bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expert Perspective: Management of Refractory Inflammatory Myopathy
Authors: Lundberg Ingrid E.
Published: April 2021

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are chronic disorders characterized by inflammation in skeletal muscle but also in other organs such as the skin, lungs, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment varies between individual patients and between organ manifestations within the same individual. Many patients respond poorly to first‐line treatment with glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate or azathioprine, with symptoms persisting in the muscles, skin, and lungs, leading to refractory disease. Management of refractory IIM is a clinical challenge, and a systematic approach is proposed to better understand the lack of treatment response, in order to guide disease management. The first step in the management of refractory IIM is to recognize whether remaining symptoms are caused by persistent inflammation in the affected tissue or whether the symptoms may be attributable to damage preceding inflammation. Thus, a second diagnostic examination is recommended. Second, in particular for patients with remaining muscle weakness, it is important to ascertain whether the diagnosis of myositis is correct or whether another underlying muscle disorder could explain the symptoms. Third, with confirmation of remaining inflammation in the tissues, a strategy to change treatment needs to be undertaken. Few controlled trials are available to guide our treatment strategies. Furthermore, different subgroups of patients may benefit from different therapies, and different organ manifestations may respond to different therapies. In this context, subgrouping of patients with IIM based on autoantibody profile may be helpful, as there are emerging data from open studies and case series to support the notion of a varying treatment response in different autoantibody‐defined subgroups of IIM patients.
Sodium‐Ion Capacitors: Recent Development in Electrode Materials
Authors: Zhang Zhihao , Gu Zhihao , Zhang Chenguang , Li Jiabao , Wang Chengyin
Published: April 2021

Sodium‐ion hybrid capacitors (SICs), combining the advantages of both sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and electrochemical supercapacitors, have captured sustained attention in the field of energy storage devices due to their high energy and power density, long lifespan, and excellent operation stability. However, conventional SICs based on battery‐type anodes and capacitive‐type cathodes suffer from imbalance on capacity and kinetics. In this regard, rational structure design on electrode materials is still necessary for SICs. Over the past two decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the exploration of suitable electrode materials to fabricate high‐performance SICs. Herein, after a brief introduction on the charge storage mechanisms of SICs, the recent developments on electrode materials for SICs are summarized, especially focusing on material design strategies as well as the relationship between structure and corresponding electrochemical performances. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities for the further development of SICs are also proposed.
Sustainable development in the Legal Amazon: energy recovery from açaí seeds
Authors: Maciel‐Silva Francisco W , Buller Luz S , M B B Gonçalves Maria L , Rostagno Mauricio A , Forster‐Carneiro Tânia
Published: April 2021

The Brazilian açaí industry reached national and international prominence in the last few years. Its final product, mainly frozen pulp, became popular worldwide, accounting for a high market share, including exports. Nevertheless, the solid by‐products arising from the processing are not always discarded in an environmentally suitable manner. This review presents a scientometric analysis of açaí research in the last 27 years (1993 to 2019), applying a longitudinal bibliometric study. Through data analysis, it can be observed that Brazil and the USA are the countries that mostly contributed to the development of açaí research. Although Brazil has more publications, the USA presents more articles in partnership with 21 countries. The results also showed that few documents addressed renewable energy recovery with the following technologies: combustion, pyrolysis, supercritical water hydrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Further analysis of the anaerobic digestion of the totality of açaí seeds generated in Brazil indicated that, theoretically, the electric energy from biogas burning could supply the whole frozen pulp industry requirement with an additional surplus for sales to the grid. Hence, electricity replacement contributes to greenhouse gas mitigation. The assessment of the potential electric energy generation illustrates how technological integration can be an innovative way to rethink the açaí production chain using a circular economy concept. Moreover, the technological advances could stimulate sustainable agro‐industrial intensification in areas such as the Legal Amazon, considered a hotspot for climate change mitigation. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Self‐emulsifying drug delivery system of (R)‐α‐lipoic acid to improve its stability and oral absorption
Authors: Banik Sujan , Halder Shimul , Sato Hideyuki , Onoue Satomi
Published: April 2021

The present study was designed to develop a self‐emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of (R)‐α‐lipoic acid (RLA) to improve the physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of RLA. RLA/SEDDS was prepared using medium‐chain triglycerides, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 as oil, surfactant, and co‐surfactant, respectively. The preferable composition of SEDDS was selected according to a pseudo‐ternary phase diagram for improved emulsification properties, and its physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated. RLA/SEDDS showed the immediate formation of fine micelles with a mean droplet size of approximately 260 nm when introduced into aqueous media. In simulated gastric fluid, this system could significantly improve the dissolution behavior of RLA and prevent the degradation of RLA, possibly due to the encapsulation of RLA into the emulsion structure. Following the oral administration of RLA/SEDDS (10 mg RLA/kg) in rats, systemic exposure to RLA and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), a reduced form of RLA, increased by 7‐ and 3‐fold, respectively. The improved dissolution and gastric stability of RLA could contribute to enhancing systemic exposure to RLA and DHLA after oral administration. From these findings, RLA/SEDDS might be an efficacious dosage option for improving the oral bioavailability as well as nutraceutical properties of RLA.
Comparative metabolic modeling of multiple sulfate‐reducing prokaryotes reveals versatile energy conservation mechanisms
Authors: Tang Wen‐Tao , Hao Tian‐Wei , Chen Guang‐Hao
Published: April 2021

