bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expanding and raising of bridges in order to improve navigation conditions
Authors: Daniel Ryszard A.
Published: May 2013

We know that the condition of bridges and viaducts must answer the requirements of developing traffic loads. However, also the infrastructure below the bridge develops and generates requirements for that bridge. As a result, the existing clearance below the bridge may need to be heightened or widened. This paper presents three bridge adaptation and reconstruction projects in the Netherlands, which have resulted in heightening and widening of the navigation clearance below existing bridges. Inland navigation – carrying cargo, passengers or just recreational – constitutes an important branch of the Dutch economy. Additionally, the discussed projects comprised substantial improvements of technical condition, which extended the service life of the structures.
ANZAC Bridge Stay Cable Upgrade
Authors: Mellier Erik , Kuhn Eric , Koscher Xavier , Sylvestre Aurélien
Published: May 2013

With the recent revisions to the Australian Bridge Code and other codes of practice around the world, the Roads and Maritime Services of New South Wales (RMS) propose to refurbish and improve the performance of the stay cable system and other infrastructure on the ANZAC Bridge. This will extend the life of this key link in Sydney’s transport network. This maintenance project is being delivered via an alliance framework by Bridge Solutions Alliance (BSA).

The project involves four main areas namely: Stay Cable Improvements; Access Improvements; Fencing and Temporary Works. In the development of the design solutions, the designers assessed a number of inter-related criteria including safety, cost, maintenance, urban design, community and stakeholder input, traffic and constructability. The latest technology in stay cable design and maintenance from around the world was investigated, a comprehensive load rating to current design standards was undertaken and in-situ testing was completed to determine the scope of works for the project.

This paper focus is on Stay Cable Improvement.
Engineering challenges from assessment of Schalkwijksebrug
Authors: Heller René , Reusink Jaco
Published: May 2013

Structural assessments of eight steel arch bridges, originally built between 1934 and 1976, are performed in a large Design & Construct project which involves the refurbishment of eight bridges for road traffic over the Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal. The aim of the project is to obtain a technical life time extension of at least 30 years for the bridges with minimal obstruction of road and naval traffic during execution of the works. Usually existing old bridges will not meet all requirements for new design when the design codes for new structures are applied without any adjustments.

This paper describes engineering principles and advanced calculation methods successfully applied for the assessments of the Schalkwijksebrug. These principles and methods differ from those usually applied in designing new bridge structures and may be applied for assessment of other existing bridges in order to prevent unnecessary rejection and obtain life time extension of the structure.
Removal of Brilliant Red from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Fish Scales
Authors: Begum Hosne Ara , Kabir Md. Humayun
Published: May 2013

Removal of brilliant red (C. I. Reactive Red 2) from aqueous solutions by adsorption on fish scales of Labeo rohita was investigated. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out under different experimental conditions such as contact time, initial concentration of dye solutions, temperature and pH of the solution. The optimum pH for the adsorption experiment was found to be 7.2. The equilibrium time for the adsorption of brilliant red (BR) on fish scales was estimated and found to be three hours. The amount of brilliant red adsorbed on fish scale surface decreased with increasing pH and temperature of the solution. The negative value of differential heat of adsorption suggests that the adsorption process is exothermic. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to fit the experimental data better than that of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(1): 7-12, 2013 (January) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15089
Determination of Particle Size Distribution of Used Black Tea Leaves by Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Abul , Mori Shigeru
Published: May 2013

The particle size distribution (PSD) of a particulate material is important in understanding its physical and chemical properties. Determination of PSD is essential in many physicochemical processes and production quality depends on the measurement and control of PSD. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), in addition to sieve analysis, has been used to determine the PSD of biomass materials like used black tea leaves (UBTL). Spherical, ellipsoidal and non-spherical particles of used black tea leaves were observed in SEM images. The PSD of four different sizes ranges of spherical and non spherical UBTL particles was determined from the measurement of SEM images of length wise and width wise diameters. The results enabled to determine the mean diameter or representative diameters of particles of wide size ranges. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(1): 111-115, 2013 (January) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15106
Current Status and Future Perspectives of Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Authors: Nimesh Surendra , Mohottalage Susantha , Vincent Renaud , Kumarathasan Prem
Published: May 2013

Mass spectrometry imaging is employed for mapping proteins, lipids and metabolites in biological tissues in a morphological context. Although initially developed as a tool for biomarker discovery by imaging the distribution of protein/peptide in tissue sections, the high sensitivity and molecular specificity of this technique have enabled its application to biomolecules, other than proteins, even in cells, latent finger prints and whole organisms. Relatively simple, with no requirement for labelling, homogenization, extraction or reconstitution, the technique has found a variety of applications in molecular biology, pathology, pharmacology and toxicology. By discriminating the spatial distribution of biomolecules in serial sections of tissues, biomarkers of lesions and the biological responses to stressors or diseases can be better understood in the context of structure and function. In this review, we have discussed the advances in the different aspects of mass spectrometry imaging processes, application towards different disciplines and relevance to the field of toxicology.
A High Molecular-Mass Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 Amylopullulanase: Characterization and Its Relationship in Carbohydrate Utilization
Authors: Kahar Ummirul , Chan Kok-Gan , Salleh Madihah , Hii Siew , Goh Kian
Published: May 2013

