bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Aromatics on the Stability and Product Distribution of the Methanol to Olefin Process
Authors: Zhang S.‐H. , Gao Z.‐X. , Liu S.‐Y. , Han Y.‐Z. , Zhao Y.‐S.
Published: September 2011

Methanol to olefin process was investigated over a steam‐treated Ca‐ZSM‐5 catalyst in a flow‐type fixed bed reactor by adding aromatics to the methanol feed. As a comparison, the catalytic performance in the presence of nitrogen and water was also investigated. The experimental results exhibit that in the presence of aromatics, the total light olefin selectivity and the ethylene selectivity increased, while propylene selectivity increased with adding o‐xylene and m‐xylene to the methanol feed, but decreased with adding benzene, toluene, p‐xylene and ethylbenzen to the methanol feed. The catalyst was characterized by temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, N2 adsorption, and scanning electron microscope. The adsorption of water and aromatics on the catalyst was also studied. Based on the results, it is concluded that aromatics may be responsible for the formation of light olefins and be more favorable for ethylene than propylene in methanol conversion.
Advances in Organic Liquid‐Gas Chemical Heat Pumps
Authors: Cai J. , Li X. , Tao Y. , Huai X. , Guo Z.
Published: September 2011

Compared with inorganic chemical heat pumps (CHPs), organic liquid‐gas CHPs are more amenable to be run as a continuous process because the reactants and products can be fed or removed continuously. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to investigations of CHPs using the organic liquid‐gas reaction system. Relevant research topics involved reaction catalyst, chemical reaction kinetics, reactive distillation, energy efficiency evaluation, economic analysis, etc. Nevertheless, the research on an organic liquid‐gas CHP system is still in the elementary stage. A detailed review on the current research status of catalyst‐assisted CHPs employing an organic liquid‐gas reaction system has been performed. Existing problems are identified and future research directions are proposed.
Macrocyclic Multicenter Complexes of Nickel and Copper of Increasing Complexity
Authors: Małecka Joanna , Lewandowska Urszula , Kamiński Radosław , Mames Iwona , Więckowska Agnieszka , Bilewicz Renata , Korybut‐Daszkiewicz Bohdan , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: September 2011

Multicenter (bi‐, tri‐, and tetranuclear) tetraazamacrocyclic complexes were self‐assembled from Ni and Cu tetraazamacrocyclic mononuclear units and α,ω‐diamines as building blocks. The structures of all compounds studied were proved by spectroscopic methods (ESI MS and NMR spectroscopy). Electrochemical experiments revealed reversible one‐electron electrode processes at each of the Ni2+ and Cu2+ centers with formation of metal cations in oxidation state +3. Long linkers allow bi‐ and trinuclear complexes with noninteracting metal centers to be obtained. In the case of the short linkers (e.g. ethylenediamine) higher, trinuclear species are formed as major product. The structures of the bis‐ and tris‐macrocyclic systems were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The tris‐macrocyclic systems form cations in the shape of triangles partially filled with counterions and solvent molecules. The cations form positively charged layers, which interact in the crystal lattice with the neighboring negatively charged layers of anions. In solution, the trinuclear complexes exhibit strong host–guest interactions with 9,10‐dimethyltriptycene due to complementarity of shape and size of this guest molecule. The association constants were determined by NMR spectroscopy and voltammetry, and very good agreement was obtained. The structural flexibility of the tetranuclear complex with long linkers allows for attractive interactions between the metal‐complexing macrocycles that result in folding of the molecule. On the contrary, no folding is possible in the case of short linkers consisting of two CH2 groups.
New silica monolith bonded chiral (R)‐γ butyrolactone for enantioselective micro high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ghanem Ashraf , Ikegami Tohru , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: September 2011

A single low‐molecular mass chiral selector namely (R)‐acryloyloxy‐β‐β‐dimethyl‐γ‐butyrolactone has been bonded to a modified silica‐based monolith to form a new brush‐type chiral stationary phase for micro‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A View through the Cost Binocular: Use of Flow Analysis to Assess and Improve Chemical Production Processes
Authors: Bode Andreas , Bürkle Jochen , Hoffner Bernhard , Wisniewski Thomas
Published: September 2011

Eine zentrale Aufgabe der Verfahrensentwicklung und ‐optimierung ist die Identifikation von Verfahrensalternativen mit reduzierten Produkt‐Herstellkosten. Der Artikel befasst sich mit grundlegenden Aspekten der strombezogenen Analyse. Die Material‐ und Energiestromanalyse wird durch Kostenstromanalyse ergänzt und auf verfahrenstechnische Prozesse angewendet. Anhand eines Beispiels wird gezeigt, dass die Methode der Kostenzuordnung zu denjenigen Strömen, die einen Produktionsschritt verlassen (Allokation), die Erkennbarkeit von Einsparpotenzialen beeinflusst. Eine vertiefte Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge mit dem Ziel einer besseren Durchdringung und Ableitung von Empfehlungen für die Praxis ist sinnvoll.
Pyrolo[1,2:4,5]‐1,4‐dioxopyrazino[1,2:1,6]pyrido[3,4‐b]indoles: A Group of Urokinase Inhibitors, their Synthesis, and Stereochemistry‐Dependent Activity
Authors: Liu Jiawang , Wang Yuji , Yang Yifan , Jiang Xueyun , Zhao Ming , Wang Wenjing , Wu Guofeng , Wu Jianhui , Zheng Meiqing , Peng Shiqi
Published: September 2011

