bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A matching pursuit approach to the geophysical inverse problem of seismic traveltime tomography under the ray theory approximation
Authors: Schneider N , Michel V , Sigloch K , Totten E J
Published: May 2024

Seismic traveltime tomography is a geophysical imaging method to infer the 3-D interior structure of the solid Earth. Most commonly formulated as a linearized inverse problem, it maps differences between observed and expected wave traveltimes to interior regions where waves propagate faster or slower than the expected average. The Earth’s interior is typically parametrized by a single kind of localized basis function. Here we present an alternative approach that uses matching pursuits on large dictionaries of basis functions.Within the past decade the (Learning) Inverse Problem Matching Pursuits [(L)IPMPs] have been developed. They combine global and local trial functions. An approximation is built in a so-called best basis, chosen iteratively from an intentionally overcomplete set or dictionary. In each iteration, the choice for the next best basis element reduces the Tikhonov–Phillips functional. This is in contrast to classical methods that use either global or local basis functions. The LIPMPs have proven their applicability in inverse problems like the downward continuation of the gravitational potential as well as the MEG-/EEG-problem from medical imaging. Here, we remodel the Learning Regularized Functional Matching Pursuit (LRFMP), which is one of the LIPMPs, for traveltime tomography in a ray theoretical setting. In particular, we introduce the operator, some possible trial functions and the regularization. We show a numerical proof of concept for artificial traveltime delays obtained from a contrived model for velocity differences. The corresponding code is available online.
Insect Flight Energetics and the Evolution of Size, Form, and Function
Authors: Darveau Charles-A
Published: May 2024

Synopsis

Flying insects vary greatly in body size and wing proportions, significantly impacting their flight energetics. Generally, the larger the insect, the slower its flight wingbeat frequency. However, variation in frequency is also explained by differences in wing proportions, where larger-winged insects tend to have lower frequencies. These associations affect the energy required for flight. The correlated evolution of flight form and function can be further defined using a lineage of closely related bee species varying in body mass. The decline in flight wingbeat frequency with increasing size is paralleled by the flight mass-specific metabolic rate. The specific scaling exponents observed can be predicted from the wing area allometry, where a greater increase (hyperallometry) leads to a more pronounced effect on flight energetics, and hypoallometry can lead to no change in frequency and metabolic rate across species. The metabolic properties of the flight muscles also vary with body mass and wing proportions, as observed from the activity of glycolytic enzymes and the phospholipid compositions of muscle tissue, connecting morphological differences with muscle metabolic properties. The evolutionary scaling observed across species is recapitulated within species. The static allometry observed within the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, where the wing area is proportional and isometric, affects wingbeat frequency and metabolic rate, which is predicted to decrease with an increase in size. Intraspecific variation in flight muscle tissue properties is also related to flight metabolic rate. The role of developmental processes and phenotypic plasticity in explaining intraspecific differences is central to our understanding of flight energetics. These studies provide a framework where static allometry observed within species gives rise to evolutionary allometry, connecting the evolution of size, form, and function associated with insect flight.
A stochastic volatility model for the valuation of temperature derivatives
Authors: Alfonsi Aurélien , Vadillo Nerea
Published: May 2024

Accepted by: Konstantinos Nikolopoulos

This paper develops a new stochastic volatility model for the average daily temperature. It is a natural extension of a Gaussian model in which the temperature returns to a seasonal trend with a deterministic time-dependent volatility. The new model allows to be more conservative regarding extreme events while keeping tractability. We give a method based on conditional least squares to estimate the parameters on daily data and estimate our model on eight major European cities. We then show how to calculate efficiently the average payoff of weather derivatives both by Monte-Carlo and Fourier transform techniques. This new model allows to better assess the risk related to temperature volatility.
Rhizobium determinants of rhizosphere persistence and root colonization
Authors: Knights Hayley E , Ramachandran Vinoy K , Jorrin Beatriz , Ledermann Raphael , Parsons Jack D , Aroney Samuel T N , Poole Philip S
Published: May 2024

Bacterial persistence in the rhizosphere and colonization of root niches are critical for the establishment of many beneficial plant–bacteria interactions including those between Rhizobium leguminosarum and its host legumes. Despite this, most studies on R. leguminosarum have focused on its symbiotic lifestyle as an endosymbiont in root nodules. Here, we use random barcode transposon sequencing to assay gene contributions of R. leguminosarum during competitive growth in the rhizosphere and colonization of various plant species. This facilitated the identification of 189 genes commonly required for growth in diverse plant rhizospheres, mutation of 111 of which also affected subsequent root colonization (rhizosphere progressive), and a further 119 genes necessary for colonization. Common determinants reveal a need to synthesize essential compounds (amino acids, ribonucleotides, and cofactors), adapt metabolic function, respond to external stimuli, and withstand various stresses (such as changes in osmolarity). Additionally, chemotaxis and flagella-mediated motility are prerequisites for root colonization. Many genes showed plant-specific dependencies highlighting significant adaptation to different plant species. This work provides a greater understanding of factors promoting rhizosphere fitness and root colonization in plant-beneficial bacteria, facilitating their exploitation for agricultural benefit.
Emergent antibiotic persistence in a spatially structured synthetic microbial mutualism
Authors: Xiong Xianyi , Othmer Hans G , Harcombe William R
Published: May 2024

