bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insurgent Terrorism
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

Why do insurgent organizations sometimes kill civilians? Some do all the time, some do so occasionally, and some seem to never do so. Why? Recent research seeks to explain civilian victimization by insurgent groups, also called terrorism, focusing on factors such as insurgent weakness or country regime type. This book presents a different explanation, building on what is referred to as insurgent embeddedness—the extent to which an insurgent group is enmeshed in relationships with the state, other insurgents, and the public. With this framework, the book presents a set of propositions for why such a group might attack civilians. The book introduces new data on insurgent groups and their attributes (the Big, Allied, and Dangerous II Insurgency data) and empirically tests the arguments presented. Some factors robustly related to insurgent terrorism include government coercion, interorganizational alliances, interorganizational rivalry, and involvement in crime. In addition to discussing civilian targeting in general, we also examine how insurgent embeddedness might affect three important types of civilian victimization: terrorist attacks on schools, violence against the news media, and a proclivity for attacking the general public (not government officials or other symbolic types of targets). Finally, because the focus of this book is on relationships, an in-depth explanation of insurgent alliances and rivalries is presented, examining their changes and determinants over time. In total, the book provides a comprehensive look at how insurgent groups interact with other actors—and the implications for several types of bloodshed against civilians.
Describing the Big, Allied, and Dangerous II Insurgency Data and Other Data Sources
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents the data used to test hypotheses on civilian targeting by insurgent organizations. The chapter uses the Big, Allied, and Dangerous Version II data set, which is a yearly data set of insurgent organizations with data on their structure, behavior, and relations focusing on the years 1998–2012. The data set includes variables such as ideology, structure, leadership, social service provision, network connections to other insurgents, and levels and types of violence in each year. There are 140 organizations in the data set, drawn from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program list. All these organizations have surpassed the 25 battle deaths threshold in at least 1 year and thus have crossed the line into what many scholars view as a defining characteristic of insurgents. The data show a great deal of variation among insurgent groups regarding their use of civilian targeting.
Introduction
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter reviews the changing demographics in the South and growing willingness of a share of the White electorate to support Black candidates and that has encouraged a growing number of African Americans to wage campaigns for the top offices in the southern states. While the success rate for these efforts remains low, it is not out of line with that of White Democrats. These African Americans are competitive even if not elected, when seeking support in overwhelmingly non-Black constituencies. This chapter introduces the books topic, an examination of the campaigns of Black statewide candidates in competitive races in the South in the most recent election cycles. Competitive races occurred in states defined here as Growth States, whereas in the Stagnant States competitive races with Black nominees for statewide offices were rare. This chapter introduces and examines various trends and factors that explain the ability of Black statewide candidates to succeed in the modern South. While Andrew Gillum in Florida and Stacey Abrams in Georgia in 2018 lost, by less than two percentage points, they demonstrated that at least in the region’s Growth States a Black candidate running on a mainstream, progressive Democratic platform could come close. There were weaker showings by Black candidates in Alabama and Mississippi, two of the South’s Stagnant states where populations are much less diverse and larger shares of the White electorate are committed to the GOP. But in 2020/2021 in two highly competitive races, Raphael Warnock in Georgia made the historic breakthrough.
Virginia
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines two Black candidates’ very different paths to winning Virginia statewide elections, separated by three decades: L. Douglas Wilder for lieutenant governor (1985) and governor (1989) and Justin Fairfax for lieutenant governor (2017), showing how differences in their campaigns reflect the vast demographic, social, and political changes in Virginia, and in the South generally, over that period of time. It describes how Wilder ran as a centrist who extolled his military background, fiscal conservatism, and tough-on-crime positions, as well as his deference to many of Virginia’s historic traditions, while Fairfax ran as a strong progressive on social and economic issues, as well as on criminal reform, marijuana legalization, and outright opposition to many of Virginia’s past customs and monuments. Finally, it shows how Wilder the pragmatist took the path that was politically necessary in 1980s Virginia to get elected, while Fairfax rode a wave of recent progressive growth.
Conclusion
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter brings together the findings of the previous chapters and identifies the key trends affecting the competitiveness of Black statewide candidates in the South: changing demographics, partisan competition, politics of race, and politics of religion. The chapter additionally examines various factors influencing Black candidate competitiveness in the region including Democratic factionalism, fundraising, whether the candidate ran as a moderate or progressive, past governing experience, Black voter mobilization, and Republican factionalism. The results indicate that Black statewide candidates run best in the Growth States of the South and need a fully mobilized and cohesive Black electorate coupled with the conversion of moderate White voters. Although the South has long been associated with racial resentment, anti-feminism, and religious fundamentalism, these forces are quickly eroding in the Growth States of the region and making African American statewide candidates increasingly competitive.
Dorothy’s First Family and Early Education
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

