bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive assessment of macrovesicular liver steatosis in cadaveric donors based on computed tomography liver‐to‐spleen attenuation ratio
Authors: Rogier Julien , Roullet Stéphanie , Cornélis François , Biais Matthieu , Quinart Alice , Revel Philippe , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Le Bail Brigitte
Published: March 2015

Fatty liver disease, including liver steatosis, is a major health problem worldwide. In liver transplantation, macrovesicular steatosis in donor livers is a major cause of graft failure and remains difficult to assess. On one hand, several imaging modalities can be used for the assessment of liver fat, but liver biopsy, which is still considered the gold standard, may be difficult to perform in this context. On the other hand, computed tomography (CT) is commonly used by teams managing cadaveric donors to assess donors and to minimize the risk of complications in recipients. The purpose of our study was to validate the use of CT as a semiquantitative method for assessing macrovesicular steatosis in cadaveric donors with liver biopsy as a reference standard. A total of 109 consecutive cadaveric donors were included between October 2009 and May 2011. Brain death was diagnosed according to French legislation. Liver biopsy and then CT were performed on the same day to determine the degree of macrovesicular steatosis. All liver biopsies and CT scans were analyzed in a double‐blinded fashion by a senior pathologist and a senior radiologist, respectively. For CT, we used the liver‐to‐spleen (L/S) attenuation ratio, which is a validated method for determining 30% or greater steatosis in living liver donors. Fourteen of 109 biopsies exhibited macrovesicular steatosis > 30% upon histologic analysis. A receiver operating characteristic curve was generated for the L/S ratio to identify its ability to predict significant steatosis, which was defined as >30%. A cutoff value of 0.9 for the CT L/S ratio provided a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 97% to detect significant steatosis. Liver Transpl 21:690‐695, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Synthesis of Polysaccharide‐Block‐Polypeptide Copolymer for Potential Co‐Delivery of Drug and Plasmid DNA
Authors: Li Qianqian , Liu Wenya , Dai Jian , Zhang Chao
Published: March 2015

A pH‐sensitive, biodegradable, and biocompatible polysaccharide‐block‐polypeptide Copolymer derivative {Ac‐Dex‐b‐PAsp(DET)} is synthetized from acetal‐modified dextran (Ac‐Dex) and diethylenetriamine (DET) grafted poly(L‐aspartic acid) {PAsp(DET)} by using click and aminolysis reaction. The copolymer can self‐assemble into cationic nanopaticles for potential co‐delivery of plasmid DNA (pEGFP‐N3) and anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX), by using water/oil/water (w/o/w) emulsion method. Gel retardation assay reveals that pDNA can be effectively complexed into cationic nanoparticles at N/P ratio = 12. In vitro drug release behavior of DOX‐NPs and DOX/pDNA‐NPs is achieved by using fluorescence spectra and UV–Vis spectra and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). And, pEGFP‐N3‐NPs at N/P ratio = 42 presents the considerable potential in cell transfection. Cell viability assay shows that nanoparticles exhibit low cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that the copolymer has excellent performance and potential for the co‐delivery of gene and drugs.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Ion Sensing Application of Pyrene‐Containing Chemical Probes
Authors: Karagollu Osman , Gorur Mesut , Gode Fethiye , Sennik Busra , Yilmaz Faruk
Published: March 2015

A novel pyrene‐functionalized thiophene compound (Thi‐Pyr) and pyrene‐functionalized styrene polymers (P7–9) are synthesized via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the azide functional groups of the precursors and 1‐ethynylpyrene. Glass transition temperature of the styrene polymers increases remarkably upon the covalent attachment of the pyrene unit through triazole linkers, whereas the thermal stabilities of the styrene polymers are not affected by the incorporation of pyrene moieties. Thi‐Pyr exhibits the characteristic pyrene monomer emission bands; on the other hand, P7–9 show the excimer emission bands of pyrene due to the excitation of ground state dimeric species. The monomer emissions of Thi‐Pyr and the excimer emissions of P7–9 are distinguishably increased by the addition of HP2O73−, Cl−, and Br− anions. The responses of Thi‐Pyr and P7–9 to the addition of HP2O73− are stronger than any other anions, indicating their selectivity to HP2O73− anion to some extent.

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Facile Synthesis of Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles by Covalent Modification–Nanoprecipitation of Amine‐Reactive Ester Polymers
Authors: Lee Yeonju , Hanif Sadaf , Theato Patrick , Zentel Rudolf , Lim Jeewoo , Char Kookheon
Published: March 2015

Emission wavelength control in fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for their applications. In the case of inorganic quantum dots or dye‐impregnated silica NPs, such a control is readily achieved by changing the size of the particles or choosing appropriate fluorescent dyes, respectively. A similar modular approach for controlling the emission wavelength of fluo­rescent polymer NPs, however, is difficult. This article reports on fluorescent polymer NPs, the synthesis of which provides a platform for a modular approach towards the preparation of fluorescent NPs of desired emission wavelength. Atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is employed to synthesize reactive ester polymers, which are then easily modified with a commercially available dye and subsequently subjected to nanoprecipitation. The resulting NPs, with low size polydispersity, show an enhanced emission quantum yield when compared with the same dye molecules in solution.