Antifibrinolytic agents are required during complex surgeries to decrease bleeding; their pro‐thrombotic potency and efficacy in causing hemostasis has attracted much attention. To discover new inhibitors of urokinase with high selectivity for antifibrinolytic effects over pro‐thrombotic effects, the 12‐position of (5aS,12S,14aS)‐ and (5aS,12R,14aS)‐5,14‐dioxo‐1,2,3,5,5a,6,11, 12,14,14a‐decahydro‐5H,14H‐pyrolo[1,2:4,5]pyrazino[1,2:1,6]pyrido[3,4‐b]indoles were modified with L‐Ala, L‐Asp, L‐Phe, L‐Trp, L‐Lys, L‐Ser, Gly, and L‐Leu to provide 16 (5aS,12S,14aS) and (5aS,12R,14aS) derivatives. In a murine bleeding model, the (5aS,12S,14aS) derivatives containing L‐Ala, L‐Asp, L‐Phe, and L‐Trp induced blood coagulation for the treated mice; they also stimulated thrombus formation in a rat thrombosis model, but the other derivatives inhibited thrombosis. The most potent compound, the L‐Asp derivative, showed a good therapeutic window: the minimum effective dose for coagulation was <1 nmol kg−1, whereas at 10 nmol kg−1, no pro‐thrombotic effect was observed. This type of coagulation action was correlated with a mechanism of urokinase inhibition, and these results could lead to the discovery of novel urokinase inhibitors.
A Comparison of Linear and Cyclic Peptoid Oligomers as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Huang Mia Lace , Shin Sung Bin Y. , Benson Meredith A. , Torres Victor J. , Kirshenbaum Kent
Published: September 2011

We investigated the antimicrobial activities of N‐substituted glycine “peptoid” oligomers incorporating cationic and hydrophobic side chains. Head‐to‐tail macrocyclization was employed to enhance antimicrobial activity. Both linear and cyclic peptoids, ranging from six to ten residues, demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. These peptoids do not cause significant lysis of human erythrocytes, indicating selective antimicrobial activity. Conformational ordering established upon macrocyclization is generally associated with an enhanced capacity to inhibit bacterial cell growth. Moreover, increased hydrophobic surface area also plays a role in improving antimicrobial activity. We demonstrate the potency of a cyclic peptoid in exerting antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of S. aureus while deterring the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Is public communication about end‐of‐life care helping to inform all? Cancer news coverage in African American versus mainstream media
Authors: Fishman Jessica M. , Ten Have Thomas , Casarett David
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Because cancers are a leading cause of death, these diseases receive a great deal of news attention. However, because news media frequently target specific racial or ethnic audiences, some populations may receive different information, and it is unknown whether reporting equally informs all audiences about the options for care at the end of life. This study of news reporting compared “mainstream” (general market) media with African American media, which serves the largest minority group. The specific goal of this study was to determine whether these news media communicate differently about cure‐directed cancer treatment and end‐of‐life alternatives.

METHODS:

This content analysis included 660 cancer news stories from online and print media that targeted either African American or mainstream audiences. The main outcome measures included whether reporting discussed adverse events of cancer treatment, cancer treatment failure, cancer death/dying, and end‐of‐life palliative or hospice care.

RESULTS:

Unadjusted and adjusted analyses indicated that the news stories in the African American media are less likely than those in mainstream media to discuss each of the topics studied. Comparing the proportions of news stories in mainstream versus African American media, 31.6% versus 13.6% discussed adverse events (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51‐5.66; P = .001); 14.1% versus 4.2% mentioned treatment failure (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.45‐9.88; P = .006); and 11.9% versus 3.8% focused on death/dying (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.39‐8.38; P = .007). Finally, although very few news stories discussed end‐of‐life hospice or palliative care, all were found in mainstream media (7/396 vs 0/264).

CONCLUSION:

The African American news media sampled are less likely than mainstream news media to portray negative cancer outcomes and end‐of‐life care. Given media's segmented audiences, these findings raise concerns that not all audiences are being informed equally well. Because media content is modifiable, there may be opportunities to improve public cancer communication. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Improvement in the routine screening of cervical smears
Authors: Tavares Suelene Brito Nascimento , Alves de Sousa Nadja L. , Manrique Edna J. C. , Pinheiro de Albuquerque Zair B. , Zeferino Luiz C. , Amaral Rita G.
Published: September 2011

Background:

High rates of false‐negative results constitute a routine problem in cytology laboratories. Of currently available internal quality control methods, 10% random review is the least effective in detecting false‐negatives in routine screening. There is evidence that 100% rapid review and rapid prescreening perform well for this purpose. This study compared the performance of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review as internal quality control methods for cervical cytology exams.

