bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Prevalence of an Ectoparasitic Nematode, Noctuidonema guyanense, on Moths of The Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Tropical Americas
Authors: Simmons Alvin M. , Rogers Charlie E.
Published: September 2017

Moths of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), collected from locations extending from northern South America, the Caribbean basin, Central America, Mexico, Texas, to Florida, and Bermuda, were examined for Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain, an ectoparasitic nematode of adult Lepidoptera. Noctuidonema was recovered from all locations where the fall armyworm was collected. This parasitic nematode was previously only known to occur in French Guiana and Guadeloupe. Parasitism was generally around 35%, but was variable at different locations ranging from nearly 0% to about 90%. Although the number of nematodes per moth varied among locations, mean infestation ranged from 30 to 40 specimens per host. Noctuidonema also was recovered from the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), a host on which it previously had not been known to occur.
Seasonal Abundance and Population Dynamics of a Bamboo Aphid, Takecallis arundinaria (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Coffelt Mark A. , Schultz Peter B.
Published: September 2017

The anholocyclic life cycle of the aphid Takecallis arundinaria (Essig) on golden stem bamboo, Phyllostachys aurea (Carrie're) was investigated in 1987 – 1988. Aphid populations peaked from March – May, declined from June – October, and peaked again in December. Aphid population dynamics were strongly influenced by climatic conditions. When aphid populations were at constant or rising levels, significantly more nymphs were found in the southern and eastern quadrants, than in the northern and western quadrants. This directionality may have allowed T. arundinaria populations to be exposed to increased sunlight and decreased winds during the winter and early spring periods. Alate viviparae had a mean fecundity of 147 nymphs and a longevity of 46.5 days. Predators were few and no parasites were found. An alternate host study revealed no aphids on yellow sticky traps placed on nine woody plant species.
Feeding by Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the Effects of Defoliation on Growth of Musk Thistles
Authors: Cartwright Bob , Kok Loke T.
Published: September 2017

Plant response studies were conducted to determine the effects of feeding by Cassida rubiginosa Müller and mechanical defoliation on the growth and reproduction of musk thistle (Carduus thoermeri Weinmann). Mortality of thistles was highest with 75% mechanical defoliation at the rosette stage; defoliation of thistles after bolting had little effect on growth and reproduction. Thistle growth was more adversely affected by multiple than single defoliations, particularly when 50% or more of the leaf tissue was removed. Single defoliation produced little reduction in plant growth except at the 75% level. Defoliation by C. rubiginosa produced effects on thistles that were intermediate to those resulting from 50 and 75% multiple mechanical defoliations, even though only 23% of the leaf tissue was removed. Laboratory studies of leaf consumption showed that C. rubiginosa larvae consumed more thistle leaf tissue as they matured and that their feeding rates were temperature dependent.
Biotypes of the Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Identified in the Southeastern United States2
Authors: Kudagamage C. , Foster J. E. , Taylor P. L. , Chen B. H.
Published: September 2017

Ten samples of field populations of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), from four southeastern states were evaluated in the laboratory for biotype composition. This study reports the first identification of biotypes GP, G, J. L. M, and O from the south. The H3 gene no longer provides effective resistance in any of the areas sampled. However, the H7H8 genes continue to provide protection in many areas sampled. The data show that the H6 and H5 genes continue to be effective in many areas sampled.
Design of an Attract-and-Kill Device for the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)2
Authors: McKibben G. H. , Smith J. W. , McGovern W. L.
Published: September 2017

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was used to formulate a mixture of grandlure, feeding stimulants, and a toxicant as a toxic bait for the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Boheman). Field tests with the PVC formulation revealed that certain aspects of boll weevil orientation dictated placement of the bait device on vertically oriented stakes of about 12 - 24 mm diameter. A stake coating was prepared which contained natural shellac as a binder, cyfluthrin, a green pigment, and crude cottonseed oil. This coating was applied to wooden stakes, with aluminum pans underneath to facilitate counting of dead boll weevils. Bait devices prepared in this manner appeared to be very effective in killing boll weevils. Their advantage over live traps is that they are less expensive and require no service once they are deployed. They have the potential for becoming an important control method for the boll weevil, particularly in the early and late season periods.
Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species, Their Occurrence and Seasonal Abundance on Developing Buds and Flowers of Florida Citrus
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Beshear Ramona J. , Brushwein Jeffrey R. , Denmark Harold A.
Published: September 2017

