bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fixing Incitement to Commit Genocide
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 considers and proposes remedies for incitement to genocide’s problems. As a threshold matter, it considers the proposals of certain experts who have recommended scuttling the existing ICTR framework. The chapter considers these experts’ proposed alternative tests and concludes that, while making important contributions to the analytical exercise, these proposed frameworks have faults of their own and thus are not suitable as wholesale replacements. As a result, the chapter turns to potential ways to improve the existing framework. Solutions are offered with respect to the elements of “direct” (clarify and expand it), “public” (delete it), and “incitement” (break it down more effectively and add to it) as well as the looming and ambiguous presence and impact of causation (which jurists must more clearly explain is not an element). Finally, the chapter offers instruction to courts on thorough application of the proposed new framework with sufficient rigor and consistency.
Fixing Persecution, Instigation, and Ordering
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 9 examines the rift between the ICTY and ICTR regarding nonadvocacy speech and persecution and considers which position makes better sense. Consistent with the chapeau and relevant precedent, it concludes that hate speech not directly calling for action should qualify as persecution. This is especially true given the many flaws of Kordić, the sole judgment to support the contrary position. The chapter also explains how to fix the issues related to persecution, including disentangling it from incitement by severing its suggested jurisprudential link to the Civil Law and excising the unsupported and unprecedented “different forms of persuasion” requirement from the crime’s actus reus. Similarly, it explains that jurists need to clarify the “contribution” requirement, and it demonstrates that, in light of the proper calibration of responsibility, “substantial contribution” is the proper standard. Finally, this chapter recommends jettisoning ordering’s restrictive target-crime-commission requirement and including inchoate liability within the offense’s ambit.
Adopting Incitement to Commit War Crimes
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 10 proposes a new atrocity speech offense—incitement to commit war crimes. It demonstrates that any imagined ills related to this proposed expansion of speech criminalization in the military context-- from supposed chilling effects to drags on operational efficiency – are easily outweighed by the salutary impact of wider proscription. The chapter contends that exposing intraforce military relations to the specter of greater verbal regulation will promote law of armed conflict (LOAC) compliance and esprit de corps, thereby ultimately enhancing broader functional objectives. It also explains why the proposal’s timing is propitious. War weapons have become more lethal and war tactics more savage. And the incitement offense has fossilized as a penal option within the narrow target-crime confines of genocide. As the international legal imagination has begun to visualize its utility in relation to other global crimes, notably terrorism, its adaption for LOAC violation purposes seems prudently incremental and normatively sound.
Restructuring: A Unified Liability Theory for Atrocity Speech Law
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 11 explains that discrete fixes of individual atrocity speech offenses are not sufficient. It begins by considering the history of haphazard atrocity speech offense formulations and the resultant systemic incoherence in this area of law. From there, it considers how certain macro-structural changes can be made to realize the crucial speech-specific prevention, systematization, and expressive goals emphasized throughout this book. In the end, it proposes a “Unified Liability Theory” for atrocity speech law. That theory posits that the core atrocity offenses—genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes—should be methodically attached to each type of liability—inciting, speech (abetting a proposed new offense for noncatalytic speech), instigating, and ordering. And this proposed change can be operationalized via treaty and/or a modification of the Rome Statute, as well as any other relevant legal instruments. The chapter concludes with consideration of the theoretical and practical implications of this proposed change.
Facing the Past
Authors: Gendron Maria , Barrett Lisa Feldman
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, we outline the progression of research on facial actions associated with emotion within the discipline of psychology. We outline two dominant perspectives, one emphasizing emotions as natural kinds, and the other emphasizing emotions as constructed events. We provide an overview of the critical assumptions of each theoretical approach and demonstrate the recurring themes and tensions in the repeated emergence of these two perspectives over time. We close by suggesting that the science of emotion is, yet again, at a critical precipice with the emergence of computationally powerful computer-vision approaches and that careful consideration of the lineage of these two theoretical perspectives will allow for progress to be made with these approaches.
The Behavioral Ecology View of Facial Displays, 25 Years Later
Authors: Fridlund Alan J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents the twin origins of the behavioral ecology view (BECV) of human facial expressions, in (1) the empirical weakness and internal contradictions of the accounts proposed by basic emotion theory (BET) and particularly the neurocultural theory of Paul Ekman et al., and (2) newer understandings about the evolution of animal signaling and communication. BET conceives of our facial expressions as quasi-reflexes which are triggered by universal, modular emotion programs but require management in each culture lest they emerge unthrottled. Unlike BET, BECV regards our facial expressions as contingent signals of intent toward interactants within specific contexts of interaction, even when we are alone and our interactants are ourselves, objects, or implicit others. BECV’s functionalist, externalist view does not deny “emotion,” however it is defined, but does not require it to explain human facial displays.
Coherence Between Emotions and Facial Expressions
Authors: Durán Juan I. , Reisenzein Rainer , Fernández-Dols José-Miguel
Published: May 2017

