bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery From Heroin Or Alcohol Dependence: A Qualitative Account of the Recovery Experience in Glasgow
Authors: Best David , Gow Jane , Taylor Avril , Knox Anthony , White William
Published: November 2015

While it is increasingly recognized that recovery from dependent use of heroin or alcohol is possible, little is known about the long-term process of recovery. A study in Glasgow, Scotland used interviews and self-completed questionnaires to investigate the recovery journeys of former problematic users of heroin or alcohol. Qualitative data showed that recovery was understood as including but transcending freedom from dependence, and that most participants saw their own recovery as an ongoing process rather than a time-limited milestone. Motivating factors were usually negative personal experiences—with former heroin users more likely to cite “the lifestyle” and former alcohol users their behavior and health problems - and more positively around issues of personal identity. Social factors were often cited as key in sustaining recovery, especially peer support. An understanding of the views and perceptions of those who have experienced recovery from dependent use of alcohol or heroin can help to develop and improve recovery services and support.
The Price of Sobriety
Authors: Reed Archie C.
Published: November 2015

Why does a person after months of sobriety return to drinking again. Sobriety is not just a matter of not drinking. Sobriety involves a person's entire being — his thoughts, his actions and his way of life. To have a comfortable sobriety, the alcoholic must learn more constructive ways of gaining attention. He must accept responsibility. He must accept being as he is, not as he wishes he was. His relationships with his family must change. Alcoholism is a family illness. The person's drinking may have met certain needs of the family which must be explored if he is to remain sober. Perhaps the greatest factor with which the recovering alcoholic must deal is learning to live with the everyday anxieties and tensions of life.
The Pressures of Drug Advertising on Physicians and Patients
Authors: Greenfield Paul , Wolff Frederick
Published: November 2015

The Medical Committee for Human Rights Is concerned with the plight of the consumer in the selection of prescription and OTC medications. The Committee charges that advertising puts undue pressure upon physicians and patients alike to use drugs beyond proper indications in the treatment and prevention of disease. Levying a host of complaints against drug advertising practices, the committee puts forth a series of recommendations, including the elimination of profits in stemming what they term Is the over-powering influence of drug advertising on prescription patterns.
The Influence of Information Sources and Grade Level on the Diffusion and Adoption of Marihuana
Authors: Clark Richard E. , Kowitz Albert , Duckworth Diane
Published: November 2015

Interviews were conducted with 300 randomly selected fifth-, seventh- and eleventh-grade students and it was determined that there was a significant shift in sources of information about marihuana as the students progressed from elementary to secondary schools. Fifth-grade students receive much of their information from socially approved sources (e.g. parents, TV). Seventh graders appear to be in a transition stage between socially approved information sources and the “private” sources (e.g. friends) used by eleventh-grade students. Most important was the indication that students may be largely unaware of the personal influence process which seems to effect decisions to use marihuana. A description of the diffusion-adoption process surrounding various marihuana information sources at different ages is presented. Suggestions are included for future experimental research and drug treatment programs.
THE Synanon Alternative to the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Gates Eileen M. , Bourdette Philip C.
Published: November 2015

This article is a brief description of the life style one may live as a resident of Synanon Foundation, Inc. The article describes the types of services and benefits offered to the residents.

The Synanon approach is described as an approach in changing the life style of an individual, rather than stamping an Individual as cured or rehabilitated. Examples of relationships with various agencies involved with the criminal justice system are also described. The history of Synanon is described from its infancy to its present state as a multi-faceted, multi-million-dollar organization. The uniqueness of the Synanon Game is given credit for all these developments.
Portrayal of Women in Drug Advertising: A Medical Betrayal
Authors: Mosher Elissa Henderson
Published: November 2015

Drug advertising has been criticized for playing on physicians' prejudices and women's self-perceptions through unfavorable role stereotyping. This paper questions the use of unfavorable sex characterization in promoting both prescription and proprietary drugs and cites illustrations of this uncomplimentary and biased advertising practice.
The Role of the Federal Trade Commission in Regulating Drug Advertising: 1975 Perspective
Authors: Donegan Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

This article outlines the responsibilities of the Federal Trade Commission in protecting the consumer against false, misleading or deceptive over-the-counter drug advertising. In addition to its current efforts, the Commission hopes to review the FDA Review monographs to determine how those findings should be extended to the advertising of OTC drug products.
The Classification of Drug Users
Authors: Ray Oakley S.
Published: November 2015

This paper outlines a possible approach for decreasing the harmful personal and social consequences of legal and illegal drug misuse and abuse. It is suggested that the role of rehabilitation and treatment should not be abstinence or even, necessarily, the reduction of drug use. It is argued that rehabilitation programs with drug users should be directed primarily toward eliminating the need for society to identify and deal with the drug user.
Labelers and Labelees: Drug Abusers and the Labeling Perspective
Authors: Peck David
Published: November 2015