Antibiotic persistence (heterotolerance) allows a subpopulation of bacteria to survive antibiotic-induced killing and contributes to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Although bacteria typically live in microbial communities with complex ecological interactions, little is known about how microbial ecology affects antibiotic persistence. Here, we demonstrated within a synthetic two-species microbial mutualism of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica that the combination of cross-feeding and community spatial structure can emergently cause high antibiotic persistence in bacteria by increasing the cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Tracking ampicillin-induced death for bacteria on agar surfaces, we found that E. coli forms up to 55 times more antibiotic persisters in the cross-feeding coculture than in monoculture. This high persistence could not be explained solely by the presence of S. enterica, the presence of cross-feeding, average nutrient starvation, or spontaneous resistant mutations. Time-series fluorescent microscopy revealed increased cell-to-cell variation in E. coli lag time in the mutualistic co-culture. Furthermore, we discovered that an E. coli cell can survive antibiotic killing if the nearby S. enterica cells on which it relies die first. In conclusion, we showed that the high antibiotic persistence phenotype can be an emergent phenomenon caused by a combination of cross-feeding and spatial structure. Our work highlights the importance of considering spatially structured interactions during antibiotic treatment and understanding microbial community resilience more broadly.
Distinct life cycle stages of an ectosymbiotic DPANN archaeon
Authors: Gaisin Vasil A , van Wolferen Marleen , Albers Sonja-Verena , Pilhofer Martin
Published: May 2024

DPANN archaea are a diverse group of microorganisms that are thought to rely on an ectosymbiotic lifestyle; however, the cell biology of these cell–cell interactions remains largely unknown. We applied live-cell imaging and cryo-electron tomography to the DPANN archaeon Nanobdella aerobiophila and its host, revealing two distinct life cycle stages. Free cells possess archaella and are motile. Ectobiotic cells are intimately linked with the host through an elaborate attachment organelle. Our data suggest that free cells may actively seek a new host, while the ectobiotic state is adapted to mediate intricate interaction with the host.
Identification of long non-coding RNAs in response to microsporidia infection in Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Pu Shiqi , Fang Yujia , Yang Yuhang , Qu Qingsheng , Liu Mengjin , Lian Jialin , Tang Xudong , Shen Zhongyuan , Qian Ping
Published: May 2024

Microsporidia Nosema bombycis (Nb) is a cellular parasite responsible for pébrine disease in silkworms, significantly impacting the sericulture industry. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are RNA fragments longer than 200 nucleotides, are pivotal in a range of cellular and physiological functions. However, the potential role of silkworm lncRNAs in response to Nb infection remains unknown. This study conducted transcriptome sequencing on both larvae and Nb-infected midguts of silkworms, identifying 1,440 lncRNAs across all examined midgut samples. Within the Nb-infected group, 42 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and 305 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were detected. Functional annotation and pathway analysis showed that these DEmRNAs are mostly involved in metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, and other key pathways. The co-expression network of DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs illustrates that 1 gene could be regulated by multiple lncRNAs and 1 lncRNA may target multiple genes, indicating that the regulation of lncRNA is intricate and networked. In addition, the DElncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network showed that some DElncRNAs may be involved in the immune response and metabolism through miRNA. Notably, the study observed an increase in lncRNA MSTRG857.1 following Nb infection, which may promote Nb proliferation. These findings offer insights into the complex interplay between insects and microsporidia.
Information Technology, Improved Access, and Use of Prescription Drugs
Authors: Böckerman Petri , Kortelainen Mika , Laine Liisa T , Nurminen Mikko , Saxell Tanja
Published: May 2024

We estimate the effects of health information technology designed to improve access to medication while limiting overuse through easier prescription renewal and improved information provision. We focus on benzodiazepines, a commonly prescribed class of mental health and insomnia medications, which are highly effective but potentially addictive. We study the staggered rollout of a nationwide electronic prescribing system over four years in Finland and use population-wide, individual-level administrative data sets. We find that e-prescribing increases average benzodiazepine use due to increased prescription renewals. The increase is most pronounced for younger patients. E-prescribing can improve the health of elderly patients and may help to balance the access-overuse trade-off. Without additional monitoring for addiction in place, it may, however, also have unintended health consequences for younger patients, who are more likely to develop mental and behavioral health disorders.
Surveillance and detection of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in protected areas from Georgia, USA
Authors: Fausett Eleanor , Kirstein Oscar D , Bellman Stephanie , Long Audrey , Roeske Isabella , Cheng Chun , Piantadosi Anne , Anderson Tavis K , Vazquez-Prokopec Gonzalo M
Published: May 2024

