bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of microsatellites in spinach sequences from computer databases and development of polymorphic SSR markers
Authors: Groben R. , Wricke G.
Published: April 2006

Microsatellites are valuable tools as molecular markers in plant breeding. To establish genetic linkage maps or for population studies, information about the occurrence and usability of microsatellite markers in different species is necessary. Sequences of spinach Spinacia oleracea from computer databases were therefore searched for the presence of microsatellites. Sixty simple sequence repeats were found in 237 spinach sequences with a total of 349.4 kb DNA. After removing duplicated sequences, 50 different microsatellites with various motifs remained. Differences between nuclear and chloroplast DNA were not in the number of microsatellites but in their type and length. Chloroplast sequences from spinach contain only short strings of A and AT repeats, whereas nuclear sequences show a wider variety of motifs.

Flanking primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were designed for 13 of these microsatellites and tested with two different varieties of spinach. Twelve primer pairs gave amplification products and seven of these showed polymorphisms in the variety ‘Wiremona’ but only one in the variety ‘Monatol’. These markers may be used for linkage analysis or population studies in spinach.
Chromosomal localization of genes for carotenoid pigments using addition lines of Hordeum chilense in wheat
Authors: Alvarez J. B. , Martín L. M. , Martín A.
Published: April 2006

×Tritordeum sp. (Ascherson et Graebner) is the amphiploid obtained after chromosome doubling of hybrids between Hordeum chilense (Roem. et Schult.) and diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid wheats. Tritordeums have consistently higher carotenoid pigment contents than durum or bread wheat. Two distinct H. chilense accessions (used for the synthesis of tritordeum) were analysed for this trait. The chromosomal localization of the genes coding the ability of H. chilense to increase the carotene content of wheat were carried out using two sets of wheat‐ H. chilense addition lines. The a arm of chromosome 7Hch is proposed to be responsible for the high carotene content in tritordeum. The implication of this finding in wheat breeding is discussed.
Identification of the series‐specific random amplified polymorphic DNA markers of Viola species
Authors: Oh B. J. , Ko M. K. , Lee C. H.
Published: April 2006

Although many Viola species are grown as ornamentals, no information on molecular markers is available for the classification and breeding of Viola. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was applied to identify series‐specific molecular markers from the series Pinnatae, Chinensis, and Variegatae of Viola species in the subsection Patellares. We report eight RAPD markers which can be used to distinguish three different series of Viola species based on morphological characters. The eight RAPD markers we identified could be useful to classify Viola species and to assist the hybrid breeding of new varieties.
Molecular mapping of QTL for southwestern corn borer resistance, plant height and flowering in tropical maize
Authors: Khairallah M. M. , Bohn M. , Jiang C. , Deutsch J. A. , Jewell D. C. , Mihm J. A. , Melchinger A. E. , González‐De‐León D. , Hoisington D. A.
Published: April 2006

Development of multiple insect resistance in tropical maize represents a major effort of the maize breeding programme at CIMMYT. Resistance to the southwestern corn borer (SWCB) is polygenically controlled with primarily additive gene action. Our main objective was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in resistance to SWCB. Other objectives were to detect QTL in the same population for plant height, female flowering, and the anthesis‐silking interval (ASI). A population of 472 F2 individuals derived from a cross between the susceptible line Ki3 and the resistant inbred CML139, was restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyped using 110 maize probes. F3 families were rated for leaf‐feeding damage after artificial infestation at one location in three consecutive years. Height and flowering were measured in protected trials in two locations. QTL analyses were conducted using joint composite interval mapping. Seven QTL on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 explained 30% of the phenotypic variance (σ2p) for SWCB damage. Most QTL alleles conferring resistance were contributed from CML139. QTL showed dominance, partial dominance and additive gene action. Eleven QTL dispersed across the genome were determined to affect plant height and explained 43% of σ2p. Four of these were in close proximity to loci with qualitative effects on plant height. Thirteen QTL (50% of sigma;2p) were identified for days to female flowering and nine (30% of σ2p) for ASI. Our results, along with those from other mapping studies at CIMMYT, are allowing us to formulate marker‐assisted selection schemes to complement the breeding efforts for such complex traits as borer resistance.
Single and combined effects of colchicine, L‐proline and post‐inoculation low temperature on anther culture of wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Redha A. , Attia T. , Büter B. , Stamp P. , Schmid J. E.
Published: April 2006

