bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hymenophyllaceae of Queensland
Authors: Croxall JP
Published: December 2005

The Hymenophyllaceae of Queensland are revised following examination of material of all types
based on Australian specimens, the unstudied collections made by the 1948 Archbold Cape York
Expedition and extensive recent collections by the author.
The new combination Hymenophyllum subgenus Chilodium (Didymoglossum subgenus Chilodium
Presl) is made; two new species, Hymenophyllum eboracense and Macroglena brassii, are described;
and five new combinations proposed: Hymenophyllum novoguineense (H. blumeanum var.
novoguineensis Rosenst.), H. polyanthos var. contiguum [H. contiguum D. A. Smith) Tindale],
Crepidomanes kurzli* (Trichomanes kurzii Bedd.), Crepidomanes barnardianum subsp. christii
[Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel.], and Crepidomanes bipunctatum var, venulosum [Crepidomanes
venulosum (Rosenst.) Copel.].
Another species, Reediella endlicheriana is recorded from the Australian mainland for the first
time and 42 of the 46 species of Australian Hymenophyllaceae are recognized to occur in Queensland.
Growth and Development of the Wheat Tiller. I. Growth and Form of the Tiller Bud
Authors: Williams RF , Sharman BC , Langer RHM
Published: December 2005

The initiation and growth of the tiller bud is described in the context of the developing shoot in
wheat. The experimental plants were subjected to two levels of nitrogen supply and to two light
intensities so as to diversify the pattern of tiller growth.
The descriptions cover properties of tiller bud placement within the shoot, the external
developmental morphology, and some aspects of the developmental anatomy of the bud, and of
the nodal plexus in relation to growth of the leaf primordium and tiller bud.
The results have been integrated in terms of linear relative growth rates in both radial and
axial directions. In spite of the mutual constraints imposed within the continuous system, severe
gradients in axial growth rates were found to be consistent with the maintenance of the integrity
of the system.
Growth and Development of the Wheat Tiller. II. The Dynamics of Tiller Growth
Authors: Williams RF , Langer RHM
Published: December 2005

From an analysis of the length-time relation for tiller growth in wheat it was concluded that tillers which emerged traced a discontinuous curve, and that the discontinuity marked a critical event in tiller growth. Tiller buds which did not emerge as tillers continued to grow even more slowly, at least until anthesis of the primary shoot. The critical event was identified as that of escape from the cavity in which the bud was tightly contained throughout early development. The timing of vascular differentiation in tiller buds was shown to be size-dependent and there was no evidence for any correlation with the critical event of escape. A strong negative correlation between the lengths of the 3rd tiller buds and their subtending internodes was established, and the presence or absence of the 4th tiller bud was also correlated with its internode length. Current hypotheses relating to apical dominance are reviewed, and it is suggested that the dynamic physical constraints implicit in tiller bud growth add a further complication. It was concluded that hormonal, nutritional and constraint mechanisms need to be integrated as partial mechanisms which interacted at the interfaces between successive levels within apical systems.
The Genesis of Form in Bulrush Millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum.).
Authors: Metcalf RA , Fernandez A , Williams RF
Published: December 2005

With the aid of three-dimensional, scale drawings the development of the shoot apex of bulrush
millet is described from germination through its transition to the reproductive condition. The apex
is remarkable in that the branch primordia of the inflorescence are arranged in regular spirals, and
that this involves a transition from the distichous condition of the vegetative apex.
A number of phenomena relating to this transition support the view that physical constraint
is a significant element in the determination of form, especially during early stages of development.
Nevertheless, such constraint is seen mainly as a modifier of events at lower levels within the system.
The new information is consistent with the mechanico-chemical field theory of phyllotaxis.
Development of the Suberized Lamella in the Mestome Sheath of Wheat Leaves
Authors: O'Brien TP , Kuo J
Published: December 2005

The suberized lamella in the cell walls of the mestome sheath of wheat leaves developed asynchronously. The lamella formed first in the cells which were adjacent to the protophloem sieve tubes and formed last in the cells that abutted on the tracheary elements. In the latter case, the suberized lamella formed first in the outer tangential and radial walls and last in the inner tangential wall adjacent to the tracheary element. Eventually, the suberization was completed opposite the tracheary elements and the cell walls developed tertiary thickenings in all mestome sheath cells. Cytoplasmic structures that were clearly involved in suberin synthesis and the development of tertiary thickenings could not be identified.
The Structure and Ontogeny of the Hilum Region in Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Giles KL , Bassett HCM , Eastin JD
Published: December 2005

The 'black layer' or 'dark layer' in the grains of Sorghum bicolor (CK60 x TX415) can be seen 15
days after pollination and was identified by selective staining as being due to phenolic deposits within
the phloem parenchyma cells. These deposits did not stain positively as tannins with the vanillin-
hydrochloric acid reagent. The phloem parenchyma cells became blocked with mucilage and pectic
compounds at maturity, forming the closing layer of the hilum, causing the seed to dry out and the
black layer to become more distinct. The ontogeny and structure of the black layer in S. bicolor is
discussed with reference to that of maize.
The ecology of a graveyard
Authors: Loneragan WA
Published: December 2005

