bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The neuroanatomy of depression: A review
Authors: Oakes Peter , Loukas Marios , Oskouian Rod J. , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: August 2016

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, the number one cause of disability and affects up to 15% of the population. The aim of this review is to present a brief synopsis of the various biochemical imbalances thought to contribute to depression, aspects of anatomy possibly implicated in depression, and treatments related to targeting these specific locales. Multiple neurotransmitters and parts of the brain are involved with the disorder of depression. Although an exact etiology for depression has not been found in most cases, various treatments, medicinal, psychiatric and surgical, exist for this disabling disease. An improved knowledge of anatomical sites involved in patients with depression will help in future treatment modalities. Clin. Anat. 30:44–49, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Unusual Tetrahydrofuran Lignan from the Roots of Zanthoxylum planispinum and the Potential Anti‐inflammatory Effects
Authors: Su Guang‐Yao , Cheng Yu‐Chun , Wang Kui‐Wu , Wang Xiang‐Yang , Wu Bin
Published: September 2016

An unusual tetrahydrofuran lignin, zanthplanispine (1), together with 14 known lignans (2 – 15) were isolated from the AcOEt‐soluble fraction from the MeOH extract of Z. planispinum roots. The structures of 1 was elucidated on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments as well as HR‐ESI‐MS analysis. The known compounds were identified by the comparison of their NMR data with previously reported in the literatures. Bioassay showed that compounds 1 – 4 could inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In particular, compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 36.8 μm.
Metal‐Promoted Coupling Reactions Implying Ligand‐Based Redox Changes
Authors: Jacquet Jérémy , Desage‐El Murr Marine , Fensterbank Louis
Published: September 2016

Coupling reactions are staples in the synthetic world and their efficiency relies on well‐defined, mostly bis‐electronic, elementary catalytic steps. An area of great interest currently lies in the taming of radical species and their efficient introduction in catalytic cycles. Among these species bearing radical character, redox‐active ligands hold much potential and can be used to sustain synthetically relevant couplings by introducing ligand‐based electronic contribution. This minireview aims at presenting the current state of this promising field.
An Exploration of Supervisory and Therapeutic Relationships and Client Outcomes
Authors: Bell Hope , Hagedorn W. Bryce , Robinson E. H. Mike
Published: September 2016

The authors explored the connection between the facilitative conditions present within the supervisory relationship, the therapeutic relationship, and client outcomes. A correlational research design was used with a sample of 55 counselors‐in‐training and 88 clients. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between the therapeutic relationship and client outcomes and a significant negative relationship between the supervisory relationship and client outcomes.
A Convenient Synthesis of 1,2,4‐ and 1,3,4‐Azadiphospholes
Authors: Suter Riccardo , Benkő Zoltán , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: August 2016

A new synthetic route to functionalized neutral and anionic azadiphospholes from easily accessible starting materials is described. Equimolar reaction of Na(OCP) and N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)pivalimidoyl chloride 2 a cleanly affords the imidoxy‐functionalized 1,2,4‐azadiphosphole 3 a. Using Na(OCP) and imidoyl chloride in a 2:1 ratio leads to an anionic four‐membered ring Na[4 a], which has been structurally characterized. During 16 h at room temperature, Na[4 a] rearranges to the anionic 1,3,4‐azadiphospholide Na[5 a] with release of carbon monoxide. Applying the more sterically demanding N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)pivalimidoyl chloride allows isolation of the 1,3,4‐azadiphospholide Na[5 b] in good yield (>70 %). Possible mechanisms leading to the new isomeric azadiphospholides have been investigated with the aid of high‐level composite calculations.
Carbon Dioxide to Methanol: The Aqueous Catalytic Way at Room Temperature
Authors: Sordakis Katerina , Tsurusaki Akihiro , Iguchi Masayuki , Kawanami Hajime , Himeda Yuichiro , Laurenczy Gábor
Published: September 2016

Carbon dioxide may constitute a source of chemicals and fuels if efficient and renewable processes are developed that directly utilize it as feedstock. Two of its reduction products are formic acid and methanol, which have also been proposed as liquid organic chemical carriers in sustainable hydrogen storage. Here we report that both the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid and the disproportionation of formic acid into methanol can be realized at ambient temperature and in aqueous, acidic solution, with an iridium catalyst. The formic acid yield is maximized in water without additives, while acidification results in complete (98 %) and selective (96 %) formic acid disproportionation into methanol. These promising features in combination with the low reaction temperatures and the absence of organic solvents and additives are relevant for a sustainable hydrogen/methanol economy.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Change of Gallium Enables Highly Reversible and Switchable Adhesion.
Authors: Ye Zhou , Lum Guo Zhan , Song Sukho , Rich Steven , Sitti Metin
Published: September 2016

Elastomer posts (PDMS, 0.5—1.75 mm diameter) are dip‐coated with liquid Ga (34 °C, 8.3 kPa preload pressure to break the oxide layer) followed by solidifying the Ga layer and formation of a new oxide layer on the Ga droplet in air.
ChemInform Abstract: The Effect of Indium Substitution on the Structure and NLO Properties of Ba6Cs2Ga10Se20Cl4.
Authors: Li Yan‐Yan , Liu Peng‐Fei , Lin Hua , Wang Mei‐Tian , Chen Ling
Published: September 2016

Single crystals of Ba6Cs2InxGa10‐xSe20 Cl4 with x = 2 (I) and 1 (II) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of CsCl, BaCl2, Ba, In, Ga, and Se (graphite crucible in evacuated silica tubes, 1172 K, 100 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of New Nanocrystalline (Pr,Dy)Fe9 Compounds.
Authors: Guetari R. , Bartoli T. , Cizmas C. B. , Mliki N. , Bessais L.
Published: September 2016

