bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Frenkel’s theory of sintering considering evolution of activated pores: I. Confirmation of the time constant
Authors: Yu C.L. , Gao D.P. , Xu C.B. , Tang N.B. , Zhao T.
Published: September 2014

Frenkel?s theory of liquid-phase sintering was interpreted regarding pores as
the activated component. The data of isothermal sintering shrinkage vs. time
of the cordierite glass by Giess et al. are trained using the model by
Nikolic et al. to obtain the relative density at varied temperatures and
time. Then, the time constants are obtained as 1998.86mins, 388.21mins,
89.79mins and 26.11mins at 800?C, 820?C, 840?C and 860?C, respectively. The
calculated time constants are close to that by the theoretical calculation,
deviation of which arises from the fact that particle size is variable during
the sintering process. The time constant determination is crucial to the
research of the whole sintering process.
Synthesis and characterization of Cu-ZrB2 alloy produced by PM techniques
Authors: Ruzic J. , Stasic J. , Markovic S. , Raic K. , Bozic D.
Published: September 2014

The copper alloy with 7vol.% ZrB2 examined in this study was consolidated via
powder metallurgy processing (PM) by combining mechanical alloying and hot
pressing process. Structural changes, morphological properties and elemental
analysis of the hotpressed samples were studied as a function of milling time
with the use of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Also, mechanical
properties of the Cu-7vol.%ZrB2 alloy was investigated. Distribution of ZrB2
particles and presence of agglomerates in the Cu matrix directly depend on
the milling time and show strong influence on hardness, compressive and
electrical properties of Cu-ZrB2 alloys.
Mechanical activation as sintering pre-treatment of talc for steatite ceramics
Authors: Terzic A. , Andric Lj. , Stojanovic J. , Obradovic N. , Kostovic M.
Published: September 2014

The effect of vibratory mill induced mechanical activation on the change of
the particle size, crystallinity and the phase transformations of the
minerals present in the activated material, was studied with the purpose of
decreasing of the sintering temperature of talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) as raw
material which is the basic component of the steatite ceramics. The aims of
the conducted investigation were, also, increasing of the reactivity of the
comminuted raw material and establishing of the optimal activation period.
The properties of the activated talc induced by mechanical force were
expressed in form of the grain inertia change which was measured by means of
automatic grain counter. Mechanically activated grains are the most
convenient mineral form for physical concentration since the energy change of
the mill-material system is recorded on them. The effect of dry grinding on
the structure, particle size and shape of talc was studied by means of XRD,
DTA and SEM/EDS methods. Activation of talc produced an increase of the
starting surface area value progressively from 4.5 m2/g up to a maximum of
108.5 m2/g achieved at 30 min. A subsequent decrease of rate of surface area
change and the rate of size reduction were observed following the prolonged
grinding. Talc activated in vibratory mill for optimal 30 min showed
properties which positively influence the decrease of sintering temperature
and the increase of the sintering rate of steatite ceramics.
Exercise Before and During Pregnancy Prevents the Deleterious Effects of Maternal High-Fat Feeding on Metabolic Health of Male Offspring
Authors: Stanford Kristin I. , Lee Min-Young , Getchell Kristen M. , So Kawai , Hirshman Michael F. , Goodyear Laurie J.
Published: September 2014

The intrauterine environment during pregnancy is a critical factor in the development of diabetes and obesity in offspring. To determine the effects of maternal exercise during pregnancy on the metabolic health of offspring, 6-week-old C57BL/6 virgin female mice were fed a chow (21%) or high-fat (60%) diet and divided into four subgroups: trained (housed with running wheels for 2 weeks preconception and during gestation), prepregnancy trained (housed with running wheels for 2 weeks preconception), gestation trained (housed with running wheels during gestation), or sedentary (static cages). Male offspring were chow fed, sedentary, and studied at 8, 12, 24, 36, and 52 weeks of age. Offspring from chow-fed dams that trained both before and during gestation had improved glucose tolerance beginning at 8 weeks of age and continuing throughout the 1st year of life, and at 52 weeks of age had significantly lower serum insulin concentrations and percent body fat compared with all other groups. High-fat feeding of sedentary dams resulted in impaired glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin concentrations, and increased percent body fat in offspring. Remarkably, maternal exercise before and during gestation ameliorated the detrimental effect of a maternal high-fat diet on the metabolic profile of offspring. Exercise before and during pregnancy may be a critical component for combating the increasing rates of diabetes and obesity.
Combination Therapies Prevent the Neuropathic, Proinflammatory Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Dominguez James M. , Yorek Mark A. , Grant Maria B.
Published: September 2014

