bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Appropriation, Medical Ethics, and Health Politics: The Complementarity of Baker, McCullough, and Me
Authors: Fox Daniel M
Published: March 2007

Baker and McCullough (2007) criticize a 1979 article by this author for insufficiently appreciating how physicians have appropriated ideas from moral philosophy. This rejoinder argues that the two articles are complementary. The 1979 article summarized evidence that leading physicians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries appropriated ideas from moral philosophy and related disciplines that reinforced their political goals of self-regulation and dominance of the allocation of resources for health. In retrospect the 1979 article also urged bioethicists to appropriate ideas from other disciplines, including moral philosophy, which would contribute to improving the health of populations.
Daniel Mesguich's Shakespearean Play: Performing the Shakespeare Myth
Authors: Fayard Nicole
Published: March 2007

Shakespeare's widespread appeal can be explained by the ideological force of his name. In France, belief in the Shakespeare myth has led to provocative productions since the 1960s. Controversial French director Daniel Mesguich participates in the myth, but he also exposes it. Using the teachings of Derrida and Lacan, Mesguich confronts the audience with the recognition of the ontological instability of Shakespearean meanings. Destabilizing Shakespearean performance destabilizes the subject, asking how and what theatre communicates. The confrontation between play and performance texts points to the absence of the original Author and to the presence of the director as Author, and exposes how texts and meanings are constructed.
Fiber-Optic Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Suitable Technique for in Situ Studies of Mural Paintings
Authors: Miliani C. , Rosi F. , Borgia I. , Benedetti P. , Brunetti B. G. , Sgamellotti A.
Published: March 2007

A prototypical in situ noninvasive study of ancient mural painting materials has been carried out using an easily manageable fiber-optic Fourier transform mid-infrared (mid-FT-IR) reflectance spectrophotometer. The reported object of the study is the Renaissance fresco by Pietro Vannucci, called il Perugino, located in the church of Santa Maria delle Lacrime (1521, Trevi, Perugia Italy). For the first classification and interpretation of infrared spectra, principal components analysis was used. Spectral artifacts due to lacunas, restoration materials, or alteration products have been identified, as well as two different secco refinements bound in a tempera medium. For the characterization of inorganic pigments, mid-FT-IR spectra have been integrated with other data obtained through in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis. This complementary noninvasive approach led to the characterization of Perugino's pigments, even in the presence of complex mixtures. The mid-FT-IR noninvasive technique, in combination with XRF, is thus recommended as a valuable first approach for the examination of mural paintings, permitting the assessment of the execution technique as well as contributing to the evaluation of the conservation state.
Optimizing Depth Resolution in Confocal Raman Microscopy: A Comparison of Metallurgical, Dry Corrected, and Oil Immersion Objectives
Authors: Everall Neil , Lapham Jonathan , Adar Fran , Whitley Andrew , Lee Eunah , Mamedov Sergey
Published: March 2007

Spherical aberration is probably the most important factor limiting the practical performance of a confocal Raman microscope. This paper suggests some simple samples that can be readily fabricated in any laboratory to test the performance of a confocal Raman microscope under realistic operating conditions (i.e., a deeply buried interface, rather than the often-selected alternative of a bare silicon wafer or a thin film in air). The samples chosen were silicon wafers buried beneath transparent polymeric or glass overlayers, and a polymer laminate buried beneath a cover glass. These samples were used to compare the performance of three types of objectives (metallurgical, oil immersion, and dry corrected) in terms of depth resolution and signal throughput. The oil immersion objective gave the best depth resolution and intensity, followed by a dry corrected (60×, 0.9 numerical aperture) objective. The 100× metallurgical objective was the worst choice, with degradations of ∼5× and 8× in the depth resolution and signal from a silicon wafer, comparing a bare wafer with one buried under a 150 μm cover glass. In particular, the high signal level obtained makes the immersion objective an attractive choice. Results from the buried laminate were even more impressive; a 30× improvement in spectral contrast was obtained using the oil immersion objective to analyze a thin (19 μm) coating on a PET substrate, buried beneath a 150 μm cover glass, compared with the metallurgical objective.
Mentality is Half of Perception: Guðmundur Finnbogason - Icelandic Pioneer in Sociology
Authors: Hauksson Jóhann
Published: March 2007

