bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rahul Gandhi
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Rahul Gandhi, the former president of the Congress party, has many interests, from cooking to scuba diving to martial arts, Rahul is a man of multiple interests. He reads widely, and his taste is eclectic, ranging from Middle Eastern history to Chinese philosophy. Rahul values his privacy but gets very little of it because of the security detail around him. Even though he is continuously surrounded by people and lives enclosed in a security bubble, he has a good sense of the issues faced by most Indians. Rahul Gandhi is a respectful, personable, and discerning politician, yet can be a staunch critic of the state when required.
Sachin Pilot
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Sachin Pilot, a senior Congress politician, is the son of Rajesh Pilot who was also a Congress Party leader. Sachin has been a two-time MP, a union cabinet minister, an MLA, the state president of the Congress party, and now, the deputy chief minister of Rajasthan. Pilot played a significant role in building the Congress party’s organization in Rajasthan from the ground up. He started from the very bottom, focusing on the panchayat, zila parishad, and even dairy elections, and then working his way to state-level elections. Politics for him is not a profession. It is a way of life. It’s a 24/7 commitment to being with the people and the party.
International Trade and Investment Behaviour of Firms
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

During last four decades the world has been significantly impacted by globalization and rapid technological changes. This in turn had major effects on the global economy. Several developing and socialist economies that earlier followed closed door and import substitution policies started to open their economies to world trade and investments. Some such countries, as India, managed to achieve a degree of economic prosperity over the last few years after opening their economy. The analyses in this book show that there are significant benefits from international trade and investment to emerging economies that possess critical-level initial conditions in technology, infrastructure, and ease of doing business, and have friendly policies. Focusing on Indian firms, the book spans the period from the pre-reform era to the post-reform era, when the market was responding to policy reforms and global market dynamics. It analyses firm-level behaviour with systematic theory and corresponding rigorous econometrics and qualitative information from field study across the country. In the Pre-reforms era, it was mostly small and medium scale firms that contributed to exports while most large firms were inward oriented in search of monopoly profits. This changed significant in the Post-reform era owing increased competitive conditions especially multinational firms. Large firms started to play important role in international trade and investment behaviour by acquiring world class technology and organizational practices.
Empirical Analysis of International Trade and Investment Behaviour of Firms
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

This Chapter develops econometric modelling to test for relationships between firm size and exports under theoretical factors of technology, organization, and economies of scale. We measured different and relevant variables. We specified the equations based on a carefully formulated hypothesis taking into account non-linearity in relationships between dependent and independent variables. It econometrically tested for the relationship between firm size and international trade behaviour from different dimensions. Large firms with domestic market power and better access to imports were less export oriented than medium and small-scale firms. Small firms in general adopted labour-intensive production practices in tune with comparative advantage. Small firms that faced inefficient subcontract relations and those that reached a critical technological size went in for export markets with efficient payments arrangements. Consequently, about 50 per cent of India’s exports were accounted for by small and medium scale firms.
Resurgence, Part II
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

Large banks and their political allies waged a twenty-year campaign to secure legislation that would remove the structural buffers established by the Glass-Steagall and Bank Holding Company Acts. That campaign triumphed in 1999, when Congress passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). GLBA authorized the creation of financial holding companies that owned banks, securities firms, and insurance companies. In 2000, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA), which exempted over-the-counter derivatives from substantive regulation by the federal government or the states. GLBA and CFMA enabled large U.S. banks to become universal banks for the first time since the 1930s. Large U.S. securities firms responded by becoming shadow banks (and de facto universal banks) through their issuance of deposit substitutes (shadow deposits). Similar patterns of deregulation encouraged the growth of large universal banks in the U.K. and Europe. A group of seventeen U.S., U.K., and European financial conglomerates dominated global financial markets by 2000.
Brass Topics, Abbreviated Recapitulations, and the Bildungsreise
Authors: Mercer-Taylor Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter proceeds from a memorable passage near the end of the first movement of Felix Mendelssohn’s ‘Italian’ Symphony, where the woodwinds and brass unite in a forceful rendition of the opening gesture of the movement’s first subject. This fanfare in the coda represents the climactic stage in a process that has been at work since the start of this movement, a process that can be understood as an ingenious convergence of two of Mendelssohn’s well-established habits in orchestral sonata-form composition: deploying brass-related topics to generate a sense of closure and his tendency towards the drastic telescoping of recapitulations. The chapter further proposes that an autobiographical register might be at work in the movement’s distinctive deployment of rhetorical forces, asking whether we might discern here a meditation on Mendelssohn’s own journey towards personal maturity and independence.
Tallis
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

