bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fra hjelper til profesjonsutøver - profesjonalisering av tolkeyrket i Norge
Authors: Angelshaug Hanne Kristine
Published: January 2015

The title “interpreter” is not a professional title in Norway; Norwegian legislation only applies to “sworn interpreters” authorized by the Directorate of Integration and Diversity (IMDi). The interpreter authorization scheme is one of the steps that have been taken to guarantee the quality of the interpreters and their services. Another step has been the creation of the National Register of Interpreters, which provides the public with access to qualified interpreters. However, the register is not flawless and may exclude well-qualified interpreters. The register has five qualification categories with different sets of requirements; the only problem is that the interpreter’s access to the different courses that enables the interpreter to enter the register is limited. This problem could be remedied easily by means of the official exams for the grant of the title ”sworn interpreter”, but regretfully the exams, as well as the necessary courses to advance from category to category in the register, are not available in all language combinations or on a frequent basis. The distinction between an “interpreter” and a “sworn interpreter” may not be the quality, as much as the professional title and having access to education. In this context, the importance of licensing or professionalization linked to the phenomenon of trust becomes evident. The foreign and native speaker have to communicate through an interpreter, they need to trust the interpreter in order to get their message through, but why anyone should do that without a guarantee that the interpreter is qualified is another question. Mainly non-professional interpreters perform interpretation in the public sector and several studies show that the interpreters lack linguistic and professional skills to do their job satisfactory. This problem should not be ignored, but rather properly addressed by establishing a professional graduate degree to ensure the quality of the interpreter and consolidate the status of the interpreter as a professional in the public sector in Norway. However, this is only one side of the problem, it is also necessary to promote and ensure the use of qualified labour in the public sector.
Interprofessional collaboration in research, education, and clinical practice: working together for a better future
Authors: Green Bart N. , Johnson Claire D.
Published: January 2015

Interprofessional collaboration occurs when 2 or more professions work together to achieve common goals and is often used as a means for solving a variety of problems and complex issues. The benefits of collaboration allow participants to achieve together more than they can individually, serve larger groups of people, and grow on individual and organizational levels. This editorial provides an overview of interprofessional collaboration in the areas of clinical practice, education, and research; discusses barriers to collaboration; and suggests potential means to overcome them.
Benign Neck Metastasis of a Testicular Germ Cell Tumor
Authors: Gavriel Haim , Kleid Stephen
Published: January 2015

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are relatively rare neoplasms considered to be curable malignancies since the introduction of cisplatin. The presence of neck metastasis has been reported, with fewer reports of metastatic mature teratoma. In this study, 3 cases of “benign neck” metastasis in patients with GCT between 1998 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. In all 3 cases the presenting clinical sign was a left lower neck mass, leading to the diagnosis of the primary site in the testis. All had surgical salvage following chemotherapy, with benign lesions or mature teratoma in histopathology of the neck mass. Chemotherapy was followed by salvage lower-half neck dissection showing benign features in the neck specimen, even though malignancy was proven histologically in other areas. Only 1 patient had a postoperative chyle leak, which resolved spontaneously after several days. Neck dissection is recommended in those patients because malignancy cannot be excluded.
Plasma Osteopontin Predicts Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activities
Authors: Komine-Aizawa Shihoko , Masuda Hideki , Mazaki Takerou , Shiono Motomi , Hayakawa Satoshi , Takayama Tadatoshi
Published: January 2015

A glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) is involved in inflammatory diseases, but its roles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are controversial. To analyze the involvement of the systemic immune response, we simultaneously examined plasma OPN levels and 17 cytokines. This study included 24 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, 17 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and 23 normal controls. Clinical parameters were also examined. The plasma OPN levels of the UC and CD patients were significantly higher than those of the normal controls and correlated significantly with their clinical activity indices. In the UC patients, significant relationships were observed between the levels of plasma OPN and multiple cytokines, including interleukin (IL) −1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-13, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In the CD patients, the correlation was not significant except for IL-8. Our findings reflect different inflammatory states of the colon and rectum in both diseases.
Effectiveness of Proton Beam Therapy on Liver Metastases of Esophageal Cancer: Report of a Case
Authors: Muroi Hiroto , Nakajima Masanobu , Satomura Hitoshi , Takahashi Masakazu , Domeki Yasushi , Murakami Masao , Nakamura Tatsuya , Takada Akinori , Kato Hiroyuki
Published: January 2015

A 53-year-old man with multiple liver metastasis of esophageal cancer underwent four courses of chemotherapy. After four courses of chemotherapy, positron emission tomography showed progressive disease. Because it was difficult to control the cancer only by chemotherapy, we performed proton beam therapy (PBT) combined with chemotherapy. The irradiated parts were the primary tumor, liver metastases (S2/S4/S6), and mediastinal lymph nodes. The primary tumor including the mediastinal lymph nodes and the S2/S4/S6 metastases received proton beam irradiation at a total dose of 68.2 Gy in 31 fractions and 66.0 Gy in 30 fractions, respectively, according to tumor location. This resulted in a complete response as shown by positron emission tomography. In our experience, PBT exerted a curative effect on liver metastases of esophageal cancer. It is thought that PBT may be effective in the treatment of esophageal cancer. This is the first report about PBT for liver metastases of esophageal cancer.
A Case Report of Idiopathic Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome That Occurred During the Postoperative Period of Abdominoperineal Resection for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ozawa Tsuyoshi , Yamaguchi Hironori , Kiyomatsu Tomomichi , Saito Shinsuke , Ishihara Soichiro , Sunami Eiji , Kitayama Joji , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: January 2015

