bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light Transmittivity of an Extended Circular Plain Knitted Fabric
Authors: Matsumoto Yo-Ichi , Shinohara Kazuo , Takatera Masayuki , Azuma Yoshiaki , Morooka Hideo
Published: March 2008

In order to improve the sheerness of pantyhose to enhance the beauty of women's legs. the design and development of a new yarn and product are proposed. An experimental covering machine with a hollow spindle is produced, and the relationship between the main mechanical parameters of the covering machine and the characteristics of the single covered yams are investigated. The transmittivity of circular plain knitted fabrics made from single covered yams is examined, and the relationships between the transmittivity of light, the covering level of the single covered yarns, and the extension of the knitted fabrics are discussed. The results show that pantyhose sheerness is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the yams and the extension of the knitted fabrics and cannot be defined only by yarn count. Since women appear to mistakenly define sheerness by thinking only of yarn count, it will be necessary to develop a more accurate definition or description of pantyhose sheerness.
Clustering Analysis for Cotton Trash Classification
Authors: Xu B. , Fang C. , Watson M.D.
Published: March 2008

Raw cotton may contain various kinds of trash, such as leaf, bark, and seed coat particles. The content of each of these trash categories is useful information for finding more efficient cleaning processes and predicting the quality of the finished products. This paper addresses the importance of using chromatic and geometric features of trash for trash description, and presents three different clustering methods that automatically classify trash based on the feature measurements. Compared with the geometric attributes of trash, such as size and shape, color attributes are less changeable during harvesting and ginning of cotton and are therefore more reliable and descriptive in categorizing trash. Three clustering methods—sum of squares, fuzzy, and neural network—prove effective for trash classification. Sum of squares clustering and fuzzy clustering require iterative computations and generate comparable classification accuracy. Neural network clustering yields the highest accuracy, but it needs more computational time for network training.
A Comparison of Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods for Analyzing Wool/Polyester Textile Blends
Authors: Church J.S. , O'Neill J.A. , Woodhead A.L.
Published: March 2008

Vibrational spectroscopic techniques of FT-Raman, mid-infrared attenuated total reflec tance, mid-infrared diffuse reflectance, and near infrared diffuse reflectance are investigated for the quantitative analysis of wool/polyester textile blends. Data sets based on undyed fabric samples are analyzed using both classical least squares and partial least squares approaches. The PLS calibrations based on the ATR and first derivative NIR data are superior with standard errors of cross validation less than 1.5. A validation set consisting of samples extremely different from those in the training set gives standard errors of prediction of 5.2 and 2.4, respectively. These models are used to analyze blended batts and washed fabric samples. Useful results can be obtained independent of such parameters as sample structure and coloration. The complementary nature of these techniques makes their combination valuable as an industrial quality control, monitoring, and trouble shooting tool.
Fabric Yellowing Caused by Citric Acid as a Crosslinking Agent for Cotton
Authors: Yun Lu  , Yang Charles Q.
Published: March 2008

Citric acid (CA), one of the polycarboxylic acids used as crosslinking agents for cotton, is cost-effective and environmentally friendly, but its tendency to discolor fabric is a major disadvantage for white fabrics. In this research, we investigate cotton fabric yellowing caused by citric acid at elevated temperatures. We find that yellowing increases as curing temperature, curing time, and CA concentration increase. Using sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst causes less fabric yellowing than monosodium phosphate. The wet analysis data demonstrate that an alkene double bond is formed on cotton fabric treated with CA under curing conditions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data indicate that CA is partially converted to trans- and cis-aconitic acids on cotton through dehydration. The visible spectra of fabric treated with trans- and cis-aconitic acids and cured at elevated temper atures show strong absorption in the 400-550 nm region. For polymeric multifunctional carboxylic acids, an increased number of hydroxyl groups in their molecules increases fabric yellowing. Therefore, yellowing caused by citric acid and other hydroxyl multi functional carboxylic acids can probably be attributed to the formation of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids.
The Cotton Fiber Property Variability Continuum from Motes Through Seeds
Authors: Davidonis G.H. , Johnson A. , Landivar Juan A. , Hood Kenneth B.
Published: March 2008

