bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microglia/Macrophage-Derived Inflammatory Mediators Galectin-3 and Quinolinic Acid are Elevated in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Newborn Infants After Birth Asphyxia
Authors: Sävman Karin , Heyes Melvyn P. , Svedin Pernilla , Karlsson Anna
Published: October 2012

Activation of microglia/macrophages is important in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain injury. Based on experimental studies, we identified macrophage/microglia-derived mediators with potential neurotoxic effects after neonatal HI and examined them in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from newborn infants after birth asphyxia. Galectin-3 is a novel inflammatory mediator produced by microglia/macrophages. Galectin-3 is chemotactic for inflammatory cells and activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase resulting in production and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a tissue-degrading protease expressed by activated microglia in the immature brain after HI. Both galectin-3 and MMP-9 contribute to brain injury in animal models for neonatal HI. Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a neurotoxic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist also produced by activated microglia/macrophages. Galectin-3 and MMP-9 were measured by ELISA and QUIN by mass spectrometry. Asphyxiated infants (n = 20) had higher levels of galectin-3 (mean (SEM) 2.64 (0.43) ng/mL) and QUIN (335.42 (58.9) nM) than controls (n = 15) (1.36 (0.46) ng/mL and 116.56 (16.46) nM, respectively), p < 0.05 and p < 0.01. Infants with septic infections (n = 10) did not differ from controls. Asphyxiated infants with abnormal outcome had higher levels of galectin-3 (3.96 (0.67) ng/mL) than those with normal outcome (1.76 (0.32) ng/mL), p = 0.02, and the difference remained significant in the clinically relevant group of infants with moderate encephalopathy. MMP-9 was detected in few infants with no difference between groups. The potentially neurotoxic macrophage/microglia-derived mediators galectin-3 and QUIN are increased in CSF after birth asphyxia and could serve as markers and may contribute to injury.
Do Radio Stations in New Zealand Target Successfully?
Authors: Winchester Maxwell , Lees Gavin
Published: October 2012

Segmentation and targeting are cited as being a core part of marketing strategy for any organisation. This paper examines whether radio stations in New Zealand have been successful in targeting their listeners by considering the listening profiles of radio stations using a radio diary over a four week period with a sample of 1129. Results are consistent with earlier studies in consumer markets that suggest user profiles of competing brands do not differ greatly.
Factors Moderating the Impact of Word of Mouth for TV and Film Broadcasts
Authors: Nguyen Cathy , Romaniuk Jenni
Published: October 2012

This study builds on the research of East et al. (2008) into the relative impact of Positive and Negative Word of Mouth (PWOM, NWOM). It examines two low involvement categories with different consumer transaction patterns: TV programs and films. The results reveal that when prior viewing probabilities have equivalent room-to-change, PWOM and NWOM have the same level of impact for films, but PWOM is more influential than NWOM for TV programs. This is an important boundary condition for the work of East et al. (2008) and suggests that the value of NWOM should be discounted in TV programs, irrespective of the prior propensity to view. Consistent with East et al. (2008) , we find that PWOM is more influential on those with lower viewing probabilities. Our findings provide guidance as to which type of viewers should be targeted with WOM campaigns to have the greatest effect on audience growth.
C-OAR-SE-Based Single-Item Measures for the Two-Stage Technology Acceptance Model
Authors: Rossiter John R. , Braithwaite Bradley
Published: October 2012

This article addresses the scope and nature of the two-stage (adoption then usage) Technology Acceptance Model, TAM. The first contribution is to use C-OAR-SE theory to provide new and valid single-item measures of TAM's stagewise paired constructs intended to replace the non-valid and inefficient multiple-item measures used by TAM researchers at present. The second contribution is to demonstrate that individual-level frequency counts and cross-tabulations reveal more about how TAM works in its potential adopter stage and its current user stage than the usual group-level correlation and regression analyses.
Essential roles of PIKfyve and PTEN on phagosomal phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate dynamics
Authors: Hazeki Kaoru , Nigorikawa Kiyomi , Takaba Yuki , Segawa Tomohiro , Nukuda Akiko , Masuda Ayaka , Ishikawa Yuki , Kubota Koji , Takasuga Shunsuke , Hazeki Osamu
Published: October 2012

PtdIns(3)P (phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate) is a signaling molecule important for phagosome maturation. The major role of Vps34 in production of phagosomal PtdIns(3)P has been indicated. However, the fate of the newly generated PtdIns(3)P has not been well described. Here we show that elimination of PtdIns(3)P from phagosomal membrane was significantly delayed in RAW264.7 macrophages lacking PTEN or PIKfyve. In the PTEN‐deficient cells treated with a PIKfyve inhibitor, degradation of PtdIns(3)P was almost lost, indicating that PTEN and PIKfyve are two major players in phagosomal PtdIns(3)P metabolism.
Tsp66E, the Drosophila KAI1 homologue, and Tsp74F function to regulate ovarian follicle cell and wing development by stabilizing integrin localization
Authors: Han Seung Yeop , Lee Minjung , Hong Yoon Ki , Hwang Soojin , Choi Gahee , Suh Yoon Seok , Park Seung Hwan , Lee Soojin , Lee Sang-Hee , Chung Jongkyeong , Baek Sung Hee , Cho Kyoung Sang
Published: October 2012

