bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Marx Brothers und die Commedia dell'arte
Authors: Born Simon
Published: February 2019

The Marx Brothers were some of cinema’s greatest comedians. Their anarchistic comedy was unique, yet it bears traces of an older performance tradition. Stock characters, ad-libbing and their self-image as professional comics connect the Marx Brothers with the commedia dell’arte, the improvised mask theatre of travelling groups from Italy at the time of the Renaissance.

By combining approaches from film and theatre studies, ‘Die Marx Brothers und die Commedia dell’arte’ elaborates how Groucho and his brothers successfully transposed the performative characteristics and mask types of the commedia into the 20th century. Like the Italian comics, the Marx Brothers used their non-mimetic acting to create a fantastical world from which they could unveil the mask-like nature of society.

This book fills a gap in research literature, which is abundant in studies on the commedia and the Marx Brothers; however, the fascinating point at which these two performing traditions intersect has so far received no attention.
Sachunmittelbare Demokratie und Finanzvorbehalt
Authors: Chen Pin-Cheng
Published: February 2019

Ever since the introduction of elements of direct democracy into constitutional reality, there has always been a tension between it and parliamentary democracy. This book explores the topic of direct democracy, in particular the issue of financial proviso in plebiscitary legislation (Finanzvorbehalt in der Volksgesetzgebung). Financial proviso has been described as a German tradition, yet its applicative scope was controversial even in the Weimar period, which, in spite of various interpretative criteria, it remains up to today. Combining the perspectives of legal dogmatics, comparative law, legal history and legal policy, this work hopes to reach a practical concordance in order to contribute to the development of direct democracy in Germany as well as in Taiwan. The book is particularly suitable for readers who are interested in constitutional law and comparative law, but will also be useful to political scientists.
Die Haftung der Muttergesellschaft und ihres Vorstands für Menschenrechtsverletzungen im Konzern
Authors: Nordhues Sophie
Published: February 2019

Given the increasing number of human rights violations by multinational companies, the call for liability of western companies is growing louder and louder. The question whether such liability already exists de lege lata has so far been answered only fragmentarily. With her paper on the liability of multinational companies for human rights violations, the author fills this gap. The author not only investigates the liability of a parent company, but also examines whether compliance duties of the board of directors comprise a group-wide obligation to prevent human rights violations.
While an explicit implementation of such duty of care has repeatedly been considered, but not yet realised, in Germany, the French legislator has already implemented an obligation to monitor compliance with human rights. Based on this act, the author examines how the liability of multinational companies could be structured de lege ferenda.
Institutional Congruence
Authors: Ehmke David Christoph
Published: February 2019

What is the foundation of solid financial architecture? How is it possible to prevent a constant increase in taxes, debts and the misallocation of financial resources? The theory of institutional congruence provides a clear answer: The circles of decision makers, beneficiaries and payers must overlap to the greatest possible extent. This requires the consistent institutional centralisation or decentralisation of power and responsibilities regarding taxes, expenditure and debts. This study’s analysis of sovereign and subnational public entities in the eurozone, Germany, France, Canada, the USA and Switzerland as well as of debt crises among autonomous sovereign debtors shows how the implementation of institutional congruence works in practice.
Competencias TIC en los docentes de las unidades tecnológicas de Santander
Authors: Solano Hernández Ernesto , Juarros Victoria Irene Marín , Vásquez Alba Rossi Rocha
Published: February 2019

Las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación se convirtieron en el eje fundamental de la sociedad del siglo XXI, generando nuevos espacios formativos y modalidades de formación. La práctica docente debe hacerse partícipe de los nuevos modelos de aprendizaje y formación, para lo cual surge la necesidad de la cualificación docente en términos de competencia digital, un argumento que se solicita con fuerza incluir en esta actividad. En este artículo se describen y presentan los resultados de la investigación realizada en las Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander (UTS, Colombia), para conocer, evaluar y pronosticar el nivel de conocimiento y competencia digital del personal docente, adscrito a las dos facultades de la institución; dentro de las dimensiones evaluadas se solicitó información referente a datos de identificación (sociodemográficos y laborales), uso y conocimiento de TIC, integración de las TIC en la práctica docente, formación docente e innovación en TIC y el componente ético en la labor docente. Se dispuso de un instrumento de investigación (encuesta) ya utilizado y validado en otro estudio del mismo tipo, que se adaptó al contexto institucional de las UTS. Se utilizó un servidor de la universidad para alojar la encuesta y que fuera presentada de forma telemática por los profesores. Como conclusión del análisis de resultados, se diseñó una propuesta de trabajo para la mejora de las competencias digitales basados en las necesidades de formación detectadas.

