bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation
Authors: Mccullagh C. Behan
Published: March 2003

Debates among historiansshow that they expect descriptions of past people and events, interpretations of historicalsubjects, and genetic explanations of historical changes to be fair and not misleading. Sometimesunfair accounts of the past are the result of historians' bias, of their preferring one accountover others because it accords with their interests. It is useful to distinguish history that ismisleading by accident from that which is the result of personal bias; and to distinguish personalbias from cultural bias and general cultural relativity.

This article explains what fairdescriptions, interpretations, and explanations are like in order to clarify the senses in which theycan be biased. It then explains why bias is deplorable, and after noting those who regard it asmore or less inevitable, considers how personal bias can be avoided. It argues that it is notdetachment that is needed, but commitment to standards of rational inquiry.

Some mightthink that rational standards of inquiry will not be enough to avoid bias if the evidence availableto the historian is itself biased. In fact historians often allow for bias in evidence, and evenexplain it when reconstructing what happened in the past.

The article concludes bynoting that although personal bias can be largely avoided, cultural bias is not so easy to detect orcorrect.
The “Iron Cage” and the “Shell as Hard as Steel”: Parsons, Weber, and the Stahlhartes Gehäuse Metaphor in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Authors: Baehr Peter
Published: March 2003

In the climax to The Protestant Ethic, Max Weber writes of the stahlhartes Gehäuse that modern capitalism has created, a concept that Talcott Parsons famously rendered as the “iron cage.” This article examines the status of Parsons's canonical translation; the putative sources of its imagery (in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress); and the more complex idea that Weber himself sought to evoke with the “shell as hard as steel”: a reconstitution of the human subject under bureaucratic capitalism in which “steel” becomes emblematic of modernity. Steel, unlike the “element” iron, is a product of human fabrication. It is both hard and potentially flexible. Further, whereas a cage confines human agents, but leaves their powers otherwise intact, a “shell” suggests that modern capitalism has created a new kind of being. After examining objections to this interpretation, I argue that whatever the problems with Parsons's “iron cage” as a rendition of Weber's own metaphor, it has become a “traveling idea,” a fertile coinagein its own right, an intriguing example of how the translator's imagination can impose itself influentially on the text and its readers.
The Sublime Dissociation of the Past: Or How to Be(come) What One Is No Longer
Authors: Ankersmit F.R.
Published: March 2003

Forgetting has rarely been investigated in historical theory. Insofar as it attracted the attention of theorists at all, forgetting has ordinarily been considered to be a defect in our relationship to the past that should be overcome in one way or another. The only exception is Nietzsche who so provocatively sung the praises of forgetting in his On the Use and Abuse of History (1874). But Nietzsche’s conception is the easy victim of a consistent historicism and therefore in need of correction. Four types of forgetting are identified in this essay. Central in the essay’s argument is the fourth type. This is the kind of forgetting taking place when a civilization “commits suicide” by exchanging a previous identity for a new one. Hegel’s moving account of the conflict between Socrates and the Athenian state is presented as the paradigmatic example of this kind of forgetting. Two conclusions follow from an analysis of this type of forgetting. First, we can now understand what should be recognized as a civilization’s historical sublime and how the notions of the historical sublime and of collective trauma are related. Second, it follows that myth and (scientific) history do not exclude each other; on the contrary, (scientific) history creates myth. This should not be taken to be a defect of history, for this is precisely how it should be.
The Third Man; Or, Agency in History; Or, Rationality in Revolution
Authors: Aya Rod
Published: March 2003

Theories of revolution invoke human agency to commit the violence that revolution entails, yet theorists of revolution often denounce the general theory of human agency called rational choice because (they say) it does not explain macrosocial facts like revolution and also leaves out culture. Actually, however, rational choice is the major premise of any cogent explanation of revolution, and it includes culture as a factual premise. Rational‐choice theory applied to explaining revolution dates back to Thucydides, whose method of explanation is sound and whose theory of revolution is true. Thucydides explains the macrosocial fact of revolution by way of models whose elements are people doing what they hope will succeed, that is, acting on opinion alias culture. Theorists of revolution who make sense of it all rehearse Thucydides: they analyze the narrative history into strategic actions and reactions, explain these actions and reactions by rational choice, and document the explanation with direct and circumstantial evidence for hope of success, though they seldom own up on theory and method or preach what they practice.
Comparative Historiography: Problems and Perspectives
Authors: Lorenz Chris
Published: March 2003

Just like history, historiography is usually written and analyzed within one spatio‐temporal setting, traditionally that of a particular nation‐state. As a consequence, historiography tends to localize explanations for historiographical developments within national contexts and to neglect international dimensions. As long as that is the case, it is impossible to assess the general and specific aspects of historiographical case studies. This forum, therefore, represents a sustained argument for comparative approaches to historiography.