Cotton fiber quality at the bale level is a composite of all the constitutive fibers in the bale. Bales contain fibers from both mature seeds and motes (developmentally arrested seeds). The degree of variability shown in the fiber properties of seeds and motes serves as an indicator of the amount of variability in a bale. Cotton ( Gossyium hirsutum L.) has been collected from machine harvested fields, and fibers have been removed by hand or ginned with a small laboratory saw gin and analyzed with the Zellweger-Uster advanced fiber information system (AFIS). Distribution of ginned mote and seed weights are similar for three cotton varieties, but composite fiber properties are different. Early termination of embryo growth results in short-fiber motes. The degree of secondary wall deposition for short-fiber motes shows that the capacity for cell wall synthesis is not terminated with the termination of embryo growth. Cotton samples are categorized by ginned mote and seed weights. The cotton varieties with the most mature fibers also have the most mature mote fibers. As ginned seed weight increases, fiber maturity increases. Fiber perimeter values fluctuate for motes but remain constant once a ginned seed weight of 56 mg is reached.
An Improved Mathematical Simulation of the Coupled Diffusion of Moisture and Heat in Wool Fabric
Authors: Yi Li  , Zhongxuan Luo
Published: March 2008

An improved mathematical model that takes into account the water vapor sorption mechanisms of wool fiber is developed to describe and predict the coupled heat and moisture transport in wool fabrics. The two-stage moisture sorption of wool is handled by a diffusion equation with two sets of variable water vapor diffusion coefficients in the fibers. The improved model is solved numerically by the finite difference method. Predictions from the new model are compared with those from the Nordon-David model and the previous two-stage model, and with experimental observations. Processes of moisture transfer in the air and in fibers and their interaction with heat transfer under humidity transient conditions are illustrated by a series of 3D diagrams.
In-situ Polymerization of Maleic Acid and Itaconic Acid and Crosslinking of Cotton Fabric
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Yun Lu
Published: March 2008

Polycarboxylic acids have been used as crosslinking agents for cellulosic materials to replace traditional formaldehyde-based reagents. The literature reports that maleic acid (MA) and itaconic acid (ITA) can copolymerize on cotton fabric in the presence of potassium persulfate, and esterification of cotton by the copolymer imparts wrinkle resistance to the treated cotton fabric. Our previous research found that in-situ copoly merization occurs only when both potassium persulfate and sodium hypophosphite are present on the cotton fabric. In this work, we investigate in-situ homopolymerization of maleic acid and itaconic acid on cotton fabric. We use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the anhydride carbonyls formed on the cotton treated with MA and ITA. We also use a redox titration technique to determine the quantity of the remaining monomers on the treated fabric. The data indicate that MA and ITA can polymerize on the fabric at elevated temperatures when potassium persulfate is present at concentration levels higher than reported previously. This conclusion is confirmed by the performance of the cotton treated with MA and ITA in the presence of potassium persulfate at different concentration levels.
Shrinkage Properties of Wool Treated with Low Temperature Plasma and Chitosan Biopolymer
Authors: Erra P. , Molina R. , Jocic D. , Julia M.R. , Cuesta A. , Tascon J.M.D.
Published: March 2008

Low temperature plasma treatments of wool modify only the cuticle surface of the fibers, improving their surface wettability, dyeability, fiber cohesion, and shrink resistance. The shrink-resist properties obtained with plasma treatment do not impart a machine-washable finish, which is an important end-user demand. However, the shrink resistance of air plasma. treated wool is suitably enhanced by a subsequent biopolymer chitosan application. Using a qualitative colorimetric method, chitosan adsorption is shown to increase after treatment with air plasma. SEM observations yield information about the etching effect and chitosan adsorp tion. Given that both kinds of treatments, air plasma and chitosan, are environmentally acceptable, a new ecological shrink-proofing process is proposed.
Dyeing Behavior of Silk Proteins in Relation to Silkworm Diet
Authors: Ito Hiraku , Sasaki Hiroaki , Imamura Toshikatsu , Mori Hajime , Matsubara Fujiyoshi
Published: March 2008

We investigate the dyeing characteristics of silk proteins produced by silkworms reared entirely on an artificial (A) diet, and compare them with those of worms raised entirely on a mulberry leaf (M) diet. The artificial diet has tofu-cake as its main component. Two kinds of cocoons (A and M) are used as the original sample materials. The A and M raw silk samples are prepared from cocoon samples by the usual filature process. Sericin contents of the A and the M raw silk samples are 26% and 23.7%, respectively. The A and the M fibroin samples are prepared from each raw silk sample by extracting the sericin proteins with 0.5% sodium carbonate at the boil for 30 minutes. Dyeing experiments on the raw silk and the fibroin samples using an acid dye (CI Acid Orange 7, O-7) at pH 3.9 and 60°C show that the dyeing rate and dye concentration on the A fibroin are almost the same as those on the M fibroin samples. On the other hand, dye concentration on the A raw silk is much higher than that on the M raw silk samples, meaning that the dye concentration on the A sericin is much higher than that on the M sericin.
Using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Methods to Differentiate Ibex Goat and Tibetan Antelope Fibers
Authors: Rollins Chad K. , Hall David M.
Published: March 2008

