bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expediting Growth and Development: Policy Challenges Confronting Africa
Authors: Simbanegavi Witness
Published: October 2020

This article discusses five of Africa’s most pressing development challenges for the 2020s, namely, infrastructure bottlenecks, fragility of economies due to underdiversification, youth unemployment, high fertility, and climate change. These either infringe on the region’s ability to grow or bring about volatility of growth, encumbering the continent’s efforts to develop. Policy will have to grapple with the challenges of How to diversify African economies to engender resilience, close the infrastructure gap, reign in fertility, generate productive employment opportunities for youth, and climate proof African agriculture. Governments will need to partner with, and leverage, the private sector to fast-track closing of these gaps. For instance, strong institutions and appropriate regulatory and policy frameworks should support capability building by enterprises and facilitate private sector participation in infrastructure. Bankability of projects is key if African governments are to leverage the “limitless” resources held by institutional investors to finance Africa’s infrastructure build. To secure long-term development, policy makers should decisively address fertility and youth employment challenges. Interventions that raise the opportunity cost of child bearing for women (ease access to education and paid work for women and girls) are effective in lowering fertility and should be pursued. Similarly, interventions that raise productivity in agriculture and household enterprises hold promise to absorb unemployed youth in the short to medium term, while reorienting education systems to science, technology, engineering, and math and vocational education, with emphasis on quality, should expand opportunities in the medium to long term. With respect to climate change mitigation and adaptation, policy should be directed at climate proofing agriculture and greening the electricity grid. Overcoming these challenges should expedite attainment of the 2030 sustainable development goals.
Intraoperative decision making in bariatric surgery
Authors: Al Samaraee Ahmad , Samier Akeil
Published: October 2020

Background: Surgeons may encounter unexpected anatomical or pathological findings during various bariatric surgical procedures for which they must make prompt and critical decisions that had not been planned prior to the operation. In this practice review, we present our experiences with unexpected challenges and on-table decision making in bariatric surgery to share our knowledge with colleagues who may encounter the same challenges during bariatric surgery. This paper's content is of applied learning and practical value focusing on challenging intraoperative decision making; however, it does not discuss the details of the various techniques used during surgery.

Methods: This work is a single-center retrospective review of operations carried out on patients who had unexpected intraoperative findings during bariatric surgery despite the implementation of detailed preoperative evaluations that would have otherwise suggested standard procedures. These findings resulted in abandoned surgery or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy instead of the intended Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Results: A total of 449 patients had received various bariatric interventions in our unit between 2012 and 2016. Eleven patients, representing approximately 2.4% of the total number of patients surveyed had met the inclusion criteria and were added to the final list for analysis. The mean age of the included patients was 40.82 years (range: 30–51 years), and seven of the patients, representing approximately 63.6% of the included cases, were female. The mean body mass index of the 11 cases was 40.8 (range: 38–48). Only two cases (18.9%) had had their surgery abandoned; the rest (81.1%) had received laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy instead of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. None of the 11 patients had perioperative morbidity or mortality.

Conclusion: Intraoperative decision making for unexpected findings in bariatric surgery is challenging. In these circumstances, surgeons must make prompt and critical decisions, including abandoning the operation. The available literature on this subject is unsurprisingly limited because of the rarity of such findings.
Beam-column joints
Authors: Walpole W. R.
Published: October 2020

This paper is the result of deliberations of the Society's Study Group for the seismic design of steel structures.
Small cell carcinoma of gall bladder: An uncommon histologic entity
Authors: Gupta Amit , ANJUM ROHIK , Mani Rishit , Kumar Navin , Mehan Anoushika , Gupta Sweety , Chowdhury Nilotpal , Kumar Utkarsh
Published: October 2020

Gall bladder small cell carcinoma (scc) comprises of 0.5% of all GB cancers. It carries a poor prognosis in view of its aggressive nature. We here report a case of small cell carcinoma GB 55-year old lady presented with features of obstructive jaundice with significant weight loss. Examination revealed hard lump in right upper abdomen with multiple scratch marks all over the body. Clinically she had jaundice. Blood investigations revealed hyperbilirubinemia. Tumour markers showed raised CA 19-9. Staging CECT thorax and Abdomen reported polypoidal enhancing wall thickening of gall bladder with multiple metastatic deposits close to pancreatic head encasing main portal vein and common bile duct. Histopathology was suggestive of small cell carcinoma. Patient was referred to Oncology department and is receiving palliative cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy
LES RELATIONS INTRAFAMILIALES DE L’ADOLESCENCE A L’AGE ADULTE : LA TRAJECTOIRE DE SOPHIE
Authors: Bessaoud-Alonso Patrícia
Published: October 2020

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A atuação profissional do Geógrafo na elaboração dos Estudos e Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental (EIAs/RIMAs)
Authors: Gutierres Henrique Elias Pessoa , Silva Camilla Jerssica da , Pereira Valdeniza Delmondes , Rodrigues Jéssika de Olveira Neles
Published: October 2020

