bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Offender Supervision, Prisoners and Procedural Justice
Authors: BICKERS IAN , CREWE BEN , MITCHELL RENÉE J.
Published: August 2019

Relationships between prisoners and the staff responsible for them have long been considered a cornerstone of institutional legitimacy in prisons. Considerable research has focused on the everyday relationships between prison officers and those in their charge, but almost none on the relationship between prisoners and those who are responsible for their risk assessments within the custodial setting. Using semi‐structured interviews, this research elicited the perceptions of 19 sentenced prisoners with regard to the procedural justice of their interactions with offender supervisors. Organised around the core components of procedural fairness – voice, respect, neutrality, and trust – the article suggests that prisoners experienced a very limited degree of procedural justice, which negatively impacted their relationships with this important staff group and their prison experiences in general.
Relationship between unintentional canal overfilling and the long‐term outcome of primary root canal treatments and nonsurgical retreatments: a retrospective radiographic assessment
Authors: Goldberg F. , Cantarini C. , Alfie D. , Macchi R. L. , Arias A.
Published: August 2019

Aim

To determine retrospectively the long‐term radiographic outcome of root canal treatments and root canal retreatments with unintentional root canal overfilling.

Methodology

A total of 220 root canal treatments (143 primary/77 retreatments) with postoperative unintentional canal overfilling and performed by two endodontists during their 45 years of private practice were included in the study. Lateral condensation techniques and nine different sealers were used. Overfilling was confirmed with a postoperative periapical radiograph and patients were scheduled regularly for recall visits. Average recall time was 4.86 years (maximum = 30 years). Two calibrated observers evaluated the radiographs and determined the long‐term outcome using the PAI score pooled in a 3‐category scale. The persistence or resorption of the extruded material was registered. The Kappa coefficient (K) was calculated and a logistic regression was used for further analysis. Odds ratios and their 95% CI were estimated.

Results

The level of inter‐observer agreement was 66.1%. Primary root canal treatments had a significantly (P = 0.015) greater rate of success (91.6%) than retreatments (81.8%). Tooth location (P = 0.019) was the only other factor that significantly affected the outcome. The type of extruded material, and its resorption or persistence did not relate to the outcome. Persistence of extruded material was significantly affected by tooth location and recall time after treatment.

Conclusion

The outcome of root canal treatment with unintentional canal overfilling was not associated with the type of extruded material or its resorption or persistence. The persistence of extruded material did not relate to a favourable or unfavourable outcome.
Influence of socioeconomic inequalities on levels of dental caries in adolescents: A cohort study
Authors: Ortiz Adriana Santos , Tomazoni Fernanda , Knorst Jessica Klöckner , Ardenghi Thiago Machado
Published: August 2019

Background

Socioeconomic factors at both contextual and individual levels influence health.

Aim

Evaluate the influence of socioeconomic inequalities on the incidence of dental caries in adolescents.

Design

This cohort study was conducted with a multistage random sample of 1134 12‐year‐old adolescents from Southern Brazil. The experience of dental caries was assessed according to the decayed, missed, or filled surfaces (DMF‐S) index. The Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) was collected during baseline as a school‐level variable. Individual variables included demographic, socioeconomic, behavior‐related, and oral health measures. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis through a hierarchical approach was used to explore the influence of exploratory variables on the mean of decayed surfaces.

Results

770 14‐year‐old adolescents were reevaluated (follow‐up rate of 68%) after 2 years. Examiner's Kappa values for the assessment of dental caries ranged from 0.81 to 0.90. Adolescents with low household income and lower school's IDEB had higher mean of decayed surfaces. Non‐white adolescents, lower frequency of dental attendance, parents' poor perception of child's oral health, and dental plaque were also associated with the incidence of dental caries.

Conclusion

Adolescents from a lower socioeconomic background and poor school context had higher levels of dental caries over time.
Trade Union Responses to zero hours work in Ireland
Authors: Murphy Caroline , Turner Thomas , O'Sullivan Michelle , MacMahon Juliet , Lavelle Jonathan , Ryan Lorraine , Gunnigle Patrick , O'Brien Mike
Published: August 2019

This paper examines the strategies adopted by Irish unions in responding to zero hours work in four sectors. It concludes that rather than adopting either a passive or a uniform approach, unions have pragmatically varied their strategies to curtail zero‐hours work through actively combining both bargaining and regulatory approaches.
Developing a rare disease chronic care model: Management of systemic sclerosis (MANOSS) study protocol
Authors: Kocher Agnes , Simon Michael , Dwyer Andrew A. , Villiger Peter M. , Künzler‐Heule Patrizia , De Geest Sabina , Berben Lut , Nicca Dunja
Published: August 2019

Aim

The aim of the management of systemic sclerosis (MANOSS) study described in this protocol is to develop a chronic care model, based on a contextual analysis and stakeholder involvement, for patients living with the rare disease systemic sclerosis (SSc) in Switzerland.

Design

Applying an implementation science approach, this study starts with an explanatory sequential mixed method study for contextual analysis, followed by broad stakeholder involvement for model development and a Delphi study to reach consensus.

