bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Income and Low-Income Adolescents' Views of Special Education
Authors: Brantlinger Ellen
Published: March 2007

As a component of a comprehensive qualitative study of social class influences on schooling, 34 high-income and 40 low-income adolescents were interviewed about various aspects of special education. Qf the low-income respondents, 55% had been classified as learning disabled, mildly mentally handicapped, or emotionally disturbed and had received special education services at some time during theirschooling; whereas only two (6%) high-income adolescents had been classified as learning disabled. Nonclassified low-income students also had considerable contact with friends, neighbors, and relatives who had received special education services. The majority of low-income adolescents had ambivalent or negative feelings about special education. High-income adolescents had little contact with students classified as handicapped and, with few exceptions, they saw special education as a helpful, necessary service. This study indicates that there were social class distinctions in adolescents' opinions and evaluations of special education.
The Reliability of Retrospective Report for Timing First Sexual Intercourse for Adolescent Males
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M.
Published: March 2007

Several recent studies have employed retrospective report of the timing of events at adolescence, particularly of age atfirst sexual intercourse. The value of such studies rests on the assumption of reliability of the report of age on the occasion. The current study provides a test of the reliability of report of age atfirst intercourse over relatively short peniods of time and consistency of reports of ever having engaged in intercourse. Subjects were an at-risk sample of approximately 200 adolescent boys in the Oregon Youth Study. Every yearfrom Grade 8 through Grade 11, subjects were asked if they had ever had sexual intercourse and when was thefirst time. Consistency of responses as to whether they had ever had intercourse was high. Report of age at first intercourse, however, appeared very unreliable. Behavioralfactors were assessedfor their possible association with unreliable date reporting.
Sexuality Education and Young People's Sexual Behavior
Authors: Grunseit Anne , Kippax Susan , Aggleton Peter , Baldo Mariella , Slutkin Gary
Published: March 2007

To assess the effects of HIV/AIDS and sexuality education on young people's sexual behavior; a comprehensive literature review was commissioned by the Office of Intervention Development and Support within the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS. Fifty-two reports were reviewed. Of 47 studies that evaluated interventions, 25 reported that HP//AIDS and sexuality education neither increased nor decreased sexual activity and attendant rates ofpregnancy and STDs. Seventeen reported that HIV and/or sexuality education delayed the onset of sexual activity, reduced the number of sexual partners, or reduced unplanned pregnancy and STD rates. Only three studies found increases in sexual behavior associated with sexuality education. Hence, little evidence was found to support the contention that sex and/or HIV education promote promiscuity. The interpretative value of this research often was compromised, however, because of inadequacies in study design, analytic techniques, outcome indicators, and reporting of statistics.
Disentangling Adolescent Substance Use and Problem Use within a Clinical Sample
Authors: Stice Eric , Kirz Josh , Borbely Christina
Published: March 2007

Studies have sought to disentangle predictors of adolescent substance use versus problem use, yet research has not examined this question in a clinical sample and usually does not control for the effects of consumption level. The authors tested whether psychosocial variables showed direct relations to substance use, and direct, indrect, and interactive relations to use-related negative consequences within a clinical sample of youth. Psychopathology, temperamental disturbances, use motives, expectancies, and socialization influences showed indirect relations to problem use because they were associated with heavy consumption. Psychopathology, expectancies, and socialization influences also related directly to problem use, controlling for consumption level. Psychopathology, temperamental disturbances, use motives, and socialization influences moderated the relation between consumption and problems. Results support the assertion that psychosocial variables are related to problem use above and beyond the simple indirect effect via consumption level.
Neighborhood Social Disorganization, Families, and the Educational Behavior of Adolescents
Authors: Bowen Natasha K. , Bowen Gary L. , Ware William B.
Published: March 2007

Using data on 1,757 middle and high school students from a nationally representative sample, relationships among youth perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, parenting processes, and their own school behavior, attendance, and grades were tested using structural equation modeling. A model with direct neighborhood effects on selfreported educational behavior as well as indirect effects mediated through perceptions of supportive parenting and parental educational support fit the data well in calibration and validation samples. Perceived neighborhood social disorganization exerted a larger effect than did family processes on self-reported educational behavior. The importance of including measures of neighborhood environment in future research on educational outcomes is discussed in the context of their substantial contribution in the present investigation.
Younger and Older African American Adolescent Mothers’ Relationships with Their Mothers and Female Peers
Authors: Davis Anita A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined differences in younger (ages 14 to 16) and older (ages 17 to 19) African American adolescent mothers’ receipt of maternal and peer support and associations among economic strain, maternal and peer support, maternal problems, and depressive symptomatology. Findings indicate that (a) both younger and older adolescent mothers receive significantly more support from mothers than from peers, (b) higher levels of maternal problems are associated with higher levels of depression for all adolescent mothers, and (c) under conditions of lowmaternal support, younger adolescents appear to be at greater risk for depression when peer support is higher, whereas older adolescents may be at greater risk when peer support is lower. Findings are interpreted within the context of existing research on adolescent parenting and adolescent development. Implications for future research are discussed.
Predictors of Risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Ninth Grade Urban High School Students
Authors: Boyer Cherrie B. , Tschann Jeanne M. , Shafer Mary-Ann
Published: March 2007