Sulfate‐reducing prokaryotes (SRPs) are crucial participants in the cycling of sulfur, carbon, and various metals in the natural environment and in engineered systems. Despite recent advances in genetics and molecular biology bringing a huge amount of information about the energy metabolism of SRPs, little effort has been made to link this important information with their biotechnological studies. This study aims to construct multiple metabolic models of SRPs that systematically compile genomic, genetic, biochemical, and molecular information about SRPs to study their energy metabolism. Pan‐genome analysis was conducted to compare the genomes of SRPs, from which a list of orthologous genes related to central and energy metabolism was obtained. Twenty‐four SRP metabolic models via the inference of pan‐genome analysis were efficiently constructed. The metabolic model of the well‐studied model SRP Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) was validated via flux balance analysis (FBA). The DvH model predictions matched reported experimental growth and energy yields, which demonstrated that the core metabolic model worked successfully. Further, steady‐state simulation of SRP metabolic models under different growth conditions showed how the use of different electron transfer pathways leads to energy generation. Three energy conservation mechanisms were identified, including menaquinone‐based redox loop, hydrogen cycling, and proton pumping. Flavin‐based electron bifurcation (FBEB) was also demonstrated to be an essential mechanism for supporting energy conservation. The developed models can be easily extended to other species of SRPs not examined in this study. More importantly, the present work develops an accurate and efficient approach for constructing metabolic models of multiple organisms, which can be applied to other critical microbes in environmental and industrial systems, thereby enabling the quantitative prediction of their metabolic behaviors to benefit relevant applications.
Characterization of different biocatalyst formats for BVMO‐catalyzed cyclohexanone oxidation
Authors: Bretschneider Lisa , Heuschkel Ingeborg , Ahmed Afaq , Bühler Katja , Karande Rohan , Bühler Bruno
Published: April 2021

Cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), a member of the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase family, is a versatile biocatalyst that efficiently catalyzes the conversion of cyclic ketones to lactones. In this study, an Acidovorax‐derived CHMO gene was expressed in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Upon purification, the enzyme was characterized in vitro and shown to feature a broad substrate spectrum and up to 100% conversion in 6 h. Furthermore, we determined and compared the cyclohexanone conversion kinetics for different CHMO‐biocatalyst formats, that is, isolated enzyme, suspended whole cells, and biofilms, the latter two based on recombinant CHMO‐containing P. taiwanensis VLB120. Biofilms showed less favorable values for KS (9.3‐fold higher) and kcat (4.8‐fold lower) compared with corresponding KM and kcat values of isolated CHMO, but a favorable KI for cyclohexanone (5.3‐fold higher). The unfavorable KS and kcat values are related to mass transfer‐ and possibly heterogeneity issues and deserve further investigation and engineering, to exploit the high potential of biofilms regarding process stability. Suspended cells showed only 1.8‐fold higher KS, but 1.3‐ and 4.2‐fold higher kcat and KI values than isolated CHMO. This together with the efficient NADPH regeneration via glucose metabolism makes this format highly promising from a kinetics perspective.
Integrative metabolic profile of myelodysplastic syndrome based on UHPLC–MS
Authors: Yuan Yunxia , Zhao Jing , Li Taifeng , Ji Zhengchao , Xin Ying , Zhang Siyao , Qin Feng , Zhao Longshan
Published: April 2021

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a neoplastic disease originating from hematopoietic stem cells. Currently, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective cure, although lenalidomide, azacytidine, and decitabine have been applied to relieve symptoms of MDS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in endogenous metabolites by applying a UHPLC–MS (ultra–high‐performance liquid chromatography–MS) metabolomics approach and to investigate metabolic pathways related to MDS. An untargeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC–MS in combination with multivariate data analysis, including partial least squares discrimination analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, was established to investigate potential biomarkers in the plasma of MDS patients. As a result, 29 biomarkers were identified to distinguish between MDS patients, HSCT patients, and healthy controls, which were mainly related to inflammation regulation, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first time where plasma metabolomics was combined with HSCT to study the pathogenesis and therapeutic target of MDS. The identification of biomarkers and analysis of metabolic pathways could offer the possibility of discovering new therapeutic targets for MDS in the future.
Review rulings involving student‐athlete discipline
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: April 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by college athletics administrators with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Thermodynamic Stability of G‐Quadruplexes: Impact of Sequence and Environment
Authors: Jana Jagannath , Weisz Klaus
Published: April 2021