The new information and communication technologies became the fundamental axis of 21st century society, generating new training spaces and training modalities. The teaching practice must become a participant in the new models of learning and training, for which the need arises for the teaching qualification in terms of digital competence, an argument that is strongly requested to include in this activity. This article describes and presents the results of the research carried out in the Santander Technology Units (UTS, Colombia), to know, assess and forecast the level of knowledge and digital competence of teaching staff, assigned to the two faculties of the institution ; Within the evaluated dimensions, information was requested regarding identification data (sociodemographic and labor), use and knowledge of ICT, integration of ICT in teaching practice, teacher training and innovation in ICT and the ethical component in teaching work. There was a research instrument (survey) already used and validated in another study of the same type, which was adapted to the institutional context of the UTS. A university server was used to host the survey and was presented telematically by the teachers. As a conclusion to the analysis of results, a work proposal was designed to improve digital skills based on the training needs detected.
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Literature Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis Informing Economic Considerations
Authors: Zaniolo Orietta , Ghetti Gianni , Povero Massimiliano , Pradelli Lorenzo
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND: Although the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) is considered an important option in the management of schizophrenia two recent meta-analysis, which aimed to compare LAIs vs oral antipsychotics (OAPs) in terms of relapse rate, showed discordant results.AIM: To investigate factors affecting the efficacy of antipsychotics in terms of relapse prevention in the real-world and to estimate the management cost of an episode of relapse.METHODS: We conducted a literature search using MEDLINE/PubMed with the aim to extract efficacy, effectiveness and adherence data of LAIs and OAPs. The primary outcome was the relative risk (RR) of relapse between two strategies. The extracted RR were included in a series of Bayesian statistical models based on the starting hypotheses. The RR rates obtained from the meta-analysis have been used as input for an economic evaluation of the total costs associated with the management of the patient with schizophrenia from the Italian NHS perspective.RESULTS: The literature search identified 34 studies which met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. According to the model that best explains the data, in the real-world setting the effectiveness with LAIs is greater than with OAPs, with a more pronounced effect for SGAs than for FGAs. Taking into account generation, route and frequency of administration, the RR decreased with lower administration frequency, with SGA LAI administered once every 90 days which is associated with the greatest reduction in the risk of relapse (-85%). When the results of the meta-analysis are used to feed an economic evaluation the results show that the SGA administered every 90 days is the strategy with the least expected cumulative cost both at 1 (€ 3,509) and 5 years (€ 19,690).CONCLUSION: SGA LAIs administered every 90 days seems to be the best option for the treatment of patient with schizophrenia from both the clinical and economic perspectives.An erratum to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.7175/fe.v20i1.1406
ДИФEРEНЦИJAЦИJA РУРAЛНOГ ПРOСTOРA БOСНE И ХEРЦEГOВИНE У КOНTEКСTУ OДРЖИВOСTИ РУРAЛНИХ ГEOСИСTEMA У УСЛOВИMA КЛИMATСКИХ ПРOMJEНA
Authors: Maндић Mирa , Живкoвић Mилeнкo , Пaпић Дрaгaн
Published: February 2019

Рaдoм сe с тeoриjскoг aспeктa и пoтрeбa прaксe рaзмaтрajу рaзвojнe мoгућнoсти и oгрaничeњa, ствaрни и пoтeнциjaлни ризици у кoнтeксту oдрживoсти рурaлних пoдручja Бoснe и Хeрцeгoвинe (БиХ). Рурaлнa пoдручja зaузимajу oкo 90% тeритoриje Бoснe и Хeрцeгoвинe и прeдстaвљajу знaчajaн приврeдни пoтeнциjaл, првeнствeнo у сeктoру пoљoприврeдe, тe шумaрствa, вoдoприврeдe, eнeргeтикe и туризмa. Нaглaшeн гeoдивeрзитeт дeтeрминишe рaзличитe рaзвojнe мoгућнoсти и oгрaничeњa. Дaклe, прoстoр БиХ дифeрeнцирaн je нa мaњe и вишe прoспeритeтнa пoдручja сa спeцифичним рaзвojним прoблeмимa и ризицимa oд кojих су мнoги услoвљeни глoбaлним климaтским прoмjeнaмa. У рaду су издвojeнe физичкo-гeoгрaфскeoблaсти (рeгиje) БиХ, тe нa oснoву aнaлизe њихoвих гeoсистeмa издвojeнe рaзвojнe мoгућнoсти и oгрaничeњa дeфинисaних рурaлних пoдручja. Пoсeбнa пaжњa пoсвeћeнa je издвajaњу рурaлних пoдручja угрoжeних климaтским прoмjeнaмa. Дeфинисaни су кaрaктeр, гeoрaспрoстрaњeнoст и пoсљeдицe врeмeнских нeпoгoдa. Прeдложeни су мeхaнизми идeнтификoвaњa, прaћeњa и прeвeнтивнoг дjeлoвaњa у зaштити рурaлнoг прoстoрa БиХ у услoвимa интeнзивирaњa врeмeнских нeпoгoдa. Нaвeдeнo истрaживaњe у функциjи je дeфинисaњa рaзвojних мoгућнoсти, издвajaњa прoблeмских пoдручja и смaњивaњa пoсљeдицa изaзвaних климaтским прoмjeнaмa, oднoснo зaштитe вриjeднoсти гeoсистeмa рурaлних пoдручja и успoстaвљaњa oдрживoг прoстoрнoг рaзвoja.
ПРИЛОГ ПОЗНАВАЊУ ВАСКУЛАРНЕ ФЛОРЕ МАЛОГ ПРЊАВОРА (ДОБОЈ, РЕПУБЛИКА СРПСКА)
Authors: Шкондрић Синиша , Николић Мира , Перић Ранко , Шуматић Нада , Кнежевић Јелена
Published: February 2019