A elaboração dos Estudos de Impacto Ambiental é uma das áreas que vem demandando a atuação do geógrafo. Diante da complexidade de tal estudo, o mesmo exige uma equipe multidisciplinar de profissionais para a sua elaboração. Dessa forma, este artigo se propõe a apresentar dados reais sobre a atuação dos geógrafos na elaboração dos EIAs/RIMAs protocolados no órgão ambiental do estado da Paraíba, entre os anos de 2000 e 2015. Tem como base uma pesquisa aplicada e descritiva através do método documental. Sendo assim, demonstra-se que o geógrafo foi um dos profissionais mais presentes nas equipes dos EIAs analisados e a necessidade em se discutir as possibilidades de atuação em relação às diversas áreas da geografia, tendo a análise integrada como uma virtude desse profissional para o licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos e atividades de significativo poder de degradação ambiental.Palavras-chave: Geógrafos; EIAs/RIMAs; Licenciamento Ambiental.
Beneficial effects of reactance in health-related behavior? The effects of fear appeals on defensive and accepting reactions of smokers with different levels of self-esteem
Authors: Poggiolini Claudia
Published: October 2020

In this study, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) served as a theoretical background for explaining the persuasive effects of fear appeals on smokers. Based on the self-consistency theory, self-esteem was included as a moderator in this model for understanding in more detail under which circumstances, a fear appeal leads to accepting responses or to reactance. An online experiment was conducted, participating smokers read an article that contained either a neutral picture or a fear appeal. Including self-esteem in the EPPM revealed that in contrast to smokers with high self-esteem, smokers with low self-esteem increased perceived susceptibility and intention to quit, as well as reactance to a fear appeal. Moreover, reactance could not be considered a negative reaction to the fear appeal message, because for individuals with low self-esteem it was positively associated with the intention to quit. Results suggest that additionally considering smokers’ self-esteem can contribute to a more accurate prediction of the persuasive effects of fear appeals. The impact of self-esteem and reactance in health-related behavior is discussed, as are the implications for health-related messages and future research.
A Robust and Oblivious Watermarking Method Using Maximum Wavelet Coefficient Modulation and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Prasada Rao Borra Surya , Ramanjaneyulu Kongara , Raja Rajeswari K.
Published: October 2020

An image watermarking method using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented for applications like content authentication and copyright protection. This method is robust to various image attacks. For watermark detection/extraction, the cover image is not essential. Gray scale images of size 512 × 512 as cover image and binary images of size 64 × 64 as watermark are used in the simulation of the proposed method. Watermark embedding is done in the DWT domain. 3rd and 2nd level detail sub-band coefficients are selected for further processing. Selected coefficients are arranged in different blocks. The size of the block and the number blocks depends on the size of the watermark. One watermark bit is embedded in each block. Then, inverse DWT operation is performed to get the required watermarked image. This watermarked image is used for transmission and distribution purposes. In case of any dispute over the ownership, the hidden watermark is decoded to solve the problem. Threshold-based method is used for watermark extraction. Control parameters are identified and optimized based on GA for targeted performance in terms of PSNR and NCC. Performance comparison is done with the existing works and substantial improvement is witnessed.
COVID-19 Accompanied with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Case Series
Authors: Sharifi-Razavi Athena , Sedaghat Zahra , Baziboroun Mana , Karimi Narges
Published: October 2020

Introduction: The new coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, can potentially involve in the central nervous system. The most important neurological manifestations include dizziness, headache, hypogeusia, hyposmia, ataxia, seizure, ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis, seizure, cerebral vein thrombosis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Case Presentation: In this case series, we reported five patients with consciousness alteration and focal neurological deficit and neuroimaging that is consistent with intracerebral hemorrhage. In all patients, there was an association with COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: While the neurological manifestation of COVID-19 has not been appropriately defined, it is possible that a number of patients, particularly those who suffer from a severe illness, had central nervous system involvement. Thus, the neurologists should be aware of the likelihood of any neurological symptoms of COVID-19 infection.
Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function and Neurogenesis: Roles of BDNF and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Shakouri Elham , Azarbayjani Mohammad Ali , Jameie Seyed Behnamedin , Peeri Maghsoud , Farhadi Mona
Published: October 2020

Context: Cognitive disorders are one of the most common neurological problems that can be caused by lifestyle patterns, especially sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, exposure to a variety of toxins or diseases. Evidence Acquisition: There are various strategies recommended for the prevention and treatment of these disorders, including drug therapy, psychological therapy, dietary pattern changes, and physical activity. Results: It seems that physical activity with biological mechanisms can have beneficial effects on the central nervous system and improve cognitive function, including enhanced learning and memory, as well as reduced depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Of the major mechanisms that physical activity can affect cognitive function include increased neurogenic factors, decreased oxidative stress, decreased inflammatory mediators, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, it is recommended that people with cognitive impairments can use physical activity as an appropriate strategy to prevent and treat cognitive impairment problems.
El model lèxic culte de Constantí Llombart
Authors: Martí Mestre Joaquim
Published: October 2020

