bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial effects of extracted corn zein with garlic extract‐based nanoemulsion on the shelf life of Vannamei prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei) at refrigerated temperature
Authors: Rahnama Mahsa , Anvar Seyed Amirali , Ahari Hamed , Kazempoor Reza
Published: October 2021

Background

Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most perishable foods due to microorganism growth. Using essential oil‐based nanoemulsion as a biodegradable and edible coating can enhance the shelf life of shrimp at refrigerated temperature through retarding microbial growth compared to synthetic coatings.

Methods

Zein was extracted from 50 g dry milled corn with ethanol. Garlic essential oil was prepared by mixing with Tween 80. Nanoemulsion was prepared in an ultrasonic bath. DLS analysis, turbidity, and stability of nanoemulsions were performed. Radical scavenging activity, and total phenol content were done for evaluation of garlic essential oil and nanoemulsion. A 10% zein solution was prepared using ethanol 95% and glycerol plasticizer (2.5%). In the end, various microbial analysis, peroxide value, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) values, and sensory evaluations of different shrimp samples were determined.

Results

Corn zein along with garlic‐based nanoemulsion, had a great impact on the TVB‐N, TBARS, and peroxide value (which indicated that z+24% garlic nanoemulsion group was the lowest among other groups on days 3, 7, and 14 (p < 0.05) as well as microbial properties (garlic EO nanoemulsion had significantly better antibacterial effectiveness compared to other groups (p < 0.05)), and sensory evaluation (the z+24% garlic nanoemulsion sample received a significantly higher score than other groups (p < 0.05)) of Litopenaeus vannamei.

Conclusions

Corn zein nanoemulsion functioned as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, increasing the shelf life of Litopenaeus vannamei at refrigerated temperature.

Practical Application

Emerging nanotechnology‐based approaches with no side‐effects on immune system of consumers plays a vital role in bioactive packaging, and on reduction of food spoilage or food poisoning in the transportation, exporting, and distribution stages of food products, especially marine‐based products with cold chain transportation. Additionally, it can reduce aquaculture and environmental risks due to the usage of chemical agents used in packaging. Our results showed that administration of a corn zein with nanoemulsion of garlic extract can prolong shelf life of Litopenaeus vannamei. The paper should be of interest to readers such as food microbiologists, aquaculture scientists, fisheries scientists, marine biologists, biomaterial scientists, food packaging industrialists, medical microbiologists, public health managers, and health system managers.
A study on the status of normoalbuminuric renal insufficiency among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A multicenter study based on a Chinese population
Authors: Jia Xiaomeng , Zang Li , Pang Ping , Jiang Lina , Du Jin , Gu Weijun , Ba Jianming , Mu Yiming , Lyu Zhaohui
Published: October 2021

Background

Patients with normoalbuminuria and a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) account for a considerable proportion of type 2 diabetes patients. The aim of this research was to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of normoalbuminuric kidney disease in a Chinese population.

Methods

We included 8131 diabetic patients from a multicenter prospective study in China. Based on eGFR and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR), participants were stratified into four groups—normal albuminuria, albuminuria, normoalbuminuria with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and albuminuria with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Clinical parameters and characteristics of patients with normoalbuminuria and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

A total of 1060 out of 8131 individuals with diabetes had decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Normoalbuminuria accounted for 63.3% of participants with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria accounted for 30.1% and 6.3%, respectively. Patients with normoalbuminuria and reduced eGFR were more frequently male, older, and had higher levels of triglycerides than patients with normal albuminuria and eGFR. We also detected a correlation between lower extremity arterial disease, newly diagnosed diabetes, and normoalbuminuria‐reduced eGFR. Compared with participants with both albuminuria and eGFR decline, those with normoalbuminuria had better metabolic indicators, including systolic blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin, and shorter diabetes duration. Even in the normal range, UACR has a significant correlation with the risk of eGFR insufficiency.

Conclusions

Normoalbuminuric renal insufficiency, characterized by male sex, older age, a higher level of triglyceride levels, and a higher risk of lower extremity arterial disease, accounted for a dominant proportion of diabetic patients with eGFR decline.
Methods for testing publication bias in ecological and evolutionary meta‐analyses
Authors: Nakagawa Shinichi , Lagisz Malgorzata , Jennions Michael D. , Koricheva Julia , Noble Daniel W. A. , Parker Timothy H. , Sánchez‐Tójar Alfredo , Yang Yefeng , O'Dea Rose E.
Published: October 2021

Publication bias threatens the validity of quantitative evidence from meta‐analyses as it results in some findings being overrepresented in meta‐analytic datasets because they are published more frequently or sooner (e.g. ‘positive’ results). Unfortunately, methods to test for the presence of publication bias, or assess its impact on meta‐analytic results, are unsuitable for datasets with high heterogeneity and non‐independence, as is common in ecology and evolutionary biology.

We first review both classic and emerging publication bias tests (e.g. funnel plots, Egger's regression, cumulative meta‐analysis, fail‐safe N, trim‐and‐fill tests, p‐curve and selection models), showing that some tests cannot handle heterogeneity, and, more importantly, none of the methods can deal with non‐independence. For each method, we estimate current usage in ecology and evolutionary biology, based on a representative sample of 102 meta‐analyses published in the last 10 years.

