bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and patterns of population structure in Creole goats from the Americas
Authors: Ginja C. , Gama L. T. , Martínez A. , Sevane N. , Martin‐Burriel I. , Lanari M. R. , Revidatti M. A. , Aranguren‐Méndez J. A. , Bedotti D. O. , Ribeiro M. N. , Sponenberg P. , Aguirre E. L. , Alvarez‐Franco L. A. , Menezes M. P. C. , Chacón E. , Galarza A. , Gómez‐Urviola N. , Martínez‐López O. R. , Pimenta‐Filho E. C. , da Rocha L. L. , Stemmer A. , Landi V. , Delgado‐Bermejo J. V.
Published: January 2017

Biodiversity studies are more efficient when large numbers of breeds belonging to several countries are involved, as they allow for an in‐depth analysis of the within‐ and between‐breed components of genetic diversity. A set of 21 microsatellites was used to investigate the genetic composition of 24 Creole goat breeds (910 animals) from 10 countries to estimate levels of genetic variability, infer population structure and understand genetic relationships among populations across the American continent. Three commercial transboundary breeds were included in the analyses to investigate admixture with Creole goats. Overall, the genetic diversity of Creole populations (mean number of alleles = 5.82 ± 1.14, observed heterozygosity = 0.585 ± 0.074) was moderate and slightly lower than what was detected in other studies with breeds from other regions. The Bayesian clustering analysis without prior information on source populations identified 22 breed clusters. Three groups comprised more than one population, namely from Brazil (Azul and Graúna; Moxotó and Repartida) and Argentina (Long and shorthair Chilluda, Pampeana Colorada and Angora‐type goat). Substructure was found in Criolla Paraguaya. When prior information on sample origin was considered, 92% of the individuals were assigned to the source population (threshold q ≥ 0.700). Creole breeds are well‐differentiated entities (mean coefficient of genetic differentiation = 0.111 ± 0.048, with the exception of isolated island populations). Dilution from admixture with commercial transboundary breeds appears to be negligible. Significant levels of inbreeding were detected (inbreeding coefficient > 0 in most Creole goat populations, P < 0.05). Our results provide a broad perspective on the extant genetic diversity of Creole goats, however further studies are needed to understand whether the observed geographical patterns of population structure may reflect the mode of goat colonization in the Americas.
On the origins and genetic diversity of South American chickens: one step closer
Authors: Luzuriaga‐Neira A. , Villacís‐Rivas G. , Cueva‐Castillo F. , Escudero‐Sánchez G. , Ulloa‐Nuñez A. , Rubilar‐Quezada M. , Monteiro R. , Miller M. R. , Beja‐Pereira A.
Published: January 2017

Local chicken populations are a major source of food in the rural areas of South America. However, very little is known about their genetic composition and diversity. Here, we analyzed five populations from South America to investigate their maternal genetic origin and diversity, hoping to mitigate the lack of information on local chicken populations from this region. We also included three populations of chicken from the Iberian Peninsula and one from Easter Island, which are potential sources of the first chickens introduced in South America. The obtained sequencing data from South American chickens indicate the presence of four haplogroups (A, B, E and D) that can be further subdivided into nine sub‐haplogroups. Of these, four (B1, D1a, E1a(b), E1b) were absent from local Iberian Peninsula chickens and one (D1a) was present only on Easter Island. The presence of the sub‐haplogroups A1a(b) and E1a(b) in South America, previously only observed in Eastern Asia, and the significant population differentiation between Iberian Peninsula and South American populations, suggest a second maternal source of the extant genetic pool in South American chickens.
Laparoscopic‐endoscopic cooperative surgery for a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor: A case report
Authors: Nagasawa Yoshinobu , Okauchi Hiroshi , Kojima Masatsugu , Setoyama Hiroshi , Hasegawa Masato , Mizuta Hiroo , Tsujikawa Tomoyuki , Tani Masaji , Kurumi Yoshimasa
Published: January 2017

For neuroendocrine tumor G1, local resection is one of the primary treatment options. Endoscopic submucosal dissection has been proven to ensure complete resection with sufficient margins. However, duodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection has a high risk of duodenal perforation because of the thin duodenal wall and poor endoscopic maneuverability. During laparoscopic dissection, suturing can resolve perforation. Therefore, laparoscopic‐endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) can ensure complete resection with a minimal margin to prevent stenosis, and suturing can resolve perforation. In short, LECS combines the advantages of both techniques. In the present case, a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor G1 in a 75‐year‐old man was successfully treated using LECS. The patient remained free from recurrence at 21 months postoperatively. LECS is feasible for a neuroendocrine tumor G1 ≤20 mm in size that has not invaded the muscularis propria or the lymphatic and venous vessels.
Adverse reactions to dietary supplements containing red yeast rice: assessment of cases from the Italian surveillance system
Authors: Mazzanti Gabriela , Moro Paola Angela , Raschi Emanuel , Da Cas Roberto , Menniti‐Ippolito Francesca
Published: January 2017

Aims

Red yeast rice (RYR) is contained in dietary supplements for patients with dyslipidemia. RYR supplements contain monacolin K, which is chemically identical to lovastatin, a licensed drug with a well‐known risk profile. We aim to describe the safety profile of RYR by analysing spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions (ARs).

