bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A federated learning differential privacy algorithm for non-Gaussian heterogeneous data
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Wu Weisan
Published: April 2023

Multi-center heterogeneous data are a hot topic in federated learning. The data of clients and centers do not follow a normal distribution, posing significant challenges to learning. Based on the assumption that the client data have a multivariate skewed normal distribution, we improve the DP-Fed-mv-PPCA model. We use a Bayesian framework to construct prior distributions of local parameters and use expectation maximization and pseudo-Newton algorithms to obtain robust parameter estimates. Then, the clipping algorithm and differential privacy algorithm are used to solve the problem in which the model parameters do not have a display solution and achieve privacy guarantee. Furthermore, we verified the effectiveness of our model using synthetic and actual data from the Internet of vehicles.
Effects of type and distribution of clay minerals on the physico-chemical and geomechanical properties of engineered porous rocks
Authors: Iranfar Soha , Karbala Mohammad Mehdi , Shakiba Mahmood , Shahsavari Mohammad Hossein
Published: April 2023

The study of the properties of engineered rocks is of great importance to researchers in engineering sciences such as petroleum, mining, and civil engineering owing to their wide application in these fields. In the present study, a physico-chemical and geomechanical investigation was carried out on the effects of different clay minerals on porous rocks. Various chemical products formed during chemical interactions between cement, clay minerals, and water can change the pore structure and thus the rock characteristics. The results of the current study showed that increasing the clay content could remarkably reduce the porosity and permeability of the rock by an average of 86% and 6.76%, respectively. In this regard, samples containing kaolinite were further influenced due to their new pore structure. Moreover, a power relationship was found between sonic velocity and porosity, which can be used to predict rock properties. Chemical analysis indicated an amplification in quantities of chemical products, particularly calcium silicate hydrate and portlandite, due to an increase in clay content. The impacts of porosity and cementation quality as two main factors on rock strength have also been studied. The outcomes revealed that a reduction in porosity could compensate for detrimental effects of poor bond quality and consequently improved UCS by up to 30% in samples containing kaolinite, while decreasing the degree of cementation prevailed over the porosity reduction in specimens including illite and resulted in a 14% decrease in UCS. The effects of porosity and bond quality on UCS would cancel each other out in samples containing bentonite. It is worth noting that when it comes to changes in geomechanical characteristics, the dominant factor (i.e., porosity reduction or cementation quality) determines the ultimate effect of clay minerals on the properties of engineered porous rocks.
The effect of salt water ageing on the mechanical and rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer
Authors: Ahmad Khairi Muntaz Hana , Mazlan Saiful Amri , Ubaidillah Ubaidillah , Khaidir Rahayu Emilia Mohamed , Nordin Nur Azmah , Johari Mohd Aidy Faizal , Abdul Aziz Siti Aishah , Shilan Salihah Tan , Choi Seung-Bok
Published: April 2023

This paper aims to investigate the mechanical and rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) in marine ecosystems. The prepared samples comprised silicone rubber (SR) and 70 wt% micron-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), immersed in an artificial marine ecosystem using salt water (Natrium Chloride) for 30 days. The mechanical properties of MRE samples were evaluated using hardness and quasi-static tensile tests. While the rheometer was used to investigate the rheological properties of their storage modulus condition with magnetic field stimulation. Further analysis of the defects and damages caused by salt water ageing was done through morphological observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The results showed that the hardness and tensile strength of MRE samples that were soaked in salt water were affected over time. Lower values of hardness and tensile strength were obtained after 30 days due to the presence of Na+ and Cl−, which acted as an accelerator to the hydrolyzation process of the MRE. The process then, enhanced the water ingress capability into the matrix to cause the molecular changes. Interestingly, for rheological properties, 30 days of salt water ageing allowed the water molecules to move the MRE matrix molecular chains apart, a process known as plasticization and thus increasing the MR effect. Furthermore, morphological evidence was established to determine the MRE changes during salt water ageing. The research findings should greatly contribute to a better understanding of the effect of salt water on the performance of MRE.
Consequences of climate-induced range expansions on multiple ecosystem functions
Authors: Balik Jared A. , Greig Hamish S. , Taylor Brad W. , Wissinger Scott A.
Published: April 2023

Climate-driven species range shifts and expansions are changing community composition, yet the functional consequences in natural systems are mostly unknown. By combining a 30-year survey of subalpine pond larval caddisfly assemblages with species-specific functional traits (nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, and detritus processing rates), we tested how three upslope range expansions affected species’ relative contributions to caddisfly-driven nutrient supply and detritus processing. A subdominant resident species (Ag. deflata) consistently made large relative contributions to caddisfly-driven nitrogen supply throughout all range expansions, thus “regulating” the caddisfly-driven nitrogen supply. Whereas, phosphorus supply and detritus processing were regulated by the dominant resident species (L. externus) until the third range expansion (by N. hostilis). Since the third range expansion, N. hostilis’s relative contribution to caddisfly-driven phosphorus supply increased, displacing L. externus’s role in regulating caddisfly-driven phosphorus supply. Meanwhile, detritus processing contributions became similar among the dominant resident, subdominant residents, and range expanding species. Total ecosystem process rates did not change throughout any of the range expansions. Thus, shifts in species’ relative functional roles may occur before shifts in total ecosystem process rates, and changes in species’ functional roles may stabilize processes in ecosystems undergoing change.
Microbiome-based enrichment pattern mining has enabled a deeper understanding of the biome–species–function relationship
Authors: Yang Pengshuo , Zhu Xue , Ning Kang
Published: April 2023

