bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
تحليل القدرة التنافسية للمصارف التجارية في العراق للمدة 2004- 2012
Authors: كاظم فريد جواد , زين الدين منتصر علي
Published: December 2018

أجُريتَ هذه الدراسة على عينة من المصارف التجارية في العراق أختيرت على وفق عدة اسس وهي عشرون مصرفاً منها مصروفان حكوميان وثمانية عشر مصرفاً تجارياً خاصاً, ويهدف البحث إلى التعرف على نشاط المصارف التجارية في العراق من خلال الوصول والأقتراب من نقاط القوة والضعف لأدائها والتعرف على قدرتها التنافسية, وسعياً لتحقيق هذه الهدف, لذا أعتمدت معايير معينة توضح القدرة التنافسية لهذه المصارف وبيان أدائها المالي. أشارت نتائج البحث إلى أن المصارف التجارية مازالت تعاني من ضعف الامكانيات وفاعلية التأثير في الاقتصاد العراقي فعلى الرغم من أن المصارف التجارية في العراق لها باعٌ طويل وتاريخ عريق بالعمل المصرفي إلا أنها مازالت محدودة النشاط, كما أسُتنتج؛ أنهُ ماتزال المصارف التجارية في العراق بعيدة عن أهداف السياسات الاقتصادية, حيث ماتزال المصارف التجارية الحكومية هي التي تقوم بالوظائف الملقاة على عاتقها( منذ زمن طويل) لإعادة توظيف المدخرات نحو متطلبات الاقتصاد العراقي على الرغم من فقدان الأهمية إلا أن هذه الوظائف أصبحت كروتين تقوم بها هذه المصارف, مثل عملية توزيع الرواتب لموظفي أو وزارات الدولة. أما المصارف الخاصة فهي بعيدة كل البعد عن مايتطلبهُ الاقتصاد فهي تقوم بخدمة ماتتطلبها أهدافها الخاصة. كما يأخد على هذه المصارف أن العمليات المصرفية فيها تعاني لاسيما الحكومية منها من إجراءاتها الطويلة والروتينية وأستغراقها وقتاً طويلاً لأدائها, إلى جانب تعدد المستويات الإدارية التي تمر بها عملية طلب الخدمة المصرفية لغرض إنجازها, وهذا يؤدي بالتأكيد إلى زيادة تكاليف الخدمة المصرفية ومصروفاتها الثانوية, ومن ثم سيؤدي إلى أنخفاض الأرباح. كما أظهرت النتائج أن المصارف الخاصة هي أكثر تنافسيةً من المصارف الحكومية بحسب معياري الربحية والأمان, إلا أن المصارف الحكومية كانت أكثر تنافسيةً وتميزاً من حيث معيار الحصة السوقية
سبل النهوض بمشاركة المرأة الفلسطينية في النشاط الخاص
Authors: علي سمير عبد الله
Published: December 2018

تتناول هذه الدراسة بالتحليل واقع ريادة الأعمال في أوساط النساء الفلسطينيات، مع تركيز البحث عن أسباب الضعف الشديد في انتشارها مقارنة مع ريادة الأعمال في أوساط النساء في الدول الأخرى، وضعفها النسبي بالمقارنة مع مستوى انتشار الريادة في أوساط الرجال في فلسطين. وتهدف الدراسة إلى اقتراح سياسات وتدخلات عملية للنهوض بريادة النساء انطلاقا من أهمية زيادة مشاركة المرأة الفلسطينية في النشاط الاقتصادي، ومن الإدراك بأن النشاط الريادي يوفر فرصة لتحقيق استقلالية المرأة، وإثبات قدراتها ومواهبها من خلال المشاركة الاقتصادية، وعلى قدم المساواة مع الرجل. هذا فضلا عن أن النشاط الريادي بات يشكل قاطرة رئيسة لتحقيق التنمية. فزيادة معدل النشاط الريادي لدى نصف المجتمع من حيث العدد ومن حيث مستويات التحصيل العلمي، من شأنه أن يعمل على زيادة الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، وتوفير عدد كبير من فرص العمل، إضافة إلى النتائج الايجابية الأخرى لزيادة النشاط الريادي بالنسبة لدخل المرأة ونوعية حياة أسرتها بوجه خاص، وفي النشاط الاقتصادي والمجتمعي بشكل عام
تأثير مبادرات المسؤولية الاجتماعية في الأداء المالي للوحدة الاقتصادية وخلق قيمة لها
Authors: يحيى عباس حميد , عبد دجلة عبد الحسين
Published: December 2018

لقد كتب الكثير من الباحثين عن المسؤولية الاجتماعية وإستراتيجيات الأعمال والميزة التنافسية , وقد أعطى الباحثون اهتماماَ خاصاَ  للعلاقة بين المسؤولية الأقتصادية والاجتماعية , ولكن ما هو مفقود في هذا الجانب هو  كيف يمكن للوحدات الاقتصادية أن تستخدم كفاءاتها الأساسية لدفع مبادرات المسؤولية الاجتماعية بحيث تستطيع تحقيق ميزة تنافسية كبيرة وخلق قيمة لها  ؟ . 

