bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safe management of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19: a rapid systematic review
Authors: Yaacoub Sally , Schünemann Holger J , Khabsa Joanne , El-Harakeh Amena , Khamis Assem M , Chamseddine Fatimah , El Khoury Rayane , Saad Zahra , Hneiny Layal , Cuello Garcia Carlos , Muti-Schünemann Giovanna Elsa Ute , Bognanni Antonio , Chen Chen , Chen Guang , Zhang Yuan , Zhao Hong , Abi Hanna Pierre , Loeb Mark , Piggott Thomas , Reinap Marge , Rizk Nesrine , Stalteri Rosa , Duda Stephanie , Solo Karla , Chu Derek K , Akl Elie A
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Proper strategies to minimise the risk of infection in individuals handling the bodies of deceased persons infected with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) are urgently needed. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to scope and assess the effects of specific strategies for the management of the bodies.

Methods

We searched five general, three Chinese and four coronavirus disease (COVID-19)–specific electronic databases. We searched registries of clinical trials, websites of governmental and other relevant organisations, reference lists of the included papers and relevant systematic reviews, and Epistemonikos for relevant systematic reviews. We included guidance documents providing practical advice on the handling of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Then, we sought primary evidence of any study design reporting on the efficacy and safety of the identified strategies in coronaviruses. We included evidence relevant to contextual factors (ie, acceptability). A single reviewer extracted data using a pilot-tested form and graded the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. A second reviewer verified the data and assessments.

Results

We identified one study proposing an uncommon strategy for autopsies for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The study provided very low-certainty evidence that it reduced the risk of transmission. We identified 23 guidance documents providing practical advice on the steps of handling the bodies: preparation, packing, and others and advice related to both the handling of the dead bodies and the use of personal protective equipment by individuals handling them. We did not identify COVID-19 evidence relevant to any of these steps.

Conclusion

While a substantive number of guidance documents propose specific strategies, we identified no study providing direct evidence for the effects of any of those strategies. While this review highlights major research gaps, it allows interested entities to build their own guidance.
Heat illness during initial military training
Authors: Everest Ali , Taylor N
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Exertional heat illness (EHI) is recognised as a significant problem for fit young individuals taking part in strenuous activity in temperate climates. The aim of this research was to relate episodes of reported EHI against known risk factors for heat illness and determine whether modification of the training programme had an effect on the number of cases reported. Publication was not possible when the work was originally conducted in 2000 because of barriers within Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS) at the time.

Methods

A retrospective study examined the medical data for Officer Cadets in training at the RMAS for a 2-year period ending April 2000.

Results

60 cases were initially reported as EHI, in 58 individuals. Using the following criteria; dizziness, collapse, reduced conscious level, headache, nausea, vomiting, elevated core (rectal) temperature and the results of urine and blood tests, 35 cases were diagnosed as EHI and 25 cases had other diagnoses recorded after investigation. Minority of cases (n=12) had an identifiable risk factor but the majority appeared to be fit young individuals who were susceptible to EHI in conditions where the rest of the population was unaffected.

Discussion

Further work is planned to study individuals during strenuous activity events in the hope of accurately identifying those at risk and further reducing the incidence of EHI. EHI is common, case definition is poor, risk factors are not present in all individuals but modification of training programmes is effective.
Designs of colonoscopic adenoma detection trials: more positive results with tandem than with parallel studies - an analysis of studies on imaging techniques and mechanical devices
Authors: Zimmermann-Fraedrich Katharina , Pohl Heiko , Rösch Thomas , Rex Douglas K , Hassan Cesare , Dekker Evelien , Kaminski Michal Filip , Bretthauer Michael , de Heer Jocelyn , Werner Yuki , Schachschal Guido , Groth Stefan
Published: May 2020

Background and aims

Adenoma detection rate (ADR) has been shown to correlate with interval cancers after screening colonoscopy and is commonly used as surrogate parameter for its outcome quality. ADR improvements by various techniques have been studied in randomised trials using either parallel or tandem methodololgy.

Methods

A systematic literature search was done on randomised trials (full papers, English language) on tandem or parallel studies using either adenoma miss rates (AMR) or ADR as main outcome to test different novel technologies on imaging (new endoscope generation, narrow band imaging, iScan, Fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy/blue laser imaging and wide angle scopes) and mechanical devices (transparent caps, endocuff, endorings and balloons). Available meta analyses were also screened for randomised studies.

Results

Overall, 24 randomised tandem trials with AMR (variable definitions and methodology) and 42 parallel studies using ADR (homogeneous methodology) as primary outcome were included. Significant differences in favour of the new method were found in 66.7% of tandem studies (8222 patients) but in only 23.8% of parallel studies (28 059 patients), with higher rates of positive studies for mechanical devices than for imaging methods. In a random-effects model, small absolute risk differences were found, but these were double in magnitude for tandem as compared with parallel studies (imaging: tandem 0.04 (0.01, 0.07), parallel 0.02 (0.00, 0.04); mechanical devices: tandem 0.08 (0.00, 0.15), parallel 0.04 (0.01, 0.07)). Nevertheless, 94.2% of missed adenomas in the tandem studies were small (<1 cm) and/or non-advanced.