This investigation was undertaken to study the effects of colchicine, L‐proline and a post‐inoculation cold temperature of 14°C for 7 days, either as a single or as combined treatments, on the parameters of anther culture of the DH83Z118.32 wheat genotype. Results indicate that the addition of 100 mg/1 colchicine to the induction medium for a period of 3 days and at an incubation temperature of 28°C yielded the highest success index. This treatment, although it significantly reduced embryogenesis, improved embryoid quality so that not only the total regeneration, but also the percentage of green plantlets increased significantly, In addition, it raised the percentage of doubled haploids and, consequently, led to a significantly better final success index. Combining the colchicine treatment with a reduced post‐inoculation temperature did not intensify its beneficial effect, although a treatment of reduced temperature alone was superior to normal temperature (28°C) for most parameters studied. The beneficial effects of adding L‐proline (200 mg/1) to the induction medium, combined with a low temperature (10°C for 4 days) treatment, were diminished when this treatment was combined with a colchicine treatment.
Effect of selection and temperature stress on the production of 2n gametes in Lotus tenuis
Authors: Negri V. , Lemmi G.
Published: April 2006

Five Lotus tenuis genotypes showing 2n pollen production greater than 5% and producing 4x progenies in 4x(male sterile Lotus corniculatus) × 2x crosses were found in different natural populations. Meiotic analyses of these plants showed some second metaphases with disoriented spindles, i.e. parallel and tripolar spindles which resulted in diads and triads, respectively. Because useful genes for winter growth and resistance to powdery mildew from L. tenuis can be introgressed into L. corniculatus via 2n gametes, a programme of selection was started to increase the occurrence of 2n gamete production in L. tenuis. Controlled crosses were performed between genotypes producing 2n gametes and the progenies were checked for 2n pollen production and meiotic aberration, following the same methodologies as used for the parental plants. Although in some progeny plants the frequency of 2n gamete production increased remarkably, the overall progeny level of 2n gamete production remained unchanged. This suggested that different genes for meiotic aberration exist in natural populations and/or differential seed‐setting ability exists between genotypes. Diallel crosses between selected genotypes confinned this hypothesis. Evaluation of 2n pollen production of clones grown under different temperature regimes (warm vs. temperate) showed that, in L. tenuis, the effects of genotype, temperature and genotype × temperature interaction are significant. In particular, high temperature increases the level of 2n gamete production in L. tenuis.
Variation in seed proteins from mutagen‐treated cultivars and selected lines of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp
Authors: Osanyinpeju A. O. , Odeigah P. G. C.
Published: April 2006

The storage protein profiles of the seeds of two IITA cowpea cultivars (‘IT84E–124’ and ‘Vita 7’) exposed to three mutagens—sodium azide (NaN3), ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and 60Co gamma rays—and those of 18 selected M3 lines were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The total seed protein, globulin and albumin fractions showed differences in number and intensity of subunit bands, but the least differences were found in the albumin fraction. Both high and low molecular weight bands were observed, the highest being 94.5 kDa and the lowest 12.0 kDa.‘Vita T showed less variability compared with ‘IT84E–124’, as indicated by the relative similarity indices (S.I.) of the two cultivars. The lowest S.I. of 0.200 was found among ‘IT84E–124’ lines while the lowest S.I. among ‘Vita T lines was 0.4706. A number of lines with particular traits were found to be characterized by the presence of specific polypeptide bands. This study demonstrates that induced mutation could create additional variability to supplement existing germplasm and that SDS‐PAGE is a useful tool for discriminating and estimating genetic similarities among selections.
Breeding for Sclerotinia resistance in sunflower: A modified screening test and assessment of genetic variation in current germplasm
Authors: Degener J. , Melchinger A. E. , Gumber R. K. , Hahn V.
Published: April 2006

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most devastating pathogens of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), causing yield losses up to 100%. This study was conducted to (1) screen sunflower lines for their reaction to Sclerotinia using artificial infection by a modified leaf test, and (2) identify the most suitable trait for screening against Sclerotinia resistance. A set of 85 inbred lines was screened in three environments by infecting the leaves with mycelium and covering them with plastic bags containing water. Susceptibility was assessed by leaf lesion, petiole score, stem rating, stem lesion and diseased stems. The test proved to be effective and practicable, with an infection rate of up to 99%. All scoring traits were strongly correlated with each other and effective in differentiating among susceptible and resistant lines. Although petiole score had the highest heritability, its association with leaf length hampers its utilization as a scoring trait. Stem lesion was a good predictor of mid‐stalk rot and can be recommended as a reliable trait for screening sunflower lines against Sclerotinia based on its high heritability estimate (h2= 0.59) and close correlations with other traits measured after artificial and natural infection.
Genes for race‐specific resistance against blackleg disease in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Ansan‐Melayah D. , Balesdent M. H. , Delourme R. , Pilet M. L. , Tanguy X. , Renard M. , Rouxel T.
Published: April 2006

