bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Data from Low Frequency Analysis to Illustrate Serial EEG Changes in Depressed Patients During Treatment with Iproniazid
Authors: Lettich E. , Margerison J. H.
Published: August 2008

Iproniazid, introduced as an anti-tubercular drug, has been widely used in the treatment of depression. It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and some of its effect on the central nervous system may therefore depend upon its preventing the breakdown of serotonin. It is hepatotoxic. Dally (2) and many others have commented upon a time lag of at least a week after the start of treatment before observable clinical improvement in depressed patients.
A Statistical Study of Factors Influencing Discharge from Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Ødegård Ørnulv
Published: August 2008

One of the problems in psychiatric epidemiology is the use of hospital admissions for the study of true morbidity. Clearly this depends upon whether hospitalized cases can be regarded as a representative sample, in other words if admission to hospital varies from one social group to another, from one region to another, etc. Various authors have shown that the duration of hospital stay varies with social status, with marital condition, etc., and such variations in the chances of being discharged suggest similar variations in the probability of being admitted.
A Controlled Trial of Iproniazid in the Treatment of Endogenous Depression
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Child J. P. , Latner G.
Published: August 2008

In conducting drug trials nowadays one is aware of at least some of the difficulties that have to be faced and the possible traps lying ahead. It is probably true to say that perfection is unattainable in trials of this nature because of the unpredictability of the human material concerned—both the tested and the observers sharing this common fallibility. It is necessary to attempt so to arrange the experiment that the magnitude of the errors is kept to a minimum and the results remain unobscured.
Some Relationships Between the Psychiatry of Children and of Adults
Authors: Warren W.
Published: August 2008

For the Chairman's Address to the Child Psychiatry Section in 1955, Cameron (5) decided to survey the scene of Child Psychiatry. His survey was historical and he described the various influences that have in turn borne on and helped to shape the practice of Child Psychiatry as it is today. Kanner (9), in the Maudsley Lecture of 1958, took the same theme and elaborated on it further. It is significant that they both felt that the time had come to do this for a young speciality and, indeed, their lectures were of considerable interest and use to those of us who have not lived through—in Child Psychiatry—the times described. However, Child Psychiatry has not become static; the scene will continue to change and to enlarge as more new influences come to bear. It seems that we who are engaged in its active practice now, and in the future, have need to watch where we are going; especially, as comparative success has brought some rewards and we foresee the likelihood of further rapid expansion in the speciality, with the need, to recruit more child psychiatrists. Again, the joint or liaison committees that have sprung up with other medical professional bodies are in a sense a recognition of our significance; they are also a responsi bility and may be a test of our loyalty to psychiatry as a whole.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Easterbrook J. A.
Published: August 2008

In the previous paper we have given a brief discussion of the reasons why figural after-effects are of interest in the study of personality and why stimulant and depressant drugs would be expected to have certain effects upon them (Eysenck and Easterbrook, 1960a). In this paper we describe an experiment using kinaesthetic figural after-effects rather than visual ones. By and large results with kinaesthetic figural after-effects have been more clear-cut and definite in relating these after-effects to personality; several studies have shown extraverts to have greater figural after-effects than introverts (Eysenck, 1957). Furthermore there is at least one study demonstrating that stimulant and depressant drugs have the predicted results upon kinaesthetic figural aftereffects (Poser, 1958). The reasons for this may be that whereas for visual experiments it is difficult to check on the subject's ability to maintain fixation, nothing comparable is required in experiments on kinaesthetic figural aftereffects. Furthermore any departure from instruction on the part of the subject can easily be checked by the experimenter. For these reasons kinaesthetic tests have very definite advantages over visual ones.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Holland H. C.
Published: August 2008

The phenomenon of flicker fusion requires no elaboration to the modern reader. Its psychological, physiological, physical determinants have been outlined by an immense literature (1). Even the limited field of the effects of chemical agents on flicker and fusion is great. In a recent review Landis (2) went so far as to suggest that CFF might be employed as a method of standardizing the depressant effects of somnifacient drugs (Landis (2)). Despite contradictions, which may occur due to the biphasic characters of certain drug effects, the barbiturates and similar depressant compounds tend to depress CFF whereas the stimulants tend to raise it. The effects of alcohol and caffeine are still unclear (Simonson and Brozeck (3)). Whether the drugs affect the organism towards greater or lesser total sensitivity or whether the changes are due to some complex function of, say, the light/dark ratio is also unclear.
Blood Platelet 5-Hydroxytryptamine Levels in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Todrick A. , Tait A. C. , Marshall Elizabeth F.
Published: August 2008

The interest of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) for psychiatry arose originally from Gaddum's (8, 9) observation that its peripheral pharmacological actions were antagonized in a highly specific manner by a low concentration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This led to the hypothesis that the hallucinogenic action of LSD was due to its antagonism to 5HT in the central nervous system (Woolley and Shaw, 21; Gaddum, 7). However, Cerletti and Rothlin (5) subsequently found that brom-LSD, which is not a hallucinogen, was an equally potent antagonist of the peripheral actions of 5HT.
The Effect of 1-Arylcyclohexylamine (Sernyl) on Twelve Normal Volunteers
Authors: Davies Brian M. , Beech H. R.
Published: August 2008

