bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring trust into the NHS: promoting data protection as an ‘architecture of custody’ for the sharing of data in direct care
Authors: Basu Subhajit , Guinchard Audrey
Published: June 2020

Aiming to provide better, more personalized care, by harnessing the power of digitalization, the National Health Service (NHS) has employed a strategy of sharing its patients’ information with the private sector, raising questions as to whether it can be trusted as a custodian of its patients’ data. The development of the Streams application by DeepMind, a subsidiary of Google Health UK, illustrates the dichotomy between, on the one hand, the need to use innovative technologies to provide effective direct care and, on the other hand, the obligation to protect patients’ rights and interests in their health data. This article focuses on an under-explored aspect of the Streams debate: the NHS’s processing of health data in direct care. It argues that the data protection framework is best viewed as an architecture of custody, where all participants in the framework have a custodial role to play and should collaborate to ensure the balance between the free flow of data and the data subjects’ rights and interests.
Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in patients with prophylactic treatment for recurrent Escherichia coli urinary tract infection
Authors: Kuiper Sander G , Dijkmans Anneke C , Wilms Erik B , Kamerling Ingrid M C , Burggraaf Jacobus , Stevens Jasper , van Nieuwkoop Cees
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of IV and oral fosfomycin treatment in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) with Escherichia coli.

Patients and methods

Patients with rUTI treated with 3 g of oral fosfomycin every 72 h for at least 14 days were included in a prospective open-label single-centre study. Serum samples were taken after oral and IV administration of fosfomycin. Urine was collected for 24 h on 3 consecutive days. Fosfomycin concentrations in serum and urine were analysed using validated LC–MS/MS. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated using a population model. EudraCT number 2018-000616-25.

Results

Twelve patients were included, of whom nine were also administered IV fosfomycin. Data were best described by a two-compartment model with linear elimination and a transit-absorption compartment. Median values for absolute bioavailability and serum half-life were 18% and 2.13 h, respectively. Geometric mean urine concentrations on Days 1, 2 and 3 were above an MIC of 8 mg/L after both oral and IV administration. Quality of life reported on a scale of 1–10 increased from 5.1 to 7.4 (P = 0.001). The average score of UTI symptoms decreased after fosfomycin dosing (by 3.1 points, 95% CI = −0.7 to 7.0, P = 0.10).

Conclusions

Oral fosfomycin at 3 g every 72 h provides plasma and urine concentrations of fosfomycin above the MIC for E. coli. This pharmacokinetic model can be used to develop optimal dosing regimens of fosfomycin in patients with UTI.
Hilary Putnam’s Liberal Naturalism about Language Use, Reference, and Truth
Authors: Ebbs Gary
Published: June 2020

Hilary Putnam observes that a typical competent English speaker who cannot tell an elm tree from a beech tree may nevertheless use the word “elm” to make assertions and ask questions about elm trees. Putnam also observes that scientists may be wrong about the phenomena they investigate, while still being able to use their words to identify and raise research questions about it. This prompts him to ask what “language use” means in these contexts. He proposes two closely related methods for answering this question. The first method is to investigate and clarify the uses of sentences and words in a given linguistic practice from the point of view of a participant in the practice. The second is to explain our applications of ‘is true’ and ‘refers’ to sentences and words whose uses are described in accord with the first method. In this paper I raise several problems for Putnam’s applications of these methods and sketch a different way of applying the methods that avoids the problems.
Varying Vaccination Rates Among Patients Seeking Care for Acute Respiratory Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Shehadeh Fadi , Zacharioudakis Ioannis M , Kalligeros Markos , Mylona Evangelia K , Karki Tanka , van Aalst Robertus , Chit Ayman , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: June 2020

Background

Complications following influenza infection are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends universal annual vaccination. However, vaccination rates have remained significantly lower than the Department of Health and Human Services goal. The aim of this work was to assess the vaccination rate among patients who present to health care providers with influenza-like illness and identify groups with lower vaccination rates.

Methods

We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases with a time frame of January 1, 2010, to March 1, 2019 and focused on the vaccination rate among patients seeking care for acute respiratory illness in the United States. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled seasonal influenza vaccination rate, and we used a time trend analysis to identify differences in annual vaccination over time.

Results

The overall pooled influenza vaccination rate was 48.61% (whites: 50.87%; blacks: 36.05%; Hispanics: 41.45%). There was no significant difference among gender groups (men: 46.43%; women: 50.11%). Interestingly, the vaccination rate varied by age group and was significantly higher among adults aged >65 (78.04%) and significantly lower among children 9–17 years old (36.45%). Finally, we found a significant upward time trend in the overall influenza vaccination rate among whites (coef. = .0107; P = .027).