This study examined risk factors associated with acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV in adolescents, using the AIDS Risk Reduction Model. The study participants were 985 students who were 54% female, ethnically/racially diverse, had a mean age of 14.7 years, and were mostly ninth graders (74%). Logistic regression was used to predict sexual experience. Linear regression was used to predict risky sexual behaviors and condom use within the previous month. The results indicate that demographic factors are associated with being sexually experienced, but few demographics are associated with specific STD-related risk behaviors. STD and AIDS knowledge are not associated with any risk behaviors. Use of alcohol and drugs is associated significantly with being sexually experienced and sexual risk. The results also indicate that peer affiliation, perceptions of peer norms, perceptions of risk, perceptions of self-efficacy, and social support are associated with STD-related risk among sexually experienced youth.
Effects of Induced Wheel Running on the Circadian Activity Rhythms of Syrian Hamsters: Entrainment and Phase Response Curve
Authors: Reebs Stephan G. , Mrosovsky N.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study was to provide an example of nonsocial and nonphotic entrainment in Syrian hamsters, together with a corresponding phase response curve (PRC). Fourteen male hamsters were given 2-hr bouts of induced activity (mostly wheel running) at 23.83-hr intervals in constant darkness (DD). The activity onsets of 10 hamsters entrained to this manipulation, with no anticipatory activity present. After entrainment, the rhythms re sumed free-running from a time 0.66-3.91 hr after the onset of the last bout of induced activity. Postentrainment free-running periods were shorter than pre-entrainment values. The PRC for 2-hr pulses of induced activity in DD revealed phase advances induced in some animals between circadian time (CT) 4 and CT 11 (approximately the last half of the hamsters' rest period), and delays between CT 23 and CT 3 and between CT 17 and CT 20. The CTs for phase advances are compatible with the phase angle differences observed between rhythm and zeitgeber at the end of entrainment. Many features of the results (not all animals entraining, PRC characteristics, lack of observable anticipation to the daily stimuli, phase relationship between zeitgeber and activity rhythms) are similar to those from a previous study on social entrainment in this species (Mrosovsky, 1988). These similarities reinforce the idea that in duced activity and social zeitgebers act on activity rhythms via a common mechanism.
Age, but Not Pineal Status, Modulates Circadian Periodicity of Golden Hamsters
Authors: Morin Lawrence P.
Published: March 2007

The pineal gland and its hormone, melatonin, have been implicated in the regulation of rat circadian rhythmicity. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the pineal has a similar role in the hamster, and to clarify whether the marked rhythm responses to constant light (LL) previously seen in serotonin-depleted hamsters might be attributable to a functional pinealectomy. The results demonstrated that young, but not old, hamsters showed loss of the circadian wheel-running rhythm (mostly via splitting) in LL, and that young hamsters had longer circadian periods in LL than old animals. Neither effect was related to the presence of a pineal gland. In LD 14:10 old animals ran much less than young animals, regardless of pineal status, and the suppression of running by LL was greater in old animals. The activity phase duration was only modestly related to age and not to pineal presence. The data support a previous report of an age effect on incidence of rhythm splitting and circadian period length, but do not support the view that the pineal gland helps modulate circadian rhythmicity in the hamster.
The Pineal Gland: Photoreception and Coupling of Behavioral, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Circadian Outputs
Authors: Warren Wade S. , Cassone Vincent M.
Published: March 2007

