bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ostracods from freshwater and brackish environments of the Carboniferous of the Midland Valley of Scotland: the early colonization of terrestrial water bodies
Authors: BENNETT C. E. , SIVETER D. J. , DAVIES S. J. , WILLIAMS M. , WILKINSON I. P. , BROWNE M. , MILLER C. G.
Published: September 2011

The Mississippian Strathclyde Group of the Midland Valley of Scotland yields some of the earliest non-marine ostracods. The succession records shallow marine, deltaic, estuarine, lagoonal, lacustrine, fluvial and swamp environments representing a series of staging-posts between fully marine and limnetic settings. Macrofossils and ostracods are assigned to marine, marginal marine, brackish and freshwater environments based on their faunal assemblage patterns. Key brackish to freshwater ostracods are Geisina arcuata, Paraparchites circularis n. sp., Shemonaella ornata n. sp. and Silenites sp. A, associated with the bivalves Anthraconaia, Carbonicola, Cardiopteridium, Curvirimula, Naiadites, the microconchid ‘Spirorbis’, Spinicaudata and fish. Many Platycopina and Paraparchiticopina ostracods are interpreted as euryhaline, which corresponds with their occurrence in marine to coastal plain water bodies, and supports the ‘estuary effect’ hypothesis of non-marine colonization. The success of non-marine colonization by ostracods was dependent on the intrinsic adaptations of ostracod species to lower salinities, such as new reproductive strategies and the timing of extrinsic mechanisms to drive non-marine colonization, such as sea-level change. The genus Carbonita is the oldest and most common freshwater ostracod, and went on to dominate freshwater environments in the Late Palaeozoic.
That Ban(e) of Indian Music: Hearing Politics in The Harmonium
Authors: Rahaim Matt
Published: September 2011

The harmonium is both widely played and widely condemned in India. During the Indian independence movement, both British and Indian scholars condemned the harmonium for embodying an unwelcome foreign musical sensibility. It was consequently banned from All-India Radio from 1940 to 1971, and still is only provisionally accepted on the national airwaves. The debate over the harmonium hinged on putative sonic differences between India and the modern West, which were posited not by performers, but by a group of scholars, composers, and administrators, both British and Indian. The attempt to banish the sound of the harmonium was part of an attempt to define a national sound for India, distinct from the West. Its continued use in education served a somewhat different national project: to standardize Indian music practice. This paper examines the intertwined aesthetic and political ideals that underlie the harmonium controversy.
The Politics of Technopols: Resources, Political Competence and Collective Leadership in Chile, 1990–2010
Authors: JOIGNANT ALFREDO
Published: September 2011

This article systematically analyses the inner circle of the coalition that governed Chile between 1990 and 2010. To this end, it takes the notion of ‘technopol’ and transforms it into a sociological category by clearly identifying the nature of the ‘technical’ and ‘political’ resources of 20 agents who served as ministers and undersecretaries in key government posts. Over two decades these agents provided the governing coalition, the Concertación, with a form of collective leadership. The article thus shows that only this small group of powerful agents can be termed technopols since only they exhibited ‘tech’ and ‘pol’ resources as well as a particular form of political competence, making it possible to differentiate them from technocrats and politicians.
Multicultural Market Democracy: Elites and Indigenous Movements in Contemporary Ecuador
Authors: BOWEN JAMES D.
Published: September 2011

This paper bridges the gap between studies of subaltern social movements and elite politics by asking how political and economic elites respond to indigenous mobilisation in Ecuador. I argue that elites have developed a hegemonic project based around three core principles – multiculturalism, economic liberalism and democracy – that serves to incorporate indigenous peoples into the political system while simultaneously excluding indigenous movement demands that would undermine the political and economic sources of elite power. The paper develops this argument around a concept of what I call ‘multicultural market democracy’ based on historical analysis and in-depth interviews with 43 Ecuadorian elites.
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and sea surface temperature in the Bay of Biscay and adjacent regions
Authors: Garcia-Soto Carlos , Pingree Robin D.
Published: September 2011

