bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere from broadband surface wave analysis of OBS array records at 60 Ma seafloor
Authors: Takeo A. , Kawakatsu H. , Isse T. , Nishida K. , Sugioka H. , Ito A. , Shiobara H. , Suetsugu D.
Published: March 2016

We analyzed seismic ambient noise and teleseismic waveforms of nine broadband ocean bottom seismometers deployed at a 60 Ma seafloor in the southeastward of Tahiti island, the South Pacific, by the Tomographic Investigation by seafloor ARray Experiment for the Society hotspot project. We first obtained one‐dimensional shear wave velocity model beneath the array from average phase velocities of Rayleigh waves at a broadband period range of 5–200 s. The obtained model shows a large velocity reduction at depths between 40 and 80 km, where the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary might exist. We then estimated shear wave azimuthal anisotropy at depths of 20–100 km by measuring azimuthal dependence of phase velocities of Rayleigh waves. The obtained model shows peak‐to‐peak intensity of the azimuthal anisotropy of 2%–4% with the fastest azimuth of NW–SE direction both in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. This result suggests that the ancient flow frozen in the lithosphere is not perpendicular to the strike of the ancient mid‐ocean ridge but is roughly parallel to the ancient plate motion at depths of 20–60 km. The fastest azimuths in the current asthenosphere are subparallel to current plate motion at depths of 60–100 km. Additional shear wave splitting analysis revealed possible perturbations of flow in the mantle by the hot spot activities and implied the presence of azimuthal anisotropy in the asthenosphere down to a depth of 190–210 km.
Approximate analytical solution to the Boussinesq equation with a sloping water‐land boundary
Authors: Tang Yuehao , Jiang Qinghui , Zhou Chuangbing
Published: March 2016

An approximate solution is presented to the 1‐D Boussinesq equation (BEQ) characterizing transient groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer subject to a constant water variation at the sloping water‐land boundary. The flow equation is decomposed to a linearized BEQ and a head correction equation. The linearized BEQ is solved using a Laplace transform. By means of the frozen‐coefficient technique and Gauss function method, the approximate solution for the head correction equation can be obtained, which is further simplified to a closed‐form expression under the condition of local energy equilibrium. The solutions of the linearized and head correction equations are discussed from physical concepts. Especially for the head correction equation, the well posedness of the approximate solution obtained by the frozen‐coefficient method is verified to demonstrate its boundedness, which can be further embodied as the upper and lower error bounds to the exact solution of the head correction by statistical analysis. The advantage of this approximate solution is in its simplicity while preserving the inherent nonlinearity of the physical phenomenon. Comparisons between the analytical and numerical solutions of the BEQ validate that the approximation method can achieve desirable precisions, even in the cases with strong nonlinearity. The proposed approximate solution is applied to various hydrological problems, in which the algebraic expressions that quantify the water flow processes are derived from its basic solutions. The results are useful for the quantification of stream‐aquifer exchange flow rates, aquifer response due to the sudden reservoir release, bank storage and depletion, and front position and propagation speed.
Selection of relevant input variables in storm water quality modeling by multiobjective evolutionary polynomial regression paradigm
Authors: Creaco E. , Berardi L. , Sun Siao , Giustolisi O. , Savic D.
Published: March 2016

The growing availability of field data, from information and communication technologies (ICTs) in “smart” urban infrastructures, allows data modeling to understand complex phenomena and to support management decisions. Among the analyzed phenomena, those related to storm water quality modeling have recently been gaining interest in the scientific literature. Nonetheless, the large amount of available data poses the problem of selecting relevant variables to describe a phenomenon and enable robust data modeling. This paper presents a procedure for the selection of relevant input variables using the multiobjective evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR‐MOGA) paradigm. The procedure is based on scrutinizing the explanatory variables that appear inside the set of EPR‐MOGA symbolic model expressions of increasing complexity and goodness of fit to target output. The strategy also enables the selection to be validated by engineering judgement. In such context, the multiple case study extension of EPR‐MOGA, called MCS‐EPR‐MOGA, is adopted. The application of the proposed procedure to modeling storm water quality parameters in two French catchments shows that it was able to significantly reduce the number of explanatory variables for successive analyses. Finally, the EPR‐MOGA models obtained after the input selection are compared with those obtained by using the same technique without benefitting from input selection and with those obtained in previous works where other data‐modeling techniques were used on the same data. The comparison highlights the effectiveness of both EPR‐MOGA and the input selection procedure.
Hierarchical mixture of experts and diagnostic modeling approach to reduce hydrologic model structural uncertainty
Authors: Moges Edom , Demissie Yonas , Li Hong‐Yi
Published: March 2016

In most water resources applications, any particular model structure might be inadequate to capture the dynamic multiscale interactions among different hydrological processes. Calibrating single models for dynamic catchments, where multiple dominant processes exist, can result in displacement of errors from structure to parameters, which in turn leads to over‐correction and biased predictions. An alternative to a single model structure is to develop local expert structures that are effective in representing the dominant components of the hydrologic process and adaptively integrate them based on an indicator variable. In this study, the Hierarchical Mixture of Experts (HME) framework is applied to integrate expert model structures representing the different components of the hydrologic process. Various signature diagnostic analyses were used to identify the presence of multiple dominant processes, and the adequacy of a single model, as well as to develop the structures of the expert models. The approaches are applied for two distinct catchments, the Guadalupe River (Texas) and the French Broad River (North Carolina) from the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX), using different structures of the HBV model. The results show that the HME approach has a better performance over the single model for the Guadalupe catchment, where multiple dominant processes are witnessed through diagnostic measures. Whereas the diagnostics and aggregated performance measures prove that French Broad has a homogeneous catchment response, making the single model adequate to capture the response.
Observational constraints on the efficiency of dehydration mechanisms in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Rollins A. W. , Thornberry T. D. , Gao R. S. , Woods S. , Lawson R. P. , Bui T. P. , Jensen E. J. , Fahey D. W.
Published: March 2016

