bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface cavities produced by high‐dose nitrogen ion implantation into silicon
Authors: Rudolphi M. , Markwitz A. , Baumann H.
Published: June 2007

Nitrogen ion implantation (24 keV, 4.6 × 1017 cm−2) into (100) a p‐type silicon wafer material and a subsequent electron beam annealing at 1100 °C for 15 s under high vacuum conditions leads to the formation of an uneven surface in the implanted region caused by nitrogen bubbles beneath the surface. Annealing at 1200 °C for 300 s results in surface cavities with a mean diameter of 350 nm and a surface coverage of 3–4% and an average depth of ∼60 nm. Nuclear reaction analysis reveals that the nitrogen concentration in the as‐implanted state exceeds 57 at%, the value of stoichiometric Si3N4. Annealing at 1100 °C for 15 s slightly reduces the nitrogen peak concentration, whereas annealing at 1200 °C for 300 s induces a significant alteration to the shape of the nitrogen depth profile coupled with the lowering of the concentration close to the stoichiometry of Si3N4. The results present a new method of producing sub‐micrometre cavities embedded in a thin silicon nitride film on wafer silicon which may lead to novel micro‐electronic and biotechnology applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian approach for incorporating economic factors in sample size design for clinical trials of individual drugs and portfolios of drugs
Authors: Patel Nitin R. , Ankolekar Suresh
Published: June 2007

Classical approaches to clinical trial design ignore economic factors that determine economic viability of a new drug. We address the choice of sample size in Phase III trials as a decision theory problem using a hybrid approach that takes a Bayesian view from the perspective of a drug company and a classical Neyman–Pearson view from the perspective of regulatory authorities. We incorporate relevant economic factors in the analysis to determine the optimal sample size to maximize the expected profit for the company. We extend the analysis to account for risk by using a ‘satisficing’ objective function that maximizes the chance of meeting a
management‐specified target level of profit. We extend the models for single drugs to a portfolio of clinical trials and optimize the sample sizes to maximize the expected profit subject to budget constraints. Further, we address the portfolio risk and optimize the sample sizes to maximize the probability of achieving a given target of expected profit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighted estimating equations for longitudinal studies with death and non‐monotone missing time‐dependent covariates and outcomes
Authors: Shardell Michelle , Miller Ram R.
Published: June 2007

We propose a marginal modeling approach to estimate the association between a time‐dependent covariate and an outcome in longitudinal studies where some study participants die during follow‐up and both variables have non‐monotone response patterns. The proposed method is an extension of weighted estimating equations that allows the outcome and covariate to have different missing‐data patterns. We present methods for both random and non‐random missing‐data mechanisms. A study of functional recovery in a cohort of elderly female hip‐fracture patients motivates the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in nutritional properties of yam (Dioscorea spp.), plantain (Musa spp.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) during storage
Authors: Sahoré DA , Nemlin GJ , Kamenan A
Published: June 2007

White cassava roots (bitter variety), plantain stems (‘Afoto’ variety) and yam tubers (Dioscorea alata ‘Florido’) were stored for 28 days after harvest in the laboratory in ambient conditions (28°C). The changes in their nutritional properties (moisture, acidity, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, total sugar, ash and calorific value) were studied after different periods of storage. The nutritional changes of the three commodities were described and compared. Cassava and green plantain could be kept for a week without significant deterioration but showed progressive deterioration thereafter, while yam tubers underwent only slight changes over the total 4‐week storage period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Observed to expected lung area to head circumference ratio in the prediction of survival in fetuses with isolated diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Jani J. , Nicolaides K. H. , Keller R. L. , Benachi A. , Peralta C. F. A. , Favre R. , Moreno O. , Tibboel D. , Lipitz S. , Eggink A. , Vaast P. , Allegaert K. , Harrison M. , Deprest J. ,   on behalf of the Antenatal‐CDH‐Registry Group
Published: June 2007

Objective

To assess the value of antenatally determined observed to expected fetal lung area to head circumference ratio (LHR) in the prediction of postnatal survival in isolated, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods

Two groups of fetuses were examined. The first group included 650 normal fetuses at 12–32 weeks' gestation, and the data collected were used to establish a normal range of observed to expected LHR with gestational age. The second group included the data of a retrospective multicenter study of 354 fetuses with isolated CDH in which the LHR was measured on one occasion at 18–38 weeks' gestation. The patients were divided into those with left‐sided CDH with and without intrathoracic herniation of the liver and right‐sided CDH. Regression analysis was used to determine the significant predictors of postnatal survival.

Results

In both the normal fetuses and those with CDH the LHR increased but the observed to expected LHR did not change significantly with gestational age. In normal fetuses the mean observed to expected LHR in the left lung was 100% (95% CI, 61–139%) and in the right lung it was 100% (95% CI, 67–133%). In fetuses with CDH the mean observed to expected LHR was 39% (range 7–79%). Regression analysis demonstrated that significant predictors of survival were the observed to expected LHR (odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% CI, 1.06–1.12), side of CDH (left side OR 11.14, 95% CI, 3.41–36.39) and gestational age at delivery (OR 1.18, 95% CI, 1.02–1.36).