The sea surface temperature (SST) variability of the Bay of Biscay and adjacent regions (1854–2010) has been examined in relation to the evolution of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a major climate mode. The AMO index explains ~25% of the interannual variability of the annual SST during the last 150 years, while different indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) explain ≤1% of the long-term record. NAO is a high frequency climate mode while AMO can modulate low frequency changes. Sixty per cent of the AMO variability is contained in periods longer than a decade. The basin-scale influence of NAO on SST over specific years (1995 to 1998) is presented and the SST anomalies explained. The period analysed represents an abrupt change in NAO and the North Atlantic circulation state as shown with altimetry and SST data. Additional atmospheric climate data over a shorter ~60 year period (1950–2008) show the influence on the Bay of Biscay SST of the East Atlantic (EA) pattern and the Scandinavia (SCA) pattern. These atmospheric teleconnections explain respectively ~25% and ~20% of the SST variability. The winter SST in the shelf-break/slope or poleward current region is analysed in relation to AMO. The poleward current shows a trend towards increasing SSTs during the last three decades as a result of the combined positive phase of AMO and global warming. The seasonality of this winter warm flow in the Iberian region is related to the autumn/winter seasonality of south-westerly (SW) winds. The SW winds are strengthened along the European shelf-break by the development of low pressure conditions in the region to the north of the Azores and therefore a negative NAO. AMO overall modulates multidecadal changes (~60% of the AMO variance). The long-term time-series of SST and SST anomalies in the Bay of Biscay show AMO-like cycles with maxima near 1870 and 1950 and minima near 1900 and 1980 indicating a period of 60–80 years during the last century and a half. Similar AMO-like variability is found in the Russell cycle of the Western English Channel (1924–1972). AMO relates at least to four mesozooplankton components of the Russell cycle: the abundance of the chaetognathsParasagitta elegansandParasagittasetosa (AMO −), the amount of the speciesCalanus helgolandicus(AMO −), the amount of the larvae of decapod crustaceans (AMO −) and the number of pilchard eggs (Sardine pilchardus; AMO +). In addition to AMO, the decadal to multidecadal (D2M) variability in the number of sunspots is analysed for the last 300 years. Several periodicities and a multi-secular linear increase are presented. There are secular minima near 1710, 1810, 1910 and 2010. The long term variability (>11 years) of the solar sunspot activity explains ~50% of the variance of the SST of the Bay of Biscay with periods longer than 11 years. AMO is finally compared with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the leading principal component of North Pacific SST anomalies.
The interplay betweenLeishmaniapromastigotes and human Natural Killer cellsin vitroleads to direct lysis ofLeishmaniaby NK cells and modulation of NK cell activity byLeishmaniapromastigotes
Authors: LIEKE THORSTEN , NYLÉN SUSANNE , EIDSMO LIV , SCHMETZ CHRISTEL , BERG LOUISE , AKUFFO HANNAH
Published: September 2011

NK cells represent one of the first lines of defence in the immune reaction after invasion ofLeishmaniaparasites. Depletion of mouse natural killer (NK) cells dramatically enhances susceptibility of normally resistant mice. In this study we evaluated the fate of NK cells and parasites after contact formation. The hydrophilic fluorescent dye CMFDA (chloro-methylfluorescin diacetate) that allows analysis of cytotoxicity in flow cytometry and microscopy was used. Furthermore, these findings were confirmed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Direct contact points were found betweenLeishmaniapromastigotes and naïve human NK cells. These contacts were associated with transfer of cytosol by membrane bridges and cytotoxicity of NK cells againstLeishmania. However, in contrast to other target cells which allow repeated exocytosis of lytic granules, contact withLeishmaniacauses immediate destruction of NK cells in a non-apoptotic way. Our results give a reasonable explanation forex vivoobservations of reduced NK cell numbers and impaired NK response in patients with acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Animal models have clearly shown that NK cells play a key role in the induction and direction of the immune response. Thus inhibition of NK cells at the onset of infection would be advantageous for the survival of the parasite.
SINGING UPON THE BOOK ACCORDING TO VICENTE LUSITANO
Authors: Canguilhem Philippe , Stalarow Alexander
Published: September 2011

Towards the middle of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese composer and theorist Vicente Lusitano wrote a manuscript treatise on improvised counterpoint which constitutes the most thorough and detailed explanation that has survived on the subject. This manuscript has long been overlooked by music historians, despite being easily accessible at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris). The manuscript is described and its history traced. Lusitano's rules, techniques and stylistic advice are investigated and compared with contemporary theory. The extraordinary complexity of the contrapuntal lines singers were expected to invent extempore calls for a reappraisal of the relationship between improvisation and composition, also discussed by Lusitano. Historical evidence is adduced to provide a context for this document; far from being disconnected from the real life of sixteenth-century music, Lusitano's manuscript counterpoint treatise provides a key to understanding the oral tradition of Renaissance art music.
Linking commercial success of tour operators and agencies to conservation and community benefits in Costa Rica
Authors: SEALES LISA , STEIN TAYLOR
Published: September 2011

