bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stream macrophytes increase invertebrate production and fish habitat utilization in a California stream
Authors: Lusardi Robert A. , Jeffres Carson A. , Moyle Peter B.
Published: July 2018

Stable flow and thermal regimes, coupled with geologically derived nutrients, are drivers of enhanced productivity in volcanic spring‐fed rivers. However, little information exists on biotic mechanisms or species interactions contributing to elevated productivity at higher trophic levels. In a California stream, juvenile steelhead trout were observed to preferentially select macrophyte habitat at a rate three times greater, on average, than five other habitat types. To understand the potential rearing benefits associated with macrophytes, we conducted a manipulative experiment to determine how macrophytes affect invertebrate prey availability and stream water velocity. Macrophytes supported up to nine times greater abundance of invertebrates than adjacent open gravel habitats. They also doubled invertebrate drift rates and reduced water velocity by up to 42‐fold. The results show that aquatic macrophytes are an important stream habitat feature that may be bioenergetically more favourable for rearing salmonids than more traditional lotic habitats. We suggest that macrophytes have the potential to enhance growth rates of juvenile salmonids when compared with other habitat types. Habitats that confer growth and size advantages may ultimately improve fitness and contribute to conservation of imperilled salmonids.
Survival analysis of hierarchical learning curves in assessment of cardiac device and procedural safety
Authors: Govindarajulu Usha , Bedi Sandeep , Kluger Aaron , Resnic Frederic
Published: July 2018

Many Americans rely on cardiac surgical procedures and devices such as pacemakers and thrombolytic catheters to treat or manage their cardiovascular diseases. However, the failure of these cardiac devices and procedures could have grave consequences. One reason cardiac devices tended to fail was due to physician error; there is a learning effect for the physician or operator to come up to speed in skillfully implanting devices and conducting procedures. In order to better understand these learning effects, we had previously modeled the resulting learning curve effects in simulations a hierarchical setting with physicians clustered within institutions using our unique methodology (see the work of Govindarajulu et al 2017). Previously, we had employed these in hierarchical linear modeling and also in generalized estimating equations. In this setting, we have demonstrated how to apply similar methodology but revised in a survival analytic framework or time‐to‐event analyses. Through simulations and real dataset applications, we found that, out of the three shapes modeled to fit the learning curve, the logarithmic shape tended to have the best fit, similar to previous work (see the work of Govindarajulu et al 2017). However, as seen before, modeling the learning rate can be dataset specific and one shape may be better than another. We learned that modeling the learning rate could also be applied in the survival analysis setting through this new methodology. The goal of this paper is to model cardiac device and procedure learning curve effects in a time‐to‐event setting so that this knowledge may allow for the improvement of both short and long‐term patient survival.
Highly Stable COF‐Supported Co/Co(OH)2 Nanoparticles Heterogeneous Catalyst for Reduction of Nitrile/Nitro Compounds under Mild Conditions
Authors: Mullangi Dinesh , Chakraborty Debanjan , Pradeep Anu , Koshti Vijay , Vinod Chathakudath P. , Panja Soumendranath , Nair Sunil , Vaidhyanathan Ramanathan
Published: July 2018

Ordered nanoporosity in covalent organic framework (COF) offers excellent opportunity for property development. Loading nanoparticles (nPs) onto them is one approach to introducing tailor‐made properties into a COF. Here, a COF–Co/Co(OH)2 composite containing about 16 wt% of <6 nm sized Co/Co(OH)2 nPs is prepared on a N‐rich COF support that catalyzes the release of theoretical equivalence of H2 from readily available, safe, and cheap NaBH4. Furthermore, the released H2 is utilized for the hydrogenation of nitrile and nitro compounds to amines under ambient conditions in a facile one‐pot reaction. The COF “by choice” is built from “methoxy” functionalized dialdehydes which is crucial in enabling the complete retention of the COF structure under the conditions of the catalysis, where the regular Schiff bonds would have hydrolyzed. The N‐rich binding pockets in the COF ensure strong nP–COF interactions, which provides stability and enables catalyst recycling. Modeling studies reveal the crucial role played by the COF in exposing the active facets and thereby in controlling the activation of the reducing agent. Additionally, via density functional theory, we provide a rational explanation for how these COFs can stabilize nanoparticles which grow beyond the limiting pore size of the COF and yet result in a truly stable heterogeneous catalyst – a ubiquitous observation. The study underscores the versatility of COF as a heterogeneous support for developing cheap and highly active nonnoble metal catalysts.
An Electroactive and Transparent Haptic Interface Utilizing Soft Elastomer Actuators with Silver Nanowire Electrodes
Authors: Jun Kiwoo , Kim Jongnam , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: July 2018

