bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic variants associated with the occurrence and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Terhune Elizabeth A. , Heyn Patricia C. , Piper Christi R. , Hadley-Miller Nancy
Published: June 2022

Background

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥ 10° with rotation. Approximately 2–3% of children in most populations are affected with AIS, and this condition is responsible for approximately $1.1 billion in surgical costs to the US healthcare system. Although a genetic factor for AIS has been demonstrated for decades, with multiple potentially contributory loci identified across populations, treatment options have remained limited to bracing and surgery.

Methods

The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and Ovid MEDLINE will be searched and limited to articles in English. We will conduct title and abstract, full-text, and data extraction screening through Covidence, followed by data transfer to a custom REDCap database. Quality assessment will be confirmed by multiple reviewers. Studies containing variant-level data (i.e., GWAS, exome sequencing) for AIS subjects and controls will be considered. Outcomes of interest will include presence/absence of AIS, scoliosis curve severity, scoliosis curve progression, and presence/absence of nucleotide-level variants. Analyses will include odds ratios and relative risk assessments, and subgroup analysis (i.e., males vs. females, age groups) may be applied. Quality assessment tools will include GRADE and Q-Genie for genetic studies.

Discussion

In this systematic review, we seek to evaluate the quality of genetic evidence for AIS to better inform research efforts, to ultimately improve the quality of patient care and diagnosis.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO registration #CRD42021243253
Prevalence, socio-demographics and service use determinants associated with disclosure of HIV/AIDS status to infected children: a systematic review and meta-analysis by 1985–2021
Authors: Armoon Bahram , Fleury Marie-Josée , Higgs Peter , Bayat Amir-Hossien , Bayani Azadeh , Mohammadi Rasool , Ahounbar Elaheh
Published: June 2022

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a public health issue of global importance. To our knowledge, no previous meta-analysis documenting the prevalence, socio-demographic, and service use determinants associated with HIV/AIDS disclosure to infected children has been conducted. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence, socio-demographics and service use determinants associated with the disclosure of HIV/AIDS status to infected children.

Methods

Studies in English published between 01 January 1985 and 01 November 2021, and available on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic databases were searched. After reviewing for study duplicates, the full-text of selected articles were assessed for eligibility using Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes (PICO) criteria. We used fixed and random-effects meta-analysis models to estimate the pooled prevalence, pooled odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

After article duplicates were excluded, assessments of abstracts were completed, and full-text papers evaluated, 37 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The prevalence of the disclosure of HIV status to children was measured to be 41% in this research. The odds that a child of 10 years and older is informed that they are HIV-positive is 3.01 time the odds that younger children are informed. Those children who had primary or lower schooling level were 2.41 times more likely to be informed of their HIV-positive status than children with higher levels of schooling. Children who had a non-biological parents were 3.17 times more likely to have been disclose being HIV-positive; social support (OR = 8.29, 95%CI = 2.34, 29.42), children who had higher levels of social supports were 8.29 times more likely to disclose HIV-positive; the primary educational level of caregivers (OR = 2.03, 95%CI = 1.43, 2.89), respondents who had caregivers with primary education level were 2.03 times more likely to disclose HIV-positive; antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence (OR = 2.59, 95%CI = 1.96, 3.42), participants who adhered to ART were 2.59 times more likely to disclose HIV-positive and hospital follow-up (OR = 2.82, 95%CI = 1.85, 4.29), those who had hospital follow-up were 2.82 times more likely to disclose HIV-positive; were all significantly associated with the disclosure of HIV/AIDS status to infected children.

Conclusion

Such data are of importance for healthcare pediatrics HIV care professionals. Facilitating HIV diagnosis and disclosure to the infected children and ensuring access to HIV treatment will likely prevent secondary HIV transmission. Healthcare professionals are expected to provide age-appropriate counseling services to this population.
Conservation risks for paper collections induced by the microclimate in the repository of the Alessandrina Library in Rome (Italy)
Authors: Verticchio Elena , Frasca Francesca , Cavalieri Patrizia , Teodonio Lorenzo , Fugaro Daniela , Siani Anna Maria
Published: June 2022

