bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kan die GKSA na 150 jaar beskou word as ’n stagnante kerkgemeenskap? Ekumenies beoordeel
Authors: Smit C. J.
Published: August 2012

Should the RCSA after a period of 150 years be considered as a stagnated church community? Evaluated from the point of view of ecumenicism The question is whether the Reformed Churches in South Africa (RCSA) should be considered as an isolated and thus a stagnated church community. To answer this question the de- velopment of ecumenicism in the RCSA should be traced. This could only be done after an examination of the Scriptural and historical meaning of the term “ecumenicism”. From the acts of the synods of the RCSA it is very clear that during the three phases of half a century each in the existence of the RCSA, from 1859 onwards, a very high premium was put on ecume- nical relations. The goal of these ecumenical relations was always pointed out as church unity.  In this contribution the conclusion is made that the RCSA does not see herself as a church community who disposes ex- clusively of the truth of the Word. Church isolation – and there- fore church stagnation – is clearly not part of the RCSA’s agen- da; on the contrary, church isolation was always firmly con- tested by the RCSA on the basis of the Scriptures. The in- centive to bring together churches of reformed origin, in the interior and abroad, was always part of the RCSA’s view on what the church really stands for.  However, there is a significant deficiency that should be noted. The specific meaning that Jesus adds to the concept “oikou- mené” (Matt. 24:14), namely the proclamation to “all the na- tions” of the whole world (“oikoumené”) regarding the world to come (Heb. 2:5) is not sufficiently emphasised but in actuality it is downplayed.
The contribution of deontological Christian ethics to the contemporary human rights discourse
Authors: Vorster J. M.
Published: August 2012

This article examines the possible role of a Christian deonto- logical ethics in the contemporary human rights debate. It concludes that a Christian deontological ethics in the Reformed tradition can be positively engaged in the human rights debate when Biblical theological topics are transposed into moral directives applicable to the current human rights concerns, such as religious extremism, femicide, ideologies of intolerance and ecocide. As an example of the applicability of a Christian deon- tological ethics from a reformed perspective, the following Bibli- cal topics are investigated: human dignity on the basis of the “imago dei”, creation and creational integrity, the kingdom of God and forgiveness. Furthermore, the article proposes that other concepts can be added to this list such as the Biblical idea of life, eschatology, covenant and holiness.
Psalm 137 en die beryming van wraakpsalms
Authors: Van Rooy H. F.
Published: August 2012

Psalm 137 and metrical versions of imprecatory psalms This article discusses seven metrical versions of the im- precatory section of Psalm 137, two in Dutch (1773 and 1968), two in English (in the “Psalter hymnal” of the Christian Re- formed Church and in “Sing psalms” of the Free Church of Scotland) and three Afrikaans versions (J.D. du Toit, T.T. Cloete and Lina Spies), looking at the way in which these versions treated this section. This is done in the light of recent research on Psalm 137, and especially the imprecatory section. In the literature questions are asked about the singing of this kind of psalm in the church, but also about the omission or softening of this part of Psalm 137 in the versions of Cloete and Spies. The choice of melody, the number of strophes used and the division of the contents of the psalm in strophes play an important role in determining most of the omissions or alle- viations in the metrical versions. All seven the versions dis- cussed took the imprecatory section seriously. The problems raised against these versions can be ascribed to these choices, and not to a deliberate attempt to circumvent the problem of such an imprecatory section. The version of Spies is the only exception, with the omission of the last line of the psalm.
Constructing the rights and duties of slave-owners as socio-historic context of the New Testament
Authors: Goede H.
Published: August 2012

This article aims to construct the rights and duties of slave- owners in antiquity as part of the socio-historical context of the New Testament. In order to achieve this aim, the primary sources referring to Greek, Roman and Jewish law of slavery will first be described. Three aspects of the law of slavery, namely legal definitions of freedom and slavery, the legal status of slaves, and the rights of slave-owners are investigated in Greek, Roman and Jewish law. Relevant texts from these sources are then identified, analysed and interpreted. The re- sults of this process of analysis and interpretation are used to construct the legal context within which the exhortations directed at slave-owners in the New Testament should be read. We submit that Jewish law provided a sound alternative legal and religious context to the writers of the New Testament addressing Christian slave-owners. This alternative context functioned as a counterweight to the strict legal contexts pro- vided by Greek and Roman law.
Vorming van ’n man van God: evaluering van internasionale debatte oor predikantsopleiding in die lig van perspektiewe uit 1 en 2 Timoteus
Authors: Buys P.J.
Published: August 2012