Citrus groves in Florida were sampled during 1986 - 1990 to determine the distribution and abundance of the thrips species complex infesting closed buds and open flowers of citrus. Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) was the dominant species accounting for 92% of collected specimens from Dade to Volusia Counties. Frankliniella kelliae Sakimura was the second most abundant species comprising 7% of specimens collected. This species was not found north of a line between Manatee and Martin Counties. Low populations of 11 other thrips species were found. They appear to have no potential as pests of citrus flower buds or bloom. They included the phytophagous species: F. cephalica (Crawford), F. tritici (Fitch), F. insularis (Franklin), F. williamsi Hood, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan), Pseudothrips inequalis (Beach) and Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin). Predaceous thrips collected included: Scolothrips pallidus (Beach), Aeolothrips vittipennis Hood, Karnyothrips merrilli (Watson) and Leptothrips mali (Fitch).
Influence of Photoperiod and Temperature on the Reproductive Diapause of Two Different Geographic Populations of the Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Their Cross Progeny
Authors: Elden T. C.
Published: September 2017

The influence of temperature and photoperiod on the reproductive diapause of two Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, populations and their cross progeny was determined in laboratory tests. The fertility level of the El Salvador population exceeded that of the Maryland population under both diapause and non-diapause conditions. Changes in photoperiod had a greater impact on diapause in the El Salvador population, while the Maryland strain was more responsive to changes in temperature. Progeny of reciprocal crosses were more fertile than progeny of purebred crosses, suggesting hybrid vigor. Results indicated that in the Mexican bean beetle reproductive diapause is genetically inherited, has some degree of dominance, and that population differences due to temperature and photoperiod are probably adaptations to the specific population environments.
Dispersal and Seasonal Occurrence of Noctuidonema guyanense, an Ectoparasitic Nematode of Adult Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the United States2
Authors: Simmons Alvin M. , Rogers Charlie E.
Published: September 2017

Migrant Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) adult males were collected at 17 widely separated locations throughout the eastern half of the United States and were examined to determine if Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain, an ectoparasitic nematode of adult Lepidoptera, were transported with the host. Nematodes were recovered from all locations where moths were captured. Nematode populations and parasitism of fall armyworm males were higher in the eastern states than in the Plains, Midwestern, and Central states (e.g., west Texas, Iowa, and Ohio). Percent parasitism and the number of nematodes per infested fall armyworm changed over time at each location. The initial immigrant fall armyworm males at a given location generally had few or no nematodes. These data suggest that moths with a moderate number of nematodes may be less able to disperse. Nematode populations peaked in mid-to-late August and then declined to a few or none by mid-October at locations north of the Gulf Coast area. Among other factors, temperature is apparently an important regulator of N. guyanense populations.
Site Selection for Oviposition and Larval Feeding by the Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Apple in Pennsylvania
Authors: Meagher Robert L. , Hull Larry A.
Published: September 2017

Intensive sampling was used to characterize the size and leaf type for tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), egg mass deposition, and to determine the association and site of larval feeding on fruit and foliage in Pennsylvania apple orchards. Results suggest tufted apple bud moth prefer to oviposit on smaller leaves (<20 cm2), and egg mass size was 0.16 cm2 during first brood and 0.12 cm2 during second brood. Significantly more first and second brood egg masses were oviposited on leaves within nonfruiting spurs than on either vegetative shoots or fruiting spurs. Both larval broods were found in association with leaves only rather than leaves and fruit. Fruit injury due to larval feeding during both broods occurred more on the calyx (sepals) surface area than the side or stem surface areas of the fruit. In cultivar comparisons of fruit, more surface injury was located on the site of the fruit from ‘Stayman’ trees than for ‘Golden Delicious’ trees.
Screen Hole Size and Barriers for Exclusion of Insect Pests of Glasshouse Crops
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of screens as barriers to five major greenhouse pests. Four screen types with a range of hole sizes were tested: high density polyethylene sheets perforated with holes that were in the center of an indentation on one side and a corolla of material on the opposite side; a woven mesh of polyethylene strands; a filter of unwoven polyester; and woven brass strainer cloth. Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), or Frankiniella occidentalis (Pergande) were placed in a cage with a test screen separating them from a source of light and food. The insects' ability to pass through any barrier could not be predicted solely from thoracic width and hole size. Hole geometry or the way in which holes were formed were important elements in insects' exclusion. The most effective barriers to insect penetration correspondingly reduced air flow. The unwoven polyester filter designed specifically as an insect barrier did not restrain any of the insects under the methodology used. Results suggest that the maximum hole sizes for exclusion were: L. trifolii (640 μm), A. gossypii (341 μm), B. tabaci (462 μm) and F. occidentalis (192 μm).
Effect of Dormant Oil Treatments on White Peach Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its Overwintering Parasite Complex
Authors: Meyer John R. , Nalepa Christine A.
Published: September 2017

The effect of dormant oil treatments on the overwintering parasite complex of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) was evaluated in a peach orchard in the southern coastal plain of North Carolina in 1988 and 1989. Oil treatments resulted in significant reductions in the emergence of adult hymenopteran parasites in both years. However, mortality was not complete, and a sufficient number of parasites survived to repopulate the orchard in spring.
Residual Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon Formulations for German Cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) on Panels Placed in Commercial Food Preparation Areas2
Authors: Koehler Philip G. , Patterson Richard S.
Published: September 2017

