bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanically robust, readily repairable polymers via tailored noncovalent cross-linking
Authors: Yanagisawa Yu , Nan Yiling , Okuro Kou , Aida Takuzo
Published: December 2017

A healing squeeze

The very long molecules found in synthetic polymers, and their tendency to entangle and partially crystallize, impart many of the polymers' useful properties. However, these same characteristics also mean that chain dynamics are slow, which impedes potential self-healing. Yanagisawa
et al.
developed a family of ether-thiourea linear polymers that form hydrogen-bonded networks and still manage to stay amorphous. The polymers are stiff, showing the strength of the hydrogen bonding; however, because these bonds can easily reform, the polymer is also able to self-heal when compressed.

Science
, this issue p.
72
Monitoring and manipulating Higgs and Goldstone modes in a supersolid quantum gas
Authors: Léonard Julian , Morales Andrea , Zupancic Philip , Donner Tobias , Esslinger Tilman
Published: December 2017

Breaking the symmetry in a supersolid

The concept of broken symmetry has relevance across all branches of physics, including particle and condensed matter physics. In many cases, the shape of the potential energy resembles a Mexican hat, and the symmetry of the system is broken when it chooses a particular spot along the “trough” of the hat. Out of this minimum-energy state, the system can undergo collective excitations either along the trough or perpendicular to it. Léonard
et al.
detected these so-called Goldstone and Higgs modes in a supersolid Bose-condensed atomic gas held in two crossed optical cavities. By monitoring the dynamics of the light field in each cavity, the oscillations of the order parameter associated with both modes were observed in real time.

Science
, this issue p.
1415
The ER membrane protein complex is a transmembrane domain insertase
Authors: Guna Alina , Volkmar Norbert , Christianson John C. , Hegde Ramanujan S.
Published: December 2017

A new way into the ER

Membrane-embedded proteins are highly diverse in topology, physical characteristics, and location. This diversity necessitates multiple pathways for their effective membrane insertion. Guna
et al.
found that a widely conserved protein complex is responsible for inserting a subset of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (see the Perspective by Fry and Clemons Jr.). This ER membrane protein complex (EMC) inserts transmembrane domains whose topology and hydrophobicity preclude effective recognition by other insertion factors. This finding helps explain why the loss of EMC causes ER stress and altered protein trafficking.

Science
, this issue p.
470
; see also p.
390
Quantum liquid droplets in a mixture of Bose-Einstein condensates
Authors: Cabrera C. R. , Tanzi L. , Sanz J. , Naylor B. , Thomas P. , Cheiney P. , Tarruell L.
Published: December 2017

Making dilute quantum droplets

In recent years, quantum fluids have been studied largely in gaseous form, such as the Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of alkali atoms and related species. Quantum liquids, other than liquid helium, have been comparatively more difficult to come by. Cabrera
et al.
combined two BECs and manipulated the atomic interactions to create droplets of a quantum liquid (see the Perspective by Ferrier-Barbut and Pfau). Because the interactions were not directional, the droplets had a roughly round shape. The simplicity of this dilute system makes it amenable to theoretical modeling, enabling a better understanding of quantum fluids.

Science
, this issue p.
301
; see also p.
274
How plants differ in toxin-sensitivity
Authors: Van den Ackerveken Guido
Published: December 2017

Toxicity to eudicots, but not monocots, is caused by differences in membrane lipids
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Adhesin-Toxoid Multiepitope Fusion Antigen CFA/I/II/IV-3xSTa
N12S
-mnLT
G192G/L211A
-Derived Antibodies Inhibit Adherence of Seven Adhesins, Neutralize Enterotoxicity of LT and STa Toxins, and Protect Piglets against Diarrhea
Authors: Nandre Rahul , Ruan Xiaosai , Lu Ti , Duan Qiangde , Sack David , Zhang Weiping
Published: December 2017

