bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Seismic Reflection Studies in Godavari Coal Fields: Mapping of Coal Seams and Associated Structural Features
Authors: Prasad P. Prabhakara , Dhanam K. , Pavan Kishore P. , Mysaiah D. , Seshunarayana T.
Published: September 2015

High Resolution seismic Reflection technique is one of the most suitable geophysical methods for mapping the shallow coal seams and associated structural features, which will provide essential input for adopting proper methodology for exploitation and mine planning of coal reserves. In the present study, depth of the coal horizons were determined and the geometry of the faults in Ramagundam area, Gondwana basin is illustrated which is located at the junction of the Bastar and Dharwar cratons. The High Resolution seismic surveys conducted along eight parallel profiles with coverage of surface area one km2 in the study region. The study reveals (1) seismic sections up to 1000m depth with thick, gently dipping Barakar Formation, (2) thick coal horizons at a depth range of 200 to 500m, and (3) NW-SE striking and gently dipping normal faults are observed in coal horizons. The obtained results will provide better knowledge of the coal reserves in the study area.
Development of a Geomorphological Erosion Index for Shakkar Watershed
Authors: Gajbhiye Sarita , Sharma S. K. , Tignath S.
Published: September 2015

Geomorphological parameters directly or indirectly reflect almost entire watershed based causative factors affecting runoff and sediment loss/soil erosion. So, in the absence of sufficient hydrological data morphometric parameters along with satellite based land use/ land cover information of watershed may be helpful in prioritizing the sub-watersheds. Keeping these aspects in view, it was planned to develop a geomorphological index in the Shakkar river catchment of Upper Narmada Basin, India, The objective of the present study is to develop the Geomorphological Index using Principal Component Analysis on the morphometric parameters derived from the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, which can be used by the field investigators and modeler's in assessing the soil erosion. As an outcome of the analysis, the geomorphological index synthesizes the status of the three morphometric parameters i.e. drainage frequency (Fs), form factor (Rr) and bifurcation ratio (Rb) into a single indicator of geomorphological index. The Geomorphological Index (GI) for the study area found to vary from 3.64 to 21.63. The implementation of geomorphological index may provide the guiding data for sustainable water-resources management in Shakkar river watershed.
11-β hydroxysteroid type 1 knockout mice display an antidepressant-like phenotype in the forced swim test
Authors: Slattery David A. , Uzunov Doncho P. , Cryan John F.
Published: September 2015

Objective

11β-dehydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) types 1 and 2, enzymes are involved in the activation and inactivation of glucocorticoids in vivo, respectively. Indirect evidence implicates two enzymes in the aetiology of depression but no study has directly assessed the potential role of 11 β-HSD1 in animal tests.

Methods

We assessed 11 β-HSD1 knockout mice in the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and for locomotor activity.

Results

Genetic ablation of the 11β-HSD1 gene results in an antidepressant-like phenotype in the FST; the most widely utilised animal test of antidepressant activity, but not in the related TST. This may be related to the different biological substrates underlying these tests. The decreased FST immobility was not due to alterations in general activity.

Conclusions

Taken together these results suggest that 11β-HSD1 may play an important role in depression-related behaviours and further studies are necessary to fully characterise its role in such behaviour.
Hyper-Fit: Fitting Linear Models to Multidimensional Data with Multivariate Gaussian Uncertainties
Authors: Robotham A. S. G. , Obreschkow D.
Published: September 2015

Astronomical data is often uncertain with errors that are heteroscedastic (different for each data point) and covariant between different dimensions. Assuming that a set of D-dimensional data points can be described by a (D − 1)-dimensional plane with intrinsic scatter, we derive the general likelihood function to be maximised to recover the best fitting model. Alongside the mathematical description, we also release the hyper-fit package for the R statistical language (github.com/asgr/hyper.fit) and a user-friendly web interface for online fitting (hyperfit.icrar.org). The hyper-fit package offers access to a large number of fitting routines, includes visualisation tools, and is fully documented in an extensive user manual. Most of the hyper-fit functionality is accessible via the web interface. In this paper, we include applications to toy examples and to real astronomical data from the literature: the mass-size, Tully–Fisher, Fundamental Plane, and mass-spin-morphology relations. In most cases, the hyper-fit solutions are in good agreement with published values, but uncover more information regarding the fitted model.
Temporal changes in growth, condition and trophic niche in juvenile Cyprinus carpio infected with a non-native parasite
Authors: PEGG J. , ANDREOU D. , WILLIAMS C. F. , BRITTON J. R.
Published: September 2015

