bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate‐N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine. In vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Nauciel C. , Raynaud M.
Published: February 2007

Immunogenicity of azobenzenearsonate‐N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine (ABA‐tyrosine) has been confirmed. This low‐molecular weight conjugate, in a 50 μg dose, in complete Freund's adjuvant, regularly induces an apparently pure state of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Binding of ABA‐tyrosine to proteins seems to be very small.

In detecting delayed hypersensitivity in vivo, ABA‐tyrosine appears much less efficient than a protein conjugate (ABA‐guinea pig serum albumin). With in vitro systems (macrophage migration and lymphocyte transformation) ABA‐tyrosine is, on the other hand, as active as the protein conjugate.

Experiments conducted with labeled antigens injected intradermally have shown that ABA‐tyrosine was cleared from the skin far more rapidly than the protein conjugate. This fact probably accounts for its weak activity in detecting delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.
Synthesis of a radioiodine‐labeled 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐hapten and its use for binding assays
Authors: Meyer‐Delius Margot , Mitchison N. A. , Pitt‐Rivers Rosalind , Rüde E.
Published: February 2007

A monovalent DNP‐hapten, α, N‐(4‐hydroxyphenacetyl)‐ϵ, N‐DNP‐L‐lysine (6), was synthesized. The 4‐hydroxyphenacetyl residue of this compound can be radioiodinated yielding a labeled hapten of high specific activity, which proves to be a useful reagent for assaying anti‐DNP sera by measuring their capacity to bind the hapten in a salt precipitation test based on the Farr assay. This method appears to be more generally applicable to other haptenic groups which can be bound to the ϵ‐amino group of lysine.
Cell‐mediated immune reactions in vitro: Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes activated by phytohemagglutinin and anti‐immunoglobulin serum
Authors: Resch K. , Fischer H.
Published: February 2007

Rabbit lymphocytes were activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and/or an antiserum against rabbit IgG obtained in a goat (GARIG serum). Both stimulants induced cytotoxicity in lymphocytes. The destruction of target cells was followed by measuring 51Cr release from labeled fowl erythrocytes. The kinetic analysis of the target cell destruction exhibited striking differences.

Following activation with PHA the lysis of the target cells started immediately after the addition of the stimulant and proceeded linearly. With GARIG serum as the activating agent the lysis started after a latent period of 20 h which was the same when the lymphocytes were preincubated with Garing serum for 20 h before the labeled erythrocytes were added. After the lysis had started it proceeded in sigmoidal fashion.

When given numbers of lymphocytes were mixed with varying numbers of target cells the maximum velocity of target cell destruction was reached at a ratio of one lymphocyte to one target cell during activation with PHA and at a ratio of five lymphocytes to one target cell during activation with GARIG serum. Using concentrations of target cells at which maximum velocity of target cell destruction occured there was a linear relation between the number of added lymphocytes activated by GARIG serum and the degree of the lysis.

Activation of the lymphocytes simultaneously with PHA and GARIG serum resulted in a marked enhancement of the target cell destruction which by far exceeded the sum of the cytotoxicity when the lymphocytes were activated separately.
The effect of carrier‐primed cells on an adoptive anti‐hapten response
Authors: Kontiainen Sirkka
Published: February 2007

The effect of carrier‐primed cells on an adoptive immune response was studied. Carrier‐primed cells came from donors immunized with chicken globulin (CG), and hapten‐primed cells from donors immunized with NIP‐BSA (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitro‐phenylacetic acid coupled to bovine serum albumin). Recipients were boosted with NIP‐CGG.

Recipients of hapten‐primed cells produced only 1/1000th of the anti‐NIP produced by hapten‐primed cells plus carrier‐primed cells. The increase in anti‐NIP titer was mainly “IgG”.

Recipients of only carrier‐primed cells had 100 times higher anti‐NIP titers than recipients of unprimed cells. This anti‐NIP was mainly “IgM”.

Carrier‐primed cells taken 8 days after one injection of CG enhanced the anti‐NIP response more than cells taken from donors given two injections of CG. The latter, however, produced more anti‐CG than the former.
Antibody‐induced destruction of colon antigen‐coated chicken erythrocytes by normal human lymphocytes
Authors: Carlsson H. E. , Hammarström S. , Lanteli M. , Perlmann P.
Published: February 2007

51Cr‐labeled chicken erythrocytes were sensitized with a polysaccharide antigen from colon of germ‐free rats. When exposed to highly purified human blood lymphocytes in excess (25 lymphocytes: 1 erythrocyte) in the presence of heat inactivated rabbit antiserum to rat colon antigen, the modified red cells were lysed within 16–20 h. Lysis was specific and could be inhibited by addition of increasing amounts of soluble colon antigen. Maximal lysis was induced by antibodies from hyperimmune rabbits. While antibodies of the IgG class were active in this test, IgM antibodies lacked the capacity to induce lymphocyte mediated lysis. Under the experimental conditions applied, as little as 1 ng IgG antibody was required for 50 % lysis. This corresponded to ∼ 80 000 antibody molecules for lysis of one erythrocyte.

