bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wanted: Challenging Design Ideas for Ageing
Authors: Wilkinson Katherine
Published: March 2014

In 2012‐13, the Design Research Institute (DRI) at the RMIT University in Melbourne hosted a Design Challenge on ageing. For the institute, which is based around trans‐disciplinary design research, the challenge provides a unique opportunity to introduce a rigorous framework and focus to its activities. Katherine Wilkinson, the Senior Manager of the DRI and initiator of the annual Design Challenge, describes how students, designers and experts from industry, business and the community were brought together by the issue of ageing to generate innovative ideas and solutions.
Housing from 8 to 80: An AD Ideas Project
Authors: Farrelly Lorraine
Published: March 2014

For this issue, Guest‐Editor Lorraine Farrelly and AD launched a student design competition around the concept of the ‘lifetime home’, which was open to undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, interior design and related subjects. Here Farrelly provides an overview of the competition and the ideas and designs from the award‐winning entries that came from students from across the globe.
Designing for an Earlier Age
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: March 2014

While the need for suitable housing to accommodate burgeoning numbers of elderly citizens is undeniably great worldwide, Jayne Merkel puts the case that the necessity for affordable housing among young adults is arguably even greater, at least in the US and the UK, and particularly in New York, London and Los Angeles. The relationship between the demands of these two very different age groups is direct, since young people tend not to have children until they can find suitable housing. Forestalled childbearing means fewer members of later generations to financially support growing numbers of aged over time.1 And young people without suitable housing tend to move back in with ageing parents or drain their financial resources.
Molecular Structure‐Dependent Charge Injection and Doping Efficiencies of Organic Semiconductors: Impact of Side Chain Substitution
Authors: Yang Jinpeng , Li Yanqing , Duhm Steffen , Tang Jianxin , Kera Satoshi , Ueno Nobuo
Published: March 2014

Due to the highly anisotropic nature of π ‐conjugated molecules, the molecular structure of organic semiconductors can significantly affect the device performance of organic optoelectronics. Here, the molecular structure dependence on charge injection and doping efficiencies is investigated by characterizing the typical hole transport material of N,N′‐bis(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐bis(phenyl)‐benzidine (NPB) and its derivatives N,N′‐bis(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐bis(phenyl)‐9,9‐dimethyl‐fluorene (DMFL‐NPB) and N,N′‐bis(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐bis(phenyl)‐9,9‐diphenyl‐fluorene (DPFL‐NPB)]. Using photoelectron spectroscopy data and density functional theory calculation, it is identified that the side chain substitution in NPB and its derivatives plays a crucial role in the intrinsic injection and transport properties, and doping efficiency. The inner twist of the two main benzene rings in NPB is changed from out‐of‐plane to in‐plane due to the alkyl or phenyl side chains of DMFL‐NPB or DPFL‐NPB, which reduces the ionization energies and thus decreases the hole injection barriers at the indium tin oxide/organic interface. The doping efficiency in 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) doped systems is also highly dependent on the degree of intermolecular orbital energy hybridization with respect to the side chain substitution. These findings show that the rational design of molecular structures with suitable side chains is crucial for achieving high‐performance organic devices.
Blood cell telomere lengths and shortening rates of chimpanzee and human females
Authors: Tackney Justin , Cawthon Richard M. , Coxworth James E. , Hawkes Kristen
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Slower rates of aging distinguish humans from our nearest living cousins. Chimpanzees rarely survive their forties while large fractions of women are postmenopausal even in high‐mortality hunter–gatherer populations. Cellular and molecular mechanisms for these somatic aging differences remain to be identified, though telomeres might play a role. To find out, we compared telomere lengths across age‐matched samples of female chimpanzees and women.

Methods

We used a monochrome multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assay canonical telomere repeats in blood cells from captive female chimpanzees (65 individuals; age: 6.2–56.7 years) and compared them to the same measure in human females (43 individuals; age: 7.4–57.3 years).

Results

Our samples showed little difference in attrition rates between the species (∼0.022 T/S per year for chimpanzees and ∼0.012 T/S per year for humans with overlapping 95% confidence intervals), but telomeres were twice as long in chimpanzees as in humans (T/S ratios = 2.70 and 1.26, respectively).

Conclusions

Based on the longevity differences, we initially hypothesized that telomere shortening rates would be faster in chimpanzees than in humans. Instead, it is shorter telomere length that appears to be the derived state in humans. This comparison indicates that better characterization of physiological aging in our closest living relatives will be indispensable for understanding the evolution of distinctive human longevity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:452–460, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decentralized Connectivity Maintenance For Networked Lagrangian Dynamical Systems With Collision Avoidance
Authors: Sabattini Lorenzo , Secchi Cristian , Chopra Nikhil
Published: March 2014

In order to accomplish cooperative tasks, multi‐robot systems are required to communicate among each other. This inter‐robot communication can be modeled as a graph. Thus, maintaining the connectivity of the communication graph is a fundamental issue in cooperative robotic systems. Connectivity maintenance has been extensively studied in the last few years, but generally considering only kinematic agents. In this paper we introduce a control strategy which, by exploiting a decentralized procedure for the estimation of the algebraic connectivity of the graph, ensures connectivity maintenance for groups of Lagrangian systems. Collision avoidance control actions are also integrated with the connectivity maintenance algorithm. The control strategy is validated by means of analytical proofs and simulation results.
Geometric Methods for Invariant‐Zero Cancellation in Linear Multivariable Systems with Application to Signal Rejection with Preview
Authors: Zattoni Elena
Published: March 2014