An amylopullulanase of the thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 (ApuASK) was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Though amylopullulanases larger than 200 kDa are rare, the molecular mass of purified ApuASK appears to be approximately 225 kDa, on both SDS-PAGE analyses and native-PAGE analyses. ApuASK was stable between pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 and exhibited optimal activity at pH 7.5. The optimal temperature for ApuASK enzyme activity was 60 °C, and it retained 54% of its total activity for 240 min at 65 °C. ApuASK reacts with pullulan, starch, glycogen, and dextrin, yielding glucose, maltose, and maltotriose. Interestingly, most of the previously described amylopullulanases are unable to produce glucose and maltose from these substrates. Thus, ApuASK is a novel, high molecular-mass amylopullulanase able to produce glucose, maltose, and maltotriose from pullulan and starch. Based on whole genome sequencing data, ApuASK appeared to be the largest protein present in Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4. The α-amylase catalytic domain present in all of the amylase superfamily members is present in ApuASK, located between the cyclodextrin (CD)-pullulan-degrading N-terminus and the α-amylase catalytic C-terminus (amyC) domains. In addition, the existence of a S-layer homology (SLH) domain indicates that ApuASK might function as a cell-anchoring enzyme and be important for carbohydrate utilization in a streaming hot spring.
Danger Control Programs Cause Tissue Injury and Remodeling
Authors: Hagemann Jan , Haegele Holger , Müller Susanna , Anders Hans-Joachim
Published: May 2013

Are there common pathways underlying the broad spectrum of tissue pathologies that develop upon injuries and from subsequent tissue remodeling? Here, we explain the pathophysiological impact of a set of evolutionary conserved danger control programs for tissue pathology. These programs date back to the survival benefits of the first multicellular organisms upon traumatic injuries by launching a series of danger control responses, i.e., 1. Haemostasis, or clotting to control bleeding; 2. Host defense, to control pathogen entry and spreading; 3. Re-epithelialisation, to recover barrier functions; and 4. Mesenchymal, to repair to regain tissue stability. Taking kidney pathology as an example, we discuss how clotting, inflammation, epithelial healing, and fibrosis/sclerosis determine the spectrum of kidney pathology, especially when they are insufficiently activated or present in an overshooting and deregulated manner. Understanding the evolutionary benefits of these response programs may refine the search for novel therapeutic targets to limit organ dysfunction in acute injuries and in progressive chronic tissue remodeling
Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins and Other Lipophilic Toxins of Human Health Concern in Washington State
Authors: Trainer Vera , Moore Leslie , Bill Brian , Adams Nicolaus , Harrington Neil , Borchert Jerry , Da Silva Denis , Eberhart Bich-Thuy
Published: May 2013

The illness of three people in 2011 after their ingestion of mussels collected from Sequim Bay State Park, Washington State, USA, demonstrated the need to monitor diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in Washington State for the protection of human health. Following these cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, monitoring for DSTs in Washington State became formalized in 2012, guided by routine monitoring of Dinophysis species by the SoundToxins program in Puget Sound and the Olympic Region Harmful Algal Bloom (ORHAB) partnership on the outer Washington State coast. Here we show that the DSTs at concentrations above the guidance level of 16 μg okadaic acid (OA) + dinophysistoxins (DTXs)/100 g shellfish tissue were widespread in sentinel mussels throughout Puget Sound in summer 2012 and included harvest closures of California mussel, varnish clam, manila clam and Pacific oyster. Concentrations of toxins in Pacific oyster and manila clam were often at least half those measured in blue mussels at the same site. The primary toxin isomer in shellfish and plankton samples was dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) with D. acuminata as the primary Dinophysis species. Other lipophilic toxins in shellfish were pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxin (YTX) with azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2) also measured in phytoplankton samples. Okadaic acid, azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1) and azaspiracid-3 (AZA-3) were all below the levels of detection by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A shellfish closure at Ruby Beach, Washington, was the first ever noted on the Washington State Pacific coast due to DSTs. The greater than average Fraser River flow during the summers of 2011 and 2012 may have provided an environment conducive to dinoflagellates and played a role in the prevalence of toxigenic Dinophysis in Puget Sound.
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Biofilm Activities and Cell Selectivity of the NRC-16 Peptide Derived from Witch Flounder, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
Authors: Gopal Ramamourthy , Lee Jun , Kim Young , Kim Myeong-Sun , Seo Chang , Park Yoonkyung
Published: May 2013

