bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization Therapy Accelerates Recovery of Renal Function Independent of Stem Cell Contribution
Authors: Stokman Geurt , Leemans Jaklien C. , Claessen Nike , Weening Jan J. , Florquin Sandrine
Published: April 2005

Acute renal failure and tubular cell loss as a result of ischemia constitute major challenges in renal pathophysiology. Increasing evidence suggests important roles for bone marrow stem cells in the regeneration of renal tissue after injury. This study investigated whether the enhanced availability of hematopoietic stem cells, induced by stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, to the injured kidney provides an adequate strategy for stem cell-based therapy to counteract renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. It is interesting that cytokine treatment before injury resulted in significant enhancement of function recovery of the kidney. This, however, was not due to increased incorporation of tubular epithelial cells from bone marrow origin. Importantly, cytokine treatment resulted in impaired influx of granulocytes into the injured kidney. Although cytokine treatment improved renal function rapidly after ischemic injury, the results show that the underlying mechanism likely is not based on stem cell transdifferentiation but rather on altered inflammatory kinetics.
Urinary Podocyte Loss Is a More Specific Marker of Ongoing Glomerular Damage than Proteinuria
Authors: Yu Donghai , Petermann Arndt , Kunter Uta , Rong Song , Shankland Stuart J. , Floege Juergen
Published: April 2005

Podocyte loss contributes to the development of glomerulosclerosis. Although podocyte detachment has been recognized as a new mechanism of podocyte loss in glomerular diseases, its time course and relationship to disease activity are not known. Urinary excretion of viable podocytes was quantified in two models of transient glomerular injury,

i.e.

, rats with puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis (PAN) and mesangioproliferative nephropathy (anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis model), as well as in a model of continuous glomerular injury,

i.e.

, hypertensive nephropathy (5/6-nephrectomy model), and in aging rats. The number of glomerular Wilm's tumor (WT)-1-positive podocytes and the glomerular expression of cell-cycle proteins

in vivo

were assessed. Urinary podocyte loss occurred in both primary (PAN) and secondary (anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis) in parallel to the onset of proteinuria. However, subsequently proteinuria persisted despite remission of podocyturia. In continuous glomerular injury,

i.e.

, after 5/6-nephrectomy, podocyturia paralleled the course of proteinuria and of systemic hypertension, whereas no podocyturia became detectable during normal aging (up to 12 mo). Despite podocyte detachment of varying degrees, no decrease in glomerular podocyte counts (

i.e.

, WT-1 positive nuclei) was noted in either disease model. Podocyturia in the PAN and anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis model was preceded by entry of glomerular podocytes into the cell cycle,

i.e.

, cyclin D1, cdc2, and/or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Podocyturia is a widespread phenomenon in glomerular disease and not simply a reflection of proteinuria because it is limited to phases of ongoing glomerular injury. The data suggest that podocyturia may become a more sensitive means to assess the activity of glomerular damage than proteinuria.
Cystic fibrosis carriers have higher neonatal immunoreactive trypsinogen values than non‐carriers
Authors: Castellani Carlo , Picci Luigi , Scarpa Maurizio , Dechecchi Maria Cristina , Zanolla Luisa , Assael Baroukh Maurice , Zacchello Franco
Published: April 2005

Following cystic fibrosis (CF) neonatal screening implementation, a high frequency of heterozygotes has been reported among neonates with elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and normal sweat chloride levels. We studied the relationship between normal IRT values and CF heterozygosity: 10,000 neonates were screened for CF by IRT measurement and tested for 40 CF mutations; the 294 carriers detected were coupled with newborns negative to the same genetic testing, and the two groups' IRT levels compared. Heterozygotes had higher IRT levels than their controls (mean 35.32 vs. 27.58 μg/L, P < 0.001). Even within normal trypsinogen range, the probability of being a CF carrier increases with neonatal IRT concentration. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GJB2 (connexin 26) mutations are not a major cause of hearing loss in the Indonesian population
Authors: Snoeckx Rikkert L. , Djelantik Bulantrisna , Van Laer Lut , Van de Heyning Paul , Van Camp Guy
Published: April 2005

Although hereditary hearing loss is a very heterogeneous disorder, variants in one gene, GJB2 (connexin 26), account for up to 50% of autosomal recessive nonsyndromal sensorineural hearing loss in most populations. This study investigates the contribution of GJB2 to autosomal recessive nonsyndromal hearing loss in the Indonesian population. We performed DNA sequence analysis in 120 patients with profound early childhood nonsyndromal hearing loss and in 100 control individuals and identified three novel variations resulting in amino acid substitutions (p.Gly4Asp, p.Thr5Ala, and p.Gly160Arg). Although we proved that p.Gly4Asp was not disease‐causing, the pathological nature of p.Thr5Ala and p.Gly160Arg could not be determined. No recurrent disease‐causing mutation could be detected in this Indonesian population. These findings are in contrast with the results obtained in other populations where GJB2 is a major cause of congenital recessive hearing loss. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latent catalyst effects in halogen‐free epoxy molding compounds for semiconductor encapsulation
Authors: Ryu Je Hong , Choi Ki Seop , Kim Whan Gun
Published: April 2005

