bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Performance of UAS-Compatible Multispectral and Hyperspectral Sensors for Soil Organic Carbon Prediction
Authors: Crucil Giacomo , Castaldi Fabio , Aldana-Jague Emilien , van Wesemael Bas , Macdonald Andy , Van Oost Kristof
Published: March 2019

Laboratory spectroscopy has proved its reliability for estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) by exploiting the relationship between electromagnetic radiation and key spectral features of organic carbon located in the VIS-NIR-SWIR (350–2500 nm) region. While this approach provides SOC estimates at specific sampling points, geo-statistical or interpolation techniques are required to infer continuous spatial information. UAS-based proximal or remote sensing has the potential to provide detailed and spatially explicit spectral sampling of the topsoil at the field or even watershed scale. However, the factors affecting the quality of spectral acquisition under outdoor conditions need to be considered. In this study, we investigate the capabilities of two portable hyperspectral sensors (STS-VIS and STS-NIR), and two small-form multispectral cameras with narrow bands in the VIS-NIR region (Parrot Sequoia and Mini-MCA6), to predict SOC content. We collected spectral data under both controlled laboratory and outdoor conditions, with the latter being affected by variable illumination and atmospheric conditions and sensor-sample distance. We also analysed the transferability of the prediction models between different measurement setups by aligning spectra acquired under different conditions (laboratory and outdoor) or by different instruments. Our results indicate that UAS-compatible small-form sensors can be used to reliably estimate SOC. The results show that: (i) the best performance for SOC estimation under outdoor conditions was obtained using the VIS-NIR range, while the addition of the SWIR region decreased the prediction accuracy; (ii) prediction models using only the narrow bands of multispectral cameras gave similar or better performances than those using continuous spectra from the STS hyperspectral sensors; and (iii) when used in outdoor conditions, the micro hyperspectral sensors substantially benefitted from a laboratory model calibration followed by a spectral transfer using an internal soil standard. Based on this analysis, we recommend VIS-NIR portable instruments for estimating spatially distributed SOC data. The integration of these sensors in UAS-mapping devices could represent a cost-effective solution for soil research and precision farming applications when high resolution data are required.
Devising a Competence-Based Training Program for Educators of Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned
Authors: Vare Paul , Arro Grete , de Hamer Andre , Del Gobbo Giovanna , de Vries Gerben , Farioli Francesca , Kadji-Beltran Chrysanthi , Kangur Mihkel , Mayer Michela , Millican Rick , Nijdam Carlien , Réti Monika , Zachariou Aravella
Published: March 2019

Over recent decades, education policy has been preoccupied with economic growth while paying insufficient heed to global sustainability challenges. International initiatives to promote education for sustainable development (ESD) have been hampered by a lack of clarity on how to implement this form of education. To address this concern, a Rounder Sense of Purpose (RSP) began as a three-year EU-funded project that set out to develop a practical accreditation model for educators working on ESD. Expert and user opinion was sought through several rounds of structured consultation with over 500 people, chiefly using a Delphi approach, to develop and validate the model. The resulting framework comprises 12 competences, each with three learning outcomes and several underpinning components. This is supported by a range of activities largely reflecting a constructivist pedagogy. A range of assessment techniques have also been piloted within the project although this remains an area for further enquiry. Ultimately, it was decided not to design a single qualification template because defining the award to such a level of detail would make it more difficult to apply across multiple jurisdictions. Partners also felt that such an approach would atomize learning in a way that runs counter to the holistic principles of sustainability. RSP provided a rich learning experience for those involved and has already demonstrated its potential to extend its impact well beyond the original participants.
How Does Licensing Remanufacturing Affect the Supply Chain Considering Customer Environmental Awareness?
Authors: Zou Zongbao , Wang Fan , Lai Xiaofan , Hong Jingxian
Published: March 2019

As sustainability issues are receiving increasing attention in society, in recent years many manufacturers have been adopting remanufacturing via technology licensing. This paper uses a game theory approach to investigate this strategy of a manufacturer under a closed-loop supply chain consisting of one supplier, one manufacturer, and one third-party remanufacturer (TPR), with the consideration of customer environmental awareness. In particular, the supplier supplies the components to the manufacturer and the manufacturer adopts technology licensing remanufacturing via the TPR. We explicitly characterize the reactions between the supplier and the manufacturer as being in equilibrium after adopting the technology licensing. We find that only when remanufacturing is a potential threat to the supplier is the performance of the supply chain improved and the double marginalization effect effectively eliminated. Moreover, remanufacturing by technology licensing only increases the profit of the manufacturer, but decreases the profit of the supplier. Interestingly, contrary to traditional wisdom, the existence of remanufactured products does not reduce the quantity of new products. Furthermore, remanufacturing by technology licensing may not always improve the environment, but customers in the market have environmental awareness that facilitates remanufacturing.
Selected Meso-Economic Consequences of the Changing Number of Students in Academic Towns and Cities (A Case Study of Poland)
Authors: Rokita-Poskart Diana , Mach Łukasz
Published: March 2019