Флористичка истраживања на подручју Малог Прњавора (Добој, Република Српска) спроведена су током вегетацијске сезоне 2017. године. Укупно је инвентарисано 217 таксона на нивоу врсте и подврсте, који су систематизовани у 160 родова и 63 фамилије. Најзаступљеније фамилије на основу броја врста и подврста су: Compositae (20), Lamiaceae (19), Poaceae (18), Fabaceae (12), Ranunculaceae (11) и Rosaceae (10). Субсредњеевропски флорни елемент био је најбројнији са 50 таксона, а прате га евроазијски (32) и субевроазијски (23). Еколошка анализа показала је доминацију хемикриптофита (49). У флори Малог Прњавора утврђено је постојање 11 адвентивних таксона, док се шест таксона налази на списку биљака за Црвену књигу флоре Босне и Херцеговине.
Bacterial communities associated with cell phones and shoes
Authors: Coil David A , Neches Russell Y , Lang Jenna M , Jospin Guillaume , Brown Wendy E , Cavalier Darlene , Hampton-Marcell Jarrad , Gilbert Jack A , Eisen Jonathan A
Published: February 2019

Background: Every human being carries with them a collection of microbes, a collection that is likely both unique to that person, but also dynamic as a result of significant flux with the surrounding environment. The interaction of the human microbiome (i.e., the microbes that are found directly in contact with a person in places such as the gut, mouth, and skin) and the microbiome of accessory objects (e.g., shoes, clothing, phones, jewelry) is of potential interest to both epidemiology and the developing field of microbial forensics. Therefore, the microbiome of personal accessories are of interest because they serve as both a microbial source and sink for an individual, they may provide information about the microbial exposure experienced by an individual, and they can be sampled non-invasively.

Findings: We report here a large-scale study of the microbiota found on cell phones and shoes. Cell phones serve as a potential source and sink for skin and oral microbiota, while shoes can act as sampling devices for the microbial environmental experience. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the microbiota of thousands of paired sets of cell phones and shoes from individuals at sporting events, museums, and other venues around the United States.

Conclusions: We place this data in the context of previous studies and demonstrate that the microbiota of phones and shoes are different. This difference is driven largely by the presence of “environmental” taxa (taxa from groups that tend to be found in places like soil) on shoes and human-associated taxa (taxa from groups that are abundant in the human microbiome) on phones. This large dataset also contains many novel taxa, highlighting the fact that much of microbial diversity remains uncharacterized, even on commonplace objects.
Temporal identity establishes columnar neuron morphology, connectivity, and function in a Drosophila navigation circuit
Authors: Sullivan Luis F , Warren Timothy L , Doe Chris Q
Published: February 2019

The insect central complex (CX) is a conserved brain region containing 60 + neuronal subtypes, several of which contribute to navigation. It is not known how CX neuronal diversity is generated or how developmental origin of subtypes relates to function. We mapped the developmental origin of four key CX subtypes and found that neurons with similar origin have similar axon/dendrite targeting. Moreover, we found that the temporal transcription factor (TTF) Eyeless/Pax6 regulates the development of two recurrently-connected CX subtypes: Eyeless loss simultaneously produces ectopic P-EN neurons with normal axon/dendrite projections, and reduces the number of E-PG neurons. Furthermore, transient loss of Eyeless during development impairs adult flies’ capacity to perform celestial navigation. We conclude that neurons with similar developmental origin have similar connectivity, that Eyeless maintains equal E-PG and P-EN neuron number, and that Eyeless is required for the development of circuits that control adult navigation.
African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) as an example of a herbivore making movement choices based on nutritional needs
Authors: Sach Fiona , Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Langley-Evans Simon C. , Watts Michael J. , Yon Lisa
Published: February 2019

Background

The increasing human population and global intensification of agriculture have had a major impact on the world’s natural ecosystems and caused devastating effects on populations of mega-herbivores such as the African savanna elephants, through habitat reduction and fragmentation and increased human–animal conflict. Animals with vast home ranges are forced into increasingly smaller geographical areas, often restricted by fencing or encroaching anthropogenic activities, resulting in huge pressures on these areas to meet the animals’ resource needs. This can present a nutritional challenge and cause animals to adapt their movement patterns to meet their dietary needs for specific minerals, potentially causing human–animal conflict. The aim of this review is to consolidate understanding of nutritional drivers for animal movement, especially that of African savanna elephants and focus the direction of future research. Peer reviewed literature available was generally geographically specific and studies conducted on isolated populations of individual species. African savanna elephants have the capacity to extensively alter the landscape and have been more greatly studied than other herbivores, making them a good example species to use for this review. Alongside this, their movement choices, potentially linked with nutritional drivers could be applicable to a range of other species. Relevant case study examples of other herbivores moving based on nutritional needs are discussed.

Methods

Three databases were searched in this review: Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using identified search terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined and applied as required. Additional grey literature was reviewed as appropriate.

Results

Initial searches yielded 1,870 records prior to application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A less detailed review of grey literature, and additional peer-reviewed literature which did not meet the inclusion criteria but was deemed relevant by the authors was also conducted to ensure thorough coverage of the subject.