Although removal of the pineal gland has been shown to have very little effect on the mammalian circadian system in constant darkness (DD), several recent reports have suggested that the mammalian pineal gland may be more important for circadian organization in nocturnal rodents than was previously believed. Removal of the pineal gland (PINX) facilitates the disruptive effects of constant bright light on wheel-running rhythmicity This suggests at least two possibilities for the role of the pineal gland in the mammalian circadian system. First, pinealectomized rats may perceive ambient light intensity to be brighter than do sham-operated (SHAM) rats. Second, the pineal gland, probably via its secretion of melatonin, may also be involved in coupling components of the circadian system. Coupling, as we see it, may occur at several levels of organization : (1) between retinohypothalamic afferents and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) oscillatory neurons, (2) among multiple SCN oscillators, (3) between the SCN and their multiple outputs, and/or (4) among the multiple circadian outputs themselves. In this study we show that PINX rats free-run with a longer period in four different light intensities than do SHAM rats. Moreover, the rate of increase of τ is greater among PINX rats than among SHAM rats. This supports the first hypothesis. We also show that in PINX rats the circadian rhythms of wheel running, general activity, body temperature, and heart rate are all more disrupted in constant bright light than are those of SHAM rats, and each rhythmic output is disrupted in parallel. This supports the second hypothesis. Melatonin is probably not involved in coupling presynaptic elements of SCN afferents in the retinohypothalamic tract to pacemaking cells within the SCN, since enucleation has no effect on SCN 2-[125I]iodomelatonin (IMEL) binding. Together the data do not discount either of the two hypotheses but do restrict the possible levels at which the pineal gland is involved in coupling. These data also further support a growing body of literature indicating that the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin play a role in mammalian circadian organization.
The Effects of Period Mutations and Light on the Activity Rhythms of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Power John M. , Ringo John M. , Dowse Harold B.
Published: March 2007

Strains of Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for alleles of the period gene ( per0, perL, per S, and per+) were reared for multiple generations either in light:dark cycles (LD), continuous illumination (LL), or chronic darkness (DD). The locomotor activity of adult flies from these cultures was monitored in either LL or DD. Flies that were reared and tested in DD had a lower proportion of individuals with normal circadian rhythms than flies reared in LD or LL and tested in DD. The activity rhythms of DD-reared DD-tested animals, when present, showed phase coherence within two out of seven populations, while 8 out of 10 LL-reared DD-tested showed phase coherence. Flies tested in LL were largely devoid of circadian rhythms regardless of their rearing environment. Ultradian rhythms were more evident under conditions disruptive to circadian rhythmicity, but were observed in the presence and absence of circadian rhythms. The periods of the ultradian rhythms of LL-reared DD-tested and LD-reared DD-tested flies varied significantly among genotypes, while in other rearing and testing regimes, no relationship was found.
Melatonin and Light Induce Phase Shifts of Circadian Activity Rhythms in the C3H/HeN Mouse
Authors: Benloucif Susan , Dubocovich Margarita L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effect of light pulses and administration of the pineal hormone melatonin on the circadian activity rhythm of C3H/HeN mice. Mice were housed in constant dark in cages equipped with running wheels. Phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity were measured following treatment with a 15-min pulse of light (300 lux) or administration of vehicle (ethanol/saline) or melatonin (90 μg, sc). Light treatment induced phase changes in circadian activity rhythms; specifically, delays during early subjective night (circadian time [CT] 12.5 to CT 18.5) and advances during late subjective night (CT 0.5). A single dose of melatonin administered at various CTs had no consistent effect on free-running circadian activity rhythms. By contrast, melatonin administration for 3 consecutive days at the same clock time induced advances in circadian activity rhythms by more than 1 h when the first dose was administered at CT 10 and induced delays in circadian activity rhythms by up to 1 h when the first dose was administered between CT 24 and CT 2. With the caveat that multi- ple melatonin treatments are required to induce phase shifts, the results suggest that the circadian timing system controlling the rhythm of wheel-running activity in the C3H/HeN mouse is responsive to both light and melatonin.
Bicuculline Increases and Muscimol Reduces the Phase-Delaying Effects of Light and VIP/PHI/GRP in the Suprachiasmatic Region
Authors: Gillespie Charles F. , Huhman Kim L. , Babagbemi Tokunbo O. , Albers H. Elliott
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the effects of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)A-active drugs on the ability of light or coadministration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) to phase delay hamster activity rhythms. Microinjection of the GABAA agonist, muscimol, significantly (p < .01) reduced the phase-delaying effect of light administered at circadian time (CT) 13.5. By contrast, microinjection of the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, significantly (p < .01) increased the phase-delaying effect of light administered at CT 13.5. Microinjection of muscimol or bicuculline into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) produced little or no effect on circadian phase when no light pulses were provided. Coadministration of muscimol with VIP/PHI/GRP significantly (p < .01) reduced the phase-delaying effect of VIP/PHI/GRP, whereas administration of bicuculline with VIP/PHI/ GRP significantly (p <.05) increased the phase-delaying effect of these peptides. These data indicate that changes in GABAA activity within the SCN can modulate the phase-delaying effects of light and VIP/PHI/GRP during the early portion of subjective night.
Daily Restricted Feeding Effects on the Circadian Activity Rhythms of the Stripe-Faced Dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura
Authors: Kennedy Gerard A. , Coleman Grahame J. , Armstrong Stuart M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of daily restricted feeding (RF) on the circadian wheel-running activity rhythms of the stripe-faced dunnart ( Sminthopsis macroura) was examined. Dunnarts were presented with a 2-h meal in the middle of the light period of a 14:10 light:dark (LD) cycle and during constant dim light (LL). No meal-anticipatory activity (AA) was observed in any of the dunnarts during the experiment. This contrasts with previous work where AA has been reported in dunnarts subjected to RF. In LL, RF acted as a weak zeitgeber for the circadian activity rhythms of the dunnart. Evidence supporting this observation was the fact that 4/8 dunnarts' activity rhythms were entrained by RF, 2 showed relative coordination, and 1 exhibited bouncing phenomenon. In other species of marsupials and in rats, it has been proposed that RF entrains a food-entrainable pacemaker, which, in turn, entrains, via coupling, the suprachiasmatic-based, light-entrainable pacemaker. The findings of the present study differ from those reported previously in that no observable AA was entrained but the light-entrainable pacemaker was entrained by RF. In the dunnart, it remains to be determined whether RF directly entrains the light-entrainable pacemaker or whether RF entrains a food-entrainable pacemaker and in turn, via coupling, the light-entrainable pacemaker.
Reagan's Impact on Health Planning
Authors: Hyman Herbert H.
Published: March 2007