Conclusion

In CDH, the LHR increases while observed to expected LHR is independent of gestational age. In fetuses with both left‐ and right‐sided CDH, measurement of the observed to expected LHR provides a useful prediction of subsequent survival. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Green Tea Catechin Extract Upregulates the Hepatic Low‐Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Rats
Authors: Bursill Christina A. , Roach Paul D.
Published: June 2007

Green tea extracts have hypocholesterolaemic properties in epidemiological and animal intervention studies. Upregulation of the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor may be one mechanism to explain this as it is the main way cholesterol is removed from the circulation. This study aimed to determine if a green tea extract could upregulate the hepatic LDL receptor in vivo in the rat. A green tea extract (GTE) enriched in its anti‐oxidant constituents, the catechins, was fed to rats (n = 6) at concentrations of either 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% (w/w) mixed in with their normal chow along with 0.25% (w/w) cholesterol for 12 days. Administration of the GTE had no effect on plasma total or LDL cholesterol concentrations but high‐density lipoprotein significantly increased (41%; p < 0.05). Interestingly, there was a significant increase in LDL receptor binding activity (2.7‐fold) and LDL receptor protein (3.4‐fold) in the 2% (w/w) treatment group compared to controls. There were also significant reductions in liver total and unesterified cholesterol (40%). Administration of the GTE significantly reduced cholesterol absorption (24%) but did not affect cholesterol synthesis. These results show that, despite no effect on plasma cholesterol, the GTE upregulated the LDL receptor in vivo. This appears to be via a reduction in liver cholesterol concentration and suggests that the green tea extract was able to increase the efflux of cholesterol from liver cells.
Antioxidant Activity of Oat Malt Extracts in Accelerated Corn Oil Oxidation
Authors: Pike Paul R. , Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed M. , McElroy Arthur R.
Published: June 2007

Oat cultivar AC Vermont was malted to concentrate antioxidants, milled to fractionate only the endosperm portion and extracted with methanol to isolate the crude antioxidants. The oat malt antioxidant fraction was assessed as a natural antioxidant based upon enhancing the stability of corn oil against oxidation and compared to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The induction time (time required for the formation of 10 meq hydroperoxide per kilogram corn oil thermally oxidized) was used to measure antioxidant activity of oat antioxidant or BHT. The protection factor achieved by crude oat malt antioxidant extract concentrate at 0.26% (2,600 μg/g) was comparable to BHT (75 μg/g). The antioxidant activity of the oat and barley malt extract concentrates was not significantly different. However, the extract concentrate of oat malt had 44% less color compared to that of barley malt at equal concentrations showing its potential as a natural food antioxidant.
The Effect of Emulsifier Type and Droplet Size on Phase Transitions in Emulsified Even‐Numbered n‐Alkanes
Authors: Gülseren İbrahim , Coupland John N.
Published: June 2007

Phase transitions in emulsified even‐numbered n‐alkanes (C16, C18, and C20) are studied as a function of droplet size (0.15–3.45 μm) and surfactant type (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate or caseinate) using microcalorimetry (DSC) and ultrasonic attenuation measurements (2.25 MHz). Two DSC exothermic peaks were observed during the heating of C18 and C20 emulsions stabilized by Tween 20: a minor peak around 15 and 25 °C, respectively, and a major double peak about 10 °C higher. We tentatively attribute the minor peak to crystal‐rotator phase transition, and the split major peak to melting of the surface and core of the droplets. The C16 emulsions showed similar behavior for the major melting peak (15 °C), but the minor peak was absent‐possibly as the sample was not cooled enough to cause the rotator phase to enter the low temperature crystalline state. For similar sodium caseinate stabilized emulsions of C18 and C20, the minor peak was much less pronounced (~25%), which we attribute to the lack of compatibility between the alkane and protein molecules. There were two ultrasonic attenuation peaks for the melting of C18 and C20 and one for C16 corresponding to the DSC peaks. In all cases, the magnitude of the attenuation decreased with increasing particle size. Using an extended scattering theory approach we were able to relate the changes in ultrasonic attenuation to the changes in the effective physical properties of the alkane molecules during melting.
The progressive longitudinal traction reduction of unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Preliminary results in 11 patients
Authors: Thomsen Laurent , Vialle Raphaël , Maillet Marie , Mary Pierre , Damsin Jean-Paul , Filipe Georges
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis is rare, but is frequently associated with avascular necrosis. The rapid and complete reduction of the epiphysis displacement was shown to be responsible for this complication. We present the preliminary results of a progressive reduction technique of epiphysis displacement.

Methods

A total of 11 patients treated using progressive traction and internal fixation were reviewed retrospectively. Only children who underwent clinical and radiological follow-up for at least 18 months were included in this study to detect avascular necrosis.