This work deals with zero cancellation in linear multivariable systems with possible feedthrough terms from the inputs to the outputs. A methodology for the synthesis of a minimal‐order feedforward compensator preserving key properties of the original system while cancelling minimum‐phase invariant zeros is derived by means of the basic tools of the geometric approach. The properties maintained in the feedforward compensation scheme are stabilizability and right‐invertibility. Duality arguments show how to modify the devised method so as to achieve zero cancellation with a cascade filter retaining detectability and left‐invertibility. Continuous and discrete‐time systems are considered in a unified framework exploiting the common structural features. An original application of zero cancellation to signal rejection with preview is presented. A novel feedforward control scheme is devised, avoiding the steering along minimum‐phase zero techniques that are at the basis of well‐settled solutions.
The left inferior frontal gyrus is involved in adjusting response bias during a perceptual decision‐making task
Authors: Reckless Greg E. , Ousdal Olga T. , Server Andres , Walter Henrik , Andreassen Ole A. , Jensen Jimmy
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Changing the way we make decisions from one environment to another allows us to maintain optimal decision‐making. One way decision‐making may change is how biased one is toward one option or another. Identifying the regions of the brain that underlie the change in bias will allow for a better understanding of flexible decision‐making.

Methods

An event‐related, perceptual decision‐making task where participants had to detect a picture of an animal amongst distractors was used during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Positive and negative financial motivation were used to affect a change in response bias, and changes in decision‐making behavior were quantified using signal detection theory.

Results

Response bias became relatively more liberal during both positive and negative motivated trials compared to neutral trials. For both motivational conditions, the larger the liberal shift in bias, the greater the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activity. There was no relationship between individuals' belief that they used a different strategy and their actual change in response bias.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that the left IFG plays a role in adjusting response bias across different decision environments. This suggests a potential role for the left IFG in flexible decision‐making.
15‐LOX‐1 suppression of hypoxia‐induced metastatic phenotype and HIF‐1α expression in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Wu Yuanqing , Mao Fei , Zuo Xiangsheng , Moussalli Micheline J. , Elias Elias , Xu Weiguo , Shureiqi Imad
Published: March 2014

The expression of 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 (15‐LOX‐1) is downregulated in colon cancer and other major cancers, and 15‐LOX‐1 reexpression in cancer cells suppresses colonic tumorigenesis. Various lines of evidence indicate that 15‐LOX‐1 expression suppresses premetastatic stages of colonic tumorigenesis; nevertheless, the role of 15‐LOX‐1 loss of expression in cancer epithelial cells in metastases continues to be debated. Hypoxia, a common feature of the cancer microenvironment, promotes prometastatic mechanisms such as the upregulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, a transcriptional master regulator that enhances cancer cell metastatic potential, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion and migration. We have, therefore, tested whether restoring 15‐LOX‐1 in colon cancer cells affects cancer cells' hypoxia response that promotes metastasis. We found that 15‐LOX‐1 reexpression in HCT116, HT29LMM, and LoVo colon cancer cells inhibited survival, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, angiogenesis, cancer cell migration and invasion, and HIF‐1α protein expression and stability under hypoxia. These findings demonstrate that 15‐LOX‐1 expression loss in cancer cells promotes metastasis and that therapeutically targeting ubiquitous 15‐LOX‐1 loss in cancer cells has the potential to suppress metastasis.
Quinone Derivatives from the Genus Rubia and Their Bioactivities
Authors: Xu Kuo , Wang Penglong , Wang Lin , Liu Congmin , Xu Shixun , Cheng Yatao , Wang Yanhui , Li Qiang , Lei Haimin
Published: March 2014

The extracts and phytochemicals of the genus Rubia have drawn much attention due to their potent effects; among them, naphthoquinone and cyclopeptide derivatives, with significant biological activities, have great potential to be developed to new drugs. This review updates and compiles a total of 142 quinone derivatives including anthraquinone and naphthoquinone derivatives, occuring in twelve Rubia species. These compounds were listed together with their sources, melting points, bioactivities, as well as 112 corresponding references. Furthermore, the structureactivity relationships of these quinone derivatives were discussed.
Simenoside A, a New Triterpenoid Saponin from Gypsophila simoniiHub.‐Mor.
Authors: Arslan Idris
Published: March 2014

Saponins are amphiphilic glycoconjugates which give soap‐like foams in H2O. A new triterpenoid saponin, simenoside A (1), based on gypsogenin aglycone, and the known saponin 2 were isolated from Gypsophila simonii Hub.‐Mor. The structure of the new saponin was elucidated as 3‐O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosylgypsogenin 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐fucopyranosyl ester on the basis of extensive spectral analyses and chemical evidence. Saponins 1 and 2 were isolated from G. simonii for the first time.
Oleanane‐Type Glycosides from Tremastelma palaestinum (L.) Janchen
Authors: Şenel Gökhan , Gülcemal Derya , Masullo Milena , Piacente Sonia , Karayıldırım Tamer
Published: March 2014