The current of sociological thought was brought to Iceland from overseas by Gudmundur Finnbogason (1873-1944) at the beginning of the 20th century. That was a full 60 years before sociology entered the curriculum of the University of Iceland. When Finnbogason returned home from his studies abroad soon after 1900. he was influenced strongly by Henri Bergson, William James and pragmatism, and was focusing on the importance of imitation in comprehending the inner minds of other people. What is remarkable nowadays is that these focal points sound like a prologue to the school of symbolic interactionism. His doctoral dissertation on sympathetic comprehension (1911) was written in Danish and subsequently translated into French. The French translation attracted the attention of Jean Piaget, who noted Finnbogason's theories on imitation.
Organizing Danish White Collar Workers: the Attitudes of White Collar Union Officials
Authors: Blum Albert A. , Plovsing Jan
Published: March 2007

During the 1950's and 1960's, the number of white collar workers in Denmark has increased substantially. Danish white collar workers today are relatively more unionized than in most other countries. The article discusses factors that affect the extent of unionization, as they are perceived by union functionnaires. Four factors determining union growth are identified: economic, political, socio-psychological and industrial relations. Among the answers and explanations given, economic factors tend to dominate.
The Impact of Prolonged Observation On the Role of the "Neutral Observer" in Small Groups
Authors: Øyen Else
Published: March 2007

During a prolonged study of small, elected decision-making groups, the observer introduced certain unintended strains in the groups As a result the groups went through three distinctly different phases in defining their relationships with the observer. In the first phase the observer was regarded as an inspector and largely scaled off from communication and access to data. In the second phase the observer was treated as an adviser and consuitant; this threatened the intended non-inter ference of the observer. Finally, in the third phase he was allotted a role of an autonomous observer. The phase development is seen as a general dynamic feature of such relationships. The definition,. of the role of the observer had an impact on the content and amount of communication between the group members and the observer. If the results reported from the study are of a general nature, they must have implications for the validity of data reported from short-term observation in small groups.
Paradigms, Falsification, and Sociology
Authors: Phillips Derek L.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with examining closely Kuhn's notion of paradigm, as expressed in the first edition of his book and in more recent writings. The implications of the paradigm notion for two different forms of falsification are considered, and it is argued that both Popper's and Lakatos' versions of falsification are subject to similar criticisms. Paradigms and falsification are then briefly considered in terms of their relevance for sociology. Finally, it is argued that sociologists must turn their attention to a serious consideration of the importance of language in the practice of science
National Equality and Local Decision- making: Values in Conflict in the Develop ment of the Norwegian Welfare State
Authors: Kuhnle Stein
Published: March 2007

The values of national equality and local decision-making are discussed on the basis of two official Norwegian reports on the organization of social services. It is shown that the reports include a number of inconsistent goal formulations. Both values are. and always will be, in conflict, but it is argued that these goal conflicts may be made more explicit, and that a discussion of kinds and scope of acceptable inequalities should be started. The possibility of creating a cyclical process in which one or the other of the values has priority over the other in different time periods is suggested, though no practical solutions to the dilemmas are offered.1
Exits and Entrances: Notes for a Theory of Socialization and Boundary- Crossing in Work Organizations
Authors: Hvinden Bjørn
Published: March 2007

The two main aspects of an employment relationship are exchange and membership. The corresponding organizational processes, allocation and socialization, are examined. The possible tensions between newcomer and oldtimers are linked to work and organizational cultures. The boundary- crossing of employees is related to the internal reward system and the external opportunity structure. The anticipated behaviour of employees is linked to different types of organizational and occupational segments, and implications for further research are suggested.
The Deskilling Debate, New Technology and Work Organization
Authors: Wood Stephen
Published: March 2007

Taking as its starting point what has become known as the British labour process debate, this paper discusses some of the developing ideas within what the author charactenzes as its third wave. In particular it focuses on the question of alternatives to Taylonsm and the concept of skill. Rather than assuming the dominance of Taylonsm (or superiority of flexible forms of organization), it is more useful to start from an appreciation of the limits of and contradictions within scientific management. A central problem which has bedevilled the post-Braverman debate about both new forms of work organization and the concept of skill is the centrality accorded to a um dimensional concept of control The paper points to the need to get away from this and for a broader discussion of skill which includes consideration of the 'social construction of skill', tacit knowledge, and the sexual division of labour. The author links this discussion to the question of 'new' technologies, showing for example that the notion of tacit skills cautions against assuming they deskill most jobs, because such existing skill may be vital for their successful implementation. An examination of both the effects of recession on work organization and Japanese management further highlights some of the issues raised by the third wave of labour process debate
Towards a Feminist Assessment of Reproductive Technology
Authors: Koch Lene , Morgall Janine
Published: March 2007