First, my introduction takes a recent study in Canadian historiography as a point of departure in order to illustrate the problems of non‐comparative historiography. These problems point to strong arguments in favor of comparative approaches. Second, I place comparative historiography as a genre in relation to a typology that orders theories of historiography on a continuum ranging from general and philosophical to particular and empirical. Third, I put recent debates on the “fragmentation” of historiography in a comparative perspective. Worries among historians about this fragmentation—usually associated with the fragmentation of the nation and the advent of multiculturalism and/or postmodernism—are legitimate when they concern the epistemological foundations of history as a discipline. As soon as the “fragmentation” of historiography leads to—and is legitimated by—epistemological skepticism, a healthy pluralism has given way to an unhealthy relativism. As comparison puts relativism in perspective by revealing its socio‐historical foundations, at the same time it creates its rational antidote.

Fourth, I summarize the contributions to this forum; all deal—directly or indirectly—with the historiography of the Second World War. Jürgen Kocka's “Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German Sonderweg” examines the so‐called “special path” of Germany's history. Daniel Levy's “The Future of the Past: Historiographical Disputes and Competing Memories in Germany and Israel” offers a comparative analysis of recent historiographical debates in Germany and Israel. Sebastian Conrad's “What Time is Japan? Problems of Comparative (Intercultural) Historiography” analyzes the conceptual linkage between Japanese historiography and specific interpretations of European history. Richard Bosworth's “Explaining ‘Auschwitz’ after the End of History: The Case of Italy” charts in a comparative perspective the changes since 1989 in Italian historiography concerning fascism. All four articles support the conclusion that next to the method of historical comparison is the politics of comparison, which is hidden in the choice of the parameters. Analyses of both method and politics are essential for an understanding of (comparative) historiography.
Globalization and Industrial Relations in East Asia: A Three‐Country Comparison
Authors: Frenkel Stephen J. , Peetz David
Published: March 2003

Globalization enhances competitiveness, both at the level of the firm and at the level of the nation. As observed in China, Malaysia, and Korea, this leads management and the state to adopt strategies designed to increase labor effectiveness to the benefit of capital. However, the effect of globalization on industrial relations procedures and substantive outcomes is contingent. Pressure for greater flexibility in the use of labor is ubiquitous, but the outcome is constrained by cultural norms valuing hierarchy and security. State strategies vary by historical circumstance, resource endowments, and internal political dynamics, including the influence of trade unions. While Malaysian industrial relations is heavily constrained by the discipline of high exposure to international capital, in China and Korea, major struggles are shaping the future of workplace and national labor market governance. Thus the extent and impact of globalization vary between countries, resulting in similar preoccupations by policymakers yet leading to variable responses and industrial relations outcomes.
International Labor Revitalization: Enlarging the Playing Field
Authors: Wever Kirsten S.
Published: March 2003

This survey of international union strategies distinguishes between approaches that add microeconomic value, adjust institutional frameworks, and enlarge the “playing field” on which unions organize and represent worker interests. It considers unions' efforts across advanced capitalist economies to use the latter approach to solve public goods problems while organizing new members. This strategy is limited by difficulties of coordinating multiple social interests but holds revitalizing potential by adding social value in times of socioeconomic instability.
Pension Type and Retirement Wealth
Authors: Blank Emily C.
Published: March 2003

In this article I analyze the effect of a shift from defined‐benefit pensions to defined‐contribution pensions on retirement wealth. Regressions results suggest that workers with a defined‐benefit pension appear to have more retirement resources than those who either have no pension or have a defined‐contribution pension, although individual savings is generally insufficient. I use the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), which contains data on individuals 51 to 61 years of age.
Behavioral Outcomes of Grievance Activity
Authors: Lewin David , Peterson Richard B.
Published: March 2003

Using individual employee data from four unionized organizations over two 3‐year periods, this study analyzes the effects of grievance filing and settlement activity on post‐grievance settlement outcomes. The results show that performance ratings, work attendance rates, and promotion rates declined and turnover rates increased for grievance filers compared with nonfilers following grievance settlement, in contrast to the absence of significant differences between the two employee groups on any of these measures before or during grievance filing and settlement. Similar findings emerged for the supervisors of grievance filers relative to the supervisors of nonfilers. The evidence suggests that employers exercise retribution against grievance filers and their supervisors, although a “true performance” explanation of these findings cannot be ruled out.
It Pays to Value Family: Work and Family Tradeoffs Reconsidered
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Constantine Jill , Chadwick Clint
Published: March 2003

