bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract P421: Estimation Of Adult Dietary Sodium Intake And Source In Shandong China 2011: Finding From SMASH Project Baseline Survey
Authors: YAN Liuxia , LU Zilong , MA Jixiang , GUO Xiaolei , ZHANG Jiyu , TANG Junli , WANG Huicheng , CAI Xiaoning
Published: July 2021

Zilong LU, Liuxia YAN, Jixiang MA, Xiaolei GUO, Jiyu ZHANG, Junli TANG, Huicheng WANG, Xiaoning CAI

Background:
Moderate population salt reduction could reduce blood pressure and the cardiovascular and stroke mortality in the long-term. In 2002, China’s national average dietary salt intake is twice of the recommendation sodium intake limit by Chinese Nutrition Association. To tackle the health burden of excessive salt intake, the former Ministry of Health has chosen Shandong province as national pilot and launched the Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH, 2011[[Unable to Display Character: –]]2015) project.

Objective:
To develop and target intervention priority, a cross-sectional population survey was conducted to collect baseline data on sodium intake and sources in Shandong adults in 2011.

Methods:
We used multi-stage clustering sampling method to select the provincial representative sample for Shandong adults aged 18~69 years old. The selected adults were invited to participate the questionnaire survey and consecutive three-round 24-hour dietary recall. The Chinese 24-hour dietary recall includes two parts, cooking condiment weighting and the food (exclude the condiment) intake diary. The sodium contents in the condiments and food were calculated by using reference values from China Food Composition 2004.

Results:
Overall, 2140 community adult residents were included in the data analysis. The total average dietary sodium intake estimated by 24-hour dietary recall was 5745mg (95%CI: 5428-6063). Men (6147mg/d, 5824-6471) consumed higher sodium than women (5339 mg/d, 5006-5673) (P<0.05). The majority of dietary sodium (81%) was from cooking condiments including salt, soy sauce, sauce and monosodium glutamate (MSG), with a mean sodium intake of 4640mg (4360-4920). Out of the cooking condiments, salt added during food preparation was the leading source (63%) of sodium intake, up to 3638mg/d (3397-3879) sodium intake. Sodium intake from processed food was account for 10% of the total sodium intake, averaged at 582 mg (498-666) sodium intake for Shandong adults.

Conclusion:
The Shandong adults consume excessive sodium than the recommendation intake and most is from the condiments added at cooking.
Abstract P423: Effects of Green Tea and Soy Isoflavones on Plasma Lipids In Healthy Subjects
Authors: Hu Miao , Wat Elaine , Lau Clara , Tomlinson Brian
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Green tea and soy products are widely consumed in daily life and are considered to have beneficial effects on reducing cardiovascular risks. The flavonoids present in soya bean and tea leaves are believed to be responsible for the proposed benefits.

Hypothesis:
We assessed the hypothesis that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant active component of green tea and soy isoflavonoids may reduce the plasma lipid levels in healthy volunteers.

Methods:
Healthy Chinese male subjects were given green tea extract containing EGCG 800 mg once daily for 14 days and soy isoflavones extract 80 mg once daily for 14 days with a wash-out of at least 4-weeks between the two treatments. Sitting blood pressure and fasting plasma lipids were measured at baseline, after green tea and after soy isoflavones, respectively.

Results:
In 18 healthy male subjects (mean age 26.6 ± 6.0 years, weight 61.7 ± 6.3 kg), consumption of green tea extract, but not soy isoflavones, was associated with significant reductions in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (8.1% [95% confidence interval: -2.0, -14.3%], P<0.01) and total cholesterol (4.8 % [0.4,-10.1%], P<0.05) compared to baseline (Table 1). Reduction in LDL-C with green tea was observed in 15 out of 18 subjects and the change in LDL-C was not affected by the baseline levels. Neither product influenced the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglyceride levels or blood pressure in this normotensive group of subjects (Table 1).

Conclusion:
This study showed that short term treatment with a high dose of green tea extract, which is equivalent to about 7-10 cups of green tea, reduced plasma LDL-C which may be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk.
Abstract P424: Prospective Associations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone with Arterial Function among Older Adults
Authors: van Ballegooijen Adriana J , Reinders Ilse , Pilz Stefan , Dekker Jacqueline M , Nijpels Giel , Stehouwer Coen D , Visser Marjolein , Brouwer Ingeborg A
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations have been associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population. The mechanisms by which lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) -an established marker of vitamin D status- and PTH excess may confer vascular risk remain largely unknown.

Hypothesis:
We tested the hypothesis whether lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations are individually, and in combination, associated with arterial function measures, both cross-sectionally and after 8 years of follow-up in older adults.

Methods:
We used data from the Hoorn Study a prospective population-based cohort in the Netherlands. We included 535 participants for cross-sectional analyses with baseline measurements obtained between 2000- 2001, and 291 participants for longitudinal analyses with follow-up measurements obtained between 2007-2009. Serum 25OHD and intact PTH concentrations were measured using immunoassays. Outcomes were carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. We used multivariate linear regression analyses for season-and-sex specific 25OHD and PTH quartiles to calculate regression coefficients.

