bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the definitional criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Christley Yvonne , Duffy Tim , Martin Colin R.
Published: October 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  The research community has for more than three decades tried to unravel the diagnostic mystery that is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). This has resulted in considerable amounts of time and money being invested in attempts aimed at establishing the aetiology and pathogenesis of CFS. All of this investment has produced evidence of an interesting variety of endocrine, immune, infectious, muscular and neurological abnormalities in CFS; however, the cause remains elusive. The absence of a known causative agent or diagnostic test for CFS has resulted in the development of a number of CFS case definitions. As such, the main objectives of this paper are to provide a critical review of the similarities and differences between the varying approaches to CFS case definition. The conflicts and controversies that have emerged as a result of the differing definitional criterion for CFS are highlighted and the potential impact on future research is identified.

Methods, results and conclusions  This paper presents a critical review of the most frequently used case definitions in CFS. There are currently five case definitions of CFS; however, the most prominent and widely used of these definitions is the 1994 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Case Definitions. However, the pre‐eminence of this definition over the others has never been substantiated and it has been widely criticized for its lack of specificity. Furthermore, none of the above case definitions have produced evidence to demonstrate their accuracy or precision at defining cases of CFS. A summary description of the symptom profile included in each of the case definitions is provided. The inconsistencies that have emerged in CFS research as a consequence of differing approaches to case definition are also highlighted and discussed.
The factor structure of the SF‐36 in adults with progressive neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Banks Pauline , Martin Colin R. , Petty Richard K. H.
Published: October 2010

Objective  Quality of life (QoL) is an important consideration in the care of patients with chronic neuromuscular disorder (NMD). The current study sought to determine the factor structure of the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36) version 2 in patients with NMD to determine the appropriateness of using this instrument to assess QoL in this clinical population.

Methods  Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on self‐report SF‐36 data from 245 individuals diagnosed with NMD. Six structural models of the SF‐36 were evaluated against the participants' data.

Results  The underlying factor structure of the SF‐36 in NMD was observed to be consistent with contemporary theoretical models of the instrument. However, the traditional measurement model of SF‐36 performed comparatively poorly.

Conclusion  The use of the SF‐36 in individuals with NMD can be recommended when eight sub‐scales are used and reported. However, the suggestion that the SF‐36 can be usefully used as a two‐sub‐scale measure of physical health and mental health components in this clinical group was not supported because of model fit limitations.
Multiple regions along the Escherichia coli FtsK protein are implicated in cell division
Authors: Dubarry Nelly , Possoz Christophe , Barre François‐Xavier
Published: October 2010

Escherichia coli FtsK is a large 1329 aa integral membrane protein, which links cell division and chromosome segregation through the respective activities of its 200 aa amino‐terminal domain, FtsKN, and its 500 aa carboxy‐terminal domain, FtsKC. A long 600 aa linker, FtsKL, connects these two domains. Only FtsKN is essential for cell division. However, previous observations suggested that the cytoplasmic part of FtsK also participates in the process of septation. Here, we identify two distinct regions within FtsKL, FtsK179–331 and FtsK332–641, which together with FtsKN, are required for normal septation. We discuss how the implication of multiple regions along the FtsK protein in cell division could participate in the co‐ordination of this process with the last stages of chromosome segregation.
Community signalling between Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis is controlled by the transcriptional regulator CdhR
Authors: Chawla Aarti , Hirano Takanori , Bainbridge Brian W. , Demuth Donald R. , Xie Hua , Lamont Richard J.
Published: October 2010

Interspecies signalling between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii serves to constrain development of dual species communities. Contact with S. gordonii propagates a tyrosine phosphorylation‐dependent signal within P. gingivalis that culminates in reduced transcription of adhesin and signalling genes. Here we demonstrate the involvement of the P. gingivalis orphan LuxR family transcription factor PGN_1373, which we designate CdhR, in this control pathway. Expression of cdhR is elevated following contact with S. gordonii; however, regulation of cdhR did not occur in a mutant lacking the tyrosine phosphatase Ltp1, indicating that CdhR and Ltp1 are components of the same regulon. Contact between S. gordonii and a CdhR mutant resulted in increased transcription of mfa, encoding the subunit of the short fimbriae, along with higher levels of Mfa protein. Expression of luxS, encoding AI‐2 synthase, was also increased in the cdhR mutant after contact with S. gordonii. The Mfa adhesive function and AI‐2‐dependent signalling participate in the formation and development of dual species communities, and consistent with this the cdhR mutant displayed elevated accumulation on a substratum of S. gordonii. Recombinant CdhR protein bound to upstream regulatory regions of both mfa and luxS, indicating that CdhR has a direct effect on gene expression. LuxS was also found to participate in a positive feedback loop that suppresses CdhR expression. Interaction of Mfa fimbriae with S. gordonii is necessary to initiate signalling through CdhR. These results reveal CdhR to be an effector molecule in a negative regulatory network that controls P. gingivalis–S. gordonii heterotypic communities.
Safe blood transfusion practices in blood banks of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Kassi M. , Afghan A. K. , Khanani M. R. , Khan I. A. , Ali S. H.
Published: October 2010

Background: Since 1997, legislations pertaining to safe blood transfusion (SBT) have evolved considerably in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SBT practices in the blood banks of Pakistan.