The field of medical technology assessment is rapidly developing and, within the area of reproductive technology, the issues are extremely complex. These sophisticated technologies involve the genetic manipulation of human germ cells and fertilized eggs, and may have irreversible effects on future gener ations. The example of in vitro fertilization (IVF) is used Although still considered 'experimental' by some countnes (an opinion shared by the World Health Organization), in Denmark this is now considered standard treatment for infertile women. The procedure is expensive, there are unknown risks, and the consequences are far-reaching. A feminist oriented assessment of this as well as of all other reproductive technologies is needed because IVF deals directly with the female body; via the female body, IVF and other reproductive technologies change the social relations between the sexes; they change the concepts of maternity and paternity, and they are the key to the age of genetic engineering of the human body and human race.
The Ambiguous Future of Professional and Technical Workers in Manufacturing: Some Hypotheses
Authors: Schoenberger Erica
Published: March 2007

In the current period of dramatic industrial restructunng afflicting virtually all advanced capitalist countries, much attention has focused on the steadily worsening situation of blue collar workers (Blackaby 1979, Frobel, Hein richs & Kreye 1980; Bluestone & Harrison 1982; Massey & Meegan 1982; Massey 1984; Martin & Rowthorn 1986) By contrast, the position of pro fessional and technical workers in manufacturing is perceived as relatively secure if not enhanced by the very same processes of economic restructunng, including the application of new production technologies in traditional sec tors and the rapid growth of new, 'high tech' industries. This security is derived from two main sources which show every sign of strengthening in the near to medium term. First is relative scarcity of supply, which stands to be exacerbated by rapid demand growth for workers in these categories (Leontief & Duchin 1986) Second is a classic skills monopoly which allows these workers considerable autonomy and discretion over their work practices. The combination of high occupational status, high income, and a high level of independence in the workplace means that these workers tend to identify with management rather than labor. Indeed, in some cases they are management. Although they work for salaries and are generally not owners of capital, they provide a good example of what Wright refers to as a contradictory class location (Wnght 1985)
Who Benefits from Working in Non-Traditional Workroles: Interaction Patterns and Quality of Worklife
Authors: Kauppinen Kaisa , Haavio-Mannila Elina , Kandolin Irja
Published: March 2007

The Finnish labor market is sharply segregated by sex Previous research has shown the work of women to be inferior to that of men in that it is less autonomous, allows less freedom for self-regulation and self-determination, is more restricted in space and time, and is more monotonous. This study sought to determine whether the segregation of work by sex at the workplace affected the qualitatine aspects of men's and women's work. Data were taken from the Finnish Survey on the Quality of Work involving a representative sample of the Finnish wage-earning population (N = 4502), with 48 per cent women workers and 52 per cent men Workers were classified into three categories (single sex, balanced and token groups) according to functional sex-segregation Results showed that women usually did profit from the fact that they performed the same sort of work as men, although this effect was more apparent for the high-status white-collar than for blue-collar women. Results from the Finnish Quality of Work Survey showed that there were no objective reasons why women should not enter the typical male-dominated occupations since the salaries are high, work is autonomous, varied and less rigidly paced However, there are not such reasons for men to enter typical female-dominted occupations since men lost in pay with the integration of work by sex. In addition to the results from the Finnish Survey on the Quality of Work, some topics connected with male/female interaction patterns (unwanted sexual attention and sex-stereotypical attitudes) were sup plemented by results from a questionnaire study of men (N = 536) and women (N = 573) working in six occupations which were chosen on the basis of their sex composition and socioeconomic status.
On the Popularity of Organizational Culture
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: March 2007

The article starts with the observation that dunng the 1980s organizational culture has become a very popular topic within organization theory. The rapid expansion of this perspective, which received almost no attention until the end of the 1970s, is explained It is argued that although there are good theoretical, i e intra-scientific, reasons for the mterest in organizational cultures, these only explain to a limited degree the development of this theory. A multi-level analysis of the social forces involved in the diffusion process of culture theory is conducted. These forces are partly captured through a market metaphor in which scholars are seen as producers of theory, while practitioners, especially managers, are seen as buyers The demand for new ideas on effective management, the business situation dunng the recent decade as well as the development of late-capitalistic society to kulturelle freisetzung' (Ziehe), which lead to changed work morality and increased expenenced need for involvement and expressivity, are empha sized as factors producing a good soil for the development and expansion of the culture perspective on organizations.
Challenges for Comparative Social Research
Authors: Allardt Erik
Published: March 2007

