bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis reveals metabolic changes during yeast to hypha transition in Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Morín Matías , Monteoliva Lucía , Insenser María , Gil Concha , Domínguez Ángel
Published: October 2007

Fungal dimorphism is important for survival in different environments and has been related to virulence. The ascomycete Yarrowia lipolytica can grow as yeast, pseudomycelial or mycelial forms. We have used a Y. lipolytica parental strain and a Δhoy1 mutant, which is unable to form hypha, to set up a model for dimorphism and to characterize in more depth the yeast to hypha transition by proteomic techniques. A two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) based differential expression analysis of Y. lipolytica yeast and hyphal cells was performed, and 45 differentially expressed proteins were detected; nine with decreased expression in hyphal cells were identified. They corresponded to the S. cerevisiae homologues of Imd4p, Pdx3p, Cdc19, Sse1p, Sol3p, Sod2p, Xpt1p, Mdh1p and to the unknown protein YALIOB00924g. Remarkably, most of these proteins are involved in metabolic pathways, with four showing oxidoreductase activity. Furthermore, taking into account that this is the first report of 2‐DE analysis of Y. lipolytica protein extracts, 35 more proteins from the 2D map of soluble yeast proteins, which were involved in metabolism, cell rescue, energy and protein synthesis, were identified. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of osteoporosis on bone mineral density and fracture repair in a rat femoral fracture model
Authors: McCann Roseleen M. , Colleary Gary , Geddis Carolyn , Clarke Susan A. , Jordan Grant R. , Dickson Glenn R. , Marsh David
Published: October 2007

Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most prevalent bone diseases worldwide with bone fracture the major clinical consequence. The effect of OP on fracture repair is disputed and although it might be expected for fracture repair to be delayed in osteoporotic individuals, a definitive answer to this question still eludes us. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of osteoporosis in a rodent fracture model. OP was induced in 3‐month‐old rats (n = 53) by ovariectomy (OVX) followed by an externally fixated, mid‐diaphyseal femoral osteotomy at 6 months (OVX group). A further 40 animals underwent a fracture at 6 months (control group). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postfracture with outcome measures of histology, biomechanical strength testing, pQCT, relative BMD, and motion detection. OVX animals had significantly lower BMD, slower fracture repair (histologically), reduced stiffness in the fractured femora (8 weeks) and strength in the contralateral femora (6 and 8 weeks), increased body weight, and decreased motion. This study has demonstrated that OVX is associated with decrease in BMD (particularly in trabecular bone) and a reduction in the mechanical properties of intact bone and healing fractures. The histological, biomechanical, and radiological measures of union suggest that OVX delayed fracture healing. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:384–393, 2008
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 expression and promoter/enhancer activity in skeletal muscle atrophy
Authors: Skittone Laura K. , Liu Xuhui , Tseng Alice , Kim Hubert T.
Published: October 2007

Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) appears to be the dominant MMP activated during skeletal muscle atrophy. However, little is known about cell‐specific regulatory mechanisms of MMP‐2 transcription in vivo. In this study, we used a mouse model of muscle atrophy induced by complete Achilles tendon transection. Time‐dependent muscle weight loss, nuclei density reduction, and extracellular matrix degeneration were observed consistently after Achilles tendon transection. Increased MMP‐2 expression was confirmed at the mRNA and protein level. Experiments using transgenic mice with a MMP‐2 promoter/enhancer reporter construct demonstrated markedly increased MMP‐2 promoter/enhancer activity in atrophic skeletal muscle. Tissue‐specific upregulation of MMP‐2 promoter activity was observed not only in myocytes, but also in blood vessels, nerve, and fascia. The transcription factors c‐Jun and FosB were expressed at high levels in atrophic muscle, suggesting a role in MMP‐2 upregulation. These findings show that increased MMP‐2 activity in disused atrophic muscle and supporting tissues is regulated, at least in part, by increased MMP‐2 promoter/enhancer activity. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:357–363, 2008
Antimicrobial activity of platelet‐leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Moojen Dirk Jan F. , Everts Peter A.M. , Schure Rose‐Minke , Overdevest Ed P. , van Zundert André , Knape Johannes T.A. , Castelein René M. , Creemers Laura B. , Dhert Wouter J.A.
Published: October 2007

