bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital Heart Malformations in Iraq, a Review
Authors: Al-Allaf Luma Ibrahim Khalel , Mahmmod Rawa Younis
Published: July 2022

Background: Heart malformations are among the commonest indications for admission to hospital and may causes mortality of children. There is a need to highlight this important medical issue as there is no review article on this subject in Iraq.

Aim: This study aims to focus on this diseases in allover Iraq by reviewing the articles that have been published previously among different Iraqi academic scientific journal (IASJ) and concerned with the congenital heart diseases in various Iraqi governorates.

Materials and Methods: Reviewing of the publications were conducted in accordance of that already described. Identification of available articles were done via applying search on IASJ (from 1997 to 2022). The keywords of ‘congenital heart disease was used in the search. Comprehensive full text articles in English were enrolled, while those published locally in periodic journals were excluded as there they were difficult to access them. Data extraction from selected publications was done in an independent manner via specialized design including the title of the study, the date of publication, area of research, topic of research, number of cases enrolled, and major results.

Results: Most cases are diagnosed at infancy. Male predominance was recognized in Ventricular septal defect (VSD), Tetrolgy of Fallot (TOF), stenosis of Aorta, transposition of the great arteries (D), and aorta's coarctation, Female supremacy was recognized in atrio ventricular canal defect, Patent ductus arteriosus-PDA, atrial septal defects-ASD, and stenosis of pulmonary artery. The acyanotic type was more frequent than those accompanied with cyanosis as reported by many studies. A study from Basra Province has registered the highest incidence of CHD throughout analysis of data of patients with CHD which constitutes 57(40%) out of 1414 examined children. The reviewing of data from several articles in IASJ revealed a concern with correlation of CHD with other congenital disorders. Few researches were conducted on the treatment of CHD. Several works in Iraq tried to discuss the issue from other points of views as the nutritional status and feeding problems, the impact on the growth, and even the oral and dental health.

Conclusions: According to the results of all reviewed Iraqi studies, there is a need for establishing a high standard centers with providing equipments for pediatric surgical operations .A well prepared staff is required for such type of operations. In addition, a well cooperation between the pediatricians and cardiac surgeons to achieve accurate diagnosis, managements, and follow up is needed.
Antifungal Potential of Three Plant Extracts in the Control of Some Major Fungi Associated with Cashew Seeds (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Authors: Elie Keuete Kamdoum , Bachelard Fomen Youmbi Mathias , Gaston R. Tsopmbeng Noumbo
Published: July 2022

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), is an economically export oriented crop that could plays an important role in the Cameroonian economy. Owing to its importance, a study was carried out to evaluate the potential antifungal activities of three plants extracts against three major fungal pathogens associated to its seeds. To achieve this objective, cashew seeds samples were collected from Cameroon and Chad, and fungal pathogens isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium. In vitro antifungal activities of Callistemon viminalis, Cupressus lusitanica and Lantana camara were assessed on three major fungi; Cercospora sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia heterocornis. Results showed that cashew seeds harbour a diversity of fungal species; the most frequent are Cercospora sp. (26%), followed by Aspergillus niger (17.78%) and P. heterocornis (15.6%). Aqueous extracts at 28 mg/ml and ethanolic extracts at 16 mg/ml of C. lusitanica and L. camara, inhibited at 100%, the radial growth and sporulation of all tested fungi. This preliminary work has opened up a possibility of the use of these extracts in the treatment of seed-borne fungi of cashew nuts. However further studies are still on-going under in vivo field conditions to practically evaluate on their potential in cashew seeds disease management.
An Rfid-Based Access Control System Using Electromagnetic Door Lock and an Intruder Alert System
Authors: Makanjuola Philip Olawatimileyin , Shokenu Emmanuel Segun , Araromi Haonat Olajumoke , Idowu Peter Olalekan , Babatunde Joshua Dada
Published: July 2022

Aims: The study was conducted to develop a basic security system that integrates Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), an electromagnetic lock, and a GSM Module to produce a lowcost and effective access control system. This work uses the possibility of improving access control door security by replacing a door key with a dependable electromagnetic door lock system for only authorized persons utilizing RFID and a mobile call intruder warning system.

Methodology: The system is controlled by an ATMEGA328 microcontroller, which instructs the RFID reader to check and verify the users' unique identity tags before unlocking the electromagnetic lock to grant access or alert the administrators through the GSM module if an invalid tag is used. The microcontroller which also controls a liquid crystal display was programmed using Arduino C language; the data of identification tags were stored in its database. The RFIDbased access control with electromagnetic lock and intruder alert consists of three main parts – the INPUT (RFID), CONTROL (ATMega 328), and OUTPUT (Electromagnetic lock, LCD, Buzzer, and GSM Module). The RFID reader was able to scan tags and open a prototype door when a valid tag is used. The motor closes the door after a preset 5 seconds delay.