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) strains are a leading cause of children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea. Vaccines inducing antibodies to broadly inhibit bacterial adherence and to neutralize toxin enterotoxicity are expected to be effective against ETEC-associated diarrhea. 6×His-tagged adhesin-toxoid fusion proteins were shown to induce neutralizing antibodies to several adhesins and LT and STa toxins (X. Ruan, D. A. Sack, W. Zhang, PLoS One 10:e0121623, 2015,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121623
). However, antibodies derived from His-tagged CFA/I/II/IV-2xSTa
A14Q
-dmLT or CFA/I/II/IV-2xSTa
N12S
-dmLT protein were less effective in neutralizing STa enterotoxicity and were not evaluated
in vivo
for efficacy against ETEC diarrhea. Additionally, His-tagged proteins are considered less desirable for human vaccines. In this study, we produced a tagless adhesin-toxoid MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) protein, enhanced anti-STa immunogenicity by including a third copy of STa toxoid STa
N12S
, and examined antigen immunogenicity in a murine model. Moreover, we immunized pregnant pigs with the tagless adhesin-toxoid MEFA protein and evaluated passive antibody protection against STa
+
or LT
+
ETEC infection in a pig challenge model. Results showed that tagless adhesin-toxoid MEFA CFA/I/II/IV-3xSTa
N12S
-mnLT
R192G/L211A
induced broad antiadhesin and antitoxin antibody responses in the intraperitoneally immunized mice and the intramuscularly immunized pigs. Mouse and pig serum antibodies significantly inhibited adherence of seven colonization factor antigen (CFA) adhesins (CFA/I and CS1 to CS6) and effectively neutralized both toxins. More importantly, suckling piglets born to the immunized mothers acquired antibodies and were protected against STa
+
ETEC and LT
+
ETEC diarrhea. These results indicated that tagless CFA/I/II/IV-3xSTa
N12S
-mnLT
R192G/L211A
induced broadly protective antiadhesin and antitoxin antibodies and demonstrate that this adhesin-toxoid MEFA is a potential antigen for developing broadly protective ETEC vaccines.
Influence of social relationship domains and their combinations on incident dementia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Saito Tami , Murata Chiyoe , Saito Masashige , Takeda Tokunori , Kondo Katsunori
Published: December 2017

Background

Social relationships consist of mutually related but distinct dimensions. It remains unclear how these domains independently contribute to incident dementia. This large-scale, prospective cohort study examines associations between the social relationship domains as well as their combinations and incident dementia among community-dwelling older adults.

Methods

We analysed data from 13 984 community-dwelling adults aged 65+ without long-term care needs living in Aichi prefecture in Japan. Incident dementia was assessed based on the Long-term Care Insurance records, followed for 3436 days from the baseline survey conducted in 2003. Three social relationships domains (social support, social networks and social activities) were further divided into a total of eight subdomains. A social relationship diversity score was calculated using the social relationship domains which were significantly related to incident dementia.

Results

A Cox proportional hazards model showed that being married, exchanging support with family members, having contact with friends, participating in community groups and engaging in paid work were related to a lower likelihood of developing incident dementia, controlling for covariates and other social relationship domains. The diversity scores, ranging from 0 to 5, were linearly associated with incident dementia (p<0.001), and those who scored highest were 46% less likely to develop incident dementia compared with those in the lowest category.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed five social relationship subdomains which were negatively related to incident dementia, suggesting that dementia may potentially be prevented by enhancing these social relationships. Future studies should examine independent pathways between each social relationship domain and incident dementia.
Approaches to neuromodulation for schizophrenia
Authors: Gault Judith M , Davis Rachel , Cascella Nicola G , Saks Elyn R , Corripio-Collado Iluminada , Anderson William S , Olincy Ann , Thompson John A , Pomarol-Clotet Edith , Sawa Akira , Daskalakis Zafiris J , Lipsman Nir , Abosch Aviva
Published: December 2017

Based on the success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treating movement disorders, there is growing interest in using DBS to treat schizophrenia (SZ). We review the unmet needs of patients with SZ and the scientific rationale behind the DBS targets proposed in the literature in order to guide future development of DBS to treat this vulnerable patient population. SZ remains a devastating disorder despite treatment. Relapse, untreated psychosis, intolerable side effects and the lack of effective treatment for negative and cognitive symptoms contribute to poor outcome. Novel therapeutic interventions are needed to treat SZ and DBS is emerging as a potential intervention. Convergent genetic, pharmacological and neuroimaging evidence implicating neuropathology associated with psychosis is consistent with SZ being a circuit disorder amenable to striatal modulation with DBS. Many of the DBS targets proposed in the literature may modulate striatal dysregulation. Additional targets are considered for treating tardive dyskinesia and negative and cognitive symptoms. A need is identified for the concurrent development of neurophysiological biomarkers relevant to SZ pathology in order to inform DBS targeting. Finally, we discuss the current clinical trials of DBS for SZ, and their ethical considerations. We conclude that patients with severe symptoms despite treatment must have the capacity to consent for a DBS clinical trial in which risks can be estimated, but benefit is not known. In addition, psychiatric populations should have access to the potential benefits of neurosurgical advances.
Key Programme Science lessons from an HIV prevention ‘Learning Site’ for sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya
Authors: McClarty Leigh M , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Isac Shajy , Emmanuel Faran , Kioko Japheth , Njiraini Margaret , Gichangi Peter , Okoth Clifford Duncan , Musimbi-Mbole Janet , Blanchard James F , Moses Stephen , Muysyoki Helgar , Becker Marissa L
Published: December 2017

Objectives

In 2013, Kenya’s National AIDS and STI Control Programme established a Learning Site (LS) in Mombasa County to support and strengthen capacity for HIV prevention programming within organisations working with sex workers. A defining feature of LS was the use of a Programme Science approach throughout its development and implementation. We provide an overview of the key components of LS, present findings from 23 months of programme monitoring data, and highlight key Programme Science lessons from its implementation and monitoring.

