bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Residue and Dilemmas
Authors: McConnell Terrance C
Published: November 2023

A moral dilemma is a situation in which each of two things ought to be done but both cannot be done. Restricted to single agents, a dilemma is a situation in which a person ought to do A, ought to do B, and cannot do both A and B. In order for a moral conflict to count as a genuine dilemma, the conflicting obligations or moral requirements must at least be such that neither overrides the other. If one moral requirement does override another, we have a resolvable conflict but not a dilemma. But in a genuine dilemma, not only must the conflicting requirements both be non-overridden, they must also both issue in ought-all-things-considered moral judgments. Also, genuine moral dilemmas are ontological, not merely epistemic; the truth of the conflicting ought statements is independent of the agent’s beliefs.
The Mystery Suitor: HIV’s Next Move
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

It is not enough to know HIV and its past incarnations. We must use what we know to anticipate—and perhaps manipulate—the future of this virus. Major leaps in retrovirus evolution happen because distinct retroviruses engage in sex and recombination. Sexual reproduction demands a partner, but not every partner suits SIV or HIV. It must be a retrovirus with sufficient stretches of genetic similarity to enable the production of offspring. It must share the same taste, infecting the same target cell of the same species of host. Last but not least, it must be available—for how can the partners possibly mate if they never meet?
The Shape of Appalachian Literature to ComeAn Interview with Wil Hickson
Authors: Chappell Fred
Published: November 2023

Wil Hickson was born in Madison County, North Carolina, in 1975. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as an undergraduate and received a Master of Fine Arts degree in creative writing from the University of Arkansas in 1998. His first publications were in poetry, and he was a prominent member of the movement called the Hellbillies Group, poets who pursued Appalachian themes in their work and advanced Appalachian concerns in a variety of ways. His first volume of verse, Galax Galaxy, was published by O’Possum Books while he was still an undergraduate and was followed by The Wind’s Wil (1995) and Television Creek (1997). He is probably best known for his fiction; the book of short stories, Grab You a Handful, was designed, he says, as a companion to his second book of poems. His two novels, A Bitter Thirst (1998) and The Slaking (2000), are the first of a projected six-volume series telling the story of two families, the Carltons and the Haneys, who inhabit a cove in Hickson’s native mountains.
Porch-Sitting and Southern Poetry
Authors: Daniels Kate
Published: November 2023

Back in the 1950s, before the advent of the present interstate highway system, U.S. 1 swept through Richmond, Virginia, like a dusty garden snake-slow, harmless, and yet, in spite of itself, tantalizing, a messenger from another, more exotic world. The Pike (as we called it, short for Petersburg Pike) meandered southward from Washington, D.C., through the elegant outskirts of Richmond, the nineteenth-century grandeur of downtown, and then across the graceful Lee Bridge, which forded the James River and was, during the period, the primary conduit between Southside Richmond, where my family lived, and the main part of the city. On our side of town, the Pike picked up the flurry of poor folks’ commerce at its intersection with Hull Street, where, as my mother always recalled with horror, black Richmonders had danced for nickels and dimes on the street corners on Saturday nights in 1947, when she had come to the city as a British war bride. Then it straightened out into its longest and most memorable portion-a four-lane section of road periodically interrupted by stoplights and populated by a curious mixture of private homes, boardinghouses, restaurants, roadhouses, trailer parks, factories, and all kinds of small, privately owned businesses, like Bleacher’s Store, where we charged penny candy on a running account.
The Rhetoric of Southern Humor
Authors: Smith Stephen a.
Published: November 2023

Writing an essay for this book is, for me, like robbing a bank for Thomas Crown. Crown, you will recall, was a brilliant fellow (played by Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair) who recruited and instructed a group of folks to rob a nearby bank. He conceived the idea and knew exactly how it would work. The recruits had never seen his face, had some sense of their purpose but no idea how it would relate to the roles of the others, and had never met their partners in crime; nevertheless, each did his assigned part, and the robbery was almost perfect. In a sense, I am robbing the wealth of my nearby heritage for this essay, and the rest of the analogy plays fairly well. In the movie, the robbers get caught, and Crown gets Faye Dunaway. Southerners Rhett Butler and Jefferson Humphries can appreciate the irony of this situation.
The Economic Approach to Homosexuality
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

I want to summarize, and at the same time refine and extend, the economic analysis of homosexuality presented in my book Sex and Reason,and relate analysis to the debate between essentialist and social-constructionist theories of homosexuality. I do not suggest that economics has the last word to say on homosexuality as a social phenomenon, but I do think that it can contribute to our understanding of the phenomenon and of proposals for reforming laws and social practices affecting it.
Introduction
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

