bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extensional tectonics of the Outer Hebrides Fault Zone, South Uist, northwest Scotland
Authors: OSINSKI G. R. , ALSOP G. I. , OLIVER G. J. H.
Published: July 2002

The Outer Hebrides Fault Zone is a major ESE-dipping reactivated structure within
Lewisian basement gneisses of the Laurentian craton, northwest Scotland. Detailed mapping in South
Uist reveals important new evidence that contributes to a better understanding of the kinematic evolution
of the fault zone. Large quantities of pseudotachylite which characterize the fault zone on South
Uist may in part be lithologically controlled, and therefore of little value in determining areas of greatest
deformation and displacement. Only limited evidence is preserved for ductile and brittle thrust-sense
movements along this portion of the fault zone. The tectonics of the fault zone on South Uist are
dominated by structures associated with several episodes of pervasive top-down-to-the-SE to -ENE
brittle extensional deformation, which are progressively overprinted by protophyllonitic and phyllonitic
fabrics associated with top-down-to-the-E to -ENE extension. A series of late-stage high-angle
normal faults record top-down-to-the-ESE to -ENE extension and cut the phyllonites. Fluid inclusion
studies from syntectonic quartz veins constrain the conditions of phyllonite formation at 370 ± 20 °C.
Field evidence suggests that this section of the Outer Hebrides Fault Zone may have been largely unaffected
by sinistral strike-slip reactivation as reported along-strike to the north, suggesting both a varied
and compartmentalized tectonic and evolutionary history along the length of the Outer Hebrides
Fault Zone.
Neotethyan evolution of eastern Greece (Pagondas Mélange,
Evia island) inferred from radiolarian biostratigraphy and the
geochemistry of associated extrusive rocks
Authors: DANELIAN TANIEL , ROBERTSON ALASTAIR H. F.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents new radiolarian biostratigraphic and igneous/metamorphic geochemical
data for a Mesozoic volcanic–sedimentary mélange on the island of Evia (Euboea or Evvoia), eastern
Greece. This mélange includes dismembered thrust sheets and blocks of radiolarian chert and basalt.
Biostratigraphic age data show that radiolarites interbedded with basalt-derived, coarse clastic sediments
near the base of a coherent succession were deposited in Middle and Late Triassic time (Late
Ladinian–Carnian, Norian?). Geochemical evidence shows that associated extrusive rocks, of inferred
Triassic age, range from ‘enriched’ alkaline basalts, to ‘transitional’ basalts, and more ‘depleted’ mid-ocean
ridge-type basalts. Amphibolite facies meta-basalts from the metamorphic sole of the over-riding
Evia ophiolite exhibit similar chemical compositions. Both the basalts and the meta-basalts commonly
show an apparent subduction-related influence (e.g. relative Nb depletion) that may have been inherited
from a previous subduction event in the region. The basalts are interpreted to have erupted during
Middle–Late Triassic time (Late Ladinian–Carnian), related to initial opening of a Neotethyan ocean
basin adjacent to a rifted continental margin. Radiolarites located stratigraphically higher in the coherent
succession studied are dated as Middle Jurassic (Late Bathonian–Early Callovian). Similar-aged
radiolarites are depositionally associated with ophiolitic rocks (including boninites), in some other areas
of Greece and Albania. During initial ocean basin closure (Bajocian–Bathonian) the adjacent shallow-water
carbonate platform (Pelagonian zone) disintegrated to form basins in which siliceous sediments
were deposited and highs on which shallow-water carbonates continued to accumulate. This facies differentiation
is seen as a response to crustal flexure as the Neotethyan ocean began to close. The over-riding
Pagondas Mélange and other similar units in the region are interpreted as accretionary prisms related to
subduction of Neotethyan oceanic crust in Middle–Late Jurassic time. These mélanges were emplaced,
probably diachronously during Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian time, when the passive margin collapsed,
creating a foredeep ahead of advancing thrust sheets of mélange and ophiolites.
The role of the flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir graben, western Turkey
Authors: SEYİTOĞLU GÜROL , TEKELİ OKAN , ÇEMEN İBRAHİM , ŞEN ŞEVKET , IŞIK VEYSEL
Published: July 2002

The Alaşehir graben is a well-defined prominent extensional structure in western Turkey,
generally trending E–W and containing four sedimentary units. At the beginning of graben formation
during Early–Middle Miocene times, the first fault system was active and responsible for the accumulation
of the first and second sedimentary units. In Pliocene times, a second fault system developed in
the hanging wall of the first system and a third sedimentary unit was deposited. The recently active
third fault system separates older graben fill and a fourth sedimentary unit. Activity on each fault
system caused the rotation and uplift of previous systems, similar to the ‘flexural rotation/rolling
hinge’ model, but our field observations indicate that the rotated first fault system is also active,
allowing exhumation of larger amounts of rock units. This paper documents that graben formation in
western Turkey is a sequential process. Its different periods are represented by three fault systems and
associated sedimentation. Consequently, recent claims using age data from only the second and/or
third sedimentary units to determine the timing of graben formation are misleading.
Initiation of Iapetus subduction under Irish Avalonia
Authors: McCONNELL BRIAN , MORRIS JOHN
Published: July 2002