Throughout the world tourism is a tool for economic growth, conservation and improved quality of life for local residents, yet negative environmental impacts and economic leakages are common. Since the impacts of tourism are variable, it is important to understand which businesses are providing conservation and community benefits. Commercial success is often cited as an important determinant of sustainable behaviour, however, little research examines relationships between commercial success and provision of conservation and community benefits. Tour operators (businesses that organize and run tours) and agencies (businesses that sell tours operated by others) offering nature-based tours and travel services in Costa Rica were surveyed to answer the following questions: is commercial success in tourism ventures associated with conservation behaviour and the provision of benefits to local communities? If so, what factors are most associated with commercial success? Commercially successful entrepreneurs provided environmental education to visitors, supported conservation groups or initiatives, reduced, reused and/or recycled waste, used environmentally friendly equipment, and built formal partnerships with community members. Typically, these entrepreneurs had larger businesses, greater perceived success (relative to other similar businesses), and more growth (both in terms of visitors and employees). However, the extent to which entrepreneurs educated and employed local people, purchased supplies locally, and patronized local hotels and lodges was not related to commercial success. Overall, a relationship existed between an entrepreneur's level of commercial success and the provision of conservation benefits, but there was little evidence supporting a relationship between commercial success and community benefits. Nevertheless, most tourism businesses reported that they do provide benefits to local communities regardless of their level of commercial success. Therefore, in a country like Costa Rica, with a long history of using tourism as a conservation and community development tool, this study showed that tourism can benefit the environment and local people.
CARL MENGER AND HIS FOLLOWERS IN THE AUSTRIAN TRADITION ON THE NATURE OF CAPITAL AND ITS STRUCTURE
Authors: ENDRES ANTHONY M. , HARPER DAVID A.
Published: September 2011

We examine various, sometimes divergent, conceptions of capital and its structure in the Austrian tradition from Menger (1871) to Lachmann (1956). We outline Menger’s methodological and philosophical position that recommends investigating the morphology of capital—its shape, form, and structure; it also recommends maintaining some “realisticness” in the treatment of capital in economics. Prominent Austrian contributions are examined and compared along various dimensions: the existence or otherwise of “original” factors of production; time conceptions; analytical domain assumptions; real and money capital doctrines; the causal role of the entrepreneur in creating capital; and the fundamental question of capital aggregation into a stock or fund. We consider the extent to which Menger’s avowed followers and successors diverged from his original vision of capital, subsequent consequences for the development of Austrian capital theory, and implications of Mengerian structural analysis for the study of capital more generally.
RECIPROCITY AND HENRY C. CAREY’S TRAVERSES ON “THE ROAD TO PERFECT FREEDOM OF TRADE”
Authors: MEARDON STEPHEN
Published: September 2011

Free trade and protectionist doctrines have long had ambiguous relationships to bilateral trade deals, known throughout the nineteenth century as “reciprocity” arrangements. Henry C. Carey, “the Ajax of Protection” in the nineteenth-century United States, embodies the ambiguity from one side of the controversy. Carey’s early adulthood in the mid- to late 1820s was a time when the forerunners of the Whig Party pursued reciprocity at least partly as a means of fostering protection. In the 1830s, Carey, too, endorsed reciprocity—because he stood for free trade and believed reciprocity would promote it. In the 1840s and 1850s Carey changed his mind, decided that protection was the real “road to perfect freedom of trade,” and for that reason opposed reciprocity with Canada. In the 1870s he remained a protectionist but reconciled his doctrine with reciprocity. This article attempts to explain the changes in the disposition toward reciprocity of America’s foremost protectionist thinker from the Second Party System to the generation after the Civil War.
Novel Unsupported and Empirically Supported Therapies: Patterns of Usage Among Licensed Clinical Social Workers
Authors: Pignotti Monica , Thyer Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Background: While considerable attention has been focused in recent years on evidence-based practice, less attention has been placed on clinical social workers’ choice to use ineffective or harmful interventions, referred to in the present paper as Novel Unsupported Therapies (NUSTs). Method: The present study surveyed 400 Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs) across the United States in order to determine the extent of their usage of NUSTs, as well as their usage of conventional therapies that lacked support and empirically supported therapies (ESTs). Reasons for selecting interventions were also assessed. Results: While the vast majority (97.5%) reported using some form of EST, 75% of our sample also reported using at least one NUST. Logistic regression analysis revealed that NUST usage was related to female gender and trauma specialization. A split plot ANOVA revealed that respondents rated positive clinical experience higher than published research as a reason for selecting an intervention. LCSWs with a CBT theoretical orientation rated research evidence more highly than those of other theoretical orientations. However, even within the group of LCSWs with a CBT orientation, clinical experience was rated more highly than research evidence. Conclusions: Implications for practice are discussed.
Western and Mediterranean dietary patterns among Balearic Islands’ adolescents: socio-economic and lifestyle determinants
Authors: del Mar Bibiloni Maria , Martínez Elisa , Llull Rosa , Pons Antoni , Tur Josep A
Published: September 2011

Objective

To assess prevailing food patterns among Balearic Islands’ adolescents, and socio-economic and lifestyle determinants.

Design

Cross-sectional nutritional survey carried out (2007–2008) in the Balearic Islands, a Mediterranean region. Dietary assessment was based on a 145-item semi-quantitative FFQ and two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Anthropometric measurements and questions related to socio-economic, lifestyle, physical activity and body image were assessed.

Setting

Data obtained from a representative sample of all inhabitants living in the Balearic Islands aged 12–17 years.

Subjects

A random sample (n1231) of the adolescent population (12–17 years old) was interviewed.

