bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECG Signal Denoising and Reconstruction Based on Basis Pursuit
Authors: Liu Ruixia , Shu Minglei , Chen Changfang
Published: February 2021

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used for the diagnosis of heart diseases. However, ECG signals are easily contaminated by different noises. This paper presents efficient denoising and compressed sensing (CS) schemes for ECG signals based on basis pursuit (BP). In the process of signal denoising and reconstruction, the low-pass filtering method and alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) optimization algorithm are used. This method introduces dual variables, adds a secondary penalty term, and reduces constraint conditions through alternate optimization to optimize the original variable and the dual variable at the same time. This algorithm is able to remove both baseline wander and Gaussian white noise. The effectiveness of the algorithm is validated through the records of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The simulations show that the proposed ADMM-based method performs better in ECG denoising. Furthermore, this algorithm keeps the details of the ECG signal in reconstruction and achieves higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and smaller mean square error (MSE).
Multi-Feature Fusion and Adaptive Kernel Combination for SAR Image Classification
Authors: Wu Xiaoying , Wen Xianbin , Xu Haixia , Yuan Liming , Guo Changlun
Published: February 2021

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image classification is an important task in remote sensing applications. However, it is challenging due to the speckle embedding in SAR imaging, which significantly degrades the classification performance. To address this issue, a new SAR image classification framework based on multi-feature fusion and adaptive kernel combination is proposed in this paper. Expressing pixel similarity by non-negative logarithmic likelihood difference, the generalized neighborhoods are newly defined. The adaptive kernel combination is designed on them to dynamically explore multi-feature information that is robust to speckle noise. Then, local consistency optimization is further applied to enhance label spatial smoothness during classification. By simultaneously utilizing adaptive kernel combination and local consistency optimization for the first time, the texture feature information, context information within features, generalized spatial information between features, and complementary information among features is fully integrated to ensure accurate and smooth classification. Compared with several state-of-the-art methods on synthetic and real SAR images, the proposed method demonstrates better performance in visual effects and classification quality, as the image edges and details are better preserved according to the experimental results.
Low-Power Beam-Switching Technique for Power-Efficient Collaborative IoT Edge Devices
Authors: Oh Semyoung , Park Daejin
Published: February 2021

Collaborative beamforming (CB) enables uplink transmission in a wireless sensor network (WSN) composed of sensors (nodes) and far-away access points (APs). It can also be applied to the case where the sensors are equipped with beam-switching structures (BSSs). However, as the antenna arrays of the BSSs are randomly headed due to the irregular mounting surface, some sensors form beams that do not illuminate a desired AP and waste their limited energy. Therefore, to resolve this problem, it is required to switch the beams toward the desired AP. While an exhaustive search can provide the globally optimal combination, a greedy search (GS) is utilized to solve this optimization problem efficiently. Simulation and experimental results verify that under certain conditions the proposed algorithm can drive the sensors to switch their beams properly and increase the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) significantly with low computational complexity and energy consumption.
Mathematical Modeling of Coal Dust Screening by Means of Sieve Analysis and Coal Dust Combustion Based on New Methods of Piece-Linear Function Approximation
Authors: Aliukov Sergei , Osintsev Konstantin
Published: February 2021

This study focuses on the development of new methodological approaches to dust-preparation and burning of separated particles, including through the use of polyfractional ensembles. Coal dust screening by means of sieve analysis is described in standard methods. However, in order to further use the results obtained during mathematical modeling of particle motion in fuel-air mixture and exothermal reactions of oxidation while burning in a torch, it must be possible to differentiate and integrate continuous functions. The methodology is based on the continuity of particle motion in a mixture with air in the calculation of aerodynamic and heat-mass exchange processes in a torch. The paper employs new scientific approaches to transforming and normalizing a continuously differentiable function described by the Gauss curve. We propose to combine mathematical modeling of such functions with methods of approximation of piece-linear functions developed by Professor S. V. Aliukov. The implementation of such methods helps reduce calculation errors of particle size and deviations thereof from average equivalent diameter and to avoid the Gibbs effect while differentiating. The paper contains analytical calculations based on the proposed method and experimental data. Quantitative and qualitative results of comparing analytical and experimental data are also presented. We provide recommendations on the further use and extension of the range of the results obtained in a computer simulation of fuel production and burning processes in a torch.
Fluence Dependence of Surface Morphology and Deuterium Retention in W Bulks and Nanocrystalline W Films Exposed to Deuterium Plasma
Authors: Yan Jing , Li Xia , Zhu Kaigui
Published: February 2021