An electroactive and transparent haptic interface having a rectangular void pattern creates tunable surface textures by controlling the wavelength and amplitude of independent void‐lines. To make an active tactile surface, the transparent haptic interface employs a silver nanowire (AgNW) electrode to be compliant with the deformed elastomer surface. Here, the dielectric elastomer is newly blended with polydimethylsiloxane and Ecoflex prepolymer to simultaneously control the mechanical stiffness and transparency. The relative resistance of the AgNW electrode on a single void line is nearly unchanged under bending test, confirming the high stretchability and conductivity of the nanowire‐networked electrode. The optical transparencies are 92–85%, depending on the ratio of the Ecoflex solution. Transparency values decreas by 7 and 16% after coating with AgNWs at densities of 30 and 140 mg m−2, respectively. Using EP31, the void line is deformed by 90 µm under a field intensity of 13.0 V µm−1. The haptic surface is successfully controlled by applying voltage, which produces four different surface textures, from relatively smooth to rough feeling, depending on the distance between deformed void lines. This haptic interface can be applied to diverse display systems as an external add‐on screen and will help to realize programmable surface textures in the future.
Biofriendly, Stretchable, and Reusable Hydrogel Electronics as Wearable Force Sensors
Authors: Liu Hao , Li Moxiao , Ouyang Cheng , Lu Tian Jian , Li Fei , Xu Feng
Published: July 2018

The ever‐growing overlap between stretchable electronic devices and wearable healthcare applications is igniting the discovery of novel biocompatible and skin‐like materials for human‐friendly stretchable electronics fabrication. Amongst all potential candidates, hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility and mechanical features close to human tissues are constituting a promising troop for realizing healthcare‐oriented electronic functionalities. In this work, based on biocompatible and stretchable hydrogels, a simple paradigm to prototype stretchable electronics with an embedded three‐dimensional (3D) helical conductive layout is proposed. Thanks to the 3D helical structure, the hydrogel electronics present satisfactory mechanical and electrical robustness under stretch. In addition, reusability of stretchable electronics is realized with the proposed scenario benefiting from the swelling property of hydrogel. Although losing water would induce structure shrinkage of the hydrogel network and further undermine the function of hydrogel in various applications, the worn‐out hydrogel electronics can be reused by simply casting it in water. Through such a rehydration procedure, the dehydrated hydrogel can absorb water from the surrounding and then the hydrogel electronics can achieve resilience in mechanical stretchability and electronic functionality. Also, the ability to reflect pressure and strain changes has revealed the hydrogel electronics to be promising for advanced wearable sensing applications.
Novel Non‐Carbon Sulfur Hosts Based on Strong Chemisorption for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhu Yanfang , Wang Shun , Miao Zongcheng , Liu Yong , Chou Shu‐Lei
Published: July 2018

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as promising candidates for energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical capacity and high energy density. The application of Li–S batteries is hindered by several obstacles, however, including the shuttle effect, poor electrical conductivity, and the severe volume expansion of sulfur. The traditional method is to integrate sulfur with carbon materials. But the interaction between polysulfide intermediates and carbon is only weak physical adsorption, which easily leads to the escape of species from the framework (shuttle effect) of the material causing capacity loss. Recently, however, there has been a trend for the introduction of novel non‐carbon materials as sulfur hosts based on the strong chemisorption. This review highlights recent research progress on novel non‐carbon sulfur hosts based on strong chemisorption, in Li–S batteries. In comparison with carbon‐based sulfur hosts, most non‐carbon sulfur hosts have been demonstrated to be polar host materials that could efficiently adsorb polysulfide via strong chemisorption, mitigating their dissolution. The intrinsic mechanism associated with the role of non‐carbon‐based host materials in improving the performance of Li–S batteries is discussed.
Metal Halide Perovskites: From Crystal Formations to Light‐Emitting‐Diode Applications
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoon , Kim Sungjin , Jo Seung Hyeon , Lee Tae‐Woo
Published: July 2018

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are promising light emitters because they have high color purity, high charge‐carrier mobility, comparable energy levels with organic semiconductors, and the possibility of diverse crystal forms and various crystal formation methods. Since the first report of MHP light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) in 2014, many researchers have devoted efforts to increase the luminescence efficiencies of MHPs in various crystal forms, and achieved dramatically improved photoluminescence quantum efficiency of >90% in MHP emitters and external quantum efficiency of ≈14.36% in PeLEDs. Here, the recent progress regarding PeLEDs is reviewed by categorizing MHPs into three types: polycrystalline bulk films, colloidal nanocrystals, and single crystals. The main focus is on photophysical properties, crystallization methods, and mechanisms of various crystal formation, and applications to PeLEDs. Future research directions are also suggested and an outlook for MHP emitters and PeLEDs is given.
Investigation of the Enhanced Lithium Battery Storage in a Polyoxometalate Model: From Solid Spheres to Hollow Balls
Authors: Liu Wen‐Jing , Yu Ge , Zhang Mi , Li Run‐Han , Dong Long‐Zhang , Zhao Hui‐Si , Chen Yong‐Jun , Xin Zhi‐Feng , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: July 2018

Materials with hollow structures are generally considered more conducive to lithium‐ion storage than solid materials, but there is no suitable crystal model system to illustrate it. Herein, it is successfully simulated by utilizing polyoxometalate models to compare the lithium‐ion battery performances. New crystals, EMI‐PMo12 (EMI: 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) with solid sphere and EMI‐Mo72V30 and EMI‐Mo132 with hollow structures, are synthesized. In order to increase their electronic conductivity, the composites EMI‐PMo12@rGO, EMI‐Mo72V30@rGO, and EMI‐Mo132@rGO (rGO: reduced graphene oxide) can be prepared by introducing rGO. The composite EMI‐Mo72V30@rGO delivers a reversible capacity of 1145 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, and the capacity retentions are nearly 100% at 2000 mA g−1 for over 500 cycles. This study not only provides a promising avenue toward manufacturing and developing new‐generation electrode materials in lithium‐ion storage but also proposes a mechanism toward comparing their performances at the molecular level.
Peer collaborative writing in the EAP classroom: Insights from a Canadian postsecondary context
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata Kumar , Hilman Brianna , Roy Sylvie
Published: July 2018

