bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity to Graphotactic Regularities in Elementary School: Development and Contributing Variables
Authors: Ardanouy Estelle , Delage Hélène , Zesiger Pascal
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

Graphotactic regularities are statistical regularities governing orthographic systems that children are sensitive to from the start of their literacy learning. The current study observed changes in children's sensitivity to a set of graphotactic patterns across different grades in elementary school and measured the contribution of skills such as expressive spelling, reading fluency, nonverbal reasoning, and receptive vocabulary to children's sensitivity of these graphotactic regularities.

Method:

One thousand one hundred one French-speaking children in Grades 1–5 completed a writing under a dictation task, a text reading fluency task, and a pseudo-orthographic choice task involving different graphotactic regularities. These regularities fell into two categories: legal versus illegal, which defines the legality of letter strings in French, and frequent versus less frequent, which refers to acceptable letter strings that vary in frequency of occurrence either at the beginning or end of a word.

Results:

The results of a repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a developmental difference between graphotactic regularity categories. The frequent versus infrequent patterns developed faster than the legal versus illegal patterns until reaching a point of equivalence in Grade 3. At Grades 4 and 5, legal versus illegal graphotactic regularities progressed more quickly while frequent versus less frequent regularities progressed more slowly. Furthermore, generalized linear mixed-model analyses for both types of graphotactic regularities revealed that they were affected by grade, expressive spelling, reading fluency level, and nonverbal reasoning.

Conclusions:

This study provides evidence of developmental differences in sensitivity to graphotactic regularities according to the type of regularity studied. Reading fluency and expressive spelling skills contribute to graphotactic regularity sensitivity. Higher scores in expressive spelling, reading fluency, nonverbal reasoning, and an older age were related to higher skills in identifying legal versus illegal graphotactic regularities. Such findings can contribute to educational, clinical, and research applications.
The Weighted Embedded Homology of Super-Hypergraphs
Authors: WANG Chong
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we deﬁne the weighted embedded homology of super-hypergraphs, give a quasi-partial order and a pseudo-metric on the set made up of all non-vanishing weights on a ﬁnite set, and clarify the relationship between the torsion parts of weighted embedded homology with integer coeﬃcients of super-hypergraphs under certain weights.
A Brief Proof of Spanning Trees with a Bounded Number of Leaves in a Claw-Free Graph
Authors: JIANG Zhiyi , CAI Junqing
Published: January 2025

For a graph [see formula in PDF] and an positive integer [see formula in PDF], let [see formula in PDF] denote the minimum degree sum of [see formula in PDF] independent vertices of [see formula in PDF]. It has beenproved that if a connected claw-free graph [see formula in PDF] satisfies [see formula in PDF], then [see formula in PDF] has a spanning [see formula in PDF]-ended tree. We also know that the lower bound [see formula in PDF] is sharp. In this paper, we give a simple proof of this theorem by using another [see formula in PDF]-ended system.
MGOKA: A Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm for Controller Placement Problem Combining Network Partition with Cluster Fusion in Software Defined Network
Authors: CHEN Jue , XIAO Changwei , QIU Xihe , LÜ Wenjing
Published: January 2025

Software Defined Network (SDN) has been developed rapidly in technology and popularized in application due to its efficiency and flexibility in network management. In multi-controller SDN architecture, the Controller Placement Problem (CPP) must be solved carefully as it directly affects the whole network performance. This paper proposes a Multi-objective Greedy Optimized K-means Algorithm (MGOKA) to solve this problem to optimize worst-case and average delay between switches and controllers as well as synchronization delay and load balance among controllers for Wide Area Networks (WAN). MGOKA combines the process of network partition based on the K-means algorithm with cluster fusion based on the greedy algorithm and designs a normalization strategy to convert a multi-objective into a single-objective optimization problem. The simulation results depict that in different network scales with different numbers of controllers, the relative optimization rate of our proposed algorithm compared with K-means, K-means++, and GOKA can reach up to 101.5%, 109.9%, and 79.8%, respectively. Moreover, the error rate between MGOKA and the global optimal solution is always less than 4%.
Finlet dynamics in tuna give insights into control mechanisms for enhanced propulsion
Authors: Cornish Indiah
Published: January 2025

Active control method replicates finlet mechanics, with implications for underwater vehicles.
Two-mode dissipation of oscillating tuning fork in 3He–4He superfluid mixtures
Authors: Amrit J. , Herashchenko N. , Nemchenko K. , Rogova S. , Vikhtinskaya T.
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we present the results of theoretical studies of the possible mechanism of energy dissipation that takes place in the experiments with vibrating quartz fork in superfluid 3He–4He mixtures with high concentration. The possibility and efficiency of the tuning fork radiation of both the second sound wave and the diffusion dissipative wave were investigated. The relationships between the amplitudes of temperature and concentration oscillations in these waves were found and the relative wave intensities were determined. This allowed us to give a possible explanation for observed additional mechanisms of tuning fork attenuation in helium solutions.
On classification of equilibrium states of single-sublattice magnets with spin s = 3/2 and SU(4) symmetry of exchange Hamiltonian
Authors: Kovalevsky M. Yu. , Rozhkov A. A.
Published: January 2025