A 57-year-old woman without any past medical history underwent abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer in our department. On postoperative day 15, the patient complained of sudden abdominal pain, and high fever was noted in addition to the appearance of erythema around the stoma. The diagnosis of phlegmon was made, and antibiotic infusion was started. However, a few days later, the patient developed hypovolemic shock with hypoalbuminemia and hemoconcentration. Fasciotomy was performed to exclude the necrotizing fasciitis, though all cultures were negative. Upon exclusion of the differential diagnoses, idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (ISCLS) was diagnosed. She was successfully treated with massive fluid infusion under ventilation and continuous hemodiafiltration. Here, we report the first case of ISCLS that occurred during the postoperative period of colorectal surgery.
Cytoreductive Surgery and Heated Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Secondary to Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix
Authors: Sparks David S. , Morris Bradley , Xu Wen , Fulton Jessica , Atkinson Victoria , Meade Brian , Lutton Nicholas
Published: January 2015

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a radical but effective treatment option for select peritoneal malignancies. We sought to determine our early experience with this method for peritoneal carcinomatosis secondary to mucinous adenocarcinomas of appendiceal origin. As such, we performed a retrospective clinical study of 30 consecutive patients undergoing CRS with planned HIPEC at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, between June 2009 to December 2012, with mucinous adenocarcinomas of the appendix. CRS was performed in 30 patients, 13 received HIPEC intraoperatively and 17 received early postoperative intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) in addition. Mean age was 52.3 years and median hospital stay was 26 days (range 12–190 days). Peritoneal cancer index scores were 0–10 in 6.7% of patients, 11–20 in 20% of patients and >20 in 73.3% of patients. Complete cytoreduction was achieved overall in 21 patients. In total, 106 complications were observed in 28 patients. Ten were grade 3-A, five were grade 3-B and one grade-5 secondary to a fatal PE on day 97. In patients who received HIPEC, there was no difference in disease-free survival (P = 0.098) or overall survival (P = 0.645) between those who received EPIC versus those who did not. This study demonstrates that satisfactory outcomes with regards to morbidity and survival can be achieved with CRS and HIPEC, at a single-centre institution with growing expertise in the technique. Our results are comparable with outcomes previously described in the international literature.
A Single Case of Single-Port Access Laparoscopic Appendectomy During the Puerperium
Authors: Matsuhashi Nobuhisa , Takahashi Takao , Ichikawa Kengo , Yawata Kazunori , Tanahashi Toshiyuki , Imai Hisashi , Sasaki Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Okumura Naoki , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Osada Shinji , Yoshida Kazuhiro
Published: January 2015

Laparoscopic appendectomy is now widely practiced for the treatment of acute appendicitis. As result of increased demand for minimally invasive surgery, single-incision access was introduced and is being performed in various abdominal surgeries. Conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is gradually being performed in pregnant women. A 33-year-old woman was referred to our department at 39 weeks and 1 day of gestation due to abdominal pain. She was aware of her gastroepiploic pain even after the delivery. Though it was past 2 days, she was not recovering from right lower abdominal pain, so she was transferred to the Department of Gynecology at our hospital on the same day. Although an antibiotic was administered, the right abdominal pain did not improve, and she was referred to our department from the Department of Gynecology. We performed single-port LA (SP-LA). The total operation time was 63 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 0 mL. She was discharged with no complications on postoperative day 7. We report our initial experience with single-port LA (SP-LA) using the glove technique for treatment of acute appendicitis in a postpartum woman. SP-LA using the glove technique was performed successfully during the puerperium without prolongation of operation time. This approach is less invasive, offers a much better cosmetic result than with conventional methods, and can be performed safely and at low cost.
Crustal thickness variations and isostatic disequilibrium across the North Anatolian Fault, western Turkey
Authors: Frederiksen A. W. , Thompson D. A. , Rost S. , Cornwell D. G. , Gülen L. , Houseman G. A. , Kahraman M. , Poyraz S. A. , Teoman U. M. , Türkelli N. , Utkucu M.
Published: January 2015