Results

Factor analysis identified two major dietary food patterns: ‘Western’ and ‘Mediterranean’. The ‘Western’ dietary pattern was higher among boys than girls, associated with spending ≥4 h/d on media screen time, but less prevalent among those adolescents who desired a thinner body and those girls who desired to remain the same weight. The ‘Mediterranean’ dietary pattern was mainly followed by girls, and also boys who spent < 2 h/d on media screen time and girls with high parental socio-economic status.

Conclusions

The present study shows the existence of two major dietary patterns among Balearic Islands’ adolescents: ‘Western’ and ‘Mediterranean’, but girls are more ‘Mediterranean’ than boys. This evidence supports that the food pattern of Balearic Islands’ adolescents is in a transitional state characterised by the loss of the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern towards a Western dietary pattern. Low parental socio-economic status, much leisure-time on sedentary behaviours such as media screen time and body image are factors associated with the ‘Western’ dietary pattern.
Electron Image Series Reconstruction of Twin Interfaces in InP Superlattice Nanowires
Authors: Ek Martin , Borgström Magnus T. , Karlsson Lisa S. , Hetherington Crispin J.D. , Wallenberg L. Reine
Published: September 2011

The twin interface structure in twinning superlattice InP nanowires with zincblende structure has been investigated using electron exit wavefunction restoration from focal series images recorded on an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. By comparing the exit wavefunction phase with simulations from model structures, it was possible to determine the twin structure to be the ortho type with preserved In-P bonding order across the interface. The bending of the thin nanowires away from the intended ⟨110⟩ axis could be estimated locally from the calculated diffraction pattern, and this parameter was successfully taken into account in the simulations.
The Law Firm Sector in Ireland: An Overview
Authors: Furlong John
Published: September 2011

John Furlong reviews the law firm sector in Ireland as it weathers the storms of recession and the winds of change. The article provides details on the size and scale of the sector as well as statistical information on solicitors and law firms.
Irish Law Publishing: An Overview
Authors: Ní Uigín Renate
Published: September 2011

This article, written by Renate Ní Uigín, provides an overview of the Irish law publishing market today. It discusses the nature of Irish law, potential purchasers and the principal publishers.
The Legal Aid Board and Library and Information Services
Authors: Melling Zoe
Published: September 2011

Zoe Melling writes on the Legal Aid Board in Ireland and the work of the professional information and research unit.
The Skull as a Symbol of Death in One Man’s Rorschach
Authors: Carstairs Kari S.
Published: September 2011

L’évaluation du risque suicidaire met en jeu un large spectre de facteurs de personnalité, situationnels et anamnestiques. L’étude de cas que nous présentons illustre la façon dont le Rorschach peut contribuer à une telle évaluation. Il s’agit d’un homme blanc de 28 ans qui a passé le Rorschach deux mois avant une grave tentative de suicide et huit mois avant son suicide effectif. Le Rorschach fut administré, coté et interprété selon le Système Intégré. Les résultats aux autre tests sont aussi présentés.

Bien que la constellation suicidaire fût négative, l’intégration des données du test avec les informations démographiques et historiques indiquait que ce patient demeurait en haut risque de nouvelle tentative de suicide. Les résultats au test qui contribuaient à cette conclusion indiquaient les facteurs de personnalité suivants: (a) un engourdissement extrême des émotions; (b) perte de l’adéquation à la réalité en rapport avec sa rage, qui le conduisait à interpréter les stimuli de manière erronée et à se sentir menacé sur un mode interprétatif; (c) culpabilité et haine de soi; (d) sentiments de désespoir et de détresse; (e) tendance au passage à l’acte (confirmée par l’anamnèse); (f) un intérêt particulier pour les symboles de mort (persévération du percept de crâne au Rorschach); et (g) difficulté à se rassurer dans les relations interpersonnelles. Nous avons aussi identifié dix facteurs de risque anamnestiques et démographiques.

A la suite de l’évaluation, on estima que le récit que le patient faisait de son traumatisme de guerre n’était pas fiable. Nous abordons aussi la question de la simulation. Etant donné que le patient présentait un indice schizophrénie positif, on peut penser que son récit était motivé par un besoin de regonfler une image de soi particulièrement fragile. Nous insistons sur l’importance de prendre au sérieux la détresse exprimée d’un patient, même dans les cas où les patients semblent délibérément en falsifier l’origine.
Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma in Children of Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Berant Ety
Published: September 2011