Specificity of interaction at the cotyledon stage was recently demonstrated between the blackleg pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans, and Brassica napus. Three pathogenicity groups were distinguished, PG2 avirulent towards ‘Quinta’ and ‘Glacier’, PG3 avirulent towards ‘Quinta’, and PG4 virulent on the two cultivars. The genetic control of the interactions was investigated on both the pathogen and the plant. Tetrad analysis was performed following PG3 × PG4 and PG2 × PG4 crosses.‘Quinta’ and ‘Glacier’ were crossed with the susceptible winter oilseed rape cultivar ‘Score’. The analysis of F1, F2 and testcross populations suggested that the incompatible interaction between ‘Quinta’ and PG3 isolates is conditioned by the presence of the dominant single resistance allele Rlml in ‘Quinta’ and the matching avirulence gene AvrLml in L. maculans. Race‐specific resistance of ‘Glacier’ to PG2 isolates was conditioned by the matching gene pair Rlm2/AvrLm2. Finally, the data suggest that two avirulence genes matching two dominant loci control the ‘Quinta’‐PG2 interaction. The consequences of the occurrence of race‐specific resistance in B. napus are discussed with respect to future breeding for blackleg resistance.
Selection for non‐branching in castor, Ricinus communis L.
Authors: Baldanzi M. , Pugliesi C.
Published: April 2006

A 5‐year selection programme was conducted to obtain an unbranched type of castor plant suitable for efficient mechanical harvesting. Each population (Sn) consisted of several progenies obtained from the selfed main raceme of unbranched plants selected in the previous generation (Sn‐1). After self‐fertilization of all individuals, selection was conducted in the autumn, at the end of the cycle, so as to have fully developed plants. Unbranched plants were counted in each generation. Comparisons between populations showed significant differences owing to increased recovery of the selected phenotype over the generations. The final population could be useful as a source for the development of improved cultivars in future breeding programmes.
Efficient production of doubled haploid wheat plants by in vitro treatment of microspores with trifluralin or APM
Authors: Hansen N. J. P. , Andersen S. B.
Published: April 2006

Isolated microspore cultures from two doubled haploid (DH) lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were used to develop an in vitro chromosome‐doubling protocol. During the initial 24 h or 48 h of culture the microspores were treated with either of the two antimicrotubule herbicides trifluralin or amiprophos‐methyl (APM) in concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10μM. Untreated control cultures yielded 209 embryos per 100000 microspores, which is the equivalent of one spike. Among the regenerated plantlets 67% were green, and 15% of the flowering plants were spontaneously chromosome doubled. Treatments with both the herbicides had a significant effect on chromosome doubling, measured as the percentage of fertile regenerants. With the best combination of treatment duration (48 h) and herbicide concentration (10/μM) the percentage of fertile plants among regenerants could be increased up to 74% with APM and up to 65% with trifluralin. The largest numbers of DH plants per spike could be obtained with herbicide concentrations at 1–3 μM. Treatments with either herbicide at these concentrations resulted in an estimated average between the two genotypes of 27 DH plants per 100 000 microspores. These results demonstrate the high potential of APM and trifluralin as chromosome‐doubling agents in isolated microspore cultures. The in vitro treatment integrated into tissue culture procedures will constitute an efficient method for chromosome doubling in future wheat breeding
Variation in resistance to the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Sternorhynca: Aphididae), among diploid wheat genotypes: Multivariate analysis of agronomic data
Authors: Di Pietro J. P. , Caillaud C. M. , Chaubet B. , Pierre J. S. , Trottet M.
Published: April 2006

A collection of 87 ancient wheat genotypes, 67 Triticum monococcum, 13 Triticum boeoticum, seven Triticum urartu and one cultivar of the modern wheat Triticum aestivum (variety ‘Arminda’) were evaluated for resistance to the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae, the main damaging aphid pest on winter wheat in Europe. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), which is regarded as a good estimate of the fitness of an aphid population, was used as an indicator for the level of plant resistance. Differentiation of the 88 plant genotypes into four distinct groups was achieved with a cluster analysis of the rm values. The modern wheat ‘Arminda’ was more susceptible than any of the ancient wheat genotypes tested (rm= 0.24, i.e. the aphid population doubled every 2.6 days). A second group of 19 plants ranged from relatively susceptible to moderately resistant (0.17 < rm < 0.21). Fifty–one plants were allocated to a third group and classified as resistant (0.09 < rm < 0.16). The last group contained 17 genotypes with a high level of resistance where aphid fitness was greatly reduced (0.02 < rm < 0.09, i.e. the aphid population doubled every 11.4 days or 7.7 days, respectively). Clustering of the accessions into the different phenetic groups did not follow the geographical origin of the wheat genotypes or the species to which they belong. These results show that ancient diploid wheats, all characterized by the genome A, present considerable interest for plant breeding for resistance to S. avenae in modern wheat. The potential use of these strong and partial sources of resistance for introduction of a stable and durable form of resistance to S. avenae in wheat is discussed.
Variation in Ethiopian barley landrace populations for resistance to barley leaf scald and netblotch
Authors: Yitbarek S. , Berhane L. , Fikadu A. , Van Leur J. A. G. , Grando S. , Ceccarelli S.
Published: April 2006