Methods:

Over 27 months, 12,208 cervical cytology smears were submitted to rapid prescreening and routine screening. The 100% rapid review method was performed on all smears classified as negative or unsatisfactory at routine screening. Conflicting results obtained with either method were reviewed in detail to define final diagnosis, which was considered the gold standard for evaluating the performance of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review.

Results:

Compared with final diagnosis, the sensitivity of routine screening and rapid prescreening was 72.9% and 75.6%, respectively. Considering only smears classified as negative or unsatisfactory at routine screening, the sensitivity of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review was 90.2% and 57,0%, respectively. Of 244 cases (2.0%) of false‐negative results at routine screening, rapid prescreening identified 220 cases (1.80%), whereas 100% rapid review identified 140 (1.15%). Rapid prescreening detected all cases of HSIL identified as false‐negatives.

Conclusions:

Rapid prescreening is more effective than 100% rapid review for the detection of false‐negatives at routine screening, thus providing subsidies for the performance of cervical cytology, the principal function of which is to detect precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Differential sensitivity of specific neuronal populations of the rat hypothalamus to prolactin action
Authors: Sapsford Tony J. , Kokay Ilona C. , Östberg Lovisa , Bridges Robert S. , Grattan David R.
Published: September 2011

Prolactin stimulates dopamine release from neuroendocrine dopaminergic (NEDA) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) to maintain low levels of serum prolactin. Elevated prolactin levels during pregnancy and lactation may mediate actions in other hypothalamic regions such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral preoptic area (rPOA). We predicted that NEDA neurons would be more sensitive prolactin targets than neurons in other regions because they are required to regulate basal prolactin secretion. Moreover, differences in the accessibility of the ARC to prolactin in blood may influence the responsiveness of this population. Therefore, we compared prolactin‐induced signaling in different hypothalamic neuronal populations following either systemic or intracerebroventricular (icv) prolactin administration. Phosphorylation of the signal transduction factor, STAT5 (pSTAT5), was used to identify prolactin‐responsive neurons. In response to systemic prolactin, pSTAT5‐labeled cells were widely observed in the ARC but absent from the rPOA and PVN. Many of these responsive cells in the ARC were identified as NEDA neurons. The lowest icv prolactin dose (10 ng) induced pSTAT5 in the ARC, but with higher doses (>500 ng) pSTAT5 was detected in numerous regions, including the rPOA and PVN. NEDA neurons were maximally labeled with nuclear pSTAT5 in response to 500 ng prolactin and appeared to be more sensitive than dopaminergic neurons in the rPOA. Subpopulations of oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus were also found to be differentially sensitive to prolactin. These data suggest that differences in the accessibility of the arcuate nucleus to prolactin, together with intrinsic differences in the NEDA neurons, may facilitate homeostatic feedback regulation of prolactin release. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1062–1077, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvatochromic Effects on the Photoinduced Charge‐Transfer States in Donor–Acceptor Substituted Polydioctylfluorenes
Authors: Richards Caryl E. , Phillips Richard T.
Published: September 2011

Polymer morphology affects quantum efficiency. The influence of polymer morphology on the emission from charge transfer states within donor–acceptor (D–A) polydioctylfluorene derivatives is investigated. Two D–A copolymers, comprising one‐ and two‐electron‐donating triphenylamines substituted into the electron‐accepting dioctylfluorene repeat unit were studied. Time‐resolved emission spectra (with a resolution of 330 fs) in both liquid and glass phase isolate nuclear relaxation to the large‐amplitude motion of the triphenylamine moiety about the single bond, analogous to the twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer (TICT) model. The charge separation in the polymers′ emitting states is therefore increased, suggesting a potential approach to enhance quantum efficiency in devices otherwise limited by exciton recombination.
Thermal degradation characteristics of oil‐filled cable joint with extremely degraded tan δ oil
Authors: Ide Kenichi , Nakade Masahiko , Takahashi Tohru , Nakajima Takenori
Published: September 2011

Much of oil‐filled (OF) cable has been used for a long time as 66‐ to 500‐kV extrahigh‐voltage cable. Sometimes we can see extremely degraded tan δ oil (several tens of percent of tan δ, for example) in joint boxes, etc. The values of tan δ calculated by a simple combination model of paper/oil show that the oil‐impregnated paper with such a high tan δ oil likewise has an extremely high tan δ, which must result in thermal breakdown. However, such an event has not taken place up to the present in actually operated transmission lines. This fact suggests that some mechanism for the suppression of tan δ has acted in the paper insulation impregnated with degraded tan δ oil. Therefore, we investigated in detail the tan δ characteristics of paper impregnated with extremely high tan δ oil. In addition, based on the investigation results, we developed a method for simulation of heat generation by dielectric loss in an OF cable joint (which has degraded tan δ oil). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(1): 1–10, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21184
Classification of defect spatial signatures using independent component analysis and estimation of process/tool malfunctions using χ2 test and exact test
Authors: Yamada Eiji , Imai Katsuki , Toyoshima Tetsuro
Published: September 2011