    يهدف البحث الحالي الى التحقق من رأي مفاده " أن الأهداف الأقتصادية والأجتماعية على المدى البعيد ليست متعارضة بطبيعتها بل متكاملة بأهدافها  الأساسية " , فضلاَ عن التأكد من ان المسؤولية الاجتماعية للوحدات الاقتصادية تتضمن بعدين أقتصادي وأجتماعي وأنه لابد على الوحدة الاقتصادية السعي الى الأبداع في كل منهما , وقد توصل البحث الى مجموعة من الأستنتاجات كان أبرزها وجود ترابط بين الأداء الاقتصادي والأداء الاجتماعي يستلزم أطراَ واضحة للقياس والأفصاح وأن الأفصاح عن مسؤولية الأداء الاجتماعي يؤدي الى نتائج أيجابية مؤثرة في الأداء المالي ويسهم في أضافة قيمة للوحدة الاقتصادية
Cystic Fibrosis: A Deadly Disease and the Vast Majority are Unaware of It
Authors: Sarkar Probir Kumar , Kabir ARM Luthful
Published: December 2018

Abstract not available

Bangladesh J Child Health 2018; VOL 42 (3) :105-107
Mediastinal Cystic Teratoma with Right Sided Extra Renal Wilms’ Tumor - A Rare Case Report
Authors: Morshed AKMA , Islam S , Alam K
Published: December 2018

A teratoma of the mediastinum is an uncommon germ cell tumor. Five percent of germ cell tumors are extragonadally located and men are affected more than women .Most mediastinal teratoma produce no symptoms, but we are presenting a case which was present with respiratory distress in early childhood. Classical wilm’s tumor usually found within the kidney but rarely it can occur in extra renal situations. Combination of these two is not reported until today we have searched extensively. We are presenting a 26 month old boy with mediastinal cystic teratoma with right sided extra renal wilms’ tumor which may be the first reported case. Combined effort of various concern departments ensures the diagnosis and management of such a rare case.

Bangladesh J Child Health 2018; VOL 42 (3) :155-158
Abstract from Current Literature Vol.42(3)
Authors: Editor -
Published: December 2018

Abstract not available

Bangladesh J Child Health 2018; VOL 42 (3) :166
Notes and News Vol.42(3)
Authors: Editor -
Published: December 2018

Abstract not available

Bangladesh J Child Health 2018; VOL 42 (3) :167
Gender consciousness through applied theatre
Authors: Oliveira Catarina Sales , Monteiro Alcides A. , Ferreira Sílvia Pinto
Published: December 2018

This paper describes an experience of the use of applied theatre for the promotion of gender equality. The fact that women continue to face multiple forms of discrimination as human beings, citizens and professionals justified the search of alternative training models. The Empowerment Labs focused on the amplification of power, freedom and action of two groups of women: university students and unemployed women. The core of the approach followed was guided by a fundamental question: ‘can theatre raise consciousness and empowerment in the context of gender equality?’ The results obtained through different internal assessment tools provide evidence of change in what feminist awareness and personal empowerment are concerned. We present and discuss the process and results of this experience including the advantages and limitations of applied theatre in certain types of outcomes.
Characteristics and Practices of Gastro-tourists: Application for a 6+ Gastro-cluster Destination Development Model
Authors: Williams Helena A. , Yuan Jingxue (Jessica) , Williams, Robert L.
Published: December 2018

This research focuses on the characteristics and practices of self-identified gastro-tourists—travelers who plan excursions entirely or partially to experience other cultures through intense experiential gastronomic activities. This is the first empirical study that examines differences
between ideal and actual gastro-tourist practices that include: number of activities in a given trip, travel distance between activities, spending practices across deliberate or incidental status, and identification with a culture. The study reports that overall travel and spending practices
of gastro-tourists across generations (Baby Boomers, GenXers, and Millennials) are more alike than different. The study also identifies attributes and strategies that can be used to match the ideal desires and expectations of both deliberate and incidental gastro-tourists and found that 40%
of tourists' most memorable gastro-experiences began as incidental. The study concludes by proposing a 6+ Gastro-cluster Destination Development Model that decision makers or planners in the tourism and/or hospitality industries could consider as they create or expand local gastro-tourism
initiatives.
The Sterile–Active Neutrino Flavor Model: The Imprint of Dark Matter on the Electron Neutrino Spectra
Authors: Lopes Ilídio
Published: December 2018

Contact interactions between sterile neutrinos and dark matter particles in a hidden sector have been suggested as a good solution to simultaneously resolve the dark matter problem and anomalies in neutrino experiments. In this non-standard particle physics model, sterile and active neutrinos change their flavor through vacuum oscillations and matter (or Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein) oscillations, in which the latter mechanism of flavor oscillation depends strongly on the concentration of dark matter in the Sun’s core. We found that a large concentration of dark matter in the Sun’s interior changes substantially the shape of 8B and hep electron neutrino spectra, but has an insignificant impact on the other neutrino spectra (i.e., pp, pep, 7Be, 15O, 13N, and 17F). The strength of the interaction of the dark matter particles with neutrinos depends on an effective coupling constant, G

χ
, which is an analog of the Fermi constant for the hidden sector. By using the latest data on the 8B solar neutrino flux, we found that G

χ
must be smaller than 0.5 × 109
G
F for this particle physics model to be in agreement with the data.
Three-dimensional Circulation Driving Chemical Disequilibrium in WASP-43b
Authors: Mendonça João M. , Tsai Shang-min , Malik Matej , Grimm Simon L. , Heng Kevin
Published: December 2018

