bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing access and effectiveness: using the internet to deliver low intensity CBT
Authors: Christensen Helen
Published: February 2016

Chapter 4 focuses on the almost unlimited potential of internet-based interventions to increase access to LI CBT, and illustrates how internet-based technologies can facilitate health delivery through access to relevant information, and prevention and treatment programmes that allow for easy tracking and monitoring and capacity to conduct research, before moving on to describe models for implementing e-health. These include stand-alone systems, consumer-assisted care, virtual e-health clinics, primary care models, and stepped care models.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group (IPT-G)
Authors: Welch R. Robinson , Mills Monica S , Wilfley Denise E
Published: February 2016

Chapter 20 discusses adapting IPT to the group format (IPT-G), which has been applied more broadly and is currently used to treat a range of patient populations and disorders. It shows comparision between IPT-G and other group therapy models, as well as techniques, timelines, phases, and structures, and the roles and phases within IPT-G.
Students Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Bowman Diana , Popp Patricia A.
Published: February 2016

Students experiencing homelessness face many challenges as the result of unstable, inadequate, or unsafe housing. Under the Education for Homeless Children and Youth (EHCY) Program in the McKinney-Vento Act, children and youth who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence have the right to be immediately enrolled in school and to stay in the same school when they move if this is determined to be in the students’ best interest. Given recent natural disasters and economic crises, the number of students in our schools without permanent housing has increased with estimates that one in fifty children experiences homelessness every year. Having access to school and stability in their education can provide a needed safe haven for these children and youth, and educators play a critical role in ensuring this is true. School-based professionals should understand the definition of homelessness, be able to recognize the warning signs of homelessness, know what resources and supports are available, and create welcoming classrooms that are proactive and structured to assist such highly mobile students as well as their more permanently housed peers.
The Political Thought of Montaigne
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: February 2016

Presenting Montaigne’s “political” thought is in itself a problematic exercise. While the Essays are relevant to our understanding of sixteenth-century political discourse, and to the broader reflection of political philosophy, Montaigne did not see politics as a separate domain of human activity; indeed, he questioned the possibility to predict with any degree of certainty, and to control individual and collective human behavior. In the Essays the author developed a full-scale critique of Old Regime society, a system built upon relations of personal dependence and servitude: his attack focused on contemporary social practices and on their founding principles: tradition, the law, royal authority, and religious dogma. Montaigne did not advocate the establishment of a new type of regime, as he was convinced that the form of political institutions was largely dependent on habit and custom. He did suggest the possibility of a new vision of community, one based upon greater equality, toleration, communication, and economic exchange.
From Eyquem to Montaigne
Authors: Desan Philippe
Published: February 2016

Montaigne’s name constitutes the memory of the author and incarnates the history of a family and its social ascent. The Eyquems passed from the rank of wealthy bourgeois to the status of “rustic gentlemen” in three generations. In his Essays, Montaigne preferred not to mention the diverse occupations of his forebears, favoring instead the noble lands of Montaigne and considering his castle to be the unique place of residence of his ancestors. “To live nobly” represents a leitmotif and a veritable social aspiration in the Essays. Familial history is most of the time left unmentioned in favor of daily preoccupations and, above all, a way of life regulated by nobility and the knightly spirit. Montaigne learned to use his book as proof of his nobility and to turn it into an object of memory. In the Essays, he poses the problem of his new proper name “Montaigne” in its relationship to reputation.
Montaigne on Self
Authors: Lagrée Marie-Clarté
Published: February 2016

This article discusses the notion of “the self” in Montaigne. Though this notion did not exist in the French language at that time, Montaigne is often seen as a key thinker in the rise of the modern concept of self. Guided by an overview of the literature addressing this topic, this article explores what the “self” might be for Montaigne and whether he would have used this notion. The answer to this second inquiry is likely negative as, for the essayist, the self cannot be defined nor grasped. This article aims as well to place Montaigne in his own context. It appears he has very clearly expressed a general feeling shared by his contemporaries. This was a feeling of crisis, challenging traditional representations of the human being.
Charles Taylor,Sources of the Self
Authors: Zuckert Michael
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews Charles Taylor’s Sources of the Self. The book displays Taylor’s mastery not only of the history of philosophy, but of theology, poetry, and art. He also shares Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s commitment to synthesizing competing and conflicting elements of the culture. Unlike Hegel, however, Taylor does not see philosophy as the highest and truest expression of the human mind or spirit; rather he sees the artists—the poets most especially—as the ones who “can put us in contact with” what we as living and thinking humans need to be in contact with. This chapter examines Taylor’s arguments as articulated in Sources of the Self, especially his view that human beings are self-interpreting and self-misinterpreting animals and that self-interpretation has ontological significance. It also considers what Taylor identifies as a “phenomenology” of human action, his theory of morality and identity, and his concept of the “punctual self.”
Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom
Authors: Bird Colin
Published: February 2016