Conclusions

A tandem study is more likely to yield positive results than a simple parallel trial; this may be due to the use of different parameters, variable definitions and methodology, and perhaps also a higher likelihood of bias. Therefore, we suggest to accept positive results of tandem studies only if accompanied by positive results from parallel trials.
Cryptosporidiumspp surveillance and epidemiology in Ireland: a longitudinal cohort study employing duplex real-time PCR based speciation of clinical cases
Authors: O'Leary Jennifer K , Blake Liam , Corcoran Dan , Elwin Kristin , Chalmers Rachel , Lucey Brigid , Sleator Roy D
Published: May 2020

Cryptosporidiumis a leading cause of gastroenteritis (cryptosporidiosis), with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Irish cryptosporidiosis incidence rates are consistently the highest reported in Europe. A retrospective, longitudinal study of clinicalCryptosporidiumisolates was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Cork, southern Ireland. Overall, 86.5% of cases were attributed toC. parvum, while the remaining 13.5% were caused byC. hominis. Despite the widespread implications of this protozoan parasite in sporadic and outbreak-related illness in Ireland, the current dearth of species-level epidemiological surveillance and clinical studies needs to be addressed in order to elucidate the national impact of this enteric pathogen.
Proteomic biomarkers in Gaucher disease
Authors: Pawliński Łukasz , Tobór Ewa , Suski Maciej , Biela Maria , Polus Anna , Kieć-Wilk Beata
Published: May 2020

Aims

The research work was conducted to find new biomarkers and potential drug targets in Gaucher disease type 1 (GDt1) by analysing the serum proteins.

Methods

This study was an observational, cross-sectional analysis of a group of 12 adult participants: six Gaucher disease (GD) patients and six healthy control. Fasting venous blood underwent proteomics analysis and molecular tests. Over 400 proteins were analysed, and in case of significantly different concentrations between the study and control group, we checked corresponding genes to confirm changes in their expression and consistency with protein alteration.

Results

We found 31 proteins that significantly differed in concentration between GDt1 patients and a control group. These were mostly proteins involved in the regulation of the inflammatory processes and haemostasis. The levels of proteins such as alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2, S100-A8/A9, adenyl cyclase-associated protein 1, haptoglobin or translationally controlled tumour protein related to inflammation process were significantly higher in GD patients than in control group, whereas the levels of some proteins such as heavy constant mu and gamma 4 or complement C3/C4 complex involved in humoral response like immunoglobulins were significantly decreased in GD patients. Alteration in two proteins concentration was confirmed in RNA analysis.

Conclusions

The work revealed few new targets for further investigation which may be useful in clinical practice for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring GDt1 patients.
Conversion of ATP to adenosine by CD39 and CD73 in multiple myeloma can be successfully targeted together with adenosine receptor A2A blockade
Authors: Yang Rui , Elsaadi Samah , Misund Kristine , Abdollahi Pegah , Vandsemb Esten Nymoen , Moen Siv Helen , Kusnierczyk Anna , Slupphaug Geir , Standal Therese , Waage Anders , Slørdahl Tobias S , Rø Torstein Baade , Rustad Even , Sundan Anders , Hay Carl , Cooper Zachary , Schuller Alwin G , Woessner Richard , Borodovsky Alexandra , Menu Eline , Børset Magne , Sponaas Anne Marit
Published: May 2020

Background

PD1/PDL1-directed therapies have been unsuccessful for multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Therefore, other immune checkpoints such as extracellular adenosine and its immunosuppressive receptor should be considered. CD39 and CD73 convert extracellular ATP to adenosine, which inhibits T-cell effector functions via the adenosine receptor A2A (A2AR). We set out to investigate whether blocking the adenosine pathway could be a therapy for MM.

Methods

Expression of CD39 and CD73 on BM cells from patients and T-cell proliferation were determined by flow cytometry and adenosine production by Liquid chromatograpy-mass spectrometry (HPCL/MS). ENTPD1 (CD39) mRNA expression was determined on myeloma cells from patients enrolled in the publicly available CoMMpass study. Transplantable 5T33MM myeloma cells were used to determine the effect of inhibiting CD39, CD73 and A2AR in mice in vivo.