Then, we propose a new method using multilevel meta‐regression, which can model both heterogeneity and non‐independence, by extending existing regression‐based methods (i.e. Egger's regression). We describe how our multilevel meta‐regression can test not only publication bias, but also time‐lag bias, and how it can be supplemented by residual funnel plots.

Overall, we provide ecologists and evolutionary biologists with practical recommendations on which methods are appropriate to employ given independent and non‐independent effect sizes. No method is ideal, and more simulation studies are required to understand how Type 1 and Type 2 error rates are impacted by complex data structures. Still, the limitations of these methods do not justify ignoring publication bias in ecological and evolutionary meta‐analyses.
Using inferred valuation to quantify survey and social desirability bias in stated preference research
Authors: Entem Alicia , Lloyd‐Smith Patrick , Adamowicz Wiktor ( Vic) L. , Boxall Peter C.
Published: October 2021

Stated preference methods remain the only means capable of estimating non‐use values yet can suffer from many types of well‐known biases. We construct an approach to identify the role of social desirability bias, relative to other potential survey biases, using a stated preference survey for improving the status of species at risk. The survey respondents were asked how they would vote, how they think their fellow survey participants would vote, as well as how they think people in their region would vote in an actual referendum. We find that willingness‐to‐pay estimates for public good (passive use) values differ across these vote question types. Our results demonstrate how stated preference practitioners can use multiple referent groups to help disentangle social desirability bias from other survey biases.
Safety and efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of erectile dysfunction refractory to phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abdelrahman Islam Fathy Soliman , Raheem Amr Abdel , Elkhiat Yaser , Aburahma Abdelrahman A. , Abdel‐Raheem Tarek , Ghanem Hussein
Published: October 2021

Background

There has been recent interest in the use of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in the field of Andrology, whereby it has been investigated in the treatment of penile retraction and premature ejaculation.

Objectives

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intracavernosal BoNT‐A injection in the treatment of patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) refractory to oral phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5Is).

Patients and methods

A double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled prospective comparative study conducted at one center and involved 70 patients with ED refractory to PDE5Is. At baseline, the following data were collected: erection hardness score (EHS), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), sexual health inventory for men (SHIM), and the sexual encounter profile 2&3 (SEP‐2&3) questionnaires. Treatment group (n = 35) received a single ICI of 100 units of BoNT‐A in 2 ml of saline and control group (n = 35) received a single ICI of 2 ml of saline. EHS, PSV, and EDV were assessed at 2 weeks post treatment. SHIM, SEP‐2, SEP‐3, and global assessment questionnaire (GAQ‐Q1&Q2) were completed at 2‐, 6‐, and 12‐weeks post treatment.

Results

Two weeks post treatment, the treatment group showed a statistically significant improvement in the mean EHS, PSV, EDV, and GAQ‐Q1 positive responders (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. At 6‐ and 12‐weeks post treatment, the treatment group showed a statistically significant improvement in the SHIM scores, SEP‐2, and GAQ‐Q1&Q2 positive responders compared to the control group. At 6 weeks, where there was a 5‐point improvement in the mean SHIM score of the treatment group (10±5.9 from 5.4±1.7 at baseline) versus no improvement in the placebo group, 18 patients in the treatment group (53%) were able to have an erection hard enough for vaginal penetration versus only one patient in the control group.

Conclusion

BoNT‐A is safe and effective as a potential treatment for ED refractory to PDE5I therapy.
Metallographic and neutron diffraction analysis on microstructural evolution and control in ancient Indian high carbon steel
Authors: Park Jang‐Sik , Grazzi Francesco , Scherillo Antonella , Shinde Vasant
Published: October 2021

Despite the credit attributed to India for the early production of high carbon steel, not much is known about Indian contribution to the implementation of a pertinent fabrication technique without which this special material might have little practical value. A metallographic examination of a small iron lump and an iron sheet, both excavated from the second BC to second AD century site at Junnar in India, provided evidence that the production of high carbon steel was stimulated by a sophisticated technique practiced for the control of carbide precipitation in such a peculiar material. In addition, neutron diffraction analysis on one of the objects, the iron sheet, produced key information defining the thermo‐mechanical treatments applied. An anisotropy in the orientation of cementite grains, similar to one of those documented for the so‐called Damascus swords, was also confirmed. A detailed account of the analytical results is presented, suggesting that a proper technique for the control of microstructural evolution in high carbon steel was fully established in India much earlier than the beginning of the Damascus steel tradition, which must have been inspired by technologies long practiced in India.
Art historical and archaeometric analyses of the ‘animal style’ gold and silver ornaments (fourth–third centuries bce) found in north‐west China
Authors: Liu Yan , Xi Tongyuan , Ma Jian , Liu Ruiliang , Kuerban Reheman , Yan Feng , Ma Yingxia , Yu Jianjun , Ji Juan , Yang Junchang
Published: October 2021

