bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics or Stochastic Conductance Switching of Phenylene–Ethynylene Oligomers?
Authors: Hallbäck Ann‐Sofie , Poelsema Bene , Zandvliet Harold J. W.
Published: February 2007

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of phenylene–ethynylene oligomers inserted in alkanethiolate self assembled monolayers (SAMs) are presented. Spontaneous changes in appearance of bundles of inserted molecules during imaging are observed. The results indicate that the appearance changes are caused by fluctuations of the number of molecules in the bundles, by diffusion and exchange of molecules, in contrast to previous reports which attribute the changes to stochastic conductance switching. The packing density of the SAM around the bundles of inserted molecules influence the fluctuations, as the fluctuations observed at 77 K all take place in bundles inserted at locally less‐densely packed SAM areas. At room temperature fluctuations of bundles inserted in well‐ordered areas are also observed.
Electrical storm in hemodialysis: A story of death reversed 65 times
Authors: Guglin Maya , Kumaravelu Priya
Published: February 2007

Background

Ventricular arrhythmias, common in dialysis patients, are potentially lethal; when 2 episodes of ventricular arrhythmia occur within 24 hours—with a normal sinus rhythm in between—it is called an electrical storm.

Methods

This article reports on the case of a 70‐year‐old male patient who experienced 65 episodes of ventricular arrhythmia during dialysis over a 2‐year period.

Results

Because of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator and immediate access to antiarrhythmic medications such as amiodarone and lidocaine, the patient survived the ventricular arrhythmias—and death itself—65 times.

Conclusion

This case highlights the importance of the availability of antiarrhythmic medications and automated external defibrillators in dialysis units and stresses the need to train personnel in the dialysis unit in the use of external defibrillators. Peritoneal dialysis is a possible alternative in patients prone to electrical storm.
Renal failure and retinitis pigmentosa in an obese woman
Authors: Mukhiya Gulshan K.
Published: February 2007

We report the case of a patient with Bardet–Biedl syndrome with an unusual presentation: she had normal intelligence, normal secondary sexual characteristics, multiple fractures and skeletal deformities, and end‐stage renal disease.
Interpretation of endometrium obtained by the endo‐pap sampler and a clinical study of its use
Authors: Palermo Vincent G.
Published: February 2007

Endometrical cytology sampling using the Endo‐pap sampler is an inexpensive, painless, and simple procedure. Tissue microfragments obtained include surface epithelial sheets, gland segments, and stromal cell aggregates. Gland segments are critical for evaluation of the sample. Glands are dilated in hyperplasia and there is nuclear crowding with increase of chromatin and mucleoli. In adenocarcinoma there is loss of glands with marked nuclear enlargement and pleomorphism. An understanding of endometrial histomorphology and its correlation with cytology is essential for accurate interpretation. In 1027 ambulatory patients screened, no complications were observed and 92% of the samples were adequate for cytologic diagnosis. Tissue diagnosis was obtained in 173 cases. There were 36 adenocarcinomas, of which 34 (94%) were diagnosed cytologically. There were 16 hyperplasias, of which 5 (31%) were diagnosed cytologically. The Endo‐pap sampler was found effective in detecting endometrial adenocarcinoma. Further studies are needed to determine its diagnostic effectiveness in hyperplasia.
Prostatic aspirates a cytomorphologic analysis with emphasis on well‐differentiated carcinoma
Authors: Kline Tilde S. , Kannan Vaidehi
Published: February 2007

In this retrospective evaluation of 72 cases of fine needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate, 25 aspirates from welldifferentiated carcinoma were compared with 27 aspirates from benign prostatic enlargement and 20 aspirates from moderately to poorly differentiated carcinoma. Each case was examined by a single observer (V.K.) for multiple parameters including cellularity, dyshesion, nuclear membrane irregularity, anisonucleosis, macronucleoli (major criteria of malignancy), cell and nuclear enlargement, and altered nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. Cellularity was the most significant indicator, but all major and minor criteria of malignancy were consistently important for distinguishing well‐differentiated carcinoma from benign lesions. Systematic use of these meaningful standards enhances diagnostic sensitivity.
Aspiration biopsy cytology of lymph nodes in malignant lymphoma
Authors: Qizilbash All H. , Elavathil Leela J. , Chen Vicki , Young James E. M. , Archibald Stuart D.
Published: February 2007

The cytologic findings of needle aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes in malignant lymphoma are presented. In 42 of 49 cases, a correct cytologic diagnosis was rendered. There was one false‐positive diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of needle aspiration cytology is high. It helps to select patients for further investigation and treatment, thereby avoiding unnecessary surgery in patients who present with lymphadenopathy. The technique is also useful in the staging work‐up of patients with lymphoma and the diagnosis of recurrent disease during the follow‐up period.
Role of immunocytochemistry in diagnosis of prostatic neoplasia by fine needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Katz Ruth L. , Raval Pramila , Brooks Thomas E. , Ordonez Nelson G.
Published: February 2007