This article presents several selected economic consequences of the currently changing number of students in towns and cities in Poland, which has become an increasingly significant issue in view of the dramatic demographic transformations going on nowadays. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of the changes on local enterprises operating in selected sectors of local economies of the academic towns and cities in the country. The results of the analysis confirm the assumption that selected academic towns can be affected not only by depopulation, but also by a decreasing number of students and—in consequence—a decreasing number of small trade and service enterprises. The authors conclude that co-incidence of these issues can pose a serious threat to local economies, especially where rapid negative economic and demographic changes have already been observed. The changes presented can be treated as the major threat to further sustainable development of Poland.
Correction: Zhen, Z. et al. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins 2019, 11, 118
Authors: Zhen Zhixin , Xiong Xiaoqian , Liu Yingbao , Zhang Jialan , Wang Shaojin , Li Li , Gao Mengxiang
Published: March 2019

The authors wish to make the following correction to their paper [...]
Arecoline Promotes Migration of A549 Lung Cancer Cells through Activating the EGFR/Src/FAK Pathway
Authors: Chang Chih-Hsiang , Chen Mei-Chih , Chiu Te-Huan , Li Yu-Hsuan , Yu Wan-Chen , Liao Wan-Ling , Oner Muhammet , Yu Chang-Tze Ricky , Wu Chun-Chi , Yang Tsung-Ying , Teng Chieh-Lin Jerry , Chiu Kun-Yuan , Chen Kun-Chien , Wang Hsin-Yi , Yue Chia-Herng , Lai Chih-Ho , Hsieh Jer-Tsong , Lin Ho
Published: March 2019

Arecoline is the primary alkaloid in betel nuts, which are known as a risk factor for oral submucosal fibrosis and oral cancer. Lung cancer is a severe type of carcinoma with high cell motility that is difficult to treat. However, the detailed mechanisms of the correlation between Arecoline and lung cancer are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of Arecoline on migration in lung cancer cell lines and its potential mechanism through the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 (mAChR3)-triggered EGFR/Src/FAK pathway. Our results indicate that different concentrations of Arecoline treatment (10 µM, 20 µM, and 40 µM) significantly increased the cell migration ability in A549 and CL1-0 cells and promoted the formation of the filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton, which is a crucial element for cell migration. However, migration of H460, CL1-5, and H520 cell lines, which have a higher migration ability, was not affected by Arecoline treatment. The EGFR/c-Src/Fak pathway, which is responsible for cell migration, was activated by Arecoline treatment, and a decreased expression level of E-cadherin, which is an epithelial marker, was observed in Arecoline-treated cell lines. Blockade of the EGFR/c-Src/Fak pathway with the inhibitors of EGFR (Gefitinib) or c-Src (Dasatinib) significantly prevented Arecoline-promoted migration in A549 cells. Gefitinib or Dasatinib treatment significantly disrupted the Arecoline-induced localization of phospho-Y576-Fak during focal adhesion in A549 cells. Interestingly, Arecoline-promoted migration in A549 cells was blocked by a specific mAChR3 inhibitor (4-DAMP) or a neutralizing antibody of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP7 or Matrilysin). Taken together, our findings suggest that mAChR3 might play an essential role in Arecoline-promoted EGFR/c-Src/Fak activation and migration in an A549 lung cancer cell line.
Antiviral Functions of Monoclonal Antibodies against Chikungunya Virus
Authors: Jin Jing , Simmons Graham
Published: March 2019

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Antibodies play pivotal roles in the immune response to infection. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are becoming important for protection from pathogen infection for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available, such as CHIKV infection. The new generation of ultra-potent and/or broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provides new opportunities for intervention. In the past decade, several potent human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs were isolated and demonstrated to be protective in vivo. Mechanistic studies of these mAbs suggest that mAbs exert multiple modes of action cooperatively. Better understanding of these antiviral mechanisms for mAbs will help to optimize mAb therapies.
Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analyses of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 NS1 Gene
Authors: Mira Francesco , Canuti Marta , Purpari Giuseppa , Cannella Vincenza , Di Bella Santina , Occhiogrosso Leonardo , Schirò Giorgia , Chiaramonte Gabriele , Barreca Santino , Pisano Patrizia , Lastra Antonio , Decaro Nicola , Guercio Annalisa
Published: March 2019

