bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and metrological characterisation of the new LNE 500 N · m deadweight torque standard machine
Authors: Duflon C. , Averlant P.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the development and metrological characterisation of the new LNE 500 N · m deadweight torque standard machine. This machine is integrated into the LNE 5 kN · m deadweight torque standard machine. New masses and a mass change platform have been developed and added to the 5 kN · m machine. After this, LNE realised the metrological characterisation of the 500 N · m machine. The determination of the uncertainties of this torque standard machine and the comparison measurements with the LNE 50 N · m deadweight torque standard machine and with CEM, the National Metrology Institute of Spain, are described in this paper. The results show that the estimated uncertainties are satisfactory because they are a factor of about four times smaller than those of the old standard machines.
Analysis of the measurement uncertainty of a new measurement flexure calibration set-up
Authors: Geva K. , Kahmann H. , Schlegel C. , Kumme R.
Published: January 2021

A measurement flexure calibration set-up is presented in this paper. The measurement flexures under test are part of a new 5 MN · m standard torque machine measurement system at the PTB. The calibration set-up can create transversal forces up to 200 N and bending moments up to 100 N · m and respectively up to 150 N · m torque moments simultaneously. The measurement uncertainty budget of the set-up is investigated in a theoretical analysis.
Static and dynamic bridge amplifier calibration according to ISO 4965-2
Authors: Klaus L.
Published: January 2021

Dynamic measurements to correctly adjust the magnitude in fatigue testing require a dynamic calibration of force transducers and conditioning electronics if the dynamic loads are to be measured correctly. International standard ISO 4965 describes a calibration method for these components. At PTB, such a calibration of bridge amplifiers has now been performed for the first time. The calibration includes tests with static and dynamic signals. The reference for the calibration is the dynamic bridge standard of PTB. It is particularly suitable for this application as it can generate static and dynamic signals, and thus all investigations can be performed with one reference and in a reasonably short time. The signal creation and the data analysis were carried out using the open source program GNU Octave. For the data analysis, a semi-automatic procedure was developed to simplify the process. Calibrations of two digital bridge amplifiers were carried out.
A suitable geometrical model for the verification of Knoop indenters with Gal-Indent optical system
Authors: Prato A. , Origlia C. , Germak A.
Published: January 2021

ISO 4545-2 and 4545-3 of Knoop hardness tests require the geometrical verification of the indenter. INRiM hardness laboratory developed a specific measuring system, commercialized by Galileo- LTF (R) as Gal-Indent optical system, which is used for the verification of Vickers indenters. This system is able to measure the vertex angles of the indenter between two opposite faces, and the four quadrilateral base angles. Using such quantities as inputs of a suitable geometrical model, the geometry of Knoop indenters can be verified. This work deals with the description of the system and the geometrical model.
Research on dispersion in indenter and reference block for Rockwell hardness test
Authors: Sawa Takeshi
Published: January 2021

In this report, the Rockwell indenters and hardness reference blocks obtained from different three manufacturers were evaluated. And these results with the tolerances for the indirect verification prescribed in ISO 6508-2 and ASTM E18 were compared, it has been suggested that the tolerances prescribed in ASTM E18 might be too strict in view of actual circumstances.
Design and development of high load Brinell hardness standard machine at UME
Authors: Kuzu C. , Pelit E.
Published: January 2021

After successful implementation of two hardness standardizing machines at TSE (Turkish Standards Institution) in Rockwell and Brinell-Vickers hardness scales separately and deciding to combine them in one machine with a newer design and install it in Hardness Laboratory of UME (National Metrology Institute of Republic of Turkey) it was planned to design and develop a deadweight type Brinell Hardness standard machine at UME for high load scales within the scope of an internally funded project. In this paper the design of High Load Brinell Hardness Standard Machine with dead weight force application system realized by UME Hardness Laboratory is explained.
A new design of Rockwell-Brinell-Vickers hardness standard machine at UME
Authors: Kuzu C. , Pelit E. , Meral I.
Published: January 2021

After successful implementation of two hardness standardizing machines at TSE (Turkish Standards Institution) in Rockwell and Brinell-Vickers hardness scales separately, it became unavoidable to combine them in one machine with a newer design and install it in Hardness Laboratory of UME (National Metrology Institute of Republic of Turkey) within the scope of an internally funded project. In this paper the new design of the Rockwell-Brinell- Vickers hardness standard machine with deadweight force application principle and a laser interferometer optic system as depth measurement unit for Rockwell Hardness scales designed by UME Hardness Laboratory is explained.
Metrological researches of national primary standard machine for Leeb hardness scales
Authors: Aslanyan A. , Aslanyan E. , Gavrilkin S. , Shchipunov A.
Published: January 2021

