bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entre percursos, fontes e sujeitos: pesquisa em educação e uso da história oral
Authors: Esquinsani Rosimar Serena Siqueira
Published: February 2012

Este artigo tece considerações acerca da história oral, apresentando reflexões sobre a posição do sujeito como colaborador em pesquisas e alguns desdobramentos dessa posição singular. Como aporte ilustrativo, parte-se de um estudo já concluído, o qual remete às disputas políticas e religiosas que precederam a aprovação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional nº 4.024, de 1961. Na construção do estudo, a história oral foi utilizada como metodologia comprometida com o resgate da informação e da própria constituição dos sujeitos colaboradores, a partir de seu lugar social e de suas relações e reações diante do fato narrado. Centrando as reflexões em torno da posição do sujeito como fonte de pesquisa - sem discutir ou aprofundar o episódio mencionado -, o artigo considera que reconstruir a memória daquele período também significou revigorar caricaturas, contradições e conflitos presentes nas interpretações particulares de cada um dos colaboradores. São apresentados, ainda, excertos das narrativas utilizadas na pesquisa empírica, os quais demonstram que a descrição dos fatos pelos sujeitos partícipes da pesquisa não perdeu seu estatuto de apreensão pessoal, constituindo-se como uma representação do grupo social a que tais sujeitos acreditavam pertencer. Como conclusão, sugere-se que a apreensão da memória é sempre uma tarefa de referência: naquele momento e sob aquelas condições, a narrativa possibilitou aquelas nuanças.
Evolução da escolaridade esperada no Brasil ao longo do século XX
Authors: Helene Otaviano
Published: February 2012

Este trabalho apresenta dois procedimentos para calcular o número de anos de escolaridade fornecidos pelo sistema educacional brasileiro. Um dos procedimentos é baseado nas taxas de conclusão dos ensinos fundamental, médio e superior. Tal procedimento, que depende do conhecimento da população nas várias faixas etárias e do número de concluintes de cada um dos níveis educacionais, foi utilizado para as estimativas no período posterior a 1962. O outro procedimento é baseado no número de anos de estudo declarado pela população adulta, tal como divulgado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), e foi utilizado para estimar o número de anos fornecidos pelo sistema educacional em períodos mais remotos. O bom acordo entre os resultados obtidos com os dois métodos no período entre 1962 e 1999 demonstra que eles são consistentes. A combinação dos dois procedimentos fornece resultados para um período de cerca de 90 anos, iniciando-se em meados da década de 1920. As incertezas dos resultados, estimadas a partir tanto das flutuações dos dados utilizados, quanto das aproximações numéricas que foram feitas, são da ordem de 3%. Alguns detalhes dos cálculos são apresentados ao final, nos apêndices. As variações no número de anos de escolaridade, quando maiores do que as incertezas estimadas, estão associadas a eventos políticos, sociais ou educacionais que marcaram o período analisado.
Violência contra professores de educação física no ensino público do estado do Paraná
Authors: Levandoski Gustavo , Ogg Fabiano , Cardoso Fernando Luiz
Published: February 2012

O objetivo foi verificar a violência na relação professor-aluno, sofrida por professores de educação física que atuam no ensino fundamental e médio na rede pública de ensino. Participaram deste estudo 102 professores que atuam em 14 cidades do estado do Paraná. Utilizou-se um questionário criado pelos autores com consistência interna de α= 0,902 (Alpha de Crombach). Os procedimentos estatísticos foram realizados pelo programa SPSS versão 14.0 com nível de significância de p<0,05. Constatou-se que 87,3% dos professores já vivenciaram ou vivem algum episódio referente à atos de violência no ambiente escolar e 73,5% recebem insultos verbais frequentemente. Os professores da região noroeste do estado, estão mais expostos a situações de agressão pelos alunos em relação aos professores da região central. Esta mesma relação aconteceu com os professores solteiros comparados aos professores casados. Destacamos que os professores que ministram aula em apenas um estabelecimento de ensino sentem-se mais seguros em seu local de trabalho e que os professores do sexo feminino solicitam mais a ajuda para solucionar os conflitos no local de trabalho. Considera-se que a violência contra os docentes nesta relação professor-aluno encontra-se em um nível preocupante.
Influência do índice glicêmico na glicemia em exercício físico aeróbico
Authors: Faria Valéria Cristina de , Cazal Mariana de Melo , Cabral Carlos Augusto Costa , Marins João Carlos Bouzas
Published: February 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do índice glicêmico (IG) na resposta glicêmica antes e durante o exercício físico decorrente a diferentes sessões experimentais pré-exercício. MÉTODOS: Doze homens adultos realizaram três sessões experimentais pré-exercício: de alto índice glicêmico (AIG); de baixo índice glicêmico (BIG); e em estado de jejum, sendo nesta última oferecida duas formas diferenciadas de hidratação durante o exercício: água e bebida carboidratada. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de repouso, o tipo de refeição, de AIG ou de BIG, interferiu no comportamento da glicemia, ambas tendendo ao "efeito rebote". Durante o exercício, não foi observada diferença na resposta glicêmica entre as quatro ações testadas; contudo, a intervenção com bebida carboidratada manteve constante a glicemia ao longo dos 60 min do exercício. CONCLUSÃO: O IG é determinante na resposta glicêmica ao longo de uma hora antes do exercício, porém não interfere na resposta glicêmica durante a atividade.
Políticas de esporte escolar e a construção social do currículo de educação física
Authors: Millen Neto Alvaro Rego , Ferreira Alexandre da Costa , Soares Antonio Jorge Gonçalves
Published: February 2012

