bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PMS IN THE WORKPLACE: MYTH OR METHOD?
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Phillips Antoinette S.
Published: May 2006

Hardie (1997) purportedly examined the effects of menstrual cycle Status and perceived (i.e., self-diagnosed) premenstrual syndrome on work performance. Although research to fill the numerous gaps in our understanding of PMS is encouraged, methodologic imprecision compromises Hardie's
findings.
THE VALIDATION OF THE ORPHEUS MINOR SCALES IN A WORKING POPULATION
Authors: Rust John
Published: May 2006

Orpheus is a broad spectrum 190 item work-based combined personality and integrity questionnaire that generates scores on sixteen scales - seven minor scales, five major scales, and four audit scales. The minor scales of Orpheus are Proficiency, Work-orientation, Patience, Fair-mindedness,
Loyalty, Disclosure and Initiative, and are designed to assess the integrity traits of carelessness, poor work orientation, anger, resentfulness, disloyalty, lying and inertia, within a framework traced back to Prudentius in the Fourth Century AD. The major scales are Fellowship, Authority,
Conformity, Emotion and Detail and are based on the ‘big five’ model of personality. The study reports a validation of the Orpheus Minor Scales against 7 adjective check lists on a sample of 380 respondents in employment settings in the United Kingdom. General issues relating personality
and integrity testing are also discussed.
VALIDATING A CENTRALITY MODEL OF SELF-IDENTITY
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: May 2006

An earlier investigation of the centrality of attributes of self-identity led to a four-factor model. The four factors of self-identity which varied according to their centrality and which were measured by the Who Am I? Scale were Spiritual, Personal/Social, Family, and Identifications (outward and physical). This study was directed toward further validation of the model. Three grouping variables – gender, marital status, and church attendance – were examined according to their relationship to profiles representing the centrality of the four factors. 226 participants from three diverse universities were studied. Profile analyses yielded no significant gender differences in the centrality profiles. However, there were significant differences relative to marital status and amount of church attendance. Married people had identities that were higher in Family and lower in Personal/Social and Identifications. And church attendance was directly related to the centrality of Spiritual identity and inversely related to the centrality of Personal/Social and Identification identities.
STUDENTS' SELF-REPORTS OF HELP-SEEKING: THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, STRESS, AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON UTILIZATION OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SUPPORT
Authors: Oliver J. M. , Reed Cynthia K. S. , Katz Barry M. , Haugh James A.
Published: May 2006

Undergraduates (N = 248) at a private, midsize, Midwestern university provided self-reports of their psychological problems; stress; demographic variables; and people to whom they talked when they had problems. Help sources ranged from natural to formal support. Three patterns of psychological
problems emerged: internalized distress; alcohol abuse; and dysfunctional eating. Demographic variables included, but were not limited to; gender, age, class, international student status, ethnicity, major, religion, residence, and parental income. Neither levels of psychological problems
nor stress had much relation to self-reported talking, although internalized distress predicted talking to a counselor. Many demographic variables, particularly gender, international student status, ethnicity, full-time versus part-time status, and major, predicted talking to help sources.
Females acknowledged talking more frequently, but genders showed the same preferences for help sources. Results raise issues of helping students, particularly those with alcohol abuse or eating problems, through either arenas or personnel which are nontraditional.
BELIEFS IN SYMBOLIC CATHARSIS: THE IMPORTANCE OF INVOLVEMENT WITH AGGRESSIVE SPORTS
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Carlson Jeffrey D. , Holland Lisa C. , Jacob Bryan E. , Owens Dale A. , WELLS D. DAYNE
Published: May 2006

Although previous investigations have consistently refuted the notion of catharsis, research indicates that a substantial proportion of the general population continues to believe that aggression can lead to a lowering of subsequent aggression. The current study examined the relationships
among involvement in aggressive and nonaggressive sports and beliefs in symbolic sport catharsis (i.e., the belief that watching aggressive sports will lead to a reduction in aggression). The results supported the hypothesized pattern of effects as persons with a high level of involvement
with aggressive sports were particularly likely to believe that watching aggressive sports on television and in person can lead to a reduction in aggressive behavior. Also consistent with expectations, differences in beliefs in symbolic sport catharsis were not found between groups differing
in their involvement with nonaggressive sports.
INTERPERSONAL CONSTRUCTS OF PREGNANT WOMEN DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD: THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF MEDICAL STAFF
Authors: Hatta Takeshi , Kawakami Ayako , Goto Yaeko , Kadobayashi Seiko , Iwamoto Tadako
Published: May 2006