Conclusion: When compared to well-known techniques in the literature, the developed RFID Access control system outperforms them in terms of accuracy and cost-effectiveness. The door locking system works in real-time because when the user places the tag in contact with the reader, the door opens and the check-in information, together with the user's basic information, is recorded in the central server.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Chemical Industry Safety Production: A Review
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Hu Qiuyue
Published: July 2022

Chemical industry as a national pillar industry, safety management is particularly important; Safety assessment is the use of relevant technologies to assess the risks in the production process of a company. The key is the selection of evaluation methods and means, which can directly influence the effect of the evaluation. However, since the object of chemical safety production evaluation is influenced by many factors, it is concerned with a non-linear relationship between cause and effect. Artificial neural network can make use of the threshold value between neuron nodes and the connection weight value between nodes based on artificial function to carry out non-linear mapping input and output in advance, which has obvious advantages in dealing with non-linear complex problems.
Public Perception of Climate Change Awareness in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunwumi Taiwo S. , Oyeniyi Aishat , C. Udoh Joseph
Published: July 2022

Aims: The study investigated the awareness, causes, effects and mitigation strategies of climate change revealing that generally the people are knowledgeable of the issues involved.

Study area: This study was carried out in Oyo state, specifically Akinyele Local Government Area Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Methodology: Two hundred and forty copies of the questionnaire were administered to the residents of Akinyele local government taking into consideration the prominent areas within each of the twelve (12) wards of the local government area. Twenty respondents using simple random sampling from each of the 12 wards were selected making up 240 questionnaires.

Results: The assessment of socioeconomic characteristics of the population showed that the area is male-dominated with only 45% being female. It is predominantly Yoruba (80.8%) with 55% being 40 years and below and Christians and Muslims sum up to 93.3%. The majority of the population are involved with various occupations while 30.8% constituting the dependent population (students 22.5% and unemployed 8.3%). The study investigated the awareness, causes, effects and mitigation strategies of climate change revealing that generally, the people are knowledgeable of the issues involved. Concerning awareness, 53.3% of the people consider themselves to be knowledgeable of climate change with 62.55 of males being more knowledgeable than females (37.5%). Equally noteworthy is the fact that students were the most knowledgeable of the occupation group with 39%, with artisans who have 0% knowledge about global warming. However, schools constituted the least source of information of the inhabitants with 9.5% while Print and Electronic media seem to have the high source of information (33%).

Conclusion: Non-invasive independent predictors for screening esophageal varices may decrease medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability. It is suggested that environmental issues such as global warming and climate change should be included in the school curriculum and studied at various levels.
Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness and Safety of Propolis Preparation in the Treatment of Aphthous Ulcers
Authors: Jinlong Yang , Wenhua Luo
Published: July 2022

Objective: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of propolis preparation in the treatment of aphthous ulcers in order to provide evidence-based references for its clinical treatment.

Methods: Databases, such as CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CBM, PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, and so on, were searched to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCT) on the propolis preparation (the treatment group) with the conventional treatments (the control group) in the treatment of aphthous ulcers. After the data of clinical studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted by two researchers, the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the methodology quality, and RevMan 5.4 was used for Meta-analysis.

Results: A total of 23 studies were included, involving 2467 participants with 1356 in the treatment group and 1111 in the control group. The overall quality of the RCTs was relatively low. Meta-analysis showed that propolis preparation for aphthous ulcers, compared with conventional Western medicines could improve the total efﬁcacy rate (RR= 1.40, 95%CI[1.33, 1.46], P<0.00001), no incidence of adverse reactions .

Conclusion: Propolis preparation  has  demonstrated  promising therapeutic efﬁciency and safety in treatment of aphthous ulcers. However, this study has certain limitations since the overall quality of included RCTs is relatively low, affecting the reliability of the results, and further high-quality studies are required for veriﬁcation.
Effect of Farm Yard Manure and Thiourea on Growth and Yield of Cluster Bean Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub
Authors: Choudhary Bhanwari , Soni A. K. , Choudhary Gulab , Kumari Balkesh , Choudhary Ritika
Published: July 2022

The experiment comprising four treatments of FYM (control, 10:15:20 t FYM /ha) and four treatments of Thiourea (control, Thiourea @ 500:750:1000 ppm) thus, making sixteen treatment combinations were tested in randomized block design with three replications at Horticulture Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur) during Kharif 2020-21. The study revealed that the application of FYM @ 20 t/ha along with thiourea @ 1000 ppm significantly increased the plant height (136.82 cm 60 DAS), number of branches (9.86), plant spread (49.31 cm2), leaf area (2472.64 cm2) at 60 DAS, chlorophyll content in leaves (1.97 mg/g) at 45 DAS, number of pod per plant (59.77), pod length (9.15 cm)fresh weight of pod per plant (121.30 g), pod yield (9913 kg/ha) and number of seed per pod (9.15)  over control in cluster bean crop.
Annual and Semiannual Variation in the Ionospheric F2-Layer Electron Density over the Indian Zone and Effect of Solar Activity on It
Authors: Chamua Minakshi , Bhuyan Pradip , Bora Saradi
Published: July 2022