The production of “model psychoses” in animals and man by a variety of chemical substances is of great interest. While the relationship between disturbances so produced and schizophrenia are problematical, these investigations may eventually throw light upon the causes of this condition. More important, at present, is the fact that the investigation of the way these drugs modify various aspects of normal psychological functioning is of great value in suggesting the physiological and biochemical processes that underlie these functions.
On the Psychopathology of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freeman Thomas
Published: August 2008

In this paper it is my intention to review some of the central aspects of the psychopathology of schizophrenia. At the outset it would be appropriate to establish the role which psychopathology must play in our efforts to arrive at a fuller understanding of the schizophrenic psychosis. Psychopathology is, as the term itself reveals, a psychological study of abnormal mental functions. It is not primarily concerned with the organic bases for the disturbance of mental activity, but such a study does not imply that the roots of abnormal psychological processes do not in fact lie in somatic pathology. To my mind psychopathology and studies of disturbed brain function in mental disease are complementary to one another. Many distinguished workers in the field of the psychoses have referred to the disappointing results of biochemical and electro-physiological research in schizophrenia. They have suggested that the failure of such research has arisen in part from the absence of correlation between clinical studies on the one hand and physiological studies on the other. Tait (1958) has remarked that although physiological research can provide us with a wealth of data this data will only become meaningful whenever clinicians are in a position to provide biochemists and electrophysiologists with sets of specific questions. The formulation of such questions must depend upon a refinement of our diagnostic categories. Similar criticisms have been levelled against psychological research. In a recent review of contemporary psychological research Rabin and King (1958) have pointed out that the lack of criteria necessary for the selection of a homogeneous group of patients leads to the vitiation of much current psychological research. It is possible that psychopathology may be able in the future to contribute something to the solution of these methodological difficulties which so beset and hamper contemporary research in schizophrenia.
Senile Schizophrenia
Authors: Fish Frank
Published: August 2008

The author has already briefly reported on his investigation of senile paranoid states to the First Meeting of the European Clinical Section of the International Association of Gerontology (Fish, 1959a). He would now like to present his findings in more detail and discuss the relevant psychiatric literature.
Families of Dull Children
Authors: Stein Zena , Susser Mervyn
Published: August 2008

Culture in its anthropological sense has been described as “a configuration of learned behaviour and results of behaviour whose component elements are shared and transmitted by members of a particular society” (Linton, 1936); in other words, a way of life. It has long been understood that more than one type of culture may be found in any one society. All societies are stratified and in an industrial society people of different levels have different ways of life. These are subcultures.
Families of Dull Children
Authors: Stein Zena , Susser Mervyn
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with some effects of family and culture on intelligence, as studied in a sample of 50 young adults who had been ascertained as educationally subnormal at school.
Urban and Rural Suicide
Authors: Capstick Alan
Published: August 2008

The frequency of suicide differs between communities, countries, and historical periods. Though, in individuals, personal crises and peculiarities of personality structure are important in the causation of suicide, the differences in frequency referred to above are related to differing religious and social attitudes toward suicide and particularly to the degree of the individual's integration into a stable social group. This last influence, it has been suggested, is chiefly responsible for the difference between the suicidal tendencies of urban and rural areas.
An Evaluation of Electroplexy (E.C.T.) Techniques
Authors: Barker J. C. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

The court hearing (Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee) showed that British psychiatrists disagreed about the best technique of administering electroplexy. The implications of this were discussed in a recent communication (1), which also contained an extensive review of the literature showing a similar disagreement amongst previous authorities. In order to ascertain which E.C.T. techniques were most widely practised in this country, a questionnaire was circulated to a number of mental and teaching hospitals and the results of this, which were reported in full (1, 3), are summarized in Table I.
The Concept of “Dynamic” Consciousness
Authors: Mowbray R. M.
Published: August 2008

The nature of consciousness is a central theoretical problem for psychology, psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. Attempts to deal with this problem in these fields have led to precarious relationships with philosophy on the one hand and with neurophysiology on the other. The result is both conceptually and semantically unsatisfactory. For example, is “consciousness” to be taken to mean some general state or level of awareness which is capable of being altered or reduced? Or is there no general consciousness but only states of being conscious of specific things? This paper discusses some of the philosophical problems involved in the term “consciousness” and outlines ways in which recent neurophysiological advances have contributed to clinical knowledge about the general or specific nature of consciousness.
Iodine-132 Uptakes by the Thyroid in Psychotics
Authors: Crammer J. L. , Pover W. F. R.
Published: August 2008