Results

The mean posterior displacement of the femoral head was 67° and mean traction duration was 13 days. Of the patients, 2 had cutaneous problems requiring traction interruption, one on day 5 and the other on day 9. The mean residual slip was 16° and 3 patients had complete or partial avascular necrosis well tolerated at the final follow-up.

Conclusion

Our experience showed that if traction is supported for more than 2 weeks, a good correction of the epiphysis displacement can be obtained. Our short series does not allow affirmation of the superiority of our therapeutic strategy, especially with regards to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α prevents glycogen synthase 3β phosphorylation and inhibits cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Li Ruifang , Zheng Wenhua , Pi Rongbiao , Gao Jie , Zhang Huijie , Wang Ping , Le Kang , Liu Peiqing
Published: June 2007

Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α) has been recently reported to inhibit vascular inflammatory response and prevent cardiac hypertrophy. However, it is unclear how the activation of PPAR‐α regulates hypertrophic response. In the present study, we found that application of fenofibrate and overexpression of PPAR‐α inhibited endothelin‐1 (ET‐1)‐induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) at Ser473 and glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) at Ser9, and prevented ET‐1‐induced nuclear translocation of NFATc4 in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, co‐immunoprecipitation studies showed that fenofibrate strongly induced the association of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc4) with PPAR‐α. These results suggest that activation of PPAR‐α inhibits ET‐1‐induced cardiac hypertrophy through regulating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and NFAT signaling pathways.
Clusterin is associated with spontaneous breast cancer in TA2 mice
Authors: Sun Baocun , Zhang Shiwu , Zhang Danfang , Liu Yanqing , Li Yan , Rong Zhe , Zhu Yue , Jia Xinghong
Published: June 2007

Two‐dimensional electrophoresis and Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight‐time of mass spectrometry were used to detect the differentially expressed proteins in serum of tientsin albinao 2 mice with spontaneous breast cancer, normal tientsin albinao 2 mice and tientsin albinao 1 mice. Only nuclear clusterin (n‐CLU) was expressed in tientsin albinao 1. Immunohistochemistry and western blot validated that n‐CLU was present in normal tientsin albinao 2 and tientsin albinao 1 mammary epithelium, and secretory clusterin expressed in the cytoplasm of normal tientsin albinao 2 mammary epithelium and spontaneous breast cancer. n‐CLU may play an important role in tientsin albinao 2 spontaneous breast cancer initiation and development.
Evidence for a synergistic action of glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids disturbing rat brain energy metabolism
Authors: Ferreira Gustavo C. , Tonin Anelise , Schuck Patrícia F. , Viegas Carolina M. , Ceolato Paula C. , Latini Alexandra , Perry Marcos L.S. , Wyse Angela T.S. , Dutra‐Filho Carlos S. , Wannmacher Clóvis M.D. , Vargas Carmen R. , Wajner Moacir
Published: June 2007

Glutaric acidemia type I is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a severe deficiency of the mitochondrial glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase activity leading to accumulation of predominantly glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids in the brain tissue of the affected patients. Considering that a toxic role was recently postulated for quinolinic acid in the neuropathology of glutaric acidemia type I, in the present work we investigated whether the combination of quinolinic acid with glutaric or 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids or the mixture of glutaric plus 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids could alter brain energy metabolism. The parameters evaluated in cerebral cortex from young rats were glucose utilization, lactate formation and 14CO2 production from labeled glucose and acetate, as well as the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. We first observed that glutaric (5 mM), 3‐hydroxyglutaric (1 mM) and quinolinic acids (0.1 μM) per se did not alter these parameters. Similarly, no change of these parameters occurred when combining glutaric with quinolinic acids or 3‐hydroxyglutaric with quinolinic acids. In contrast, co‐incubation of glutaric plus 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids increased glucose utilization, decreased 14CO2 generation from glucose, inhibited pyruvate dehydrogenase activity as well as total and mitochondrial creatine kinase activities. The glutaric plus 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids‐induced inhibitory effects on creatine kinase were prevented by the antioxidants glutathione and catalase plus superoxide dismutase, indicating the participation of reactive oxygen species. Our data indicate a synergic action of glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids disturbing energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of young rats.
Screening for cervical cancer in an African setting
Authors: Cronjé H.S. , Beyer E.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To estimate the proportion of women who were screened for cervical neoplasia with Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in 2002 in the Free State province of South Africa, and determine whether progress had been made since 1985. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was done using 1887 smears, which represented 5% of the 37,749 smears examined at the 7 laboratories serving the province in 2002. Results: Extrapolating the results to the census data for 2002, Pap smears were taken in 4.1% of the female population aged 15 to 65 years during that year. The rates were 18.8% for white women, most of whom use private medical services, and 2.6% for black women, almost all of whom use public medical services. In 1985, in a similar study found that 7.1% of the female population was screened with Pap smears, which means that cervical screening decreased by 42% over the 17 years (P ≤ 0.0001; 95% confidence interval, − 3.1% to − 2.9%). Conclusion: In view of the deterioration of cervical screening services documented in this study, it seems unlikely that Pap smear screening will succeed in Africa.
Fate of mucosal healing in transplanted deep frozen irradiated tracheal homograft
Authors: Kunachak Somyos , Vajaradul Yongyudh , Rerkamnuaychok Budsaba , Praneetvatakul Veerapol , Rochanawutanon Mana
Published: June 2007

Objective

Deep‐frozen irradiated tracheal homograft has been successfully employed for subglottic‐tracheal reconstruction, as in our previous report. Morphologically, though the transplanted site appeared to have good mucosal healing, the fate of the donor mucosa is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the survival of the mucosa of donor trachea.