Discussion

A review of peer reviewed literature was undertaken to examine nutritional drivers for African elephant movement, exploring documented examples from free-ranging African savanna elephants and, where relevant, other herbivore species. This could help inform prediction or mitigation of human–elephant conflict, potentially when animals move according to nutritional needs, and related drivers for this movement. In addition, appropriate grey literature was included to capture current research.
Identification of species and materia medica withinSaussureasubg.Amphilaenabased on DNA barcodes
Authors: Chen Jie , Zhao Yong-Bao , Wang Yu-Jin , Li Xiao-Gang
Published: February 2019

Saussureais one of the most species-rich genera in the family Asteraceae, where some have a complex evolutionary history, including radiation and convergent evolution, and the identification of these species is notoriously difficult. This genus contains many plants with medical uses, and thus an objective identification method is urgently needed.Saussureasubg.Amphilaenais one of the four subgenera ofSaussureaand it is particularly rich in medical resources, where 15/39 species are used in medicine. To test the application of DNA barcodes in this subgenus, five candidates were sequenced and analyzed using 131 individuals representing 15 medical plants and four additional species from this subgenus. Our results suggested that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) +rbcL or ITS +rbcL +psbA-trnH could distinguish all of the species, while the ITS alone could identify all of the 15 medical plants. However, the species identification rates based on plastid barcodes were low, i.e., 0% to 36% when analyzed individually, and 63% when all four loci were combined. Thus, we recommend using ITS +rbcL as the DNA barcode forS.subg.Amphilaenaor the ITS alone for medical plants. Possible taxonomic problems and substitutes for medicinal plant materials are also discussed.
Analyzing Mechanisms of Metastatic Cancer Cell Adhesive Phenotype Leveraging Preparative Adhesion Chromatography Microfluidic
Authors: Birmingham Katherine G. , O'Melia Meghan J. , Ban Dongjo , Mouw Janna , Edwards Erin E. , Marcus Adam I. , McDonald John , Thomas Susan N.
Published: January 2019

An integrated, parallel‐plate microfluidic device is engineered to interrogate and fractionate cells based on their adhesivity to a substrate surface functionalized with adhesive ligand in a tightly controlled flow environment to elucidate associated cell‐intrinsic pathways. Wall shear stress levels and endothelial presentation of E‐selectin are modeled after the inflamed vasculature microenvironment in order to simulate in vitro conditions under which in vivo hematogenous metastasis occurs. Based on elution time from the flow channel, the collection of separate fractions of cells—noninteracting and interacting—at high yields and viabilities enables multiple postperfusion analyses, including flow cytometry, in vivo metastasis modeling, and transcriptomic analysis. This platform enables the interrogation of flow‐regulated cell molecular profiles, such as (co)expression levels of natively expressed selectin ligands sLex, CD44, and carcinoembryonic antigen, and cancer stem cell marker CD24. This additionally reveals E‐selectin adhesivity exhibited by metastatic human colon carcinoma cells to be a transient phenotype. Facile and rapid, this methodology for unbiased, label free sorting of large populations of cells based on their adhesion in flow represents a method of studying flow‐regulated adhesion in vitro for the identification of molecular drug targets for development as antimetastatic cancer therapeutics.
Drawing a Pencil‐Trace Cathode for a High‐Performance Polymer‐Based Li–CO2 Battery with Redox Mediator
Authors: Li Jinli , Zhao Huimin , Qi Haocheng , Sun Xuemei , Song Xiuyan , Guo Ziyang , Tamirat Andebet Gedamu , Liu Jie , Wang Lei , Feng Shouhua
Published: January 2019

Lithium–carbon dioxide (Li–CO2) batteries have received wide attention due to their high theoretical energy density and CO2 capture capability. However, this system still faces poor cycling performance and huge overpotential, which stems from the leakage/volatilization of liquid electrolyte and instability of the cathode. A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE)‐based Li–CO2 battery by using a novel pencil‐trace cathode and 0.0025 mol L−1 (M) binuclear cobalt phthalocyanine (Bi‐CoPc)‐containing GPE (Bi‐CoPc‐GPE) is developed here. The cathode, which is prepared by pencil drawing on carbon paper, is stable because of its typical limited‐layered graphitic structure without any binder. In addition, Bi‐CoPc‐GPE, which consists of polymer matrix filled with liquid electrolyte, exhibits excellent ion conductivity (0.86 mS cm−1), effective protection for Li anode, and superior leakproof property. Moreover, Bi‐CoPc acts as a redox mediator to promote the decomposition of discharge products at low charge potential. Interestingly, different from polymer‐shaped discharge products formed in liquid electrolyte–based Li–CO2 batteries, the morphology of products in Li–CO2 batteries using Bi‐CoPc‐GPE is film‐like. Hence, this polymer‐based Li–CO2 battery shows super‐high discharge capacity, low overpotential, and even steadily runs for 120 cycles. This study may pave a new way to develop high‐performance Li–CO2 batteries.
High‐Quality White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Composed of Binary Emitters with Color Rendering Index Exceeding 80 by Utilizing Color Remedy Strategy
Authors: Tang Xun , Liu Xiang‐Yang , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: January 2019