The invasion of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, into the United States poses a significant ecological, veterinarian, and public health threat. We conducted a comprehensive tick survey using standard tick flagging protocol for collection over 3 field seasons, March–August, and 56 surveyed sites to identify the presence of H. longicornis in the native ecosystem and prove its establishment according to USDA criteria. Of the total 56 state parks and wildlife management areas (WMA) surveyed, only one was found to be invaded by H. longicornis; detection of H. longicornis occurred at Buck Shoals Wildlife Management area in White County, GA. This site is maintained by the state of Georgia, has no agricultural animals present, and hosts a large white-tailed deer population. After the initial detection of H. longicornis in 2022, an additional field season occurred in 2023, where H. longicornis was confirmed as established based on USDA criteria. The increase in H. longicornis populations from 2021 to 2023 at Buck Shoals WMA points to the rapid spread of this tick within the environment. Our findings provide evidence of the rapid establishment of H. longicornis in the southern edge of suitability for this tick and within the native ecosystem beyond farmlands and private land.
Willingness and ability of existing mosquito control and public health agencies in New Jersey to assume responsibilities for management of ticks and tick-borne disease
Authors: Jordan Robert A , Eisen Lars , Schulze Terry L
Published: May 2024

We conducted surveys of New Jersey mosquito control and public health agencies to determine their willingness and ability to expand or create and maintain publicly funded tick and tick-borne disease (T/TBD) management programs. Nearly all (86%) of 21 county mosquito control agencies (MCAs) completed the survey, while only 25% of the 102 health departments (HDs) responded, probably reflecting traditional agency responsibilities. Although few of either group had formal programs, many were engaged in T/TBD-related activities. Many MCAs rated their ability to assume T/TBD responsibilities as high or moderate, while most HDs rated their capabilities as low. With the exceptions of lack of sustainable funding and possible legal constraints, the groups differed regarding perceived barriers to program creation and maintenance. Both groups envisioned comprehensive programs emphasizing public education, but program priorities differed between the groups. MCAs were willing to include most program activities, while HDs felt that some activities should be the responsibility of other agencies. MCAs were generally more familiar than HDs with tick control methods and while both groups would include control in a comprehensive program, both would limit control to public lands. Estimated program costs varied widely, probably reflecting responding agency size and complexity of envisioned programs. These results in a state with a system of existing agencies staffed by highly competent professionals suggest that more than simply additional funding (e.g., established guidelines for tick control and surveillance) is needed to create a network of practice necessary to address the growing incidence of TBD.
Trends in imported infections among migrants and travellers to Spain: a decade of analysis through the +Redivi network (2012–2022)
Authors: Alkaissy Yam , Serre-Delcor Nuria , Vicente Marta Arsuaga , Molina Israel , Norman Francesca F , Goikoetxea Ane Josune , de Dios Begoña , Torrús Diego , Navarrete Lorite Miguel Nicolás , Rodríguez-Guardado Azucena , Lombide Itxaso , Calabuig Eva , Muriel Alfonso , Perez-Molina Jose A ,   on behalf of +Redivi network
Published: May 2024

Background

High-speed global travel, increased trade, world population growth, migration, urbanization and climate change have favoured the emergence and spread of pathogens. We aimed to analyse the evolution of imported infections in Spain during 2012–2022 and the potential impact of some of the abovementioned factors on differential morbidity patterns.

Methods

In this retrospective study (January 2012 to December 2022), we analysed data collected by the +Redivi network across 25 health centres. The network’s standardised database records new cases of imported infections, including patient demographics, travel history, pre-travel advice and diagnostic information. To assess outcome rates over time and potential interactions, we constructed penalized weighted models to reduce the bias related to a low event rate and used weighted logistic regression for morbidity outcomes.

Results

We recorded 25 632 episodes, comprising 13 913 migrants, 4047 visiting friends and relatives (VFR) immigrants, 392 VFR travellers and 7280 travellers. Most immigrants came from South America (48.3%), Sub-Saharan Africa (28.5%), North Africa (6.6%), South Central Asia (5.4%) and Central America/Caribbean (5.3%). The most common regions visited by travellers were Sub-Saharan Africa (33.5%), South America (24.5%), Central America/Caribbean (13.5%), Southeast Asia (12%) and South Central Asia (10%). The proportion of diagnoses of malaria, strongyloidiasis and unspecified self-limiting febrile syndrome < 3 weeks remained unchanged during the study period. An increased frequency of diagnosis was reported for schistosomiasis, blastocystosis, giardiasis, dengue, diarrhoea, new cases of HIV, latent and pulmonary tuberculosis, whereas a decrease was reported for syphilis, chikungunya fever, Chagas disease and eosinophilia. We detected interactions between time and sex or type of participant across the different diagnoses.