The surface morphology of pure W bulks and nanocrystalline tungsten films was investigated after exposure to a low-energy (100 eV/D), high-flux (1.8 × 1021 D·m−2s−1) deuterium plasma. Nanocrystalline tungsten films of 6 μm thickness were deposited on tungsten bulks and exposed to deuterium plasma at various fluences ranging from 1.30 × 1025 to 5.18 × 1025 D·m−2. Changes in surface morphology from before to after irradiation were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The W bulk exposed to low-fluence plasma (1.30 × 1025 D·m−2) shows blisters. The blisters on the W bulk irradiated to higher-fluence plasma are much larger (~2 µm). The blisters on the surface of W films are smaller in size and lower in density than those of the W bulks. In addition, the modifications exhibit the appearance of cracks below the surface after deuterium plasma irradiation. It is suggested that the blisters are caused by the diffusion and aggregation of the deuterium-vacancy clusters. The deuterium retention of the W bulks and nanocrystalline tungsten films was studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The retention of deuterium in W bulks and W films increases with increasing deuterium plasma fluence when irradiated at 500 K.
Effect of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Mateus Vanessa , Estarreja João , Silva Inês , Barracosa Paulo , Teixeira-Lemos Edite , Pinto Rui
Published: February 2021

Background: Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC) is a plant generally associated as an ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. The polyphenols present in this plant provide pharmacological and nutritional properties. C. cardunculus L. has been used throughout animal studies, which demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Since there is not a known cure, the research of new possible pharmacological approaches is essential. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of C. cardunculus L. dry leaves in a 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model. Methods: CD-1 mice with TNBS-induced colitis received an intraperitoneal (IP) administration of C. cardunculus L. once per day for 4 days. Results: The C. cardunculus L. demonstrated a beneficial effect in this experimental model of IBD with anti-inflammatory action through the reduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. It also demonstrated a beneficial influence on the extra-intestinal manifestations related to IBD, with the absence of significant side effects of its use. Conclusions: The extract of C. cardunculus L. dry leaves can become an interesting tool for new possible pharmacological approaches in the management of IBD.
Flavor Chemistry of Virgin Olive Oil: An Overview
Authors: Genovese Alessandro , Caporaso Nicola , Sacchi Raffaele
Published: February 2021

Virgin olive oil (VOO) has unique chemical characteristics among all other vegetable oils which are of paramount importance for human health. VOO constituents are also responsible of its peculiar flavor, a complex sensation due to a combination of aroma, taste, texture, and mouthfeel or trigeminal sensations. VOO flavor depends primarily on the concentration and nature of volatile and phenolic compounds present in olive oil which can change dramatically depending on agronomical and technological factors. Another aspect that can change the flavor perception is linked to the oral process during olive oil tasting. In fact, in this case, some human physiological and matrix effects modulate the flavor release in the mouth. The present review aims to give an overview on VOO flavor, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms affecting its production and release during a tasting.
Wavelength-Dependent Nonlinear Absorption in Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Chunyu , Wang Jun , Gao Yachen
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to study the nonlinear absorption characteristics of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) at off-resonant wavelengths. For this purpose, multi-wavelength (500–650 nm) nanosecond Z-scan technique was used. The experimental results indicate that saturated absorption (SA) and the transition from SA to reverse saturated absorption (RSA) can occur, and depends on the excitation wavelength and energy. When the excitation wavelength is constant, with the increase of excitation energy, PdNPs change from SA to RSA. When the excitation energy is constant, with the excitation wavelength approaching surface plasmon resonance (SPR), PdNPs change from SA to RSA. This phenomenon of SA and RSA under multi-wavelength excitation in the off-resonant region provides a supplement for the systematic study of the nonlinear absorption of PdNPs.
Design and Diagnostics of High-Precision Accelerator Neutrino Beams
Authors: Charitonidis Nikolaos , Longhin Andrea , Pari Michelangelo , Parozzi Elisabetta Giulia , Terranova Francesco
Published: February 2021

Neutrino oscillation physics has entered a new precision era, which poses major challenges to the level of control and diagnostics of the neutrino beams. In this paper, we review the design of high-precision beams, their current limitations, and the latest techniques envisaged to overcome such limits. We put emphasis on “monitored neutrino beams” and advanced diagnostics to determine the flux and flavor of the neutrinos produced at the source at the per-cent level. We also discuss ab-initio measurements of the neutrino energy–i.e., measurements performed without relying on the event reconstruction at the ν detector–to remove any flux induced bias in the determination of the cross sections.
A Novel Composite with Structural Health Monitoring Functionality via 2D and 3D Impedance Mapping Topography
Authors: Foteinidis Georgios , Paipetis Alkiviadis S.
Published: February 2021

