bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unzureichende Versorgung gefährdet Inklusion von Kindern mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1
Authors: Heinrich Michaela , Boß Karina , Wendenburg Jutta , Hilgard Dörte , von Sengbusch Simone , Kapellen Thomas Michael
Published: July 2019

Hintergrund Inklusion von Kindern mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 in Bildungseinrichtungen bedarf einer Umsetzung des Insulinmanagements auch außer Haus. Dafür benötigen Kinder bis zum 12. Lebensjahr altersabhängige Unterstützung.

Methoden Bundesweite Onlinebefragung von Eltern von an insulinpflichtigem Diabetes erkrankten Kindern, die einen Kindergarten oder die Schule besuchen, bezüglich Betreuungssituation, Teilhabeleistungen, Teilhabeeinschränkungen sowie Auswirkungen auf die berufliche Tätigkeit der Eltern.

Ergebnisse Es konnten Daten von 1189 Teilnehmer/-innen aus allen Bundesländern, deren Kinder sich zu 32,1 % im elementaren Bildungsbereich, zu 48,8 % im primären und zu 19,1 % im sekundären Bildungsbereich befanden, ausgewertet werden. Zur Sicherstellung der Versorgung wurden teilweise in allen Bildungsbereichen Teilhabekräfte bzw. ambulante Pflegedienste eingesetzt. Dafür wurden nicht alle beantragten Leistungen bewilligt. Kinder mit Diabetes konnten nicht immer an Kindergartenfahrten (14,6 %) oder Klassenfahrten (bis zu 23,6 %) teilnehmen. Arbeitszeitreduktion zum Schließen der Versorgungslücke gaben 53,1–72,3 % der Eltern je nach Bildungsbereich des Kindes an. Bei bis zu 27 % musste ein Elternteil seine Arbeit ganz aufgeben. Fast doppelt so viele Kinder wie in der Allgemeinbevölkerung (8,1 % in der Grundschule) besuchten nicht die Regelschule.

Schlussfolgerung Kinder mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 werden aufgrund der unzureichenden Versorgung im nichthäuslichen Umfeld häufiger vom Regelschulbesuch oder von schulischen Aktivitäten ausgeschlossen. Mehr als die Hälfte der Eltern reduziert aus den gleichen Gründen ihre Arbeitszeit. Um das Recht dieser Kinder auf uneingeschränkte Teilhabe umzusetzen, bedarf es aus Sicht der AG Inklusion zusätzlicher sowie institutionseigener Inklusionskräfte.
Facile Synthesis of Dispiroheterocycles through One-Pot [3+2] Cycloaddition, and Their Antiviral Activity
Authors: Zhang Min , Yang Wenbo , Li Kailu , Sun Ke , Ding Jianfen , Yang Liuqing , Zhu Chunyin
Published: July 2019

A facile synthesis of novel dispiroheterocycles has been developed through one-pot [3+2] cycloaddition between isatins, amino acids, and aurones. Thirty different dispiroheterocycles were synthesized eusing this method which features mild conditions, convenient operation, and high efficacy. Evaluation of the bioactivity of these dispiroheterocyclic products revealed antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Recent Progress in the Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization Involving Intramolecular Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Tan Tong-De , Chen Yang-Bo , Fan Xin-Yang , Ye Long-Wu
Published: July 2019

Transition-metal-catalyzed cascade cyclization initiated by intramolecular alkyne hydroamination has received considerable attention over the past decade and has been widely used in the rapid construction of a diverse array of valuable complex N-heterocycles. Recent progress in this area is reviewed with an emphasis on the cheap and environmentally benign copper-catalyzed cascade cyclization of terminal alkynes.
Cofactor-Independent Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Lackner Karl J. , Müller-Calleja Nadine
Published: July 2019

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has occupied haemostaseologists, rheumatologists and obstetricians since its initial description 35 years ago. Its name has been coined because of the antibodies against phospholipids which were the common property of affected patients. In particular, the pathogenesis of APS has been intensively studied after the early discovery that it was possible to induce the clinical manifestations in animals by transfer of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). In recent years, it has become clear that aPL are not only structurally heterogeneous but also have different pathogenic properties. This review will focus on the relevance of antigenic specificity of aPL in terms of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and perhaps treatment of APS.
Synthesis of [18F]-γ-Fluoro-α,β-unsaturated Esters and Ketones via Vinylogous 18F-Fluorination of α-Diazoacetates with [18F]AgF
Authors: Thompson Stephen , Lee So Jeong , Jackson Isaac M. , Ichiishi Naoko , Brooks Allen F. , Sanford Melanie S. , Scott Peter J. H.
Published: July 2019

This communication reports a method for the vinylogous radiofluorination of α-diazoacetates to generate [18F]-γ-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated esters and ketones in moderate to good radiochemical yields. The method uses no-carrier-added [18F]AgF and is compatible with aromatic and non-aromatic substrates and a number of different functional groups. The labeling method is showcased in the synthesis of a fluorinated cholest-5-en-3-one derivative as well as a difluorinated product pertinent to drug discovery.
Solid-Phase Zincke Reaction for the Synthesis of Peptide-4,4′-bipyridinium Conjugates
Authors: Cortón Pablo , Novo Paula , López-Sobrado Vanesa , García Marcos D. , Peinador Carlos , Pazos Elena
Published: July 2019