The Dowery Hill Member of metamorphosed basalt, dolerite and

siltstone is here recognized as the oldest exposed volcanic unit of

the Lower Ordovician Ribband Group, with a minimum age of early

Arenig. Peperites and resedimented hydroclastic breccia demonstrate a

volcanic origin for the basalts. The igneous rocks are tholeiitic,

with a trace element geochemistry indicative of a subduction-modified

fertile mantle source, which we interpret as recording an early stage

of volcanic arc evolution. The member is therefore the oldest known

component of the volcanic arc generated by subduction of Iapetus

oceanic lithosphere under southeastern Ireland. Subduction started

earlier than predicted by current plate tectonic models, and these

should be re-evaluated.
A Liassic isolated platform controlled by tectonics: South

Iberian Margin, southeast Spain
Authors: REY J.
Published: July 2002

The middle and upper members of the Gavilán Formation

near Vélez-Rubio (Almería Province, southeast Spain)

are interpreted as carbonate platform deposits. The studied outcrops

form geologically part of the External Zones of the Betic Cordillera

(South Iberian Palaeomargin). A genetic unit limited by

intra-Sinemurian and intra-Upper-Carixian sedimentary breaks is

defined. The evolution of the parasequence sets in the area, and the

development of deeper sedimentation in its northern outcrops, suggest

that this platform was isolated with regard to the South Iberian

Margin. Three distinct parasequence sets are proposed: progradational

parasequence set (only locally present), retrogradational

parasequence set (middle member of the Gavilán Formation) and

aggradational parasequence set (basically composed of the upper

member of the Gavilán Formation). Sedimentary features (such

as neptunian dykes, sharp lithological changes, thickness

variations), the presence of palaeofaults and the subsidence history

all lead to the conclusion of a significant regional tectonic

influence in the genetic unit evolution. Normal extensional faulting

has been proposed as a major control on sedimentation on this

isolated platform. This regional factor has completely distorted the

effect of the eustatic fluctuations for this period of time.
Late Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and

Uşak-Güre basins: a contribution to the discussion on the

development of east–west and north trending basins in western

Turkey
Authors: SEYİTOĞLU GÜROL
Published: July 2002

This paper expands the K–Ar dating and palynologically

controlled stratigraphical data base reported in earlier papers to

the north trending Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins located

to the north of east–west trending Alaşehir graben in

western Turkey. These north trending basins began to form during

Early Miocene times and most of their basin fills accumulated before

14 Ma, except for the youngest Asartepe formation. Recent studies of

both east–west grabens and north trending basins show that they

started to develop simultaneously during Early Miocene times under

the north–south extensional regime, and the classification of

the structures as ‘replacement’ and

‘revolutionary’ has no meaning for the Alaşehir

graben and the basins located to its north.
Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the South Orkney Microcontinent,

Scotia arc, Antarctica
Authors: TROUW R. A. J. , PASSCHIER C. W. , SIMÕES L. S. A. , ANDREIS R. R. , VALERIANO C. M.
Published: July 2002

The South Orkney Islands are the exposed part of a continental

fragment on the southern limb of

the Scotia arc. The islands are to a large extent composed of metapelites
and

metagreywackes of probable

Triassic sedimentary age. Deformation related to an accretionary wedge
setting,

with associated metamorphism

from anchizone to the greenschist facies, are of Jurassic age (176–200
Ma).

On Powell Island, in

the centre of the archipelago, five phases of deformation are recognized.
The

first three, associated with the

main metamorphism, are tentatively correlated with early Jurassic subduction

along the Pacific margin of

Gondwana. D4 is a phase of middle to late Jurassic crustal extension

associated with uplift. This extension

phase may be related to opening of the Rocas Verdes basin in southern Chile,

associated with the breakup of

Gondwanaland. Upper Jurassic conglomerates cover the metamorphic rocks

unconformably. D5 is a phase

of brittle extensional faulting probably associated with Cenozoic opening
of

the Powell basin west of the

archipelago, and with development of the Scotia arc.
Palaeomagnetism of the Borrowdale and Eycott volcanic
groups, English Lake District: primary and secondary
magnetization during a single late Ordovician polarity chron
Authors: PIPER J. D. A. , STEPHEN J. C. , BRANNEY M. J.
Published: July 2002

Late Ordovician volcanic rocks of the English Lake District
typically have a magnetic remanence
dominated by a single characteristic component. Previous investigations have
interpreted this remanence
as both of primary (pre-folding) and secondary origin. Palaeomagnetic
field tests have been
conducted on (a) andesite blocks from an autobrecciated lava top, (b)
andesite blocks in mass-flow breccias,
and (c) fault-blocks tilted during Ordovician caldera collapse to establish
the time of remanence acquisition.
All three tests show that the lavas retain a magnetization acquired during
initial cooling: magnetizations of
the breccias are coherent within clasts and random between clasts, whilst
magnetizations of the tilted fault
blocks converge with better that 95% confidence when corrected for the
effects of caldera collapse. In contrast,
the volcaniclastic sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks possess an
Ordovician secondary remanence
acquired after strata had been tilted by volcano-tectonic subsidence.
A distributed sample of 65 andesite and
basalt sheets through the Borrowdale Volcanic Group has a mean
remanence direction D/I=341.9/−48.9°
(α95=4.0°) yielding a positive fold test and a
palaeomagnetic pole at 12.7°E, 4.3°S (dp/dm=3.5/5.3°). A
progressive steepening of the palaeofield direction is recorded during
emplacement of the Borrowdale
Volcanic Group (∼I=−39° to I=−51°) which
continued into the interval of volcanotectonic overprinting
(I=−62°); the equivalent motion of Eastern Avalonia is
∼20° into higher southerly latitudes.