Methods

Within the Italian Surveillance System of Natural Health Products, suspected ARs were collected and evaluated by a multidisciplinary group of experts to assess causality using the WHO‐UMC system or the CIOMS/RUCAM score, for hepatic reactions. The public version of the WHO‐Vigibase was also queried.

Results

From April 2002 to September 2015, out of 1261 total reports, 52 reports concerning 55 ARs to RYR dietary supplements were collected. ARs consisted in myalgia and/or increase in creatine phosphokinase (19), rhabdomyolysis (1), liver injury (10), gastrointestinal reactions (12), cutaneous reactions (9) and other reactions (4). Women were involved in 70% of cases. In 13 cases, the reaction required hospitalization, and 28 patients were taking other medications. Dechallenge was positive in 40 reactions (73%), rechallenge was positive in 7. Causality resulted as certain (1), probable (31, 56%), possible (18, 34%), unlikely (3) or unassessable (2). Similar distribution emerged from the WHO‐Vigibase.

Conclusions

The potential safety signals of myopathies and liver injury raise the hypothesis that the safety profile of RYR is similar to that of statins. Continuous monitoring of dietary supplements should be promoted to finally characterize their risk profile, thus supporting regulatory bodies for appropriate actions.
Increased regulatory T cell graft content is associated with improved outcome in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review
Authors: Fisher Sheila A. , Lamikanra Abigail , Dorée Carolyn , Gration Betty , Tsang Pat , Danby Robert D. , Roberts David J.
Published: January 2017

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality, often due to the development of acute or chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Low numbers or proportions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been reported in patients who develop GVHD. We undertook a systematic review of studies that reported the Treg composition of HSCT grafts in patients with haematological malignancies. Fourteen eligible studies were identified, eight of which stratified patients by Tregs (absolute dose or ratio to CD3+ or CD4+ cells). Meta‐analyses showed that high levels of Tregs in the grafts were associated with improved overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0·42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·23–0·74, P = 0·003, 2 studies], with a significant reduction in non‐relapse mortality (HR 0·30, 95% CI 0·14–0·64, P = 0·002, 2 studies) and a reduced risk of acute GVHD (relative risk (RR) 0·59, 95% CI 0·40–0·89, P = 0·01, 6 studies). The consistency of these findings strongly suggests that the Treg composition of HSCT grafts has a powerful effect on the success of allogeneic HSCT. The major challenge is to translate these findings into better selection of allografts and future donors to provide a substantial improvement in allogeneic HSCT outcomes and practice.
A new approach to raw material use in the exploitation of animal carcasses at BK (Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): a micro‐photogrammetric and geometric morphometric analysis of fossil cut marks
Authors: Yravedra José , Maté‐González Miguel Ángel , Palomeque‐González Juan Francisco , Aramendi Julia , Estaca‐Gómez Verónica , San Juan Blazquez María , García Vargas Elena , Organista Elia , González‐Aguilera Diego , Arriaza Mari Carmen , Cobo‐Sánchez Lucía , Gidna Agness , Uribelarrea Del Val David , Baquedano Enrique , Mabulla Audax , Domínguez‐Rodrigo Manuel
Published: January 2017

The use of innovative techniques such as micro‐photogrammetry and geometric morphometrics may have a major impact on the differentiation of cut marks made with different raw materials and, thus, link butchering processes with stone tool reduction sequences. This work focuses on a sample of cut‐marked bones from the Bell's Korongo (BK) site (Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), which is an emblematic early Pleistocene site where a large faunal assemblage, including a diverse megafauna, occurs in association with quartzite and basalt industries. We present a detailed study of a sample of 58 cut marks identified on a set of recently excavated BK fossils, using a micro‐photogrammetric and geometric morphometric approach, with the aim of identifying the raw materials used in the butchery of carcasses. In order to carry out this study, we previously carried out an experimental analysis to characterize cut marks and their morphology according to the types of raw material found at BK, namely quartzite and basalt. The results from the experimental study show that there is a good fit between raw material type and cut mark morphology, enabling us to confidently apply this method to the analysis of the cut marks of the BK fossil assemblage. The present study shows that most of the BK cut marks were created by the use of quartzite tools. The efficiency of this type of raw material is emphasized, which explains its curation over the landscape by hominins.
Improved fluorescence assays to measure the defects associated with F508del‐CFTR allow identification of new active compounds
Authors: Langron Emily , Simone Michela I , Delalande Clémence M S , Reymond Jean‐Louis , Selwood David L , Vergani Paola
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a debilitating disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which codes for a Clˉ/HCO3ˉ channel. F508del, the most common CF‐associated mutation, causes both gating and biogenesis defects in the CFTR protein. This paper describes the optimization of two fluorescence assays, capable of measuring CFTR function and cellular localization, and their use in a pilot drug screen.

