bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GLOBAL REVOLT OF 1968 AND NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: PRINCE SIMON
Published: September 2006

The year 1968 witnessed a global revolt against imperialism, capitalism, and bureaucracy. It was not – as has long been claimed – the start of a cultural revolution that produced greater personal freedom, but the end of the post-war attempt to define a new left. This reinterpretation of '68 as a global revolt rather than the the baby-boom generation's coming-of-age party is based upon recent research at the local level. An examination of Ireland's radical left during the ‘long '68’ is an important contribution to this work, as it was significant as well as small. Contact at congresses and through the media with other leftists enabled Northern Ireland's ‘sixty-eighters’ to conceive of themselves as part of an imagined community of global revolt. They shared similar goals and tactics. Like their comrades on the continent and across the Atlantic, the region's sixty-eighters tried to attract attention and support by provoking the authorities into an overreaction. In a country dominated by the sectarian divide, however, clashes between Catholic protesters and Protestant police officers were always more likely to lead to communal conflict than class struggle. The Troubles is perhaps the most tragic outcome of the interaction of global and local politics that occurred during '68.
SAMUEL PEPYS AND DEB WILLET AFTER THE DIARY
Authors: LOVEMAN KATE
Published: September 2006

Samuel Pepys's affair with his wife's companion Deborah Willet is one of the most celebrated episodes in his journal of the 1660s. When Pepys ended his journal in May 1669, he also believed that he had ended contact with Deb. Unable to trace her in the historical record, scholars have been forced to accept this conclusion. However, new evidence shows that Deb Willet did not disappear from Pepys's life. Rather, she married soon after the end of the diary and her husband, the clergyman Jeremiah Wells, quickly became a client of Pepys. This article explores the evidence on the connections between the three in the 1670s, offering a case study of one individual's role in Pepys's patronage network, and reflecting back upon events in the journal.
AMERICAN HISTORIANS AND INDIANS
Authors: CARSON JAMES TAYLOR
Published: September 2006

United States's historians are almost alone in the scholarly world in using the term ‘Indian’ to describe the original inhabitants of the landmass that came to be called the Americas. The term is an artefact of Christopher Columbus's imagination, and it conditions American historiography in ways that reflect the particular logic of the first contact that Columbus initiated. This review draws upon several recent books in native history, as well as a few older ones, to explicate how Columbian logic has informed the evolution of such scholarship and to suggest new ways of thinking about contact, colonization, and acculturation in the Americas. The concept of ‘creolization’, developed by francophone and anglophone scholars in the Caribbean, it is argued, offers a particularly interesting and constructive way to imagine a different history of America's first and second peoples.
DURABLE EMPIRE: STATE VIRTUOSITY AND SOCIAL ACCOMMODATION IN THE OTTOMAN MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: DOUMANIS NICHOLAS
Published: September 2006

Subjects of the sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman empire. By Suraiya Faroqhi. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000. Pp. x+358. ISBN 1-86064-289-6. £35.00.

The Ottoman empire and early modern Europe. By Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi+273. ISBN 0-5214-59087. £15.99.

A shared world: Christians and Muslims in the early modern Mediterranean. By Molly Greene. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. xiv+228. ISBN 0-619-00898-1. $29.50.

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab world: the roots of sectarianism. By Bruce Masters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv+222. ISBN 0-521-803330. £48.00.

Consumption studies and the history of the Ottoman empire, 1560–1922: an introduction. Edited by Donald Quataert. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000. Pp. vii+358. ISBN 0-7914-4431-7. $25.50.

The Ottoman empire, 1700–1922. Second edition. By Donald Quataert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xxii+212. ISBN 0-521-839106. £40.00.

Since Edward Said first launched his devastating critique of western scholarship on the Islamic world, it has been almost impossible to think of Orientalism as anything other than a euphemism for the systematic distortion of an exotic Other. That imaginings of a fanciful ‘Orient’ are now recognized as providing acute expositions of western pathologies, of references to deep-seated desires and anxieties so disturbing that they only reveal themselves in alterities, goes some way towards explaining the sheer bulk of interdisciplinary publications that have been directly inspired by Said's Orientalism.1 As reflexive phenomena, however, such publications have even less to say about the real ‘Orient’. Rather, the historical reconstruction of Orientalism's ostensible subject has been left to a separate and less conspicuous stream of scholarship that is characterized by painstaking archival research.
Death, Memory and Building: The Non-Cremation of a Cambodian Monk
Authors: Marston John
Published: August 2006

This article examines one case of the ceremonial preservation of a Buddhist monk's body in rural Cambodia. While consistent with Buddhist relic veneration traditions and regional death ritual patterns, the case shows local actors and conditions influencing practice. The study discusses whether there is a recent efflorescence of such practices in Cambodia and whether the ‘post-socialist’ moment has tended to foster their revival.
Purloined letters: History and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service
Authors: BICKERS ROBERT
Published: August 2006