Dorothy loved to This chapter describes Dorothy Wright Nelson’s roots and early foundation, focusing on her birth family, childhood and early education. It describes her deep intelligence, curiosity, and sense of adventure. The chapter also canvasses her parents, sisters and early female role models. The chapter includes examples of instances when young Dorothy needed to persevere in academic and social settings as she developed skills. It covers lessons she learned about looking out for those less fortunate, about diversity, socioeconomic difference and conflict resolution. Finally, it includes several examples of her early leadership experiences, including being a teacher for a day and eventually high school valedictorian as well as her athletic success and leadership of the Girls Athletic Club.
Finding Her Way in the Law
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s time in law school, where she struggled at first before finding her mentor, Roscoe Pound, dean emeritus of Harvard Law and her UCLA professor. It links Dorothy’s passion for improving the justice system and providing better access to justice with her exposure to some of the inequities she saw when working with youth as a camp counselor. The chapter shows the paucity of opportunities for women entering the legal profession in the 1950s and describes her research project on the L.A. court system at USC Law Center. It canvasses her early work as a faculty member, teaching and writing about judicial administration and alternative dispute resolution. Finally, the chapter recounts the start of Jim and Dorothy’s family life, including some hardships and great joys as their two children, Frank and Lorna, grew. It also includes their growing leadership roles for the Bahá’í Faith.
Conclusion
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

Academia is a polity in transformation, and the pressures driving its metamorphosis have only become more intense in the pandemic and post-pandemic era. As the polity changes, institutions from universities to families—along with the interpersonal/social structures in which individuals are embedded—will continue to shape careers. At the same time, individuals retain substantial agency as they navigate these forces, thus pointing to the explanatory power of personality and psychological differences. While reviewing key findings spanning eight empirical chapters, we conclude by reconsidering what we have learned about inequality in academia. Our data reveal positive developments, yet also the persistence of small, unexplained gender and racial gaps in research productivity. We discuss how gender- and race-related bias/discrimination may be sustaining these gaps. Ultimately, equity in the knowledge polity will require not only changes at the individual level, but also departmental, university, and society-wide commitments to sustained, equitable hiring and promotion.
The Suffocation of the Mother
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

In the Renaissance, madness is not just a disease. It has a divine purpose. God allows madness not merely to punish, but to create an opportunity for redemption. This chapter explores this dual teleology of madness by considering the tension between witch-skeptic and physician Edward Jorden and the exorcists. For Jorden, most cases of alleged demon possession were actually due to an organic dysfunction, hysteria or “suffocation of the mother.” Jorden saw his confrontation with the exorcists as a self-conscious repetition of Hippocrates’ confrontation with the magicians and purifiers. We can see Jorden as attempting to replace a teleological conception of madness (madness-as-strategy) with his dysteleological conception (madness-as-dysfunction). An irony in Jorden’s text is that Jorden never actually banishes the use of amulets, charms, spells, and incantations. He retains them because of their psychological value for treating hysteria.
Delusion as Castle and Refuge
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

The early nineteenth-century German psychiatrist Johann Christian August Heinroth raises the possibility that some forms of madness are coping mechanisms. They represent the mind’s attempt to flee a painful reality. In these cases, he thought, the wise physician should allow the disease to run its course. This view was developed by psychoanalytic psychiatrists in the early twentieth century such as Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and Harry Stack Sullivan. Both Fromm-Reichmann and Sullivan viewed schizophrenia as having a purposeful character, but they disagreed about what exactly its purpose is. For Fromm-Reichman (coiner of the term “schizophrenogenic mother”), schizophrenia is a retreat from the repeated experience of rejection. For Sullivan, schizophrenia is a recovery mission. Its purpose is to recover dissociated portions of the personality. Heinroth, Fromm-Reichmann, and Sullivan illustrate, in different ways, the idea of madness as a purposeful inner journey. This conception reaches its zenith in the work of R. D. Laing.
Madness as Creativity and Conquest
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