Microbes live in diverse habitats (i.e. biomes), yet their species and genes were biome-specific, forming enrichment patterns. These enrichment patterns have mirrored the biome–species–function relationship, which is shaped by ecological and evolutionary principles. However, a grand picture of these enrichment patterns, as well as the roles of external and internal factors in driving these enrichment patterns, remain largely unexamined. In this work, we have examined the enrichment patterns based on 1705 microbiome samples from four representative biomes (Engineered, Gut, Freshwater, and Soil). Moreover, an “enrichment sphere” model was constructed to elucidate the regulatory principles behind these patterns. The driving factors for this model were revealed based on two case studies: (1) The copper-resistance genes were enriched in Soil biomes, owing to the copper contamination and horizontal gene transfer. (2) The flagellum-related genes were enriched in the Freshwater biome, due to high fluidity and vertical gene accumulation. Furthermore, this enrichment sphere model has valuable applications, such as in biome identification for metagenome samples, and in guiding 3D structure modeling of proteins. In summary, the enrichment sphere model aims towards creating a bluebook of the biome–species–function relationships and be applied in many fields.
Optimizing multi-domain hematologic biomarkers and clinical features for the differential diagnosis of unipolar depression and bipolar depression
Authors: Zeng Jinkun , Zhang Yaoyun , Xiang Yutao , Liang Sugai , Xue Chuang , Zhang Junhang , Ran Ya , Cao Minne , Huang Fei , Huang Songfang , Deng Wei , Li Tao
Published: April 2023

There is a lack of objective features for the differential diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression, especially those that are readily available in practical settings. We investigated whether clinical features of disease course, biomarkers from complete blood count, and blood biochemical markers could accurately classify unipolar and bipolar depression using machine learning methods. This retrospective study included 1160 eligible patients (918 with unipolar depression and 242 with bipolar depression). Patient data were randomly split into training (85%) and open test (15%) sets 1000 times, and the average performance was reported. XGBoost achieved the optimal open-test performance using selected biomarkers and clinical features—AUC 0.889, sensitivity 0.831, specificity 0.839, and accuracy 0.863. The importance of features for differential diagnosis was measured using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values. The most informative features include (1) clinical features of disease duration and age of onset, (2) biochemical markers of albumin, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and potassium, and (3) complete blood count-derived biomarkers of white blood cell count (WBC), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocytes (MONO). Overall, onset features and hematologic biomarkers appear to be reliable information that can be readily obtained in clinical settings to facilitate the differential diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression.
CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated ultrasensitive and on-site monkeypox viral testing
Authors: Zhao Furong , Wang Pei , Wang Haoxuan , Liu Sirui , Sohail Muhammad , Zhang Xing , Li Bingzhi , Huang He
Published: April 2023

The RAA-Cas12a-MPXV assayviafluorescence reader and lateral flow strip.
Green tea intake and the risk of hypertension in premenopausal women: the TCLSIH cohort study
Authors: Quan Jing , Zhang Tingjing , Gu Yeqing , Meng Ge , Zhang Qing , Liu Li , Wu Hongmei , Zhang Shunming , Wang Xuena , Zhang Juanjuan , Sun Shaomei , Wang Xing , Zhou Ming , Jia Qiyu , Song Kun , Niu Kaijun
Published: April 2023

Tea polyphenols, such as green tea polyphenols, have been extensively studied as agents that ameliorate cardiovascular disease and blood pressure in vitro and in animal studies.
Q-switched and vector soliton pulses from an Er-doped fiber laser with high stability based on a γ-graphyne saturable absorber
Authors: Wang Qingbo , Li Zhuo , Wang Pan , Xu Qiaoqiao , Zhang Zhiwei , Wang Zhi , Huang Yi , Liu Yan-ge
Published: April 2023

The mode-locking operation is realized based on γ-graphyne for the first time, the vector nature of which is further studied. Additionally, an Er-doped Q-switched fiber laser with γ-graphyne as an optical switch is also firstly demonstrated.
Transformable nanodrugs for overcoming the biological barriers in the tumor environment during drug delivery
Authors: Li Xuejian , Huang Zhenkun , Liao Zhihuan , Liu Aijie , Huo Shuaidong
Published: April 2023

Transformable nanodrugs with changeable sizes and shapes allow for overcoming multiple biological barriers for enhanced drug delivery. This review aims to present an overview of the most recent development of smart nanodrugs in this emerging field.
Novel nano spinel-type high-entropy oxide (HEO) catalyst for hydrogen production using ethanol steam reforming
Authors: Wang Chao , Liu Wei , Liao Mingzheng , Weng Jiahong , Shen Jian , Chen Ying , Du Yanping
Published: April 2023

Novel nano spinel-phase high-entropy oxide catalyst was synthesized by a polyol hydrothermal-calcination method, and first used in ESR hydrogen production. Self-reorganization was favored for oxygen vacancy generation promoting catalytic activity.
Ferulic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared from nano-emulsion templates facilitate internalisation across the blood–brain barrier in model membranes
Authors: Garcia Luna , Palma-Florez Sujey , Espinosa Victor , Soleimani Rokni Fatemeh , Lagunas Anna , Mir Mònica , García-Celma María José , Samitier Josep , Rodríguez-Abreu Carlos , Grijalvo Santiago
Published: April 2023

