bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF CONVULSANT AGENTS ON PARTIALLY ISOLATED REGIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Drake C. G. , Seguin J. J. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: October 2017

The effects of removal of one motor cortex, a frontal lobe, or a complete cerebral hemisphere on the action of various convulsant agents were studied in chronic cats and in spinal preparations. In both sets of experiments, previously decentralized neurons responded to smaller quantities of convulsant drugs than did the intact ones, and pentylenetetrazol, camphor, and picrotoxin, as well as strychnine and acetylcholine, evoked greater and more prolonged responses from these neurons when sufficient time was allowed for sensitization due to partial isolation to take place (in the majority of experiments two to eight months).This was ascertained in myographic recordings and in studies of the electrical activity of the anterior horn cells in high spinal cats and white rats, as well as in photographic and statistical analyses of convulsions induced in chronic animals. The latter study revealed that the convulsions were asymmetrical in the operated cats, the muscular contractions being exaggerated and prolonged contralaterally to the cerebral ablation. The median convulsant dose (CD50) of pentylenetetrazol for the control cats was 7.8 mgm./kgm. (95% confidence limits 7.4–8.1) while that for the operated group was 6.8 mgm./kgm. (95% confidence limits 6.3–7.2). The latent period following the injection of pentylenetetrazol was significantly shorter for the operated group than for the control one, and the convulsions lasted longer in the operated cats than in intact animals. The longer duration of convulsions in the operated group depended on a significantly longer tonic and terminal clonic phase of the convulsion. Two patterns of convulsions could be elicited—a clonic and a more severe clonic–tonic–clonic (CTC) one. In the control group clonic convulsions were more frequent at low dosages of pentylenetetrazol while CTC convulsions pre-dominated at high dosages. In the operated group CTC convulsions were prevalent throughout the range of doses used and occurred in a greater percentage of animals than in the control group. Chemically induced convulsions play a prominent part in the study of epilepsy and in the treatment of some mental derangements, and it is felt that this investigation may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of action of convulsant agents on the nervous system in which abnormal conditions prevail.
SOME OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE BIOCHEMICAL INERTNESS OF METHYLPHOSPHONIC AND ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACIDS
Authors: Hoskin F. C. G.
Published: October 2017

Methylphosphonic acid is not degraded in the intact rat to phosphoric acid. The stability of isopropyl methylphosphonic acid in the intact rat has been confirmed. Rat muscle phosphorylase appears unable to catalyze the synthesis of hexose phosphonate esters from methylphosphonic or isopropyl methylphosphonic acids under conditions where hexose phosphate esters are readily synthesized from phosphoric acid.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIG CARBON: V. COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES
Authors: Brown Stewart A. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

Seven species of higher plants have been tested for their ability to convert radioactive tyrosine to lignin in vivo. A total of 11 species representing 10 families have now been compared and only Triticum vulgare and Calamagrostis inexpansa, both members of the Gramineae, have given positive results. It is suggested that lack of a specific enzyme system may prevent lignin formation from tyrosine in the other species. The metabolic differences appear to be restricted to tyrosine utilization, for both wheat and maple have similar abilities to use a number of labelled cinnamic acid derivatives, as well as phenylalanine. Further evidence is presented that each type of lignin polymer has a corresponding aromatic monomer. Sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and probably p-hydroxycinnamic acid are preferentially transformed to syringyl, guaiacyl, and p-hydroxyphenyl lignins respectively.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE GLUCAGON CONTENT OF PANCREAS FROM ALLOXANIZED DOGS
Authors: Bencosme Sergio A. , Mariz S.
Published: October 2017

The uncinate process of the dog pancreas is devoid of A cells. Pancreatic extracts from the uncinate process of alloxanized dogs showed neither hypernor hypo-glycemic activity. These findings suggest that the lack of hyperglycemic effect of extracts from the uncinate process of the normal dog pancreas (11) simply indicates absence of glucagon and is unrelated to the presence of insulin. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that glucagon is originated by the A cells of the pancreas. Neither the D nor X cells showed any sign of damage following alloxan injection during the period of observation.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF UROCANIC-α-C14 ACID
Authors: Kraml M. , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: October 2017

The existence of radioactive metabolites in the liver extracts of rats a short time after injection of urocanic-α-C14 acid has been investigated. Glutamic acid, N-formiminoglutamic acid, and an unknown compound that yields glutamic acid on hydrolysis were the major urocanic acid catabolites found therein. These three substances accounted for as much as 75% of the total radiocarbon in the extracts. The sole catabolic pathway of importance for urocanic acid, in the rat, is the formation of glutamic acid. Since formylglutamic acid could not be detected in these extracts, the role of this substance as an obligatory urocanic acid catabolite becomes questionable.
HEPARINASE: III. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME
Authors: Cho M. H. , Jaques L. B.
Published: October 2017