Peer collaborative second language (L2) writing has recently gained a lot of traction (Hu & Lam, 2009; Swain & Lapkin, 2013) as both instructors and students recognize its advantages. Although research on peer feedback in L2 contexts has a long history, peer collaborative L2 writing research has been sparse. This article reports on a study that investigated student perceptions on collaboration in an extended, take‐home writing assignment in an English for academic purposes context at a Canadian university. Data were collected from questionnaire surveys, student writing, and semistructured interviews. Findings suggest that although there are some challenges in peer collaborative writing, it also has certain benefits. The main challenges identified were participants’ unfamiliarity with peer collaboration, lack of clear instructions regarding the steps to be followed, unequal proficiency levels within groups, and group members’ different backgrounds, causing difficulty in communication among partners. The benefits include students’ critical awareness about the use of language in academic writing, which led to an improved understanding of the meaning‐making processes in text production. Drawing on these findings, the authors discuss implications for teaching and learning.
Multiline anchor force dynamics in floating offshore wind turbines
Authors: Fontana Casey M. , Hallowell Spencer T. , Arwade Sanjay R. , DeGroot Don J. , Landon Melissa E. , Aubeny Charles P. , Diaz Brian , Myers Andrew T. , Ozmutlu Senol
Published: July 2018

Floating offshore wind energy has seen significant progress, evidenced by multiple demonstration projects and the first floating wind farm (Hywind Scotland). However, the high capital cost associated with floating wind development remains one of the primary hurdles in the industry's growth. In efforts to lower this cost, this paper investigates a novel shared anchor concept to reduce the total number of anchors and installations. Two different multiline geometries are studied—a 3‐line anchor system and a 6‐line anchor system. Simulations of the anchor forces are generated using National Renewable Energy Laboratory's OC4‐DeepCwind semisubmersible floating system and 5‐MW wind turbine, and the anchor forces of the 2 different multiline geometries are compared to those of a conventional single‐line anchor geometry. Multiline anchor net force is calculated by vector summing the contributing tensions of the lines connected to the anchor. Results show that the behavior of the multiline anchor net force is governed by the connected line contributing the largest tension. Mean and maximum anchor forces are decreased in the 3‐line anchor system and increased in the 6‐line anchor system, relative to the single‐line system. The average direction of multiline anchor net force is aligned with environmental load direction, and a wider range of multiline anchor net force directions are exhibited for wave‐dominated load cases. Direction reversal of the multiline anchor net force under constant wind, wave, and current direction is small and infrequent. These force direction results reveal that a multiline anchor must have axisymmetric strength.
Improving the efficiency of wind farms via wake manipulation
Authors: Bader Shujaut H. , Inguva Venkatesh , Perot J. B.
Published: July 2018

Wind turbine farms suffer from wake losses, where the downstream turbines generate less power, and/or the leading turbines are throttled to reduce the downstream power losses. In this paper, we focus on possible external modifications that can enhance the wind turbines' performance when they are operating in a farm environment. In particular, this study is interested in enhancing the performance of the downstream turbines in wind farms. The idea is to move each turbine's wake down and away from subsequent turbines. This goal is achieved by using stationary external airfoils that are placed in proximity to the rotating blades. A number of different designs are tested and the design concepts are tested using Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes simulations of an aligned array of 2 wind turbines. The turbines are modeled as actuator disks with axial induction and are placed in a velocity field that is modeled as a turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. It is found that fixed external airfoils can enable partial or full power recovery at turbine separations of as small as 3 rotor diameters downstream. We will also demonstrate that some devices can also improve the performance of the upstream turbine. The physical reasons for these power recovery phenomena are discussed.
Field theoretical derivation of Lüscher’s formula and calculation of finite volume form factors
Authors: Bajnok Zoltán , Balog János , Lájer Márton , Wu Chao
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We initiate a systematic method to calculate both the finite volume energy levels and form factors from the momentum space finite volume two-point function. By expanding the two point function in the volume we extracted the leading exponential volume correction both to the energy of a moving particle state and to the simplest non-diagonal form factor. The form factor corrections are given in terms of a regularized infinite volume 3-particle form factor and terms related to the Lüsher correction of the momentum quantization. We tested these results against second order Lagrangian and Hamiltonian perturbation theory in the sinh-Gordon theory and we obtained perfect agreement.
Improvement in bone marrow infiltration in patients with type I Gaucher disease treated with taliglucerase alfa
Authors: Zimran Ari , Dinur Tama , Revel‐Vilk Shoshana , Akkerman Eric M. , van Dussen Laura , Hollak Carla E. M. , Maayan Hannah , Altarescu Gheona , Chertkoff Raul , Maas Mario
Published: July 2018

