bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACTUAL ADAPTATION TO SEA LEVEL RISE: LEARNING FROM SUBSIDENCE IN SMALL ISLANDS AND COASTAL MEGACITIES
Authors: Esteban Miguel , Jamero Laurice , Chadwick Christopher
Published: January 2021

There is widespread concern in academia and the media in general that in the future many coastal communities will be forced to relocate in the face of rising water levels. However, there is little evidence of any relocation actually taking place, even when there are a number of examples of coastal areas being regularly flooded due to relative sea level rise caused by groundwater extraction or earthquake induced subsidence. To better understand the consequences of future sea level rise this keynote speech will analyse a number of instances of land subsidence that have taken place in the 20th and early 21st centuries (such as low-lying coastal areas of Tokyo, ports in Jakarta, and the experience of the small coral islands on the Danajon bank in the Philippines). In all cases the inhabitants of such densely populated coastal areas remain in place, despite the challenge of living with higher water levels. Through such case studies the actual adaptation pathways of both residential areas and ports can be better understood. Thus, while it is clear that sea level rise will pose an additional financial strain on urbanised coastal areas, there is presently no evidence that any major coastal settlements will surrender a significant portion of their land area to the sea, given the range of adaptation options available. Rather, the opposite would appear to be true, and that new lines of defence will be built further into the water, effectively meaning that humans will continue to encroach on the sea.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/EY06cSJXFxE
COASTAL RESILIENCE IN THE US
Authors: Smith Jane M.
Published: January 2021

Resilience is the capacity to anticipate and plan for disturbances, resist damages and/or absorb impacts, rapidly recover afterwards, and adapt to stressors, changing conditions and constraints. Coastal hazards in the US, including the compounding of surge, rainfall, waves, climate change, and clustered events, create significate challenges to designing and maintaining resilient coastal systems. The range of design solutions include natural and nature-based, non-structural, and structural measures together with flexible adaptation strategies. Moving forward, the community requires: robust physical process and probabilistic modeling methods, advanced sensing techniques, broad collaboration, and a commitment to innovation and adaption.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/fQvAXEj0Ar0
VULNERABILITY OF A RIVER DELTA COAST TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Authors: Sahin Cihan , Ozturk Mehmet , Altunsu Ahmet , Guner H. Anil Ari , Yuksel Yalcin , Guner Kerem
Published: January 2021

The main drivers of coastal morphology evolution related to climate change are wave characteristics, storm frequency/intensity and watershed runoff. Estuaries and deltaic plains, strongly affected by the sea-level change, are highly vulnerable to future climate change impacts. Karasu Beach, located in the southwestern Black Sea, Turkey, is impacted by the Sakarya River plume. River discharge and energetic wind and wave climate are among the major physical processes that control the sediment transport pattern along the shoreline. Due to the decrease of sediment runoff to the coast related to the construction reservoirs and a harbor, significant erosion occurred, with a 7.5 m/year retreat of the coastal line. The erosion problem threatens the coastal area as well as the deep spot.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/DfYQlbOXEh8
COASTAL VEGETATION IMPACT ON STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY UNDER INUNDATION EVENTS
Authors: Kyprioti Aikaterini , Taflanidis Alexandros , Kennedy Andrew
Published: January 2021

Recent work will be presented on the estimation of structural loads due to wave loading behind semi-separable vegetation. Numerical results treating vegetation as a variable will be utilized to quantify structural vulnerability using either readily available fragility curves or comparing the induced forces (demand) to the capacity of the structure. Out-of-plane failure is considered in the latter case. Results demonstrate that the protection offered by vegetation is substantial and can lead to a significant reduction in the vulnerability of the shielded structure.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/3H2XhLI8sZA
A NEW STORM IMPACT MATRIX COMBINING BOTH COASTAL FLOODING AND EROSION HAZARDS
Authors: Leaman Christopher , Harley Mitchell , Splinter Kristen , Thran Mandi , Kinsela Michael , Turner Ian
Published: January 2021

Coastal zones are often threatened by storms that elevate water levels and increase the wave energy impacting the shoreline. These storm conditions result in coastal flooding and erosion hazards for communities, threatening lives, properties and infrastructure. Coastal impact Early Warning Systems (EWSs) are currently used to alert authorities of potential impacts prior to advancing storms. Effective EWSs provide important windows of opportunity to undertake mitigating actions to minimize the damage caused by a storm.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/-U6uEHfLizA
SPH MODELLING OF TSUNAMI WAVE IMPACT ON LOW-RISE STRUCTURES
Authors: Pringgana Gede , Cunningham Lee S. , Rogers Benedict D.
Published: January 2021