The composer Thomas Tallis (ca. 1505–November 1585) lived and worked through much of the turbulent Tudor period in England. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not just react to radical change: he thrived on it. He helped invent new musical styles to meet the demands of the English Reformation. He revived and reimagined older musical forms for a new era. Fewer than a hundred of his works have survived, but they are incredibly diverse, from miniature settings of psalms and hymns to a monumental forty-voice motet. In this new biography, author Kerry McCarthy traces Tallis’s long career from his youthful appointment at Dover Priory to his years as a senior member of the Chapel Royal. Each chapter is focused on an original document of his life or his music. The book also takes readers on a guided journey down the Thames to the palaces, castles, and houses where Tallis made music for the four monarchs he served. It ends with reflections on Tallis’s will, his epitaph (whose complete text McCarthy has recently rediscovered), and other postmortem remembrances that give us a glimpse of his significant place in the sixteenth-century musical world. A companion website illustrates the book with a broad selection of sound samples from Tallis’s works.
The Chapel Royal (1543–85), I
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

Tallis spent the last four decades of his life with the English Chapel Royal, singing and composing as a member of the private royal household. He held this post under four successive English monarchs. This is by far the best documented phase of his career, showing him as part of a close-knit musical community associated with the Chapel Royal. He lived through immense ideological and liturgical changes during his time at court; he soon found himself in one of the few situations in England where elaborate church music was still being cultivated by professional musicians. He experienced these forty years from an almost unique position of stability and power.
Social Class
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

Distinctions of social class were very strong in the Europe of earlier centuries. Musicians were considered to be in the lower classes of people who worked with their hands (or voices). People in these lower classes were not welcome in the new type of universities pioneered in nineteenth-century Germany. So musicians went to conservatories and the youth of the upper classes went to universities or received private academic instruction. The decline of conservatories in the United States has led to aspiring musicians attending universities instead of conservatories. In the process they receive an amateur curriculum developed originally for European dilettantes.
Little Masters, Real Masters, and Masterpieces
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

In the world of apprentices, journeymen, and masters, a masterpiece was a test piece completed as part of a claim to a master’s level of skill and status. In formal guilds there could be elaborate examinations, in which submitting a masterpiece was part of the process. In the Naples conservatories, advanced students could compose a large sacred work for chorus and instruments to demonstrate a professional level of skill. In between the masters who gave lessons to the conservatory children and the child apprentices who learned those lessons were a middle level of teaching assistants called “little masters” (mastricelli or maestrini). These were selected from advanced students who had passed qualifying examinations.
A Framework for Elaboration
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The bass motions known in Naples as movimenti, and the contrapuntal collocations associated with them, would rarely be presented plainly in a real composition. Apprentice composers needed to learn how to decorate and embellish the plain melodies. Because this usually involved inserting notes with lesser time values, these embellishments could be termed “diminutions.” Lessons from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries present dozens of ways in which to “diminish” a given melody or bass. Counterpoint itself could be thought of as a way of embellishing a given musical subject.
A Beaux-Arts Framework for Music
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The methods for composing taught at the Paris Conservatory were similar to the three-stage, sketch-draft-refinement model of the School of Fine Arts. The chapter describes how four masters translated this model into music lessons. François Bazin shows how to sketch and elaborate the harmonization of a given melody. Édouard Deldevez takes an unfigured partimento bass by Fenaroli and makes an elaborate analysis of it to determine how it should be realized. André Gedalge demonstrates how to first sketch and then refine an episode of a fugue. Lastly, Maurice Ravel creates a stage-by-stage analysis of a difficult passage from his own Noble and Sentimental Walzes.
Prehistoric Egypt
Authors: Köhler E. Christiana
Published: September 2020

