bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNAbarcoding of economically important freshwater fish species from north‐central Nigeria uncovers cryptic diversity
Authors: Iyiola Oluyinka A. , Nneji Lotanna M. , Mustapha Moshood K. , Nzeh Chioma G. , Oladipo Segun O. , Nneji Ifeanyi C. , Okeyoyin Agboola O. , Nwani Christopher D. , Ugwumba Obih A. , Ugwumba Adiaha A. A. , Faturoti Emmanuel O. , Wang Yun‐yu , Chen Jing , Wang Wen‐Zhi , Adeola Adeniyi C.
Published: June 2018

This study examines the utility of morphology andDNAbarcoding in species identification of freshwater fishes from north‐central Nigeria. We compared molecular data (mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) sequences) of 136 de novo samples from 53 morphologically identified species alongside others in GenBank andBOLDdatabases. UsingDNAsequence similarity‐based (≥97% cutoff) identification technique, 50 (94.30%) and 24 (45.30%) species were identified to species level using GenBank andBOLDdatabases, respectively. Furthermore, we identified cases of taxonomic problems in 26 (49.00%) morphologically identified species. There were also four (7.10%) cases of mismatch inDNAbarcoding in which our query sequence in GenBank andBOLDshowed a sequence match with different species names. UsingDNAbarcode reference data, we also identified four unknown fish samples collected from fishermen to species level. Our Neighbor‐joining (NJ) tree analysis recovers several intraspecific species clusters with strong bootstrap support (≥95%). Analysis uncovers two well‐supported lineages withinSchilbe intermedius. The Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of NigerianS. intermediuswith others from GenBank recover four lineages. Evidence of genetic structuring is consistent with geographic regions of sub‐Saharan Africa. Thus, cryptic lineage diversity may illustrate species’ adaptive responses to local environmental conditions. Finally, our study underscores the importance of incorporating morphology andDNAbarcoding in species identification. Although developing a completeDNAbarcode reference library for Nigerian ichthyofauna will facilitate species identification and diversity studies, taxonomic revisions ofDNAsequences submitted in databases alongside voucher specimens are necessary for a reliable taxonomic and diversity inventory.
Malt1 blocks IL-1β production by macrophages in vitro and limits dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal inflammation in vivo
Authors: Monajemi Mahdis , Pang Yvonne C F , Bjornson Saelin , Menzies Susan C , van Rooijen Nico , Sly Laura M
Published: June 2018

This study tested the hypothesis that Malt1 deficiency in macrophages contributes to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation in Malt1-deficient mice. In people, combined immunodeficiency caused by a homozygous mutation in the MALT1 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections and chronic inflammation, including severe inflammation along the gastrointestinal tract. The consequences of Malt1 deficiency have largely been attributed to its role in lymphocytes, but Malt1 is also expressed in macrophages, where it is activated downstream of TLR4 and dectin-1. The effect of Malt1 deficiency in murine macrophages and its contribution to DSS-induced colitis have not been investigated. Our objectives were to compare the susceptibility of Malt1+/+ and Malt1−/− mice to DSS-induced colitis, to determine the contribution of macrophages to DSS-induced colitis in Malt1−/− mice, and to assess the effect of innate immune stimuli on Malt1−/− macrophage inflammatory responses. We found that Malt1 deficiency exacerbates DSS-induced colitis in mice, accompanied by higher levels of IL-1β, and that macrophages and IL-1 signaling contribute to pathology in Malt1−/− mice. Malt1−/− macrophages produce more IL-1β in response to either TLR4 or dectin-1 ligation, whereas inhibition of Malt1 proteolytic (paracaspase) activity blocked IL-1β production. TLR4 or dectin-1 stimulation induced Malt1 protein levels but decreased its paracaspase activity. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that Malt1−/− macrophages contribute to increased susceptibility of Malt1−/− mice to DSS-induced colitis, which is dependent on IL-1 signaling. Increased IL-1β production by MALT1-deficient macrophages may also contribute to chronic inflammation in people deficient in MALT1.

Innate immune stimuli up-regulate Malt1 protein expression and block Malt1 paracaspase activity in macrophages permitting IL-1β production in vitro and in vivo.
Address specialized needs of previously incarcerated students
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: June 2018

DALLAS — Research shows a link between educational attainment and recidivism for previously incarcerated individuals. We know that education works and is cost‐effective, said Joni Schwartz, Ed.D., a professor at LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York. “It costs much less to put someone through college than to keep him in prison,” she added.
Dose‐escalation strategies which use subgroup information
Authors: Cotterill Amy , Jaki Thomas
Published: June 2018

Dose‐escalation trials commonly assume a homogeneous trial population to identify a single recommended dose of the experimental treatment for use in future trials. Wrongly assuming a homogeneous population can lead to a diluted treatment effect. Equally, exclusion of a subgroup that could in fact benefit from the treatment can cause a beneficial treatment effect to be missed. Accounting for a potential subgroup effect (ie, difference in reaction to the treatment between subgroups) in dose‐escalation can increase the chance of finding the treatment to be efficacious in a larger patient population.