L’article présente les données Rorschach de deux soeurs (F et N) âgées de plus de quarante ans qui sont les filles d’une survivante de l’Holocauste qui a vécu en captivité dans un camp de concentration pendant plus d’un an. Les données Rorschach mettent en évidence la transmission du traumatisme d’une génération à l’autre de manière directe et indirecte. La soeur aînée y fait face en recourant à des défenses maniaques et en adoptant des rôles actifs dans sa vie. La plus jeune au contraire se retire de tout engagement actif dans le monde. Cette dernière tente d’éviter les affects déplaisants (Adjes = 3, L = 0,80, 2 Blends) et se tient à distance des autres en développant une crainte de la proximité (T = 0). Les deux soeurs présentent quantité de troubles de la pensée. Chez F, le trouble de la pensée sert à tenter d’éviter la confusion et la confusion des émotions (ce qui se manifeste par les Blends Couleur-estompage, les Blends d’estompage, C’ = 6, V = 1, T = 4). Chez la plus jeune, les troubles de la pensée manifestent son incapacité à moduler la pénétration des contenus associés à l’agressivité, la victimization et la tristesse. Les thèmes des réponses confèrent l’impression d’individus qui ont été exposés à un monde d’horreurs et à l’absence d’une figure contenante qui pourrait les apaiser, réguler leurs besoins et leur permettre de ressentir une confiance fondamentale. La soeur aînée est en demande de relations proches (bien qu’elle se soit mariée et qu’elle ait des amis) alors que la plus jeune n’ose pas entrer en relation avec les autres. A travers leurs réponses Rorschach, nous sommes témoins du travail traumatique, dans des contenus négatifs exprimés d’une manière sublimée et intellectualisée. Il semble que les deux soeurs peuvent se permettre un espace plus grand pour négocier ces thèmes. Les réponses Rorschach manifestent aussi leurs difficultés à faire face à l’agressivité: la soeur aînée ne peut admettre que les objets se combattent, tandis que la plus jeune exprime l’agressivité à travers l’évocation d’objets qui ont été eux-mêmes agressés.
Modeling flow pathways through pores and cracks in aerated soils
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: September 2011

Knowledge of how chemical contaminants spread through soil is of vital importance to those who manage groundwater and agricultural resources, superfund sites, landfills, and mines. Of particular interest to contaminant transport studies is crop management—though crops can be victims of pollution from elsewhere, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals can leach through the soil and infiltrate groundwater. The spread of such contaminants from farmland not only is influenced by the amount of chemicals used for farming but also depends on how agriculture affects soil—activities such as mechanized farming, irrigation scheduling, swelling and shrinking properties, crop‐rooting characteristics, and earthworm or other biological activity can influence the amount and size of air pockets in the soil. These “macropores”—so named because they are typically about 1 millimeter or larger in diameter—can allow agricultural contaminants to move through the soil more rapidly, along preferential flow paths. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2010WR009451, 2011)
East coast earthquake
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2011

Shaking from a 23 August magnitude 5.8 earthquake that occurred in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone 135 kilometers southwest of Washington, D. C., was recorded all the way from Georgia to New England, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The earthquake caused property damage near the epicenter and also damage to a number of other structures including the Washington Monument and Washington National Cathedral. There was no damage to the AGU headquarters building in downtown Washington, according to building engineer Matthew Boyd. The strongest earthquake ever recorded in Virginia was a magnitude 5.9 quake in 1897. For more information, see http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/.
EPA scientific integrity policy draft
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2011

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued its draft scientific integrity policy on 5 August. The draft policy addresses scientific ethical standards, communications with the public, the use of advisory committees and peer review, and professional development. The draft policy was developed by an ad hoc group of EPA senior staff and scientists in response to a December 2010 memorandum on scientific integrity from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The agency is accepting public comments on the draft through 6 September; comments should be sent to osa.staff@epa.gov. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/stpc/pdfs/draft‐scientific‐integrity‐policy‐aug2011.pdf.
Can the cultivation of microalgae meet U.S. energy demands?
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: September 2011

As biofuels such as ethanol and esters become increasingly attractive alternatives to nonrenewable resources such as oil and coal, scientists have become interested in determining the feasibility of biofuels to help meet U.S. energy demands in light of governmental efforts to develop cleaner‐burning, renewable fuels. Of particular interest are microalgae—single‐celled, photosynthetic organisms—which have been shown to have high biomass yields per acre cultivated. But does the United States have the resources to cultivate microalgae as a viable alternative to fossil fuel consumption? To answer this question, Wigmosta et al. sought to quantify how much water and land would be needed for commercial‐scale algal biofuel production, based on where production could feasibly occur. They find that with current technology, the United States has the potential to produce 220 billion liters per year of microalgal oil, equivalent to about 48% of current domestic imports. However, they caution that meeting this potential would require that roughly 5.5% of land in the continental United States and 3 times the amount of water currently used for irrigation be devoted to algal production, though optimizing the locations of microalgae production to maximize efficiency of water usage could significantly reduce water demands. These optimal locations include areas around the Great Lakes, the Gulf Coast, and the southeastern seaboard; these coastal locations would allow a 75% reduction in freshwater use and a 67% reduction in land use to cultivate biofuel resources. Moreover, biofuel production through these optimized locations could substitute for up to 17% of oil currently imported for transportation, indicating that with proper planning, U.S. goals for renewable fuels could be met. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2010WR009966, 2011)
A new framework for inferring Earth's past climate
Authors: Tingley Martin , Wahl Eugene , Cook Edward
Published: September 2011

Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Climate Field Reconstruction; Palisades, New York, 8–11 February 2011; Inferring Earth's past climate from noisy, incomplete proxy time series remains an important challenge in the geosciences. Bayesian hierarchical models (BHMs), which have theoretical advantages over established regression methods based on empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), are a powerful new method for spatially explicit climate field reconstruction. Whereas EOF‐based approaches involve projecting the proxy and instrumental data sets onto reduced subspaces and then assuming a linear relationship between these transformed variables, BHMs allow for scientific knowledge about the target climate field to be included at the process level of the hierarchy and for each data type to have a different functional relationship with that target field. A workshop held at the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University provided in‐depth exposure to BHMs for climate reconstructions to researchers who currently use EOF‐based multivariate regression models for inferring past climate. In addition, the workshop explored how other established methods perform in relation to BHMs and examined the ability of each approach to characterize reconstruction uncertainties in practice.
Resolving size distributions of bubbles with radii less than 30 μm with optical and acoustical methods
Authors: Czerski H. , Twardowski M. , Zhang X. , Vagle S.
Published: September 2011

Many studies have investigated bubble size distributions in the ocean, but the measured size range does not normally extend to bubbles with a radius below 20 μm. Bubbles smaller than this are thought to have a significant effect on the optical properties of the ocean, potentially affecting remotely sensed measurements of ocean color and the optical detection of particulates and dissolved matter. Such optical data are becoming the major source of oceanic information about algal blooms, primary productivity, sediment loading and the spread of pollutants. The challenges associated with measuring these bubbles are difficulty of calibrating sensors with independent bubble size measurements and lack of knowledge about the organic coating on the bubbles. This paper describes simultaneous oceanic measurements of these small bubbles using independent optical and acoustical techniques. These measurements agree well, and an investigation of the bubble coating parameters was made. Both the optical and acoustical properties of bubbles are affected by this organic coating, and a comparison of these measurements narrows down the choice of possible coating parameters. Our results suggest that the bubbles measured in this study were likely to have a coating with a thickness of 10 nm and a refractive index of 1.18, and that the coating thickness is the more important parameter for optical inversions. The research described here is the first attempt to constrain these parameters in the ocean using two independent techniques and suggests that further studies of this type could result in significant insight into oceanic bubble coatings.
Experimental investigation on front morphology for two‐phase flow in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Heiß V. I. , Neuweiler I. , Ochs S. , Färber A.
Published: September 2011

In this work, we studied the influence of heterogeneities, fluid properties, and infiltration rates on front morphology during two‐phase flow. In our experiments, a sand box, 40 cm × 60 cm × 1.2 cm, was packed with two different structures (either random or periodic) composed of 25% coarse material and 75% fine material. The infiltration process was characterized by the capillary number, Ca, and the viscosity ratio, M, between the fluids. The displacing and the displaced fluid had the same densities, such that gravity effects could be neglected. Similar to the pore scale, the stability of the front depends on the relation between M and Ca. However, on the scale under study, depending on the structure, zones of immobilized wetting fluid developed during drainage. The lifetime of these zones depended on the flow regime. Here we show that immobilized zones have an influence on the length of the transition zone, which could lead to a different time behavior than for that of the front width.
Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities
Authors: Barberán Albert , Bates Scott T , Casamayor Emilio O , Fierer Noah
Published: September 2011

Exploring large environmental datasets generated by high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies requires new analytical approaches to move beyond the basic inventory descriptions of the composition and diversity of natural microbial communities. In order to investigate potential interactions between microbial taxa, network analysis of significant taxon co-occurrence patterns may help to decipher the structure of complex microbial communities across spatial or temporal gradients. Here, we calculated associations between microbial taxa and applied network analysis approaches to a 16S rRNA gene barcoded pyrosequencing dataset containing >160 000 bacterial and archaeal sequences from 151 soil samples from a broad range of ecosystem types. We described the topology of the resulting network and defined operational taxonomic unit categories based on abundance and occupancy (that is, habitat generalists and habitat specialists). Co-occurrence patterns were readily revealed, including general non-random association, common life history strategies at broad taxonomic levels and unexpected relationships between community members. Overall, we demonstrated the potential of exploring inter-taxa correlations to gain a more integrated understanding of microbial community structure and the ecological rules guiding community assembly.
Current State of JUMMP
Authors: Gräßlin Martin
Published: September 2011

In computational biology there is a strong need to exchange quantitative models of biological processes in a standardized way. For storing and retrieving peer-reviewed models the BioModels Database has been available for several years. But at the moment there is no tool available to bring a model from development in the lab directly to the peer-reviewed online resource.The JUMMP (JUst a Model Management Platform) project aims at providing a generic model management platform for any standardized model file. Through a well-elaborated security layer models can be developed and shared privately and later on be made available to the curation process and the broader community. Each change to a model is recorded in a version control system allowing to easily track changes during the development.In this presentation the current state of development of the JUMMP project is discussed as well as the future steps which are needed to get JUMMP into a shape so that it can be used as the infrastructure for the BioModels Database.
Sugar‐Sweetened and Diet Beverages in Relation to Visceral Adipose Tissue
Authors: Odegaard Andrew O. , Choh Audrey C. , Czerwinski Stefan A. , Towne Bradford , Demerath Ellen W.
Published: September 2011