O estudo descreve e analisa como os Jogos Estudantis influenciam a construção social do currículo de uma escola municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Também localiza os discursos (ideologias) veiculados com a participação da escola nesses eventos. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas com os professores envolvidos e observações etnográficas das oficinas esportivas e dos jogos. Os resultados permitem considerar que o discurso do rendimento esportivo contribui para a legitimação da educação física na escola investigada e também para o reconhecimento da excelência da própria escola. Outrossim, as ações pedagógicas concentram-se nos resultados e não na formação de todos os alunos.
A perspectiva do lazer entre lideranças sindicais das áreas metropolitanas de São Paulo e de Lisboa
Authors: Gonçalves Junior Luiz , Lemos Fabio Ricardo Mizuno , Corrêa Denise Aparecida
Published: February 2012

Pretendemos, neste estudo, compreender qual o sentido do lazer, diante das novas relações de trabalho em tempos de globalização, para líderes sindicais que atuam em entidades das áreas metropolitanas de São Paulo/Brasil e de Lisboa/Portugal. A metodologia adotada foi a Fenomenologia, Fenômeno Situado. Com base nos dados originados nas entrevistas, estabelecemos as seguintes categorias temáticas: A) Busca da redução da jornada de trabalho, B) Usufruto do lazer, C) Lazer como recuperação para o trabalho. Consideramos que nos tempos de globalização, após diversas conquistas dos trabalhadores, infelizmente, temos assistido nas últimas décadas, crescente precarização de direitos dos trabalhadores nos dois países pesquisados, gerando insegurança do trabalhador diante da vivência do seu trabalho e do seu lazer de modo autônomo, livre, criativo, significativo e humanizado.
Qualidade de vida relacionada à prática de atividade física de surfistas
Authors: Romariz Júlia Krüger , Guimarães Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo , Marinho Alcyane
Published: February 2012

Este estudo de corte transversal objetivou investigar a qualidade de vida (QV) relacionada à prática de atividade física de surfistas. A amostragem por conveniência foi de 202 surfistas com média de idade de 25,9±7,5 anos. Optou-se por um questionário autoaplicável. A maioria dos surfistas são solteiros (82%), com ensino médio completo (64%), do estrato econômico B (61%), realizam atividade física regularmente e são considerados muito ativos (83,2%). A QV foi considerada de boa a muito boa, variando de 59,8% a 77%. O domínio social obteve maior escore e o físico o menor. Houve uma fraca associação entre os domínios da QV e os componentes da atividade física (r=-0,105 - r=0,114) não havendo significância, ou seja, a QV, no presente estudo, não foi influenciada pela prática de atividade física. Provavelmente, outros hábitos dos surfistas investigados contribuem de forma mais significativa para o fenômeno QV pesquisado.
Influence of Pilates training on muscular strength and flexibility in dancers
Authors: Amorim Tânia Patrícia , Sousa Filipa Manuel , Santos José Augusto Rodrigues dos
Published: February 2012

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a Pilates training program on muscular strength and flexibility in dance students. Fifteen dance students were divided into 2 groups: experimental (n=7) and control (n=8). Both were assessed in beginning and in the end of the study. Muscular strength was assessed measuring the time supported in the technical skills penché and developpé. To asses flexibility, it was measured the angle between limbs in the technical skills arabesque, developpé and cambré. After the first moment of evaluation, the experimental group performed a Mat-Based Pilates Exercise during 11 weeks. The statistic analyses (two-way analysis of variance - ANOVA 2x2) showed significant differences (p ≤ 0,05) in muscular strength and flexibility measurements between groups after the training program. It was concluded that Pilates training has a positive effect on muscular strength and flexibility in dance students.
Post exercise cardiovascular effects of different resistance exercise protocols for trunk and upper limbs
Authors: Menêses Annelise Lins , Forjaz Cláudia Lúcia de Moraes , Silva Gleyson Queiroz de Moraes , Lima Aluisio Henrique Rodrigues de Andrade , Farah Breno Quintella , Lins Filho Ozéas de Lima , Lima Gustavo Henrique Correia de , Ritti-Dias Raphael Mendes
Published: February 2012

Objective: to analyze the post exercise cardiovascular effects of different resistance exercise protocols for trunk and upper limbs. Methods: Fifteen males (22.3 ± 0.9 years) underwent three experimental sessions randomly: control session (C), resistance exercise session at 50% of one repetition maximum (1-RM) (E50%), and resistance exercise session at 70% of 1-RM (E70%). Three sets of 12, 9 and 6 repetitions were performed for each exercise. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) were measured before and during 90 minutes after each session. Results: Systolic BP decreased (P<.05) and diastolic BP increased (P<.05) similarly after C, E50% and E70%. However, HR and RPP decreased after C (P<.01), maintained after E50%, and increased after E70% (P<.01). Conclusions: The resistance exercise intensity did not influence post-exercise BP responses, however, cardiac overload was greater after E70%
Características espaço-temporais do andar para trás em indivíduos com hemiparesia
Authors: Herber Vanessa , Michaelsen Stella Maris , Ovando Angélica Cristiane
Published: February 2012