We use teleseismic recordings from a dense array of seismometers straddling both strands of the North Anatolian Fault Zone to determine crustal thickness, P/S velocity ratio and sedimentary layer thickness. To do this, we implement a new grid search inversion scheme based on the use of transfer functions, removing the need for deconvolution for source normalization and therefore eliminating common problems associated with crustal‐scale receiver function analysis. We achieve a good fit to the data except at several stations located in Quaternary sedimentary basins, where our two‐layer crustal model is likely to be inaccurate. We find two zones of thick sedimentary material: one north of the northern fault branch, and one straddling the southern branch. The crustal thickness increases sharply north of the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), where the fault nearly coincides with the trace of the Intra‐Pontide Suture; the velocity ratio changes across the southern fault strand, indicating a change in basement composition. We interpret these changes to indicate that both strands of the NAFZ follow preexisting geological boundaries rather than being ideally aligned with the stress field. The thick crust north of the northern NAFZ strand is associated with low topography and so is inconsistent with simple models of isostatic equilibrium, requiring a contribution from mantle density variations, such as possible loading from underthrust Black Sea oceanic lithosphere.
Continuous monitoring of snowpack displacement at high spatial and temporal resolution with terrestrial radar interferometry
Authors: Caduff Rafael , Wiesmann Andreas , Bühler Yves , Pielmeier Christine
Published: January 2015

Terrestrial radar interferometry is used in geotechnical applications for monitoring hazardous Earth or rock movements. In this study, we use it to continuously monitor snowpack displacements. As test site, the Dorfberg slope at Davos, Switzerland, was measured continuously during March 2014. The line of sight displacement was retrieved at a spatial resolution of millimeter to centimeter and a temporal resolution of up to 1 min independent of visibility. The results reveal several temperature‐driven diurnal acceleration and deceleration cycles. The initiation of a small full‐depth glide avalanche was observed after 50 cm total differential displacement. The maximum measured displacement of another differential glide area reached 43 cm/h without resulting in a full‐depth avalanche even after a total measured differential displacement of 4.5 m. In regard of the difficulty to predict full‐depth glide avalanches on the regional scale, the presented method has big potential for operational snow glide monitoring on critical slopes.
Coastal cliff ground motions and response to extreme storm waves
Authors: Earlie Claire S. , Young Adam P. , Masselink Gerd , Russell Paul E.
Published: January 2015

Coastal cliff erosion from storm waves is observed worldwide, but the processes are notoriously difficult to measure during extreme storm wave conditions when most erosion normally occurs, limiting our understanding of cliff processes. Over January–February 2014, during the largest Atlantic storms in at least 60 years with deepwater significant wave heights of 6–8 m, cliff‐top ground motions showed vertical ground displacements in excess of 50–100 µm; an order of magnitude larger than observations made previously. Repeat terrestrial laser scanner surveys over a 2 week period encompassing the extreme storms gave a cliff face volume loss of 2 orders of magnitude larger than the long‐term erosion rate. The results imply that erosion of coastal cliffs exposed to extreme storm waves is highly episodic and that long‐term rates of cliff erosion will depend on the frequency and severity of extreme storm wave impacts.
Impact of Greenland orography on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Davini P. , von Hardenberg J. , Filippi L. , Provenzale A.
Published: January 2015

We show that the absence of the Greenland ice sheet would have important consequences on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation, even without taking into account the effect of the freshwater input to the ocean from ice melting. These effects are investigated in a 600year long coupled ocean‐atmosphere simulation with the high‐resolution global climate model EC‐Earth 3.0.1. Once a new equilibrium is established, a cooling of Eurasia and of the North Atlantic and a poleward shift of the subtropical jet are observed. These hemispheric changes are ascribed to a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) by about 12%. We attribute this slowdown to a reduction in salinity of the Arctic basin and to the related change of the mass and salt transport through the Fram Strait—a consequence of the new surface wind pattern over the lower orography. This idealized experiment illustrates the sensitivity of the AMOC to local surface winds.
Attenuation of particulate organic carbon flux in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean, is controlled by zooplankton fecal pellets
Authors: Cavan E. L. , Le Moigne F. A. C. , Poulton A. J. , Tarling G. A. , Ward P. , Daniels C. J. , Fragoso G. M. , Sanders R. J.
Published: January 2015

The Southern Ocean (SO) is an important CO2 reservoir, some of which enters via the production, sinking, and remineralization of organic matter. Recent work suggests that the fraction of production that sinks is inversely related to production in the SO, a suggestion that we confirm from 20 stations in the Scotia Sea. The efficiency with which exported material is transferred to depth (transfer efficiency) is believed to be low in high‐latitude systems. However, our estimates of transfer efficiency are bimodal, with stations in the seasonal ice zone showing intense losses and others displaying increases in flux with depth. Zooplankton fecal pellets dominated the organic carbon flux and at stations with transfer efficiency >100% fecal pellets were brown, indicative of fresh phytodetritus. We suggest that active flux mediated by zooplankton vertical migration and the presence of sea ice regulates the transfer of organic carbon into the oceans interior in the Southern Ocean.
The recent global warming hiatus: What is the role of Pacific variability?
Authors: Douville H. , Voldoire A. , Geoffroy O.
Published: January 2015

