bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diseño de un sistema de accionamiento para motor trifásico
Authors: Gómez López Julián Andrés , Muñoz Ibarra Roberto William
Published: February 2016

En este artículo se muestra el diseño e implementación de un inversor trifásico con la descripción de los respectivos módulos que lo conforman y sus respectivas palabras de control encargadas de generar las señales trifásicas, que son observadas luego a través de una interfaz de comunicación USB por medio de la herramienta de software LabView.
Diseño de una estrategia de control que involucre los actores de la cadena productiva de medicamentos a partir de la identificación y análisis de riesgos generados por el manejo inadecuado de los desechos en la localidad de Usaquén
Authors: Bejarano Bejarano Pilar , Medina Chaux Paola Andrea
Published: February 2016

Este proyecto corresponde al diseño de una estrategia de control que involucró los actores de la cadena productiva de medicamentos frente al manejo inadecuado de los envases vacíos de medicamentos, medicamentos parcialmente consumidos, y aquellos vencidos y/o deteriorados en la localidad de Usaquén. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se aplicó una encuesta a consumidores de los estratos 1 a 5 de la localidad, distribuidores o farmacias y fabricantes o laboratorios; 20 encuestas a los consumidores por cada uno de los estratos, 30 encuestas a los distribuidores y 1 al fabricante; este último debido a que en la localidad no se encontraron laboratorios, para hacer completo el estudio y tener la posibilidad de involucrar este actor de la cadena se recurrió a enviar vía mail la encuesta laboratorios de otra localidad, en total se realizaron 131 encuestas.
Therapy Effect of Ethanol Extract of Binahong Tuber on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) of Kidney of Rat Induced by Alloxan
Authors: Ummah Silviana Maslakhatul , Hasanah Hafidatul
Published: February 2016

Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.)Steenis) tuber is one of the plant that is not utilized yet for medicine. The aims of this research are to extract Binahong tuber  and determine superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of kidney of rat (RattusNorvegicus) induced by Aloxsan. Extraction of binahong tuber was conducted by maceration method using 70% ethanol. The ethanol extract was used for therapy of Rat induced by Aloxsan and to determine SOD activity. Measuring of SOD kidney activity was conducted on 6 group of rat are D1 (control), D2 (0,5 % CMC-Na, dose 1 mL/200 g body weight), D3 (aloxsan 32 mg/200g body weight), D4, D5, D6 (aloxan 32 mg/kg body weight with therapy. Doses of extract binahong tuber were 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight, respectively.The results showed that therap y of 70 % ethanol extract of Binahong tuber could increase the SOD activity of rat kidneys. But, after analyzed by ANAVA one way, the therapy did not give a real effect with value of α>0,05 (0,129>0,05). Duncan test showed that there was significant difference between D3 and D4. So the effective dose was 25 mg/kg body weight. Phytochemical test showed that ethanol extract of binahong tuber contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin and terpenoid.

 

Keywords: Tuber of Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis, Superoxide Dismutase, Alloxan
Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Oral Cavity Around Dental Implants: Report of an Unusual Case
Authors: Talebi Ardakani Mohamadreza , Shams Bahar , Meimandi Mansour , Esmaeil Nejad Azadeh , Mashhadiabbas Fatemeh , Shams Nasim
Published: February 2016

Introduction: Primary oral melanoma is an uncommon malignant tumor that originates from the proliferation of melanocytes.

Case Presentation: A 78‐year‐old man presented with a pigmented lesion around the maxillary anterior implant prosthesis. The lesion was excised and diagnosed as a melanoma. Biopsy showed a malignant pigmented neoplasm that included proliferation of dysplastic melanocytes into the superficial layers of the submucosa. Initial testing, including a positron emission tomography scan, showed no metastasis; however, after 7 months, the patient developed a cervical lymphadenopathy. A neck dissection was performed and indicated that there was metastasis of the primary melanoma. After surgery, the patient received chemotherapy.

Conclusions: Histologic examination of the excised lesion revealed the presence of a malignant melanoma in association with a junctional nevus of the oral mucosa. The patient was referred to the oral and maxillofacial department for further evaluation.
Immediate Single‐Tooth Implant Placement in Bony Defects in the Esthetic Zone: A 1‐Year Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Slagter Kirsten W. , Meijer Henny J.A. , Bakker Nicolaas A. , Vissink Arjan , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: February 2016

Background: This study aims to assess, with regard to marginal bone level (MBL), whether the outcome of immediate implant placement in bony defects in the esthetic zone was non‐inferior to delayed implant placement after 1 year.

Methods: Forty patients with a failing tooth in the esthetic zone and a labial bony defect of ≥5 mm after removal of a tooth were randomly assigned for immediate (n = 20) or delayed (n = 20) implant placement. Second‐stage surgery and provisionalization occurred after 3 months of healing. Follow‐up was at 1 month and 1 year after definitive crown placement. The study was powered to detect a difference in MBL of >0.9 mm. Buccal bone thickness, soft tissue peri‐implant parameters, esthetic indices, and patient satisfaction were also assessed.

