bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Innovación o continuidad?: Dignidad humana y protección de la vida desde el momento de la concepción en la nueva Ley Fundamental húngara de 2011
Authors: Ruiz Ruiz Juan José
Published: January 2015

Según el artículo II de la nueva Ley Fundamental de Hungría, «La dignidad humana será inviolable. Todo ser humano tendrá el derecho a la vida y a la dignidad humana; la vida embrionaria y fetal estará sujeta a protección desde el momento de la concepción.». Es evidente que, a diferencia del texto constitucional anterior, se menciona expresamente la vida fetal y embrionaria, al igual que de modo también expreso se preceptúa que gozará de protección desde el momento de la concepción. Esta nueva regulación constitucional estaría para algunos, no estrictamente ampliando los titulares del derecho a la vida, pero sí al menos extendiendo el manto protector de la Constitución a la vida fetal y embrionaria desde su comienzo, lo que tendría por consecuencia excluir de plano la posibilidad de abortar legalmente en cualquier supuesto a voluntad de la mujer, suponiendo ello una ausencia de garantía para otros derechos fundamentales en juego de la madre.La controversia en torno al art. II no sólo ha estado centrada en el supuesto enfoque más restrictivo del nuevo texto constitucional hacia el aborto, sino que se ha extendido a la propia concepción de derecho de la dignidad humana, que para cierta doctrina ha recibido una configuración distinta a la concepción predominante en el derecho europeo.Under Article II of Hungarian Basic Law «Human dignity shall be inviolable. Every human being shall have the right to life and human dignity; embryonic and foetal life shall be subject to protection from the moment of conception». It is evident that, unlike the previous Constitution, the Basic Law expressly mentions the fetal and embryonic life, as also expressly stipulates that it shall be protected from the moment of conception. This new constitutional provision would be for some scholars, not strictly expanding the holders of the right to life, but at least extending the protective cloak of the Constitution to fetal and embryonic life from its beginning, which would effectively exclude outright the possibility of legal abortion at discretion of woman in any event, implying an absence of constitutional guarantee for other mother’s fundamental rights at stake.The controversy about art. II has been focused not only on the supposed more restrictive approach of the new constitution to abortion, but has reached to the very conception of the right to human dignity, that for some scholars has received a different configuration to the prevailing conception in European law.
Análisis del papel de los maestros en el desarrollo de actividades de indagación en el practicum de primaria
Authors: Aragüés Ana , Gil Quílez María José , De la Gándara Milagros
Published: January 2015

Resumen En este trabajo se examina el papel que juegan tres maestros en prácticas en la aplicación de actividades de indagación en Primaria y cómo influye en su desarrollo. Para ello se analizan las grabaciones en video de estos docentes durante una actividad desarrollada en su practicum,  utilizando un sistema de categorías que tiene en cuenta: las fases didácticas como observación o planteamiento de hipótesis,  las habilidades comunicativas como descripción o preguntas, y quién realiza la acción (maestro o alumno). Los resultados muestran que los maestros en prácticas encuentran dificultades ligadas a aspectos de: 1) estructuración de las secuencias didácticas; 2) planteamiento de preguntas; y 3) establecimiento de conclusiones que supongan una síntesis de los conceptos abordados.Abstract In this work we examine the role played by three trainee teachers during the implementation of inquiry-based activity in primary and how this role influences their development. To do so, the video recording of all their activities are analyzed, using a categories system which takes into account: the didactic phases such as observation or hypothesis, communication skills such as descriptions or questions, and who play the action (teacher or student). The results show that these trainee teacher encounter difficulties associated with aspects of: 1) structuring the didactic sequences; 2) raising questions; and 3) establishing final conclusions that involved a synthesis of the addressed concepts.
Análisis de la enseñanza de la estructura e interacciones de la materia según la física moderna en primero de bachillerato
Authors: Tuzón Marco Paula , Solbes Jordi
Published: January 2015

En este artículo presentamos el análisis de cómo es la enseñanza de la estructura e interacciones de la materia en la asignatura de Física y Química de primero de bachillerato. El objetivo es evaluar si estos contenidos se introducen en su versión más actualizada, en la línea de la física moderna. Para ello, se han analizado distintos libros de texto de esta asignatura a través de un cuestionario y se han hecho entrevistas a profesores que la imparten.
Ciencia de la Sostenibilidad: una revolución científica
Authors: Vilches Peña Amparo , Gil Pérez Daniel
Published: January 2015

Ciencia de la Sostenibilidad: una revolución científica
Caracterización del curriculum evaluado en matemática en sexto año básico. Un estudio descriptivo en Valparaíso, Chile
Authors: Contreras Gloria
Published: January 2015

Este artículo pretende dar cuenta de los principales resultados de la investigación denominada Caracterización del curriculum evaluado en sexto año básico en matemática: orientaciones para la formación inicial y continua de profesores y profesoras, cuyo objetivo principal fue describir y analizar lo que se evalúa y cómo se evalúa en matemática en dicho nivel en la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Se analizaron 103 pruebas escritas de matemática conducentes a calificación, pertenecientes a 27 establecimientos educacionales. A dichas pruebas, y a sus respectivas 2516 preguntas, se les aplicó un conjunto de códigos referido tanto a aspectos formales como de contenidos y habilidades matemáticas. Se concluye que mayoritariamente se demanda del estudiante una respuesta cerrada, única, en que se evalúa la memorización y resolución de ejercicios de forma mecánica, y que el nivel de cobertura del curriculum prescrito por el Ministerio de Educación es bajo, encontrándose muchos contenidos y habilidades matemáticas de niveles inferiores al sexto básico.
Introducció al més enllà en l'opus lul·lià
Authors: Bonillo Xavier
Published: January 2015

