bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast Traffic Sign Recognition with a Rotation Invariant Binary Pattern Based Feature
Authors: Yin Shouyi , Ouyang Peng , Liu Leibo , Guo Yike , Wei Shaojun
Published: January 2015

Robust and fast traffic sign recognition is very important but difficult for safe driving assistance systems. This study addresses fast and robust traffic sign recognition to enhance driving safety. The proposed method includes three stages. First, a typical Hough transformation is adopted to implement coarse-grained location of the candidate regions of traffic signs. Second, a RIBP (Rotation Invariant Binary Pattern) based feature in the affine and Gaussian space is proposed to reduce the time of traffic sign detection and achieve robust traffic sign detection in terms of scale, rotation, and illumination. Third, the techniques of ANN (Artificial Neutral Network) based feature dimension reduction and classification are designed to reduce the traffic sign recognition time. Compared with the current work, the experimental results in the public datasets show that this work achieves robustness in traffic sign recognition with comparable recognition accuracy and faster processing speed, including training speed and recognition speed.
L'évolution démographique récente en France : la diminution du nombre de mariages se poursuit
Authors: Mazuy Magali , Barbieri Magali , d’Albis Hippolyte
Published: January 2015

Au premier janvier 2014, la France comptait 66 millions d’habitants (dont 63,9 millions en France métro politaine), soit un accroissement annuel de 4,2 ‰. En 2012, 180 000 titres de séjour ont été délivrés à des personnes immigrantes venant de pays tiers. Une majorité de titres concernaient des femmes. Les motifs des titres délivrés relèvent pour moitié de raisons familiales et pour un quart des études. La fécondité diminue légèrement, passant à 1,99 enfant par femme. Cette baisse, conjuguée à la diminution de la part des femmes en âge de procréer au sein de la population et à l’augmentation de la population totale, implique que le taux de natalité est également en baisse en 2013. Après une légère remontée en 2012, le nombre de mariages diminue à nouveau : d’après les données provisoires, on a enregistré 231 000 mariages en 2013. Le mariage a été ouvert aux couples de même sexe le 17 mai 2013 et 7 000 mariages ont été enregistrés entre mai et décembre 2013. Le nombre de pacs enregistrés en 2013 est de 168 000. Le nombre de décès en 2013 est provisoirement estimé à 572 000, et en France métropolitaine, il dépasse le seuil de 560 000. L’espérance de vie des femmes est de 85 ans et celle des hommes de 78,7 ans, soit un écart de 6,3 ans en légère diminution par rapport à l’année 2012.
Fécondité et scolarisation à Ouagadougou : le rôle des réseaux familiaux
Authors: Bougma Moussa , Pasquier-Doumer Laure , Legrand Thomas K. , Kobiané Jean-François
Published: January 2015

La prégnance de réseaux de solidarités familiales est couramment invoquée dans la littérature pour expliquer pourquoi la relation observée en Afrique subsaharienne entre le nombre d’enfants et leur scolarisation ne correspond pas aux prédictions des modèles théoriques. En pouvant confier leurs enfants à la parentèle ou bénéficier d’un appui financier des membres de la famille élargie pour payer les frais de scolarité, les couples n’auraient pas à arbitrer entre la « quantité » et la « qualité » de leurs enfants. Cependant, faute de données adéquates, cette hypothèse explicative reste insuffisamment explorée sur le plan empirique. En mobilisant des données originales (Observatoire de population de Ouagadougou, Enquête rétrospective Demtrend 2012), cette étude évalue, à l’aide de modèles de régression logistique, l’effet combiné des réseaux familiaux et de la taille de la fratrie sur la scolarisation des enfants dans les quartiers périphériques de Ouagadougou. Les résultats montrent que les familles de grande taille bénéficient d’un appui plus fréquent des réseaux familiaux pour la scolarisation. De plus, les réseaux familiaux seraient en mesure de compenser l’effet négatif d’un nombre élevé d’enfants sur la scolarisation, mais seulement pour une partie de la population qui exclut les plus pauvres.
Influence of Femtosecond Lenticule Extraction and Small Incision Lenticule Extraction on Corneal Nerve Density and Ocular Surface: A 1-Year Prospective, Confocal, Microscopic Study
Authors: Ishii Rie , Shimizu Kimiya , Igarashi Akihito , Kobashi Hidenaga , Kamiya Kazutaka
Published: January 2015

PURPOSE:

To compare the influence of femtosecond lenticule extraction (FLEx) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) on corneal nerve density and the ocular surface for equivalent degrees of correction of myopia.