In situ measurement carried out by the Retarding potential Analyzer (RPA) on board SROSS C2 and ROCSAT during 1995 to 2003 covering ascending and descending periods of solar cycle 23 over Indian equatorial and low latitude were used to study the annual and semiannual variation of electron density at the topside F region. The ‘Semiannual anomaly’ which represent the electron density in equinox (March, April, September and October) is greater than that at solstice (May, June, July, August, November, December, January and February). The ‘annual anomaly’ which represents the electron density in winter (November, December, January, February) is higher than that in summer (May, June, July, August).  The analysis has been carried out for the geomagnetic equator and ±10o magnetic latitudes. Observations reveal the existence of an equatorial asymmetry during daytime (10:00 – 14:00 hrs.) with higher electron density in spring (March, April) than in autumn (September, October) for both ascending and descending leg of the solar cycle. At the peak of the solar cycle, the density becomes equal for both equinoxes. Nighttime (22:00 – 00:00 hrs.) density in autumn is higher than that in spring for the ascending half of the solar cycle, becomes equal for both the equinoxes around the peak of the solar cycle. In the descending half the vernal density becomes higher than the autumnal density. The periodograms obtained from a Fourier analysis of the daytime average density shows that the annual variation is dominant over the semiannual variations for low to moderate solar activity whereas the semiannual peak becomes dominant over annual peak for high solar activity irrespective of the latitudes. At night, however, latitudinal differences have been observed. The annual variation is stronger than the semiannual variation at 10o N for low to moderate solar activity while for high solar activity the situation reverses. At 10o S and the magnetic equator, the annual variation is dominant for all levels of solar activity. Amplitude of the annual variation is higher in winter compared to that in summer. The physical and dynamical processes responsible for the observed annual and semi-annual trends in topside density will be identified and discussed.
Trends in Metabolic Syndrome Among US Youth, From 1999 to 2018
Authors: Liu Junting , Ma Jun , Orekoya Olubunmi , Vangeepuram Nita , Liu Junxiu
Published: July 2022

This survey study uses representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine trends in prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US youth aged 12 to 19 years.
Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG (LGG) restrains the angiogenic potential of colorectal carcinoma cells by activating a proresolving program via formyl peptide receptor 1
Authors: Liotti Federica , Marotta Maria , Sorriento Daniela , Pagliuca Chiara , Caturano Valeria , Mantova Giuseppe , Scaglione Elena , Salvatore Paola , Melillo Rosa Marina , Prevete Nella
Published: July 2022

Formyl peptide receptors (FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3) are innate immune sensors of pathogen and commensal bacteria and have a role in colonic mucosa homeostasis. We identified FPR1 as a tumour suppressor in gastric cancer cells due to its ability to sustain an inflammation resolution response with antiangiogenic potential. Here, we investigate whether FPR1 exerts similar functions in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. Since it has been shown that the commensal bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) can promote intestinal epithelial homeostasis through FPR1, we explored the possibility that it could induce proresolving and antiangiogenic effects in CRC cells. We demonstrated that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of FPR1 in CRC cells caused a reduction of proresolving mediators and a consequent upregulation of angiogenic factors. The activation of FPR1 mediates opposite effects. Proresolving, antiangiogenic and homeostatic functions were also observed upon treatment of CRC cells with supernatant of LGG culture, but not of other lactic acid or nonprobiotic bacteria (i.e. Bifidobacterium bifidum or Escherichia coli). These activities of LGG are dependent on FPR1 expression and on the subsequent MAPK signalling activation. Thus, the innate immune receptor FPR1 could be a regulator of the balance between microbiota, inflammation and cancer in CRC models.
Athens, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic
Authors: Zaccarini Matteo
Published: July 2022

The most famous
polis
in ancient Greece, Athens developed complex social, administrative, and political structures starting from the Archaic period; it rose to prominence during the fifth century, but was eventually defeated by Sparta. Despite frequent conflicts and financial troubles, during the fourth century the Athenian democracy reached its most developed form. Frequently caught in the struggles between Alexander's successors, Athens was not a protagonist of the Hellenistic period but managed to attract the favor of major external powers, enjoying long‐lasting fame as a cultural hub with a glorious past.
Treatment plan comparison of volumetric‐modulated arc therapy to intensity‐modulated radiotherapy in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon energies
Authors: Wei Zhigong , Peng Xingchen , He Ling , Wang Jingjing , Liu Zheran , Xiao Jianghong
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The aim of this study was to dosimetrically compare volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon beam energies in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) plans.

Methods

Thirty patients with primary or metastatic lung tumors eligible for SBRT were randomly selected. VMAT and IMRT treatment plans using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon energies were generated through automatic SBRT planning software in the RayStation treatment planning system.