Results: One year after definitive crown placement, MBL loss was 0.56 ± 0.39 mm mesially and 0.74 ± 0.51 mm distally for the immediate placement group and 0.51 ± 0.43 mesially and 0.54 ± 0.45 distally mm for the delayed placement group, respectively (not significant). Regarding differences in means, non‐inferiority was observed after 1 year (difference in mean for immediate versus delayed: mesially 0.04 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.22 to 0.30 mm, P = 0.40]; distally 0.21 mm [95% CI = −0.10 to 0.51 mm, P = 0.58]). No significant differences in the other outcome variables were observed.

Conclusions: Immediate implant placement with delayed provisionalization was non‐inferior to delayed implant placement with delayed provisionalization in labial bony defects of ≥5 mm regarding change in MBL. Although not powered for other outcome variables, no clinically relevant differences were observed in these variables.
Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography for Detection of Intrabony and Furcation Defects: A Systematic Review Based on a Hierarchical Model for Diagnostic Efficacy
Authors: Nikolic‐Jakoba Natasa , Spin‐Neto Rubens , Wenzel Ann
Published: February 2016

Background: The aim of this review is to assess the diagnostic efficacy of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the diagnosis of and/or treatment planning for intrabony and furcation defects, using a well‐known six‐tiered hierarchical model for diagnostic efficacy.

Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library bibliographic databases were searched until August 2015 for studies evaluating CBCT imaging for the diagnosis of and/or treatment planning for intrabony and/or furcation defects. The search strategy was restricted to English language publications using the combination of MeSH terms, free terms, and key words.

Results: The search strategy yielded 16 publications that qualitatively or quantitatively evaluated the use of CBCT for the detection of intrabony and/or furcation defects and how CBCT influenced the diagnosis and/or treatment plan. According to Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy‐2, all included studies were medium to low risk of bias. The review identified only one study that investigated the societal efficacy, and none evaluated the patient outcome efficacy or therapeutic efficacy. One study investigated the diagnostic thinking efficacy. All other included studies investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT.

Conclusions: From the assessed studies, it can be concluded that there is not sufficient scientific evidence to justify the use of CBCT for the diagnosis of and/or treatment planning for intrabony and furcation defects. Furthermore, the effectiveness of CBCT for such diagnostic tasks has been assessed only at low diagnostic efficacy levels.
Signifikansi Nalar Ijtihad Al-Jâbirî Terhadap Pemaknaan Ulang Konsep Jihad Era Kontemporer
Authors: Rohmanu Abid
Published: February 2016

Nowadays, in the modern era, we can obviously witness some groups of moslems still commit some terrors action to other religion and/or to out-group-moslems just because of different understanding of Islamic dogma. These radical groups of moslem claim that their actions are on behalf of religious’ belief. But, since the very beginning of revelation, Islam ask its followers to spread peace, harmony and prosperity among human being, as Islam have essential principle “rahmah li al-‘alamin”. So, certain perspectives or ways of understanding Islamic teaching applied by those groups are assumed to have emerged their negative response to other religion and out-group-moslems.

This paper examines the significance of rational understanding to Islam proposed by al-Jâbirî to reinterpretation of jihad in the modern context. The point of al-Jâbirî’s rational view is relevant factor to eliminate and minimize normative understanding to Islam.
Menimbang Kontorversi Pemaknaan Konsep Ahl Al-Kitāb dalam Al-Qur’an
Authors: Zulyadain Zulyadain
Published: February 2016

One of the controversy-laden terms in the discourse of Islamic theology is ahl al-Kitab. Different ways of interpreting the term through textual and contextual exegesis of the Qur’an verses concerning it have colored the history of Muslim beliefs about other religion and religious communities. This paper aims to probe the controversies and arguments through revealing paradigms that underlies any views that differ from each other. Compromising the controversy was considered very important. Therefore, in the context the difference of textual and contextual interpretation of the term, the author conclude that both interpretations should be understood as mutual inclusion rather than two separate points in terms of mutual exclusion. Textual interpretation discovers basic, objective meaning of the term in Qur'an, while the contextual interpretation discovers its contextual meaning, both linguistic and socio-cultural.
Aku dalam Tuhan: Implikasi Teologi Proses pada Era Kontemporer
Authors: Ja’far Suhermanto
Published: February 2016

