bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wilhelm Knappe’s photo album as an early testimony of German colonization of the Marshall Islands1
Authors: Mückler Hermann
Published: March 2021

Wilhelm Knappe (1855–1910), the first German administrator (imperial commissioner) assigned to the newly acquired Marshall Islands in 1886, created a photo album with pictures, presumably taken by New Zealand photographer Thomas Andrew in the same year. There are at least three existing copies of these albums and a bundle of loose photographs identical to those in the album in question. At the time of Knappe’s arrival in the Marshall Islands, Germany was still in the process of consolidating its newest colonial acquisition. The photographs show both Marshall Islanders untouched by Christian missions and colonial influence, and already ‘civilized’ Indigenous people from various atoll islands of the Ralik- and Ratak-group. The importance of this album results from the fact that it is one of the earliest pictorial records of the Marshall Islands and it probably represents the first documentation of German activities on the eastern Micronesian archipelago. This article highlights the history of the album and the photographs as well as their importance for a reconstruction of Marshall Islands’ history in the late nineteenth century.
Patterns of blood biochemical parameters of peripartum dairy cows raised in either smallholder or semi-commercial dairy farms in Thailand
Authors: Triwutanon Supawit , Rukkwamsuk Theera
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim: Data about dynamics of serum biochemical parameters and negative energy balance (NEB) related conditions differ among geographical areas or farm types. It should be cautious about applying those data to justify control and prevention strategies of NEB problems. Therefore, dynamics of blood biochemical parameters related to NEB condition of peripartum dairy cows raised in either smallholder (SH) or semi-commercial (SC) farms were studied.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-two healthy pregnant dry cows were selected from five dairy farms in Western part of Thailand, including 15 and 17 cows from three SH and two SC farms, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 2 weeks before the expected calving date, and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum to determine concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). Body condition scores (BCSs) and milk yields were also recorded.

Results: Dairy cows in both farm types suffered from NEB by elevation of serum NEFA and BHBA, and loss of BCS postpartum. Degrees of elevation in serum NEFA and BHBA were different between farm types. The SC cows showed more BCS loss postpartum, but lower serum NEFA. In the SH cows, even with less BCS loss, the cows showed high serum NEFA concentrations.

Conclusion: Dairy cows in our study entered NEB condition even with low milk yields. Moreover, elevation of serum NEFA and BHBA postpartum was higher in our studied cows as compared with other studies in high producing cows of commercial dairy farms in temperate areas.
Successes and failures in Hungarian family businesses
Authors: Ahmadov Vusal
Published: March 2021

The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are a necessary element of the social and economic development of the national economy from the perspective of their significant contribution to employment, innovative capacity, and flexibility. Innovative SMEs are necessary building block in the restructuring of transition economies. The successful reformers of the Central and Eastern Europe countries can promote policies conducive to the development of innovative SMEs, and consequently benefit from the economic advantages of SMEs. However, the majority of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries are lagging behind significantly. This paper gives the analytical description of the development of SMEs in post-socialist countries during the transition process within the framework of the market reforms. The main barriers to growth of SMEs with innovation capacity are the institutional environment, and the inadequate attitude of the government towards small companies. The countries which integrated to European Union been able to overcome these barriers considerably, while the CIS countries do not have a record of significant achievement in this area.
EU competitiveness in a changing world economy
Authors: Botos Katalin
Published: March 2021

The region as a whole is lagging behind the recovery of others in the world. The future shows a shift in global economic power, away from the established advanced economies, especially from those in Europe, towards emerging ones in Asia and elsewhere. Compared to earlier years, risks related to euro area economic conditions have increased. This influences the function and effectiveness of the banking sector as well. The global outlook has deteriorated. The top three prominent risks expected to affect the euro area banking system over the next years are: (1) economic, political, and debt sustainability challenges in the euro area, (2) business model sustainability, and (3) cybercrime and IT deficiencies. The study discusses these factors with special emphasis on banking supervision. It analyses EU bank regulation after the financial crisis and its prospects.
A hálózatos iparágak szabályozási környezete
Authors: Fiáth Attila , Megyes Judit
Published: March 2021

A magyar gazdaság növekedése és versenyképessége szempontjából meghatározó a hálózatos iparágak fejlődése és kilátásai. A hálózatos iparágak versenyképességének növelése, a fogyasztók igényeinek magasabb szintű kielégítése szempontjából kiemelt szerep jut az iparágak liberalizálásának. Az elmúlt években az egyes hálózatos iparágak piacnyitásainak függvényében szabályozási eszközeiben változások következtek be, továbbá előtérbe került a multiszektor-szabályozás lehetősége is. A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa a hálózatos iparágak jellegükből adódó hasonlóságait, melyek alapot szolgáltatnak a különböző hálózatos iparágban hasonló szabályozási eszközök adaptálásának, uniós és hazai szinten egyaránt. Jelen értekezés áttekintést nyújt továbbá arra vonatkozóan, hogy milyen kilátások jellemzik a hálózatos iparágakat hazánkban, miképpen halad a liberalizálási folyamat az egyes iparágakban.
Ösztönző szabályozás a villamosenergia-elosztásban
Authors: Fiáth Attila , Bárdos Pál Péter , Hagymási Gergely
Published: March 2021