The efficiency of dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) determines how closely water vapor will be reduced to the lowest saturation mixing ratio encountered along a trajectory to the stratosphere, thereby strongly influencing stratospheric humidity. The NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) provided an unprecedented number and quality of in situ observations to constrain the key mechanisms controlling this dehydration. Statistical analyses of the ATTREX data show that nucleation, growth, and sedimentation each result in TTL dehydration becoming increasingly inefficient at temperatures below 200 K. Because of these inefficiencies, models that ignore these mechanisms likely underestimate water vapor at the stratospheric entry point by ~10–20% at the lowest temperatures.
Relativistic electron microbursts and variations in trapped MeV electron fluxes during the 8–9 October 2012 storm: SAMPEX and Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Kurita Satoshi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Blake J. Bernard , Reeves Geoffery D. , Kletzing Craig A.
Published: March 2016

It has been suggested that whistler mode chorus is responsible for both acceleration of MeV electrons and relativistic electron microbursts through resonant wave‐particle interactions. Relativistic electron microbursts have been considered as an important loss mechanism of radiation belt electrons. Here we report on the observations of relativistic electron microbursts and flux variations of trapped MeV electrons during the 8–9 October 2012 storm, using the SAMPEX and Van Allen Probes satellites. Observations by the satellites show that relativistic electron microbursts correlate well with the rapid enhancement of trapped MeV electron fluxes by chorus wave‐particle interactions, indicating that acceleration by chorus is much more efficient than losses by microbursts during the storm. It is also revealed that the strong chorus wave activity without relativistic electron microbursts does not lead to significant flux variations of relativistic electrons. Thus, effective acceleration of relativistic electrons is caused by chorus that can cause relativistic electron microbursts.
Time scales of shallow‐to‐deep convective transition associated with the onset of Madden‐Julian Oscillations
Authors: Xu Weixin , Rutledge Steven A.
Published: March 2016

This study statistically investigates the timing and underlying processes of the shallow‐to‐deep convective transition (SDT) associated with Madden‐Julian Oscillations (MJO) initiation over the Indian Ocean. Results show that SDT periods have a median value of 8–10 days with a wide spectrum of 2–20 days. SDTs lasting 10–20 days occurred nearly 50% of the time, consistent with gradual tropospheric moistening and destabilization leading to MJO initiation as described by the discharge‐recharge theory. Rapid SDTs (<7 days) took place in 25% of the MJOs studied, including two MJOs observed during Dynamics of the MJO in which previous studies suggested large‐scale moistening dominates the local convective moistening during SDT. SDT length is only weakly correlated to MJO amplitude and duration defined by the Real‐Time Multivariate MJO index. SDT length is negatively correlated with the duration of the shallow convective period preceding the SDT but weakly correlated with individual parameters associated with preonset environments.
Biopsychosocial Influence on Shoulder Pain: Influence of Genetic and Psychological Combinations on Twelve‐Month Postoperative Pain and Disability Outcomes
Authors: George Steven Z. , Wu Samuel S. , Wallace Margaret R. , Moser Michael W. , Wright Thomas W. , Farmer Kevin W. , Greenfield Warren H. , Dai Yunfeng , Li Hua , Fillingim Roger B.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To identify novel combinations of genetic and psychological factors that predicted 12‐month postoperative pain and disability outcomes following arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

Methods

A prospective presurgical cohort (n = 150) was recruited to complete validated psychological questionnaires and have their DNA collected from saliva. DNA was genotyped for a priori selected genes involved with pain modulation (ADRB2, OPRM1, AVPR1A, GCH1, and KCNS1) and inflammation (IL1B, TNF/LTA, and IL6). The outcome measures of interest were the Brief Pain Inventory and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire. Followup for the cohort was at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. After controlling for age, sex, race, and preoperative status, genetic and psychological factors were entered as main effects and interaction terms in separate general linear models for predicting postoperative pain and disability outcomes.

Results

Seven interactions involving pain‐modulatory genes were identified. Three provided strong statistical evidence for different outcomes, including KCNS1 and kinesiophobia for preoperative pain intensity, ADRB2 and depressive symptoms for postoperative course, and GCH1 and anxiety symptoms for 12‐month pain‐intensity outcome. Ten interactions involving inflammatory genes were identified. Three provided strong statistical evidence for the 12‐month postoperative course outcome, including 2 different IL6 single‐nucleotide polymorphism and pain catastrophizing, and IL6 and depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

The current study identified novel genetic and psychological interactions that can be used in future studies to further understand the development of persistent postoperative pain and investigate the effectiveness of tailored treatment.
Self‐Powered Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole from the Pulsed Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Sustainable Energy System
Authors: Wang Jie , Wen Zhen , Zi Yunlong , Lin Long , Wu Changsheng , Guo Hengyu , Xi Yi , Xu Youlong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: March 2016

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are able to convert mechanical energy into electricity. In this work, a self‐powered electrochemical synthesis circle is designed, in which the electrode material of the TENG, polypyrrole (PPy), is prepared by the pulse output of the PPy‐based TENG itself. The TENG based on PPy from self‐powered synthesis (SPSPPy) presents a competitive performance compared to those made from commercial pulse sources. A supercapacitor that is fabricated from SPSPPy has a far superior performance than that synthesized by the conventional galvanostatic method. Furthermore, a self‐charging power system that integrates a TENG and a supercapacitor is demonstrated to drive an electronic device sustainably. Moreover, the polymerization efficiency is optimized in TENG‐based electrochemical synthesis because its high voltage can sustain multiple reactors simultaneously. Its upper limit is theoretically analyzed for optimal energy utility, and a maximum number of 39 reactors can be powered experimentally. Hence, TENG is validated as an effective pulse generator for the synthesis of PPy as well as other electrochemical technology, and this work greatly improves the understandings of TENG‐based self‐powered electrochemical systems.
Discovering a Dual‐Buffer Effect for Lithium Storage: Durable Nanostructured Ordered Mesoporous Co–Sn Intermetallic Electrodes
Authors: Park Gwi Ok , Yoon Jeongbae , Shon Jeong Kuk , Choi Yun Seok , Won Jong Gu , Park Su Bin , Kim Kyoung Ho , Kim Hansu , Yoon Won‐Sub , Kim Ji Man
Published: March 2016

