bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsiveness and Renewal in Canada's Community Colleges: A Study of Change in Organizations
Authors: Levin John S. , Dennison John D.
Published: April 2021

This study deals with change in organizations. Specifically, the focus is upon Canada's community colleges during a period of economic and socio-political change in the 1980s. Canadian colleges, born and nurtured within an unprecedented era of postsecondary educational expansion in the 1960s, were founded upon ideals of democratization of opportunity, accessibility, adaptability, and comprehensiveness. This study examines if and to what extent the colleges have retained these principles in confronting external and internal forces during the last decade. The theoretical model designed for the study involved a three-dimensional matrix in which theories of adaptation (Cameron, 1984) and power, (Mintzberg, 1979) form two dimensions. The third dimension is created from a variety of optional developmental models specific to the community college as an organization (McCartan, 1983; Cross, 1985; Dennison and Gallagher, 1986). The results of the study revealed that much of the idealism and innovation which guided the colleges in earlier days was still to be found. However, in attempting to deal with increased direction from government, and from reduced fiscal support, the colleges have sought several ways to adjust or adapt. In doing so they have become more enterpreneurial, less community-oriented, and more tightly managed. Diversity, however, was also evident, as adaptive strategies differed widely in various regions across Canada. By applying the matrix designed for the study, it was possible to determine that colleges were managing change by utilizing a variety of techniques. Change in community colleges involves a diversity of methods and produces a diversity of results.
A Contrast of Perry and Royce: Implications for the Study of College Students' Epistemological Orientations
Authors: Wilkinson William K.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Using Matching Grants to Facilitate Corporate-University Research Linkages: A Preliminary Examination of Outcomes from One Initiative
Authors: Bell Stephen
Published: April 2021

In the 1980’s the issue of corporate-university linkages has received markedly increased attention from governments, corporations, and universities. From government’s perspective, the drive to enhance corporate-university linkages is derived from the belief that these linkages will contribute to economic competitiveness. One method that has been used by government to encourage this interaction is through the provision of matching grants. Using public finance theory as the conceptual basis, the paper examines the preliminary outcomes of one government’s matching grant initiative. Through a compilation of data on university research revenues on corporate contract research and a questionnaire to companies that placed the research contracts in universities, the paper shows that matching grants, in the manner provided by the BILD program, may not be an effective mechanism to promote corporate-university research linkages. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further research and discusses the conceptual and methodological hurdles that can be encountered when attempting to asses the outcomes of a matching grant program, particularly as applied to corporate-university linkages.
Special Feature: Quality Assurance, A Framework for Canadian Universities
Authors: Webster William G.
Published: April 2021

Quality assurance programs have become an integral part of the health delivery processions during the past quarter century. They generally focus on the appropriateness and adequacy of services provided, with the objective of identifying and correcting deficiencies of service. Appropriateness and adequacy are assessed by the degree of adherence of practices to explicit standards, and these in turn relate to criteria of structure, process, outcome and efficiency. The key concepts and methodologies of quality assurance programs are reviewed, and it is suggested that they can be readily applied to Canadian universities. A quality assurance program within a university could be a powerful administrative and curricular development tool that would serve to define and enhance the quality of educational experiences of students.
Student Life in Canadian Universities: The Lessons of History
Authors: Axelrod Paul
Published: April 2021

This article explores the relationship between the history of the student experience and contemporary student life. It identifies enduring patterns in three areas: the social origins of students, student culture and activism, and the perceived academic quality of students. Reflecting their predominantly middle class backgrounds, university students have craved social status and feared the prospect of downward mobility, particularly in hard economic times. They have forged a student culture which serves to relieve academic tensions and strengthen their claim to social distinctiveness. Sexist outbursts by male students, past and present, speak to fundamental feelings of insecurity in the face of feminist movements. Political activism among a sizable minority of students, which predated the 1960s, now shows signs of re-emergence at a time when students sense that their long term goals may be frustrated. Finally, the professorial contention that students are academically less competent than ever has been heard before. A historical perspective, brought to this and other issues, should deepen understanding of the nature of student life.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Colleges: An Interpretive Study of the Piloting of Innovation Centres
Authors: McWilliam Carol L.
Published: April 2021

The implications of college involvement in innovation and entrepreneurship through centres which promote such directions have as yet received little consideration. This interpretive study examines the sociocultural context of Ontario Colleges at the macro, medial, and micro levels of the organization. Findings describe government fiscal policy, profitability motives, bureaucratic organizational norms, incrementalism, and political and power relationships impeding successful integration of innovation centres into colleges. Such factors have precluded consideration of several significant philosophical issues. Privatization of college education, the research, community service and teaching roles of colleges, and the socialization role which colleges might play in inculcating values and skills associated with innovation and entrepreneurship have yet to be examined. Clearly, if colleges are to achieve purposeful direction-setting for the future, all involved with this system must engage in interactive leadership to decide upon values, motives and educational philosophy related to innovation and entrepreneurship.
Myth Conceptions of Academic Work
Authors: Johnston Ian C.
Published: April 2021