The archaeological visibility of the production and consumption of gold and silver ornaments increased substantially during the Iron Age. A large number of precious metalworks rendered with distinctive ‘animal style’ motifs have been recovered from elite tombs in north‐west China, and have attracted great interest when investigating the dynamics of exchange, mobility and transcultural encounters in Eurasian antiquity. However, little scientific research has been undertaken to examine the manufacturing techniques and metal composition of such ‘animal style’ artefacts found in north‐west China and its neighbouring areas in a broader Eurasian context. Using multiple non‐invasive analytical methods, we conducted a detailed scientific analysis of two groups of precious metals excavated from Dongheigou Tomb 12 (fourth–second centuries bce) and Xigou Tomb 1 (third–second centuries bce) in present‐day Balikun county, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The results suggest that mould‐pressing technology was employed for the production of the ‘animal style’ appliqués found in these two tombs. The current analysis provides a definitive explanation for the traces of superficial crafting through their specific microstructure and the tool marks of manufacturing, and will thus be of significant interest for further research concerning the metallurgic knowledge and technological practice of precious metalworking industry in north‐west China and Central Asia.
Physicians' and pharmacists' views and experiences regarding use of direct oral anticoagulants in clinical practice
Authors: Capiau Andreas , Mehuys Els , Dhondt Eline , De Backer Tine , Boussery Koen
Published: October 2021

Aim

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Guidelines advocate a structured multidisciplinary approach in the management of patients treated with DOACs. The aim of this study was to assess the views and experiences of physicians and pharmacists regarding DOAC use in clinical practice.

Methods

An online questionnaire was sent to both primary (general practitioners [GPs], community pharmacists) and secondary healthcare professionals (cardiologists, residents in internal medicine and hospital pharmacists) between March and July 2020. The questionnaire covered four topics: (i) current practice, (ii) prescribing behaviour (only for physicians), (iii) self‐perceived knowledge about DOACs and (iv) views and opinions about DOACs versus VKAs.

Results

In total, 110 physicians and 111 pharmacists completed the survey. Healthcare professionals in secondary care had more experience with DOACs and felt more confident with higher self‐perceived knowledge about DOACs compared to their colleagues in primary care. Healthcare professionals' self‐perceived knowledge was more or less complementary, for example physicians felt less confident in managing drug–drug interactions (DDIs) where pharmacists reported being more confident in this topic. Physicians reported uncertainties on the potential impact of risk factors – such as older age, lower body weight and DDIs – on appropriate DOAC dosing.

Conclusion

Complementarity in physicians' and pharmacists' self‐perceived knowledge levels of DOACs may facilitate and necessitate future multidisciplinary collaboration initiatives for the management and follow‐up of DOAC patients.
Assessment of drug–drug interactions between moxonidine and antiepileptic drugs in the maximal electroshock seizure test in mice
Authors: Łukawski Krzysztof , Czuczwar Stanisław Jerzy
Published: October 2021

Hypertension is a common comorbid condition with epilepsy, and drug interactions between antihypertensive and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are likely in patients. Experimental studies showed that centrally active imidazoline compounds belonging to antihypertensive drugs can affect seizure susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of moxonidine, an I1‐imidazoline receptor agonist, on the anticonvulsant efficacy of numerous AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, valproate, phenytoin, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and lamotrigine) in the mouse model of maximal electroshock. Besides, the combinations of moxonidine and AEDs were investigated for adverse effects in the passive avoidance task and the chimney test. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally (ip). Moxonidine at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg ip did not affect the convulsive threshold. Among tested AEDs, moxonidine (2 mg/kg) potentiated the protective effect of valproate against maximal electroshock. This interaction could be pharmacodynamic because the brain concentration of valproate was not significantly changed by moxonidine. The antihypertensive drug did not cause adverse effects when combined with AEDs. This study shows that moxonidine may have a neutral or positive effect on the anticonvulsant activity of AEDs in patients with epilepsy. The enhancement of the anticonvulsant action of valproate by moxonidine needs further investigations to elucidate potential mechanisms involved.
Assurance of corporate social responsibility reports: Does it reduce decoupling practices?
Authors: García‐Sánchez Isabel‐María , Hussain Nazim , Aibar‐Guzmán Cristina , Aibar‐Guzmán Beatriz
Published: October 2021

Recent research shows the existence of a selective corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure strategy that creates a gap between CSR disclosure and actual performance. These CSR decoupling practices compromise the credibility of CSR reports and have triggered a demand for the adoption of credibility enhancement mechanisms, such as adherence to the global reporting initiative (GRI) reporting guidelines, and the external assurance of CSR reports. The effectiveness of such mechanisms is not clear, however. This paper draws on legitimacy theory and addresses the issue of symbolic versus substantive use of assurance, and compliance with GRI reporting standards, by analysing their effect on CSR decoupling using an international sample of 1,939 companies (15,219 observations from 2002 to 2017). Analysis of a sub‐sample of 708 firms (3,730 observations from 2011 to 2017) also shows that the application of GRI guidelines and the specific characteristics of the assurance provider—accountant, experience and specialisation—reduce CSR decoupling practices. The results provide researchers, managers, assurance providers, investors, stakeholders and regulators with additional insight into the value of the external assurance of sustainability reports and have important managerial and policy implications.
Caring by lying
Authors: MacKenzie Jordan
Published: October 2021