This chapter analyzes three major assumptions in Joseph Raz’s book The Morality of Freedom (MF): its account of legitimate authority, its rejection of egalitarianism, and its defense of an autonomy-based perfectionism. It first summarizes the book’s main line of argument about how a concern for freedom should figure in moral reflection regarding the value and purpose of political practices. It then examines MF’s repudiation of the conventional self-image of liberalism, and in particular utilitarian consequentialism. It also considers Raz’s claim that the trajectory that liberal thought has described in the wake of John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice is misguided. Finally, it discusses Raz’s strategy for reconciling a commitment to liberal freedom with a perfectionist political morality as it relates to the claim that autonomy is an essential aspect of individual flourishing.
A History of Materialism From Ajita to Udbhaṭa
Authors: Bhattacharya Ramkrishna
Published: February 2016

The global history of philosophy bears out that materialism emerged in India, China, and Greece, presumably independently of one another. In India it is mainly associated with a school known either as Cārvāka or Lokāyata. This chapter traces the development of materialism in India from the earliest evidence in the Upaniṣads and Indian epics and mentions in Buddhist literature. The emergence and development of the core materialist treatise, the Cārvāka-sūtra, is discussed, and the most important commentators on it including Udbhaṭa. Finally there is an examination of the extent to which it is correct to describe Jayarāśi as a materialist.
A Neuroscience Perspective of the Work–Family–Life Interface
Authors: Poelmans Steven , Stepanova Elena O.
Published: February 2016

This chapter offers a review of neuroscientific principles and findings that inform the understanding of the intraindividual and interindividual experience of work–life conflict and enrichment. Advances in neuroscientific research have generated a better understanding of different basic processes that underlie role conflict, such as expectations, attention, multitasking, and stress. In the tradition of positive psychology we have seen a significant shift in work–family research toward a positive approach, complementing a conflict perspective with a focus on facilitation, enrichment, and balance. In this chapter we highlight two resources that are key for understanding positive spillover effects: energy/dopaminergic levels and social support. Inspired by insights, theories, and methods in neuroscience, we formulate recommendations for future interdisciplinary research in the work–family research domain.
Data
Authors: Lyon Aidan
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, the author reviews some of the philosophical issues that arise in connection with the concept of data. He first asks what data are, and he evaluates a number of different answers to this question that have been given. The author then examines the concept of so-called big data and the corresponding concept of big science. It has been claimed that the advent of big science calls for a fundamental change to science and scientific methodology. The author argues that such claims are too strong. Finally, the author reviews the distinction between data and phenomena, due to Bogen and Woodward 1988, and discusses some of its connections to big data and big science.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Sher Kenneth J. , Vergés Alvaro
Published: February 2016

Substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) have been documented in a number of cultures since the beginnings of recorded time and represent major societal concerns in the present day. The chapters in thisHandbookreview a number of different areas of inquiry into the fundamental nature of substance use and SUDs, their features, their causes, their consequences, their course, their treatment, and their prevention. It is clear that understanding these various aspects of substance use and SUDs requires a multidisciplinary perspective that considers the pharmacology of drugs of abuse, genetic variation in these acute and chronic effects, and psychological processes in the context of the interpersonal and cultural contexts. This chapter provides a general overview of most (but not all) of the topics covered in theHandbook, guiding the reader to the relevant chapters that address each topic in more detail.
Economics and Human Biology in Latin America
Authors: Lopez Alonso Moramay
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines scholarship in the field of economics and human biology from the pre-Columbian era to the present in the context of Latin America. This literature’s main themes consider the evolution of living standards in the very long run to shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of the human social development and organization process. The author examines how, through historical anthropometric studies, one can assess changes in biological standards of living to understand how they were affected by economic development in different Latin American regions. These studies confirm that anthropometric indicators are a proxy of living standards and inequality. This literature also adds to the comprehension of synergies between health and nutrition indicators and economic performance among different population groups; it shows that findings generated from this research can lead to public policy recommendations to address growing challenges in public health, such as obesity and diabetes.
Slave Heights
Authors: Steckel Richard H.
Published: February 2016

The new anthropometric history, which blends human biology with history and economics in a form understandable to a general audience, began in the mid-1970s with the study of important questions about American slavery, such as the age of slaves at menarche and their first birth, stature attained relative to other contemporary populations, time trends in stature, and the relationship between mortality and physical growth in childhood. This chapter updates the literature based on refinements in the methodology and on substantially more evidence from slave manifests. Important new conclusions concern childbearing at young ages, adequacy of the diet, the profitability of childhood stunting and recovery, and the cognitive and socioeconomic consequences of severe early childhood deprivation.
Econometrics of Economics and Human Biology
Authors: Colman Gregory , Dave Dhaval
Published: February 2016