The creation of the new university-colleges in British Columbia provides an opportunity for a reassessment of the professor's workload. How relevant are research and publication to the quality of undergraduate instruction? Universities have traditionally maintained that such research and publication are essential to excellent teaching. However, research studies for many years have consistently revealed that such a claim has no apparent basis in fact, and a number of other commentators have complained about the deleterious effect of research and publication on instruction. Thus, in the new university-colleges the instructors' workloads should not be based upon the models common in universities.
Gender, Education and Socioeconomic Status: Economic Theories, Credentialism and Beyond
Authors: Leiper Jean Mckenzie
Published: April 2021

Human capital theory, market signalling theory and credentialism are explored as ways of explaining the relationship between formal education and socioeconomic status. For both men and women, years of schooling and diplomas or degrees help to ensure access to high-skill jobs which carry high socioeconomic status. The market signalling approach is relevant for men because skills, are positively associated with socioeconomic status: employers value diplomas and degrees if they indicate that employees bring high skill levels to the labour market. The market signalling approach is not confirmed for women in this study. Some economists suggest that human capital theory is limited because it assumes women make voluntary choices to limit their education and job experience in favour of family responsibilities. Credentialism, by discounting the importance of skills acquired in school, ignores the issue of gender-based power differences that are related to skills. New theories are needed to address the issues of work and family commitments for both women and men.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Graduate Student Retention
Authors: Pyke Sandra W. , Sheridan Peter M.
Published: April 2021

Logistic regression analysis was utilized to predict the retention of 477 master's and 124 doctoral candidates at a large Canadian university. Selected demographic (e.g., sex, marital status, age, citizenship), academic (e.g., GPA, discipline, type of study, time to degree completion) and financial support variables (e.g., funding received from internal and external scholarships and from research, graduate and teaching assistantships) were used as independent variables. The dichotomous dependent variable was whether the student successful- ly completed the degree. Results for master's students indicate that higher graduate GPAs, increased length of time in the program, increased funding from all sources, full- or part-time registration status in the coursework only program, and full-time registration status in the coursework plus major research paper program significantly improve the student's chances of graduating with the degree. For doctoral candidates, only increased length of time in the program and increased funding from all sources significantly increase the chances of graduating with the doctorate.
Time Use and Educational Attainment: A Study of Undergraduate Students
Authors: Etcheverry Emily J. , Clifton Rodney A. , Roberts Lance W.
Published: April 2021

This research examines the effects of students' time use in academically related activities and paid employment on their educational attainment. A theoretical model containing fourteen background, social psychological, time use, and educational attainment variables was formulated. The data were obtained from questionnaires administered to 308 undergraduate students in the Faculty of Education at a Western Canadian University. A stratified random cluster sampling procedure was used to select classes of students. Structural equation modelling is used to test the relationships among the variables. Results indicate that when other variables are taken into account, the time students spend in academically related activities and paid employment has little effect on their educational achievement and their educational expectations.
Using the Delphi Method to Improve the Curriculum
Authors: Blair Shirely , Uhl Norman P.
Published: April 2021

An example of employing the Delphi technique for curriculum improvement at a Canadian university is described. This technique was used to identify essential course components to be included in a revised Office Administration program. In addition to providing the necessary information for updating and improving the curriculum, the Delphi technique allowed the department to receive information from and educate guidance counsellors and future employers with regard to the proposed changes in the program. The Delphi technique made it possible to obtain opinions from five diverse groups at relatively low cost and effort. The anonymity that the Delphi method provides helped to ensure that responses reflected accurately the opinions of the respondents. A number of areas of study and special competencies and skills were identified as being essential to a program designed to meet the needs of the automated workplace. The study determined that the program should encompass a much larger component in office technology than existed previously and that the focus of the program should be on information management rather than office administration. Along with the methodology, the advantages and disadvantages of using the Delphi technique for improving the quality of the curriculum are discussed.
Predictors of Time to Completion of Graduate Degrees
Authors: Sheridan Peter M. , Pyke Sandra W.
Published: April 2021

A multiple regression procedure was utilized to predict the time taken to complete graduate degree requirements for 395 master's and 79 doctoral students at a large Canadian university. Selected demographic (e.g., sex, age, marital status, registration status, citizenship), academic (e.g., undergraduate and graduate GPA, discipline, type of program) and financial support variables (funding received from internal and external scholarships and from research, graduate and teaching assistantships) were used as independent variables. Results for master's students indicate that full-time registration, increased financial support, higher graduate GPA and enrolment in a humanities discipline significantly decrease time to completion. Conversely, a thesis requirement and Canadian citizenship are associated with significantly slower degree progress. For doctoral students, enrolment in a natural sciences discipline, Canadian citizenship, full-time registration and increased funding significantly decrease the time taken to complete the doctorate.
Credit Courses on University Teaching for Graduate Students in Canadian Universities
Authors: Piccinn Serge , Picard Michelle
Published: April 2021