In the view of magnetic refrigeration, the nanostructured pseudobinary alloy samples Pr1‐xDyxFe9 (x = 0.0625, 0.125, 0.1875, 0.25) are prepared by high‐energy ball milling of the elements under Ar (5 h) followed by short annealing (Ta foil in evacuated silica tubes, 500—1100 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Intrinsic Photocatalytic Water Reduction over PbGaBO4 Comprising Edge‐Sharing GaO6 Chains.
Authors: Song Kai , Yue Mufei , Gao Wenliang , Cong Rihong , Yang Tao
Published: September 2016

Polycrystalline PbGaBO4 is prepared by solid state reaction of a 1:1:1.1 molar mixture of PbCO3, Ga2O3, and H3BO3 (600 °C, 25 h) and by dissolving Ga2O3 in conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Hydrazine‐Hydrothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Two Quaternary Thioarsenates(III): Two‐Dimensional SrAg4As2S6·2 H2O and One‐Dimensional BaAgAsS3.
Authors: Yan Dongming , Liu Chang , Chai Wenxiang , Zheng Xuerong , Zhang Luodong , Zhi Mingjia , Zhou Chunmei , Zhang Qichun , Liu Yi
Published: September 2016

Single crystals of SrAg4As2S6·2H2O (I) and BaAgAsS3 (II) are grown by hydrazine‐hydrothermal reaction of a 3:1:0.5:4 molar mixture of Sr(OH)2 or Ba(OH)2, Ag, As2S3, and S in N2H4·H2O (autoclave, 160 °C, 7 d, 40% and 50% yield, resp.).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of 10‐Allylanthrones via Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reaction.
Authors: Zhao Zheng‐Le , Gu Qing , Wu Xin‐Yan , You Shu‐Li
Published: September 2016

The title reaction proceeds under very mild reaction conditions and can provide various substituted 10‐allylanthrones in excellent yields and excellent chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Artificial Diels—Alderase Based on the Transmembrane Protein FhuA.
Authors: Osseili Hassan , Sauer Daniel F , Beckerle Klaus , Arlt Marcus , Himiyama Tomoki , Polen Tino , Onoda Akira , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Hayashi Takashi , Okuda Jun
Published: September 2016

Newly prepared copper complexes covalently linked to an engineered variant of ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A are biohybrid catalysts for the Diels—Alder reaction of a chalcone with cyclopentadiene to give the corresponding endo product.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative [2 + 2 + 1] Heteroannulation Using a Methyl Group as a One‐Carbon Unit: Access to Pyrazolo[3,4‐c]quinolines.
Authors: Deng Guo‐Bo , Li Hai‐Bing , Yang Xu‐Heng , Song Ren‐Jie , Hu Ming , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: September 2016

The operationally simple title reaction between N‐(o‐alkenylaryl)imines and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates tolerates various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Formation of Hybrid Aryl Pd‐Radical Species Capable of 1,5‐HAT: Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Silyl Ethers into Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Parasram Marvin , Chuentragool Padon , Sarkar Dhruba , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: September 2016

An unprecedented hydrogen atom transfer event for hybrid Pd‐radical species is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylchlorosilane‐Mediated Mild α‐Chlorination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Promoted by Phenyliodonium Diacetate.
Authors: Chong Siying , Su Yingpeng , Wu Lili , Zhang Weigang , Ma Junyan , Chen Xiaowei , Huang Danfeng , Wang Ke‐Hu , Hu Yulai
Published: September 2016

TMSBr as reagent gives the corresponding bromides in similar yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Trihaloisocyanuric Acid/Triphenylphosphine: An Efficient System for Regioselective Conversion of Epoxides into Vicinal Halohydrins and Vicinal Dihalides under Mild Conditions.
Authors: de Andrade Vitor S. C. , de Mattos Marcio C. S.
Published: September 2016

Tribromoisocyanuric acid gives the corresponding bromo compounds in similar yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Deboronative Cyanation of Potassium Alkyltrifluoroborates via Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Dai Jian‐Jun , Zhang Wen‐Man , Shu Yong‐Jin , Sun Yu‐Yang , Xu Jun , Feng Yi‐Si , Xu Hua‐Jian
Published: September 2016

A direct cyanation of alkyl trifluoroborates by tosyl cyanide provides the corresponding nitriles under mild reaction conditions via a radical pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Reduction of Tertiary Amides to the Corresponding Alcohols, Aldehydes, or Amines Using Dialkylboranes and Aminoborohydride Reagents.
Authors: Bailey Christopher L. , Joh Alexander Y. , Hurley Zefan Q. , Anderson Christopher L. , Singaram Bakthan
Published: September 2016

The efficient reduction of various N,N‐dialkyl substituted aryl, alkenyl or alkyl amides, Weinreb‐amides and lactams is examined, and depending on the boron‐containing reducing agent used, the corresponding alcohols, aldehydes, amines or N‐methoxy‐N‐methylamines are obtained exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: In(OTf)3 Catalyzed an Expeditious Synthesis of β‐Carboline—imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine and Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazine Conjugates.
Authors: Devi Nisha , Singh Dharmender , Honey Honey , Mor Satbir , Chaudhary Sandeep , Rawal Ravindra K. , Kumar Vipin , Chowdhury Asim K. , Singh Virender
Published: September 2016

by efficient In(OTf)3 assisted Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienayme multicomponent strategy
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Alkenes with Trifluoropyruvates.
Authors: Xiang Bin , Xu Teng‐Fei , Wu Liang , Liu Ren‐Rong , Gao Jian‐Rong , Jia Yi‐Xia
Published: September 2016