Lithiation–delithiation reactions in Li‐ion batteries do exhibit a huge electrochemically driven volume change of the anode material between the lithium‐free and lithiated‐host states, which results in a gradually fading capacity. Minimizing this volume change of the electrode during cycling is essential to achieve stable electrochemical behavior and thus for innovating design of electrode materials for Li storage. Here, ordered mesoporous CoSn intermetallic anode materials with various Co/Sn atomic ratios are developed. A dual‐buffer effect is discovered that accommodates the volume changes in the electrode material by not only repeatedly generating void nanospaces but also by incorporating electrochemically inactive elements. Novel insights into the nanostructural changes of electrode materials during the lithiation–delithiation process are obtained by in operando small angle X‐ray scattering. The degrees of volume change and nanoscopic order are found to be highly dependent on the Co contents in the mesoporous CoSn intermetallic anode materials, being possible to achieve a durable nanostructured electrode upon prolonged cycling.
Graphene Oxide‐Copper Nanocomposite‐Coated Porous CaP Scaffold for Vascularized Bone Regeneration via Activation of Hif‐1α
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Chang Qing , Xu Ling , Li Guanglong , Yang Guangzheng , Ding Xun , Wang Xiansong , Cui Daxiang , Jiang Xinquan
Published: March 2016

Graphene has been studied for its in vitro osteoinductive capacity. However, the in vivo bone repair effects of graphene‐based scaffolds remain unknown. The aqueous soluble graphene oxide‐copper nanocomposites (GO‐Cu) are fabricated, which are used to coat porous calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds for vascularized bone regeneration. The GO‐Cu nanocomposites, containing crystallized CuO/Cu2O nanoparticles of ≈30 nm diameters, distribute uniformly on the surfaces of the porous scaffolds and maintain a long‐term release of Cu ions. In vitro, the GO‐Cu coating enhances the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). It is also found that by activating the Erk1/2 signaling pathway, the GO‐Cu nanocomposites upregulate the expression of Hif‐1α in BMSCs, resulting in the secretion of VEGF and BMP‐2 proteins. When transplanted into rat with critical‐sized calvarial defects, the GO‐Cu‐coated calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds (CPC/GO‐Cu) significantly promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Moreover, it is observed via histological sections that the GO‐Cu nanocomposites are phagocytosed by multinucleated giant cells. The results suggest that GO‐Cu nanocomposite coatings can be utilized as an attractive strategy for vascularized bone regeneration.
Destruction of Opportunistic Pathogens via Polymer Nanoparticle‐Mediated Release of Plant‐Based Antimicrobial Payloads
Authors: Amato Dahlia N. , Amato Douglas V. , Mavrodi Olga V. , Braasch Dwaine A. , Walley Susan E. , Douglas Jessica R. , Mavrodi Dmitri V. , Patton Derek L.
Published: March 2016

The synthesis of antimicrobial thymol/carvacrol‐loaded polythioether nanoparticles (NPs) via a one‐pot, solvent‐free miniemulsion thiol‐ene photopolymerization process is reported. The active antimicrobial agents, thymol and carvacrol, are employed as “solvents” for the thiol‐ene monomer phase in the miniemulsion to enable facile high capacity loading (≈50% w/w), excellent encapsulation efficiencies (>95%), and elimination of all postpolymerization purification processes. The NPs serve as high capacity reservoirs for slow‐release and delivery of thymol/carvacrol‐combination payloads that exhibit inhibitory and bactericidal activity (>99.9% kill efficiency at 24 h) against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, including both saprophytic (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) and pathogenic species (E. coli ATCC 43895, Staphylococcus aureus RN6390, and Burkholderia cenocepacia K56‐2). This report is among the first to demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil‐loaded nanoparticles against B. cenocepacia – an innately resistant opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with debilitating respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis. Although a model platform, these results point to promising pathways to particle‐based delivery of plant‐derived extracts for a range of antimicrobial applications, including active packaging materials, topical antiseptics, and innovative therapeutics.
Crosslinkable Amino‐Functionalized Conjugated Polymer as Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jing , Lin Kai , Zhang Kai , Jiang Xiao‐Fang , Mahmood Khalid , Ying Lei , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: March 2016

A novel crosslinkable aminoalkyl‐functionalized polymer, poly[9,9‐bis(6‐(N,N‐diethylamino)propyl)fluorene‐alt‐9,9‐bis(hex‐5‐en‐1‐yl)‐fluorene] (PFN‐V), is designed and synthesized. The resulting polymer can be rapidly crosslinked by UV‐curing within 5 s in a nearly quantitative yield based on the “click” chemistry of alkyene end‐groups of the PFN‐V side chains and the addition of 1,8‐octanedithiol. The crosslinked PFN‐V film exhibits excellent solvent resistance property and can act as effective cathode interlayer to modify the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, which can thus facilitate the formation of Ohmic contact between cathode and active layer. The surface energy of PFN‐V is quite comparable to that of PC71BM, which is favorable for the formation of vertical phase separation in the bulk heterojunction film that can facilitate extraction of charges as verified by transient photocurrent measurements. Based on the resulting PFN‐V as the cathode interlayer, the fabricated polymer solar cells with inverted device structure show a remarkable enhancement of power conversion efficiency from 3.11% for the control device to 9.18% for PFN‐V based device. These observations indicate that the synthesized PFN‐V can be a promising crosslinked copolymer as the cathode interlayer for high performance polymer solar cells.
A feedback control framework for safe and economically‐optimal operation of nonlinear processes
Authors: Albalawi Fahad , Alanqar Anas , Durand Helen , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: March 2016

