bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotype distribution and risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: ALTUNÇEKİÇ YILDIRIM Arzu , KURT Celali , ALPAY Ali Seydi , DOĞAN Ahmet
Published: April 2021

Objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common infection around the world and an important public health problem. Determination of HCV genotype is important epidemiologically and for treatment approaches. In this study, the aim was to assess the genotype distribution and associated risk factors for patients monitored at our center in northern Turkey.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out of patients with confirmed HCV infection. Our study retrospectively assessed 175 patients with chronic hepatitis C diagnosis in the Infectious Diseases clinic from 2016-2019 and with antiviral treatment administered. The samples were tested by type specific genotyping assay. The relationship between demographic characteristics and potential risk factors and genotype was investigated.

Results: Genotype 1b was identified as the dominant genotype (95%). In 5% of patients, non-1b genotypes were present (genotype 1a, 3 and mixed). Genotype 1b was more common in patients over 50 years of age, while the patients with other genotypes were younger. The most frequent risk factor was identified as surgical intervention history. While young age, transplantation and intravenous drug use were identified as risk factors for development of infection with non-1b genotypes, household HCV contact was significant for genotype 1b.

Conclusion: In our study, the dominant genotype was identified as genotype 1b. Among the risk factors in our study, the most frequently identified are surgical interventions and dental treatment. The variation in traditional risk factors will cause an increase in non-1b genotypes. We think it is important to correctly analyze these variations in the global struggle with HCV.
The effect of Covid-19 on Emergency Surgical Cases. Data From a High-Volume City.
Authors: MANTOĞLU Barış , GÖNÜLLÜ Emre , DİKİCİER Enis , HARMANTEPE Ahmet Tarık , MUHTAROĞLU Ali , ÇINAR Selman , YAĞMURKAYA Orhan , ŞENOL Metin , AKÇAY Mertcan , DÜLGER Uğur Can , BAYHAN Zulfu , KURT Zahide , ALTINTOPRAK Fatih , KOÇER Havva Belma , ÇELEBİ Fehmi
Published: April 2021

Objective
COVID -19 placed a tremendous and unforeseen burden on the health system worldwide. In addition to the general surgery practice, the approach to emergency surgery cases, and patients’ admissions to the hospitals were also seriously affected by this unexpected consequence. Herein we aim to pay attention to the notable decrease in cases requiring urgent surgical intervention in our city and to try to explain this upshot.
Methods
In this multicenter retrospective study, emergency general surgical interventions performed in the 3rd and 2nd stage private and public hospitals, before the pandemic (January 2020- February 2020), and acute phase of the pandemic (Mid-March 2020 - Mid-May 2020) in Sakarya province were compared.
Results
The distribution of patients before pandemic by gender was 53.1% in male patients, 46.9% in female patients, while 61.6% in male, and 38.4% in female patients during the pandemic respectively. The mean age of patients was 54.72±3.65 before pandemic and 38.54±2.32 during the pandemic, and there was a statistically significant difference in terms of the age distribution of patients undergoing emergency surgery (p<0.05). During the two months before the pandemic, a total of 290 emergency surgeries were performed, while in the acute pandemic period, 164 emergency operations were performed in the same time interval. There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients undergoing emergency surgery during the pandemic period compared to non-pandemic (p= 0.012).
Conclusion
Although the causes for the decrease in cases requiring emergency surgery may be partially defined. However, the disease groups whose alteration reasons cannot be explained at the moment may need further detailed strategic preparation in order not to encounter undesired results in the future.
Fungal Mikrobiyom; Mikobiyom?
Authors: KEÇELİ Sema Aşkın , ALTINDİŞ Mustafa
Published: April 2021

Bakteriyel mikrobiyom analiz ve araştırmaları, mantar mikrobiyomu kavramı ve çalışmalarının önüne geçmiştir. Tüm insanlar ve laboratuvar hayvanları, sağlıklı olduklarında doğal mantar topluluklarını taşırlar. Mantar mikrobiyomu, bakteriyel mikrobiyomdan önemli ölçüde daha küçüktür. Hastalıkta kofaktör olarak mantar mikrobiyomunun rolü de belirgindir ancak bunca zamanda hafife alınmıştır. Sağlıklı bir derinin fungal mikrobiyomunda yer alan başlıca türler Malassezia ve Candida türleridir. Sağlıklı deride daha fazla maya formu görülürken, etkilenen bölgelerde daha çok hifal formda görülmektedir. Ağız mikrobiyomunun fungi içerdiği kabaca Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium ve Cryptococcus sp den oluşmaktadır. Sağlıklı akciğerlerin steril olduğu savı da son yıllarda yapılan sekans çalışmaları ile değişmiş, fungal topluluklardan Aspergillus fumigatus başta olmak üzere Ceriporia lacerata, Saccharomyces cerevicae ve Penicillium brevicompactum’un bulunduğunu gösterilmiştir. İnflamatuar bağırsak hastalıklarında belirgin fungal mikrobiyal disbiyoz bulunmuş, Basidiomycota / Ascomycota oranı ve C. albicans’ın arttığı, Saccharomyces cerevisiae oranının ise azalmış olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçta; Bu tür karmaşık ve birbirine bağlı mikrobiyal sistemlerde, mikobiyom, bir dizi hastalığa ve bunların patogenezine katkıda bulunan bir faktör olabilir. İleri çalışmalar kısa sürede bu tür konulara açılım getirecektir.
Numerical Solutions of Mixed Integro-Differential Equations by Least-Squares Method and Laguerre Polynomial
Authors: Al-Humedi Hameeda Oda , Shoushan Ahsan Fayez
Published: April 2021

