bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arterial to end‐tidal carbon dioxide difference in children undergoing mechanical ventilation of the lungs during general anaesthesia
Authors: Onodi C. , Bühler P. K. , Thomas J. , Schmitz A. , Weiss M.
Published: July 2017

Capnography (ETCO2) is routinely used as a non‐invasive estimate of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels in order to modify ventilatory settings, whereby it is assumed that there is a positive gap between PaCO2 and ETCO2 of approximately 0.5 kPa. However, negative values (ETCO2 > PaCO2) can be observed. We retrospectively analysed arterial to end‐tidal carbon dioxide differences in 799 children undergoing general anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation of the lungs in order to elucidate predictors for a negative gap. A total of 2452 blood gas analysis readings with complete vital sign monitoring, anaesthesia gas analysis and spirometry data were analysed. Mean arterial to end‐tidal carbon dioxide difference was −0.18 kPa (limits of 95% agreement −1.10 to 0.74) and 71.2% of samples demonstrated negative values. The intercept model revealed PaCO2 to be the strongest predictor for a negative PaCO2‐ETCO2 difference. A decrease in PaCO2 by 1 kPa resulted in a decrease in the PaCO2‐ETCO2 difference by 0.23 kPa. This study demonstrates that ETCO2 monitoring in children whose lungs are mechanically ventilated may paradoxically lead to overestimation of ETCO2 (ETCO2 > PaCO2) with a subsequent risk of unrecognised hypocarbia.
2 Theory for a Bioarchaeology of Community: Potentials, Practices, and Pitfalls
Authors: Kakaliouras Ann M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter is an exploration of theory and practice that could be useful for the articulation of a “bioarchaeology of community.” “Community” is a more complex and vexing concept than meets the eye, and its meaning has changed significantly over the past few centuries. This chapter reviews the varied meanings of community in the recent past, evaluates archaeological understandings of community, and explores current uses of social theory in bioarchaeology. Lastly, I lay out a potential theoretical and ethical roadmap for bioarchaeologists who wish to investigate past communities.
6 Contextual and Biological Markers of Community Identity in the Effigy Mound Manifestation of Southern Wisconsin
Authors: Cornelison Jered B. , Lackey‐Cornelison Wendy , Goldstein Lynne
Published: July 2017

Utilizing a practice theory approach with multiscalar data, we combined mound form, internal mound features, and skeletal data to investigate how corporate identity was created and represented within Wisconsin Effigy Mound communities. There is evidence for a widespread ritual and social system shared by participants. However, contextual and biological variability and other idiosyncrasies in material culture among mound groups suggest deliberate actions demarcating identity through symbolism and ritual performance. Our results reflect this, suggesting at least two distinct corporate identities: (1) a larger, overarching communal identity with regionally shared effigy mound construction and select ritual paraphernalia, and (2) a localized, corporate kin‐based identity with variation in the type and location of goods within and between the mounds.
8 The “Poxed” and the “Pure”: A Bioarchaeological Investigation of Community and Marginalization Relative to Infection with Acquired Syphilis in Post‐Medieval London
Authors: Zuckerman Molly K.
Published: July 2017

This research evaluates mortuary evidence from post‐medieval burials (N = 823), including 5 with evidence of acquired syphilis, e.g., “the pox,” from four London cemeteries to determine if the strong social stigma and community exclusion associated with this disease during life continued in death. Mortuary context of skeletons evidencing syphilis was assessed against those without, but no evidence of non‐normative burial was detected. However, this may be less reflective of the effects of stigma than pervasive poverty, an intense pressure to efficiently bury large numbers of dead during the high mortality early industrial era, and social pressure to have a normative burial.
Feelings of indebtedness and guilt toward donor and immunosuppressive medication adherence among heart transplant (HTx) patients, as assessed in a cross‐sectional study with the Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications Scale (BAASIS)
Authors: Shemesh Yedida , Peles‐Bortz Anat , Peled Yael , HarZahav Yedael , Lavee Jacob , Freimark Dov , Melnikov Semyon
Published: July 2017

Background

Nonadherence (NA) to immunosuppressive (IS) medications after organ transplant is a major risk factor for transplant failure, morbidity, and treatment costs. This study examined the association between feelings of indebtedness and guilt toward the donor, and IS medication adherence among HTx patients.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional, descriptive, correlational study, a convenience sample of 102 HTx patients, from the outpatient facility of a tertiary medical center in Israel, completed the BAASIS, a validated instrument for assessing adherence, and reported their feelings of indebtedness and guilt toward the donor.

Results

For the dimensions of taking and timing, as well as the occurrence of drug holidays, dose reduction and discontinuation, the non‐adherence levels were 35.0%, 56.9%, 11.0%, 5.9% and 3%, respectively. The overall non‐adherence characterized 64 patients (64%). Age, waiting time, and time since transplant, guilt feelings, and indebtedness to donor explained 17% (R2=.17) of the variance in adherence (χ2
(5)=13.22, P=.021), with age, time since transplant, and guilt feelings significantly explaining adherence.