Methods

Routine monitoring data collected from September 2013 through July 2015 are presented. Individual-level service utilisation data were collected monthly and indicators of interest were analysed over time to illustrate trends in enrolment, programme coverage and service utilisation among sex workers in Mombasa County.

Results

Over the monitoring period, outreach programme enrolment occurred rapidly; condom distribution targets were met consistently; rates of STI screening remained high and diagnoses declined; and reporting of and response to violent incidents increased. At the same time, enrolment in LS clinics was relatively low among female sex workers, and HIV testing at LS was low among both female and male sex workers.

Conclusion

Lessons learnt from operationalising the Programme Science framework through the Mombasa LS can inform the development and implementation of similar LS in different geographical and epidemiological contexts. Importantly, meaningful involvement of sex workers in the design, implementation and monitoring processes ensures that overall programme performance is optimised in the context of local, ‘on-the-ground’ realities. Additionally, learnings from LS highlight the importance of introducing enhanced monitoring and evaluations systems into complex programmes to better understand and explain programme dynamics over time.
Review on physicochemical properties of pollutants released from fireworks: environmental and health effects and prevention
Authors: Cao Xinyuan , Zhang Xuelei , Tong Daniel Q. , Chen Weiwei , Zhang Shichun , Zhao Hongmei , Xiu Aijun
Published: December 2017

The pollutants released from fireworks may seriously deteriorate air quality and adversely impact human health. To aid in obtaining comprehensive observations and in establishing effective legislation aimed at controlling the short-term effects of fireworks, we systematically reviewed the findings of previous studies of the impact of fireworks. These studies, primarily located in Asia (>70% studies), Europe, and North America considered particle concentrations, size distribution, morphology, noise, and chemical composition (including water-soluble ions, elements, carbonaceous material, organic matter, and trace gases), along with the associated human health effects during a fireworks display. Forty-one percent of the studies suggested that the concentrations of firework particles were reported to be 1–5 times higher than the respective background values, and the mean ratios PM10/TSP, PM2.5/PM10, and PM1.0/PM2.5 were 0.64, 0.72, and 0.65, respectively. During festivals, the concentrations of SO42−and K+were the highest of the water-soluble ions with the highest concentrations of K and S for major elements and CO and SO2for gaseous pollutants. The health effects of particles and gaseous pollutants, including metals, emitted from fireworks need further epidemiological study to aid in the prevention of health problems and for the treatment of patients. Fireworks industries should use technical innovation to reduce pollutant emissions. Emissions inventories of fireworks displays should be compiled and used in Eulerian models to forecast the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants and to further assistant the government in establishing appropriate restriction levels and legislations that balance environmental protection with the festive spirit.
Thermal entanglement in quantum annealing processor
Authors: Abdel-Aty Abdel-Haleem , Khedr Ahmad N. , Saddeek Yasser B. , Youssef Amr A.
Published: December 2017

We discussed the entanglement generated by the quantum annealing processor in the thermal state. The quantum annealing processor is modeled using the spin-chain model. The system is analytically solved using the unitary operator method and generated correlations (Von Neuman, Shanonn entropies and Purity) are discussed. The effect of the system parameters such as coupling constant, strength coupling and bias parameter, on the dynamics of the generated entanglement is studied. It is shown that the system parameters can be used as a controller of the entanglement.
A Numerical Investigation of Nucleate Boiling on Enhanced Surfaces by Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Sun Tao , Qin Haijie , Liu Zhibin
Published: December 2017

To study the effect of enhanced surface geometries on nucleate boiling heat transfer, the numerical simulation of nucleate boiling on enhanced surfaces are performed by lattice Boltzmann method. For validation of the present model, a vapor bubble growth on and departure from plain surface is simulated and compared to experimental results. The numerical results are in good agreement with existing experimental results. By means of present model, the processes of bubble growth on and departure from triangular and rectangular structure surface are simulated, respectively. The numerical results demonstrate that the rectangular structure surface possesses the highest performance for heat transfer during nucleate boiling. The plain surface has the lowest heat transfer efficiency. The mechanisms contributing to the high thermal performance of enhanced surfaces are discussed. In addition, through the analysis of bubble shapes and temperature fields, it is found that the simulation results support the transient micro-convection model and the thin film evaporation model.
Stemness Characteristics of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells from Donors and Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Comparative Study
Authors: Diomede Francesca , Rajan Thangavelu Soundara , D’Aurora Marco , Bramanti Placido , Merciaro Ilaria , Marchisio Marco , Gatta Valentina , Mazzon Emanuela , Trubiani Oriana
Published: December 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent and progressive autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, and currently, no drug is available for the treatment. Stem cell therapy has received substantial attention in MS treatment. Recently, we demonstrated the immunosuppressive effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from neural crest-originated human periodontal ligament tissue (hPDLSCs) in an in vivo model of MS. In the present study, we comparatively investigated the stemness properties of hPDLSCs derived from healthy donors and relapsing-remitting MS patients. Stem cell marker expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation capacity were studied. We found that both donor- and MS patient-derived hPDLSCs at early passage 2 showed similar expression of surface antigen markers and cell proliferation rate. Significant level of osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic differentiation capacities was observed in both donor- and MS patient-derived hPDLSCs. Interestingly, these cells maintained the stemness properties even at late passage 15. Senescence markers p16 and p21 expression was considerably enhanced in passage 15. Our results propose that hPDLSCs may serve as simple and potential autologous stem cell niche, which may help in personalized stem cell therapy for MS patients.
Impact of Tissue Harvesting Sites on the Cellular Behaviors of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Implication for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Rezai Rad Maryam , Bohloli Mahbobeh , Akhavan Rahnama Mahshid , Anbarlou Azadeh , Nazeman Pantea , Khojasteh Arash
Published: December 2017