Results:
Mean age at baseline was 70±6.3 years, and 50% were female. Median 25OHD was 54.2 nmol/L (interquartile range: 26.2-82.2) and median PTH 6.1 pmol/L (3.8-8.4). Mean pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were 10.0±3.0 (m/s) and 20.7±8.2 (%), respectively. In cross-sectional analyses, the lowest 25OHD quartile compared with the highest was associated with greater pulse wave velocity; however, the associations attenuated after adjustments 0.6 (95% CI -0.1, 1.3). In longitudinal analyses, neither 25OHD nor PTH was associated with greater pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. The results of the combination of low 25OHD and high PTH revealed no significant associations with arterial function measures.

Conclusions:
Among older adults, serum 25OHD and PTH concentrations were not associated with arterial function measures. Cardiovascular risk associated with low 25OHD and high PTH may not be explained by arterial stiffening or wave reflections.
Abstract P425: Frequency of Nut Consumption is Associated with Reduced Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Very Large Community Cohort
Authors: Heffron Sean P , Rockman Caron B , Guo Yu , Adelman Mark , Berger Jeffrey S
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Consumption of nuts may improve lipids, insulin resistance and markers of inflammation, and increased nut intake has been associated with lower risk of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. However, an association between nut intake and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is less certain. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the association between dietary nut consumption and presence of PAD defined by ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.9 in a large community cohort.

Methods:
Over 3.5 million self-referred participants from 2003-2008 at >20,000 US sites who completed a medical and lifestyle questionnaire were evaluated by screening ankle brachial indices <0.9 for PAD. Subjects were asked about frequency of consumption of a serving of nuts (<1x/month, 1x/month - 1x/week, 2-3x/week, 4-5x/week, and daily). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds of PAD in different nut consumption categories.

Results:
Among 3,503,770 individuals, mean age was 63.6 ±10.6 years and 63% were female. The consumption of nuts ranged from 20% with <1x/month consumption to 15% daily consumption (Figure). After adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and family history of vascular disease, there was a step-wise inverse association of nut intake with PAD (Figure). Compared to subjects with consumption of nuts <1x/month, daily nut consumption was associated with a 23% lower odds of PAD (OR 0.774, 95% CI 0.761 - 0.787).

Conclusions:
We present data from a very large community cohort, in which nut consumption exhibited an inverse step-wise relationship with PAD prevalence after correction for established risk factors for atherosclerosis. These observations suggest the need for more rigorous testing for a role for nuts in PAD prevention.
Abstract P426: Association of Serum Soy Isoflavones with Metabolic Markers in Japanese Men and Women
Authors: Evans Rhobert W , Sekikawa Akira , Kadowaki Takashi , Vishnu Abhishek , Kadowaki Sayaka , El-Saed Aiman , Fujiyoshi Akira , Ahuja Vasudha , Okamura Tomonori , Miura Katsuyuki , Kuller Lewis H , Ueshima Hirotsugu
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
Soy isoflavones may have beneficial roles as antioxidants and phytoestrogens. Dietary intake varies widely across populations: very high in Japan but low in North America. We measured the concentrations of daidzein and genistein in the serum of Japanese men and women and evaluated their associations with metabolic markers.

Methods:
Serum samples were obtained from a population based sample of 94 Japanese men (mean age 45.3), and 142 Japanese women (mean age 66.6; 97% were post-menopausal). Isoflavones were analyzed after extraction and derivatization using GC-MS. Concentrations of daidzein and genistein were summed to obtain total isoflavone concentrations.

Results:
Isoflavone concentrations were very high among the Japanese. Median values (nM) for men: 558, 452 and 86 and for women 660, 494 and 150 (total isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, respectively). Spearman correlation coefficients for the isoflavones with multiple outcomes among Japanese men and women are shown in the table.

No significant (p<0.05) associations were observed among the men but borderline negative associations were observed for total isoflavones (p=0.063) and genistein (p=0.063) with LDLc. Among women there was a significant association between total isoflavones (p=0.041) and daidzein (p=0.006) with HDLc. Borderline significant associations were also observed for total isoflavones (p=0.068) and genistein (p=0.061) with glucose.

Discussion:
The concentrations of isoflavones are high in the Japanese, approximately 50 times greater than those of N. Americans. Associations between the isoflavones and various outcomes were very weak for the Japanese men. This possibly reflects a plateau of isoflavone concentration has been reached that precludes observing any associations. Although, many correlations were calculated the positive associations of total isoflavones and daidzein with HDLc among women may be real. HDLc concentrations are high in Japanese women which may reflect the estrogenic actions of isoflavones.
Abstract P427: Physical Activity and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: the Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Authors: Ghorbani Anahita , Willett Walter C. , Mozaffarian Dariush
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Whereas physical activity (PA) reduces IHD and stroke, effects on atrial fibrillation (AF) are controversial, with concern that vigorous PA (VPA) or even moderate PA (MPA) could increase AF. In addition, little is known about the association between sedentary activity (SA) and AF.