Conclusion

Physicians and nurses should inquire about the presence of guilt feelings, as they might be associated with NA to medications after HTx. [Correction added on 22 June 2022, after first online publication: correction made in “Results” section.]
Continent‐level drivers of African pyrodiversity
Authors: Hempson Gareth P. , Parr Catherine L. , Archibald Sally , Anderson T. Michael , Mustaphi Colin J. Courtney , Dobson Andrew P. , Donaldson Jason E. , Morrison Thomas A. , Probert James , Beale Colin M.
Published: July 2017

Pyrodiversity, which describes fire variability over space and time, is believed to increase habitat heterogeneity and thereby promote biodiversity. However, to date there is no standardised metric for quantifying pyrodiversity, and so broad geographic patterns and drivers of pyrodiversity remain unexplored. We present the first generalizable method to quantify pyrodiversity, and use it to address the fundamental questions of what drives pyrodiversity, which fire attributes constrain pyrodiversity under different conditions, and whether pyrodiversity is spatial grain‐dependent. We linked the MODIS burned area and active fire products to measure fire size, seasonal timing, return interval, and intensity for 2.2 million individual fires in sub‐Saharan Africa from 2000–2015. We then quantified pyrodiversity as a four‐dimensional hypervolume described by fire attributes within a grid cell, for any spatial grain of analysis. Environmental (rainfall, vegetation, soils, and topography) and human‐associated (cattle biomass, cropland area, and human population density) variables were assessed as potential drivers of pyrodiversity. Rainfall was the main environmental driver of pyrodiversity, with higher pyrodiversity in drier regions (< 650 mm yr–1). Pyrodiversity was not strongly associated with human‐associated variables across Africa. Rainfall and a human influence index had clear but contrasting effects on the variability of fire size, seasonal timing, return interval, and intensity. Our analyses show that fire size and seasonal timing constrain pyrodiversity in wetter regions, whereas none of the fire attributes pose a strong constraint in drier regions. We found no evidence that pyrodiversity was spatial grain‐dependent when recalculated at 5‐minute grain increments from 15 to 120 minutes. We hypothesise that the strongest positive effect of pyrodiversity on biodiversity in all its forms will occur at intermediate precipitation (650–1300 mm yr–1), where fire plays an important role in shaping vegetation structure and where pyrodiversity is still quite high.
The role of frugivory in plant diversity maintenance – a simulation approach
Authors: Morán‐López Teresa , Carlo Tomás A. , Morales Juan Manuel
Published: July 2017

Frugivores may play a key role in plant species coexistence by equalizing the species’ representation in the seed rain. Rare species may benefit from enhanced dispersal if frugivores prefer locally scarce fruits, or if rare plants are found in neighborhoods of high fruit density. Using a simulation model of frugivorous birds foraging on landscapes we tested if increased diversity in the seed rain could emerge from rare‐biased fruit selection, from the spatial configuration of plants, or both. In the absence of rare‐biased fruit selection, frugivores were not able to increase the diversity of the seed rain in any of our simulated landscapes. In contrast, when frugivores were attracted to locally scarce fruits, we found increased diversity in the seed rain whenever frugivore mobility across the landscape was high and plant species were well‐mixed in the fruiting neighborhoods. Irrespectively of the behavioral mechanism involved, landscape fragmentation lead to losses in diversity and species richness of simulated communities. In all simulations, density‐dependent mortality of dispersed seeds increased diversity in the community of seedlings. However, landscape homogenization at the scale of frugivores movements decreased the magnitude of this diversification effect. In summary, our study shows that frugivory has the potential to increase diversity in the seed rain when frugivores display rare‐biased fruit choices, provided that rare and common plants form heterogeneous neighborhoods. They also show that fragmentation is a major threat for diversity maintenance in the early‐regenerating community. Finally, they show that rarity confers advantages during regeneration only if it occurs at the scale of frugivores’ foraging decisions.
Management of equine ataxia caused by cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy: A European perspective 2010–2015
Authors: Szklarz M. , Skalec A. , Kirstein K. , Janeczek M. , Kasparek M. , Kasparek A. , Waselau M.
Published: July 2017

The diagnosis and therapy of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) are challenging and have been most frequently described in racehorses. We aimed to analyseCVSMcases presented for diagnostic work‐up and treatment in a nonracing horse population. We hypothesised that our diagnostic work‐up protocol including clinical/orthopaedic/neurological/radiographic and myelographic examinations may provide practical reference points for in vivo diagnosis/prognosis and adequateCVSMmanagement. Medical records from 2010 to 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were included if our standardised work‐up protocol was followed, there was no evidence of any infectious diseases causing the neurological signs, and native cervical radiographs and myelograms confirmedCVSM. Age/breed/sex/type of performance/degree of neurological deficits and number/sites/quality/therapy of stenosis were recorded. Sixty‐two horses met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the horses were aged 5–10 years (44%) or >10 years (35%); nine horses (15%) were 1–4 years and four <1 year (6%) old. Forty‐six horses were Warmbloods (73%), 10 ponies (16%) and six of other breeds (11%). Males were more affected (69%) than females (31%). Sixty‐one percent were pleasure‐horses, 26% were sport‐horses and no information was available for 13%. Most cases presented with mild–moderate neurological signs (grade 2/5 = 18%, grade 2–3/5 = 31%). On myelograms, 23 horses (37%) had single‐level, 22 (35%) had double‐level, and eight (13%) triple‐level stenosis, while nine cases (15%) did not have stenosis. Fifty horses (55%) showed dynamic and 41 (45%) static stenosis. Dynamic stenosis was more common (46%) than static (29%) stenosis and/or combined stenosis (25%). Stenoses were more frequently observed in the mid‐to‐caudal vertebrae. Static stenoses tended to be located more caudally. Based on our protocol, 15% of horses were subjected to euthanasia without therapy, 62% treated conservatively and 23% underwent cervical ventral interbody fusion. In conclusion, our diagnostic work‐up protocol provided practical reference points for in vivo diagnosis/prognosis and adequate management ofCVSMin a nonracing horse population.
The Apollo missions and Moon rocks, 1969–1972
Authors: Doyle Peter
Published: July 2017