Interpersonal perception of pregnant women was investigated using a symbol figure placement technique (The Doll Location Test: (DLT), Hatta, 1977) and a Semantic Differential (SD) test. Eighteen pregnant women represented their interpersonal perception of medical staff (obstetrician,
midwife, student midwife, and nurse in charge) and of their husbands by means of the DLT at four different times (34 weeks and, 37 weeks of pregnancy, 3 days and 30 days after delivery). The DLT test revealed that perceptions of the pregnant women (emotional closeness, confidence and dependence)
towards medical staff changed over the period of contact, and that they perceived the midwife in charge, the most positively among medical staff. The Semantic Differential test also showed a similar tendency. Based upon these findings, the special role of midwifery service was discussed.
ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE MODERATES THE IMPACT OF CAUSAL CONTROLLABILITY INFORMATION ON HELPING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Higgins N. C. , Shaw Joanne K.
Published: May 2006

The helping behavior of individuals with supportive (i.e., the tendency to view others' misfortunes as uncontrollable by the targets) and unsupportive (i.e., the tendency to view others' misfortunes as controllable by the targets) attributional styles was investigated in a
natural setting, under conditions of high and low controllability of a target's need. Helping behavior was a function of the perceived controllability of the target's need for help and the helper's attributional style. While non-negligent targets were helped more than the negligent
– supporting an attributional model of helping behavior (B. Weiner, 1980a, 1995) – the attributional style of potential helpers moderated that effect. Individuals with a supportive style helped a needy peer at the same rate irrespective of the controllability of the need. In contrast,
unsupportive style individuals were very kind to the needy peer if the reason was legitimate, and highly neglectful if the peer was negligent. Thus, the causal structure of the situation was more influential in determining the behavior of unsupportive than supportive style respondents. The
finding that attributional styles moderated helping reactions demonstrates that the attributional model of helping behavior is incomplete and that person variables must be considered in tandem with situational variables in attributional models of social behavior.
VALIDATION OF THE HARTER PICTORIAL SCALE OF PERCEIVED COMPETENCE AND SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE WITH LEBANESE CHILDREN
Authors: El Hassan Karma
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at validating the use of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (PSPCSA) with Lebanese kindergarten children. The scale was administered to 152 children, their responses were analyzed, sex differences were studied and the reliability and validity of the scale were investigated. The findings provided partial support for the use of the PSPCSA with Lebanese children. Responses showed a pattern somewhat similar to that reported in US research. Kindergartners had highly-inflated ratings which were higher than those of their teachers. Except for the maternal scale, subscales intercorrelated moderately with each other, also the reliability coefficients were good and comparable to those obtained by Harter. With respect to predictive validity, self-concept scores correlated only with achievement in the social domain and not with academic achievement. Factor analysis revealed a two-factor model made up of a large competence factor which included cognitive and physical competence and peer relations, and a small maternal acceptance factor. There were differences in the findings due to cultural influences. Implications were discussed and future research directions were outlined.
MANAGERIAL RISK-TAKING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: Kamalanabhan T. J. , Sunder D. L.
Published: May 2006

It is generally believed that managers are more risk-taking than others. However research has shown managers to be both risk-averse and risk-seeking, depending on the target performance or reference points. The present study is an attempt to see if managers differ from others in risktaking
propensity. Managers, non-managerial employees and MBA students from different organisations in Madras were administered the CDQ and modified Risk-in-Basket. Results of ANOVA and Chi-square analysis show that managers, potential managers (M.B.A. students), and non-managerial employees do not
differ significantly in risk-taking as measured by the instruments used. The study concludes on the note that managers may be attributed higher risktaking due to their ability and that what is really expected from our managers is successful risktaking, rather than more risk-taking.
THE DIFFERENT AND THE SAME: REEXAMINING EAST AND WEST IN A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF VALUES
Authors: Akiba Daisuke , Klug Wayne
Published: May 2006

Cross-cultural similarities and differences in human values were investigated. American and Japanese college students completed the terminal values portion of the Rokeach Value Survey. Consistent with past research, Japanese individuals tended to appreciate communal values more and
individualistic ones less than did Americans. Nevertheless, the overall value priority ratings by American and Japanese young adults were largely similar. This could suggest that more culturally-sensitive measures of values may be necessary in order to further explore human values cross-culturally.
Given the political and economic similarities between these countries, results from this study may represent relatively “pure” analyses of East-West value differences.
SELF-PRESENTATION IN SPORT: INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE FOR MEASURING ATHLETES' COMPETITIVE SELF-PRESENTATION CONCERNS
Authors: Williams Matthew , Hudson Joanne , Lawson Romy J.
Published: May 2006

Self-Presentation theory explains some of the underpinnings of anxiety/stress in competitive sport (Leary, 1992). James and Collins (1997) revealed that Competitive Self-Presentation Concerns (CSPC) are implicated in some competitive anxiety/stress experienced by athletes. Measures
are therefore needed to assess athletes' CSPC. This study's aim was to develop such a tool. Four subscales were proposed and were supported by a confirmatory factor analysis (GFI = 0.92). These were as follows: concern over the impression made on others; fear of appearing incompetent;
concern over current form, and fear of appearing unable to cope with pressure. The scale's temporal stability and internal consistency were acceptable – but limited convergent validity was demonstrated. Recommendations are made for the scale's application and further development.
A FACET AND FACTOR ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL INTELLECTUAL ENGAGEMENT (TIE): ASSOCIATIONS WITH LOCUS OF CONTROL AND THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn
Published: May 2006