For John King Fairbank the establishment of the foreign inspectorate of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service was a key symbolic moment in modern Chinese history. His landmark 1953 volume Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast culminates with the 1854 Inspectorate agreement, which, he argued, ‘foreshadowed the eventual compromise between China and the West—a joint Chinese and Western administration of the modern centers of Chinese life and trade in the treaty ports’. Without the CMCS, he implied, there could be no modern China. It was the ‘the institution most thoroughly representative of the whole period’ after the opening of the treaty ports down to 1943, he wrote. By 1986 he was arguing that it was the ‘central core’ of the system. ‘Modernity, however defined, was a Western, not a Chinese, invention’, he claimed, and Sir Robert Hart's Customs Service was its mediator.
Barium titanate nanocrystals and nanocrystal thin films: Synthesis, ferroelectricity, and dielectric properties
Authors: Huang Limin , Chen Zhuoying , Wilson James D. , Banerjee Sarbajit , Robinson Richard D. , Herman Irving P. , Laibowitz Robert , O’Brien Stephen
Published: August 2006

Advanced applications for high k dielectric and ferroelectric materials in the electronics industry continues to demand an understanding of the underlying physics in decreasing dimensions into the nanoscale. We report the synthesis, processing, and electrical characterization of thin (<100nm thick) nanostructured thin films of barium titanate (BaTiO3) built from uniform nanoparticles (<20nm in diameter). We introduce a form of processing as a step toward the ability to prepare textured films based on assembly of nanoparticles. Essential to this approach is an understanding of the nanoparticle as a building block, combined with an ability to integrate them into thin films that have uniform and characteristic electrical properties. Our method offers a versatile means of preparing BaTiO3 nanocrystals, which can be used as a basis for micropatterned or continuous BaTiO3 nanocrystal thin films. We observe the BaTiO3 nanocrystals crystallize with evidence of tetragonality. We investigated the preparation of well-isolated BaTiO3 nanocrystals smaller than 10nm with control over aggregation and crystal densities on various substrates such as Si, Si∕SiO2, Si3N4∕Si, and Pt-coated Si substrates. BaTiO3 nanocrystal thin films were then prepared, resulting in films with a uniform nanocrystalline grain texture. Electric field dependent polarization measurements show spontaneous polarization and hysteresis, indicating ferroelectric behavior for the BaTiO3 nanocrystalline films with grain sizes in the range of 10–30nm. Dielectric measurements of the films show dielectic constants in the range of 85–90 over the 1KHz–100KHz, with low loss. We present nanocrystals as initial building blocks for the preparation of thin films which exhibit highly uniform nanostructured texture and grain sizes.
Theoretical description of the adsorption and the wetting behavior of alkanes on water
Authors: Weiss Volker C.
Published: August 2006

The wetting behavior of alkanes of medium chain length (e.g., pentane, hexane, and heptane) on water is more complex than the usually observed first-order wetting transition from partial to complete wetting by showing a sequence of two transitions. In this sequential-wetting scenario, a first-order transition from a microscopically thin to a mesoscopically thick layer of liquid on the substrate surface is followed by a continuous divergence of the film thickness upon increase of the temperature. This critical transition to complete wetting at Tw,c is solely determined by long-range interactions between substrate and adsorbate, which are well-described by Dzyaloshinskii-Lifshitz-Pitaevskii [Adv. Phys. 10, 165 (1961)] theory in terms of the static dielectric constants and the refractive indices of the media involved. The first-order thin-thick transition, however, which occurs at a lower temperature Tw,1, results from an interplay of short-range and long-range forces and is notoriously more difficult to describe because a satisfactory theory of the short-range interactions between substrate and adsorbate is still missing. The approach presented in this paper attempts to account for the short-range interactions in an effective way: Within a Cahn-type [J. Chem. Phys. 66, 3667 (1977)] theory that has been augmented for long-range interactions and modified to treat the first layer of adsorbed molecules in a lattice-gas approach, the contact energy is deduced from the surface pressure, which in turn is calculated using a two-dimensional van der Waals equation of state and an expression for the Henry’s law constant that was derived by Hirasaki [J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 7, 285 (1993)]. The method uses only the dielectric properties of the isolated bulk media and simple assumptions on the size and the shape of the adsorbed alkane molecules and leads to satisfactory results for the transition temperatures Tw,1 and Tw,c.
Zn
1
−
x
Cd
x
O
systems with visible band gaps
Authors: Ishihara Junji , Nakamura Atsushi , Shigemori Satoshi , Aoki Toru , Temmyo Jiro
Published: August 2006

Zn 1 − x Cd x O films in the range of the content x from x=0 to x=1 were grown by remote-plasma-enhanced metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The crystal structure of Zn1−xCdxO film changed with increase of the content x from wurtzite structure to rocksalt structure around x=0.7. The relationship between the cadmium content and axis length in the Zn1−xCdxO films was studied. Photoluminescence spectra were observed from the wurtzite Zn1−xCdxO films in the range of 3.3–1.8eV at room temperature. Stokes’s shift in the restricted composition range was compared with the previous results.
Yeast G1 DNA damage checkpoint regulation by H2A phosphorylation is independent of chromatin remodeling
Authors: Javaheri Ali , Wysocki Robert , Jobin-Robitaille Olivier , Altaf Mohammed , Côté Jacques , Kron Stephen J.
Published: August 2006