Methods

First, a quantitative cross‐sectional survey with patients and healthcare professionals (HPs) will be conducted to identify current practice patterns of chronic illness management and technology readiness. Second, qualitative interviews with patients, family members and HPs will be performed to gain a deeper understanding of care needs identified in the quantitative survey. Third, a model of care will be co‐created with input from patients, HPs and other experts. The eHealth enhanced Chronic Care Model will serve as a guiding framework. The new model and corresponding outcome parameters will be refined using a Delphi‐study approach to reach consensus on a testable model of care for persons living with SSc. The protocol has received research ethics committee approval in September 2018 by the Swiss Ethics Committee.

Discussion

The MANOSS study's participatory approach is essential for contextual fit of the model for patients with SSc in this setting. Subsequent feasibility testing and implementation are planned to evaluate the model's value in relation to health disparities faced by this patient population.

Impact

Patients living with this rare disease lack access to coordinated, specialized care and self‐management support from qualified HPs. Reengineering of current care, with consideration for technological opportunities, is warranted to meet patients’ and families’ needs.
Marry who you love: Intergroup contact with gay people and another stigmatized minority is related to voting on the restriction of gay rights through threat
Authors: Zingora Tibor , Graf Sylvie
Published: August 2019

The study examined factors associated with discrimination against gay people in a public referendum aimed at the restriction of gay rights. We tested whether positive and negative intergroup contact with gay people and intergroup contact with another stigmatized minority, the Roma, were associated with how the heterosexual majority voted in the referendum (i.e., discrimination). We tested two mechanisms underlying the link between intergroup contact and discrimination—the mediation by intergroup threat and the mediation by outgroup attitudes. We found that negative contact with both gay people and the Roma was associated with a higher probability of gay discrimination while positive contact was associated with a lower probability of gay discrimination. Intergroup threat, not intergroup attitudes, mediated the link between intergroup contact and discrimination. In the case of contact with gay people, intergroup contact was linked to discrimination through threat from gay people. In the case of contact with Roma, intergroup contact was linked to discrimination through the generalization of threats from the Roma to gay people but not via the generalization of outgroup attitudes. Our research brings novel evidence that contact with one minority can affect discrimination against another minority in both positive and negative way and that perceived threat, but not attitudes, plays a key role in majority's decision to discriminate against gay people.
Pairing practice and feedback with animations optimizes student learning in online module
Authors: Brasier Daniel J. , Melville Michael , Hershock Chad , Rule Gordon
Published: August 2019

In this study, we investigated the optimal placement of animations and practice and feedback exercises with respect to each other and to static text and graphics in an online DNA replication module. We randomly assigned students in a first‐semester introductory biology course for freshmen biology majors and nonmajors to one of four online modules with animations and practice exercises (assets) either embedded with the text and images or saved until the end after all the text and images. Although we expected to find that embedding assets with text and images would improve learning outcomes, we were surprised to find that outcomes did not change with the location of these assets with respect to the text and static images. Instead, we found that colocation of exercises with animations was correlated with the biggest student learning gains, independent of where these assets appeared relative to the static text and static images. This held true both for immediate posttest scores and delayed application questions on a midterm exam. Our findings could have potential implications for how to best design online learning modules that feature multiple assets.
FSP1 promotes the biofunctions of adventitial fibroblast through the crosstalk among RAGE, JAK2/STAT3 and Wnt3a/β‐catenin signalling pathways
Authors: Fu Caihua , Liu Ping , Li Peilun , Liu Wenhui , Huang Xianwei , Liang Yansheng
Published: August 2019

Emerging evidence indicates that fibroblast‐specific protein 1 (FSP1) provides vital effects in cell biofunctions. However, whether FSP1 influences the adventitial fibroblast (AF) and vascular remodelling remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the potential role and action mechanism of FSP1‐mediated AF bioactivity. AFs were cultured and stimulated with FSP1 and siRNA‐FSP1 in vitro. Viability assays demonstrated that siRNA‐FSP1 counteracted AFs proliferative, migratory and adherent abilities enhanced with FSP1. Flow cytometry revealed that FSP1 increased AFs number in S phase and decreased cellular apoptosis. Contrarily, siRNA‐FSP1 displayed the contrary results. RT‐PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry showed that FSP1 synchronously up‐regulated the expression of molecules in RAGE, JAK2/STAT3 and Wnt3a/β‐catenin pathways and induced a proinflammatory cytokine profile characterized by high levels of MCP‐1, ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. Conversely, FSP1 knockdown reduced the expression of these molecules and cytokines. The increased number of autophagosomes in FSP1‐stimulated group and fewer autophagic corpuscles in siRNA‐FSP1 group was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Autophagy‐related proteins (LC3B, beclin‐1 and Apg7) were higher in FSP1 group than those in other groups. Conversely, the expression of p62 protein was shown an opposite trend of variation. Therefore, these pathways can promote AFs bioactivity, facilitate autophagy and induce the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines. Contrarily, siRNA‐FSP1 intercepts the crosstalk of these pathways, suppresses AF functions, restrains autophagy and attenuates the expression of the inflammatory factors. Our findings indicate that crosstalk among RAGE, STAT3/JAK2 and Wnt3a/β‐catenin signalling pathways may account for the mechanism of AF functions with the stimulation of FSP1.
Local thermal adaptation detected during multiple life stages across populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Austin Christopher J. , Moehring Amanda J.
Published: August 2019