Conclusions

In conclusion, because of the significantly lower influenza vaccination rates in black and Hispanic communities, societal initiatives and community outreach programs should focus on these populations and on children and adolescents aged 9–17 years.
Unthinkable
Authors: Evans Richard Kent
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies the conclusions reached by the Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission, more commonly known as the MOVE Commission, to trace the process by which the MOVE Bombing evolved from event to history to memory. As in the construction of any historical narrative, the asking of some questions precluded the asking of others. And those with the power to shape the process of historical construction ensured that some stories were highlighted and others suppressed. For many, the MOVE Bombing is unthinkable, and for this reason, many of the story’s details—and often the story itself—have been forgotten.
The Formation of Narratives about Adam and Eve’s Descendants (Genesis 4)
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: June 2020

The chapter opens with a survey of the extensive parallels between Genesis 2–3 and the story of Cain and Abel. Though some such parallels probably emerge from the modeling of elements in Genesis 4 on the previous Eden story, a number of indicators suggest that the bulk of these parallel elements originated in a tradition, likely oral, about Cain and Abel and then Cain’s line leading up to Lamech. Numerous signs suggest that this Cain-to-Lamech tradition was not originally about the first human family but instead was a Judean tradition about the origins of the Kenites, a semi-nomadic group that is associated with regions in and around Judah and with metalworking. The ambivalence that the Cain and Abel story seems to express about Cain—for example, a brother murderer (Gen 4:8) yet enjoying special divine protection (4:15)—is similar to the ambivalence often expressed toward itinerant artisans in Near Eastern societies. Genesis 4, however, is not just a written presentation of this oral tradition. Rather, it appears that the author of Genesis 4 appropriated and adapted this oral tradition as an account of an initial primeval line of humanity, the Cain-Kenite line, that then was contrasted with a new line of humanity that descended from Adam and Eve’s third son, Seth, and then continued with Enosh (Gen 4:25–26).
The Book of the Toledot (Descendants) of Adam (Genesis 5; 11:10–26 and Related Texts)
Authors: Carr David M.
Published: June 2020

This chapter moves through multiple phases in tracing the formation of Genesis 5 and 11:10–26. Because the textual history of these chapters is particularly unclear, the chapter starts by treating this issue. It argues that key indicators in Gen 11:10–26 suggest that the Septuagint and Samaritan Pentateuch represent later scribal revisions that solve problems implicit in an early chronology found in the Masoretic text for Gen 11:10–26 by lengthening the lives of most postflood primeval patriarchs. In turn, it appears that the scribes who produced the Septuagint and Masoretic text of Genesis 5 used a similar strategy of lengthening the lives of primeval patriarchs in order to solve problems implicit in an early chronology found in the Samaritan Pentateuch text for Genesis 5. These scribes appear to have been dealing with problems that emerged when an earlier, pre-Priestly “scroll of the toledot (=descendants) of Adam” (Gen 5:1a), with its chronology of long-lived primeval patriarchs, was appropriated by the author of the Priestly source as the initial basis for the primeval history section of that source. This Toledot scroll, in turn, likely took its basic genealogical information from non-P materials about Adam and Eve’s descendants (now found in Genesis 4) as well as Noah’s offspring (Gen 9:18–27 and parts of Genesis 10). Yet it rearranged those materials into a form that was partially modeled on late versions of the Sumerian King List tradition, even as the nonroyal focus of the non-P materials was preserved.
A gun gap in voter choice
Authors: Joslyn Mark R.
Published: June 2020

Chapter 2 presents a framework to examine the vote choices of gun owners. Using data from the General Social Survey and American National Election Studies, two important empirical regularities emerge. First, compared to those who do not own a guns, people who do own guns reliably vote Republican. In addition, the divide between the vote choices of gun owners and nonowners is growing. Since 2004, the “gun gap” has nearly doubled. Second, the more guns an individual owns, the more likely he or she is to vote Republican. In this respect, purchasing a gun or guns is an act of some political consequence.
A gun gap in death penalty support
Authors: Joslyn Mark R.
Published: June 2020

Chapter 7 examines gun owners’ support for capital punishment. Typically gun ownership is not included in the conventional list of predictors of death penalty preferences. Yet a large gun gap exists in public support for capital punishment. Gun owners, compared to nonowners, are more likely to support the death penalty. This division is now larger than the divide between men’s and women’s support of capital punishment and matches the gap between Whites and Blacks. In general, the capital punishment gun gap reflects gun owners’ broader preferences for punitive measures. In fact, people that own more guns favor capital punishment more so than those who own fewer guns. While in recent years overall support of death penalty has dropped, that decline would undoubtedly be much larger if gun owners were not as strongly committed to capital punishment.
“Preaching to the Choir and Being Played”
Authors: Jones Alisha Lola
Published: June 2020