Ferulic acid-loaded PLGA NPs were synthesisedvialow-energy emulsification methods utilising nano-emulsion templating including permeabilisation efficiency assessed using anin vitroorgan-on-a-chip system that simulates the blood-brain barrier.
Direct quantification of changes in pH within single levitated microdroplets and the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion
Authors: Angle Kyle J. , Grassian Vicki H.
Published: April 2023

Glycine is used as an in situ probe of the kinetics of changes in aqueous microdroplet pH as chloride and nitrate deplete within the microdroplet due to the protonated strong acid forming at the air/water interface and partitioning into the gas phase.
Highly selective and sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors for the detection of peroxynitrite in cells
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Zhao Changchun , Zhuang Minyan , Meng Xin , Zhang Peng , Yang Guohai
Published: April 2023

A SERS nano-sensor (Au NFs/MAPE) based on 3-methoxyphenylborate (MAPE) has been developed to realize the sensitive detection of ONOO−in living cells.
Determination of sugar content in honey using LC-Raman and programmable pump-Raman methods
Authors: Weng Liang-Hung , Hiramatsu Hirotsugu
Published: April 2023

LC-Raman spectrometry, which is enabled with the aid of a vertical flow method, is applied to an analysis of sugar contents in a honey sample. Experimental apparatus, data analysis method, and error estimation are discussed.
A porphyrin-based ratiometric SERS sensor for high-throughput and ultrasensitive cadmium ion detection
Authors: Wang Rui , Wu Shuo , Dong Yumiao , Xie Yunfei , Ji Wei
Published: April 2023

We propose a novel method for sensitive SERS detection of Cd2+ ions based on TMPyP-triggered Ag aggregates. The response of this sensing system toward Cd2+ ions could be obtained within 200 s due to the surface plasmon induced photothermal effect.
Design and construction of a Laplace and wettability gradient field for efficient water collection
Authors: Wang Qiuyue , Yang Fuchao , Guo Zhiguang
Published: April 2023

A scheme combining wettability and bioinspired surface topography improves the water-collection efficiency to 136.7%.
Initial stage of titanium oxidation in Ti/CuO thermites: a molecular dynamics study using ReaxFF forcefields
Authors: Jabraoui Hicham , Estève Alain , Hong Sungwook , Rossi Carole
Published: April 2023

The paper elucidates the main driving mechanisms at play during the early stage of the Ti/CuO thermite reaction using reactive forcefields in the frame of molecular dynamics calculations.
Using genetic algorithms to discover novel ground-state triplet conjugated polymers
Authors: Abarbanel Omri D. , Hutchison Geoffrey R.
Published: April 2023

A genetic algorithm rapidly finds new π-conjugated polymer candidates with ground-state triplet character through quantum chemical screening for small HOMO–LUMO gaps.
Structural and optical characterisation of silanised Dy-doped-Gd2O3 NPs
Authors: Armenta-Jaime Erika , Molina-González Jorge , Salas-Martin Karla P. , Fan Raymond , Chang Lo-Yueh , Chen Jeng-Lung , Steadman Paul , Desirena-Enrriquez Haggeo , Dutt Ateet , Olalde-Velasco Paul , Castillo-Blum Silvia E.
Published: April 2023

We present a detailed structural and optical analysis of dopant occupancy in Dy-doped Gd2O3 NPs not previously reported.
Tetrel bonds involving a CF3 group participate in protein–drug recognition: a combined crystallographic and computational study
Authors: Piña María de las Nieves , Sahu Akshay Kumar , Frontera Antonio , Biswal Himansu S. , Bauzá Antonio
Published: April 2023

The involvement of carbon tetrel bonding interactions in protein–drug chemistry has been evaluated by combining theoretical (RI-MP2/def2-TZVPD) and crystallographic (X-ray analysis) techniques.
Multiple site occupancy induced yellow-orange emission in an Eu2+-doped KSr6Sc(SiO4)4 phosphor towards optical temperature sensors
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Tan Tao , Wang Shangwei , Tan Taixing , Zhang Su , Li Chengyu , Zhang Hongjie
Published: April 2023

Phosphors have attracted significant interest as potential optical temperature sensors in recent years.
Effective control of the tomato wilt pathogen using TiO2 nanoparticles as a green nanopesticide
Authors: Pan Xiaohong , Nie Danyue , Guo Xueping , Xu Shanshan , Zhang Dingyang , Cao Fang , Guan Xiong
Published: April 2023

TiO2 NPs are a novel nanopesticide for tomato wilt pathogen control. The antibacterial mechanism of intracellular ROS production is different from traditional concepts.
Recent advances in the production of oligogalacturonides and their biological properties
Authors: Martínez-Gómez Sergio , Fernández-Bautista Marcos , Rivas Sandra , Yáñez Remedios , Alonso José L.
Published: April 2023

The human population is becoming old and ageing, which is related to a variety of health issues, such as Alzheimer's disease, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and some types of cancers like colorectal cancer.
Fluorescent nanosensors for selective and sensitive determination of isoquercitrin based on boronate affinity-based imprinted quantum dots
Authors: Li Guanfeng , Wang Yipei , Ding Yihan , Zhang Zixin , Tang Na , Tian Xiping , Li Daojin
Published: April 2023