Conclusions

Our study underscores the importance of epidemiological data in understanding infectious diseases dynamics among travellers and migrants, emphasizing how demographic shifts, migration trends and healthcare policies affect disease profiles. Comprehensive data play an essential role in enhancing public health policies and travel advice.
Nietzsche and the Significance of Genealogy
Authors: Prescott-Couch Alexander
Published: May 2024

How is Nietzsche’s genealogy of morality relevant to his revaluation of values? I consider and reject three accounts: contingency accounts, pedigree accounts, and unmasking accounts. I then propose an alternative account. On this view, Nietzsche provides a ‘deconstructive genealogy’ that indicates whether and where we should expect to find unity in our current moral practices. Moreover, Nietzsche’s history contributes to a critique of contemporary morality because it reveals that morality is unlikely to have the kind of unity required by many of its defenders. After explaining and defending this account of genealogical critique in GM, I show how it can be generalized to domains besides morality.
The MAGPI survey: evolution of radial trends in star formation activity across cosmic time
Authors: Mun Marcie , Wisnioski Emily , Battisti Andrew J , Mendel J Trevor , Ellison Sara L , Taylor Edward N , Lagos Claudia D P , Harborne Katherine E , Foster Caroline , Croom Scott M , Bellstedt Sabine , Barsanti Stefania , Gupta Anshu , Valenzuela Lucas M , Chen Qian-Hui , Grasha Kathryn , Mukherjee Tamal , Park Hye-Jin , Sharda Piyush , Sweet Sarah M , Remus Rhea-Silvia , Zafar Tayyaba
Published: May 2024

Using adaptive optics with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer on the Very Large Telescope, the Middle Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral Field Spectroscopy survey allows us to study the spatially resolved Universe at a crucial time of ∼4 Gyr ago (z ∼ 0.3) when simulations predict the greatest diversity in evolutionary pathways for galaxies. We investigate the radial trends in the star formation (SF) activity and luminosity-weighted stellar ages as a function of offset from the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) for a total of 294 galaxies. Using both Hα emission and the 4000 Å break (i.e. D4000) as star formation rate (SFR) tracers, we find overall flat radial profiles for galaxies lying on and above the SFMS, suggestive of physical processes that enhance/regulate SF throughout the entire galaxy disc. However, for galaxies lying below the SFMS, we find positive gradients in SF suggestive of inside–out quenching. Placing our results in context with results from other redshift regimes suggests an evolution in radial trends at z ∼ 0.3 for SF galaxies above the SFMS, from uniformly enhanced SF at z ∼ 1 and ∼ 0.3 to centrally enhanced SF at z ∼ 0 (when averaged over a wide range of mass). We also capture higher local SFRs for galaxies below the SFMS compared to that of z ∼ 0, which can be explained by a larger population of quenched satellites in the local Universe and/or different treatments of limitations set by the D4000–sSFR relation.
Faster cosmological analysis with power spectrum without simulations
Authors: Lai Yan , Howlett Cullan , Davis Tamara M
Published: May 2024

Future surveys could obtain tighter constraints on the cosmological parameters with the galaxy power spectrum than with the cosmic microwave background. However, the inclusion of multiple overlapping tracers, redshift bins, and more non-linear scales means that generating the necessary ensemble of simulations for model-fitting presents a computational burden. In this work, we combine full-shape fitting of galaxy power spectra, analytical covariance matrix estimates, the massively optimized parameter estimation and data compression (MOPED) method, and the Taylor expansion interpolation of the power spectrum for the first time to constrain the cosmological parameters directly from a state-of-the-art set of galaxy clustering measurements. We find it takes less than a day to compute the analytical covariance while it takes several months to calculate the simulated ones. Combining MOPED with the Taylor expansion interpolation of the power spectrum, we can constrain the cosmological parameters in just a few hours instead of a few days. We also find that even without a priori knowledge of the best-fitting cosmological or galaxy bias parameters, the analytical covariance matrix with the MOPED compression still gives consistent cosmological constraints to within 0.1σ after two iterations. Therefore, the pipeline we have developed here can significantly speed up the analysis for future surveys.
Turbulence statistics of H i clouds entrained in the Milky Way’s nuclear wind
Authors: Gerrard Isabella A , Noon Karlie A , Federrath Christoph , Di Teodoro Enrico M , Marchal Antoine , McClure-Griffiths N M
Published: May 2024

The interstellar medium (ISM) is ubiquitously turbulent across many physically distinct environments within the Galaxy. Turbulence is key in controlling the structure and dynamics of the ISM, regulating star formation, and transporting metals within the Galaxy. We present the first observational measurements of turbulence in neutral hydrogen entrained in the hot nuclear wind of the Milky Way. Using recent MeerKAT observations of two extra-planar H i clouds above (gal. lat.$\, \sim 7.0^{\circ }$) and below (gal. lat.$\, \sim -3.9^{\circ }$) the Galactic disc, we analyse centroid velocity and column density maps to estimate the velocity dispersion (σv,3D), the turbulent sonic Mach number ($\mathcal {M}$), the volume density dispersion ($\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}$), and the turbulence driving parameter (b). We also present a new prescription for estimating the spatial temperature variations of H i in the presence of related molecular gas. We measure these turbulence quantities on the global scale of each cloud, but also spatially map their variation across the plane-of-sky extent of each cloud by using a roving kernel method. We find that the two clouds share very similar characteristics of their internal turbulence, despite their varying latitudes. Both clouds are in the sub-to-trans-sonic Mach regime, and have primarily compressively driven (b ∼ 1) turbulence. Given that there is no known active star formation present in these clouds, this may be indicative of the way the cloud–wind interaction injects energy into the entrained atomic material on parsec scales.
Main-belt and Trojan asteroid phase curves from the ATLAS survey
Authors: Robinson James E , Fitzsimmons Alan , Young David R , Bannister Michele , Denneau Larry , Erasmus Nicolas , Lawrence Amanda , Siverd Robert J , Tonry John
Published: May 2024