We previously showed that peripheral neuropathy of the bone marrow was associated with loss of circadian rhythmicity of stem/progenitor cell release into the circulation. Bone marrow neuropathy results in dramatic changes in hematopoiesis that lead to microvascular complications, inflammation, and reduced endothelial repair. This series of events represents early pathogenesis before development of diabetic retinopathy. In this study we characterized early alterations within the bone marrow of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats following treatments that prevent experimental peripheral neuropathy. We asked whether bone marrow neuropathy and the associated bone marrow pathology were reversed with treatments that prevent peripheral neuropathy. Three strategies were tested: inhibition of neutral endopeptidase, inhibition of aldose reductase plus lipoic acid supplementation, and insulin therapy with antioxidants. All strategies prevented loss of nerve conduction velocity resulting from STZ-induced diabetes and corrected the STZ-induced diabetes–associated increase of immunoreactivity of neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, and somatostatin. The treatments also reduced concentrations of interleukin-1β, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 in STZ-induced diabetic bone marrow supernatant and decreased the expression of NADPH oxidase 2, nitric oxide synthase 2, and nuclear factor-κB1 mRNA in bone marrow progenitor cells. These therapies represent novel approaches to attenuate the diabetic phenotype within the bone marrow and may constitute an important therapeutic strategy for diabetic microvascular complications.
Discrepancy Analysis of Activity Sequences
Authors: Kim Kihong
Published: September 2014

Sequence alignment, also known as optimal matching, has recently received new attention for use in analysis of activity patterns. The method is almost always combined with a data reduction technique, such as clustering analysis. The cluster-based approach is powerful for discovery of a typology of activity patterns of people. However, the use of the combination of the sequence alignment and cluster analysis methodologies does not seem to be successful for the identification of diverse factors that would affect activity sequence patterns. This outcome is because the loss of too much information may occur when the set of activity sequences is reduced to a small number of clusters. This paper proposes the use of a new combination of the sequence alignment and discrepancy analysis methodologies instead of the cluster-based approach. As a generalization of the principle of analysis of variance, discrepancy analysis allows the association between activity sequences characterized by a pairwise distance matrix and one or more covariates to be evaluated. In addition, an induction tree complements the sequence discrepancy analysis and displays how individual activity sequences vary with the value of covariates.
Ahead of the Game: The Use of Gaming to Enhance Knowledge of Psychopharmacology
Authors: Beek Terra S. , Boone Cheryl , Hubbard Grace
Published: September 2014

Experiential teaching strategies have the potential to more effectively help students with critical thinking than traditional lecture formats. Gaming is an experiential teaching–learning strategy that reinforces teamwork, interaction, and enjoyment and introduces the element of play. Two Bachelor of Science in Nursing students and a clinical instructor created a Jeopardy!
®
-style game to enhance understanding of psychopharmacology, foster student engagement in the learning process, and promote student enjoyment during clinical postconference. The current article evaluates the utility, relevance, and effectiveness of gaming using a Jeopardy!
®
-style format for the psychiatric clinical setting. Students identified the strengths of this learning activity as increased awareness of knowledge deficits, as well as the reinforcement of existing knowledge and the value of teamwork. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 52
(12), 24–28.]
Comparison of Visual and Refractive Outcomes Following Femtosecond Laser-Assisted LASIK With SMILE in Patients With Myopia or Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Ganesh Sri , Gupta Rishika
Published: September 2014

PURPOSE:

To compare the visual and refractive outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK with small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in terms of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, aberrations, and dry eye.

METHODS:

A single-center prospective randomized study in which patients diagnosed as having myopia presenting for refractive correction were allocated to either a LASIK or SMILE group. The primary outcome measures were refractive efficacy, predictability, and safety, postoperative contrast sensitivity, aberrations, and dry eye status. Patients were followed up at days 1 and 15 and 3 months; postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), aberrations, dry eye, and contrast sensitivity were recorded and compared to preoperative data. Two postoperative subjective questionnaires were used to assess pain, pricking sensation, redness, glare, and overall patient satisfaction.

RESULTS:

At day 1 postoperatively, 48 (96%) of 50 eyes in the SMILE group achieved a UCVA of 20/20 compared with 46 (92%) of 50 eyes in the LASIK group. At day 15 postoperatively, contrast sensitivity was similar in the two groups (
P
= .15), but by 3 months, it was better in the SMILE group than the LASIK group at all spatial frequencies (
P
< .0001). At 3 months postoperatively, 42 (84%) eyes in each group achieved a UCVA of 20/20, with 6 (12%) eyes in the SMILE group and 2 (4%) eyes in the LASIK group achieving 20/15. Higher-order aberrations at 3 months postoperatively were significantly higher in the LASIK group (0.437 ± 0.103 µm) than in the SMILE group (0.267 ± 0.07 µm;
P
< .001). Postoperative dry eye and glare were significantly more common following LASIK (
P
< .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Three-month results demonstrate that refractive accuracy, dry eye, contrast, and induced aberrations are better following SMILE rather than LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(9):590–596.]
Reducing the Risks to Health Care Workers from Blood and Body Fluid Exposure in a Small Rural Hospital in Thabo-Mofutsanyana, South Africa
Authors: Nkoko Litsitso , Spiegel Jerry , Rau Asta , Parent Stephanie , Yassi Annalee
Published: September 2014