El present article analiza la concepció sobre el paradís en la obra de Ramon Llull, a partir d’alguns dels temes recurrrents de l’escatologia del segle XIII. Com, la certesa del paradís i de la seva descripció, les característiques dels àngels o la salvació de l’ànima.
Dant i el Renaixement català
Authors: Llorenç i Blat Josep
Published: January 2015

RESUM Procurador reial i nobiliari, cosmògraf, joier, lapidari, mercader i escriptor, i al capdavall, un ciutadà català honrat, Ferrer (Vidreres, ~1445 – Blanes, 1529) va marxar de ben jove a la cort de Nàpols, al servei del rei Ferran i. Acabada aquesta peripècia italiana va tornar a Blanes al servei del vescomte de Cabrera i de Bas fins que va morir a la mateixa vila al 1529. Un seu criat, disset anys més tard, va editar uns papers esparsos que havia trobat a can Ferrer, les Sentèncias cathòlicas del diví poeta Dant florentí, compilades per lo prudentíssim mossèn Jaume Ferrer de Blanes[sic], incloent-hi tres parts. La primera, «Conclusions», és un sumari destinat a mostrar «Entre totas las cosas necessàries a l’home per aconseguir lo seu fi y beatitut eterna principalment són tres»; la segona, «Meditació», és una reflexió a fi d’il·luminar els misteris sobre la passió i mort de Jesucrist a «lo santíssim loch de Calvari»; la tercera, «Letras», és un conjunt de dotze documents, entre cartes i d’altres textos, «fetas a mossèn Jaume Ferrer, respostes e regles per ell ordenades en cosmographia y en art de navegar». ABSTRACT Lord Ferrer (Vidreres,~1445 – Blanes,1529), royal and aristocratic attorney, cosmographer, jewelrer, lapidary, merchant and writer, after all, an honorable Catalan citizen, left early age, at the court of Naples at King Ferdinand’s i service. After this eventful Italian journey he went back to Blanes at the Viscount of Cabrera and Bas’ service, until he died in the same town in 1529. One of his servants, seventeen years later, published some of the documents which were found scattered in Ferrer’s House, Catholic sentences from the divine poet Dante Florentine, compiled by most respectable lord Jaume Ferrer de Blanes [sic], including three parts. The first one, «Conclusions», is a summary intended to show "Among all the things needed by a man to achieve his goal and his eternal beattitude, they are mainly three", the second one, «Meditation», is a reflection in order to illuminate the mysteries of the passion and death of Jesus Christ at "the holy loch of Calvary", and the third one, «Letters», which is a set of twelve documents, letters and other texts, "made to lord Jaume Ferrer, answers and rules ordered by him in Cosmography and Seacraft”.
Les cartes d'amor a la novel·la grega antiga i al Curial e Güelfa
Authors: Pomer Monferrer Juan José
Published: January 2015

La inclusió de cartes d'amor al Curial e Güelfa, així com a la novel·la cavalleresca catalana, és un element literari la funció del qual no només es limita a la comunicació entre els enamorats, sinó que també és capaç de dinamitzar la trama, provocar reaccions dramàtiques i configurar la psicologia dels personatges. Les cartes d'amor a la novel·la sorgeixen juntament amb el mateix gènere, l'últim de la Grècia antiga, i el Curial, consegüentment, també en presenta, directament influenciat per les obres dels principals novel·listes grecs.
L’interés de Gaspar Escolano per la llengua i la literatura medievals i per Ramon Llull, a la Década primera de la historia de Valencia (1610)
Authors: Romà Herèdia Laura
Published: January 2015

El present treball fa una aproximació a una obra clàssica de la historiografia valenciana al segle xvii, la Década primera de la insigne i coronada ciudad i reyno de Valencia (València 1610), de Gaspar Escolano, per tal de fixar-nos en l’interès d’aquest cronista en alguns dels autors medievals catalans. En especial, en Jaume i –en tant que fundador del Regne de València–, però també en Jordi de Sant Jordi, Andreu Febrer, Jaume Roig i, en especial, Ramon Llull, al qual dedica diversos capítols.
La font de Llíria: Edició del primer milacre vicentí publicat (1822)
Authors: Fuertes Zapata Joan Vicent
Published: January 2015

El present treball estudia el primer milacre vicentí de què es té constància que va ser imprés: La font de Llíria. Editat anònim a València, el 1822, per primera vegada, és una mostra del teatre popular i de carrer del segle XIX i, a més de ser reeditat en diferents ocasions, arribà a inspirar altres autors posteriors.
David Rosenthal’s Tirant lo Blanc turns 30
Authors: Reinhart Jan
Published: January 2015

