bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Logistic Regression to Describe the Length of Breastfeeding: A Study in Guadalajara, Mexico
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Guillermo J. , Vega-Lopez Maria G. , Cabrera-Pivaral Carlos
Published: March 2007

This study seeks, through a logistic regression model, to describe the pattern of breastfeeding duration in Guadalajara, Mexico, during 1993. A multistage random sample of children under 1 year of age ( n=1036) was studied; observational data regarding breastfeeding duration, obtained through a "status quo" procedure, were compared with prevalence rates obtained from the logistic regression model. Modeling the duration of breastfeeding during the first year of life rather than only analyzing observational data helps researchers to understand this process in a dynamic and quantitative way. For example, uncommon indicators of breastfeeding were derived from the model. These indicators are impossible to obtain from observational data. The prevalence curve estimated through the logistic model was adequately fitted to observed data: there were no significant differences between the number or distribution of breastfed infants observed and those predicted by the model. Moreover, the model revealed that less than 40% of the children were breastfed in the fourth month of life; the median age for weaning was 39.3 days; 55% of the potential breastfeeding in the first 4 months did not occur; and the greatest abandonment of breastfeeding in the first 4 months was observed in the first 60 days. Thus, logistic regression seems a suitable option to construct a population-based model that describes breastfeeding duration during the first year of life. The indicators derived from the model offer health care providers valuable information for developing programs that promote breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding and Health Professional Encouragement
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Hill Pamela D. , Spiegelberg Patty L.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the study was to ascertain the nature of health professional contacts related to breastfeeding for 341 women. Subjects were prospectively queried by phone or home visit over a 20-week period regarding the number and nature of contacts with health care professionals related to breastfeeding. Lactation consultants gave significantly more positive encouragement (98%) (p=.OI) than either nurses (75%) or physicians (68%) did. However, of the 233 health provider contacts that included breastfeeding advice, only 21% involved lactation consultants. Primiparae were likely to decrease their level of breastfeeding if a health professional encouraged supplemental foods (39%) or weaning (86%) during the prior week. Multiparae who were experienced at breastfeeding (3+ weeks breastfeeding the previous infant) decreased their breastfeeding slowly across the weeks with the current infant, and their level of breastfeeding in general appeared independent of health care provider advice. Multiparae who lacked previous sustained breastfeeding experience (0-3 weeks) had the most rapid decrease (65%) in their breastfeeding rates even with health care provider encouragement to continue. Thus, they too appeared to act independently of health care provider advice.
Does Delayed Perception of the Onset of Lactation Shorten Breastfeeding Duration?
Authors: Chapman Donna J. , Perez-Escamilla Rafael
Published: March 2007

This longitudinal study evaluated the impact of the timing of maternal perception of the onset of lactation on breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding mothers who delivered a fullterm infant were interviewed daily from day 1 postpartum until the onset of lactation. Women were recontacted to determine the duration of any breastfeeding at 6.7 months postpartum, and if necessary, at 16.2 months postpartum. Cox survival multivariate analyses indicated that among women planning to breastfeed for at least 6 months, those with onset of lactation <72 hours postpartum were likely to breastfeed longer than their counterparts with a delayed onset of lactation. Median breastfeeding durations were 11.7 months and 3.4 months, respectively (p<0.00001). Among women who intended to breastfeed for less than 6 months, the timing of the onset of lactation did not influence breastfeeding duration. All analyses controlled for body build, delivery method, employment status, education, parity, and maternal age. These findings suggest that a delayed onset of lactation is likely to be associated with a shorter breastfeeding duration. This relationship, however, was modified by the mother's intended breastfeeding duration.
Breastfeeding in Public Places
Authors: McIntyre Ellen , Turnbull Deborah , Hiller Janet E.
Published: March 2007

This study reports the results of a survey of restaurant and shopping center managers concerning breastfeeding in their facilities. Managers from 66 restaurants and 27 shopping centers were interviewed by telephone. One-third of the restaurant managers and 48% of the shopping center managers stated that a mother could breastfeed anywhere in their facility regardless of what other customers might say. The remaining managers would either discourage breastfeeding anywhere in their facility, suggest a mother move to a more secluded area if she wished to breastfeed, or were unsure how they would react. The variability in support for breastfeeding by managers of restaurants and shopping centers will continue to create uncertainty for mothers wishing to breastfeed in these public places.
You Can Make a Difference: Increasing Breasifeeding Rates in an Inner-City Clinic
Authors: Zimmerman Deena R.
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding is endorsed in the United States as the ideal infant feeding method, but initiation rates are far behind U.S. national goals, and are generally lower in poorer socioeconomic groups. The goal of the project described was to increase breastfeeding rates in an inner-city clinic. The intervention consisted of prenatal breastfeeding education for all pregnant women, postpartum gift packs, and support groups. During the study, the breastfeeding initiation rate rose from 36% to 66% (p<0.05) and the proportion still breastfeeding at 2 weeks postpartum increased from 35% to 57% (p<O.O5). The cost of the project was minimal. The biggest expense was the discharge packets. We conclude that relatively inexpensive interventions can have a significant impact on breastfeeding initiation, even in a population at high risk of not breastfeeding.
Developing Scandal
Authors: Punch Maurice
Published: March 2007