The results of a national survey of credit courses on university teaching and learning for graduate students in Canadian universities are reported. Six universities offer these semester length credit courses. All of these courses are available to all graduate students, but limited resources severely restrict the numbers who can actually take the courses. Half of the credit courses are sponsored by faculties of graduate studies. A range of benefits of these courses and suggested factors to consider in initiating similar courses are noted.
The Systematic Design and Implementation of a Training Program for Teaching Assistants
Authors: Saroyan Alenoush , Amundsen Cheryl
Published: April 2021

An increase has recently occurred in the number of programs which formally prepare teaching assistants (TAs) for their designated teaching responsibilities. These programs may also be seen as an investment in preparing the future professorate for their teaching roles. This paper describes how a program for the training of teaching assistants was conceptualized and implemented at McGill, a large research-oriented Canadian university. A review of the relevant literature is followed by a detailed description of the systematic approach to program development involving needs assessment, planning and implementation, and evaluation. The relationship between various levels of the University and the way in which these relationships have strengthened the TA training program are highlighted.
An Invitation to the Ethnographic Study of University Examination Behavior: Concepts, Methodology, and Implications
Authors: Albas Cheryl , Albas Dan
Published: April 2021

The topic of this paper is student life as it relates to examinations. There are two foci: first, the field of higher education and, second, qualitative methodology and theoretical implications for higher education, particularly with regard to dealing with exam-related stress in students. Data collection involved interviews, observation, 'Garfinkling,' and unobtrusive measures. The data analysis and theoretical implications are from our earlier previously published studies. They include student 'magic,' emotion work, impression management and examination dramaturgy. Brief synopses of these studies are included to provide clear relevance of the discussion.
Loose Connections: Crime and Policing on the University Campus
Authors: Gomme Ian , Micucci Anthony
Published: April 2021

This paper reviews literature on campus crime and security. It reports the findings of a case study of an in-house security force servicing a large postsecondary institution located in central Canada. Limited data on campus crime in Canada and the U.S. indicate that it is neither as frequent nor as serious as media and other reports suggest. Primary data on the demographic characteristics of security officers combined with information on recruitment, training, mobility, and job content point to the existence of occupational segmentation within this sector. The findings also underscore the prevalence of a professional crime control-oriented form of security provision and are consistent with those of recent Canadian and American studies of campus crime and policing. The need for future research on issues concerning illegality and security on university campuses is highlighted and policy recommendations addressing the transition to a more community-oriented approach are outlined.
Book review of "The Future Compatible Campus: Planning, Designing, and Implementing Information Technology in the Academy"
Authors: Bonin Kenneth-Roy
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Vécu et contraintes lors de l'application d'une nouvelle approche pédagogique: Une étude de cas québécoise en comptabilité.
Authors: Coulombe Daniel , Guilbert Louise , Lacombe Nicole , Mathieu Robert , Racine Helene
Published: April 2021

Cet article présente l'expérience vécue au Département des sciences comptables de l'Université Laval lors de la réforme des cours du baccalauréat. Cette réforme s'explique par les changements importants qui bouleversent la profession comptable et par l'écart grandissant entre les besoins des employeurs et les compétences et les attitudes professionnelles des finissants en comptabilité. En plus de présenter le contexte dans lequel s'est effectué la réforme, l'article fait état des obstacles rencontrés tout au long des modifications apportées au contenu des cours et, surtout, de l'implantation d'une nouvelle approche pédagogique. Le nouveau programme est centré sur une approche collaborative par problèmes où la participation de l'étudiant est fortement sollicitée. Un tel changement ne s'est pas fait sans rencontrer de nombreux obstacles. Par exemple, l'approche choisie a créé un niveau d'incertitude élevé chez les professeurs et a exigé, de leur part, d'allouer une partie importante de leur allouée au développement de matériel didactique. La perception des étudiants, obtenue à l'aide d'entrevues de groupe, était que les cours ne les préparaient pas adéquatement et que parfois, ils étaient inutiles. Nous proposons certains éléments de solution qui peuvent réduire l'impact des problèmes rencontrés lors de l'implantation d'une nouvelle approche pédagogique qui bouleverse certaines conceptions fortement ancrées.
Patterns of Women's Enrolment in University Mathematics, Engineering and Computer Science in Canada, 1972-1995
Authors: Gadalla Tahany M.
Published: April 2021