We report the transformation of a conventional composite material into a multifunctional structure able to provide information about its structural integrity. A purposely positioned grid of carbon fabric strips located within a glass fibre laminate in alternating 0/90 configuration combined with a ternary nanomodified epoxy matrix imparted structural health monitoring (SHM) topographic capabilities to the composite using the impedance spectroscopy (IS) technique. The matrix was reinforced with homogenously dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon black (CB). A sinusoidal electric field was applied locally over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz between the junction points of the grid of carbon fabric strips. The proposed design enabled topographic damage assessment after a high-velocity impact via the local monitoring of the impedance. The data obtained from the IS measurements were depicted by magnitude and phase delay Bode plots and Nyquist plots. The impedance values were used to create a 2D and a multi-layer (3D) contour topographical image of the damaged area, which revealed crucial information about the structural integrity of the composite.
Low-Grade Clay as an Alkali-Activated Material
Authors: Rahman Muhammad M. , Law David W. , Patnaikuni Indubhushan , Gunasekara Chamila , Tahmasebi Yamchelou Morteza
Published: February 2021

The potential application of alkali-activated material (AAM) as an alternative binder in concrete to reduce the environmental impact of cement production has now been established. However, as the production and availability of the primarily utilized waste materials, such as fly Ash and blast furnace slag, decrease, it is necessary to identify alternative materials. One such material is clay, which contains aluminosilicates and is abundantly available across the world. However, the reactivity of untreated low-grade clay can be low. Calcination can be used to activate clay, but this can consume significant energy. To address this issue, this paper reports the investigation of two calcination methodologies, utilizing low-temperature and high-temperature regimes of different durations, namely 24 h heating at 120 °C and 5 h at 750 °C and, and the results are compared with those of the mechanical performance of the AAM produced with untreated low-grade clay. The investigation used two alkali dosages, 10% and 15%, with an alkali modulus varying from 1.0 to 1.75. An increase in strength was observed with calcination of the clay at both 120 and 750 °C compared to untreated clay. Specimens with a dosage of 10% showed enhanced performance compared to those with 15%, with Alkali Modulus (AM) of 1.0 giving the optimal strength at 28 days for both dosages. The strengths achieved were in the range 10 to 20 MPa, suitable for use as concrete masonry brick. The conversion of Al (IV) is identified as the primary factor for the observed increase in strength.
Demosaicing by Differentiable Deep Restoration
Authors: Tang Jie , Li Jian , Tan Ping
Published: February 2021

A mosaic of color filter arrays (CFAs) is commonly used in digital cameras as a spectrally selective filter to capture color images. The captured raw image is then processed by a demosaicing algorithm to recover the full-color image. In this paper, we formulate demosaicing as a restoration problem and solve it by minimizing the difference between the input raw image and the sampled full-color result. This under-constrained minimization is then solved with a novel convolutional neural network that estimates a linear subspace for the result at local image patches. In this way, the result in an image patch is determined by a few combination coefficients of the subspace bases, which makes the minimization problem tractable. This approach further allows joint learning of the CFA and demosaicing network. We demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method by comparing it with state-of-the-art methods in both settings of noise-free and noisy data.
Impact of Construction Method and Ground Composition on Headrace Tunnel Stability in the Neelum–Jhelum Hydroelectric Project: A Case Study Review from Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Hafeezur , Naji Abdul Muntaqim , Nam Kyoungmin , Ahmad Saeed , Muhammad Khan , Yoo Han-Kyu
Published: February 2021

During underground construction, the behavior of the ground is influenced by characteristics of the rock mass with situ stresses and ground water, cross section of the excavation area, excavation method, and the rate of excavation. These fundamental features are considered to ensure the support and stability of underground excavations and achieve long-term successful operation. However, the ground composition of the Himalayas hinders tunnel excavation, especially in case of mechanized tunneling; this causes time and cost overruns. This study has reviewed the recently completed Neelum–Jhelum Hydroelectric Project; the project complexities, geological environments involving significant overburden and tectonic stresses, and effects of the excavation method on tunnel stability were analyzed. The major challenges that were encountered during construction are discussed herein along with their countermeasures. An analysis of project-related data reveals that latest techniques and approaches considering rock mechanics were used to complete the project; the existing approaches and methods were accordingly verified and extended. Apart from ground composition, the excavation methods used play an important role in the occurrence of severe rock bursts. Thus, the findings of this study are expected to be helpful for future tunneling projects in the Himalayas.
Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Group 6 Doped Anatase TiO2: A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Filippatos Petros-Panagis , Kelaidis Nikolaos , Vasilopoulou Maria , Davazoglou Dimitris , Chroneos Alexander
Published: February 2021