A természetes monopóliumként működő energetikai társaságok árszabályozását a legtöbb európai országban az ösztönző szabályozási módszerek határozzák meg. Ezeknek a módszereknek a megjelenése jelentős változást hozott a szabályozás közgazdaságtanába azzal, hogy az új megközelítések különös figyelmet fordítottak a szabályozott társaság motivációira és adottságnak vették a szabályozó hatóság információs hátrányát. A szerzők ebben a cikkben arra vállalkoztak, hogy áttekintsék az ösztönző szabályozás egyes elemeinek működését, a gyakorlatban is alkalmazott módszerek előnyeit és hátrányait a villamosenergia- elosztás példáján keresztül. Az ösztönző szabályozásra a cikk egy olyan elméleti keretet határoz meg, amely alapján az egyes országokban – akár hazánkban is – alkalmazott árszabályozási rendszerek értékelhetők és továbbfejleszthetők.
Atypical Autosomal-Dominant Inheritance of Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Evans Neil Shadbeh , Ray Jennifer , Prather Charlene
Published: March 2021

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) was previously believed to be an autosomal recessive disease. We present a patient with only one pathogenic variation of the MEFV gene due to the c.2177T>C mutation. The patient had clinical features of recurrent fevers and abdominal pain, serositis, and a history of multiple abdominal surgeries for pain. He was eventually diagnosed with FMF. This case report demonstrates an example of the rare autosomal-dominant phenotype of FMF.
Financiamento da Educação Básica no Brasil
Authors: Costa Michel da , TAVARES Elisabeth dos Santos Tavares , COUTO Maria Emília Couto
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de fazer um percurso histórico concernente ao financiamento da educação brasileira, embasado em pesquisas de França (2004), Saviani (2008) e Pinto (2002, 2012, 2020). Considerando o percurso desde o período colonial e os impactos com as eventuais mudanças legais que, consequentemente, atingem diretamente o funcionamento e a qualidade da Educação Básica nas instituições públicas, com destaque para as Políticas Públicas de criação e implementação do FUNDEF (1996), FUNDEB (2007) e o novo FUNDEB (2020), desvelando avanços, acompanhados por resistência na luta para qualidade da educação pública e gratuita, com o fortalecimento dos conselhos de acompanhamento e controle social, na busca pela democracia, transparência e descentralização na gestão financeira de recursos.
La FP como espacio privilegiado en la relación escuela-empresa
Authors: Juárez Calvo Juan José
Published: March 2021

Ninguna otra modalidad de aprendizaje está más cerca del “trabajo real” que la FP Dual, respaldada por la corriente internacional que trata de fomentar en todo el mundo diferentes tipos de aprendizajes en contextos reales, agrupados bajo la denominación de internships. La naturaleza de estos aprendizajes asegura que los participantes practiquen y desarrollen toda una gama completa de habilidades que hoy en día exige un trabajo y que son difíciles de fomentar solo desde un escenario escolar. La oportunidad de desarrollar estas habilidades, mientras todavía se están cursando los estudios, es una de las grandes ventajas de estos modelos de aprendizaje híbridos (escuela-empresa).
Impact of Expanding Window from Three Years to Five Years for Research Performance Parameter in India Rankings
Authors: Joorel J P Singh , Solanki Hiteshkumar , Kumar Abhishek , Shah Dharmesh , V Raja , Trivedi Kruti , Pradhan Pallab , Singh Priyanka
Published: March 2021

The India Rankings 2020 was announced the 5th annual edition of ranking for higher educational institutions in India based on National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). The impact of NIRF among institutions is progressive on their output, outcomes, and outreach to the society. The government of India is also concentrating on several policy decisions in the education sector based on the results of India Rankings. This paper is focused on the study of Research Performance (RP) parameter on India Rankings while expanding five-years window instead of three-years window. Moreover, the study is also focused on Pearson correlation between three-years research performance score and five-years RP score and weighted score of institutions. It is attempted to derive the Spearman rank correlation between RP rank and overall rank based on all parameters score.
Axial Compression Properties of Special-Shaped 3D Tubular Woven Composites
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Lyu Lihua , Guo Jing , Xiong Xiaoqing , Wang Ying , Ye Fang
Published: March 2021

Axial compression properties of special-shaped 3D tubular woven composites with basalt fiber filament tows were studied. Special-shaped 3D tubular woven fabrics composites with three different thicknesses were woven on an ordinary loom and fabricated by the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Load-displacement and energy-displacement curves were obtained from experimental tests. Results showed that for special-shaped 3D tubular woven composites, the load and energy absorption were greater with thickness and the compression property improved. Through the analysis of the mathematical equation and correlation coefficient of the load-displacement and energy-displacement relation, the fitting effect of the curves were good. The mathematical equation of the method could be used to simplify the functional relationship between load, energy, and displacement.
Bark Extracts as Multifunctional Finishing Agents for Technical Textiles: A Scientific Review
Authors: Vashist Paribha , School Sanskriti , Basak Santanu , Ali Wazed
Published: March 2021