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Treatable causes of cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Ramirez‐Zamora Adolfo , Zeigler Warren , Desai Neeja , Biller José
Published: March 2015

The cerebellar ataxia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders clinically characterized by the presence of cerebellar dysfunction. Initial assessment of patients with progressive cerebellar ataxia is complex because of an extensive list of potential diagnoses. A detailed history and comprehensive examination are required for an accurate diagnosis and hierarchical diagnostic investigations. Although no cure exists for most of these conditions, a small group of metabolic, hereditary, inflammatory, and immune‐mediated etiologies of cerebellar ataxia are amenable to disease‐modifying, targeted therapies. Over the past years, disease‐specific treatments have emerged. Thus, clinicians must become familiar with these disorders because maximal therapeutic benefit is only possible when done early. In this article, we review disorders in which cerebellar ataxia is a prominent clinical feature requiring targeted treatments along with specific management recommendations. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Global dynamics for a model of a class of continuous‐time dynamical systems
Authors: Tian Ya , Zhang Fuchen , Zheng Pan
Published: March 2015

In this paper, the global asympotic behavior of solutions of a class of continuous‐time dynamical system is studied. Not only do we obtain the ultimate boundedness of solutions of the system but we also obtain the rate of the trajectories of the system going from the exterior of the trapping set to the interior of the trapping set, which can be applied to study chaotic control and chaotic synchronization of the system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A posteriori error analysis for nonconforming approximation of multiple eigenvalues
Authors: Boffi Daniele , Durán Ricardo G. , Gardini Francesca , Gastaldi Lucia
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we study an a posteriori error indicator introduced in E. Dari, R.G. Durán, and C. Padra, Appl. Numer. Math., 2012, for the approximation of the Laplace eigenvalue problem with Crouzeix–Raviart nonconforming finite elements. In particular, we show that the estimator is robust also in presence of eigenvalues of multiplicity greater than one. Some numerical examples confirm the theory and illustrate the convergence of an adaptive algorithm when dealing with multiple eigenvalues. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Clinical Effectiveness of the Extended‐Scope Physiotherapist Role in Musculoskeletal Triage: A Systematic Review
Authors: Oakley Caroline , Shacklady Carol
Published: March 2015

Background

Extended‐scope physiotherapists (ESPs) are working in musculoskeletal (MSK) triage clinics to assess, diagnose and refer patients for appropriate management. However, there is inadequate appraisal of their clinical effectiveness.

Objectives

The aim of the present systematic review was to appraise the evidence on the diagnostic ability of ESPs in MSK triage, and patient and general practitioner (GP) satisfaction when seen by an ESP in a MSK clinic.

Method

CINAHL, AMED, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from 1989 to February 2014 using the keywords ‘physiotherapy’, ‘extended practitioner’ and ‘musculoskeletal disease’. Data extraction was compiled using the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (2009) method. Diagnostic accuracy studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN). Patient/GP satisfaction was assessed using a tool adapted by Desmeules et al. (2012).

Results

From 146 studies initially identified, 14 were eligible for review. Only one diagnostic study was of high quality, and satisfaction study scores ranged from 40% to 73%. All studies reported favourable outcomes for ESPs in MSK triage clinics, with ESPs demonstrating a good level of diagnostic ability in comparison with a gold standard such as surgery. In addition, patients and GPs were satisfied with the overall performance and service provided by ESPs.

Conclusion

The evidence suggests that ESPs are clinically effective. However, there were methodological shortcomings in the reviewed studies, and further research, using larger sample sizes, multiple locations and comparisons of the same patient cohorts, would strengthen the evidence available to influence future commissioning of these services. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral nervous system involvement in chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Tankisi Hatice , Pugdahl Kirsten , Rasmussen Mikkel Mylius , Clemmensen Dorte , Rawashdeh Yazan F. , Christensen Peter , Krogh Klaus , Fuglsang‐Frederiksen Anders
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Upper motor neuron disorders are believed to leave the peripheral nervous system (PNS) intact. In this study we examined whether there is evidence of PNS involvement in spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Twelve subjects with chronic low cervical or thoracic SCI were included prospectively. Needle electromyography was done in 10 different muscles in each subject bilaterally. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were conducted in the fibular, tibial, and femoral motor and fibular and sural sensory nerves. Results: Half the subjects had widespread abnormal spontaneous activity (SA), and the amount of SA correlated inversely with reflex activity and nerve length. Fibular nerve entrapment across the knee was seen in 6 subjects, and sciatic nerve entrapment was seen in 1. Apart from entrapment neuropathies, NCS changes were found predominantly in motor nerves. Conclusion: The presence of widespread electrophysiologic changes outside entrapment sites indicates that SCI has a significant impact on the entire PNS, affecting the motor part predominantly. Muscle Nerve 52: 1016–1022, 2015
Between‐day reliability of the trapezius muscle H‐reflex and M‐wave
Authors: Vangsgaard Steffen , Hansen Ernst a. , Madeleine Pascal
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the between‐day reliability of the trapezius muscle H‐reflex and M‐wave. Methods: Sixteen healthy subjects were studied on 2 consecutive days. Trapezius muscle H‐reflexes were evoked by electrical stimulation of the C3/4 cervical nerves; M‐waves were evoked by electrical stimulation of the accessory nerve. Relative reliability was estimated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1). Absolute reliability was estimated by computing the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the smallest real difference (SRD). Bland–Altman plots were constructed to detect any systematic bias. Results: Variables showed substantial to excellent relative reliability (ICC = 0.70–0.99). The relative SEM ranged from 1.4% to 34.8%; relative SRD ranged from 3.8% to 96.5%. No systematic bias was present in the data. Conclusions: The amplitude and latency of the trapezius muscle H‐reflex and M‐wave in healthy young subjects can be measured reliably across days. Muscle Nerve 52: 1066–1071, 2015
Vincristine‐induced neuropathy: Atypical electrophysiological patterns in children
Authors: Courtemanche Hélène , Magot Armelle , Ollivier Yolaine , Rialland Fanny , Leclair‐Visonneau Laurène , Fayet Guillemette , Camdessanché Jean‐Philippe , Péréon Yann
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Vincristine is an antimitotic agent used for treatment of leukemia, lymphomas, and cancers. Its main side effect is a dose‐related, length‐dependent (LD) axonal neuropathy.