The metastasis suppressor KAI1/CD82 has been implicated in various cellular processes; however, its function in development is not fully understood. Here, we generated and characterized mutants of Tsp66E and Tsp74F, which are Drosophila homologues of KAI1/CD82 and Tspan11, respectively. These mutants exhibited egg elongation defects along with disturbed integrin localization and actin polarity. Moreover, the defects were enhanced by mutation of inflated, an αPS2 integrin gene. Mutant ovaries had elevated αPS2 integrin levels and reduced endocytic trafficking. These results suggest that Drosophila KAI1/CD82 affects the polarized localization and the level of integrin, which may contribute to epithelial cell polarity.
NDRG2 and PRA1 interact and synergistically inhibit T‐cell factor/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Kim Jong-Tae , Kim Jae Wha , Kang Yun Hee , Kim Kwang Dong , Lee Seon-Jin , Choi Seung-Chul , Kim Kwang Soo , Chae Suhn-Kee , Kim Jung Woo , Lim Jong-Seok , Lee Hee Gu
Published: October 2012

NDRG2a
and
PRA1
colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer among patients with repeated implantation failure
Authors: Weissman Ariel , Horowitz Eran , Ravhon Amir , Nahum Hana , Golan Abraham , Levran David
Published: October 2012

Objective

To summarize the experience of a single center with laparoscopic zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) performed exclusively among patients with high‐order repeated implantation failure (RIF) following in vitro fertilization‐embryo transfer (IVF‐ET).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Edith Wolfson Medical Center, a tertiary referral university hospital located in Holon, Israel. A group of 176 patients with 8.15 ± 3.9 previously failed IVF‐ET cycles underwent 280 ZIFT procedures between 1995 and 2010. The main outcome measure was the live birth rate per patient treated.

Results

In all, there were 274 fresh and 6 frozen ZIFT cycles recorded in the study cohort, resulting in 96 clinical pregnancies per attempt (34.3%) and 72 live births (25.7%). The live birth rate per patient was 39.8%.

Conclusion

The use of ZIFT remains a powerful tool in the clinical management of selected patients with high‐order RIF. This procedure should be kept in mind when all other measures fail among patients with at least 1 unobstructed fallopian tube.
Paleo-climate of the central European uplands during the last glacial maximum based on glacier mass-balance modeling
Authors: Heyman Barbara M. , Heyman Jakob , Fickert Thomas , Harbor Jonathan M.
Published: October 2012

During the last glacial maximum (LGM), glaciers existed in scattered mountainous locations in central Europe between the major ice masses of Fennoscandia and the Alps. A positive degree-day glacier mass-balance model is used to constrain paleo-climate conditions associated with reconstructed LGM glacier extents of four central European upland regions: the Vosges Mountains, the Black Forest, the Bavarian Forest, and the Giant Mountains. With reduced precipitation (25–75%), reflecting a drier LGM climate, the modeling yields temperature depressions of 8–15°C. To reproduce past glaciers more severe cooling is required in the west than in the east, indicating a strong west–east temperature anomaly gradient.
Sur l'homologie des groupes unitaires à coefficients polynomiaux
Authors: Djament Aurélien
Published: October 2012

LetAbe a ring with anti-involution andFa nice functor (tensor or symmetric power, for example) from finitely-generated projectiveA-modules to abelian groups. We show that the homology of the hyperbolic unitary groupsUn,n(A) with coefficients inF(A2n) can be expressed stably (i.e. after taking the colimit overn) by the homology of these groups with untwisted coefficients and functor homology groups that we can compute in suitable cases (for example, whenAis a field of characteristic 0 or a ring without ℤ-torsion andFa tensor power). This extends the result whereAis a finite field, which was dealt with previously by C. Vespa and the author (Ann. Sci. ENS, 2010).

The proof begins by relating, without any assumption onF, our homology groups to the homology of a category of hermitian spaces with coefficients twisted byF. Then, whenFis polynomial, we establish — following a method due to Scorichenko — an isomorphism between this homology and the homology of another category of (possibly degenerate) hermitian spaces, which is computable (in good cases) by standard methods of homological algebra in functor categories (using adjunctions, Künneth formula…). We give some examples.