In host–parasite relationships, parasite prevalence and abundance can vary over time, potentially impacting how hosts are affected by infection. Here, the pathology, growth, condition and diet of a juvenile Cyprinus carpio cohort infected with the non-native cestode Bothriocephalus acheilognathi was measured in October 2012 (end of their first summer of life), April 2013 (end of first winter) and October 2013 (end of second summer). Pathology revealed consistent impacts, including severe compression and architectural modification of the intestine. At the end of the first summer, there was no difference in lengths and condition of the infected and uninfected fish. However, at the end of the winter period, the condition of infected fish was significantly reduced and by the end of their second summer, the infected fish were significantly smaller and remained in significantly reduced condition. Their diets were significantly different over time; infected fish consumed significantly higher proportions of food items <53 µm than uninfected individuals, a likely consequence of impaired functional traits due to infection. Thus, the sub-lethal impacts of this parasite, namely changes in histopathology, growth and trophic niche were dependent on time and/or age of the fish.
Kinder mit Behinderungen und deren Familien: Evaluation des Stepping Stones Triple P Elterntrainings
Authors: Theobald Maria , Aschersleben Gisa , Karbach Julia , Hasmann Reiner , Karpinski Norbert , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Kinder mit Behinderungen weisen ein erhöhtes Risiko für psychische Störungen auf. Stepping Stones Triple P (SSTP) bietet einen verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierten Ansatz für Eltern behinderter Kinder. Die Studie überprüft die Effekte von SSTP in einer deutschen Stichprobe. Die Befragung von 54 Elternteilen ergab eine signifikante Verbesserung des kindlichen Verhaltens, der elterlichen Selbstwirksamkeit und eine verbesserte Selbstständigkeit der Kinder infolge des Trainings, wobei die Effekte über drei Monate stabil blieben. Die Behandlungszufriedenheit der Eltern konnte signifikant durch die elterliche Regulierung vorhergesagt werden, während die Selbstwirksamkeit der Eltern, die Erwerbstätigkeit und das Bildungsniveau der Eltern keine signifikanten Varianzanteile aufklären konnten. Die Studie konnte zeigen, dass sich die Selbstständigkeit der Kinder durch SSTP verbessert. Um die Behandlungszufriedenheit der Eltern zu gewährleisten ist eine Verbesserung der elterlichen Stressregulation vor Trainingsbeginn sinnvoll.
Kognitive Emotionsregulation und Psychopathologie: Erste teststatistische Untersuchung des deutschen Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in einer klinischen Stichprobe
Authors: Görgen Stefanie M. , Loch Noelle , Hiller Wolfgang , Witthöft Michael
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Ein besseres Verständnis der Rolle von Prozessen und Stilen der Emotionsregulation (ER) im Kontext psychischer Störungen erscheint essentiell, um psychische Störungsmodelle und Behandlungskonzepte zu optimieren. Diese Studie überprüfte den Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in einer klinischen Stichprobe von ambulanten Psychotherapiepatienten (N = 156) hinsichtlich seiner teststatistischen Güte sowie im Hinblick auf Zusammenhänge mit Psychopathologie. Der CERQ wies eine gute Reliabilität (.70 ≤ α ≤ .84) sowie faktorielle Validität auf. Im Vergleich zu einer Bevölkerungsstichprobe berichtete die klinische Stichprobe höhere Ausprägungen in dysfunktionalen und niedrigere Ausprägungen in funktionalen ER-Strategien. Mittels eines Strukturgleichungsmodells zeigte sich, dass unter Berücksichtigung der Skaleninterkorrelationen drei kognitive ER-Strategien einen signifikanten und inkrementellen Beitrag zur Vorhersage der Gruppenzugehörigkeit zur klinischen Gruppe leisten (Rumination, Planung, Andere beschuldigen). Die klinischen Subgruppen (depressive, Angst- und somatoforme Störungen) unterschieden sich nicht signifikant hinsichtlich des Einsatzes einzelner ER-Strategien. Der Einsatz des CERQ kann auch in klinischen Stichproben empfohlen werden, um transdiagnostisch relevante Prozesse einer veränderten Emotionsregulation zu untersuchen.
Cheng Receives 2015 Natural Hazards Focus Group Award for Graduate Research
Authors:   AGU
Published: September 2015

Linyin Cheng will be awarded the Natural Hazards Focus Group Award for Graduate Research. This award recognizes a promising young scientist engaged in studies of natural hazards and risks and is given in recognition of outstanding contributions achieved during their Ph.D. (or highest equivalent terminal degree) research. She will be formally presented with the award at the 2015 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, to be held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif.
Erratum: Low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from colloidal nanocrystals of caesium lead halide perovskites
Authors: Yakunin Sergii , Protesescu Loredana , Krieg Franziska , Bodnarchuk Maryna I. , Nedelcu Georgian , Humer Markus , De Luca Gabriele , Fiebig Manfred , Heiss Wolfgang , Kovalenko Maksym V.
Published: September 2015

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 8056 (2015); Published: 20 August 2015; Updated: 23 September 2015. In Fig. 5d of this Article, a shaded box was inadvertently placed over the lower part of the panel during the final stages of production. The correct version of the figure appears below. Figure 5
Leveraging existing data sets to generate new insights into Alzheimer’s disease biology in specific patient subsets
Authors: Fowler Kevin D. , Funt Jason M. , Artyomov Maxim N. , Zeskind Benjamin , Kolitz Sarah E. , Towfic Fadi
Published: September 2015