Methods: Twenty‐three blood banks were randomly selected from a list of registered 40 in Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan. To evaluate the SBT practices in the selected blood banks, a questionnaire and a checklist were administered during 2007–2008.

Results: Of the 23 blood banks surveyed, 4 (17%) were affiliated with government or a semi‐government institution; 16 (70%) blood banks had a healthy donor recruitment program and 2 (9%) of the blood banks agreed that they recruited remunerated (paid) blood donors. Donors were screened for HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and syphilis by all 23 blood banks, whereas malaria was screened by all blood banks but one.

Conclusion: SBT practices in Karachi have improved since 1995; an active role by the government in policy‐making has proven effective.
Cotton BCP genes encoding putative blue copper‐binding proteins are functionally expressed in fiber development and involved in response to high‐salinity and heavy metal stresses
Authors: Ruan Xiang‐Mei , Luo Fang , Li Deng‐Di , Zhang Jie , Liu Zhi‐Hao , Xu Wen‐Liang , Huang Geng‐Qing , Li Xue‐Bao
Published: October 2010

Copper is vitally required for plants at low concentrations but extremely toxic for plants at elevated concentrations. Plants have evolved a series of mechanisms to prevent the consequences of the excess or deficit of copper. These mechanisms require copper‐interacting proteins involved in copper trafficking. Blue copper‐binding proteins (BCPs) are a class of copper proteins containing one blue copper‐binding domain binding a single type I copper. To investigate the role of BCPs in plant development and in response to stresses, we isolated nine cDNAs encoding the putative blue copper‐binding proteins (GhBCPs) from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Meanwhile, four corresponding genes (including GhBCP1–GhBCP4), which contain a single intron inserted in their conserved position, were isolated from cotton genome. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis indicated that the nine GhBCP genes are differentially expressed in cotton tissues. Among them, GhBCP1 and GhBCP4 were predominantly expressed in fibers, while the transcripts of GhBCP2 and GhBCP3 were accumulated at relatively high levels in fibers. These four genes were strongly expressed in early fiber elongation, but dramatically declined with further fiber development. In addition, these GhBCP genes were upregulated in fibers by Cu2+, Zn2+, high‐salinity and drought stresses, but downregulated in fibers by Al3+ treatment. Overexpression of GhBCP1 and GhBCP4 in yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) significantly increased the cell growth rate under Cu2+, Zn2+ and high‐salinity stresses. These results suggested that these GhBCPs may participate in the regulation of fiber development and in response to high‐salinity and heavy metal stresses in cotton.
Responses of Spotted Hyenas to Lions Reflect Individual Differences in Behavior
Authors: Watts Heather E. , Blankenship Lisa M. , Dawes Stephanie E. , Holekamp Kay E.
Published: October 2010

Competition among mammalian carnivores can be particularly intense and can influence population dynamics at lower trophic levels. One strategy employed by carnivores to minimize potentially costly interspecific competition is avoidance of dominant species. Recent research has highlighted the importance of consistent individual differences in behavior (i.e. temperament traits) in understanding behavioral variation during predator–prey interactions and intraspecific interactions. However, the importance of such individual differences to interspecific competition has received little attention. Here, we examined the responses of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) to their primary competitors, African lions (Panthera leo), to (1) determine whether hyenas avoid lions and (2) evaluate the potential importance of individual differences in behavior during interspecific competition. Spotted hyenas and lions co‐occur throughout much of Africa and are vigorous competitors. Whereas lions sometimes kill hyenas and steal their food, lions also represent a source of food for hyenas via scavenging. Using audio playback experiments, we found that hyenas do not uniformly avoid potential encounters with lions. Indeed, we noted considerable variation among individuals in their responses to lion roars, and this variation reflected consistent individual differences in risk‐taking and vigilance tendencies. Individual differences in vigilance behavior were specific to interactions with lions. We conclude that individual differences in behavior have the potential to play an important role in determining the nature and outcome of interspecific competition.
Associations of Avian Facial Flushing and Skin Colouration with Agonistic Interaction Outcomes
Authors: Bamford Andrew J. , Monadjem Ara , Hardy Ian C. W.
Published: October 2010