Reading The Bible for its unnamed participants is akin to examining the negatives of beloved family photographs. Initially I could make out only a few familiar figures: a sacrificial daughter, a seasoned family servant, a hero’s mother. But as my eyes grew accustomed to this new perspective on a familiar text, I found unnamed characters wherever I looked, in virtually every corner of biblical narrative and in every social circle: among the ostracized lepers at the city gates, among the widowed and poor, in the households of lsrael’s founding families, in the courts and armies of the monarchs, and in the heavens themselves. As their numbers grew and their features became clearer to me, I began to view the anonymous as a society unto themselves-fully integrated into the human landscape of the biblical narrative, to be sure, but nevertheless set apart by the absence of their names.
Wise Women and Unworthy Levites
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

Among The Cast Of Unnamed Biblical Characters are those designated by autonomous social roles. These designations do not define them in terms of other characters, whether by means of household relationship or by means of their function. This chapter deals with two groups of autonomous characters. The first consists of four women described positively in terms of their wisdom and skill. The second consists of two Levites toward whom the narrator is very critical. Unlike servants and family members, these characters are not defined by their relationships with others or eclipsed by the content of their communications, as are messengers. Rather, they are contracted for their professional expertise or act autonomously. The main feature that differentiates them from the majority of bit players, servants, and messengers is their narrative importance. From the time they appear, they take center stage, though they may share the spotlight with one or another named character.
Character Confusion 1n the Heavenly Realm
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

THE BOUNDARIES OF PERSONAL IDENTITY among the human inhabitants of the biblical story world are occasionally unclear; the residents of the heavenly realm can be similarly elusive. That the heavenly realm is populated by a variety of beings in addition to God is intimated from the very beginning of Genesis. Among the heavenly beings are those to whom God suggested, “Let us make humankind in our image” (Gen 1:27) or to whom he expressed his dismay that “the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil” (Gen 3:22). Some heavenly beings, such as the cherubim, seem akin to animals. God places cherubim and a turning and flaming sword in the garden to guard the way to the tree of life after the expulsion of the first humans from the garden. David describes God as riding a cherub through the heavens (2 Sam 22:11; cf. Ps. 18:10-11); images of cherubim adorn the tabernacle and the temple (Exod 25=18-20; 37:7-9; 1 Kgs 6:23-28).
Building the Experience of Mind
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

It is one thing to notice someone’s bodily movements or gestures and quite another to attribute a mental state to him or her. For attributing a mental state―such as a wish, an intention, or a belief―requires us to free ourselves from the world of things as they are. When we think of someone having a belief that is incorrect or a mental picture of an imaginary state of affairs, our thought stands free from material facts. In this chapter, we gather more clues about how and why we attribute mental states to people. The clues come from our knowledge of nor mal development, from informed guesses about the evolutionary history of our species, and from a careful analysis of developmental disorders such as autism.
Psychoanalytic Performances and Narratives
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

We saw in chapters 7 and 8 that everyday thought takes surface events as evidence for the reality of other, invisible things. We saw how teachers take the behavior of their pupils as evidence for underlying types such as “independent worker” or “immature child” and researchers take heart rate changes in rats as evidence for “emotion” using the documentary method. Just as external events can be taken as evidence for other, unseen entities, an individual’s actions, gestures, and speech can be taken as evidence not only for a self, but for whatever underlying mental categories the culture provides. Sigmund Freud invented a detailed and imaginative network of such categories, a network that became the basis of psychoanalysis. As we take a closer look at this fascinating system, we will see that its logic is much like that of everyday thought. Moreover, just as in everyday interaction, selves are created in psychoanalysis through narratives and performances.
Exile’s End
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

The natural sciences, the sciences of physics and chemistry that de scribe living matter, are concerned with causes. I have used a natural science framework to describe the evolved structures and functions of individual brains. Because of the social capabilities that human brains possess, two or more brains together can produce and receive signals, giving rise to public signs—or meaning. The zone of publicly communicated signs occupies a transitional area between what we can de scribe using the language of natural science and what we may call the language of mind. The language of mind, as we saw, is primarily concerned with the actions of persons and deals with reasons rather than with causes.
The Elusive Bisexual: Social Categorization and Lexico-Semantic Change
Authors: murphy M Lynne
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on some of the “lavender lexical issues” raised by Arnold Zwicky in Chapter 1. In particular, it examines the inclusiveness and the exclusiveness of sexual minority labels-asking to whom speakers mean to refer when they use labels like gay and queer and whom hearers understand to be referred to when these words are used. Special attention is paid to the inclusion or exclusion of those labeled bisexual in the extensions of other labels, to see whether the emergence of bisexual activism since the 1970s has had an effect on lexical innovation and semantic change in sexual category labels. Certainly, the emergence of bisexual identity has encouraged much lexical innovation (e.g., bi, biphobia, monosexual, gay-identified bisexual, byke-Geller 1990; Hutchins and Kaahumanu 1991). Furthermore, as a bisexual identity (or identities) has developed and been asserted, so have debates about whether categories such as gay, lesbian, dyke, and queer include people who identify as bisexual, as well about who counts as bisexual.
The Rise and Transformation of the American Corporation
Authors: Smith George David , Dyer Davis
Published: November 2023