The advantages of adipose-derived stem cells (AdSCs) over bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), such as being available as a medical waste and less discomfort during harvest, have made them a good alternative instead of BMSCs in tissue engineering. AdSCs from buccal fat pad (BFP), as an easily harvestable and accessible source, have gained interest to be used for bone regeneration in the maxillofacial region. Due to scarcity of data regarding comparative analysis of isolated AdSCs from different parts of the body, we aimed to quantitatively compare the proliferation and osteogenic capabilities of AdSCs from different harvesting sites. In this study, AdSCs were isolated from BFP (BFPdSCs), abdomen (abdomen-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AbdSCs)), and hip (hip-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HdSCs)) from one individual and were compared for surface marker expression, morphology, growth rate, and osteogenic differentiation capability. Among them, BFPdSCs demonstrated the highest proliferation rate with the shortest doubling time and also expressed vascular endothelial markers including CD34 and CD146. Moreover, the expression of osteogenic markers were significantly higher in BFPdSCs. The results of this study suggested that BFPdSCs as an encouraging source of mesenchymal stem cells are to be used for bone tissue engineering.
The Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Eryngium carlinae F. Delaroche Are Mediated by the Involvement of the Intestinal Transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8
Authors: Castro-Torres Ibrahim Guillermo , De la O-Arciniega Minarda , Naranjo-Rodríguez Elia Brosla , Castro-Torres Víctor Alberto , Domínguez-Ortíz Miguel Ángel , Martínez-Vázquez Mariano
Published: December 2017

Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by a high concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Eryngium carlinae is a medicinal plant used to treat lipid diseases. The goal of this work was to evaluate, in a model of hypercholesterolemia in mice, the hypocholesterolemic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of E. carlinae and its main metabolite, D‐mannitol. Biochemical analyses of serum lipids and hepatic enzymes were performed by photocolorimetry. We performed histopathological studies of the liver and the expression of the intestinal cholesterol transporters Abcg5 and Abcg8 was determined by standard western blot method. Our results showed that hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and D‐mannitol at doses of 10 mg/kg reduced the concentration of both total cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol, without altering the concentration of HDL cholesterol and without damage to hepatocytes. Treatment with the extract increased Abcg8 intestinal transporter expression, while D‐mannitol decreased the expression of the two Abcg5/Abcg8 transporters, compared with the hypercholesterolemic group. Considering that Abcg5/Abcg8 transporters perform cholesterol efflux, our results demonstrate that the lipid‐lowering effect of the hydroalcoholic extract may be associated with the increase of Abcg8 expression, but the hypocholesterolemic effect of D‐mannitol is independent of overexpression of these intestinal transporters and probably they have another mechanism of action.
Study of Nitrogen Removal Performance When Treating Low Carbon Sewage Using External Solid Carbon Sources in SBBR Systems
Authors: Zhang Li-qiu , He Pei-fen , Wu Dan , Li Shu-geng , Huang Yi-liang , Huang You-wen , Wang Deng-min
Published: December 2017

Based on low carbon wastewater as the research object and using corncob as an external solid carbon source, the performance of corncob organic matter was assessed for its release potential, quantity of release, and safety of use. The effects of varying quantities of the solid carbon source on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were investigated in a sequencing biofilm batch reactor (SBBR). Results show that the regularity of corncob as solid carbon source material was linear, with released concentrations of heavy metals being below the Chinese national standard limit values for heavy metals according to the surface water environment quality standards (I and II) (GB3838-2002). When temperatures were within 28~31°C, the dissolved oxygen level was 4.0±0.2 mg/L and the pH conditions were within 7.5~8.0. The optimal quantity for corncob dosing was 5 g per 1.5 L of low carbon wastewater. Following treatment, the average effluent concentrations of NH4+-N and TN were 2.85 mg/L and 4.51 mg/L, respectively. The effluent concentration of NH4+-N, TN had reached the A level national standard of sewage treatment plant pollutant discharge standard (GB18918-2002).
Magnetic Nonlinear Energy Sink for Vibration Attenuation of Unbalanced Rotor System
Authors: Yao Hongliang , Zheng Dasheng , Wen Bangchun
Published: December 2017