One‐hundred and eighty landrace populations and six‐hundred single‐head plants selected from 60 promising populations were evaluated for resistance to scald and netblotch at three locations in Ethiopia. Each accession was tested with and without the application of 50% of the recommended rate of fertilizer at planting. Plants were rated for disease attack two to four times during the season. Both diseases were enhanced by the application of fertilizer and were more severe at the testing sites of Holetta and Bekoji than at Sheno. The difference in disease resistance among and within populations was considerable. Moreover, populations from Arsi and Bale tend to be more susceptible to scald but more resistant to netblotch than populations from other regions. Populations collected from higher altitudes were more resistant to scald, but susceptible to netblotch, than were populations from lower altitudes. The paper illustrates approaches to the identification of valuable genotypes from landrace populations that can be incorporated into a breeding programme for the development of improved varieties with resistance to the principal diseases of barley in Ethiopia.
Genetic diversity of barley cultivars grown in Spain, estimated by RFLP, similarity and coancestry coefficients
Authors: Casas A. M. , Igartua E. , Valles M. P. , Molina‐Cano J. L.
Published: April 2006

This study was conducted with the objective of characterizing the genetic variation among a representative set of 37 barley cultivars currently grown in Spain, using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Thirty‐two RFLP probes, in combination with three restriction enzymes, were used to analyse polymorphism at the molecular level. Genetic distances (GD), based on RFLP band patterns, and coancestry coefficients (f), based on pedigree records, were calculated. Of the 95 clone‐enzyme combinations analysed, 71 (74.7%) were polymorphic, representing 246 RFLP patterns. A cluster analysis of GD split the sample into five distinct germplasm groups that were consistent with the history of the cultivars (winter European, spring European, CIMMYT‐ICARDA materials, the single cultivar ‘Dobla’ and Spanish local materials). The Spanish group was the most distinct one and had unique alleles at markers close to major loci determining phonological adaptation. The probes which best distinguished among groups were also identified. Genetic similarity estimates were moderately consistent with f (for cultivars with complete pedigrees). The implications for integration of diversity studies into breeding programmes are discussed.
Application of microsatellites from maize to teosinte and other relatives of maize
Authors: Lübberstedt T. , Dussle C. , Melchinger A. E.
Published: April 2006

Teosinte comprises different Zea species (Zea mays, Zea diploperennis, Zea perennis, Zea luxurians) that can be crossed with cultivated maize (Z. mays ssp. mays). Nine microsatellites from maize were applied to different teosinte species in order to evaluate their usefulness in markerbased exploitation of these genetic resources. The same microsatellites were tested with rye, barley, and sorghum as potential molecular markers for these species. Almost all microsatellite × teosinte combinations yielded polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments in the range of cultivated maize. Using an F2 population of a cross between maize inbred A188 and an individual of Zea mays ssp. mexicana, amplification products for maize and teosinte originated from the same genomic location for each of nine microsatellites investigated. PCR fragments of reduced intensity were generally obtained by applying maize microsatellites to rye, barley and sorghum. Polymorphisms among accessions within teosinte (sub)species occurred frequently. In contrast, no polymorphisms were obtained within rye, barley, and sorghum. Hence, application of maize microsatellites to teosinte for fingerprinting or marker‐assisted introgression of genomic regions from teosinte into cultivated maize appears promising.
Genetic analysis of Lolium. I. Identification of linkage groups and the establishment of a genetic map
Authors: Hayward M. D. , Forster J. W. , Jones J. G. , Dolstra O. , Evans C. , McAdam N. J. , Hossain K. G. , Stammers M. , Will J. , Humphreys M. O. , Evans G. M.
Published: April 2006

A genetic map of Lolium has been produced using isozyme, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers applied to a segregating family derived from an F1 hybrid plant of L. perenne × L. multiflorum provenance, crossed on to a doubled haploid L. perenne. A total of 106 markers, out of a total of 160 polymorphic loci analysed, have been ascribed to seven linkage groups covering a map distance of 692cM, Two of these groups may be allocated to chromosomes 2 and 6 of the Lolium genome.

The remaining unallocated markers, the majority of which showed severe segregation distortion, could be associated into small groups of two or three markers which showed no linkage with the main groups at a LOD of 2.8 or, if associated, could not be mapped in a satisfactory manner. This high incidence of disturbed segregations could be accounted for by the use of an interspecific hybrid between two species of differing genome size, with consequent cytological imbalance.
Genetic diversity in landrace populations ofHordeum vulgareL. from Sardinia, Italy, as revealed by RAPDs, isozymes and morphophenological traits
Authors: Papa R. , Attene G. , Barcaccia G. , Ohgata A. , Konishi T.
Published: April 2006