Frequent sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) intake has been consistently associated with increased adiposity and cardio‐metabolic risk, whereas the association with diet beverages is more mixed. We examined how these beverages associate with regional abdominal adiposity measures, specifically visceral adipose tissue (VAT). In a cross‐sectional analysis of 791 non‐Hispanic white men and women aged 18–70 we examined how beverage consumption habits obtained from a food frequency questionnaire associate with overall and abdominal adiposity measures from MRI. With increasing frequency of SSB intake, we observed increases in waist circumference (WC) and the proportion of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (VAT%), with no change in total body fat (TBF%) or BMI. Greater frequency of diet beverage intake was associated with greater WC, BMI, and TBF%, but was not associated with variation in visceral adiposity We conclude that increased frequency of SSB consumption is associated with a more adverse abdominal adipose tissue deposition pattern.
The Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane‐rich gastric parietal cells exist as functional stable mini‐stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm
Authors: Gunn Priscilla A. , Gliddon Briony L. , Londrigan Sarah L. , Lew Andrew M. , van Driel Ian R. , Gleeson Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Background information. Acid‐secreting gastric parietal cells are polarized epithelial cells that harbour highly abundant and specialized, H+, K+ ATPase‐containing, tubulovesicular membranes in the apical cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus has been implicated in the biogenesis of the tubulovesicular membranes; however, an unanswered question is how a typical Golgi organization could regulate normal membrane transport within the membrane‐dense cytoplasm of parietal cells.

Results. Here, we demonstrate that the Golgi apparatus of parietal cells is not the typical juxta‐nuclear ribbon of stacks, but rather individual Golgi units are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi membrane structures labelled with markers of both cis‐ and trans‐Golgi membrane, indicating the presence of intact Golgi stacks. The parietal cell Golgi stacks were closely aligned with the microtubule network and were shown to participate in both anterograde and retrograde transport pathways. Dispersed Golgi stacks were also observed in parietal cells from H+, K+ ATPase‐deficient mice that lack tubulovesicular membranes.

Conclusions. These results indicate that the unusual organization of individual Golgi stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of these terminally differentiated cells is likely to be a developmentally regulated event.
Relaxin-like factor (RLF)/insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is secreted from testicular Leydig cells as a monomeric protein comprising three domains B–C–A with full biological activity in boars
Authors: Minagawa Itaru , Fukuda Masafumi , Ishige Hisako , Kohriki Hiroshi , Shibata Masatoshi , Park Enoch Y. , Kawarasaki Tatsuo , Kohsaka Tetsuya
Published: September 2011

RLF (relaxin-like factor), also known as INSL3 (insulin-like peptide 3), is a novel member of the relaxin/insulin gene family that is expressed in testicular Leydig cells. Despite the implicated role of RLF/INSL3 in testis development, its native conformation remains unknown. In the present paper we demonstrate for the first time that boar testicular RLF/INSL3 is isolated as a monomeric structure with full biological activity. Using a series of chromatography steps, the native RLF/INSL3 was highly purified as a single peak in reverse-phase HPLC. MS/MS (tandem MS) analysis of the trypsinized sample provided 66% sequence coverage and revealed a distinct monomeric structure consisting of the B-, C- and A-domains deduced previously from the RLF/INSL3 cDNA. Moreover, the N-terminal peptide was four amino acid residues longer than predicted previously. MS analysis of the intact molecule and PMF (peptide mass fingerprinting) analysis at 100% sequence coverage confirmed this structure and indicated the existence of three site-specific disulfide bonds. RLF/INSL3 retained full bioactivity in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells expressing RXFP2 (relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2), the receptor for RLF/INSL3. Furthermore, RLF/INSL3 was found to be secreted from Leydig cells into testicular venous blood. Collectively, these results indicate that boar RLF/INSL3 is secreted from testicular Leydig cells as a B–C–A monomeric structure with full biological activity.
Ectopic study of calcium phosphate cement seeded with pBMP‐2 modified canine bMSCs mediated by a non‐viral PEI derivative
Authors: Lü Kaige , Zeng Deliang , Zhang Wenjie , Xia Lunguo , Xu Ling , Jiang Xinquan , Zhang Fuqiang
Published: September 2011