Many questions arising in research in economics and human biology cannot be studied through experimental manipulation, making the ideal randomized controlled trial (RCT) infeasible. Often the only data available are observational, and the researcher must confront the challenge of the nonrandom choice of the independent variable, known as the self-selection problem. This chapter describes this selection bias and discusses the central econometric techniques that economists have in their arsenal to guide causal inference with nonexperimental data, with a particular focus on implementation and key identifying assumptions underlying each empirical strategy. Applications are drawn upon in which this selection bias is addressed. Also included in the chapter is a brief discussion of issues relating to treatment heterogeneity and methods that allow the causal effect to vary among persons, either by unobserved or observed characteristics, which may help reveal in which subsets of the population the estimable or interesting causal effect applies.
Body Mass Index Through Time
Authors: Carson Scott Alan
Published: February 2016

Measuring the health of a population during the process of economic development is a principle objective in health economics and economic history, and the body mass index (BMI) plays an important role in such studies. Using data on convicts, the author finds that African American BMIs were historically greater than that of whites by 5%. In addition, the differences between average BMIs and obesity narrowed between the two ethnic groups in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and both are now much more likely to be obese than they were earlier. About 1% of males in the 19th century were obese, whereas between 35% and 40% of their modern counterparts are obese. Whereas greater BMIs were once more common among physically active workers, obesity is now more common for workers in sedentary occupations. Explanations are considered for the documented increases in BMIs and obesity.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Inas R. , Komlos John
Published: February 2016

The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology introduces the scholarly community to the relationship between economic processes and human biology. A society’s biological well-being is important if one is to understand numerous aspects of political and economic developments: the outbreak of revolutions; the effect of industrialization and modernization on a population’s well-being; the demographic transition; and changes in the degree of social inequality by gender, social class, and geographic location. The contributions in this Handbook examine the various ways the economy affects human biological outcomes and, reciprocally, the impact of the latter on the former both over time and cross-sectionally. Another focus is on biological measures as inputs, such as how height and weight affect labor market outcomes and the role of genetic markers on economic variables. A third purpose is to introduce the reader to developmental aspects and policy, particularly correlates of malnutrition and poverty across the world.
Jonson’s Entertainments
Authors: Baker David J.
Published: February 2016

After the ascension of James I to the English throne in 1603, Ben Jonson provided him with entertainments for several occasions. In his Works (1616), Jonson presents himself as the ‘author’ of these pieces, but in fact the early modern entertainment was a collaborative genre, typically featuring contributions from many and different artists. The chapter shows that Jonson finessed this problem by tying his own legitimacy as an author to the authority of James as King. The entertainments took James as their ideal audience and mirrored his politics and his aesthetic. Each of Jonson’s exercises in the genre speaks to the circumstances of a specific moment in Jacobean court life. His Caroline entertainments only serve to point up how dependent Jonson was on James I as an organizing principle.
Group Singing and Social Identity
Authors: Davidson Jane W. , Faulkner Robert
Published: February 2016

Group singing practices interact with socio-cultural context, and this relationship depends on predominant social trends. Furthermore, ability to act in the world is expressed through Self-Identity, whereby we constitute ourselves as agents, authors of our actions, and generate our identities. There are three principal components of Self: the Material Self (the body; the physical world); the Social Self (expressed in relationships); and the Spiritual Self (found in religious/ spiritual experience). These elements interact in a web of individual and cultural circumstance, the overall becoming labeled The Created Self. In this chapter Selfhood is acknowledged as developing within a social and cultural milieu and is shaped by the specific roles we enact. Identity is primarily developed in relation to others, comprising many elements that are not fixed, but changing. Case studies are used to explore how social musical identities are developed in the social activity of group singing.
Heterogeneity in Dynamic Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Helfat Constance E. , Peteraf Margaret A.
Published: February 2016

This article calls attention to three dimensions of within-type heterogeneity of dynamic organizational capabilities: their nature, their development paths, and their performance outcomes. It provides a theoretical analysis of each of these dimensions, including with respect to sources of the heterogeneity. The analysis incorporates feedback from within-type heterogeneity among firms in their capability development paths to heterogeneity in the nature of capabilities and the resulting performance outcomes. The article also demonstrates that a number of empirical studies provide evidence regarding each of the dimensions. A substantial portion of this discussion deals with evidence of heterogeneity in the “build” aspect of dynamic capabilities (i.e., their development paths, which rest on learning and experience).
Interwar Democracy and the League of Nations
Authors: Orzoff Andrea
Published: February 2016

Historians and contemporaries saw interwar democracy as incomplete, illegitimate, and inept. The League of Nations has been similarly characterized. Yet democracy endured across the Continent, threatened far more by Nazism than by internal actors. The League’s democratic internationalism failed to prevent a second world war, sanctioned Great Power imperialism, and neglected minority problems especially in Eastern Europe. But the League’s Secretariat shaped international discourse on humanitarian norms for the rest of the century, working with institutions and non-governmental organizations to bring about real good. This essay offers a tour d’horizon of interwar European democracy and democratic internationalism. While not minimizing the destructive influence of the radical right, it notes that in many cases seemingly undemocratic groups, institutions, and practices ended up stabilizing democracy.
Power Relations during the Transition from Nazi to Post-Nazi Rule
Authors: Pritchard Gareth
Published: February 2016