Ceramic and stainless steel panels were treated with chlorpyrifos (Dursban LO or ME) or diazinon (Knox Out 2FM) and aged in a commercial kitchen. Type of surface (ceramic tile or stainless steel) did not significantly affect residual performance of formulations used for control of adult male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). Microencapsulation stabilized the residues of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon and caused 100% mortality of susceptible German cockroaches for 8 weeks and resistant cockroaches for 4 weeks. The emulsifiable formulation provided only 0–67% mortality after 1–2 weeks.
A New Species of Pauesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) From Georgia and Introduced Into South Africa Against the Black Pine Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Marsh Paul M.
Published: September 2017

A new North American species of the braconid genus Pauesia is described from Georgia. This species has been introduced into South Africa where it has become effective in the biological control of the black pine aphid, Cinara cronatrii.
Preference, Developmental Time, Adult Longevity and Fecundity of Green Peach Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Spinach
Authors: McLeod Paul , Morelock T. E. , Goode M. J.
Published: September 2017

Spinach, Spinacia oleracea L. breeding lines and a commercial cultivar were evaluated for differences in green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), preference, developmental time, adult longevity and fecundity. Aphid preference varied significantly among the breeding lines and the commercial cultivar ‘Kent.’ Line F70 was the only line significantly non-preferred when compared with ‘Kent’. Significant differences in aphid developmental time, adult longevity and fecundity were detected. Aphids held on line F70 required a longer period to reach reproductive age and produced fewer young than aphids held on ‘Kent.’
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Ear Tag and Spray Treatment of Cattle Against Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: Leprince D. J. , Foil L. D. , Byford R. L.
Published: September 2017

Permethrin and fenvalerate ear tags, and fenvalerate sprays (0.01 and 0.02%) were evaluated against tabanids under field conditions in Louisiana. Residual concentration of insecticide in the hair from the head, side, back, abdomen, front and back legs of steers was measured after each fly collection period by gas chromatography. Mortality rates were reported relative to the feeding pattern of species of tabanids studied and insecticide concentration of different body regions. A total of 2,922 females belonging to three Tabanus species were collected. Mortality rates were 3% in controls, 9% in permethrin tag, 15% in fenvalerate tag, 67% in 0.01% fenvalerate spray and 79% in 0.02% fenvalerate spray treatments.
Effect of Leaf Age and Photoperiod on Buck Moth (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Larval and Pupal Development
Authors: Foil L. D. , Hardy T. N. , Johnson S. J. , Church G. E. , Hammond A. M.
Published: September 2017

Dietary “early season” live oak foliage and longer scotophase accelerated larval development and resulted in heavier pupae of the buck moth, Hemileuca maia (Drury). Female pupae were heavier than male pupae under all conditions. Males required significantly fewer days to pupate. Rearing at a shortened scotophase on more mature foliage reduced larval survival. Phenolics and tannins were higher in early season oak foliage than in late spring foliage.
Susceptibility of Twelve Genotypes of Triticale to the Rice Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the Lesser Grain Borer (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)2
Authors: Baker J. E. , Arthur F. H. , Bruckner P. L.
Published: September 2017

Population development by the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and feeding damage caused by the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), were assessed on twelve triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes maintained at 25°C and at 11.7 or 14.2% moisture content. Among genotypes at 14.2% moisture content, total progeny production by the rice weevil ranged from 7.1 (GA82014) to 8.8 (87AB13541) weevils per female-day; mean time to adult emergence ranged from 35.5 (GA82014) to 36.9 days (87AB13541 and CT4699); and rate of emergence (a measure of the slope of the cumulative emergence curve at the average emergence day) ranged from 0.59 (87AB 13541) to 0.72 (‘Morrison’). Although there were some statistical differences among these population growth parameters on different triticale genotypes, all genotypes were at least as susceptible as the long grain brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivar ‘Florida 302’) controls tested concurrently. Development time of rice weevils was significantly delayed and total progeny production after 65 days was reduced about 17-fold on triticale genotypes at 11.7% moisture content.