Health care workers in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of acquiring bloodborne diseases. A training program was launched to build the capacity of occupational health nurses to design and implement workplace-based projects. The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health care workers regarding blood and body fluid exposures in a small district hospital in a rural area of the Free State in South Africa. Under the guidance of two experienced mentors, an occupational health nurse designed a knowledge, attitudes, and practices questionnaire and distributed it to 101 health care workers at risk throughout the hospital; 88% of questionnaires were returned in sealed envelopes. Limited knowledge and ineffective practices were documented. For example, only 54.3% of the respondents reported that needles should never be recapped. A significant correlation ( p < .001) was found between limited knowledge and recent blood and body fluid exposure. The study results provided the occupational health nurse with data to address the knowledge, attitudes, and practices deficits by implementing an injury prevention educational intervention. Such training initiatives can decrease the burden of occupational disease among health care workers in rural low-resourced areas.
Tuberculosis Screening of New Hospital Employees
Authors: Foster-Chang Sarah A. , Manning Mary L. , Chandler Laura
Published: September 2014

Selection of the most suitable test(s) for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection should be based on purpose, setting, effectiveness, and cost. Two tests are available to screen for latent TB: the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the more recent interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). Based on the administrative, logistic, and technical ease of use, an IGRA trial was initiated by the occupational health department at an urban Veteran's Administration health care facility for TB screening of new employees. As a result, new employees completing the pre-placement process within the organization's designated 14 days increased from 77% to 97%, new employee clearance to work time decreased from 13.18 to 5.91 days, and new employee TB screening costs were reduced by 40%. The IGRA is an acceptable alternative to the TST and has significant potential to improve the process of pre-placement TB screening.
Intrinsic Factors Associated with Pregnancy Falls
Authors: Wu Xuefang , Yeoh Han T.
Published: September 2014

Approximately 25% to 27% of women sustain a fall during pregnancy, and falls are associated with serious injuries and can affect pregnancy outcomes. The objective of the current study was to identify intrinsic factors associated with pregnancy that may contribute to women's increased risk of falls. A literature search (Medline and Pubmed) identified articles published between January 1980 and June 2013 that measured associations between pregnancy and fall risks, using an existing fall accident investigation framework. The results indicated that physiological, biomechanical, and psychological changes associated with pregnancy may influence the initiation, detection, and recovery phases of falls and increase the risk of falls in this population. Considering the logistic difficulties and ethnic concerns in recruiting pregnant women to participate in this investigation of fall risk factors, identification of these factors could establish effective fall prevention and intervention programs for pregnant women and improve birth outcomes.
Quantifying Urban Sprawl with Spatial Autocorrelation Techniques using Multi-Temporal Satellite Data
Authors: Nolè Gabriele , Lasaponara Rosa , Lanorte Antonio , Murgante Beniamino
Published: September 2014

This study deals with the use of satellite TM multi-temporal data coupled with statistical analyses to quantitatively estimate urban expansion and soil consumption for small towns in southern Italy. The investigated area is close to Bari and was selected because highly representative for Italian urban areas. To cope with the fact that small changes have to be captured and extracted from TM multi-temporal data sets, we adopted the use of spectral indices to emphasize occurring changes, and geospatial data analysis to reveal spatial patterns. Analyses have been carried out using global and local spatial autocorrelation, applied to multi-date NASA Landsat images acquired in 1999 and 2009 and available free of charge. Moreover, in this paper each step of data processing has been carried out using free or open source software tools, such as, operating system (Linux Ubuntu), GIS software (GRASS GIS and Quantum GIS) and software for statistical analysis of data (R). This aspect is very important, since it puts no limits and allows everybody to carry out spatial analyses on remote sensing data. This approach can be very useful to assess and map land cover change and soil degradation, even for small urbanized areas, as in the case of Italy, where recently an increasing number of devastating flash floods have been recorded. These events have been mainly linked to urban expansion and soil consumption and have caused loss of human lives along with enormous damages to urban settlements, bridges, roads, agricultural activities, etc. In these cases, remote sensing can provide reliable operational low cost tools to assess, quantify and map risk areas.
Agricultural and Environmental Applications of RFID Technology
Authors: Zayou Rahma , Besbe Mohamed Amine , Hamam Habib
Published: September 2014

RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology bridges two technologies in the area of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), namely Product Code (PC) technology and Wireless technology. This broad-based rapidly expanding technology impacts business, environment and society. The operating principle of an RFID system is as follows. The reader starts a communication process by radiating an electromagnetic wave. This wave will be intercepted by the antenna of the RFID tag, placed on the item to be identified. An induced current will be created at the tag and will activate the integrated circuit, enabling it to send back a wave to the reader. The reader redirects information to the host where it will be processed. RFID is used for wide range of applications in almost every field (Health, education, industry, security, management …). In this review paper, the authors will focus on agricultural and environmental applications.
Unveiling the Cognitive Mechanisms of Eyes
Authors: Wang Yingxu
Published: September 2014

Eyes as the unique organ possess intensively direct connections to the brain and dynamically perceptual accessibility to the mind. This paper analyzes the cognitive mechanisms of eyes not only as the sensory of vision, but also the browser of internal memory in thinking and perception. The browse function of eyes is created by abstract conditioning of the eye's tracking pathway for accessing internal memories, which enables eye movements to function as the driver of the perceptive thinking engine of the brain. The dual mechanisms of the eyes as both the external sensor of the brain and the internal browser of the mind are explained based on evidences and cognitive experiences in cognitive informatics, neuropsychology, cognitive science, and brain science. The finding on the experiment's internal browsing mechanism of eyes reveals a crucial role of eyes interacting with the brain for accessing internal memory and the cognitive knowledge base in thinking, perception, attention, consciousness, learning, memorization, and inference.
Ordering
Authors: Jan Sahib , Schwering Angela , Wang Jia , Chipofya Malumbo
Published: September 2014

Sketch maps are externalizations of cognitive maps which are typically distorted, schematized, incomplete, and generalized. Processing spatial information from sketch maps automatically requires reliable formalizations which are not subject to schematization, distortion or other cognitive effects in sketch maps. Based on previous empirical work, the authors identified different sketch aspects such as ordering, topology and orientation to align and integrate spatial information from sketch maps with metric maps qualitatively. This research addresses the question how these qualitative sketch aspects can be formalized for a computational approach for sketch map alignment. In this study, the authors focus on the ordering aspect: ordering of landmarks and street segments along routes and around junctions. The authors first investigate different qualitative representations and propose suitable representations to formalize these aspects. The proposed representations capture qualitative relations between spatial objects in the form of qualitative constraint networks. The authors then evaluate the proposed representations by testing the accuracy of qualitative constraints between sketched objects and their corresponding objects in a metric map. The results of the evaluation show that the proposed representations are suitable for the alignment of spatial objects from sketch maps with metric maps.
Architecting Software as a Service for Data Centric Cloud Applications
Authors: Mandal Amit Kr , Changder Suvamoy , Sarkar Anirban , Debnath Narayan C.
Published: September 2014

Software as a service (SaaS) is a new software development and deployment paradigm over the cloud. It offers Information Technology services dynamically as “on-demand” basis. The related application data are stored in the data centers managed by the Cloud Service Providers. Many enterprises are facing a major research challenge due to the unavailability of generic cloud architecture for designing, developing and deploying of cloud services. In this paper a flexible architecture for SaaS has been proposed, specifically for data centric cloud applications which may have access to heterogeneous types of databases. The architecture is composed of several layers, which are interacting with each other through the dynamically selected access points of the corresponding layers interfaces. The paper also enlisted the crucial features for SaaS architectural model. Moreover, a detailed comparative study has been done among the proposed SaaS architectural framework and other existing similar proposals based on the listed features.
Assessment of the Contribution of Crowd Sourced Data to Post-Earthquake Building Damage Detection
Authors: Hassanzadeh Reza , Nedovic-Budic Zorica
Published: September 2014

This paper compares the results of building damage detection based on Crowd Sourced (CS) data, image processing of remotely sensed (RS) data and predictive modelling with institutional spatial data (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI). In particular, it focuses on the contribution of Crowd Sourcing to detecting post-earthquake building damages, while also considering the integration of Crowd Sourced with two other data sources (RS and modelling). To simulate CS data submission following the 2003 earthquake in Bam City (Iran) a survey was administered to the population which experienced the earthquake. The results obtained from this and two other sources are compared with the Actual Earthquake (AE) data by cross-tabulation analysis and McNemar's Chi Square Test. When assessed against AE data, the average accuracy levels of assessments based on the use of RS data and CS data integrated with each RS data and predictive modelling and with both, show a statistically significant increase relative to the predictive modelling. While this research does not provide for a full assessment of the value of CS data alone and in fact finds it slightly inferior to predictive modelling, it suggests that Crowd Sourcing could be a useful source of information, especially if combined with other sources.
Risk Reduction in Natural Disaster Management Through Information Systems
Authors: Schryen Guido , Wex Felix
Published: September 2014