Europe’s mid-century crisis of the 1940s destabilized power relations due to the simultaneous expansion and erosion of state power relative to society. This in turn unleashed a process of paramilitarization that eroded the state’s monopoly over the use of force. Ferocious struggles for power broke out at a local level between a wide range of gangs and armed bands. Paramilitarization reached a high point during the chaotic transitional period between Nazi and post-Nazi rule when the day-to-day authority of the state broke down almost completely. In order to gain an advantage over their rivals, actors on the ground established client–patron relationships with one or other of the great powers. Local struggles in Europe thereby became internationalized, which in turn contributed significantly both to the course of the Second World War and to the outbreak of the Cold War.
Early Shīʿī Theology
Authors: Amir-Moezzi Mohammed Ali
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines Shīʿi religion and theology in the early period of Islam. There were dozens of Shīʿī branches during the first/seventh to fourth/tenth centuries, a few of which continued into present times: the Zaydīs, the Ismāʿīlīs, and the Twelver Shīʿīs. This chapter deals primarily with the (proto-)Imami Shīʿīs during the pre-Būyid period. The end of this period coincides with the beginning of the so-called ‘Major Occultation’ and was characterized by the triumph of rationalism. This chapter also considers the five concepts on which Shīʿī theology is based, the first three of which are labelled ‘principles of religion’ and the remaining two are known as ‘principles that are specific to Imamism’. Finally, it discusses two types of Shīʿī theology, rational theology and esoteric theology, and the two worldviews that characterized the ‘imam’s religion’, ‘dual vision’ and the ‘dualistic view’.
Twelver Shīʿī Theology
Authors: Pourjavady Reza , Schmidtke Sabine
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the theology of the Twelver Shīʿites from the seventh/thirteenth century onwards. It begins by citing the role of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī in ‘modernizing’ Twelver Shīʿī theology by introducing Avicennan notions into thekalāmdiscourse, a development that had started among the Ashʿarites with Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. It then considers al-Ṭūsī’s devotion to Avicennan philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics; his doctrinal tracts that proved influential for the later development of Twelver Shīʿism; and his impact on the scholarly circles of al-Ḥilla. Finally, it discusses the adoption of Twelver Shīʿism as the religion of the Safavid dynasty and the efforts of the opponents of philosophical theology to establish themselves as the official representatives of Twelver Shīʿism.
Zaydī Theology in Yemen
Authors: Ansari Hassan , Schmidtke Sabine , Thiele Jan
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews Zaydī theology in Yemen, from the period before and after the unification of the Yemeni and the Caspian imamates to theologians from the ninth/fifteenth century. It traces the foundation of the Zaydī imamate in the northern highlands of Yemen by Imam al-Hādī ilā l-Ḥaqq, and how the Yemeni Zaydīs developed a canon of doctrinal writings of the Imams which remained authoritative over the coming centuries. It considers the role played by Jaʿfar b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Buhlūlī in the intellectual development of Yemen’s theological landscape, as well as the legacy of al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Raṣṣāṣ with respect to Bahshamite theology in the country. It also examines the continuity of Bahshamite theology from the seventh/thirteenth century and concludes with a discussion of the emergence of growing opposition among the Zaydīs of Yemen against Muʿtazilism in general and the theological views of the Bahshamiyya in particular.
The Shīʿī Reception of Muʿtazilism (I)
Authors: Ansari Hassan
Published: February 2016

This chapter focuses on two trends among the Zaydīs during the end of the third/ninth century: those who were close to theḥadīthfolk and thus opposed to Muʿtazilism, and those who had adopted Muʿtazilite doctrines. It considers Zaydism in Rayy, northern Iran and Khurāsān, where several Zaydī families played an important role in studying and expounding Bahshamite theology among the Zaydīs of Iran during the fifth/eleventh and early sixth/twelfth centuries. It also examines the roles played by Abū Zayd al-ʿAlawī, the author of theKitāb al-Ishhādwhich is a refutation of the Twelver Shīʿīs’ notion of the imamate, addressing specifically their belief in the occultation (ghayba) of the ‘hidden Imam’, and had a profound impact on the literary genre of Zaydī refutations of Twelver Shīʿism. The chapter concludes by discussing different literary traditions among the Zaydīs in Iran.
The Development of Artefact Studies
Authors: Swift Ellen
Published: February 2016

