bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No calm after the storm—diaspora influence on bilateral emergency aid flows
Authors: Platte Hendrik
Published: June 2019

This study analyzes how migrants affect their host country's foreign policy toward their home country by measuring their influence on bilateral emergency aid. I develop the argument that besides political lobbying and the targeting of aid by the donor country, migrants affect emergency aid by providing a linkage between the countries and increasing the salience of a disaster abroad. The empirical analysis shows that the location and size of a country's diaspora is an important predictor of emergency aid flows after natural disasters. Interaction effects provide support for the linkage argument: while the diaspora effect does not increase with the host country's level of democracy, it is strongest with the least severe and most distant disasters.
On The Accuracy of Determining the Dispersion Measure for PSR 0809+74 Using Multifrequency Observations
Authors: Bruck Yu. M. , Ulyanov O. M.
Published: June 2019

A question on the accuracy of determining the dispersion measure DM for PSR 0809+74 arises in connection with the discussion which has developed in recent years concerning observations of the effect of the superdispersion time delay (STD) (Shitov 1985, Shitov, Malofeev, and Izvekova 1988, Kuz'min 1985a) attributed to the twisting of the magnetic field lines or to, competing with it as to the observation manifestations, the aberration effect (Cordes 1978, Matese and Whitmire 1980, Ulyanov 1989, Ulyanov 1990). An interpretation of the available data in favor of any of these effects would be inappropriate without a quantitative analysis of the observation errors. With our aim to define the DM value and its errors more precisely, we shall analyze both the observational data available elsewhere and our results for PSR 0809+74 which, from the observational data in Shitov (1985), Shitov et al. (1986), and Kuz'min et al. (1985), has the most pronounced STD effect.
Evolution of thermally generated neutron-star magnetic Fields
Authors: Romani Roger W. , Hernquist Lars E.
Published: June 2019

Strongly magnetized neutron stars are believed to underlie a variety of astrophysical systems, although conflicting observational and theoretical evidence has led to debate on the origin and stability of these magnetic fields. Here we describe a new model of neutron star magnetic moments, assuming that the fields are generated at birth and following their evolution to ages as large as the Hubble time. With realistic thermal evolution and conductivities, isolated neutron stars will maintain large magnetic dipole fields. As suggested elsewhere field modification under mass accretion might lead to torque decay. We identify an operative mechanism for this process; the results of this unified picture are in agreement with observations of a wide range of neutron star systems.
Relativistic Shock Waves and the Excitation of Plerions
Authors: Arons Jonathan , Gallant Yves A. , Hoshino Masahiro , Langdon A. Bruce , Max Claire E.
Published: June 2019

The shock termination of a relativistic magnetohydrodynamic wind from a pulsar is the most interesting and viable model for the excitation of the synchrotron sources observed in plerionic supernova remnants. We have studied the structure of relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in plasmas composed purely of electrons and positrons, as well as those whose composition includes heavy ions as a minority constituent by number. We find that relativistic shocks in symmetric pair plasmas create fully thermalized distributions of particles and fields downstream. Therefore, such shocks are not good candidates for the mechanism which converts rotational energy lost from a pulsar into the nonthermal synchrotron emission observed in plerions. However, when the upstream wind contains heavy ions which are a minority constituent by number density, but carry the bulk of the energy density, much of the energy of the shock goes into a downstream, nonthermal power-law distribution of positrons with energy distribution N(E)dE ∝ E–s. In a specific model presented in some detail, s = 3. These characteristics are close to those assumed for the pairs in macroscopic MHD wind models of plerion excitation. The essential mechanism is collective synchrotron emission of left-handed extraordinary modes by the ions in the shock front at high harmonics of the ion-cyclotron frequency, with the downstream positrons preferentially absorbing almost all of this radiation, mostly at their fundamental (relativistic) cyclotron frequencies. Possible applications to the models of plerions and to constraints on theories of energy loss from pulsars are briefly outlined.
Conditions on the capture-region boundary
Authors: Rylov Yu. A.
Published: June 2019

The existence of massless charged particles (electrons and positrons) in the description of the pulsar magnetosphere description leads to the appearance of two phases for each species. In the dynamical phase (DP), the particles move like photons with the speed of light. The static phase (SP), in which the massless particles move with a speed less than that of light, can exist only inside the capture region (C-region). Inside the C-region (E, H) = 0 or E2 < H2, and the Lorentz force acting upon the particles of SP vanishes. Inside the accelerating region (A-region), where (E,H) ≠ 0 or E2 ≥ H2 , only the DP can exist.
The Energy Emission of Sheets in the The Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Tong Yi  , Yuan Li Zhong
Published: June 2019

We present a possible emission mechanism based on the idea of current sheets in magnetohydrodynamice. The current sheets are formed close to the light cylinder due to a relativistic effect involving partly frozen-in particles. We estimate that the energy emitted by the current sheets fits the observations fairly well.
New Evidence on the Shape of Pulsar Beams
Authors: Narayan Ramesh , Ostriker J.P.
Published: June 2019

