bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’art, la Pensée, la Politique : un débat entre intellectuels français et américains, 1919-1922
Authors: Ollivier-Mellios Anne
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the debates that divided American and French intellectuals between 1919 and 1922. After analyzing briefly the status of intellectuals before 1919, both in France and in the US, it focuses on the creation of international intellectual movements after World War one and highlights the conflicting view-points of American and French intellectuals. The paper finally tries to show that a new conception of the intellectuals' role made its way both in France and in the US in the early twenties, and assesses the part played by the war and the Russian revolution in these changes.
La procréation médicalement assistée : enjeux et politiques
Authors: Merchant Jennifer
Published: October 2015

This article seeks to explore the major techniques, issues, and nascent public policy governing the practice of medically assisted procreation (MAP). On the one hand, the absence of federal regulation has encouraged the development of what some analysts call the "supermarket of procreation" , wherein only financially privileged individuals have access to new reproductive technologies. This market's value is inflated by alarmist discourses, both in popular and scientific literature, relative to supposed high rates of sterility among Americans, especially women. Meanwhile, throughout the different states, access to MAP is undergoing a certain number of restrictions. Regulations varying from state to state, for the most part emanating from the judicial system or adopted by state legislatures in accordance with judicial rulings, have a tendency to facilitate this access for married heterosexual couples with significant financial means. This has led to the political mobilization of a number of feminist, homosexual, and consumer interest groups who denounce discriminatory practices and call for unlimited access to MAP in the name of the "right to privacy" in matters of procreation as established by the Supreme Court from Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) to Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992).
Fédéralisme et système de santé : initiatives locales de réforme de l’assurance maladie
Authors: Thevenard Eveline
Published: October 2015

Even before the demise of the Clinton reform plan, some states and localities had taken the lead in expanding health insurance for their residents. The failure of the federal initiative along with exploding costs has encouraged many states to move forward with their own efforts to implement reform. Can local initiatives be an engine of change, both on the state and federal level ? These local policy innovations also raise the issue of the role of federalism in health care reform and highlight the need for a new intergovernmental partnership.
L’Amérique du Nord des géographes
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses the question of the history of geography in US and Canadian societies. It shows that in spite of the apprehension of space as a constitutive element of North American identity, geography was only slowly institutionalized in academia. American and Canadian geographers, however, have constantly interpreted the economic and social changes affecting their countries and the continent more generally. Since the 1940s their methods have become more specifically adapted to the study of a land where history had not shaped landscapes in the same way as in Europe. Thus the fields of environment, economic and urban (or suburban) geography have been significantly developed.
Genèse de l'espace économique nord-américain
Authors: Heffer Jean
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the changes that have affected the economic relations between the United States and Canada over two centuries. Their evolution has ranged from protectionist policies to bilateral free trade agreements, however temporary and limited the latter may have been in the past. Today both countries have heavily invested in each other's national economy and have entered the North American Free Trade Agreement (which also includes Mexico). This accord establishes the highest degree of economic integration ever reached between them. Throughout these stages of economic integration Canada has successfully maintained its national identity in spite of the dissymetry beween the two economies.
Traduire le paysage absolu. À propos des cartes postales de Niagara
Authors: Brunet François
Published: October 2015

This paper aims at assessing popular images of Niagara Falls, through the analysis of a corpus of postcards sent from 1900 on. It begins with an overview of classic descriptions of the site, which registered early on the dilemma of the sublime-seeker in the midst of popular culture. Then, an examination of the postcards shows how publishers have sought both to maintain a body of standard «views » and to compensate for banalization by renewing the « effects ». Finally, it is shown that the written messages, though highly coded, tend to reconstitute and to communicate the awe of Niagara as a private experience.
Le pathétique dans les premiers romans de William Faulkner : un exemple de rapport tragique à la loi ?
Authors: Guillain Aurélie
Published: October 2015

When William Faulkner wrote about «pity and fear» in connection with his own writing, he was relying on Aristotle 's definition of the tragic «effect» as opposed to mere «pathos» or «horror». However, Faulkner's early fiction does not agree with the phenomenology of action which is indissociable from the tragic genre in Aristotle's definition. Doomed characters now perform repetitive gestures rather than irreparable deeds ; scenes of recognition or confrontation are now merely reminiscent of anagnorisis or agôn, as if the protagonists 'relation to time had been altered when the tragic hypotexts were translated into Faulkner 's modernist texts.
Le deuil d’Électre en terre américaine
Authors: Pasquier Marie-Claire
Published: October 2015

America has known, over the years, a number of « Electras », more or less innovative, or faithful to the Greek model. When he wrote his own version, Mourning Becomes Electra, in 1931, Eugene O'Neill wanted to write «a modern psychological play, fate springing out of the family ». In spite of some melodramatic elements, of the predominance of « gloom » over « doom », and of « sorrow » over « mourning », and even though « genes » can 't replace «genos», there are moments in which the rebellion, the « splendid failure » of two strong women transcends the anecdote and achieves tragic beauty.
Le théâtre du sacrifice : réflexions sur le tragique dans quelques pièces de Sam Shepard
Authors: Angel-Perez Elisabeth
Published: October 2015