Study Design and Setting

University hospital‐based, prospective study.

Methods

Thirty samples from six sets of specimens, each set consisting of five samples of the tracheal mucosa, were studied. Of five samples in each set, 2 were taken from donors, one from a recipient, and another two from the transplanted sites, eight months postoperatively. The samples in each set of specimens were genetically matched by the process of DNA fingerprinting. Histological studies were done on the mucosa of donor and transplanted sites.

Results

The study demonstrated incompatibility between samples from recipient and transplanted site, and incompatibility between preoperative donor and recipient samples in all sets of specimens.

Conclusion

The mucosa of donor trachea did not survive at the transplanted site. The apparently normal postoperative mucosal lining actually represents migration of the recipient mucosa.

Significance

The fate of transplanted donor tracheal mucosa is elucidated, and may substantially explain the mechanism of rejection resistance.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Antiviral agents for the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A systematic review of the English‐language literature
Authors: Chadha Neil K. , James Adrian L.
Published: June 2007

Objective

To determine the efficacy of antiviral agents for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in children and adults.

Study Design

Systematic review to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparative studies (historical and/or nonrandomized), case series, and case reports.

Results

Twenty‐six original studies were included (one case‐control series, 21 noncomparative trials, four case reports, and no RCTs). Meta‐analysis was not possible. The antiviral modalities included acyclovir, ribavirin, intravenous cidofovir, and intralesional cidofovir injections. The strongest evidence was for intralesional cidofovir, with 17 studies including 158 patients. Of these, 90 patients (57%) demonstrated complete resolution, 55 patients (35%) a partial response, and 13 patients (8%) showed no improvement.

Conclusions

Insufficient evidence from controlled trials exists for reliable conclusions, but several series indicate intralesional cidofovir may have some efficacy. A well‐designed placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded, randomized controlled trial is needed.

Significance

This study provides the background for future study design and a comprehensive review of the available evidence.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Comparing pure‐tone audiometry and auditory steady state response for the measurement of hearing loss
Authors: Ahn Joong Ho , Lee Hyo‐Sook , Kim Young‐Jin , Yoon Tae Hyun , Chung Jong Woo
Published: June 2007

Objective

To compare pure‐tone audiometry and auditory steady state response (ASSR) to measure hearing loss based on the severity of hearing loss in frequencies.

Study Design and Setting

A total of 105 subjects (168 ears, 64 male and 41 female) were enrolled in this study. We determined hearing level by measurement of pure‐tone audiometry and ASSR on the same day for each subject.

Results

Pure‐tone audiometry and ASSR were highly correlated (r = 0.96). The relationship is described by the equation PTA = 1.05 × mean ASSR − 7.6. When analyzed according to the frequencies, the correlation coefficients were 0.94, 0.95, 0.94, and 0.92 for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz, respectively.

Conclusion

From this study, authors could conclude that pure‐tone audiometry and ASSR showed very similar results and indicated that ASSR may be a good alternative method for the measurement of hearing level in infants and children, for whom pure‐tone audiometry is not appropriate.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Is the type of dissection in lateral neck metastasis for differentiated thyroid carcinoma important?
Authors: Turanli Sevim
Published: June 2007

Objective

This study was to compare the types of therapeutic neck dissection in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Study Design and Setting

Sixty‐one patients with lymph node metastasis in the neck, treated between 1997 and 2001, were studied retrospectively. A comparative study was made of a selective lateral neck dissection group and a radical or modified radical neck dissection group for recurrence, disease free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results

Type of dissection was not related to DFS (P = 0.92), OS (P = 0.33), and local recurrence ratio (P = 0.56). The factors affecting local recurrence were the age over 45 years (P = 0.02), tumor size (0.005), and the presence of distant metastasis (P = 0.04). The factors affecting DFS and OS were tumor size (0.003), thyroid capsule invasion (0.004).

Conclusions

Determination of the type of therapeutic neck dissection depends on patient and tumor characteristics. Selective lateral neck dissection can be applied safely in selected cases.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
The effects of fine‐needle biopsy on thyroid hormone levels
Authors: Alpay H. Cengiz , Kalidag Turgut , Keles Erol , Kaygusuz Irfan , Yalcin Sinasi , Kapusuz Zeliha
Published: June 2007

Objective

Our study aim was to investigate the effects of fine‐needle biopsy used for thyroid nodules on serum thyroid hormone levels.

Study Design

A total of 25 patients who had solid nodules of the thyroid gland and normal thyroid hormone levels underwent diagnostic fine‐needle biopsy for a nodule of the thyroid gland.