On 16 July 1969, three men set off for the Moon; just four days later, two of them planted their feet on its surface. Their objectives: to explore the lunar surface, carry out experiments, and gather geological samples for study. Geology was at the very centre of the Moon missions, and recovery of Moon rocks one of the measures of success. The samples obtained are amongst the most treasured natural artefacts of science.
Research Review: Harnessing the power of individual participant data in a meta‐analysis of the benefits and harms of the Incredible Years parenting program
Authors: Leijten Patty , Gardner Frances , Landau Sabine , Harris Victoria , Mann Joanna , Hutchings Judy , Beecham Jennifer , Bonin Eva‐Maria , Scott Stephen
Published: July 2017

Background

Parenting programs aim to reduce children's conduct problems through improvement of family dynamics. To date, research on the precise benefits and possible harms of parenting programs on family well‐being has been unsystematic and likely to be subject to selective outcome reporting and publication bias. Better understanding of program benefits and harms requires full disclosure by researchers of all included measures, and large enough numbers of participants to be able to detect small effects and estimate them precisely.

Methods

We obtained individual participant data for 14 of 15 randomized controlled trials on the Incredible Years parenting program in Europe (total N = 1,799). We used multilevel modeling to estimate program effects on 13 parent‐reported outcomes, including parenting practices, children's mental health, and parental mental health.

Results

Parental use of praise, corporal punishment, threats, and shouting improved, while parental use of tangible rewards, monitoring, or laxness did not. Children's conduct problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms improved, while emotional problems did not. Parental mental health (depressive symptoms, self‐efficacy, and stress) did not improve. There was no evidence of harmful effects.

Conclusions

The Incredible Years parenting program improves the aspects of family well‐being that it is primarily designed to improve: parenting and children's conduct problems. It also improves parent‐reported ADHD symptoms in children. Wider benefits are limited: the program does not improve children's emotional problems or parental mental health. There are no signs of harm on any of the target outcomes.
Alternative male mating tactics of the endemic Red Sea parrotfish Scarus ferrugineus
Authors: Afeworki Y. , Videler J. J. , Tekle F. Y. , Kibrom H. E. , Bruggemann J. H.
Published: July 2017

The present study shows that small non‐territorial terminal‐phase males of the rusty parrotfish Scarus ferrugineus are reproductively active and are comparable with initial‐phase males in behaviour, rates of participation during group‐spawning and success in streaking into pair spawning. Large territorial terminal‐phase males defend contiguous territories for several hours during the morning where they pair spawn with initial‐phase females.
Postoperative bleeding risk after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection during antithrombotic drug therapy
Authors: Kono Yoshiyasu , Obayashi Yuka , Baba Yuki , Sakae Hiroyuki , Gotoda Tatsuhiro , Miura Ko , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Iwamuro Masaya , Kawano Seiji , Kawahara Yoshiro , Tanaka Takehiro , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: July 2017

Background and Aim

The safety of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the antithrombotic drug users remains controversial.

Methods

Patients who underwent gastric ESD at Okayama University Hospital between March 2006 and February 2016 were enrolled. This study investigated the risk of post‐ESD bleeding according to the management of the antithrombotic drugs.

Results

One thousand twenty lesions (872 patients) were enrolled. In a multivariate analysis, heparin replacement (odds ratio [OR] 5.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–14), multiple antithrombotic drug use (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1–6.9), a resected specimen of ≥ 33 mm in diameter (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–5.4), Helicobacter pylori negativity (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–3.7), and tumors located in the lower third of the stomach (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0–2.9) were significant risk factors for post‐ESD bleeding, while the continuation of aspirin or cilostazol was not (OR 2.6, 95% CI 0.72–7.8). The bleeding rate of the continuation group was comparable with that of the all cessation group among single antithrombotic drug users (4.5% vs 4.4%, P = 1.0); however, the rate of the continuation group was significantly higher than that of the all cessation group among multiple antithrombotic drug users (67% vs 15%, P = 0.020).