Finally, we deal with the analogous problem for non-hyperbolic unitary groups in some special cases, for example euclidean orthogonal groupsOn(A) (the ringAbeing here commutative). The isomorphism between functor homology and group homology with twisted coefficients does not hold in full generality; nevertheless we succeed to get it whenAis a field or, for example, a subring of ℚ containing ℤ[1/2]. The method, which is similar to that in the previous case, uses a general result of symmetrisation in functor homology proved at the beginning of the article.
Experimental physiology, Everest and oxygen: from the ghastly kitchens to the gasping lung
Authors: HEGGIE VANESSA
Published: October 2012

Often the truth value of a scientific claim is dependent on our faith that laboratory experiments can model nature. When the nature that you are modelling is something as large as the tallest terrestrial mountain on earth, and as mysterious (at least until 1953) as the reaction of the human body to the highest point on the earth's surface, mapping between laboratory and ‘real world’ is a tricky process. The so-called ‘death zone’ of Mount Everest is a liminal space; a change in weather could make the difference between a survivable mountaintop and a site where the human respiratory system cannot maintain basic biological functions. Predicting what would happen to the first human beings to climb that high was therefore literally a matter of life or death – here inaccurate models could kill. Consequently, high-altitude respiratory physiology has prioritized not the laboratory, but the field. A holistic, environmentally situated sort of science used a range of (often non-scientific) expertise to prove the laboratory wrong time after time. In so doing, Everest was constructed paradoxically both as a unique field site which needed to be studiedin vivo, and as a ‘natural laboratory’ which could produce generalizable knowledge about the human (male) body.
Raz on Authority and Democracy
Authors: Rondel David
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT: I argue that Joseph Raz’s service conception of authority cannot convincingly account for the nature and source of democratic authority. It cannot explain (a) why decisions made democratically are more likely to be sound than decisions made non-democratically, and therefore, (b) why democratic decisions might be understood as constituting moral reasons for action and compliance independently of their instrumental dimensions. My argument is that democratic authority cannot be explained completely in terms of the truth or soundness of the outcomes it tends toward. A full account of democratic authority must involve non-instrumental values about the moral caliber of democratic procedures.
FROM MEDITERRANEAN MERCHANT TO FRENCH CIVILIZER: JACOB LASRY AND THE ECONOMY OF CONQUEST IN EARLY COLONIAL ALGERIA
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: October 2012

The story of the Oran-based Jewish merchant Jacob Lasry (1793–1869) illustrates how preexisting North African business practices survived and adapted to the radical dislocations of the French conquest of Algeria. In the 1830s, French political turmoil and indecision helped foster a chaotic situation where French generals with nebulous goals “outsourced” financing and even military campaigns to local experts in Algeria. Lasry's business success in the economy of the early conquest invested him with a degree of power vis-à-vis the French administration, whose other proxies sometimes ended up in severe debt to him. With the rise of a “civilizing mission” discourse in the 1840s and 1850s, aspects of this mission, too, were outsourced to local experts. Despite his Moroccan birth, Gibraltarian family, and British subjecthood, Lasry used his stature to secure the official position of president of the province'sconsistoire israélite, charged with advancing French civilization among Oran's indigenous Jews.
THE TWO LIVES OF MASʿUD AMOYAL: PSEUDO-ALGERIANS IN MOROCCO, 1830–1912
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: October 2012

After France's 1830 invasion of Algeria, Algerians residing outside of the new French colony could potentially be considered French subjects. A number of Moroccans, eager to partake of the legal and financial advantages of foreign nationality, crossed the border into Algeria and obtained documentation falsely attesting to their Algerian origins; they then returned to Morocco, where they convinced French consular authorities to register them as French subjects. This article uses the story of one such pseudo-Algerian, Masʿud Amoyal, to explore the phenomenon of Moroccans who assumed the legal identities of Algerians. In Morocco and elsewhere in the Middle East, the responses of individuals like Amoyal to new legal categories created by European colonization point to the importance of expanding colonial historiography beyond the borders of imperial states. Examining the strategies of pseudo-Algerians in Morocco demonstrates the value of a transnational approach for understanding the full impact of European imperialism.
EDMOND YAFIL AND ANDALUSI MUSICAL REVIVAL IN EARLY 20TH-CENTURY ALGERIA
Authors: Glasser Jonathan
Published: October 2012

Edmond Yafil was a key figure in the early 20th-century Algerian revival of Andalusi music, a high-prestige urban performance tradition linked to medieval Muslim Spain. Yafil's experiments with printing, transcription, audio recording, amateur associations, concert-hall performance, and new composition helped transform the production, consumption, and circulation of Andalusi music. Although Yafil was widely respected, his reputation was fraught with ambiguity during his lifetime and has remained so since. While not divorced from his position as a Jew in turn of the century Algiers, Yafil's ambiguity is best understood within the context of the complex Andalusi musical milieu of his day. This study of Yafil shows revival to have been a gloss for a partial but far-reaching shift in the social basis of Andalusi music making and calls for a broader rethinking of the familiar concept of revival in North Africa and the Middle East and beyond.
TREASON OR CHARITY? CHRISTIAN MISSIONS ON TRIAL AND THE DECOLONIZATION OF ALGERIA
Authors: Fontaine Darcie
Published: October 2012

This article explores the role that Christianity played in the decolonization of Algeria and in particular how the complex relationship between Christianity and colonialism under French rule shaped the rhetoric and actions of Christians during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Using the case of a 1957 trial in the military tribunal of Algiers in which twelve Europeans were charged with crimes ranging from distributing propaganda for the National Liberation Front to sheltering suspected communist and nationalist militants, I demonstrate how “Christian” rhetoric became one of the major means through which the conduct of the war and the defense of French Algeria were debated. While conservative defenders of French Algeria claimed that actions such as those of the Christians on trial led to the erasure of Christianity in North Africa, I argue that such actions and moral positions allowed for the continued presence of Christianity in Algeria after independence.
MARCH 1968: PRACTICING TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM FROM TUNIS TO PARIS
Authors: Hendrickson Burleigh
Published: October 2012