Sam Shepard resurrects a sacrificial theatre in which he combines the universal and national myths with his character's domestic mythologies. The notion of sacrifice is at the core of tragedy and places the spectator in an apocalyptic perspective. However, Shepard does not escape the dialectical movement induced by the central problematics of the sacrifice and rehabilitates optimism at the very heart of tragedy. In what has often been described as the tragedy of banality, Shepard opens the tragic space to Everyman, consequently obliterating the cathartic way out. The Shepardian tragic outgrows the comforting structures of any given literary genre, be it tragedy.
La mobilité géographique des indigents : un droit constitutionnel
Authors: Musiyan Léopold
Published: October 2015

In 1941 welfare residency requirements and removal laws targeted at destitutes in 28 states made a dent in the right of free ingress and egress. The trials and tribulations of Fred F Edwards and Frank Duncan in moving from Texas to California led the United States Supreme Court to reassess the values encapsulated in both the federal union concept and the myth of free and equal opportunities, especially in the American West. The opening of state borders to all citizens, regardless of their property status, entrenched the right to travel. This case also documents the notion that legal discourse is not just a set of technical words but claims meaning for cultural experience.
Image et mirage de l’Amérique, la poupée Barbie
Authors: Hanquez-Maincent Marie-Françoise
Published: October 2015

After a celebration at New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel, last March, the glamorous Barbie hosted her official 40th birthday party in Paris 's Bon Marche Rive Gauche, with pomp and ceremony to be relayed throughout the planet. These events received a lot of media attention. They stand as good opportunities to study how the doll can be used to produce meaning(s). First the route taken by the Barbie doll is interesting since the official story of the doll designed and manufactured in America is a misconception. In this study we look at the Barbie doll as a semiotic resource taken up to really construct meanings in the specific context of America and its debates on otherness, difference, feminine identity and globalization among others. Yet unlocking semiotic doors does not assuredly introduce us into the secrecy of the child's private world : is the fit close, between how the doll has been designed and how it is actually used ?
Un modèle de développement à l’américaine ? Quelques aspects de la politique des Etats-Unis en Ethiopie dans les années cinquante
Authors: Cizel Annick
Published: October 2015

Freed from Italian occupation by the Allies in 1941, Haile Selassie's Abyssinian empire benefited in the 1950s from an American economic and military development plan rooted in the alignments of the Cold War, and motivated by a bipartisan wish to transform this rare case of African independence into a model for other emerging countries about to break loose from European colonial powers. A stronghold on the shores of the Red Sea, strategically located in the defense area meant to assert US hegemony over both the Middle East and Africa, Ethiopia offered a rare example of political stability favorable to Western interests, whose economic progress was designed to counter the growing influence of the "non-aligned" movement born in Bandung. Suddenly granted the status of a regional power against the global background of the East-West struggle, Ethiopia thus became Washington 's proxy when the United States set out to curb down Nasser's nationalist influence in the region and his claims over the Suez canal. A cornerstone in the containment ring established in the Middle East by the Eisenhower doctrine, Ethiopia was to be a bridgehead from which to win over the rest of the African continent.
Les discours d’investiture ou les paradoxes de l’éloge
Authors: Benoit à La Guillaume Luc
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the inaugural ceremony in order to understand presidential inaugural addresses. Epideictic rhetoric is paradoxical. It invents its original kairos out of banal topoi. Fostering deliberative action through epideictic contemplation, the inaugural address as a genre is an extension of the ceremony but can also become autonomous and create its own tradition. By using the antitheses of jeremiadic logic, the presidents fetch continuity out of change, chosenness out of adversity and consensus out of discrimination.
The House of the Seven Gables : une tragédie gothique
Authors: Amfreville Marc
Published: October 2015

Although Hawthorne himself chose it in the preface to describe The House of the Seven Gables, paving the way for almost universal critical usage, the word «romance» fails to convey the gloomy atmosphere of the book. Going back to Aristotle's Poetics but also drawing from recent critical assessments, this article purports to demonstrate that the text is informed by a tragic vision. Through the staging of a hereditary malediction in a gothic house that brings together xviith-century opportunistic fanaticism and contemporary greed and hypocrisy, and in spite of too conspicuously comic an ending, the writer expresses a conception of time and fate much akin to the spirit of Greek tragedy — a conception that entails a dialectics of fate and individual freedom.
William Carlos Williams/ Franck O’Hara : de l’objectivisme au personnisme
Authors: Aji Hèlène
Published: October 2015

This article shows how William Carlos Williams and Frank O'Hara are linked through their relationships with artists and how these relations outline the passage from American modernism to the poetry of the 1950s and 1960s, and more precisely from Williams 's objectivism to O'Hara 's personism. Common points and variations are underlined to show a move from a focus on objects to a focus on persons, from an aspiration to universality to a recognition of the specificity of the self and the other.
L’oeil et le soleil : Bataille avec Hemingway
Authors: Abouddahab Rédouane
Published: October 2015