We developed a system that detects spatial signatures from the defect inspection data of individual substrates and thus performs fault detection in device manufacturing. Leveraging of independent component analysis facilitates the unsupervised simultaneous classification of any defect distribution generated as a result of one or more tool malfunctions. All substrates are classified according to our proposed coefficient of similarity for each defect distribution. A root cause process is identified through a test of independence between the manufacturing tools and their rates of the number of classified substrates on the basis of the classification results and their fabrication history data. The tests of independence use χ2 tests in combination with exact tests to decrease the incidence of false‐positive errors. The root cause tool is identified in terms of the highest rate between the tools in the identified process. Our system functions automatically and requires no experience or technical skill. We present a case in which for approximately 2 days, our system detected a tool malfunction earlier than the conventional monitoring of substrates, and with greater total defect counts per substrate than a control limit. We present another case in which our system detected a greater number of substrates than conventional monitoring. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(1): 29–39, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21239
New vistas on TLR9 activation
Authors: Wagner Hermann
Published: September 2011

Together with other reports, evidence published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology by Avalos and Ploegh (Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 2820–2827) implies that trafficking of TLR9 from the ER to endolysosomal compartments, which is aided by the transmembrane UNC93B1 ER protein, is followed by proteolytic cleavage of the TLR9 ectodomain (TLR9ecto). Furthermore, Avalos and Ploegh elegantly show that RAW 264.7 macrophages stably expressing tagged TLR9 display significant amounts of cleaved TLR9 already when at rest. It is of note that inhibitory oligonucleotides (IN‐ODNs) do not affect TLR9 cleavage but competitively prevent CpG‐ligand binding to the C‐terminal TLR9 fragment. Compared with phosphorothioated (PS) CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), natural phosphorodiester (PD) CpG‐ODNs differ in their TLR9 activation efficiency. In this Commentary, a model is proposed that accounts for the differences in PS‐ and PD‐ODNs with respect to TLR binding and activation.
Computational Investigations into Hydrogen‐Atom Abstraction from Rhodium Hydride Complexes by Methyl Radicals in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Keith Jason M. , Meyerstein Dan , Hall Michael B.
Published: September 2011

The controversy in the reported kinetics for the hydrogen‐atom abstraction reaction by methyl radicals for cis‐ and trans‐[(Cyclam)RhIIIHCl]+ and trans‐[(Cyclam)(H2O)RhIIIH]2+ has been resolved by studying several feasible mechanistic pathways with density functional theory. The only low‐energy reaction mechanism predicted by these calculations involves a single‐step radical‐propagation mechanism in which the methyl radical simply abstracts the Rh bound H atom from the complex to form methane and the reduced Rh product. Previous experimental work on the chloride and aquo complexes suggested contradictory kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values of 0.66 ± 0.30 and 1.42 ± 0.07 as well as rate constants for the reaction differing by four orders of magnitude. The calculated mechanism predicts a KIE value of 1.08 and a high reaction rate. The alternative mechanisms are described briefly.
Gold‐Catalyzed Dehydrative Transformations of Unsaturated Alcohols
Authors: Biannic Berenger , Aponick Aaron
Published: September 2011

The activation of allylic and propargylic alcohols for use as electrophiles represents a burgeoning new area in homogeneous gold catalysis. This review covers Au‐catalyzed substitution reactions of unsaturated alcohols in which water serves as leaving group. Attention is given to different substrate classes and the mechanisms by which the reactions are believed to occur. Recent advances in chirality transfer and enantioselective reactions are also reviewed.
Global conformations of proteins as predicted from the modeling of their CZE mobility data
Authors: Deiber Julio A. , Piaggio María V. , Peirotti Marta B.
Published: September 2011

Estimations of protein global conformations in well‐specified physicochemical microenvironments are obtained through global structural parameters defined from polypeptide‐scale analyses. For this purpose protein electrophoretic mobility data must be interpreted through a physicochemical CZE model to obtain estimates of protein equivalent hydrodynamic radius, effective and total charge numbers, hydration, actual ionizing pK and pH‐near molecule. The electrical permittivity of protein domain is also required. In this framework, the solvent drag on proteins is obtained via the characteristic friction power coefficient associated with the number of amino acid residues defining the global chain conformation in solution. Also, the packing dimension related to the spatial distribution of amino acid residues within the protein domain is evaluated and discussed. These scaling coefficients together with the effective and total charge number fractions of proteins provide relevant interpretations of protein global conformations mainly from collapsed globule to hybrid chain regimes. Also, protein transport properties may be estimated within this framework. In this regard, the central role played by the friction power coefficient in the evaluation of these properties is highlighted.
Audiovisual synchrony enhances BOLD responses in a brain network including multisensory STS while also enhancing target‐detection performance for both modalities
Authors: Marchant Jennifer L. , Ruff Christian C. , Driver Jon
Published: September 2011

