their working hours or withdrawn from employment because of caregiving.

Nearly all supporters reported at least one social cost (92 per cent) and

identified at least one positive aspect of caregiving (95 per cent). Co-resident

supporters were more likely to report opportunity costs and loss of health
and
well-being. Daughters supporting a frail parent were generally most likely,

and friends or neighbours least likely, to report each type of cost. Supporters

of older people who were both mentally and physically frail reported
significantly greater opportunity and social costs. The benefits of caregiving

were not consistently related to co-residency, relationship of supporter
or
frailty type. Possible strategies for decreasing the costs and increasing
the
benefits of caregiving are discussed.
The story continues: persistence of life themes in old age
Authors: COLEMAN PETER G. , IVANI-CHALIAN CHRISTINE , ROBINSON MAUREEN
Published: September 2019

Survivors of a longitudinal study over the age of 80 years were
asked whether
they saw their lives in terms of story and whether they agreed with our

assessment of its present major themes. Two-thirds of the initial sample
of 43
people affirmed that their life story was a coherent one in which past
and
present were connected. Relationships, particularly within the family,
were
the major source of linkage. One-quarter of the sample, predominantly female

members, perceived neither story nor connections but they were not necessarily

dissatisfied with their present lives. Detailed case studies were subsequently

composed on the identity processes shown by each person, and their
conclusions discussed with the 28 remaining participants two to three years

later. The most evident continuing life theme for both men and women was

one oriented to the family. Maintenance of independence and own home were

also emphasised. The application of McAdams' story model of identity
is
discussed in relationship to two cases. Implications for research and practice

are discussed, including opportunities for older people to construct and
present
the story of their lives to others.
Mature imaginations: ageing and the psychodynamic tradition
Authors: BIGGS SIMON
Published: September 2019

This paper critically assesses the portrayal of late life development
in
psychoanalysis and the wider psychodynamic tradition. Attention is drawn
to
the importance of this tradition both as a vehicle for personal change
and as
a cultural phenomenon in its own right. An analysis of historical trends

indicates successive phases of accommodation to the practice of psychotherapy

with mature adults, moving from a view that older people made unsuitable

analysands to one that outlined the possibility of such work, and finally
to a
rejection of traditional Freudian frameworks as in themselves inappropriate.

Two themes, the explanation of adult development in terms of formative

childhood experience and a focus on transferential relationships across

generations, are examined in greater detail. It is concluded that whilst

psychoanalytic thinking can usefully draw on the age-sensitised perspective
of
social gerontology, much can also be learned about the experience of ageing

through the use of psychodynamic concepts.
Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination
Authors: Arnesen Eric
Published: September 2019

Scholarship on whiteness has grown dramatically over the past decade, affecting nu- merous academic disciplines from literary criticism and American studies to history, sociology, geography, education, and anthropology. Despite its visibility and quantity, the genre has generated few serious historiographical assessments of its rise, development, strengths, and weaknesses. This essay, which critically examines the concept of whiteness and the ways labor historians have built their analyses around it, seeks to subject historical studies of whiteness to overdue scrutiny and to stimulate a debate on the utility of whiteness as a category of historical analysis. Toward that end, the essay explores the multiple and shifting definitions of whiteness used by scholars, concluding that historians have employed arbitrary and inconsistent definitions of their core concept, some overly expansive or metaphorically grounded and others that are radically restricted; whiteness has become a blank screen onto which those who claim to analyze it can project their own meanings. The essay critically examines historians' use of W. E. B. Du Bois's reflections on the “psychological wage”—something of a foundational text for whiteness scholars—and concludes that the “psychological wage” of whiteness serves poorly as a new explanation for the old question of why white workers have refused to make common cause with African Americans. Whiteness scholars' assertions of the nonwhite status of various immigrant groups (the Irish and eastern and southern Europeans in particular) and the processes by which these groups allegedly became white are challenged, as is whiteness scholars' tendency toward highly selective readings of racial discourses. The essay faults some whiteness scholarship produced by historians for a lack of grounding in archival and other empirical evidence, for passive voice constructions (which obscure the agents who purportedly define immigrants as not white), and for a problematic reliance upon psychohistory in the absence of actual immigrant voices. Historians' use of the concept of whiteness, the essay concludes, suffers from a number of potentially fatal methodological and conceptual flaws; within American labor history, the whiteness project has failed to deliver on its promises.
Whiteness, Racism, and Identity
Authors: Fields Barbara J.
Published: September 2019