Thermal adaptation is typically detected by examining the tolerance of a few populations to extreme temperatures within a single life stage. However, the extent to which adaptation occurs among many different populations might depend on the tolerance of multiple life stages and the average temperature range that the population experiences. Here, we examined local adaptation to native temperature conditions in eleven populations of the well‐known cosmopolitan fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster. These populations were sampled from across the global range ofD. melanogaster. We measured traits related to fitness during each life stage to determine whether certain stages are more sensitive to changes in temperature than others.D. melanogasterappeared to show local adaptation to native temperatures during the egg, larval and adult life stages, but not the pupal stage. This suggests that across the entire distribution ofD. melanogaster, certain life stages might be locally adapted to native temperatures, whereas other stages might use phenotypic plasticity or tolerance to a wide range of temperatures experienced in the native environment of this species.
Shade as enrichment: testing preferences for shelter in two model fish species
Authors: Jones Nick A.R. , Spence Rowena , Jones Faith A.M. , Spence‐Jones Helen C.
Published: August 2019

We compared preferences shown by zebrafishDanio rerioand three‐spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatusfor shelter provided by above‐tank shade and artificial plants. Zebrafish showed no preference for either shelter, whereas sticklebacks showed a preference for both shelter types over open areas and for shade over plants. Our results suggest shade may be used as enrichment for captive fish and re‐emphasise the importance of species‐specific welfare considerations.
Rehabbed to Death: Breaking the Cycle
Authors: Flint Lynn A. , David Daniel , Lynn Joanne , Smith Alexander K.
Published: August 2019

Many older adults transfer from the hospital to a post‐acute care (PAC) facility and back to the hospital in the final phase of life. This phenomenon, which we have dubbed “Rehabbing to death,” is emblematic of how our healthcare system does not meet the needs of older adults and their families. Policy has driven practice in this area including seemingly benign habits such as calling PAC facilities “rehab.” We advocate for practice changes: (1) calling PAC “after‐hospital transitional care,” rather than “rehab”; (2) adopting a serious illness communication model when discussing new care needs at the end of a hospitalization; and (3) policies that incentivize comprehensive care planning for older adults across all settings and provide broad support and training for caregivers. In realigning health and social policies to meet the needs of older adults and their caregivers, fewer patients will be rehabbed to death, and more will receive care consistent with their preferences and priorities. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2398–2401, 2019
Prothymosin alpha and its mimetic hexapeptide improve delayed tissue plasminogen activator‐induced brain damage following cerebral ischemia
Authors: Halder Sebok Kumar , Matsunaga Hayato , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: August 2019

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration beyond 4.5 h of stroke symptoms is beneficial for patients but has an increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Thus, increasing the therapeutic window of tPA is important for stroke recovery. We previously showed that prothymosin alpha (ProTα) or its mimetic hexapeptide (P6Q) has anti‐ischemic activity. Here, we examined the beneficial effects of ProTα or P6Q against delayed tPA‐induced brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or photochemically induced thrombosis in mice. Brain hemorrhage was observed by tPA administration during reperfusion at 4.5 and 6 h after MCAO. Co‐administration of ProTα with tPA at 4.5 h inhibited hemorrhage and motor dysfunction 2–4 days, but not 7 days after MCAO. ProTα administration at 2 and 4.5 h after MCAO significantly inhibited tPA (4.5 h)‐induced motor dysfunction and death more than 7 days. Administration of tPA caused the loss of tight junction proteins, zona occulden‐1 and occludin, and up‐regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐2/9, in a ProTα‐reversible manner. P6Q administration abolished tPA (4.5 h)‐induced hemorrhage and reversed tPA (6 h)‐induced vascular damage and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and 9 up‐regulation. Twice administrations of P6Q at 2 h alone and 6 h with tPA significantly improved motor dysfunction more than 7 days. In photochemically induced thrombosis ischemia, similar vascular leakage and neuronal damage (infarction and motor dysfunction) by late tPA (4.5 or 6 h) were also inhibited by P6Q. Thus, these studies suggest that co‐administration with ProTα or P6Q would be beneficial to inhibit delayed tPA‐induced hemorrhagic mechanisms in acute ischemic stroke.

image
Effect of in ovo glyphosate injection on embryonic development, serum biochemistry, antioxidant status and histopathological changes in newly hatched chicks
Authors: Fathi Mohamed Ahmed , Abdelghani Ezaldeen , Shen Dan , Ren Xin , Dai Pengyuan , Li Zhaojan , Tang Qian , Li Yansen , Li Chunmei
Published: August 2019