Reagan's Impact examines the implementation process of national health planning during the 1970s and its subsequent demise under the tutelage of the Reagan administration. Congress enacted legislation to overcome prior health planning deficiencies but after six years that legislation has been replaced by private for-profit corporations and self-help special interest groups. Since a profit-seeking, corporate style of planning has superseded community health planning efforts, the question still remains as to who will provide health services not resulting in a profit. This article examines the impact of different health planning strategies on health providers and the American public.
Divergence versus Convergence in Regional Development
Authors: Lipshitz Gabriel
Published: March 2007

The present study is a comparative analysis of various theoretical approaches to the question of divergence versus convergence in regional development. The article examines a number of studies presented in this field. The first section deals with the economic aspect of this subject, while the second discusses population dispersal and polarization in the context of regional development. The third section analyzes the empirical findings on developed and developing countries, as well as Eastern European (formerly Communist bloc) countries. An integrative approach to this field is also proposed.
Human Wayfinding, Environment-Behavior Relationships, and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Miller Harvey J.
Published: March 2007

Human wayfinding is a goal-directed process of determining routes through an unfamiliar environment. Understanding wayfinding behavior has important implications for our ability to explain and predict spatial behavior and for our attempts to plan and design the built environment for human use. This article reviews research on wayfinding in built environments. Two distinct yet complementary research perspectives are discussed: the environment-behavior and the artificial intelligence approaches to understanding wayfinding. Closer linkages between these perspectives have implications at both the theoretical and applied levels.
Mothers in Jail: Parent-Child Separation and Jail Visitation
Authors: Finney Hairston Creasie
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of a study of 56 women who were confined in a county jail. It describes the women's family characteristics and examines their parenting roles and responsibilities, plans for family reunification, and concerns about their children visiting them. The study's findings and those of other studies are used to make recommendations for policies and programs.
Women Social Workers' Beliefs and Treatment Strategies
Authors: Rice Susan , Jimenez Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

This article describes a study that explored the personal beliefs of 116 female social workers about male-female relationships, and their treatment strategies in working with female clients in relation to three philosophical paradigms: the feminist, the psychological, and the retrofeminist. The study found that although the respondents embraced feminist beliefs more than they did the other two paradigms, their treatment strategies were often inconsistent with their beliefs.
Teaching Feminist Practice: Support, Transition, Change
Authors: Bartlett Maria , Tebb Susan , Chadha Janice
Published: March 2007

This article describes a course on feminist social work practice that was designed to develop, model, and create interventions and strate gies that are meaningful to women's experience and reality. Nontra ditional styles of teaching and learning emerged using a team ap proach. Shared knowledge was a hallmark of the class as the teachers and students sought to challenge the concept of hierarchy and to create a climate for cooperative and interactive learning.
Rural Elderly Women's Attitudes Toward Professional and Governmental Assistance
Authors: Butler Sandra S. , DePoy Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The study presented here examined the attitudes of 218 rural elderly women toward receiving professional and governmental assistance. The results indicated that although the respondents had little familiarity with governmental programs, they were generally in favor of increased assistance for people in need. The relationship of these constructs to age, income, education, and marital status is discussed, as are the implications for social work practice with this population.
Reflection
Authors: Meyer Carol H.
Published: March 2007