The phrase “facial expression of emotion” contains the implicit assumption that facial expressions co-occur with, and are a consequence of, experienced emotions. Is this assumption true, or more precisely, to what degree is it true? In other words, what is the degree of statistical covariation, or coherence, between emotions and facial expressions? In this chapter, we review empirical evidence from laboratory and field studies that speaks to this question, summarizing studies results concerning expressions of emotions frequently considered as “basic”: happiness-amusement, surprise, disgust, sadness, anger and fear. We provide general and separate emotion mean correlations and proportions as coherence estimates as using meta-analytic methods.
Facial Expression Is Driven by Appraisal and Generates Appraisal Inference
Authors: Scherer Klaus , Mortillaro Marcello , Mehu Marc
Published: May 2017

Emotion researchers generally concur that most emotions in humans and animals are elicited by the appraisals of events that are highly relevant for the organism, generating action tendencies that are often accompanied by changes in expression, autonomic physiology, and feeling. Scherer’s component process model of emotion (CPM) postulates that individual appraisal checks drive the dynamics and configuration of the facial expression of emotion and that emotion recognition is based on appraisal inference with consequent emotion attribution. This chapter outlines the model and reviews the accrued empirical evidence that supports these claims, covering studies that experimentally induced specific appraisals or that used induction of emotions with typical appraisal configurations (measuring facial expression via electromyographic recording) or behavioral coding of facial action units. In addition, recent studies analyzing the mechanisms of emotion recognition are shown to support the theoretical assumptions.
Interpersonal Effects and Functions of Facial Activity
Authors: Parkinson Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how and why facial activity affects other people. First, I distinguish three general functions relating to practical object-directed action, regulating interpersonal interaction, and coordinating two or more people’s orientations toward objects, events, or other people. Facial activity can also acquire secondary signal and symbolic functions, some of which relate to emotion communication. Second, I discuss interpersonal effects of gaze deriving from these functions. Gaze plays an important role in regulating social attention as a prior condition for many of facial activity’s other interpersonal effects, and in coordinating attention on referential objects at which orientations (including emotional orientations) are directed. Only some of these processes require decoding of emotional meanings. Finally, I discuss explicit and implicit processes underlying mimicry and social appraisal effects, concluding that facial activity other than gaze can also influence other people’s behavior in the absence of emotion attribution.
Facial Expressions and Emotions in Indigenous Societies
Authors: Crivelli Carlos , Gendron Maria
Published: May 2017

In this chapter we critically review and evaluate the evidence supporting one of the core assumptions of basic and applied research on emotion: the pan-cultural “recognition” of facial expressions of “emotion.” We do so by focusing on the body of evidence, as well as the methods used in emotion perception studies conducted in indigenous, small-scale societies. We also assess the criteria used to interpret the results as supporting evidence for the universality thesis. Finally, we look forward to future research in indigenous societies and outline two potential research paths to advance our understanding of human diversity.
Introduction
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This section introduces the book’s main discussion on the new form of rule and governance which has taken shape in post-junta Myanmar in the first half of the 2010s. Reviewing the recent scholarship on Myanmar’s ongoing transition, it argues that the armed forces, or Tatmadaw, have appeared as increasingly striving to shift their involvement in politics toward a less direct approach, tolerating relative criticism and opposition, granting civilians a greater role in conducting state business, while at the same time still holding on to numerous preserves and “caretaking” most of Myanmar’s political process. The introduction asks whether the transition as was “pacted” after the 2010 general elections, by a military institution in position of strength, can be consolidated further, given the myriad of challenges Myanmar’s polity and society continue to face.
Military Guardianship and the Search for a Pacted Transition
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