The relation between Hemingway and Bataille has never been elucidated, and yet detailed biographical examination and, especially, textual and thematic analysis show that not only was Bataille, the theoretician, intensely interested in Hemingway 's work, but he was actually much influenced by The Sun Also Rises while writing his first major work Histoire de l'œil (1927). Moreover, this paper purports to bring together Batailles conceptualization of the experience and paradox of the limits, and Hemingway 's fiction where the energies of desire and death are constantly at work.
Pynchon’s Social Aesthetics: Sixties Activism in PostModern American Literature
Authors: Guillen Matthew
Published: October 2015

Dans la littérature américaine postmoderniste on trouve souvent non seulement un rejet des valeurs sociales de l '« establishment » mais aussi un rejet de la réalité elle-même. Gerald Graff, par exemple, a dénoncé la déconstruction comme une fuite devant les problèmes de la société moderne. Graff voit « la même influence débilitante s 'exercer dans le genre de fiction postmoderniste pratiqué par des écrivains comme Thomas Pynchon ». Si le réalisme est simplement un problème de convention dominante ne s 'attachant pas plus à la vérité que d'autres modes d'écriture plus artificiels, alors c 'est la porte ouverte, selon Graff, à « un scepticisme général que ne reconnaît que le jeu infini du texte». Thomas Pynchon, le représentant le plus éminent et le symbole le plus durable de cette époque semble effectivement travailler sur des thèmes qui font écho aux assertions postmodernistes sur l'inscrutabilité, la relativité et enfin de compte la subjectivité de la réalité. Cependant cet article défend l'idée qu'une étude précise de la production littéraire soigneusement travaillée de Pynchon montre qu 'il n 'en est rien.
Généalogie du banal : la quête du lieu commun dans Fatheralong de John Edgar Widerman
Authors: Weets Tatiana
Published: October 2015

This paper stems from a question : how is the very idea of banality to be interconnected to autobiographical Afro-American writing ? In Fatheralong, Wideman describes his quest for what he terms a "common ground", a locus from which to start rebuilding a daily life. By tracing the various stages of this quest, by drawing upon several meanings of the word "banal", and by focusing on inner mechanisms of Wideman's writing, this essay intends to show that, ultimately, it is the text itself that the author posits as common ground.
D’un réveil à l’autre : l’évangélisme américain aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Aperçu historiographique
Authors: Bergamasco-Lenarda Lucia
Published: October 2015

American evangelicalism constitutes a major cultural force in the evolution of the United States in the 19th century. Its roots lie in the evangelical revivalism that emerged in the Anglo-Saxon world in the 18th century. From the First Great Awakening (1740-1742) through the alliance of religion and patriotism during the Revolution, then through the Second Great Awakening (ca. 1800- ca. 1840), evangelicalism became the dominant religious discourse of the new nation in its popular, institutional and radical aspects.
Exemplifier
Authors: Mobizot Jacques
Published: October 2015

Goodman's most significant contribution to art theory — exemplification — is controversial because the right method to use it is not easy to determine. To overcome some typical objections one should recognize there are independent levels of exemplification that pertain to different features and cooperate in the same work. This amounts to criticizing the sample model with regard to cultural entities. Cubist pasted papers are adequate candidates to carry off this analysis.
Le banal et l'événement : la «Belle Noiseuse» de White Noise de Don DeLillo
Authors: Happe François
Published: October 2015

Hailed as the emblematic «postmodern » novel by American academics, White Noise has received a largely uniform critical treatment that rarely ventures beyond the limits of cultural satire. This article aims at showing that such a reading gets bogged down in the banality that DeLillo uses for ironical purposes. I suggest that this novel is not a handbook on American supermarkets or Baudrillard' s simulacra, but a literary text, and that the only noise worth listening to is DeLillo 's writing itself.
Planned wedge size compared to achieved advancement in dogs undergoing the modified Maquet procedure
Authors: Kapler M. W. , Marcellin-Little D. J. , Roe S. C.
Published: October 2015

Objectives: To evaluate the patellar ligament to tibial plateau angle (PL-TPA) and amount of achieved advancement in dogs that underwent the modified Maquet procedure; compare wedge sizes recommended using two different planning techniques (Orthomed and modified tibial tuberosity advancement); and evaluate anatomical factors that predict the wedge size required to obtain a 90° PL-TPA.

Methods: Pre- and postoperative radio-graphs of dogs that had a modified Maquet procedure performed were evaluated for the following: calculated wedge size using two different planning techniques, the actual wedge size used, the achieved tibial tuberosity advancement, and the changes in PL-TPA. Anatomical measurements of the tibia were evaluated and correlated with the actual wedge size.

Results: Of the 38 modified Maquet procedures identified, 53% (n = 20) had a PLTPA of 90° ± 5°. Actual achieved advancement of the tibial tuberosity was 30% less than the wedge size used. Changes in PL-TPA and tibial width persisted at eight weeks postoperatively without loss of advancement. The two planning techniques did not result in a significantly different selection of wedge size.