The present-day vegetation of a cemetery at Gingin, Western Australia, is described by means of normal and inverse information analysis. In spite of severe disturbance during the past 10 years through annual burning and slashing, a well-defined floristic pattern is identifiable, even in the absence from the analysis of the two most characteristic species, Anigozanthos manglesii and A. humilis. It is suggested that whereas, in the past, parts of the cemetery were ecologically distinct and characterized by different groups of species, regular disturbance is altering these ecological conditions and causing changes in the distribution and behaviour of the species present. This changing ecology appears to be most sensitively demonstrated by the behaviour of A. manglesii and A. humilis.
The root and shoot development of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell
Authors: Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

During the first season, E. regnans develops a fairly strong tap-root, and later commences to produce
a system of laterals. Seedling shoot growth is slow at first but increases rapidly. In the sapling stage,
sinker roots develop from the laterals which extend far beyond the crown. Growth in height of the
tree is very fast. During the pole stage, the conical crown is well developed, sinker roots become
branched and the tap-root dies back. In the spar stage, the crown approaches maximum height and
expands greatly. The sinker and lateral roots become very well developed. During the long mature
stage, the fully elevated crowns become open and commence to die back. Buttresses are prominent
and a complex system of sinker roots is present. Overmaturity is marked by a very large trunk
epicormic growth and progressive die-back of the central area of both crown and roots.
On warmer and drier aspects the root systems of seedlings and pole stage trees appear to be less
well developed than on the cooler and moister aspects. On steep slopes, the root systems of pole stage
trees may develop asymetrically. Layering of prostrate trees may occur on southerly slopes and root
fusion between trees is relatively common. In swamps, vertical roots are short and trees are very
unstable.
Pornaderris aspera, one of the more common understorey species, develops a shallower and less
spreading root system than E. regnans. In the early stages the lateral roots of both species are shallow
and occupy the same soil zones; competition for moisture and nutrients is therefore likely to be
very intense.
Geographical differences in leaf resin components of Eremophila fraseri F. Muell. (Myoporaceae)
Authors: Dell B
Published: December 2005

Eremophila fraseri occurs in arid and semiarid areas of inland and northern Western Australia. The
spreading bushes, 1 to 2.5 tn high, are covered with a thick, viscid layer of resin. The flavonoid and
terpenoid components of the leaf resins were identified by thin-layer chromatography. Five types
of resin patterns were recognized, and each was found to have a distinct geographical distribution.
Each occurs sympatrically with at least one other resin pattern. It is suggested that hybridization
between two tetraploid races is occurring, and that the progeny can be recognized by their resin com-
position.
A Comparison Between Host Density and Inoculum Density Effects on the Frequency of Primary Infection Foci in Pythium-Induced Damping-Off Disease
Authors: Burdon JJ , Chilvers GA
Published: December 2005

In controlled experiments on damping-off disease, in which small populations of garden cress
seedlings (Lepidium sativum L.) were inoculated with Pythium irregulare Buisman, it was found that
varying the planting density of the host population had a similar effect on the frequency of primary
infection foci to that produced by varying the density of applied inoculum. In both cases, at low
densities the number of primary infection foci was proportional to density. Linear regression lines
fitted to log-log plots of the density-response data also had slopes approximating to unity. The
significance of these findings is discussed in relation to disease control in natural communities.
Productivity and Management of Mulga in South-Western Queensland in Relation to Tree Structure and Density
Authors: Pressland AJ
Published: December 2005

Regression analysis was used to characterize the important fodder tree mulga (Acacia aneura F.
Muell.) growing in south-western Queensland.
Significant relationships were found between the tree bole circumference, measured 30 cm above
ground level, and the canopy area and leaf and wood weight. There was an asymptotic relationship
between tree bole circumference and tree height. Leaf area index increased linearly with tree
circumference. Leaflwood ratios decreased from 0.69 for trees less than 20 cm in circumference
to 0.15 for those greater than 60 cm. The mean tree asymmetry and standard error for mulga was
1.21 ± 0.02. It is concluded that mulga trees 40-50 cm in circumference are the most suitable for
maintenance as drought fodder reserves.
Continuous coring showed that the majority of tree roots were located in the top 30 cm of soil,
though roots were still present to a depth of 120 cm. Root density decreased with increasing distance
from the tree.
Incoming radiation at ground level was less at high tree densities than at low densities, but the
radiation reaching the ground under very dense mulga should be adequate for photosynthetic
activity of the lower tree leaves and the ground storey flora.
Density and tree size characteristics of mulga forests, together with tree structure data and
existing climatic-plant-animal data, show that 7,000 ha of a 12,000-ha property in the Charleville
area could be cleared for ground storey production without seriously depleting drought fodder
resources. This assumes that the property supports 5000 head of sheep and a mulga resource of
710 trees ha-1.
Partition of Information: Some Formulae Revisited
Authors: Orloci L
Published: December 2005

The problem of defining and partitioning information has been discussed in numerous papers in
the past. The treatments often focused on the measurement of information content and information
loss. The present paper addresses two earlier publications and resolves a misunderstanding.
A Surface-Structural Survey of Some Taxonomically Diverse Grass Pollens
Authors: Watson L , Bell EM
Published: December 2005