This study examines the influence of low-rise structure orientations on tsunami-induced impact force. The particular focus is on low-rise structures since these often make up the majority of building stock in tsunami prone areas and are usually most vulnerable. The meshless method smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is used for simulating the tsunami flow. Multiple cube structures named A, B and C were arranged at different angles of rotation and were situated on a flat shore. Four cases were simulated with variation on the number of structures and orientation toward the tsunami direction. Case 1 comprises a single structure (SS) C without rotation (R=0 degrees) and used as the baseline, Case 2 contains multiple structures (MS) A, B and C without rotation (R=0 degrees), Case 3 includes multiple structures (MS) A, B and C with 30 degree rotation (R=30d egrees), and Case 4 consist of multiple structures (MS) A, B and C with 45 degree rotation (R=45 degrees). The simulations show that for a 2-solitary wave train the front structures generated a flow focusing effect that accelerated the bore velocity. The orientation of the multiple structures to the direction of the oncoming tsunami bore significantly affected the magnitude of the applied force, where the most effective structure orientation is provided by the 45-degree rotation. The results of this study emphasize the potential for improving tsunami resilience through appropriate positioning of structures. Importantly, such large reductions in force may provide an economic solution to building resilience in developing countries prone to tsunamis.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/WNtyTNzQ7yY
COASTAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A FETCH-LIMITED STORM-TRACKED LACUSTRINE MARINA
Authors: Dita Andrei Raphael , Cruz Eric , Santos Jose Carlo Eric
Published: January 2021

A marina for small crafts is being planned to be built within Caliraya Lake situated at an elevation of 290m above Mean Sea Level (maMSL). Unlike sea-connected water bodies, the water level of Caliraya Lake is largely influenced not by tidal fluctuations, but by the operational water level requirements of the hydroelectric power plant that it caters to. Due to the large difference in the Normal High Water Level (NHWL) and Minimum Operating Level (MOL) of the lake of 2.5m, a floating pontoon marina with guide piles was contemplated to be used. The marina analysis and design approaches implemented in this study considered waves generated by prevailing winds and ship-generated wakes to assess the wave climate and tranquility within the marina. Since the project area is also frequently tracked by typhoons, wind- and pressure-driven storm surges were also used for the vertical siting of the guide piles. Lastly, based on the geographic appearances of the lake shoreline and with the small size of the lake, the fetch limitations resulted to very small wind-generated waves and wind setup considered as wind-driven storm surge components. In comparison to open seas where wind-driven storm surge accounts for approximately 95percent of the total storm surge, the wind-driven storm surge components for the potentially critical historical typhoons which traversed within 200-km radius of the project area only generated 10-30percent of the total storm surge considered for the vertical siting.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/m-XEEw6r99g
STUDY OF RAPID SEDIMENTATION AT PARESAR INTAKE BASIN, CASPIAN SEA, DUE TO LARGE WRACK PARTICLES AND WIND-INDUCED CURRENTS
Authors: Rashvand Mina , Soltanpour Mohsen , Kharrazi Amir Masoud Moattar
Published: January 2021

The rapid sedimentation at the entrance of Paresar intake basin is studied, in which unnatural wrack accumulation at the coast, combined with the existing sand, resulted in a major increase in the actual Longshore Sediment Transport (LST) rate. Considering the volume of updrift fillet at the northwest of main breakwater and the estimated LST rate, the advancement of updrift shoreline was highly unexpected. Sands and vegetative wracks were observed only 3 years after constructing the rubble mound breakwaters, resulting in water depth decrease at the entrance. Employing field measurements and numerical modeling, it is revealed that general wind-induced currents in Caspian Sea, which were ignored in the design, have a small effect on increasing LST rate. The unusual sedimentation can be mainly related to the high percentage of wrack particles at updrift coast.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/UNNnjDHL41k
LONG-TERM PREDICTION OF CASPIAN SEA LEVEL UNDER CMIP6 SCENARIOS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Hoseini S. Mahya , Soltanpour Mohsen
Published: January 2021

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is employed to predict the long-term Caspian Sea level (CSL). 114-year observed CSL data (1900-2014) and the precipitation and temperature of historical and future scenarios of Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 (CMIP6) are used to predict the future fluctuations of CSL (2015-2050). The values of the statistical indices in training, validating and testing periods (1900-2014) indicate the efficiency of the ANN in reconstruction of the CSL. Considering the outputs of different climate change projections (CMIP6) and excluding the human interventions, the study predicts the CSL fluctuation range of -28 m to -26m until 2050.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/Kfj-gr65TR8
RANS MODELLING OF CROSS-SHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND MORPHODYNAMICS IN THE SWASH-ZONE
Authors: Kranenborg Joost , Campmans Geert , Jacobsen Niels , Werf Jebbe van der , McCall Robert , Reniers Ad , Hulscher Suzanne
Published: January 2021

Most numerical studies of sediment transport in the swash zone use depth-averaged models. However, such models still have difficulty predicting transport rates and morphodynamics. Depth-resolving models could give detailed insight in swash processes but have mostly been limited to hydrodynamic predictions. We present a depth-resolving numerical model, based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, capable of modelling sediment transport and morphodynamics in the swash zone.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/PB8Vs0LJq88
RANS SIMULATION OF BREAKER BAR DEVELOPMENT USING A STABILIZED TURBULENCE MODEL
Authors: Larsen Bjarke Eltard , Fuhrman David R.
Published: January 2021