The efficacy of immunocytochemical staining for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate‐specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) was studied in aspiration biopsy specimens from 19 patients. Eighteen patients had prostatic carcinoma and one had hyperplasia of prostate. Specimens were obtained from both the primary tumors and metastatic sites. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed on alcohol‐fixed cytology smears (some prepared up to 9 years previously) using appropriate antisera followed by an avidin‐biotinylated horseradish peroxidase complex. Results were scored according to the percentage and intensity of positively stained malignant cells. Corresponding histologic specimens were stained and scored in a similar fashion. Correlations were made between the staining characteristics of the tumor markers and grade of tumor, using the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital classification of prostate carcinoma. Overall there was good correlation between cytologic and histologic specimens for the presence of PSA and PSAP, although metastases tended to show fewer positively stained cells than the primary tumor. There was no relationship between tumor grade and percentage of positively stained cells. Ninety‐three percent of aspirated primary and secondary prostatic tumors stained positively for PSAP compared with 81 % for PSA. In one of 3 patients, negative staining of neoplastic cells by both PSAP and PSA was helpful in confirming the existence of a second primary tumor.
Lymph node aspiration biopsy diagnostic reliability and limitations—an analysis of 350 cases
Authors: Ramzy Ibrahim , Rone Rene , Schul Tenover Stephen J. , Buhaug James
Published: February 2007

The results of fine needle aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes in 350 patients and the modified biopsy technique used at our institution are discussed. Of the 350 cases, 209 aspirates were categorized as cytologically malignant, 102 as benign, 30 as suspicious for malignancy, and 9 as unsatisfactory. Cervical lymph nodes were most commonly sampled (58%), and supraclavicular nodes were most likely to be malignant (90%). The overall diagnostic accuracy achieved was 94%. One falsepositive and 9 (2%) false‐negative results were observed in the 350 cases. In 3% of the 30 cases diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy, follow‐up open biopsy of the lymph nodes in question proved them benign. The advantages and limitations of the procedure are discussed, as well as some of the possible sources of error, particularly in the diagnosis of lymphomas.
Intraoperative cytology of lymph nodes and lymphoid lesions
Authors: Wilkerson James A.
Published: February 2007

Cytologic preparations from lymph nodes and lymphoid lesions in other tissues permit accurate intraoperative diagnosis of a number of lesions that are not commonly identifiable with certainty in conventional frozen sections. The clarity of cytologic detail in smears or imprints allows recognition of Hodgkin's and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, certain metastatic tumors such as melanoma or oat cell carcinoma, and some nonneoplastic disorders, all of which must be diagnosed on the basis of cellular alterations. The characteristic cytologic features of these disorders are presented.

Cytologic preparations also have proved valuable in evaluating lesions that usually can be diagnosed with frozen sections. For these lesions, the ability to see cytologic details provides greater diagnostic certainty. For some necrotic, calcified, or fatty specimens, smears or imprints are the only preparations possible. With alcohol fixation and rapid hematoxylin and eosin or Papanicolaou staining, the preparations are ready for examination within 2 minutes after the specimens are received. The cytologic presentations are essentially identical to those of aspiration biopsies. Use of each type of preparation helps develop and maintain the diagnostic skills needed for the other.
The adequate papanicolaou smear revisited
Authors: Greening Shirley E.
Published: February 2007

The reliance on the Papanicolaou smear as a screening and diagnostic test for uterine cancer and its precursors infers that appraisal of the specimen's adequacy is based upon a uniform standard of quality. The presence or absence of endocervical cells in cervical samples has been suggested as one measure of a specimen's adequacy. Not all Cytologists are satisfied with the reliability of this criterion, however. On‐going studies are indicated to determine those factors which are critical to the evaluation of the adequacy of these specimens.
George N. papanicolaou living memories, monuments, and archives
Authors: Koprowska Irena
Published: February 2007

This paper describes selected events in the life of Dr. George N. Papanicolaou and his wife Mary, as witnessed by the author. It includes a written version of a talk on endometrial cytology by Dr. Papanicolaou, and serves as a posthumous publication of that paper. It tells the story how one of Dr. Papanicolaou's sculptures gradually came to resemble him. Information related to his memorabilia and archives is included. The sources of information are documented by 30 references and 6 illustrations.
Cytopathology of mesenchymal repair
Authors: James L. Patrick
Published: February 2007

Tissue repair is a common biologic process closely associated with the inflammatory response. The cytologic features of regeneration and repair of epithelial surfaces have been intensely studied and documented. Regeneration and repair occur in mesenchymal tissues and their radiographic and cytologic findings may closely simulate malignancy. This paper reviews the cytologic features of mesenchymal repair as seen in 44 aspiration biopsy specimens of bone, skeletal muscle, fibroadipose tissue, and fibrous connective tissue. In general, cytologic specimens from such lesions display variable but often scanty cellularity, prominent cellular heterogeneity with a spectrum of atypical features, an admixture of reactive fibroblasts, and evidence of a coexisting inflammatory reaction. Careful attention to cytologic detail and review of clinical and radiographic findings are mandatory in the evaluation of these specimens.
Osteoclastic giant cell tumor of the pancreas. Aspiration cytology, light microscopy, and ultrastructure with review of the literature
Authors: Manci Elizabeth A. , Gardner Lloyd L. , Pollock William J. , Dowling Edmund A.
Published: February 2007