Experimental Approach

HEK293 cells expressing YFP‐F508del‐CFTR, in which halide sensitive YFP is tagged to the N‐terminal of CFTR, were used to screen a small library of compounds based on the VX‐770 scaffold. Cells expressing F508del‐CFTR‐pHTomato, in which a pH sensor is tagged to the fourth extracellular loop of CFTR, were used to measure CFTR plasma membrane exposure following chronic treatment with the novel potentiators.

Key Results

Active compounds with efficacy ~50% of VX‐770, micromolar potency, and structurally distinct from VX‐770 were identified in the screen. The F508del‐CFTR‐pHTomato assay suggests that the hit compound MS131A, unlike VX‐770, does not decrease membrane exposure of F508del‐CFTR.

Conclusions and Implications

Most known potentiators have a negative influence on F508del‐CFTR biogenesis/stability, which means membrane exposure needs to be monitored early during the development of drugs targeting CFTR. The combined use of the two fluorescence assays described here provides a useful tool for the identification of improved potentiators and correctors. The assays could also prove useful for basic scientific investigations on F508del‐CFTR, and other CF‐causing mutations.
Ribosomal protein S3 gene silencing protects against experimental allergic asthma
Authors: Dong Jinrui , Liao Wupeng , Peh Hong Yong , Chan Tze Khee , Tan W S Daniel , Li Li , Yong Amy , Wong W S Fred
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose

Ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) is a 40S ribosomal protein of the S3P family essential for implementing protein translation. RPS3 has recently been found to interact with the p65 subunit of the NF‐κB complex and promote p65 DNA‐binding activity. Persistent activation of the NF‐κB pathway is evident in allergic asthma. We hypothesized that gene silencing of lung RPS3 can ameliorate allergic airway inflammation.

Experimental Approach

The gene silencing efficacy of RPS3 siRNA was screened in three different mouse cell lines by real‐time PCR and immunoblotting. Protective effects of intratracheal RPS3 siRNA in a house dust mite (HDM) mouse asthma model were determined by measuring cell counts in lung lavage fluid and lung sections, lung cytokine profiles and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR).

Key Results

RPS3 siRNA markedly knocked down RPS3 levels in all mouse cell lines tested, and in mouse lung tissues, blocked TNF‐α‐ or HDM‐induced release of mediators by the cultured cells and reduced eosinophil counts in lung lavage fluid from the HDM mouse asthma model. RPS3 siRNA lessened HDM‐induced airway mucus hypersecretion, cytokine production and serum IgE elevation. Moreover, RPS3 knockdown significantly suppressed methacholine‐induced AHR in experimental asthma. RPS3 siRNA disrupted TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation in a NF‐κB reporter gene assay in vitro and prevented the nuclear accumulation of p65 subunit and p65 transcriptional activation in HDM‐challenged lungs and cells.

Conclusions and Implications

RPS3 gene silencing ameliorates experimental asthma, probably by disrupting NF‐κB activity. RPS3 could be a novel therapeutic target for allergic airway inflammation.
Endothelin‐1 and its receptors on haemorrhoidal tissue: a potential site for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Lohsiriwat Varut , Scholefield John H , Wilson Vincent G , Dashwood Michael R
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose

Haemorrhoids is a common anorectal condition affecting millions worldwide. We have studied the effect of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and the role of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in haemorrhoid tissue.

Experimental Approach

Protein expression of ET‐1, ETA and ETB receptors were compared between haemorrhoids and normal rectal submucosa using Western blot analysis, with the localization of proteins determined by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Effects of ET‐1 and sarafotoxin 6a on human colonic and rectal arteries and veins was assessed by wire myography and the involvement of receptor subtypes established by selective antagonists.

Key Results

Dense binding of [125I]‐ET‐1 to haemorrhoidal sections was reduced by selective receptor antagonists. A higher density of ETB than ETA receptors was found in haemorrhoidal, than in control rectal tissue and confirmed by Western blot analysis. ETA and ETB receptors were localized to smooth muscle of haemorrhoidal arteries and veins, with ETB receptors on the endothelium. Human colonic and rectal arteries and veins were similarly sensitive to ET‐1 and affected by the ETA selective antagonist, but sarafotoxin S6a‐induced contractions were more pronounced in veins and antagonized by a selective ETB receptor antagonist.

Conclusions and Implications

ETA and ETB receptors are present in human haemorrhoids with ETB receptors predominating. ETA receptors are activated by ET‐1 to mediate a contraction in arteries and veins, but the latter are selectively activated by sarafotoxin S6a – a response that involves ETB receptors at low concentrations. Selective ETB agonists may have therapeutic potential to reduce congestion of the haemorrhoidal venous sinusoids.
Monolithic implant‐supported lithium disilicate (LS2) crowns in a complete digital workflow: A prospective clinical trial with a 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Joda Tim , Ferrari Marco , Brägger Urs
Published: January 2017

Background

The technical development of digital processing allows the production of anatomically full‐contoured implant‐supported restorations.