The extraction of heparinase from beef and rabbit liver has been studied. Optimal conditions for precipitation of the enzyme were 33% ammonium sulphate, pH 7.0; 7% ethanol, pH 5.0–5.5; 40–70% acetone, pH 8.0; with 0.1% NaCl for ethanol and acetone. A new method of preparation of the enzyme is described, using extraction with 0.15 M KCl, precipitation with 33% ammonium sulphate, isoelectric precipitation at 6.0, elution at 37 °C, and precipitation at 5.0. This preparation gave a 50% destruction of heparin in three hours. The optimum pH was 4.8, substrate concentration, 0.2 mgm./ml. Higher concentrations inhibited the enzyme. A linear relation was not obtained between enzyme concentration and velocity of the reaction. The enzyme was inhibited by mercuric chloride, magnesium chloride, lithium chloride, iodoacetate, glutathione, methionine, versene, and citrate. In liver homogenates, the enzyme activity was associated with all fractions (microsomes, mitochondria, etc.). Active preparations were obtained from liver of man, ox, pig, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, gopher; kidney of ox, pig, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat; muscle of rabbit and guinea pig. No activity was obtained from dog liver, ox testis and thymus, human placenta. Difficulties in assaying heparinase in tissue extracts are discussed.
GLUCOSURIA IN RATS RECEIVING BRITISH ANTI-LEWISITE (BAL)
Authors: Tamboline Beverley , Matheson A. T. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE INFLUENCE OF THIOURACIL ON THE RESPONSES OF SERUM PROTEIN AND SERUM CALCIUM OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO ESTROGEN, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RESPONSES OF OVIDUCT, LIVER, AND KIDNEY
Authors: Wright L. A. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

Thiouracil at a level of 0.75% of the diet depressed the serum calcium and serum protein levels of sexually immature pullets that had received 0.5 mgm. estradiol benzoate (ODB) intramuscularly each day for nine days or 14 days. When the level of estrogen dosage was raised to 1.0 mgm. ODB each day, then in one experiment thiouracil did not appreciably affect the responses of serum calcium and serum protein at nine days but did enchance both responses at 14 days. In a second experiment thiouracil again exerted a depressant effect on responses of serum calcium and serum protein at nine days but this effect had disappeared at 14 days. Thiouracil tended in both experiments to reduce the serum protein level in unestrogenized pullets. The effects of thiouracil on responses of serum calcium and serum protein are dependent, therefore, on both the level and duration of estrogen treatment. Thiouracil did not modify the effect of either 0.5 mgm. or 1.0 mgm. ODB per diem on oviduct weight. Estrogen increased liver weight per kgm. live weight and liver protein per kgm. live weight and thiouracil produced similar effects. These effects of estrogen and thiouracil were approximately additive. Estrogen increased kidney weight per kgm. live weight. Thiouracil increased kidney weight per kgm. live weight both of itself and in presence of estrogen. Kidney protein per kgm. live weight was affected by thiouracil and by estrogen in the same ways as was kidney weight.
ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Baker D. G. , Sellers E. A.
Published: October 2017

Some observations concerning electrolyte metabolism in rats subjected to single doses of X irradiation and to prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation are described. Blood electrolyte changes were slight even when severe radiation damage was present. During prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation at 60 roentgens per 24 hr. the adrenal glands first increased in weight then decreased to the pre-exposure values. This may represent a type of adaptation to slowly administered irradiation. Balance studies on rats exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 60 roentgens per 24 hr. showed a small loss of sodium, potassium, and chloride during the initial period of the exposure. During the remainder of the exposure period the sodium and chloride remained nearly in balance although the body weights decreased. Potassium balance remained negative during the exposure. The stability of the electrolyte composition of the blood and of electrolyte balance, in the presence of widespread damage which results from irradiation, is considered highly significant.
CHANGES IN THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM AND HEART CHOLINE ESTER CONTENT OF THIAMINE-DEFICIENT AND PAIR-FED RATS
Authors: Beznák A. B. L.
Published: October 2017

The choline ester content of trichloroacetic acid extracts of thiamine-deficient, pair-fed, and normal rat hearts was determined by differential assays on the eserinized frog rectus and guinea pig gut. The thiamine-deficient hearts contained about 3.5 times more choline ester than the normal hearts, while the pair-fed ones about twice as much. It is concluded from results of differential assays and filter paper chromatography of the trichloroacetic acid extracts that the chief, probably the only, choline ester in all the three groups is acetyl choline. It is also pointed out that the possibility of the presence of a mixture of pyruvyl, propionyl, and acetyl choline in the thiamine-deficient heart could not be excluded with these methods. Bradycardia and increased R voltage develop both in thiamine-deficient and in pair-fed rats, but are more pronounced in the former group. When the three groups of rats, normal, pair-fed, and thiamine-deficient, were treated as a single population a positive correlation was found between R voltage and total ACh equivalent and an inverse correlation between heart rate and ACh equivalent. The trichloroacetic acid extracts of rat hearts of all the three groups contain a positive inotropic substance (or substances) and substances which absorb ultraviolet light, most probably nucleic acid derivatives, which interfere with the frog heart assay of choline esters. The ultraviolet absorbing compounds are the bearers of most of the positive inotropic activity. These can be separated from the negative inotropic choline esters by filter paper chromatography.
EFFECT OF TOLAZOLINE IN HEMORRHAGIC HYPOTENSION IN DOGS
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Pearce J. W. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