Efforts to ensure equity for women in scientific and technological disciplines must precede, or at least accompany, efforts to persuade them to pursue these studies. To achieve gender equity in these disciplines, factors discouraging women from full participation in them should be removed. Many psychological, sociological and institutional factors have been identified as contributors to the under-representation of women in these fields. For the aim of understanding and appraising these factors, this study offers a factual characterization of women's enrolment levels in mathematics, engineering, and computer science in Canadian universities and the change in these levels over the period 1972 to 1995. Findings indicate that patterns of women's enrolment in these three dis- ciplines are vastly different, a fact which suggests that factors specific to each discipline interact with and modify the effects of the more general sociological and psychological obstacles impeding women's participa- tion in them.
The Performance of "Gifted" High School Students in University
Authors: Grayson J. Paul
Published: April 2021

In Ontario, school boards are required to provide opportunities so that "gifted" students (i.e., those with exceptional abilities) can obtain learning experiences that are beyond those offered in regular classes. This study follows graduates of regular and gifted programs over four years of studies at York University in Toronto. Overall, it is found that having participated in a gifted program in high school does not result in increased levels of achievement in university; however, graduates of gifted high school programs have slightly higher self-assessed thinking and reasoning and problem-solving skills and are marginally faster in credit completion than other students. These findings aside, it is difficult to argue that participation in a high school gifted program confers an advantage students once they get to university.
Fields of Plenty, Fields of Lean: The Early Labour Market Outcomes of Canadian University Graduates by Discipline
Authors: Finnie Ross
Published: April 2021

This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the early career outcomes of recent Canadian Bachelor's level graduates by discipline based on three waves of the National Graduates Surveys, which comprise large, representative databases of individuals who successfully completed their programmes at Canadian universities in 1982, 1986, and 1990, with information gathered during interviews conducted two and five years after graduation for each group of graduates (1984-87, 1988-92, 1990-95). Many outcomes conform to expectations, typically reflecting the different orientations of the various disciplines with respect to direct career preparedness, with the professions and other applied disciplines generally characterised by lower unemployment rates, closer skill and qualification matches, higher earnings, and so on. On the other hand, while the "applied" fields also tend to perform well in terms of the more subjective measures regarding job satisfaction and the overall evaluation of the chosen programme, these outcomes also depart from what job market outcomes alone might have predicted (e.g., fine arts and humanities graduates are more satisfied than many others). Some implications of the findings are discussed and avenues for future research are suggested.
Principles of Learner-centered Curriculum: Responding to the Call for Change in Higher Education
Authors: Cleveland-Innes Martha , Emes Claudia
Published: April 2021

Using well-known tenets of student development and student success as a central organizing premise, it is suggested that higher education curriculum should include outcomes related to the development of students as competent, lifelong learners. This imperative is driven by demands on higher education to prepare graduates for complex, dynamic, and information based social and occupational experiences. Curricula that prepare students with appropriate knowledge and skills to manoeuvre a changed and changing society is in order. Labelled a learner-centred curriculum, this approach includes, but goes beyond, the already explored learner-centred instruction (Lieberman, 1994; McCombs & Whistler, 1997; SCCOE, 2000; Soifer, Young & Irwin, 1989) to content and skill development regarding the mechanisms of learning and growth.

RÉSUMÉ

Utilisant des principes bien connus du développement et du succès de l’étudiant comme prémisse centrale d’organisation, la réforme du programme d’enseignement supérieur doit inclure des résultants liés au développement de l’étudiant en tant qu’apprenti compétent à vie. Cet impératif est motivé par la nouvelle exigence en matière d’enseignement supérieur pour préparer les diplômés à des expériences sociales et professionnelles complexes, dynamiques, et basées sur l’information. Un nouveau programme qui prépare les étudiants à des connaissances et compétences appropriées pour faire avancer une société qui change constamment. Perçue comme un programme axé sur l’élève, cette approche inclu et dépasse le cadre de l’enseignement personnalisé déjà étudié à fond (Lieberman, 1994; McCombs & Whistler, 1997; SCCOE, 2000; Soifer, Young & Irwin, 1989). Elle comprend le développement du contenu et des aptitudes relatif aux mécanismes d’apprentissage et de croissance.
Change and Challenge: Ontario’s Collaborative Baccalaureate Nursing Programs
Authors: Kirby Dale
Published: April 2021

There is no formal mandate for or tradition of inter-sectoral collaboration between community colleges and universities in Ontario. Following a regulatory change introduced by the College of Nurses of Ontario in 1998, all Registered Nurse educational preparation was restructured to the baccalaureate degree level through province-wide adoption of a college-university collaborative nursing program model. Despite complex sectoral differences in organizational culture, mandates, and governance structures, this program model was promoted by nursing educators and policy-makers as an innovative approach to utilizing the post-secondary system’s existing nursing education infrastructure and resources. This paper provides an overview of the introduction of Ontario’s collaborative baccalaureate nursing programs and discusses some of challenges associated with implementing and maintaining such programs.