The main objective of this article is to present a new technique for solving integro-differential equations (IDEs) subject to mixed conditions, based on the least-squares method (LSM) and Laguerre polynomial. To explain the effect of the proposed procedure will be discussed three examples of the first, second and three-order linear mixed IDEs. The numerical results used to demonstrate the validity and applicability of comparisons of this method with the exact solution shown that the competence and accuracy of the present method.
Beautiful Neduvangiyam also known as Nagasuram
Authors: S Sivasankar , A Alaguselvam
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to understand one of the earliest known non-brass double-reed instrument called Nagasuram (Nadaswaram). Our ancestors while defining Tamil music grammar in parallel focused on sound engineering, which helped them to invent new musical instruments. Sangam era alone saw more than 30 percussion and wind instruments. Among them, few instruments like Veenai, Urumi and Nagasuram are worth mentioning since their design techniques were known only to a handful of families. Their performance really stands out due to their versatile and adaptable nature to all genres of music. Music instrument, like any other scientific invention goes through the same process of trial and error before getting standardized for general use. Instruments with strong adherence to scientific and acoustic principles gain prominence among the rest, as they undergo minimal structural changes. Nagasuram (Nadaswaram) is one such instrument, which was passed on to us for generations. This instrument readily complies with acoustic principles such as sound impedance, Helmholtz resonance, wave theory etc. to get the characteristic of a loudest non-brass wind instrument.
القتل المستهدف بالطائرات المسيرة في إطار القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان
Authors: جميل حسن يونس , الجنابي هديل صالح
Published: April 2021

إن عمليات القتل المستهدف باستخدام الطائرات المسيرة تعد وسيلة خطيرة تهدد حق الإنسان في الحياة سواء في زمن الحرب أم زمن السلم. ففي زمن الحرب نجد أن القانون الدولي الإنساني يحظر الأسلحة التي لا يمكنها أن تحترم المبادئ العامة مثل التمييز والتناسب والضرورات العسكرية. وفي زمن السلم نجد أن كل الصكوك الدولية التي تكفلت بحماية حقوق الإنسان تحظر الاعتداء على حق الحياة إلا في الحالات التي ينص عليها القانون وكذلك تحظر الإعدام من دون محاكمة حيث أنها كفلت للمتهمين الحق في محاكمة عادلة وعدم إيقاع عقوبة الإعدام خارج نطاق القضاء.
آثار عملية اكتشاف المستحضرات الدوائية بالنسبة للباحث المكتشف بحث مستل أطروحة دكتوراه
Authors: حنون نسرين غانم , حسن حيدر فليح
Published: April 2021

تحظى عملية اكتشاف المستحضرات الدوائية بقدرٍ كبير من الأهمية في حياتنا المعاصرة، على نحو تصبح الحياة بدونها أشبه بالمستحيلة، فهذهِ العملية تُعد اللبنة الأولى في مجال الصناعات الدوائية للبحث عما هو جديد من أساليب ووسائل للعلاج والتداوي.

ولكن في حقيقة الأمر، أن الحديث عن هذهِ العملية ليس بهذا القدر من البساطة واليسر، فهذهِ العملية من التعقيد والصعوبة بمكان على نحو يجعلها تستغرق نطاقاً زمنياً يصل في بعض الحالات إلى ما يجاوز العشر سنوات للتوصل إلى صيغة كيميائية يمكن أن تستعمل فيما بعد في عملية التصنيع الدوائي، وخلال هذا المدى الزمني الطويل تكون لهذهِ العملية مجموعة من الآثار منها ما يكون خاصاً بالباحث المكتشف القائم على التجربة ومنها ما يكون خاصاً بالمتطوع الخاضع لها.
اثر الخصخصة على الايرادات العامة لموازنة الدولة دراسة مقارنة في القانونين العراقي والفرنسي
Authors: إبراهيم رباب خليل , عبدالقادر بان صلاح
Published: April 2021

تتحمل الدول الكبرى الكثير من الاعباء المالية نتيجة نفقاتها العامة لتسيير مرافقها العامة وتنفيذ التزاماتها بهذا الشان ،وقد تحتاج الدول الى تعظيم ايراداتها العامة لمواجهة نفقاتها لامتزايدة فتلجا الى اتباع سياسة الخصخصة وفقا للمفهوم القانوني لها والمتمثل ببيع منشائتها او شركاتها العامة، وقد كشف البحث اثر عمليات الخصخصة تلك على ايرادات الدولة العامة وبين قصور وجه النظر المؤيدة للخصخصة كوسيلة لزيادة الايرادات المالية للدولة والخسارة التي تتعرض لها الدول جراء خصختها لمنشاتها وشركاتها لاعامة وخاصة الرباحة منها لانها ستحرمها من ايراد ثابت متكرر يرفد موازنة الدولة بالموارد المالية التي هي بحاجة مستمرة لها .
الأسلحة ذاتية التشغيل في ضوء مبادئ القانون الدولي الإنساني
Authors: حاتم دعاء جليل , جعفر محمود خليل
Published: April 2021

يتناول هذا البحث "الأسلحة ذاتية التشغيل في ضوء مبادئ القانون الدولي الإنساني"، إذ يعتبر السلاح الذاتي هو النوع المستحدث من الأسلحة وهو أخر ما توصلت إليه عبقرية الجنس البشري في إيجاد جنس أخر "آلي" يتولى نيابة عنه القيام بالعمليات القتالية، مع ذلك فإن هذا الأمر لم يترك على أطلاقه بل وجب على كل طرف من أطراف النزاع المسلح التقيد بمبادئ القانون الدولي الإنساني لتجنب الأثار الضارة الناجمة عن ذلك السلاح، وبالأخص التقيد بنص المادة 36 من البروتوكول الإضافي الأول لعام 1977 والتي تلزم الأطراف المتعاقدة بإجراء مراجعة لأسلحتها قبل أطلاقها لمعرفة المحظور والمسموح منها، إذ يعتبر هذا القيد فضلاً عن القيود الأخرى الوارد ذكرها في البحث وسيلة قانونية تمكن الدول الأخرى من الاستناد إليها لتقييد صناعة وتطوير واقتناء هذا السلاح الجديد إذا كان يتعارض مع القانون الدولي الإنساني.
المسؤولية الدولية عن انتشار الاسلحة الصغيرة والخفيفة
Authors: عبد الامير رفاه نجاح , خلف حسام عبد الامير
Published: April 2021