Sparse and serendipitous asteroid photometry obtained by wide field surveys such as the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) is a valuable resource for studying the properties of large numbers of small Solar System bodies. We have gathered a large data base of ATLAS photometry in wideband optical cyan and orange filters, consisting of 9.6 × 107 observations of 4.5 × 105 main belt asteroids and Jupiter Trojans. We conduct a phase curve analysis of these asteroids considering each apparition separately, allowing us to accurately reject outlying observations and to remove apparitions and asteroids not suitable for phase curve determination. We obtain a data set of absolute magnitudes and phase parameters for over 100 000 selected asteroids observed by ATLAS, $\sim 66\, 000$ of which had sufficient measurements to derive colours in the ATLAS filters. To demonstrate the power of our data set we consider the properties of the Nysa–Polana complex, for which the ATLAS colours and phase parameters trace the S-like and C-like compositions amongst family members. We also compare the properties of the leading and trailing groups of Jupiter Trojans, finding no significant differences in their phase parameters or colours as measured by ATLAS, supporting the consensus that these groups were captured from a common source population during planetary migration. Furthermore, we identify ∼9000 asteroids that exhibit large shifts in derived absolute magnitude between apparitions, indicating that these objects have both elongated shapes and spin axes with obliquity ∼90 degrees.
Blood transfusion in the care of patients with visceral leishmaniasis: a review of practices in therapeutic efficacy studies
Authors: Dahal Prabin , Singh-Phulgenda Sauman , Wilson James , Cota Glaucia , Ritmeijer Koert , Musa Ahmed , Alves Fabiana , Stepniewska Kasia , Guerin Philippe J
Published: May 2024

Blood transfusion remains an important aspect of patient management in visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, transfusion triggers considered are poorly understood. This review summarises the transfusion practices adopted in VL efficacy studies using the Infectious Diseases Data Observatory VL clinical trials library. Of the 160 studies (1980–2021) indexed in the IDDO VL library, description of blood transfusion was presented in 16 (10.0%) (n=3459 patients) studies. Transfusion was initiated solely based on haemoglobin (Hb) measurement in nine studies, combining Hb measurement with an additional condition (epistaxis/poor health/clinical instability) in three studies and the criteria was not mentioned in four studies. The Hb threshold range for triggering transfusion was 3–8 g/dL. The number of patients receiving transfusion was explicitly reported in 10 studies (2421 patients enrolled, 217 underwent transfusion). The median proportion of patients who received transfusion in a study was 8.0% (Interquartile range: 4.7% to 47.2%; range: 0–100%; n=10 studies). Of the 217 patients requiring transfusion, 58 occurred before VL treatment initiation, 46 during the treatment/follow-up phase and the time was not mentioned in 113. This review describes the variation in clinical practice and is an important initial step in policy/guideline development, where both the patient's Hb concentration and clinical status must be considered.
SKP2‐mediated ubiquitination and degradation of KLF11 promotes osteoarthritis via modulation of JMJD3/NOTCH1 pathway
Authors: Huang Yuanchi , Pan Wenjie , Ma Jianbing
Published: May 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the main cause of cartilage damage and disability. This study explored the biological function of S‐phase kinase‐associated protein 2 (SKP2) and Kruppel‐like factor 11 (KLF11) in OA progression and its underlying mechanisms. C28/I2 chondrocytes were stimulated with IL‐1β to mimic OA in vitro. We found that SKP2, Jumonji domain‐containing protein D3 (JMJD3), and Notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1) were upregulated, while KLF11 was downregulated in IL‐1β‐stimulated chondrocytes. SKP2/JMJD3 silencing or KLF11 overexpression repressed apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, SKP2 triggered the ubiquitination and degradation of KLF11 to transcriptionally activate JMJD3, which resulted in activation of NOTCH1 through inhibiting H3K27me3. What's more, the in vivo study found that KLF11 overexpression delayed OA development in rats via restraining apoptosis and maintaining the balance of ECM metabolism. Taken together, ubiquitination and degradation of KLF11 regulated by SKP2 contributed to OA progression by activation of JMJD3/NOTCH1 pathway. Our findings provide promising therapeutic targets for OA.
Acetylcholinesterase is regulated by exposure of ultraviolet B in skin keratinocytes: A potential inducer of cholinergic urticaria
Authors: Wu Qiyun , Xia Yingjie , Guo Maggie Suisui , Au Tsz Yu , Yuen Gary K. W. , Kong Ivan , Wang Zhengqi , Lin Yingyi , Dong Tina T. X. , Tsim Karl W. K.
Published: May 2024

