bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A serological survey to determine the prevalence of infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae in Western Australia
Authors: MHOMA JRL , HAMPSON DJ , ROBERTSON ID
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A serological survey to detect antibody titres against Treponema hyodysenteriae was conducted on pigs from 106 herds in Western Australia. Titres indicating a positive result in the tests were determined by examining 400 sera from 4 herds known to be free of swine dysentery, and sera from immunised or experimentally infected pigs. Samples of serum from 40 bacon‐weight pigs from each of the 106 herds were then collected at 2 abattoirs. Each serum was tested in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) against the lipopolysaccharide of T hyodysenteriae of serogroups A, B and E, respectively. To assist in evaluating the test, 19 herds were resampled and retested, and faecal samples from 17 herds were cultured for Thyodysenteriae.

Thirty‐five of the 106 herds (33%) had serological evidence of infection when only one batch of sera from each herd was tested. The ELISA to detect Thyodysenteriae infection in herds using 40 sera was estimated as having a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 81.8% based on the owners opinion of their herds disease status. Prevalence of infection within herds ranged from 2.5% to 47.5%, with a mean of 18%.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: McClure Susan
Published: March 2008

Women In Veterinary Medicine: Profiles of Success, S Drum and H Ellen Whiteley
Abnormalities of foetal fluids in sheep: two case reports
Authors: WINTOUR EM , McFARLANE A
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two cases of abnormal accumulation of foetal fluids in sheep are described. In the first case, a ewe, at 64 days of pregnancy, had 2 sacs of fluid, one at each of the tips of the pregnant and non‐pregnant horns. Neither sac contained a foetus. The composition of the fluids differed from those of the amniotic and allantoic fluids associated with a single foetus. The composition resembled that of foetal plasma. We conclude that the 2 sacs were amniotic sacs from conceptuses that had been resorbed, and that at this early (0.4) stage of pregnancy, amniotic fluid can accumulate in the absence of a viable foetus.

The second case was a rare case of hydrallantois in a ewe at 100 days of pregnancy. The volume of allantoic fluid (1800 mL) was more than 10 times normal. The composition was normal, except for high chloride and calcium concentrations and a very low creatinine concentration. The foetus and the volume and composition of the amniotic fluid were normal. The hydrallantois might have occurred as a result of some alteration in function of the allantoic membrane, perhaps as a result of altered hormonal status of the ewe.
Vaccination and challenge studies with psittacine beak and feather disease virus
Authors: RAIDAL SR , FIRTH GA , CROSS GM
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) was administered to adult galahs (Eolophusroselcapillus) by mouth or by intramuscular injection. Concentration of PBFDV antibodies in serum and excretion of PBFDV were monitored by haemagglutlnation inhibition (HI) and haemagglutination (HA) respectively. After oral administration, 17 of 18 galahs remained clinically normal and a small rise in antibody titre was detected in 3 of 18 birds. After intramuscular administration, antibody was detected in all birds. PBFDV was not detected in the feather dander of birds in either group. One bird developed diarrhoea and high faecal HA titres within 4 days of oral administration and then died. Adult and nestling cockatoos were vaccinated with an experimental inactivated double‐oil emulsion vaccine. PBFDV antibody responses are comparable to those induced by a primary‐oil emulsion vaccination regimen using Freund's adjuvants. Both vaccines protected nestlings. Three sibling wild‐caught sulphur‐crested cockatoos were vaccinated but died of PBFD before experimental challenge despite antibody responses in all birds. Unvaccinated control chicks developed acute PBFD within 4 weeks of challenge, probably from PBFDV‐induced hepatitis since high concentrations of PBFDV were detected in their livers.
Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone treatment in cattle: a meta‐analysis of the effects on conception at the time of insemination
Authors: MORGAN WF , LEAN IJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Data from 40 trials described in 27 published papers were analysed by meta‐analysis (pooling of data from numerous trials into a single analysis) to evaluate the effects of injecting gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) In cattle at the time of Insemination on the risk of pregnancy. A total of 19 019 cows were involved In these studies. Analyses were stratified by trial and by the effects of dose of GnRH, type of GnRH and Insemination number (first, second or third and greater). Mantel‐Haenszel analysis revealed that use of GnRH at Insemination significantly Increased the overall risk of pregnancy by 12.5% In treated cows (P < 0.05). However, Increases In risk of pregnancy were greatest (22.5%) when repeat breeders were treated. Results for use of GnRH or analogue at first service were similar, with Increased risks of pregnancy in treated cows of 5.2 and 8.0%, respectively. The risk of pregnancy tended to be higher (11.1%) when the dose of GnRH was 250 μg and when used at second Insemination (9.9%). The analyses demonstrated that while treatment at Insemination with GnRH and GnRH analogues Increased conception rates In dairy cattle, some variation In study results was attributable to the number of Inseminations after calving at which GnRH Is administered. Further efforts should be made to determine characteristics of populations of cows that have good fertility responses to GnRH and to determine the mode of action of GnRH in Increasing fertility. Meta‐analysis proved to be a useful technique for evaluating the apparently conflicting results from trials and in evaluating the effect of factors such as Insemination number, dose and type of GnRH on responses to treatment.
Vetch toxicosis in cattle grazing Vicia villosa ssp dasycarpa and V benghalensis
Authors: HARPER PAW , COOK RW , GILL PA , FRASER GC , BADCOE LM , POWER JM
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of a disease syndrome in adult cattle grazing woolly‐pod vetch (Vicia villosa ssp dasycarpa) or popany vetch (V benghalensis) are reported. Outbreaks of toxlcosis occurred between midwinter and midsummer in 3 dairy and 6 beef herds on the north coast of New South Wales, between 1982 and 1992. Friesian, Angus, Murray Grey, Guernsey and Hereford breeds were affected. Mean morbidity and case fatality rates in affected herds were 7% (65 of 889) and 69%, respectively. Signs of pruritic dermatitis, illthrift and death were associated with an eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation of many organs, particularly involving the renal cortex, dermis, myocardium, adrenal glands, lymph nodes and hepatic portal triads.
Production, behaviour and fertility of Merino wethers, hemi‐castrates with reduced testicular parenchyma and induced cryptorchids
Authors: FOSTER FM , JACKSON RB , HOPKINS DL
Published: March 2008