ان لنظام المسؤولية دور مهم في مختلف المجالات الدولية، ومنها مجال انتشار الاسلحة الصغيرة والخفيفة وما يسببه هذا الانتشار من زعزعة وعدم توازن الاوضاع والمراكز القانونية، اذ نجد بدونها لايكون للقواعد الاتفاقية اي أثر واهمية نظراً لما تقرره المسؤولية من ضمانات تكفل احترام الالتزامات التي يفرضها ذلك النظام، فكل عمل مخالف لاحكام القانون الدولي سواء تعلق الامر بمخالفة بسيطة لالتزام دولي او خرق لالتزام جوهري يمس المصالح في المجتمع الدولي يتطلب مسائلة من ارتكبه، ونتيجة لذلك الخرق تكون الدولة مسؤولة عن ازالة الاضرار وتعويض المتضررين بالنسبة لدولة المتضررة.
اثر الصفة الرسمية على ممارسة الحقوق الحزبية
Authors: جبار كوثر باسم , طالب مصدق عادل
Published: April 2021

The legislations under study examined party rights according to certain conditions of an objective nature, so that the purpose could be exercised and achieved, However, this organization excluded certain categories of the exercise of political rights and imposed certain restrictions according to the availability of certain characteristics in persons who are citizens and apply They have the general conditions for exercising political rights. The official status of the citizen in the state, the nature of the job, or the general mandate exercised by him, may impose restrictions on the exercise of his party rights, and may sometimes lead to banning and preventing him from practicing it, And the violation of public freedoms, Hence, the official status has different effects in the exercise of partisan rights, Some countries have tended to recognize in their legislation the right of these groups to exercise partisan rights, but after restrictions on this right, To prohibit the full exercise of those rights.
الأمر الجزائي ودوره في إنهاء الدعوى الجزائية
Authors: نزال دريد وليد , الحيدري جمال ابراهيم
Published: April 2021

أن نظام الأمر الجزائي هو نظام إجرائي خاص يُمثل صورة من صور نظام (الإدانة بغير مرافعة)، الغرض منه مواجهة نوع معين من الجرائم بهدف وضع حد لانقضاء الدعاوى الناشئة عنها بصورة مبسطة ويسيرة لا تراعى فيها القواعد المقررة لنظر المحاكمات العادية. إذ أن الفكرة الأساسية في نظام الأوامر الجزائية تتمثل في أن أوراق الدعوى في الجرائم البسيطة تتضمن من الادلة ما يكفي للفصل في امرها دون الحاجة الى السير في الإجراءات بالطريق العادي من مرافعة ومواجهة وسماع شهود...الخ.
الحلول كأثر من آثار المسؤولية الناشئة عن الإخلال بالوعد بالتفضيل
Authors: شرقي عمر مال الله , عبد الرضا حسين عبدالله
Published: April 2021

أدى التحول القضائي الذي قادته محكمة النقض الفرنسية بشأن الأثر المترتب على الإخلال بالمسؤولية الناشئة عن الوعد بالتفضيل إلى إقرار مبدأ جديد يقضي بحلول المستفيد من الوعد بالتفضيل محل الغير المتعاقد مع الواعد في العقد المُبرم بالمخالفة لحقه في الأفضلية. هذا التحول أنعكس بدوره على الموقف التشريعي في فرنسا حيث أقر المشرّع الفرنسي هذا المبدأ في قانون العقود الجديد الصادر عام 2016.
الاعتبار الشخصي وأثره في انتقال الحق في الخيارات إلى الخلف
Authors: حسن نور اياد , علي حميد سلطان
Published: April 2021

بات من المؤكد أن تحقيق غاية العقد كأصلٍ عام لا يتأثر بأشخاص أو صفات المتعاقدين، بل يتوقف الأمر على ما يحتويه العقد من مضمون وذلك لأن تحقيق غاية العقد يكون متساوياً ومتماثلاً مهما اختلف شخص المتعاقد، ولكن مع ذلك قد تتأثر غاية العقد بشخص معين أو بصفة معينه، ومن ثم فإن العقد لا يتحقق بمضمونه، وهذا التأثر أصبح يُعرف بالاعتبار الشخصي والذي هو مسألة ذاتية، مما أثّر على مدى انصراف آثار العقد إلى الخلف، ومن ثم تتوقف تحقيق غاية العقد على شخص معين بذاته ولاسيما في استعمال الحق في الخيار الناشئ عنه والذي يؤدي بدوره إلى منع انتقال هذا الحق إلى الخلف لتعلقه بعنصر الاعتبار مع تباين أثر ذلك على الحقوق كافة، فالأثر متباين ايضا بالنسبة لانتقال الحق في الخيار من نوع إلى أخر.
التنظيم القانوني للبنك المركزي العراقي
Authors: زغير امير حسن , عبد القادر بان صلاح
Published: April 2021

تحظى البنوك المركزية باهتمام متزايد من قبل صانعي السياسة ومتخذي القرار في مختلف بلدان العالم لما تمتلكه من وظائف ومهام مهمة، ولا تكاد دولة تخلو من وجود بنك مركزي لها فهو يعد العمود الفقري لاقتصاد الدولة له شخصية معنوية واستقلال مالي واداري، وينظم السياسة النقدية والاقتصادية للدولة مع المؤسسات الاخرى لمواجهة الازمات التي تمر بها   الدولة. 