Cholinergic urticaria is a dermatological disease characterized by the presence of large patches of red skin and transient hives triggered by factors, such as exercise, sweating, and psychological tension. This skin problem is hypothesized to be attributed to a reduced expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh). Consequently, ACh is thought to the leak from sympathetic nerves to skin epidermis. The redundant ACh stimulates the mast cells to release histamine, triggering immune responses in skin. Here, the exposure of ultraviolet B in skin suppressed the expression of AChE in keratinocytes, both in in vivo and in vitro models. The decrease of the enzyme was resulted from a declined transcription of ACHE gene mediated by micro‐RNAs, that is, miR‐132 and miR‐212. The levels of miR‐132 and miR‐212 were markedly induced by exposure to ultraviolet B, which subsequently suppressed the transcriptional rate of ACHE. In the presence of low level of AChE, the overflow ACh caused the pro‐inflammatory responses in skin epidermis, including increased secretion of cytokines and COX‐2. These findings suggest that ultraviolet B exposure is one of the factors contributing to cholinergic urticaria in skin.
Long-term Follow-up of Hand-degloving Injury Treated by Conventional Methods
Authors: Ishii Hana , Moriya Koji , Narisawa Hiroko , Tsubokawa Naoto , Maki Yutaka , Shimada Kenichi
Published: May 2024

Despite medical advances, degloving injury remains one of the most difficult traumatic injuries to treat. The conventional method for treating degloving injury of the hand is reconstruction with a groin flap. However, few reports have described the mid- or long-term functional and aesthetic outcomes after a hand reconstruction with a groin flap. This case report describes a 68-year-old woman with no specific medical history who presented with a severe degloving injury of the right hand, caused by a roller machine. The area of skin loss was covered with a pedicled groin flap that was separated after 3 weeks. Five years after the reconstruction, she had poor functional and aesthetic outcomes. The Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand version of the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 57.5; the Hand20 score was 60; and the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire score was 37.5. The static two-point discrimination of the index and middle fingers was more than 15 mm, and Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination showed that the sensation thresholds of these fingers were purple and blue. The range of motion was 10-degree angle of extension and 60-degree angle of flexion for the metacarpophalangeal joints of the index and middle fingers. Grip strength was 0.0 kg; pulp pinch strength of the index and middle fingers was 1.1 and 0.8 kg, respectively; and side pinch of the index and middle fingers was 0.1 and 0.7 kg, respectively.
Active Occipital Motion with Digipressure as Preoperative Screening in Migraine Surgery
Authors: Raposio Edoardo , Raposio Giorgio , Baldelli Ilaria , Peled Ziv
Published: May 2024

Background:

Modern surgical therapy of chronic headaches/migraines is essentially based on the release/neurolysis of extracranial nerves, which, when compressed or inflamed, act as trigger points and, as such, trigger headache attacks. The aim of this article was to describe a novel maneuver we use as an aid in the preoperative planning of occipital trigger sites.

Methods:

In the period of January 2021–September 2023, we operated on 32 patients (11 men, 21 women, age range: 26–68 years), who underwent migraine surgery for occipital trigger point release. All patients were evaluated using the described preoperative maneuver. In a dedicated card, the levels of tenderness at each point were marked accordingly, differentiating them by intensity as nothing (−), mild (+), medium (++), or high (+++). Patients were then operated on at the points corresponding only to the ++ and +++ signs.

Results:

At 6-month follow-up, we observed significant improvement (>50%) in 29 patients (91%), with complete recovery in 25 patients (78%).

Conclusions:

In our experience, the maneuver described, in addition to being very simple, has been shown to have good sensitivity and reproducibility. We therefore recommend its use, especially for those surgeons beginning their practice in this particular area of plastic surgery.
Risk of recurrent stroke and dementia following acute stroke by changes in kidney function: results from the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
Authors: Maeda Toshiki , Woodward Mark , Jun Min , Sakamoto Yuki , Chen Xiaoying , Matsushita Kunihiro , Mancia Giuseppe , Arima Hisatomi , Anderson Craig S. , Chalmers John , Harris Katie
Published: May 2024

Background:

Limited data exist on the relationship between declining kidney function and cardiovascular events, dementia, and mortality in patients with a history of stroke.

Thus the aims of the study were to investigate functional relationships between dynamic kidney function change and cardiovascular outcomes, and clarify whether adding kidney parameters to conventional cardiovascular risk factors improves model discrimination.

Methods:

Post hoc analysis of the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) clinical trial of blood pressure lowering for the secondary prevention of stroke. We examined the association between dynamic kidney function defined as percentage change (declines of >30%, and >0 to ≤30%, and increases of ≥0 to <30%, and ≥30%) in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over 2 years and recurrent stroke, major cardiovascular events, dementia and all-cause death over the next 2 years using Cox proportional hazard models controlling for eGFR at registration and potential confounders. Restricted cubic splines were used to assess the functional relationships. C-statistics and Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) at 2 years were used to assess model discrimination.