This paper explores the validity of the Typical Intellectual Engagement (TIE) construct in relation to the five factor model (FFM) of personality and locus of control (LOC). Validity was initially explored in terms of the general TIE construct and its three facets (1) problem-directed
thinking, (2) abstract thinking and (3) reading. A subsequent factor analytic exploration confirmed these three facets but suggested the existence of two others: (1) ‘intellectual avoidance’ and (2) ‘intellectual pursuits as a primary focus’. ‘Intellectual avoidance’
is similar to Dweck's (1986) notion of maladaptive motivation. Using a sample of 281 participants a number of differential predictions were made and supported, for example: TIE ‘problem-directed’ thinking was the primary associate of both internal LOC and C, while TIE ‘abstract
thinking’ was the primary associate of I. Further, TIE and both its facets/factors, but not I, were associated with LOC. It was argued, therefore, that while I and TIE are linked via abstract reasoning, they are measuring something distinct in terms of beliefs about personal agency.
MODELS OF CONCENTRATION IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH BASED ON STREAMS OF EXPERIENTIAL DATA
Authors: Moneta Giovanni B. , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: May 2006

This paper investigates a prediction from flow theory according to which subjective feelings of concentration depend on the balance between perceived challenges posed by a task and one's perceived skills in mastering the task. The goal is to compare three different formalizations
of balance (crossproduct, absolute difference, and quadratic effects of challenges and skills following a rotation of the predictor axes) with respect to how well each model predicts everyday life selfreports of feelings of concentration, which were obtained with the Experience Sampling Method
from 208 talented high school students. Multilevel modeling with first-order autocorrelation structure is used throughout the model comparison. All models fitted reasonably well, accounting for nearly half of the variance. With reference to simple goodness-of-fit criteria, we conclude that
both the rotated and the absolute difference models are to be preferred. Lastly, we discuss and compare the implications of the models for teaching, and outline extensions toward dynamic modeling and external modeling, by relating the subject specific effects of challenges and skills and of
their balance with non-experiential variables such as personality traits and achievement measures.
BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD OR SELF-SERVING STRATEGY?
Authors: BèGue Laurent , Fumey Vincent
Published: May 2006

This study was conducted to examine the role of the individual's social power on endorsement of belief in a just world in the social domain. We hypothesized that the greater social power an individual has, the stronger the belief which s/he has in a just world. One hundred
subjects of low or high socioeconomic status were randomly given low or high diagnosis of their social power after having completed a test which was presented as an evaluation of their actual and future social power in the socioprofessional domain. Results showed that subjects with low socioeconomic
status believed that the world was less just in the low social power diagnosis condition than in the high one, while the belief in a just world of subjects with high socioeconomic status was not significantly affected by the experimental design.
EFFECTS OF SELF-EFFICACY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON THE MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS OF MUTUAL-AID ORGANIZATION MEMBERS
Authors: Cheung Siu-kau , Sun Stephen Y. K.
Published: May 2006

The present study examined the effects of self-efficacy and social support on the mental health of 65 members of a mutual-aid organization in Hong Kong. Participants had anxiety and depressive problems and had received cognitive-behavioral treatment before they joined the mutual-aid
groups in the organization. A three-wave design was adopted, and participants filled in measures including the General Health Questionnaire, the State Anxiety Inventory, the Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the General Self-efficacy Scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study Social
Support Survey. Regression analyses showed that residualized self-efficacy was a strong predictor of the mental health variables. Effects of social support, both functional and structural, were mainly mediated by self-efficacy.
HETEROSEXUAL ADJUSTMENT AMONG WOMEN AND MEN WITH NON-TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES: TESTING PREDICTIONS FROM SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY
Authors: Katz Jennifer , Farrow Sherry
Published: May 2006

Heterosexual individuals who engage in dyadic sex are guided by scripts that dictate expectations and behavior. In our culture, these sexual scripts are based on traditional gender roles in which women are primarily expressive and men are primarily instrumental. Drawing from self-verification
theory, the authors reasoned that instrumental women and expressive men experience greater psychological discomfort with sexual interactions because they are not treated in a selfverifying manner. As predicted, women who identified as highly instrumental (but not expressive) endorsed greater
sexual anxiety and less desire than either traditionally expressive feminine or androgynous women. Likewise, men who identified as highly expressive (but not instrumental) endorsed less sexual desire than androgynous men. Sociocultural influences on self-views and sexual functioning are discussed.
INTROSPECTIVENESS, PSYCHOSOCIAL RESOURCES DEPRESSION
Authors: Schieman Scott , Gundy Karen Van
Published: May 2006