The title reaction of styrenes with trifluoropyruvates results in the formation of allylic alcohols in high yields using a Ni(ClO4)2/bipyridine catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aryl‐(E)‐2‐(azidomethyl)alkenoate and Aryl‐(Z)‐2‐(azidomethyl)acrylonitrile from Aryl Aldehydes and Activated Alkenes via One‐Pot Way.
Authors: Lee Sang‐Jin , Yang Hae‐Won , Han Tae‐Hwi , Yoon Cheol Min
Published: September 2016

The title compounds are prepared by a three‐step one‐pot process involving a Baylis—Hillman reaction of aryl aldehydes and activated alkenes followed by acetylation using acetic anhydride and nucleophilic substitution using sodium azide.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Mediated Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers from Arylboronic Acids and Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Liu Li , Tang Jiaqi , Qiang Jian , Li Jian , He Mingyang
Published: September 2016

The title synthesis proceeds in high yields with a wide range of different substrates in the presence of eosin Y as photocatalyst under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical N‐Arylation/Alkylation of Sulfoximines.
Authors: Zhu Hui , Teng Fan , Pan Changduo , Cheng Jiang , Yu Jin‐Tao
Published: September 2016

A facile protocol is developed for the copper catalyzed reaction of sulfoximes with acyl peroxides as aryl/alkyl source to form the corresponding N‐arylated or N‐alkylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of α‐Isothiocyanato‐α,β‐unsaturated Esters from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Kim Ko Hoon , Kim Su Yeon , Lee Junseong , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: September 2016

A facile one‐pot method for the synthesis of the title esters is developed involving the dehydration of the nitroalkane side‐chain of Morita—Baylis—Hillman adducts generating the corresponding nitrile oxide, and the following [3+2] cycloaddition to the C=S bond of thiourea affording a diaminooxathiazole intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Difunctionalization of 2‐Iodobiphenyls by Exploiting the Reactivities of a Palladacycle and an Acyclic Arylpalladium Species.
Authors: Chen Dushen , Shi Guangfa , Jiang Hang , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yanghui
Published: September 2016

Dibenzopalladacyclopentadienes generated in situ from 2‐iodobiphenyls, react with alkyl chlorides to form acyclic arylpalladium species.
ChemInform Abstract: [bmim]OH: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Mono and Bis Spirooxindole Derivatives in Ethanol at Room Temperature
Authors: Padvi Swapnil A. , Tayade Yogesh A. , Wagh Yogesh B. , Dalal Dipak S.
Published: September 2016

via three‐component reactions of isatin, malononitrile and carbonyl compounds (III) or (V) possessing a reactive α‐methylene group
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled TfOH‐ or AuCl‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization and Tandem Hydrolytic Defluorination of 1,2‐Allenyl Perfluoroalkyl Ketones.
Authors: Xue Can , Huang Xin , Wu Shangze , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: September 2016

An efficient cycloisomerization of allenyl perfluoroalkyl ketones under the catalysis of gold(I) chloride (for trisubstituted allenones) or triflic acid (for fully substituted allenones) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Dithiane Induced Cycloaddition/Aromatization Tactic for the Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furans.
Authors: Lai Junshan , Liang Yongping , Liu Teng , Tang Shouchu
Published: September 2016

The utility of the scalable, mild and catalyst free reaction, which tolerates diverse functional groups, is demonstrated by the transformation of one product into drug analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Oxy‐Homo‐Michael Reactions of Enantioenriched Bicyclic Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes to Afford Optically Active trans‐α,β‐Disubstituted γ‐Butyrolactones Possessing Three Serial Chiral Centers.
Authors: Takada Seijiro , Iwata Kiitsu , Yubune Toshihide , Nishii Yoshinori
Published: September 2016

The addition of alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acid to optically active cyclopropanes provides the title butyrolactones with excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Promoted Diazenylation of N‐Heterocyclic Compounds with Aryltriazenes under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Cao Dawei , Zhang Yonghong , Liu Chenjiang , Wang Bin , Sun Yadong , Abdukadera Ablimit , Hu Haiyan , Liu Qiang
Published: September 2016

The mild, metal‐free reaction provides various N‐heterocyclic azo substituted indole derivatives in very high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Aminoalkenylation of β‐Amino‐1,n‐diynols to Cycloalkyl‐, Piperidinyl‐ and Pyranyl‐Fused Pyrroles.
Authors: Kothandaraman Prasath , Zhao Yichao , Lee Bo Ra , Le Ng Clarrisa Jia , Lee Jun Yi , Ayers Benjamin James , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: September 2016

A possible mechanistic pathway of the new synthetic approach for the synthesis of the title pyrroles involves a tandem C—N/C—C bond forming sequence and a gold‐mediated isomerization of the generated alkenylated intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Alkynylindole‐2‐carboxamides in [Pd]‐Catalyzed C—H Activation and Phase Transfer Catalysis: Formation of Pyrrolo‐diindolones vs. β‐Carbolinones.
Authors: Tulichala R. N. Prasad , Swamy K. C. Kumara
Published: September 2016

A palladium‐catalyzed cyclization of 3‐alkynyl‐2‐indolecarboxamides with C—N and C—C bond formation affords pyrrolodiindolones in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antiinflammatory Activities of Some Novel 5‐Substituted Imidazolone Analogues.
Authors: Dhingra Ashwani Kumar , Chopra Bhawna , Dass Rameshwar , Mittal Sanjeev Kumar
Published: September 2016