One of the theoretical perspectives currently prevailing in the sociology of deviance which purports to “explain” the phenomena of deviance is labeling theory or, more generally, the societal reaction approach. Since drug abuse or, in some instances, mere drug use is generally considered to be an activity to which the sociology of deviance addresses itself, this paper examines some of the basic tenets of the labeling approach, some criticisms of the approach, and the approach's applicability or inapplicability in “explaining” a deviant activity such as drug abuse. One implication of labeling is that the orientation is a reflection of public policy—an outcome of public policy. Whatever the “causes” of individual cases of drug abuse, the broader dimensions of the drug “problem” may be amenable to improvement through not only variations in formal public policy, but also through substantive changes in socioeconomic inequities and discrimination.
From Demon to Ally - How Mythology Has, and May Yet, Alter National Drug Policy
Authors: Kramer John C.
Published: November 2015

Through recorded history those who were addicted to opiates were considered, at worst, unfortunate victims of a minor vice; they were much less likely to engage in criminal acts or raucous behavior than were alcoholics. However, at the turn of the last century concern over the high rate of addiction in the United States persuaded some individuals that federal laws were necessary if opiate dependence was to be controlled. Because opiate use, particularly opium smoking had become a popular practice among the demimonde, many of whom found their way into jails for reasons unrelated to their drug use, an erroneous view emerged, that it was the opiate that caused the criminality. This perception was by no means pervasive and was rejected by many authorities. Nevertheless, well meaning individuals who needed ammunition for their argument that a federal narcotic law was necessary, developed a campaign of propaganda in which the supposedly dire consequences of addiction were so vastly exaggerated that a mythology was developed which, in effect, demonized opiates, addicts and even doctors. So successful was their campaign, that not only was a rigid law passed, but the demonic perception of addiction came to be accepted as reality, particularly because the new law itself criminalized addiction. As the whole system of narcotic enforcement gradually came into disrepute through the 1950s and 1960s and as new patterns of drug dependence emerged a new mythology began to develop, one that sanctifies drug use and users, at least of certain types. As large proportions of our population came to engage in some form of illegal drug use this new mythology has gained adherents. This mythology may, like others in the past, influence and be used to justify changes in public policy and law.
Religious Behavior in Animals and Man: Drug-Induced Effects
Authors: Siegel Ronald K.
Published: November 2015

This paper attempts to develop an experimental analysis of drug-induced religious behavior. The first part discusses drugs and religious behavior in man and includes sections on anthropological, contemporary, and experimental perspectives. The second part reviews analogous natural and drug-induced animal behaviors which are seen to be structurally similar to human religious activities. The functional similarities are examined in the third section which analyses religion in terms of operant behavior concepts and findings. It is concluded that the behavioral, albeit not necessarily the experiential, aspects of drug-induced religious behavior can be studied in the animal model.
Illicit Use of Central Nervous System Stimulants in Sweden
Authors: Geis Gilbert
Published: November 2015

Two issues are addressed. First, why Sweden appears to have the world's most severe problem of intravenous amphetamine use and, second, why Japan, a country in many ways similar to Sweden, was readily able to bring its amphetamine epidemic under control during the same period that measures in Sweden accomplished little, if anything, to achieve this goal. Epidemiological information is provided about drug use patterns in Sweden, and it is suggested that amphetamines produce states congruent with the cultural imperatives and personal traits prevalent in Sweden. The Japanese success, it is suggested, was a function of a unilateral, unequivocating (though not necessarily admirable) campaign in contrast to the ambivalence that marks the situation in Sweden.
Drug Use and Misuse among the Elderly
Authors: Petersen David M. , Whittington Frank J. , Beer Elizabeth T.
Published: November 2015

There is no dearth of speculation about the use and misuse of drugs among older persons in American society. Scattered reports have indicated that the elderly increasingly use and misuse a wide variety of drugs, and in very recent years much public attention and concern has been directed toward this problem in the older population. Factual information, however, particularly incidence of use and factors related to elderly drug misuse, is scarce. This paper presents both a review of the relevant literature and a summation of available research evidence with particular reference to patterns of use of legal drugs, the types and extent of misuse of legal drugs, and the issue of illegal drug abuse by the elderly. Conclusions are provided as to what is known at this time regarding elderly drug use and misuse as well as some suggestions regarding future research that might contribute to an understanding of drug-using behavior among the elderly.
On the Evaluation of Treatments for Narcotics Addiction
Authors: Dole Vincent P. , Singer Burton
Published: November 2015

This study is concerned with the domain of applicability of randomized clinical trials. For evaluation of well-defined treatments of acute diseases over limited periods of time, the randomized trial technique is unquestionably the best. However, in the field of chronic diseases (as illustrated by drug addiction) the physician's responsibility extends over periods of years, and his judgements involve consideration of many contingent factors which vary in the course of the disease. In this domain, randomized clinical trials, however ambitious in design, give only partial guidance. Observational data therefore must be used if treatment is to be optimized for individual patients.