En aquest article s’estudia el model lèxic culte de Constantí Llombart, un dels principals representants de la Renaixença valenciana. Llombart pretenia fer extensiu aquest moviment de recuperació cultural a tots els sectors de la societat valenciana, i, per això va assajar per a la llengua literària un model lingüístic de síntesi, que evitàs les formes considerades vulgars i castellanitzants de la llengua col·loquial, però també els arcaismes que poguessen distanciar-lo dels sectors populars. En la depuració lèxica de la llengua literària, Llombart tingué en compte els clàssics i els escriptors renaixentistes de Catalunya, on creia que el moviment de recuperació cultural estava més consolidat que a València, així com les fonts lexicogràfiques, especialment els diccionaris de Carles Ros i de Josep Escrig, i segurament també el de Labèrnia. Sense renunciar al lèxic popular i dialectal, es va proposar la recuperació literària de veus tradicionals, envellides o decadents, que rebien la competència de castellanismes, i va incorporar-hi neologismes i veus introduïdes en la llengua literària catalana durant el segle XIX.
What we learn about language from Spoken Corpus Linguistics?
Authors: Voghera Miriam
Published: October 2020

Over the last few decades, the Spoken Corpus Linguistics (SCL) has achieved a great deal in terms of quantity and quality of works (O’Keeffe, McCarthy 2010). Enormous progress has been made in the last thirty years and the increment of multimodal corpora stimulates sophisticated investigations on the relationship between the verbal and non-verbal component of spoken communication (Knight 2011). The SCL is a very vital field of research, which is able to provide essential data and tools for the advancement of language knowledge. In this article I will focus on the contribution that SCL and the resulting data provide to general linguistics. In § 2, I discuss the contribution that the SCL gives to a better understanding of linguistic variation; in § 3, I show how the SCL can improve the descriptive adequacy of grammar; finally, § 4 is dedicated to the contribution that speech data can give to a better knowledge of the grammaticality of languages. Across the article I will use mainly data from Italian corpora, but widely validated by comparison with data from corpora of other languages.
Alfons Esteve & Francesc Esteve, «Igualtat lingüística. Capgirar el desús i la subordinació», Benicarló, Onada, 2019, 172 p.
Authors: Valls Esteve
Published: October 2020

Ressenya sobre el llibre d'Alfons Esteve & Francesc Esteve, Igualtat lingüística. Capgirar el desús i la subordinació, Benicarló, Onada, 2019, 172 p., ISBN: 978-84-17638-31-3.
Francesc Montero Aulet (ed.), «Manuel Brunet. Testimoni privat. Reflexions i textos de postguerra d’un vencedor vençut (1940-1947)», Girona, Curbet Edicions, 2019, 188 p.
Authors: Martín i Berbois Josep Lluís
Published: October 2020

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Francesc Montero Aulet (ed.), Manuel Brunet. Testimoni privat. Reflexions i textos de postguerra d’un vencedor vençut (1940-1947), Girona, Curbet Edicions, 2019, 188 p., ISBN: 978-84-949995-4-3.
Rafael Roca, «El sol de nostra glòria. La germanor cultural valencianocatalana a través d’un epistolari inèdit de Teodor Llorente (1865-1910)», Alacant, Institut Alacantí de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, 2018, 156 p.
Authors: Simbor Roig Vicent
Published: October 2020

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Rafael Roca, El sol de nostra glòria. La germanor cultural valencianocatalana a través d’un epistolari inèdit de Teodor Llorente (1865-1910), Alacant, Institut Alacantí de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, 2018, 156 p., ISBN: 978-84-7784-789-2.
PLK-1 promotes the merger of the parental genome into a single nucleus by triggering lamina disassembly
Authors: Velez-Aguilera Griselda , Nkombo Nkoula Sylvia , Ossareh-Nazari Batool , Link Jana , Paouneskou Dimitra , Van Hove Lucie , Joly Nicolas , Tavernier Nicolas , Verbavatz Jean-Marc , Jantsch Verena , Pintard Lionel
Published: October 2020

Life of sexually reproducing organisms starts with the fusion of the haploid egg and sperm gametes to form the genome of a new diploid organism. Using the newly fertilizedCaenorhabditis eleganszygote, we show that the mitotic Polo-like kinase PLK-1 phosphorylates the lamin LMN-1 to promote timely lamina disassembly and subsequent merging of the parental genomes into a single nucleus after mitosis. Expression of non-phosphorylatable versions of LMN-1, which affect lamina depolymerization during mitosis, is sufficient to prevent the mixing of the parental chromosomes into a single nucleus in daughter cells. Finally, we recapitulate lamina depolymerization by PLK-1 in vitro demonstrating that LMN-1 is a direct PLK-1 target. Our findings indicate that the timely removal of lamin is essential for the merging of parental chromosomes at the beginning of life inC. elegansand possibly also in humans, where a defect in this process might be fatal for embryo development.
Centering Graduate Students’ Research Projects in Data Management Education: A Pilot Program
Authors: Griffin Tina M.
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION Data management education has been part of library service models for almost 2 decades. This paper describes a pilot graduate student education program whose framework shows interdependencies between data management practices, uses a flipped classroom model to allow maximum time for implementation, and whose primary activities are entirely student research based. lLITERATURE REVIEW Education in data management encompasses many different formats (in-person, online, synchronous, asynchronous). Within this instruction, Data Information Literacy competencies help define student-learning objectives for data management tasks. Currently data management education is a combination of theory and active learning, with students asking for more hands-on practice. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION This program is an 8-week, in-person, flipped classroom series that addresses all data life cycle stages and aligns with many Data Information Literacy competencies. It is entirely student research data focused in that activities require that they use their projects, with significant time allocated to implement these practices while in the classroom. NEXT STEPS With a 69% retention rate and student improvement in seven foundational data management concepts, this program is considered a success. Future work involves converting this program to a credit-bearing course.
Overgrazing-induced legacy effects may permit Leymus chinensis to cope with herbivory
Authors: Guo Fenghui , Li Xiliang , Jimoh Saheed Olaide , Ding Yong , Zhang Yong , Shi Shangli , Hou Xiangyang
Published: October 2020