We present herein the development of a new synthetic strategy for the conjugation of 4,4′-bipyridinium derivatives into peptide scaffolds. The methodology, based on the development of a solid-phase version of the Zincke reaction between activated pyridinium salts and amines, is able to produce the desired conjugates in a straightforward fashion, with the bipyridinium units attached at the N-terminus of peptides or at Lys side chains of N-terminal acetylated peptides.
Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrones with α-(Acyloxy)acroleins Catalyzed by Dipeptide-Derived Chiral Tri- or Diammonium Salts
Authors: Kidou Chihiro , Mizoguchi Haruki , Nehira Tatsuo , Sakakura Akira
Published: July 2019

Organoammonium salts of dipeptide-derived chiral triamines or diamines with TfOH catalyzed the enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of α-acyloxyacroleins with nitrones to give the corresponding adducts in good yields (up to 96%) and with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 89% ee). Although α-(p-methoxybenzoyloxy)acrolein is rather unstable under the reaction conditions, α-(3-pyrroline-1-carbonyloxy)acrolein is stable enough to be smoothly converted into the corresponding adducts with the aid of the chiral organoammonium salt catalysts.
Anatomical Variations in Formation and Branching Pattern of the Border Nerves of Lumbar Region
Authors: Paul Laigy , Shastri Deepti
Published: July 2019

Background Ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves are together known as “border nerves” of the lumbar plexus. Aim of this study was to find out the variations in formation and branching pattern of these nerves and correlate with their clinical relevance.

Materials and Methods For this study 30 formaldehyde preserved cadavers were used, and the nerves were studied on both the sides, thus making the sample size of 60.

Results Iliohypogastric nerve was absent in 6.6% and double in 1.6%. It was prefixed with a twig from T12 in 6.6% and had origin from both L1 and L2 in 1.6%. The ilioinguinal nerve was absent in 3.3% and double in 3.3%. The genitofemoral nerve exhibited a large number of variations. It was absent in 1.6%. Early division of the nerve prior to emergence from the psoas major muscle was noticed in 13.3%, and early division soon after emergence from the muscle was noted in 3.3%. In one cadaver, on one side, genital branch was absent, and it continued as femoral branch only. In another cadaver, the nerve continued as genital branch only. In two other cases, genital and femoral branches were seen to arise separately from the lumbar plexus. The nerve had its origin from L1 and L2 in 25%, L2 and L3 in 25%, L1 in 3.3%, L2 in 46.66%, and L3 in 1.6% of the cases.

Conclusion Knowledge of these variations would be of immense help during surgical approach and giving nerve block for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in this region.
Study of Acromial Shapes in Relation to Gender
Authors: Basavanna Pushpa Nagavalli , Bajpe Roshni
Published: July 2019

Introduction Subacromial impingement syndrome is considered to be one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting the shoulder joint. The objectives of the study were to find out the morphology of acromion process and the presence of enthesophytes in male and female scapulae.

Methodology The study was done on 100 male and 100 female adult dry human scapulae of different people, collected from the Department of Anatomy, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Acromial shapes were classified into 4 types—type I (flat), type II (curved), type III (hooked), and type IV (convex). Acromial spurs (enthesophytes), if any, in the anterior one-third of acromion was noted.

Results The most common type of acromion found in both the sexes is type I. Even the enthesophytes were more commonly associated with type I acromion. The study revealed that the acromial shape of dried scapulae did not vary significantly with sex.

Conclusion In the present study we could find the four types of acromion mentioned in the literature. Since acromial shapes influence the shoulder pathologies involving acromion, the knowledge on acromial morphology and enthesophytes aid the clinicians during its diagnoses and treatment (acromioplasty). Also, data on morphology of acromion could be used for forensic and anthropological purposes for determining gender, ethnicity, and so forth.
Memories from the margins? Anniversaries, Anabaptists and rethinking Reformations
Authors: Hill Kat
Published: July 2019

With the recent 500-year jubilee of the Lutheran Reformation, Reformation anniversaries have become big business and the subject of much scholarly debate. This paper considers the question of anniversaries in relation to supposedly marginal religious groups in the era of the Reformation. What do they choose to commemorate? How did they fit into our accounts of religious change? And what does memory from the margins tells us? The paper argues that considering memories and anniversaries amongst these communities allows us to reassess our categories of mainstream and marginal in relation to religious change in the early modern world and beyond, and to reconsider some of our narratives about the legacies of religious change.
Enhanced stability of flows through contraction channels: Combining shape optimization and linear stability analysis
Authors: Wang Y. , Ferrer E. , Martínez-Cava A. , Zheng Y. , Valero E.
Published: July 2019