Spectral features in the observed spectra of exoplanets depend on the composition of their atmospheres. A good knowledge of the main atmospheric processes that drive the chemical distribution is therefore essential to interpret exoplanetary spectra. An atmosphere reaches chemical equilibrium if the rates of the forward and backward chemical reactions converge to the same value. However, there are atmospheric processes, such as atmospheric transport, that destabilize this equilibrium. In this work we study the changes in composition driven by a 3D wind field in WASP-43b using our Global Circulation Model, THOR. Our model uses validated temperature- and pressure-dependent chemical timescales that allow us to explore the disequilibrium chemistry of CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4. In WASP-43b the formation of the equatorial jet has an important impact on the chemical distribution of the different species across the atmosphere. At low latitudes the chemistry is longitudinally quenched, except for CO2 at solar abundances. The polar vortexes have a distinct chemical distribution since these are regions with lower temperature and atmospheric mixing. Vertical and latitudinal mixing have a secondary impact on the chemical transport. We determine graphically the effect of disequilibrium on the observed emission spectra. Our results do not show any significant differences in the emission spectra between the equilibrium and disequilibrium solutions for C/O = 0.5. However, if C/O is increased to 2.0, differences in the spectra due to the disequilibrium chemistry of CH4 become non-negligible. In some spectral ranges the emission spectra can have more than 15% departure from the equilibrium solution.
Comparative larval ultramorphology of some myrmecophilous Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), with a first description of the larvae of Amidobia talpa (Heer O, 1841) and Oxypoda haemorrhoa (Mannerheim C.G., 1830), associated with the Formica rufa species group
Authors: Staniec Bernard , Zagaja Mirosław , Pietrykowska-Tudruj Ewa , Wagner Grzegorz K.
Published: December 2018

The paper describes the external structures of the late larval stages of two Palearctic myrmecophilous staphylinids:AmidobiatalpaandOxypodahaemorrhoaassociated with theFormicarufaspecies group. This is the first-ever description of the larva ofAmidobia, and the only complete, detailed account of the morphology of this developmental stage in the genusOxypodacurrently available. For the first time in these two genera, 13 and 10 larval diagnostic features, respectively, are proposed. Morphological differences have been established between known and the newly described larvae of five species (genera) of myrmecophilous and one non-myrmecophilous Aleocharinae, belonging to three tribes.AmidobiatalpaandO.haemorrhoaare probably typical, tiny predators, like most other Aleocharinae, including non-myrmecophilous ones. Being very small and highly mobile, they are ignored by worker ants. Not surprisingly, no particular larval morphological modifications were found to enable them to survive among ants. Such features have, however, evolved in the larvae of larger aleocharines, that is, those that are perceived by ants and are wholly integrated with their hosts in the ant nest (e.g.Lomechusa). This comparative analysis of the functional morphology of the larvae of known myrmecophilous Aleocharinae is a springboard to further such studies of these interesting insects.
Today’s Demands on the Profession. . .and on Us
Authors: Yoder-Wise Patricia S.
Published: December 2018

As more studies show the vital role nurses play in patient outcomes, the public is becoming more aware of differences between hospitals. Those same differences exist in other nursing services, but those areas have not been studied in depth as much as hospitals have been.
Nutrition, obesity and hormones
Authors: Giammanco Marco , Lantieri Laura , Leto Gaetano , Pescia Fulvio , Di Majo Danila
Published: December 2018

Obesity is a chronic pathological condition with a multifactorial aetiology, characterised by an excessive body fat accumulation with multiple organ-specific consequences. Emerging evidence highlights that obesity appears to be associated with multiple alterations in the endocrine system. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between obesity and this system remain still controversial. This review discusses the impact of obesity on various endocrine systems and, in particular, would provide a general overview on the biochemical changes that may occur in each of these axes in association with obesity.
Pharmacological treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Special considerations of the new German guideline
Authors: Steinmeyer Juergen , Bock Fritjof , Stöve Johannes , Jerosch Jörg , Flechtenmacher Johannes
Published: December 2018

The pharmacological treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a purely symptomatic therapy, which often ensures that the mobility of the patient is successfully retained. This article refers to the recommendations and opinions regarding the pharmacotherapy of knee OA contained in the new guideline of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF), highlighting several important aspects and describing the considerations underlying the decision-making process. With this article it is hoped that therapeutic effectiveness can be realistically estimated, that any risks of medication errors and avoidable side effects can be reduced, and that further helpful measures can be taken into consideration.
Agricultural Communications Skills, Abilities And Knowledge Desired By Employers Compared To Current Curriculum: A Literary Review
Authors: Corder Jessica , Irlbeck Erica
Published: December 2018

The agricultural communications academic discipline has existed for more than 100 years. In that time, approximately 40 academic programs nationwide have formed in some capacity to prepare students for success in the classroom and the workplace after graduation. In the past 25 years, numerous studies relating to the skills, abilities and knowledge employers and industry professionals desire in agricultural communications graduates, as well as the agricultural communications curriculum, have been conducted. The purpose of this research was to review the existing literature from agricultural communications journals, conference proceedings, and theses and dissertations on the topic. This literary review examined 17 articles and found the most popular skills and abilities desired by employers over the years were written communication skills, character skills, visual communications skills, and oral communication skills. The skills found in the curriculum currently being taught were written communication skills, visual communication skills, and oral communication skills.
Spanning the Gap: The Confluence of Agricultural Literacy and Being Agriculturally Literate
Authors: Clemons Chris , Lindner James R. , Murray Bruce , Cook Mike P. , Sams Brandon , Williams Gwendolyn
Published: December 2018