More than the coupling of women with gay men in vocal music participation is the impenetrable work spouse relationships that occur between the preacher and the chief musician. Protected by compensation arrangements and confidentiality expectations that favor the pastor as boss, that coupling is the dominant relationship in African American Christian religiosity. With this in mind, I wonder what are the ways in which men’s collective participation in vocal music ministry has come to function as a form of eunuchoidism to handle women in churches, while granting access to men who are phallogocentrically oriented, at the very least via their servile affinity for phallomusicocentrism or multivalent male-centered music-making. Undoubtedly, there is a pervasive investment in men’s cocreation after their own kind, a creative enterprise that reasserts dominance and pre-eminence. The unspoken connections and privileges afforded through this system are beguiling to the very best of men.
The Last Hurrah
Authors: Compton John W.
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the role of mainline Protestant religious leaders in building support for the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Using both archival evidence and public opinion data, it argues that church-based educational campaigns played an important role in the law’s passage. Although the general arc of the story will be familiar from prior histories of the Civil Rights Act, the focus here is on religious authority and its role in shaping the views and actions of average believers. With that in mind, the chapter concludes with a section in which data from the 1964 American National Election Study (ANES) is used to test whether church involvement affected white Protestants’ views concerning the Civil Rights Act. The public opinion data confirm the picture that emerges from the archival record—namely, that the churches’ educational efforts were, in fact, a critical factor in building northern white support for a meaningful civil rights bill.
In the Bellies of Green Birds
Authors: Devji Faisal
Published: June 2020

By claiming to love death more than their enemies do life, Al-Qaeda’s militants reject liberalism’s principal value. In doing so, they also open the possibility of moving beyond victimhood and all the other negative characteristics of humanity’s modern reality. Whether or not it is nihilistic, this attitude not only allows for a relationship of intimacy with the militant’s enemies, but also offers him the potential of exiting the human race itself in post-human visions of the martyr as an animal or bird.
World Music and the Black Atlantic
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K.
Published: June 2020

In the mid-twentieth century, African musicians took up Cuban music as their own. They claimed it as a marker of black Atlantic connections and of cosmopolitanism untethered from European colonial relations. Today, Cuban/African bands popular in Africa in the 1960s and ’70s have moved into the world music scene in Europe and North America, and world music producers and musicians have created new West African–Latin American collaborations expressly for this market niche. This book follows two of these bands, Orchestra Baobab and AfroCubism, and the industry and audiences that surround them—from musicians’ homes in West Africa, to performances in Europe and North America, to record label offices in London. This book examines the intensely transnational experiences of musicians, industry personnel, and audiences as they collaboratively produce, circulate, and consume music in a specific post-colonial era of globalization. Musicians, industry personnel, and audiences work with and push against one another as they engage in personal collaborations imbued with histories of global travel and trade. They move between and combine Cuban and Malian melodies, Norwegian and Senegalese markets, and histories of slavery and independence as they work together to create international commodities. Understanding the unstable and dynamic ways these peoples, musics, markets, and histories intersect elucidates how world music actors assert their places within, and produce knowledge about, global markets, colonial histories, and the black Atlantic. This book offers a nuanced view of a global industry that is informed and deeply marked by diverse transnational perspectives and histories of transatlantic exchange.
Polarized and Demobilized
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

After the 1994 Oslo Accords, Palestinians were hopeful that an end to the Israeli occupation was within reach, and that a state would be theirs by 1999. With this promise, international powers became increasingly involved in Palestinian politics, and many shadows of statehood arose in the territories. Today, however, no state has emerged, and the occupation has become more entrenched. Concurrently, the Palestinian Authority has become increasingly authoritarian, and Palestinians ever more polarised and demobilised. Palestine is not unique in this: international involvement, and its disruptive effects, have been a constant across the contemporary Arab world. This book argues that internationally backed authoritarianism has an effect on society itself, not just on regime-level dynamics. It explains how the Oslo paradigm has demobilised Palestinians in a way that direct Israeli occupation, for many years, failed to do. Using a multi-method approach including interviews, historical analysis, and cutting-edge experimental data, Dana El Kurd reveals how international involvement has insulated Palestinian elites from the public, and strengthened their ability to engage in authoritarian practices. In turn, those practices have had profound effects on society, including crippling levels of polarisation and a weakened capacity for collective action.
The Legacy of Repression
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