The scanning electron microscope is able to provide excellent differentiation between endangered Tibetan antelope and currently used Ibex goat hair fibers for "Shahtoosh" shawls. Although there are differences in the features of the fine hair fibers from these animals, the best differentiation is accomplished by using the significant differences found in the guard hair fibers that are inextricably mixed with the softer, smaller diameter hairs. The larger diameter antelope guard hairs have extremely thin walls, a cuticle structure, and a unique scale pattern that is totally different from those of the Ibex goat. Some of this important information is not as vividly apparent in a light microscope study.
Experimental Methods for Measuring Fabric Mechanical Properties: A Review and Analysis
Authors: Bassett Richard J. , Postle Ron , Pan Ning
Published: March 2008

This is a review article of the various experimental approaches used for measuring fabric mechanical properties important in apparel handling, including the biaxial tension and in-plane shear parameters. First, the paper discusses the important issues encountered during such a fabric test. Then most existing biaxial tension and shear fabric testers are introduced and critically analyzed. Based on this information, a new tester concept is proposed in which tensile and shear forces can be applied simultaneously.
The Adequacy of Student Reports of Parental Ses Characteristics
Authors: Kayser Brian D. , Summers Gene F.
Published: March 2008

In this study, the reliability and validity of student reports of parental SES characteristics was investigated. Using panel data for student reports and independent surveys of both mothers and fathers, it was found that student reports were relatively stable over time and were more reliably measured for parental education than for either father's income or occupation. The validities of the reports were, for all but income reports, moderate. The validity of income reports was very low. It was concluded that student reports should be utilized with some caution, and, where possible, direct measures of parental SES should be used.
Formal Structure and Communication: an Examination of Two Models
Authors: Griffith James D. , Gray Louis N. , Mayhew Bruce H.
Published: March 2008

Previous theory and research in the area of large-scale organizations have suggested that there is a relationship between the organizational chart and social behavior within the organization. The prime concern of this study was to determine the degree of relationship between the formal system's chart and communication within the organization. In order to examine this supposition two statistical models were developed: (1) dealing with the organizational chart of relations, and (2) dealing with random behavior. While our findings indicate that observed interaction differs significantly from that predicted on the basis of the organization chart, there is clear evidence indicating the superiority of the organizational chart as a basis of prediction over the use of a random model of behavior.
Observation Errors in Sociological Surveys: a Model and a Method
Authors: Harper Dean
Published: March 2008

In sociological surveys, respondents occasionally give false answers to factual questions which inquire if the respondent has some attribute. The social scientist may wish to correct estimates of the proportion of respondents having the attribute or he may wish to know the amount of error which is occurring in his survey. These two objectives can be achieved by a probabilistic model which assumes (1) that respondents have some probability of giving false information, and (2) that if respondents are queried about the attribute on two or more occasions, among those with the attribute, there is statistical independence in their responses, as is also the case for those without the attribute. With further simplifying assumptions, the social scientist can estimate the probability ofgiving false information and the true proportion of respondents with the attribute.
The Utility of Intervening Constructs in Experiments
Authors: Zeller Richard A. , Warnecke Richard B.
Published: March 2008

The interpretation of experimental manipulations and the precise relation. ship of that interpretation to the observed effects are two major problems facing experimental procedures designed to test social theory. The results of the present study indicate that careful measurement of intervening attitudinal constructs is useful in dealing with these problems. Not only is the predictive power of the experimental model increased, but theoretical assumptions which usually remain untested in experimental research are clarified and explicitly tested. In particular, attention to dimensionality, validity, and reliability of intervening attitudinal constructs avoided serious misinterpretation of the intervening process in the experimental situation and the associated inference to the applicability of the theory.
Social Status and Personality Factors in Predicting Interviewer Performance
Authors: Summers Gene F. , Beck E.M.
Published: March 2008

Results are reported from an investigation of the predictive power of three interviewer social status and five personality factors in a multiple regression . analysis with four interviewer performance criteria. Personality factors are found to be more predictive of performance than social status. Clearly, one can improve the probability of hiring quality interviewers by collecting and evaluating social status and personality characteristics of applicants.
External Validity and Evaluation Research
Authors: Bernstein Ilene N. , Bohrnstedt George W. , Borgatta Edgar F.
Published: March 2008