METHODS:

Sixty eyes of 30 patients (8 males and 22 females, mean age: 31.0 ± 6.0 years) were included in the study. The patients underwent FLEx in 1 eye and SMILE in the other eye by random assignment. Subbasal nerve density was measured using confocal microscopy preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 and 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Ocular surface parameters such as Schirmer’s test results, tear film break-up time, and corneal sensation were performed preoperatively and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

In the FLEx group, subbasal nerve density was 18,390 ± 6,090
µ
m/mm
2
preoperatively and 5,770 ± 3,490
µ
m/mm
2
at 1 year postoperatively (
P
< .001, Dunnett’s test). In the SMILE group, subbasal nerve density was 16,810 ± 6,220
µ
m/mm
2
preoperatively and 11,870 ± 8,200
µ
m/mm
2
at 1 year postoperatively (
P
= .21). The decrease in corneal nerve density was significantly less after SMILE than after FLEx at all postoperative visits (Mann–Whitney
U
test,
P
< .05). FLEx resulted in a significant decrease in Schirmer’s test results, tear film break-up time, and corneal sensation at all postoperative visits, whereas SMILE induced no significant changes in these parameters (
P
> .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

There was less damage to the sub-basal nerve plexus of the cornea and less effect on the ocular surface parameters after SMILE than after FLEx.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2015;31(1):10–15.]
Comparison of Visual Outcomes After Variable Spot Scanning Ablation Versus Wavefront-Optimized Myopic LASIK
Authors: Khalifa Mounir A. , Mossallam Ehab F. , Massoud Tamer H. , Shaheen Mohamed Shafik
Published: January 2015

PURPOSE:

To compare the refractive and visual outcomes of variable spot scanning ablation versus the wavefront-optimized ablation for myopia and myopic astigmatism.

METHODS:

Fifty patients with myopia who underwent LASIK (100 eyes) were divided into two equal groups. Myopic correction performed using the variable spot scanning (VSS) ablation with the VISX STAR S4/IR platform (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., Santa Ana, CA) (VSS group) and wavefront-optimized (WFO) ablation profile with the WaveLight Allegretto Wave Eye-Q platform (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) (WFO group). Manifest refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and corrected distance visual acuity were obtained preoperatively and 1 day and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Wavefront measurement and contrast sensitivity testing were done preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

Postoperative mean refractive spherical equivalent was −0.14 ± 0.2 diopters for the VSS group and −0.15 ± 0.28 diopters for the WFO group. Forty-eight eyes of the VSS group and 47 eyes of the WFO group were within ±0.5 diopters. Postoperative mean corrected distance visual acuity was 1.05 ± 0.13 for the VSS group and 1.06 ± 0.12 for the WFO group. The postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity was 1.01 ± 0.16 for the VSS group and 1.01 ± 0.11 for the WFO group. The safety index was 1.12 for the VSS group and 1.06 for the WFO group, whereas the efficacy index was 1.07 for the VSS group and 1.01 for the WFO group. The mean induced positive spherical aberration was 0.041 ± 0.046
µ
m for the VSS group and 0.195 ± 0.171
µ
m for the WFO group (
P
< .001). Mesopic contrast sensitivity testing showed no statistically significant differences between groups at all tested spatial frequencies.

CONCLUSIONS:

Both VSS and WFO treatments showed similar refractive and visual outcomes. Both induced significant positive spherical aberration, significantly more with WFO.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2015;31(1):22–28.]
Transduodenal migration of a retained surgical swab causing small bowel obstruction - imaging findings in the acute setting and prior to onset of symptoms
Authors: Williams Marc Edward
Published: January 2015

Transmural migration of a retained surgical sponge causing small bowel obstruction is a rare occurrence. We report a case which demonstrates both the associated foreign body reaction seen on computed tomography months in advance of the onset of symptoms and confirms the subsequent fistulous decompression into the duodenum on both computed tomography and barium meal studies. To the best of the author's knowledge, a retained surgical swab causing small bowel obstruction has not been previously described with imaging both pre and post transluminal decompression.
Seeding of the Rectus Sheath with Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Image Guided Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Using Coaxial Biopsy Needle System
Authors: Tchatalbachev Vladislav Velizarov , Kirkpatrick Daniel Logan , Duff Deiter James , Travis Mark Douglas
Published: January 2015

Needle track seeding following image guided needle biopsy is a known but uncommon complication in the workup of hepatocellular carcinoma. We present the case of a 55 year-old male who was found to have a recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in the rectus sheath five years following a CT guided biopsy with the biopsy needle passing through the anterior abdominal wall muscles.
β-Defensin 1 Plays a Role in Acute Mucosal Defense against Candida albicans
Authors: Tomalka Jeffrey , Azodi Elaheh , Narra Hema P. , Patel Krupen , O’Neill Samantha , Cardwell Cisley , Hall Brian A. , Wilson James M. , Hise Amy G.
Published: January 2015

Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the mucosal tract of humans. Pathogenic infection occurs in the presence of conditions causing perturbations to the commensal microbiota or host immunity. Early innate immune responses by the epithelium, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, are critical for protection against overgrowth. Reduced salivary AMP levels are associated with oral Candida infection, and certain AMPs, including human β-defensins 1–3, have direct fungicidal activity. In this study, we demonstrate that murine β-defensin 1 (mBD1) is important for control of early mucosal Candida infection and plays a critical role in the induction of innate inflammatory mediators. Mice deficient in mBD1, as compared with wild-type mice, exhibit elevated oral and systemic fungal burdens. Neutrophil infiltration to the sites of mucosal Candida invasion, an important step in limiting fungal infection, is significantly reduced in mBD1-deficient mice. These mice also exhibit defects in the expression of other AMPs, including mBD2 and mBD4, which may have direct anti-Candida activity. We also show that mBD1 deficiency impacts the production of important antifungal inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, KC, and IL-17. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a role for the mBD1 peptide in early control of Candida infection in a murine model of mucosal candidiasis, as well as in the modulation of host immunity through augmentation of leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory gene regulation.
Alterations in Antigen-Specific Naive CD4 T Cell Precursors after Sepsis Impairs Their Responsiveness to Pathogen Challenge
Authors: Cabrera-Perez Javier , Condotta Stephanie A. , James Britnie R. , Kashem Sakeen W. , Brincks Erik L. , Rai Deepa , Kucaba Tamara A. , Badovinac Vladimir P. , Griffith Thomas S.
Published: January 2015