The model system described should provide a basis for further studies of the cytotoxic potential of lymphocytes and/or antibodies to colon from patients with ulcerative colitis.
In vitro studies on the release of mitogenic factor by sensitized human lymphocytes
Authors: Havemann K. , Bürger S.
Published: February 2007

In order to demonstrate mitogenic activity released by human lymphocytes, supernatants from “primary cultures” (sensitized cells together with antigen) were transferred to “secondary cultures” (autologous or homologous sensitized or non‐sensitized lymphocytes). It could be shown that sensitized human lymphocytes excrete a soluble mitogenic factor after exposure to antigen which induces DNA synthesis in secondary cultures. The production of this mitogenic factor was immunologically specific. Factor production could also be demonstrated in an autologous system; therefore the effect of mitogenic factor is independent of histocompatibility antigens. Maximal production of mitogenic activity was obtained after 24 h of primary culture. The amount of activity produced was dependent on the dose of antigen added. An effect of mitogenic factor on secondary cultures was already visible after 48–60 h; the maximal response, however, was seen after 120–136 h of incubation. The kinetics of DNA synthesis obtained were comparable to kinetics induced by specific antigen in short term lymphocyte cultures. DNA synthesis in secondary cultures was dependent on the amount of supernatant added. Since the addition of further antigen to different volumes of supernatants did not lead to an enhanced factor activity, the operation of mitogenic factor was not dependent on the amount of antigen present. Supernatants obtained after 3 days of primary culture, tested on autologous lymphocytes, exhibited a lower response in most instances when compared with the reconstituted controls. This effect may be due to an inhibitor produced by the cells.
Anaphylatoxin formation by contact activation of plasma. II. Implication of properdin and an unknown plasma factor in activation by zymosan
Authors: Brade V. , Vogt W.
Published: February 2007

During incubation with human serum at 37°C zymosan is coated with factors which liberate anaphylatoxin (AT) from its precursor, anaphylatoxinogen. Serum free of properdin (RP), prepared by previous absorption with zymosan at 17°C, does not generate an AT‐forming system when subsequently incubated with fresh zymosan, at 37°C. Only after addition of properdin to RP does the mixture fix an effective system onto zymosan.

Serum pretreated with zymosan at 37°C (zymosan‐R3) is unable to subsequently coat fresh zymosan with an AT‐forming system even when properdin is added. It is concluded that in addition to properdin and possibly complement factors C1, C4 and C2 an unknown serum factor (UF) is essential for the generation of AT forming activity on zymosan.

UF is present in RP and in cobra venom‐treated serum (cobra‐R3) but absent from zymosan‐R3. It is subject to decay once fixed to zymosan. Decayed zymosan complexes can be regenerated by incubating them with an appropriate source of UF, e. g. RP or cobra‐R3, whereas reagents containing only early complement components and/or properdin d o not reactivate them.

The results indicate that AT formation in serum by zymosan and probably other polysaccharides proceeds by a pathway different from the classical complement reaction.
The antibody response of pigs to dinitrophenylated bovine IgG administered with a novel type of adjuvant
Authors: Franěk F. , Šimek L.
Published: February 2007

High and reproducible antibody response to miligram quantities of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐conjugated bovine IgG was elicited in pigs with the aid of a novel adjuvant composed of aluminium hydroxide, paraffin oil and Sorbitan trioleate (Al‐Span‐Oil). Repeated injections of antigen produced antibody levels up to 8 mg per ml of serum. The antibody level reached the maximum around the 12th day after first antigen injection, but around the 7th day after subsequent antigen injection. Isolated anti‐DNP antibody was found to be chemically heterogeneous. It bound ϵ‐DNP‐lysine with a mean association constant of about 106 M−1.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. III. Restoration of the immune response to sheep red blood cells by polyanions in thymectomized and lethally irradiated mice protected with bone marrow cells
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , L'Age‐Stehr Johanna , Beyse Inge , Odenwald Maria V. , Schultz Gisela
Published: February 2007

Adult thymectomized C57BL/6J mice were lethally irradiated and injected 4 h later with 10 × 106 syngeneic bone marrow cells. Two weeks later animals were either inoculated with sheep red blood cells alone or treated with synthetic polyanions such as dextran sulfate or polyacrylic acid prior to inoculation with sheep red blood cells. On the fifth day after immunization the mice treated with polyanions showed a 19 S and 7 S plaque‐forming cell response as well as significant hemolytic titers. Control mice showed no significant plaque‐forming cell response or hemolytic titers. Polyanions seem to be capable of replacing thymus cell function.
Recognition of transplantation antigens in vitro: blocking of recognition structures by specific antibody
Authors: Ramseier H. , Lindenmann J.
Published: February 2007

Recognition of cellular murine transplantation antigens by lymphoid cells could be blocked by antisera against recognition structures (RS). These antisera were provoked by the injection of parental strain lymph node cells in low doses into adult F1 hybrids. The activity of anti‐RS antisera was highly specific. Treatment of recognizing cells with a particular serum inhibited the reaction towards a given transplantation antigen but did not impair recognition of another histo‐compatibility antigen. Anti‐RS antisera could be neutralized only by absorption with lymphoid cells carrying the specific RS.
Separation of different serological activities associated with immunoglobulins from sera of rabbits immunized with rat erythrocytes
Authors: Kaštelan Maja , Vitale Ljubinka , Vitale B.
Published: February 2007