The purpose of the study was to examine the confluence of agricultural literacy, what it means to be agriculturally literate, and if a gap between agricultural literacy and being agriculturally literate existed. Two primary research questions framed this study: 1) How do agriculture professionals define agricultural literacy? 2) What does it mean to be agriculturally literate? While the terms literacy and literate are often used synonymously they have important and different meanings. This study used the Delphi Study Technique for determining consensus. The Delphi panel consisted of engaged agricultural professionals from seven states. These professions represented a broad spectrum of agricultural careers and experience. Each panel member was recognized as a leader in his or her field. The findings indicated that participants did not discern a difference between agricultural literacy and being agriculturally literate in regards to reading, writing, and speaking about agriculture. This study supports the conclusion that the terms agriculturally literate and agricultural literacy are used interchangeably. Agricultural professional may not be aware of the inherent differences between possessing agricultural literacy and being agriculturally literate.
The State of the Profession: STEM in Agricultural Education
Authors: Swafford Marshall
Published: December 2018

Recently, the agricultural education profession has advocated its relationship with STEM education. Agricultural education has been identified as an effective context to support the components of STEM through analysis of data from student and teacher attitudes and results of experiments and quasi-experiments. However little attention has been paid to the attitudes and behaviors of agricultural education faculty. Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to describe the attitudes and self-identified STEM supportive behaviors of agricultural education faculty (n = 112). Generally, agricultural education faculty held positive attitudes toward STEM in agricultural education programs. However, differences existed between land-grant and nonland-grant faculty as well as faculty holding STEM appointments and those without. Agricultural education faculty engaged in teaching and programming behaviors which support STEM in agricultural education but, differences between STEM-appointed faculty and non-STEM appointed faculty were found. Recommendations were made to encourage teacher educators to facilitate partnerships with faculty at other institutions to maximize the impact of the profession on student learning in STEM and agricultural education. Future research should be conducted to identify promising practices which engage non-STEM appointed faculty in STEM supportive behaviors and research.
Large contrast in the vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects across the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the SWAAMI–RAWEX campaign
Authors: Vaishya Aditya , Babu Surendran Nair Suresh , Jayachandran Venugopalan , Gogoi Mukunda M. , Lakshmi Naduparambil Bharathan , Moorthy Krishnaswamy Krishna , Satheesh Sreedharan Krishnakumari
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Measurements of the vertical profiles of the optical properties (namely the extinction
coefficient and scattering and absorption coefficients respectively
σext ∕ σscat ∕ σabs)
of aerosols have been made across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using an
instrumented aircraft operated from three base stations – Jodhpur (JDR),
representing the semi-arid western IGP; Varanasi (VNS), the central IGP
characterized by significant anthropogenic activities; and the industrialized
coastal location in the eastern end of the IGP (Bhubaneswar, BBR) – just
prior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon. The vertical profiles
depicted region-specific absorption characteristics, while the scattering
characteristics remained fairly uniform across the region, leading to a
west–east gradient in the vertical structure of single-scattering
albedo (SSA). Integrated from near the ground to 3 km, the highest
absorption coefficient and hence the lowest SSA occurred in the central IGP
(Varanasi). Size distribution, inferred from the spectral variation of the
scattering coefficient, showed a gradual shift from coarse-particle dominance
in the western IGP to strong accumulation dominance in the eastern coast with
the central IGP coming in between, arising from a change in the aerosol type
from a predominantly natural (dust and sea salt) type in the western IGP to a
highly anthropogenic type (industrial emissions, fossil fuel and biomass
combustion) in the eastern IGP, with the central IGP exhibiting a mixture of
both. Aerosol-induced short-wave radiative forcing, estimated using
altitude-resolved SSA information, revealed significant atmospheric warming
in the central IGP, while a top-of-atmosphere cooling is seen, in general, in
the IGP. Atmospheric heating rate profiles, estimated using altitude-resolved
SSA and column-averaged SSA, revealed considerable underestimation in the
latter case, emphasizing the importance and necessity of having
altitude-resolved SSA information as against a single value for the entire
column.
Direct effect of aerosols on solar radiation and gross primary production in boreal and hemiboreal forests
Authors: Ezhova Ekaterina , Ylivinkka Ilona , Kuusk Joel , Komsaare Kaupo , Vana Marko , Krasnova Alisa , Noe Steffen , Arshinov Mikhail , Belan Boris , Park Sung-Bin , Lavrič Jošt Valentin , Heimann Martin , Petäjä Tuukka , Vesala Timo , Mammarella Ivan , Kolari Pasi , Bäck Jaana , Rannik Üllar , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The effect of aerosol loading on solar radiation and the subsequent effect on
photosynthesis is a relevant question for estimating climate feedback
mechanisms. This effect is quantified in the present study using ground-based
measurements from five remote sites in boreal and hemiboreal (coniferous and
mixed) forests of Eurasia. The diffuse fraction of global radiation
associated with the direct effect of aerosols, i.e. excluding the effect of
clouds, increases with an increase in the aerosol loading. The increase in
the diffuse fraction of global radiation from approximately 0.11 on days
characterized by low aerosol loading to 0.2–0.27 on days with relatively
high aerosol loading leads to an increase in gross primary production (GPP)
between 6 % and 14 % at all sites. The largest increase in GPP
(relative to days with low aerosol loading) is observed for two types of
ecosystems: a coniferous forest at high latitudes and a mixed forest at the
middle latitudes. For the former ecosystem the change in GPP due to the
relatively large increase in the diffuse radiation is compensated for by the
moderate increase in the light use efficiency. For the latter ecosystem, the
increase in the diffuse radiation is smaller for the same aerosol loading,
but the smaller change in GPP due to this relationship between radiation and
aerosol loading is compensated for by the higher increase in the light use
efficiency. The dependence of GPP on the diffuse fraction of solar radiation
has a weakly pronounced maximum related to clouds.
Climate Impact of Finnish Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases
using Multiple Emission Metrics
Authors: Kupiainen Kaarle J. , Aamaas Borgar , Savolahti Mikko , Karvosenoja Niko , Paunu Ville-Veikko
Published: December 2018