Results

For planning target volume, there was no difference in D95% for all plans, whereas D2% and D50% were significantly increased by 5.22%–5.98% and 2.47%–2.59%, respectively, using VMAT6/10‐MV plans compared to IMRT6/10‐MV plans. When comparing the Dmax of organs at risk (OARs), VMAT6/10‐MV was 18.32%–47.95% lower than IMRT6/10‐MV for almost all OARs. VMAT6/10‐MV obviously decreased Dmean, V5Gy, V10Gy, and V20Gy of whole lung by 9.68%–20.92% than IMRT6/10‐MV. Similar results were found when comparing VMAT6‐MV with IMRT10‐MV or VMAT10‐MV with IMRT6‐MV. The differences in the D2%, heterogeneity index, and conformity index between 6‐ and 10‐MV plans are not statistically significant. Plans using 6‐MV performed 4.68%–8.91% lower levels of Dmax of spinal cord, esophagus, great vessels, and trachea and proximal bronchial tree than those using 10‐MV plans. Similarly, Dmean, V5Gy, V10Gy, and V20Gy of whole lung were also reduced by 2.79%–5.25% using 6‐MV. For dose fall‐off analysis, the D2cm and R50% of VMAT6/10‐MV were lower than those of IMRT6/10‐MV. Dose fall‐off curve based on 10 rings was steeper for VMAT plans than IMRT plans regardless of the energy used.

Conclusions

For lung SBRT plans, VMAT‐based plans significantly reduced OARs dose and steepened dose fall‐off curves compared to IMRT‐based plans. A 6‐MV energy level was a better choice than 10‐MV for lung SBRT. In addition, the dose differences between different techniques were more obvious than those between different energy levels.
Fixed‐time nonsingular adaptive containment control for uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems with predefined accuracy
Authors: Shan Huadi , Xue Hong , Jia Tinghan , Pan Yingnan , Zhao Meng
Published: July 2022

This article studies the containment control problem for uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems. To solve this problem, a performance‐oriented fuzzy adaptive algorithm is proposed. By constructing a new Lyapunov function and using the predefined accuracy functions, the algorithm ensures the negative‐definite property of the time derivative of the Lyapunov function while guaranteeing that the containment errors converge to a user‐defined interval. Different from most existing results, the control algorithm proposed in this article realizes the negative‐definite property of the time derivative of Lyapunov function without adjusting parameters. Then, an event‐triggered mechanism is introduced to reduce the communication burden between the controller and the actuator. Moreover, by using the singularity‐avoidance functions, a fixed‐time fuzzy nonsingular controller is constructed to avoid the possible “singularity” problem in the backstepping recursive design. Based on the fixed‐time stability criterion, it is proved that all output signals converge to a predefined interval in a fixed time. Finally, several simulation results further demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented control strategy.
Remotely Actuated Magnetic Nanocarpets for Bone Tissue Engineering: Non‐Invasive Modulation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels for Enhanced Osteogenesis
Authors: Unnithan Afeesh Rajan , Sasikala Arathyram Ramachandra Kurup , Shrestha Bishnu Kumar , Lincoln Alex , Thomson Thomas , El Haj Alicia J.
Published: July 2022

Non‐invasive approaches using remotely controllable nanomaterials have demonstrated their potential ability to enhance treatment efficacy in regenerative medicine and tissue repair. Although magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used for multiple healthcare applications where their remote control properties can show significant advances, enhanced surface functional groups, and electrical properties would expand their capabilities. To address this, in this study, MNPs incorporated Graphene Oxide (GO) based nanocomposites (GOMNPs) are developed and functionalized with TREK1 and Piezo1 antibodies to specifically target the respective mechanosensitive ion channels. Magnetic ion channel activation (MICA) technology is used to remotely activate MG63 osteoblast‐like cells tagged with these functionalized GOMNPs. Remote activation of mechanotransduction pathways shows significant upregulation in osteogenic gene expression as well as enhanced alkaline phosphate activity and calcium mineralization with enhanced bone formation. The development of a GOMNP composite has extensive applicability for future clinical translation.
Homogeneity of Supported Single‐Atom Active Sites Boosting the Selective Catalytic Transformations
Authors: Shi Yujie , Zhou Yuwei , Lou Yang , Chen Zupeng , Xiong Haifeng , Zhu Yongfa
Published: July 2022

Selective conversion of specific functional groups to desired products is highly important but still challenging in industrial catalytic processes. The adsorption state of surface species is the key factor in modulating the conversion of functional groups, which is correspondingly determined by the uniformity of active sites. However, the non‐identical number of metal atoms, geometric shape, and morphology of conventional nanometer‐sized metal particles/clusters normally lead to the non‐uniform active sites with diverse geometric configurations and local coordination environments, which causes the distinct adsorption states of surface species. Hence, it is highly desired to modulate the homogeneity of the active sites so that the catalytic transformations can be better confined to the desired direction. In this review, the construction strategies and characterization techniques of the uniform active sites that are atomically dispersed on various supports are examined. In particular, their unique behavior in boosting the catalytic performance in various chemical transformations is discussed, including selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation, Suzuki coupling, and other catalytic reactions. In addition, the dynamic evolution of the active sites under reaction conditions and the industrial utilization of the single‐atom catalysts are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and frontiers are identified, and the perspectives on this flourishing field is provided.
Recent Advances in the Construction of 2D Heterostructures for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Quan Quan , Ho Johnny C.
Published: July 2022