There is growing evidence that herbivory-induced legacy effects permit plants to cope with herbivory. However, herbivory-induced defense strategies in plants against grazing mammals have received little attention. To further understand the grazing-induced legacy effects on plants, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with Leymus chinensis experiencing different grazing histories. We focused on grazing-induced legacy effects on above-ground spatial avoidance and below-ground biomass allocation. Our results showed that L. chinensis collected from the continuous overgrazing plot (OG) exhibited higher performance under simulated grazing in terms of growth, cloning and colonizing ability than those collected from the 35-year no-grazing plot (NG). The enhanced adaptability of OG was attributed to increased above-ground spatial avoidance, which was mediated by larger leaf angle and shorter height (reduced vertical height and increased leaf angle contributed to the above-ground spatial avoidance at a lower herbivory stubble height, while reduced tiller natural height contributed to above-ground spatial avoidance at a higher herbivory stubble height). Contrary to our prediction, OG pre-allocated less biomass to the rhizome, which does not benefit the herbivory tolerance and avoidance of L. chinensis; however, this also may reflect a tolerance strategy where reduced allocation to rhizomes is associated with increased production of ramets.
Transcriptome analysis reveals potential immune function-related regulatory genes/pathways of female Lubo goat submandibular glands at different developmental stages
Authors: Wang Aili , Chao Tianle , Ji Zhibin , Xuan Rong , Liu Shuang , Guo Maosen , Wang Guizhi , Wang Jianmin
Published: October 2020

Background

The submandibular glands, as major salivary glands, participate in rumen digestion in goats. Sialic acid, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and other biologically active substances secreted in the submandibular glands were reported in succession, which suggests that the submandibular gland may have immune functions in addition to participating in digestion. The aim of this study was to map the expression profile of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at three different stages by transcriptome sequencing, screen immune-related genes and pathways by bioinformatics methods, and predict the immune function of submandibular glands at different developmental stages.

Methods

Nine submandibular gland tissue samples were collected from groups of 1-month-old kids, 12-month-old adolescent goats and 24-month-old adult goats (3 samples from each group), and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was conducted on these samples. The DEGs among the three stages were screened and analysed. Key genes and signalling pathways were selected via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis.

Results

The results revealed 2,706, 2,525 and 52 DEGs between 1-month-old and 12-month-old goats, between 1-month-old and 24-month-old goats, and between 12-month-old and 24-month-old goats, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that most of the DEGs were enriched in immune- related GO terms and pathways. Based on functional enrichment analysis and network analysis, 10 genes (PTPRC, CD28, SELL, LCP2, MYC, LCK, ZAP70, ITGB2, SYK and CCR7), two signalling pathways (the T cell receptor signalling pathway and the NF-κβ signalling pathway) and eight GO terms (T cell receptor signalling pathway, neutrophil mediated immunity, B cell mediated immunity, regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation, positive regulation of T cell proliferation, regulation of leukocyte differentiation, positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signalling pathway, positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation) that may play key roles in the immune functions of the goat submandibular glands at different developmental stages were identified. Moreover, we found that eight antibacterial peptide-encoding genes were downregulated in the tuberculosis and salivary secretion pathways, while all immunoglobulins were upregulated in 10 immune system pathways. These findings indicate that the submandibular glands may be important immunological organs during the growth process of goats and that the immune function of these glands gradually weakens with age up to 12 months but remains relatively stable after 12 months of age. Overall, this study will improve our understanding of transcriptional regulation related to goat submandibular gland immune function.
Patient Perspectives Surrounding Intraarticular Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lenhard Nora K. , Williams Emma E. , Lape Emma C. , MacFarlane Lindsey A. , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N.
Published: October 2020

Objective

Intraarticular (IA) injections are used frequently for knee osteoarthritis (OA), but little is known about patients’ attitudes toward these therapies. We aimed to better understand patients’ perceptions of the facilitators of and barriers to IA injections for knee OA.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study and held focus groups and individual interviews with participants with knee OA, including some who had and some who had not received IA injections. We conducted a thematic analysis to identify themes describing the factors that participants found influential when deciding whether to try an IA injection.

Results

We held 3 focus groups with 12 participants and conducted 3 individual interviews (15 participants total). We identified the following 4 themes that shaped participants’ decisions to receive a specific injection: 1) the impact of OA on participants’ lives; 2) participants’ attitudes and concerns, including desire to avoid surgery, willingness to accept uncertain outcomes, and concerns about side effects and dependence; 3) the way participants gathered and processed information from physicians, peers, and the internet; and 4) the availability of injectable products. Participants weighed the desire to regain function and delay surgery with concerns about side effects, uncertain efficacy, and costs.

