bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First-order kinetic study-based comparative shelf-life assessment of Raw Vetas (Salix alba L. stem bark) and Vetas Ghana (a semisolid form of Salix alba L. stem bark aqueous extract)
Authors: Verma Ravi , Jain Vipin , Rawat Hemant , Kushwaha Vikram , Gandhi Yashika , Mishra Sujeet K. , Kumar Vijay , Tandon Smriti , Charde Vaibhav , Jagtap Chandrashekar , Babu Gajji , Singh Arjun , Singh Ravindra , Sharma Bhagwan Sahai , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Shelf-life is an important aspect of raw as well as finished drugs. Recently, shelf-life parameters have been included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India (API). The aim of this study to evaluate the comparative long-term shelf-life study of Raw Vetas (Salix alba stem bark) and Vetas Ghana (a semisolid form of Salix alba Stem bark aqueous extract).

METHODS:

A stability chamber with environmental conditions 30°C ± 2°C/60% RH ± 5% was used for the long-term shelf-life study of Raw Vetas and Vetas Ghana. Physicochemical parameters like loss on drying, pH, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water extractive value, and alcohol extractive value were evaluated at a regular frequency (0th, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th months).

RESULTS:

There are significant changes that have been observed w.r.t. physicochemical parameters analysis. Physicochemical parameters revealed that the shelf-life of Raw Vetas ranged from 31 to 66 months and the shelf-life of Vetas Ghana ranged from 38 to 62 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

The average shelf-life of Raw Vetas and Vetas Ghana was 41.83 and 47.50 months, respectively. This study may help to understand the shelf-life of various Ayurvedic formulations consisting of Raw Vetas and Vetas Ghana.
Computational modeling and analysis of Ayurvedic compounds in fighting against COVID-19
Authors: Gupta Pramodkumar P. , Nayak Shraddha U. , Parab Mala M. , Dasgupta Debjani , Harit Maheshkumar S.
Published: October 2023

AIM:

To screen the selective Ayurvedic amalgams against severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease in the investigation of antiviral activity using computational-based methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The current research study endeavors to gauge the in silico potency of Ayurvedic molecules/drugs, chosen from primeval classical literature and former human medication protocols of Ayurveda for the preemption and treatment of contagion (COVID-19). Overall, 84 Ayurvedic compounds on the basis of antiviral activity were searched from literature and public database sources and canonical smiles format molecular information was retrieved from the PubChem database. All the compounds were sketched using Chemsketch tool and optimized using UFF force field. The selected molecules were then virtually screened against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease available structure.

RESULTS:

The outcomes were evaluated based on docking scores and pharmacophoric-based interactions; five compounds exhibited an optimum interaction within the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease.

CONCLUSION:

The current research study lay the foundation of drug repurposing with the amalgamation of knowledge of Ayurveda and computational aided modeling in fighting against COVID-19. Therefore, the pragmatic dogma proposed here will facilitate learning, generate evidence, and pave the way forward.
Preliminary analysis of Rasayana Vati—A novel herbal medicine
Authors: Rani Renu , Bhinde Sonam Sagar , Kori Virendra Kumar , Patel Kalpana S. , Harisha Channappa Rudrappa , Shukla Vinay J.
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Rasayana Vati (RV) is an herbal preparation containing Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica L.), Haridra (Curcuma longa L.), and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers) in an equal proportion. It is a useful formulation in Beejadushtijanya Pandu (thalassemia). Till date, analytical data are not available for this herbal preparation. The present study was aimed to generate analytical data of the RV for its quality assurance.

METHODS:

Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was carried out at Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical laboratory, ITRA, Jamnagar.

RESULTS:

The presence of cork cells, starch grains, parenchymal cells, stone cells, pitted vessels, and collenchyma cells was the characteristic features observed in the microscopy of drug. Physicochemical analysis showed 3.7 kg/cm2 hardness, 0.15% w/w loss on drying, 25.19% w/w water soluble extract, and pH was 6. HPTLC showed five spots at 254 and four spots at 366 nm.

CONCLUSION:

The results of pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical parameters have generated preliminary data, which could be used as fingerprinting of RV for future researchers.
Ethno-dermatological relevance of medicinal plants from the Indian Himalayan region and its implications on cosmeceuticals
Authors: Singh Harsha , Kumar Suresh , Arya Atul
Published: October 2023