The osteoclastic giant cell tumor of the pancreas is a rare primary neoplasm that by light and electron microscopy mimics giant cell tumor of bone. In the proper clinical setting, this lesion can be diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Review of 10 cases reveals a female predominance, a median survival of 12 months, and a tendency for local invasion, rather than lymphatic or distant metastasis, and for invasion of large veins. An epithelial origin is favored for this malignant neoplasm, which expresses varying degrees of mesenchymal differentiation.
Giant cell tumor of bone. A cytologic study of 24 cases
Authors: Sneige Nour , Ayala Alberto G. , Carrasco C. Humberto , Murray John , Raymond A. Kevin
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐three patients with radiologic diagnoses of giant cell tumor of bone underwent fine needle aspiration cytology and needle biopsy for tissue diagnosis before curettage or resection. One patient had two tumors, making a total of 24 cases. The accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis was compared with that of tissue biopsy. Cytologically there were mononucleated and multinucleated cells. The former often occurred in clusters or, less often, were dispersed. They had spindle or plump cell bodies with moderate amounts of cytoplasm and well‐defined cytoplasmic membranes. The oval nuclei demonstrated fine, evenly distributed chromatin and small nucleoli. The multinucleated cells were osteoclastlike and were associated with the clusters of mononucleated cells or lying freely. They had a well‐demarcated cytoplasm and contained from a few to several dozen monomorphic nuclei. Cytologic diagnosis was made in 20 of 24 cases, and histologic diagnosis was made in 21 of 24. Insufficient diagnostic material for cytology was the reason for failure in 4 cases. This was attributed to faulty technique (2 cases), cystic change (1 case), and massive necrosis (1 case). As other benign and malignant bone tumors may contain benign giant cells, cytologic or histologic findings alone are not diagnostic of giant cell tumor of bone, but should be complemented with the clinicoradiologic findings. Aspiration cytology is as accurate as tissue needle biopsy, may be of high diagnostic value in deeply located lesions not amenable to cutting needle biopsy, and should be done with full knowledge of the clinicoradiographic information.
Pineal germinoma with widespread extracranial metastases
Authors: Kim Kitai , Koo Bon Chul , Delaflor Richard R. , Shaikh Bahu S.
Published: February 2007

A case of primary pineal germinoma with widespread extracranial metastasis in a 36‐year‐old man is presented. A clinical work‐up revealed bilateral pleural effusions, ascites, and metastatic lesions involving the lung. Cytology and electron microscopic study of the pleural and ascitic fluid and of the fine needle aspiration material revealed metastatic germinoma. Although the cytologic features were not distinct from those of anaplastic carcinoma, they were distinguishable from those of glial neoplasms, lymphoma, and sarcoma. The computed tomography findings, elevated human chorionic gonadotropin level, and electron microscopic features contributed significantly to the diagnosis of extracranial metastasis of the pineal germinoma. Metastatic spread most likely occurred via the ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
Radiation‐induced atypia a review
Authors: Murad Tariq M. , August Carey
Published: February 2007

A review of radiation‐induced atypia is presented. The radiation changes are divided into acute, intermediate, and late. The presence of cancer cells following irradiation is divided into persistent carcinoma, early recurrent carcinoma, and late recurrent carcinoma. The features of each group are described, supplemented by illustrations depicting the changes. The cytologic changes of radiation are discussed by correlating the light microscopic features with the electron microscopic findings in 8 cases that were studied ultrastructurally.
Cytopathology of asbestos‐associated pulmonary disease
Authors: Greenberg S. Donald
Published: February 2007

The goal of this investigation was to determine the practical role of cytopathology in the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of asbestos‐related pulmonary diseases. For this purpose, sputum, bronchial washings, lung tissues, and pleural fluids were obtained from asbestos workers and controls. The asbestos‐associated pulmonary diseases studied were: (1) asbestosis, (2) carcinoma, and (3) mesothelioma. The cytology smears were prepared with both Papanicolaou and iron stains. Lung tissues were digested by the Chlorox (5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution) technique for quantitation of asbestos bodies. Asbestos bodies within the sputum were found to be highly specific markers for past asbestos exposure, indicating a heavy residual pulmonary asbestos load (>900 asbestos bodies/g wet lung weight). Asbestos bodies in sputum were also found to have a highly significant relationship (P < 0.001) with the degree of accompanying atypia of bronchial epithelial cells. Bronchial washings appeared to be more sensitive than sputum for the detection of asbestos bodies. Asbestos bodies were not found within the pleural fluids of malignant mesotheliomas. It is concluded that sputum cytology screening represents a practical, noninvasive, and inexpensive approach to the diagnosis and study of asbestos exposure.
Gastric remnant cancer after billroth II procedure
Authors: Takeda Misao , Lewis Paul L. , Choi Hong Y. , Nitta Kazuko
Published: February 2007