Greasy wool production, body weight, behaviour and fertility of male, fine wool Merino sheep were studied from 10 to 21 months of age to assess their suitability for wool production.

The males were either castrated (wethers), or were hemi‐castrated with a vasectomy and reduction (either partially or in full) of the parenchyma of the retained testicle, or the testicles pushed up into the ingulnal canal and the scrotum shortened (induced cryptorchids).

There were significant differences among all groups in body weight, with increases being associated with the larger amounts of testicular tissue present. Fertility was low in the induced cryptorchids at 19 months of age. The hemi‐castrates with reduced testicular parenchyma were infertile.

The hemi‐castrates with reduced testicular parenchyma had significantly heavier greasy fleece weights than the wethers and induced cryptorchids, which had similar fleece weights.

The wether group suffered a higher prevalence of posthitis in spring and autumn than the hemi‐castrate or induced cryptorchid groups.

Those hemi‐castrates with the largest amount of testicular parenchyma retained and the induced cryptorchids exhibited masculine behaviour patterns and had an increased incidence of fly strike to the head.

The principle of hemi‐castration and reduction of the testicular parenchyma is shown to be applicable in wool producing flocks with the potential to increase greasy wool production while minimising the management and marketing limitations previously associated with induced cryptorchids.
The potential for dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in domestic animals
Authors: BAUER JE
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe metabolism and clinical potential for dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) modifications using oil supplements containing n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids are reviewed. Their use in such disorders as renal disease, inflammatory and immune‐related disorders, and dermatological conditions in dogs and cats is discussed. The influence of n‐3 fatty acid‐rich rations on the endotoxin response in horses is described. Progress has been made toward understanding the clinical potential for PUFAs in these species. However, they have not yet been shown to be efficacious in any of the conditions investigated.
Intake of trichostrongylid larvae by goats and sheep grazing together
Authors: JALLOW OA , McGREGOR BA , ANDERSON N , HOLMES JHG
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Cashmere goats and Merino sheep were grazed together at 7.5 animals per ha on annual rye grass and clover pasture in southern Victoria, a winter rainfall area. Intake of parasitic larvae was measured in oesophageal extrusa samples collected from 2 animals of each species, 4 times in one week, on 7 occasions between mid‐March (autumn) and mid‐June (winter). Pasture contamination with larvae was measured at the same times. The number of larvae per kg of green grass was lower than on green clover; the most heavily contaminated portion of the pasture was the mat of dead herbage on the ground. The diet selected by goats contained more green grass and dead herbage and less clover that that of sheep (P < 0.01). Goats ingested 643 infective trichostrongylid larvae per kg dry matter intake (DMI) versus 274 per kg DMI for sheep in autumn, increasing to 1892 versus 1143 in early winter. The heavier trichostrongylid burdens of goats compared with sheep, when grazed together, are due in part to greater rates of infection consequent on different grazing patterns as well as greater susceptibility to infection.
Aspects of reproduction in female Bos indicus cattle: a review
Authors: CHENOWETH PJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Differences occur between female Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in various aspects of reproductive physiology and behaviour. These may be associated with different natural and human selection pressures, compounded by strong genotype‐environment interactions. B indicus cattle are better adapted for tropical environments (despite overall poor cattle reproductive rates in these regions) which tend to be more stressful for B taurus genotypes. Conversely, B taurus cattle generally show superior reproductive and productive traits under more favoured, temperate conditions.

Despite genotype‐environment effects, B indicus females are generally considered to take longer to achieve puberty and to have longer gestation lengths, exhibit prolonged postpartum anoestrus, show greater seasonality of reproductive traits (tending to be long‐day breeders), display a shorter, less overt oestrus as well as less tendency to allow riding behaviour by subordinate females. Some groups appear to have increased losses both during pregnancy and in the neonatal period.