Scanning electron microscopy of pollens from 18 grass species (six festucoids, three chloridoids,
one arundinoid, four panicoids, four andropogonoids) reveals variation in surface exine structure,
involving presence or absence of an incised reticulum and differences in relative sizes and shapes of
islands of spinules. The observations show some taxonomic correlations at generic and major-
group levels. Scanning electron microscopy seems unlikely to help significantly in identifying grass
pollens in field or atmospheric samples, though it may be helpful in checking the identity and
homogeneity of samples intended for medical use.
Seed Abortion in Some Species and Interspecific Hybrids of Eucalyptus
Authors: Drake DW
Published: December 2005

Sterility in the genus Eucalyptus due to embryo abortion is described with accompanying scanning electron micrographs. Levels of seed abortion of wild plants of seven species (subgenus
Symphyomyrtus, section Adnataria) and two suspected interspecific hybrids are presented. The
results indicate that allowances should always be made for seed abortion in estimating seed fertility
of taxa and in particular if hybrids are involved.
Studies on southern Australian taxa of Solieriaceae, Rhobdoniaceae and Rhodophyllidaceae (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Min-Thein U , Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

The morphology, reproduction, and relationships of the southern Australian species of three closely
related families of the Gigartinales (Solieriaceae, Rhabdoniaceae and Rhodophyllidaceae) are described.
In the multiaxial Solieriaceae, most genera of which are non-Australian, Solieria robusta (Greville)
Kylin and five species of Callophycus Trevisan have been studied. Apart from Sarconema filiforme
(Sonder) Kylin, these are the only southern Australian taxa retained in the family.
In the uniaxial and non-procarpic Rhabdoniaceae, Rhabdonia Hooker and Harvey (three species),
Catenella nipae Zanardini, Areschougia Harvey (three species), and Erythroclonium Sonder (four
species) have been studied. A species previously placed in Areschougia, A. dumosa Harvey, is found
to be procarpic and is described as a new genus, Melanema. In all other vegetative and reproductive
features it is similar to Areschougia, and it is provisionally retained in the Rhabdoniaceae.
In the uniaxial and procarpic Rhodophyllidaceae the following are studied: Rhodophyllis
Kuetzing (four species), Craspedocarpus Schmitz (four species, previously placed in Rhodophyllis),
Gloiophyllis barkeriae (Harvey) J . Agardh, Calliblepharis planicaulis (Harvey) Kylin, and a new
genus Austroclonium, based on Rhabdonia charoides Harvey.The main features used by Kylin in separating and characterizing these families and genera are
considered generally satisfactory, but there appear to be cases where they cannot be rigidly applied.
Such cases include the direction of gonimoblast development, and in the case of Melanema it is
suggested that procarpy has arisen, by loss of ability to form connecting filament, from a non-
procarpic ancestor such as Areschougia.
Variation in Eucalyptus nitens Maiden in Response to Temperature and Seed Source
Authors: Shepherd KR , Banks JCG , Atyeo WJ
Published: December 2005

E. nitens is a minor species of south-eastern Australia, having the growth potential for afforestation
purposes. Variation was studied in seedlings raised under a wide range of temperature regimes
with seed from six representative provenances. The results suggest that the species can be readily
divided into three broad groupings, the two northern outlier occurrences of Ebor and Barrington,
those in southern New South Wales, and the most southerly occurrences in Victoria. Leaf shape
was found to be the best discriminatory character as it was independent of temperature. The
provenances could also be distinguished on the basis of leaf area, but only when plants were raised
under uniform temperature conditions.
Effect of Stand Density on Water Use of Mulga (Acacia aneura F.muell.) Woodlands in South-Western Queensland
Authors: Pressland AJ
Published: December 2005

The important Australian fodder tree mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell.) was thinned to densities
ranging between 0 and 4000 trees ha-1 near Charleville, Queensland. Water use by the ensuing
communities was studied from December 1971 to October 1973. Evapotranspiration over this 22
month period increased with tree density from 814 mm for the totally cleared plots to 852 and 891
mm for those plots supporting 4000 and 640 trees ha-1 respectively. Regression analysis was used
to relate soil moisture to time since rain; it was established that the soil had dried to its permanent
wilting point within 60 days of rain sufficient to recharge the soil to a depth of 135 cm. The mean
apparent maximum evapotranspiration of the mulga communities was 4.7 mm day-1.
The ratios of evapotranspiration to pan evaporation (Et/Eo) were influenced by both soil moisture
status and tree density. Et/Eo ratios ranged between 0.55 and 0.07 in the summer of 1972, and
between 1.05 and 0.05 the following summer. In the winters of 1972 and 1973 Et/Eo ratios ranged
between 0.92 and 0.04, and 1.33 and 0.09 respectively.
The significance of the results to production and management of mulga lands in south-western
Queensland is discussed.
Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges: Patterns of Disease Extension
Authors: Weste G , Ruppin P , Vithanage K
Published: December 2005