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is the etiological agent of a severe disease of terrestrial carnivores. This unique specie encompasses canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV). Studies widely analyzed the main capsid protein (VP2), but limited information is available on the nonstructural genes (NS1/NS2). This paper analyzed the NS1 gene sequence of FPLV and CPV strains collected in Italy in 2009–2017, along with worldwide related sequences. Differently from VP2, only one NS1 amino-acid residue (248) clearly and constantly distinguished FPLV from CPV-2, while five possible convergent amino-acid changes were observed that may affect the functional domains of the NS1. Some synonymous mutation in NS1 were non-synonymous in NS2 and vice versa. No evidence for recombination between the two lineages was found, and the predominance of negative selection pressure on NS1 proteins was observed, with low and no overlap between the two lineages in negatively and positively selected codons, respectively. More sites were under selection in the CPV-2 lineage. NS1 phylogenetic analysis showed divergent evolution between FPLV and CPV, and strains were clustered mostly by country and year of detection. We highlight the importance of obtaining the NS1/NS2 coding sequence in molecular epidemiology investigations.
Understanding Prion Strains: Evidence from Studies of the Disease Forms Affecting Humans
Authors: Rossi Marcello , Baiardi Simone , Parchi Piero
Published: March 2019

Prion diseases are a unique group of rare neurodegenerative disorders characterized by tissue deposition of heterogeneous aggregates of abnormally folded protease-resistant prion protein (PrPSc), a broad spectrum of disease phenotypes and a variable efficiency of disease propagation in vivo. The dominant clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion disease include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, fatal insomnia, variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, and Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease. Prion disease propagation into susceptible hosts led to the isolation and characterization of prion strains, initially operatively defined as “isolates” causing diseases with distinctive characteristics, such as the incubation period, the pattern of PrPSc distribution, and the regional severity of neuropathological changes after injection into syngeneic hosts. More recently, the structural basis of prion strains has been linked to amyloid polymorphs (i.e., variant amyloid protein conformations) and the concept extended to all protein amyloids showing polymorphic structures and some evidence of in vivo or in vitro propagation by seeding. Despite the significant advances, however, the link between amyloid structure and disease is not understood in many instances. Here we reviewed the most significant contributions of human prion disease studies to current knowledge of the molecular basis of phenotypic variability and the prion strain phenomenon and underlined the unsolved issues from the human disease perspective.
A Review of Motion and Orientation Processing in Migraine
Authors: Shepherd Alex J.
Published: March 2019

Visual tests can be used as noninvasive tools to test models of the pathophysiology underlying neurological conditions, such as migraine. They may also be used to track changes in performance that vary with the migraine cycle or can track the efficacy of prophylactic treatments. This article reviews the literature on performance differences on two visual tasks, global motion discrimination and orientation, which, of the many visual tasks that have been used to compare differences between migraine and control groups, have yielded the most consistent patterns of group differences. The implications for understanding the underlying pathophysiology in migraine are discussed, but the main focus is on bringing together disparate areas of research and suggesting those that can reveal practical uses of visual tests to treat and manage migraine.
Disaster-Risk, Water Security Challenges and Strategies in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
Authors: Gheuens Jana , Nagabhatla Nidhi , Perera Edangodage Duminda Pradeep
Published: March 2019

Small island developing states (SIDS) are typically characterized by being environmentally and socio-economically vulnerable to disasters and climate change. Additionally, they often have limited resources for freshwater provisioning services. This article presents an assessment of disaster risk and water security-related challenges in SIDS focusing on three major dimensions: (a) how disaster risks are perceived and addressed in the SIDS context using a case study method, (b) analyzing the current status of water security in these regions using an indicator-based approach and (c) assessing gaps and needs in institutions and policies that can facilitate sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets, adaptation and resilience building in SIDS. In this regard, information on all SIDS is collected to be able to distinguish trends in and between SIDS based on amongst others geographical location and characteristics. This synthesis noted two key observations: first, that in SIDS, the number of disasters is increasing at a higher rate than the global average, and that the frequency and intensity of the disasters will likely increase because of climate change. These combined factors will impact SIDS on the societal level and on environmental levels, reducing their adaptive capacity, resources, and resilience. Second, most SIDS are already water-scarce with low groundwater volumes. Because of increasing demand (e.g., population growth and tourism) and decreasing supply (e.g., pollution and changes in precipitation patterns) freshwater resources are becoming increasingly limited, often suffering from the spillover effects of competing and conflicting uses. Threatened ecosystems and limited economic resources further influence the adaptive capacities of communities in SIDS. In this light, key solutions to address disaster-risk and water security-related challenges can be found by sharing best practices and lessons learned—from examples of good governance, integrated policies, improved community-resilience, and capacity-building. Added to their fragile situation, SIDS struggle to find enough funding to put their development plans, programs, and policies into action.
Oxygen Depletion Affects Kinematics and Shoaling Cohesion of Cyprinid Fish
Authors: Hayes Daniel S. , Branco Paulo , Santos José Maria , Ferreira Teresa
Published: March 2019