Platelet‐leukocyte gel (PLG) contains high concentrations of platelets and leukocytes. As leukocytes play an important role in the innate host‐defense, we hypothesized that PLG might have antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of PLG against Staphylococcus aureus and the contribution of myeloperoxidase (MPO), present in leukocytes, in this process. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) were obtained from whole blood of six donors. PLG was prepared by mixing PRP with autologous (PLG‐AT) or bovine thrombin (PLG‐BT). Antimicrobial activity of PLG‐AT, PLG‐BT, PRP, and PPP was determined in a bacterial kill assay. MPO release was measured by ELISA and activity was measured using a MPO activity assay. Cultures showed a rapid decrease in the number of bacteria for both PLG‐AT and PLG‐BT, which was maximal between 4 and 8 h, to approximately 1% of the bacteria in controls. The effect of PLG‐AT was largest and significantly different compared to PRP (p = 0.004) and PPP (p < 0.001), however not compared to PLG‐BT (p = 0.093). PLG‐AT, PLG‐BT, and PRP showed a comparable, gradually increasing MPO release. MPO activity was comparable for all groups and remained stable. No correlation between MPO release, activity, and bacterial kill could be found. PLG appears to have potent antimicrobial capacity, but the role of MPO in this activity is questionable. PLG might represent a useful strategy against postoperative infections. However, additional research should elucidate its exact antimicrobial activity. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:404–410, 2008
Optimization of extraction of phenolic content from hazelnut shell using response surface methodology
Authors: Stévigny Caroline , Rolle Luca , Valentini Nadia , Zeppa Giuseppe
Published: October 2007

Response surface methodology was applied to predict the optimum conditions for extraction of phenolic compounds in hazelnut shell. The phenolic content in the shell extract was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin‐Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE g−1). Two central composite designs were used to investigate the effects of two independent variables, namely solvent composition (%) and extraction time (min), on phenolic extraction. In a first series of repeated batch extractions, the solvent consisted of different methanol percentages in distilled water at pH 4, while in a second series methanol was substituted by ethanol. The highest phenolic content (6.67 mg GAE g−1 of shell) was predicted at the extraction conditions of 55.7% ethanol and 108.7 min. These best conditions, obtained and applied to 13 different cultivars, showed values varying from 9.18 mg GAE g−1 of shell for Barcelona to 3.00 mg GAE g−1 of shell for Tonda di Giffoni. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of potato varieties between seasons and their potential for acrylamide formation
Authors: De Meulenaer Bruno , De Wilde Tineke , Mestdagh Frédéric , Govaert Yasmine , Ooghe Wilfried , Fraselle Stéphanie , Demeulemeester Kürt , Van Peteghem Carlos , Calus André , Degroodt Jean‐Marie , Verhé Roland
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen produced during food preparation, including frying of potato products. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of seasonal variation on tuber composition and its acrylamide generation potential.

RESULTS: The chemical composition of potato varieties used respectively for French fry (Bintje and Ramos) and crisp (Lady Rosetta and Saturna) production was studied throughout a storage period of 9 months during two growing seasons (2003 and 2004), in addition to their acrylamide generation potential during preparation of French fries. A significant impact of variable climatological conditions on the reducing sugar, dry matter, total free amino acid and free asparagine contents of tubers was observed. Exceptionally warm summers gave rise to a lower reducing sugar content (expressed on a dry matter basis) and thus a lower susceptibility to acrylamide generation during frying.

CONCLUSION: It cannot be excluded that potato growers and the potato‐processing industry are confronted with some harvests that are more prone to acrylamide generation than others owing to climatological variability, thus confirming the importance of a multifactorial approach to mitigate acrylamide generation in potato products. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The Effect of Feed Composition of Styrene and Acrylic Acid on the Properties of Modified Low Density Polyethylene
Authors: Ding Shenglong , Liu Mingzhu
Published: October 2007

Summary:Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was functionalized with different molar ratios of styrene (St) to acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) in the molten state. The resultant LDPE was characterized by gel content and torque analysis. The results showed that the gel content of polymers grafted with small molar ratios (St/AA = 0.5) was always higher than those grafted with the equimolar St/AA ratio. The effect of DCP amount and AA concentration on the grafting degree of AA was investigated. The suitable DCP amount and AA concentration was obtained. Functionalized LDPE [LDPE‐g‐(AA‐St)] was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), melt flow rate (MFR), water contact angle and capillary rheometry. The results showed that both MFR and grafting degree of AA of LDPE‐g‐(AA‐St) was the highest when an equimolar AA/St ratio was used, but when mixtures of St and AA (St/AA = 1/10) were loaded, the water contact angle of the film prepared from the LDPE‐g‐(AA‐St) was the smallest, which indicated that the hydrophicity of the film surface not only depended on the grafting degree, but also the molar ratios of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic groups.
A comprehensive review of rFVIIa use in a tertiary care pediatric center
Authors: Heller Mariel , Lau Wendy , Pazmino‐Canizares Janneth , Brandão Leonardo R. , Carcao Manuel
Published: October 2007

Background

Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is a hemostatic agent developed for the treatment of bleeds in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors. Case reports/series document its growing use in patients without hemophilia. Such reports however do not accurately describe the proportion of rFVIIa used for various indications. We sought to document the complete use of rFVIIa at our institution over a 6‐year period (2000–2005).

Procedure

Using a computerized registry documenting all rFVIIa use in our institution a complete list of patients receiving rFVIIa was generated. Clinical data on these patients was obtained through chart review.

Results

111 patients received 7,016,400 µg of rFVIIa over the 6 years: 23 patients had congenital bleeding disorders (10 patients with hemophilia and inhibitors; 7 with congenital FVII deficiency; 6 with platelet function disorders). These 23 patients (21% of all patients receiving rFVIIa) accounted for 79.9% of all rFVIIa used; patients with hemophilia alone accounted for 68.6%. The 88 patients without a congenital bleeding disorder (79% of all patients using rFVIIa) accounted for 20.1% of rFVIIa used. However their annual use of rFVIIa increased 10‐fold during the 6 years.