Three patterns of disease extension were observed in areas of uncultivated shrubby dry sclerophyll forest invaded by the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. Environmental factors were found to determine which pattern developed. Where inoculum was spread downhill with drainage water, diseased areas were separated by clearly defined boundaries from unaffected vegetation. Where disease extension occurred uphill through soil or from root to root, a wavy boundary marked the active disease front. Investigations showed that absence of disease extension for 4 years in highly susceptible vegetation may be associated with differences in soil characteristics.
Borya nitida Labill.—An Australian Species in the Liliaceae With Desiccation-tolerant Leaves
Authors: Gaff DF , Churchill DM
Published: December 2005

Borya nitida, a perennial tufted herb, grows in south Western Australia as a pioneer plant codominant with lichens on exposed rock outcrops, and on bare sands with low water-holding capacity and rapid drainage. The mature leaves of the plant are capable of reviving after desiccation; they develop drought tolerances of 0% relative humidity (RH) under field conditions. The rate of drying is critically important for the development of desiccation tolerance. Drought-avoidance mechanisms (possibly related to the xeromorphic features of the plant) slow the rate of dehydration sufficiently for the development of full drought tolerance which requires completion of a time-dependent tolerance-endowing process in the range of water potential around 96% RH (90-98%), as well as avoidance of a slower time-dependent injurious process at water potentials of 75% RH and above. Non-senescent leaves that fulfil both requirements remain viable at water potentials below 50% RH for years. Dry viable leaves are yellow, owing to the loss of chlorophyll during the former process. Induction of drought tolerance at moderate water stress has been reported in other species,
but Borya is remarkable for the extreme rapidity of the process and the degree of tolerance developed.
Infraspecific polyploidy and gynodioecism in Ptilotus obovatus (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Stewart D.A. , Barlow BA
Published: December 2005

A basic chromosome number of x = 27 is constant in 14 species of Ptilotus examined. This basic number may be polyploid in derivation, with the entire genus having developed at a stabilized hexaploid level from an ancestral stock with x = 9. Only one species, P. obovatus (Gaud.) F. Muell., shows cytotypic variation, with diploid and tetraploid forms having n = 27 and n = 54 respectively. The tetraploid biotype is relatively uniform morphologically and is distributed throughout the species area studied. Diploid biotypes are more variable morphologically and of more local occurrence, and may be isolated relicts. The adaptive tetraploid biotype has probably been a more successful recolonizer of the arid zone following Recent arid maxima. Gynodioecism is of general occurrence in both diploid and tetraploid races of P. obovatus, and is probably effective as an outcrossing mechanism in this self-compatible species. The sex ratio varies between populations, and may be in dynamic equilibrium with the genetic effects of polyploidy and the selective effects of habitat stability.
Geographical Elements in the Flora of Victoria
Authors: Bridgewater PB
Published: December 2005

Distribution data for vascular plants in Victoria were recorded on grid squares of 1° latitude by 1.5° longitude. Data for six angiosperm families (Cyperaceae, Liliaceae, Chenopodiaceae,
Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae and Myrtaceae) were analysed by the techniques of normal and inverse
association analysis.
Analyses of the data produced a series of species groups with similar geographical ranges
(elements). These elements may be broadly divided into eastern and western groups, with two
exceptions-one extending over the southern half of the State and the other occupying the coastal
fringe.
Geographical elements are helpful in defining the range of plant communities, as well as
suggesting hypotheses as to the origins of floras. South central Victoria is seen to be a junction
for species of both the eastern and western groups of elements, which may explain the very high
number of species recorded from the Melbourne region.
Studies on Structure in Plant Communities. VII. Field and Experimental Analyses of Atriplex vesicaria Populations From the Riverine Plain of New South Wales
Authors: Malik AR , Anderson DJ , Myerscough PJ
Published: December 2005

The majority of pattern analyses of total density data collected from geographically separated populations of Atriplex vesicaria, both in the western Riverine Plain of New South Wales and in areas of north-western New South Wales, provided evidence of bi- or trimodal contagion. More detailed analyses of pattern in age-related phases of these populations exhibited most intense patterning in 'seedling' phases, with a progressive reduction of pattern intensity in subsequent ('pioneer', 'building' and 'mature') phases of the entire population. It has been found that the pattern of young individuals may be correlated with patterned variation in microtopography, as well as with water and nutrient availability, and that the indirect effects of grazing animals may be responsible for the intermediate scales of the mosaic pattern in populations of sexually mature individuals. The performance of A. vesicaria plants was assessed experimentally in relation to a range of natural soils, with associated watering and defoliation treatments, and in controlled nutrient solution culture. The results suggest that performance (as estimated by dry weight yield) is affected significantly by soil type, water stress and defoliation. In an experimental context the prime effect of soil variation on yield appeared to be mediated by variation in soil cation balance, a patterned balance that may have been historically induced in the field situation.
Alexgeorgea, a bizarre new genus of Restionaceae from Western Australia
Authors: Carlquist S
Published: December 2005