Caring for loved ones with dementia can sometimes necessitate a loose relationship with the truth. Some might view such deception as categorically immoral, and a violation of our general truth‐telling obligations. I argue that this view is mistaken. This is because truth‐telling obligations may be limited by the particular relationships in which they feature. Specifically, within caregiving relationships, we are often permitted (and sometimes obligated) to deceive the people with whom we share them. Our standing to deceive follows from certain features of caregiving relationships. Specifically, they are relationships that involve obligations to promote a person's interests and values (and not simply their autonomy), that often permit us to assume the hypothetical consent of the person with whom we share them, and in which we are often entitled to act out of self‐interest. Once we appreciate these features, we will be able to recognize that the truth‐telling norms governing our relationships with loved ones with dementia do not represent a radical departure from our general truth‐telling obligations, but are instead consistent with truth‐telling norms that feature in other caregiving relationships. In addition, we will be able to understand why we may feel conflicted about lying to loved ones with dementia, even when lying is permissible.
Inequitable use of health services for Indigenous mothers who experience stillbirth in Australia
Authors: Callander Emily , Fox Haylee , Mills Kyly , Stuart‐Butler Deanna , Middleton Philippa , Ellwood David , Thomas Joseph , Flenady Vicki
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in health service expenditure on Indigenous and non‐Indigenous women who experience a stillbirth, women's out‐of‐pocket costs, and health service use.

Methods

The project used a whole‐of‐population linked data set called “Maternity1000,” which includes all women who gave birth in Queensland, Australia, between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2018 (n = 396 158). Multivariable analysis was undertaken to assess differences in mean health service expenditure; and number of health care services accessed between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous women who had a stillbirth from birth to twelve months postpartum. Costs are presented in 2019/20 Australian dollars.

Results

There was a total of 1864 babies stillborn to women in Queensland between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2018, with 135 being born to Indigenous women and 1729 born to non‐Indigenous women. There was significantly lower total expenditure per woman for Indigenous women compared with non‐Indigenous women ($16 083 and $18 811, respectively). This was consistent across public hospital inpatient ($12 564 compared with $14 075), outpatient ($1127 compared with $1470), community‐based services ($198 compared with $313), pharmaceuticals ($8 compared with $22), private hospital ($434 compared with $1265), and for individual out‐of‐pocket fees ($21 compared with $86). Mean expenditure on emergency department services per woman was higher for Indigenous women compared with non‐Indigenous women ($947 compared with $643). Indigenous women who experienced a stillbirth accessed fewer general practitioners, allied health, specialist, obstetrics, and outpatient services, and fewer pathology and diagnostic test than their non‐Indigenous counterparts.

Conclusions

Inequities in access to health services exist between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous women who experience a stillbirth.
Impact of major bleeding and thrombosis on 180‐day survival in patients with severe COVID‐19 supported with veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the United Kingdom: a multicentre observational study
Authors: Arachchillage Deepa J. , Rajakaruna Indika , Scott Ian , Gaspar Mihaela , Odho Zain , Banya Winston , Vlachou Aikaterini , Isgro Graziella , Cagova Lenka , Wade Joshua , Fleming Lucy , Laffan Mike , Szydlo Richard , Ledot Stephane , Jooste Rachel , Vuylsteke Alain , Yusuff Hakeem
Published: October 2021

Bleeding and thrombosis are major complications in patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In this multicentre observational study of 152 consecutive patients (≥18 years) with severe COVID‐19 supported by veno‐venous (VV) ECMO in four UK commissioned centres during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic (1 March to 31 May 2020), we assessed the incidence of major bleeding and thrombosis and their association with 180‐day mortality. Median age (range) was 47 years (23–65) and 75% were male. Overall, the 180‐day survival was 70·4% (107/152). The rate of major bleeding was 30·9% (47/152), of which intracranial bleeding (ICH) was 34% (16/47). There were 96 thrombotic events (63·1%) consisting of venous 44·7% [68/152 of which 66·2% were pulmonary embolism (PE)], arterial 18·6% (13/152) and ECMO circuit thrombosis 9·9% (15/152). In multivariate analysis, only raised lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at the initiation of VV ECMO was associated with an increased risk of thrombosis [hazard ratio (HR) 1·92, 95% CI 1·21‐3·03]. Major bleeding and ICH were associated with 3·87‐fold (95% CI 2·10–7·23) and 5·97‐fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 2·36–15·04] increased risk of mortality and PE with a 2·00‐fold (95% CI1·09–3·56) risk of mortality. This highlights the difficult balancing act often encountered when managing coagulopathy in COVID‐19 patients supported with ECMO.
Cyclic helix B peptide promotes random‐pattern skin flap survival via TFE3‐mediated enhancement of autophagy and reduction of ROS levels
Authors: Lou Junsheng , Zhang Haojie , Qi Jianjun , Xu Yu , Wang Xingyu , Jiang Jingtao , Hu Xinli , Ni Libin , Cai Yuepiao , Wang Xiangyang , Gao Weiyang , Xiao Jian , Zhou Kailiang
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose

Necrosis of random‐pattern skin flaps limits their clinical application. Helix B surface peptide (HBSP) protects tissues from ischaemia–reperfusion injury but its short plasma half‐life limits its applications. Here, we have synthesized cyclic helix B peptide (CHBP) and investigated its role in flap survival and the underlying mechanisms.