Three new oleanane‐type glycosides, 1–3, were isolated from the whole plant of Tremastelma palaestinum (L.) Janchen, along with eight known triterpene glycosides. The structures of the new compounds were established as 3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐α‐l‐arabinopyranosyl]hederagenin (1), 3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐α‐l‐arabinopyranosyl]hederagenin 28‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl ester (2), and 3‐O‐[α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐α‐l‐arabinopyranosyl]oleanolic acid 28‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl ester (3) by using 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. This is the first report on the phytochemical investigation of a species belonging to Tremastelma genus.
Enantioselectivity of the Bioconversion of Chiral Citronellal during the Inhibition of Wheat Seeds Germination
Authors: Cavalieri Andrea , Fischer Ravit , Larkov Olga , Dudai Nativ
Published: March 2014

Citronellal is one of the most prominent monoterpenes present in many essential oils. Low persistence of essential oils as bioherbicides has often been addressed because of the high volatility of these compounds. Bioconversion of citronellal by wheat seeds releases less aggressive and injurious compounds as demonstrated by their diminished germination. We demonstrated that optically pure citronellal enantiomers were reduced to optically pure citronellol enantiomers with retention of the configuration both in isolated wheat embryos and endosperms. Our findings reveal the potential of essential oils as allelopathic agents providing an insight into their mechanism of action and persistence.
Chemical Composition and Aroma Evaluation of Essential Oils from Evolvulus alsinoides L.
Authors: Kashima Yusei , Miyazawa Mitsuo
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and the odor‐active compounds of the essential oils from Evolvulus alsinoides, which is a well‐known edible and medicinal plant. The volatile compounds in the oils were identified by hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent‐assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) in combination with GC, GC/MS, GC/O (=olfactometry), aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), and relative flavor activities (RFA values). The most abundant compound in the HD oil was cis‐α‐necrodol (12.62%), an irregular monoterpene with a cyclopentane skeleton, which is very unusual in the plant kingdom. In the SAFE oil, the main components included 2‐butoxyethanol (9.01%), benzyl alcohol (8.01%), and γ‐butyrolactone (7.37%). Through sensory analysis, 21 aroma‐active compounds were identified by GC/O. The most intense aroma‐active compounds in the HD oil were hexan‐1‐ol and γ‐nonalactone, both of which showed high RFA values. α‐Methyl‐γ‐butyrolactone and dimethyl sulfone contributed more strongly to the aroma of the SAFE oil. These results imply that the essential oils of E. alsinoides deserve further investigation in the food industry.
Composition and Activity against Oral Pathogens of the Essential Oil of Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC.
Authors: Duarte Moreira Raquel Regina , Zimmermann Martins Gilmarcio , Teixeira Botelho Vinícius , dos Santos Luis Eduardo , Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Lígia , Andrade Géssica , Martins Carlos Henrique Gomes
Published: March 2014

The chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. (Asteraceae) was characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. (E)‐Caryophyllene (56.0%), germacrene D (12.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (9.2%) were identified as the major oil components. The antimicrobial activity of the oil against seven standard strains of oral pathogens from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the microdilution method. MIC Values below 100 μg/ml were obtained against Streptococcus sobrinus (90 μg/ml), Lactobacillus casei (30 μg/ml), S. mutans (20 μg/ml), and S. mitis (18 μg/ml). In contrast, the MIC values of the major oil compound (E)‐caryophyllene were higher than 400 μg/ml against all pathogens, suggesting that the activity of the oil might depend on minor oil components and/or on synergistic effects. The M. divaricatum essential oil is a promising agent to include in anticariogenic oral rinse formulations for the control of oral pathogens.
Chemical Composition of the Tuber Essential Oil from Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Radulović Niko S. , Ðorđević Miljana R.
Published: March 2014

Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke) is cultivated in Europe and other parts of the world as a food crop and ornamental plant. The volatile oils of the aerial parts of H. tuberosus were investigated more than 30 years ago, but no study could be found to date on the constituents of the tuber essential oil. Herein, the first characterization by GC‐FID, GC/MS, and 13C‐NMR analyses of a hydrodistilled essential oil of Jerusalem artichoke tubers was reported. Fresh plant material collected in Serbia (Sample A) and a commercial sample (Sample B) yielded only small amounts of oil (0.0014 and 0.0021% (w/w), resp.). In total, 195 constituents were identified, representing 88.2 and 93.6% of the oil compositions for Samples A and B, respectively. The main constituents identified were β‐bisabolene (1; 22.9–30.5%), undecanal (0–12.7%), α‐pinene (7.6–0.8%), kauran‐16‐ol (2; 6.9–9.8%), 2‐pentylfuran (0.0–5.7%), and (E)‐tetradec‐2‐enal (0.0–4.9%). Several rare compounds characteristic for Helianthus ssp. were also detected: helianthol A (6; 2.1–1.9%), dihydroeuparin (10; 0.0–2.3%), euparin (9; 0.0–0.4%), desmethoxyencecalin (7; traces – 0.2%), desmethylencecalin (8; 0.0–0.4%), and an isomer of desmethylencecalin (0.0%‐traces). The essential oils isolated from the tuber and the aerial parts share the common major component 1.
Cytostatic/Cytotoxic Effects of 5‐Fluorouridine Nucleolipids on Colon, Hepatocellular, and Renal Carcinoma Cells: in vitro Identification of a Potential Cytotoxic Multi‐Anticancer Drug
Authors: Farhat Anisa , Malecki Edith , Bonaterra Gabriel A. , Röthlein Doris , Wolf Martin , Schmitt Jürgen , Rosemeyer Helmut , Kinscherf Ralf
Published: March 2014