Since prehistorical times, the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants has been prevalent in India. The Indian Himalayas are one of the mega-biodiversity regions with vast reserves of medicinal plants. In dermatology, advanced healthcare solutions are not ordinarily available in rural areas; therefore, traditional medicines are used in treatment. The present review aims to emphasize and enlist the details of medicinal plants with curative action against skin disease in the Indian Himalayan region and to draw the attention of pharmacologists, botanists, and phytochemists to conduct scientific research on important ethno-dermatological medicinal plants. The review aimed to analyze the data of 112 plants from 56 families obtained from various online databases and servers. Lamiaceae and Asteraceae represent the highest number of plants against skin disorders. Leaves (44%) were the most commonly used plant part and the mode of administration of plant extract was majorly external and very few orally. The herbal formulations for skin by different cosmetic industries were studied individually to find out their key bioactive ingredients and were further listed in a table. In herbal cosmetics, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. extract, sandalwood oil, and Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f leaf pulp are used in most herbal products because of their skin rejuvenating properties. The Indian Himalayas are the treasure box of medicinal plants but, because of increased environmental degradation, the number of plant species is declining. This review on ethno-dermatological knowledge of medicinal plants can escalate the development of drugs and new therapeutic potentials for curing skin diseases.
Comparative shelf-life study of Raw Guggulu (Commiphora wightii oleo-gum resin) and Shodhita Guggulu (cow urine processed C. wightii oleo-gum resin)
Authors: Charde Vaibhav , Jagtap Chandrashekar , Kumar Vijay , Kushwaha Vikram , Grewal Jyotika , Mishra Sujeet K. , Shakya Santosh K. , Soni Hemant , Singh Gagandeep , Babu Gajji , Singh Arjun , Singh Ravindra , Khanduri Shruti , Sharma Bhagwan Sahai , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Shelf-life is an important aspect of raw as well as finished drugs. Recently, shelf-life parameters have been included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. The objective of this article is to evaluate and compare the long-term shelf-life study of Raw Guggulu (RG) (C. wightii oleo-gum resin) and Shodhita Guggulu (SG) (cow urine processed C. wightii oleo-gum resin).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A stability chamber with environmental conditions 30°C ± 2°C/60% ± 5% RH was used for long-term shelf-life study of RG and SG. Physico-chemical parameters such as loss on drying, pH, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water extractive value, and alcohol extractive value were tested at regular frequency (0th, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th month).

RESULTS:

Significant changes have been observed w.r.t. analysis of physico-chemical parameters. Physico-chemical parameters revealed that the shelf-life of RG ranged from 42 to 66 months and shelf-life of SG ranged from 39 to 62 months.

CONCLUSION:

The average shelf-life of RG and SG was found out to be 55.16 and 48.16 months, respectively. These studies may help to understand the shelf-life of various ayurvedic formulations of RG and SG.
Ethnic recipes from the tribes of Jawhar and Shahapur forest division
Authors: Gurav Arun Manohar , Kolhe Rasika , Prasad Goli Penchala , Rath Chinmay , Mangal Anupam Kumar , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Tribals have developed their tradition of the food system by using native plants having nutritional as well as medicinal values. Different parts of wild edible plants are consumed by them in various forms such as curry, pickles, fried, etc. Such knowledge is applied to cope with starvation and survive in unfavorable conditions. But this valuable information is not preserved well by the next generation. Therefore, there is a need to systematically record such unexplored traditional knowledge for further detailed study. Present study aimed to document and record wild edible plants and details of the recipes prepared by the tribal of Jawhar and Shahapur forest division.

METHODS:

A Medico-Ethno Botanical Survey was carried out in Jawhar and Shahapur forest divisions of Maharashtra during the year 2018–19. The study includes the documentation of the traditionally used edible plants by the ethnic group of people in the studied area and is presented systematically.

RESULT:

A total of 34 recipes prepared from 32 different species were described in detail. Out of 32 species, 28 species are wild and only four species are cultivated on the farm or yard. Ten recipes using leaves (fresh and dried), six using fruits, five using flowers, six using tubers (dry and curry of Dioscorea bulbifera L.), four using pods, two using seeds, and one recipe using shoot are reported, which are not familiar in the urban areas. The use of ash for the processing of Dioscorea species to make it more palatable was found as a unique method.

CONCLUSION:

Vegetable recipes of nine species were reported as noteworthy after validating from the available literature. Further investigation of collected data from the perspective of their phytochemical and nutraceutical studies may provide better nutritional and medicinal sources for the future.
DNA bar-coding, pharmacognostical, and phytochemical analysis of Atalantia monophylla DC. leaves
Authors: Nathulal Das Ashokkumar , Acharya Rabinarayan , Rudrappa Harisha C. , Shukla Vinay J. , Hegde Satisha
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Leaves of Atalantia monophylla DC. (Syn. Limonia monophylla L.), family Rutaceae, are traditionally used to treat rheumatoid pain, hemiplegia, itch and cutaneous complaints, cough, and as an antidote to snake bite, etc. The present study reports the detailed morphology, anatomy, genetic barcoding, physiochemical, and phytochemical aspects of A. monophylla leaves.

METHODS:

The sample of leaves of the plant were collected from one of its natural habitat, Athagarh forest, Odisha, India. The detailed macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes, and microscopy characters of leaf, stomatal index, and powder microscopy were done as per standard protocol. Physicochemical and qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and DNA bar-coding studies were carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India methods and other standard guidelines.