Moulding of a man of God: an evaluation of international debates on pastoral training in the light of perspectives from 1 and 2 Timothy During the past 50 years a wide variety of discussions, re-flections and debates on theological education has been pu-blished. These debates and reflections were stimulated by the following factors: On the one hand there is an explosion of church growth in developing countries. On the other hand there is an alarming decline in church growth in developed countries. There is also deep concern about the lack of impact of church-es on the transformation of communities. Church leaders are often not succeeding in stimulating and equipping believers to be effective witnesses in the world. These factors have given rise to the question: How should theological education be re-structured to become a vital factor that leads to spiritual growth as well as growth in numbers of churches? Serious questions about the godliness and spirituality of church leaders, of pastors and seminary students are raised. This article evaluates inter-national tendencies in the light of principles and perspectives from Paul’s epistles to Timothy.
Pastorale elemente in Hebreërs
Authors: Venter C.J.H.
Published: August 2012

Pastoral elements in Hebrews In this article the letter to the Hebrews is scrutinised in order to investigate possible elements that can be applied in pastoral care and ministering. After indicating certain expressions used for different nuances of proclaiming in Hebrews, the expression “parakalein” as central concept for pastoral care will be focused on. The spectrum of the ensuing research includes aspects like the great High Priest’s purification of sin as foundation for pastoral care, and sympathy and empathy in the work of the great High Priest. Furthermore, viewpoints on the following are given: a pastoral relationship, the Hebrew term, “therapon”, as specific expression for a caring minister; the instruction to the members of the congregation to be pastors for one another; spirituality, and possible indications of the meaning of suffering. Finally the pastoral elements of faith, hope and perseverance are discussed. In conclusion a summary of the most important pastoral elemens is given.
Die eskatologie van 1 Petrus: hoop en vindikasie vir tydelike en permanente uitlanders
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Fika
Published: August 2012

The eschatology of 1 Peter: hope and vindication for visiting and resident strangers The addressees of 1 Peter were living in an unfriendly environ-ment. They were aliens and strangers, probably not only because of their Christian faith, but mainly because they were not citizens of the areas they lived in. Their alien status con-tributed considerably to their special situation, and this is the context within which the eschatology of 1 Peter is constructed. This article presents a working definition of eschatology. Then it constructs the life situation of the addressees. The eschato-logical utterances are identified and categorised, and the argument of 1 Peter is briefly constructed. The eschatological utterances are then interpreted. Finally the eschatology of 1 Peter is concluded and summarised.
Uitgangspunte vir staatsoptrede in die Institusie van Calvyn soos vergelyk met uitgangspunte van Suid-Afrika se Handves van Regte (1996)
Authors: Strauss P.J.
Published: August 2012

Points of departure for the state in the Institutes of Calvin compared with points of departure of the South African Bill of Rights (1996) In the last chapter of his “Institutes” the reformer John Calvin (1509-1564) concentrates on points of departure for the state and on the task of the state government. Calvin is strongly influenced by the Bible and sees the state government as being ordained by God to exercise justice in society. For him justice and fairness should be the norm for every law created by the state.  The South African “Bill of Rights” is regarded as the highest law in the country. To prevent chaos or people exercising the law wrongly, the Constitution with the “Bill of Rights” in the final instance should be interpreted by the Constitutional Court. This makes South Africa a just state or a society governed by the constitution or law.  Although Calvin, like the “Bill of Rights”, has a feeling for justice to all, he and the Bill part company on the important issue that the state should be seen as a servant of God.
Verlossing: van Pelagius tot Joseph Smith
Authors: Van Wyk H.F.
Published: August 2012

Salvation: from Pelagius to Joseph Smith Every Christian church believes that she is a true church and proclaims that man can be saved and has eternal life. This dogma of salvation is usually based on the Bible as the Word of God. Mormons claim that Joseph Smith, founder and first president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, received a divine message to restore the church that Jesus had started.  In studying the plan of salvation the Mormons proclaim it is quite clear that that way of salvation was not restored in their church, but that it followed a pattern of false doctrine that was revealed time and again in history.  The core of their preaching of salvation is that man has the free will to choose his own salvation. Mormons are not the first to preach this message. This article will show that Pelagius oisty-kated the free will of man. In the Reformation the Anabaptists preached the same message, being a third movement next to the reformed and Roman Catholic believes. The Anabaptists became part of the churches of the Netherlands and at the Synod of Dordt the theology of the free will was rejected and answered.  The dogma of the free will of man did not end at this Synod: 150 years later John Wesley preached the same message of salvation during his and Whitefield’s campaigns at the dawn of the nineteenth century in the USA.  During this time Joseph Smith started to seek the true church and founded the Mormon Church. Although his theology differs quite strongly from the Methodist Church in which he grew up, the core of the way of salvation is the same: man has free will in choosing his salvation.
’n Teologies-etiese beoordeling van aftrede
Authors: De Beer E.J.
Published: August 2012