Methods

We performed electrodiagnostic (EDx) examinations in 17 children who had been treated with vincristine and who presented with the clinical picture of a peripheral neuropathy.

Results

The mean dose of vincristine was 8.5 ± 4.0 mg/m2. Clinical motor symptoms were more frequent and more severe than sensory ones. Thirteen children presented with a motor deficit, 4 of whom could no longer walk. EDx examination showed an axonal neuropathy with a non–length‐dependent (NLD) pattern in 9 children and an LD pattern in 8. A major motor predominance was encountered in 12 patients.

Conclusions

The electrophysiological and clinical motor predominance described differs from the mainly sensory neuropathy reported in adults. Incomplete myelination due to young age may have resulted in greater sensitivity of some nerves to neurotoxic agents. Muscle Nerve 52: 981–985, 2015
Formulations and exact solution approaches for the degree preserving spanning tree problem
Authors: da Cunha Alexandre Salles , Simonetti Luidi , Lucena Abilio , Gendron Bernard
Published: March 2015

Given a connected and undirected graph G, the degree preserving spanning tree problem (DPSTP) asks for a spanning tree of G with the maximum number of vertices having the same degree in the tree and in G. These are called full degree vertices. We introduce integer programming formulations, valid inequalities and four exact solution approaches based on different formulations. Two branch‐and‐bound procedures, a branch‐and‐cut (BC) algorithm and an iterative probing combinatorial Benders decomposition method are introduced here. The problem of optimally lifting one of the classes of valid inequalities proposed here is equivalent to solving a DPSTP instance, for a conveniently defined subgraph of G. We thus apply one of the proposed methods to optimally lift these cuts, within the other solution methods. In doing so, two additional algorithms, a hybrid Benders decomposition and a hybrid BC are proposed. Extensive computational experiments are conducted with the solution algorithms introduced in this study. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 65(4), 329–343 2015
Patients’ perceptions of injecting insulin and self‐monitoring of blood glucose in the presence of others
Authors: Mehmet Serife , Hussey Christine , Ibrahim Sharaf
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to determine if patients with insulin treated diabetes report problems with injecting insulin and self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in front of others and, if so, explore reasons for the problem.

Seventy‐six randomly selected patients completed a questionnaire. Statements were presented as ‘Are you comfortable with injecting insulin/doing a blood glucose test in front of partner/own children/family/friends/work colleagues or in a public place?’, and scored as: almost always/most of the time/sometimes/almost never.

Forty‐nine participants reported problems with injecting insulin and performing SMBG in the presence of others. Their characteristics were: 25 male and 24 female, 29 type 1 and 20 types 2 diabetes, age range 26–77 years (mean 50.8 ± 12.9 years), duration of diabetes range 1–50 years (mean 19.6 ± 12.8 years), and HbA1c range 6.0–11.5% (mean 8.14 ± 1.25%). Just over a third of respondents ‘almost never’ felt comfortable with performing insulin injections and SMBG in a public place. Fifty percent of respondents ‘almost never’ inject insulin in front of work colleagues. Most respondents felt comfortable with performing insulin injections and SMBG in front of their partner, children and family.

In conclusion, patients across all ages, gender, diabetes type and diabetes duration report problems with injecting insulin and performing SMBG in front of others. The most common reason cited was ‘worried about upsetting or offending others’. Other reasons were ‘worried about what others may think of you’, and ‘do not want others to know that you have diabetes’. A public awareness campaign may help overcome some of these barriers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and evaluation of a self‐management algorithm for people with type 1 diabetes performing moderate intensity exercise
Authors: Charlton Jacqui , Kilbride Lynn , MacLean Rory , Darlison Mark G , McKnight John
Published: March 2015

Limited evidence is available to advise people with type 1 diabetes about self‐management strategies for maintaining acceptable glycaemic control when exercising.