Natural disasters, including earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions, have caused tremendous harm and continue to threaten millions of humans and various infrastructure capabilities each year. In their efforts to take countermeasures against the threats posed by future natural disasters, the United Nations formulated the “Hyogo Framework for Action”, which aims at assessing and reducing risk. This framework and a global review of disaster reduction initiatives of the United Nations acknowledge the need for information systems research contributions in addressing major challenges of natural disaster management. In this paper, the authors provide a review of the literature with regard to how information systems research has addressed risk assessment and reduction in natural disaster management. Based on the review the authors identify research gaps that are centered around the need for acquiring general knowledge on how to design IS artifacts for risk assessment and reduction. In order to close these gaps in further research, the authors develop a research agenda that follows the IS design science paradigm.
Emergency Management Information System Support Rectifying First Responder Role Abandonment During Extreme Events
Authors: Noble Keith T. , White Connie , Turoff Murray
Published: September 2014

Role abandonment once was considered unlikely by research scientists; however emergency management officials have experienced catastrophic events that counter prior assumptions. Event types such as deluges and pandemics surface as scenarios supporting one set of examples. The authors explore a different angle, focusing on individual practitioners including: (1) fire, (2) police and (3) emergency medical services. Surveys were taken by the various practitioner group types. Results suggested that there may be role abandonment issues, differing from one practitioner type to another, each with unique reasons given the event type. Although communities and individual emergency officials may never encounter such situations, it's imperative that this event type be taken into account during the design and implementation of disaster management systems. Systems developed should be designed to support and modify needs given the size and magnitude of the event, be it a routine emergency, a larger disaster or a 'once in a lifetime' catastrophic event. In this case, the authors focus on human resources. It is for this reason that the authors believe that algorithms be identified, developed and implemented so that such information be accessible to emergency officials, should this rare situation arise.
Provenance-Aware Semantic Search Engines Based On Data Integration Systems
Authors: Beneventano Domenico , Bergamaschi Sonia
Published: September 2014

Search engines are common tools for virtually every user of the Internet and companies, such as Google and Yahoo!, have become household names. Semantic Search Engines try to augment and improve traditional Web Search Engines by using not just words, but concepts and logical relationships. Given the openness of the Web and the different sources involved, a Web Search Engine must evaluate quality and trustworthiness of the data; a common approach for such assessments is the analysis of the provenance of information. In this paper a relevant class of Provenance-aware Semantic Search Engines, based on a peer-to-peer, data integration mediator-based architecture is described. The architectural and functional features are an enhancement with provenance of the SEWASIE semantic search engine developed within the IST EU SEWASIE project, coordinated by the authors. The methodology to create a two level ontology and the query processing engine developed within the SEWASIE project, together with provenance extension are fully described.
Alignment of Knowledge Sharing Mechanism and Knowledge Node Positioning
Authors: Chu Mei-Tai , Khosla Rajiv
Published: September 2014

As the organizational memory in terms of collective knowledge evolves, how to construct an effective knowledge sharing mechanism to covert individual knowledge into collective knowledge becomes fairly demanding. CoPs approach is widely accepted as effective mechanism to facilitate knowledge sharing. Knowledge nodes in the context of knowledge flow, unlike workflow, can often transcend organizational boundaries and are distinct and different than workflow models. This paper aims to develop, implement, and analyze a CoPs Centered knowledge flow model in a multinational organization. This model is underpinned in a CoPs framework built around four expected performance including four dimensions and sixteen criteria as a comprehensive mechanism to intensify knowledge sharing effect. Next, this study clusters knowledge workers/nodes with common criteria (attitudes and beliefs) towards this model. These common attitudes and beliefs between two knowledge workers/nodes imply that knowledge sharing among them is likely to be more effective than between knowledge workers/nodes with dissimilar attitudes and beliefs. Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making MCDM) and cluster analysis techniques are adopted as research methods. A Dynamic knowledge flow activity analysis model is also defined as part of future work.
Information Strategy as Enabler of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: September 2014

Technology has been continuously improving, causing high business pressures that affect organizations' current and future competitiveness. Gaining competitive advantage is critical for organizations. Among the various resources which organizations deploy to succeed, information is identified as a crucial resource. The success of organizations depends on the decisions made and the excellence of decisions depends upon the quality and reliability of information. If this be so, then information strategies need to be designed and implemented in a comprehensive manner so that the organizations derive competitive advantage. Based on an in-depth literature review and contextual analysis, this paper will review competitive forces and competitive information systems strategies for gaining competitive advantages, explain concepts of value chain, business ecosystems and discuss innovation strategy.
ADVANCED HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: A NEW ERA OF THERAPY
Authors: Dann Eldad J
Published: September 2014