Methods:
We prospectively investigated habitual PA and new-onset AF in 28,169 US men age 68±9 years and free of AF in 2002. PA was assessed biennially via validated questionnaires including 11 recreational PAs and 6 SAs. MET-hours/week of MPA (MET<=6), VPA (MET>6), TPA (total PA), and hours/week of SA were quantified every 4 years from 1986 to 2010, and cumulatively averaged to assess long-term effects. Incident AF was evaluated from 2002 (first year of assessment) to 2010, based on self-reported physician diagnosis that was further confirmed by a supplementary questionnaire (positive predictive value 95% vs. medical records). We separately evaluated symptomatic vs. asymptomatic AF, based on prior evidence for ascertainment bias of the latter in this cohort (healthier people being more likely to be seen and diagnosed by their physician). Cox models estimated risk across quintiles of MPA, VPA, TPA, and SA.

Results:
During 231,108 person years of follow-up, 782 incident AF cases were confirmed (493 symptomatic, 283 asymptomatic, 6 symptoms unknown). In multivariable analyses, there was no significant association between MET-hours/week of MPA, VPA, or TPA and risk of symptomatic AF (p-value < 0.05) (Table). Also, hours/week of SA and TV watching were not associated with AF risk. These results remained the same after mutual adjusting for other activities, after further adjusting for potential confounders or mediators, or after excluding baseline CVD. Similar results were seen for asymptomatic and total AF.

Conclusion:
In this cohort of middle-aged men, neither PA nor SA was significantly associated with risk of AF.
Abstract P428: Effects of Tai Chi on Physical Function and Quality of Life in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Taylor-Piliae Ruth E , Hoke Tiffany M , Hepworth Joseph T , Latt L. Daniel , Najafi Bijan , Coull Bruce M
Published: July 2021

Background:
Poor physical function and quality of life are ubiquitous post-stroke. Effective interventions to improve physical function and quality of life for stroke survivors are critically needed.

Objective:
Examine the effect of a Tai Chi (TC) intervention on physical function and quality of life.

Methods:
In a single-blind randomized clinical trial community-dwelling stroke survivors, aged ≥ 50 years and ≥ 3 months post-stroke, were assigned to: Yang style 24-posture TC (n=53), SilverSneakers® (SS, n=44) strength and range of movement exercise, or Usual Care (UC, n=48) for 12 weeks. TC and SS attended a 1-hour class 3 times/week, while UC had weekly phone calls. Standardized measures for Physical Function were the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Fall Rates and 2-Minute StepTest; and for Quality of Life were the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Results:
A total of 145 stroke survivors (47% women, mean age=70 years, time post-stroke=3 years, ischemic stroke=66%, hemiparesis=73%) enrolled. During the intervention, TC participants had 2/3 fewer falls (n=5 falls), than the SS (n=14 falls) and UC (n=15 falls) groups (χ2=5.60, p=0.06). All groups had improvements in the SPPB score (F
1,142
=85.29, p<0.01), after the 12-week intervention. Post-hoc tests following a significant interaction for the 2-Minute StepTest (F
2,142
=4.69, p<0.01) indicated TC (t
53
=2.45, p=0.02) and SS (t
44
=4.63, p<0.01) groups had significantly better aerobic endurance over time, though the UC group did not (t
48
=1.58, p=0.12). All groups reported better perceived physical (SF-36 PCS, F
1,142
=4.15, p=0.04) and mental health (SF-36 MCS, F
1,142
=15.60, p<0.01), after the intervention. There were no significant within group changes in perceived physical health (p>0.05), while significant improvements in perceived mental health (p < 0.05) were observed within all groups. No significant changes in depressive symptoms or sleep quality were observed (p>0.05). Attrition was 10% (n=14), and intervention adherence rates were 85%.

Conclusions:
Goals of stroke rehabilitation are to prevent disability, improve physical function and quality of life. TC and SS led to improved aerobic endurance, and both are suitable community-based programs that may aid in stroke recovery and community reintegration. Our data suggest that a 12-week TC intervention may be more effective in reducing fall rates than SS or UC. Future studies examining the effectiveness of TC to reduce fall rates; and improve physical function and quality of life for community-dwelling stroke survivors are recommended.
Abstract P430: Spatial Proximity and Membership to Gyms or Related Facilities Jointly Predict Objectively Measured Physical Activity among Adults in New York City
Authors: Kaufman Tanya K , Sheehan Daniel , Neckerman Kathryn M , Rundle Andrew , Lovasi Gina S
Published: July 2021

Background:
Over half of the adult population in the United States fails to meet public health recommendations for physical activity. Neighborhood physical activity facilities may help encourage moderate and vigorous physical activity. We hypothesize that commercial physical activity facilities near the home would predict both membership in a gym or other recreation facility in the past 12 months and current physical activity. We further hypothesize the presence of effect modification, such that physical activity facilities would have a stronger association with activity among individuals with a facility membership.