The observed global mean surface air temperature (GMST) has not risen over the last 15 years, spurring outbreaks of skepticism regarding the nature of global warming and challenging the upper range transient response of the current‐generation global climate models. Recent numerical studies have, however, tempered the relevance of the observed pause in global warming by highlighting the key role of tropical Pacific internal variability. Here we first show that many climate models overestimate the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on GMST, thereby shedding doubt on their ability to capture the tropical Pacific contribution to the hiatus. Moreover, we highlight that model results can be quite sensitive to the experimental design. We argue that overriding the surface wind stress is more suitable than nudging the sea surface temperature for controlling the tropical Pacific ocean heat uptake and, thereby, the multidecadal variability of GMST. Using the former technique, our model captures several aspects of the recent climate evolution, including the weaker slowdown of global warming over land and the transition toward a negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Yet the observed global warming is still overestimated not only over the recent 1998–2012 hiatus period but also over former decades, thereby suggesting that the model might be too sensitive to the prescribed radiative forcings.
Unusual depletion of OI 630.0 nm dayglow and simultaneous mesopause heating during the penetration of interplanetary electric field over dip equator
Authors: Sumod S. G. , Pant T. K. , Vineeth C. , Hossain M. M.
Published: January 2015

Evidence for simultaneous changes in the thermosphere and mesopause associated with penetration electric fields using the OI 630.0 nm and OH (8, 3) dayglow measurements are presented. An unusual decrease in the thermospheric OI 630.0 nm dayglow and an intense heating (~30 K) at OH emission altitudes over a magnetic dip equatorial station, Trivandrum, India, were observed on 9 April 2006, coincident with the penetration of a noontime westward interplanetary electric field. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry observations on board TIMED satellite also revealed heating at the mesopause heights during this period. In addition, ionosonde and magnetometer observations indicated the presence of strong penetration electric fields. We propose that strong heating at the mesopause resulted in the intrusion of additional neutrals, like N2, into the emission altitudes and quenched the O(1D) atoms therein. The reduced Cowling conductivity at the E region inferred using magnetometer observations further corroborates this proposed mechanism.
Ionospheric response to CIR‐induced recurrent geomagnetic activity during the declining phase of solar cycle 23
Authors: Chen Yanhong , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan G. , Liu Siqing , Gong Jiancun , Yue Xinan , Jiang Guoying , Coster Anthea
Published: January 2015

This paper presents an epoch analysis of global ionosphere responses to recurrent geomagnetic activity during 79 corotating interaction region (CIR) events from 2004 to 2009. The data used were GPS total electron content (TEC) data from the Madrigal Database at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory and the electron density (Ne) data obtained from CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations. The results show that global ionosphere responses to CIR events have some common features. In high and middle latitudes, the total electron content (TEC) showed a significant positive response (increased electron densities) in the first epoch day. A negative TEC response occurred at high latitudes of the American sector following the positive response. The CHAMP Ne showed a daytime positive response in all latitudes and a nighttime negative response in the subauroral region. These negative TEC and Ne responses were found to be related to thermospheric composition (O/N2) changes during the storms. At all latitudes, the maximum of the TEC positive effect always occurred at 2–6 h after the CIR starting during local daytime and 10–18 h later for the CIR onset during local nighttime. Case studies indicate that the TEC and Ne positive response had a strong dependence on the southward component (Bz) of the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind speed. This suggests that penetration electric fields that were associated with changes in solar winds might play a significant role in the positive ionospheric response to storms. During the recovery time of the CIR‐produced geomagnetic activity, the TEC positive disturbance at low latitudes sometimes could last for 2–4 days, whereas at middle to high latitudes the disturbance lasted only for 1 day in most cases. A comparison of the ionospheric responses between the American, European and Asian sectors shows that the ionosphere response in the North American sector was stronger than that in the other two regions. The response of foF2 to the CIR events in middle to high latitudes showed a negative response for 2–3 days after the first epoch day. This is different from the response of TEC, which was mostly positive during the same period of time.
On the onset of ionospheric precursors 40 min before strong earthquakes
Authors: Masci F. , Thomas J. N. , Villani F. , Secan J. A. , Rivera N.
Published: January 2015

Heki (2011) and Heki and Enomoto (2013) claimed that anomalous, yet similar, increases of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) started ~40 min prior to the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki, as well as before other Mw > 8 earthquakes. The authors concluded that the reported TEC anomalies were likely related to the pending earthquakes, suggesting also that TEC monitoring may be useful for future earthquake prediction. Here we carefully examine the findings of Heki (2011) and Heki and Enomoto (2013) by performing new analyses of the same TEC data. Our interpretation is that the 40 min onset of the ionospheric precursors is an artifact induced by the definition of the reference line adopted in analyzing TEC variations. We also discuss this repeatability in the tectonic and geodynamic context of the earthquakes. By performing a Superimposed Epoch Analysis of TEC data, we show that, however, the TEC increase reported by Heki (2011) was not particularly anomalous. We conclude that the TEC precursors reported by Heki (2011) and Heki and Enomoto (2013) are not useful for developing short‐term earthquake prediction capabilities.
Optical observations of meteors generating infrasound: Weak shock theory and validation
Authors: Silber Elizabeth A. , Brown Peter G. , Krzeminski Zbigniew
Published: January 2015