Numerous anthropogenic stressors impact rivers worldwide. Hypoxia, resulting from organic waste releases and eutrophication, occurs very commonly in Mediterranean rivers. Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of deoxygenation on the behavior of Mediterranean freshwater fish. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the impact of three different dissolved oxygen levels (normoxia, 48.4%, 16.5% saturation) on kinematics indicators (swimming velocity, acceleration, distance traveled) and shoaling cohesion of adult Iberian barbel, Luciobarbus bocagei, a widespread cyprinid species inhabiting a broad range of lotic and lentic habitats. We conducted flume experiments and video-tracked individual swimming movements of shoals of five fish. Our results reveal significant differences between the treatments regarding kinematics. Swimming velocity, acceleration, and total distance traveled decreased stepwise from the control to each of the two oxygen depletion treatments, whereby the difference between the control and both depletion levels was significant, respectively, but not between the depletion levels themselves. Shoaling cohesion showed dissimilarities between the treatments regarding the maximum distance between fish, as the high depletion treatment differed from each of the other two, indicating that under severe oxygen depletion some individuals move away from the shoal. Overall, our results show how oxygen depletion changes fish behavior, which may entail ecological responses, highlighting the need to maintain an unfragmented river network to ensure movement dispersal among habitats, thus providing conditions for species escapement from hypoxia.
Feasibility Investigation of Improving the Modified Green–Ampt Model for Treatment of Horizontal Infiltration in Soil
Authors: Cao Ding-feng , Shi Bin , Zhu Hong-hu , Inyang Hilary , Wei Guang-qing , Zhang Yan , Tang Chao-sheng
Published: March 2019

Water infiltration in soil is a complex process that still requires appreciation of interactions among three phases (soil particles, water and air) to enable accurate estimation of water transport rates. To simulate this process, the Green–Ampt (GA) model and the Modified Green-Ampt (MGA) model introduced in the paper “A new method to estimate soil water infiltration based on a modified Green–Ampt model” have been widely used. The GA model is based on the hypothesis that the advance of the wetting front in soil under matric suction can be treated as a rectangular piston flow that is instantaneously transformed after passage of the infiltration front, and the MGA model does not contain the influence of pore size change. This cannot accurately reflect the soil moisture change process from unsaturation to saturation. Due to soil stratification and other inhomogeneity, predictions produced with these models often differ widely from observations. To quickly obtain the soil moisture distribution after passage of the wetting front for horizontal infiltration, an improved modified Green–Ampt (IMGA) model is presented, which estimates the soil moisture profile along a horizontal column in a piecewise manner with three functions. A logarithmic function is used to describe the gradual soil saturation process in the transmission zone, and two linear functions are used to represent the wetting zone. The algorithm of the IMGA model for estimating the water infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration is configured. To verify the effectiveness of IMGA model, a lab model test was performed, and a numerical model was built to solve the horizontal one-dimensional Richards equation using the finite–element method. The results show that the IMGA model is more accurate than the GA and MGA models. The horizontal soil moisture profiles obtained by the IMGA model are closer to the measured data than the numerical simulation results. The relative errors of the MGA and IMGA models decrease with an increase in infiltration time, whereas that of the GA model first decreases and then increases with infiltration time. The primary novelty of this study is nonlinear description of soil moisture content distribution, and derivation of unit transfer coefficient.
Numerical Investigation of Fresh and Salt Water Distribution in the Pearl River Estuary during a Typhoon Using a Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Model
Authors: Chen Jie , Jiang Changbo , Wu Zhiyuan , Long Yuannan , Deng Bin , Liu Xiaojian
Published: March 2019

Typhoons are major marine dynamic disasters that affect the coastal ocean areas of China. During a typhoon, the coupling dynamic factors, such as wind, waves, storm surges, and river runoff, greatly enhance the mass and energy exchange at the various interfaces of the ocean. A fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model in the South China Sea (SCS) was established based on the WRF, SWAN, and ROMS models. The variation of sea surface salinity (SSS) and ocean subsurface salinity caused by Typhoon Kai-tak (201213) was analyzed by the fully coupled model, and the basic characteristics of the response of the upper ocean to the typhoon are given in this paper. The simulation results demonstrate that the salinity of the sea surface showed a sharp change during Typhoon Kai-tak, and it changed gradually after entering the recovery period. During the passage of Typhoon Kai-tak, the disturbance caused by strong winds strengthened the mixing process of the water in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and its adjacent waters. As the typhoon developed, under the influence of Ekman pumping, the mixing effect between the subsurface and the bottom and the upper water was obvious. Before the impact of Typhoon Kai-tak, the salinity had obvious stratification characteristics along the water depth. Due to the influence of the storm surge, the surface water with increased salinity was transported to the estuary, which led to an increase in the salinity of the estuary’s surface water. In this condition, it is highly likely for there to be saltwater intrusion. The salinity distribution characteristics of three schemes (ROMS model only, coupled WRF-ROMS model, and fully coupled WRF-SWAN-ROMS model) were compared in this study. In the fully coupled WRF-SWAN-ROMS model, the disturbance of the bottom water was the most obvious, and the salinity value was greater than that of the coupled WRF-ROMS model, which indicates that under the influence of waves, the mixing and exchange abilities were strengthened.
Expanding Rubber Plantations in Southern China: Evidence for Hydrological Impacts
Authors: Ma Xing , Lacombe Guillaume , Harrison Rhett , Xu Jianchu , van Noordwijk Meine
Published: March 2019