Bark extracts are important sources of natural dyes. They possess many functional properties of potential interest to the textile industry. Currently, textiles with eco-friendly functional finishing are increasingly sought for in medical and protective clothing due to stringent environmental laws and the associated toxicity of synthetic agents. In view of this, recent studies on bark extracts for multi-functional finishing of textiles, particularly for antimicrobial and UV protective finishing, is reviewed. Bark extracts from various trees are able to effectively impart antimicrobial resistance and UV protection properties to treated fabrics; however, their long-term sustenance and strength depend on a multitude of factors. However, the application of bark extracts on several types of textile fabrics have no significant impact on textile quality.
Serviceability Assessment of a Printed Finish on T-Shirts
Authors: Riedy Reannan , McQuerry Meredith
Published: March 2021

To improve the comfort of agricultural workers, a T-shirt with a printed active cooling finish was evaluated to determine if it would meet the wash life durability and performance expectations of such an arduous application. Six shirts with a printed phase change material (PCM) finish and six shirts without (control) were washed 50 times to replicate a typical consumer wash life. Shirts were evaluated for absorbency, dimensional change, colorfastness, crocking, abrasion resistance, soil release, and smoothness retention according to AATCC and ASTM standard test methods. Testing was conducted before laundering and after 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 consumer laundry (CL) cycles. Absorbency and dimensional change were significantly influenced by the PCM finish. Results demonstrate the appropriateness of adopting such a finish technology for agricultural worker clothing applications.
W Zatoce Syreny: Lawinia i Strefa komfortu Tomasza Różyckiego
Authors: Gorczyńska Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

An expression used in the title of my paper refers to several places in contemporary and ancient Italy: the Gulf of Naples, the shores of Lampedusa and Sicily, and the mouth of the Tiber River. These places form the background of the tragedy of African and Middle East refugees shown in poems by Tomasz Różycki: Lawinia (Lavinia) from the collection Litery (Letter by Letter, 2016) and Strefa komfortu (Comfort Zone) from the newest poetry book Kapitan X (Captain X, 2020). My detailed analysis of the two texts is an attempt to describe their formal and semantic complexity, especially their unique tone that mixes sharp irony with tender compassion.
Sztuka radości i praktyka anarchii. O powieści Goliardy Sapienzy i kilku polskich utworach
Authors: Lisowska Katarzyna
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the Polish translation (2018) of Goliarda Sapienza’s novel L’arte della gioia (The Art of Joy, in Polish Sztuka radości, trans. by Tomasz Kwiecień) in relation to the selected works of Inga Iwasiów and Sylwia Zientek. Anarchism, which provides the ideological background of the Italian book, serves as the basic point of reference for this interpretation. The author points to the issues from Sapienza’s novel which are important from the perspective of anarchism and which can also be found in the Polish texts mentioned in the article. The aim of this analysis is to discuss the context in which The Art of Joy functions in Poland and to suggest the possible lines of interpretation that can be drawn between this novel and contemporary Polish literature.
Introduzione
Authors: Śniedziewska Magdalena , De Carlo Andrea F.
Published: March 2021

Introduzione
Tax Amnesties in Tax Reform Policy: A Case Study from Pakistan and Lessons for Developing Economies
Authors: Shahryar Bahawal
Published: March 2021

An optimally designed tax amnesty scheme can serve as a strategic component in a larger tax reform process. Such a reform can particularly assist in the tax collection efforts of developing economies like Pakistan. Pakistan’s tax amnesty schemes in 2018 and 2019 helped grow the tax base substantially. India’s and Indonesia’s schemes in 2016 also showed promise. My study compares the recent tax amnesties adopted by these three countries (Pakistan, India and Indonesia). Based on these experiences, I propose improvements in the composition of Pakistan’s tax amnesty design. An optimal tax policy cannot rely only on wide-spread enforcement, particularly in countries with large underground economies--like Pakistan, India and Indonesia. Instead, it should focus more on the optimal amnesty design alongside targeted enforcement efforts, aimed especially at documenting and taxing large underground economic activities.
Quality evaluation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages by1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics
Authors: Xu Shaochen , Zhu Jiangyu , Zhao Qi , Gao Jin , Zhang Huining , Hu Boran
Published: March 2021

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic study was used to characterize 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 vintages of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Ningxia, which were vinified using the same fermentation technique. The pattern recognition methods of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) clearly distinguished between the different vintages of wine driven by the following metabolites: valine, 2,3-butanediol, ethyl acetate, proline, succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, gallic acid, and choline. The PLS-DA loading plots also differentiated among the metabolites of different vintages. In the 2009 vintage wines, we found the highest levels of gallic acid, valine, proline, and 2,3-butanediol. The 2011 vintage wines contained the highest levels of lactic acid, and the highest levels of ethyl acetate, succinic acid, glycerol, and choline were observed in the 2012 vintage wines. We selected eight metabolites from the1H NMR spectra that were quantified according to their peak areas, and the concentrations were in agreement with the results of PLS-DA and OPLS-DA analyses.
Learning From Loss: The Democrats 2016–2020
Authors: Dominguez Casey B. K.
Published: March 2021