Conclusions

The risk of post‐ESD bleeding differed according to the management of the antithrombotic drugs. The gastric ESD under the cessation or continuation of aspirin or cilostazol monotherapy was acceptable. However, multiple antithrombotic drug use or heparin replacement was associated with a higher risk of post‐ESD bleeding.
The Global Transformation: Critical reflections on the historical sociology of the long nineteenth century
Authors: Cooper Luke
Published: July 2017

George Lawson and Barry Buzan's The Global Transformation advances the claim that International Relations (IR) has mistakenly overlooked the Long Nineteenth Century as a transformative era. They argue this period saw a shift in the mode of power, i.e. how power was utilised and expressed, and not merely a change in how it was distributed amongst competing political entities. The following offers a sympathetic critique of their theoretical claims. Highlighting the role of geopolitics and the societal changes of the public sphere, the article argues that the historical sociological method utilised by these authors is ‘neither realist nor liberal enough’.
Carry Trade Incentives and Turbulence in the Foreign Exchange Market in Colombia
Authors: Gamboa‐Estrada Fredy
Published: July 2017

A currency carry trade is an investment strategy broadly used by speculators in which the investor sells low interest rate currencies (funding currencies) and uses the funds to invest in high interest rate currencies (target currencies). This paper analyzes if the carry‐to‐risk‐ratio estimated as the risk‐adjusted interest rate differential between Colombia and the United States is an appropriate indicator to identify opportunities in which carry trade strategies are more attractive to investors. The paper also studies if carry trades may cause large corrections in the Colombian peso/dollar exchange rate known in the literature as currency crash risk. The evidence indicates that the Colombian peso was attractive for carry trade in 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2012. Results from a vector autoregressive model also suggest that shocks to carry trade incentives may produce episodes of exchange rate turbulence.
A sense of scale: Foraging cetaceans' use of scale‐dependent multimodal sensory systems
Authors: Torres Leigh G.
Published: July 2017

Research on cetacean foraging ecology is central to our understanding of their spatial and behavioral ecology. Yet, functional mechanisms by which cetaceans detect prey across different scales remain unclear. Here, I postulate that cetaceans utilize a scale‐dependent, multimodal sensory system to assess and increase prey encounters. I review the literature on cetacean sensory systems related to foraging ecology, and hypothesize the effective scales of each sensory modality to inform foraging opportunities. Next, I build two “scale‐of‐senses” schematics for the general groups of dolphins and baleen whales. These schematics illustrate the hypothetical interchange of sensory modalities used to locate and discriminate prey at spatial scales ranging from 0 m to 1,000 km: (1) vision, (2) audition (sound production and sound reception), (3) chemoreception, (4) magnetoreception, and somatosensory perception of (5) prey, or (6) oceanographic stimuli. The schematics illustrate how a cetacean may integrate sensory modalities to form an adaptive foraging landscape as a function of distance to prey. The scale‐of‐senses schematic is flexible, allowing for case‐specific application and enhancement with improved cetacean sensory data. The framework serves to improve our understanding of functional cetacean foraging ecology, and to develop new hypotheses, methods, and results regarding how cetaceans forage at multiple scales.
Down‐regulation of genes coding for core RNAi components and disease resistance proteins via corresponding microRNAs might be correlated with successful Soybean mosaic virus infection in soybean
Authors: Bao Duran , Ganbaatar Oyunchuluun , Cui Xiuqi , Yu Ruonan , Bao Wenhua , Falk Bryce W. , Wuriyanghan Hada
Published: July 2017

Plants protect themselves from virus infections by several different defence mechanisms. RNA interference (RNAi) is one prominent antiviral mechanism, which requires the participation of AGO (Argonaute) and Dicer/DCL (Dicer‐like) proteins. Effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) is an antiviral mechanism mediated by resistance (R) genes, most of which encode nucleotide‐binding site‐leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) family proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in plants, including the regulation of host defences. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is the most common virus in soybean and, in this work, we identified dozens of SMV‐responsive miRNAs by microarray analysis in an SMV‐susceptible soybean line. Amongst the up‐regulated miRNAs, miR168a, miR403a, miR162b and miR1515a predictively regulate the expression of AGO1, AGO2, DCL1 and DCL2, respectively, and miR1507a, miR1507c and miR482a putatively regulate the expression of several NBS‐LRR family disease resistance genes. The regulation of target gene expression by these seven miRNAs was validated by both transient expression assays and RNA ligase‐mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM‐RACE) experiments. Transcript levels for AGO1, DCL1, DCL2 and five NBS‐LRR family genes were repressed at different time points after SMV infection, whereas the corresponding miRNA levels were up‐regulated at these same time points. Furthermore, inhibition of miR1507a, miR1507c, miR482a, miR168a and miR1515a by short tandem target mimic (STTM) technology compromised SMV infection efficiency in soybean. Our results imply that SMV can counteract soybean defence responses by the down‐regulation of several RNAi pathway genes and NBS‐LRR family resistance genes via the induction of the accumulation of their corresponding miRNA levels.
BABO Negotiating: Enhancing Students’ Perspective‐Taking Skills
Authors: Kidder Deborah L.
Published: July 2017

Negotiation educators recognize that collaborative problem‐solving is a critical negotiation skill. Negotiation outcomes are often better when negotiators take a collaborative approach to the process, and they are better able to do this when they are able to take the perspective of the person with whom they are negotiating. Over the years, I have developed several techniques to help my students improve their collaboration and perspective‐taking skills. One of these techniques is to use collaborative terminology (BABO = both are better off) rather than more competitive language (win‐win). In this article, I describe the strategies I employ in my negotiation class to increase students’ perspective‐taking capacities and discuss how this focus enhances their ability to negotiate collaboratively.
The effect of mirtazapine on gastric accommodation, gastric sensitivity to distention, and nutrient tolerance in healthy subjects
Authors: Carbone F. , Vanuytsel T. , Tack J.
Published: July 2017

Background

Disturbances of gastric motor function of functional dyspepsia (FD) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the symptoms, and hence, motility modifying agents are considered for its treatment. Mirtazapine was recently shown to improve symptoms and increase nutrient tolerance in FD patients with weight loss. We aim to evaluate the effect of mirtazapine on gastric sensorimotor function in healthy volunteers (HV).