This article examines the activism of Tunisian university students in the late 1960s. During the series of events surrounding the student protests of March 1968 at the University of Tunis, political activists across Tunisia and France forged communication networks or drew upon existing ones in order to further their political claims. The objectives of this article are to investigate the historical roots of these transnational networks in the colonial and postcolonial periods as well as to integrate Tunisia within the “global 1968.” Through an analysis of student protests and government reactions, I argue that ties with the former metropole shaped students’ demands and that a strictly national perspective of events is insufficient. In response to state repression, Tunisian activists shifted their struggle from global anti-imperialism toward the expansion of human rights on the national level. The networks proliferated over the course of 1968 and beyond as concrete realities shaped the direction of new claims.
Trends and Opportunities in North African Music Scholarship
Authors: Jones Alyson E.
Published: October 2012

In the present climate of political and social change in North Africa, studying music offers exciting new possibilities for enhancing our understanding of the region. Scholars in ethnomusicology and related disciplines are conducting archival and ethnographic research on music, often integrating sound and video recordings, transcriptions, and musical and textual analysis into their studies. Their work highlights how music not only reflects cultural change but also predicts and creates it.
Music and Social Institutions:al-Maʾlūfandal-Āla
Authors: Davila Carl
Published: October 2012

Music is not only an art form defined by certain formal elements, such as rhythmic and melodic modes. It is also a cultural form that implies significant social interaction. Music naturally evokes deeply felt emotions and can touch upon important social identities, because it helps people to experience feelings and express insights into their own lives. Moreover, the fact that it is performed situates any given musical genre within a specific set of sociocultural frames. Unpacking the social, economic, and political contexts surrounding musical genres can deepen our understanding of larger processes at work. An obvious North African example is Rai music, whose explosion in popularity in the 1980s underscored very important social and economic transformations taking place in Algeria and among migrant Algerian communities in France.
The Study of Women and Music in Morocco
Authors: Ciucci Alessandra
Published: October 2012

The 1987 publication ofWomen and Music in Cross-Cultural Perspectives, the first anthology on the topic of women and music in the field of ethnomusicology, marked a critical turn in the scholarship. The ethnographic-focused essays on women's genres and roles in music in diverse societies around the world, including the Middle East, presented new analytical frameworks and research on authority, gender and access, and notions of power and performance. Today, research on the musical practices of women continues to expand in ethnomusicology and in fields such as anthropology. Many scholars now acknowledge the centrality of gender for locating “how society is in music and music is in society.” This is a particularly important approach for the Middle East and North Africa, where the undervaluing or silencing of women's musical practices and abilities had continued to dominate ethnomusicology. An important study to break from the paradigm was Virginia Danielson's 1997 monograph on Umm Kulthum. Danielson analyzes the development and the construction of a musical and a social “voice,” looking at what it means for this particular artist to bothbethe voice of andhavea voice in colonial and postcolonial Egypt. In the discussion that follows I outline the academic trajectory of writings on women and music in Morocco, which I have divided into three distinct historical moments, each exemplifying different approaches to the subject matter: work by 20th-century French colonial scholars, by contemporary European and American scholars, and by contemporary Moroccan scholars.
Music and the Aura of Revolution
Authors: LeVine Mark
Published: October 2012

It has become something of a commonplace to argue that music played an important role in the revolutionary upheavals that overthrew the Bin ʿAli regime in Tunisia and forced Husni Mubarak from power in Egypt. This recognition let the larger scholarly community—indeed, the world—in on a secret that a small group of MENA scholars have for decades been trying to share: it's not merely that music is society, as Jonathan Shannon argues in his contribution to this roundtable; it's society in “Real 3D,” at once a microcosm, mirror, and prism of “all the social forces and contradictions of culture, politics, and history.” As a mirror, music reflects society's contending forces back onto itself. Under the right conditions it also refracts them prismatically, acting as a filter and an amplifier that brings (and sometimes forces) subaltern sentiments into the public consciousness. Music, like other art forms, can help foster and sustain social and political change.
MEDICINE AND MODERNITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
Authors: Gallagher Nancy
Published: October 2012

In recent decades historians specializing in the Middle East and North Africa have studied endemic and epidemic diseases as well as evolving medical and public health knowledge and policy to better understand major historical transformations. The study of gender and empire, class and ethnicity, and civil society and government in the determination of medical and public health policy has yielded new insights into questions of state power, colonialism, imperialism, nationalism, modernity, and globalization. Historians have asked why, when, and how Western medicine took root in Muslim societies, which had their own complex and longstanding medical traditions.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Baron Beth , Pursley Sara
Published: October 2012