Located in northeastern Africa, the Egyptian Nile valley was part of a very wide geographic network between the Sahara Desert, the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Levant, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. This chapter investigates the many different ecological, environmental, social, and economic factors that contributed to a gradual shift of the Nile valley’s populations from prehistoric hunting-gathering and pastoralist subsistence to a fully sedentary lifestyle and the emergence of agricultural village communities. While this process occurred comparatively later in the Egyptian Nile valley than in the Levant and Anatolia and may in part have been influenced by the latter regions, the valley’s populations quickly developed strategies to continuously manage the annual ecological cycles and benefit from the natural resources available. Over time these communities developed specialized craft industries and commercial centers along the Nile, which contributed in many different ways to the development of territorial polities and eventually the emergence of the world’s first territorial state, around 3000 bc.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Authors: Bárta Miroslav
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the vivid, dynamic, and multifaceted political history of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (twenty-sixth to twenty-second centuries bc). It focuses in particular on the evolution of Egyptian society and the role of state offices and bureaucracy in defining social status. The chapter surveys the available sources and environmental constraints, including the cyclical Nile floods, before analyzing the competition for status that drove social and political change, with a particular focus on the construction of funerary monuments. The chapter pays equal attention to the royal family and the other elites of the Old Kingdom. The state’s development is contextualized in external factors such as the constantly changing environment.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom in Contact with the World
Authors: Tallet Pierre
Published: September 2020

Throughout the Old Kingdom period, the Egyptian state maintained close relations with all the regions surrounding the Nile valley. At the time when the pharaonic state launched monumental construction projects—notably the building of the gigantic pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty—the exploitation of mineral resources in the desert margins and in more distant areas was sharply accentuated. The establishment of harbors on the Red Sea shore served to reach the south of the Sinai peninsula for the exploitation of copper and turquoise, as well as to bring back aromatics and exotic products from the land of Punt in the Bab el-Mandab area. The need for labor to realize building projects and develop the Egyptian infrastructure, for example as required to control major trade routes, led to repeated military raids against Libya, Nubia, and the Levant. Drawing on archaeology and written sources, including the tomb autobiographies of state officials of the Sixth Dynasty, this chapter offers perspectives on the complex military and diplomatic activities that linked the Old Kingdom to the surrounding regions.
The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World
Authors: Michalowski Piotr
Published: September 2020

This chapter is dedicated to the external relationships of the Sargonic (Old Akkadian) polity, often described as the world’s first empire, and focuses primarily on military and diplomatic matters. The kings of this dynasty reigned over all of southern and northern Babylonia as well as patchworks of outposts, trade routes, and territory in neighboring Iran and Syria for approximately two and a half centuries, although their reach varied over time. The martial exploits of its rulers were remembered by later generations of Mesopotamian scribes and poets, who fictionalized them for their own purposes. This chapter eschews such information, focusing exclusively on the critical evaluation of contemporary sources. The Akkad polity was the first successful state of such a large size in Western Asia, with armies and organizational structures that were developed for maintaining strong, centralized control over its peripheries and the unruly central provinces, which were prone to revolt. Its armies were engaged in constant warfare, putting down native rebellions and venturing far and wide in search of booty and access to metals and stone, but often also engaged in defensive actions in Iran, contending with the expansive activities of the powerful state of Marhaši to the east.
The Diplomatic Origins of Immigration Law
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the origins of immigration law in the United States. Until the late nineteenth century Congress created few rules to govern immigration, beyond setting a uniform rule for naturalization. Instead, presidents facilitated immigration through the negotiation of commercial treaties that ensured reciprocal protections for foreign nationals in the United States and Americans abroad—first with nations in Europe, and later with China during the California Gold Rush. State and local governments simultaneously acted as de facto regulators through the use of their inspection and taxation powers. In the 1880s, however, circumstances changed. In response to growing resentment of Chinese immigration on the West Coast and pressure from eastern seaboard states struggling to manage immigrant flows, Congress finally enacted significant legislation, passing the Chinese Exclusion Acts and beginning the American experiment with immigration restriction. By the close of the twentieth century, foreign affairs and national defense were no longer necessary contexts for the assertion of broad presidential leadership or power. Presidents continued to rely on their foreign affairs powers to significant effect through World War II, and diplomacy remains relevant to immigration policy today. But the rise of the administrative state and the President’s role in steering an ever-expanding bureaucracy ultimately became the preeminent source of executive authority to control immigration law.
Effects of Political Violence Exposure on the Family and Parenting Environment
Authors: Dubow Eric F. , Goodman Lynne C. , Boxer Paul , Niwa Erika Y. , Huesmann L. Rowell , Landau Simha F. , Gvirsman Shira Dvir , Shikaki Khalil , Smith Cathy
Published: September 2020

Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and parenting behaviors, and has deleterious effects on children’s development. In this chapter, we describe two overarching, complementary theoretical frameworks that can explain how exposure to political violence affects family functioning: Bronfenbrenner’s model of hierarchically nested ecological ecosystems and a related model within developmental psychology, the family stress model. Using data from our Palestinian-Israeli exposure to violence study, a prospective study of 1,501 Palestinian and Israeli families, we examine a mediational model showing that the family’s exposure to ethnic-political violence predicts negative family functioning (parental depressive symptoms and marital aggression), which in turn predicts subsequent harsh physical punishment toward one’s children.
On the Nature of the Wolf Species
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 23 focuses on wolves (gurg). This class of evil animals includes not only wolves proper, but also tigers, lions, owls, shark, and other species; some of these, such as the garzag, cannot be identified. The chapter describes how wolves were created directly by Ahriman. As in the case of other vermin, killing wolves is a virtuous act, and it is likely that there was a standard calculation for how many sins could be forgiven for each wolf killed.
On the Human Body as the Measure of the Material World
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 28 focuses on the idea of the correspondence between the microcosm (gēhān ī kōdak) and macrocosm (gēhān ī wuzurg), also found in Plato’s Timaeus. The chapter lays out in detail the parallels between parts of the human body and entities in the world, in particular the heavenly world of the Amahraspands. While surviving Zoroastrian Middle Persian literature does not include a complete medical text, this chapter sheds light on Iranian Zoroastrian theories of medicine and physiology, many of which have precedents in Greek thought.
On the Calamities That Have Befallen Iran, Millennium by Millennium
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 33 describes the events that occurred and will occur in each millennium from creation to the coming of the final savior, Sōšāns. While the first two millennia, covering creation and the thousand-year-long misrule of Dahāg, are passed over quickly, the following sections concisely recount the exploits of the central characters of Iranian myth. The next section lists a series of prophecies. Finally, the chapter turns to the end of days and the coming of three saviors, all of whom are posthumous sons of the prophet Zoroaster.
Breathe Practice Repeat
Authors: Jain Andrea R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter suggests we can better understand the apparent conflicts and contradictions of the practices and commitments of neoliberal spirituality by approaching it as both a body of religious practice and a neoliberal ethical complex. The chapter makes a case for the ways neoliberal spirituality reflects and affects adherents’ values and value systems. It argues that neoliberal spirituality can betray ritual, mythological, and other religious qualities, but it is also made up of industries that operate by the logic of multinational corporations, so consideration of the religious qualities of neoliberal spirituality generally need not (and should not) avoid a critique of neoliberalism itself. This chapter explains what is meant by neoliberalism and neoliberal governmentality and the ways they are embodied by the neoliberal subject who both dissents against neoliberal capitalism and consents to its domination.
Using a Dial Indicator
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Using a Dial Indicator: Various uses of this measuring tool as a guide to learning, without becoming a slave to it; the consideration of metric and inch systems of measuring.
Gouging
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

How to use the gouging machine and factors to consider in gouging cane for successful reeds.
The Reed Notebook
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