The Alessandrina Library was founded in 1667 by pope Alexander VII Chigi and is nowadays housed in the Campus of Sapienza University of Rome (Italy). Within its Ancient (mostly made of rag paper) and Modern (mostly made of contemporary paper) collections, it includes more than one million books produced from the XVI to the XXI century. In 2019, six thermo-hygrometers were deployed in its multi-storey repository to monitor temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). Hourly T and RH data collected over 2 years allowed us to evaluate spatial and temporal thermo-hygrometric distributions and to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the climate-induced risks (mechanical, chemical, and biological deterioration mechanisms). Vertical temperature gradients associated with unstable conditions occurred in winter, resulting in upraising air flows up to the ceiling. The risky short-term RH fluctuations (EN 15757:2010) were determined to avoid mechanical stress in case of loans, relocation, and consultation. The Time Weighted Expected Lifetime (TWEL) index was used to evaluate the chemical risk for different paper-based collections as a function of their acidity and degree of polymerisation, also considering the typical response time of paper books to T and RH changes. The TWEL calculation estimated that the durability of acidic paper was around 300 years and highlighted that rag paper could be subject to cellulose hydrolysis only in summer and autumn, while contemporary paper was mostly at no risk. The risk of mould germination (Sedlbauer diagram) was possible on few days in Autumn, while the production of insect eggs (Brimblecombe empirical function) was favoured during approximately 42% of time over the year. In addition, illuminance and colorimetric measurements (performed on selected book covers) showed that light-sensitive objects could be exposed to the photodeterioration risk in the east-facing side of the repository. Although the investigation focussed on a specific case study, a similar approach could be effectively adapted to most library and archival repositories conserving paper-based collections.
Application of total keratometry in ten intraocular lens power calculation formulas in highly myopic eyes
Authors: Wei Ling , Cheng Kaiwen , He Wenwen , Zhu Xiangjia , Lu Yi
Published: June 2022

Background

The accuracy of using total keratometry (TK) value in recent IOL power calculation formulas in highly myopic eyes remained unknown.

Methods

Highly myopic patients who underwent uneventful cataract surgery were prospectively enrolled in this prospective comparative study. At one month postoperatively, standard deviation (SD) of the prediction errors (PEs), mean and median absolute error (MedAE) of 103 highly myopic eyes were back-calculated and compared among ten formulas, including XGboost, RBF 3.0, Kane, Barrett Universal II, Emmetropia Verifying Optical 2.0, Cooke K6, Haigis, SRK/T, and Wang-Koch modifications of Haigis and SRK/T formulas, using either TK or standard keratometry (K) value.

Results

In highly myopic eyes, despite good agreement between TK and K (P > 0.05), larger differences between the two were associated with smaller central corneal thickness (P < 0.05). As to the refractive errors, TK method showed no differences compared to K method. The XGBoost, RBF 3.0 and Kane ranked top three when considering SDs of PEs. Using TK value, the XGboost calculator was comparable with the RBF 3.0 formula (P > 0.05), which both presented smaller MedAEs than others (all P < 0.05). As for the percentage of eyes within ± 0.50 D or ± 0.75 D of PE, the XGBoost TK showed comparable percentages with the RBF 3.0 TK formula (74.76% vs. 66.99%, or 90.29% vs. 87.38%, P > 0.05), and statistically larger percentages than the other eight formulas (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Highly myopic eyes with thinner corneas tend to have larger differences between TK and K. The XGboost enhancement calculator and RBF 3.0 formula using TK showed the most promising outcomes in highly myopic eyes.
Influence of weather on the behaviour of reintroduced Przewalski’s horses in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (Mongolia): implications for conservation
Authors: Bernátková Anna , Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar , Šimek Jaroslav , Komárková Martina , Bobek Miroslav , Ceacero Francisco
Published: June 2022

Background

Reintroduction is a common technique for re-establishing threatened species. However, the adaptation to novel habitats with distinct conditions poses a risk of failure. Weather conditions affect the behaviour of animals, and thus, their adaptation to new conditions and survival. Reintroduced Przewalski’s horses living in Mongolia’s continental arid climate with extreme temperature and precipitation variability, serve as an ideal model species for studying the behavioural response of selected groups to these harsh conditions.

Methods

The research was conducted in The Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Mongolia. In summer 2018, three groups were recorded (Azaa, Tsetsen and Mares18) involving 29 individuals. In Spring 2019, 4 groups were recorded (Azaa, Tsetsen, Hustai1 and Mares19) involving 34 individuals. In Autumn 2019, 4 groups were recorded (Azaa, Tsetsen, Hustai2 and Tanan) involving 35 individuals. Thirteen weather variables were recorded in 10-min intervals, together with the percentage representation of selected behavioural categories (feeding, locomotion, resting, and social). The effect of weather on behaviour was analysed through GLMM. Influence of the group-history factors (recently reintroduced, long-term reintroduced and wild-born) was also analysed.

Results

Feeding significantly increased with cloudy and windy conditions and was more frequent in autumn than spring and summer. Locomotion was positively explained by temperature and cloudiness and was higher in summer than spring and autumn. Resting behaviour decreased with altitude and cloudiness, and the dispersion of the group was lower when resting. Increased social interactions were observed with higher temperatures and were more frequent in summer compared to spring and autumn. Differences were found in the display of the behaviours among the selected harems, showing interesting patterns when grouping them according to their origin and experience.