The first flow bifurcation, in channels with a sudden geometry contraction, is controlled through shape optimization to delay the onset of asymmetry. First, we confirm the existence of a pitchfork type bifurcation instability, already reported in similar geometries. The global mode responsible for this bifurcation leads to asymmetric flow for Reynolds numbers beyond a critical value. Second, we propose a global shape optimization methodology to introduce small modifications in the channel geometry that lead to flows with enhanced stability. Our results include three contraction ratios C = 2, 4, and 8, where C is the ratio of upstream to downstream channel widths. The shape optimization aims at minimizing the growth rate of the unstable mode responsible for asymmetry. Sensitivity analysis is used to find an appropriate geometry parametrization, which is defined through super-elliptic curves, and limited to small deformations. Additionally, a dynamically updated surrogate model (based on radial basis functions) is developed to drive the optimization. This substitutes expensive function evaluations, each requiring the solution of a steady Navier-Stokes base flow computation and a solution of an eigenvalue problem (linear stability analysis). Finally, a mode tracking algorithm identifies the eigenmode responsible for the onset of asymmetry during the optimization. The optimized geometries show rounded corners and are stable for Reynolds numbers well beyond the original values. For all contraction ratios, the critical Reynolds number increases by at least 7.9 times with respect to the original values. Three-dimensional simulations confirm that the optimized geometry is more stable than the original when periodic boundaries are used on the side walls. When comparing the drag of the optimized geometry to the original, we obtain a reduction of at least 64%.
Gated liquid scintillator detector for neutron time of flight measurements in a gas-puff Z-pinch experiment
Authors: Ruskov E. , Glebov V. Yu. , Darling T. W. , Wessel F. J. , Conti F. , Valenzuela J. C. , Rahman H. U. , Beg F. N.
Published: July 2019

Detection of secondary D(t, n)4He neutrons produced when thin argon or krypton gas shells implode on a deuterium gas target is a very challenging task because the secondary neutron yield is a small fraction of the primary neutron yield and because the implosion is often accompanied by an intense hard X-ray burst. We built a large volume neutron time of flight (nTOF) detector using liquid scintillator (xylene solvent with small quantities of wavelength shifting PPO + bis-MSB fluors) in an attempt to increase the detection probability for secondary neutrons in our staged Z-pinch experiments at the 1 MA Zebra pulsed-power generator. Two fast, gated microchannel plate photomultiplier tubes detect the light created in 21 liters of liquid. The hard X-rays were successfully suppressed in the recorded nTOF traces, but we found no evidence of secondary neutrons. The signal quality from the primary D(d, n)3He neutrons was higher compared to the signal quality from a plastic scintillator nTOF, thus providing a more reliable estimate of the deuterium ion temperature at the pinch stagnation time. Cross-calibration with a silver activation detector enables standalone neutron yield measurement.
Recovery map for fermionic Gaussian channels
Authors: Swingle Brian G. , Wang Yixu
Published: July 2019

A recovery map effectively cancels the action of a quantum operation to a partial or full extent. We study the Petz recovery map in the case where the quantum channel and input states are fermionic and Gaussian. Gaussian states are convenient because they are totally determined by their covariance matrix and because they form a closed set under so-called Gaussian channels. Using a Grassmann representation of fermionic Gaussian maps, we show that the Petz recovery map is also Gaussian and determine it explicitly in terms of the covariance matrix of the reference state and the data of the channel. As a by-product, we obtain a formula for the fidelity between two fermionic Gaussian states. We also discuss subtleties arising from the singularities of the involved matrices.
Balance of interstitial flow magnitude and vascular endothelial growth factor concentration modulates three-dimensional microvascular network formation
Authors: Abe Yoshinori , Watanabe Masafumi , Chung Seok , Kamm Roger D. , Tanishita Kazuo , Sudo Ryo
Published: July 2019

Hemodynamic and biochemical factors play important roles in critical steps of angiogenesis. In particular, interstitial flow has attracted attention as an important hemodynamic factor controlling the angiogenic process. Here, we applied a wide range of interstitial flow magnitudes to an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) angiogenesis model in a microfluidic device. This study aimed to investigate the effect of interstitial flow magnitude in combination with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration on 3D microvascular network formation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in a series of interstitial flow generated by 2, 8, and 25 mmH2O. Our findings indicated that interstitial flow significantly enhanced vascular sprout formation, network extension, and the development of branching networks in a magnitude-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proangiogenic effect of interstitial flow application could not be substituted by the increased VEGF concentration. In addition, we found that HUVECs near vascular sprouts significantly elongated in >8 mmH2O conditions, while activation of Src was detected even in 2 mmH2O conditions. Our results suggest that the balance between the interstitial flow magnitude and the VEGF concentration plays an important role in the regulation of 3D microvascular network formation in vitro.
Observation of toroidal acoustic mode in a current-less toroidal plasma
Authors: Kumar Umesh , Ganesh R. , Krishnamachari Sathyanarayana , Saxena Y. C.
Published: July 2019