Recent studies of yeast G1 DNA damage response have identified characteristic changes in chromatin adjacent to double-strand breaks (DSBs). Histone H2A (yeast H2AX) is rapidly phosphorylated on S129 by the kinase Tel1 (ATM) over a domain extending kilobases from the DSB. The adaptor protein Rad9 (53BP1) is recruited to this chromatin domain through binding of its tudor domains to histone H3 diMe-K79. Multisite phosphorylation of Rad9 by Mec1 (ATR) then activates the signaling kinase Rad53 (CHK2) to induce a delay in G1. Here, we report a previously undescribed role for Tel1 in G1 checkpoint response and show that H2A is the likely phosphorylation target, in a much as S129 mutation to Ala confers defects in G1 checkpoint arrest, Rad9 phosphorylation, and Rad53 activation. Importantly, Rad9 fails to bind chromatin adjacent to DSBs in
H2A-S129A
mutants. Previous work showed that H2A phosphorylation allows binding of NuA4, SWR, and INO80 chromatin remodeling complexes, perhaps exposing H3 diMe-K79. Yet, mutants lacking SWR or INO80 remain checkpoint competent, whereas loss of NuA4-dependent histone acetylation leads to G1 checkpoint persistence, suggesting that H2A phosphorylation promotes two independent events, rapid Rad9 recruitment to DSBs and subsequent remodeling by NuA4, SWR, and INO80.
Leishmaniadisease development depends on the presence of apoptotic promastigotes in the virulent inoculum
Authors: van Zandbergen Ger , Bollinger Annalena , Wenzel Alexander , Kamhawi Shaden , Voll Reinhard , Klinger Matthias , Müller Antje , Hölscher Christoph , Herrmann Martin , Sacks David , Solbach Werner , Laskay Tamás
Published: September 2006

The obligate intracellular pathogenLeishmania majorsurvives and multiplies in professional phagocytes. The evasion strategy to circumvent killing by host phagocytes and establish a productive infection is poorly understood. Here we report that the virulent inoculum ofLeishmaniapromastigotes contains a high ratio of annexin A5-binding apoptotic parasites. This subpopulation of parasites is characterized by a round body shape, a swollen kinetoplast, nuclear condensation, and a lack of multiplication and represents dying or already dead parasites. After depleting the apoptotic parasites from a virulent population,Leishmaniado not survive in phagocytesin vitroand lose their disease-inducing abilityin vivo. TGF-β induced by apoptotic parasites is likely to mediate the silencing of phagocytes and lead to survival of infectiousLeishmaniapopulations. The data demonstrate that apoptotic promastigotes, in an altruistic way, enable the intracellular survival of the viable parasites.
Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects
Authors: Damoiseaux J. S. , Rombouts S. A. R. B. , Barkhof F. , Scheltens P. , Stam C. J. , Smith S. M. , Beckmann C. F.
Published: September 2006

Functional MRI (fMRI) can be applied to study the functional connectivity of the human brain. It has been suggested that fluctuations in the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal during rest reflect the neuronal baseline activity of the brain, representing the state of the human brain in the absence of goal-directed neuronal action and external input, and that these slow fluctuations correspond to functionally relevant resting-state networks. Several studies on resting fMRI have been conducted, reporting an apparent similarity between the identified patterns. The spatial consistency of these resting patterns, however, has not yet been evaluated and quantified. In this study, we apply a data analysis approach called tensor probabilistic independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data to find coherencies that are consistent across subjects and sessions. We characterize and quantify the consistency of these effects by using a bootstrapping approach, and we estimate the BOLD amplitude modulation as well as the voxel-wise cross-subject variation. The analysis found 10 patterns with potential functional relevance, consisting of regions known to be involved in motor function, visual processing, executive functioning, auditory processing, memory, and the so-called default-mode network, each with BOLD signal changes up to 3%. In general, areas with a high mean percentage BOLD signal are consistent and show the least variation around the mean. These findings show that the baseline activity of the brain is consistent across subjects exhibiting significant temporal dynamics, with percentage BOLD signal change comparable with the signal changes found in task-related experiments.
Biosynthesis of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan: Role of a branching mannosyltransferase
Authors: Kaur Devinder , Berg Stefan , Dinadayala Premkumar , Gicquel Brigitte , Chatterjee Delphi , McNeil Michael R. , Vissa Varalakshmi D. , Crick Dean C. , Jackson Mary , Brennan Patrick J.
Published: September 2006

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), one of the few known bacterial glycosylphosphoinositides (GPIs), occurs in various structural forms in
Mycobacterium
species. It has been implicated in key aspects of the physiology of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and the immunology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Yet, little is known of the biosynthesis of LAM. A bioinformatics approach identified putative integral membrane proteins, MSMEG4250 in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
and Rv2181 in
M. tuberculosis
, with 10 predicted transmembrane domains and a glycosyltransferase (GT) motif (DID), features that are common to eukaryotic mannosyltransferases (ManTs) of the GT-C superfamily that rely on polyprenyl-linked rather than nucleotide-linked sugar donors. Inactivation of
M. smegmatis
MSMEG4250 by allelic exchange resulted in altered growth and inability to synthesize lipomannan (LM) but accumulation of a previously uncharacterized, truncated LAM. MALDI-TOF/MS and NMR indicated a structure lower in molecular weight than the native molecule, a preponderance of 6-linked Man
p
residues, and the absence of 2,6-linked and terminal Man
p
. Complementation of the mutant with the corresponding ortholog of
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv restored normal LM/LAM synthesis. The data suggest that MSMEG4250 and Rv2181 are ManTs that are responsible for the addition of α(1→2) branches to the mannan core of LM/LAM and that arrest of this branching in the mutant deters formation of native LAM. The results allow for the presentation of a unique model of LM and LAM biosynthesis. The generation of mutants defective in the synthesis of LM/LAM will help define the role of these GPIs in the immunology and pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections and physiology of the organism.
Parallel genetic origins of pelvic reduction in vertebrates
Authors: Shapiro Michael D. , Bell Michael A. , Kingsley David M.
Published: September 2006