Maintaining safe operation of chemical processes and meeting environmental constraints are issues of paramount importance in the area of process systems and control engineering, and are ideally achieved while maximizing economic profit. It has long been argued that process safety is fundamentally a process control problem, yet few research efforts have been directed toward integrating the rather disparate domains of process safety and process control. Economic model predictive control (EMPC) has attracted significant attention recently due to its ability to optimize process operation accounting directly for process economics considerations. However, there is very limited work on the problem of integrating safety considerations in EMPC to ensure simultaneous safe operation and maximization of process profit. Motivated by the above considerations, this work develops three EMPC schemes that adjust in real‐time the size of the safety sets in which the process state should reside to ensure safe process operation and feedback control of the process state while optimizing economics via time‐varying process operation. Recursive feasibility and closed‐loop stability are established for a sufficiently small EMPC sampling period. The proposed schemes, which effectively integrate feedback control, process economics, and safety considerations, are demonstrated with a chemical process example. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2391–2409, 2016
Wax deposition modeling of oil/gas stratified smooth pipe flow
Authors: Duan Jimiao , Liu Huishu , Guan Jinfa , Hua Weixing , Jiao Guangwei , Gong Jing
Published: March 2016

Wax deposition modeling is complicated under oil/gas two‐phase pipe flow and therefore remains poorly understood. One‐dimensional empirical heat and mass transfer correlations are unreliably for deposition modeling in stratified flow, due to non‐uniform deposit across the pipe circumference. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the deposit thickness and the wax fraction of deposit in oil/gas stratified pipe flow using a unidirectional flow analysis of non‐isothermal hydrodynamics and heat/mass transfer. The predictions for wax deposition are found to compare satisfactorily with experimental data with three different oils for single phase and oil/gas stratified pipe flow. In particular, the reason that the deposit forming a crescent shape at the cross section of pipe observed in different experiments is revealed, based on the non‐uniform circumferential distributions of two most important parameters for the wax deposition, diffusivity at oil–deposit interface, and the solubility gradient at the oil–deposit interface at different time. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2550–2562, 2016
Exploiting Distal Reactivity of Coumarins: A Rhodium‐Catalyzed Vinylogous Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Reaction
Authors: Loh Charles C. J. , Schmid Matthias , Peters Brendan , Fang Xiang , Lautens Mark
Published: March 2016

While the utility of vinylogous enolates is well established in the setting of vinylogous aldol, Mannich, and Michael chemistries, literature reports concerning γ‐reactivity are scarce for other reaction classes. Presented herein is an unprecedented example of vinylogous reactivity exemplified by the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric ring‐opening reaction of oxabicycles. This strategy also provides a powerful route to incorporate the biologically useful coumarin motif into the hydronapthalene scaffold.
Enantioconvergent Fukuyama Cross‐Coupling of Racemic Benzylic Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Oost Rik , Misale Antonio , Maulide Nuno
Published: March 2016

The first enantioconvergent palladium‐catalyzed Fukuyama cross‐coupling of racemic benzylic organozinc reagents with thioesters has been developed. The reaction furnishes enantioenriched acyclic α‐disubstituted ketone products in good yields and high enantioselectivities. A broad substrate scope is achieved under mild reaction conditions to prevent racemization of the potentially labile tertiary stereocenters.
Preparation, characterization, electrical and antibacterial properties of sericin/poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) composites
Authors: Ramesan M. T. , Athira V. K. , Jayakrishnan P. , Gopinathan C.
Published: March 2016

In this study, we focused on the fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/sericin composites via a simple solution‐blending method. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and measurements of the conductivity, tensile strength, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of FTIR and UV spectroscopy implied the occurrence of hydrogen bonding between sericin and the PVA/PVP blend. The structure and morphology, studied by XRD and SEM, revealed that the sericin particles were well dispersed and arranged in an orderly fashion in the blend. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the composite was higher than that of the pure blend, and the Tg value shifted toward higher temperatures when the volume fraction of sericin increased. TGA indicated that sericin retarded the thermal degradation; this depended on the filler concentration. The mechanical and electrical properties, such as the tensile strength, alternating‐current electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of the composites, were higher than those of the pure blend, and these properties were enhanced when the concentration of sericin was increased up to 10 wt % filler content, whereas the elongation at break of the composite decreased with the addition of sericin particles. The antibacterial properties of the composite showed that sericin had a significant inhibitory effect against S. aureus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43535.
Identification of Optimal Mouse Models of Systemic Sclerosis by Interspecies Comparative Genomics
Authors: Sargent Jennifer L. , Li Zhenghui , Aliprantis Antonios O. , Greenblatt Matthew , Lemaire Raphael , Wu Ming‐hua , Wei Jun , Taroni Jaclyn , Harris Adam , Long Kristen B. , Burgwin Chelsea , Artlett Carol M. , Blankenhorn Elizabeth P. , Lafyatis Robert , Varga John , Clark Stephen H. , Whitfield Michael L.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Understanding the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is confounded by considerable disease heterogeneity. Animal models of SSc that recapitulate distinct subsets of disease at the molecular level have not been delineated. We applied interspecies comparative analysis of genomic data from multiple mouse models of SSc and patients with SSc to determine which animal models best reflect the SSc intrinsic molecular subsets.

Methods

Gene expression measured in skin from mice with sclerodermatous graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), bleomycin‐induced fibrosis, Tsk1/+ or Tsk2/+ mice was mapped to human orthologs and compared to SSc skin biopsy–derived gene expression. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) activation was assessed using a responsive signature in mice, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A (TNFRSF12A) expression was measured in SSc patient and mouse skin.