On the positive side, B indicus females respond well to managerial and nutritional interventions, tend to have greater reproductive longevity and they generally exhibit strong maternal traits. Culling of infertile females and selection for greater male scrotal circumference and sex‐drive, in conjunction with the use of target weights, body condition scoring and weaning stratagems can improve reproductive rates in B indicus females.
Rainfall and breed effects on the efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid for the prevention of fly strike and treatment of infestations of lice in long‐wooled sheep
Authors: THOMPSON DR , RUGG D. , SCOTT PG , CRAMER LG , BARRICK RA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An ivermectin‐based jetting fluid was assessed for its efficacy in the prevention of blowfly strike and treatment of lice in long‐wooled sheep. The ivermectin concentrate was diluted to 0.03 mg/mL and applied via a standard hand jetting technique. In insectary studies, using laboratory‐reared Lucilia cuprina, sheep jetted with ivermectin were protected from induced breech and body strikes for 18 weeks after treatment. Merino and Corriedale sheep were equally protected, as were sheep subjected to 25 mm simulated rainfall at 1, 3 or 6 hours after jetting.

Naturally occurring infestations of lice, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis, were successfully treated with ivermectin jetting fluid in Merino and Corriedale sheep using a standard hand jetting technique. In addition, the efficacy of treatment was not affected by simulated rainfall at 1, 3 or 6 hours after treatment.
Phenylbutazone in racing Greyhounds: plasma and urinary residues 24 and 48 hours after a single intravenous administration
Authors: MILLS PC , NG JC , SKELTON KV , SEAWRIGHT AA , AUER DE
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The concentrations of phenylbutazone (PBZ), oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) and gammahydroxyphenylbutazone (OHPBZ) in plasma and urine from 50 Greyhounds 24 and 48 h after the intravenous administration of a single dose of PBZ (30 mg/kg) were measured. The 24 h plasma concentrations of OPBZ and OHPBZ, the 48 h plasma concentration of OHPBZ and the 24 h urinary concentration of PBZ were normally distributed, while log transformations were required before the 24 h plasma concentration of PBZ and the 24 and 48 h urinary concentrations of OPBZ and OHPBZ became normally distributed. The 95%, 99%, 99.9% and 99.99% upper predicted confidence intervals for both 24 h and 48 h plasma and urinary concentrations demonstrated wide potential variation in the concentration of the analytes should PBZ be administered to Greyhounds. The 24 h plasma and urinary concentrations of PBZ were weakly correlated, but no similar relationship existed for OPBZ or OHPBZ. The urinary concentrations of each analyte were not affected by the trainer or sex of the Greyhound or the urinary pH. We conclude that it would be impossible to predict the timing of the PBZ administration or the plasma concentration of PBZ from the measurement of the concentration of PBZ in a single sample of urine.
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Australian Quarter Horses
Authors: CHURCH SALLY
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three Quarter Horse stallions and 5 of their 11 tested progeny were diagnosed as affected with the inherited autosomal dominant defect hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Victoria in 1992. The diagnoses were based on the appearance of clinical signs and associated increased plasma potassium concentrations in response to oral potassium loading. All affected horses were descendants of the American Quarter Horse Impressive. Indirect evidence indicates that at least 3 other affected Quarter Horse stallions have stood or are standing at stud in Australia. The clinical details of the affected horses are described and the size of the affected population in Australia is discussed.
The effect of delays in feeding colostrum and the relationship between immunoglobulin concentration in the serum of neonatal calves and their rates of growth
Authors: TODD AG , WHYTE PBD
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEighty‐five unsuckled newborn calves, were fed 1.5 L of colostrum of known IgG concentration at either 2, 4, 6 or 8 hours after birth with no additional colostrum feeding. Another group of 11 calves were left with their dam for 16 hours after birth, before separation. Blood samples were taken from all calves 24 hours after colostrum feeding or separation from the dam and serum Ig concentrations were measured by electrophoresis.

There were no significant differences in mean serum Ig concentrations between calves fed at the different times after birth. Three of the 11 calves left to suckle were hypogamma‐globulinaemic. Other calves in this group had higher serum Ig concentrations than the means of all other groups.

All groups had mean serum Ig concentrations higher than the suggested minimum concentration required for adequate calf health. There were a number of calves that did not reach the suggested minimum serum concentration after feeding, but calf mortality was low and all calves were healthy apart from a slight scour for a few weeks after birth.

There was no significant relationship between serum Ig concentration 24 to 48 hours after birth and either calf mortality or average growth rate over an 8‐ to 10‐month period.
Modelling the potential impact of exotic diseases on regional Australia
Authors: GARNER MG , LACK MB
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Recent international initiatives for disease control suggest that, in the future, the consequences for trade of an exotic disease outbreak may not be as severe as estimated in the past. If zoning were to be accepted by Australia's trading partners, then the major effects may be felt at the regional rather than the national level. A study, using an integrated epidemiological/economic model, was undertaken to compare the impacts of 3 important exotic diseases (foot‐and‐mouth disease, classical swine fever and sheep pox) in 3 different regions of Australia.