Two randomized trials in the treatment of narcotics addiction — one testing methadone and the other naltrexone — are reviewed, with comments on their conclusions and limitations.
Reasons for Not Using Licit and Illicit Drugs: The Role of Experience with Illicit Drugs
Authors: Apsler Robert , Brady Beverly , Barker Pierce
Published: November 2015

Despite extensive treatment and prevention programs for illicit drug use, little is known about people's reasons for abstaining from substances and about the factors affecting their reasons. Therefore, a random community sample and snowball sample of poly drug users (1190 adults) were asked to give their reasons for abstaining from a wide range of substances. Contrary to common belief, (a) the individuals highest in experience-with-illicit-drugs are most likely to abstain from prescription and illicit drugs because of health concerns, and (b) the reasons given by the most experienced individuals for illicit drugs are similar to those given by the least experienced for common, licit substances. Disapproval of others, illegality, and dependence potential tend to be unimportant reasons. Implications of these and other results for treatment and prevention strategies are discussed.
Amphetamine Use, Physical Activity and Sport
Authors: Cooter G. Rankin
Published: November 2015

The use and abuse of amphetamines in athletic locker rooms apparently has not significantly decreased even though many controlling agencies have banned their usage for sports participation. Research findings do not conclusively indicate that amphetamine improves sport performance, strength, or cardio-respiratory endurance; however, slight gains in reaction time may be obtained. Documentation of amphetamine abuse and research findings of the amphetamines as they are related to sport performance are included.
Repeat follow-up Studies of 100 Young Norwegian Drug Abusers
Authors: Holsten Fred
Published: November 2015

From 1971 to 1974, 100 young drug abusers were registered in a treatment program of a general mental hospital. Following treatment, the patients were personally interviewed by the author in 1975 and 1977.

The aim of the project has been to study the adequacy of conventional psychiatric treatment of young drug abusers. Subgroups of patients with different developmental profiles in the observational period are analyzed.

The reliability of one follow-up is tested against another follow-up approximately 3 years later.
The Application of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to the Evaluation of Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: An Illustration
Authors: Hu Teh-Wei , McDonnell Nancy S. , Swisher John
Published: November 2015

This paper represents a first step in the application of the principles of cost-effectiveness/cost-benefit analysis to primary drug abuse prevention programs.

Four primary prevention programs, representative of the four program modalities, were selected as a basis for exploring the feasibility of applying the methodology and using existing data.

The basic conclusion from this study is that cost-effectiveness/benefit evaluation is feasible for primary prevention programs. However, at the present time widespread use is constrained by the lack of proper control groups and the lack of drug-specific data at the program level.
The Organization of a Methadone Maintenance Program
Authors: Kosten Thomas R. , Astrachan Boris M. , Riordan Charles E. , Kleber Herbert D.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the organizational structure and operation of a methadone maintenance program whose major emphasis is on rehabilitation. Explicit program goals include teaching clients real life problem solving and enabling some program members to give up methadone. The program is hierarchically structured and rule making and rule enforcement are managed through a clearly defined “chain of command”. Small counseling groups are the major rehabilitative structure. They help to motivate client collaboration and teach problem solving in order to enhance skills, model behaviors, provide success experiences and allow individuals to master difficulties in order to limit social anxiety. These small groups engage and maintain addicts in treatment. However, they may paradoxically impede full return to the community because the client's dependency needs are met in the group setting. Problems for the program's organization include 1) monitoring psychiatric disorder in the client population since deviant behaviors and affective experiences in the small group are routinely identified as reflecting socially determined individual problems, and 2) development of more adequate structures to help to prepare clients for withdrawal from methadone, graduation from the program and the loss of small group and organizational supports.
The Law and Politics of Drug Sentencing in Australia
Authors: Cole Stuart , Muirhead Dennis
Published: November 2015

Australia's Courts take their role in dealing with illicit drug activity very seriously. They extol regularly and publicly the virtues of deterrent sentences in curbing drug trafficking and prison sentences of several years are not uncommon. Despite the shared aim of eliminating illegal drug activity Courts in different Australian States impose remarkably disparate sentences and adopt their own approach in sentencing drug offenders. Some States have made considerable efforts to refine the principles employed to determine appropriate sentences for drug offenders and to recognise the complexities of drugs and drug activity, but others have been content to rest on the deterrent element of sentences at the expense of a more sophisticated approach. Nonetheless, the sentencing of drug offenders in Australia has developed in a particular pattern which will be explored in this paper with particular reference to the political response.
Parent Training to Prevent Adolescent Drug Use: An Educational Model
Authors: Coombs Robert H. , Santana Felipe O. , Fawzy Fawzy I.
Published: November 2015