Kurt Goldstein extended Freud’s teleological conception of madness and placed it within a biological, evolutionary context. Mental disturbance is no longer a method that the mind uses for regulating its internal economy. Rather, it represents a method for adjusting the organism to its environment. It is true that many of the injured war veterans Goldstein treated had brain dysfunctions that prevented them from accomplishing ordinary tasks. Goldstein, however, insisted that we view their apparent mental disturbances as a creative means by which they transform their environments in order to minimize their experience of disability. In particular, for Goldstein, the essential characteristic of the organism, healthy or sick, is the project of self-actualization, and madness must be viewed within the context of this project. Despite their differences, both Goldstein and Freud held that madness is a strategic response to a potentially catastrophic situation.
Childhood and Youth
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

As the son of Xi Zhongxun, a staunch revolutionary and a founder of the People’s Republic, Xi Jinping enjoyed a privileged childhood until Xi senior was disgraced and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and his family broken up. Young Jinping was himself attacked as a counterrevolutionary and sent to a delinquent’s school for hard labor. Reduced to poverty, he volunteered to be “sent down” to a poor village called Liangjiahe to be re-educated as an ordinary peasant and to scratch out his existence at the subsistence level. Xi nonetheless persevered, eventually rising to become a village party chief and then gaining a place at prestigious Tsinghua University. Xi belonged to a “lost generation” of Chinese youth who were socialized with Maoist values of struggle, altruism, and egalitarianism but whose further education was disrupted by the Cultural Revolution when they were sent to labor in factories or the countryside.
The Trials of the Heir Apparent and Crisis Management, 2007–2012 (Age Fifty-Four to Fifty-Nine)
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

Xi Jinping was groomed as an heir apparent during trying political and economic times. Much of the period was troubled by the global financial crisis and recession, social unrest, and the Jasmine revolutions of 2010–2012. Additionally, Xi’s career position was not unchallenged, and he still needed to show his mettle. Xi assisted Chairman Hu Jintao with the management of party affairs, directing the campaign to study Hu’s “scientific development” concept. Simultaneously, he was embroiled in various crisis management events such as the mounting of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, bloody riots in Xinjiang, and protests in Tibet. Xi’s profile was enhanced by foreign visits to Mexico, Europe, Japan, and Hong Kong. He hosted US vice president Biden’s visit to China and subsequently visited the United States. Preparations for the Eighteenth Party Congress were thrown into disarray when leadership aspirant Bo Xilai, a high-flier and party chief of Chongqing, was purged for corruption.
Economic Revival, Social Development, and the Search for a New Development Model
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines policymaking by the Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang team regarding the interrelated socioeconomic issues that address the problem of a “middle-income trap.” Economically, the team searched for a new developmental model that could ensure employment and high-quality and sustainable growth. It experimented with the application of market forces to enhance efficiency and competitiveness, state-owner enterprise reform, the reduction of administrative control, and the support of the private sector. Socially, the team grappled with issues such as poverty, inequality, urbanization, the hukou system, land reform, and the aging population crisis that exacerbated social tensions. All this led to controversy over a supply-side structural reform that aimed to trim overcapacity and improve the supply of goods and services. New drivers for economic growth included the government’s Made in China 2025 Plan and Pilot Free Trade Zones, along with the private sector’s technological development, new digital economy, e-commerce, and e-banking.
The Thirteenth National People’s Congress, March 2018, and Administrative Reform (Age Sixty-Five)
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

The Thirteenth National People’s Congress (China’s fused legislature and executive body) operationalized and implemented the principles laid down by the Nineteenth Party Congress. To improve coordination, efficiency, law-based governance, market regulation, and the quality of public services, the People’s Congress effected a sweeping revamping of the party and government structure, the most far-reaching since the 1982 constitution. Constitutional amendments abolished term limits for the president and vice president, although the two-term limit was retained for premiers and vice premiers. A nuanced discussion on the context for this change is included to modify headline allegations of a simple power grab by Xi. Weak institutionalization is a historic characteristic of the Chinese system, and this is partly reflected by the many ways the office of the vice president has been defined. The attempt to modernize and rationalize the responsibilities of the party state represents an attempt at institution building and institutionalization.
Captive Market
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