The chapter argues that the main policy actor at the core of the transitional process remains Myanmar’s secretive military institution. It was the armed forces and its uncontested leadership that let the “opening” outstretch soon after the 2010 elections, by officially disbanding the “junta” and morphing into a hybrid “transit regime”. In a sense, the Tatmadaw stood, as in 1960 and 1974, as a “caretaker” of the transition. Yet, even if the partial disengagement of the armed forces from politics observed after 2011 had carefully been planned by the military leadership, an institutional and political “elite pact” was needed regardless, and sought after by several key elite groups, to pursue the initial procedural transition.
The Salience of Ethnic and Religious Cleavages
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the deepening of religious and ethnic cleavages in the 2010s, attempting to evaluate their impact on the ongoing transitional process. It investigates the new round of inter-ethnic peace parleys which President Thein Sein’s administration has embarked on since 2011. It then looks at religious and moral values, alongside the place and influence of “outsiders” in Myanmar’s society. These are themes which have recently resurfaced in public debate, as well as punctual and localized inter-communal violence. A handful of radical Buddhist associations have begun to regain a voice in the public space and have fostered debate on the involvement of the state in religious affairs. Thus monastic organizations have re-emerged as powerful actors seeking to shape public values and influence policymakers within the walls of the new parliament.
The Science of Killing
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

The central theme of this chapter is concerned with showing how scientists emerged as experts in lethality and the extent to which they could shape the engineering debates that evolved as different technologies for killing were developed. In the process, this chapter shows that scientific investigations did not determine weapon selection and that Erik Prokosch and Joanna Bourke have offered insufficient explanations for the science of killing as the field emerged during the 20th century.
The Bureaucracy as Battlefield
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

If science could not be used to come to a resolution as to what weapon system ought to be adopted then selection decisions would have to be taken on other criteria. In this chapter we investigate different ways to explain bureaucratic decision-making as it relates to military innovation. In the process I point out the inadequacies of the Bureaucratic Politics Model for explaining change in the military.
Is It Gucci? Industry, Status Anxiety and the Fn Minimi
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the process by which private industry has manipulated soldier status anxiety with a view to upselling equipment. With reference to the British Army, this chapter shows how trust between the user community and engineers broke down during the privatization of Royal Ordnance. This resulted in a hollowing out of engineering skills within government and created an opportunity for private industry to employ a range of techniques to create military fashions, turning soldiers into consumers. This penultimate chapter observes that the balance of power between soldiers, engineers, scientists, bureaucrats and alliance partners has now shifted in favor of private industry.
Democratization and Authoritarian Party Survival
Authors: Langston Joy
Published: May 2017

Mexico’s Party of the Institutional Revolution (PRI) held executive power continuously from 1929 to 2000, when its candidate suffered a shocking defeat in the presidential elections. This study, which covers the years 1980–2012, uses an institutional focus to understand why the PRI survived its defeat and loss of the resources of the executive bureaucracy to return victoriously after two six-year terms out of office. The book offers a model of the difficulties authoritarian parties must face after they are ousted from the executive through fair and free elections: the danger of dramatic fractures that could destroy the party and the possibility of mass voter rejection. The institutional context of Mexico allowed the party’s factions to continue to cooperate and win elections. Mexico is a federal, presidential regime with a two-tiered electoral system, with no consecutive reelection and generous public party funding. The PRI changed dramatically in organizational terms as its directly elected state governors became power brokers within the party (though governors cannot be reelected). Yet, because of the nation’s electoral rules, the national party office remained a central player, both in party and national politics. The national party headquarters continued to mount an important response to the new government’s executive and coordinated the party’s legislators in Congress. The institutional context played a crucial role in creating spaces for both factions (the governors and the national party) and allowing them to cooperate. The former hegemonic party did not, however, develop a consistent ideology or try to purge itself of its clientelist or corrupt practices, because the governors had no authority strong enough to force them the change their conduct.
The Dinosaur that Did Not Die
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the question of why Mexico’s PRI—one of the longest-serving authoritarian parties in the world—was able to survive after the transition to democracy in 2000. Many analysts believed that it would fragment, as its politicians would leave the party or voters would reject the party’s label and the candidates running under it. It was not clear whether, without access to resources and with a weaker leadership, the internal groups would be able to negotiate their differences. The book’s argument is that beyond the resource advantages posited by other authors writing on the same topic, institutions, such as federalism, a strong party system, and fiscal decentralization, all played a major role in allowing the PRI’s factions to cooperate after 2000 and prevented a mass defection of voters. Furthermore, these same institutions strengthened the party’s governors while giving the national party headquarters a strong role to play in the years out of power (2000–2012). This chapter also provides a roadmap for the rest of the book.
The Challenges of (Authoritarian) Party Survival after Democratization
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