The authors submit that drug use is a learned behavior and occurs initially among normal youth from a variety of family circumstances, rather than being confined to a deficient subset of the youth population. By educating parents to give youth positive reinforcement rather than negative responses in the face of adolescent conflict or rebellion, they believe youthful self-esteem can be enhanced within the family, making it unnecessary for young people to seek approval from drug-using peers. Through single or multiple-family sessions, parents learn to interact constructively with their children. Positive rather than negative interaction patterns are taught— less parental criticism, complaining and punishment and more praise, positive involvement and encouragement.
The Marketing of Street Heroin in New York City
Authors: Goldstein Paul J. , Lipton Douglas S. , Preble Edward , Sobel Ira , Miller Tom , Abbott William , Paige William , Soto Franklin
Published: November 2015

In recent years the distribution of illicit narcotics in New York City has taken on a new character. Illicit drugs (mainly heroin) are being distinctively packaged prior to sale on the street. The labeling of street heroin entails stamping, writing, or pasting a name, symbol or number on the bag containing the drugs. Colored tape may also serve as the identifying marking. The authors discussed this phenomenon with drug users, drug dealers and police officials. A list of about 400 observed or reported heroin labels is presented. The authors examine why and how bag-marking is being done and its functions and dysfunctions within the illicit drug marketplace. They also describe the historical genesis of bag-marking. The report adds to our knowledge of the actual mechanics of street-level transactions involving illict drugs.
Restricting Access to Non-Psychoactive Medications: Public Health Necessity or Disabling Professional Prerogative?
Authors: Layne Norman R.
Published: November 2015

An obscure regulation issued in 1938 and its codification into the law in 1951 as an amendment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act are identified as the pivotal events that have allowed the Food and Drug Administration to restrict public access to non-psychoactive medications approved for human use in the United States. The assumptions of the framers of this legislation are analyzed, and the validity of these assumptions is evaluated. Moral entrepreneurs within the FDA lost faith in the capacity of private companies to serve the medicinal needs of the nation and in the ability of consumers to make informed decisions about medications and appointed physicians as the purchasing agents for consumers. The effects of this decision on the delivery of health care services and on the practice of self-medication in the United States are discussed.
Concurrent Multiple Drug Use: Review and Implications
Authors: Sadava S. W.
Published: November 2015

Evidence supporting individual generalized tendencies to use psychoactive drugs is reviewed. As a given drug is used or abused more heavily, a wider range of other drugs tends to be used in concurrent patterns. Multiple drug use must enter our conceptions of abuse, as the acute and chronic consequences attributed to a given drug are often confounded by the concurrent use of other drugs. Indeed, the use of one drug may be a contributing cause of the use of others. Social policies directed toward intervention and prevention of single drugs must be reconsidered.
Communist Ideology and the Substance Abuser: A Peripatetic Look at the Use of the Medical Paradigm to Oppress Political Deviants
Authors: Wiseman Stanley Frederic
Published: November 2015

In Russia, as in the United States, there has been such a whole-hearted acceptance of the medical model in regard to deviance in general and substance abuse in particular that it can be categorized as a Kuhnian paradigm. A Russian deviant is labeled as either sick, crazy, or a parasitic counter-revolutionary. In the United States, the deviant can be either sick, mentally ill, or a politically-active ethnic or minority group member. The difference in treatment varies only slightly with the political system. Yet in both the United States and Russia the various medical treatments have been generally found to be unproductive in reducing recidivism. And, just as in the United States, the Russians have developed their own aversion therapy, which to a certain extent is based on the moralistic belief that a “true” Soviet man or woman should not drink to excess, take drugs, or hunt the rare Amanita mushroom. There is a difference, however, in the approaches of the two countries: in the United States, with some exceptions, aversion therapy for substance abuse requires the prior permission of the patient. In Russia, it is often administered by the security police as part of the campaign against “parasites” and “hooligans.” Offenders who fail to respond to medical treatment may be sent to a mental institution, or-if truly unresponsive-may be deported to work on the state farms in frontier provinces. In the United States, they are often merely returned to the streets.
Young Female Drug Addicts in Treatment: A Twelve Year Perspective
Authors: Thriving Kerstin , Nilsson Kerstin
Published: November 2015