Facial flushing, a colour change caused by variation of blood flow through highly vascularized skin, has been observed in taxonomically diverse bird species but the function of the behaviour has not been assessed. Lappet‐faced vultures,Aegypius tracheliotos,have unfeathered heads that can rapidly flush from pink to dark red, and this has been hypothesized to indicate contest ability in vulture gatherings. We show that adults with flushed heads won most interactions against those with pale heads. A previously unnoticed colour variation of the throat, visible only when the head is flushed, was also related to the outcome of interactions: blue‐throated adults participated in, and won, more interactions than red‐throated adults. We suggest that the non‐fixed groups of which lappet‐faced vulture populations consist promote the evolution of signals of dominance that can be adjusted extremely rapidly.
Significant cooling during exhumation of UHP eclogite from the Taohang area in the Sulu region of eastern China and its tectonic significance
Authors: Nakamura Daisuke , Hirajima Takao
Published: October 2010

The decompressional pressure–temperature (P–T) path was estimated for ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogite from the Sulu region of eastern China by applying geo‐thermobarometers to well‐preserved equilibrium mineral pairs. The sample studied is a kyanite‐bearing eclogite that was collected from the Taohang area of the Sulu region. Garnet is relatively homogeneous in chemical composition, but omphacite has a clear chemical zoning with decreasing jadeite content from core to rim. Assuming that peak‐P equilibrium compositions are preserved in the cores of garnet (Grt) and omphacite (Omp), P–T conditions were calculated to be about 700°C and 3.4 GPa. On the other hand, the jadeite content of omphacite rims varies from 0.35 to 0.46 mol.%. Nevertheless, the variation in Fe/Mg ratios of omphacite rims is very small. Temperatures of 566 ± 54°C were obtained at 1.5 GPa for garnet rim and omphacite rim pairs. These petrological considerations indicate that temperatures should have significantly declined during the early decompression stage of this eclogite. In other areas of the Sulu region, isothermal decompression paths were proposed, and it was concluded that the UHP rocks were exhumed as a large mass tens of kilometers in thickness to avoid thermal effects from the surrounding materials. However, the newly identified decompression path accompanying the significant cooling may indicate that the Taohang outcrop was located at the margin of the Sulu UHP terrane. Thus, the decompressional P–T path is not unique in the Sulu region and varies depending on the location.
Transurethral resection of the prostate immediately after high‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Sumitomo Makoto , Asakuma Junichi , Sato Akinori , Ito Keiichi , Nagakura Kazuhiko , Asano Tomohiko
Published: October 2010

Objectives:  To evaluate the long‐term outcomes of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) immediately after high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for prostate cancer (CaP).

Methods:  The present retrospective study included 65 CaP patients who underwent HIFU alone and 64 patients who underwent TURP immediately after HIFU. HIFU treatment was carried out using a Sonablate‐500 HIFU device (Focus Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA). International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the occurrence of urinary complications, such as urethral stricture during follow‐up, were statistically compared between groups.

Results:  Clinical stage tended to be lower for the HIFU + TURP group (P = 0.0311), but none of the preoperative parameters differed significantly between groups. Both catheterization time (P < 0.0001) and post‐treatment IPSS (P < 0.0001) at 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment differed significantly between groups. Urethral strictures were noted in 16 (24.6%) of the HIFU‐only patients and seven (10.9%) of the HIFU + TURP patients. Bladder neck contracture was noted in 11 (68.8%) of the patients with urethral stricture in the HIFU‐only group, but in just two (28.6%) of the patients with urethral stricture in the HIFU + TURP group. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that TURP resection volume (P = 0.0118) was a strong factor for the prevention of urethral stricture.

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that combining HIFU with an immediately following TURP improves post‐treatment urinary status without causing additional morbidity.
A taste of reflecting practice
Authors: McGovern Marie , Harmsworth Pete
Published: October 2010

This article describes a training exercise in which students who are new to systemic practice but have some experience in therapeutic work in other modalities were invited to experience reflecting practice. The students were asked to follow a role‐played therapy session by offering reflections on the connections felt to a ‘family’ member. The students stood beside the ‘family member’, reflected on the problems and accounted for the connections felt in terms of particular resonances felt. The students thus experienced a therapeutic use of self congruent with the reflecting team approach and the therapeutic position adopted in reflecting practice.
Decentralisation, Governance and Health‐System Performance: ‘Where You Stand Depends on Where You Sit’
Authors: Mitchell Andrew , Bossert Thomas J.
Published: October 2010

Advocates of local government often argue that when decentralisation is accompanied by adequate mechanisms of accountability, particularly those responsive to local preferences, improved service delivery will result. From the perspective of the health sector, the appropriate degree of decentralisation and the necessary mechanisms of accountability depend upon the achievement of health system goals. Drawing on evidence from six countries (Bolivia, Chile, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Uganda), this article comes to the conclusion that a balance between centralisation of some functions and decentralisation of others, along with improved mechanisms of accountability, is needed to achieve health system objectives.
An epidemic on wheels? Road safety, public health and injury politics in Africa (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Lamont Mark
Published: October 2010