Despite longstanding interest in parallel evolution, little is known about the genes that control similar traits in different lineages of vertebrates. Pelvic reduction in stickleback fish (family Gasterosteidae) provides a striking example of parallel evolution in a genetically tractable system. Previous studies suggest that cis-acting regulatory changes at thePitx1locus control pelvic reduction in a population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In this study, progeny from intergeneric crosses between pelvic-reduced threespine and ninespine (Pungitius pungitius) sticklebacks also showed severe pelvic reduction, implicating a similar genetic origin for this trait in both genera. Comparative sequencing studies in complete and pelvic-reducedPungitiusrevealed no differences in thePitx1coding sequences, butPitx1expression was absent from the prospective pelvic region of larvae from pelvic-reduced parents. A much more phylogenetically distant example of pelvic reduction, loss of hindlimbs in manatees, shows a similar left–right size bias that is a morphological signature ofPitx1-mediated pelvic reduction in both sticklebacks and mice. These multiple lines of evidence suggest that changes inPitx1may represent a key mechanism of morphological evolution in multiple populations, species, and genera of sticklebacks, as well as in distantly related vertebrate lineages.
Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men
Authors: Freedman Matthew L. , Haiman Christopher A. , Patterson Nick , McDonald Gavin J. , Tandon Arti , Waliszewska Alicja , Penney Kathryn , Steen Robert G. , Ardlie Kristin , John Esther M. , Oakley-Girvan Ingrid , Whittemore Alice S. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Ingles Sue A. , Altshuler David , Henderson Brian E. , Reich David
Published: September 2006

A whole-genome admixture scan in 1,597 African Americans identified a 3.8 Mb interval on chromosome 8q24 as significantly associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 7.1]. The increased risk because of inheriting African ancestry is greater in men diagnosed before 72 years of age (
P
< 0.00032) and may contribute to the epidemiological observation that the higher risk for prostate cancer in African Americans is greatest in younger men (and attenuates with older age). The same region was recently identified through linkage analysis of prostate cancer, followed by fine-mapping. We strongly replicated this association (
P
< 4.2 × 10
−9
) but find that the previously described alleles do not explain more than a fraction of the admixture signal. Thus, admixture mapping indicates a major, still-unidentified risk gene for prostate cancer at 8q24, motivating intense work to find it.
Purification and molecular cloning of a DNA ADP-ribosylating protein, CARP-1, from the edible clam
Meretrix lamarckii
Authors: Nakano Tsuyoshi , Matsushima-Hibiya Yuko , Yamamoto Masafumi , Enomoto Shigeki , Matsumoto Yasuko , Totsuka Yukari , Watanabe Masahiko , Sugimura Takashi , Wakabayashi Keiji
Published: September 2006

The cabbage butterflies
Pieris rapae
and
Pieris brassicae
have unique enzymes, named pierisin-1 and -2, respectively, that catalyze the ADP-ribosylation of guanine residues of DNA, which has been linked with induction of apoptosis and mutation in mammalian cell lines. In the present study, we identified ADP-ribosylation activity targeting DNA in six kinds of edible clam. Similar to our observations with pierisin-1 and -2, crude extracts from the clams
Meretrix lamarckii
,
Ruditapes philippinarum
, and
Corbicula japonica
incubated with calf thymus DNA and β-NAD resulted in production of
N
2
-(ADP-ribos-1-yl)-2′-deoxyguanosine. The DNA ADP-ribosylating protein in the hard clam
M. lamarckii
, designated as CARP-1, was purified by column chromatography, and its cDNA was cloned. The cDNA encodes a 182-aa protein with a calculated molecular mass of 20,332. The protein synthesized
in vitro
from the cDNA in a reticulocyte lysate exhibited the same ADP-ribosylating activity as that of purified CARP-1. Neither the nucleotide nor the deduced amino acid sequence of CARP-1 showed homology with pierisin-1 or -2. However, a glutamic acid residue (E128) at the putative NAD-binding site, conserved in all ADP-ribosyltransferases, was found in CARP-1, and replacement of aspartic acid for this glutamic acid resulted in loss of almost all ADP-ribosylating activity. CARP-1 in the culture medium showed no cytotoxicity against HeLa and TMK-1 cells; however, introduction of this protein by electroporation induced apoptosis in these cells. The finding of clam ADP-ribosylating protein targeting guanine residues in DNA could offer new insights into the biological significance of ADP-ribosylation of DNA.
Structure of an RNA switch that enforces stringent retroviral genomic RNA dimerization
Authors: Badorrek Christopher S. , Gherghe Costin M. , Weeks Kevin M.
Published: September 2006