To generate new insights into the biology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), we developed methods to combine and reuse a wide variety of existing data sets in new ways. We first identified genes consistently associated with AD in each of four separate expression studies and confirmed this result using a fifth study. We next developed algorithms to search hundreds of thousands of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets, identifying a link between an AD-associated gene (NEUROD6) and gender. We therefore stratified patients by gender along with APOE4 status and analyzed multiple SNP data sets to identify variants associated with AD. SNPs in either the region of NEUROD6 or SNAP25 were significantly associated with AD, in APOE4+ females and APOE4+ males, respectively. We developed algorithms to search Connectivity Map (CMAP) data for medicines that modulate AD-associated genes, identifying hypotheses that warrant further investigation for treating specific AD patient subsets. In contrast to other methods, this approach focused on integrating multiple gene expression datasets across platforms in order to achieve a robust intersection of disease-affected genes and then leveraging these results in combination with genetic studies in order to prioritize potential genes for targeted therapy.
Planting increases the abundance and structure complexity of soil core functional genes relevant to carbon and nitrogen cycling
Authors: Wang Feng , Liang Yuting , Jiang Yuji , Yang Yunfeng , Xue Kai , Xiong Jinbo , Zhou Jizhong , Sun Bo
Published: September 2015

Plants have an important impact on soil microbial communities and their functions. However, how plants determine the microbial composition and network interactions is still poorly understood. During a four-year field experiment, we investigated the functional gene composition of three types of soils (Phaeozem, Cambisols and Acrisol) under maize planting and bare fallow regimes located in cold temperate, warm temperate and subtropical regions, respectively. The core genes were identified using high-throughput functional gene microarray (GeoChip 3.0) and functional molecular ecological networks (fMENs) were subsequently developed with the random matrix theory (RMT)-based conceptual framework. Our results demonstrated that planting significantly (P < 0.05) increased the gene alpha-diversity in terms of richness and Shannon – Simpson’s indexes for all three types of soils and 83.5% of microbial alpha-diversity can be explained by the plant factor. Moreover, planting had significant impacts on the microbial community structure and the network interactions of the microbial communities. The calculated network complexity was higher under maize planting than under bare fallow regimes. The increase of the functional genes led to an increase in both soil respiration and nitrification potential with maize planting, indicating that changes in the soil microbial communities and network interactions influenced ecological functioning.
Analyzing animal behavior via classifying each video frame using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Stern Ulrich , He Ruo , Yang Chung-Hui
Published: September 2015

High-throughput analysis of animal behavior requires software to analyze videos. Such software analyzes each frame individually, detecting animals’ body parts. But the image analysis rarely attempts to recognize “behavioral states”—e.g., actions or facial expressions—directly from the image instead of using the detected body parts. Here, we show that convolutional neural networks (CNNs)—a machine learning approach that recently became the leading technique for object recognition, human pose estimation and human action recognition—were able to recognize directly from images whetherDrosophilawere “on” (standing or walking) or “off” (not in physical contact with) egg-laying substrates for each frame of our videos. We used multiple nets and image transformations to optimize accuracy for our classification task, achieving a surprisingly low error rate of just 0.072%. Classifying one of our 8 h videos took less than 3 h using a fast GPU. The approach enabled uncovering a novel egg-laying-induced behavior modification inDrosophila. Furthermore, it should be readily applicable to other behavior analysis tasks.
NanoSIMS analysis of an isotopically labelled organometallic ruthenium(ii) drug to probe its distribution and state in vitro
Authors: Lee Ronald F. S. , Escrig Stéphane , Croisier Marie , Clerc-Rosset Stéphanie , Knott Graham W. , Meibom Anders , Davey Curt A. , Johnsson Kai , Dyson Paul J.
Published: September 2015

The in vitro inter- and intra-cellular distribution of an isotopically labelled ruthenium(ii)–arene (RAPTA) anti-metastatic compound in human ovarian cancer cells was imaged using nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS).
Fusion and planarization of bisBODIPY: a new family of photostable near infrared dyes
Authors: Yu Changjiang , Jiao Lijuan , Li Tingting , Wu Qinghua , Miao Wei , Wang Jun , Wei Yun , Mu Xiaolong , Hao Erhong
Published: September 2015

A new family of directly-fused bisBODIPY BBP was developed by fusion and planarization of bisBODIPY 4 through a FeCl3-mediated intramolecular oxidative cyclodehydrogenation reaction, showing intriguing electrochemical and spectroscopic properties.
The origin of a large apparent tortuosity factor for the Knudsen diffusion inside monoliths of a samaria–alumina aerogel catalyst: a diffusion NMR study
Authors: Mueller R. , Zhang S. , Klink M. , Bäumer M. , Vasenkov S.
Published: September 2015

The contribution from surface diffusion into the apparent tortuosity factor can be separated for light gases in a porous catalyst.
The triplet-charge annihilation in copolymer-based organic light emitting diodes: through the “Scattering Channel” or the “Dissociation Channel”?
Authors: Yuan De , Niu Lianbin , Chen Qiusong , Jia Weiyao , Chen Ping , Xiong Zuhong
Published: September 2015