Barley is the second most widely cultivated cereal on the island of Sardinia. It is grown for green fodder, grain and straw, all of which are used for animal feet. The cultivation of modem varieties is limited and many farmers grow local populations of the six‐row landrace ‘S'orgiu sardu’. Twelve local populations (20 strains per population) were evaluated for 13 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, sisisozyme loci and five morphophenological traits. Results showed that Sardinian barley is characterized by a lax six‐row spike and is. in general, a spring type. Isozyme polymorphism was delected for only two esterase loci (EstandEst4). The genetic variation for all types of murkers, was found located mostly within population (about 84%, for isozymes aud morphaphenological traits and 89%, for RAPDs). This finding appears to confirm the hypothesis that the populations studied belong to the same land race called ‘S'orgiu sardu’ by farmers. A geographical differential ion between southern and northern populations was foand in relation to distinct environmental characteristics. Taking into account all types of marker 209 (90.5%) different genotypes were identified out of 231 individuals. The overall results confirm the high variability that can be found within landrace populations, underlining the value of landraccs as a source of genetic variation.
Genetic analyses of low photoperiod sensitivity of rice cultivars from the northernmost regions of Japan
Authors: Ichitani K. , Okumoto Y. , Tanisaka T.
Published: April 2006

The genetic factors controlling the extremely low photoperiod sensitivity (PS) of rice culyibstd from the northernmost regions of Japan were studied using 26 cultivars from the Hokkaido district (42 N 45 N). They were grown under 10‐h and 24‐h daylengths, and their PS. expressed by the difference between the days to heading under these daylengths, was estimated. The genetic factors responsible for the intervarietal difference in PS were then analysed under 10‐h, 14‐h and 24‐h daylengths using the progenies from crosses between Hokkaido cultivars. These results showed that a recessive gene, se‐9(t), drastically reduced PS under a 24‐h daylength and that several genes, including se9(t), determined the extremely low PS of the cultivars from the northernmost regions.
Assessment of cytoplasmic effects of cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines in upland cotton
Authors: Zhu X. F. , Wang X. D. , Sun J. , Zhang T. Z. , Pan J. J.
Published: April 2006

Paired A‐ and B‐lines, cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS)‐lines and main‐tainer lines, respectively, were crossed with R‐lines (restorer) to produce A × R, R × B and B × R hybrids, which were used in 1993 and 1996 to predict the performance of three lypes of CMS cotton lines available in China. A significant difference in yield and yield components was revealed between paired A × R and B × R hybrids. This difference was greatly influenced by both CMS cytoplasm and the interaction between cytoplasm and nuclear genotypes. It is suggested that there are detrimental effects of CMS cytoplasm on yield and yield components. General combining ability of near‐isogenic CMS lines was also affected by this negative effect. The detrimental effect was closely related to an increased number of immature seeds per boll, which might be caused by partial female sterility associated with CMS cytoplasm. The possibility of developing specific combinations of CMS Upland × Upland restorer hybrids that express enough heterosis for yield to overcome the detrimental effect of the CMS cytoplasm is discussed.
Increase of in vitro regeneration in Malus domestica by the application of phosphatase inhibitors
Authors: Graph C. , Wricke G.
Published: April 2006

The effect of the phosphatase inhibitors sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadaate on adventitious shoot regeneration from primary leaf explants was tested in eight genotypes of apple Malus domestica Borkh. Ten different concentrations between 0.5 and 100μM of each substance were added to a modified Murashige and Skoog regeneration medium containing 0.9 μM TDZ and 0.5 μM IBA. In general, all the con‐centrations tested were able to promote shoot formation, although distinct maxima could be observed depending upon the genotype and the inhibitor. Shoot yield was influenced mostly by the genotype and by the concentration of the inhibitor, as well as the interaction between these two factors. In six of the eight genotypes the total number of regenerated shoots increased significantly compared with the control. This was achieved by an increase of the number of regenerating explants as well as the number of shoots per regenerating explant Comparing these results with those of former publications, application of the two phosphatase inhibitors resulted in an improved regeneration response in the corresponding genotypes. This method may also contribute to the understanding of in vitro regeneration in plants.
Evidence of a new gene for high resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in Myrobalan plum, Prunus cerasifera
Authors: Rubio‐Cabetas M. J. , Lecouls A. C. , Salesses G. , Bonnet A. , Minot J. C. , Voisin R. , Esmenjaud D.
Published: April 2006

The Myrobalan plum Prunus cerasifera clones ‘P,2175’ and ‘P,1079’ carry single major genes (Ma1 and Ma2. respectively) for resistance to the predominant root–knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne arenaria (MA), Meloidogyne incognita (MI) and Meloidogyne jaranica(MJ). The Myrobalan plum clone ‘P.2980’ is another complete–spec–trum source bearing favourable agronomic features. The genetics of its resistance to MA, MI, MJ and to the population Meloidogyne sp. Florida has been investigated from G1 crosses with the host Myrobalan plum clone ‘P.16.5’ (recessive for both Ma genes), the resistant clone ‘P.2175’ (heterozygous for Mal) and the ‘Nemared’ peach (homozygous for resistance to MA, MI and MJ but a host for M. sp. Florida). The segregation of the Gl hybrids from the intraspecific crosses into two significantly separated resistant and host classes, independent of the RKN species, indicates that resistance to all four species in ‘P.2980’ is also controlled by a single major dominant (heterozygous) gene. This gene is designated Ma3 because it shares the same spectrum and efficiency as Ma1 and Ma2, and its relationship with these last two genes is discussed. The first hybrids between ‘P.2980’ and ‘Nemared’ tested only segregated for resistance to M. sp. Florida. These results illustrate the possibility of cumulating (pyramiding) Ma3 and the ‘Nemared’ peach resistance gene(s) into new interspecific rootstocks.
Inheritance of resistance to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) in ‘Stella’ apricot seedlings
Authors: Dicenta F. , Audergon J. M.
Published: April 2006