A novel nonlinear energy sink (NES) consisting of permanent magnetic springs and coil springs is proposed, and the vibration attenuation performance of the NES for unbalanced rotor system is investigated. Firstly, the nonlinearity of the magnet spring is analyzed and the structure of the NES is introduced. Then, the dynamic model of the rotor system with the NES is built, and the responses and stabilities of the system are studied by applying Complexification-averaging method. The strongly modulated responses (SMR) behavior, which is the most important performance characteristic of the NES, is analytically studied by combining Complexification-averaging method and multiscale method and numerically verified by Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the NES is effective in attenuating the vibration of unbalanced rotor, and the SMR occurrence range can be broadened by increasing the nonlinearity of the NES. And also, the NES has better performance over a wider frequency range than the linear absorber.
Development of Practical Finite Element Models for Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Experimental Validation
Authors: Bermejo Mario , Santos Anastasio P. , Goicolea José M.
Published: December 2017

This paper describes two practical methodologies for modeling the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. They are validated with a real scale test of a two-floor structure which loses a bearing column. The objective is to achieve accurate simulations of collapse phenomena with moderate computational cost. Explicit finite element models are used with Lagrangian meshes, modeling concrete, and steel in a segregated manner. The first model uses 3D continuum finite elements for concrete and beams for steel bars, connected for displacement compatibility using a penalty method. The second model uses structural finite elements, shells for concrete, and beams for steel, connected in common nodes with an eccentricity formulation. Both are capable of simulating correctly the global behavior of the structural collapse. The continuum finite element model is more accurate for interpreting local failure but has an excessive computational cost for a complete building. The structural finite element model proposed has a moderate computational cost, yields sufficiently accurate results, and as a result is the recommended methodology.
Emergency Evacuation of Hazardous Chemical Accidents Based on Diffusion Simulation
Authors: Zhang Jiang-Hua , Liu Hai-Yue , Zhu Rui , Liu Yang
Published: December 2017

The recent rapid development of information technology, such as sensing technology, communications technology, and database, allows us to use simulation experiments for analyzing serious accidents caused by hazardous chemicals. Due to the toxicity and diffusion of hazardous chemicals, these accidents often lead to not only severe consequences and economic losses, but also traffic jams at the same time. Emergency evacuation after hazardous chemical accidents is an effective means to reduce the loss of life and property and to smoothly resume the transport network as soon as possible. This paper considers the dynamic changes of the hazardous chemicals’ concentration after their leakage and simulates the diffusion process. Based on the characteristics of emergency evacuation of hazardous chemical accidents, we build a mixed-integer programming model and design a heuristic algorithm using network optimization and diffusion simulation (hereafter NODS). We then verify the validity and feasibility of the algorithm using Jinan, China, as a computational example. In the end, we compare the results from different scenarios to explore the key factors affecting the effectiveness of the evacuation process.
Distributed Schemes for Crowdsourcing-Based Sensing Task Assignment in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Zhai Linbo , Wang Hua , Liu Chengcheng
Published: December 2017

Spectrum sensing is an important issue in cognitive radio networks. The unlicensed users can access the licensed wireless spectrum only when the licensed wireless spectrum is sensed to be idle. Since mobile terminals such as smartphones and tablets are popular among people, spectrum sensing can be assigned to these mobile intelligent terminals, which is called crowdsourcing method. Based on the crowdsourcing method, this paper studies the distributed scheme to assign spectrum sensing task to mobile terminals such as smartphones and tablets. Considering the fact that mobile terminals’ positions may influence the sensing results, a precise sensing effect function is designed for the crowdsourcing-based sensing task assignment. We aim to maximize the sensing effect function and cast this optimization problem to address crowdsensing task assignment in cognitive radio networks. This problem is difficult to be solved because the complexity of this problem increases exponentially with the growth in mobile terminals. To assign crowdsensing task, we propose four distributed algorithms with different transition probabilities and use a Markov chain to analyze the approximation gap of our proposed schemes. Simulation results evaluate the average performance of our proposed algorithms and validate the algorithm’s convergence.
Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder with Gabapentin
Authors: Markota Matej , Morgan Robert J.
Published: December 2017