The study of thyroid function as the uptake of radioiodine (I131) is a well-established test. Since the half-life of the isotope is long (8 days) it is unreasonable to make frequent repeated tests in the same person because of the cumulative radiation risk and the complexity of interpretation when residual radioactive iodine is still present in the body. However, in psychiatry daily or twice daily measurements of thyroid function might be very useful in studying patients who show sudden or rapid mental changes (Sands, 1958), and a radioiodine isotope with a half-life of only 2·26 hours which has become more readily available (I132), deserves trial. The primary aim of the present work was to make daily measurements on one man through several short (6-day) cycles of behavioural change. He was predominantly manic-depressive in type and has already been described in detail (Crammer, 1959). To discover how variable the measurement could be, repeated observations were also made on a group of 20 chronic male patients living together and showing an unchanging clinical picture. Observations were repeated on them after three months of chlorpromazine treatment to see whether this would have altered the values obtained for thyroid uptake.
A Controlled Trial of Reserpine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Goller E. S.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of reserpine by Kline in 1954 there have been relatively few studies of its use in schizophrenia and most of these have been uncontrolled. It is characteristic of these uncontrolled trials that when the results are assessed, they are described in glowing terms, and the percentage of patients reported as showing “moderate” or “marked” improvement is high.
Endogenous Depression Treated with Iproniazid—A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Child J. P. , Latner G.
Published: August 2008

A double-blind controlled trial of iproniazid in endogenous depression and a comparison of its effects with those of E.C.T. was reported in this journal by Kiloh et al. (1960). To summarize the results—of 26 patients treated with iproniazid a good immediate response was found in 14 cases (54 per cent.) whereas only 3 of 28 patients (11 per cent.) given placebo tablets showed a significant improvement at the end of three weeks. Of 27 patients treated with E.C.T. 24 (89 per cent.) showed a good immediate response.
The Effects of Sodium Amylobarbitone and Dexamphetamine Sulphate on the Peripheral Visual Field
Authors: Holland H. C.
Published: August 2008

In an earlier investigation (Holland, 1960) the peripheral visual field was examined under three treatment conditions, namely meprobamate (2-methyl-2-n-propyl-1, 3 propanediol dicarbamate), Doriden (glutethimide), and no drug. Results from 24 subjects, each tested three times, indicated that there were significant differences, attributable to the treatments, in both the inner and outer discrimination thresholds and also in the magnitude of the interval of uncertainty between thresholds. In the present experiment it has been thought worth while to examine the visual field for the effects of two other compounds, a stimulant dexamphetamine sulphate (Dexedrine), and a depressant sodium amylobarbitone (Amytal).
Trial of Imipramine
Authors: Holdway Vera
Published: August 2008

Although in the majority of cases E.C.T. is swiftly effective in the treatment of morbid depression there are some who regard it with repugnance, and have long hoped for drugs which would obviate its use. It was that hope which prompted this trial of imipramine (“Tofranil”).
Ethinamate and Methyprylone as Hypnotics: A Comparative Trial
Authors: Patch I. C. Lodge , Eilenberg M. D. , Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

The use of barbiturates in the treatment of insomnia carries a constant risk of habituation and of fatal poisoning from suicidal or accidental overdose. For these reasons, new non-barbiturate hypnotics deserve the closest attention. Ethinamate (“Valmidate”) and methyprylone (“Noludar”) are two such drugs. No trial comparing the hypnotic efficacy of ethinamate with a barbiturate has yet been reported, though Gruber et al. (1954) found the day-time sedative effect of 500 mg. ethinamate to be less (in duration of action) than 100 mg. of quinalbarbitone sodium. Methyprylone has been compared with barbiturate by Stewart (1956) who found 200 mg. equivalent to 100 mg. of amylo- or butobarbitone, by Lasagna (1956) who found 250 mg. equivalent to 100 mg. of pento- or quinal-barbitone, and by Thomson (1958) who found 400 mg. equivalent to 100 mg. of quinalbarbitone.
A Controlled Trial of Haloperidol in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Enoch M. D. , Robin A. A.
Published: August 2008

4-p-Chlorophenyl-1-(3-p-fluorobenzoylpropyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (R.1625, Haloperidol) is a new compound synthesized by Janssen et al. (1959) and reported to have biological properties similar to those of the phenothiazines at a much lower dosage level. One difference, however, was a greater tendency to potentiate pentobarbitone hypnosis. Von Eiff and Jesdinsky (1960) conducted a “double blind” trial in 28 normal subjects using 4 mg. Haloperidol 2½ or 4½ hours before the experimental period. Subjective effects included fatigue or fatigue and agitation in females. The drug did not appear to influence intellectual function as tested, but reduced self-criticism. There were minor cardio-vascular effects and a tendency to fatigue in ergometry performances. A number of clinical reports have appeared (Divry et al., 1960; Delay et al., 1960) suggesting that Haloperidol is of value in psychomotor agitation and especially in mania in doses of 2–15 mg. daily. Gerle (1960) reports favourably on the drug in schizophrenic patients. Most authors note a high incidence of pseudo-Parkinsonian side-effects (40–80 per cent. of cases) and a section of a recent symposium on the drug in Belgium was devoted to “neurodysleptic syndromes” (dystonic reactions, oculogyric crises, etc.) produced by it. Pichot (1960) at the symposium reported that these reactions can be controlled by chlorpromazine.
Galvanic Skin Response Studies of Sex Responsiveness in Sex Offenders and Others
Authors: Tong J. E.
Published: August 2008