Results:

In 4591 patients followed for a mean of approximately 2 years, 254 (5.5%) developed recurrent stroke, 391 (8.5%) had a major cardiovascular event, 221 (4.8%) developed dementia, and 271 (5.9%) died. Reverse J-like or U-like relationships were observed for percent declines in eGFR and outcomes. Using declines in eGFR of >0 to ≤30% as a reference, increased risks were evident for a greater decline (>30%) in relation to recurrent stroke [adjusted hazard ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–2.85], major cardiovascular event (2.24, 1.62–3.10) and all-cause death (2.09, 1.39–3.15). A larger increase (≥30%) in eGFR was also associated with a greater risk of all-cause death (1.96, 1.14–3.37). Improvements in the C-statistic were found by adding baseline eGFR and percent change compared with a model with conventional cardiovascular risk factors alone, for major cardiovascular events, dementia, and all-cause mortality.

Conclusion:

Declining kidney function following an incident cerebrovascular event is associated with additional risk of a major cardiovascular events, dementia, and 2-year mortality. However, a large increase in kidney function was also found to be associated with a higher risk of mortality.
Characteristics associated with responsiveness to isometric handgrip training in medicated hypertensive patients: secondary data analysis
Authors: Farah Breno Q. , Forjaz Claudia L.M. , O’Driscoll Jamie M. , Millar Philip J. , Oliveira Marcelo S. , Fecchio Rafael , Kanegusuku Helcio , Sousa Julio C.S. , Correia Marilia A. , Ritti-Dias Raphael M.
Published: May 2024

Objective:

Isometric handgrip training (IHT) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. However, factors that predict responsiveness to IHT are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the patient characteristics associated with the antihypertensive response to IHT using a recommended statistical approach for evaluating interindividual responses.

Methods:

Data from four randomized controlled trials were combined, totaling 81 patients undergoing IHT (48.8% women; 60 ± 11 years) and 90 control patients (45.6% women; 62 ± 12 years). IHT consisted of 4 × 2 min isometric contractions at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, performed three times/week for 8–12 weeks. BP was measured at baseline and following IHT and control interventions. The interindividual variation was assessed by the standard deviation of the individual responses (SDir), and linear regression analyses were conducted to explore response predictors.

Results:

IHT significantly decreased both SBP (−5.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) −9.5 to −1.3 mmHg) and DBP (−2.8; 95% CI −5.1 to −0.6 mmHg). The interindividual variation of BP change was moderate for systolic (SDir = 5.2 mmHg, 0.30 standardized units) and low for diastolic (SDir = 1.7 mmHg, 0.15 standardized units). Sex, age, and BMI were not associated with the antihypertensive effect of IHT. However, a higher baseline SBP (b = −0.467, P < 0.001) and absence of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers use (b = 0.340, P = 0.001) were associated with greater BP reductions.

Conclusion:

IHT reduced BP in medicated hypertensive patients regardless of age, sex, and BMI. Patients with a higher baseline SBP and those not prescribed dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were more responsive to IHT.
Association Between Workaholism and Headaches Causing Presenteeism
Authors: Matsuyama Kazufumi , Nagata Tomohisa , Odagami Kiminori , Nagata Masako , Kajiki Shigeyuki , Sakai Kosuke , Mori Koji
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study investigates the association between workaholism and headaches causing presenteeism among Japanese employees.

Methods

Used data from self-reporting questionnaire and annual health checkups. Workaholism was assessed using the Dutch Workaholic Scale and headaches causing presenteeism were identified as the symptom hindering work. We performed a logistic regression analysis adjusted for covariates.

Results

Among 5802 respondents, 3.7% cited headaches as the symptom hindering work. We found an association between workaholism and such headaches (odds ratios [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.03–1.08). Both working excessively (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.12) and working compulsively (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05–1.15) subscales were also related.

Conclusions

Workaholism may lead to productivity loss due to headaches, and addressing workaholism can prevent this loss. Combining health examination data with work hours data may enable the early detection of workaholism.
Disaster management – preparation and planning for acute care facilities
Authors: Gandra d’Almeida António , Coopersmith Craig M.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review

Both human-derived and naturally-occurring disasters stress the surge capacity of health systems and acute care facilities. In this article, we review recent literature related to having a disaster plan, facility planning principles, institutional and team preparedness, the concept of surge capacity, simulation exercises and advantages and disadvantages of each.

Recent findings

Evidence suggests that every institution should have a disaster plan and a dedicated team responsible for updating this plan. The disaster plan must be people-oriented and incorporate different perspectives and opinions so that all stakeholders feel included and can contribute to a joint response. Simulation exercises are fundamental for preparation so that the team functions seamlessly in uncommon times when disaster management transitions from a theoretical plan to one that is executed in real time. Notably, however, there are significantly different realities related to disaster management between countries and even within the same country or region. Unfortunately, key stakeholders such as hospital administration, board of directors and investors often do not believe they have any responsibility related to disaster management planning or response. Additionally, while a disaster plan often exists within an institution, it is frequently not well known or understood by many stakeholders. Communication, simple plans and well defined roles are some of the most important characteristics of a successful response. In extreme circumstances, adapting civilian facilities to manage high-volume warfare-related injuries may be adopted, but the consequences of this approach for routine healthcare within a system can be devastating.