What is the effect of authoritarianism on polarization within society, and how does such polarization affect collective action? The argument of the chapter is that authoritarianism generates rising polarization, which in turn inhibits collective action—particularly against the regime. Specifically, the type of authoritarian strategy matters; exclusionary strategies such as repression generate higher levels of grievance and insularity, making it more difficult for groups to coordinate, than inclusionary strategies such as cooptation. The chapter presents a two-stage theory: arguing, firstly, that particular forms of authoritarianism generate polarization, and, secondly, that polarization subsequently affects social cohesion, and capacity for collective action. Results confirm the theory that authoritarianism, in particular forms, exacerbates polarization within society. This polarization in turn affects the ability and willingness of different segments to coordinate on a common task. In particular, exclusionary strategies such as repression generate greater levels of polarization than inclusionary strategies such as cooptation. Moreover, the qualitative evidence shows that Islamists in the West Bank, the most repressed group, are much more insular and less willing to cooperate with others.
Conclusion
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

This concluding chapter briefly summarizes the findings of the overall book, and outline the contributions of this research to the study of international—domestic linkages and authoritarianism more broadly. It also addresses opportunities for future research on the subject. Finally, it provides analysis and predictions for the future of the Palestinian cause.
Discursive turns and critical junctures
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Felicetti Andrea
Published: June 2020

The concluding chapter goes back to the theoretical debates presented in chapter 1, synthetizing the main empirical results of the various parts of our analysis as well as reflecting on the theoretical implications. From the theoretical point of view, the aim has been to analyze transformative events in order to trace their effects on the content and form of the debate in multiple public spheres. The research addressed discursive turns during a critical juncture that changed in the political debate. Empirically, the Charlie Hebdo controversy represented a most important moment in the assessment of collective understandings of citizenship, broadly understood as setting the boundaries of who is inside and who is outside. Opening up to future research in the field, the chapter speculates on the impact of the debate we have addressed in structuring the evolving debate over citizenship and citizenship rights.
Introduction
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the debate over Europe's Christian identity. Since the Treaty of Rome, there have been two significant developments for Christianity in Europe. First, secularization has given way to the large-scale dechristianization of European societies in both religious and cultural terms, especially from the protests of 1968 onwards. Second, Islam has arrived in Europe, through immigration and, with Turkey's application for membership of the EU, the proposed expansion of the continent's borders. Thus, the debate over Europe's Christian identity does not rest on a binary opposition between Europe and Islam, but on a triangle whose three poles are: (1) the Christian religion; (2) Europe's secular values (even if they occasionally make reference to a Christian identity); (3) Islam as a religion. However, the debate over Islam are much deeper questions about the very nature of Europe and its relationship to religion in general. The notion that Europe would be fine if only Islam or immigration did not exist is, of course, an illusion. There is a serious crisis surrounding European identity and the place of religion in the public sphere, as can be seen both in Christian radicalization over the issues of abortion and same-sex marriage, and in secular radicalization over religious slaughter and circumcision. This is nothing short of a crisis in European culture.
The Turning Point of the 1960s
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at several key moments in the 1960s: After Vatican II and the triumph of religion's self-secularization came the encyclical Humanæ vitæ in 1968, advocating a maximalist position forbidding any sexual activity not intended for procreation. Catholics did not understand this position that had seemingly come out of the blue. Secularists were outraged at the reactionary pope. Why, when the Church Council had elaborated a theology of modernity, would Pope Paul VI reaffirm traditional norms? He did so because he realized there had been a radical change in shared values, meaning that ‘natural’ law and morality were no longer in accordance. Society's values were no longer secularized Christian values; new values had been founded on individualism, freedom, and the valorization of desire. Moreover, at a time when the Church and secular society seemed to have reconciled over the defence of common values, the 1960s witnessed the affirmation of a new anthropological paradigm that shattered this common base. A wave of youth revolts swept through the world during the ten years between 1963 and 1973. In Western Europe and the United States, these youth movements brought about a radical change in the system of dominant values, which gradually became enshrined in law everywhere over the fifty years that followed 1968.
Defeating ISIS
Authors: Neumann Peter R.
Published: June 2020

This chapter shows that, despite Trump's claims to the contrary, he did not entirely defeat Islamic State, and it was not him or -- rather -- him alone who had achieved the military successes against the group. The campaign consisted of three distinct phases. After some hesitation, Obama made defeating Islamic State a priority, created a plan and structure, and executed a significant part of the military campaign. Trump's "generals" continued implementing this strategy, albeit with the new "rules of engagement" that involved greater risks in return for faster, more decisive operations. Trump's personal involvement was limited to the last phase, in which he declared victory over Islamic State and announced a pull-out of American forces from Syria. In doing so, he contradicted his own administration's policy, alienated allies, strengthened America's adversaries, and emboldened the nearly defeated Islamic State.
Dance Music and Signification in Handel’s Opera Seria
Authors: Decker Gregory J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter makes a case for the interpretive significance of Baroque topics by examining historical thought and modern analytical precedent, detailing the types of significations these topics might convey, and presenting case studies that demonstrate the efficacy of musical topics in the analysis of opera seria. These case studies are drawn from the Italian-language operas of G. F. Handel and focus on his uses of the minuet and the gigue. The strategic use of dance topics in the late Baroque was likely meaningful to Handel’s audiences and can still be useful for interpretation today.
Pasch’s Empiricism as Methodological Structuralism
Authors: Schlimm Dirk
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents Pasch’s structuralist methodology within his empiricist philosophy. Two criteria for a minimal version of methodological structuralism are proposed, and it is argued that they are met in Pasch’s work on projective geometry and the foundations of arithmetic, despite the fact that Pasch firmly held an empiricist standpoint according to which only empirical objects can ultimately serve as a foundation for mathematics. What drove Pasch toward his version of structuralism were his focus on rigorous deductions, the duality of projective geometry, and the independence of arithmetical results from the referents of numerals.
Noether as Mathematical Structuralist
Authors: Yap Audrey
Published: June 2020