In the midseventies, the Amsterdam police faced a major case of corruption for the first time The media reacted with relish and treated the case as a major journalistic scandal with prolonged coverage. Top members of the police were confused by the internal upheavals and acute external interest, and their inability to deal with a complex, changing environment lead to an escalation of internal unrest. This scandal reveals latent features of police work and the police organization, of the media's construction of scandal, and of attitudes toward deviation in Dutch society
Holistic Doctors
Authors: Goldstein Michael S. , Jaffe Dennis T. , Garell Dale , Berke Ruth Ellen
Published: March 2007

This research examines the membership of a support group for physicians who were becoming professionally involved with holistic health. Two general sets of factors seemed involved in these physicians' receptivity to holistic techniques and practices: Experiences of distance from conventional medicine and experiences of alternative medical practice possibilities. The latter in turn were associated with spiritual experiences, personal experiences with illness, and marital or family distress often leading to psychotherapeutic or encounter involvements. Each of these experiences provided alternative conceptualizations with which the physician could understand a range of professional dissatisfactions.
Choosing and Coping with Boring Work
Authors: Molstad Clark
Published: March 2007

This ethnographic study of industrial brewery work begins by examining why workers will sometimes choose boring jobs in preference to more stimulating work. Workers see boring work as a safe means of retreating from job situations in which responsibility exceeds control. In the absence of control, responsibility routinely leads to "hassles" and blame, outcomes many workers strongly seek to avoid. Having selected boring jobs, the workers must then develop mechanisms for coping with the boredom. These coping tactics provide the second focus of this article. The tactics involve mentally stimulating distractions that do not disturb the work activity. Such tactics include various forms of daydreaming, playing, singing, and talking. Use of these tactics reinforces workers' alienation from their work.
PSYCHIATRIC DIRTY WORK REVISITED:
Authors: BROWN PHIL
Published: March 2007

Observational data show that staff and trainees at a community mental health center (CMHC) considered the tasks of servicing outside nonpsychiatric agencies (prison prerelease, welfare, and homeless) to be “dirty work.” These providers believed that such work was not appropriate, was not under their control, and restricted their professional autonomy. Clinicians disliked filling what they saw as social control functions. They also considered such tasks to be a waste of sparse psychiatric resources. These staff attitudes are largely the result of a retreat from earlier community mental health approaches that fostered a broad array of psychiatric concerns. Rather than dealing with a wide range of social problems, staff prefer to focus on conditions they define as narrowly psychiatric.
ALIENATING AND LIBERATING EMOTIONS AT WORK
Authors: TOLICH MARTIN B.
Published: March 2007

Hochschild's 1980s study of flight attendants found them estranged from their emotions. Using evidence drawn from interviews and observations of supermarket clerks' performance of customer service, this study replaces Hochschild's concept of emotional labor with new definitions of emotion as work-autonomous emotion management and regulated emotion management-making control rather than exchange value central to understanding emotion at work.
“HEADHUNTER” OR “REAL COP”?
Authors: MULCAHY AOGÁN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ways in which internal affairs (IA) officers cope with the stigma associated with their role within police organizations. IA officers in four police departments in the Southwest were interviewed about relations with non-IA officers, and two broad strategies of identity management were found. First, IA officers used the justifications of “denial of the victim” and “appeals to higher loyalty” to account for their actions. Second, they used the destigmatization techniques of “aristocratization” and “transcendence” to refute the “headhunter” stereotype of IA officers. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical significance of these strategies and notes the functional nature of the IA stigma for various groups.
THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Authors: ANGROSINO MICHAEL V.
Published: March 2007

An ethnography of a group of adults with mental retardation was structured around the collection of life histories. Research procedures are discussed and the impact of the research on policy affecting the delivery of services is analyzed.
PROFESSIONAL FEELINGS AS EMOTIONAL LABOR
Authors: YANAY NIZA , SHAHAR GOLAN
Published: March 2007