This paper delimits and explicates threats to external validity particularly problematic in evaluation research. Five categories of factors are discussed: selection effects, measurement effects, confounded treatment effects, situational effects, and effects due to differential mortality. The paper focuses on pointing up specific ways in which each of the factors threaten generalizability and possible solutions to the methodological problems presented.
The Impact of Informed Consent Regulations On Response Rate and Response Bias
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd , Mueller Samuel A. , Hammes Richard R. , Master Lawrence S.
Published: March 2008

This paper reports an analysis of nonparticipation and bias in a survey research project conducted among seniors in 18 high schools under the federal "informed consent" regulations. Three major findings emerge. First, the use of voluntary participation and (among students under 18)parental consent procedures reduced the participation rate sharply from that obtained in a similar survey in 1964. However, the reduced participation did not introduce much bias into three criterion measures for which population data were available: mean intelligence score, mean GPA, and the intelligence-GPA correlation. Third, we found that bias in these measures on a school-by-school basis was not strongly correlated with the participation rate, suggesting that researchers need to consider factors other than the response rate in assessing the amount of bias in survey research on high school populations.
Assessing Differences Between Grouped and Individual-Level Regression Coefficients
Authors: Burstein Leigh
Published: March 2008

Several techniques for assessing differences between least-squares estimators of regression coefficients from group and individual-level data are summarized. The structural equations approach (Hannan and Burstein, 1974) and the X-rule approach (Firebaugh, 1978) generate estimates of predicted bias when individual-level data are available, and it is important to determine the consequences ofgrouping according to a known procedure. While the X-rule provides slightly more accurate forecasts, both approaches identify the same methods of grouping as resulting in either large or small bias. An approach based on the statistical significance of differences between estimators at two levels (Feige and Watts, 1972) is also described along with an alternative test based on a different interpretation of the standard test for significant differences among regression models. The empirical results indicate that both the Feige- Watts test and the proposed alternative significance test behave well for cases with small differences between group and individual-level estimates. However, the Feige- Watts test was less satisfactory when group and individual-level estimates diverged greatly. The utility and suitability of all four approaches, when (a) data are grouped by a nominal characteristic, (b) there are multiple regressors, or (c) individual-level data cannot be reconstructed, are discussed.
Optimal Procedures for Estimation of Factor Scores
Authors: Saris Willem E. , de Pijper Marius , Mulder Jan
Published: March 2008

This study identifies three different applications of factor scores which lead to three different sets of criteria for optimal estimation procedures. The regression method and the Bartlett method best satisfy the first two sets of criteria, and a generalized Anderson and Rubin procedure is optimal for the third set of criteria. The differences between the methods have been illustrated by an example.
Linear Equations and Nonlinear Estimation
Authors: Fink Edward L. , Mabee Timothy I.
Published: March 2008

When a linear structural equation model results in nonlinear procedures for solution, multiple (but finite) sets of solutions may be possible, even with population data. An example of a three-variable feedback system is given in which two sets of solutions may be generated, and each may be obtained by algebraic analysis or by numerical analysis. Issues of model specification and equilibrium must be considered to differentiate the sets of solutions and choose between them. In the absence of strong information concerning these issues, data at more than one point in time is a minimal requirement to solve for model parameters and evaluate the system of variable relations. Statistical estimation of model parameters is also considered in this context.
The War Model in Criminal Justice
Authors: Christianson Scott
Published: March 2008

The criminal justice system operates on a war model. War mentality pervades the entire criminal justice process, determining to an important extent how we treat criminal "enemies." The war model is characterized by identification of enemies and heroes, estimate of the enemy's strengths and weaknesses, development of strategy, development of military weapons and resources, utilization of dishonest language, and establishment of goals and objectives which are designed to produce "victory." We must eliminate the system's distasteful emphasis on force, physical courage, weapons, and the twin concepts of "enemies" and "heroes." Society can no longer afford to wage war either in the trenches or in the streets.
The Female Offender as an Object of Criminological Research
Authors: Rasche Christine E.
Published: March 2008

The historical development of research approaches toward the etiology of female crimes and the characteristics of female offenders is traced through the correctional literature of the last century. The changes of theories and focus of research are related to the changes in general attitudes toward women over this period. The current status of the literature indicates that the female offender is changing along with the role of women in society. Criminological knowledge of the female offender is incomplete in many areas and increasingly obsolete. Those studies based on male populations are of untested validity for women.
The Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Hadar Ilana , Snortum John R.
Published: March 2008