Purpose

The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to analyze the treatment concept of monolithic lithium disilicate (LS2) single‐unit restorations in a complete digital workflow.

Material and Methods

Forty‐four patients were restored with 50 screw‐retained monolithic implant LS2 crowns bonded to pre‐fabricated titanium abutments on soft tissue level implants (Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) in premolar and molar sites. All implant restorations were digitally designed after intraoral optical scanning (IOS) and CAD/CAM‐processing without physical model situations. Study participants were clinically and radiographically examined based on an annually performed follow‐up. The “Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score” (FIPS) was applied for objective outcome assessment after 2 years of loading. Five variables were defined for FIPS evaluation, resulting in a maximum score of 10 per implant restoration. Descriptive statistics were calculated for mean scores standard deviations, medians, and Q25–Q75.

Results

All patients could be successfully treated within two clinical appointments. No clinical modifications were necessary for the seating of the monolithic crowns, neither for interproximal nor occlusal sites. The implant LS2 restorations demonstrated survival rates of 100% without any technical or biological complications after 2 years. The mean total FIPS score was 7.7 ± 1.0, ranging from 6 to 10.

Conclusions

CAD/CAM‐produced monolithic implant crowns out of LS2 in a complete digital workflow seem to be a feasible treatment concept for the rehabilitation of single‐tooth gaps in posterior sites under mid‐term observation.
Quantifying mammal biodiversity co‐benefits in certified tropical forests
Authors: Sollmann Rahel , Mohamed Azlan , Niedballa Jürgen , Bender Johannes , Ambu Laurentius , Lagan Peter , Mannan Sam , Ong Robert C. , Langner Andreas , Gardner Beth , Wilting Andreas
Published: January 2017

Aim

Financial incentives to manage forests sustainably, such as certification or carbon storage payments, are assumed to have co‐benefits for biodiversity conservation. This claim remains little studied for rain forest mammals, which are particularly threatened, but challenging to survey.

Location

Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo.

Methods

We used photographic data from three commercial forest reserves to show how community occupancy modelling can be used to quantify mammalian diversity conservation co‐benefits of forest certification. These reserves had different management histories, and one was certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.

Results

Many threatened species occupied larger areas in the certified reserve. Species richness, estimated per 200 × 200‐m grid cell throughout all reserves, was higher in the certified site, particularly for threatened species. The certified reserve held the highest aboveground biomass. Within reserves, aboveground biomass was not strongly correlated with patterns of mammal richness (Spearman's rho from 0.03 to 0.32); discrepancies were strongest along reserve borders.

Main conclusions

Our approach provides a flexible and standardized tool to assess biodiversity and identify winners of sustainable forestry. Inferring patterns of species richness from camera‐trapping carries potential for the objective designation of high conservation value forest. Correlating species richness with aboveground biomass further allows evaluating the biodiversity co‐benefits of carbon protection. These advantages make the present approach an ideal tool to overcome the difficulties to rigorously quantify biodiversity co‐benefits of forest certification and carbon storage payments.
Effect of valsartan on kidney outcomes in people with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Currie Gemma , Bethel M. Angelyn , Holzhauer Björn , Haffner Steven M. , Holman Rury R. , McMurray John J. V.
Published: January 2017

Aims

To examine the effect of valsartan on kidney outcomes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Methods

In a double‐blind randomized trial, 9306 patients with IGT were assigned to valsartan (160 mg daily) or placebo. The co‐primary endpoints were the development of diabetes and two composite cardiovascular outcomes. Prespecified renal endpoints included: the composite of renal death, end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) or doubling of serum creatinine; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤30 mL/min/1.73 m2; hospitalization for renal failure; and progression from normoalbuminuria to microalbuminuria, microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria, and normoalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. The median follow‐up was 6.2 years.

Results

Valsartan reduced the incidence of diabetes but not cardiovascular events. In the valsartan group, 25/4631 patients (0.5%), vs 26/4675 (0.6%) patients in the placebo group, developed ESRD or experienced doubling of serum creatinine (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55‐1.66;
P
 = .87). Few patients in either group developed an eGFR of ≤30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or had a renal hospitalization. Fewer patients on valsartan (237/4084 [5.8%]) than on placebo (342/4092 [8.4%]) developed microalbuminuria (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.57‐0.80;
P
 < .0001), and fewer valsartan‐treated patients developed macroalbuminuria. Overall, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) was 11% lower with valsartan (95% CI 8‐13;
P
 < .0001) and 9% lower (95% CI 6‐11;
P
 < .0001) after adjusting for both glucose and blood pressure.