Preliminary data suggest a positive effect of taliglucerase alfa on the bone marrow infiltration of Gaucher cells. In this investigator‐initiated study, we report the impact of taliglucerase alfa on the bone marrow fat fraction (FF) in 26 patients assessed by quantitative chemical shift imaging (QCSI). Of 15 treatment‐naïve patients (median age 48 [range 24–68] years), eight had baseline FF ≤ 0.3, six of those with a FF ≤ 0.23 (‘bone at risk’). All significantly improved from a median baseline FF of 0.24 (0.15–0.32) to 1st year FF of 0.37 (0.25–0.54) and 2nd year FF of 0.42 (0.27–0.59) (p = 0.01). Among the 11 ‘switch‐over’ patients (median age 42 [range 33–69] years; median imiglucerase exposure 8 [range 1–17] years), eight had baseline FF ≤ 0.3, five of those with FF < 0.23. All, but one, significantly improved from a median baseline FF of 0.17 (0.08–0.28) to 1st year FF of 0.3 (0.05–0.34) and 2nd year FF of 0.34 (0.08–0.44) (p = 0.03). Two elderly female patients (age 43 and 58 years, with 17 years imiglucerase exposure) who remained at the same enzyme replacement therapy dose, increased from baseline FF of 0.13 and 0.19 to 0.26 at 1 year. Although the number of observations is small, we hypothesize that switching to taliglucerase may result in an improved bone marrow response. A larger study is needed to assess the early benefit of taliglucerase alfa in adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease on the bone marrow compartment.
Basic Science Research Trends in Orthopedic Surgery: An Analysis of the Top 100 Cited Articles
Authors: Nayar Suresh K. , Dein Eric J. , Bernard Johnathan A. , Zikria Bashir A. , Spiker Andrea M.
Published: July 2018

Background

Much of current clinical orthopedics traces its origin to basic science investigation of cellular and biochemical pathways, tissue engineering, and biomechanics of bone and joint physiology in animal and cadaveric models.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to describe research trends in highly cited basic science studies in orthopedics.

Methods

By searching Web of Science, we identified the 100 most cited basic science orthopedics articles and focused on author position and degree (PhD, MD, or MD/PhD), topic, type of study, country, institution, and citation trends.

Results

These articles were published from 1970 to 2008 (citation range, 330 to 2111), with the majority from the USA (78). While there was no correlation between years since publication and total citations, more recent articles had higher citation rates. There were 38 unique first authors represented, with Caplan, Harris, Mankin, Noyes, and Warren as primary authors or co-authors of four articles each. Twelve journals published these 100 articles, with the majority in Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (46) and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (18). Frequent topics included biomechanics (31), healing/regeneration (21), and cellular/molecular biology (13). The Hospital for Special Surgery/Cornell University (10) published the most, followed by the Hospital for Joint Diseases/New York University (6), and University of Pittsburgh (6). No difference was observed in total citations and average citation rate by author degree. Eight articles were contributed from privately owned institutions or industry, with the rest from academic hospitals.

Conclusion

This review may aid those seeking insight into landmark studies and future direction of basic science research in orthopedics.
Essential high-purity sealing materials for semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: July 2018

Contamination substantially reduces product yield in semiconductor manufacturing, which is why it is essential that ultrapure elastomer materials are used for seals required by various processes employed to make electronic devices, as Precision Polymer Engineering Ltd explains in this brief article. The firm, which develops high-performance O-rings, technical rubber mouldings and sealing products, and supplies them to a diverse range of industries worldwide, also discusses the elastomer seal materials and technology it has developed specifically for the semiconductor industry.
Who Gets What in Foreign Affairs? Explaining the Allocation of Foreign Ministries in Coalition Governments
Authors: Oppermann Kai , Brummer Klaus
Published: July 2018

In coalition governments, political parties are concerned not only with how many but also with which departments they control. The foreign ministry is among the most highly considered prizes in coalition negotiations. This article develops hypotheses to explain under which conditions the foreign ministry is likely to be allocated to a ‘junior coalition partner’. The factors that are hypothesized to affect the allocation are: the relative size of coalition parties; the proximity of their foreign policy positions; the party family of the junior coalition party; the salience of foreign policy to the coalition parties; and past allocations of the foreign ministry to junior coalition partners. Employing a crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis, the article demonstrates that although the conjunction of the junior partner being relatively large and it having led the foreign ministry in the past is not sufficient by itself, those two factors are very influential in the junior partner being allocated the foreign ministry.
Examining the association between hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection and multiple-bed room exposure: a case-control study
Authors: Vaisman Alon , Jula Michael , Wagner Jessica , Winston Lisa G.
Published: July 2018

Objective

To determine whether assignment to a multiple-bed room increased the risk of hospital-onset C. difficile diarrhea (HO-CDI).

Design

Case-control study.

Setting

San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center.

Population

Adult general medical and surgical inpatients.

Methods

Consecutive cases of HO-CDI were identified between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. To investigate the effect of multiple-bed room exposure both at admission and at the time of symptom onset, 2 sets of controls were selected from the general medical/surgical inpatient population using incidence density sampling. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between room assignment (single bed vs multiple beds) and the development of HO-CDI.