Abstract. We present a case study where emission metric values from different studies are applied to estimate global and Arctic temperature impacts of emissions from a Northern European country. This study assesses the climate impact of Finnish air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions in 2000–2010 as well as future emissions until 2030. The pollutants included are SO2, NOX, NH3, NMVOC, BC, OC and CO as well as CO2, CH4 and N2O, and our study is the first one for Finland to include all of them in one coherent dataset. These pollutants have different atmospheric lifetimes and influence the climate differently; hence, we look at different climate metrics and time horizons. The study uses the Global Warming Potential (GWP), the Global Temperature change Potential (GTP) and the Regional Temperature change Potential (RTP) with different time scales for estimating the climate impacts by species and sectors globally and in the Arctic. We compare the climate impacts of emissions occurring in winter and summer. This assessment is an example of how the climate impact of emissions from small countries and sources can be estimated, as it is challenging to use climate models to study the climate effect of national policies in a multi-pollutant situation. Our methods are applicable to other countries and regions and present a practical tool to analyse the climate impacts in multiple dimensions, such as assessing different sectors and mitigation measures. While our study focuses on short-lived climate forcers, we find that the CO2 emissions have the most significant climate impact, and the significance increases with longer time horizons. In the short term, emissions of especially CH4 and BC played an important role as well. The warming impact of BC emissions is enhanced during winter. There can be relatively large differences between results from studies using different metrics, which can partly be explained by different study setup and inherent uncertainty.
Improving algorithms and uncertainty estimates for satellite NO2 retrievals: results from the quality assurance for the essential climate variables (QA4ECV) project
Authors: Boersma K. Folkert , Eskes Henk J. , Richter Andreas , De Smedt Isabelle , Lorente Alba , Beirle Steffen , van Geffen Jos H. G. M. , Zara Marina , Peters Enno , Van Roozendael Michel , Wagner Thomas , Maasakkers Joannes D. , van der A Ronald J. , Nightingale Joanne , De Rudder Anne , Irie Hitoshi , Pinardi Gaia , Lambert Jean-Christopher , Compernolle Steven C.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Global observations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns have been shown to be feasible from space, but consistent multi-sensor records do not yet exist, nor are they covered by planned activities at the international level. Harmonised, multi-decadal records of NO2 columns and their associated uncertainties can provide crucial information on how the emissions and concentrations of nitrogen oxides evolve over time. Here we describe the development of a new, community best-practice NO2 retrieval algorithm based on a synthesis of existing approaches. Detailed comparisons of these approaches led us to implement an enhanced spectral fitting method for NO2, a 1°  ×  1° TM5-MP data assimilation scheme to estimate the stratospheric background and improve air mass factor calculations. Guided by the needs expressed by data users, producers, and WMO GCOS guidelines, we incorporated detailed per-pixel uncertainty information in the data product, along with easily traceable information on the relevant quality aspects of the retrieval. We applied the improved QA4ECV NO2 algorithm to the most current level-1 data sets to produce a complete 22-year data record that includes GOME (1995–2003), SCIAMACHY (2002–2012), GOME-2(A) (2007 onwards) and OMI (2004 onwards). The QA4ECV NO2 spectral fitting recommendations and TM5-MP stratospheric column and air mass factor approach are currently also applied to S5P-TROPOMI. The uncertainties in the QA4ECV tropospheric NO2 columns amount to typically 40 % over polluted scenes. The first validation results of the QA4ECV OMI NO2 columns and their uncertainties over Tai'an, China, in June 2006 suggest a small bias (−2 %) and better precision than suggested by uncertainty propagation. We conclude that our improved QA4ECV NO2 long-term data record is providing valuable information to quantitatively constrain emissions, deposition, and trends in nitrogen oxides on a global scale.
A novel approach to calibrating a photo-acoustic absorption
spectrometer using polydisperse absorbing aerosol
Authors: Foster Katie , Pokhrel Rudra , Burkhart Matthew , Murphy Shane
Published: December 2018

Abstract. A new technique for calibrating photo-acoustic aerosol absorption spectrometers with multiple laser passes in the acoustic cavity (multi-pass PAS) has been developed utilizing polydisperse, highly-absorbing, aerosol. This is the first calibration technique for multi-pass PAS instruments that utilizes particles instead of reactive gases and does not require knowledge of the exact size or refractive index of the absorbing aerosol. In this new method, highly-absorbing materials are aerosolized into a polydisperse distribution and measured simultaneously with a multi-pass PAS and a cavity attenuated phase shift particulate matter single scattering albedo (CAPS PMSSA, Aerodyne Inc.) instrument. The CAPS PMSSA measures the bulk absorption coefficient through the subtraction of the scattering coefficient from the extinction coefficient. While this approach can have significant errors in ambient aerosol, the accuracy and precision of the CAPS PMSSA are high when the measured aerosol has a low SSA and particles are less than 300 nm in size where truncation errors are small. To confirm the precision and accuracy of this approach, a range of aerosol concentrations were sent to the multi-pass PAS and CAPS PMSSA instruments using three different absorbing substances: Aquadag, Regal Black, and Nigrosin. Six repetitions with each of the three substances produced stable calibrations, with the standard deviation of the measurements being less than 2 % at 660 nm and less than 5 % at 405 nm for all substances. Calibrations were also consistent across the different calibration substances (standard deviation of 2 % at 660 nm and 10 % at 405 nm) except for Nigrosin at 405 nm. The accuracy of the calibration approach is dependent on the single scattering albedo (SSA) of the calibration substance, but is roughly 6 % for the calibration substances used here, which all have an SSA near 0.4. This calibration technique is easily deployed to the field as it involves no toxic or reactive gases and it does not require generation of a monodisperse aerosol. Advantages to this particle-based calibration technique versus techniques based on ozone or nitrogen dioxide absorption include no reactive losses or impact from carrier gases, and the broad absorption characteristics of the particles which eliminate potentially significant errors in calibration with small errors in the peak wavelength of the laser light.
The relevance of mid-Holocene Arctic warming to the future
Authors: Yoshimori Masakazu , Suzuki Marina
Published: December 2018