The study demonstrated that there are significant differences between the size and effect of different disease outbreaks. Regional factors influence not only the way that the disease will spread and manifest itself, but also the effects on local communities. Foot‐and‐mouth disease caused more economic losses than sheep pox or classical swine fever. The major determinant of differences in the effects of the diseases between regions was the nature of the regional economies. The less diversified the economy, the greater the effect of an exotic disease outbreak in relation to the size of that economy.
Analysis of leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in cats with naturally‐occurring cryptococcosis but differing feline immunodeficiency virus status
Authors: WALKER C , MALIK R , CANFIELD PJ
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:Although cryptococcosis is a well‐characterised disease of cats, the factors predisposing individuals to infection are unknown. As an indication of the immune status of an individual, lymphocyte subsets can be analysed. Reference ranges for feline lymphocyte subsets (Pan T+, CD4+, CDS+ and B cells) were established using a rapid whole blood technique and flow cytometry. There were no effects of age or sex on lymphocyte subset values. The numbers of circulating leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets were determined in FIV‐positive and FIV‐negative cats with cryptococcosis and compared with a group of healthy control cats.

There were only minor differences in the numbers of lymphocyte subsets among the subgroups of cats examined in the study and the predisposition to cryptococcosis in cats could not be explained by deficiencies in lymphocyte subsets. There was a tendency for FIV‐negative cats with cryptococcosis to have reduced numbers of circulating CD4+ cells and lower CD4:CD8 ratios compared with normal cats, although the interpretation of this finding was complicated by the wide reference range for normal cats. The extent to which this is the cause of the fungal infection was not determined.

The only difference in leucocyte or lymphocytes subset values between FIV‐negative cats with cryptococcosis and FIV‐positive cats with cryptococcosis was that the CD4+ percentage was lower in the FIV‐positive cats. The absolute CD4+ count was similar however, in FIV‐positive and FIV‐negative cryptococcosis cases. On the basis of this and other available information, the categorisation of cryptococcosis as a disease defining the AIDS phase of FIV infection may be incorrect.
Developing group practices: a management challenge
Authors: HAYS RICHARD B , SANDERSON LEONIE
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The advantages and disadvantages of forming larger professional practices are often debated. This paper reports an exploration of the issues through three case studies involving clusters of Sydney general medical practitioners who had expressed a desire to amalgamate their solo or small group practices. Their most frequently stated goals were to reduce financial overheads, to improve the range of services offered to their patients and to improve the opportunities for recreational and study leave. Several barriers to successful amalgamation were identified, and methods of overcoming these were explored. Practices can successfully amalgamate, but only where there is a group of like‐minded general practitioners who are willing to invest time to achieve mutually agreed objectives. Amalgamation will not be appropriate in all circumstances. Larger group practices should benefit from the employment of a professional practice manager. These findings may be relevant to veterinary and dental practices.
Testing the concept of virally vectored immunosterilisation for the control of wild rabbit and fox populations in Australia
Authors: ROBINSON ANTHONY J. , HOLLAND MICHAEL K.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Virally vectored immunosterilisation is a concept whereby a gene encoding an antigen from an animal's reproductive system is inserted into a virus and, during infection, stimulates the formation of antibodies to that antigen such that the animal is rendered infertile. There is good evidence that certain proteins from sperm or egg when introduced parenterally will induce infertility. This paper summarises the work of the Cooperative Research Centre for the Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations and reviews progress toward the isolation of the genes for gamete antigens from rabbits and foxes and their introduction into suitable viral vectors as a means of control of these pests in Australia
Glomerulopathy in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts
Authors: TISDALL PLC , ROTHWELL TLW , HUNT GB , MALIK R.
Published: March 2008

Kidney specimens from 12 dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts were examined histologically. Glomerulopathy of variable severity was present in the kidney sections of all 12. Marked irregular thickening of the glomerular capillary wall was the most prominent pathological change, the renal interstitium being largely unaffected. The severity of lesions was not correlated with the age of dogs at the time of necropsy. An immunoperoxidase technique failed to demonstrate significant IgA or IgG deposition in affected glomeruli. Proteinuria was generally mild or absent despite significant glomerular lesions, except in dogs with concurrent urinary tract infection.
Use of tilmicosin in a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in weaned beef calves
Authors: SCOTT PR , McGOWAN M. , SARGISON ND , PENNY CD , LOWMAN BG
Published: March 2008

Severe respiratory disease, associated with seroconversion to bovine respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV), caused the death of two cattle and necessitated antibiotic treatment of 70 calves (rectal temperature of 39.6°C or greater) from a group of 96 (73%) during an 8‐day period. Tilmicosin injection resulted in a reduction in median rectal temperature from 40.3°C to 39.2°C and 39.0°C for the first and second days after treatment. The rectal temperature was 39.5°C or lower in 72% (48 of 67) and 96% (64 of 67) of cattle 1 and 2 days after tilmicosin treatment, respectively. Ten cattle were re‐treated with tilmicosin 6 to 16 days after the first treatment.