Conclusions

The effect of valsartan on UACR was not wholly explained by change in blood pressure or glucose. Valsartan reduced the incidence of microalbuminuria in IGT without increasing the incidence of hyperkalaemia or renal dysfunction compared with placebo.
Immunohistochemical assessment of glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R) expression in the pancreas of patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kirk Rikke K. , Pyke Charles , von Herrath Matthias G. , Hasselby Jane P. , Pedersen Lars , Mortensen Pia G. , Knudsen Lotte B. , Coppieters Ken
Published: January 2017

Aims

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone which stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon secretion from the pancreas in a glucose‐dependent manner. Incretin‐based therapies, consisting of GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors, are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Immunohistochemical studies for GLP‐1R expression have been hampered previously by the use of unspecific polyclonal antibodies. This study aimed to assess the expression levels of GLP‐1R in a set of T2D donor samples obtained via nPOD.

Methods

This study used a new monoclonal antibody to assess GLP‐1R expression in pancreatic tissue from 23 patients with T2D, including 7 with a DPP‐4 inhibitor and 1 with a history of GLP‐1R agonist treatment. A software‐based automated image analysis algorithm was used for quantitating intensities and area fractions of GLP‐1R positive compartments.

Results

The highest intensity GLP‐1R immunostaining was seen in beta‐cells in islets (average signal intensity, 76.1 [±8.1]). GLP‐1R/insulin double‐labelled single cells or small clusters of cells were also frequently located within or in close vicinity of ductal epithelium in all samples and with the same GLP‐1R immunostaining intensity as found in beta‐cells in islets. In the exocrine pancreas a large proportion of acinar cells expressed GLP‐1R with a 3‐fold lower intensity of immunoreactivity as compared to beta‐cells (average signal intensity 25.5 [±3,3]). Our studies did not unequivocally demonstrate GLP‐1R immunoreactivity on normal‐appearing ductal epithelium. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs; a form of non‐invasive pancreatic ductular neoplasia) was seen in most samples, and a minority of these expressed low levels of GLP‐1R.

Conclusion

These data confirm the ubiquity of early stage PanIN lesions in patients with T2D and do not support the hypothesis that incretin‐based therapies are associated with progression towards the more advanced stage PanIN lesions.
A Best Practice Modular Design of a Hybrid Course Delivery Structure for an Executive Education Program
Authors: Klotz Dorothy E. , Wright Thomas A.
Published: January 2017

This article highlights a best practice approach that showcases the highly successful deployment of a hybrid course delivery structure for an Operations core course in an Executive MBA Program. A key design element of the approach was the modular design of both the course itself and the learning materials. While other hybrid deployments may stress the importance of modular design, our deployment demonstrates how content can be easily mixed and matched into shorter courses on select topics. In particular, through the migration of select content online and the use of face‐to‐face class time for discussion and active‐learning experiences, we were able to dramatically reduce face‐to‐face student seat time, positively increase the student experience, and facilitate dramatic improvement in student academic achievement.
Incipient speciation in theAnastrepha fraterculuscryptic species complex: reproductive compatibility betweenA. sp.1 aff.fraterculusandA. sp.3 aff.fraterculus
Authors: Roriz Alzira Kelly Passos , Japyassú Hilton F. , Joachim‐Bravo Iara Sordi
Published: January 2017

Reproductive isolation among biological strains can be detected by analyzing reproductive barriers between populations. TheAnastrepha fraterculusWiedemann (Diptera:Tephritidae) cryptic species complex comprises eight morphotypes defined by morphometric characteristics. The present study analyzed the existence of pre‐ and post‐zygotic isolation among populations ofA. sp.1 aff.fraterculus(A. sp.1) andA. sp.3 aff.fraterculus(A. sp.3) determined by tests of sexual compatibility, analyses of the temporal pattern of calling behavior, and the reproductive performance of the offspring of homotypic and heterotypic crosses. Pre‐zygotic tests indicated asymmetric matings with preferences for homotypic crosses. TheA. sp.3 population demonstrated distinct characteristics, including low copulation percentages and a high proportion of homotypic copulations under crowded conditions. The females of theA. sp.1 population demonstrated lower copulation latency. The analyzed morphotypes demonstrated two peaks in pheromone emission activity, at the beginning and at the end of the morning and were differentiated in the abundance of males. The calling behavior of the hybrids betweenA. sp.1 male andA. sp.3 female crosses had an intermediate pattern compared to either parental type. Post‐zygotic compatibility tests indicated low viability of the cross betweenA. sp.3 males andA. sp.1 females. Pronounced asymmetries were found in the sex ratios of the offspring of heterotypic crosses, and only hybrids fromA. sp.1 male vs.A. sp.3 female crosses produced descendants. The observed pre‐ and post‐zygotic incompatibilities reflect the probable occurrence of incipient speciation betweenA. sp.1 andA. sp.3. A more adequate taxonomic classification of this species complex that considers the distinct characteristics of each morphotype will be needed to improve environmentally wise control methods against this insect pest.
Rapid recovery of a population of the cryptic and evolutionarily distinct Hochstetter's Frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri, in a pest‐free environment
Authors: Longson Christopher G. , Brejaart Ria , Baber Matthew J. , Babbitt Kimberly J.
Published: January 2017