From a study of the intensity and polarization data of a large number of pulsars, Lyne and Manchester (1988) showed that pulsar beams are essentially circular in cross-section, and confirmed that pulse widths are inversely correlated with pulse period. Using a homogeneous sub-sample of 80 “cone-dominated” pulsars from their compilation, we find an inverse correlation between pulse width and radio luminosity. We conclude that pulsar beams become wider at lower luminosities. This effect is expected since pulse profiles are observed to fall-off smoothly at their edges, thus showing that pulsar beams do not have sharp edges. If beams do become wider at lower luminosities, then some of the dispersion in the observed pulsar luminosities is not intrinsic, but merely due to varying offsets of the line-of-sight from the beam center. In view of this, one should re-examine the usual procedure of independently modeling the luminosity and beaming in pulsar statistics calculations. We expect that a self-consistent approach that includes luminosity and beaming within a single model will indicate that the “effective” beam size for statistical calculations is significantly larger (by a factor ~2) than the size one usually estimates based on the observed sample of high-luminosity pulsars.
Two Remarkable Examples of Conal Profile Evolution
Authors: Hankins T. H. , Rankin Joanna M. , Stinebring D. R. , McKinnon M. M.
Published: June 2019

Pulsar 0301+19, whose two well-separated components provide a textbook example of the conal double profile, apparently evolves to ajeingle form at frequencies above 5 GHz. PSR 2016+28, by contrast, exhibits a single form above 200 MHz, but bifurcates strongly and very asymmetrically below 100 MHz. In few pulsars can we see the full possibilities of conal profile evolution so clearly manifested.
On the Separation of the Components in the Mean Pulse Profile of PSR 1451-68 and their Spectral Behavior
Authors: Wu Xinji , Xu Wen , Rankin Joanna M.
Published: June 2019

We have developed a method to understand the detailed structure of the mean pulse profile of pulsars, namely, the Gaussian fit separation of the average profile (GFSAP) method, in which we assume the total profile is the superposition of several individual Gaussian-distributed components. Linear polarization data is used to simplify the fitting. The components of PSR 1451–68 are separated and their spectral indices calculated. We find that the profile of PSR 1451–68 is actually quintuple instead of triple, which is in agreement with the idea that quintuple is the prototype shape of pulsar profiles. The core component is shown to have the steepest spectrum, while the inner cone has the flattest. Another conclusion from PSR 1451–68 is that the core width does not change with frequency.
Mean Pulse Polarizations of 8 Southern Pulsars at 1560 MHz
Authors: Wu Xinji , Manchester R. N. , Lyne A. G.
Published: June 2019

We present the results of mean pulse polarization observations at 1560 MHz of 8 pulsars with high southern latitude, large values of dispersion measure, short period and low flux density. All of these pulsars have strong linear polarization with a mean value of 47% and no previously published polarization data.
Double-Period Observations of the Emission From PSR 1133+16 at Low Frequencies
Authors: Yu. M. Bruck
Published: June 2019

Observations with double period integration (2Pobs) were used for the first time in 1972 to provide reliable detection of pulsars at low frequencies (Ustimenko 1983), where Pobs is the observed period. In 1973 observations of PSR 1919+21 were conducted with the period 4Pobs, during which interpulse emission (IPE) of that pulsar was found (Bruck and Ustimenko 1977b), later identified with observations at 38 MHz (Bash, Bozyan, and Torrance 1970, Bruck and Ustimenko 1977a). Later, because of the lower resolution, this method was not used, and its obvious advantages were forgotten. We returned to observations with 2Pobs integration period in 1987 to detect new pulsars, which proved necessary to overcome a number of difficulties and contradictions in identification of IPE.
An Analytical Solution of the Problem of Plasma Ejection from the Magnetosphere of an Axisymmetric Rotator
Authors: Bogovalov S. V.
Published: June 2019

The flow of e+e− plasma ejected by an axisymmetrically rotating magnetized neutron star is considered in a hydrodynamical approximation. It is shown that in the vicinity of the light cylinder a helical discontinuity is formed. The transformation of toroidal magnetic field energy into plasma energy takes place at this discontinuity. Particles are accelerated to an energy of 10TeV for a neutron star with the characteristics of the Crab pulsar.
Spatial Structure Variations of Pulsar Emission Sources
Authors: Smirnova T. V.
Published: June 2019

Diffractive scintillations from large-scale irregularities of the interstellar medium were observed for 5 strong pulsars at 102.7 MHz. The shifts of the time cross-correlation function of intensity variations at different longitudes of the profile were obtained as a function of longitude separation (phase curve). The shift is defined by the transverse separation of the pulsar emission sources. The maximum values of the spatial separation are: 1-2 x 108 cm. We show that the phase curves are inconsistent with the dipole model of the magnetosphere and change from day to day not only in amplitude, but also in direction.
Coherent Radio-Emission Mechanisms for Pulsars
Authors: Melrose D. B.
Published: June 2019

Coherent emission mechanisms may be classified as (i) maser mechanisms, attributed to negative absorption by resonant particles in a resistive instability, (ii) a reactive or hydrodynamic instability, or (iii) to emission by bunches. Known coherent emission mechanisms in radio astronomy are plasma emission in solar radio bursts, maser emission in OH and other molecular line sources, electron-cyclotron maser emission from the planets, and pulsar emission. Pulsar radio emission is the brightest of all known coherent emission, and its brightness temperature is close to the maximum conceivable in terms of energy efficiency. Three possible pulsar radio emission mechanisms warrant serious consideration in polar cap models; here these are called coherent curvature emission, relativistic plasma emission, and free electron maser emission, respectively.