Implementing rigorous standards for high‐quality white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) demands further investigation. Herein, a novel and feasible color remedy strategy (CRS) is proposed in WOLEDs composed of binary‐emitters, to arouse the green‐emission, thereby complementing the spectral deficiency in white‐emission. Thus, the color rendering indexes (CRIs) of binary‐emissive WOLEDs can be boosted from 63 to 80 threshold, and the Commission International de I'Eclairage‐(x, y) coordinates are precisely located inside the American National Standard Institute quadrangles, which can rival the WOLEDs integrating ternary or more emitters. Moreover, it is more feasible for CRS‐based binary‐emissive system to tune white‐emission from cool white‐emission (correlated color temperature (CCT) ≈ 5000 K) to eye‐friendly warm white‐emission (CCT ≈ 2000 K). Meanwhile, benefiting from the reduced energy loss and low driving voltage of CRS zone, all of the CRS‐based WOLEDs with diverse CCTs can exceed 20% external quantum efficiency, and the highest approach 25%, as well as the highest power efficiency beyond 60 lm W−1, which is comparable with those reported employing light‐extracting techniques. In addition, it is evident that CRS‐based WOLEDs also exhibit outstanding color stability within the variation of luminance in several orders of magnitude (50–12 000 cd m−2). Thus, this novel CRS provides an innovative pathway to fabricate high‐quality WOLEDs composed of binary emitters.
Fully Solution‐Processed Photonic Structures from Inorganic/Organic Molecular Hybrid Materials and Commodity Polymers
Authors: Bachevillier Stefan , Yuan Hua‐Kang , Strang Andrew , Levitsky Artem , Frey Gitti L. , Hafner Andreas , Bradley Donal D. C. , Stavrinou Paul N. , Stingelin Natalie
Published: January 2019

Managing the interference effects from thin (multi‐)layers allows for the control of the optical transmittance/reflectance of widely used and technologically significant structures such as antireflection coatings (ARCs) and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). These rely on the destructive/constructive interference between incident, reflected, and transmitted radiation. While known for over a century and having been extremely well investigated, the emergence of printable and large‐area electronics brings a new emphasis: the development of materials capable of transferring well‐established ideas to a solution‐based production. Here, demonstrated is the solution‐fabrication of ARCs and DBRs utilizing alternating layers of commodity plastics and recently developed organic/inorganic hybrid materials comprised of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAl), cross‐linked with titanium oxide hydrates. Dip‐coated ARCs exhibit an 88% reduction in reflectance across the visible compared to uncoated glass, and fully solution‐coated DBRs provide a reflection of >99% across a 100 nm spectral band in the visible region. Detailed comparisons with transfermatrix methods (TMM) highlight their excellent optical quality including extremely low optical losses. Beneficially, when exposed to elevated temperatures, the hybrid material can display a notable, reproducible, and irreversible change in refractive index and film thickness while maintaining excellent optical performance allowing postdeposition tuning, e.g., for thermo‐responsive applications, including security features and product‐storage environment monitoring.
Symmetric Ultrafast Writing and Erasing Speeds in Quasi‐Nonvolatile Memory via van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Li Jingyu , Liu Lan , Chen Xiaozhang , Liu Chunsen , Wang Jianlu , Hu Weida , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Peng
Published: January 2019

Due to the large gap in timescale between volatile memory and nonvolatile memory technologies, quasi‐nonvolatile memory based on 2D materials has become a viable technology for filling the gap. By exploiting the elaborate energy band structure of 2D materials, a quasi‐nonvolatile memory with symmetric ultrafast write‐1 and erase‐0 speeds and long refresh time is reported. Featuring the 2D semifloating gate architecture, an extrinsic p–n junction is used to charge or discharge the floating gate. Owing to the direct injection or recombination of charges from the floating gate electrode, the erasing speed is greatly enhanced to nanosecond timescale. Combined with the ultrafast write‐1 speed, symmetric ultrafast operations on the nanosecond timescale are achieved, which are ≈106 times faster than other memories based on 2D materials. In addition, the refresh time after a write‐1 operation is 219 times longer than that of dynamic random access memory. This performance suggests that quasi‐nonvolatile memory has great potential to decrease power consumption originating from frequent refresh operations, and usher in the next generation of high‐speed and low‐power memory technology.
Strain‐Induced Structural Deformation Study of 2D MoxW(1‐x) S2
Authors: Susarla Sandhya , Manimunda Praveena , Jaques Ygor M. , Hachtel Jordan A. , Idrobo Juan C. , Asif S. A. Syed , Galvão Douglas S. , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: January 2019

The possibility of tuning properties and its potential applications in the fields of optoelectronics and/or flexible electronics, has increased the demand for 2D alloys in recent times. Understanding the mechanical performance of 2D materials under extreme conditions, such as strain, stress, and fracture is essential for the reliable electronic devices based on these structures. In this study, combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and in situ Raman spectroscopic techniques are used to study the mechanical performance of a 2D alloy system, MoxW(1‐x) S2. It is observed that W substitution in MoS2 causes solid‐solution strengthening and increase in the Young's modulus values. Higher W content decreases failure strain for MoS2. Based on spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy and MD simulations results, a detailed model to explain failure mechanisms in MoxW(1‐x) S2 alloys is proposed.
Probing Interfacial Surface State Excitons in Nanoscale Synthesized CuxS/MoS2 Heterostructure
Authors: Shahzad Rauf , Mun Jihun , Kim Tae Wan , Kang Sang‐Woo
Published: January 2019

Two dimensional (2D) layer integration of different materials facilitates new functionalities in material engineering to produce novel structures with specialized properties. Fabrication of large‐scale 2D heterostructure with atomically clean interface, and unveiling the distinct interlayer transition, is a challenging process. In this paper, the vertical heterostructure of copper sulfide (CuxS) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets is synthesized by sulfurization of pre‐deposited metal films. Optical bandgap transition and phonon vibration frequency are observed in the heterojunction area with respect to individual nanosheets. Raman shift in phonon vibration modes of MoS2 shows the interlayer coupling effect. Photoluminescence (PL) intensity of monolayer MoS2 is quenched due to bandgap offset interlayer transition. Bandgap alignment of CuxS (1 < x < 2) with MoS2 is a tunable staggered symmetry that yields charge transfer at the heterostructure interface. Photoexcited electron–hole pairs are moving across the interface much faster than recombining into the intralayer excitons. The synthesized CuxS/MoS2 heterostructure is well defined over a large area, with controllable thickness and a scalable position. Heterostructure has great potential for future device applications in optoelectronics based on optical excitonic response and charge carrier dynamics.
Silica/Carbon Composites with Controllable Nanostructure from a Facile One‐Step Method for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Application
Authors: Yang Xiaoqing , Ma Hong , Zhang Guoqing , Li Xinxi
Published: January 2019