Adrenergic blocking agents have been found by several investigators to be beneficial in hemorrhagic shock under circumstances in which they can affect the volume of blood lost. In this study of the effect of the blocking agent tolazoline on the response to standardized hemorrhagic hypotension in the dog, in which a constant blood pressure is maintained by the reservoir method, no improvement in rate of survival was observed when an increase in blood volume in response to drug-induced vasodilatation was prevented. Nor did the stimulating effect of tolazoline on the heart improve survival, whether the drug was given during hypotension or at the time of reinfusion. When the blood reservoir was clamped off during the hypotensive period to prevent spontaneous changes in blood volume but not in blood pressure, the animals which were still able to increase their blood pressure survived after reinfusion whereas those which could not died, despite reinfusion of their original blood volume.
HEMATOLOGICAL AND BODY FLUID ADJUSTMENTS DURING ACCLIMATION TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Deb C. , Hart J. S.
Published: October 2017

Body fluid volumes and hematological values have been compared in rats exposed to 6 °C. for various periods of time and in rats at 30 °C. for comparable periods. Absolute blood and plasma volumes (T1824 space) decreased with time of exposure to 30 °C, while extracellular fluid volume (sodium space), total body water, and body weight increased. Rats transferred from the warm to the cold environment had larger plasma and blood volumes than those of rats at 30 °C. after the first week of exposure. After five weeks, blood volume was 22% greater on an absolute basis and 30% greater relative to total body water than that of the larger rats at 30 °C. There were no differences in extracellular fluid volumes between warm and cold exposed rats at comparable intervals. Total water and intracellular water tended to be greater in rats at 30 °C. on an absolute basis but they were much greater per unit body weight in rats at 6 °C. No differences were observed in red blood cell counts, in hemoglobin concentration, or in plasma specific gravity between warm and cold exposed rats, but there was an increased hematocrit, increased corpuscular volume, and decreased corpuscular hemoglobin content in rats kept at 6 °C. Hemoglobin, red cells, and plasma specific gravity increased with time in both groups.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOLECULAR FORM OF CHONDROITIN SULPHATE
Authors: Webber R. V. , Bayley S. T.
Published: October 2017

The physical properties of a preparation of chondroitin sulphate extracted from bovine cartilage with calcium chloride have been measured at various stages of purification. After removal of free protein, the extract has a number-average molecular weight, from sedimentation and viscosity data, of about 1.0 × 106. After tryptic digestion, the molecular weight of the extract is 39,000 on a number average basis from sedimentation and viscosity data, and about 145,000 on a weight average basis from light scattering data. At both stages of purification, the extract is widely polydisperse and exhibits streaming birefringence in aqueous but not in salt solution. Before digestion, the particles evidently represent aggregates of polysaccharide molecules linked in an end-to-end arrangement by peptides; tryptic digestion partially destroys these peptide linkages. It does not appear, from a partial analysis of the amino acids present, that the origin of the protein or peptide material is collagen.
THE WATER AND ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM OF RAT DIAPHRAGM IN VITRO
Authors: Rixon R. H. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

The distribution of water and of sodium and potassium between the cell and synthetic environments has been studied in rat diaphragm muscle. It has been found that: (1) the amount of intracellular water is markedly increased at 0 °C. in oxygen and at 37 °C. in nitrogen compared to that of tissue at 37 °C. in oxygen, in media up to 0.75 osmolar; (2) optimal conditions of temperature and oxygen are necessary to prevent or reduce the uptake of water; (3) swelling at reduced temperatures and under hypoxic conditions is related to the oxygen uptake; (4) the loss of tissue solids during incubation does not have any significant effect on the calculation of the total tissue and intracellular water; (5) the concentration of total sodium and potassium in the tissue, in vivo and in vitro at optimal conditions is slightly in excess of that in the plasma water or incubating medium—this is believed not to represent an active hypertonicity; (6) concomitant with the uptake of water there are marked redistributions of sodium and potassium, the gain of sodium being greater than the loss of potassium. It is concluded that the swelling of tissue cells under conditions that inhibit oxidative metabolism is primarily due to the redistribution of electrolytes and that the natural distribution of water in muscle is determined by active maintenance of the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane.
THE PURIFICATION OF SARINASE FROM BOVINE PLASMA
Authors: Adie P. A.
Published: October 2017

The purification of bovine plasma sarinase has been carried out using alcohol precipitation methods and ultracentrifugation. A protein solution was obtained which was 1250 times more active per unit weight of protein than the original plasma. Sixty per cent of this activity was lost on freeze-drying. The electrophoretic pattern of the preparation showed that the material was apparently homogeneous.
INHIBITION OF AMINE OXIDASE BY METAL IONS AND BY SULPHYDRYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Lagnado J. R. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: October 2017

Metal compounds were studied for possible effects on the amine oxidase system of rat liver. Some activated, others inhibited this system. Certain compounds exhibited both actions, the former being detectable at the lower concentrations. The data obtained extend the evidence of others for amine oxidase as a sulphydryl enzyme, but other mechanisms for metal inhibition of amine oxidase must also be considered. The actions of sulphydryl compounds on amine oxidase activity were investigated. BAL, thioglycollic acid, cysteine, and cystine were inhibitors, glutathione activated the enzyme system under certain conditions. Intravenous administration to rats of mercuric acetate, cadmium chloride, lead acetate, and manganese sulphate, all being in vitro inhibitors of amine oxidase, did not affect the enzyme activity of brain and liver in acute experiments.
CONVERSION OF PROTHROMBIN TO AUTOPROTHROMBIN II
Authors: Penner John A. , Duckert F. , Johnson Shirley A. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: October 2017