Results

Elevated level of adenosine was found in BM plasma of MM patients. Myeloma cells from patients expressed CD39, and high gene expression indicated reduced survival. CD73 was found on leukocytes and stromal cells in the BM. A CD39 inhibitor, POM-1, and an anti-CD73 antibody inhibited adenosine production and reduced T-cell suppression in vitro in coculture of myeloma and stromal cells. Blocking the adenosine pathway in vivo with a combination of Sodium polyoxotungstate (POM-1), anti-CD73, and the A2AR antagonist AZD4635 activated immune cells, increased interferon gamma production, and reduced the tumor load in a murine model of MM.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the adenosine pathway can be successfully targeted in MM and blocking this pathway could be an alternative to PD1/PDL1 inhibition for MM and other hematological cancers. Inhibitors of the adenosine pathway are available. Some are in clinical trials and they could thus reach MM patients fairly rapidly.
Description of a multidisciplinary model of care in a French cohort of adult patients with tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Pfirmann Pierre , Aupy Jerome , Jambon Eva , Idier Laetitia , Prezelin-Reydit Mathilde , Fermis Marine , Devillard Raphael , Grenier Nicolas , Combe Christian , Rigothier Claire
Published: May 2020

Background

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Due to the various manifestations of TSC and their potential complications, a multidisciplinary care approach is recommended by consensus guidelines.

Objectives

Our study aimed to give a complete description of our TSC adult cohort and to evaluate the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary management model.

Methods

Data on each adult patient diagnosed with TSC, including disease manifestations, interventions and outcomes, were collected at baseline and updated annually. A multidisciplinary TSC approach with all the recommended explorations was carried out annually.

Results

90 patients were enrolled in Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, between January 2000 and September 2018. Median age of patients at inclusion was 37 years (range, 27–47) and 20 years old at diagnosis of TSC. Regarding the occurrence of TSC manifestations, 97% of the patients had cutaneous lesions, 89% had neurological manifestations, 83% had renal manifestations and 100% had dental lesions with pits. More than half the patients had sclerotic bone lesions (68%), TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (64%) and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (59%). A TSC multidisciplinary approach was developed including a global follow-up and an evaluation of TSC targeting organs, according to the recommendations. A satisfaction survey revealed global and entire satisfaction of patients with TSC.

Conclusion

We obtained an accurate description of a cohort of adult patients with TSC. Our multidisciplinary approach model allowed us to provide optimal management of patients with TSC with a high level of patient satisfaction.
Incoming ethical issues for deep brain stimulation: when long-term treatment leads to a ‘new form of the disease’
Authors: Gilbert Frederic , Lancelot Mathilde
Published: May 2020

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been regarded as an efficient and safe treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) since being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997. It is estimated that more than 150 000 patients have been implanted, with a forecasted rapid increase in uptake with population ageing. Recent longitudinal follow-up studies have reported a significant increase in postoperative survival rates of patients with PD implanted with DBS as compared with those not implanted with DBS. Although DBS tends to increase life expectancy for most patients with PD, this medical benefit does not come without attendant negative consequences. For example, emerging forms of iatrogenic harms are sometimes induced—harms which were not initially expected when clinicians proposed neurosurgery and patients or their guardians consented to the treatment. We report and discuss the clinical case of a patient who was implanted with DBS more than 20 years ago (at the time of writing) and is now experiencing unexpected stages of PD. This case illustrates how extending the life span without improving quality of life may introduce a burden of harms for patients and families. As well, this case shows why we should prepare for the expanding numbers of PD-implanted patients experiencing a gain of longevity but with severe stages of disease leading to diminution in quality of life. This newly observed effect of DBS treatment requires us to explore ethical questions related to iatrogenic harms, informed consent, end of life and caregivers’ burden.
Withdrawing treatment from patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: the presumption in favour of the maintenance of life is legally robust
Authors: Foster Charles
Published: May 2020

The question a judge has to ask in deciding whether or not life-sustaining treatment should be withdrawn is whether the continued treatment is lawful. It will be lawful if it is in the patient’s best interests. Identifying this question gives no guidance about how to approach the assessment of best interests. It merely identifies the judge’s job. The presumption in favour of the maintenance of life is part of the job that follows the identification of the question.

The presumption is best regarded as a presumption of law. It has long been recognised as part of the way in which the English law discharges its obligations under Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life). But even if it is a ‘mere’ evidential presumption it cannot, on the facts of most cases involving applications for the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from patients in prolonged disorders of consciousness, be rebutted.
Impact of skin, musculoskeletal and psychosocial aspects on quality of life in psoriatic arthritis patients: A cross-sectional study of outpatient clinic patients in the biologic treatment era
Authors: Haugeberg Glenn , Michelsen Brigitte , Kavanaugh Arthur
Published: May 2020

Background

In psoriatic arthritis (PsA), both psoriasis and musculoskeletal manifestations may impair Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Our objective was to explore the impact of the various disease manifestations and disease consequences, including psychosocial factors, on HRQoL in PsA patients treated in the biologic treatment era.

Methods

Data collection in the 131 outpatient clinic PsA patients assessed included demographics, disease activity measures for both skin and musculoskeletal involvement and patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures, treatment and psychosocial burden. The skin dimension of quality of life was assessed by the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the overall HRQoL by the 15-Dimensional (15D) Questionnaire.