Results

Gene expression in skin from mice with sclerodermatous GVHD and bleomycin‐induced fibrosis corresponded to that in SSc patients in the inflammatory molecular subset. In contrast, Tsk2/+ mice showed gene expression corresponding to the fibroproliferative SSc subset. Enrichment of a TGFβ‐responsive signature was observed in both Tsk2/+ mice and mice with bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis. Expression of TNFRSF12A (the TWEAK receptor/fibroblast growth factor–inducible 14) was elevated in skin from patients with fibroproliferative SSc and the skin of Tsk2/+ mice.

Conclusion

This study reveals similarities in cutaneous gene expression between distinct mouse models of SSc and specific molecular subsets of the disease. Different pathways underlie the intrinsic subsets including TGFβ, interleukin‐13 (IL‐13), and IL‐4. We identify a novel target, Tnfrsf12a, with elevated expression in skin from patients with fibroproliferative SSc and Tsk2/+ mice. These findings will inform mechanistic and translational preclinical studies in SSc.
Late breaking trials of 2015 in coronary artery disease: Commentary covering ACC, EuroPCR, SCAI, TCT, ESC, and AHA
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Jordan Safirstein  , Anwaruddin Saif , Dehghani Payam , Shah Binita , Tremmel Jennifer A.
Published: March 2016

The SCAI Publications Committee and Emerging Leadership Mentorship (ELM) Fellows concisely summarize and provide context on the most important coronary trials presented at large international meetings in 2015, including the MATRIX, ABSORB, and TOTAL trials. The intent is to allow quick assimilation of trial results into interventional practice, and enable busy interventional cardiologists to stay up to date. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Percutaneous exclusion of a rapidly enlarging left main coronary artery aneurysm using coils and an Amplatzer™ septal occluder
Authors: Aggarwal Vikas , Mishkel Gregory , Goswami Nilesh
Published: March 2016

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are often an incidental finding amongst patients undergoing coronary angiography. Most CAAs are managed conservatively; rarely a larger CAA can lead to intramural thrombus formation and coronary artery embolization/obstruction even without the presence of significant stenosis. Despite these clinical implications, therapeutic options are limited to case reports and no clearly defined guidelines have been established for treatment. In this article, we present a unique case of a rapidly enlarging left main CAA, with no identifiable etiology that was treated with percutaneous exclusion via coil embolization and an Amplatzer™ septal occluder device. We also discuss existing literature, pathophysiology, and management options for CAAs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term outcomes following drug‐eluting stents versus bare metal stents for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A real‐world analysis of 11,181 patients from the british columbia cardiac registry
Authors: Iqbal M. Bilal , Nadra Imad J. , Ding Lillian , Fung Anthony , Aymong Eve , Chan Albert W. , Hodge Steven , Robinson Simon D. , Siega Anthony Della ,   On Behalf of the British Columbia Cardiac Registry Investigators
Published: March 2016

Background

Drug eluting stents (DES) are associated with reduced risk of restenosis when compared with bare metal stents (BMS). Their use in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is debated, owing to concerns about stent thrombosis. There are limited real‐world data comparing DES versus BMS in STEMI. We conducted an observational analysis in this setting and rigorously adjusted for treatment selection bias.

Methods

We analyzed 11,181 consecutive patients with acute STEMI who received either DES or BMS during 2008‐2014 in the British Columbia Cardiac Registry. We analyzed target vessel revascularization (TVR) and mortality at 2 years.

Results

Multivariable‐adjusted, propensity‐matched and inverse probability‐treatment weighted analyses found DES to be associated with early and late survival up to 2 years but not TVR. However, when adjusting for measured and unmeasured confounders, instrumental variable (IV) analyses demonstrated that DES use was associated with reduced TVR up to 2 years (Δ = −6.7%, 95% CI: −10.0%, −3.4%, P < 0.001). DES use was not associated with mortality at 1 year (Δ = −2.3%, 95% CI: −5.0%, 0.4%, P = 0.100) but associated with reduced mortality at 2 years (Δ = −5.4%, 95% CI: −8.3%, −2.5%, P < 0.001). Stratified IV analyses indicated that this long‐term survival benefit was largely attributable to the second generation DES.

Conclusions

In this study of patients with STEMI, when adjusting for measured and unmeasured factors, DES use was associated with reduced TVR and long‐term survival beyond 1 year. This long‐term survival was largely attributable to the second generation DES. These real‐world data are reassuring and support the use of DES for STEMI. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light‐Controlled Simultaneous Resistive and Ferroelectricity Switching Effects of BiFeO3 Film for a Flexible Multistate High‐Storage Memory Device
Authors: Sun Bai , Tang Mei , Gao Ju , Li Chang Ming
Published: March 2016

A flexible memory device with an ITO/BiFeO3/Ti/Polyimide structure is prepared for light‐controlled simultaneous resistive and ferroelectricity switching effects, achieving a multistate high‐storage memory capacity. The mechanism for superior storage performance is discussed in detail. This work holds a great promise for a flexible and wearable light‐controlled non‐volatile multistate memory device with a high capacity and low cost.
Generalized Low‐Temperature Fabrication of Scalable Multi‐Type Two‐Dimensional Nanosheets with a Green Soft Template
Authors: Wang Lanfang , Song Chuang , Shi Yi , Dang Liyun , Jin Ying , Jiang Hong , Lu Qingyi , Gao Feng
Published: March 2016