A theological-ethical judgement of retirement Although retirement is a relatively new phenomenon on the la- bour scene, it is a phenomenon that is generally accepted. Re- tirement is only possible when people live long enough to retire and when there is enough financial provision to live without hav- ing to work. Older-growing populations coupled with a shortage of finances has in recent times led to a re-evaluation of retire- ment.   In this article, retirement is judged theological-ethically with the aim to give biblical guidance to different role players on what their attitude toward retirement should be.   Firstly, the historical development of retirement is explored after which the reasons why people retire are discussed. This is fol- lowed by an exploration of biblical principles regarding work and retirement. The most important principle is that God has created man as an ever-working being. The reasons why people retire are judged in the light of the set principles. The fall of man and the resulting consequences offer numerous reasons why peo- ple have to retire. The point of reference, however, should al- ways be that man should work as long as his abilities allow him to.
The need for an integrated disaster risk reduction management strategy in North African cities: a case study of urban vulnerability in Algiers (Algeria)
Authors: Benouar Djillali
Published: August 2012

For the North African countries, geological, environmental and technological hazards constitute a constant threat to human life and property, sometimes causing major economic losses and disruption. The rapid urbanization, development of critical engineering works such as dams, decaying building stock, implementation of various industries within and around the main cities, industrialization of cities with modern types of buildings and the large concentration of populations, with a heavy dependency on infrastructure and services, living in large cities and/or settling in hazardous areas, are matters of growing concern, as they contribute to heavier loss of life and seriously increasing the economic losses in future disaster damage. The environmental concerns and an increased official and public awareness of various hazards have, in the last decade, led to a rapid rise of interest in hazard and risk evaluations and thus in disaster risk management.
Letter from the Director of the African Centre for Disaster Studies
Authors: Van Niekerk Dewald
Published: August 2012

The African Centre for Disaster Studies (ACDS) has come a long way since its inception in 2002. Not only has the Centre found a new home within the Research Focus Area: Sustainable Social Development, but its staff component has grown from three to nine members.
Foreword
Authors: Tau Mmaphaka
Published: August 2012

The conditions prevailing in the world, where fast growing populations are coupled with rapidly expanding urbanization and a general increase in poverty levels, are greatly aggravating the disaster risks and vulnerabilities of a large part of the world’s populations.
The December 2004-January 2005 floods in the Garden Route region of the Southern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Tempelhoff Johan , Van Niekerk Dewald , Van Eeden Elize , Gouws Ina , Botha Karin , Wurige Rabson
Published: August 2012

The December 2004-January 2005 floods in the Garden Route region of the Southern Cape in South Africa have had a significant impact on local development and economic activities, tourism products andlocal institutions. This article aims to capture the dynamism between a number of related fields within the context of transdisciplinary research. Qualitative research methods were used to target a representative sample of the affected population. This article considers the history of the flooding events of December 2004/January 2005 along the Garden Route, as well as the manner in which emergency/disaster management personnel responded to the crisis. The effect of the floods on the tourism sector along the Garden Route was researched in general and the effects of the floods on tourists, local residents, and particularly communities in disadvantaged areas were specifically determined. The research reflects on the disaster risk management strategies that were in place at the time of the floods to determine what local authorities could have done to cope with the potential conditions of crisis. The research found that although some tourism products were severely affected, the 2004/2005 floods did not have a significant impact on the number of tourists frequenting the area. In terms of disaster risk management, concerns remain regarding the lack of the following factors: capacity, adequate early warning systems, proper infrastructure maintenance, local institutions, and an in-depth understanding of the disaster risk profile of the area.
The silent victims of humanitarian crises and livelihood (in)security: A case study among migrants in two Chadian towns
Authors: Djindil Syntyche Nakar , De Bruijn Mirjam
Published: August 2012

Once a humanitarian disaster receives coverage in the global media, the international community usually mobilises to reduce the most severe consequences. However people in Chad are experiencing endemic crises that are detached from speci!c triggers, and they are not receiving any international assistance to help relieve the hardships they face. "is study involves 111 migrant households from central Chad that, as a result of war and drought, have lost everything and now have to live in squatter areas of N’Djamena and Mongo, facing uncertainty and threats while negotiating their livelihoods. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been combined in this study to reveal the intriguing story of their daily lives in the face of complex and endemic crises. Anthropometric and health data were generated to determine the nutritional status of mothers and their children under !ve. Life histories, in-depth interviews and participatory observation allowed the researchers to capture the negotiation strategies they use to access food and shelter, their experiences of food insecurity and sanitary vulnerability, and the consequences these have on daily life. Results indicate that 62% of households were female headed, there were high rates of acute (40-50%) and chronic (35-40%) malnutrition and 46% of the mothers were underweight and anaemic. Infant mortality rates were also high at 30%-42% and 97% of the children had had incomplete or no vaccinations. No households had access to clean water, sanitation or public-health services. Endemic corruption and abuse by the authorities were identi!ed as major sources of day-to-day insecurity. Theese migrants were not expecting any improvement in their livelihoods in the foreseeable future and saw these miserable conditions as normal.
Values in risk perception - Studying the relationship between values and risk perception in three countries
Authors: Nordenstedt Henrik , Ivanisevic Jelena
Published: August 2012