Results

In total, 187 cases were identified and matched with 512 and 515 controls for the admission and at-diagnosis analyses, respectively. The adjusted rate ratio (RR) associated with the development HO-CDI associated with multiple-bed room exposure during the 7 and 14 days immediately prior to HO-CDI diagnosis were 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–1.25; P=.31) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93–1.18; P=.12), respectively. Furthermore, no significant association was detected in the analysis of the first 7 and 14 days after case admission or among patients with Charlson comorbidity scores ≥4 in either period.

Conclusion

Assignment of patients to multiple-bed rooms on general medical and surgical wards was not associated with an increased risk in the development of HO-CDI. Future investigation should be performed with larger cohorts in multiple sites to more definitively address the question because this issue could have implications for patient room assignment and hospital design.
Maximal heat transfer between two parallel plates
Authors: Motoki Shingo , Kawahara Genta , Shimizu Masaki
Published: July 2018

The divergence-free time-independent velocity field has been determined so as to maximise heat transfer between two parallel plates with a constant temperature difference under the constraint of fixed total enstrophy. The present variational problem is the same as that first formulated by Hassanzadeh et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 751, 2014, pp. 627–662); however, the search range for optimal states has been extended to a three-dimensional velocity field. A scaling of the Nusselt number $Nu$ with the Péclet number $Pe$ (i.e., the square root of the non-dimensionalised enstrophy with thermal diffusion time scale), $Nu\sim Pe^{2/3}$, has been found in the three-dimensional optimal states, corresponding to the asymptotic scaling with the Rayleigh number $Ra$, $Nu\sim Ra^{1/2}$, expected to appear in an ultimate state, and thus to the Taylor energy dissipation law in high-Reynolds-number turbulence. At $Pe\sim 10^{0}$, a two-dimensional array of large-scale convection rolls provides maximal heat transfer. A three-dimensional optimal solution emerges from bifurcation on the two-dimensional solution branch at $Pe\sim 10^{1}$, and the three-dimensional solution branch has been tracked up to $Pe\sim 10^{4}$ (corresponding to $Ra\approx 2.7\times 10^{6}$). At $Pe\gtrsim 10^{3}$, the optimised velocity fields consist of convection cells with hierarchical self-similar vortical structures, and the temperature fields exhibit a logarithmic-like mean profile near the walls.
Does Media Coverage Drive Public Support for UKIP or Does Public Support for UKIP Drive Media Coverage?
Authors: Murphy Justin , Devine Daniel
Published: July 2018

Previous research suggests media attention may increase support for populist right-wing parties, but extant evidence is mostly limited to proportional representation systems in which such an effect would be most likely. At the same time, in the United Kingdom’s first-past-the-post system, an ongoing political and regulatory debate revolves around whether the media give disproportionate coverage to the populist right-wing UK Independence Party (UKIP). This study uses a mixed-methods research design to investigate the causal dynamics of UKIP support and media coverage as an especially valuable case. Vector autoregression, using monthly, aggregate time-series data from January 2004 to April 2017, provides new evidence consistent with a model in which media coverage drives party support, but not vice versa. The article identifies key periods in which stagnating or declining support for UKIP is followed by increases in media coverage and subsequent increases in public support. The findings show that media coverage may drive public support for right-wing populist parties in a substantively non-trivial fashion that is irreducible to previous levels of public support, even in a national institutional environment least supportive of such an effect. The findings have implications for political debates in the UK and potentially other liberal democracies.
Application of dynamic modelling techniques to the problem of antibacterial use and resistance: a scoping review
Authors: Ramsay D. E. , Invik J. , Checkley S. L. , Gow S. P. , Osgood N. D. , Waldner C. L.
Published: July 2018

Selective pressure exerted by the widespread use of antibacterial drugs is accelerating the development of resistant bacterial populations. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarise the range of studies that use dynamic models to analyse the problem of bacterial resistance in relation to antibacterial use in human and animal populations. A comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature was performed and non-duplicate articles (n = 1486) were screened in several stages. Charting questions were used to extract information from the articles included in the final subset (n = 81). Most studies (86%) represent the system of interest with an aggregate model; individual-based models are constructed in only seven articles. There are few examples of inter-host models outside of human healthcare (41%) and community settings (38%). Resistance is modelled for a non-specific bacterial organism and/or antibiotic in 40% and 74% of the included articles, respectively. Interventions with implications for antibacterial use were investigated in 67 articles and included changes to total antibiotic consumption, strategies for drug management and shifts in category/class use. The quality of documentation related to model assumptions and uncertainty varies considerably across this subset of articles. There is substantial room to improve the transparency of reporting in the antibacterial resistance modelling literature as is recommended by best practice guidelines.
Intra-population variability of the non-breeding distribution of southern giant petrelsMacronectes giganteusis mediated by individual body size
Authors: Krüger Lucas , Paiva Vitor H. , Finger Julia V.G. , Petersen Elisa , Xavier José C. , Petry Maria V. , Ramos Jaime A.
Published: July 2018