Theological implications in social lives are still worth analyzed. This paper discusses the authentic image of man as I in the relationship with God and the world. These relationships affect the nature of the world and the world to change the nature of God. The implications of the inclusion of God in the world is God’s presence to the world and the world is affected God. Immanent God is the God who is present in every human being, every living being, and the universe. Every human being is unique and as I am in the uniqueness of God is present. In the directionality that God wanted man and the world become “like Him”, they are united with him; He is involved in the principles and ways of working people and the world. Even though God is in everything and everything is in God, it does not mean that everything is identical, or equal with God. God that is “above” and present “in” the world to make people as I was in the Lord.
Konsep Tajalli ‘Abd al-Lāh Ibn ‘Abd al-Qahhār al-Bantanī dan Posisinya dalam Diskursus Wujūdiyyah di Nusantara
Authors: Kurniawan Ade Fakih
Published: February 2016

This article aims to examine the wujūdiyyah teaching of ‘Abd al-Lāh bin ‘Abd al-Qahhār al-Bantanī in his Mashāhid al-Nāsik fī Maqāmāt al-Sālik. Although he was a great ulama in the period of Sultan Abū al-Naṣr ‘Ārif Shifā’ Zayn al-‘Āshiqīn—the ruler of Banten Sultanate in the eighteenth century—his name was rarely mentioned in the history of Banten. The Sultan asked him to write a book on wujūdiyyah that especially deals with tajalliyāt. The polemics over wujūdiyyah in Banten is different from those of Aceh. In Banten, there is no information whether the Sultan banned or considered the adherents of wujūdiyyah teaching as infidel (unbeliever). Regarding tajalliyāt, al-Bantani explains it in relation to the tajallī phases of God over the realm that he divides into four: ‘ālam ilāhī, ‘ālam jabarūt, ‘ālam malakūt and ‘ālam nāsūt. His concept about these worlds is different from al-Burhanpurī’s Martabat Tujuh and from those of H{amzah Fanṣūrī, al-Jīlī as well as Ibn ‘Arabī.
Sejarah Tradisi Tulis Dalam Masyarakat Sasak Lombok
Authors: Jamaluddin Jamaluddin
Published: February 2016

A great number of classical intellectual treatises, usually called manuscripts, can be found in Lombok, an island in West Nusa Tenggara province. All the manuscripts indicate that writing tradition has been growing in this island since a long time ago. Of many factors influenced the growing of that tradition is trade relationship between Lombok traders and those from other islands. Some significant contributions can be traced through languages ever used in oral communication and in works produced in the community i.e. Sasak, Java, Bali, and Malay, Sanskrit, Arabics. The relationship also contributed to rising intellectual activity and enriching contents of the manuscripts.

This article observes historical sides of the writing tradition by providing historical data, epigraphs and other supporting resources that made the writing tradition exist.

The article tradition in Sasak community is predicted to have been started since the Sasak people recognized writing system, and have developed hundreds of years ago, producing thousands of manuscripts in some different languages, titles and forms.The writing systems used were varied such as old Javanese, Arab, Bali and Bugis. And the languages used were old Java, Java, Bali, Arabic and Malay. This indicates that, long time ago, Sasak people had made contact with people from many parts of this archipelago like Bali, Java, Malay and even Celebes (Bugis).
Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaves and Stem of Murraya koenigii
Authors: Vipin Chandra Pal  , Bhuwanendra Singh  , Arshad Ahamad
Published: February 2016

Murraya koenigii has been widely used as medicine in indigenous system of medicine. It is used as an analgesic, febrifuge, stomachic, carminative and for the treatment of dysentery skin eruption. The present study was planned for details pharmacognostical studies of Murraya koenigii leaves and stem. Macroscopical characters and microscopical characters of leaves and stem were perceived. The Physicochemical properties (total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water soluble extractive, methanol soluble extractive, moisture content and foaming index) of bark powder were studied. The values of physicochemical can also be used for standardization of Murraya koenigii. These studies provided referential information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario of lack of regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.
Comparative Assessment of Lupeol in Wild plant and In Vitro Callus Culture of Hemidesmus indicus by HPLC Technique
Authors: Prasanna Purohit  , Ritu Thakur Bais  , Pratibha Singh  , Shagufta Khan
Published: February 2016

Medicinal plants are used as traditional medicines throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide new remedies to mankind. Plants are one of the richest sources of secondary metabolites. The roots of Hemidesmus indicus served as the remedy for leprosy, syphilis, leucoderma, asthma, dysentery, fever and blood, kidney and urinary diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the quantity of lupeol present in callus and wild plant extract of Hemidesmus indicus. The root callus was initiated on MS medium fortified with varied concentrations and combination of different auxins like, 2-4 Dichloro acetic acids (2-4D), napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and cytokinin like, kinetin (Kn)  in 250 ml culture flasks. The content of lupeol in callus and root extracts was analyzed by HPLC technique. The highest percentage of callus induction (88.00 %) was observed in MS medium (C7) containing 1.0 mg/l NAA with highest callus growth in terms of fresh weight (946.48±6.6) which resulted in soft friable callus. The callus produced by C7 was used selected for further study. The HPLC study revealed that the quantity of lupeol present in callus extract was more compared to the wild plant extract of Hemidesmus indicus.
Effect of Endogenous Insulin Levels on Serum Testosterone, Glycemic, and Obesity Parameters in Premenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ban H. Khalaf  , Manal Khalid Abdulridha  , Wafaa E.Tuma  , Hadeel D. Najim
Published: February 2016