What conditions moderate the association between introspectiveness and mental health? This research tests the hypotheses that self-esteem, mastery, and social support moderate the association between introspectiveness and depression. Based on a community sample of 850 respondents,
results show that introspectiveness and depression are more positive under the conditions of low esteem, mastery, and support. Results are interpreted in light of theories of the self-concept, personality dispositions, and mental health.
ATTITUDINAL DETERMINANTS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

A study was conducted to investigate how voluntary simplicity lifestyle (VSL), hedonism and anti-materialism affect environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). Questionnaires containing multi-item 5-point or 7-point scales of ERB, VSL, hedonism and anti-materialism were administered
to 130 undergraduates (51 males and 79 females). Factor analysis was applied to each of the scales. The VSL scale yielded two factors: 1) Careful shopping attitudes intended for long-term use and 2) self-sufficiency oriented attitudes. A measure of positive attitudes toward ERB was also obtained
from this VSL scale. Multiple regression analysis was carried out on ERB, with other indices entered simultaneously as predictors. Results indicate that careful shopping attitudes intended for long-term use and positive attitudes toward ERB make a substantial contribution to ERB.
THE INCIDENCE AND BELIEF STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION
Authors: Ashton Lucy , Karnilowicz Wally , Fooks Debbie
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of breast self-examination (BSE) and components underlying compliance or non-compliance using the Health Belief Model (HBM) adapted by Champion (1993). Purposive sampling was used to obtain participants from community groups and
the general population within the Northern Suburbs of Victoria, Australia. The 87 participants were women aged between 18 and 64, with a mean age of 34 years. The research hypotheses were supported and are consistent with previous research findings using American participants. Using multiple
regression, the overall model of the HBM variables and the frequency of BSE were significant ( F(6,80) = 13.3443, p<.0001), indicating that frequency of BSE is significantly related to perception of seriousness of the disease, confidence in performing BSE, perception of susceptibility
to breast cancer, the benefits of— and barriers to— performing BSE, and level of health motivation. Perceived confidence in performing BSE and perception of personal susceptibility to breast cancer were most strongly related to frequency of BSE and accounted for a significant amount
of the variance of the HBM.
ARE ECONOMISTS RATIONAL, OR JUST DIFFERENT?
Authors: James Tammy , Soroka Lewis , Benjafield John G.
Published: May 2006

There is evidence that American economics undergraduates are more likely than others to act self-interestedly and less likely to behave cooperatively. In two experiments, differences between Americans and Canadians and between economics students and psychology students were examined.
Data from simple bargaining and a prisoner's dilemma game are presented, which suggest that Canadian students may be more co-operative than American students, and psychology students less selfish than either economics students or students from other disciplines. However, these results
suggest also that these relationships are not simple, and that other variables – such as gender – need to be taken into account.
A PSYCHOSOCIAL PORTRAIT OF DEFENSIVE RESPONDERS IN THE QUEBEC LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING
Authors: Gaulin Philippe , Lefrançois Richard , Leclerc Gilbert , Dubé Micheline , Hébert Réjean , Hamel Suzanne
Published: May 2006

The objective of this study was to identify the psychosocial characteristics of participants who obtained a high social desirability score on the measures in the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Aging (QUELSA). Two groups were drawn from the 1997 QUELSA sample (n=780) according to
the scores obtained on a social desirability scale (high or low). These two groups were compared on the scores obtained on the main psychosocial variables of the QUELSA. The results show that individuals who give desirable responses tend to obtain higher scores on instruments measuring “self-image”
features. Consequences of this bias are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS ON THE BODY TRAITS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Braza Francisco , José Cristina San
Published: May 2006

The authors studied the influence of maternal reproductive characteristics on their pre-school children's body traits in a village in southern Spain, assuming that children's size at pre-school age is associated with their future reproductive patterns. The variables considered
were: 1) mother's age at menarche, as a more genetically informative variable, 2) as a more environmental variable, they propose a new index of maternal time availability, and 3) birth weight to control its influence on early patterns of growth. The children's body traits considered
were weight and height, and a body mass index was also computed. According to these results, the mother's age at menarche is related to those body parameters which probably influence the children's future reproductive strategies.
THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL INTAKE AND INDUCED FRUSTRATION ON THE DISPOSITION TO START FIRES
Authors: Perrin-Wallqvist Renée , Eriksson Lena , Norlander Torsten
Published: May 2006