Conclusion

Participants were concerned about the effectiveness, toxicity, availability, and cost of injectable products. They balanced disparate sources of information, uncertain outcomes, limited product availability, and other injection‐related concerns with a desire to decrease pain. These findings can provide clinicians, investigators, and public health professionals with insights into challenges that patients face when making injection decisions.
A Machine Learning‐Assisted Nanoparticle‐Printed Biochip for Real‐Time Single Cancer Cell Analysis
Authors: Joshi Kushal , Javani Alireza , Park Joshua , Velasco Vanessa , Xu Binzhi , Razorenova Olga , Esfandyarpour Rahim
Published: October 2020

Cancers are a complex conglomerate of heterogeneous cell populations with varying genotypes and phenotypes. The intercellular heterogeneity within the same tumor and intratumor heterogeneity within various tumors are the leading causes of resistance to cancer therapies and varied outcomes in different patients. Therefore, performing single‐cell analysis is essential to identify and classify cancer cell types and study cellular heterogeneity. Here, the development of a machine learning‐assisted nanoparticle‐printed biochip for single‐cell analysis is reported. The biochip is integrated by combining powerful machine learning techniques with easily accessible inkjet printing and microfluidics technology. The biochip is easily prototype‐able, miniaturized, and cost‐effective, potentially capable of differentiating a variety of cell types in a label‐free manner. n‐feature classifiers are established and their performance metrics are evaluated. The biochip's utility to discriminate noncancerous cells from cancerous cells at the single‐cell level is demonstrated. The biochip's utility in classifying cancer sub‐type cells is also demonstrated. It is envisioned that such a chip has potential applications in single‐cell studies, tumor heterogeneity studies, and perhaps in point‐of‐care cancer diagnostics—especially in developing countries where the cost, limited infrastructures, and limited access to medical technologies are of the utmost importance.
Counterintuitive Wetting Transitions in Doubly Reentrant Cavities as a Function of Surface Make‐Up, Hydrostatic Pressure, and Cavity Aspect Ratio
Authors: Arunachalam Sankara , Ahmad Zain , Das Ratul , Mishra Himanshu
Published: October 2020

Surfaces that entrap air underwater serve numerous practical applications, such as mitigating cavitation erosion and reducing frictional drag. These surfaces typically rely on perfluorinated coatings. However, the non‐biodegradability and fragility of the coatings limit practical applications. Thus, coating‐free, sustainable, and robust approaches are desirable. Recently, a microtexture comprising doubly reentrant cavities (DRCs) has been demonstrated to entrap air on immersion in wetting liquids. While this is a promising approach, insights into the effects of surface chemistry, hydrostatic pressure, and cavity dimensions on wetting transitions in DRCs remain unavailable. In response, Cassie‐to‐Wenzel transitions into circular DRCs submerged in water are investigated and compared with those in cylindrical “simple” cavities (SCs). It is found that at low hydrostatic pressures (≈50 Pa), DRCs with hydrophilic (θo ≈ 40°) and hydrophobic (θo ≈ 112°) make‐ups fill within 105 and 107 s, respectively, while SCs with hydrophilic make‐up fill within <10−2 s. Under elevated hydrostatic pressure (P ≤ 90 kPa), counterintuitively, DRCs with hydrophobic make‐up fill dramatically faster than the commensurate SCs. This comprehensive report should provide a rational framework for harnessing microtexturing and surface chemistry toward coating‐free liquid repellency.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Carbofunctionalization of Inert γ‐C(sp3)−O Bonds with 4‐Hydroxypyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and 4‐Hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones
Authors: Guan Qifan , Lin Cong , Chen Sai , Gao Fei , Shen Liang
Published: October 2020

The palladium‐catalyzed selective carbofunctionalization of inert γ‐C(sp3)−O bonds of aliphatic amides by using the strategy of sp3 C−H activation/β‐O elimination/hydrocarbofunctionalization with the assistance of 8‐aminoquinolyl directing group is presented here. This method features a broad scope of both 4‐hydroxypyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones, providing a versatile method for the synthesis of corresponding γ‐substituted amide derivatives.

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Growth temperature and rhizome propagule characteristics affect rhizoma peanut shoot emergence and biomass partitioning
Authors: Aryal Parmeshwor , Sollenberger Lynn E.
Published: October 2020

Adoption of rhizoma peanut (RP; Arachis glabrata Benth.) is limited by slow establishment. Understanding the factors affecting RP biomass partitioning during the shoot emergence period may aid in developing management practices that enhance establishment. A growth chamber study was conducted to determine shoot emergence and overall growth responses of two RP entries (germplasm Ecoturf and ‘UF Tito’) to day/night temperature (20/10 and 30/20 °C). A greenhouse study evaluated similar responses to rhizome propagule length (10‐ and 20‐cm fragments) and presence or absence of an apical shoot. Shoot emergence was greater (4.9 vs. 2.6 pot−1) at a day/night temperature of 30/20 than 20/10 °C. Root‐rhizome/shoot ratio was much less when RP was grown at 30/20 °C (1.4) than at 20/10 °C (8.5). Growth of more upright‐growing UF Tito was superior to Ecoturf at the greater temperature. In the greenhouse experiment, number of shoots emerged from rhizomes was generally greater with smaller rhizome fragments (10 cm) from which apical shoots were removed, especially for UF Tito. Root‐rhizome/shoot ratio decreased with presence of an apical shoot due to increased shoot biomass, especially for Ecoturf. We conclude that greater growth temperature after planting results in more rapid shoot emergence and greater growth during early establishment, likely favoring summer vs. early spring planting dates, especially for UF Tito. Although RP biomass partitioning responded to presence of an apical shoot on propagules, rhizome length did not affect partitioning and presence of an apical shoot did not consistently influence biomass responses, suggesting no particular requirement for rhizome fragmentation prior to planting.
A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone
Authors: Del Bove Antonietta , Profico Antonio , Riga Alessandro , Bucchi Ana , Lorenzo Carlos
Published: October 2020

Objectives

We analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic.