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as variáveis espaço-temporais entre o andar para frente (AF) e para trás (AT) em indivíduos com hemiparesia. Dez participantes com hemiparesia crônica (30,6±25,1 meses), comprometimento motor leve (20-31 pontos no Fugl-Meyer-membro inferior), bom equilíbrio (escore=50±7 na escala de Berg) e marcha independente (capaz de caminhar 10 metros sem auxilio) foram filmados caminhando em velocidade confortável, com marcadores reflexivos nos maléolos laterais. As variáveis comprimento, duração e velocidade da passada, bem como duração do apoio foram analisadas pela ANOVA com 2 fatores: tarefa e membro inferior. O comprimento da passada foi menor (~44cm) no AT do que no AF (F(1,18)=130,94; p≤0,001), assim como a velocidade da passada (F(1,18)=163,78;p≤0,001) e da marcha (t19=10,99;p≤0,001). A duração da passada e do apoio foram respectivamente maiores, ~0,18s e ~8%, no AT do que no AF, (F(1,18)=11,98; p=0,003; F(1,18)=32,00; p≤0,001, respectivamente). Embora o comprimento da passada do AT seja reduzido, o maior tempo do MI parético suportando o peso do corpo no AT pode ser um indicador relevante na reabilitação motora.
Ácido linoléico conjugado: efeitos no perfil lipídico e na composição corporal de camundongos exercitados
Authors: Fernandes Silvio Anderson Toledo , Natali Antônio José , Laterza Mateus Camaroti , Teodoro Bruno Gonzaga , Franco Frederico Souzalima Caldoncelli , Peluzio Maria do Carmo Gouveia
Published: February 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do CLA associado à dieta hiperlipídica sobre o perfil lipídico e composição corporal de camundongos knockout para o gene da ApoE exercitados. Métodos: 32 camundongos foram divididos e submetidos à dieta normo e hiperlipídica suplementadas ou não com 1% de CLA. Todos realizaram exercício físico em esteira, durante 12 semanas. Utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os animais que ingeriram dieta hiperlipídica com CLA aumentaram o colesterol total e o LDL, comparado com os alimentados com dieta normolipídica associada ou não ao CLA. Observou-se aumento no ganho de peso dos camundongos que ingeriram dieta hiperlipídica com CLA, comparado com os normolipídicos suplementados com CLA. Conclusões: O CLA na concentração de 1% não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros analisados, independente da dieta, e não foi protetor contra os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica.
Influência do Código de Pontuação no treino da Ginástica Artística Masculina
Authors: Carrara Paulo , Mochizuki Luis
Published: February 2012

O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a influência das novas regras do Código de Pontuação na sistematização do treino da Ginástica Artística Masculina. Para compreender estas alterações, oito treinadores de seleções nacionais, de Portugal e Brasil, foram entrevistados, sobre como essas regras influenciam o treino. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo para avaliar os comentários. Os treinadores esclareceram que as novas regras implicaram em mudanças na estrutura das séries e manifestaram novas tendências na sistematização do treino.
The reliability of the one maximum repetition in sedentary, active and strength-trained subjects
Authors: Tiggemann Carlos Leandro , Guedes Matheus Giacobbo , Bgeginski Roberta , Pinto Ronei Silveira , Kruel Luiz Fernando Martins
Published: February 2012

The aim of the study was to verify the reliability of one maximum repetition (1-RM) in three different groups, according levels of physical fitness. The sample was composed for thirty subjects (aged 18 to 34 years old) divided in three groups with ten subjects each: sedentary (SG), physical active (PAG) and strength-trained (STG). The subjects were submitted to two familiarization sessions and two sessions of maximum strength test (1-RM1 and 1-RM2) at the following exercises: bench press and 45º leg press. The comparison between 1-RM values was made by two-way ANOVA (test and group) and association between both by intraclass coefficient correlation (p ≤ 0.05). Data presented high correlation values between both tests (from 0.922 to 0.997; p < 0.001), however, significant differences (p < 0.05) was observed between 1-RM1 and 1-RM2 at bench press exercise in SG (56.40 ± 8.00 kg e 57.60 ± 7.89 kg, respectively), PAG (68,80 ± 9,26 kg e 69,40 ± 8,78 kg, respectively) and STG (87.20 ± 19.94 kg e 88.60 ± 19.86 kg, respectively), as well in the leg press in SG (222,5 ± 38,24 kg e 229,50 ± 38,55 kg, respectively), PAG (238.50 ± 26.25 kg e 244.00 ± 24.70, respectively) and STG (321.50 ± 46.19 kg e 336.40 ± 40.44 kg, respectively). It can be concluded that the subject’s level of physical fitness does not appear to be a critical behavior at 1-RM reliability.
Upgrading of Kish Island Markazi wastewater treatment plant by MBBR
Authors: Ahmadi Mehdi , Izanloo Hassan , Mehr alian Aliakbar , Amiri Hoda , Sepehr Mohammad Noori
Published: February 2012