Anthropologists have showed only marginal interest in road safety, despite the loss of some 1.3 million people killed in road crashes every year, the bulk of which occurs in ‘developing’ countries. 2011 marks the beginning of a UN Decade of Action for Road Safety. Its scope is ambitious: to save five million lives and fifty million injuries by the end of the ‘decade’ in 2020. In this article, the author examines the way public health professionals and educators have appropriated the language of epidemiology to argue that road death and injury can be viewed as an ‘epidemic on wheels’ or a ‘disease of development’, to mention two often cited epithets among participants in the global road safety lobby. One major consideration of interest to anthropologists and policy makers is to what extent this effectively essentializes road death in Africa and depoliticises its injury politics. Bearing in mind the historical context of medical interventions in Africa, the article examines the global road safety lobby and its affinity with public health as a form of transnational governance, arguing alternatively that if the UN Decade of Action on Road Safety is to have any significant impact, it must recognize more clearly the political stakes being raised in claims to reduce deaths and injuries caused by automobility.
Claude Lévi‐Strauss (1908–2009): The apotheosis of heroic anthropology (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Doja Albert
Published: October 2010

Claude Lévi‐Strauss is one of the greatest interdisciplinary writers of the twentieth century whose influence extends far beyond his own discipline of social anthropology. His inquiry illuminates the borderlands between ‘primitive’ and non‐primitive, self and other, myth and history, human and animal, art and nature, and the dichotomies that give structure to culture, society, history and agency. This commemorative article of his legacy assesses disciplinary and interdisciplinary debates influenced by Levi‐Strauss's inquiry and methods, and looks at potential challenges for the future. Lévi‐Strauss's ideas continue to be influential in our assessments of what we mean by culture, values, social organization, including social transformations and cultural ideologies such as ethnocentrism, nationalism, fundamentalism, pluralism, neo‐liberalism, post‐modernism, relativism, humanism and universalism.
EXPERIENTIALITY AND “NARRATIVE REFERENCE,” WITH THANKS TO THUCYDIDES1
Authors: GRETHLEIN JONAS
Published: October 2010

Lately, the concept of experience, which postmodernist theoreticians declared dead, has seen a renaissance. The immediacy of experience seems to offer the possibility of reaching beyond linguistic discourses. In their attempt to overcome the “linguistic turn,” scholars such as Ankersmit, Gumbrecht, and Runia pit experience against narrative. This paper takes up the recent interest in experience, but argues against the opposition to narrative into which experience tends to be cast. The relation between experience and narrative is more complex than is widely assumed. Besides representing and giving shape to experience, narratives are received in the form of a (reception) experience. Through their temporal structure, narratives are crucial to letting us re‐experience the past as well as to representing the experiences of historical agents. This potential of narrative is nicely illustrated by Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War in which “side‐shadowing” devices restore history's experientiality. Through “side‐shadowing,” narrative can challenge the tendency toward teleologies inherent in merely retrospective histories and can re‐create the openness intrinsic to the past when it still was a present. However, the “side‐shadowing” devices used by Thucydides are fictional. To conceptualize the price and gain of “side‐shadowing” in historiography, the paper advances the concept of a “narrative reference” (a concept analogous to Ricoeur's “metaphorical reference”). Introspection, speeches, and other “side‐shadowing” devices sacrifice truth in a positivist sense, but permit a second‐level reference, namely to history's experientiality. In a final step, the paper turns toward modern historians—most of whom are reluctant to use the means of fiction—to briefly survey their attempts at restoring the openness of the past.
FROM REVOLUTION TO MODERNIZATION: THE PARADIGMATIC TRANSITION IN CHINESE HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE REFORM ERA
Authors: LI HUAIYIN
Published: October 2010

Chinese historiography of modern China in the 1980s and 1990s underwent a paradigmatic transition: in place of the traditional revolutionary historiography that bases its analyses on Marxist methodologies and highlights rebellions and revolutions as the overarching themes in modern Chinese history, the emerging modernization paradigm builds its conceptual framework on borrowed modernization theory and foregrounds top‐down, incremental reforms as the main force propelling China's evolution to modernity. This article scrutinizes the origins of the new paradigm in the context of a burgeoning modernization discourse in reform‐era China. It further examines the fundamental divides between the two types of historiography in their respective constructions of master narratives and their different approaches to representing historical events in modern China. Behind the prevalence of the modernization paradigm in Chinese historiography is Chinese historians' unchanged commitment to serving present political needs by interpreting the past.
NORBERT ELIAS, THE CIVILIZING PROCESS: SOCIOGENETIC AND PSYCHOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS—AN OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT
Authors: LINKLATER ANDREW , MENNELL STEPHEN
Published: October 2010

Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process, which was published in German in 1939 and first translated into English in two volumes in 1978 and 1982, is now widely regarded as one of the great works of twentieth‐century sociology. This work attempted to explain how Europeans came to think of themselves as more “civilized” than their forebears and neighboring societies. By analyzing books about manners that had been published between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, Elias observed changing conceptions of shame and embarrassment with respect to, among other things, bodily propriety and violence. To explain those developments, Elias examined the interplay among the rise of state monopolies of power, increasing levels of economic interconnectedness among people, and pressures to become attuned to others over greater distances that led to advances in identifying with others in the same society irrespective of social origins. Elias's analysis of the civilizing process was not confined, however, to explaining changing social bonds within separate societies. The investigation also focused on the division of Europe into sovereign states that were embroiled in struggles for power and security.