Retroviruses selectively package two copies of their RNA genomes in the context of a large excess of nongenomic RNA. Specific packaging of genomic RNA is achieved, in part, by recognizing RNAs that form a poorly understood dimeric structure at their 5′ ends. We identify, quantify the stability of, and use extensive experimental constraints to calculate a 3D model for a tertiary structure domain that mediates specific interactions between RNA genomes in a gamma retrovirus. In an initial interaction, two stem–loop structures from one RNA form highly stringent cross-strand loop–loop base pairs with the same structures on a second genomic RNA. Upon subsequent folding to the final dimer state, these intergenomic RNA interactions convert to a high affinity and compact tertiary structure, stabilized by interdigitated interactions between U-shaped RNA units. This retroviral conformational switch model illustrates how two-step formation of an RNA tertiary structure yields a stringent molecular recognition event at early assembly steps that can be converted to the stable RNA architecture likely packaged into nascent virions.
A single lentiviral vector platform for microRNA-based conditional RNA interference and coordinated transgene expression
Authors: Shin Kum-Joo , Wall Estelle A. , Zavzavadjian Joelle R. , Santat Leah A. , Liu Jamie , Hwang Jong-Ik , Rebres Robert , Roach Tamara , Seaman William , Simon Melvin I. , Fraser Iain D. C.
Published: September 2006

RNAi is proving to be a powerful experimental tool for the functional annotation of mammalian genomes. The full potential of this technology will be realized through development of approaches permitting regulated manipulation of endogenous gene expression with coordinated reexpression of exogenous transgenes. We describe the development of a lentiviral vector platform, pSLIK (single lentivector for inducible knockdown), which permits tetracycline-regulated expression of microRNA-like short hairpin RNAs from a single viral infection of any naïve cell system. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the pSLIK platform was used to conditionally deplete the expression of the heterotrimeric G proteins Gα12 and Gα13 both singly and in combination, demonstrating the Gα13 dependence of serum response element-mediated transcription. In RAW264.7 macrophages, regulated knockdown of Gβ2 correlated with a reduced Ca
2+
response to C5a. Insertion of a GFP transgene upstream of the Gβ2 microRNA-like short hairpin RNA allowed concomitant reexpression of a heterologous mRNA during tetracycline-dependent target gene knockdown, significantly enhancing the experimental applicability of the pSLIK system.
NikR–operator complex structure and the mechanism of repressor activation by metal ions
Authors: Schreiter Eric R. , Wang Sheila C. , Zamble Deborah B. , Drennan Catherine L.
Published: September 2006

Metal ion homeostasis is critical to the survival of all cells. Regulation of nickel concentrations in
Escherichia coli
is mediated by the NikR repressor via nickel-induced transcriptional repression of the nickel ABC-type transporter, NikABCDE. Here, we report two crystal structures of nickel-activated
E. coli
NikR, the isolated repressor at 2.1 Å resolution and in a complex with its operator DNA sequence from the
nik
promoter at 3.1 Å resolution. Along with the previously published structure of apo-NikR, these structures allow us to evaluate functional proposals for how metal ions activate NikR, delineate the drastic conformational changes required for operator recognition, and describe the formation of a second metal-binding site in the presence of DNA. They also provide a rare set of structural views of a ligand-responsive transcription factor in the unbound, ligand-induced, and DNA-bound states, establishing a model system for the study of ligand-mediated effects on transcription factor function.
Transport Implications of Urban Containment Policies: A Study of the Largest Twenty-five US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Rodriguez Daniel A. , Targa Felipe , Aytur Semra A.
Published: September 2006

Despite earlier attempts to evaluate the consequences of urban containment policy adoption, the transport implications of these policies have been overlooked. This paper examines the impact that containment policies have on population density and vehicle miles travelled per capita. An empirical analysis is conducted, relying on a fixed-effects model for panel data for the largest 25 metropolitan areas in the US during the 1982-94 time-period. Because the outcomes are endogenously related, instrumental variable regression is used to test hypotheses about the effect of the presence and age of containment policies on travel. The findings suggest that local containment policies and state-level involvement in enabling or mandating growth management are associated with higher population density and more miles travelled. The results uncover unanticipated relationships of containment policies and travel outcomes, and underscore the importance of a co-ordinated strategy to mitigate some of the potential travel consequences of containment policies.
Associationalism from Above: Explaining Failure through France's Politique de la Ville
Authors: Nicholls Walter J.
Published: September 2006

Over the past 20 years, states have attempted to develop partnerships with third-sector associations in a variety of policy areas. Advocates argued that these types of partnership would increase the state's capacities to target the needs of niche populations, strengthen associational sectors and democratise state bureaucracies. However, several studies have shown that state-initiated partnerships often fall well short of their desired objectives and often cause more harm than good for the associational sectors of cities. This paper assesses the problems of the associationalist project through France's politique de la ville. The paper suggests that the outcomes of 'associationalism from above' in France have largely been unintended. State officials operating in good faith sought to foster partnerships that would generate benefits for the state and the associational sector. However, as state officials, they were obliged to impose a bureaucratic infrastructure to co-ordinate complex partnerships and ensure a degree of uniformity across France. Associations found that they not only had to conform to new bureaucratic requirements but also they had to respond to an increasingly political funding system. Thus, bureaucratisation triggered the politicisation of the associational sector, compelling associations to professionalise, politicise, and individualise their practices.
From a New Regionalism to an Unusual Regionalism? The Emergence of Non-standard Regional Spaces and Lessons for the Territorial Reorganisation of the State
Authors: Deas lain , Lord Alex
Published: September 2006