Abstract. There remain substantial uncertainties in future projections of Arctic climate change. Schmidt et al. (2014) demonstrated the potential to constrain these uncertainties using a combination of paleoclimate simulations and proxy data. They found a weak correlation between sea ice changes in the mid-Holocene (MH) and in future projections, relative to the modern period. Such an “emergent constraint” provides a powerful tool to directly reduce the range of uncertainty, provided that the necessary paleoenvironmental information is available. In the current study, we examine the relevance of Arctic warming in the past to the future through process understanding, rather than seeking a statistical relation. We conducted a surface energy balance analysis on 10 atmosphere and ocean general circulation models under the MH and future RCP4.5-scenario forcing. We found that many of the dominant processes that amplify Arctic warming from late autumn to winter are common between the two periods, despite the difference in the source of the forcing (insolation vs. greenhouse gases). We also quantified the contribution of individual processes to the inter-model variance in the surface temperature changes. The controlling term varies with the season, but the results suggest that the models’ representations of the surface albedo feedback, cloud greenhouse effect, turbulent surface heat fluxes, and indirect atmospheric stratification are important contributors. Based on the results for the Arctic warming mechanism obtained from this study, we conclude that proxy records of Arctic warming during the MH contain useful information that is relevant for understanding future Arctic climate change.
Decadal-scale progression of Dansgaard-Oeschger warming events
Authors: Erhardt Tobias , Capron Emilie , Rasmussen Sune Olander , Schüpbach Simon , Bigler Matthias , Adolphi Florian , Fischer Hubertus
Published: December 2018

Abstract. During the last glacial period, proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere document a succession of rapid millennial-scale warming events, called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events. A range of different mechanisms have been proposed that can produce similar warming in model experiments, however the progression and ultimate trigger of the events is still unknown. Because of their fast nature, the progression is challenging to reconstruct from paleoclimate data due to the limited temporal resolution achievable in many archives and cross-dating uncertainties between records. Here we use new high-resolution multi-proxy records of sea-salt (derived from sea spray and sea ice over the North Atlantic) and terrestrial (derived from the Central Asian deserts) aerosol concentrations over the period 10–60 ka from the Greenland NGRIP and NEEM ice cores in conjunction with local precipitation and temperature proxies from one of the cores to investigate the progression of environmental changes at the onset of the warming events at annual to multi-annual resolution. Our results show on average a small lead of the changes in both local precipitation and terrestrial dust aerosol concentrations over the change in sea-salt aerosol concentrations and local temperature of approximately one decade. This suggests that, connected to the reinvigoration of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the warming in the North Atlantic, both synoptic and hemispheric atmospheric circulation change at the onset of the DO warming, affecting both the moisture transport to Greenland and the Asian monsoon systems. Taken at face value, this suggests that a collapse of the sea-ice cover was not the initial trigger for the DO events.
Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) for High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP)
Authors: Gutjahr Oliver , Putrasahan Dian , Lohmann Katja , Jungclaus Johann H. , von Storch Jin-Song , Brüggemann Nils , Haak Helmuth , Stössel Achim
Published: December 2018

Abstract. As a contribution towards improving the climate mean states of the atmosphere and the ocean in Earth System Models (ESMs), we compare several coupled simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) following the HighResMIP protocol. Our simulations allow to analyse the separate effects of increasing the horizontal resolution of the ocean (0.4° to 0.1°) and atmosphere (T127 to T255) submodels, and the effects of substituting the Pacanowski and Philander (PP) vertical ocean mixing scheme with the K-Profile Parameterization (KPP). The results show clearly distinguishable effects from all three factors. The eddy-resolving ocean removes biases in the ocean interior and in the atmosphere. This leads to an important conclusion that ocean eddies have a major impact on the large-scale temperature distribution in the atmosphere, and on temperature and salinity distributions in the ocean. The near-surface wind forcing reduces with a T255 atmosphere and improves ocean mixed layer depths in both hemisphere. The reduced wind forcing further slows the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and reduces the transport through Drake Passage to observed values. In the North Atlantic, however, it causes a slow down of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) due to a slower subpolar gyre, when the PP scheme is used. The KPP scheme causes stronger open-ocean convection that spins up the gyres and leads to a stronger and stable AMOC, when coupled to the T255 atmosphere, maintaining all the positive effects of a higher resolved atmosphere.
Statistical Hypothesis Testing in Wavelet Analysis: Theoretical
Developments and Applications to India Rainfall
Authors: Schulte Justin A.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Statistical hypothesis tests in wavelet analysis are reviewed and developed. The output of a recently developed cumulative area-wise is shown to be the ensemble mean of individual estimates of statistical significance calculated from a geometric test assessing statistical significance based on the area of contiguous regions (i.e. patches) of point-wise significance. This new interpretation is then used to construct a simplified version of the cumulative area-wise test to improve computational efficiency. Ideal examples are used to show that the geometric and cumulative area-wise tests are unable to differentiate features arising from singularity-like structures from those associated with periodicities. A cumulative arc-wise test is therefore developed to test for periodicities in a strict sense. A previously proposed topological significance test is formalized using persistent homology profiles (PHPs) measuring the number of patches and holes corresponding to the set of all point-wise significance values. Ideal examples show that the PHPs can be used to distinguish time series containing signal components from those that are purely noise. To demonstrate the practical uses of the existing and newly developed statistical methodologies, a first comprehensive wavelet analysis of India rainfall is also provided. A R-software package has been written by the author to implement the various testing procedures.
"Carosello" in aula. Storia e cultura italiana in una lezione di lingua
Authors: Scicolone Anna
Published: December 2018