En Ontario, il n’y a pas de mandat offi ciel ni de tradition de collaboration intersectorielle entre les collèges communautaires et les universités. À la suite d’une modifi cation réglementaire apportée par l’Ordre des infi rmières et infi rmiers de l’Ontario en 1998, toute la formation pédagogique de niveau baccalauréat du personnel infi rmier a été restructurée par l’adoption à la grandeur de la province d’un modèle de programme de formation en sciences infi rmières offert conjointement par les collèges et les universités. En dépit de différences complexes entre ces deux secteurs aux plans de la culture organisationnelle, desmandats et des structures de gouvernance, les enseignants en soins infi rmiers et les décideurs ont fait la promotion de ce modèle de programme en tant qu’approche novatrice pour utiliser l’infrastructure et les ressources de formation en sciences infi rmières déjà en place dans le réseau postsecondaire. Cet article offre un aperçu de l’introduction des programmes ontariens de baccalauréat conjoint en sciences infi rmières et examine quelques-uns des obstacles associés à la mise en oeuvre et au maintien de ces programmes.
“I just didn’t feel like I fit in”: The role of habitus in university dropout decisions
Authors: Lehmann Wolfgang
Published: April 2021

In recent years, there has been an increasingly pervasive discourse regarding the need for high levels of post-secondary education for life course success in a knowledge economy. Correspondingly, most Western industrialized nations have seen a drastic increase in university enrolment. Although we do know that access to university continues to be constrained by social class, we know little about factors contributing to dropping out of university. Using qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews, in this paper I investigate whether first-generation student status and social class affect individuals’ university experiences and decisions to drop out. Key findings suggest that fi rst-generation students are more likely to leave university early – often despite solid academic performance. Reasons for leaving university without graduating are centred around class-cultural discontinuities, such as not fitting in, not “feeling university,” and not being able to relate to other students. These discontinuities are interpreted as a clash between an old and a newly developing habitus.

Un discours de plus en plus dominant souligne l’importance de poursuivre des études post-secondaires pour réussir dans une économie basée sur le savoir. On note également une croissance drastique des inscriptions universitaires dans la plupart des pays occidentaux industrialisés. Nous avons déjà que l’accès aux études universitaires est contraint par la classe sociale, mais les facteurs contribuant au décrochage sont moins connus. Sur la base de données qualitatives obtenues par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs, j’examine dans cet article le lien entre le fait d’être le premier ou la première de sa famille à accéder à l’université « première génération », la classe sociale et la décision de quitter l’université. Les principaux résultats de la recherche suggèrent que les étudiants dits de première génération sont plus susceptibles d’abandonner l’université de manière prématurée, souvent malgré une bonne performance universitaire. Les raisons expliquant leur départ se centrent sur des discontinuités de classe et de culture, par exemple le sentiment de ne pas être à sa place ou de ne pas appartenir à l’université, ainsi que des diffi cultés à entrer en relation avec les autres étudiantes et étudiants. Ces discontinuités sont interprétées comme un confl it entre un ancien habitus et un habitus en développement.
The Impact of Problem-Based Learning in an Interdisciplinary First-Year Program on Student Learning Behaviour
Authors: Manager Journal
Published: April 2021

Canadian universities are struggling to address seemingly contradictory challenges pertaining to undergraduate education: high demand and underfunding. A number of instruments, including the National Survey of Student Engagement (National Survey of Student Engagement, n.d.), have led to greater priority being placed on the undergraduate experience. Yet, strategies to ensure student satisfaction with their education, through initiatives such as small classes and personal contact with faculty, seem at odds with the large classes necessitated by fiscal imperatives. We carried out a systematic investigation of the impact of one problem-based learning course on first year students’ experiences. We also investigated the persistence of skills and attitudes learned in this single exposure to problem-based learning. The results of our investigation show that this course had very positive effects on the immediate and persistent behaviours of students. Our research provides empirical evidence of the effectiveness of problem-based learning and leads us to suggest how a problem-based approach might help universities enhance the quality of education and the undergraduate experience.
An Investigation of Selection Criteria for Admission to an Ontario University
Authors: Pollock Gordon , Bowman Richard J. , Gendreau Paul , Gendreau Lorna
Published: April 2021

The study investigated the effectiveness of five methods of university admission criteria in relation to academic results achieved after one year of university study. The admission criteria used were open admission, interview, teacher recommendations, Grade 13 academic achievement and SACU test scores. In addition these procedures were compared with a traditional method of admission at the university where the study was carried out. The characteristics of the admission groups were not significantly related to geographical distribution, sex distribution, government financial assistance, and attitude and personality questionnaire data. These characteristics were no different for these groups than the traditional method of selection and there was no significant difference between groups as to final first year grade point average or academic penalty i.e., probations and rustications. The open admissions group compared favourably on these latter variables with other admissions groups and particularly with the university's traditional method of admission.
Canadian Institutes in the Humanities and Social Sciences
Authors: Forster Audrey , McKinnirey John
Published: April 2021