Our study demonstrated that bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection could cause severe respiratory disease in a beef herd that had no previous history of BRSV‐related disease. Secondary bacterial invasion after BRSV infection was controlled effectively by tilmicosin treatment but repeat antibiotic treatments were occasionally necessary due to bacterial re‐infection of the respiratory tract.
Eastern barred bandicoot recovery: the role of the veterinarian in the management of endangered species
Authors: SEEBECK JOHN , BOOTH ROSEMARY
Published: March 2008

The eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, formerly widespread on the volcanic plains of western Victoria, has been reduced to a single, rapidly‐declining, remnant population at Hamilton. Recovery of this critically endangered species has included local management, in an attempt to stabilise the wild population, captive breeding and reintroduction to selected sites. Veterinary advice and assistance have been an integral part of the investigation, planning and implementation phases of the program. The development of appropriate, standardised techniques has enabled successful treatment of problems in the captive colony. Husbandry, including the hand‐rearing of pouch young has been refined. Parasitism, identified as a contributor to poor health or death, has been investigated. Experimental development of techniques for the attachment of radio‐transmitters to bandicoots has enabled improved field research to take place. Fox predation, a major limiting factor in the recovery program, has been studied in detail, in order to refine control protocols.
Efficacy of an ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combination against adult hookworm,Ancylostoma braziliense, in dogs
Authors: SHOOP WL , MICHAEL BF , SOLL MD , CLARK JN
Published: March 2008

A chewable tablet incorporating ivermectin and pyrantel was tested in 12 Beagle dogs for efficacy against the adult hookworm,Ancylostoma braziliense. The dogs were administered infective larvae of Abrazilienseorally. Twenty‐one days after infection the dogs were weighed and allocated randomly to receive either an oral treatment with ivermectin and pyrantel in a beef‐based chewable tablet or no treatment. The chewable tablet was a commercially available product, which was made to deliver ivermectin at 6 μg/kg and pyrantel at 5.0 mg/kg to each dog. Seven days after treatment the dogs were euthanased, necropsied, and examined for adult hookworms. At necropsy, no adultA braziliensewas observed in any of the 6 treated dogs and all 6 dogs that had been left untreated were infected with adultA braziliense(range, 48 to 161). It was concluded that this combination product is 100% efficacious against adultA braziliense.
Animal health monitoring and surveillance in Switzerland
Authors: STÄRK KDC
Published: March 2008

Switzerland has traditionally used a passive disease reporting system for all notifiable diseases. This type of system is not suitable for the documentation of very low prevalences (freedom from disease), sub‐clinical cases and non‐notifiable diseases. In order to meet the high international standards for animal health surveillance and to fulfil the general need for sound animal health data, Switzerland has evaluated the feasibility of modern monitoring and surveillance concepts. In general, the principle of active surveillance has been acquired and is now being applied whenever possible. In this paper, several examples of Swiss surveillance systems are presented and discussed. They include systematic testing of random population samples, carcase screening at abattoirs and sentinel herd monitoring.
A longitudinal study of veterinary students and recent graduates: 1. Backgrounds, plans and subsequent employment
Authors: HEATH TJ , LYNCH‐BLOSSE M. , LANYON A.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine factors that influence career choies by veterinary graduates.

DesignLongitudinal study.

PopulationStudents – 77 female and 77 males ‐ who began studying veterinary science at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986.

ProcedureQuestionnaires were completed in the first and fifth year of the course, and in the second year after graduation. The data were arranged into an aggregated data set, then analysed using the SAS System for Windows.

ResultsThese students chose veterinary science, many cases at an early age, because of their attitude towards animals rather than advice from other people. Most had extensive experience with animals, and many gained this in cities rather than on farms. Between half and two‐thirds of them looked forward to a career in private practice when they were in first year. The proportion planning a career in private practice was highest for those who chose veterinary science before they were 12 years old. One‐quarter of those in first year were undecided about what they would do after graduation. When they were surveyed in fifth year, most planned to enter mixed private practice at least initially. In fact, 59% entered mixed practice and 28% small animal practice. There were no significant relationships between prior experience with animals and either career plans or success in the job market. When asked in their second year after graduation, about half planned to continue in private practice over the longer term, and a quarter were undecided.

ConclusionsThe decision to study veterinary science is often made at a young age, and is influenced mainly by attitudes towards animals. The career path planned by the majority involves private practice, but for about a quarter the future is unclear, both when they enter the course and after they have worked as veterinarians.
Thymic lymphosarcoma of T cell lineage in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: CANFIELD P J , HEMSLEY S
Published: March 2008

Objective To diagnose and characterise thymic lymphosarcoma in a koala.

Design A pathological case.

Animal

Seven‐year‐old female koala.

