bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frameworks for mitigating the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases: A scoping review
Authors: Meki Chisala D. , Ncube Esper J. , Voyi Kuku
Published: December 2022

Background

Diarrhea is one of the major cause of death and morbidity around the world.

Objectives

This scoping review summarizes existing frameworks that aim to mitigate the risks of waterborne diarrheal diseases and describe the strengths and weaknesses of these frameworks.

Eligibility criteria

Published frameworks designed to mitigate the risks of waterborne diarrheal diseases. Frameworks published in English, from around the world and published since inception to date.

Sources of evidence

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Google Free Search, organization websites and reference lists of identified sources.

Charting methods

Data were charted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Results were summarized and described narratively. A criterion to score the strengths and weaknesses of the included frameworks was also developed.

Results

Five frameworks were identified including: the hygiene improvement framework, community led total sanitation, global action plan for pneumonia and diarrhea, participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation, and sanitation and family education. These frameworks shared several common components, including identification of problems and risk factors, identification and implementation of interventions, and evaluation and monitoring. The frameworks had several interventions including different infrastructure, health promotion and education, enabling environment and clinical treatments. Most of the frameworks included health promotion and education. All the frameworks were strengthened by including strategies for implementing and delivering intervention, human resource aspect, community involvement, monitoring, and evaluation. The main weakness included not having components for collecting, storing, and transferring electronic data and the frameworks not being specifically for mitigating waterborne diarrheal diseases. In addition, the identified frameworks were found to be effective in mitigating the risk of diarrhea diseases among other health effects.

Conclusions

Existing frameworks should be updated specifically for mitigating waterborne diarrheal diseases that includes the strengths and addresses weaknesses of reviewed frameworks.
Alterations in biceps femoris long head fascicle length, Eccentric hamstring strength qualities and single-leg hop distance throughout the ninety minutes of TSAFT90 simulated football match
Authors: Yagiz Gokhan , Dayala Vinay Kumar , Williams Kevin , Owen Julian Andrew , Kubis Hans-Peter
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Football matches show higher hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) than football training. The occurrence of HSIs increases in the last fifteen minutes of both halves of football matches and shows an incremental trend towards the end of the ninety minutes.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine football-specific fatigue-induced alterations in risk factors of the HSIs, including biceps femoris long head fascicle length via ultrasonography (BFlh FL), single-leg hop distance, hamstrings’ maximal eccentric strength, and single-leg hamstring bridge test (SLHB) performance.

Methodology

During ninety minutes of the TSAFT90football simulation, the BFlh FL and single-leg hop distance were measured three times (before, at half-time and after 90 minutes of simulated match-play), and maximal hamstrings eccentric strength and SLHB test scores were recorded twice (before and after simulated match-play) for both legs in physically active participants (n = 15).

Results

Maximal eccentric hamstrings’ strength (dominant leg (D): p < 0.001, Hedges’ (adjusted)geffect size = -0.969; non-dominant leg (ND): p < 0.001,g= -0.929) and the SLHB performance (D: p < 0.001,g= -1.249; ND: p < 0.001,g= -1.108) showed large decrements immediately after the TSAFT90intervention. There were no significant alterations in the BFlh FL, and the single-leg hop distance.

Conclusions

Maximal eccentric strength and the SLHB performance of hamstrings are reduced after 90 minutes of simulated football match-play. Practitioners may consider focusing on improving eccentric strength and the SLHB performance. Future studies should examine alterations in the BFlh fascicles’ dynamic lengthening and shortening ability during a football match.
Integrated survey of helminthic neglected tropical diseases and comparison of two mosquito sampling methods for lymphatic filariasis molecular xenomonitoring in the River Galana area, Kilifi County, coastal Kenya
Authors: Njenga Sammy M. , Kanyi Henry M. , Mwatele Cassian M. , Mukoko Dunstan A. , Bockarie Moses J. , Kelly-Hope Louise A.
Published: December 2022

A lymphatic filariasis (LF) endemic focus along the River Galana/ Sabaki in Kilifi County, coastal Kenya, provided a platform to conduct an integrated survey for three helminthic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), namely soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), schistosomiasis (SCH) and LF. Additionally, the study compared the performance of two mosquito trapping methods for LF molecular xenomonitoring (MX). Cross-sectional surveys measuring STH, SCH and LF prevalence were conducted in four villages. Mosquitoes were trapped using the CDC light trap (CDC-LT) and the Ifakara A tent trap (Ifakara-TT) methods and stored in pools which were tested for Wuchereria bancrofti DNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. A total of 907 people (436 adults; 471 children) participated in the parasitological testing. Among the STH infections, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms were most prevalent among the children and adult populations, respectively. The schistosome worm eggs detected belonged to the species Schistosoma haematobium and the prevalence of the infection was generally higher among the children compared with the adult population. The prevalence of LF infection among the adult population ranged from 1.8% to 7.6% across all 4 villages (P < 0.05). A total of 3,652 mosquitoes, including Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Aedes species were collected. One mosquito pool consisting of Anopheles mosquitoes tested positive for filarial DNA out of 1,055 pools that were tested. The CDC-LT caught significantly more mosquitoes compared with the Ifakara-TT (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that integrated epidemiological surveys using standard parasitological and entomological methods can provide useful information on co-endemic parasitic diseases which could help direct interventions and surveillance activities.
Legacies of domestication, Neolithic diffusion and trade between Indian subcontinent and Island Southeast Asia shape maternal genetic diversity of Andaman cattle
Authors: De Arun Kumar , Sawhney Sneha , Muthiyan Ramachandran , Bhattacharya Debasis , Ponraj Perumal , Malakar Dhruba , Sunder Jai , Sujatha T. , Kumar Ashish , Mondal Samiran , Bera Asit Kumar , Bala P. A. , Chakurkar Eaknath B.
Published: December 2022