We investigate equilibrium magnetic phases of spin s = 3/2 system with SU(4) symmetry of exchange interaction. The classification equations for order parameters that violate SU(4) symmetry have been derived and exact solutions of these equations for subgroups SO(3), SO(3) × U(1), SO(3) × SO(3), SU(3), SU(3) × U(1), SO(4), SO(4) × U(1), SO(5) symmetry have been obtained.
Temperature-induced phase transformation in (As1–xBix)2S3 glasses
Authors: Kryshenik V. M. , Hasynets S. M. , Solomon A. M. , Loya V. Y. , Lopushansky V. V. , Rubish V. M. , Gomonnai A. V.
Published: January 2025

Here, we study the kinetics of pre-crystallization and crystallization transformations in (As1–xBix)2S3 glasses (0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.20). The crystallization process was analyzed using the known Kissinger method based on the differential thermal analysis curves obtained at non-isothermal conditions. Transformations from the amorphous to the partially crystalline state have a complex character. For all the glasses under study, the thermostimulated transformations reveal the presence of two overlapping crystallization subprocesses, each of them being controlled by a different energy barrier. The first subprocess is shown to dominate at high heating rates and is characterized by an essentially lower activation energy compared to that of the second crystallization subprocess, which dominates at low heating rates. X-ray diffraction measurements show that in the (As1–xBix)2S3 samples at high heating rates mostly the nucleation of Bi2S3, crystallites occurs while in the slower heating mode additionally As4S4 and As4S3 crystallites are formed.
Optical response of a chain of oblate metal nanospheroids on a dielectric substrate
Authors: Maniuk M. S. , Korotun A. V. , Kurbatsky V. P.
Published: January 2025

The paper investigates the optical properties of a chain of metal nanoparticles in the form of oblate spheroids located on a dielectric substrate. The case of the orientation of spheroids, when their minor semi-axis is parallel to the plane of the substrate, is considered. In the approximation of the local field, expressions for the frequency dependence of the transverse component of the chain polarizability tensor and the size dependence of the chain resonance frequency were obtained. A comparative analysis of the effective transverse polarizability of a chain and a single oblate spheroid was carried out. The influence of the characteristics of the metal of the nanoparticles of the chain and the surrounding medium on the chain transverse polarizability was studied. The dependence of the chain resonance frequency on the period for a chain of oblate nanospheroids is considered.
Nonequilibrium protection effect and spatial localization of noise-induced fluctuations under gas flow scattering on partially penetrable obstacle
Authors: Lukyanets S. P. , Kliushnichenko O. V.
Published: January 2025

The main problem considered here is how the obstacle embedded in a gas flow can organize self-protection, by means of surrounding gas, against the gas flow and fluctuations. We show that this is possible in the regime of the nonlinear dynamical screening, which is a result of the nonequilibrium transition that is accompanied by the emergence dense gas phase ahead of the obstacle due to blockade effect in a gas, the emergence of local invariants (invariant behavior of obstacle state that becomes insensitive to the main system parameters), spatial localization of induced gas fluctuations near gas domain wall. As a result, the domain wall in a gas, instead of obstacle, becomes the main scatterer of the flow and protects obstacle state against external driving noise and fluctuations. This can be associated with nonequilibrium protection effect. Considered effects are closely related with skin- and edge-correlation ones inherent to non-Hermitian systems. To demonstrate these phenomena, we resort to the limiting case of the two-component lattice gas in a narrow channel with ring geometry. To describe the nonlinear nonequilibrium steady-state gas structures and long-time gas fluctuations near them, the local equilibrium approach and the mean-field approximation are used.
Design of a compact, high-resolution velocity-map imaging spectrometer for attosecond spectroscopy
Authors: Platzer D. , Autuori A. , Schouder C. , Lejman M. , Maëder L. , Marroux H. J. B. , Pothier C. , Salières P. , Poisson L.
Published: January 2025

We present the design of a VMI spectrometer optimized for attosecond spectroscopy in the 0–40 eV energy range. It is based on a compact three-electrode configuration where the lens shape, size, and material have been optimized using numerical simulations to improve the spectral resolution by a factor of ∼5 relative to the initial design [Eppink and Parker, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3477–3484 (1997)] while keeping a flat spectral response in the 10–40 eV range. The experimental performance is tested using an attosecond source based on high-order harmonic generation. A good agreement is observed between the measured and simulated spectral resolution. At low kinetic energy, the electrostatic lens remains the limiting factor, while the high energy range is mostly affected by the resolution of the camera objective.
Entrainment dynamics of turbulent forced plume subjected to volumetric heating in a stratified medium
Authors: Kumar Nitin , Chalamalla Vamsi K. , Dewan Anupam
Published: January 2025