Emmy Noether’s name, while often associated with branches of abstract mathematics such as algebra, is not often associated with any particular philosophical view about the nature of mathematics. This chapter will outline the extent to which Noether can be seen as exemplifying a kind of structuralist view of mathematics, namely a methodological structuralism. Such a view, as outlined by some philosophers of mathematical practice, is a view about how mathematics ought to be done—namely by attending to the structural features of objects, using axiomatic methods, and striving for more general perspectives. We will see how Noether in her mathematical work exhibits all of these tendencies, thereby allowing her to be situated in the history of structuralism as someone who fruitfully employed structural methods in her mathematical work. Finally, the chapter will consider the potential connections between Noether’s methodological views and some philosophical structuralist views that seem to fit naturally with her approach to mathematics.
Carnap’s Structuralist Thesis
Authors: Schiemer Georg
Published: June 2020

This chapter investigates Carnap’s structuralism in his philosophy of mathematics of the 1920s and early 1930s. His approach to mathematics is based on a genuinely structuralist thesis, namely that axiomatic theories describe abstract structures or the structural properties of their objects. The aim in the present article is twofold: first, to show that Carnap, in his contributions to mathematics from the time, proposed three different (but interrelated) ways to characterize the notion of mathematical structure, namely in terms of (i) implicit definitions, (ii) logical constructions, and (iii) definitions by abstraction. The second aim is to re-evaluate Carnap’s early contributions to the philosophy of mathematics in light of contemporary mathematical structuralism. Specifically, the chapter discusses two connections between his structuralist thesis and current philosophical debates on structural abstraction and the on the definition of structural properties.
Explication as Elimination: W. V. Quine and Mathematical Structuralism
Authors: Morris Sean
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the development of and motives for Quine’s particular form of mathematical structuralism. It will argue that Quine, unlike many contemporary mathematical structuralists, does not appeal to structuralism as a way of accounting for what the numbers really are in any robust metaphysical sense. Instead, his structuralism is deeply rooted in an earlier structuralist tradition found in scientific philosophers such as Russell and Carnap, which emphasized structuralism as a critique of more metaphysical approaches to philosophy. On this view, a philosophy of mathematics answers, in a sense, only to mathematics itself. An account of mathematical objects requires only that the entities—whatever they are—serving as the mathematical objects satisfy the relevant postulates and theorems. Here we also see how Quine’s early work in the foundations of mathematics leads in a natural way to the more general naturalism of his later philosophy.
Law Viewed Through the Lens of Neurointerventions
Authors: Vincent Nicole A , Nadelhoffer Thomas , McCay Allan
Published: June 2020

The development of modern diagnostic neuroimaging techniques led to discoveries about the human brain and mind that helped give rise to the field of neurolaw. This new interdisciplinary field has led analytic jurisprudence and philosophy of law in novel directions by providing an empirically informed platform from which scholars have reassessed topics such as mental privacy and self-determination, responsibility and its relationship to mental disorders, and the proper aims of criminal law. Similarly, the development of neurointervention techniques that promise to deliver new ways of altering people’s minds (by intervening in their brains) creates opportunities and challenges that raise important and rich conceptual, moral, jurisprudential, and scientific questions, and help us to tease apart analytic jurisprudence from synthetic jurisprudence. This volume advances the field of neurolaw by investigating issues raised by the development and use of neurointerventions (actual, proposed, and potential) to regulate human mental capacity, and those raised by the law’s regulation of the use of neurointerventions.
Folk Jurisprudence and Neurointervention
Authors: Nadelhoffer Thomas , Goya-Tocchetto Daniela , Cole Wright Jennifer , McGuire Quinn
Published: June 2020