Methods:
Data were from the New York City Physical Activity and Transit Monitoring Study, a sample of 679 New York City adults aged 18 years and older with physical activity measured by accelerometer. Participants were excluded for incomplete data, extreme values for height, weight or BMI, or if their home address could not be geocoded. The final analytic sample was 625. Counts of commercial physical activity facilities within 1 km of each participant’s home address were generated from the National Establishment Time-Series data for year 2010. Linear and logistic regression models incorporated robust standard errors, sample weights, and adjustment for individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics.

Results:
Individuals living near more commercial physical activity facilities were more likely to report membership in a gym or other facility (adjusted odds ratio for top versus bottom quartile of facility count: 3.80; 95% CI: 1.60-9.02). The count of facilities was also associated with more physical activity as measured by accelerometer, particularly for those individuals reporting membership in a gym or other recreation facility (see figure).

Conclusion:
The evaluation of opportunities for physical activity should include accessibility of commercial physical activity facilities, including financial or social barriers to membership.
Abstract P434: Validation of a Walking and Cycling audit tool in the Streets of a European City: Physical and Omnidirectional Imagery Audits
Authors: Gullon Pedro , Bilal Usama , Alfayate Silvia , Diez Julia , Franco Manuel
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for Cardiovascular Diseases. Research on environmental determinants of Physical Activity aims at designing population-wide interventions and related policy. Our objective was to validate the virtual assessment of the walking and cycling functions of the streets of a European City as Madrid using field-visits as the gold standard.

Methods:
Our research area was the city of Madrid. 12 census sections (~16000 pop.) were selected for this study using the Median Neighborhood Index (MNI). The MNI selects clusters of contiguous census sections within a city which are less extreme in terms of education level and age of the residents, segregation and urban form. These 12 census sections are composed of 169 segments, defined as street segments between two intersections. In order to measure the walking and bicycling characteristics of the 169 segments, we used an adapted version of the Systematic Pedestrian and Cycling Environment Scan (SPACES) audit tool. The SPACES tool collects information of every segment measuring four factors of the streets: function, safety, aesthetics and destinations. Each factor is divided into several elements. The SPACES audit tool was developed by Australian researchers and then adapted and validated for using in different countries allowing for international urban comparisons. In this study, the SPACES audit was conducted twice: first, directly on field by walking along the 169 street segments, and second, online by using the Google Street View software to assess those same segments. For the statistical analyses, we used a two-way mixed model intra class correlation coefficients (ICC). The ICC ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating perfect agreement. We compared the scores in each of the elements and factors obtained from the field visit and from the online assessment.

Results:
Time spent to complete on-field auditing was 3.2 minutes/segment and 3.9 minutes/segments for online auditing. Items and elements collected were suitable for a European city like Madrid, where the SPACES audit tool had not been tested before. For walking, the total score has a mean of 4.27 (ranges from 0-6.96); and 3.50 (ranges from 0-5.97) for cycling. For the majority of the elements and factors, agreement was substantial or almost perfect. Among factors, aesthetics has the highest agreement for walking (ICC=0.80), followed by destination (ICC=0.68), function (ICC=0.67) and safety (ICC=0.65). Results for cycling were analogous (ICC=0.76, 0.68, 0.52 and 0.67 respectively).

Conclusions:
The SPACES audit tool showed to be a valid tool for measuring the walking and bicycling characteristics of the streets of a European city like Madrid. Virtual audit using online omnidirectional image for physical activity environment showed to be a good alternative to measure the walking and cycling environment.
Abstract P436: Correlates of Physical Activity at 3- and 12-Months Postpartum
Authors: Vladutiu Catherine J , Evenson Kelly R , Jukic Anne Marie , Herring Amy H
Published: July 2021

Background:
Participation in at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity is suggested for postpartum women. However, few women engage in these recommended levels of physical activity after pregnancy. To inform the development of interventions aimed at maintaining or increasing physical activity in the postpartum period, it is important to understand which factors are associated with postpartum physical activity.

Methods:
We examined the correlates of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at 3- and 12-months postpartum among a cohort of women in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Postpartum study. Women self-reported the frequency, duration, and mode of MVPA. Potential correlates were identified according to the socioecological framework and included sociodemographics, behavioral characteristics, non-recreational modes of MVPA (assessed only for recreational MVPA), reproductive history, infant care, psychosocial factors, and barriers to MVPA. Logistic regression models with GEE were used to identify correlates of any MVPA (≥10 minutes/week across all modes of activity) and any recreational MVPA (≥10 minutes/week) among women at 3-months (n=667) and 12-months (n=530) postpartum.