Two‐dimensional (2D) heterostructures, typically integrating two or more different components with well‐defined interfaces, have shown great prospects in energy storage and conversion applications owing to their unique structural merits and synergistic interface effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the rational construction of 2D heterostructures pertaining to electrocatalytic water‐splitting applications. The unique emphasis is given to the state‐of‐the‐art progress on synthesized strategies of various well‐organized 2D heterostructures. Moreover, the review offers insights into 2D heterostructures in electrocatalytic water splitting from the viewpoint of the structure–activity relationship using progressive examples. Finally, this review concludes with the potential challenges and prospects in the field, which may provide a guideline for developing more efficient 2D heterostructures to incentivize commercial implementation in this exciting research field.
Homogeneous First‐row Transition‐metal‐catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Formic Acid/Formate, and Methanol
Authors: Singh Tushar , Jalwal Sachin , Chakraborty Subrata
Published: July 2022

Depletion of fossil fuel for global energy need emits large amount of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the biosphere. Carbon dioxide constitutes a sustainable C1 feedstock and cost‐effective raw material for the synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid, and methanol is an attractive protocol owing to their application in chemical industry and as potential renewable hydrogen storage materials. Catalytic hydrogenation reactions are atom‐economical, green and sustainable synthetic routes towards various new environmentally benign transformations. Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions based on earth‐abundant, eco‐friendly, first‐row base metals for the preparation of an assortment of organic scaffolds is currently of paramount importance in academia and industry. The surge in base metal catalysis is evident from the increase in reports available in the literature in recent years.

In this review, we summarize advances on homogeneous first‐row transition metal catalysed direct and indirect reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid/formate and methanol based on the hydrogenation strategy.
Association between intestinal microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Zhang Yunchang , Si Xuemeng , Yang Ling , Wang Hui , Sun Ye , Liu Ning
Published: July 2022

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), has emerged as a global disease with high incidence, long duration, devastating clinical symptoms, and low curability (relapsing immune response and barrier function defects). Mounting studies have been performed to investigate its pathogenesis to provide an ever‐expanding arsenal of therapeutic options, while the precise etiology of IBD is not completely understood yet. Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing methods and animal models have provided new insights into the association between intestinal microbiota and IBD. In general, dysbiosis characterized by an imbalanced microbiota has been widely recognized as a pathology of IBD. However, intestinal microbiota alterations represent the cause or result of IBD process remains unclear. Therefore, more evidences are needed to identify the precise role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD. Herein, this review aims to outline the current knowledge of commonly used, chemically induced, and infectious mouse models, gut microbiota alteration and how it contributes to IBD, and dysregulated metabolite production links to IBD pathogenesis.
α‐Synuclein Seed Amplification in CSF and Brain from Patients with Different Brain Distributions of Pathological α‐Synuclein in the Context of Co‐Pathology and Non‐LBD Diagnoses
Authors: Arnold Moriah R. , Coughlin David G. , Brumbach Barbara H. , Smirnov Denis S. , Concha‐Marambio Luis , Farris Carly M. , Ma Yihua , Kim Yongya , Wilson Edward N. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Hiniker Annie , Woltjer Randy L. , Galasko Doug R. , Quinn Joseph F.
Published: July 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of α‐synuclein seed amplification assay (αSyn‐SAA) in antemortem and postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autopsy‐confirmed patients with different distributions of pathological αSyn, co‐pathologies, and clinical diagnoses.

Methods

The αSyn‐SAA was used to test antemortem CSF samples from 119 subjects with a variety of clinical syndromes and standardized neuropathological examinations from Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) and University of California San Diego (UCSD; 56 additional postmortem CSF samples available). The αSyn‐SAA was also applied to frontal cortex and amygdala homogenates. Sensitivity and specificity were compared across distributions of αSyn pathology. Clinical data and co‐pathologies were compared across αSyn‐SAA positive and negative groups.

Results

Fifty‐three individuals without and 66 with αSyn‐pathology (neocortical [n = 38], limbic [n = 7], and amygdala‐predominant [n = 21]) were included. There was a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 98.1% of the αSyn‐SAA to identify patients with limbic/neocortical pathology from antemortem CSF. Sensitivity to detect amygdala‐predominant pathology was only 14.3%. Postmortem CSF and brain tissue αSyn‐SAA analyses also showed higher assay positivity in samples from limbic/neocortical cases.