We have evaluated the ectopic new bone formation effects of CPC (calcium phosphate cement) seeded with pBMP‐2 (plasmids containing bone morphogenetic protein‐2 gene) transfected canine bMSCs (bone marrow stromal cells) mediated by a non‐viral PEI (polyethylenimine) derivative (GenEscort™ II) in nude mice. Canine bMSCs were transfected with pBMP‐2 or pEGFP (plasmids containing enhanced green fluorescent protein gene) mediated by GenEscort™ II in vitro, and the osteoblastic differentiation was explored by ALP (alkaline phosphatase) staining, ARS (alizarin red S) staining and RT—qPCR (real‐time quantitative PCR) analysis. Ectopic bone formation effects of CPC/pBMP‐2 transfected bMSCs were evaluated and compared with CPC/pEGFP transfected bMSCs or CPC/untransfected bMSCs through histological, histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis 8 and 12 weeks post‐operation in nude mice. Transfection efficiency was up ∼35% as demonstrated by EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) expression. ALP and ARS staining were stronger with pBMP‐2 gene transfection, and mRNA expression of BMP‐2 (bone morphogenetic protein‐2), Col 1 (collagen 1) and OCN (osteocalcin) in pBMP‐2 group was significantly up‐regulated at 6 and 9 days. Significantly higher NBV (new bone volume) was achieved in pBMP‐2 group than in the control groups at 8 and 12 weeks (P<0.05). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis indicated higher OCN expression in pBMP‐2 group (P<0.01). We conclude that CPC seeded with pBMP‐2 transfected bMSCs mediated by GenEscort™ II could enhance ectopic new bone formation in nude mice, suggesting that GenEscort™ II mediated pBMP‐2 gene transfer is an effective non‐viral method and CPC is a suitable scaffold for gene enhanced bone tissue engineering.
An efficient route to thermal rate constants in reduced dimensional quantum scattering simulations: Applications to the abstraction of hydrogen from alkanes
Authors: von Horsten H. F. , Banks S. T. , Clary D. C.
Published: September 2011

We present an efficient approach to the determination of two-dimensional potential energy surfaces for use in quantum reactive scattering simulations. Our method involves first determining the minimum energy path (MEP) for the reaction by means of an ab initio intrinsic reaction coordinate calculation. This one-dimensional potential is then corrected to take into account the zero point energies of the spectator modes. These are determined from Hessians in curvilinear coordinates after projecting out the modes to be explicitly treated in quantum scattering calculations. The final (1 + 1)-dimensional potential is constructed by harmonic expansion about each point along the MEP before transforming the whole surface to hyperspherical coordinates for use in the two-dimensional scattering simulations. This new method is applied to H-atom abstraction from methane, ethane and propane. For the latter, both reactive channels (producing i-C3H7 or n-C3H7) are investigated. For all reactions, electronic structure calculations are performed using an efficient, explicitly correlated, coupled cluster methodology (CCSD(T)-F12). Calculated thermal rate constants are compared to experimental and previous theoretical results.
Dynamic similarity, the dimensionless science
Authors: Bolster Diogo , Hershberger Robert E. , Donnelly Russell J.
Published: September 2011

Dimensional analysis, a framework for drawing physical parallels between systems of disparate scale, affords key insights into natural phenomena too expansive and too energetic to replicate in the lab.
The Social Space of Gentrification: The Politics of Neighbourhood Accessibility in Toronto's Downtown West
Authors: Mazer Katie M , Rankin Katharine N
Published: September 2011

In this paper we take up the Lefebvrean challenge to disrupt the ideological mediation of social space and join it with Peter Marcuse's powerful conceptualization of displacement pressure as a call to probe the everyday life of gentrifying urban neighbourhoods. The people whose everyday lives we hope to access, however partially, are those at risk of displacement—specifically rooming-house tenants and proprietors of commercial shops providing affordable goods and services in Toronto's Downtown West neighbourhoods. We explore cognitive mapping as a technique that might capture commercial and rooming-house tenants' perceptions of social space and also guide subsequent interviews to address questions of safety, belonging, territoriality, spatial access, and ownership. Our maps suggest that rooming-house tenants and homeowners live parallel but separate lives, and they point to the different ways these groups occupy their neighbourhoods. Together, the narratives and maps reveal the high stakes of displacement, and displacement pressure, for people whose urban world is largely homologous with the social spaces of their neighbourhoods. We contend that such perspectives are necessary for a praxis of scholarship that takes seriously questions of political agency and the challenge of articulating a resistance to gentrification and the seductions of urban ‘revitalization’.
The Surprising Detritus of Leisure: Encountering the Late Photography of War
Authors: Lisle Debbie
Published: September 2011

This paper explores the Late Photography of War created in the aftermath of conflict, violence, and atrocity and makes two claims. Firstly, it argues that the belatedness, absence, and ruin central to the Late Photography of War have the capacity to trouble the ethical viewing relations underscoring one of the dominant interpretive frameworks of war photography—that of pity. Rather than reproducing a familiar logic in which benevolent viewers are privileged over foreign landscapes and abject victims, these photographs foreground a more ambivalent set of viewing relations which elongates the moment of encounter between the viewer and the picture. Secondly, the paper explores this ambivalence through a common but unexamined motif in Late Photography: the juxtaposition of leisure and war. Focusing on the material detritus of leisure facilities that populate the photographs of Simon Norfolk and Angus Boulton (eg, bullet-marked hotels, wrecked swimming pools), the paper suggests that the tentative formations of solidarity between viewers and the ghosts populating these images constitute a provocative alternative viewing relation.