This paper discusses the effectiveness and ultimate value of the growing number of research institutes in the humanities and social sciences. It looks at the different types in existence and their geographic distribution. It considers the motivation for and obstacles to establishing research institutes, points to the difficulties involved in their funding and operation and outlines arguments put forward by their proponents. Illustrated with examples are different objectives and functions of various kinds of institutes, their organizational structure and their relationship to the universities. The Max-Planck Institutes in Germany and Institutes of the Social Science Research Council in Britain are described. The paper concludes with a sketch of three fundamental types of institute, each with its own rationale: the academic Utopia, the small-scale institute for research in the humanities and the problem-solving or mission-oriented institute.
Differences in Grading Systems Among Canadian Universities
Authors: Taylor Hugh
Published: April 2021

This study examines the great diversity of grading systems used in twenty-three of Canada's largest universities. For analysis purposes the grading systems are divided into two main types. The first consists mainly of Ontario institutions using a percentage scale with the number of passing grades ranging from three to twelve. The second includes universities from nearly all sections of Canada where the four to ten passing grades are equated with either descriptive terms or grade-point categories. From the analysis various suggestions are offered which, if adopted, should greatly improve the communication value of grades and increase their effectiveness in decision-making.
A Model for Evaluating Program Costs: A General View
Authors: Vallerand Noel
Published: April 2021

The university accepts the responsibility of educational programs, carries out research programs and offers programs in diverse areas to the community at large. In order to do this, the university requires human and physical resources which, without taking into con-sideration their intrinsic value, are all translated into financial resources. It follows logically that this requires an allocation of resources for the different programs which takes into account the development priorities which the very implantation of the programs tries to reveal. But the process which consists of foreseeing the rational allocation of resources is extremely delicate, as much on the level of political significance, internal and external, as on the technical level which consists of focussing on the tools required for a new reading of budgetary reality.
Manpower Planning in the Professions
Authors: Stager David , Meltz Noah M.
Published: April 2021

Manpower planning has been the subject of discussion and heated debate for more than a decade. Proponents have claimed that planning will enhance economic growth, particularly when it relates to professional and skilled manpower.1 Opponents have claimed that such planning distorts the market and will lead to excess supply or excess demand and in either case is costly in terms of economic resources. Our objective in this paper is to outline the general issues in manpower planning, briefly look at what is being done today in Canada, and then offer some suggestions concerning directions manpower planning might take. This paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the subject since other studies have gone into far more depth.3 Instead, we want to raise what we consider to be the major questions concerning how and what manpower planning is done.
Perspectives on Policy Formation
Authors: Worth Walter H.
Published: April 2021

Most of the rhetoric about the relationship between policy formation and research is rooted in the familiar rational model. But as is so often the case in human affairs, our deeds deny our discourse} At best, the decision process can lay claim to only limited rationality. This paper seeks to offer at least a partial explanation for this phenomenon and to suggest some ways of improving the linkage between research and policy formation. To achieve this two-fold purpose three theories accounting for the non-utilization of research will be noted and followed by a brief description of certain ways in which administrators seem to use research. Then two major situational factors which influence our use pattern will be elaborated. Finally, some implications will be derived for future action within an increasingly political framework. Throughout, the usual litany about the short-comings of educational research will be avoided. The perspective for these observations is that of an administrator. Thus, their source is primarily experience and intuition, buttressed wherever possible by the wisdom to be found in the professional literature.
L'Evaluation éducationnelle à la télé-université
Authors: Riverin-Simard Danielle
Published: April 2021

Le pre´sent article veut faire e´tat des travaux de recherche portant sur la Te´le´-Universite´ effectue´s par l'Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, secteur Education en 1974-75 et poursuivis conjointement par ces deux organismes en 1975-77. Ces travaux ont fait l'objet d'un rapport-synthe`se et nous en pre´sentons ici les points saillants.
L'e´mergence et la mise en forme du me´tier d'universitaire au Moyen-Age
Authors: Turmel Andre
Published: April 2021

Un nouveau type de vie intellectuelle voit le jour dans le cadre du mouvement de renouveau urbain qui marque l'apparition de l'e´conomie marchande a` l'aube du 12e sie`cle. Mai^tresse de son recrutement et de l'organisation de son travail, la corporation universitaire acquiert son autonomie en luttant contre le pouvoir eccle´siastique et poli- tique. L'enseignant universitaire apparai^t comme un artisan de l'esprit dont la fonction est l'e´tude et l'enseignement avec ses me´thodes et ses instruments de travail. La pratique de l'universitaire me´die´val balance entre son statut de travailleur ou de privile´gie´. Les changements de l'Eglise et la naissance des Etats contribuent a` transformer l'exercice du me´tier d'universitaire. Ainsi sont graduellement mises en place les conditions socio- e´conomiques qui assureront le passage de l'intellectuel me´die´val a` l'humaniste de la Renaissance.
The OECD Review and Higher Education
Authors: Sheffield Edward , Noah Harold J. , Hamm-Brucher Hildegard
Published: April 2021