A standard Bayesian model‐based method of dose‐escalation is extended to account for a subgroup effect by including covariates for subgroup membership in the dose‐toxicity model. A stratified design performs well but uses available data inefficiently and makes no inferences concerning presence of a subgroup effect. A hypothesis test could potentially rectify this problem but the small sample sizes result in a low‐powered test. As an alternative, the use of spike and slab priors for variable selection is proposed. This method continually assesses the presence of a subgroup effect, enabling efficient use of the available trial data throughout escalation and in identifying the recommended dose(s). A simulation study, based on real trial data, was conducted and this design was found to be both promising and feasible.
Attitudes of emergency department physicians and nurses toward implementation of an early warning score to identify critically ill patients: qualitative explanations for failed implementation
Authors: Bigham Blair L. , Chan Teresa , Skitch Steven , Fox-Robichaud Alison
Published: June 2018

Background

Sepsis, a common, time-sensitive condition, is sometimes not identified at emergency department (ED) triage. The use of early warning scores has been shown to improve sepsis-related screening in other settings.

Objectives

Our objective was to elucidate nurse and physician perceptions with the Hamilton Early Warning Score (HEWS) in combination with the Canadian Triage Acuity Scale.

Method

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses, resident physicians and attending physicians to explore perceived feasibility, utility, comfort, barriers, successes, opportunities and accuracy. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used. Transcripts were coded into thematic coding trees.

Results

The twelve participants did not value the HEWS in the ED because they felt it was not helpful in identifying critically ill patients. We identified five themes; knowledge of sepsis and HEWS, utility of HEWS in emergency triage, utility of HEWS at the bedside, utility in communicating acuity and deterioration, and feasibility and accuracy of data collection. We also found 9 barriers and 7 enablers to the use of early warning score in the ED.

Conclusions

In our emergency departments, we identified potential barriers to implementation of an early warning score. A pre-existing expertise and lexicon related to critically ill patients lessens the perceived utility of an EWS in the ED. Understanding these cultural barriers needs to be addressed through change theory and implementation science.
Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: genome organization, expression, metabolism, taxonomy and evolution
Authors: Maslov Dmitri A. , Opperdoes Fred R. , Kostygov Alexei Y. , Hashimi Hassan , Lukeš Julius , Yurchenko Vyacheslav
Published: June 2018

Unicellular flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Dixenous species are aetiological agents of a number of diseases in humans, domestic animals and plants. Their monoxenous relatives are restricted to insects. Because of the high biological diversity, adaptability to dramatically different environmental conditions, and omnipresence, these protists have major impact on all biotic communities that still needs to be fully elucidated. In addition, as these organisms represent a highly divergent evolutionary lineage, they are strikingly different from the common ‘model system’ eukaryotes, such as some mammals, plants or fungi. A number of excellent reviews, published over the past decade, were dedicated to specialized topics from the areas of trypanosomatid molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, host–parasite relationships or other aspects of these fascinating organisms. However, there is a need for a more comprehensive review that summarizing recent advances in the studies of trypanosomatids in the last 30 years, a task, which we tried to accomplish with the current paper.
Trematode cercariae as prey for zooplankton: effect on fitness traits of predators
Authors: Mironova Ekaterina , Gopko Mikhail , Pasternak Anna , Mikheev Viktor , Taskinen Jouni
Published: June 2018

Removal of parasite free-living stages by predators has previously been suggested an important factor controlling parasite transmission in aquatic habitats. Experimental studies of zooplankton predation on macroparasite larvae are, however, scarce. We tested whether trematode cercariae, which are often numerous in shallow waters, are suitable prey for syntopic zooplankters. Feeding rates and survival of freshwater cyclopoids (Megacyclops viridis,Macrocyclops distinctus), calanoids (Arctodiaptomus paulseni), cladocerans (Sida crystallina) and rotifersAsplanchnaspp., fed with cercariae ofDiplostomum pseudospathaceum, a common fish trematode, were studied. In additional long-term experiments, we studied reproduction of cyclopoids fed with cercariae. All tested zooplankton species consumed cercariae. The highest feeding rates were observed for cyclopoids (33 ± 12 cercariae ind−1h−1), which actively reproduced (up to one egg clutch day−1) when fedad libitumwith cercariae. Their reproductive characteristics did not change significantly with time, indicating that cercariae supported cyclopoids’ dietary needs. Mortality of rotifers and cladocerans was high (25–28% individuals) when exposed to cercariae in contrast to cyclopoids and calanoids (<2%). Cercariae clogged the filtration apparatus of cladocerans and caused internal injuries in predatory rotifers, which ingested cercariae. Observed trophic links between common freshwater zooplankters and cercariae may significantly influence food webs and parasite transmission in lentic ecosystems.
Investigating pathogen burden in relation to a cumulative deficits index in a representative sample of US adults
Authors: Noppert G. A. , Aiello A. E. , O'Rand A. M. , Cohen H. J.
Published: June 2018