Results

The mean age was 51.9 years, PsA disease duration 8.6 years, 50.4% were men, 56.9% were employed/working and 47.7% had ≥1 comorbidities. Prevalence of monotherapy with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) was 36.6% and with biologic DMARDs 12.2% and combination of both 22.9%. Mean DLQI was 3.3 and 15D 0.84. In adjusted analysis, not employed/working, higher scores for fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire and presence of comorbidities were independently associated with impaired HRQoL (lower 15D scores), whereas Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and DLQI were not. Younger age and higher Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score and PASI scores were independently associated with impaired skin quality of life (higher DLQI score).

Conclusion

Our study highlights the negative impact the psychosocial burden, impaired physical function and comorbidities has on reduced HRQoL in PsA outpatients. Thus, to further improve HRQoL in PsA patients, not only physical concerns but also psychological concerns need to be addressed.
Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Authors: Fan Yuhua , Yu Jian , Chen Hongbing , Zhang Jian , Duan Jiangang , Mo Dapeng , Zhu Wenhao , Wang Bo , Ouyang Fubing , Chen Yicong , Lan Linfang , Zeng Jinsheng
Published: May 2020

Aim

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a less common cerebrovascular disease that predominantly affects young patients. The incidence of CVST is 2–5/10 000 000/year, accounting for 0.5%–1% of all stroke. To reduce mortality and morbidity associated with CVST, Chinese Stroke Association commissioned the authors to write the current guideline on the management of CVST.

Methods

PubMed (MEDLINE), CNKI and Wanfang database were searched for studies related to CVST from 1 January 1990 to 31 July 2019. Data were synthesised by evidence tables. Each recommendation was fully discussed by the writing group members and reviewed by Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Fellow Committees. Levels of evidence grading algorithm of Chinese Stroke Association was used to grade each recommendation.

Results

This guideline mainly focuses on the diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic strategies and secondary prevention of CVST. CT/CTV and MRI/MRV are recommended in the initial imaging evaluation of patients with suspected CVST. Anticoagulation therapy with low-molecular weight heparin should be initiated in patients with CVST immediately. After the acute stage, warfarin is recommended for 3–6 months to prevent the recurrence of CVST and other venous thromboembolic events.

Conclusions

The guideline summarises the current evidence regarding the management of CVST, and provides references for diagnosis, treatment and secondary prevention of CVST in China.
Tuberculosis associated with Triplet therapy for lung cancer
Authors: Crawley Danielle , Breen Ronan A , Elkington Paul T , Karapanagiotou Eleni
Published: May 2020

We report the first case of TB associated with triplet therapy (chemotherapy and immunotherapy concurrently) for lung cancer, developing just 44 days after treatment initiation. We feel that several important learning points arise from the discussion that are likely to be very relevant to the broad readership ofThorax, and have important clinical and scientific implications. In the three discussion paragraphs, we highlight that: 1) Triplet therapy is now standard first-line treatment for inoperable lung cancer. 2) TB reactivation is increasingly recognised as an adverse effect of immune checkpoint inhibition, but sending diagnostic samples is critical to avoid a missed diagnosis. 3) These insights from novel cancer immunotherapies are challenging the traditional views of the host-pathogen interaction in TB, with wide implications for future control strategies. We propose that the cases reported in the literature are likely to be the tip of the iceberg as most people with lung cancer managed with antiprogrammed death-1 agents who develop new lung lesions will be treated with standard antibiotics and then palliated when they do not respond.
Caffeine increases peripheral fatigue in low- but not in high-performing cyclists
Authors: Santos Pamela S. , Felippe Leandro C. , Ferreira Guilherme A. , Learsi Sara K. , Couto Patrícia G. , Bertuzzi Romulo , Pereira Gleber , Lima-Silva Adriano E.
Published: May 2020

The influence of cyclists’ performance levels on caffeine-induced increases in neuromuscular fatigue after a 4-km cycling time trial (TT) was investigated. Nineteen cyclists performed a 4-km cycling TT 1 h after ingesting caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo (cellulose). Changes from baseline to after exercise in voluntary activation (VA) and potentiated 1 Hz force twitch (Qtw,pot) were used as markers of central and peripheral fatigue, respectively. Participants were classified as “high performing” (HP, n = 8) or “low performing” (LP, n = 8) in accordance with their performance in a placebo trial. Compared with placebo, caffeine increased the power, anaerobic mechanical power, and anaerobic work, reducing the time to complete the trial in both groups (p < 0.05). There was a group versus supplement and a group versus supplement versus trial interaction for Qtw,pot, in which the postexercise reduction was greater after caffeine compared with placebo in the LP group (Qtw,pot = −34% ± 17% vs. −21% ± 11%, p = 0.02) but not in the HP group (Qtw,pot = −22% ± 8% vs. −23% ± 10%, p = 0.64). There was no effect of caffeine on VA, but there was a group versus trial interaction with lower postexercise values in the LP group than in the HP group (p = 0.03). Caffeine-induced improvement in 4-km cycling TT performance seems to come at the expense of greater locomotor muscle fatigue in LP but not in HP cyclists.