IgG from rabbit anti‐rat erythrocyte serum was isolated and fractionated according to charge by DEAE‐Sephadex chromatography and isoelectric focusing. In IgG fractions obtained the ratio of serological activities was determined and it was shown that relatively higher lytic activity is associated with the less negative IgG molecules and relatively higher agglutinating activity with more negative IgG molecules.
Physicochemical characterization of the fifth (C5), sixth (C6), seventh (C7), eighth (C8) and ninth (C9) component of guinea pig complement
Authors: König W. , Bitter‐Suermann D. , Dierich M. , Hadding U.
Published: February 2007

A physicochemical characterization of the purified guinea pig complement components C5 to C9 is given. For this purpose the sedimentation rate, the diffusion coefficient, the molecular weight and the isoelectric point were determined and compared with the values already known for the guinea pig and human complement system. For the determination of the physicochemical parameters gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200, ultracentrifugation applying a sucrose density gradient and thin‐layer isoelectric focusing were used. By comparing the values of the human and guinea pig complement a remarkable similarity is shown.
Analysis of antibody populations to oligo‐alanine determinants. I. An antibody assay by one‐hit sensitization of red cells
Authors: Weiler E. , Weiler Ivan Jeanne , Sprenger Renate , Dittrich B.
Published: February 2007

A sensitive method for the quantitation of mouse antibodies to oligo‐D‐alanine determinants is described. Receptor molecules carrying clusters of determinants are attached to the surface of sheep red blood cells. The receptor molecules are poly‐alanylated rabbit antibodies (IgG) directed to SRBC. The formation of a complex between cell‐bound receptor molecules and antibodies to oligo‐D‐alanine can act as a center of sensitization, leading to cell lysis by complement.

The kinetics of sensitization of receptor‐equipped SRBC by antibodies to oligo‐D‐alanine was studied. Antibodies of the IgM class sensitized SRBC according to one‐hit kinetics. Single‐hit sensitization by antibodies of the IgG (7 S) class also occurred, as shown by dose‐response curves with receptor as well as with antibody, provided that antibodies are complexed with anti‐allotype antibodies subsequent to their attachment (facilitation). Facilitation thus not only serves to detect sensitively the attachment of 7 S antibodies, but also reveals the phenotype (allotype) of the constant portions of their H‐chains.

The velocity of sensitization was proportional both to the antibody concentration and to the receptor density on cells. A velocity constant was defined, and compared to the probability of collision between antibodies and receptors, derived from the diffusion constant of IgG molecules. It appears that, with some antisera, as much as every second collision may lead to a successful union between antibody and receptor molecules.
Hidden anti‐nuclear antibodies in sero‐negative systemic lupus erythematosus patients and in NZB and (NZB × NZW) F1 mice
Authors: Blomjous F. J. E. M. , Feltkamp‐Vroom Thea M.
Published: February 2007

Anti‐nuclear antibodies could be demonstrated in sero‐negative patients with immune complex glomerulonephritis by means of an acid dissociation method.

The antibodies were also found in sero‐negative NZB and (NZB × NZW) F1 mice with complex glomerulonephritis.

It is suggested that the antigen is bound to anti‐nuclear antibodies, thus forming circulating soluble immune complexes, which cause the glomerular deposits.
Observations on different origins of “naturally” occurring antibodies
Authors: Arend P.
Published: February 2007

In 6 weeks old C57BL/10J mice specificities of “naturally” occurring antibodies to determinants of the widely distributed ABH‐(blood group)system are highly sex‐dependent. This is not reflected by ABH‐antigenic differences of red cells and tissues. The response of C57BL/10J mice to known heterologous AB antigens might show that production of certain “naturally” occurring hemagglutinating antibodies cannot be induced by exogenous heterologous antigens. With regard to the rare linkage of C57BL/10J mice hemagglutinins to XX and XY chromosome sets, and taking into account the peculiar occurrence of hemagglutinins in germ cells of certain animals and plants, it is assumed that growth and maturation mechanisms might have a relation to hemagglutinin production.
Influence of syngeneic thymus and bone marrow transplants on the intensity of the graft‐versus‐host reaction
Authors: Grushka Miriam , Lapp W. S.
Published: February 2007

Transplantation of F1 thymus or F1 thymus plus bone marrow into A × CBA (F1) mice experiencing a graft‐versus‐host reaction increases the intensity of the reaction. Conversely, animals appear to be protected from the graft‐versus‐host reaction when transplanted with only F1 bone marrow.
Evidence for surface‐associated immunoglobulin on T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Hämmerling U. , Rajewsky K.
Published: February 2007

An electron microscopic study was carried out to characterize surface‐associated immunoglobulin on murine lymph cell populations. A panel of hybrid anti‐bodies with anti‐immunoglobulin and anti‐Southern Bean Mosaic Virus specificities permitted the identification of both κ and μ chain determinants on cell surfaces, indicating that surface‐associated immunoglobulin presumably represents IgM.

The cells carrying immunoglobulin on their surface were identified as lymphocytes. In cell populations from lymph nodes 95 % of the mature lymphocytes possessed surface‐bound κ and μ determinants. This indicates that both thymus derived (T) and bone marrow‐derived (B) lymphocytes express IgM.

Plasma cells do not carry immunoglobulin on the cell surface, which implies that antigen‐induced differentiation of B lymphocytes entails loss of surface IgM expression.