We are thrilled to present this special issue of IJMES on “Maghribi Histories in the Modern Era” with guest editor Julia Clancy-Smith. The issue was conceived as an effort to bring scholarship on the Maghrib and Mashriq into closer dialogue. We issued the call for papers in December 2010, weeks before the self-immolation of Muhammad al-Buʿazizi in Tunisia triggered the string of upheavals often referred to as the Arab Spring. That North Africa took the lead in upending authoritarian regimes makes this issue especially timely. Although none of the pieces deals directly with contemporary events, they provide innovative ways for thinking about historical transformations and genealogies.
Host associations, biogeography, and phylogenetics of avian malaria in southern African waterfowl
Authors: CUMMING GRAEME S. , SHEPARD ERIC , OKANGA SHARON , CARON ALEXANDRE , NDLOVU MDUDUZI , PETERS JEFFREY L.
Published: October 2012

The relevance of spatial variation in the environment and host communities for parasite community composition is poorly documented, creating a need for additional case studies from which general principles can be developed. Avian malaria in southern African waterfowl has not previously been studied. As a first step towards documenting and understanding its biogeography, we used PCR and molecular sequencing techniques to analyse 454 blood samples from Afrotropical ducks from 5 different locations (spread around the subregion) for avian malaria. Fifty-five blood samples were positive for one or more genera of haematozoa. The regional infection rate across all sites and sampling periods was 12·1%. Nine individuals carried dual infections containing multiple haematozoa. Fifteen different cytochromebhaplotypes among 52 positives (3 samples failed to sequence) and 61 total sequences were found. Eleven haplotypes closely matchedPlasmodium, whereas 4 were more similar toHaemoproteus. Five distinct haematozoan clades were identified.Haemoproteusparasites appeared to be more host-specific thanPlasmodium, which occurred at every sampling location and in every host species examined. There were no significant differences in overall parasite prevalence attributable to either site or species, althoughPlasmodiumandHaemoproteusoccurrences differed by site-species combination and the borderline significance of our test for between-site variation (P < 0·06) implied that with a larger sample size, differences in parasite prevalence among locations might be detectable.
Low rates of Neospora caninum infection reactivation during gestation are observed in both chronically and congenitally infected mice
Authors: JIMÉNEZ-RUIZ E. , ÁLVAREZ-GARCíA G. , AGUADO-MARTÍNEZ A. , ORTEGA-MORA L. M.
Published: October 2012

Endogenous transplacental transmission (EnTT) of Neospora caninum is the most common route of infection in cattle and occurs as a consequence of a reactivation of N. caninum infection that may lead to abortion or to the birth of congenitally infected calves. The reactivation of N. caninum infection was studied during the gestation of chronically infected dams and, for the first time, in their congenitally infected pups. BALB/c mice were infected with Nc-Spain 7 (Group 1) or Nc-Spain 3H (Group 2), high virulence isolates and low-to-moderate virulence isolates, respectively. The mice were mated after 90 days post-infection, and the morbidity, mortality, vertical transmission and humoral immune responses were recorded for 2 consecutive generations. In the first generation, higher morbidity and mortality rates were observed in G1 before mating than in G2 (P < 0·0001). In the second generation, low vertical transmission rates were observed in both inoculated groups (7·7% and 17·1% in G1 and G2, respectively) and were significantly diminished in the third generation (8·7% in G2 versus 0% in G1). Low rates of reactivation of N. caninum infection were induced in chronically infected mice and decreased in subsequent generations regardless of the isolate employed in the inoculations. Thus, further studies are needed to improve this reactivation mouse model.
Src and PI3 K inhibitors affect the virulence factors ofEntamoeba histolytica
Authors: LÓPEZ-CONTRERAS L. , HERNÁNDEZ-RAMÍREZ V. I. , FLORES-GARCÍA Y. , CHÁVEZ-MUNGUÍA B. , TALAMÁS-ROHANA P.
Published: October 2012

Protein kinases (PKs) of parasitic protozoa are being evaluated as drug targets. A large number of protein kinases within the protein kinome ofEntamoeba histolyticastrongly suggest that protein phosphorylation is a key component of pathogenesis regulation by this parasite. PI3 K and Src are kinases previously described in this parasite, but their role is poorly understood. Here, the effect of Src-1-inhibitor and PI3 K inhibitor (Wortmannin) on the virulence factors ofE. histolyticawas evaluated. Results show that both inhibitors affect the actin cytoskeleton and the amoebic movement. Also, the proteolytic activity is diminished by Wortmannin, but not by Src-inhibitor-1; however, the phagocytic capacity is diminished by Wortmannin and Src-1-inhibitor. Finally, we found that the virulencein vivoofE. histolyticais affected by Wortmannin but not by Src-1-inhibitor. This study opens the way for the design of anti-amoebic drugs based on kinase inhibition.
Discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi identified in rural dogs and cats in the humid Argentinean Chaco
Authors: ENRIQUEZ G. F. , CARDINAL M. V. , OROZCO M. M. , LANATI L. , SCHIJMAN A. G. , GÜRTLER R. E.
Published: October 2012