Emotional labor is what workers do with their feelings to comply with organizational role requirements. This article explores the concept in professional organizations, examining the psychotherapeutic discourse of objectivity, neutrality, and care as feeling rules. Based on a study in a residential psychiatric facility in Israel, the authors found that counselors labored to display aspired professional feelings despite the absence of memos, protocols, or training sessions. Who told them to do so? How did they know what to feel? The authors claim that therapeutic discourse constitutes professional feelings through the use of specific concepts and techniques. However, the term professional feelings disguises a complicated process of negotiation between different ideologies. The difference between two groups of counselors indicates that both scientific and intersubjective knowledge represent modes of emotional control. The authors claim, thus, that emotional labor in professional service organizations is the product of contested professional discourse.
Field of Dreams Revisited: Economic Development and Telecommunications in LaGrange, Georgia
Authors: Youtie Jan
Published: March 2007

Rural communities are entering the telecommunications business to leverage telecommunications infrastructure for economic development. They face challenges in obtaining advanced infrastructure comparable to that in urban areas as well as in using it as an economic development tool. This article examines the process of obtaining advanced telecommunications infrastructure and the extent to which economic development outcomes followed through a case study of rural LaGrange, Georgia. The experiences of LaGrange suggest that an initial fiscally conservative investment approach to entering into telecommunications service provision as a rural municipality appears to be sound, given supportive public policies, municipality experience in the public utilities business, and private sector partnerships.
The New Economic Geography of the States
Authors: Gittell Ross , Kaufman Allen , Karson Marvin , McChesney Ron
Published: March 2007

This article explores whether geography still matters in state economic development. The authors consider how distinct state growth is from regional context and what a new economic map of the states would look like; for instance, would the states arrange themselves contiguously or distantly, and would state anomalies emerge—state economies that do not share their neighbors’ economic characteristics? The authors employ exploratory statistical methods that can sift through data on state economic growth to uncover statistical structures. The authors conclude that geography matters but that its effect is limited, and they identify the strong role played by national economic and political forces (such as energy policies and prices and defense expenditures), changing demographic trends (e.g., aging of the U.S. domestic population and household preferences for warm climates), and state policies (e.g., personal income taxes).
Industrial Development Bonds at 50: A Golden Anniversary Review
Authors: Marlin Matthew R.
Published: March 2007

After 50 years the use of IDB finance remains as controversial as it did at its inception. Arguments in the literature break along lines consistent with perceived benefits and costs. Practitioners view IDBs from the local level, where perceived benefits are large, competition for industry is keen, and costs almost nonexistent. Most academicians, and those writing from the national perspective, find IDBs to be a costly and inefficient subsidy with few net benefits at the national level. Despite the controversy and repeated congressional efforts to limit abuses and curb their use, the volume of IDBs continued to grow rapidly through the mid-1980s. This growth will be arrested in 1987 as Congress limits their use to manufacturing projects, and will stop altogether as IDBs are scheduled for sunset after 1988.
High-Technology Development and Recession: The Local Experience in the United States, 1980-1982
Authors: Thompson Chris
Published: March 2007

Various theoretical beliefs about high-technology industry's performance during recession are reviewed. The relative employment performances of matched pairs of U. S. high-tech and non-high-tech counties during the 1980-1982 recession are analyzed. High-tech counties, as a group, are found to have performed significantly better, but outcomes were far from universal. At the individual county level, correlations between changes in high tech and other individual industries were low, suggesting a higher scale of operational processes, consequent difficulties for locally based high-tech policy, and the need to explore and understand the differing experiences of particular areas.
The State's Role in an Era of Economic Transition: The Pennsylvania Experience
Authors: Thornburgh Dick
Published: March 2007

As the decade of the 1970s drew to a close, Pennsylvania was in serious economic trouble. The most serious of its problems was its overcommittment to traditional "smokestack" industries, without any strategy for diversification or modernization. The Governor's Office of Policy Development, along with the State Planning Board, developed an economic strategy based on new economic priorities. With this strategy as a starting point, steps were taken to improve the economy and turn Pennsylvania around. The author concludes that the ability to look to the long run is critical for other states that are addressing their own economic problems.
Shoot Anything that Flies; Claim Anything that Falls: Conversations with Economic Development Practitioners
Authors: Rubin Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