وأن التنظيم القانوني للبنك المركزي يخضع لعدة امور منها درجة التطور الاقتصادي وطبيعة النظام الاقتصادي فيه ومدى استقلالية سياسته النقدية، وطبيعة النظام السياسي القائم، وتطوره القانوني والثقافي والاجتماعي. والعراق هو أول بلد عربي يشهد تأسيس بنك مركزي وذلك عام 1947، حيث أنه اقدم البنوك المركزية في المنطقة العربية، وبعد أحداث عام 2003 صدر قانون البنك المركزي العراقي رقم (56) لسنة 2004  استعاد البنك المركزي هيبته من خلال منحه الاستقلالية في إدارة شؤونه المالية والنقدية.

وتدور مشكلة البحث حول الاجابة عن التنظيم القانوني للبنك المركزي من حيث وظائفه، مهامه، استقلاليته والعلاقة بين السلطات النقدية والسلطات الحكومية، ابتداء العضوية لأعضاء مجلس الادارة وانتهائها ودور الحكومة في ذلك، وموازنته المالية.   

ولهذا الغرض رأينا من الأهمية بمكان ان نسلط الضوء على هذا المؤسسة ودورها والتعرف على التنظيم  القانوني له ومعرفة التزاماته وحقوقه والاخذ بالاعتبار تجربة العراق في هذا المجال والدول المقارنة.

وقد تناولنا الموضوع ضمن مبحث واحد يتضمن مطلبين يتناول الاول منه البنك المركزي من حيث مفهومه، تشكيله، واستقلاليته، ويحتوي المطلب الثاني دورة الموازنة الخاصة بالبنك المركزي من حيث الاعداد، التصديق، وتنفيذ الموازنة الخاصة به.
دور المحكمة في استظهار الخطر في الدعوى الجزائية
Authors: كاظم رشا علي , الشمري كاظم عبد الله
Published: April 2021

تعد دراسة الخطر الجنائي وجها لظاهرة شائعة في الدراسات الجنائية وهي الصراع بين المفاهيم القانونية التقليدية والمتطلبات الجديدة للسياسة الجنائية الحديثة، ومدى قابلية الاولى للتطور والاستجابة لمقتضيات الحياة الإنسانية الحديثة. لقد قدر فقهاء القانون الجنائي اهمية الخطر، بخاصة بعد ان ثبت لديهم ان خطر الجريمة لا يقتصر على ما تحدثه من ضرر مادي، بل يتعدى ذلك الى ما تحدثه من عدوان على مصالح جوهرية في الجماعة والذي يتمثل في احتمال (وفق معايير معينة) حصول ضرر. بخاصة وقد ادى التطور والتقدم الى ظهور مجالات جديدة يكون فيها الخطر هو اساس تجريم الافعال المرتبطة بها مثل مجالات الامن والاقتصاد والتجارة والصناعات الحديثة والمواصلات والاتصالات والبيئة، بالاضافة الى التطور في مجالات ممارسة بعض المهن كالطب والانشاءات والهندسة وغيرها. وقد اختلفت النظم التشريعية في كيفية معالجة هذا الموضوع، وكان التساؤل يدور حول ما إذا كانت سلطة المحكمة في تقدير السلوك الخطر والحكم بالعقوبة المناسبة تترك مطلقة ام يتعين تنظيمها وفق ضوابط قانونية ووضع معايير تحدد كيفية استعمالها؟ 

     ان هذا البحث يهدف الى التركيز على وضع قاعدة دقيقة منضبطة لكيفية استظهار الخطر في الاحكام القضائية كعنصر في السلوك المكون للجريمة والواجب التثبت منه واستظهاره بالإضافة الى بيان مدى مراقبة محكمة التمييز الاتحادية على احكام وقرارات محكمة الموضوع.
الإستعراف الطبي في المقابر الجماعية ودوره في الإثبات الجنائي
Authors: جوني علي مسلم , داود صباح سامي
Published: April 2021

يعد الاستعراف الطبي من أهم  الاجراءات في التحقيق الجنائي في المقابر الجماعية والذي هو عبارة عن التعرف على الاشخاص المجهولين أحياءً أم أمواتاً، ولما كان ضحايا المقابر الجماعية هم أفراد قتلوا ثم دفنوا أو دفنوا فيها أحياءً، فإن التعرف على جثث الضحايا يستلزم تقييما فنيا وخبرة طبية، وذلك بفحص الجثث فحصا  ظاهريا وباطنيا ( تشريحيا)، ومن قبل الخبراء(الاطباء العدليين) للتعرف على هوية سبب الوفاة الحقيقي ووقته، وتحديد هوية الجناة لإثبات مسؤوليتهم الجنائية عن الجرائم الوطنية والدولية المرتكبة ضد الضحايا، ويختلف  الاستعراف الطبي من حال الى آخر بحسب التغييرات التي  تطرأ على الجثة المدفونة، فقد يكون بوسائل معتادة، وقد يكون باستخدام تقنية البصمة الوراثية فيما إذا كانت الجثث عبارة عن أشلاء أو هياكل أو مجموعات عظمية أو في مراحل متقدمة من التحلل والتفسخ، وبذلك فان الاستعراف  الطبي بما ينتج منه من أدلةٍ ماديةٍ وفنيةٍ  له أهمية كبرى في الوصول الى الحقيقة وتحقيق العدالة.
ابرام عقد المشاركة في الانتاج النفطي p.s.c
Authors: خلف فاروق عز الدين , المخزومي وليد مرزة
Published: April 2021

يتناول هذا البحث الجانب الإجرائي لعقود النفط ومنها عقد المشاركة في الإنتاج والذي لا يقل أهمية عن الجوانب الأخرى، إذ أن المُشرِعَ في الدول النفطية يوجب توافر إجراءات معينة لإبرام عقود النفط تتعلق بمسائل ذات أهمية كبيرة، منها الأساليب المتبعة من الجهة الإدارية المختصة في الدولة النفطية لإختيار الشركة النفطية الأجنبية للتعاقد معها ، وكذلك الإجراءات الواجب إتباعها عند إجراء المفاوضات مع تلك الشركات بما يحقق مصلحة الدولة النفطية والشركة الاجنبية على حد سواء ، ومن الإجراءات الواجب إتباعها لإبرام العقود النفطية توقيع العقد من الجهة التي حددها القانون، وكذلك ضرورة عرضه بعد توقيعه على السلطة التشريعية أو أي جهة أخرى مختصة  للتصديق عليه .
شروط الترشيح لمجلس النواب في ظل دستور جمهورية العراق لعام 2005
Authors: ثوني علي عبيد , طالب مصدق عادل
Published: April 2021