In the present study, the relationship between different serum levels of endogenous testosterone, obesity, and metabolic markers in premenopausal type 2 diabetic women was evaluated for their role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. A randomized cross-sectional study of total of 66 premenopausal women with T2DM was allocated into three groups with high level, low level, and near-normal fasting insulin level. The control group includes 30 women with matched age and whom is diabetes. Free fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPG) , fasting serum insulin (FSI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), C-peptide protein, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. All premenopausal T2DM women tended to significant high levels of BMI, HOMA-IR, C-peptide, FBG, HbA1c and PPS compared to controls (P˂0.05) and with significant difference among groups parallel to their endogenous insulin levels. Total testosterone and free testosterone were significantly lower in all premenopausal T2DM women (P˂0.05), but SHBG showed low but non-significant difference among groups. HOMA-IR showed significant correlation with free testosterone in premenopausal T2DM women with high insulin level (P˂0.05), but no significant correlation with total testosterone and SHBG was found among all patients groups. In conclusion, premenopausal T2DM women of matched age and duration of the disease have low levels of SHBG and testosterone, which was correlated to insulin resistance in hyperinsulinemic women only.
Comparative Estimation of Plumbagin in Aerial and Root Part of Plumbago zeylanica Using UV-Visible Spectrophotometric
Authors: Bharti Dohare  , Bharti Jain  , Swati Khare  , Kirti Jain
Published: February 2016

Plumbago zeylanicais one such important medicinal plant which is being used the world over in the traditional system of medicines. The plant is being used extensively in commercial preparations of medicines. The plumbagin present in different parts of Plumbago zeylanica as active constituent and it imparts wide range of biological activities. In the present study we planned to check the concentration of plumbagin present in aerial and root of Plumbago zeylanica. The petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared from the aerial and root of Plumbago zeylanica by successive extraction method. The phytochemical investigation of Plumbago zeylanica exhibited maximum phytoconstituents along flavonoids and polyphenol present in ethanol and aqueous extracts. While the petroleum ether extract of aerial and root contains steroid. The Plumbagin content in ethanol extract of aerial and root of Plumbago zeylanica was estimated from the calibration graph plotted from pure plumbagin. The findings of study indicate that concentration of plumbagin in aerial part of Plumbago zeylanica is maximum compared to root.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Leaves and Barks of Alangium salvifolium in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Meenakshi Ratra  , Rajesh Gupta
Published: February 2016

Alangium salvifolium is a medicinal plant, used by herbalist for treating various diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus in Central India. However, its antidiabetic activity has not been scientifically validated so far. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanol extracts of leaves and barks of Alangium salvifolium against strepozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The ethanol extracts of leaves and barks of Alangium salvifolium at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to diabetic rats. The blood glucose levels were monitored at specific intervals and found significantly lowered the blood glucose level. Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. The effect of extracts on induced hyperlipidemia was analyzed where the extracts significantly lowered the elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level while increased the high density lipoprotein (HDL). Moreover, the decreased in body weight of rats after induction of diabetes, and increased in body weight of rats after treatment with extracts was observed. The experimental data exhibited that extract of leaves and barks of Alangium salvifolium has significant antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced rats compared to standard drug. The ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited maximum antidiabetic activity as compared to barks extract.
Metabolites with antioxidant and photo-protective properties from Usnea roccellina Motyka, a lichen from Colombian Andes
Authors: José L. Rojas  , Mauricio Díaz-Santos  , Norma A. Valencia-Islas
Published: February 2016

The antioxidant and photo-protective efficacy of the extract and isolated compounds from the lichen Usnea rocellina Motyka were evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined by scavenging the DPPH radicals and ferric reducing power. The photo-protective property of extracts and isolated compound against ultraviolet A (UVA) and B (UVB) radiations was measured in vitro by calculation of their sun protection factor (SPF), critical wavelength and UVA ratio comparing to commercialised sunscreens (avobenzone and benzophenone-3). 3-methoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-methylbenzoic acid (1), reported here for the first time, along with (+)-(9b-R)-usnic acid (2) and decarboxythamnolic acid (3) were isolated. The structure of the isolated compounds was characterized by interpreting their spectroscopic (NMR, IR, UV), and spectrometric data. The findings of this study demonstrated that the compound 3 is a better antioxidant compared to other isolated compound and extract, and was similar to standard (BHT and ascorbic acid) ascorbic acid. On the other hand, 1 showed to be an UVB absorbing with a moderate in vitro SPF whereas 2 and 3 showed broad UVB and UVA absorbing properties. The possible skin penetration, determined by calculating octanol/water partition coefficients allowed to confirm this property in 2 and 3. These results suggest 3 as a dual agent with antioxidant and broad spectrum absorbing properties therefore it is able to prevent oxidative skin damage caused by solar radiation.
PiCT: 1st Recognition for Human Whole Blood on QCM-D Platform
Authors: Munawar Hussain
Published: February 2016