This chapter comprises a historiography of Roman artefact study in Britain from the antiquarian period to the present day. It documents the evolution of finds catalogues within excavation reports, changing approaches to interpretation, and how and to what extent finds research has been incorporated into synthetic studies of Roman Britain. It investigates possible influential factors in the development of artefact research that have influenced its nature and status within the wider field of Roman archaeology in Britain. The profile of artefact researchers, persistent traditions of scholarship, and the wider academic context are all argued to be important in understanding the current position of artefact research.
Britain at the End of Empire
Authors: Esmonde Cleary Simon
Published: February 2016

Later Roman Britain is viewed in a wide context to identify which developments are expressions of wider trends and which are more insular. Four major factors are considered. First, the withdrawal of the imperial presence from northern Gaul and Germany, in particular as it affected the society and economy of these regions, which had become increasingly militarized. Second, the disintegration of the economic formations of the wider West following the removal of the imperial system, especially the economic nexus promoted by the fiscal requirements of the state. Third, the continuing vitality of ‘traditional’ urbanism derived from imperial and senatorial models, expressive of a common aristocratic culture and very visible in southern Britain. Fourth, the changes to settlement and funerary archaeology in the fifth century as expressions of social and economic restructuring. Britain is considered in relation to all these developments, to try to combat over-insular perspectives.
Inscriptions and Identity
Authors: Hope Valerie M.
Published: February 2016

The inscriptions of Roman Britain are few in number; in terms of its epigraphy Britain could be seen as the poor relation of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless the surviving inscriptions are a varied and exciting resource. This chapter explores how inscriptions were used in the province—where they were found, who set them up, and what roles the inscriptions performed. It considers how inscriptions communicated and the importance of evaluating wider monumental, locational, and chronological contexts. It also addresses why Britons did not take up the ‘epigraphic habit’ in great numbers, highlighting that this makes those inscriptions that were produced all the more interesting in what they reveal about communication, communities, and identities.
Roman Military Culture
Authors: Allason-Jones Lindsay
Published: February 2016

A significant proportion of the people who lived in Roman Britain were linked to the military either as soldiers, dependants or suppliers. Did the objects these people used in their daily lives identify them as being from a military milieu? How did the Roman soldiers’ armour and weapons differ from those of the Britons? This chapter investigates the assemblages of artefacts found on military sites, discusses how they got there and what they tell us about war and peace in Roman Britain.
Forms of Knowledge
Authors: Evans Jeremy
Published: February 2016

The chapter can be no more than a rapid scan through parts of the field trying to address the questions asked of this author with a few examples. It is a personal view and does not attempt to reflect a consensus position. The editors kindly informed the author that ‘We envision this chapter addressing the social explanations for and consequences of the changing forms of ceramic technologies and vessel types, both in the immediate post-Conquest period, but also through to the Late Roman period. You may wish to consider the continuity of indigenous technologies, as well as the adoption of new forms.’ The author attempts to do this.
Ritual Deposition
Authors: Smith Alex
Published: February 2016

The nature of sacred space and forms of ritual expression varied tremendously across Roman Britain, and our understanding of some aspects has increased significantly in recent years, both because there have been a number of new excavations and/or publications and also because a more contextual view has been taken of the evidence. This chapter provides an overview of the practice of Romano-British ritual deposition, both within and outside of explicitly religious contexts. In particular, the chapter examines ‘special deposits’ within settlement contexts, exploring the detailed contextual analysis of object and place in order to understand the motivations behind such acts.
Arable Farming, Horticulture, and Food
Authors: Van der Veen Marijke
Published: February 2016

The archaeobotanical evidence for food and farming in Roman Britain reveals continuity in the two principal cereals grown, but a marked increase in the scale of arable production in central-southern and eastern England, though not in the western and northern areas of Britain. Innovation comes in the form of horticulture: the growing of fruits, vegetables, and herbs for market. Exotic foods brought in by the Roman army created diverse consumer groups. Combined, these developments resulted in larger dietary breadth, growing diversity and regionality, increased social inequality in diet and economic opportunity, and new social realities at household and community levels.
Adolescent Substance Use and Co-Occurring Disorders
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey J. , Janoff Megan
Published: February 2016

Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) have the highest proportion of co-occurring psychiatric disorders (CODs) compared to other age cohorts. Externalizing psychiatric disorders, such as conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention-deficit disorders, are most commonly associated with adolescent SUDs compared to older adults with SUD. The developmental psychopathology of SUD is reviewed. Categories of COD are reviewed, in turn, beginning with externalizing or disruptive behavior disorders. Disruptive behavior disorders are critical to the developmental psychopathology of adolescent SUD. Studies of co-occurring depressive and bipolar disorders are then considered in detail, examining the relationship between SUD and these particular CODs. Finally, the relationships between anxiety, thought, eating and personality disorders, and adolescent SUD are examined.
Alcohol and Drug Use as Risk Factors for Delinquent Behavior Among Adolescents
Authors: White Helene Raskin , Cronley Courtney , Iyer Padmini
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines alcohol and drug use as risk factors for delinquency during adolescence. There is strong evidence for comorbidity between substance use and delinquency for individuals. Users, compared to nonusers, are more likely to be delinquent; and delinquents, compared to nondelinquents, are more likely to use substances. Conversely, substance use and delinquency follow different developmental patterns from adolescence into young adulthood, and trends in adolescent substance use and delinquency from 1980 through 2009 do not converge well. Alcohol, compared to drugs, has a stronger acute effect on adolescent aggression/violence. Developmentally, there appears to be a reciprocal association between substance use and delinquency, although findings differ across samples and time frames. There are several alternative models that explain why alcohol and drug use are risk factors for adolescent delinquency.
Career Counseling with Adults
Authors: Hansen Jo-Ida C.
Published: February 2016