The existence of a Toroidal Acoustic Mode (TAM) in a nearly collisionless, magnetized current-less toroidal plasma is demonstrated experimentally. The mode is found to be a discrete, global, axisymmetric mode with measured frequency nearly three times that of 2cs/(2πR), where cs=Te/Mi, Te is the local electron temperature, and Mi is the ion mass. The observed frequency is found to be independent of the radial location. The mode is found to be driven by the nonlinear interaction of a finite frequency acoustic-like mode with itself. The TAM is a discrete, global mode and is found to exhibit (m = 1, n = 0) symmetry in density fluctuations and (m ≥ 0, n = 0) symmetry in potential fluctuations, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. It is found that the TAM mode interacts with the background fluctuations. The observed frequency of both the TAM mode and the driver mode is found to scale linearly with 1/Mi, where Mi is the ion mass, but with their slopes different by a factor of 2. This mode is found to have characteristics similar to Geodesic Acoustic Modes often found in Tokamaks.
In-house setup for laboratory-based x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Zeeshan F. , Hoszowska J. , Loperetti-Tornay L. , Dousse J.-Cl.
Published: July 2019

We report on a laboratory-based facility for in-house x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. The device consists of a conventional x-ray source for the production of the incident polychromatic radiation and a von Hamos bent crystal spectrometer for the analysis of the incoming and transmitted radiation. The reliability of the laboratory-based setup was evaluated by comparing the Cu K-edge and Ta L3-edge XAFS spectra obtained in-house with the corresponding spectra measured at a synchrotron radiation facility. To check the accuracy of the device, the K- and L-edge energies and the attenuation coefficients below and above the edges of several 3d, 4d, and 5d elements were determined and compared with the existing experimental and theoretical data. The dependence of the XAFS spectrum shape on the oxidation state of the sample was also probed by measuring inhouse the absorption spectra of metallic Fe and two Fe oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4).
Engineering the gain-bandwidth product of phototransistor diodes
Authors: Bianconi Simone , Rezaei Mohsen , Park Min-Su , Huang Wenyuan , Tan Chee Leong , Mohseni Hooman
Published: July 2019

In recent years, phototransistors have considerably expanded their field of application, including for instance heterodyne detection and optical interconnects. Unlike in low-light imaging, some of these applications require fast photodetectors that can operate in relatively high light levels. Since the gain and bandwidth of phototransistors are not constant across different optical powers, the devices that have been optimized for operation in low light level cannot effectively be employed in different technological applications. We present an extensive study of the gain and bandwidth of short-wavelength infrared phototransistors as a function of optical power level for three device architectures that we designed and fabricated. The gain of the photodetectors is found to increase with increasing carrier injection. Based on a Shockley-Read-Hall recombination model, we show that this is due to the saturation of recombination centers in the phototransistor base layer. Eventually, at a higher light level, the gain drops, due to the Kirk effect. As a result of these opposing mechanisms, the gain-bandwidth product is peaked at a given power level, which depends on the device design and material parameters, such as doping and defect density. Guided by this physical understanding, we design and demonstrate a phototransistor which is capable of reaching a high gain-bandwidth product for high-speed applications. The proposed design criteria can be employed in conjunction with the engineering of the device size to achieve a wide tunability of the gain and bandwidth, hence paving the way toward fast photodetectors for applications with different light levels.
Nonlinear absorption and harmonic generation of laser in an assembly of CNT's
Authors: Yadav Mamta , Mandal Subhayan , Kumar Ashok
Published: July 2019

An analytical formalism is developed to study the nonlinear propagation of a high power laser through an array of parallel carbon nanotubes and generation of second and third harmonics. The array is mounted on a planar surface, and a laser propagates perpendicular to the lengths of the tubes. The nonlinearity arises through the electrostatic restoration force on the displaced electron cylinder with respect to the ion cylinder by the laser. The effect is resonantly enhanced near the surface plasmon resonance. For typical powers of the laser and areal density of nanotubes of radius 2 × 10−8 m, the attenuation length turns out to be 5 cm. The second harmonic conversion efficiency is of the order of 1.4 × 10−2, while the third harmonic conversion efficiency is 0.9 × 10−2.
Resolving population dynamics and interactions of multiple triplet excitons one molecule at a time
Authors: Datko Benjamin D. , Grimm Ryan , Walwark David J. , Burnside Brandon , Grey John K.
Published: July 2019

Resolving the population dynamics of multiple triplet excitons on time scales comparable to their lifetimes is a key challenge for multiexciton harvesting strategies, such as singlet fission. We show that this information can be obtained from fluorescence quenching dynamics and stochastic kinetic modeling simulations of single nanoparticles comprising self-assembled aggregated chains of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). These multichromophoric structures exhibit the elusive J-aggregate type excitonic coupling leading to delocalized intrachain excitons that undergo facile triplet formation mediated by interchain charge transfer states. We propose that P3HT J-aggregates can serve as a useful testbed for elucidating the presence of multiple triplets and understanding factors governing their interactions over a broad range of time scales. Stochastic kinetic modeling is then used to simulate discrete population dynamics and estimate higher order rate constants associated with triplet-triplet and singlet-triplet annihilation. Together with the quasi-CW nature of the experiment, the model reveals the expected amounts of triplets at equilibrium per molecule. Our approach is also amenable to a variety of other systems, e.g., singlet fission active molecular arrays, and can potentially inform design and optimization strategies to improve triplet harvesting yields.
First experiments on Revolver shell collisions at the OMEGA laser
Authors: Scheiner Brett , Schmitt Mark J. , Hsu Scott C. , Schmidt Derek , Mance Jason , Wilde Carl , Polsin Danae N. , Boehly Thomas R. , Marshall Frederic J. , Krasheninnikova Natalia , Molvig Kim , Huang Haibo
Published: July 2019