Therapy of advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rapidly changing field due to a lot of currently emerging data. Treatment approaches are presently based on either the Kairos principle of giving aggressive therapy upfront and considering de-escalation of therapy if the interim PET/CT is negative or the Chronos principle of starting with ABVD followed by escalation of therapy for patients with positive interim PET/CT. The International Prognostic Score (IPS) is still valid for decision-making regarding the type of initial therapy, since patients with a high score do have an inferior progression free survival (PFS) with ABVD compared to those with a low score. Escalated BEACOPP administered upfront improves PFS; however, increase in the overall survival (OS) has not been confirmed yet, and this therapy is accompanied by elevated toxicity and fertility impairment. Completion of ongoing and currently initiated trials could elucidate multiple issues related to the management of HL patients.
Identification and quantification of gaseous organic compounds emitted from biomass burning using two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Hatch L. E. , Luo W. , Pankow J. F. , Yokelson R. J. , Stockwell C. E. , Barsanti K. C.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The current understanding of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation within biomass burning (BB) plumes is limited by the incomplete identification and quantification of the non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted from such fires. Gaseous organic compounds were collected on sorbent cartridges during laboratory burns as part of the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4), with analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC / TOFMS). The sensitivity and resolving power of GC × GC / TOFMS allowed the acquisition of the most extensive data set of BB NMOCs to date, with measurements for 722 positively or tentatively identified compounds. Estimated emission factors (EFs) are presented for these compounds for burns of six different vegetative fuels, including conifer branches, grasses, agricultural residue, and peat. The number of compounds detected from individual burns ranged from 129 to 474, and included extensive isomer groups. For example, 38 monoterpene isomers were observed in the emissions from coniferous fuels; the isomeric ratios were found to be consistent with those reported in relevant essential oils, suggesting that the composition of such oils may be very useful when predicting fuel-dependent terpene emissions. Further, eleven sesquiterpenes were detected and tentatively identified, providing the first reported speciation of sesquiterpenes in gas-phase BB emissions. The calculated EFs for all measured compounds are compared and discussed in the context of potential SOA formation.
Effects of molecular weight and temperature on liquid–liquid phase separation in particles containing organic species and ammonium sulfate
Authors: You Y. , Bertram A. K.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric particles containing organic species and inorganic salts may undergo liquid–liquid phase separation when the relative humidity varies between high and low values. To better understand the parameters that affect liquid–liquid phase separation in atmospheric particles, we studied the effects of molecular weight and temperature on liquid–liquid phase separation in particles containing one organic species mixed with ammonium sulfate. In the molecular weight dependent studies, we measured liquid–liquid phase separation relative humidity (SRH) in particles containing ammonium sulfate and organic species with large molecular weights (up to 1153 Da). These results were combined with recent studies of liquid–liquid phase separation in the literature to assess if molecular weight is a useful parameter for predicting SRH. The combined results, which include results from 33 different particle types, illustrate that SRH does not depend strongly on molecular weight (i.e. a clear relationship between molecular weight and SRH was not observed). In the temperature dependent studies, we measured liquid–liquid phase separation in 20 particle types at 244 ± 1 K, 263 ± 1 K, and 278 ± 1 K, as well as 290 ± 1 K for a few of these particle types. These new results were combined with previous measurements of the same particle types at 290 ± 1 K. The combined SRH data illustrate that for the particle types studied the SRH does not depend strongly on temperature. At most the SRH varied by 9.7% as the temperature varied from 290 to 244 K. In addition, for all the particle types studied and at all the temperatures studied, liquid–liquid phase separation was always observed when the O : C < 0.57, frequently observed when 0.57 ≤ O : C < 0.8, and never observed when O : C ≥ 0.8. These combined results suggest that liquid–liquid phase separation is likely a common occurrence in the atmospheric particles at temperatures from 244–290 K. Additional studies at temperatures < 244 K and with other organic species are still needed.
Contrasted Saharan dust events in LNLC environments: impact on nutrient dynamics and primary production
Authors: Ridame C. , Dekaezemacker J. , Guieu C. , Bonnet S. , L'Helguen S. , Malien F.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The response of the phytoplanktonic community (primary production and algal biomass) to contrasted Saharan dust events (wet and dry deposition) was studied in the framework of the DUNE ("a DUst experiment in a low-Nutrient, low-chlorophyll Ecosystem") project. We simulated realistic dust deposition events (10 g m−2) into large mesocosms (52 m3). Three distinct dust addition experiments were conducted in June 2008 (DUNE-1-P: simulation of a wet deposition; DUNE-1-Q: simulation of a dry deposition) and 2010 (DUNE-2-R1 and DUNE-2-R2: simulation of two successive wet depositions) in the northwestern oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea. No changes in primary production (PP) and chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a) were observed after a dry deposition event, while a wet deposition event resulted in a rapid (24 h after dust addition), strong (up to 2.4-fold) and long (at least a week in duration) increase in PP and Chl a. We show that, in addition to being a source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), simulated wet deposition events were also a significant source of nitrate (NO3−) (net increases up to +9.8 μM NO3− at 0.1 m in depth) to the nutrient-depleted surface