A facility for treatment of young drug addicts in a hospital environment and the patients applying for detoxification and care over twelve years is the starting point of a series of observations concerning the characteristics of the female drug addicts and their career. These characteristics were found to be different from the male addicts in the hospital. Their short introductory period, their tendency to support a criminal addict by their habit and the high frequency of mental and physical illness characterizes the female drug addicts. Women drug addicts enter treatment earlier than men and have longer periods of abstinence in connection with treatment or childbearing. The women seem, however prone to relapses and need family and therapeutic support for considerable periods after the initial treatment period.
Long Term Methadone Treatment in Denmark
Authors: Winsløw Jacob Hilden , Ege Peter
Published: November 2015

The widespread existence of long term methadone treatment in Danish general medical practice is traced historically to the inability of the dominant pedagogical treatment system to define treatment goals that seem both attractive and possible to the patients. The usually poor quality of methadone treatment is seen to be due largely to a combination of physicians' disinclination to take up the treatment of drug abusers at all, and antagonism toward long term methadone treatment rooted in the professional ideologies of personnel in the social services. Contrary to what is commonly claimed by the proponents of the pedagogical model, we contend that the detrimental effects of the existence of long term methadone treatment on the “motivation” of patients in pedagogical institutions are minor. Both the problem of poor quality methadone treatment in general practice and the problem of recruiting patients to the pedagogical system require for their solution a fundamental reformulation of goals and strategies within the pedagogical system itself.
Drug Policies in Australia: Alternatives to Prohibitionism
Authors: Mugford Stephen K.
Published: November 2015

After an overview of the current Australian situation, five arguments that are used to justify prohibitionist stances are reviewed. All are shown to be inadequate. The real conditions under which a successful prohibition might be attempted are discussed, and it is shown that these do not exist in Australia at present, at least not as far as some currently illegal drugs are concerned. This paper examines reasons why prohibitionist stances continue to be adopted in the face of their persistent failure, and examines some possible alternatives, without suggesting that any of these are likely to receive serious consideration from politicians involved in formulating policy.
Heroin and Property Crime: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Dobinson Ian , Ward Pat
Published: November 2015

The study described in this article was based on the interviews of 225 prison property offenders in New South Wales gaols. It provides information on the relationship between the commission of crimes, such as armed robbery and burglary, and the regular use of heroin, as well as profiling the behaviour of one identifiable sample of users.
An Assessment of the Effects of Alcohol Ordinances on Selected Behaviors and Conditions
Authors: Dull R. Thomas , Giacopassi David J.
Published: November 2015

This study explores the relationship of the availability of alcohol to various deleterious behaviors and conditions to determine whether laws restricting legal access to alcohol result in a lower incidence of these phenomena. Two alcohol availability measures (city-county ordinance governing the sale of alcohol and number of alcohol outlets per 100,000 population) and five socio-demographic variables were used as independent variables to determine their relationship to the dependent variables of homicide rate, suicide rate, motor vehicle fatality rate, and liver mortality rate. The findings indicate that alcohol availability measures are almost uniformly negatively correlated with the dependent variables. The “forbidden fruit” concept was advanced to explain the findings and questions were raised concerning the effectiveness of utilizing alcohol regulatory measures to reduce alcohol-related problems.
The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction: A Framework Evaluation
Authors: Alexander Bruce K.
Published: November 2015

Underlying a vast proliferation of theory, there are two fundamentally different views of addiction. The first conceptualizes addiction as an illness (disease model) and the second as a way of coping (adaptive model). From the vantage point of the modern history and philosophy of science, both models are better evaluated as “frameworks” than as empirically testable hypotheses. A “framework evaluation” reveals that both models provide a comprehensive, coherent analysis of addiction and both can claim some empirical support, but that they differ sharply in their utility for formulating promising and humane policy. The disease model provides a major part of the justification for excessive, ineffective drug control policies and supports values that are repellent outside the drug field. The adaptive model, on the other hand, implies more humane and potentially more effective policy. This article argues the necessity of a framework evaluation and the superiority of the adaptive model over the disease model and over combinations of the two models.
Anticipation of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Events: Classical Conditioning and Addictive Behavior
Authors: Siegel Shepard , Krank Marvin D. , Hinson Riley E.
Published: November 2015

Typically, pharmacological phenomena such as tolerance, sensitization, and dependence have been viewed as resulting from the operation of feedback mechanisms: pharmacologically disturbed homeostatic functioning is countered by compensatory responses that restore physiological equilibrium. We summarize the results of research indicating that feedforward mechanisms (i.e., regulatory responses made in anticipation of a drug) also importantly contribute to drug effects. Such feedforward mechanisms operate on the basis of Pavlovian conditioning principles. We also discuss the role of such physiological feedforward mechanisms in areas that are not primarily pharmacological: immunology, exercise physiology, and stress.
Restrained Drinking: Personality Correlates of a Control Style
Authors: Southwick Lillian , Steele Claude M.
Published: November 2015