A wide range of novel imidazolone compounds are synthesized by condensation of substituted oxazolones (I) with aromatic amines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: UV Light Induced Direct Synthesis of Phenanthrene Derivatives from a Linear 3‐Aryl‐N‐(arylsulfonyl) Propiolamides.
Authors: Chen Ming , Yang Chao , Wang Yanpei , Li Dazhi , Xia Wujiong
Published: September 2016

A novel tandem radical Smiles rearrangement/C—S bonding/Mallory reaction, which provides a direct access to the synthesis of isothiazolone S,S‐dioxide containing phenanthrene derivatives from linear, readily available 3‐aryl‐N‐(arylsulfonyl) propiolamides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐5‐(dialkoxymethyl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Saeedi Sara , Soheilizad Mehdi , Bayanati Maryam , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Amanlou Massoud
Published: September 2016

Condensation of amidoximes, generated in situ via reaction of nitriles (I) and hydroxylamine, with dialkoxyacetates (II) under solvent‐free conditions furnished the title compounds (III) in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: High Yielding Protocol for Oxidative Dimerization of Primary Thioamides: A Strategy Toward 3,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,4‐Thiadiazoles.
Authors: Vanajatha G. , Reddy V. Prabhakar
Published: September 2016

Ceric ammonium nitrate is used as an oxidant for the rapid oxidative dimerization of primary thioamides to afford thiadiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Polysubstituted Chromenes from Various Salicylaldehydes and Alkynes under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Tanaka Kenta , Hoshino Yujiro , Honda Kiyoshi
Published: September 2016

Salicylaldehydes react with orthoformate (III) to give ortho‐quinonemethide intermediates, which undergo a Diels—Alder reaction with alkynes to form chromenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Isocoumarins Through the Pd‐Catalyzed Annulation of 2‐Iodoaromatic Acids with Ynamides.
Authors: Liu Hongxu , Yang Yanyan , Wu Jie , Wang Xiao‐Na , Chang Junbiao
Published: September 2016

A cyclization reaction of 2‐iodobenzoic acids and ynamides gives sulfonamido‐isocoumarins with excellent regioselectivities and various functional groups are tolerated.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Atroposelective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of ortho‐Substituted Phenyl Diynes with Nitriles: Effect of ortho Substituents on Regio‐ and Enantioselectivity.
Authors: Kashima Kenichi , Teraoka Kota , Uekusa Hidehiro , Shibata Yu , Tanaka Ken
Published: September 2016

The regio‐ and enantioselectivity of the title cycloaddition highly depends on ortho‐substituents on the phenyl group of the diynes.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reactivity of Thymine and Thymidine 5,6‐Epoxides with Organometallic Reagents — A Route to Thymidine (6‐4) Photoproduct Analogues.
Authors: Wrigstedt Pauli , Kavakka Jari , Heikkinen Sami , Nieger Martin , Raeisaenen Minna , Repo Timo
Published: September 2016

The formation of thymine and thymidine 5,6‐epoxides from the corresponding trans‐5,6‐bromohydrins and their in‐situ reaction with a broad range of organometallic reagents is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Lactamization/N‐Acyliminium Pictet—Spengler Domino Strategy for the Diasteroselective Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Quinoxalinone, β‐Carboline and Quinazolinone Derivatives.
Authors: Subba Reddy B. V. , Reddy B. P. , Reddy P. V. G. , Siriwardena A.
Published: September 2016

Aromatic amines appropriately functionalized with indole, pyrrole, benzimidazole or tetrazole heterocycles efficiently react according to the title reaction with a bifunctional sugar‐derived hydroxy‐γ‐lactone component.
ChemInform Abstract: Filicinic Acid Based Meroterpenoids with anti‐Epstein—Barr Virus Activities from Hypericum japonicum.
Authors: Hu Linzhen , Zhang Yu , Zhu Hucheng , Liu Junjun , Li Hua , Li Xiao‐Nian , Sun Weiguang , Zeng Junfen , Xue Yongbo , Zhang Yonghui
Published: September 2016

Hyperjaponols A‐G, which possess hybrid structures of acylfilicinic acid moieties and diverse sesquiterpenoid motifs bearing unusual 6/6/11, 6/6/7/5, and 6/6/10 ring systems, are isolated from H.
ChemInform Abstract: Bio‐Based Amides from Renewable Isosorbide by a Direct and Atom‐Economic Boric Acid Amidation Methodology.
Authors: Janvier Marine , Moebs‐Sanchez Sylvie , Popowycz Florence
Published: September 2016

A straightforward strategy for the conversion of bio‐based isohexides such as isosorbide (I) to mono‐amino derivatives (VII) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosyl‐Acceptor‐Derived Borinic Ester‐Promoted Direct and β‐Stereoselective Mannosylation with a 1,2‐Anhydromannose Donor.
Authors: Tanaka Masamichi , Nashida Junki , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: September 2016

The first direct and highly β‐stereoselective mannosylation of 1,2‐anhydromannose and mono‐ol acceptors is developed utilizing a glycosyl‐acceptor‐derived borinic ester under mild conditions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Four New Prenylated Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Hypericum scabrum.
Authors: Ji Teng‐Fei , et al.
Published: September 2016

isolation and structure elucidation of hyperibrin A (I), hyperibrin B (II), hyperibrin C (III), and hyperibrin D (IV)
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Highly Photoluminescent CdTe Nanocrystals in a Mixing Alkali Medium.
Authors: Fang Qunling , Zhang Xiangyu , Xu Huajian , Qian Haisheng , Xuan Shouhu
Published: September 2016