Novelty Caffeine improves exercise performance at the expense of a greater end-exercise peripheral fatigue in low-performing athletes. Caffeine-induced improvement in exercise performance does not affect end-exercise peripheral fatigue in high-performing athletes. High-performing athletes seem to have augmented tolerance to central fatigue during a high-intensity time trial.
Proteomic analysis of the inhibitory effect of the butanolic fraction ofJacquinia macrocarpaonFusarium verticillioides
Authors: Valenzuela-Cota Daniel F. , Morales-Amparano Martha B. , Plascencia-Jatomea Maribel , Martínez-Cruz Oliviert , Hernández-García Francisca , Vázquez-Moreno Luz , Rosas-Burgos Ema C. , Huerta-Ocampo José Á.
Published: May 2020

Jacquinia macrocarpa, a plant native to northwestern Mexico, has an inhibitory effect against phytopathogenic fungi. Previous studies have shown that the butanolic extract of J. macrocarpa causes retardation and atrophy in mycelial growth of Fusarium verticillioides. However, the action mechanism of this extract is unknown. We used a proteomics approach to understand the inhibitory effect of J. macrocarpa butanolic extract, based on differential protein accumulation in F. verticillioides. Proteins were extracted from F. verticillioides cultured in Czapek broth with and without 202.12 μg/mL (IC50) of butanolic extract of J. macrocarpa. Thirty-eight protein spots showing statistically significant changes (ANOVA, p < 0.01) and at least a 2-fold change in abundance between experimental conditions were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins were grouped into different biological processes according to Gene Ontology, among them were amino acid metabolism, protein folding and stabilization, protein degradation, protein transport, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress response, and miscellaneous. This work is the first report of changes in the proteomic profile of F. verticillioides exposed to the J. macrocarpa extract. This information provides new insights into the inhibitory mechanism of the extract and represents a starting point for dissection of the fungal response against the J. macrocarpa extract components.
Signatures of selection analysis using whole-genome sequence data reveals novel candidate genes for pony and light horse types
Authors: Salek Ardestani Siavash , Aminafshar Mehdi , Zandi Baghche Maryam Mohammad Bagher , Banabazi Mohammad Hossein , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Miar Younes
Published: May 2020

Natural selection and domestication have shaped modern horse populations, resulting in a vast range of phenotypically diverse breeds. Horse breeds are classified into three types (pony, light, and draft) generally based on their body type. Understanding the genetic basis of horse type variation and selective pressures related to the evolutionary trend can be particularly important for current selection strategies. Whole-genome sequences were generated for 14 pony and 32 light horses to investigate the genetic signatures of selection of the horse type in pony and light horses. In the overlapping extremes of the fixation index and nucleotide diversity results, we found novel genomic signatures of selective sweeps near key genes previously implicated in body measurements including C4ORF33, CRB1, CPN1, FAM13A, and FGF12 that may influence variation in pony and light horse types. This study contributes to a better understanding of the genetic background of differences between pony and light horse types.
Neutrino phenomenology and dark matter in an $$A_4$$ flavour extended $$B-L$$ model
Authors: Mishra Subhasmita , Behera Mitesh Kumar , Mohanta Rukmani , Patra Sudhanwa , Singirala Shivaramakrishna
Published: May 2020

We present an $${\mathrm{A}}_4$$A4 flavor extended $${\mathrm{B-L}}$$B-L model for realization of eV scale sterile neutrinos, motivated by the recent experimental hints from both particle physics and cosmology. The framework considered here is a gauged $${\mathrm{B-L}}$$B-L extension of standard model without the introduction of right-handed neutrinos, where the gauge triangle anomalies are canceled with the inclusion of three exotic neutral fermions $$N_{i}$$Ni ($$i=1,2,3$$i=1,2,3) with $${\mathrm{B-L}}$$B-L charges $$-\,4,-\,4$$-4,-4 and 5. The usual Dirac Yukawa couplings between the SM neutrinos and the exotic fermions are absent and thus, the model allows natural realization of eV scale sterile-like neutrino and its mixing with standard model neutrinos by invoking $${\mathrm{A}}_4$$A4 flavor symmetry. We demonstrate how the exact tri-bimaximal mixing pattern is perturbed due to active-sterile mixing by analyzing $$1+3$$1+3 case in detail. We also show the implication of eV scale sterile-like neutrino on various observables in neutrino oscillation experiments and the effective mass in neutrinoless double beta decay. Another interesting feature of the model is that one of three exotic fermions is required to explain eV scale phenomena, while other two fermions form stable dark matter candidates and their total relic density satisfy the observed $$3\sigma $$3σ limit of Planck data. We constrain the gauge parameters associated with U(1) gauge extension, using relic density and collider bounds.
Stability of anisotropic perturbed Einstein universe in f(R) gravity
Authors: Sharif M. , Saleem Sana
Published: May 2020

The aim of this paper is to investigate the existence of stable modes of the Einstein static universe in the background of [Formula: see text] theory. For this purpose, we take homogeneous anisotropic perturbations in scale factors as well as matter contents. We construct static and perturbed field equations that are further parameterized by linear equation of state parameter. We obtain the Einstein static solutions for two specific [Formula: see text] models and graphically analyze their stable regions. It is concluded that contrary to general relativity, there exists stable Einstein static universe with anisotropic perturbations.
Ramifications of texture one-zero neutrino mass model in coherence with the latest neutrino data
Authors: Verma Surender , Kashav Monal
Published: May 2020