Two‐dimensional nanosheets with high specific surface areas and fascinating physical and chemical properties have attracted tremendous interests because of their promising potentials in both fundamental research and practical applications. However, the problem of developing a universal strategy with a facile and cost‐effective synthesis process for multi‐type ultrathin 2 D nanostructures remains unresolved. Herein, we report a generalized low‐temperature fabrication of scalable multi‐type 2 D nanosheets including metal hydroxides (such as Ni(OH)2, Co(OH)2, Cd(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2), metal oxides (such as ZnO and Mn3O4), and layered mixed transition‐metal hydroxides (Ni‐Co LDH, Ni‐Fe LDH, Co‐Fe LDH, and Ni‐Co‐Fe layered ternary hydroxides) through the rational employment of a green soft‐template. The synthesized crystalline inorganic nanosheets possess confined thickness, resulting in ultrahigh surface atom ratios and chemically reactive facets. Upon evaluation as electrode materials for pseudocapacitors, the Ni‐Co LDH nanosheets exhibit a high specific capacitance of 1087 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, and excellent stability, with 103 % retention after 500 cycles. This strategy is facile and scalable for the production of high‐quality ultrathin crystalline inorganic nanosheets, with the possibility of extension to the preparation of other complex nanosheets.
Enantioselective Visible‐Light‐Induced Radical‐Addition Reactions to 3‐Alkylidene Indolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Lenhart Dominik , Bauer Andreas , Pöthig Alexander , Bach Thorsten
Published: March 2016

The title compounds underwent a facile and high‐yielding addition reaction (19 examples, 66–99 % yield) with various N‐(trimethylsilyl)methyl‐substituted amines upon irradiation with visible light and catalysis by a metal complex. If the alkylidene substituent is non‐symmetric and if the reaction is performed in the presence of a chiral hydrogen‐bonding template, products are obtained with significant enantioselectivity (58–72 % ee) as a mixture of diastereoisomers. Mechanistic studies suggest a closed catalytic cycle for the photoactive metal complex. However, the silyl transfer from the amine occurs not only to the product, but also to the substrate, and interferes with the desired chirality transfer.
Cu‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Amidation of Unactivated C(sp3)−H Bonds To Synthesize N‐Substituted Indolines
Authors: Pan Fei , Wu Bin , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: March 2016

A copper‐catalyzed intramolecular amidation of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds to construct indoline derivatives has been developed. Such an amidation proceeded well at primary C−H bonds preferred to secondary C−H bonds. The transformation owned a broad substrate scope. The corresponding indolines were obtained in good to excellent yields. N‐Formal and other carbonyl groups were suitable and were easily deprotected and transformed into methyl or long‐chained alkyl groups. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested a radical pathway.
Nanoflower‐Like Bi2WO6 Encapsulated in ORMOSIL as a Novel Photocatalytic Antifouling and Foul‐Release Coating
Authors: Scandura Gabriele , Ciriminna Rosaria , Xu Yi‐Jun , Pagliaro Mario , Palmisano Giovanni
Published: March 2016

Herein, the first multi‐purpose antifouling and foul‐release photocatalytic coating based on ORMOSIL thin films doped with nanoflower‐like Bi2WO6 is described. Irradiation with visible light of the new films immersed in water produces significant amounts of H2O2 by photocatalytic oxidation of water, and allows the degradation of (bio)organic pollutants at the outer surface of the xerogel film.
Gold‐Catalyzed Sequential Cyclization of 1‐En‐3,9‐Diyne Esters to Partially Hydrogenated 3H‐Dicyclopenta[a,b]naphthalenes
Authors: Rao Weidong , Boyle Joshua William , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: March 2016

A synthetic method that relies on a gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of 1‐en‐3,9‐diyne esters to spiro[4.4]non‐2‐ene‐substituted 1,2‐dihydronaphthalenes is described. Robust with a wide variety of substitution patterns tolerated, the reaction provides the first example of a one‐step strategy to construct such novel and architecturally challenging members of the carbocycle family in good to excellent yields. A mechanism is proposed in which the sequential cycloisomerization pathway was thought to involve a gold‐catalyzed 1,3‐acyloxy migration/Nazarov cyclization followed by a formal [4+2] cycloaddition to give the tetracarbocyclic product.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Arylboronic Acids with Yagupolskii–Umemoto Reagents
Authors: Wang Shi‐Meng , Wang Xiao‐Yan , Qin Hua‐Li , Zhang Cheng‐Pan
Published: March 2016

A Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling of arylboronic acids with Yagupolskii–Umemoto reagents was explored. In contrary to trifluoromethylations, the Pd‐catalyzed reaction of R−B(OH)2 and [Ar2SCF3]+[OTf]− provided the arylation products (R−Ar) in good to high yields. The reaction confirms that the S−Ar bonds of [Ar2SCF3]+[OTf]− can be readily cleaved in the presence of Pd complexes. The relatively electron‐poor aryl groups of asymmetric [Ar1Ar2SCF3]+[OTf]− salts are more favorably transferred compared to the electron‐rich ones. This reaction represents the first report of utilization of [Ar2SCF3]+[OTf]− as arylation reagents in organic synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYTHERMER SCHNITT GAAS‐TE IM SYST. GA‐AS‐TE
Authors: GIMEL'FARB F. A. , LAINER B. D. , MIL'VIDSKII M. G. , TSELEVIN O. V. , FISTUL' V. I.
Published: March 2016

Der polytherme Schnitt GaAs‐Te ist nicht quasibinär und wird bei 75 Mol‐% Te durch den Schnitt Ga2Te3‐As2Te3 unterbrochen.
ChemInform Abstract: STERISCHE EFFEKTE VON METHOXYGRUPPEN IN BIPHENYLEN MIT 2,2′‐BRUECKEN 2. MITT.
Authors: INSOLE JOAN M.
Published: March 2016