Economic development practitioners face an uncertain environment in which their ability to bring about economic development is dependent upon factors over which they have little, if any, control. Using extended excerpts from open-ended interviews, the author explores how the economic development practitioners attempt to cope with uncertainty. The interviews illustrate both the frustrations practitioners feel about their work and the accommodations they make in doing their work. The author presents a speculative model, based upon Stone's work on system bias, of how the perspective toward developmental work held by the practitioner might increasingly tilt public sector actions toward the business community.
Can State Income Transfer Policy Promote Economic Development?
Authors: Plotnick Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Can state income transfers contribute to economic development? This essay concludes: maybe, and cautions against a full-speed-ahead approach to converting income transfers into economic development tools. Recent policy initiatives involving unemployment insurance and welfare programs generally might contribute to economic development if linked with complementary development activities. Strategies that envision using unemployment insurance and welfare benefits to support recipients' self-employment efforts may hold limited promise and are worth exploring on a small scale at this time. States that can attract retirees and their Social Security and other retirement incomes can generate new local jobs and add an element of stability to their economic base. The role of transfers in economic development policy is likely to be minor under any circumstances.
State Government as a Consultant for Local Economic Development
Authors: Wolman Harold , Voytek Kenneth
Published: March 2007

In 1987 the state of Michigan created the Center for Local Economic Competitiveness (CLEC) within the Michigan Department of Commerce. CLEC was designed to provide consulting services, free of charge, to Michigan communities willing to engage in a strategic analysis of their local economy. This article describes and discusses the experience of CLEC, focusing both on the analytic and the political problems it faces in providing its consulting services. It ends by setting forth the benefits to local communities of the systematic analysis it provides as well as lessons other states can draw from the Michigan experience.
A Practitioner's Guide to State and Substate Industry Employment Projections
Authors: Goldstein Harvey A.
Published: March 2007

There are a number of alternative techniques for developing regional industry employment projections. Selecting the most appropriate technique involves trade-offs among cost, data requirements, comprehensibility, versatility, theoretical validity, reliability, and accuracy. Single-equation regression models represent a "best-buy" alternative for many types of economic development agencies and their information needs. The adjustment of projections that emerge from a projection model based upon analysts' informal knowledge of the behavior and performance of the regional economy, is a critical step in assuring accurate projections, no matter what type of model is chosen
Women-Owned Businesses: Dimensions and Policy Issues
Authors: Clark Thomas A. , James Franklin J.
Published: March 2007

Women-owned businesses may have grown six-fold, and the gross receipts of these businesses 50-fold over the past 2 decades. Most businesses owned by women, however are small, undercapitalized, situated in retailing and the services, and many enable only part-time work As a result, few women have achieved high earnings from ownership. Our analysis indicates the potential earnings for most women are significantly higher in management positions on payrolls than in self-employment. Women with continuing care responsibilities, however, often are constrained to worksites in or near the home, and to work schedules that complement these allied activities. Many such women seek to own their own businesses largely because they have no alternative. This may change as current employers-facing labor shortages and external pressures-move to accommodate the particular needs of women. We conclude that there is little economic rationale for intense, new public efforts to stimulate or support women-owned businesses, but that the federal government must continue to promote equal opportunity within businesses at large.
Industrial Restructuring: Implications for the Decentralization of Manufacturing to Nonmetropolitan Areas
Authors: Barkley David L. , Hinschberger Sylvain
Published: March 2007

Traditional methods of industrial organization and production are giving way to smaller, more flexible and specialized operations. This industrial restructuring increases the importance of localization economies relative to internal economies, and thus, the attractiveness of rural locations is reduced. Analysis of spatial employment data for 106 metalworking industries for 1981 to 1986 supports the restructuring/agglomeration hypothesis. Industries experiencing marked shifts toward specialization and reduced size (vertical disintegration) were less likely to relocate employment from metro to nonmetro areas. However, the relationship between industrial restructuring propensities and agglomeration was weak after controlling for industry growth rates and technological sophistication.
Science Parks as Economic Development Policy: A Case Study Approach
Authors: Braun Bradley M. , McHone W. Warren
Published: March 2007