Andaman cattle is a precious indigenous livestock species endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Till date, origin and genetic makeup of the breed which is warranted for breed conservation is not known. Moreover, the spread of zebu cattle from Indus valley to different parts of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) is not properly understood. Here, we report the genetic diversity, population structure of Andaman cattle and their evolution in the context of epicentre of zebu domestication and ISEA. High genetic diversity in complete mitochondrial D-loop sequences indicated the ability of the breed to withstand impending climate change. Total 81 haplotypes were detected and all of them except three belonged to Bos indicus. The presence of taurine haplotypes in Andaman cattle indicate introgression by European-derived cattle. A poor phylogenetic signal of Andaman cattle with genetic affinities with cattle of Indian subcontinent and ISEA was observed. The poor phylogenetic structure may be due to multidirectional gene flow from Indian subcontinent and ISEA, with which Andaman shares a close cultural and trade relationship from Neolithic age. We hypothesize that Andaman cattle is the outcome of Neolithic diffusion from centre of zebu domestication along with multidirectional commercial exchange between Indian subcontinent and ISEA.
Assessment and spatial partitioning of ecosystem services importance in Giant Panda National Park: To provide targeted ecological protection
Authors: Li Zhigang , Zhu Jiaxing
Published: December 2022

Giant Panda National Park is crucial for China’s ecological security strategic pattern known as "two screens and three belts." The importance assessment and classification of ecosystem services in giant panda national parks has an important guiding role in the protection of giant panda national park ecosystems. In this study, we examined four indicators of habitat quality: carbon storage, water conservation, and soil and water conservation. Combined with data analysis were used to evaluate and classify the importance of ecosystem services in the study area. The results showed that: (1) the overall habitat quality index in the study area was relatively high, and the index was generally greater than 0.5. The total carbon storage was 60.5 × 106 t, and the highest carbon storage in the region was 16.9533 t. The area with the highest water conservation reached 715.275 mm. The total soil conservation was 2555.7 × 107 t. (2) From the perspective of spatial characteristics, the habitat quality in the study area presented a spatial distribution pattern of high–low from west to east. The carbon storage presented a spatial distribution pattern of high–low from east to west. The soil conservation presented a spatial pattern of decreasing from west to east, and the water conservation increased from west to east. (3) We divided the research into four levels of importance: The area of general importance in the study site accounted for 1017.58 km2 and was distributed in the northwest of the study site. The moderately important areas were distributed in the east of the study site, with an area of 1142.40 km2. The highly important areas were distributed in the west of the study site, totaling 2647.84 km2. Extremely important areas were distributed in the middle, with an area of 1451.32 km2. (4) The grid cell scale of the study area was used as the dataset to determine the weighting. This makes the weighting more objective and ensures that the spatial distribution of areas with different degrees of importance will be more accurate.
Carotid and femoral bruits as cardiovascular risk indicators in a middle-aged Finnish population: A 20-year prospective study
Authors: Parkkila Karri , Kiviniemi Antti , Tulppo Mikko , Perkiömäki Juha , Kesäniemi Y. Antero , Ukkola Olavi
Published: December 2022

Background

Effective treatment and prevention of cardiovascular (CV) diseases requires reliable methods of assessing individual CV event risk. Although standardized risk calculators like Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) are sufficient in most instances, sometimes more specific clinical examination is needed to determine the most optimal intervention and its intensity.

Aim

To study whether carotid and femoral bruits provide prognostic information on CV events, CV mortality and all-cause mortality beyond traditional CV risk factors.

Methods

1045 subjects (49.8% men), aged 51.3 ± 5.97 years were clinically examined in the beginning of 1990’s. The subjects were followed for over 20 years and data on CV events and causes of deaths was collected.

Results

During the follow-up period, 241 (23.1%) of the subjects died and 82 (34.6%) of the deaths were of CV origin. Carotid bruits were a significant risk factor for CV deaths only if subjects with previous CV events were included. After adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, LDL cholesterol, coronary artery disease and stroke, carotid bruits posed a hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) of 4.15 (2.39–8.52) p<0.001 for CV deaths. After excluding subjects with previous CV events (after which n = 941) neither carotid nor femoral bruits were statistically associated with CV events or all-cause mortality. Adding carotid or femoral bruits in the baseline risk model with traditional CV risk factors did not improve C-statistic, reclassification, or discrimination of the subjects.