A systematic review was conducted to design a self‐management algorithm for moderate intensity exercise. The effectiveness was investigated regarding the attainment of acceptable glucose concentrations during and after 40 minutes of exercise at 70% VO2 max in the real‐life environment.

Nine individuals with type 1 diabetes (five male, four female) completed the study over a two‐week period. All used a basal bolus analogue insulin regimen and exercised regularly. Participants undertook 40 minutes of moderate intensity exercise on days 1 and 8 in real‐life environments, and followed the self‐management algorithm. Data were collected for glucose concentrations at 10 time‐points, i.e. before, during and after exercise.

Analysis showed that during the whole time‐period, 56% of participant episodes were in the acceptable glucose range of 4–9 mmol/L, and 39% were above 9 mmol/L. In relation to hypoglycaemic episodes, one episode occurred during exercise, and eight episodes occurred during 8–12 hours after exercise.

Despite post‐exercise insulin reduction, nocturnal hypoglycaemia occurred and algorithm adjustments are required regarding carbohydrate consumption at bedtime for future prevention. An addition to the current self‐management algorithm would be to perform blood glucose monitoring 8–12 hours after post‐exercise insulin and meal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperation in Mixed–Motive Games: The Role of Individual Differences in Selfish and Social Orientation
Authors: Haesevoets Tessa , Folmer Chris Reinders , Van Hiel Alain
Published: March 2015

In mixed–motive games, people must choose between acting upon selfish interests and concerns for others. Yet, the consistency of people's behaviour across these various games is still unclear. If the same conflict between self and others is at the core of all mixed–motive situations, three hypotheses can be stated: (1) behaviours in different mixed–motive games should be substantially related; (2) all these games should substantially appeal to dispositional variables that probe in the psychological conflict between self and others; and (3) these dispositional variables should explain the shared variance among various games. These hypotheses were tested among undergraduate students ( N = 219) who played seven different single–shot mixed–motive games and one sequential game. Social Value Orientation and the ideological attitudes Social Dominance Orientation and Right–Wing Authoritarianism were included as dispositions. Our findings, however, showed evidence that did not fully substantiate our hypotheses, which calls into question the general idea that all mixed–motive games render the conflict between selfish interests and concern for others salient. In the discussion, we focus on implications for research on mixed–motive situations and elaborate on the role of ideology in this domain. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
Antiviral antibody profiling by high‐density protein arrays
Authors: Bian Xiaofang , Wiktor Peter , Kahn Peter , Brunner Al , Khela Amritpal , Karthikeyan Kailash , Barker Kristi , Yu Xiaobo , Magee Mitch , Wasserfall Clive H. , Gibson David , Rooney Madeleine E. , Qiu Ji , LaBaer Joshua
Published: March 2015

Viral infections elicit antiviral antibodies and have been associated with various chronic diseases. Detection of these antibodies can facilitate diagnosis, treatment of infection, and understanding of the mechanisms of virus‐associated diseases. In this work, we assayed antiviral antibodies using a novel high‐density nucleic acid programmable protein array (HD‐NAPPA) platform. Individual viral proteins were expressed in situ directly from plasmids encoding proteins in an array of microscopic reaction chambers. Quality of protein display and serum response was assured by comparing intra‐ and inter‐array correlation within or between printing batches with average correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.96, respectively. HD‐NAPPA showed higher signal‐to‐background ratio compared with standard NAPPA on planar glass slides and ELISA. Antibody responses to 761 antigens from 25 different viruses were profiled among patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Common and unique antibody reactivity patterns were detected between patients and healthy controls. We believe HD‐viral‐NAPPA will enable the study of host–pathogen interactions at unprecedented dimensions and elucidate the role of pathogen infections in disease development.
DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A associates with viral proteins and impacts HSV‐1 infection
Authors: Rowles Daniell L. , Tsai Yuan‐Chin , Greco Todd M. , Lin Aaron E. , Li Minghao , Yeh Justin , Cristea Ileana M.
Published: March 2015

Viral infections can alter the cellular epigenetic landscape, through modulation of either DNA methylation profiles or chromatin remodeling enzymes and histone modifications. These changes can act to promote viral replication or host defense. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) is a prominent human pathogen, which relies on interactions with host factors for efficient replication and spread. Nevertheless, the knowledge regarding its modulation of epigenetic factors remains limited. Here, we used fluorescently‐labeled viruses in conjunction with immunoaffinity purification and MS to study virus–virus and virus–host protein interactions during HSV‐1 infection in primary human fibroblasts. We identified interactions among viral capsid and tegument proteins, detecting phosphorylation of the capsid protein VP26 at sites within its UL37‐binding domain, and an acetylation within the major capsid protein VP5. Interestingly, we found a nuclear association between viral capsid proteins and the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNA (cytosine‐5)‐methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), which we confirmed by reciprocal isolations and microscopy. We show that drug‐induced inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity, as well as siRNA‐ and shRNA‐mediated DNMT3A knockdowns trigger reductions in virus titers. Altogether, our results highlight a functional association of viral proteins with the mammalian DNA methyltransferase machinery, pointing to DNMT3A as a host factor required for effective HSV‐1 infection.
Cryo‐EM structure of fatty acid synthase (FAS) from Rhodosporidium toruloides provides insights into the evolutionary development of fungal FAS
Authors: Fischer Manuel , Rhinow Daniel , Zhu Zhiwei , Mills Deryck J. , Zhao Zongbao K. , Vonck Janet , Grininger Martin
Published: March 2015