Many state and local economic development groups have attempted to create environments that are conducive to the expansion and growth of "high-tech" industry clusters based on the commonly held notion that high-tech clusters offer advantages over other types of industrial activity. There have been numerous attempts to recreate the perceived important elements of the developmental environment that sparked and fostered the growth of the Boston Route 128 and Silicon Valley high-tech clusters. One widely used approach in this regard has been the creation of a focused university-related research park This article uses the results of a recent survey of high-technology firms in Orlando, Florida to compare and contrast the characteristics of firms that have located in a university-related research park with high-tech firms that operate in other parts of the metropolitan area. In general, the survey revealed substantial differences between these two categories of high-tech firms, extending across many dimensions of firm structure and development. Additionally, the survey reveals some similarities in the organizational structure of firms located in Orlando's Central Florida Research Park and firms at North Carolina's Research Triangle Park
Local Economic Development in Michigan: A Reliance on the Supply Side
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on local economic development policies suggests that the types of techniques employed by cities are changing as they move into the 1990s. Specifically, Eisinger posits that cities and states are increasingly moving to embrace demand-rather than supply-side economic development incentives as questions over the efficacy of the latter mount. Cities in a "rust belt" state such as Michigan do not appear to be moving in that direction and still rely heavily on traditional supply-side inducements such as tax incentives, infrastructure investment, and marketing strategies. In the face of numerous questions about the effectiveness of supply-side incentives and the promise suggested by demand-side activities, it is a matter of concern that cities appear to continue to widely embrace such supply-side initiatives.
Michigan's Approach to Urban Redevelopment Involving Contaminated Properties
Authors: Swartz Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Owners are liable for the cleanup of contaminated properties regardless of their failure to contribute to the contamination. Consequently, investors avoid polluted brownfield locations. To promote redevelopment of such properties, Michigan has enacted legislation that specifies the state's interest and criteria for entering into a "covenant not to sue" (CNTS) with innocent purchasers of polluted sites (those not responsible for causing the contamination). By mitigating cleanup liability, CNTSs enhance redevelopment prospects. The state also has a site reclamation program that provides grants or loans to governmental entities for the cleanup of contaminated sites. A requirement for funding is that there be committed investors for future economic activity on the property.
Clusters as an Economic Development Tool: Beyond the Pitfalls
Authors: Held James R.
Published: March 2007

While many states have used a cluster approach to improve economic development policy, such an approach can easily yield inaccurate or incomplete results. The specific approach to cluster analysis presented here provides a definition of industry clusters that encompasses the classic, vertically integrated cluster, as well as horizontal clusters, where common resource needs rather than buyer-supplier relationships more closely link the component industries and firms, and emerging clusters. Further, this approach integrates quantitative analysis with qualitative approaches and examines the cluster as an entity in itself rather than a collection of industries to be studied individually. Case studies of two clusters in the Hudson Valley of New York State illustrate how this approach develops a deep understanding of the cluster and encourages the formation of policy interventions as an outgrowth of the study process.
Local Growth Promotion: Policy Adoption versus Effort
Authors: Hammer Roger B. , Green Gary P.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has shown that both structural and political/organizational factors affect growth promotion. Most of these studies have neither distinguished between policy adoption and growth effort nor considered the possibility that the processes contributing to policy adoption may be different from those influencing the level of incentives used to promote growth. Based on data from local government officials in Wisconsin cities and villages, we find that structural, or economic, and political organizational factors affect economic development activity adoption to a significantly different extent and in significantly different ways. Both the adoption of activities and the level of effort expended are influenced by a community's economic structure. Political/organizational factors are more likely to influence adoption of policies than is the effort communities make at promoting growth. The results suggest that growth effort is influenced strongly by economic factors, and that policy adoption has a symbolic value that addresses political concerns.
Metropolitan Computer Services Infrastructure and Economic Development Capacity in the Information Society
Authors: Nunn Samuel , Warren Robert
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the capacity of metropolitan areas to use information technology, based on the assumption that the combined telecommunications and computer infrastructure relies on the presence of a computer-literate population with computers as much as on phones, fiber optics, microwave, and digital switches. A computer services infrastructure is assumed robust if there is an adequate number of computer workers and sales of computer equipment and software. Neither factor has received much attention in debates about the information highway. We find that computer service workers are intensively metropolitan. Computer employment is concentrated in large metropolitan areas, but the ratio of computer workers per 1,000 employees is higher in middle-sized and smaller metropolitan areas. Computer and software sales are metropolitan, with downward filtering to smaller regions. Large metropolitan regions have advanced computer infrastructures, but middle and lower ranks of the metropolitan hierarchy are demonstrating robust computer infrastructures.
The Jobs and Workforce Initiative: Northeast Ohio Employers' Plan for Workforce Development
Authors: Berry Daniel E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the Jobs and Workforce Initiative (JWFI), an employer-driven planning process aimed at developing workforce improvement strategies for northeast Ohio. The JWFI was undertaken by the Greater Cleveland Growth Association in 1996, and initial recommendations were issued in January 1997 in a report titled Building New Roads to Success. After discussing the origins of the JWFI and the theoretical perspectives underlying it, this article describes the process, the resulting recommendations, and the status of their implementation. It concludes with discussion of the overall implementation plan and the agenda that lies ahead.
Out of the Loop? A Comment on David Reingold’s Analysis of Inner-City Employment
Authors: Neckerman Kathryn M.
Published: March 2007