The groundbreaking English language translation of Tirant lo Blanc by New York poet and academic David Rosenthal remains dominant three decades after its initial, and celebrated, release. Rosenthal’s controversially fluid and concise rendering of the Valencian classic survived a serious challenge 20 years ago by a more literal version from a well-meaning amateur translator and journeyman academic backed by a leading U.S.-based Catalan scholar. The article reviews the controversy and compares the two versions, adding comments from some of the key critics
Ressenya a Vicent Baydal, Els orígens de la revolta de la Unió al regne de València (1330-1348), València, PUV, 2013
Authors: Aparisi Romero Frederic
Published: January 2015

Resenya a Vicent Baydal, Els orígens de la revolta de la Unió al regne de València (1330-1348), València, PUV, 2013.
Ressenya a Ovidio Cuella Esteban & Juan B. Simó Castillo, Bulario de Benedicto XIII (1394-1423). VI. Diócesis de Tortosa. Maestrazgo de Santa María de Montesa. Testamento de Benedicto XIII, Peníscola, Associació Amics del Papa Luna, 2013
Authors: Server Server Blai Josep
Published: January 2015

Ressenya a Ovidio Cuella Esteban i Juan B. Simó Castillo, Bulario de Benedicto XIII (1394-1423). VI. Diócesis de Tortosa.Maestrazgo de Santa María de Montesa. Testamento de Benedicto XIII, Peníscola, Associació ‘Amics del Papa Luna’, 2013, 680 pp. ISBN 978-84-616-7651-4.
Ressenya a Elena Sánchez Almela, Festes i tradicions públiques a Castelló de la Plana als segles XIV i XV. Documents per al seu estudi, Castelló, Ajuntament de Castelló, 2013
Authors: Estrela Garcia Josep Enric
Published: January 2015

Resenya a elena Sánchez Almela, Festes i tradicions públiques a Castelló de la Plana als segles XIV i XV. Documents per al seu estudi. Col·lecció N-32, núm. 3, Ajuntament de Castelló, Castelló. 2013, 375 pàgines, ISBN: 978-84-96983-99-1
Ressenya a Antoni López Quiles i Abel Puig Gisbert, Ensenyar, commoure i adelitar. Notes de propedèutica per a rellegir Corella. València, Perifèric Edicions, 2014
Authors: Coronel Ramos Marco Antonio
Published: January 2015

Ressenya a Antoni López Quiles i Abel Puig Gisbert, Ensenyar, commoure i adelitar. Notes de propedèutica per a rellegir Corella. València, Perifèric Edicions, 2014, 318 pp, ISBN. 978-84-92435-64-7
Schneiderian-Type Papilloma of the Middle Ear: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Schaefer Nathan , Chong Jessica , Griffin Aaron , Little Andrew , Gochee Peter , Dixon Natalie
Published: January 2015

Schneiderian-type papilloma of the middle ear is a rare finding. We present a 46-year-old Aboriginal man with a large tympanic membrane perforation and a Schneiderian-type papilloma filling the middle ear. The aim of this study is to familiarize clinicians with this uncommon disease through discussion of its clinical presentation, diagnostic considerations and management. A search of English-language peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using the key words “Schneiderian-type papilloma,” “inverted papilloma,” and “middle ear.” A total of 29 cases (including the present case) of Schneiderian-type papilloma involving the middle ear were reviewed. Common presenting symptoms include hearing loss, otalgia, and otorrhea. Middle ear disease is associated with higher rates of recurrence and malignant transformation than its sinonasal counterpart. Radical surgical resection is the only curative treatment. Schneiderian-type papilloma is a benign, but locally aggressive, epithelial neoplasm most commonly arising in the sinonasal tract. Whilst involvement of the middle ear is extremely rare, knowledge of this condition is important due to its propensity to recur and the high rate of malignant transformation.
Radial fast‐neutron fluence gradients during rotating40Ar/39Ar sample irradiation recorded with metallic fluence monitors and geological age standards
Authors: Rutte Daniel , Pfänder Jörg A. , Koleška Michal , Jonckheere Raymond , Unterricker Sepp
Published: January 2015

Characterizing the neutron‐irradiation parameter J is one of the major uncertainties in40Ar/39Ar dating. The associated uncertainty of the individual J‐value for a sample of unknown age depends on the accuracy of the age of the geological standards, the fast‐neutron fluence distribution in the reactor, and the distances between standards and samples during irradiation. While it is generally assumed that rotating irradiation evens out radial neutron fluence gradients, we observed axial and radial variations of the J‐values in sample irradiations in the rotating channels of two reactors. To quantify them, we included three‐dimensionally distributed metallic fast (Ni) and thermal‐ (Co) neutron fluence monitors in three irradiations and geological age standards in three more. Two irradiations were carried out under Cd shielding in the FRG1 reactor in Geesthacht, Germany, and four without Cd shielding in the LVR‐15 reactor in Řež, Czech Republic. The58Ni(nf,p)58Co activation reaction and γ‐spectrometry of the 811 keV peak associated with the subsequent decay of58Co to58Fe allow one to calculate the fast‐neutron fluence. The fast‐neutron fluences at known positions in the irradiation container correlate with the J‐values determined by mass‐spectrometric40Ar/39Ar measurements of the geological age standards. Radial neutron fluence gradients are up to 1.8 %/cm in FRG1 and up to 2.2 %/cm in LVR‐15; the corresponding axial gradients are up to 5.9 and 2.1 %/cm. We conclude that sample rotation might not always suffice to meet the needs of high‐precision dating and gradient monitoring can be crucial.
Global dust distribution from improved thin dust layer detection using A‐train satellite lidar observations
Authors: Luo Tao , Wang Zhien , Zhang Damao , Liu Xiaohong , Wang Yong , Yuan Renmin
Published: January 2015