The joint-stock companies, which are established for the public spirited purpose of promoting some particular manufacture,” the great champion of free enterprise Adam Smith warned in 1776, “can... scarce ever fail to do more harm than good.”We have come a long way from the pristine, agrarian world of small traders and craftspeople in which buyers and sellers could meet and satisfy one another’s needs with scarcely little more coordination than that provided by the “invisible hand” of the free market. Today, even in the freest of markets, the production and exchange of goods and services are highly managed, rigorously planned, and controlled by the heir to the joint stock company: the modern corporation.
Corporate Education and Training
Authors: Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

The American corporation gives daily shaping to the lives of the more than 20 million people who seek their livelihood there. Political values, career aspirations, and personal networks are made or remade. So, too, are many of the human skills and work experience that make for productive enterprise. Like any large organization, the business firm is simultaneously drawing upon existing talents and molding new abilities among those who dwell therein. Intended or not, the corporation is one of the nation’s preeminent educational consumers and producers.
Intermediate-Level Philosophical Principles
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I consider a second factor that contributes to the answers we give to philosophical questions: our adoption of certain intermediate-level philosophical principles. These principles have more content than the metaphilosophies, but they are more general than the answers to lower-level questions such as whether free will or moral truth exists. Intermediate principles contribute to, without absolutely dictating, the answers we give to lower-level philosophical questions. While metaphilosophies reflect our overall vision of philosophy, in terms of both our beliefs about philosophy and our desires-for-philosophy, intermediate principles provide the largely unargued-for premises that bridge the gap between metaphilosophies and our answers to philosophical questions. Differences in intermediate principles also account for the differences in substantive views between practitioners with the same metaphilosophical motivation.
How The Free Will Debate Depends on Metaphilosophy (I)
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I provide five illustrations of how our metaphilosophies and intermediate-level philosophical principles produce different answers in debates over free choice. Specific positions on these debates are plausible if and only if we adopt supporting meta-level views. But I argued in the last two chapters that no metaphilosophy or intermediate principle can be shown to be more reasonable than its competitors. We are forced to admit, therefore, that the most we can do is relativize our answers to our metaphilosophies and intermediate principles, but we cannot show any one with different meta-level views that the answers we prefer are best.

The issues that I examine are: (1) Reasons for believing in free will.
‘Of Good and Ill Repute’
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

To be labeled “of ill repute” in medieval society implied that a person had committed a violation of accepted standards and had stepped beyond the bounds of permissible behavior. To have a reputation “of good repute”, however, was so powerful as to help a person accused of a crime be acquitted by his or her fellow peers. Labeling a person in medieval times was a complex matter. Often, unwritten codes of behavior determined who was of good repute and who was not. Members of the nobility committing a “fur-collar crime” might have considerable leeway to oppress their neighbors with violence and legal violations; however, a woman caught without appropriate attire and without the proper escort hazarded the label of a “woman of ill repute.” Gender, class, social statutes, wealth, connections, bribes, friends, and the community all played a role in how quickly or how permanently a person’s reputation was damaged. ‘Of Good and Ill Repute’ examines the complex social regulations and stigmatizations that medieval society used to arrive at its decisions about condemnation and exoneration. In eleven interrelated essays, including three previously unpublished works, Hanawalt explores how social control was maintained in Medieval England in the later Middle Ages. Focusing on gender, criminal behavior, law enforcement, arbitration, and cultural rituals of inclusion and exclusion, ‘Of Good and Ill Repute’ reflects the most current scholarship on medieval legal history, cultural history, and gender studies. It looks at the medieval sermons, advice books, manuals of penance, popular poetry, laws, legal treatises, court records, and city and guild ordinances that drew the lines between good and bad behavior. Written in a lively, accessible, and jargon-free style, this text is essential for upper level undergraduate history courses on medieval history and women’s history as well as for English courses on medieval literature.
Analysis Of Georeferenced Na1ural Resources Attribute Variables
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J
Published: November 2023