Both the Eycott and Borrowdale volcanic groups exhibit uniform
normal polarity throughout. Correlation
with the geomagnetic time scale for the Ordovician restores the broad
correlation between the two groups by
constraining their emplacement and partial overprinting to a single
long normal polarity chron occupying
the Nemagraptus gracilis and earlier part of the Diplograptus
multidens biozones (late Llandeilo and early
Caradoc). All the volcanism, therefore, occurred within a period of no
more than ∼5 Ma. The palaeomagnetic
evidence confirms that the Borrowdale Volcanic Group was affected by both
syn-volcanic deformation
(caldera collapse) and regional compressive deformation prior to
deposition of the (late
Ordovician–Silurian) Windermere Supergroup. The succession of
primary and secondary Ordovician
palaeomagnetic poles from the Lake District inlier defines an anticlockwise
apparent polar wander (APW)
loop with the apex correlating with ‘soft’ closure of the
Iapetus Ocean and late Ordovician deformation. The
APW paths from Avalonia and Baltica converge at this point as subduction
ceased and the arc subsided beneath the sea after mid-Caradoc times.
The Caledonian deformation of the Brabant Massif and the

Early Palaeozoic in northeast Germany: compared
Authors: GIESE U. , KATZUNG G. , WALTER R. , WEBER J.
Published: July 2002

The Caledonian deformation of the Brabant Massif and the Rügen

Early Palaeozoic has been

compared by structural analysis including strain determinations, X-ray

texture analysis, illite crystallinity

and vitrinite reflectivity. Both areas have experienced weak internal

deformation under anchimetamorphic

to very low-grade metamorphic conditions. The deformation of the Brabant
Massif

is characterized by (a) a

pronounced diagenetic foliation which resulted from compaction and weak

extensional tectonics; (b) tilting

or weak folding of the Cambrian strata around the Cambrian/Ordovician

boundary without internal deformation;

(c) a main phase of Caledonian deformation in the Lower Devonian which
was

associated with open

folding and an axial-plane pressure solution cleavage; (d) bending of

Caledonian structures from northwest–southeast to northeast–southwest.

The internal deformation appears homogeneous with decreasing

strain values towards upper structural levels. The strain ellipsoid is

predominantly prolate with the main axis

of extension parallel to the bedding–cleavage intersection lineation.
It

is interpreted as the result of superposition

of compaction, tectonic shortening and volume loss through pressure solution.

The Rügen Early

Palaeozoic is less deformed and less metamorphosed under anchizonal conditions.

While the upper structural

level is almost undeformed, towards the deeper structural levels a spaced
and

then a continuous slaty

cleavage is developed which is successively crenulated by a fracture cleavage.

The internal deformation

appears inhomogeneous due to several thrust zones with somewhat higher
strain

values. Outside the thrust

zones strain values increase towards lower structural levels, but not

significantly. The strain ellipsoid is prolate

with a strongly varying orientation of the X-axis. The structural inventory
of

both areas is comparable

with other fold-and-thrust belts. While the Rügen Palaeozoic represents
an

imbricated thrust-fan of an upper

structural level with discrete thrusts and inhomogeneous strain, the Brabant

Massif represents a deeper

structural level dominated by folding and more homogeneous internal deformation.
40Ar–39Ar geochronology of silicic and
basic volcanic rocks
on the margins of the North Atlantic
Authors: SINTON C. W. , HITCHEN K. , DUNCAN R. A.
Published: July 2002

At the submerged margins of the North Atlantic, andesitic to dacitic
and
basaltic volcanic rocks
occur together. The silicic rocks were derived by processes requiring
the presence of continental crust
(crustal anatexis and/or contamination of mafic magmas) while the
majority of the basaltic lavas had little or
no contact with continental crust. We report 40Ar–39Ar

incremental heating ages for several dacitic and
basaltic rocks recovered from three offshore localities of the North
Atlantic Igneous Province. Dacitic lavas
and tuffs at the southeast Greenland margin and trachytic lavas in
the Scottish Hebrides erupted contemporaneously
with basaltic lavas at 62–61 Ma. In contrast, the silicic lavas from

the northern Rockall Trough
(offshore western Scotland) and the Vøring Plateau (offshore Norway)

erupted at ∼55 Ma followed shortly
by basaltic volcanism. At this time, silicic magmatism at the southeast

Greenland margin had ceased and
only oceanic basalts were erupted. Similarly, ∼55 Ma lavas on the
southwest Rockall Plateau are wholly
basaltic. The compositions of all of the dated silicic volcanic rocks are

consistent with derivation from partial
melting of either continental crust or sediments. The heat necessary
for partial melting appears to have
been provided by basaltic magmas. Therefore, the existence of the
silicic rocks indicates the presence of
continental crust as well as a stable tectonic environment that
allowed the stagnation and pooling of basaltic
melts within the crust. With this in mind, it is apparent that at
62–60 Ma, both western and eastern sides of
the present North Atlantic margins were characterized by extensional
environments within continental crust
that were restrictive to the passage of mafic magmas. By 55 Ma, at the

time of continental breakup, the proximal
margins at southeast Greenland and the Rockall Plateau were devoid of
continental crust. But the presence
of 55 Ma silicic magmatism on the eastern North Atlantic margin can
be attributed to a broader zone of
magmatism and sediment-filled Mesozoic rift basins.
REVISIONISM AND THE ANCIENT HISTORICISM
Authors: BALDWIN GEOFF
Published: July 2002

Absolute monarchy and the Stuart constitution. By

Glenn Burgess. New Haven, Conn.: Yale

University Press, 1996. Pp. ix+229. £25.00.