The assessment of sex responsiveness is a recurring problem in the field of conduct disorders and psychopathy, particularly when it is desirable to determine the effectiveness of therapy on the behaviour of the sex offender. Previous studies have indicated certain test differences in emotional disturbance and stress reactivity in subjects of known delinquent history, but it has been observed that sex responsiveness may be an additional (separate) factor to consider for the patient who is a known sex offender (19, 20, 21, 22).
An Evaluation of the Predictive Power of a Test Known to Differentiate Between Elderly “Functional” and “Organic” Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Inglis James , Colwell Catherine , Post Felix
Published: August 2008

Few studies of psychological tests which have been shown to differentiate between psychiatric groups have attempted to follow-up the patients originally tested so as to determine what the predictive power of the test might be in the light of subsequent events. One of these few studies has been reported by Walton (1958) and commented upon by Inglis (1959) who was able to show that the test Walton described was better able to predict the outcome of illness after a follow-up period of two years, than was the original diagnostic label. The importance of this kind of study has been pointed out most clearly by Payne (1958). His argument is that, “Description is only one implication of the diagnostic label. Can the test score aid the doctor in making a prognosis? This need not be the case. Let us consider the original validation of the test again. The doctor who diagnosed the standardization group of patients might well be able to give a more or less accurate prognosis for this group of patients. In fact there might be a significant relationship between the presence or absence of the label he assigns, and prognosis. We also know that there is a significant correlation between presence or absence of his label and the test scores. This does not prove, however, that there is any relationship whatsoever between the diagnostic test score and prognosis. Two things which correlate with the same thing do not necessarily correlate with each other, unless the correlations concerned are greater than ·7” (1958, p. 27).
Psychological Effects of Stereotaxic Operations for the Relief of Parkinsonian Symptoms
Authors: McFie John
Published: August 2008

In view of their many inter-connections with the cortical grey matter, the effects of lesions in the basal cerebral nuclei are of the greatest theoretical interest. On account of the rarity of naturally occurring lesions confined to these nuclei, there have been few reports of psychological changes in patients with discrete subcortical lesions. Smyth and Stern (1938) described four cases of intrinsic tumour of the thalamus, all of whom gave evidence of organic dementia early in the course of the disease. Eatonet al.(1939) reported six cases of symmetrical cerebral calcification preponderating in the basal ganglia, with no radiographic evidence of cerebral atrophy, of which the clinical concomitants included mental retardation. Alford (1948) has gone so far as to insist that destruction of thalamic nuclei is alone responsible for intellectual impairment, and that “focal” defects associated with different cortical lesions are related either to sensory disturbances or to the psychiatric state of the patient.
Jung's “Archetypes” and Psychiatry
Authors: Jackson Murray
Published: August 2008

The “archetype” is a concept of Jung's which is fairly widely accepted as a valuable one in spheres of art, literature and theology. Few psychiatrists seem to know much about the concept, and of the few who are interested in it, most find little relevance in it for their clinical work.
Psychiatric Illness and Pernicious Anaemia: A Clinical Re-Evaluation
Authors: Eilenberg M. D.
Published: August 2008

Addison (1855) in his classical description wrote of the patient's mind “as occasionally wandering” during the final stages of pernicious anaemia. The relative frequency with which different psychiatric syndromes present differs from that recorded by previous writers and is probably due to earlier psychiatric consultation in the present group, though mode of referral may also play a part. Bowman (1935) found organic confusion in 48 per cent., a death rate of 35 per cent. and a red blood cell count of below 4 0 million in 65 per cent. of his 23 cases. Herman, Most and Joliffe (1937) found organic confusion in 35 per cent. compared with the present writer's 5 per cent., a death rate of 22 · 5 per cent. compared with 10 per cent. and a red blood cell count of under 3 · 0 million in 75 per cent. of his 40 cases, compared with 25 per cent. of the present group.
The Effects of Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Placebo on the Chronic Schizophrenic
Authors: Ashby W. Ross , Collins G. H. , Bassett Margaret
Published: August 2008