The development of the modern private prison industry since the 1980s has been a continual source of controversy and debate, as Americans struggle to reconcile the principles of profit and justice. While there are many explanations proffered for the adoption of this policy—including partisanship, economic stress, unionization, and lobbying efforts by private prison firms—none fully explain why states privatize their prisons. Captive Market proposes a novel explanation for why states adopt this policy: to limit legal and political accountability for inmate lawsuits, an unintended consequence of the legal rights revolution for prisoners. Evidence from an original data set and interviews with private prison companies, government officials, and advocacy groups suggest that growing prisoner lawsuits are a significant driver of prison privatization in the United States. With over 160,000 inmates currently held in private facilities across the country, it is vital to understand the causes of its rise and the nuances of private prison policy, with significant consequences for the American criminal legal system.
Captive Market
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

The final chapter concludes with some broad implications of this study: the question of whether public or private prisons are worse distracts from the essential debate of whether we ought to adopt the policy in the first place, that the rights revolution is a promise yet unfulfilled, that profit has and continues to be central to American correctional administration, and that private prisons are a “metastasis of the larger cancer of mass incarceration.” These implications, particularly of the theory, extend far beyond private prisons. Providing inmates with legal rights is normatively the correct choice, but Captive Market pushes one to think carefully about perverse incentives in the criminal legal system. Legal rights are fundamental for every American, rights that ought not to depend on criminal justice contact; and the fight for the protection of the rights of those incarcerated must continue.
Introduction
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