Titania (TiO2) is a key material used as an electron transport in dye-sensitized and halide perovskite solar cells due to its intrinsic n-type conductivity, visible transparency, low-toxicity, and abundance. Moreover, it exhibits pronounced photocatalytic properties in the ultra-violet part of the solar spectrum. However, its wide bandgap (around 3.2 eV) reduces its photocatalytic activity in the visible wavelengths’ region and electron transport ability. One of the most efficient strategies to simultaneously decrease its bandgap value and increase its n-type conductivity is doping with appropriate elements. Here, we have investigated using the density functional theory (DFT), as well as the influence of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W) doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of TiO2. We find that doping with group 6 elements positively impacts the above-mentioned properties and should be considered an appropriate method for photocatalystic applications. In addition to the pronounced reduction in the bandgap values, we also predict the formation of energy states inside the forbidden gap, in all the cases. These states are highly desirable for photocatalytic applications as they induce low energy transitions, thus increasing the oxide’s absorption within the visible. Still, they can be detrimental to solar cells’ performance, as they constitute trap sites for photogenerated charge carriers.
Exhibitions in France as Symbolic Domination: Images of Postmodernism and the Cultural Field in the 1980s
Authors: Charitonidou Marianna
Published: February 2021

The article examines a group of exhibitions that took place in the late seventies and early eighties and are useful for grasping what was at stake regarding the debates on the tensions between modernist and post-modernist architecture. Among the exhibitions that are examined are Europa-America: Architettura urbana, alternative suburbane, curated by Vittorio Gregotti for the Biennale di Venezia in 1976; La Presenza del passato, curated by Paolo Portoghesi for the Biennale di Venezia in 1980; the French version of La presenza del passato—Présence de l’histoire, l’après modernisme—held in the framework of the Festival d’Automne de Paris in 1981; Architectures en France: Modernité/post-modernité, curated by Chantal Béret and held at the Institut Français d’Architecture (18 November 1981–6 February 1982); La modernité, un projet inachevé: 40 architectures, curated by Paul Chemetov and Jean-Claude Garcias for the Festival d’Automne de Paris in 1982; La modernité ou l’esprit du temps, curated by Jean Nouvel, Patrice Goulet, and François Barré and held at the Centre Pompidou in 1982; and Nouveaux plaisirs d’architecture, curated by Jean Dethier for the Centre Pompidou in 1985, among other exhibitions. Analysing certain important texts published in the catalogues of the aforementioned exhibitions, the debates that accompanied the exhibitions and an ensemble of articles in French architectural magazines such as L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui and the Techniques & Architecture, the article aims to present the questions that were at the centre of the debates regarding the opposition or osmosis between the modernist and postmodernist ideals. Some figures, such as Jean Nouvel, were more in favour of the cross-fertilisation between modernity and postmodernity, while others, such as Paul Chemetov, believed that architects should rediscover modernity in order to enhance the civic dimension of architecture. Following Pierre Bourdieu’s approach, the article argues that the tension between the ways in which each of these exhibitions treats the role of the image within architectural design and the role of architecture for the construction of a vision regarding progress is the expression of two divergent positions in social space.
Anthocyanins Are Key Regulators of Drought Stress Tolerance in Tobacco
Authors: Cirillo Valerio , D’Amelia Vincenzo , Esposito Marco , Amitrano Chiara , Carillo Petronia , Carputo Domenico , Maggio Albino
Published: February 2021

Abiotic stresses will be one of the major challenges for worldwide food supply in the near future. Therefore, it is important to understand the physiological mechanisms that mediate plant responses to abiotic stresses. When subjected to UV, salinity or drought stress, plants accumulate specialized metabolites that are often correlated with their ability to cope with the stress. Among them, anthocyanins are the most studied intermediates of the phenylpropanoid pathway. However, their role in plant response to abiotic stresses is still under discussion. To better understand the effects of anthocyanins on plant physiology and morphogenesis, and their implications on drought stress tolerance, we used transgenic tobacco plants (AN1), which over-accumulated anthocyanins in all tissues. AN1 plants showed an altered phenotype in terms of leaf gas exchanges, leaf morphology, anatomy and metabolic profile, which conferred them with a higher drought tolerance compared to the wild-type plants. These results provide important insights for understanding the functional reason for anthocyanin accumulation in plants under stress.
The Role of Interferons in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren’s Syndrome and Future Therapeutic Perspectives
Authors: Del Papa Nicoletta , Minniti Antonina , Lorini Maurizio , Carbonelli Vincenzo , Maglione Wanda , Pignataro Francesca , Montano Nicola , Caporali Roberto , Vitali Claudio
Published: February 2021

There is a great deal of evidence pointing to interferons (IFNs) as being key cytokines in the pathogenesis of different systemic autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). In this disease, a large number of studies have shown that an overexpression of type I IFN, the ‘so-called’ type I IFN signature, is present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and that this finding is associated with the development of systemic extra-glandular manifestations, and a substantial production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, the absence or a milder expression of type I IFN signature and low level of inflammatory cytokines characterizes patients with a different clinical phenotype, where the disease is limited to glandular involvement and often marked by the presence of widespread pain and depression. The role of type II (IFNγ) in this subset of pSS patients, together with the potentially related activation of completely different immunological and metabolic pathways, are emerging issues. Expression of both types of IFNs has also been shown in target tissues, namely in minor salivary glands where a predominance of type II IFN signature appeared to have a certain association with the development of lymphoma. In view of the role played by IFN overexpression in the development and progression of pSS, inhibition or modulation of IFN signaling has been regarded as a potential target for the therapeutic approach. A number of therapeutic compounds with variable mechanisms of action have been tested or are under consideration for the treatment of patients with pSS.
Highly Specialized Ubiquitin-Like Modifications: Shedding Light into the UFM1 Enigma
Authors: Witting Katharina F. , Mulder Monique P.C.
Published: February 2021