About 3-fold more frass was produced by lesser grain borers feeding for 7 days at 25°C on triticale genotypes at 14.2% moisture content compared to that obtained on genotypes at 11.7% moisture content. Significantly more feeding and frass production by lesser grain borers occurred on triticale and wheat than occurred on rice.
Impact of Volunteer Wheat on Wheat Insects in a Wheat-Soybean Double-crop System
Authors: Buntin G. D. , Cunfer B. M. , Bridges D. C.
Published: September 2017

The impact of the presence of noncompetitive levels of volunteer wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, in a summer crop on insect infestations in a subsequent crop of winter wheat was examined in a wheat-soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, double-crop system in Georgia. The only insect collected from volunteer plants in large numbers was the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), although small numbers of thrips and aphids also were collected. Hessian fly immatures were not detected in volunteer plants before mid-August and were not prevalent until September. Hessian fly infestations were greater in volunteer plants that were present throughout the summer than in plants which were present only after mid-August. The presence of volunteer wheat in the soybean crop had little effect on Hessian fly infestations in the following crop of winter wheat. Tillage probably disrupted Hessian fly activity and prevented the carryover of insects from volunteer plants to the subsequent wheat crop. Delaying planting of winter wheat by about one month greatly reduced fall infestations on the Hessian fly regardless of the occurrence of volunteer wheat in the previous summer crop.
Origins of New Queens in Polygyne Red Imported Fire Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Porter Sanford D.
Published: September 2017

Polygyne colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, accepted newly mated queens both from their own colony and unrelated colonies. Only a small fraction of the marked winged queens and newly mated queens were successful in joining test colonies in the field. None of the founding queens were accepted into test colonies. One marked colony queen switched colonies.
Comparison of Several Sulfluramid Bait Formulations for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)2
Authors: Banks W. A. , Las A. S. , Adams C. T. , Lofgren C. S.
Published: September 2017

Various bait formulations containing 0.3% or 0.6% of the fluoroaliphatic sulfone, sulfluramid, were evaluated for control of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in field tests in Florida and Georgia. No significant differences were indicated in the effectiveness of sulfluramid baits containing 19.4, 24.4, 29.4 or 29.7% once-refined soybean oil; all gave control equivalent to that given by the hydramethylnon (Amdro®) standard in all tests. Sulfluramid baits were slightly more effective when applied in spring or summer than in late fall. Although higher rates were slightly more effective, differences in rate of application of formulated bait or active ingredient did not significantly affect effectiveness of the treatments in any given test. Rates of 2.52 - 13.44 g/ha of active ingredient or 0.84 to 1.68 kg/ha of formulated bait resulted in population index reductions of 80–99 percent.
Evaluation of Aerial Applications of Acephate and Other Insecticides for Control of Cone and Seed Insects in Southern Pine Seed Orchards2
Authors: Fatzinger Carl W. , Yates Harry O. , Barber Larry R.
Published: September 2017

Acephate was evaluated for control of cone and seed insects in southern pine seed orchards from 1980 to 1985. Insecticides compared with acephate during this study were azinphosmethyl, fenvalerate, malathion, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Insecticides were applied aerially, by hydraulic sprayers, and by airblast sprayers. Experiments were conducted in loblolly pine seed orchards in Florida and North Carolina and in two slash pine seed orchards in Florida. Control of coneworms, Dioryctria spp., slash pine flower thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan), and two seed bugs, the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say), and the shieldbacked pine seed bug, Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer) was evaluated. Frost damage and a serious infection of southern cone rust, Cronartium strobilinum (Arth.) Hedgc, and Hahn, caused significant flower and conelet losses and may have obscured differences between treatment effects during some years. All of the insecticide treatments were equally effective in controlling coneworms. The percentages of trees infested with pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell), and the striped pine scale, T. pini (King), and the numbers of scale insects per branch after five applications of insecticide, differed significantly for acephate and fenvalerate treatments.
Temporal Relationship Between Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Pinewood Nematode Infestations in Southern Pines
Authors: Kinn D. N. , Linit M. J.
Published: September 2017

The incidence of feeding scars of the cerambycid vectors of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickel) on twigs of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in central Louisiana was determined. Feeding scars on twigs taken from pines felled at random were compared to those on twigs taken from pines adjacent to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations. Additionally, the presence of pinewood nematode in trees attacked by southern pine beetle was followed through the course of beetle development. Significantly more cerambycid feeding scars were present on twigs of trees located near the advancing edge of a southern pine beetle infestation than on twigs not adjacent or near any known southern pine beetle infestation. From 82 to 100% of the trees sampled adjacent to bark beetle infestations had been fed upon by cerambycids. Pinewood nematodes were recovered from 79% of these trees. The incidence of nematodes in the boles of trees attacked by southern pine beetles increased as immature beetles entered their later instars. The highest incidence of nematodes was from trees recently vacated by southern pine beetles. Trees killed by the southern pine beetle may thus serve as reservoirs for the pinewood nematode and its cerambycid vectors and lead to the infestation of adjacent trees and facilitate subsequent SPB colonization.
Stimulation of Oviposition and Heterosis in Interstrain Crosses of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Keil Clifford B. , Tipping Christopher
Published: September 2017