Materials and methods

The sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid‐sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex.

Results

All the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone.

Conclusion

The usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
Reactivity, Selectivity, and Synthesis of 4‐C‐Silylated Glycosyl Donors and 4‐Deoxy Analogues
Authors: Jæger Pedersen Martin , Pedersen Christian Marcus
Published: October 2020

A method for introducing dimethylphenylsilyl at the 4‐position in carbohydrates has been developed. Two C‐silylated glycosyl donors were prepared via levoglucosenone, starting from cellulose. The glycosylation properties were studied using three glucoside acceptors, a 3‐OH, 4‐OH, and 6‐OH. Compared with the 4‐deoxy variant, it was found that the anomeric selectivity was influenced more by the C‐2 substituents orientation than the silyl in the 4‐position. In general, the reactivity of these donors was higher than the corresponding 4‐deoxy‐analogue, albeit a competition experiment showed that the introduction of a C−Si increases the relative reactivity by a modest factor of around two.
Electric‐Field‐Mediated Electron Tunneling of Supramolecular Naphthalimide Nanostructures for Biomimetic H2 Production
Authors: Lin Huan , Ma Zhiyun , Zhao Jiwu , Liu Yang , Chen Jinquan , Wang Junhui , Wu Kaifeng , Jia Huaping , Zhang Xuming , Cao Xinhua , Wang Xuxu , Fu Xianzhi , Long Jinlin
Published: October 2020

The design and synthesis of two semiconducting bis (4‐ethynyl‐bridging 1, 8‐naphthalimide) bolaamphiphiles (BENI‐COO− and BENI‐NH3+) to fabricate supramolecular metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) nanostructures for biomimetic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation is presented. A H2 evolution rate of ca. 3.12 mmol g−1⋅h−1 and an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of ca. 1.63 % at 400 nm were achieved over the BENI‐COO−‐NH3+‐Ni MIS photosystem prepared by electrostatic self‐assembly of BENI‐COO− with the opposite‐charged DuBois‐Ni catalysts. The hot electrons of photoexcited BENI‐COO− nanofibers were tunneled to the molecular Ni collectors across a salt bridge and an alkyl region of 2.2–2.5 nm length at a rate of 6.10×108 s−1, which is five times larger than the BENI‐NH3+ nanoribbons (1.17×108 s−1). The electric field benefited significantly the electron tunneling dynamics and compensated the charge‐separated states insufficient in the BENI‐COO− nanofibers.
Dynamic Bio‐Barcode Assay Enables Electrochemical Detection of a Cancer Biomarker in Undiluted Human Plasma: A Sample‐In‐Answer‐Out Approach
Authors: Traynor Sarah M. , Wang Guan A. , Pandey Richa , Li Feng , Soleymani Leyla
Published: October 2020

There is a need for biosensing systems that can be operated at the point‐of‐care (POC) for disease screening and diagnostics and health monitoring. In spite of this, simple to operate systems with the required analytical sensitivity and specificity in clinical samples, using a sample‐in‐answer‐out approach, remain elusive. Reported here is an electrochemical bio‐barcode assay (e‐biobarcode assay) that integrates biorecognition with signal transduction using molecular (DNA/protein) machines and signal readout using nanostructured electrodes. The e‐biobarcode assay eliminates multistep processing and uses a single step for analysis following sample collection into the reagent tube. A clinically relevant performance for the analysis of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in undiluted and unprocessed human plasma: a log‐linear range of 1 ng mL−1–200 ng mL−1 and a LOD of 0.4 ng mL−1, was achieved. The e‐biobarcode assay offers a realistic solution for biomarker analysis at the POC.
Catalytic Decarboxylative C−N Formation to Generate Alkyl, Alkenyl, and Aryl Amines
Authors: Zhang Yipin , Ge Xia , Lu Hongjian , Li Guigen
Published: October 2020

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed sp2 C−N bond formation is a reliable method for the synthesis of aryl amines. Catalytic sp3 C−N formation reactions have been reported occasionally, and methods that can realize both sp2 and sp3 C−N formation are relatively unexplored. Herein, we address this challenge with a method of catalytic decarboxylative C−N formation that proceeds through a cascade carboxylic acid activation, acyl azide formation, Curtius rearrangement and nucleophilic addition reaction. The reaction uses naturally abundant organic carboxylic acids as carbon sources, readily prepared azidoformates as the nitrogen sources, and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and Cu(OAc)2 as catalysts with as low as 0.1 mol % loading, providing protected alkyl, alkenyl and aryl amines in high yields with gaseous N2 and CO2 as the only byproducts. Examples are demonstrated of the late‐stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules, stereospecific synthesis of useful α‐chiral alkyl amines, and rapid construction of different ureas and primary amines.
Series of Crystals with Giant Optical Anisotropy: A Targeted Strategic Research
Authors: Tong Tinghao , Zhang Wenyao , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie
Published: October 2020