Henry Parker and the English civil war. By Michael

Mendle. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1995. Pp. xix+204. £35.00.

Classical humanism and English political thought,

1550–1640. By Markku Peltonen.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xii+356. £35.00.

Republicanism, liberty, and commercial society, 1649–1776.

Ed. David Wootton. Stanford, Ca.:

Stanford University Press, 1995. Pp. ix+497. £40.00.
THE RISE AND FALL OF BRITANSKY SOYUZNIK: A CASE STUDY IN

SOVIET RESPONSE TO BRITISH PROPAGANDA OF THE MID-1940s
Authors: PECHATNOV VLADIMIR O.
Published: July 2002

The newly available documentation from the Russian archives sheds
new light upon
many aspects of Soviet-British relationship during World War II and the
early Cold
War. One such relatively unexplored facet of this relationship is propaganda
interaction
between the two countries. While the organization and technique of both
Soviet and
British propaganda machines have been studied rather extensively, there
has been very
little documented analysis of an actual impact of British propaganda on
the Soviet
regime and society in the mid-1940s (although some internal estimates within
the British
government must have been made at the time). Now, with the opening of Agitprop

(department of agitation and propaganda of the central committee of the
CPSU)
records it becomes possible to measure this impact, including Soviet steps
to manage it.
A good case study in this regard can be made out of Soviet internal reaction
to the main
mouthpieces of the British printed propaganda targeted on the Soviet audience
in
1942–8 – a journal, Britansky Soyuznik
(The British Ally) and its digest companion
Britanskaia Khronika (The British Chronicle).
THE TEMPEST AND THE BRITISH IMPERIUM IN 1611
Authors: MARSHALL TRISTAN
Published: July 2002

Recent moves by New Historicists to evaluate theatrical material
from the early modern
period have been at the expense of what historians would recognize
as acceptable use of historical
context. One of the most glaring examples of the dangers of taking a
play out of such a proper context
has been The Tempest. The play has had a great deal of
literary criticism devoted to it, attempting
to fit it into comfortable twentieth-century clothing in regard to
its commentary on empire, at the
expense of what the play's depiction of imperialism meant for
the year 1611 when it was written. The
purpose of this paper will therefore be to suggest that the play
does not actually call into question the
Jacobean process of colonization across the Atlantic at all, and
suggests that of more importance for
its audience would have been the depiction of the hegemony of the
island nation of Great Britain as
recreated in 1603. Such a historical reconstruction is helped
through contrasting Shakespeare's play
with the Jonson, Chapman, and Marston collaboration, Eastward Ho,
as well as with the
anonymous Masque of Flowers and Chapman's Memorable Masque.

These works will be used
to illustrate just what colonialism might mean for the Jacobean
audience when the Virginia project
was invoked and suggest that an American tale The Tempest is not.
CHURCHILL WITHOUT THE RHETORIC
Authors: Stewart Graham
Published: July 2002

Winston Churchill: studies in statesmanship. Edited by R. A. C. Parker. London and
Washington: Brassey's, 1995. Pp. xxi+259. ISBN 1-857-53151-5. £30.

Winston Churchill's last campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951–1985.
By John W. Young. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-198-20367-5. £45.

Churchill peacetime ministry, 1951–1955. By Henry Pelling. Basingstoke and London:
Macmillan, 1997. Pp. ix+216. ISBN 0-333-67709-9. £16.

Churchill as peacemaker. Edited by James W. Muller. Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson
Center and Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xii+344. ISBN 0-521-58314-4. £35.

Churchill and secret service. By David Stafford. London: John Murray, 1997.
Pp. xiii+386. ISBN 0-719-55407-1. £25.

Churchill and Hitler, in victory and defeat. By John Strawson.
London: Constable, 1997. Pp. xxxi+540. ISBN 0-094-75840-9. £20.

Over the course of the last decade, historians have set themselves the task of rescuing
Churchill from the restrictive embalmment of hero worship. This has been no easy task.
His 1930s campaign for rearmament and opposition to appeasement, his ‘finest hour’
in 1940, and his 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’ speech at Fulton, Missouri, secured for him on
both sides of the Atlantic an almost unparalleled relevance in the rhetoric of the
following forty years' Cold War. To Western politicians of this period, his career offered
pertinent ‘lessons’ – particularly the need to appear resolute in the face or threat of
aggression. To this was added the fact that his magnificent command of English made
him a rich quarry of quasi-prophetic quotes for an endless succession of political
speeches and journalistic articles.
RONNIE ELLENBLUM, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Pp. 333. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: Savage Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

“Define your terms” was the dictum stressed in school, and that is precisely what Ronnie Ellenblum does to fine effect. He challenges both the image of a Crusader population living in isolation behind city walls and the alternative picture of a Franco-Syrian society in which Crusaders were totally assimilated. Both interpretations rest on a series of assumptions, which are methodically examined and act as guideposts to a new and convincing conclusion.
Octave Mirbeau and the Changing Nature of Right-Wing Political Culture: France, 1870–1914
Authors: Gemie Sharif
Published: July 2002