The results of recent experiments on the OMEGA laser are presented, demonstrating the ablator-driver shell collision relevant to the outer two shells of the Revolver triple-shell inertial-confinement-fusion concept [K. Molvig et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 255003 (2016)]. These nested two-shell experiments measured the pre and postcollision outer-surface trajectory of the 7.19 g/cc chromium inner shell. Measurements of the shell trajectory are in excellent agreement with simulations; the measured outer-surface velocity was 7.52 ± 0.59 cm/μs compared to the simulated value of 7.27 cm/μs. Agreement between the measurements and simulations provides confidence in our ability to model collisions with features which have not been validated previously. Notable features include the absence of ∼40 mg/cc foam between shells commonly used in double shell experiments, a dense (7.19 g/cc) inner shell representative of the densities to be used at full scale, approximately mass matched ablator payload and inner shells, and the inclusion of a tamping-layer-like cushion layer for the express purpose of reducing the transfer of high mode growth to the driver shell and mediation of the shell collision. These experiments test the modeling of the radiative heating, expansion, recompression, and acceleration of the chromium inner shell. Agreement of experimental measurements with simulation improves our confidence in the models used to design the Revolver ignition target.
Coarse-graining molecular systems by spectral matching
Authors: Nüske Feliks , Boninsegna Lorenzo , Clementi Cecilia
Published: July 2019

Coarse-graining has become an area of tremendous importance within many different research fields. For molecular simulation, coarse-graining bears the promise of finding simplified models such that long-time simulations of large-scale systems become computationally tractable. While significant progress has been made in tuning thermodynamic properties of reduced models, it remains a key challenge to ensure that relevant kinetic properties are retained by coarse-grained dynamical systems. In this study, we focus on data-driven methods to preserve the rare-event kinetics of the original system and make use of their close connection to the low-lying spectrum of the system’s generator. Building on work by Crommelin and Vanden-Eijnden [Multiscale Model. Simul. 9, 1588 (2011)], we present a general framework, called spectral matching, which directly targets the generator’s leading eigenvalue equations when learning parameters for coarse-grained models. We discuss different parametric models for effective dynamics and derive the resulting data-based regression problems. We show that spectral matching can be used to learn effective potentials which retain the slow dynamics but also to correct the dynamics induced by existing techniques, such as force matching.
Spontaneous aggregation of bovine milk casein micelles: Ultra-small angle x-ray scattering and mathematical modeling
Authors: Pink David A. , Peyronel Fernanda , Quinn Bonnie , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: July 2019

We have used Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) and mathematical models to study seemingly-spontaneous aggregation structures in two pasteurized bovine milks. Although extensive studies of casein micelles and their aggregation have been carried out, few have been done to numerically characterize submicron structures to micron-scale structures. We measured the USAXS intensity, I(q), as a function of the scattering vector magnitude, q, for commercial pasteurized skim milk and nonhomogenized whole milk at two temperatures, 7 °C and 45 °C. We observed broad peaks, reported previously to be related to casein micelles, centered at q ≈ 2 × 10−2 Å−1 and at q ≈ 9 × 10−2 Å−1. At lower q values, log I(q) displayed a behavior characteristic of aggregation manifested for a slope in the region 3–7 × 10−4 Å−1 < q < 4 × 10−3 Å−1. This behavior appeared in the absence of (a) chymosin, (b) any change in pH or CaCl2 concentration, and (c) temperature changes. We introduced a model of milk and used computer simulations to investigate consequences of casein micelles possessing surface areas lacking the water-soluble components of κ-casein proteins. These components exist to provide stability against aggregation to the casein micelles. We propose that bovine casein micelles spontaneously formed 1-dimensional aggregates.
High frequency mode generation by toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes
Authors: Wei Shizhao , Shi Peiwan , Yu Liming , Chen Wei , Chen Ningfei , Qiu Zhiyong
Published: July 2019

Nonlinear generation of high frequency modes (HFMs) by the toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) observed in the HL-2A tokamak is analyzed using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory. It is found that the HFM can be dominated by |nq−m|=1 perturbations with predominantly ideal magnetohydrodynamic polarization if the two primary TAEs are copropagating, while the HFM can be characterized by nq − m = 0 electrostatic perturbations if the two primary TAEs are counter-propagating. Here, n and m are the toroidal and poloidal mode numbers, respectively, and q is the safety factor. The nonlinear process is sensitive to the equilibrium magnetic geometry of the device.
Effective resistance of random percolating networks of stick nanowires: Functional dependence on elementary physical parameters
Authors: Benda Robert , Cancès Eric , Lebental Bérengère
Published: July 2019