Methods

Thirty‐one HV underwent an intragastric pressure (IGP) and barostat measurements on separate days before and after 3 weeks of placebo or mirtazapine (15 mg). Gastric compliance, sensitivity and accommodation (GA) measured by the barostat. GA was quantitated as the difference (delta) in intra‐balloon volume before and after ingestion of 200 mL of a nutrient drink (ND). GA measured by IGP was quantitated as the drop of IGP from baseline during the intragastric infusion of ND until maximal satiation.

Key Results

Mirtazapine significantly increased the bodyweight of subjects (67.8±3.7 to 69.1±3.7 kg; P=.01). Barostat results showed no effect on gastric compliance, sensitivity, and GA. Nutrient tolerance was not affected after treatment (1170±129.4 vs 1104±133.6 kcal; P=.4), and mirtazapine was associated with lower symptom ratings. The IGP drop during meal ingestion was significantly suppressed (area under the curve: −43.3±4.5 mm Hg vs −28.9±3.1 mm Hg; P=.005).

Conclusions & Inferences

In HVs, the occurrence of weight gain and decreased meal‐induced symptoms in spite of a suppressed meal‐induced IGP drop, point towards a central mode of action. Mirtazapine does not display changes in gastric sensorimotor function that could explain its beneficial effects on symptoms and nutrient tolerance in FD.
Effects of Combined Lysosomal and Mitochondrial Photodamage in a Non‐small‐Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line: The Role of Paraptosis
Authors: Kessel David , Reiners John J.
Published: July 2017

We previously reported that a low level of lysosomal photodamage potentiated the phototoxic effect of subsequent mitochondrial photodamage mediated by the benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) in murine hepatoma 1c1c7 cells. This was attributed to release of Ca2+ from damaged lysosomes and a calpain‐mediated conversion of the autophagy‐related protein ATG5 to a pro‐apoptotic fragment. We now report a comparison of these results with those obtained with the human non‐small‐cell lung cancer A549 cell line. A549 cells contained lower levels of ATG5 and were less responsive than 1c1c7 cultures to the PDT combination. A rapid appearance of caspase 3/7 activation together with formation of condensed chromatin indicated initiation of apoptosis in both cell lines, but to a lesser extent in A549 cultures. Both cell lines became highly vacuolated within 16 h of combination PDT or an equivalent phototoxic dose from BPD alone. The vacuole periphery was labeled with a fluorescent probe for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and vacuole formation was prevented by presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. These effects are characteristics of a caspase‐independent death mode termed paraptosis previously associated with ER stress. These studies suggest that paraptosis may be a more frequent outcome of PDT than has hitherto been realized.
International diffusion of regulatory governance: EU actorness in public procurement
Authors: Ladi Stella , Tsarouhas Dimitris
Published: July 2017

This paper attempts to go beyond actor‐centered explanations of the European Union's (EU) presence in regulatory politics by examining the role of the EU in the diffusion of regulatory norms and practices. We explore the international diffusion of public procurement policy, to which multiple organizations and especially the EU and the World Trade Organization have made an active contribution. Using the “opportunity‐presence‐capability” scheme, we argue that the EU is actively co‐shaping the global agenda on public procurement, mainly as a result of the “opportunity” and “presence” dimensions of its global actorness and its role in the horizontal diffusion of public procurement regulations between international organizations. For “EU as a global actor” literature to offer valuable explanations, an in‐depth analysis of its relationship with other international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, reveals significant interactions and the co‐shaping of policy agendas.
Community‐Driven Hypothesis Testing: A Solution for the Tragedy of the Anticommons
Authors: Palma‐Oliveira José Manuel , Trump Benjamin D. , Wood Matthew D. , Linkov Igor
Published: July 2017