This investigation revealed that 202 community residents and 53 policemen agreed on standards for police conduct but differed sharply in their views on actual police behavior. Within the community, females, Caucasians, and older people set the most rigorous police standards, but males, minorities, and youth were most dissatisfied with police practices. Present results cast further doubt upon the concept of "the police personality" and yielded little evidence of an insidious enculturation process which hardens police attitudes over time. Sources of police-community friction were detailed and a community intervention program was proposed.
A Principal Components Analysis of the BPI and MMPI
Authors: Oldroyd Richard J.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the Bipolar Psychological Inventory (BPI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The BPI was designed for a correctional setting and the MMPI, while designed for a psychiatric setting, has been used extensively in corrections. More scales from the BPI loaded heavily on the Intra-Psychic Pain, Belligerent, Social Withdrawal, Sexual Identity, and Young Radical components. This suggests that the BPI does a more adequate job with the character disorders that constitute the majority of a prison population. No scales from the BPI loaded heavily on the components named Psychotic and Disowned Problems. This suggests that the BPI would not adequately identify the psychotic inmates which constitute less than 10% of the typical prison population.
Construct Validity of I-Level Classification
Authors: Austin Roy L.
Published: March 2008

Presently, California's Community Treatment Project (CTP) may be granted its claim of relative success in rehabilitating "neurotic" male delinquents. But earlier, more extensive, success claims by CTP researchers have been justifiably questioned by outside researchers. The present findings provide a possible reason for the limited success of CTP. With the data from Jesness's Preston study, Costner's multiple indicator procedure, and stepwise multiple regression, there is no evidence that competence in interpersonal relations and social maturity are important in I-level classification. But intelligence and moral orientation explain substantial amounts of the variance in I-level. These findings are contrary to the emphasis in CTP and in I-level theory, the basis of CTP.
Labeling By Self and Others
Authors: Wodarski John S. , Feldman Ronald A. , Pedi Stephen J.
Published: March 2008

Male children (n = 155) between the ages of 8 and 16 who were referred by various professionals, i.e., teachers, school counselors, psychiatrists, and social workers, and were defined as being anti-social and 221 children defined as pro-social were observed for two hours a week at a community center. Behavioral ratings were secured for 30 weeks. Children were pretested and posttested on self-inventories to measure anti-social behavior. In addition, significant adults, such as group counselors, filled out pre- and posttest inventories to measure anti-social behavior. The behavioral data revealed that the two categories of children did not significantly differ in incidence of pro-social and anti-social behavior. However, data provided by self-inventories were not consistent with the behavioral data. The results are discussed in terms of relevance for labeling theory.
Preventing Drug Abuse
Authors: Grizzle Gloria A.
Published: March 2008

This comparision of five approaches to drug abuse prevention-one education program, two treatment programs, and two law enforcement approaches—in terms of the number of "addiction years" prevented by an infusion of financial resources reveals that drug education, directed toward children 12 to 18 years old in secondary schools, is the most cost-effective approach. It is pointed out that drug education at the secondary school level also reaches a broader segment of the population, one that is more representative of the community in terms of sex, race, and socioeconomic status. The effects of government funding policies on local program implementation are noted.
Educational Intervention as a Preventive Measure
Authors: Powell W. Conrad
Published: March 2008

This paper maintains that changing the attitudes and behaviors of delinquent and delinquency-prone children requires specific intervention and that this intervention should most often occur in the school setting with the collaboration of various other community agencies. Practical approaches to diagnosis and intervention at the school level are offered. It is suggested that, since schools are much more likely to initiate a program for prevention than for treatment, it makes sense to begin with efforts in that direction.
Family Court Placement of Mentally Retarded Juvenile Offenders and the Use of Intelligence Testing
Authors: Olczak Paul V. , Stott Michael W.R.
Published: March 2008

The occurrence of mental retardation among delinquent offenders, the use of the intelligence test in court dispositions, and placement issues were examined in response to Sussman's polemic on the use of psychological testing in the juvenile justice system. Data presented failed to support several of Sussman's important contentions.
The Use of Behavioral Methods in a Short-Term Detention Setting
Authors: Gambrill Eileen D.
Published: March 2008

Two of four units in a detention center initiated point or token economies and another unit improved their point program as a result of an in-service training program. The weekly average of staff disciplinary actions for the six weeks prior to the initiation or improvement of the programs was compared with the weekly average during the six weeks afterwards. There was a significant decrease in amount of room time dispensed on these three units whereas no change occurred on a fourth unit which did not alter its procedures. This study suggests that the introduction of point economies decreases the use of aversive procedures within detention facilities.
Quick Tests of Organicity Among Drug-Using Delinquents
Authors: Andrew June M. , Bentley Margaret R.
Published: March 2008