Latent catalyst effects were investigated to improve the physical properties of halogen‐free epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) for semiconductor encapsulation. In this study, biphenyl‐type resins were used as the epoxy and hardener resin for halogen‐free EMCs to obtain high flame‐retardant properties and high filler contents. Latent catalyst effects were examined with two kinds of EMC compositions, halogen‐free EMCs and conventional EMC compositions. We used triphenylphosphine‐benzoquinone salt (TPP‐BQ) as a latent catalyst. Spiral flow and gel time were measured to investigate the change in moldability with the latent catalyst. We measured package fail, moisture absorption, and delamination for reliability evaluation and flexural strength, flexural modulus, and adhesion for mechanical properties to examine latent catalyst effects. An improvement in moldability, reliability, and the mechanical properties were observed in two types of halogen‐free EMCs with TPP‐BQ as a latent catalyst. These phenomena were seen in conventional EMCs, including o‐cresol novolac epoxy resin. The cure kinetics of these systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry with an isothermal approach to explain these phenomena. The results indicate that the improvement in moldability in halogen‐free EMCs with TPP‐BQ was due to the low conversion rate of this system, and the increase in mechanical properties was attributed to the high conversion of curing reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2287–2299, 2005
Thermal and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis of styrene–butadiene rubber–butadiene rubber/silicon dioxide and styrene–butadiene rubber–butadiene rubber/carbon black–silicon dioxide composites
Authors: Venter S. A. S. , Kunita M. H. , Matos R. , Nery R. C. , Radovanovic E. , Muniz E. C. , Girotto E. M. , Rubira A. F.
Published: April 2005

Silica as a reinforcement filler for automotive tires is used to reduce the friction between precured treads and roads. This results in lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions of pollutant gases. In this work, the existing physical interactions between the filler and elastomer were analyzed through the extraction of the sol phase of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)–butadiene rubber (BR)/SiO2 composites. The extraction of the sol phase from samples filled with carbon black was also studied. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated from differential thermogravimetry curves obtained during pyrolysis analysis. For the SBR–BR blend, Ea was 315 kJ/mol. The values obtained for the composites containing 20 and 30 parts of silica per hundred parts of rubber were 231 and 197 kJ/mol, respectively. These results indicated an increasing filler–filler interaction, instead of filler–polymer interactions, with respect to the more charged composite. A microscopic analysis with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy showed silica agglomerates and matched the decreasing Ea values for the SBR–BR/30SiO2 composite well. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2273–2279, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of negative‐type photosensitive polyimides based on cyclobutane‐1,2,3,4‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride
Authors: Choi Sung Mook , Kim Kyung Jun , Choi Kil‐Yeong , Yi Mi Hye
Published: April 2005

A series of negative‐type photosensitive polyamic acids (PAAs) with various molecular weights was synthesized from cyclobutane‐1,2,3,4‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl‐3,5‐diaminobenzoate, and 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl‐4‐aminobenzoate inN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. We investigated the degree of planarity, transmittance, and thermal stability for the PAAs after the photoirradiation reaction at an exposure dose of 200 mJ/cm2. The films prepared from the PAA with the lowest molecular weight (PAA‐1) exhibited a higher degree of planarity and transmittance compared with those of the film prepared from the PAA with the highest molecular weight (PAA‐4). The initial decomposition temperatures of the cured PAAs with different molecular weights were similar and were stable up to around 300°C. Further, the photosensitivity and transmittance of PAA‐1 were investigated in the presence of photoinitiators at 365–400 nm with a high‐pressure mercury lamp. The resolution of the photocured film was about 50 μm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2300–2308, 2005
Alkali reduction and reactive dye dyeing of T/N nonwoven fabrics dipped into silicon‐containing, water‐borne polyurethane
Authors: Wang Huei‐Hsiung , Tzai Gi‐Mao , Chang Cheng‐Chieh
Published: April 2005

Two series of anionic water‐borne polyurethanes with alkali resistance and covalent bonds of a reactive dye were synthesized with different molar ratios of poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG). They were classified with respect to PTMG 1000 and PTMG 2000. The fiber blends of polyester/nylon nonwoven fabrics were dipped into silicon‐containing, water‐borne polyurethane and squeezed to an 80% pickup ratio. Finally, the manmade leather was treated with alkali reduction and dyed with a reactive dye. The alkali reduction and the thermal, mechanical, and dyeing properties of the manmade leather were studied. For alkali reduction, different ratios of NaOH and Na2CO3 concentrations were used. Na2CO3 was used because of its better spreading and buffering properties. The softness and breaking load were measured and related to the weight reduction. For the dyeing properties, a reactive dye with vinyl sulfone groups was found to bond with the OH group of water‐borne polyurethane by covalent bonding. On the basis of alkali reduction, a mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 with a concentration ratio of 0.1N/0.2N could lead to better softness and alkali reduction of leather. For the mechanical properties, leather of the PTMG 1000 series showed a higher breaking load than leather of the PTMG 2000 series. However, less elongation in the PTMG 1000 series resulted. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an endothermic peak at 50–100°C. This indicated that the glass‐transition temperature of the hard segment decreased with an increasing amount of the soft segment in leather; meanwhile, both the glass‐transition temperature of the soft segment and the melting temperature of the hard segment also decreased as the content of the soft segment increased. For the dyeing properties, the reactive blue dye could reach up to 96.1% dye uptake in the polyurethane part of the leather. Moreover, the washing fastness could be graded as high as 4–5, and the light resistance was also graded to 4–5, in the dyed leather. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2324–2335, 2005
On promoting intercalation and exfoliation of bentonite in high‐density polyethylene by grafting acrylic acid
Authors: Xu Yuzhen , Fang Zhengping , Tong Lifang
Published: April 2005