With thromboplastin, Ac-globulin, and calcium ions, purified prothrombin converts to biothrombin. This derivative of prothrombin is also obtained with purified platelet factor 3, Ac-globulin, calcium ions, and autoprothrombin II. Need for the latter substance by platelet factor 3 is one marked distinction that can be made between thromboplastin and platelet factor 3. Thromboplastin does not require a cofactor such as platelet cofactor I or autoprothrombin II. Ether extracts of dry brain or of purified platelet factor 3 or of whole platelets yield lipid material. The lipids obtained in this manner are active in a modified Biggs and Douglas thromboplastin generation test; but in contrast to the original thromboplastin or purified platelet factor 3 from which they are obtained do not activate purified prothrombin to thrombin. The lipid material is thus distinctly different from thromboplastin or from platelet factor 3. The lipid is also active in the conversion of prothrombin to autoprothrombin II when purified prothrombin is the substrate or when the prothrombin is in the original plasma or whole blood. Extraction of purified platelet factor 3 leaves a protein residue and it is believed that platelet factor 3 is a lipoprotein. The infrared absorption spectrum of the lipid obtained from purified platelet factor 3 shows strong absorption bands. From the general absorption pattern, we infer that the lipid is not a heterogeneous mixture, but most likely a single substance or consists of several that are nearly alike. Platelet factor 3 lipid(s) is most likely a cephalin-like compound.
STUDIES OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION: 5. THE EFFECT OF DECANOIC ACID ON OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Authors: Scholefield P. G.
Published: October 2017

The effects of potassium decanoate on the phosphorylation associated with the oxidation of pyruvate by rat-kidney and rat-brain mitochondria have been investigated. The suggestion that these two processes may be uncoupled from each other in the presence of decanoate has been confirmed. Further, it has been shown that the decanoate-insensitive oxidation of pyruvate by rat-brain mitochondria, occurring in the absence of such stimulating agents as fumarate, is not associated with ATP synthesis. The fumarate-stimulated oxidation of pyruvate by rat-brain mitochondria, which is inhibited by decanoate, is associated with a phosphorylation process which is uncoupled by decanoate. When pyruvate oxidation by rat-kidney or by rat-brain mitochondria is uncoupled from phosphorylation, the extent of uncoupling is proportional to the amount of decanoate added.
A CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE C14-DISTRIBUTION IN LABELLEDD-FRUCTOSE AND OTHER KETOSES
Authors: Brice Carol , Perlin A. S.
Published: October 2017

A procedure is described for determining the activity of the individual carbon atoms in D-fructose labelled with C14, which is suitable for as little as 1 millimole of the sugar. The D-fructose is degraded by lead tetraacetate oxidation and the product is hydrolyzed to glycolic acid, formic acid, and D-glyceraldehyde. Glycolic acid is oxidized to formaldehyde (carbon-1) and carbon dioxide (carbon-2), and formic acid to carbon dioxide (carbon-3). D-Glyceraldehyde is degraded to carbon dioxide (carbons-4 and -5, combined) and formaldehyde (carbon-6); after reduction of a second portion of the D-glyceraldehyde to glycerol, the degradation products obtained are carbon dioxide (carbon-5) and formaldehyde (carbons-4 and -6, combined). The activity of carbon-1, -2, -3, -5, or -6 is thus determined directly, and of carbon-4 by difference in two ways. The procedure should also be applicable to C14-labelled L-sorbose. Lead tetraacetate oxidation of sedoheptulose followed by hydrolysis yields glycolic acid, formic acid, and D-erythrose. These three fragments are degraded in turn to afford a method for partial determination of the C14-distribution in samples of this important heptulose.
PREFEEDING OF HIGH FAT DIET AND RESISTANCE OF RATS TO INTENSE COLD
Authors: LeBlanc J.
Published: October 2017

Three groups of 16 albino rats were fed for 45 days, group I, a normal diet of pellets containing 3.5% fat; group II, a diet containing 17% fat in the form of oil; and group III, a diet containing 17% fat in the form of lard. On exposure to cold, the drop of rectal temperature in group I was faster and more pronounced than in group II or group III. It was shown that the larger amount of fat accumulated in the animals fed a high fat diet could not explain, either as a source of energy reserves or as an insulator, the superiority of these diets in maintaining the rectal temperatures at higher levels in the cold. It is postulated that prefeeding of a high fat diet induces changes in the organism which permit higher sustained rates of heat production in the cold.
ADIPSIA PRODUCED BY HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS IN THE RAT
Authors: Montemurro D. G. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