The main commercially used birefringent oxides α‐BaB2O4 and YVO4 have the birefringences of 0.12 and 0.22. We propose a targeted high‐throughput screening system to search birefringence‐active functional modules (FMs) and large birefringent materials. A series of π‐conjugated C−O units [C2O4]2−, [C2O6]2−, [C4O4]2−, and [C6O6]2− are discovered to be birefringence‐active FMs. Theoretical and experimental studies on the crystals with C−O units confirm the feasibility of strategy. Based on this, the C−O containing compounds ranging from deep‐ultraviolet to near‐infrared region with large birefringence from 0.1 to 1.35 are found, and most of them break through the birefringent limit of oxides. The (NH4)2C2O4⋅H2O crystal is grown and its experimental birefringence is 0.248 at 546 nm, which is identified as a promising UV birefringent crystal. The A‐site cations play significant roles in optical properties by influencing the density and arrangement of the C−O units.
Approaching a “Naked” Boryl Anion: Amide Metathesis as a Route to Calcium, Strontium, and Potassium Boryl Complexes
Authors: Protchenko Andrey V. , Vasko Petra , Fuentes M. Ángeles , Hicks Jamie , Vidovic Dragoslav , Aldridge Simon
Published: October 2020

Amide metathesis has been used to generate the first structurally characterized boryl complexes of calcium and strontium, {(Me3Si)2N}M{B(NDippCH)2}(thf)n(M=Ca,n=2; M=Sr,n=3), through the reactions of the corresponding bis(amides), M{N(SiMe3)2}2(thf)2, with (thf)2Li‐ {B(NDippCH)2}. Most notably, this approach can also be applied to the analogous potassium amide K{N(SiMe3)2}, leading to the formation of the solvent‐free borylpotassium dimer [K{B(NDippCH)2}]2, which is stable in the solid state at room temperature for extended periods (48 h). A dimeric structure has been determined crystallographically in which the K+cations interact weakly with both the ipso‐carbons of the flanking Dipp groups and the boron centres of the diazaborolyl heterocycles, with K⋅⋅⋅B distances of >3.1 Å. These structural features, together with atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations imply that the boron‐containing fragment closely approaches a limiting description as a “free” boryl anion in the condensed phase.
1,1,2‐Trifunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes by Radical Addition–Translocation–Cyclization–Trapping for the Construction of Highly Substituted Cyclopentanes
Authors: Yang Youqing , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido
Published: October 2020

Radical 1,1,2‐trifunctionalization of terminal alkynes by an addition–translocation–cyclization–trapping sequence using readily available alkynyl triflones as trifluoromethyl radical precursors and trapping reagents is reported. Cascades occur by addition of the trifluoromethyl radical to a terminal alkyne, 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer, 5‐exo‐cyclization, and subsequent alkynylation to provide (1‐trifluoromethyl)propargyl cyclopentanes. Reactions proceed with commercial dibenzoyl peroxide or α,α′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator at elevated temperature and provide the highly substituted cyclopentanes in good yields.
Chromium‐Catalyzed Selective Dimerization/Hydroboration of Allenes to Access Boryl‐Functionalized Skipped (E,Z)‐Dienes
Authors: Zhao Yinsong , Ge Shaozhong
Published: October 2020

A chromium‐catalyzed dimerization/hydroboration of allenes is developed to access synthetically versatile boryl‐functionalized skipped dienes with a catalyst generated in situ from CrCl2 and a pyridine‐2,6‐diimine ligand mesPDI. A variety of allenes reacted with pinacolborane (HBpin) to afford the corresponding boryl‐functionalized (E,Z)‐1,4‐dienes in high yields and with excellent selectivity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies suggest that this chromium‐catalyzed reaction probably proceeds through a chromium(I) hydride intermediate.
A Homoleptic Beryllium Carbonyl Complex with an End‐On and Side‐On Bridging Carbonyl Ligand
Authors: Wang Guanjun , Zhou Yangyu , Jin Xiaoyang , Jin Jiaye , Zhou Mingfei
Published: October 2020

Homoleptic dinuclear beryllium carbonyl cation complexes have been produced and characterized in the gas phase. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopic and theoretical results confirm that Be2(CO)5+ is a coordination saturated complex that can be assigned to a mixture of two almost isoenergetic structural isomers. Besides a beryllium–beryllium single‐bonded (OC)2Be‐Be(CO)3+ isomer, another structure involving an unusual end‐on and side‐on bridging carbonyl ligand with very low carbonyl stretching frequency is identified.
Interfacing High‐Energy Charge‐Transfer States to a Near‐IR Sensitizer for Efficient Electron Transfer upon Near‐IR Irradiation
Authors: Pinjari Dilip , Alsaleh Ajyal Z. , Patil Yuvraj , Misra Rajneesh , D'Souza Francis
Published: October 2020