Octave Mirbeau was a committed supporter of right-wing politics in the 1870s, and a committed opponent of the right wing during the Dreyfus Affair. This paper examines the reasons for his political change of heart, and discusses his changing analyses of right-wing political culture. Mirbeau's ideas are compared with those of some of his contemporaries, such as Blum, Peguy and Sorel.
Lines of Conflict: Labour Disputes in London, 1790–1870
Authors: Green David R.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines labour disputes in London between 1790 and 1870, based on a systematic coverage of working-class newspapers. Disputes were classified by type, cause and trade. Evidence exists for 294 disputes, the large majority of which were strikes. The incidence of disputes roughly paralleled cyclical and seasonal fluctuations in the economy. Wage claims were the main cause for conflict, although interpretation of such disputes needs to be related to price movements. The most serious disputes were associated with significant changes in control over employment and the labour process. Skilled and unskilled workers were involved in disputes, both taking advantage of specific circumstances to exert power at the workplace. The extent to which London was prone to disputes is discussed and tentative comparisons drawn with other regions in Britain.
Transplanted maize (Zea mays) for grain production in

southern England. I. Effects of planting date, transplant age at

planting and cultivar on grain yield
Authors: DALE A. E. , DRENNAN D. S. H.
Published: July 2002

Agroclimatic conditions in the UK are not ideally suited to

maize (Zea mays L.) as a grain crop. An alternative growing

technique to direct-seeded maize was investigated at Reading University

over three growing seasons, using four cultivars (Bastion, Ace, Anko

and Mirna) of different FAO maturity ratings. In the main trials

conducted in 1989 and 1990, seedlings were raised for 15–45 days

in a glasshouse and planted in the field between early May and

mid-June, at 10 plants/m2. On each planting date, maize

kernels of the same cultivars were also sown in the field. At the end

of each growing season, transplanted and direct-seeded crops were

assessed for grain maturity and grain yield components. Averaged over

year and cultivar, transplants matured significantly earlier than

direct-seeded maize and tended to give higher grain yields. Their grain

dry weights (86% DM) averaged 7·0 t/ha in a preliminary

study in 1988, 9·0 t/ha in 1989 and 6·1 t/ha in

1990, whereas those of direct-seeded maize averaged 4·0,

8·0 and 3·0 t/ha, respectively. The highest grain

weights resulted from May plantings using 15-day-old seedlings of the

late cv. Mirna, and from June plantings using 30-day-old seedlings.

Yield benefits from transplanting were not significant in 1989,

suggesting that in a very warm season transplants may not necessarily

outyield direct-seeded crops. Differences in grain weight between

transplanted and direct-seeded maize are discussed with respect to

grain moisture content, 1000-grain weight, ear length, and number of

grains and grain rows per ear; and applications of maize transplanting

for cropping systems are outlined. It is concluded that suitable

combinations of cultivar, transplant age at planting and planting date

can meet the thermal time requirement for a grain harvest in southern

England.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of plants
colonizing coal mine spoil in India
Authors: MEHROTRA V. S.
Published: July 2002

A survey of soil and root samples collected beneath
some pioneering plants colonizing reclaimed mine
spoil at an opencast coal mine site at Chandrapur, Maharashtra
State, India, was conducted in
October 1994 to examine the possible host and edaphic influence
on the occurrence of arbuscular
mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Thirteen plant species were sampled to
determine the mycorrhizal root
colonization and the number of spores of individual AM
fungal species in the rhizosphere.

Typical AM fungal infection was observed in roots of all
the plant species examined. Mycorrhizal
infection ranged from 20 to 95%. Sampled soils contained six
spore-forming species of AM fungi
(Acaulospora scrobiculata, Entrophospora
colombiana, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus
ambisporum, Scutellospora calospora and a
previously undescribed species of Glomus). Fungal
spore densities were not related to the mycorrhizal infection
levels. E. colombiana and G. ambisporum
were the leading species in terms of spore densities and
frequencies. Phenotypic variations in spores of AM fungi were
possibly related to the physical and chemical properties
of the mine spoil.

It is concluded that the pioneering plant species on mine
spoils can cause the development of
different populations of AM fungi. The study also indicates
that certain species of AM fungi have
broad environmental requirements.
A dynamic model for responsive scheduling of potato
irrigation based on simulated water-use and yield
Authors: EJIEJI C. J. , GOWING J. W.
Published: July 2002

A model was developed to simulate tuber yield and water use of a potato crop by modifying and
extending an existing water-use model. Empirical validation of the model was carried out with data
from 37 crop-years of experiments on a wide range of cultivars at five sites within the UK (viz Silsoe,
Gleadthorpe, Rothamsted, Woburn and Dundee). The study confirmed the validity of the model over
a range of yields from 1·67 to 73·7 t/ha and under conditions from severely droughted to fully
irrigated.
“An Octoroon in the Kindling”: American

Vernacular & Blackface Minstrelsy in 1930s Hollywood
Authors: STANFIELD PETER
Published: July 2002

For close on to a hundred years discourses on national identity,

European ethnic assimilation and the problem of class division within

the Republic had been principally addressed in the popular arts through

the agency of the black mask. During the 1930s, blackface in American

films shifted from the idea implied in the racial slur,

“nigger in the woodpile,” to the

rather less visible, but no less derogatory, “octoroon

in the kindling,” a

phrase used in Her Man (Pathé, Tay Garnett,

1930) to suggest something

is amiss, but which is used here to suggest the cultural miscegenation
that

informs much of the material discussed in this article.
TIME's Past in the Present:
Nostalgia and the Black and White Image
Authors: GRAINGE PAUL
Published: July 2002

In 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope sent back to astronomers at the
University of Arizona a series of vivid colour images of the Eagle Nebula,
a dense formation of interstellar gas and dust the likes of which cradle
newborn stars. As evidence that our perceptual universe, in every sense of
the word, is defined by the representational powers of colour technology,
the Hubble's “cosmic close-ups” are a clear case in point. Colour has
become a standard representational form and hence the visual form. If so,
what can be said of the recent popularity and proliferation of the black-and-white image?