Acrylic acid (AA) grafted high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/bentonite (BT) composites and HDPE/BT composites were prepared via melt compounding. XRD and TEM results indicated that the modification of AA grafting promoted the dispersion and intercalation of BT in HDPE matrix; IR proved that there were interactions between AA and BT sheets. Consequently, with increasing BT content, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of HDPE‐g‐AA/BT nanocomposites increased, while that of HDPE/BT composites decreased. Moreover, the addition of BT to HDPE‐g‐AA decreased the ability of crystallization of the matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2429–2434, 2005
Observation of the concentric diffractive banding on the spherulites of poly(ethylene oxide) by a dynamic method
Authors: Yang Hu , Yin Weisi , Zhang Xueqin , Cai Zhengchun , Wang Zhiliu , Cheng Rongshi
Published: April 2005

The growth of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) spherulites was observed synchronously with a polarized optical microscope, which was equipped with a video detector, and so the whole growing process of the PEO spherulites was dynamically recorded as a movie. There was a series of concentric diffractive bands on the surface of the PEO spherulites; furthermore, the diffractive banding did not exist until at least two independent PEO spherulites came into contact with each other. However, the formation of the diffractive banding on the PEO spherulites was also related to the crystallization conditions. It was concluded qualitatively that the diffractive banding formed more easily at the crystallization temperature with a high degree of supercooling, and this was explained in kinetic terms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2454–2458, 2005
Sperm‐mediated gene transfer: Applications and implications
Authors: Smith Kevin , Spadafora Corrado
Published: April 2005

Recent developments in studies of sperm‐mediated gene transfer (SMGT) now provide solid ground for the notion that sperm cells can act as vectors for exogenous genetic sequences. A substantive body of evidence indicates that SMGT is potentially useable in animal transgenesis, but also suggests that the final fate of the exogenous sequences transferred by sperm is not always predictable. The analysis of SMGT‐derived offspring has shown the existence of integrated foreign sequences in some cases, while in others stable modifications of the genome are difficult to detect. The appearance of SMGT‐derived modified offspring on the one hand and, on the other hand, the rarity of actual modification of the genome, suggest inheritance as extrachromosomal structures. Several specific factors have been identified that mediate distinct steps in SMGT. Among those, a prominent role is played by an endogenous reverse transcriptase of retrotransposon origin. Mature spermatozoa are naturally protected against the intrusion of foreign nucleic acid molecules; however, particular environmental conditions, such as those occurring during human assisted reproduction, can abolish this protection. The possibility that sperm cells under these conditions carry genetic sequences affecting the integrity or identity of the host genome should be critically considered. These considerations further suggest the possibility that SMGT events may occasionally take place in nature, with profound implications for evolutionary processes. BioEssays 27: 551–562, 2005. © 2005 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
STOP and GO with NO: Nitric oxide as a regulator of cell motility in simple brains
Authors: Bicker Gerd
Published: April 2005

During the formation of the brain, neuronal cell migration and neurite extension are controlled by extracellular guidance cues. Here, I discuss experiments showing that the messenger nitric oxide (NO) is an additional regulator of cell motility. NO is a membrane permeant molecule, which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and leads to the formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in target cells. The analysis of specific cells types in invertebrate models such as molluscs, insects and the medicinal leech provides insight how NO and cyclic nucleotides affect the wiring of nervous systems by regulating cell and growth‐cone motility. Inhibition of the NOS and sGC enzymes combined with rescue experiments show that NO signalling orchestrates neurite outgrowth and filopodial dynamics, cell migration of enteric neurons, glial migration and axonogenesis of pioneer fibers. Cultured insect embryos are accessible model systems in which cellular mechanisms of NO‐induced cytoskeletal reorganizations can be analyzed in natural settings. Finally, I will outline some indications that NO may also regulate cell motility in the developing and regenerating vertebrate nervous system. BioEssays 27:495–505, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of poly(ethylene glycol) on the solution structure of human serum albumin
Authors: Ragi C. , Sedaghat‐Herati M. R. , Ouameur A. Ahmed , Tajmir‐Riahi H. A.
Published: April 2005

Protein physical and chemical properties can be altered by polymer interaction. The presence of several high affinity binding sites on human serum albumin (HSA) makes it a possible target for many organic and polymer molecules. This study was designed to examine the interaction of HSA with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in aqueous solution at physiological conditions. Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet‐visible, and CD spectroscopic methods were used to determine the polymer binding mode, the binding constant, and the effects of polymer complexation on protein secondary structure.