The paper describes the study of metrological characteristics of the National primary standard machine for Leeb hardness scales. The data on the contribution of various values to the extended uncertainty of hardness measurements are presented.
Preliminary results of EURAMET Rockwell comparison between INRiM and UME (EURAMET.M.H-S1.A.B.C)
Authors: Kuzu C. , Germak A. , Origlia C. , Pelit E.
Published: January 2021

A bilateral supplementary comparison between INRiM (National Metrology Institute of Italy) and UME (National Metrology Institute of Turkey) had been decided to be organized in the field of Hardness Metrology to determine the consistency of the national hardness standards in both countries realizing Rockwell Hardness measurements in accordance with ISO 6508-1:2016 and ISO 6508-3:2015 standards. In this paper the procedure and preliminary measurement results of the bilateral EURAMET supplementary comparison between the two laboratories are explained.
Simulation of pressure-induced cavity deformation – the 18SIB04 Quantumpascal EMPIR project
Authors: Zakrisson J. , Silander I. , Forssén C. , Silvestri Z. , Mari D. , Pasqualin S. , Kussicke A. , Asbahr P. , Rubin T. , Axner O.
Published: January 2021

The 18SIB04 QuantumPascal EMPIR project aims for development of photon-based standards that can replace primary standards of the SI unit of pressure, the Pascal. In this project, four partners simulated the pressure-induced deformation of a given Fabry-Pérot cavity, using various versions of two types of software, COMSOL Multiphysics (R) and ANSYS Workbench. It was demonstrated that, for a given geometry and set of material parameters, simulations of the deformation could be performed by the various partners with such small discrepancies that methodological mistakes of the simulation procedures will solely contribute to a sub-ppm uncertainty in the assessments of refractivity of N2.
A transportable refractometer for assessment of pressure in the kPa range with ppm level precision
Authors: Forssén C. , Silander I. , Szabo D. , Jönsson G. , Bjerling M. , Hausmaninger T. , Axner O. , Zelan M.
Published: January 2021

A transportable refractometer for assessment of kPa pressures with ppm level precision is presented. It is based on the GAs MOdulation Refractometry (GAMOR) methodology, making it resistant to fluctuations and drifts. At the National Metrology Institute at RISE, Sweden, the system assessed pressures in the 4.3 - 8.7 kPa range with sub-ppm precision (0.5 - 0.9 ppm). The system was thereafter disassembled, packed, and transported 1040 km to Umea University, where it, after unpacking and reassembling, demonstrated a similar precision (0.8 - 2.1 ppm). This shows that the system can be disassembled, packed, transported, unpacked, and reassembled with virtually unchanged performance.
An invar-based fabry-perot cavity refractometer with a gallium fixed-point cell for assessment of pressure
Authors: Silander I. , Forssén C. , Zakrisson J. , Zelan M. , Axner O.
Published: January 2021

An Invar-based Fabry-Perot cavity refractometer equipped with an automated, miniaturized gallium fixed-point cell for assessment of pressure is presented. The use of an Invar cavity spacer has previously demonstrated pressure assessments with sub-0.1 ppm precision. The fixed-point cell, whose design and implementation are presented here, provides a reference for temperature assessment of the gas inside the cavity with an uncertainty of 4 ppm. This opens up for a self-contained system for realization of the Pascal with an accuracy in the low ppm range. This is an important step towards disseminating the Pascal through fundamental principles.
Towards an improved helium-based refractometer for pressure measurements
Authors: Silvestri Z. , Bentouati D. , Otal P. , Wallerand J.-P.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a quantum realization of the pascal based a helium absolute refractometer at 532 nm. The short-term stability in pressure is ± 2 mPa with a resolution in pressure of this new optical pressure standard is better than 1 mPa with temperature stability about 1 mK. A new design of the refractometer is presented to have better temperature stability and accurate temperature measurements to reach uncertainties in pressure better than current conventional methods.
2D flow model for calculating effective area of piston-cylinder units
Authors: Sabuga W. , Hashad A. S. , Ehlers S.
Published: January 2021

A 2D flow model is described for calculation of the effective area (A) of pressure-measuring piston-cylinder units (PCU) based on their dimensional properties. With the 2D model, the uncertainty contribution associated with PCU's axial non-symmetry can be eliminated and the uncertainty of A can be reduced. The 2D model is applied to several primary PCUs operated in absolute and gauge pressure modes with different pressure-transmitting media. The benefit of the 2D model in dependence on PCU's geometrical perfectness is discussed.
Establishment of air piston gauge as primary pressure standard at CSIR-National Physical Laboratory INDIA
Authors: Thakur Vikas N. , Yadav Sanjay , Kumar Ashok
Published: January 2021