Procedure The neoplastic process was investigated macroscopically, haematologically, histologically and immunohistologically.

Results The koala had difficulty swallowing because of a medial swelling in the lower neck. Biopsy of this mass and blood examination revealed lymphosarcoma with a leukaemic manifestation; necropsy and histopathological examination showed the mass to be thymus. Palatine tonsils, cervical, axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gut, bronchi, genitalia and bone marrow were infiltrated by neoplastic cells. Immunohistological staining of the thymic mass, cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and gut revealed the neoplastic cells to be of T lymphocyte origin (positive for both anti‐human CD3 and CD5).

Conclusions

It is speculated that the neoplastic process originated in the thymus and was disseminated by bloodborne neoplastic cells: This first report of thymic lymphosarcoma in a marsupial confirms that antibodies raised originally to investigate human lymphoid neoplasia can cross‐react with neoplastic lymphocytes in koalas.
A retrospective evaluation of the surgical management of equine carpal injury
Authors: RAIDAL SL , WRIGHT JD
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:Records of 220 thoroughbred horses presented to the Randwick Equine Centre or the University of Queensland Veterinary Teaching Hospital for surgical management of carpal injury were reviewed. Details of racing performance were obtained, enabling evaluation of racing success following surgery. Age and sex matched control horses not known to have suffered carpal injury were selected from the Australian Stud Book and the Australian Racehorse Register. Control and treated populations were compared in terms of overall career racing success.

Radiographs or xeroradiographs from 198 horses were available for evaluation. The dorsomedial aspects of the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone and the proximal articular surface of the third carpal bone were the most commonly observed locations of osteochondral fracture. Bilateral carpal injury was found to be sufficiently common to warrant routine radiographic examination of both limbs. The dorsolateral‐palmaromedial oblique, flexed lateral and dorsoproximal‐dorsodistal oblique (skyline) projections were the most useful views for evaluation of carpal degenerative joint disease. Surgical removal of osteochondral fractures by arthrotomy or arthroscopy was found to be a suitable method of treatment.

Arthroscopy was associated with a significantly shorter convalescent period than arthrotomy. Seventy‐six percent of the treated population returned to racing following surgery. Average earnings following surgery were 20 000. However, the median value was only 1400 and 48% of the treated population failed to earn more than 1000. Male horses in both the treated and control groups performed significantly better than females. Treated horses performed significantly better than the randomly selected control population.
Field trials of a formulation containing moxidectin and 6 in 1 vaccines for sheep
Authors: SCHWARTZKOFF CL , COBB RM
Published: March 2008

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety of a formulation containing moxidectin and 6 in 1 vaccine in sheep under field conditions.

Design:Efficacy and safety study.

Animals:Two hundred and five crossbred Merino lambs and two hundred and eight Merino ewes were used in the studies.

Procedure:A formulation was made for the simultaneous treatment of sheep with moxidectin and immunisation against clostridial diseases and caseous lymphadenitis. The efficacy against nematodes, vaccine response and safety were assessed.

Results:Effective control of nematodes and responses to antigens were achieved following subcutaneous administration. The formulation was safe to administer; occasional minor tissue reactions were evident, but no other adverse effects of treatment were observed in either pregnant ewes or lambs, using either the recommended dose, or an overdose of the formulation.

Conclusion:Administration of a formulation containing moxidectin, five clostridial antigens and caseous lymphadenitis antigen proved safe and efficacious under field conditions.
Persistent efficacy of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: ROLFE PF , DAWSON KL , SOLL MD , NICHOLS GK , RYAN WG
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the persistent activity of injectable formulations of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.

Design Controlled slaughter study assessing residual efficacy.

Procedure Nematode‐free calves were treated with abamectin or doramectin (each at a dose of 200 μg/kg) and infections then induced with repeated doses of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia species. The duration of challenge ranged from 14 to 28 days. The calves were slaughtered at either 38/39 or 45/46 days after the treatments and nematodes recovered from the gastro‐intestinal tract.

Results Significant reductions in numbers of O ostertagi occurred for both abamectin and doramectin treatments (> 93%) relative to counts in untreated calves, when challenge was administered up to 21 days after treatment. For T axei and Cooperia spp significant reductions occurred when the challenge occurred for 14 days after treatment (99%). Although differences from untreated animals were not significant, the results for H placei suggested high efficacy (> 85%) for up to 21 days for doramectin and up to 28 days for abamectin.

Conclusion There was no significant difference between abamectin and doramectin for any parasite at any challenge point, indicating that there is equivalent persistent activity of doramectin and abamectin against important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.
Efficacy of ivermectin controlled‐release capsules for the control and prevention of nasal bot infestations in sheep
Authors: RUGG D. , GOGOLEWSKI RP , BARRICK RA , EAGLESON JS
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of an ivermectin controlled‐release capsule against nasal bots (Oestrus ovis) in sheep.

Design Trial 1 – A pen study with controls. Trial 2 – A field study with controls.