Highly emissive thiol‐capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) dispersed in H2O are prepared via a mixed alkaline medium method employing thioglycolic acid or mercaptopropionic acid as thiol stabilizers and aqueous CdCl2 (pH 9, 10, or 12) to which 1 M NaOH or a mixture (1:2) of 30% NH3 and 1 M NaOH is dropwise added.
ChemInform Abstract: Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Co‐Based Full Heusler Alloy Thin Films
Authors: Wu Y. , Xu X. G. , Miao J. , Jiang Y.
Published: September 2016

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium Oxide: A Transparent, Conducting Ferromagnetic Semiconductor for Spintronic Applications
Authors: Babu S. Harinath , Kaleemulla S. , Rao N. Madhusudhana , Krishnamoorthi C.
Published: September 2016

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of 3d‐4f “Square‐in‐Square” Coordination Clusters Based on Substituted Diethanolamine Ligands
Authors: Mameri Samir , Mereacre Valeriu
Published: September 2016

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3H‐Pyrroles (Microreview)
Authors: Belikov Mikhail Yu. , Ershov Oleg V.
Published: September 2016

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Catalysis with Controlled Nanostructured Precious Monometals
Authors: Nishimura Shun , Ebitani Kohki
Published: September 2016

Review: [88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Innovation Through Ligand Total Synthesis
Authors: Mendoza Abraham , Colas Kilian , Suarez‐Pantiga Samuel , Goetz Daniel C. G. , Johansson Magnus J.
Published: September 2016

Review: [56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Metamorphosis of Dibenzothiophenes
Authors: Yorimitsu Hideki , Vasu Dhananjayan , Bhanuchandra M. , Murakami Kei , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: September 2016

Review: [31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Photocatalysis in Chemoselective Functionalization of C(sp3)—H Bonds Enabled by Organic Dyes
Authors: Wei Guo , Basheer Chanbasha , Tan Choon‐Hong , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: September 2016

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Playing Around with the Size and Shape of Quinolizinium Derivatives: Versatile Ligands for Duplex, Triplex, Quadruplex and Abasic Site‐Containing DNA
Authors: Granzhan Anton , Ihmels Heiko
Published: September 2016

Review: [83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes as “Protein Surface Mimetics”
Authors: Hewitt Sarah H. , Wilson Andrew J.
Published: September 2016

Review: 157 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Organic Frameworks Mimicking Natural Enzymes: A Structural and Functional Analogy
Authors: Nath Ipsita , Chakraborty Jeet , Verpoort Francis
Published: September 2016

Review: 288 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Biodegradation of Polymers Using Nanoparticles and Its Application
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Maiti Pralay
Published: September 2016

Review: [215 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrogen‐Based Fuels: A Power‐to‐Fuel‐to‐Power Analysis
Authors: Grinberg Dana Alon , Elishav Oren , Bardow Andre , Shter Gennady E. , Grader Gideon S.
Published: September 2016

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured Polypyrrole as a Flexible Electrode Material of Supercapacitor
Authors: Huang Yang , Li Hongfei , Wang Zifeng , Zhu Minshen , Pei Zengxia , Xue Qi , Huang Yan , Zhi Chunyi
Published: September 2016

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Analysis of Electron Donors in Photosystems in Oxygenic Photosynthesis by Photo‐CIDNP MAS NMR
Authors: Najdanova M. , Janssen G. J. , de Groot H. J. M. , Matysik J. , Alia A.
Published: September 2016

Review: 80 refs.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of transesterification reactions to produce diphenyl carbonate from dimethyl carbonate catalyzed by tetrabutyl titanate and dibutyltin oxide
Authors: Sun Weizhen , Shao Jianqiang , Xi Zhenhao , Zhao Ling
Published: September 2016

The transesterification reactions to diphenyl carbonate (DPC) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and phenol are the key steps to the green production of polycarbonate polymers (PC). The transesterification equilibrium constants were determined under temperatures from 453.2 to 493.2 K, and the reaction kinetics catalyzed by single tetrabutyl titanate, dibutyltin oxide, and their combinations was measured. By taking into account the effect of catalyst, the simplified kinetic model was developed involving the transesterification of DMC and methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) with phenol, the disproportionation of MPC, and the formation of byproduct anisole. The kinetic model fitted experiments well under various temperatures and had an excellent predictive ability on the effect of catalyst concentrations. The reverse reaction of MPC transesterification with phenol, as well as that of the disproportionation of MPC, was found to be independent of temperatures within the investigated conditions. The thermodynamic information and kinetic model reported here will provide valuable insight into the understanding of the transesterification process from DMC to DPC.
Existence and Uniqueness for a Crystalline Mean Curvature Flow
Authors: Chambolle Antonin , Morini Massimiliano , Ponsiglione Marcello
Published: September 2016

An existence and uniqueness result, up to fattening, for a class of crystalline mean curvature flows with natural mobility is proved. The results are valid in any dimension and for arbitrary, possibly unbounded, initial closed sets. The comparison principle is obtained by means of a suitable weak formulation of the flow, while the existence of a global‐in‐time solution follows via a minimizing movement approach.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation of Lipid Droplets from Cells by Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Brasaemle Dawn L. , Wolins Nathan E.
Published: September 2016

Lipid droplets are organelles found in most mammalian cells, as well as in various plant tissues and yeast. They are composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a membrane monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol in which specific proteins are embedded. This unit provides protocols for isolating lipid droplets from mammalian cells by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification of Protein Kinase Substrates by the Kinase‐Interacting Substrate Screening (KISS) Approach
Authors: Amano Mutsuki , Nishioka Tomoki , Yura Yoshimitsu , Kaibuchi Kozo
Published: September 2016