The air piston gauge (APG) was established at CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI) since 2000. Later the same piston- cylinder(p-c) assembly was calibrated in NIST USA; however, it was never published for metrology communities. As per international protocol, the establishment of the APG as a primary standard, the effective area of p-c assembly, and masses must be directly traceable to SI units. The first time we have calculated the effective area and associated uncertainty of p-c assembly using dimension and mass metrology, traceability to the SI units, i.e., meter and kilogram. To realize the APG as primary pressure standards, we have calculated the effective area of p-c assembly of APG directly from dimension metrology, which is further supported by various other methods. The effective area values obtained in the pressure range of 6.5 – 360 kPa lie in the range of 3.356729 – 3.357248 cm² due to uncertainty limitation in the measurement of dimension of internal diameter of cylinder. The expected values of the effective area which are also measured from cross-float technique against ultrasonic interferometer manometer (UIM), primary pressure standards. The accuracy in effective area measurement is possible only when the resolution in the internal radius of the cylinder should at least be up to 5th decimal order and the uncertainty is 80 nm. The expanded uncertainty was measured nearly 11 ppm at k = 2 by considering the uncertainty in internal radii of cylinder and radii of piston around 80 nm.
Traceable calibration of pressure based water level data loggers
Authors: Grgec Bermanec L. , Matas I. , Zvizdic D.
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates accuracy, influence of temperature variations and time drift of water level data loggers, operating on a principle of hydrostatic pressure measurement. The laboratory setup for calibration of such devices, equipped with self-designed pressure chamber and commercial climatic chamber is presented. Calibration procedure for logger’s built-in pressure transducer, with ensured traceability to the primary standards of pressure and temperature, is proposed. Influence of temperature on the pressure reading was examined by conducting calibration at 10 °C, 15 °C and 25 °C.
Metrology for intraocular pressure measurements
Authors: Prazak D. , Ziolkowski R. , Rosu D. , Schiebl M. , Rybar J. , Pavlasek P. , Sinir E. , Pluhacek F.
Published: January 2021

The World Health Organization reports glaucoma as the second leading cause of blindness and the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Intraocular hypertension is the most relevant and only treatable risk factor for the disease. Non-invasive intraocular-pressure (IOP) measurements, carried out using eye tonometers, are used to screen for the intraocular hypertension. A correct measurement of the IOP is essential in the prevention and the fight against glaucoma. The authors present their work towards ensuring on one side the accuracy of IOP measurements for contact and non-contact tonometers in the Central European region and obtaining a harmonization of the requirements for IOP metrology at national level.
Formation of women’s political movement in Russia (1891—1914)
Authors: Pushkareva Irina , Pushkareva Natalia
Published: January 2021

The article is the first essay in Russian historiography on the history of the emergence and establishment of women’s political organizations in Russia at the beginning of the XX c., the struggle for women’s suffrage and the competence to voice women’s demands in the State Duma. The authors recreate the history of women’s political participation in Russia, its role and significance in 1900—1914.
Political mobilization of women in the 1920s (On materials of the Yenisei province)
Authors: Dolidovich Olesia , Karchaeva Tatiana
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the study of mass political mobilization of women in the 1920s. The problem is considered on the materials of the Yenisei province. The authors used a wide range of archival materials and local periodicals. They showed that the party and the state did not have the means to carry out full-scale, systematic work among women. The women’s departments experienced a permanent shortage of personnel and lack of funding. But they explained to women their civil and political rights, developed the delegate movement, worked to eliminate illiteracy, increase the electoral activity of women and their representation in government. Female workers and peasant women demonstrated a weak motivation for participation in public and political life, a low ability to make managerial decisions, and the assimilation of a new gender role. Party leaders in the regions of the country for a long time did not understand the purposes and meaning of Soviet policy on women and virtually ignored it. The authors concluded that the situation could not be different in agrarian regions with undeveloped social infrastructure, insignificant industrial production, predominance of rural population with such features as low level of education and social mobility, collectivism, religiosity. For this reason, the next stage of the national gender policy in 1930—1950s was associated with the process of accelerated economic modernization of the country.
Gender poverty gap in Russia: absolute vs. multidimensional concepts
Authors: Denisova Irina , Kartseva Marina
Published: January 2021