Conclusions

Patients with hemophilia use massive amounts of rFVIIa repeatedly while patients without hemophilia use rFVIIa infrequently and at smaller doses. The use of rFVIIa in patients without congenital bleeding disorders (all “off‐label” use) is rapidly growing in both number of patients and in total use and has likely significant clinical and economic ramifications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1013–1017. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Graft versus leukemia effect after haploidentical HSCT in a MLL‐negative infant AML with HLXB9/ETV6 rearrangement
Authors: Hauer Julia , Tosi Sabrina , Schuster Friedhelm R. , Harbott Jochen , Kolb Hans‐Jochem , Borkhardt Arndt
Published: October 2007

Recently published data show an extremely poor survival of infants with AML and HLXB9/ETV6 rearrangement which is the fusion, resulting from the translocation t(7;12)(q36;p13). None of the patients reported survived a period of 3 years, including four patients who have received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Herein, we report the clinical course of an 8‐month‐old patient with acute myeloid leukemia, M2 subtype and with a HLXB9/TEL rearrangement. The patient received a haploidentical HSCT in relapse situation without any prior re‐induction. The patient became MRD‐negative over a period of 53 days after HSCT. This case reinforces the potential benefit of a graft‐versus‐leukemia effect in the haploidentical setting even in chemoresistant myeloid leukemias with poor‐prognosis molecular features. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:921–923. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐lasting phosphorescence properties of Mn2+‐doped Cd2Ge7O16 orange light‐emitting phosphor
Authors: Che Guangbo , Li Xiuying , Liu Chunbo , Wang Hang , Liu Yang , Xu Zhanlin
Published: October 2007

A new phosphor, Cd2Ge7O16:Mn2+, which emits orange‐coloured long‐lasting phosphorescence upon UV light excitation, was prepared by the conventional high‐temperature solid‐state method and its luminescent properties were systematically investigated. X‐ray diffraction, photoluminescence and thermoluminescence spectra and lifetime decay curves were used to characterize the synthesized phosphor. This phosphor is well‐crystallized by calcination at 950 °C for 6 h and shows excellent performance. After irradiation under 258 nm UV light, this phosphor emits a broad band centred at 585 nm and shows obvious long‐lasting phosphorescence. The colour coordinate values of this phosphor are x = 0.56, y = 0.46. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles simulations of the leakage current in metal–oxide–semiconductor structures caused by oxygen vacancies in HfO2 high‐K gate dielectric
Authors: Mao L. F. , Wang Z. O.
Published: October 2007

HfO2 high‐K gate dielectric has been used as a new gate dielectric in metal–oxide–semiconductor structures. First‐principles simulations are used to study the effects of oxygen vacancies on the tunneling current through the oxide. A level which is nearly 1.25 eV from the bottom of the conduction band is introduced into the bandgap due to the oxygen vacancies. The tunneling current calculations show that the tunneling currents through the gate oxide with different defect density possess the typical characteristic of stress‐induced leakage current. Further analysis shows that the location of oxygen vacancies will have a marked effect on the tunneling current. The largest increase in the tunneling current caused by oxygen vacancies comes about at the middle oxide field when defects are located at the middle of the oxide. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Denoising aerial gamma‐ray surveying through non‐linear dimensionality reduction
Authors: Ramos Fabio , Dickson Bruce , Kumar Suresh
Published: October 2007

This paper addresses the problem of denoising aerial gamma‐ray surveying in mining exploration. Conventional methods for denoising spectral data make strong assumptions about the levels and type of noise which reduces their efficiency. The proposed methodology cast the problem as manifold learning followed by non‐linear regression. The model makes no assumptions about the level and type of noise and performs significantly better than previous techniques on both synthetic and real data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MARTE: Technology development and lessons learned from a Mars drilling mission simulation
Authors: Cannon Howard N. , Stoker Carol R. , Dunagan Stephen E. , Davis Kiel , Gómez‐Elvira Javier , Glass Brian J. , Lemke Lawrence G. , Miller David , Bonaccorsi Rosalba , Branson Mark , Christa Scott , Rodríguez‐Manfredi José Antonio , Mumm Erik , Paulsen Gale , Roman Matt , Winterholler Alois , Zavaleta Jhony R.
Published: October 2007