Pathogen burden is a construct developed to assess the cumulative effects of multiple, persistent pathogens on morbidity and mortality. Despite the likely biological wear and tear on multiple body systems caused by persistent infections, few studies have examined the impact of total pathogen burden on such outcomes and specifically on preclinical markers of dysfunction. Using data from two waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we compared three alternative methods for measuring pathogen burden, composed of mainly persistent viral infections, using a cumulative deficits index (CDI) as an outcome: single pathogen associations, a pathogen burden summary score and latent class analyses. We found significant heterogeneity in the distribution of the CDI by age, sex, race/ethnicity and education. There was an association between pathogen burden and the CDI by all three metrics. The latent class classification of pathogen burden showed particularly strong associations with the CDI; these associations remained after controlling for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, race/ethnicity and education. Our results suggest that pathogen burden may influence early clinical indicators of poor health as measured by the CDI. Our results are salient since we were able to detect these associations in a relatively young population. These findings suggest that reducing pathogen burden and the specific pathogens that drive the CDI may provide a target for preventing the early development of age-related physiological changes.
Occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella spp. isolates from captive wildlife, their caretakers, feed and water in India
Authors: Milton Arockiasamy Arun Prince , Agarwal Rajesh Kumar , Priya Govindarajan Bhuvana , Athira Cheruplackal Karunakaran , Saminathan Mani , Reddy Avinash , Aravind Manivasagam , Kumar Ashok
Published: June 2018

Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in captive wild animal species in India is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of different Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance patterns and genotypic relatedness of recovered isolates. A total of 370 samples including faecal (n = 314), feed and water (n = 26) and caretakers stool swabs (n = 30) were collected from 40 different wild animal species in captivity, their caretakers, feed and water in four zoological gardens and wildlife enclosures in India. Salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and genotyping was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Animal faecal samples were also subjected to direct PCR assay. Salmonella was detected in 10 of 314 (3.1%) faecal samples by isolation and 18 of 314 (5.7%) samples by direct PCR assay; one of 26 (3.8%) feed and water samples and five of 30 (16.7%) caretakers stool swabs by isolation. Salmonella was more commonly isolated in faecal samples from golden pheasants (25%; 2/8) and leopard (10%; 2/20). Salmonella enterica serotypes of known public health significance including S. Typhimurium (37.5%; 6/14), S. Kentucky (28.5%; 4/14) and S. Enteritidis (14.3%; 2/14) were identified. While the majority of the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics. Seven (43.7%; 7/16) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and one isolate each among them exhibited penta and tetra multidrug-resistant types. Three S. Kentucky serotype were identified in a same golden pheasants cage, two from the birds and one from the feed. This serotype was also isolated from its caretaker. Similarly, one isolate each of S. Typhimurium were recovered from ostrich and its caretaker. These isolates were found to be clonally related suggesting that wildlife may serve as reservoir for infections to humans and vice versa. These results emphasise the transmission of Salmonella among hosts via environmental contamination of feces to workers, visitors and other wildlife.
A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance
Authors: Mukarati N. L. , Ndumnego O. , van Heerden H. , Ndhlovu D. N. , Matope G. , Caron A. , de Garine-Wichatitsky M. , Pfukenyi D. M.
Published: June 2018

Anthrax is an important disease caused by the bacteriumBacillus anthracisaffecting both domestic and wild animals at the wildlife/livestock interface, defined here as a physical space in which wild and domestic species overlap in range and potentially interact. In endemic regions, sporadic anthrax outbreaks occur, causing significant deaths of both wildlife and livestock and sporadically, humans. However, it may also occur as isolated outbreaks with a few animals affected. Such isolated anthrax outbreaks maybe missed. High seroprevalence among carnivores suggests either regular non-fatal exposure to the pathogen circulating in a given environment, or contact with missed cases through consumption of anthrax carcases. To investigate the relevance of this potential indicator, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine anthrax seroprevalence in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)from selected interface and non-interface areas of Zimbabwe with known history of anthrax outbreaks. Based on past anthrax outbreaks in the respective areas, the sites were further classified as high or low risk areas for anthrax outbreaks. Sera were collected from domestic dogs (n= 186) and tested for antibodies againstB. anthracisprotective antigens (PA) using an ELISA test. The overall seroprevalence was 51.6% (96/186; 95% CI 44.2–59.0). Sites from the non-interface areas recorded a significantly (P< 0.001) higher (72.1%) anthrax seroprevalence compared with those from the wildlife –livestock interface (41.5%). The results demonstrated a strong association (χ2= 14.3; OR = 3.2, 1.6 < OR < 6.2,P< 0.001) between anthrax seropositivity and interface type. Low-risk sites (42.5%) had a significantly (P= 0.044) lower seroprevalence compared with high-risk sites (58.5%) but still demonstrated high seroprevalence for areas where anthrax was last reported more than 20 years back. Dogs from Tsholotsho South were more than 90-times (OR = 96.5, 13.5 < OR < 690.8) more likely to be seropositive compared with those from Hwange. The study demonstrated the potential to use domestic dogs as indicators of anthrax in the study areas to survey anthrax circulation in supposed low-risk areas and calls for a redefinition of both low and high risk areas for anthrax in Zimbabwe based on an improved surveillance.
Global Plate Motions and Earthquake Cycle Effects
Authors: Graham Shannon E. , Loveless John P. , Meade Brendan J.
Published: June 2018