The brain seeks to combine related inputs from different senses (e.g., hearing and vision), via multisensory integration. Temporal information can indicate whether stimuli in different senses are related or not. A recent human fMRI study (Noesselt et al. [2007]: J Neurosci 27:11431–11441) used auditory and visual trains of beeps and flashes with erratic timing, manipulating whether auditory and visual trains were synchronous or unrelated in temporal pattern. A region of superior temporal sulcus (STS) showed higher BOLD signal for the synchronous condition. But this could not be related to performance, and it remained unclear if the erratic, unpredictable nature of the stimulus trains was important. Here we compared synchronous audiovisual trains to asynchronous trains, while using a behavioral task requiring detection of higher‐intensity target events in either modality. We further varied whether the stimulus trains had predictable temporal pattern or not. Synchrony (versus lag) between auditory and visual trains enhanced behavioral sensitivity (d') to intensity targets in either modality, regardless of predictable versus unpredictable patterning. The analogous contrast in fMRI revealed BOLD increases in several brain areas, including the left STS region reported by Noesselt et al. [2007: J Neurosci 27:11431–11441]. The synchrony effect on BOLD here correlated with the subject‐by‐subject impact on performance. Predictability of temporal pattern did not affect target detection performance or STS activity, but did lead to an interaction with audiovisual synchrony for BOLD in inferior parietal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological noise reduction using volumetric functional magnetic resonance inverse imaging
Authors: Lin Fa‐Hsuan , Nummenmaa Aapo , Witzel Thomas , Polimeni Jonathan R. , Zeffiro Thomas A. , Wang Fu‐Nien , Belliveau John W.
Published: September 2011

Physiological noise arising from a variety of sources can significantly degrade the detection of task‐related activity in BOLD‐contrast fMRI experiments. If whole head spatial coverage is desired, effective suppression of oscillatory physiological noise from cardiac and respiratory fluctuations is quite difficult without external monitoring, since traditional EPI acquisition methods cannot sample the signal rapidly enough to satisfy the Nyquist sampling theorem, leading to temporal aliasing of noise. Using a combination of high speed magnetic resonance inverse imaging (InI) and digital filtering, we demonstrate that it is possible to suppress cardiac and respiratory noise without auxiliary monitoring, while achieving whole head spatial coverage and reasonable spatial resolution. Our systematic study of the effects of different moving average (MA) digital filters demonstrates that a MA filter with a 2 s window can effectively reduce the variance in the hemodynamic baseline signal, thereby achieving 57%–58% improvements in peak z‐statistic values compared to unfiltered InI or spatially smoothed EPI data (FWHM = 8.6 mm). In conclusion, the high temporal sampling rates achievable with InI permit significant reductions in physiological noise using standard temporal filtering techniques that result in significant improvements in hemodynamic response estimation. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tagging cortical networks in emotion: A topographical analysis
Authors: Keil Andreas , Costa Vincent , Smith J. Carson , Sabatinelli Dean , McGinnis E. Menton , Bradley Margaret M. , Lang Peter J.
Published: September 2011

Viewing emotional pictures is associated with heightened perception and attention, indexed by a relative increase in visual cortical activity. Visual cortical modulation by emotion is hypothesized to reflect re‐entrant connectivity originating in higher‐order cortical and/or limbic structures. The present study used dense‐array electroencephalography and individual brain anatomy to investigate functional coupling between the visual cortex and other cortical areas during affective picture viewing. Participants viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures that flickered at a rate of 10 Hz to evoke steady‐state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) in the EEG. The spectral power of ssVEPs was quantified using Fourier transform, and cortical sources were estimated using beamformer spatial filters based on individual structural magnetic resonance images. In addition to lower‐tier visual cortex, a network of occipito‐temporal and parietal (bilateral precuneus, inferior parietal lobules) structures showed enhanced ssVEP power when participants viewed emotional (either pleasant or unpleasant), compared to neutral pictures. Functional coupling during emotional processing was enhanced between the bilateral occipital poles and a network of temporal (left middle/inferior temporal gyrus), parietal (bilateral parietal lobules), and frontal (left middle/inferior frontal gyrus) structures. These results converge with findings from hemodynamic analyses of emotional picture viewing and suggest that viewing emotionally engaging stimuli is associated with the formation of functional links between visual cortex and the cortical regions underlying attention modulation and preparation for action. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma cotinine levels and pancreatic cancer in the EPIC cohort study
Authors: Leenders Max , Chuang Shu‐Chun , Dahm Christina C. , Overvad Kim , Ueland Per Magne , Midttun Øivind , Vollset Stein Emil , Tjønneland Anne , Halkjær Jytte , Jenab Mazda , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Kaaks Rudolf , Canzian Federico , Boeing Heiner , Weikert Cornelia , Trichopoulou Antonia , Bamia Christina , Naska Androniki , Palli Domenico , Pala Valeria , Mattiello Amalia , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , van Duijnhoven Fränzel J.B. , Peeters Petra H.M. , van Gils Carla H. , Lund Eiliv , Rodriguez Laudina , Duell Eric J. , Pérez María‐José Sánchez , Molina‐Montes Esther , Castaño José María Huerta , Barricarte Aurelio , Larrañaga Nerea , Johansen Dorthe , Lindkvist Björn , Sund Malin , Ye Weimin , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Wareham Nicholas J. , Michaud Dominique S. , Riboli Elio , Xun Wei W. , Allen Naomi E. , Crowe Francesca L. , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Vineis Paolo
Published: September 2011

Smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer, previously investigated by the means of questionnaires. Using cotinine as a biomarker for tobacco exposure allows more accurate quantitative analyses to be performed. This study on pancreatic cancer, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC cohort), included 146 cases and 146 matched controls. Using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, plasma cotinine levels were analyzed on average 8.0 years before cancer onset (5–95% range: 2.8–12.0 years). The relation between plasma cotinine levels and pancreatic cancer was analyzed with conditional logistic regression for different levels of cotinine in a population of never and current smokers. This was also done for the self‐reported number of smoked cigarettes per day at baseline. Every increase of 350 nmol/L of plasma cotinine was found to significantly elevate risk of pancreatic cancer [odds ratio (OR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.60]. People with a cotinine level over 1187.8 nmol/L, a level comparable to smoking 17 cigarettes per day, have an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer, compared to people with cotinine levels below 55 nmol/L (OR: 3.66, 95% CI: 1.44–9.26). The results for self‐reported smoking at baseline also show an increased risk of pancreatic cancer from cigarette smoking based on questionnaire information. People who smoke more than 30 cigarettes per day showed the highest risk compared to never smokers (OR: 4.15, 95% CI: 1.02–16.42). This study is the first to show that plasma cotinine levels are strongly related to pancreatic cancer.
Application of mixed‐methods approaches to higher education and intersectional analyses
Authors: Griffin Kimberly A. , Museus Samuel D.
Published: September 2011

In this chapter, the authors discuss the utility of mixed‐methods research in conducting intersectional analyses in higher education. They also discuss challenges to conducting mixed‐methods intersectionality research and offer suggestions for overcoming them.
Intersectionality in context: A mixed‐methods approach to researching the faculty experience
Authors: Pifer Meghan J.
Published: September 2011

This chapter describes intersectionality as it relates to faculty careers, and a mixed‐methods approach to researching faculty members' identities in departmental contexts.
In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of artemether, an antimalarial drug, in a gastric cancer cell line (PG100)
Authors: Alcântara Diego Di Felipe Ávila , Ribeiro Helem Ferreira , Cardoso Plínio Cerqueira dos Santos , Araújo Taíssa Maíra Thomaz , Burbano Rommel Rodriguez , Guimarães Adriana Costa , Khayat André Salim , de Oliveira Bahia Marcelo
Published: September 2011

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide, obtained from Artemisia annua, and extensively used as an antimalarial drug. Many studies have reported the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of artemisinins; however, there are no studies that compare such effects between cancer cell lines and normal human cells after treatment with artemether, an artemisinin derivative. Gastric cancer is the fourth most frequent type of cancer and the second highest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro genotoxic and cytotoxic effects induced by artemether in gastric cancer cell line (PG100) and compare them with the results obtained in human lymphocytes exposed to the same conditions. We used MTT (3‐(4,5‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide) assay, comet assay and ethidium bromide/acridine orange viability staining to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of artemether in PG100. MTT assay showed a decrease in the survival percentages for both cell types treated with different concentrations of artemether (P < 0.05). PG100 also showed a significant dose‐dependent increase in DNA damage index at concentrations of 119.4 and 238.8 µg ml−1 (P < 0.05). Our results showed that artemether induced necrosis in PG100 at concentrations of 238.8 and 477.6 µg ml−1, for all the tested harvest times (P < 0.05). In lymphocytes, artemether induced both apoptosis and necrosis at concentrations of 238.8 and 477.6 µg ml−1, for all the tested harvest times (P < 0.05). In conclusion, human lymphocytes were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of the antimalarial drug than the gastric cancer cell line PG100. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Method for Screening G‐quadruplex Stabilizers to Human Telomeres
Authors: Chu Jen‐Fei , Wang Zi‐Fu , Tseng Ting‐Yuan , Chang Ta‐Chau
Published: September 2011

We present a simple method based on the Cu2+ induced unfolding of G‐quadruplex (G4) of human telomere sequence d[AG3(T2AG3)3] to screen a number of 3,6‐bis(1‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridinium)carbazole diiodide (BMVC) analogues for better G4 stabilizers. Using circular dichroism (CD), the screening results suggest that the tri‐cations of 9‐substituted BMVC derivatives are better G4 stabilizers than the bi‐cations of BMVC. In addition, 3,6‐bis(1‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyrazinium)carbazole diiodide (BMVC4) is likely a better core molecule than BMVC for G4 stabilizers.
Study on the Film Properties and Recognition for Metal Ions of Calix[4]arenes Derivative by Langmuir Monolayer
Authors: Wu Xian‐Li , Luo Pei‐Li , Zhu Shi‐Jia , Zhang Shu‐Sheng , Ye Bao‐Xian
Published: September 2011