The genus Alexgeorgea is described as new to science. Two species were discovered during field work in 1974: A. subterranea, from the Jurien Bay-Badgingarra sandplain, W.A., and A. arenicola, from sand areas short distances north and east of Perth. Alexgeorgea is highly distinctive in bearing single-flowered female inflorescences on sessile horizontal rhizomes c. 10-15 cm below the sand surface. In flower, only the tips of the bracts and the three ephemeral styles appear above the ground, so that female flowers are invisible most of the year and inconspicuous even at anthesis. Fruits are exceptionally large for Restionaceae, indehiscent, one-seeded and borne sessile on underground rhizomes. Difficulty in dispersal of these fruits would explain the existence of presumptive all-female colonies of A. arenicola which may have originated from single-fruit introductions to sites at the periphery of the range of that species. Increase in the size of colonies is mostly vegetative, by branching of the elongate subterranean rhizomes. It is suggested that the underground flowering and fruiting habit is related to fire resistance. Alexgeorgea appears most closely related to Western Australian species of Restio on account of striking vegetative similarities. The two species of Alexgeorgea are illustrated by habit photographs and macrophotographs of living plants taken during the field work.
C4 Grasses: an Anatomical Criterion for Distinguishing Between NADP-Malic Enzyme Species and PCK or NAD-Malic Enzyme Species
Authors: Hattersley PW , Watson L
Published: December 2005

Transections of leaf blades from 46 C4 grass species of known C4 type were recorded for presence (XyMS+) or absence (XyMS-) of cells intervening between metaxylem vessel elements and laterally adjacent chlorenchymatous bundle sheath cells of primary lateral vascular bundles. A perfect correlation, only 'NADP-ME type' species being XyMS-, indicated that XyMS type serves as a useful predictor of C4 species type. The likely C4 type of 255 biochemically-untyped grass species was accordingly deduced by direct observation (94 spp.) or from Metcalf's anatomical descriptions (161 spp.). All 124 C4 species examined, including C3 eu-panicoids, proved to be XyMS+.
Germination and Dormancy of Themeda australis, Danthonia Spp., Stipa bigeniculata and Bothriochloa macra
Authors: Hagon MW
Published: December 2005

The germination and dormancy of Themeda australis, Danthonia spp., Stipa bigeniculata and Bothriochloa macra were investigated in whole dispersal units or caryopses.
Germination of non-dormant units of the four species was not affected by light but was delayed
by low temperatures. Such temperature regimes depressed the germination capacity of Themeda
while alternating temperatures with a range greater than 10°C depressed the germination of Bothriochloa. The level of germination of Danthonia and Stipa was not affected by any of the temperature
regimes used.
Dormancy was reduced either by the application of gibberellic acid at concentrations of 100 ppm
to 1000 ppm or by stratification. In addition, application of kinetin ( 10 -4M ) or opening the lemma
suture broke the dormancy of Stipa dispersal units. The breakdown of dormancy during dry storage
was also examined. Temperature alternations with maximum temperatures greater than 40°C reduced
the level of dormancy of Themeda and Stipa within 1-2 months.
Genomic differentiation and polyploidy in Sowerbaea (Liliaceae)
Authors: Stewart DA , Barlow BA
Published: December 2005

Sowerbaea is an endemic Australian genus of five allopatric, vicarious species. A basic genome of three long subacrocentric chromosomes and one shorter acrocentric chromosome is constant in the genus, but within this overall genomic uniformity there are distinct karyotypic differences between species. There are also quantitative differences in nuclear DNA with a twofold difference between the species with the greatest and least amounts of DNA per genome. The quantitative DNA measurements have been combined with measurements of relative chromosome length to obtain estimates of differences in absolute chromosome sizes. Polyploidy is widespread in the genus, and diploid (n = 4), tetraploid (n = 8) and octoploid (n = 16) biotypes occur. Structural differences in the genomes were established at the diploid level, and have arisen during an early stage in differentiation of biotypes in the genus. The polyploid forms are mostly located in eastern Australia, and the establishment of polyploid races was probably a later phase of biotype differentiation associated with late Tertiary and Quaternary climatic changes. The tetraploids are structural autoploids, and have probably arisen within established biotypes. The octoploid form of S. juncea is probably an autoallo-octoploid, derived from tetraploid stocks which were ancestral to S. juncea and S. subtilis respectively.
Chromosome Numbers in Australian Solanum Species
Authors: Randell BR , Symon DE
Published: December 2005

Chromosome numbers are given of about 100 species of Solanum native, naturalized or cultivated
in Australia, the majority of them new records. The origin and distribution of polyploid races of
two species is briefly discussed.
Adaptive Variability in the Growth of Danthonia caespitosa Gaud. Populations at Different Temperatures
Authors: Hodgkinson KC , Quinn JA
Published: December 2005