This paper reports on the results of research to explore a range of attempts to develop new regional forms, and considers the degree to which they accord to conceptualisations of the 'new regionalism' and accounts of the changing territorial structure of the state. It highlights the array of new regional configurations which now extends across the territory of the European Union, discussing the influence exerted by the growth of interest in European spatial planning over the course of the 1990s and considering the degree to which readings of new regionalist rhetoric have informed both the creation and substance of a number of recently conceived regional entities. The paper concludes by considering the implications posed by the growth of these new regional configurations for attempts to interpret the resealing of governance and the reterritorialisation of the state.
Housing and Ethnicity in the Post-Soviet City: Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Authors: Gentile Michael , Tammaru Tiit
Published: September 2006

Despite egalitarian aims, considerable social and ethnic segregation existed in countries with central planning. To date, however, research on residential segregation in the former state socialist countries of east central Europe and the former Soviet Union has been limited and has focused mainly on major metropolitan or capital-city areas and on social segregation. The aim of this study is to analyse ethnic post-Soviet segregation in housing in the medium-sized industrial city of Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. The paper uses data from the sample survey Cities of the Ruduyi Altay, and linear and logistic regression to analyse segregation by dwelling type, housing size and facilities between Kazakhs, Russians and other ethnic groups. The study reveals that the housing conditions of Kazakhs are considerably worse than those of both Russians and other ethnic groups.
Implications of Neo-liberalism for Built Heritage Management: Institutional and Ownership Structures in Ireland and Sweden
Authors: Negussie Elene
Published: September 2006

This paper explores implications of neo-liberal conventions and practices on institutional and ownership structures for built heritage management. It argues that deliberate adjustments and shifts towards a neo-liberal global economic agenda have raised new issues for decisions relating to ownership and management of the built heritage and consequently concerns for the effects on built environments. This is reflected in the changing role of public institutions and the voluntary sector in built heritage conservation and in processes of privatisation. Based on empirical research which employed a comparative study of urban conservation, the paper draws on the Irish and Swedish experiences with particular reference to the cities of Dublin and Stockholm.
Problem or Opportunity? Asylum Seekers, Refugees, Employment and Social Exclusion in Deprived Urban Areas
Authors: Phillimore Jenny , Goodson Lisa
Published: September 2006

The UK has become a leading proponent of European restrictionalism and has focused its efforts on developing policy that excludes asylum seekers from mainstream society. Dispersal policy has focused upon sending asylum seekers to excluded urban areas where there is an excess of available housing. This paper discusses the potential impacts of this approach on the economic prosperity and social cohesion of UK dispersal areas and focuses specifically on new migrants who arrived under the NASS dispersal programme. It demonstrates that, whilst newly arrived asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs) have both skills and qualifications, they are currently experiencing high levels of unemployment and those who are employed are working in low-skilled jobs with earnings far below the average. The paper contends that the high levels of unemployment and underemployment currently experienced by ASRs may serve to exclude them from society in dispersal areas and in so doing exacerbate the general levels of social exclusion in those areas. It is argued that ASRs could offer new opportunities for deprived areas if initiatives were introduced to help them access work commensurate with their skills and qualifications.
The Artistic Dividend: Urban Artistic Specialisation and Economic Development Implications
Authors: Markusen Ann , Schrock Greg
Published: September 2006

Over the past two decades, urban and regional policy-makers have increasingly looked to the arts and culture as an economic panacea, especially for the older urban core. The arts' regional economic contribution is generally measured by totalling the revenue of larger arts organisations, associated expenditures by patrons and multiplier effects. This approach underestimates the contributions of creative artists to a regional economy, because of high rates of self-employment and direct export activity, because artists' work enhances the design, production and marketing of products and services in other sectors and because artists induce innovation on the part of suppliers. Artists create import-substituting entertainment options for regional consumers and spend large shares of their own incomes on local arts output. The paper takes a labour-centred view of the arts economy, hypothesising that many artists choose a locale in which to work, often without regard to particular employers but in response to a nurturing artistic and patron community, amenities and affordable cost of living. Because evidence on such economic impacts and location calculus is impossible to document directly, the distribution of artists across the largest US metropolitan areas is used as a proxy, using data from the PUMS for 1980, 1990 and 2000. It is found that artists sort themselves out among American cities in irregular fashion, not closely related to either size or growth rates. The paper further explores variations in the definition of artist, the relationship between artistic occupation and industry, and differentials in artists' self-employment rates and earnings across cities. It is concluded that artists comprise a relatively footloose group that can serve as a target of regional and local economic development policy; the components of such a policy are outlined.
Living with Difference? The 'Cosmopolitan City' and Urban Reimaging in Manchester, UK
Authors: Young Craig , Diep Martina , Drabble Stephanie
Published: September 2006