Perusing the Proceedings of the first and second international symposia on the spatial accuracy of natural resources and environmental sciences databases (Congalton 1994; Mowrer et al. 1996) reveals that one popular data analytic toolbox used by scientists working in this substantive area is geostatistics; geostatistical methodology for this applications area is summarized in Goovaerts (1997). Particularly within the context of geographic information systems (GISs), many natural resources data sets studied are sizeable and span the spectrum from acreage of forested land and bauxite reserves to zoological georeferenced data. Spatial autocorrelation materializes in these kinds of data mainly due to geographic processes: weather fronts move across regions, species invade a region as they reproduce and migrate, rainfall accumulates and then flows from one place to another, erosion forces tend to be similar in nearby locations, and certain chemicals and minerals percolate or leach through the ground and collect in geological substructure formations. Although a considerable amount of the data analytic work completed with such data has employed geostatistical techniques, this field of research also was the spawning ground for some of the first spatial autoregression model applications (Meade 1967).
Analysis Of Georeferenced Agricultural Yield Variables
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J
Published: November 2023

Much of modem analytical statistics developed hand in hand with advances in agricultural science at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, near Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England, roughly 25 miles from London. This facility, which is the oldest agricultural research station in the world, was established in 1843 by Lawes, who had inherited it as an estate from his father in 1822. Lawes ensured the continuation of the Rothamsted Experimental Station by setting up the Lawes Agricultural Trust in 1889. In 1919, Fisher, who was hired to bring modem statistical methods to the task of analyzing data collected on the station’s Broadbalk field since 1844 (and recorded since 1852), went to Rothamsted, where he obtained much of his statistical inspiration (and data). There Fisher pioneered the applica tion of statistical procedures to the design of scientific experiments, seeking to provide more amounts of useful information with less investments of time, effort, and money, and in doing so devised the analysis of variance technique.
BartÓk’S REVISIONS TO THE OPERA, 1911-1917
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

Almost a decade lapsed from the time Bluebeard was composed until it appeared in print from the Viennese firm Universal Edition in 1921. For Bart6k, having a major composition lie unperformed and unpublished over an extended period of time was not an altogether unfamiliar situation during the years around World War I, when the disruption of commerce and cultural life, together with the composer’s avowed lack of interest in maintaining a public profile as a musician in Budapest, combined to delay the appearance of works that, in some instances, were composed many years earlier.
The Bluebeard Story At The Turn Of The Century
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

For the subject of his first and only opera, Bart6k turned to a modern retelling of the age-old Bluebeard fairy tale, for centuries a familiar children’s story in France, Germany, and England and elsewhere in Europe. Originally one of the Mother Goose tales written by Charles Perrault, where it kept company with such beloved classics as Cinderella, Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, and Little Red Riding Hood, “Bluebeard “ was first published in story form in 1697, and it quickly became a fixture in the pantheon of world children’s literature. Adults from the eighteenth century onward encountered it in dozens of literary recastings, in operas, and in the theater, where the story of the cruel prince who murders his wives for disobeying him was brought to life with a rich variety of plots, settings, and characters.
Judith The Significance of a Name
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

In a drama imbued with symbolism at every turn, it can hardly be an accident that Balazs chose as the name of Bluebeard’s newest wife the name of the well-known biblical woman who kills a man to save her people. In the early twentieth century, at the time Bart6k and Balazs were writing BLue- 6earJ’.J C{l,jtle, the name Judith was strongly identified in artistic circles with the image of a fatally seductive woman. Like Salome, whose popularity as the subject of artistic representations far surpassed that of Judith’s, Judith was often depicted as a young woman of considerable sexual allure.
Face, Harmony, and Social Structure
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

Face, Harmony, and Social Structure continues author P. Christopher Earley's investigations of the differences among people within organizations in different cultures. In this study, Earley develops a mid-range theory of individual behaviour, self-concept, and interpersonal process in predicting cultural differences in organizational settings. This work represents a new theory of self-presentation and face within a cross-cultural context, integrating a cross-level approach ranging from the individual to the organization and to the societal levels of discussion.
In Nebel und Nacht: Hamburg to Berlin1809–1819
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