The insufficient penetration through the cell membranes is one of the major drawbacks of chemotherapeutics such as 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU; 1). To improve the penetration, a useful strategy is the attachment of lipophilic moieties. Thus, we have synthesized a series of nucleolipid derivatives of 5‐fluorouridine (5‐FUrd; 2a), carrying lipophilic moieties at N(3) and/or at the 2′,3′‐O position, i.e., 3a, 3b, 4–7, and tested their cytostatic/cytotoxic activities towards three carcinoma cell lines (colon (HT‐29), hepatocellular (HepG2), and renal (RENCA)) in comparison with 5‐FU (1) and 5‐FUrd (2a). After 48 h of incubation, four derivatives, 3a, 3b, 5, and 7, showed inhibitory effects on the survival of HT‐29, HepG2, and RENCA cells. Additionally, to differentiate between anticancer and side‐effects, we tested the cytotoxicity of the derivatives in human macrophages. Interestingly, the derivatives 4, 5, and 6 did not exhibit any effects on survival of THP‐1 macrophages. Furthermore, we investigated the apoptosis induction of compound 1 and 2a, and the above‐mentioned derivatives in HT‐29 cells. Derivative 5 showed the highest significant (p<0.05; p<0.01) increase of the apoptosis at 80 μM after 2‐h or 4‐h treatment, as well as after 6‐h incubation at 40 μM (p<0.05). Real‐time PCR revealed that 40‐μM derivative 5 showed a 1.8‐fold increase of the pro‐apoptotic caspase‐3 gene and a twofold significant increase (p<0.01 and p<0.05 vs. control and 1, resp.) of the tumor suppressor TP53 gene, whereas the other compounds did not show any effect. We demonstrated that some 5‐FUrd derivatives such as compound 5 are more effective than 5‐FU or 5‐FUrd concerning a cytotoxic (vs. cytostatic (5‐FU, 5‐FUrd)) effect on different cancer cell lines, but without cytotoxic side‐effects on differentiated macrophages. Thus, compound 5 is suggested as a novel potent cytotoxic multi‐anti‐cancer drug.
Cytotoxic and Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory Activities of Limonoids from the Leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Authors: Takagi Mio , Tachi Yosuke , Zhang Jie , Shinozaki Takuro , Ishii Kenta , Kikuchi Takashi , Ukiya Motohiko , Banno Norihiro , Tokuda Harukuni , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: March 2014

Seventeen limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids), 1–17, including three new compounds, i.e., 17‐defurano‐17‐(2,5‐dihydro‐2‐oxofuran‐3‐yl)‐28‐deoxonimbolide (14), 17‐defurano‐17‐(2ξ‐2,5‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐oxofuran‐3‐yl)‐28‐deoxonimbolide (15), and 17‐defurano‐17‐(5ξ‐2,5‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐oxofuran‐3‐yl)‐2′,3′‐dehydrosalannol (17), were isolated from an EtOH extract of the leaf of neem (Azadirachta indica). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature. Upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of these compounds against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), stomach (AZ521), and breast (SK‐BR‐3) cancer cell lines, seven compounds, i.e., 1–3, 12, 13, 15, and 16, exhibited potent cytotoxicities with IC50 values in the range of 0.1–9.9 μM against one or more cell lines. Among these compounds, cytotoxicity of nimonol (1; IC50 2.8 μM) against HL60 cells was demonstrated to be mainly due to the induction of apoptosis by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis suggested that compound 1 induced apoptosis via both the mitochondrial and death receptor‐mediated pathways in HL60 cells. In addition, when compounds 1–17 were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, induced with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), seven compounds, 1, 2, 4–6, 15, and 16, exhibited inhibitory activities with 31–94% reduction of melanin content at 10 μM concentration with no or low toxicity to the cells (82–112% of cell viability at 10 μM). All 17 compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory effects against the EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells.
Chemical Defense in Millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): Do Representatives of the Family Blaniulidae Belong to the ‘Quinone’ Clade?
Authors: Vujisić Ljubodrag V. , Antić Dragan Ž. , Vučković Ivan M. , Sekulić Tatjana Lj. , Tomić Vladimir T. , Mandić Boris M. , Tešević Vele V. , Ćurčić Božidar P. M. , Vajs Vlatka E. , Makarov Slobodan E.
Published: March 2014

The defensive secretions of two blaniulid millipedes, Nopoiulus kochii and Cibiniulus phlepsii, were characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses, which showed the presence of a complex mixture of benzoquinones, hydroquinones, and oleates. Altogether, 13 compounds were identified. The major compound in the secretions of both analyzed species was 2‐methyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (toluquinone). The second major constituent in the N. kochii secretion was 2‐methyl‐3,4‐(methylenedioxy)phenol, while in that of C. phlepsii, it was 2‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The defensive secretion of N. kochii also showed a high content of hydroquinones (13.5%) in comparison to that of C. phlepsii (0.8%). Hexyl oleate and octyl oleate were detected for the first time in defensive millipede fluids. The chemical composition of the defensive secretions supports the chemotaxonomic position of the family Blaniulidae in the ‘quinone’ millipede clade.
An exploration of cache collaboration in information‐centric network
Authors: Feng Bohao , Zhou Huachun , Gao Shuai , You Ilsun
Published: March 2014