This study aimed to investigate the potential toxic effects of pure glyphosate or Roundup® on hatchability, serum biochemistry and histopathological observation of the liver and kidney of newly hatched chicks. On day six, a total of 225 fertile eggs were obtained from Huafeng breeder hens. The eggs were randomly divided into three treatments: (a) the control group injected with deionized water, (b) the glyphosate group injected 10 mg pure glyphosate/Kg egg mass and (c) the Roundup group injected 10 mg the active ingredient glyphosate in Roundup®/Kg egg. The results showed a decrease of hatchability rate in chicks treated with Roundup® (66%). In addition, no significant change was observed in body weights, yolk sac weight and relative weight organs except the liver and kidney were significantly increased with groups treated with glyphosate and Roundup® compared to the control group. The results showed that serum protein profiles were linearly significantly increased of serum phosphor, uric acid, aspirate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in groups treated with Roundup®, as well as the serum concentrations of triglyceride altered after treatment with glyphosate. Furthermore, oxidative stress was observed in the treated chicks, the glyphosate and Roundup® induced changes of the content of malondialdehyde in both the liver and kidney, moreover decrease of glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the kidney tissue and serum. Additionally, changes also happened in the histomorphology of the liver and kidney tissue of the treated chicks. It can be concluded that Roundup® as a probable decrease of hatchability. Exposure to glyphosate alone or Roundup® caused liver and kidney histopathological alterations, serum parameters imbalances and oxidative stress, also induced a variety of liver and kidney biochemical alterations that might impair normal organ functioning in newly hatched chicks.
Procedural memory consolidation is associated with heart rate variability and sleep spindles
Authors: van Schalkwijk Frank J. , Hauser Theresa , Hoedlmoser Kerstin , Ameen Mohamed S. , Wilhelm Frank H. , Sauter Cornelia , Klösch Gerhard , Moser Doris , Gruber Georg , Anderer Peter , Saletu Bernd , Parapatics Silvia , Zeitlhofer Josef , Schabus Manuel
Published: August 2019

Sleep and memory studies often focus on overnight rather than long‐term memory changes, traditionally associating overnight memory change (OMC) with sleep architecture and sleep patterns such as spindles. In addition, (para‐)sympathetic innervation has been associated with OMC after a daytime nap using heart rate variability (HRV). In this study we investigated overnight and long‐term performance changes for procedural memory and evaluated associations with sleep architecture, spindle activity (SpA) and HRV measures (R‐R interval [RRI], standard deviation of R‐R intervals [SDNN], as well as spectral power for low [LF] and high frequencies [HF]). All participants (N = 20, Mage = 23.40 ± 2.78 years) were trained on a mirror‐tracing task and completed a control (normal vision) and learning (mirrored vision) condition. Performance was evaluated after training (R1), after a full‐night sleep (R2) and 7 days thereafter (R3). Overnight changes (R2‐R1) indicated significantly higher accuracy after sleep, whereas a significant long‐term (R3‐R2) improvement was only observed for tracing speed. Sleep architecture measures were not associated with OMC after correcting for multiple comparisons. However, individual SpA change from the control to the learning night indicated that only “SpA enhancers” exhibited overnight improvements for accuracy and long‐term improvements for speed. HRV analyses revealed that lower SDNN and LF power was associated with better OMC for the procedural speed measure. Altogether, this study indicates that overnight improvement for procedural memory is specific for spindle enhancers, and is associated with HRV during sleep following procedural learning.
Oral processing of hydrogels: Influence of food material properties versus individuals' eating capability
Authors: Krop Emma M. , Hetherington Marion M. , Miquel Sophie , Sarkar Anwesha
Published: August 2019

Food material properties play an important role in sensory perception and consumer acceptance of foods. However, the actual oral processing behavior may depend on both the material properties of the food that is being consumed and individuals' oral capabilities. This study aimed to examine the relationships between intrinsic (oral capabilities of healthy participants) and extrinsic (food material properties of a set of hydrogels) variables to the real oral processing behavior. Three κ‐carrageenan hydrogels (κC), differing in fracture mechanics and oral tribology properties, were prepared: native κC, κC with added Na‐alginate, and a κC matrix with added Ca‐alginate beads of 300 μm. A composite score of eating capability (EC) was measured with non‐invasive techniques (maximum bite force and tongue pressure) using a panel of 28 untrained consumers. The oral processing behaviors (number of chews, oral residence time, and chewing rate) were analyzed with the same participants using frame‐by‐frame video analysis. It was found that the EC scores did not correlate with any of the oral processing behaviors. The number of chews and oral residence time showed a strong correlation with the fracture force and friction force at orally relevant speeds (10–100 mm/s), whereas chewing rate did not vary with these properties. The results from this study indicate that oral processing in healthy adults seems mainly motivated by food material properties, and the chewing rate seems to relate more to individual differences and EC than to food properties. Insights from this study, using model hydrogels, have helped to promote knowledge on oral processing behavior in healthy individuals; could bridge the gap between consumer science, psychology, and food science; and may be of interest to product developers in designing foods with pleasant texture properties.
Consumer textural food perception over time based on Mouth Behavior
Authors: Jeltema Melissa , Beckley Jacqueline , Vahalik Jennifer , Garza Jeff
Published: August 2019