Six cases of gastric remnant cancer that occurred many years after Billroth II gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy for benign disease are reported. They are classified as intestinal type and gastric type on the basis of their morphologic appearance. Their cytologic and histologic features are tabulated along with a summary of the clinical histories. Emphasis is placed on the possible high risk for patients with Billroth II procedures of developing cancer 10 to 25 years after surgery. Endoscopic follow‐up including cytologic study is essential to diagnose gastric remnant cancer in its early stage to secure a better prognosis.
Occurrence of cilia in exfoliated ovarian adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Gupta Prabodh K. , Albritton Nancy , Erozan Yener S. , Frost John K.
Published: February 2007

Cilia identifiable by light microscopy occur extremely rarely in malignant tumor cells. This report documents the presence of cilia on exfoliated malignant tumor cells shed from an ovarian adenocarcinoma. Cilia‐bearing tumor cells were observed in abdominal and pleural fluids. These cilia occurred at atypical locations. They were observed as unipolar, bipolar, lateral, and pericellular structures. Diagnostic features and implications of cilia in relation to malignant cells are discussed.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of myositis ossificans
Authors: Popok Steven M. , Naib Zuher M.
Published: February 2007

Fine needle aspiration was performed on a large soft tissue mass of the left thigh and hip region in a 27‐year‐old paraplegic man. Cytologic examination revealed sheets of immature fibro‐blasts and scattered skeletal muscle cells in various stages of degeneration compatible with myositis ossificans. This case is probably the first needle aspiration cytology of this lesion. The danger of confusing the cytology with that of a sarcoma is emphasized.
Concurrent discoveries of the value of vaginal smears for diagnosis of uterine cancer
Authors: Koprowska Irena
Published: February 2007

The history of clinical cytology is analyzed in light of the dependence of discoveries upon their cultural environment and past contributions. Simultaneous reports of George N. Papanicolaou and Aurel Babes and their respective originality are compared. Although glorified for saving countless women from death due to uterine cancer, Papanicolaou tried in vain to convey to his peers the importance of a distinct cellular pattern corresponding to cervical intraepithelial neoplastic lesions. The value of this pattern expressing evolutionary steps in the development of cancer at individual cell levels was not appreciated. His terminology was ignored and replaced by histologic diagnoses already familiar to pathologists as well as clinicians. Papanicolaou was the first to describe this pattern, whereas malignant cells in vaginal smears were recognized and used for cancer diagnosis by others before Papanicolaou's work. It is therefore no wonder that the Nobel Prize Committee was at a loss to identify what he discovered. Diagn Cytopathol 1985;1:245–8.
New payment systems: A brilliant opportunity for cytology
Authors: Lambird Perry A.
Published: February 2007

An explanation is offered of new payment systems, and an optimistic, practical approach is suggested for dealing with them.
New federal regulations and the future practice of cytology
Authors: Japko Leonard
Published: February 2007

An explanation of the new federal economic initiatives (the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act; diagnosis‐related groups) is offered as they currently pertain to the practice of cytopathology. Future trends are discussed, and means to deal with them are recommended. The cytology community can wait no longer to come to grips with changing economic times.
The clinicopathologic significance of vitreous fluid cytology examinations in a series of 38 patients
Authors: Caya James G. , Clowry Lawrence J. , Wollenberg Nancy J. , Aaberg Thomas M. , Tieu Thu M.
Published: February 2007

The authors systematically analyze a series of 38 patients having a total of 40 vitreous fluid cytology determinations. Nine of the 38 patients (23.7%) have cytologic results diagnostic for, or at least highly suggestive of, a specific disease process. These include two cases of bacterial endophthalmitis; two cases of fungal endophthalmitis; one case of vitreal amyloidosis; and four cases called positive for intraocular lymphoma. There are no vitreous fluid cytology determinations falsely positive or falsely negative for malignancy in this series. Intraocular lymphoma and the increasingly important role of vitreous fluid cytology examination in its diagnosis are discussed. The authors conclude that a strong commitment to quality control concepts, including detailed clinical follow‐up, is essential in order to develop clinician trust and help achieve optimal patient care benefit from this valuable diagnostic modality.
Sputum cytology by the saccomanno method in diagnosing lung malignancy
Authors: Risse Elle K. J. , Van't Hof Martin A. , Laurini Richard N. , Vooijs Peter G.
Published: February 2007

From 1,488 patients, satisfactory sputum was available for cytologic diagnosis. Overall diagnoses were correct in 85.4% of patients, false negative in 193 patients (13.0%), and false positive in 24 patients (1.6%). In patients with a malignant lung process, cytolagic diagnoses were correct in 228 patients (54.2%) and false negative in 193 patients (45.8%). In patients with primary lung cancer, the proportion of correct positive diagnoses increased from 0.47 to 0.87 with one to five sputum specimens examined. In patients with metastatic disease, the figures were 0.35 with one specimen examined and 0.38 with two and more sputum specimens. Cytologic typing accuracy was 67% for large‐cell carcinomas, 73% for adenocarcinomas, 91% for small‐cell lung cancers, and 98% for squamous‐cell carcinomas. For the clinically most relevant groups of non‐small‐cell lung cancer and small‐cell lung cancer, these figures were 99% and 91%, respectively. Diagn Cytopathol 1985; 1:286–90.
Application of immunoperoxidase staining in the cytodiagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis
Authors: Kobayashi Tadao K. , Mizuhara Seiichi , Arai Mari , Sawaragi Isamu
Published: February 2007