Post-translational modification with Ubiquitin-like proteins represents a complex signaling language regulating virtually every cellular process. Among these post-translational modifiers is Ubiquitin-fold modifier (UFM1), which is covalently attached to its substrates through the orchestrated action of a dedicated enzymatic cascade. Originally identified to be involved embryonic development, its biological function remains enigmatic. Recent research reveals that UFM1 regulates a variety of cellular events ranging from DNA repair to autophagy and ER stress response implicating its involvement in a variety of diseases. Given the contribution of UFM1 to numerous pathologies, the enzymes of the UFM1 cascade represent attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Here we discuss the current understanding of this cryptic post-translational modification especially its contribution to disease as well as expand on the unmet needs of developing chemical and biochemical tools to dissect its role.
A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin
Authors: Oslan Siti Nur Hazwani , Shoparwe Noor Fazliani , Yusoff Abdul Hafidz , Rahim Ainihayati Abdul , Chang Chang Shen , Tan Joo Shun , Oslan Siti Nurbaya , Arumugam Kavithraashree , Ariff Arbakariya Bin , Sulaiman Ahmad Ziad , Mohamed Mohd Shamzi
Published: February 2021

As the most recognizable natural secondary carotenoid astaxanthin producer, the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis cultivation is performed via a two-stage process. The first is dedicated to biomass accumulation under growth-favoring conditions (green stage), and the second stage is for astaxanthin evolution under various stress conditions (red stage). This mini-review discusses the further improvement made on astaxanthin production by providing an overview of recent works on H. pluvialis, including the valuable ideas for bioprocess optimization on cell growth, and the current stress-exerting strategies for astaxanthin pigment production. The effects of nutrient constituents, especially nitrogen and carbon sources, and illumination intensity are emphasized during the green stage. On the other hand, the significance of the nitrogen depletion strategy and other exogenous factors comprising salinity, illumination, and temperature are considered for the astaxanthin inducement during the red stage. In short, any factor that interferes with the cellular processes that limit the growth or photosynthesis in the green stage could trigger the encystment process and astaxanthin formation during the red stage. This review provides an insight regarding the parameters involved in bioprocess optimization for high-value astaxanthin biosynthesis from H. pluvialis.
Cytotoxic Alkaloids Derived from Marine Sponges: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Elissawy Ahmed M. , Soleiman Dehkordi Ebrahim , Mehdinezhad Negin , Ashour Mohamed L. , Mohammadi Pour Pardis
Published: February 2021

Marine sponges (porifera) have proved to be a prolific source of unique bioactive secondary metabolites, among which the alkaloids occupy a special place in terms of unprecedented structures and outstanding biological activities. Identification of active cytotoxic alkaloids extracted from marine animals, particularly sponges, is an important strive, due to lack of knowledge on traditional experiential and ethnopharmacology investigations. In this report, a comprehensive survey of demospongian bioactive alkaloids in the range 1987–2020 had been performed with a special emphasis on the potent cytotoxic activity. Different resources and databases had been investigated, including Scifinder (database for the chemical literature) CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) search, web of science, Marin Lit (marine natural products research) database. More than 230 representatives of different classes of alkaloids had been reviewed and classified, different genera belonging to the phylum porifera had been shown to be a prolific source of alkaloidal molecules, including Agelas sp., Suberea sp., Mycale sp., Haliclona sp., Epipolasis sp., Monanchora sp., Crambe sp., Reniera sp., and Xestospongia sp., among others. The sufficient production of alkaloids derived from sponges is a prosperous approach that requires more attention in future studies to consider the constraints regarding the supply of drugs, attained from marine organisms.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Cytobacillus firmus Isolated from the Stem Bark of Terminalia arjuna and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Sudarsan Sujesh , Kumar Shankar Madan , Kumar Belagal Motatis Anil , Shankar Sushmitha , Krishnappa Darshan , Mohan Chakrabhavi Dhananjaya , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S. , Gupta Vijai Kumar , Siddaiah Chandra Nayaka
Published: February 2021