Experimental Approach

Flap viability was evaluated by survival area analysis, laser Doppler blood flow and histological analysis. RNA sequencing was used to identify mechanisms underlying the effects of CHBP. Levels of autophagy, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, necroptosis and molecules related to the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)–TRPML1–calcineurin signalling pathway were assayed with Western blotting, RT‐qPCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.

Key Results

The results indicated that CHBP promoted the survival of random‐pattern skin flaps. The results of RNA sequencing analysis indicated that autophagy, oxidative stress, pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in the ability of CHBP to promote skin flap survival. Restoration of autophagy flux and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress contributed to inhibition of pyroptosis and necroptosis. Increased autophagy and inhibition of oxidative stress in the ischaemic flaps were regulated by transcription factor E3 (TFE3). A decrease in the levels of TFE3 caused a reduction in autophagy flux and accumulation of ROS and eliminated the protective effect of CHBP. Moreover, CHBP regulated the activity of TFE3 via the AMPK–TRPML1–calcineurin signalling pathway.

Conclusion and Implications

CHBP promotes skin flap survival by up‐regulating autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress in the ischaemic flap and may have potential clinical applications.
1‐Hydroxypyrene mediates renal fibrosis through aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway
Authors: Miao Hua , Wu Xia‐Qing , Wang Yan‐Ni , Chen Dan‐Qian , Chen Lin , Vaziri Nosratola D. , Zhuang Shougang , Guo Yan , Su Wei , Ma Shi‐Xing , Zhang Huan‐Qiao , Shang You‐Quan , Yu Xiao‐Yong , Zhao Yan‐Long , Mao Jia‐Rong , Gao Ming , Zhang Jin‐Hua , Zhao Jin , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Li , Zhao Ying‐Yong , Cao Gang
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients inevitably reach end‐stage renal disease and require renal transplant. Evidence suggests that CKD is associated with metabolite disorders. However, the molecular pathways targeted by metabolites remain enigmatic. Here, we describe roles of 1‐hydroxypyrene in mediating renal fibrosis.

Experimental Approach

We analysed 5406 urine and serum samples from patients with Stage 1–5 CKD using metabolomics, and 1‐hydroxypyrene was identified and validated using longitudinal and drug intervention cohorts as well as 5/6 nephrectomised and adenine‐induced rats.

Key Results

We identified correlations between the urine and serum levels of 1‐hydroxypyrene and the estimated GFR in patients with CKD onset and progression. Moreover, increased 1‐hydroxypyrene levels in serum and kidney tissues correlated with decreased renal function in two rat models. Up‐regulated mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its target genes, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, were observed in patients and rats with progressive CKD. Further we showed up‐regulated mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its three target genes, plus up‐regulated nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor protein levels in mice and HK‐2 cells treated with 1‐hydroxypyrene, which caused accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Treatment with aryl hydrocarbon receptor short hairpin RNA or flavonoids inhibited mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its target genes in 1‐hydroxypyrene‐induced HK‐2 cells and mice.

Conclusion and Implications

Metabolite 1‐hydroxypyrene was demonstrated to mediate renal fibrosis through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for CKD progression.
The Appalachian area as a tectonostratigraphic analogue for the Barents Sea shelf
Authors: Martins Gustavo , Ettensohn Frank , Knutsen Stig‐Morten
Published: October 2021

The US Appalachian Basin and the Arctic Norwegian and Russian Barents Sea shelf (BSS) areas are two strategic provinces for the energy industry. The Appalachian Basin is a well‐studied, mature, onshore basin, whereas the offshore BSS is still considered a frontier area. This study suggests that the Appalachian Basin may be an appropriate analogue for understanding the BSS and contribute to development of a tectonostratigraphic framework for the area. Although the Appalachian and BSS areas reflect different times and settings, both areas began as passive margins that were subsequently subjected to subduction and continent collision associated with the closure of an adjacent ocean basin. As a result, both areas exhibited multi‐phase subduction‐type orogenies, a rising hinterland that sourced sediments, and a foreland‐basin sedimentary system that periodically overflowed onto an adjacent intracratonic area of basins and platforms with underlying basement structures. Foreland‐basin sedimentary systems in the Mid‐to‐Late Palaeozoic Appalachian Basin are composed of unconformity‐bound cycles related to specific orogenic pulses called tectophases. Each tectophase gave rise to a distinct sequence of lithologies related to flexural events in the orogen. In this study, similar sequences are recognised in both BSS foreland‐basin and adjacent intracratonic sedimentary sequences that formed in response to the Late Palaeozoic–Mesozoic Uralian–Pai–Khoi–Novaya Zemlya Orogeny, suggesting that the processes generating the sequences are analogous to the tectophase cycles in the Appalachian Basin. Hence, this pioneering use of the Appalachian area and its succession as large‐scale tectonostratigraphic analogues for the BSS may further enhance understanding of Upper Palaeozoic to Middle Jurassic stratigraphy across the BSS.
HLA genotyping in Japanese patients with multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib: An exploratory biomarker study of JCOG1105 (JCOG1105A1)
Authors: Ri Masaki , Iida Shinsuke , Maruyama Dai , Sakabe Aya , Kamei Ryo , Nakashima Takuto , Tohkin Masahiro , Osaga Satoshi , Tobinai Kensei , Fukuhara Noriko , Miyazaki Kana , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Tsujimura Hideki , Yoshimitsu Makoto , Miyamoto Kenichi , Tsukasaki Kunihiro , Nagai Hirokazu
Published: October 2021