1.

Coherent curvature emission is attributed to emission by bunches. There is a fundamental weakness in existing theoretical treatments which do not allow for any velocity dispersion of the particles. There is no satisfactory mechanism for the formation of the required bunches, and were such bunches to form they would quickly lose their ability to emit coherently due to the curvature of the field lines.

2.

Relativistic plasma emission is a multistage emission process involving the generation of plasma turbulence and the partial conversion of this turbulence into escaping radiation. In pulsars the dispersion characteristics of the relativistic electron-positron plasma determines the form of the turbulence, which may be in either longitudinal waves or Alfvèn-like waves. Various instabilities have been suggested to produce turbulence, and a streaming instability is one possibility. Alternatively, in a detailed model proposed by Beskin et al. (1988) the instability depends intrinsically on the curvature of the field lines, and in a theory discussed by Kazbegi et al. (1988), a cyclotron instability generates the turbulence relatively far from the neutron star.

3.

Free electron maser emission or linear acceleration emission requires an oscillating electric field, postulated to be due to a large amplitude electrostatic wave. A recent analysis of this mechanism (Rowe 1992) shows that it allows emission in two different regimes that provide a possible basis for the interpretation of core and conal emission in pulsars. Effective maser emission seems to require Lorentz factors smaller than other constraints allow.

Other suggested theories for the emission mechanism include one that arises from a loophole in the proof that curvature absorption cannot be negative, and another that involves a closed “electrosphere” in which the radio emission is attributed to emission by bunches formed as a result of pair production due to a primary charge accelerated towards the star by its Coulomb field.
Computer Simulation of Electron-Flow Bunching in the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Rylov Yu. A.
Published: June 2019

Bunch curvature emission is one of the well known pulsar radio emission mechanisms. The problem of bunch formation is very important for understanding the pulsar radio emission mechanism. In the axisymmetric pulsar magnetospheric bunching arises in the outflow channel as a result of interaction between moving electrons (DP) and captured ones (SP) (Rylov 1988). A numerical simulation was undertaken to determine how strongly the electron flow is bunched. The bunching appears to be very strong. It can be treated as a gas of electron bunches rather than small fluctuations of the electron flow. The thermal radio emission of the electron-bunch gas has a very high brightness temperature and sharp directivity. The power consumed in electron-bunch gas heating is sufficient to explain the pulsar radio emission. The pulsar radio emission mechanism appears to be thermal (the electron bunches move chaotically) and coherent (electrons of the bunch emit coherently) at the same time. For this reason the radio emission mechanism is very stable.
Chaos and Strange Attractors in Pulsar Intensity Records
Authors: Romani Roger W. , Rankin J. M. , Backer D. C.
Published: June 2019

We have examined high quality Arecibo data of three pulsars for evidence of strange attractors in pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations. Significant structure was found for PSR 0823+26, and seems related to pulse drifting and nulling activity. The low dimensionality of the possible attractor suggest that a simple dynamical model can explain this component of the flux variability.
Microstructure and the Pulsar Radio Emission Mechanism
Authors: Boriakoff Valentín
Published: June 2019

The properties of pulsar radio pulse microstructure are reviewed, then consideration is given on how, in the frame of the Ruderman-Sutherland pulsar model, an emission mechanism can be devised which explains many of the known characteristics of micropulses and of subpulses.
Nonlinear Temporal Model for Formation of Pulsar Microstructures
Authors: Chian Abraham C.-L.
Published: June 2019

A nonlinear plasma model which may account for temporal modulation of pulsar radio pulses is presented. Envelope solitons and envelope nonlinear wave trains can result from the nonlinear interaction of the high-frequency coherent pulsar radiation with the pulsar magnetosphere. Theories of electromagnetic envelope solitons and electromagnetic envelope nonlinear wave trains in electronpositron plasmas are reviewed. The application of this model for observation of pulsar microstructures is discussed.
The Polarization of Pulsar Radiation
Authors: Radhakrishnan V.
Published: June 2019

The numerous discussions that took place at the colloquium have reemphasized the primary importance of polarization observations and their interpretation for understanding the magnetospheric structure and the radiation mechanisms of pulsars. I have tried to take them into account in the summary at the end of this written version of my review of polarization phenomena, where I also attempt to address some of the questions raised by both observers and theorists as to what message polarization has for the planning of future observations and for the development of theories to explain pulsar radiation mechanisms. Because I feel it is relevant I shall begin with a little history to put things in perspective.
On the Nature of the Circularly Polarized Component of Pulsar Radio Emission
Authors: Istomin Ya. N.
Published: June 2019