This work reports an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using endophytic bacteria, Cytobacillus firmus isolated from the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by visual observation as a change in color of the bacterial solution impregnated with silver. Further, the morphology of the AgNPs, average size, and presence of elemental silver were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. The roles of endophytic secondary metabolites in the metal reduction, stabilization, and capping of silver nanoparticles were studied by qualitative FTIR spectral peaks. The antimicrobial ability of AgNPs was evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and pearl millet blast disease-causing fungi (Magnoporthe grisea). The biosynthesized AgNPs showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities. AgNPs effectively inhibited the bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner and presented as good antifungal agents towards the growth of Magnoporthe grisea.
Unaltered Liver Regeneration in Post-Cholestatic Rats Treated with the FXR Agonist Obeticholic Acid
Authors: de Haan Lianne R. , Verheij Joanne , van Golen Rowan F. , Horneffer-van der Sluis Verena , Lewis Matthew R. , Beuers Ulrich H. W. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Olde Damink Steven W. M. , Schaap Frank G. , Heger Michal , Olthof Pim B.
Published: February 2021

In a previous study, obeticholic acid (OCA) increased liver growth before partial hepatectomy (PHx) in rats through the bile acid receptor farnesoid X-receptor (FXR). In that model, OCA was administered during obstructive cholestasis. However, patients normally undergo PHx several days after biliary drainage. The effects of OCA on liver regeneration were therefore studied in post-cholestatic Wistar rats. Rats underwent sham surgery or reversible bile duct ligation (rBDL), which was relieved after 7 days. PHx was performed one day after restoration of bile flow. Rats received 10 mg/kg OCA per day or were fed vehicle from restoration of bile flow until sacrifice 5 days after PHx. Liver regeneration was comparable between cholestatic and non-cholestatic livers in PHx-subjected rats, which paralleled liver regeneration a human validation cohort. OCA treatment induced ileal Fgf15 mRNA expression but did not enhance post-PHx hepatocyte proliferation through FXR/SHP signaling. OCA treatment neither increased mitosis rates nor recovery of liver weight after PHx but accelerated liver regrowth in rats that had not been subjected to rBDL. OCA did not increase biliary injury. Conclusively, OCA does not induce liver regeneration in post-cholestatic rats and does not exacerbate biliary damage that results from cholestasis. This study challenges the previously reported beneficial effects of OCA in liver regeneration in cholestatic rats.
Laparoscopic Peritoneal Wash Cytology-Derived Primary Human Mesothelial Cells for In Vitro Cell Culture and Simulation of Human Peritoneum
Authors: Holl Myriam , Becker Lucas , Keller Anna-Lena , Feuerer Nora , Marzi Julia , Carvajal Berrio Daniel A. , Jakubowski Peter , Neis Felix , Pauluschke-Fröhlich Jan , Brucker Sara Y. , Schenke-Layland Katja , Krämer Bernhard , Weiss Martin
Published: February 2021

Peritoneal mucosa of mesothelial cells line the abdominal cavity, surround intestinal organs and the female reproductive organs and are responsible for immunological integrity, organ functionality and regeneration. Peritoneal diseases range from inflammation, adhesions, endometriosis, and cancer. Efficient technologies to isolate and cultivate healthy patient-derived mesothelial cells with maximal purity enable the generation of capable 2D and 3D as well as in vivo-like microfluidic cell culture models to investigate pathomechanisms and treatment strategies. Here, we describe a new and easily reproducible technique for the isolation and culture of primary human mesothelial cells from laparoscopic peritoneal wash cytology. We established a protocol containing multiple washing and centrifugation steps, followed by cell culture at the highest purity and over multiple passages. Isolated peritoneal mesothelial cells were characterized in detail, utilizing brightfield and immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry as well as Raman microspectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Thereby, cytokeratin expression enabled specific discrimination from primary peritoneal human fibroblasts. Raman microspectroscopy and imaging were used to study morphology and biochemical properties of primary mesothelial cell culture compared to cryo-fixed and cryo-sectioned peritoneal tissue.
A Critical Review of Effective Child Mass Trauma Interventions: What We Know and Do Not Know from the Evidence
Authors: Pfefferbaum Betty , Nitiéma Pascal , Newman Elana
Published: February 2021

Over the last 20 years, numerous interventions have been developed and evaluated for use with children exposed to mass trauma with six publications reporting meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of child mass trauma interventions using inactive controls to examine intervention effects on posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. The current report reviews the results of these meta-analytic studies to examine the status of the evidence for child mass trauma mental health interventions and to evaluate potential moderators of intervention effect and implications for practice. The meta-analyses reviewed for the current report revealed a small to medium overall effect of interventions on posttraumatic stress, a non-statistically significant to small overall effect on depression, a non-statistically significant overall effect on anxiety, and a small overall effect on functional impairment. The subgroup analyses suggest that interventions should be matched to the populations being served and to the context. Additional research is needed to tailor future interventions to further address outcomes other than posttraumatic stress including depression, anxiety, and functional impairment.
Architectural Photovoltaic Applications: Lessons Learnt and Perceptions from Architects
Authors: Haghighi Zoheir , Angali Dehnavi Mahboubeh , Konstantinou Thaleia , van den Dobbelsteen Andy , Klein Tillmann
Published: February 2021