Bortezomib (Btz) shows robust efficacy in patients with multiple myeloma (MM); however, some patients experience suboptimal responses and show specific toxicities. Therefore, we attempted to identify specific HLA alleles associated with Btz‐related toxicities and response to treatment. Eighty‐two transplant‐ineligible patients with newly diagnosed MM enrolled in a phase II study (JCOG1105) comparing two less intensive melphalan, prednisolone, plus Btz (MPB) regimens were subjected to HLA typing. The frequency of each allele was compared between the groups, categorized based on toxicity grades and responses to MPB therapy. Among 82 patients, the numbers of patients with severe peripheral neuropathy (PN; grade 2 or higher), skin disorders (SD; grade 2 or higher), and pneumonitis were 16 (19.5%), 15 (18.3%), and 6 (7.3%), respectively. Complete response was achieved in 10 (12.2%) patients. Although no significant HLA allele was identified by multiple comparisons, several candidates were identified. HLA‐B*40:06 was more prevalent in patients with severe PN than in those with less severe PN (odds ratio [OR] = 6.76). HLA‐B*40:06 and HLA‐DRB1*12:01 were more prevalent in patients with SD than in those with less severe SD (OR = 7.47 and OR = 5.55, respectively). HLA‐DRB1*08:02 clustered in the group of patients with pneumonitis (OR = 11.34). Complete response was achieved in patients carrying HLA‐DQB1*03:02, HLA‐DQB1*05:01, and HLA‐DRB1*01:01 class II alleles. HLA genotyping could help predict Btz‐induced toxicity and treatment efficacy in patients with MM, although this needs further validation.
Parental engagement in early intervention for infants with cerebral palsy—A realist synthesis
Authors: Harniess Phillip Antony , Gibbs Deanna , Bezemer Jeff , Purna Basu Anna
Published: October 2021

Background

Emphasis on parental engagement strategies within occupational therapy and physiotherapy early intervention (EI) programmes for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) has increased. This reflects consensus that increasing parent participation enhances treatment efficacy, potentially improving infant and parent outcomes. However, evaluation of parental engagement in EI is complex. Despite the growing application of parental engagement strategies, aligned with family‐centred care practice, theoretical evaluation is currently lacking within the literature. This realist synthesis aimed to identify component theories underlying EI strategies to support parental engagement and to use empirical findings to evaluate how these work in practice.

Methods

Realist synthesis: Databases Medline, Embase, Amed, CINAHL and PsychInfo were searched (from February 1985 ‐ February 2020); further articles were sourced from reference lists. A data extraction form was used, and a Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to assess study rigour.

Results

Twenty‐six articles were included. Quality of relationships, parent education and intervention co‐design were the key themes related to parental engagement strategies. Findings indicate that constructive parent reasoning mechanisms of trust, belief, sense of control, perceived feasibility of home programme delivery and ultimately motivation are linked to the underlying intervention resources afforded by specific strategies (e.g., coaching pedagogy). These responses are precursors to engagement outcomes that include increased parental self‐efficacy and adherence. Importantly, parental self‐efficacy can initiate a process of change leading to improved parental confidence and anxiety.

Conclusions

Sensitively designed programme strategies, centred on relational quality between parent, infant and therapist, are fundamental for effective parent connection, involvement and investment within EI for infants with CP.
The consequences and outcomes associated with dental implants encroaching on adjacent teeth
Authors: Hamdoon Zaid , Talaat Wael , Aziz Ahmed , Abdul Sattar Abier , Kheder Waad , Jerjes Waseem
Published: October 2021

Background

Dental implant placement carries a risk of iatrogenic damage to adjacent root surfaces.

Purpose

To classify and understand different types of trauma to the tooth root body by dental implants.

Materials and Methods

This prospective case series included 43 implants placed between February 2017 and June 2020 that had primary stability and were in a position that accidentally invaded the adjacent teeth. The type and degree of the injury were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Tenderness, mobility, and sensitivity tests of the injured teeth were conducted at different visits. Implant failure was confirmed by the presence of implant mobility during the healing period.