Hybrid matings of two Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) colonies (N and O), established in the laboratory a year apart, demonstrated positive heterosis in the F1 generation as indicated by increases in pupal weight (6%), number of egg masses per female (65%) and number of eggs per female (77%) as compared to intra-colony crosses in mass matings. In contrast, pupation date, an indicator of development time, was intermediate in the hybrids relative to the parental colonies. There was also a 37% increase in the numbers of eggs/female and a 45% increase in egg masses/female in the hybrid parental cross. We investigated this stimulation of oviposition in single female, reciprocal crosses. Oviposition stimulation was directional with the cross of N colony males x O colony females exhibiting significantly higher numbers of total eggs/female and egg masses/female on a daily basis. Colony O females in this cross laid more large egg masses than females in other crosses. Data from individual female crosses demonstrated that egg production in hybrid mass mating experiments was consistent with random mating of males and females from both colonies.
A New Species of Harmandia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Damaging Leaves of Allegheny Chinkapin in Eastern United States and a Redescription of the Genus
Authors: Gagné Raymond J. , Payne Jerry A.
Published: September 2017

A new species of gall midge, Harmandia amisae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is described and illustrated. It infests leaves of Allegheny chinkapin, Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. (Fagaceae), in eastern North America. The genus Harmandia is redescribed and distinguished from Macrodiplosis, a genus restricted to oaks. The American species formerly and currently placed in Harmandia are reviewed. “Cecidomyia” castaneae Stebbins is newly combined with Harmandia. Harmandia reflexa (Felt) is considered a junior synonym of Harmandia hudsoni (Felt). The new species is distinguished from its other American congeners on Populus and Castanea.
Field Evaluation of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Against Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae In Field Corn
Authors: Levine Eli , Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan
Published: September 2017

An entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain (BioVector®), applied at two rates (1.25 and 2.5 × 109 nematodes/ha) was compared with several registered insecticides for controlling black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), larvae during the 1991 growing season in Illinois. Fonofos, tefluthrin and chlorpyrifos were applied at planting time; permethrin and the two rates of nematodes were applied as postemergence rescue treatments. The nematodes generally performed as well as or better than the conventional insecticides in controlling black cutworm larval injury to seedling corn. Bioassays with black cutworm larvae showed that nematode efficacy was lost 8 days after application in the field. Entomopathogenic nematodes hold promise for controlling black cutworms in corn, particularly for corn grown under irrigation.
Bionomics of the Crapemyrtle Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)2
Authors: Alverson David R. , Allen R. Ken
Published: September 2017

Populations of the crapemyrtle aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), in South Carolina develop from overwintering eggs which are distributed near new emerging leaves. Seasonal abundance is typically bimodal and locally concurrent within a season, but without consistency in timing or intensity of occurrence between seasons or host plant cultivars. On leaves of Lagerstoemia indica L. (‘Carolina Beauty’ [CB]) in the laboratory, time of development was temperature-dependent, requiring 14 d for development through four instars to the adult at 18° C, 6 d at 26° C, and 5 d at 32° C. Longevity of adult virginoparae was ca. 17 d, 13 d, and 8 d, at these temperatures, respectively, and was at least as long on leaves of the apparently less susceptible ‘Natchez’ (N) cultivar. Fecundity was greatest at 18° and 26° C, averaging 56 and 61 offspring/female, respectively, on CB leaves and 54 and 71 offspring/female on N leaves. Fecundity declined sharply to 27 and 18 offspring/female on CB and N, respectively, at 32° C. Maximum daily fecundity rates were attained within 5 d of adult reproductive age on both host cultivars, then declined at temperature-dependent rates. Male and female sexuales were produced in early fall as mixed progeny with sexuparae at a ratio of 12.2: 9.7: 3.5 sexuparae: oviparae: males. Longevity of males was 7 d; oviparae lived 8 d and produced 1 to 6 eggs each. Syrphids and coccinellids were principle components of the predator complex associated with dynamics in the crapemyrtle aphid populations. Population dynamics in the absence of predators was characterized by a maximum density of ca. 200 aphids/leaf on CB attainable within 5 wk of inoculation with a single aphid followed by a sharp decline. Population development potential decreased as the season progressed. A braconid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), reared from mummies of the crapemyrtle aphid in a greenhouse, constitutes the first reported parasitoid.
Population Dynamics and Distribution of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia Following Applications of Three Chemical Insecticides
Authors: Liu T. X. , Oetting R. D. , Buntin G. D.
Published: September 2017