Professor Sheffield tells how the OECD review of educational policies in Canada proceeded, who were involved, and what the examiners stressed in their report. He reports also on a tentative assessment of its impact, most of which is potential or not provable. Professor Noah describes the history and procedures of OECD's reviews of the national education policies of its member states - exercises in the comparative study of education, with practical benefits. Dr. Hamm-Briicher reflects in a highly personal way on her experience as a member of the examining team and her disappointment with the meagre response to the final report on the part of Canadian governments and academics. Nevertheless, she believes strongly in the kind of international co-operation represented by the OECD reviews.
aO2, SaO2, dan Rasio PaO2/FiO2 Sebagai Prediktor Derajat Keparahan Pasien COVID-19 Rawat Inap
Authors: Ngakan Putu Parsama Putra  , Aditya Sri Listyoko  , Anthony Christanto
Published: April 2021

Pendahuluan: Saat ini COVID-19 masih menunjukkan peningkatan dalam hal prevalensi dan mortalitasnya. COVID-19 mempunyai gejala berupa demam, batuk kering, fatique, dan kemudian berkembang menjadi sesak napas sampai gagal napas dan ARDS. Happy hipoxemia ditemukan pada sebagian pasien yaitu secara subjektif pasien tidak menyatakan adanya sesak, namun didapatkan gangguan oksigenasi. Diperlukan suatu parameter untuk mengevaluasi derajat oksigenasi pada semua pasien COVID-19 yang dapat menjadi prediktor derajat keparahan COVID-19 dan memberikan suatu gambaran untuk rencana tatalaksana lebih lanjut. Objective : Menganalisis hasil pemeriksaan Analisis Gas Darah pada pasien yang dirawat di rumah sakit dan hubungannya dengan derajat keparahan penyakit COVID-19.Metode: Analisis observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional, single-center, pada 71 pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 dilakukan antara bulan April-Juli 2020 pada pasien yang dirawat di Ruang COVID RS Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang, Indonesia. Analisis statistik digunakan untuk menilai hasil analisis gas darah dengan derajat keparahan penyakit. Hasil: Subjek terdiri dari 71 pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok, 25 pasien (35,21% ) kelompok ringan sedang dan 46 pasien (64,79%) kelompok berat. Demografis dan karakteristik klinis menunjukkan bahwa usia, riwayat merokok, keluhan sesak dan penggunaan oksigen berhubungan dengan derajat keparahan penyakit (masing masing dengan p<0,05). Analisis gas darah menunjukkan hubungan antara derajat keparahan penyakit dan derajat oksigenasi yang dinilai dari PaO2, SaO2 BGA, PaO2/FiO2 dan original PaO2 (masing masing dengan p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Derajat oksigenasi berhubungan dengan keparahan pasien COVID-19 rawat inap.
Hubungan Antara Nilai Leukosit, Rasio Jumlah Neutrofil-limfosit (NLR), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) dan Prokalsitonin dengan Skor Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD-2) sebagai Prediktor Derajat Keparahan Penyakit pada Anak Sakit Kritis
Authors: Rismala Dewi  , Risa Imanillah
Published: April 2021

Pendahuluan: Pasien anak yang dirawat di Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) merupakan populasi rentan dengan derajat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Pemeriksaan laboratorium darah (darah rutin dan biomarker infeksi) merupakan pemeriksaan penunjang yang sering digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi pasien anak. Selain itu beberapa metode skoring seperti skor Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD-2) juga sering dipakai untuk menilai derajat keparahan pasien anak. Pemeriksaan untuk menilai skor PELOD-2 tidak selalu dapat dilakukan di fasilitas kesehatan sekunder dengan sumber daya terbatas. Pemeriksaan angka-leukosit, rasio neutrofil-limfosit, CRP dan Prokalsitonin diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif pemeriksaan ketika skoring PELOD-2 tidak dapat dilakukan di fasilitas kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara angka leukosit, rasio neutrofil-limfosit, CRP dan Prokalsitonin dengan skor PELOD-2. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi retrospektif komparatif pada 75 pasien anak yang dirawat di PICU RSCM sejak bulan Januari 2019-Agustus 2020 dan telah lulus uji etik. Pasien anak yang memiliki data tidak lengkap merupakan kriteria eksklusi penelitian. Untuk melihat hubungan variabel secara independen terhadap skor PELOD-2 digunakan analisis korelasi Spearman. Regresi logistik digunakan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan masing-masing variabel independen secara bersamaan dengan skor PELOD-2. Hasil: Pada analisis korelasi Spearman, didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara nilai leukosit (0,059; IK90%) dan Prokalsitonin (0,076; IK90%) dengan skor PELOD-2. Dari hasil regresi logistik juga ditemukan bahwa parameter yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi skor PELOD-2 adalah angka leukosit dan Prokalsitonin. Kesimpulan: Nilai leukosit dan kadar Prokalsitonin bisa digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk menilai derajat keparahan anak ketika skor-PELOD2 tidak memungkinkan untuk dikerjakan di fasilitas kesehatan.
Evaluación del método químico con ácido sulfúrico para la extracción de goma de tara (Caesalpinia spinosa)
Authors: Bermeo Macas Rusbelt Alexander , Ordoñez Gutiérrez Oscar Rodrigo , Chalco Sandoval Wilson Rolando
Published: April 2021