للعملية الانتخابية أهمية كبيرة في النظام السياسي الذي يأخذ بالديمقراطية النيابية، كما إنها تمثل الرافد الرئيس للممارسة الديمقراطية، إذ تقاس درجة تحضر الشعوب وتقدمها بمعيار ممارستها للديمقراطية، وتصقل هذه الممارسة بما يحظى به المواطنون من وعي وإدراك بحقوقهم السياسية، التي منها حق الترشيح لعضوية المجالس النيابية وحق الانتخاب.

وتُفسَّر أهمية حقّ الترشيح كأحد الحقوق السياسية وأهمية كفالته للمواطن، في ضوء ضمان إسهامه في اختيار ممثليه في إدارة دفة السلطة ورعاية مصلحة الجماعة، هذا من ناحية، ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن حق الترشيح يعدُّ تجسيداً حقيقياً للبعد الديمقراطي، في إتاحة الفرصة للمواطنين في المشاركة الفعلية في إدارة شؤون بلادهم من خلال التمثيل النيابي، فضلاً عن تفعيله لممارسة المواطنين لحقهم في انتخاب من يمثلهم في المجلس النيابي.

وعليه فقد قمنا بالتطرق الى بيان الشروط الدستورية والقانونية التي يتوجب توافرها لمن يروم الترشيح لعضوية مجلس النواب العراقي،  وقد قسمناها الى مبحثين،  خصصنا الأول لبيان الشروط العامة لحق الترشيح لمجلس النواب العراقي،  فيما خصصنا المبحث الثاني للشروط الخاصة لحق الترشيح لمجلس النواب العراقي،  وانتهينا بعدد من النتائج والتوصيات.
التحفظات المستترة
Authors: موسى وادي حسين , عبد مصطفى سالم
Published: April 2021

تُعد التحفظات المستترة حيلة تلجأ إليها الدول عند توقيعها أو إنضمامها للمعاهدات الدولية التي تحظر إبداء التحفظات،  إذ تقوم هذه الدول بإبداء إعلانات تفسيرية ولكنها في الواقع تُعد تحفظات،  لأنها تهدف من خلالها إلغاء أو تعديل الأثر القانوني لنص أو نصوص معينه من المعاهدة،  وهذا ما يُعد باطلاً وليس له أي أثر قانوني،  وما يجعل التحفظات المستترة باطلة هو أنها تُعد مخالفة للمبادئ العامة في القانون الدولي والمبادئ العامة في التفسير،  وهذا ما يبدو واضحاً عند تحليل هذه التحفظات ومطابقتها مع هذه المبادئ.
Developing Core Competencies for Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0
Authors: Alhamuddin Alhamuddin , Andi Murniati  , Eko Surbiyantoro  , Dewi Mulyani
Published: April 2021

The curriculum has a role as an instrument to conserve the culture of a nation. Without a good curriculum, the culture of a nation can be extinct right away because there are no preservation efforts. By way of inclusion of culture in the curriculum, it is hoped that it can be passed on to the next generation. Then they will know at least their ancestors’ culture. It is called a conservative role. This research uses a quantitative approach with a case study method. Data collection was carried out by a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using an interactive model. This analysis technique started from data collection. Data was reduced after it had been collected. The next step was to presenting the data, verifying and drawing a conclusion. Based on the description above, this research is considered important to be carried out being an addition for existing policymakers in order to organize higher education. Moreover, it is in response to the demands and basic guidance of compiling a curriculum based on the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) which is being and will be implemented in higher education in Indonesia especially in Islamic colleges.
Social Media Acceptability among Ulama in Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Mery Yanti  , Yusnaini Yusnaini
Published: April 2021

Social media was born as a derivative of information and communication technology (ICT) development. It is stimulating new habits for people to produce, consumption, and distribution information in online interaction. Although many researchers have studied social media, no one has provided attention to social media and ulama (Islamic scholar). This article aims to describe patterns of ownership, access, perceived usefulness, and ease of use of social media among ulama. Based on qualitative research in Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatera Province, we found that the acceptability of social media among ulama in Ogan Ilir District is positive. Online life has become the new identity of ulama in this area. They use social media for broadcasting da’wah message and selling or buying goods and service. However, no ulama are producing their messages of da'wah. Facebook is the most popular social media among ulama. We also find that feeling safe and comfortable, get the real benefits from social media, network quality, and jihad in cyberspace have positive contributions to social media adoption within ulama. We identify the availability of time, audience response, negative content, addictive situations, and internet cost as the inhibiting factor of social media adoption among ulama. We discussed these findings and suggested practical recommendations and agenda for further research.
Higher Education Policy Analysis: the Transformation of IAIN to UIN for the Period 2002-2017 in the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia
Authors: Arifin Nur
Published: April 2021

This article examines the transformation policy of IAIN to UIN by the Directorate of Islamic Religious Higher Education (Dit. Diktis) of the Directorate General of Islamic Education (Ditjen Pendis) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kemenag) of the Republic of Indonesia. Specifically, this article describes in depth the background and policy objectives of Dit. Diktis in the transformation of IAIN to UIN; and the implementation of the transformation policy of IAIN to UIN at Dit. Diktis of the Ministry of Religious Affairs from 2002 to 2017. This study used a qualitative method with the type of case study research. Data collection techniques consist of observation method, in-depth interview, and documentation. While data analysis techniques include: data reduction, data presentation, verification, and concluding. Checking the validity of the data consists of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of this study found that the basic policy formulation for the transformation of IAIN to UIN occurred in different contexts and situations for three periods. They are: 1) the first period, 2002-2005 (6 UIN), 2) the second period, 2013-2015 (5 UIN), and 3) The third period, 2017 (6 UIN).
The Student Learning Activity Levels on the Online Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Setiawan Bahar , Sofyan Rofi  , Tri Endang Jatmikowati
Published: April 2021