G‐quadruplexes have attracted growing interest in recent years due to their occurrence in vivo and their possible biological functions. In addition to being promising targets for drug design, these four‐stranded nucleic acid structures have also been recognized as versatile tools for various technological applications. Whereas a large number of studies have yielded insight into their remarkable structural diversity, our current knowledge on G‐quadruplex stabilities as a function of sequence and environmental factors only gradually emerges with an expanding collection of thermodynamic data. This minireview provides an overview of general rules that may be used to better evaluate quadruplex thermodynamic stabilities but also discusses present challenges in predicting most stable folds for a given sequence and environment.
Transradial approach for carotid artery stenting: A position paper from the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (SICI‐GISE)
Authors: Montorsi Piero , Cortese Bernardo , Cernetti Carlo , Lanzellotti Davide , Di Palma Gaetano , Marchese Alfredo , Cremonesi Alberto
Published: April 2021

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a valid and effective alternative to endoatherectomy when performed by experienced operators. The conventional approach used is the transfemoral one, but in the last 10 years a transradial (TR) approach, the standard access for cardiac catheterization, became widely adopted for peripheral vascular interventions, included the extracranial carotids. Preliminary experiences suggest this approach as safe and effective, especially in specific anatomical and clinical settings that have been shown to be associated with high risk of complications from the femoral route. Lacking international guidelines, this document, promoted by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology ‐ Gruppo Italiano Studi Emodinamici (SICI‐GISE), was drawn‐up by a panel of interventional cardiologists with a documented experience on the subject, focusing on the indications, techniques and materials that should be used for this type of intervention and the most recent literature on the subject.
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Impact of Initial Turbulence on the Explosion Behavior of Methane‐Air Mixtures
Authors: Wang Hua , Chen Tao
Published: April 2021

The experimental parameters that significantly affect the gas explosion process were determined, investigating the pressure, temperature, and velocity in the methane‐air explosion process under quiescent and turbulent conditions. Experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations were integrated to optimize the experimental parameters and elucidate the impact of the initial turbulence on the explosion behavior of methane‐air mixtures. Good agreement was achieved between the computed results and experimental data. For a certain CH4 concentration within the explosive limit range, an initial turbulence can increase the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of the pressure rise, shorten the time to reach the maximum explosion pressure and enhance the explosion strength and destructive power of CH4‐air mixtures. Turbulent flow can significantly broaden the explosive limits of CH4‐air mixtures. The ignition delay time affects the distribution of the initial turbulence and thus the extent and severity of the explosions.
Empirical and statistical p values and Type 1 error rates: Putting it all together
Authors: Brereton Richard G.
Published: April 2021

The difference between empirical and statistical p values is described, as well as the relationship between p values and Type 1 error rates (or α).
Hydrophobic POM Electrocatalyst Achieves Low Voltage “Charge” in Zn‐Air Battery Coupled with Bisphenol A Degradation
Authors: Yin Xunkai , Zhang Zichun , Yao Kequan , Xu Xinxin , Wang Yun
Published: April 2021

Zn‐air batteriesare a perspective power source for grid‐storage. But, after they are discharged at1.1 to 1.2 V, large overpotential is required for their charging (usually 2.5 V). This is due to a sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Incorporating organic pollutants into the cathode electrolyte is a feasible strategy for lowering the required charging potential. In the discharge process, the related oxygen reduction reaction, hydrophobic electrocatalysts are more popular than hydrophilic ones. Here, a hydrophobic bifunctional polyoxometalate electrocatalyst is synthesized by precise structural design. It shows excellent activities in both bisphenol A degradation and oxygen reduction reactions. In bisphenol A containing electrolyte, to achieve 100 mA ⋅ cm−2, its potential is only 1.32 V, which is 0.34 V lower than oxygen evolution reaction. In the oxygen reduction reaction, this electrocatalyst follows the four‐electron mechanism. In both bisphenol A degradation and oxygen reduction reactions, it shows excellent stability. With this electrocatalyst as cathode material and bisphenol A containing KOH as electrolyte, a Zn‐air battery was assembled. When “charged” at 85 mA ⋅ cm−2, it only requires 1.98 V. Peak power density of this Zn‐air battery reaches 120.5 mW ⋅ cm−2. More importantly, in the “charge” process, bisphenol A is degraded, which achieves energy saving and pollutant removal simultaneously in one Zn‐air battery.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalizable Symmetrically and Unsymmetrically Substituted Triarylboranes from Bench‐Stable Boron Precursors
Authors: Ferger Matthias , Berger Sarina M. , Rauch Florian , Schönitz Markus , Rühe Jessica , Krebs Johannes , Friedrich Alexandra , Marder Todd B.
Published: April 2021

A novel and convenient methodology for the one‐pot synthesis of sterically congested triarylboranes by using bench‐stable aryltrifluoroborates as the boron source is reported. This procedure gives systematic access to symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted triarylboranes of the types BAr2Ar’ and BArAr'Ar’’, respectively. Three unsymmetrically substituted triarylboranes as well as their iridium‐catalyzed C−H borylation products are reported. These borylated triarylboranes contain one to three positions that can subsequently be orthogonally functionalized in follow‐up reactions, such as Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐couplings or Sonogashira couplings.
Synthesis of Tetrahedranes Containing the Unique Bridging Hetero‐Dipnictogen Ligand EE′ (E ≠ E′=P, As, Sb, Bi)
Authors: Dütsch Luis , Riesinger Christoph , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred
Published: April 2021