The results demonstrate the significant advantages of utilizing formally stabilized turbulence closure models in accurately predicting the surf zone dynamics, sediment transport, and breaker bar morphology in the shoaling region and in the outer surf zone using RANS models. Simulated evolution using a stabilized turbulence model is demonstrated to predict cross-shore breaker bar position, growth and evolution. This is in contrast to results using (otherwise identical) standard turbulence closure, which tend to flush the bar further offshore. Further improvements are still needed to increase hydrodynamic accuracy, hence sediment transport and morphological evolution, in the inner surf zone.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/R_sm_06qQGM
EQUILIBRIUM MODELING OF CURRENT AND FUTURE BEACH EVOLUTION: VOUGOT BEACH, FRANCE
Authors: Chataigner Teddy , Yates Marissa , Dantec Nicolas Le , Suanez Serge , Floch France , Bouvard Gabin , Leary Matt , Petton Coretin , Cailler Nicolas
Published: January 2021

The impacts of climate change, including sea level and wave climate changes, may increase future erosion risks. Thus, it is important to improve knowledge of the dominant physical processes controlling medium- to long-term shoreline evolution, as well as the performance of beach evolution models reproducing past observations and predicting future changes. Empirical equilibrium beach change models may be an optimal choice at these spatial and temporal scales. Here, morphological changes at Vougot Beach (Brittany, France) are analyzed by evaluating the cross-shore evolution of contour elevations (-1 to 6m) along six intertidal beach profiles using observations and an equilibrium beach change model, and then three methods for estimating the impacts of climate change are applied and compared.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/p70KuzjR1kU
NEW SUSPENDED SAND CONCENTRATION MODEL FOR BREAKING WAVES
Authors: Lim Gabriel , Jayaratne Ravindra , Shibayama Tomoya
Published: January 2021

Process-based morphodynamic modelling suites (as well as other process-based models) are often considered to be inefficient and unsuitable for simulating medium- to long-term morphodynamics due to the various theoretical (e.g. robustness of sediment transport models) and practical (e.g. computational costs) limitations. In particular, a lack of knowledge of sediment transport processes and how they relate to hydrodynamics makes the application of short-term models to long-term coastal evolution challenging. Even the state-of-the-art coastal area modelling suites (such as Delft3D and MIKE21) consist of relatively simple physics, relying instead on numerous semi-empirical parameterizations, which are often poorly supported by measured data and/or physical process understanding. In particular, suspended sediment transport in the highly turbulent surf zone is poorly modelled under breaking wave conditions. Six existing suspended sand concentration (SSC) models were critically evaluated against four high-resolution datasets with field-scale breaking waves and co-located velocity and concentration measurements over multiple cross-shore zones (shoaling, breaking and inner-surf zones). A new improved concentration model was proposed based on a novel empirical relationship observed between local water depth and reference concentration, as well as latest process understanding and insights.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/2iBrnXs4b3M
INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE ENERGY AND STRUCTURE OF LOCAL STORM EVENTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
Authors: Korzinin Dmitry
Published: January 2021

The structure of storm events means the character of the wave energy distribution in time over the storm period. The storm includes three principal phases: increase, stabilization and waning. The main idea that resulting morphological effect of storm depends on both quantity of wave energy within every phases and distribution of different storm phases over the time. The post-storm relief in the coastal zone depends heavily on the particularity of hydro- and lithodynamic processes during the storm waning phase. The main objectives of the study include estimation of seasonal distribution of wave energy and character of structure of separate storm events for different seasons.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/mgDDF-oQg94
LARGE AND SMALL SCALE WAVE OVERTOPPING MEASUREMENTS FOR AFSLUITDIJK REHABILITATION PROJECT
Authors: Ockeloen Wouter , Kuiper Coen , Steen Sjoerd van den
Published: January 2021

The 'Afsluitdijk' is a 32 km enclosure dam which separates the Wadden sea and the Lake IJssel. The dam currently undergoes a major rehabilitation to meet the requirements with regard to water safety. The Dutch Ministry of infrastructure and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat division) has commissioned Levvel, a consortium of BAM, Van Oord and Rebel, to prepare the design and carry out the reconstruction of the dam including sluices and highway. The project includes reinforcement of the armour layers and wave overtopping reduction. As part of the contract Rijkswaterstaat prescribed the contractor (Levvel) to verify the design with large scale physical model tests (min. 1:3 scale). These tests were carried out in the Delta Flume of Deltares. Prior to the large scale tests, smaller scale tests (1:20) have been carried out to optimize the design with regard to armour stability and wave overtopping. The research described here focuses on the wave overtopping.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/kPga0wVCCIE
THE COMPARISON OF EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR THE PREDICTION OF MEAN WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE AT ARMORED SLOPED STRUCTURES
Authors: Koosheh Ali , Etemad-Shahidi Amir , Cartwright Nick , Tomlinson Rodger , Hosseinzadeh Shabnam
Published: January 2021