We study by means of Monte Carlo numerical simulations the resistance of two-dimensional random percolating networks of stick, widthless nanowires. We use the multinodal representation [C. G. da Rocha et al., Nanoscale 7, 13011 (2015)] to model a nanowire network as a graph. We derive numerically from this model the expression of the total resistance as a function of all meaningful parameters, geometrical and physical, over a wide range of variation for each. We justify our choice of nondimensional variables by applying the Buckingham π-theorem. The effective resistance of 2D random percolating networks of nanowires is written as Req(ρ,Rc,Rm,w)=A(N,Ll∗)ρl∗+B(N,Ll∗)Rc+C(N,Ll∗)Rm,w, where N and Ll∗ are the geometrical parameters (number of wires and aspect ratio of electrode separation over wire length) and ρ, Rc, and Rm,w are the physical parameters (nanowire linear resistance per unit length, nanowire/nanowire contact resistance, and metallic electrode/nanowire contact resistance). The dependence of the resistance on the geometry of the network, on the one hand, and on the physical parameters (values of the resistances), on the other hand, is thus clearly separated, thanks to this expression, much simpler than the previously reported analytical expressions.
On the time evolution of fermionic occupation numbers
Authors: Benavides-Riveros Carlos L. , Marques Miguel A. L.
Published: July 2019

We derive an approximate equation for the time evolution of the natural occupation numbers for fermionic systems. The evolution of such numbers is connected with the symmetry-adapted generalized Pauli exclusion principle, as well as with the evolution of the natural orbitals and a set of many-body relative phases. We then relate the evolution of these phases to a geometrical and a dynamical term attached to some of the Slater determinants appearing in the configuration-interaction expansion of the wave function. Our approach becomes exact for highly symmetric systems whenever the wave function possesses as many Slater determinants as independent occupation numbers.
Recurrence network analysis of exoplanetary observables
Authors: Kovács Tamás
Published: July 2019

Recent advancements of complex network representation among several disciplines motivated the investigation of exoplanetary dynamics by means of recurrence networks. We are able to recover different dynamical regimes by means of various network measures obtained from synthetic time series of a model planetary system. The framework of complex networks is also applied to real astronomical observations acquired by recent state-of-the-art surveys. The outcome of the analysis is consistent with earlier studies opening new directions to investigate planetary dynamics.
Cylindrical vector modes based Mach-Zehnder interferometer with vortex fiber for sensing applications
Authors: Yang Junfeng , Liu Huanhuan , Wen Jianxiang , Chen Lifei , Shang Yana , Chen Na , Huang Sujuan , Wang Tingyun , Pang Fufei
Published: July 2019

We have proposed and demonstrated a cylindrical vector mode (CVMs) based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in a vortex fiber (VF) for strain sensing. The VF has a coaxial structure supporting the fundamental mode of the HE11 mode in the center core and the first-order CVMs of TE01, HE21, and TM01 modes in the ring core, respectively. By applying a pair of separated microbend long period gratings (MLPGs), the HE11 mode is partially coupled to the CVMs and then combined for constructing an in-fiber MZI. Three separated interference spectra are observed distinctly corresponding to TE01, HE21, and TM01 modes, which exhibit a good linear response to the strain change. Among these three CVMs, the TE01 mode demonstrates the highest sensitivity of −2.41 nm/mε and temperature insensitivity feature. The low cross-sensitivity from temperature benefits the CVMs based MZI to be an ideal strain sensor without compensation, having potential applications of next-generation sensors in smart engineering structures.
Quantum dynamical simulation of intramolecular singlet fission in covalently coupled pentacene dimers
Authors: Reddy S. Rajagopala , Coto Pedro B. , Thoss Michael
Published: July 2019

We analyze the dynamics of intramolecular singlet fission in a series of pentacene-based dimers consisting of two pentacene-like chromophores covalently bonded to a phenylene linker in ortho, meta, and para positions. The study uses a quantum dynamical approach that employs a model vibronic Hamiltonian whose parameters are obtained using multireference perturbation theory methods. The results highlight the different role of the direct and mediated mechanism in these systems, showing that the population of the multiexcitonic state, corresponding to the first step of the intramolecular singlet fission process, occurs mainly through a superexchange-like mechanism involving doubly excited or charge transfer states that participate in the process in a virtual way. In addition, the systems investigated provide insight into the roles that built-in geometrical constraints and the electronic structure of the spacer play in the intramolecular singlet fission process.
Decay pathways for protonated and deprotonated adenine molecules
Authors: Giacomozzi L. , D’Angelo G. , Diaz-Tendero S. , de Ruette N. , Stockett M. H. , Alcamí M. , Cederquist H. , Schmidt H. T. , Zettergren H.
Published: July 2019

We have measured fragment mass spectra and total destruction cross sections for protonated and deprotonated adenine following collisions with He at center-of-mass energies in the 20–240 eV range. Classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are used to provide detailed information on the fragmentation pathways and suggest a range of alternative routes compared to those reported in earlier studies. These new pathways involve, for instance, losses of HNC molecules from protonated adenine and losses of NH2 or C3H2N2 from deprotonated adenine. The present results may be important to advance the understanding of how biomolecules may be formed and processed in various astrophysical environments.
Lifetime mapping of photo-excited charge carriers by the transient grating imaging technique for nano-particulate semiconductor films
Authors: Ebihara Makoto , Sohn Woon Yong , Katayama Kenji
Published: July 2019