As one of key differences from traditional Internet, information‐centric networking introduces the network built‐in cache in network nodes. It is not proper to analyze a cache node isolated from cache neighbors, especially for the named data network in which all network nodes can cache the content. In this paper, we try to look insight into such an issue and propose a way of cache collaboration not only for the on‐path but also for the off‐path routers. The autonomous cache is not efficient and cache routers are required to guarantee the time of the cached content for the stability as well as the reliability. Therefore, we firstly introduce an interest counter, on one hand, to rank different contents within a period, in this way, we can use the advantage of the least frequently used (LFU) as well as avoid its cache pollution problem, on the other hand, to reduce the rate of content replacement and to maintain a relative stability in forwarding plane, thus, the cached content can be easily managed by the control plane. Secondly, we utilize the interest‐prune and the steady content advertisement mechanism in the control plane based on the interest counter in order to eliminate the duplicated cached content along en‐route routers and cache neighbors, as a result, more cache capacity for different contents can be saved and efficient cache collaboration can be obtained. We evaluate the performance of our scheme in line, tree and grid topology scenarios. The simulation results show that our scheme performs well compared with the perfect‐LFU, the LFU, the random, and least recently used replacement policies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of FNAC in palpable chest wall lesions in developing country
Authors: Goyal Surbhi , Sharma Sonal , Bahl Nidhi
Published: March 2014

Palpable chest wall lesions are unusual manifestation of an underlying thoracic pathology and it is difficult to diagnose them with their diverse spectrum ranging from benign to malignant. Considering the exposure of patient to invasive biopsy/excision and the risk of local complications, FNAC is now being increasingly used in the primary assessment of these lesions. Objectives of this study were to report the spectrum of chest wall lesions in the population of a developing country and evaluating the diagnostic role of FNAC.

 All the patients who presented with palpable cutaneous or subcutaneous chest wall swelling during a period of January 2003 to August 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. May Grunwald Giemsa and Papanicolaou stained aspirates were examined, along with special stains.

 Seven hundred seventy‐three cases were subjected to chest wall FNAC, of which 726 (93.9%) cases were satisfactory. Age ranged from 1 to 93 years with M:F = 0.92:1. 358 (49.3%) were diagnosed as inflammatory and 368 (50.7%) were neoplastic lesions. Two‐hundred thirty four cases (32.2%) were diagnosed as mycobacterial abscess (likely tuberculous). Of the neoplastic lesions, 153 were malignant with carcinomas being predominant (88.2%). Malignant cases comprised of scar site recurrence in breast carcinoma (73 cases), metastatic carcinomas (62 cases), primary sarcomas (eight cases), hematological neoplasms (six cases), and miscellaneous group (four cases). Overall malignant lesions accounted for 21.1% (153/726) of satisfactory chest wall aspirates.

 FNAC is very useful and simple investigation for early diagnosis of chest wall abscesses, cutaneous metastases from visceral malignancies, and scar site recurrence in breast carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:653–659. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Loss of function of mouse Pax‐Interacting Protein 1‐associated glutamate rich protein 1a (Pagr1a) leads to reduced Bmp2 expression and defects in chorion and amnion development
Authors: Kumar Amit , Lualdi Margaret , Loncarek Jadranka , Cho Young‐Wook , Lee Ji‐Eun , Ge Kai , Kuehn Michael R.
Published: March 2014

Background: Human PAX‐Interacting Protein 1 (PAXIP1)‐associated glutamate rich protein 1 (PAGR1, also known as PA1) originally was discovered as part of a complex containing PAXIP1 and histone H3K4 methyltransferases MLL3 and MLL4, suggesting a role in epigenetic gene regulation. Further in vitro studies suggested additional functions in DNA damage repair and transcription. However, in vivo analysis of PAGR1 function has been lacking. Results: Here we show that expression of the cognate mouse gene Pagr1a is found predominately in the extraembryonic and chorionic ectoderm from pregastrulation stages and is up‐regulated within the embryo proper after gastrulation. Embryos with a germ line deletion of Pagr1a establish the anterior–posterior axis, and show normal neuroectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal patterning, but fail to develop beyond the four‐ to five‐somite stage or to undergo axial rotation. Pagr1a−/− embryos also show abnormal development of extraembryonic tissues with defects seen in the amnion, chorion and visceral yolk sac. At the molecular level, Pagr1a−/− embryos have reduced expression of BMP2, a known regulator of extraembryonic development. Conclusions: Loss of mouse Pagr1a function leads to defective extraembryonic development, likely due at least in part to altered BMP signaling, contributing to developmental arrest. Developmental Dynamics 243:937–947, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Notch‐dependent transcriptional hierarchy promotes mesenchymal transdifferentiation in the cardiac cushion
Authors: Chang Alex C.Y. , Garside Victoria C. , Fournier Michele , Smrz Justin , Vrljicak Pavle , Umlandt Patricia , Fuller Megan , Robertson Gordon , Zhao Yongjun , Tam Angela , Jones Steven J. M. , Marra Marco A. , Hoodless Pamela A. , Karsan Aly
Published: March 2014