No self-respecting café-bar or discriminating home, it seems, can now
do without a black and white print on the wall. Commercial photography
and certain forms of advertising have found a new niche in black and
white, and even sepia is staging a come-back. The popularity of the black-and-white image cannot be divorced from the commercial culture in
which it circulates; it is a “look” and a marker of taste. Monochrome is
a stylistic trend but a revealing one, especially if one considers the
growing preoccupation in America with heritage and memory. Both
Susan Sontag and Roland Barthes give black and white a status of
authenticity judged in relation to past time “properly” captured. For
Sontag, monochrome gives an image a sense of age, historical distance,
and aura. She writes, “the cold intimacy of color seems to seal off the
photograph from patina.” Likewise, Barthes comments on the artifice of
colour, how it is a “coating applied later on to the original truth of black
and white.” For both critics, monochrome is an aesthetic of the authentic
figured around a basic quality of pastness.
SEASONALITY OF MARRIAGES IN SPANISH AND FRENCH PARISHES IN THE CERDANYA
VALLEY, EASTERN PYRENEES
Authors: SALVAT MONTSERRAT , VIGO MARTA , MACBETH HELEN , BERTRANPETIT JAUME
Published: July 2002

The Cerdanya valley in the eastern Pyrenees has a physical unity into
which a political frontier has been imposed to divide it. The social and
cultural repercussions of this Franco-Spanish border have created obstacles to
marriage which are not due to topography. Choice of month of marriage is under
cultural control and the study of seasonality in marriages recorded in the
registers of all the Cerdan parishes on both sides of the border demonstrated
differences over time and between French and Spanish sectors. It is suggested
that these changes demonstrate the process of distancing of the two
populations. Cluster and correspondence analysis showed progressive
differentiation of the seasonality patterns of the French and Spanish Cerdans despite the geographic unity of the valley. Sociocultural factors are presumed responsible.
THE IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING SUPPLY FACTORS ON UNMET NEED IN RURAL EGYPT 1988Ð1989
Authors: STEELE FIONA , GEEL FATMA EL-ZAHRAA M. M.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the reasons for the high level of unmet need
for contraception in rural Egypt, using data from the individual survey and
service availability module of the 1988Ð89 Egypt Demographic and Health
Survey. Two broad sets of potential factors are considered: characteristics of
a woman which influence her desire for children and thus her propensity to
use contraception, and factors relating to the family planning service
environment in which she lives. The results from a multivariate analysis show
that certain individual characteristics, such as family composition and
education, have a strong impact on the level of contraceptive use and on the
proportion of total demand for spacing or limiting childbearing that is met
by use of family planning. Unmet need, however, remains fairly constant
across demographic and socioeconomic subgroups of the population. The
largest variations in unmet need are regional, but elements of the family
planning services, namely the provision of a community-based nurse who
distributes family planning and female doctors at clinics, also play an
important role.
Renneting properties of milk from individual ewes: influence of
genetic and non-genetic variables, and relationship with
physicochemical characteristics
Authors: PELLEGRINI OLIVIER , REMEUF FLORENT , RIVEMALE MARIE , BARILLET FRANCIS
Published: July 2002

The physicochemical characteristics and the renneting properties of milks
from Lacaune ewes are reported. The ewes belonged to divergent genetic lines termed
‘low’ or ‘high’ and were selected on a combination of
fat and protein yield. The 179
second to fifth parity ewes were sampled three times during lactation at about 50,
135 and 175 d in milk. Physicochemical and renneting variables were principally
influenced by days in milk and somatic cell count, whereas β-lactoglobulin
genotype, parity and divergent lines had relatively few effects. Fat and
protein content
increased throughout lactation, whereas rennet gel firming rate decreased. Salt
distribution and micellar characteristics were also significantly affected by days in
milk. Milks with high somatic cell count were characterized by high values of pH and
soluble nitrogen content and rennet coagulation properties were significantly
affected at >3×105−5×105
cells/ml milk. Divergent lines had a strong effect on
milk yield, but no effect on milk composition consistent with the
selection criteria.
Gel firming rate was slightly higher in milks from high yield ewes. Protein content,
Ca concentration, pH and micelle characteristics were the main factors related to
variations in the renneting properties of the milks.
The Limits of Latitudinarianism: English Reactions to Bishop
Clayton's An Essay on Spirit
Authors: ASTON NIGEL
Published: July 2002