Previous studies had identified novel antimicrobial peptides derived from witch flounder. In this work, we extended the search for the activity of peptide that showed antibacterial activity on clinically isolated bacterial cells and bacterial biofilm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was obtained from otitis media and cholelithiasis patients, while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from otitis media patients. We found that synthetic peptide NRC-16 displays antimicrobial activity and is not sensitive to salt during its bactericidal activity. Interestingly, this peptide also led to significant inhibition of biofilm formation at a concentration of 4–16 μM. NRC-16 peptide is able to block biofilm formation at concentrations just above its minimum inhibitory concentration while conventional antibiotics did not inhibit the biofilm formation except ciprofloxacin and piperacillin. It did not cause significant lysis of human RBC, and is not cytotoxic to HaCaT cells and RAW264.7 cells, thereby indicating its selective antimicrobial activity. In addition, the peptide’s binding and permeation activities were assessed by tryptophan fluorescence, calcein leakage and circular dichroism using model mammalian membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), PC/cholesterol (CH) and PC/sphingomyelin (SM). These experiments confirmed that NRC-16 does not interact with any of the liposomes but the control peptide melittin did. Taken together, we found that NRC-16 has potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities with less cytotoxicity, and thus can be considered for treatment of microbial infection in the future.
Synthesis, Antibacterial and Thermal Studies of Cellulose Nanocrystal Stabilized ZnO-Ag Heterostructure Nanoparticles
Authors: Azizi Susan , Ahmad Mansor , Hussein Mohd , Ibrahim Nor
Published: May 2013

Synthesis of ZnO-Ag heterostructure nanoparticles was carried out by a precipitation method with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a stabilizer for antimicrobial and thermal studies. ZnO-Ag nanoparticles were obtained from various weight percentages of added AgNO3 relative to Zn precursors for evaluating the best composition with enhanced functional properties. The ZnO-Ag/CNCs samples were characterized systematically by TEM, XRD, UV, TGA and DTG. From the TEM studies we observed that ZnO-Ag heterostructure nanoparticles have spherical shapes with size diameters in a 9–35 nm range. The antibacterial activities of samples were assessed against the bacterial species Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus. The CNC-stabilized ZnO-Ag exhibited greater bactericidal activity compared to cellulose-free ZnO-Ag heterostructure nanoparticles of the same particle size. The incorporation of ZnO-Ag hetreostructure nanoparticles significantly increased the thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals.
Functionalized Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass: State of the Art
Authors: Ten Elena , Vermerris Wilfred
Published: May 2013

Since the realization that global sustainability depends on renewable sources of materials and energy, there has been an ever-increasing need to develop bio-based polymers that are able to replace petroleum-based polymers. Research in this field has shown strong potential in generating high-performance functionalized polymers from plant biomass. With the anticipated large-scale production of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulosic polysaccharides will be abundantly available renewable feedstocks for biopolymers and biocomposites with physico-chemical properties that match or exceed those of petroleum-based compounds. This review examines the state of the art regarding advances and challenges in synthesis and applications of specialty polymers and composites derived from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, ending with a brief assessment of genetic modification as a route to tailor crop plants for specific applications.
What Do the IUCN Categories Really Protect? A Case Study of the Alpine Regions in Spain
Authors: Muñoz Lorena , Hausner Vera
Published: May 2013

Protected area (PA) coverage is used as an indicator of biodiversity protection worldwide. The effectiveness of using PAs as indicators has been questioned due to the diversity of categories encompassed by such designations, especially in PAs established for purposes other than biodiversity protection. Although international standards have been developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the policies on the ground have been developed independently of the IUCN categories, thus making the IUCN categories dubious measures of biodiversity conservation. Management plans are crucial for the effective management of parks and for guidance on how biodiversity maintenance should be prioritized relative to other goals. We therefore analyzed the aims and regulations of the management plans of alpine PAs in Spain as a first step in evaluating conservation performance. We used content analysis and correspondence analysis of instrumental variables (CAiv) to assess how aims and regulations vary in relation to three explanatory factors: IUCN categories, vegetation zones and autonomous communities. We found that the aims of many parks were vague, without clear indications of how to prioritize biodiversity goals. Furthermore, only 50% of the parks studied had any management plan, which strengthens our argument concerning the lack of clear guidance in PA management. Although certain aims were correlated with the IUCN categories, the regulations showed no clear relationship to international policies, which indicates that these aims do not necessarily influence management practices. Devolution to autonomous communities could be one explanation for the large variation in management practices among parks. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of such management policies on biodiversity.
Strong genetic structure over the American continents and transoceanic dispersal in the mangrove genus Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) revealed by broad‐scale nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis
Authors: Takayama Koji , Tamura Mariko , Tateishi Yoichi , Webb Edward L. , Kajita Tadashi
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: The global distribution of mangroves is attributed to interactions between long‐distance propagule dispersal and geographical barriers, which are manifest in genetic structuring. Uncovering this genetic structure thus provides a window into the ecological, evolutionary, and phylogeographic history of mangroves. We used cpDNA and nuclear microsatellites to evaluate transbarrier (transoceanic and transisthmian) linkages in the genus Rhizophora in the Atlantic East Pacific (AEP) and South Pacific region.