Conclusions

Weather patterns seem to influence the behaviour of Przewalski’s horse. These results might assist in further management plans for the species, especially in the view of intensifying climate change and alteration of weather patterns. As previously suggested, after approximately 1 year, horses adapt to novel conditions and display the typical behavioural pattern of wild-born Przewalski’s horses.
3D printing for surgical planning of canine oral and maxillofacial surgeries
Authors: Huang Yu-Hui , Lee Bonnie , Chuy Jeffrey A. , Goldschmidt Stephanie L.
Published: June 2022

Background

Advanced diagnostic imaging is an essential part of preoperative planning for oral and maxillofacial surgery in veterinary patients. 3-dimensional (3D) printed models and surgical guides generated from diagnostic imaging can provide a deeper understanding of the complex maxillofacial anatomy, including relevant spatial relationships. Additionally, patient-specific 3D printed models allow surgeons and trainees to better examine anatomical features through tactile and visuospatial feedback allowing for improved preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and enhanced trainee education. Furthermore, these models facilitate discussions with pet owners, allowing for improved owner understanding of pathology, and educated decision-making regarding treatment.

Case presentation

Our case series consists of three 3D printed models segmented from computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT (CBCT) and fabricated via desktop vat polymerization for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance for resection of maxillary osteosarcoma, mandibular reconstruction after mandibulectomy, and gap arthroplasty for temporomandibular joint ankylosis in dogs.

Conclusions

We illustrate multiple benefits and indications for 3D printing in veterinary oral and maxillofacial surgery. 3D printed models facilitate the understanding of complex surgical anatomy, creating an opportunity to assess the spatial relationship of the relevant structures. It facilitates individualized surgical planning by allowing surgeons to tailor and augment the surgical plan by examining patient-specific anatomy and pathology. Surgical steps may also be simulated in advance, including planning of osteotomy lines, and pre-contouring of titanium plates for reconstruction. Additionally, a 3D printed model and surgical guide also serve as invaluable intraoperative reference and guidance. Furthermore, 3D printed models have the potential to improve veterinary resident and student training as well as pet owner understanding and communication regarding the condition of their pets, treatment plan and intended outcomes.
Identifying the potential role of curcumin analogues as anti-breast cancer agents; an in silico approach
Authors: Praseetha N. G. , Divya U. K. , Nair S.
Published: June 2022

Background

Breast cancer ranks top among newly reported cancer cases and most of the women suffers from breast cancer. Development of target therapy using phytochemicals with minimal side effects is trending in health care research. Phytochemicals targets complex multiple signalling events in cancer and are pleiotropic in nature. Thus, the present study was conducted to check the effectivity of curcumin analogues (Capsaicin, Chlorogenic acid, Ferulic acid, Zingerone, Gingerol) against the receptors that are expressed in breast cancer cells and prove its ethno-medicinal value by using bioinformatic tools and softwares like PDB, Patch Dock, PubChem, Chimera and My Presto.

Result

Out of the various curcumin analogues studied, Ferulic acid showed best binding affinity with all the breast cancer cell specific receptors (FGF, MMP9, RNRM1, TGF-beta, DHFR, VEGF and aromatase) which was confirmed through the docking studies.

Conclusion

The current work was a preliminary step towards screening suitable drug candidate against breast cancer using in silico methods. This information can be used further to carry out in vivo studies using selected natural analogues of curcumin as a suitable drug candidate against breast cancer saving time and cost.
Neuropsychological Assessment in Dementia Diagnosis
Authors: Weintraub Sandra
Published: June 2022

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article discusses the application of neuropsychological evaluation to the workup of individuals with age-related cognitive impairment and suspected dementia. Referral questions, principles of evaluation, and common instruments to detect abnormalities in cognition and behavior in this population are reviewed. The integration of neuropsychological test findings with other clinical and biomarker information enhances early detection, differential diagnosis, and care planning.

RECENT FINDINGS

Life expectancy is increasing in the United States, and, accordingly, the prevalence and incidence of dementia associated with age-related neurodegenerative brain disease are rising. Age is the greatest risk factor for the dementia associated with Alzheimer disease, the most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia in people over 65 years of age; other etiologies, such as the class of frontotemporal lobar degenerations, are increasingly recognized in individuals both younger and older than 65 years of age. The clinical dementia diagnosis, unfortunately, is imperfectly related to disease etiology; however, probabilistic relationships can aid in diagnosis. Further, mounting evidence from postmortem brain autopsies points to multiple etiologies. The case examples in this article illustrate how the neuropsychological evaluation increases diagnostic accuracy and, most important, identifies salient cognitive and behavioral symptoms to target for nonpharmacologic intervention and caregiver education and support. Sharing the diagnosis with affected individuals is also discussed with reference to prognosis and severity of illness.