We use longitudinal data to assess whether individuals who place greater importance on marriage and family pay a price for that priority in subsequent labor market success. Males placing a high priority on family before entering the labor market earn more, contrary to behavioral research but consistent with the economics literature. More important, females who place a high priority on family do not suffer in terms of subsequent earnings, contrary to most previous research.
Measuring the Employer's Return on Investments in Training: Evidence from the Literature
Authors: Bartel Ann P.
Published: March 2003

Three components of the literature on measuring the employer's rate of return to investments in employee training are reviewed: (1) studiesthat use large samples of firm‐level or establishment‐level data collected through mail or phone surveys, (2) studies that use data from one or two companies to conduct an ‘econometric’ case study, and (3) company‐sponsored case studies. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches are evaluated and the estimated returns on investments (ROIs) are compared. The analysis indicates that the employer's return on investments in training may be much higher than previously believed. In order to obtainaccurate information on the employer's ROI from training, researchers should be encouraged to gain access to company databases and to supplement them with data‐gathering efforts to collect information on variables needed to isolate the effect of training.
The Nature and the Determinants of Labor Market Transitions in Former Socialist Economies: Evidence from Bulgaria
Authors: Jones Derek C. , Kato Takao
Published: March 2003

To generate stylized facts on transitions between different labor market states during early transition, panel data for a sample of the registered unemployed in Bulgaria were collected. We find that about 60 percent of the unemployed are long‐term unemployed. From logit regressions we find that women who had higher education and had not received unemployment benefits are more likely to be reemployed. For men, these factors are not significant, although participation in a training program is significant.
On‐The‐Job Training Under Firm‐Specific Innovations and Worker Heterogeneity
Authors: Kalaitzidakis Pantelis
Published: March 2003

In this article I present a general equilibrium adverse selection model of the labor market in which workers differ in their ability to learn and implement new technologies. Exogenous firm‐specific process innovations require firms to teach workers the new firm‐specific skills introduced by the new technology. As firms' training costs negatively depend on the expected ability of their labor force and positively on their technological level, firms seek to hire workers able to learn at least cost. I show how firm‐specific human capital can explain employer‐ and plant‐specific wage differentials caused by skilled‐labor‐biased technological shocks.
Religious Consolation Among Men and Women: Do HealthProblems Spur Seeking?
Authors: Ferraro Kenneth F. , Kelley‐Moore Jessica A.
Published: March 2003

While most religions provide a meaning system that helps people cope with personal problems, there has been relatively little research on how and why men and women seek religious consolation and comfort. Data from a national longitudinal survey, Americans' Changing Lives, Waves I and II ,were used to examine whether physical and mental health problems precipitate seeking religious consolation. The findings indicate that seeking religious consolation is most likely among those who identify with and practice a religion suggesting that religious consolation intensifies among religious persons. Chronic (non‐serious)conditions were associated with increased religious seeking over time, and cancer was associated with higher religious seeking, especially among women. Depression was associated with greater seeking of religious consolation among both men and women. The results reveal clearly that women are more likely than men to seek religious consolation, but men seek religious consolation for a wider range of health and situational problems (e.g.,unemployment).The findings also demonstrate the importance of considering the role of religious consolation in studies of religion and health.
Gods, Rituals, and the Moral Order
Authors: Stark Rodney
Published: March 2003

The functionalist “law” that religion sustains the moral order must be amended. As is demonstrated in this study, religion has this effect only as it is based on belief in powerful, active, conscious, morally‐concerned gods. Contrary to Durkheim’s claims, participation in religious rituals per se has little independent impact on morality and none when done on behalf of gods conceived as unconscious essences, or as conscious gods of small scope and lacking moral concerns. Thus, the link between gods and morality is limited mainly to societies having more complex cultures, but even in some highly developed societies a religious basis for morality is missing. Quantitative results are based on 427 societies included in the Atlas of World Cultures, and on surveys of the United States and 33 other nations.
Dividends, Asymmetric Information, and Agency Conflicts: Evidence from a Comparison of the Dividend Policies of Japanese and U.S. Firms
Authors: Dewenter Kathryn L. , Warther Vincent A.
Published: March 2003