Literature reports that body size can be associated with latitudinal distribution, for instance larger animals inhabit higher latitudes and colder habitats. This rule can be applied for species and populations within a species. The potential influence of body size on non-breeding distribution and habitat use at the intra-population level was investigated for southern giant petrelsMacronectes giganteus(Gmelin) from Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands. The non-breeding distribution of 23 individuals was tracked, and total body length, culmen length, wing length, wing load and body mass were measured. Positions of core areas were used to estimate the latitudinal distribution of each individual. Smaller individuals were found to be associated more with lower latitudes, where warmer conditions and more coastal and productive waters prevail, whereas large males were associated more with higher latitudes, with colder conditions near sea ice caps, presumably feeding on carrion or preying on penguins. This association reflects a latitudinal gradient, with smaller individuals positioning themselves towards the north, and larger individuals towards the south. In this case, body size, individual distribution and habitat use were found to be associated, highlighting the importance of studying potential effects of individual body size on the ecology of seabirds.
Grammatical change in Paris French:in situquestion words in embedded contexts
Authors: GARDNER-CHLOROS PENELOPE , SECOVA MARIA
Published: July 2018

This article will review the parameters of a grammatical variable within the putative variety ‘Multicultural Paris French’, i.e. its distribution and use within a group of youngbanlieuespeakers. The structure in question stands out as it has rarely been found in previous corpora in France: indirect questions following verbs likesavoir, where the question word is post-verb (je sais pas il a dit quoi). We discuss which groups use the new forms in Paris, referring briefly to some comparable changes in London. This structure appears to be an instance of ‘change from below’ (Labov, 2007), which seems to have emerged in the speech of young people of immigrant background. It might also, on the other hand, be a long-standing vernacular variant, which has re-emerged, with specific identity-related significance, in this particular group of speakers. Its exceptional character in the Paris context highlights a lack of evidence for the emergence of a more wide-ranging, distinct multiethnolect, as found in London and other European capitals.
Acquired right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: a nidus for thromboembolism
Authors: Boutsikou Maria , Fraisse Alain , Shore Darryl , Voges Inga
Published: July 2018

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum may be complicated by coronary aneurysms and myocardial ischaemia. We report a case of an acquired postoperative right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm with communication to the left ventricular outflow tract. Multimodality imaging helped in the characterisation of this structural abnormality, which led to treatment modification of the patient.
Powerful Pharma and Its Marginalized Alternatives?
Authors: Lamberty Pia , Imhoff Roland
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Only little is known about the underpinning psychological processes that determine medical choices. Across four studies, we establish that conspiracy mentality predicts a preference for alternative over biomedical therapies. Study 1a (N = 392) and 1b (N = 204) provide correlational support, Study 2 (N = 185) experimentally tested the role of power: People who endorsed a conspiracy mentality perceived a drug more positively if its approval was supported by a powerless (vs. powerful) agent. Study 3 (N = 239) again showed a moderating effect of power and conspiracy mentality on drug evaluation by comparing analytic versus holistic approaches. These findings point to the consequences of conspiracy mentality for health behavior and prevention programs.
A Parameterization of Turbulent‐Scale and Mesoscale Orographic Drag in a Global Atmospheric Model
Authors: Koo Myung‐Seo , Choi Hyun‐Joo , Han Ji‐Young
Published: July 2018

The effect of drag due to subgrid orography with turbulent scales, the so‐called turbulent orographic form drag, is introduced by revising the surface exchange coefficient for momentum, to alleviate the overall positive bias in wind speed in the near‐surface and low‐level troposphere over land. Also, the excessive flow‐blocking drag, responsible for negative biases in low‐level wind speed over highly complex terrains, is abated by modifying the height of the blocked layer, which is achieved without a significant deficiency of total surface drag because of additional turbulent orographic form drag. The impact of the revised subgrid‐scale orography parameterization is investigated on the medium‐range forecast (January and July 2016) and seasonal ensemble prediction (June–August 2013 and December 2013 to February 2014) regarding stress partitioning and skill scores. With the revised subgrid‐scale orography schemes, total surface stress and its partitioning resemble those of the ERA‐Interim. Meanwhile, the turbulent (mesoscale orographic) stress is enhanced (reduced) due to the additional turbulent orographic form drag (weakened flow‐blocking drag). For the medium‐range forecast, systematic biases in near‐surface and low‐level wind speed are satisfactorily rectified by adding turbulent orographic form drag (reducing flow‐blocking drag) in the regions with positive biases across the land (negative biases over highly complex terrains) against reanalysis, as well as observation data. Seasonal simulation is also improved because the weak polar night jet and the corresponding warm pole biases are alleviated by the reductions of the orographic gravity wave and resolved wave drag, which are driven by the revised low‐level drag.
2018 AGU Section Awardees and Named Lecturers
Authors: Bell Robin , Holmes Mary
Published: July 2018

The 75 distinguished scientists listed here received accolades from groups representing their disciplines within AGU, the world’s largest Earth and space science society.
On the Magnetism Behind the Besnus Transition in Monoclinic Pyrrhotite
Authors: Koulialias Dimitrios , Schäublin Robin , Kurtuldu Güven , Weidler Peter G. , Löffler Jörg F. , Gehring Andreas U.
Published: July 2018