The rotations of tectonic plates provide a partial description of the total observed displacements at the Earth's surface. The estimated number of kinematically distinct plates has increased from 12 in 1990 to 56 in 2010 as a result of the increase in the number of kinematic observables. At length scales <1,000 km, rotation‐only plate models are inaccurate because geodetic signals of long‐term plate motions are complicated by earthquake cycle effects. Here we present results from a global block model that unifies large‐scale plate motions and local earthquake cycle effects at plate boundaries. Incorporating the rotations of 307 distinct plates, elastic strain accumulation from 16 subduction zones and 1.59 × 107 km2 of fault system area, this model explains 19,664 interseismic GPS velocities at a resolution of 2.2 mm/year. Geodetically constrained fault slip deficit rates yield a cumulative global moment accumulation rate of 1.09 × 1022 N·m/year, 12% larger than the average annual coseismic moment release rate from 1900 to 2013. The potential contribution to the total moment rate budget can be estimated from the frequency distribution of the modeled fault slip‐deficit rates, which follow an exponential distribution. Integrating this frequency distribution over all possible slip rates indicates that the geologic structures included in this reference global block model account for 98% of the global moment budget. Comparing our results with population distribution, we find that ∼50% of the world's population lives within 200 km of an active fault with a slip rate >2 mm/year.
Does Your Institution Foster a Culture of Sexual Harassment?
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: June 2018

A new report outlines how academic institutions create a culture in which sexual harassment can run rampant. Here are some questions, drawn from the report, to help gauge your institution’s culture.
Cultural conformity generates extremely stable traditions in bird song
Authors: Lachlan Robert F. , Ratmann Oliver , Nowicki Stephen
Published: June 2018

Cultural traditions have been observed in a wide variety of animal species. It remains unclear, however, what is required for social learning to give rise to stable traditions: what level of precision and what learning strategies are required. We address these questions by fitting models of cultural evolution to learned bird song. We recorded 615 swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) song repertoires, and compared syllable frequency distributions to the output of individual-based simulations. We find that syllables are learned with an estimated error rate of 1.85% and with a conformist bias in learning. This bias is consistent with a simple mechanism of overproduction and selective attrition. Finally, we estimate that syllable types could frequently persist for more than 500 years. Our results demonstrate conformist bias in natural animal behaviour and show that this, along with moderately precise learning, may support traditions whose stability rivals those of humans.
miR-143/145 differentially regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor activity through suppression of canonical TGFβ signaling
Authors: Lam Jeffrey , van den Bosch Marion , Wegrzyn Joanna , Parker Jeremy , Ibrahim Rawa , Slowski Kate , Chang Linda , Martinez-Høyer Sergio , Condorelli Gianluigi , Boldin Mark , Deng Yu , Umlandt Patricia , Fuller Megan , Karsan Aly
Published: June 2018

Expression of miR-143 and miR-145 is reduced in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) of myelodysplastic syndrome patients with a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 5. Here we show that mice lacking miR-143/145 have impaired HSPC activity with depletion of functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but activation of progenitor cells (HPCs). We identify components of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway as key targets of miR-143/145. Enforced expression of the TGFβ adaptor protein and miR-145 target, Disabled-2 (DAB2), recapitulates the HSC defect seen in miR-143/145−/− mice. Despite reduced HSC activity, older miR-143/145−/− and DAB2-expressing mice show elevated leukocyte counts associated with increased HPC activity. A subset of mice develop a serially transplantable myeloid malignancy, associated with expansion of HPC. Thus, miR-143/145 play a cell context-dependent role in HSPC function through regulation of TGFβ/DAB2 activation, and loss of these miRNAs creates a preleukemic state.
Three-photon tissue imaging using moxifloxacin
Authors: Lee Seunghun , Lee Jun Ho , Wang Taejun , Jang Won Hyuk , Yoon Yeoreum , Kim Bumju , Jun Yong Woong , Kim Myoung Joon , Kim Ki Hean
Published: June 2018

Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic used in clinics and has recently been used as a clinically compatible cell-labeling agent for two-photon (2P) imaging. Although 2P imaging with moxifloxacin labeling visualized cells inside tissues using enhanced fluorescence, the imaging depth was quite limited because of the relatively short excitation wavelength (<800 nm) used. In this study, the feasibility of three-photon (3P) excitation of moxifloxacin using a longer excitation wavelength and moxifloxacin-based 3P imaging were tested to increase the imaging depth. Moxifloxacin fluorescence via 3P excitation was detected at a >1000 nm excitation wavelength. After obtaining the excitation and emission spectra of moxifloxacin, moxifloxacin-based 3P imaging was applied to ex vivo mouse bladder and ex vivo mouse small intestine tissues and compared with moxifloxacin-based 2P imaging by switching the excitation wavelength of a Ti:sapphire oscillator between near 1030 and 780 nm. Both moxifloxacin-based 2P and 3P imaging visualized cellular structures in the tissues via moxifloxacin labeling, but the image contrast was better with 3P imaging than with 2P imaging at the same imaging depths. The imaging speed and imaging depth of moxifloxacin-based 3P imaging using a Ti:sapphire oscillator were limited by insufficient excitation power. Therefore, we constructed a new system for moxifloxacin-based 3P imaging using a high-energy Yb fiber laser at 1030 nm and used it for in vivo deep tissue imaging of a mouse small intestine. Moxifloxacin-based 3P imaging could be useful for clinical applications with enhanced imaging depth.
Thermal carbonization in nanoscale reactors: controlled formation of carbon nanodots inside porous CaCO3 microparticles
Authors: Vostrikova Anna V. , Prikhozhdenko Ekaterina S. , Mayorova Oksana A. , Goryacheva Irina Yu. , Tarakina Nadezda V. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Sapelkin Andrei V.
Published: June 2018

Synthesis of carbon nanodots (CNDs) in confined geometry via incorporation of dextran sulphate into pores of CaCO3 microparticles is demonstrated. The preparation process included three steps: co-precipitation of solutions of inorganic salts and carbon source, thermal treatment and CaCO3 matrix removal. We show that geometric constraints can be used to precisely control the amount of source material and to avoid formation of large carbon particles. Analysis of TEM data shows particle size of ~3.7 nm with narrow size distribution. Furthermore, we found that variation in pore morphology has a clear effect on CNDs structure and optical properties. CNDs with graphene oxide like structure were obtained in the nanoporous outer shell layer of CaCO3 microparticles, while less ordered CNDs with the evidence of complex disordered carbons were extracted from the inner microcavity. These results suggest that confined volume synthesis route in CaCO3 nanopores can be used to precisely control the structure and optical properties of CNDs.
ERK1/2 and p38 regulate inter-individual variability in ozone-mediated IL-8 gene expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Bowers Emma C. , McCullough Shaun D. , Morgan David S. , Dailey Lisa A. , Diaz-Sanchez David
Published: June 2018

Inter-individual variability is observed in all biological responses; however this variability is difficult to model and its underlying mechanisms are often poorly understood. This issue currently impedes understanding the health effects of the air pollutant ozone. Ozone produces pulmonary inflammation that is highly variable between individuals; but reproducible within a single individual, indicating undefined susceptibility factors. Studying inter-individual variability is difficult with common experimental models, thus we used primary human bronchial epithelial cells (phBECs) collected from many different donors. These cells were cultured, exposed to ozone, and the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 was measured. Similar to in vivo observations, we found that ozone-mediated IL-8 expression was variable between donors, but reproducible within a given donor. Recent evidence suggests that the MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38 mediate ozone-induced IL-8 transcription, thus we hypothesized that differences in their activation may control IL-8 inter-individual variability. We observed a significant correlation between ERK1/2 phosphorylation and IL-8 expression, suggesting that ERK1/2 modulates the ozone-mediated IL-8 response; however, we found that simultaneous inhibition of both kinases was required to achieve the greatest IL-8 inhibition. We proposed a “dimmer switch” model to explain how the coordinate activity of these kinases regulate differential IL-8 induction.
Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of new cyclometallated platinum(iv) complexes containing a para-tolyl ligand
Authors: Solé Mònica , Balcells Cristina , Crespo Margarita , Quirante Josefina , Badia Josefa , Baldomà Laura , Font-Bardia Mercè , Cascante Marta
Published: June 2018

Synthesis and biological activity of cyclometallated platinum(iv) compounds containing a para-tolyl ligand are reported.
Water-based binary polyol process for the controllable synthesis of silver nanoparticles inhibiting human and foodborne pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Nam Sunghyun , Park Bosoon , Condon Brian D.
Published: June 2018

A water-based binary polyol process, where the entangled conformation of polyethylene glycol activated the reduction reaction of ethylene glycol and stabilized the particle growth, produced silver nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial property.
Polymer composites based on hexagonal boron nitride and their application in thermally conductive composites
Authors: Yu Cuiping , Zhang Jun , Tian Wei , Fan Xiaodong , Yao Yagang
Published: June 2018

This review covers the fabrication of h-BN and its application for thermally conductive networks.
Renewable biomass derived porous BCN nanosheets and their adsorption and photocatalytic activities for the decontamination of organic pollutants
Authors: Tu Dan , Liao Huiwei , Deng Qiulin , Liu Xiang , Shang Ronggang , Zhang Xiaoyong
Published: June 2018

In this work, the preparation, characterization and removal capabilities of a novel biomass derived BC and its BCN nanocomposites are described.
Increased effective mass and carrier concentration responsible for the improved thermoelectric performance of the nominal compound Cu2Ga4Te7 with Sb substitution for Cu
Authors: Cui Jiaolin , Cai Gemei , Ren Wei
Published: June 2018