The clinical neuropsychological examination facilitates early detection of dementia, characterizes the level of severity, defines salient clinical features, aids in differential diagnosis, and points to a pathway for care planning and disease education.
“Combination of Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia, Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block and Supraclavicular Nerve Block as Surgical Anesthesia for Modified Radical Mastectomy—A Case Series”
Authors: Surya R. , Joseph Gunasingh Jennifer Lydia , Sethuraman Raghuraman M. , Asokan Aswin , Thilak M.
Published: June 2022

Sensory innervation of the breast is complex, thereby making it difficult to perform any surgical procedure with a single regional anesthesia technique. Because of the involvement of pectoral muscles and extension of the incision into the axilla, a modified radical mastectomy makes it further challenging and requires multiple techniques. We have used a new combination of regional techniques in this case series and found that it provided complete surgical anesthesia with a smaller volume of local anesthetic.
Thalassological Worldmaking and Literary Circularities in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Oruc Firat
Published: June 2022

Although the study of Indian Ocean literary circularities is a relatively new and dynamic field, it calls for alternative paradigms for global literary history in light of the nascent conversation between comparative world literature and oceanic studies. Following the creative work of prominent writers of the Indian Ocean (including Abdulrazak Gurnah, the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature), the concept of literary circularities is anchored in the study of multiple intersecting and networked sites of exchange, circulation, migration, and encounter in this vast oceanic space that has mediated a dynamic cross-cultural traffic across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. In response to the territorial logic of old and new comparative literature, the polysemic nature of the Indian Ocean invites the following the question: what would world literature look like when terracentric biases of the field are unsettled? In other words, how does the thalassological poetics of the Indian Ocean also remap approaches to literary categories themselves? The Indian Ocean’s literary waves and the generic wateriness they create offer a set of analytical categories as they rescale narrative as a living, moving, recombining, recycling practice of memory, connection, and connectivity.
Creole Indias, Creolizing Pondicherry: Ari Gautier’sLe thinnaias the Archipelago of Fragments
Authors: Kabir Ananya Jahanara
Published: June 2022

This essay argues for creolization as a salient theoretical and historical category for Indian cultural history that can offer an epistemic alternative to its land-centric bias. Through literary analysis of Franco-Tamil author Ari Gautier’s novel about Pondicherry, Le thinnai, it demonstrates how creolization theories need to be adjusted to capture and evaluate the cultural transformations which took place in enclaves such as Pondicherry, founded between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries on India’s coasts by a range of European powers. Equally, it deploys literary critical methods to illuminate how, and why, fiction such as Gautier’s reactivates memory of Creole Indias. This reading reveals his privileged trope of the “thinnai,” a veranda-like architectural element of Tamil homes, as working together with the embodied culture of Pondicherry’s “Bas Créole” community, to present the enclave as a contact zone for creolization of cultural materials that converge here through two, overlapping circularities: the transoceanic and the littoral. The specific epistemic structure generated through their intersections, that I call “the archipelago of fragments,” moves us away from the double bind of territoriality and caste-based preference for purity while opening Indian cultural history to the porosity of the coastline and the unpredictability of creolization as cultural process.
An Archipelagic Node in Global Migration? The Stakes of Comparison and Irony in Nathacha Appanah’s Tropique de la violence
Authors: Obeegadoo Nikhita
Published: June 2022

Nestled in the Mozambique Channel, the island of Mayotte is an overseas department of France, wrenched away from the Comoran archipelago in 1975. This act of colonial mutilation gave birth to an ultra-peripheral “French” territory that persists as a beacon of hope for Comoran clandestine migrants, thousands of whom have perished on the treacherous sea crossing since 1995. In her novel Tropique de la violence (2016), Mauritian author Nathacha Appanah inscribes the Mahoran tragedy within a global imaginary of migration. This essay explores the risks and merits of such a comparative approach: as Appanah’s references to the Mediterranean “migration crisis” foster transnational empathy, do they simultaneously reproduce the colonial gaze? After all, the polyphonic novel does not give a voice to the Comoran migrant herself. Is this a gesture of narrative violence, or a way of forcing us to confront silences that can never be filled? Through a series of detailed close-readings, the essay argues that Tropique de la violence takes a nuanced and often ironical approach to the facile equivalences between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean (in terms of migratory tragedy), as well as between Mayotte and France (in terms of political status). This exploration culminates in an examination of the novel’s own complex positionality as a French-language novel written by a Mauritian author about Mayotte. Simultaneously branded as too foreign and yet not foreign enough, Tropique de la violence both embodies and exceeds Indian Ocean circularities.
A Western Bibliomania for Japanese Photobooks
Authors: Lederman Russet
Published: June 2022