Resistance to sharka (plum pox potyvirus) was studied in 74 seedlings resulting from open pollination of the resistant apricot cultivar ‘Stella’. Each seedling was inoculated at the base by a chip‐bud from a diseased GF305 peach tree. To follow tlie spread of virus into the scedlings. a Chip‐bud of a healthy GF305 and another from a healthy sensitive Manicot apricot were grafted above the inoculation point in the order described. Six observations of symptoms were made in the leaves of the GF305 used For inoculation, the GF305‐control, the Manicot‐control and the ‘Stella’ seedlings during four growth cycles. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to the leaves of the ‘Stella’ seedlings. No ‘Stella’ seedling showed symptoms of sharka. Only three seedlings reacted positively to the ELISA. Substantial differences were observed in the speed of virus propagation through the ‘Stella’ seedlings, some of them showing a strong resistance to virus translocation. The possible use of the ‘Stella’ cultivar in apricot breeding programmes to obtain resistant cultivars is discussed.
Effect of the gene for double pod in chickpea on yield, yield components and stability of yield
Authors: Rubio J. , Moreno M. T. , Cubero J. I. , Gil J.
Published: April 2006

Five pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) for the gene for single vs. double pod were used to study the effect of this character on yield and its components (seeds per plant, yield per plant and seed weight). The NILs were sown in 2 years at five locations in ihe first year and four locations in the second. Combined analysis of variance was applied to t he data and no significant differences between isolines were found, but there were significant genotype– location interaction effects for yield and seeds per plant. For both characters the double–podded lines were more stable than the single–podded lines. Although there were significant differences between the five genotypes lor yield per planl and seed weight, the differentes between single– and double–podded lines were almost nil. The results indicate that the double–pod gene has a positive effect on the stability of yield and is not linked to any other gene responsible Tor seed size in chickpea
A rapid and efficient extraction method for onion DNA
Authors: Wettasinghe R. , Peffley E. B.
Published: April 2006

Four DNA extraction protocols were investigated to identify a protocol that optimizes extraction of DNA from onion. Allium cepa, for ampli| fication of DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The protocol selected was a simple procedure which used fresh leaf tissue, resulted in high UNA yields and low DNA degradation, low RNA contamination. was the least costly and required only 45 min. When RNAase T1 rather than RNAase A was used, more RNA was eliminated.
Parallals between attitudes and traits as predictors of behavior
Authors: Sherman Steven J. , Fazio Russell H.
Published: April 2006

Both attitudes and traits have served as within‐person constructs intended to permit the prediction of later behavior. Despite this similarity, research in the two domains has tended to progress in a relatively independent fashion. A number of parallels between the attitude and trait literature are noted with regard to definitions of the constructs and their utility as predictors of behavior. Parallels with respect to the identification of variables that moderate the attitude‐behavior and trait‐behavior relation are also discussed, as are similarities in the potential processes by which attitudes and traits guide behavior. It is concluded that the parallels are so extensive that research in each domain would benefit from an increased exchange of theory, methods, and findings.
Idiographic goals and methods in the study of lives
Authors: Runyan Wm. McKinley
Published: April 2006

The goal of psychology is “the development of generalizations of ever increasing scope, so that greater and greater varieties of phenomena may be explained by them, larger and larger numbers of questions answered by them, and broader and broader reaching predictions and decisions based upon them.”

Leon Levy (1970, p. 5)

“To generalize is to be an idiot.”

William Blake

Learning what is true of persons‐in‐general and of groups of people often has severe limitations in enabling us to understand and predict the behavior of individuals. There are many important problems in describing, explaining, making predictions about, and intentionally changing the course of experience in individual lives that cannot be adequately addressed without the use of idiographic methods. The purposes of this paper are to contribute to a conceptual clarification of the idiographic approach and its place within psychology, to review and respond to a number of common criticisms of the idiographic approach, and finally, to update and extend Allport's survey of available idiographic methods.
Implicit psychophysiology: Effects of common beliefs and idiosyncratic physiological responses symptom reporting
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Epstein David
Published: April 2006