Identifying the substrates of protein kinases to understand their modes of action has been undertaken by various approaches and remains an ongoing challenge. Phosphoproteomic technologies have accelerated the accumulation of data concerning protein phosphorylation and have uncovered vast numbers of phosphorylation sites in vivo. In this unit, a novel in vitro screening approach for protein kinase substrates is presented, based on protein‐protein interaction and mass spectrometry‐based phosphoproteomic technology. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Hybrid Catalyst for Light‐Driven Green Molecular Transformations
Authors: Shimakoshi Hisashi , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: September 2016

This Minireview is focused on the development of hybrid catalysts composed of photosensitizers and a metal complex, especially vitamin B12 derivatives. The semiconductor–metal complex composites are effective photocatalysts for molecular transformations due to the synergistic effect between the two components. The design of a B12 complex for the hybridization with TiO2 was simple and straightforward—cobyrinic acid, having seven carboxylic groups derived from naturally occurring B12 is stably immobilized on the TiO2. By using the hybrid catalysts as mimics of B12‐dependent enzymes, light‐driven reactions such as the dechlorination of organic halide pollutants, and radical‐mediated isomerization proceeded catalytically. In addition to the enzyme‐mimicking reactions, bioinspired reactions were also developed with the hybrid catalyst. The B12–TiO2 hybrid catalyst was used for hydrogen evolution and alkene reduction by UV light irradiation, and the cobalt–hydrogen complex (Co–H complex) was considered to be a putative intermediate of the reactions. The multidisciplinary concept for the design of a hybrid catalyst is described in this Minireview.
Synthesis of Poly Linear shRNA Expression Cassettes Through Branch‐PCR
Authors: Liu Jianbing , Xi Zhen
Published: September 2016

A facile and universal strategy to construct the poly linear small hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression cassettes with multiple shRNA transcription templates through polymerase chain reaction with flexible branched primers (branch‐PCR) is described in this protocol. Double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) is not stable enough for the study of RNA interference (RNAi) delivery in mammalian cells. Therefore, the more stable shRNA transcription template is employed to produce the endogenous transcribed dsRNA. Then, the covalent crosslinked linear shRNA expression cassettes are constructed through the branch‐PCR for the long‐lasting RNAi effect in this protocol. The branched primer pair is efficiently synthesized through classic click chemistry. In one step of PCR, the much more stable poly linear shRNA expression cassettes can be produced in large scale. This strategy of efficient synthesis of the poly linear gene expression cassettes can also be applied in the field for other target gene delivery. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transposon Mutagenesis and Analysis of Mutants in UniformMu Maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Liu Peng , McCarty Donald R. , Koch Karen E.
Published: September 2016

A wealth of maize mutants is now available with known sites of transposon insertions in over 45% of maize genes. Materials can be obtained free of charge from the UniformMu public resource through MaizeGDB.org or directly from the Maize Genetics COOP Stock Center. Specific mutants can be sought online based on gene‐sequences of interest. A key feature of the UniformMu resource is the uniformity of wild‐type controls, which facilitates characterization of mutant phenotypes. Methods developed for construction (transposon mutagenesis), analysis and utilization of the resource are described here. These include the high‐throughput Mu‐seq genotyping protocol that enables both forward and reverse approaches for linking genotypes‐to‐phenotypes. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TransposonDs‐Mediated Insertional Mutagenesis in Rice(Oryza sativa)
Authors: Xuan Yuan Hu , Kim Chul Min , Je Byoung Il , Liu Jing Miao , Li Tian Ya , Lee Gang‐Seob , Kim Tae‐Ho , Han Chang‐Deok
Published: September 2016

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important consumed staple food for a large and diverse population worldwide. Since databases of genomic sequences became available, functional genomics and genetic manipulations have been widely practiced in rice research communities. Insertional mutants are the most common genetic materials utilized to analyze gene function. To mutagenize rice genomes, we exploited the transpositional activity of anActivator/Dissociation(Ac/Ds) system in rice. To mobilizeDsin rice genomes, a maizeAccDNA was expressed under the CaMV35S promoter, and a gene trapDswas utilized to detect expression of host genes via the reporter gene GUS. Conventional transposon‐mediated gene‐tagging systems rely on genetic crossing and selection markers. Furthermore, the activities of transposases have to be monitored. By taking advantage of the fact thatDsbecomes highly active during tissue culture, a plant regeneration system employing tissue culture was employed to generate a largeDstransposant population in rice. This system overcomes the requirement for markers and the monitoring ofAcactivity. In the regenerated populations, more than 70% of the plant lines contained independentDsinsertions and 12% expressed GUS at seedling stages. This protocol describes the method for producing aDs‐mediated insertional population via tissue culture regeneration systems. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation of Chromosomes from Zea mays
Authors: McCaw Morgan , Swyers Nathan , Graham Nathaniel , Cody Jon , Zhao Changzeng , Birchler James
Published: September 2016

High‐quality preparations of chromosomes are useful for many purposes. To prepare metaphase chromosome spreads in maize, root tips are harvested and treated with nitrous oxide to stop cell division at metaphase before being fixed in acetic acid. This process allows a high number of condensed chromosome spreads to be obtained at the end of the procedure. To prepare chromosome spreads from various stages of meiosis, anthers are first fixed before being examined for developmental stage. Cells are digested with a mixture of enzymes before the chromosomes are dropped onto glass sides and fixed under UV light. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Incorporation of Alkylamine into Metal–Organic Frameworks through a Brønsted Acid–Base Reaction for CO2 Capture
Authors: Li Hao , Wang Kecheng , Feng Dawei , Chen Ying‐Pin , Verdegaal Wolfgang , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: September 2016