This article provides an overview and analysis of Elias's principal claims in the light of growing interest in this seminal work in sociology. The analysis shows how Elias defended higher levels of synthesis in the social sciences to explain relations between “domestic” and “international” developments, and changes in social structure and in the emotional lives of modern people. Elias's investigation, which explained long‐term processes of development over several centuries, pointed to the limitations of inquiries that concentrate on short‐term intervals. Only by placing short‐term trends in long‐term perspective could sociologists understand contemporary developments. This article maintains that Elias's analysis of the civilizing process remains an exemplary study of long‐term developments in Western societies over the last five centuries.
An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Migrant Access on GDP: the Case of the Madrid Region
Authors: de Arce Rafael , Mahia Ramon
Published: October 2010

In recent years, the Madrid Region (Comunidad de Madrid) has experienced a huge increase in immigrants accessing the labour market. In this paper, a dynamic input‐output exercise is presented, yielding the direct and indirect effects of this migration inflow on the Madrid GDP. In addition, the induced demand effect is estimated, offering a complete estimate framework of the impact of migrant access on regional value added.
EBLIP: bridging the language barrier
Authors: Declève Ghislaine
Published: October 2010

In the Using Evidence in Practice feature for this issue we invited Ghislaine Declève, a health librarian from Belgium who is active in Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, to provide a perspective on the uptake of the paradigm in non‐English speaking countries. While her survey extends beyond the health domain it will prove of particular value to the HILJ readership, given that leadership of the movement continues to reside primarily within the health information sector.

AB
Comparative stability of canine and feline hemostatic proteins in freeze‐thaw‐cycled fresh frozen plasma
Authors: Yaxley Page E. , Beal Matthew W. , Jutkowitz L. Ari , Hauptman Joe G. , Brooks Marjory B. , Hale Anne S. , Parr Alice
Published: October 2010

Objective
–
To evaluate the stability of canine and feline hemostatic proteins in freeze‐thaw‐cycled (FTC) fresh frozen plasma (FFP).

Design
–
Prospective study.

Setting
–
Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Animals
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Nine blood donor dogs and 10 blood donor cats.

Interventions
–
Whole blood was collected and separated into packed RBC and plasma units according to standard methods. Each unit of plasma was divided into 2 equal aliquots and frozen (−41°C). One aliquot from each donor (FTC) was then thawed and then refrozen (−41°C) until time of analysis. The second aliquot (nonfreeze‐thaw‐cycled; NFTC) remained frozen until time of analysis. The hemostatic proteins assessed included coagulation factors, anticoagulant factors (antithrombin and Protein C), and adhesive proteins (fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor). The coagulant activities of factors II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII were measured in modified one‐stage activated partial thromboplastin time or prothrombin time assays. Antithrombin and Protein C activities were measured in chromogenic substrate assays. Clottable fibrinogen was measured via the Clauss method, and von Willebrand Factor concentration (vWF:Ag) was measured in an ELISA. A paired t‐test was utilized to identify differences in factor activity or concentration between FTC FFP and NFTC FFP.

Measurements and Main results
–
No clinically or statistically significant differences (all P>0.05) were identified between FTC FFP and NFTC FFP.

Conclusions
–
Refreezing FFP within 1 hour of initial thawing appeared to have no deleterious effects on the hemostatic protein activity or content of that unit. Transfusion of FTC FFP is expected to provide the recipient with comparable replacement of hemostatic proteins as FFP that has remained frozen.
Evaluation of CALC‐I gene (CALCA) expression in tissues of dogs with signs of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Giunti Massimo , Peli Angelo , Battilani Mara , Zacchini Silvia , Militerno Gianfranco , Otto Cynthia M.
Published: October 2010

Objective
–
To perform a qualitative evaluation of procalcitonin gene (CALCA) expression in a tissue‐specific manner in dogs with signs of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Design
–
Observational study.

Setting
–
University Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Animals
–
Nine clinical cases and 5 research dogs.

Interventions
–
None.