Risk perception research has largely focused on finding how di$erent demographic variables predict risk perception dimensions. This article suggests including motivational values among the areas of focus, being a dimension shared across different demographical contexts. The methodology includes established and scrutinised tools from the values and risk perception fields respectively, combining them in a questionnaire. Data were gathered from South Africa, Sweden and the USA. The results support the hypothesis that there is a connection between motivational values and risk perception dimensions. Uses for disaster management are discussed. More advanced statistical methods and qualitative methods are suggested to delve deeper into this area.
Urban and rural dimensions in post-disaster adjustment challenges in selected communities in Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Adebimpe Raheem Usman
Published: August 2012

Human populations are exposed to climate change directly through changing weather patterns as manifested in the more frequent extreme events and indirectly through changes in ecosystem functions. Rainstorm disasters are common events associated with environmental change and settlements in Kwara state, Nigeria were ravaged by rainstorm events between 2003 and 2006. More than 1000 households were displaced from their habitual homes with consequences for human health and other adjustment challenges. This paper examines the variations in the post-disaster adjustment challenges of rural and urban households so as to identify location specific intervention strategies in the domains of environ- ment and health of the victims. A sample of 200 households was drawn from all households affected by rainstorm disaster as reflected in the FEMA records during the period. A structured questionnaire was administered in addition to the secondary data and analyzed using relevant statistical techniques. The  findings include that most households required support before replacing the roofs and/or walls of their homes. Sources of support however vary. Urban households received more institutional support but lower than the amount required for the renovation. A signifficant proportion of urban households moved to poorer homes where they faced challenges relating to the quality of environmental services. Many urban respondents also reported increases in the occurrence of water-borne and weather-related diseases and ailments. Rural households indicated no signi$cant ecological differences between their former homes and the areas to which they relocated. The paper concludes that signi$cant variations exist in the adjustment challenges faced by rural and urban dwellers after a disaster. Community efforts hold promise for emergency response particularly during disasters in rural areas.
Challenges to disaster risk reduction: A study of stakeholders’ perspectives in Imizamo Yethu, South Africa
Authors: Roth Ann-Sofie , Becker Per
Published: August 2012

South Africa is a complex and dynamic society, with overwhelming and increasing problems with disaster risk in the vulnerable urban communities in and around its rapidly growing metropolitan centres. The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of the challenges for disaster risk reduction in such communities. It focuses on the case of Imizamo Yethu, in the Western Cape, in order to build theory that is grounded in the empirical realities of stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction there. The result points towards five interrelated key challenges, which must be concurrently addressed through large-scale development efforts. Without such investments, it is unlikely that disaster risks can be reduced to tolerable levels.
Effect of different bedding materials on the reproductive performance of mice
Authors: Potgieter F.J. , Wilke P.I.
Published: August 2012

Vermiculite, pine shavings and unbleached eucalyptus pulp contact-bedding were compared using the number of litters and individuals born and weaned, mortality rates at different stages of the lactation period, and the weight increase of pups as evaluation indices for bedding quality. These bedding materials exerted different effects on the reproductive performance of the same mouse strain. The same is true for the effect of a specific bedding material on different mouse strains. These effects are most pronounced during the first 4 days of life. As a whole, the results demonstrated that eucalyptus pulp was the better bedding type, followed by pine shavings and vermiculite. The latter material had a detri-mental effect on the mating success of AKR mice.
Veterinary community health : an emerging discipline : information
Authors: Hohn E. , Williams J.H.
Published: August 2012

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Vol 68, Issue 2, Jun
Transient hyperammonaemia in an adult German shepherd dog : case report
Authors: Lobetti R.G. , Miller D.B. , Dippenaar T.
Published: August 2012

A 3-year-old male German shepherd dog was presented with severe generalised seizures. The dog was protein-intolerant and showed severe hyperammonaemia on ammonia stimulation. The hyperammonaemic state was present for at least 6 weeks and then spontaneously resolved. No obvious cause (liver disease, portocaval shunts, urea cycle enzyme deficiencies, drug therapy or urinary tract obstruction) could be identified. It is possible that this dog had a variation of transient hyperammonaemic syndrome, described in man and recently in a juvenile Irish wolfhound, that extended into adulthood.
The effect of dietary protein on reproduction in the mare. I. The composition and evaluation of the digestibility of dietary protein from different sources
Authors: Van Niekerk F.E. , Van Niekerk C.H.
Published: August 2012

Four rations that differed in their crude protein and essential amino-acid content were compiled. Digestibility of the crude protein and essential amino-acid contents were determined biologically in a feeding trial using 4 Anglo-Arab stallions. Their respective daily diets were: Diet 1: 2 kg cubes, 5 kg tef hay (Eragrostis tef); Diet 2: 2 kg cubes, 5 kg lucerne hay (Medicago sativa); Diet 3: 2 kg cubes, 5 kg tef hay, 200 g fishmeal; Diet 4: 2 kg cubes, 5 kg lucerne hay, 200 g fishmeal. The concentrations of the amino-acids threonine, iso-leucine, leucine and arginine were increased in the total ration when lucerne hay replaced the tef hay while fishmeal supplementation increased the methionine and lysine contents, which provided a wide range of concentrations of digestible amino-acids in each of the 4 rations.
Comparison of electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and latex agglutination for the detection of bovine rotavirus in faeces
Authors: De Beer M. , Peenze I. , Da Costa Mendes V.M. , Steele A.D.
Published: August 2012