It is shown that circular polarization occurs in the region of cyclotron resonance because the group velocities of right-hand and left-hand polarized waves are different with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. Due to the dependence of the intensity of radio emission on the coordinates across the polar cap, this difference in group velocities leads to noncompensated circular polarization proportional to the derivative of the total intensity as a function of longitude. The indicated dependence corresponds to observations of the so-called core component of pulsar radio emission.
Associated Mathieu Functions
Authors: Ince E. L.
Published: June 2019

The periodic solutions of the linear differential equation

,

which reduce to Mathieu functions when v = 0 or 1, will be known as the associated Mathieu functions. The significance of this terminology will appear in the following section.
Gordan's Theorem for Double Binary Forms
Authors: Turnbull H. W.
Published: June 2019

Gordan's Theorem, that the complete system of irreducible concomitants of a given form is finite, has been extended by Hilbert to cover wide ranges of systems of variables Gordan and Study have dealt shortly with the problem for double binary forms, approaching the subject through the theory of binary types. The following pages give a proof after the manner of Gordan's proof for ordinary binary forms, which has the advantage of providing a practical method for constructing the complete system. As illustrations, the cases of the (1, 2), (2, 2), and (3, 3) forms are considered.
“THE FAULT OF OUR GRANDFATHERS”: YEMEN'S THIRD-GENERATION MIGRANTS SEEKING REFUGE FROM DISPLACEMENT
Authors: Peutz Nathalie
Published: June 2019

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Djibouti's Markazi camp for refugees from Yemen between 2016 and 2018, this article examines the complex motivating factors that drove a subset of Yemenis to seek refuge in the Horn of Africa. Although the primary reason for their flight to the Horn of Africa was the ongoing war, a secondary but not inconsequential driver of many of these Yemeni refugees’ current displacement was their family histories of transnational migrations and interethnic marriages. This article argues that, for this group, it was their “mixed” (muwallad) Arab and African parentage and resulting alienation in Yemen that made their flight imaginable—and, in their view, imperative. Although “mixed motive migration” is not unusual, this example underscores how spatial and social (im)mobilities in Yemen and the Horn of Africa region have been co-constituted across generations. More importantly, it has critical implications for the recently adopted Global Compact on Refugees, which promotes (among other solutions) the “local integration” of refugees in their proximate host societies.
Effect of automatic cluster remover settings on milkability, milk quality and milking irregularities of crossbred cows
Authors: Fahim Ahmad , Kamboj Madan Lal , Sirohi Ajayvir Singh , Bhakat Mukesh , Mohanty Tushar Kumar
Published: June 2019

Automatic cluster remover (ACR) settings regulate the end of milking by detaching the clusters based on milk flow dropping below a preset level, which needs to be standardised for different breeds of dairy animals based on their production. A study was conducted to find out the best ACR setting for milking Indian crossbred cows based on milkability, milking irregularities and milk quality. Fifty six crossbred dairy cows in lactations 1 to 4 were categorised into three groups based on the level of production; low (N = 16; <12 kg/d), medium (N = 32; 12–18 kg/d) and high (N = 08; >18 kg/d). The ACR settings tested were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 kg/min, keeping the vacuum level and pulsation settings constant. The ACR settings significantly (P < 0.01) affected the milk yield at all levels of production with a significant effect (P < 0.01) on machine-on time at 0.4 kg/min. The yield during the first 2 min of milking, average flow and peak flow rates were not affected at any level of production. The average electrical conductivity in milk was significantly (P < 0.01) lower for the low and medium yield cows without affecting the mean somatic cell count. At 0.4 kg/min, more cluster reattachments were needed because of significant amount of milk remaining in the udders post-cluster removal.
Parotid gland carcinoma: 32 years’ experience from a single institute
Authors: Nakano T , Yasumatsu R , Kogo R , Hashimoto K , Asai K , Ohga S , Yamamoto H , Nakashima T , Nakagawa T
Published: June 2019

Background

Parotid gland carcinoma is a rare and complicated histopathological classification. Therefore, assembling a sufficient number of cases with long-term outcomes in a single institute can present a challenge.

Method

The medical records of 108 parotid gland carcinoma patients who were treated at Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, between 1983 and 2014 were reviewed. The survival outcomes were analysed according to clinicopathological findings.

Results

Forty-six patients had low clinical stage tumours (I–II), and 62 patients had high clinical stage tumours (III–IV). Fifty-two, 10 and 46 patients had low-, intermediate- and high-grade tumours, respectively. Twenty-seven of 65 cases had positive surgical margins. In high clinical stage and intermediate- to high-grade tumours, adjuvant radiation therapy was correlated with local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.0244). Intermediate- to high-grade tumours and positive surgical margins were significantly associated with disease-specific survival in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0058).