A particular problematic style of social-drinking control, characterized by considerable effortful restraint alternating with overconsumption, provides a promising model for prevention efforts. The relationship between effortful consummatory restraint (including both eating and drinking restraint) and several personality-level measures of impulsiveness/self-control was examined. One hundred thirty-two college students completed Drinking Restraint and Eating Restraint scales along with the four-factor Impulsiveness Scale (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1977) and three MMPI scales which measure aspects of self-control (Ego Control, Overcontrolled Hostility, and MacAndrew Alcoholism scales). Consummatory restrainers scored high on three impulsiveness dimensions (narrow impulsiveness, non-planning and liveliness). Restrained drinkers, compared to restrained eaters, scored marginally higher on over-controlled hostility, propensity toward alcoholism, and two impulsiveness dimensions (risk-taking and liveliness). Implications of the restraint model for prevention efforts are discussed.
Alcohol and Black Youth: An Overview
Authors: Harper Frederick D.
Published: November 2015

An overview of limited research on alcohol and black youth is presented along with issues and theoretical viewpoints related to the topic. A national survey and several rural studies indicate no significant differences in drinking patterns; however, some evidence shows slightly lower rates of drinkers and heavy drinkers for black youth. Drinking patterns of urban black youth are not conclusive; nevertheless, a prevalence of alcohol-related problems is suggested. There is need for a well defined theoretical framework, as well as a greater number of studies on alcohol and black youth, especially those at high risk for alcohol problems.
Alcoholism Prevention/Treatment and Native American Youth: A Community Approach
Authors: Edwards E. Daniel , Edwards Margie E.
Published: November 2015

This paper addresses prevention, education and treatment approaches for combatting problems of alcohol abuse with American Indian children, adolescents and their families. Community involvement is emphasized. Included are primary prevention interventions which promote alternative activities to drinking while emphasizing positive feelings of self-esteem and identity. Also recommended are secondary prevention alcoholism programs which provide information regarding alcohol while encouraging responsible decision-making regarding drinking behaviors. Additional suggestions identify resources which can be made available to Indian youth who are developing problem-drinking behaviors. A task group approach is recommended for identifying problem-drinking behaviors in specific communities and developing viable programs to address these needs.
Explanations for Heroin Use
Authors: Coggans Niall , Davies John B.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines, from the perspective of “attribution theory,” the role of explanations (for drug use) in giving up drug use. In particular, the “functional utility” of explanations (attributions) in the service of self-esteem needs is discussed. It appears that, in a group of heroin users, explanations are consistently related to level or pattern of heroin use in a manner with considerable utility for self-esteem. The attributional strategies employed, and the implications of particular attributions (explanations) for drug use are also discussed.
Experience of Employee Assistance Programs with Pathological Gamblers
Authors: Lesieur Henry R.
Published: November 2015

As part of research conducted for the New York State Office of Mental Health, New York members of ALMACA were sent a questionnaire inquiring into their experiences with compulsive gamblers. Out of 86 EAPs and providers replying to the survey 64% had identified compulsive gamblers. These gamblers represented 1.4% of the total client population. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents that had identified compulsive gamblers (71% of EAPs and 15% of service providers) made referrals to outside treatment facilities with pathological gambling as a primary (or secondary) problem. Seventy-eight percent of the organizations that had someone attend training/education sessions about compulsive gambling said they identified compulsive gambling employees in contrast with 45% of those that had not attended education/training sessions. Respondents indicated a need for basic, as well as advanced, training/education about compulsive gambling. There was also a recognition of the inadequacy of the existing level of treatment services, education and training in the state. The majority of the pathological gamblers presently seen by the New York State ALMACA members are addicted to chemicals, as well as gambling. This is in contrast with studies indicating that most compulsive gamblers are not dually addicted. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of theory and application.
The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Miller Norman S. , Gold Mark S.
Published: November 2015

The search for underlying causes of alcoholism and drug addiction has delayed the growth of their diagnoses and treatment. Often the emphasis and the debate are directed toward the etiology before the criteria for the addictions are established; the question asked is “why?” and then, “what?” rather than “what is it?” and, “why?”. In reality, the reasons are not only unavailable at this time, but are relatively unimportant for the proper diagnosis and treatment of addiction.

The disease concept is an advancement toward a framework that can be used to define alcohol and drug addiction and enable scientific research hypotheses to be formed. The adaptive model is a recalcitrant retreat to explanations that have been inadequate for progress for a long time.
Stages in the Response of the Drug Abuse Treatment System to the AIDS Epidemic in New York City
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C.
Published: November 2015

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has profoundly changed the nature of intravenous drug use and of treatment for intravenous drug abuse. Program staff are finding themselves confronted by the need to provide drug abuse treatment to persons who are likely to die, and challenged by the need to reduce the sharing of drug injection equipment and change the sexual behavior of their clients.