Poverty is rather high in contemporary Russia: every eighth Russian was poor according to the official statistics in 2018. Fighting poverty is among the top strategic development goals for the period till 2024. The paper studies gender disparities in poverty among Russian adults. Better understanding of gender structure of poverty in Russia would facilitate poverty reduction via better targeting and better tailoring of policy instruments. We utilize micro data of the Survey of income and social program participation by Rosstat as of 2017 for our statistical analysis. Two alternative poverty concepts are used: absolute income poverty (the official methodology of poverty measurement in Russia) and poverty risk and social exclusion index (the key component of poverty monitoring indicator in the EU). The latter index is a composition of relative poverty and deprivation poverty measures. Our results indicate that, on average, there is no gender poverty gap in Russia when absolute poverty concept is used: poverty rates among males and females are the same on average. Hence, we find no statistical support to the widely used by the media thesis of poverty feminization in Russia. Absolute poverty rate, however, is found to vary significantly across different gender-age groups: absolute income poverty among females is higher than among males in young and senior ages, while males are poorer in mid-age groups. When multiple criteria definition of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE) is applied, we find clear signs of feminization of poverty in Russia. Multidimensional poverty is much higher among females, and this is observed in all age groups. The highest gender poverty gap is observed in senior ages. The age-gender poverty structure changes dramatically when we move from absolute poverty concept to the multidimensional one: we observe higher share of females in poverty, and higher share of senior people in poverty. The key determinants of higher multidimensional poverty of females is their relatively (to males) lower wages, and relatively lower pensions.
The labor market, employment and professions as an economic space for the formation of a new gender order
Authors: Sillaste Galina
Published: January 2021

The article reveals the conceptual approaches of the methodological analysis of one of the poorly studied socio-political phenomena of globalization — a new gender order. The author offers the concept of its evolutionary development in modes of social time and integrative conceptual interaction with theories of structure and social order. The processes and forms of “substitution” of the norms of the old gender order with the new ones are analyzed on the example of the most mobile sphere of economic development: the labor market. It reveals its transformation into a three-segment economic space market: the labor market, the employment market and the market of professions as a structure with social norms, gender order and gender resources. The article analyzes dynamic gender processes and the introduction of new norms of gender order in the market of professions. The article continues a series of author’s publications that revealed the theory of the new gender order and its practical implementation in domestic social practice (see № 2 and № 3, 2019).
Participation of Russian women in STEM business
Authors: Ilimbetova Aisylu
Published: January 2021

The transformation of the fight for gender equality has led to a shift from the fight for equal rights to the fight for equality of opportunity. Provided by the laws the equal rights of men and women came across the existence of unwritten standards of proper behavior and occupations of women, “glass ceilingˮ, the existence of which is noticeable, but often unprovable. At the same time, technological development and universal informatization have created an era of digital economy in which women also have to take their place. The social status and capabilities of the individual in the digital age will depend on how well they have been able to adapt to changing technological conditions, educational requirements and skills. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was found that Russian women are full participants in economic relations and entrepreneurship. About one third of entrepreneurs in STEM business are women. In that sphere of business, there is gender differentiation and niches traditionally occupied by women: accounting services, advertising, textiles and food production, humanities and social sciences, biotechnology and medicine. The larger the business and the more employees it employs, the fewer women managers there are. The structure of business activities of men and women is similar to the educational structure of the population: technical specialties — male, humanitarian — female. In general, the analysis of the data leads to the conclusion that women’s participation in STEM business is insufficient.
Why women leave STEM: the role of stereotypes
Authors: Savinskaya Olga , Lebedeva Natalia
Published: January 2021

After acquiring STEM education women are less likely to go on working in that sphere, occupy leadership positions, and get a PhD compared to men with the same level of education. In this study we considered a stereotypical view “Work in STEM is not for womenˮ. 18 interviews were conducted with women graduated in STEM working and not working in the sphere. According to the results, stereotypes regarding the women’s place in STEM connected professions role gradually intensified. While at the beginning all of the informants entered STEM based on the support in the secondary school, later on about 2/3 of them gradually abandoned their careers in STEM.
Violence against women: global trends
Authors: Rostovskaya Tamara , Bezverbnaya Natalia
Published: January 2021

Around the world, one in three women is subjected to abuse, most often by someone they know, including their spouse or partner. The article deals with the nature of gender-based violence, the authors pay special attention to the gender-based violence within family. Statistical data on domestic violence in different countries are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the risks of vulnerability of women in the field of human rights, health protection, mainly reproductive and psychological health.
Gender aspects of family strategies of Russian students: comparing results of 2008 and 2019 surveys
Authors: Andryushina Evgeniia , Grigorieva Natalia , Panova Ekaterina
Published: January 2021