Our chapter is motivated by an underlying assumption that layperson’s intuitions, beliefs, and judgments about moral and legal issues and public policy—which we refer to as “folk jurisprudence”—is relevant to philosophical and legal theorizing about the normative status of the use of neurological interventions. While we are quick to acknowledge that researchers need not be entirely beholden to the dictates of folk jurisprudence, we nevertheless believe that layperson’s attitudes about the relationship between neuroscience and the law ought to at least serve as feasibility constraints when it comes to the important project of getting from theory to practice. Given our beliefs concerning the relevance of folk intuitions to philosophical theorizing and public policy, we set out to explore these intuitions in a systematic way. So, we present the findings from three studies we ran which investigated people’s intuitions about the following practices and policies: (a) using interventions to reduce implicit bias in judges and jurors, (b) using interventions to reduce violence impulsivity on violent offenders, and (c) using interventions to improve moral behavior not only in prison populations but also in the general population. Having presented our findings, we then discuss what we take to be the relevance of this type of research to philosophy, law, and public policy.
Is It Really Ethical to Prescribe Antiandrogens to Sex Offenders to Decrease Their Risk of Recidivism?
Authors: Ryan Christopher James
Published: June 2020

Many jurisdictions have laws that allow convicted sex offenders to be given antiandrogens as a component of sentencing. In other jurisdictions legislation facilitates the voluntary use of antilibidinal drugs in this population on the assumption that these compounds will decrease the rate of recidivism in sex offenders. This chapter begins with an overview of the current legal situation in various jurisdictions and provides examples of the assumptions of efficacy often made by academics and the judiciary. It then examines the theoretical basis of any hoped-for efficacy of antiandrogens in reducing recidivism before a critical examination of the actual empirical evidence for this, including a best-case scenario estimation of the how many offenders would need to take antiandrogens to prevent one from reoffending. The chapter also reviews the harms associated with the use of antiandrogen drugs (to the extent that these are known) before returning to the ethical question that forms the chapter’s title and concluding that the state should not authorize the compulsory or coerced used of antiandrogens, primarily because of the lack of evidence of efficacy of these substances.
Black Samson in the Temple of Liberty
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy
Published: June 2020

In the nineteenth century, prominent writers and politicians invoked the Temple of Liberty in debates over slavery. The Temple of Liberty was a symbolic term for the United States. Both pro- and anti-slavery advocates had concerns regarding the stability of the nation’s democracy due to the enslavement of African peoples. The idea of Black Samson in the Temple of Liberty became a powerful image within anti-slavery efforts. For example, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s 1842 poem “The Warning” popularized the image of a blinded Black Samson figure destroying the temple. In this chapter, we analyze how nineteenth-century American writers used Samson to address not only slavery but also other issues related to race. In doing so, these writers created a lasting link between the biblical Samson and African Americans that helped to generate a uniquely American Black Samson figure.
Black Samson of Brandywine
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy
Published: June 2020

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was not the only writer to popularize a Black Samson figure. Moving away from treating Samson as an abolitionist hero, other writers continued to develop this uniquely American Samson figure within folklore, fiction, and poetry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Black Samson became immortalized in Paul Laurence Dunbar’s “Black Samson of Brandywine,” which transformed Samson into a symbol of African American achievement. In this chapter, we highlight the writers who offer new understandings of Samson as a loyal American patriot. Folklore about the Battle of Brandywine developed a less revolutionary and more conciliatory image of Black Samson than those modeled after the biblical story.
Samson and the Making of American Martyrs
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy
Published: June 2020

By the 1850s, some abolitionists had begun to use the term “Samson” to refer to those involved in insurrections by enslaved persons. By the dawn of the Civil War, they extended that term to describe real-life persons who fought to end slavery. In the last half of the nineteenth century, poets, clergy, scholars, and other intellectuals began to identify biblical Samson with historical individuals who challenged racial oppression in America. The biblical hero had already become a potent symbol of African Americans’ collective strength in the fight against slavery and other barriers to social advancement. Eventually, he became associated with those who took up this struggle through passionate rhetoric, violence, and, at times, political compromise. In the process, persons like John Brown, Fredrick Douglass, Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, and Booker T. Washington became memorialized as larger-than-life Samson figures.
The Edomites
Authors: Doak Brian R.
Published: June 2020

The geographically southernmost entity among Israel’s neighbors, the Edomites, appear in the Hebrew Bible in a fascinatingly close role to Israel—literally as Israel’s twin brother (Gen 25–26). Most like its assessment of the Arameans, the biblical tradition acknowledges the familial bonds between Israel and Edom but at the same time blames Edom for various political infractions and disloyalty. The names of some Edomite kings are known from Assyrian administrative texts in the eighth century bce, a period of Assyrian domination generally over the region. Not many Edomite written materials remain, and no royal inscriptions. However, a small number of native inscriptions attest to the prominence of the deity Qos as the primary Edomite deity, and excavations at key sites such as Qitmit and En Hatzeva within the last few decades have revealed artifacts that help us begin to understand Edomite religion and iconography.
The Philistines
Authors: Doak Brian R.
Published: June 2020