The discrete typing units (DTUs) of Trypanosoma cruzi that infect domestic dogs and cats have rarely been studied. With this purpose we conducted a cross-sectional xenodiagnostic survey of dog and cat populations residing in 2 infested rural villages in Pampa del Indio, in the humid Argentine Chaco. Parasites were isolated by culture from 44 dogs and 12 cats with a positive xenodiagnosis. DTUs were identified from parasite culture samples using a strategy based on multiple polymerase-chain reactions. TcVI was identified in 37 of 44 dogs and in 10 of 12 cats, whereas TcV was identified in 5 dogs and in 2 cats –a new finding for cats. No mixed infections were detected. The occurrence of 2 dogs infected with TcIII –classically found in armadillos– suggests a probable link with the local sylvatic transmission cycle involving Dasypus novemcinctus armadillos and a potential risk of human infection with TcIII. Our study reinforces the importance of dogs and cats as domestic reservoir hosts and sources of various DTUs infecting humans, and suggests a link between dogs and the sylvatic transmission cycle of TcIII.
Carte de Séjour: revisiting ‘Arabness’ and anti-racism in 1980s France
Authors: Lebrun Barbara
Published: October 2012

The French rock group Carte de Séjour rose to national fame in 1986 with their Charles Trenet cover ‘Douce France’, a North African-inflected song that provided an ironic commentary on the ties that bind Maghrebi immigrants and their descendants to France. Journalists and academics have hailed Carte de Séjour as the first example of an empoweredbeurmusic group in French popular culture, but their lack of extended success tells a different story. This article is the first full-length academic study to examine Carte de Séjour's exact contribution to French popular music and to the so-calledbeurand anti-racist movements of the 1980s. By questioning the common view regarding the ‘subversive’ power of French-Maghrebi artists, this article argues that Carte de Séjour's lack of success was due to their controversial representation of ‘Arabness’ in music and performance, their instrumentalisation by the Socialist Party, and their conflictual relationship with France's intellectual and political establishment at the time.
What is bluegrass anyway? Category formation, debate and the framing of musical genre
Authors: Rockwell Joti
Published: October 2012

This article examines the contested issue of defining the genre of bluegrass music. Interpreting this debate as a subjective negotiation and renegotiation of a category, it focuses on the discursive and musical means through which ontologies of bluegrass are framed. In doing so, the article adds to a growing body of literature that considers genre in popular music as a flexible construct involving both musical performance and cultural formations. The article begins by exploring the idea of bluegrass as constructed by Bill Monroe and a number of early bluegrass scholars, after which it invokes recent work on human cognition and categorisation to analyse the genre debate among bluegrass enthusiasts. The article ultimately proposes that such discourse, notwithstanding its apparent futility, can be regarded as a vital means for a genre's self-perpetuation.
Internal rhyme in ‘The Boy with a Moon and Star on His Head’, Cat Stevens, 1972
Authors: Griffiths Dai
Published: October 2012

‘The Boy with a Moon and Star on His Head’ was written and recorded by Cat Stevens in 1972. This paper briefly examines the song's subject matter, before analysing its musical structure and that of the words to the song. As well as the standard pattern of end rhyme, a pattern of internal rhyme is also analysed, using tools derived from literary analysis. The words to the song are transcribed by a method which mediates between transcription of the words that make it look like a poem and the words as they appear in sheet music. Finally, the song's pattern of internal rhyme is placed into a context that includes songs as well as poems, suggesting that the song is an exception that suggests a rule for words in the singer-song at the time of the song's appearance.
The new ‘tween’ music industry: The Disney Channel, Kidz Bop and an emerging childhood counterpublic
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: October 2012

This article examines the expansion of the US children's music industry in the last decade. It considers the sanitising of Top 40 pop for child audiences in the Kidz Bop compilations, the entrance of Disney into the popular music market and the meteoric rise of tween music products such as High School Musical, Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus, the Jonas Brothers and Justin Bieber. It shows that, as children increasingly consume mainstream musical products, in the converse dynamic children's artists themselves play an increasingly prominent role in popular culture and in many ways have taken the lead both in commercial success and in stylistic innovations. Examining public expressions of age-based solidarity among celebrity musicians associated with children, this article argues that children's music is increasingly articulated through tropes of identity politics, and represents the early stages of a childhood counterpublic.
The power ballad
Authors: Metzer David
Published: October 2012

The power ballad has become a mainstay of popular music since the 1970s. This article offers a history of the songs and discusses their place in the larger field of popular music genres. The songs are defined by the use of both a musical formula based on constant escalation and an expressive formula that combines the euphoric uplift created by rousing music with sentimental themes and ploys. Contrary to views that power ballads first appeared in 1980s rock and are primarily rock numbers, the songs emerged in the 1970s pop recordings of Barry Manilow and others, and from early on crossed genre lines, including pop, rock and R&B. These crossings result in an exchange between the fervour of the power ballad and the distinct expressive qualities of the other genres. This article also places the power ballad in the larger history of the ballad. The songs are part of a shift toward more effusive and demonstrative styles of ballads underway since the 1960s. In addition, the emotional excesses of the power ballad fit into a larger change in the expressive tone of works across different popular culture media. With those works, emotions are to be large, ecstatic and immediate.
DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR HOSPITAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Sampietro-Colom Laura , Morilla-Bachs Irene , Gutierrez-Moreno Santiago , Gallo Pedro
Published: October 2012

Objective: To develop and test a decision-support tool for prioritizing new competing Health Technologies (HTs) after their assessment using the mini-HTA approach.