Researchers have reported that despite technological development in photovoltaic technology and substantial cost reduction, there is still a narrow interest in architectural photovoltaic applications (APA). Lack of interest is correlated to various bottlenecks, and one of them is a lack of knowledge among architects on the possibilities and approaches to adopt APA. In response to the issues mentioned, the aim of the research presented was collecting qualitative and quantitative information from architects as lessons learned and perceptions in regards to APA. In total, 30 architects with and without experience of using photovoltaics (PV) were invited and interviewed. They were asked about their experience, design and decision-making process with PV, their understanding of integration, and the decisive factors to use APA. The results showed apparent differences between the experiences and perceptions, and they highlighted the lessons learned from realized projects. The analysis of the visual implication of PV integration shows that, to the eyes of architects, integration of PV into architecture does not depend on the PV product used, but instead, that when PV is part of the design concept and design process, the outcome is seen as a meaningful integration.
Descriptive and Functional Genomics in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Paving the Road for a Cure
Authors: Pasquer Hélène , Tostain Maëlys , Kaci Nina , Roux Blandine , Benajiba Lina
Published: February 2021

Over the past decades, genetic advances have allowed a more precise molecular characterization of AML with the identification of novel oncogenes and tumor suppressors as part of a comprehensive AML molecular landscape. Recent advances in genetic sequencing tools also enabled a better understanding of AML leukemogenesis from the preleukemic state to posttherapy relapse. These advances resulted in direct clinical implications with the definition of molecular prognosis classifications, the development of treatment recommendations based on minimal residual disease (MRD) measurement and the discovery of novel targeted therapies, ultimately improving AML patients’ overall survival. The more recent development of functional genomic studies, pushed by novel molecular biology technologies (short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and CRISPR-Cas9) and bioinformatics tools design on one hand, along with the engineering of humanized physiologically relevant animal models on the other hand, have opened a new genomics era resulting in a greater knowledge of AML physiopathology. Combining descriptive and functional genomics will undoubtedly open the road for an AML cure within the next decades.
Heterologous Expression and Characterization of Plant Lipase LIP2 from Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Oil Palm Mesocarp in Escherichia coli
Authors: Mohd Din Mohd Hadzdee , Nair Anusha , Masomian Malihe , Mohamad Ali Mohd Shukuri , Raja Abd. Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha
Published: February 2021

In order to determine the potential of biochemical and structural features of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. oil palm mesocarp lipases, the LIP2 gene was isolated, expressed, purified and characterized through the Escherichia coli microbial recombinant system. Gene analysis of LIP2 revealed that it is composed of 1584 base pairs which are encoded in 528 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of around 57 kDa. LIP2 has distinctive lipolytic properties in terms of α/β fold and the catalytic triad for lipase. The LIP2 lipase was successfully expressed and purified from E. coli Rosetta (DE3) via affinity chromatography. The optimal temperature and pH for the lipase activity was 30 °C and a pH of 9, respectively. Stability was profoundly increased with the addition of metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn+, and Ni+), along with organic solvents (ethanol and octanol). pNP myristate was the most suitable among all pNP esters. In biophysical characterization analysis, LIP2 has a thermal denaturing point at 66 °C, which mostly consists of random patterns (39.8%) followed by α-helix (30.3%), turns (23.8%) and β-sheet (6.2%). From the successful purification and characterization, the potential of oil palm mesocarp lipase was able to be further explored.
Electronic and Structural Properties of the Double Cubane Iron-Sulfur Cluster
Authors: Elghobashi-Meinhardt Nadia , Tombolelli Daria , Mroginski Maria Andrea
Published: February 2021

The double-cubane cluster (DCC) refers to an [Fe8S9] iron-sulfur complex that is otherwise only known to exist in nitrogenases. Containing a bridging µ2-S ligand, the DCC in the DCC-containing protein (DCCP) is covalently linked to the protein scaffold via six coordinating cysteine residues. In this study, the nature of spin coupling and the effect of spin states on the cluster’s geometry are investigated computationally. Using density functional theory (DFT) and a broken symmetry (BS) approach to study the electronic ground state of the system, we computed the exchange interaction between the spin-coupled spins of the four FeFe dimers contained in the DCC. This treatment yields results that are in excellent agreement with both computed and experimentally determined exchange parameters for analogously coupled di-iron complexes. Hybrid quantum mechanical (QM)/molecular mechanical (MM) geometry optimizations show that cubane cluster A closest to charged amino acid side chains (Arg312, Glu140, Lys146) is less compact than cluster B, indicating that electrons of the same spin in a charged environment seek maximum separation. Overall, this study provides the community with a fundamental reference for subsequent studies of DCCP, as well as for investigations of other [Fe8S9]-containing enzymes.
Supporting Student’s Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Survey for School Nurses
Authors: Markkanen Pihla , Anttila Minna , Välimäki Maritta
Published: February 2021