Fungal fatty acid synthases Type I (FAS I) are up to 2.7 MDa large molecular machines composed of large multifunctional polypeptides. Half of the amino acids in fungal FAS I are involved in structural elements that are responsible for scaffolding the elaborate barrel‐shaped architecture and turning fungal FAS I into highly efficient de novo producers of fatty acids. Rhodosporidium toruloides is an oleaginous fungal species and renowned for its robust conversion of carbohydrates into lipids to over 70% of its dry cell weight. Here, we use cryo‐EM to determine a 7.8‐Å reconstruction of its FAS I that reveals unexpected features; its novel form of splitting the multifunctional polypeptide chain into the two subunits α and β, and its duplicated ACP domains. We show that the specific distribution into α and β occurs by splitting at one of many possible sites that can be accepted by fungal FAS I. While, therefore, the specific distribution in α and β chains in R. toruloides FAS I is not correlated to increased protein activities, we also show that the duplication of ACP is an evolutionary late event and argue that duplication is beneficial for the lipid overproduction phenotype.
Stable terahertz toroidal dipolar resonance in a planar metamaterial
Authors: Ding Chunfeng , Jiang Linkun , Sun Chongling , Wu Liang , Xu Degang , Zhang Guizhong , Yao Jianquan
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we proposed and fabricated a planar terahertz (THz) metamaterial that is composed of four asymmetric split‐ring resonators (ASRRs) coated with two polyimide layers. Simulation and experimental results show that a Fano‐shaped toroidal dipolar resonance at 0.42 THz is acquired from the metamaterial. Further analysis indicates that the toroidal dipolar resonance originates from the coupling of the four ASRRs, and the polyimide coating layers on both sides of the structure play key role in keeping the resonance frequency unchanged. From the designed metamaterials, a confined electromagnetic field inside the dielectric medium with a subwavelength‐scale toroidal geometry is observed, and a strong confined E‐field component at the toroidal dipole center with its orientation perpendicular to the H‐vortex plane can also be numerically acquired. This planar metamaterial would open up an avenue for potential applications in the terahertz regime.
Antiinflammatory and Wound Healing Effects of Caesalpinia sappan L.
Authors: Tewtrakul Supinya , Tungcharoen Pattreeya , Sudsai Teeratad , Karalai Chatchanok , Ponglimanont Chanita , Yodsaoue Orapun
Published: March 2015

Extracted compounds from Caesalpinia sappan L. were examined for the inhibitory activity against NO, PGE2, and TNF‐α productions and on associated transcription levels using RAW264.7 cells. They were also tested for their effects on wound healing using fibroblast L929 cells. Among the compounds tested, brazilin (8) was the most effective against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 10.3 μM, followed by sappanchalcone (2, 31.0 μM). Brazilin (8) also inhibited PGE2 and TNF‐α production with IC50 values of 12.6 and 87.2 μM, respectively. The antiinflammatory mechanism of brazilin involved down regulation of the mRNA expressions of the iNOS, COX‐2, and TNF‐α genes in a dose‐dependent manner. An ethanol (EtOH) extract of C. sappan significantly increased fibroblast proliferation, fibroblast migration, and collagen production, whereas brazilin (8) only stimulated fibroblast migration. In addition, the EtOH extract showed no acute toxicity in mice, and it was therefore safe to make use of its potent antiinflammatory and wound healing activities. Brazilin was mainly responsible for its antiinflammatory effect through its ability to inhibit the production of NO, PGE2, and TNF‐α. This study supports the traditional use of C. sappan for treatment of inflammatory‐related diseases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surveillance of cardiovascular diseases using a multivariate dynamic screening system
Authors: Qiu Peihua , Xiang Dongdong
Published: March 2015

In the SHARe Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, one major task is to monitor several health variables (e.g., blood pressure and cholesterol level) so that their irregular longitudinal pattern can be detected as soon as possible and some medical treatments applied in a timely manner to avoid some deadly cardiovascular diseases (e.g., stroke). To handle this kind of applications effectively, we propose a new statistical methodology called multivariate dynamic screening system (MDySS) in this paper. The MDySS method combines the major strengths of the multivariate longitudinal data analysis and the multivariate statistical process control, and it makes decisions about the longitudinal pattern of a subject by comparing it with other subjects cross sectionally and by sequentially monitoring it as well. Numerical studies show that MDySS works well in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dyadic Aspects of Sexual Well-Being in Men with Laser-Treated Penile Carcinoma
Authors: Skeppner Elisabet , Fugl-Meyer Kerstin
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Coping with cancer, its treatment and recovery are dyadic processes within a relationship. Sexual dysfunctions and problems of penile cancer may add to the demands of coping.