Shared ownership of property and resources is a longstanding challenge throughout history that has been amplifying with the increasing development of industrial and postindustrial societies. Where governments, project planners, and commercial developers seek to develop new infrastructure, industrial projects, and various other land‐and resource‐intensive tasks, veto power shared by various local stakeholders can complicate or halt progress. Risk communication has been used as an attempt to address stakeholder concerns in these contexts, but has demonstrated shortcomings. These coordination failures between project planners and stakeholders can be described as a specific kind of social dilemma that we describe as the “tragedy of the anticommons.” To overcome such dilemmas, we demonstrate how a two‐step process can directly address public mistrust of project planners and public perceptions of limited decision‐making authority. This approach is examined via two separate empirical field experiments in Portugal and Tunisia, where public resistance and anticommons problems threatened to derail emerging industrial projects. In both applications, an intervention is undertaken to address initial public resistance to such projects, where specific public stakeholders and project sponsors collectively engaged in a hypothesis‐testing process to identify and assess human and environmental health risks associated with proposed industrial facilities. These field experiments indicate that a rigorous attempt to address public mistrust and perceptions of power imbalances and change the pay‐off structure of the given dilemma may help overcome such anticommons problems in specific cases, and may potentially generate enthusiasm and support for such projects by local publics moving forward.
An Expert Elicitation of the Proliferation Resistance of Using Small Modular Reactors (SMR) for the Expansion of Civilian Nuclear Systems
Authors: Siegel Jonas , Gilmore Elisabeth A. , Gallagher Nancy , Fetter Steve
Published: July 2017

To facilitate the use of nuclear energy globally, small modular reactors (SMRs) may represent a viable alternative or complement to large reactor designs. One potential benefit is that SMRs could allow for more proliferation resistant designs, manufacturing arrangements, and fuel‐cycle practices at widespread deployment. However, there is limited work evaluating the proliferation resistance of SMRs, and existing proliferation assessment approaches are not well suited for these novel arrangements. Here, we conduct an expert elicitation of the relative proliferation resistance of scenarios for future nuclear energy deployment driven by Generation III+ light‐water reactors, fast reactors, or SMRs. Specifically, we construct the scenarios to investigate relevant technical and institutional features that are postulated to enhance the proliferation resistance of SMRs. The experts do not consistently judge the scenario with SMRs to have greater overall proliferation resistance than scenarios that rely on conventional nuclear energy generation options. Further, the experts disagreed on whether incorporating a long‐lifetime sealed core into an SMR design would strengthen or weaken proliferation resistance. However, regardless of the type of reactor, the experts judged that proliferation resistance would be enhanced by improving international safeguards and operating several multinational fuel‐cycle facilities rather than supporting many more national facilities.
Mapping the Organisational Forms of Networks of Alternative Food Networks: Implications for Transition
Authors: Duncan Jessica , Pascucci Stefano
Published: July 2017

In response to the failures of the dominant agro‐food regime multiple practices for transition towards more environmentally and socially sustainable food systems have been proposed and put into practice by Alternative Food Networks (AFNs). To advance societal transitions, some AFNs have employed a strategy of developing broader networks. These network of networks, take various forms. To date, the ways in which networks of AFNs organise remains understudied, yet how they organise is likely to influence the transition pathways they advance. Drawing on organisation theory we propose a typology of organisational forms for networks of AFNs. We theorise that networks of AFNS that adopt organisational forms that are isomorphic to the dominant food regime may have their practices adopted, but that these risk co‐option and dilution. Networks of AFNs that organise around polymorphic organisational forms are less likely to see their practices integrated at the dominant regime level, but their practices could have a more fundamental transformative impact.
Bricolage for Self‐Sufficiency: An Analysis of Alternative Food Networks
Authors: Grivins Mikelis , Keech Daniel , Kunda Ilona , Tisenkopfs Talis
Published: July 2017

In this article the bricolage concept is applied to compare the organisational dynamics of two alternative food networks (AFNs) in Riga and Bristol respectively. It is argued that bricolage is a useful concept to understand the dynamics of AFNs. The concept ‘bricolage’ refers to the free use of any materials at hand. Bricoleurs accept that these materials might not be ideal, but nevertheless use them as long as they offer characteristics that help to reach the AFN goals (which, for the AFNs featured in this article, are establishing a functioning farmers’ market, and founding a market garden). Such use of ‘what fits’ and ‘what's at hand’ may lead to new and unexpected ways how these initiatives operate. The article argues that bricolage is a liberating concept in the organisational study of AFNs because it frames them as characteristically dynamic and constantly active in relation to changes in local contexts. Bricolage thus helps determine the nature of AFN dynamism.
Transport of the alpha subunit of the voltage gated L‐type calcium channel through the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs prior to localization to triads and requires the beta subunit but not Stac3 in skeletal muscles
Authors: Linsley Jeremy W. , Hsu I‐Uen , Wang Wenjia , Kuwada John Y.
Published: July 2017

Contraction of skeletal muscle is initiated by excitation‐contraction (EC) coupling during which membrane voltage is transduced to intracellular Ca2+ release. EC coupling requires L‐type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (the dihydropyridine receptor or DHPR) located at triads, which are junctions between the transverse (T) tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes, that sense membrane depolarization in the T tubule membrane. Reduced EC coupling is associated with ageing, and disruptions of EC coupling result in congenital myopathies for which there are few therapies. The precise localization of DHPRs to triads is critical for EC coupling, yet trafficking of the DHPR to triads is not well understood. Using dynamic imaging of zebrafish muscle fibers, we find that DHPR is transported along the longitudinal SR in a microtubule‐independent mechanism. Furthermore, transport of DHPR in the SR membrane is differentially affected in null mutants of Stac3 or DHPRβ, two essential components of EC coupling. These findings reveal previously unappreciated features of DHPR motility within the SR prior to assembly at triads.
Intermediaries, Firm Heterogeneity and Exporting Behaviour
Authors: Lu Jiangyong , Lu Yi , Sun Yi , Tao Zhigang
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we present one of the first work on the relation between firm productivity and exporting behaviour in the presence of intermediaries. Using a standard trade framework à la Melitz (2003, Econometrica, 71, 6, 1695) and Chaney (2009, American Economic Review, 98, 4, 1707), we find that the most productive firms have sales in the home country and also exporting directly to foreign countries, followed by firms with sales in the home country and exporting both directly and through intermediaries, by firms with sales in the home country and exporting through intermediaries, and finally by firms with sales in the home country only. These theoretical predictions are borne out in a data set of 12,679 firms in 29 developing economies during the 2002–06 period.
Contrapunteo de la cultura de las humanidades y los estudios de la cultura
Authors: Bernabé Mónica
Published: July 2017