Results

Overall, 43 patients had root injuries due to dental implant surgeries. Regarding the 43 injured roots, 32 developed transient tenderness to percussion, 16 developed variable degrees of resorption in the cementum, three lost pulp sensitivity and one had persistent tenderness to percussion. No injured teeth were lost. In three patients, implant periapical lesions were confirmed radiographically as radiolucency near the apex of the involved implants. Out of the 43 implants, 11 failed and were removed within 6 months, with an implant failure rate of (25%).

Conclusions

Root damage after implant surgery varies depending on the type and severity of injury. Periodic clinical and radiographical examination is necessary to monitor root resorption and implant integration and to rule out pulp necrosis.
Sulcus fluid volume, IL‐6, and Il‐1b concentrations in periodontal and peri‐implant tissues comparing machined and laser‐microtextured collar/abutment surfaces during 12 weeks of healing: A split‐mouth RCT
Authors: Guarnieri Renzo , Miccoli Gabriele , Reda Rodolfo , Mazzoni Alessandro , Di Nardo Dario , Testarelli Luca
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To compare gingival tissue healing at surgically manipulated periodontal sites and at sites receiving implants and healing abutments with machined (MS) vs laser‐microtextured (LMS) surface placed with one‐stage protocol.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐four non‐smoking patients each received two implants with one‐stage protocol in a split‐mouth design on the same jaw. In each patient, one implant with a MS collar and one immediate healing abutment with a MS, and one implant with a LMS collar and one immediate healing abutment with a LMS were used. Soft tissues healing at surgically manipulated periodontal tissues (T+) and at non‐surgically manipulated periodontal tissues (T‐) at MS implant sites and at LMS implant sites were compared by means of clinical and biochemical parameters at baseline and at 1–2–3–4–6–8 and 12 weeks.

Results

PD and BoP mean values were statistically higher in MS than LMS implant sites (p<0.05). During early healing phase (1–4 weeks), MS and LMS peri‐implant tissues and periodontal tissues at T(+) showed no statistically significant difference in crevicular fluid volume changes (p>0.05). Between 6 and 12 weeks, compared with T(+), no statistically significant difference in crevicular fluid volume and IL‐6 and IL‐1β concentrations was noted in LMS implant sites (p>0.05), while statistically significantly higher mean values were noted in MS implant sites (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Compared with T(+) and T(‐), both MS and LMS implant sites presented a higher pro‐inflammatory state in the early phase after surgery (1–4 weeks). At 12 weeks, only MS implant sites kept a higher pro‐inflammatory state, while at LMS implant sites, it becomes similar to T(+) and T(‐).
Applying assessments of adaptive capacity to inform natural‐resource management in a changing climate
Authors: Thurman Lindsey L. , Gross John E. , Mengelt Claudia , Beever Erik A. , Thompson Laura M. , Schuurman Gregor W. , Hoving Christopher L. , Olden Julian D.
Published: October 2021

Adaptive capacity (AC)—the ability of a species to cope with or accommodate climate change—is a critical determinant of species vulnerability. Using information on species’ AC in conservation planning is key to ensuring successful outcomes. We identified connections between a list of species’ attributes (e.g., traits, population metrics, and behaviors) that were recently proposed for assessing species’ AC and management actions that may enhance AC for species at risk of extinction. Management actions were identified based on evidence from the literature, a review of actions used in other climate adaptation guidance, and our collective experience in diverse fields of global‐change ecology and climate adaptation. Selected management actions support the general AC pathways of persist in place or shift in space, in response to contemporary climate change. Some actions, such as genetic manipulations, can be used to directly alter the ability of species to cope with climate change, whereas other actions can indirectly enhance AC by addressing ecological or anthropogenic constraints on the expression of a species’ innate abilities to adapt. Ours is the first synthesis of potential management actions directly linked to AC. Focusing on AC attributes helps improve understanding of how and why aspects of climate are affecting organisms, as well as the mechanisms by which management interventions affect a species’ AC and climate change vulnerability. Adaptive‐capacity‐informed climate adaptation is needed to build connections among the causes of vulnerability, AC, and proposed management actions that can facilitate AC and reduce vulnerability in support of evolving conservation paradigms.
Is fistulotomy with immediate sphincter reconstruction (FISR) a sphincter preserving procedure for high anal fistula? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Iqbal Nusrat , Dilke Stella Maye , Geldof Jeroen , Sahnan Kapil , Adegbola Samuel , Bassett Paul , Tozer Philip
Published: October 2021

Aim

This systematic review aimed to assess the outcomes of fistulotomy or fistulectomy and immediate sphincter repair (FISR) in relation to healing, incontinence and sphincter dehiscence both overall and in patients with high anal fistulae.

Methods

Medline, Embase and The Cochrane library were searched for studies of patients undergoing FISR for anal fistula. Data regarding healing, continence and sphincter dehiscence were extracted overall and for high anal fistulae. The DerSimonian‐Laird random‐effects method was used for pooled analysis, heterogeneity between studies was assessed based on the significance of between‐study heterogeneity, and on the size of the I2 value. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale.