The effects of three insecticides, bifenthrin, endosulfan and aldicarb, on the within- and between-plant distributions of both greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were examined on greenhouse-grown poinsettia using Taylor's Power Law. Insecticide applications affected the spatial distribution of GHWF and SPWF. The populations of immatures of both species surviving an insecticide application on poinsettia were less aggregated within and between plants than untreated populations. Among the three insecticides, the efficacy against the two whiteflies was not significantly different at the end of the seventh week when multiple applications were conducted. Aldicarb caused higher mortality of immature stages than bifenthrin and endosulfan after four weeks following a single application. A single application of bifenthrin and endosulfan affected the distribution of all whitefly stages in the first and second weeks after treatment, whereas aldicarb did not affect the whitefly population until the third week. Insecticidal treatments had little effect on the stratification of whitefly stages within the plant.
Relationship of Damage from the Lesser Cornstalk Borer to Aspergillus flavus Contamination in Peanuts2
Authors: Bowen K. L. , Mack T. P.
Published: September 2017

The ability of larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), to augment contamination of peanut pods with aflatoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare (A. flavus-type fungi), was investigated in laboratory and field studies. Aflatoxigenic fungi were found in or on frass from 28.6% of field-collected larvae and in 8.9% of sterilized and macerated larvae. More aflatoxigenic fungi tended to be found in pods from untreated plots than in plots treated with chlorpyrifos in field trials. Contamination of pods or seeds with A. flavus-type fungi was positively correlated in all four trials with scarification of pods, and this relationship has been quantified. Since appropriate insecticide treatments can decrease populations of lesser cornstalk borers, which would decrease pod scarification, these same treatments may decrease contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi. Treatment thresholds for the lesser cornstalk borer need to be reconsidered based upon this information.
Detection of Anticarsia gemmatalis Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Predatory Arthropods and Parasitoids After Viral Release in Louisiana Soybean2
Authors: Fuxa James R. , Richter Arthur R. , Strother M. Sean
Published: September 2017

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) was released into field plots; samples were then collected weekly to determine the complex of predatory arthropods and parasitoids contaminated with the virus due to attacks on the infected hosts. No contamination was detected on day 1 after the release or at any time in control samples. In the treated plots, the percentage of contaminated predatory arthropods and parasitoids declined from 79% on day 8 to 20% on day 41. In samples averaging 16 m distance from treated plots, contamination increased from 32% on day 8 to 69% on day 27, then decreased to 21% on day 41. The AgNPV was detected in at least six species of Hemiptera, one Coleoptera, nine species of spiders, one species of hymenopteran parasitoid, and two dipteran parasitoids.
Ability of Older Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) Larvae to Infest Whole Corn and Long-Term Population Growth on Whole Corn2
Authors: Throne James E.
Published: September 2017

The rusty grain beetle is a cosmopolitan pest of stored products, and may cause grain to spoil and heat. The ability of 2-week-old rusty grain beetle larvae, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), to complete development to the adult stage on undamaged corn kernels was compared with development on damaged kernels (undamaged kernels that are slit through the germ with a razor blade) and coarsely cracked corn at 30°C and 75% RH. Both the condition of the corn and infestation level (1 or 5 larvae per cage) significantly affected the proportion of samples in which adults developed. More adults developed in samples containing damaged or coarsely cracked corn than in samples containing undamaged corn. More adults were produced in samples at the higher infestation level. The results indicate that older rusty grain beetle larvae can complete development on sound grain, but more complete development on damaged grain.

A long-term test of the ability of rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn was also conducted. Ten adults and ten 2-week-old larvae were placed on 150 g each of: 1) undamaged kernels, 2) damaged kernels, 3) kernels that were sifted to remove dockage but not otherwise selected, and 4) coarsely cracked corn. Population growth at 30°C and 75% RH was monitored over a 36-week period. Population growth on coarsely cracked corn was rapid. This treatment was terminated after 20 weeks, because the corn was deteriorating and population growth was beginning to decline. Final population levels on damaged and unselected corn kernels were high. There was little population growth on undamaged kernels. The results indicate that sound grain is relatively resistant to infestation by rusty grain beetles, even when older larvae are present. Although commercial grain is susceptible to infestation, rate of rusty grain beetle population growth is slow compared to that on damaged grain.
Meridic Diets For Adult Screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae)2
Authors: Brewer F. D.
Published: September 2017

Adults of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were fed three carrageenan-gelled meridic diets. In test one, the flies were fed a diet of sucrose and whole dry powdered chicken egg (2:1) and compared with those fed similar formulations containing the sucrose/egg plus nonfat dry powdered milk (2:1:1) or sucrose/egg/milk plus whole bovine blood (2:1:1:2). Body weight, mortality and egg hatch were not significantly (P = 0.05) different among the adults. In a second test the mortality and egg hatch were not significantly different between adults fed the sucrose/egg/milk diet gelled with carrageenan or a synthetic copolymer gel. However, significantly greater egg weights were collected from females fed the formulation containing the copolymer gel. In a third test where the copolymer gel was completely or partially replaced in the diet with an inert, water-absorbent material, egg hatch and mortality were not significantly different among the adults. Egg weights were similar for adults feeding on diet containing the full complement of copolymer gel and those fed diet in which the gel was completely replaced with the inert material. These gelled diets are nutritional and economical and have both small scale and mass production application.
Host Plant Acceptance of Azalea Lace Bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae) For Selected Azalea Cultivars
Authors: Schultz P. B.
Published: September 2017