Armored sloped structures are generally used to provide the safety of their lee side, i. e. harbours and coastal regions against wave attacks and storm surge. Recently, due to the potential impact of climate change, increasing emphasis has been placed on their hydraulic performance (e.g. Pillai et al. 2019). Thus, accurate estimation of wave overtopping rate, as the hydraulic response of coastal structures, has an important role in design. Wave overtopping is a complex phenomenon and depends on structural geometry and wave characteristics. Hence, empirical formulae are generally used for estimation of mean overtopping rate. These formulae have been derived from laboratory measurements in which the dimensionless measured overtopping rates are correlated with the dimensionless structural and hydraulic parameters through physical arguments. The most well-known formulae for wave overtopping prediction can be found in the Coastal Engineering Manual (2012) and European Overtopping Manual (EurOtop, 2018). The CLASH database as one of the most comprehensive datasets, was initially provided by De Rouck and Geeraerts (2005). This data base was recently updated by including more test results (EurOtop, 2018). However, a detailed comparison of formulae proposed for the estimation of overtopping rates at rubble mound sloped structures is not reported. The present paper aims to evaluate the performance of existing empirical formulae namely EurOtop 2018 (hereafter ET18), Owen (1982), van der Meer and Janssen (1995) (hereafter VMJ) and Jafari and Etemad-Shahidi (2012) (hereafter JES) against EurOtop database (updated CLASH database). The analysis includes structures with different armor types (rock, concrete cubes etc.) with both impermeable and permeable cores, to evaluate the capability of used formulae under different conditions.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/0TL5zFCf6GU
MODELLING OF WAVE OVERTOPPING LOADS ON A BUILDING BEHIND A RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER USING A 2DV NUMERICAL MODEL AND THEIR APPLICATION IN BUILDING DESIGN
Authors: Watson Phoebe , Avgeris Ioannis , F Francisco Jaime , Lara Javier L.
Published: January 2021

This study considers the wave overtopping loads on a building behind a rubble mound breakwater using 2D numerical modelling. The building will be used as Coast Guard station in Greystones Marina, which is located on the Irish Sea. Similar studies, using physical modelling, were carried out recently by Watson et al. (2018) and Park et al. (2017). The applicability of the numerical model in predicting wave overtopping forces is discussed. Appropriate design wave conditions are considered and the resultant loads are assessed to determine their impact on the design of the proposed building.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/4tZfjVDRPT4
WAVE REFLECTION FROM BERM BREAKWATERS
Authors: Pillai Karthika Krishna , Etemad-Shahidi Amir , Lemckert Charles
Published: January 2021

Wave reflection from berm breakwaters is an area less focused as these structures are generally considered to have relatively low reflection levels. However, the reflected waves may compromise the stability of the structure by inducing scour at the toe and may enhance harbour access risk (Zanuttigh et al., 2013). Hence, it is necessary that the reflection coefficients are predicted accurately. Several empirical formulas such as Postma (1989), Alikhani (2000), Zanuttigh and Van der Meer (2008) and Van der Meer and Sigurdarson (2016) have been suggested for the prediction of wave reflection, Kr. In this study, physical model tests were conducted to supplement the existing berm breakwater data sets in the CLASH database (Zanuttigh et al., 2016). The measured reflection coefficients were then compared with those of the existing formulas to evaluate their performance.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/WXIoa_ae-1Y
NEW METHODS FOR STABILIZING RANS TURBULENCE MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO LARGE SCALE BREAKING WAVES
Authors: Azorakos Georgios , Larsen Bjarke Eltard , Fuhrman David R.
Published: January 2021

Recently, Larsen and Fuhrman (2018) have shown that seemingly all commonly used (both k-omega and k-epsilon variants) two-equation RANS turbulence closure models are unconditionally unstable in the potential flow beneath surface waves, helping to explain the wide-spread over-production of turbulent kinetic energy in CFD simulations, relative to measurements. They devised and tested a new formally stabilized formulation of the widely used k-omega turbulence model, making use of a modified eddy viscosity. In the present work, three new formally-stable k-omega turbulence model formulations are derived and tested in CFD simulations involving the flow and dynamics beneath large-scale plunging breaking waves.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/T2fFRgq3I8E
IMPLICATIONS OF CORAL REEF MINING PITS ON 2D HYDRODYNAMICS
Authors: Klaver Sebastiaan , Nederhoff Kees , Giardino Alessio
Published: January 2021