When bankers Joseph and Abraham Mendelssohn established Gebrüder Mendelssohn & Co. in 1805, Hamburg was a thriving center of commerce and shipbuilding with a population of some one hundred thou- sand. It had belonged to the old Hanseatic League and, as a “free city,” was relatively immune to the affairs of neighboring regions. A few de- cades before the brothers opened their firm, Salomon Heine was pursuing the same profession in Hamburg. At his death in 1844 he left a vast fortune of some forty-one million francs; his silver holdings prompted Heinrich Heine to cavil about “that magically powerful metal of which the uncle often has too much and the nephew too little.”
The Second Mozart 1821–1822
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

>At precisely 7:00 P.M. on June 18, 1821, a slightly lame, bespectacled man entered the hall of Schinkel’s Schauspielhaus on the Gendarmenmarkt and limped to the rostrum. This was the Dresden Kapellmeister Carl Maria von Weber, in Berlin to premiere his “romantic opera,” Der Freischütz. As a folksonglike melody wafted from four Waldhörner, the overture exuded a German flavor. The natural horn had been revived in the Arnim- Brentano folk anthology, Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Youth’s Magic Horn, 1805), and Weber himself would receive the dedication of Wilhelm Müller’s Gedichte “from the Posthumous Papers of a Traveling Waldhorn Player” (1824). Müller’s poems inspired Schubert’s song cycles Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise—replete with horn calls worked into the pi- ano parts. The male-dominated world of German romanticism centered on sylvan settings in which hunters wandered toward self-actualization; the Waldhorn was their instrument of choice. Among Weber’s audience were Felix and his parents, Dr. Casper, Heinrich Heine, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and scores of veterans of the War of Liberation, their chests emblazoned with Iron Crosses.
The Apostle’s Voice 1835–1837
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

Escorting his parents to Berlin, Felix issued guarded bulletins about Lea to his siblings. Hardly were Lea, Abraham, and Felix relaxing on the evening of August 1, 1835, in the familiar comfort of Leipzigerstrasse No. 3, before an uprising erupted against the government. When the authorities for- bade an unruly crowd to celebrate the king’s birthday by firing rockets, one hundred and fifty “young ruffians” provoked the military and vandalized property on August 3 and 4 near Unter den Linden. Felix watched as protests broke out as the military killed innocent bystanders. This disturbing scene turned his mind toward fleeing the “dreadful dump” (abscheulicher Nest). But the “model sick-nurse” stayed through most of the month, “preserved” Lea like an Egyptian mummy in the Berlin Museum, and composed pieces well removed from the social unrest: a festive
Musical Biedermeier 1837–1839
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

Palm Sunday 1837 (March 19) found Felix returning with Elisabeth and Cécile to Frankfurt, little more than a week before the wedding. In the expiring days of his bachelorhood, he nervously awaited the delivery of documents, including a certification he was “unusable” (unbrauchbar) for the Prussian military service. On the 23rd papers finally arrived from Konrad Schleinitz in Leipzig attesting Felix was neither a vagabond nor already married. Five days later, several flower-festooned barouches ar- rived at the French Reformed Church. Chains were drawn across the Allée to restrain curious onlookers. Inside the sanctuary, the Frankfurt elite witnessed Auguste Jeanrenaud’s successor, Pastor Paul Joseph Appia, perform the wedding ceremony in French at 11:00 A.M. and preach a sermon on Psalm 92: “It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord, and to sing praises unto thy name, O Most High; to show forth thy loving kind- ness in the morning, and thy faithfulness every night, upon an instrument of ten strings, and upon the psaltery; upon the harp with a solemn sound.”
Correctional Treatment
Authors: Gaes Gerald G
Published: November 2023

Proponents of rehabilitation are encouraged by the results of recent meta-analyses of the correctional treatment literature. This is because they believe that meta-analysis provides sufficient insight to enable the design of programs that maximize treatment effectiveness. To what extent is this renewed optimism warranted? There are promising signals that some interventions reduce recidivism. Yet there is much more research to be done to justify confidence in the effects of correctional interventions, and to understand the conditions under which these interventions work most effectively. The “nothing works” conclusion is unwarranted. However, the “some things work for some people” principle can be construed as trivial unless social scientists can demonstrate that “some things” refers to a well-defined set of interventions and “some people” refers to sizable and definable percentages of the treatment population.
Preparing for the Fall
Authors: Burgees John P
Published: November 2023

While a host of complex political and economic factors brought about the fall of the East German regime in 1989, the role of religious institutions and ideals has special significance. First, in embodying democratic ideals in its own life and in its relations with the state, the Evangelische Kirche spoke to the hopes and aspirations of much of the general population. Second, the church provided the free space in which alternative groups, though small and seemingly powerless, were able to develop an alternative politics that eventually helped stimulate the emergence of a mass, public opposition. Third, and perhaps most important, religious symbols and themes offered the alternative groups a powerful language and vision for articulating the ultimate importance of democratization.
“Who Bridle Leviathan?”
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