Interpretation

CSF αSyn‐SAA reliably identifies αSyn seeds in patients with diffuse αSyn pathology in the context of co‐pathology and non‐Lewy body disease (LBD) diagnoses. The analysis of brain homogenates suggests that pathological αSyn in the amygdala might differ from pathological αSyn in the frontal cortex. The αSyn‐SAA might facilitate the differential diagnosis of dementias with mixed pathologies. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:650–662
Polymorphic and microstructural behaviors of palm oil/lecithin blends crystallized under shear
Authors: Smith Paul , Shiori Tanaka , Hondoh Hironori , Wallecan Joël , Ueno Satoru
Published: July 2022

There has been much work on polymorphism and crystal habit of quiescently crystallized palm oil. However, researchers have found it difficult to probe the process of sheared crystallization. The effect of surface‐active molecules as nucleation agents or habit modifiers was demonstrated in quiescent systems. The aim of this work is to explore the effects of shear and specific lecithins (soy and sunflower) on palm oil crystallization by monitoring crystallization under shear using a synchrotron radiation source, as well as microscopy and DSC. It was found that increasing shear led to increasing β′ stabilization in all situations. Soybean lecithin had little effect on behavior. Sunflower lecithin led to even greater β′ stabilization. The different lecithins interact with the crystallizing fat changing rates of nucleation and crystal growth. Thus, the structure of the overall system can be dramatically altered. Microscopy revealed very different structures even if the polymorphism of the different systems was similar. Consequently, specific interactions can be manipulated in order to control the system. In particular, control of lecithin composition affects the stability of the different polymorphs. Palm oil crystallization under realistic processing conditions has been characterized. Under these conditions, increasing shear rates give higher β′ stability. Specific lecithins have different effects. In particular, soybean lecithin is β′ stabilizing, whereas sunflower lecithin has limited effects. Thus the overall structure of lecithin is important in determining the efficacy. This can be applied to control the structure and properties of different systems such as shortenings or spreads where crystalline interactions create the macro‐structure that determines product properties.
Preparation of ethyl cellulose–glycerol tribenzoate microcapsules in CO2/N2‐switchable hydrophilicity solvent and solvent recycling
Authors: Zheng Cunchuan , Liu Fuchuan , Xu Ke , Wu Yang , Wang Jinyu
Published: July 2022

In this article, a novel method of microcapsule preparation was provided, that is, ethyl cellulose–glycerol tribenzoate microcapsule (EGM) was prepared using CO2/N2 switchable hydrophilicity solvent(N, N‐dimethylcyclohexylamine) combined with an emulsion method. Microcapsules were prepared and solvents were recovered by changing the properties of the solvent. The optimum preparation conditions of EGM were the materials ratio of 20%, the oil–water ratio of 4.5:5.5, emulsifier content of 2%, the Span80‐Tween80 ratio of 1:3, and the core‐shell ratio of 1. The morphology of EGM is spherical, and the particle size can be adjusted from 0.01 μm to 90 μm by controlling the agitation speed in the synthesis process. Surprisingly, the average yield(Y[%]) reached 95.36%, the effective content(W[%]) reached 41%, and the encapsulation rate(E[%]) reached 90.66% of EGM. The solvent recovery rate(SR[%]) of the first recovered is 96.37%. Significantly, this method not only provides a new idea for the preparation of microcapsules but also expands the application field of switchable hydrophilicity solvents, which makes it has great potential application value in the field of microcapsule preparation in the future.
The relationship between compensatory hyperplasia of the myodural bridge complex and reduced compliance of the various structures within the cranio‐cervical junction
Authors: Song Xue , Gong Jin , Yu Sheng‐Bo , Yang Heng , Song Yang , Zhang Xu‐Hui , Zhang Jing , Hack Gary D. , Li Tai‐Lai , Chi Yan‐Yan , Zheng Nan , Sui Hong‐Jin
Published: July 2022

The myodural bridge complex (MDBC) is described as a functional anatomic structure that involves the dense connective tissue fibers, muscles, and ligaments in the suboccipital region. It has recently been proposed that the MDBC can influence cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. In the present study, bleomycin (BLM), a type of antibiotic that is poisonous to cells, was injected into the posterior atlanto‐occipital interspace (PAOiS) of rats to induce fibrous hyperplasia of structures in PAOiS. Sagittal sections of tissues obtained from the posterior‐occipital region of the rats were stained utilizing the Masson Trichrome staining method. Semiquantitative analysis evidenced that the collagen volume fraction of collagen fibers of the MDBC, as well as the sum of the area of the spinal dura mater and the posterior atlanto‐occipital membrane in the BLM group were significantly increased (p < .05) compared to that of the other groups. This finding illustrates that the MDBC fibers as well as other tissues in the PAOiS of rats in the BLM group developed fibrotic changes which reduced compliance of the spinal dura mater. Indeed, the sectional area of the rectus capitis dorsal minor muscle in the BLM group was measured to be increased. These changes may further restrict CSF flow. The present research provides support for the recent hypothesis proposed by Labuda et al. concerning the pathophysiology observed in symptomatic adult Chiari malformation Type I patients, that there exists a relationship between the altered compliance of the anatomic structures within the craniocervical region and the resultant compensatory hyperplasia of the MDBC.
Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of chitin metabolism enzymes in Tenebrio molitor
Authors: Li Lu , Wang Yu‐Qin , Li Guang‐Ya , Song Qi‐Sheng , Stanley David , Wei Shu‐Jun , Zhu Jia‐Ying
Published: July 2022