We compare dividend policies of U.S. and Japanese firms, partitioning the Japanese data into keiretsu, independent, and hybrid firms. We examine the correlation between dividend changes and stock returns, and the reluctance to change dividends. Results are consistent with the joint hypotheses that Japanese firms, particularly keiretsu‐member firms, face less information asymmetry and fewer agency conflicts than U.S. firms, and that information asymmetries and/or agency conflicts affect dividend policy. Japanese firms experience smaller stock price reactions to dividend omissions and initiations, they are less reluctant to omit and cut dividends, and their dividends are more responsive to earnings changes.
The Influence of Institutions on Corporate Governance through Private Negotiations: Evidence from TIAA‐CREF
Authors: Carleton Willard T. , Nelson James M. , Weisbach Michael S.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the process of private negotiations between financial institutions and the companies they attempt to influence. It relies on a private database consisting of the correspondence between TIAA‐CREF and 45 firms it contacted about governance issues between 1992 and 1996. This correspondence indicates that TIAA‐CREF is able to reach agreements with targeted companies more than 95 percent of the time. In more than 70 percent of the cases, this agreement is reached without shareholders voting on the proposal. We verify independently that at least 87 percent of the targets subsequently took actions to comply with these agreements.
The Gains from Takeover Deregulation: Evidence from the End of Interstate Banking Restrictions
Authors: Brook Yaron , Hendershott Robert , Lee Darrell
Published: March 2003

This paper uses interstate banking deregulation to explore the benefits of takeover deregulation and how these benefits are distributed across different firms. We find large and significant abnormal returns around the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 which imply it created $85 billion of value in the banking industry. Consistent with an active market for corporate control allowing beneficial consolidation and providing needed discipline, there is a strong negative relationship between banks' abnormal returns and their prior performance. Consistent with managerial entrenchment limiting takeover discipline, banks with higher insider ownership, lower outside block ownership, and/or less independent boards have lower abnormal returns.
The Dynamics of Discrete Bid and Ask Quotes
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an empirical microstructure model of bid and ask quotes that features discreteness, random costs of market making, and ARCH volatility effects. Applied to intraday quotes at 15‐minute intervals for Alcoa (a randomly chosen Dow stock), the results show that quote exposure costs contain stochastic components that are persistent and large relative to the deterministic intraday “U” components. Analysis of the filtered estimates of the system suggest that bid and ask costs contain common components, and that these costs reflect risk as proxied by ARCH variance forecasts.
Strategic Trading in a Dynamic Noisy Market
Authors: Vayanos Dimitri
Published: March 2003

This paper studies a dynamic model of a financial market with a strategic trader. In each period the strategic trader receives a privately observed endowment in the stock. He trades with competitive market makers to share risk. Noise traders are present in the market. After receiving a stock endowment, the strategic trader is shown to reduce his risk exposure either by selling at a decreasing rate over time or by selling and then buying back some of the shares sold. When the time between trades is small, the strategic trader reveals the information regarding his endowment very quickly.
An Exploration of Neo‐Austrian Theory Applied to Financial Markets
Authors: Benink Harald , Bossaerts Peter
Published: March 2003

We attempt to translate Neo‐Austrian ideas about the workings of financial markets, as originally advanced by F. A. Hayek, into the standard probabilistic language of modern finance. We focus on an apparent paradox, namely the insistence of Neo‐Austrians on order (i.e., stationarity) together with ever‐reemerging inefficiencies. The paper's findings have implications beyond Neo‐Austrian theory: They demonstrate how easy it is to reject market efficiency, but how much more difficult it is to discern the nature of the inefficiency. We illustrate our findings with price data from the U.S. Treasury bill market over the period 1962 to 1999. There is ample evidence that the price of a three‐month Treasury bill is not a random walk, yet the sign of the average price change is erratic, so that inference about the nature of the inefficiency is unreliable.
Expectations Hypotheses Tests
Authors: Bekaert Geert , Hodrick Robert J.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the expectations hypotheses of the term structure of interest rates and of the foreign exchange market using vector autoregressive methods for U.S. dollar, Deutsche mark, and British pound interest rates and exchange rates. We examine Wald, Lagrange multiplier, and distance metric tests by iterating on approximate solutions that require only matrix inversions. Bias‐corrected, constrained VARs provide Monte Carlo simulations. Wald tests grossly overreject the null, Lagrange multiplier tests slightly underreject, and distance metric tests overreject. A common interpretation emerges from the small sample statistics. The evidence against the expectations hypotheses is much less strong than under asymptotic inference.
Careers and Survival: Competition and Risk in the Hedge Fund and CTA Industry
Authors: Brown Stephen J. , Goetzmann William N. , Park James
Published: March 2003