RESULTS:

Leaves were opposite, unifoliate, ovate-elliptic, entire, emarginate, and glabrous. Transverse section (TS) through petiole showed epidermis, cortex, pericyclic fibers, and vascular bundles along with trichome. TS of lamina passing through midrib shows lamina with upper and lower epidermis, lignified elements, interrupted by stomata and unicellular trichome. Microscopic characteristics of the leaves powder show the presence of oil globule, rhomboidal crystal, prismatic crystal, and fragment of paracytic stomata. The result of loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water, methanol-soluble extractive, and the obtained pH values were about 10.47 ± 0.40%, 6.94 ± 0.95%, 1.00 ± 0.00%, 30.41 ± 2.26%, 7.64 ± 0.56%, and 6.6, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis shows the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids and the HPTLC study revealed 29 spots at both short (254 nm) and long (366 nm) ultraviolet rays.

CONCLUSION:

Epidermal cells, oil globule, rhomboidal crystal, prismatic crystal, paracytic stomata, and simple unicellular trichome are key characters for identification of its leaves. The results obtained from pharmacognostical, phytochemical, physicochemical, and DNA bar-coding studies may serve as the diagnostic tool of A. monophylla toward its authentication and identification and also in maintaining of quality, strength, purity, and efficacy of the leaves.
Documentation and validation of local health traditions of Hassan district, Karnataka
Authors: Doddamani Shashidhar H. , Naik Raghavendra , Vendrapati Rama Rao , Nagayya Shiddamallayya , Dixit Amit Kumar , Bhat Sulochana , Tripathi Ashish Kumar , Vij Priya , Rath Chinmay , Mangal Anupam K. , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

The documentation of ethno-medicinal claims is of significant value in drug research. The present study was conducted to document and validate the information related to the traditional uses of medicinal plants used by the local health practitioners of Hassan district.

METHODS:

In the present study, different local health traditions prevalent in Hassan district of Karnataka, documented during the medico-ethno-botanical survey program during October 2017 and March 2018, were presented systematically. The data were collected from traditional healers of the survey area through personal interviews using a prescribed format, and the collected information is validated by referring 22 books related to the classical literature, recent compilations from the classical literature, published literature listing home remedies, Sangraha grantha (compendium), and Nighantu (lexicons) related to medicinal plants.

RESULTS:

During the survey, a total of 16 folklore claims frequently used in treating 12 different disease conditions were documented. Among the 16 folk claims, two are used as veterinary medicines, and two are food preparations. Sarpa visha (snakebite), Vrana (wound), Raktarsha (bleeding piles), Bhagna (fracture), Jvara (fever), etc. are the most frequently treated disease conditions. About eight formulations are indicated internally seven are used externally, and one formulation is being used for both internal and external purposes. Leaves are the frequently used in different dosage forms such as paste, powder, juice, and poultice.

CONCLUSIONS:

Since the documentation of indigenous knowledge about medicinal plants is the need of the time, this article could serve as baseline data regarding the traditional claims in treating different disease conditions. The documented data can also serve as a base for developing new medicines by scientific studies.
An overview of current manufacturing guidelines for Ayurveda formulations
Authors: Charde Vaibhav Anandrao , Dane Ganesh , Kaur Harmeet , Jagtap Chandrashekhar Yuvaraj , Kumar Vijay , Sarkar Biresh Kumar , Babu G. , Sharma Bhagwan Sahai
Published: October 2023

Good manufacturing practices (GMPs) are the guiding principles, which ensure that products are consistently produced and controlled as per quality standards. This is an important requirement for marketing authorization. At the global and national level, different regulatory authorities work to formulate guidelines and regulations for the manufacturing of product and also work to achieve harmonization of guidelines and quality control of pharmaceutical products. This article provides specific information on contemporary manufacturing guidelines for Ayurvedic formulations especially given by World Health Organization (WHO) and Drug & Cosmetic rules 1945 (Schedule T) and their suitable strategies for practice. Knowledge of such guidelines and practice is helpful to maintain quality, safety, and efficiency to extraordinary heights in the manufacturing of products.
Preparation of Vetas Ghana (a semisolid form of Salix alba L. stem bark aqueous extract) and its analysis by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Jagtap Chandrashekhar , Charde Vaibhav , Kushwaha Vikram , Garewal Jyotika , Shakya Santosh K. , Kumar Vijay , Babu Gajji , Singh Arjun , Singh Ravindra , Sharma Bhagwan Sahal , Khanduri Shruti , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Vetas Ghana is a semi-solid prepared from the aqueous extract of stem bark of Salix alba L. (Vetas). Vetas Ghana is an important Ayurvedic intermediate used in various herbal and cosmetic formulations. There is no advance analysis of Vetas Ghana preparation reported yet.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this work was to prepare Vetas Ghana and to study phytochemicals by using advanced analytical instruments such as high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and tandem liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Vetas Ghana was analyzed by physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, pH, total ash, acid insoluble ash, total soluble solids, and its major metabolites were checked by using advanced chromatographic tools such as HPTLC and LC-QTOF-MS/MS.