The authors examine students’ ideas about modern family, attitude to marriage, distribution of family responsibilities, family and work balance. The analysis is based on the data of two sociological surveys of senior students on family strategies conducted in 2008 and 2019 in universities in Moscow and Irkutsk stressing the gender component. The purpose of the study is to identify the patterns and characteristics of formation of family strategies of students (including gender aspect) and based on the analysis to suggest measures for improving modern family and youth policy that will enable to correct the tasks set by the National Project “Demography”. The authors show the transformation of norms, attitudes, values of family behavior of young people over 10 years, that indicates a lack of attention to this social group by both state and non-state social policy actors. The results of the study carried out in 2019 and the comparison of the data with the results of a 2008 survey allow the authors to formulate some suggestions for the formation of a gender-oriented family policy. Based on the results of these two studies, the authors substantiate the need to apply gender approach to comprehend family and marriage relations of young people since men and women (boys and girls), being subjects of such relations, have differences in social status and behavior as well as role functions.
Influence of the standard of living on the reproductive behavior of Russians: gender aspect
Authors: Arkhangelskiy Vladimir , Rostovskaya Tamara , Vasilieva Ekaterina
Published: January 2021

The relevance of the study of the impact of living standards on the reproductive behavior of men and women is due to the complexity of the demographic situation at the national level, the inconsistency of the reproductive behavior of Russians, the need to develop predictive hypotheses of fertility, as well as identify institutional solutions that can be used to develop new measures in the framework of state programs to increase the birth rate in the Russian Federation. The empirical basis of the study is data from representative sample surveys: sample observations of the population’s reproductive plans, which were conducted by Rosstat in 2012 and 2017, as well as the results of the first wave of the all-Russian sociological study “Demographic well-being of Russiaˮ, conducted in late 2019 — early 2020 under the guidance of Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor T. K. Rostovskaya. The results of the study will be used in monitoring and implementing family policy measures at the micro- , meso- and macrolevels: forming the conceptual and legislative framework for family and demographic policy; evaluating the effectiveness of family and demographic policy.
Reproductive women rights in political discourse of modern Russia
Authors: Velikaya Natalia , Knyazkova Ekaterina
Published: January 2021

The article examines the specifics of reproductive rights presentation in political discourse of modern Russia and it is based on the well-handled quantitative and qualitative content-analysis and frame-analyses of collections of speeches of political leaders and official programs of political parties which participate in electoral process of 2016. The main frames are sort out where gender problems are marked. Dominating if gender political discourse traditional and conservative rhetoric confirm the fact of embodied conservative turn, which accent on differences between genders in social relationships leading to gender inequality. In political parties programs women mainly consider as the instrument of realization of state demographic policy. Solving of women problems reduces to motherhood and supporting family. It is shown that exclusion of problems of reproductive health and reproductive rights to the periphery of information public space sharpen gender oppositions which can lead to radicalization of women movements.
Meanings in self-regulation of young people’s life: gender differences in the labor sphere
Authors: Zubok Iuliia , Chuprov Vladimir , Sorokin Oleg
Published: January 2021

In the self-regulation of the life activity of gender groups in the sphere of labor, the general and the particular trends are noted. A significant factor of similarity is connected with the universal structure of the cultural space of young people — women and men. But the differences are determined by the severity of it’s components. The typology of the cultural space in gender groups is most reflected in the formation of life-meaning values. The influence of these meanings is manifested in the value of labor and attitudes towards labor. In both groups there is a most significant connection between the terminal value of labor with the value of justice. Among young men it is reinforced by such the life-meaning values as the struggle for justice and self-realization. Among young women it is linked to the desire for truth. Difficulties of the economic and social adaptation are equally expressed in the instrumentalization of the labor among the both gender groups. The image of work among young women is dominated by conscientious attitude to work, responsibility, mutual assistance; among young men — by feelings of freedom, independence and individualism. The change in the value foundations of self-regulation of the life activity of gender groups is in the direction of reducing the importance of traditional foundations. It is especially true for women. The difference in perception of labor is that young males see labor mostly as a source of support for themselves and the family, which goes back to the basic, archetypal ideas about the social role of the “breadwinner”. In the female gender group structure of meanings work is perceived as the source of personal well-being and self-realization. On the basis of the changing configuration of cultural meanings perception of labor is appearing and the choice of self-regulatory strategies takes place among different gender groups.
Gender labor asymmetry: regional dimension (Empirical research)
Authors: Gnevasheva Vera , Ildarhanova Chulpan
Published: January 2021