Conclusion

The results of this study show that adjuvant radiation therapy is useful for improved local control in patients with high clinical stage and intermediate- to high-grade tumours.
Improvising protocols: Two enterprising Chinese migrant families and the resourceful Nguyễn court
Authors: Wong John D.
Published: June 2019

Chinese migrants fleeing from the incoming Qing regime assumed a range of political and economic positions as the Nguyễn court sought to extend its control to the south. A nuanced exploration of the historical experience of two powerful Chinese migrant families to Vietnam through their clan genealogies reveals two rather different paradigms — the Minh Hương paradigm and the Frontier paradigm. These paradigms reflect not only the Chinese migrants' varied, resourceful manoeuvres in their quest for a firm foothold in the evolving and expanding south, but equally, they demonstrate the Nguyễn court's flexibility in accommodating and capitalising on the strengths of different migrant groups it sought to incorporate into its realm.
Worldly compromise in Thai Buddhist modernism
Authors: Subrahmanyan Arjun
Published: June 2019

Buddhist modernist movements transformed the religious practice and social engagement of one of the world's principal faiths in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These movements produced diverse effects on Asian societies which, despite generic similarities, are best understood in particular socio-historical contexts. This article examines the work of a group of young Thai monks and laymen who had an ambitious aim to morally improve and empower people; and the practical adaptation of this impulse in a society in transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional democracy in the 1930s. Like many modernist movements, their work was innovative. But it also was an inheritance of religious and political history, and the Thai modernist case thus shows a contradiction between novelty and custom that was resolved in a way that blunted the movement's reformist energy.
Democratic Contradictions in European Settler Colonies
Authors: Paine Jack
Published: June 2019

How did political institutions emerge and evolve under colonial rule? This article studies a key colonial actor and establishes core democratic contradictions in European settler colonies. Although European settlers’ strong organizational position enabled them to demand representative political institutions, the first hypothesis qualifies their impulse for electoral representation by positing the importance of a metropole with a representative tradition. Analyzing new data on colonial legislatures in 144 colonies between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries shows that only British settler colonies—emanating from a metropole with representative institutions—systematically exhibited early elected legislative representation. The second hypothesis highlights a core democratic contradiction in colonies that established early representative institutions. Applying class-based democratization theories predicts perverse institutional evolution—resisted enfranchisement and contestation backsliding—because sizable European settler minorities usually composed an entrenched landed class. Evidence on voting restrictions and on legislature disbandment from Africa, the British Caribbean, and the US South supports these implications and rejects the Dahlian path from competitive oligarchy to full democracy.
A Mycenaean Bronze in the Cyprus Museum
Authors: Markides M.
Published: June 2019

Among the latest acquisitions of the Cyprus Museum are seven pieces of bronze which, when put together, form the handles and circular rim of a large vessel.

Their history is as follows. They were found (together with a gold enamelled sceptre and two bronze tripods, a description of which I hope to give later) in a field near the Church of Hagios Armenis, at the village of Episkopi, the site of the ancient Curium. All the objects together were sold to an Armenian merchant of Limassol and were seized by the police of Larnaca in December, 1903, when they were about to be secretly exported from the Island. They have been kept at the Custom House at Larnaca till lately when they were transferred to my custody and deposited in the Cyprus Museum.
Inscriptions from Beroea in Macedonia
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

The following inscriptions were copied by Mr. A. J. B. Wace at Verria (Beroea) in the course of his travels in Macedonia in 1911 and 1912. Thirty-four seem hitherto unknown, and are here published, followed by ten which have been published with varying degrees of accuracy, mostly in the comprehensive collection of Macedonian inscriptions, and archaeological and topographical notes of Demitsas. References to this work are numerous in the following pages, for it is the only publication which approximates to a Corpus of Macedonian Inscriptions. Of the newly published stones twenty-three are grave-stones, and of the remainder two (Nos. 10, 11) are so fragmentary that it is impossible to class them; four are statue-bases of the Imperial Age (Nos. 5–8); No. 1 is a copy of three letters written by Demetrios II while acting as regent for his father Antigonos Gonatas; and the remainder (Nos. 2, 3, 4, 9) are votive inscriptions of various sorts. No. 2 is a dedication of a manumitted female slave, accompanied by a commendatory letter from the brothers of the dedicatrix; No. 3 records the dedication in the 2nd century B.C. to the Healing Divinities of a stone-built dormitory and exedra, no doubt in connexion with the custom of incubation; No. 4 is the base of a votive statue to Hermes erected by the board of ἀγορανόμοι, and almost contemporary with No. 3; and No. 9 is a mutilated dedication accompanied by reliefs of the soles of two human feet, which it is natural to interpret in connexion with the cult of the Healing Divinities.
Datcha—Stadia—Halikarnassos
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: June 2019

The opinion of Captain T. A. B. Spratt that the ruins at Datcha represent the Dorian city of Akanthos has naturally been adopted by subsequent cartographers as being that of the one man who has thoroughly explored the Knidian peninsula. The identification rests, like so many others, on slight evidence owing to the meagreness of ancient records concerning the city in question: added local knowledge makes another identification seem preferable.