RESULTS:

In comparison of Vetas with Vetas Ghana, drastic changes in the parameters such as pH, and ash (total and acid insoluble) were observed. In the HPTLC study, after derivatization marker compound epicatechin is detectable in Vetas and Vetas Ghana. LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis of Vetas and Vetas Ghana reveals the presence of eight major metabolites including the presence of marker compound epicatechin.

CONCLUSIONS:

Vetas Ghana was prepared in in-house pharmacy and phytochemicals were detected by using HPTLC and LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, where biomarkers like epicatechin are identified including other biomarkers such as salicin and isosalicin.
Preconditioning with Partharishta reduces the oxidative stress associated with myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury in H9c2 cells
Authors: Gowri M. , Pillai Rajmohan Velayudhan , Thara Lakshmi S
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion (I/R) injury- a paradoxical challenge associated with contemporary methods of successful resuscitation triggers uncontrolled apoptosis induced by the concomitant oxidative stress. Adaptive mechanisms incorporating the upregulation of cytoprotective genes like Nrf2 protects cells from apoptotic changes and dysfunction under stress conditions. Partharishta an Ayurvedic formulation with all its individual ingredients being potent antioxidants, is thought to bring a positive result in reducing oxidative stress in cardiac tissues. Therefore the study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulation Partharishta via the expression of Nrf2 gene in ischemia induced H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells when preconditioned with Partharishta.

METHODS:

Partharishta was prepared in accordance with the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). To evaluate the extent of cell viability the Partharishta pretreated H9C2 cell lines were subjected to MTT Assay. As confirmatory assays for antioxidant activity, an invitro ROS measurement assay and Reverse transcriptase PCR Analysis to confirm the expression of Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress was conducted.

RESULTS:

On MTT Assay the cells pretreated with 25µg/ml of dessicated Partharishta provided an average cell viability of 85.12%. The confirmatory Assays conducted in the cells at this concenteration showed that the ROS production is relatively low and the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress was expressed in these cells.

CONCLUSION:

These findings of the present in-vitro study reveal that the formulation Partharishta possess significant antioxidant as well as the free radical scavenging activity and therefore may be considered as one of the good sources of natural cardioprotective formulation.
Therapeutic application of Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Radadiya Kajal Vinodbhai , Panara Kalpesh B. , Acharya Rabinarayan
Published: October 2023

Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.), known as flax, is a recommended drug in Ayurveda. The drug Atasi is used as an ingredient in many formulations used internally and externally for therapeutic purposes. The study aimed to critically review various aspects of the drug “Atasi” such as its synonym, classification, therapeutic properties, actions, and formulations from available classical texts of Ayurveda. Data on Atasi were collected from 13 Nighantu (lexicons), 14 Rasa/Yoga/sangraha grantha (compendia related to Rasa/Yoga/sangraha grantha) 5 Chikitsa grantha (compendia), and 10 Samhita (treatise). Atasi is a content of 86 formulations wherein 21 are used internally, 62 are externally, and 3 are for both purposes. Atasi-contained formulations are mentioned to manage a total of 30 diseases. Maximum formulations are noted in vataroga (neuromuscular anomalies) and the most common dosage form is kalka (paste). A total of 29 synonyms have been attributed to Atasi. It has Madhur (sweet), Tikta rasa (bitter taste), Guru (heavy), snigdha (unctuousness) Guna (attribute), Ushna virya (hot potency), and Katu vipaka (pungent bio-transformed rasa). Atasi is unwholesome substance in Raktapitta (bleeding disorder) and for consumption with parada (mercury) containing formulations. The present review may encourage further scope of scientific evaluation and validation of this medicinally important plant Atasi.
Quantification of mercury after Samanya Shodhana (purifying process): A preliminary analysis
Authors: Bhinde Sonam Sagar , Patgiri Biswajyoti J.
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Parada (mercury, Hg) is one of the important core ingredients in Rasa Aushadhi (metalo-mineral preparations). But owing to its origin, many metals and minerals are likely to be present in mercury as impurities. Direct use of such impure mercury may cause various types of complications, and hence preprocess of mercury is essential prior to its therapeutic use. Almost all classical texts related to Rasa Shastra (Ayurveda pharmaceutics for metalo-mineral preparations) have emphasized Parada Shodhana (purifying process of mercury) but with a variety of methods. These methods need to be revalidated with comprehensive methodology to develop its standard operative procedure (SOP), because standardization of the drugs is very crucial to ensure quality, efficacy, and reproducibility. Hence, to begin with, purifying process of mercury mentioned in Rasatarangini was adopted in the present research work.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

Present study aimed to develop pharmaceutical standardization of purifying process of mercury accomplished by quantification of mercury percentage through inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

purifying process of mercury was done in three batches with lime powder, garlic, and rock salt, as mentioned in Rasatarangini. ICP-AES was carried out on the samples of unprocessed mercury, mercury after processing with lime powder (intermediate stage), and processed mercury after processing with garlic and rock salt.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

It was observed that processed mercury became bright silver in color and luster was increased in comparison to unprocessed mercury. The total average loss of mercury was 28.2%. ICP-AES analysis showed that the percentage of mercury decreased to 99.93% from 99.97%.