Five populations of the indigenous perennial grass Danthonia caespitosa Gaud. were selected from
widely separated sites along a north-south transect in south-eastern Australia. The sites, spanning
the latitudinal range (31° to 42° S.) for the species, extended from a hot semiarid environment in
the north to a cool and moist temperate environment in the south.
Two experiments, to assess the extent of intraspecific variability in response to different tempera-
ture regimes, were conducted in naturally lit temperature-controlled glasshouses in the Ceres phyto-
tron. All populations had a similar temperature optimum for growth of between 20.7 and 267°C
(mean daily temperature), typical for temperate species. Rates of tillering, rates of leaf appearance,
and leaf blade lengths and widths differed among populations and showed considerable phenotypic
plasticity with respect to temperature. At all temperatures the growth rate of populations generally
declined with increasing latitude of origin.
A detailed analysis of growth rates showed that differences between populations in final weight
could largely be accounted for by variability in mean relative growth rates. Northern populations in
general had a higher net assimilation rate and leaf weight ratio than southern populations.
The adaptive significance of these physiological and morphological differences between populations
is discussed in relation to habitat characteristics and the distributional range of the species. It is
concluded that along the latitudinal and climatic gradient there has been no significant change in
temperature optima for growth but there has been natural selection resulting in higher growth rates
of northern populations.
The development of even-aged stands of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. in central Victoria
Authors: Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

During the intensely competitive early decades, the height growth of Eucalyptus regnans is very rapid and the reduction of stem density most pronounced. The resultant large component of suppressed trees from this period is mostly eliminated before the spar stage at 40 years. At this stage height growth diminishes although diameter growth is sustained. In addition, the crown cover is a maximum and light penetration is a minimum. The canopy cover increases with increasing angle from the zenith, and in winter the light interception by deep mature crowns is considerable. On warm, dry north-western slopes, pole stage stands are shorter and denser than those on moister, cooler south-eastern slopes. By the spar stage such stands are differentiated by stature only. The thinning out of dense even-aged understoreys of Pomaderris aspera is inversely proportional to the density of the overstorey of E. regnans. The thinning out of E. regnans from the pole stage is independent of the type of understorey. The most intense competition between E. regnans and P. aspera is likely to occur in the first decade when the root systems of the two species are of similar form.
Taxonomic Account of Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Australia With a Note on Brugmansia Pers
Authors: Haegi L
Published: December 2005

A taxonomic account of the genus Datura in Australia is presented. Wild populations of D. stramonium, D. ferox, D, leichhardtii, D, inoxia and D. wrightii occur and D. metel is cultivated and
occasionally persistent. A comprehensive revision of the genus has not been attempted, but full
descriptions based on a study of herbarium specimens, plants in the field and cultivated material are
provided for each of the six species, of which five are naturalized aliens. D. leichhardtii has generally
been considered an Australian endemic but the closely related species D. pruinosa (which may be
conspecific) occurs in central America. This raises the biogeographical problems of trans-Pacific
distribution. Although the application of names is in accordance with current usage, some nomenclatural problems are outlined. A key for the identification of species is presented. The genus
Brugmansia, often treated as a section of Datura, is represented in Australia only by species in
cultivation.
Seed Germination in Ruzizi Grass (Brachaaria ruziziensis Germain & Evrard)
Authors: Renard C , Capelle P
Published: December 2005

Sowing is the most common way of establishing Brachiaria ruziziensis in pastures, but seed germi-
nation is poor as a result of dormancy. The mechanism of dormancy is clearly located in the hull,
for removing the hull or cutting at the base of the spikelet stimulates germination.
No leachable inhibitor seems to be the cause of dormancy. However, the action of oxidizing
agents such as hydrogen peroxide and the measurement of oxygen uptake by full or empty spikelets
suggest that a restriction of gas exchange by the hull is responsible.
Observations on the Mode of Infection of Lucerne Roots by Phytophthora megasperma
Authors: Irwin JAG
Published: December 2005

Infection of roots of resistant and susceptible lucerne cultivars by zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae was studied in solution culture. Zoospores accumulated, encysted, germinated and
penetrated roots at two different regions, the region of cell division and cell extension at the root
apex and at the junction of a lateral root with the tap-root. Zoospores exhibited similar tactic
responses to both resistant and susceptible cultivars. The infection by zoospores a t root junctions
is a possible explanation for tap-root lesions consistently originating at the junction of the tap-root
with a lateral root on plants infected in the field.
Ecological studies of Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merrill & Perry with special reference to Wilson's Promontory
Authors: Ashton DH , Frankenberg J
Published: December 2005

The Acmena smithii species complex occurs in a wide range of rain-forests (closed-forests) from 11� to 39� S. in eastern Australia. At its southernmost limit on Wilson's Promontory, it forms a structurally and floristically simple closed-forest of the microphyll fern type, and usually occurs up to altitudes of 300 m on relatively fertile alluvial and colluvial soils. It is replaced by thickets of Melaleuca spp. on very waterlogged soils and by nanophyll mossy forests of Nothofagus cunninghamii and Atherosperma moschatum at higher altitudes. It is often associated with emergent fire-induced strata of Acacia melanoxylon and Eucalyptus obliqua. On Wilson's Promontory, A. smithii rain-forest is a climax in fire-sheltered lowland gullies. In the prolonged absence of fire many adjacent wet sclerophyll (tall-open) forests are replaced by such rain-forest. A. smithii is extremely shade-tolerant and regenerates readily under dense forest canopy and in gaps. The seed is easily killed by desiccation and is frequently decimated by birds and insects. Slow development of seedlings in the first year renders them susceptible to drought and browsing. After the second year they are extremely persistent owing to the development of a lignotuber. The litter fall is heavy and decays rapidly to form a mull humus on relatively fertile loams and poor podzolic soils. The shoots of A. smithii grow during the frost-prone seasons of the year. This characteristic is correlated with its restriction to low altitudes in a mild maritime environment. The problems of the dispersal and past distribution of A. smithii are briefly discussed.
The Major Groups of Australasian Grasses: a Guide to Sampling
Authors: Watson L , Clifford HT
Published: December 2005