For various reasons we became interested in the possibility that nicotinic acid or nicotinamide might be of some benefit to the chronic schizophrenic. Many workers have noticed clinical similarities between the acute schizophrenias and the encephalopathies of nicotinic acid deficiency (4). Nicotinic acid is known to be of value in pellagra (2) and in the treatment of delirium tremens and allied states (1), and Osmond and Hoffer have had promising results with these substances in the treatment of schizophrenia in its acute phase (3). There seemed therefore to be sufficient reason for an investigation of their effects in the schizophrenic in the chronic phase, for, as far as we are aware, the therapeutic possibilities have not been explored. Since patients often respond strikingly to the giving of any tablet, regardless of its contents, we also gave similar tablets of an innocuous substance, here referred to as Placebo. For convenience the three preparations employed will be referred to in future asA(Nicotinic Acid),M(Nicotinamide) orP(Placebo).
The History of Mental Nursing
Authors: Walk Alexander
Published: August 2008

Round about thirty-five years ago, when I was first introduced to the affairs of our Association by two of my chiefs, A. W. Daniel, who was secretary of our Education Committee, and John R. Lord, who officially or unofficially filled almost every other available office—at this time I became aware that there were two categories of President; those elected because of their professional eminence, and those who were rewarded for their services to the Association—and of course there were many who qualified under both headings. Now, in spite of Dr. MacNiven's generous words, I feel that my own election has come about entirely through the kindness and indulgence of our members. It is recorded in divers places in our annals that a warm welcome is traditionally extended to newly-joined members, and I can testify that I have throughout experienced this kindness at your hands irrespective of the rank I happened to occupy or of my success or lack of success in the promotion race. For this experience, of which today marks the culmination, I am truly grateful; and I can confidently claim that in loyalty and affection towards the Association, though in no other respect, I can stand comparison with the greatest of my predecessors.
Single Daily Dose Treatment of Psychiatric Patients with Phenothiazine Derivatives
Authors: Roberts F. J.
Published: August 2008

When discussing some of the problems associated with chlorpromazine (Largactil) therapy, Denber and Travis (2) point out that it is desirable that the drug be given as infrequently as is compatible with therapeutic efficacy. They found this to be twice a day. Haden (5) and Tibbits (10) report that satisfactory results can be obtained with single daily doses. While studying the single daily dose administration of drugs in a psychiatric hospital, Lara and Wells (7) found that phenothiazine compounds could reasonably be given in this way. In order to explore these reports the medication of 17 chronic, well stabilized, male schizophrenic patients was changed by giving their chlorpromazine once instead of three times a day. These patients had been on an average dosage of 200 mg. of chlorpromazine t.d.s. The dosage was altered by giving the total daily dose at one time, limiting the maximum dose to 600 mg. In some cases this resulted in a small reduction in the total dosage. The main side-effects complained of before the change were photo-sensitivity from 8 patients and drowsiness during the day from 9 patients. Because of this latter complaint the single dose was given at 9 p.m. Three weeks after the change to the single dose no alteration in symptoms or behaviour had been noted except that there were now no complaints of drowsiness during the day. Two patients complained that they disliked taking 6 large tablets at one time.
A Psychiatric Study Tour of the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Wortis Joseph
Published: August 2008

Having written a review of Soviet psychiatric literature some years ago without being able to see things for myself, I was eager to avail myself of my first opportunity to visit the Soviet Union, which came in the summer of 1959. Though the visit was not undertaken in any official capacity, preliminary correspondence secured a number of cordial invitations to visit a series of leading Soviet institutions, and soon after our arrival in Moscow permission was received from the Ministry of Health to pursue our visit on a “business” basis, which meant a reduced rate without benefit of personal guide services. My wife and I were thus for the greater part of our sojourn in the U.S.S.R. free to move about the cities of our choice and to seek out and visit hospitals, research institutions and child care facilities that interested us. My conversational Russian, though elementary, was sufficient for this purpose and in most institutions there were staff members who could speak English, French or German. With the single exception of Odessa, where the local health officer did not permit me to visit a chronic psychiatric colony some distance from the city, I was extended every possible courtesy and plenty of opportunity to see what I wanted. During the summer months unfortunately many of the leading research workers were away on vacation, schools and Pioneer Palaces were closed and almost all child care facilities moved out to the country, so that I was unable to get much first-hand information on the care and education of handicapped children, and missed some important people I would have liked to meet. On the other hand, several heads of institutions returned from their summer retreats to meet me in the cities and sometimes urged me to stay on or return again to see more things. Official autos were sent to pick us up and return us to hotels, staff members sometimes awaited us on our arrival in new cities and several festive tea parties culminated our institutional visits, with gracious and cordial exchange of toasts; we were constantly presented with books and gifts, and huge bouquets were given to my wife. Russian hospitality is typically warm and heart-felt, and was at this time especially motivated by the wish to form friendly ties with America and the West. Like most visitors, we could not fail to be impressed by all of this, and did what we could to respond in kind.
Drugs—A Tool for Research in Psychiatry
Authors: Saunders John C.
Published: August 2008