The NASA Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) performed a field test simulating a robotic drilling mission on Mars in September 2005. The experiment took place in Minas de Riotinto in southwestern Spain, a highly relevant Mars analog site. The experiment utilized a 10 m class dry auger coring drill, a robotic core sample handling system, onboard science and life detection instruments, and a borehole inspection probe, all of which were mounted to a simulated lander platform. Much of the operation of the system was automated, and the resulting data were transmitted via satellite to remote science teams for analysis. The science team used the data to characterize the subsurface geology and to search for signs of life. Based on the data being received and operational constraints, the science team also directed the daily operation of the equipment. The experiment was highly successful, with the drill reaching over 6 m in depth in 23 days of simulated mission. The science team analyzed remote sensing data obtained from 28 cores and detected biosignatures in 12 core subsamples. This experiment represents an important first step in understanding the technology and operational requirements for a future Mars drilling mission. In the past there have been numerous rover field tests that have helped guide the design and implementation of the highly successful rover missions to Mars. However, a drilling mission potentially adds a new level of complexity, and it is important to understand the associated challenges. This paper documents the design of the experimental system, highlighting some of the more important design criteria and design trades. It also discusses the results of the field testing and lists some of the key technological lessons learned. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations
Authors: Gelman Andrew
Published: October 2007

Interpretation of regression coefficients is sensitive to the scale of the inputs. One method often used to place input variables on a common scale is to divide each numeric variable by its standard deviation. Here we propose dividing each numeric variable by two times its standard deviation, so that the generic comparison is with inputs equal to the mean ±1 standard deviation. The resulting coefficients are then directly comparable for untransformed binary predictors. We have implemented the procedure as a function in R. We illustrate the method with two simple analyses that are typical of applied modeling: a linear regression of data from the National Election Study and a multilevel logistic regression of data on the prevalence of rodents in New York City apartments. We recommend our rescaling as a default option—an improvement upon the usual approach of including variables in whatever way they are coded in the data file—so that the magnitudes of coefficients can be directly compared as a matter of routine statistical practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating drug efficacy and viral dynamic parameters: HIV and HCV
Authors: Perelson Alan S. , Ribeiro Ruy M.
Published: October 2007

Mathematical models have proven valuable in understanding the in vivo dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), the virus that causes AIDS, and hepatitis C virus (HCV), the virus that causes hepatitis C infection. By comparing mathematical models with the data obtained from patients being treated with antiviral drugs, it has been possible to determine many quantitative features of these infections. The most dramatic finding has been that even though AIDS and hepatitis C are diseases that occur on a timescale of one or more decades, there are very rapid dynamical processes that occur on timescales of hours to days, as well as slower processes that occur on timescales of weeks to months. We show how dynamical modeling and parameter estimation techniques have uncovered these important features of HIV and HCV infection and subsequently impacted the way in which patients are treated with potent antiviral drugs. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information advantages of large institutional owners
Authors: Schnatterly Karen , Shaw Kenneth W. , Jennings William W.
Published: October 2007

We study the relation between the percentage of outstanding shares held by a firm's largest institutional owner and the bid–ask spread on that firm's shares, a measure of information risk. We find that the greater the percentage of shares held by the largest institutional investor, the greater the bid–ask spread in share prices. In contrast, the percentage of shares held by smaller institutional owners is related to lower bid–ask spreads. The results imply that only the largest of a firm's institutional owners—and no other institutional owner—is perceived to hold an information advantage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge transfer and international joint ventures: the case of NUMMI and General Motors
Authors: Inkpen Andrew C.
Published: October 2007

Using a case study of NUMMI, a joint venture between General Motors (GM) and Toyota, this research note examines alliances and knowledge transfer with a focus on the organizational processes used to transfer knowledge. The results suggest two possible explanations for the knowledge transfer outcome. The primary explanation is that the systematic implementation of knowledge transfer mechanisms can overcome the stickiness and causal ambiguity of new knowledge. A second explanation is that creating successful knowledge transfer should be viewed from a change management perspective in which trial and error learning experiences and experimentation support the transfer outcome. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of temperature on the leaching of organotin compounds from poly(vinyl chloride) plastics—A study conducted under simulated landfill conditions
Authors: Björn Annika , Hörsing Maritha , Karlsson Anna , Mersiowsky Ivo , Ejlertsson Jörgen
Published: October 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate whether organotin‐stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) products could contribute to the pool of organotins observed in landfill leachates, and if the possible release could be related to different temperatures and landfill degradation phases. Small‐scale anaerobic reactors filled with generic household waste, a mixture of inocula, and different PVC plastics were used in the study and incubated at 20, 37, 55, and 70°C. The reactor units incubated at temperatures of 20–55°C underwent the anaerobic degradation phases that are characteristic for the aging of landfilled waste material. There were, however, differences in the duration of the phases as well as in the total biogas production among the units. Under methanogenic conditions greater losses of organotin compounds were observed as compared to acidogenic conditions. It was shown that the release of organotin stabilizers increases considerably at temperatures above the glass transition of the PVC products. A dealkylation from di‐ into monoalkyltin species was observed, as well as a possible methylation of inorganic tin. However, the main part of the organotins was adsorbed into the solid waste matrix. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:176–188, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
How to prepare a power system for 15% wind energy penetration: the Portuguese case study
Authors: Estanqueiro Ana , Castro Rui , Flores Pedro , Ricardo João , Pinto Medeiros , Rodrigues Reis , Lopes J. Peças
Published: October 2007