Disaster management requires careful planning with input from multiple stakeholders and a plan that is frequently updated with repeated preparation to ensure the team is ready when a disaster occurs. Close communication as well as clearly defined roles are critical to success when transitioning from preparation to activation and execution of a disaster response.
Monitoring the venous circulation: novel techniques and applications
Authors: Longino August A. , Martin Katharine C. , Douglas Ivor S.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review

Venous pressure is an often-unrecognized cause of patient morbidity. However, bedside assessment of PV is challenging. We review the clinical significance of venous pressure measurement, existing techniques, and introduce the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) Score as a novel approach using doppler ultrasound to assess venous pressure.

Recent findings

Studies show clear associations between elevated venous pressure and adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Current venous pressure measurement techniques include physical examination, right heart catheterization (RHC), two-dimensional ultrasound, and a variety of labor-intensive research-focused physiological maneuvers. Each of these techniques have specific shortcomings, limiting their clinical utility. To address these gaps, Beaubien-Souligny et al. introduced the VExUS Score, a novel doppler ultrasound-based method that integrates IVC diameter with doppler measurements of the hepatic, portal, and renal veins to generate a venous congestion assesment. Studies show strong correlations between VExUS score and RHC measurements, and well as an association between VExUS score and improvement in cardiorenal acute kidney injury, diuretic response, and fluid status shifts. However, studies in noncardiac populations have been small, heterogenous, and inconclus

ive.

Early studies evaluating the use of doppler ultrasound to assess venous congestion show promise, but further research is needed in diverse patient populations and clinical settings.
Monitoring CO2 kinetics as a marker of cardiopulmonary efficiency
Authors: Sipmann Fernando Suarez , Giralt Juan Antonio Sanchez , Tusman Gerardo
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review

To describe current and near future developments and applications of CO2 kinetics in clinical respiratory and cardiovascular monitoring.

Recent findings

In the last years, we have witnessed a renewed interest in CO2 kinetics in relation with a better understanding of volumetric capnography and its derived parameters. This together with technological advances and improved measurement systems have expanded the monitoring potential of CO2 kinetics including breath by breath continuous end-expiratory lung volume and continuous noninvasive cardiac output. Dead space has slowly been gaining relevance in clinical monitoring and prognostic evaluation. Easy to measure dead space surrogates such as the ventilatory ratio have demonstrated a strong prognostic value in patients with acute respiratory failure.

The kinetics of carbon dioxide describe many relevant physiological processes. The clinical introduction of new ways of assessing respiratory and circulatory efficiency based on advanced analysis of CO2 kinetics are paving the road to a long-desired goal in clinical monitoring of critically ill patients: the integration of respiratory and circulatory monitoring during mechanical ventilation.
Comparison of mannitol and hypertonic saline solution for the treatment of suspected brain herniation during prehospital management of traumatic brain injury patients
Authors: Codorniu Anais , Charbit Emilie , Werner Marie , James Arthur , Hanouz Jean-Luc , Jost Daniel , Severin Armelle , Lang Elodie , Pottecher Julien , Favreau Malory , Weiss Emmanuel , Abback Paer Selim , Moyer Jean-Denis ,   TraumaBase Group
Published: May 2024

Background and importance

Occurrence of mydriasis during the prehospital management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) may suggest severe intracranial hypertension (ICH) subsequent to brain herniation. The initiation of hyperosmolar therapy to reduce ICH and brain herniation is recommended. Whether mannitol or hypertonic saline solution (HSS) should be preferred is unknown.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to assess whether HSS, compared with mannitol, is associated with improved survival in adult trauma patients with TBI and mydriasis.

Design/setting and participants

A retrospective observational cohort study using the French Traumabase national registry to compare the ICU mortality of patients receiving either HSS or mannitol. Patients aged 16 years or older with moderate to severe TBI who presented with mydriasis during prehospital management were included.

Outcome measures and analysis

We performed propensity score matching on a priori selected variables [i.e. age, sex and initial Coma Glasgow Scale (GCS)] with a ratio of 1 : 3 to ensure comparability between the two groups. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. The secondary outcomes were regression of pupillary abnormality during prehospital management, pulsatility index and diastolic velocity on transcranial Doppler within 24 h after TBI, early ICU mortality (within 48 h), ICU and hospital length of stay.

Results

Of 31 579 patients recorded in the registry between 2011 and 2021, 1417 presented with prehospital mydriasis and were included: 1172 (82.7%) received mannitol and 245 (17.3%) received HSS. After propensity score matching, 720 in the mannitol group matched 240 patients in the HSS group. Median age was 41 years [interquartile ranges (IQR) 26–60], 1058 were men (73%) and median GCS was 4 (IQR 3–6). No significant difference was observed in terms of characteristics and prehospital management between the two groups. ICU mortality was lower in the HSS group (45%) than in the mannitol group (54%) after matching [odds ratio (OR) 0.68 (0.5–0.9), P = 0.014]. No differences were identified between the groups in terms of secondary outcomes.

Conclusion

In this propensity-matched observational study, the prehospital osmotherapy with HSS in TBI patients with prehospital mydriasis was associated with a lower ICU mortality compared to osmotherapy with mannitol.