A new dust detection algorithm was developed to take advantage of strong dust signals in the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) 532 nm perpendicular channel to more accurately identify optically thin dust layer boundaries. Layer mean particulate depolarization ratios and improved thin ice cloud detections by combining CALIPSO and CloudSat products were used to further refine the dust mask. Three year global mean results show that the new method detects dust occurrences of 0.12 and 0.028 below and above 4 km altitudes, while CALIPSO Level 2 products reported 0.07 and 0.012, respectively. The improvements are mainly in weak source and transporting regions, and the upper troposphere, where optically thin, but significant dust layers from the point of view of aerosol‐cloud interactions are dominated. The results can help us to better understand global dust transportation and dust‐cloud interactions and improve model simulations.
Possible shallow slow slip events in Hyuga‐nada, Nankai subduction zone, inferred from migration of very low frequency earthquakes
Authors: Asano Youichi , Obara Kazushige , Matsuzawa Takanori , Hirose Hitoshi , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: January 2015

We investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of a shallow very low frequency earthquake (sVLFE) swarm linked to the 2009/2010 long‐term slow slip event (SSE) in the Bungo channel, southwestern Japan. Broadband seismograms were analyzed using a cross‐correlation technique to detect sVLFEs having similar waveforms to template sVLFEs, and their relative locations were estimated. The sVLFEs exhibit clear migration over a distance of 150 km along the Nankai trough, similar to nonvolcanic tremors and deep very low frequency earthquakes (dVLFEs) accompanied by short‐term SSEs on the downward extension of the seismogenic zone. This similarity between sVLFEs and dVLFEs suggests that SSEs occur in both deeper and shallower extensions of the seismogenic zone. The analyzed sVLFEs were likely caused by a shallow SSE that occurred from January to March 2010 following the initiation and acceleration of the long‐term SSE. This temporal evolution may be caused by stress interaction between the shallow SSE and the long‐term SSE.
The effect of complex black carbon microphysics on the determination of the optical properties of brown carbon
Authors: Liu Dantong , Taylor Jonathan W. , Young Dominque E. , Flynn Michael J. , Coe Hugh , Allan James D.
Published: January 2015

Assessment of the impacts of brown carbon (BrC) requires accurate determination of its physical properties, but a model must be invoked to derive these from instrument data. Ambient measurements were made in London at a site influenced by traffic and solid fuel (principally wood) burning, apportioned by single particle soot photometer data and optical properties measured using multiwavelength photoacoustic spectroscopy. Two models were applied: a commonly used Mie model treating the particles as single‐coated spheres and a Rayleigh‐Debye‐Gans approximation treating them as aggregates of smaller‐coated monomers. The derived solid fuel BrC parameters at 405 nm were found to be highly sensitive to the model treatment, with a mass absorption cross section ranging from 0.47 to 1.81 m2/g and imaginary refractive index from 0.013 to 0.062. This demonstrates that a detailed knowledge of particle morphology must be obtained and invoked to accurately parameterize BrC properties based on aerosol phase measurements.
Hydrologic versus geomorphic drivers of trends in flood hazard
Authors: Slater Louise J. , Singer Michael Bliss , Kirchner James W.
Published: January 2015

Flooding is a major hazard to lives and infrastructure, but trends in flood hazard are poorly understood. The capacity of river channels to convey flood flows is typically assumed to be stationary, so changes in flood frequency are thought to be driven primarily by trends in streamflow. We have developed new methods for separately quantifying how trends in both streamflow and channel capacity have affected flood frequency at gauging sites across the United States Flood frequency was generally nonstationary, with increasing flood hazard at a statistically significant majority of sites. Changes in flood hazard driven by channel capacity were smaller, but more numerous, than those driven by streamflow. Our results demonstrate that accurately quantifying changes in flood hazard requires accounting separately for trends in both streamflow and channel capacity. They also show that channel capacity trends may have unforeseen consequences for flood management and for estimating flood insurance costs.
Recent global warming hiatus dominated by low‐latitude temperature trends in surface and troposphere data
Authors: Gleisner Hans , Thejll Peter , Christiansen Bo , Nielsen Johannes K.
Published: January 2015

Over the last 15 years, global mean surface temperatures exhibit only weak trends. Recent studies have attempted to attribute this so called temperature hiatus to several causes, amongst them incomplete sampling of the rapidly warming Arctic region. We here examine zonal mean temperature trends in satellite‐based tropospheric data sets (based on data from (Advanced) Microwave Sounding Unit and Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation instruments) and in global surface temperatures (HadCRUT4). Omission of successively larger polar regions from the global mean temperature calculations, in both tropospheric and surface data sets, shows that data gaps at high latitudes cannot explain the observed differences between the hiatus and the prehiatus period. Instead, the dominating causes of the global temperature hiatus are found at low latitudes. The combined use of several independent data sets, representing completely different measurement techniques and sampling characteristics, strengthens the conclusions.
First lidar observation of the mesospheric nickel layer
Authors: Collins R. L. , Li J. , Martus C. M.
Published: January 2015