Seth Masket’s new book, Learning
From
Loss: The Democrats 2016–2020 (Cambridge University Press, 2020) asks how the modern Democratic party absorbed Hillary Clinton’s 2016 defeat and responded to it while preparing to nominate its candidate in 2020. Masket makes a persuasive case that the Democratic party managed its coalition and made strategic adaptations to its rules to help it win the 2020 election. In particular, he shows how competing narratives about Hillary Clinton’s 2016 loss to Donald Trump played an important role in activists’ decision making in the lead-up to 2020.
Geospatial assessment of wetland soils for rice production in Ajibode using geospatial techniques
Authors: Tobore Anthony , Senjobi Bolarinwa , Ogundiyi Temitope , Bamidele Samuel
Published: March 2021

Wetlands played an important role in human development and nature nutrient store for rice cultivation. Spatial techniques have gained importance in monitoring wetland changes. The study aimed to assess wetland soils for rice production using spatial techniques. The area was sample using stratified grid sampling. Nutrient availability and rice suitability were assessed in ArcGIS 10.6 environment. The soil was characterized into Eutric fluvaquent (Soil Survey Staff, 2010) and correlated as fluvisols in the World Reference Base system. The results of the land cover changes showed that built-up, waterbody, and farmland have increased by 39, 18, and 29%, respectively, and 13% decrease was observed in vegetation. The study concluded that soils of the studied area varied from marginally (75%), not suitable (20%), and permanently not suitable (5%) for rice production. Therefore, without proper assessment and management of these studied soils, rice production will continue to be futile.
The twin properties of rogue waves and homoclinic solutions for some nonlinear wave equations
Authors: Tan Wei , Yin Zhao-Yang
Published: March 2021

The parameter limit method on the basis of Hirota’s bilinear method is proposed to construct the rogue wave solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs). Some real and complex differential equations are used as concrete examples to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of the described method. The rogue waves and homoclinic solutions of different structures are obtained and simulated by three-dimensional graphics, respectively. More importantly, we find that rogue wave solutions and homoclinic solutions appear in pairs. That is to say, for some NLPDEs, if there is a homoclinic solution, then there must be a rogue wave solution. The twin phenomenon of rogue wave solutions and homoclinic solutions of a class of NLPDEs is discussed.
Higher order rogue waves for the(3 + 1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation
Authors: Elboree Mohammed K.
Published: March 2021

Based on the Hirota bilinear form for the (3 + 1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation, we constructed the first-order, second-order, third-order and fourth-order rogue waves for this equation using the symbolic computation approach. Also some properties of the higher-order rogue waves and their interaction are explained by some figures via some special choices of the parameters.
Realism and the Epistemic Objectivity of Science
Authors: Sankey Howard
Published: March 2021

The paper presents a realist account of the epistemic objectivity of science. Epistemic objectivity is distinguished from ontological objectivity and the objectivity of truth. As background, T.S. Kuhn’s idea that scientific theory-choice is based on shared scientific values with a role for both objective and subjective factors is discussed. Kuhn’s values are epistemologically ungrounded, hence provide a minimal sense of objectivity. A robust account of epistemic objectivity on which methodological norms are reliable means of arriving at the truth is presented. The problem remains that deliberative judgement is required to determine the relevance and relative significance of a range of methodological norms. A role is sketched for cognitive virtues which may be exercised in the course of the deliberative judgement.
The crystal structure of fac-tricarbonyl (N′-benzoyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamimidothioato-κ2
S,O)-(pyrazole-κN)rhenium(I) — methanol (1/1) C26H23O4N4SRe
Authors: Komane Wesley K. , Mokolokolo Pennie , Vatsha Banele , Manicum Amanda-Lee E.
Published: March 2021

C26H23O4N4SRe, triclinic, P

1
‾

$\bar{1}$

(no. 2), a = 9.919(2) Å, b = 11.752(3) Å, c = 12.717(3) Å, α = 111.098(7)°, β = 94.467(7)°, γ = 98.295(7)°, V = 1354.9(5) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt
(F) = 0.0342, wRref
(F
2) = 0.0843, T = 102.0(2) K.
Four puzzling paragraphs: Frege on ‘≡’ and ‘=’
Authors: de Ponte María , Korta Kepa , Perry John
Published: March 2021

In §8 of his Begriffsschrift (1879), Gottlob Frege discusses issues related to identity. Frege begins his most famous essay, “On Sense and Denotation” (1892), published 13 years later, by criticizing the view advocated in §8. He returns to these issues in the concluding paragraph. Controversies continue over these important passages. We offer an interpretation and discuss some alternatives. We defend that in the Begriffsschrift, Frege does not hold that identity is a relation between signs. §8 of the Begriffsschrift is motivated by the conflict between two different criteria for sameness of conceptual content of sentences. To resolve that conflict, Frege introduces ‘≡’ in §8 and, thus, circumstances with names as constituents. To the same end, in “On Sense and Denotation,” Frege introduces senses and Thoughts and abandons both ‘≡’ and circumstances. He solves what we call the Co-instantiation problem, and disregards, but does not solve, the Name problem.
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers: Transmission evaluation with different membrane materials and dimensions
Authors: Tripathi Sudhanshu , Agarwal Rekha , Vashisth Rashmi , Singh Devraj
Published: March 2021