Every individual exhibits unique perceptual, behavioral, and physiological responses within and across a variety of settings. Despite the idiosyncratic nature of responses, we seek to establish theories that generalize across a large number of individuals. A strict idiographic method intensively examines the response patterns of a small number of individuals, whereas a nomothetic approach focuses on common responses across a large number of individuals. In the present investigation, we seek to learn how individuals perceive and report physical symptoms and sensations. We offer a methodology that capitalizes on the unique physiological responses of individuals but, at the same time, assumes that the underlying perceptual processes relevant to symptom reporting are comparable across individuals. Our approach, then, is both idiographic and nomothetic. As will be discussed, this integrative approach has the potential to be applied to a multitude of behaviors and processes that are of interest to social and personality psychologists.
The influence of individuals on situations: Implications for understanding the links between personality and social behavior
Authors: Snyder Mark
Published: April 2006

In an analysis of the nature and origins of predictability in social behavior, two propositions are considered: (1) There exist categories of individuals whose social behavior is readily predictable from measures of personal attributes such as attitudes, traits, and dispositions as well as categories of individuals whose social behavior is readily predictable from situational and interpersonal specifications of behavioral appropriateness; (2) underlying these differences in predictability are systematic choices to enter and to spend time in social settings and interpersonal contexts that promote and facilitate one or other of these characteristic behavioral orientations. The implications of these propositions for the study of personality and social behavior are considered in the specific case of the psychological construct of self‐monitoring and in the general case of understanding the reciprocal influences of individuals and their social worlds.
Self‐attention and self‐report: The “veridicality” hypothesis
Authors: Gibbons Frederick X.
Published: April 2006

Wicker (1969) summarized the state of the art in the area of attitude/behavior consistency by suggesting that attitude measures are often only slightly related to overt behaviors. Since that time literally hundreds of studies have been conducted dealing with the question of how the predictive validity of self‐assessment can be improved—above the 30 figure that Wicker suggested represents the typical upper limit of correlations between self‐reported attitudes and behavior. This article deals with perhaps one of the simplest factors that does appear to be related to accurate self‐assessment: internal focus of attention. Research in the area of self‐awareness theory is discussed, leading to the conclusion that assessments of various aspects of the self, including attitudes, cognitions, and affective and somatic states, usually are more accurate when they are made by a respondent whose attention is self‐directed. By the same token, overt behavior also tends to be more consistent with previously expressed attitudes when it occurs under conditions conducive to self‐focus. In discussing this research, it is suggested that self‐awareness promotes accuracy in two ways: (a) It focuses the respondent's attention more carefully on those aspects of the self made relevant by the instrument and (b) it increases the person's motivation to report accurately on those self‐dimensions. It is also suggested, however, that this latter factor can sometimes work against consistency. In this regard, a variety of situations are discussed in which motives that may conflict with the desire to report accurately, such as ego‐protectiveness, are also enhanced by self‐focused attention. Finally, a number of empirical questions are presented as guidelines for future research.
Constructing a theory of the triple typology: Some (second) thoughts on nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality
Authors: Bem Daryl J.
Published: April 2006

Our fundamental scientific task is to convert observations of particular persons behaving in particular ways in particular situations into assertions that certain kinds of persons will behave in certain kinds of ways in certain kinds of situations, that is, to construct triple typologies or equivalence classes—of persons, of behaviors, and of situations—and to fashion theories of personality that relate these equivalence classes to one another. It is argued that the different approaches to the study of personality are distinguished from one another not by whether they are idiographic or nomothetic but by the strategies they employ for constructing—or ignoring—each of these three types of equivalence classes. The likely attributes of a successful interactional theory of personality—one that would embrace the entire triple typology—are proposed and discussed.
Alternatives in the pursuit of the predictability and consistency of persons: Stable data that yield unstable interpretations
Authors: Mischel Walter
Published: April 2006

After a review of the historical roots of current issues in personality psychology, useful sources for prediction are summarized and some current convergences in the search for coherence are identified. The value of people as expert assessors is reiterated and the stability, consistency, and predictability of behavior are distinguished as multiple issues. In the pursuit of consistency in social behavior, two major routes emerge. One route aggregates data across situations and response modes, thereby reducing the variance from those sources, and identifies the resulting stable individual differences. The second route assesses consistency from situation to situation, searches for its psychological bases, and focuses on the discriminativeness of behavior as well as its coherence. Each route serves different purposes and has value for those different goals; neither one preempts the other. Years of research on the consistency of social behavior from situation to situation have yielded stable results that sometimes are used to reach opposite interpretations. But these puzzling differences reflect the two contrasting routes and goals in the search for consistency, not instabilities in the data nor a neglect of psychometric principles. Theory‐guided predictions within particular empirical contexts are needed now to explore more deeply when and how either discriminative or more generalized patterns of coherence occur, and to illuminate their psychological bases with increasing precision.
Gender differences in emotional development: A review of theories and research
Authors: Brody Leslie R
Published: April 2006