Instruments for point-of-care (POC) coagulation monitoring for whole blood could reduce fundamental limitations of routine coagulation tests. ‘Prothrombinase induced Clotting Time’ (PiCT) is considered a universal assay for anticoagulants monitoring in laboratory and clinics but it has not been evaluated yet. It could reduce the inherited drawbacks of highly variability of results among different individuals in the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) which is the most applied and clinical standard assay. In this report, PiCT for whole blood on quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) platform for anticoagulant monitoring has been recognized for the first time. The present study demonstrates the lowest historical sample volume of human whole blood (as well as each reagent) consumption of 1.66 µL employed ever for coagulation. This is substantial support for launching spot test via QCM-D in laboratory and clinics and ultra-refining of POC settings. Different doses of danaparoid anticoagulant in blood samples (n=20) have been studied on QCM-D platform in parallel to ‘gold standard’. Both techniques demonstrated lower variability for anticoagulant with %RSD values between 3 and 8.5 depending on different anticoagulant doses. Data could be considered as precise and accurate for an anticoagulant recognition directly in blood using a clotting assay on QCM-D platform. Present study is crucial in the perspectives of robustness due to direct whole blood method on QCM-D platform and its cost-effectiveness due to lowest sample (as well as reagents) volume consumption.
Comparative Evaluation of Pharmacy Patient Safety Culture in all Levels of Health Care Delivery in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Eniojukan JF  , Okinedo PO  , Ishiekwene AK  , Aghoja OC
Published: February 2016

In health care, there is a move towards a patient safety culture as a means of ensuring sustainable positive patient care outcomes. This study evaluated the safety cultures in the health institutions in Delta State, Nigeria. An adapted form of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Questionnaire on Pharmacy Safety was administered to 118 pharmacy personnel in 10 hospitals spread across the 3 senatorial districts. Data was analyzed with SPSS.20. The number of pharmacists was inadequate; pharmacy organization at the secondary and tertiary levels was better than the primary level; At all three levels, the safety cultures of Staff Training and Skills, Teamwork, Communication Openness, and Patient Counseling were generally positively rated. Highly significant differences existed in the safety culture of documenting mistakes in the pharmacy. There were significant differences in most culture composites between the three levels of care. The general trend was Tertiary>Secondary>Primary in positivity. On the overall Rating of Patient Safety, all levels were rated Very Good / Excellent. However, there were isolated lapses in safety culture composites requiring attention; pharmacy managers, in particular, are therefore enjoined to re-evaluate the safety cultures in their domain to  identify areas of systemic failure.
Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity
Authors: Preeti Sen  , Kamlesh Sahu  , Pushpa Prasad  , Shashikant Chandrakar  , Ram Kumar Sahu  , Amit Roy
Published: February 2016

Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in almost every age group. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose level. When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not able to insulin effectively or both leading to diabetes. Presently herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of diabetes in worldwide. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its complications. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their antidiabetic activity.
Design of a Cyclonic-Jetting and Slurry-Transport System for Separators
Authors: Rawlins C. Hank
Published: February 2016

Sand and solids are removed from production separators either off line (shut down for physical removal) or on line by use of jetting systems. Traditional jetting designs use spray nozzles to fluidize and push the sand toward a covered outlet to evacuate the solids from the vessel. Cyclonic-jetting technology combines the fluidization and evacuation functions into a single, compact device. On the basis of a hydrocyclonic platform, this technology converts jetting spray water into shielded vortex flow that fluidizes sand in a circular zone without disturbing the oil/water interface.

Total solids removal is primarily a function of set height, spray flow, and spacing. A single unit was optimized at a set height of 10 cm (4 in.) with spray pressure of 0.7 barg (11 psig) to provide an area of influence of 1.1 m2 (12.0 ft2) with 28 cm (11 in.) of sandbed depth. Placing two units in parallel with overlap of their affected zones reduces the ’egg-carton’ effect associated with this technology; however, optimum operation, in terms of total sand removed, occurs when the units do not overlap. Slurry at up to 60 wt% solids is transported from the jetting system to the handling equipment. The boundary design conditions for slurry transport are erosion velocity (upper limit) and particle-transport velocity (lower limit). By use of published models, the piping design for four-unit cluster of cyclonic-jetting devices was validated at 5.0-cm (2-in.) nominal size. Integration and operation of a jetting system with transport, dewatering, and disposal stages of facilities sand management are presented as guidelines for system design.
Monitoring of Oil and Gas Pipelines by Use of VTOL-Type Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Idachaba Francis Enejo
Published: February 2016