227 genera of Australasian grasses, classified with reference to anatomical and morphological attributes, are referred to major taxonomic groups. Group diagnoses are supplemented by quantitative information on attributes showing taxonomic bias.
The Griffithsieae group of the Ceramiaceae (Rhodophyta) and its southern Australian representatives
Authors: Baldock RN
Published: December 2005

The genus Griffithsia C. Agardh, with its type species G. corallinoides (L.) Batters, is characterized
by subdichotomous filaments of large multinucleate cells; by a fertile axis of three small discoid
cells of which the subapical cell produces 1(-2) procarp(s), whilst the lowermost cell (termed the
hypogenous) produces abaxially an involucre of 2-celled branches; by a large fusion cell; and by
the production of tetrasporangia and spermatangia on whorls of fascicles which often bear involucral
cells, or are surrounded by an involucre from the vegetative cell beneath the fascicles, or are naked.
Some southern Australian species previously placed in Monosporus Solier or Neomonospora
Setchell & Gardner, but which produce tetrasporangia and reproduce sexually, are related to
G. tenuis C. Agardh and G. barbata C. Agardh. They are characterized by subdichotomous filaments
of multinucleate elongate cells; by a 3-celled fertile axis of which the subapical cell produces a
procarp, and the hypogenous cell enlarges during procarp development and produces a whorl of
1-celled involucral branches; by a large fusion cell; and by tetrasporangia and spermatangial heads
produced singly either from the basal cell of a trichoblast, or on a separate clavate pedicel. These
species are referred to the genus Anotrichium Naegeli, differing from Griffithsia mainly in the
spermatangial heads and tetrasporangia. The genus Monosporus Solier, represented with certainty
in southern Australia only by M. australis (Harvey) J . Agardh, is retained as a form genus for those
species which produce monosporangia but for which sexual reproduction is unknown.
Study of Halurus equisetifolius (Lightfoot) Kuetzing, the type species of Halurus Kuetzing,
from England, shows that this genus is characterized by irregularly branched axes with dichotomous
whorl-branchlets; by the successive production of several fertile axes each of 3 small cells and
equivalent to a condensed, dichotomous, branch system; and by a subapical procarp and large
fusion cell. The involucre consists of vegetative whorl-branchlets and also a whorl of 1-celled
branches from the enlarged hypogenous cell of the fertile axis. Halurus thus differs from Griffithsia
mainly in cystocarpic features and the presence of whorl-branchlets.
Griffithsia setacea (Ellis) C. Agardh should probably be referred to Halurus.
An evolutionary trend towards reduction in the Griffithsieae is suggested: whorl-branchlets
have been reduced to trichoblasts and fertile whorl-branchlets to whorls of fascicles. The number
of procarps in a branch system and the female, spermatangial and tetrasporangial involucres show a
reduction sequence.
Cyathea paleospora and Cyathidites subtilis
Authors: Martin HA
Published: December 2005

The description of Cyathea paleospora Martin 1973 is restricted to psilate and very faintly patterned
specimens. Granular forms which were originally included are best placed in Cyathidites subtilis
Partridge in Stover and Partridge 1973.
Pigment Production From Tyrosine by Australian Isolates of Phytophthora Species
Authors: Shepherd CJ
Published: December 2005

Pigment production from tyrosine by 138 isolates of 12 Australasian species of Phytophthora was
followed photodensitometrically. Optimal production occurred on a casein hydrolysate-tyrosine
medium at pH 6.0, when sugars were absent.
The mean pigment production of northern ecotype isolates of Phytophthora drechsleri ( = P.
cryptogea) was significantly greater than that of southern ecotype isolates, and the mean pigment
production of A1 compatibility type isolates of P. parasitica was approximately double that of
A2 type isolates. Little or no pigment was produced by any of the isolates of P. cinnamomi examined.
While pigment production, per se, appears to be a poor taxonomic criterion, it is suggested that
the degree of pigment production by unknown isolates might in some cases prove helpful as a
confirmatory characteristic following species identification by morphological criteria, and as a
preliminary screening technique particularly applicable to the recognition of P. cinnamomi among
Phytophthora isolates obtained from native vegetation in Australia.
Three new species of Parmelia subgen. Xanthoparmelia (Lichens) from south-eastern Australia
Authors: Elix JA
Published: December 2005

Parmelia (subgen. Xanthoparmelia) barbatica, Parmelia (subgen. Xanthoparmelia) burmeisterii and
Parmelia (subgen. Xanthoparmelia) pseudohypoleia are described as new from the Australian
Capital Territory and New South Wales. The former two species are the first representatives of this
subgenus to be described in which usnic acid, barbatic acid and 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid are the
major secondary metabolites.
Survival and Growth of Seedlings of Three Sclerophyll Species at High Levels of Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Authors: Groves RH , Keraitis K
Published: December 2005