With the use of the Horsley–Clarke stereotaxic instrument, bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the lateral hypothalamic areas of female Sprague–Dawley rats. Changes in food and water intake and body weight were correlated with the histological localization of the lesions. Rats with large lesions in the frontal plane of the middle of the tuber cinereum died within a week of the operation. Food and water administered by stomach tube did not prevent weight loss and death.Two rats developed adipsia which lasted 13 and 16 days respectively; 10 ml. of tap water per day by stomach tube resulted in increases in food intake and body weight during the period of adipsia. These rats had lesions in the lateral hypothalamic areas in the frontal plane of the middle of the tuber cinereum, but these were small and relatively asymmetrical.Another rat refused water from the time of operation until sacrifice (55 days). Administration of 20 ml. per day of tap water caused an increase in food intake and body weight, and a general improvement. Whenever intake of water was not imposed by stomach tube, however, the food intake dropped and body weight was lost. This animal failed to drink spontaneously. The lesions in this animal were more symmetrical, slightly more dorsal, and about 0.75 mm. more posterior than those which produced temporary adipsia. In the rat, an area essential to the regulation of voluntary consumption of water appears to be located in the lateral hypothalamic areas at about the plane of the posterior ventromedial nuclei and the anterior border of the premammillary nuclei.
TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF HUMAN AND BOVINE GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: Lay Woo-Pok , Polglase W. J.
Published: October 2017

The N-terminal amino acids of a preparation of human gamma globulin have been found to be aspartic acid and glutamic acid in confirmation of other work. The C-terminal amino acids in this protein appear to be glycine and serine. Bovine gamma globulin has aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, and valine in N-terminal positions as other work has indicated. This protein has the same C-terminal residues (glycine and serine) as has human gamma globulin.
ON THE ANTIGENICITY OF INSULIN
Authors: Moloney P. J. , Goldsmith L.
Published: October 2017

On the basis of body weight, mice showed a higher percentage survival to large doses of insulin than did rabbits and these in turn were more resistant to insulin than guinea pigs. Antibodies to insulin were induced in five species of animals. Anti-insulins produced by the guinea pig, rabbit, sheep, and horse can each neutralize insulin extracted from the pancreas of the rabbit, sheep, horse, pig, ox, and monkey (Macacus rhesus), but none of the four can neutralize insulin extracted from guinea-pig pancreas. Guinea-pig anti-insulin can neutralize endogenous mouse insulin; horse anti-insulin cannot. The problem of the relative effectiveness of insulin as an antigen is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF NORADRENALINE ON THE SURVIVAL OF RATS SUBJECTED TO HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
Authors: Lansing A. M. , Stevenson J. A. F. , Gowdey C. W.
Published: October 2017

Reports of the efficacy of l-noradrenaline in the treatment of clinical shock stimulated an investigation of its effect in controlled hemorrhagic hypotension. Seventy-three 350-g. male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure. Of 15 control animals that received no treatment, only one survived for 48 hours; none survived of the five controls that received a constant intravenous infusion, after the shock procedure, of 5% glucose in distilled water until death or for 36 hours. The treated animals received, after the shock procedure, an infusion of l-noradrenaline (0.5–2.0 μg./min.) in 5% glucose in distilled water. The survival rates for the treated animals were: treatment for 1 hour, 1/8; treatment for 4 hours, 4/15; treatment until death or for 36 hours, 8/15. Fifteen animals received, in addition to noradrenaline for 36 hours, hydrocortisone administered intravenously (0.7 μg./min.) or intramuscularly (2.5 mg. every 6 hours); seven of these animals survived.Analysis of variance showed that there was no difference in the shock procedure undergone by the controls and by the treated survivors. The Chi square test on the survival rates revealed that the infusion of noradrenaline for 1 hour or 4 hours did not improve survival, but infusion for 36 hours produced a very significant increase in survival time and in total survival rate. The addition of hydrocortisone neither enhanced nor impaired this improvement.
PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER SLICES: EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE LABELLING OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS WITH ACETATE-1-C14
Authors: Kline Dorothy , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

In rats fed ad libitum the labelling of the acetone-insoluble lipids (phospholipids) of liver slices respiring in the presence of acetate-1-C14was decreased 2 days after the removal of either the pituitary or the adrenal glands. The effect was not observed 4 days after hypophysectomy. Moreover, the effect was not observed with liver slices from hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized animals that were either deprived of food for the 12 hours immediately prior to killing, or force-fed with glucose 4 hours before killing. Hypophysectomy caused a decrease in the labelling of the fatty acids in the acetone-soluble fraction remaining in solution after precipitation of the phospholipids. This decrease was observed both in liver slices from animals fed ad libitum and in those from fasted (12 hours) animals. In rats fed ad libitum the labelling of the non-esterified cholesterol of the liver slices was decreased by hypophysectomy, but not by adrenalectomy. It is concluded that the decrease in the labelling of the acetone-insoluble lipids in liver slices from operated rats was primarily the result of a change in the nutritional status of the operated animals. The data are insufficient to permit any conclusions concerning the cause of the decrease in labelling of either the fatty acids of the acetone-soluble lipids, or the non-esterified cholesterol.
SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN BLOOD VOLUME
Authors: Doupe J. , Ferguson M. H. , Hildes J. A.
Published: October 2017