Psychologists are often asked to determine whether a given delinquent is or is not a heavy drug user. In order to sharpen the validity of this judgment, eight neuropsychological tests were selected on the basis of ten criteria, including brevity and palatability. Neuropsychological tests were selected because previous findings had suggested that heavy drug use might be associated with organic brain pathology. The measures chosen were administered to 102 male legal offenders aged 12-17. Controls were provided for 1Q, previous head injury, and response bias. To form the criterion of drug usage level, a series of four criteria was employed to divide the boys into 68 heavy users and 34 light users. Maximally discriminating cutoffs, for each of the dependent-variable tests, for each age and ethnicity subgroup, yielded significant differentiation for seven of the eight tests involved. A composite "drug index" correctly identified 74% of the subjects, and when the most discriminating tests for each age and ethnicity group were selected, instances of false positives were reduced to 4%. Future research and clinical applications were discussed.
Reading and Cerebral Dysfunction Among Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Andrew June M.
Published: March 2008

To account for the suspected connection between organic brain dysfunction and poor reading, or dyslexia, five theories were tested as they might apply to a sample of juvenile offenders. Results failed to support the poor lateralization, right hemisphere, global, or imbalance theories, in favor of clear support for the left hemisphere theory. It was concluded that among juvenile offenders, though possibly not among other populations, poor reading appears to relate to left-hemisphere dysfunction.
Developing Mental Health Services for Local Jails
Authors: Morgan Carole
Published: March 2008

The need for mental health services in jails has become evident to both correctional and mental health personnel in recent years as the number of mentally disordered inmates has increased in the jail population. The President's Commission on Mental Health (PCMH, 1978) has noted that community mental health systems have not provided successful treatment to certain subgroups of people and that comparisons of this population with the jail population include many of the same subgroup members. They consequently reached the conclusion that a large percentage of jail and prison inmates are mentally disabled and recommended that these people should have access to appropriate mental health services. However, little proactive work has been done to study the nature of mental health problems in jails, the specific services that should be provided, or who should most appropriately deliver such services. Based upon the need for inquiry into this problem, several federally sponsored programs have been initiated since 1976 in an effort to seek new solutions and to remove the mentally ill from our nation's jails.
Dimensions of Police Types
Authors: Hochstedler Ellen
Published: March 2008

In his book, Police: Streetcorner Politicians (1977), William Ker Muir, Jr., presents a typology of police officers that is undeniably appealing, intuitively and logically. The typology of four officers rests on two dimensions: Perspective and Passion. This article presents the results of an empirical test of those two underlying dimensions. The conclusion to be drawn from the findings is that the two dimensions described by Muir, as represented empirically in this test, fail to identify the four types he depicts. Instead, the four types appear in this analysis as very general characters defined by several dimensions that are distinct rather than cohesive. Perspective and Passion, therefore, claim too much; they each contain more than can be subsumed in a single dimension.
The Role of Personal Relevance in the Formation of Distinctiveness-Based Illusory Correlations
Authors: Sanbonmatsu David M. , Shavitt Sharon , Sherman Steven J.
Published: March 2008

The conditions underlying the formation of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and the impact of such illusory correlations on behavior were investigated. Subjects read statements describing the distinctive (undesirable) and nondistinctive (desirable) attributes of two brands of pens. Fewer statements described one of the two brands, making that brand more distinctive. The proportion of desirable to undesirable statements describing the two brands of pens, though, was equaL A distinctiveness-based illusory correlation—an overestimation of the relative degree of co-occurrence between the distinctive (less frequently described) brand of pen and the distinctive (undesirable) category of attributes—tended to beformed when the pen information had low personal relevance, but not high personal relevance, for subjects. Low personal relevance condition subjects were later more likely than high personal relevance condition subjects to take the nondistinctive pen as a gift, indicating that distinctiveness-based illusory correlations affect subsequent choice behavior. The study demonstrates how personal relevance may affect the likelihood of distinctiveness-based illusory correlation formation and the initial processing of information in general. Analyses indicate that target information may be organized into an impression during initial encoding when the information encountered is high, but not when it is low, in personal relevance.
Emotional Contagion Revisited: Effects of Social Comparison and Expressive Style on Mood Convergence
Authors: Sullins Ellen S.
Published: March 2008

This study investigates the mechanisms underlying the spread of emotion from one individual to another. Subjects who were either very high or very low in nonverbal expressiveness were paired to create equal numbers of same-sex dyads in which both members were higiily expressive, both were unexpressive, or a high and a low were paired together. Moods were assessed both before and after a britf waiting period during which talking was not allowed. The results suggested that social comparison processes are, in part, responsible far mood convergence. Consistent with previous findings, the expressive members of high-low dyads exerted more influence on moods of the unexpressives than vice versa.
Social Attraction, Personal Attraction, and Self-Categorization-, A Field Study
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Hardie Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2008