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are among the most vulnerable areas to the impact of natural hazards and climate change. Flooding due to storm surges and extreme waves, coastal erosion, and salinization of freshwater lenses are already a serious threat and could lead to irreversible consequences in the coming decades. On the other hand, reef flat mining is one of the most common practices to source the required material for the implementation of coastal protection measures on SIDS. There are strong concerns about this practice, because partial removal of the protective reef could increase wave impacts on the islands. However, the available data and knowledge on the effects of these mining pits are currently very limited. Klaver et al. (2019) studied the effects that pits may have on nearshore hydrodynamics and wave runup. Results obtained via numerical modeling indicate that excavation pits cause a decrease in infragravity wave energy around the fundamental mode of the reef, which is partly caused by reduced wave transmission. Similarly, changes in sea and swell (SS) wave energy are attributed to reduced transmission, as well as a decrease in wave dissipation and (triad) wave-wave interaction. Earlier studies by Ford et al. (2013) and Yao et al. (2016) point out that mining pits may lead to additional two-dimensional effects. In this presentation, we present the potential 2D effects of reef flat excavation pits on nearshore hydrodynamics. More specifically, we aim to assess the impact of excavation pits on nearshore circulation patterns, which could be an indicator of coastal morphological changes.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/85-IMM66eWE
SURGE AND WAVE CONDITIONS UNDER WARMER ICE-FREE ARCTIC OCEAN
Authors: Mall Martin , Nakamura Ryota , Shibayama Tomoya
Published: January 2021

In the past decade the fast changes within the Arctic basin have become more pronounced. The Arctic amplification has an extremely wide range of global and local implications. The latter has already caused negative impact to coastal communities along the Arctic coastline, where the decreasing annual sea ice extent leaves much of the coastal water open for potential high wave attacks for a longer period of time. The study aims to investigate the use of pseudo-climate modelling approach in the Arctic by looking at meteorology, surge and waves.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/SjVaZRnFva8
VERIFICATION OF MULTI DIRECTIONAL WAVE GENERATION BASED ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL WAVE TANK
Authors: Okajima Riku , Arikawa Taro
Published: January 2021

Although it is still tricky to stably solve multi-directional irregular waves using a three-dimensional numerical wave tank, several studies have been carried out in recent years with the development of computers (e.g., Wang et al., 2019). In order to calculate stable multidirectional irregular waves, it is necessary to devise the incident boundary conditions. In this study, the wave generation source model (Yamano et al., 2010), which can generate waves in the calculation domain, was applied to verify the stable multi-directional irregular wave generation based on 3D Navier-Stokes simulations. At first, it was verified whether unidirectional irregular waves could be generated or not. Next, multidirectional irregular waves were verified. The calculation time was also summarized.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link):
Desulfuribacillia
class. nov.
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Abin Christopher A. , Hollibaugh James T.
Published: January 2021

De.sul.fu.ri.ba.cil'li.a. N.L. pl. n.
Desulfuribacillia
the class of the type order
Desulfuribacillales
.

Firmicutes / Desulfuribacillia class. nov.

Class
Desulfuribacillia
forms a deep‐branching phylogenetic lineage at the base of the phylum
Firmicutes
and includes obligately anaerobic haloalkaliphilic bacteria with respiratory metabolism. It consists of a single order
Desulfuribacillales
, family
Desulfuribacillaceae,
and genus
Desulfuribacillus
.

Type order
:
Desulfuribacillales
.
Raineyaceae
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição
Published: January 2021

Rai.ney.a.ce'ae. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Raineya,
type genus of the family; suff. –
aceae,
ending denoting a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Raineyaceae
, the
Raineya
family.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Raineyaceae

The family
Raineyaceae
is a member of the order
Cytophagales
. This family is monogeneric, presently embracing the genus
Raineya
composed of one validly published species named
Raineya orbicola
. Cells are rod‐shaped and are nonmotile. The organism stains Gram‐negative and endospores are not observed. The organism is slightly thermophilic and strictly aerobic. Grows in complex media with neutral pH. Carbohydrates and polyols are not utilized for growth. Some organic acids and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone 7 (MK‐7). The polar lipid profile is composed of unidentified aminolipids, unidentified aminophospholipids, and additional unidentified lipids. The predominant fatty acids are iso‐branched and hydroxy fatty acids. Isolated from hydrothermal areas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.2 (HPLC).

DNA G + C content (%)
: 37.6 (genome).

Type genus
:
Raineya
Albuquerque et al. 2018
VP
.
Rhodomicrobium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: January 2021

Rho.do.mi.cro' bi.um. Gr. neut. n.rhodonthe rose; Gr. masc. adj.microssmall; Gr. masc. n.bioslife; N.L. neut. n.Rhodomicrobiumred microbe.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Rhodomicrobium

Most characteristic forRhodomicrobiumspecies is the polar cell growth and the characteristic vegetative growth cycle which includes the formation of peritrichously flagellated swarmer cells and nonmotile “mother cells,” which form prosthecae from one to several times the length of the mother cell. Daughter cells originate as spherical buds at the end of the prosthecae and may undergo differentiation in various ways. They are Gram‐negative ovoid to elongate‐ovoid bacteria belonging to theAlphaproteobacteria. Internal photosynthetic membranes are of the lamellar type. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series. The predominant cellular fatty acid is C18:1, which comprises more than 80% of the membrane‐bound fatty acids. Ubiquinone and rhodoquinone with 10 isoprene units are present, and the lipopolysaccharides are characterized by a glucosamine‐containing, phosphate‐free lipid A with amide‐bound C16:03 OH.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 61.8–63.8.