The host plant acceptance of azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) for 20 cultivars of azalea, Rhododendron spp., was evaluated. Lowest acceptance, as measured by significantly reduced oviposition in both years of the study, was observed on the cultivar ‘Macrantha.’ Lowest levels of leaf injury and percentage leaf injury were also observed on ‘Macrantha.’ Bloom color and abaxial leaf texture did not affect acceptance. Monthly comparisons of all cultivars indicated significantly higher oviposition of all cultivars indicated significantly higher oviposition by azalea lace bug in June and July, 1989, and July 1990, than in the other months of the study (May - September).
Gamma Radiation Effects on Reproductive Biology of the Tick Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Stanley Mary Ann , Oliver James H.
Published: September 2017

Male Amblyomma americanum were irradiated at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 16 krad in ambient air and were mated with untreated females. Mating was impaired at 16 krad. The number of females engorging and ovipositing decreased as the radiation dosage of their mates increased. Attachment period of females increased as male radiation dosage increased. No relationship was seen between radiation dosage of males and preoviposition period of females mated to them, number of eggs laid per female, or weights of eggs.
Relationship Among Orangestriped Oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Frass Length, Frass Production, Host Plant, and Defoliation
Authors: Coffelt Mark A. , Schultz Peter B.
Published: September 2017

Defoliation of urban oak trees by the orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), and associated frass has become a significant problem in southeastern Virginia. Measurements of frass length and production provided a decision-making guideline for A. senatoria management. Frass length was used to differentiate A. senatoria instars reared on Q. palustris (Muenchhausen), pin oak. Host plants significantly affected A. senatoria frass length and production per larva and host plants should be considered when determining instars. Frass length was longer and frass production higher when larvae were reared on Q. nigra (water oak), Q. phellos (willow oak), Q. coccinea (scarlet oak), and Q. palustris compared with six other species. Frass length was shorter in second, fourth, and fifth instars when larvae were reared on Q. alba (white oak) compared with six, eight, and five other species, respectively. Landscape fabrics were used to collect frass and recovered 90% of all frass deposited. Frass production on small pin oaks (mean ht = 2.1 m, mean diameter at breast ht = 6.3 cm) was significantly correlated with defoliation. An aesthetic injury level of 25% defoliation resulted in frass collections of 2.2 g per tree.
Activity Patterns of Carabidae and Staphylinidae in Centipedegrass in Georgia
Authors: Braman S. Kristine , Pendley Andrew F.
Published: September 2017

Pitfall traps were used to determine the carabid and staphylinid fauna in managed centipedegrass turf during 1989–1991. Twentyone species of carabids and 16 species of staphylinids were identified. The relative activity and species composition of the two families of beetles varied with year and site of study. Seasonal activity patterns, as indicated by the pitfall trapping method, for the most abundant species are presented.
Effects of Coloration on Parasitism, Predation, and Field Survivorship of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.)
Authors: Panchapakesan K. , Roe R. M. , Lampert Emmett P.
Published: September 2017

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of pigmentation on the field survivorship of larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.). Larvae of the white-mutant tobacco hornworm were found to have a lower mean survival rate as compared with black-mutant and wild-type strains. Tests in the greenhouse demonstrated the larvae of the white-mutant were able to establish on the tobacco plants as well as the black-mutant and wild-type strains. Differential predation seems to be an important factor in the low recovery of the white tobacco hornworm in the field. Parasitism rates by Cotesia congregata (Say) were low for all three strains.
Relationships Between Patterns of Defoliation by the Fruittree Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Foliage Morphology of Baldcypress in Forested Wetlands of Louisiana
Authors: Meeker James R. , Goyer Richard A.
Published: September 2017

Baldcypress, Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard, has been threatened recently by a new insect herbivore, the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Baldcypress foliage varies from long-leaved, open-faced branchlets with leaves arranged in two-ranked fashion to short-leaved, appressed, imbricate branchlets. Field surveys revealed that the tallest trees contained 72 – 85% appressed foliage, whereas intermediate and small-sized trees contained 55–92% open type foliage. Over a three-year period, open morphology trees repeatedly exhibited significantly higher levels of defoliation (percentage of crown loss) by the fruittree leafroller, compared with appressed morphology trees. There was no ovipositional preference (number of egg masses) associated with morphology type. Differences in defoliation levels, therefore, were attributed to morphologically related influences on foliage suitability for larval stages.
Survivorship of the Pupal Stages of the Mexican Fruit Fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in an Agricultural and a Nonagricultural Situation
Authors: Thomas Donald B.
Published: September 2017