While there is increasing evidence concerning the detrimental effects of expanding rubber plantations on biodiversity and local water balances, their implications on regional hydrology remain uncertain. We studied a mesoscale watershed (100 km2) in the Xishuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The influence of land-cover change on streamflow recorded since 1992 was isolated from that of rainfall variability using cross-simulation matrices produced with the monthly lumped conceptual water balance model GR2M. Our results indicate a statistically significant reduction in wet and dry season streamflow from 1992 to 2002, followed by an insignificant increase until 2006. Analysis of satellite images from 1992, 2002, 2007, and 2010 shows a gradual increase in the areal percentage of rubber tree plantations at the watershed scale. However, there were marked heterogeneities in land conversions (between forest, farmland, grassland, and rubber tree plantations), and in their distribution across elevations and slopes, among the studied periods. Possible effects of this heterogeneity on hydrological processes, controlled mainly by infiltration and evapotranspiration, are discussed in light of the hydrological changes observed over the study period. We suggest pathways to improve the eco-hydrological functionalities of rubber tree plantations, particularly those enhancing dry-season base flow, and recommend how to monitor them.
Climate Change Impacts on Drought-Flood Abrupt Alternation and Water Quality in the Hetao Area, China
Authors: Yang Yuheng , Weng Baisha , Bi Wuxia , Xu Ting , Yan Dengming , Ma Jun
Published: March 2019

Drought-flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) is an extreme hydrological phenomenon caused by meteorological anomalies. To combat the climate change, the watershed integrated management model—Soil and Water Assessment Tool model (SWAT)—was used to simulate DFAA, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from 1961 to 2050, based on measured precipitation data in the Hetao area and the downscaled Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) climate scenarios. In the future, the increase in temperature and the increase in extreme precipitation will aggravate the pollution of water bodies. Results indicate that the risk of water quality exceeding the standard will increase when DFAA happens, and the risk of water quality exceeding the standard was the greatest in the case of drought-to-flood events. Results also indicate that, against the backdrop of increasing temperature and increasing precipitation in the future, the frequency of long-cycle and short-cycle drought-flood abrupt alternation index (LDFAI, SDFAI) in the Hetao area will continue to decrease, and the number of DFAA situations will decrease. However, the zone of high-frequency DFAA situations will move westward from the eastern Ulansuhai Nur Lake, continuing to pose a risk of water quality deterioration in that region. These results could provide a basis for flood control, drought resistance and pollution control in the Hetao and other areas.
Dominant Influencing Factors of Groundwater Recharge Spatial Patterns in Ergene River Catchment, Turkey
Authors: Rukundo Emmanuel , Doğan Ahmet
Published: March 2019

Groundwater is of great significance in sustaining life on planet earth. The reliable estimation of groundwater recharge is the key understanding the groundwater reservoir and forecasting its potential accessibility. The main objective of this study was to assess the groundwater recharge and its controlling factors at the Ergene river catchment. A grid-based water balance model was adopted to determine the spatially distributed long-term groundwater recharge and other water budget components, relying upon the hydro-climatic variables, land-use, soil, geology, and relief of the investigated area. The model calculations were performed for the hydrological reference horizon of 20 years at a spatial resolution of 100 × 100 m. The base flow index (BFI) separation concept was applied to split up the simulated total runoff into groundwater recharge and direct runoff. Subsequently, the statistical methods of Pearson product–moment correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were combined for identifying the dominant catchment and meteorological factors influencing the recharge. The average groundwater recharge over the investigated area amounts to 95 mm/year. The model validation and statistical analysis indicate that the difference between simulated and observed total runoff and recharge values is generally under 20% and no significant inconsistency was observed. PCA indicated that recharge is controlled, in order of significance, by land-use, soil, and climate variables. The findings of this research highlight the key role of spatial variables in recharge determination. In addition, the generated outputs may contribute to groundwater resource management in the Ergene river catchment.
Assessment of Anthropogenic Impact versus Climate Change on the Succession of the Diatom Community in Lugu Lake (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China) Using the Sedimentary Record of Geochemical Elements
Authors: Liu Yi , Chen Chuanhong , Yang Shao
Published: March 2019