David Reingold’s analysis of hiring patterns makes creative use of imperfect data to expand our understanding of inner-city employment. Reingold reports that employers in poor neighborhoods recruit more selectively, but these recruitment practices do not seem to influence how many local residents they hire. The author’s comment notes some technical concerns about Reingold’s analysis. She suspects that employers are excluding local applicants more then Reingold’s work suggests. Instead of resulting in a nonlocal workforce, these exclusionary practices may result in a very highly selected workforce of “acceptable” inner-city workers.
THE WHORE AND THE OTHER
Authors: LEMISH DAFNA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the dominant images of female immigrants to Israel from the former USSR. The analysis considers the intersection between gender, class, and race in the context of the problematic status of female immigrants. Portrayals of the female immigrants are studied through a qualitative content analysis of news items in the Israeli popular press during the years 1994-1997. The results suggest that the female immigrant appears in the Israeli press primarily in two negative images: as a supplier of sexual services and as the “other,” not one of “us.” A third image of the “exceptional immigrant” occasionally appears. Popular press items and the results of a preliminary phone survey of a representative sample of the Jewish population are quite consistent. The survey indicates that 65 percent of the respondents hold negative attitudes toward the immigrants, the most salient of which associates them with the sex industry.
CULTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF FAMILY SCHEMAS
Authors: BLAIR-LOY MARY
Published: March 2007

This article uses interview data to examine changes over time in the cultural constructions of executive women's family responsibilities. The author delineates two gendered cultural structures: the family devotion schema and the work devotion schema. Respondents are caught in the conflict between each schema's competing vision of a worthwhile life. Older respondents are more likely to accept the devotion schema's definition of an irreconcilable conflict between work and family, prompting many to avoid marriage or childbearing. In contrast, many members of the youngest cohort, who came of age after the early 1970s women's movement, are refashioning the family devotion schema by subcontracting out domestic responsibilities while maintaining demanding careers. Yet, the family devotion schema continues to haunt all cohorts, enduring in its cognitive, normative, and emotional power. Gender, as expressed in cultural models of family, remains a powerful constraint on the hearts and minds of even professionally successful women.
NEW BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS, MARCH 6, 1983-MARCH 22, 1984:
Authors: CHANCER LYNN S.
Published: March 2007

Following the highly publicized New Bedford rape case, in which a young woman was raped by several men on a pool table in New Bedford, Massachusetts, on March 6, 1983, a segment of the local Portuguese community responded with great hostility to the rape victim and with sympathy for the rapists. The victim was blamed for the ethnic prejudice that erupted after the rape and culminated in the trial of six rapists in 1984. This article's purpose is to analyze the Portuguese community's response, particularly the negative reactions of Portuguese women to another Portuguese woman who had been raped, and the conflict that developed between ethnic and sexual forms of prejudice.
DILEMMAS OF ORGANIZING WOMEN OFFICE WORKERS
Authors: BURTON JOAN KELLER
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the conditions that facilitate or hinder office-worker activism. Participant observations in Baltimore Working Women, a local affiliate of 9 to 5, and interviews with 72 members and nonmembers revealed the dilemmas of organizing women office workers. Early joiners recruited themselves and then brought in friends for whom the costs of activism were greater. Job security, supportive bosses, and experience in protesting inequities eased the difficulties associated with activism, and commitment to working women's issues sustained activism. Those who feared reprisals from unsupportive bosses and coworkers but joined for friendship tended not to be active. Nonmembers' loyalty to employer and family demands limited their potential as recruits.
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND STATE POLICY REFORM AIMED AT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN:
Authors: BUSH DIANE MITSCH
Published: March 2007