Theories, data, methodological and conceptual problems concerning the study of gender differences in the development of defenses, emotional expression, recognition, and experiences are reviewed Data indicate gender differences in several areas of emotional functioning, including nonverbal sensitivity, expressiveness, self‐reports of anger, fear, and sadness, the quality of defenses, and cognitive correlates of recognition abilities Studies suggest that with development, boys increasingly inhibit the expression and attribution of most emotions, whereas girls increasingly inhibit the expression and recognition of socially unacceptable emotions, e g, anger These differences may be a function of different socialization processes for males and females, which may be adaptations to innate gender differences in temperament, or adaptations to existing sociocultural pressures

The present paper argues that emotions motivate and regulate adaptive behaviors, and that researchers must explore gender differences in emotional development as a function of different familial, sociocultural, and interpersonal roles to which males and females must adapt
Depression vs. paranoia: Why are there sex differences in mental illness?
Authors: Lewis Helen Block
Published: April 2006

Sex differences in proneness to depression and paranoia are seen as reflecting caricatures of women s and men's stereotypical role in a male‐dominated, exploitative society Following its major hypothesis that mental illness arises out of failures in the sociability that is inherent in our species, the paper discusses some of the evidence for sex differences in sociability, and some evidence from studies of sex differences in field dependence which, taken together, suggest a sex difference in proneness to shame and guilt This sex difference in ‘superego” style is a mediating factor in proneness to depression and paranoia
Gender and victimization by intimates
Authors: Auerbach Walker Lenore E , Browne Angela
Published: April 2006

Recent data demonstrate that, although gender has an impact upon the experience of being a victim of an intimate s violence, there is no particular personality pattern that leads one to become a victim Rather, women— who are socialized to adapt and submit, and who are likely to become victims of men's sexual violence or physical abuse—may not develop adequate self‐protection skills as children, especially if they come from childhood homes in which females are victimized, leading to a later vulnerability to physical and sexual abuse Men, however, socialized to express anger and aggression in an outward manner, learn to model the abuse witnessed or experienced in childhood and often learn that women are the appropriate’ recipients of this violence

Social learning theories of modeling and aggression are used to explain how such personality patterns develop, and the theory of learned helplessness is used to explain battered women s coping responses to their partners’ abusive behavior The extreme situation, in which a battered woman kills her partner in self‐defense, is analyzed in order to understand women victims sense of desperation and entrapment in severely abusive relationships and the extent to which their behaviors are in reaction to the abuse perpetrated by the mate
Individuation and attachment in personality development: Extending Erikson's theory
Authors: Franz Carol E , White Kathleen M
Published: April 2006

The question of whether Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is a complete and coherent view of development in males and females is considered After a thorough review of Erikson's views on the role of sex in psychosocial development, the authors suggest that an important element is neglected in Erikson's account of personality development in both sexes That is, due to his focus on issues of identity, Erikson does not account fully for the development of intimacy or other expressions of interpersonal attachment The authors conclude that the major shortcoming of Erikson's theory is not, as some feminists have argued, that it is a male theory but that it fails to account adequately for the processes of interpersonal attachment that are essential to the development of both males and females Preliminary elements of a two‐path model of development are proposed
Lives of women who became autonomous
Authors: Helson Ravenna , Mitchell Valory , Hart Barbara
Published: April 2006

We examine the lives and growth processes of women who have achieved considerable development of personality Subjects of study are seven women in a longitudinal sample who, at ages 42–45, are classified by the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test at the highest ego‐levels As a way of describing their lives, all seven are analyzed in terms of Levinson's model of male development, one case is presented in terms of Gilligan's model of female development, another in terms of Loevinger's general model, and linkages among theories are observed Characteristics of Loevinger's autonomous stage are illustrated and the extent to which they are gender‐related is discussed Findings show that women with very different personalities, problems, and ways of life can attain a high level of ego‐development, that their lives tend not to have been orthodox or easy, and that theories of adult development are useful but uneven in application
Individual differences in moral development: The relation of sex, gender, and personality to morality
Authors: Lifton Peter D
Published: April 2006

Abstract1

Individual differences in moral development are examined, with a particular emphasis on sex and gender differences This examination includes an extensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature in psychology on morality Based on this review, it is concluded that sex differences occur with less frequency and with a less systematic favoring of males than is predicted by several theories of moral development In addition, a study is presented which considers the relation of sex, gender, and personality to morality Two age cohort samples, college sophomores (n= 169) and adults (n= 151), were assessed with the moral judgment scale of the cognitive‐developmental model (Kohlberg, 1984) and a newly developed moral character template of the personological model (Lifton, in Press) Participants also completed the CPI and MMPI personality inventories Results of the study indicate (1) the absence of sex differences for either model, (2) the presence of gender differences favoring masculine persons for the cognitive‐developmental but not personological model, and (3) that individual differences in moral development parallel individual differences in personality development The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to Gilligan's (1982) claim that men and women differ in their moral orientations Finally, it is argued that an individual difference approach, particularly one that emphasizes personality, would prove useful for future research on moral development