Ground‐based resonance lidar has been used to detect the mesospheric nickel (Ni) layer. The Ni layer is detected through absorption in the 3d8(3F)4s2 → 3d9(2D)4p transition at 337.1 nm and reemission in both the 3d9(2D)4p → 3d8(3F)4s2and 3d9(2D)4p → 3d9(2D)4s transitions at 337.1 and 339.4 nm, respectively. Results from wintertime lidar observations on two nights (27–28 November and 20–21 December 2012) at Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), are presented. The wintertime Ni layer has a peak concentration of 1.6 × 104 cm−3at 87 km, with a column abundance of 2.7 × 1010 cm−2, centroid height of 88 km, and root‐mean‐square width of 6.4 km. The midwinter abundance of mesospheric iron (Fe) at Chatanika is 3.4 × 1010 cm−2, indicating a ratio of Fe to Ni of 1.2 in the upper atmosphere. This is significantly lower than the value of 18 for the ratio of Fe to Ni in chondrite meteorites.
The effect of electron and ion temperature on the refractive index surface of 1–10 kHz whistler mode waves in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Kulkarni P. , Gołkowski M. , Inan U. S. , Bell T. F.
Published: January 2015

Whistler mode waves in the magnetosphere play an important role in the energy dynamics of the Earth's radiation belts. Previous theoretical work has been extended to include ions in the fully adiabatic warm plasma theory. Using a finite electron and ion temperature of 1 eV, refractive index surfaces are calculated for 1–10 kHz whistler mode waves in the inner magnetosphere (L ≲ 2.5). For the frequencies of interest, a finite ion temperature is found to have a greater effect on the refractive index surface than the electron temperature and the primary effect is to close an otherwise open refractive index surface. Including a finite ion temperature is especially important when the wave frequency is just above the local lower hybrid resonance frequency. For wave frequencies more than ∼1 kHz above the local lower hybrid resonance frequency, including the ion temperature has a negligible effect on the refractive index surface calculation. The results are used to assess previous conclusions on whether in situ whistler mode sources can be realistically used to precipitate energetic electrons. It is found that the number of in situ sources needed to illuminate the inner plasmasphere (L≲2.5) with whistler mode energy may be greater than previously predicted.
On a possible connection between the longitudinally propagating near‐Earth plasma sheet and auroral arc waves: A reexamination
Authors: Motoba T. , Ohtani S. , Donovan E. F. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: January 2015

Azimuthally propagating low‐frequency waves (or wavy structures) often occur in a localized region of the near‐Earth plasma sheet and auroral arc immediately prior to auroral breakup. Although both are believed to be magnetospheric and ionospheric manifestations of a plasma sheet instability that may lead to substorm onset, the fundamental coupling processes behind their relationship are not yet understood. To address this question, we reexamined in detail a fortuitous conjunction event of prebreakup near‐Earth plasma sheet and auroral arc waves, initially reported by Uritsky et al. (2009) using the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms space‐ground observations. The event exhibited a morphological one‐to‐one association between longitudinally propagating arc wave (LPAW) in the ionosphere and Pi2/Pc4 range wave activity in the plasma sheet. Our analysis revealed that (1) the LPAW was the periodic luminosity modulation of the growth phase arc by faint, diffuse, green line‐dominated auroral patches propagating westward along/near the arc, rather than some type of small‐scale arc structuring, such as auroral beads/rays/undulations; and (2) the plasma sheet wave, which had a diamagnetic nature, propagated duskward with accompanying coincident modulation of field‐aligned fluxes of 0.1–30 keV electrons. These findings suggest that the LPAW was likely connected to the plasma sheet wave via modulated diffuse precipitation of hard plasma sheet electrons (> ~1 keV), not via filamentary field‐aligned currents, as expected from the ballooning instability regime. Another potential implication is that such prebreakup low‐frequency wave activity in the near‐Earth plasma sheet is not necessarily guaranteed to initiate prebreakup auroral arc structuring.
Structure and origins of the Weddell Sea Anomaly from tidal and planetary wave signatures in FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC observations and GAIA GCM simulations
Authors: Chang Loren C. , Liu Huixin , Miyoshi Yasunobu , Chen Chia‐Hung , Chang Fu‐Yuan , Lin Chien‐Hung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Sun Yan‐Yi
Published: January 2015

The Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA) is a recurrent feature of the austral summer midlatitude ionosphere where electron densities are observed to maximize during the local nighttime. In this study, tidal decomposition is applied to FORMOSAT‐3 (Formosa Satellite)/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) total electron content (TEC) and electron density observations between 2007 and 2012 to quantify the components dominating local time and spatial variation in the WSA region. Our results present some of the first three‐dimensional spaceborne analyses of the WSA from a tidal perspective over multiple years. We find that the features of the WSA can be reconstructed as the result of superposition between the dominant diurnal standing (D0), eastward wave number 1 (DE1), westward wave number 2 (DW2), and stationary planetary wave 1 (SPW1) components in TECs, producing the characteristic midnight WSA peak. The D0, DE1, DW2, and SPW1 components are found to be an interannually recurring feature of the southern midlatitude to high‐latitude ionosphere during the summer, manifesting as enhancements in electron density around 300 km altitude of the summer middle to high magnetic latitudes. The phases of the aforementioned nonmigrating diurnal signatures in electron density in this region are near evanescent, suggesting in situ generation, rather than upward propagation from below. However, the SPW1 signature shows some signs of an eastward tilt with altitude, suggesting possible downward propagation. The relation of these components to possible generation via in situ photoionization or plasma transport along magnetic field lines is also discussed using results from the Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA) general circulation model (GCM), connecting the tidal interpretation of the WSA to previously examined generation mechanisms.
An objective algorithm for estimating maximum oceanic mixed layer depth using seasonality indices derived from Argo temperature/salinity profiles
Authors: Chen Ge , Yu Fangjie
Published: January 2015