The object of the present study was to see whether there are tendencies towards reactive arson, measured as a relation between frustration, intoxication and a disposition to start fires. One hundred individuals, 50 men and 50 women, participated. All were students and they were randomly
assigned to each of five experimental groups, namely a Control Group, a Placebo Group, a Frustration Group, an Alcohol Group and an Alcohol + Frustration Group. A projective test was devised which required the participant to complete a short story where the content involved a person who
had suffered humiliation and persecution and who was fingering a box of matches in his/her pocket. Results indicated that frustration increases the probability of starting fires, but, in this study, alcohol did not increase the degree of relation to fire. Results also suggest that there
are strong cognitive barriers in a population of university students against fantasizing about starting fires.
WE ARE WHAT WE WEAR: THE EMERGENCE OF CONSENSUS IN STEREOTYPES OF STUDENTS' AND MANAGERS' DRESSING STYLES
Authors: Sani Fabio , Thompson Louise
Published: May 2006

This paper presents an experiment demonstrating that the way in which students stereotype themselves and managers in terms of dressing style becomes more consensual when these stereotypes are (i) formed within an intergroup context, and (ii) created via interaction premised upon shared
social identity. This is because the way people dress is often related to their collective identity (Davis, 1992), and because dressing styles may be used as a potent symbol of shared beliefs and values. These findings are consistent with the analysis of stereotyping put forward by self-categorization
theorists.
INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE-BEHAVIOR INCONSISTENCY
Authors: Sapp Stephen G.
Published: May 2006

Much previous research has shown the health belief model to be effective in explaining social-cognitive processes that lead to attitude-behavior consistency across a wide variety of health-related behaviors. The health belief model, like other social-cognitive models that rely upon
the hierarchy-of-effects principle, presumes rationality between beliefs and attitudes, attitudes and intentions, and intentions and behavior for volitional behavior. It was found, for food intake behavior, that rationality is not achieved unless respondents have a high threshold level of
“how-to” and “awareness” nutrition knowledge. Thus, as with ill-formed intentions, ill-formed knowledge (i.e., beliefs) can lead to nonrationality in volitional behavior.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PEER AND TEACHER INFLUENCES ON PROSOCIAL AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF HONG KONG CHINESE ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Ma Hing Keung , Shek Daniel T. L. , Cheung Ping Chung , Tam Ka Keung
Published: May 2006

The influences of peers and teachers on the prosocial and antisocial behavior of 56 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents were investigated over a two-year period (Time 1 and Time 2). Results indicated that (i) a significant decrease in teacher influence occurred from Time 1 to Time 2 in subjects
studying Grade 7 at Time 1; (ii) students who maintained a relatively high level of delinquent behavior from Time 1 to Time 2 demonstrated significantly higher peer influence than did those who maintained a relatively low level of delinquent behavior in the time interval; (iii) concurrent
positive correlation was found between peer influence and delinquent behavior at Time 1 and Time 2; (iv) delinquent behavior at Time 1 was negatively correlated with teacher influence at Time 1; and (v) peer influence was negatively correlated with teacher influence at Time 1.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FEATURES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE SURVIVORS OF THE 1999 EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY
Authors: Ecevit Mehmet , Kasapoğlu AytüL
Published: May 2006

A survey was conducted of 500 survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey to investigate their levels of alienation and forms of preparedness for future disasters. It was found that the level of alienation in general is not very significant and that level of education is the most important
influential independent variable. The only alienation component found to have a negative impact on the responsible behavior related to preparedness for earthquakes was the social isolation variable. As level of education increases and social isolation decreases, responsible behavior increases.
The existence of little such research in developing societies like Turkey increases the importance of this work and it is expected that it will have a positive impact on similar future studies.
TOWARDS EXPLAINING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SHYNESS AND LONELINESS: A PATH ANALYSIS WITH AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Jackson Todd , Fritch April , Nagasaka Takeo , Gunderson Jennifer
Published: May 2006

Numerous studies have observed a robust correlation between shyness and loneliness but few have attempted to explain why this relationship exists. This study assessed the extent to which variables associated with self-presentation approaches to shyness and social support mediated the
association between shyness and loneliness. Two hundred and fifty-five American college students completed self-report measures of shyness, loneliness, expectations of rejection, interpersonal competence and close social support. A path analysis indicated that high levels of shyness were related
to features of a protective style of self-presentation (perceived deficits in interpersonal competence, heightened expectations of rejection). In turn, low levels of interpersonal competence predicted reductions in social support. Together, measures indicative of a protective self-presentation
style and reductions in social support predicted increases in loneliness. However, shyness and loneliness had a significant association, even after controlling for the influence of self-presentation and social support. Findings suggest that although features of protective self-presentation
and social support may partially explain the association between shyness and loneliness, shyness and loneliness are also directly related.
THE REGULATION OF SELF-EFFICACY AND ATTRIBUTIONAL FEEDBACK ON MOTIVATION
Authors: Zhang Aiqing , Lu Qian
Published: May 2006