Gabapentin is frequently used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, there are no randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of this medication in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and there are only a few case reports. We present a case of a 59-year-old female with a psychiatric history of GAD. The patient discontinued benzodiazepines after more than 7 years of daily treatment which led to rebound anxiety, benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, and suicidal ideation. She was psychiatrically hospitalized and started on gabapentin. Over the next 10 months of outpatient follow-up, she attempted to taper off gabapentin due to personal preference to limit medications. During this time, we observed a clear dose-response pattern of gabapentin on GAD symptoms. In the absence of controlled studies, these findings may offer important information about the effectiveness of gabapentin in GAD.
The Optimal Collision Avoidance Trajectory Planning of Redundant Manipulators in the Process of Grinding Ceramic Billet Surface
Authors: Diao Shipu , Chen Xindu , Wu Lei , Yang Mingjiang , Liu Junhui
Published: December 2017

The intelligent manufacturing system (IMS) is widely used in the surface machining of the workpiece. In the process of ceramic surface grinding, the intelligent machine (manipulator) in IMS is required to automatically plan the collision avoidance trajectory in a complex environment. This paper presents an optimal trajectory planning method of the use of redundant manipulators in the surface grinding of ceramic billet, which is based on trajectory evaluation. The collision avoidance trajectory can be optimized, taking into account several parameters in the trajectory, including the length of the collision avoidance path, the weighted sum of the strokes of all joints, and the duration of the collision avoidance trajectory. Firstly, get the planning task. Secondly, set the planning parameters and obtain a number of collision avoidance trajectories. Finally, the evaluation function is used to evaluate the collision avoidance trajectories and get the optimal collision avoidance trajectory. The performance of the proposed optimal collision avoidance trajectory planning method is validated in different evaluation functions.
Comparison of the Bone Harvesting Capacity of an Intraoral Bone Harvesting Device and Three Different Implant Drills
Authors: Lim Hyun-Chang , Ha Kyung-In , Hong Ji-Youn , Han Ji-Young , Shin Seung-Il , Shin Seung-Yun , Herr Yeek , Chung Jong-Hyuk
Published: December 2017

The aim of the present study was to compare bone-collecting capacity of bone harvesting device and minimally irrigated low-speed drilling using three implant systems. One bone harvesting device and three commercially available drill systems were compared using the osteotomies on bovine rib bones. The amount of the collected bone particle and particle size (<500 μm: small, 500–1000 μm: medium, and >1000 μm: large) were measured. Total wet (1.535±0.232 mL) and dry volume (1.147±0.425 mL) of the bone particles from bone harvesting device were significantly greater than three drill systems (wet volume: 1.225±0.187–1.27±0.29 mL and dry volume: 0.688±0.163–0.74±0.311 mL) (P<0.05). In all groups, the amount of large sized particles in wet and dry state was the greatest compared to that of medium and small particles. The dry weight of the bone particles showed the same tendency to volumetric measurement. In conclusion, total bone particles and large sized particles (>1000 μm) were harvested significantly greater by bone harvesting device than minimally irrigated low-speed drilling. The composition of particle size in all harvesting methods was similar to each other.
Study on Transformation of Ginsenosides in Different Methods
Authors: Zheng Meng-meng , Xu Fang-xue , Li Yu-juan , Xi Xiao-zhi , Cui Xiao-wei , Han Chun-chao , Zhang Xue-lan
Published: December 2017

Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine and has the extensive pharmacological activity. Ginsenosides are the major constituent in ginseng and have the unique biological activity and medicinal value. Ginsenosides have the good effects on antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and inhibition of the cell apoptosis. Studies have showed that the major ginsenosides could be converted into rare ginsenosides, which played a significant role in exerting pharmacological activity. However, the contents of some rare ginsenosides are very little. So it is very important to find the effective way to translate the main ginsenosides to rare ginsenosides. In order to provide the theoretical foundation for the transformation of ginsenoside in vitro, in this paper, many methods of the transformation of ginsenoside were summarized, mainly including physical methods, chemical methods, and biotransformation methods.
Young Scientists Need Emotional Support and a Framework When Drafting Scientific Articles
Authors: Laursen Jannie , Andresen Kristoffer , Rosenberg Jacob
Published: December 2017

Introduction. When teaching young scientists to write scientific articles, it is important to consider several aspects of learning including intrinsic motivation, since the scientific work can be demanding in a different way than routine clinical work. The aim of this study was to investigate young scientists’ experience of the process of writing research articles with focus on motivating factors and the feeling of success, in order to improve the process. Methods. This was a qualitative study using focus groups to explore young scientists’ feelings and motivations regarding the process of writing scientific articles. Participants were young scientists including young medical doctors and medical students spending dedicated time on research. Content analysis was used to analyze the focus group interviews. Results. Sixteen informants participated in the study in three groups. Two major themes were identified: emotional support and setting and framework. Emotional support covered three subthemes: support from peers and supervisors, appearances, and motivation. The setting and framework theme covered four subthemes: deadlines, retreats, consciousness, and expectations. Conclusion. We found emotional support, frame-setting, and the avoidance of failures to be important factors for the feeling of success when young scientists are in the process of learning how to write scientific articles.
VCH-ECCR: A Centralized Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Pachlor Rohit , Shrimankar Deepti
Published: December 2017