This is a narrative of my 50 years in social work. The stories told are intended to reflect the times and the then current issues. Through this device, I have discussed my practice and academic career with a view toward finding my own coherence and offering to others a sense of hope and vision.
Women's Perceptions of the Glass Ceiling in Human Service Organizations and What to Do About It
Authors: Gibelman Margaret
Published: March 2007

The study presented here analyzed the responses of women in focus groups who experienced or observed the glass ceiling in human service organizations. This article discusses the women's views of the organizational practices that affect the recruitment, hiring, and promotion of women; the various consistent themes and strategies that were identified; and the larger societal implications of the findings.
Sexual Harassment of Social Work Students
Authors: Risley-Curtiss Christina , Hudson Walter W.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study that examined the sexual harassment experiences among 226 bachelor's of social work and master's ofsocial work students in one school of social work and in their field placements. The prevalence and severity of sexual harassment on campus and in fieldwork agencies are discussed, as are the implications of the findings and issues for further investigation.
Exploring the Counselor's Experience of Working With Perpetrators and Survivors of Domestic Violence
Authors: ILIFFE GILLIAN , STEED LYNDALL G.
Published: March 2007

Based on notions of vicarious trauma, burnout, and countertransference, the purpose of this study was to explore the impact on counselors of working with domestic violence (DV) clients. Eighteen counselors with high case loads of DV clients participated in a semistructured interview. They described classical symptoms of vicarious trauma, and reported changes in cognitive schema, particularly in regard to safety, world view, and gender power issues. Specific challenges of DV work included changes in counseling practice to meet the unique needs of DV clients, difficulties with confidentiality, fear for clients' safety, feelings of isolation, and powerlessness. The majority reported symptoms of burnout, but used a range of strategies for dealing with their adverse effects including monitoring client caseloads, debriefing, peer support, self care and political involvement. The implications of these findings for the training of DV counselors are discussed as are recommendations for best practice in DV counseling agencies.
The Crime of Threatening to Kill
Authors: BARNES MAUREEN T. , GORDON WILLIAM C. , HUDSON STEPHEN M.
Published: March 2007

Threatening to kill can be viewed as a coercive communication strategy intended to influence the behavior of the victim. Decision making about social responses to this crime is often problematic and raises a number of issues related to risk assessment. While these threats have been regarded as predictive of future violence, the extent to which data supports this assertion is unknown. This study reports on 102 people charged with threatening to kill who had been referred for psychiatric evaluation. There are at least two pathways leading to the common end point of threatening to kill. People who received criminal sanctions tended to have threatened within the context of a relationship breakdown and more frequently had personality and substance abuse difficulties. Those who received a psychiatric disposal were more often diagnosed with a psychotic disorder and were more likely to have threatened strangers or mental health professionals.
Family Functioning and Sexual Aggression in a Sample of College Men
Authors: ABERLE COURTNEY C. , LITTLEFIELD ROBERT P.
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to contribute to the integrative etiological models of sexual aggression by comparing the family-of-origin functioning and rape-supportive attitudes of sexually aggressive and nonaggressive college men. The participants completed self-report instruments that measured rape myth acceptance, acceptance of interpersonal violence, adversarial sexual beliefs, sexual aggression, and family functioning factors. Contrary to expectations, sexually aggressive participants did not exhibit higher levels of authoritarian family style, enmeshment, or conflict than the nonaggressive men. However, a canonical correlation revealed that a significant correlation did exist between the composite of rape-supportive attitudes (adversarial sexual beliefs, acceptance of interpersonal violence, and rape myth acceptance) and the composite of family functioning factors (conflict, enmeshment, and authoritarian family style). Yet, simple bivariate correlations between the factors did not reach significance. Implications of these mixed results are discussed.
Expected Consequences of Male Violence Against Their Female Dating Partners
Authors: RIGGS DAVID S. , CAULFIELD MARIE B.
Published: March 2007

We examined the expected consequences of male college students to their perpetration of physical violence against their female dating partners and the association of these expected consequences to the actual use of violence in the men's current dating relationships. Using a measure of expected consequences adapted from an instrument used in an earlier study of dating violence (Breslin, Riggs, O'Leary, & Arias, 1990), we found significant differences in the expected consequences of violent and nonviolent men. Specifically, violent men were significantly more likely than nonviolent men to expect that violence would result in their winning the argument, whereas nonviolent men were more likely than violent men to believe that the use of violence would result in an end to the relationship. Expected consequences were also associated with the frequency/severity of self-reported aggressive behavior within the aggressive group. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Long-Term Psychological Consequences in Women of Witnessing Parental Physical Conflict and Experiencing Abuse in Childhood
Authors: MAKER AZMAIRA HAMID , KEMMELMEIER MARKUS , PETERSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