Publication of An essay on spirit in 1750 was, on the
face of it, no
particular landmark in the history of heterodoxy. There had been
arguments in Anglican circles since the 1680s about ‘mystery’
and
the Holy Trinity, all part of the assault on fundamental articles of belief

waged by such critics as John Toland and Anthony Collins after the
Revolution Settlement, a time when interest in Arian ideas was reviving

among Isaac Newton's followers, particularly Samuel Clarke and William

Whiston. An essay on spirit – this latest expression of
a highly developed
Arianism – was couched in scholastic, even esoteric language, of
apparent
interest only to controversialists on either side of the question. What,

however, made it a cause célèbre
was the talk from the moment it left the
press that its author and apologist for what we have recently been
reminded was the archetypal Christian deviation was none other than
one of the most senior members of the Church of Ireland – the bishop
of
Clogher, Robert Clayton, himself an Englishman by birth. Though not
every commentator could or would believe this ascription, the bishop
himself never attempted to deny it and, before long, the unsettling
evidence of the extent to which heresy had penetrated the highest circles

of the Anglican establishment was beyond serious doubt. Its appearance

(and the writings which followed) led to vigorous counter-blasts on both

sides of the Irish Sea from a range of clerical and lay opinion that
extended well beyond the confines of any church ‘party’. Having
spent
the previous half century countering, with some success, the different

strains of deism and free-thinking on the frontiers of Anglicanism, a
broad band of clergy was alarmed that Clayton's writings of the 1750s

bore disturbing witness to the presence of traitors within the citadel
who,
in challenging the Church to tolerate their continued presence, were
ready to endanger its moderate latitudinarian character. Moreover, An

essay on spirit appeared at a time when the writings of Middleton
and
Hume also demanded the notice of theologians, and the ‘Church in

Danger!’ had not ceased to be an appropriate battle cry to marginalised
Tories.
‘A Church for the Poor’: High-
Church Slum Ministry in Anderston,
Glasgow, 1845–51
Authors: STRONG ROWAN
Published: July 2002

In December 1845 Bishop Michael Russell of Glasgow and Galloway
wrote to a keen young Episcopalian layman, Alexander James
Donald D'Orsey, a teacher at the High School in Glasgow, suggesting
ordination. Conscious of the growing numbers of immigrant Episcopalians
in the western suburbs of Glasgow, the bishop's intention was to
stimulate a new congregation for ‘the wants of the poorer class there’.
Evidently D'Orsey was already known to the bishop for he mentions him
as pleading ‘with your usual eloquence’ the cause of the Episcopalian
Church Society, which would raise part of the £80 stipend. Russell
envisaged that D'Orsey would work in this new congregation for a year
or two until something more worthy of the young man's talents came up.
D'Orsey wrote stating that the proposal was attractive, not least because
it was a congregation which would primarily be comprised of the
‘humbler classes’. He would continue in his present work and undertake
the congregational duties part-time. His present income made it
preferable to refuse the stipend, suggesting that it should go to augment
the livings of poorer clergy. As a new priest D'Orsey went on to create the
congregation that eventually became St John's, Anderston, and to
become embroiled with Russell's successor, Bishop Walter Trower, over
ritualism in the parish. The deposit of D'Orsey's correspondence with
these two bishops in the National Library of Scotland provides the
opportunity for a localised insight into the emergence of Episcopalian
ministry to the poor in nineteenth-century Scotland's most industrialised
city, and to the connection of such ministry with ritualism.
The Oxford Martyrs in Oxford:
The Local History of their
Confinements and their Keepers
Authors: HAMMER CARL I.
Published: July 2002

Early in March 1554 the three English reformers and later Oxford
martyrs, the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, the
former bishop of Worcester, Hugh Latimer, and the bishop of
London, Nicholas Ridley, were transported to the supposedly safe
location of Oxford to expedite their trials. Their stay in Oxford, however,
turned out to be a long one, lasting until their execution by burning
outside the Northgate there: Latimer and Ridley on 16 October 1555;
Cranmer on 21 March 1556. During the time they spent in Oxford –
between nineteen and twenty-four months – they were usually confined
apart from one another, in a number of locations, by the municipal
officials responsible to the crown for their safekeeping: the mayor and the
two bailiffs of Oxford. Cranmer, the most important and politically the
most sensitive of the prisoners, appears to have spent most of his long
confinement in the Bocardo, the local prison over the town's Northgate
next to St Michael's church. Latimer and Ridley, on the other hand,
spent considerable time privately boarded in the houses of, respectively,
the bailiffs and the mayor, and Ridley, in particular, seems to have been
able to maintain regular written and personal contact with their
supporters and sympathisers. Their confinement must have put the three
reformers, all of them Cambridge graduates, into a variety of contacts
with local residents, but records for only two of those relationships have
survived, and from diametrically opposite sources.
Waves on the beta-plane over sparse topography
Authors: BENILOV E. S.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with linear waves on the beta-plane over topography. The main
assumption is that the topography consists of isolated radially symmetric irregularities
(random or periodic), such that their characteristic radii are much smaller than the
distances between them. This approximation allows one to obtain the dispersion
relation for the frequency of wave modes; and in order to examine the properties
of those, we consider a particular case where bottom irregularities are cylinders of
various heights and radii. It is demonstrated that if all irregularities are of the same
height, h, there exist two topographic and one Rossby modes. The frequency of one
of the topographic modes is ‘locked’ inside the band
(−fh/2H0, fh/2H0), where f
is the Coriolis parameter and H0 is the mean depth of the ocean. The frequencies
of the other topographic mode and the barotropic Rossby mode are ‘locked’ above and below the band,
respectively. It is also demonstrated that if the heights of cylinders are distributed within a certain range,
(−h0, h0), no harmonic modes exist with frequencies inside the interval
(−fh0/2H0, fh0/2H0).
The topographic and Rossby modes are ‘pushed’ out of the ‘prohibited’ band.
Computations of fully nonlinear three-dimensional wave–wave and wave–body interactions.
Part 1. Dynamics of steep three-dimensional waves
Authors: XUE MING , XÜ HONGBO , LIU YUMING , YUE DICK K. P.
Published: July 2002