We present an investigation of the entrainment dynamics of a forced plume subjected to volumetric heating using energy-consistent entrainment relations. We decomposed the entrainment coefficient into different components for both unheated and heated plumes. According to the energy-consistent entrainment relations, there are three contributors to the entrainment coefficient, (1) turbulence energy production, (2) buoyancy effects, and (3) departure from self-similarity. In the unstratified medium, turbulence energy production is found to be the primary driver of the entrainment in unheated plumes. In contrast, for the heated plumes, the contribution from the turbulence energy production is reduced, and buoyancy emerged as the dominant factor driving the entrainment within the heat injection zone (HIZ) and beyond. In the stratified medium, the entrainment coefficient for the unheated plume due to the buoyancy effects is negative in the neutral layer. However, volumetric heating leads to additional buoyancy, and thus, the contribution of buoyancy to the entrainment coefficient becomes less negative. As a result, the cumulative entrainment coefficient goes from a negative value (detrainment zone) to a positive value (entrainment zone) toward the end of HIZ. As the stratification strength increases, the contribution from the turbulent production to the entrainment coefficient increases. We also observed that the deviation from expected self-similar behavior was more pronounced as the stratification strength increased. Overall, in both unstratified and stratified environments, the addition of heat decreases contribution due to turbulence production to the entrainment rate, while the contribution from positive buoyancy increases.
Vibration prediction model and vibration characteristics of mining riser used in deep-sea gas hydrate extraction based on deep-learning
Authors: Guo Xiaoqiang , Li Yingwei , Li Qi , Song Yuxuan , Xu Jie , Yang Kelun
Published: January 2025

During the deep-sea gas hydrate mining riser operation, the vibration prediction is obtained using a simplified theoretical model, and its accuracy cannot be effectively guaranteed. Deep learning methods can effectively solve this problem. Therefore, a three-dimensional vibration prediction model for the deep-sea gas hydrate mining riser is established using a long short-term memory network based on deep-learning, which can be trained with the help of the vibration data of the mining riser obtained in the field, and realize the advance prediction of the vibration response of the mining riser in the later period. In order to effectively verify the correctness of the model, a similar principle is used to develop an experimental rig for simulating the vibration of the mining riser under the excitation of internal and external flows. The experimental test results are compared with the model prediction results, and the decision coefficient (R2) reaches 99%, which verifies the correctness of the prediction model. Moreover, to further verify that the model can achieve vibration prediction of the deep-see mining riser, the energy method and Hamilton's principle are used to establish a theoretical model of gas–liquid–solid three-phase flow-induced vibration of the deep-sea hydrate mining riser. The results of the predictions in the later period are compared with the results of the theoretical model calculations. It is found that the coefficient of determination (R2) reaches 94.59%, which further verifies the effectiveness of the deep-learning prediction model. On this basis, the vibration responses of the mining riser are predicted under different shear flows, heave motion parameters of platform, lifting flow rate, hydrate abundance, and hydrate particle size. The influences of operational and structural parameters on the vibration response of the mining riser are investigated, and the vibration characteristics of the mining riser are revealed. The study results provide a theoretical foundation and a predictive modeling tool for the safety of hydrate mining risers.
Perspective: Margarine as an emulsion-filled colloidal oleogel
Authors: Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: January 2025

Common margarine is a semi-solid water-in-oil emulsion, where the continuous phase is a plastic polycrystalline colloidal oleogel composed of aggregated nanoplatelets of crystallized triacylglycerols (TAGs). TAG nanocrystal platelets nucleate, grow, and aggregate into clusters, which then form a fractal colloidal network of polycrystalline particles, trapping liquid TAGs in this fat crystal network. This hierarchical structure is very sensitive to external temperature and shear fields, which affect everything from crystalline nanoplatelet (CNP) size to the aggregation of such CNPs into larger clusters. Ultimately, structure affects the mechanical properties, oil binding, and plasticity of such industrially relevant materials. Here, we review some of the history of margarine, its quality characteristics, and its uses. We also describe the structure of margarine and relate it to macroscopic functionality, which is given mainly by the structure of the fat crystal network in the continuous oil phase. The concept of the yield stress of a fat as the most global indicator of functionality is discussed in light of quantitative physical models developed, which allow for the exact calculation of the yield stress. By understanding the effects of crystal size, strength of intermolecular interactions, amount of solid crystalline mass present, and the spatial distribution of such crystalline mass within the network, it is possible to engineer functionality and optimize performance. The structural complexity of such common food highlights the need for an in-depth understanding of the physics of such soft materials for manufacturing optimization as well as for engineering new structures with novel macroscopic properties.
Blood flow dynamics and vascular fluid mechanics
Authors: Benmakhlouf Naima
Published: January 2025