CONCLUSION:

Results of the present pharmaceutical process will help future researches to reproduce the same results and could be considered as SOP. Decrease in mercury % and introduction of arsenic and cadmium in the processed mercury indicate that trace elements of media are added in permissible quantity during this process.
Comparative Morpho-anatomical Studies to Authenticate and Differentiate the Stem Barks of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl and its Market Scenario
Authors: Govindarajan Nartunai , Ravichandran Lokesh , Sundharamoorthy Susikumar , Chelladurai Prem Kumar , Pandey Akansha , Ilavarasan Raju
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Stem bark of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Family Lauraceae) is commonly known as Cinnamon or Ceylon Cinnamon in English, Lavangapattai in Tamil and Tvak in Sanskrit. The stem bark is extensively used as spice & condiment. As per Ayurvedic classical literatures, true cinnamon is equated with dried stem barks of C. verum and used to treat various ailments. It shows astringent, stimulant, expectorant, carminative and lipolytic activities, useful in diarrhea, dysentery and topically for neuralgia, rheumatism and toothache. Majority of market samples sold as Cinnamon are C. cassia and commonly mistaken for C. verum. Thicker bark of C. cassia devoid of active constituent eugenol is preferred for cooking. Ambiguity regarding identity and use of C. verum or C. cassia barks needs to be resolved. Present study aimed to authenticate and differentiate the Stem Barks of C. verum and C. cassia using Morpho-anatomical studies.

METHODS:

Morpho-anatomical studies were carried out by following standard methods of official books.

RESULTS:

Stem Barks of C. verum and C. cassia are morphologically different in thickness, surface and organoleptic characteristics. Microscopically cork, cortex, fibres, sclereids, oil cells, secretary canals, calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains characters are distinguishable features.

CONCLUSION:

The findings will be helpful in identification and differentiation of raw drugs and also in standardization of classical formulations containing stem bark of C. verum as an ingredient.
Bioactive potential of Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. plant: A wild edible plant
Authors: Patil Priyanka Suresh , Jadhav Varsha Dilip
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Bridelia retusa is a species which belongs to the genus Bridelia, included in Phyllanthaceae family which is a deciduous, large- or small-sized tree. It is generally referred as Mahavira or aghan found in dry deciduous regions. The present investigation for study of phytochemical compounds, proximate analysis, and mineral composition of leaves, stem, stem bark, unripened, and ripened fruit of B. retusa.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The collected material was dried and crushed into fine powder for further analysis. For the study of presence of secondary metabolites, qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant was carried out. For the proximate analysis, various plant parts such as leaves, stem, stem bark, unripened, and ripened fruit were used. In the proximate analysis, different parameters like ash, crude fiber, crude protein, moisture, dry matter, and crude fat was studied. Different macro- and micro-elements were studied from plant by standard method.

RESULT:

In the present work, highest amounts of nitrogen (2.42 ± 0.23%), potassium (1.97 ± 0.1%), iron (697.55 ± 1.29 ppm), zinc (201.05 ± 0.5 ppm), copper (132.73 ± 0.28 ppm), manganese (330.09 ± 1.2 ppm), and sodium (0.10±3.72 %) were found in the leaves of B. retusa. Higher phosphorus (0.21±0.1%) and calcium (1.67±0.2%) in stem bark was observed in B. retusa, respectively. The above results revealed rich amounts of macro- and micro-elements; hence, the whole plant is nutritionally important. The ash and crude proteins were more in leaves, and crude fibers are in the stem when compared with other parts of B. retusa. In the present study, we found that ash (17.5%) in the fruit, dry matter (90%) in the stem bark, crude fiber (52.5%) in the stem, crude fat (62.5%), crude protein (15.12%), and moisture (20%) in leaves were more when compared with other parts of the plant. Tannins and saponins are frequently observed in all parts of the plant. Alkaloids were present in all parts of the plant, except stem.

CONCLUSION:

The results revealed rich amounts of macro- and micro-elements; hence, the whole plant is nutritionally important. The acetone and alcohol extracts show highest phytochemicals than the other solvent extract. The plants are rich in tannin and saponin.
Ascertaining Ahimara (a medicinal plant) of Ashtanga Nighantu
Authors: Dhiman Sonia , Meshram Suwarna A.
Published: October 2023