waters, due to cloud processes and mixing with anthropogenic species such as HNO3. The dry deposition event was shown to be a negligible source of NO3−. By transiently increasing DIP and NO3- concentrations in N–P starved surface waters, wet deposition of Saharan dust was able to relieve the potential N or NP co-limitation of the phytoplanktonic activity. Due to the higher input of NO3− relative to DIP, and taking into account the stimulation of the biological activity, a wet deposition event resulted in a strong increase in the NO3−/DIP ratio, from initially less than 6, to over 150 at the end of the DUNE-2-R1 experiment, suggesting a switch from an initial N or NP co-limitation towards a severe P limitation. We also show that the contribution of new production to PP strongly increased after wet dust deposition events, from initially 15% to 60–70% 24 h after seeding, indicating a switch from a regenerated-production based system to a new-production based system. DUNE experiments show that wet and dry dust deposition events induce contrasting responses of the phytoplanktonic community due to differences in the atmospheric supply of bioavailable new nutrients. Our results from original mesocosm experiments demonstrate that atmospheric dust wet deposition greatly influences primary productivity and algal biomass in LNLC environments through changes in the nutrient stocks, and alters the NO3−/DIP ratio, leading to a switch in the nutrient limitation of the phytoplanktonic activity.
Ice sheet dynamics within an earth system model: downscaling, coupling and first results
Authors: Barbi D. , Lohmann G. , Grosfeld K. , Thoma M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We present first results from a coupled model setup, consisting of the state-of-the-art ice sheet model RIMBAY (Revised Ice Model Based on frAnk pattYn), and the community earth system model COSMOS. We show that special care has to be provided in order to ensure physical distributions of the forcings as well as numeric stability of the involved models. We demonstrate that a suitable statistical downscaling is crucial for ice sheet stability, especially for southern Greenland where surface temperatures are close to the melting point. The downscaling of net snow accumulation is based on an empirical relationship between surface slope and rainfall. The simulated ice sheet does not show dramatic loss of ice volume for pre-industrial conditions and is comparable with present-day ice orography. A sensitivity study with high CO2 level is used to demonstrate the effects of dynamic ice sheets onto climate compared to the standard setup with prescribed ice sheets.
Modelling suspended-sediment propagation and related heavy metal contamination in floodplains: a parameter sensitivity analysis
Authors: Hostache R. , Hissler C. , Matgen P. , Guignard C. , Bates P.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Fine sediments represent an important vector of pollutant diffusion in rivers. When deposited in floodplains and riverbeds, they can be responsible for soil pollution. In this context, this paper proposes a modelling exercise aimed at predicting transport and diffusion of fine sediments and dissolved pollutants. The model is based upon the Telemac hydro-informatic system (dynamical coupling Telemac-2D-Sysiphe). As empirical and semiempirical parameters need to be calibrated for such a modelling exercise, a sensitivity analysis is proposed. An innovative point in this study is the assessment of the usefulness of dissolved trace metal contamination information for model calibration. Moreover, for supporting the modelling exercise, an extensive database was set up during two flood events. It includes water surface elevation records, discharge measurements and geochemistry data such as time series of dissolved/particulate contaminants and suspended-sediment concentrations. The most sensitive parameters were found to be the hydraulic friction coefficients and the sediment particle settling velocity in water. It was also found that model calibration did not benefit from dissolved trace metal contamination information. Using the two monitored hydrological events as calibration and validation, it was found that the model is able to satisfyingly predict suspended sediment and dissolve pollutant transport in the river channel. In addition, a qualitative comparison between simulated sediment deposition in the floodplain and a soil contamination map shows that the preferential zones for deposition identified by the model are realistic.
Analysis of synoptic conditions for tornadic days over western Greece
Authors: Nastos P. T. , Matsangouras I. T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Tornadoes have been reported in Greece during the last few decades and recent studies have given evidence that western Greece is an area vulnerable to tornadoes, waterspouts and funnel clouds In this study, the composite means and anomalies of synoptic conditions for tornadic events (tornadoes, waterspouts and funnel clouds) over western Greece are analyzed and discussed. The daily composite means of synoptic conditions were based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis data sets, for the period 12 August 1953 to 31 December 2012. The daily composite anomalies were calculated with respect to 30 years of climatological study (1981–2010) of the synoptic conditions. The analysis was carried out in terms of seasonal and monthly variability of composite means and anomalies of synoptic conditions for specific isobaric levels of 500, 700, 850, 925 hPa and the sea level pressure (SLP). In addition, an analysis and discussion about the dynamic lifted index from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data sets is presented. The daily composite mean analysis of 500 hPa revealed a trough line across the northern Adriatic Sea and central Italy, associated with a SW upper-air stream over western Greece. The maximum composite anomalies were depicted at the isobaric level of 500 hPa during autumn, spring and summer, against winter when the anomaly appeared at 925 hPa isobaric level. In addition, 48% of tornado events during the autumn season occurred in pre-frontal weather conditions (cold fronts) and 27% developed after the passage of the cold front. Furthermore, the main difference in synoptic patterns between tornado and waterspout days along western Greece during the autumn season is the maximum daily composite anomaly over the Gulf of Taranto.
O PENSAMENTO DE CELSO FURTADO: CRENÇAS E DESILUSÕES
Authors: Goularti Filho Alcides
Published: September 2014