The paper explores the application of MATLAB simulations to model fluid dynamics in blood circulation and vascular flow, focusing on analyzing velocity distribution and pressure gradients and the impact of vessel geometry. By employing computational fluid dynamics principles, the research develops and solves mathematical models based on Navier–Stokes equations to simulate blood flow within vascular structures. A key focus is placed on analyzing the role of critical parameters, such as viscosity, pressure gradients, and vascular geometry, in flow patterns and velocity distributions. Various scenarios, including laminar and turbulent flow regimes, are examined using Reynolds number calculations to delineate flow behavior under physiological and pathological conditions. The study incorporates two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) visualizations to represent velocity profiles, pressure distributions, and the impact of wall shear stress on vessel dynamics. Results demonstrate a parabolic velocity profile in laminar flow and significant deviations under altered conditions, such as increased viscosity or narrowing vessel diameters. The findings underscore the importance of precise modeling for understanding circulatory behavior and its implications in diagnosing vascular disorders. This work offers an effective framework for simulating hemodynamics, with potential applications in medical research and the design of therapeutic interventions.
Advancing understanding of indoor conditions using artificial intelligence methods
Authors: Christakis Nicholas , Drikakis Dimitris , Kokkinakis Ioannis W.
Published: January 2025

This study presents a novel methodology for optimizing probe placement in indoor air-conditioned environments by integrating computational fluid dynamics simulations with artificial intelligence techniques in an unsupervised learning framework. The “Reduce Uncertainty and Increase Confidence” algorithm identified spatially distinct thermal and velocity clusters based on temperature and velocity magnitude distributions. Optimization of probe positions within these clusters, guided by sequential least squares programing, resulted in an effective strategy to minimize probe redundancy while maximizing spatial coverage. The methodology highlights the interplay between temperature, relative humidity, velocity, and turbulence intensity, revealing critical insights into airflow behavior and its implications for occupant comfort. The findings of the presented study underscore the potential for targeted probe placement to provide a robust framework for advanced indoor climate control.
Synthesis of ethane from CO
2
by a methyl transferase–inspired molecular catalyst
Authors: Patra Suman , Dinda Souvik , Ghosh Soumili , Roy Triparna , Dey Abhishek
Published: January 2025

Molecular catalysts with a single metal center are reported to reduce CO
2
to a wide range of valuable single-carbon products like CO, HCOOH, CH
3
OH, etc. However, these catalysts cannot reduce CO
2
to two carbon products like ethane or ethylene and the ability to form C–C from CO
2
remains mostly limited to heterogeneous material-based catalysts. We report a set of simple iron porphyrins with pendant thiol group can catalyze the reduction of CO
2
to ethane (C
2
H
6
) with H
2
O as the proton source with a Faradaic yield >40% the rest being CO. The mechanism involves a CO
2
-derived methyl group transfer to the pendant thiol akin to the proposal forwarded for methyl transferases and a follow-up C–C bond formation of the thioether thus formed and a Fe(II)–CH
3
species generated by the reduction of a second molecule of CO
2
. The availability of a “parking space” in the molecular framework for the first reduced C
1
product from CO
2
reduction allows C–C bond formation resulting in a unique case where a component of natural gas can be generated from direct electrochemical reduction of CO
2
.
Machine translation of tourism reviews
Authors: Rosa-Sorlozano Carmen , Candel-Mora Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2025

Machine translation (MT) has surpassed all quality expectations and its use has increased exponentially in recent
years (Forcada 2017; Sánchez-Gijón, Moorkens, and
Way 2019). One of the most frequent MT applications is the translation of user-generated content (UGC) and, more
specifically, reviews on tourism portals such as Tripadvisor. Several authors agree that the degree of trust and credibility of a
review, as the most important characteristics of UGC, depends largely on the perceived naturalness and authenticity of its writing
(Pollach 2006; Schemmann 2011; Vásquez 2014). The review’s influence on the product’s reputation and on the purchase
decision-making of future users has been fully demonstrated. Since review platforms make reviews available to users in different
languages translated by MT, the quality of MT output should be studied from the point of view of the text’s adaptation to the
requirements of a specific audience and market, following the principles elaborated in localization studies. The aim of this paper
is to analyze the behavior of neural MT of user-generated content from the perspective of localization to check whether MT quality
depends exclusively on linguistic or stylistic aspects or whether the aspects studied by localization, such as linguistic and
cultural appropriateness for the target user, also play a decisive role. We compiled an English-Spanish parallel corpus consisting
of 250 reviews retrieved from Tripadvisor. The reviews were originally written in English and MT processed into Spanish. Then the
quality of the MT output was evaluated following two parameters: correctness and acceptance according to MT quality scales and
localization guidelines.
Rickettsia parkeri forms extensive, stable contacts with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Acevedo-Sánchez Yamilex , Woida Patrick J. , Anderson Caroline , Kraemer Stephan , Lamason Rebecca L.
Published: January 2025