The potential of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in full scale has been investigated as an alternative for upgrading of the Kish Island Markazi wastewater treatment plant. In this regard, the activated sludge process (ASP) upgraded to an MBBR process and different operating parameters results in this change compared with ASP. Results show that with increasing the average flow influent from 1,049 ± 88 to 1,944 ± 275 m3 d−1 and reducing the aeration tank volume from 300 to 150 m3, organic loading rate (OLR), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), sludge retention time (SRT), sludge volume index (SVI), hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were changed to 0.32 ± 0.04–1.8 ± 0.36 kg COD/m3d, 2,641.19 ± 284.99–7,354.2 ± 778.35 mg L−1, 5.28 ± 0.64–22.1 ± 1.53 d, 135 ± 37.3–29.2 ± 3.81, 23.14 ± 1.94–43.37 ± 5.04 m d−1 and 2.76 ± 0.22–1.48 ± 0.18 h, respectively. Effluent concentrations under this operation condition were well below the discharge limits for irrigation water. Therefore, the MBBR process is a good alternative for upgrading wastewater plants especially when there is inadequate space or modifications are needed that will require large investment.
Purification of pulp and paper mill effluent through Typha and Canna using constructed wetlands technology
Authors: Rani Neetu , Maheshwari R. C. , Kumar Vivek , Vijay V. K.
Published: February 2012

The use of constructed wetlands (CW) to treat domestic as well as industrial wastewater is rapidly emerging as a viable alternative in India. Constructed wetland systems offer several potential advantages as a wastewater treatment process. These advantages include simple operation and maintenance and lower construction and operating costs. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the subsurface flow constructed wetland for pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment and also the effectiveness of plant species. A pilot scale study was conducted to examine the feasibility of a CW system for treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater during summers as well as winters at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) such as 1.5 days, 3.5 days and 6.5 days. Wetland beds were prepared with easily available plants such as Typha angustifolia and Canna indica. Specific performance objectives were to decrease biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) and color. Comparison of mean inlet and outlet concentrations showed that the CW system could effectively reduce the output of TS (87.6 ± 1.1%), COD (86.6 ± 2.0%), BOD5 (80.01 ± 0.1%), color (89.4 ± 0.6%) during summer and TS (72.15 ± 0.71%), COD (70.94 ± 2.3%), BOD5 (72.07 ± 2.2%) and color (74.90 ± 0.47%) during winter at 3.5 days HRT.
Solar photocatalytic degradation of azo dye Reactive Black 5 in aqueous suspension of TiO2
Authors: Ong Soon-An , Min Ohm Mar , Ho Li-Ngee , Wong Yee-Shian , Ridwan Fahmi Muhammad
Published: February 2012

Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants under solar light irradiation is an economically viable process and a very promising clean wastewater treatment technology. The aim of this study is to evaluate photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) under natural sunlight irradiation with TiO2 as photocatalyst. The effects of initial concentration of RB5, dosage of TiO2, with/without solar irradiation, with/without air sparging and pH solution were examined. The decolorization rate improved with a higher dosage of TiO2, with sunlight irradiation and air sparging, and under acidic solution. The photocatalytic process not only decolorized the RB5 but also mineralized the intermediate products completely.
Electrochemical behavior of H3PW12O40/ acid-activated bentonite powders
Authors: Mojovic Zorica , Rozic Ljiljana , Novakovic Tatjana , Vukovic Zorica , Petrovic Srdjan , Randjelovic Danijela , Mitric Miodrag
Published: February 2012

Electrochemical behavior of 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW)/acid-activated
bentonite (AAB) powders with various loadings of HPW was investigated. The
physicochemical properties of the prepared powders were examined by X-ray
powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, atomic force
microscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results indicated that
the prepared powders are composed mainly of oriented domains of large rock
blocks, probably resulting from a preferable deposition of bentonite
particles having a face-to-face interaction. The particles had a mainly
disordered mesoporous structure with a pore volume that varied according to
the pore size in the range of 2-50 nm. In addition, the particles had
crystallite size between 4.9 and 9.0 nm. The electrocatalytic activities of
prepared HPW/Aelectrodes were studied in the oxidation of NO2-ions and the
results revealed that the electrodes possessed relatively higher nitrite
oxidation currents than Aelectrode. The best electroactivity was observed
for HPW3/Aelectrode (AAB+20 wt. % HPW) and the limit of detection (3?) was
determined as 8 ?M.
Spectrophotometric determination of dothiepin hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals through ion-pair complexation reaction
Authors: Abdulrahman Sameer , Basavaiah Kanakapura
Published: February 2012