Exposure to parental domestic violence in childhood is associated with long-term psychological maladjustment. Although previous studies controlled for childhood physical abuse, it is unclear how the coexisting risk factors of sexual abuse and parental substance use contribute to psychopathology. Questionnaires assessing childhood risk factors and current symptoms were completed by 131 college women. We compared a nonwitness control group with two groups exposed to moderate or to severe marital violence. Witnesses of marital violence experienced more sexual and physical abuse and more parental substance use in childhood than did nonwitnesses and there was more violence in their own dating relationships, even after controlling for other risk factors. Depression, trauma symptoms, antisocial behaviors, and suicidal behaviors were related to childhood experiences of sexual and physical abuse. The need for future research to examine multiple childhood stressors simultaneously is discussed.
Childhood Maltreatment and Date Rape
Authors: SANDERS BARBARA , MOORE DINA L.
Published: March 2007

Women college students who reported unwanted sexual experiences judged to constitute date rape were compared with controls who reported no rape. Compared to controls, the date-rape group had significantly higher scores on a measure of overall childhood stress and maltreatment and scored significantly higher on the principal subscale of that measure, which assesses negative home environment/neglect. Date rape participants were also more likely to have experienced sexual abuse in childhood; however, the relationship between date rape and other negative childhood experiences remained statistically significant after sexual abuse was partialled out. Thus, forms of maltreatment that are not specifically sexual are also associated with an increased likelihood of sexual victimization later in life. Maltreatment was significantly associated with dissociation, depression, and other psychological symptoms of trauma. Findings are consistent with a model in which the psychological consequences of trauma increase the likelihood of later traumatic experiences.
Current Practice in Britain With Sexual Offenders
Authors: FISHER DAWN , BEECH ANTHONY ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of the current situation regarding the management and treatment of sexual offenders in Britain. It also describes the work of the National Association for the Development of Work with Sex Offenders (NOTA), a professional association for those involved in working with sexual offenders, and it gives a brief overview of the first of a series of treatment evaluation studies commissioned by the British government.
The Role of the Insurance Industry: Providing Protection in a New Reality
Authors: McCarthy Kevin
Published: March 2007

Following the attacks of September 11, companies throughout the nation have been called on to make extraordinary decisions in an extraordinary time. This article describes the changing role of the insurance industry, with particular focus on the response from disability income protection insurers. Income protection insurers have mobilized resources to provide customers with the most responsive service possible. But now more than ever, customers are expecting—and challenging—their insurers to go beyond the traditional role of providing benefits. Industry leaders respond with claim management models that are focused on return-to-work support and products and services that meet financial needs and help individuals balance the demands of work and life. Such investments in products, services and return-to-work resources are essential to the foundation of the income protection business.
Rethinking International Compensation
Authors: Milkovich George T. , Bloom Matt
Published: March 2007

In the global economy, transnational economic factors are affecting compensation schemes for both expatriates and local hires. Also affecting new thinking about multinational compensation issues is the issue of meshing corporate cultures with local cultures. Conventional thinking has emphasized that all multinationals-like all politics, in the words of former House speaker Tip O'Neill-are local.

But the authors argue that the importance of national cultures is exaggerated when thinking about global strategy and compensation and reward systems. Business strategy and markets are more appropriate units of analysis, they say. Companies should adopt models that allow managers the opportunity to tailor the total compensation system to fit the context in which they compete within a framework of corporate principles.
Case Studies:
Authors: Brossy Roger , Balkcom John E.
Published: March 2007

Many companies have adopted stock-based incentive plans for executives-and now for lower-level employees. In principle, these plans give employees a greater stake in the company, thereby creating a more motivated staff, while increasing the company's value. But the vast majority of a stock's price movement is attributable to macroeconomic factors beyond the scope of any one person's actions; this runs counter to the very idea of an incentive. Thus, a stock-based approach to valuing and rewarding the contributions of an individual or a group of employees is not sufficient by itself. A stock-based approach is best used in combination with reward measures grounded in the microeconomics of the business, according to the authors. In this article, the authors describe how three companies have found creative ways of compensating executives for creation of value by striking a balance that includes stock performance as well as other measures of business performance.
The CBR Advisory Board Comments on
Authors: Troiano Peter
Published: March 2007

Mergers and acquisitions, increasing globalization, rapid advances in technology, corporate downsizing-along with a critical shortage of certain kinds of talent-all contribute to a workplace that is in a state of constant flux. During its sixhour annual board meeting in October 1998, some 20 members of CBR's Advisory Board took on the major issues and trends, as well as the ever-changing list of demands, that face today's compensation and benefits specialists.
Rewarding Employees Who Truly Make a Difference
Authors: Plachy Roger , Plachy Sandra
Published: March 2007