Results:
At both time points, lower odds of participation in any MVPA were associated with lower education, breastfeeding, depression, and minimal emotional support. Low confidence in exercise ability, receipt of advice about physical activity, and warmer seasons were associated with higher odds of participation in any MVPA. Associations varied by time point for two correlates. Low poverty and odds of any MVPA were negatively associated at 3-months and positively associated at 12-months postpartum. History of preeclampsia and odds of any MVPA were positively associated at 3-months and negatively associated at 12-months postpartum. For recreational MVPA at both time points, lower odds of participation were associated with unmarried status, lower education, employment, low poverty, history of preeclampsia, and minimal emotional support. Involvement in child/adult care activities and warmer seasons were associated with higher odds of participation in any recreational MVPA. Associations varied by time point for two correlates. Transportation MVPA and odds of any recreational MVPA were positively associated at 3-months and negatively associated at 12-months postpartum. Moderate stress and odds of any recreational MVPA were negatively associated at 3-months and positively associated at 12-months postpartum.

Conclusion:
These findings suggest that there are several modifiable factors associated with participation in MVPA in the postpartum period. Selected associations varied by time point. This information should be considered when developing interventions to help women maintain or increase physical activity following pregnancy.
Abstract P437: Children First Study II: How An Educational Program In Cardiovascular Prevention At School Can Improve Children Recreational Inactivity
Authors: Pinto Cristiano J , Oyama Silvia M , Rodrigues Maria Manoela D , Davanço Taciana , Caramelli Bruno , Fornari Luciana S
Published: July 2021

Objective:
Evaluate the improvement in recreational inactivity (tv/internet/vieogames) in school age children after a multidisciplinary educational program in cardiovascular prevention (CVP) at school.

Methods:
Students aging 6 to 10 years old were exposed to two different approaches at two public schools in Sao Paulo, Brazil. For the control school we delivered written educational material (EM) for their parents during the year of 2012 about healthy lifestyle. The intervention school students received the same EM for their parents and the children were exposed to a weekly educational program in CVP with a multidisciplinary heath team during the year 2012. This intervention tried to teach to these children concepts of healthy nutrition, avoidance of tobacco and physical activity. Both at the inclusion in the study and one year later we collect data of parents and their children, including a questionnarie about the time children spent in tv, computes and videogames during the day (recreational inactivity).

Results:
We studied 262 children. The control group had 136 children (mean age of 8 years) and the intervention group had 126 children (mean age of 8 years). In the intervention group 79.4% of children (100 children) had a reacreational inactivity time (RIT) > 2 hours/day, and in the control group 80.1% of children (109 children) had a RIT > 2 hours/day. After one year of educational intervention 87 children (69.0%) of the intervention group and 107 children (78.6%) of the control group still had a RIT >2 hours/day, p= 0.03923 (Fisher's Exact test Mid p). This represents a 13% reduction in the intervention group and a 1,8% reduction in the control group.

Conclusion:
An educational program in cardiovascular prevention directed to children at school age can improve recreational inactivity in children contributing for the reduction of obesity and cardiovascular risk.
Abstract P439: Evaluating the Use of Motivational Interviewing in an Exercise Counseling Intervention
Authors: McCarthy Margaret M , Dickson Victoria V , Katz Stuart D , Chyun Deborah A
Published: July 2021

Background:
Exercise continues to be promoted for the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease, yet many adults remain inactive and ethnic minority adults are less active than Whites. One of the goals of Healthy People 2020 is to increase the proportion of office visits that include counseling about exercise with patients diagnosed with heart disease; one approach may be the use of motivational interviewing (MI). However, adherence to the essential principles of MI is critical in achieving desired outcomes.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of MI in an exercise counseling intervention in a sample of minority adults with heart failure (HF).

Methods:
Twenty ethnic minority adults with stable HF were recruited from an urban HF clinic. Measures of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); weekly step-counts via accelerometer) and functional status (Duke Activity Status Index (DASI); 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) were taken at baseline and 12-weeks. The initial exercise counseling session (15 minutes) using MI discussed previous exercise experience, future goals, and practical exercise guidelines, including symptom management. The interview guide, written using principles of MI, was reviewed with an expert in MI and revised prior to the first interview. During subject recruitment, four subjects’ interviews were reviewed (#3, #4, #16, #20) by another independent expert and scored for use of MI. After each scoring and discussion of results, the interview guide was again revised to further facilitate the use of MI. The initial session was followed by 12 weekly 5-minute phone calls.

Results:
Interview #3 scored 50% overall adherence to MI with more closed than open questions (6 vs.4) and 44% of reflections were complex (vs. simple). Interview #4 ranked 40% MI adherent with more closed vs. open questions (9 vs. 3) and only 30% complex reflections. Interview #16 ranked 100% adherent with more closed than open questions (6 vs. 3) but more complex reflections (54%). Interview #20 ranked 80% adherent with more open vs. closed questions (8 vs. 1) and 42% complex reflections. At 12 weeks, there were concurrent significant improvements in the IPAQ walking score (p=.04), weekly step-counts (p=.03), and 6MWT (p=.0006) with a trend toward significant improvement in the DASI (p=.08).