Organic magneto-current of OLEDs reveals that 3LE and 3CT are participants in the “Scattering Channel” and the “Dissociation Channel” of triplet-charge annihilation, respectively.
A low temperature molten salt process for aluminothermic reduction of silicon oxides to crystalline Si for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Lin Ning , Han Ying , Zhou Jie , Zhang Kailong , Xu Tianjun , Zhu Yongchun , Qian Yitai
Published: September 2015

A molten salt system is developed for low-temperature metallothermic reduction of various silicates or silica to crystalline Si nanoparticles as high-performance anode materials.
Bile sequestration potential of an edible mineral (clinoptilolite) under simulated digestion of a high-fat meal: an in vitro investigation
Authors: Kristo Aleksandra S. , Tzanidaki Garyfallia , Lygeros Andreas , Sikalidis Angelos K.
Published: September 2015

Bile was sequestered with clinoptilolite under simulated digestion of a high-fat meal. Molecular docking modeling indicates the most electronegative parts of the bile acids (here: cholic acid) docking at an electropositive region of the clinoptilolite matrix.
Preparation of amidoxime surface-functionalized polyindole (ASFPI) nanofibers for Pb(ii) and Cd(ii) adsorption from aqueous solutions
Authors: Zhijiang Cai , Jianru Jia , Qing Zhang , Haizheng Yang
Published: September 2015

Amidoxime surface-functionalized polyindole (ASFPI) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning of chemically synthesized poly(5-cyanoindole) followed by surface modification.
Lanthanide complex-incorporated periodic mesoporous organosilica nanospheres with tunable photoluminescence
Authors: Yuan Ning , Liang Yucang , Erichsen Egil Severin , Anwander Reiner
Published: September 2015

Functional DPA (N,N-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-2,6-pyridine dicarboxamide) can be successfully incorporated into mesoporous silica frameworks of regular spherical morphology to accommodate photoluminescent rare-earth metal centres.
Ionic conjugates of lidocaine and sweeteners as better tasting local anesthetics for dentistry
Authors: Lebedyeva Iryna O. , Oliferenko Alexander A. , Oliferenko Polina V. , Hromas Robert A. , Neubert John K. , Caudle Robert M. , Wickersham Jay , Castleman William L. , Altschuler Gary I. , Ostrov David A. , Hall C. Dennis , Katritzky Alan R.
Published: September 2015

Ionic conjugation of lidocaine with artificial sweeteners creates a new type of taste modulated materials for dentistry.
High performance electrochromic devices based on a polyindole derivative, poly(1H-benzo[g]indole)
Authors: Nie Guangming , Wang Ling , Liu Changlong
Published: September 2015

An ECD based on electrochromic poly(1H-benzo[g]indole) was fabricated. The color of this ECD can switch between green and navy blue with good optical contrast, high coloration efficiency, fast response time, better optical memory and long-term stability.
Double-walled carbon nanotube array for CO2 and SO2 adsorption
Authors: Rahimi Mahshid , Babu Deepu J. , Singh Jayant K. , Yang Yong-Biao , Schneider Jörg J. , Müller-Plathe Florian
Published: September 2015

Grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations and adsorption experiments are combined to find the optimized carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays for gas adsorption at low pressures and 303 K. Bundles of 3D aligned double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) with inner diameter of 8 nm and different intertube distances were made experimentally. The experimental results show that decreasing intertube distance leads to a significant enhancement in carbon-dioxide (CO2) adsorption capacity at 1 bar. The molecular simulation study on CO2 adsorption onto bundles of 3D aligned DWCNT with inner diameters of 1, 3, and 8 nm and intertube distance of 0-15 nm shows that the intertube distance plays a more important role than the CNT diameter. The simulation results show that decreasing the intertube distance up to 1 nm increases the excess adsorption generally in all the studied systems at pressures 0 < p < 14 bars (the increase can be up to ∼40% depending on the system and pressure). This is in agreement with the experimental result. Further reduction in intertube distance leads to a decrease in the excess adsorption in the pressure range 9 < p < 14 bars. However, at lower pressure, 0 < p < 9 bars, intertube distance of 0.5 nm is found to have the highest excess adsorption. This result is indifferent to tube diameter. Furthermore, molecular simulations are conducted to obtain the optimal parameters, for the DWCNT bundle, for SO2 adsorption, which are similar to those observed for CO2 in the pressure range 0 < p < 3 bars.
Effective diffusion coefficients in random packings of polydisperse hard spheres from two-point and three-point correlation functions
Authors: Hlushkou D. , Liasneuski H. , Tallarek U. , Torquato S.
Published: September 2015

We evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient Deff in random packings of polydisperse hard spheres with an analytical formula involving the three-point microstructural parameter ζ2. Bulk packings with solid volume fraction between ϕ = 0.54 and ϕ = 0.634 were computer-generated using experimentally determined particle size distributions characterized by different mean particle diameter and associated standard deviation. The parameter ζ2 was calculated from two- and three-point correlation functions S2 and S3, respectively, via an approach based on sampling templates. Results of the asymptotic analysis for S2 and S3 compare favorably with theoretical predictions. Effective diffusivities calculated by the approximate analytical formula are close to those obtained from simulations using a random-walk particle-tracking technique. The values of Deff are affected by the packings' solid volume fraction, the spatial positions of the spheres, and to a far lesser extent by the particles' polydispersity. The proposed numerical approach can be applied to evaluate effective diffusive transport properties of general two-phase materials just from the geometrical information embodied in ϕ and ζ2.
Generalized Einstein relation for co-doped organic semiconductors
Authors: Wei Yi , Zhou Xu , Peng Yingquan , Tang Ying , Wang Ying , Xu Sunan
Published: September 2015

Analytical expressions of generalized Einstein relation for co-doping organic semiconductors, namely, the diffusivity–mobility ratio, are presented. Numerical calculations have been performed to analyze the dependences of D/μ on the various parameters of the Gaussian distribution density of states. The results show that the D/μ ratio for co-doping organic semiconductor deviates significantly from traditional Einstein relation and there exist two peaks in its dependence on the carrier concentration. Meanwhile, the value of generalized Einstein relation strongly depends on the doping level, orbital energy, and the dopants.
Exceptional ultraviolet photovoltaic response of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline based detector
Authors: Cai Yuhua , Tang Libin , Xiang Jinzhong , Ji Rongbin , Zhao Jun , Yuan Jun , Duan Yu , Hu Yanbo , Tai Yunjian , Zhao Jianhong
Published: September 2015

UV photodetector is a kind of important optoelectronic devices that has vital applications in both scientific and engineering fields. The development of UV photodetectors has been impeded because of lacking stable p-type wide-gap semiconductor which is crucial for high-performance, low-cost, large-array UV photovoltaic detector. In this paper, we report a novel UV photovoltaic detector fabricated using 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) as a sole photoactive material. The highest detectivity (D*) reaches 9.02 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at −1 V bias voltage at room temperature under 365 nm illumination for the un-optimized BCP based detector (without using pre-amplifier), which is the highest value for the sole UV organic photoactive material based photovoltaic detector. The optical, electrical, and photovoltaic properties, including the UV absorption, photoluminescence (PL) emission, PL excitation, I-V, C-V, and photoresponse, have been systematically investigated to disclose the internal mechanism. The present study paves the way for developing high-performance, low-cost UV focal plane array detectors.
A WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructure photovoltaic device
Authors: Flöry Nikolaus , Jain Achint , Bharadwaj Palash , Parzefall Markus , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Novotny Lukas
Published: September 2015

We report on the photovoltaic effect in a WSe2/MoSe2 heterojunction, demonstrating gate tunable current rectification with on/off ratios of over 104. Spatially resolved photocurrent maps show the photovoltaic effect to originate from the entire overlap region. Compared to WSe2/MoS2 heterostructures, our devices perform better at long wavelengths and yield higher quantum efficiencies, in agreement with Shockley-Queisser theory.
Realization of face-shear piezoelectric coefficient d36 in PZT ceramics via ferroelastic domain engineering
Authors: Miao Hongchen , Li Faxin
Published: September 2015

The piezoelectric face-shear (d36) mode may be the most useful shear mode in piezoelectrics, while currently this mode can only exist in single crystals of specific point groups and cut directions. Theoretically, the d36 coefficient vanishes in piezoelectric ceramics because of its transversally isotropic symmetry. In this work, we modified the symmetry of poled PZT ceramics from transversally isotropic to orthogonal through ferroelastic domain switching by applying a high lateral stress along the “2” direction and holding the stress for several hours. After removing the compression, the piezoelectric coefficient d31 is found much larger than d32. Then, by cutting the compressed sample along the Zxt±45° direction, we realized d36 coefficients up to 206pC/N, which is measured by using a modified d33 meter. The obtained large d36 coefficients in PZT ceramics could be very promising for face-shear mode resonators and shear horizontal wave generation in nondestructive testing.
Nanowire-density-dependent field emission of n-type 3C-SiC nanoarrays
Authors: Wang Lin , Gao Fengmei , Chen Shanliang , Li Chengming , Yang Weiyou
Published: September 2015

The density of the nanowires is one of the key issues for their field emission (FE) properties of the nanoarrays, since it plays an important role on the electron emission sites and field screening effect. Here, we reported the nanowire-density-dependent FE properties of the n-type 3C-SiC nanoarrays. The highly oriented and large-scale SiC nanoarrays were grown on the 6H-SiC wafer via pyrolysis of polyureasilazane by adjusting the thicknesses of Au films used as the catalysts. The densities of the nanoarrays were tunable to be ∼2.9 × 107, ∼4.0 × 107, and ∼5.7 × 107 nanowires/cm2 by controlling the Au film thicknesses of 50, 70, and 90 nm, respectively. The measured FE characteristics disclosed that the turn-on fields of the samples could be tailored to be of ∼1.79, 1.57, and 1.95 V/μm with the increase of the densities, suggesting that a suitable nanowire density could favor the enhanced electron emission from the SiC nanoarrays with improved emission sites and limited field screening effects.
Enhanced non-radiative energy transfer in hybrid III-nitride structures
Authors: Smith R. M. , Athanasiou M. , Bai J. , Liu B. , Wang T.
Published: September 2015