Editor’s Note: The text below is a response to the following question posed by the TAP Review: Do you think national, regional, or cultural frameworks (e.g. Japanese photography, Southeast Asian photography, Arab photography) are useful at this point? What might be the alternatives?
Following the Box: Exploring an Archive of Anonymous Photographs from India
Authors: Teller Alan , Zbiral Jerri
Published: June 2022

http://followingthebox.com
Multidimensional Outcomes of Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy for Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy: Single-Level Laminectomy vs Multiple-Level Laminotomy Techniques
Authors: He Zhexi , Wong Sui To , Law Hing Yuen , Lao Lai Mio Miko , Chan Kwai Fong Helen , Chan Nar Chi Nerita , Yam Kwong Yui
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND:

Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) reduces lower limb spasticity, improves gait patterns, and restores normal physical and social activity in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Single-level laminectomy (SLL) and multiple-level laminotomy (MLL) are 2 surgical approaches for SDR with limited clinical data comparing their postoperative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the differences in multidimensional outcomes after SDR between SLL and MLL for children with spastic cerebral palsy.

METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed children who underwent SDR in our hospital from 1997 to 2016. The multidimensional outcomes in spasticity, joint range of motions, gait kinetics, gross motor activities, functional outcomes, and urological outcomes were assessed 1 year postoperatively. Hip dysplasia and scoliosis rate were compared as long-term outcomes.

RESULTS:

Sixty children underwent SDR, including 34 SLL patients and 26 MLL patients. Most improvements in multidimensional outcomes were comparable between SLL and MLL. Patients in the SLL group had larger improvements in ankle dorsiflexion in the midstance phase (SLL 7.59° ± 11.48° vs MLL 0.29° ± 11.30°, P = .027). The rate of scoliosis was similar between the 2 surgical approaches (SLL 12.1% vs MLL 15.4%, P = .722).

CONCLUSION:

SDR for children with spastic cerebral palsy could provide physical, functional, and urological improvements. SLL achieved a higher degree of improvement in ankle dorsiflexion in the midstance phase. The rate of scoliosis was not significantly increased by multiple-level laminotomy.
A new conceptual framework for the musculoskeletal biomechanics and physiology of ray-finned fishes
Authors: Camp Ariel L. , Brainerd Elizabeth L.
Published: June 2022

Suction feeding in ray-finned fishes requires substantial muscle power for fast and forceful prey capture. The axial musculature located immediately behind the head has been long known to contribute some power for suction feeding, but recent XROMM and fluoromicrometry studies found nearly all the axial musculature (over 80%) provides effectively all (90–99%) of the power for high-performance suction feeding. The dominance of axial power suggests a new framework for studying the musculoskeletal biomechanics of fishes: the form and function of axial muscles and bones should be analysed for power production in feeding (or at least as a compromise between swimming and feeding), and cranial muscles and bones should be analysed for their role in transmitting axial power and coordinating buccal expansion. This new framework is already yielding novel insights, as demonstrated in four species for which suction power has now been measured. Interspecific comparisons suggest high suction power can be achieved in different ways: increasing the magnitude of suction pressure or the rate of buccal volume change, or both (as observed in the most powerful of these species). Our framework suggests that mechanical and evolutionary interactions between the head and the body, and between the swimming and feeding roles of axial structures, may be fruitful areas for continued study.
Personal relations and social media: The emotional experience on Instagram
Authors: Pantalos Emmanouil , Katsimigas Lampros , Komninou Athina , Makrysopoulou Panagiota
Published: June 2022

Social network sites such as Facebook and Instagram have become an online venue where people nowadays form and maintain relationships, socialize and exchange social or other information. This study explores the Instagram experience and its effects on feelings, anxiety and a series of other related variables. Results of the self-report quantitative correlative method (n=289) revealed indifference as the primary feeling associated with Instagram use in general, slightly surpassed by happiness, love and pride only in cases when Instagram use was positively personalized. Regarding Instagram anxiety, results showed no sex differences, a negative correlation with age and a positive correlation with amount of use. Instagram anxiety was also found to correlate with social comparison, passive and active use as well as social presence, indicating that content and type of involvement is likely to have emotional and psychological effects. A high correlation was found between Instagram anxiety and problematic use. Self-esteem was found to correlate negatively with Instagram anxiety. A positive relationship was found between social comparison and use, active or passive. Finally, the number of users one follows was found to play a role in the amount of Instagram anxiety.
Hyperoside: a review of pharmacological effects
Authors: Li Qi , Song Fuchen , Zhu Meidong , Wang Qianzhu , Han Yan , Ling Yinlu , Qiao Lirui , Zhong Ni , Zhang Lei
Published: June 2022