Il presente lavoro di riflessione teorica nasce dall’esperienza pratica vissuta nella Escuela Oficial de Idiomas di Madrid-Valdezarza nel periodo compreso tra febbraio e maggio del 2013. La mia formazione anteriore, di storica e, nello specifico, incentrata nella relazione tra la Storia e la sua rappresentazione audiovisiva ha certamente influito nella scelta del tema da proporre in classe agli apprendenti di italiano LS. Non solo grammatica e sintassi, ma anche storia e cultura italiana: questo è stato l’obiettivo che fin dall’inizio mi sono proposta di portare avanti e che è stato pienamente sostenuto dalla mia tutor del centro. Il tutto supportato da un articolato ragionamento sul contesto, difficile e delicato, dell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra. La mia scelta è ricaduta su Carosello, parola per molti sconosciuta e priva di significato ma parte dell’immaginario collettivo di quegli italiani che hanno vissuto, sono cresciuti, si sono formati e hanno appreso nel periodo compreso tra il 1957 e il 1977.
Diffusione e motivazione di alcune novità recenti nell’uso di parole italiane
Authors: Lombardi Vallauri Edoardo
Published: December 2018

Ci si richiama alla distinzione tra grammatica “clericale” prescrittiva e “laica” descrittiva, per esaminare i casi di nuovi usi (soprattutto nuovi significati) di parole italiane la cui notevole diffusione in due grandi corpora di lingua scritta (le annate 1992-2001 del quotidiano La Stampa e il corpus web RIDIRE) li segnala come “errori” in qualche misura (diversa caso per caso) sulla via di diventare innovazioni ammissibili perché consacrate dall’uso effettivo diastraticamente e diafasicamente alto. Se ne fornisce una classificazione basata sul tipo di causa che può avere condotto i parlanti ad adottare il nuovo uso. Si tratterà (a) dell’influsso analogico o addirittura dello scambio di significato indotto dalla presenza nella lingua di un altro termine formalmente contiguo e più accessibile; (b) di una interpretazione “alleggerita e impoverita”, cioè privata di qualche tratto semantico, per cui i parlanti, incontrando in contesto un termine di senso molto specifico, ne colgono solo parte del significato e lo interpretano come più generico; (c) della presenza di condizioni sintattiche in cui il termine è adoperato, che conducono i parlanti ad attribuirgli un significato o delle condizioni d’uso diversi da quelli canonici, o a generalizzare quelli prevalenti anche sui casi in cui ne sono previsti altri. In conclusione, si traggono alcune conseguenze della situazione osservata in ordine al modo di trattare tali nuovi usi in sede di didattica dell’italiano.
La deissi sociale e la comunicazione su Facebook
Authors: Miłkowska-Samul Kamila
Published: December 2018

Con questo articolo si vuole esplorare il dominio della categoria grammaticale di persona nella lingua italiana, prendendo in considerazione la deissi sociale nella comunicazione che avviene tramite Facebook. La deissi sociale, intesa come i modi in cui una lingua codifica e grammaticalizza i tratti del contesto situazionale, i ruoli sociali dei partecipanti all’atto comunicativo e i loro rapporti reciproci (Levinson 1993: 83) viene esaminata tramite un’attenta analisi di vari fenomeni linguistici che la esprimono: pronomi personali, pronomi e aggettivi possessivi, forme verbali, titoli onorifici, diminutivi, ecc. Per i fini di questa ricerca come fonte del materiale d’analisi è stato scelto Facebook per motivo della sua diffusione nella società italiana, il che consente un esame assai ampio, considerata l’eterogeneità degli utenti di Facebook sotto l’aspetto dell’età, del sesso, dell’istruzione e dello strato sociale di appartenenza. Si sono analizzati 155 commenti pubblicati sotto i post sui profili di tre importanti personaggi pubblici: Sergio Mattarella, Matteo Renzi e Roberto Saviano. Siamo convinti che le modalità di comunicazione offerte da Facebook fanno sì che ci si manifesti la lingua comune, colloquiale in maniera libera, perciò si possono osservare delle realizzazioni naturali e spontanee della deissi sociale. Crediamo che la loro decodifica possa permettere di evidenziare i mutamenti a cui sono sottoposte le regole di cortesia linguistica nella comunicazione di oggi. I fenomeni relativi alla sempre maggiore informalità, al mancato rispetto delle norme di savoir vivre sono provocati, o almeno rafforzati, tra l’altro, dall’avvento dei nuovi mezzi di comunicazione come Facebook, ma illustrano anche le tendenze già presenti nell’italiano contemporaneo.
Defensa de una ilustrada: Isabella Andreini y la academia
Authors: Sforza Nora
Published: December 2018