In monoclinic 4C pyrrhotite (ideal formula Fe7S8), ordered vacancy distribution forms a superstructure with strong ferrimagnetism that makes this mineral a major remanent magnetization carrier in the Earth's crust. The pronounced decrease in isothermal remanence magnetization at about 32 K, known as Besnus transition, is a characteristic trait that marks the low‐temperature transition in 4C pyrrhotite, and it is used as a key to identify this mineral phase in rock samples. Here we take a nearly pure single pyrrhotite crystal (Fe6.97S8) from the Swiss Alps to study its Besnus transition in a broad mineral‐magnetic approach that combines detailed structural analysis with static and dynamic magnetization experiments. All the magnetic properties inferred from the experimental data are discussed in the context of a recent model that explains interacting anisotropy fields in the 4C pyrrhotite caused by the vacancy arrangement as the origin of the Besnus transition.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Recurrent Slow Slip Events Along the Southern Ryukyu Subduction Zone, Japan, From 2010 to 2013
Authors: Kano Masayuki , Fukuda Jun'ichi , Miyazaki Shin'ichi , Nakamura Mamoru
Published: July 2018

Slow slip events (SSEs) with a moment magnitude of 6.6–6.7 occur at intervals of 5–9 months along the southern Ryukyu subduction zone in southwestern Japan. To obtain detailed image of these SSEs, this study applies a modified Network Inversion Filter to the Global Navigation Satellite System time series from March 2010 to February 2013 and estimates the spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip on the plate interface. Five SSEs are detected during this period. These events have similar cumulative slip distributions and are located near the northwestern coast of Iriomote Island at depths of 30–60 km, indicating that the SSEs recur in the same fault area. The analysis reveals that the spatiotemporal evolution of slip during the five SSEs varies from event to event. The notable feature is that three of the five SSEs nucleate rapidly and reach the maximum slip rate within several days, while the other two SSEs show much slower nucleation, lasting for 25–45 days prior to rapid acceleration of slip. Such variations in spatiotemporal evolution suggest temporal changes of fault properties such as fluid distribution and fault friction. Very low frequency earthquakes and low‐frequency earthquakes are activated during one of the five SSEs. The source area of the SSEs is complimentarily located in a deeper part of the very low frequency earthquakes and low‐frequency earthquake source areas, and a possible tsunami source region is located near the trench, indicating the depth dependence of the physical properties along the plate interface.
Correction: Locality and diel cycling of viral production revealed by a 24 h time course cross-omics analysis in a coastal region of Japan
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Nishimura Yosuke , Watai Hiroyasu , Haruki Nana , Morimoto Daichi , Kaneko Hiroto , Honda Takashi , Yamamoto Keigo , Hingamp Pascal , Sako Yoshihiko , Goto Susumu , Ogata Hiroyuki
Published: July 2018

The original version of this Article contained an error in the main text citations and reference list. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
A metabolic interplay coordinated by HLX regulates myeloid differentiation and AML through partly overlapping pathways
Authors: Piragyte Indre , Clapes Thomas , Polyzou Aikaterini , Klein Geltink Ramon I. , Lefkopoulos Stylianos , Yin Na , Cauchy Pierre , Curtis Jonathan D. , Klaeylé Lhéanna , Langa Xavier , Beckmann Cora C. A. , Wlodarski Marcin W. , Müller Patrick , Van Essen Dominic , Rambold Angelika , Kapp Friedrich G. , Mione Marina , Buescher Joerg M. , Pearce Erika L. , Polyzos Alexander , Trompouki Eirini
Published: July 2018

The H2.0-like homeobox transcription factor (HLX) regulates hematopoietic differentiation and is overexpressed in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), but the mechanisms underlying these functions remain unclear. We demonstrate here that HLX overexpression leads to a myeloid differentiation block both in zebrafish and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We show that HLX overexpression leads to downregulation of genes encoding electron transport chain (ETC) components and upregulation of PPARδ gene expression in zebrafish and human HSPCs. HLX overexpression also results in AMPK activation. Pharmacological modulation of PPARδ signaling relieves the HLX-induced myeloid differentiation block and rescues HSPC loss uponHLXknockdown but it has no effect on AML cell lines. In contrast, AMPK inhibition results in reduced viability of AML cell lines, but minimally affects myeloid progenitors. This newly described role of HLX in regulating the metabolic state of hematopoietic cells may have important therapeutic implications.
Myeloid apolipoprotein E controls dendritic cell antigen presentation and T cell activation
Authors: Bonacina Fabrizia , Coe David , Wang Guosu , Longhi Maria P. , Baragetti Andrea , Moregola Annalisa , Garlaschelli Katia , Uboldi Patrizia , Pellegatta Fabio , Grigore Liliana , Da Dalt Lorenzo , Annoni Andrea , Gregori Silvia , Xiao Qingzhong , Caruso Donatella , Mitro Nico , Catapano Alberico L. , Marelli-Berg Federica M. , Norata Giuseppe D.
Published: July 2018