We have recorded a data set of 24 cm sized meteoroids detected simultaneously by video and infrasound to critically examine the ReVelle (1974) weak shock meteor infrasound model. We find that the effect of gravity wave perturbations to the wind field and updated absorption coefficients in the linear regime on the initial value of the blast radius (R0), which is the strongly nonlinear zone of shock propagation near the body and corresponds to energy deposition per path length, is relatively small (<10%). Using optical photometry for ground truth for energy deposition, we find that the ReVelle model accurately predicts blast radii from infrasound periods (τ) but systematically underpredicts R0 using pressure amplitude. If the weak shock to linear propagation distortion distance is adjusted as part of the modeling process, we are able to self‐consistently fit a single blast radius value for amplitude and period. In this case, the distortion distance is always much less (usually just a few percent) than the value of 10% assumed in the ReVelle model. Our study shows that fragmentation is an important process even for centimeter‐sized meteoroids, implying that R0, while a good measure of energy deposition by the meteoroid, is not a reliable means of obtaining the meteoroid mass. We derived an empirical period‐blast radius relation of the form R0 = 15.4τ − 0.5 (τ ≤ 0.7 s) and R0 = 29.1τ − 11.6 (τ > 0.7 s) appropriate to centimeter‐sized meteoroids. Our observations suggest that meteors having blast radii as small as 1 m are detectable infrasonically at the ground, an order of magnitude smaller than previously considered.
Future climate change under RCP emission scenarios with GISS ModelE2
Authors: Nazarenko L. , Schmidt G. A. , Miller R. L. , Tausnev N. , Kelley M. , Ruedy R. , Russell G. L. , Aleinov I. , Bauer M. , Bauer S. , Bleck R. , Canuto V. , Cheng Y. , Clune T. L. , Del Genio A. D. , Faluvegi G. , Hansen J. E. , Healy R. J. , Kiang N. Y. , Koch D. , Lacis A. A. , LeGrande A. N. , Lerner J. , Lo K. K. , Menon S. , Oinas V. , Perlwitz J. , Puma M. J. , Rind D. , Romanou A. , Sato M. , Shindell D. T. , Sun S. , Tsigaridis K. , Unger N. , Voulgarakis A. , Yao M.‐S. , Zhang Jinlun
Published: January 2015

We examine the anthropogenically forced climate response for the 21st century representative concentration pathway (RCP) emission scenarios and their extensions for the period 2101–2500. The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions for the atmospheric composition components: a noninteractive version (NINT) with prescribed composition and a tuned aerosol indirect effect (AIE), the TCAD version with fully interactive aerosols, whole‐atmosphere chemistry, and the tuned AIE, and the TCADI version which further includes a parameterized first indirect aerosol effect on clouds. Each atmospheric version is coupled to two different ocean general circulation models: the Russell ocean model (GISS‐E2‐R) and HYCOM (GISS‐E2‐H). By 2100, global mean warming in the RCP scenarios ranges from 1.0 to 4.5°C relative to 1850–1860 mean temperature in the historical simulations. In the RCP2.6 scenario, the surface warming in all simulations stays below a 2°C threshold at the end of the 21st century. For RCP8.5, the range is 3.5–4.5°C at 2100. Decadally averaged sea ice area changes are highly correlated to global mean surface air temperature anomalies and show steep declines in both hemispheres, with a larger sensitivity during winter months. By the year 2500, there are complete recoveries of the globally averaged surface air temperature for all versions of the GISS climate model in the low‐forcing scenario RCP2.6. TCADI simulations show enhanced warming due to greater sensitivity to CO2, aerosol effects, and greater methane feedbacks, and recovery is much slower in RCP2.6 than with the NINT and TCAD versions. All coupled models have decreases in the Atlantic overturning stream function by 2100. In RCP2.6, there is a complete recovery of the Atlantic overturning stream function by the year 2500 while with scenario RCP8.5, the E2‐R climate model produces a complete shutdown of deep water formation in the North Atlantic.
Pushing the boundaries: Glacial/interglacial variability of intermediate and deep waters in the southwest Pacific over the last 350,000 years
Authors: Ronge Thomas A. , Steph Silke , Tiedemann Ralf , Prange Matthias , Merkel Ute , Nürnberg Dirk , Kuhn Gerhard
Published: January 2015

Glacial/interglacial changes in Southern Ocean's air‐sea gas exchange have been considered as important mechanisms contributing to the glacial/interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2. Hence, understanding past variability in Southern Ocean intermediate to deep water chemistry and circulation is fundamental to constrain the role of these processes on modulating glacial/interglacial changes in the global carbon cycle. Our study focused on the glacial/interglacial variability in the vertical extent of southwest Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). We compared carbon and oxygen isotope records from epibenthic foraminifera of sediment cores bathed in modern AAIW and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW; 943–2066 m water depth) to monitor changes in water mass circulation spanning the past 350,000 years. We propose that pronounced freshwater input by melting sea ice into the glacial AAIW significantly hampered the downward expansion of southwest Pacific AAIW, consistent with climate model results for the Last Glacial Maximum. This process led to a pronounced upward displacement of the AAIW‐UCDW interface during colder climate conditions and therefore to an expansion of the glacial carbon pool.
Testing a simple model of gas bubble dynamics in porous media
Authors: Ramirez Jorge A. , Baird Andy J. , Coulthard Tom J. , Waddington J. Michael
Published: January 2015