Measurements and Main Results
–
Fresh tissue samples (thyroid, lung, liver, spleen) from 9 dogs that died with a diagnosis of parvoviral infection or SIRS were collected and immediately stored at –80°C. Diagnosis of parvoviral infection was based on clinical signs, positive fecal antigen test, and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical diagnosis of SIRS was based on the clinical criteria reported in veterinary literature. Necropsy was performed on all subjects in the study. Furthermore, thyroid, lung, liver, spleen were collected from 5 normal research dogs immediately postmortem for testing. The 9 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of SIRS died from either parvovirus (n=5), bacterial sepsis (n=3), or neoplasia (n=1). CALCA was amplified by PCR in the following samples: thyroid (9/9), spleen (6/9), lung (4/9), liver (3/9). Only thyroid expressed CALCA in the 5 normal dogs.

Conclusions
–
In SIRS, extrathyroidal transcription of CALCA was documented. Quantitative analysis (real‐time polymerase chain reaction) in a wider population of SIRS and normal dogs will provide essential information about the extent and source of extrathyroidal expression of canine CALCA induced by septic and nonseptic systemic inflammation.
Reasons for Substance Use among Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Lorberg Boris , Wilens Timothy E. , Martelon MaryKate , Wong Patricia , Parcell Tiffany
Published: October 2010

We examined whether children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BPD) “self‐medicate” with cigarettes, alcohol, or other substances of abuse. One hundred and five adolescents with BPD and 98 controls were comprehensively assessed with a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview for psychopathology and the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) for self‐medication. Thirteen control (mean ± standard deviation [SD]= 15.31 ± 1.18 years) and 27 BPD (15.30 ± 2.09 years) subjects endorsed use of one of the listed drugs in the DUSI Section A within the past year and were included in all analyses. BPD adolescents were more likely than nonmood disordered, substance‐using controls to report starting to use their preferred drug for mood‐altering effects. There were no differences between groups in motivation for use with respect to starting substances to sleep better or get high, or in continuing substances to change mood, sleep better, or get high. These data may contribute to increased prevention of substance use disorders and to the treatment of adolescent BPD. Further studies clarifying the characteristics of self‐medication are necessary. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–7)
Prescription Use Disorders in Older Adults
Authors: Kalapatapu Raj K. , Sullivan Maria A.
Published: October 2010

The number of older adults needing substance abuse treatment is projected to rise significantly in the next few decades. This paper will focus on the epidemic of prescription use disorders in older adults. Particular vulnerabilities of older adults to addiction will be considered. Specifically, the prevalence and patterns of use of opioids, stimulants, and benzodiazepines will be explored, including the effects of these substances on morbidity and mortality. Treatment intervention strategies will be briefly discussed, and areas for future research are suggested. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–8)
Pathological Gamblers Respond Equally Well to Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy Regardless of Other Mental Health Treatment Status
Authors: Champine Robey B. , Petry Nancy M.
Published: October 2010

Data consistently demonstrate comorbidity between pathological gambling and psychiatric disorders. This study compares severity of gambling and psychosocial problems and gambling treatment outcomes in treatment‐seeking pathological gamblers (n = 231) based on their self‐reported mental health treatment utilization. As expected, participants currently receiving mental health treatment demonstrated the most psychiatric problems, and those with no mental health treatment the least. Although preferred gambling activity differed according to mental health treatment status, severity of gambling problems, and gambling treatment outcomes did not. Individual cognitive‐behavioral therapy was efficacious in reducing gambling problems irrespective of mental health treatment utilization. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–7)
Buprenorphine‐Based Regimens and Methadone for the Medical Management of Opioid Dependence: Selecting the Appropriate Drug for Treatment
Authors: Maremmani Icro , Gerra Gilberto
Published: October 2010

Maintenance therapy with methadone or buprenorphine‐based regimens reduces opioid dependence and associated harms. The perception that methadone is more effective than buprenorphine for maintenance treatment has been based on low buprenorphine doses and excessively slow induction regimens used in early buprenorphine trials. Subsequent studies show that the efficacy of buprenorphine sublingual tablet (Subutex®) or buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet (Suboxone®) is equivalent to that of methadone when sufficient buprenorphine doses, rapid induction, and flexible dosing are used. Although methadone remains an essential maintenance therapy option, buprenorphine‐based regimens increase access to care and provide safer, more appropriate treatment than methadone for some patients. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–12)
The Ex‐Day Price Behavior of REITs: Taxes or Ticks?
Authors: Whitworth Jeff , Carter David A.
Published: October 2010

Taxes and microstructure constraints are often cited as possible explanations for why stock prices drop by less than the dividend on their ex‐dates. Using a sample of real estate investment trusts, which have no significant correlation between dividend size and yield, we find that close‐to‐open ex‐dividend price drops are related to dividend size as suggested by the microstructure models, but close‐to‐close price drops are related to dividend yield as predicted by the tax theory. These results imply that overnight price drops are primarily determined by microstructure, but that trading during the ex‐day causes prices to adjust to reflect individual tax preferences.
Real Estate in an ALM Framework: The Case of Fair Value Accounting
Authors: Brounen Dirk , Prado Melissa Porras , Verbeek Marno
Published: October 2010