The spectroscopic results showed that PEG is located along the polypeptide chains through H‐bonding interactions with an overall affinity constant of K = 4.12 × 105M−1. The protein secondary structure showed no alterations at low PEG concentration (0.1 mM), whereas at high polymer content (1 mM), a reduction of α‐helix from 59 (free HSA) to 53% and an increase of β‐turn from 11 (free HSA) to 22% occurred in the PEG–HSA complexes (infrared data). The CDSSTR program (CD data) also showed no major alterations of the protein secondary structure at low PEG concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 mM), while at high polymer content (1 mM), a major reduction of α‐helix from 69 (free HSA) to 58% and an increase of β‐turn from 7 (free HSA) to 18% was observed. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 231–236, 2005
Journal ratings and footprints: a North American perspective of organizations and the natural environment journal quality
Authors: Cohen Boyd
Published: April 2005

Organizations and Natural Environment (ONE) research has been published in mainstream management journals and an increasing array of specialty journals dedicated to ONE topics since the formation of the ONE interest group more than a decade ago. While the abundance of outlets for ONE research may be perceived as a positive development for the field, it also raises difficulties for establishing credibility for the relative quality of ONE scholarship. This study is the first of its kind to assess the journal quality of mainstream management and specialty journals that publish ONE‐related research. I triangulated methods by first utilizing a three‐stage process to survey senior ONE scholars and then utilized a footprint approach to rate 25 journals publishing ONE research. Results are compared with those of previous studies and are discussed in light of senior scholar commentary. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Electronic Energy Levels in all‐trans Long Linear Polyenes: The Case of the 3,20‐Di(tert‐butyl)‐2,2,21,21‐tetramethyl‐all‐trans‐3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19‐docosanonaen (ttbp9) Conforming to Kasha's Rule
Authors: Catalán Javier , Hopf Henning , Mlynek Cornelia , Klein Dagmar , Kilickiran Pinar
Published: April 2005

The absorption, fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra for 3,20‐di(tert‐butyl)‐2,2,21,21‐tetramethyl‐all‐trans‐3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19‐docosanonaen (ttbP9) in dilute solutions of 2‐methylbutane were recorded at temperatures over the range 120–280 K. The high photostability of this nonaene allows us to assert that it exhibits a single fluorescence and that this can be unequivocally assigned to emission from its 11Bu excited state, it being the first excited electronic state. Available photophysical data for this polyene and the wealth of information reported for shorter all‐trans polyenes allow us to conclude that if the first excited electronic state for the chromophore possessed 21Ag symmetry, then the energy of such a state might have been so close to that of the 11Bu state that: 1) the radiationless internal conversion mechanism would preclude the observation of the emission from the 11Bu state reported in this work and 2) the 21Ag state reached through internal conversion would be vibrationally coupled to 11Bu and would facilitate the detection of the emission from 21Ag, which was not observed in any of the solvents used in this work. The spectroscopic and photochemical implications of these findings for other polyenes are discussed.
Macrocyclic Double Ferrocenes, Their Stereostructure, and an IR and NMR Spectroscopic, X‐ray Crystallographic, and Conformational and Dynamic Investigation
Authors: Sohár Pál , Csámpai Antal , Abrán Árvácska , Túrós György , Vass Elemér , Kudar Veronika , Újszászy Kálmán , Fábián Balázs
Published: April 2005

Condensation reactions of 1,1'‐diacetylferrocenes with hydrazine afford a series of novel ferrocenophanes with two incorporated ferrocene units. NMR spectroscopy is used to establish the free rotation of the –CH=N–N=C(R)– bridging chains (R = H, Me, Ph) and the rigidity of the –C(Me)=N–N=C(Me)– chain(s) in these macrocycles. The results of theoretical studies on molecular dynamics of these molecules carried out by density functional calculations are consistent with the spectroscopic observations. The stereostructures of the new compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D‐COSY, 2D‐HMQC and 2D‐HMBC measurements, and by mass spectrometry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Vanadium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols Mediated by (+)‐Norcamphor‐Derived Hydroperoxide
Authors: Lattanzi Alessandra , Piccirillo Sandro , Scettri Arrigo
Published: April 2005

A protocol for the asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols has been established that employs VO(acac)2 as catalyst, the commercial achiral hydroxamic acid, N‐hydroxy‐N‐phenylbenzamide, and optically pure (+)‐norcamphor‐derived hydroperoxide as oxygen atom donor and chiral source. Variation of the reaction parameters has a significant effect on the level of asymmetric induction. Under optimized conditions, the epoxy alcohols have been isolated in good yields with up to 67 % ee and complete control of the diastereoselectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Reaction of Thioketones with (R)‐2‐Vinyloxirane: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Formation of (S)‐4‐Vinyl‐1,3‐oxathiolanes
Authors: Fedorov Alexey , Fu Changchun , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: April 2005