Food texture assessment is difficult because it is constantly being modified as a food is eaten. While texture has generally been statically assessed, methods aimed at measurement over time are becoming more common. However, even when texture is assessed over time, that assessment is based on averages across all individuals. This study shows that individuals with different Mouth Behaviors eat foods differently in an effort to develop a texture that suits their Mouth Behavior. Because of this, their texture assessments differ over the eating experience. Overall liking was driven by whether individuals were able to transform the product texture into one that aligned with their Mouth Behavior and how well they liked the dominant texture attribute.
Biblical Inspiration & Islamic Instrumental Causality: Thomas Aquinas on prophecy and the two authors of Sacred Scripture
Authors: Yardley Brett
Published: August 2019

Scripture, according to the Christian tradition, has two authors: God as the principal author and the Holy Fathers as instrumental authors. Thomas’s biblical inspiration is accomplished through instrumental causality—the theory of causal motion where the power of a principal agent works hiddenly through a lower cause to achieve an end beyond the lower cause’s natural powers. However, Thomas formulates a new account of instrumental causality by integrating Islamic causal accounts within Greek and Christian ones. After confirming that Thomas accounts for biblical inspiration with instrumental causality, I will show how Thomas’s Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard explains his theory of instrumental causality pertaining to the sacraments and how it neatly fits biblical inspiration. Finally, I will demonstrate that Thomas’s formulation of instrumental causality is novel incorporating Islamic influences through Arabic sources including: the Arabic Liber de Causis, Averroes’s two sources of motion, and Avicenna’s modes of efficient causation. The paper will thereby conclude that Thomas’s explanation on how Scripture comes to be is beholden to philosophical thinkers of the Arabic tradition.
Evaluation of squalene oxidation mechanisms in human skin surface lipids and shark liver oil supplements
Authors: Shimizu Naoki , Ito Junya , Kato Shunji , Eitsuka Takahiro , Saito Tetsuo , Nishida Hiroshi , Miyazawa Teruo , Nakagawa Kiyotaka
Published: August 2019

Squalene is a terpenoid found in human skin surface lipids (SSLs) and foods that possesses beneficial properties. However, since oxidation of squalene causes various complications, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms by which squalene is oxidized. In this study, we aimed to determine the oxidation mechanisms of squalene in SSLs and shark liver oil (SLO) supplements by the analysis of squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH) isomers, on the basis of our previous finding that different oxidation mechanisms yield different SQOOH isomers. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of SQOOH isomers revealed that squalene in human SSLs was oxidized by singlet oxygen oxidation, whereas squalene in SLO was oxidized mainly by free radicals. As a result, we have presented the first evidence suggesting that the analysis of SQOOH isomers enables estimation of oxidation mechanisms. Estimating oxidation mechanisms by analyzing SQOOH isomers may provide a foundation for the prevention of skin diseases and food deterioration via regulation of squalene oxidation.
An exploration of how community‐dwelling older adults enhance their well‐being
Authors: Waterworth Susan , Raphael Deborah , Gott Merryn , Arroll Bruce , Benipal Jagpal , Jarden Aaron
Published: August 2019

Aim and objectives

To explore community‐dwelling older adults approaches to enhancing their psychological well‐being.

Background

Older adults who are living with long‐term or chronic health conditions are particularly at risk of experiencing low psychological well‐being. Little attention has been paid to preventive strategies that enhance psychological well‐being and, in particular, to understanding how older adults enhance their own well‐being.

Methods

Using Seligman's PERMA model of well‐being (2011) as an organisational framework, this qualitative study interviewed 48 older people aged between 66 and 99 years. Of these, 17 men and 20 women participated in semi‐structured interviews. Additionally, 11 women, all widows with a mean age of 81 years, participated in a focus group. The data were analysed with reference to the five aspects of PERMA (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment) with a focus on identifying what actions the older people were taking to enhance their well‐being. Further analysis involved coding the data into processes or practices and also influencing factors.

Findings

Most participants used a range of strength‐based strategies or practices to enhance their well‐being. For a small number of participants (n = 3), these practices were supported by the presence of partners as carers. However, using PERMA as our conceptual model illustrated that despite Seligman's view that individuals can take positive action within each of the five aspects of PERMA to enhance well‐being, external factors, for example economic circumstances or mobility, can influence the ability of older adults to undertake well‐being practices.

Conclusions

Older adults have a range of strategies or practices that they use to enhance their well‐being. However, well‐being is not a static concept and it is important to recognise the influence of health, social and environmental factors as enablers and enhancers of well‐being.