Patients surviving the acute stages of sepsis develop compromised T cell immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Little is known about the decreased CD4 T cell function after sepsis. We tracked the loss and recovery of endogenous Ag-specific CD4 T cell populations after cecal ligation and puncture–induced sepsis and analyzed the CD4 T cell response to heterologous infection during or after recovery. We observed that the sepsis-induced early loss of CD4 T cells was followed by thymic-independent numerical recovery in the total CD4 T cell compartment. Despite this numerical recovery, we detected alterations in the composition of naive CD4 T cell precursor pools, with sustained quantitative reductions in some populations. Mice that had experienced sepsis and were then challenged with epitope-bearing, heterologous pathogens demonstrated significantly reduced priming of recovery-impaired Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses, with regard to both magnitude of expansion and functional capacity on a per-cell basis, which also correlated with intrinsic changes in Vβ clonotype heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that the recovery of CD4 T cells from sepsis-induced lymphopenia is accompanied by alterations to the composition and function of the Ag-specific CD4 T cell repertoire.
ShcA Regulates Late Stages of T Cell Development and Peripheral CD4+ T Cell Numbers
Authors: Buckley Monica W. , Trampont Paul C. , Arandjelovic Sanja , Fond Aaron M. , Juncadella Ignacio J. , Ravichandran Kodi S.
Published: January 2015

T cell development in the thymus is a highly regulated process that critically depends upon productive signaling via the preTCR at the β-selection stage, as well as via the TCR for selection from the CD4+CD8+ double-positive stage to the CD4 or CD8 single-positive stage. ShcA is an adapter protein expressed in thymocytes, and it is required for productive signaling through the preTCR, with impaired signaling via ShcA leading to a developmental block at the β-selection checkpoint. However, the role of ShcA in subsequent stages of T cell development has not been addressed. In this study, we generated transgenic mice (CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice) that specifically express a phosphorylation-defective dominant-negative ShcA mutant (ShcFFF) in late T cell development. Thymocytes in CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice progressed normally through the β-selection checkpoint, but displayed a significant reduction in the numbers of single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes. Furthermore, CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice, when bred with transgenic TCR mouse strains, had impaired signaling through the transgenic TCRs. Consistent with defective progression to the single-positive stage, CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice also had significant peripheral lymphopenia. Moreover, these CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice develop attenuated disease in CD4+ T cell–dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Collectively, these data identify an important role for the adapter protein ShcA in later stages of thymic T cell development and in peripheral T cell–dependent events.
NFAT1 and JunB Cooperatively Regulate IL-31 Gene Expression in CD4+ T Cells in Health and Disease
Authors: Hwang Ji Sun , Kim Gi-Cheon , Park EunBee , Kim Jung-Eun , Chae Chang-Suk , Hwang Won , Lee Changhon , Hwang Sung-Min , Wang Hui Sun , Jun Chang-Duk , Rudra Dipayan , Im Sin-Hyeog
Published: January 2015

IL-31 is a key mediator of itching in atopic dermatitis (AD) and is preferentially produced by activated CD4+ T cells and Th2 cells. Although pathophysiological functions of IL-31 have been suggested in diverse immune disorders, the molecular events underlying IL-31 gene regulation are still unclear. In this study we identified the transcription start site and functional promoter involved in IL-31 gene regulation in mouse CD4+ T cells. TCR stimulation–dependent IL-31 expression was found to be closely linked with in vivo binding of NFAT1 and JunB to the IL-31 promoter. Although NFAT1 alone enhanced IL-31 promoter activity, it was further enhanced in the presence of JunB. Conversely, knockdown of either NFAT1 or JunB resulted in reduced IL-31 expression. NFAT1-deficient CD4+ T cells showed a significant defect in IL-31 expression compared with wild-type CD4+ T cells. In agreement with these findings, mice subjected to atopic conditions showed much higher levels of IL-31, which were closely correlated with a significant increase in the number of infiltrated NFAT1+CD4+ T cells into the AD ears. Amelioration of AD progression by cyclosporin A treatment was well correlated with downregulation of IL-31 expressions in CD4+ T cells and total ear residual cells. In summary, our results suggest a functional cooperation between NFAT1 and JunB in mediating IL-31 gene expression in CD4+ T cells and indicate that interference with this interaction or their activity has the potential of reducing IL-31–mediated AD symptoms.
Activation-Specific Metabolic Requirements for NK Cell IFN-γ Production
Authors: Keppel Molly P. , Saucier Nermina , Mah Annelise Y. , Vogel Tiphanie P. , Cooper Megan A.
Published: January 2015