Pay is most powerful when tied to successful job contributions that help fulfill the organization's mission and achieve contemporary objectives. This pay strategy challenges organizations to reward employees who contribute to the successful fulfillment of the organizations mission, while providing guidance to those who want to improve and weeding out those who don't. Implementing this pay strategy requires management commitment and a willingness to review practices in six key dimensions of organizational practice: explaining organization and department missions; defining job results; clarifying job outcomes; planning, monitoring, and appraising job contributions; applying motivational rewards; and establishing an integrated and coherent organization culture.
Trends in Crime Rates, Certainty of Punishment and Severity of Punishment in the Netherlands
Authors: Marshall Ineke Haen
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the interaction between crime rates and sentencing policies in the Netherlands, a country generally known for its relatively lenient treatment of criminals. The first section describes major changes which have taken place in Dutch crime policy and criminality over the last twenty years. The second part of the paper speculates about the interplay between, respectively, certainty and severity of punishment and crime rates in the Netherlands. The major source for the description of developments in Dutch crime and crime policy is the recently published government policy document Sameleving en Criminaliteit: Een Beleidsplan voor de Komende Jaren (1985), supplemented by other government reports, criminal justice statistics, and scholarly publications.

In this study, no attempt is made to address the profound problems and criticisms that arise from the use of aggregated data to study general deterrence. We lack, at this point, the necessary data to provide sophisticated time-series analyses appropriate for such an endeavor. Rather, our efforts are directed at providing a general description of some of the more important changes which have taken place in Dutch criminal justice policy and crime, with some speculative comments about possible implications for deterrence theory.
Managing Overcrowding: Corrections Aministrators And The Prison Crisis
Authors: Cox George H. , Rhodes Susan L.
Published: March 2007

Prison overcrowding has become an increasingly urgent problem confronting state governments in the 1980s. This paper provides a detailed description of the causes and effects of overcrowding as viewed by the agencies with the most direct responsibility for dealing with it, state corrections departments. Top-level correctional administrators in the fifty states were asked about the standards they used to define prison capacity, the factors they saw as causing institutional overcrowding, the effects overcrowding was having on their organization and the responses to the problem being made in their state. They were also questioned about the roles played by a variety of potential constituents in relation to their agencies. The results of the survey show that, according to these respondents, overcrowding is having serious negative effects on corrections personnel and physical facilities and that building new institutions is the solution to the problem with the most widespread support among administrators. Governors were the policy actors most frequently reported to be important supporters of corrections.
The Impact Of Sentencing Guidelines On Corrections*
Authors: Lawrence Richard
Published: March 2007

Determinate sentencing and sentencing guidelines have resulted in prison population increases in several states. Initial results of the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines showed greater uniformity and less sentence disparity, with no significant prison population increases. Public and political pressure led the 1989 legislature to increase sentences for drug offenses, sexual assault and homicide. This study examines some of the effects which those changes have had on corrections. Initial results show dramatic increases in drug offender admissions; total admissions exceed the projected growth; and corrections officers express concern about crowding, prison gangs and security problems.
Raising The Insanity Defense: A Comparison Of Rates In Jurisdictions With Differing Insanity Commitment Release Laws
Authors: Steury Ellen Hochstedler , Rotter Francis J.
Published: March 2007

The use of the insanity plea for felony offenses in 18 counties in various parts of the United States is the focus of the study reported here. Two research hypotheses were tested: one predicted that use of the insanity defense would be less frequent in jurisdictions with indeterminate commitments after a successful insanity defense; a second predicted that the insanity defense would be used least frequently for relatively minor offenses in jurisdictions with indeterminate commitments after acquittal for insanity. Neither hypothesis is supported by these findings. The authors conclude that factors other than the laws governing release after a successful insanity plea affect the rate of use. This research shows that variation across study counties was great, and that reporting of statewide rates masks these large differences. Further, this study shows distinct regional variation in the use of the insanity plea, which is associated with degree of urbanization.
A Local Community's Approach to Breastfeeding Promotion
Authors: Valaitis Ruta , O'Brien, Mary Fodor
Published: March 2007