This paper explores notions of cosmopolitanism and the 'cosmopolitan city' to interrogate how difference is constructed and treated in the contemporary entrepreneurial city. This is achieved through a grounded case study of the operationalising of notions of cosmopolitanism in Manchester, UK. This is examined in two ways. First, the construction of notions of the cosmopolitan city in the private-sector place marketing of a new 'cosmopolitan city-centre lifestyle' are analysed to reveal how urban reimaging creates a geography of difference in which certain forms of difference are valued or pathologised and fixed in space. Secondly, the analysis explores the contested ways in which the new city-centre 'cosmopolitan' residents understand and reproduce notions of cosmopolitanism and how this links to the treatment of difference in the city. The paper concludes by evaluating how interrogating notions of cosmopolitanism through a grounded urban case study, linking the textual analysis of urban imagery produced by the private sector to the political economy of the city, and investigating what actually happens in these new cosmopolitan city spaces contribute to the understanding of difference in the contemporary city.
Microinvasive ductal carcinoma arising within a fibroadenoma: a case report
Authors: Shin J. H. , Choi H. -Y. , Lee S. N. , Kim Y. -J.
Published: September 2006

Fibroadenomas are among the most common benign breast tumors in which carcinomas rarely develop. We report the imaging findings of a microinvasive ductal carcinoma arising within a fibroadenoma in a 51-year-old woman. This mass showed coarse heterogeneous microcalcifications within a circumscribed mass on mammography, a heterogeneous hypoechoic mass on ultrasound, and an early enhancing mass on magnetic resonance imaging. Although a fibroadenoma in an older woman appears benign-looking, the presence of any unusual signs should raise concerns about malignancy.
Regression of nodular liver lesions in wilson's disease
Authors: Kozic D. , Svetel M. , Petrovic I. , Sener R. N. , Kostic V. S.
Published: September 2006

Long-term follow-up abdominal imaging studies have not been reported previously in patients with the hepatic form of Wilson's disease (WD). This paper reports the case of a 35-year-old woman with symptoms dating back several months and with multiple, nodular liver lesions. The lesions were hyperdense on non-enhanced computed tomography and hypointense on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. A diagnosis of WD was established several weeks after her admission to hospital, and chelating treatment was commenced promptly. No abnormalities were found on follow-up MR examinations of the abdomen and brain 4.5 years later. These imaging features suggest that so long as WD is diagnosed in the initial stages, liver nodules can regress with time and complete healing can be achieved with continuous decoppering treatment.
Primary heart angiosarcoma detected by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Valeviciene N. , Mataciunas M. , Tamosiunas A. , Petrulioniene Z. , Briediene R.
Published: September 2006

We present a case of primary heart angiosarcoma in a 38-year-old male. The patient presented with severe dyspnoe and arrhythmia. Echocardiography showed multiple solid masses in the pericardium and pericardial effusion. Chest radiography revealed left-sided pleural effusion and suspicion of a mass projected on the right atrium. Non-enhanced chest computed tomography raised the suspicion of a pericardial neoplasm projected on the right atrium adjacent to ascending aorta with markedly thickened pericardium and multiple round-shaped masses around the heart. Cardiac-gated magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an inhomogeneous mass in the free wall of the right atrium adjacent to ascending aorta and multiple pericardial masses. Biopsy performed through thoracoscopy confirmed the diagnosis of a primary heart angiosarcoma.
Magnetic resonance signal, rather than tendon volume, correlates to pain and functional impairment in chronic achilles tendinopathy
Authors: Gärdin A. , Bruno J. , Movin T. , Kristoffersen-Wiberg M. , Shalabi A.
Published: September 2006

Purpose: To depict abnormal tendon matrix composition using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in chronic Achilles tendinopathy, and correlate intratendinous signal alterations to pain and functional impairment.

Material and Methods: MRI of the Achilles tendon was performed on 25 patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy (median age 50, range 37–71 years). All patients suffered from pain in the mid-portion of the Achilles tendon. Intratendinous signal was calculated from five different sagittal sequences, using a computerized 3D seed-growing technique. Pain and functional impairment were evaluated using a questionnaire completed by patients.

Results: Severity of pain and functional impairment correlated to increased mean intratendinous signal in the painful tendon in all MR sequences ( P<0.05, median r = 0.38, range 0.28–0.43 for pain; P<0.05, median r = 0.48, range 0.29–0.49 for functional impairment). However, tendon volume did not correlate to pain or functional impairment ( P>0.05). Difference in mean intratendinous signal between symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic tendons was highly significant in all sequences ( P<0.05) except on T2-weighted images ( P = 0.6).

Conclusion: Severity of pain and disability correlated to increased MR signal rather than to tendon volume in patients with unilateral mid-portion chronic Achilles tendinopathy.
Effects of three different swallow maneuvers analyzed by videomanometry
Authors: Bodén K. , Hallgren Å. , Witt Hedström H.
Published: September 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the manometric effects of three different swallow maneuvers on healthy volunteers.