• Methods: Leaf samples of 756 individuals of Rhizophora mangle, R. racemosa, R. ×harrisonii, and R. samoensis from 36 populations across the AEP supplied material from which we used the cpDNA haplotypes and nine microsatellite markers for population analyses.

• Key results: Clear genetic differentiation of cpDNA haplotypes was found between the Pacific and Atlantic populations in R. mangle and R. racemosa, supporting the hypothesis of the Central American Isthmus as a barrier to gene flow. Both cpDNA and microsatellite analyses support the hypothesis of recent and frequent transatlantic propagule dispersal for R. mangle. Finally, we provide strong evidence for genetic similarity of Pacific R. mangle and R. samoensis suggesting trans‐Pacific dispersal of R. mangle.

• Conclusion: The American continents are strong geographical barriers to dispersal of Rhizophora, to the point where the Pacific and Atlantic populations are distinct genealogical units, supporting the recommendation to treat the populations as separate conservation and management units. Trans‐Pacific propagule dispersal of Rhizophora has occurred; R. mangle and R. samoensis might be the same species and this question should be resolved with further taxonomic study.
Following Darwin's trail: Interactions affecting the evolution of plant mating systems
Authors: Kariyat Rupesh R. , Sinclair Jordan P. , Golenberg Edward M.
Published: May 2013

• Since the time of Charles Darwin, the variation in floral characteristics and its effects on plant mating system evolution have fascinated scientists. Recent advances in the field of genetics, molecular biology, and ecology have been very effective in addressing questions regarding mechanisms and interactions underlying the evolution of plant mating systems using various model and nonmodel species. The depth of plant mating system research reflects the complexity and diversity seen in nature, ranging from self‐compatible hermaphroditic flowers to separate sexed individuals. Further, the mechanisms involved in the evolution of plant mating systems are much more diverse and differ even among closely related species. Here, as a special section, we present a suite of original papers that range from theoretical modeling to multiyear field research that address different factors affecting plant mating systems, and their effects on shaping interactions between plants, insects, and their environment.
Comparing Influenza and Rsv Viral and Disease Dynamics in Experimentally Infected Adults Predicts Clinical Effectiveness of Rsv Antivirals
Authors: Bagga Bindiya , Woods Christopher W , Veldman Timothy H , Gilbert Anthony , Mann Alex , Balaratnam Ganesh , Lambkin-Williams Robert , Oxford John S , McClain Micah T , Wilkinson Tom , Nicholson Brad P , Ginsburg Geoffrey S , DeVincenzo John P
Published: May 2013

Background

Antivirals reduce influenza viral replication and illness measures, particularly if initiated early, within 48 h of symptom onset. Whether experimental antivirals that reduce respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) load would also reduce disease is unknown. This study compares viral and disease dynamics in humans experimentally infected with influenza or RSV.

Methods

Clinical strains of RSV-A and influenza A were inoculated intranasally into 20 and 17 healthy volunteers, respectively, on day 0. Symptom scores and nasal washes were performed twice daily, and daily mucus weights were collected. Viral loads in nasal washes were quantified by culture (plaque assay in HEp-2 cells for RSV and by end point dilution in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells for influenza).

Results

After influenza inoculation, influenza viral load and illness markers increased simultaneously until day 2. Within individual subjects, peak influenza load occurred 0.4 days (95% CI -0.4, 1.3) before peak symptoms. Influenza viral load and disease declined thereafter. After RSV inoculation, a longer incubation period occurred prior to viral detection and symptom onset. RSV load and disease increased together until day 5. Within individual subjects, peak RSV loads occurred 0.2 days (95% CI -0.7, 1.05) before peak symptoms, after which both illness measures and viral load declined together.

Conclusions

Viral and disease dynamics in experimental human infections suggest that reducing RSV load, if timed similarly to clinically-effective influenza antivirals, might be expected to have a similar or greater window of opportunity for reducing clinical RSV disease.
96-Week Resistance Analyses of Rilpivirine in Treatment-Naive, HIV-1-Infected Adults from the Echo and Thrive Phase Iii Trials
Authors: Rimsky Laurence , Van Eygen Veerle , Hoogstoel Annemie , Stevens Marita , Boven Katia , Picchio Gaston , Vingerhoets Johan
Published: May 2013

Background

In the ECHO/THRIVE 96-week efficacy analysis, the response rate was 78% with rilpivirine (RPV) and efavirenz (EFV) plus two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Methods

For resistance analyses, virological failures (VFs) were genotyped and/or phenotyped at baseline and failure.