New Zealand's native frogs (genus Leiopelma) display a very high degree of endemism and belong to a distinctive and ancient evolutionary lineage. All four extant species are considered to be threatened or endangered, but the mechanisms behind their decline are poorly understood. Many of the potential factors causing population declines are confounded for the two species living on the mainland; in particular, habitat degradation and the presence of introduced mammalian pests have been difficult to disentangle in the past. Here we present data on a population of Hochstetter's Frog (Leiopelma hochstetteri) living in a pest‐free mainland sanctuary, the 3363‐ha Maungatautari Ecological Island. Survey data from this population shows a fourfold increase in numbers between 2009 and 2012 from a very low initial density. Our results suggest that for Hochstetter's Frog at least, and possibly the other mainland species of Leiopelma, introduced mammals are a major driving factor in population declines. Given that the frog population at Maungatautari was discovered by serendipity when planning for the pest‐free sanctuary was already well underway, this also highlights the conservation value of large pest‐free areas and ecosystem‐level management.
Conserving and restoring endangered southern populations of the Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in agricultural landscapes
Authors: Crane Mason , Lindenmayer David B. , Banks Sam C.
Published: January 2017

Southern Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) populations are genetically distinct and generally found in the agricultural landscapes inland of Australia's Great Dividing Range. These populations are considered to be under greater threat of extinction than northern, coastal populations and face a unique set of environmental conditions and conservation challenges. For these reasons, we suggest that southern populations qualify as a separate evolutionarily significant unit to those from the northern, coastal segment of the range and should be managed separately. We summarize the species’ ecology specific to southern populations and relevant to management. We conduct a basic SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis to highlight potential future management directions. From our review of new and existing ecological data and SWOT analysis, we outline ten points of action important for securing the future of southern Squirrel Glider populations.
Granzyme A potentiates chemokine production in IL‐17‐stimulated keratinocytes
Authors: Cheuk Stanley , Martini Elisa , Bergh Kerstin , Chang David , Rethi Bence , Ståhle Mona , Eidsmo Liv
Published: January 2017

Plaque psoriasis presents with focal skin inflammation, partially maintained by IL‐17‐mediated interactions between infiltrating epidermal T cells and activated keratinocytes. Here we show that the majority of lesional epidermal CD8 T cells express granzyme A, alone or in combination with IL‐17. To assess proinflammatory properties of granzyme A in psoriasis, primary human keratinocytes were stimulated with granzyme A in the presence or absence of IL‐17. Out of 33 analysed keratinocyte‐derived inflammatory mediators, granzyme A potentiated IL‐17‐induced secretion of CXCL 1, CXCL 12 and CCL 4. Intriguingly, all three chemokines are implicated in psoriasis pathogenesis and are involved in recruitment of T cells, neutrophils and pDCs into inflamed tissues. Our results indicate that granzyme A produced by lesional CD8 T cells specifically increase the chemokine production from inflamed keratinocytes, thereby amplifying a chemotactic inflammatory loop that sustains psoriasis lesions.
Divergence of cAMP signalling pathways mediating augmented nucleotide excision repair and pigment induction in melanocytes
Authors: Wolf Horrell Erin M. , Jarrett Stuart G. , Carter Katharine M. , D'Orazio John A.
Published: January 2017

Loss‐of‐function melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) polymorphisms are common in UV‐sensitive fair‐skinned individuals and are associated with blunted cAMP second messenger signalling and higher lifetime risk of melanoma because of diminished ability of melanocytes to cope with UV damage. cAMP signalling positions melanocytes to resist UV injury by upregulating synthesis of UV‐blocking eumelanin pigment and by enhancing the repair of UV‐induced DNA damage. cAMP enhances melanocyte nucleotide excision repair (NER), the genome maintenance pathway responsible for the removal of mutagenic UV photolesions, through cAMP‐activated protein kinase (protein kinase A)‐mediated phosphorylation of the ataxia telangiectasia‐mutated and Rad3‐related (ATR) protein on the S435 residue. We investigated the interdependence of cAMP‐mediated melanin upregulation and cAMP‐enhanced DNA repair in primary human melanocytes and a melanoma cell line. We observed that the ATR‐dependent molecular pathway linking cAMP signalling to the NER pathway is independent of MITF activation. Similarly, cAMP‐mediated upregulation of pigment synthesis is independent of ATR, suggesting that the key molecular events driving MC1R‐mediated enhancement of genome maintenance (eg PKA‐mediated phosphorylation of ATR) and MC1R‐induced pigment induction (eg MITF activation) are distinct.
African American Extended Family and Church‐Based Social Network Typologies
Authors: Nguyen Ann W. , Chatters Linda M. , Taylor Robert Joseph
Published: January 2017