Conclusions

Carotid and femoral bruits do not provide clinically useful information in a pure primary prevention setting. Carotid bruits might be useful in evaluating the overall CV risk in a population where recurrent CV events may occur.
Malnutrition among the aged population in Africa: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of studies over the past 20 years
Authors: Ewunie Temesgen Muche , Hareru Habtamu Endashaw , Dejene Tadesse Mamo , Abate Semagn Mekonen
Published: December 2022

Background

Nowadays, malnutrition among the advanced age (60 years and older) population is becoming a public health problem worldwide, especially in low-income countries including Africa. Hence, the prevalence in Africa is still not known. So, this review aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of under-nutrition among the advanced age population in Africa.

Methods

A study search was carried out using databases (such as African Journals Online, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, Embess, and PubMed) and gray literature following PRISMA guidelines from April 20, 2022, to May 30, 2022, with no restriction on date of publication. We used a standardized extraction format to compile eligible studies as per the inclusion criteria. Then, systematic review and meta-analysis were employed using a random effect model to obtain the pooled prevalence of malnutrition among aged population living in Africa. The counter-funnel plot and at the 5% significance level, Egger’s test and Begg’s test were used to check for publication bias. Furthermore, a meta-regression analysis was carried out to identify the relationship between the outcome of interest and different predictors.

Results

A total of 731 studies were identified and 28 met the inclusion criteria, which were conducted in 17 African countries. The pooled prevalence of under-nutrition in Africa was 17% (95%CI; 13.5–20.6). The prevalence of malnutrition among the elderly varied significantly across countries, ranging from 1.8% (95% CI; 0.96–2.63) in South Africa to 39.47% (95% CI; 31.70–47.24) in Kenya. According to meta-regression analysis, the likelihood of a malnutrition problem would be reduced by a factor of 9.84 (β = -9.84, 95 percent CI; _-14.97, -4.70, P = 0.00) in upper-middle income countries. In addition, based on the publication year, malnutrition has decreased by a factor of 0.75 (β = -0.75, 95%CI:-1.49, -0.01, P = 0.04) from 1998 to 2021.

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among the aged population. So, this underserved population should be targeted for intervention programs and/or integrated into maternal and child nutrition programs.
Analysis of autonomic function during natural defecation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome using real-time recording with a wearable device
Authors: Nakata Rieko , Tanaka Fumio , Sugawara Noriaki , Kojima Yuichi , Takeuchi Toshihisa , Shiba Masatsugu , Higuchi Kazuhide , Fujiwara Yasuhiro
Published: December 2022

Background

Autonomic dysfunction is a factor in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, there are no reports of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity during natural defecation in patients with IBS. We aimed to clarify the relationship between ANS activity and life events, such as defecation and abdominal symptoms, using real-time recording.

Methods

Six patients with IBS and 14 healthy controls were enrolled in this prospective multicenter study. ANS activity was recorded for 24 h using a T-shirt wearable device, and life events were recorded simultaneously in real time using a smartphone application software. Low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) and HF calculated by power spectrum analysis were defined as activity indicators of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, respectively.

Results

The means of LF/HF and HF in the period with positive symptoms were comparable between the groups; however, the sum of LF/HF, sum of ΔLF/HF, and the maximum variation in ΔLF/HF were significantly higher in the IBS group. In the IBS group, the sum of ΔLF/HF and LF/HF increased significantly from 2 min before defecation, and the sum of LF/HF remained significantly higher until 9 min after defecation. The sum of ΔLF/HF at 2 min before defecation was significantly positively correlated with the intensity of abdominal pain and diarrhea and constipation scores. In contrast, it was significantly negatively correlated with defecation satisfaction and health-related quality of life.

Conclusions

In patients with IBS, sympathetic nerve activity was activated 2 min before defecation, which was correlated with abdominal symptoms and lower QOL.
Incidence of major depressive disorder over time in patients with liver cirrhosis: A nationwide population-based study in Korea
Authors: Seo Gi Hyeon , Yoo Jeong-Ju
Published: December 2022