Material and Methods: Ten healthy volunteers with no history of swallowing complaints were evaluated with simultaneous videoradiography and pharyngeal manometry (videomanometry). Three different swallow maneuvers were evaluated (supraglottic swallow, super-supraglottic swallow, and Mendelsohn's maneuver) and seven manometric and two videoradiographic variables were analyzed.

Results: The supraglottic swallow showed a significantly weaker peak contraction of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The super-supraglottic swallow had a significantly higher UES relaxation pressure and the Mendelsohn maneuver a significantly higher UES peak contraction. With the Mendelsohn maneuver, there was also a significantly longer duration of the pharyngeal contraction and a significantly weaker UES peak contraction. Both the super-supraglottic and the Mendelsohn maneuver had a significantly longer bolus transit time.

Conclusion: Our study did not show any significant difference in the relaxation duration of any of the swallowing maneuvers compared to a control swallow. With the Mendelsohn maneuver, we found that both the pharyngeal peak contraction and contraction duration were increased, which might result in an improved propulsion of bolus into the esophagus.
Radiological catheter drainage of abscesses in children
Authors: Murthy Chennapragada S. , Prelog K. , Wong C. K. F.
Published: September 2006

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of radiological catheter drainage of fluid collections and abscesses in children, and to review the principles, indications, technique, and possible complications of these procedures.

Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis was made of all radiologically guided catheter placements performed between March 1999 and April 2003. Patients' age, sex, location of the collection, technical details of the procedure, including modality used for guidance, technique of placement, type of catheter used, catheter indwelling time, and time for temporization were recorded from chart reviews. Success rate was calculated based on the number of curative drainage procedures.

Results: 33 children (16 boys and 17 girls) aged between 7 days and 14 years of age (mean 7 years) underwent 37 procedures. Successful drainage was achieved in 31 of 33 patients (94%). The dwell time for catheters ranged between 1 day and 30 days (mean 5.7 days). Mean duration for defervescence was 2 days. There were no major complications.

Conclusion: Imaging-guided catheter drainage of fluid collections in children is safe and effective. Newer approaches, better imaging, and improved techniques have resulted in improved cure rates. The basic principles, common indications, various techniques, and the possible complications of these procedures, with special reference to the pediatric population, are reviewed in this article.
Quantitative assessment of iron-oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: vessel isointensity is a potential characteristic of liver hemangiomas on late t1-weighted images
Authors: Schmitz S. A. , Nikolova A. , O'Regan D. , Albrecht T. , Hohmann J. , Wolf K.-J.
Published: September 2006

Purpose: To test whether a new quantitative measure, the tumor-to-vessel ratio, obtained from late post-iron-oxide-enhanced T1-weighted images allows for differentiating hemangiomas from liver metastases or all malignant liver lesions.

Material and Methods: Twenty-six patients (mean 57, range 33–79 years) were prospectively studied at 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a T1-weighted 2D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence (repetition time/echo time/flip angle; 200 ms/4.8 ms/90°) and a T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequence (4072 ms/99 ms/180°). Imaging was carried out before and at intervals up to 18 min after IV injection of Ferucarbotran (Resovist®, Schering, Germany). In 19 patients, one representative malignant lesion was analysed. Eleven hemangiomas were evaluated in 7 patients. Two readers performed a consensus reading with a signal intensity measurement in a lesion, normal liver and hepatic veins, from which ratios were computed.

Results: On T1-weighted iron-oxide-enhanced MRI of 30 lesions, tumor-to-vessel signal intensity ratios were distinct in hemangiomas (median 1.04, range 0.99–1.10) as opposed to either metastases (0.64, 0.33–0.77; P<0.05) or all malignant lesions taken together (0.64, 0.33–0.98; P<0.05), while the tumor-to-liver ratio was not.

Conclusion: The tumor-to-vessel ratio may help to differentiate between hemangiomas and metastases. A ratio greater than 0.98 allowed differentiating hemangiomas from metastases with a wide safety margin.
Use of 99mTc-mononuclear leukocyte scintigraphy in nosocomial fever
Authors: Gutfilen B. , Lopes de Souza S. A. , Martins F. P. P. , Cardoso L. R. , Pinheiro Pessoa M. C. , Fonseca L. M. B.
Published: September 2006

Purpose: To determine the overall diagnostic accuracy of mononuclear leukocyte- 99mTc scintigraphy in the routine detection of infectious lesions and fever of unknown origin (FUO) in inpatients.

Material and Methods: The use of mononuclear leukocyte 99mTc scintigraphy is presented in 87 patients who fulfilled the Durack and Street diagnostic criteria of nosocomial FUO; 66 patients were suspected of having infectious lesions (myocarditis, endocarditis, infected catheters, diabetic foot, and osteomyelitis) and 21 patients presented with unknown causes of FUO. Scans were carried out 1, 3, and 24 h after injection of labeled leukocytes.

Results: In three cases (3/27) where scintigraphs were negative, biopsies were positive. There were two (2/87) false-positive scintigrams. We found a 95.8% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity. PPV was 93.8%, PPN 94.7%, and accuracy 94.2%.

Conclusion: Mononuclear leukocyte 99mTc scintigraphy showed high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values in patients with nosocomial FUO. These results suggest an important role for nuclear medicine in the management of patients with infection/inflammation.