Methods

Venous blood samples were drawn from the cases for measurement of serum total T3 and T4, free T3 and T4, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, and thyroglobulin levels before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the initial biopsy.

Results

Total T3 and thyroglobulin levels were found to be significantly higher immediately and 30 minutes following fine‐needle aspiration biopsy, compared to the baseline levels (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Prelminary data suggest that thryoid hormone levels show a mean increase of about 20% immediately after fine‐needle aspiration.

Significance

The implication of this finding on patient care should be determined on an individual basis.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
100 Consecutive collaborative percutaneous tracheostomies
Authors: Seybt Melanie W. , Blanchard Amy R. , Gourin Christine G. , Terris David J.
Published: June 2007

Objectives

We previously introduced the concept of the collaborative percutaneous tracheostomy (PercTrach) performed in conjunction with pulmonary medicine/critical care (PCC), and now present a robust experience that validates our original concept of exploiting subspecialty expertise.

Methods

One hundred consecutive PercTrachs were performed. The PCC team performed bronchoscopic guidance, while the otolaryngology team performed the PercTrach using the Blue Rhino introducer set. Demographic data were gathered.

Results

One hundred PercTrachs were performed between May 2003 and December 2005. The mean ± SD patient age was 54.3 ± 15.9 years. Procedural times ranged from 5 to 37 minutes, with a mean of 12.9 ± 5.7 minutes. Surgical complications included one patient with bleeding who required surgical intervention.

Conclusions and Significance

There are numerous benefits to capitalizing on the respective expertise represented by otolaryngology and PCC including conservation of operating room time, rapid and safe establishment of the tracheostomy, and educational benefits for both programs.
A clinicoradiologic analysis of symptomatic craniofacial fibro‐osseous lesions
Authors: Panda Naresh K. , Parida Pradipta K. , Sharma Ramesh , Jain Ajay , Bapuraj Jayapalli Rajiv
Published: June 2007

Objective

To outline the clinical and radiologic aspects of symptomatic craniofacial fibro‐osseous lesions and to study the appropriate surgical management with follow‐up results.

Study Design and Setting

A retrospective review of 11 patients who underwent surgical treatment during 1985 to 2004 in a tertiary health care center.

Results

Most (72.7%) cases were of fibrous dysplasia and were under 25 years of age (72%). Maxilla was the most common bone involved (81%). Lateral rhinotomy was the main approach for surgical resection. One patient underwent bilateral optic nerve decompression (left side therapeutic and on right side prophylactic). Six (54.5%) cases had recurrences that were managed by either radical surgery (total maxillectomy) or by further shaving off the lesion.

Conclusion

Treatment of craniofacial fibro‐osseous lesions is highly individualized. A conservative approach may not be able to treat all cases of craniofacial fibro‐osseous lesions. A more radical approach that includes a craniofacial resection or a total maxillectomy may be warranted in few cases.
Effect of environmental change on parasites of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as bioindicators of populations in the north-western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Khan R.A.
Published: June 2007

Studies conducted in the 1980s suggested that parasites were useful in distinguishing adjacent populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the north-western Atlantic. During the mid-1980s, cod populations began to decline, culminating in closure of the fishery in 1992. A marked decrease of cod off the coast of Labrador was coincident with climatic shifts, including a decline of bottom sea temperature, and virtual absence of capelin Mallotus villosus, its main food prey. These changes in some components of the ecosystem were independent of anthropogenic influences. An initial survey of cod parasites in 2000 from coastal Labrador revealed a dramatic decline in abundance of metazoans and also a change in dominance of species of digenetic trematodes compared to 1980–1981. Comparison of metazoan parasites in three other populations of cod inhabiting the Grand (northern and southern) and St. Pierre Banks, where there was no apparent evidence of environmental changes but only commercial over-exploitation, revealed no major alterations in abundance or dominance between 1980–1981 and 2003. The results of this current study suggest that environmental changes in the food web affected the abundance of metazoan parasites only off coastal Labrador but did not influence the use of the parasites to distinguish between cod populations inhabiting the Grand or St. Pierre Banks.
Parasites as biological tags for Eleginops maclovinus (Teleostei: Eleginopidae) around the Falkland Islands
Authors: Brickle Paul , MacKenzie Ken
Published: June 2007

This is the first study of the parasite fauna of Eleginops maclovinus in the Falkland Islands. It was undertaken to catalogue the parasite fauna of E. maclovinus in order to provide a baseline for future studies and to determine whether parasites might be used as biological tags. Between 21 January and 17 March 2002 samples were taken from three stations, Teal Creek (30 fish), Port Louis (30 fish) and Camilla Creek (10 fish), all in East Falkland, and examined for protozoan and metazoan parasites. Twenty-four parasite taxa were recorded, of which three were possible new species, two new host records and five new geographical records. Because of the small number of fish in the Camilla Creek sample it was excluded from further analyses. E. maclovinus is a protandrous hermaphrodite and all fish greater than 53 cm total length were found to be female, so these too were excluded from further analyses. The parasite data from the remaining fish were analysed by an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis using an average linkage and a Jaccard measure of similarity, followed by a linear discriminant function analysis (LDA). Both analyses misclassified only one fish from Port Louis as being from Teal Creek, with the LDA giving an overall correct classification of 97.5% (39/40). The results support mechanical tagging data in suggesting that smaller male E. maclovinus are resident in the creeks in which they are caught, and that at this stage of their lives they tend not to migrate over long distances.
Recent research (2000–2006) into applied linguistics and language teaching with specific reference to L2 French
Authors: Evans Michael
Published: June 2007