“Washington is filled with darkies,”Whitman wrote his mother in the spring of 1867. “The men & children & wenches swarm in all directions-(! am not sure but the North is like the man that won the elephant in a raffle)” (Corr.,I, 323). Although he hailed the “absolute extirpation and erasure of slavery from the States” as “the greatest revolutionary step in the history of the United States, (perhaps the greatest of the world, our century),” in the post war period he no longer dreamed the egalitarian dream of “I Sing the Body Electric” (PW,II, 509). Like Lincoln and the majority of the American people, he was not fully prepared to integrate the black person into his vision of a free and equal America. With the exception of the “hardly human” black woman in “Ethiopia Saluting the Colors,” black people are absent from his poetry of the postwar years, and in his letters and journals of the time, blacks remain on the periphery of his vision as sources of dread and emblems of retribution. Whitman supported the principle of universal suffrage-”the widest possible opening of the doors”-but he subscribed to the popular prejudice against “Negro rule” (PW,II, 531). When several thousand black persons turned out in June 1868 to celebrate the election of Samuel B. Bowen as mayor of Washington, the procession seemed to him the very image of bedlam and riot: “The men were all armed with clubs and pistols,” he wrote to his mother.
The Poetics of Reconstruction
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

The reconstruction of the nation during and after the war years began for Whitman with the act of reconstructing his poems. In 1867, at the time the radical republicans in Congress were passing their series of reconstruction acts over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, Whitman brought out the fourth edition of Leaves of Grass.The volume included only six new poems, all minor (an inscription poem “Small the Theme of My Chant,” “The Runner,” “Tears,” “Aboard at a Ship’s Helm,” “When I Read the Book,” “The City Dead-House”). But Whitman extensively revised, reshaped, deleted, and added to the body of poems published in the 1860 Leaves.These revisions, most of which were made during the war in his own blue book copy of the 1860 Leaves,once again reflect the poet’s attempt to bind up the nation’s wounds.’ Although Whitman retained the controversial Children of Adamand Calamusgroupings, the Chants Democraticgrouping was, like the national union that was its theme, broken up and extensively revised. A copy of Whitman’s blue book Leaveswas found in his desk at the Department of the Interior, which led to his being fired from his position by Secretary James Harlan. But it is important to bear in mind that Whitman made the bulk of his revisions before his friend O’Connor published his inspired defence of the poet in 1866 and thus before he emerged in his more public role as “the good gray poet
The Utilitarians’ Position
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

In his opposition to pardon, Kant had an ally from an unexpected quarter. He was Jeremy Bentham, the great British reformer and utilitarian philosopher of the late eighteenth century. Writing from a moral point of view diametrically opposed to Kant’s, Bentham came down hard on pardon as it was then practiced, proving (if there was ever any doubt) that politics does indeed make strange bedfellows.
The Nineteenth Century: Pardon and the Right to Punishment
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

There was one last furious philosophical blast at pardons in the nineteenth century, before the topic faded away for a hundred years as philosophers turned their attentions to other things. The argument against pardon was based on G. W. F. Hegel’s premise that criminals have a right to be punished. Meanwhile, the U.S. government was setting about the grim business of establishing institutions of punishment and refining a theory of pardon through the slow process of practice and precedent.
Justified Pardons: Adjustments to Sentences
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

When President Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon, he defended his decision by telling the American people that they should take into account how much Nixon had already suffered as a result of his crimes. “I feel,” President Ford said, “that Richard Nixon and his loved ones have suffered enough and will continue to suffer no matter what I do, no matter what we, as a great and good nation, can do together.”
How to Abuse the Pardoning Power
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

When a person’s reputation is ruined, it is common to say, “His name is mud.” The expression comes from a story that began the night President Abraham Lincoln was shot. His assassin, John Wilkes Booth, made his escape by jumping from the President’s theater box to the stage, breaking his leg. In serious need of medical attention, Wilkes covered his famous face with a false beard, rode through the night to a country village, and knocked on the door of Dr. Samuel Mudd. Dr. Mudd set the stranger’s leg and thought no more about the night time call until he learned the next day of the President’s assassination.
God
Authors: Vailati Ezio
Published: November 2023

Even a cursory reader of the correspondence between Clarke and Leibniz cannot fail to notice that theology was one of the areas in which the exchange was most lively and, at times, pointed. Prima facie, the eagerness that both correspondents displayed may appear rather surprising. Both were theists who believed in the integration of natural and revealed religion; both believed in a free, simple, omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent, omnipresent deity who created the world; both were convinced that they could prove its existence.
Introduction
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