The comparative study of nations and countries has been built on the notion that causal inferences in the field should approximate the design of natural science expenments. It seems fair to say, however, that there is not a single social science comparative study which has succeeded many strict manner in complyingwith the rulesof scientific experiments and the canons of John Stuart Mill. The attempts to base comparative sociology on a quantitative tradition with roots in the rules forscientific expenments have nevertheless been fruitful in the sense that they have helped to raise and formulate many core problems of comparative research. Yet, the time is ripe for realizing that most comparative studies would greatly profit from a combined quantitative and qualitative approach It is generally assumed that the qualitative study is best at the explorative stage of a project and that it ought to be followed by a more strict quantitative study In the light of expenence from many comparative studies it is reasonable to argue that it is the other way around and that quantitative analysis usually is at its best at the explorative stage whereas a qualitative- oriented analysis provides the final insight and understandmg The need for a reversal of the order of the two kinds of approach is not a purely methodological issue. The call for quantitative, comparative research proliferated at a time when internationalization and the integration of single countnes into bigger units appeared to be not only politically salient but also humane goals. Today the preservation of the nationally and ethnically unique in the midst of hom ogenizing and uniformizing international tendencies has at least in small coun tries become not only politically but also humanely important.
Sociology as a Discursive Space - The Coming Age of a New Orthodoxy?
Authors: Heiskala Risto
Published: March 2007

The field of sociology can be described as a triangle, the apexes of which are represented by the structure of social organisation (Spencer's theory of the division of labour), the structure of cultural codes (Saussure's theory of lan guage and semiology) and social action (Weber's methodological individu alism) This becomes a three-dimensional discursive space when underneath it we place, as the fourth apex, nature Consequently we have a triangular pyramid standing on its head (nature) its four plans are represented by the field of sociology (the structure of social organisation. the structure of cultural codes, action), structuralist social anthropology (the structure of social organ isation, the structure of cultural codes, nature), cultural anthropology (the structure of cultural codes, action, nature) and historical materialism (the structure of social organisation, action, nature). This turned-over tetrahedron is described in the paper as the discursive space of sociology, a space that has taken shape with the attempts at a theoretical synthesis of sociology during the 1980s (Alexander, Bourdieu. Collms, Giddens, Habermas). As in the case of the discursive condition; for all forms of knowledge, the discursive space of sociology is a rhetorical closure which determines who are classical wnters and how these classical writers are to be read and understood. At the same time it serves as the basis for the positivity of sociological knowledge. It is suggested that this space will emerge to reorganise the uncertainty produced by the collapse of the Parsonian orthodoxy which was primarily concerned to examine society from the perspective of the structure of social organisation.
Matching Processes in the Labor Market
Authors: Coleman James S.
Published: March 2007

Quantitative research in occupational mobility has typically focused on individual status attainment, examining the effect of background and individual characteristics on the attainment of status (or, infrequently, on mcomes). Yet the labor market involves a matching process in which the matches between persons and jobs are determined by the resources of the person, relative to those of other persons in the market, the resources of the job, relative to those of other jobs, the interest of the employer in the person's resources, and the mterest of the person in the job's resources A model is presented, assuming a perfect market of resource exchange, in which the value of the resources a person brings to the job is equal to the value of the job's resources. The model allows estimation of the value of each resource in the labor market. It is applied to data on a representative sample of the US labor force, allowing estimation of the value of various resources of persons and jobs in the US labor market in 1986.
Density Dependent Organizational Evolution in the American Brewing Industry from 1633 to 1988
Authors: Carroll Glenn R. , Swaminathan Anand
Published: March 2007

The ecological model of density dependent organizational evolution is tested using data on the 7,709 breweries operating in the American market. Besides covering the longest time period studied to date, these data allow for exammacon of three important issues that critics of the model have raised: (1) applicability to commercial business organizations; (2) plausibility of alternative interpretations involving size and mass; and (3) measurement of legitimation. Estimates of stochastic rates of organizational founding and mortality show that, while there is ment in some of the criticisms, both rates are nonetheless non-monotomcally related to organizational density in ways predicted by the model. In most instances, these relationships persist when the rate functions are specified with different socio-economic control vanables. The strong support found for the model helps reconcile some previously reported negative evidence
Explaining the Male-Female Wage Gap: Job Segregation and Solidarity Wage Bargaining in Sweden
Authors: Grand Carlle
Published: March 2007