There is yet to be a large-scale longitudinal study on the course of depression incidence within the duration of cirrhosis. The aim of this study is to analyze the incidence of depression from before to after diagnosis of cirrhosis over time. Incidence Rate (IR) was defined as the number of newly diagnosed patients with MDD divided by the sum of observation periods by using claims database in Korea. Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was defined as the IR in the specific interest period divided by the IR in the control period. The control period was defied as 1 to 2 years before diagnosis of cirrhosis. The IRs before and after cirrhosis diagnosis were 3.56 and 7.54 per 100 person-year, respectively. The IRR was 2.12 (95% confidence Interval: 2.06–2.18). The IRR of developing depression mildly increased before diagnosis of cirrhosis (-360 days to -181 days, IRR 1.14, p < 0.001; -180 days to -90 days, IRR 1.24, p < 0.001; -90 days to -31 days, IRR 1.56, p < 0.001) and rapidly increased immediately after diagnosis of cirrhosis (+30 days to +89 days, IRR 2.12, 95% confidence interval: 2.06–2.18, p < 0.001). The pattern of increasing depression immediately after the diagnosis of cirrhosis was observed equally in all sexes and ages. Thus, clinicians must pay close attention to screening for depression within the first three months of liver cirrhosis diagnosis.
Prevalence of childhood anemia: Potential sociodemographic and dietary factors in Nigeria
Authors: Shourove Jahid Hasan , Meem Fariha Chowdhury , Lima Sabrina Akther , Islam G. M. Rabiul
Published: December 2022

Background

Childhood anemia is a global public health issue. In this study, we assessed the potential sociodemographic and dietary factors associated with the prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in Nigeria.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we collected dietary information and demographic data on 6,338 children with anemia from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys (2018). The association between the occurrence of anemia and the demographic and dietary factors was determined by conducting Chi-squared tests. Additionally, bivariate and multivariate order logit models were constructed and reported as odds ratios.

Results

The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the risk of anemia was reduced by 13% and 44% in children aged 13–36 months (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.77–0.98; p = 0.019) and 37–59 months (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.49–0.63; p < 0.001), respectively, compared to the risk of anemia in children aged 6–12 months. Anemia was 28% less likely in children of non-anemic mothers (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.66–0.80; p < 0.001) than children of anemic mothers. Children fed pumpkin, carrot, squash, and sweet potato showed a lower occurrence of anemia by 17% (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.70–0.99; p = 0.036) compared to those who were not fed these vegetables. Chances of anemia increased by 14% in children who were fed white potatoes, white yams, manioc, cassava, and other root-based foods (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.01–1.29; p = 0.036).

Conclusion

This study highlighted the impact of a plant-based diet on the high prevalence of childhood anemia in Nigeria. Therefore, reformation of dietary habits, the inclusion of nutritional supplements, and food-fortification programs with reductions in maternal anemia are recommended.
Direct in situ protein tagging in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii utilizing TIM, a method for CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted insertional mutagenesis
Authors: Hou Yuqing , Cheng Xi , Witman George B.
Published: December 2022

Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiis an important model organism for the study of many cellular processes, and protein tagging is an increasingly indispensable tool for these studies. To circumvent the disadvantages of conventional approaches in creating a tagged cell line, which involve transforming either a wild-type or null-mutant cell line with an exogenous DNA construct that inserts randomly into the genome, we developed a strategy to tag the endogenous genein situ. The strategy utilizes TIM, a CRISPR/Cas9-based method for targeted insertional mutagenesis inC.reinhardtii. We have tested the strategy on two genes:LF5/CDKL5, lack of which causes a long-flagella phenotype, andCre09.g416350/NAP1L1, which has not been studied previously inC.reinhardtii. We successfully tagged the C-terminus of wild-typeLF5with the hemagglutinin (HA) tag with an efficiency of 7.4%. Sequencing confirmed that these strains are correctly edited. Western blotting confirmed the expression of HA-tagged LF5, and immunofluorescence microscopy showed that LF5-HA is localized normally. These strains have normal length flagella and appear wild type. We successfully tagged the N-terminus of Cre09.g416350 with mNeonGreen-3xFLAG with an efficiency of 9%. Sequencing showed that the tag region in these strains is as expected. Western blotting confirmed the expression of tagged protein of the expected size in these strains, which appeared to have normal cell size, growth rate, and swimming speed. This is the first time thatC.reinhardtiiendogenous genes have been editedin situto express a wild-type tagged protein. This effective, efficient, and convenient TIM-tagging strategy promises to be a useful tool for the study of nuclear genes, including essential genes, inC.reinhardtii.
Synthesis of 2-Chloro-2′-Deoxyadenosine (Cladribine) and New Purine Modified Analogues
Authors: Sivets Grigorii , Sivets Aleksey
Published: December 2022

Theefficient two-step synthesis of 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (cladribine) via the anion glycosylation of purine potassium salt with the glycosyl chloride in binary solvent mixtures is described. A new method for preparation of diprotected 2-chloro-6-fluoropurine 2′-deoxy-β- D-riboside was developed by treatment of the 2,6-dichloropurine precursor with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). Novel N6-alkylated cladribine analogue was synthesized by amination of acylated 2,6-dihalogenopurine nucleosides. It was found that a mild hydrolysis reaction of acylated 2-chloro-6-fluoropurine 2′-deoxy-β-D-riboside gave rise to new purine hydroxylated nucleoside.
Scientific Ethical Integrity and Human Research Subjects Protections Non-compliance Remediation: Commentary on Practical Considerations and Implications
Authors: J Johnson Ralph , J Johnson Ralph
Published: December 2022