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) are dominant in generating and receiving acoustic signals. CMUT transmission efficiency solely depends upon the membrane material utilized. This work presents the structural examination of receiving and transmitting characteristics of CMUT with divergent membrane materials, namely Silicon (Si), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4{\mathrm{Si}_{3}}{\text{N}_{4}}), Indium Phosphide (InP), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), and Polysilicon (Poly-Si). The analysis includes the membrane deflection, pull-in voltage, output pressure, resonant frequency and capacitance modification with variable DC voltage. It has been found that InP gives the pull-in voltage comparable to Si in the receiving mode and have more transduction efficiency in transmitting mode. Effect of dimensions of CMUT on pull-in voltage and resonant frequency are also discussed. The major contribution lies in the analytical and estimation study of CMUT for appropriate membrane material selection meant for transmission and reception in the field of pressure sensing application.
Material cosmopolitanism: the entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic gateway to eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Insoll Timothy , Khalaf Nadia , MacLean Rachel , Parsons-Morgan Hannah , Tait Nicholas , Gaastra Jane , Beldados Alemseged , Pryor Alexander J.E. , Evis Laura , Dussubieux Laure
Published: March 2021

The investigation of Islamic archaeology in Ethiopia has until recently been neglected. Excavations at Harlaa, a large urban centre in eastern Ethiopia, are now beginning to redress this lack of research attention. By establishing occupation and material sequences, and by assessing the chronology and material markers of Islamisation, recent work provides important new insight on the presence and role of Muslims and Islamic practice at Harlaa, and in the Horn of Africa more generally. The results challenge previous assumptions of cultural homogeneity, instead indicating the development of cosmopolitanism. They also suggest a possible historical identity for Harlaa: as Hubät/Hobat, the capital of the Hārlā sultanate.
Budowanie i wzmacnianie relacji w edukacji zdalnej przez nauczycieli młodszych klas szkoły podstawowej
Authors:   Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej w Warszawie, Wiśniewska Justyna , Łukasiewicz-Wieleba Joanna
Published: March 2021

The paper addresses the issues of relationships in distance education. These problems are important because good relationships are among the key determinants of both the quality of education and learning outcomes. The new educational conditions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic have become a threat to building and strengthening the school community's relationships. The need to switch to distance education from one day to the next was a huge challenge for teachers, students, and parents. Initially, teachers focused mainly on technical issues and finding ways to implement core curricula. There was a risk that in distance education, where contact is mediated, it would be difficult for teachers to foster relationships. Furthermore, taking care of students' psychological needs, including the need for relationships, should be a priority in these conditions to provide an antidote to the psychological difficulties associated with isolation and online learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance attached by early school education teachers to relationships as well as how and to what extent they build and maintain relationships and create a community in distance education. The research was conducted using the interview method and included early school education teachers. The results obtained represent examples of good practice in fostering relationships while teaching online.
The Treatment of Infantile Cafe Au Lait Spot Using Dr. Hoon Hur’s Golden Parameter Therapy with a High Fluence 1064nm Q-Switched Nd: Yag Laser
Authors: Hur Hoon , Taik Shim Duck , Eun Song Sung , Su Kim Pyoung , Nyeok Hyun Dong , Kim Yu Ri
Published: March 2021

Background: Infantile Café-Au-Lait Spot (CALS) is a benign hyperpigmentary skin disorder that ranges in color from light brown to dark brown. Using traditional laser therapies including 532nm potassium titanyl phosphate(KTP) laser, 694nm ruby laser and 755nm alexandrite laser for infantile CALS treatment may provoke harmful side effects such as purpurae, crusts,Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH), mottled hypopigmentation and scarring. Unfortunately, there is no clear standard for the laser treatment of infantile CALS because an infant is too young to receive laser treatment. Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of Dr. Hoon Hur’s Golden Parameter Therapy (GPT) with a high fluence 1064nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser laser (QSNL) for infantile CALS treatment. Methods: Nineteen Korean patients with infantile CALS were enrolled in this study and treated with a 1064nm QSNL on a weekly basis for 20-50 treatment sessions of Dr. Hoon Hur’s GPT. The parameters were a spot size of 7 mm, a fluence of 2.2 J/cm2 and a pulse rate of 10Hz with one pass by a sliding-stacking technique over the infantile CALS. Results: After the final treatment, all of the 19 patients with infantile CALS were achieved the complete removal of pigmented lesions without any side effects such as purpurae, crusts, PIH, mottled hypopigmentation or scarring. No recurrences were observed in any of the patients after a follow- up of 6-14 months. Conclusion: We suggest that Dr. Hoon Hur’s GPT with a high fluence 1064nm QSNL is a safe and effective treatment for infantile CALS without causing side effects and recurrences. Keywords: Infantile Cafe au Lait Spot; 1064nm Nd:YAG laser; Dr. Hoon Hur’s GPT
Male Goal-Tracker and Sign-Tracker Rats Do Not Differ in Neuroendocrine or Behavioral Measures of Stress Reactivity
Authors: Lopez Sofia A. , Mubarak Eman , Yang Charlotte , Parsegian Aram , Klumpner Marin , Campus Paolo , Flagel Shelly B.
Published: March 2021