Online learning is a problem solving during the Covid-19 pandemic. Al-Amin Muhammadaiyah Boarding School (MBS) of Bojonegoro as one of the educational institutions under the auspices of Muhammadiyah is consistent and obedient to the decision of both central and regional governments to eliminate offline learning as an effort to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The implementation of online learning at Al-Amin MBS of Bojonegoro uses google classroom, zoom metting and whatssapp application. The effectiveness and efficiency of online learning can be linked to the level of student learning activities related to attendance, doing assignments, discussions and others. The formulation of this research problem is How is the level of learning activity of Al-Amin MBS of Bojonegoro students in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic? The purpose of this study was to determine the level of student learning activity and the treatment strategies or treatment of Al-Amin MBS in the implementation of online learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with survey research type. The data analysis used quantitative descriptive method. The results showed that the level of student learning activity was in the active or good category. The treatment strategies or treatments prepared by Al-Amin MBS of Bojonegoro in online learning are reducing the duration of lesson time and requiring teachers to make a resume of each learning material.
Plane wave beamforming with adaptively weighted frequency compound using bandpass filtering
Authors: Zheng Jie , Tagawa Norio , Yoshizawa Masasumi , Irie Takasuke
Published: April 2021

We previously proposed the frequency and plane-wave compounding minimum variance distortion-free response (FPWC-MVDR) beamformer for ultrasonic reception beamforming, which weights the transmission angle and frequency band adaptively. This method required multiple subband transmissions and receptions for each transmission angle, reducing the frame rate. Here, we propose a filtered-FPWC-MVDR method that extracts and uses subband components via signal processing from the echo received after a single wideband pulse transmission. After confirming that this method provides the same performance as the original FPWC-MVDR, we experimentally investigate the subband conditions required, i.e. the bandwidth and number of subbands, when using this method. As a result, to improve the point target resolution, we find that there is an appropriate subbandwidth condition involving a trade-off between ensuring echo localization and increasing the degrees of freedom for frequency weight determination. Additionally, for improved contrast, the subbands were arranged appropriately to cover the entire usable frequency band.
Effect of tip radius on the nanoscale viscoelastic measurement of polymers using loss tangent method in amplitude modulation AFM
Authors: Nguyen Hung K. , Nakajima Ken
Published: April 2021

We study the influence of tip radius on the viscoelastic characterization of polymers using a recently developed loss tangent (tan δ) method operated in amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM) mode. By decreasing the tip radius, we found that AM-AFM tan δ of a homogeneous polystyrene film decreased close to the bulk limit value, which can be ascribed to a reduced effect of the probe/sample adhesive interaction for a smaller tip. Decreasing the tip radius also shifted the tan δ values of nanostructured blocks in a poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) triblock copolymer film to their bulk limits, but in different trends for glassy styrene and rubbery isoprene blocks. Besides minimizing the effect of the adhesive interaction, we demonstrate that reducing the tip radius being smaller than the characteristic size of nanostructured domains is critical to obtain their true tan δ image.
Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network for Defect Identification and Classification in Woven Fabric
Authors: Das Subrata , S Sundaramurthy , M Aiswarya , Jayaram Suresh
Published: April 2021

Inspection is the most important role in textile industry which declares the quality of the apparel product. Many Industries were improving their production or quality using Artificial Intelligence. Inspection of fabric in textile industry takes more time and labours. In order to reduce the number of labours and time taken to complete inspection, computerized image processing is done to identify the defects. It gives the accurate result in less time, thereby saves time and increases the production. The convolutional neural network in deep learning is mainly used for image processing for defect detection and classification. The high quality images are given as input, and then the images were used to train the deep learning neural network. Thewoven fabricdefects such as Holes, Selvedge tails, Stains, Wrong drawing and Snarlswere identified by using Convolutional Neural Network. The sample images were collected from the SkyCotex India Pvt.Ltd. The sample images were processed in CNN based machine learning ingoogle platform; the network has a input layer, n number of hidden layer and output layer. The neural network is trained and tested with the samples and the result obtained is used to calculate the efficiency of defect identification.
K-Nearest Neighbor Based URL Identification Model for Phishing Attack Detection
Authors: Assegie* Tsehay Admassu
Published: April 2021

Phishing causes many problems in business industry. The electronic commerce and electronic banking such as mobile banking involves a number of online transaction. In such online transactions, we have to discriminate features related to legitimate and phishing websites in order to ensure security of the online transaction. In this study, we have collected data form phish tank public data repository and proposed K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) based model for phishing attack detection. The proposed model detects phishing attack through URL classification. The performance of the proposed model is tested empirically and result is analyzed. Experimental result on test set reveals that the model is efficient on phishing attack detection. Furthermore, the K value that gives better accuracy is determined to achieve better performance on phishing attack detection. Overall, the average accuracy of the proposed model is 85.08%.
SALP Swarm Optimization Approach for Maximization The Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Ahmed* Mohammed M.
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the maximization of a lifetime for wireless sensor networks is considered an important area for researchers. The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contain two types of sensors that called sensor nodes and sink nodes which sensor node send information to the central node (sink node) that collected its data. Choosing the best location of sink node considered the critical problem that faces the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a method that choosing best location of a sink node by applying Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) after determining sink node location we create transmission paths between the sink node and rest of nodes using Prim's minimum spanning tree to choose shortest paths. Accordingly, for fitness function that used to decrease energy consumption for a network. Simulation results clarify that our proposed algorithm that solves localization of sink node presents the best results for prolonging the network's lifetime compared to Cat Swarm Optimization algorithm (CSA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Double Layer Cryptography using Multiplicative Cipher and Chemical Periodic Table
Authors: Sinha* Anurag , Bhadani Amrit Kumar
Published: April 2021