Das Oxepin (II), das Azepiniumsalz (IV) (Bromid, Jodid) und das Cycloheptadien (V) konnten jeweils in den beiden enantiomeren und in der racemischen Form dargestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBANIONEN 12. MITT. P‐BIPHENYLYL‐WANDERUNG IN RK. VON 1‐CHLOR‐2‐P‐BIPHENYLYL‐(1,1‐D2)AETHAN MIT ALKALIMETALLEN
Authors: GROVENSTEIN ERLING JUN. , CHENG YAO‐MING
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) reagiert mit Lithium in THF bei ‐70°C zum Biphenylyllithium (II), das sich beim Erwärmen auf 0°C kaum in das Isomere (III) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPEZIFITAET DER ISOMERISIERUNG VON AETHYLENKOHLENWASSERSTOFFEN UNTER DEM EINFLUSS SAURER KATALYSATOREN
Authors: GUISNET MICHEL , MOUDACHIROU MANSOUR , PEROT GUY , MAUREL RAYMOND
Published: March 2016

Der Verlauf der reversiblen Isomerisierung des cis‐Dimethylhexens (I) zur trans‐Verbindung (II) an Al2O3 (bei 250°C) und unter der Einwirkung von H3PO4 (in Emulsion bei 25°C sowie in Dioxan bei 50°C) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SPALTUNG VON PERFLUORISOBUTYLENOXID DURCH PERFLUORALKOXY‐IONEN
Authors: KNUNYANTS I. L. , SHOKINA V. V. , TYULENEVA V. V. , RAZUMEEVA T. N.
Published: March 2016

Perfluor‐carbonsäurefluoride reagieren in Gegenwart von Kaliumfluorid mit Perfluor‐isobutylen‐oxid (III) in Form ihrer Perfluor‐alkoxy‐Ionen.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON ISONITRIL MIT NITROALKEN
Authors: SAEGUSA T. , KOBAYASHI S. , ITO Y. , MORINO I.
Published: March 2016

Die Isonitrile (II) reagieren mit den Nitroalkenen (I) zu den Acetamiden (III) (Mechanismus) und den Isocyanaten (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: BASEN‐KATALYSIERTE BLDG. VON SEK. AMINEN AUS PRIM. AMINEN
Authors: RICHEY H. G. , ERICKSON W. F.
Published: March 2016

Die primären Amine (I), (III) und (VI) reagieren beim Erwärmen in Gegenwart von Natriumhydrid zu den im Formelschema angegebenen sekundären Aminen, wobei im Fall der Amine (III) und (VI) noch zusätzlich die Imine (V) und (IX) gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR UND SYNTH. EINES KUERZLICH ENTDECKTEN TERPENOIDS AUS LAVANDINOEL, TRANS‐5‐HYDROXY‐2‐ISOPROPENYL‐5‐METHYL‐HEXEN‐(3)‐YL‐ACETAT
Authors: BELSTEN J. C. , BRAMWELL A. F. , BURRELL J. W. K. , MICHALKIEWICZ D. M.
Published: March 2016

Die durch Methylenblau photosensibilisierte Oxidation von Lavandulylacetat (I) liefert die Hydroxyperoxide (IIa) und (IIIa), die mit wäßrigem Na‐sulfit zu den Alkoholen (IIb) und (IIIb) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BORAN‐RK. 10. MITT. DARST. VON TRANS‐1,2‐DIOLEN DURCH HYDROBORIERUNG VON ENOLATEN UND ENOL‐TRIMETHYLSILYL‐AETHERN
Authors: KLEIN J. , LEVENE R. , DUNKELBLUM E.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erwärmen von Cyclohexanon (I) mit Natriumhydrid in 1,2‐Dimethoxy‐ äthan erhält man das Natrium‐enolat (II), das in Tetrahydrofuran mit Diboran behandelt und anschließend mit alkalischem Wasserstoffperoxid zu trans‐1,2‐Cyclohexandiol (III) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EIN EINFACHES VERFAHREN ZUR HERST. VON NAPHTHYL‐AETHERN UND ‐SULFIDEN
Authors: BRADSHAW J. S. , CHEN E. Y. , HALES R. H. , SOUTH J. A.
Published: March 2016

In Dimethylsulfoxid wird aus 2‐Fluor‐naphthalin (I) und tert. ‐Butylat (II) der tert. ‐Butyläther (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND RK. VON SUBSTITUIERTEN PHENALENIUM‐DERIVATEN
Authors: CHERIAN A. L. , PANDIT P. Y. , SESHADRI S.
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation des Aldehyds (I) mit den Ketonen (II) werden die Verbin‐l dungen (III) erhalten, die durch Hydrierung der exocyclischen Doppelbindung, Cyclisierung und nachfolgende Dehydrierung mit Tritylperchlorat (IV) in die Phenaleniumsalze (V) übergefuhrt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: DAS 1,3‐DITHIOL‐SYST. 6. MITT. REAKTIVITAET DES 4,5‐DIPHENYL‐1,3‐DITHIOLIUM‐CARBENS
Authors: PAZDRO KRZYSZTOF M. , POLACZKOWA WANDA
Published: March 2016

Das aus dem entsprechenden 2‐Piperidino‐dithiol in situ erzeugte Carben (I) reagiert mit den Aldehyden (II) zu den Dithiolen (III), wobei ein 20‐ bzw. 10‐facher Überschuß an (IIa) bzw. (IIb) ausreicht, die Dimerisierung des Carbens zu verhindern.
ChemInform Abstract: KONDENSATION VON 4‐N‐ALKYLRESORCINEN MIT ZIMTSAEURE IN GEGENWART VON BORTRIFLUORID UND UMWANDLUNG DER KONDENSATIONSPRODUKTE
Authors: STARKOV S. P. , PANASENKO A. I. , VOLKOTRUB M. N.
Published: March 2016

Die bei der Reaktion von 4‐Alkylresorcinen (I) mit Zimtsäure (II) in Gegenwart von Bortrifluorid erhaltenen Chalkone (III) (Ausbeute 46 ‐ 80%) werden in Natronlauge zu den Flavanonen (IV) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: IR‐SPEKTREN VON PYRIMIDINCARBONSAEUREN UND EINIGE FRAGEN ZU IHRER STRUKTUR
Authors: TITOV E. V. , PRIKAZCHIKOVA L. P. , RYBCHENKO L. I. , CHERKASOV V. M. , RYBACHENKO V. I.
Published: March 2016