Investors in hedge funds and commodity trading advisors (CTAs) are concerned with risk as well as return. We investigate the volatility of hedge funds and CTAs in light of managerial career concerns. We find an association between past performance and risk levels consistent with previous findings for mutual fund managers. Variance shifts depend upon relative rather than absolute fund performance. The importance of relative rankings points to the importance of reputation costs in the investment industry. Our analysis of factors contributing to fund disappearance shows that survival depends on absolute and relative performance, excess volatility, and on fund age.
Land‐Use Allocation in the Absence of Complete Market Values
Authors: Hanink Dean M. , Cromley Robert G.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a method of land‐allocation that can be used byplanners and other land managers in the face of market failure. The method integrates theland‐allocation approach used in geographic information systems with that used in a generalizedassignment problem. Suitability scores, instead of market prices, are used in assigning competingland uses to individual parcels (pixels) of land. The method is illustrated using a hypotheticalexample involving three competing land uses within a region.
Patent Places: Size Matters
Authors: Ó hUallicháin Breandán
Published: March 2003

In this paper I investigate the United States urban system of technical advance by analysis of metropolitan patent data. Residents of metropolitan areas obtain most of the patents awarded to Americans and the largest areas predominate, signifying that urbanization externalities facilitate invention. The advantages of large areas arise from lopsided concentrations of technologically intensive manufacturing and an uneven distribution of well‐educated people. Location with respect to the traditional manufacturing belt also plays a role. Metropolitan residents in the manufacturing belt remain the most industrious inventors. The contribution of leading educational and research institutions to technical advance is manifest in small urban centers and outside the traditional manufacturing belt.
Social Power and Influence Tactics: A Theoretical Introduction
Authors: Bruins Jan
Published: March 2003

This issue aims to demonstrate the practical value of studying a range of social problems in interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup situations from a perspective of power and influence processes. In doing so, it extends the currently rapidly developing theoretical and experimental work on power and influence phenomena in a practical direction. This introductory article gives a brief historical overview of the area of social power and influence tactics by describing the core theoretical ideas.
Gender, Interpersonal Power, and Social Influence
Authors: Carli Linda L.
Published: March 2003

This article reviews research on gender differences in power and their effect on social influence. Evidence indicates that men generally possess higher levels of expert and legitimate power than women do and that women possess higher levels of referent power than men do. These differences are reflected, to some extent, in the influence strategies used by men and women and, more clearly, in gender differences in social influence. Women generally have greater difficulty exerting influence than men do, particularly when they use influence that conveys competence and authority. These findings indicate that gender differences in influence are mediated by gender differences in power.
Culture and Women's Sexualities
Authors: Blackwood Evelyn
Published: March 2003

Anthropological studies of women's same‐sex relations in non‐Western societies provide an important source for theorizing women's sexuality because they allow us to go beyond a narrow focus on Western cultures and concepts. Looking at studies from groups other than the dominant societies of Europe and America, I explore the diversity of women's sexualities and the sociocultural factors that produce sexual beliefs and practices. This article argues that sexual practices take their meaning from particular cultures and their beliefs about the self and the world. Cultural systems of gender, in particular, construct different sexual beliefs and practices for men and women. I conclude the article by suggesting some broad patterns at work in the production of women's sexualities across cultures.
New Ways to Promote Proenvironmental Behavior: The Application of Persuasion Theory to the Development Of Effective Proenvironmental Public Service Announcements
Authors: Bator Renee J. , Cialdini Robert B.
Published: March 2003

The goal of this article is to provide specific guidelines to help create effective proenvironmental public service announcements (PSAs). Campaigndesigners are encouraged to initially identify and investigate the optimal target audience and then draft and test reactions by samples of that audience using pilot messages. Designers are also advised to consider research on attitude persistence, memory, and social norms and apply this research to the message content and presentation style. The article concludes with an application of research from social psychology to a series of overallguidelines for effective PSAs. If environmental campaign developers follow these specifications, the chance of PSA success should be enhanced.
A Review of Research on Welfare and Domestic Violence
Authors: Tolman Richard M. , Raphael Jody
Published: March 2003

In this article we review the growing body of research literature on domestic violence and welfare. We summarize and critique the existing research on domestic violence and welfare in several areas: prevalence of domestic violence among women receiving welfare; the relationship of domestic violence to theiremployment; and physical health and mental health, child support, andevaluations of policies and programs. We also raise some methodological concerns that can inform interpretation of existing data. We examine the relevance of the research for practice and policy, particularly for the implementation of the Family Violence Option. This review includes published research as well as unpublished studies presented at recent conferences.
A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management
Authors: Schein Virginia E.
Published: March 2003