Ashtanga Nighantu contains synonymous explanations of 257 drugs that are cited in Vagbhata Samhita. It also contains Viprakirnagana that incorporates 133 plants. The botanical identification of many of them seems to be doubtful and unconfirmed due to misconceptions, mixing and exchange of synonyms with other species, and changes in nomenclature in subsequent lexicons like Dhanvantari Nighantu and others, which further put down a plethora of controversies. As a result, botanical sources of these plants are to be identified. The Ahimara is one of these lesser-known plants. This review aims to botanically identify the plant Ahimara. The lexicon of Ashtanga Nighantu edited by Acharya Priyavrata Sharma was taken as the main source of analysis. Other texts considered were Ashtanga Nighantu by K.S. Viswanathana, Sanskrit to Hindi translation dictionaries, Vedon mai Ayurveda, Brihatrayi, Laghutrayi; 27 lexicons, medicinal databases, and indexed journals accessed through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The evidences obtained in these are support as evidence for determining Ahimara (Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsale). This plant is as mentioned an antidote to snake poison and having yellow wood, as mentioned in Ashtanga Nighantu. Identity of this plant became a subject of controversy since the name Aribheda is also the synonym of Arimeda. Another synonym suggested by the author was Haridruma, which may later become Haridru/Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsale. However, it may be deemed as Ahimara rather than Irimeda, based on supporting literature. Although the plant Haridru possesses yellow wood, as indicated in the synonyms mentioned in the lexicon, but no supporting evidence is found for its therapeutic use in snake bite. The present review suggests that there is further need of comprehensive phytochemical and clinical studies to affirm this botanical identity.
Consumption of natural products and Ayurvedic decoctions “kadha” as immunity-boosting measures during the spread of COVID-19 in Delhi
Authors: Vachher Meenakshi , Yadav Sandeep , Rastogi Aayushi , Tihara Shivani , Kumar Bhupender , Arora Taruna , Burman Archana
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a challenge for health-care systems worldwide. Presently for the management and treatment of COVID-19, efficacy of therapeutic drugs is uncertain. Ayurvedic products and decoctions as immunity boosters might help combat this dreaded pandemic. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of consumption of natural products and Ayurvedic decoctions “kadha” as immunity-boosting measures during the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS:

An online survey was undertaken on the usage of immunity-boosting measures and Ayurvedic decoctions “kadha” among the adult residents of Delhi belonging to different age groups.

RESULTS:

A total of 540 responses were included with a mean age of 25.9 ± 9.8 years. Approximately, 76% of the study participants used kadha as an immunity booster during COVID-19 pandemic. Among the participants who consumed kadha, approximately 94% were preparing the kadha at home. The most common ingredients being used in the preparation of kadha were Shunthi (ginger)—Zingiber officinale Roscoe (91.0%), Tulsi (holy basil)—Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (88.6%), Kali mirch (black pepper)—Piper nigrum L. (80.5%), Laung (clove)—Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (77.4%), and Dalchini (cinnamon)—Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (67.2%). With regard to the frequency of consumption of kadha, 32.1% of the participants consumed kadha once daily, whereas 26.8% consumed on alternative days.

CONCLUSION:

This study highlights the trust and conviction in traditional Indian herbs as well as condiments for combating infections including COVID-19 through Ayurvedic practices.
Evaluation of nutritional and functional properties of economically important seaweeds
Authors: Kumari Sushma , Singh Kamleshwar , Kushwaha Pratibha , Suresh Kumar K.
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are plant-like organisms occurring abundantly (either attached to rocks in the oceans or to other hard substrata in coastal areas). Being nutritionally rich in proteins, vitamins, fatty acids (FAs), and elements such as iodine, iron, and calcium, they are potential functional food ingredients. Their nutritional profile changes with climate and species. Lack of knowledge regarding their nutritional richness makes them less popularly used in our daily diet. This study investigates the nutritional composition and functional properties of six seaweeds for their utilization in the daily human diet.

METHODS:

Nutritional profiles of six seaweeds (five collected from India and one from South Korea) were evaluated in this study. Their protein content was estimated on the basis of the nitrogen value (N × 6.25). Mineral content was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic mass spectroscopy. Extraction of FAs methyl esters (FAMEs) was conducted followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Vitamins were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the dry seaweed samples were conducted. Functional properties [water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and foaming capacity (FC)] of dried seaweed samples were determined using standard methods.

RESULTS:

The protein content of the studied seaweeds ranged from 7.940 to 36.190 g/100 g DW. Among the studied minerals, high Na content was observed in Enteromorpha compressa (i.e., 6.660 ± 0.013 mg/100 g) and high K in Kappaphycus alvarezii (5.590 ± 0.001 mg/100 g), respectively. FA profiling showed that Gracilaria sp. contained the highest saturated FAs. Maximum water-soluble vitamin, e.g., vitamin E (tocopherol) 0.643 mg/100 g contents, was seen in Caulerpa racemosa, whereas high ascorbic acid content was observed in E. compressa (2.975 mg/100 g). Riboflavin (B2) content of Ulva lactuca was 0.197 mg/100 g. FTIR, DSC, and TGA analyses were also conducted. WHC, OHC, and FC of the dried seaweeds revealed their applicability in food products.