As an organizing concept, whiteness rests on insecure theoretical ground—specifically, the notions of identity and agency. It replaces racism with race and equates race with racial identity, which it accepts uncritically both as an empirical datum and as a tool of analysis. It thereby establishes a false parallel between the objects and the authors of racism and between Afro-Americans and other Americans of non-European ancestry. Whiteness is the ideological counterpart of race relations, both of them ways of skirting around the relations of political, social, and economic power that have determined the place of Afro-Americans in American society.
Response to Eric Arnesen
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: September 2019

Eric Arnesen's essay highlights some real weaknesses in the burgeoning literature of whiteness and raises serious questions about the use of whiteness as a category of historical analysis. It effectively highlights the ambiguity of the concept and the way it tends to homogenize individuals who differ among themselves on numerous issues, including the definition of race. Moreover, the notion that European immigrants had to “become” white ignores a longstanding legal structure, dating back to the time of the Constitution, that incorporated these immigrants within the category of white American. Nonetheless, Arnesen fails to take account of some of the positive contributions of this literature, or to locate its popularity in the political and racial context of the late twentieth century. Rather than being abandoned, the concept of whiteness must be refined and historicized.
Response to Eric Arnesen
Authors: Reed Adolph
Published: September 2019

Proliferation in recent years of a literature that seeks to examine the sources, content, and meanings of whiteness in American life stems from several factors. Among these are: (1) the sociology of academic trends; (2) the growth in recent decades of new academic specialties and interdisciplinary studies that accelerate the velocity of interpretive tendencies and problematiques; (3) reaction against a perceived retreat in civic and academic discussion, and national political life, during the 1980s and 1990s from acknowledgement of the historical and persisting force of racial stratification and inequality; and 4) the combination of atrophy of extramural Left politics and heightened perceptions of the political significance of academic debates. Most consequentially, as Professor Arnesen maintains, the turn to “whiteness studies” emerges from a version of the question crystallized more than a century ago by Werner Sombart, “Why is there no socialism in America?” The literature produced under this rubric is generally marred by conceptual ambiguities, ahistorical formulations, and lack of interpretive discipline. Particularly as it engages labor history and the work of labor historians, the whiteness literature is anchored in the hoary, and fundamentally miscast, debate over the centrality of racial versus class dynamics in shaping working-class experience and American politics.
David Palmer, Ross Shanahan, and Martin Shanahan, eds., Australian Labor History Reconsidered. Adelaide: Australian Humanities Press, 1999. ix + 244 pp. $29.95 cloth.
Authors: Howe Renate
Published: September 2019

An objective of this collection is to bring the history of the Australian labor movement to international attention. The editors introduce the collection with a brief overview of Australian labor history, emphasizing differences between the Australian and American experiences. The introduction argues that a unique aspect of Australian labor history is “laborism,” which is defined as the central place of the labor movement in Australian culture, as compared with the more marginal position of the labor movement in America. In Australia, this centrality is reflected in the embedding of trade unions and labor in the state through wage-fixing tribunals, a social security system designed to support the families of male wage earners, and the Australian Labor Party's strong links to the trade union movement. The introduction is informative and especially benefits from the insights of David Palmer, an American historian teaching at Adelaide's Flinders University. However, the introduction was apparently written later at the suggestion of an American reader and has thus not been fully integrated into the structure of the book.