A replacement of Sb for Cu in the nominal compound Cu2Ga4Te7 increases the effective carrier mass and the scattering of phonons.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Single-Leg Landing and Unplanned Sidestepping
Authors: Chinnasee Chamnan , Weir Gillian , Sasimontonkul Siriporn , Alderson Jacqueline , Donnelly Cyril
Published: June 2018

Unplanned sidestepping and single-leg landing have both been used to screen athletes for injury risk in sport. The aim of this study was to directly compare the lower limb mechanics of three single-leg landing tasks and an unplanned sidestepping task. Thirteen elite female team sport athletes completed a series of non-contact single-leg drop landings, single-leg countermovement jumps, single-leg jump landings and unplanned sidestepping in a randomized counterbalanced design. Three dimensional kinematics (250 Hz) and ground reaction force (2,000 Hz) data with a participant specific lower limb skeletal model were used to calculate and compare hip, knee and ankle joint kinematics, peak joint moments, instantaneous joint power and joint work during the weight acceptance phase of each sporting task (α=0.05). Peak knee joint moments and relevant injury risk thresholds were used to classify each athlete's anterior cruciate ligament injury risk during unplanned sidestepping and single-leg jump landing. Results showed that peak joint moments, power and work were greater during the single-leg jump landing task when compared to the single-leg drop landings and single-leg countermovement jumps tasks. Peak frontal and sagittal plane knee joint moments, knee joint power, as well as hip and knee joint work were greater during unplanned sidestepping when compared to the landing tasks. Peak ankle joint moments, power and work were greater during the landing tasks when compared to unplanned sidestepping. For 4 of the 13 athletes tested, their anterior cruciate ligament injury risk classification changed depending on whether they performed an unplanned sidestepping or single-leg jump landing testing procedure. To summarize, a single-leg jump landing testing procedure places a larger mechanical on the ankle joint when compared to single-leg drop landings, single-leg countermovement jumps and unplanned sidestepping. An unplanned sidestepping testing procedure places a larger mechanical demand on the knee joint when compared to single-leg landing tasks. Both unplanned sidestepping and single-leg jump landing testing procedures are recommended for classifying an athlete's anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in sport.
Kleinzelliges Lungenkarzinom
Authors: Reinmuth Niels , Hoffmann Hans
Published: June 2018

Das kleinzellige Lungenkarzinom stellt eine besonders aggressive Tumorentität dar und ist durch schnellen Progress, sehr frühe Metastasierung und schlechte Prognose charakterisiert. Nur wenige Patienten werden in einem frühen Erkrankungsstadium diagnostiziert, bei dem in ausgewählten Fällen eine chirurgische Resektion diskutiert werden kann. Chemotherapie und Strahlentherapie sind initial häufig effektiv. Allerdings erleiden die meisten Patienten im metastasierten Stadium nach zunächst gutem Ansprechen auf eine platinhaltige Chemotherapie einen Progress mit dann nur limitierten Therapieoptionen.
Are Corpses the Best Method for Practical Anatomy Assessment, According to Health Course Students?
Authors: Soares B. , Ribeiro F. , Santos I. , Silva A. , Amorim M. , Shiosaki R. , Bettencourt Pires M. , Schwingel P. , Silva Júnior E.
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the student's conception in reference to the teaching materials used for the practical assessment of the discipline of Human Anatomy. The study was quantitative and qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. The materials were industrialized synthetic anatomical models, models made of inexpensive material by students, human cadaveric material, photocopied images and software. The study included 97 students, who after analysis indicated cadaveric materials (35%) as the best educational tool to be applied for the practical assessments of Anatomy. The photocopied images (3%) were the material with which the students presented greater difficulty. The content analysis of the discursive questions showed 5 factors in learning Human Anatomy: little time per table; difficulty in identifying, locating and memorization of anatomical structures; the quality of material used; comparing these materials; and cadaveric material. The study proved to be relevant for the evolution of teaching quality, in addition to the cadaveric material as the best tool to be used in practical assessments of Human Anatomy. We suggest the use of this material the more frequent, in laboratories that have the same materials as analyzed here, because the corpse can never be substituted in teaching and learning of Anatomy.
2.8 Reduction of Azides
Authors: Monguchi Y. , Sajiki H.
Published: June 2018