Women’s labor behavior is a factor in demographic self-determination, which means it is inextricably linked with the formation of the future labor market, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Modern theoretical, empirical, methodological approaches to the study of female employment are faced with the need to assess the significant phenomenon of gender asymmetry of labor. The importance of this issue is underlined by the multitude of studies conducted at the international level on the study of discrimination in the labor market, the quality of women’s employment, decent work assessments, and aspects of professional segregation. The current statistical base requires a more detailed, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a more comprehensive, inclusive consideration of women’s employment issues, especially the emerging trends in their labor behavior, especially in the context of considering this socioeconomic phenomenon as a factor of demographic self-determination. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of imbalances in the regional labor market of the Volga Federal District as a whole in comparison with the general situation and global trends in the labor market and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular.
Evaluation of demographic attitudes by the eyes of men and women under conditions of fertility deficiency
Authors: Rostovskaya Tamara , Kuchmaeva Oksana , Zolotareva Olga
Published: January 2021

Applied statistical studies / sample surveys in assessing the demographic behavior of society are not just an urgent scientific and practical task, but make it possible to more fully haracterize the reproductive plans of the population, to identify obstacles to demographic development. The article presents an analysis of the results of a sample survey of the population of a number of regions of Russia, on the basis of which the real demographic needs of the population are revealed, gender correspondences / differences in them are characterized. The assessment of the differences in the views of women and men on the obstacles to the growth of the number of children in the family, as well as the motives that induce to postpone the birth of a child. A number of recommendations are proposed to achieve the strategic goal of increasing the birth rate.
Matrimonial behavior of women from Central Asian countries
Authors: Ryazantsev Sergey , Sivopljasova Svetlana
Published: January 2021

The results of a study of the features of matrimonial behavior of migrant women from Central Asian countries are presented in this article. The conclusions are based on the analysis of statistical data on the number of marriages between citizens of different States in the Russian marriage market. Marriage in the migration process is a widespread phenomenon. In some countries, the proportion of marriages with foreigners reaches 30—40 % of the total number of marriages. In Russia, the share of marriages complicated by a foreign component is 6,5 %. Of these, the largest number of marriages were concluded by citizens of Ukraine. The countries of Central Asia — Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan — occupy the second, fourth, sixth, and ninth positions in the list, respectively. Citizens of Turkmenistan are much less active in getting married in Russia. In our country, number of marriages with foreign men is significantly higher than foreign women. However, this ratio is not met among citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: more marriages are performed by women than men. The total marriage rates among migrants were calculated to determine the intensity of marriage by foreigners from Central Asian countries. The highest value of the total marriage rate of migrants is observed among citizens of Tajikistan, the lowest is among citizens of Turkmenistan. At the same time, the total marriage rate among women from Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan exceeds that of men. It is meaning that women from these countries are more likely to marry in Russia. The vast majority of marriages with a foreign component — 96 % — are between foreigners and Russians. The remaining 4 % of marriages are those in which both the bride and groom are foreign citizens. Citizens of Central Asian countries if they marry someone other than a Russian, choose their compatriot in the vast majority. It should be noted that the practice of marriage in the country of emigration is not limited only to marriage migration. It is not uncommon for people who come to the country for employment, education, or other aims to find life partners and register relationships. However, we should not exclude the widespread adoption of a pragmatic approach to marriage, in which migrants consider to marriage as an opportunity to be legalized in the country of immigration in a simplified manner, faster and easier to obtain citizenship. Therefore, the development and implementation of state regulation measures in this area is particularly relevant.
Complexity of the Self-сonsciousness of Science
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Alekseev Aleksandr P. , Alekseeva Irina Yu. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

The widespread use of bibliometric indicators in science management, associ­ated with the ideology of pseudo-economic positivism, is not only a specific tool for evaluating the work of scientists, but also a serious challenge to the self-con­sciousness of the scientific community. After a while this simplified language becomes the usual language of a scientist’s “self-observation”. At the same time, the expansion of this language meets with increasing resistance that is mani­fested not only in publications of individuals but also in declarations of authori­tative organizations. Science should find a way to give appropriate response to the challenges of the “audit society”. Philosophy of complexity considers the self-consciousness of science as a complex organism, as a system containing a lot of subsystems, that develops under influence of many internal and external factors, is necessary for this purpose. It implies the development of “science of science” (SciSci) as a complex discipline within there would be a real interac­tion between the philosophy of science, history of science, sociology of science, scientometrics, psychology of scientific creativity, economy of science, studies in policy in science an legal regulation and legal aspects of scientific activity.
In Search of the Basis of Conscious Existence (Thinking About a Book)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chertkova Elena L.
Published: January 2021