Children’s and adolescents’ health problems are often related to mental health, and their wellbeing should be supported in schools. This study describes school nurses’ role and how equipped they are in recognizing students’ mental health needs and in supporting students’ mental health. Moreover, we explored the methods used and the barriers that exist for supporting students’ mental health. A national survey for members of the Finnish Public Health Association working as school nurses was conducted (n = 136/648, 21%). The survey questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data using manifest content analysis. Participants (n = 127/133, 96%) agreed that they had an important role in ensuring that students’ mental health needs are met on time. Around one-third reported training needs for mental health interventions (n = 42/115, 36%), and a similar proportion (n = 42/136, 31%) indicated lacking adequate knowledge and skills for supporting mental health among culturally diverse students. Identified barriers for students getting help were a lack of options for sending students to mental health services (n = 92/134, 69%) and a lack of adequate training (n = 81/134, 68%). School nurses are key in providing early mental health support to students. Therefore, the availability of intervention education and training on assessing and supporting students’ mental health is needed and should be improved.
Neonatal and Postneonatal Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Lakshminrusimha Satyan
Published: February 2021

During transition at birth with ventilation of the lungs, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) decreases from high fetal values, leading to an 8 to 10-fold increase in pulmonary blood flow (Qp). In some infants, this transition does not occur, resulting in pulmonary hypertension (PH). In infants, PH can present as: (a) primary PH in term neonates (idiopathic), (b) PH secondary to lung disease or hypoplasia in term infants, (c) acute PH in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), (d) chronic PH with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants and (e) post-neonatal PH. A hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can exacerbate PH in preterm infants due to increased Qp. Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) can complicate BPD with PH. Diagnosis of PH is based on clinical features, echocardiography and, in some intractable cases, cardiac catheterization. Therapy of PH includes oxygen, invasive or non-invasive ventilation, correction of acidosis, surfactant and selective and non-selective pulmonary vasodilators such as inhaled nitric oxide and sildenafil, respectively. Early closure of a hemodynamically significant PDA has the potential to limit pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with BPD and PH. The role of thiamine in pathogenesis of PH is also discussed with the recent increase in thiamine-responsive acute pulmonary hypertension in early infancy. Recognition and prompt therapy of PH can prevent right ventricular dysfunction, uncoupling and failure.
The E-Nurture Project: A Hybrid Virtual Neonatal Follow Up Model for 2021
Authors: Church Paige Terrien , Banihani Rudaina , Watson Jo , Chen Wan Ting Nancy , Ballantyne Marilyn , Asztalos Elizabeth
Published: February 2021

Neonatal follow-up has long focused on a model of surveillance and identification of short-term outcomes. This model has long become outdated, with evidence documenting the need for longer follow-up with known school-based challenges and significant gaps in knowledge by educators. This article reviews the history of neonatal follow-up and demonstrates a novel approach to neonatal follow-up, built largely with a hybrid virtual platform, which then became essential with the declaration of the pandemic in 2020.
Hardened Steels and Their Machining
Authors: Osička Karel , Chladil Josef
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the issue of hardened steel machining. Many components in the engineering industry use hardening as the final heat treatment. These components usually occupy a significant position in a given assembly unit. They guarantee the correct operation of the entire technical equipment in total cooperation with other components. The quality of these components depends on the integrity of their surface. The production of these parts is usually carried out by traditional technological procedures. Clearly, an example of such a technology is grinding. However, this article discusses the application of other finishing technologies using a tool material made of cubic boron nitride (CBN). The technology used is finishing turning with subsequent tumbling technology. The subject of the evaluation is the integrity of the surface. In this part of the experiments, there are mainly individual parameters of surface roughness. Compared components are bearing rings, in this case the inner surface of the housing ring.
Does HER2/neu Overexpression in Breast Cancer Influence Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy Choices by Ontario Physicians? A Physician Survey
Authors: Myers J.A. , DeBoer G. , Warner E.
Published: February 2021

The HER2 gene (formerly called c-erbB-2) encodes a 185-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity. [...]
In This Issue of Current Oncology
Authors: McLean M.
Published: February 2021

We are delighted to inform the readership of Current Oncology that Dr. Richard J. Ablin, from the University of Arizona College of Medicine and the Arizona Cancer Center, has agreed to join Dr. Phil Gold as co-deputy editor. [...]
In this issue of Current Oncology
Authors: McLean M.
Published: February 2021

In women with early-stage breast cancer, the use of fec-d (5-fluorouracil–epirubicin–cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel) has increased, given the increased efficacy of that regimen compared with fec-100 (5-fluorouracil–epirubicin–cyclophosphamide).[...]