Nanosized silica is drawing attentions in lithium‐ion batteries because of its better cycling stability and lower cost compared to silicon. However, significant challenges appear at the uncontrollable and inhomogeneous nanostructure while coupling silica with carbon. Herein, a series of silica/carbon (S/C) composites with tunable nanostructure are developed based on the mechanism that hydrofluoric acid (HF) can control the gelating process of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). By changing the HF/TEOS ratio, the size of the silica skeleton, surface area and porosity of the composites can be tailored precisely. As a result, the optimal lithium storage performance is obtained on the S/C composite with a silica size of ≈9 nm, surface area of 208 m2 g−1, and total pore volume of 0.24 cm3 g−1, including a specific capacity of 820 mAh g−1, superior cycling performance, and high‐rate capability. This can be attributed to the following reasons: 1) the suitable silica size of ≈9 nm simultaneously minimizes the Li+ migrating distance while maintaining the stability of the silica skeleton; 2) the rigid continuous carbon framework acts as a conductive skeleton and restricts the aggregation and volume change of the silica; 3) the porous structure plays roles in buffering the volume change and facilitating the electrolyte transfer.
An All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Chloride Ion Battery
Authors: Chen Chao , Yu Tingting , Yang Meng , Zhao Xiangyu , Shen Xiaodong
Published: January 2019

The chloride ion battery has been developed as one of the alternative battery chemistries beyond lithium ion, toward abundant material resources and high energy density. Its application, however, is limited by the dissolution of electrode materials and side reactions in the liquid electrolyte. Herein, a solid polymer electrolyte allowing chloride ion transfer and consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) as the polymer matrix, tributylmethylammonium chloride as the chloride salt, and succinonitrile as the solid plasticizer is reported. The as‐prepared polymer electrolyte shows conductivities of 10−5–10−4 S cm−1 in the temperature range of 298–343 K. When it is assembled with the iron oxychloride/lithium electrode system, reversible electrochemical redox reactions of FeOCl/FeO at the cathode side and Li/LiCl at the anode side are realized, demonstrating the first all‐solid‐state rechargeable chloride ion battery.
Ni Strongly Coupled with Mo2C Encapsulated in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers as Robust Bifunctional Catalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Li Meixuan , Zhu Yun , Wang Huiyuan , Wang Ce , Pinna Nicola , Lu Xiaofeng
Published: January 2019

It is urgently required to develop highly efficient and stable bifunctional non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for water splitting. In this study, a facile electrospinning followed by a post‐carbonization treatment to synthesize nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofibers (NCNFs) integrated with Ni and Mo2C nanoparticles (Ni/Mo2C‐NCNFs) as water splitting electrocatalysts is developed. Owing to the strong hydrogen binding energy on Mo2C and high electrical conductivity of Ni, synergetic effect between Ni and Mo2C nanoparticles significantly promote both HER and OER activities. The optimized hybrid (Ni/Mo2C(1:2)‐NCNFs) delivers low overpotentials of 143 mV for HER and 288 mV for OER at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. An alkaline electrolyzer with Ni/Mo2C(1:2)‐NCNFs as catalysts for both anode and cathode exhibits a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a voltage of 1.64 V, which is only 0.07 V larger than the benchmark of Pt/C‐RuO2 electrodes. In addition, an outstanding long‐term durability during 100 h testing without obvious degradation is achieved, which is superior to most of the noble‐metal‐free electrocatalysts reported to date. This work provides a simple and effective approach for the preparation of low‐cost and high‐performance bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting.
Relating Frontier Orbital Energies from Voltammetry and Photoelectron Spectroscopy to the Open‐Circuit Voltage of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Willems Robin E. M. , Weijtens Christ H. L. , de Vries Xander , Coehoorn Reinder , Janssen René A. J.
Published: January 2019

For 19 diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies are determined from i) the oxidation potential with square‐wave voltammetry (SWV), ii) the ionization potential using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and iii) density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The SWV HOMO energies show an excellent linear correlation with the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of optimized solar cells in which the polymers form blends with a fullerene acceptor ([6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyl acid methyl ester or [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyl acid methyl ester). Remarkably, the slope of the best linear fit is 0.75 ± 0.04, i.e., significantly less than unity. A weaker correlation with Voc is found for the HOMO energies obtained from UPS and DFT. Within the experimental error, the SWV and UPS data are correlated with a slope close to unity. The results show that electrochemically determined oxidation potentials provide an excellent method for predicting the Voc of bulk heterojunction solar cells, with absolute deviations less than 0.1 V.
Injury and illness among onshore workers in Alaska's seafood processing industry: Analysis of workers’ compensation claims, 2014‐2015
Authors: Syron Laura N. , Lucas Devin L. , Bovbjerg Viktor E. , Kincl Laurel D.
Published: January 2019

Background

Alaska's onshore seafood processing industry is economically vital and hazardous.