The lake ecosystems on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China have degraded in recent decades under the effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change. The human impact on the oligotrophic Lugu Lake aquatic ecosystem was evaluated using the sediment records of metals, nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) and magnetic susceptibility over the past 200 years. Three periods were identified based on the trace metal and δ15N records. During the first stage (1816–1976 AD), the concentrations of metals, δ15N and magnetic susceptibility were low with small variations. The anthropogenic contributions to the inputs were also small, except for Ni, reflecting minor human activities in the watershed, and no significant change was observed in the sediment record of the diatom assemblage. During the second stage (1976–2001 AD), the concentrations of Zn and δ15N increased, as well as the anthropogenic contribution of Zn. However, no significant change was detected in the anthropogenic sources of the other metals. These results reflect the low-level use of chemical fertilizers. The major shift in the sediment diatom assemblage during this stage was mainly attributed to regional climate change. During the third stage (2001–2010 AD), the concentrations of the sedimentary metals (Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Hg and Al) increased rapidly, with the exception of As and Zn, and a similar increasing trend was observed in the changes by anthropogenic sources of Ni, Cr, Mn and Cu. RDA (Redundancy Analysis) and variance partitioning analysis showed that the human impact and climate proxies independently explained 31.59% and 4.26% of the change of diatom community, respectively, and the interaction between climate change and human impact accounted for 18.61% of the change of diatom community. Tourism-dominated human activities, which were reflected in the metals profiles, facilitated the dominance of eutrophic species and reduced that of oligotrophic species. The development of tourism was likely the main driving force for the succession of diatom assemblages in the third stage. In summary, the anthropogenic input of trace metals in Lugu Lake is still at a low level. However, the significant growth trend in metals over the past decade is significantly related to the change in the lake ecosystem. Therefore, the effects of human activities, especially tourism, on the watershed should be controlled for the protection of the oligotrophic Lugu Lake.
POST-OPERATIVE REHABILITATION FOR PATIENTS WITH DEGENERATIVE DISK DISEASES
Authors: Borodulina I.V. , Arestov S.O. , Gushcha A.O. , Badalov N.G. , Mukhina A.A.
Published: March 2019

Surgical treatment for degenerative disk diseases is widespread today. Surgery is used to decompress neural structures, eliminate pain and symptoms of neurologic impairment. Nevertheless, a successful surgical intervention does not always guarantee a favorable clinical effect, which is associated with various factors: the duration of a disease, compensatory abilities of patients, and their emotional state. Thus, post-operative rehabilitation, based on a multimodal patient-oriented personalized approach, becomes very relevant. Post-operative rehabilitation considers the degree of functional limitation or loss and the impact of situational factors. According to the concept of post-operative rehabilitation as a personalized management strategy, it is advisable to divide patients into the following groups: those who do not have alert complaints or neurological impairment after surgery; those who have chronic pain; those who have residual or persistent neurological impairment. Such an approach allows physicians to suggest an individual program for rehabilitation treatment. Keywords: postoperative rehabilitation, degenerative disk diseases, multimodal patient-oriented personalized approach.
BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR POST-STROKE REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH MOTOR DISORDERS
Authors: Kryuchkov Yu.A. , Shchukovskiy N.V. , Sholomov I.I.
Published: March 2019

Acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA) is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality and disability not only in the Russian Federation, but throughout the world. Various movement disorders often occur after ACVA. Recently, there has been a significant amount of interest in high-tech hardware rehabilitation methods, which can be introduced into standard recovery programs for post-stroke rehabilitation of patients with motor disorders. These methods maximize the neuroplasticity processes, ensure active involvement of patients and high-intensity trainings during various recovery periods, reducing healthcare personnel burdens. Brain-computer neural interfaces for rehabilitation and improving patients’ quality of life is a promising and rapidly developing trend. The paper describes the modern pathophysiological picture of post-stroke motor disorder development, neuroplasticity mechanisms and motor rehabilitation effects. Great attention is paid to brain-computer neural interfaces as a means of patient-hardware communication. Technological devices make such communication possible as they use signals of human brain activity, and the patient receives feedback in the form of visual or tactile information. The paper presents current data on the possibilities of this technology in the post-stroke rehabilitation of patients with motor disorders. The authors describe the results of the studies conducted with the help of brain-computer neural interfaces. The theoretical and clinical efficacy of this technology was determined. Keywords: neuroplasticity, rehabilitation, motor disorders, stroke, brain-computer interface.
Composite Measure of Industrial Performance for Cross-country Analysis
Authors: Upadhyaya Shyam
Published: March 2019

A country’s industrial performance can be assessed using a number of statistical indicators reflecting the level, growth and structure of industrial activities. However, policymakers prefer a single composite measure over a set of indicators to obtain an overall picture of their country’s relative performance compared to that of other countries. The paper describes UNIDO’s experience of constructing such a measure, namely the Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) index, which considers countries’ productive capacity, intensity of industrialization and impact on the world market as major components of industrial performance. The compilation of the CIP index, however, poses two major challenges. First, the composite measure for a broad international comparison can only be constructed when data are available for all indicators and if the computation methodology is uniform across the countries. Second, as the final result is a normalized index used for country ranking, any uncertainty in one of the indicators may result in a shift of a given country in the overall ranking. The primary data source for the compilation of the CIP index is UNIDO’s database based on an underlying quality assurance framework for international comparability. To address the second problem, a sensitivity analysis is performed. The analysis reveals a substantially high correlation between the default CIP rankings and the alternatives, indicating that the composite measures are robust in a comparative assessment of countries’ industrial performance.
On the Micro Census of Agriculture in Russia
Authors: Zinchenko A. P.
Published: March 2019

In this article, the author outlines results of the 2016 Russian Census of Agriculture (VSHP-2016) and goes in detail reviewing questions related to the micro censuses of agriculture that in line with the Federal Law № 411-FZ from 1 December 2014 are conducted five years after a decennial agricultural census. This type of sample federal statistical survey of individual agricultural census items will require at least 30 percent of them to be selected.