This chapter covers recent progress in the catalytic hydrogenation and catalytic transfer hydrogenation of azides, including continuous-flow hydrogenation using heterogeneous catalysts, hydrogenative formylation, and hydrogenative alkylation for natural product synthesis. Recently developed catalysts for the chemoselective reduction of azides in the presence of other coexisting reducible functionalities are especially highlighted. Furthermore, a method for the selective semihydrogenation of alkynes to the corresponding alkenes leaving coexisting azides intact is also presented.
Methylation of progesterone receptor isoform A and B promoters in the reproductive system of cows
Authors: Rekawiecki Robert , Kisielewska Katarzyna , Kowalik Magdalena K. , Kotwica Jan
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the promoters of progesterone receptor isoform A (PGRA) and B (PGRB) are methylated and to determine the percentage of methylation occurring for each isoform. Genomic DNA was isolated from the corpora lutea (CL) and endometrial slices from cows on Days 2–5, 6–10, 11–16 and 17–20 of the oestrous cycle. DNA was bisulphite-converted and amplified using methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers that detect both methylated and unmethylated sequences. The determination of the percentage of the methylation was performed using HpaII and MspI restriction enzymes. Methyl-specific PCR showed partial methylation of PGRA and PGRB promoters in the CL and endometrium during the oestrous cycle. Methylation for PGRA was between 15 and 17% and for PGRB was in the range of 6 to 7.7% during the oestrous cycle in the CL. In the endometrium, the methylation for PGRA was between 6 and 7.3% and for PGRB was between 3 and 4.8% during the oestrous cycle. The data obtained indicate that the higher promoter methylation of the PGRA isoform could be a mechanism for regulation of PGRA inhibitory activity against PGRB and, in this way, methylation may influence the regulation of progesterone action in the CL and endometrium.
NMDA Receptor-Mediated Motor Cortex Plasticity After 20 Hz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation
Authors: Wischnewski M , Engelhardt M , Salehinejad M A , Schutter D J L G , Kuo M -F , Nitsche M A
Published: June 2018

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to modulate neural oscillations and excitability levels in the primary motor cortex (M1). These effects can last for more than an hour and an involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) mediated synaptic plasticity has been suggested. However, to date the cortical mechanisms underlying tACS after-effects have not been explored. Here, we applied 20 Hz beta tACS to M1 while participants received either the NMDAR antagonist dextromethorphan or a placebo and the effects on cortical beta oscillations and excitability were explored. When a placebo medication was administered, beta tACS was found to increase cortical excitability and beta oscillations for at least 60 min, whereas when dextromethorphan was administered, these effects were completely abolished. These results provide the first direct evidence that tACS can induce NMDAR-mediated plasticity in the motor cortex, which contributes to our understanding of tACS-induced influences on human motor cortex physiology.
Approach to the patient with oedema
Authors: Krzesinski Jean-Marie , Cohen Eric P.
Published: June 2018

Generalized oedema reflects retention of salt and water that can be triggered by disease of several organs, but notably kidneys, heart and liver. Management is based on salt restriction and the use of diuretics. Diuretics have greatly improved its management, but in severe cases, ultrafiltration or dialysis may be needed for its treatment. In congestive heart failure, the nephrotic syndrome, or primary sodium retention, one proceeds rapidly, using mainly loop diuretics. Weight loss of 1 kg/day is a typical goal. Fluid removal in patients with cirrhosis and ascites, but without peripheral oedema, must proceed more slowly, often only 0.5 kg/day or less. For other causes of generalized oedema, loop diuretics are usually preferred, and higher split doses may be required.
Patients with resistant oedema from any cause may require high-dose loop diuretics frequently in combination with a diuretic acting at a more distal site in the nephron, typically a thiazide diuretic but also sometimes potassium sparing drugs. A high-salt diet and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be ruled out.
Approach to the patient with renal Fanconi syndrome, glycosuria, or aminoaciduria
Authors: Bockenhauer Detlef , Kleta Robert
Published: June 2018

Up to 80% of filtered salt and water is returned back into the circulation in the proximal tubule. Several solutes, such as phosphate, glucose, low-molecular weight proteins, and amino acids are exclusively reabsorbed in this segment, so their appearance in urine is a sign of proximal tubular dysfunction. An entire orchestra of specialized apical and basolateral transporters, as well as paracellular molecules, mediate this reabsorption. Defects in proximal tubular function can be isolated (e.g. isolated renal glycosuria, aminoacidurias, or hypophosphataemic rickets) or generalized. In the latter case it is called the Fanconi–Debre–de Toni syndrome, based on the initial clinical descriptions. However, in clinical practice it is usually referred to as just the ‘renal Fanconi syndrome’. Severity of proximal tubular dysfunction can vary, and may coexist with some degree of loss of glomerular filtration capacity. Causes include a wide range of insults to proximal tubular cells, including a number of genetic conditions, drugs and poisons.
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Authors: Cattran Daniel C. , Reich Heather N.
Published: June 2018

A common rule of thumb in primary membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is that one-third of patients improve spontaneously, one-third progress, and one-third continue to have substantial proteinuria. The rate of spontaneous recovery may be near the truth, but MGN is usually an indolent condition and few studies have run long enough to give accurate outcomes for the remainder. However MGN is an important cause of end-stage renal failure.
Treatment regimens that include cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil can improve the outcome of patients at greatest risk of deterioration, but their toxicity has limited their use in randomized studies to the highest risk patients. Steroids alone, and ciclosporin, do not improve long-term outcomes in these studies. Whether anti-B-cell antibodies offer additional benefits requires randomized studies.
After confirming the diagnosis of primary MGN it is recommended to maximize supportive therapy and monitor for at least 6 months to give a clear picture of the long-term risk.
For patients at lowest risk, supportive management and monitoring alone is recommended. Patients at medium risk (nephrotic range proteinuria but normal and stable glomerular filtration rate), or high risk (very heavy proteinuria, greater than 8 g/day or deterioration of glomerular filtration rate) may justify specific treatment directed at the immune response. For the medium-risk group it is not certain that it is required; for some in the high-risk group it may come too late. Overall outcomes in the high-risk group remain quite poor even with aggressive treatment.
Immunoglobulin A-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Authors: Rodriguez-Iturbe Bernardo , Haas Mark
Published: June 2018