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of hundreds to thousands of compact, battery-operated sensors. It is deployed to accumulate useful information from the nearby environment. Depending upon the type of application, the sensors have to work for months to years with a finite energy source. In some extreme environments, the replacement of energy source is challenging and sometimes not feasible. Therefore, it is vital for sensors to perform their duties in an energy efficient way to improve the longevity of the network. This paper proposes an energy-efficient centralized cluster-based routing protocol called Vice-Cluster-Head-Enabled Centralized Cluster-based Routing protocol (VCH-ECCR). The VCH-ECCR uses a two-level hierarchy of vice cluster heads to use the energy of sensors efficiently and to cut back the frequency of the clustering. The performance of VCH-ECCR is compared with low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), LEACH-Centralized (LEACH-C), and base station controlled dynamic clustering protocol (BCDCP). The experimental results show that the VCH-ECCR outperforms over its comparative in terms of network lifetime, overall energy consumption, and throughput.
Trajectory Tracking Control of Parallel Manipulator Based on Udwadia‐Kalaba Approach
Authors: Li Chenming , Zhao Han , Zhen Shengchao , Huang Kang , Sun Hao , Shao Ke , Deng Bin
Published: December 2017

There have been many approaches for achieving the trajectory tracking control of parallel manipulator. However, these approaches are complex for calculating Lagrangian multipliers. In this paper, unlike the former approaches, a new approach of trajectory tracking control which is based on Udwadia‐Kalaba approach is presented. Using this methodology, we can obtain a concise and explicit equation of motion and consider holonomic and nonholonomic constraint whether it is ideal or nonideal simultaneously. The most important difference is that we divide constraints into structural constraints and performance constraints in this paper. Structural constraints are used to establish dynamic model without regard for trajectory control. And performance constraints are used to represent the desired trajectory. For the parallel manipulator, a nonlinear dynamics system, its constraint forces are obtained by second‐order constraints. And the numerical simulation in MATLAB shows the parallel manipulator’s movement meets the requirement; tracking trajectory is exact and perfect. Through this paper, we can see that the method can simplify calculation availably.
Formation Damage due to Drilling and Fracturing Fluids and Its Solution for Tight Naturally Fractured Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Liang Tianbo , Gu Fuyang , Yao Erdong , Zhang Lufeng , Yang Kai , Liu Guohua , Zhou Fujian
Published: December 2017

Drilling and fracturing fluids can interact with reservoir rock and cause formation damage that impedes hydrocarbon production. Tight sandstone reservoir with well-developed natural fractures has a complex pore structure where pores and pore throats have a wide range of diameters; formation damage in such type of reservoir can be complicated and severe. Reservoir rock samples with a wide range of fracture widths are tested through a multistep coreflood platform, where formation damage caused by the drilling and/or fracturing fluid is quantitatively evaluated and systematically studied. To further mitigate this damage, an acidic treating fluid is screened and evaluated using the same coreflood platform. Experimental results indicate that the drilling fluid causes the major damage, and the chosen treating fluid can enhance rock permeability both effectively and efficiently at least at the room temperature with the overburden pressure.
Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Gari Getachew , Serda Biressaw , Negesa Dejene , Lemma Fethu , Asgedom Hagos
Published: December 2017

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P>0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.
The Effects of Ex Vivo Administration of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Endotoxin on Cytokine Release of Whole Blood Are Determined by Priming Conditions
Authors: Nierhaus A. , Linssen J. , Winkler M. S. , Frings D. P. , Kluge S.
Published: December 2017

Background. Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion in critically ill patients can be considered as a measure of immune responsiveness. It can be enhanced by granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We investigated the effect of GM-CSF on ex vivo stimulated cytokine production using various preincubation regimens in healthy donors and patients with sepsis.Results. The maxima for the stimuli occurred 3 hours after stimulation. In donors, there was an increase(p<0.001)of LPS-induced TNFαlevels following incubation with GM-CSF. Thesimultaneousincubation with GM-CSF and LPS caused an inhibition of TNFαproduction(p<0.001).Postincubationwith GM-CSF did not yield any difference. In patients, preincubation with GM-CSF yielded an enhanced ex vivo TNFα-response when TNFαlevels were low. Patients with increased TNFαconcentrations did not show a GM-CSF stimulation effect. The GM-CSF preincubation yielded an increase of IL-8 production in patients and donors.Conclusions. This study demonstrates the immune-modulating properties of GM-CSF depending on the absence or presence of LPS or systemic TNFα. The timing of GM-CSF administration may be relevant for the modulation of the immune system in sepsis. The lack of stimulation in patients with high TNFαmay represent endotoxin tolerance.
Refractive Lens Exchange with Multifocal Intraocular Lens for Treatment of Chronic Intermittent Spasm of the Near Reflex
Authors: Sallet Guy
Published: December 2017