Medical science’s advancements depend on preserving its credibility and the public trust, though as a human institution it is fallible and liable to ethical breaches that can void public confidence and support. There is no more egregious ethical departure than deviations / violations of Human Research Subjects Protections (i.e., non-compliance), which is remarkable given they are fairly widespread and often repeated. Once uncovered, this generally should result in the research’s suspension or termination. Yet, there is a third option to preserve valuable and worthy research that went awry due to lapses in Human Research Subjects Protections, specifically, Remediation. Due to the sequestered nature of Remediation, little has been reported on its processes, and practically nothing, regarding practical considerations, recommendations, and implications for the remediation workers themselves—for this line of work is perilously risky. This commentary reports some of those best-practices, “first-hand grittier in-the-trenches” informed practical lessons learned. Implications are discussed in the interest of improving the reasonable, balanced, and competent ethical conduct of research, addressing / avoiding Human Subjects Protections ethical non-compliance, and avenues for further inquiry regarding Remediation.
Progress in Rehabilitation Treatments for Sepsis Patients in ICU
Authors: Wang Ling , Zhang Zhen
Published: December 2022

Early active mobilisation and rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) is being used to prevent the long-term functional consequences of critical illness, sepsis patients need early rehabilitation treatment. Individualized rehabilitation is a safe and effective approach for patients with sepsis. This review aimed to introduce the necessity of rehabilitation for patients with sepsis in the ICU, the composition of the rehabilitation team, the time to begin rehabilitation, the focus of rehabilitation, and the main approaches.
Georgia: un campo de batalla estatal
Authors: Muñoz Eduardo , Boscán Guillermo
Published: December 2022

La presente investigación aborda la campaña permanente llevada a cabo durante una década por el Partido Demócrata de Georgia, Estados Unidos. Cómo lograron tras veinte años de mayoría republicana, convertir al Estado en un campo de batalla político y competitivo. Se realiza una exposición del razonamiento y análisis que se ha desarrollado con el fin de entender desde la planificación hasta su ejecución. La investigación emplea bibliografía, así como entrevistas a expertos y miembros del partido. Por último, se exponen los resultados que ha tenido, así como los futuros retos.
Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Gray Wolf Optimizer Based on Voice Recognition
Authors: Jasim Sarah S. , Abdul Hassan Alia K. , Turner Scott
Published: December 2022

Globally, drowsiness detection prevents accidents. Blood biochemicals, brain impulses, etc., can measure tiredness. However, due to user discomfort, these approaches are challenging to implement. This article describes a voice-based drowsiness detection system and shows how to detect driver fatigue before it hampers driving. A neural network and Gray Wolf Optimizer are used to classify sleepiness automatically. The recommended approach is evaluated in alert and sleep-deprived states on the driver tiredness detection voice real dataset. The approach used in speech recognition is mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) and linear prediction coefficients (LPCs). The SVM algorithm has the lowest accuracy (71.8%) compared to the typical neural network. GWOANN employs 13-9-7-5 and 30-20-13-7 neurons in hidden layers, where the GWOANN technique had 86.96% and 90.05% accuracy, respectively, whereas the ANN model achieved 82.50% and 85.27% accuracy, respectively.
Employing Neural Style Transfer for Generating Deep Dream Images
Authors: Al-Khazraji Lafta R. , Abbas Ayad R. , Jamil Abeer S.
Published: December 2022

In recent years, deep dream and neural style transfer emerged as hot topics in deep learning. Hence, mixing those two techniques support the art and enhance the images that simulate hallucinations among psychiatric patients and drug addicts. In this study, our model combines deep dream and neural style transfer (NST) to produce a new image that combines the two technologies. VGG-19 and Inception v3 pre-trained networks are used for NST and deep dream, respectively. Gram matrix is a vital process for style transfer. The loss is minimized in style transfer while maximized in a deep dream using gradient descent for the first case and gradient ascent for the second. We found that different image produces different loss values depending on the degree of clarity of that images. Distorted images have higher loss values in NST and lower loss values with deep dreams. The opposite happened for the clear images that did not contain mixed lines, circles, colors, or other shapes.
Správne trestanie na finančnom trhu (vybrané problémy trestania poriadkových deliktov subjektov finančného trhu)
Authors: Čunderlík Ľubomír
Published: December 2022

The submitted article concerns the topic of administrative punishment in the field of Slovak financial market regulations, placing emphasis on punishing the so-called “administrative procedural offences”. The article stems from the main hypothesis that the respective substantive legal regulation in the insurance sector in Slovakia, that is to say, the Slovak Insurance Act, allows the supervisory authority to impose sanctions for violations of a purely procedural nature (which – in effect – constitute administrative procedural offences), even in the decisions on merits. In the event that such hypothesis is confirmed, the author puts forward legal observations that should guide the supervisory authority towards the optimal choice of the sanctioning regime, i.e., to choose either to impose a procedural fine pursuant to procedural sanctioning provisions or to impose a meritorious sanction. At the same time, the aim of the article is to outline the differences in theory and practice between a substantive offence and a procedural offence and to highlight associated problematic areas of punishing procedural offences in the financial market.
Daňové zvýhodnění při střídavé péči o dítě
Authors: Vondráčková Pavlína
Published: December 2022