The article explores various ways to solve technical issues of conducting micro census. There is an alternative approach to conducting an agricultural micro census that focuses not on selecting individual census items but rather on municipal districts (urban districts), in which it is recommended to conduct a complete survey. Results of such sufficiently informative and less costly survey can, in the author’s opinion, without large sampling errors help identify new trends and structural shifts in the development of agriculture in the constituent entities of theRussian Federation, including their municipal units. It also allows for getting information on the size, composition and dynamics of its resources amidst the transition of all categories of farms to market relations and implementation of state target programs.
Synthèse et étude cristallographique des oxytungstates Ln2WO6, avec Ln = Pr et Nd
Authors: Wyart Jean , Klevtsov Petr V. , Kharchenko Ludmila Yu. , Polanskaya Tamara M.
Published: March 2019

The 1 : 1˗oxytungstates of praseodymium and neodymium have been prepared as single crystals, either in dry conditions (in a flux of alkali chlorides), or in hydrothermal conditions. The crystals Nd₂ WO₆ are monoclinic with a = 15.93 Å, b = 11.39 Å, c = 5.51 Å, β = 92°, Z = 8. They are always twinned according to the plane (100).
La picotpaulite Tl Fe2S3, une nouvelle espèce minérale
Authors: Johan Zdenek , Pierrot Roland , Schubnel Henri-Jean , Permingeat François
Published: March 2019

Picotpaulite, Tl Fe₂S₃, was found at the Allchar ore deposit in Yugoslavia. Orthorhombic, mmC--- with a = 5.40 ; b = 10.72 ; c = 9.04 Å ; Z = 4 ; d[calc.] = 5.20. In polished sections it is creamy-white, strongly anisotropic. Reflectivity : 30.3-24.8 (4 200 Å), 30.8-24.2 (5 200 Å), 33.7-25.6 (6 400 Å). Microhardness (Vickers) : 41 kg/mm² (15 g) pseudohexagonal twins (120). Chemical analyses (electron microprobe) : Tl : 46.8 (47.8) ; Pb : 2.8 (1.9) ; Fe : 28.6 (28.2) ; S : 24.1 (23.9) ; totals 102.3 (101.8). The strongest lines of the X-ray powder pattern are : 4.26 (9) ; 3.80 (7) ; 3.33 (7) ; 2.912 (10) Å.

Named in honor of Picot, Paul.
Le métalangage en perspective
Authors: Rey-Debove Josette
Published: March 2019

Cet article est une réflexion actuelle et rétrospective sur le Métalangage, ouvrage de l'auteur publié en 1978. Josette Rey-Debove recense les postulats de sa théorie linguistique du métalangage naturel, résume ses thèses fondamentales , fait l'histoire de leur intinéraire et du rejet de certaines interprétations. On trouvera aussi les critiques qui lui ont été opposées depuis , avec leurs références bibliographiques.
Métalangages, activité métalinguistique et enseignement /apprentissage d'une langue étrangère
Authors: Coste Daniel
Published: March 2019

Metalanguages and metalinguistic activities are examined from three standpoints : (1) the variable importance given to them by different

approaches and methodological trends in the recent history of language teaching ; (2) the place they actually hold in the discourse of the language classroom ; (3) the role that they are considered to play (or not to play) in the process of foreign language acquisition. The paper is an attempt to show how, from each of these standpoints, the reading of the phenomena under consideration is somewhat modified, when one takes into account the many ways and modes in which metalinguistic dimensions manifest themselves and can be observed.
Le langage en suspens
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: March 2019

After studying the function of suspension points, we reflect upon the verbal expression of emotion. By examining Diderot’s theories on dramatic art and, to a lesser extent, on the novelistic technics of inner soliloquy, we attempt to underline the problems in which linguistics is involved when it is confronted with such a subject matter.
L'organisation conversationnelle des énoncés inachevés et de leur achèvement interactif en 'situation de contact'
Authors: Gülich Elisabeth
Published: March 2019

L'analyse proposée par cet article s'inspire à la fois de la linguistique textuelle allemande et de l'analyse conversationnelle des ethnométhodologues américains. Se basant sur un corpus de conversations authentiques, recueillies en 'situations de contact' entre interlocuteurs français et allemands, elle concerne des énoncés qui sont présentés et/ou traités comme inachevés par les interlocuteurs. On décrit l'organisation séquentielle de l'énoncé inachevé du locuteur non-natif et celle de son achèvement interactif, accompli par le locuteur natif. Si le locuteur non-natif, par suite d'une difficulté de formulation, n'est pas capable d'achever son énoncé, il dispose quand même de certaines 'méthodes' pour solliciter l'aide de son interlocuteur et pour indiquer à celui-ci en quelque sorte une 'direction de recherche'. L'effort coopératif des partenaires mène ainsi à une 'co-construction' du discours.
Interaction verbale et pratiques d'interruption
Authors: Viollet Catherine
Published: March 2019