Clinical relevance: Current planning techniques for the modified Maquet procedure result in under-advancement of the tibial tuberosity. Both measurement techniques evaluated do not result in appropriate advancement.
Cross-metathesis of polynorbornene with polyoctenamer: a kinetic study
Authors: Denisova Yulia I , Gringolts Maria L , Peregudov Alexander S , Krentsel Liya B , Litmanovich Ekaterina A , Litmanovich Arkadiy D , Finkelshtein Eugene Sh , Kudryavtsev Yaroslav V
Published: October 2015

The cross-metathesis of polynorbornene and polyoctenamer in d-chloroform mediated by the 1st generation Grubbs’ catalyst Cl2(PCy3)2Ru=CHPh is studied by monitoring the kinetics of carbene transformation and evolution of the dyad composition of polymer chains with in situ 1H and ex situ 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results are interpreted in terms of a simple kinetic two-stage model. At the first stage of the reaction all Ru-benzylidene carbenes are transformed into Ru-polyoctenamers within an hour, while the polymer molar mass is considerably decreased. The second stage actually including interpolymeric reactions proceeds much slower and takes one day or more to achieve a random copolymer of norbornene and cyclooctene. Its rate is limited by the interaction of polyoctenamer-bound carbenes with polynorbornene units, which is hampered, presumably due to steric reasons. Polynorbornene-bound carbenes are detected in very low concentrations throughout the whole process thus indicating their higher reactivity, as compared with the polyoctenamer-bound ones. Macroscopic homogeneity of the reacting media is proved by dynamic light scattering from solutions containing the polymer mixture and its components. In general, the studied process can be considered as a new way to unsaturated multiblock statistical copolymers. Their structure can be controlled by the amount of catalyst, mixture composition, and reaction time. It is remarkable that this goal can be achieved with a catalyst that is not suitable for ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of norbornene and cis-cyclooctene because of their substantially different monomer reactivities.
High‐Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Linkage Maps of Lowland Switchgrass using Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing
Authors: Fiedler Jason D. , Lanzatella Christina , Okada Miki , Jenkins Jerry , Schmutz Jeremy , Tobias Christian M.
Published: October 2015

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm‐season perennial grass with promising potential as a bioenergy crop in the United States. However, the lack of genomic resources has slowed the development of plant lines with optimal characteristics for sustainable feedstock production. We generated high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) linkage maps using a reduced‐representation sequencing approach by genotyping 231 F1 progeny of a cross between two parents of lowland ecotype from the cultivars Kanlow and Alamo. Over 350 million reads were generated and aligned, which enabled identification and ordering of 4611 high‐quality SNPs. The total lengths of the resulting framework maps were 1770 cM for the Kanlow parent and 2059 cM for the Alamo parent. These maps show collinearity with maps generated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and new SNP markers were identified in previously unpopulated regions of the genome. Transmission segregation distortion affected all linkage groups (LGs) to differing degrees, and ordering of distorted markers highlighted several regions of unequal inheritance. Framework maps were adversely affected by the addition of distorted markers with varying severity, but distorted maps were of higher marker density and provided additional information for analysis. Alignment of these linkage maps with a draft version of the switchgrass genome assembly demonstrated high levels of collinearity and provides greater confidence in the validity of both resources. This methodology has proven to be a rapid and cost‐effective way to generate high‐quality linkage maps of an outcrossing species.
Genome‐Wide Responses to Selection and Genetic Networks Underlying Submergence Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Wang Wensheng , Fu Binying , Ali Jauhar , Xu Jianlong , Gao Yongming , Zheng Tianqing , Zhang Fan , Li Zhikang
Published: October 2015