The fundamental issue addressed in this paper is why women receive lower wages than men. The relevance of four explanations is investigated: women's responsibility for family and household work, women's lower human capital, compensating wage differentials between men and women, and job segregation The job segregation explanation is given primary attention in these analyses, given that solidarity wage bargaining in Sweden is generally assumed to have promoted equal pay for equal type of job, and hence that no male-female wage differentials ought to exist once the relevant job characteristics are controlled for. Empirical analyses, based on Swedish labour-market data in 1981, show that job segregation indeed explains a sizeable proportion of the gender wage gap, much more than the other three types of factors. A substantial unexplained residual remains, however, net of a large number of individual, family, job and industry characteristics. It is argued that this unexplained wage differential is too large to be explained by misspecification or coarseness of measures The most reasonable interpretation instead is that male and female workers with the same productive attributes, family obligations, and job characteristics receive different hourly wages. The result thus indicates the presence of sex discrimination in the Swedish labour-market, i.e., that solidarity wage bargaining, even at its peak in 1981, did not result in equal treatment of men and women
The Fragility of Progress: An Interpretation of the Turn Toward Meaning in Eisenstadt's Later Work
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2007

In its earlier phases, S. N. Eisenstadt's work revised functionalist theory by focusing on institutions and group interests and on the contingent nature of historical change. In the last decade, as his work has moved from social system to civilizational analysis, Eisenstadt has focused increasingly on the independent role of cultural codes and intellectual carrier groups as instigators of broad social change. In place of institutional strains it is now tensions internal to the cultural maps of diverse civilizations that initially instigate resistance and social movements. There has been a corresponding shift in Eisenstadt's view of modernity, which he now describes as an inherently fragile social order whose very premises stipulate explosive and endemic efforts to supersede the institutional and cultural frameworks of contemporary social life.
Income Inequality Trends in the 1980s: A Five-Country Comparison
Authors: Fritzell Johan
Published: March 2007

This paper compares recent developments in income inequality in Canada, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In addition to descnbing cross- national variation in changes in income inequality, the paper examines different explana tory factors for these recent developments The findings reported indicate that there is substantial cross-national variation, not only with regard to the level of inequality, but furthermore with regard to changes in inequality. The results indicate that the equalizing effect of welfare state redistribution did not decrease in all countries By contrast, in all countries there was a universal tendency towards increased inequality in the pre-tax and transfer distribution, although the magnitude of the change differs from country to country. Even though a polarization of the earnings distribution is reported, the results still give no support to cross-national convergence with regard to income inequality during the 1980s.
Human Capital, Social Capital and Compensation: The Relative Contribution of Social Contacts to Managers' Incomes
Authors: Meverson Eva M.
Published: March 2007

In this study the additional effect of social capital over and above the contribution of human capital on the income attainment of managers is explored A regression analysis of a 1985 sample of III executive team members in Swedish public firms shows that social capital is an important influencing factor of managers incomes The results also show that firm size increases managers income levels Furthermore. it is not as argued in earlier network research. weak ties that generate these instrumental effects hut strong ties
The Rise of Advanced Marginality: Notes on its Nature and Implications
Authors: Wacquant Loic J. D.
Published: March 2007

The resurgence of extreme poverty and destitution, ethnoracial divisions (linked to the colonial past) and public violence, and their accumulation in the same distressed urban areas, suggest that the metropolis is the site and fount of novel forms of exclusionary social closure in advanced societies. This paper essays an ideal-typical characterization of this new, rising regime of urban marginality by contrasting it with selected features of urban poverty in the postwar era of Fordist growth. Six distinctive features of advanced marginality are proposed: the growing internal heterogeneity and desocialization of labor, the functional disconnection of neighborhood conditions from macro-economic trends; territorial fixation and stigmatization; spatial alienation and the dissolution of place; the loss of a viable hinterland; and the symbolic fragmentation of marginalized populations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the rise of advanced marginality for social analysis and policy, including the need to break out of the market-and-state paradigm and to sever the link between work and subsistence via the institution of a citizen's wage.
Social Mechanisms
Authors: Hedström Peter , Swedberg Richard
Published: March 2007

In this article it is argued that the search for 'social mechanisms' is of crucial importance for the development of sociological theory. With this concept - which is occasionally used in the sociological literature but has received little systematic attention - attention is called to an intermediary level of analysis in-between pure description and story- telling, on the one hand, and universal social laws, on the other. While the search for universal laws and grand theory has a great deal of appeal, we do not believe that this type of theorizing is likely to foster the development of a useful body of explanatory theory. Drawing on the heritage of Robert Merton and James Coleman, it is argued that the essential aim of sociological theorizing should be to develop fine-grained middle-range theories that clearly explicate the social mechanisms that produce observed relationships between explanans and explanandum. We provide a tentative typology of social mechanisms, and we illustrate our argument by showing that three well-known theories in sociology- the self-fulfilling prophecy (Robert Merton), network diffusion (James Coleman), and threshold-based behavior (Mark Granovetter) - all are founded upon the same social mechanism.
The Persistent Structure of Hegemony in the Eurovision Song Contest
Authors: Yair Gad , Maman Daniel
Published: March 2007