In order to improve and extend the rare class of tetrahedral mixed main group transition metal compounds, a new synthetic route for the complexes [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ,η2:η2‐PE)] (E=As (1), Sb (2)) is described leading to higher yields and a decrease in reaction steps. Via this route, also the so far unknown heavier analogues containing AsSb (3 a), AsBi (4) and SbBi (5) ligands, respectively, are accessible. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments and DFT calculations reveal that they represent very rare examples of compounds comprising covalent bonds between two different heavy pnictogen atoms, which show multiple bond character and are stabilised without any organic substituents. A simple one‐pot reaction of [CpMo(CO)2]2 with ME(SiMe3)2 (M=Li, K; E=P, As, Sb, Bi) and the subsequent addition of PCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3 or BiCl3, respectively, give the complexes 1–5. This synthesis is also transferable to the already known homo‐dipnictogen complexes [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ,η2:η2‐E2)] (E=P, As, Sb, Bi) resulting in higher yields comparable to those in the literature reported procedures and allows the introduction of the bulkier and better soluble Cp′ (Cp′=tert butylcyclopentadienyl) ligand.
Hypervalent‐Iodine(III)‐Mediated Tandem Oxidative Dearomatization/Aziridination of Phenolic Amines: Synthesis of Functionalized Unactivated Aziridines
Authors: Cao Ye‐Xing , Silalai Patamawadee , Liu Chun‐Fang , Yu Ke‐Yin , Bao Xu , Zhao Xian‐He , Saeeng Rungnapha , Fan Chun‐An
Published: April 2021

A new hypervalent‐iodine(III)‐mediated tandem reaction involving oxidative dearomatization and in situ aziridination of phenolic amines is described, providing a mild and effective method for the assembly of structurally interesting and synthetically useful aziridines. Importantly, the densely functionalized aziridines resulting from this unprecedented tandem reaction offer a platform for expeditious access to architecturally diverse aza‐heterocycles through transformations initiated by selective ring‐opening of aziridines.
Shape‐Adaptability and Redox‐Switching Properties of a Di‐Gold Metallotweezer
Authors: Ibáñez Susana , Peris Eduardo
Published: April 2021

The use of a carbazolyl‐connected di‐gold(I) metallotweezer for the encapsulation of several electron‐poor organic substrates, and a planar Au(III) complex containing a CNC pincer ligand, is described. The binding affinity of the receptor depends on the electron‐deficient character of the planar guest, with larger association constants found for the more electron‐poor guests. The X‐ray diffraction molecular structures of two host:guest adducts show that the host approaches its arms in order to facilitate the optimum interaction with the surface of the planar guests, in a clear example of an guest‐induced fit conformational arrangement. The electrochemical studies of the encapsulation of N,N’‐dimethyl‐naphthalenetetracarboxy diimide (NTCDI) show that the redox active guest is released from the receptor upon one electron reduction, thus constituting an example of redox‐switchable binding.
Is there a universal mechanism of cell alignment in response to substrate topography?
Authors: Leclech Claire , Barakat Abdul I.
Published: April 2021

Cell alignment and elongation in the direction of anisotropic and aligned topographies are key manifestations of cellular contact guidance and are observed in many cell types. Whether this observation occurs through a universal mechanism remains to be established. In this Views article, we begin by presenting the most widely accepted model of topography‐driven cell alignment which posits that anisotropic topographies impose lateral constraints on the growth of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers, thereby driving anisotropic force generation and cellular elongation and alignment. We then discuss particular scenarios where alternative or complementary mechanisms of cell alignment appear to be at play. These include the cases of specific cell types such as amoeboid‐like cells and neurons as well as certain topography sizes. Finally, we review the role of the actin cytoskeleton in modulating topography‐driven cell alignment and underscore the need for elucidating the role that other cytoskeletal elements play. We close by identifying key open questions the responses to which will significantly enhance our understanding of the role of cellular contact guidance in health and disease.
To ban or not to ban tanning bed use for minors: A cost‐effectiveness analysis from multiple US perspectives for invasive melanoma
Authors: Eskander Antoine , Marqueen Kathryn E. , Edwards Heather A. , Joshua Anthony M. , Petrella Teresa M. , de Almeida John R. , Goldstein David P. , Ferket Bart S.
Published: April 2021

Background

Tanning bed use is common among US adolescents, but is associated with increased melanoma risk. The decision to ban tanning bed use by adolescents should be made in consideration of the potential health benefits and costs.

Methods

The US population aged 14 to 17 years was modeled by microsimulation, which compared ban versus no ban strategies. Lifetime quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs were estimated from a health care sector perspective and two societal perspectives: with and without the costs of policy enforcement and the economic losses of the indoor‐tanning bed industry.

Results

Full adherence to the ban prevented 15,102 melanoma cases and 3299 recurrences among 17.1 million minors, saving $61in formal and informal health care costs per minor and providing an increase of 0.0002 QALYs. Despite the intervention costs of the ban and the economic losses to the indoor‐tanning industry, banning was still the dominant strategy, with a savings of $12 per minor and $205.4 million among 17.1 million minors. Findings were robust against varying inspection costs and ban compliance, but were sensitive to lower excess risk of melanoma with early exposure to tanning beds.