The plasma volume was measured by T1824 dilution in groups of normal young male subjects at regular intervals over the course of 3 years. The plasma volume increased during the summer and decreased during the winter, but this change was variable from subject to subject and was not as marked during 1 year as during the other 2. Ascorbic acid in daily supplement of 400 mg., taken during the first year of the study, did not influence the plasma volume fluctuations. The red blood cell mass, circulating haemoglobin, and total circulating plasma protein varied in the same way and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration also increased during the summer in 2 of the 3 years. The changes in plasma volume are attributed to the influence of environmental temperature and indicate some degree of seasonal acclimatization. Serial measurements of total body water and extracellular space on a few subjects suggest that the seasonal fluctuation affects mainly the vascular system.
A STUDY OF STEROID COLOR REACTIONS IN STRONG ACID
Authors: Linford J. H.
Published: October 2017

Steroids react with acid reagents to produce compounds possessing intense absorption bands in the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. These bands have been correlated with the existence of specific chemical groups in the steroid molecule. An attempt has been made to deduce the type of resonant system responsible for the absorption of light, in order to present a unified explanation of this type of steroid color reaction. The results indicate that the steroid nucleus, through induction or resonance effects, permits intercoupling between specific groups at the C3, C11, and C17positions in a particular environment.
A METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF ATYPICAL FORMS OF HUMAN SERUM CHOLINESTERASE. DETERMINATION OF DIBUCAINE NUMBERS
Authors: Kalow W. , Genest K.
Published: October 2017

Cases with atypical esterase activity were found by determining esterase inhibition in numerous sera. A suitable inhibitor was the local anaesthetic dibucaine (cinchocaine, TN Nupercaine, Perkain). A good discrimination between typical and atypical sera was obtained under the following conditions: The esterase activity of human serum diluted 1:100 was measured with a recording spectrophotometer at 240 mμ. The substrate was 5 × 10−5 M benzoylcholine dissolved in M/15 phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The concentration of the inhibitor was 10−5 M. With the experimental temperature around 25 °C, the average inhibition of the typical enzyme was 78.8 ± 0.3%. The inhibition of the atypical esterases was less; in rare cases the inhibition was only 16%. For each person, the inhibition characteristics were constant over a period of several months, and independent of the esterase level. The degree of inhibition measured under these conditions and expressed in per cent has been termed "Dibucaine Number".
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: III. THE UTILIZATION OF ACETATE FOR AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Bilinski E. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

Sixteen amino acids were isolated from the gluten of wheat plants, the stems of which had been injected with acetate-1-C14 or -2-C14. With both tracers the C14 labelled amino acids varied markedly from each other in specific activity. Glutamic acid, proline, and arginine were most active, followed by the four-carbon amino acids aspartic acid and threonine, while the short-chain amino acids glycine, alanine, serine, and methionine possessed medium activity. Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and the two basic amino acids lysine and histidine were weakly labelled, but showed marked differences from each other not only in specific activity but in the relative amounts of carboxyl and methyl groups of acetate incorporated. Acetate-2-C14 generally gave amino acids of highest activity, but acetate-1-C14 was most effective for labelling glycine, histidine, and serine. Partial degradation by ninhydrin decarboxylation clearly showed that the carboxyl group of acetate tended, in general, to appear to a greater extent in the carboxyl group of amino acids than did the methyl group. Direct incorporation of the carboxyl carbon of acetate in C1 of leucine was observed.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14COMPOUNDS: IV. DISTRIBUTION OF C14IN GLUTAMIC ACID, ASPARTIC ACID, AND THREONINE ARISING FROM ACETATE-1-C14AND -2-C14
Authors: Bilinski E. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and threonine isolated from the gluten of wheat plants to which acetate-1-C14or -2-C14was administered during growth have been degraded to determine the complete intramolecular distribution of C14. Sixty-three per cent of the activity in glutamic acid arising from acetate-1-C14was in carbon-5 and 20% in carbon-1; glutamic acid from acetate-2-C14contained 43% of the activity in carbon-4 and about 18% in each of carbons 2 and 3. Acetate-1-C14resulted in labelling largely in the terminal carbons of aspartic acid, and acetate-2-C14preferentially labelled the internal carbons. The results show that the Krebs' citric acid cycle provides a major pathway for the biosynthesis of the dicarboxylic amino acids of wheat gluten.Striking parallelism in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in aspartic acid and threonine demonstrates that these amino acids are closely linked biosynthetically and is in accord with the idea that aspartic acid provides the carbon skeleton for threonine.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Authors: Howatson A. F. , Ham A. W.
Published: October 2017

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ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF MICROBES: A SUMMARY
Authors: Murray R. G. E.
Published: October 2017

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BIOCHEMISTRY OF CELL FRACTIONS
Authors: Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

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BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PENTASERINE (α-AMINO-δ-HYDROXYVALERIC ACID): 1. NON-AVAILABILITY OF ARGININE FROM PENTASERINE IN THE GROWING RAT
Authors: Martel Fernand
Published: October 2017

Pentaserine was fed at different levels to rats on an arginine-deficient diet and was shown to have no growth-promoting effect. This is at variance with what has been obtained in chickens where pentaserine could replace arginine partially in supporting growth.
THE EFFECTS OF BARBITURATES ON PARTIALLY ISOLATED REGIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Seguin J. J. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: October 2017