Hyperoside, also known as quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, belongs to the class of flavonol glycosides. Its aglycon is quercetin, and the sugar base is galactopyranoside. It is made of quercetin. The O atom at the 3rdposition of the element is connected to the sugar group by a β-glycosidic bond. Hyperoside, which is widely present in the planted objects, such as the fruits and whole plants ofHypericaceae, Rosaceae,Campanulaceae,Lamiaceae, andBerberisspp., has received extensive attention due to its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and other disease activities, as well as its protective effects on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, digestive system and immune system. While glycosides are a commonly researched topic, there are very few studies on the metabolic pathways, and its overuse and adverse reactions are rarely reported. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacological research results of hyperoside, and a new perspective on the limitations of the existing research on metabolic pathways and toxicology. It provides new ideas for further research and clinical application of hyperoside.
Chicken liver and eggshell crackers as a safe and affordable animal source food for overcoming micronutrient deficits during pregnancy and lactation in Indonesia: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial (SISTIK Growth Study)
Authors: Diana Aly , Rahmannia Sofa , Suhadi Yenni Zuhairini , Luftimas Dimas Erlangga , Rizqi Haidar , Purnamasari Afini Dwi , Jihadillah Ayunda , Ansari Mohammad Brachim , Haq Dearly Ayu Zahrotun , Pratiwi Aisyah Nur , Scott Samuel , Hampel Daniela , Allen Lindsay H , Haszard Jillian J , Houghton Lisa A , Gibson Rosalind S , Fahmida Umi
Published: June 2022

Background: Indonesia ranks fifth in terms of the number of stunted children and there has been little change in the stunting prevalence in the last decade. In earlier observational studies conducted in 2014-2015, we identified several key underlying problems with the potential to impact stunting in Sumedang district, West Java, Indonesia. Deficits in intakes of growth-limiting micronutrients were observed, most notably calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin A, emphasizing the need for a food-based intervention to overcome these micronutrient deficits in the diets of mothers and their infants.

Methods: A double-blind placebo-controlled cluster randomised trial comparing the effect of daily consumption of 75 grams of locally produced micronutrient-enriched crackers (MEC) (intervention group) compared to placebo crackers (control group) by mothers at two-time intervals: (i) from the 8-14 weeks of pregnancy to delivery (i.e., 28-34 weeks of consumption of MEC) on birth length, and (ii) from the 8-14 weeks of pregnancy to 5 months post-partum on attained linear growth and linear growth velocity of breast-fed infants. A total of 324 pregnant women from 28 clusters (villages) located in 3 sub-districts in Sumedang district, West Java, Indonesia, will be randomly assigned to either intervention (n=14 villages) or control (n=14 villages).

Discussion: This will be the first study in Indonesia to use crackers based on powdered eggshells and chicken liver, in a form which is acceptable, safe, and has a long shelf life. If daily consumption of MEC for 6 months during pregnancy can enhance birth length, or their continued daily consumption for 5 months postpartum improves both attained and incremental linear growth at 5 months of age, then scaling-up in Indonesia may be considered.

Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04564222; 25th September 2020
Measuring Founding Strategy
Authors: Guzman Jorge , Li Aishen
Published: June 2022

We introduce a novel approach to measure the founding strategic differentiation of startups and its relationship to follow-on performance. We use natural language processing and historical websites to estimate the similarity between the founding website of an individual startup, the historical website of public firms at the startup’s founding year, and the founding website of other startups founded in the same year. We propose that distance in the value proposition stated in these websites represents differentiation in the market. Startup differentiation is estimated as the average text-based distance from the five closest incumbents (public firms). We implement this approach using a large sample of startups from Crunchbase. Our measure predicts a meaningful increase in early-stage financing and equity outcomes, unconditionally and controlling for cohort and industry fixed effects. The positive benefits of equity outcomes only evidence themselves after year 6 of age, suggesting more differentiated firms may take longer to prove themselves. Using out-of-sample tests, we also demonstrate that our measure is economically important, predicting 30% of the total variation in the receipt of early-stage financing and 20% of variation in equity outcomes. Public datasets of our differentiation score and scraped website data are provided, together with open-source code to replicate our approach in other settings.

This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.

Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4369 .
Advanced airway management and drug-assisted intubation skills in an advanced critical care practitioner team
Authors: Denton Gavin , Green Lindsay , Palmera Marion , Jones Anita , Quinton Sarah , Simmons Andrew , Choyce Andrew , Higgins Daniel , Arora Nitin
Published: June 2022

Introduction:

Airway management, including endotracheal intubation, is one of the cornerstones of care of critically ill patients. Internationally, health professionals from varying backgrounds deliver endotracheal intubation as part of their critical care role. This article considers the development of airway management skills within a single advanced critical care practitioner (ACCP) team and uses case series data to analyse the safety profile in performing this aspect of critical care. Skills were acquired during and after the ACCP training pathway. A combination of theoretical teaching, theatre experience, simulation and work-based practice was used. Case series data of all critical care intubations by ACCPs were collected. Audit results: Data collection identified 675 intubations carried out by ACCPs, 589 of those being supervised, non-cardiac arrest intubations requiring drugs. First pass success was achieved in 89.6% of cases. A second intubator was required in 4.3% of cases. Some form of complication was experienced by 42.3% of patients; however, the threshold for complications was set at a low level.