The escalating atmospheric CO2 concentration is one of the most urgent environmental concerns of our age. To effectively capture CO2, various materials have been studied. Among them, alkylamine‐modified metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered to be promising candidates. In most cases, alkylamine molecules are integrated into MOFs through the coordination bonds formed between open metal sites (OMSs) and amine groups. Thus, the alkylamine density, as well as the corresponding CO2 uptake in MOFs, are severely restricted by the density of OMSs. To overcome this limit, other approaches to incorporating alkylamine into MOFs are highly desired. We have developed a new method based on Brønsted acid–base reaction to tether alkylamines into Cr‐MIL‐101‐SO3H for CO2 capture. A systematic optimization of the amine tethering process was also conducted to maximize the CO2 uptake of the modified MOF. Under the optimal amine tethering condition, the obtained tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine‐functionalized Cr‐MIL‐101‐SO3H (Cr‐MIL‐101‐SO3H‐TAEA) has a cyclic CO2 uptake of 2.28 mmol g−1 at 150 mbar and 40 °C, and 1.12 mmol g−1 at 0.4 mbar and 20 °C. The low‐cost starting materials and simple synthetic procedure for the preparation of Cr‐MIL‐101‐SO3H‐TAEA suggest that it has the potential for large‐scale production and practical applications.
Mobile agent itinerary planning for WSN data fusion: considering multiple sinks and heterogeneous networks
Authors: Gavalas Damianos , Venetis Ioannis E. , Konstantopoulos Charalampos , Pantziou Grammati
Published: September 2016

Mobile agent (MA)‐based middleware has been thoroughly investigated in the past few years as a means to address the efficiency, scalability, and reliability issues of data fusion applications on wireless sensor networks. Deriving an efficient itinerary for each MA to follow is of high importance, because itineraries determine to a large extent the overall performance of data fusion tasks. In this article, we present a novel algorithmic approach for efficient itinerary planning of MA objects undertaking data fusion tasks. We adopt a method based on iterated local search to construct the itineraries (ie, visiting sequences of source nodes) assigned to multiple traveling MAs. We apply alternative optimization criteria which aim either at minimizing the overall energy expenditure over all derived MA itineraries or prolonging the network lifetime. Furthermore, we propose algorithmic solutions for 2 realistic settings which have not been investigated in the past: firstly, the employment of multiple sinks that share the responsibility of MA‐based data fusion tasks across the sensor field, and secondly, the consideration of heterogeneous sensor networks comprising nodes powerful enough to host the runtime environment required to execute MA code as well as “ordinary” nodes which lack these resources. Simulation tests verify the performance gain attained by our algorithmic methods against alternative itinerary planning approaches which involve multiple MAs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structural and functional comparison of gap junction channels composed of connexins and innexins
Authors: Skerrett I. Martha , Williams Jamal B.
Published: September 2016

Methods such as electron microscopy and electrophysiology led to the understanding that gap junctions were dense arrays of channels connecting the intracellular environments within almost all animal tissues. The characteristics of gap junctions were remarkably similar in preparations from phylogenetically diverse animals such as cnidarians and chordates. Although few studies directly compared them, minor differences were noted between gap junctions of vertebrates and invertebrates. For instance, a slightly wider gap was noted between cells of invertebrates and the spacing between invertebrate channels was generally greater. Connexins were identified as the structural component of vertebrate junctions in the 1980s and innexins as the structural component of pre‐chordate junctions in the 1990s. Despite a lack of similarity in gene sequence, connexins and innexins are remarkably similar. Innexins and connexins have the same membrane topology and form intercellular channels that play a variety of tissue‐ and temporally specific roles. Both protein types oligomerize to form large aqueous channels that allow the passage of ions and small metabolites and are regulated by factors such as pH, calcium, and voltage. Much more is currently known about the structure, function, and structure–function relationships of connexins. However, the innexin field is expanding. Greater knowledge of innexin channels will permit more detailed comparisons with their connexin‐based counterparts, and provide insight into the ubiquitous yet specific roles of gap junctions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 522–547, 2017
Fast and Controlled Decorating of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Wall‐jet Configuration
Authors: Alencar Leticia M. , Caneppele Gabriella L. , Martins Cauê A.
Published: September 2016

A new method to decorate metallic nanoparticles (NPs) based on the wall‐jet configuration was developed. A homemade wall‐jet amperometric cell coupled to an electronic micropipette was used to decorate Pt NPs with Sb and Sn hydrodynamically through the injection of metallic precursor solutions onto an electrode modified with NPs under applied potential. The method allows the control of the coverage degree (θ) by changing easy handling parameters such as injection flow rate, injected volume and concentration of precursors. The decoration procedure is fast, reproducible, simple and economic, since it only uses a few microlitres of precursors to prepare each electrode composition. It is possible to prepare an average of 1000 electrodes using the same amount of precursors for each one prepared by a conventional method using a typical three‐electrode cell. Sb‐ and Sn‐decorated Pt/C NPs were first evaluated towards diluted glucose electrooxidation in buffer solution. These first insights reveal that the output current density increases with θSb and θSn; Sb‐decorated Pt/C shows the greatest improvement.
Lithium Storage in Carbon‐coated Zinc Iron Oxides as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Huan‐Huan , Jin Bo , Li Lin‐Lin , Lang Xing‐You , Yang Chun‐Cheng , Gao Wang , Zhu Yong‐Fu , Wen Zi , Jiang Qing
Published: September 2016