In the field of ethics the integration between theory and its everyday applications has commonly been close, and all the great moral philosophers have proposed both normative standards for day-to-day conduct and theories of the foundations of ethics. This book is written in the belief that ethical theory should not be isolated, either from concrete questions about what is right or wrong or from other parts of philosophy. From the rise of positivism in the 1930s, however, and at least into the 1960s, moral philosophy was preoccupied not only with ethical theory but, for the most part, with a fairly narrow part of it: the logic of moral concepts and, correspondingly, the uses of moral language. By the 1970s the tide had turned, and at least in the Anglo-American world applied ethics burgeoned in and outside academia and began to occupy a large part of the ethics curriculum in most departments of philosophy. But applied ethics requires theories and principles to apply, and at least since the early 1980s ethical theory in the broadest sense has regained strength and wider interest in the general field of ethics and particularly in philosophy.
Internalism and Externalism in Moral Epistemology
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

A major division has recently come to the fore in epistemology. On one side are internalist theories, on the other, externalist theories, most notably reliabilism. The distinction has proved fruitful in understanding justification and knowledge, but its bearing on moral philosophy has yet to be systematically explored. If internalist and externalist views can provide general accounts of justification or knowledge, they may be expected to apply to the justification of moral beliefs and to yield criteria for moral knowledge. There is reason to think, however, that internalism and externalism in epistemology have even wider implications, for they reflect broad assumptions about normative status and may thus apply not only to beliefs but to other propositional attitudes and to actions. If so, we should be able to formulate not only internalist and externalist accounts of justified moral belief but also parallel accounts of moral rightness, moral obligation, and other moral notions applicable to actions.
Skepticism in Theory and Practice
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

Skepticism is possible for any normative domain. Wherever there are purported reasons, there can be skepticism about whether they justify, render rational, conduce to knowledge, establish—in short, whether they do what they are supposed to do. Skepticism about theoretical reason is well-known. There is, for instance, the skepticism of the Pyrrhonians, there is Cartesian skepticism, and there is Humean skepticism. In the practical sphere, however — that (roughly) of reasons for action as opposed to reasons for belief — it is much less clear what constitutes skepticism and how one might reply to it. The most widely discussed kind of skepticism about practical reason is ethical skepticism.
The Complexity of Consent in Legal Theory and Practice
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

Since before the time of Sir Henry Maine the notion of contract has fascinated philosophers and lawyers alike. As Maine pointed out, English lawyers realized early on that the idea of contract could be made to account for virtually every political and legal obligation. Contract came to be viewed as the foundation of all law, and even morality. So rich is the idea that philosophers since Hobbes have used it to justify state power and explain what constitutes legitimate authority. In recent years versions of the social contract idea have been used to explain the requirements of justice and moral responsibility as well as political obligation.
Consent and Role in Professional Obligation
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

Besides family obligations, professional obligations or obligations of employment are the single largest and most nncontroversial source of affirmative obligation that human beings have. Family obligations and work obligations fill most people’s lives. Unlike family obligations, however, professional obligations are considered to be contractual and therefore ordinarily justified by appeal to consent. That is, it often seems to be assumed that professional obligations, being contractual, are binding because you agreed to them. A look at American law, however, shows us that it is more complicated than that.
Justifying the Obligations of Neighbors and Citizens
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

Liberal individualism was first the discovery and then the presumption of modern Western civilization. Countries and constitutions were founded or reformed by its ideas. Freedom is its watchword, and the recognition of human rights (at least to noninterference) its great achievement. Classical liberal theory focuses on the significance of every person as a unique, autonomous individual. Every person has moral worth according to this doctrine. Everyone counts.
Progression of Training
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

The tedency in this country is to program a child’s day with a variety of activities that leave little time for leisure and play. Admittedly, parents struggle with balancing careers and family and generally want to make sure that their children are engaged in worthwhile activities. I recently received a telephone inquiry about dance classes for a five-year-old. When I told the mother that this pre-ballet class met on Tuesdays, she answered, “I will have to see if I can reschedule my daughter’s tennis lesson.” The task of rescheduling was daunting because the child also studied piano, took swimming lessons, and participated in an acting workshop.
Avoiding Injuries
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

Ballet has been much maligned as injurious to the body. Turnout and the redistribution of weight it requires do put unusual strains on the body; but apart from recreational swimming, there is no physical exercise that does not strain the body. Furthermore, the warm-up process is an integral part of dance training.
Diet and Eating Disorders
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