The inhabitants of Syme, on the authority of M. Chaviaras, himself a Symiote, to this day refer to the site as Stadia (Σταδία), of which Datcha is in reality only a dialectic variant with the Σ elided, as so often, by false analogy. The existence of a town called Stadia on this coast can be traced from Pliny downwards. The latter places a town variously called Pegusa or Stadia near Knidos—Est in promontorio Cnidus libera, Triopia, dein Pegusa et Stadia appellata: the name Pegusa is readily explained by the springs in the plain of Datcha, and the comparative obscurity of the town by the fact that it was in ancient times subordinate to Knidos.
The Acclamation of Emperors in Byzantine Ritual
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: June 2019

The practice of acclaiming the Emperors with certain set forms of words is mentioned by the Byzantine chroniclers in their account of the court ceremonies. Both Constantine Porphyrogenitus and the writer of the handbook which goes under the name of Codinus Curopalata give the proceedings in some detail, whereby we learn the names of the court officials, their gorgeous robes, and symbols of office, the various sections of the Imperial guard and the solemn pageantry enacted by them on state occasions, and can easily imagine the pomp, tiresome perhaps, but certainly impressive, that surrounded the Eastern Throne.
On Imitation of the Venetian Sequin struck for the Levant
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: June 2019

The long-established popularity of the Venetian gold ducat or sequin as a medium for international trade in the Levant, is easily accounted for by its unvarying fineness and constant types from its first appearance in the thirteenth century to the end of the Republic in 1797. Throughout this long period it held its own as the standard gold coin of the Levant trade. Imitations of varying date, standard, and work-manship are an inevitable consequence of this popularity: they are found so far afield as India, and are even at the present day manufactured for jewellers' purposes in Alexandria.

A conspicuous mediaeval example of these trade imitations is to be found in a series of more or less barbarous imitations of the sequin of Andrea Dandolo (1343–54), which, though attributed to no definite mint, have long been recognised as a Levant currency. The designs are imitated closely from the Venetian original, the name of the doge and the motto of the reverse—Sit tibi, Christe, datus quern tu—regis iste ducatus—being blundered or distorted in various ways.
Old Smyrna: the Iron Age fortifications and associated remains on the city perimeter
Authors: Nicholls R. V.
Published: June 2019

Traces of fortifications around the area apparently once occupied by the city of Old Smyrna were observed by Louis Fauvel, and our first detailed description of them is that of Prokesch von Osten, who accompanied him there on a second visit in 1825. As we shall see later, it seems likely, though proof is no longer possible, that most of the circuit wall around the tell, as well as that on the low spur to the west of it on which the modern village now stands, as described by Prokesch, may have belonged to the defences of the classical city. Nothing today survives of these above ground, owing to extensive stone-plundering in the interval; and it is to be feared that the fate of much of this rather exposed classical enceinte has been to provide masonry either for the houses of the modern village or for the terrace walls which today encircle the tell.

The plundering of this outermost circuit probably left the earlier ones inside it rather more exposed to view. I have not been able to verify which of the city walls it was that was photographed by Keil in 1911, but when Franz and Helene Miltner excavated here in 1930 a part of the late-seventh-century B.C. circuit was visible on the east side of the city. Here they cleared about 80 metres of its face, for the most part to no great depth, then picked up its line again with a small probe some 20 metres farther north. Two further small trenches seem to have located more of this late-seventh-century wall-line south-south-west of their long cut, in addition to traces of yet other circuits. Besides this they report sinking two shafts into the mound dominating the north-west corner of the tell and making two small probes in occupation levels within the city itself.
Aristotle: ‘P.A.’ I. 2–3: argument and text
Authors: Balme D. M.
Published: June 2019

These two chapters (642 b 5–644 a 11) form a continuous argument in which Aristotle offers three reasons for rejecting ‘dichotomy’—a misnomer, as it turns out. It is the only passage where he mentions dichotomy, and the three reasons against it do not appear in his discussions of Division elsewhere. They are:

1. The final differentia of a dichotomy is inadequate to mark out the species;

2. Dichotomy cannot avoid splitting up natural kinds, like Birds;

3. Dichotomy cannot make use of privative differentiae (στερήσεις).

The rest of his argument is in support of these three reasons, as I will try to show. It falls into separate sections in which he adduces various rules and practices of Division to show that if Dichotomy is properly conducted according to these rules it cannot work. The rules that he gives here are all found elsewhere, with one minor exception at 643 a 35 which is applicable only to zoology. Neither here nor elsewhere does he suggest that division in general is unsound or useless. (He denies that it can prove, but allows that it helps towards finding a definition, An. Pr. 1. 31; An. Post. 11. 5 and 13.) True, dichotomy is a particular kind of division. But having shown that it is useless in zoology, he replaces it with another kind of division.
The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects
Authors: Foster W. F.
Published: June 2019