The history of medicine reveals man's search for drugs to ease his diseases and possibly cure them. Advances have been made pharmacologically in the treatment and prevention of many infectious diseases. While psychiatry has benefited from these discoveries in the treatment of certain infections of the central nervous system, in general, the treatment of psychiatric diseases remains largely empirical. The psychopharmacologic treatment of psychiatric diseases continues to be based on the presenting symptom-complex of the patient; this is because the aetiology is still unknown, for in reality our explanations do not explain. The phrenotropic drugs currently used in psychiatry are important for their pharmacodynamic effect since they change the cellular environment in which mental processes are maintained. Pharmacodynamic research in psychiatry has revealed possible neuroanatomical sites and many biochemical effects of these drugs. The specific correlation of these findings with clinical effects is lacking. When this is accomplished, it is probable that better drugs will be developed.
The Effects of Meprobamate on Time Perception
Authors: Costello C. G.
Published: August 2008

The change in time perception produced by the administration of drugs has received a fair amount of attention. Frankenhaeuser (6) has reviewed the work on the effects of hashish and mescaline intoxication on the estimation of time. She concludes that “there seems to be some agreement in that time seems longer than usual in passing but shorter when regarded in retrospect”. But this work dealt with introspective reports regarding the passage of time rather than with quantitative changes and will not be discussed further here.
Psychodynamic and Psychotherapeutic Problems in Connection with Imipramine (Tofranil) Intake
Authors: Azima H.
Published: August 2008

Since the preliminary studies in imipramine (Tofranil) (1, 2, 3, 4) demonstrated the potent anti-depressant activity of this substance, attempts have been made to pin-point the differential effects of the drug on psychodynamic structure. These were reported in two previous studies (5, 6). The purpose of the present communication is to elaborate on the information gained in the latter experiments, and their consequent application to the psychotherapy of depressions and other mental syndromes.
A Chromatographic Study of the Amino Acids in Urine and C.S.F. From Mentally Deficient Children
Authors: McKay Eric , Thom Hazel
Published: August 2008

As a result of new methods of biochemical investigation an increasing although yet small number of cases of mental deficiency can be shown to be caused by congenital metabolic abnormalities. In 1958 Wrightet al., reviewed and classified anomalies of this nature and since than a new syndrome has been described by Allanet al. (1958) and a syndrome closely related to, if not identical with, Maple Syrup Urine Disease by Smith and Strang (1958).
The Psychological Disturbances Associated with 345 Pregnancies in 137 Women
Authors: Ryle A.
Published: August 2008

The late Dr. Vera Norris (5), in a study of London mental hospital admissions, found that a London woman, at birth, has 0 · 8 chances in 1,000 of being admitted at some time in her life with a puerperal psychosis. This figure, based upon hospital admissions, must be compared with Kline's (4) estimate that 5 per cent. of pregnant women have an associated emotional disturbance. Clearly, hospital admissions represent a small proportion of all cases occurring and it is likely that socio-economic and cultural as well as medical factors play a part in determining whether admission takes place. Estimates of the incidence of psychiatric disorders associated with childbearing must vary according to the age structure of the population, the facilities for psychiatric care available in the community and the criteria adopted for attributing illness to the effects of childbearing.
The use of Glucagon in the Termination of Insulin Coma
Authors: Cosgrave M. J. , Moss M. C.
Published: August 2008

Glucagon, the hyperglycaemic glycogenolytic factor of the pancreas, was discovered by Kimball and Murlin in 1923 (1). It was crystallized by Staub, Sinn and Behrens in 1953 (2, 3). Glucagon is believed to cause a rise in blood sugar by acting at the site of liver Phosphorylase—converting inactive Phosphorylase to active Phosphorylase (4).
A Comparison of Results in Schizophrenics Treated with (1) Insulin, (2) Trifluoperazine (“Stelazine”)
Authors: McNeill D. L. M. , Madgwick J. R. A.
Published: August 2008

There appears to be a feeling at the moment among many psychiatrists that the treatment of early schizophrenia of all types with the recently introduced phenothiazine derivatives is as effective, if not better than, Insulin Coma Treatment (I.C.T.) and that there are many other advantages besides. In some hospitals insulin coma treatment has been discontinued altogether.
Discrepancies Between the Pattern of Abilities for Normal and Neurotic Children
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

In the WISC manual Wechsler (1949) gives correlation matrices for his battery of 12 cognitive tests for three random samples of normal children aged 7½, 10½ and 13½ years respectively. A factor analysis of each of these matrices, excluding the information and mazes tests which are seldom used in Britain, is reported elsewhere (Maxwell, 1959), and it is shown that the pattern of loadings is similar for all three age groups. The question then arose as to how the pattern of loadings for a sample of children attending a psychiatric clinic would compare with that obtained for normal children. The problem is investigated in this article.
Therapeutic Value of Thioproperazine and the Importance of the Associated Neurological Disturbances
Authors: Denham J. , Carrick D. J. E. L.
Published: August 2008