According to the present communication system one of the main concerns is secured transformation of data. In this paper we be inclined to propose a two-level encryption in this paper in the first level encryption we use the multiplicative ciphers and Cesar cipher in this level the plain text letters, we shall multiply the key numbers in this level and the second layer encryption we use periodic table exploitation the properties if the quality table, and thus use it for encrypting and decrypting in the same manners. For the information of network security in the second level encryption we will differently types of periodic table properties like atomic no, mass no, IUPAC name, chemical formula, and their properties.
An Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol (ECCRP) Technique Based on Weighted Clustering Algorithm for Different Topologies in Manets using Network Coding
Authors: Baig Mirza Arif
Published: April 2021

All nodes are energy constrained in MANET. In such a scenario, reducing energy consumption is necessary. The goal of this study is to minimize the energy utilization of various types and environments in MANETs using network coding in a CBRP. Consider other CBRP such as energy-efficient unmanned aerial vehicle fitness (EEFUAV) and compare its performance with the ECCRP and CBRP by taking into account node mobility, traffic and transmission range. Network coding is a way to enhance the efficiency of wireless networks. Energy Requirements, of the EEFUAV approach is intended to be developed to improve the performance of the CBRP and Energy ECCRP.
Network Functions Virtualization: Challenges and Opportunities for Innovations
Authors:   Department. of Computer Science & Engineering, Himalayan University, Itanagar, (Arunachal Pradesh), India., Prabhat Parmanand , Umar Dr. Syed ,   Department of Computer Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
Published: April 2021

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) was at the latest introduced to reform the suppleness of mechanism handling provisional and extenuate stress the time to bazaar of new handling. By leveraged virtualization processing and mercantile off-the recess schedule hardware, such as obscure motivation handling, store and button, NFV the software execution of mechanism festival and features from the basic hardware. As an supervene processing, NFV fetch diverse defiance to mechanism manipulator, such as the warranty of mechanism execution for factual appliance, their movable appliance and dwelling abroad, and their verseed placing. In this document, we bestow a concise inspection supervision of NFV, decode its Importance analysis and architectonic structure, current handling use location and debate the defiance and pending quarter for use in this investigation domain.
Methodology for Effective Daylighting in Courtyard Houses of Composite Climate
Authors:   PG Student, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India., Verma Lalit Akash , Bano Farheen ,   Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India.
Published: April 2021

Studies have shown the relevance of the courtyard houses and passive strategy that plays a significant role in energy reduction, providing thermal comfort and visual comfort. Generally, designing the courtyards was considered suitable for thermal comfort. North India lies in the composite climatic zone, and courtyard houses in this region have a distinctly vernacular style. Many studies all around the world were conducted to analyse courtyard houses and followed different methodologies. The aim of this paper is to uncover and formulate a research methodology to analyse effective daylighting in courtyard houses of composite climate; approximately forty research papers were reviewed to find out the research methodology. The year of publication, climate zone, sky models used, weather file, building type, verifying method, simulation tools, daylight matrices, and methodology adopted were studied in the reviewed literature to formulating the methodology. The study concludes that experimental models were commonly used for daylight analysis, moreover climate-based sky can be used for detailed simulation instead of the Daylight factor with overcast sky conditions.
Evaluation of Implementation of Quality Methodologies in the Engineering Institute of UABC in Mexicali
Authors: Olivia Yessenia Vargas Bernal , Salas Benjamin Valdez , Beltrán Mónica Carrillo , Guerrero Aida Lopez , Fong Luz del Consuelo Olivares
Published: April 2021

This work describes an analysis of the
implementation of quality methodologies that generated an
improvement in the research, development and teaching activities
of the Engineering Institute of Autonomous University of Baja
California (EI-AUBC), located in the city of Mexicali. These
methodologies are widely used in the industrial sector to prevent
accidents, reduce waste, and eliminate rework and to training of
workers in any area in the industries. Only that its applications
are very little known in the Laboratories of Higher Education
Institutions (LHEI) of the Mexican Republic. With this scientific
study the results of the investigation activities were more
reliability to be take adequate decisions and were made functions
with more security taking care of health of researchers and
students. The investigation was made in 2019.
Sequence Based DNA-Binding Protein Prediction
Authors:   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India., T S Farisa , Isaac Dr. Elizabeth ,   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India.
Published: April 2021

Protein and DNA have vital role in our biological processes. For accurately predicting DNA binding protein, develop a new sequence based prediction method from the protein sequence. Sequence based method only considers the protein sequence information as input. For accurately predicting DBP, first develop a reliable benchmark data set from the protein data bank. Second, using Amino Acid Composition (AAC), Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM), Predicted Solvent Accessibility (PSA), and Predicted Probabilities of DNA-Binding Sites (PDBS) to produce four specific protein sequence baselines. Using a differential evolution algorithm, weights of the properties are taught. Based on those attained properties, merge the characteristics with weights to create an original super feature. And tensor-flow is used to paralyze the weights. A suitable feature selection algorithm of tensor flow’s binary classifier is used to extract the excellent subset from weighted feature vector. The training sample set is obtained in the training process, after generating final features. The classification is learned through the support vector machine and the tensor flow. And the output is measured using a tensor surface. The choice is done on the basis of threshold of likelihood and protein with above-threshold chance is considered to be DBP and others are non-DBP.
An Optimization of Feature Selection for Classification using Bat Algorithm
Authors:   Research Scholar, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India., Yasaswini V. , Baskaran Santhi ,   Professor& Head, Information Technology Department, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India.
Published: April 2021