We examined social network typologies among African American adults and their sociodemographic correlates. Network types were derived from indicators of the family and church networks. Latent class analysis was based on a nationally representative sample of African Americans from the National Survey of American Life. Results indicated four distinct network types: ambivalent, optimal, family centered, and strained. These four types were distinguished by (a) degree of social integration, (b) network composition, and (c) level of negative interactions. In a departure from previous work, a network type composed solely of nonkin was not identified, which may reflect racial differences in social network typologies. Further, the analysis indicated that network types varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Social network typologies have several promising practice implications, as they can inform the development of prevention and intervention programs.
Parent–Child Estrangement: Conditions for Disclosure and Perceived Social Network Member Reactions
Authors: Scharp Kristina M.
Published: January 2017

Disclosing a family disruption like estrangement might be an important first step in garnering supportive communication, yet disclosure also might come with costs. Grounded in the disclosure literatures, this study illuminates the conditions under which adult children disclose estrangement from parents to their social networks and the perceived reactions of social network members to such disclosures. Findings from a thematic analysis of 52 narrative interviews reveal that adult children go to great lengths to keep their estrangement private, but disclose (a) when others witnessed conflict, (b) when asked, (c) when disclosure was indirect, and (d) when (they perceived) it would benefit others. Reactions to disclosure were rarely ambivalent, and adult children primarily felt unsupported by their network. Practical applications are discussed.
Parent–Adolescent Relationship Factors and Adolescent Outcomes Among High‐Risk Families
Authors: Withers Mathew C. , McWey Lenore M. , Lucier‐Greer Mallory
Published: January 2017

Using a stress‐process and attachment theory framework, we identified salient aspects of the parent–adolescent relationship and tested the extent to which those aspects were longitudinally associated with depression, withdrawal, delinquency, and aggressive behavior outcomes among a sample of high‐risk adolescents (N = 498). First, four dimensions of the parent–adolescent relationship were identified: emotional closeness, communication, autonomy, and conflict. Next, latent profile analyses were conducted, and four distinct parent–adolescent relationship profiles emerged: secure, avoidant, anxious, and detached. Adolescent outcomes were assessed 2 years later. Results indicated that (a) adolescents in the avoidant and anxious profiles demonstrated higher depression symptoms than did those in the secure profile, (b) higher levels of aggression were demonstrated in the avoidant profile, and (c) higher levels of delinquency were demonstrated in the detached profile. Implications for parent–adolescent relationships and family therapy interventions are provided.
Risk‐based management of dental procedures in patients with inherited bleeding disorders: Development of a Dental Bleeding Risk Assessment and Treatment Tool (DeBRATT)
Authors: Rasaratnam L. , Chowdary P. , Pollard D. , Subel B. , Harrington C. , Darbar U. R.
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Successful outcomes in dental management for patients with inherited bleeding disorders require close collaboration between haematology teams and dentists.

Aim

To review outcomes of an interdisciplinary pathway for dental procedures by assessing adequacy and appropriateness of haemostatic management.

Methods

Two hundred dental procedures in 30 patients with inherited bleeding disorders were included. A Dental Bleeding Risk Assessment and Treatment Tool (DeBRATT) was developed to identify four categories of bleeding risk (no risk, low, moderate and high risk of bleeding) in relation to the severity of the bleeding disorder and the invasiveness of dental procedure. The adequacy and appropriateness of haemostatic therapy provided in relation to the bleeding risk was assessed with reference to the published literature. Treatment was classified as appropriate, over or under‐treatment. Bleeding complication was the primary outcome.

Results

A high level of dental disease was noted, with 83% of patients having at least one decayed tooth and 46.7% having chronic gum disease. A total of 59.1% of the dental procedures in patients with mild bleeding disorders were over‐treated (n = 65/110) and 8.9% in patients with severe disorders had an extended duration of treatment (n = 7/79). One bleeding complication was observed in a patient with Von Willebrand's disease and severe thrombocytopenia. All other procedures (99.5%) were uneventful.

Conclusion

DeBRATT enables a risk‐based approach for the management of dental procedures in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. The tool facilitates a comprehensive evaluation of bleeding risk with the potential to minimize unnecessary treatment and aid interdisciplinary communication among different clinical teams.
Chemical, biological, and antibacterial characterization of silica glass containing silver and gold nanoparticles
Authors: Catauro Michelina , Papale Ferdinando , Caputo Pina , Donnarumma Giovanna
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study has been the preparation of sol‐gel glasses with potential antibacterial properties. Bioactive glasses containing different percentages of silver and gold nanoparticles have been synthesized via the sol‐gel method. The obtained glasses have 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt% silver as well as a constant amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) added as colloidal solution (15 wt%). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to investigate the surface of each sample. Moreover, the materials have been characterized in order to verify their antibacterial activities as well as their bioactivity and cytocompatibility as a function of Ag and Au content. SEM/EDX analysis has shown that the samples are bioactive because they are able to stimulate hydroxyapatite nucleation on their surface when soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF). WST‐8 assay of 3T3 cells, placed in contact with the material extracts, has showed that the glass does not induce cytotoxicity. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains have been used for the evaluation of the antibacterial properties of each sample. The experimental data have shown that all synthesized materials have antibacterial activity. However, the two bacterial strains respond differently to the materials. The data show that the presence of AuNP causes a decrease in the antibacterial activity of Ag+ ions.
Knowledge about, attitude toward, and practice of skin lightening products use and its social correlates among university students in five Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Pengpid Supa
Published: January 2017

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge about, attitude toward, and use of skin lightening products (SLP) and its social and psychological correlates among university students from five Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.