On September 10, 1971, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space adopted and decided to submit to the General Assembly for consideration and final adoption a draft Convention on International Liability for Damage caused by Space Objects. Approval of the Convention was recommended by the First Committee of the General Assembly on November 11, 1971; and on November 29, 1971 it was endorsed by the General Assembly. The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects marks the culmination of a decade of debate and negotiation of the problem of liability for damage arising from outer space activities.
A Code of Conduct on Restrictive Business Practices: A Third Option
Authors: Wex Samuel
Published: June 2019

Competing Goals in Formulating a Code of Conduct on Restrictive Business Practices

For the past thirty years efforts to formulate and implement acceptable international norms to regulate restrictive business practices (R.B.P.’s) affecting international trade have largely failed. Yet, none can deny the necessity of such international norms in the face of the inability of national legal systems to cope with an economic order of international dimensions. The abortive International Trade Organization, as part of the Havana Charter of 1948, and the Draft E.C.O.S.O.C. International Agreement of 1953, which were originally initiated by the United States, were eventually rejected by it because “the various national policies, legislation, and enforcement procedures in this field were not sufficiently comparable.”
La création d’une cour pénale Internationale et l’administration Internationale de la justice
Authors: Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski L.
Published: June 2019

Les Tentatives de création d’une Cour pénale internationale sont relativement anciennes et leur histoire fait l’objet d’une abondante littérature. Un autre rapport de l’auteur de la présente étude illustre les efforts accomplis en vue d’instituer cette Cour. A ce propos, il convient de remarquer que déjà en 1937, vingt-quatre pays signaient une convention pour la prévention et la répression du terrorisme, et que treize Etats signaient une convention pour la création d’une Cour pénale internationale.
The 1974 Definition of Aggression: A Query
Authors: Brown-John C. Lloyd
Published: June 2019

On december 14, 1974, the United Nations General Assembly adopted by consensus a draft resolution submitted by its Sixth (legal) Committee known as the Definition of Aggression. Adoption of this definition culminated years of effort, interspersed with numerous wars, by the international community. Here is not the place to enter into an elaborate discussion either of its history or contents. It will suffice to note that its antecedents can be traced back to the 1815 Triple Alliance, the 1907 Hague Conventions, the League of Nations, and the 1945 Inter-American Act of Chapultapec. From 1952 to 1974, however, at least four United Nations special committees grappled with the task of this definition, made more crucial by the growing diversity of techniques of aggression and the restraintson responding to aggression imposed by Article 51 of the Charter.
Adjudication of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: McRae D.M.
Published: June 2019

On March 29, 1979 Canada and the United States signed a treaty to submit their dispute over the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine to binding settlement. The event is worthy of note not only because it is the first occasion since the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration, in 1910, that the two countries have submitted a dispute over their offshore jurisdiction to third party settlement but also because it constitutes the first reference by any state of a question to a chamber of the International Court of Justice. However, this reference to the Court is only conditional and the parties have provided for the possible removal of the case from the Court and for its submission to an ad hoc court of arbitration. Thus, as well as providing a further opportunity for an international tribunal to consider the law relating to the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the treaty raises some interesting questions about recourse to a chamber of the International Court of Justice.
Canada and Namibia
Authors: Meret Livia
Published: June 2019

In 1971 The International Court of Justice in an Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia concluded that the mandate for South-West Africa had been validly terminated by the General Assembly in Resolution 2145 (XXI) of October 27, 1966, and that “the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia being illegal, South Africa is under an obligation to withdraw its administration from Namibia immediately and thus put an end to its occupation of the Territory.” Further, the Court said that:

States Members of the United Nations are under obligation to recognize the illegality of South Africa’s presence in Namibia and the invalidity of its acts on behalf of or concerning Namibia, and to refrain from any acts and, in particular, any dealings with the Government of South Africa implying recognition of the legality of or lending support or assistance to, such presence and administration.
An Historical Introduction to the Teaching of International Law in Canada: Part IV
Authors: MacDonald R. St. J.
Published: June 2019

This article will complete the account of the teaching of public international law in Canadian law schools that appeared in thisYearbookin the 1970s. In the earlier articles, it was not possible, for want of material, to review the contributions to the teaching of international law that were made at the older law schools in Fredericton and Sherbrooke, and it seemed premature at the time to consider the situation at the newly founded schools in Victoria, Calgary, and Moncton. It is proposed now to complete the record, at least in a preliminary way, and to continue the process of laying a foundation from which one can usefully reflect on the teaching of the subject (and its presuppositions) since Maxmillien Bibaud first introduced it to Canadian students at the early date of 1851.
Extradition to a State that Imposes the Death Penalty
Authors: Williams Sharon A.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

L'auteur examine la question de la peine de mort dans le contexte de l'extradition à la lumière des articles 7 et 12 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Quels sont les options du Canada si l'on tient compte de la décision de la Cour européenne de Justice dans l'affaire Soering?
La Guerre du Golfe et le système d'intervention armée de l'ONU
Authors: Boustany Katia
Published: June 2019