Conclusion:
The use of MI in brief exercise counseling and phone follow-up may lead to increases in physical activity and functional status. Independent scoring and repeated review of the practice of MI over time may improve its continued use. Further testing of the intervention in a randomized trial is warranted.
Abstract P440: Physical Activity Participation Increase in the Latina Population Using Evaluative Conditioning with Hypertrophy Training
Authors: Martin Lorena , Perkins Andrew W , Signorile Joseph F , Kahn Barbara E , Perry Arlette C , Ahn Soyeon
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
Epidemiological data show that physical activity participation is lowest in minority women, particularly in Latinas. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypertrophy (HT) and power training (PT) used concomitantly with evaluative (EC) or neutral conditioning (NC) on exercise adherence, lean body mass, and psychosocial variables in Latina women. EC is a behavioral method using paired stimuli to develop and strengthen associations in memory.

Methods:
142 Latina women (mean ± SD, age 36.8±15.9 yrs.) were randomly assigned to HT or PT and then further stratified into EC or NC.

Results:
There was a significant training x conditioning interaction for exercise adherence (Fig. 1). For HT, the EC group demonstrated a significantly longer time spent training than the NC group, (
F
1, 184
= 11.874,
P
< 0.001,η
p
2
= .061). For PT, there was no significant difference between EC and NC groups in time spent training. Additionally, a significant time x condition interaction was found for lean body mass, (
F
1, 76 = 5.138,
P
< 0.05,η
p
2
= .063). A significant time x condition interaction was also observed for exercise self-efficacy (
p
<0.05). For the EC condition, exercise self-efficacy significantly increased from pretest to post-test, (
F
1, 52
= 6.536,
P
< .05, η
p
2
= .112).

Conclusion:
Both training modality and EC can impact exercise adherence in Latina women.

Figure 1. Exercise adherence using hypertrophy and power training and evaluative or neutral conditioning. *Significantly greater than neutral conditioning during hypertrophy training,
p
< 0.01. **
p
< 0.001.
Abstract P441: Walking Patterns on Weekdays, Weekends, and Holidays in a Large, Metropolitan U.S. Airport: The Walk to Fly Study
Authors: Fulton Janet E , Paul Prabasaj , Frederick Virginia M , Dorn Joan M
Published: July 2021

Objective:
Many airports provide environments conducive for walking but little is known about walking patterns. The objective of this study is to characterize airport walking volume and mode choice by day of the week and around holidays.

Methods:
Individuals entering the transportation mall of a large, metropolitan U.S. airport may ride the train, walk, or use a moving walkway to get to their gate. Six ceiling-mounted, infrared sensors count individuals who enter the transportation mall, and those who walk or use the moving walkway. Train riders are the difference between the entry, and the walk and walkway counts. Holiday travel days occurred before and after the 2013 July 4 (July 3 and 7) and Labor Day (Aug 30 and Sept 3) holidays. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed using R version 2.14.1.

Results:
Data collection occurred from June 15 -- Oct 2, 2013. On average, more than 46,000 individuals entered the transportation mall daily where 89.9% rode the train, 4.6% walked, and 5.5% used the moving walkway. The mean volume of individuals ranged from 34,430 on Saturdays to 48,411 on Mondays (Figure). The mean percentage of individuals walking or using the moving walkway was 10.5% on weekdays and 9.3% on weekends. The odds of walking or using the moving walkway were lower on weekends (versus weekdays) [OR 0.873 (95% CI: 0.867-0.879)] and around holidays (versus non-holidays) [OR 0.912 (0.898-0.925)].

Conclusion:
In a large, metropolitan U.S. airport, walking or using the moving walkway is less common on weekends and on days surrounding holidays. Airport walking interventions may need to consider differences in walking patterns on weekdays, weekends, and holidays.
Abstract P449: Use of Low-dose Aspirin as Secondary Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Vascular Disease among Adults in the United States-- National Health Interview Survey, 2012
Authors: Fang Jing , George Mary , Ayala Carma , Hong Yuling , Loustalot Fleetwood
Published: July 2021

Background:
Current guidelines recommend that adults with ischemic vascular disease take low-dose aspirin or other antiplatelet medications as secondary prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events. The objective of this study is to assess the low-dose aspirin use among US adults with ischemic vascular disease.

Methods:
Using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, we identified participants aged ≥40 years with ischemic vascular disease (self-reported history of myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary heart disease, or angina). Low-dose aspirin use was ascertained based on four questions: 1) ever advised to take low-dose aspirin; 2) among those who answered “yes”, they were also asked if they followed this advice; 3) for those who didn’t follow the advice, they were asked if they were later advised not to take low-dose aspirin and 4) among those who were not advised to take low-dose aspirin, they were asked if they took it on their own. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the adjusted odds ratio of aspirin use, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health insurance status, and cardiovascular risk factors.