Two simple, sensitive and extraction-free spectrophotometric methods are
described for the determination of dothiepin hydrochloride (DOTH) both in
pure form and in pharmaceutical tablets. The methods are based on ion-pair
complex formation between dothiepin base (DOT) and two acidic dyes, namely,
bromophenol blue (BPB) or bromocresol green (BCG) with absorption maximum at
425 nm for BPB method or 430 nm for BCG method. Beer?s law is obeyed over the
concentration ranges of 1.0-15.0 and 1.0-17.5 ?g mL-1 DOT for BPB and BCG
methods, respectively. The molar absorptivity values and Sandell?s
sensitivity values are reported for both methods. The limits of detection
(LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.18 and 0.53 ?g mL-1
for BPB method, and 0.17 and 0.50 ?g mL-1 for BCG method, respectively. The
stoichiometry of the complex in either case was found to be 1: 1 and the
conditional stability constant (KF) of the complexes has also been
calculated. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the
determination of DOTH in pure form and in its tablet form with good accuracy
and precision. Statistical comparison of the results was performed using
Student's t-test and variance ratio F-test at 95% confidence level and there
was no significant difference between the official and proposed methods with
regard to accuracy and precision. Further, the validity of the proposed
methods was confirmed by recovery studies via standard addition technique.
Rising Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated With Altered Immunophenotype at Diagnosis
Authors: Long Anna E. , Gillespie Kathleen M. , Rokni Saba , Bingley Polly J. , Williams Alistair J.K.
Published: February 2012

The incidence of type 1 diabetes has increased rapidly over recent decades, particularly in young children. We aimed to determine whether this rise was associated with changes in patterns of humoral islet autoimmunity at diagnosis. Autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) were measured by radioimmunoassay in sera collected from children and young adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes between 1985 and 2002. The influence of date of diagnosis on prevalence and level of autoantibodies was investigated by logistic regression with adjustment for age and HLA class II genetic risk. Prevalence of IA-2A and ZnT8A increased significantly over the period studied, and this was mirrored by raised levels of IA-2A, ZnT8A, and IA-2β autoantibodies (IA-2βA). IAA and GADA prevalence and levels did not change. Increases in IA-2A, ZnT8A, and IA-2βA at diagnosis during a period of rising incidence suggest that the process leading to type 1 diabetes is now characterized by a more intense humoral autoimmune response. Understanding how changes in environment or lifestyle alter the humoral autoimmune response to islet antigens should help explain why the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing and may suggest new strategies for preventing disease.
Interbirth Interval Is Associated With Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Risk
Authors: Cardwell Chris R. , Svensson Jannet , Waldhoer Thomas , Ludvigsson Johnny , Sadauskaitė-Kuehne Vaiva , Roberts Christine L. , Parslow Roger C. , Wadsworth Emma J.K. , Brigis Girts , Urbonaitė Brone , Schober Edith , Devoti Gabriele , Ionescu-Tirgoviste Constantin , de Beaufort Carine E. , Soltesz Gyula , Patterson Chris C.
Published: February 2012

Short interbirth interval has been associated with maternal complications and childhood autism and leukemia, possibly due to deficiencies in maternal micronutrients at conception or increased exposure to sibling infections. A possible association between interbirth interval and subsequent risk of childhood type 1 diabetes has not been investigated. A secondary analysis of 14 published observational studies of perinatal risk factors for type 1 diabetes was conducted. Risk estimates of diabetes by category of interbirth interval were calculated for each study. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies. Overall, 2,787 children with type 1 diabetes were included. There was a reduction in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in children born to mothers after interbirth intervals <3 years compared with longer interbirth intervals (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.72–0.93]). Adjustments for various potential confounders little altered this estimate. In conclusion, there was evidence of a 20% reduction in the risk of childhood diabetes in children born to mothers after interbirth intervals <3 years.
Age-Related Impairment in Insulin Release
Authors: Santulli Gaetano , Lombardi Angela , Sorriento Daniela , Anastasio Antonio , Del Giudice Carmine , Formisano Pietro , Béguinot Francesco , Trimarco Bruno , Miele Claudia , Iaccarino Guido
Published: February 2012

In this study, we investigated the significance of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in age-related impaired insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. We characterized the metabolic phenotype of β2AR-null C57Bl/6N mice (β2AR−/−) by performing in vivo and ex vivo experiments. In vitro assays in cultured INS-1E β-cells were carried out in order to clarify the mechanism by which β2AR deficiency affects glucose metabolism. Adult β2AR−/− mice featured glucose intolerance, and pancreatic islets isolated from these animals displayed impaired glucose-induced insulin release, accompanied by reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)γ, pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), and GLUT2. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human β2AR rescued these defects. Consistent effects were evoked in vitro both upon β2AR knockdown and pharmacologic treatment. Interestingly, with aging, wild-type (β2AR+/+) littermates developed impaired insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Moreover, islets from 20-month-old β2AR+/+ mice exhibited reduced density of β2AR compared with those from younger animals, paralleled by decreased levels of PPARγ, PDX-1, and GLUT2. Overexpression of β2AR in aged mice rescued glucose intolerance and insulin release both in vivo and ex vivo, restoring PPARγ/PDX-1/GLUT2 levels. Our data indicate that reduced β2AR expression contributes to the age-related decline of glucose tolerance in mice.
Optimal Elevation of β-Cell 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Is a Compensatory Mechanism That Prevents High-Fat Diet–Induced β-Cell Failure
Authors: Turban Sophie , Liu Xiaoxia , Ramage Lynne , Webster Scott P. , Walker Brian R. , Dunbar Donald R. , Mullins John J. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Morton Nicholas M.
Published: February 2012