Chitin is of great importance in the cuticle and inner cuticular linings of insects. Chitin synthases (CHSs), chitin deacetylases (CDAs), chitinases (CHTs), and β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are important enzymes required for chitin metabolism, and play essential roles in development and metamorphosis. Although chitin metabolism genes have been well characterized in limited insects, the information in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, a model insect, is presently still unavailable. With the help of bioinformatics, we identified 54 genes that encode putative chitin metabolism enzymes, including 2 CHSs, 10 CDAs, 32 CHTs, and 10 HEXs in the genome of T. molitor. All these genes have the conserved domains and motifs of their corresponding protein family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that CHS genes were divided into two groups. CDA genes were clustered into five groups. CHT genes were phylogenetically grouped into 11 clades, among which 1 in the endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases group and the others were classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 18 groups. HEX genes were assorted into six groups. Developmental and tissue‐specific expression profiling indicated that the identified chitin metabolism genes showed dynamical expression patterns concurrent with specific instar during molting period, suggesting their significant roles in molting and development. They were predominantly expressed in different tissues or body parts, implying their functional specialization and diversity. The results provide important information for further clarifying their biological functions using the yellow mealworm as an ideal experimental insect.
Accumulated‐ and distributed‐reinforcer arrangements in the treatment of challenging mealtime behavior
Authors: Chen Elaine , Borrero Carrie S. W. , Frank‐Crawford Michelle A. , Borrero John C.
Published: July 2022

Treatment for inappropriate mealtime behavior often includes extinction and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) in a distributed arrangement in which delivery of brief reinforcer access immediately follows each appropriate mealtime response. Alternatively, DRA may be arranged using accumulated reinforcement wherein delivery of longer, continuous access to reinforcers follows the consumption of multiple consecutive bites. Research has suggested that individuals prefer and perform better under accumulated arrangements in academic settings; however, no research to date has evaluated the efficacy of accumulated arrangements with children with feeding disorders. We compared preference for and efficacy of distributed and accumulated (with and without tokens) reinforcement with nonremoval of the spoon. All three treatments effectively reduced inappropriate mealtime behavior and increased acceptance for two participants and decreased packing and increased mouth clean for one participant. Two participants preferred distributed reinforcement and one preferred accumulated reinforcement without tokens. Findings differ from some previous research, which demonstrated that participants favored accumulated arrangements in academic contexts.
Application of peptide biomarkers in life analysis based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technology
Authors: Han Tingting , Cong Hailin , Yu Bing , Shen Youqing
Published: July 2022

Biomedicine is developing rapidly in the 21st century. Among them, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptide biomarkers is of considerable importance for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases and the quality evaluation of drugs and food. The identification and quantitative analysis of peptides have been going on for decades. Traditionally, immunoassays or biological assays are generally used to quantify peptides in biological matrices. However, the selectivity and sensitivity of these methods cannot meet the requirements of the application. The separation and analysis technique of liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) supplies a reliable alternative. In contrast to immunoassays, LC–MS methods are capable of providing the analytical prowess necessary to satisfy the demands of peptide biomarker research in the life sciences arena. This review article provides a historical account of the in‐roads made by LC–MS technology for the detection of peptide biomarkers in the past 10 years, with the focus on the qualification/quantification developments and their applications.
Neuroprotective effects of mild hypothermia against traumatic brain injury by the involvement of the Nrf2/ARE pathway
Authors: Yan Chaolong , Mao Jiannan , Yao Chenbei , Liu Yang , Yan Huiying , Jin Wei
Published: July 2022

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Mild hypothermia (32–35°C) has been found to show neuroprotective effects against TBI. However, the specific mechanism is still elusive. In the current study, we explored the relationship between oxidative damage after TBI and treatment with mild hypothermia as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods

We used the closed cortex injury model to perform the brain injury and a temperature monitoring and control system to regulate the body temperature of mice after injury. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were adopted in this study and divided into four experimental groups. Tissue samples were harvested 24 h after injury.