Conclusions

A ban on tanning beds for minors potentially lowers costs and increases cost effectiveness. Even after accounting for the costs of implementing a ban, it may be considered cost effective.

Even after accounting for the costs of implementing a ban and economic losses in the indoor‐tanning industry, a tanning bed ban for US minors may be considered cost effective. A ban has the potential to reduce the number of melanoma cases while decreasing health care costs.

Lay Summary

Previous meta‐analyses have linked tanning bed use with an increased risk of melanoma, particularly with initial use at a young age. Yet, it remains unclear whether a ban of adolescents would be cost effective.

Overall, a ban has the potential to reduce the number of melanoma cases while promoting a decrease in health care costs.

Even after accounting for the costs of implementing a ban and the economic losses incurred by the indoor‐tanning industry, a ban would be cost effective.
Changes in concentrations of NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B, Arc and syntaxin‐1 in dorsal hippocampus Schaffer collateral synapses in a rat learned helplessness model of depression
Authors: Bieler Malte , Hussain Suleman , Daaland Elise S. B. , Mirrione Martine M. , Henn Fritz A. , Davanger Svend
Published: April 2021

Major depressive disorder involves changes in synaptic structure and function, but the molecular underpinnings of these changes are still not established. In an initial pilot experiment, whole‐brain synaptosome screening with quantitative western blotting was performed to identify synaptic proteins that may show concentration changes in a congenital rat learned helplessness model of depression. We found that the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits GluN2A/GluN2B, activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated protein (Arc) and syntaxin‐1 showed significant concentration differences between congenitally learned helpless (LH) and nonlearned helpless (NLH) rats. Having identified these three proteins, we then performed more elaborate quantitative immunogold electron microscopic analyses of the proteins in a specific synapse type in the dorsal hippocampus: the Schaffer collateral synapse in the CA1 region. We expanded the setup to include also unstressed wild‐type (WT) rats. The concentrations of the proteins in the LH and NLH groups were compared to WT animals. In this specific synapse, we found that the concentration of NMDARs was increased in postsynaptic spines in both LH and NLH rats. The concentration of Arc was significantly increased in postsynaptic densities in LH animals as well as in presynaptic cytoplasm of NLH rats. The concentration of syntaxin‐1 was significantly increased in both presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic spines in LH animals, while pre‐ and postsynaptic syntaxin‐1 concentrations were significantly decreased in NLH animals. These protein changes suggest pathways by which synaptic plasticity may be increased in dorsal hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses during depression, corresponding to decreased synaptic stability.
Atomic‐Scale Designing of Zeolite Based Catalysts by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Xu Dan , Yin Junqing , Gao Ya , Zhu Di , Wang Shuyuan
Published: April 2021

Zeolite‐supported catalysts have been widely used in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Atomic‐scale governing the metal or acid sites on zeolites still encounters great challenge in controllable synthesis and developing of novel catalysts. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), owing to its unique character of self‐limiting surface reactions, becomes one of the most promising and controllable strategies to tailor the metallic deposition sites in atomic scale precisely. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary and viewpoint of recent research in designing and engineering the structural of zeolite‐based catalysts via ALD method. A prior focus is laid on the deposition of metals on the zeolites with emphasis on the isolated states of metals, followed by introducing the selected metals into channels of zeolites associates with identifying the location of metals in and/or out of the channels. Subsequently, detailed analysis of tailoring the acid sites of different zeolites is provided. Assisted synthesis of zeolite and the regioselective deposition of metal on special sites to modify the structures of zeolites are also critically discussed. We further summarize the challenges of ALD with respect to engineering the active sites in heterogeneous zeolite‐based catalysts and provide the perspectives on the development in this field.
A study on the feasibility of delivering a psychologically informed ward‐based intervention on an acute mental health ward
Authors: Raphael Jessica , Hutchinson Taryn , Haddock Gillian , Emsley Richard , Bucci Sandra , Lovell Karina , Edge Dawn , Price Owen , Udachina Alisa , Day Christine , Cross Catherine , Peak Craig , Drake Richard , Berry Katherine
Published: April 2021

Acute mental health inpatient wards have been criticized for being nontherapeutic. The study aimed to test the feasibility of delivering a psychologically informed intervention in these settings. This single‐arm study evaluated the feasibility of clinical psychologists delivering a ward‐based psychological service model over a 6‐month period on two acute mental health wards. Data were gathered to assess trial design parameters and the feasibility of gathering patient/staff outcome data. Psychologists were able to deliver key elements of the intervention. Baseline staff and patient participant recruitment targets were met. However, there was significant patient attrition at follow‐up, with incorrect contact details on discharge being the primary reason. Implementation of a ward‐based psychological intervention appears feasible when implemented flexibly. It is feasible to recruit staff and patient participants and to collect staff outcome measures over a 6‐month period. However, greater efforts need to be taken to trace patient movement following discharge.
Understanding Ball Milling Mechanochemical Processes with DFT Calculations and Microkinetic Modeling
Authors: Pladevall Bruna S. , de Aguirre Adiran , Maseras Feliu
Published: April 2021