In corneal scraping smears from 13 patients with clinically suspected herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), HSK is demonstrated by means of peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique with antisera to herpes simplex virus (HSV) in Papanicolaou‐destained cellular samples. The staining for HSV antigen was present in seven cases of corneal scraping smears with superficial keratitis (dendritic and geographic ulcers) while six cases of stromal keratitis (deep keratitis) failed to show HSV antigen except in one case. Specific antigen for HSV was predominantly present in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus. Immunoreactions were negative with HSV antisera in patients with other infections and in those in a normal control group. Using the PAP technique, detection of HSV antigen in corneal scraping smears was of great value in the diagnosis of HSK, especially in cases of superficial keratitis.
Esthesioneur oblastoma: Cytologic features with differential diagnostic considerations
Authors: Fagan Marian F. , Rone René
Published: February 2007

A case of recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma was diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration of a midcervical mass. The cytologic features that characterize this uncommon neoplasm include uniform, small, round‐to‐oval cells with coarsely granular chromatin, multiple small nucleoli, prominent nuclear membranes, and scant cytoplasm. Morphologically and ultrastructurally, esthesioneuroblastoma cells resemble those of sympathetic neuroblastomas. Both tumors show rosette formation and minimal cellular pleomorphism, and, by electron microscopy, dense‐core cytoplasmic granules can be identified. The cytologic recognition of esthesioneuroblastoma is important since it metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes accessible to fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. In addition, the histogenesis of this unusual neuroectodermal tumor and its behavior are discussed.
The cells of benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas in aspiration biopsy
Authors: Nguyen Gia‐Khanh , Neifer Roy
Published: February 2007

Samples obtained by fine‐needle biopsy of two benign and one malignant hemangiopericytoma revealed tumor cells with round, oval, or spindle‐shaped nuclei, with variable and ill‐defined filmy cytoplasm. The nuclei had a finely granular chromatin pattern with or without inconspicuous nucleoli. They were seen singly or in loose or dense cellular clusters. Focal gland‐like arrangement of tumor cells was noted in some cellular clusters. Benign endothelial cells were seen among tumor cells and were not cohesive to the latter. The benign and malignant nature of hemangiopericytoma cannot be predicted by examination of the cells present in the aspirates. Also, a specific diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma could not be made on cytologic basis alone as cells of hemangiopericytoma were difficult to differentiate from those of other spindle‐cell mesenchymal tumors.
Aspiration cytology in sweden: The karolinska group
Authors: Linsk Joseph A.
Published: February 2007

The method of aspiration biopsy cytology began to receive international attention after publications, innovations, and courses originating at the Karalinska Hospital in Sweden. Sixten Franzen, Josef Zajieek, Pier Esposti, and Torsten Lowhagen were prime movers of this clinical and scientific development. The history of their arrival at the Karolinska and their seminal contributions is reviewed. Diagn Cytopathol.
Malignant mesothelioma cells in sputum
Authors: Whitaker Darrel , Sterrett Greg , Shilkin Keith , Walters Max
Published: February 2007

In five patients with malignant mesothelioma of pleura, malignant cells, presumably derived from intrapulmonary deposits, were found in sputum specimens. The cells presented mainly as papillary aggregates of epithelial‐like cells, in most cases without specific identifiable mesothelial cell features. In one patient, the specimen was received early in the diagnostic work‐up and led to a strong consideration of the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. In the remainder, the finding was incidental, occurring after the diagnosis of mesothelioma had been established. The cases are reported to draw attention to this phenomenon, previously unreported in the cytologic literature, and to emphasize that the finding of malignant cells in sputum does not preclude the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:21‐24.
The predictive value of immature dysplastic cells in CIN I and II smears
Authors: Boon M. E. , Kwikkel H. J. , Rietveld W.
Published: February 2007

This paper reports the predictive value of a subclassification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm grade I and II smears. The follow‐up period was a maximum of 1 yr. The subclassification was based on the presence of immature dysplastic cells (“IDC present”) in the original smear. In 267 cases, these immature dysplastic cells were morphometrically defined. In an additional group of 14 cases, the immature dysplastic cells were exclusively in dense cell groupings which were unsuitable for morphometrical analysis; thus, only visual classification was possible. The predictive value negative (follow‐up with negative findings or CIN I or II) of this method was 1.00. The predictive value positive (follow‐up with CIN III) was 0.14. The sensitivity was 0.98 and the specificity 0.57. On the basis of this subclassification, cases that should be directly referred for further investigation can be selected. It is justifiable to follow‐up the cases that are “IDC absent” with cytology alone. The described method is relatively simple, and can be performed in routine diagnostic laboratories. It is very valuable in settings where most of the initial smears and the follow‐up are in the hands of general practitioners. Using the described method, patients who should be referred to the gynecologist for colposcopy and histology can be selected. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:36‐39.
Chordoma: Cytologic and immunocytochemical study of four cases
Authors: Kontozoglou Theodosios , Qizilbash Ali H. , Sianos John , Stead Ron
Published: February 2007