Methods:A two layer value/risk tool was developed based on the mini-HTA. The first layer included 12 mini-HTA variables classified in two dimensions, namely value (safety, clinical benefit, patient impact, cost-effectiveness, quality of the evidence, innovativeness) and risk (staff, space and process of care impacts, incremental costs, net cost, investment effort). Weights given to these variables were obtained from a survey among decision-makers (at National/Regional level and hospital settings). A second layer included results from mini-HTA (scored as higher, equal or lower), which compares the performance of the new HT (in terms of the abovementioned 12 variables) with the available comparator. An algorithm combining the first (weights) and second (scores) layers was developed to obtain an overall score for each HT, which was then plotted in a value/risk matrix. The tool was tested using results from the mini-HTAs for three new HTs (Surgical Robot, Platelet Rich Plasma, Deep Brain Stimulation).

Results: No significant differences among decision-makers were observed as regards the weights given to the 12 variables, therefore, the median aggregate weights from decision-makers were introduced in the first layer. The dot plot resulting from the mini-HTA presented good power to visually discriminate between the assessed HTs.

Conclusion: The decision-support tool developed here makes possible a robust and straightforward comparison of different competing HTs. This facilitates hospital decision-makers deliberations on the prioritization of competing investments under fixed budgets.
KEY INFORMANTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF HOW PHARMAC OPERATES IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Ragupathy Rajan , Tordoff June , Norris Pauline , Reith David
Published: October 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine key informants’ perceptions of how the New Zealand Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) operates in New Zealand.

Methods: We carried out qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with key informants. We obtained ethics approval from the University of Otago School of Pharmacy, and all participants gave informed consent. We digitally recorded the interviews, which were then transcribed, and coded in NVivo. The data were analyzed by theme using constant comparison methods. Twenty informants who had previously published research or commentary on New Zealand's access to medicines, acted as spokespersons for interest groups, or held positions that gave them key insights into New Zealand's medicines system agreed to participate. Informants were purposefully selected to ensure a wide range of views, including five people working in medicine, four in pharmacy, three Members of Parliament from different parties, and two each from PHARMAC and the pharmaceutical industry.

Results: Respondents saw PHARMAC as an organization that contained medicine costs effectively, was politically neutral, and resistant to lobbying. It enjoyed broad political support and, with extremely rare exceptions, had been allowed to carry out its functions independently regardless of who was in government. As a result of this political stability, the relationship between PHARMAC and the pharmaceutical industry has been improving.

Conclusion: PHARMAC's longevity and increasing influence are largely due to political choices made to prioritize containing pharmaceutical expenditure and to respecting PHARMAC's independence. This may be difficult to replicate in other countries.
INTERACTION INITIATIVES BETWEEN REGULATORY, HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND COVERAGE BODIES, AND INDUSTRY
Authors: Frønsdal Katrine , Pichler Franz , Mardhani-Bayne Logan , Henshall Chris , Røttingen John-Arne , Mørland Berit , Klemp Marianne
Published: October 2012

There has been an increased focus on the relationship between health technology assessment (HTA) and regulatory assessments and how regulatory, HTA and coverage bodies, and industry can work better together to improve efficiency and alignment of processes. There is increasingly agreement across sectors that improved communication and coordination could contribute to facilitating timely patient access to effective, affordable treatments that offer value to the health system. Discussions on aspects of this relationship are being held in different forums and various forms of coordination and collaboration are being developed or piloted within several jurisdictions. It is therefore both timely and of value to stakeholders to describe and reflect on current initiatives intended to improve interactions between regulatory, HTA and coverage bodies, and industry. Drawing on 2011 meetings of the HTAi Policy Forum and the Center for Innovation in Regulatory Science (CIRS), this study aims to describe and compare initiatives, and point to success factors and challenges that are likely to inform future work and collaboration.
Coeliac disease in the older person
Authors: Robinson Stephanie M , McLoughlin Ramona , O'Keeffe Shaun T
Published: October 2012

Coeliac disease (CD) results from immunologically mediated inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa precipitated by ingestion of gluten in wheat and other cereals in genetically susceptible people. There is a broad spectrum of clinical and histological features associated with gluten sensitivity. Overt clinical malabsorption is uncommon, and clinical symptoms are often non-specific. This is particularly true of older people and the diagnosis of CD may be delayed or missed as a result. The incidence of metabolic bone disease, neurological symptoms and nutritional deficiencies are high in older people with CD and respond well to treatment. Sensitive and specific serological tests are now available and these have improved ease of detection of CD in patients without classical symptoms. Hence, a high index of suspicion is warranted in older people with potential symptoms of CD.
MURDANNIA ASSAMICA, A NEW SPECIES OF COMMELINACEAE FROM INDIA
Authors: Ancy A. A. Anna , Nampy S.
Published: October 2012