The reactions of 4,4'‐dimethoxythiobenzophenone (1), 9H‐xanthene‐9‐thione (2), and adamantane‐2‐thione (3) with (R)‐2‐vinyloxirane [(R)‐6] in the presence of SiO2 in anhydrous CH2Cl2 at 0 °C or room temperature afforded the corresponding 4‐vinyl‐1,3‐oxathiolane derivatives (S)‐7, (S)‐9, and (S)‐11, respectively. The analogous BF3‐catalyzed reactions of (R)‐6 with 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylindane‐2‐thione (4) and 2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐3‐thioxocyclobutanone (5) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 at –65 °C or –78 °C yielded the corresponding spirocyclic 1,3‐oxathiolanes (S)‐12 and (S)‐14, respectively. The structures of (S)‐9 and (S)‐12 were established by X‐ray crystallography. In all cases, the nucleophilic thiocarbonyl S atom attacked predominantly C(2) of the Lewis acid‐activated (R)‐2‐vinyloxirane ring with inversion of the configuration through an SN2‐type mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cover Picture: Cycloadditions and Methylene Transfer in Reactions of Substituted Thiocarbonyl S‐Methylides with Thiobenzophenone: A Computational Study (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 8/2005)
Authors: Sustmann Reiner , Sicking Willi , Huisgen Rolf
Published: April 2005

The cover picture shows the potential energy diagram of methylene transfer from 4,4,5,5‐tetramethylcyclopentanethione S‐methylide to thiobenzophenone via a biradical intermediate which wins over a possible formation of regioisomeric cycloadducts. Methylene transfer reactions together with 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of other thiocarbonyl S‐methylides to thiones are described by R. Huisgen et al. on p. 1519 ff. DFT calculations on the mechanism of these reactions, concerted or stepwise, are reported by R. Sustmann et al. on p. 1505 ff.
Coordinated Development of Yeast Colonies: Quantitative Modeling of Diffusion‐Limited Growth – Part 2
Authors: Walther T. , Reinsch H. , Ostermann K. , Deutsch A. , Bley T.
Published: April 2005

A mathematical model was developed which described the growth of yeast colonies based on the assumptions that (i) these populations were built up of single cells whose proliferation was (ii) exclusively controlled by nutrient availability in the environment. The model was of a hybrid cellular automaton type and described discrete cells residing on a one‐dimensional lattice as well as on continuously distributed nutrients. Experimental results and numerical calculations were compared to elucidate under which cultivation conditions the diffusion‐limited growth (DLG) was the major construction principle in yeast colonies. Simulations were scaled to the growth of Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida boidinii colonies under carbon and nitrogen limitation. They showed that nutrient‐controlled growth of the individual cells resulted in DLG of the population. Quantitative predictions for the spatio‐temporal development of the cell‐density profile inside a growing yeast mycelium were compared to the growth characteristics of the model yeast mycelia. Only for the carbon‐limited growth of C. boidinii colonies on glucose as the limiting nutrient resource did the DLG model reproduce the cell‐density profile estimated at the end of the cultivation. Under all other cultivation conditions, strong discrepancies between calculations and experimental results were evident precluding DLG as the ruling regulatory mechanism. Thus, whether or not the development of a yeast population could be described by a DLG scenario, was strongly dependent on the particular cultivation conditions and the applied yeast species. In those cases for which the DLG hypothesis failed to explain the observed growth patterns, the underlying assumptions, i.e., the complete absence of nutrient translocation between the individual cells inside the yeast mycelia as well as the exclusively nutrient‐controlled proliferation of the cells, have to be reevaluated. The presented study demonstrated how the mathematical analysis of growth processes in yeast populations could assist the experimental identification of potential regulatory mechanisms.
Replication of the results in ‘learning about heterogeneity in returns to schooling’
Authors: Chan Joshua C. C.
Published: April 2005

A recent article (Koop and Tobias, 2004) proposes a direct way to characterize the extent of heterogeneity in returns to education. They investigate the adequacy of several competing models and conclude that returns to schooling are heterogeneous and are best modelled as a bivariate normal distribution. The results of this replication paper basically agree with the authors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: April 2005

In this paper I argue that the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) is invalid both because it is not a form of intelligence and because it is defined so broadly and inclusively that it has no intelligible meaning. I distinguish the so‐called concept of EI from actual intelligence and from rationality. I identify the actual relation between reason and emotion. I reveal the fundamental inadequacy of the concept of EI when applied to leadership. Finally, I suggest some alternatives to the EI concept. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐determination theory and work motivation
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Deci Edward L.
Published: April 2005

Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work settings. Differentiating extrinsic motivation into types that differ in their degree of autonomy led to self‐determination theory, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains. This article describes self‐determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The modelling of anchors using the material point method
Authors: Coetzee C. J. , Vermeer P. A. , Basson A. H.
Published: April 2005

The ultimate capacity of anchors is determined using the material point method (MPM). MPM is a so‐called meshless method capable of modelling large displacements, deformations and contact between different bodies. A short introduction to MPM is given and the derivation of the discrete governing equations. The analysis of a vertically loaded anchor and one loaded at 45° is presented. The load–displacement curves are compared to that obtained from experiments and the effect of soil stiffness and anchor roughness is investigated. The results of the vertically loaded anchor are also compared to an analytical solution. The displacement of the soil surface above the anchor was measured and compared to the numerical predictions. Convergence with mesh refinement is demonstrated and the effect of mesh size and dilatancy angle on the shear band width and orientation is indicated.