Results:
In 2012, among those with ischemic vascular disease (N=3213), 76.2% (95% confidence interval 74.3-77.9) had been told to take low-dose aspirin, and 87.8% (86.0-89.5) followed this advice. Among those who were not advised to take low-dose aspirin, only 11.4% (8.7-14.8) were taking low-dose aspirin on their own. Among those who weren’t following the advice, 53.2% (45.5-60.9) were later told not to take low-dose aspirin. Overall, 69.6% (67.6-71.5) were taking low-dose aspirin. Logistic regression showed those ≥ 65 years were more likely to take low-dose aspirin than those aged 40-64 (adjusted odds ratio =1.50, 95% CI=1.17-1.93). Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics were less likely to take LDA compared to non-Hispanic whites (adjusted odds ratio =0.71, CI=0.54-0.94; adjusted odds ratio =0.54, 95% CI=0.38-0.77, respectively). Those with a high school education or with some college were less likely than those with ≥ college education to take low-dose aspirin (adjusted odds ratio =0.64, CI=0.46-0.90; adjusted odds ratio =0.66, CI=0.47-0.92, respectively). Men were more likely to take low-dose aspirin than women (adjusted odds ratio =1.39, CI=1.10-1.75).

Conclusions:
Among US adults with ischemic vascular disease, only 76% reported being advised to take low-dose aspirin, and 88% followed this advice. Of the 12% who did not follow this advice, half were later advised to not take low-dose aspirin. Participants reported good compliance with physician’s advice to take low-dose aspirin, yet there is room for improvement in providing advice for low-dose aspirin among those with ischemic vascular disease.
Abstract P452: Pathway Analysis Of One-carbon Metabolism In Association With Acute Myocardial Infarction In Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris
Authors: Ding Yunpeng , Svingen Gard F , Pedersen Eva K , Fredriksen Åse , Schartum-Hansen Hall , Meyer klaus , Ueland Per M , Nygård Ottar
Published: July 2021

Background:
One-carbon metabolism (OCM) is involved in RNA, DNA synthesis and in epigenetic regulation. Pathway gene analysis is more likely to capture potential gene-disease associations comparing to single gene analysis. We investigated whether genetic variants in folate network as well as their interactions would predict subsequent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris (SAP).

Methods:
A total of 2381 subjects (98% Caucasian) recruited to the Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial (WENBIT) in 2000-2004 were studied. Patients were followed until a subsequent AMI or end of 2006. We genotyped 18 commonly investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 13 genes in the OCM network. Predictable variants were selected based on both out-of-bag importance scores from random survival forests and their incremental effects from recursive nested analysis. We then assessed gene-gene interactions among those predictive variants with generalized logistic model and calculated hazard ratio (HR), confidence interval (CI) for each predictor in Cox proportional hazard models.

Results:
There are 204 (8.57%) patients who experienced an AMI throughout 4.9 years (median) follow-up. We observed no violation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in 15 SNPs in our population. Four SNPs (rs1076991, rs1021737, rs1801133 and rs3733890) in folate network were identified as promising candidates for predicting AMI risk. Interestingly, only rs1076991 associated significantly with AMI (HR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.52), indicating the other SNPs primarily mediate their risk bygene-gene interactions. There was a strong and stable interaction between the dominant model of rs3733890 and dominant model of rs34489327 (P for interaction: 0.003; HR =2.23, 95% CI: 1.27-3.92, adjusted for age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, extent of CAD by angiography (0-3), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 and B, left ventricular ejection fraction and estimated glomerular filtration rate). Further adjustment for vitamins involved in OCM (folate, B2, B6, B12), the substrates (betaine and homocysteine) and products (methionine and dimethylglycine) of the betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) had minimal influence on the estimate.

Conclusions:
Prior studies show that BHMT transcription is associated with co-transcription of Apo B and that the rs3733890 of this gene is associated with higher dimethylglycine levels. We have recently shown that elevated plasma dimethylglycine is associated with increased risk of AMI and improves risk prediction in patients with SAP independent of Apo B levels. The current investigation extends previous knowledge, suggesting that a genetic variant in BHMT may modulate the risk of AMI by interfering with thymidylate synthesis independent of plasma dimethylglycine.
Abstract P456: Screening Strategies and Primary Prevention Interventions for Relatives of Individuals with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Goldfarb Michael , Slobod Douglas , Thanassoulis George
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Targeting relatives of individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) may be an effective primary prevention strategy. However, a systematic review of (1) reported screening strategies to identify relatives at risk and (2) published risk factor interventions in family members has not been performed which may limit more widespread adoption.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library from inception to October 1, 2013 for articles describing screening strategies and primary prevention interventions targeting family members of patients with CAD. A three-part search term composed of “coronary heart disease”, “relatives” and “screening or intervention” along with related MeSH terms was designed for maximum sensitivity.