The paper discusses the issue of alternating custody under Czech law both from the point of view of civil law and especially from the point of view of tax law. The author focuses especially on the gaps in law pertaining to the tax benefits available to parents having alternating custody of their children and presents some recommendations de lege ferenda. The article also focuses on the issue of single-household custody and the resulting private law and tax law consequences.
Přechod smluvních závazků při převodu závodu
Authors: Švestka Vít
Published: December 2022

This paper aims to research the mandatory transfer of contractual obligations under the institute of the transfer of enterprise (or its part) under the Czech law. The transfer of business enterprises was reintroduced in the Czech law in more than 30 years ago, however to this day, the case law has not been united regarding the transfer of contractual rights and obligations. The author tries to conduct research by solving two case studies relating to the statutory guarantee of the transferor for the transferred debts. The first case study relates to the question, whether the transferor guarantees fulfilment of debts under specified framework agreements, provided the creditor has not consented to the transfer of the enterprise. In case of first study, the author succeeded to find solution under the current case law of the Czech Supreme Court. The aim of the second case study is to answer the question of “shared agreements” in case of the transfer of part of business enterprise, in particular whether there are any principles of determination which rights and obligations under shared agreement are subject of the transfer. According to the Czech Civil Code, the same principles as in case of the transfer of a whole enterprise should also be applied to the transfer of part of an enterprise, however there is no statutory nor doctrinal support on how to proceed in case of shared agreements. Although the current doctrine and case law provide no specific principles regarding which rights and obligations are transferred along with the part enterprise, the author provides an approach based on logical and teleological interpretation of the principles of enterprise transfer. The most preferred variant is to split the respective contractual rights and obligations, and if not possible, the rights and obligations should follow the legal fate of the part of enterprise to which they relate more closely.
Martin Štika. Milostivé léto II (zákon č. 214/2022 Sb., o zvláštních důvodech pro zastavení exekuce a o změně souvisejících zákonů). Komentář [e-kniha]
Authors: Sedláček Miroslav
Published: December 2022

Book review on Martin Štika: Milostivé léto II (zákon č. 214/2022 Sb., o zvláštních důvodech pro zastavení exekuce a o změně souvisejících zákonů). Komentář [e-kniha]. Praha: Wolters Kluwer ČR, 2022.
Mord, blod och rosslande kämpars dödskval
Authors: Andersson Maria
Published: December 2022

Murder, Mayhem, and the Moans of Dying Men: Fridtjuv Berg’s Trojanska kriget and The Iliad for Children

Around the turn of the twentieth century, several retellings of Homer’s epic and Greek mythology were published for children in Sweden. Fridtjuv Berg’s Trojanska kriget (The Trojan War, 1901) in the canonical publication series Barnbiblioteket Saga (The Children’s Library Saga) became one of the most long-lived. This article examines the characteristics of Berg’s rewriting by an analysis of the organization of the narrative, paratextual features, and the depiction of gender. Berg’s strategies are compared with another contemporary rewriting of The Iliad, Kata Dalström’s Grekiska guda- och hjältesagor (Greek Tales of Gods and Heroes, 1893). The article shows that the two rewritings mainly depict the same events and in the same order. Trojanska kriget foregrounds the historical content of The Iliad in the paratexts and by structuring the narrative around the foundation and fall of Troy. Dalström’s paratexts stress the timelessness of the work by references to a long cultural tradition, which is reinforced by illustrations depicting artworks from different eras. Berg’s book is more richly and uniformly illustrated, and Louis Moe’s illustrations highlight the action of the tale. Furthermore, Berg and Dalström focus on different aspects when abridging the tales, which influences the depiction of gender. While both rewritings describe a patriarchal society, Berg puts greater emphasis on male relationships and heroism. The women are mainly described as passive victims of war or masculinist power structures. Dalström’s version contains a greater variety of women. The comparison makes clear that Berg’s greater interest in the historical and factual aspects of Homer’s epic may have contributed to a more conservative gender ideology. At the same time, the rapid action of Trojanska kriget together with the publication context in Barnbiblioteket Saga are probably two of the factors behind the book’s success.
Not Speaking or Acting as Anti-Social Feminism and Unbecoming Woman
Authors: Jakobsson Hilda
Published: December 2022