CONCLUSION:

The nutritional and functional properties of the six seaweeds investigated suggest that they could be used for preparing functional food products. Promoting the use of seaweed as food and fodder could lead to enhancement of seaweed cultivation and harvesting, which in turn could also improve the socio-economic status of the coastal-dwellers.
Prospects of Ayurveda formulations as alternative approach for treatment of microbial diseases
Authors: Roy Susmita , Dixit Amit K. , Dey Ranjit K. , Debnath Saroj K. , Prasad Peyyala Venkata Vara , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

Infectious diseases are responsible for largest burden of premature deaths globally and frequent pandemics which threaten the existence of entire population. The current rise of drug resistance and the side-effects associated with antibiotics and synthetic drugs have posed a new challenge to the modern healthcare system. Ayurveda is one of the most ancient and traditional medical systems where poly-herbal compounds and crude plant extracts are tested and applied in many types of microbial and infectious diseases, e.g., Triphala churna, Neem extracts, etc. This study focuses on the scope and applicability of Ayurveda for management of infectious diseases. The reviews have followed the PRISMA model and guidelines and Ayurevdic classical literature along with electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Google, Google scholar, Researchgate, and SciFinder were searched for this study. India is a rich source of biodiversity and lots of plants and plant products are still unexplored. Review suggests that Ayurveda can develop not only therapeutic compounds but also prophylactic compounds which can be helpful for preventing the microbial diseases, especially the viral ones. From ancient times, home remedies like honey, turmeric has been used as preferred and safer option for treatment of many diseases. Herbs like Tulsi, Neem and their extracts have medicinal value. Both single and poly-herbal compounds have various ranges of bioactive molecules. Fine powders or Churna like Triphala Churna, Ajmodadi Churna, and Dasamoola Churna have been found to act against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. The scope of Ayurveda can involve research on medicinal plants available in the country and can be proved a safer, cheaper, and sustained alternative to the antibiotics and synthetic drugs.
Point prevalence of canine pyoderma of Staphylococcus aureus origin and its management by antibiotics and Gandhaka Druti
Authors: Mate Yab , Sarkar Prasanta Kumar , Lodh Chandan , Isore Devi Prasad , Biswas Ujjwal , Sarkar Samar
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Bacterial pyoderma in dog is very common in Kolkata, India. It causes severe discomfort to dogs. This study was planned to detect the occurrence and effect of commonly used antibiotics systemically and Gandhaka Druti topically for the canine pyoderma treatment of Staphylococcus aureus origin in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

METHODS:

A survey on canine skin diseases cases was done in 2015. The detection of S. aureus was confirmed by polymer chain reaction analysis. Its sensitivity to the commonly used antibiotics was determined. The detected 18 S. aureus positive dogs were divided into three groups. The group I animals were treated by clindamycin at 20 mg/kg oral dose; group II animals were treated by Gandhaka Druti locally; and animals of group III were treated by antibiotics and Gandhaka Druti.

RESULTS:

The occurrence of bacterial canine skin diseases is high (29.35%) in Kolkata. Of the total bacterial pyoderma, 75.31% are Staphylococcal in origin with 22.22% S. aureus. The species S. aureus was intermediately sensitive or resistant to all the antibiotics except vancomycin and clindamycin. The dogs took 36.67 ± 6.09 days, 55.00 ± 5.44 days, and 22.33 ± 2.88 days for complete recovery by treatment with antibiotics, Gandhaka Druti, and combination treatment, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

S. aureus origin canine pyoderma is very common in Kolkata. The combination treatment of antibiotic and Gandhaka Druti can give a faster recovery from this infection.
Polygonum persicaria L. alleviated oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in Wistar rats
Authors: Dar Mohd Shafi , Tahir Abu , Tabasum Shazia , Najar Rafeeq Ahmad , Mittal Deepak Kumar
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Liver illnesses can be metabolic, poison-induced, or infectious and are the fifth greatest cause of death worldwide. Several traditional medicinal plants have been utilized to treat liver diseases in the past. The goal of this study is to see how effective an aqueous extract of Polygonum persicaria L. roots is in protecting the liver from CCl4 toxicity in adult Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Aqueous extract of P. persicaria L. root sections was tested in CCl4-injured Wistar rats in vitro and in vivo. Animals were randomly assigned to normal control, toxic control, standard control (silymarin 100 mg/kg) groups and P. persicaria L. (200 and 400 mg/kg) treatment groups. Histopathology and serum biochemical markers of liver damage were investigated. The extract was examined for phytochemicals and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro.

RESULTS:

Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin levels in CCl4-damaged rats were all balanced after oral administration of the aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg/BW/day. In addition, when compared with silymarin therapy, histology of the liver revealed that P. persicaria L. restored tissue injury. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins were found to be present in P. persicaria L. The actions of antioxidants are shown in the DPPH method.