Es probable que ninguna época haya llevado la misoginia a un nivel más alto que el que se manifestó en el marco de la “cultura tridentina”. En ese período, el disciplinamiento femenino sería una cuestión de central importancia tanto para las autoridades religiosas como para las laicas, por lo que, cualquier desviación de las tareas femeninas (monja-hija-esposa-madre) de alguna manera consideradas “canónicas” podían ser severamente castigadas. Indudablemente, dentro de las profesiones más viles para una mujer se encontraba la de las actrices, que, en la mayoría de los casos, debían esconder su propio nombre para que la condena social no llegase a sus propias familias. A diferencia de muchas otras mujeres de su tiempo, Isabella Canali Andreini (Padua, 1562 – Lyon, 1604), desarrollando su arte en la escena y en las letras, pudo defender a ultranza su buen nombre, el que seguiría usando sin pseudónimo hasta su muerte. En el contexto cultural propio de las múltiples academias italianas de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, Isabella lograría, además, construir una verdadera red de mecenazgo que la ayudaría no sólo a escapar de las persecusiones propias de su profesión, sino también a defender su deseo de dejar memoria de sí por medio de la  escritura. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo será, pues, intentar reconstruir el recorrido realizado por Isabella en la construcción de la antedicha red y algunos de los resultados por ella obtenidos como académica.
Primi appunti sulla lessicografia piemontese dell’Ottocento
Authors: Barbera Manuel
Published: December 2018

Si delineano brevemente le linee maestre della lessicografia del piemontese, con i suoi precedenti ed immediati conseguenti, caratterizzandone le vari fasi in cui si scandisce.
Literaturas de la pena de muerte o Hugo contra Kant. Para una deconstrucción del hombre
Authors: Rocha Delmiro
Published: December 2018

A partir del Séminaire La peine de mort de Jacques Derrida, el artículo centra su atención en aquello que la literatura de la pena de muerte ha excluido. Poniendo a dialogar el abolicionismo de Hugo con el anti-abolicionismo de Kant, el texto escribe una interpretación de ese diálogo desde cierta violencia sexual. Se trata de pensar qué ocurriría si preguntásemos: ¿es la pena de muerte lo propio de la mujer?
(Re)escribir lo no presente: lecturas de "Séance", de Julio D’Escriván, desde Derrida y Adorno
Authors: Hervás Marina
Published: December 2018

El objetivo fundamental del texto es reflexionar sobre la complejidad de la escritura cuando se cruza con lo musical. Para ello, en la primera parte del mismo se toman en consideración algunas de las posturas fundamentales de J. Derrida y de T. W. Adorno, en la medida en que ambos ponen en tela de juicio la reducción de la escritura a la inscripción, critican la deriva dualista del conocimiento desde un concepto acotado de la escritura y reflexionan sobre lo que excede los límites de lo susceptible de ser escrito. La segunda parte analiza, desde el marco teórico establecido en la primera parte, la obra Séance, de Julio D’Escriván, que problematiza la centralidad de la partitura y la compleja relación entre interpretación, lectura y escritura en lo sonoro, para alcanzar una crítica a la primacía de lo presente y las estrategias de lo visual.
La muerte del destinatario. Una reconsideración política del concepto de autor
Authors: Straehle Edgar
Published: December 2018

En este texto se revisita el concepto de autor a la luz de reflexiones como las suministradas por pensadores como Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, Hannah Arendt o Claude Lefort. El objetivo no consiste en continuar las tesis de «la muerte del autor» o las posiciones de la «estética de la recepción», sino en problematizar la misma idea de soberanía y en repensar la autoría desde un concepto diferente, si bien etimológicamente muy cercano, como es la autoridad. Para ello, se releerá el concepto de autor desde una perspectiva que, al menos parcial y potencialmente, se hallaba presente en su sentido premoderno, se explorará la compleja relación que el autor y su obra tienen con la tradición y la herencia y, finalmente, se examinará el rol activo y productivo que pueden llegar a desarrollar los lectores.
La mujer en la primera abstracción geométrica: una "contra-historia" artística en clave de género
Authors: Godoy Domínguez Mª Jesús
Published: December 2018

Este trabajo es un intento de rescatar las creaciones artísticas femeninas de la primera abstracción geométrica. Recurre, por un lado, a la reescritura del arte moderno de la estética de Jacques Rancière, basada en el valor de la igualdad y en la idea de dar voz a aquellos que no la tuvieron en el relato artístico clásico. Suscribe, por otro lado, el espíritu revisionista de la estética actual, su replanteamiento del valor de la libertad, en cuyo nombre se sigue denegando aún hoy el estatuto artístico a las formas expresivas consideradas no-libres. Se establece así un paralelismo entre la situación de la artista moderna y la de las llamadas artes menores, ambas excluidas del “gran arte” por su falta de libertad y ambas dignificadas, sin embargo, en la obra no-objetiva geométrica de mujeres como Liubov Popova, Sonia Delaunay, Anni Albers y Marlow Moss.
La Rubia, Leopoldo, "La aventura de la abstracción. Fenomenología de la abstracción en el arte desde el paleolítico a las neovanguardias", Comares, Granada, 2015.
Authors: García Vázquez Milagros
Published: December 2018

La Rubia, Leopoldo, "La aventura de la abstracción. Fenomenología de la abstracción en el arte desde el paleolítico a las neovanguardias", Comares, Granada, 2015.