Type 2 diabetes ultimately results from pancreatic β-cell failure. Abnormally elevated intracellular regeneration of glucocorticoids by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in fat or liver may underlie pathophysiological aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Elevated 11β-HSD1 is also found in pancreatic islets of obese/diabetic rodents and is hypothesized to suppress insulin secretion and promote diabetes. To define the direct impact of elevated pancreatic β-cell 11β-HSD1 on insulin secretion, we generated β-cell–specific, 11β-HSD1–overexpressing (MIP-HSD1) mice on a strain background prone to β-cell failure. Unexpectedly, MIP-HSD1tg/+ mice exhibited a reversal of high fat–induced β-cell failure through augmentation of the number and intrinsic function of small islets in association with induction of heat shock, protein kinase A, and extracellular signal–related kinase and p21 signaling pathways. 11β-HSD1−/− mice showed mild β-cell impairment that was offset by improved glucose tolerance. The benefit of higher β-cell 11β-HSD1 exhibited a threshold because homozygous MIP-HSD1tg/tg mice and diabetic Lepdb/db mice with markedly elevated β-cell 11β-HSD1 levels had impaired basal β-cell function. Optimal elevation of β-cell 11β-HSD1 represents a novel biological mechanism supporting compensatory insulin hypersecretion rather than exacerbating metabolic disease. These findings have immediate significance for current therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated With Enterovirus Infection in Gut Mucosa
Authors: Oikarinen Maarit , Tauriainen Sisko , Oikarinen Sami , Honkanen Teemu , Collin Pekka , Rantala Immo , Mäki Markku , Kaukinen Katri , Hyöty Heikki
Published: February 2012

Enterovirus infections have been linked to type 1 diabetes in several studies. Enteroviruses also have tropism to pancreatic islets and can cause β-cell damage in experimental models. Viral persistence has been suspected to be an important pathogenetic factor. This study evaluates whether gut mucosa is a reservoir for enterovirus persistence in type 1 diabetic patients. Small-bowel mucosal biopsy samples from 39 type 1 diabetic patients, 41 control subjects, and 40 celiac disease patients were analyzed for the presence of enterovirus using in situ hybridization (ISH), RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. The presence of virus was compared with inflammatory markers such as infiltrating T cells, HLA-DR expression, and transglutaminase 2–targeted IgA deposits. Enterovirus RNA was found in diabetic patients more frequently than in control subjects and was associated with a clear inflammation response in the gut mucosa. Viral RNA was often detected in the absence of viral protein, suggesting defective replication of the virus. Patients remained virus positive in follow-up samples taken after 12 months’ observation. The results suggest that a large proportion of type 1 diabetic patients have prolonged/persistent enterovirus infection associated with an inflammation process in gut mucosa. This finding opens new opportunities for studying the viral etiology of type 1 diabetes.
Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Progression to Diabetes in Patients at Risk for Diabetes
Authors: Pittas Anastassios G. , Nelson Jason , Mitri Joanna , Hillmann William , Garganta Cheryl , Nathan David M. , Hu Frank B. , Dawson-Hughes Bess ,   the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between vitamin D status, assessed by plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and risk of incident diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Prospective observational study with a mean follow-up of 2.7 years in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a multicenter trial comparing different strategies for prevention of diabetes in patients with prediabetes. We assessed the association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, measured repeatedly during follow-up, and incident diabetes in the combined placebo (n = 1,022) and intensive lifestyle (n = 1,017) randomized arms of the DPP. Variables measured at multiple study time points (25-hydroxyvitamin D, BMI, and physical activity) entered the analyses as time-varying “lagged” covariates, as the mean of the previous and current visits at which diabetes status was assessed.

RESULTS

After multivariate adjustment, including for the DPP intervention, participants in the highest tertile of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (median concentration, 30.1 ng/mL) had a hazard ratio of 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.90) for developing diabetes compared with participants in the lowest tertile (median concentration, 12.8 ng/mL). The association was in the same direction in placebo (0.70; 0.52–0.94) versus lifestyle arm (0.80; 0.54–1.17).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, assessed repeatedly, was associated with lower risk of incident diabetes in high-risk patients, after adjusting for lifestyle interventions (dietary changes, increased physical activity, and weight loss) known to decrease diabetes risk. Because of the observational nature of the study, the potential association between vitamin D and diabetes needs to be confirmed in intervention studies.
Unusual increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 expression in rat inguinal adipose tissue
Authors: Turyn Jacek , Mika Adriana , Stepnowski Piotr , Swierczynski Julian
Published: February 2012

It is generally accepted that the location of body fat deposits may play an important role in the risk of developing some endocrine and metabolic diseases. We have studied the effect of food restriction and food restriction/refeeding, often practiced by individuals trying to lose body weight, on the expression of genes which are associated with obesity and certain metabolic disorders in inguinal, epididymal, and perirenal rat white adipose tissues. Gene expression was analyzed by real time semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and by Western blot. We found that prolonged food restriction caused a significant decrease of body and adipose tissue mass as well as the increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 gene expressions in all main rat adipose tissue deposits. Food restriction/refeeding caused increases of: a) Scd1 and Elovl6 mRNA levels in adipose tissue, b) Scd1 protein level and c) desaturation index in adipose tissue. The increased expression of both genes was unusually high in inguinal adipose tissue. The results suggest that the increase of Scd1 and Elovl6 gene expressions in white adipose tissue by prolonged food restriction and prolonged food restriction/refeeding may contribute to accelerated fat recovery that often occurs in individuals after food restriction/refeeding.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Lower Dyje River Basin (Podyjí) at the Czech-Austrian border
Authors: Šebesta Oldřich , Gelbič Ivan , Minář Jan
Published: February 2012