The large and wide-ranging body of research in French as a second language has contributed significantly to the development of several branches of the broad discipline of applied linguistics. However, there have to date been few attempts to provide a comprehensive account of this literature as a distinct, language-specific body of knowledge. The present overview summarises a large number of studies published since the year 2000 under the twin broad categories of research in L2 French acquisition and research in L2 French teaching and learning. The overview of the studies, representing different epistemological approaches and targeting different research objectives, provides an up-to-date account of the main concerns of L2 French researchers working in different countries. The article also draws out salient themes that link this work (such as insights gained from analysis of the impact of different L1 backgrounds on L2 French acquisition) and highlights differences in L2 French research trends (such as different emphases and perspectives adopted in anglophone and francophone studies).
‘The middling order are odious characters’: social structure and urban growth in colonial Charleston, South Carolina
Authors: HART EMMA
Published: June 2007

In recent years, the idea that Britain and its northern American colonies were part of a single ‘British Atlantic world’ has provided historians of both the Old World and the New with a novel perspective from which to explore their subjects during the long eighteenth century. With a case study of Charleston, South Carolina, this essay extends British categories of analysis across the Atlantic to uncover the origins of an American middle class. Emphasis is placed on the simultaneous consideration of all arenas of identity formation, with a view to demonstrating that examining either the cultural sphere or the economic one cannot bring a genuine understanding of the coherence of this eighteenth-century middling sort. Investigating the emergence of this social group in the widest possible sense, I show how the economic experience of these middling people forged common values which then found their expression in the cultural and political sphere. Since this middle sort achieved such coherence before 1776 I suggest that we must move away from accounts that depict colonial society as a place of binary opposites and occupational groupings, for such models cannot convey the complexity of the British Atlantic urban society that took shape during this era.
A bloody offal nuisance: the persistence of private slaughter-houses in nineteenth-century London
Authors: MACLACHLAN IAN
Published: June 2007

British slaughter-house reformers campaigned to abolish private urban slaughter-houses and establish public abattoirs in the nineteenth century. Abolition of London's private slaughter-houses was motivated by the congestion created by livestock in city streets, the nuisance of slaughter-house refuse in residential neighbourhoods and public health concerns about diseased meat in the food supply. The butchers successfully defended their private slaughter-houses, illustrating the persistence of the craftsman's workshop and the importance of laissez-faire sentiments in opposition to municipalization in Victorian London.
Contested beachscapes: planning and debating Tel Aviv's seashore in the 1930s
Authors: AZARYAHU MAOZ , GOLAN ARNON
Published: June 2007

This article examines how different visions of Tel Aviv as a seaside city in the 1930s were articulated in terms of urban planning and local politics. It expands on the beach as a site of leisure, pleasure, health and recuperation. It further elaborates on the demand to ‘improve the seashore’ in terms of architecture and urban development. At the centre of the discussion is the evaluation of the Grunblatt scheme and the public debate on the benefits and disadvantages of the ambitious project.
Is speculative building underappreciated in urban history?
Authors: BAER WILLIAM C.
Published: June 2007

The building industry's organization has been relatively invariant down through history due to housing's unique characteristics: durability, fixity in location, complex co-ordination of various trades on site and financing its great costs. That organizational form has allowed speculative development to flourish periodically during large increases in urban population, despite considerable risk. The same building and speculative processes occurred in ancient Rome and cities in England and the US at greatly different periods of time but those histories do not acknowledge the similarities of development processes that each reports. A separate ‘housing literature’ that steps back from particulars possibly explains why these accounts are so alike.
Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve and obstructed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Jeewa Aamir , Mann Gurdeep S. , Hosking Martin C.K.
Published: June 2007

We describe a combination, unique as far as we are aware, of tetralogy of Fallot with so-called “absent” pulmonary valve and supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The vertical vein was obstructed in a neonate born at term who presented with respiratory compromise.
Schmerzloser Ikterus nach Ecstasy- und Alkoholkonsum
Authors: Kis  , Pfaffenberger
Published: June 2007