Self-efficacy and attributional feedback are important cognitive factors that influence the formation of motivation. This research examines the principle of motivation formation by subjects who have different levels of self-efficacy and who get different attributional feedback of ability.
The 146 participants were Chinese undergraduate students. The result is: self-efficacy and attributional feedback have the main effects of regulation on motivation, and they also have important influence on the formation of motivation by interaction with each other.
SOCIAL ADAPTATION DIFFICULTIES OF ADOLESCENTS WITH IMMIGRANT BACKGROUNDS
Authors: Neto FéLix
Published: May 2006

This paper examines the social adaptation among Portuguese youth born in France. The study sample consisted of one hundred and nine Portuguese second generation migrants resident in Paris (34% male and 66% female). The following instruments were administered to all subjects:
the Social Adaptation Scale, the Acculturation Attitudes Scales, the Acculturative Experience Scale, the Cultural Maintenance Scale, the Acculturative Stress Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a background inventory. No gender, age or religion participation
differences were found, but there were significant effects on social adaptation with ethnic identity, migratory plans and acculturation attitudes. The greatest amount of social difficulty was experienced by adolescents who endorsed a separatist position, the least by assimilated respondents
– however, there were no other significant differences among the four groups. Social adaptation showed negative correlation with French acculturation experience, French language competency, satisfaction in the host society, satisfaction with life and self-esteem and positive correlation
with Portuguese cultural maintenance and acculturative stress. Social learning variables, such as French language competency and Portuguese cultural maintenance, were stronger predictors of social adaptation than were psychological adaptation variables.
A COMPARISON OF TWO APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER OPINIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Titchener Gerald D. , Sapp Stephen G.
Published: May 2006

Two approaches to risk communication about complex and controversial technology are compared through analysis of responses to a nationwide survey of 2,070 consumers conducted in the United States. Results indicate that key components of the cognitive science approach, which emphasizes
the importance of information exchange, and the sociocultural approach, which emphasizes the importance of trust and perceived ethical legitimacy, complement one another as determinants of consumer opinion formation regarding complex and controversial technology. Implications for risk communication
approaches regarding biotechnology are described.
PARANORMAL BELIEFS AND PERSONALITY AMONG BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: May 2006

This study set out to replicate research on the relationship between reported paranormal belief, measures of locus of control and psychopathology in an African population. Results indicate an association between internal, external locus of control and paranormal belief. Further, the
study found that extraversion was positively associated with the total paranormal belief scale while neuroticism and psychotism were not. Psychotism was associated with Psi Belief.
SELF-SERVING ATTRIBUTIONS IN TEACHERS' EXPLANATIONS OF STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE IN A NATIONAL ORAL ESSAY COMPETITION
Authors: Yehudah Yisrael B.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of self-serving and ingroup-outgroup biases on teachers' attributions and evaluation of students' performances. The participants were 51 senior secondary school students whose performances in an oral essay competition
were evaluated by a panel of 5 judges. After the competition, the teachers were asked to make attributions of their students' performances in the competition. The findings revealed that the teachers of the successful students attributed the success to internal factors while the teachers
of the unsuccessful students attributed the students' failures to external factors. It was concluded that self-serving and ingroup-outgroup biases influenced the teachers' attributions and judgment of their students' performances.
HEALTH-PROMOTING LIFESTYLES AND PERSONALITY AMONG BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate health-promoting lifestyles (HPLP) and personality in black South African students. The sample included 606 students: 236 Grade 12, secondary school and 370 first year social science university students in South Africa. Results indicate a reasonable
percentage of health-promoting lifestyles with a mean of 2.72. Secondary school students reported more overall health-promoting lifestyles than did university students. Multiple stepwise regression identified the Lie scale, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism as independent predictors for the total
HPLP; Extraversion, gender and group (=secondary or university students) were excluded.
MORAL JUDGMENT OF PRESCHOOL KUWAITI CHILDREN
Authors: Nazar Fatima , Kouzekanani Kamiar
Published: May 2006

This study examined the moral judgment of 108 Kuwaiti preschool children. The children were tested on two dimensions of Piaget's moral theory, namely moral realism and justice. Four stories patterned after Piaget's work were used to assess the children's moral judgment.
Two stories dealt with moral realism, and two other stories dealt with the issue of justice. Results suggest that the children in this present study are well advanced in their moral judgments in terms of equality and justice, as contrasted with Piaget's original findings. The results
of the present study were interpreted in the light of previous research, as well as with regard to the socialization process of children.
DOES SELF-SERVING BIAS CANCEL THE BARNUM EFFECT?
Authors: Macdonald Dany J. , Standing Lionel G.
Published: May 2006