Este artigo apresenta a evolução do pensamento de Celso Furtado através se seis de seus livros: Formação Econômica do Brasil, Desenvolvimento e Subdesenvolvimento, Um Projeto Para o Brasil, Análise do Modelo Brasileiro, O Mito do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Brasil: a construção interrompida. Estes livros revelam sua convicção e desilusão quanto à capacidade da industrialização de se mostrar a única solução para o Brasil. A trajetória começa com um projeto de Nação e termina com a dissolução do projeto pelo neoliberalismo. Abstract This paper presents the evolucion of the Furtados thinking through six books: Formação econômica do Brasil, Desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, Um projeto para o Brasil, Análise do modelo brasileiro, O mito do desenvolvimento econômico and Brasil: a construção interrompida. This books presents his conviction and disilluision in the industrializacion like only solution for Brazil. The trajectory begin with a project of the Nation and finish with disassemble Nation with neoliberalism.
CRISES CAMBIAIS, PROFECIAS AUTO-REALIZÁVEIS E O IMPOSTO TOBIN
Authors: Oreiro José Luís , Rangel Flavia Dias
Published: September 2014

Este artigo incorpora o imposto Tobin ao modelo de ataque especulativo desenvolvido por Velasco (1996) com o objetivo de analisar em que medida o referido imposto pode contribuir para reduzir a possibilidade de ocorrência de uma crise cambial induzida por profecias auto-realizáveis. Nesse contexto, demonstra-se que o imposto em consideração é totalmente ineficaz para reduzir a possibilidade de ocorrência de ataques especulativos; mas contruibui para aumentar a região I do modelo de Velasco, ou seja, o intervalo dos valores dos fundamentos  entendidos aqui como a proporção do PIB comprometida com o pagamento dos juros da dívida externa  para os quais o governo não desvaloriza o câmbio em hipótese alguma. Dessa forma, os formuladores de política econômica ganham mais autonomia, pois podem permitir uma deterioração um pouco maior dos fundamentos, sem com isso abrir espaço para a ocorrência de crises cambiais induzidas por profecias auto-realizáveis. Contudo, o ganho de autonomia que pode ser obtido com um imposto de 1% sobre todas as transações com divisas é relativamente irrisório; de forma que seria necessária uma alíquota muito maior se, de fato, se deseja aumentar substancialmente a autonomia dos formuladores de política econômica. Abstract This paper incorporates the Tobin tax to the model of speculative attacks developed by Velasco (1996) in order to analyze up to what point the referred tax could help to reduce the possibility of a currency crisis induced by self-fulfilling prophecies. Within that context, it is shown that this tax is completely useless to diminish the probability of speculative attacks. It contributes, however, to increase region I of Velascos model, that is, the range of the values of the fundamentals - here understood as the share of the GDP committed to paying the interests of the external debt - for which the government would not devaluate the currency in any hypothesis. Thus, policy-makers gain more autonomy, as they can allow for a bigger worsening of the fundamentals without leading to an exchange crisis caused by self-fulfilling prophecies. The autonomy increase that could be gained with a 1% tax on all the currency transactions would be, however, rather insignificant. Therefore, a bigger tax should be adopted as to actually increase the autonomy of the policy-makers.