Background: Valvuloseptal defects are the most common congenital heart defects. Notch signaling–induced endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the atrioventricular canal (AVC) cushions at murine embryonic day (E)9.5 is a required step during early valve development. Insights to the transcriptional network that is activated in endocardial cells (EC) during EMT and how these pathways direct valve maturation are lacking. Results: We show that at E11.5, AVC‐EC retain the ability to undergo Notch‐dependent EMT when explanted on collagen. EC‐Notch inhibition at E10.5 blocks expression of known mesenchymal genes in E11.5 AVC‐EC. To understand the genetic network and AVC development downstream of Notch signaling beyond E9.5, we constructed Tag‐Seq libraries corresponding to different cell types of the E11.5 AVC and atrium in wild‐type mice and in EC‐Notch inhibited mice. We identified 1,400 potential Notch targets in the AVC‐EC, of which 124 are transcription factors (TF). From the 124 TFs, we constructed a transcriptional hierarchy and identify 10 upstream TFs within the network. Conclusions: We validated 4 of the upstream TFs as Notch targets that are enriched in AVC‐EC. Functionally, we show these 4 TFs regulate EMT in AVC explant assays. These novel signaling pathways downstream of Notch are potentially relevant to valve development. Developmental Dynamics 243:894–905, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shrub encroachment alters the spatial patterns of infiltration
Authors: Eldridge David J. , Wang Lixin , Ruiz‐Colmenero Marta
Published: March 2014

Encroachment of open woodlands by shrubs is a global phenomenon associated with marked changes in ecosystem structure and function. We measured sorptivity and steady‐state infiltration at two supply potentials under shrubs and grasses and in their interspaces where shrubs were encroaching into grassland. Steady‐state infiltration (ponded) and sorptivity were greater at the grassland than the shrubland site, and there was substantially greater infiltration under shrubs (48.2 mm h−1) and grasses (50.0 mm h−1) than the corresponding interspaces (17.0 and 32.3 mm h−1for shrubland and grassland, respectively). The difference between grasses and their interspaces was substantially less (1.5 times) than that between shrubs and their interspaces (three times). Shrub encroachment also affected the spatial patterns of infiltration. Although the autocorrelation range for shrublands coincided almost exactly with the average distance between shrub canopies (3.5 m), the range for grasslands was three times greater (1.5 m) than the mean grass canopy, indicating a greater connectivity of infiltration in the grasslands than the shrublands. Our study indicates that encroachment by shrubs does not change infiltration under individual plants. Rather, it reduces the interspace infiltration rates significantly, resulting in lower estimated site‐level infiltration rates in shrublands. Our research suggests therefore that it is the shrubland interspaces that are the likely drivers of reduced infiltration rates when grasslands are encroached, rather than increase in the total cover of shrubsper se. Management strategies that result in greater retention of grass cover and minimize the level of interspace disturbances are likely to result in increased infiltration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biometric and metabolic profiles associated to different rearing conditions in offshore farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)
Authors: Melis Riccardo , Anedda Roberto
Published: March 2014

Modern multivariate methods are applied to both biometric measurements and NMR metabolic profiling of fillet to discriminate farmed gilthead sea bream reared in different farming conditions. Two fish groups having the same average size, from the same farm, were caught in May and October. Biometric data demonstrate that condition factor is higher for the leaner fish, sampled in May, while liver somatic index is lower in fish sampled in October. Biometric features are related to metabolic changes that involve lipid storage from May to September, and their mobilization from muscle and liver during prespawning season (September, October). Structural phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine) and essential fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) characterize the lipid profile of the May catch, while triglycerides, monounsaturated and diunsaturated fatty acids, likely from absorption of vegetable oil components of feeds, suggest fish fattening in the warm season and discriminate fish caught in October. Among polar metabolites, taurine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, and creatine/phosphocreatine confirm their role as good biomarkers for the discrimination among fish produced in different farming conditions, especially involving feed digestion and metabolism, chronic stress, and alteration of energetic balance in cage‐reared fish. Qualitative traits of farmed fish are therefore the result of a complex combination of environmental factors and farming practices, which should be analyzed to increase consumers’ and farmers’ awareness.
Overreaction in Survey Exchange Rate Forecasts
Authors: Pancotto Francesca , Pericoli Filippo Maria , Pistagnesi Marco
Published: March 2014