After the defeat of the PRI’s presidential candidate in 2000, the party experienced several dangerous trends: politicians began to leave the party in greater numbers and the party continued to lose gubernatorial and mayoral elections where it had never been defeated. The two strongest political factions battled over the future of the party and the takeover of the national party office. Yet, the PRI did not suffer terrible fractures and voters did not desert the label. Political institutions play a critical role in explaining why the PRI survived the difficult transition to democracy. Federalism promotes strong state political arenas; thus, the party’s governors became one of the important bases of party survival. The nation’s unique set of electoral rules—the mixed electoral system, generous public funding for parties, and single-term limits—allowed the national party to remain strong, while the governors minded the municipal and state political arenas.
Changes to Candidate Selection and Political Recruitment
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the PRI’s candidate selection and recruitment changed from the hegemonic to the democratic era to capture how electoral competition strengthened the governors at the expense the corporatist sectors and other PRI groups. Under hegemony, the president controlled (through choosing or vetoing) which PRI politician appeared on the ballot, and thus could punish or benefit ambitious politicians within the wide-flung coalition. Once competition grew, however, a candidate’s popularity with voters began to weigh on these decisions and governors began to demand control over nominations for subnational and federal posts. Regime leaders had to devolve power over federal candidacies to state executives because of their ability to win votes for the party, decentralizing the party. National party leaders won a good deal of control over the closed-list PR seats for both the Chamber and the Senate. Most party-affiliated unions lost nomination power because they were unable to choose popular candidates or procure electoral victories, weakening their position within the party.
Authority and Delegation in the Chamber of Deputies
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

Bstudy The purpose of this chapter is to understand the third and last important task of parties: managing their legislative delegation. During the years of one-party dominance, the Mexican legislature was famously weak compared to the executive because the president ruled over a hegemonic party that suffered little electoral competition and deputies who were limited to a single term. This changed dramatically when the PAN won the presidency, but was not able to capture a majority in either house of Congress. The work of unifying the PRI’s congressional delegation fell to its national officers and Chamber leaders, who placated the party’s governors and whipped the PRI’s legislators to vote together. To better understand the relations of power and delegation within the PRI’s legislative caucus, the chapter uniquely measures and compares the political and professional backgrounds of those PRI deputies who became or did not become committee chairs across the two periods.
Transitional Justice in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Sriram Chandra Lekha
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2, by Chandra Lekha Sriram, offers comparative lessons and challenges in understanding transitional justice from a global perspective, with some examples from and reflections for the MENA region. She identifies four types of challenges in discussing the topic, which have arisen from experiences in other regions but are equally relevant in the region. The first is how the impact of transitional justice can be assessed, if at all. The second is that of who is calling for transitional justice, and what the views of it are, particularly from the grass-roots level. The third is that of the effects of institutional design of specific transitional justice measures. And the final challenge is the appropriate scope of such measures, including whether they should include a range of social and economic concerns.
The Scope and Boundaries of Transitional Justice in the Arab Spring
Authors: Lamont Christopher K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5, by Christopher K. Lamont, further elaborates on critical debates regarding the scope of transitional justice processes. Drawing upon the Tunisian transition, he observes that one of the important debates has been over the appropriate temporal and substantive scope of any transitional justice mechanisms. He argues that transitional justice literature may not understand these debates well, not only because it has not until recently engaged with the MENA region, but because the former literature has been driven by legalism, while debates in Tunisia (and perhaps other countries in the region) over transitional justice issues have been driven by state-building contestation. He suggests that this is partly to do with the fact that in this region justice is understood as more than legal justice, also encompassing Islamic conceptions of social justice, and because decisions relate to political contestations about state identity.
Political Exclusion and Transitional Justice
Authors: Boduszyński Mieczysław P. , Wierda Marieke
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 8, Marieke Wierda and Mieczysław P. Boduszyński discuss a mode of transitional justice which is less frequently discussed than the other commonly used mechanisms: vetting. They examine Libya’s Political Isolation Law as an instance of retributive transitional justice, arguing that although the conditions may have been ripe for a wider range of transitional justice activities, these were not pursued. Specifically, they argue that although the collapse of the former regime and Libya’s traditions of mediation and reconciliation between tribes might have encouraged the use of non-retributive mechanisms as well, this did not take place. Instead, political exclusion was used in a punitive fashion, frequently against members of the revolution rather than of the former regime. They suggest that this is a result of a wider struggle for legitimacy and power, in which this process was a tool.
Quality
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the quality of human life. It is argued that the quality of even the best human lives is poor, and that matters are worse for the vast bulk of humanity. Many people deny this, but it is argued that most people’s quality-of-life assessments are not to be trusted. This is because of a number of well-demonstrated psychological traits characteristic of most humans: optimism bias, adaptation to altered levels of objective wellbeing, and comparison with others in determining the quality of one’s own life. Evidence is then provided to show just how bad the quality of life is. Various optimistic secular “theodicies” are then considered. These theodicies attempt to reconcile the vast amount of bad in human lives with the claim that life is good. It is argued that these theodicies fail.
Death
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the human predicament, at least considered as a whole, cannot be escaped by death. This is because death is bad for the person who dies. The Epicurean arguments against this view are considered and rejected. The most common way of accounting for the badness of death is by means of the deprivation account—death is bad because it deprives the person who dies of the future goods that he or she would otherwise have enjoyed. This chapter argues for an augmented account, according to which death is bad because it deprives and annihilates. The chapter then grapples with difficult questions about the timing of death’s badness and about how bad different deaths are. The chapter concludes by considering what attitude we should have toward our mortality.
A primer on pay
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