Upon invasion into the host cell, a subset of bacterial pathogens resides exclusively in the cytosol. While previous research revealed how they reshape the plasma membrane during invasion, subvert the immune response, and hijack cytoskeletal dynamics to promote their motility, it was unclear if these pathogens also interacted with the organelles in this crowded intracellular space. Here, we examined if the obligate intracellular pathogen Rickettsia parkeri interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a large and dynamic organelle spread throughout the cell. Using live-cell microscopy and transmission and focused-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy, we show that R. parkeri forms extensive contacts with the rough ER that are ∼55 nm apart and cover more than half the bacterial surface. Depletion of the ER-specific tethers VAPA and VAPB reduced rickettsia–ER contacts, and VAPA and VAPB were localized around intracellular rickettsiae. Overall, our findings illuminate an interkingdom ER contact uniquely mediated by rickettsiae that mimics some characteristics of traditional host membrane contact sites.
Efficient polarization emission from metasurface-integrated resonant cavity light-emitting diodes
Authors: Huang Huamao , Zeng Hongshen , Zhang Junhao , Liang Jingqiu
Published: January 2025

The pursuit of advanced illumination and display technologies has driven the development of beam manipulation for GaN micro-sized light-emitting diodes (LEDs). To realize an efficient polarization emission light source, we propose metasurface-integrated resonant cavity LEDs (RCLEDs), incorporating a dual-layer embedded photonic crystal (PhC) within the GaN cavity, and placing a resonant-cavity reflector (RCR) on top of the existing distributed Bragg reflector (denoted as PhC-RCR-RCLED). Numerical simulations reveal a significant enhancement in emission efficiency along with an improved ability to manipulate the emission beams. The averaged transmittance, deflection efficiency, and collection efficiency at the central wavelength for both x- and y-polarizations are 66.9%, 79.6%, and 53.6%, respectively. Compared to the traditional RCLED, our PhC-RCR-RCLED achieves 5.3, 1.2, and 6.3 times enhancements in these three efficiencies. Our scheme paves the way for more efficient and controllable light sources.
Sustainable liquid nitrogen fertilizer production via air plasma bubbles: insights into plasma-enabled N2 fixation chemistry
Authors: Huang Jingwen , Qu Zhongping , Gao Yuting , Fan Jieping , Gan Dingwei , Sun Jing , Li Tianyu , Zhang Tianqi , Cullen Patrick J , Zhou Renwu
Published: January 2025

Liquid nitrogen fertilizers, such as potassium nitrate (KNO3) have been commonly used in modern agriculture, playing a crucial role in agricultural production. However, its production involves energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly processes such as the Haber-Bosch process. This study demonstrated a new strategy for the sustainable and distributed production of liquid KNO3 fertilizer via air plasma bubbles. We investigated the effects of solution characteristics (initial liquid conductivity, pH) and discharge power on the nitrogen fixation performance of the air plasma bubble system. Using a strongly alkaline solution can induce the increase of vibrational temperature (T
vib) during air plasma discharges, thereby enhancing NO
x
yield together with favoring the NO
x
adsorption process. Moreover, through electrical characteristics and a simplified circuit diagram, we found a highly conductive liquid phase is not conducive to NO
x
generation due to the significant energy dissipation in the liquid before discharge. By further adjusting discharge power parameters and coupling the introduction of O3, the highest energy efficiency (58.5 mmol kWh−1) of NOx production, with an excellent production rate (1687.4 μmol h−1) is achieved. These findings provide an overall understanding of the effects of solution characteristics on gas-liquid plasma chemistry and pave the way for the optimized production of liquid nitrogen fertilizers.
Effect of surface roughness on the fretting corrosion behavior of Inconel 690 alloy tube
Authors: Pan Zhong , Huang Longxiang , Wang Guoping , Yin Meigui
Published: January 2025

Surface roughness which is an important index to evaluate a material’s surface properties, can strongly influence the service performance of steam generator tubes in nuclear power plants. This study used experimental tests and finite element analysis to investigate the fretting corrosion mechanisms of Inconel 690 alloy tubes of three roughness surfaces (Sa ‘Surface Roughness Average’ ≈ 0.09, 0.25, and 0.50 μm) under 25 °C and 100 °C artificial sea water (3.5% NaCl solution) conditions. Results showed that surface roughness affected the fretting damage and electrochemical corrosion behavior of the alloy tubes significantly. This is mainly due to surface roughness also belongs to a kind of micro-defects, which would influence the fretting contact state and corrosive medium effect, and temperature influenced oxidation. All these conditions led to different fretting corrosion damage.
Noise reduction in abdominal acoustic recordings of maternal placental murmurs
Authors: Eiríksdóttir Dagbjört Helga , Hvass Gry Grønborg , Zimmermann Henrik , Jan Struijk Johannes , Schmidt Samuel Emil
Published: January 2025