Carbon‐coated zinc iron oxides (ZnFe2O4/C) are synthesized by a hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination at three different temperatures. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the spherical ZnFe2O4/C samples are well‐crystallized and that an amorphous layer of carbon, derived from thermal decomposition of glucose, is deposited on the surface of the ZnFe2O4 samples. The testing results demonstrate that ZnFe2O4/C sintered at 600 °C shows a high reversible capacity of 579 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles and good rate capability. This indicates the potential use of ZnFe2O4/C as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Advanced structural multimodal imaging of a patient with subcortical band heterotopia
Authors: Kini Lohith G. , Nasrallah Ilya M. , Coto Carlos , Ferraro Lindsay C. , Davis Kathryn A.
Published: September 2016

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a disorder of neuronal migration most commonly due to mutations of the Doublecortin (DCX) gene. A range of phenotypes is seen, with most patients having some degree of epilepsy and intellectual disability. Advanced diffusion and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences may be useful in identifying heterotopias and dysplasias of different sizes in drug‐resistant epilepsy. We describe a patient with SBH and drug‐resistant epilepsy and investigate neurite density, neurite dispersion, and diffusion parameters as compared to a healthy control through the use of multiple advanced MRI modalities. Neurite density and dispersion in heterotopia was found to be more similar to white matter than to gray matter. Neurite density and dispersion maps obtained using diffusion imaging may be able to better characterize different subtypes of heterotopia.
Enduring Changes in Decision Making in Patients with Full Remission from Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Steward Trevor , Mestre‐Bach Gemma , Agüera Zaida , Granero Roser , Martín‐Romera Virginia , Sánchez Isabel , Riesco Nadine , Tolosa‐Sola Iris , Fernández‐Formoso Jose A , Fernández‐García Jose C. , Tinahones Francisco J , Casanueva Felipe F , Baños Rosa M. , Botella Cristina , Crujeiras Ana B , de la Torre Rafael , Fernández‐Real Jose M , Frühbeck Gema , Ortega Francisco J. , Rodríguez Amaia , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Menchón Jose M. , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: August 2016

Background

Deficits in neuropsychological functioning have consistently been identified in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known on how decision making in AN patients evolves in response to treatment or whether impairments are reversible.

Method

AN patients (n = 42) completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) upon admission to a 3‐month day‐hospital treatment programme and at a 1‐year follow‐up. Patient IGT performance was compared to age‐matched controls (n = 46).

Results

AN patients displayed poorer performance on the IGT at admission compared to controls (p < .001). Patients with full remission (n = 31; 73.9%) at the 1‐year follow‐up improved IGT performance (p = 0.007), and scores were similar compared to controls (p = 0.557). AN patients with partial/no remission at follow‐up (n = 11; 26.1%) did not improve IGT scores (p = 0.867).

Conclusions

These findings uphold that enduring remission from AN can reverse decision‐making impairments, and they might be most likely explained by clinical state rather than a trait vulnerability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Between control and complexity: opportunities and challenges for marine mesocosms
Authors: Sagarin Raphael D , Adams John , Blanchette Carol A , Brusca Richard C , Chorover Jon , Cole Julia E , Micheli Fiorenza , Munguia‐Vega Adrian , Rochman Chelsea M , Bonine Kevin , van Haren Joost , Troch Peter A
Published: September 2016

Marine ecologists have a wide array of tools with which to study complex and dynamic systems, but there are cases where neither simple, highly controlled experiments nor largely uncontrolled, more complex field observations provide adequate inferential power. In such cases, mesocosm studies in marine systems may help bridge the gap. Mesocosm studies can facilitate research ranging from basic biology to multifactorial ecosystem studies that involve observation, perturbation, validation, calibration, long‐term studies, and testing of new technologies. Although scale, closed boundaries, biodiversity levels, and replication can impose challenges on mesocosm research, these parameters can also help to define research opportunities that are uniquely suited to such controlled environments. Finally, we provide examples of successful marine mesocosm research and discuss opportunities for future work.
Evaluation of different solvents to extract antibacterial compounds from jalapeño peppers
Authors: Bacon Karleigh , Boyer Renee , Denbow Cynthia , O'Keefe Sean , Neilson Andrew , Williams Robert
Published: September 2016

Chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) may possess antibacterial properties and have potential to be used in foods as antimicrobial. The complete chili pepper extract should be evaluated to determine which compounds are responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Extraction of compounds from the pepper is completed using a solvent. The type of solvent used for extraction influences which compounds are isolated, therefore the best extraction method needs to be determined. The purpose of this study was to identify which solvent is most successful at extracting unknown antibacterial compounds from jalapeño peppers. Fresh jalapeño peppers were chopped, weighed, and blended with a solvent (sterilized hot water, 70% methanol, 95% methanol, 70% ethanol, or 95% ethanol) at a 1:1 ratio (g/g) until the mixture was homogenized, followed by shaking for 15 min. The slurry was centrifuged; supernatant was removed and used for antibacterial testing against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica. The diameter of growth inhibition was measured and statistically evaluated using ANOVA to determine the extract with the greatest antimicrobial activity. Solvents were tested alone as a control. There was greater bacterial inhibition from extracts created with methanol and ethanol than hot water. Listeria monocytogenes was significantly more susceptible to the extracts than E. coli or Salmonella isolates. Each solvent extract was then analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fractions (A–G) were collected and used for subsequent disk diffusion analysis against L. monocytogenes. Fractions E and F (eluded between 20 and 30 min) exhibited the most antibacterial activity. There were no differences between solvents used (p = .05). Further investigation into specific compounds within these extracts will be completed in the future.