One of a board’s most important roles is setting executive pay. This chapter introduces the various components of executive compensation schemes and analyzes the pay-setting process using the efficient contracting hypothesis. Executives and the board bargain over how sensitive pay will be to the firm’s performance, weighing the incentives generated by performance-based pay against the misallocation of risk that results when risk that could be diversified away by shareholders is transferred onto a firm’s executives. Executives and the board also negotiate over the level of pay, leading to outcomes that reflect the strength or weakness of the board. This chapter uses the story of Michael Eisner’s compensation during the 21 years he was Disney’s CEO to explain the efficient contracting hypothesis and to illustrate the problems that can arise when executives’ compensation is closely tied to a firm’s performance.
Separating the wheat from the chaff
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

Past pay generates incentives via the ownership stake that it creates; present pay generates incentives via the link between firm performance and the level of pay; future pay generates incentives via executives’ career concerns. This chapter explains how uncertainty about an executive’s ability and effort generates incentives for the executive to exert effort on behalf of shareholders. These incentives stem from the links between labor-market perceptions of an executive’s ability and the likelihood that he is promoted or fired from his current job, able to gain employment at another firm, and able to find post-retirement work as an independent director. Strong boards can use these links to design compensation schemes that benefit shareholders. This chapter describes career-based incentives using the story of Carl Yankowski, the high-profile CEO of Palm who endured a series of career disappointments.
A new broom
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

Rival management teams compete in the market for corporate control for the right to manage shareholders’ assets. The benefit that shareholders receive from this competition depends on the strength of the board of directors. The board affects the outcome directly due to its role during the takeover process and indirectly due to its role beforehand when it specifies the golden parachutes that the incumbent management team receives when a change in management occurs. This chapter uses the takeover of Anheuser-Busch by the global brewer InBev, and the sweeping changes that followed, to introduce the market for corporate control. It explains how a firm’s shareholders can benefit from performance improvements made well after they have sold their shares, as well as how they can benefit even if a takeover never takes place.
Colonial Lahore
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

Chapter one firstly discusses the spatial development of colonial Lahore with the creation of the Civil Lines, the Cantonment and the Mall. These areas contained such imposing new buildings as the GPO, the High Court and the Museum. Later the prestigious suburb of Model Town with its well-ordered streets, parks and bungalows was created. Secondly, the chapter looks at the migration to the city which led to its rapid growth in the colonial era. Lahore’s administrative importance, its commercial development and its emergence as the leading educational centre for North India provided the context for migration. The chapter reveals the role of migrants such as Lala Harkishen Lal in Lahore’s commercial activities and Lala Lajpat Rai in its institutional and cultural development. The role of migrants from Delhi such as Muhammad Hussain Azad and Altaf Hussain Hali is also discussed with respect to establishing the city as a major centre of Urdu culture.culture.
Travellers, Tourists and Texts1
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