The Eurovision Song Contest is an international contest of artistic prowess. The organization of the voting process in the contest aims to create a 'veil of ignorance' that promotes unbiased evaluations by providing an equal opportunity for all contestants. This study scrutinizes the departure of the Eurovision Song Contest's outcomes from its ideal organizational conception and points to systematic preferences among European blocs. By analyzing the patterns of relations between four empirically derived European blocs, this study shows that hegemony results from the unique structural position that the Western bloc occupies. This bloc enjoys a persistent position of a tertius gaudens that results from the fact that (a) nations in this bloc favor each other and export few points to other blocs; (b) the Northern and Mediterranean blocs avoid each other, and therefore allocate their surplus votes to the Western bloc. The Western bloc longitudinally sustains its hegemonic position through the persistence of between- and within-bloc exchange relations. The assumed veil of ignorance legitimizes this structural advantage. We propose that the fairness of the 'veil or ignorance' both secures hegemony and - when analyzed appropriately - helps to uncover it.
Social Cleavage and the Revival of Far Right Parties: The Case of France's National Front
Authors: Veugelers John
Published: March 2007

Does the left-right cleavage still structure citizen political behavior? What are the explanatory limits of cleavage politics? These questions are examined in light of support for a contemporary far right party, France's National Front. Though the predominance of former moderate right voters testifies to the cleavage's enduring influence, the weight of former left voters (especially those from the non-Communist left) indicates the importance of citizen concern with crosscutting political issues. Beyond voter movement from left and moderate right parties alike, however, explanation of far right success must also attend to the contribution of previous non-voters as well as the emergence of a new partisan loyalty.
Gender Differences in Workplace Authority: Discrimination and the Role of Organizational Leaders
Authors: Hultin Mia
Published: March 2007

This paper examines to what extent discrimination accounts for inequalities in authority exertion between women and men in the Swedish labour-market. Processes governing authority attainment are studied in terms of human capital and family responsibilities as well as of the horizontal sex segregation in the labour-market. The empirical results strongly indicate that women are being unduly restricted from attaining supervisory positions at work, primarily within the private sector of the economy. The assumption that discrimination is brought about by decision-makers within work organizations was tentatively tested and proved not to hold, since it was determined that neither women's nor men's chances to reach higher supervisory positions are affected by the sex of the highest workplace manager. The analyses are based upon data from the 1991 Swedish Level of Living Survey and the 1991 Swedish Establishment Survey on a sample of 2017 employees.
On Encyclopedias in Time and Space
Authors: Stecchini Livio C.
Published: March 2007

An historian of science and Editorial Associate of ABS delves into the origins of encyclopedias and compares some of the outstanding encyclopedias of the world today.
Troubles With Mass Communication and Semantic Differentials in 1744 and Today
Authors: Dovring Karin
Published: March 2007

A more volatile Sweden of 200 years ago incites Dr. Karin Dovring, an atavist from Urbana, to criticize current methodology of communica tion, especially the famed "semantic differential. " This, says Dovring, represents the initial mistake of old Swedish orthodoxy in seeking heresy by first qualitative, then in primitive quantitative content analysis of sermons; only finally was a terms-in-context method evolved and it might well be employed today.
An Arithmetic Approach to International Relations
Authors: Kotsch William J.
Published: March 2007

Captain Kotsch of the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, United States Naval Forces, Europe, proposes a formula for the quantitative measurement of the degree of Soviet success in particular situations. Ten members of the staff of the Naval War College were individually tested on four recent situations to establish the initial utility of the formula.
India-China Relations
Authors: Chintamani C.
Published: March 2007

[For previous documentation on the subject, see China Report issues of March-April, July-August, September-October, November- December (1969); January-February, March-April, July-August, November-December (1970); May-June, July-August, November- December (1971); January-April (1972)]
A New Look at Peasant Rebellions in China
Authors: Chung Tan
Published: March 2007

We regret that we could not publish earlier than this, as announced, Dr. Tan Chung's review article on the 'Boxer Movement' in the series 'Nineteenth-Century China Revisited'. This will now be published in the March-April 1980 issue.