Conclusions:

This ACCP service developed a process to acquire advanced airway management skills including endotracheal intubation. Under medical supervision, ACCPs delivered advanced airway management achieving a first pass success rate of 89.6%, which compares favourably with both international and national success rates. Although complications were experienced in 48.3% of patients, when similar complication cut-offs are compared with published data, ACCPs also matched favourably.
Determining death in cases of severe brain damage
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: June 2022

Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, considers how death is determined in cases of severe brain damage after the High Court order doctors to carry out tests to establish whether a child had died
Cost-effectiveness of Debrichem in managing hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers in the UK
Authors: Guest Julian F , Deanesi Valter , Segalla Arrigo
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To estimate whether the topical debriding agent, Debrichem, could potentially afford the UK's National Health Service (NHS) a cost-effective intervention for the management of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers (VLUs).

Method:

A Markov model was constructed depicting the management of hard-to-heal VLUs with Debrichem plus standard care (SC) or SC alone over a period of 12 months. The model was populated with inputs from an indirect comparison of two propensity score-matched cohorts. The model estimated the cost-effectiveness of the two interventions in terms of the incremental cost per quality–adjusted life year (QALY) gained at 2019/20 prices.

Results:

Addition of Debrichem to a SC protocol to treat hard-to-heal VLUs was found to increase the probability of healing by 75% (from 0.35 to 0.61) by 12 months, and to increase health-related quality of life over 12 months from 0.74 to 0.84 QALYs per patient. The 12-month cost of treatment with Debrichem plus SC (£3128 per patient) instead of SC alone (£7195 per patient) has the potential to reduce the total NHS cost of wound management by up to 57%. Hence, Debrichem was estimated to improve health outcomes for less cost. Sensitivity analysis showed that Debrichem plus SC remained a cost-effective (dominant) treatment with plausible variations in costs and effectiveness.

Conclusion:

Within the limitations of the study, the addition of Debrichem to a SC protocol potentially affords a cost-effective treatment to the NHS for managing hard-to-heal VLUs.
Hypericum and neem oil for dehisced post-surgical wounds: a randomised, controlled, single-blinded phase III study
Authors: Arena Raimondo , Strazzeri Maria Grazia , Bianchi Tommaso , Peghetti Angela , Merli Yuri , Abbenante Diego , Olivari Diletta
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a hypericum and neem oil dressing, Primary Wound Dressing [ONE] (1PWD) (Kerecis AG, Switzerland), in a patient population with dehiscence of surgical wounds with critical colonisation/infection. Efficacy was defined as resolution of inflammatory/infective symptoms.

Method:

A randomised, controlled, single-blinded, parallel-arms phase III study was conducted comparing the experimental medication to silver-based dressings. All patients were evaluated at enrolment, on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Improvement of inflammatory/infective symptoms was measured by detecting seven items of the Bates–Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT). Pain was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS).

Results:

The study enrolled 99 patients. Follow-up was completed in 49 patients in the experimental group and 48 patients in the control group. Overall BWAT evaluation demonstrated similar outcomes between the groups: t=0.23, p-value=0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): –13.3–10.8. Furthermore, when evaluating the seven items of the BWAT relating to inflammatory signs, there was not a significant difference between the groups: t=0.38, p=0.35, 95% CI: –2.8–2.7. However, when an analysis using the NRS pain scale was performed, a statistically significant pain reduction was demonstrated in favour of the experimental group: t=7.8, p<0.0001, 95% CI: 2.918–4.8819.

Conclusion:

This randomised controlled trial confirmed the efficacy of 1PWD, an investigational product, in the management of surgical dehiscence with critical colonisation or infection, with the added benefit of significant pain reduction when compared with a silver-based dressing.
Sternal wound infections after sternotomy: risk factors, prevention and management
Authors: Lender Olga , Göbölös Laszlo , Bajwa Gurjyot , Bhatnagar Gopal
Published: June 2022

A serious complication after cardiac surgery is sternal wound infection. Although incidence rates vary worldwide, this complication raises significant concern in a certain patient demographic. This article uses risk assessment strategies to identify a high-risk patient profile and draws parallels with positive predictors in the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative setting. It describes the complexity of sternal wound infections and highlights guidelines on detection and treatment. The optimal goal of this article is to help minimise the incidence of sternal wound complications after sternotomy by discussing recommendations for preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative preventive measures.
The invisible made visible: using impact evaluations to illuminate and inform the role of knowledge intermediaries
Authors: Meagher Laura , Lyall Catherine
Published: June 2022