In a political and military sense, none of Israel’s neighbors loom as large in the biblical imagination as the Philistines. Indeed, the Bible depicts the Philistines as inextricably involved with Israel’s early experience with the monarchy, threatening the existence of the new nation. Throughout 1 Samuel—most famously in the story of David and Goliath—the Philistines antagonize Israel. Decades of archaeological research have given us an independent view of the Philistines—as a cultured people who were a contingent of the so-called Sea Peoples who migrated east after the collapse of the Late Bronze Age political system in the Mediterranean world. Though no substantial native Philistine literary culture or even a script to speak of survives, archaeological work at sites along the coastal plain has presented rich examples of a distinctive Philistine pottery tradition, iconography, and glimpses into their religious practice.
Atlantic Wars
Authors: Plank Geoffrey
Published: June 2020

Atlantic Wars explores how warfare shaped human experience around the Atlantic from the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century. Military concerns and initiatives drove the development of technologies like ships, port facilities, fortresses, and roads that made crossing the ocean possible and reshaped the landscape on widely separated coasts. Forced migrations made land available for colonization, and the transportation of war captives provided labor in the colonies. Some wars spread to engulf widely scattered places, and even small-scale, localized conflicts had effects beyond the combat zone. Wars in Africa had consequences in the colonies where captives were sold. Europeans and their descendants held the upper hand in combat on the ocean, but in the early modern period they never dominated warfare in Africa or the Americas. New ways of fighting developed as diverse groups fought alongside as well as against each other. In the Age of Revolution enslaved Africans, indigenous Americans, and colonists in various places rejected cross-cultural alliances and the prevailing pattern of Atlantic warfare. New military ethics were developed with important implications for the governance of the European empires, the security of the new American nation-states, the legal status of indigenous peoples, the future of slavery, and the development of Atlantic economy. The pervasive influence of warfare on life around the ocean becomes apparent only by examining the Atlantic world as a whole.
Sailors
Authors: Plank Geoffrey
Published: June 2020

Chapter 2 examines the labor required for sailing a ship across the Atlantic and the lives of sailors. Sailors were removed from their homes to live in all-male environments for months at a time. Their hours of work were unusual, with shifts relieving each other night and day. Sailors were subjected to constant supervision at sea, and poorly paid. Many were recruited as boys. Some were tricked or forced into service, and others, in poverty, enlisted out of desperation. Indigenous Americans and Africans served alongside Europeans and colonists on sailing ships. Drawing on the memoirs and experiences of individual sailors, the chapter discusses their material circumstances at sea and in port. Moving from vessel to vessel, sailors often served under a succession of different flags, fighting for various countries over their lifetimes. They developed a distinctive Atlantic culture, living and working in communities that were fragile, multilingual, and violent.
The First Phase of Atlantic Warfare, from the Fifteenth Century to 1688
Authors: Plank Geoffrey
Published: June 2020

Chapter 9 analyzes a pattern of warfare that developed across the Atlantic world from the fifteenth century to 1688. The chapter begins in the far north of the Atlantic before proceeding to conflict along the coast of Africa and across the Atlantic world. During this period European attempts to pursue large-scale transatlantic military campaigns rarely succeeded, because expeditionary forces sent from Europe almost invariably became mired in a tangle of regional or local battles. Combatants engaged in predatory raids, retaliatory attacks, and captive-taking. Small-scale skirmishes rarely escalated into transatlantic war. Responding to local circumstances, Europeans fought against each other, exploited divisions within indigenous communities, and joined Americans and Africans in military alliances.
Eclipse of Reflexivity in the Rise of Trump
Authors: McDevitt Michael
Published: June 2020

A climate of punitive populism during election campaigns constitutes both a threat to journalism’s authority and an opportunity to command attention in ways reminiscent of the pre-digital era. Chapter 3 considers whether the press has internalized a proto-democratic duty to represent public mood by redeeming the same irrationalism that it helps to mobilize. Affirmation of anger in conjunction with downplaying of policy expertise is antithetical to journalism’s understanding of its contribution to an informed electorate. This contradiction leads to an appraisal of how journalists critique their work. The chapter compares commentaries of media scholars to interpretations of reporters and columnists following the startling 2016 election. While journalists recognized audiences as intolerant of quality news, they appeared unable to contemplate how this critique shaped their reporting. Disproportionate attention to candidate Trump was not so much justified as large sectors of the electorate were imagined as intolerant of reason-based reporting.
Corporate Bond Markets
Authors: Carter Kelly E.
Published: June 2020