Aim

The prospective study aimed to describe the dyadic aspects of sexual well-being and life satisfaction before and 1 year after organ-sparing laser treatment of penile carcinoma.

Methods

A consecutive series of 29 patients with penile carcinoma suitable for laser treatment were included together with their partners, median age 60 (37–73) years and 57 (30–72) years, respectively. Median length of relationship was 29 years (1–54 years). The participants completed structured interviews before treatment, at 6 months' and 12 months' follow-up. The interview addressed sexual activities, sexual functions, verbal (sexual) communication, and life satisfaction.

Main Outcome Measures

Three well-validated instruments were included: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, International Index of Erectile Function-5, and Life Satisfaction checklist, LiSat-11. The interviews contained the same questions for patients and partners at all three measuring points.

Results

There was a high level of within-couple agreement on sexual activities, sexual function, and life satisfaction before and after organ-sparring treatment. No significant differences between interview data at 6 and 12 months' follow-up occurred. Before treatment, sexual dysfunctions were common among men, especially decreased sexual interest and dyspareunia. At follow-up, increased sexual function was found, with the exception of erectile function and women's orgasm. A rather high proportion was being unsatisfactory sexually inactive. Few had an ongoing verbal (sexual) mutual communication. Couples with an active sexual life at follow-up showed coherence in high satisfaction with life as a whole.

Conclusion

A high level of within-couple agreement concerning sexuality and life satisfaction points to the necessity of including an adequate sexological case history, counseling, and treatment for this group of patients and their partners.
Effects of infrared heat‐moisture treatment on physicochemical properties of corn starch
Authors: Ismailoglu Sadiye Ozden , Basman Arzu
Published: March 2015

In this study, corn starch (20 or 30% moisture content) was infrared (IR) treated at 550 and 730 W for 30, 60, or 90 min. Birefringence was mostly retained on infrared heat‐moisture treatment but disappeared at the center of some granules, especially those having 20% moisture content. IR‐treated corn starch samples retained typical A‐type diffraction pattern. A new peak was observed at 2θ = 20°. Relative crystallinity slightly increased (20% moisture, 550 W) or decreased (30% moisture, 730 W) on IR‐treatment. Tp and Tc‐To values increased significantly as the infrared power increased from 550 to 730 W. The changes in thermal properties of the starch samples treated at higher moisture contents were more notable. Moisture content, infrared power, or treatment time caused significant decreases in ΔH and ΔH2, as compared to that of native corn starch. Marked changes in viscosity values were detected as the moisture content and infrared power increased. IR‐treatment at 30% moisture content altered the pasting profile. However, a typical RVA pasting profile was obtained with a long (23 min) holding period at 95°C and significant decreases were observed for the peak and breakdown viscosity values of the corn starches infrared treated at 30% moisture content.
IP3 and calcium signaling involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding induced by cigarette smoke extract in human endothelial cells
Authors: Lin Bo‐Hong , Tsai Ming‐Hsuan , Lii Chong‐Kuei , Wang Tsu‐Shing
Published: March 2015

Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders and leads to damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. The actin cytoskeleton is a key player in the response to inflammatory stimuli and is an early target of cellular oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Immunostaining revealed that CSE exposure resulted in modification of the actin cytoskeleton and led to cell rounding in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. In addition, the intracellular calcium concentration was increased by treatment with CSE. Pretreatment with antioxidants (lipoic acid, glutathione, N‐acetyl cysteine, aminoguanidine, α‐tocopherol, and vitamin C) significantly attenuated the CSE‐induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell rounding. Calcium ion chelators (EGTA, BAPTA‐AM AM) and a potent store‐operated calcium channel inhibitor (MRS 1845) also reduced CSE‐induced intracellular calcium changes and attenuated actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell morphology change. Moreover, the CSE‐induced intracellular calcium increase was suppressed by pretreatment with the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor xestospongin C, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U‐73122, and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium increase play an essential role in CSE‐induced actin disorganization and cell rounding through a PLC–IP3–PKC signaling pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1293–1306, 2016.
Persistence of levator ani sonographic defect detected by three‐dimensional transperineal sonography in primiparous women
Authors: Valsky D. V. , Lipschuetz M. , Cohen S. M. , Daum H. , Messing B. , Yagel I. , Yagel S.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Correlation of the sonographic appearance of levator ani muscle (LAM) injury soon after delivery with that at long‐term follow‐up has not been described fully. We aimed to compare results of three‐dimensional (3D) transperineal sonographic (TPS) evaluation of the LAM from the period immediately postpartum with long‐term follow‐up, to determine whether sonographic findings persist over time.