In the thymus, surface‐associated immunoglobulin could not be detected on the vast majority (98 %) of the cells, but 2 % positive cells were found. T lymphocytes may thus acquire immunoglobulin as a surface constituent shortly before or after the cells leave the thymus.
Anti‐hapten antibodies in normal sera
Authors: Jormalainen Seija , Mäkelä O.
Published: February 2007

Many normal human, rabbit and reindeer sera were found to inactivate bacteriophages coupled with synthetic haptens NIP (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid), NP (hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenylacetic acid), DNP (2,4‐dinitrophenol), oxazolone (2‐phenyl‐4‐ethoxy methylene oxazolone) or penicillin G. Evidence was produced indicating that these inactivators are antibodies with specificities roughly as strict as those of early immune antibodies. While most of the phage‐inactivation power was due to 19 S antibodies, 7 S inactivators with chromatographic characteristics of IgG were demonstrated.

There were great inter‐individual differences in various anti‐hapten titers. In spite of that, inter‐species differences could also be demonstrated.
Studies on a fragment of human IgM macroglobulins related to “J chain”
Authors: Kownatzki E.
Published: February 2007

Studies are presented on a fragment of human Waldenström macroglobulins, previously detected with immunological methods and termed “γM piece”. Attachment to the 19 S molecule was by disulfide bonds. For its release reduction and alkylation at pH 8.0 was sufficient and no dissociating agents were required. Its electrophoretic mobility was in the α2‐region. It could easily be purified by a combination of preparative electrophoresis on Pevikon at pH 8.6 and gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 in Tris‐NaCl buffer, pH 8.0. The molecular weight of the fragment isolated in this manner was determined by gel filtration and found to be 48 000. From a column of Sephadex G‐100 in 1 N propionic acid it was eluted with the H chains. The molecular weight determined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl‐sulfate was 25 400.

On the basis of these findings it appears possible that the fragment is released from the 19 S molecule as a dimer, which dissociates under treatment with SDS to yield two chains. The electrophoretic mobility, the size of a single chain, the presence in dimeric IgA and the amino acid analysis suggested that “γM piece” is identical with the fragment described as “J chain”.
Intercellular communication in phytohemagglutinin – induced lymphocyte agglutinates
Authors: Hülser D. F. , Peters J. H.
Published: February 2007

Intercellular communication, as indicated by ion flow between cells, was measured with micro‐glass‐electrodes in lymphocytes immediately after addition of phytohemagglutinin.
Encephalitogenic activity in rabbits of the C‐terminal region of bovine basic myelin protein
Authors: Bergstrand H. , Berg O.
Published: February 2007

The C‐terminal region (residues 117 – 170) of bovine basic myelin protein has been shown to have considerable encephalitogenic activity when injected in rabbits at the 50 μg level. However, in guinea pigs the same preparation at 8 μg did not induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Direct stimulation of lymphoid tissue of the chicken. I. Antibody‐producing, antibody‐transferring and plaque forming capacity of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius following intrathymic and intravenous injection of antigen
Authors: Janković B. D. , Isaković Katarina , Petrović Spomenka
Published: February 2007

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human 0 red blood cells (0 RBC) were injected into six thymic lobes or into the vein of 8‐week old normal and neonatally bursectomized New Hampshire chickens in order to study the antibody production. Thymus and spleen cells from donors immunized by the intrathymic or intravenous route with BSA were used in the transfer of antibody response to homologous bursaless nonimmunized recipients. The thymus, spleen and bursa of chickens immunized with 0 RBC were inspected for the presence of plaque‐forming cells.

Intrathymic injection of BSA induced a prompt appearance of 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME)‐sensitive anti‐BSA antibodies in a number of chickens, and progressive increase of antibody titer. Bursectomized chickens showed very weak primary antibody response (only antibody of ME‐sensitive type) following intrathymic or intravenous stimulation with BSA.

The amount of ME‐sensitive hemagglutinins increased 2 days after intrathymic or intravenous administration of 0 RBC, but there was no immediate rise of hemagglutinin titer in intrathymically injected birds. Intravenous injection of 0 RBC was superior to intrathymic injection in inducing ME‐sensitive and ME‐resist ant he magglutinins.

Thymus cells from donors immunized intrathymically with BSA were capable of transferring antibody response to neonatally bursectomized recipients. The most effective were thymus cells from BSA‐injected lobes. Thymus and spleen cells from intravenously immunized chickens exhibited a lower capacity for transferring the production of antibody. On the other hand, thymus and spleen cells from bursaless donors immunized intrathymically with BSA failed completely to induce antibody production in nonimmunized bursectomized recipients.

Plaque‐forming cells were found in the thymus, spleen and bursa of chickens immunized intrathymically or intravenously with human erythrocytes.