Results

In the overall 96-week resistance analyses, the proportion of VFs was higher with RPV (96/686, 14%) versus EFV (52/682, 8%), but similar within weeks 48–96 (22/686, 3% versus 16/682, 2%). In genotyped VFs, treatment-emergent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were as common with RPV (46/86, 53%) versus EFV (20/42, 48%), but nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor RAMs were more common with RPV (48/86, 56%) than EFV (11/42, 26%). In RPV VFs, E138K+M184I remained the most frequent combination. Among RPV VFs with phenotypic RPV resistance, cross-resistance was observed with nevirapine (16/35, 46%), EFV (30/35, 86%) and etravirine (32/35, 91%). Among patients with baseline viral load (VL)≤100,000 copies/ml, there were fewer VFs (RPV: 28/368, 8%; EFV: 20/329, 6%), fewer VFs with treatment-emergent NNRTI RAMs (RPV: 10/27, 37%; EFV: 6/17, 35%), and less phenotypic resistance to RPV and other NNRTIs, than in patients with baseline VL>100,000 copies/ml (VFs: 68/318, 21% [RPV], 32/353, 9% [EFV]; NNRTI RAMs: 36/59, 61% [RPV], 14/32, 56% [EFV]). Among RPV VFs with baseline VL≤100,000 copies/ml observed within weeks 48–96, only 1/7 had phenotypic resistance to RPV.

Conclusions

During the second year of treatment in ECHO/THRIVE, few VFs with emerging NNRTI RAMs (no new RPV RAMs) occurred.
L'espace kurde entre unité et diversité
Authors: Bozarslan Hamit
Published: May 2013

Le contexte régional d’avant 2010 se caractérisait par une double radicalisation de l’espace kurde, d’abord dans chacune de ses parties en Turquie, en Iran, en Irak et en Syrie par rapport aux États, puis dans sa dimension transfrontalière, impliquant de nombreuses interactions entre divers acteurs politiques. Mais, depuis juin-juillet 2012, la situation régionale a basculé dans un état de violence. Au cœur de l’espace kurde, terme qu’on pourrait préférer à celui de Kurdistan pour mieux appréhender toutes les ramifications et toute la complexité de la question kurde à l’échelle moyen-orientale, il y a désormais le Kurdistan d’Irak qui dispose du statut d’entité fédérée et qui pourrait, potentiellement du moins, constituer le noyau d’un futur État kurde. Il est évident que l’existence de cette entité suscite autant d’espoir chez les Kurdes que d’inquiétude dans les États où ils se trouvent ; elle sert en tout cas de repère symbolique fort expliquant la radicalisation de l’espace kurde dans sa totalité.
Succès et déboires des séries télévisées turques à l'international. Une influence remise en question.
Authors: Paris Julien
Published: May 2013

Vieux d’à peine une dizaine d’années, le succès des séries turques à l’international connaît aujourd’hui un tournant : aux performances en termes commercial et d’audience succède une multiplication des réactions venues des pays voisins. En prenant d’abord pour exemple le cas de la diffusion de feuilletons turcs en Grèce et ses effets supposés bénéfiques au «  soft power  » turc (1), cet article tente d’analyser les atouts et les mécanismes permettant aux fictions audiovisuelles de s’insérer dans un marché régional spécifique en termes de contenus culturels (2), pour enfin constater que les valeurs véhiculées dans ces séries – et qui constituent leurs atouts – sont à la base même des critiques que subit la Turquie sur la scène diplomatique régionale, ce sur plusieurs fronts et dans différents registres (3).
L'aménagement du grand Istanbul : entre ambition géopolitique mondiale et enjeux fonciers locaux. Le troisième pont sur le Bosphore
Authors: Morvan Yoann
Published: May 2013

La construction du troisième pont sur le Bosphore est un puissant révélateur des enjeux multiples qui caractérisent la mégapole. Facilitant le passage entre Europe et Asie, il sert les ambitions internationales du gouvernement turc qui souhaite faire de la métropole du Bosphore son porte-étendard. La nouvelle infrastructure est un outil de l’aménagement du grand Istanbul. À un niveau local, outre le désengorgement escompté du trafic automobile, l’un des plus saturés au monde, il permet la création de nouvelles opportunités de spéculation foncière en offrant une accessibilité autoroutière à des franges de l’agglomération encore non urbanisées. Cela constitue des menaces à l’environnement stambouliote, en particulier à ses espaces forestiers et à ses ressources en eau, et à certaines couches sociales populaires. Dénonçant ces menaces, des groupes de militants se sont formés. Le troisième pont interroge la géopolitique locale du parti au pouvoir à l’échelle nationale et municipale.
Fostering Completion of the Doctor of Philosophy Degree Through Scholarly Collegial Support
Authors: Pancheri Karen , Fowler Debra L. , Wiggs Carol M. , Schultz Rebecca , Lewis Patricia , Nurse Rachelle
Published: May 2013

The doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree in nursing science prepares nurses to be scientists through a rigorous program of scholarship and research. Nurses who complete this degree are recognized globally as researchers who are expected to pursue a career of intellectual inquiry. Today, the internationally small cohort of PhD-prepared nurses contributes empirically to the generation and development of nursing science. There is currently a shortage of doctorally prepared nurses to meet the increased demands for researchers and educators in schools of nursing and experts in patient care. The Institute of Medicine has recommended doubling the number of doctorally prepared nurses by 2020 and has emphasized that nurses achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved educational system that promotes seamless academic progression. However, in the United States, the overall PhD completion rate is only 57%. This article reports on the process undertaken by a collegial support group of students in a PhD in nursing science program who encouraged each other’s progress through the dissertation process within a calendar year.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(7):309–312.
Nutritional and functional characteristics of Erophaca baetica seeds, a legume endemic to the Mediterranean region
Authors: Cortés-Giraldo I. , Alaiz M. , Girón-Calle J. , Megías C. , Vioque J.
Published: May 2013

Erophaca baetica is a legume endemic to the Mediterranean region. Although the fruits and seeds are large, the presence of the “locoism” which produces the alkaloid, swainsonine has prevented its use as animal feed or for human nutrition. Their protein content and chromatographic profile, amino acid composition, fatty acid composition, and polyphenol contents have been determined in order to explore the potential of the E. baetica seeds as a source of dietary protein with functional components. The protein content was found to be 36% (w/w), and an amino acid analysis revealed a deficiency in sulphur amino acids, tryptophane, and lysine. The low lysine content is probably due to the abundance of alkaloids metabolically derived from this amino acid. Oleic and linoleic acids are the major fatty acids in the seeds. The antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts was higher than the activity of the polyphenols extracted from most edible legume seeds. Hence, E. baetica seeds represent a promising source of functional and nutritional components on the condition that the anti-nutritional alkaloids are previously removed.
Aeration and Sodium chloride in the develop of microflora and phycochemical parameters on the Olea europaea L. cv Sevillana fermentation at the natural black style in La Yarada zone-Tacna
Authors: Clavijo Koc C. , Garragate Rospigliosi W. , Gallegos Arata M. , Lanchipa Sepúlveda P. , Villalobos Ochoa C.
Published: May 2013

The aerobic fermentation of the table olive variety, Sevillana a black style, was carried out, taking into account the parameters of fermentation of fixed acidity between 1.2 to 1.5% and depended on the chloride concentration in the brine. This concentration was under 6.5% in the 9 treatments assayed, allowing for the lactic bacteria to develop. In the aerobic fermentation there were no differences in the decline of pH in relation to the anaerobic fermentation, which reached values below 3.5. The air effect is of great significance in the purge of the carbon dioxide in the brine. At the same time, the effect of air significantly affects the increase in aerobic yeast. The facultative anaerobic yeasts developed in the treatments with an initial salt level of 12% at the beginning of fermentation. The reduction of sugar concentration into the fruit decreased significantly in the treatment with air. Aerobic fermentation is more rapid than anaerobic fermentation.
Changes in the volatile compounds of pork loin (fresh and marinated) with different irradiation and packaging during storage
Authors: García-Márquez I. , Narváez-Rivas M. , Gallardo E. , Cabeza C. M. , León-Camacho M.
Published: May 2013

The analysis of volatile compounds by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry after extraction by purge and trap has been used to investigate the volatile compounds of fresh and marinated pork loin after E-beam treatmet as a function of packaging type (air, vacuum and modified atmosphere), radiation dose (1 and 2 kGy) and storage temperature (4 and 8 °C). Major differences were found between fresh and marinated samples but, in general, only minor differences were found in the volatile compounds of both types of loin due to storage temperature, packaging method and doses of irradiation. It is concluded that the application of E-beam is a very useful way to extend the shelflife of fresh and marinated pork loin with no changes in the odor of the products.
Method for the determination of concentration and stable carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric phenols
Authors: Saccon M. , Busca R. , Facca C. , Huang L. , Irei S. , Kornilova A. , Lane D. , Rudolph J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. A method for the determination of the stable carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrophenols in the gas and particulate phases is presented. It has been proposed to use the combination of concentration and isotope ratio measurements of precursor and product to test the applicability of results of laboratory studies to the atmosphere. Nitrophenols are suspected to be secondary products formed specifically from the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds. XAD-4™ resin was used as an adsorbent on quartz filters to sample ambient phenols using conventional high-volume air samplers at York University in Toronto, Canada. Filters were extracted in acetonitrile, with a HPLC clean-up step and a solid phase extraction step prior to derivatization with BSTFA. Concentration measurements were done with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used for isotope ratio analysis. The technique presented allows for atmospheric compound-specific isotopic composition measurements for five semi-volatile phenols with an estimated accuracy of 0.3‰ to 0.5‰ at atmospheric concentrations exceeding 0.1 ng m−3 while the detection limits for concentration measurements are in the pg m−3 range. Isotopic fractionation throughout the entire extraction procedure and analysis was proven to be below the precision of the isotope ratio measurements. The method was tested by conducting ambient measurements from September to December 2011.
Socio-economic benefits of weather and climate services in Europe
Authors: Perrels A. , Frei Th. , Espejo F. , Jamin L. , Thomalla A.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. There is a rising interest around the world for a better understanding of the economic and social value added of weather services. National hydro-meteorological services and international cooperative bodies in meteorology have ever more to justify their use of public budgets. Furthermore, the development of hydrological and meteorological services is to a large extent steered by expectations regarding the eventual benefits of the envisaged new developments. This article provides a compact overview of the impediments for uptake of socio-economic benefit (SEB) studies, methods and results of SEB studies to date. It also discusses some pitfalls and crucial steps to enhance a broader uptake of SEB studies.
The Study of Drosophila Mate Preference as a Research Assistant in A. Moehring’s Lab
Authors: Liu Joyce
Published: May 2013