An understanding of theories of group development and the program planning process are critical to any community group's effective functioning. This paper describes the developmental stages experienced by a multi-agency, multi-disciplinary regional breastfeeding committee. The stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning devised by Tuckman and Jensen are clearly evident in the growth of this group and can be useful to any other group. The basis for the group's decision-making regarding tasks and activities are addressed by the three health promotion planning approaches: education, policy development, and environmental support. This paper outlines the steps utilized by the committee to develop a series of breastfeeding promotion factsheets as one of its major activities.
Baseball Wives
Authors: GMELCH GEORGE , SAN ANTONIO PATRICIA MARY
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on how the structure and constraints of the occupation of professional baseball shapes the lives of the players' wives. The major constraints on the role of baseball wives include high geographical mobility, the husband's frequent absence, lack of a social support network, and the precariousness of baseball careers. Baseball wives are expected to fulfill a traditional role of support for their husbands and families. Baseball wives play a backstage supporting role but in so doing become far more independent and resourceful than many American women, managing families and households on their own.
Forces of Order; Police Behavior in Japan and the United States, David H. Bayley, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.201 pp. $10.95 (cloth).
Authors: Lewis Jack G.
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M A and Ph D theses They will be printed, with credit, within limits of space and multiple submission Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words Direct all correspondence to John M Johnson, New Ethnographies Editor, URBAN LIFE, Department of Sociology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281
Getting Better Quality Stuff
Authors: Agar Michael
Published: March 2007

EDITOR'S NOTE: As the previous article suggested, critics as well as practitioners of ethnographic research have observed that researchers tend to overrely on informants, and as a comsequence they may overemphasize those data which support a favored imagery rather than reporting counterinstances which challenge that imagery or indicate possible variations. Michael Agar suggests that one remedy to this problem is a mix of quantitative and qualitative procedures. Drawing from cognitive anthropology, he suggests two formalization strategies which the ethnographer could employ in improving both data acquisition and analysis.
Opportunities, Traps, and Sanctuaries
Authors: Bloland Harland G.
Published: March 2007

Goffman's Frame Analysis (1974) is used to analyze the organization of experience in various settings at the annual meetings of learned societies "Conventioneering" and "game" frames are presented, analyzed, and compared in several types of focused interaction situations Rapid frame change and differential awareness account partially for conventioner confusion and suspicion The two frames evoke very different images of the self among conventioners
The Social Construction of Truth
Authors: Tomlinson Graham
Published: March 2007

Some institutions (e.g., religions, the news media) serve as arbiters in determining the "truth" status of a variety of issues of doctrine and fact. This article examines the routine "truth" producing activities of one such institution: an organization charged with assembling and publishing an encyclopedia. The articles that comprised this encyclopedia are shown to be products of various negotiations, bargains, and "creative uses of facts," all fundamentally shaped by practical features and constraints of this particular organizational setting.
THE HIGHS AND LOWS OF EMOTIONAL LABOR
Authors: STENROSS BARBARA , KLEINMAN SHERRYL
Published: March 2007

Sociologists have conceived of emotional labor as alienating. In-depth interviews with general investigative detectives revealed that even within the same occupation workers may find some emotional labor alienating, but other emotional labor bearable or even enjoyable. The detectives we studied disliked their encounters with victims, but enjoyed their encounters with criminals. The detectives discounted criminals' emotional displays as inauthentic, redefined their emotional labor as relevant to catching criminals, and turned the encounters into a game. They could not, however, transform their uncomfortable encounters with victims into a positive experience.
THE MANAGEMENT OF STIGMA BY ALZHEIMER FAMILY CAREGIVERS
Authors: BLUM NANCY S.
Published: March 2007

This article explores family caregivers' management of the courtesy stigma acquired in the course of their relationship with a family member suffering from the progressive deterioration of Alzheimer's disease. Caregivers' accounts from in-depth interviews and from support group meetings suggest that stigma management by the Alzheimer caregiver moves through two distinct phases: the first marked by collusion with the person with Alzheimer's; the second by realignment and collusion with an expanding circle of others. As caregivers move through these phases there is a gradual shift of management priorities from control of information to control of problematic situations.
NEVER ENOUGH TIME
Authors: YOELS WILLIAM C. , CLAIR JEFFREY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the management of time, a scarce resource. We report how medical residents in an outpatient clinic experience the time contingencies of their work setting, particularly, how they seek to control the work process. We analyze how residents learn about time management over the course of their residency and how they seek to control time when conducting examinations, dealing with other residents, and responding to their appointment schedules. Finally, we examine time as both a subjective experience and an axis of social organization.
HYPER-RATIONAL GAMING
Authors: ABOLAFIA MITCHEL Y.
Published: March 2007

A vast and growing literature in game theory shows that a wide variety of human conflicts and competitions can be modeled as games. Most of this work is done through deductive logic, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation. It relies on the assumption that humans are self-interested rational maximizers. This study examines a group of actors who are given extraordinary incentives and resources to apply their rationality to a competitive game. The subjects were fifty-four bond traders at four of the ten largest investment banks on Wall Street. The author explores hyper-rational gaming among bond traders to identify descriptive limitations and cultural extensions of the game theoretic model.