The results show that MPM can model anchor pull out successfully. No special interface elements are needed to model the anchor–soil interface and the predicted ultimate capacities were within 10% of the measured values. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evaluation of two software watermarking algorithms
Authors: Myles Ginger , Collberg Christian , Heidepriem Zachary , Navabi Armand
Published: April 2005

In this paper we analyze the effectiveness of two different software watermarking algorithms. The first is an algorithm proposed by Akito Monden et al. and the second an algorithm proposed by Robert L. Davidson and Nathan Myhrvold of the Microsoft Corporation. We have implemented these techniques within the SANDMARK framework, a system designed to study the effectiveness of software protection algorithms on Java bytecode. To the best of our knowledge this is the first implementation and empirical evaluation of these algorithms with respect to a set of properties such as bit‐rate, stealth, and resilience to attack. We demonstrate through the use of the SANDMARK framework that both of these algorithms have a high bit‐rate but are unstealthy and easy to attack. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MobileRMI: upgrading Java Remote Method Invocation towards mobility
Authors: Avvenuti Marco , Vecchio Alessio
Published: April 2005

Code mobility is recognized as a promising design technique, able to improve flexibility, adaptability and bandwidth utilization in mobile computing applications. To promote and facilitate its use, researchers argue that code mobility should be made available to programmers in combination with, and not as an alternative to, more traditional programming models. This paper describes the design and implementation of the MobileRMI toolkit which, unlike agent‐based systems, enables mobility‐based programming within a widely accepted middleware platform, Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI). Our toolkit provides a set of mobility primitives that allow programmers to create, clone and move remote objects across a network. To preserve location transparency we implemented a novel, efficient scheme for automatically updating remote references by exploiting the distributed garbage collector. Programming examples are given and a case study where an adaptive application uses logical mobility to minimize communication over a mobile ad hoc network is presented. Experience from using MobileRMI confirmed the benefit of designing both static and mobile applications within the same programming framework. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unifying program slicing and concept assignment for higher‐level executable source code extraction
Authors: Gold N. E. , Harman M. , Binkley D. , Hierons R. M.
Published: April 2005

Program slicing and concept assignment have both been proposed as source code extraction techniques. Unfortunately, each has a weakness that prevents wider application. For slicing, the extraction criterion is expressed at a very low level; constructing a slicing criterion requires detailed code knowledge which is often unavailable. The concept assignment extraction criterion is expressed at the domain level. However, unlike a slice, the extracted code is not executable as a separate subprogram in its own right. This paper introduces a unification of slicing and concept assignment which exploits their combined advantages, while overcoming these two individual weaknesses. Our ‘concept slices’ are executable programs extracted using high‐level criteria. The paper introduces four techniques that combine slicing and concept assignment and algorithms for each. These algorithms were implemented in two separate tools used to illustrate the application of the concept slicing algorithms in two very different case studies. The first is a commercially‐written COBOL module from a large financial organization, the second is an open source utility program written in C. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curious agents and situated design evaluations
Authors: SAUNDERS ROB , GERO JOHN S.
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a possible future direction for agent-based simulation using complex agents that can learn from experience and report their individual evaluations. Adding learning to the agent model permits the simulation of potentially important agent behavior such as curiosity. The agents can then report evaluations of a design that are situated in their individual experience. The paper describes the architecture of curious agents used in the situated evaluation of designs. It then describes an example of the application of such curious agents in the evaluation of the curating of an exhibition in an art gallery.
The role of trust in distributed design
Authors: WIJNGAARDS NIEK J.E. , BOONSTRA HIDDE M. , BRAZIER FRANCES M.T.
Published: April 2005

Automated support of design teams, consisting of both human and automated systems, requires an understanding of the role of trust in distributed design processes. By explicating trust, an individual designer's decisions become better understood and may be better supported. Each individual designer has his or her private goals in a cooperative design setting, in which requirement conflicts and resource competitions abound. However, there are group goals that also need to be reached. This paper presents an overview of research related to trust in the context of agents and design, a computational knowledge-level model of trust based on the seven beliefs distinguished by Castelfranchi and Falcone, and an example of the use of the trust model in a specific design process, namely, Website design from the perspective of a single designer. The results are discussed in the context of distributed design in open systems.
Human and animal wastes: Implications for atmospheric N2O and NOx
Authors: McElroy Michael B. , Wang Yuxuan X.
Published: April 2005