Calixarene molecules are very powerful ligand for ions and small molecules, and have been studied with several techniques as models for host‐guest systems. In this approach, the formation of Langmuir monolayer properties of three kinds calix[4]arene derivative were characterized and one of them, p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene (TCA), was chosen as object to study its Langmuir monolayer affected by different subphase conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular recognition ability of TCA for metal ions at the water‐air interface. Changing the composition of aqueous subphase (containing various metal ion solutions respectively) produced strong variations on the monolayer parameters, indicating a different selectivity of the TCA ligand for the different metal cations. In particular, high selectivity for transition metal ions was found. Limiting area values are discussed in relation to the orientation of the cone‐shaped molecules at the water‐air interface.
Treatment failure in behavior therapy: focus on behavioral activation for depression
Authors: Hopko Derek R. , Magidson Jessica F. , Lejuez C.W.
Published: September 2011

Behavioral activation (BA) has come to be recognized as an empirically supported treatment for depression. Despite the general success of the approach, many patients experience treatment failure. Based on behavioral models of depression, we present several reasons for treatment failure in BA, including patient inability to understand and adopt the treatment rationale, lack of awareness or ability to articulate and behave according to life values, behavioral noncompliance, and ineffectiveness of contingency management to increase exposure to environmental rewards and reduce contact with both aversive environmental events and reinforcement of depressed behavior. A case study of treatment failure with a depressed breast cancer patient is presented, along with recommendations to reduce failure rates in BA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 67:1–11, 2011.
Validation of a radioimmunoassay for measuring testosterone concentrations in plasma samples of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum: outstandingly elevated levels in the wild and the effect of captivity
Authors: Vera Federico , Zenuto Roxana Rita , Antenucci Carlos Daniel , Busso Juan Manuel , Marín Raúl Héctor
Published: September 2011

We validated the Coat‐a‐Count® radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit for measuring testosterone in plasma samples of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum and evaluated testosterone levels in free‐living and captive individuals. The performance of the assay was evaluated by the assessment of parallelism, accuracy and precision. Moreover, the high specificity of the assay antibody was confirmed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, followed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results indicated that plasma samples have to be treated with heat and diluted before the RIA for the optimization of the assay. Plasma testosterone concentrations in free‐living animals were outstandingly elevated (up to 329 ng/mL), which are among the highest ever reported for mammals. On the other hand, captivity produced a 14‐fold decrease in plasma testosterone concentrations, emphasizing that very significant changes in the endocrine milieu may occur in wild animals kept under laboratory conditions. Our results place tuco‐tucos as an interesting model for the study of androgen regulation in mammals, suggesting that target tissues may have low sensitivity to the testosterone signal and agree with a scenario of elevated levels of sex hormone‐binding globulin in plasma. J. Exp. Zool. 315:572–583, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and chiral purification of 14C‐labeled novel neonicotinoids, paichongding
Authors: Li Chao , Xu Xiao‐Yong , Li Ju‐Ying , Ye Qing‐Fu , Li Zhong
Published: September 2011

Paichongding, a novel neonicotinoids pesticide with excellent insecticidal activity against imidacloprid‐resistant brown planthopper, has been sold in the Chinese market as new pesticide. [14C]Paichongding was proposed as a tracer to support the further study to elucidate the metabolism of the commercialized pesticide. This paper describes an efficient synthesis of [14C]paichongding in five radiochemical steps from [14C]nitromethane (1). Then the four diastereoisomers (a, b, c, and d) were separated by preparative chiral HPLC and characterized by HPLC and HPLC‐LSC. This methodology could be utilized in the syntheses of other 14C‐labeled nitromethylene neonicotinoids derivatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women leaders—challenges, successes, and other insights from the top
Authors: Salas‐Lopez Debbie , Deitrick Lynn M. , Mahady Erica T. , Gertner Eric J. , Sabino Judith N.
Published: September 2011

The reasons for the persistent lag of women as leaders are complex. Attrition is an issue for women for many reasons, including traditional gender roles that may affect how women are perceived and the choices they have available (or they make), a lack of role models, the undervaluing of women's traditional communication and leadership styles, and organizational culture. Within medicine (clinical environments) and academic medicine (medical school and clinical environments), it is clear that the lack of women in leadership positions is more than a pipeline or a labyrinth problem. We undertook this case study to better understand the current challenges experienced by women aspiring to leadership positions in medicine and academic medicine. What types of challenges do women face as they move up in an academic or medical environment? And which challenges impact more than others in attaining leadership roles in these organizations: race and ethnicity, differences in leadership style and skills, mentorship and network, life experiences and family responsibilities, organizational culture, or gender? Our study addresses a gap in the literature by examining the leadership experiences of eight successful women in the fields of medicine and academic medicine. The emerging insights from these leaders may be useful for women from diverse backgrounds aspiring to be senior leaders in the future.
Leadership: A journey of sustained performance
Authors: Paonessa Carla
Published: September 2011

Forty years ago, the questions most discussed among those who cared about leadership were “is leadership possible among those who don't have titles and positions?”; “what are the characteristics possessed by effective leaders?”; and “how do we find the people who are the best leaders and help them prepare for positions that will allow them to have an impact?” After many conversations, conferences, research studies, and books, the terrain has shifted among scholars. Now the conversations focus on questions such as “If leadership is a shared responsibility among members of groups, how can the full leadership potential of all be cultivated?”; “What role do collaborators play in empowering positive leadership and defending against those who misuse it?”; and “How can organizations cultivate cultures that support and encourage visionary leadership dedicated to benefitting all?”