This article compares the social movement mobilization that led to reforms in police and judicial handling of battering in the United States to the movement ideology, organization, and tactics that resulted in analogous policy reform in the processing of dowry burnings and beatings in India. Using field notes and secondary sources from both countries, the article examines how both movements redefined violence against women in families as a public issue, then looks at how movement demands affected policy reform in each country. The analysis questions the current conceptualization of social movement success. Social movements theory assumes that entry into the polity of liberal, democratic states constitutes success in the sense of social change. Yet the cases analyzed suggest that assumptions about the gender neutrality of state response to movements prevents researchers from critically examining the outcomes of social movement mobilization. Moreover, institutionalization of women's movement demands and organization may diminish the capacity of such movements to control the social construction of domestic violence against women by providing protection without empowerment.
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE U.S. COURTS
Authors: BLANKENSHIP KIM M. , RUSHING BETH , ONORATO SUZANNE A. , WHITE RENÉE
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes U.S. court cases involving reproductive technologies in terms of their implications for reproductive choice, mothers' versus fathers' rights, definitions and evaluations of parenting, and the nuclear family structure. The analysis reveals that the courts have tended (a) not to recognize how social conditions shape women's reproductive choices, (b) to promote fathers' rights more than mothers' rights, (c) to ignore the social relationships that constitute childbearing and child rearing and value men's over women's biological contribution to these processes, (d) to reflect certain assumptions about the proper roles of mothers and fathers, and (e) to privilege the nuclear family. The implications of developing reproductive technology policy for an understanding of the relationships among gender, reproductive technologies, and the state are considered, and recommendations for the equitable regulation of these technologies are offered.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MODERN AGRICULTURE:
Authors: HAUGEN MARIT S. , BRANDTH BERIT
Published: March 2007

Studying women farmers who are equal to men in their formal status, this article explores the extent to which women's entry into a male occupation challenges the existing gender system. Our analysis shows that young women farmers represent a change toward a new work role for women in farming. They have become similar to men farmers in many important aspects of farming such as vocational training, technological know-how, and union membership; however, important aspects of the existing gender system are being preserved. Young women farmers still have the main responsibility for domestic work; their income from farming is less important for the household than their husband's; and, compared to men farmers, their farm income is less. There is no indication that young women farmers challenge the masculinist way of farming.
“DEAR RESEARCHER”
Authors: LETHERBY GAYLE , ZDRODOWSKI DAWN
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the use of correspondence (communication by letter between researchers and respondents) as research data. It focuses on the author's own experience of this method and considers the methodological implications of correspondence as a research method for research in general and feminist research in particular. We argue that at present this method is not often used, even though it provides rich data and is a potential powerful tool for feminist research.
THE PROBLEMATIC OF “EXPERIENCE”
Authors: MARKENS SUSAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines a select sample of popular magazines and self-help books to address the question: How is premenstrual syndrome (PMS) constructed discursively as a legitimate disease worthy of medical attention and public discussion? The author finds that some women have been active participants in the construction of PMS as a medical disease. In particular, she finds that accounts of women's experiences of premenstrual symptoms figure prominently in the rhetorical legitimation of PMS as a medical phenomenon in the popular press and self-help books. At the same time, the author examines the gendered assumptions about gender, health, and normality that underlie how women's “experiences” are incorporated into the construction of PMS. In particular, she asks whose experience is part of the medical legitimation of premenstrual symptoms and argues that the case of PMS illustrates the need for feminists to problematize biological as well as social experiences.
WOMEN'S ROLES AFTER FIRST BIRTH
Authors: VANDENHEUVEL AUDREY
Published: March 2007

Literature on women's labor force participation traditionally divides women's activities into one of two categories: participants and nonparticipants. This article examines whether this dichotomization provides an adequate summary of women's employment patterns. Longitudinal data are used to examine employment sequences of American mothers for 2 to 10 years following the birth of their first child. The data indicate that beyond the first few postbirth years, a division of women's employment patterns into two groups fails to encompass the patterns of a large proportion of mothers. Further, the results indicate that there are important differences by race in the role sequences followed by women. The findings of this study emphasize that women follow substantially more diverse life paths than is often recognized in the literature and that a dynamic perspective of women's employment participation over time is needed.
FEMINIST ATTITUDES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND MEN
Authors: HUNTER ANDREA G. , SELLERS SHERRILL L.
Published: March 2007

Research on the intersection of race and gender suggests that, for African Americans, racial inequality is more salient than gender inequality. However, theoretical perspectives on the multiplicative effects of status positions and “outsider within” models suggest that minority group membership can be a catalyst for the development of feminist attitudes. This article examines three issues central to feminism: (1) recognition and critique of gender inequality, (2) egalitarian gender roles, and (3) political activism for the rights of women. The authors found that support for feminist ideology was common for both African American women and men, although the level of support varied depending on the issue and by gender. Factors predicting the endorsement of feminist ideology also varied depending on the issue and by gender. The authors found partial support for the race saliency hypothesis, but there was also evidence of the multiplicative effects of status positions on African Americans' feminist attitudes.
SYMBOLIC TRADITIONALISM AND PRAGMATIC EGALITARIANISM
Authors: GALLAGHER SALLY K. , SMITH CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2007