Submergence is an important factor limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in many rain‐fed lowland areas of Asia. Here we explored the genetic basis of submergence tolerance (ST) in rice and facilitated simultaneous improvement of ST of rice. The genome‐wide patterns of donor introgressions in 162 backcross (BC) progenies selected for ST from 12 populations of nine crosses between three recipients and three donors were characterized using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The genome‐wide responses of donor alleles to strong phenotypic selection for ST were reflected in three aspects: (i) significant over introgression of the donor alleles at 295 loci in 167 functional genetic units (FGUs) across the rice genome, (ii) greatly increased homozygosity or loss of heterozygosity genome‐wide, and (iii) pronounced nonrandom associations between or among the detected ST loci, which led us to discovery of putative genetic networks (multilocus structures) underlying ST of rice. Our results suggest that ST of rice is controlled by large numbers of loci involved in multiple positively regulated signaling pathways. Restoration of one or more of these broken pathways in the BC progeny by genetic complementation from introgressed functional donor alleles at ST loci provide an appropriate explanation for transgressive segregation of ST and other complex traits in rice.
Genome‐Wide Mapping and Analysis of Grapevine MicroRNAs and Their Potential Target Genes
Authors: Jiu Songtao , Zhu Xudong , Wang Jian , Zhang Cheng , Mu Qian , Wang Chen , Fang Jinggui
Published: October 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single‐stranded, nonprotein‐coding, endogenously expressed, small RNAs 19 to 25 nucleotides in length. Recognizing the lack of specific and systematic studies on genome‐wide mapping of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) miRNAs, we conducted genome‐wide mapping of Vv‐miRNAs (V. vinifera miRNAs), SB‐miRNAs (V. vinifera L. ‘Summer Black’ miRNAs), and Va‐miRNAs (V. amurensis Rupr. miRNAs). The mapping results revealed that many of miRNAs located within the intergenic region had independent transcription units. To further validate the mapping results and existence of miRNAs, 12 randomly selected precursors of miRNAs (pre‐miRNAs) were successfully cloned and sequenced. Subsequently, 15 conserved and 29 nonconserved intragenic (intronic, exonic) Vv‐miRNA genes, 24 nonconserved intragenic SB‐miRNA genes, and 23 nonconserved intragenic Va‐miRNA genes were labeled on the basis of their locations in host genes, and 15 MIRNA clusters were detected. Interestingly, five miRNA pairs, namely, Vv‐MIR395b and Vv‐MIR395c, Vv‐MIR482 and Vv‐MIRC13, Vv‐MIR172a and Va‐MIR057, SB‐MIR024 and Vv‐MIRC35, and Vv‐MIRC36 and Va‐MIR073 were clustered in the host genes GSVIVT01011558001, GSVIVT01008132001, GSVIVT01031524001, GSVIVT01028156001, and GSVIVT01024516001, respectively. To validate the existence of target genes and miRNA‐guided cleavage sites, 3′‐end product of four predicted target messenger RNAs were amplified by RNA ligase‐mediated 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends. In addition, we also conducted contrastive analysis on the genomic location of miRNAs and their potential target genes. Results showed that the order of priority of miRNA–target interaction may be less closely related with their genomic location. These findings could benefit some further study on grapevine functional genomics and will provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms and evolution of miRNAs in Vitis species.
Radiation Hybrid Map of Barley Chromosome 3H
Authors: Mazaheri Mona , Kianian Penny , Kumar Ajay , Mergoum Mohamed , Seetan Raed , Soltani Ali , Lund Lucy I. , Pirseyedi Seyed M. , Denton Anne M. , Kianian Shahryar F.
Published: October 2015

Assembly of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genome is complicated by its large size (5.1 Gb) and proportion of repetitive elements (84%). This process is facilitated by high resolution maps for aligning bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs along chromosomes. Available genetic maps, however, do not provide accurate information on the physical position of a large portion of the genome located in recombination‐poor regions. Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping is an alternative approach, which is based on radiation‐induced deletions along the length of chromosomes. In this study, the first RH map for barley chromosome 3H was developed. In total, 373 in vivo RH lines were generated by irradiating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–barley chromosome 3H addition lines and crossing them to a normal wheat cultivar. Each RH informative line (containing deletions) had, on average, three deletions. The induced deletion size varied from 36.58 Kb to 576.00 Mb, with an average length of 52.42 Mb. This initial chromosome 3H radiation hybrid (3H‐RH) map had a 9.53× higher resolution than an analogous genetic map, reaching a maximum of >262.40× resolution in regions around the centromere. The final RH map was 3066.1 cR in length, with a 0.76 Mb resolution. It was estimated that the map resolution can be improved to an average of 30.34 Kb by saturating the 3H‐RH map with molecular markers. The generated RH panel enabled alignment of BAC and sequenced contigs as small as 1.50 Kb in size. The high resolution and the coverage of poor‐recombination regions make RH maps an ideal resource for barley genome assembly, as well as other genetic studies.
The Wheat Snn7 Gene Confers Susceptibility on Recognition of the Parastagonospora nodorum Necrotrophic Effector SnTox7
Authors: Shi Gongjun , Friesen Timothy L. , Saini Jyoti , Xu Steven S. , Rasmussen Jack B. , Faris Justin D.
Published: October 2015

Parastagonospora (syn. ana, Stagonospora; teleo, Phaeosphaeria) nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvleig, Verkley & Crous is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes the disease Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum). The fungus produces necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that cause cell death when recognized by corresponding host genes, which ultimately leads to disease. To date, eight host gene–NE interactions have been described in the wheat–P. nodorum system. Here, we report the identification and partial characterization of a ninth interaction involving a P. nodorum‐produced NE designated SnTox7 and a wheat gene designated Snn7. SnTox7 is a small protein with an estimated size less than 30 kDa and largely resistant to heat and chemical treatment. The Snn7 gene governs sensitivity to SnTox7 and was delineated to a 2.7‐cM interval on the long arm of wheat chromosome 2D. The Snn7–SnTox7 interaction explained 33% of the variation in disease among a segregating population, indicating that the interaction plays a prominent role in the development of SNB. The Snn7 sensitivity allele was identified in the hexaploid wheat cultivar Timstein, but evaluation of a set of 52 hexaploid lines of diverse origin indicated that few genotypes harbored a functional Snn7 allele, thus indicating that Snn7 is relatively rare. The identification of the Snn7–SnTox7 interaction adds to our knowledge of the wheat–P. nodorum pathosystem, which has become a model for necrotrophic specialist fungal pathogens and their interactions with plants leading to necrotrophic effector‐triggered susceptibility.
Subgenomic Diversity Patterns Caused by Directional Selection in Bread Wheat Gene Pools
Authors: Voss‐Fels Kai , Frisch Matthias , Qian Lunwen , Kontowski Stefan , Friedt Wolfgang , Gottwald Sven , Snowdon Rod J.
Published: October 2015