Mechanochemistry is an emerging field with many potential applications in sustainable chemistry. But despite the growing interest in the field, its underlying mechanistic foundations are not fully understood yet. This work presents the application of computational tools, such as DFT calculations in continuum and microkinetic modeling, to the analysis of mechanically activated procedures. Two reactions reported in previous experimental publications were studied: (i) a series of Diels‐Alder reactions and (ii) the synthesis of sulfonylguanidines. Calculations succeed in reproducing experimentally reported reaction times. The procedures were mostly standard, coupled with some sensitive choices in terms of starting concentrations and dielectric constant. This means that these particular reactions accelerated by ball milling followed the same mechanism as the equivalent reactions in solution. The implications of this result on the general picture of mechanochemical processes are discussed.
Rh(III)‐Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation and C−H Alkenylation of Indoles with 1,3‐Diynes by C−H Activation
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Nunewar Saiprasad , Usama Khan Mohammad , Kanchupalli Vinaykumar
Published: April 2021

Described herein is the Rh(III)‐ catalyzed [3+2] annulations and C2‐alkenylations of indoles with 1,3‐diynes, which deliver the synthetically important 3H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indol‐3‐ones and highly functionalized tetrasubstituted olefin derivatives. Importantly, in this methodology, the additive controlled selective formation of desired scaffolds. This synthetic strategy exhibits high efficiency and broad functional group compatibility. Furthermore, this protocol has been successfully extended to the synthesis of bis‐annulated and trisubstituted alkenes. The method is also smoothly applied for the synthesis of the core structure of protein kinase C inhibitor and melatonin analogues.
Melanoma of the lacrimal drainage system: A systematic review
Authors: Vinciguerra Alessandro , Rampi Andrea , Giordano Resti Antonio , Barbieri Diego , Bussi Mario , Trimarchi Matteo
Published: April 2021

Melanoma of the lacrimal drainage system (LDSM) is a rare and subtle condition that is frequently misdiagnosed. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review investigating the clinical features, management, and prognosis of LDSM. A structured search, according to PRISMA criteria, was performed in April 2020 and updated in February 2021 on Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and SCOPUS. The articles found underwent a double‐reviewer selection and the main data were extracted. After complete screening, 30 articles reporting 38 cases were included. The time from the first symptom to medical contact ranged from 1 month to 4 years. Surgery was the treatment proposed to all patients, with a variable extension of resection. LDSM is a rare disease that is burdened by poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is crucial, even if difficult to achieve. Surgery and radiotherapy are standardized treatments, while targeted therapy and immunotherapy are attractive prospects.
Cost‐effectiveness of risk‐based breast cancer screening: A systematic review
Authors: Khan Shah Alam , Hernandez‐Villafuerte Karla Vanessa , Muchadeyi Muchandifunga Trust , Schlander Michael
Published: April 2021

To analyse published evidence on the economic evaluation of risk‐based screening (RBS), a full systematic literature review was conducted. After a quality appraisal, we compared the cost‐effectiveness of risk‐based strategies (low‐risk, medium‐risk and high‐risk) with no screening and age‐based screening. Studies were also analysed for modelling, risk stratification methods, input parameters, data sources and harms and benefits. The 10 modelling papers analysed were based on screening performance of film‐based mammography (FBM) (three); digital mammography (DM) and FBM (two); DM alone (three); DM, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (one) and DM and US (one). Seven studies did not include the cost of risk‐stratification, and one did not consider the cost of diagnosis. Disutility was incorporated in only six studies (one for screening and five for diagnosis). None of the studies reported disutility of risk‐stratification (being considered as high‐risk). Risk‐stratification methods varied from only breast density (BD) to the combination of familial risk, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, previous biopsies, Jewish ancestry and reproductive history. Less or no screening in low‐risk women and more frequent mammography screening in high‐risk women was more cost‐effective compared to no screening and age‐based screening. High‐risk women screened annually yielded a higher mortality rate reduction and more quality‐adjusted life years at the expense of higher cost and false positives. RBS can be cost effective compared to the alternatives. However, heterogeneity among risk‐stratification methods, input parameters, and weaknesses in the methodologies hinder the derivation of robust conclusions. Therefore, further studies are warranted to assess newer technologies and innovative risk‐stratification methods.
Artificial neural network‐based adaptive modulation for elastic optical networks
Authors: Reihani Amir Zarezadeh , Behdadfar Mohammad , Sebghati Mohammadali
Published: April 2021

To cope with ever‐increasing complexity in call admission of next‐generation optical networks, deployment of machine learning stands as a promising solution. We investigate the feasibility of using machine learning to solve the problem of modulation type allocation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (CO‐OFDM) elastic optical networks (EONs). We apply a multi‐layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) to determine the suitable modulation type given the number of hops, path length, and bit error rate requirement of an incoming request. The proposed scheme is shown to outperform the distance adaptive and load‐aware methods in terms of spectral efficiency.
Hepatoprotective potential of kirenol on ethanol‐induced liver toxicity in albino rats and acetaminophen‐induced oxidative stress‐mediated apoptosis in hepatic HepG2 cells
Authors: Sun Dongsheng , Li Ying , Cao Hui , Guo Hui , Alahmadi Tahani Awad , Alharbi Sulaiman Ali , Yu Jian
Published: April 2021