The transient grating (TG) imaging technique has been developed, where the refractive index change due to the photoexcited charge carriers excited with a stripe patterned light can be visualized. The spatiotemporal imaging of photoexcited charge carriers was demonstrated for a nanoparticulate TiO2 film. In the analytical procedures to map out the time constant distribution, the averaged response of photoexcited carriers in each image was obtained from the Fourier transform of the TG images since the image has a spatial modulation with a stripe pattern of light. The oscillation response due to the acoustic grating, the decay of the surface trapped electrons (until 1 μs), and thermal diffusion (until 100 µs) were observed. In order to obtain the lifetime imaging of the photoexcited electrons, the target time region (0–1 µs) for the response was selected and fitted with an exponential function, and the time constants were mapped out. We found that the time constants showed a wide range of distribution (68–920 ns), dependent on the sample positions.
Frequency-conversion of vector vortex beams with space-variant polarization in single-pass geometry
Authors: Saripalli Ravi K. , Ghosh Anirban , Apurv Chaitanya N. , Samanta G. K.
Published: July 2019

Nonlinear frequency conversion processes depend on the polarization state of the interacting beams. On the other hand, vector vortex beams have space-variant polarization in the transverse beam plane. In light of these two points, is it possible to do nonlinear frequency conversion of the vector vortex beam in single-pass geometry and retain the characteristics of the beam? To address this question, here, we report an experimental scheme for single-pass second harmonic generation (SHG) of vector vortex beams. Using an ultrafast Ti:Sapphire laser of pulse width ∼17 fs and a set of spiral phase plates in a polarization based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), we have generated vector vortex beams of order as high as lp = 12 at an average power of 860 mW. Using two contiguous bismuth borate crystals with the optic axis orthogonal to each other, we have frequency-doubled the near-IR vector vortex beam into visible vector vortex beam with order as high as lsh = 24. The maximum output power of the vector vortex beam of order, lsh = 2, is measured be as high as 20.5 mW at a single-pass SHG efficiency of 2.4%. Controlling the delay in MZI, we have preserved the vector vortex nature of both the pump and frequency-doubled beams. Measurement on the mode purity confirms the generation of high quality vector vortex beams at pump and SHG wavelengths. This generic scheme can be used to generate vector vortex beams across the electromagnetic spectrum in all time scales, continuous-wave to ultrafast.
Magnetoresistance and spin-torque effect in flexible nanoscale magnetic tunnel junction
Authors: Wu Weican , Zhang Like , Cai Jialin , Fang Bin , Luo Jun , Zeng Zhongming
Published: July 2019

Flexible electronics or hybrid electronics exhibit great potential for widespread applications in future wearable electronics. In this work, we fabricated flexible nanoscale MgO-barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) using a transfer printing process. The magnetic transport measurements reveal that the fabricated devices possess excellent performance with a tunnel magnetoresistance ratio of ∼130% under different strained conditions. In addition, we also studied the spin-torque diode effect under different strained conditions and found that the resonant frequency and rectified voltage remain almost unchanged. These results demonstrate that the nanoscale MTJs have good strain endurance, which provides the feasibility to flexible spintronic storage and microwave applications.
The second-order approximate internally contracted multireference coupled-cluster singles and doubles method icMRCC2
Authors: Köhn Andreas , Bargholz Arne
Published: July 2019

The second-order approximate internally contracted multireference coupled-cluster singles and doubles method icMRCC2 is defined and tested. The method is designed to bridge the gap between multireference perturbation theory and single-reference second-order approximate coupled-cluster theory (CC2). By including semi-internal double excitations into the zeroth-order expansion, the new method is able to reliably describe the coupling between excitations within the active space and the entire single-excitation spectrum. This helps, for instance, to provide a balanced treatment of valence and ionic states in polyenes (as explicitly demonstrated for cyclopentadiene) and to arrive at a more complete coverage of the excitation spectrum without the need to include diffuse orbitals into the active space. Good performance is also seen for notoriously difficult molecules such as C2 and CN. Furthermore, the multireference extension removes the main failures of single-reference CC2 theory, such as in the case of ozone.
Two methods developed for efficiently reproducing kinetic properties in molecular systems
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: July 2019

Spectral matching used to define effective coarse-grained models reproducing dynamics of a fine-grained system.
Erasing images remotely with nonlocal quantum effects
Authors: Larter Raima
Published: July 2019

Franson interference has been used to demonstrate the nonlocal erasure and correction of an image of a phase object.
Parvalbumin interneuron in the ventral hippocampus functions as a discriminator in social memory
Authors: Deng Xiaofei , Gu Lijia , Sui Nan , Guo Jianyou , Liang Jing
Published: July 2019

Significance

Recent studies have identified the hippocampal projection neurons and related pathways that encode and keep social information about familiar conspecifics. On the other side of the coin, however, the neural mechanism for animals to determine the stranger in a group achieved little attention. Here, we demonstrate that ventral CA1 parvalbumin interneurons (vCA1-PVIs) specifically participated in retrieval of social information, and their excitation is crucial for distinguishing novel from familiar conspecifics. These findings not only highlight the importance of hippocampal interneurons in social memory, but also contribute to establish the relationship between PVIs’ deficits and impaired social memory in some psychiatric illnesses.
Pore-pressure diffusion, enhanced by poroelastic stresses, controls induced seismicity in Oklahoma
Authors: Zhai Guang , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Manga Michael , Chen Xiaowei
Published: July 2019