A distinction based on social identity theory and self-categorization theory is made between depersonalized (i.e., group prototypical, stereotypical) social attraction and idiosyncratic personal attraction. Only the former; as the affective component of group cohesiveness, is considered to be related to group belongingness. A questionnaire administered after a training session to 28 members of an Australian football team supported the hypotheses. As predicted, group prototypicality was significantly more closely related to social attraction and to social (group-based) popularity than to personal attraction and personal (non-group-based) popularity. Furthermore, members who were morestrongly identified with the team (e.g., rated themselves as highly prototypical) employed prototypicality as a stronger basis for social attraction than other members did.
Perceived Task Difficulty, Causal Attributions, and Preferences for Structural Change in Resource Dilemmas
Authors: Samuelson Charles D.
Published: March 2008

This study investigated the effects of causal attributions for group performance on Preferences for structural change in resource dilemmas. Six-person groups performed a resource management task in which members harvested resource units from a common, replenishable pool. All subjects. received preprogrammed feedback that their group had failed to maintain the common resource. After 10 harvest trials, subjects voted whether to elect a group leader to manage the common pool in a second session. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, two variables were manipulated: perceived cause of group performance (task difficulty, personal greed) and attribution questionnaire (present, absent). As expected, a higher proportion of task difficulty subjects voted for a group leader than did personal greed subjects. This finding suggests that causal attributions for group performance moderate the perceived effectiveness of the structural change, thereby influencing numbers'choices in a manner consistent with structural goal/expectation theory of instrumental cooperation in social dilemmas.
Predictive Validity of the Dogmatic Rejection Scale
Authors: Palmer Douglas L. , Kalin Rudolf
Published: March 2008

Items were pilot-tested for a new measure of the tendency to reject belief-dissimilar individuals, the Dogmatic Rejection Scale (DRS). Its basis involves assessing the respondent's position on a given topic and then, contingent on that position, assigning a score from an item embodying rejection of individuals with an opposing opinion. Two studies (N = 303 and N = 376), using the Byrne "bogus stranger" procedure, tested the predictive and incremental validity of the DRS. The DRS was, found to predict rejection of a disagreeing "stranger." Factor and item-by-item analyses led to a revised form of the DRS. Three further studies (N = 102, 82, and 210) were conducted. Again the DRS predicted rejection of the disagreeing "stranger."From 2 was found to be an improvement over Form 1 in predictive power and reliability. Both Forms 1 and 2 of the DRS showed significantly lower correlations with political ideology than did dogmatism scores. Although each added to the level of prediction obtained when using only one of the two measures, neither the DRS nor the Dogmatism Scale was shown to add significantly more prediction than was added by the other.
Effects of Lighting-Induced Arousal on the Magnitude of Goal Valence
Authors: Biner Paul M.
Published: March 2008

Recent evidence has indicated that unlabeled residual arousal is capable of enhancing the psychological impact of potential negative outcomes. Three investigations further tested this nelationship by examining the effect of environmental lighting, an unobirusive and concurrent source of arousal, on appraisals of an avoidance goal In the first, subjects were given the opportunity to avoid an aversive noise outcome under either dim or bright illumination. As predicted, ratings of noise unpleasantness increased with the level of illumination. In the second study, two further conditions were added to the design in which subjects were given explicit arousal-labeling information. In support of the interaction prediction, noise unpleasantness evaluations were low and uniform with the provision of labeling information but reliably increased as a positive function of lighting level without it. In the final experiment, the extent and nature of the arousal, proposed to be mediating the relationship betwten lighting and goal valence, were examined.
The Paradoxical Control of American Clerks
Authors: Browner C.H. , Kubarski Katherine
Published: March 2008

This exploratory ethnographic study describes some of the control strategies used by a multinational manufacturer of communications technology to influence the attitudes and productivity of its clerical employees. Production quotas were applied to all clerical activities, but workers were also rewarded for their ability to creatively solve on-the-job problems. In addition, clerks were socialized to regard their jobs as careers, and they were expected to make personal sacrifices to benefit the corporation. The paper describes ways in which the clerical staff responded to these control efforts. Some found the rewards their jobs offered inadequate and they quit after a short time. The remainder, however, did not question the corporation's definition of the situation, and they devised ways to satisfy their employer's expectations. These ranged from superhuman efforts to meet targeted goals to quasi-legal manoeuvres to circumvent them.
Corporate Strategy, Organizations, and Subjectivity: A Critique
Authors: Knights David , Morgan Glenn
Published: March 2008