Fetal phonocardiography is a well-known auscultation technique for evaluation of fetal health. However, murmurs that are synchronous with the maternal heartbeat can often be heard while listening to fetal heart sounds. Maternal placental murmurs (MPM) could be used to detect maternal cardiovascular and placental abnormalities, but the recorded MPMs are often contaminated by ambient interference and noise. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare noise reduction methods to reduce noise in the recorded MPMs. Approach: 1) Bandpass filtering (BPF), 2) a multichannel noise reduction (MCh) using either Wiener filter (WF), Least-mean-square or Independent component analysis, 3) a combination of BPF with wavelet transient reduction (WTR) and 4) a combination of MCh and WTR. The methods were tested on signals recorded with two microphone units placed on the abdomen of pregnant women with an electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded simultaneously. The performance was evaluated using coherence and heart cycle duration error (HCDError) as compared with the ECG. Results: The mean of the absolute HCDError was 32.7 ms for the BPF with all methods significantly lower (p < 0.05) than BPF. The lowest errors were obtained for WTR-WF where the HCDError ranged 16.68–17.72 ms for seven different filter orders. All methods had significantly different coherence measure compared with BPF (p < 0.05). The lowest coherence was reached with WTR-WF (filter order 640) where the mean value decreased from 0.50 for BPF to 0.03. Significance: These results show how noise reduction techniques such as WF combined with wavelet denoising can greatly enhance the quality of MPM recordings.
Optimized p-doping regional segmentation of 4H-SiC JBS with improved electrical and temperature performance
Authors: Wang Shengxin , Zhou Xuetong , Feng Junhong , Cheng Xinhong , Zheng Li , Wang Qian
Published: January 2025

The p-doping region is an important component of SiC junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes, which affects the electrical characteristics such as forward voltage drop, reverse leakage current, and breakdown voltage of the device. In this work, the p-doping region structure has been designed and optimized by a regional segmentation method, including doping profile and structural dimensions. Detailed analysis of the impact of different structural dimensions and doping concentrations in the p-doping region on device performance has been conducted through TCAD simulations and verified by device fabrication. Three segmented p-doping regions with optimized gradient doping parameters has been proposed and achieves a high breakdown voltage of 1600 V, low leakage current of only 0.7 μA, reduced forward voltage drop of 1.53 V, and almost zero reverse recovery time under different temperature conditions ranging from 25 °C to 175 °C. The fabricated devices exhibit excellent electrical performance and temperature stability, which show promise for mass production of SiC power applications.
The machine psychology of cooperation: Can GPT models operationalise prompts for altruism, cooperation, competitiveness, and selfishness in economic games?
Authors: Phelps Steve , Russell Yvan I.
Published: January 2025