Methods

Accepted Alaska workers’ compensation claims data from 2014 to 2015 were manually reviewed and coded with the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System and associated work activity. Workforce data were utilized to calculate rates.

Results

2,889 claims of nonfatal injuries/illnesses were accepted for compensation. The average annual claim rate was 63 per 1000 workers. This was significantly higher than Alaska's all‐industry rate of 44 claims per 1000 workers (RR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.37‐1.48). The most frequently occurring injuries/illnesses, were by nature, sprains/strains/tears (n = 993, 36%); by body part, upper limbs (1212, 43%); and by event, contact with objects/equipment (1020, 37%) and overexertion/bodily reaction (933, 34%). Incidents associated with seafood processing/canning/freezing (n = 818) frequently involved: repetitive motion; overexertion while handling pans, fish, and buckets; and contact with fish, pans, and machinery.

Conclusions

Ergonomic and safety solutions should be implemented to prevent musculoskeletal injuries/illnesses in seafood processing.
Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Diamine Monomers and Polyamides with Highly Twisted N,N‐Bis(dialkylamino)arene AIE Luminogens
Authors: Sharidan Sairi Amir , Konishi Gen‐ichi
Published: January 2019

A synthesis of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐active polyamides through the polycondensation of diamine monomers 1,4‐bis(N,N‐dialkylamino)‐2,3‐dimethylnaphthalene or 9,10‐bis(N,N‐dialkylamino)anthracene chromophores with α,ω‐bis(chlorocarbonyl)alkane is reported. The obtained anthracene polyamide was soluble in common organic solvents, such as dichloromethane and methanol, and demonstrated good film‐forming properties. The quantum yields in the solid state of the naphthalene and anthracene polyamides were both 0.26, and the quantum yields in solution of the naphthalene and anthracene polyamides were 0.23 and 0.04, respectively. The results of this study will provide valuable information regarding the application of AIE‐active polymers in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) and in polymer research.
The Onset of Dehydrogenation in Solid Ammonia Borane: An Ab Initio Metadynamics Study
Authors: Rizzi Valerio , Polino Daniela , Sicilia Emilia , Russo Nino , Parrinello Michele
Published: January 2019

The discovery of effective hydrogen storage materials is fundamental for the progress of a clean energy economy. Ammonia borane (H3BNH3, AB) has attracted great interest as a promising candidate but the reaction path that leads from its solid phase to hydrogen release is not yet fully understood. To address the need for insights in the atomistic details of such a complex solid state process, in this work we use ab‐initio molecular dynamics and metadynamics to study the early stages of AB dehydrogenation. We show that the formation of ammonia diborane (H3NBH2(μ‐H)BH3) leads to the release of NH4+, which in turn triggers an autocatalytic H2 production cycle. Our calculations provide a model for how complex solid state reactions can be theoretically investigated and rely upon the presence of multiple ammonia borane molecules, as substantiated by standard quantum‐mechanical simulations on a cluster.
Light‐Driven Reversible Intermolecular Proton Transfer at Single‐Molecule Junctions
Authors: Cai Shuning , Deng Wenting , Huang Feifei , Chen Lijue , Tang Chun , He Wenxiang , Long Shichuan , Li Ruihao , Tan Zhibing , Liu Junyang , Shi Jia , Liu Zitong , Xiao Zongyuan , Zhang Deqing , Hong Wenjing
Published: January 2019

Photoresponsive molecular systems are essential for molecular optoelectronic devices, but most molecular building blocks are non‐photoresponsive. Employed here is a photoinduced proton transfer (PIPT) strategy to control charge transport through single‐molecule azulene junctions with visible light under ambient conditions, which leads to a reversible and controllable photoresponsive molecular device based on non‐photoresponsive molecules and a photoacid. Also demonstrated is the application of PIPT in two single‐molecule AND gate and OR gate devices with electrical signal as outputs.
Supported dual‐acidic 1,3‐disulfoimidazolium chlorozincate@HZSM‐5 as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of indole derivatives
Authors: Saikia Susmita , Puri Krishna , Borah Ruli
Published: January 2019

HZSM‐5‐supported Brönsted and Lewis acidic ionic solid 1,3‐disulfoimidazolium chlorozincate materials ([dsim]2[ZnCl4]@HZSM‐5) were synthesized with various ratios (3, 6, 9, 17 and 50% w/w). The heterogeneous materials were characterized via a variety of spectroscopic techniques. Dual acidity of these materials was determined using specified techniques. These acidic solids were examined as stable heterogeneous catalysts for the Fischer indole reaction of equimolar amounts of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and various aliphatic or aromatic ketones at 80–90°C in neat condition to produce substituted indole derivatives. The efficient 17% ionic salt‐loaded HZSM‐5 composite was easily reused for ten consecutive cycles with a slight loss of its activity. The recycled catalyst was further analysed using powder X‐ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric techniques.
Gender differences in parieto‐frontal brain functional connectivity correlates of creativity
Authors: Silberstein Richard , Camfield David A. , Nield Geoffrey , Stough Con
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Creativity is a complex construct that lies at the core of what has made human civilizations possible. One frequently used measure of creativity is theAbbreviated Torrance Test for Adultsthat yields an overall creativity score. In this study, we examine the relationship between the task‐related differences in brain functional connectivity and the creativity score in a male and female group of participants.