The performance characteristics of 2 enzyme immunoassays (ELISAs) and 4 latex agglutination assays (LXs) were evaluated for the detection of bovine rotavirus in faecal specimens of young calves with diarrhoea. A total of 26 specimens from calves less than 5 months of age were examined with different commercial assays and compared with electron microscopy (EM) as the gold standard and with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for the detection of atypical, non-group A rotaviruses. In the 2nd study, EIA (Dako) and LX (Murex), the assays of choice, were used to analyse 97 further faecal specimens from calves with diarrhoea. The ELISAs proved to be the most sensitive compared with the other tests used. The EM and PAGE are 100 % specific although slightly less sensitive than the commercial assays. The results show that all the commercial assays can accurately detect rotavirus in the stools of calves with gastroenteritis, although the suitability and choice of assay will depend upon the requirements of individual laboratories.
Clinical and epizootiological study of a leptospirosis outbreak due to Leptospira canicola in a feedlot : case report
Authors: Yeruham I. , Bernstein M. , Perl S. , Irlin S. , Cohen A. , Yacobson B. , Machnai B.
Published: August 2012

This report describes the epizootiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of an outbreak of leptospirosis caused by Leptospira canicola in feedlot calves. The infection appeared to be of high morbidity with a cumulative clinical incidence of 15.6 %, cumulative subclinical incidence of 39 % and high mortality (8.3 %). Clinical disease was diagnosed in 4-8-month-old calves, while subclinical infection occurred in 9-12-month-old calves. Subclinical infection was based on serological evidence only. The zoonotic aspects of the infection are emphasised.
Uterine horn aplasia with complications in two mixed-breed bitches : case report
Authors: Schulman M.L. , Bolton L.A.
Published: August 2012

Unilateral segmental uterine horn aplasia was found in 2 mixed-breed bitches. The 1st bitch was presented with clinical signs of acute abdominal pain, and pyometra was suspected. Pyometra was confirmed surgically with rupture of a blind-ending cranial portion of the anomalous right uterine horn, which had resulted in peritonitis. The 2nd bitch was presented for routine ovariohysterectomy. The right uterine horn was affected by segmental aplasia, with mucometra of the cranial portion of the affected horn. Histopathology demonstrated both uteri to have diffuse cystic endometrial hyperplasia. It is postulated that cystic endometrial hyperplasia, together with the congenital anomaly, resulted in pyometra in one case and in mucometra in the other case. This is believed to be the 1st report of uterine horn aplasia in the bitch in association with clinical signs and lesions other than infertility.
The effect of endotoxin and anti-endotoxin serum on synovial fluid parameters in the horse
Authors: Gottschalk R.D. , Reyers F. , Van den Berg S.S.
Published: August 2012

The effects of a commercially available equine hyperimmune anti-endotoxin serum on synovial fluid parameters were evaluated in an induced synovitis model in normal horses. Four groups of 3 horses each received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus hyperimmune antiendotoxin (anti-LPS), LPS, anti-LPS, and Ringers lactate (control) respectively injected into the left intercarpal joint. Synovial fluid parameters were measured at 4, 8, 24 and 72 h. It was found that anti-LPS had no attenuating effect on the LPS and that it induced a synovitis almost equivalent to that induced by LPS alone. The introduction of sterile Ringers lactate solution into the carpal joint together with repeated aseptic arthrocentesis induces a mild inflammatory response.
Lack of susceptibility of Ehrlichia canis to imidocarb dipropionate in vitro
Authors: Kelly P.J. , Matthewman L.A. , Brouqui P. , Raoult D.
Published: August 2012

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to compare the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline on the growth of Ehrlichia canis in DH82 cell cultures. Over a 9-day period there were no significant differences (p 0.01) in the growth of E. canis in untreated control wells and those to which imidocarb dipropionate was added at 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 or 12 mg/mℓ for the 1st 3 days. Average infection rates rose from 50 to 55 % on day 0 to 100 % on day 5 or 6. Doxycycline at 1 mg/mℓ had residual or rickettsiocidal activity against E. canis with the average percentages of DH82 cells infected declining from 51 to 24 % while the organism was exposed to the drug (3 days) and from 21 to 2 % in the 6 days following removal of the drug from the cell culture medium.
Seasonal occurrence of coccidia in a mixed herd of sheep and goats at Nebo, Northern Province, South Africa : research communication
Authors: Harper C.K. , Penzhorn B.L.
Published: August 2012