The effect of surface states has been investigated in hybrid organic/inorganic white light emitting structures that employ high efficiency, nearfield non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) coupling. The structures utilize blue emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) nanorod arrays to minimize the separation with a yellow emitting F8BT coating. Surface states due to the exposed III-nitride surfaces of the nanostructures are found to reduce the NRET coupling rate. The surface states are passivated by deposition of a silicon nitride layer on the III-nitride nanorod surface leading to reduced surface recombination. A low thickness surface passivation is shown to increase the NRET coupling rate by 4 times compared to an un-passivated hybrid structure. A model is proposed to explain the increased NRET rate for the passivated hybrid structures based on the reduction in surface electron depletion of the passivated InGaN/GaN MQW nanorods surfaces.
An indirect method of studying band alignments in nBn photodetectors using off-axis electron holography
Authors: Shen Xiao-Meng , He Zhao-Yu , Liu Shi , Lin Zhi-Yuan , Zhang Yong-Hang , Smith David J. , McCartney Martha R.
Published: September 2015

Mid-wave and long-wave infrared nBn photodetectors with absorbers consisting of InAs/InAsSb superlattices and barriers consisting of InAs/AlGaSb(As) superlattices were grown using molecular beam epitaxy. High-resolution X-ray diffraction showing significant differences in Ga composition in the barrier layer, and different dark current behavior at 77 K, suggested the possibility of different types of band alignments between the barrier layer and the absorber for the mid- and long-wave infrared samples. Examination of the barrier layers using off-axis electron holography showed the presence of positive charge with an estimated density of 1.8 × 1017/cm3 in the mid-wave sample as a result of a type-II band alignment, whereas negligible charge was detected in the long-wave sample, consistent with a type-I band alignment.
Future of medical engagement
Authors: Dickinson Helen , Bismark Marie , Phelps Grant , Loh Erwin
Published: September 2015

Although it has long been recognised that doctors play a crucial role in the effectiveness and efficiency of health organisations, patient experience and clinical outcomes, over the past 20 years the topic of medical engagement has started to garner significant international attention. Australia currently lags behind other countries in its heedfulness to, and evidence base for, medical engagement. This Perspective piece explores the link between medical engagement and health system performance and identifies some key questions that need to be addressed in Australia if we are to drive more effective engagement.
Understanding the perspectives of health service staff on the Friends and Family Test
Authors: Leggat Sandra G.
Published: September 2015

Objectives
The present study was designed to determine what staff consider when asked to respond to the Friends and Family Test question.

Methods
Over 300 health service staff responded to an online questionnaire exploring whether they would recommend treatment at their organisation to friends and family (Friends and Family Test).

Results
Staff identified staff attitudes and behaviours, the busyness of the health service and quality of care as themes that affected their recommendation. A considerable number of staff also identified factors largely outside the control of the health service as influencing their response.

Conclusions
Majority of respondents based their perceptions on personal expectations, with smaller numbers citing personal experience and hearsay. Staff would need to see changes both in the quality of care and management practice to amend their recommendation on the Friends and Family Test.

What is known about the topic?
The Friends and Family Test is seen as a useful tool to gather the opinions of patients and staff on the patient experience, yet there has been little validation of this question.

What does this paper add?
The present study suggests that, as currently worded, the question does not reliably report staff perceptions regarding patient experience. The study illustrates that the relationship with the organisation and perceptions of effective management are linked to staff responses.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The Family and Friends Test question may need to be more clearly focused to gather the desired information. Improvement on this indicator is only likely to be seen when management teams are meeting the expectations of staff for good management practice.
Effects of frequent PATient moves on patient outcomes in a large tertiary Hospital (the PATH study): a prospective cohort study
Authors: Webster Joan , New Karen , Fenn Mary , Batch Mary , Eastgate Alyson , Webber Selena , Nesbit Anthony
Published: September 2015