The importance of documenting our work, so we can keep track of success and failure.
Summary
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Overview and summary of the key points of the book.
Why Dehumanization Matters
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that dehumanization is a worldwide problem with deep historical roots, but it is also a growing problem around the world that promises to worsen in a future in which climate crises will turn more and more people into refugees on foreign soil. In order to know how to deal with the problem of dehumanization, we have to understand what it is and how it works. Dehumanization fuels the worst brutalities that human beings perpetrate against one another. It is not just a problem of the modern, industrialized world: this chapter argues that it has haunted humanity for millennia. There are traces of it in writings from the ancient civilizations to medieval characterizations and even in far-flung indigenous cultures.
Holocaust
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses how the Holocaust is a prime example of dehumanization. Indeed, the dehumanization of Jews was a central component of the Nazi program. And to date it represents the most explicit and thoroughly documented example of the dehumanization of a whole people. Much of what we can learn from the Holocaust can be applied to other cases of dehumanization too, because dehumanization always conforms to more or less the same pattern. Of course, there are individual variations, as each incident of dehumanization must be understood against the background of different historical and cultural contexts, and in response to different political forces. But these differences make their striking similarities all the more significant, suggesting that dehumanizing states of mind are grounded in some very general features of human psychology. The chapter shows how easy it is to slip into thinking of others as less than human in part because of how the human mind is configured.
Lynching
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the horrifying reality of lynching, as removed from the sanitized depictions often seen in media. Racist lynchings were not merely extrajudicial executions. They typically included torture and bodily mutilation, with the remains of the victim being picked through and saved as souvenirs and memorabilia. In addition, lynchings were often treated as festive, public gatherings. The chapter asks how such actions could be made psychologically possible, especially on such a large scale as during the Jim Crow era. Part of the answer lies in dehumanizing beliefs that many Whites held about Black people—especially Black men. Moreover, representations of Black people as subhuman animals were not confined to the popular press. They also bore the stamp of academic authority.
Racism
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter defines the term “racism” and considers the historical trajectory of this phenomenon. Racism is the belief that races exist and that some races are intrinsically superior to others. A person can be a racist, in this sense, even if they do not feel any hostility toward those whom they regard as their racial inferiors. With this definition, the chapter attempts to elaborate on the concept even further. It begins by discussing the meaning of “racial superiority” and how racists believe that each race has an “intrinsic value.” They think that the members of one race are objectively inferior or superior to the members of another just because of their racial identity, and, therefore, each race can be assigned a rank on a hierarchy of value. The idea that some races are superior to others thus results in the idea of a racial hierarchy.
Morality
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers multiple theories of dehumanization. More specifically, this chapter aims to examine conflicting understandings of what causes dehumanization or what its function is. Some people think of dehumanization as the failure to recognize the humanity of others. Another popular but incorrect theory is that when people conceive of other people as less than human, this is just an alibi to excuse their cruel and destructive acts. Yet another misleading assumption is the claim that dehumanization promotes “moral disengagement”—a kind of distancing that casts others out from the “universe of moral obligation.” The chapter elaborates on the moral disengagement idea in particular, as it is not precisely correct in theory. After all, the inhibitions that dehumanization undermines are moral ones, and the violence that it unleashes often has an intensely moralistic tone.
Monsters
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at when humans are made into monsters. When people seek to dehumanize others, they commonly describe the objects of their fear, hatred, and disgust as monsters (or demons, devils, and fiends, which amount to the same thing), either explicitly or implicitly. The chapter considers how, through dehumanization, people come to think of others as monsters. To understand how this happens, the chapter forms a clear idea of what monsters are. It coins the term “metaphysical threat” to describe this dehumanizing phenomenon. If everything that exists is in some sense “natural,” then metaphysically threatening things are disturbingly unnatural. They are lesions in the orderly cosmos.
Flowers Blooming on a Withered Tree
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2020

This volume, containing a translation, annotations, and historical studies of Giun’s (1200–1253) Verse Comments on Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye (Shōbōgenzō honmokuju), represents the initial book-length contribution to a crucial though previously unnoticed sub-field in Japanese Buddhist studies involving text-historical and literary-philological examinations of a key example of the copious premodern collections of annotations and interpretations of the masterwork of Zen master Dōgen. It is the first study of the life and thought of Giun and of the 60-fascicle version of Dōgen’s masterwork, which are crucial for understanding the history of the Sōtō Zen Buddhist sect’s intellectual development. The main translation of this text consists of four-line verses and capping phrases composed by Giun, accompanied by additional capping phrases that were contributed by an eighteenth-century commentator, Katsusdō Honkō. The book also provides an examination of the background and influences exerted on and by Giun’s Verse Comments in relation to various aspects of Dōgen’s writings and Zen thought in China and Japan.
Selected Supplementary Poems by Giun and Other Relevant Monk-Poets
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2020

This chapter features a representative selection of additional kanbun poems composed by Giun and several other prominent monk-poets from the Sōtō and Rinzai schools in China and Japan. The work of those monks is particularly relevant for providing a context by which to understand the crucial role played by the fifth Eiheiji abbot in shaping the early-medieval history of Zen’s approach to studying Dōgen’s Treasury by appropriating Chinese poetic sources, including interpretations of the doctrine of the Five Ranks, and embracing key elements of the boundary-crossing Wanshi-ha movement’s literary standpoint for Zen training. Following an introductory discussion, two main parts of the chapter cover more than twenty translated verses in all.
Winning by Threat of Force
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