During 2009–2011, mosquitoes were captured in CDC miniature light traps using CO2 (dry ice) at six sites in the Lower Dyje River Basin (Czech Republic). Other methods of capture — sweeping from vegetation and collection of larvae and pupae from ponds — were also used for more precise diagnostics. Thirty mosquito species of six genera were confirmed. A total of 415,218 females were captured. Most frequently found were the outbreak species Aedes vexans (56.52% of all mosquitoes collected) and Ae. sticticus (16.40%). Among other flood species, Ae. rossicus (5.17%), Ae. cantans and Ae. annulipes (2.44% of all females collected), and Ae. cinereus s. l. (1.11%) were especially abundant. Females of Ae. cataphylla were captured in spring (0.31%) and Ae. intrudens was numerous only at one site. Among the other species, Culex pipiens s. l. (6.61%) and Cx. modestus (8.87%) were abundant. Anopheles maculipennis s. l. (1.01%), An. claviger (0.43%), An. plumbeus (0.08%), An. hyrcanus (0.08%), Coquillettidia richiardii (0.52%) and Culiseta annulata (0.18%) were also detected. Sparsely occurring were Ae. excrucians, Ae. flavescens, Ae. caspius and Ae. geniculatus. Captured only very sporadically were Ae. communis, Ae. leucomelas, Ae. dorsalis, Ae. rusticus, Cx. martinii, Cx. territans, Cs. morsitans and Uranotaenia unguiculata.
Erratum to: Central European Journal of Biology, Volume 7, Issue 1
Authors: Hussein
Published: February 2012

Paper by Hussein et al. “Effectiveness of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in agar gel formulations against larvae of the Colarado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)” in Volume 7, Issue 1, 77–82 9 / February 2012; DOI: 10.2478/s11535-011-0090-0 contains an error in the title. The correct title is presented below.
“Mercyfull Warres agaynst These Naked People”: The Discourse of Violence in the Early Americas
Authors: Olesen Jan
Published: February 2012

“‘Mercyfull Warres agaynst These Naked People’: The Discourse of Violence in the Early Americas” explores how several early modern propagandists for colonial expansion construct Indigenous peoples and promote specific action. Working from the textual collections of Richard Eden and Richard Hakluyt, this paper examines how each writer takes specific steps to control terminology. By configuring Indigenous people as either violent or docile, they, in turn, become candidates for extermination or conversion respectively. The paper argues that Hakluyt's more complicated, contradictory, and subtle framing of colonial progress in fact urges a significantly more imperious and universal colonial project, invested in a widespread homogenization of culture and identity.
What Is the Highest Form of Patriotism? I Say Acknowledging Our Addiction to Patriotism
Authors: Bird Michael Yellow
Published: February 2012

Since the United States's illegal invasion and occupation of the sovereign nation of Iraq on 20 March 2003, I have published papers that critically interrogate the participation of the “sovereign” US Indigenous nations in this unjust, illegal, imperialistic war. Due to my writings, on 24 June 2007, I was invited to make a presentation at a peace vigil and rally focusing on “What Is the Highest Form of Patriotism?” The speech that I gave is provided in full text in this article, where I probe the United States of America's addiction to patriotism by interrogating and “defying the lies” of some of US patriotism's most cherished ideas, documents, leaders, and slogans. I end with a slight twist of the words of the third Buddhist noble truth, freedom from the addiction to patriotism is possible in this lifetime.
Aggregating Data for Computational Toxicology Applications: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Aggregated Computational Toxicology Resource (ACToR) System
Authors: Judson Richard S. , Martin Matthew T. , Egeghy Peter , Gangwal Sumit , Reif David M. , Kothiya Parth , Wolf Maritja , Cathey Tommy , Transue Thomas , Smith Doris , Vail James , Frame Alicia , Mosher Shad , Hubal Elaine A. Cohen , Richard Ann M.
Published: February 2012

Computational toxicology combines data from high-throughput test methods, chemical structure analyses and other biological domains (e.g., genes, proteins, cells, tissues) with the goals of predicting and understanding the underlying mechanistic causes of chemical toxicity and for predicting toxicity of new chemicals and products. A key feature of such approaches is their reliance on knowledge extracted from large collections of data and data sets in computable formats. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a large data resource called ACToR (Aggregated Computational Toxicology Resource) to support these data-intensive efforts. ACToR comprises four main repositories: core ACToR (chemical identifiers and structures, and summary data on hazard, exposure, use, and other domains), ToxRefDB (Toxicity Reference Database, a compilation of detailed in vivo toxicity data from guideline studies), ExpoCastDB (detailed human exposure data from observational studies of selected chemicals), and ToxCastDB (data from high-throughput screening programs, including links to underlying biological information related to genes and pathways). The EPA DSSTox (Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity) program provides expert-reviewed chemical structures and associated information for these and other high-interest public inventories. Overall, the ACToR system contains information on about 400,000 chemicals from 1100 different sources. The entire system is built using open source tools and is freely available to download. This review describes the organization of the data repository and provides selected examples of use cases.
The -308G/A of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and 825C/T of Guanidine Nucleotide Binding Protein 3 (GNB3) are Associated with the Onset of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Obesity in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Wei-To , Wang Yi-Cheng , Chen Chun-Chang , Zhang Shi-Kun , Liu Chen-Hsun , Chang Fu-Hsin , Hsu Li-Sung
Published: February 2012