Ein 21-jähriger Patient wurde uns vom Hausarzt wegen seit einer Woche bestehendem Ikterus mit dunklem Urin zugewiesen. Im Labor wurde eine 50fache Erhöhung der Transaminasen bei gleichzeitiger Bilirubinurie, ausgeprägter Cholestase und leicht vermindertem INR von 1,2 (Quick 64%) festgestellt. Eine virale, autoimmunologisch bedingte Hepatitis oder hereditäre Hämochromatose konnte serologisch ausgeschlossen werden. Die Abdomensonographie fiel bis auf eine leichte Hepatomegalie, ohne Anhaltspunkte für intra- oder extrahepatische Cholestase, unauffällig aus. Die Leberbiopsie zeigte eine subakute Hepatitis mit Leberzellnekrose. Anamnestisch war dem Ikterus ein Alkoholkonsum unter gleichzeitiger, erstmaliger Einnahme von Ecstasy vorausgegangen. Es wurde die Diagnose einer Ecstasy- und Alkohol-induzierten schweren nekrotisierenden Hepatitis gestellt. Nach 14 Tagen zeichnete sich der Rückgang der Hepatitis ab mit sinkenden Leberwerten und normalem Spontan-INR. Die Leberwerte normalisierten sich schliesslich nach zwei Monaten vollständig.
Fabric evolution across a discontinuity between lower and upper crustal domains from field, microscopic, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies in central eastern Eritrea, NE Africa
Authors: Ghebreab W. , Kontny A. , Greiling R. O.
Published: June 2007

In the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen (EAO) of Eritrea, lower to middle crustal high‐grade metamorphic rocks are juxtaposed against low‐grade upper crustal rocks along diffuse tectonic contact zones or discontinuities. In the central eastern part of Eritrea, such a tectonic zone is exposed as a low‐angle shear zone separating two distinct high‐ and low‐grade domains, the Ghedem and Bizen, respectively. Integrated field, microfabric, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies show that this low‐angle shear zone formed during late deformation, D2, with top‐to‐the‐E/SE sense of motion. The hanging wall upper crustal volcanosedimentary schists are mainly paramagnetic and the footwall middle crustal mylonitized orthogneisses are mainly ferrimagnetic. Magnetic fabric studies revealed a good agreement between metamorphic/mylonitic and magnetic foliations (Kmin) and helped to explain fabric development in the shear zone. The magnetic lineations (Kmax) reflect stretching lineations where stretched mineral aggregates dominate fine‐grained mylonitic matrices and intersection lineations where microstructural studies revealed two fabric elements. AMS directional plots indicate that the orientations of the magnetic lineation and of the pole to the magnetic foliation vary systematically across the shear zone. While Kmax axes form two broad maxima oriented approximately N–S and E–W, the Kmin axes change from subhorizontal, generally westward inclination in the west to moderate to steep inclination in the direction of tectonic movement to the east. Because there is a systematic change in inclination of Kmin for individual samples, all samples together form a fairly well defined cluster distribution. The distribution of Kmin in combination with the E–W scattered plot of the Kmax is in accordance with the E/SE flow of mylonites over exhumed Damas core complex in the late Neoproterozoic. During the Cenozoic, the Red Sea rift‐related detachments exploited the late orogenic shear zone, indicating that the discontinuities between ductile middle and brittle upper crustal layers in the region are reactivated low‐angle shear zones and possible sites of core complexes.
Symplectic tracing of high‐energy charged particles in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Yugo H. , Iyemori T.
Published: June 2007

To investigate the radiation belt, the Gauss Runge‐Kutta method (RKG), one of the symplectic numerical integration methods, is introduced and tested by tracing protons and electrons in geomagnetic dipole field. The tracings of protons having the energies from 10 keV to 10 MeV with pitch angles from 90° to 30° at L ∼ 5 are practiced by fourth‐ and sixth‐order RKG with time step 0.016 of the Larmor period on the equatorial plane. The accuracy of calculations are examined with Cartesian, cylindrical, and polar coordinates. With all coordinates, we confirmed that the calculations are stable for 10,000,000 steps with RKG. On the other hand, the calculations for protons in the same conditions with standard Runge‐Kutta methods fail within 10,000 steps. The tracings of relativistic electrons having energies from 10 to 150 MeV with pitch angles from 90° to 30° at L ∼ 5 are also practiced. For the electrons above 50 MeV, the calculations are successful for 10,000,000 steps with the time step 0.1 × RE/c by fourth and sixth RKG with cylindrical coordinates. The calculations by standard Runge‐Kutta method are failed in any coordinate system, and the calculations by fourth or sixth RKG with Cartesian or polar coordinates are also failed for all energy range above. The calculations for the electrons below 10 MeV with this time step size are all failed by any methods and with any coordinate systems mentioned above. For the effective calculations, for example, for 10 MeV electron with pitch angle 90° by fourth order RKG, we must use shorter timescale size than 0.2 of the above size.
Energetic particle observations by Ulysses during the declining phase of solar cycle 23
Authors: Malandraki O. E. , Marsden R. G. , Tranquille C. , Forsyth R. J. , Elliott H. A. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Geranios A.
Published: June 2007