Pupae of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (=mexfly), were placed outdoors at two localities in northeastern Mexico in order to measure mortality rates during this phase of the life cycle. Replicates were placed monthly in citrus orchards and in a montane canyon where native host plants supported wild mexfly populations. Replicates were placed in sheltered sites under trees and in exposed sites between trees. Adult flies emerged from 38% of these pupae. Deermice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) and P. boylii (Baird), were found to destroy 34% of the total pupae. There was no difference in predation rates or adult eclosion between the orange grove and the montane canyon. There were significant (P = 0.05) differences in predation rates among months and in pupal survival between sheltered and exposed sites, with greatest survival of pupae in the sheltered sites during the summer months. Only weak correlations were found between monthly mortality rates and temperature and moisture extremes. The effects of weather variables were probably masked by the pattern of predation. In the native habitat variable predation rates seemed to result from natural cycles in the abundance of mice or from temporal shifts in their food supply. In the citrus orchard cultural practices such as irrigation and weed control displaced or reduced the rodent populations resulting in lower predation rates during some months.
Comparison of Foliar and Soil-Drench Applications of Aqueous Rubidium Chloride Solutions to Plants for Marking Feeding Aphids (Homoptera: Aphidae)
Authors: Guillebeau L. P. , All J. N. , Nutter F. W. , Kuhn C.
Published: September 2017

Aqueous solutions of rubidium chloride, RbCl, (10 g/1, 10,000 ppm) were applied to foliage or soil of potted bell pepper and tomato. After 48 h, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) and potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas) were transferred to pepper and tomato, respectively. Leaf and aphid samples were collected after 6 d; remaining aphids were transferred to untreated plants. Aphid samples were collected periodically for 5 to 7 d. All samples were analyzed for Rb content. Results were similar for the pepper and tomato experiments. Soil-drench treatment produced significantly greater levels of Rb in leaf and initial aphid samples relative to foliar treatment. Levels of Rb in aphids from the two treatments were comparable after aphids fed on untreated plants for 24 h. Levels of Rb in aphids declined rapidly after removal from the source: undetectable by Day 6 in the potato experiment and reduced by nearly 90% by Day 5 in the tomato experiment. Foliar application of RbCl solution should be used in field situations. Application is more precise, and the length of detection is comparable with soil drench. Additionally, soil drenching with Rb produced an initially high peak of Rb in the aphids, which may have a physiological effect.
Seasonal Occurrence of Thrips (Thysanoptera) on Cowpeas in Western Arkansas and Northeast Oklahoma
Authors: Sweeden M. B. , McLeod Paul J.
Published: September 2017

Three thrips species were commonly found in western Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma cowpea fields during the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons. These were the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), the flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), and the soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis (Beach). Earlier planted cowpea fields in each area had higher thrips numbers than later planted fields. Tobacco thrips numbers tended to be higher during the early stages of the crop when the plants were small. As plants began to produce blooms, flower thrips numbers increased considerably. Peak flower thrips numbers typically occurred around two weeks after first bloom. Soybean thrips abundance was generally lower than the other common species and had no apparent pattern. Chirothrips crassus Hinds and Chirothrips spiniceps Hood also were found, but were uncommon.
Energy Reserves of Individual Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as Determined by a Modified Phosphovanillin Spectrophotometry Method2
Authors: Kinn D. N. , Perry T. J. , Guinn F. H. , Strom B. L. , Woodring J.
Published: September 2017

A modification of the sulfophosphovanillin photometric method for determining cholesterol levels in mammalian blood sera was adapted for determining the percentage of lipid in individual southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. This method is simple and provided consistent results. It is ideally suited to ecological and physiological studies involving bark beetle behavior such as flight, orientation, oogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Using this modified method and flight mills, it was confirmed that lipids were metabolized during southern pine beetle flight and that females, the sex that initiates tree colonization, are heavier than males, contain a greater percentage of lipid, and are capable of flying longer and farther than male beetles. Regardless of sex, the greater the weight of the beetle, the greater its flight potential.
Transmission of Puccinia carduorum by the Musk Thistle Herbivores, Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Trichosirocalus horridus and Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Kok L. T. , Abad R. G.
Published: September 2017

An autoecious rust fungus, Puccinia carduorum Jacky (Uredinales), imported from Turkey has been introduced for the biological control of musk thistle in Virginia. Studies were conducted to determine if this rust can be transmitted by the three thistle herbivores, Cassida rubiginosa Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer), and Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Fifty adults of each species were introduced to diseased plants and subsequently transferred to healthy test plants. Fifty adults introduced on and transferred to rust-free plants served as control. Spore dispersal by adults of the three coleopteran species was confirmed. Under greenhouse conditions, pustules developed within two weeks on some test plants where spore-carrying insects were introduced. Most of the urediniospores were observed on setae of legs of all adults.