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of and patient outcomes associated with frequent patient moves. Methods In a prospective cohort study, any bed move and the reason for the move were documented. Patients were assessed on admission for anxiety, social support and delirium. Adverse events, length of stay and satisfaction were recorded. Patients moved three or more times were compared with those moved less than three times. Results In all, 566 patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospital were included in the study. Of these, 156 patients (27.6%) were moved once, 46 (8.1%) were moved twice and 28 (4.9%) were moved at least three times. Those moved three or more times were almost threefold more likely to have an adverse event recorded compared with those moved fewer times (relative risk (RR) 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18, 6.42; P = 0.02) and to have a hospital stay twice as long (RR 7.10; 95% CI 2.60, 11.60; P = 0.002). Levels of satisfaction and anxiety were not affected by frequent moves and there was no effect on delirium. Conclusion Frequent bed moves affect patient safety and prolong length of stay. What is known about the topic? Retrospective and qualitative studies suggest that patient safety and costs may be affected by frequent patient moves. What does this paper add? The present study is the first prospective study to assess the negative effects of frequent patient moves on specific patient outcomes, such as adverse events, length of stay and satisfaction with care. What are the implications for practitioners? Within- and between-ward moves may affect patient safety. Patients should be moved only when there is a clear and unavoidable reason for doing so.
Service distribution and models of rural outreach by specialist doctors in Australia: a national cross-sectional study
Authors: O'Sullivan Belinda G. , McGrail Matthew R. , Joyce Catherine M. , Stoelwinder Johannes
Published: September 2015

Objective This paper describes the service distribution and models of rural outreach by specialist doctors living in metropolitan or rural locations. Methods The present study was a national cross-sectional study of 902 specialist doctors providing 1401 rural outreach services in the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life study, 2008. Five mutually exclusive models of rural outreach were studied. Results Nearly half of the outreach services (585/1401; 42%) were provided to outer regional or remote locations, most (58%) by metropolitan specialists. The most common model of outreach was drive-in, drive-out (379/902; 42%). In comparison, metropolitan-based specialists were less likely to provide hub-and-spoke models of service (odd ratio (OR) 0.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21–0.46) and more likely to provide fly-in, fly-out models of service (OR 4.15; 95% CI 2.32–7.42). The distance travelled by metropolitan specialists was not affected by working in the public or private sector. However, rural-based specialists were more likely to provide services to nearby towns if they worked privately. Conclusions Service distribution and models of outreach vary according to where specialists live as well as the practice sector of rural specialists. Multilevel policy and planning is needed to manage the risks and benefits of different service patterns by metropolitan and rural specialists so as to promote integrated and accessible services. What is known about this topic? There are numerous case studies describing outreach by specialist doctors. However, there is no systematic evidence describing the distribution of rural outreach services and models of outreach by specialists living in different locations and the broad-level factors that affect this. What does this paper add? The present study provides the first description of outreach service distribution and models of rural outreach by specialist doctors living in rural versus metropolitan areas. It shows that metropolitan and rural-based specialists have different levels of service reach and provide outreach through different models. Further, the paper highlights that practice sector has no effect on metropolitan specialists, but private rural specialists limit their travel distance. What are the implications for practitioners? The complexity of these patterns highlights the need for multilevel policy and planning approaches to promote integrated and accessible outreach in rural and remote Australia.
An Alternating Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Based on Benzodithiophene and [3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Bicciocchi Erika , Haeussler Matthias , Rizzardo Ezio , Scully Andrew D. , Ghiggino Kenneth P.
Published: September 2015

The synthesis is described of a new alternating donor–acceptor semiconducting polymer based on an N-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione building block together with a newly designed 2,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)thiophenylethynyl substituted benzodithiophene (BDT). The introduction of electron-rich thiophene units to BDT raises the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the conjugated polymer and the concomitant reduction of the bandgap enhances the harvesting of solar radiation. This modification also introduces less sterically demanding triple bonds, thereby potentially enabling more favourable molecular interactions and an extra dimension of conjugation perpendicular to the main polymer chain. The optoelectronic properties of this new conjugated polymer were evaluated using UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy in air, photo-induced charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (Photo-CELIV), and density functional theory calculations. The polymer absorbs broadly in the wavelength range 300–700 nm in solution and the solid state. The estimated HOMO and LUMO levels of −5.4 and −3.6 eV, respectively, correspond to a bandgap of 1.8 eV. Photovoltaic devices fabricated using the polymer as the active layer displayed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 1 %. Photo-CELIV results provide evidence that rapid recombination and poor charge mobility are likely contributing factors to the relatively low PCE values observed.
Interpretation of Negative Molecular Test Results in Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Ebola Virus Disease: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey K. , Kleine Christian , Munster Vincent , Giuliani Ruggero , Massaquoi Moses , Sprecher Armand , Chertow Daniel S.
Published: September 2015

Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most sensitive quantitative diagnostic assay for detection of Ebola virus in multiple body fluids. Despite the strengths of this assay, we present 2 cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and highlight the potential for false-negative results during the early and late stages of EVD. The first case emphasizes the low negative-predictive value of qRT-PCR during incubation and the early febrile stage of EVD, and the second case emphasizes the potential for false-negative results during recovery and late neurologic complications of EVD. Careful interpretation of test results are needed to guide difficult admission and discharge decisions in suspected or confirmed EVD.
Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014
Authors: Cohen Adam L. , Sahr Philip K. , Treurnicht Florette , Walaza Sibongile , Groome Michelle J. , Kahn Kathleen , Dawood Halima , Variava Ebrahim , Tempia Stefano , Pretorius Marthi , Moyes Jocelyn , Olorunju Steven A. S. , Malope-Kgokong Babatyi , Kuonza Lazarus , Wolter Nicole , von Gottberg Anne , Madhi Shabir A. , Venter Marietjie , Cohen Cheryl
Published: September 2015

Background.  Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high.