Genetic diversity represents the fundamental key to breeding success, providing the basis for breeders to select varieties with constantly improving yield performance. On the other hand, strong selection during domestication and breeding have eliminated considerable genetic diversity in the breeding pools of major crops, causing erosion of genetic potential for adaptation to emerging challenges like climate change. High‐throughput genomic technologies can address this dilemma by providing detailed knowledge to characterize and replenish genetic diversity in breeding programs. In hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the staple food for 35% of the world's population, bottlenecks during allopolyploidisation followed by strong artificial selection have considerably narrowed diversity to the extent that yields in many regions appear to be unexpectedly stagnating. In this study, we used a 90,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) wheat genotyping array to assay high‐frequency, polymorphic SNP markers in 460 accessions representing different phenological diversity groups from Asian, Australian, European, and North American bread wheat breeding materials. Detailed analysis of subgroup diversity at the chromosome and subgenome scale revealed highly distinct patterns of conserved linkage disequilibrium between different gene pools. The data enable identification of genome regions in most need of rejuvenation with novel diversity and provide a high‐resolution molecular basis for genomic‐assisted introgression of new variation into chromosome segments surrounding directionally selected metaloci conferring important adaptation and quality traits.
Types of Problems Solved in the CR Department of Defence and Rules for their Solution
Authors: Grasseová-Motyčková Monika , Štěpánková Eva
Published: October 2015

The article presents partial conclusions of the questionnaire survey on "Problem Solving in the Defence Department of the Czech Republic". First, possible types of the addressed problems and methods for solving the ill-structured problems are characterized. The aim of the empirical research, whose findings are presented, was to identify the ill-structured problems that are solved in the CR Defence Department, and to find out the extent of the use of the methods for problem solving within the mentioned organization. In order to collect data, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed. The total of 135 questionnaires provided data for evaluation. The respondents from the researched organization mostly meet the problems which are related to a planning process, also to a change of an organizational structure, training preparation and processing of internal regulations. The methods, which are used to solve the quoted problems in the Defence Department, are expert panel discussion, interview, brainstorming, wargaming (pros and cons analysis), SWOT analysis, analysis of concerned parties and an objective tree.The rules and recommendations for solving ill-structured problems in the CR Department of Defence are defined, based on the found out information, toward the end of the article.
Security System: Optimalization, or New Conception?
Authors: Krulik Vladimir , Rašek Antonín
Published: October 2015

The article deals with the development of the security system since the November 1989 events. Special attention is paid to the situation near the year 2005, when the last opportunity to update a comprehensive concept of security system occurred. The text deals with the comprehensive management of the security system issue. The authors of the article present key events and strategic documents forming the current shape of the Czech security system. In the final part of article, you can find the proposal of the strategic document management system within the security development system. Article results in the knowledge that the modern security system concept is still challenge for us.
La « chute du père » est-elle le moteur de l’histoire ?
Authors: Pommier Gérard
Published: October 2015

Cet article distingue la « chute du père » qui est un événement constant de l’histoire de chacun et de l’histoire des religions, et la chute du patriarcat, événement libérateur des temps modernes. On montrera que cette deuxième chute renouvelle le symbolique, et qu’elle n’est nullement génératrice de nouvelles pathologies.
L’enfant dit sorcier en tant que figure de la modernité en Afrique
Authors: Douville Olivier
Published: October 2015

Dans des pays africains que les guerres ont dévastés, de nombreux enfants et adolescents sont qualifiés de sorciers. Cette catégorie très large trouve aussi consistance par la légitimation de la violence qui s’exerce contre ces jeunes. Refusant de rendre compacte et homogène cette catégorie, l’auteur compare ce statut à celui d’enfant-ancêtre. Il montre les logiques par lesquelles certains jeunes sous la guerre ont pu être qualifiés de sorciers. Il insiste également sur le fait que les nouvelles formes d’accusation et de pratiques sorcières, loin de conserver les logiques traditionnelles, sont des voies d’accès à la modernité néolibérale. En ce sens, la nostalgie culturaliste n’est pas de mise pour comprendre de tels phénomènes et tenter d’y porter remède.
La psychanalyse mise à mal par (certains de) ses affidés, même
Authors: Marie Pierre
Published: October 2015