The Introduction begins by recounting the popular view that stock-market-driven short-termism severely damages the US economy. Firms forgo the R&D they need, cut capital spending, and starve themselves of cash by excessively buying back stock to satisfy Wall Street. Stock market pressure means directors and managers cannot manage for the long-term when their shareholders furiously trade their companies’ stocks, they cannot invest enough when stockholders demand rising quarterly profits, they must slash R&D when investors demand that precious cash be used to buy back stock, and they cannot even strategize about the long-term when shareholder activists demand immediate results. If that weren’t bad enough, the stock market’s short-termism is also blamed for environmental degradation, for contributing to global warming, and for employee mistreatment. Due to short-termism, corporations are less socially responsible, in a widely-held view. The Introduction exemplifies these perceptions with statements from national political leaders. However, the Introduction then states, the case for deeply pernicious results from stock market short-termism is weaker on the evidence and on the logic of how markets work than the view popular among pundits and lawmakers. Those lawmakers and pundits who aim at stock-market-driven short-termism can readily miss more likely targets for attacking the ills often attributed to stock market short-termism. For example, stock market short-termism is said to severely damage corporate R&D spending and thereby hold the economy back. But a look at the numbers points to other causes and more propitious targets for improving American R&D. And the environmental, climate, and social responsibility failures emanate from selfishness—externalities in the technical vocabulary—more than from truncated time horizons. The Introduction closes with suggestions that the prominent perception of pernicious short-termism is explained largely by political and social currents: first, targeted interests benefit when stock markets are blamed and, second, a wide but diffuse public dissatisfaction with economic arrangements overall, including discomfort with increasing uncertainty and instability in the workplace, and a generalized disorientation from the rapidity of technological change, which often looks like short-termism but is not.
The Short-Term Problem Perceived
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 1 presents the wide public, political, and media attack on stock market short-termism. It outlines the channels through which stock market short-termism is seen as seriously damaging the economy and hurting the average worker: slashed investment, cash-burning buybacks, R&D cutbacks, environmental degradation, global warming, and sidelined employees. It describes the views of senators, presidential candidates, and presidents on the issue.
Social Costs from Stock-Market-Driven Corporate Short-Termism?
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 precisely states and defines the short-term problem: a preference for immediate returns over even greater long-term value. In recent years, corporate social responsibility, corporate purpose, and corporate respect for ESG issues have been seen as emanating in important part from corporate short-termism. But the associated negative corporate activities—such as environmental degradation and climate degradation—are mistakenly attributed to stock market short-termism when they instead primarily result from corporate selfishness. Separating the two is essential for good policymaking. The chapter illustrates how time horizons and environmental degradation are largely separate issues with DuPont’s long-term pollution.
Evaluating the Firm-Level Short-Termism Evidence
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 7 examines the best evidence for and against stock- market-driven corporate short-termism and finds that the evidence for it being severe is weak. While all of the studies have gaps and limits, the limits for the studies indicating short-termism is not a severe economy-wide problem are smaller than those for the studies indicating it is a problem. Moreover, and importantly, the chapter also examines a largely undiscussed conceptual limit to scaling findings on firm-level short-termism up, to the kind of economy-level evidence that we want for policy action. These conceptual limits are not part of the current discussion of stock-market-driven short-termism, but are, in the author’s view, essential. Even if some firms, or even some sectors, are too short-term, as long as much of the shortfall is picked up elsewhere in the economy, by other firms, by competitors or by private firms, then the overall economic problem is not severe.
Cures and Their Limits
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 8 examines the most prominent proposed cure in corporate policymaking circles: to give boards and executives more autonomy from stock markets. Such a cure has problems. Because boards and executives seem to be themselves sources of short-term thinking, it’s unclear, even for those who perceive a corporate short-termism problem with a stock market cause, whether more executive and board autonomy would improve the situation. More autonomy would simultaneously create other problems, including bolstering one of our business elites.
Short-Termism as Popular Narrative
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 11 considers why the short-term narrative is popular. It is simple, powerful, and clear. The short-term has negative connotations—with overtones of disloyalty and unreliability—implying it should be disfavored no matter what. Yet close synonyms to the short-term are positive: short-term could mean that the players are flexible and adaptive. Long-term players could be stubborn and pig-headed in continuing a failed business policy.
Political Support from Outside the Corporation
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 13 depicts a second political channel that bolsters the stock-market short-termism story. Some political leaders dislike the market’s results when the market disfavors workers and employees. Those leaders, and their supporters, might want to reject the basics of US capitalism, but cannot do so and be politically viable. Stock-market short-termism allows them to reject the results, without rejecting US markets and capitalism: “I support American capitalism,” the senator or presidential candidate might say. “But I support true capitalism, not one of markets gone awry with furious trading distorting all that is good in the economy. Slow down trading and give the American worker a more stable job. That’s all I want.”
Conclusion
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This conclusion recapitulates how and why the evidence does not support the popular and political understanding that stock market short-termism is severely damaging the economy. Some of the public impetus against stock market short-termism derives from unease over current economic arrangements. Some of it derives from a mistaken belief that short-termism is a major impetus degrading corporate purpose, corporate social responsibility, and corporate effort to head off climate catastrophe. And corporate interests can at times benefit from this popular understanding.
The “Mark of Cain”
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on the lengths to which people go to avoid seeing themselves, or being seen by others, as evil. This is rooted in people’s hard-wired need to belong: Just as murderous Cain was “marked” and banished by God in the ancient Hebrew story, being labeled an “evildoer” is the ultimate signifier of social exclusion. Thus, denial of one’s role (e.g., motivated forgetting), minimization of harm or intentionality (e.g., automatism, dissociation), and offering “good” (e.g., a moral mandate) or “good enough” (e.g., revenge) justifications for one’s behavior can all be used to deflect the label. Alternatively, people may try to neutralize the label by pointing to their moral credentials prior to the incident in question (moral licensing), insisting that they are no worse than those who judge them (a form of normalization), or declaring that they are immune to others’ judgments (asserting interpersonal power).
Becoming Evil
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 explores why people pursue a course of action despite harmful consequences for others. Central is the “Mind over Matter” principle (MioMa: “I don’t mind, and you don’t matter”), wherein “evil” behavior is most likely when the expected net rewards for self or ingroup outweigh the expected costs to others. Emotion is core to this cost–benefit analysis: People pursue good feelings and try to escape bad feelings. Tunnel vision contributes to a perpetrator’s minimization of personal risk and dismissal of others’ well-being, often accompanied by attempts to deflect negative consequences away from self or to justify one’s behavior (e.g., negative externality). The reward-seeking aspect of MioMa is applied to phenomena such as contract killing, road rage, greed, and the “Dark Triad” of personality (psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism). On the cost-avoiding side, fear, disgust, and shame are highlighted as contributors to harmful outcomes.
Hate
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