Acute myocardial infarction is a highly prevalent cardiovascular disease in Taiwan. Among several etiological risk factors, obesity and inflammation are strongly associated with the frequency of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. To discriminate obesity- and inflammation-related genes and the onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a case-control study was conducted to investigate the association of the -308G/A polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the C825T polymorphism of guanidine nucleotide binding protein 3 (GNB3) with the onset of AMI among Taiwanese cohorts. A total of 103 AMI patients and 163 matched normal control samples were enrolled in the present study. The genomic DNA was extracted and subjected into polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. An association between the A homozygosity of the TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism and the onset of AMI was observed among the male subjects (p = 0.026; Spearman index = 0.200, p = 0.008). An association between the T homozygosity of GNB3 C825T polymorphism and obesity was also observed (Fisher’s exact, p = 0.009). The TT genotype has a protective effect against acquiring AMI among the obese female population in Taiwan (Fisher’s exact, p = 0.032). In conclusion, TNF-α-308G/A and the GNB3 C825T polymorphisms are associated with obesity and AMI in the Taiwanese population.
A Platform for Combined DNA and Protein Microarrays Based on Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence
Authors: Asanov Alexander , Zepeda Angélica , Vaca Luis
Published: February 2012

We have developed a novel microarray technology based on total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) in combination with DNA and protein bioassays immobilized at the TIRF surface. Unlike conventional microarrays that exhibit reduced signal-to-background ratio, require several stages of incubation, rinsing and stringency control, and measure only end-point results, our TIRF microarray technology provides several orders of magnitude better signal-to-background ratio, performs analysis rapidly in one step, and measures the entire course of association and dissociation kinetics between target DNA and protein molecules and the bioassays. In many practical cases detection of only DNA or protein markers alone does not provide the necessary accuracy for diagnosing a disease or detecting a pathogen. Here we describe TIRF microarrays that detect DNA and protein markers simultaneously, which reduces the probabilities of false responses. Supersensitive and multiplexed TIRF DNA and protein microarray technology may provide a platform for accurate diagnosis or enhanced research studies. Our TIRF microarray system can be mounted on upright or inverted microscopes or interfaced directly with CCD cameras equipped with a single objective, facilitating the development of portable devices. As proof-of-concept we applied TIRF microarrays for detecting molecular markers from Bacillus anthracis, the pathogen responsible for anthrax.
Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane: Surface structures formed using different protocols of particle lithography
Authors: Saner ChaMarra K , Lusker Kathie L , LeJeune Zorabel M , Serem Wilson K , Garno Jayne C
Published: February 2012

Particle lithography offers generic capabilities for the high-throughput fabrication of nanopatterns from organosilane self-assembled monolayers, which offers the opportunity to study surface-based chemical reactions at the molecular level. Nanopatterns of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) were prepared on surfaces of Si(111) using designed protocols of particle lithography combined with either vapor deposition, immersion, or contact printing. Changing the physical approaches for applying molecules to masked surfaces produced OTS nanostructures with different shapes and heights. Ring nanostructures, nanodots and uncovered pores of OTS were prepared using three protocols, with OTS surface coverage ranging from 10% to 85%. Thickness measurements from AFM cursor profiles were used to evaluate the orientation and density of the OTS nanostructures. Differences in the thickness and morphology of the OTS nanostructures are disclosed based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. Images of OTS nanostructures prepared on Si(111) that were generated by the different approaches provide insight into the self-assembly mechanism of OTS, and particularly into the role of water and solvents in hydrolysis and silanation.
Using Disaster Exercises to Determine Staff Educational Needs and Improve Disaster Outcomes in Rural Hospitals: The Role of the Nursing Professional Development Educator
Authors: Anderson Denise A.
Published: February 2012

Using human potential in rural hospitals is vital to successful outcomes when handling disasters. Nursing professional development educators provide leadership and guiding vision during a time when few educational research studies demonstrate how to do so. This article explains the role of the rural nursing professional development educator as a disaster preparedness educator, facilitator, collaborator, researcher, and leader, using the American Nurses Association’s
Nursing Professional Development: Scope and Standards of Practice.
Friends of Nursing: A Community of Caring to Promote Excellence in Nursing Practice, Education, and Research
Authors: Hitchings Kim S. , Capuano Terry Ann , Herzog Mary Ellen
Published: February 2012

More than 25 years ago, the name “Friends of Nursing” was adopted by an academic, community Magnet
®
hospital to signify a model for community support of nursing. From inception, the intent was to recruit philanthropic dollars to promote recognition of and excellence in nursing practice, education, and research. Although philanthropy in health care settings is common, what is unique about this program is the long-standing, dedicated conceptual framework for nursing philanthropy and the very significant number of philanthropic dollars from literally thousands of donors to support a diverse range of activities to affect and advance the professional excellence of nurses and the quality of patient care. This model has been successfully replicated within a wide variety of other health care organizations and nursing services throughout the United States and abroad.