In responding to these challenges, drug abuse treatment programs in New York City appear to have gone through four stages; denial, panic, coping and potential burnout. The author also presents other possible stages.
Delinquency and Substance Use among Inner-City Students
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey , Weis Joseph G. , Cheng Yu-Teh
Published: November 2015

Recent studies continue to find an association between delinquency and substance use, though the strength and symmetry of the relationship vary according to sampling and measurement strategies. The behaviors often occur jointly, but there is little consensus on whether they are explained by unique factors or are the result of common correlates and social processes. General adolescent samples yield too few serious juvenile offenders for valid assessment of the drug-crime relationship. Moreover, these youths often are concentrated in urban social areas, possibly confounding influences from urbanism and urban socialization. This study examines the distributions of substance use and delinquency among inner-city youths and theoretical explanations of the separate and joint behaviors, controlling through sampling for social area influences. Survey data on 665 inner-city, high school students in four cities revealed that self-reports of delinquency and substance use among inner-city students were comparable with general adolescent populations, though drug use was more prevalent than alcohol for this sample. Serious substance use was more prevalent and frequent among serious delinquents, but substance use was frequent regardless of the severity of delinquent involvement. The type of drug was more strongly associated with delinquency than the frequency of substance use. An integration of social control and learning theories has weak explanatory power for the frequency of either behavior, but can differentiate serious delinquent involvement. The results suggest that drug use and delinquency are spuriously related, and possibly occur among parallel but independent social networks.
Effect on Casualty Traffic Accidents of Changing Sunday Alcohol Sales Legislation in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Smith D. Ian
Published: November 2015

Following the introduction of two, two-hour Sunday sessions by a small number of hotels and clubs in Victoria, Australia, there was apparently no increase in casualty traffic accidents. By contrast, after the subsequent introduction of an eight-hour Sunday session from noon to 8 p.m., there was a 32.6% increase during the four hours after the session finished. Both confidence intervals and chi-square tests confirmed this to be a significant increase. The finding is compared and contrasted with previous research on the effect of changing the days and hours of sale of alcoholic beverages.
The Need for Improved Assessment of Adolescent Substance Involvement
Authors: Winters Ken
Published: November 2015

The need for improved assessment practices in the adolescent chemical dependency field is discussed. This need exists due to a lack of well-developed, standardized assessment tools and because of expanding demands and strains on the adolescent chemical dependency service delivery system. Current efforts to improve the situation are also addressed.
Legalize the Lesser to Minimize the Greater: Modern Applications of Ancient Wisdom
Authors: Aldrich Michael R.
Published: November 2015

In the contemporary context of the international AIDS epidemic, the War on Drugs does society more harm than good. Historical examples of “legalizing the lesser to minimize the greater” social harm are cited as workable alternatives, including acceptance of drug users as members of society; understanding that temperance means moderation, not prohibition; diluting the strength of dangerous drugs; substituting less powerful natural drugs for more powerful extracts and synthetics; and designing safer drugs. The key to successful drug policy is a comprehensive strategy which recognizes human differences and is geared to social harm reduction rather than drug prohibition.
The Abolition of Drug Policy: Toward Strategic Alternatives
Authors: van Mastrigt Hans
Published: November 2015

In this article it will be argued that not only should the prohibitionist approach toward drug problems be abolished, but also that it should be seriously considered whether there is a need for any separate drug policy as such. In order to achieve the abolition of drug policy, it is important to develop strategic alternatives for the short term. These alternatives should be aimed at lessening the adverse effects of current drug policy in specific localities in the world without, however, further legitimizing the current system of drug control.
Critical Analysis of Drug War Alternatives: The Need for a Shift in Personal and Social Values
Authors: Wong Linda S.
Published: November 2015

Alternatives to the War on Drugs which perpetuate current social values are insufficient because current social values frustrate human needs in a way that makes wars of persecution inevitable. To end the War on Drugs, people must change personal and eventually social values in order to satisfy those needs.
Social Morality and the Civil Rights of Canadian Drug Users
Authors: Beauchesne Line
Published: November 2015

How far should the state go to prevent drug abuse? This paper rejects H.L.A. Hart's paternalism, and even more strongly opposes Lord Devlin's case for the legal enforcement of morals. It adopts instead, J. S. Mill's argument that only public defence justifies state intervention or coercion. Canadian drug laws, which embody Devlin's position, are abusive of civil rights and ineffective despite their oppressiveness. In particular, the paper examines the violation of rights involved in school and employment drug detection plans, and also in compulsory treatment programs for illicit drug users. Basic legal reform is advocated.
Concentra of Delinquent Offending: Serious Drug Involvement and High Delinquency Rates
Authors: Johnson Bruce D. , Wish Eric D. , Schmeidler James , Huizinga David
Published: November 2015