This chapter summarizes career counseling with diverse, and often marginalized, adult populations and reviews career development and adjustment theories and their application to practice. Diagnostic schemes for vocational problems and expectations for career counseling are reviewed in the context of client characteristics. Career counseling criteria, outcomes, and process components are discussed along with an overview of the integration of career and personal counseling. The section on current trends focuses on the use of career intervention with the unemployed, domestic violence survivors, ex-offenders, people with mental illness, immigrant and migrant populations, military veterans, individuals with physical disabilities, older adults transititoning to retirement, and adults in educational settings. Strength based and relational interventions, executive and career coaching, therapeutic assessment, behavioral intervention technologies, and the expanding role of career counseling in workplace and corporate settings also are summarized.
Pharmacological Adjuncts and Evidence-Supported Treatments for Trauma
Authors: Karpova Nina N.
Published: February 2016

A large proportion of humans experienced a traumatic event in their lifetime, with more than 10% developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, phobias, and other fear/anxiety disorders. The neural circuitry of fear responses is highly conserved in humans as well as rodents, and this allows for translational research using animal models of fear. Fear/anxiety disorders in humans are most efficiently treated by exposure-based psychotherapy (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT), the main aspects of which are closely modeled by extinction training in Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction paradigms in rodents. To improve the efficacy of psychotherapy, pharmacological agents potent for enhancing learning and memory consolidation processing should be developed to combine with exposure-based therapy. The purpose of these adjunctive pharmacological agents is to promote fear memory erasure and the consolidation of extinction memories, thus providing a combined treatment of increased effectiveness. This review discusses established pharmacological adjuncts to behavioral therapeutic interventions for fear/anxiety disorders. The mechanisms of action of these adjuncts, as well as the evidence for and against the pharmacological treatment strategies and their limitations are discussed.
Narratives of Food, Agriculture, and the Environment
Authors: Kaplan David M.
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the role of narratives in our understanding of the relationship between food, agriculture, and the environment. Narratives are the most comprehensive way of representing things that have a historical dimension. They are crucial for putting events into context, portraying characters, and depicting scenarios. The chapter argues that environmental ethics needs to embrace the “narrative turn” in order to account for the diversity of ethical issues surrounding food, agriculture, and the environment, as well as to connect overarching stories about food systems to our everyday lives. It identities several narratives commonly seen in the United States that frame the way we understand food and environmental issues. A narrative approach provides an alternative to theory-driven environmental ethics toward practical, non-academic focus on actual problems and solutions.
Near-infrared imaging polarimetry of LkCa 15: A possible warped inner disk
Authors: Oh Daehyeon , Hashimoto Jun , Tamura Motohide , Wisniewski John , Akiyama Eiji , Currie Thayne , Mayama Satoshi , Takami Michihiro , Thalmann Christian , Kudo Tomoyuki , Kusakabe Nobuhiko , Abe Lyu , Brandner Wolfgang , Brandt Timothy D. , Carson Joseph C. , Egner Sebastian , Feldt Markus , Goto Miwa , Grady Carol A. , Guyon Olivier , Hayano Yutaka , Hayashi Masahiko , Hayashi Saeko S. , Henning Thomas , Hodapp Klaus W. , Ishii Miki , Iye Masanori , Janson Markus , Kandori Ryo , Knapp Gillian R. , Kuzuhara Masayuki , Kwon Jungmi , Matsuo Taro , Mcelwain Michael W. , Miyama Shoken , Morino Jun-Ichi , Moro-Martin Amaya , Nishimura Tetsuo , Pyo Tae-Soo , Serabyn Eugene , Suenaga Takuya , Suto Hiroshi , Suzuki Ryuji , Takahashi Yasuhiro H. , Takato Naruhisa , Terada Hiroshi , Turner Edwin L. , Watanabe Makoto , Yamada Toru , Takami Hideki , Usuda Tomonori
Published: February 2016