This study examines the liability hedging characteristics of both direct and indirect real estate with the advent of fair value accounting obligations for pension funds. We explicitly model pension obligations as being subject to interest and inflation risk to analyze the ability of real estate investments in hedging the fair value of pension liabilities and to quantify its role in an asset liability management (ALM) portfolio. We find that the portfolio composition differs depending on the definition of liability return. When liability returns solely follow actuarial changes, the mean‐variance efficient portfolio allocations toward direct real estate and fixed income decrease compared to the asset‐only optimization. When accounting for nominal liability obligations, real estate offers hedging benefits against interest rates for short holding periods but not for long‐term institutional portfolios. The inclusion of inflation risk renders a limited role for direct real estate in an ALM portfolio, while indirect real estate obtains no allocation. Inflation is at the heart of the discrepancy between reported and predicted pension plan allocations. Once accounting for inflation, the projected allocations come close to reported ones.
Exploring the Nature of “Trader Intuition”
Authors: BRUGUIER ANTOINE J. , QUARTZ STEVEN R. , BOSSAERTS PETER
Published: October 2010

Experimental evidence has consistently confirmed the ability of uninformed traders, even novices, to infer information from the trading process. After contrasting brain activation in subjects watching markets with and without insiders, we hypothesize that Theory of Mind (ToM) helps explain this pattern, where ToM refers to the human capacity to discern malicious or benevolent intent. We find that skill in predicting price changes in markets with insiders correlates with scores on two ToM tests. We document GARCH‐like persistence in transaction price changes that may help investors read markets when there are insiders.
Microstructure and Ambiguity
Authors: EASLEY DAVID , O'HARA MAUREEN
Published: October 2010

A goal for stock exchanges is to increase participation by firms and investors. We show how specific features of the microstructure can reduce perceived ambiguity, and induce participation by both investors and issuers. We develop a model with sophisticated traders, who we view as expected utility maximizers with rational expectations, and unsophisticated traders, who we view as rational traders facing ambiguity about the payoffs to participating in the market. We show how designing markets to reduce ambiguity can benefit investors through greater liquidity, exchanges through greater volume, and issuing firms through a lower cost of capital.
A Bayesian Approach to Real Options: The Case of Distinguishing between Temporary and Permanent Shocks
Authors: GRENADIER STEVEN R. , MALENKO ANDREY
Published: October 2010

Traditional real options models demonstrate the importance of the “option to wait” due to uncertainty over future shocks to project cash flows. However, there is often another important source of uncertainty: uncertainty over the permanence of past shocks. Adding Bayesian uncertainty over the permanence of past shocks augments the traditional option to wait with an additional “option to learn.” The implied investment behavior differs significantly from that in standard models. For example, investment may occur at a time of stable or decreasing cash flows, respond sluggishly to cash flow shocks, and depend on the timing of project cash flows.
Exploiting natural history variation: looking to fishes for quantitative genetic models of natural populations
Authors: Morrissey Michael B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract –  Quantitative genetic techniques are contributing greatly to our understanding of evolutionary processes in the wild. However, the vast majority of applications of quantitative genetic methodologies to natural populations have been conducted in very narrow ranges of the ‘life history space’ expressed by organisms in nature. Recent and ongoing technological and analytical advances are making expansion of the taxonomic scope of such studies both possible and highly desirable. I review a number of ways in which fishes can be exploited to better understand the phenotypic expression of genetic variation in the wild. In particular, I argue that the culturability of fishes can be exploited in the execution of study designs where pedigrees can be manipulated, while maintaining the ecological relevance of phenotypic and genetic variation as expressed in the wild. In general, the model organisms which are currently most intensively studied in a quantitative genetic framework in the wild are not easily culturable. Thus, at least among vertebrates, the proposed approaches are uniquely suited to fishes. I highlight how fishes may provide particularly good models with which to study the genetic basis of variation in phenotypic plasticity, the genetic basis of the environmental dependence of genetic parameters and to detect adaptive phenotypic microevolution.
Trophic polymorphism and water clarity in northern Australian Scortum (Pisces: Terapontidae)
Authors: Davis A. M. , Pusey B. J.
Published: October 2010

Davis AM, Pusey BJ. Trophic polymorphism and water clarity in northern Australian Scortum (Pisces: Terapontidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 638–643. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  The diets and relative intestinal length of two typically herbivorous terapontid fish from contrasting high and low clarity environments were compared. Fish of both species collected from high clarity habitats were almost exclusively herbivorous, whereas conspecifics from low clarity habitats were omnivores. Relative intestinal lengths in both species were significantly shorter in low clarity environments. Pronounced contrasts in water transparency have the apparent capacity to produce dietary niche shifts in these two species that in turn induce and maintain trophic polymorphisms in a riverine environment.
Flood duration determines the reproduction success of fish in artificial oxbows in a floodplain of a potamal river
Authors: Janáč M. , Ondračková M. , Jurajda P. , Valová Z. , Reichard M.
Published: October 2010