Die IR‐Spektren von Pyrimidincarbonsäuren mit Carboxylgruppen in 2‐, 4‐, 5‐ und 6‐Stellung werden in fester Form und in Lösung (Dioxan, Chloroform) bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: PERIMIDINIUMSALZE, UNGEWOEHNLICHE UMSETZUNGSPRODUKTE VON AZOLEN MIT ALKALI
Authors: POZHARSKII A. F. , KASHPAROV I. S.
Published: March 2016

1,3‐Dimethylperimidiniumjodid (I) oder 1,3‐Dimethylaceperimidiniumjodid (IV) werden in Wasser suspendiert und mit verd. Kalilauge erwärmt.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG HETEROCYCLISCHER CHINONE 19. MITT. SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON 2‐PHENYL‐4‐METHOXY‐CHINAZOLINCHINONEN
Authors: TSIZIN YU. S. , KARPOVA N. B.
Published: March 2016

2‐Phenyl‐4‐chlor‐6‐acetoxychinazolin (I) wird durch methanolische Natronlauge in die Verbindung (II) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNGEN DES HYDRAZIDS DER (2‐ BZW. 3‐METHYLPHENOTHIAZINYL‐(10))‐PROPIONSAEURE INSBESONDERE ZU HETEROCYCLEN 17. MITT. PHENOTHIAZINDERIVATE
Authors: ALBRECHT B. , BRAEUNIGER H.
Published: March 2016

Die Hydrazide (I) liefern bei kurzem Erwärmen mit verschiedenen Isocyanaten die Semicarbazide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: DIHYDRO‐ UND TETRAHYDRODERIVATE DES 3,6‐DIMETHYL‐1,2,4,5‐TETRAZINS
Authors: SKORIANETZ W. , KOVATS E. S.
Published: March 2016

Dehydrierung des Hexahydrotetrazins (I) mit der äquivalenten Menge HgO in Diäthylisopropylamin‐Chloroform liefert das Tetrahydrotetrazin (II), das sich in wäßriger NaOH katalytisch zum Dihydroderivat (III) in hoher Ausbeute dehydrieren läßt. Die Reduktion des Dihydrotetrazins (III) in wäßriger Lösung in einer Stickstoffatmosphäre liefert das Tetrahydrotetrazin (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORVERBINDUNGEN 11. MITT. STEREOCHEMIE VON GRIGNARD‐SUBSTITUTIONSRK. AM PHOSPHOR IN O‐ISOPROPYL‐METHYLPHOSPHONSAEUREHALOGENIDEN
Authors: VAN DEN BERG G. R. , PLATTENBURG D. H. J. M. , BENSCHOP H. P.
Published: March 2016

Eine Reihe stereospezifischer Reaktionen ausgehend vom Phosphinat (I), u.a. seine freie Radikaladdition an Cyclohexen in Gegenwart von Dibenzoylperoxid und die nachfolgende Phenylierung des (R)‐Cyclohexylphosphinats (III) zum (R)‐Phosphinoxid zeigen, daß das durch Addition von Schwefel und Methylierung am Schwefel aus (I) synthetisierte Thiophosphonat (IIa) entgegen früheren Annahmen die absolute Konfiguration Rbesitzt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELEKTIVE WEGE ZU ENDO‐ UND EXO‐1,2‐(ALPHA‐AMINO‐TETRAMETHYLEN)‐FERROCEN
Authors: ALLENMARK S.
Published: March 2016

1,2‐(a‐Keto‐tetramethylen)‐ferrocen (III) wird in eine Mischung der anti‐ und syn‐Oxime übergeführt, die mit überschüssigem Natrium in siedendem Äthanol zum Amin (Ia) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON KETENEN UND PHENYLISOCYANAT (SOWIE SEINEM SCHWEFELHALTIGEM ANALOGON) MIT METALLKOMPLEXEN DER PLATINGRUPPE
Authors: KOLOMNIKOV I. S. , KORESHKOV YU. D. , LOBEEVA T. S. , VOL'PIN M. E.
Published: March 2016

Diphenyl‐keten (I) liefert mit der Komplexverbindung (II) die farblose Verbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON C‐NUCLEOSIDEN 3. MITT. 2′,3′,5′‐TRI‐O‐BENZOYL‐D‐ARABINOFURANOSYL‐NITRIL UND ‐IMIDAZOL
Authors: BERNATHAN GILLES , TAM HUYNH DINH TAM HUYNH DINH , KOLB ANNIE , IGOLEN JEAN
Published: March 2016

Aus dem α‐D‐Arabinofuranosylchlorid (II) (analog auch aus dem Bromid) lassen sich in Nitromethan mit Hg(CN)2 das Nitril (I), mit NaCN das Nitril (III) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLISCHE STEROIDE 24. MITT. ASYMMETRISCHE SYNTH. VON OPTISCH AKTIVEN 6‐THIA‐OESTROGENEN
Authors: KOENST W. M. B. , SPECKAMP W. N. , HOUWEN H. O. , HUISMAN H. O.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung des Seco‐steroids (I) mit L‐Weinsäureamid‐hydrazid (II) liefert ausschließlich das Hydrazon (III), das zum Ketosteroid (IVa) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ZN(PO3)2‐GLAS ALS DOTIERUNGSQUELLE FUER GAP(ZN, O)
Authors: JORDAN A. S. , DERICK L. , CARUSO R. , KOWALCHIK M.
Published: March 2016

Zn(PO3)2‐Glas wird als gleichzeitige Dotierungsquelle für Zn und Ozur Dotierung von GaP benutzt.