Bubble dynamics in porous media are of great importance in industrial and natural systems. Of particular significance is the impact that bubble‐related emissions (ebullition) of greenhouse gases from porous media could have on global climate (e.g., wetland methane emissions). Thus, predictions of future changes in bubble storage, movement, and ebullition from porous media are needed. Methods exist to predict ebullition using numerical models, but all existing models are limited in scale (spatial and temporal) by high computational demands or represent porous media simplistically. A suitable model is needed to simulate ebullition at scales beyond individual pores or relatively small collections (<10−4 m3) of connected pores. Here we present a cellular automaton model of bubbles in porous media that addresses this need. The model is computationally efficient, and could be applied over large spatial and temporal extent without sacrificing fine‐scale detail. We test this cellular automaton model against a physical model and find a good correspondence in bubble storage, bubble size, and ebullition between both models. It was found that porous media heterogeneity alone can have a strong effect on ebullition. Furthermore, results from both models suggest that the frequency distributions of number of ebullition events per time and the magnitude of bubble loss are strongly right skewed, which partly explains the difficulty in interpreting ebullition events from natural systems.
Making Commuter Students Matter
Authors: Jacoby Barbara
Published: January 2015

Commuter students represent a forgotten majority within today's student population. Their needs, more often than not, go virtually ignored. A noted expert explains why it is critical that this change and how it can be done.
The Obligations of Privilege
Authors: King Patricia M.
Published: January 2015

Pat King argues that it is higher education's obligation to help students, in particular white students, understand that with privilege and opportunity come special responsibilities and obligations.
The Case for Affirmative Action in Higher Education
Authors: Brown Sarita E.
Published: January 2015

Affirmative action is under attack, and the author responds, explaining affirmative action's historical principles and purposes, dispelling its myths, and discussing why it must remain a part of higher education.
From the Margin to the Center
Authors: Perl Emily J.
Published: January 2015

Students in a women's studies course consider the experiences of those who are most powerless in our society and in the process take a hard, honest look at themselves.
A Theory of Patience
Authors: Giovanni Nikki
Published: January 2015

When About Campus polled students and professors on what books they would recommend to help people understand other races and cultures, one book kept surfacing, Racism 101 by Nikki Giovanni. For that reason, and in honor of this issue, we decided to devote the entire “What They're Reading” column to a short chapter from Racism 101.
Building a Sense of Community on Campus
Authors: Glassick Charles E.
Published: January 2015

The interim president of The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching explains how to promote community and civility on campus.
A Call for Collaborative Leadership
Authors: Komives Susan R.
Published: January 2015

What kind of leadership skills should educators be modeling and teaching?
Student Government: Friend Or Foe?
Authors: Motley Eric L. , Corts Thomas E.
Published: January 2015

One of the most important and obvious, yet often neglected, places where leadership development can take place is student government. Here, a university president and a student body president tell the story of their unusual collaboration, which brought concepts from continuous quality improvement into the university and, in particular, into student government.
Go Brits!
Authors: Williams Lee Burdette
Published: January 2015

What can truly bring together the hearts and minds of the diverse individuals who make up a college or university? Is there some higher concern that can inspire and unite everyone? Maybe … or maybe there's football.
Expanding the First-Year Experience: A Report from Hamline University
Authors: Deppe Marilyn J. , Davenport F. Garvin
Published: January 2015

As part of an overall effort to bring together academic and campus learning, Hamline is working on expanding its First-Year Seminar to include the broad range of student learning experiences—-from residential life and work-study to academic development and career advising. The two cochairs of the First-Year Experience Task Force explain how this project is unfolding and illuminate both the challenges and the successes.
Campus Adjudication of Rape Cases
Authors: Sandeen Arthur C.
Published: January 2015

Some important questions that administrators need to be asking themselves
Waging Peace on Fraternities
Authors: Williams Lee Burdette
Published: January 2015

From the front lines … a reluctant warrior's story
The Puente Project
Authors: McGrath Patricia , Galaviz Felix
Published: January 2015

The Puente Project is helping a strikingly high percentage of first-generation students complete community college and successfully transfer to and graduate from four-year institutions. Here the codirectors of the project describe how it started, how it works, and its tangible outcomes.
Fingolimod treatment promotes regulatory phenotype and function of B cells
Authors: Grützke Berit , Hucke Stephanie , Gross Catharina C. , Herold Martin V. B. , Posevitz‐Fejfar Anita , Wildemann Brigitte T. , Kieseier Bernd C. , Dehmel Thomas , Wiendl Heinz , Klotz Luisa
Published: January 2015

Objective

To evaluate the influence of Fingolimod treatment on B‐cell subset composition and function in multiple sclerosis patients and its potential clinical relevance.