Cholesterol homeostasis has a pivotal function in regulating immune cells. Here we show that apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficiency leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in the cell membrane of dendritic cells (DC), resulting in enhanced MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation and CD4+ T-cell activation. Results from WT and apoE KO bone marrow chimera suggest that apoE from cells of hematopoietic origin has immunomodulatory functions, regardless of the onset of hypercholesterolemia. Humans expressing apoE4 isoform (ε4/3–ε4/4) have increased circulating levels of activated T cells compared to those expressing WT apoE3 (ε3/3) or apoE2 isoform (ε2/3–ε2/2). This increase is caused by enhanced antigen-presentation by apoE4-expressing DCs, and is reversed when these DCs are incubated with serum containing WT apoE3. In summary, our study identifies myeloid-produced apoE as a key physiological modulator of DC antigen presentation function, paving the way for further explorations of apoE as a tool to improve the management of immune diseases.
Crystalline functionalized endohedral C60 metallofullerides
Authors: Nakagawa Ayano , Nishino Makiko , Niwa Hiroyuki , Ishino Katsuma , Wang Zhiyong , Omachi Haruka , Furukawa Ko , Yamaguchi Takahisa , Kato Tatsuhisa , Bandow Shunji , Rio Jeremy , Ewels Chris , Aoyagi Shinobu , Shinohara Hisanori
Published: July 2018

Endohedral metallofullerenes have been extensively studied since the first experimental observation of La@C60 in a laser-vaporized supersonic beam in 1985. However, most of these studies have focused on metallofullerenes larger than C60 such as (metal)@C82, and there are no reported purified C60-based monomeric metallofullerenes, except for [Li@C60]+(SbCl6)− salt. Pure (metal)@C60 compounds have not been obtained because of their extremely high chemical reactivity. One route to their stabilization is through chemical functionalization. Here we report the isolation, structural determination and electromagnetic properties of functionalized crystalline C60-based metallofullerenes Gd@C60(CF3)5 and La@C60(CF3)5. Synchrotron X-ray single-crystal diffraction reveals that La and Gd atoms are indeed encapsulated in the Ih-C60 fullerene. The HOMO-LUMO gaps of Gd@C60 and La@C60 are significantly widened by an order of magnitude with addition of CF3 groups. Magnetic measurements show the presence of a weak antiferromagnetic coupling in Gd@C60(CF3)3 crystals at low temperatures.
A dynamic and multi-responsive porous flexible metal–organic material
Authors: Shivanna Mohana , Yang Qing-Yuan , Bajpai Alankriti , Patyk-Kazmierczak Ewa , Zaworotko Michael J.
Published: July 2018

Stimuli responsive materials (SRMs) respond to environmental changes through chemical and/or structural transformations that can be triggered by interactions at solid-gas or solid-liquid interfaces, light, pressure or temperature. SRMs span compositions as diverse as organic polymers and porous inorganic solids such as zeolites. Metal–organic materials (MOMs), sustained by metal nodes and organic linker ligands are of special interest as SRMs. SR-MOMs have thus far tended to exhibit only one type of transformation, e.g. breathing, in response to one stimulus, e.g. pressure change. We report [Zn2(4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate)2(4,4′-bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl)]n, an SR-MOM, which exhibits six distinct phases and four types of structural transformation in response to various stimuli. The observed structural transformations, breathing, structural isomerism, shape memory effect, and change in the level of interpenetration, are previously known individually but have not yet been reported to exist collectively in the same compound. The multi-dynamic nature of this SR-MOM is mainly characterised by using in-situ techniques.
UV radiation limited the expansion of cyanobacteria in early marine photic environments
Authors: Mloszewska Aleksandra M. , Cole Devon B. , Planavsky Noah J. , Kappler Andreas , Whitford Denise S. , Owttrim George W. , Konhauser Kurt. O
Published: July 2018

Prior to atmospheric oxygenation, ecosystems were exposed to higher UV radiation fluxes relative to modern surface environments. Iron–silica mineral coatings have been evoked as effective UV radiation shields in early terrestrial settings. Here we test whether similar protection applied to planktonic cyanobacteria within the Archean water column. Based on experiments done under Archean seawater conditions, we report that Fe(III)–Si-rich precipitates absorb up to 70% of incoming UV-C radiation, with a reduction of <20% in photosynthetically active radiation flux. However, we demonstrate that even short periods of UV-C irradiation in the presence of Fe(III)–Si precipitates resulted in high mortality rates, and suggest that these effects would have persisted throughout much of the photic zone. Our findings imply that despite the shielding properties of Fe(III)–Si-rich precipitates in the early water column, UV radiation would continue to limit cyanobacterial expansion and likely had a greater effect on Archean ecosystem structure before the formation of an ozone layer.
Bipolar dispersal of red-snow algae
Authors: Segawa Takahiro , Matsuzaki Ryo , Takeuchi Nozomu , Akiyoshi Ayumi , Navarro Francisco , Sugiyama Shin , Yonezawa Takahiro , Mori Hiroshi
Published: July 2018

Red-snow algae are red-pigmented unicellular algae that appear seasonally on the surface of thawing snow worldwide. Here, we analyse the distribution patterns of snow algae sampled from glaciers and snow patches in the Arctic and Antarctica based on nuclear ITS2 sequences, which evolve rapidly. The number of phylotypes is limited in both polar regions, and most are specific to either the Arctic or Antarctica. However, the bipolar phylotypes account for the largest share (37.3%) of all sequences, suggesting that red-algal blooms in polar regions may comprise mainly cosmopolitan phylotypes but also include endemic organisms, which are distributed either in the Arctic or Antarctica.