Push–pull systems comprising of triphenylamine–tetracyanobutadiene (TPA‐TCBD), a high‐energy charge‐transfer species, are linked to a near‐IR sensitizer, azaBODIPY, for promoting excited‐state CS. These systems revealed panchromatic absorption owing to intramolecular CT and near‐IR absorbing azaBODIPY. Using electrochemical and computational studies, energy levels were established to visualize excited state events. Fs‐TA studies were performed to monitor excited state CT events. From target analysis, the effect of solvent polarity, number of linked CT entities, and excitation wavelength dependence in governing the lifetime of CS states was established. Electron exchange between two TPA‐TCBD entities in 3 seem to prolong lifetime of the CS state. We have been successful in demonstrating efficient CS upon both high‐energy CT and low‐energy near‐IR excitations, signifying importance of these push–pull systems for optoelectronic applications operating in the wide optical window.
Leben unter Druck
Authors: Eitner Pascal
Published: October 2020

Druck ist ein abiotischer Umweltfaktor, der Organismen auf vielen Ebenen beeinflusst. Gerade im marinen Milieu ist der hydrostatische Druck ein wesentlicher Grund für Anpassungen im Bereich von Morphologie und Physiologie: Makroskopisch wurden vor allem Gewichtseinsparung, Auftriebskörper und neue Jagdstrategien für das Überleben in der Tiefsee erforderlich. Auf zellulärer Ebene hemmt hoher Druck (>10 MPa) den Stoffwechsel aufgrund der Deformation der Biomoleküle, so dass sich Lebensmittel mit Druck bei Raumtemperatur sterilisieren lassen. Andererseits existieren auch extremophile Mikroben sowie höhere Tiere, die der starken mechanischen Beanspruchung z. B. mittels kompatibler Solute trotzen und oft nur unter Hochdruckbedingungen überleben können. Auch für die normale Entwicklung von belastbarem Gewebe wie Gelenkknorpel und Knochen ist die Anwendung von Druck unabdingbar.
Niedergang der Insekten
Authors: Reichholf Josef H.
Published: October 2020

Die Auswertung von fünfzig Jahren standardisierter Untersuchungen zum Anflug von Insekten an UV‐Licht in Südostbayern und München ergab einen starken Rückgang der Häufigkeit nachtaktiver Schmetterlinge um über 80 Prozent und der übrigen (Klein)Insekten um 96 Prozent für die Ortsrandbereiche zur Flur, aber keine Abnahmen in München und lediglich moderate im Auwald, deren Verursachung in der Wuchsverdichtung nach Ende der Niederwaldnutzung zu sehen ist. Die Schmetterlingshäufigkeit am Rand der intensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flur ist gegenwärtig unter das Großstadtniveau gesunken. Der Vergleich zweier Münchner Stadtbereiche mit normaler und so gut wie keiner Einwirkung von Straßenbeleuchtung ergab überraschenderweise keinen Unterschied. Als Hauptgrund für den Insektenrückgang ist die Überdüngung, verbunden mit dem Einsatz von Pestiziden zu sehen. An zweiter Stelle stehen aber die öffentlichen Pflegemaßnahmen von nicht landwirtschaftlich genutztem Gelände mit zumeist mehrfacher Radikalmahd im Jahreslauf. Die davon verursachten Verluste ließen sich vermeiden.
In the heat of the day – RNA als Temperaturfühler
Authors: Staiger Dorothee
Published: October 2020

RNA bildet in der Zelle durch Basenpaarung innerhalb eines RNA‐Moleküls oft doppelsträngige Bereiche aus. Da steigende Temperaturen ein Aufschmelzen der Basenpaarungen bewirken, hängt die Stabilität dieser partiellen Doppelstränge von der Temperatur ab. Solche Bereiche sind als „RNA‐Thermometer“ bekannt und werden von Bakterien dazu genutzt, das Schicksal von RNA‐Molekülen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen zu steuern. Nun wurde zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass auch höhere Pflanzen RNA nutzen, um die Umgebungstemperatur zu messen und die Genexpression entsprechend zu adjustieren.
Was ist eine Mikrobenart?
Authors: Engelhardt Harald
Published: October 2020

Vor 48 Mio. Jahren im Eozän war es in Europa ca. 10 Grad wärmer als heute. Es herrschte ein tropisch/subtropisches Klima mit der entsprechenden Flora und Fauna. Reptilien und Amphibien traten auf, und die Säugetiere – noch klein von Wuchs – hatten sich gerade von der Herrschaft der ausgestorbenen Dinosaurier befreit und entwickelten sich rasant. In den Ablagerungen eines tiefen Sees in der Nähe von Messel, genannt „Grube Messel“, fossilisierten diese Lebewesen. Das von Bewohnern des Ortes 1980 gegründete Fossilien‐ und Heimatmuseum Messel zeigt ca. 90 Fossilien aus dieser Zeit und beschreibt sie. Die „Fossilienfundstelle Grube Messel“ ist seit 1995 ein UNESCO Weltnaturerbe.
Lithium Bromide/HBpin: A Mild and Effective Catalytic System for the Selective Hydroboration of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Kim Hanbi , Shin Hye Lim , Yi Jaeeun , Choi Hyeon Seong , Lee Ji Hye , Hwang Hyonseok , An Duk Keun
Published: October 2020

The catalytic hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones with HBpin was examined using simple and commercially available metal salts (Li, Na, and K). Among the tested salts, LiBr (0.5–1.0 mol%) was found to be an efficient catalyst for the hydroboration of various aldehydes and ketones at room temperature. Further, the chemoselective hydroboration of aldehydes over ketones was also demonstrated.