There has been increasing recognition of the importance of cellular metabolism and metabolic substrates for the function and differentiation of immune cells. In this study, for the first time to our knowledge, we investigate the metabolic requirements for production of IFN-γ by freshly isolated NK cells. Primary murine NK cells mainly use mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation at rest and with short-term activation. Remarkably, we discovered significant differences in the metabolic requirements of murine NK cell IFN-γ production depending upon the activation signal. Stimulation of NK cell IFN-γ production was independent of glycolysis or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation when cells were activated with IL-12 plus IL-18. By contrast, stimulation via activating NK receptors required glucose-driven oxidative phosphorylation. Prolonged treatment with high-dose, but not low-dose, IL-15 eliminated the metabolic requirement for receptor stimulation. In summary, this study demonstrates that metabolism provides an essential second signal for induction of IFN-γ production by activating NK cell receptors that can be reversed with prolonged high-dose IL-15 treatment.
CX3CR1 Reduces Kidney Fibrosis by Inhibiting Local Proliferation of Profibrotic Macrophages
Authors: Engel Daniel R. , Krause Torsten A. , Snelgrove Sarah L. , Thiebes Stephanie , Hickey Michael J. , Boor Peter , Kitching A. Richard , Kurts Christian
Published: January 2015

A dense network of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) expressing the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 populates most tissues. We recently reported that CX3CR1 regulates the abundance of CD11c+ DC in the kidney and thereby promotes renal inflammation in glomerulonephritis. Given that chronic inflammation usually causes fibrosis, we hypothesized that CX3CR1 deficiency should attenuate renal fibrosis. However, when we tested this hypothesis using the DC-independent murine fibrosis model of unilateral ureteral obstruction, kidney fibrosis was unexpectedly more severe, despite less intrarenal inflammation. Two-photon imaging and flow cytometry revealed in kidneys of CX3CR1-deficient mice more motile Ly6C/Gr-1+ macrophages. Flow cytometry verified that renal macrophages were more abundant in the absence of CX3CR1 and produced more of the key profibrotic mediator, TGF-β. Macrophages accumulated because of higher intrarenal proliferation, despite reduced monocyte recruitment and higher signs of apoptosis within the kidney. These findings support the theory that tissue macrophage numbers are regulated through local proliferation and identify CX3CR1 as a regulator of such proliferation. Thus, CX3CR1 inhibition should be avoided in DC-independent inflammatory diseases because it may promote fibrosis.
IRAK-M Promotes Alternative Macrophage Activation and Fibroproliferation in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Ballinger Megan N. , Newstead Michael W. , Zeng Xianying , Bhan Urvashi , Mo Xiaokui M. , Kunkel Steven L. , Moore Bethany B. , Flavell Richard , Christman John W. , Standiford Theodore J.
Published: January 2015

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease characterized by inflammation and the development of excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Currently, there are only limited therapeutic intervenes to offer patients diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis. Although previous studies focused on structural cells in promoting fibrosis, our study assessed the contribution of macrophages. Recently, TLR signaling has been identified as a regulator of pulmonary fibrosis. IL-1R–associated kinase-M (IRAK-M), a MyD88-dependent inhibitor of TLR signaling, suppresses deleterious inflammation, but may paradoxically promote fibrogenesis. Mice deficient in IRAK-M (IRAK-M−/−) were protected against bleomycin-induced fibrosis and displayed diminished collagen deposition in association with reduced production of IL-13 compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that IRAK-M expression by bone marrow–derived cells, rather than structural cells, promoted fibrosis. After bleomycin, WT macrophages displayed an alternatively activated phenotype, whereas IRAK-M−/− macrophages displayed higher expression of classically activated macrophage markers. Using an in vitro coculture system, macrophages isolated from in vivo bleomycin-challenged WT, but not IRAK-M−/−, mice promoted increased collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression from lung fibroblasts in an IL-13–dependent fashion. Finally, IRAK-M expression is upregulated in peripheral blood cells from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients and correlated with markers of alternative macrophage activation. These data indicate expression of IRAK-M skews lung macrophages toward an alternatively activated profibrotic phenotype, which promotes collagen production, leading to the progression of experimental pulmonary fibrosis.
Elevation of c-MYC Disrupts HLA Class II–Mediated Immune Recognition of Human B Cell Tumors
Authors: God Jason M. , Cameron Christine , Figueroa Janette , Amria Shereen , Hossain Azim , Kempkes Bettina , Bornkamm Georg W. , Stuart Robert K. , Blum Janice S. , Haque Azizul
Published: January 2015

Elevated levels of the transcription factor c-myc are strongly associated with various cancers, and in particular B cell lymphomas. Although many of c-MYC’s functions have been elucidated, its effect on the presentation of Ag through the HLA class II pathway has not been reported previously. This is an issue of considerable importance, given the low immunogenicity of many c-MYC–positive tumors. We report in this paper that increased c-MYC expression has a negative effect on the ability of B cell lymphomas to functionally present Ags/peptides to CD4+ T cells. This defect was associated with alterations in the expression of distinct cofactors as well as interactions of antigenic peptides with class II molecules required for the presentation of class II–peptide complexes and T cell engagement. Using early passage Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) tumors and transformed cells, we show that compared with B lymphoblasts, BL cells express decreased levels of the class II editor HLA-DM, lysosomal thiol-reductase GILT, and a 47-kDa enolase-like protein. Functional Ag presentation was partially restored in BL cells treated with a c-MYC inhibitor, demonstrating the impact of this oncogene on Ag recognition. This restoration of HLA class II–mediated Ag presentation in early passage BL tumors/cells was linked to enhanced HLA-DM expression and a concurrent decrease in HLA-DO in BL cells. Taken together, these results reveal c-MYC exerts suppressive effects at several critical checkpoints in Ag presentation, which contribute to the immunoevasive properties of BL tumors.
Neurturin Influences Inflammatory Responses and Airway Remodeling in Different Mouse Asthma Models
Authors: Mauffray Marion , Domingues Olivia , Hentges François , Zimmer Jacques , Hanau Daniel , Michel Tatiana
Published: January 2015