A novel class of imprinted quantum dots as fluorescent nanosensors were prepared based on boronate affinity-based template-immobilization surface imprinting for detection of isoquercitrin (Isq).
Photoinduced interfacial electron transfer from perovskite quantum dots to molecular acceptors for solar cells
Authors: Sachith Bhagyashree Mahesha , Zhang Zhijing , Subramanyam Palyam , Subrahmanyam Challapalli , Furube Akihiro , Tamai Naoto , Okamoto Takuya , Misawa Hiroaki , Biju Vasudevanpillai
Published: April 2023

Electron donor-acceptor systems between halide perovskites and molecular acceptors form promising p-n junctions for solar cells.
Lipid peroxidation in diamond supported bilayers
Authors: Ortiz Moreno A. R. , Li R. , Wu K. , Schirhagl R.
Published: April 2023

Here we investigate lipid peroxidation at the nanoscale using diamond based relaxometry in a lipid bilayer.
Selective ethylene tetramerization: an overview
Authors: Hao Biaobiao , Alam Fakhre , Jiang Yan , Wang Libo , Fan Haonan , Ma Jing , Chen Yanhui , Wang Yating , Jiang Tao
Published: April 2023

1-octene is used to produce linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyolefin elastomers (POE)etc. This review provides an overview of the history, recent advancements and future opportunities in selective ethylene tetramerization.
Understanding the synergistic effect of piezoelectric polarization and the extra electrons contributed by oxygen vacancies on an efficient piezo-photocatalysis CO2 reduction
Authors: Xu Qijun , Jiang Jingwen , Sheng Xuelin , Jing Qi , Wang Xiaofeng , Duan Lingyan , Guo Hong
Published: April 2023

Novel and efficient oxygen vacancies in BiFeO3 were designed, which boost piezo-photocatalysis CO2 reduction with a highly activity conversion to give CH4 and CO.
Enantioselective synthesis of chiral 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl lactams via asymmetric hydrogenation
Authors: Xie Chaochao , Guo Qianling , Yang Zhihong , Zi Guofu , Huang Yuping , Hou Guohua
Published: April 2023

Enantioselective hydrogenation of α-trifluoromethylidene lactams catalyzed by the Rh/f-spiroPhos complex is first developed, providing an efficient approach for synthesis of various chiral trifluoroethyl lactams, with up to 99.9% ee and high turnover numbers (up to 10500).
Impact of solvent sulfolane in enhancing methanol selectivity during methane partial oxidation on Fe-ZSM5 catalyst with H2O2 as an oxidant
Authors: Rengam B. Sathya Sai , Venkatesh Pushkala , Varghese Jithin John
Published: April 2023

Sulfolane alters the mechanism and energetics of dissociation of H2O2, thereby controlling the active oxygen species in the Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst.
Physics-inspired machine learning of localized intensive properties
Authors: Chen Ke , Kunkel Christian , Cheng Bingqing , Reuter Karsten , Margraf Johannes T.
Published: April 2023

A physics-inspired machine learning approach to predicting localized intensive properties in molecules is presented. The new method is applied to predicting orbital energies and localisations in potential organic semiconductors.
Manifestation of the interplay between spin–orbit and Jahn–Teller effects in Au25 superatom UV-Vis fingerprint spectra
Authors: Liao Can , Zhu Manzhou , Jiang De-en , Li Xiaosong
Published: April 2023

Atomically precise nanoclusters play an important role in nanoscaled catalysis, photonics, and quantum information science.
A perspective on the evolution and journey of different types of lithium-ion capacitors: mechanisms, energy-power balance, applicability, and commercialization
Authors: Bhattacharjee Udita , Bhowmik Subhajit , Ghosh Shuvajit , Martha Surendra K.
Published: April 2023

In this perspective article, we have systematically presented lithium-ion capacitors' (LICs') development starting from their inception. The motivation and chemistry behind the design of LICs and their route to commercialization are summarized.
Ultrahigh photoresponse in strain- and domain-engineered large-scale MoS2 monolayer films
Authors: Jung Ye Seul , Park Jae Woo , Kim Ji Yeon , Park Youngseo , Roe Dong Gue , Heo Junseok , Cho Jeong Ho , Cho Yong Soo
Published: April 2023

Ultrahigh photoresponse with the record photoresponsivity is achieved by the strain- and domain-engineering of large-scale monolayer MoS2 films for maximum tensile strain and suitable atomic alignments.
Highly selective room temperature ammonia gas sensors based on d-band C-SnO2 and response behavior induced by oxidative and reductive role shifts
Authors: Zhu Hongmin , Ji Hanyang , Yuan Zhenyu , Shen Yanbai , Gao Hongliang , Meng Fanli
Published: April 2023

The N-type response presents a dynamic balance of O2 oxidation and NH3 reduction, while the P-type response presents a dynamic balance of CO2 catalyzed reduction and NH3 oxidation. The shift order of their oxidative and reductive roles varies.
Multi‐modal knowledge graph inference via media convergence and logic rule
Authors: Lin Feng , Li Dongmei , Zhang Wenbin , Shi Dongsheng , Jiao Yuanzhou , Chen Qianzhong , Lin Yiying , Zhu Wentao
Published: April 2023