Cliven Bundy has grazed livestock on federal land through the last three sagebrush rebellions. The story of the Bundy family ranch, northeast of Las Vegas, Nevada, illustrates the frustrations that many ranchers had with evolving federal land management over the last fifty years, as they went from being the dominant users of federal rangeland to one of multiple, competing users. It also illustrates some of the dominant ideologies and arguments that drove the last three conservative rebellions against federal authority, particularly those rooted in American civil religion and popular constitutionalism. And it encapsulates the evolution of western rebellion, from a regional, political challenge to federal authority to one that drew armed support from across the national. Having faced down federal law enforcement with armed militias, the Bundy family continues to graze livestock on federal land without authorization.
“This Precious Heritage of Desert”
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

The Sagebrush Rebellion erupted in 1979 out of anger over changing federal land law and management. In particular, many westerners were frustrated by expanding restrictions on grazing and road access, which threatened economic development. The Nevada State Legislature launched the rebellion when it passed legislation claiming ownership of all unreserved federal lands within its boundaries. Other western states followed Nevada. The Sagebrush Rebellion helped elected Ronald Reagan to the White House, and his first interior secretary, James Watt, gave considerably more control over federal land management to the states, thereby effectively ending the rebellion.
Sagebrush Rebels and the New Face of Conservative Politics
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

The broader political story of the Sagebrush Rebellion is less about roads or grazing AUMs; it is about how a regional challenge to federal authority in the West aligned with challenges from both business interests and religious conservatives in the New Right. Like the sagebrush rebels, conservative business and religious leaders were fighting back against the federal government, which had expanded its regulatory footprint dramatically in the rights revolution and environmental movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Together they forged a new coalition aimed at bringing conservatives to office and slashing the federal government’s regulatory power. And together they built a conservative infrastructure that would support future sagebrush rebellions and that eventually made opposition to federal land authority part of the conservative platform.
Radical Right Populists and Group Formation in the European Parliament
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

This chapter first discusses in depth the book’s core concept of “radical right populist”, before examining the history of co-operation (and mostly non-cooperation) between radical right populists in the European Parliament. It sets out the main theories, in particular policy congruence, which have been used to explain why parties form groups in the European Parliament. It then looks at how these theories might apply to radical right populist parties. Finally, the chapter presents the data and methods used in the study. These include Chapel Hill Expert Survey data, EP group finance and voting behaviour data, as well as interviews conducted with representatives and officials from a wide range of radical right populist parties and their allies.
From International Populism to Transnational Populism
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