Liver diseases are a major health issue in both men and women and cause significant mortality worldwide. The hepatoprotective effects of kirenol were evaluated in acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and ethanol (EtOH)‐ induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The cytotoxicity of kirenol (IC50, 25 µM/ml) and APAP (20 µg/ml) with sylimarin (IC50, 15 µg/ml) was observed in HepG2 cells by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)−2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species formation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance, suproxide dismutase, and catalase were assayed. Rats were administered a different dose (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg/day) for a period of 4 weeks before a single dose of EtOH (40% vol/vol) 3 g/kg/day. EtOH administered rats appeared to have lower body weight gain, severe hepatic and kidney damage as proved by elevated aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, increased malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory markers, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Results showed that the kirenol treatment enhanced the GSH and reduced MDA in the liver and renal tissues and restored TNF‐α and IL‐6. Histoanalysis proved the protective effects of kirenol. In conclusion, it was proved that the kirenol demonstrated a hepato‐protective effect in APAP‐ and EtOH‐induced liver toxicity in HepG2 cells and rats, respectively.
Massive bee envenomation treated by therapeutic plasma exchange
Authors: Sunny Jennifer M. , Abrencillo Rodeo
Published: April 2021

In the unfortunate event of massive envenomation and precipitation of multiorgan failure, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) can be considered as a modality for therapy. We present a patient case where TPE potentially allowed for removal of toxin with subsequent clinical improvement.
A strategy for proline and glycine mutations to proteins with alchemical free energy calculations
Authors: Hayes Ryan L. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: April 2021

Computation of the thermodynamic consequences of protein mutations holds great promise in protein biophysics and design. Alchemical free energy methods can give improved estimates of mutational free energies, and are already widely used in calculations of relative and absolute binding free energies in small molecule design problems. In principle, alchemical methods can address any amino acid mutation with an appropriate alchemical pathway, but identifying a strategy that produces such a path for proline and glycine mutations is an ongoing challenge. Most current strategies perturb only side chain atoms, while proline and glycine mutations also alter the backbone parameters and backbone ring topology. Some strategies also perturb backbone parameters and enable glycine mutations. This work presents a strategy that enables both proline and glycine mutations and comprises two key elements: a dual backbone with restraints and scaling of bonded terms, facilitating backbone parameter changes, and a soft bond in the proline ring, enabling ring topology changes in proline mutations. These elements also have utility for core hopping and macrocycle studies in computer‐aided drug design. This new strategy shows slight improvements over an alternative side chain perturbation strategy for a set T4 lysozyme mutations lacking proline and glycine, and yields good agreement with experiment for a set of T4 lysozyme proline and glycine mutations not previously studied. To our knowledge this is the first report comparing alchemical predictions of proline mutations with experiment. With this strategy in hand, alchemical methods now have access to the full palette of amino acid mutations.
PP7080 expedites the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells via sponging miR‐670‐3p and regulating UHRF1BP1
Authors: Dan Weibin , Shi Lei , Wang Li , Wu Dahe , Huang Xiaofang , Zhong Yong
Published: April 2021

Background

An increasing body of evidence has revealed that long non‐coding RNAs play a significant part in a variety of human cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

The expression of PP7080, miR‐670‐3p and UHRF1BP1 in LUAD cells and tissues was detected using a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The role of PP7080 in LUAD cells was validated by CCK‐8, flow cytometry, colony formation, transwell and wound healing assays. The binding capacity between PP7080/UHRF1BP1 and miR‐670‐3p was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Moreover, the interactional mechanism among PP7080, miR‐670‐3p and UHRF1BP1 was determined by means of RNA immunoprecipitation and western blot assays.

Results

The expression level of PP7080 is up‐regulated in LUAD cells and tissues compared to their matched controls. Down‐regulation of PP7080 restrained the proliferative and migratory abilities of LUAD cells, but induced cell apoptosis. PP7080 up‐regulation led to the opposite results. Moreover, the binding ability between miR‐670‐3p and PP7080/UHRF1BP1 in LUAD cells was confirmed. A rescue assay revealed that PP7080 contributes to LUAD development by modulating the miR‐670‐3p/UHRF1BP1 signaling pathway.

Conclusions

PP7080 expedites the proliferation and migration of LUAD cell via sponging miR‐670‐3p and modulating UHRF1BP1.
Shape accuracy of fiber optic sensing for medical devices characterized in bench experiments
Authors: Megens Mischa , Leistikow Merel D. , van Dusschoten Anneke , van der Mark Martin B. , Horikx Jeroen J. L. , van Putten Elbert G. , Hooft Gert W. 't
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS) is a new technology that visualizes the full three‐dimensional shape of medical devices, such as catheters and guidewires, using an optical fiber embedded in the device. This three‐dimensional shape provides guidance to clinicians during minimally invasive procedures, and enables intuitive navigation. The objective of this paper is to assess the accuracy of the FORS technology, as implemented in the current state‐of‐the‐art Philips FORS system. The FORS system provides the shape of the entire device, including tip location and orientation. We consider all three aspects.