Results:
We identified 14 eligible articles for the analysis of screening strategies. The proband was identified most commonly during index hospitalization (n=11), but also while in a cardiac rehabilitation center (n=1) and by referral from a primary care physician (n=2). Studies in which the proband was explicitly encouraged to recruit family members were slightly more effective (participation rate of 24-91%; weighted average: 78%) than screening strategies in which the relative was only contacted by phone and/or letter (participation rate: 36-95%; weighted average: 68%). In most studies, the willingness of the proband to contact relatives for screening was high (range: 62-98%, mean 87%). Thirteen studies were identified that examined interventions in relatives of people with CAD (randomized controlled trials, n=11; prospective cohort, n=2), ranging in size from 18 to 3,981 participants. A multiple risk factor intervention was performed in 8 studies, while 3 studies looked at single risk factor intervention and 2 studies encouraged the patient to seek cardiovascular risk factor treatment from primary care physicians. Significant improvement in at least 1 modifiable cardiovascular health behavior or risk factor was observed in the intervention arm of all studies (n = 13).

Conclusions:
Screening strategies targeting family members achieve a high participation rate especially when the proband initiates screening. Interventions that target relatives appear to be feasible and effective in improving risk factors or health behaviours. Primary prevention delivery models targeting family members of individuals with CAD warrant further study.
Abstract 11097: Racial Differences in Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kabra Rajesh , Cram Peter , Girotra Saket , Vaughan-Sarrazin Mary
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with stroke and death, but the effect of race on these outcomes is not known.

Methods:
Medicare administrative data from 2010-2011 were used to identify patients with newly diagnosed AF who were categorized based on race as white, black and Hispanic. Racial differences in the primary outcome of death and secondary outcomes of stroke and the composite of stroke and death were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results:
Among 517,941 patients with newly diagnosed AF, 452,986 (87%) were whites, 36,425 (7%) were blacks and 28,530 (6%) were Hispanics. The mean age was 79 ± 8 years and 40.5% were males. Over a mean follow-up period of 0.9 years per patient, 68,250 (15.1%) whites, 7665 (20%) blacks and 4814 (16.9%) Hispanics died. Stroke was diagnosed in 6,509 (1.4%) whites, 843 (2.3%) blacks and 507 (1.8%) Hispanics. Compared to whites, blacks had a significantly higher hazard of death (Hazard Ratio [HR] =1.43; 95% CI 1.40-1.47; p<0.001), stroke (HR=1.69; 95% CI 1.57-1.81; p<0.001), and the composite outcome (HR= 1.46; 95% CI 1.43-1.49; p<0.001). After controlling for pre-existing co-morbidities, the higher hazard of death (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97-1.01; p=0.41) and the composite outcome (HR=1.02; 95% CI 0.99-1.04; p=0.135) in blacks were eliminated and the relative hazard of stroke (HR=1.44; 95% CI 1.34-1.55; p<0.001) was reduced compared to the whites. Similarly, Hispanics had a higher risk of death (HR= 1.13; 95% CI 1.10-1.17; p<0.001), stroke (HR=1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.38; p<0.001) and the composite outcome (HR= 1.15; 95% CI 1.12-1.18; p<0.001), as compared to whites. The relative hazard of death and the composite outcome were noted to be lower in Hispanics, compared to whites, after controlling for pre-existing co- morbidities (HR= 0.93; 95% CI 0.92-0.96; p<0.001 and HR= 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.97; p<0.001 respectively). The relative hazard of stroke was also attenuated (HR=1.15; 95% CI 1.05-1.26; p=0.002).

Conclusions:
In an elderly Medicare population with newly diagnosed AF, the risks of death and stroke are higher in blacks and Hispanics, as compared to whites. This is likely due to increased co-morbidities in blacks and Hispanics.
Abstract 11100: Effect of Different Oxygen Concentrations on Post Resuscitation Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Myocardial Function in a Rat Model of CPR
Authors: Zhao Shen , Qian Jie , Wang Jiangang , Gong Ping , Yang Zhengfei , Duggal Neil , Cahoon Jena , Wu Xiaobo , Lin Caijing , Tang Wanchun
Published: July 2021

Background:
Lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen free radicals plays a prominent role in myocardial injury after global ischemia. The present study investigated whether ventilation with lower concentration of inspired oxygen would decrease the severity of myocardial lipid peroxidation and post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction.

Methods:
Ventricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for 8 mins in 46 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Defibrillation was attempted after 8 mins of CPR. The animals were randomized into 3 groups: mechanical ventilation with 100% O2, 50% O2 or 21% O2 during CPR and one hr following return of spontaneous circulation. Normoxic ventilation was maintained thereafter. The level of 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in myocardium was evaluated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood gases, post resuscitation myocardial function and the duration of survival were monitored in all animals.

Results:
Compared with the 100% and 21% groups, the 50% group showed a lower 8-iso-PGF2α level at 4 hrs post resuscitation (Table). Significantly greater oxygen extraction rate, lower lactate, better myocardial ejection fraction and myocardial performance index were observed in the 50% group (Table). A significantly shorter duration of survival was observed in the 21% group when compared with the other two groups (Table). There was a trend in the 50% group towards an increased duration of survival when compared with the 100% group.

Conclusions:
In a rat cardiac arrest model, ventilation with 50% inspired oxygen during early post-ischemic reperfusion contributed to a decreased lipid peroxidation, a better oxygenation, myocardial function and duration of survival.