In this study, we propose a new algorithm for estimating the annual maximum mixed layer depth (M2LD) analogous to a full range of local “ventilation” depth, and corresponding to the deepest surface to which atmospheric influence can be “felt.” Two “seasonality indices” are defined, respectively, for temperature and salinity through Fourier analysis of their time series using Argo data, on the basis of which a significant local minimum of the index corresponding to a maximum penetration depth can be identified. A final M2LD is then determined by maximizing the thermal and haline effects. Unlike most of the previous schemes which use arbitrary thresholds or subjective criteria, the new algorithm is objective, robust, and property adaptive provided a significant periodic geophysical forcing such as annual cycle is available. The validity of our methodology is confirmed by the spatial correlation of the tropical dominance of saline effect (mainly related to rainfall cycle) and the extratropical dominance of thermal effect (mainly related to solar cycle). It is also recognized that the M2LD distribution is characterized by the coexistence of basin‐scale zonal structures and eddy‐scale local patches. In addition to the fundamental buoyancy forcing caused mainly by latitude‐dependent solar radiation, the impressive two‐scale pattern is found to be primarily attributable to (1) large‐wave climate due to extreme winds (large scale) and (2) systematic eddy shedding as a result of persistent winds (mesoscale). Moreover, a general geographical consistency and a good quantitative agreement are found between the new algorithm and those published in the literature. However, a major discrepancy in our result is the existence of a constantly deeper M2LD band compared with other results in the midlatitude oceans of both hemispheres. Given the better correspondence of our M2LDs with the depth of the oxygen saturation limit, it is argued that there might be a systematic underestimation with existing criteria in these regions. Our results demonstrate that the M2LD may serve as an integrated proxy for studying the coherent multidisciplinary variabilities of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system.
Ground‐based measurement of fluorescent aerosol particles in Tokyo in the spring of 2013: Potential impacts of nonbiological materials on autofluorescence measurements of airborne particles
Authors: Miyakawa T. , Kanaya Y. , Taketani F. , Tabaru M. , Sugimoto N. , Ozawa Y. , Takegawa N.
Published: January 2015

We present results from the observation of fluorescent (FL) aerosols in Tokyo in the spring of 2013. Ambient aerosol particles were analyzed using a single‐particle laser‐induced fluorescence instrument. The fluorescent emission from a single particle excited by a pulsed UV laser (excitation wavelength of 263 nm) was detected by three photomultiplier tubes with band‐pass filters (fluorescence wavelength of 335–379, 420–500, and 500–600 nm). Fluorescence patterns from single particles were analyzed for investigating fluorophores and their sources using backward trajectory analysis, factor analysis, and a comparison with other tracer observations. The backward trajectory analysis suggested possible influences of long‐range transport from northern China in some cases. Observed supermicron FL aerosols were classified into two types: combustion‐ and dust‐type particles. The detection of combustion‐type FL aerosols, which showed temporal variations similar to nitrogen oxides and elemental carbon, implied the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives. Dust‐type FL aerosols, which were well correlated with the lidar‐derived dust‐aerosol optical depth near the surface (<1 km) and with mineral ions, were dominant in the supermicron size range. The number concentrations of coarse FL aerosols (≥2 µm), with which nonnegligible levels of fluorescence were recorded in all three channels, increased during Asian dust events (relative to a local dust event). It is suggested that PAHs and/or biological materials mixed with dust particles were transported from the North China Plain to the outflow region in East Asia during the observation period. Moreover, the autofluorescence measurement of airborne particles can be substantially affected by nonbiological materials in this region.
Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution
Authors: Vernier J.‐P. , Fairlie T. D. , Natarajan M. , Wienhold F. G. , Bian J. , Martinsson B. G. , Crumeyrolle S. , Thomason L. W. , Bedka K. M.
Published: January 2015

Satellite observations have shown that the Asian Summer Monsoon strongly influences the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) aerosol morphology through its role in the formation of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar observations show that summertime UTLS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) between 13 and 18 km over Asia has increased by three times since the late 1990s. Here we present the first in situ balloon measurements of aerosol backscatter in the UTLS from Western China, which confirm high aerosol levels observed by CALIPSO since 2006. Aircraft in situ measurements suggest that aerosols at lower altitudes of the ATAL are largely composed of carbonaceous and sulfate materials (carbon/sulfur elemental ratio ranging from 2 to 10). Back trajectory analysis from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization observations indicates that deep convection over the Indian subcontinent supplies the ATAL through the transport of pollution into the UTLS. Time series of deep convection occurrence, carbon monoxide, aerosol, temperature, and relative humidity suggest that secondary aerosol formation and growth in a cold, moist convective environment could play an important role in the formation of ATAL. Finally, radiative calculations show that the ATAL layer has exerted a short‐term regional forcing at the top of the atmosphere of −0.1 W/m2 in the past 18 years.
Predictability of dune activity in real dune fields under unidirectional wind regimes
Authors: Barchyn Thomas E. , Hugenholtz Chris H.
Published: January 2015