We have investigated the phenomenological implications of texture one-zero neutrino mass matrix under the lamp post of the latest data on neutrino mass and mixings. In particular, we have obtained the predictions of the model for, yet unknown observables like neutrino mass hierarchy, [Formula: see text]-octant and CP violation. Out of the six texture one-zero neutrino mass models, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are found to be necessarily CP violating. [Formula: see text] can be above or below maximality except for the texture [Formula: see text] (with NH), wherein [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]. Also, we have proposed a flavor model based on the non-Abelian group [Formula: see text] within the paradigm of type-I+II seesaw framework, wherein such textures can be realized.
The 𝒩 = 4 coset model and the higher spin algebra
Authors: Ahn Changhyun , Kim Dong-gyu , Kim Man Hea
Published: May 2020

By computing the operator product expansions between the first two [Formula: see text] higher spin multiplets in the unitary coset model, the (anti-)commutators of higher spin currents are obtained under the large [Formula: see text] ’t Hooft-like limit. The free field realization with complex bosons and fermions is presented. The (anti-)commutators for generic spins [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with manifest [Formula: see text] symmetry at vanishing ’t Hooft-like coupling constant are completely determined. The structure constants can be written in terms of the ones in the [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] algebra found by Bergshoeff, Pope, Romans, Sezgin and Shen previously, in addition to the spin-dependent fractional coefficients and two [Formula: see text] invariant tensors. We also describe the [Formula: see text] higher spin generators, by using the above coset construction results, for general superspin [Formula: see text] in terms of oscillators in the matrix generalization of [Formula: see text] Vasiliev higher spin theory at nonzero ’t Hooft-like coupling constant. We obtain the [Formula: see text] higher spin algebra for low spins and present how to determine the structure constants, which depend on the higher spin algebra parameter, in general, for fixed spins [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
Prescribed Hamiltonian Connectedness of 2D Torus
Authors: YANG YUXING , ZHANG LINGLING
Published: May 2020

Tori are important fundamental interconnection networks for multiprocessor systems. Hamiltonian paths are important in information communication of multiprocessor systems, and Hamiltonian path embedding capability is an important aspect to determine if a network topology is suitable for a real application. In real systems, some links may have better performance. Therefore, when embedding Hamiltonian path into interconnection networks, it is desirable that these Hamiltonian paths would pass through the links with better performance. Given a two two-dimensional torus T (m, n) with m, n ≥ 5 odd, let L be a linear forest with at most two edges in T (m, n) and let u and v be two distinct vertices in T (m, n) such that none of the paths in L has u or v as internal node or both of them as end nodes. In this paper, we construct a hamiltonian path of T (m, n) between u and v passing through L.
The Minimum Stretch Spanning Tree Problem for Hamming Graphs and Higher-Dimensional Grids
Authors: LIN LAN , LIN YIXUN
Published: May 2020

The minimum stretch spanning tree problem for a graph G is to find a spanning tree T of G such that the maximum distance in T between two adjacent vertices is minimized. The minimum value of this optimization problem gives rise to a graph invariant σ(G), called the tree-stretch of G. The problem has been proved NP-hard. In this paper we present a general approach to determine the exact values σ(G) for a series of typical graphs arising from communication networks, such as Hamming graphs and higher-dimensional grids (including hypercubes).
CREDIT CYCLES IN COUNTRIES IN THE MENA REGION — DO THEY EXIST? DO THEY MATTER?
Authors: AGHABARARI LEILA , ROSTOM AHMED
Published: May 2020

This paper estimates the private sector credit cycles for most of the oil-importing and oil-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Credit cycles are the medium-term component in spectral analysis of real private sector credit growth. Besides, the paper estimates the credit cycles for several developed countries. The analysis finds substantial differences and rare similarities between credit cycles in the Middle East and North Africa and advanced countries. During 1964–2017, credit cycles in the Middle East and North Africa do not appear to be associated with GDP growth. They only explained a fraction of the growth in private sector credit, and they do not seem to be synchronized across oil-exporters and oil-importers.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RELATED POLICY FRAMEWORK
Authors: IGNATOV AUGUSTIN
Published: May 2020

The European Union (EU) is the third largest energy market on the planet following China and USA, consuming more than 1.6 million tons of oil equivalent, this fact determining the community’s strength. Nevertheless, this strength is valid only in the case when the market is consolidated, therefore, the strategic goal of the community is to avoid splitting the EU’s market into individual member states considering both the economic and political aspects, the force of which is considerably more reduced. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the energy market of the European Union and determine the key weaknesses which threaten the community’s security in this area. At the same time, it is presupposed to identify the key initiatives through which the European Union aspires to consolidate the energy market’s integrity in the conditions of growing international competition and changing geopolitical environment. To reach these specific goals, a subset of objectives which are expected to be achieved by applying both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies has been selected. The results reached show that the European Union’s efforts are insufficient to consolidate the energy market and deepen the integration, nevertheless, the proposed plans are promising, offering the community a favorable perspective.
Social Identity, Group Behavior, and Teams
Authors: Charness Gary , Chen Yan
Published: May 2020