My name is Joyce Liu and I am going into my 4th year of the Honours Double Major in Biology and Physiology program. I decided to pursue a double major because I was intrigued by many different aspects of the biological sciences. Specifically, I was very interested in translational research; how findings from basic science can be applied and used to further understand human diseases and behaviour. One area that I wished to learn more about was behavioural genetics. Through the Work Study program at Western, I was able to complement my studies with my interests by participating in research with Ryan Calhoun, a PhD candidate at Dr. Amanda Moehring’s lab. I found this experience to be very rewarding because I witnessed first-hand the amount of dedication, hard work, and commitment that goes into research. It has really inspired me to push myself further in hopes of making a difference in the scientific community. In this article, I will further elaborate on the role that I played as a research assistant, how this experience changed my perception of research, and why it changed my future career goals.
Effects and Adherence of Mirror Therapy in People with Chronic Upper Limb Hemiparesis: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kuys Suzanne S. , Edwards Tara , Morris Norman R.
Published: May 2013

Mirror therapy is a promising therapy with some benefit for motor recovery in people with chronic hemiparesis. However, there has been little investigation on the effect on upper limb sensory impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. A within-subject, repeated-measures study with 12 people with chronic hemiparesis was conducted. Participants underwent a thirty minute sensorimotor mirror therapy home-based exercise program, conducted three times per week for six weeks. Compliance with the program and the effect on sensory outcomes were determined. Light touch threshold and proprioceptive error, upper limb activity limitations, and participation restrictions were measured at baseline (Week 0), immediately after (Week 6), and six weeks (Week 12) following the intervention. Compliance with the program was fair, 66% of supervised and 62% of unsupervised sessions were completed. The paretic hand performed worse compared to nonparetic hand at baseline with no difference in sensory measures demonstrated over time. Activity limitations and participation restrictions improved by Week 12 (). This sensorimotor mirror therapy home-based exercise program showed small improvements in light touch threshold and proprioception that appear to be functionally important for this group of people with chronic hemiparesis. Mirror therapy may be a useful tool for clinicians particularly for patient independent use.
"Play is the thing!": Shakespeare, Language Play and Drama Pedagogy in the Early Years
Authors: Winston Joe
Published: May 2013

In this article I present an argument for introducing the stories and language of Shakespeare to children in the earliest years of compulsory schooling. The evidence is drawn from a project on The Tempest with a class of four- and five-year-old children led by the education department of the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2010. One of the striking results of the project was the noticeable effect the work had on children’s use of language in the classroom. Drawing on the work of Peter and Iona Opie and the applied linguist Guy Cook, I examine how children’s enjoyment of nursery rhymes and other forms of language play helped them access and internalize language drawn from Shakespeare’s original text. I then explain and illustrate how the aesthetics of play, as theorized by Roger Caillois, can help us draw parallels between the playful pedagogy of the teachers involved in the project and the playfulness at the heart of Shakespeare’s own work. Central to my argument is the contention that attending to the aesthetic appeal of the form of language can be more powerful to young children’s learning than merely concentrating on its potential for transactional meaning.
Nutritional Analysis of Whole Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, for Application as a Fishmeal Replacer in Agrifeeds
Authors: Fulton Beth A. , Fairchild Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2013

Nutritional composition of a composite sample of whole green crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.), was undertaken to evaluate efficacy as a forage fish replacement for seafood-meal manufacture. Whole green crabs sampled from New Hampshire waters were ground together and analyzed for proximate profile (moisture, lipid, protein, fiber, and ash), fatty acid profile, amino acid profile, mineral composition, and mercury content. Green crab mince contained 16.55 ± 0.29% ash, 12.27 ± 0.25% protein, and 0.21 ± 0.07% lipid, and comprised all amino acids essential for chickens and most species of fish. Fatty acid composition of ground green crab was 67.98% unsaturated, and 23.29% saturated, and was richer in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Levels of mercury in green crab mince were below testable limits. The nutritional profile of green crab mince was evaluated relative to the nutritional profile of menhaden from the literature, and possible agrifeed applications for whole green crab were considered. Green crab showed great potential as a forage fish replacer in seafood-meal applications for chickens and ash tolerant species of fish.
H2 production by selective decomposition of hydrous hydrazine over Raney Ni catalyst under ambient conditions
Authors: He Lei , Huang Yanqiang , Wang Aiqin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao
Published: May 2013