Methods

In a cross sectional survey, 3259 undergraduate university students (Mean age = 20.5 years, SD = 1.6) from five ASEAN countries responded to an anonymous questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, poor mental health, and SLP use.

Results

Overall, 79.1% of the students were aware that the use of SLP can harm the skin, and 30.1% knew the active ingredients of SLP. Most students had a positive perception of having a lighter skin tone and SLP. Overall, the prevalence of SLP use over the past 12 months was 30.7%, 16.7% of male, and 30.0% of female students, ranging from 13.4% in Myanmar to 69.4% in Thailand. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, among women, older age, coming from a poorer family, residing in an upper middle income country, awareness of active skin lightening ingredients, and poor mental health were associated with SLP, while among men, not aware of the negative effects of SLP and awareness of active skin lightening ingredients and poor mental health were associated with SLP use.

Conclusion

A high prevalence of SLP use was found in a large sample of ASEAN university students, and several social and mental health‐related risk factors were found that may help in guiding interventions.
Shifting the Beveridge curve: What affects labour market matching?
Authors: BOVA Elva , TOVAR JALLES João , KOLERUS Christina
Published: January 2017

This article explores short‐run determinants of the matching between labour demand and supply by identifying shifts in the Beveridge curves for 12 OECD countries between 2000Q1 and 2013Q4. Using three complementary methodologies (visual examination, cointegration techniques and non‐linear estimations), we find that labour force growth and employment protection legislation reduce the likelihood of outward shifts, and the higher the share of employees with intermediate levels of education and the long‐term unemployment, the more difficult the matching process. Active labour market policies (such as incentives for start‐ups or job‐sharing programmes) could facilitate matching, while passive policies (unemployment benefits or labour taxation) make matching significantly more difficult.
Claims to the benefits of clinical supervision: A critique of the policy development process and outcomes in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: White Edward
Published: January 2017

The historical development of clinical supervision has been variously interpreted in the international literature. Creditable evidence has accumulated, particularly over the past two decades, to show that clinical supervision has a positive demonstrable effect on supervisees. However, comparatively little research evidence has entered the public domain on any effect that clinical supervision might have on other nominated outcomes. In Australia, developments in clinical supervision were recently prompted by initiatives at national and state levels. Since 2010, lead agencies for these have sought feedback from professional bodies and organizations on a number of inter‐related draft policy documents. The present article tracked changes over time between the draft and final versions of these documents in New South Wales, and reviewed the original sources of literature cited within them. The strength of evidence upon which the final published versions were reportedly predicated was scrutinized. Upon examination, claims to the wider benefits of clinical supervision were found to be unconvincingly supported, not least because the examples selected by the agencies from the international literature and cited in their respective documents were either silent, parsimonious, or contradictory. Many claims remain at the level of folklore/hypothetical propositions, therefore, and stay worthy of rigorous empirical testing and faithful public reporting. Such investigations have been acknowledged as notoriously difficult to conduct. The present article identified noteworthy examples in the contemporary literature that signpost robust ways forward for empirical outcomes‐orientated research, the findings from which might strengthen the evidence base of future policy documents.
Challenges faced by older nurses in Singapore: a mixed methods study
Authors: Ang S.Y. , Ayoob S.B.M. , Hussain N.B.S. , Uthaman T. , Adenan H. , Chiang P. , Ong L.T. , Fong M.K. , Ostbye T.
Published: January 2017

Background

In Singapore, employees aged 62–65 can continue to be employed if they meet the re‐employment eligibility criteria. This policy, coupled with an ageing workforce, calls for age‐friendly initiatives, specific to work‐related challenges faced by older nurses.

Aim

To determine work‐related challenges faced by older nurses.

Methods

A mixed method sequential explanatory study was conducted with nurses, aged 50 and above, working in a healthcare cluster in Singapore. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was administered to 534 nurses to elicit work‐related challenges, then in‐depth interviews with 30 nurses were carried out to help explain why certain tasks and work circumstances became harder.

Results

Results of the survey indicated that the top three challenges were coping with changes, working with computers and reading labels. Place of work, salary range, gender and race were significantly associated with different work‐related challenges. Five themes emerged from the qualitative data: physical demands of work and workload, new technology, need for further education, working with younger nurses and in intercultural teams, and changing public expectations and professional image.

Discussion and conclusion

The study supports the current literature on the challenges older nurses face with technological advancement. However, older nurses in our study reported less aches and pain as compared to that reported elsewhere. There is a need for specific strategies that will address changes in work processes and environment in order to retain older nurses.

Implications for nursing and nursing policy

When devising age‐friendly work improvement initiatives, it is important for nurse leaders to factor in the needs of nurses working in different care environments, who are of different ranks, or are from different ethnic backgrounds.