Type species:Rhodomicrobium vannieliiDuchow and Douglas 1949.
Phocoenobacter
Authors: Foster Geoffrey
Published: January 2021

Pho.coe.no.bac'ter. N.L. fem. n.
phocoena
derived from Gr. fem. n.
phokaina
porpoise; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Phocoenobacter
a rod from a porpoise.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Phocoenobacter

Cells spherical, ovoid, or rod shaped, 0.2–0.5 × 0.5–1.0 μm. Occasional longer forms occur. Some cells demonstrate bipolar staining. Gram‐negative. Nonmotile. Facultative anaerobes. Optimum temperature for growth, 37°C. Do not require X or V factors for growth. No growth occurs on MacConkey agar. Catalase negative, oxidase positive. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Voges–Proskauer positive. Arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, urease, and indole are not produced. Acid produced from glucose. Isolated from a porpoise.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 41.5 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Phocoenobacter uteri
Foster et al. 2000.
Kineothrix
Authors: Haas Kelly N. , Blanchard Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2021

Ki'ne.o.thrix. Gr. v.
kineo
to move; Gr. fem. n.
thrix, trichos
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Kineothrix
a moving hair.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Kineothrix

Kineothrix
is a genus in the phylum Firmicutes, Class Clostridia, Order Clostridiales, Family
Lachnospiraceae
. Currently, it contains only the representative species,
Kineothrix alysoides
. Though originally isolated from a forest‐soil seeded microcosm, close relatives are human gut associated, appearing in several gut microbiome sequencing surveys. It is broadly saccharolytic, including growth on many mucus‐associated sugars. The presence of typical nitrogen fixation genes and its ability to grow without added ammonium or urea suggest it may be capable of nitrogen fixation.
Kineothrix alysoides
grows optimally at pH 7 and 40° C. Colonies appear between 48 and 96 h and are convex, round, glossy, off‐white with entire margins. Older cultures develop undulating margins as the colonies spread across the agar. Cells are motile, due to a single polar flagellum. Cells are slender rods often occurring singly or in long chains. Individual cells are generally 0.5–0.6 μm in width by 3.3 to 6.7 μm in length, with chains regularly exceeding 30 μm. The dominant fatty acids are C
16:0
and C
14:0
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.74% (genome).

Type species
:
Kineothrix alysoides
Haas and Blanchard 2017
VP
.
Thermodesulfomicrobium
gen. nov.
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: January 2021

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. fem. n.
thermê
, heat; L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo‐
, desulfuricating (prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote); N.L. neut. n.
microbium
(from Gr. adj.
mikros
, small and Gr. n.
bios
, life), a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Thermodesulfomicrobium
, thermophilic sulfate–reducing microbe.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfomicrobiaceae / Thermodesulfomicrobium gen. nov.

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.7 × 2–3 μm. Spore formation was not observed. Gram stain negative. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The genus currently accommodates a single, moderately thermophilic species
Thermodesulfomicrobium thermophilum
. Anaerobe with respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. The only described species is a chemoorganoheterotroph using simple organic acids and alcohols as electron donors and carbon sources; these compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate and are coupled to reduction of sulfate and other partially oxidized sulfur compounds to sulfide. Chemolithoautotrophic growth by sulfate reduction using H
2
and CO
2
as electron donor and carbon source, respectively. However, in contrast to many other autotrophic sulfate‐reducing bacteria, the genes for the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway are not present in the genome. The species can also grow by fermentation of pyruvate and fumarate. Cultivated in anoxic media with sulfide and cysteine as reductants. Vitamins are not required. Thermophilic with an optimal growth temperature of 55°C. Optimal pH for growth is 6.6. Desulfoviridin is absent and menaquinones are not known, a
c

3

– cytochrome is present. Sequence of 16S rRNA gene is most closely related to those of members of the genus
Desulfomicrobium
with a sequence identity of 92.5–94.0%. The only described species of genus was isolated from terrestrial hot spring in Paipa, Colombia. Representatives of the genus were detected by molecular techniques in some hot springs from various geographic locations and exploited hot petroleum reservoirs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.6 (genome).

Type species
:
Thermodesulfomicrobium thermophilum
comb. nov. (basonym:
Desulfomicrobium thermophilum
Thevenieau et al. 2007, VL118).
Desulfocurvibacter
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: January 2021

De.sul.fo.cur.vi.bac'ter. L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo‐
, desulfuricating (prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote); L. adj.
curvus
, curved; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, rod; L. masc. adj.
Desulfocurvibacter
, a curved sulfate‐reducing rod.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Desulfocurvibacter

Cells are vibrio to sigmoid shaped, 0.5 × 3.5–10.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by lophotrichous flagella or a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using lactate, pyruvate, or ethanol as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. H
2
can serve as an electron donor in the presence of acetate or yeast extract as an organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Formate can also be used with acetate or yeast extract. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide. Desulfoviridin is present. Sulfur slowly reduced, but might not support growth. Nitrate is not used as an electron acceptor. Does not require NaCl but tolerates up to 40 g/l. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of pyruvate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Neutrophilic, the optimum pH for growth is 7.0. Media containing a reductant are required for growth. Occur in anoxic freshwater, marine sediments, and soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.1–62.4 (LC, genome).