Cuando han caído las viejas certezas de la cultura de las humanidades (las de la ciudadanía cultural, las del poder igualador de la educación popular, las de la integración republicana a través del voto universal) y cuando los estudios de la cultura se extravían entre nociones teóricas excesivamente abstractas y deslocalizantes, se hace necesario revisar algunos recorridos latinoamericanos que transgredieron las fronteras que se alzaban entre la ciencia, la crítica cultural y la literatura. Tal vez la etnografía ofrezca una clave interpretativa de interés para pensar la relación que existe entre las humanidades y los estudios de la cultura desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Sven Spieker: el archivo en pleno juego
Authors: Pulgar Machado Camila
Published: July 2017

Este ensayo analiza la teoría del archivo de Sven Spieker y su a priori histórico, que es determinado por la noción de juego y la instalación de arte finisecular. El estudio esclarece cuál es el punto de vista del autor en su complejo libro The Big Archive; perspectiva diacrónica que parte de un análisis contemporáneo del archivo arqueológico fundado en Alemania en 1881 y que se extiende hasta un arte del anti-archivo pero de impulso archivístico, como el de Duchamp, y otras indagatorias que acontecen en el Surrealismo, las galerías del Constructivismo ruso, el arte de instalación, etc.
Analytical Determination of Rolling Friction Coefficient of Angular Bearings
Authors: Jan Kosmol
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a proposal about a method for analytical rolling friction coefficient determination. Basis of the proposal was an assumption: rolling friction coefficient is proportional to the semi-axes of the contact ellipses. This paper shows how to compute the semi-axes of the contact ellipses. This paper shows example results of contact loads identification using finite element method (FEM) and example of experimental results of friction torque as motion resistance of an angular bearing. Comparison of analytical and experimental determination of rolling friction coefficient was examined too.
Thermally activated diffusion of copper into amorphous carbon
Authors: Appy David , Wallingford Mark , Jing Dapeng , Ott Ryan , Tringides Michael C. , Richter Gunther , Thiel Patricia A.
Published: July 2017

Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the authors characterize the thermally activated changes that occur when Cu is deposited on amorphous carbon supported on Si at 300 K, then heated to 800 K. The authors compare data for Cu on the basal plane of graphite with pinning defects, where scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that coarsening is the main process in this temperature range. Coarsening begins at 500–600 K and causes moderate attenuation of the Cu photoelectron signal. For Cu on amorphous carbon, heating to 800 K causes Cu to diffuse into the bulk of the film, based on the strong attenuation of the Cu signal. Diffusion into the bulk of the amorphous carbon film is confirmed by changes in the shape of the Cu 2p inelastic tail, and by comparison of attenuation between Cu 2p and Cu 3p lines. The magnitude of the photoelectron signal attenuation is compatible with Cu distributed homogeneously throughout the amorphous carbon film, and is not compatible with Cu at or below the C–Si interface under the conditions of our experiments. Desorption is not significant at temperatures up to 800 K.
Trump targets environmental science for cuts
Authors: Malakoff David , Cornwall Warren
Published: July 2017

Funding for research programs at EPA and NOAA could be slashed in 2018 budget request.
At 10, Europe's ‘excellence’ fund ponderschanges
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: July 2017

The European Research Council has earned a reputation for quality—and for being risk averse.
Making waves
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

Penny Chisholm has established a once-obscure marine microbe as a key to ocean ecosystems and climate.
Role of Daptomycin on Burn Wound Healing in an Animal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Model
Authors: Simonetti Oriana , Lucarini Guendalina , Orlando Fiorenza , Pierpaoli Elisa , Ghiselli Roberto , Provinciali Mauro , Castelli Pamela , Guerrieri Mario , Di Primio Roberto , Offidani Annamaria , Giacometti Andrea , Cirioni Oscar
Published: July 2017