Neurturin (NTN) was previously described for its neuronal activities, but recently, we have shown that this factor is also involved in asthma physiopathology. However, the underlying mechanisms of NTN are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate NTN involvement in acute bronchial Th2 responses, to analyze its interaction with airway structural cells, and to study its implication in remodeling during acute and chronic bronchial inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. We analyzed the features of allergic airway inflammation in wild-type and NTN−/− mice after sensitization with two different allergens, OVA and house dust mite. We showed that NTN−/− dendritic cells and T cells had a stronger tendency to activate the Th2 pathway in vitro than similar wild-type cells. Furthermore, NTN−/− mice had significantly increased markers of airway remodeling like collagen deposition. NTN−/− lung tissues showed higher levels of neutrophils, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, matrix metalloproteinase 9, TNF-α, and IL-6. Finally, NTN had the capacity to decrease IL-6 and TNF-α production by immune and epithelial cells, showing a direct anti-inflammatory activity on these cells. Our findings support the hypothesis that NTN could modulate the allergic inflammation in different mouse asthma models.
Cancer-Associated Oxidoreductase ERO1-α Drives the Production of Tumor-Promoting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells via Oxidative Protein Folding
Authors: Tanaka Tsutomu , Kajiwara Toshimitsu , Torigoe Toshihiko , Okamoto Yoshiharu , Sato Noriyuki , Tamura Yasuaki
Published: January 2015

Endoplasmic reticulum disulfide oxidase ERO1-α plays a role in the formation of disulfide bonds in collaboration with protein disulfide isomerase. Disulfide bond formation is required for the proper conformation and function of secreted and cell surface proteins. We found that ERO1-α was overexpressed in a variety of tumor types; therefore, we examined its role in tumor growth. In BALB/c mice, knockdown of ERO1-α within 4T1 mouse mammary gland cancer (KD) cells caused retardation of in vivo tumor growth compared with tumor growth of scrambled control (SCR) cells. In contrast, when ERO1-α–overexpressed 4T1 (OE) cells were compared with mock control cells, OE cells showed augmented tumor growth. However, differences in tumor growth were not observed among four groups of nude mice, suggesting that expression of ERO1-α diminished antitumor immunity. We observed dense peritumoral granulocytic infiltrates in tumors of wild-type 4T1 and SCR cells but not KD cells, and these cells were identified as polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In addition, production of G-CSF and CXCL1/2, which have intramolecular disulfide bonds, from KD cells was significantly decreased compared with that from SCR cells. In contrast, OE cells produced a larger amount of these molecules than did mock cells. These changes were regulated at the posttranscriptional level. These results suggest that overexpression of ERO1-α in the tumor inhibits the T cell response by recruiting polymorphonuclear MDSCs via regulation of MDSC-prone cytokines and chemokines.
Expansion of an Atypical NK Cell Subset in Mouse Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Voynova Elisaveta N. , Skinner Jeffrey , Bolland Silvia
Published: January 2015

Chronic inflammatory conditions, such as in autoimmune disease, can disturb immune cell homeostasis and induce the expansion of normally rare cell populations. In our analysis of various murine models of lupus, we detect increased frequency of an uncommon subset identified as NK1.1+CD11c+CD122+MHC class II+. These cells share characteristics with the NK cell lineage and with cells previously described as IFN-producing killer dendritic cells: 1) they depend on IL-15 and express E4BP4; 2) they are cytotoxic and produce type I and type II IFN upon activation; and 3) they are efficient APCs both through MHC class II expression and in cross-presentation to CD8s. These atypical NK cells are responsive to TLR stimulation and thus are most abundant in mice with high copy number of the Tlr7 gene. They are highly proliferative as assessed by in vivo BrdU incorporation. In adoptive transfer experiments they persist in high numbers for months and maintain their surface marker profile, indicating that this population is developmentally stable. Gene expression analyses on both mRNA and microRNAs show a modified cell cycle program in which various miR-15/16 family members are upregulated, presumably as a consequence of the proliferative signal mediated by the increased level of growth factors, Ras and E2F activity. Alternatively, low expression of miR-150, miR-181, and miR-744 in these cells implies a reduction in their differentiation capacity. These results suggest that cells of the NK lineage that undergo TLR stimulation might turn on a proliferative program in detriment of their full differentiation into mature NK cells.
Memory T Cells Specific for Murine Cytomegalovirus Re-Emerge after Multiple Challenges and Recapitulate Immunity in Various Adoptive Transfer Scenarios
Authors: Quinn Michael , Turula Holly , Tandon Mayank , Deslouches Berthony , Moghbeli Toktam , Snyder Christopher M.
Published: January 2015