We develop an efficient high-order boundary-element method with the mixed-Eulerian–Lagrangian
approach for the simulation of fully nonlinear three-dimensional wave–wave
and wave–body interactions. For illustration, we apply this method to the study
of two three-dimensional steep wave problems. (The application to wave–body interactions
is addressed in an accompanying paper: Liu, Xue & Yue 2001.) In the
first problem, we investigate the dynamics of three-dimensional overturning breaking
waves. We obtain detailed kinematics and full quantification of three-dimensional
effects upon wave plunging. Systematic simulations show that, compared to two-dimensional
waves, three-dimensional waves generally break at higher surface elevations
and greater maximum longitudinal accelerations, but with smaller tip velocities
and less arched front faces. For the second problem, we study the generation mechanism
of steep crescent waves. We show that the development of such waves is a result
of three-dimensional (class II) Stokes wave instability. Starting with two-dimensional
Stokes waves with small three-dimensional perturbations, we obtain direct simulations
of the evolution of both L2 and L3 crescent waves.
Our results compare quantitatively well with experimental measurements for all the distinct features and geometric
properties of such waves.
Measurements of diapycnal diffusivities in stratified fluids
Authors: BARRY MICHAEL E. , IVEY GREGORY N. , WINTERS KRAIG B. , IMBERGER JÖRG
Published: July 2002

Linearly stratified salt solutions of different Prandtl number were subjected to turbulent
stirring by a horizontally oscillating vertical grid in a closed laboratory system.
The experimental set-up allowed the independent direct measurement of a root mean
square turbulent lengthscale Lt, turbulent diffusivity
for mass Kρ, rate of dissipation
of turbulent kinetic energy ε, buoyancy frequency N and viscosity v, as time and
volume averaged quantities. The behaviour of both Lt
and Kρ was characterized over a wide range of the turbulence intensity measure,
ε/vN2, and two regimes were identified.

In the more energetic of these regimes (Regime E, where
300 < ε/vN2 < 105), Lt
was found to be a function of v, κ and N, whilst Kρ
was a function of v, κ and (ε/vN2)1/3.
From these expressions for Lt and Kρ,
a scaling relation for the root mean square turbulent velocity scale Ut was derived,
and this relationship showed good agreement with direct measurements from other data sets.

In the weaker turbulence regime (Regime W, where
10 < ε/vN2 < 300) Kρ was a
function of v, κ and ε/vN2.

For 10 < ε/vN2 < 1000, our directly measured diffusivities,
Kρ, are approximately a factor of 2 different to the diffusivity predicted
by the model of Osborn (1980). For ε/vN2 > 1000, our measured diffusivities
diverge from the model prediction. For example, at ε/vN2 ≈ 104
there is at least an order of magnitude difference between the measured and predicted diffusivities.
Free vibrations of two side-by-side cylinders in a cross-flow
Authors: ZHOU Y. , WANG Z. J. , SO R. M. C. , XU S. J. , JIN W.
Published: July 2002

Free vibrations of two side-by-side cylinders with fixed support (no rotation and
displacement) at both ends placed in a cross-flow were experimentally investigated.
Two fibre-optic Bragg grating sensors were used to measure the dynamic strain, while
a hot wire and flow visualization were employed to examine the flow field around
the cylinders. Three T/d ratios, 3.00, 1.70 and 1.13, were investigated, where T is
the centre-to-centre cylinder spacing and d is the diameter; they give rise to three
different flow regimes. The investigation throws new light on the shed vortices and
their evolution. A new interpretation is proposed for the two different dominant
frequencies, which are associated with the narrow and the wide wake when the gap
between the cylinders is between 1.5 and 2.0 as reported in the literature. The structural
vibration behaviour is closely linked to the flow characteristics. At T/d = 3:00, the
cross-flow root-mean-square strain distribution shows a very prominent peak at
the reduced velocity Ur ≈ 26 when the vortex shedding
frequency fs, coincides
with the third-mode natural frequency of the combined fluid–cylinder system. When
T/d < 3:00, this peak is not evident and the vibration is suppressed because of the
weakening strength of the vortices. The characteristics of the system modal damping
ratios, including both structural and fluid damping, and natural frequencies are also
investigated. It is found that both parameters depend on T/d. Furthermore, they
vary slowly with Ur, except near resonance where a sharp variation occurs. The
sharp variation in the natural frequencies of the combined system is dictated by the
vortex shedding frequency, in contrast with the lock-in phenomenon, where the forced
vibration of a structure modifies the vortex shedding frequency. This behaviour of
the system natural frequencies persists even in the case of the single cylinder and
does not seem to depend on the interference between cylinders. A linear analysis of
an isolated cylinder in a cross-flow has been carried out. The linear model prediction
is qualitatively consistent with the experimental observation of the system damping
ratios and natural frequencies, thus providing valuable insight into the physics of
fluid–structure interactions.