Results

We identified 21 studies evaluating 1700 patients. Pooled analysis of healing reached 93% (95% CI: 91%–95%, I2 = 51% p‐value for heterogeneity = 0.004), with continence disturbance and worsening continence reaching 11% (95% CI: 6%–18%, I2 = 87% p < 0.001) and 8% (95% CI: 4%–13%, I2 = 74% p < 0.001), respectively. Subgroup analysis according to fistula height could only be conducted on limited data. Pooled healing in high anal fistulae was 89% (95% CI: 84%–94%, I2 = 76% p < 0.001), 16% suffered disturbance of continence (95% CI: 7%–27%, I2 = 89% p < 0.001), 8% worsening continence from baseline (95% CI: 2%–16%, I2 = 80% p < 0.001) and 2% suffered sphincter dehiscence (95% CI: 0%–10%, I2 = 89% p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The evidence suggests FISR is a safe, effective procedure. However, data are limited by inconsistencies in reporting of continence and definition of fistula height, particularly high anal fistulae. Significant heterogeneity means that outcomes in high fistulae remain uncertain.
Merkel cell carcinoma in a young man with AIDS‐related Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Schiele Kristan , Kojder Priscilla Ly , Haynes Alex B. , Soldano Anthony , Jambusaria‐Pahlajani Anokhi
Published: October 2021

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin that can present in immunocompromised patients. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an indolent angioproliferative tumor associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). The concurrence of both MCC and KS is rare, and there have been limited cases reported in the literature. We present a rare case of concurrent MCC and KS in an immunocompromised patient. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MCC and KS described in the same histopathological specimen. A 37‐year‐old Black male with a history of recurrent AIDS‐related KS involving bilateral lower extremities was evaluated for a tender nodule on the left posterior leg. A punch biopsy was consistent with MCC. Magnetic resonance imaging brain and full‐body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan were without evidence of distant metastasis. The patient underwent wide local excision with negative margins and completed postoperative radiation therapy. However, he later developed cutaneous metastasis of MCC to the left medial thigh and excision revealed residual MCC with adjacent KS. Treatment is still ongoing with pembrolizumab for both KS and MCC.
Maternal cradling bias in baboons: The first environmental factor affecting early infant handedness development?
Authors: Boulinguez‐Ambroise Grégoire , Pouydebat Emmanuelle , Disarbois Éloïse , Meguerditchian Adrien
Published: October 2021

The most emblematic behavioral manifestation of human brain asymmetries is handedness. While the precise mechanisms behind the development of handedness are still widely debated, empirical evidences highlight that besides genetic factors, environmental factors may play a crucial role. As one of these factors, maternal cradling behavior may play a key role in the emergence of early handedness in the offspring. In the present study we followed 41 Papio anubis infants living in social groups with their mother for which direction (e.g., left‐ or right‐arm) and degree of maternal cradling‐side bias were available from a previous published study. We assessed hand preferences for an unimanual grasping task at three developmental stages: (A) 0–4, (B) 4—6, and (C) 9–10 months of age. We found that individual hand preferences for grasping exist as soon as the first months of age, with a population‐level left‐handedness predominance, being stable until 6 months; to wit the period during which juveniles are mainly carried by their mothers. More importantly, this early postnatal handedness is positively correlated with maternal cradling lateralization. Interestingly, hand preferences assessed later in the development, once juveniles are no longer carried (i.e., from 9 to 10 months of age), are less dependent from the maternal cradling bias and less consistent with the earlier developmental stages, especially in infants initially cradled on the right maternal side. Our findings suggest that the ontogenetic dynamics of the infant's hand preference and its changes might ultimately rely on the degree of infant dependence from the mother across development.
Prior task experience increases 5‐year‐old children's use of proactive control: Behavioral and pupillometric evidence
Authors: Yanaoka Kaichi , van't Wout Félice , Saito Satoru , Jarrold Christopher
Published: October 2021

Children engage cognitive control reactively when they encounter conflicts; however, they can also resolve conflicts proactively. Recent studies have begun to clarify the mechanisms that support the use of proactive control in children; nonetheless, sufficient knowledge has not been accumulated regarding these mechanisms. Using behavioral and pupillometric measures, we tested the novel possibility that 5‐year‐old children (N = 58) learn to use proactive control via the acquisition of abstract task knowledge that captures regularities of the task. Participants were assigned to either a proactive training group or a control training group. In the proactive training group, participants engaged in a training phase where using proactive control was encouraged, followed by a test phase using different stimuli where both proactive and reactive control could be used. In the control training group, participants engaged in a training phase where both cognitive control strategies could be used, followed by a similarly‐structured test phase using different stimuli. We demonstrated children in the control training group responded more quickly and accurately and showed greater cue‐related pupil dilation in the test phase than in the training phase. However, there were no differences in response times, accuracies, and pupil dilation between the proactive and control training groups in the training and test phases. These findings suggest that prior task experience, that goes beyond specific knowledge about the timing of task goal activation, can lead children to engage more proactive control endogenously, even if they are not directly encouraged to do so.