We live in a diet-conscious age and are subjected, on an almost daily basis, to new discoveries of the properties of food. We know a great deal about nutrition, especially which foods to avoid, and we appreciate the connection between nutrition and health. Nevertheless, as a nation we persist in all sorts of destructive eating habits.
Beyond Secondary Education and a Dancing Career
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

Acomo:Ly held belief in dance is that younger is not only better: it is essential. According to some dance professionals, if one is intent on a dance career, the years spent attending college are dangerously detracting. Many young dancers feel compelled to enter professional dance schools or apprenticeship within a company often without even having finished high school. Some professionals hold that those who have not achieved the status of soloist by the age of twenty-one or twenty-two will, in all probability, never rise beyond the ranks of the corps de ballet. In order to become a soloist, one must be dancing professionally by the age of eighteen at the latest. ln other words, all energies, leading up to acceptance into a company, must be directed toward dancing; there can be no question of a college education interrupting the momentum. ‘bile the late teens are unquestionably essential formative years during which young dancers must be engaged in honing their skills, this denies a young dancer the chance to enjoy other, “normal” teenage experiences and ignores the many alternatives that are available for continuing an education. These alternatives include enrolling as a part-time student in a university while engaged in a professional company.
The Argument from Moral Error
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we begin to explore metaethical irrealism. The major philosophical complaint against this sort of view is that it is not able to accommodate adequately various commonsense features and assumptions of morality. Of the various features and assumptions in question (see §II in this chapter), the issue of plausibly accounting for the possibility of error in moral judgment and belief rep resents the most persistent and serious challenge to the form of moral irrealism that I shall defend. This chapter examines what I call the argument from moral error, leveled by realists against their irrealist opponents.
Contextual Moral Semantics
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I begin my articulation and defense of what I term ‘ethical con textualism,’ so called because the semantic and epistemological components that make up this view represent versions of general semantic and epistemological views that are appropriately classified as contextualist. Specifically, this chapter deals with semantic and related metaphysical issues-the backbone of my view. In the following chapter, I turn to matters of moral epistemology.
Dazed and Confused
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: November 2023

During the performance of” Dazed and Confused” in Led Zeppelin’s documentary film, The Song Remains the Same, the camera cuts away from con cert footage to a film vignette constructed by Jimmy Page in which he is seen climbing a mountain in the dead of night, his way lit by a full moon, bare hands clutching at clumps of weed as he struggles to reach the summit. At the top of the mountain stands a hermit who carries a lamp that has lit Page’s way up the mountain.
Over the Hills and Far Away
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: November 2023

The comments in the epigraph, made by Plant on the occasion of the retrospective four-CD boxed set release of Led Zeppelin’s music in 1990, touch on many ideas pivotal to the band’s aesthetics.1 It is a critically important aspect of the music for band members and its reception by fans that not only were the influences diverse and multiple but also, as Plant puts it, they were “left and right of center;’ away from the mainstream-or at least that there was (and still is) the perception that some of these influences were on the margins.
Fundamental Reading and Performing Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

Music-reading skills comprise the other broad component in most aural skills curricula. By far, the most ubiquitous means through which music-reading skills are developed and assessed is by sight singing. As Ottman (1956) noted, sight singing is broadly justified as a “musical aid in development of mental imagery of the symbols of printed music which in turn leads to higher levels of musicianship and artistic achievement” (p. 37). Therefore, a preponderance of the discussions of reading and performing in the rest of this book will focus on sight singing. This chapter examines the skills that are fundamental and beneficial to good sight singing, and good music reading in general, which are most efficiently learned before the introduction of music notation.
“Violent Delights” in Children’s Literature
Authors: Tatar Maria
Published: November 2023

“Children don’t read to find their identity. They don’t read to free them selves of guilt, to quench their thirst for rebellion, or to get rid of alienation. They have no use for psychology. They detest sociology” (Singer, 1994). These words reveal just how repellent the notion of bibliotherapy was to Isaac Bashevis Singer, who believed that children read because they love stories and are fascinated witnesses to what is enacted in them-especially when it takes the form of “violent delights,” to use Shakespeare’s oxymoronic formulation. Singer rightly stresses fascination over function, but his evident disdain for considering the sources and implications of that fascination speaks volumes about our cultural unwillingness to consider the degree to which that fascination is a product of adult calculation and has been instrumentalized by adults. The cultural stories to which we have exposed children over the centuries those that have real staying power-are more than pure entertainment devoid of psychological weight or social significance. The stakes are al ways high when words and images prove so riveting that a child remains wide-eyed at story time or is unable to put a book down.