In the early 1970s Schein identified managerial sex typing as a major psychological barrier to the advancement of women in the United States. The globalization of management brings to the forefront the need to examine the relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics in the international arena. A review of the replications of the Schein research in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, and Japan provides the basis for a global look at the “think manager–think male” phenomenon. Implications of the outcomes, especially among males, for women's progress in management worldwide are discussed.
Another Piece of the Puzzle: The Emergence of the Present Perfect
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig
Published: March 2003

This article examines the emergence of the present perfect in the interlanguage of 16 instructed adult learners of English as a second language. It is part of a longitudinal study of the expression of temporality in interlanguage; it focuses on the learners' form‐meaning associations by investigating their use of the present perfect in written and oral texts. The article first describes the order of emergence of the present perfect with respect to other tense/aspect forms and then the potential influence of instruction by comparing production to instructional logs. Examination of the linguistic contexts in which the present perfect appears shows that adding a new inflection in the tense/aspect system requires not only establishing new form‐meaning associations but also revising existing ones.
Vowel Epenthesis of /sC(C)/ Onsets in Spanish/Swedish Interphonology: A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: Abrahamsson Niclas
Published: March 2003

Previous studies showed that vowel epenthesis of initial /sC(C)/ clusters in the L2 production of L1 Spanish speakers is conditioned by several variable constraints, such as preceding environment, onset length, and sonority relations among onset members. This case study was designed to investigate whether the patterns obtained from elicited speech also hold for conversational data. A longitudinal corpus of spontaneous/natural speech from 1 adult L1 Spanish learner of L2 Swedish was used. The study confirmed most of the results from previous research, for example, that the frequency of epenthesis varies with preceding phonetic environment. However, the study suggested that a lowering effect of preceding vowels must be present, not just the enhancing effect of preceding consonants suggested by Carlisle (1997).
What Is Hard to Learn Is Easy to Forget: The Roles of Word Concreteness, Cognate Status, and Word Frequency in Foreign‐Language Vocabulary Learning and Forgetting
Authors: De Groot Annette M. B. , Keijzer Rineke
Published: March 2003

We looked at foreign‐language (FL) vocabulary learning and forgetting in experienced FL learners, using a paired‐associate training technique in which native‐language words were paired with pseudowords. The training involved 6 presentations of the same 60 translation pairs, followed by a test after the 2nd, 4th, and 6th presentation round. A retest followed 1 week after training. The stimulus materials were manipulated on word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency, and both productive and receptive testing took place. Cognates and concrete words were easier to learn and less susceptible to forgetting than noncognates and abstract words. Word frequency hardly affected performance. Overall, receptive testing showed better recall than productive testing. Theoretical accounts of these findings are proposed.
Measures of Linguistic Accuracy in Second Language Writing Research
Authors: Polio Charlene G.
Published: March 2003

Because a literature review revealed that the descriptions of measures of linguistic accuracy in research on second language writing are often inadequate and their reliabilities often not reported, I completed an empirical study comparing 3 measures. The study used a holistic scale, error‐free T‐units, and an error classification system on the essays of English as a second language (ESL) students. I present detailed discussion of how each measure was implemented, give intra‐ and interrater reliabilities and discuss why disagreements arose within a rater and between raters. The study will provide others doing research in the area of L2 writing with a comprehensive description that will help them select and use a measure of linguistic accuracy.
Chapter Seven: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Meaning‐Oriented Studies, p.414

Acquisitional Sequences, p.418

Aspect Studies, p.423

Discourse Studies, p.430

The Influence of Instruction, p.432

Concluding Remarks, p.435
Investigating Experienced ESL Teachers’ Pedagogical Knowledge
Authors: Gatbonton Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to access the pattern of knowledge about teaching and learning (pedagogical knowledge) that experienced teachers utilize while they teach. This hypothesis was investigated through qualitative and quantitative analyses of verbal protocols obtained from teachers who simultaneously watched videotaped segments of themselves teaching and reported on thoughts they had as they taught these segments. Two sets of experienced teachers (N = 7) uniformly reported 20 to 21 categories of pedagogical thoughts that they claimed were in their minds while teaching. Of these, 7 to 8 were reported more frequently than others. The lists of predominant categories for both sets are headed by thoughts concerned with managing both the language the students hear and the language they produce (Language Management). Thoughts about students (Knowledge of Students), thoughts about ensuring the smooth transition of activities in the classroom (Procedure Check), and assessing student participation in and progress with the classroom tasks (Progress Review) were also among those that featured highly on both sets of teachers’ predominance lists. In terms of an approach in analyzing the thought processes of ESL teachers, the study suggests that a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods may be profitable.
Students' Developing Conceptions of Themselves as Language Learners
Authors: Williams Marion , Burden Robert
Published: March 2003