Implications for practice

Nurses can play a central role in supporting older adults who may be at risk of lower well‐being. Nurses can do this by developing interventions to enhance well‐being and ensuring better person‐activity fit of strategies and practices. Our findings support the need for nurses to be involved in providing opportunities for older people to discuss well‐being to support the development of individual, as well as community, models of well‐being.
China's New Role in the Region of the Middle East: A Policy Debate
Authors: Zhang Chuchu , Xiao Chaowei
Published: August 2019

Along with China's growing presence and interests in the Middle East, Beijing finds it increasingly challenging to sit on the sidelines of regional conflicts and tensions and has called for establishing China's new role in the region. By adopting content analysis to examine 53 articles written by Chinese elites, this study analyzes how the concept of China's new role in the Middle East is understood by this group. In particular, it addresses the following questions: What is new about China's new role? What are the policy debates of Chinese elites? And, has China's policy fundamentally changed or not? This study finds that the concept of “China's new role in the Middle East” is still under heated debate. This concerns what extent, and in which aspects, China should abandon the non‐interference and non‐involvement policy in the Middle East; whether China should identify itself as an order participant or order shaper; and which countries China should attach most importance to when conducting role adjustment in the region. The article also finds that China's elites and decision makers oscillate between prioritizing China's economic interests and geopolitical concerns with respect to this issue. This argument is tested by using the ordinary least squares model. The article concludes that the new role is too vague to be institutionalized at this stage, which reflects China's dilemma between expanding its influence and discursive power in the Middle East's rule‐setting, and trying to maintain its current risk‐aversion policy by not turning any Middle Eastern country or major international player in the region, such as the United States, into a hostile force.
Who gives and receives more? Older couples' personality and spousal support
Authors: Lee Kyuho , Martin Peter
Published: August 2019

This study examined the effects of the Big Five personality traits on support/strain exchange within older couples. Data of 1,775 older couples aged between 50 and 85 years in 2014 from the Health and Retirement Study were assessed, and actor–partner interdependent models were used. For the actor effects, all the five factors predicted their report on the spousal support/strain from the spouse; some differences between husbands and wives, as well as support and strain, were detected. For the partner effects, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism predicted the support/strain provision reported by the partner. The findings of this study illustrate that certain personality factors work as predictors of spousal support/strain in older couples. The possible mechanism with regard to older adults' personality and marital relationship was discussed.
Philosophy and animal welfare science
Authors: Bruckner Donald W.
Published: August 2019

Although human well‐being is a topic of much contemporary philosophical discussion, there has been comparatively little theoretical discussion in philosophy of (nonhuman) animal well‐being. Animal welfare science is a well‐established scientific discipline that studies animal well‐being from an empirical standpoint. This article examines parts of this literature that may be relevant to philosophical treatments of animal well‐being and to other philosophical issues. First, I explain the dominant conceptions of well‐being in animal welfare science and survey some debates in that literature surrounding these competing conceptions. Second, I explain the empirical methods used to measure animal well‐being. Third, I argue for the philosophical relevance of the research in animal welfare science and outline some philosophical issues concerning animal welfare and its science that I claim are worthy of attention by philosophers.
Differential heavy metal sensitivity in seven algal species from the NIES culture collection based on delayed fluorescence assays
Authors: Ota Shuhei , Yamaguchi Haruyo , Vanel Faustine , Fuchida Shigeshi , Koshikawa Hiroshi , Yamagishi Takahiro , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Kawachi Masanobu
Published: August 2019

Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are the target of available metallic resources. The toxic impacts of leachable metals from hydrothermal ore by mining operations in marine environments are a concern. However, ecotoxicological knowledge about marine algae, and particularly open ocean species, is still limited. Here, we evaluated the toxic effects of three leachable metals (i.e. Zn, Cu, and Pb) on seven marine algae, including cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, by a delayed fluorescence method. Cyanobacterial Synechococcus and Cyanobium species were sensitive to Zn and Cu, while eukaryotic algae showed various responses to heavy metal species. The prasinophycean Bathycoccus prasinos NIES‐2670 was sensitive to all metal species; this strain is a potential test strain to detect the leachable metals. A co‐culture experiment showed that the impact on community structure varies depending on leachable metal species. This study demonstrates that surveys across multiple taxonomic groups are necessary to assess the impact of SMS‐mining operations on marine ecosystems as a whole.
The Historical Presidency: A Strategy of Strength: The Truman Presidency and the Rhetorical Linkage of Warfare and Welfare
Authors: Strickler Jeremy L.
Published: August 2019

This article examines the dynamic between the wartime presidency and domestic policy advocacy. The Truman administration developed a strategy to rhetorically link themes and programs of social welfare and national defense, particularly as concerns about the latter emerged on the national agenda. I find that this practice of rhetorical linkage often involved framing Fair Deal objectives as critical to America's national strength. My conclusion is supported by archival evidence from the Truman Library. Rather than merely a rhetorical posture, it is evident that many Fair Deal advocates maintained the idea that a broad social welfare agenda was necessary to uphold American national security objectives.
Alzheimer's deterioration in intellectual and neurobiological staging supports the retrogenesis model: a double dissociation between verbal/non‐verbal judgments and the left/right parieto‐temporal glucose metabolism. A retrospective data analysis from the Tajiri Project
Authors: Meguro Mitsue , Meguro Kenichi , Takahashi Kyoko , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Tashiro Manabu
Published: August 2019

Background

Alzheimer disease (AD) patients demonstrate various clinical features reminiscent of children (the retrogenesis model). The Binet test is available for assessing mental development and deterioration. However, neuroimaging correlations remain to be clarified. Although AD patients also manifest social judgment disability, there are few cognitive tests, contrary to so many memory tests. Among the database, we noticed that the Binet test includes the subscale of social judgement using illogical sentences and pictures. The aim of this study is to clarify the neuroimaging correlations for the Binet test, especially for the illogical questions.