We present the cytologic features and the immunocytochemical profile of four cases of chordoma on fine‐needle aspiration biopsies. The physaliferous cells in signet‐ring, pearl‐like formations and the trabecular arrangement with rounded contours are distinctive. Other cell types and cellular arrangements are also described. The negative immunoreactivity of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the positive staining pattern for neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), S‐100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and keratin provide a profile that, in the appropriate clinical setting, can be useful in the differential diagnosis of chordoma from similar‐appearing neoplasms in small biopsies and fine‐needle aspirates. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:55‐61.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: A case study
Authors: Emmert Geraldine M. , Bewtra Chhanda
Published: February 2007

This report illustrates the cytologic features of well‐differentiated cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas obtained by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. It also discusses the differentiation of pseudocyst vs neoplastic cyst by this method. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:69‐71.
Intraoperative cytodiagnosis of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Leiman Gladwyn , Markowitz Stephen , Svensson Lars G.
Published: February 2007

The cytologic diagnosis by intraoperative fine‐needle aspiration of a case of partially cystic adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas is reported. Tissue for histologic confirmation was not obtained. Confirmatory ultrastructural and immunochemical findings are thus presented. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:72‐75.
Experience with a modified fine‐needle aspiration biopsy technique in 533 breast cases
Authors: Young Geraldine P. , Somers Robert G. , Young Irving , Kaplan Mark , Cowan Daniel F.
Published: February 2007

Aspiration cytology depends on skillful preparation of smears, which normally requires a trained cytotechnologist. Collection of aspirates into Saccomanno fixative permits preparation of high‐quality smears by trained technologists no matter who does the aspiration. Aspiration by a surgeon was used with palpation and mammography to examine 533 patients in an office‐based regional breast health program. Lesions sampled ranged from diffuse thickening to frank tumors. Lesions suspicious to any one of the three examinations were biopsed. Cytologically diagnosable material was obtained in 349 instances: 120 were malignant, 22 suspicious, 12 atypical, and 195 benign. Of the 184 yielding insufficient cells, 116 were benign on palpation and mammography, and 68 were suspicious. Biopsy proved 57 of these benign and 11 malignant. There were no cytologic false positives in the study. There was a 2% false‐negative rate on productive aspirates. Nonproductive aspiration occurred in 4.8% of malignant cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:91‐98.
CT‐guided stereotactic biopsy of intracranial lesions: Correlation between core biopsy and aspiration smear
Authors: Fratkin Jonathan D. , Ward Michael M. , Roberts David W. , Sullivan Margaret M.
Published: February 2007

Computerized tomography (CT)‐guided stereotactic biopsies of intracranial lesions in 29 patients were analyzed, paying particular attention to the correlation between core biopsies and aspiration smears. Seven percent were, nondiagnostic due to sampling error. Discrepancies occurred between core biopsies and aspiration smears in 10% of the cases. In two instances of such discrepancies, cytologic findings on the aspiration smear yielded the diagnosis of metastatic tumor. One patient, with herpetic encephalitis, was diagnosed by electron microscopic review of the core biopsy only. One patient died of an intraoperative hemorrhage, a complication of the fine‐needle technique. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:126‐1 32.
Cytologic detection of Pneumocystis carinii: A comparison of papanicolaou and other histochemical stains
Authors: Guarner Jeannette , Robey Susan S. , Gupta Prabodh K.
Published: February 2007

Pneumocystis carinii, a common pathogen among immunocompromised patients, has been investigated in cytologic specimens using both the histochemical stains and ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence following Papanicolaou staining. We reviewed 57 pulmonary cytologic specimens obtained from 23 patients and compared the results of specific histochemical stains and Papanicolaou‐stained preparations under UV excitation. Specific Pneumocystis fluorescence was observed in 26 of 49 Papanicolaou‐stained specimens. Thirty‐seven specimens were examined using both histochemical staining and after Papanicolaou UV staining. A comparison of the two techniques showed the Papanicolaou UV technique to have 89% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Cellulosic filters were the most valuable Papanicolaou‐stained preparation for Pneumocystis diagnosis. The authors conclude that UV fluorescence of Papanicolaou‐stained specimens obtained by noninvasive procedures is a rapid, accurate, and economical method for diagnosing pulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infections. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:133‐137.
Meibomian gland carcinoma initially identified by cytology
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Das Jayachandra , Natarajan Radha , Chachra Krishan Lal , Bhambhani Suresh
Published: February 2007

A 60‐year‐old female presented with a growing tumor of her left upper eyelid of 6 mo duration. The fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) report was consistent with the clinical diagnosis of meibomian gland carcinoma, which was subsequently confirmed by histopathologic examination of tumor tissue. Exenteralion was performed following a course of radiotherapy. There was no sign of recurrence after a follow‐up period of 6 mo. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:154 156.
Grimelius stain for cytodiagnosis of carcinoid tumor
Authors: Ascoli Valeria , Newman Gary A. , Kline Tilde S.
Published: February 2007