Media convergence works by processing information from different modalities and applying them to different domains. It is difficult for the conventional knowledge graph to utilise multi‐media features because the introduction of a large amount of information from other modalities reduces the effectiveness of representation learning and makes knowledge graph inference less effective. To address the issue, an inference method based on Media Convergence and Rule‐guided Joint Inference model (MCRJI) has been proposed. The authors not only converge multi‐media features of entities but also introduce logic rules to improve the accuracy and interpretability of link prediction. First, a multi‐headed self‐attention approach is used to obtain the attention of different media features of entities during semantic synthesis. Second, logic rules of different lengths are mined from knowledge graph to learn new entity representations. Finally, knowledge graph inference is performed based on representing entities that converge multi‐media features. Numerous experimental results show that MCRJI outperforms other advanced baselines in using multi‐media features and knowledge graph inference, demonstrating that MCRJI provides an excellent approach for knowledge graph inference with converged multi‐media features.
An adaptive vector control method for inverter‐based stand‐alone microgrids considering voltage reduction and load shedding schemes
Authors: Jha Sumit Kumar , Kumar Deepak , Tripathi Prabhat Ranjan , Appasani Bhargav , Zawbaa Hossam M. , Kamel Salah
Published: April 2023

The droop mechanism is widely utilized in a stand‐alone microgrid (MG) to regulate power‐sharing among distributed generators (DG). However, over the years, the droop phenomena are continually modified to lessen the deviation in voltage and frequency parameters caused due to classical droop. This study suggests computing the droop coefficient for voltage–current (V–I) droop to take into account for proportional power distribution among DGs. In grid utility networks, the conservation voltage reduction (CVR) strategy is widely used to curtail the use of energy. Hence, this paper investigates the CVR's performance for stand‐alone MG by performing the adaptive vector control scheme in the two‐phase d–q reference frame. In addition to it, the paper is intended to develop a coordinated control strategy for stand‐alone MG involving classical P–f droop and self‐sustained V–I droop employed to perform the function of CVR during peak demand and overloading conditions. Further, a load‐shedding control approach is also considered to cut out some segments of load during overloading conditions to operate the MG in the stable zone. The validation of the proposed strategy is conducted on MATLAB/Simulink software.
Ultra‐low line sensitivity and high PSRR sub‐threshold CMOS voltage reference
Authors: Rashtian Mohammad
Published: April 2023

This paper presents a nanowatt CMOS voltage reference (VR) with ultra‐low line sensitivity (LS) and high‐power supply ripple rejection (PSRR). The proposed VR consists of two simple nanowatt two‐transistor (2T) VRs. Two current mirrors are associated with these VRs. The outputs of the current mirrors have different magnitudes but the same power supply dependence slope. For this purpose, the primary 2T VR has been designed with long‐channel MOSFETs, while the secondary VR utilizes medium‐channel length transistors. Low dependence on the power supply variations is achieved by subtracting these two currents, whereas the subtracted current is almost independent of the power supply. The temperature coefficient (TC) minimization is achieved separately by adjusting the transistor sizes of the primary VR. Post‐layout simulation is performed using 0.18 µm standard CMOS technology, which shows a nominal output voltage of 0.15 V, obtaining an average TC of 21.4 ppm/°C over a temperature range of 0–120°C. It achieves an excellent line sensitivity of 0.0039%/V when the supply voltage varies from 0.4 to 2 V. The dc PSRR values at 0.4 and 1 V of supply voltage are −80.1 and ‐114.2 dB, respectively at room temperature.
Particle-in-cell modelling of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Gunell Herbert , Goetz Charlotte
Published: April 2023

Context.Sufficiently far from the Sun, all comets go through a phase of low activity. Rosetta observations at large heliocentric distances of approximately 3 au showed that the plasma at a low-activity comet is affected by both steady state electric fields and low-frequency waves.

Aims.Our goal is to provide a model for the electric fields in the inner coma at a low-activity comet and to simulate waves and field structures farther away from the nucleus.

Methods.We compare analytical models for the convective, ambipolar, and polarisation electric fields to the results of an electrostatic particle-in-cell simulation of a scaled-down low-activity comet.

Results.We find good agreement between the steady state field model and the simulation results close to the nucleus. At larger cometocentric distances, waves dominate the electric field. These waves are interpreted as the scaled-down electrostatic limit of the previously observed singing comet waves. The comet ion density is not spherically symmetric.

Conclusions.Low-activity comets can be modelled using electrostatic particle-in-cell simulations of a scaled-down system. Outside the innermost part of the coma (r≳ 40 km), the plasma is not spherically symmetric and the electric field is dominated by waves.
Planet formation in the PDS 70 system
Authors: Cridland Alex J. , Facchini Stefano , van Dishoeck Ewine F. , Benisty Myriam
Published: April 2023