Data mining is the action of searching the large existing database in order to get new and best information. It plays a major and vital role now-a-days in all sorts of fields like Medical, Engineering, Banking, Education and Fraud detection. In this paper Feature selection which is a part of Data mining is performed to do classification. The role of feature selection is in the context of deep learning and how it is related to feature engineering. Feature selection is a preprocessing technique which selects the appropriate features from the data set to get the accurate result and outcome for the classification. Nature-inspired Optimization algorithms like Ant colony, Firefly, Cuckoo Search and Harmony Search showed better performance by giving the best accuracy rate with less number of features selected and also fine f-Measure value is noted. These algorithms are used to perform classification that accurately predicts the target class for each case in the data set. We propose a technique to get the optimized feature selection to perform classification using Meta Heuristic algorithms. We applied new and recent advanced optimized algorithm named Bat algorithm on UCI datasets that showed comparatively equal results with best performed existing firefly but with less number of features selected. The work is implemented using JAVA and the Medical dataset (UCI) has been used. These datasets were chosen due to nominal class features. The number of attributes, instances and classes varies from chosen dataset to represent different combinations. Classification is done using J48 classifier in WEKA tool. We demonstrate the comparative results of the presently used algorithms with the existing algorithms thoroughly.
Design of IoT based Real-Time Bus Tracking App using HF-RFID
Authors:   Bachelor of Engineering from Global Engineering College Jabalpur., Jain Anjali , Mishra Dr. Agya ,   Assistant professor in Electronics and Communication Department of Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur.
Published: April 2021

Public Transportation is the major means of Bus among people. A recent survey by the National Sample Survey Organization says that about 62-66% of people use the bus as their mode of transport. Public Bus tracking system aims at providing the instant status of the bus to the users via an automated system. This paper describes a design of IoT enabled real time bus tracking system. In this work a bus tracking mobile phone app is developed, using that people can exactly locate the bus status and time to bus arrival at bus-stop. This work uses high frequency RFID tags at buses and RFID receivers at bus-stops and with NodeMCU real time RIFD tagging (bus running) information is collected and uploaded on cloud. Users can access the bus running and status from cloud on mobile app in real time.
Theoretical Overview of Sentiment Analysis in the Real Estate Market
Authors:   School of Business Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia., Kwakye Benjamin , Haw Chan Tze ,   School of Business Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.
Published: April 2021

With the assertion that most empirical studies are underpinned by a theory, this study aims to presents the theoretical underpinnings of sentiment analysis in the housing market. It discussed four main theories namely: the behavioral finance theory, the bubbles theory, the theory of irrational exuberance and the theory of noise traders. To the best of the authors knowledge, this overview is the first in recent past to discuss the theoretical foundations of sentiment analysis in relation to housing prices. The study contributes to the extant literature in the field through the development of theoretical framework and the identification of new research gaps for future research. It has theoretical relevance to researchers and students in the finance fraternity who are beset with or struggling to identify the most appropriate finance theories that underpins their study in real estate sentiment analysis.
Crop Yield Prediction using Granular SVM
Authors:   Department of CSE, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India., Sadasivam Dr. G Sudha
Published: April 2021

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Farming is a major source of income for many people in developing countries. Prediction of yield of crops is desirable as it can predict the income and minimise losses for the farmersunder unfavorable conditions. But predicting crop yield is a challenging task in developing countries like India. Conventionally, crop yield prediction is done using farmer’s expertise. The sustainability and productivity of a crop growing area are dependent on suitable climatic, soil, and biological conditions. So, data mining techniques based on neural networks, Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems, Fuzzy Logic, SMO, and Multi Linear Regression can be used for prediction. Previous work has performed yield prediction based on crop models considering only some of the environmental factors. This work uses a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict the crop yield under different environmental conditions that include soil, climate, and biological factors. Applying granular computing enables dividing the problem space into a sequence of subtasks. So, the hyperplane construction of SVM can be parallelized by splitting the problem space. Testing can also be parallelized. The main advantage is that linear SVM can be used to handle higher dimension space. Time complexity is reduced. Prediction using granular SVM can be parallelized using appropriate techniques like MapReduce/GPGPU. IoT-based agriculture increases crop yield by accurate prediction, automation, remote monitoring, and reducing wastage of resources. IoT-based monitoring systems can be used by farmers, researchers, and government officials to analyze crop environments and statistical information to predict crop yield. This paper proposes an IoT-based system to predict crop yield based on climatic, soil, and biological factors using parallelized granular support vector machines.
The Impacts of Orientation and Building form on Internal Temperature of Visitor Center Building for Moderate and Hot Climate
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Engineering College, Taif University, Taif, KSA., Alzaed Ali
Published: April 2021

Passive building strategies such as building form, orientation and window ratio can have an essential impact on the indoor temperature. Building form and ordination can obtain heat gains. The designer usually designs buildings with little consideration of heat gains. This study pointed to the influence of building form and orientation in internal temperature in moderate and hot climates. In the present paper, the impact of building orientation on the indoor thermal comfort conditions expressed in terms of internal temperature is numerically investigated. This is motivated by required achievement of the thermal comfort conditions in such buildings located on hot climate regions. Moreover, the moderate climate regions are also incorporated in the present study. The numerical simulation is carried out using the TAS EDSL software to assess the optimum form model for a prefab visitor center. The result, in a moderate climate, showed that the ideal direction was obtained when the visitor center faces the south direction. Different models for building orientations have been studied and the results are presented. The results should that the internal temperature was 37.85oC for the currently model orientation and 37.71oC for the other model (known as model D), where the external temperature was 37.9oC. The worst orientations were the west direction for the case study and the east for the D model. In terms of hot climate, the internal temperature decreased by 1.0oC when west-facing. However, models with openings decreased 0.5oC. There are other passive design strategies that can be installed to models which can lead to improving the thermal comfort. The strategies can be considered for further future research.