Methods.  We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3.

Results.  Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1–77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36–39) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children <1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864–989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5–10.3).

Conclusions.  Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Histoplasmosis
Authors: Castelli Anthony A. , Rosenthal David G. , Bender Ignacio Rachel , Chu Helen Y.
Published: September 2015

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in immunocompromised hosts is a fulminant syndrome of immune activation with high rates of mortality that may be triggered by infections or immunodeficiency. Rapid diagnosis and treatment of the underlying disorder is necessary to prevent progression to multiorgan failure and death. We report a case of HLH in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus, disseminated histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Escherichia coli bacteremia. We discuss management of acutely ill patients with HLH and treatment of the underlying infection versus initiation of HLH-specific chemotherapy.
Radiotherapy in the Management of Orbital Lymphoma
Authors: Kharod Shivam M. , Herman Michael P. , Morris Christopher G. , Lightsey Judith , Mendenhall William M. , Mendenhall Nancy P.
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To report our institution’s treatment techniques, disease outcomes, and complication rates after radiotherapy for the management of lymphoma involving the orbits.

Patients and Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 44 patients curatively treated with radiotherapy for stage IAE (75%) or stage IIAE (25%) orbital lymphoma between 1969 and 2013. Median follow-up was 4.9 years. Thirty-eight patients (86%) had low-grade lymphoma and 6 (14%) had high-grade lymphoma. Radiation was delivered with either a wedge-pair (61%), single-anterior (34%), or anterior with bilateral wedges (5%) technique. The median radiation dose was 25.5 Gy (range, 15 to 47.5 Gy). Lens shielding was performed when possible. Cause-specific survival and freedom from distant relapse were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results:

The 5-year local control rate was 98%. Control of disease in the orbit was achieved in all but 1 patient who developed an out-of-field recurrence after irradiation of a lacrimal tumor. The 5-year regional control rate was 91% (3 patients failed in the contralateral orbit and 1 patient failed in the ipsilateral parotid). Freedom from disease, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 70% and 55%, 89% and 89%, and 76% and 61%, respectively. Acute toxicity was minimal. Ten patients (23%) reported worsened vision following radiotherapy, and cataracts developed in 17 patients. Cataracts developed in 13 of 28 patients treated without lens shielding (46%) and 4 of 16 patients (25%) treated with lens shielding.

Conclusion:

Radiotherapy is a safe and effective local treatment in the management of orbital lymphoma.
Initial Experience With the New Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Model M4: Short-term Results
Authors: Cvintal Victor , Moster Marlene R. , Shyu Andrew P. , McDermott Katie , Ekici Feyzahan , Pro Michael J. , Waisbourd Michael
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of the new Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) model M4. The device consists of a porous polyethylene shell designed for improved tissue integration and reduced encapsulation of the plate for better intraocular pressure (IOP) control.

Methods:

Medical records of patients with an AGV M4 implantation between December 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 were reviewed. The main outcome measure was surgical failure, defined as either (1) IOP<5 mm Hg or >21 mm Hg and/or <20% reduction of IOP at last follow-up visit, (2) a reoperation for glaucoma, and/or (3) loss of light perception.

Results:

Seventy-five eyes of 73 patients were included. Postoperative IOP at all follow-up visits significantly decreased from a baseline IOP of 31.2 mm Hg (P<0.01). However, IOP increased significantly at 3 months (20.4 mm Hg), 6 months (19.3 mm Hg), and 12 months (20.3 mm Hg) compared with 1 month (13.8 mm Hg) postoperatively (P<0.05). At 6 months and 1 year, the cumulative probability of failure was 32% and 72%, respectively.

Conclusions:

The AGV M4 effectively reduced IOP in the first postoperative month, but IOP steadily increased thereafter. Consequently, failure rates were high after 1 year of follow-up.
Simplicispira piscis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii
Authors: Hyun Dong-Wook , Oh Sei Joon , Kim Min-Soo , Whon Tae Woong , Jung Mi-Ja , Shin Na-Ri , Kim Pil Soo , Kim Hyun Sik , Lee June-Young , Kang Woorim , Bae Jin-Woo
Published: September 2015

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain RSG39T, was isolated from the gut of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain RSG39T belonged to the genus Simplicispira in the class Betaproteobacteria and its highest sequence similarity was shared with S. psychrophila (98.4 %). The isolate grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7 and with 0 % (w/v) NaCl. The main respiratory quinone of the isolate was ubiquinone Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids of the isolate were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and six unidentified lipids. The DNA–DNA hybridization values showed < 7.4 % genomic relatedness with closely related strains. The genomic DNA G+C content was 65.2 mol %. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses, strain RSG39T represents a novel species of the genus Simplicispira, for which the name Simplocospira piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSG39T ( = KACC 17539T = JCM 19291T).