The chapter discusses the growth of western tourism to Lahore in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. Tourism was made possible by the emergence of steam ships and railways and the opening of the Suez Canal. The pioneering role of the Thomas Cook Company is highlighted. The 1906 Royal visit of the future George V and the writings of Rudyard Kipling further increased interest in the city amongst the wealthy and leisured western classes. Travel perpetuated Orientalist stereotypes of the city. The chapter examines a range of guidebooks, including the Newell Guide and later motorists’ guides produced by the Automobile Association of North India revealing how they reproduced the colonial official accounts of Lahore’s history that played down its wider commercial connections. The chapter concludes with an examination of the more discerning view of the city in the 1912 unpublished travel account of the Fabian socialists Sydney and Beatrice Webb.
Poets, Wrestlers and Cricketers
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

Chapter four discusses the impact of colonial rule on traditional cultural and sporting pastimes and the new activities that emerged, most notably cricket. There are three case studies of mushairas (poetic contests), wrestling and cricket. The chapter reveals how their key participants in Lahore were able to perform on a wider stage because of the communications revolution. Nonetheless, they remained rooted in the mohallas and local institutions of the city. Lahore’s mushairas of the 1870s which received contributions from Muhammad Hussain Azad and Altaf Hussain Hali are seen as possessing an important impact on the evolution of Urdu poetry in North India. Competitions took Lahore’s most famous wrestler Gama from his akhara (wrestling arena) in the city to England. Many of Lahore’s most famous colonial era cricketers lived in the Bhati Gate and Mochi Gate area. The fierce rivalry in the 1920s and 1930s between Islamia College and Government College drew talent from across the Punjab. Cricket was not divided on communal lines, Lala Amarnath the future Indian test captain who toured England in the 1930s played for the Crescent Club based at Minto Park which was patronized by the middle class Rana family of the Mochi Gate locality.
Pilgrims and Shrines in the Colonial Age
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

The chapter discusses the ways in which colonial rule transformed the circumstances of pilgrimage for Lahore’s residents both as a result of improvements in communication and the perceived health and security threats from a British perspective. There is examination of pilgrimage within the Punjab, pilgrimage to the Holy Places of Islam and the increased pilgrimage to the leading Sufi Shrine within the city of Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh. The chapter makes use of Hajj travelogues of Lahori residents such as Maulvi Feroze ud-Din who travelled to Mecca and Medina. It also uncovers the role of Thomas Cook and the Pilgrimage to Mecca during 1886-93 and how the Company’s withdrawal from the Indian pilgrim traffic opened the way for rival specialist shipping companies.
Territorial Hydro-Logics
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains the origins and development of the Indus waters dispute in terms of the fragile Indian and Pakistani states’ search for power and legitimacy after independence. Both new governments framed their claims on Indus water not just necessary for economic development, but as part of their respective nation-making projects. The chapter argues that the Indus dispute helped Indian and Pakistani policy elites to formulate particular ideas about water resources, riparian rights and ‘national’ territory. India, upstream, asserted a sovereign right to use all water flowing within its borders. Pakistan, downstream, appealed to the idea that its own historical uses of Indus Basin water overrode India’s right to autonomy. Controlling the flow of water out of, or into, a state’s territory was a vital marker of its fitness to govern.
Punjab’s Riverine Borderlands
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the relationship between Indus Basin waters, territory and bilateral politics at the local scale, in Punjab after Partition. India and Pakistan’s international border cut through important canal headworks, making it difficult for either country’s irrigation service to control them effectively. Further complicating matters, the River Sutlej seasonally exposed and covered shifting islands that both countries claimed. Tensions, and even minor armed conflicts, were common. Local correspondence reveals contradictory impulses. Officials both made pragmatic arrangements for ‘no man’s land’ areas, and demonstrated their determination to assert state sovereignty right up to the perceived limit of “national” territory. The chapter attests to the interplay between geography, administrative policy and local agency in forging particular types of border space.
Conclusion
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This highlights the book’s two key arguments. First, territoriality and sovereignty were central to water politics in the Indus Basin, with control over water flows necessary to both “internal” and “external” sovereignty. Contradictions and compromises in the India-Pakistan negotiations, and in the water dispute’s entanglement with wider geopolitical issues, showed that South Asian territoriality was not fixed, but under construction. Second, the confluence of sovereignty, territory and water in the Indus dispute represented a particular historical moment in decolonization. Both the trajectories of Indian and Pakistani politics, and broader global trends, produced leaderships that were intent on asserting sovereignty over water resources. The Indus Waters Treaty, on the other hand, depended for its success on the political and financial initiative of the United States, World Bank, and other Cold War geopolitical actors. The chapter finishes with a brief reflection on the state of the Indus treaty today.
The Impact of Evolving Jihadist Narratives on Radicalisation in the West
Authors: Awan Akil N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the role Jihadist narratives have played in the radicalization of young Muslims in the West towards violent extremism, and how these narratives have changed over the years as Islamic State (ISIS) has trumped Al-Qaeda in becoming the organization of choice for most Western Jihadists today. The chapter explores the biographies of numerous individuals drawn to violent extremism, including those who have travelled abroad as foreign fighters or conducted home grown domestic terrorist attacks. The study finds that radical narratives only have potency when they intersect with structural conditions or the lived experiences that individuals may find themselves in. The chapter explores the role of religion, identity, altruism, and socio-economic marginalization in helping to account for increasing recruitment to Jihadism, suggesting fruitful avenues for Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) measures.
Are Technological Artifacts Mere Tools?
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