We present an analysis of 10 dune fields to test a model‐derived hypothesis of dune field activity. The hypothesis suggests that a quantifiable threshold exists for stabilization in unidirectional wind regimes: active dunes have slipface deposition rates that exceed the vegetation deposition tolerance, and stabilizing dunes have the opposite. We quantified aeolian sand flux, slipface geometry, and vegetation deposition tolerance to directly test the hypothesis at four dune fields (Bigstick, White Sands Stable, White Sands Active, and Cape Cod). We indirectly tested the hypothesis at six additional dune fields with limited vegetation data (Hanford, Año Nuevo, Skagen Odde, Salton Sea, Oceano Stable, and Oceano Active, “inverse calculation sites”). We used digital topographic data and estimates of aeolian sand flux to approximate the slipface deposition rates prior to stabilization. Results revealed a distinct, quantifiable, and consistent pattern despite diverse environmental conditions: the modal peak of prestabilization slipface deposition rates was 80% of the vegetation deposition tolerance at stabilized or stabilizing dune fields. Results from inverse calculation sites indicate deposition rates at stabilized sites were near a hypothesized maximum vegetation deposition tolerance (1 m a−1), and active sites had slipface deposition rates much higher. Overall, these results confirm the hypothesis and provide evidence of a globally applicable, simple, and previously unidentified predictor for the dynamics of vegetation cover in dune fields under unidirectional wind regimes.
Generation of hydrothermal Fe‐Si oxyhydroxide deposit on the Southwest Indian Ridge and its implication for the origin of ancient banded iron formations
Authors: Sun Zhilei , Li Jun , Huang Wei , Dong Hailiang , Little Crispin T. S. , Li Jiwei
Published: January 2015

Modern hydrothermal Fe‐Si oxyhydroxide deposits are now known to be analogues to ancient siliceous iron formations. In this study, samples of Fe‐Si oxyhydroxide deposits were collected from hydrothermal field on the Southwest Indian Ridge. An investigation of mineralization in these deposits was carried out based on a series of mineralogical and morphological methods. X‐ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analysis show that amorphous opal and poorly crystalline ferrihydrite are the major minerals. Furthermore, some typical filament structures detected by scanning electronic microscopy examinations, probably indicating the presence of Fe‐oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), are pervasive with the main constituents being Fe, Si, P, and C. We thus believe that chemolithoautotrophic FeOB play a significant role in the formation of Fe oxyhydroxide which can effectively oxidize reduced Fe(II) sourced from hydrothermal fluids. Precipitation of amorphous silica, in contrast, is only a passive process with the Fe oxyhydroxide acting as a template. The distinct microlaminae structure alternating between the Fe‐rich and Si‐rich bands was observed in our samples for the first time in modern seafloor hydrothermal systems. We propose that its formation was due to the episodic temperature variation of the hydrothermal fluid which controls the biogenic Fe oxyhydroxide formation and passive precipitation of silica in this system. Our results might provide a clue for the formation mechanism of ancient banded iron formations.
Physical associations to spring phytoplankton biomass interannual variability in the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf
Authors: Saba Vincent S. , Hyde Kimberly J. W. , Rebuck Nathan D. , Friedland Kevin D. , Hare Jonathan A. , Kahru Mati , Fogarty Michael J.
Published: January 2015

The continental shelf of the Northeast United States and Nova Scotia is a productive marine ecosystem that supports a robust biomass of living marine resources. Understanding marine ecosystem sensitivity to changes in the physical environment can start with the first‐order response of phytoplankton (i.e., chlorophyll a), the base of the marine food web. However, the primary physical associations to the interannual variability of chlorophyll a in these waters are unclear. Here we used ocean color satellite measurements and identified the local and remote physical associations to interannual variability of spring surface chlorophyll a from 1998 to 2013. The highest interannual variability of chlorophyll a occurred in March and April on the northern flank of Georges Bank, the western Gulf of Maine, and Nantucket Shoals. Complex interactions between winter wind speed over the Shelf, local winter water levels, and the relative proportions of Atlantic versus Labrador Sea source waters entering the Gulf of Maine from the previous summer/fall were associated with the variability of March/April chlorophyll a in Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine. Sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity were not robust correlates to spring chlorophyll a. Surface nitrate in the winter was not a robust correlate to chlorophyll a or the physical variables in every case suggesting that nitrate limitation may not be the primary constraint on the interannual variability of the spring bloom throughout all regions. Generalized linear models suggest that we can resolve 88% of March chlorophyll a interannual variability in Georges Bank using lagged physical data.
A practical approach for uncertainty quantification of high‐frequency soil respiration using Forced Diffusion chambers
Authors: Lavoie Martin , Phillips C. L. , Risk David
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the sources of uncertainty for the Forced Diffusion (FD) chamber soil respiration (Rs) measurement technique and demonstrates a protocol for uncertainty quantification that could be appropriate with any soil flux technique. Here we sought to quantify and compare the three primary sources of uncertainty in Rs: (1) instrumentation error; (2) scaling error, which stems from the spatial variability of Rs; and (3) random error, which arises from stochastic or unpredictable variation in environmental drivers and was quantified from repeated observations under a narrow temperature, moisture, and time range. In laboratory studies, we found that FD instrumentation error remained constant as Rs increased. In field studies from five North American ecosystems, we found that as Rs increased from winter to peak growing season, random error increased linearly with average flux by about 40% of average Rs. Random error not only scales with soil flux but scales in a consistent way (same slope) across ecosystems. Scaling error, measured at one site, similarly increased linearly with average Rs, by about 50% of average Rs. Our findings are consistent with previous findings for both soil fluxes and eddy covariance fluxes across other northern temperate ecosystems that showed random error scales linearly with flux magnitude with a slope of ~0.2. Although the mechanistic basis for this scaling of random error is unknown, it is suggestive of a broadly applicable rule for predicting flux random error. Also consistent with previous studies, we found the random error of FD follows a Laplace (double‐exponential) rather than a normal (Gaussian) distribution.
Impact of Concurrent Foot Pain on Health and Functional Status in People with Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Paterson Kade L. , Hinman Rana S. , Hunter David J. , Wrigley Tim V. , Bennell Kim L.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To document the prevalence of foot pain and foot pain laterality in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to examine its impact on health and function.