Expectations for impacts from research create demand for effective knowledge exchange between academic and non-academic settings. This complex process may be facilitated by ‘knowledge intermediaries’. Learning from evaluation can advance recognition of their diverse roles and enhance these interactive relationships connecting research, policymaking and practice. The elusive subtlety of many knowledge exchange processes, which require attitudinal and behavioural changes, add to the challenge of impact generation. We use evaluations of publicly funded research to capture insights into the processes and good practice. Appropriately sensitive evaluation of impact generation can tap into this growing reservoir of ‘tacit knowledge’ among such knowledge intermediaries.
Virtual working in a voluntary youth organisation during the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges, opportunities and prospects
Authors: Forde Catherine , Buckley Sharon
Published: June 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, voluntary and non-profit organisations have faced the challenge of maintaining their services while protecting staff and service users during a time of unprecedented threat to human health. This practice paper explores the experiences of a voluntary youth organisation that introduced a system of virtual/online working between management, staff and service users during the pandemic. The paper discusses staff perspectives on the benefits and costs of online working for voluntary organisations and offers recommendations about how they may use this mode of working in a post-COVID world.
‘You don’t hear about girls sending unwanted photos, there must be a willy waiver!’ Young women’s use of humour as safety work when receiving unsolicited dick pics
Authors: Meehan Claire
Published: June 2022

The internet has facilitated and exacerbated men’s intrusions through the ability to send unsolicited ‘dick pics’ (DPs) to women. To understand how young women negotiate the gendered context in which they live their digital sexual lives, the research reported here sought to explore how school-aged young women in Aotearoa New Zealand made sense of unsolicited DPs. Unsolicited DPs were strongly differentiated from wanted images, in terms of consent to receive, when/how they were received and the content of unsolicited images versus wanted images. These young women often used humour as a distancing tool, a conscious and sub-conscious form of safety work to protect themselves from men’s normalised intrusions into their lives. While unsolicited DPs were often portrayed and accepted as a joke, the impact on women was minimised yet their safety work increased. The ubiquitous, ‘always on’ nature of the internet alongside the blurring of on/offline boundaries ensured this safety work became all-encompassing as young women endured additional emotional labour to avoid being targeted or violated. It is only through conceptualising unsolicited DPs as an image-based sexual abuse that we can challenge it.
Extended Snell’s law based on surface current radiation
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Liu An-Dong , Li Changying , Zhang Chaohong
Published: June 2022

The generalized laws of reflection and refraction have been proposed in many related reports, but they still have some imperfections. For example, the first principle lies in the Fermat principle, but the realization of surface phase gradient utilizes the scattering of superelements. The former belongs to geometric optics, and the latter is attributed to wave optics. Therefore, this paper avoids the Fermat principle and gives the generalized Snell’s law from a new perspective by controlling the conductivity or polarizability of materials. The findings indicate that the surface current can manipulate the reflected and refracted light. The key is to obtain the relationship between the different components of the spectrum and the wave vectors parallel to the surface of the reflected and refracted waves by using the Fourier transform of the polarizability. This model is applicable to the metamaterial at the nanoscale, making it possible to design flexible surface structures.
First-principles method for nonlinear light propagation at oblique incidence
Authors: Uemoto Mitsuharu , Yabana Kazuhiro
Published: June 2022

We have developed a computational method to describe the nonlinear light propagation of an intense and ultrashort pulse at oblique incidence on a flat surface. In the method, coupled equations of macroscopic light propagation and microscopic electron dynamics are simultaneously solved using a multiscale modeling. The microscopic electronic motion is described by first-principles time-dependent density functional theory. The macroscopic Maxwell equations that describe oblique light propagation are transformed into one-dimensional wave equations. As an illustration of the method, light propagation at oblique incidence on a silicon thin film is presented.
Long-wavelength infrared selective emitter for thermal infrared camouflage under a hot environment
Authors: Zhang Jinguo , Wen Zhengji , Zhou Ziji , Zhou Dongjie , Qiu Qianli , Ge Jun , Zeng Yongxing , Sun Yan , Zhou Lei , Dai Ning , Chu Junhao , Hao Jiaming
Published: June 2022

Thermal infrared camouflage as a kind of counter-surveillance technique has attracted much attention owing to the rapid development of infrared surveillance technology. Various artificial optical structures have been developed for infrared camouflage applications under cold ambient environment (low thermal radiation), but the realization of infrared camouflage under a hot environment (high thermal radiation) is also highly desirable and has been rarely reported. Here, a lithography-free, ultra-thin, high performance long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) selective emitter for thermal infrared camouflage in a high radiation environment is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Experimental results show that our designed selective emitter exhibits average emissivity higher than 90% over the LWIR range from 8 to 14 µm and low emissivity less than 35% outside this window. Numerical simulations were performed to optimize the geometrical structures and reveal that such a selective emission effect is attributed to the combination of multiple hybrid plasmonic resonances. LWIR thermal images show that the selective emitter can perfectly blend into the high radiation backgrounds. Furthermore, it is found that the sample displays angle-independent emission properties, indicating that our emitter offers great potential for application in evading large-angle detection.