We present high-contrast H-band polarized intensity images of the transitional disk around the young solar-like star LkCa 15. By utilizing Subaru/HiCIAO for polarimetric differential imaging, the angular resolution and the inner working angle reach 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$07 and r = 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$1, respectively. We obtained a clearly resolved gap (width ≲ 27 au) at ∼48 au from the central star. This gap is consistent with images reported in previous studies. We also confirmed the existence of a bright inner disk with a misaligned position angle of 13° ± 4° with respect to that of the outer disk, i.e., the inner disk is possibly warped. The large gap and the warped inner disk both point to the existence of a multiple planetary system with a mass of ≲ 1 MJup.
Equilibrium configuration and stability of a stratus floating above accretion disks
Authors: Nakai Takuya , Fukue Jun
Published: February 2016

We examine the equilibrium configurations of a stratus floating above an accretion disk, using the radiative force from the luminous disk just below the stratus. For various disk luminosities and optical depths of the stratus, the stratus can stably float on the outer disk, while a stable configuration does not exist on the inner disk. When the disk luminosity normalized by the Eddington luminosity is unity, and the stratus optical depth is around unity, the stable configuration disappears at r ≲ 50rg, rg being the Schwarzschild radius, and the stratus would be blown off as a cloudy wind, which consists of many strati with appropriate conditions. In the outer region of r ≳ 50rg, on the other hand, we find that the stable floating height is z ∼ 20rg, which is approximately two times larger than in the case of the particle. This difference is due to the anisotropic scattering effect; the stratus can get twice the momentum from radiation than it can in the particle case. The present results, that the radiation-driven cloudy wind can be easily blown off from the luminous disk, can explain observed outflows in broad absorption line quasars and ultra-fast outflow objects.
Angular momentum of the N2H+ cores in the Orion A cloud
Authors: Tatematsu Ken'ichi , Ohashi Satoshi , Sanhueza Patricio , Nguyen Luong Quang , Umemoto Tomofumi , Mizuno Norikazu
Published: February 2016

We have analyzed the angular momentum of the molecular cloud cores in the Orion A giant molecular cloud observed in the N2H+J = 1–0 line with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. We have measured the velocity gradient using position–velocity diagrams passing through core centers, and made sinusoidal fits against the position angle. Twenty-seven out of 34 N2H+ cores allowed us to measure the velocity gradient without serious confusion. The derived velocity gradient ranges from 0.5 to 7.8 km s−1 pc−1. We marginally found that the specific angular momentum J/M (against the core radius R) of the Orion N2H+ cores tends to be systematically larger than that of molecular cloud cores in cold dark clouds obtained by Goodman et al., in the J/M–R relation. The ratio β of rotational to gravitational energy is derived to be β = 10−2.3±0.7, and is similar to that obtained for cold dark cloud cores in a consistent definition. The large-scale rotation of the ∫-shaped filament of the Orion A giant molecular cloud does not likely govern the core rotation at smaller scales.
CHORIORETINAL BIOPSY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS DUE TO ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Cheng Nicholas M. , Chandra Aman , Roufail Edward , Moodie Jonathan J. , Yeoh Jonathan , Allen Penelope J. , Salinas-La Rosa Cesar M. , Matthews Bryan J.
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

To describe the novel use of a chorioretinal biopsy technique to confirm the microbiological diagnosis of endogenousEscherichia coli(E. coli) endophthalmitis, when other investigations have been proven nondiagnostic.

Methods:

Case report of an 82-year-old white man with endogenous endophthalmitis without a clearly identifiable source of infection.

Results:

After systemic cultures and multiple aqueous and vitreous samples were unable to identify a causative organism, chorioretinal biopsy of a subretinal abscess was used to confirm the microbiological diagnosis. This ensured appropriate ophthalmic and systemic treatment of infection.

Conclusion:

EndogenousE. coliendophthalmitis is a rare and aggressive condition usually seen in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes with concurrent urinary tract infection. This case demonstrates chorioretinal biopsy to be a viable and effective method of establishing a firm microbiological diagnosis in cases of culture-negative endophthalmitis.
Impact of Attendance on Academic Performance in Prenursing Students
Authors: Branson Marietta , Loftin Collette , Hadley Lance , Hartin Vicki , Devkota Shravan
Published: February 2016

A descriptive-correlational design was used to explore the relationship between attendance and course grade in a prenursing course. Findings revealed that attendance was positively associated with final course grades (r
443 = 0.54, P < .001). Traditional students attended a significantly higher percentage of classes than their nontraditional counterparts. These findings support the long-held belief by nursing faculty that attendance positively impacts course outcomes.
Influence of Nursing Faculty Discussion Presence on Student Learning and Satisfaction in Online Courses
Authors: Claywell Lora , Wallace Cara , Price Jill , Reneau Margaret , Carlson Kathleen
Published: February 2016