We use survey data on five bilateral exchange rates to provide empirical evidence of the fact that professional forecasters of foreign exchange rates behave irrationally, in the specific sense that they respond inaccurately to available information in the market when forming their predictions. In particular, we find systematic biases in the forecasts resulting in the overreaction of analysts to past information contained in the exchange rate dynamics: forecasters change their prediction more than it would be rational on the basis of past realized changes. In addition, forecasters are heterogeneous in their irrationality: low performers in previous periods show a more pronounced overreaction effect. This can be read as an indication of perpetration of past errors and continued inability to learn from the past. In the second part of the paper, we exploit the novel structure of our dataset, which consists of survey data extracted from the Bloomberg platform and readily available to anyone. This feature allows us to consider their own and others' past forecasts as part of the information set that analysts use in making their predictions. By using past forecasts as proxies for relevant macroeconomic variables, we find evidence that analysts fail to correctly process not only the information contained in the spot rate past dynamics but also the information in this broader set. We see this as confirmation of the existence of inefficiency and heterogeneity between low and high performers also when full information is available. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro starch digestion in sorghum flour from Algerian cultivars
Authors: Souilah Rachid , Djabali Djaffar , Belhadi Badreddine , Mokrane Hind , Boudries Nadia , Nadjemi Boubekeur
Published: March 2014

This work aims to evaluate starch digestion in whole sorghum grains. Nine sorghum cultivars were sampled from the Sahara of Algeria. The structural characteristics of sorghum grains were measured. Total starch (TS) varied between 67.67% and 74.82%, digestible starch (DS) between 64.34% and 69.70%, and resistant starch (RS) ranged from 2.55% to 7.98%. The kinetic of starch digestion displayed first‐order model. For all sorghum cultivars, starch were digested with different extents, DS at infinite time (D∞) ranged from 52.58 to 102.13 g/100 g dry starch, while the hydrolysis index (HI) ranged from 41.55% to 76.93% and high average glycemic index (GIavg) ranged from 65.97 to 94.14. The results showed that there are differences in grain quality of Algerian sorghum cultivars. The starch fractions have acceptable nutritional value with good in vitro digestibility characteristics suitable for human health and nutrition.
Associations between risk of mortality and atypical antipsychotic use in vascular dementia: a clinical cohort study
Authors: Sultana J. , Chang C. K. , Hayes R. D. , Broadbent M. , Stewart R. , Corbett A. , Ballard C.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

People with vascular dementia (VaD) are frequently prescribed atypical antipsychotics to treat behavioural and psychological symptoms, but there is an alarming lack of evidence regarding their safety or efficacy in VaD. This study sought to identify the mortality risk associated with the most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics in people with VaD compared with people not exposed to these drugs.

Methods

A clinical cohort study of 1531 people with VaD performed using anonymised versions of full electronic health records from the Clinical Record Interactive Search application at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Patients were identified from 2007 to 2010, of whom 337 were exposed to quetiapine, risperidone or olanzapine. The main outcome measure was mortality.

Results

Patients exposed to atypical antipsychotics were not at increased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87–1.26]. Exposure to risperidone did not result in an increased risk of mortality (HR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.59–1.24), and patients exposed to quetiapine had a non‐significant numerical increase in mortality risk (HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.93–1.39; p‐value = 0.20) compared with untreated patients. Too few patients were exposed to olanzapine alone to provide reliable results.

Conclusions

The absence of a significant increase in mortality risk associated with atypical antipsychotics in people with VaD indicates that a clinical trial of antipsychotics focussing on the treatment of aggression and agitation in this patient group will be justified and feasible following further consideration of possible confounders, which will be critical to determine the role of antipsychotics in treatment of VaD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing within‐subject classification and regularization methods in fMRI for large and small sample sizes
Authors: Churchill Nathan W. , Yourganov Grigori , Strother Stephen C.
Published: March 2014

In recent years, a variety of multivariate classifier models have been applied to fMRI, with different modeling assumptions. When classifying high‐dimensional fMRI data, we must also regularize to improve model stability, and the interactions between classifier and regularization techniques are still being investigated. Classifiers are usually compared on large, multisubject fMRI datasets. However, it is unclear how classifier/regularizer models perform for within‐subject analyses, as a function of signal strength and sample size. We compare four standard classifiers: Linear and Quadratic Discriminants, Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machines. Classification was performed on data in the linear kernel (covariance) feature space, and classifiers are tuned with four commonly‐used regularizers: Principal Component and Independent Component Analysis, and penalization of kernel features using L1 and L2 norms. We evaluated prediction accuracy (P) and spatial reproducibility (R) of all classifier/regularizer combinations on single‐subject analyses, over a range of three different block task contrasts and sample sizes for a BOLD fMRI experiment. We show that the classifier model has a small impact on signal detection, compared to the choice of regularizer. PCA maximizes reproducibility and global SNR, whereas Lp‐norms tend to maximize prediction. ICA produces low reproducibility, and prediction accuracy is classifier‐dependent. However, trade‐offs in (P,R) depend partly on the optimization criterion, and PCA‐based models are able to explore the widest range of (P,R) values. These trends are consistent across task contrasts and data sizes (training samples range from 6 to 96 scans). In addition, the trends in classifier performance are consistent for ROI‐based classifier analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4499–4517, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Eight New Secondary Metabolites from the Mutant Strain G‐444 of Tubercularia sp. TF5
Authors: Lu Chun‐Hua , Liu Shao‐Song , Wang Jing‐Yi , Wang Ming‐Zi , Shen Yue‐Mao
Published: March 2014