The seasonal occurrence of coccidial oocysts was determined in a mixed herd of indigenous goats and cross-bred sheep at Nebo, Northern Province, South Africa. The herd of c. 30 sheep was housed with c. 70 goats in 1 camp. Over a period of 14 months, 114 faecal specimens were collected from sheep and 369 from goats and the number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) determined. The mean OPG value for the adult sheep (1187.9) was significantly (p = 0.035) lower than the mean OPG value for the adult goats (7042.9). The highest mean value was recorded in the adult sheep during March 1996 (3044.4) and in adult goats during June 1995 (51568.7).
Ketamine hydrochloride - an adjunct for analgesia in dogs with burn wounds : clinical communication
Authors: Joubert K.
Published: August 2012

The management of pain in patients with burn wounds is complex and problematic. Burn-wound pain is severe, inconsistent and underestimated. Patients experience severe pain, especially during procedures, until wound healing has occurred. A multi-modality approach is needed for effective management of pain, which requires an understanding of the mechanisms of pain. Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in burn-wound patients makes drug actions unpredictable. Opioids alone are seldom sufficient for pain control. The multi-modality approach includes the use of opioids and non-steroidal antiinflammatory, anxiolytic and alternative drugs. Ketamine has been found to be a useful agent for analgesia in burn-wound patients; a dose of 10 mg/kg qid per os was found to be an effective adjunct to pain therapy.
Genetic analysis of three South African horse breeds
Authors: Cothran E.G. , Van Dyk E.
Published: August 2012

Genetic variability at 7 blood-group and 10 biochemical genetic loci was examined in 3 South African horse breeds, the Nooitgedacht, Boerperd and Basuto Pony. Observed heterozygosity for these breeds was intermediate for domestic horses, with the highest heterozygosity in the Boerperd and the lowest in the Basuto Pony. The 3 breeds show greater genetic similarity to each other than to other domestic horse breeds. Compared to other breeds, the South African breeds show greater genetic similarity to breeds such as the Thoroughbred, Holstein, Trakehner and Hanovarian and also to North American breeds such as the Saddlebred, Standardbred and Morgan Horse.
Serological survey for antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffeensis in dogs from the Bloemfontein area, South Africa
Authors: Pretorius A-M , Kelly P.J.
Published: August 2012

Sera from 161 dogs in the Bloemfontein area in South Africa were tested for the presence of antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffeensis by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Overall, 68 (42 %) of the dogs had significant antibody titres (1/64) against E. canis and 61 (38 %) had significant titres (1/64) against E. chaffeensis. Seven (11 %) dogs had higher titres to E. chaffeensis than E. canis (1/2048 and 1/1024 (2 dogs); 1/1024 and 1/512 (2 dogs); 1/2048 and 1/512; 1/512 and 1/256 and 1/512 and 1/64, respectively). The remaining seropositive dogs had equal (n=26; 42 %) or 2- (n=17; 25 %), 3- (n=13; 2%) or 4-fold (n= 5; 7 %) higher titres against E. canis. Dogs from economically depressed, high-density suburbs (60/112; 48 %) had significantly higher prevalences of antibodies against E. canis than those from more affluent, low-density suburbs (8/49; 14 %) (c2 19.38, p 0.001). Higher titres to E. chaffeensis than E. canis were found in dogs from affluent, low-density suburbs (3/49) and in dogs from economically depressed, high-density suburbs (4/112).
Spinal nephroblastoma in an Irish wolfhound : case report
Authors: Vaughan T. , Goldin J. , Nesbit J.W.
Published: August 2012

A 1-year-old Irish wolfhound was presented with a history of slowly progressive left pelvic limb paresis. A neurological examination demonstrated bilateral deficits referable to the thoracolumbar spinal cord. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid contained neoplastic cells. An intradural, extramedullary mass was demonstrated by myelography at the caudal aspect of T13. Surgical excision was abandoned owing to severe macroscopic damage to, and apparent infiltration of, the cord, and the dog was euthanased. The tumour was diagnosed histologically as an extrarenal nephroblastoma. Nephroblastoma should be suspected in young, large-breed dogs with intradural extramedullary masses over spinal segments T10-L2. The prognosis for complete recovery after surgical excision is guarded to poor.
Three case studies involving Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in mixed farming units : case report
Authors: Gummow B. , Myburgh J.G. , Thompson P.N. , Van der Lugt J.J. , Spencer B.T.
Published: August 2012

Three case studies involving Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona outbreaks within mixed farming systems in South Africa are described. On 2 farms, pigs constituted the main enterprise with cattle and sheep of secondary importance. On each of these 2 farms, abortion due to L. pomona in sows was confirmed by culture, and antibody titres to pomona were detected in cattle, sheep, horses and dogs. On the 3rd farm, a piggery was ofsecondary importance to cattle farming. Abortion and death in cows occurred on this farmand serology showed titres to various serovars, including pomona. L. pomona was also isolated from bovine urine, an aborted bovine foetus and kidneys from slaughtered pigs. This particular case study was regarded as clinically atypical in that adult Jersey cattle died of acute leptospirosis in a semiarid region of South Africa. In all 3 case studies, the poor management of pig effluent and of the drinking water and its sources played a pivotal role in the transmission of the disease. Inadequate vaccination of animals against Leptospira and poor record-keeping within the secondary farming enterprises were also contributing factors to the spread of leptospirosis.
Relative bioavailability of rafoxanide following intraruminal and intra-abomasal administration in sheep
Authors: Swan G.E. , Koeleman H.A. , Steyn H.S. , Mülders M.S.G.
Published: August 2012