Methods

Primiparous women (n = 210) who had been examined by 3D‐TPS in a previous study to determine LAM trauma 24–72 hours after delivery were invited to participate in a follow‐up examination 3–21 months postpartum. We included in this study only women who were not pregnant when approached and who had not given birth in the interim. LAM trauma was diagnosed with 3D‐TPS when we observed discontinuity and distortion of the most anteromedial part of the pubovisceral muscle in the coronal C‐plane or rendered image. Initial and follow‐up 3D‐TPS results were compared using Cohen's kappa test for inter‐rater agreement.

Results

Among the 87 women included in this study we found strong correlation between earlier and later sonographic appearance of LAM: 17/21 women with a sonographic finding of LAM injury in the period immediately postpartum were positive in the follow‐up examination, and only 2/66 women negative for LAM damage at the first examination were found to have sonographic evidence of LAM defect at follow‐up (Cohen's kappa, 0.805 (95% CI, 0.656–0.954), P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that 3D‐TPS of the LAM is a reliable examination. A sonographic finding of LAM defect identified in the period immediately postpartum persists months or years after delivery; therefore, this test may be performed following delivery, or may be delayed without impacting the result. It is likely that this sonographic defect represents real anatomical disruption and is not an imaging artifact. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Innovation in the water industry: barriers and opportunities for US and UK utilities
Authors: Speight Vanessa L.
Published: March 2015

Water utilities face a variety of challenges in meeting future demands under climate uncertainty, addressing aging infrastructure, ensuring water quality, and reducing energy use. The agility of the utility to implement innovative solutions to these challenges depends upon a variety of factors including utility governance and culture, regulatory environment, condition and performance of water infrastructure, and funding mechanisms for system improvements. The consequences of failing to meet these challenges could include environmental degradation, public health risks, and reductions in the level of service customers have come to expect, all at a highly elevated price. Two different types of water utilities are compared in this context: privately owned companies (using UK water companies as examples) and publicly owned utilities (using US municipal utilities as examples). Examples of innovation in the water industry, in the US and UK as well as globally, provide insight into the key barriers and opportunities for change. The successful drivers of innovation in the water industry are shown to include: a supportive culture at the water utility; a regulatory regime that allows or even promotes innovation; the financial ability to undertake research and implement improvements; and crucially, the backing of the public. Ultimately, neither the municipal nor the private model is perfect but the best elements of these could be combined as the basis for an innovative water utility of the future. WIREs Water 2015, 2:301–313. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1082

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Water Governance
A global survey of stakeholder views and experiences for systems needed to effectively and efficiently govern sustainability of bioenergy
Authors: Stupak Inge , Joudrey Jamie , Smith C. Tattersall , Pelkmans Luc , Chum Helena , Cowie Annette , Englund Oskar , Goh Chun Sheng , Junginger Martin
Published: March 2015

Different governance mechanisms have emerged to ensure biomass and bioenergy sustainability amidst a myriad of related public and private regulations that have existed for decades. We conducted a global survey with 59 questions which examined 192 stakeholders' views and experiences related to (1) the multi‐leveled governance to which they are subjected, (2) the impacts of that governance on bioenergy production and trade, and (3) the most urgent areas for improvement of certification schemes. The survey revealed significant support along the whole supply chain for new legislation which uses market‐based certification schemes to demonstrate compliance (co‐regulation). Some respondents did not see a need for new regulation, and meta‐standards is a promising approach for bridging divergent views, especially if other proof than certification will be an option. Most respondents had so far experienced positive or neutral changes to their bioenergy production or trade after the introduction of new sustainability governance. Legislative requirements and a green business profile were important motivations for getting certified, while lack of market advantages, administrative complexity and costs all were barriers of varying importance. A need to include, e.g., regular standard revision and dealing with conflicting criteria was identified by respondents associated with bioenergy schemes. Respondents associated with forestry schemes saw less need for revisions, but some were interested in supply chain sustainability criteria. Significant differences among schemes suggest it is crucial in the future to examine the tradeoffs between certification costs, schemes' inclusiveness, the quality of their substantive and procedural rules, and the subsequent effectiveness on‐the‐ground.WIREs Energy Environ2016, 5:89–118. doi: 10.1002/wene.166

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Climate and Environment
Successful Treatment of Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus with Tacrolimus and Fluocinonide
Authors: Mutasim Diya F.
Published: March 2015

Background:

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) is a relatively rare disorder that is characterized by an early age at onset; severely pruritic linear papules and plaques; histologic features resembling spongiotic dermatitis, psoriasis, or lichenified dermatitis; and poor response to treatment.

Objective:

To report the successful treatment of ILVEN with potent topical steroid and tacrolimus ointments.

Methods:

An 11-year-old girl presented with a 1-year history of markedly pruritic, progressive linear eruption that extended from the right foot to the right buttock. She had failed treatment with pimecrolimus, calcipotriol, mometasone furoate, triamcinolone, tazarotene, and alpha-hydroxy acid. Histologic examination revealed the findings of spongiotic dermatitis.

Results:

The lesions resolved with fluocinonide ointment and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment.

Conclusion:

The combination of two therapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action likely resulted in the successful treatment of this usually resistant condition.
Tumescent Liposuction: A New and Successful Therapy for Lipedema
Authors: Schmeller Wilfried , Meier-Vollrath Ilka
Published: March 2015

Background:

Lipedema is a rare and painful disease in women. Until recently, it could be treated only by conservative methods (combined physical therapy).