Type species:
Desulfocurvibacter africanus
Spring et al. 2019, VL188 (basonym:
Desulfovibrio africanus
Campbell et al. 1966
AL
).
Desulfohalovibrio
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: January 2021

De.sul.fo.ha.lo.vi'bri.o. L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo
‐, desulfuricating (prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote); Gr. masc. n.
hals halos
, salt; L. v.
vibro
, to set in tremulous motion, move to and fro, vibrate; N.L. masc. n.
vibrio
, that which vibrates, and also a bacterial genus name of bacteria possessing a curved rod shape (
Vibrio
); N.L. masc. n.
Desulfohalovibrio
, a salt (‐loving) vibrio that reduces sulfur compounds.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Desulfohalovibrio

Cells are curved to sigmoid‐shaped, 0.5–0.8 × 1.4– 5.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using lactate and pyruvate as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Ethanol is used by one species and is oxidized to acetate. H
2
can serve as an electron donor in the presence of acetate as an organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Formate is also used in the presence of acetate. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide. Desulfoviridin is present. Fumarate, nitrate, ferric iron are not used. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of pyruvate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature for growth is 37–43°C. Species are either neutrophilic with optimum pH of 7.5 or alkalitolerant with optimum of 9.0–9.4. All species require NaCl and a reductant for growth. One species requires yeast extract for growth. Cells contain desulfoviridin and cytochrome
c
3
. Major cellular fatty acids are anteiso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, and C
16:0
. The polar lipid composition is dominated by phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and aminolipids. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. Occur in cyanobacterial mats of hypersaline lakes and corroding parts of heating plants, but might be more widespread in various habitats.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 64.5–65.5 (LC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfohalovibrio reitneri
Spring et al. 2019, VL188.
“
Macrodesulfovibrio
” gen. nov.
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: January 2021

Ma.cro.de.sul.fo.vi'bri.o. Gr. masc. adj.
makros
, large; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovibrio,
a bacterial genus; N.L. masc. n.
Macrodesulfovibrio
, a large
Desulfovibrio
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae /
Macrodesulfovibrio
gen. nov.

Cells are vibrio to rod shaped, 1.0–1.5 × 5.0–10.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and chemolithoheterotrophic. Lactate and pyruvate serve as electron donors and carbon sources and are incompletely oxidized to acetate. H
2
can serve as an electron donor in the presence of acetate as an organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Desulfoviridin is present. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature range for growth is 35–37°C. Media containing cysteine as a reductant (all species) and as co‐substrate for growth (one species) and vitamins (one species) are required for growth. Occurs in anoxic freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.6–55.5 (
T
m
, LC).

Type species
:
“
Macrodesulfovibrio giganteus
”
comb. nov. (basonym:
Desulfovibrio giganteus
Esnault et al. 1988
AP
, VL26).
Oceanidesulfovibrio
gen. nov.
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: January 2021

O.ce.a.ni.de.sul.fo.vi'bri.o. L. masc. n.
oceanus
, ocean; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovibrio,
a bacterial genus; N.L. masc. n.
Oceanidesulfovibrio
, a
Desulfovibrio
from the ocean.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae /
Oceanidesulfovibrio
gen. nov.

Cells are vibrios or curved rods, 0.4–1.2 × 1.5–5.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using lactate, pyruvate, malate (some species), and fructose (some species) as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Alcohols are oxidized by some species to their corresponding carboxylic acids. H
2
can serve as an electron donor in the presence of acetate as an organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Formate is also used in the presence of acetate. Sulfate (all species), and often sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Desulfoviridin is present. Fumarate is used by one species. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of lactate, pyruvate, malate, or fumarate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature for growth ranges from 15 to 50°C. Neutrophilic, with the growth pH range of 6.4–8.5. The genus contains three species transferred from the former genus
Desulfovibrio
. All species are moderately halophilic. Media containing a reductant are required for growth; some species also require vitamins. Occur in anoxic marine habitats.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.1–60.4 (LC).

Type species
:
Oceanidesulfovibrio gabonensis
comb. nov. (basonym:
Desulfovibrio gabonensis
Tardy‐Jacquenod et al. 1996
VP
).
Desulfuribacillus
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Abin Christopher A. , Hollibaugh James T.
Published: January 2021

De.sul.fu.ri.ba.cil'lus L. pref.
de‐
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. masc. n.
bacillus
, a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfuribacillus
, a sulfur‐reducing rod.