Methods

Subset composition and cytokine production of B cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients under Fingolimod treatment, untreated multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Migration of lymphocyte subsets across primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells was assessed in an in vitro transmigration assay. Cell numbers and composition of B‐cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Regulatory B‐cell frequencies were correlated with parameters of disease stability.

Results

Within the peripheral B‐cell compartment of Fingolimod‐treated patients, the proportion of regulatory B cells (CD38+CD27−CD24+CD5+) was significantly increased as compared to treatment‐naïve multiple sclerosis patients and to healthy controls, and significantly more regulatory B cells produced Interleukin‐10. Fingolimod treatment enhanced the capacity of regulatory B cells to transmigrate across brain endothelial cells in an in vitro model of the blood‐brain‐barrier. In line with these findings, the cerebrospinal fluid/blood ratio of total B cells and regulatory B cells was strongly increased by Fingolimod treatment, and patients exhibited increased regulatory B‐cell frequencies in the cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, elevated regulatory B‐cell percentages in the periphery significantly correlated with clinical and paraclinical disease stability.

Interpretation

These data suggest a novel and as yet unrecognized role of Fingolimod in correction of the imbalance between regulatory and effector B‐cell functions in multiple sclerosis both by direct effects and indirect partitioning effects on B‐cell subpopulations.
Tunable Near UV Microcavity OLED Arrays: Characterization and Analytical Applications
Authors: Manna Eeshita , Fungura Fadzai , Biswas Rana , Shinar Joseph , Shinar Ruth
Published: January 2015

A new approach is demonstrated to fabricate narrow‐band emission near‐UV microcavity OLEDs (μcOLEDs) with peak emission at ≈385 nm, in near‐perfect alignment with the narrow primary 385 nm absorption band of Pt octaethylporphyrin dye, using 4,4′‐bis(9‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (CBP) as the emissive layer. Although OLEDs have been extensively operated at optical wavelengths, only few have achieved near‐UV emission. Yet there is a growing need for portable compact narrow‐band near UV sources for many biomedical and forensic applications. A microcavity effect, due to metallic electrodes enclosing an optical cavity, is employed to achieve the desired narrow peak emission. An Al/Pd bi‐layer anode enables attaining a turn on voltage of 3.8 V and a 4,4′‐cyclohexylidenebis [N,N‐bis (4‐methylphenyl) benzenamine] (TAPC) layer improves electron‐hole recombination in the emissive layer. The fabricated μcOLED is efficiently used as the excitation source in a structurally integrated all‐organic oxygen sensor. Moreover, a CBP‐based combinatorial array of μcOLED pixels is fabricated by varying the thickness of the organic layers to obtain nine sharp, discrete emission peaks from 370 to 430 nm, employed in an all‐organic on‐chip spectrophotometer. The photodetectors are based on P3HT:PCBM (poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C60‐butyric acid methyl ester) or the more sensitive PTB7:PCBM (PTB7 is polythieno [3,4‐b]‐thiophene‐co‐benzodithiophene). Simulations of the OLEDs' emission are used for analysis of the experimental data, assisting in device fabrication.
Ion‐Pair‐Catalyzed Sodium Borohydride Reduction in Aprotic Organic Solvents
Authors: Ning Xiao‐Shan , Dong Xue‐Jiao , Xiao Zu‐Feng , Yao Chuan‐Zhi , Kang Yan‐Biao
Published: January 2015

Sodium borohydride reduction in aprotic solvents has always been an unsolved problem. In this work a ion‐pair‐catalyzed sodium borohydride reduction in aprotic solvents was kinetically and mechanistically studied. Finally sodium borohydride reduction could be carried out in common aprotic solvents efficiently under mild conditions. A large quantity of water or methanol as the solvent or co‐solvent has been avoided. The generation of stoichiometric or excess organic ammonium waste has also been avoided. The normal acidic work‐up is not necessary and the catalyst was recycled.
Midtarsal break variation in modern humans: Functional causes, skeletal correlates, and paleontological implications
Authors: DeSilva J.M. , Bonne‐Annee R. , Swanson Z. , Gill C.M. , Sobel M. , Uy J. , Gill S.V.
Published: January 2015

The midtarsal break was once treated as a dichotomous, non‐overlapping trait present in the foot of non‐human primates and absent in humans. Recent work indicates that there is considerable variation in human midfoot dorsiflexion, with some overlap with the ape foot. These findings have called into question the uniqueness of the human lateral midfoot, and the use of osteological features in fossil hominins to characterize the midfoot of our extinct ancestors. Here, we present data on plantar pressure and pedal mechanics in a large sample of adults and children (n = 671) to test functional hypotheses concerning variation in midfoot flexibility. Lateral midfoot peak plantar pressure correlates with both sagittal plane flexion at the lateral tarsometatarsal joint, and dorsiflexion at the hallucal metatarsophalangeal joint. The latter finding suggests that midfoot laxity may compromise hallucal propulsion. Multiple regression statistics indicate that a low arch and pronation of the foot explain 40% of variation in midfoot peak plantar pressure, independent of age and BMI. MRI scans on a small subset of study participants (n = 19) reveals that curvature of the base of the 4th metatarsal correlates with lateral midfoot plantar pressure and that specific anatomies of foot bones do indeed reflect relative midfoot flexibility. However, while the shape of the base of the 4th metatarsal may reliably reflect midfoot mobility in individual hominins, given the wide range of overlapping variation in midfoot flexibility in both apes and humans, we caution against generalizing foot function in extinct hominin species until larger fossils samples are available. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:543–552, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controlling Internal Pore Sizes in Bicontinuous Polymeric Nanospheres
Authors: McKenzie Beulah E. , Friedrich Heiner , Wirix Maarten J. M. , de Visser Joël F. , Monaghan Olivia R. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Nudelman Fabio , Holder Simon J. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M.
Published: January 2015