Eight new metabolites, including five new sesquiterpenoids, 10,11‐epoxyguaian‐10‐ol (1), 10,11‐epoxyguaian‐13‐ol (2), a new backbone sesquiterpene rearranged from guaiane (3), two 1,5 : 1,10‐disecoguaianes, 4 and 5, two new dihydroisocoumarins, 7‐chloromellein‐4‐ol (6) and 7‐chloromellein‐5‐ol (7), and one new tetralone, 7‐chloroscytalone (8), were isolated from the mutant strain G‐444 of Tubercularia sp. TF5, an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei, along with ten known compounds, 3,4‐dihydro‐4,8‐dihydroxy‐2H‐naphthalen‐1‐one (9), (3R,4S)‐4‐hydroxymellein (10), 5‐formylmellein (11), 5‐carboxymellein (12), sporogen‐AO1 (13), tuberculariols A (14) and B (15), hymatoxin E (16), 4‐oxo‐4H‐pyran‐3‐acetic acid (17), and penicillic acid (18). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR (HMQC, HMBC, 1H,1H‐COSY and NOESY). The antimicrobial activities of 1–8 were evaluated, but none showed any substantial effect.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoluminescence Properties of Silver(I) Metal‐Organic Polymers with Nanochannels Based on 2‐Sulfoterephthalic Acid and Di(pyridin‐2‐yl)amine Ligands
Authors: Huang Hui , Payehghadr Mahmood , Wang Jie , Xiao Hong‐Ping , Wang Ai‐Yin , Li Xin‐Hua , Morsali Ali
Published: March 2014

Two new silver(I) 3D coordination polymers, namely [Ag3(2‐stp)(dpa)]n (1) and {[Ag2(2‐stp)(H2O)]⋅Hdpa}n (2) (2‐NaH2stp=sodium 2,5‐dicarboxysulfonate, dpa=di(pyridine‐2‐yl)amine) were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR spectra, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In complex 1, three neighboring Ag ions are bridged by N‐ and O‐atom, forming a 3D coordination network. The molecular structure of 2 is cationanion species, forming 3D hostguest supramolecular network with the [Hdpa]+ cations encapsulated in the nanochannels. The photoluminescence properties of the complexes were also investigated in the solid state at room temperature.
Regularity of Intermittent Bursts in BriggsRauscher Oscillating Systems with Phenol
Authors: Čupić Željko D. , Kolar‐Anić Ljiljana Z. , Anić Slobodan R. , Maćešić Stevan R. , Maksimović Jelena P. , Pavlović Marko S. , Milenković Maja C. , Bubanja Itana Nuša M. , Greco Emanuela , Furrow Stanley D. , Cervellati Rinaldo
Published: March 2014

The intermittency or intermittent bursting as the type of dynamic state when two qualitatively different behaviors replace one another randomly during the course of the reaction, although all the control parameters remain constant, is found in the BriggsRauscher oscillating system moderated by a very small amount of phenol. Within a range of phenol concentrations, the oscillation amplitude is diminished considerably, and after oscillations cease, they repeat intermittently, giving several bursts of oscillations. For the concentrations used here, the range of phenol concentrations where intermittent bursting oscillations occur in a closed reactor is ca. 1.8×10−5 to 3.6×10−5 M. Bursting also occurs in an open reactor and can be sustained indefinitely at 5.53×10−5 M concentration. The intermittent bursting behavior is robust, and can be achieved at a variety of conditions.
Ceramides Isolated from Helianthus annuus L.
Authors: Suo Maorong , Yang Junshan
Published: March 2014

Three new compounds (2R)‐2‐hydroxy‐N‐[(2S,3S,4R,10E)‐1,3,4‐trihydroxyicos‐10‐en‐2‐yl]docosanamide (1), (2R,3R)‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐N‐[(2S,3S,4R,10E)‐1,3,4‐trihydroxyicos‐10‐en‐2‐yl]docosanamide (2), N‐(2‐phenylethyl)tetracosanamide (3), together with a known ceramide, (2R)‐N‐[(2S,3S,4R,8E)‐1‐(β‐D‐Glucopyranosyloxy)‐3,4‐dihydroxyoctadec‐8‐en‐2‐yl]‐2‐hydroxyhexadecanamide (4), were isolated from acetone extract of flower disc of Helianthus annuus L. The structures were identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Synthesis of a Trisaccharide Related to the Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated from the Bark of Albizia procera
Authors: Liu Qing‐Chao , Guo Tian‐Tian , Zhao Cong , Sun Jing , Li Wen‐Hong
Published: March 2014

Chemical synthesis of a trisaccharide related to the cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins isolated from the bark of Albizia procera has been accomplished through a concise stepwise glycosylation strategy starting from commercially available D‐xylose, 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and L‐arabinose. The target trisaccharide was designed with a 4‐methoxyphenyl (MP) aglycone to extend the scope of conversion to suitable glycoconjugates via selective removal of 4‐methoxyphenyl (MP) group. An unexpected phenomenon, i.e., the arabinosyl residue assumed the 1C4 conformation instead of the typical 4C1 form, was observed. Deprotection could restore the normal conformation.
Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Synthesis of Functionalized Sulfonyl‐yn‐imines from Sodium Arylsulfinates, Trichloroacetonitrile, and Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Yavari Issa , Nematpour Manijeh
Published: March 2014

A one‐pot synthesis of functionalized sulfonyl‐yn‐imines via a Cu‐catalyzed tandem reaction of sodium arylsulfinates, trichloroacetonitrile, and terminal alkynes has been developed.