The 2001/77/CE Renewable Energies European Directive together with Kyoto Protocol ratification supported by a government vision and strong objective on the reduction of external oil dependence put Portugal in the front line to achieve one of the highest wind energy penetrations within 10 years' time. This paper gives a summarized overview of the Portuguese technical approaches and methodologies followed in order to plan and accommodate the ambitious wind power goals to 2010/2013, preserving the overall quality of the power system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Surgery Indicated for Patients with Symptomatic Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor and Unresectable Hepatic Metastases?
Authors: Hung Ji‐Shiang , Chang Ming‐Chu , Lee Po‐Huang , Tien Yu‐Wen
Published: October 2007

Background

Patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, even in the presence of unresectable hepatic metastases, have survival usually measured in years than in months. Theoretically, we would have reason to resect symptomatic primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors from these patients palliatively. However, the effect and feasibility of removing symptomatic primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in patients with unresectable hepatic metastases has never been addressed.

Methods

In 2000, we instituted a prospective study to resect symptomatic primary tumors and treat unresectable hepatic metastases by lanreotide and hepatic artery embolization in patients with definite tissue proof of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

Results

Thirteen patients were included in this study; seven patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, and six underwent distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. There were no operative deaths. Eight of thirteen patients had no radiologic evidence of disease progression. The other five patients had disease progression by their 6‐month follow‐up; they underwent hepatic artery chemoembolization or chemotherapy. One patient died of multiple lung and bone metastases 80 months after operation, and one patient died of continuous progression of liver metastases 18 months after operation. Telephone interviews of 11 patients who survived revealed that 10 reported improved quality of life after resection of symptomatic primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and one patient reported no change.

Conclusions

We suggest that symptomatic primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors should be resected even when unresectable hepatic metastases are found at diagnosis because of the relatively low risk of pancreatic surgery, effective elimination of symptoms caused by primary tumors, and slow progression of hepatic metastases under lanreotide and hepatic artery embolization.
Unsuccessful treatment attempt: Cord blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with Niemann–Pick disease type A
Authors: Morel C. F. , Gassas A. , Doyle J. , Clarke J. T. R.
Published: October 2007

Niemann–Pick disease type A (NP‐A; OMIM 257200) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase and resulting in accumulation of sphingomyelin, unesterified cholesterol, and other complex lipids in many tissues. It is characterized by failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative course culminating in death by 3 years of age. There is no known effective treatment. We report the case of a prenatally diagnosed girl who underwent cord blood stem cell transplantation (CBSCT) at 3 months of age. She was neurologically intact at the time of CBSCT. Hepatosplenomegaly, was detected at 6 weeks of age; the splenomegaly resolved following CBSCT. Recovery was complicated by graft‐versus‐host disease. She subsequently developed and continues to show marked global developmental delay, generalized hypotonia, and signs of neurological regression, despite continued engraftment. Bilateral cherry red spots were detected at 10 months of age, 7 months post‐CBSCT. Although she is doing better than her affected brother, she shows little overall benefit from CBSCT.
Surface and Biological Activity of Organoammonium Hydrogen Selenite Surfactants
Authors: Badawi Abdelfattah M. , Mekawi Mohamed Ahmed , Mohamed M. Z. , Mohamed A. S. , Khowdairy M. M.
Published: October 2007

In this article we show steps taken toward the development of bactericidal and fungicidal synthetic cationic surfactants by the reaction of decyl, dodecyl or tetradecyl amine with selenious acid to produce a series of quaternary ammonium salts which consequently converted to copper and cobalt cationic complexes via complexing them with copper (II) or cobalt (II) ions. Surface properties of these surfactants were investigated. The surface properties studies included critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Γmax) and minimum surface area (Amin). Free energy of micellization () and adsorption () were calculated. The antimicrobial activity was determined via the inhibition zone diameter of the prepared compounds measured against five strains of a representative group of microorganisms. FTIR spectra, elemental analyses and 1 H‐NMR spectra were obtained to insure the purity of the prepared compounds
Δ6 Desaturase mRNA Abundance in HepG2 Cells Is Suppressed by Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Portolesi Roxanne , Powell Barry C. , Gibson Robert A.
Published: October 2007

The effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the abundance of Δ6 desaturase (D6D) mRNA and the fatty acid composition of HepG2 cell membranes was examined. Supplementation of HepG2 cells with oleic acid (18:1n‐9, OA), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6, LA), α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA), arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6, AA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) reduced D6D mRNA abundance by 39 ± 6.6, 40 ± 2.2, 31 ± 5.2, 55 ± 4.8, and 52 ± 5.0%, respectively, compared with control cells. Despite the reduction in D6D mRNA abundance, the level of D6D conversion products (20:3n‐9, EPA and AA) in OA, ALA and LA supplemented cells, respectively, was elevated above that in control cells. Our results suggest that although unsaturated fatty acids decrease the abundance of D6D mRNA by as much as 50%, the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and accumulation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in HepG2 cell phospholipids continues to occur.
Dopamine receptors in the anterior insular cortex modulate long‐term nociception in the rat
Authors: Coffeen Ulises , López‐Avila Alberto , Ortega‐Legaspi J. Manuel , del Ángel Rosendo , López‐Muñoz Francisco J. , Pellicer Francisco
Published: October 2007

The rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) receives dopaminergic projections from the mesolimbic system, which has been involved in the modulation of nociceptive processes. In this study we determined the contribution of dopamine D1and D2receptors in the RAIC regarding nociception processing in a neuropathic pain model, as well as inflammatory articular nociception measured as pain‐induced functional impairment in the rat (PIFIR). Microinjection of vehicle or substances into the RAIC was performed after the induction of nociception. The groups were treated with: a dopamine D1receptor antagonist (SCH‐23390), a dopamine D1receptor agonist (SKF‐38393), a dopamine D2receptor agonist (TNPA) and a dopamine D2receptor antagonist (spiperone). Chronic nociception, induced by denervation, was measured by the autotomy score in which onset and incidence were also determined. The SCH‐23390 and TNPA groups showed a decrease in the autotomy score and a delay on the onset as compared to control, whereas the PIFIR groups did not show statistical differences. This work shows the differential role of dopamine receptors within the RAIC in which the activation of D2or the blockade of D1receptors elicit antinociception.
Reproductive function for a C‐terminus extended, male‐transmitted cytochrome c oxidase subunit II protein expressed in both spermatozoa and eggs
Authors: Chakrabarti R. , Walker J.M. , Chapman E.G. , Shepardson S.P. , Trdan R.J. , Curole J.P. , Watters G.T. , Stewart D.T. , Vijayaraghavan S. , Hoeh W.R.
Published: October 2007

Our previous study documented expression of a male‐transmitted cytochrome c oxidase subunit II protein (MCOX2), with a C‐terminus extension (MCOX2e), in unionoidean bivalve testes and sperm mitochondria. Here, we present evidence demonstrating that MCOX2 is seasonally expressed in testis, with a peak shortly before fertilization that is independent of sperm density. MCOX2 is localized to the inner and outer sperm mitochondrial membranes and the MCOX2 antibody's epitope is conserved across >65 million years of evolution. We also demonstrate the presence of male‐transmitted mtDNA and season‐specific MCOX2 spatial variation in ovaries. We hypothesize that MCOX2 plays a role in reproduction through gamete maturation, fertilization and/or embryogenesis.
A serine involved in actin‐dependent subcellular localization of a stress‐induced tobacco BY‐2 hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase isoform
Authors: Merret Rémy , Cirioni Jean-Roger , Bach Thomas J. , Hemmerlin Andréa
Published: October 2007

3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGR) is unique in the first part of the cytoplasmic isoprenoid pathway, as it contains a membrane domain that includes ER‐specific retention motifs. When fused to GFP, this domain targets two tobacco BY‐2 HMGR isoforms differentially. While the first isoform is ER‐localized, a second stress‐induced one forms globular structures connected by tubular structures. A serine positioned upstream of the ER retention motif seems to be implicated in this specific subcellular localization. Surprisingly, these structures are closely connected to F‐actin, and their intactness is dependent upon the integrity of the filaments or the action of a calmodulin antagonist.
A novel nucleotide receptor in Xenopus activates the cAMP second messenger pathway
Authors: Devader Christelle , Drew Christian M. , Geach Timothy J. , Tabler Jacqui , Townsend-Nicholson Andrea , Dale Leslie
Published: October 2007

We describe a Xenopus P2Y receptor that shares only weak homology with members of the mammalian P2Y family, being most similar to human P2Y11. When activated by nucleotide analogs, it stimulates both calcium and cAMP mobilization pathways, a feature unique, among mammalian P2Y receptors, to P2Y11. Activity can be blocked by compounds known to act as antagonists of mammalian P2Y11. Genomic synteny between Xenopus and mammals suggests that the novel gene is a true ortholog of P2Y11. Xenopus P2Y
11 is transcribed during embryonic development, beginning at gastrulation, and is enriched in the developing nervous system.
No effect ofn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rogers Peter J. , Appleton Katherine M. , Kessler David , Peters Tim J. , Gunnell David , Hayward Robert C. , Heatherley Susan V. , Christian Leonie M. , McNaughton Sarah A. , Ness Andy R.
Published: October 2007