In 52 cats in which the left frontal lobe (including the motor cortex) or the whole cerebral hemisphere had been removed 3 months to 2 years previously, sodium pentobarbital (i.v., 1.0–2.0 mg./kg.) caused weakness and in-co-ordination in the decentralized limbs. Larger quantities of pentobarbital (3.0–8.0 mg./kg.) made the animals unable to stand ('standing test') for 13.0 ± 1.8 minutes while 25 control cats exhibited this effect for 5.6 ± 1.5 minutes. Using the 'standing test' as a criterion the median effective dose of pentobarbital was found to be 1.7 mg./kg. for the operated group and 3.7 mg./kg. for the controls, the difference being statistically significant. Sodium phenobarbital had similar effects.Injected (i.m.) 1 hour before pentylenetetrazol (10 mg./kg.) in 21 operated and 19 control cats, pentobarbital (1.0–6.0 mg./kg.) reduced the incidence and severity of convulsions in the operated cats to a greater extent than in the controls, as judged by a conversion of the clonic–tonic–clonic fits into purely clonic seizures.In 23 spinal cats in which the spinal cord was semisected 9 to 39 days previously, the excitability of the motoneurones was tested by means of intra-aortal injections of acetylcholine (ACh, 0.03–3 mg./kg.). Small quantities of pentobarbital occasionally augmented the responses to ACh whereas larger quantities of pentobarbital (0.3–11.0 mg./kg.) or phenobarbital (0.7–6.0 mg./kg.) had a depressant effect, both actions being more marked on the semisected side. The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE BY MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE
Authors: Whitaker D. R.
Published: October 2017

A swollen cellulose was hydrolyzed by Myroihecium cellulase and the loss in weight, number-average degree of polymerization, and weight-average degree of polymerization were determined at various intervals. The loss in weight relative to the change in D.P. excludes endwise cleavage as the mechanism of hydrolysis. An approximate test for random cleavage is derived from the Beall–Jorgensen treatment of random cleavage processes and, within the limits of this test, the change in weight-average D.P. relative to the change in number-average D.P. is shown to be consistent with random cleavage.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ANDROGENIC STEROIDS ON THE UPTAKE OF RADIOSULPHUR IN A HEALING FRACTURED BONE IN THE RAT
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Morrison R. T.
Published: October 2017

The uptake of radiosulphur in the fractured and intact humerus of male rats was determined in normal and in castrated animals and the ratio F/I of radioactivity of fractured (F) to intact (I) bone was calculated. Castration resulted in a significant decrease of F/I ratio, as compared with normal control rats.The effect of testosterone propionate and 17-ethyl-19 nortestosterone (Nilevar) on the S35uptake in bones was studied. Testosterone administration resulted in a slight increase of the F/I in castrated rats, but had no effect on this ratio in intact animals. Both castrated and intact rats treated with Nilevar exhibited a significant rise of S35uptake in fractured bones and, consequently, high F/I ratios. It is suggested that Nilevar has a marked effect on the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate in the collagen tissues of healing fractures, as measured by the described S35uptake technique.
AN EFFECT OF REDUCED BAROMETRIC PRESSURE ON THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Girling F. , Sunahara F. A.
Published: October 2017

Several groups of investigators have noted in the past that exposure to a reduced barometric pressure results in a decrease in peripheral blood flow.In the present study human subjects were exposed to a pressure of 225 mm. Hg with maintenace of arterial oxygen saturation, and forearm and hand blood flows were measured plethysmographically. Forearm blood flow was not affected by the exposure whereas hand blood flow was reduced in all subjects. Blood pressure and heart rate were also measured and showed no change during the experiment.
THE RELATION OF DIET, HORMONES, AND TUMORS TO THE ACTIVITY OF LIVER XANTHINE OXIDASE IN THE RAT
Authors: Burton A. F. , Begg R. W.
Published: October 2017

The activity of liver xanthine oxidase and of adenosine deaminase in rats was reduced to a low value when the animals were fed a low protein diet. This did not occur in tumor-bearing animals on the same diet. The maintenance of enzyme activity in the tumor-bearing animals could not be attributed to induced enzyme formation or to alteration in hormonal control, but may be associated with an increase in purine catabolism.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN AND SOMATOTROPHIN ON THE GROWTH OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Salter J. M. , Davidson I. W. F. , Best C. H.
Published: October 2017

Growth induced by exogenous insulin in hypophysectomized rats on an unrestricted diet is similar to that stimulated by somatotrophin. Both hormones promote skeletal growth and produce an increase in weight that is due to an increase in total body protein, fat, and water. However, insulin-treated animals consume more food, produce more fat, retain less water, and exhibit less skeletal growth than comparable rats treated with somatotrophin. Insulin and somatotrophin promote the synthesis of similar amounts of protein under our experimental conditions. Insulin-induced growth is enhanced and the disproportionate increase in fat is prevented by the simultaneous administration of somatotrophin. Insulin cannot stimulate protein anabolism in hypophysectomized rats restricted to the amount of food consumed prior to treatment. When the insulin-treated animals are allowed to consume glucose in addition to their basal ration there is a marked increase in the amount of ingested nitrogen retained. A comparable reduction in nitrogen excretion cannot be achieved when the carbohydrate supplement is replaced by fat. The results also indicate that under the experimental conditions described, the protein sparing action of glucose is dependent upon an adequate supply of insulin.
THE ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
Authors: Campbell Walter R.
Published: October 2017