Clinical trials of thioproperazine (7843 R.P.; “Majeptil”) 2-dimethyl-sulphamoyl-10-(3-4′-methy1-1′-piperazinylpropyl) phenothiazine methanesulphonate, carried out in France by Delay, Deniker et al. (1959b); Perrin, Lambert et al. (1958); Coirault et al. (1959); and in America by Denber et al. (1959, 1960), have shown that it is a highly effective agent in the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania. To examine the claims made for the drug's value in deteriorated or vegetative schizophrenics, and in other cases that have resisted chemotherapy, a trial was undertaken in this country.
Obsessional Illness in Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Ingram I. M.
Published: August 2008

The descriptive study reported here has three main objects: to describe in detail the natural history of a group of obsessional patients; to compare the findings in this group with those in comparable groups of hysterics and anxiety neurotics; and to find in what ways a sample composed of in-patients of a mental hospital differs from other groups of obsessional patients previously described.
A Critique of Current Views on Acrocephaly and Related Conditions
Authors: Crome L.
Published: August 2008

Certain conditions associated with mental deficiency derive their name from some characteristic skeletal deformity. One of these is abnormal highheadedness or acrocephaly, a term often used interchangeably with oxycephaly, tower skull or turricephaly. To be sure, certain criteria have been recommended by some workers for confining each of the above terms to different sub-varieties of highheadedness and many alternative names have also been proposed (Günther 1941), but none of these have taken root. A distinction is made by many writers between acrocephaly and hypsocephaly or ordinary highheadedness: it is stated that the essential feature of acrocephaly is not highheadedness in itself but exaggerated upward pointing or angling of the head at some distance along its superior curvature so that, in theory, an acrocephalic head need not necessarily be hypsocephalic. However, it is doubtful if this distinction can always be sustained since many otherwise quite normal individuals have abnormal angling of the skull, while some recorded cases of acrocephaly presented a smooth and rounded profile of their upper cranial curvature in photographs and lateral skull X-rays.
The Investigation of the Effects of Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Fox B.
Published: August 2008

The first aim of the study reported in this paper was to check Foulds's finding that claims for the success of a treatment were related to the degree of experimental control which authors exercised in their investigations (77). Foulds, from a selection of papers appearing between 1951 and 1956, showed that five studies (6·9 per cent, of the total) were controlled and claimed success, 15 (20·8 per cent, of the total) were controlled and claimed failure, 43 (59·7 per cent, of the total) were uncontrolled and claimed success and 9 (12·5 per cent. of the total) were uncontrolled and reported failure.
An Evaluation of the Feldman Prognosis Scale for Shock Therapy
Authors: Bannister D. , Beech H. R.
Published: August 2008

Feldman (1951) published a scale for predicting the response of patients to E.C.T. and insulin coma therapy. Using only Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles meeting stated requirements (at least one elevated scale, moderate F scale scores, etc.) he carried out an item analysis of the M.M.P.I. responses of 42 patients who had responded well to shock therapy and 42 patients who had remained unimproved (psychiatrists' ratings). He derived a 52-item scale, scored as an additional M.M.P.I. scale and labelled Ps, high scores indicating poor prognosis. This he cross-validated on a further 100 patients (categorized as recovered, improved or unimproved) and all categories were well discriminated by Ps scale scores.
A Clinical Trial of Imipramine (“Tofranil”) on Depressed Patients
Authors: Ashby W. Ross , Collins G. H.
Published: August 2008

Recently many new anti-depressive drugs have flooded the market, the objective being initially to assist and finally to replace E.C.T. as the treatment of choice for depressive states. One such preparation is Tofranil (N-(γ-Dimethyl-aminopropyl)-iminodibenzyl hydrochloride or imipramine). It was first favourably reported on by Azima (1) and Kuhn (2).
A Controlled Trial of Imipramine (“Tofranil”) in the Treatment of Severe Depressive States
Authors: Rees Linford , Brown A. C. , Benaim S.
Published: August 2008

The discovery by Kuhn (1957) that an iminodibenzyl derivative (imipramine) was therapeutically successful in depressive illnesses aroused great interest and stimulated clinical trials with the drug in many parts of the world. The results of some of the published reports are given in summarized form in Table I.
Controlled Clinical Trial of Isocarboxazid (“Marplan”) in Hospital Psychiatry
Authors: Joshi Vasant G.
Published: August 2008

A number of synthetic drugs have recently been introduced as specific antidepressants in psychiatry. Isocarboxazid (Marplan) is an analogue of iproniazid (Marsilid). Both belong to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor group of antidepressants. Isocarboxazid is said to be less toxic but of equal potency for a lesser dose than iproniazid. A controlled clinical trial of isocarboxazid was therefore undertaken to assess this drug in the treatment of depression. The results of this trial are reported in this paper together with the results of an uncontrolled trial in a further group of patients (group M) who received isocarboxazid only.
A Controlled Trial of Methaminodiazepoxide (Chlordiazepoxide, “Librium”) in the Treatment of Anxiety in Neurotic Patients
Authors: Jenner F. A. , Kerry R. J. , Parkin D.
Published: August 2008