The results were interpreted as further support for the concept that the thymus is actively involved in immune reactions, and that the chicken thymus shares properties of both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.
B lymphocytes can be stimulated by concanavalin A in the presence of humoral factors released by T cells
Authors: Andersson J. , Möller G. , Sjöberg O.
Published: February 2007

Concanavalin A (Con A) induces proliferation in thymus‐derived (T) lymphocytes, whereas it does not induce DNA synthesis in bone marrow‐derived (B) lymphocytes. However, in the presence of humoral factors released by normal thymus lymphocytes during 24 h in culture, B cells become competent to respond to Con A. The optimal dose of Con A for induction of proliferation in B cells treated with T cell supernatant was identical to that for T cell proliferation. Nonspecifically activated T cells were more effective than normal T cells to produce humoral factors making B cells competent to respond to Con A.
Enhanced immune responsiveness to a thymus‐independent antigen early after adult thymectomy: Evidence for short‐lived inhibitory thymus‐derived cells
Authors: Kerbel R. S. , Eidinger D.
Published: February 2007

Mice thymectomized as adults and injected with polyvinylpyrrolidone, a thymus‐independent antigen, demonstrated significantly enhanced antibody responses compared to sham‐thymectomized controls when immunized as early as three weeks after thymectomy. Increasing the interval between thymectomy and immunization, even up to seven months, did not significantly increase the extent of this enhancement, suggesting the effect may be caused by the removal of a short‐lived subpopulation of “inhibitory” thymus‐derived cells.

Mice immunized to sheep, rat or goose erythrocytes (GRBC) four months after adult thymectomy showed significantly suppressed hemagglutinin responses only to GRBC, indicating that suppressive effects relatively early after adult thymectomy can be attained provided a marked thymus‐dependent antigen such as GRBC is used as test antigen.
Streptococcal group A carbohydrate antibodies in mice: evidence for strain differences in magnitude and restriction of the response, and for thymus dependence
Authors: Braun D. G. , Kindred Berenice , Jacobson Ethel B.
Published: February 2007

Immunization with streptococcal group A vaccines revealed significantly higher immune responses in BALB/c than C57BL/6, CBA, and DBA/2 mice. In general, the antibody response of BALB/c mice not only was markedly higher than that of the other strains, but also showed a high degree of restriction. With two exceptions, all immune sera of the BALB/c mice exhibited bands in very similar electrophoretic positions. On the other hand, the three other strains were low responders which, except for the DBA/2 mice, rarely demonstrated clear‐cut bands in the immune sera.

Studies with thymusless (nude) mice carrying 50 – 85% BALB/c genome identified the streptococcal group A polysaccharide, presented on whole bacteria, as a thymus‐dependent antigen. These nude mice, after reconstitution with thymus cells, produced group A antibodies restricted to two antibody bands extremely similar to those of BALB/c mice. High levels of antibody were produced in mice reconstituted with low responder DBA/2 thymus cells, indicating that the magnitude of the response is entirely controlled by mechanisms at the bone marrow cell level. Magnitude and restriction of the antibody response to this antigen are not determined by the H‐2 allele and are not related to the Iga allotypic marker on the heavy chain.
Preferential induction of cell‐mediated immunity by chemically modified sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Parish C. R.
Published: February 2007

Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) almost exclusively induce humoral antibodies when injected in saline into adult rats. Chemical modification of SRBC by either periodate oxidation or acetoacetylation resulted in preparations which provoked lower antibody responses than did normal SRBC, but induced much higher levels of delayed‐type hypersensitivity. Furthermore, SRBC which had been both periodate oxidized and acetoacetylated induced even higher delayed responses, but were unable to stimulate detectable antibody formation. Thus, by two simple chemical treatments, SRBC have been converted from an antigen which predominantly induces humoral antibodies tc an antigen which exclusively provokes cell‐mediated immunity.

The chemically modified SRBC had some notable immunological properties. (I) Antigenically, they were still strongly agglutinated by anti‐SRBC antiserum. (II) They very effectively induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity when injected either in saline or Freund's complete adjuvant. (III) They lost their immunogenicity when lysed just prior to injection. (IV) They induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity which cross‐reacted with goose, rabbit and horse red blood cells, a result consistent with the notion that antigens cross‐react more broadly at the cell‐mediated immune level than at the antibody level. (V) Comparatively high levels of both humoral and cell‐mediated immunity were achieved when a mixture of periodate oxidized SRBC and acetoacetylated SRBC was injected. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Versuche zur Beeinflussung des immunologischen Gedächtnisses
Authors: Göing H. , Kaiser P , Kaiser P. J.
Published: February 2007

The elimination of primed antibody‐forming cells and memory cells was examined in Sprague‐Dawley rats after the application of cyclophosphamide. Doses of cyclophosphamide, which completely eliminate virgin sheep red blood cell‐(SRBC)‐specific competent cells, still permit the survival of a fraction of primed cells.

In animals devoid of primed cells it is possible to establish SRBC‐specific tolerance upon cyclophosphamide treatment. When SRBC‐primed rats are treated with the drug and subsequently exposed to the antigen, the surviving primed cells are stimulated to proliferation and antibody production, whereas tolerance appears to be induced in the competent cells, which regenerate from the stem cell compartment.
Differences in the constitution of antibody combining site in different mice strains
Authors: Weinstein Y. , Givol D. , Strausbauch P.
Published: February 2007

Anti‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies from nine different inbred mice strains were affinity labeled with four bromoacetyl derivatives of DNP haptens. Strain related differences in the number of combining sites labeled, as well as in the relative amount of labeled tyrosine and lysine were observed. Differences in the relative ratio of residues labeled did not change much with size of reagent and may be related to subpopulations of antibodies differing in the constitution of their combining sites.
Low zone tolerance: a possible defect in the switch from IgM to IgG production
Authors: Weber G. , Kölsch E.
Published: February 2007