Seedlings of Banksia serrata, Acacia suaveolens and Eucalyptus pilularis were grown in sand culture for 3-4 months at four levels of phosphorus (0, 5, 50, and 100 ppm) and three of nitrogen (0, 25 and 250 ppm) applied gradually in all combinations. B.serrata died at high phosphorus-high nitrogen levels, A.suaveolens died with high phosphorus irrespective of the nitrogen level, and E. pilularis did not survive high phosphorus or high nitrogen levels. There were differences between species in their growth responses to increasing levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. Dry weights of seedlings were greatest at P5N25 for B.serrata, at P5N250 for A.suaveolens, and at P5N250 for E.pilularis. Shoot phosphorus concentrations greater than 1% were directly associated with 'toxicity' and death of A.suaveolens seedlings only, and not of the other two species. The species differ in the weights and nutrient contents of their seeds, and this is discussed in relation to the different responses obtained. Growth of sclerophyll species on areas subject to disturbance (e.g. sand-mining) will be determined in large part by the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen applied and the rate at which nutrients are leached from the rooting zone.
The Role of Phytophthora cryptogea and Waterlogging in a Decline of Pinus radiata
Authors: Bumbieris M
Published: December 2005

Experiments to determine the roles of Phytophthora cryptogea and waterlogging in a decline of Pinus
radiata showed that the fungus affected young pines up to 1 year old when associated with water-
logged soil. In drier soil, similar plants were affected by the fungus only when they had originally
been transplanted to the test pots. However, waterlogging affected both transplanted and non-trans-
planted young trees in both the presence and absence of the fungus. Thus waterlogging is an important
factor in the decline of young Pinus radiata. A similar situation probably exists with regard to older
trees growing on very wet sites.
Structural Aspects of the Pathways of Nutrient Flow to the Developing Embryo and Cotyledons of Pisum sativum L
Authors: Hardham AR
Published: December 2005

The pea seed requires large quantities of nutrient during its growth and development. In the early
stages a large proportion of this nutrient is obtained from the endosperm surrounding the embryo
in the embryo sac. A number of structural specializations, such as increased surface areas of the
embryo sac boundary wall and the extra-embryonic wall and breakdown of the inner ovular cells,
may aid in the passage of nutrient to the developing embryo. This study has shown that the
amount of vascular tissue in the funicle and ovule increases markedly between the time of cotyledon
initiation and the commencement of storage protein synthesis and deposition. Large numbers of
transfer cells are associated with the sieve elements in the pod and funicle, but not in the ovule.
Also, the numbers of xylem and sieve elements in the funicle decrease as the strand passes from the
pod to the ovule. Two strands of phloem tissue were found to branch from the main vascular bundle
in the ovule and to sweep across the base of the seed and around either side of the narrow tubular
arm of the embryo sac which contains the radicle.
Studies on the Mycorrhizae of Eucalyptus regnans F.muell
Authors: Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

Eucalyptus regnans mycorrhizae vary from simple to coralloid forms, and their surfaces are commonly smooth or conspicuously enmeshed with external mycelium. At least 18 different basidiomycetes may be intimately associated with dense weft-type mycorrhizae; six agarics have been induced to form simple or diffuse mycorrhizae under sterile conditions. Individual mycorrhizae vary in form and colour with both age and the nature of the symbiont. In the field, mycorrhizae are longer-lived than uninfected lateral roots. The earliest stages of infection of new roots appear to occur via root hairs, and intracellular hyphae are produced. This is rapidly followed by the development of either ectendotrophic, ectotrophic or superficial mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal development is enhanced by high light intensity, diminished by high levels of
nitrogenous fertilizer, but apparently unaffected by high levels of phosphate. Experiments suggest
that a transfer of carbon-14 takes place from the leaves to the mycorrhizal mantle. Inoculation of
E. regnans by Mesophellia arenaria in relatively rich loams of south Gippsland improved the growth
of E. regnans seedlings in both field and the glasshouse. The sterilization by gamma-rays of krasnozem
topsoil from the forest improved the growth of E. regnans seedlings. Growth of seedlings was further
enhanced by the inoculation of such soil with a mycorrhizal fungus (probably inocybe olivaceofulvus).
Quantitative Floristic Studies of the Ground Layer in Some Mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell.) And Mitchell Grass (Astrebla Spp.) Communities in South-Western Queensland
Authors: Roberts BR , Graham TWG , Orr DM
Published: December 2005

A survey of 36 sites of known history in S.W. Queensland was made with a wheel-point apparatus to establish quantitative standards of botanical composition and basal cover for the ground layer vegetation of 4 main soil types in the mulga and Mitchell grass regions. It was shown that dominant species were similar on sites within a soil group, over a wide range of rainfall conditions. Basal cover over all sites averaged 3.0%, while an average of 23 species made up the ground layer of the vegetation. A total of 65 grasses and 95 non-grasses was recorded in the wheel-point surveys. The implications of the survey results are discussed.