The aim of this article is to explore the queer possibilities of the silence in the depiction of the protagonist’s love life in Agnes von Krusenstjerna’s Tony trilogy (1922–1926). The silence in the trilogy is manifested through absence: the theme of “ingenting” (nothing), the protagonist not speaking or acting, and the aesthetic that is created by interruptions in the protagonist’s dialogue, inner monologue, and narration. The analysis focuses on three passages: a depiction of an encounter between Tony and one of her suitors, her relative Frank Maclean, in Tonys läroår (Tony’s Apprenticeship, 1924); the ending of the trilogy in Tonys sista läroår (Tony’s Last Apprenticeship, 1926); and an epilogue to the trilogy, which was never included in it but later published in the second, expanded edition of En dagdriverskas anteckningar (The Notes of a Flâneuse, 1934). They are contextualised with references to the trilogy as a whole and compared to Krusenstjerna’s previous novels Ninas dagbok (The Diary of Nina, 1917) and Helenas första kärlek (Helena’s First Love, 1918). The method is a close reading with instead of against the grain, focusing on queer aspects of depictions of heterosexuality. It draws on theory belonging to the anti-social turn of queer studies and queer temporality studies. My conclusion is that Tony not speaking or acting can be read as anti-social feminism, with Tony as an anti-social feminist subject. Her queer life schedule can be interpreted as unbecoming woman. The “nothing,” and implicitly the creativity, that her passivity leads to accomplishes the opposite of patriarchal and chrononormative structures. The narrative and its ending are queer in the sense that they refuse to cohere and to fulfil demands for a happy, emancipatory ending.
Connecting Childhood Studies, Age Studies, and Children’s Literature Studies
Authors: Joosen Vanessa
Published: December 2022

Diverging definitions and uses of concepts such as “ageism,” “aetonormativity,” “adultism,” and “childism” point at the relative separateness of the fields of childhood studies, age studies, and children’s literature studies, while also highlighting their shared interest in questions of age, prejudice, and agency. This article uses John Wall’s concept of “childism” to highlight the potential of bringing these fields into conversation to explore intergenerational relationships. Using Anne Fine’s The Granny Book (1983) as a case study, it shows, moreover, that children’s books themselves can help foster the paradigm shift that Wall envisages with childism. Fine’s novel about four children’s resistance to their parents’ plans to move their grandmother out of their home thematises processes of othering, ageist prejudices, human rights, and intergenerational dialogue and care. While provocative scenes and gaps in the story may pose hurdles to children’s engagement and even risk reinforcing ageist stereotypes, the novel testifies to a belief in young readers’ agency and the potential for intergenerational understanding that Wall puts central in his concept of childism.
Die Rolle der Online-Arbeitsplattformen bei der Wegbereitung und Verhinderung von virtueller Schwarzarbeit
Authors: Baumann Sheron , Eder Manuela , Klotz Ute , Sehrer Armin
Published: December 2022

Die Plattformökonomie ist in der jüngsten Vergangenheit stark gewachsen und ermöglicht unter anderem gut ausgebildeten Cloudworkern, grenzüberschreitend Aufträge online zu bearbeiten und Einkommen zu erzielen. Sie agieren dabei als Selbstständige und werden nicht automatisch durch die nationalen Systeme der Einkommensteuern und Sozialabgaben erfasst. Durch bewusstes oder unbewusstes Unterlassen der entsprechenden Deklarationen und Zahlungen machen sich Cloudworker jedoch der Schwarzarbeit schuldig. Dieser Beitrag untersucht für ein Sample von 47 internationalen Online-Arbeitsplattformen, ob und wie sie auftragnehmende Cloudworker bei der Einhaltung von Steuer- und Sozialversicherungsvorschriften unterstützen. Während sich zahlreiche Online-Arbeitsplattformen bemühen, Schwarzarbeit zu verhindern, unternehmen rund 40 Prozent von ihnen keine Anstrengungen dieser Art.
Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
Authors: Huang Qing , He Weimin
Published: December 2022

We present an unusual case of bilateral dacryoadenitis in a middle-aged patient with adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). We reviewed relevant clinical studies addressing the association between lacrimal lesions and AOSD. A 50-year-old Chinese woman with a 4 year history of recurrent fever and rashes was admitted to the hospital. She had also developed nodules on both eyelids 10 months before admission. After undergoing resection of the left lacrimal gland, the patient received steroids and immunosuppressive therapy. The patient showed good postoperative recovery during the 20 month follow-up. In this case, the pathological examination conducted after orbital surgery helped clinicians differentiate between dacryoadenitis and other orbital lesions. In a review of the literature, dacryoadenitis occurred after the onset of AOSD, and all cases showed non-granulomatous chronic inflammation by histopathology, which indicated that the lacrimal gland may be an inflammatory target and is affected by systemic inflammation in AOSD.
Exposure and emergence in usage-based grammar: computational experiments in 35 languages
Authors: Dunn Jonathan
Published: December 2022

This paper uses computational experiments to explore the role of exposure in the emergence of construction grammars. While usage-based grammars are hypothesized to depend on a learner’s exposure to actual language use, the mechanisms of such exposure have only been studied in a few constructions in isolation. This paper experiments with (i) the growth rate of the constructicon, (ii) the convergence rate of grammars exposed to independent registers, and (iii) the rate at which constructions are forgotten when they have not been recently observed. These experiments show that the lexicon grows more quickly than the grammar and that the growth rate of the grammar is not dependent on the growth rate of the lexicon. At the same time, register-specific grammars converge onto more similar constructions as the amount of exposure increases. This means that the influence of specific registers becomes less important as exposure increases. Finally, the rate at which constructions are forgotten when they have not been recently observed mirrors the growth rate of the constructicon. This paper thus presents a computational model of usage-based grammar that includes both the emergence and the unentrenchment of constructions.
Janelle Monáe’s Sartorial Reconceptualization of the Black Gendered Body
Authors: Walters Tracey
Published: December 2022