The vast and diverse spread of the oil and gas pipeline infrastructure makes real-time monitoring of the entire network a very costly task. This topology has provided vandals and crude-oil thieves with the opportunity of tapping the pipelines and successfully stealing crude oil from them unhindered. Nigeria lost more than USD 11 billion to crude-oil theft and pipeline vandalization over a 4-year period (2007 to 2011). The increase in vandalization has led to the divestment of assets by some of these oil companies because it is no longer economical to continue operating the assets. Strategies used by the government and oil companies to tackle these challenges include the deployment of military personnel to these assets and also along their pipeline right of way (ROW). In spite of these attempts, the results show that the deployment of these personnel and the attendant cost have not reduced the quantity and frequency of oil theft because the deployment time to some of these locations also contributes to delay in the response of the security personnel.

The deployment of dynamic pipeline-pressure profiles enables the determination of the onset of a leak or a loss of crude oil. This paper presents the deployment plan and communication architecture of the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) type of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for pipeline monitoring. The pipeline network of the company is divided into wide area cells, and each cell is controlled from a facility. Low-power UAVs with directional antennas and long-range zoom cameras are deployed to provide real-time visual monitoring of the pipeline section whenever a pressure drip or any significant third-party activity is detected on a section of the pipeline. Security personnel can then be deployed to the pipeline section if vandal activity is detected. This solution has the capability of reducing crude-oil theft by providing accurate location data in a timely manner to the company with respect to the bunkering activity along its pipeline ROW and also enabling the timely deployment of personnel to contain the situation.
Proxy-Based Work Flow for a Priori Evaluation of Data-Acquisition Programs
Authors: He Jincong , Xie Jiang , Sarma Pallav , Wen Xian-Huan , Chen Wen H. , Kamath Jairam
Published: February 2016

Data-acquisition programs, such as surveillance and pilot, play an important role in reservoir management, and are crucial for minimizing subsurface risks and improving decision quality. Optimal design of the data-acquisition plan requires predicting the performance (e.g., in terms of the expected amount of uncertainty reduction in an objective function) of a given design before it is implemented. Because the data from the acquisition program are uncertain at the time of the analysis, multiple history-matching runs are required for different plausible realizations of the observed data to evaluate the expected effectiveness of the program in reducing uncertainty. As such, the computational cost may be prohibitive because the number of reservoir simulations needed for the multiple history-matching runs would be substantial. This paper proposes a framework on the basis of proxies and rejection sampling (filtering) to perform the multiple history-matching runs with a manageable number of reservoir simulations. The work flow proposed does not depend on the linear Gaussian assumption that is a common, yet questionable, assumption in existing methods. The work flow also enables both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a surveillance plan. Qualitatively, heavy-hitter alignment analysis for the objective function and the observed data provides actionable measures for screening different surveillance designs. Quantitatively, the evaluation of expected uncertainty reduction from different surveillance plans allows for optimal design and selection of surveillance plans.
The Use of Tracer Data To Determine Polymer-Flooding Effects in a Heterogeneous Reservoir, 8 Torton Horizon Reservoir, Matzen Field, Austria
Authors: Clemens Torsten , Lüftenegger Markus , Laoroongroj Ajana , Kadnar Rainer , Puls Christoph
Published: February 2016

Polymer-injection pilot projects aim at reducing the uncertainty and risk of full-field polymer-flood implementation. The interpretation of polymer-pilot projects is challenging because of the complexity of the process and fluids moving out of the polymer-pilot area. The interpretation is increasingly more complicated with the heterogeneity of the reservoir.

In the polymer pilot performed in the 8 Torton Horizon (TH) reservoir of the Matzen field in Austria, a polymer-injection well surrounded by a number of production wells was selected. A tracer was injected 1 week before polymer injection. The tracer showed that the flow field in the reservoir was dramatically modified with increasing amounts of polymer injected. Despite short breakthrough times of 4 to 10 weeks observed for the tracer, polymer breakthrough occurred only after more than 12 months although injection and production rates were not substantially changed.

The tracer signal indicated that the reservoir is heterogeneous, with high flow velocities occurring along a number of flow paths with a limited volume that are strongly connecting the injection and production wells. By injecting polymers, the mobility of the polymer-augmented water was reduced compared with water injection, and led to flow diversion into adjacent layers. The tracer response showed that the speed of the tracer moving from injection to production wells was reduced with increasing amount of polymer injected.

This response was used to assess the changes of the amount of water flowing from the injection well to production wells. After a match for the tracer curve was obtained, adsorption, residual resistance factor (RRF), and dispersivity were calculated. The results showed that, even for heterogeneous reservoirs without good conformance of the pilot, the critical parameters for polymer-injection projects can be assessed by analyzing tracer and polymer response. These parameters are required to determine whether implementation of polymer injection at field scale is economically attractive.