On oublie trop souvent que Freud et Lacan furent les fils de leur temps et, à ce titre, impactés par les modèles de pensée de leur époque, en particulier. Il importe donc aujourd’hui de réviser leurs concepts pour les rendre au plus près de ce qu’ils avaient en vue et non de les figer dans une dogmatique idéologique conservatrice aux fins absolument étrangères à la psychanalyse. Je m’attacherai à montrer combien la lecture traditionnelle du complexe d’Œdipe est étrangère à la pensée de Freud et range la psychanalyse du côté de la religion et combien le renvoi de Lacan vers Lévi-Strauss méconnaît leur radicale opposition : Lévi-Strauss est l’adepte d’un cognitivisme réductionniste quand Lacan montre à chaque instant de son enseignement que le parlêtre est le fruit d’un discours venu du dehors.
La réception du droit romain par la doctrine publiciste du XIX e siècle : une vue de l’esprit ?
Authors: Hecketsweiler Laurent
Published: October 2015

S’interroger sur l’emploi du droit romain au XIX e siècle équivaut à s’interroger sur les modalités d’un vaste « réemploi » : mise en œuvre, dans une construction, de matériaux provenant d’une construction antérieure. Il s’agit donc certes de marquer à la craie ce qui a été exploité du ius par les architectes modernes (processus de réception du droit romain) mais aussi, plus important, d’éprouver ce qui a été laissé de côté. Au cœur de ce retranchement, le juriste (re)trouve paradoxalement une voie d’accès aux fondements de sa propre pensée.
Adhémar Esmein et la République romaine
Authors: Sacriste Guillaume
Published: October 2015

L’article vise à montrer les logiques des relations qu’Esmein entretenait avec la référence à la République romaine. Il défend qu’il s’agit d’un terrain fructueux pour comprendre la spécificité du modèle républicain français. Il montre, autour du motif de la République romaine, que l’on peut être tout à fait républicain d’une part et tout à fait libéral d’autre part, une fois que l’on a défini la liberté comme non-domination plutôt que comme non-interférence.
Comment les firmes se financiarisent : le rôle de la réglementation et des instruments de gestion.
Authors: Baud Céline , Chiapello Ève
Published: October 2015

L’étude de la mise en œuvre, dans une petite banque mutualiste, des Accords de « Bâle II » permet de documenter certains processus de financiarisation des entreprises. Ces derniers ne passent pas nécessairement par l’entrée dans le capital des entreprises d’investisseurs institutionnels orientés vers la création de valeur pour l’actionnaire. Dans le cas étudié, ce sont les choix réglementaires faits tant par l’Union européenne que par le superviseur bancaire français qui ont conduit cette banque à transformer totalement son organisation et ses méthodes de travail, adoptant ainsi des pratiques informées par la théorie financière dominante. Ces transformations se répercutent ensuite sur sa clientèle de petites et moyennes entreprises, qui se trouvent soumises, par l’intermédiaire des nouvelles procédures d’attribution de crédit, à une nouvelle discipline financière.
Récits de vie de réfugiés. Une présentation du fonds d’archives de l’Association pour les Victimes de la Répression en Exil
Authors: Lacoue-Labarthe Isabelle
Published: October 2015

En 1985, l’Association pour les Victimes de la Répression en Exil (AVRE) est créée à l’initiative d’Hélène Jaffé, médecin décidée à mettre sur pied un centre de soins réservé aux victimes de la torture, ce qui n’existe alors pas en France. Jusqu’à sa disparition en 2007, l’AVRE est un lieu où est recueillie la parole de réfugiés, récit oral, spontané, ou récit écrit et adressé à l’Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides (OFPRA). Cet article se propose de présenter quelques-uns de ces documents qui, croisés entre eux et avec d’autres sources constituent un matériau de premier choix pour l’écriture de l’histoire des diasporas et, plus largement, des migrations.
Planter un arbre en Israël : une forêt rédemptrice et mémorielle
Authors: Friedman Sylvie
Published: October 2015

Tout au long du projet sioniste, le végétal a joué un rôle de médiateur entre la terre rêvée et la terre foulée, entre le texte biblique et la réalité. Le réinvestissement national s’est opéré à travers des plantes connues depuis la diaspora, réorganisées en scènes signifiantes pour la mémoire et l’histoire juive. Ce lien de filiation entre texte sacré et paysage débouche sur une pratique de plantation considérée comme un acte mystique de régénération du monde.
Un musée à ciel ouvert ? Anthropologie du patrimoine végétal protestant dans le Moyen Poitou
Authors: Lamy Jérôme
Published: October 2015

Le pin parasol est associé, dans le Moyen Poitou, à l’histoire du protestantisme. Un mythe collectif unit cet arbre aux maisons amies des protestants pendant la période du Désert. L’article étudie la persistance de cette mémoire botanique : une étude ethnographique et une analyse historique des émergences récentes du pin parasol protestant en Poitou dans le champ de l’érudition locale permettent de restituer l’ancrage de cet arbre dans le régime contemporain du patrimoine.
Des connexions des traites et des esclavages : quelles pertinences ?
Authors: Cottias Myriam
Published: October 2015