CONCLUSION:

According to the results of this study, P. persicaria L. can reduce hepatotoxicity and oxidative pressure in vitro and in vivo. The ability of the extract to prevent lipid peroxidation and boost antioxidant enzymatic activity could account for this effect.
Shelf life evaluation of Vasaharitaki Avaleha and Vasaharitaki granules
Authors: Matwan Neelam , Bhattacharjya Niladri , Yadav Pramod , Prajapati Pradeep Kumar
Published: October 2023

The stability of the product is its ability to resist deterioration due to environmental or microbial degradation, which is also called as shelf life, aka
Saviryata Avadhi in Ayurveda. Vasaharitaki Avaleha (VHA) is a purely polyherbal formulation, which is mentioned for the management of various ailments of the respiratory system such as Shwasa (bronchial asthma) and Kasa (cough). There is always an issue regarding the palatability of this drug found in daily practices. Alteration or modification of the dosage form is a way to recover this problem without compromising the efficacy and stability of the drug. Therefore, this study was planned and the stability data of VHA and Vasaharitaki granules (VHG) is being presented based on primary physicochemical parameters (pH, loss on drying [LOD], extractive value, total sugar, total fat, and microbial count) and chromatographic fingerprinting as per International Council of Harmonization (ICH) Guidelines for Accelerated Study. The product withdrawn periods were 0, 1st, 3rd, and 6th months of storage in a condition of 40°C ± 2°C temperature and 75% ± 5% relative humidity. As per the current gazette notification, the shelf life of Avaleha and granules is not more than 3 years. On the basis of the accelerated stability data, 10% degradation of VHA was found in pH (3.312), LOD (11.088), total sugar (53.28), total fat (0.198), total plate count (378) parameters, and 10% degradation of VHG was found in pH (3.762), LOD (5.724), total sugar (63.702), water-soluble extractive (68.913), alcohol-soluble extractive (40.968), and total plate count (864.9). On the basis of these alterations, the stability period of VHA and VHG has been calculated to be 3.3 years and 2.8 years, respectively.
Local health traditions (LHTs) of Kailashahar subdivision, Unakoti district, Tripura
Authors: Shiddamallayya Nagayya , Dora Binod Bihari , Anjana Janardhanan , Anku Gyati , Borah Tapashi , Tripathi Ashish K. , Vij Priya , Rath Chinmay , Mangal Anupam Kumar , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: October 2023

AIM:

Tripura is a state that covers wide valleys and plains that make up the vivid landscape. More than half of Tripura remains covered by green and moist deciduous forests. Many rural and tribal communities of the Kailashahar, Unakoti district of Tripura depend on traditional systems for the treatment of ailments. The present work has been conducted to document local health traditions (LHTs) from traditional healers and the utility of medicinal plants for treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

As per the intramural project allocated by the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi to the Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Itanagar has conducted a seasonal Medico Ethno Botanical Survey in the forest of Kailashahar subdivision of Unakoti district, Tripura during the year 2018–19. LHTs were documented according to the standard format provided by the Ministry of Ayush, Government of India by interviewing local traditional healers; thereafter, a collection of medicinal plant specimens, as well as digital photography of plants were used for treatment in various health conditions and for healing purposes. The properties of all herbal formulations were compared and correlated with the Ayurvedic literature and presented systematically and scientifically following the standard protocol.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The Medico Ethno Botanical Survey team conducted a survey and documented 33 LHTs with 15 polyherbal and 18 single herbal formulations of 50 plants from traditional healers of the study area. Documented formulations have been used for the treatment of seven human body systems, namely locomotor, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, integumentary, endocrine, and urogenital.

CONCLUSION:

LHTs documentation throws light on the traditional practices for the treatment of human ailments of different body systems by using locally available plants and plant products. Procedures are economic, effective in treatment, and feasible for the rural and tribal populace in the management of health. Herbal formulations are validated with Ayurvedic fundamental principles to understand their high potential medicinal value.
Yava (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a Pathya (wholesome diet)
Authors: Kathavadiya Seema Harshadbhai , Acharya Rabinarayan
Published: October 2023

Right diet is the essence of disease prevention and the foundation of a healthy and happy life. A properly selected diet and diet plan plays a critical importance in the management of any disease. The usage of Yava or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) both as Pathya (wholesome) and Aushadha (medicine) is established in ancient texts and modern research experiments. Yava is in practice since time immemorial due to its rich nutritional entities and various therapeutics benefits. The present review details Rasapanchaka (five attributes of dravya beginning with rasa), Rogaghnata (therapeutic indication) and utility of Yava as a Pathya depicted in Samhita, Sangrahagranth, Nighantu, and Rasagrantha. Yava is advocated as Pathya in 117 different disease conditions, nine swastha condition, and during the treatment course of six other medications. A total of 108 Ahara Kalpana (food dietetics preparations) of Yava has been found, among them 95 Ahara Kalpana having internal uses, 12 Ahara Kalpana having external uses and one Ahara Kalpana having both internal and external uses. It is found to be used in Swastha and 48 different disease conditions among them maximum formulations have been found in Prameha, Trushna, Jwara, Kasa, etc. Yava is contraindicated in persons suffering from Amlapita (dyspesia), Grahani (malabsorption syndrome), and during the administration of Gandhaka rasayana. Yava is highly useful grain which should be consumed to promote health of individual and prevent disease conditions.