We present recent energetic particle measurements from 1–20 MeV/n recorded by the Ulysses/COSPIN/LET instrument from mid‐October to the end of November 2003 and from May 2004 to the end of February 2005. Long‐lasting periods with enhanced solar activity occurred during the declining phase of the current solar cycle contributing to the high‐intensity particle events and heavy ion signatures observed by Ulysses near the ecliptic plane, at ∼5 AU from the Sun. The energetic particles injected from the Sun during the January 2005 intense solar activity were not observed at Ulysses until a stream interface that acted as a barrier for the particles reached the spacecraft. Our observations during this period thus show that the propagation of energetic particles is largely governed by the existence of large‐scale solar wind structures that impede the transport of the particles. We use the elemental composition of the particle fluxes recorded by COSPIN/LET to gain insight into the possible origin of the particle events. We study and provide a possible interpretation of the composition signatures observed at ∼5 AU during periods of CME/CIR combinations. Although predominantly SEP‐like, the observed composition showed evidence for enhancements in He, which we suggest is of interstellar origin, consistent with CIR shocks accelerating ions from multiple sources.
Measuring atmospheric density with X‐ray occultation sounding
Authors: Determan Jon R. , Budzien Scott A. , Kowalski Michael P. , Lovellette Michael N. , Ray Paul S. , Wolff Michael T. , Wood Kent S. , Titarchuk Lev , Bandyopadhyay Reba
Published: June 2007

Astronomical X‐ray sources provide opportunities for global remote sensing of the Earth’s atmosphere. We present a novel technique, complementary to other methods, that involves atmospheric occultation of celestial X‐ray sources to measure the neutral density of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere in the 70‐ to 150‐km region. These are the first such measurements in the 2‐ to 45‐keV (∼0.28–6.0 Å) passband, and the technique permits both dayside and nightside soundings. Measurements were made using the Unconventional Stellar Aspect (USA) experiment aboard the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) and the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on the Rossi X‐ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite. The data are time‐tagged, energy‐resolved photon extinction curves which provide sufficient information to determine the altitude profile of the neutral atmosphere. An ensemble of observations of the Crab Nebula and Cygnus X‐2 were used to develop a “proof of concept” of this new technique, and results are presented for each source.
Particle precipitation characteristics in the dayside four‐sheet field‐aligned current structure
Authors: Ueno Genta , Higuchi Tomoyuki , Ohtani Shin‐ichi , Newell Patrick T.
Published: June 2007

We study the statistical characteristics of four‐sheet structures of large scale field‐aligned currents (FACs) with an emphasis on particle precipitation collocated with each FAC sheet observed in dayside using magnetic field and particle precipitation data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). A total of 3247 four‐sheet events were identified by applying an automatic procedure to the magnetic field data. The occurrence frequency of the events was less than 10% in each magnetic local time (MLT) sector for both hemispheres. The selected events were classified into two groups (type W and type M) with respect to the polarity of FACs. The polarity of the most equatorward type W (type M) FAC sheet is upward (downward). Type W (type M) events are observed predominantly in the morning (evening) sector and display a clear interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BY dependence. Type W (type M) events appear for negative (positive) IMF BY in the Northern Hemisphere with the opposite dependence in the Southern Hemisphere. For each FAC sheet for type W events, we examined the occurrence of different precipitation regions identified with another automatic procedure. The most equatorward FAC sheet is collocated predominantly with central plasma sheet precipitation except for the prenoon sector, where boundary plasma sheet (BPS) precipitation has the highest occurrence. For the second and the third equatorward sheets, boundary layer‐like precipitation, BPS near dawn and low‐latitude boundary layer near noon, is dominant. In the most poleward sheet, mantle precipitation was observed frequently near noon, while BPS precipitation was dominant at earlier MLTs. These results, especially precipitation characteristics near noon, are consistent with our interpretation of the four‐sheet structures, which is based on IMF BY dependence of convection patterns consisting of lobe, merging, and viscous cells.
Seismic imaging of the three‐dimensional architecture of the Çınarcık Basin along the North Anatolian Fault
Authors: Carton H. , Singh S. C. , Hirn A. , Bazin S. , de Voogd B. , Vigner A. , Ricolleau A. , Cetin S. , Oçakoğlu N. , Karakoç F. , Sevilgen V.
Published: June 2007

The Çınarcık Basin is a transtensional basin located along the northern branch of the northern North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the Sea of Marmara, the eastern half of which has been identified as a seismic gap. During the SEISMARMARA (2001) experiment, a dense grid of multichannel seismic reflection profiles was shot, covering the whole Çınarcık Basin and its margins. The new seismic images provide a nearly three‐dimensional view of the architecture of the basin (fault system at depth and sedimentary infill) and provide insight into its tectonic evolution. Along both northern and southern margins of the basin, seismic reflection data show deep‐penetrating faults, hence long‐lived features, which have accommodated a large amount of extension. There is no indication in the data for a single throughgoing strike‐slip fault, neither a cross‐basin fault nor a pure strike‐slip fault running along the northern margin. Faster opening is presently observed in the eastern part of the basin. The Çınarcık Basin seems to have developed as a transtensional basin across strike‐slip segments of the northern NAF for the last few million years.