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis is usually associated with infections with Staphylococcus aureus. It is most commonly seen in patients over 60, and particularly in men. The renal lesion is acute and severe, and commonly includes crescent formation, although the described histological features vary widely. IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin and in later phases when capillary deposits are resolving it may be impossible to distinguish the condition from IgA nephropathy without the use of electron microscopy. Diabetes appears to be a risk factor. Complement levels are frequently low but may be normal.
Clinically there is often severe nephrotic syndrome and hypertension may be less prominent.
Balkan endemic nephropathy
Authors: Radović Milan , Schiller Adalbert
Published: June 2018

Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, slowly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis, with familial clustering, occurring in several endemic rural regions in countries of the Balkan Peninsula. BEN is characterized by anaemia, tubular proteinuria, renal shrinkage, and slowly declining glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Up to one-third of patients may also develop upper urothelial tumours. The aetiology of BEN is unclear; chronic exposure to aristolochic acid and a polygenic predisposition are the most likely contributing factors. The major pathological characteristics of BEN are symmetrically shrunken, smooth-shaped kidneys, with interstitial fibrosis, mild interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy. Diagnosis is usually based upon positive family history of BEN, past or current residence in endemic regions, tubular proteinuria, tubular dysfunctions (such as urine acidification defects, salt wasting, and impaired excretion of ammonia, uric acid, and phosphate), scant urinary sediment, bilateral and symmetrically reduced kidney size, accompanied by severe anaemia, disproportionate to the degree of GFR reduction. There is no specific therapy for BEN; patients should therefore be treated as all patients with chronic kidney disease, in general. The use of distant water supplies or moving to another residence area should be advised to affected families. Careful evaluation for urothelial cancers is mandatory in patients with haematuria.
Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder
Authors: Sprague Stuart M. , Sarav Menaka
Published: June 2018

The kidneys play a critical role in maintaining normal serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, under the regulation of three main hormones: parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23. With the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), most patients develop CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), which is a systemic disorder involving derangement in mineral metabolism, renal osteodystrophy, and extraskeletal calcification. Disturbances in mineral metabolism develop early in CKD and include phosphate retention, hypocalcaemia, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyroidism. Renal osteodystrophy involves pathologic changes of bone morphology related to progressive CKD and is quantifiable by histomorphometry, based on bone biopsy. CKD-MBD is associated with significant morbidity, including bone loss, fractures, cardiovascular disease, immune suppression, as well as increased mortality. As the disorder begins early in the course of CKD, a proactive approach with intervention is important. Therapeutic strategies could then be employed to prevent and correct these disturbances, aiming to improve cardiovascular outcomes and survival.
Current practice guidelines for CKD-MBD are based on insufficient data and high-quality studies are required before specific treatment can be advocated strongly.
HIV and renal disease
Authors: Naicker Saraladevi , Paget Graham
Published: June 2018

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic has particularly affected the poorest regions of the world. HIV can directly or indirectly affect different aspects of renal function, and results in a variable expression of kidney disease.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst HIV-infected patients is reported at 3.5–38% in different regions of the world. The complex interplay between the pheno- and/or genotypic variants of the virus, the genetic make-up of the host, and environmental factors determine the clinical manifestations of renal disease. The association of APOL1 gene variants G1 and G2 with the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis explains the high frequency of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) in populations of black ethnicity.

Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is effective in preventing progression of HIVAN. Some of the drugs used in ART regimens are potentially nephrotoxic and require dose adjustment or even avoidance in CKD. Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in HIVAN has been reported to correlate with the extent of chronic damage quantified by renal biopsy.

HIV-infected patients requiring dialysis, who are stable on ART, are achieving survival rates comparable to those of non-HIV dialysis populations. Similarly, HIV infection does not seem to adversely affect patient and graft survival rates after kidney transplantation, and there has been no increase in the prevalence of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients on effective ART.
Hantaviral infections
Authors: Clement Jan , Maes Piet
Published: June 2018

Hantavirus disease is a viral zoonosis, caused by inhalation of infectious aerosolized excreta from chronically infected rodents, which are both the reservoir and the vector of different hantavirus species. Hantavirus infections manifest mainly as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, which traditionally but incorrectly were thought to be caused by exclusively Old World hantaviruses and New World hantaviruses, respectively.

Hantavirus diseases are characterized by non-specific flu-like symptoms, followed by a sometimes lethal capillary leak syndrome, haemorrhage, and rarely by shock. Infection is accompanied by augmented release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which indirectly causes organ damage. Diagnosis can be made by serology or plaque reduction neutralization tests, detection of viral proteins by Western blot assay, or detection of hantavirus genome by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment is mainly supportive.

Together with leptospirosis, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is the only form of acute kidney injury against which vaccines are in use, but a World Health Organization-licensed vaccine is still lacking.