More than 220 Tg N are processed annually through the global agriculture/animal/human food chain. It is suggested that aerobic denitrification, reduction of nitrite formed in the first stage of nitrification, is an important source not only of global N2O but also of NOx. A simple top‐down method indicates a globally averaged yield of 2% for N2O emitted as a consequence of human disturbances to the global nitrogen cycle. This yield can account not only for the contemporary budget of atmospheric N2O but also for trends observed over the past 1000 years. The associated microbial source of NOx is estimated assuming a NOx/N2O ratio of 3, consistent with results from a variety of laboratory and field studies. This source is significant, particularly for large developing countries such as China and India for which its contribution is comparable to that from fossil fuel.
Methane emission from high‐intensity marine gas seeps in the Black Sea into the atmosphere
Authors: Schmale O. , Greinert J. , Rehder G.
Published: April 2005

Submarine high‐intensity methane seeps have been surveyed in the Sorokin Trough and Paleo Dnepr Area in the Black Sea from May to June, 2003 to estimate the sea‐air methane flux. The Sorokin Trough mud volcano area in around 2080 m water depth shows no direct effects on the methane concentration in the surface water and the atmosphere (average methane saturation ratios (SR) of 143%). The average sea‐air methane flux can be determined as 0.2–0.57 nmol m−2 s−1, using two different sea‐air gas exchange models; mean wind speed were extraordinary low throughout the cruise (1.16 m s−1). The investigations in the Paleo Dnepr Area (60 to 800 m water depth) reflects a more diverse pattern. Spots of high methane concentrations in the surface water have been recorded above a seep location in around 90 m water depth (SR up to 294%). The air‐sea methane flux above this seep site (0.96–2.32 nmol m−2 s−1) is 3 times higher than calculated for the surrounding shelf (0.32–0.77 nmol m−2 s−1) and 5 times higher than assessed for open Black Sea waters (water depth > 200 m, 0.19–0.47 nmol m−2 s−1).
The 8200 year B.P. event in the slope water system, western subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Keigwin L. D. , Sachs J. P. , Rosenthal Y. , Boyle E. A.
Published: April 2005

Stable isotope, trace metal, alkenone paleothermometry, and radiocarbon methods have been applied to sediment cores in the western subpolar North Atlantic between Hudson Strait and Cape Hatteras to reveal the history of climate in that region over the past ∼11 kyr. We focus on cores from the Laurentian Fan, which is known to have rapid and continuous accumulation of hemipelagic sediment. Although results among our various proxy data are not always in agreement, the weight of the evidence (alkenone sea surface temperature (SST), δ18O and abundance of Globigerinoides ruber) indicates a continual cooling of surface waters over Laurentian Fan, from about 18°C in the early Holocene to about 8°C today. Alternatively, Mg/Ca data on planktonic foraminifera indicate no systematic change in Holocene SST. The inferred long‐term decrease in SST was probably driven by decreasing seasonality of Northern Hemisphere insolation. Two series of proxy data show the gradual cooling was interrupted by a two‐step cold pulse that began 8500 years ago, and lasted about 700 years. Although this event is associated with the final deglaciation of Hudson Bay, there is no δ18O minimum anywhere in the Labrador Sea, yet there is some evidence for it as far south as Cape Hatteras. Finally, although the 8200 year B.P. event has been implicated in decreasing North Atlantic ventilation, and hence widespread temperature depression on land and at sea, we find inconsistent evidence for a change at that time in deep ocean nutrient content at ∼4 km water depth.
A one‐million‐year history of a north‐south segment of the Subtropical Front, east of New Zealand
Authors: Wilson Kate , Hayward Bruce W. , Sabaa Ashwaq T. , Scott George H. , Kennett James P.
Published: April 2005

Planktic foraminiferal assemblages from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 1119 and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) site 594 are used to estimate sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the past ∼900 kyr (marine isotope stages (MISs) 23–1) in the southwest Pacific Ocean, east of New Zealand. Comparison of these long SST records allows us to document the cyclic migrational history of water masses and fronts, especially of the N‐S oriented segment of the Subtropical Front (STF), known as the Southland Front. During most interglacials, summer SSTs were 10–12°C in both sites, indicating that both were overlain by Subantarctic Water (SAW) and that the Southland Front was located landward of them. During the peaks of MISs 11 and 5.5, summer SST estimates were considerably warmer than modern, suggesting that the southern edge of the E‐W trending STF expanded southward over the Bounty Trough, and the Southland Current contained a greater proportion of Subtropical Water (STW) than it does today. During most glacials, summer SSTs in inshore ODP site 1119 (7–10°C) were ∼4°C warmer than in DSDP site 594. This implies that the Southland Front migrated offshore with lowered sea levels to lie between the two sites. During MIS 20, SSTs in ODP site 1119 dropped to those of DSDP site 594, indicating that there was no Southland Front in existence and no detectable STW entrained in the Southland Current flowing around the south end of New Zealand. The low glacial SST estimates in DSDP site 594 (∼4°C) might be a result of persistent eddies of Circumpolar Subantarctic Water spinning off the Subantarctic Front into the Bounty Trough during glacials.
How to run a minimalist's global ocean conveyor
Authors: Seidov Dan , Haupt Bernd J.
Published: April 2005