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of playing the “human” role as participants in economic games. We investigated the capability of GPT-3.5 to play the one-shot Dictator Game (DG) and the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game (PDG), the latter of which introduced tit-for-tat scenarios. In particular, we investigated whether the LLMs could be prompted to play in accordance to five roles (“personalities”) assigned prior to game play: the five “simulacra” were: (1) cooperative, (2) competitive, (3) altruistic, (4) selfish, and (5) control, all of which were natural language descriptions (“ruthless equities trader...", “selfless philanthropist...", etc.). We predicted that the LLM-participant would play in accordance to the semantic content of the prompt (ruthless would play ruthlessly, etc.). Across five simulacra (roles), we tested the AI equivalent of 450 human participants (32,400 observations in total, qua counterbalancing and re-testability). Using a general linear mixed model (GLMM) for the PDG, and a cumulative link mixed model (CLMM) for the DG, we found that level of cooperation/donation followed the general pattern of altruistic ≥ cooperative > control > selfish ≥ competitive. We proposed ten hypotheses, three of which were convincingly supported: cooperative/altruistic did cooperate more than competitive/selfish; cooperation was higher in repeated games (PDG); cooperative/altruistic were sensitive to the opponent’s behaviour in repeated games. We also found some variation among the three versions of GPT-3.5 we used. Our study demonstrates the potential of using prompt engineering for LLM-chatbots to study the mechanisms of cooperation in both real and artificial worlds.
Solvability in Hölder spaces of an inverse problem on chaotic dynamics of a polymer chain
Authors: Fomenko A. , Starovoitov V.
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with an inverse problem for a quasi-linear parabolic partial differential equation that contains a nonlocal in time term that includes an integral of the solution over the entire time interval where the problem is considered. Moreover, the overdetermination condition for this inverse problem is nonlocal in space. So, the problem has a double nonlocality: in time and in space. This problem describes the chaotic dynamics of a polymer chain in a liquid. The time variable corresponds to the arc length along the chain. The time nonlocality stands in the argument of the so-called interaction potential. Its appearance is caused by the fact that the motion of each link of a chain is affected by all other links through the surrounded fluid. The solvability of the problem in Hölder spaces in the case of a bounded interaction potential is proven. Moreover, the solvability is also proven in the case of an unbounded potential with certain restrictions on its behavior on some finite interval.
“God alone is the searcher & judge of hearts”
Authors: Atkins Jonathan M
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks at Jackson’s experience in the years following the War of 1812. An emboldened Jackson engaged in several confrontations with political and military officials, but he also became more devout, often hosting ministers at his plantation, the Hermitage. As the commander responsible for defending the Gulf Coast, Jackson’s decision to seize Spain’s Florida colonies in the First Seminole War produced an international crisis because he ordered the execution of two British subjects apprehended during the invasion. Unresolved questions remain about whether President James Monroe authorized the mission, but Monroe’s administration cautiously backed Jackson, as his widely popular excursion eventually led to American acquisition of the Floridas. Political criticism—especially from former War Secretary William H. Crawford—embittered Jackson, and he left public life—permanently, he assumed—after a brief but frustrating stint as governor of the Florida Territory.
“providence will spare me untill my enemies are prostrate”
Authors: Atkins Jonathan M
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks at Jackson’s emergence as a presidential candidate. Publicly, Jackson showed little interest in the presidency. Calls for his election stoked his competitive nature, but he resolved to leave his political future in the hands of providence. After his unexpected election to the Senate, he acted to dispel accusations that he would become a “military despot,” and he won the plurality of popular and Electoral College votes in the Election of 1824. After the House of Representatives instead chose John Quincy Adams, Jackson charged that a “corrupt bargain” had “stolen” the election from the people. Though now more religious, in the Election of 1828, he rejected appeals for him to lead a “Christian Party in Politics.” Mudslinging characterized the campaign, and despite the charges against him in the “Coffin Handbill,” Jackson’s religious reputation helped him win the first “modern” presidential election.
Surveying Iron Age Infant and Child Burials on the Philistine Coast
Authors: Garroway Kristine Henriksen
Published: January 2025

Multiple infant and child burials have been associated with cities along the Philistine Plain. All the burials show care for the youngest members of society. During the Iron I period, intramural burials remained popular. Some of these show continuity with the older Canaanite jar burials. Yet other burials, such as the pit burials at Ashkelon, demonstrate new attitudes toward the dying infant. Theories of place-making related to residential burials are applied to interpret these burials and the personhood of the dying individuals. The extramural burials are not as numerous. In the two cemeteries discussed, Azor and Ashkelon, a significant number of infants are missing. The one extramural family burial cave, associated with Tell es-Safi / Gath, demonstrates a radically different approach to the death of children. Overall, the picture of child burials in the Philistine Plain presents a variety of methods and beliefs about a child’s place in the household of death, which is unsurprising given the cosmopolitan nature of this geographic region.
Surveying Iron Age Infant and Child Burials in Phoenician-Influenced Areas
Authors: Garroway Kristine Henriksen
Published: January 2025

Phoenician burials are known for their location near water and their diversity in method. Out of all the methods, cremation is the one most associated with Phoenicians. Most cremations carried out in the Levant were those of adults. Widespread infant cremation cemeteries, such as those found at Carthage, are not found in the Phoenician homeland or in ancient Israel. Despite this fact, some infants and children were cremated at Achzib, ‘Atlit, Tell er-Reqeish, and Tell el-Far‘ah South, sites with cremated adults, and a strong Phoenician presence. The presence or absence of grave goods with the cremated individual are thought to be indicative of how an individual’s society related to their dying body as their personhood transformed through the cremation process. Theories surrounding grave goods, usually applied to adults, are here applied to the cremated children in an attempt to understand how pockets of Phoenician-influenced regions in ancient Israel related to their children in death.
Introducing the Reasoning View
Authors: Asarnow Samuel
Published: January 2025

This chapter explains why anyone might care about philosophical theorizing about reasons for action. It emphasizes important arguments from seemingly anodyne principles to highly controversial ideas about morality and the mind. The central interest of the topic is thus understanding and perhaps refuting those arguments. The chapter distinguishes two main concepts of reasons for action: normative reasons and motivating reasons. It provides an overview of the main assumptions of the Reasoning View about each type of reason, situating the view in the literature. It gives an outline of the rest of the book, and it contains a “tl;dr”: if you only read one section of the book, let it be Section 1.8 of this chapter.
Hearing the Thirty Years War through the Psalms
Authors: Stauff Derek L
Published: January 2025