A description of a device for measuring calcium and magnesium in body fluids by means of versene and organic dyes is given together with methods of operating the instrument, preparing standards, and purifying the reagents. The method is more precise than older methods used in clinical laboratories for estimating calcium and magnesium, requires very much less time, and, with suitable modifications, is applicable in water analyses for assessing the hardness due to the presence of these metals. The method could be further refined for use with small animals or in circumstances where only small amounts of body fluids are available.
A "CAT AND MOUSE TEST" FOR STUDYING CHANGES IN CONFLICT BEHAVIOR
Authors: Sacra P. , Rice W. B. , McColl J. D.
Published: October 2017

A method is described for producing "conflict behavior patterns" in the cat, which is useful in studying the effect of drugs on conditioned reflexes. It yields data from which an ED50may be calculated. Comparison of four ataractic agents by this procedure demonstrates the same relative order of activity as obtained by more complicated methods.
ON DISTRIBUTION AND INHERITANCE OF ATYPICAL FORMS OF HUMAN SERUM CHOLINESTERASE, AS INDICATED BY DIBUCAINE NUMBERS
Authors: Kalow W. , Staron N.
Published: October 2017

Type and activity of serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) have been studied in nearly 1700 human sera. The type was determined by an inhibition test with dibucaine; per cent inhibition achieved under specified conditions was termed dibucaine number (DN). The DNs can be classified into the three groups—usual, intermediate, and atypical. This triple division is consistent with the assumption that there exist two different types of enzyme which occur either in pure form or in a mixture; the proportion of the two enzymes in the mixture varies considerably from person to person but there are equal proportions on the average. Most observations on the inheritance of DN can be explained by the presence of two autosomal allelic genes without dominance, each gene causing the formation of one of the two types of enzyme. Some observations pointed to additional factors which may be variants of the normal gene, or modifying genes which influence the expressivity of the normal gene. There was an excess of male offspring in the investigated families but a connection with DN not established. In a healthy population, the frequency of the atypical gene was calculated to be 0.0140 ± 0.0036. Thus roughly one out of 30 persons has an intermediate DN but only one out of 3000 to 10,000 is expected to have an atypical DN.
PROPERTIES OF CALF THYMUS HISTONE ISOLATED BY THREE DIFFERENT METHODS
Authors: Smillie L. B. , Butler G. C. , Smith David B.
Published: October 2017

Histone of calf thymus deoxyribonucleoprotein was isolated by three different methods: (1) Extraction from nucleoprotein solutions with dilute hydrochloric acid. (2) Extraction from cold saline nucleoprotein solutions with ethanol. (3) Salting out part of the histone, followed by removal of the nucleic acid from the remainder as an insoluble lanthanum salt. Similar yields were obtained in all cases. Measurements of fractional solubility, electrophoretic mobility, and sedimentation rate disclosed the presence of two principal components corresponding roughly to those obtained in the two stages of method (3). Alterations of one component were found to take place in aqueous solutions more alkaline than pH 4.0, resulting in the appearance of artifacts some of which sedimented more rapidly, while others sedimented more slowly, than the original material.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF SARIN AND TABUN
Authors: Adie Peter A.
Published: October 2017

The enzymes which hydrolyze isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin) and ethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (tabun) have been studied. Michaelis–Menten constants and activation energies have been estimated and enzyme stability has been studied. The distribution of the enzymes in mammalian tissues has been examined. It is concluded that from each source the same enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sarin and tabun but that this enzyme shows variations from source to source. That there are mixtures of very similar enzymes, having a composition in amounts characteristic of the source, is also considered possible.
STUDIES ON THE AMINO ACIDS IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF SCORBUTIC GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Rangneker P. V. , Dugal L. P.
Published: October 2017

A comparative study is made on the plasma amino acids in scorbutic and normal guinea pigs. It is observed that there are some striking differences in the assortment of amino acids obtained. Arginine, threonine, hydroxyproline, and cystine are absent in the plasma of scorbutic guinea pigs while they are found to be present in the plasma of normal animals. A few amino acids have been estimated quantitatively. Plasma values of leucine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, and glycine are lower and the values of phenylalanine, lysine, and histidine are higher in scorbutic animals as compared with the respective values in normal ones.
ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID INTAKE OF SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C. C.
Published: October 2017

A device is described for the accurate measurement of the liquid intake of small animals. Examples are given of its usefulness in nutritional studies.
DIFFERENCES IN NITROGEN CONTENT IN EXTRACTS OF CHILLED AND NON-CHILLED TISSUES
Authors: Fedoroff S. , Altschul R.
Published: October 2017

In an attempt to elucidate the increase of growth promotion of tissue cultures by extracts obtained from tissues chilled before extraction, determinations of nitrogen content were made on (a) fresh, and chilled chick embryos, (b) extracts prepared from fresh and chilled chick embryos, (c) fresh and chilled human placenta, (d) extracts prepared from fresh and chilled human placenta.There was no difference in dry weight, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, and nitrogen: phosphorus ratio between chilled and fresh chick embryos and chilled and fresh human placenta. There was, however, a significant difference in the nitrogen content of the extracts prepared from fresh and from chilled tissues, It is suggested that chilling of tissues for 7 days at + 4 °C. prior to extraction may render the cells more easily destructible during extraction, and thus supply a better yield of nutritive substances.