Results

First, our results showed that treatment with mild hypothermia significantly improved neurobehavioral dysfunction and alleviated brain edema after TBI. Moreover, treatment with mild hypothermia enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and reduced the accumulation of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde. Importantly, the expression and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2‐antioxidant response element (Nrf2‐ARE) pathway were upregulated by mild hypothermia after TBI. Finally, treatment with hypothermia significantly decreased the cell apoptosis induced by TBI.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the protective effects of mild hypothermia after TBI may be achieved by the upregulation of the Nrf2‐ARE pathway and revealed Nrf2 as a potentially important target to improve the prognosis of TBI.
Evaluation of lentiviral vector stability and development of ion exchange purification processes
Authors: Ghosh Ronit , Koley Sushmita , Gopal Sneha , Rodrigues Andre L. , Dordick Jonathan S. , Cramer Steven M.
Published: July 2022

In this manuscript, we employ parallel batch stability and chromatographic screens in concert with linear and step gradient experiments to develop a high yield, HCP clearance anion exchange capture process for lentiviral vector (LVV) purification. An initial broad resin screen is carried out to determine anion exchange‐based resins that exhibit high recovery of LVV. LVV stability is then evaluated and conditions are established where the vector exhibits good stability, namely phosphate buffer at pH 6.5–7.5, with low to moderate salt concentrations. A subsequent high‐throughput batch screen is then carried out with a subset of resins selected from the first screen under stable conditions to identify optimal wash and elution steps to further improve product yield and protein clearance. Linear gradient experiments are also conducted in mini‐column format to refine the operating conditions and final step gradient processes are established that exhibit greater than 70% yield of infectious LVV while also achieving up to 2.89 log reduction values (LRV) of HCPs during the process. The large set of stability and chromatographic data provided in this work represent an important contribution to knowledge in the field about the chromatographic efficacy of a wide range of resins for LVV bioprocessing under stable conditions.
Super Flexible Cathode Material with 3D Cross‐Linking System Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel for Boosting Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Huayu , Yan Chenyi , Xu Lin , Xu Nuo , Wu Xiaoyu , Jiang Zhouheng , Zhu Shoupu , Diao Guowang , Chen Ming
Published: July 2022

A flexible hydrogel cathode constructed by polyvinyl alcohol, MnO2and graphene was successfully prepared through repeated freeze‐thaw method, which formed complex 3D cross‐linking system with hydrogen bonding and inorganic particle reinforcement. The superior mechanical and electrochemical performance were balanced and obtained by controlling the content of MnO2(30 %) and H2O (10 %) of the total mass, respectively. As a result, this flexible hydrogel cathode delivered a high capacity of 164.2 mA h g−1at 1 A g−1and an outstanding cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, hydrogel matrix and graphene conductive network could effectively prevent volume expansion and pulverization of MnO2nanoparticles. And the electrochemical kinetic revealed that the main process was capacitive control, which confirmed the excellent ion transport to enhance storage performance of ZIBs. The soft package ZIBs provided stable power supply at different bending angles.
Kinetic Regulation Engineering and In‐Situ Spectroscopy Studies on Transition‐Metal‐Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Xu Guodong , Feng Mingyue , Wang Shiyu , Cheng Yu , Chen Jiajia
Published: July 2022

Transition metal (TM)‐based catalysts are widely studied for their unique advantages in water splitting. Despite significant progress, efficient kinetic regulation strategies for TM‐based materials in electrocatalysis and real‐time monitoring of the dynamic evolution of reaction processes are still in the initial stages. Introducing heterogeneous components into the TM‐based catalyst and forming a specific interface are beneficial to adjust the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption behavior, thereby accelerating the kinetic process. In this review, the kinetic improvement strategies of TM‐based electrocatalysts are timely and comprehensively summarized, including interface engineering, defect engineering, doping engineering and crystal face engineering. The main in‐situ/in‐operando characterization methods, including Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, are further summarized. Finally, we outline the current challenges and identify the opportunities facing this emerging area.
Steam reforming of tar in hot syngas cleaning by different catalysts: Removal efficiency and coke layer characterization
Authors: Parrillo Francesco , Boccia Carmine , Ruoppolo Giovanna , Commodo Mario , Berruti Franco , Arena Umberto
Published: July 2022

Syngas produced by biomass and waste gasification processes must be adequately clean of tar compounds before being utilized in value‐added applications. Syngas cleaning by tar cracking at high temperatures is a promising technique that can utilize different kinds of catalysts. However, their use is limited by the deposition of coke layers, which induces a masking phenomenon on the active surface, and, consequently, the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. This study addresses how the temperature (750 and 800°C) and the steam concentration (0% and 7.5%) can affect the extent of water–gas and reforming reactions between steam and coke deposits. Two catalysts were used: a market‐available activated carbon and an iron‐based alumina catalyst. The tests showed better performance of the Fe/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst. A mass increase of the bed was measured in tests with both the catalysts, which confirms the deposition of the coke layer produced by tar dehydrogenation and carbonization. Scanning electronic microscopy‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDX) and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the nature of coke layers over the catalyst surface, with the aim of acquiring information about their reactivity towards the water gas reaction. SEM‐EDX observations indicate that the thickness of these carbon layers is less than 2 μm. Raman spectra suggest a negligible effect of the reaction temperature in the tested range and, in particular, that the amorphous nature of coke layers deposited in the presence of steam is relatively more graphitic than that obtained without steam.