Understanding of the chemical link between protoplanetary disks and planetary atmospheres is complicated by the fact that the popular targets in the study of disks and planets are widely separated both in space and time. The 5 Myr PDS 70 systems offers a unique opportunity to directly compare the chemistry of a giant planet’s atmosphere to the chemistry of its natal disk. To this end, we derived our current best physical and chemical model for the PDS 70 disk through forward modelling of the 12CO, C18O, and C2H emission radial profiles with the thermochemical code DALI and found a volatile carbon-to-oxygen number ratio (C/O) above unity in the outer disk. Using what we know of the PDS 70 disk today, we analytically estimated the properties of the disk as it was 4 Myr in the past when we assume that the giant planets started their formation, and computed a chemical model of the disk at that time. We computed the formation of PDS 70b and PDS 70c using the standard core-accretion paradigm and accounted for the accretion of volatile and refractory sources of carbon and oxygen to estimate the resulting atmospheric C/O for these planets. Our inferred C/O of the gas in the PDS 70 disk indicates that it is marginally carbon rich relative to the stellar C/O = 0.44, which we derived from an empirical relation between stellar metallicity and C/O. Under the assumption that the disk has been carbon rich for most of its lifetime, we find that the planets acquire a super-stellar C/O in their atmospheres. If the carbon-rich disk is a relatively recent phenomenon (i.e. developed after the formation of the planets at ~1 Myr), then the planets should have close to the stellar C/O in their atmospheres. This work lays the groundwork to better understand the disk in the PDS 70 system as well as the planet formation scenario that produced its planets.
Photospheric signatures of retraction and reconnection in realistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations
Authors: Thaler I. , Borrero J. M.
Published: April 2023

Context. Magnetic flux emergence and cancelling in the quiet Sun is a frequently observed phenomenon. The two possible physical flux-removal mechanisms involved in this cancelling process are retraction and reconnection.

Aims. We seek to find distinct observational signatures characterising retraction and reconnection.

Methods. We carried out three-dimensional non-grey radiative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of convection near the solar surface and the solar photosphere using the STAGGER code, and employing different initial conditions: (1) mixed-polarity simulations with alternating horizontal stripes of opposite vertical magnetic field and separated by a zero field stripe, and (2) flux emergence simulations with continuous injection of magnetic flux from the lower boundary. These initial conditions are meant to represent two different situations in the solar photosphere, namely magnetic flux cancelling in the absence or presence of magnetic flux emergence, respectively.

Results. We analyse the observational signatures of magnetic flux-removal processes for flux emergence as well as for mixed-polarity MHD simulations. In the flux emergence simulation, we are able to identify ubiquitous reconnection events anywhere from the solar surface to the upper photosphere. For a few of those reconnection events, we can identify supersonic upflow velocities in the upper photosphere as well as strong temperature enhancements. We also see strong electric currents very close to the locations where reconnection takes place, as well as supersonic horizontal velocities leading to sideways plasma compression. In the mixed-polarity simulations, we only detect observational signatures of magnetic field retraction related to large downflow velocities that appear in between regions where opposing horizontal velocities converge. These horizontal velocities are often supersonic, leading to heating due to shock dissipation. We do not see clear signatures of magnetic reconnection in these mixed-polarity simulations.

Conclusions. We suggest that, in the emerging flux regions of the quiet Sun, the main flux-removal process is reconnection, while in regions without flux emergence, retraction is the dominant flux-removal process.
Milky Way globular clusters on cosmological timescales
Authors: Ishchenko Maryna , Sobolenko Margaryta , Kuvatova Dana , Panamarev Taras , Berczik Peter
Published: April 2023

Aims. We estimate the dynamical evolution of the interaction of globular clusters’ with the Galactic centre that dynamically changed in the past.

Methods. We simulated the orbits of 147 globular clusters over a 10 Gyr lookback time using the parallel N-body code ‘φ-GPU’. For each globular cluster, we generated 1000 sets of initial data with random proper motions and radial velocities based on the observed values. To distinguish globular clusters interacting with the Galactic centre, we used the criterion of a relative distance of less than 100 pc. We used four external potentials from the IllustrisTNG-100 database, which were selected for their similarity to the present-day Milky Way, to simulate the structure of the Galaxy at different times.

Results. We obtained approximately three to four globular cluster interactions per billion years at distances of less than 50 pc and approximately five to six interactions per billion years at distances of less than 80 pc among the studied 147 globular clusters that had close passages near the Galactic centre. We selected ten of them for detailed study and found almost 100% probability of an interaction with the Galactic centre for six of them.

Conclusions. According to our results, the maximum interaction frequency of globular clusters with the Galactic centre in the Milky Way is likely to be a few dozens of passages per billion years within a central zone of 100 pc. This low frequency may not be sufficient to fully explain the relatively high mass (of order 107 M⊙) of the nuclear star cluster in the Milky Way if we consider only the periodic capture of stars from globular clusters during close encounters. Therefore, we must also consider the possibility that some early globular clusters were completely tidally disrupted during interactions with the forming nuclear star cluster and the Galactic centre.
Treatment of failed scaphoid nonunion fixation using free medial femoral condyle vascularized bone grafting
Authors: Koriem Islam , Agina Aly Abdalla , El Ghazawy Ahmed K
Published: April 2023

Background: Nonunion in scaphoid fractures may be considered a devastating problem. Union failure results in scaphoid deformity, resorption, and bone loss. Failed previous fixation decreases remaining bone stock and makes it more difficult to achieve union. Free vascularized graft represents a good option to achieve scaphoid union with revision fixation. Our study aims at the assessment of the management of scaphoid fractures non-union after failed previous fixation with the use of a free vascularized graft from the medial femoral condyle. Methods: This is a retrospective study including 16 cases with persistent scaphoid nonunion after previous fixation managed by vascularized medial femoral condyle grafts. The mean follow-up was 24 months. Previous surgical attempts and nonunion duration were noted. We evaluated the union rate, together with ROM, Scapholunate angles and pain scores. Results: the union was achieved in 13 of 16 cases. Pain improved in all patients (10/16 complete relief). Wrist ROM at follow-up was an average of 50° ﬂexion 48° extension. There was no change in the relationship between lunate and scaphoid with an average angle of 37.5° preoperative and 38° postoperative. Conclusion: Free vascularized MFC grafts are considered a reliable method to treat persistent nonunion of scaphoid fractures after failed previous operations. Short-term follow-up data showed considerable union rates with adequate pain relief and satisfactory ROM.
Adult Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Single-Institution Experience in Limited-Resource Setting
Authors: Antapura Rudresha Haleshappa , Vaibhav Amale Baburao , Dasappa Lokanatha , Jacob Linu Abraham , Sureshbabu Mallekavu Channappa , Lokesh Kadabur Nagendrappa , Rajeev Lakkavalli Krishnappa , Saldanha Smitha C. , Venkatesh Tirumala
Published: April 2023