One of the best examples of a biblical text that became political during the Thirty Years War is Psalm 83, “Gott schweige doch nicht also” (“God, keep not silent”). Lutherans consistently interpreted it as ecclesial, seeing it as a prayer voiced by the persecuted church. Its contemporary significance can be illustrated by a famous sermon on the psalm by the Saxon Senior Court Preacher, Matthias Hoë von Hoënegg, delivered at the Leipzig Convention in 1631 during the high-water mark of confessional conflict. Hoë brought an otherwise obscure psalm to the forefront of Protestant debates about potential war with Catholics. It can be no coincidence that the handful of elaborate musical settings of Psalm 83 from the seventeenth century all come from central Germany and date from the most religiously divided years of the Thirty Years War. Three pieces—by Tobias Michael, Samuel Scheidt, and an anonymous composer—date securely from the 1630s and might have even been inspired by Hoë’s sermon at the Leipzig Convention. Beyond Saxony, another group of settings from Breslau in the 1640s also owe their existence to religious upheaval in Silesia. These pieces, moreover, are remarkable for the way they deliberately alter or paraphrase the psalm text to highlight its polemical nature.
Energy Policy
Authors: Eckert Sandra , Pedersen Ole Windahl
Published: January 2025

The history of European energy policy integration dates back to the founding days of European integration, in the 1950s, yet only with the Lisbon Treaty was a supranational competence in this policy field formally recognized in primary law. During the five preceding decades, energy policy developed without a policy-specific Treaty basis, often using prerogatives in other fields. Absent a political agreement to shift powers towards the supranational level, energy policy was in many ways a case of integration by stealth. While the Treaty of Lisbon finally established an EU energy policy, new challenges occurred quickly thereafter when several crises forced policymakers to take action. This chapter presents the characteristics of rule-making and the institutional set-up in the field of energy policy throughout the process of integration, focusing on the new policy framework introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and the crisis-driven responses adopted since. It poses the question whether recent integration in an era of polycrisis is better understood as a process of path dependency or as a process of innovative and path-breaking change. We find that, in the absence of further shifts of competence towards the European level, energy policy post-Lisbon remains heavily dependent on Member State consent, cross-border cooperation between national bodies, and substantial input by private actors. Besides these elements of path dependency, there are, however, also new and truly transformative developments, such as a substantial rebalancing of policy goals in emergency situations and the use of geoeconomic instruments that deviate from a market-making logic.
A Little Mood Music: On the Relationship between Musical and Psychological Moods
Authors: Kostochka Tatyana
Published: January 2025

We regularly talk about music as if it has moods or, at least, expresses moods. However, the relationship between psychological and musical moods remains mysterious. Music doesn’t have feelings, so how could it have moods? To make up for that, many philosophers have provided theories of expression that don’t rely on music actually possessing anything mood-like. In this paper, I argue that if we take seriously an account of psychological moods that includes patterns of attention as part of the mood itself, we can explain how music can, in fact, have moods; namely, by having a structure that resembles the structure of a mood. I then explain how this not only solves the puzzle of how music expresses moods but also helps us explain how we interact with musical moods.
Late-onset epilepsy and neurodegeneration: intersecting mechanisms or separate entities?
Authors: Tai Xin You , Galovic Marian
Published: January 2025

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy: insights from brain atrophy and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers’ by Ballerini et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae207).
Microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance in seafood-contacted ice: A study from Shanghai wholesale and retail markets
Authors: Lu Yitao , Liu Jing , Wu Qian , Xu Tianming , Wang Yibaina , Pan Yingjie , Zhao Yong , Zhang Zhaohuan
Published: January 2025

Ice, as a cooling medium, is extensively utilized in the transportation and preservation of seafoods. A comprehensive investigation of microbial contamination for seafood-contacted ice is essential. In August and September 2023, during a period of high incidence of foodborne diseases, the study was conducted involving 200 seafood-contacted ice samples from 12 districts in Shanghai, China. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance of isolates, and bacterial diversity in these samples were analyzed. The results revealed that total plate count in the samples ranged from 1.89 to 5.94 log colony forming units (CFU)/mL, with an average of 4.15 log CFU/mL. Coliform counts were present in 98.50% of the samples, with counts ranging from 0.70 to 4.06 log CFU/mL, with an average of 2.05 log CFU/mL. Pathogenic bacteria detected included Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 31 samples (31/200, 15.50%), Escherichia coli in 16 samples (16/200, 8.00%), and Staphylococcus aureus in 9 samples (9/200, 4.50%). V. parahaemolyticus showed a high ampicillin resistance rate of 96.8% (30/31). E. coli exhibited general resistance to most antibiotics. S. aureus isolates demonstrated greater resistance to ampicillin (6/9, 66.7%), but remained sensitive to other antibiotics. High-throughput sequencing has demonstrated that certain microorganisms exhibit resistance to low temperature through mechanisms such as biofilm formation, contributing to their pathogenicity and posing a threat to the safety of seafood-contacted ice. Specifically, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Shewanella should be prioritized in future preventive and control measures. This study addresses the gap in understanding ice pollution from seafood-contacted ice in Shanghai and provides a foundation for further risk assessment and quality control.