The geometric method rests heavily on the assumption that the aim of a moral analysis of technology is to determine what professional engineers, designers, and ordinary users ought to do when confronted with ethical issues triggered by new or existing technologies. Some scholars reject this assumption. According to an influential tradition, the central research question for a moral analysis of technology should be to establish what ethical values, norms, or other moral properties are embedded in technological artifacts qua artifacts. On this view guns, cars, and obstetric ultrasound scanners are no mere tools; they have moral properties of their own. This chapter discusses this artifact approach to the ethics of technology.
Reporting the Battles
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter returns to the main role expected of the war correspondents- to report the fighting at first-hand. It is interesting to contrast the achievements of correspondents like William Munday, Thomas Healy, Wilfred Burchett, Darrell Berrigan and Jack Belden in making dramatic reports direct from the battlefield (Pegu and Yenangyaung in particular) with the failure of the earlier correspondents to do so. This was facilitated by challenges to the censorship that the correspondents made, and the growing government recognition that a more liberal approach to censorship would actually be beneficial to the overall war effort. Other issues covered are: correspondents’ coverage of the involvement of the Chinese Army; civilian casualties from Japanese bombing and so-called fifth column activities.
Making the Government of Burma’s Case
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the concerted campaign by Dorman-Smith and the Government of Burma public relations organization to counter the criticisms which journalists were publishing of the conduct of the first Burma campaign. Dorman-Smith’s defense of his role began in the lofty heights of Simla where the Burma Government had plenty of time to collect information and counter the attempts of the Army Public Relations organization to shift the blame for the defeat on to the civil government. The most unusual aspect of Dorman-Smith’s campaign of self-justification was his facilitation and financial support for one of the American journalists, Alfred Wagg, to write more favourably of the Government’s role in the retreat in his forthcoming book.
What Happened to the Correspondents after the Burma Retreat?
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

The epilogue looks at what happened to the correspondents after the Burma retreat, raising questions about the cost, both physical and psychological of war reporting. It argues that some of the correspondents, such as George Rodger and Jack Belden, may have suffered from what today would be described as post-traumatic stress. Many of the correspondents, such as Belden, Wilfred Burchett and Leland Stowe, seem to have been politically radicalized by their wartime experiences. The conclusion evaluates the contributions of the correspondents and argues that, despite the constraints they faced, and the shortcuts they sometimes took in response to those constraints, their work is a valuable and under-used historical resource.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Robin D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the many challenges currently facing institutions that offer degrees in applied music. These include the constrained nature of the musical material taught, the divisions that exist between the kinds of music taught in music schools and the music most students hear in their communities, and the decreasing social relevance of a traditional musical education. The chapter continues by discussing previous attempts at reform and providing an overview of the many innovative curricular experiments that are taking place nationally and internationally. Next, the chapter proposes five guiding principles or commitments that could be used to reorient existing music curricula for the twenty-first century. These include (1) a commitment to community, (2) a commitment to the practical concerns of aspiring professional musicians, (3) a commitment to global awareness, (4) a commitment to social justice, and (5) a commitment to creative, self-driven student projects and practices.
Reshaping Undergraduate Music Education in Turbulent Times Through Cultural Rather Than Curricular Change
Authors: Pertl Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a practical approach to implementing change in music departments and conservatories by focusing on cultural rather than curricular change. Forward-thinking proposals abound, but meaningful curricular change is difficult and potentially divisive. A focus on understanding institutional culture and then using that understanding to foster changes that align with institutional values can yield tangible results quickly and chart a path toward meaningful curricular change. Drawing on his seven years of experience at the Lawrence Conservatory of Music, Dean Brian Pertl shares a snapshot of an ongoing process of cultural change, faculty engagement, and redefining the future of one particular conservatory.
Finding a Balance
Authors: Levine Victoria Lindsay , Kohut Emily
Published: May 2017