We report the case of an emmetropic 32-year-old female with decreased uncorrected visual acuity and diplopia due to intermittent episodes of spasm of the near reflex. Neurologic, general, and ophthalmic examination could not find an organic cause. Attempts at spontaneous recovery, psychogenic therapy, and cycloplegic therapy were unsuccessful and the symptoms persisted for almost 5 years, leading to psychogenic distress. Final treatment with refractive lens exchange and implantation of a toric trifocal intraocular lens resolved the spasm of the near reflex, resulting in an uncorrected distance and near visual acuity of 20/20.
Renoprotective Effects of Metformin
Authors: De Broe Marc E. , Kajbaf Farshad , Lalau Jean-Daniel
Published: December 2017

Background/Aims: It has become clear that metformin exerts pleiotropic actions beyond its glucose-lowering agent effect. In this review, we summarise the state of the art concerning the potential renoprotective effects of metformin in vitro, animal models and clinical nephrology. Methods: A literature search was performed in PUBMED, ScienceDirect, between January 1957 and March 2017 using the following keywords: “metformin,” “nephroprotection,” “renoprotection,” “survival,” “renal failure,” “chronic kidney diseases,” “fibrosis,” “polycystic kidney disease” and “microalbuminuria.” Results: A recent review of 17 observational studies concluded that metformin use appeared associated with reduced all-cause mortality in patients with CKD. Metformin has been shown to exert positive effects on the kidney in vitro and animal models representing different types of renal diseases, from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. A retrospective cohort study from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients indicated that metformin was associated with lower adjusted hazards for living donor and deceased donor allograft survival at 3 years posttransplant, and with lower mortality. Conclusion: Based on experimental evidence and some relevant clinical observations, metformin seems to be a promising drug in the treatment of progressive renal damage. RCT studies are the next essential step.
Peritonitis in Children on Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis: The Experience of a Large National Pediatric Cohort
Authors: Ponce Daniela , de Moraes Thyago Proença , Pecoits-Filho Roberto , Figueiredo Ana Elizabeth , Barretti Pasqual
Published: December 2017

Background: We performed this study to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, microbiology, treatment, and outcome of peritonitis in pediatric Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients at a nationwide prospective study. Methodology: Patients younger than 18 years recruited in the BRAZPD II study from 2004 to 2011, who presented their first peritonitis episode, were included in the study. Results: We found 125 first episodes of peritonitis in 491 children PD patients (0.43 episodes/patient-year). Patients free of peritonitis episode constituted 75.6% in 1 year. Culture-negative episodes were very high (59.2%) and gram-positive (GP) bacteria were the most commonly found organisms (58.8%). First-generation cephalosporin was the initial choice to cover GP (40.5%) and aminoglycosides was the most prescribed antibiotics used for gram-negative agents (27.5%). Treatment failure was 26.4%. Technique failure (TF) occurred in 12.1% and peritonitis was the main cause (65.1%). Pseudomonas (p = 0.04) and negative cultures (p < 0.001) were identified as predictors of TF. Conclusion: Peritonitis remains a common complication of PD in children and negative cultures and pseudomonas had a negative impact on TF.
Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment Decisions for Occlusal Caries: A Survey from the Danish Public Dental Health Service
Authors: Carvalho Joana Christina , Qvist Vibeke , Aimée Nicole R. , Mestrinho Heliana D. , Bakhshandeh Azam
Published: December 2017

This study validates a case-based survey method and analyzes the extent to which Danish dental professionals apply current concepts and strategies for occlusal caries management in children, adolescents, and young adults. A case-based, precoded questionnaire consisting of 10 clinical cases/patients with 26 teeth/occlusal surfaces was developed. The cases were set up in a PowerPoint presentation and color printed as a booklet illustrating patients with different patterns of caries activity, severity, and risk. A total of 69 dental professionals participated. Content and face validity of the survey method was established using a panel of experts. The panel also assessed the reliability of the method using a test-retest procedure (κ ≥ 0.80) and acting as benchmark. Measurements of agreement between dental professional and benchmark assessments showed substantial agreement for overall caries activity and risk assessment of patients and for clinical and radiographic severity of occlusal lesions (κ = 0.61-0.67). For assessment of caries lesion activity on occlusal surfaces, the agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50). Regarding treatment decisions, dental professionals showed substantial agreement when indicating restorative treatments (κ = 0.68). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant influence of various patient-, lesion-, and participant-related variables in the assessment of caries risk, caries activity and severity, and treatment decision. In conclusion, Danish dental professionals participating in the study apply reasonably well current concepts on overall caries activity and risk assessment, clinical and radiographic severity of occlusal lesions, and, to a certain extent, assessment of caries lesion activity on occlusal surfaces. Nonoperative treatment decisions had a high priority among Danish professionals.