Janelle Monáe is known for her black and white attire, pompadour hairstyles, James Brown-inspired dance moves, android alter-ego (Cindi Mayweather), and bent toward Afrofuturism. Monáe is also known for her politics. Her participation in countless Black Lives Matter rallies and the Women’s March on Washington and her advocacy for the LGBTQI+ community prove a determination to use her platform to draw attention to social justice issues impacting those marginalized by white supremacy, sexism, homophobia, and misogynoir. Monáe’s politics have been expressed both at the podium and through her distinctive attire. This discussion considers the radical nature of Monáe’s sartorial choices and draws attention to how a black queer woman uses clothing as a text to transgress gender norms and to engage in a discourse of disrespectability politics, which reconceptualizes the black gendered body.
The Latin adverb ĭnde and the syntactic functions of the pronoun en from Archaic Catalan to Modern Valencian: Grammaticalisation and linguistic change
Authors: Ribera Josep E.
Published: December 2022

This study offers a quantitative and qualitative approach to the syntactic functions of the pronoun en from Archaic Catalan to Modern Valencian. In order to describe these, the functional behaviour of its predecessor, the Latin adverb ĭnde, is discussed, and its meanings are explained through grammaticalisation. A corpus of texts selected from the Corpus Informatitzat del Català Antic (CICA), the Corpus Informatitzat del Valencià (CIVAL) and the Corpus Informatitzat de la Gramàtica del Català Modern (CIGCMod) is analysed. The various occurrences of the pronoun en are identified, their syntactic functions are delimited and quantified, and the data are submitted to statistical analysis. The results show that the syntactic functions of en exhibit a high degree of continuity with respect to Latin ĭnde. The analysis demonstrates that partitives and lexicalisations constitute the very functional core of the pronoun en through time and they are the only functions that strongly survive in Modern Valencian. The progressive decay of the rest of the functions – a decay that in today’s language is also affecting partitives and lexicalisations – provides a faithful picture of the pathway of the linguistic change affecting Catalan. The progressive recession of the functionality of en can be considered an exponent of this linguistic change.
Indirect Effects of Halorhodopsin Activation: Potassium Redistribution, Nonspecific Inhibition, and Spreading Depolarization
Authors: Parrish R. Ryley , MacKenzie-Gray Scott Connie , Jackson-Taylor Tom , Grundmann Alex , McLeod Faye , Codadu Neela K. , Călin Alexandru , Alfonsa Hannah , Wykes Rob C. , Voipio Juha , Trevelyan Andrew J.
Published: December 2022

The movement of ions in and out of neurons can exert significant effects on neighboring cells. Here we report several experimentally important consequences of activation of the optogenetic chloride pump, halorhodopsin. We recorded extracellular K+concentration ([K+]extra) in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult mice (both sexes) which express halorhodopsin in pyramidal cells. Strong halorhodopsin activation induced a pronounced drop in [K+]extrathat persisted for the duration of illumination. Pharmacological blockade of K+channels reduced the amplitude of this drop, indicating that it represents K+redistribution into cells during the period of hyperpolarization. Halorhodopsin thus drives the inward movement of both Cl–directly, and K+secondarily. When the illumination period ended, a rebound surge in extracellular [K+] developed over tens of seconds, partly reflecting the previous inward redistribution of K+, but additionally driven by clearance of Cl–coupled to K+by the potassium-chloride cotransporter, KCC2. The drop in [K+]extraduring light activation leads to a small (2-3 mV) hyperpolarization also of other cells that do not express halorhodopsin. Its activation therefore has both direct and indirect inhibitory effects. Finally, we show that persistent strong activation of halorhodopsin causes cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs), bothin vitroandin vivo. This novel means of triggering CSDs is unusual, in that the events can arise during the actual period of illumination, when neurons are being hyperpolarized and [K+]extrais low. We suggest that this fundamentally different experimental model of CSDs will open up new avenues of research to explain how they occur naturally.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHalorhodopsin is a light-activated electrogenic chloride pump, which has been widely used to inhibit neurons optogenetically. Here, we demonstrate three previously unrecognized consequences of its use: (1) intense activation leads to secondary movement of K+ions into the cells; (2) the resultant drop in extracellular [K+] reduces excitability also in other, nonexpressing cells; and (3) intense persistent halorhodopsin activation can trigger cortical spreading depolarization (CSD). Halorhodopsin-induced CSDs can occur when neurons are hyperpolarized and extracellular [K+] is low. This contrasts with the most widely used experimental models that trigger CSDs with high [K+]. Both models, however, are consistent with the hypothesis that CSDs arise following net inward ionic movement into the principal neuron population.