Environmental cues attain the ability to guide behavior via learned associations. As predictors, cues can elicit adaptive behavior and lead to valuable resources (e.g., food). For some individuals, however, cues are transformed into incentive stimuli and elicit motivational states that can be maladaptive. The goal-tracker (GT)/sign-tracker (ST) animal model captures individual differences in cue-motivated behaviors, with reward-associated cues serving as predictors of reward for both phenotypes but becoming incentive stimuli to a greater degree for STs. While these distinct phenotypes are characterized based on Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) behavior, they exhibit differences on a number of behaviors relevant to psychopathology. To further characterize the neurobehavioral endophenotype associated with individual differences in cue-reward learning, neuroendocrine and behavioral profiles associated with stress and anxiety were investigated in male GT, ST, and intermediate responder (IR) rats. It was revealed that baseline corticosterone (CORT) increases with Pavlovian learning, but to the same degree, regardless of phenotype. No significant differences in behavior were observed between GTs and STs during an elevated plus maze (EPM) or open field test (OFT), nor were there differences in CORT response to the OFT or physiological restraint. Upon examination of central markers associated with stress reactivity, we found that STs have greater glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression in the ventral hippocampus, with no phenotypic differences in the dorsal hippocampus or prelimbic cortex (PrL). These findings demonstrate that GTs and STs do not differ on stress-related and anxiety-related behaviors, and suggest that differences in neuroendocrine measures between these phenotypes can be attributed to distinct cue-reward learning styles.
Oscillatory Entrainment of the Frequency-following Response in Auditory Cortical and Subcortical Structures
Authors: Coffey Emily B. J. , Arseneau-Bruneau Isabelle , Zhang Xiaochen , Baillet Sylvain , Zatorre Robert J.
Published: March 2021

There is much debate about the existence and function of neural oscillatory mechanisms in the auditory system. The frequency-following response (FFR) is an index of neural periodicity encoding that can provide a vehicle to study entrainment in frequency ranges relevant to speech and music processing. Criteria for entrainment include the presence of poststimulus oscillations and phase alignment between stimulus and endogenous activity. To test the hypothesis of entrainment, in experiment 1 we collected FFR data for a repeated syllable using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography in 20 male and female human adults. We observed significant oscillatory activity after stimulus offset in auditory cortex and subcortical auditory nuclei, consistent with entrainment. In these structures, the FFR fundamental frequency converged from a lower value over 100 ms to the stimulus frequency, consistent with phase alignment, and diverged to a lower value after offset, consistent with relaxation to a preferred frequency. In experiment 2, we tested how transitions between stimulus frequencies affected the MEG FFR to a train of tone pairs in 30 people. We found that the FFR was affected by the frequency of the preceding tone for up to 40 ms at subcortical levels, and even longer durations at cortical levels. Our results suggest that oscillatory entrainment may be an integral part of periodic sound representation throughout the auditory neuraxis. The functional role of this mechanism is unknown, but it could serve as a fine-scale temporal predictor for frequency information, enhancing stability and reducing susceptibility to degradation that could be useful in real-life noisy environments.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeural oscillations are proposed to be a ubiquitous aspect of neural function, but their contribution to auditory encoding is not clear, particularly at higher frequencies associated with pitch encoding. In a magnetoencephalography experiment, we found converging evidence that the frequency-following response has an oscillatory component according to established criteria: poststimulus resonance, progressive entrainment of the neural frequency to the stimulus frequency, and relaxation toward the original state on stimulus offset. In a second experiment, we found that the frequency and amplitude of the frequency-following response to tones are affected by preceding stimuli. These findings support the contribution of intrinsic oscillations to the encoding of sound, and raise new questions about their functional roles, possibly including stabilization and low-level predictive coding.
Using English as the Language of Science
Authors: Meyerhöffer Nina , Dreesmann Daniel C.
Published: March 2021

This article presents the development and testing of a content-based video exchange model as a motivating means to introduce lower secondary English learners to English as the language of science. The central goal was that students reach the required curricular content knowledge despite learning some of the content in a foreign language. The model was tested in German seventh-grade classes (n = 133), in which the students communicated with U.S. eighth-graders on the topic of ecology. Following field trips to a forest and a desert ecosystem, students presented and compared biotic and abiotic data in videos. The German students’ content knowledge and their motivation were assessed in a pretest/posttest design. They met the curricular outcome requirements, and their motivation was remarkably high at both test times. We discuss implications for further application of the exchange model.
Using Visuals to Help Explain Tonicity to Introductory Biology Students
Authors: Rafferty Brian , Jayant Lalitha
Published: March 2021