Methods

Brain functional connectivity was estimated from the steady‐state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) event‐related partial coherence in a group of 27 females and 27 males while they performed a low‐demand visual vigilance task and the A‐X version of the Continuous Performance Task. Task‐related differences in brain functional connectivity (ΔFC) were correlated with the creativity score separately in the female and male groups.

Results

We found that the creativity score was correlated with a parieto‐frontal ΔFC component for both the female and male groups. However, significant gender differences were observed in both the timing and the laterality of the parietal component. Females exhibited a left parietal to bilateral frontal ΔFC component correlated with creativity score and this peaked on the appearance of a target in both tasks. By contrast, males demonstrated a right parietal to bilateral frontal ΔFC component correlated with creativity score which peaked on the appearance of the letter following the targets.

Conclusion

These findings are discussed in the context of the role of the Default Mode Network in creativity, and the role of gender‐related differences in cortical networks that mediate creativity.
Predictors, treatment, and long‐term outcomes of coronary perforation during retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention via epicardial collaterals for recanalization of chronic coronary total occlusion
Authors: Wu Kaize , Huang Zehan , Zhong Zhian , Liao Hongtao , Zhou Yi , Luo Bingzheng , Zhang Bin
Published: January 2019

Objective

To investigate predictors, treatment, and long‐term outcomes associated with coronary perforation (CP) in patients who underwent retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) through epicardial collaterals for chronic total occlusion (CTO).

Background

Data regarding CP during retrograde PCI through epicardial collaterals for CTO are scarce.

Methods

We included 155 patients who underwent retrograde CTO PCI through epicardial collaterals at Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute from August 2011 to December 2017. The median follow‐up was 2.5 years. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and independent predictors of long‐term MACE were determined using a multivariable Cox model.

Results

CP occurred in 24 (15.5%) patients, with the frequency of Ellis classes 1 or 2 and 3 being 41.7% and 58.3%, respectively. Seven (4.5%) patients had tamponade, which was effectively managed using coil embolization and pericardiocentesis. Renal dysfunction (odds ratio [OR]: 5.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47–18.88; P = 0.011), right coronary artery (RCA) CTO (OR: 4.34; 95% CI: 1.29–14.63; P = 0.018), and Epi‐CTO score ≥ 2 (OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.12–9.58; P = 0.030) were independent predictors of CP. At the 7‐year follow‐up, 17 patients had MACE. Multivariable analysis revealed that CP was not associated with worse long‐term clinical outcomes (hazard ratio: 1.55; 95% CI: 0.45–5.32, P = 0.484).

Conclusions

Retrograde CTO PCI through epicardial collaterals is at increased risk of CP, which is associated with renal dysfunction, RCA CTO, and Epi‐CTO score ≥ 2. Prompt and proper management of CP is important. CP is not significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
Downshifted d‐Band Center of Ru/MWCNTs by Turbostratic Carbon Nitride for Efficient and Robust Hydrogen Evolution in Alkali
Authors: Gou Wangyan , Li Jiayuan , Gao Wei , Xia Zhaoming , Zhang Sai , Ma Yuanyuan
Published: January 2019

Ru, unlike Pt, is seldom considered as the effective electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to the strong binding of hydrogen species on metal surface as well as the serious metal bleaching. Herein, the amorphous turbostratic‐phased carbon nitride (t‐CNx) layer was utilized to downshift the d‐band center of the Ru/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (Ru/MWCNTs) hybrids to achieve the optimized hydrogen species adsorption for subsequent efficient and stabilized hydrogen evolution in alkali. The catalysts with a low Ru loading of 8 wt % presented the high HER activity with a low overpotential of 39 mV for a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 28 mV dec−1 and a stabilized catalytic performance over a period of 14 h in 1.0 M KOH, outperforming the 20 wt % Pt/C benchmarks. The thin t‐CNx layer play dual roles: (1) as the modulator of electronic structures for Ru with lower d‐band position for the enhanced activity and (2) as the protective layer to avoid the metal aggregation/bleaching and improve the catalytic stability of the hybrid catalysts subsequently.
Quality‐relevant dynamic process monitoring based on mutual information multiblock slow feature analysis
Authors: Zheng Haiyong , Jiang Qingchao , Yan Xuefeng
Published: January 2019

Slow feature analysis (SFA) is an efficient technique in exploring process dynamic information and is suitable for quality‐relevant process monitoring. However, involving quality‐irrelevant variables or features may introduce redundant information and degrade the monitoring performance. A novel multiblock monitoring scheme based on mutual information (MI) and SFA is proposed to detect an efficient quality‐relevant fault for dynamic processes. First, all process variables are divided into two blocks in accordance with their MI values with quality variables. Second, slow features (SFs) of two blocks are extracted via the SFA. The SFs, which are extracted from the quality‐relevant variables, are not all related to the quality variable. Thus, these SFs are further partitioned into two blocks in accordance with their MI values with quality variables. The SFs from three blocks are obtained, and monitoring statistics are constructed. Two simulation studies, including a numerical example and Tennessee Eastman process, demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods.
Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis Using Ruthenium Complexes in Chemical Biology
Authors: Angerani Simona , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: January 2019

The development of bioorthogonal reactions have had a transformative impact in chemical biology and the quest to expand this toolbox continues. Herein we review recent applications of ruthenium‐catalyzed photoredox reactions used in chemical biology.