La tara es una especie forestal originaria de la zona andina, cuenta con un gran potencial en la agroexportación y agroindustria, ya que puede usarse como materia prima para la producción de gomas, misma que se caracteriza por ser uno de los subproductos más demandados en el mercado internacional al ser aplicado como aditivo en la industria alimentaria, tomando en cuenta esto, en la presente investigación se planteó la evaluación del método químico con ácido sulfúrico para la extracción de goma de tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), con el propósito de generar valor agregado a la especie, para conseguirlo, primero se determinó las condiciones óptimas para la extracción de goma de tara  por el método químico con ácido sulfúrico, para ello se realizó 5 tratamientos con diferentes tiempos de solubilización (rango de 15 minutos), a los cuales se evaluó las características físico-químico y organoléptico; además, los tratamientos fueron analizados en función del rendimiento de extracción de la goma de tara, tomando en cuenta que el rendimiento sea lo más alto posible sin descuidar la calidad de la goma. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento T3 (temperatura de solubilización 80ºC, concentración de ácido sulfúrico 72 % y tiempo de contacto de 60 minutos) presenta las mejores características de calidad de goma, en función del análisis organoléptico (color, olor y textura); el rendimiento de extracción de la goma de tara fue 22%.
Identificación y densidad poblacional de las plagas en el cultivo de Cucurbita maxima Dutch variedad macre en tres microclimas de Huánuco, Perú
Authors: Venancio-Jorge Arturo Einstein
Published: April 2021

En el período comprendido de octubre de 2018 a marzo de 2019, se identificaron y se evaluaron las densidades poblacionales de las plagas del cultivo de zapallo (Cucurbita maxima Dutch) variedad macre en 3 parcelas ubicadas en distintas localidades y pisos altitudinales de la región Huánuco: Panao con 2424 msnm, Molinos con 2409 msnm y Umari con 2635 msnm. En cada parcela se colocaron trampas pegantes de colores y paños humedecidos con cerveza como atrayente alimenticio para la captura de especímenes, insectos y otras plagas. La colecta de los insectos se realizó en viales entomológicos, los cuales fueron rotulados con la fecha y el sitio de colecta, posteriormente estos insectos fueron llevados al laboratorio para ser identificados; entre los resultados se registra un total de 10 476 individuos plaga entre insectos y moluscos. Siendo la parcela del distrito de Panao que alberga el mayor número de individuos representando el 82.39 % de la totalidad, seguida por la parcela de Molinos con 1382 individuos (13.19 %), y en Umari 462 individuos que representan el 4.41%.
NGO’s Intervention to Bring Change in the Society- A Case Study of ‘SIRRA'
Authors: D’Mello Laveeena
Published: April 2021

Any organization, whether NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) or Government, involved in the rural or urban development is making concerted efforts in diverse activities. Some NGO’s are involved in helping weaker sections of the society such as small andmarginal farmers, agricultural labourers, reservation castes, while others engage in, setting up schools and hospitals in the rural areas, provision of better nutrition to children, health intervention, family welfare, organizing vocational training to enable youth and special programmes formulated for senior citizens. Srinivas Institute of Rural Reconstruction Agency (SIRRA) is one such NGO engaged in Rural Welfare activities for the past Ten years. This NGO is formed under the aegis of A. Shama Rao Foundation, which is well known in the field of quality education services, and sponsored over nineteen colleges. SIRRA has a team of experienced trainers and resource persons who would always guide the rural development activities in Dakshina Kannada District. With the rich knowledge, skills and contacts gained, SIRRA organized various programme and provides opportunity for student Social Workers to practice their field practicum. This was done in the collaboration with Srinivas Institute of Medical Science and Research centre, Mangalore. SIRRA organized number of community outreach programmes, medical camps, street plays, awareness programmes etc. for the disadvantaged sections of the society. This study explores the intervention activities and its impact on the society, through the case study.
Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring And ECG Detection using Red Tacton
Authors: Sungeetha Dr. D. , Pooja P. , Subhasshini R.
Published: April 2021

Diabetes mellitus claims many lives each year. It influences the body in different ways by prompting numerous genuine sicknesses and untimely mortality. In addition to diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular disease causes death and disability and a primary cause of acute hospital bed days and physician visits. The aim of this research work is to mark an instantaneous noninvasive small, compact and minimal effort gadget to monitor glucose and to detect ECG signal with the help of the Bio-medical sensors which makes it totally versatile.