The shift in the questions that leadership educators now explore, coupled with the breadth and variety of the initiatives dedicated to nurturing it, demonstrate that leadership can be taught. More importantly, the practice of leadership demonstrates that many can pursue leadership and that they must if the opportunities of the 21st century are to be fulfilled. The conversations and the needs for leadership have both shifted and it is now incumbent on those who value leadership most to agree to unifying perspectives that can draw us together in common purpose. From your vantage point, what are the crucial conversations, next steps, and/or thoughts for consideration as we enter the second decade of the 21st century?
Entrepreneurship education as a new model for leadership education
Authors: Ives Anthony
Published: September 2011

Forty years ago, the questions most discussed among those who cared about leadership were “is leadership possible among those who don't have titles and positions?”; “what are the characteristics possessed by effective leaders?”; and “how do we find the people who are the best leaders and help them prepare for positions that will allow them to have an impact?” After many conversations, conferences, research studies, and books, the terrain has shifted among scholars. Now the conversations focus on questions such as “If leadership is a shared responsibility among members of groups, how can the full leadership potential of all be cultivated?”; “What role do collaborators play in empowering positive leadership and defending against those who misuse it?”; and “How can organizations cultivate cultures that support and encourage visionary leadership dedicated to benefitting all?”

The shift in the questions that leadership educators now explore, coupled with the breadth and variety of the initiatives dedicated to nurturing it, demonstrate that leadership can be taught. More importantly, the practice of leadership demonstrates that many can pursue leadership and that they must if the opportunities of the 21st century are to be fulfilled. The conversations and the needs for leadership have both shifted and it is now incumbent on those who value leadership most to agree to unifying perspectives that can draw us together in common purpose. From your vantage point, what are the crucial conversations, next steps, and/or thoughts for consideration as we enter the second decade of the 21st century?
Quantitative T2 mapping of femoral head cartilage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with noncollapsed osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with corticosteroid therapy
Authors: Yamamoto Shinji , Watanabe Atsuya , Nakamura Junichi , Ohtori Seiji , Harada Yoshitada , Kishida Shunji , Wada Yuichi , Takahashi Kazuhisa
Published: September 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate articular cartilage degeneration with transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with noncollapsed and asymptomatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with corticosteroids.

Materials and Methods:

T2 mapping with a 1.5‐T magnetic resonance imaging system was prospectively performed for 28 normal hips from 14 healthy volunteers (control group) and 15 hips from 10 SLE patients that met the inclusion criteria of noncollapsed and asymptomatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (osteonecrosis group). Exclusion criteria were past experience of pain, trauma, infection, or prior hip joint surgery. Distribution of T2 values of the femoral head cartilage were compared between the control group and the osteonecrosis group with respect to acetabular dysplasia by center‐edge angle (CEA).

Results:

T2 values of the femoral head cartilage were significantly higher in the osteonecrosis group than in the control group (34.4 msec vs. 30.8 msec, P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the osteonecrosis group and decreased CEA was significantly associated with high T2 values (T2 value = 34.6 + 3.6 × [osteonecrosis] − 0.14 × CEA, R2 = 0.52, P = 0.003).

Conclusion:

Degeneration of articular cartilage was associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head in SLE patients and acetabular dysplasia. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An experimental study on MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with SPIO marked endothelial cells in a rabbit model
Authors: Zhou Quan , Yang Kan‐Rong , Gao Peng , Chen Wen‐Li , Yang Da‐Yan , Liang Min‐Jie , Zhu Lin
Published: September 2011

Purpose:

To investigate how to label macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and trace SPIO with MR imaging.

Materials and Methods:

Atherosclerotic lesions of a rabbit model were induced by a combination of high‐fat and high‐cholesterol diet and subsequent endothelial abrasion of the abdominal aorta. SPIO particles were pretreated with poly‐L‐lysine. SPIO nanoparticles and SPIO‐labeled human endothelial cells (ECV‐304) were IV injected into model animals, respectively. The MRI scans and histopathological examination were performed 12 h and 24 h after the injection. The imaging and histopathological data were analyzed.

Results:

Prussian blue staining of the vessel specimens indicated that SPIO particles were not found in the atheroma but in the Kupffer's cells of the liver after SPIO injection. However, the accumulation of SPIO particles in the atheroma was confirmed in animals received SPIO‐labeled endothelial cell transplantation. The best quality MR scan sequences of rabbit abdominal aorta were T2WI fat suppression, T1WI, and DIR series, on which of MR image had a higher quality. Signal loss of the original incrassate plaque in the vessel wall on T2WI was found in 6 of 10 animals received SPIO‐labeled endothelial cell transplantation.

Conclusion:

SPIO‐labeled endothelial cells were superior to SPIO for MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.