This note reviews the organization of the allied intervention in the Gulf War under the aegis of the United Nations. The author argues that this intervention, while positive in its impact, should have been placed under direct control of the Security Council, as envisaged by the UN Charter.
The 1990 Triennial Elections to the International Court of Justice and the 1989 Casual Election
Authors: McWhinney Edward , April Serge
Published: June 2019

The regular, triennial elections for the International Court of Justice (ICJ), with a third of the fifteen seats on the Court coming up for renewal or replacement, were held on November 15, 1990. The five successful candidates thus elected, or re-elected, qualified for regular nine-year terms beginning on February 6, 1991. In the result, two incumbent judges, from France (Judge Guillaume) and Great Britian (Judge Jennings), who were candidates for re-election, were successful. Two other incumbent judges, from Argentina (the retiring Court President, Judge Ruda) and from Sénégal (Judge M'Baye), did not present themselves for re-election. A third incumbent judge, from India (Judge Pathak, who had been elected to the Court in a casual election held in April 1989), was nominated for re-election by a country other than his own, but chose to withdraw after the close of nominations and before the actual balloting. These three seats of the Court were filled by the election of candidates from Venezuela (Aguilar Mawdsley), Madagascar (Ranjeva), and Sri Lanka (Weeramantry).
III: Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

En 1990, la conjoncture politique et économique canadienne a été défavorable à l'investissement international. D'abord, au niveau politique, plusieurs événements ont ébranlé sérieusement le Canada. Ensuite, au niveau économique, d'autres événements ont sérieusement affecté le Canada. Par rapport à 1989, il en a résulté une chute spectaculaire des investissements directs étrangers au Canada et des investissements directs canadiens à l'étranger.
Charles B. Bourne: Scholar, Teacher, and Editor, Innovator in the Development of the International Law of Water Resources
Authors: Macdonald R. ST. J.
Published: June 2019

The author traces the career of one of Canada’s leading international lawyers as a teacher of international law, as the founding editor and editor-in-chief of thisYearbookfor thirty years, and as a scholar in the field of the international law of water resources. Bourne’s role in the development of the Helsinki Rules is recounted and hü fundamental difference with the work of the ILC over the competing principles of “equitable utilization” and “no appreciable harm” is analyzed.
Mondialisation et état de droit: quelques réflexions sur la normativité technologique
Authors: Boustany Katia , Crépeau François , Mackay Pierre , Mockle Daniel
Published: June 2019

The progressive withdrawal of the state from the role of “economic agent” has had an impact upon its function of regulator. Therefore, norms production was transferred to international and national bodies favouring more non-binding normative settings (soft law) and self-regulation. This is clearly the case of the normative framework applying to technologies. As a result, the relationship between the international legal order and national legal order bears significant modifications, and fundamental rights of citizens may also be affected within democracies based on the rule of Law.
The Nova Scotia-Newfoundland Dispute over the Limits of Their Respective Offshore Areas
Authors: Hughes Valerie
Published: June 2019

On May 17, 2001, an arbitral tribunal established by the minister for natural resources of the government of Canada issued its decision in Phase I of the dispute between the provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador over the boundary dividing their respective offshore areas. The tribunal was required to determine in Phase I, in accordance with the principles of international law governing maritime boundary delimitation, whether the line dividing the offshore areas of the two provinces had been resolved by agreement. This note discusses the dispute settlement mechanism set up to deal with this issue and the arguments made by the parties before the tribunal, and it summarizes the decision of the tribunal.
Nuclear Weapons in Outer Space
Authors: Gotlieb A. E.
Published: June 2019

In the Latter Part of the last decade, when it began to become apparent that vehicles or devices carrying nuclear weapons could be made to enter into outer space and orbit around the earth's contours, both the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union began to put forward proposals for restricting or prohibiting such operations.

The crucial year was 1957 — the year in which the Soviet Union launched its first sputnik in outer space. This scientific achievement, followed in 1961 by the advent of manned orbital satellites, made it apparent to the world at large and the lawyers among them that outer space could be utilized by man for his own purposes — and that these might not necessarily be peaceful ones.
Of Questionable Legality: The Military Use of Cluster Bombs in Iraq in 2003
Authors: Hulme Karen
Published: June 2019

Over the past century, the laws of armed conflict have limited or prohibited the use of a number of weapons, principally due to their cruel effects or indiscriminate nature. Among the examples are chemical and biological weapons, anti-personnel mines, and blinding laser weapons. In recent years, one of the most controversial armaments used by states has been the cluster bomb. Cluster weapons are inexpensively produced area weapons with a high propensity for failure. The source of constant condemnation since the Vietnam conflict, the legality of cluster weapons remains highly questionable. With such weapons, the question is not so much whether there is a need to create new instruments of limitation, or indeed prohibition, but whether the existing laws of armed conflict are already sufficient to address any human and environmental concerns.