This study determined the relationships between faculty participation in online discussions with student satisfaction and perceived learning in online RN-BSN and MSN courses. Analysis of faculty participation in online courses (n = 280) demonstrated a relationship between faculty participation and student satisfaction and perceived learning. The results of this study offer guidance on the minimal faculty participation necessary in online discussions in nursing courses.
Frequent HRAS Mutations in Malignant Ectomesenchymoma
Authors: Huang Shih-Chiang , Alaggio Rita , Sung Yun-Shao , Chen Chun-Liang , Zhang Lei , Kao Yu-Chien , Agaram Narasimhan P. , Wexler Leonard H. , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: February 2016

Malignant ectomesenchymoma (MEM) is an exceedingly rare pediatric sarcoma with a predilection for infants and young children and is composed of dual malignant mesenchymal and neuroectodermal components. Microscopically, MEM displays areas of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with intermixed neuronal/neuroblastic foci. The molecular alterations associated with MEM and its relationship with embryonal RMS (ERMS) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) have not yet been elucidated. In this study we used whole-transcriptome sequencing in 2 MEM index cases with available frozen tissue, followed by screening of the identified genetic abnormalities in 5 additional cases. No candidate fusion genes were detected by FusionSeq analysis; however, the mutation detection algorithms revealed HRAS and PTPRD hotspot mutations in both index cases, with 1 case harboring an additional FBXW7 mutation. As these mutation profiles have been previously described in ERMS we have tested their incidence in a control group of 7 age-matched ERMS. In addition, the gene signature of MEM was compared with that of RMS, MPNST, and neuronal lineage. All 7 MEM patients were male, with a mean age of 7.5 months (range, 0.6 to 17 mo). All except 1 occurred in the pelvic/urogenital region. Most cases showed ERMS elements, with occasional spindle or undifferentiated/round cell areas. The intermixed neuroectodermal components were mostly scattered ganglion cells, ganglioneuroma, or ganglioneuroblastoma. By Sanger sequencing, 6 of 7 (86%) MEMs had HRAS mutations, with no additional case harboring PTPRD or FBXW7 mutations. The only case lacking HRAS mutation showed neuroblastic micronodules without ganglion cells. The trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) expression, typically lost in MPNST, was retained in all cases. In the control ERMS group, 5 of 7 (71%) showed RAS mutations, equally distributed among NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS genes. The expression profiling of MEM showed upregulation of skeletal muscle and neuronal genes, with no significant overlap with MPNST. Our results of common HRAS mutations and composite gene signature with RMS and neuronal/neuroblastic elements suggest a closer genetic link of MEM to RMS rather than to MPNST.
Primary Pseudomyogenic Hemangioendothelioma of Bone
Authors: Inyang Alero , Mertens Fredrik , Puls Florian , Sumathi Vaiyapuri , Inwards Carrie , Folpe Andrew , Lee Cheng-Han , Zhang Yaxia , Symmans Pennie , Rubin Brian , Nielsen Gunnlaugur P. , Nguyen Van-Hung , Rosenberg Andrew E.
Published: February 2016

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PMH) is a well-recognized neoplasm that usually arises in the soft tissue; concurrent bone involvement occurs in 24% of cases. PMH of bone without soft tissue involvement is rare. We describe the clinicopathologic findings of 10 such cases, the largest series reported to date. The study included 9 male and 1 female patient; their ages ranged from 12 to 74 years (mean 36.7 y). All patients had multiple tumors with a distinct regional distribution: 45% restricted to the lower extremity; 25% to the spine and pelvis; and 15% to the upper extremity. On imaging studies the tumors were well circumscribed and lytic. The neoplasms were composed of spindled cells arranged in intersecting fascicles with scattered epithelioid cells; epithelioid cells predominated in 3 cases. The neoplastic cells contained abundant densely eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. There was limited cytologic atypia and necrosis, few mitoses (0 to 2/10 high-power fields), and inconspicuous stroma. Unique findings included abundant intratumoral reactive woven bone and hemorrhage with numerous osteoclast-like giant cells. Immunohistochemically, most tumors were positive for keratin, ERG, and CD31; CD34 was negative. The balanced t(7:19)(q22;13) translocation was documented in 3 cases. Follow-up is limited, but no patient developed documented visceral dissemination, and all have stable or progressive osseous disease. PMH exclusively involving bone is rare. It is multicentric, often involves the lower extremity, and has unusual morphology. The differential diagnosis includes epithelioid vascular neoplasms, giant cell tumor, bone forming neoplasms, and metastatic carcinoma. Because of its rarity, unusual presentation, and morphology, accurate diagnosis can be challenging.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Bilateral Retinal Detachment Associated With Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Yeh Jung-Pin , Kwan Charisse W. , Weerdenburg Kirstin , Fischer Jason W.
Published: February 2016

We report a case of a 16-year-old girl with acute visual complaints who was diagnosed with bilateral retinal detachment using point-of-case ultrasound and ultimately was diagnosed with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. This case illustrates the use of point-of-care ultrasound by the pediatric emergency physician to recognize the ocular abnormality associated with this rare disease.