Liberal arts colleges focus on undergraduate education, emphasizing the development of critical thought, the whole person, and values consistent with ethical participation in a civil society. Liberal arts music faculty now recognize the need to remap the music major and transform how music is taught and learned in order to remain relevant in the current economic and cultural climate, but the process is challenging. This chapter explores how liberal arts music faculty are striving to meet the challenge, using data from the Internet, a survey questionnaire, and interviews to compare the music major at thirteen colleges. We conclude that finding a balance between the conservatory-style curriculum and new curricular models does not imply replacing the Western concert tradition. Rather, it involves responding proactively to broader changes in musical life and recognizing the role of music in liberal education.
Noncanonical Pedagogies for Noncanonical Musics
Authors: Talty Jack
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which a selection of European pedagogues and institutions involved in folk, traditional, world music, and popular music education navigate a world of music pedagogy that has been historically dominated by the Western classical tradition. More specifically, it interrogates how pedagogues draw on, adapt, or depart from Western classical pedagogy to manage “canonicity” in music education and to negotiate the needs and expectations of local musical communities. The research, informed by interviews conducted with individuals at eight European music departments, suggests that pedagogical ideologies that are self-reflexive and flexible are easily tailored to suit specific educational goals. Further, collaborative dialogue between higher education and extra-institutional practitioners ensures that perceived disconnects between higher education and community are mitigated.
Traditional Music for the People
Authors: Hsu Eddie
Published: May 2017

In this chapter I use Chinese music departments in the PRC and Taiwan as case studies, exploring how the process of institutionalization has reshaped traditional music in the region and how Chinese music programs have developed responses to growing concerns about their relevance to the surrounding community. More Chinese music programs now seek to develop curricula that incorporate the practices of oral/aural tradition from local musical communities. In an effort to make traditional music more accessible to a wider audience, some institutions attempt to increase their appeal through interdisciplinary collaborations and outreach events as well. I argue that collaborations between institutions and communities will become indispensable to Chinese music programs to help ensure an appropriate representation of local music genres and its relevance to local audiences.
In Honor of What We Can’t Groove To Yet
Authors: Tenzer Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter advances the premise that a reconstructed approach to musical transcription can anchor future university music curricula across all music subdisciplines. Arguments for this position include the relevance of transcription for integration of ethnomusicology, music theory, composition, and performance; its benefit to cultivating embodied musicianship (especially singing); and its potential to foster cross-cultural ethics and empathy. Transcription is also an ecumenical medium in which to keep our teaching strongly anchored in literacy, the core value of Western universities, without unduly tilting toward Eurocentrism or any other sort of centrism. It can engage the general student in many ways: it need not imply staff notation, and the creative task of visually representing music can powerfully reward music and non-music students alike. The conclusion of the chapter proposes a pedagogy of transcription, as well as sample assignments at several levels of challenge that can be effective for all students.
Progressive Trends in Curricular Change
Authors: Moore Robin D. , Agudelo Juan , Chapman Katie , Dávalos Carlos , Durham Hannah , Harris Myranda , Moench Creighton
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the general curricular requirements of two of the most popular music degrees undertaken by undergraduates—performance and music education—in order to consider how current coursework could be reconfigured into a more student-driven, inclusive framework that reflects the dynamics and needs of modern musical careers. In looking at the core courses as well as the upper-division, more specialized courses in each particular major, we address questions such as how to streamline core courses, how to allow students to have more active roles their degree trajectories without increasing the time it takes to graduate, and how to use the current degree models as jumping-off points for curricular reform. Specifically, the chapter examines representative music programs that have already successfully implemented curricula in entrepreneurial training, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and international exchanges, among other areas.