The bioavailability of rafoxanide was compared after intraruminal and intra-abomasal administration in healthy adult sheep (n = 6) in a single dose, 2 parallel group study at 7.5 mg/kg. Rafoxanide concentrations in plasma were measured by means of HPLC analysis. Primary pharmacokinetic parameters for bioavailability and disposition of rafoxanide in plasma for both routes of administration were determined by noncompartmental and non-linear, 1-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis, respectively. Significantly (P 0.05) higher peak plasma concentrations (cmax) of rafoxanide and a more rapid rate of absorption (c. 3.5 times) was observed in sheep after intra-abomasal (i-a) administration compared to intraruminal (i.r.) administration. A significantly (P 0.05) longer lag period (tlag) before absorption (6.8 + 2.9 h) occurred after i.r. than after i-a treatment (1.9 + 0.6 h). There was no significant difference (P 0.05) in AUC, MRT and in the rates of elimination (k10-HL and t1/2b) between the i.r. and i-a routes of administration. The results of the study demonstrated the important influence of the rumino-reticulum on absorption of rafoxanide in sheep.
The incidence of gastroenteritis diagnosis among sick dogs presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital correlated with meteorological data : research communication
Authors: Shakespeare A.S.
Published: August 2012

The number of sick dogs diagnosed with and without gastroenteritis presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital situated north of Pretoria is reported from counts extracted from the records of the Outpatients clinic for 6 years, 1988 to 1993. The average percentage of sick dogs diagnosed with gastroenteritis was 11.51 % and the average percentage of sick dogs that were admitted to the parvovirus isolation hospital ward was 2.8 %. A strong correlation exists between the number of dogs admitted to the parvovirus ward and average monthly wind speed and inverse humidity values.
Feline transfusion practice in South Africa : current status and practical solutions : continuing education
Authors: Dippenaar T.
Published: August 2012

Blood transfusion therapy is often under-utilised in feline practice in South Africa. However, it is a technique that can be safely and effectively introduced in practice. Cats have naturally occurring allo-antibodies against the blood type that they lack, which makes blood typing, or alternatively cross-matching, essential before transfusions. Feline blood donors must be carefully selected, be disease free and should be sedated before blood collection. The preferred anticoagulant for feline blood collection is citrate-phosphatedextrose-adenine. Blood can either be administered intravenously or into the medullary cavity, with the transfusion rate depending on the cat's hydration status and cardiac function. Transfusion reactions can be immediate or delayed and they are classified as immunological or non-immunological. Indications, methods and techniques to do feline blood transfusions in a safe and economical way are highlighted.
Teat lesions and their relationship to intramammary infections on small-scale dairy farms in Kiambu district in Kenya : research communication
Authors: Mulei C.M.
Published: August 2012

Mammary gland quarters of 139 lactating dairy cows from small-scale dairy herds were examined visually and by palpation for teat lesions and by California mastitis test (CMT) and bacterial culture for subclinical mastitis. Teat lesions were observed in 97 teats. These included teat chaps (39.2 %), teat papillomas (23.7 %), teat erosions (22.7 %), teat fistulae (5.1 %), inverted teats (5.1 %) and blocked teats (4.2 %). According to the CMT, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 33.4 % in all the mammary gland quarters, 71.0 % in quarters with teat lesions and 24.5%in quarters without teat lesions. There was a significant (P 0.01) association between teat lesions and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The mammary gland quarters with teat lesions were 7.2 times more likely to have a positive CMT (P 0.01) and 5.6 times more likely to have bacterial organisms (P 0.01) isolated from them than those without any teat lesions. The bacterial organisms most frequently isolated from the CMT-positive milk samples from both the mammary gland quarters with teat lesions and those without teat lesions were Staphylococcus aureus (50.0 %), Streptococcus spp. (34.8 %) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (6.2 %).
The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea antibodies in selected South African dairy herds, and control of the disease
Authors: Ferreira G.M. , Lourens D.C. , Van Vuuren M.
Published: August 2012

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) serologically positive animals in 18 dairy herds with clinical and pathological lesions suggestive of BVD infection, the post-vaccinal seroconversion rates in negative animals vaccinated twice with an inactivated BVD vaccine, and the control measures taken, are described. The pathological and histopathological findings in 6 necropsies performed on animals that died in 5 separate herds closely resembled published descriptions. Positive immunohistochemistry results in 3 cases confirmed the diagnosis in those animals. In 1 herd the prevalence of prevaccinal BVDantibodies was only 36.8 %, while the prevalence varied from 79.85 to 100 % in the remainder. Control measures taken included immunoprophylaxis with an inactivated vaccine, culling animals that were serologically negative after vaccination that were regarded as probably persistently infected (PI) and the implementation of additional biosecurity measures. The prevalence of serologically negative PI animals in 10 herds varied from 0.38 to 4.04 %, with 8 herds less than 1 %and 2 herds at 2.79 %and 4.04 %, respectively. Methods based on vaccinating the herd, followed by serological testing and culling cattle that did not develop an antibody titre, are not reliable. The identification of PI animals should be confirmed by isolation of the virus or identification of the antigen.
A preliminary study on the serum protein response in canine babesiosis : research communication
Authors: Lobetti R.G. , Möhr A.J. , Dippenaar T. , Myburgh E.
Published: August 2012