Methods

Forty participants were selected from the database of the Tajiri Project. The Tanaka‐Binet test was used to evaluate the mental age and the basic age. The latter is the age level at which the patient can completely accomplish all questions at the immediately lower age level and is used for calculating the mental age. Using the subtests of illogical sentences/pictures, logical judgment abilities were assessed. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we performed four‐grade visual evaluation for cortical atrophy. The cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglc) was measured using an autoradiographic method of 18F‐fluoreodeoxyglucose – positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET).

Results

There was a significant Spearman's correlation between the clinical stage and the basic age. Degree of frontal, temporal and hippocampal atrophy were correlated with the basic age. The entire grey matter and frontal and temporal CMRglc were associated with the basic age. The illogical sentences scores were correlated with the bilateral temporal, hippocampal and the left parieto‐temporal CMRglc, whereas the illogical picture scores were correlated with the right parieto‐temporal CMRglc.

Conclusions

We found that frontal and temporal atrophy as well as hypometabolism were associated with the basic age. Regarding the illogical judgment, the current PET data analysis disclosed that there may be a double dissociation between verbal/non‐verbal judgments and the left/right parieto‐temporal areas.
Habitat conditions at beaver settlement sites: implications for beaver restoration projects
Authors: Ritter Torrey D. , Gower Claire N. , McNew Lance B.
Published: August 2019

Recognition that beavers are integral components of stream ecosystems has resulted in an increase in beaver‐mediated habitat restoration projects. Beaver restoration projects are frequently implemented in degraded stream systems with little or no beaver activity. However, selection of restoration sites is often based on habitat suitability research comparing well‐established beaver colonies to unoccupied stream sections or abandoned colonies. Because beavers dramatically alter areas they occupy, assessing habitat conditions at active colonies may over‐emphasize habitat characteristics that are modified by beaver activity. During 2015–2017, we conducted beaver activity surveys on streams in the upper Missouri River watershed in southwest Montana, United States, to investigate habitat selection by beavers starting new colonies in novel areas. We compared new colony locations in unmodified stream segments to unsettled segments to evaluate conditions that promoted colonization. Newly settled stream segments had relatively low gradients (β ± SE = −0.72 ± 0.27), narrow channels (β = −1.31 ± 0.46), high channel complexity (β = 0.76 ± 0.42), high canopy cover of woody riparian vegetation (β = 0.56 ± 0.21), and low‐lying areas directly adjacent to the stream (β = 0.36 ± 0.24), whereβdenotes covariate effect sizes. Habitat selection patterns differed between our new settlement site analysis and an analysis of occupied versus unoccupied stream segments, suggesting that assessing habitat suitability based on active colonies may result in misidentification of suitable site conditions for beaver restoration. Our research provides recommendations for beaver restoration practitioners to select restoration sites that will have the highest probability of successful colony establishment.
How do we improve health care? The example of missed opportunities to address chronic wet cough in children in remote Australia
Authors: Roseby Robert
Published: August 2019

See related Article
Economic advancement and reputation strategies: Seventeenth‐century Dutch women writing for profit
Authors: Geerdink Nina
Published: August 2019

This essay examines how economic circumstances and imperatives influenced strategies of self‐representation employed by women writing in the Dutch Republic. At the core of the analysis is the poetry of Maria Margaretha van Akerlaecken (1605–after 1662) and Katharina Lescailje (1649–1711). Economic advancement for literary authors in the Dutch Republic was defined by the marginality of literary patronage in court culture and few possibilities to profit through the market. Van Akerlaecken, however, succeeded in finding patrons abroad, and Lescailje, who ran a publishing house, could print her own works and thus profited directly from their sales. The respective modes of self‐representation of these women in their published works moved in opposite directions because of these differing modes of earning, but each can be traced back to the same issue: they were women and writers striving for economic advancement and this combination turned out to be a problematic one, asking for strategic reputation management.
Medical student imaging case files in the cloud
Authors: Lilly John F , Verma Neha , Jordan Sheryl G , Oldan Jorge D , Fordham Lynn A , Noone Peadar G , Beck Dallaghan Gary L
Published: August 2019

Background

Millennial digital learners value meaningful work, immediate feedback, collaborative communication and technology implementation. A student‐produced digital imaging teaching case file‐centric flipped curriculum offers these benefits. Our questions included: (i) is a cloud‐based website platform supporting the online publication of student‐selected and student‐submitted teaching cases feasible; and (ii) what were the impressions of students of this educational intervention?