This chapter suggests that hate is best understood through the lens of motivation: Hate is simply wanting a target to experience harm. Hate is often seen as “evil,” especially when manifesting as hate speech or hate crimes. Because people generally do not want to be seen as evil, haters are often reluctant to own the experience unless they can justify it—by labeling the target “evil,” for example. Hate that cannot be justified is sometimes disguised, as when intimate partner violence, stalking, and other mate retention tactics are labeled “jealousy” or even “love” by perpetrators (and sometimes victims). Whether disguised, or fleeting, or a means to some other end such as revenge or the temporary quashing of fear of abandonment, the desire for harm to befall another qualifies as hate.
“EVIL” Spelled Backwards Is . . .?
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 9 first summarizes Part 1’s core principles. Based on a prototype/labeling process, “evil” is applied to perceived instances of intentional, unjustifiable harm. “Evil” is the ultimate signifier of social exclusion when applied to people. Harm-causing behavior is chosen when the expected emotional benefits outweigh the expected costs to self and others. People often make use of a broad array of cognitive reframing and self-presentation strategies to avoid being seen as “evil.” Part 2, “A Pantheon of Evil,” shows how Part 1’s core principles aid us in understanding phenomena such as hate, sadism, serial killers, and group-based harm such as genocide. The feeling basis for judging something to be “evil” is reiterated, and features of online environments (such as anonymity) that facilitate harmful behavior are briefly considered. The chapter concludes with questions intended to assist readers to become more self-reflective and, in so doing, possibly less “evil.”
Majority Minority
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

How do societies respond to great demographic change? This question lingers over the contemporary politics of the United States and other countries where persistent immigration has altered populations and may soon produce a majority minority milestone, where the original ethnic or religious majority loses its numerical advantage to one or more foreign-origin minority groups. Until now, most of our knowledge about large-scale responses to demographic change has been based on studies of individual people’s reactions, which tend to be instinctively defensive and intolerant. We know little about why and how these habits are sometimes tempered to promote more successful coexistence. To anticipate and inform future responses to demographic change, Majority Minority looks to the past. The book entails historical analysis and interview-based fieldwork inside six of the world’s few societies that have already experienced a majority minority transition to understand what factors produce different social outcomes. This research concludes that, rather than yield to people’s prejudices, states hold great power to shape public responses and perceptions of demographic change through political institutions and leaders’ rhetoric. Then, in subsequent survey research, the book identifies novel ways that leaders can leverage nationalist sentiment to reduce the appeal of nativism by framing immigration and demographic change in terms of the national interest. Grounded in rich narratives and novel statistical data, Majority Minority reveals the way this contentious milestone and its accompanying identity politics are ultimately subject to unifying or divisive governance.
Escape Velocity
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 considers the relationship between nationalism and demographic change. It argues that states undergoing transformational demographic change have struggled to escape the pull of nationalism because they have failed to evolve the concept of their respective nations and peoples. Instead, they have sought to institutionalize the understanding of the current (and perhaps temporary) majority as the boundaries of an enduring people—which has made the definition of the nation and its public identity a primary source of conflict. Achieving a progressive redefinition of the nation may take generations. So for states currently undergoing demographic transformation that are eager to resolve social tensions, the chapter argues that the expectation cannot be an immediate shift to uniform moral agreement. At least in the short run, the aim should just be connectedness.
Pathways of Majority-Minority Societies
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 introduces the book’s comparative historical analysis of six societies in which the indigenous or native-born majority lost its numerical advantage—Bahrain, Hawai‘i, Mauritius, New York, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago—with the goal of understanding what drives divergent reactions to such demographic transformation. With a majority-minority transition imminent, these societies pursued one of three different paths: (1) resist demographic change through co-optation or suppression, (2) endure racialized politics and persistent social tension, or (3) reconcile through a redefinition of the nation. Aligning their histories reveals parallels across disparate Majority minority countries but also the ways in which they diverge. The analysis pauses after the first point of divergence in order to contextualize this historical understanding in contemporary affairs, based on fieldwork in each region.
Masked Conflict
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the case of Trinidad and Tobago. Afro-Trinidadian Creoles ruled the country for the first thirty years of sovereignty, but over time Indo-Trinidadians prospered economically, grew in number, and challenged Afro-Trinidadians’ claims of authenticity before ultimately forming an Indocentric political party and winning power. Now comprising nearly equal shares of the national population, both groups view many public matters through the narrow lens of ethnic supremacy. Through the annual Carnival—the hallmark of the nation’s identity—this chapter explores how the country is consumed by the racial “costumes” its people wear every day. Among the cases in this book, Trinidad is perhaps the most realistic model for contemporary democracies that are unable to reconcile inevitable demographic change. Despite opportunities to redefine its national character and embrace its diversity, Trinidad remains a country that is subject to a divisive debate over national character that pervades every other political issue.
Internal Affairs
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the case of New York. While historical observers have portrayed Irish Americans in New York City as seeking entry to a world of white privilege, the Irish community saw themselves engaged in a bitter cultural conflict rooted in differences of national origin and religion. When they obtained power by leveraging large coalitions of voters, the Irish moved not to break down the barriers between themselves and their Anglo-Dutch detractors but to carve out domains of their own—particularly in the New York Police Department. This chapter explores the historical relationship between Irish New Yorkers and the NYPD and how some of the most integrated immigrant-origin Americans still don’t feel totally at home, and yet still can’t identify fully with the plight of other ethnic minorities. If the Irish are a best-case scenario for minorities, then their experience suggests the limits of what a majority minority society can become.
Introduction: Style and the Man
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

How did an ancient commonplace proposing correspondence between a writer’s character and his words transform during early modernity into a dynamic and widely practiced method of textual interpretation? The Introduction traces this development back to the confluence of two currents of textual practice. First, European readers and writers lavished heightened attention on the topic of personal character, coincident with what Burckhardt identified as the cult of “die Persönlichkeit” and including an emergent interest in the personalities and life stories of artists and writers. Second, humanist reading communities began to intensify their already profound investment in fiction as an instrument of knowledge, through its use not only as an object of study but now also as a modality integral to the process of interpretation. To capture such fiction’s historically distinctive affiliation with the act of construing texts rather than composing them, this chapter coins the term critical fiction.
How to Judge a Book by its Author
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

This methodological chapter identifies the working vocabulary and chief genres of both textual and visual evidence that contemporaries used to discover and articulate authorial character. The chapter first shows how with the rise of reading for the author key selfhood words —such as ethos persona and character—begin to extend beyond their semantic home in ethics and rhetoric and into literary culture to signify at once the essence of an author’s identity and the performance of a put-on role. The chapter then shows a similar hermeneutic counterpoint at work in the realm of visual character evidence particularly two media that commonly appear in early modern books: the pseudo-fictional author portrait and the writer horoscope. In setting the terms for the case studies that followthese examples together also challenge modern jurisdictional boundaries between the discourses of fact and fiction the verbal and visual arts and most broadly the fields of reception and invention.
The Peopling of Valla’s De falso (1440): Character Fiction at the Origin of Modern Philology
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

Chapter Two argues for the central role of speculation about authorial personality and motive in one of the foundational masterpieces of modern historiography: Valla’s treatise, famous for debunking the forgery posing as Emperor Constantine’s “donation” of the western empire to the church. This chapter shows how the aspect of Valla’s text most often singled out for praise by scholars—its exacting philological account of the Donation—is procedurally bound to, even enabled by the aspect of the text least condign with modern canons of academic practice: its use of elaborate, often humorously biting ethical conjecture as a form of proof, including invented speeches or prosopopoeiae by Constantine’s contemporaries and a vividly disparaging personality imagined for the Donation’s forger. In Valla’s hands, not only contextualized lexical analysis but also the educated reconstruction of historical character from textual evidence—including that of the author-forger himself—is critical historiography.
Epilogue: Biographism as Close Reading in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 76 (1609) and Machiavelli’s “Letter to Vettori” (1513)
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