This paper reports annual rates of delinquency and drug use while controlling for the type of offenders/drug users. Secondary analysis was conducted from the National Youth Survey, when the subjects were ages 14–20. Youths were classified into drug user and delinquent typologies representing more serious involvements. Annual rates of delinquent offending increased directly with more serious drug involvements, even when controlling for delinquent type. Less than 2% of all youths self-reported two or more index offenses and used cocaine/heroin. These youths had such high delinquency rates that they accounted for 40–60% of various felony crimes (robbery, felony theft, drug sales) and a disproportionate share of all marijuana and other drugs used. Yet less than a quarter reported that their recent non-drug crimes were primarily motivated to obtain money for drugs. Even in a national probability sample, delinquency is highly concentrated among a very small proportion of substance-using delinquents.
The Similarity of Crime Rates among Male Heroin Addicts in New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore
Authors: Ball John C.
Published: November 2015

The similarity of crime rates among 617 heroin addicts in New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore was investigated. It was found that aggregate crime rates, participation rates and frequency of crime among addicts in the three cities were remarkably similar. Thus, when “on the street” and addicted, the mean offense rate for addicts in New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore were, respectively, 603, 631 and 567 offenses per year. Their respective mean crime-days per year at risk were 217, 269 and 227. Similarities and differences between offense rates and lifetime arrest rates were also analyzed.
Project Reform: Developing a Drug Abuse Treatment Strategy for Corrections
Authors: Wexler Harry K. , Blackmore John , Lipton Douglas S.
Published: November 2015

As a result of the Anti-Drug Act of 1986 the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) of the U.S. Department of Justice established Project REFORM to help states reduce drug abuse and criminality among convicted offenders through corrections-based drug treatment. On the basis of competitive applications to BJA, states were chosen to participate in the national project based on their willingness to launch a major system-wide effort to confront these problems. In 1987, the Bureau selected Narcotic and Drug Research, Inc. (NDRI) to administer Project REFORM and to provide expert assistance to participating states. The following is a report on the first three years of Project REFORM, including the project's mission, mode of operation, overall accomplishments, and what has been learned.
Self-Report Interview Data for a Study of HIV-1 Infection among Intravenous Drug Users: Description of Methods and Preliminary Evidence on Validity
Authors: Anthony James C. , Vlahov David , Celentano David D. , Menon A.S. , Margolick Joseph B. , Cohn Sylvia , Nelson Kenrad E. , Polk B. Frank
Published: November 2015

This article presents a description and preliminary evidence on validity of self-report interview methods being used in a study of HIV-1 infection and AIDS among intravenous drug users (IVDUs). The study population includes 2,616 currently active IVDUs living in or near Baltimore City, Maryland (USA), many of them reporting no prior treatment for drug dependence, and many with no history of criminal arrest or incarceration. These IVDUs were recruited in 1988–89 by extensive community outreach efforts; most learned of the study by word-of-mouth. To study IV drug use and HIV-1 infection in relation to onset of AIDS, the subjects are being interviewed, examined, and tested at baseline (recruitment), and periodically thereafter. This report compares information from the self-report baseline interview with independently collected data on physical stigmata of drug injection, T-lymphocyte cell subsets, and HIV-1 serostatus. The evidence generally supports the validity of these self-report data on IV drug use, including data from a year-by-year history of sharing injection equipment, obtained by retrospection at baseline.
Specialization in Alcoholism and Mental Health Residential Treatment: The “Dual Diagnosis” Problem
Authors: Schmidt Laura
Published: November 2015

This article examines the current problem of catering treatment services to “dual diagnosis” patients – those who suffer from co-occurring alcohol and mental health problems. One important aspect of this problem involves differences in the clinical philosophies employed in alcoholism and mental health residential treatment. This article reports on observations and interviewing of staff in halfway house-type programs for alcohol and psychiatric problems. It discusses differences in etiological models, therapeutic techniques, and roles for treatment providers and clients in the two different types of services, and how these influence the dual diagnosis problem.
A Social History of American Drug Use
Authors: Buchanan David R.
Published: November 2015

The article reviews three cycles of drug use that have appeared in American history since the founding of our nation. Periods of greatly expanded drug use have followed each of our major national crises: the American Revolution, the Civil War and the Sixties. It is argued that drug use during these periods came to symbolize an independent, antinomial character ideal. After two to three decades of extreme proliferation, each of these periods has then been followed by a period in which drug use has been condemned and abstinence proffered as an exemplary character ideal. During these periods, drug use symbolized the excesses of individualism and the neglect of the commonweal. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this analysis for the current period.