Background Adult Philadelphia-positive (Ph + ) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a distinct entity with poor prognosis. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors improved responses but still with poor outcomes. We evaluated treatment outcomes in these patients treated in limited-resource settings in the absence of availability of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT).

Materials and Methods We studied case record files of the adult patients diagnosed with Ph+ ALL.

Results A total of 18 patients were evaluated retrospectively. The median age of presentation was 28 years. Male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Patients presented with fever and fatigue. Six patients (33.33%) presented with cervical lymphadenopathy. Clinical splenomegaly was present in 16 (88.88%) patients on palpation, whereas on ultrasonographic evaluation, all 18 patients had splenomegaly. The median size of the spleen was 15 cm. Hepatomegaly was seen in 5 (27%) patients. All 18 patients had anemia at the time of presentation. Leukocytosis was seen in 17 (94.44%) patients, whereas 1 (5.56%) patient presented with low total leukocyte count. The median platelet count at the time of presentation was 30,000/mm.3 On peripheral smear, median number of blast cells was 55%, and on bone marrow aspiration samples, median blast percentage seen was 70%. Conventional cytogenetics was done in all the patients on bone marrow aspiration samples. Ten patients (55.55%) had t(9;22) – Ph chromosome. One patient (5.56%) on cytogenetics showed double Ph chromosome. The median value of breakpoint cluster region-ABL1 transcript in IS% was 13%. Seventeen (94.44%) received ALL protocol (BFM95) along with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib). One (5.56%) patient refused aggressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. No patient underwent ASCT. The median duration of follow-up was 7.5 months, ranging from 3 to 16 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 7.5 months and 2-year OS was 33.33%.

Conclusion Poor prognosis of this disease, especially in the absence of ASCT, remains a major challenge in the treatment.
Experience with Generic Pegylated L-asparaginase in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia from a Tertiary Care Oncology Center in South India
Authors: Jayaraman Dhaarani , Sneha Latha M. , Jeyarani Gracelin , Somayajula Alekhya , Kothandam Balaji Thiruvengadam , Scott Julius Xavier , Gadekar A
Published: April 2023

Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common type of leukemia in children. The innovator pegylated L-asparaginase has several advantages over native L-asparaginase; however, its use in India is limited due to availability and cost. Therefore, a generic pegylated L-asparaginase can be considered as an alternative to the innovator molecule.

Methods A retrospective study was conducted to assess the outcome (minimal residual disease [MRD]) and toxicity of a generic pegylated L-asparaginase (Hamsyl) at the end of induction therapy.

Results Eighty-eight (80.7%) and 21 (19.3%) patients had received generic pegylated L-asparaginase and conventional asparaginase, respectively, as a part of their treatment protocol. Nearly 82% of patients had B-type ALL. Eight-one percent of children had a white blood cell count of fewer than 50,000/mm3. At the end of induction, 80.7% (88) of children were minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative, and at the end of augmented consolidation therapy, 20.2% were MRD-negative. Ten percent of patients exhibited allergic reactions. Two children had pancreatitis, and one child had central venous thrombosis.

Conclusion The generic pegylated L-asparaginase (Hamsyl) was effective and safe for use in pediatric ALL.
Doxorubicin Dose Deintensification in Pediatric Osteosarcoma, Is Less Better?
Authors: Halalsheh Hadeel , Abu-Hijlih Ramiz , Ismael Taleb , Shehadeh Ahmad , Salaymeh K. J. , Boheisi Mohammad , Sultan Iyad
Published: April 2023

Introduction We implemented new clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for patients with osteosarcoma starting in January 2009. These guidelines were based on standard European and American Osteosarcoma Study regimen, which includes six cycles of doxorubicin with a cumulative dose of 450 mg/m2. Aiming to reduce cardiac toxicity at our center, we opted to reduce the cumulative dose of doxorubicin to 375 mg/m2.

Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort of osteosarcoma patients aged <18 years, treated at our center between 2009 and 2018. Patients were treated with unified CPG and were prospectively followed. Disease and treatment characteristics were depicted, and survival rates were calculated. When needed, comparison of survival of different groups were conducted using log-rank test.

Results After a median follow-up of 43.3 months (range, 2–153 months), 79 patients were diagnosed with osteosarcoma and treated with dose-reduced doxorubicin. Median age at diagnosis was 12.8 years. At diagnosis, 58 patients (73%) had localized disease. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) for the whole group was 50 ± 5.9%, and overall survival (OS) was 64 ± 5.7%. For patients with extremity nonmetastatic tumors (N = 56), 5-year EFS and OS were 60 ± 6.9% and 70 ± 6.8%, respectively, and for this group of patients, response to chemotherapy was associated with better EFS (p = 0.0048) and OS (p = 0.013). Only two patients suffered transient cardiac dysfunction, which was resolved after treatment.