The issue of one's identity has loomed large recently and has unfortunately been used more and more as a wedge to separate subgroups. It is important to understand the ramifications of identity, both to limit the negative consequences (such as so-called identity politics) and to be able to use one's sense of identity as a positive force in the world. What are effective approaches to allow positive identities and pride about one's social identity to be reinforced for the greater good? Recent work suggests that some forms of team competition can induce greater effort, which can be applied to areas such as microlending, charitable giving, and organization of the gig economy. And yet many fascinating questions remain; for example, what is the interaction of salience, social norms, and preferences on the effects of social identity in our society?
Risky Situations: Sources of Racial Disparity in Police Behavior
Authors: Pryor Marie , Buchanan Kim Shayo , Goff Phillip Atiba
Published: May 2020

Swencionis & Goff identified five situations that tend to increase the likelihood that an individual police officer may behave in a racially disparate way: discretion, inexperience, salience of crime, cognitive demand, and identity threat. This article applies their framework to the realities of police work, identifying situations and assignments in which these factors are likely to influence officers’ behavior. These insights may identify opportunities for further empirical research into racial disparities in such contexts and may highlight institutional reforms and policy changes that could reduce officers’ vulnerability to risks that can result in racially unjust actions.
Review—Preparation and Application of Graphene-Based Hybrid Materials through Electrochemical Exfoliation
Authors: Li Le , Zhang Dan , Deng Jianping , Fang Junfei , Gou Yuchun
Published: May 2020

Since its first exfoliation in 2004, graphene has been extensively studied in many areas of material engineering due to its attractive properties. Graphene-based hybrid materials (GHMs) combined with advantageous materials, such as graphene, have shown broad application prospects in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, and conversion. High-efficiency and low-cost industrial scale methods must be developed to produce high-quality GHMs and realize their potential applications. Electrochemical exfoliation is one of the most promising methods for GHMs production because of its mild operating conditions, short time, and simple instruments. In this review, we briefly introduce electrochemically prepared graphene on the basis of their differences in exfoliation electrodes and then review the electrochemical exfoliation of GHMs. Factors affecting the hybridization of graphene, the possible hybrid mechanism, and the potential application prospects are also elucidated. Lastly, insights and perspectives on current research challenges and future opportunities regarding the electrochemical exfoliation and applications of graphene and its hybrids are discussed.
Maternal separation-induced increases in vascular stiffness are independent of circulating angiotensinogen levels
Authors: Mahanes Timothy M. , Murphy Margaret O. , Ouyang An , Yiannikouris Frederique B. , Fleenor Bradley S. , Loria Analia S.
Published: May 2020

This study demonstrates that there was no correlation between circulating levels of angiotensinogen (AGT) and the development of vascular stiffness in rats exposed to early-life stress and fed a normal diet. This study also shows that early-life stress-induced hypersensitive vascular contractility to angiotensin II in rats fed a high-fat diet is independent of circulating levels of AGT and occurs without further progression of vascular stiffness. Our data show that early-life stress primes the adipose tissue to secrete AGT in a sex- and species-independent fashion.
Apatinib, a Novel Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Promotes ROS-Dependent Apoptosis and Autophagy via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Sun Xiaodan , Li Ji , Li Yizhuo , Wang Shouhan , Li Qingchang
Published: May 2020

Apatinib, a new-generation oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling pathway, shows favorable therapeutic effects in various malignant tumors. However, its effect on ovarian cancer has not yet been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that apatinib inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth and migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, we found that apatinib could directly act on tumor cells and promote ROS-dependent apoptosis and autophagy. Mechanistically, we showed that apatinib suppressed glutathione to generate ROS via the downregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway and maintained an antitumor effect at a low level of VEGFR2 in ovarian cancer, suggesting that combination of apatinib with Nrf2 inhibitor may be a promising therapy strategy for patients with ovarian cancer.
Cryptographic Strength Evaluation of Key Schedule Algorithms
Authors: Afzal Shazia , Yousaf Muhammad , Afzal Humaira , Alharbe Nawaf , Mufti Muhammad Rafiq
Published: May 2020

Key schedule algorithms play an important role in modern encryption algorithms, and their security is as crucial as the security of the encryption algorithms themselves. Many studies have been performed on the cryptographic strength evaluation of the encryption algorithms; however, strength evaluation of the key schedule algorithms often obtains less attention that can lead towards the possible loophole in the overall encryption process. In this paper, a criterion is proposed to evaluate the cryptographic strength of the key schedule algorithms. This criterion includes different methods of data generation from subkeys and a suitable set of statistical tests. The statistical tests are used to explore the cryptographic properties such as diffusion, confusion, independence, and randomness in the subkeys generated by the key schedule algorithm. The proposed criterion has been applied to some of the key schedule algorithms of different block ciphers. The results confirm that the proposed criterion can effectively differentiate between strong- and weak-key schedule algorithms.
Population-based Genetic Testing for Precision Prevention
Authors: Evans Olivia , Manchanda Ranjit
Published: May 2020