Complex polymeric nanospheres were formed in water from comb‐like amphiphilic block copolymers. Their internal morphology was determined by three‐dimensional cryo‐electron tomographic analysis. Varying the polymer molecular weight (MW) and the hydrophilic block weight content allowed for fine control over the internal structure. Construction of a partial phase diagram allowed us to determine the criteria for the formation of bicontinuous polymer nanosphere (BPN), namely for copolymers with MW of up to 17 kDa and hydrophilic weight fractions of ≤0.25; and varying the organic solvent to water ratio used in their preparation allowed for control over nanosphere diameters from 70 to 460 nm. Significantly, altering the block copolymer hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance enabled control of the internal pore diameter of the BPNs from 10 to 19 nm.
Efficient Solid‐State Light‐Emitting CuCdS Nanocrystals Synthesized in Air
Authors: Khan Ali Hossain , Dalui Amit , Mukherjee Soham , Segre Carlo U. , Sarma D. D. , Acharya Somobrata
Published: January 2015

Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) possess high photoluminescence (PL) typically in the solution phase. In contrary, PL rapidly quenches in the solid state. Efficient solid state luminescence can be achieved by inducing a large Stokes shift. Here we report on a novel synthesis of compositionally controlled CuCdS NCs in air avoiding the usual complexity of using inert atmosphere. These NCs show long‐range color tunability over the entire visible range with a remarkable Stokes shift up to about 1.25 eV. Overcoating the NCs leads to a high solid‐state PL quantum yield (QY) of ca. 55 % measured by using an integrating sphere. Unique charge carrier recombination mechanisms have been recognized from the NCs, which are correlated to the internal NC structure probed by using extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. EXAFS measurements show a Cu‐rich surface and Cd‐rich interior with 46 % CuI being randomly distributed within 84 % of the NC volume creating additional transition states for PL. Color‐tunable solid‐state luminescence remains stable in air enabling fabrication of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs).
Struktur der Sulfoxid‐Synthase EgtB aus der Ergothionein‐ Biosynthese
Authors: Goncharenko Kristina V. , Vit Allegra , Blankenfeldt Wulf , Seebeck Florian P.
Published: January 2015

Das eisenhaltige Nicht‐Häm‐Enzym EgtB katalysiert die sauerstoffabhängige Bildung einer Kohlenstoff‐Schwefel‐Bindung zwischen γ‐Glutamylcystein und N‐α‐Trimethylhistidin als zentralen Schritt der Ergothionein‐Biosynthese. Sowohl die katalytische Aktivität als auch die 3D‐Struktur von EgtB unterscheiden sich von bisher bekannten Schwefel‐Transferasen oder Thiol‐Dioxygenasen. Die Kristallstruktur von EgtB aus Mycobacterium thermoresistibile im Komplex mit γ‐Glutamylcystein und N‐α‐Trimethylhistidin zeigt die zwei Substrate und drei Histidinreste als Liganden der oktaedrischen Eisenbindestelle. Diese Geometrie des aktiven Zentrums passt zu einem katalytischen Mechanismus, in dem die Bildung der Kohlenstoff‐Schwefel‐Bindung von einem Eisen(III)‐komplexierten Thiyl‐Radikal initiiert wird, indem dieses den Imidazolring des N‐α‐Trimethylhistidins angreift.
Two‐Dimensional Spatial Resolution of Concentration Profiles in Catalytic Reactors by Planar Laser‐Induced Fluorescence: NO Reduction over Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Zellner Alexander , Suntz Rainer , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: January 2015

Planar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF) enables noninvasive in situ investigations of catalytic flow reactors. The method is based on the selective detection of two‐dimensional absolute concentration maps of conversion‐relevant species in the surrounding gas phase inside a catalytic channel. Exemplarily, the catalytic reduction of NO with hydrogen (2 NO+5 H2→2 H2O+2 NH3) is investigated over a Pt/Al2O3 coated diesel oxidation catalyst by NO PLIF inside an optically accessible channel reactor. Quenching‐corrected 2D concentration maps of the NO fluorescence above the catalytic surface are obtained under both, nonreactive and reactive conditions. The impact of varying feed concentration, temperature, and flow velocities on NO concentration profiles are investigated in steady state. The technique presented has a high potential for a better understanding of interactions of mass transfer and surface kinetics in heterogeneously catalyzed gas‐phase reactions.