Prolonged hospitalization and antibiotic therapy are risk factors for the development of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) infections in thermal burn patients. We used a rat model to study the
in vivo
efficacy of daptomycin in the treatment of burn wound infections by
S. aureus
, and we evaluated the wound healing process through morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. A copper bar heated in boiling water was applied on a paraspinal site of each rat, resulting in two full-thickness burns. A small gauze was placed over each burn and inoculated with 5 × 10
7
CFU of
S. aureus
ATCC 43300. The study included two uninfected control groups with and without daptomycin treatment, an infected control group that did not receive any treatment, and two infected groups treated, respectively, with intraperitoneal daptomycin and teicoplanin. The main outcome measures were quantitative culture, histological evaluation of tissue repair, and immunohistochemical expression of wound healing markers: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). The highest inhibition of infection was achieved in the group that received daptomycin, which reduced the bacterial load from 10
7
CFU/ml to about 10
3
CFU/g (
P
< 0.01). The groups treated with daptomycin showed better overall healing with epithelialization and significantly higher collagen scores than the other groups, and these findings were also confirmed by immunohistochemical data. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that daptomycin is an important modulator of wound repair by possibly reducing hypertrophic burn scar formation.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates in Nepal Coproducing Metallo-β-Lactamases and 16S rRNA Methyltransferases
Authors: Tada Tatsuya , Shimada Kayo , Satou Kazuhito , Hirano Takashi , Pokhrel Bharat M. , Sherchand Jeevan B. , Kirikae Teruo
Published: July 2017

A total of 11 multidrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
clinical isolates were obtained in Nepal. Four of these isolates harbored genes encoding one or more carbapenemases (DIM-1, NDM-1, and/or VIM-2), and five harbored genes encoding a 16S rRNA methyltransferase (RmtB4 or RmtF2). A novel RmtF variant, RmtF2, had a substitution (K65E) compared with the same gene in RmtF. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing carbapenemase- and 16S rRNA methyltransferase-coproducing
P. aeruginosa
clinical isolates in Nepal.
Colonisation of Irish patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease byStreptococcus pneumoniaeand analysis of the pneumococcal vaccine coverage: a non-interventional, observational, prospective cohort study
Authors: McCarthy Hannah , Jackson Mandy , Corcoran Mary , McElligott Martha , MacHale Elaine , Sulaiman Imran , Cushen Breda , Costello Richard W , Humpreys Hilary
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To characterise the pattern of colonisation and serotypes ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeamong patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who currently receive the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) according to vaccination status, use of antibiotics and steroids. To investigate the prevalence of PPV-23 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) serotypes within the study cohort.

Design

A non-interventional, observational, prospective cohort study with a 12 -month follow-up period inclusive of quarterly study visits.

Setting

Beaumont Hospital and The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Clinical Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.

Participants

Patients with an established diagnosis of COPD attending a tertiary medical centre.

Primary outcome measure

Colonisation rate ofS. pneumoniaein patients with COPD and characterisation of serotypes ofS. pneumoniaewith correlation to currently available pneumococcal vaccines. Sputum and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected for the isolation ofS. pneumoniae.

Secondary outcome measure

Seasonality of colonisation ofS. pneumoniaeand its relationship with the incidence of exacerbations of COPD.

Results

S. pneumoniaewas detected in 16 of 417 samples, a colonisation incident rate of 3.8% and in 11 of 133 (8%) patients at least once during the study. The majority ofS. pneumoniaeisolates were identified in spring and were non-vaccine serotypes for either the PPV-23 or PCV-13 (63%). The colonisation incident rate ofS. pneumoniaefluctuated over the four seasons with a peak of 6.6% in spring and the lowest rate of 2.2% occurring during winter. Antibiotic use was highest during periods of low colonisation.

Conclusions

There is seasonal variation inS. pneumoniaecolonisation among patients with COPD which may reflect antibiotic use in autumn and winter. The predominance of non-vaccine types suggests that PCV-13 may have limited impact among patients with COPD in Ireland who currently receive PPV-23.

Trial registration number

NCT02535546; post-results.
Normative visual acuity in Chinese preschoolers aged 36 to <48 months as measured with the linear HOTV chart: the Yuhuatai Pediatric Eye Disease Study
Authors: Zhu Hui , Huang Dan , Sun Qigang , Ding Hui , Bai Jing , Chen Ji , Chen Xuejuan , Wang Yue , Zhang Xiaohan , Wang Jing , Li Xinying , Liu Hu
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To document population-based normative data for uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) in Chinese preschoolers aged 36 to <48 months without any sight-affecting abnormalities and to evaluate its effectiveness for vision referral.

Methods

In a population-based cohort of children in the Yuhuatai Pediatric Eye Disease Study, UCVA was measured by using the linear HOTV chart, followed by other ocular examinations. Reference population was defined as children without ophthalmic abnormalities or refractive error. Normative UCVA was obtained from the reference population. The UCVA referral cut-off was defined as the lowest fifth percentile of the normative distribution of UCVA.

Results

The analysis cohort consisted of 1606 Chinese preschoolers aged 36 to <48 months. Among them, a total of 791 children were included in the reference population. The 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of the UCVA distribution in the reference population were 20/40, 20/32 and 20/25, respectively. UCVA improved with increasing age (p<0.0001), but worsen if prematurity was presented (p=0.041). Using the fifth percentile, UCVA cut-off from the reference population generated referral rates of 26.9% in the general population, and detected more than 86% of amblyopia cases.

Conclusions

We propose that UCVA no better than 20/40 measured by linear HOTV chart should be a referral cut-off for Chinese preschoolers aged 36 to <48 months. Most amblyopia cases can be identified with this age-specific and chart-specific UCVA cut-off.