The current paradigm of modern climatology and oceanography is that the thermohaline ocean circulation comprises a so‐called global ocean “salinity conveyor belt” – a system of currents connecting the northern North Atlantic and northern North Pacific. A hypothesis is put forth here that a slight disparity in freshwater redistribution between the oceans in the Northern Hemisphere is sufficient to build up and maintain a global conveyor‐type ocean thermohaline circulation.
Fingerprinting the Australian rhizobial inoculant mother cultures using refined PCR protocols yields beneficial inoculant management applications
Authors: Vachot-Griffin A-M. , Thies J. E.
Published: April 2005

Monitoring the success of rhizobial inoculation requires reliable identification of the introduced strains in nodules and when recovered from field soil. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the use of either random or directed primers has increasingly become the molecular method of choice for characterising bacteria at the strain level. We have investigated the use of 5 markers (REP, ERIC, BOXA1R, RPO1 and IGS) commonly used for PCR fingerprinting to characterise rhizobia bacteria used in the manufacture of rhizobial inoculants in Australia. PCR with random primers often yields inconsistent results because most protocols do not specify stringent cycling and non-cycling parameters. We have increased the stringency and improved the specificity of reaction conditions for 4 of the 5 markers tested. Optimised protocols were then used to fingerprint the 39 strains of rhizobia bacteria held in the 1998 mother culture collection of the Australian Legume Inoculant Research Unit (ALIRU). Results for 34 strains using at least one marker are presented. Although the mother cultures of these inoculant strains undergo numerous quality assurance tests annually, it was not until PCR fingerprinting was applied that 2 strains, believed to be unique, were found to be identical. In the subsequent investigation, we determined that the 2 strains were originally unique but that a mix-up in the cultures had occurred at least 3 years before our analysis. Use of serology, plant infection tests and field tests were not sufficient to detect this problem. The use of PCR fingerprinting with optimised protocols has now been incorporated into the annual quality assurance regime used by the ALIRU who monitor strain quality for the Australian rhizobial inoculant industry. Higher quality rhizobial inoculant for use by Australian farmers is a beneficial outcome of this work.
Stage-dependent expression of extra-embryonic tissue-spermatogenesis-homeobox gene 1 (ESX1) protein, a candidate marker for X chromosome-bearing sperm
Authors: Yeh Yueh-Chiao , Yang Vie-Cheng , Huang Shing-Chung , Lo Neng-Wen
Published: April 2005

Extra-embryonic tissue-spermatogenesis-homeobox gene 1 (Esx1) encodes an X-linked homeobox protein. Despite the fact that the temporal and spatial mRNA expression pattern of the protein has been studied extensively in the testis, specific localisation of ESX1 in the testis remains to be determined. In the present study, we generated ESX1 antiserum to investigate the stage- and tissue-specific expression of ESX1 in the mouse. Western blotting and immunofluorescent analyses revealed that general localisations of ESX1 were consistent with its RNA expression patterns; that is, it was restricted mainly to the placenta and testis. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that ESX1 existed in the testes after 3 weeks of age, coincident with the appearance of round spermatids in the seminiferous tubules. Moreover, ESX1 expression became more abundant in the luminal regions of the seminiferous tubules as the development of round spermatids progressed into spermatozoa. In contrast, reduced expression of ESX1 was observed in experimentally induced cryptorchid testes. The later expression of ESX1 suggests a role in post-meiotic germ cell development. To further understand ESX1 expression in sperm with respect to X chromosome-bearing sperm, we used ESX1 antiserum to immunostain sperm by confocal laser microscopy. Approximately half the sperm population was recognised by the ESX1 antiserum. On the basis of results of the present study, we suggest that ESX1 could be used as a protein marker for X chromosome-bearing sperm.
Effects of supplementary food on the winter inhibition of reproduction in male and female four-striped field mice (Rhabdomys pumilio)
Authors: Jackson C. , Bernard R. T. F.
Published: April 2005

The effects of winter food supplementation on reproduction in the seasonally breeding four-striped field mouse Rhabdomys pumilio were investigated at Mountain Zebra National Park in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. On both control and supplemented grids, reproductive activity in females was inhibited; no pregnant females were collected and juveniles were only present in the first winter month. The provision of additional food resulted in an increase in body mass and mass of the male and female reproductive organs. However, all males, from both grids, were spermatogenically active. Ovarian activity was not stimulated by the provision of additional food, but the development of the uterus was and the endometrium was thicker and more vascularised in mice from the supplemented grid than from the control grid. We conclude that seasonal reproduction in R. pumilio is controlled by the females, in which reproductive activity is inhibited in winter. However, the provision of supplementary food was not sufficient to override the reproductive inhibition.