Along the flow path that is connecting injection and production well, as shown by the tracer response, an incremental recovery of approximately 8% was achieved. The polymer retention and inaccessible pore volume (IPV) in the reservoir were in the same range as in corefloods. Incremental oil recovery caused by acceleration along the flow path was estimated at approximately 20% of the overall incremental oil production caused by polymer injection and 80% was attributed to improved sweep efficiency.
Developing a joint operation framework for complex multiple reservoir systems
Authors: Chu Jinggang , Li Yu , Peng Yong , Ding Wei
Published: February 2016

This study aims to present a joint operation framework for complex multiple reservoir systems to balance water supply between subsystems and between different stakeholders, and support decisions about water releases from the entire system and individual reservoirs effectively. The framework includes three steps: (1) aggregated virtual reservoirs and various subsystems are established to determine the water releases from the entire system; (2) the common water-supply strategy is identified to determine the water releases from individual reservoirs; and (3) the joint operation problem is solved with a multi-objective optimization algorithm and the results are analyzed using a Many-Objective Visual Analytics Tool (MOVAT). A case study of the DaHuoFang-GuanYinGe-ShenWo multi-reservoir system in northeastern China is used to demonstrate the framework. Results show that the establishment of aggregated virtual reservoirs and identification of a common water-supply strategy could make use of the temporal and spatial differences of runoff, exert the effects of underlying hydrological compensation between river basins, and reduce the complexity of the joint operation model for multiple reservoir systems effectively. The MOVAT provides an effective means of solving many-objective problems, which are generally of particular concern to the decision-maker in practice.
Importance of maintenance in rainwater harvesting systems: a case study
Authors: Lee Ju Young , Kim Hyoungju , Han Mooyoung
Published: February 2016

In this study, the quality of collected rainwater at a downtown middle school rainwater harvesting system was evaluated by measuring physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), NO3, PO4, total coliform (TC), Escherichia coli , and some metals (i.e. Al, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb) (2003 to 2011). The analysis shows that the collected water quality is poor, which presents health, considering the high levels of bacterial indicators detected in the harvested rainwater, i.e. turbidity (1.4 to 15.5 NTU) and E. coli (120 and 35 CFU/100 mL in 2007 to 210 and 60 CFU/100 mL in 2011). This study shows that deteriorating water quality was caused by system contamination due to the absence of maintenance. Based on this study, proper operation and maintenance are generally the simplest and most effective ways of maintaining water quality.
Creation of innovative experimental prototypes to meet health safety challenges in thermal spas
Authors: Dubourg Karine , Lagière Joël , Labarthe Sébastien , Ohayon Céline
Published: February 2016

It is essential to preserve the quality of natural mineral water from its origin to the points of use, so as to ensure sanitary safety for patients within the thermal spas. The complexity of water systems may lead to issues linked to microbiological and physico-chemical contaminations which are necessary to be solved in order to keep the installations in compliance with the regulations in force. In order to provide the thermal spa sector with means to achieve this goal, the team at the Institut du Thermalisme – Bordeaux University aimed at finding a relevant solution, i.e. designing and making two original and innovating prototypes which reproduce – in miniature – the natural mineral water system we can find in thermal spas. These two prototypes are different due to the nature of the materials they are made of. It is possible to get significant improvements in the research: on the one hand, linked to the general working of a thermal water system connected to individual or collective care units and, on the other hand, improvements in the research on keeping the quality of natural mineral water. Also, to solve microbiological and physico-chemical contamination issues, chemical and thermal treatments can be used.
Research on the process-based risk evaluation method of groundwater pollution for contaminated site
Authors: Bai Liping , Wang Yeyao , Zhou Youya , Liu Li , Yan Zengguang , Li Fasheng
Published: February 2016

A universal method to evaluate groundwater pollution risk with the site scale has not been established. The groundwater pollution risk is commonly evaluated by overlaying the results of groundwater vulnerability and pollution sources, but this method is inapplicable for contaminated sites. Considering the current supervision demands of groundwater pollution in China, this paper suggests a risk evaluation method for contaminated sites. The present and forecasted groundwater pollutant concentrations and the variation trend of groundwater quality were used to get the risk classes of groundwater pollution. Chromium is one of the most common groundwater contaminants found at industrially contaminated sites. A chromium residue disposal site in Baotou, China was selected as the study area. The groundwater flow model and solute transport model were constructed by MODFLOW and MT3DMS. Based on the simulation results of the numerical model, the groundwater pollution risk of the contaminated site was divided into four classes, and the regulation measures of groundwater pollution were suggested. This study could provide guidance for the environmental supervision and management of contaminated sites.
Study of the transit and attenuation of pollutants in a water reservoir receiving acid mine drainage in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain)
Authors: Santisteban M. , Grande J. A. , de la Torre M. L. , Valente T. , Perez-Ostalé E. , Garcia-Pérez M.
Published: February 2016