The article deals with the original concept of subjectivity, which is developed by the famous German researcher Dieter Henrich and is based on the traditions of German classical philosophy. The peculiarities of this concept are comprehended in the context of modern studies of consciousness and subjectivity and its ideo­logical potential for understanding and for criticizing analytical and phenomeno­logical concepts of consciousness, as well as naturalism in its various modifica­tions, is revealed. D. Henrich offers an alternative to the naturalistic way of studying subjectivity through methods and means of philosophical, speculative thinking itself, which he understands as “categorically disciplined striving be­yond the boundaries of the obvious and convincingly provable”. In fact, he brings us back to metaphysics. The author emphasizes that Henrich seeks to consider subjectivity consistently and comprehensively, from the first person point of view, precisely as the identity of subjectivity. Such ideological perspective specifically clarifies the problems of self-awareness, sociality, moral conscious­ness, the meaning of life and freedom, arising from a person’s self-knowledge and from thoughts perceiving way of thinking. All that, according to Henrich, forms the process of self-understanding of conscious life. The most valuable to the author is Henrich’s understanding of subjectivity as an integral phenomenon and of substantiation of a person’s importance as a subject that creates by his endless efforts the forms of culture and life. In this context, the concept of “the reality of freedom” which was proposed by Henrich and which is realized in the process of overcoming the reappearing dilemma of freedom and the deter­minism of the course of events in the world, looks very promising.
Paradigm As an Ethics of Humility
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kasavin Ilya T.
Published: January 2021

An important element of the ethics of science is the professional code of scien­tific honesty transmitted by the scientific community. Basic research relies on the notion of gift-giving as a selfless ethical-cognitive relationship, one of the manifestations of which is scientific humility. The article establishes a link between the approach of virtue epistemology and ethical consequences from the concept of paradigm (T. Kuhn). Kuhn’s normative image of science suggests that the scientist assumes paradigmatic rules and limitations without any vio­lence. That is why paradigm represents a huge advantage for a “normal scientist” allowing her to solve only those particular puzzles that really interest her. Para­digm appears as a gift of a mythical revolutionary hero to the “normal” scientist. Scientific honesty forms a normative basis for basic research because scientists do not sell results to each other, do not extract income at the expense of the sci­entific community and therefore do not expect deception in the style of “bought cheaper, sold more expensive”. The primary meaning of the ethics of science is based on the selfless giving. Humility is the ability to accept the gift of knowl­edge and acknowledgement gratefully, to take on the duty of recognition and to be ready to pass on the same gift by inheritance.
University and Congress as Interdisciplinary Communicative Environment (Experience of Philosophical Comparison)
Authors:   Belgorod State National Research University, Polukhin Oleg N.
Published: January 2021

The article actualizes the problem of the university community as a key meaning-forming scientific environment and the congress as a form of scientific communication. The perspectives of interdisciplinary communication in the university environment and also the experience of Russian philosophical congresses, which have become an important factor in the scientific consolidation of the Russian philosophical community, are considered as material for this kind of comparison, designed to demonstrate the substantial similarity of the problems arising in scientific communities. The author notes the similarity of the problems arising in the formation process of the disciplinary diversity (specialization) of the university environment and the similarity between the functioning of the classical within a modern university (on the example of Belgorod State University) and the problems that are solved at philosophical congresses. Philosophical congresses help to overcome a period of disciplinary fragmentation, which philosophy is now also going through. At the same time, the author notes the importance of the experience gained within the framework of philosophical congresses for solving the problems of university education, in which philosophy traditionally plays an important role in ensuring interdisciplinary communication between faculties. It explains the need for consistent and various attention to philosophical congresses on the part of Russian national universities, which are going through the time of searching for historically well-timed forms of scientific and educational activity. Due to the practical development of personal worldview and methodological beginnings of cognitive activity of high educational level, the author proposes for discussion at the upcoming philosophical congresses (Russian and international) topics related to the question of prospects of philosophical communities in universities. According to the author, it can be the subject of a broad discussion at the next Russian philosophical congress.
Axiological Vectors of Human and Society Meaning-of-life strategies in the Poetry of Kazakh Zhyrau
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies, Izotov Mukhtar Z. , Alzhan Kuanysh U. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies
Published: January 2021

The article reveals the place of the poetry of medieval Kazakh storytellers-zhyrau in the system of world heroic poetry, which glorified the knightly ethos and glorified real and mythical heroes. It is shown that, in contrast to the ideal of the European knight, in the ethos of the steppe warrior-batyr, as he appears in the poetry of zhyrau, a harmonious combination of cultures of rivalry and coopera­tion, striving for personal superiority and free cooperation to achieve common goals is achieved. In the very origins of the oral mythopoetic culture of the Kaza­khs, in proverbs and sayings, legends and epics, there is a reflective and ideolog­ical beginning, which predetermines its free character, open to the world and other cultures, and at the same time self-depth, creative self-appeal. This distinc­tive feature of the traditional culture of the Kazakh people and its spiritual, moral, intellectual development, the formation of national identity is clearly manifested both in oral folk art and in the philosophical reflections of outstand­ing Kazakh thinkers throughout the centuries-old cultural history of the Great Steppe. The heroic epic becomes a moral-forming factor of life since it sets so­cially and spiritually sanctioned normative personality patterns, produces worthy of imitation integral models of behavior and lifestyle.
Value-semantic Dominants of the Philosophical Congress (COVID-19 Era Amendments)
Authors:   Belgorod State National Research University, Olkhov Pavel A. , Motovnikova Elena N. ,   Belgorod State National Research University
Published: January 2021