The final chapter summarises the book’s main findings and their significance. It then considers the future for radical right populists at European level and the factors for and against the creation of a lasting, unique, ideologically homogenous radical right populist group. These include the potentially unifying effects of the post-Brexit withdrawal of the UK Conservatives and UKIP, and divisive issues such as the very diverse attitudes to Russia and Vladimir Putin found among radical right populists. The chapter argues that, given greater public support for EU membership and the fact that the chief concern of radical right populists, namely immigration, is perceived first and foremost as a European issue, radical right populists are likely in the coming years to continue to mix “international populism” and “transnational populism”, by presenting themselves not just as saviours of their nations, but of Europe.
Advice to the Leaders of the Islamic State
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter features and analyses a text published on 24 January 2018 via a social media group affiliated with the Islamic State’s central media office. The text, an e-book titled Advice for the leaders and soldiers of the Islamic State, was attributed to Abd al-Munim bin Izz al-Din al-Badawi, better known as Abu Hamzah al-Muhajir, the former prime minister and minister of war for the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). First officially published in Arabic and made available online by the organization’s printing press, the Himmah Library, in the Hijri year 1428 (which spanned the Gregorian year 2007), the volume has two sections, ‘Advice for the Leaders of the Islamic State’ and ‘Advice for the Soldiers of the Islamic State’, which offer thirty pieces of ‘advice’ to leaders and thirty-one to soldiers about how best to pursue the aims of the Islamic State’s insurgency. The first half is the subject of this chapter.
The Declaration of the Islamic State in Iraq and Al-Sham
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 features Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s announcement on 8 April 2013 that the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) had changed its name to the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS). Emerging as leader in May 2010, Baghdadi was pivotal in continuing the group’s revival in Iraq. However, when the Arab Spring reached neighboring Syria in early 2011, within months war had broken out and, in January 2012, Baghdadi sent ISI members to join the war effort. Under the title of Jabhat al-Nusra (JN) and the leadership of Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani, they quickly built a reputation for their military prowess and outreach strategies but their link to ISI was publicly unknown. When Baghdadi declared that JN was an extension of his group in his 2013 announcement, it had seismic effects for the global jihad triggering a bitter conflict between ISIS and al-Qaida.
Media Jihad
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the Islamic State’s field-guide on propaganda. Entitled, ‘Media Operative, You Are Also a Mujahid,’ it was published in April 206 by the Islamic State’s official propaganda channel on the social media platform Telegram. The identity of the author was not provided, but the text was attributed to the group’s central publishing house, al-Himmah Publications. A ‘revised and updated’ edition of a similar booklet that appeared in a video produced by the group the year before, it straddled the middle ground between ‘jihadi strategic studies’ and more stereotypically exhortative propaganda. The document was conceived with a view to setting out the importance of propaganda and eschewing the concerns of media operatives that they, as cameramen not gunmen, were participating in a watered-down version of jihad.
Defining Success and Failure
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 12 features Abu Muhammad al-Adnani’s May 2016 speech, ‘That They Live By Proof’, which was translated and published by Islamic State’s al-Hayat Media. At the time of this speech, it was becoming apparent that coalition efforts were taking its toll on the movement. As never before in its history, the Islamic State now had international provinces across the Middle East, Africa, and Asia as well as supporters throughout the West who were willing to assist the movement as online propaganda ‘fanboys’ or terrorists behind enemy lines. Adnani’s speech is significant for three reasons. First, it contrasts the definitions and timelines of success and failure of the Islamic State and its enemies. Second, it reveals how the Islamic State’s leadership tried to prepare its supporters for future losses. Third, as Adnani’s final speech before he was killed in September 2016, it represents a significant signpost in the movement’s history.
Arthur Conan Doyle to 1893
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter opens with the declaration of war between Britain and the Boer Republics on 11 October 1899 and the reaction to it of 40-year-old Arthur Conan Doyle, who believed that the war would be over in a matter of months. It investigates Conan Doyle’s Scottish background: his family’s poverty, his father’s alcoholism, his resilient mother and the many siblings for whom he felt responsible. It draws readers’ attention to Conan Doyle’s autobiographical novel The Stark Munro Letters for a picture of his early years of struggle to succeed in medical practice. It describes his breakthrough as a writer and his happy marriage to Louise ‘Touie’ Hawkins; the success of the Sherlock Holmes stories allowed him to give up practicing as a doctor and to write full-time. The chapter concludes when Touie is diagnosed with consumption, ‘the great misfortune,’ as Conan Doyle said, ‘which darkened and deflected our lives.’
Arthur Conan Doyle, Bloemfontein and Pretoria
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter follows Arthur Conan Doyle on his journey with Langman’s Field Hospital from Cape Town to Bloemfontein, where he arrived just after the Battle of Sanna’s Post (Koornspruit), and the seizure by Boer commandos of the town’s waterworks. He had thought he would be dealing with the battle-wounded, but within days the Field Hospital was overwhelmed with cases of typhoid (enteric fever); the medics gave out their address as Café Enterique, Boulevard des Microbes. Meanwhile Doyle was gathering material for his history of the war, and writing it up. When the typhoid crisis was over, he travelled to Pretoria to make an official report on medical services, and while there visited Waterval, where 3000 British and Imperial soldiers had been held as POWs by the Boers.
Mary Kingsley, Simon’s Town
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter follows Mary Kingsley to Simon’s Town and the Palace Barracks Hospital, where, from the beginning of April 1900, she was nursing Boer prisoners who, weakened during the ten-day Battle of Paardeberg when their only water was the carcass-choked Modder River, had fallen victim to typhoid. It quotes from her letters that give in graphic detail a picture of the terrible conditions in which she worked, of the delirious patients, of the ghastly deaths. Kingsley herself contracted typhoid from her patients, which led to a perforated bowel, and, after an unsuccessful operation, her death at the age of 37. She was buried at sea with full military honors. Her death is memorialized by Kipling in his poem ‘Dirge of Dead Sisters’.
Mary Kingsley
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at Kingsley’s post-mortem legacy: most immediately how her concern for Boer POWS was translated by her friend Alice Stopford Green into an investigation of the dire conditions in which exiled Boers were held on St Helena. Journalist E. D. Morel was a great admirer of Mary Kingsley and her ideas on indirect rule lay behind his creation of the Congo Reform Association, which campaigned vigorously against the atrocities visited on the people of the Congo by the regime of Leopold II of Belgium. Kingsley’s friends Alice Stopford Green, John Holt and Roger Casement were also closely involved with the Congo Reform Association. Kingsley’s critique of cultural imperialism was the inspiration for the African Society, which promoted the kind of ethnology she had championed, while her researches into the terrible mortality of Europeans in West Africa inspired the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine’s Mary Kingsley Medal.
Rudyard Kipling
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the period of creativity Kipling entered into on his return from South Africa in 1900, and in particular the farewell stories he wrote to – and about – his daughter Josephine, who had died in 1899. The reader is shown how, at the same time, Kipling was becoming increasingly embittered with the South African War, and how angry he was made by the Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902. The chapter analyses the stories that came out of the war, and argues that with a few exceptions Kipling failed to find inspiration in South Africa and was turning instead to England, its landscape and pre-history. The chapter ends with an examination of Kipling’s famous poem ‘If–’.
Pluralism and Public-Private Relationships in the Field of Cultural Production
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the coordination, cooperation, and competition between the federal government and private philanthropic organizations. As a federal agency, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) was mandated to serve broadly the interests of all citizens, groups, and communities. Private foundations, on the other hand, could decide to uniquely tailor their chosen missions. Regardless of differences in institutional practices and operation, however, the NEA, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation collectively served as weathervanes in the field. Their “seals of approval” guided the decision making of individual patrons, smaller foundations, state art agencies, and corporations. Furthermore, their matching requirements concentrated winners and excluded losers because most often, grantees already possessed other sources of social and economic capital. After the Tax Reform Act of 1969, foundations and the federal government found even more reasons to communicate and cooperate with one another, including at high-powered gatherings like Rockefeller’s “How Can Foundations Help the Arts?” meeting in 1974.
The Ford Foundation, Matching Grants, and Endowment Building
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Ford Foundation’s predominantly economics- and finance-based expertise, and the way it sustained the country’s largest and most expensive performing arts institutions: orchestras, operas, and conservatories. Ford accomplished its goals primarily through matching grants and endowments, hoping with matching requirements to diversify organizations’ funding sources and expand the public’s commitment to local arts. Based on the expert advice of economists and administrators, Ford intended endowments to be a permanent source of income for orchestras and conservatories, if they managed the invested principal properly. In practice, however, wealthy individuals on boards of trustees for institutions such as the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Juilliard School solidified their personal, social connections to elicit five-, six-, and sometimes seven-figure gifts. In general, ordinary citizens and the local community did not participate, and as a result, broad-based support never materialized. Orchestras and conservatories came back knocking on the foundation’s door again and again.
The Progressive Mind and the Islamist Challenge
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