The Sancho Dam was built in 1962 and is fed by the Meca River, which receives water from subsidiary tributaries affected by acid mine drainage (AMD), mostly generated by the abandoned Tharsis mining complex. This study focuses on the hydrochemical relations observed between the water at the entrance of the reservoir and a point located further away, specifically at the dam. The main aim is to analyze the water parameters in both monitored points, in order to evaluate possible attenuation processes and to propose a spatial evolution model of the pollutants' load by using cross-correlation functions. Concentrations of metals and sulfates put in evidence their contamination by acid mine drainage, with greater pollution load at the entrance of the reservoir than in the dam, due to the reduction of the same in the course between the two points. This attenuation results from the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxysulfates produced by the increase in the pH as well as by dilution and sorption phenomena. The cross-correlation functions show the close relationship between the two sampling points with a transit time of contaminants less than 1 week (t = 0) for most cases, due to the small distance between the two points (about 300 meters).
Statistical validation of the CLARA Simplified Planning Tool
Authors: Ketema Atekelt Abebe , Langergraber Guenter
Published: February 2016

The CLARA Simplified Planning Tool (CLARA-SPT) supports economic planning of water supply and sanitation system alternatives by applying life-cycle cost (LCC) principles. The cost functions used in the tool were developed based on standard designs, bills of quantities and a database of country-specific unit rates. In order to make reasonable economic comparison among system alternatives, the simulations of the tool should be able to predict costs of actual systems efficiently. In this paper, various statistical validation measures were employed to evaluate the simulation accuracy of the CLARA-SPT for eight water supply and nine sanitation technologies commonly implemented in Ethiopia. After evaluating the simulated outputs against observed cost data, appropriate corrective measures were introduced for technologies that did not replicate reality fairly. Costs of seven water supply and six sanitation technologies were able to be represented by the CLARA-SPT with good accuracy. Disinfection was however mimicked fairly. In addition, poor simulation accuracy was identified for three sanitation technologies (i.e. UDDT, Composting toilet and Faecal sludge collection). Therefore, the tool developers are advised to correct internal design assumptions of these three sanitation technologies to improve the simulation accuracy of the CLARA-SPT.
The influence of the contact zone configuration on the performance of a DAF pilot plant applied to water treatment
Authors: Penalva Reali Marco Antonio , Jorge Patrizzi Leila
Published: February 2016

This paper presents the results of a study carried out aiming not only to characterize the flow structure into different contact zone (CZ) configurations of a 4.6 m3/h rectangular dissolved air flotation (DAF) pilot plant (DAFPP) fed with synthetic water but also to verify the influence of these changes on the color and turbidity removal efficiencies. MicroADV equipment was used to characterize the flow pattern into different CZ configurations. The CZ shaft wall was maintained in a vertical position and eight different configurations of the CZ were investigated in order to fit different values of hydraulic surface loadings (HSLCZ), hydraulic detention time (TCZ) and cross-flow velocity (VCF) in the CZ of the DAFPP. It was concluded that TCZ ranging from 34 to 65 s associated with HSLCZ ranging from 67 to 180 m/h led to satisfactory turbidity (>91%) and color (>87%) removal efficiencies; but the highest DAFPP performance was verified when applying higher values of HSLCZ (up to 180 m/h) associated with TCZ of 34 s and VCF of 45 m/h, thus resulting in 98.3% turbidity removal (residual of 0.21 NTU) and 96.4% color removal (residual < 2 CU).
Water pricing and irrigation across Europe: opportunities and constraints for adopting irrigation scheduling decision support systems
Authors: Giannakis Elias , Bruggeman Adriana , Djuma Hakan , Kozyra Jerzy , Hammer Jürg
Published: February 2016

Despite the plethora of irrigation scheduling decision support systems that have been developed over the past decades, there is little evidence of widespread adoption by farmers. This paper investigates the structural, institutional and political rigidities that affect the adoption of irrigation scheduling technologies in southern European countries and highlights the corresponding opportunities. The recent implementation of water pricing policies, as required under the European Water Framework Directive, could motivate farmers to invest in technologies for improving water management. A review of irrigation water prices in southern Europe found a large range of prices both within and between countries, from 0.054–0.645 €/m3 (Greece) to 0.23–1.50 €/m3 (France). However, inadequate monitoring infrastructure and a lack of political will to impose the new water prices are giving a mixed signal to farmers. An ageing and poorly trained farm population, small farm size and low level of farm investment also impede the uptake of irrigation technologies. Within this context, European-funded research needs to consider these constraints and pay closer attention to the conversion of knowledge and innovation into successful commercial products.