Reconstitution of CMV-specific immunity after transplant remains a primary clinical objective to prevent CMV disease, and adoptive immunotherapy of CMV-specific T cells can be an effective therapeutic approach. Because of viral persistence, most CMV-specific CD8+ T cells become terminally differentiated effector phenotype CD8+ T cells (TEFF). A minor subset retains a memory-like phenotype (memory phenotype CD8+ T cells [TM]), but it is unknown whether these cells retain memory function or persist over time. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that CMV-specific CD8+ T cells with different phenotypes have different abilities to reconstitute sustained immunity after transfer. The immunology of human CMV infections is reflected in the murine CMV (MCMV) model. We found that human CMV– and MCMV-specific T cells displayed shared genetic programs, validating the MCMV model for studies of CMV-specific T cells in vivo. The MCMV-specific TM population was stable over time and retained a proliferative capacity that was vastly superior to TEFF. Strikingly, after transfer, TM established sustained and diverse T cell populations even after multiple challenges. Although both TEFF and TM could protect Rag−/− mice, only TM persisted after transfer into immune replete, latently infected recipients and responded if recipient immunity was lost. Interestingly, transferred TM did not expand until recipient immunity was lost, supporting that competition limits the Ag stimulation of TM. Ultimately, these data show that CMV-specific TM retain memory function during MCMV infection and can re-establish CMV immunity when necessary. Thus, TM may be a critical component for consistent, long-term adoptive immunotherapy success.
IRF5 Deficiency Ameliorates Lupus but Promotes Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Lupus-Associated Atherosclerosis
Authors: Watkins Amanda A. , Yasuda Kei , Wilson Gabriella E. , Aprahamian Tamar , Xie Yao , Maganto-Garcia Elena , Shukla Prachi , Oberlander Lillian , Laskow Bari , Menn-Josephy Hanni , Wu Yuanyuan , Duffau Pierre , Fried Susan K. , Lichtman Andrew H. , Bonegio Ramon G. , Rifkin Ian R.
Published: January 2015

Premature atherosclerosis is a severe complication of lupus and other systemic autoimmune disorders. Gain-of-function polymorphisms in IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) are associated with an increased risk of developing lupus, and IRF5 deficiency in lupus mouse models ameliorates disease. However, whether IRF5 deficiency also protects against atherosclerosis development in lupus is not known. In this study, we addressed this question using the gld.apoE−/− mouse model. IRF5 deficiency markedly reduced lupus disease severity. Unexpectedly, despite the reduction in systemic immune activation, IRF5-deficient mice developed increased atherosclerosis and also exhibited metabolic dysregulation characterized by hyperlipidemia, increased adiposity, and insulin resistance. Levels of the atheroprotective cytokine IL-10 were reduced in aortae of IRF5-deficient mice, and in vitro studies demonstrated that IRF5 is required for IL-10 production downstream of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in multiple immune cell types. Chimera studies showed that IRF5 deficiency in bone marrow–derived cells prevents lupus development and contributes in part to the increased atherosclerosis. Notably, IRF5 deficiency in non–bone marrow–derived cells also contributes to the increased atherosclerosis through the generation of hyperlipidemia and increased adiposity. Together, our results reveal a protective role for IRF5 in lupus-associated atherosclerosis that is mediated through the effects of IRF5 in both immune and nonimmune cells. These findings have implications for the proposed targeting of IRF5 in the treatment of autoimmune disease as global IRF5 inhibition may exacerbate cardiovascular disease in these patients.
Optimisation of hot-water application technology for the control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Authors: Latsch Roy , Sauter Joachim
Published: January 2015

In organic farming, the control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) via hot-water treatment of the upper root region (hypocotyl) is a new alternative to the current standard control method involving manual digging-out of the roots. This comparative study looks at five different hot-water application techniques. The aim is to optimise the control method in terms of water and energy requirement to obtain a mortality rate of the treated plants of at least 80%. The studied parameters were the application, the amount of water, the water temperature, the soil moisture content and the soil type. In total, 813 plants of varying size were treated (120-225 plants per treatment). The success of each treatment was rated 12 weeks after it was applied. Based on the results, the preferred treatment in terms of water and energy requirement was a commercially available rotary nozzle. With this nozzle, for example, at 40 vol.-% soil moisture, 1.6 L of water at a temperature of 90°C was necessary for successful Rumex control. The rotary nozzle could be used as a non-contact system, and was therefore the most user-friendly of the application techniques examined.
Automatic solution for detection, identification and biomedical monitoring of a cow using remote sensing for optimised treatment of cattle
Authors: Beiderman Yevgeny , Kunin Mark , Kolberg Eli , Halachmi Ilan , Abramov Binyamin , Amsalem Rafael , Zalevsky Zeev
Published: January 2015

In this paper we show how a novel photonic remote sensing system assembled on a robotic platform can extract vital biomedical parameters from cattle including their heart beating, breathing and chewing activity. The sensor is based upon a camera and a laser using selfinterference phenomena. The whole system intends to provide an automatic solution for detection, identification and biomedical monitoring of a cow. The detection algorithm is based upon image processing involving probability map construction. The identification algorithms involve well known image pattern recognition techniques. The sensor is used on top of an automated robotic platform in order to support animal decision making. Field tests and computer simulated results are presented.
Two new species of mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran
Authors: Moghaddam Masumeh , Alikhani Mamud
Published: January 2015