Le Centre International de Recherche sur les Esclavages (CIRESC) au sein de deux programmes de recherche (le programme européen « EURESCL » du 7e PCRD et le programme de l’ANR intitulé AFRODESC) a mis au centre de sa pratique scientifique et heuristique le travail collaboratif entre des équipes de recherche internationales issues d’historiographies différentes. Cette mise en relation a permis d’analyser des « situations d’esclavage » et de « post-esclavage » dans les sociétés des Amériques, d’Europe et d’Afrique et d’expliciter les enjeux identitaires, politiques et sociaux des catégories de désignation des individus qui mobilisent ou non l’histoire de l’esclavage pour se définir.
Eugène Ionesco, 1942-1944 : Political and Cultural Transfers between Romania and France
Authors: Elsky Julia
Published: October 2015

This article discusses the cultural and political exchanges organized by the playwright Eugène Ionesco when he worked for the Romanian Delegation to Vichy between 1942 and 1944. Drawing on unstudied archives of the Romanian Ministry of Propaganda, it analyzes exchanges between French and Romanian professors and students, as well as the role Ionesco played in seeking faculty positions for Romanian professors in France. Ionesco’s reports reveal a cultural policy with two goals: promoting Franco-Romanian relations and combatting Hungarian propaganda in France, often through literary, cultural, academic, and linguistic exchanges. This article examines the notion of circulation in cultural diplomacy and its political stakes during the Second World War.
Microparticles as Biomarkers of Blood Coagulation in Cancer
Authors: Nomura Shosaku , Niki Maiko , Nisizawa Tohru , Tamaki Takeshi , Shimizu Michiomi
Published: October 2015

Cancer is associated with hypercoagulopathy and increased risk of thrombosis. This negatively influences patient morbidity and mortality. Cancer is also frequently complicated by the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Tumor-derived tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles (MPs) are associated with VTE events in malignancy. MPs are small membrane vesicles released from many different cell types by exocytic budding of the plasma membrane in response to cellular activation or apoptosis. MPs may also be involved in clinical diseases through expression of procoagulative phospholipids. The detection of TF-expressing MPs in cancer patients may be clinically useful. In lung and breast cancer patients, MPs induce metastasis and angiogenesis and may be indicators of vascular complications. Additionally, MPs in patients with various types of cancer possess adhesion proteins and bind target cells to promoting cancer progression or metastasis. Overexpression of TF by cancer cells is closely associated with tumor progression, and shedding of TF-expressing MPs by cancer cells correlates with the genetic status of cancer. Consequently, TF-expressing MPs represent important markers to consider in the prevention of and therapy for VTE complications in cancer patients.
Impact of UV–H2O2 Advanced Oxidation and Aging Processes on GAC Capacity for the Removal of Cyanobacterial Taste and Odor Compounds
Authors: Zamyadi Arash , Sawade Emma , Ho Lionel , Newcombe Gayle , Hofmann Ron
Published: October 2015

Cyanobacteria and their taste and odor (T&O) compounds are a growing concern in water sources globally. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are the most commonly detected T&O compounds associated with cyanobacterial presence in drinking water sources. The use of ultraviolet and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an advanced oxidation treatment for T&O control is an emerging technology. However, residual H2O2 (>80% of the initial dose) has to be removed from water prior final disinfection. Recently, granular activated carbon (GAC) is used to remove H2O2 residual. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of H2O2 quenching and aging processes on GAC capacity for the removal of geosmin and MIB. Pilot columns with different types of GAC and presence/absence of H2O2 have been used for this study. H2O2 removal for the operational period of 6 months has no significant impact on GAC capacity to remove the geosmin and MIB from water.
Progressive Independence in Clinical Training: Perspectives of a National, Multispecialty Panel of Residents and Fellows
Authors: Franzone Jeanne M. , Kennedy Benjamin C. , Merritt HelenMari , Casey Jessica T. , Austin Melissa C. , Daskivich Timothy J.
Published: October 2015

Background

Progressive independence in patient care activities is imperative for residents' readiness for practice and patient safety of those cared for by graduates of residency programs. However, establishing a standardized system of progressive independence is an ongoing challenge in graduate medical education.

Objective

We aggregated trainees' perspectives on progressive independence, developed a model of the ideal state, and suggested actionable improvements.

Methods

A multispecialty, nationally representative group of trainees conducted a structured exercise that (1) described the attributes of an ideal system of graduated responsibility; (2) compared the current system to that ideal; (3) developed benchmarks to reinforce best practices; and (4) identified approaches to motivate programs to adopt best practices.

Results

At the core of an ideal model of graduated responsibility is a well-structured curriculum and assessment of individual learners using educational milestones and patient outcomes. The ideal model also includes robust faculty development and emphasizes faculty mentorship. To address legal and financial restrictions that pose barriers to progressive independent, objective outcome criteria like the milestones could be used to ask payers to alter payment restrictions for work performed by senior trainees, providing financial incentives for programs to encourage appropriate independent practice. Recognition of high-performing programs at the national level could motivate others to adopt best practices.

Conclusions

A multifaceted approach, incorporating robust 2-way feedback about skill level and autonomy between residents and faculty, along with improved faculty development in this area, is needed to optimize residents' attainment of progressive independence. There are incentives to move programs and institutions toward this optimal model.