This article describes a small‐scale study into learners’ attributions for success and failure in learning French. The study investigated the way in which learners conceptualise the notion of doing well, together with their perceived reasons for their successes and failures. Interviews were conducted with students from 10 to 15 years of age who were learning French in the Southwest of England. The results indicated that most of these learners tended to judge their success by external factors such as teacher approval, marks, or grades, and that the range of attributions increased with age. Many of the attributions mentioned, however, were superficial in nature. It appears that the teacher plays a significant role in the development of students’ attributions. Implications are drawn with regard to language teaching and to the nature of the learning environment.
Linguistic Simplification of SL Reading Material: Effective Instructional Practice?
Authors: Young Dolly N.
Published: March 2003

Linguistic simplification of authentic texts is a common practice in second language (SL) reading material but research results on whether it actually increases comprehension are inconsistent. This study examined the types of simplifications made to 4 authentic texts and investigated whether there were differences in recall scores based on whether students read simplified or authentic versions. Four different recall scoring methods were used to assess reading comprehension. Findings indicated that a high percentage of the modifications made were lexical in nature and that recall scores for the simplified texts were not superior to the authentic ones. Moreover, 1 scoring method in particular, scoring based on the number and weight of misunderstandings, led to significant insights into the relationship between text processing and reading comprehension.
The Effectiveness of a Video‐Based Curriculum in Teaching Culture
Authors: Herron Carol , Cole Steven P. , Corrie Cathleen , Dubreil Sébastien
Published: March 2003

This study investigates whether students learn culture embedded in a video‐based second language program. Beginning‐level French students watched 10 videos as part of the curriculum. A pretest, administered prior to exposure to the videos, and a posttest, given at the end of the semester after exposure to the videos, assessed long‐term gains in little "c" culture (practices) and big "C" culture (products). Also, postvideo viewing tests, administered immediately after each video, measured short‐term retention of culture in that video. A questionnaire analyzed student perceptions of how well they learned about the foreign culture. From pre‐ to posttesting, results indicated significant gains in overall cultural knowledge. On the postvideo short‐term retention tests, scores of little "c" items were significantly higher than scores of big "C" items. Students perceived that the videos contained more little "c" than big "C" and that they learned more little "c" information. Findings supported using video to teach culture.
Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variants by French Immersion Students: The Case of Restrictive Expressions, and More
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Rehner Katherine
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the learning of sociostylistic variation by students in French immersion programs in Ontario. It is primarily focused on their learning of the 4 expressions of restriction, ne . . . que, seulement, rien que, and juste, all meaning ‘only.’ Compared with Canadian Francophones, we found the students’ range of variants to be narrower. They used only 2 variants, seulement and juste. Also, the frequency of their use of these variants was affected by a number of extralinguistic and linguistic parameters (e.g., amount of extracurricular exposure to native Canadian French usage, languages spoken at home, social background and gender, and syntactic context). We discuss our findings in the broader context of research on the learning of linguistic variation by: (a) Canadian learners of French as a second language (FSL), including our own previous research on these same students; and (b) second language (L2) learners of other languages. Finally, we touch on the sociopolitical and pedagogical implications of our findings.
Automated Three Dimensional Measurement Using Multiple CCD Camera Views
Authors: Clarke T. A. , Cooper M. A. R. , Chen J. , Robson S.
Published: March 2003

The goal of automated three dimensional measurement of arbitrary objects using photogrammetric methods is a long way from being achieved, but significant progress is being made. However, automated measurement of small objects using inexpensive CCD cameras and frame grabbers is becoming increasingly common. A number of such systems have been developed both for commercial use and for academic research. It is within this latter context that a system to measure objects within a controlled environment has been developed at City University. The objective of the research is not only to produce a flexible measuring system for use in online inspection, but also to address many of the fundamental problems that hinder three dimensional measurement outside a controlled environment.
Preliminary Investigations into Developments in Using Helicopter Photography for Highway Surveying
Authors: Smith M. J. , Joy C. I. H.
Published: March 2003

Over the past ten years, Photarc Surveys Limited has been taking aerial photography from a low flying helicopter to determine road surface spot heights. Developments in technology over this period have resulted in investigations into improvements in this technique and, in particular, in the provision of control for the photography. This paper represents the preliminary investigations into the problem of providing control for the photography including some experiences of using an inflight control system.
An Expert System for Site Evaluation Using Aerial and Space Imagery
Authors: Al‐Gaarni A. M.
Published: March 2003