Significance

We develop a physics-based earthquake-forecasting model for evaluating seismic hazard due to fluid injection, considering both pore pressure and poroelastic stresses. Applying this model to complex settings like Oklahoma, we show that the regional induced earthquake timing and magnitude are controlled by the process of fluid diffusion in a poroelastic medium, and thus seismicity can be successfully forecasted by using a rate-and-state earthquake nucleation model. We find that pore-pressure diffusion controls the induced earthquakes in Oklahoma. However, its impact is enhanced by poroelastic effects. This finding has significant implications for induced earthquake-forecasting efforts by integrating the physics of fluid diffusion and earthquake nucleation.
STAT6 induces expression of Gas6 in macrophages to clear apoptotic neutrophils and resolve inflammation
Authors: Nepal Saroj , Tiruppathi Chinnaswamy , Tsukasaki Yoshikazu , Farahany Joseph , Mittal Manish , Rehman Jalees , Prockop Darwin J. , Malik Asrar B.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages (AMФs) is critical for the resolution of acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we demonstrated that induction of the M1 phenotype in MФs activates the transcription factor STAT6 and thereby promotes resolution of lung injury by the increased expression of Gas6, the ligand for efferocytosis. Therefore, targeting the STAT6 activation pathway in AMФs and Gas6 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for resolution of inflammatory lung injury.
Dissecting macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of forest biodiversity across the Hawaiian archipelago
Authors: Craven Dylan , Knight Tiffany M. , Barton Kasey E. , Bialic-Murphy Lalasia , Chase Jonathan M.
Published: July 2019

Biodiversity patterns emerge as a consequence of evolutionary and ecological processes. Their relative importance is frequently tested on model ecosystems such as oceanic islands that vary in both. However, the coarse-scale data typically used in biogeographic studies have limited inferential power to separate the effects of historical biogeographic factors (e.g., island age) from the effects of ecological ones (e.g., island area and habitat heterogeneity). Here, we describe local-scale biodiversity patterns of woody plants using a database of more than 500 forest plots from across the Hawaiian archipelago, where these volcanic islands differ in age by several million years. We show that, after controlling for factors such as island area and heterogeneity, the oldest islands (Kaua’i and O’ahu) have greater native species diversity per unit area than younger islands (Maui and Hawai’i), indicating an important role for macroevolutionary processes in driving not just whole-island differences in species diversity, but also local community assembly. Further, we find that older islands have a greater number of rare species that are more spatially clumped (i.e., higher within-island β-diversity) than younger islands. When we included alien species in our analyses, we found that the signal of macroevolutionary processes via island age was diluted. Our approach allows a more explicit test of the question of how macroevolutionary factors shape not just regional-scale biodiversity, but also local-scale community assembly patterns and processes in a model archipelago ecosystem, and it can be applied to disentangle biodiversity drivers in other systems.
Enhancing humoral immunity via sustained-release implantable microneedle patch vaccination
Authors: Boopathy Archana V. , Mandal Anasuya , Kulp Daniel W. , Menis Sergey , Bennett Nitasha R. , Watkins Hannah C. , Wang Wade , Martin Jacob T. , Thai Nikki T. , He Yanpu , Schief William R. , Hammond Paula T. , Irvine Darrell J.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Vaccine kinetics, the timing of antigen and/or adjuvant delivery to lymphoid organs, have recently been shown to substantially influence immune responses to subunit vaccines, but strategies to control vaccine kinetics in a clinically translatable manner are still lacking. MNs are arrays of solid micron-sized projections that have been utilized in early clinical trials for vaccine delivery. Here, we investigated whether implantable MN skin patches could be used to control vaccine kinetics. We show that sustained intradermal release of an HIV subunit vaccine from MNs enhanced GC responses and significantly improved humoral immunity compared with traditional bolus injections. The findings of this study have strong translational relevance as MNs, such as described here, can provide rapid needle-free vaccine administration.
Functional selection of protease inhibitory antibodies
Authors: Lopez Tyler , Mustafa Zahid , Chen Chuan , Lee Ki Baek , Ramirez Aaron , Benitez Chris , Luo Xin , Ji Ru-Rong , Ge Xin
Published: July 2019

Significance

Proteases precisely control a wide variety of physiological processes and thus are important drug targets. Compared with small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are attractive, as they provide required specificity. However, finding inhibitory mAbs is often a bottleneck, largely due to lack of a function-based selection method. We overcame this obstacle and successfully isolated mAbs that effectively inhibited 5 therapeutic targets spanning 4 basic classes of proteases. Our mAb inhibitors are highly selective and deliver desired biochemical and biological actions, including reduction of amyloid beta formation in vitro and pain relief in animal behavioral tests. Thus, the technique described here can be readily applied to many pathophysiologically important proteases for the discovery and engineering of therapeutic mAbs.