This paper attempts to develop a new approach to the study of corporate strategy. It draws on the methodology of Michel Foucault to suggest that corporate strategy can be seen as a discourse which has its own specific conditions of possibility. These are traced historically to various exercises of power within the conduct of war and the development of business organizations. Strategy is located as an emergent set of practices which has distinctive power effects on organizations and subjectivity. Analyses of strategy cannot be reduced either to rationalist accounts of markets and environments nor interpretive understandings of actors' frames of reference. The emergence and reproduction of 'strategy' as an essential element in managerial discourse needs to be located in specific changes in organizations and managerial subjectivity, because it is a mechanism of power that transforms individuals into particular kinds of subjects who secure a sense of well-being through participation in strategic practices. Conflict over 'strategy' is therefore more than just a question of career politics and market competition. It touches on the very sense of what it is to be human as well as having effects that readily legitimize prevailing relations of inequality and privilege in contemporary organizations and institutions.
Multiple Paradigms and Organizational Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Hassard John
Published: March 2008

The paper describes a new methodology for organizational analysis, multiple paradigm research. A case study is presented which uses the Burrell and Morgan (1979) model as the framework for producing four accounts of work behaviour in the British Fire Service. Details of these accounts — functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist and radical structuralist — are presented, and the findings compared. Some problems associated with the method are discussed.
On taking language tests
Authors: Cohen Andrew D.
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses methods for obtaining verbal report data on second- language test-taking strategies; reports on types of findings obtained in a number of studies conducted by university students on how learners take reading tests, in particular cloze and multiple-choice tests; and finally con siders the implications of the findings for prospective test takers and test constructors. The main conclusion is that a closer fit should be obtained between how test constructors intend for their tests to be taken and how respondents actually take them.
ESL expectations in examining
Authors: Davies Alan
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses attitudes to so-called types of English language use as demonstrated by the examinations/tests of those types. It is argued that English as a Second Language (ESL) appears to be a subcategory either of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) or of English as a Mother Tongue (EMT). The paper concludes that in querying the status of ESL examina tions (and by implication ESL use), more importantly what is called in question is the status of English as a Mother Tongue. For the purposes of this paper ESL is defined as the use of English in an English speaking en vironment by speakers for whom English is not the mother tongue. Such use is not EFL, which is here defined as the use of English for restricted functions in non-English speaking environments.
Issues in the testing of English for specific purposes
Authors: Skehan Peter
Published: March 2008

This paper examines recent approaches to communicative language testing, and, in particular, the testing of English for specific purposes (ESP). The first three sections of the paper are concerned with validation procedures as a means of verifying the claims made for new tests. These three sections con trast two approaches to language testing research — that related to Oller's unitary competence hypothesis, and that connected to the development of the ELTS (Carroll, 1978). Although the focus is on the latter, discussion of the Oller hypothesis is offered because it often provides a revealing contrast in methodology. Finally, the fourth section of the paper examines problems deriving from scoring procedures associated with ESP tests.
Testing authentic language: the problem of meaning
Authors: Seliger Herbert W.
Published: March 2008

In this paper, some of the ways in which meaning is extracted in authentic language contexts are discussed. The claim is made that it is always the case that some level of the language we use is imperfect or deviant from some putative ideal. Finally, two common contexts in which authentic but deviant language is the medium of communication are examined. In attempting to understand how participants manage to communicate in situations where the code is deviant and where they are unequal in their control of the language, we can gain insights into what contributes to successful communication under authentic conditions. Some implications for authentic language testing are considered.
The syntactic density score revisited: which of its components matter in the oral language of 9-15 year olds?
Authors: Simms Rochelle B. , Richgels Donald J.
Published: March 2008

The Syntactic Density Score (SDS) is an index of language complexity computed from 10 variously weighted component variables. The SDS has been criticized as being redundant with one of its own component variables, as being arbitrarily weighted, and as having a serious scoring anomaly. The purposes of this study were to determine if group effects would be found by using the raw scores of the 10 variables without the weightings and to see which of these variables would contribute most to group differences among older children. Language samples from 72 learning disabled students and a matched group of normally achieving peers (age range 9.0 to 15.0) were analysed. A MANOVA revealed no significant overall effect for ability nor for ability X age inter action. These was, however, a significant effect of age. Discriminant analysis with stepwise variable selection identified gerunds, verbs, prepositional phrases and number of subordinate clauses per T-unit as components of the SDS which could be used to determine age group differences. Similar analysis of com ponent variables of the SDS is recommended for future studies, rather than using the derived SDS itself.