Meanwhile, we publish below another article by him on the Taiping Movement as a sequel to his earlier review article on the same topic in the May-June 1978 issue. —EDITOR
The Chinese Woman in the Construction of Western Feminism: A Case Study
Authors: Uberoi Patricia
Published: March 2007

Nothing is less certain than the truth' about China accordintg to some Viennese professor, or anyone else here in the West.1
Sweden and Europe
Authors: Andren Nils
Published: March 2007

'Europe' is not a clear, unambiguous concept. From a Swedish point of view there are at least four different 'Europes' to consider. The paper outlines the significance for Sweden of the EEC-Europe, the Euro-group of NATO, the Council (of) Europe, and the old or 'whole' Europe. The importance of various more or less plausible European developments for the Nordic countries and their mutual relations is illustrated in a number of scenarios.
Diverging Roads to Europe
Authors: Underdal Arild
Published: March 2007

On the basis of their 'scores' on three dimensions - market (inter)dependence, similarity of economies, and similarity of foreign policy orientations - the author tries to out line the main reasons why the Nordic countries chose different kinds of affiliations with the EC.
In Pursuit of Regionalism: New Zealand's Foreign Policy under Mr Kirk
Authors: Lodge Juliet
Published: March 2007

As a small, developed but geographically isolated state, New Zealand's foreign policy options are necessarily limited. For many years New Zealand has followed the broad policies of Britain and the United States. In the recent past, the former Eurocentricity of its foreign policy has been replaced by a self-conscious, moral appraisal of New Zealand's foreign policy options given its geopolitical position and policies consequent upon this. The late Prime Minister, Mr Kirk, emphasized the regional orientation and aspirations of New Zealand's foreign policies in the South Pacific community. A clearly independent foreign policy is seen as a necessary condition of regional, functional co operation and the emergence of regional solidarity in the South Pacific. New Zealand's reliance on external trade, its own economic weakness, and its dependence on a US military guarantee affect its capacity to become the region's primus inter pares.
Electoral Reforms — National Integration, Mobilization, New Blood — in Document No. 5 on the Move-to-the-Left Strategy in Uganda
Authors: Aasland Tertit
Published: March 2007

Document No. 5 on the Move-to-the-Left strategy in Uganda was presented by Presi dent Obote in July 1970, and contained proposals for new methods of electing mem bers to the National Assembly and the President of the Republic. In this article the description and analysis of these electoral proposals focus on their content as well as on their implications. It seems that the electoral reforms should be evaluated as regards their contribution towards national integration, legitimacy of the regime, and political mobilization. They were, however, never put to a real test because the military coup intervened. Only some tentative suggestions may be put forward. The contribution towards national integration across tribal differences seems to have been the foremost concern. The expectations of increased legitimacy of the regime were probably moderate. Stronger ideological commitment and wider mobilization were regarded as desirable by some groups. However, whether these would have ensued remains an open question.
Participants in Peace-Keeping Forces
Authors: Galtung Johan , Hveem Helge
Published: March 2007

Galtung, J. & Hveem, H. Participants in Peace-Keeping Forces. Cooperation and Conflict, XI, 1976, 25-40.

The article is based on a questionnaire mail study of participants in the United Nations peace-keeping forces in Gaza and in the Congo. It is focussed on the problem of closeness vs. distance to the phenomenon of peace-keeping. By and large the studies show that the participants wanted more closeness to the local inhabitants, whereas the way the UNPKF was organized, was based on considerable distance. There was also a demand for a much higher level of insight in the conflict and the operation than had been given during the briefings. Questions about the attitude to the concrete conflicts reveal relatively standard Western attitudes and prejudices both in the Middle East and the Congo theaters. Finally, the possibility of some type of peace-keeping force based on more closeness and involvement is dis cussed, concluding that under the present political conditions this would hardly be feasible.

Johan Galtung, Chair in Conflict and Peace Research, University of Oslo. Helge Hveem, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
The Exit vs. Voice Option: Six Cases of Swedish Participation in International Organizations
Authors: Stalvant Carl-Einar
Published: March 2007

Stålvant, C.-E. The Exit vs. Voice Option: Six Cases of Swedish Participation in Inter national Organizations. Cooperation and Conflict, XI, 1976, 41-56.

Hirschman's well-known dual categories of reaction mechanisms, exit and voice, are challenging and problematic in many ways. In politics one must assume that the exit decision is subordinated to that of voice. It corresponds to the rephrased question: at what point is one more efficient in fighting mistaken policies from without than from within ? However, exit is in itself a twofold phenomenon: exit into and exit from. The choice problem that arises when a new international organization is created, or when an existing one deteriorates, must take into account the weighing of costs and payoffs associated with a decision to enter or to withdraw, or whether not to enter or not to withdraw. The arguments raised in six different situations of Swedish participation in international organizations are elucidated with the help of three patterns of responses: entry, no-forward entry and no-backward entry. The junctures chosen are the UN, the Council of Europe, the OECD, the EEC, the IEA and the IBRD. Overriding principles of funtional content and geographical extension that seem to influence Swedish thinking on such occasions are identified.