Specific antibody production during tolerogenic treatment with bacteriophage fd precedes the manifestation of low zone tolerance. The antibodies produced are sensitive to treatment with dithiothreitol, thus, most likely IgM antibodies. Upon challenge, this initial immune response is not amplified. Repeated injections of subimmunogenic doses of antigen affect the classes of antibodies produced upon challenge in different ways. IgG production is already suppressed with doses which are without influence on the production of IgM. It is suggested that low zone tolerance affects the switch from IgM to IgG.
Studies on immunological paralysis. VIII. Pneumococcal polysaccharide tolerance and immunity differences between the Biozzi high and low responder lines of mice
Authors: Howard J. G. , Christie G. H. , Courtenay B. M. , Biozzi G.
Published: February 2007

Mice genetically selected for high and low responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes showed corresponding amplification and depression of the IgM response to the thymus‐independent antigen type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII). “Treadmill” neutralization was more pronounced in the low responder line. 14C‐labeled SIII was both cleared from and subsequently released into the circulation more rapidly. The high responder line was unusually resistant to the induction of paralysis. The interpretation that this is due to increase in initial antibody synthesis rather than to an inherent high tolerance threshold of B lymphocytes has been supported experimentally. Large doses of SIII were effectively sequestered or eliminated in the “high” line, which was capable of responding strongly to rechallenge within 2 months.
Antigenic competition in vitro between heterologous erythrocytes
Authors: Sjöberg O. , Britton S.
Published: February 2007

The phenomenon of antigenic competition between different heterologous red cells has been studied in vitro using the Mishell‐Dutton technique of cultivating mouse spleen cells. If spleen cells from animals heavily pre‐immunized in vivo against one antigen are cultured together with this antigen and a second antigen, the antibody response against the second antigen is depressed. The number of antigen sensitive cells was found to be normal during antigenic competition. Competition is transferrable from one population of lymphoid cells to another. Thus, heavily preimmunized cells cultivated in the presence of normal cells suppressed the antibody response of the latter. However, no soluble mediator of this suppression could be recovered from media of cultures displaying antigenic competition or from the serum of animals the spleens of which showed antigenic competition in vitro. A thymus‐independent antigen could not give rise to antigenic competition, but the response to such an antigen was subjected to competition. The finding suggests that intensive specific stimulation of lymphoid cells under thymic influence causes expression of antigenic competition. The phenomenon could either be due to a production of inhibitory factors active over a short distance, only, or to a direct inhibitory cell‐to‐cell interaction between antigen‐activated cells and precursor cells for antibody production.
Specific cytotoxicity of a mouse thymocyte population sensitized in vitro against H‐2 alloantigens
Authors: Lohmann‐Matthes Marie‐Luise , Fischer H.
Published: February 2007

C57BL cortisone‐resistant thymocytes were sensitized in vitro against DBA/2 alloantigens and tested for specific cytotoxicity against 51Cr‐labeled DBA/2 mastocytoma cells as targets. T cell sensitization, differentiation, uropod formation and specific cytotoxicity developed in a system of pure T lymphocytes and allogeneic antigenic fibroblasts without any apparent helper mechanism by other cell types or mediators.
Enzymatic actions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on specific membrane receptors of autologous cells
Authors: Arend P. , Malchow H.
Published: February 2007

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes cause rapid destruction of the blood‐group Nhu‐receptor on autologous erythrocytes, without the Mhu‐receptor activity and the Vicia graminea‐receptor activity being simultaneously destroyed. In addition, independently of the original receptor mosaic they create H‐specific structures. These particular modifications of specific glycoproteins and the appearance of new receptors sites are considered to be of significance in autologous cell‐to‐cell interaction.
Cell‐mediated vs humoral response in the cross‐reaction between hen egg‐white lysozyme and bovine α‐lactalbumin
Authors: Maron E. , Webb Cynthia , Teitelbaum Dvora , Arnon Ruth
Published: February 2007

Immunological cross‐reaction between hen egg‐white lysozyme and bovine α‐lactalbumin has been observed in cell‐mediated immune response using both in vitro systems of thymidine incorporation into sensitized lymphocytes, and delayed hypersensitivity studies in guinea pigs in vivo. In contrast, antisera raised in guinea pigs toward these two proteins show only a slight degree of cross‐reactivity, and with rabbit antisera the complete lack of such humoral cross‐reaction is confirmed.
Independence of HL‐A antigens and immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of human lymphoid cells
Authors: Preud'homme J. L. , Neauport‐Sautes Catherine , Piat Sylvaine , Silvestre Danielle , Kourilsky F. M.
Published: February 2007

Membrane‐bound HL‐A antigens and μ‐chain determinants were studied on normal and leukemic lymphocytes and on a tissue culture cell line derived from a Burkitt's tumor, using membrane immunofluorescence on living cells. A redistribution of both antigens at the cell surface occurred when cells labeled in the cold by conjugated antisera were incubated at 37 °C. Double labeling experiments showed that HL‐A antigens, either of the first or the second sublocus, were unaffected by the redistribution of IgM determinants and vice versa. This result strongly suggests molecular independence of these two systems. When redistribution was induced with a mixture of conjugated sera to HL‐A and Ig, the caps showing each of the two specificities were located at the same pole of the cells.
Idiotypic identity of antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrate in inbred mice
Authors: Eichmann K.
Published: February 2007