At the millennium a progressive consensus influenced and constrained western democratic behaviour. The new consensus transcended conventional party politics. Its more prominent exponents considered developed states without enemies. It was no longer implausible to embed a realistic utopia, where global citizens, cherishing minority rights, would enable cosmopolitan democracy to flourish in a world society. This ambitious project pursued the universal emancipation of the culturally and colonially oppressed. Yet when the progressive mind encountered a rejection of its values expressed in a politically religious, Islamist idiom, it refused to countenance it. Assuming all problems available to rational solution, the progressive liberal order dismissed faith-based rejections of its universally shared, but essentially secular norms. The consequences of this rejection were fateful. Political Islam, in an absolutist mode, found the west’s commitment to secularism, democracy and progress delusional. This chapter explores the manner in which a distinctively Islamist idiom of expression, that in an extreme form, countenanced violence to instantiate its apocalyptic version of the end of history, rejected the secular liberal vision, but found in its tolerance, technological resources helpful to the promulgation of its postmodern message, in the Muslim world and across Europe.
Maxims or Axioms?
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

After the fall of the Berlin Wall the West set off to re-make the world. Its abstract norms and progressive values set the global agenda. The consequences proved disastrous, and not only for the West. In these circumstances of revisionism abroad and populism at home, is it possible to recuperate a more circumscribed international vision that recognizes that universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation, but require filtering through the concrete circumstances of time and place? In order to examine the utility of such prudent counsel, this chapter first elucidates the limitations of the liberal, normative, rationalist approach to war and peace and its unintended fragmentation of the global order after 2008. We shall then consider how earlier European thinking, at the inception of the modern state, about the nature of state interest and the supreme virtue in politics, prudence. Prudence is a virtue that does not signal, but weighs the consequences of alternative political actions. This chapter further considers how a prudent statecraft might more usefully inform the conduct of US and European foreign policy today.