Polystomophora arakensis Moghaddam and Phenacoccus salviacus Moghaddam are described and illustrated in detail from Iran. The species P. arakensis was collected from the roots of Atraphaxis sp. (Family: Polygonaceae) and P. salviacus was collected from the leaves of Salvia bracteata (Family: Labiatae). The genera Phenacoccus and Polystomophora are briefly reviewed and a key to the Iranian species of Phenacoccus is provided.
New evidence of parasitoids of pest aphids on roses and grapevine in Turkey (Hem., Aphididae; Hym., Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
Authors: Barjadze Shalva , Gratiashvili Nana , Karaca İsmail , Yaşar Bülent
Published: January 2015

Aphidius eglanteriae as a parasitoid of Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum/ Rosa is newly recorded for Turkey. Short information about its parasitism rate and distribution in Isparta Province, Turkey, is given. A nother new information pertains to the association between Aphidius matricariae - Aphis illinoisensis - Vitis vinifera.
On the spatial spread of the Rice Water Weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Erirhinidae), in Italy
Authors: Lupi Daniela , Colombo Mario , Giudici Maria Luisa , Villa Bruno , Cenghialta Cesare , Passoni Daniele
Published: January 2015

A five year study has been made to establish the spread of the rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Erirhinidae) in Northern Italy. Data obtained with GPS from 2005 throughout 2009 were first georeferenced with SW ArcGis® 9.2, then overlapped and compared to the map of the European environmental landscape based on the interpretation of satellite images (CORINE Land Cover map) and to the hydrographic chart CT10 (Technical Regional map 10000). The analysis of the radial rate of spread per year indicates a deceleration in the expansion from 10.864 ± 6.801 km/year in 2005 to 5.318 ± 1.401 km/year in 2009. In five years the weevil has expanded its distribution in nearly all rice paddies in Lombardy and Piedmont, over an area of about 200,000 ha, which correspond to 86% of the total Italian rice area. Its expansion is thought to follow a type of stratified dispersal, due both to insect adult active dispersal and to accidental movements caused by human transportation.
Development of semiochemical-based strategies for old-house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Reddy Gadi V.P.
Published: January 2015

Earlier studies have demonstrated that among the eight differently colored ground traps tested in the greenhouse, black colored traps were the most effective compared with the performances of brown, yellow, red, grey, blue, white, and green traps. In the present study, efficiency of ground traps with different shades of black (black thick, pure black, mix black and black medium) were evaluated in the greenhouse for the capture of Hylotrupes bajulus. Black thick colored traps caught significantly higher H. bajulus than traps with other shades of black. Therefore, black thick colored ground traps are recommended to use for monitoring and mass trapping H. bajulus in museums and human dwellings.
Synchrotron radiation microtomography of musical instruments: a non-destructive monitoring technique for insect infestations
Authors: Bentivoglio-Ravasio Beatrice , Marconi Emanuele , Trotta Leonardo , Dreossi Diego , Sodini Nicola , Mancini Lucia , Zanini Franco , Tonini Camillo
Published: January 2015

X-ray computed tomography is becoming a common technique for the structural analysis of samples of cultural relevance, providing luthiers, art historians, conservators and restorators with a unique tool for the characterization of musical instruments. Synchrotron-radiation phase-contrast microtomography is an ideal technique for the non-destructive 3D analysis of samples where small lowabsorbing details such as larvae and eggs can be detected. We report results from the first feasibility studies performed at the Elettra synchrotron laboratory, where the 1494 organ by Lorenzo Gusnasco da Pavia has been studied. Together with important information about the structural conditions, the presence of xylophages could be detected and characterized.
Biological control of cultural heritage pest Coleoptera and Lepidoptera with the help of parasitoid Hymenoptera
Authors: Schöller Matthias , Prozell Sabine
Published: January 2015

Natural enemies are known from many cultural heritage pests, but their potential for biological control has been marginally exploited only. In this publication, examples of practical and commercial application of parasitoids of beetles and moths are compiled as well as laboratory research that contributes to the development of guidelines for parasitoid releases. One the one hand there are parasitoids found to occur simultaneously with the pests in buildings, on the other hand there are parasitoids that were never found to be associated with the respective pests but accept them if brought into the cultural heritage environments. An example for the latter is the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens euproctidis, a parasitoid of moth eggs including those of the cloth moth Tineola bisselliella. In semi-field trials it was shown that inundative releases of the egg parasitoids are necessary and that effectiveness is reduced on thick cloth with long strand. Trichogramma release units have to be placed directly on the cloth to be protected. A naturally occuring parasitoid of Anobiid beetles is the pteromalid larval parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus. This parasitoid was applied against the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum in historic libraries and against spider beetles (Ptininae) in historic buildings. A simulation model for the population-dynamics of L. distinguendus and the golden spider beetle Niptus hololeucus is presented. Finally, monitoring of the Braconid larval parasitoid Spathius exarator used for indirect monitoring of the common furniture beetle Anobium punctatum is described. The future potential of parasitoids to control cultural heritage pests is discussed.
Ten years of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Wien
Authors: Querner Pascal , Morelli Michaela , Oberthaler Elke , Strolz Monica , Schmitz Von Ledebur Katja , Diehl Johanna , Zatschek Isabell , Fermi-Mebarek Anna , Hölzl Regina , Engelhardt Irene , Krammer Hugo , Fürnkranz Sophie
Published: January 2015

The Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien is one of the largest fine arts collections worldwide, comprising the Kunsthistorisches Museum, the Austrian Theater Museum, the Museum of Ethnology, all placed in Vienna, and Schloß Ambras in Tirol. We present results from up to 10 years of insect pest monitoring in different collections and the implementation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) concept. The Kunsthistorisches Museum was the first museum in Vienna to introduce such a concept. We also present specific insect pest problems such as a biscuit beetle (Stegobium paniceum) infestation of paintings lined with starch paste backings (linings) or the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) infestation at the Museum of Carriages, both repeatedly occurring problems in the museum. With the help of the insect pest monitoring programs, these and other problems were found and the infested objects treated, usually with anoxia (nitrogen).
Evaluation of cellulose substrates treated with Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin as a biological control agent against the termite Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: Habibpour Behzad , Cheraghi Amir , Mossadegh Mohammad Saeed
Published: January 2015

This article is the first report on the promising effect of an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin to control populations of Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri. Biological control is an alternative to the long-term usage of chemical pesticides. M. anisopliae, the causal agent of green muscardine disease of insects, is an important fungus in biological control of insect pests. Bait systems can eliminate entire colonies of subterranean termites. Baiting reduces adverse environmental impacts caused by organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the control of termites and creates sustainable protection of buildings against their invasion. Treated-sawdust bait was applied by two methods: a) combination of treated sawdust and untreated filter paper, and b) combination of treated sawdust and untreated sawdust. When combinations of treated sawdust and untreated sawdust were used, LC50 and LC90 were 8.4×106 and 3.9×107 (spore/ml), respectively. With the use of improved bait formula and more virulent strains, we hope to achieve better control of termite colonies and enable pathogens to become a useful element in the Integrated Pest Management system.
Reticulitermes urbis in Bagnacavallo (Ravenna, Northern Italy): a 15-year experience in termite control
Authors: Ferrari Roberto , Ghesini Silvia , Marini Mario
Published: January 2015

We relate and discuss the application of a monitoring-baiting program with the IGR hexaflumuron to termite control in Bagnacavallo (Ravenna, Northern Italy), where a massive Reticulitermes urbis infestation existed in the old town. Termite control was carried out in different zones over a period of 15 years, starting from the centre of the infested area and extending towards the peripheral areas. The treatment succeeded in eliminating termites from Bagnacavallo old town, using a total of 63 g of hexaflumuron.
Two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) from Sardinia (Italy) with a check list of Sardinian Coccoidea
Authors: Pellizzari Giuseppina
Published: January 2015

Two new species of scale insects collected in Sardinia (Italy) are described and illustrated: Spinococcus giuliae sp. n. (Pseudococcidae) off the roots of Umbilicus rupestris (Crassulaceae) and Micrococcus sardous sp. n. (Micrococcidae) off the root of an undetermined grass (Poaceae) growing near the sea. A n identification key to Micrococcus species and a revised list of the scales presently known in the island are also provided.
Bacteria, fungi and arthropod pests collected on modern human mummies
Authors: Palla F. , Sineo L. , Manachini Barbara
Published: January 2015

A survey of opportunistic biocenosis (macro and micro organisms) associated with a rest of human mummy samples was carried out to characterise the biocenosis and to detect the potential of biodeteriogens. The rests of the human modern mummies come from a hypogeic site. Since mummies are relevant from a historic-artistic-scientific point of view, an aspect of this study was the identification and characterization of the biological systems related with biodeterioration of organic matter. In a first step, different sampling methods, according to the taxa, were applied. Technological procedures were combined in order to have an interdisciplinary approach to the conservation actions for testing future restoration protocols. Specimens were collected, identified and characterized by Microscopy (light, SEM, CLSM) and molecular analyses (DNA extraction, in vitro target sequence amplification, sequencing, sequence analysis). The results highlight a rather complex biocenonsis consisting of fungi, cyanobacteria, several insects and other arthropods.
The Beetle (Coleoptera) and True bug (Heteroptera) species pool of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland (Villa di Tirano, Italy) and its conservation
Authors: Montagna Matteo , Lozzia Giuseppe Carlo , Baumgärtner Johann , Andreis Carlo , Giorgi Anna
Published: January 2015

he C oleoptera and Heteroptera species pool was investigated in the “Pian di Gembro” wetland (Villa di T irano, Sondrio, Italy). T he wetland consists of a bog and its surroundings, referred to as wetland components, that are both subjected to a diversified intermediate management regime (DIMR). T he application of the DIMR for plant species conservation resulted in the establishment of 11 wetland zones with a characteristic vegetation. In a three year sampling program, 997 C oleoptera and Heteroptera representing 141 species from 14 families were collected. Among these species, 64 species share both wetland components, 11 are restricted to the bog and 63 were found in the surroundings only. Among the species pool there were 23 tyrphophile taxa and only one tyrphobiont. With the exception of one zone, all zones are inhabited by zone-specific species. By taking into account both the general species pool and the pool of species of particular interest to conservationists, only one zone can be considered as redundant since it is inhabited by species that occur also in other zones. Hence, all the zones, with one exception, are effective for species pool conservation. The existing DIMR implemented for plant species conservation is also effective for conserving the species pool of C oleoptera and Heteroptera.