The practice of reading books for signs of their writers’ personalities found application well beyond its home territories of textual interpretation and paratextual author biography. The Epilogue examines two canonical literary works that, rather than equipping readers to engage with other texts and their authors, incorporate the notion of a life-works link into their own thematics. First, Machiavelli’s “Letter to Vettori” includes one of the era’s most intimate and yet fictionalizing accounts of the experience of reading; it presents books not to be like their authors but in effect to be the authors themselves. Second, the Epilogue shows how Shakespeare’s Sonnet 76, by depicting the speaker and his “fair friend” disagreeing about what, exactly, style has to do with the man, both dramatizes and, in doing so, invites the sort of speculation about the relationship of author to poet speaker that the 1609 Sonnets as a whole has long entertained.
The Road to Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the definition, the broader aims, and the origins of consumer neuroscience. In addition, the relationship between consumer neuroscience and neuroeconomics is discussed. Subsequently, the chapter provides an outline of core concepts and models that are common in consumer and marketing research. After a brief discussion of the limitations of these models regarding their ability to fully explain consumer behaviour, arguments are put forward about how the integration of methods, concepts, and theories of neuroscience in consumer research can help to overcome some of these limitations. To this end, the chapter includes some examples of early and ground-breaking studies in both neuroeconomics and consumer neuroscience. For the reader’s guidance and convenience, the chapter provides an overview of the structure of the book together with a discussion of how the various chapter interdepend on each other.
Cognitive Processes and Behaviours
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on cognitive processes and behaviours introduces and describes core concepts of psychology, consumer research and behavioural economics that are relevant to consumer neuroscience. The overall emphasis of the chapter is on behavioural concepts and models, where a brief overview of functional neuroanatomy is provided when available and meaningful. Specifically, the following, partly overlapping models and concepts are discussed and put into the context of consumer neuroscience: memory and learning, arousal, attention and awareness, motivation, reward, decision-making, and cognitive processes, the somatic-marker hypothesis, theory of mind and reward-based learning. Despite some have these concepts have been known to psychologist for over a century, however, the presentation of topics generally emphasizes recent works and insights, where an attempt is being made to show how the different concepts interrelate.
The Human Brain
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on the human brain provides an overview of basic biological mechanisms that underlie brain function. The chapter covers a broad set of different components facilitating cognitive function, and the different scales they are operating on. Specifically, consideration is given to the anatomical, genetic, chemical, and electrophysiological aspects of the brain. In addition, the chapter discusses some aspects of postnatal neurodevelopment, human senses, and modern physics-based models of brain function. The selection of material concentrates on what is most relevant to consumer neuroscience, where the presentation emphasizes conceptual insights while keeping physical, chemical, and cell biological details to a minimum. In addition, the chapter provides a short overview of the history of brain science from past to present, acknowledging that there is no unifying theory at present that can fully explain the complex functioning of neuronal systems.
Mathematical Concepts
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on mathematical concepts introduces the reader to the set theoretical foundations of mathematics and discusses a variety of topics relevant to both neuroscience technologies and the analysis of neuroscientific data, such as abstract spaces, linear algebra, integration, probability, differentiation, and Fourier transformation. Modern neuroscience relies on a wealth of highly advanced mathematical methods and this chapter is written from a graduate perspective, being mindful that the reader might have only a little experience in mathematics and symbolic manipulation. As the chapter title implies, the emphasis is on concepts, delineating the way mathematics works and how the notions relate to each other. Without going into the history of mathematics, individual scholars are referenced if they are the eponym of important concepts, theorems, and formulas that have shaped the development of mathematical sciences.
Gender-Related Aspects of Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on gender-related aspects of consumer neuroscience provides an overview of the differences in brain function between men and women. Consideration is given to the biological basis of gender differences that are manifest at the genetic, neurotransmitter, hormonal, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical levels. Specifically, differences are discussed that can be detected before birth and the early stages of life. This is followed by a presentation of gender differences observed in studies of neuroeconomics, advertising, decision-making, and purchasing choices. A recurring theme throughout the chapter is the issue of whether the differences in neuronal and cognitive function between men and women are categorical or a matter of degree. Acknowledging the complexity of topic, the chapter presents a biopsychosocial perspective of gender differences in conjunction with a discussion of contemporary critiques of gender neuroimaging research.
Developing Spiritual Perception
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L.
Published: March 2022

The chapter explores analogies between aesthetic and spiritual perception to suggest ways in which the perception of God could be developed similar to the perception of beauty. This chapter draws on Gustave Courbet’s insight that the purpose of art is to discover and make manifest beauty in nature and discusses Claude Monet’s approach to such a discovery by means to returning to a ‘naïve impression’. This chapter argues that far from being simply ‘naïve’, the artist’s way of viewing nature opened the eyes of others to the possibility of ‘seeing more’. For Wassily Kandinsky, Monet’s art occasioned a paradigm shift from realism to abstract art. Kandinsky compared an artist to a prophetic seer who led others to discover the spiritual dimension of art. Similarly, perception of God could be developed through entering the world of experienced perceivers by immersing oneself in scripture and in liturgy.
Radical Evil and Spiritual Perception
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the role that radical evil plays in distorting our spiritual perception and thus inhibiting, undermining, or damaging our ability to discern the truth about God. It shows how recent insights in contemporary epistemology and empirical psychology can pave a way forward in thinking constructively about radical evil and spiritual perception. Once we allow for the critical place of the proper functioning of our intellectual and perceptual capacities in the search for truth, then it is clear that these can be severely damaged by the influence of radical evil. C.S. Lewis’s Screwtape Letters will provide a fruitful, though fictional, proposal of radical evil that is illuminated by these current waves of thought.