The Grimelius stain is a valuable histochemical method for detecting the specific intracytoplasmic secretory granules of carcinoid tumors. The usefulness of this argyrophilic technique for aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) specimens was studied by the histologic staining procedure. Aspirates from a metastatic intra‐abdominal neoplasm, morphologically suggestive of carcinoid tumor and from a control specimen were restained according to the Grimelius method. Diffuse cytoplasmic argyrophilia was observed in both. The application of Grimelius silver stain to cytology specimens enhances diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of a suspected carcinoid tumor. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:157‐159.
Application of cell‐image analysis to the diagnosis of cellular atypias in sputum: A review
Authors: Greenberg S. Donald , Hunter Norwood R. , Taylor Gerald R. , Swank Paul R. , Winkler Donnie G. , Spjut Harlan J. , Estrada Rolando G. , Grenia Cris , Clark Marie , Herson Jay
Published: February 2007

The incidence of carcinoma of the lung continues to steadily rise, and attempts at early diagnosis to improve prognosis have not yet been rewarding. The goal of our research is to decrease the incidence of lung cancer by detecting premalignant bronchial dysplasias in individuals in whom development of lung cancer is potentially preventable. To achieve this, we have developed an atypia status index (ASI)—the assignment of numerical values to the various stages of atypical bronchial epithelial cells in sputum, and a cell atypia profile (CAP)—an ASI‐generated scale of 200 such atypical bronchial epithelial cells in a single sputum specimen. Computerized cell‐image analysis techniques and statistical data analysis are used to generate the ASIs and CAPs for each subject. This study is a step toward the development of an automated cell‐image analysis system for mass screening of premalignant atypias in sputum of those considered at high risk for lung cancer (i.e., men and women of 40 yr of age and older, with more than 20 pack‐yr of cigarette smoking). Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:168‐174.
Pulmonary cytology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: An analysis of 36 cases
Authors: Duggan Máire A. , Pomponi Cynthia , Robboy Stanley J.
Published: February 2007

The infectious pathogens and associated cellular reactions in 75 pulmonary cytological specimens obtained largely by fiberoptic bronchoscopy from 36 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome are described and correlated with the biopsy specimens. An opportunistic pathogen was diagnosed in 33% of cytological preparations. Pneumocystis carinii was encountered most frequently; Cryptococcus neoformans and cytomegalovirus were also seen. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil was the predominant inflammatory cell. Cells of secondary import were bronchial cells and type II pneumocytes with atypia and hyperplasia. Bronchoalveolar lavage had the highest yield, positive predictive value, and sensitivity for all pathogens and for P. carinii. An opportunistic pathogen was diagnosed in 69% of patients utilizing histological material and in 33% using cytological samples; the rate of diagnosis increased to 72% when the samples were combined. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:181‐186.
Pulmonary cytology in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Gerber Marina
Published: February 2007

Over a 2‐yr period, 1982‐1984, 181 pulmonary cytology specimens were obtained from 45 patients clinically suspected of having AIDS in an attempt to identify the various organisms and the cytologic atypias present in pulmonary cells. Cytologic correlations with autopsy findings were available for 28 of these cases (62%), Specimens were collected from sputum, bronchial washes and brushes, bronchoalveolar lavages, and pleural fluid. Of the 181 specimens, 121 (67%) were of diagnostic value. Depending on the cytologic technique, Pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, and Candida were detected with varying frequency. The bronchial epithelial and glandular cell atypias, ranging from mild inflammatory reactive changes to marked cellular atypia, were noted most often in specimens from patients with pulmonary infections who were concurrently receiving oxygen therapy and/or chemotherapy for Kaposi's sarcoma or central nervous system lymphoma. An awareness of the wide range of AIDS‐associated pulmonary cell atypias is required to rule out a diagnosis of malignancy. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:187‐193.
Intraoperative cytology of tumors
Authors: Szczepanik E.
Published: February 2007

A quick staining method is described that permits a full cytologic statement on the seriousness of lesions within 3 min intraoperatively. The accuracy of this method of diagnosis and cytodiagnosis of benign and malignant tumors can be compared with histological examinations. The principal advantage is the speed compared with a cytologic fast‐cut during operation. Moreover, the preparation or slide is of higher durability; the color and staining response have not faded for 10 yr, so far. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:236‐240.
Extramedullary plasma cell tumors: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Gupta Subhash K. , Sehgal Shobha
Published: February 2007

Nine cases of plasma cell tumors were diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology, the sites of aspiration being soft‐tissue swellings in five cases, lynph nodes in three cases, and both soft‐tissue swelling and lymph node in one case. The age of the patients ranged from 33 to 74 yrs, with a median of 52 yrs. Only three of these nine cases were clinically diagnosed as multiple myeloma. Unequivocal demonstration of myeloma cells was possible in eight cases. The smear in ninth case showed mostly undifferentiated blast cells with a few cells showing plasmacytoid differentiation. Giant myeloma cells with monstrous segmented nuclei were encountered in two cases. M‐component could be demonstrated in serum and/or urine samples in all seven cases in which it was sought. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:248‐251.
Renal adenocarcinoma presenting with bilateral metastases to bartholin's glands: Primary diagnosis by aspiration cytology
Authors: Leiman Gladwyn , Markowitz S. , Veiga‐Ferreira Maria M. , Margolius Karin A.
Published: February 2007