Methods

In bench experiments, we determined the accuracy of the location and orientation of the tip by displacing and rotating the fiber end, while allowing the rest of the fiber to change shape freely. To test the accuracy of the full shape, we have placed the fiber in a groove, which was accurately machined in a thick, stiff metal “path plate.” We then compared the reconstructed shape with the known shape of the groove.

Results

The tip location is found with submillimeter accuracy, and the orientation is sensed with milliradian accuracy. The shape of a fiber in the path plate faithfully follows the known shape of the groove, with typical deviation less than 0.5 mm in the plane of the plate. Out of plane accuracy, perhaps slightly less relevant clinically, is more challenging, due to the influence of twist; yet even out of the plane, the deviation is only submillimeter.

Conclusion

The technology achieves submillimeter precision and provides full three‐dimensional shape, surpassing the reported precision of other navigation and tracking technologies, and therefore may potentially alleviate the need for fluoroscopy.
Characterization of a high‐resolution 2D transmission ion chamber for independent validation of proton pencil beam scanning of conventional and FLASH dose delivery
Authors: Zou Wei , Diffenderfer Eric S. , Ota Kan , Boisseau Paul , Kim Michele M. , Cai Yongliang , Avery Stephen M. , Carlson David J. , Wiersma Rodney D. , Lin Alexander , Koumenis Constantinos , Cengel Keith A. , Metz James M. , Dong Lei , Teo Boonkeng K.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Ultra‐high dose rate (FLASH) radiotherapy has become a popular research topic with the potential to reduce normal tissue toxicities without losing the benefit of tumor control. The development of FLASH proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) delivery requires accurate dosimetry despite high beam currents with correspondingly high ionization densities in the monitoring chamber. In this study, we characterized a newly designed high‐resolution position sensing transmission ionization chamber with a purpose‐built multichannel electrometer for both conventional and FLASH dose rate proton radiotherapy.

Methods

The dosimetry and positioning accuracies of the ion chamber were fully characterized with a clinical scanning beam. On the FLASH proton beamline, the cyclotron output current reached up to 350 nA with a maximum energy of 226.2 MeV, with 210 ± 3 nA nozzle pencil beam current. The ion recombination effect was characterized under various bias voltages up to 1000 V and different beam intensities. The charge collected by the transmission ion chamber was compared with the measurements from a Faraday cup.

Results

Cross‐calibrated with an Advanced Markus chamber (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) in a uniform PBS proton beam field at clinical beam setting, the ion chamber calibration was 38.0 and 36.7 GyE·mm2/nC at 100 and 226.2 MeV, respectively. The ion recombination effect increased with larger cyclotron current at lower bias voltage while remaining ≤0.5 ± 0.5% with ≥200 V of bias voltage. Above 200 V, the normalized ion chamber readings demonstrated good linearity with the mass stopping power in air for both clinical and FLASH beam intensities. The spot positioning accuracy was measured to be 0.10 ± 0.08 mm in two orthogonal directions.

Conclusion

We characterized a transmission ion chamber system under both conventional and FLASH beam current densities and demonstrated its suitability for use as a proton pencil beam dose and spot position delivery monitor under FLASH dose rate conditions.
The antioxidant dieckol reduces damage of oxidative stress‐exposed porcine oocytes and enhances subsequent parthenotes embryo development
Authors: Pyeon Da‐Bin , Lee Seung‐Eun , Yoon Jae‐Wook , Park Hyo‐Jin , Park Chan‐Oh , Kim So‐Hee , Oh Seung‐Hwan , Lee Do‐Geon , Kim Eun‐Young , Park Se‐Pill
Published: April 2021

This study investigated the effect of the antioxidant dieckol, a component of Ecklonia cava, on maturation and developmental competence of porcine oocytes exposed to oxidative stress in vitro. Oocytes were matured in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium containing various concentrations of dieckol. The blastocyst formation rate was highest in the 0.5 μM dieckol‐treated (0.5 DEK) group. The reactive oxygen species level was decreased, and the level of glutathione and expression of antioxidant genes (NFE2L, SOD1, and SOD2) at metaphase II were increased in the 0.5 DEK group. Abnormal spindle organization and chromosome misalignment were prevented in the 0.5 DEK group. Expression of maternal markers (CCNB1 and MOS) and activity of p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase were increased in the 0.5 DEK group. After parthenogenetic activation, the total number of cells per blastocyst was increased and the percentage of apoptotic cells was decreased in the 0.5 DEK group. Expression of development‐related genes (CX45, CDX2, POU5F1, and NANOG), antiapoptotic genes (BCL2L1 and BIRC5), and a proapoptotic gene (CASP3) were altered in the 0.5 DEK group. These results indicate that the antioxidant dieckol improves IVM and subsequent development of porcine oocytes and can be used to improve the quality of oocytes under peroxidation experimental conditions.