In the absence of full understanding of the nature of anxiety neurosis, therapy must be, in part, symptomatic. Along with reassurance and efforts to comprehend the important aspects of the situation, most doctors are forced to use tranquillizing drugs. Careful clinical studies are, therefore, important.
A Neurophysiological Theory of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fish Frank
Published: August 2008

In the psychiatric literature in English there is a tendency today to deprecate speculative neurophysiological theories of the “functional” psychiatric disorders, while little is done to halt the flood of far-fetched and untestable hypotheses of the “dynamic” psychopathologists. The present author believes that it is legitimate to postulate a neurophysiological basis for schizophrenia in the hope that those with a more adequate knowledge of neurophysiology will be obliged to re-examine the problem of schizophrenia more fruitfully. Conrad (1958, and Fish, 1960) has given a very interesting interpretation of acute schizophrenic symptoms, so that his approach to schizophrenia forms a very convenient starting point for further speculation. This worker's views will therefore now be presented in some detail before the present author's theories are discussed.
Differential Effects of Colour on Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

Four experiments were carried out on chronic female schizophrenic patients in order to determine the differential effects of colour upon their behaviour. The three primary colours, red, blue and green, were used. The patients, who fell into Arieti's second or third stages of schizophrenia, had a mean age of 45 years (range 38-50), and a mean duration of hospitalization of 19 years (range 9-30). All experiments were carried out in a small side room painted white, the colour of which could be changed by the use of coloured lights hanging centrally from the ceiling. The colours used had a fixed intensity of 2 foot candles at a distance of 2 feet.
The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Kreitman N.
Published: August 2008

No observation can be incorporated satisfactorily in a body of knowledge unless its reliability, however defined, is also known. In psychiatry, the concept of reliability has in great measure been transplanted from clinical psychology, but its optimal application to meet psychiatric needs requires some attention.

For the purposes of psychiatry, reliability can conveniently be measured as the amount of agreement between different observers examining the same subjects (or a comparable series of subjects). The results may be expressed as the percentage of subjects in which agreement on the relevant variables is reached, or, in the case of two or more closely matched series being employed, by comparing the reported incidence of the phenomena under study. In one or other form this simple principle has been applied in a number of reliability studies, of which the majority have been concerned with the vital question of the reliability of nosological diagnosis (Ash, 1949; Mehlman, 1952; Hunt, Wittson and Hunt, 1953; Seeman, 1953; Foulds, 1955; Schmidt and Fonda, 1956; Pasamanick, Dinitz and Lefton, 1959), while Reid and Finnesinger (1952) have contributed an interesting semantic analysis of the concepts involved.
Imipramine (Tofranil) in Depressive States a Controlled Trial with In-Patients
Authors: Friedman Charles , De Mowbray M. S. , Hamilton Vernon
Published: August 2008

A large number of papers has been published in the last two or three years on the use of imipramine in depressive states. Much of this literature has been reviewed by Ball and Kiloh (1959) whose investigations on out-patients represents one of the remarkably few controlled trials that have so far appeared. We feel, therefore, that there is room for a report on another controlled study, this time with in-patients, in which the term “controlled” not only involved the usual “blind” procedures of administering tablets, but also included some of those elementary safeguards of reliability and validity of assessments without which uncertainty must remain concerning the meaning of any findings. Foulds (1958), for example, has presented evidence that uncontrolled investigations have a greater tendency to yield results supporting the hypotheses of investigations than experimentally fully controlled trials. In view of the claims that had been made for the efficacy of imipramine in a number of uncontrolled studies, we were primarily concerned to discover whether or not there existed valid scientific evidence of its value and, if so, in what kinds of depressive illness it appeared to be of most benefit.
Comparison of Two Anti-Depressant Drugs (Imipramine and Pheniprazine) In Endogenous Depressive Illnesses in Female In-Patients
Authors: Oakley Donald P.
Published: August 2008

The following study was designed to compare the effectiveness of imipramine (Tofranil) and pheniprazine (Cavodil) in the treatment of endogenous depression. Controlled trials have shown the value of imipramine (Holdway, 1960) and therefore no placebo group was included. The theoretical advantages of a cross-over technique were considered to be outweighed by such disadvantages as the tendency for the effects of the first therapeutic agent to continue into the second phase of the experiment; and the tendency for rapid remissions to occur with anti-depressive drugs and to persist for a period despite withdrawal. Thus two similar groups of patients, each treated with full dosage of their respective drugs, were compared. The selection of patients was randomized, and the trial was blind throughout.
Atypical Mental Illness in a Family Including Identical Twins
Authors: Warner James
Published: August 2008

In St. Crispin Hospital, Northampton, there are male identical twins (J.L. and P.L.) who for nearly a quarter of a century have suffered from an atypical psychosis. They were previously studied by Palmer (3). Their sister (B.L.) had a similar mental illness but she obtained relief from a leucotomy operation at an early stage. The mother was also affected, but the onset of illness in her case was later in life. There are two unaffected siblings.