The article is a revised version of a report prepared and read at the international scientific conference “What is a community? Social hermeneutics, power and media” (Belgorod, 2019). Changes’ took place that significantly clarify the very idea of the congress, its substantive content and historical relevance during the preparation for the publication of the following report materials within a few months (!). Communication as a living sense-forming beginning of the congress has been tested by the idea of social distance as some completely stable form of self-organization of the philosophical community. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the emergence of new conditions for its possibility: the personal turned out to be in some involuntary, “digital” identity with the public. It was impossible not to take these changes into account in the final edition of the text of the report, which included some additional semantic accents and historical in­formation. The presented material specifies the historical semantics of the idea of a philosophical congress, its substantive content and relevance. The article substantiates the understanding of the congress as a special, value-rich form of cognitive activism. The ethical and communicative meanings of the international philosophical congress are as a special or formative dialogic constellation of pro­fessional community, which does not require renouncing the individuality of each of the participants. It is thus important to suggest the moral prospects of the next VII Russian Philosophical Congress in probably an intensive connection with the renewal of value-epistemological attitudes and traditional technologies of philosophical education as an indispensable condition for the moral health of a philosophizing people.
The Political Economy Fate of the Ontology of Privately
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Kuzin Ivan V.
Published: January 2021

The logic of the historical development of European culture is directed towards the absolutization of the private side of human existence. Traditional forms of social life are gradually being replaced by the cultivated ideal of a free person who realizes himself in individual entrepreneurial activity. However, consign­ment to oblivion of the generic principles of community life, and sometimes their complete disregard in political programs and philosophical doctrines, threatens to launch a mechanism of a reciprocal “vengeful” response of the com­munal mind. The article discusses of genesis of basic value of the West European culture – a private property. Research suggests to make judgment of this phe­nomenon from a metaphysical position that allows to open the disputable parties of the economical and political theories which are carrying out its universaliza­tion and an ontologization. Making a start from tradition of Parmenides under­standing of being, the arising tension between traditional values of the European spirit and it the developed values of an era of a modernist style is shown, from which value private own became fundamental. During this analysis prospects of creation of libertarian society are depicted and the methodological principle al­lowing recognizing from the philosophical point of view socially accepted these or those social theories is formulated.
The Posthuman Turn to the Post(non)human
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kriman Anastasia I.
Published: January 2021

The article shows the retrospective of such modern philosophical movement as posthumanism, one of the basic ideas of which is the “posthuman”. The posthu­man in posthumanism is understood not as a being who has overcome his biol­ogy (as in transhumanism), but as a point of assembly of mythical, chimerical, technological, social, biological; as a further deconstruction of humanistic “vitru­vian man”. This aspect reveals the exceptional features of the new anthropology of posthumanism, which makes it possible to show the difference between tran­shumanism and posthumanism. The evolution of humanism, through anti-hu­manism and transhumanism (which is understood as “hyperhumanism”) leads to posthumanism. Its main features, according to R. Braidotti and Fr. Ferrando, are post-anthropocentrism, post-dualism and post-humanism. The article analyses each of these concepts, which allows us to delve deeper into the contexts of con­temporary philosophical anthropology. The analysis of the posthuman turn to­wards non-human agents and, as a consequence, the general trend of tendency of contemporary philosophy to the de-anthropologization is being carried out. The genealogy of this phenomenon includes fatigue from the hierarchy of hu­manism ideals, which, as M. Foucault showed back in the middle of the twenti­eth century, were conditioned by historical prerequisites of cultural development. Inheriting ideas of postmodern philosophy, gender theory, post-colonial studies, animal studies, unable studies, actor-network theory, and even quantum physics, posthumanism opens up a space for being in terms of subjectivity for all others previously oppressed in the era of humanism (animals, women, and all those whom Aristotle, as opposed to bios, referred to zoe). To illustrate this thesis, the article introduces a new term “post(non)human”, which reveals the concept of posthumanist discourse. The use of this term allows us to express more compre­hensively the results and consequences of the posthumanist turn in the philo­sophical anthropology of the twenty-first century.