The inability of students to properly understand the principles underlying osmosis and tonicity leads to misconceptions that further impair their ability to apply these concepts to physiological situations. We describe a simple and inexpensive visual exercise using beads and water to mimic solutions. Using these model solutions, students will understand the concepts of tonicity and osmolarity. The hands-on exercise is supplemented with a worksheet that reinforces the concepts they learned in doing the activity. This exercise has broad application with respect to both the level of students targeted and the courses in which it can be utilized, and it is flexible enough to personalize for each situation.
The Wedding Music Industry: An Adaptation of Andy Irawan Music during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Natalia Violinna Wynsa , Wadiyo Wadiyo , Utomo Udi
Published: March 2021

This study aims to identify, reveal, analyze and describe adaptation of Andy Irawan Music's efforts to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic in the wedding music industry. The author uses an interdisciplinary approach, by borrowing theories and concepts from the disciplines of musicology, sociology, and economics. The object in this study is industry and adaptation, with the subject Andy Irawan Music. The research design uses an interpretive case study located in Semarang. The data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that Andy Irawan Music could adapt during the Covid-19 pandemic. Adaptation efforts made by Andy Irawan Music include appearing with new formations, optimizing the use of social media/ digital platforms, applying virtual music, following recommended health protocols, participating in wedding showcases, and creating Andy Irawan Disciples.
The Humanistic Value of Ki Hadjar Dewantara's Education in Fine Arts Learning at SMP Taman Dewasa Jetis – Yogyakarta
Authors: Mukaddam Sarah Sabrina , Triyanto Triyanto , Ibnan Syarif Muhammad
Published: March 2021

Ki Hadjar Dewantara is a nationalist figure who express his thoughts in education field. Many of his thoughts reflect the existence of a humanist perspective that assume humans as important subjects. This study aims to analyze the humanistic values found in the art of learning at SMP Taman Adults Jetis, Yogyakarta. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The data analysis uses data reduction procedures, data presentation, and drawing conclusions (verification). The validity of the data used was a triangulation technique which included triangulation of sources and techniques. The results showed that there were humanistic values in the art of learning which included the following values: (1) solidarity; (2) tolerance; (3) freedom; (4) respect and love, and (5) justice and equality. Based on the results of the research, the researcher can provide suggestions as a material for consideration, so that SMP Taman Dewasa Jetis continued to improve discipline in implementing Ki Hadjar Dewantara's thought-based education, improve work skills for art teachers and students as well as develop teaching materials, methods, and media used.
Finasteride interferes with prostaglandin-induced CatSper signalling in human sperm
Authors: Birch Michala Rosa , Dissing Steen , Skakkebæk Niels E , Rehfeld Anders
Published: March 2021

Ca2+ signalling controls human sperm functions necessary for successful fertilization. Multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been found to activate the CatSper Ca2+ channel and thereby interfering with Ca2+ signalling in human sperm. Finasteride is prescribed to men in the fertile age to treat hair loss and its use has been associated with impaired male fertility. Due to the structural relatedness of finasteride to the endogenous CatSper ligand progesterone, this study aimed to investigate whether finasteride affects human sperm in a progestogen-like manner. The effect of finasteride on Ca2+ signalling via CatSper in human sperm was investigated in cell suspensions by single-cell imaging. Additionally, effects on sperm penetration into viscous medium and acrosome reaction were assessed. Finasteride alone caused a minor transient rise in the intracellular, free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) at physiologically relevant concentrations. Ca2+ signals induced by PGE1 were inhibited by finasteride displaying mixed type of inhibition consistent with multiple binding sites. Finasteride did not interfere with progesterone-induced Ca2+ signalling and no effect on acrosome reaction or sperm viability was found. Finasteride significantly decreased PGE1-induced penetration into viscous medium but in concentrations above what is measured in blood and seminal fluids during regular finasteride administration. In conclusion, the use of finasteride may affect Ca2+ signalling in human sperm through an interaction with the PGE1-binding site, but to which extend it alters the chances of a successful fertilization needs further investigation. It remains to be investigated whether finasteride administration may give rise to side effects by interfering with prostaglandin signalling elsewhere in the human body.
DINÁMICA DA EFICIENCIA TÉCNICA E INTERNACIONALIZACIÓN NO SECTOR QUÍMICO ESPAÑOL
Authors: Miró Pérez Albert-Pol
Published: March 2021

O obxectivo principal deste traballo é analizar a eficiencia técnica do sector químicoespañol. Para iso, vaise seguir o enfoque non-paramétrico coñecido como o método daAnálise Envolvente de Datos (DEA) para avaliar os niveis de eficiencia e o peso relativo dosector na economía. Así mesmo, vaise estimar a converxencia da eficiencia técnica (ET)para cada unha das diferentes Comunidades Autónomas obxecto de estudo, así como, arelación causal existente entre a potenciación do mercado internacional con respecto ávariable ET.Neste documento avalíase o desempeño dunha mostra de 410 empresas pertencentes aosector químico para o período 2007-2011. A base de datos elabórase a partir dosmicrodatos extraídos da Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing (BvDP). Os resultadosobtidos recoñecen a existencia de elevados niveis de eficiencia no sector, o que permiteafirmar que resulta ser un sector económico competitivo e eficiente en todos os anos damostra.
O SISTEMA PÚBLICO DE PENSIÓNS EN GALICIA: ELEMENTOS DIFERENCIAIS DENTRO DO ESTADO ESPAÑOL
Authors: Vázquez Taín Miguel A.
Published: March 2021