Murdannia assamica Nampy & A.Ancy, a new species of Murdannia (Commelinaceae) from India, is described and illustrated. It is similar to Murdannia nudiflora but differs in the cincinnus, antherode, capsule and seed characters.
PHYLOGENY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CHARACTER EVOLUTION OF DORSTENIA (MORACEAE)
Authors: Misiewicz T. M. , Zerega N. C.
Published: October 2012

Dorstenia, the second largest genus (105 species) within the Moraceae, is the only genus in the family with woody, herbaceous and succulent species. All but one species of Dorstenia are restricted to the Neotropics or Africa, and it is the only genus in the family with an almost equal transatlantic distribution. This work presents the first molecular phylogeny and the first evolutionary study to examine origin and diversification within the genus. We inferred the phylogeny with ITS sequence data using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. We tracked the evolution of distinct morphological characters and tested for correlated evolution in multiple characters. Time and place of Dorstenia’s origin were estimated to test a post-Gondwanan versus a Gondwanan origin hypothesis using fossil calibrations, Bayesian molecular dating, and maximum likelihood-based ancestral range reconstructions. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of Dorstenia; previous subgeneric classifications are polyphyletic and must be re-evaluated. Woody habit, phanerophytic life form, macrospermy, and lack of storage organs are ancestral traits found in African Dorstenia. Evolution of woodiness and macrospermy are correlated. Dorstenia appears to have originated in Africa, radiated into the Neotropics and subsequently re-colonised Africa. Whether or not the extant distribution is the result of vicariance or dispersal is equivocal.
A REVISION OF BERBERIS S.S. (BERBERIDACEAE) IN NEPAL
Authors: Adhikari B. , Pendry C. A. , Pennington R. T. , Milne R. I.
Published: October 2012

The genus Berberis (Berberidaceae) in Nepal is revised and 21 species are recognised. Two species, Berberis pendryi Bh.Adhikari and Berberis karnaliensis Bh.Adhikari, are newly described and 11 taxa are lectotypified. A key to species is provided and all species are fully described and illustrated, and their distributions within Nepal mapped. An IUCN conservation assessment is given for each species.
Incidence, Clinical Course, and Predictors of Prolonged Recovery Time Following Sport-Related Concussion in High School and College Athletes
Authors: McCrea Michael , Guskiewicz Kevin , Randolph Christopher , Barr William B. , Hammeke Thomas A. , Marshall Stephen W. , Powell Matthew R. , Woo Ahn Kwang , Wang Yanzhi , Kelly James P.
Published: October 2012

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is typically followed by clinical recovery within days, but reports of prolonged symptoms are common. We investigated the incidence of prolonged recovery in a large cohort (n = 18,531) of athlete seasons over a 10-year period. A total of 570 athletes with concussion (3.1%) and 166 controls who underwent pre-injury baseline assessments of symptoms, neurocognitive functioning and balance were re-assessed immediately, 3 hr, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 45 or 90 days after concussion. Concussed athletes were stratified into typical (within 7 days) or prolonged (> 7 days) recovery groups based on symptom recovery time. Ten percent of athletes (n = 57) had a prolonged symptom recovery, which was also associated with lengthier recovery on neurocognitive testing (p < .001). At 45–90 days post-injury, the prolonged recovery group reported elevated symptoms, without deficits on cognitive or balance testing. Prolonged recovery was associated with unconsciousness [odds ratio (OR), 4.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.12–8.15], posttraumatic amnesia (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.00–3.28), and more severe acute symptoms (p < .0001). These results suggest that a small percentage of athletes may experience symptoms and functional impairments beyond the typical window of recovery after SRC, and that prolonged recovery is associated with acute indicators of more severe injury. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–12)
A comparison of the Pāli and Chinese versions of the Sakka Saṃyutta, a collection of early Buddhist discourses on ‘Śakra, ruler of the gods’
Authors: MUN-KEAT CHOONG
Published: October 2012

This article first briefly examines the textual structure of the Sakka Saṃyutta of the Pāli Saṃyutta-nikāya in conjunction with two other versions preserved in Chinese translation in Taishō vol. 2, nos 99 and 100. Then it compares the main teachings contained in the three versions. These three versions of this collection on the subject of Śakra, ruler of the gods, represent three different early Buddhist schools within the Sthavira branch. This comparative study of these three different versions focuses on some shared images of Śakra and on disagreements of some teachings presented in the three versions. It reveals similarities and significant differences in structure and doctrinal content, thus advancing the historical/critical study of early Buddhist doctrine in this area.
The First Museum in China: The British Museum of Macao (1829–1834) and its Contribution to Nineteenth-Century British Natural Science
Authors: PUGA ROGÉRIO MIGUEL
Published: October 2012

This article establishes that the first museum in China was not the Zhendan Museum in Shanghai, founded by the French Jesuit Pierre Marie Heude (1836–1902) in 1868, but the “British Museum in China”, founded in 1829 by three supercargoes of the English East India Company, in Macao, a Portuguese enclave in the Pearl River Delta since c.1577. My research, based on Portuguese, British and American sources, allows us to better understand the context in which the founders of the museum interacted and lived in Macao, how their research and field-work was important for academic British institutions such as the British Museum in London and how the British Museum of Macao was founded and became the first (western-styled) museum in China.