In this study antibodies to the streptococcal carbohydrate of inbred strains of mice were investigated for the occurrence of shared idiotypes. Strain A/J produced high serum levels of antibodies with limited heterogeneity‐ to Group A streptococcal carbohydrate. A homogeneous antibody from one A/J mouse was obtained by cloning the hyper immune spleen cells into irradiated recipient mice. Idiotypic antisera to this antibody were made in A/J mice and in guinea pigs. These idiotypic antisera cross‐reacted with antibodies to Group A carbohydrate from all A/J mice, but not with that of two other strains. The idiotypes of 4 out of 5 A/J antibodies were indistinguishable. The selective expression or exclusion of idiotypes in different inbred strains raises the question whether v‐genes are inherited as allelic sets that can segregate.
Lipopolysaccharide can substitute for helper cells in the antibody response in vitro
Authors: Sjöberg O. , Anderson J. , Möller G.
Published: February 2007

The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli on the primary and the secondary antibody response against sheep red blood cells (SRC) by spleen cells in vitro was studied. LPS, which is a non‐specific mitogen for B cells, often caused an increased antibody response. Stimulation was obtained on day 4 of the culture if the spleen cells gave a low response to SRC without LPS, whereas no stimulation was obtained if the antibody response was high. However, kinetic studies showed that cultures treated with LPS always exhibited increased numbers of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) to SRC if the response was studied earlier than the 4th day.

LPS could substitute for certain cell types otherwise necessary for the immune response. Thus, LPS reconstituted the immune response of spleen cells depleted of adherent cells as well as of thymus‐derived lymphocytes. It was also possible to enhance the immune response of spleen cells from nude mice by addition of LPS.

The results suggest that LPS increases the immune response by direct stimulation of bone marrow‐derived precursor cells for antibody production. LPS makes these cells competent to differentiate and proliferate in the absence of helper cells, such as adherent cells and thymus‐derived cells. This implies that cooperation with helper cells is not an obligatory event in the antibody response, but can be substituted by other means of stimulating the precursor cells.
Recall of antibody synthesis to the primary antigen following successive immunization with heterologous albumins. A two‐cell theory of the original antigenic sin
Authors: Ivanyi J.
Published: February 2007

Chickens primed with human serum albumin (HSA) and challenged with duck serum albumin (DSA) will recall antibody synthesis specific for the first antigen. There was a direct relationship between the antigen dose requirements for priming and challenge. Equal avidity of anti‐HSA antibodies following challenge with HSA or DSA was found. Immunization with HSA did not enhance the response to challenge with DSA. Challenge with DSA of chickens tolerant to the priming antigen (HSA) was followed by a marginal and transient “termination” of tolerance. Tolerance to the challenging antigen (DSA) did not interfere with the recall of anti‐HSA antibody synthesis in HSA‐primed chickens. Several structurally unrelated antigens did not manifest the recall effect. In view of the lack of serological cross‐reactivity between DSA and HSA, the mandatory role in the “recall phenomenon” is ascribed to T lymphocytes which react with a common epitope of both albumins.
Cytotoxic effect of anti‐Θ and anti‐mouse specific B lymphocyte antigen (MBLA) antisera on helper cells and antibody‐forming cell precursors in the immune response of mice to the 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitro‐phenacetyl (NNP) hapten
Authors: Niederhuber J. , Möller Erna , Mäkelä O.
Published: February 2007

Anti‐Θ antibodies, but not anti‐MBLA antibodies, were cytotoxic to helper cells in the adoptive immune response of mice to the hapten, NNP. On the other hand, antibody‐forming cell precursors were resistant to anti‐Θ antibodies, but sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of anti‐MBLA antibodies. This suggests that the use of these reagents allows the purification of viable T and B lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid organs of mice.
Specific adsorption of cytotoxic thymus‐processed lymphocytes (T cells) on glutaraldehyde‐fixed fibroblast monolayers
Authors: Golstein P. , Svedmyr E. A. J. , Blomgren H.
Published: February 2007

Mouse thymus‐processed lymphocytes (T cells) sensitized against histo‐compatibility antigens can be specifically adsorbed on, and eluted from, fibroblast monolayers bearing these antigens. Not only normal, but also glutaraldehyde‐fixed fibroblast monolayers can be used for specific adsorption. This shows that glutaraldehyde‐fixed histocompatibility antigens can be recognized by specific receptors on T cells.
Antibody‐mediated target cell lysis by non‐immune cells. Characterization of the antibody and effector cell populations
Authors: Gelfand E. W. , Resch K. , Prester Marlot
Published: February 2007

Cells from normal rabbit thymus, lymph node and spleen demonstrated in vitro cytolytic activity when incubated with antibody‐coated target cells. High dilutions of antibody were effective, and the degree of lysis was dependent on the lymphocyte‐target cell ratio. In the spleen, two populations of effector cells were defined – one population consisted of phagocytic cells which were responsible for the onset of initial rapid lysis. A second population of cells, lymphocytes, were responsible for lysis, which proceeded at a slower, but continuous rate. Purified lymph node and thymus cells contained only the latter population. Both effector cell populations required the presence of an intact Fc piece on the target cell‐bound antibody molecule for lysis to proceed. Antibody‐mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity appeared to be specific and required cell‐to‐cell contact.
Thymus specific antigen on electrophoretically separated rat lymphocytes. Tracing of the differentiation pathway of bone marrow‐derived thymocytes by use of a surface marker
Authors: Zeiller K. , Dolan L.
Published: February 2007

Rat lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs were separated by means of free‐flow electrophoresis and the separated cells subdivided into classes of high (H lymphocytes) and low (L lymphocytes) electrophoretic mobility.