Este traballo analiza o sistema público de pensións contributivas en Galicia e noconxunto do Estado español. Malia que o sistema de pensións é único en España, presentaelementos diferenciais a nivel territorial que singularizamos para o caso galego. Aspectoscomo o número e a evolución de pensionistas e pensións do sistema, a súa contía, a súadistribución por modalidades e polos reximes nos que se causan, a taxa de coberturapoboacional, a relación entre cotizantes e pensionistas e, como sistema contributivo, osgastos e ingresos do mesmo, son elementos básicos para avaliar a realidade actual e asperspectivas de futuro do sistema de pensións en Galicia e no conxunto do Estado. Na casetotalidade das variables estudadas, se o sistema se analiza a nivel territorial, Galiciapresenta peores indicadores que a súa media. Aínda que a estrutura económica e laboral,pasada e presente, condiciona a realidade dun sistema de pensións de repartimento, enGalicia incide en maior medida a súa estrutura poblacional que, de individualizarse esepararse territorialmente do sistema, hipotecaría a súa viabilidade futura.
MANUFACTURING AND CONSUMPTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AS A TOOL OF FOOD SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN RUSSIA
Authors: Rogachev Aleksey F. , Shokhnekh Anna V. , Mazaeva Tamara I.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of the article is to develop instrumentarium for determination ofthe level of food security. In order to achieve the set goal, the authors use method ofmonitoring and economic & mathematical modeling of manufacture and consumption ofagricultural products. In the process of the research, the authors test this method by theexample of modern Russia and determine the existence of the problem of food security. Inorder to solve this problem, the authors develop recommendations for stabilization ofagricultural production, as a basis of country’s food security. The authors also conductanalysis of agricultural development of developed countries and determine primary tasks,solution of which will stipulate provision of the required level of food security. As a resultof the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the developed recommendationscan be directions of unified state approach to solving the problem of achievement of foodsecurity and formation of agrarian policy. At that, it should be noted that policy which isaimed at achievement of national-level goal cannot be formed without relevantinformational provision. Therefore, agriculture authorities must possess full, high-quality,and actualized information. Elements of state policy in the sphere of achievement of foodsecurity can stipulate achieving indicators which are determined by national doctrine andform optimal level of cooperation of national agriculture production and foreign partners.
INTEREST RATES, FISHER EFFECT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY, 1989-2011
Authors: GÜR?? Selahattin , GÜR?? Burak , ÜN Turgut
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the validity of the Fisher Hypothesis in Turkey coveringthe period 2003 – 2012. To test validity of Fisher Hypothesis, this paper uses anAutoregressive Distributed Lag test for threshold cointegration recently introduced in theliterature by Li and Lee (2010). The empirical results which are obtained from this paperindicate that Fisher hypothesis is valid for Turkey, meaning nominal interest rates wouldbe an important leading indicator for inflation.
The effect of education on improving hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers
Authors: Mitchell Abigail , Schadt Christian , Johnson Shamarra , Quilab Mary Thisbe
Published: March 2021

Background: Proper hand hygiene is the most effective way to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Hand hygiene compliance rates among healthcare workers remain unsatisfactory. This study investigated the effects of unit in-service education on hand hygiene compliance in an Interventional Radiology and Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory department in a tertiary hospital in Florida. Methods: An observational study was conducted for five weeks. A total of 120 participants, consisting of 40 physicians, 40 registered nurses, 40 technologists were observed by a secret shopper pre-education and post education. A pre-education baseline compliance rate was established for each group. Pre-education observation occurred for two weeks before the intervention, one week for the implementation of unit in-service education, another two weeks for post education observation. The hand hygiene audit tool was utilized to record the observation data. Data analysis: Quantitative data were analyzed using a one-tailed T-test to determine P values for each group. Results: Results showed a 20 % increase among physicians, 15% among nurses and 5% among technologists. There was a statistical significance for the physician and nurse groups. Conclusion: The study implies that education is an effective intervention in improving hand hygiene compliance rates among the staff in the interventional radiology and cardiac catheterization department.
University Students' Perception on the Verbal Interaction through WhatsApp Chat Group
Authors: Sujarwo Sujarwo , Sukmawati Sukmawati , Asdar Asdar , Siradjuddin Suharti , Ariani Nina
Published: March 2021

Verbal interactions will occur when both the teacher/lecturer and learners could completely understand what each other means. It happens verbally among the teacher and learners during the teaching learning activity (Mardiana et al., 2019). This study was mainly conducted to examine the University students’ perception on verbal interaction through WhatsApp chat group. This study used qualitative descriptive method was used to achieve the objective of this study. Observation and a questionnaire were adopted as tools for data collection. A total number of samples was 14 English as a Foreign Language learners in university students. The analysis of the data revealed that university students’ perception on verbal interaction gave the positive feedback towards WhatsApp chat group. This proves that ordinarily learners selected agree with utilizing WhatsApp chat group in doing verbal interaction. Hence, utilizing of WhatsApp chat group can be recommended as an efficient technique in verbal interaction for teaching and learning process.