Conclusion Our findings suggest that deintensification of doxorubicin may provide adequate control for pediatric osteosarcoma. In the absence of large randomized clinical trials addressing this issue, developing countries with less resources to treat patients with heart failure may consider using the lower dose.
Society of Chest Imaging and Interventions Consensus Guidelines for the Interventional Radiology Management of Hemoptysis
Authors: Singhal Rajat , K.B Santhosh Babu , Naranje Priyanka , Kazimi Junaid , Garg Pawan K. , Chandra Daksh , Popat Bhavesh A. , Shetty Nitin S. , Gorsi Ujjwal , Vimala Leena Robinson , Khera Pushpinder S. , Irodi Aparna , Kulkarni Suyash , Keshava Shyamkumar N. , Bhalla Ashu S.
Published: April 2023

The recommendations from the Society of Chest Imaging and Interventions expert group comprehensively cover all the aspects of management of hemoptysis, highlighting the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. The diversity existing in etiopathology, imaging findings, and management of hemoptysis has been addressed. The management algorithm recommends the options for effective treatment while minimizing the chances of recurrence, based on the best evidence available and opinion from the experts.
Paratesticular Osteosarcoma—A Rare Tumor with Distinctive Imaging Findings
Authors: Nithiyanandham Lesin Kumar , Vaikundaraja Indhuja Muthiah , Sundersingh Shirley , Lalit Sneha , Menon Arun Ramdas , Raj Elluswami Hemanth , Raja Anand
Published: April 2023

Extraosseous osteosarcoma (EOO) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy representing 4% of all osteosarcomas and 1% of soft tissue sarcomas. The testes, its supporting structures, that is, paratestes, and the spermatic cord are among the rarest sites for EOO, with only 11 published English language reports to date. We report our experience with a 73-year-old male presenting with left hemiscrotal swelling, noted to have extensive amorphous intratumoral calcification on imaging. He underwent left high inguinal orchidectomy with en bloc hemiscrotectomy, with a final pathologic diagnosis of primary paratesticular osteosarcoma. Our literature review corroborates this distinctive, hitherto overlooked imaging feature.
Chewing Doma (Fermented Betel Nut): Culture versus Cancer?
Authors: Patel Amol , Patel Manali , Tshering Phub , Koyyala Venkata Pradeep Babu , Ghadyalpatil Nikhil
Published: April 2023

Areca nut consumption is embedded in many cultures, including that of Bhutan, several parts of India, and other South Eastern countries. Traditional fermenting of areca nut results in the production of what is called doma in Bhutan. The process enhances its carcinogenic potential and is tightly linked to oral and upper gastrointestinal cancers. As many as 45% of Bhutanese people chew doma. It is the number one cause of cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. We propose the slogan “Don't chew your way to cancer, say no to doma” would help in reducing oral and esophageal cancers in Bhutan.
Reassures Me There Are People Around Who Care about Me: Analyzing Meanings of Support for People with Epilepsy
Authors: Walker Christine , Peterson Chris L.
Published: April 2023

Aims The study aimed to examine the nature and outcomes of social support for the well-being and quality of life (QoL) of adults with epilepsy.

Methods The Australian Epilepsy Longitudinal Survey's 5th Wave included the Medical Outcomes Study Modified Social Support Survey on four dimensions of social support and the QOLIE-31. Both numerical data and open-ended responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. A mixed method was used where quantitative analysis used t-tests, analysis of variance and block recursive regression, and qualitative analysis identified themes.

Results Three-hundred thirty-two people with epilepsy (PWE) participated. The quantitative component showed that for emotional/informational support being older and living alone were key factors. These as well as household income were important in tangible support. For affectionate support living alone and household income were factors, but only income was a factor for positive social interaction. In addition, only positive social interaction predicted increased QoL. In the qualitative component of the study both positive and negative supports were identified for the emotional/informational supports. Many reported the benefits of having information, although some reported failure to have their needs taken seriously by health professionals or epilepsy associations. Inability to drive was an important feature of negative tangible support as was finding some assistive services unaffordable. Reports of positive social interaction identified being accepted as a person with epilepsy that is the primary concern. Peer support plays a role here.

Discussion The findings of factors affecting the four dimensions of support in this study have supported a number of studies. This includes the effects of positive social interaction on QoL. The qualitative analysis supports these results, but it also contributes to deeper understanding of support in the lives of PWE.

Conclusion Social support is a particularly important issue for PWE. The results of this study demonstrate the complexities and benefits of obtaining the appropriate forms of support. This survey took place before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and it may well be that this phenomenon affects PWE's support needs.
An Atypical Presentation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Multisite Metastasis following a Curative Liver Transplant
Authors: Gidley Patrick , Patel Anand , Barkan Guliz A. , Jawahar Anugayathri
Published: April 2023

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy, and liver transplantation is usually curative. HCC recurrences are rare after curative treatment options, although they are prevalent depending on various risk factors. We present a 71-year-old female patient with an unusual pattern of disease progression following a curative liver transplant with a metastatic presentation in the absence of alpha-fetoprotein elevation after 3 years of disease-free clinical presentation. We present this case to emphasize the importance of intermittent cross-sectional imaging in addition to ultrasound screening in HCC surveillance.