Quels critères permettent de déterminer les limites de l'énoncé oral produit en situation d'interlocution ? Cet article analyse différentes formes d'interruption de l'énoncé par le locuteur lui-même. Les pratiques observées relèvent à la fois des caractéristiques propres à l'oral (élocution, syntaxe), de l'argumentation, et de la dimension d'interlocution (chevauchements, reprises, phénomènes de contrôle).
Syntaxe, choix de lexique, et lieux de bafouillage
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire
Published: March 2019

Certains phénomènes fréquents dans la production de langue parlée, comme la recherche de mots, l'hésitation, la correction, sont décrits sous le terme général de "bafouillage" , et sont analysés syntaxiquement selon le procédé de "listing", comme les coordinations. Ces bafouillages semblent se produire de préférence dans les secteurs grammaticaux construits par un verbe, plutôt qu'en dehors de ces constructions.
Prototype, Stéréotype : un air de famille ?
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: March 2019

This article has two aims : (1) to reveal the existence of different conceptions of the semantics of the prototype. On the one hand we show the definitory slidings with in the standard version of the prototype ; on the other hand, we describe, thanks to the notion of family resemblance, the passage to an extended version of the prototype. (2) to show the principal advantages and disadvantages of this new conception of lexical meaning. We show in particular that, in spite of its aims, this conception does not present a definitive solution to the problem of categorization.
Pour un composant lexical associatif et stratifié
Authors: Corbin Danielle
Published: March 2019

Cet article traite de la signification et des implications de deux propriétés fondamentales du modèle de composant lexical présenté dans Corbin (1987) : l'associativité et la stratification. L'associativité implique (i) une définition contrainte de la notion de "mot construit" , qui le différencie clairement du mot "complexe non construit" , et (ii) la multiplication homonymique des mots construits et des affixes, dans les limites définies par l'association d'une structure morphologique et d'une interprétation sémantique. La stratification du composant lexical reflète celle des données, la hiérarchie des régularités, des sous-régularités et des diverses irrégularités. La théorie est testée sur l'analyse du mot anxiété.
"Langue et Discours". La linguistique et son double
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: March 2019

Cet article étudie l'organisation du champ de la recherche linguistique. Par nature le langage doit être appréhendé à travers deux points de vue irréductibles , l'"approche A" et l'"approche A'". La première l'envisage comme "langue", la seconde comme "discours" . Une distinction est faite entre trois ensembles de disciplines : les "disciplines d'application" , les "disciplines connexes" et les "disciplines philologiques".
An improved synthesis of adefovir and related analogues
Authors: Jones David J , O’Leary Eileen M , O’Sullivan Timothy P
Published: March 2019

An improved synthesis of the antiviral drug adefovir is presented. Problems associated with current routes to adefovir include capricious yields and a reliance on problematic reagents and solvents, such as magnesium tert-butoxide and DMF, to achieve high conversions to the target. A systematic study within our laboratory led to the identification of an iodide reagent which affords higher yields than previous approaches and allows for reactions to be conducted up to 10 g in scale under milder conditions. The use of a novel tetrabutylammonium salt of adenine facilitates alkylations in solvents other than DMF. Additionally, we have investigated how regioselectivity is affected by the substitution pattern of the nucleobase. Finally, this chemistry was successfully applied to the synthesis of several new adefovir analogues, highlighting the versatility of our approach.
ON THE POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF NEW FERMIONIC DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN D = 6
Authors: Miškinis P.
Published: March 2019

The bispinors formed by quaternion in D = 6 dimensional space‐time are proposed to be treated as new fermionic fields. The gauge nonabelian field is formulated by the quaternions. A new kind of physical object, an extended relativistic quaternionic membrane in D = 6, is discussed.
Physico-chemical Behavior of Hydrogen Sulfide Induced by Reactions with H and D Atoms on Different Types of Ice Surfaces at Low Temperature
Authors: Oba Yasuhiro , Tomaru Takuto , Kouchi Akira , Watanabe Naoki
Published: March 2019

To elucidate the physico-chemical behavior of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on icy grains in dense molecular clouds, we investigated the surface reactions of solid H2S with H and D atoms in low-temperature laboratory experiments. We confirmed that H2S was lost from the surface by reaction with H atoms via chemical desorption. We found no strong association between the effective desorption cross section and the ice structure (porous amorphous, non-porous amorphous, or crystalline) or temperature (10–30 K). At 10 K, the reaction rate constant for the H–D substitution of solid H2S with D atoms almost matched that for the D–H substitution of solid D2S with H atoms. The present experimental results clearly suggest that the observed abundances of H2S and its deuterated isotopologues (HDS and D2S) in the interstellar medium are controlled, at least partly, by surface reactions on interstellar icy grains.