This study examines whether individuals believe in the reality of positive personality traits more readily than negative traits, when these are falsely ascribed to them in a bogus feedback situation. Twenty-seven participants first filled out a personality test, then a list of traits
(positive, negative and neutral) was presented for them to rate how well each one described their own personality. A seven-point scale was used to assess the perceived accuracy for each supposed trait. The three types of statements, demand characteristics, and genders were compared for their
effects on perceived accuracy of ascribed traits, using a 3 x 2 x 2 mixed ANOVA. The results indicate that the type of trait presented to the participant affected the rating in relative terms, according to the principle of self-serving bias, whereas gender and demand characteristics showed
no significant effect. It appears that the self-serving bias is powerful enough to cancel the usual Barnum effect, in which subjects typically show marked gullibility for statements about themselves.
NEUROTICISM AND “SPECIAL TREATMENT” IN UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS
Authors: Chamorro-Premuzic Tomas , Furnham Adrian
Published: May 2006

Two intakes of first year students (N= 54 andN= 60) were given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985) soon after arriving at university. Three years later they wrote their final examinations consisting of seven three-hour papers. Results showed that students high on Neuroticism were more likely to write their examinations in the health center or to provide a doctor's note than were students low on Neuroticism. There was no difference in Extraversion, Psychoticism or Lie scale scores in their final grades.
PROFILING NEW BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT: PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF SUCCESSFUL IDEATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Janovics Jay E. , Christiansen Neil D.
Published: May 2006

This study considered the relationship between personality traits and success in different roles involved in New Business Development (NBD). NBD is a process in which analysts generate ideas for new products or services, evaluate their feasibility, and develop implementation plans for
those that are most promising. A personality inventory was created to identify individuals with traits better suited for the idea generation or concept implementation role. To evaluate the validity of the inventory, supervisors rated 68 NBD employees who also completed the personality inventory.
Results indicated that being more innovative and less methodical was associated with success at idea generation, whereas being less innovative and more methodical was related to role success for implementation. This suggests that personality tests can be used to guide the selection and/or
placement of employees in NBD settings.
STRESS AND WORK-LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN TURKEY: EVALUATION OF THE BRIEF SYMPTOM INVENTORY AND WAYS OF COPING INVENTORY IN HOSPITAL STAFF
Authors: Yayli Güler , Yaman Hakan , Yaman Aylin
Published: May 2006

It has long been recognized that work can influence mental well-being. Quality of medical care is dependent upon the mental well-being of health care professionals. Determination of factors in job stress is important, because it will help to prevent it. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the relationship of work-related stress with work life variables by using The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Brief Coping Styles Inventory (BCSI). A survey was conducted among hospital staff of a university teaching hospital in Turkey. Response rate was 52.4 % (N=152).
A questionnaire included 47 questions on sociodemographic variables and lifestyle. Nineteen questions were derived from the Work-life Evaluation Scales. Psychological symptom status was assessed with BSI. Coping styles with stress behavior was evaluated with BCSI. Most participants showed
medium level BSI subscale scores, but global indexes were at a higher level. Females had higher depression and anxiety scores than did males; graduates of university programs (mostly nurses) had higher somatisation, obsessive compulsive interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, paranoid
ideation, global severity index, positive symptom total and positive symptom distress index scores than did other respondents of other educational levels, staff who were employed by the university (i.e., residents and nurses) had higher BSI symptom scores. In conclusion, even though the respondents
did not seem generally to be dissatisfied concerning their work-life, the majority of staff had depressive symptoms and were distressed. Nurses and residents in particular, should receive counseling concerning coping styles with stress.
THE EFFECT OF RELATIONSHIP STATUS ON PERCEIVED ATTRACTIVENESS
Authors: O'Hagen Sean , Johnson Amanda , Lardi Gina , Keenan Julian Paul
Published: May 2006

The effect of relationship availability on perceived attractiveness is a key component to social relations. Experiment 1 tested 90 female college students, having them read a vignette description of a hypothetical male who was either single, involved, or married. Participants rated
the male on 5 questions pertaining to attractiveness. The results indicated that females were more attracted to single males compared to both involved and married males. No significant difference was found between the ratings of involved and married males. In Experiment 2, 127 males and females
were tested employing the same instrument. The results indicated that females were less attracted to married individuals, while the male participants had no significant difference in their ratings. Although these findings show no clear support for either evolutionary or sociocultural attraction
theories, they point towards striking gender differences in perceived attraction.
TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT, AFFECT, AND APPEARANCE: SLIGHT EFFECTS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: Dabbs James M. , Cate Kelly , Brower Angela , Emery Cheryl , Leander Pontus , Zachary Meredith
Published: May 2006

In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled experiment, 64 women and 26 men applied testosterone and placebo skin creams during two five- to seven-day periods. Subjects provided serum samples for testosterone assay, completed a daily affect measure, wrote projective stories, recorded
random samples of everyday speech, provided a guess as to which week they had received testosterone, and were videotaped in a standard setting. The treatment more than doubled subjects' mean serum testosterone level. Testosterone reduced positive affect in both sexes and led to more attractive
dress among women but not among men. There was virtually no effect on story-writing, speech, or videotaped behavior, and subjects could not accurately guess which week they had received testosterone.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TOBACCO SMOKING AND REPORTED PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN AN ADOLESCENT POPULATION IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Younis Feisal A. , Mattar Talaat , Wilson Akram K.
Published: May 2006