The first recorded case of renal adenocarcinoma presenting with bilateral metastases to the Bartholin's glands is presented. Primary diagnosis of the metastatic deposits was made by fine‐needle aspiration cytology with subsequent localization of the unsuspected renal primary. The value of fine‐needle aspiration in the identification of inapparent primary tumors is discussed and cytological findings are described in detail. Diag Cytopathol 1986;2:252‐255.
Percutaneous fine‐needle cytology for lung cancer diagnosis
Authors: Kato Harubumi , Konaka Chimiri , Kawate Norihiko , Yoneyama Kazuo , Nishimiya Katsuaki , Saito Makoto , Sakai Harumasa , Kinoshita Komei , Hayata Yoshihiro
Published: February 2007

The authors have performed 1, 758 needle cytology procedures since 1966 in cases suspected of lung cancer. The results of percutaneous aspiration fine‐needle cytology in 232 patients with lung cancer lesions between January 1973 and August 1984 are discussed. Of the 232 cases, lung cancer was diagnosed in 211 cases by this needle cytology technique. This procedure was performed only in peripheral tumors. Positive diagnosis was obtained in 32 out of 36 cases (88.89%) of tumors less than 2 cm in diameter and 179 out 196 cases (91.33%) 2 cm or more in diameter. Twenty‐one cases showed false‐negative results for malignant diagnosis. There were two false‐positive cases, which were resected on a diagnosis of lung cancer that was later revised to inflammatory lesions. The specimens were apparently obtained from areas of severely atypical squamous metaplastic cells. Among 1, 758 procedures, 209 complications were observed. In conclusion, for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer, percutaneous needle cytology yields a high degree of diagnostic accuracy and is safe, rapid, and economical. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:277‐283.
Percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in malignant lymphoma: A case report of an unusual cytologic presentation
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Greco M. Alba , Fazzini Eugene
Published: February 2007

A case of an elderly Hispanic male who presented with clinical findings suspicious for lymphoma and cytologic evidence suggestive of carcinoma is presented and discussed. Percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of a group of mesenteric lymph nodes and a pleural fluid specimen showed clusters of tumor cells suggestive of carcinoma. Electron microscopic analysis of the pleural fluid showed comparable clusters of tumor cells, which proved to be lymphoma cells enveloped by macrophages. Histologic, electron microscopic, and histocytochemical examination of an enlarged inguinal lymph node confirmed the diagnosis of lymphoma with several alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase‐positive macrophages interspersed among the tumor cells. To date, the phenomenon of macrophages enveloping lymphoma cells, so as to simulate tumor cell clustering, has not been reported. It is, however, an important possibility to keep in mind with cytologically distinguishing a lymphoma from a carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:295‐300.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas: A study of 61 cases
Authors: Fekete Paul S. , Nunez Carlos , Pitlik Deborah A.
Published: February 2007

Eighty‐six fine‐needle aspirates (FNAs) of pancreas from 74 patients were reviewed. Histological confirmation or clinical follow‐up of the final diagnosis was available in 61 aspirates from 49 patients. Of 42 proven malignant cases, FNAs were diagnosed as positive in 21 (50%), suspicious in 4 (9.5%), negative in 12 (28.6%), and unsatisfactory in 5 (11.9%). Of 19 proven benign cases, FNAs were diagnosed as negative in 15 (78.9 %) and unsatisfactory in 4 (21%). This resulted in a 50% sensitivity, a 100% specificity, a diagnostic efficiency of 59%, a predictive value of a positive test of 100%, and a predictive value of a negative test of 55.6%. Thirty‐six primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas and six metastatic tumors to the pancreas were encountered. Benign cases were attributed to anatomical pancreatic variants, acute pancreatitis, abscess, chronic pancreatitis, and pseudocysts. Pancreatic FNA was safe, accurate, and relatively inexpensive, but it was relatively insensitive in the diagnosis of malignancy. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:301‐306.
Malignant lymphoma of convoluted lymphocytes: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology chemistry
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Gupta Subhash K. , Datta Usha , Sharma Suresh C. , Datta Bhoopendra N.
Published: February 2007

The technique of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was utilized in the diagnosis of 31 cases of malignant lymphoma of convoluted lymphocytes. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 70 yr (median, 24 yr). Clinical history was available in 29 cases. All patients had peripheral lymphadenopathy. There was radiological evidence of mediastinal adenopathy in 62% of the cases, and 41% had pleural effusion; 52% of the patients presented with mediastinal compression syndrome. The diagnostically crucial convoluted cells comprised 47.3 ± 23.73% of all lymphoid cells. Nuclear convolutions were appreciated in a significant number of cells in paraffin sections of 17 of 21 cases (85.7%) having subsequent histopathology. Cytochemical and E‐rosette tests performed in 17 cases confirmed the T cell nature of the neoplasms. On an average, 72.3% of cells showed focal positive reaction for acid phosphatase, and 73.8% of cells formed E‐rosettes. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:307‐311.