Animals Trial 1 – Forty Merino wethers with natural infestations of nasal bot were used. Trial 2 – One hundred nasal bot‐free wethers were used.

Procedure Trial 1 – Ten randomly selected animals were slaughtered and the heads split and examined to confirm bot infestation. Fifteen animals were allocated to untreated controls and 15 to treatment with a controlled‐release capsule delivering ivermectin at ≥ 20 μg/kg/day for 100 days. Twenty‐nine days after treatment the sheep were killed and examined for nasal bots. Trial 2 – Nasal bot‐free sheep were allocated to two groups of 45 animals. One group was untreated the other sheep were treated with capsules as above. The sheep were grazed as a single group exposed to natural challenge from O ovis. Ninety days after treatment the animals were slaughtered and examined for nasal bot infestation.

Results Trial 1 – Live O ovis larvae were recovered from 60% of control sheep. No live larvae were collected from treated sheep. Trial 2 – Forty‐one percent of untreated sheep harbored nasal bot infestations. No live larvae were collected from any treated animal.

Conclusion Treatment with a single ivermectin controlled‐release capsule was 100% effective against existing infestations of O ovis and as a prophylactic treatment for this parasite.
Comparison of the omp I gene of Chlamydia psittaci between isolates in Victorian koalas and other animal species
Authors: MARTIN JL , CROSS GF
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to compare the strain of chlamydia causing genital infection in koalas from Victoria with isolates from other animal species.

DesignPolymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis has been used to compare various Chlamydia psittaci isolates from a range of animals and disease syndromes. The isolates used in this study include isolates from three birds, three from aborted sheep, one from polyarthritis, one from bovine abortion, one from feline pneumonitis, three porcine isolates from faeces, polyarthritis and abortion, and three urogenital isolates from Victorian koalas.

ProcedureTwo polymerase chain reactions were performed, each amplifying a different region of the omp I gene. The first polymerase chain reaction amplified a 144 bp segment of the gene which was then digested with the restriction enzyme EcoR I. The second polymerase chain reaction amplified a larger 1070 bp region of the omp I gene which was digested with two restriction enzymes Alu I and Nde II.

Results and conclusionsThe results obtained have confirmed that variation in DNA sequence of various animal chlamydia isolates does occur. They have also shown that it is possible to classify isolates, based on their restriction enzyme profiles, into distinct groups.
The application of moxidectin formulations for control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) under Queensland field conditions
Authors: REMINGTON B. , KIERAN P. , COBB R. , BODERO D.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) and the performance of commercial cattle treated with the macrocylic lactone endectocide, moxidectin, formulated either as an injection or as a pour‐on.

DesignGroups of 10–12 tick infested cattle were treated with moxidectin injection, moxidectin pour‐on or remained untreated (28‐day trials) or were treated with deltamethrinethion as a dip (140‐day trials). The cattle were exposed to natural tick challenge under field conditions.

ProcedureTick numbers on trial cattle were recorded in each trial before the initial treatment and in the 28‐day trials at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days or in the 140‐day trials, at 28‐day intervals before each of the treatments and at the final inspection. Body weights of the cattle were also recorded prior to the initial treatment and at the termination of each trial. Cattle were observed on the day of each treatment and at each inspection for evidence of any reactions to treatment.

Results28‐day trials: Significant reductions in tick counts were recorded in both treatment groups when compared with cattle in the untreated group. Weight advantage was recorded in the moxidectin treated groups.

140‐day trials: All three treatments resulted in zero or low tick counts at each inspection with the exception of the pour‐on treatment at week 8 in one trial and week 9 in the other trial. Additional weight gain was recorded for both the moxidectin treated groups, relative to the deltamethrin‐ethion dip groups, but was significant only for the pour‐on groups.

There was no evidence of any local or systemic adverse reaction in any treated cattle in any trial.

ConclusionGood to excellent control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) was demonstrated with the moxidectin formulations in all trials, the injection being particularly effective. An improved performance was recorded in all trials in cattle treated with both moxidectin formulations when compared with the untreated cattle and with cattle treated with the deltamethrin‐ethion dip.

There was no evidence of any local or systemic adverse reaction to treatment with either moxidectin formulation.
Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in Thoroughbred race horses: outcome following non‐surgical treatment and superior check desmotomy
Authors: GIBSON KT , BURBIDGE HM , PFEIFFER DU
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveThis study documents the results of non‐surgical treatment and treatment by superior check desmotomy in Thoroughbred racehorses with superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis.

DesignA prospective study was made of 124 thoroughbred racehorses with unilateral or bilateral SDF tendonitis.

ProcedureThe flexor tendons were assessed by physical and ultrasonographic examination before treatment, and the lesions detected in affected tendons were characterised according to lesion type, length and cross‐sectional area. Ninety three horses were managed non‐surgically and 31 by superior check desmotomy. Recurrent or new injuries were defined as injuries affecting a previously injured superficial digital flexor tendon, the contralateral SDF tendon, or the suspensory ligament (interosseous muscle) in either forelimb.

ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found in ultrasonographic lesion severity between treatment groups. Horses managed by superior check desmotomy were 1.3 times more likely to complete five or more races than horses managed non‐surgically (95% confidence limits 0.93–1.82). Horses treated surgically were 1.2 times more likely to develop recurrent or new injuries after returning to training than horses managed non‐surgically (95% CL 0.95–1.55). Horses under‐going superior check desmotomy were 5.5 times more likely to develop suspensory desmitis than horses treated non‐surgically (95% CL 1.13–26.4). There was no difference in the time to recurrent or new injury between treatment groups.

ConclusionThere was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups in the proportions of horses able to complete five or more races after an episode of superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Superior check desmotomy did not appear to offer an advantage over non‐surgical treatment in preventing recurrent or new injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Horses undergoing superior check desmotomy appeared to be at greater risk of developing suspensery ligament injuries than horses managed non‐surgically.
Collection and short‐term preservation of semen from free‐ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus: Macropodidae)
Authors: JOHNSTON SD , BLYDE D. , GAMBLE J. , HIGGINS D. , FIELD H. , COOPER J.
Published: March 2008

Objectives To evaluate electro‐ejaculation of free‐range eastern grey kangaroos in the field and assess the efficacy of four diluents to preserve sperm motility over a 48‐h period at 5°C.

Procedure and design Under gaseous anaesthesia, 25 free‐range kangaroos were electro‐ejaculated and characteristics of the ejaculate noted. Spermatozoa obtained from eight ejaculates were diluted in phosphate buffered saline containing various combinations of egg yolk and glucose and refrigerated at 5°C for 48 h.

Results Spermatozoa were recovered from 24 of 28 ejaculates. Mean (± SEM) semen volume (mL) and pH were 25.0 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 0.1 respectively. The forward motility (%), rate of movement of sperm (0 to 5) and sperm concentration (x 106/mL) were 77.4 ± 1.5, 3.8 ± 0.9 and 31.2 ± 7.3 respectively. There was no significant difference between the four diluents in their ability to maintain forward motility of spermatozoa over 48 h. However, rate of movement over the same period was significantly (P < 0.01) improved when sperm were diluted in phosphate buffered saline containing 10% egg yolk.

Conclusions Electro‐ejaculation is a safe and reliable method for collecting semen from free‐ranging eastern grey kangaroos. Preliminary attempts at short‐term preservation showed that the motility of kangaroo spermatozoa could be adequately stored for 24 h and that the addition of egg yolk to the semen diluent was beneficial for improving the rate of sperm movement.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Wong Wing Tip
Published: March 2008

Small Animal Surgery, TW Fossum, CS Hedkund, DA Hulse, AL Johnson, HB Seim, III, MD Willar, GL Carroll, Mosby Year Book, St Louis, 1997, 1195 pages, price $199.95, ISBN 0 8151 3238 7
Comparative effects of abamectin and two formulations of ivermectin on the survival of larvae of a dung‐breeding fly
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , MAHON RJ
Published: March 2008

Objectives To compare the survival of larvae of a dung‐breeding fly in the faeces of cattle treated either with an injectable formulation of abamectin, or with oral or injectable formulations of ivermectin.

Design Replicated bioassays were conducted on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, using faeces collected before and at intervals after drug treatment.

Animals Two cows and their calves were allocated to each of three drug treatments and dosed according to individual weights.

Procedures Differences in the proportions of larvae pupariating were used as measures of the toxicity of drug residues.

Results Development of fly larvae was inhibited in all faeces collected 1 to 4 days after treatment. In cattle treated with oral ivermectin, there was reduced larval survival in faeces collected 8 and 16 days after treatment, but by day 32, survival was equivalent to that recorded in the faeces of untreated cattle. With injectable ivermectin, there was no survival at day 8, limited survival at day 16 and, at day 32, survival was not significantly affected. With injectable abamectin, survival was completely suppressed until day 32, at which time the number of pupariating larvae did not differ significantly from that recorded in faeces from untreated animals.

Conclusion The oral formulation of ivermectin is eliminated more rapidly than the injectable formulation and, as a consequence, is likely to be less harmful to dung‐feeding insects. Abamectin and ivermectin appear to equally toxic larvae of M vetustissima.
Pneumonia associated withMycoplasmaspp in three cats
Authors: FOSTER SF , BARRS VR , MARTIN P. , MALIK R.
Published: March 2008

Mycoplasmaspp were isolated in pure culture from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from three cats with clinical, cytological and radiographic signs of bron‐chopneumonia or suppurative bronchitis. Predisposing factors were not identified in the first case, the second cat had oesophageal hypomotility, while the third cat had been exposed to cigarette smoke and had advanced periodontal disease. Respiratory signs resolved promptly and completely in all cases following antimicrobial therapy directed against mycoplasmas.Mycoplasmaspp are possible causes of lower respiratory tract disease in cats and this should be considered when selecting empirical therapy for feline airway disease and pneumonia. In some situations mycoplasmas may behave as primary lower respiratory tract pathogens in cats.