Low dietary intakes of then-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) EPA and DHA are thought to be associated with increased risk for a variety of adverse outcomes, including some psychiatric disorders. Evidence from observational and intervention studies for a role ofn-3 LCPUFA in depression is mixed, with some support for a benefit of EPA and/or DHA in major depressive illness. The present study was a double-blind randomised controlled trial that evaluated the effects of EPA+DHA supplementation (1·5 g/d) on mood and cognitive function in mild to moderately depressed individuals. Of 218 participants who entered the trial, 190 completed the planned 12 weeks intervention. Compliance, confirmed by plasma fatty acid concentrations, was good, but there was no evidence of a difference between supplemented and placebo groups in the primary outcome – namely, the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales at 12 weeks. Mean depression score was 8·4 for the EPA+DHA group and 9·6 for the placebo group, with an adjusted difference of − 1·0 (95 % CI − 2·8, 0·8;P = 0·27). Other measures of mood, mental health and cognitive function, including Beck Depression Inventory score and attentional bias toward threat words, were similarly little affected by the intervention. In conclusion, substantially increasing EPA+DHA intake for 3 months was found not to have beneficial or harmful effects on mood in mild to moderate depression. Adding the present result to a meta-analysis of previous relevant randomised controlled trial results confirmed an overall negligible benefit ofn-3 LCPUFA supplementation for depressed mood.
Attempting to Secure an “Orderly Evolution”: American Foundations, The Hague Academy of International Law and the Third World
Authors: SCOTT-SMITH GILES
Published: October 2007

The Hague Academy of International Law was founded in 1923 with funds from the Carnegie Endowment, and soon established itself as one of the premier institutes in its field. However, after the Second World War the Carnegie was joined by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations in a coordinated programme to modernize the institution and increase its international influence. The Foundations, contributing to the broad goals of US foreign policy, were keen to make use of this Dutch institution to build an “epistemic community” among the elites of the newly-decolonizing Third World. The academy thereby became an important normative institution involved in a broad strategy to ensure a smooth transition from a colonial to a postcolonial world order. This article traces the evolution of the academy and the consequences of its intersection with large-scale US philanthropy.
Redirective labels and early vocabulary development
Authors: SHIMPI PRIYA MARIANA , HUTTENLOCHER JANELLEN
Published: October 2007

Parents' object labels can be distinguished by whether the child is already attending to the object (follow-in) or not (lead-in). Lead-in labels have been found to be associated with low vocabulary. The current study examines whether the relation between lead-in labels and child vocabulary is influenced by whether the child's attention is redirected. Eighteen mother–infant dyads were videotaped at 1 ; 2, 1 ; 6 and 1 ; 10. Results indicate that parents' use of successful lead-in labels is positively correlated with children's vocabulary, whereas use of unsuccessful labels is negatively correlated. Finally, use of gesture is associated with the redirective success of lead-in labels.
Pronouns and verbs in adult speech to children: A corpus analysis
Authors: LAAKSO AARRE , SMITH LINDA B.
Published: October 2007

Assessing whether domain-general mechanisms could account for language acquisition requires determining whether statistical regularities among surface cues in child directed speech (CDS) are sufficient for inducing deep syntactic and semantic structure. This paper reports a case study on the relation between pronoun usage in CDS, on the one hand, and broad verb classes, on the other. A corpus analysis reveals statistical regularities in co-occurrences between pronouns and verbs in CDS that could cue physical versus psychological verbs. A simulation demonstrates that a simple statistical learner can acquire these regularities and exploit them to activate verbs that are consistent with incomplete utterances in simple syntactic frames. Thus, in this case, surface regularitiesaresufficiently informative for inducing broad semantic categories. Childrenmightuse these regularities in pronoun/verb co-occurrences to help learn verbs, although whether theyactuallydo so remains a topic of ongoing research.
Polysyllabic units in the vocalizations of children from 0 ; 6 to 1 ; 11: Intonation-groups, tones and rhythms
Authors: SNOW DAVID
Published: October 2007

Previous studies have suggested that intonation development in infants and toddlers reflects an interaction between physiological and linguistic influences. The immediate background research for this study, however, was based on vocalizations that were only one syllable in length. By extending the analysis to polysyllabic utterances, the present study evaluated a broader range of physiological constraints on intonation production than the maximally simple context of monosyllabic utterances had permitted. The width and direction of pitch change across one- and two-syllable nuclear tones were acoustically analyzed in utterances produced by 60 children between the ages of 0 ; 6 and 1 ; 11. The results showed that the children controlled the characteristic intonation pattern of English monosyllables by the age of 1 ; 6–1 ; 8. However, even the youngest groups of children produced relatively robust and adult-like intonation contours when the tone-bearing string was polysyllabic, suggesting that the trochaic or dactylic foot is the natural ‘unmarked’ unit of tone production. The asymmetrical results for one- versus two-syllable tones support the conclusion that width of pitch change largely reflects physiological universals in children's earliest vocalizations and language-specific learning after the age of 1 ; 6. Implications of the findings are also discussed in relation to the Trochaic Template Hypothesis. It is concluded that a bias for trochaic rhythms that some children demonstrate could be based, in part, on the child's sensitivity to physiological constraints on the velocity and range of intonational pitch change.
Nouns and verbs in the vocabulary acquisition of Italian children
Authors: D'ODORICO LAURA , FASOLO MIRCO
Published: October 2007