Total serum protein, albumin, globulin, globulin fractions (alpha, beta and gamma globulins) and an acute-phase protein ((alpha)1-acid glycoprotein) were evaluated in dogs with naturally occurring mild (Group 1), severe (Group 2) or complicated babesiosis (Group 3). Results showed that the total serumprotein, albumin, A/G ratio and (alpha)globulins were statistically different between Groups 1 and 2. There was no statistical difference between groups with total, (beta)and (gamma) globulins. The findings from this study suggest that dogs with mild and severe babesiosis had low total serum proteins, albumin, A/G ratio and (alpha) globulins; dogs with complicated babesiosis showed no typical serum protein changes or patterns; and that there was no evidence of an acute-phase response detectable on serum protein electrophoresis in any of the 3 groups. A marked acute-phase response was, however, present, as measured by the (alpha)1-acid glycoprotein, in all 3 groups. As this was a retrospective study, the possibility that the observed responses were due in part to concurrent disease could not be excluded.
Screening of five drugs for efficacy against Babesia felis in experimentally infected cats : research communication
Authors: Penzhorn B.L. , Lewis B.D. , López-Rebollar L.M. , Swan G.E.
Published: August 2012

The efficacy of 5 drugs was tested against experimental Babesia felis infection in domestic cats. Two of the drugs, rifampicin and a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination, appeared to have an anti-parasitic effect, but were inferior to primaquine. The other 3 drugs, buparvaquone, enrofloxacin and danofloxacin, had no significant anti-babesial effect.
Capture and immobilisation of aardvark (Orycteropus afer) using different drug combinations : research communication
Authors: Nel P.J. , Taylor A. , Meltzer D.G.A. , Haupt M.A.
Published: August 2012

Nine aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) were captured in the southern Free State, South Africa, for the placement of abdominal radio transmitters. Five combinations of ketamine hydrochloride with xylazine hydrochloride, midazolam or medetomidine hydrochloride were used to induce anaesthesia. In some cases the level of anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5 % halothane. A mixture of ketamine hydrochloride and medetomidine hydrochloride was found to be most effective. Atipamizole reversed the affects of medetomidine hydrochloride, resulting in a smooth and full recovery within 8 minutes. The immobilisation and subsequent anaesthesia of these animals on cold winter nights resulted in hypothermia, and keeping the animals warm was essential to the success of the procedures undertaken. Reversal of the sedative medetomidine hydrochloride proved to be important, because animals that were released before they were fully conscious took refuge in their burrows so that care was impossible.
An appropriate method for extracting the insect repellent citronellol from an indigenous plant (Pelargonium graveolens L'Her) for potential use by resource-limited animal owners
Authors: Botha B.M. , McCrindle C.M.E.
Published: August 2012

Veterinary needs appraisals in rural, peri-urban and urban areas have indicated a need for affordable and accessible veterinary health care. It was also found that farmers and animal owners used indigenous plants for treating animals. In Africa, insects such as Culex, Culicoides and Stomoxys may transmit diseases, cause irritation to animals or prevent wound healing. Insect repellents used topically are generally safer and cheaper than insecticides. Using readily available commercial sources of ethanol 43 %v/v (brandy and cane spirits), it was shown that citronellol could be extracted from uncrushed leaves of the indigenous shrub Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Efficacy of extraction was compared to that using reagent grade absolute ethanol. The peak concentration of citronellol was achieved within 7 days of extraction and thereafter remained constant for 4 months. Extraction methods using tap water and cooking oil were not successful. The extraction was also less successful when the leaves were crushed or macerated before being placed into ethanol. Gas chromatography was used to monitor the concentration of citronellol in the different extracts.
Efficacy of a commercially available coryza vaccine against challenge with recent South African NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum in chickens : research communication
Authors: Jacobs A.A.C. , Van der Werf J.
Published: August 2012

In South Africa the incidence of NAD-independent Haemophilus paragallinarum isolation from clinical cases is increasing. This study was carried out to test whether a commercially available coryza vaccine (Nobilis (r) Coryza, Intervet International BV) could protect chickens against challenge with recent NAD-independent isolates. SPF chickens were vaccinated twice at 3 and 7 weeks of age and were challenged at 9 weeks of age with 5 different NAD-independent isolates of serotype A or C-3. The results after challenge show that the coryza vaccine induces good protection against challenge with the different South African NAD-independent isolates of H. paragallinarum, including serotype C-3.