A noble metal‐free catalyst, Raney Ni, exhibited > 99% selectivity toward H2 for hydrous hydrazine decomposition in basic solution at 30°C. The particle size of the initial Ni‐Al alloy and the concentration of additional alkali influenced the H2 selectivity on Raney Ni catalysts. This convenient route provides great potential for industrial application of hydrous hydrazine as a promising hydrogen storage material. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4297–4302, 2013
Cholelithiasis in Jamaican patients with homozygous sickle cell disease
Authors: McCall Iain W. , Desai Patricia , Serjeant Beryl E. , Serjeant Graham R.
Published: May 2013

The prevalence of cholelithiasis in Jamaican adults with SS disease was studied by plain abdominal radiograph in 206 patients and by oral cholecystogram in 126 (61%) of these patients. Gallstones were found in 57 (28%) of patients, were more common in females than males, and increased with age and hemolytic rate. The majority of gallstones were visible on the plain abdominal radiograph, only 17% of patients with gallstones having only radiolucent stones. Nonfunctioning oral cholecystograms were common (10%) in agreement with observations by previous workers. Gallstones were noted in the common bile duct in 2 patients. In general there was no clear relationship between the presence of cholelithiasis and clinical symptomatology. Complications, such as pancreatitis and malignant change in the gall bladder, recognized to be associated with cholelithiasis in the general population, have not been clearly related to cholelithiasis in SS disease. More information is needed before a logical policy can be evolved for surgical intervention in cholelithiasis in SS disease.
Levels of erythropoietin in patients with the anemias of chronic diseases and liver failure
Authors: Wallner S. F. , Kurnick J. E. , Vautrin R. M. , White M. J. , Chapman R. G. , Ward H. P.
Published: May 2013

Two mechanisms are felt to be responsible for the production of anemia in patients with chronic diseases. The first is failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin (EP), and the second is failure to deliver iron to the bone marrow in amounts sufficient to support normal erythropoiesis. In order to evaluate these hypotheses we studied urine and serum EP levels and levels of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in normal subjects, in patients with the anemia of chronic diseases, in patients with chronic liver disease, and in patients with a variety of other anemias. Based on the results, we propose first that insufficient production of EP is one of the major mechanisms responsible for anemia in patients with chronic diseases. Second, insufficient production of EP is, in part, responsible for anemia seen in patients with chronic liver disease. Third, serum and urine EP levels decrease with aging, and this correlates with the fall of hemoglobin levels seen in older normal subjects.
Amphotericin inhibition of hematopoiesis in vitro
Authors: Koeffler H. Phillip , Golde David W.
Published: May 2013

The effect of amphotericin B on human and murine hematopoiesis was studied in vitro using assays for erythroid and myeloid colony‐forming cells. Amphotericin consistently inhibited colony formation by erythroid and granulocyte‐monocyte progenitor cells. Clear effects were observable at amphotericin concentrations of 1.0 μg/ml, and concentrations of 2.0 μg/ml caused approximately 50‐60% inhibition of cloning of both murine and normal human bone marrow. These data suggest that amphotericin, in concentrations achieved in therapy, can impair hematopoiesis by a direct effect on precursor cells.
Changes in distribution of platelet membrane glycoproteins in patients with myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Bolin Robert B. , Okumura Tadayoshi , Jamieson G.A.
Published: May 2013

Glycoproteins have been discovered to be important to platelet function both in normal and pathological states. We have studied membrane glycoprotein patterns in 16 patients with various myeloproliferative disorders. There was an abnormal ratio of glycoprotein I glycoprotein IV in patients with myeloproliferative disease compared with controls. There was no discernible correlation between glycoprotein pattern and aggregation response or platelet count, but patients with megathrombocytes had higher values for glycoprotein IV than those without megathrombocytes. These experiments suggest that patients with myeloproliferative disorders may have alterations in membrane glycoproteins that could alter platelet function.
Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by exchange transfusion
Authors: Pisciotta Anthony V. , Garthwaite Thomas , Darin Joseph , Aster Richard H.
Published: May 2013

Three successive patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by exchange transfusion on a total of 5 occasions in addition to receiving more conventional therapy such as corticosteroids, platelet inhibitors, heparin, and splenectomy. Dramatic relief of symptoms and objective improvement in hematologic values occurred within 24 hours of each exchange. One patient subsequently died of complications resulting from a massive hemorrhage, but in hematologic remission. The remaining 2 are now apparently well. These observations appear to confirm recent reports of a beneficial effect of exchange transfusion in TTP. Although the reason for its effectiveness is not yet known, exchange transfusion may be a highly useful adjunct in the treatment of this disorder and further evaluation of this form of therapy appears warranted.