Objective:

To determine the efficacy and safety of surgery (liposuction) concerning appearance and associated complaints.

Methods:

Twenty-eight patients, who had undergone conservative therapy over a period of years, were treated by liposuction under tumescent local anesthesia with vibrating microcannulas. Twenty-one could be reevaluated after an average of 12.2 (1–26) months.

Results:

All showed great improvement, with normalization of body proportions. Additionally, spontaneous pain, sensitivity to pressure, and bruising either disappeared completely or improved markedly. Other than minor swelling for a few days, no complications could be observed following surgery. All patients reported a tremendous increase in their quality of life. Physical therapy had to be continued to a much lower degree.

Conclusion:

Tumescent liposuction has proved to be a safe and effective treatment for lipedema.
Plasma Cell Balanitis: Clinicopathologic Study of 112 Cases and Treatment Modalities
Authors: Kumar Bhushan , Narang Tarun , Radotra Bishan Dass , Gupta Somesh
Published: March 2015

Background:

Plasma cell balanitis or Zoon's balanitis is an idiopathic benign condition of the genitalia that mostly presents as a solitary, persistent plaque on the glans primarily in uncircumcised, middle-aged to older men.

Methods:

One hundred twelve patients with a clinical diagnosis of plasma cell balanitis were studied between January 1985 and April 2003.

Results:

The age of the patients ranged from 24 to 70 years. The majority of patients had symptoms for more than 12 months. Lesions involved the prepuce and glans in the majority of patients (66; 58.92%), the prepuce only in 26 patients (23.21%), and the glans only in 20 patients (17.85%). Tissue for histopathology was available in 96 patients. Histologically, epidermal edema, a dense upper dermal band of chronic inflammatory cells, including many plasma cells, dilated capillaries, extravasated red blood cells, and hemosiderin deposition, was seen. In most, cases, plasma cell balanitis was successfully treated by circumcision.

Conclusions:

This report describes our experience with plasma cell balanitis and reviews its clinical and histopathologic aspects. The treatment modalities are also reviewed, and the importance of circumcision as the treatment of choice is emphasized.
Pemphigus in North India
Authors: Kanwar Amrinder J. , Ajith Amrinder C. , Narang Tarun
Published: March 2015

Background:

Pemphigus is an autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering disease caused by antibodies against desmogleins Dsg-1 and Dsg-3. The epidemiology of the disease varies in different countries. In India, pemphigus is relatively common, with considerable interstate variation.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to review the demography, clinical features, and treatment aspects of pemphigus in North India.

Methods:

The case records of pemphigus patients registered from 1988 to 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. The age, sex, residential particulars, site of onset of disease, duration between involvement of skin and mucosa, subtype and course of the disease, and treatments offered were analyzed.

Results:

Of the 328 patients, 302 (92%) were pemphigus vulgaris and the remaining 26 (8%) were pemphigus foliaceous patients. The mean age at onset was 39.27 years for males and 38.57 years for females. The majority of patients were from the states of Punjab and Haryana. The majority of patients were treated with dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse (DCP) therapy, and the number of DCPs required for inducing remission correlated roughly with the severity of the disease. The mortality rate was 4% in the total sample.

Conclusion:

North Indian patients of pemphigus have a relatively younger age at onset. The majority of patients were from the states of Punjab and Haryana. The response to DCP therapy was good, and with DCP, the additional dose of oral steroids that was required to control the activity of the disease was less than 30 mg/d, which is much less than the dosage used in the standard conventional regimens.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum versus Chronic Venous Ulceration: Comparison of Diagnostic Features
Authors: Koo Kathie , Brem Harold , Lebwohl Mark
Published: March 2015

Background:

Diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum can be difficult, leading to overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis.

Objective:

To identify clinical features helpful in establishing a diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum and to compare the characteristics of patients with pyoderma gangrenosum with those of patients with chronic venous ulcers.

Method:

A retrospective chart review was performed in 28 patients with typical pyoderma gangrenosum and compared with the clinical features in 28 patients with chronic venous ulcers.

Results:

(1) Even when other body sites are affected, pyoderma gangrenosum usually affects the upper and lower legs and feet or peristomal sites compared with chronic venous ulcers that are limited to the lower legs and feet. (2) Pyoderma gangrenosum can be associated with systemic diseases, especially inflammatory bowel disease. (3) Pustules and purulent discharge are features of pyoderma gangrenosum but not of chronic venous ulcers. (4) Crater-like holes or cribriform scarring is commonly seen in pyoderma gangrenosum but not in chronic venous ulcers. (5) Pathergy is a specific but not sensitive finding of pyoderma gangrenosum. It does not occur in patients with chronic venous ulcers.

Conclusions:

Diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum should be considered in patients with purulent ulcers affecting the legs or peristomal sites. To confirm the diagnosis, specific features should be sought, including pathergy, crater-like holes or cribriform scarring, and association with inflammatory bowel disease. Other causes of ulceration should be excluded.