This chapter covers the fundamentals of corporate bond markets. It begins by highlighting the size and importance of these markets, followed by a discussion of the major types of corporate bonds and the process of issuing bonds. Next, the chapter provides a discussion of important relationships between a bond’s price and market interest rates, including the key observation that bond prices move opposite market interest rates. The next topic focuses on duration and convexity, which are techniques to estimate the dollar and percent changes in bond prices for a given change in market interest rates, followed by a discussion of bond immunization, which is a technique used to protect the value of bond portfolios from adverse changes in market interest rates. The final topics covered concern yield curves, credit ratings, and the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act of 2010 on corporate bond markets.
Short-Term Funding and Financing Alternatives
Authors: Aguilar Benjamin , Jain Ajit , Neaves Kevin
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the different types of short-term funding and financing alternatives that are available in the commercial money and capital markets. First, it covers commercial paper market activity, issue maturity, and quality. Second, the chapter addresses common uses and terms for commercial and standby letters of credit as well as common issuing requirements and covenants, and discusses the parties, processes, and risks involved. Third, it covers bilateral and trilateral repurchase agreements. Fourth, the chapter discusses asset-based loans, including accounts receivable factoring and purchase order financing. Finally, it covers revolving credit facilities and their associated costs. In sum, short-term funding is important for borrowers seeking additional liquidity to finance working capital or other short-term investments. For each type of short-term funding alternative, the chapter discusses the expected return and potential risks that the borrower and lender should evaluate before entering the financial transaction.
International Bonds
Authors: Ouedraogo Soutonnoma , Scofield David , Smith Garrett C.
Published: June 2020

Given the size of the global sovereign debt market is nearly as large as the entire international equity market, a thorough understanding of this market is useful to academics and practitioners alike. Sovereign bond markets allow nations to balance trade and fiscal policy, but a well-functioning domestic bond market and access to international investors are more complex than merely issuing sovereign debt. A nation’s credit rating affects both its economy in terms of domestic market stability as well as the economic stability of trade partners. Default and the restructuring of sovereign debt can trigger economic crisis. Moreover, the so-called sovereign ceiling has a real economic impact on domestic firms and can substantially affect access to credit as well as the cost of both debt and equity capital. The chapter also discusses the role of integration, effects of global macroeconomic risk factors, and diversification benefits.
Inflation-Linked Bonds
Authors: Lettieri John , O’donnell Gerald , Ong Seow Eng , Tsang Desmond
Published: June 2020

Inflation is a critical factor that can influence investment strategies and returns. The relation between realized inflation and expected inflation are driving factors for both interest rates and the performance of fixed income products. Adding inflation-linked bonds to existing portfolios can help to minimize the risk associated with future inflation. Although nominal bonds offer protection from current inflation expectations, which is sometimes measured by the break-even inflation rate, inflation-linked bonds offer a guaranteed real return with inherent protection from unexpected inflation. The relative performance of inflation-linked bonds versus nominal bonds is primarily dependent on changes in both inflation and the real interest rate. This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of inflation-linked bonds including issuers, pricing, and measuring inflation expectations. It examines how such bonds reduce inflation risk and discusses the type of market environments that favor investments in inflation-linked bonds relative to nominal bonds.
Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesMortgage Pass-Through Securities
Authors: Liang Mingwei (Max) , Petrova Milena
Published: June 2020

Mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) have played an important role in the housing and financial markets, providing liquidity to mortgage originators, offering investment opportunities for investors, and helping to set minimum mortgage underwriting standards. This chapter provides an overview of MBSs as an investment tool by presenting an analysis of the MBS market, discussing the securitization process, describing the main MBS pool characteristics, and examining the different types of MBSs in terms of underlying loans (residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage-backed securities), maturity, interest rate terms, pass-through of interest and principal (pass-through securities versus collateralized mortgage obligations) and issuers (private-label versus agency MBS). The chapter also highlights the major risks inherent to MBSs, particularly prepayment and credit risks.
Asset-Backed Securities
Authors: Guidolin Massimo , Pedio Manuela
Published: June 2020

This chapter investigates the mechanics of the origination process and the main characteristics of asset-backed securities (ABSs). In particular, it provides an overview of why and how unencumbered assets, such as loans, may be pooled into special legal entities, such as trusts, that are isolated from potential bankruptcy proceedings that may involve the issuer of the assets. The discussion also explores the cash flow structures that are typical of securitization as applied to ABSs. Special attention is given to the role played by the rating process in determining the value of ABSs and hence to credit enhancement mechanisms and the typical rules of allocation of default losses. The second part of the chapter is devoted to a detailed analysis of the key features of the most important categories of ABSs, namely, auto loans and leases, credit card receivables, student loans, and residential ABSs.