Global interest in genetic testing for cancer susceptibility genes (CSG) has surged with falling costs, increasing awareness, and celebrity endorsement. Current access to genetic testing is based on clinical criteria/risk model assessment which uses family history as a surrogate. However, this approach is fraught with inequality, massive underutilization, and misses 50% CSG carriers. This reflects huge missed opportunities for precision prevention. Early CSG identification enables uptake of risk-reducing strategies in unaffected individuals to reduce cancer risk. Population-based genetic testing (PGT) can overcome limitations of clinical criteria/family history–based testing. Jewish population studies show population-based BRCA testing is feasible, acceptable, has high satisfaction, does not harm psychologic well-being/quality of life, and is extremely cost-effective, arguing for changing paradigm to PGT in the Jewish population. Innovative approaches for delivering pretest information/education are needed to facilitate informed decision-making for PGT. Different health systems will need context-specific implementation strategies and management pathways, while maintaining principles of population screening. Data on general population PGT are beginning to emerge, prompting evaluation of wider implementation. Sophisticated risk prediction models incorporating genetic and nongenetic data are being used to stratify populations for ovarian cancer and breast cancer risk and risk-adapted screening/prevention. PGT is potentially cost-effective for panel testing of breast and ovarian CSGs and for risk-adapted breast cancer screening. Further research/implementation studies evaluating the impact, clinical efficacy, psychologic and socio–ethical consequences, and cost-effectiveness of PGT are needed.
Neurologic Deterioration, Instrumentation Failure, and Cervical Autofusion Secondary to Noncompliance following Reconstruction for Discitis
Authors: Shackleford Taylor , Andrews Reed , Cui Shari
Published: May 2020

Pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) is an infection of the vertebral body, end plate, and intervertebral disc with potential to extend to surrounding structures, including the epidural space. Bacterial seeding to cause PS stems from three major pathways: hematogenous seeding, direct inoculation, and extension of adjacent tissue infection. Advanced cases have potential to cause structural instability and neurologic compromise, requiring aggressive surgical treatment. When the etiology of PS is hematogenous seeding secondary to intravenous drug use (IVDU), treatment becomes more complicated. Psychosocial factors and medical comorbidities often impact treatment options and patient compliance. We present a case of PS secondary to IVDU complicated by treatment noncompliance, resulting in need for 360° reconstructive surgery. After the patient had been immobilized in a halo fixator for 8 months due to failure to return for follow-up, an unintended C1–C2 autofusion was discovered, revealing the consequences of long-term halo use.
Cardiac Care of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis
Authors: Itzhaki Ben Zadok Osnat , Kornowski Ran
Published: May 2020

Cardiac amyloidosis, the majority of cases of which are due to immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR), affects different aspects of the heart and cardiovascular system. Amyloid-induced cardiomyopathy, clinically manifesting with heart failure and electrophysiological abnormalities, has distinct characteristics compared to non-amyloid cardiomyopathies. Accordingly, specific management strategies are required. This paper will review the cardiovascular manifestations of patients with cardiac amyloidosis and their suggested treatment strategies, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care.
Genomic Profiling of Stage II Colorectal Cancer Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Recurrence-Free Survival, Tumor Location, and Differentiation Grade
Authors: Dimberg Jan , Andersson Roland E. , Haglund Sofie
Published: May 2020

Background:Identification of high-risk stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, potential candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy, is challenging. Current clinical guidelines rely mainly on histopathological markers with relatively weak prognostic value. This motivates further search for prognostic markers. Methods:This explorative study aimed to identify potential candidate gene mutations to facilitate differentiation between subgroups of patients with CRC stage II. Panel-based massive parallel sequencing was used to genetically characterize tumor tissues from 85 patients radically operated for CRC stage II, of which 12 developed recurrent cancer during follow-up. Genetic data was compared between patients with or without cancer recurrence, between tumors located in colon and in rectum, and for association with tumor differentiation grade. Results:Genetic variation in ATM, C11ORF65 was associated with recurrence-free survival. Previous reports regarding the association between BRAF mutation and a higher age at diagnosis, and tumor location in colon were confirmed. APC, BRAF, or KRAS mutation was associated with tumor differentiation grade. Multiple correspondence analyses revealed no obvious clustering of patients with the studied clinical characteristics, indicating that the genetic signatures observed here were unique for each individual. Conclusions:Taken together, we have demonstrated the utility of panel-based massive parallel sequencing to explore the pathogenesis of CRC stage II. We have identified promising candidate gene mutations associated with cancer recurrence, tumor location, and differentiation grade in patients with CRC stage II, which merit further investigation.