Drawing on Connell's notion of gender projects, the authors assess the degree to which contemporary evangelical ideals of men's headship challenge, as well as reinforce, a hegemonic masculinity. Based on 265 in-depth interviews in 23 states across the country, they find that rather than espousing a traditional gender hierarchy in which women are simply subordinate to men, the majority of contemporary evangelicals hold to symbolic traditionalism and pragmatic egalitarianism. Symbolic male headship provides an ideological tool with which individual evangelicals may maintain a sense of distinctiveness from the broader culture of which they are a part. At the same time, symbolic headship blunts some of the harsher effects of living in a materially rich, but time poor, culture, by defusing an area of potential conflict, creating a safe space within which men can negotiate, and strengthening men's material and emotional ties to their families.
Review of Outcome Measurement Instruments in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Trials: Introduction
Authors: Demers Louise , Oremus Mark , Perrault Anne , Wolfson Christina
Published: March 2007

This article introduces a four-part series on outcome scales used in Alzheimer's disease drug trials. First, it discusses the division of scales into four domains: cognition, functional ability/quality of life, behavior/mood, and global. Within each domain, the shortcomings of existing literature reviews are outlined, and the need for a more coherent view of the psychometric properties of the scales is emphasized. Second, the key concepts of reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change are defined and explained. This explanation also provides an overview of the statistical techniques used to assess measurement properties. Finally, the methods used to select the scales for review in the subsequent articles are explained, and each article is briefly introduced. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:161-169).
Review of Outcome Measurement Instruments in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Trials: Psychometric Properties of Global Scales
Authors: Oremus Mark , Perrault Anne , Demers Louise , Wolfson Christina
Published: March 2007

The use of global outcome measures with strong psychometric properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug trials is encouraged. This article focuses on Clinician Global Impression of Change scales, the Clinical Dementia Rating, and the Global Deterioration Scale to provide (1) a review of psychometric properties, (2) a critique of how these properties are assessed in the literature, and (3) a basis for evaluating, from the standpoint of psychometric properties, the appropriateness of using a given global scale in a drug trial. Reported reliability and validity estimates for the aforementioned scales range from fair to very good, but small sample sizes and/or inappropriate measures of correlation weaken the quality of the evidence. There is also a dearth of published information on responsiveness to change. Researchers planning AD drug trials should consider these issues, along with the interval between test administrations for test-retest reliability, to help select appropriate global outcome measurement instruments. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:197-205).
Psychiatric Assessment of a Nursing Home Population Using Audiovisual Telecommunication
Authors: Grob Phillip , Weintraub Daniel , Sayles David , Raskin Allen , Ruskin Paul
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that psychiatric assessment of nursing home residents could be reli ably carried out remotely via telecommunications. Twenty-seven nursing home residents each had two interviews consisting of the following three rating scales: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The interviews were conducted by three trained psy chiatrists, each of whom interviewed two-thirds of the subjects. Subjects were sequentially assigned to have either two in-person interviews (in-person group) or one in-person and one remote interview via telecommunication (remote group). Inter-rater reliability was calculated separately for each condition (in-person vs remote group) for each of the three rating scales. Intraclass correlations on the MMSE were .95 for the remote group and .83 for the in-person group. On the GDS, they were .82 for the remote group and .86 for the in-person group. Finally, on the BPRS, they were .81 for the remote group and .49 for the in-person group. There were no statistically significant differences in intraclass correlation on any of the three scales for the remote group compared with the in-person group, indicat ing that nursing home residents can be reliably assessed remotely via telecommunication. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:63-65).
Reliability of Telepsychiatry Assessments: Subjective versus Observational Ratings
Authors: Jones Beverly N. , Johnston Deirdre , Reboussin Beth , McCall W. Vaughn
Published: March 2007

Geriatric patients in underserved areas could benefit from the use of telecommunications to expand access to mental health services. It is important to determine the clinical limitations of using videoconferencing for psychiatric assess ments, particularly in the elderly. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that videoconferencing ratings based on visual observations of behavior would be less reliable than ratings based on patients' verbal reports of symptoms. Videoconferencing assessments of 30 geriatric patients using low-bandwidth (ISDN) equipment were compared to gold standard face-to-face assessments. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was dichotomized into subjective items based on patients' verbal reports and observational items based on visual ratings of behavior. Reliability of the BPRS subjective items was consistently higher than for the observational items. Future studies should emphasize the accuracy of telemedicine ratings that require visual observation of behavior, which is crucial to clinical assessment of psychogeriatric conditions. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:66-71).