In this study the relationship between cigarette smoking and certain elements of psychiatric morbidity, especially anxiety and depressive symptoms, was investigated among a sample of adolescents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The sample of the study consisted of 473 male secondary
school students in the city of Ras Al-Kheima, UAE. Mean age of participants was 16.67 (SD=1.07). They completed the Arabic version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) as well as other demographic information. Data analysis, using oneway ANOVA, revealed significantly higher
reported symptoms by smokers compared with those who never smoked and those who started and stopped. The difference between those who smoked and stopped and those who never smoked was also significant.
APOLOGY FOR DUPLICATE PUBLICATION
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas
Published: May 2006

It has come to my notice that, apart from minor editorial corrections, I have published the same article “Response bias and public and private self-consciousness in Chinese”, in both Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, and also The Journal
of Social Behavior and Personality.
MASTERY BELIEFS AND PRODUCTIVE LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THE THIRD AGE
Authors: Timmer Erika , Aartsen Marja
Published: May 2006

In the present study we examined the associations between beliefs of mastery and 2 important kinds of productive activities in the third age: participation in education, and volunteering. Within the broad concept of mastery beliefs, differential aspects of self-regulatory cognitions
were studied, that is, self-esteem, control beliefs, effort to complete behavior, persistence in the face of adversity, and willingness to initiate behavior. Effects of these aspects on carrying out activities were investigated and controlled for the impact of some situational and demographic
factors. Findings suggest that a general sense of mastery, as reflected in self-esteem and control beliefs, is not a precondition for study and volunteering work in the third age. However, special components of self-efficacy turned out to play a part. Willingness to initiate behavior emerged
as a strong predictor for taking on educational activities, as was persistence in the face of adversity for being active as a volunteer. In the discussion possibilities were looked at fpr how better to match productive activities in later life to personal dispositions.
LAY THEORIES OF CAUSES OF AND CURES FOR DEPRESSION IN A TURKISH UNIVERSITY SAMPLE
Authors: Çirakoğlu Okan Cem , Kökdemir Doğan , Demirutku Kürşad
Published: May 2006

This paper reports a study on university students' attributions for the causes of and cures for depression conducted in a Turkish sample. Results revealed six components for causes, which were trauma, job-related problems, loss, disposition, intimacy, and isolation. Seven components were found for cures, which were hobby, sensation seeking, avoidance, professional help, religious practices, esteem, and spiritual activities. Men rated religious practices as more useful than women did. No other differences pertaining to gender or previous contact were found. Results are discussed together with the limitations of the study.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CHANGE BEHAVIOR: RISK REDUCTION FOR HIV INFECTION
Authors: Stiles Beverly L. , Kaplan Howard B.
Published: May 2006

Theoretically informed models are estimated that specify main and interaction effects of a general change to safer/healthier behavior. The subjects of this study are participants in an ongoing longitudinal panel study of adaptations to stress. The sample consists of a portion of those identified in their mid-twenties (Time 4) as at high risk for HIV infection and successfully reinterviewed. A matched group of those at Time 4 who were at low risk for HIV infection were also reinterviewed as part of this analysis. One Ordinary Least Square regression model was estimated in which five independent variables, six control variables, and ten interaction terms are regressed on the dependent variable. In general, the results support many of the factors of the Health Belief Model (HBM), but provide other factors, including interaction effects, which are also relevant to a general change in behavior.
STABILITY OF THREE METHODS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL SOCIOMETRIC STATUS DETERMINATION BASED ON THE PROCEDURE OF ASHER, SINGLETON, TINSLEY AND HYMEL
Authors: Maassen Gerard H. , Steenbeek Henderien , Geert Paul van
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at comparing the stability of three methods for two-dimensional sociometric status determination, including (1) the recently developed SSrat technique (Maassen, Akkermans, & Van der Linden, 1996), as well as (2) the procedure of Howes (1988), which is based on the
algorithm and classification criteria of Coie and Dodge (1983), and (3) a procedure applied by Cillessen, van IJzendoorn, Van Lieshout, and Hartup (1992) based on the algorithm and criteria of Newcomb and Bukowski (1983). The latter two techniques can be regarded as nomination methods eliciting
unlimited numbers of nominations from the participants. In the present study, 83 pupils (ages ranging from 5.8 to 8.8 years) participated in the 3-point rating procedure of Asher, Singleton, Tinsley, and Hymel (1979). They were asked to rate how much they liked to play with each of their classmates.
The ratings data were processed in three ways according to the methods mentioned above. The techniques of Howes and of Cillessen et al. showed higher stability than previously ever reported using the nomination procedures of Coie and Dodge or Newcomb and Bukowski. Nevertheless, the rating
scale procedure SSrat proved to have even higher stability.