The vocabulary development of 24 Italian children aged between 1 ; 4 and 1 ; 6 at the beginning of the study was longitudinally monitored on a monthly basis using the Italian version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory drawn up by their mothers. This study analyzes data from children for whom two sampling stages were available; the first corresponding to a vocabulary size as close as possible to 200 words (mean 217, range 167–281), the second to a vocabulary size ranging from 400 to 650 words (mean 518, range 416–648). The children's vocabulary composition was analyzed by calculating, for each sampling stage, the percentage of common nouns, verbs and closed-class words. The increase in percentage points of the various lexical items between the first and second sampling stages was also analyzed. Data confirmed the predominance of nouns over verbs and closed-class words at both sampling stages, while verbs and closed-class words showed a higher percentage increase than nouns. The results provide evidence that children who reached the first sampling point at an earlier age had a higher percentage of nouns than children who reached the same stage at an older age. However, in the passage from the first to the second sampling point no relationship emerged between a style of acquisition based on the acquisition of nouns and an increase in the rate of vocabulary growth.
Explicit Noether–Lefschetz for arbitrary threefolds
Authors: LOPEZ ANGELO FELICE , MACLEAN CATRIONA
Published: October 2007

We study the Noether–Lefschetz locus of a very ample line bundle L on an arbitrary smooth threefold Y. Building on results of Green, Voisin and Otwinowska, we give explicit bounds, depending only on the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity properties of L, on the codimension of the components of the Noether–Lefschetz locus of |L|.
On quaternionic functional analysis
Authors: NG CHI-KEUNG
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we will show that the category of quaternion vector spaces, the category of (both one-sided and two sided) quaternion Hilbert spaces and the category of quaternion B*-algebras are equivalent to the category of real vector spaces, the category of real Hilbert spaces and the category of real C*-algebras respectively. We will also give a Riesz representation theorem for quaternion Hilbert spaces and will extend the main results in [12] (namely, we will give the full versions of the Gelfand–Naimark theorem and the Gelfand theorem for quaternion B*-algebras). On our way to these results, we compare, clarify and unify the term ‘quaternion Hilbert spaces’ in the literatures.
The uniform Kadec–Klee property for Orlicz–Lorentz spaces
Authors: KAMIŃSKA A. , LENNARD CHRIS , MASTYŁO MIECZYSŁAW , MIKULSKA SYLWIA
Published: October 2007

We give sufficient conditions, as well as some necessary conditions, for the Orlicz–Lorentz space Λϕ,ω to have the weak-star uniform Kadec–Klee property. These results generalize the characterization of the weak-star uniform Kadec–Klee property in the Lorentz space Λω = Lω,1 due to Dilworth and Hsu.
Schwarzian derivative criteria for valence of analytic and harmonic mappings
Authors: CHUAQUI MARTIN , DUREN PETER , OSGOOD BRAD
Published: October 2007

For analytic functions in the unit disk, general bounds on the Schwarzian derivative in terms of Nehari functions are shown to imply uniform local univalence and in some cases finite and bounded valence. Similar results are obtained for the Weierstrass–Enneper lifts of planar harmonic mappings to their associated minimal surfaces. Finally, certain classes of harmonic mappings are shown to have finite Schwarzian norm.
On the functional equation F(A(z)) = G(B(z)), where A,B are polynomials and F,G are continuous functions
Authors: PAKOVICH F.
Published: October 2007

In this paper we describe solutions of the equation: F(A(z)) = G(B(z)), where A,B are polynomials and F,G are continuous functions on the Riemann sphere.
An Emic Perspective on the Mapmaker's Art in Western Han China
Authors: Hsu Hsin-Mei Agnes , Martin-Montgomery Anne
Published: October 2007

Maps are graphic interpretations of real or imagined space. Although utilitarian by nature, they are of intrinsic aesthetic and artistic value. In addition to their material qualities, they are constructs of the human mind at a specific time and in a specific culture. Traditionally judged on the basis of their Cartesian rather than artistic qualities, maps are categorised by their spatial accuracy according to a positivist construct. This criterion has recently been re-examined to address mapmaking across cultures and through time. A new definition developed by the History of Cartography Project not only treats maps as material culture, but further broadens the concept of the map to include all artifacts that depict space.1 In this theoretical framework, maps discovered in archaeological contexts are rare artifacts that provide a window into the minds of their makers and users, the way in which space was perceived, as well as the relevance and function of maps in ancient societies. By definition, this is an attempt to address an emic perspective.2
A New Volume of Hungarian Essays by Ignaz Goldziher
Authors: Conrad Lawrence I.
Published: October 2007

Though best known for his formative and decisive contributions to the field of Arab-Islamic studies, the Hungarian orientalist Ignaz Goldziher (1850–1921) also had a considerable impact on the field of Jewish studies. His first publication, at the age of twelve, already reveals his interests in the history of Judaism and its prospects in the modern world,1 and his doctoral dissertation, prepared as a teenager working under the supervision of the great H. L. Fleischer (1801–1888) in Leipzig on the thirteenth-century Jewish philologist and exegete Tanḥūm ben Joseph Yerūshalmī,2 already displays its author as “a very distinguished scholarly mind”.3 His first extended monograph dealt with issues concerning the function and importance of mythology among the ancient Israelites,4 and further, with the anti-Semitic and racist theories of European scholars and intellectuals like Ernest Renan (1823–1892).5