A rabbit antiserum against thymocytcs of low electrophoretic mobility was prepared and its cytotoxic activity tested with H and L lymphocytes from spleen, lymph node, thoracic duct lymph, bone marrow and thymus. The cytotoxic activity was bound to the IgC immunoglobulins of the antiserum. An agglutination reaction could be observed with all L lymphocytes, but not with H lymphocytes, and was not further investigated. Cytotoxicity was obtained with bone marrow L lymphocytes and H and L thymocytes, but not with lymphocytes of other sources. It was suggested that this antigen resembled the rat “thymus specific” antigen. The finding that this antigen appeared on L lymphocytes of bone marrow and thymus and diminished on thymus H lymphocytes with be treated by following the differentiation of bone marrow derived thymocytes.
Isoelectric focusing spectra of antibodies which activate mutant β‐galactosidases
Authors: Kohler G. , Melchers F.
Published: February 2007

Antibodies raised against wild type β‐galactosidase of Escherichiu coli activate certain inactive mutant β‐galactosidases to enzymic activity. We have developed a technique to detect 7 S activating antibody after isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gels. Enzymic activity bound to antibodies is detected using the histochemical substrate 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indoxyl‐β‐D‐galacto‐pyranoside. When split, this substrate produces insoluble, blue‐green indigo stain at the sites of enzymic reaction.

With this technique antisera raised in five rabbits against the wild type enzyme have been analyzed for their capacity to activate inactive mutant enzyme. Each rabbit produces a characteristic spectrum of activating antibodies when tested with a given mutant enzyme, which is different from that produced by another rabbit. A restricted population of antibodies, e.g. the product of one to five clones of antibody‐forming cells activate a mutant enzyme.

The spectrum of activating antibodies obtained with a mutant enzyme can be correlated to the position of the mutation in the gene for β‐galactosidase which gives rise to this inactive enzyme. Three genetically different groups of mutant enzymes are activated by three distinct populations of antibodies within the serum of one rabbit. Mutation at a fourth site within the gene yields a mutant enzyme which is activated by one of the three populations of specific antibodies. This indicates that one antibody, in binding to one antigenic site, can restore the activity of two mutant enzymes altered at two different sites within the polypeptide chain of the enzyme.
Inhibition of secondary anti‐hapten responses with the hapten conjugated to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide
Authors: Mitchell G. F. , Humphrey J. H. , Williamson A. R.
Published: February 2007

An injection of 2, 4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐lysine conjugated to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (DNP‐lysine‐SIII) markedly reduced the secondary IgG anti‐DNP antibody response of irradiated mice injected with primed cells and the homologous dinitrophenylatcd foreign protein used for priming. Serum antibody titers against the foreign protein, hemocyanin, were not affected and the injection of DNP‐lysine‐SIII could be delayed until the 3rd day, but not the 4th day, after injection of the primed cells and homologous antigen. In mice in which anti‐DNP antibody production was reduced by DNP‐lysine‐SIII, antibody isoelectric spectral analysis of residual antibody suggested that clones of antibody‐producing cells were eliminated entirely or escaped unaltered. Purified SIII is a persisting antigen which readily induces macroglobulin responses in mice and does not seem to stimulate T cells. The results suggest that antigenic determinants on such antigens gain access to B cells and suppress IgC antibody production.
Lymphocyte stimulation and interferon induction by 7 S anti‐human lymphocyte globulins and their uni‐ and divalent fragments
Authors: Falcoff Rebeca , Orio R. , Iscaki S.
Published: February 2007

When stimulated with specific anti‐lymphocyte 7 S horse or sheep immunoglobulins, cultured human lymphocytes synthetized interferon.

The fragments obtained by enzymatic cleavage of these globulins have been assayed as inducers. Only the agglutinating bivalent F(ab′)2 fragment showed the same activity as the whole molecule, increasing the uptake of [3H]uridine and inducing interferon synthesis. This fact suggests that the Fc is not ecessary for lymphocyte stimulation. The univalent non‐agglutinating Fab and Fab' lost their interferon‐inducing capacity, although they retained their cell‐bindingproperty.

It is concluded that cell‐to‐cell contact is necess ary to lymphocyte stimulation and interferon induction.
Identification and genetic control of two rabbit IgM allotypic specifications
Authors: Gilman‐Sachs Alice , Dray S.
Published: February 2007

Two allotypes of rabbit IgM immunoglobulins have been identified with antisera obtained by cross immunization of rabbits with cold agglutinins. These two allotypic specificities, n81 and n82 allotypes segregate as if controlled by allelic genes; in addition, the n locus is closely linked to the a locus which controls the variable part of the heavy chain.