Janáč M, Ondračková M, Jurajda P, Valová Z, Reichard M. Flood duration determines the reproduction success of fish in artificial oxbows in a floodplain of a potamal river.  Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 644–655. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract –  Fish reproduction was studied in six man‐made water bodies (borrow pits) adjacent to the channelised Dyje River (Danube basin) over five seasons. Terrestrial vegetation provided spawning and nursery habitats when inundated by raised water levels in the borrow pits (hereafter referred to as ‘floods’). The diversity of 0+ fish and the density of 0+ cyprinids (mainly Abramis bjoerkna, Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Rutilus rutilus) in June–October were positively correlated with flood duration in previous months. The density of 0+ Perca fluviatilis was independent of the flood duration. The density of spawners and predators did not influence the diversity of 0+ fish and the density of 0+ cyprinids. Receding flood and associated lack of shelters resulted in decreasing density of 0+ cyprinids, numbers sometimes decreasing to zero. Prolonged floods facilitated the survival of 0+ fish and resulted in high 1+ cyprinid density in the following season. Specific hydromorphological conditions (e.g., the presence of shallow littoral zone or flooded vegetation) are necessary to enable successful spawning and provide shelters for 0+ fish in artificial water bodies.
Migratory history of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. CB in Japan
Authors: Tsunagawa T. , Arai T.
Published: October 2010

Tsunagawa T, Arai T. Migratory history of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. CB in Japan. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 33–41. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  The migratory histories of Rhinogobius sp. CB collected from 32 locations connected to the sea were studied by examining the strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the otoliths using X‐ray electron microprobe (EPMA) analysis. The Sr and Ca contents in the riverine water were also determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) analysis. The Sr:Ca ratios in the riverine waters were highly different among rivers and correlated with those in the otolith outer region corresponding to the river life period. Consequently, almost all samples (159 of 160 individuals) showed a typical amphidromous life history, with one individual showing a landlocked life history. These results suggest that the clear differences of migration history in population or locality were not found in Rhinogobius sp. CB. Therefore, it was thought that Rhinogobius sp. CB most commonly had an amphidromous life history.
Early morphogenesis of heterodont dentition in minipigs
Authors: Štembírek Jan , Buchtová Marcela , Král Tomáš , Matalová Eva , Lozanoff Scott , Míšek Ivan
Published: October 2010

Štembírek J, Buchtová M, Král T, Matalová E, Lozanoff S, Míšek I. Early morphogenesis of heterodont dentition in minipigs. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 547–558. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The minipig provides an excellent experimental model for tooth morphogenesis because its diphyodont and heterodont dentition resemble that of humans. However, little information is available on the processes of tooth development in the pig. The purpose of this study was to classify the early stages of odontogenesis in minipigs from the initiation of deciduous dentition to the late bell stage when the successional dental lamina begins to develop. To analyze the initiation of teeth anlagens and the structural changes of dental lamina, a three‐dimensional (3D) analysis was performed. At the earliest stage, 3D reconstruction revealed a continuous dental lamina along the length of the jaw. Later, the dental lamina exhibited remarkable differences in depth, and the interdental lamina was shorter. The dental lamina grew into the mesenchyme in the lingual direction, and its inclined growth was underlined by asymmetrical cell proliferation. After the primary tooth germ reached the late bell stage, the dental lamina began to disintegrate and fragmentize. Some cells disappeared during the process of lamina degradation, while others remained in small islands known as epithelial pearls. The minipig can therefore, inter alia, be used as a model organism to study the fate of epithelial pearls from their initiation to their contribution to pathological structures, primarily because of the clinical significance of these epithelial rests.
Familial aplasia of the trapezius muscle: clinical and MRI findings
Authors: Newman Christopher J , Jacquemont Sébastien , Theumann Nicolas , Jeannet Pierre‐Yves
Published: October 2010

A 5‐year‐old boy was referred to our neurology clinic for suspected myopathy. His parents reported normal upper extremity strength and no limitation in daily activities; however, he was unable to raise his arms above his head. On examination, both shoulders were down‐slanting and anteriorly displaced, leading to a webbed neck appearance. Muscle MRI demonstrated isolated bilateral aplasia of the trapezius muscles. His father was found to have a unilateral partial trapezius hypoplasia with no functional consequences.

Conclusion:  Congenital aplasia of the trapezius muscle is a rare condition; bilateral aplasia of the muscle, having been reported in only five cases, is most often associated with aplasia of the pectoralis major. This is the first report to our knowledge to demonstrate bilateral isolated trapezius aplasia by MRI.