Firmicutes / Desulfuribacillia / Desulfuribacillales / Desulfuribacillaceae / Desulfuribacillus

The genus
Desulfuribacillus
was originally described as a deep unaffiliated lineage in the order
Bacillales
. However, according to more recent phylogenomic analyses, it can be assigned into a separate class‐level taxon. It includes obligately anaerobic, Gram‐positive, spore‐forming bacteria capable of anaerobic respiration of thiosulfate, sulfur, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), arsenate, antimonate, nitrate, nitrite, selenate, and selenite. Members are low to moderately salt‐tolerant and alkaliphilic. They inhabit anaerobic sediments of soda lakes. The genus currently includes the type species
Desulfuribacillus alkaliarsenatis
and
Desulfuribacillus stibiiarsenatis
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37.5–38.2 (genomic).

Type species
:
Desulfuribacillus alkaliarsenatis
Sorokin et al. 2014, VL159.
2020: A year many hope will never be repeated
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2021

Last year began auspiciously: new money for treatment, a focus on expanding prevention and an increasing recognition that focusing on opioids only is not helping the multifactorial substance use disorder (SUD) problems of the country. But in March, COVID‐19 appeared, pushing SUDs to the side in terms of attention.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of α‐Ketothioesters
Authors: Naskar Sandip , Mal Kanchan , Maity Rajib , Das Indrajit
Published: January 2021

α‐Ketothioesters have only recently received widespread attention as synthetic intermediates and an impressive growth has been realized for their utilization in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Several elegant approaches such as oxidative thioesterification and radical coupling allow for their convenient synthesis from easily available starting materials, e. g., methyl ketones, alkenes, alkynes, and α‐hydroxyketones. Due to their multifaceted and diverse reactivities, several important reactions such as C(O)−S bond cleavage and S‐migration with various C‐, N‐, and O‐based nucleophiles, Ni‐catalyzed mono‐ and double‐decarbonylations, enantioselective carbonyl‐ene reaction, diastereoselective hetero Diels‐Alder reactions with olefins, and different types of cyclization reactions have been observed. They have also proven to be a valuable tool for the synthesis of heterocycles, pharmaceutically relevant anticancer drug, and natural product. However, in comparison to other 1,2‐dicarbonyl derivatives such as α‐ketooxoesters, α‐ketoamides, and α‐ketoaldehydes, they are much less appreciated as synthetic intermediates. This review summarizes the recent advancements achieved in the synthesis of α‐ketothioesters as well as their applications in the development of new reactions for the formation of C−C, C−N, and C−O bonds, including multiple bond‐forming processes.

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Comparison of two different techniques in emergency surgery of colon diverticulitis: Hartmann's procedure and resection with primary anastomosis
Authors: Şentürk Mustafa , Çelik Abdulkadir , Çakır Murat , Yıldırım Mehmet Aykut , Belviranlı Mehmet Metin
Published: January 2021

Colon diverticula may require emergency or elective surgery depending on its complications. Our aim is to compare the Hartmann's procedure and resection with primary anastomosis in the patients with colon diverticulitis and to demonstrate the surgical approach of our clinic. Patients were evaluated retrospectively who were operated for colon diverticulitis between January 2010 and January 2020. The patients who underwent emergency surgery for left colon diverticulitis were divided into two groups as patients with primary anastomosis resection (group 1) and Hartmann's procedure (group 2) and the groups were compared. In the aspect of the development of complications there was no remarkable difference between the groups (P = .56). Postoperative early mortality rate was similar in two groups (P = .12). According to the Hinchey classification, 31.7% of the cases were stage I, 9.8% were stage II, 31.7% were stage III, and 26.8% were stage IV. There was not a distinction in morbidity and mortality rates between Hartmann's procedure and resection with primary anastomosis. The best surgical approach should be determined by considering the operation to be performed, the patient's preferences, clinical status, and the predicted results of the surgical treatment of perforated diverticulitis.
Transition to virtual clinic: Experience in a multidisciplinary clinic for Down syndrome
Authors: Santoro Stephanie L. , Donelan Karen , Haugen Kelsey , Oreskovic Nicolas M. , Torres Amy , Skotko Brian G.
Published: January 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic necessitated a rapid transition from in‐person office visits to virtual visits in the Down syndrome specialty program at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH DSP). We describe the clinic transition to virtual visits in April 2020 and reflect on our six‐month experience in virtual visits. Clinic metrics were tracked. Electronic survey responses were collected from caregivers attending virtual visits. Input from the MGH DSP team was collected. From April to September 2020, we maintained patient volume (45 visits per month) and overall satisfaction score (6.7 out of 7) following a sudden, unanticipated transition to virtual visits. Survey of 17 caregivers attending virtual visits found that most were equipped with technology, had access to a private location, and most were able to access visit without any limitations. Caregivers appreciated the convenience of virtual visits but sometimes missed the personal connection of an in‐person visit. Overall, though, virtual visits were frequently viewed as no different than office visits. Team members identified benefits and challenges of virtual visits, as well as lessons learned from this transition. We were able to maintain multidisciplinary, specialty care with optimal caregiver feedback and sustained number of patient visits.