Methods

Participants from the Progression subcohort (n = 1,255, ages 45–79 years) of the Osteoarthritis Initiative with symptomatic tibiofemoral knee OA were included. Prevalence of foot pain, defined as pain in the foot/ankle, and foot pain laterality were determined. Health status was evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, the Short Form‐12 Health Survey, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Function was assessed using the 20‐meter walk test (WT) and a repeated chair stand test. Differences in health and functional measures were compared between groups with and without foot pain using multivariate analysis of covariance.

Results

One‐fourth (n = 317 [25%]) of people with knee OA experienced concurrent foot pain, with the majority (n = 174 [55%]) reporting pain in both feet. After adjusting for covariates, people with foot pain scored worse on all health measures and on the 20‐meter WT, compared to those without (P < 0.05). Differences in health and function were found between the bilateral and ipsilateral foot pain groups compared to those without foot pain (P < 0.05), but no differences were found with the contralateral group.

Conclusion

Foot pain is common in people with knee OA, and bilateral and ipsilateral foot pain adversely affect health and function, suggesting laterality is important. Further research is needed to establish the mechanism and interaction of pathology at these sites and to evaluate foot pain treatment in this population.
Development of Multinational Definitions of Minimal Clinically Important Improvement and Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Bellamy Nicholas , Hochberg Marc , Tubach Florence , Martin‐Mola Emilio , Awada Hassane , Bombardier Claire , Hajjaj‐Hassouni Najia , Logeart Isabelle , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco , van de Laar Mart , van der Heijde Désirée , Dougados Maxime
Published: January 2015

Objective

The ability to interpret scores from patient‐reported outcome measures at the individual patient level depends on the availability of valid, clinically meaningful benchmarks of response and state attainment. The goal was to develop multinational estimates for minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS).

Methods

A multinational sample of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) was evaluated before and 4 weeks after treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Patients completed either the Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) numerical rating scale 3.1 (hip and knee OA) or the Australian/Canadian Index (AUSCAN) numerical rating scale 3.1 (hand OA) before and after treatment. Patients rated the clinical importance of their response to treatment and their satisfaction with the health state achieved, from which multinational MCII and PASS estimates were calculated for both the WOMAC and AUSCAN indices.

Results

A total of 609 patients from 7 countries participated in the study. MCII and PASS estimates varied slightly by instrument and subscale. Absolute (percentage) change for MCII ranged 6–9 (10% to 17%) for WOMAC and 4–9 (8% to 15%) for AUSCAN. PASS estimates ranged 39–48 for WOMAC and 38–45 for AUSCAN. Some between‐country variation was observed in MCII and PASS.

Conclusion

Preliminary multinational estimates for MCII and PASS have been developed for several countries. Further research is required to evaluate the robustness, temporal consistency, and age‐ and sex‐dependency of the preliminary estimates as well as their generalizability to other countries, languages, cultures, regions, and other condition‐specific outcome measures.
HPbI3: A New Precursor Compound for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Feng , Yu Hui , Xu Haihua , Zhao Ni
Published: January 2015

Recently, there have been extensive research efforts on developing high performance organolead halide based perovskite solar cells. While most studies focused on optimizing the deposition processes of the perovskite films, the selection of the precursors has been rather limited to the lead halide/methylammonium (or formamidium) halide combination. In this work, we developed a new precursor, HPbI3, to replace lead halide. The new precursor enables formation of highly uniform formamidium lead iodide (FAPbI3) films through a one‐step spin‐coating process. Furthermore, the FAPbI3 perovskite films exhibit a highly crystalline phase with strong (110) preferred orientation and excellent thermal stability. The planar heterojunction solar cells based on these perovskite films exhibit an average efficiency of 15.4% and champion efficiency of 17.5% under AM 1.5 G illumination. By comparing the morphology and formation process of the perovskite films fabricated from the formamidium iodide (FAI)/HPbI3, FAI/PbI2, and FAI/PbI2 with HI additive precursor combinations, it is shown that the superior property of the HPbI3 based perovskite films may originate from 1) a slow crystallization process involving exchange of H+ and FA+ ions in the PbI6 octahedral framework and 2) elimination of water in the precursor solution state.