Civil engineering projects start with intensive site investigations to evaluate the appropriateness of the geographic location to the intended construction. This process is lengthy and crucial to the success or failure of the project. Personnel with multiple skills are required at the evaluation stage, including experts in soil mechanics, geology, surveying, management, structures and meteorology. However, many less fortunate parts of the world lack such expertise and cannot afford it. The main objective of the research described in this paper is to develop an expert system that will use images from different sources to assess sites for civil engineering works. Five engineering applications have been selected for this research. Certainty factors for uncertain or incomplete information are presented. A frame‐based expert system is developed and tested in this research. Three different tests have indicated that the system is accurate and promising for site investigations.
Pioneers of Photogrammetry Commemorated In Antarctic Place‐Names
Authors: Fox A. J. , Roberts A.
Published: March 2003

Unique place‐names are essential for scientific fieldwork in Antarctica. This shorter contribution describes how duplication of place‐names in British Antarctic Territory has been avoided by the systematic naming of geographically related features according to groups of associated ideas. One such theme, commemorating pioneers in the development of photogrammetry, recognizes the important contribution of photogrammetry to Antarctic mapping and research.
Automating Image Registration and Absolute Orientation: Solutions and Problems
Authors: Dowman I. J.
Published: March 2003

The basic concepts and tools of automatic image registration are presented and the problems which exist are discussed. The paper describes work carried out at University College London on the registration of two images and on the registration of images with maps. It is shown that strategies have been developed which are applicable to different types of image and reference data and that with the tuning of well tried algorithms it is possible to achieve the required matching. The PAIRS technique for automatic registration of optical images from satellites has been implemented and tested and is now being developed for use with optical and microwave images. The ARCHANGEL system for registration of images with maps or vector data is also being implemented and initial results show considerable promise.
That Old‐Time Religion: Efficiency, Benchmarking, and Productivity
Authors: Tinsley Gooden Susan , McCreary Samuel Michael
Published: March 2003

Books Reviewed:

M. Berman, Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations: Strategies and Techniques

Patricia Keehley, Steven Medlin, Sue MacBride, and Laura Longmire, Benchmarking for Best Practices in the Public Sector: Achieving Performance Breakthroughs in Federal, State and Local Agencies

David N. Ammons, Municipal Benchmarks: Assessing Local Performance and Establishing Community Standards
Challenges of (Dis) Connectedness in the “Big Questions” Methodologies in Public Administration
Authors: Callahan Richard F.
Published: March 2003

The “big questions” articles previously published in Public Administration Review found a widely divergent set of questions rather than a shared research agenda. This article applies the concept of layers of society to analyzing the author's starting points and developing questions that link the organizational and institutional levels. Connecting these levels offers the potential to overcome the limitations of problem solving on only one level. In addition, this framework explains the diversity of research in public administration as potentially productive and connected, rather than fragmented and in intellectual disarray. This article offers four researchable questions that connect the organizational and institutional levels. The proposed questions build on existing research and address practical problems in public administration. This framework provides a typology that expects diverse research questions and can productively connect researchers with each other and with the complex challenges of democracy.
Cross Pressures of Accountability: Initiative, Command, and Failure in the Ron Brown Plane Crash
Authors: Romzek Barbara S. , Ingraham Patricia Wallace
Published: March 2003

Contemporary political rhetoric and management reforms have highlighted accountability issues for government. A troubling feature associated with these management reforms is a gap between the expectations of management reform and the reality of the American culture of accountability. This culture gap is likely to be particularly evident in organizations that are structured around principles of command and control, such as the military. This article explores the cross pressures individuals face when they are urged to demonstrate initiative and obedience to command while operating within a web of accountability relationships that represent several different behavioral standards against which their performance can be judged.

To conduct this research, the authors interviewed members of the Accident Investigation Board appointed by Major General Ryan, Commander of the United States Air Force Europe (USAFE), to investigate the April 1996 crash in Croatia of the military transport plane carrying United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown and his party of distinguished visitors. These personal interviews were supplemented with the official reports of the Accident Investigation Board and transcripts of testimony before the Board. Based on these data, we analyze the accountability dynamics involving the various military officials associated with the “mishap flight.” We find that while institutional rhetoric and managerial conditions encouraged entrepreneurial behavior and initiative, the administrative reality still emphasized a risk‐averse, rules‐oriented approach to accountability when things went wrong.