Carl-Einar Stålvant, Department of Political Science, University of Stockholm.
The Strategic Balance and the Arctic Ocean: Soviet Options
Authors: Østreng Willy
Published: March 2007

Seventy percent of the Soviet Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine force (SSBNs) operates from bases in the Arctic. The most frequently cited explanation for this deployment is that transit of Soviet SSBNs through the Greenland-Iceland-UK Gap to launch station off the east coast of the United States is secured. This explanation is both reasonable and possible, but not necessarily fully exhaustive. It seems for instance to overlook the operational capabilities of SSBNs in the Arctic Ocean and to underrate the problem of passage out of the region. In this article the hypothesis is regarded as supplementary to the traditional explanation, and emphasizes that the Arctic Ocean, favoured by tactically advantageous conditions of climate and geography, may have served the Soviet Union as an alternative missile-launching and SSBN transit area for some time.
Neither Tension nor Détente: East-West Relations in Europe, 1971-1975
Authors: Goldmann Kjell , Lagerkranz Johan
Published: March 2007

This research note reports on an attempt to update a previous study about East- West tension in Europe during the post-1945 period. In the original study tension was measured by means of a content analysis of governmental statements, and data on fluctuations in tension were presented for the period 1946-1970; the same technique has been applied to the period 1971-1975, and data for the whole of the period 1946- 1975 can now be reported. In the original study an attempt was also made to explain fluctuations in tension primarily in terms of changes in the degree of bipolarization in Europe, and by reference to changes in the strategic balance between the US and the USSR; in this follow-up study the main conclusions are reconsidered in the light of the additional empirical evidence now available.
Western and Eastern Europe in Finnish Trade Policy, 1957-1974
Authors: Maentakanen Erkki
Published: March 2007

The author analyses three different phases in Finland's trade policy: the liberalization of her Western trade in 1957, her association with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the related Agreement on Customs Matters with the Soviet Union in 1960- 61, and her negotiations and agreements with the European Economic Community (EEC) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) of the Socialist countries in 1970-73. The failure of the Nordic Common Market (NORDEK) is also briefly touched upon. All these negotiations and the ensuing solutions have been characterized in the Finnish debate as the most important trade policy decisions after the Second World War. They have affected the structural framework of Finnish economic relations with the other European countries and in this sense have been 'politicized'. They have been Finnish reactions to the changes in her immediate international environment and have thus supplemented the other facets of her foreign policy in the European context. They are also solutions to the problem of reconciling the requirements of an extensive trade with the planned Socialist economies in a market economy country, where the various aspects of foreign, internal and economic policies are deeply interlocked.
Danish Third World Policy: The Feed-back Problem
Authors: Holm Hans-Henrik
Published: March 2007

Holm, H.-H. Danish Third World Policy: The Feed-back Problem. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 87-103.

The demands for a New International Economic Order from the Third World are presenting small and weak countries like Denmark with new and in some respects far-reaching demands. In the light of these demands Danish Third World policy is analysed through the use of a model for policy analysis. Danish policy is described both quantitatively and qualitatively and it is claimed that Danish Third World policy contains an active ideological and value promotive dimension together with a passive and status quo dimension. This split in policy is examined in the light of the future consequences. The feed-back from policy will over time result in changes in Danish Third World policy that will most likely lead to further reliance on the EEC. This is argued through an extensive analysis of the elite images of the external and the internal environment whereby the importance to the decision-makers of the EEC externally and the importance of the economic problems and the interest group activity internally is brought forward.
The Nordic Balance: A Security Policy Concept in Theory and Practice
Authors: Noreen Erik
Published: March 2007

Noreen, E. The Nordic Balance: A Security Policy Concept in Theory and Practice. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 43-56.

The article (1) analyses the theory of Nordic Balance, developed by A. O. Brundtland, and (2) examines the political use of the Nordic Balance concept in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The author believes that this concept can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the perspective in which it is placed. In Brundtland's description we find two perspectives: the bipolar and the Nordic. The former concerns the balance of power between the Great Power blocs, the latter is more a matter of interplay between the different models of security policy in Fenno-Scandinavia. The theoretical pre-condition — balance within the Nordic context — will thus be called into question. The problem of various interpretations affects the political use of the Nordic Balance concept. The meaning of the term is therefore dependent on the security policy context in which it is used. It is concluded that the term Nordic Balance is more confusing than elucidating and should be excluded from the vocabulary of international politics as well as defence and foreign policy.