Methods

An open‐source medical student‐centric radiology website was created with limited‐access cloud upload capability, with site analytics continuously recorded. Medical students submitted de‐identified radiology cases on a topic of their choosing, for peer review and publication. By making the host site publicly accessible, we empowered students to list their publication(s) on resumes. Following six blocks of the 2018/19 academic year after implementation, an electronic survey was sent to the eligible medical student cohort who had were enrolled in a radiology elective in order to assess the effectiveness of the intervention (n = 107).

Results

The survey response rate was 52% (n = 56), of which 98% participated (n = 55) and 75% completed a teaching file (n = 42). The students assessed their ability to systematically review imaging, communicate pertinent clinical information, appropriately order imaging, correctly use the ACR Appropriateness Criteria®, consider procedure costs, consider procedure risks, consider procedure benefits, evaluate effectiveness and identify who to direct questions to regarding correct study. Students reported answers on a seven‐point Likert scale. Data scores ranged from 5.28 (agree) to 6.71 (strongly agree) across all categories.

Conclusions

Our successful student‐developed teaching file takes advantage of digital radiology and the educational tools favoured by millennials. This activity meets core competencies in self‐directed and lifelong learning.
INVESTIGATION OF CAPABILITIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TOMOGRAPHY FOR PIPELINE IMAGING
Authors: Mukaiyin Nur Fharahin , Mohamad Elmy Johana , Mansor Zulkifli , Mohamad Ameran Hanis Liyana , Rahim Ruzairi Abdul , Pusppanathan Jaysuman , Nasir Nur Nadia , Zakaria Zulkarnay , Abidin Ilham Mukriz Zainal , Mawrah Omar Mohd Faizan , Zulkiflli Nur Amira
Published: August 2019

The demand in an efficient technique to monitor the condition of the pipeline for oil and gas industries leads to research into alternative solutions. The conventional methods are often too expansive and require manpower to conduct an on-site inspection. Using the Eddy current testing as the main principle, this study aims to explore the capability of 8-coil channel EMT as pipeline imaging in a different analytical situation. The 2D 8-coil channel is developed using COMSOL Multiphysics and using 20 kHz sinusoidal frequency to detect the pipeline with different materials, which is alloy and aluminum. Simulation results proved that EMT is a capable tool for inspection of metallic pipelines. This paper also presented a comparison of the pipeline cross-sectional images from the simulation and experimental.
VOLATOLOMICS COMBINED TERAHERTZ TIME - DOMAIN SPECTRAL ANALYSES OF COLON CANCER IN VITRO
Authors: Arshad Ahmad Zulhilmi , Munajat Yusof , Ghoshal Sib Krishna , Jamal Rahman , Johdi Nor Adzimah , Raja Ibrahim Raja Kamarulzaman , Zulkhairi Hanif
Published: August 2019

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) offers a great advantage for the analysis of biological samples. In this study, we combined THz-TDS with volatolomics analysis and analyzed 2 colon cell lines via in vitro settings. The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured from the normal colon (CCD112CoN) and cancer colon (COLO320DM) cell lines which were grown in sealed flasks. Data validation were carried out with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) scores while the chemometric analyses were performed using Camo Unscrambler X software. In-depth THz-TDS spectral analysis of the cancer colon (COLO320DM) cell line shows significant traces of benzamide gas when validated using gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) system. This preliminary data shows the potential use of identification and quantification of benzamide compound in the cancer colon cells and this could provide useful insight towards cancer drug design and therapy.
PRE-MINERALISATION EFFECT OF NANOBIOCOMPOSITE BONE SCAFFOLD TOWARDS BONE MARROW-DERIVED STEM CELLS GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Yoke Yue Chow , Abd Hamid Zariyantey , Perimal Enoch Kumar , George Penny , Bharatham B. Hemabarathy
Published: August 2019

Apatite layers formed by simulated body fluid (SBF) on the surface of calcium-based scaffolds have been proven to enhance the osteoblastic activity of pre-osteoblasts and osteogenic activity of bone marrow-derived stem cell (BM-SCs). Previously developed Alginate/Cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold (Alg/nCP) has been shown to possess excellent osteoconductive properties. The effect of pre-mineralization of the scaffold surface towards the growth and differentiation of BM-SCs’ were evaluated using microscopic and biochemical methods in scaffolds divided into SBF pre-treated and control groups at two time points. MTT proliferation assay showed statistically significant decrease in cell proliferation in SBF group for both culture periods. SEM observation revealed growth of BM-SCs and scaffold surface mineralisation and calcium deposition in both groups with higher intensity observable in the control group. Supporting biochemical studies showed a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level indicating a lesser osteogenic differentiation in the SBF group as compared to control. Pre-mineralisation of scaffolds in SBF produced a contradicting result in which it did not provide a better environment for growth and proliferation of BM-SCs. However, the Alg/nCP scaffold did show potentials in supporting the osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells.