bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Do People Reject Unintended Inequity? Responders' Rejection in a Truncated Ultimatum Game
Authors: Ohmura Yu , Yamagishi Toshio
Published: December 2005

Rejection of an inequitable and yet unintended outcome in a truncated ultimatum game was examined in an experiment with 46 undergraduate students (27 men and 19 women) from a large national university in Japan. In an ultimatum game, one of two players, the proposer, makes an offer to divide a fixed-sum of money. The other player, the responder, decides whether to accept or reject the offer. When the responder rejects the proposer's offer, neither of the two players receives a reward. Previous work examining the behavior of participants in the truncated ultimatum game employed strategy method in their experimental design. We examined whether these previous findings would be replicated in an experimental design that did not use the strategy method and instead used the standard one-shot game. Seven out of 46 responders given an inequitable offer rejected it, replicating prior results with the strategy method. We further found that subjects who rejected an offer that was involuntary and yet inequitable did not over-attribute intentions to the proposer's involuntary behavior more strongly than did acceptors. These findings strongly suggest that aversion to inequity is the explanation for the subjects' rejection of the inequitable offer.
Selected Topics in Personnel Selection: Primarily in the Early to Mid-Years of the 20th Century
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: December 2005

A brief historical review is presented of the events in the USA relating to personnel selection in business and industry from 1903 to 2003. Emphasis is placed on the early periods of the century through the midyears. Involved in these events have been applied psychologists, the American Psychological Association, Government Agencies, Federal, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and the Supreme Court.
Association of Parental Self-Esteem and Expectations with Adolescents' Anxiety about Career and Education
Authors: Salimi Seyed-Hossein , Mirzamani Seyed-Mahmoud , Shahiri-Tabarestani Mostafa
Published: December 2005

The views of students in their last year of high school on the effects of parental expectations on students' anxiety about education and a career were studied with 214 boys and girls from six single-sex high schools. Participants were asked to reply to two questionnaires, the Educational and Career Anxiety Questionnaire and the Parent's Self-esteem and Expectancy Questionnaire as well as to respond to a personal informational form. Analysis yielded negative significance for relations between parental self-esteem and expectations and students' anxiety about education and career. Moreover, the study showed that adolescent girls had significantly higher self-esteem than boys. In addition, comparing adolescents' views by their fathers' education showed that fathers with high education were more likely to have children with high parental self-esteem and rational expectations and lower anxiety about education and careers than those whose fathers had only primary education.
Factorial Structure of the Manic-Depressiveness Scale in American College Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Lester David
Published: December 2005

In a sample of 503 American college students, the correlational matrix (18 × 18) of the Thalbourne, et al. Manic-Depressiveness Scale (1994) was subjected to exploratory factor analysis with a varimax rotation, which showed 13 items had the correct assignment to one of the scales (six for depression and seven for mania).
Working with Nonheterosexual Youth to Understand Sexual Identity Development, At-Risk Behaviors, and Implications for Health Care Professionals
Authors: Smith Shannon D. , Dermer Shannon B. , Astramovich Randall L.
Published: December 2005

This article outlines special issues related to being a nonheterosexual youth. Information is presented on the sexual development of homosexual youth and their unique challenges. Included are data about the average age of initial awareness and self-identification of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning youth. The average age of awareness of homosexual orientation is between 10 or 11 years, while the average for identifying or self-labeling is ages 13–15. This age range is consistent across studies. The special issues related to a unique sexual development, prejudices associated with being a nonheterosexually oriented youth, typical behavioral outcomes of dealing with discrimination, and major health concerns for this at-risk population are identified. Finally, implications for health care professionals working with these adolescents are outlined.
Goal Orientation, Goal Difficulty, and Incentive Values of Academic Goals
Authors: Wicker Frank W. , Hamman Douglas , Reed Joylynn H. , McCann Erin J. , Turner Jeannine E.
Published: December 2005

We examined relationships among goal attributes (difficulty and affective value) and goal types (mastery, performance, intrinsic, and extrinsic). Goal attributes of positive affect value and relative salience of positive value were higher for intrinsic goals, mastery goals, and more difficult goals, qualified by an interaction between difficulty and type of goal. Intrinsic goals were more affectively positive than extrinsic goals and mastery goals were more positive than performance goals, but these differences vanished if goals were also perceived as difficult. Results were consistent with goal-orientation theories and suggest the usefulness of integrating incentive-attribute concepts with goal-orientation theories.
Changes in Social Physique Anxiety during 16-Week Physical Activity Courses
Authors: Bowden Rodney G. , Rust Dawnella M. , Dunsmore Sarah , Briggs Jeffrey
Published: December 2005

Social physique anxiety represents a discomfort or apprehension about body proportions, especially during social exercise. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship for such anxiety with selection of differing types of physical activity courses, assess changes in social physique anxiety after a 16-wk, physical activity session, and examine sex differences in social physique anxiety. Data from 315 undergraduate students (217 women, 98 men) enrolled in either physical activity courses or an emergency care course showed those in a fitness course had higher anxiety scores. Such scores differed by sex, and showed improvement between 8 and 16 wk.
Some Problems in Use of the Moral Judgment Test
Authors: de Posada Cristina Villegas
Published: December 2005

The Moral Judgment Test has been widely used in evaluation of moral development; however, it presents some problems related to the trait measured, reliability, and validity of its summary score (C-index). This index reflects consistency in moral judgment, but this construct is different from moral development as stated by Kohlberg. Therefore, users interested in the latter evaluation should refer to other indexes derived from the test. Some of the analyzed problems could be partially corrected with more theory and research on moral consistency as a component of moral competence.
Perceptions of the Use of Compulsory Detention in Treatment of People with Eating Disorders
Authors: Newton J. T. , Patel Himali , Shah Seema , Sturmey Peter
Published: December 2005

To examine the perceived acceptability of compulsory detention in treatment of an individual with severe anorexia nervosa amongst a sample of members of the general population, 151 participants read vignettes describing the compulsory detention of a female patient with a Body Mass Index of 12.4. The vignettes systematically varied along three dimensions: patients' reaction, immediate outcome (psychological state), and long-term outcome (attendance at out-patient appointments). Acceptability was measured using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory. There were significant main effects of psychological outcome and the long-term treatment outcome. The main effect of the patients' reaction to the detention was not significant, but there was a significant interaction for psychological outcome and long-term outcome, such that good attendance at out-patient appointments increased ratings of acceptability more markedly when a good psychological outcome had been secured. The outcome of treatment exerts a strong influence on ratings of acceptability. Individuals who have no direct experience with eating disorders endorse treatments that are effective irrespective of the patients' feelings about the treatment.
Attitudes of Trainees in Suicide Intervention toward Euthanasia and Suicide among the Nonterminally Ill
Authors: MacDonald Michael G.
Published: December 2005

The responses of 55 trainees in suicide intervention to select Suicide Opinion Questionnaire items were evaluated to assess their attitudes toward euthanasia and the acceptability of suicidal behavior in general. Overall, 60% of participants agreed that people with incurable diseases should be allowed to commit suicide, and 51% agreed that suicide is an acceptable means to end an incurable disease. In contrast, 16% of participants agreed that suicide is acceptable for the aged and infirm, and 16% agreed that people in general do not have the right to take their own lives. Results also indicated that trainees in suicide intervention do not believe suicide should be socially sanctioned and that suicide is a societal concern.
Measuring Stress and Immune Response in Healthcare Professionals following Interaction with a Therapy Dog: A Pilot Study
Authors: Barker Sandra B. , Knisely Janet S. , McCain Nancy L. , Best Al M.
Published: December 2005

This study investigated the optimal time for measuring stress and immune function in 20 healthcare professionals (19 women and 1 man) following interaction with a therapy dog. A nonclinical sample of healthcare professionals was assigned to 20 min. of quiet rest, and 5 and 20 min. with a therapy dog. Serum cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were collected at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, and blood for lymphocytes were collected at baseline, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Analysis indicated significant reductions in serum and salivary cortisol. The optimal time for measuring serum or salivary cortisol following interaction with a therapy dog was 45 min., with changes in salivary cortisol reflecting serum cortisol changes. Findings also suggest stress reduction in healthcare professionals may occur after as little as 5 min. of interaction with a therapy dog and warrants further investigation.
Perceptions of the Jackson-Timberlake Super Bowl Incident: Role of Sexism and Erotophobia
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Jobe Rebecca L. , White Kay B. , Richardson Raynette M.
Published: December 2005

201 college women's and 179 men's impressions of the Jackson-Timberlake Super Bowl incident were related to measures of benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and erotophobia. For both women and men high benevolent sexism was correlated (.17–.24) to perceptions that the incident was degrading and that agents (e.g., MTV, NFL, Hollywood) other than the actors were responsible for the incident, whereas high erotophobia was correlated (.29–.39) to perceptions that the incident was degrading, attributable to others, and personally upsetting.
Validity of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test in Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Veazey Connie H. , Wagner Alisha L. , Hays J. Ray , Miller Holly A.
Published: December 2005

This study investigated the validity of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST), a brief measure of malingering, in an inpatient psychiatric sample of 70. Among those patients who also completed the Personality Assessment Inventory ( N = 44), Total M-FAST score was related in the expected directions to the Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales and indexes, providing evidence for concurrent validity of the M-FAST. With the PAI malingering index used as a criterion, we examined the diagnostic efficiency of the M-FAST and found a cut score of 8 represented the best balance of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power. Based on this cut-score of 8, 16% of the population was classified as malingering. The M-FAST appears to be an excellent rapid screen for symptom exaggeration in this population and setting.
Hardiness Scales in Iranian Managers: Evidence of Incremental Validity in Relationships with the Five Factor Model and with Organizational and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Ghorbani Nima , Watson P. J.
Published: December 2005

This study examined the incremental validity of Hardiness scales in a sample of Iranian managers. Along with measures of the Five Factor Model and of Organizational and Psychological Adjustment, Hardiness scales were administered to 159 male managers ( M age = 39.9, SD = 7.5) who had worked in their organizations for 7.9 yr. ( SD = 5.4). Hardiness predicted greater Job Satisfaction, higher Organization-based Self-esteem, and perceptions of the work environment as being less stressful and constraining. Hardiness also correlated positively with Assertiveness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and negatively with Depression, Anxiety, Perceived Stress, Chance External Control, and a Powerful Others External Control. Evidence of incremental validity was obtained when the Hardiness scales supplemented the Five Factor Model in predicting organizational and psychological adjustment. These data documented the incremental validity of the Hardiness scales in a non-Western sample and thus confirmed once again that Hardiness has a relevance that extends beyond the culture in which it was developed.
Pilot Study of Muslim Women's Perceptions on Religion and Sport
Authors: Wiggins Matthew S. , Hillyer Sarah J. , Browning Cedric
Published: December 2005

This study surveyed 25 Muslim women from Iran about their religious beliefs about sport while taking part in a softball clinic. Direct quotes were collected, translated into English, transcribed verbatim from surveys, and then inductively analyzed into higher order themes, which included strategies to deal with performance anxiety, presence of friends and family support, and use of religion in sport. Quantitative scores recorded indicated a low positive correlations of .17 between sport and religion, although there were some indications of differences about importance (some rated sport more important than religion). Hypotheses are proposed for study.
Individual Differences in the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale Correlate with Sleep Habits, Sleep Quality, and GPA in University Students
Authors: Peters Brandon R. , Joireman Jeff , Ridgway Richard L.
Published: December 2005

The present study examined relationships between individual differences in the consideration of future consequences, sleep habits and sleep quality, and academic achievement in a sample of 231 undergraduates, 156 women and 75 men, whose ages ranged from 18 to 41 years ( M = 19.0 yr., SD = 2.82). Individuals were recruited from two introductory courses and two upper-division courses, one each in the fields of biology and psychology. An 8-page questionnaire was administered to assess variables relating to personality, sleep habits and quality, and grade point average (GPA). Each volunteer was given extra credit in their respective courses for participation. Higher scores on the Consideration of Future Consequences scale were associated with self-reported measures of more regular sleep schedules, greater satisfaction with sleep, a reduced likelihood of oversleeping, and higher grade point averages. Moreover, oversleeping was significantly correlated with both scale scores and GPA.
A New Apparatus to Study Behavior of Triatomines under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Aldana Elis , Otalora Fernando , Abramson Charles I.
Published: December 2005

A new apparatus is described to study a wide range of behavior in the vectors of Chagas's disease. The device is relatively inexpensive and easy to construct. A wide range of independent variables can be studied, including potential attractants, repellents, blood, and blood products under controlled conditions. Various experimental designs can be used including the investigation of learning and social behavior. The apparatus can also be used for the mass rearing of triatomines. The efficacy of the apparatus is illustrated in experiments on the attraction of odors and on fecundity.
Psychological Problems and Nutritional Status in 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Canals Josepa , Arija Victoria , Esparó Griselda , Murphy Michelle , Fernández-Ballart Joan
Published: December 2005

There were no relations between nutritional status and psychological problems in 83 nonclinical 6-yr.-old children from low-risk socioeconomic and family backgrounds. Only Vitamin B12 and weight were significantly lower in the group with psychological problems. More in-depth longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Relations between One- and Two-Parent Families and Young Adults' Happiness Scores
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: December 2005

Relations were examined between one- and two-parent families and scores for young adults' happiness. Data were from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) and included 3,580 men and 3,991 women whose average age was 20.2 yr. ( SD = 0.5) in 2000. Happiness was measured using the 14-item LSAY 2000 Happiness Scale, while family structure was assessed by the young people's responses to questions about who lived in their households. Analysis indicated that there were a number of small but meaningful differences (effect size d ≥ .20) in the happiness scores of young adults from single- and two-parent families.
Using Space Wisely in a Materials Universe
Authors: Grieve K.
Published: December 2005

New, significant, and in‐depth: these words should characterize research described in Advanced Functional Materials full papers. In this Editorial, the Deputy Editor reviews the criteria for presenting original research in the journal and describes what the coming year has in store for our valued authors and readers.
Cover Picture: Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of a Highly Derivatized C60 Fullerol (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2006)
Authors: Vileno B. , Marcoux P. R. , Lekka M. , Sienkiewicz A. , Fehér T. , Forró L.
Published: December 2005

The photo‐oxidative stress in aqueous milieus can readily be generated in the presence of newly synthesized highly derivatized fullerenes (fullerols) reported in the Full Paper by Vileno and co‐workers on p. 120. Their basic structural and photophysical properties were characterized using a range of methods, including X‐ray photoelectron and IR spectroscopies, and electron spin resonance. Moreover, a significant drop of the local stiffness of a living cell was monitored using atomic force microscopy. This cell softening was attributed to the early effects of the photo‐oxidative stress.

Hydroxylated C60 molecules, also called fullerols, are a class of water‐soluble fullerenes. Here we report the synthesis in acidic conditions of a highly derivatized fullerol (up to 36 carbons per C60 are oxidized). Spectroscopic investigations (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared absorption) highlight the coexistence of both acidic and basic forms for the hydroxyl addends of derivatized C60. pH titrimetry reveals that, at millimolar concentrations, only ten protons per fullerol molecule are labile. Such a low value, as compared to 36 hydroxyl groups, is explained by the formation of clusters. A UV‐vis absorption study performed over a large range of concentrations also points to the aggregation phenomenon. Moreover, this study shows that the clusters of fullerols appear at relatively low (micromolar) concentrations. An electron spin resonance (ESR) study, based on the attack of singlet oxygen (1Δg) on 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinol (TMP‐OH), has proved the potential of hydroxylated C60 for performing efficient generation of singlet oxygen in aqueous solution. ESR measurements, which allow detection and quantification of 1Δg, have also revealed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The yield of generation of 1Δg and ROS is strongly correlated to the concentration of fullerol, thus also pointing to the aggregation of fullerol molecules. Exposing glioblastoma cells to oxidative stress in the presence of hydroxylated C60 and visible light has also been performed. Atomic force microscopy is used to monitor the relevant diminishment of the Young's modulus values for cells exposed to the oxidative stress. These results point to a possible application field of fullerols for performing bio‐oxidations.
Dwarfs in ancient Egypt
Authors: Kozma Chahira
Published: December 2005

Ancient Egypt was one of the most advanced and productive civilizations in antiquity, spanning 3000 years before the “Christian” era. Ancient Egyptians built colossal temples and magnificent tombs to honor their gods and religious leaders. Their hieroglyphic language, system of organization, and recording of events give contemporary researchers insights into their daily activities. Based on the record left by their art, the ancient Egyptians documented the presence of dwarfs in almost every facet of life. Due to the hot dry climate and natural and artificial mummification, Egypt is a major source of information on achondroplasia in the old world. The remains of dwarfs are abundant and include complete and partial skeletons. Dwarfs were employed as personal attendants, animal tenders, jewelers, and entertainers. Several high‐ranking dwarfs especially from the Old Kingdom (2700–2190 BCE) achieved important status and had lavish burial places close to the pyramids. Their costly tombs in the royal cemeteries and the inscriptions on their statutes indicate their high‐ranking position in Egyptian society and their close relation to the king. Some of them were Seneb, Pereniankh, Khnumhotpe, and Djeder. There were at least two dwarf gods, Ptah and Bes. The god Ptah was associated with regeneration and rejuvenation. The god Bes was a protector of sexuality, childbirth, women, and children. He was a favored deity particularly during the Greco‐Roman period. His temple was recently excavated in the Baharia oasis in the middle of Egypt. The burial sites and artistic sources provide glimpses of the positions of dwarfs in daily life in ancient Egypt. Dwarfs were accepted in ancient Egypt; their recorded daily activities suggest assimilation into daily life, and their disorder was not shown as a physical handicap. Wisdom writings and moral teachings in ancient Egypt commanded respect for dwarfs and other individuals with disabilities. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of sequential interpenetrating polymer networks of novolac resin and poly(ethyl acrylate)
Authors: Goswami Sudipta , Chakrabarty Debabrata
Published: December 2005

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of Novolac/poly(ethyl acrylate) have been prepared via in situ sequential technique of IPN formation. Both full and semi IPNs were characterized with respect to their mechanical properties that is, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), percentage elongation at break, modulus, and toughness. Physical properties of these were evaluated in terms of hardness, specific gravity, and crosslink density. Thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphological features were observed by an optical microscope. There was a gradual decrease in modulus and UTS, with consequent increases in elongation at break and toughness for both types of IPNs with increasing proportions of PEA. An inward shift and lowering (with respect to pure phenolic resin) of the glass transition temperatures of the IPNs with increasing proportions of PEA were observed, thus, indicating a plasticizing influence of PEA on the rigid, brittle, and hard matrix of crosslinked phenolic resin. The TGA thermograms exhibit two‐step degradation patterns. An apparent increase in thermal stability at the initial stages, particularly, at lower temperature regions, was followed by a substantial decrease in thermal stability at the higher temperature region under study. As expected, a gradual decrease in specific gravity and hardness values was observed with increase in PEA incorporation in the IPNs. A steady decrease in crosslink densities with increase in PEA incorporation was quite evident. The surface morphology as revealed by optical microscope clearly indicates two‐phase structures in all the full and semi IPNs, irrespective of acrylic content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
FTIR studies on the bond properties of the aspartyl phosphate moiety of the Ca2+–ATPase
Authors: Andersson Julia , Barth Andreas
Published: December 2005

As part of our work to determine the bond properties of the aspartyl phosphate moiety of the Ca2+–ATPase (SERCA1a) phosphoenzymes, we analyzed Morse potentials of the bridging PO bond as well as CO bond strengths for the model compound acetyl phosphate and the two phosphoenzyme intermediates Ca2E1P and E2P. Reaction‐induced infrared difference spectroscopy was used and a carbonyl band of E2P at 1708 cm–1 in the presence of mM Mg2+ was tentatively assigned to the carbonyl group of phosphorylated Asp351 because of its sensitivity to divalent cations. This band is found at 1716 cm–1 with mM Ca2+, for Ca2E1P at 1717 cm–1 with Mg2+, and at 1719 cm–1 with Ca2+ and at 1718 cm–1 for acetyl phosphate in the absence of divalent cations. The similar band positions indicate similar strengths of interaction of the carbonyl oxygen in acetyl phosphate and the two phosphoenzymes. Together with information on the PO bond strengths, this implies that the bridging oxygen exerts stronger interactions in the phosphoenzymes than in acetyl phosphate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 353–357, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Novel Five‐Membered Iminocyclitol Derivatives as Selective and Potent Glycosidase Inhibitors: New Structures for Antivirals and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Liang Pi‐Hui , Cheng Wei‐Chieh , Lee Yi‐Ling , Yu Han‐Pang , Wu Ying‐Ta , Lin Yi‐Ling , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: January 2006

A novel 5‐membered iminocyclitol derivative was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the glycoprotein‐processing α‐glucosidase with a Ki value of 53 nM. This compound was further derivatized to antiviral agents against Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN‐2), human SARS coronavirus, and human β‐hexosaminidase (Ki=2.6 nM), a new target for the development of osteoarthritis therapeutics.
Electrochemically Assisted Photocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrite over Cr‐Doped TiO2 under Visible Light
Authors: Shi J. Y. , Leng W. H. , Zhu W. C. , Zhang J. Q. , Cao C. N.
Published: January 2006

To investigate the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of nitrite ions under visible light, Cr‐doped TiO2 supported on a titanium plate was used as a photoelectrode operated under anodic bias potential. The results showed that applying bias potential (Eappl) played an important role in the PCO of NO2–. Without bias potential the PCO reaction could not be initiated due to the rapid recombination rate of the photogenerated carriers, but when the potential was larger than 1.2 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode, SCE) the removal efficiency of NO2– increased up to 90 % within 3 h for an initial concentration of 8 mg L–1. Zero‐order kinetics were observed at Eappl = 0.4 V (vs. SCE), while pseudo first order kinetics were found at Eappl ≥ 0.8 V (vs. SCE). The effects of the initial concentration of NO2–, initial solution pH, the gas atmosphere, and cathodic reaction on the PCO of NO2– were studied as well. Furthermore, the PCO mechanism of NO2– was investigated by using tert‐butyl alcohol or benzoic acid as a diagnostic probe. It showed that the PCO of NO2– under visible light most probably proceeded indirectly via OH radicals, not directly via the valence‐band holes.
Fluidization Characteristics of SiO2 Nanoparticles in an Acoustic Fluidized
Authors: Guo Q. , Li Y. , Wang M. , Shen W. , Yang C.
Published: January 2006

Under the action of an acoustic field, the fluidization behavior of 5–10 nm SiO2 nanoparticles, with and without surface modification, was investigated. In a packed bed, the sound wave energy has a significant influence on the compact ratio of the bed. Experimental results indicated that the bed of nanoparticle agglomerates can be fluidized smoothly with the assistance of an acoustic field, and the minimum fluidization velocity is initially reduced dramatically with increasing sound frequency and then rises with increasing sound frequency. Under the same experimental conditions, the minimum fluidization velocity of 5–10 nm SiO2 nanoparticles is greater than that of 5–10 nm SiO2 nanoparticles with surface modification. The collapse of the bed demonstrates that SiO2 nanoparticles, surface modified using organic compound, have longer minimum collapse times than SiO2 nanoparticles.
Bond Orders between Molecular Fragments
Authors: Bridgeman Adam J. , Empson Christopher J.
Published: December 2005

An extension of the Mayer bond order for the interaction between molecular fragments is presented. This approach allows the classical chemical concepts of bond order and valence to be utilised for fragments and the interactions between the fragments and symmetry‐adapted linear combinations to be analysed. For high‐symmetry systems, the approach allows the contribution from each irreducible representation to be assessed and provides a semiquantitative measure of the role of each bonding mode to interfragment interactions. The utility of this tool has been examined by a study of the bonding in symmetrical sandwich complexes. The validity of the frontier‐orbital approach and the contributions from each frontier‐orbital interaction can also be assessed within this model. As demonstrated by a study of a number of mixed‐sandwich complexes, the model proves to be especially useful for low‐symmetry systems in which separation of the σ, π and δ roles in bonding of the ligand is difficult to assess. The fragment bond order describes the interaction between preoptimized fragment orbitals and is independent of the charges that are placed on these fragments. Although the method allows the chemist to define fragments in any way they choose, most insight is gained by using the same frontier orbitals employed so successfully in perturbational molecular‐orbital approaches. The results are free from the influence of the electron‐counting method used to describe fragments, such as the rings and metals in sandwich complexes.
Platform Synthesis: A Useful Strategy for Rapid and Systematic Generation of Molecular Diversity
Authors: Itami Kenichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2005

Emergence of library‐based approaches have changed the way of developing new functional molecules in materials science and pharmaceutical science. Therefore, reliable methods for rapid and systematic generation of functional molecules are highly called for in this field. We herein describe our concept of “platform synthesis” as a useful strategy for generating molecular diversity. This simple yet powerful strategy realizes the synthesis of a number of interesting multifunctional molecules, such as multisubstituted olefins, in a programmable and diversity‐oriented format. As well as applications to the synthesis of pharmaceutically important molecules, such as tamoxifen and CDP840, applications to materials science, which have led to the discovery of interesting fluorescent materials and properties, are also described.
Characterization and Catalytic‐Hydrogenation Behavior of SiO2‐Embedded Nanoscopic Pd, Au, and Pd–Au Alloy Colloids
Authors: Pârvulescu Vasile I. , Pârvulescu Viorica , Endruschat Uwe , Filoti George , Wagner Friedrich E. , Kübel Christian , Richards Ryan
Published: December 2005

Colloids embedded in a silica sol–gel matrix were prepared by using fully alloyed Pd–Au colloids, and pure Pd and Au colloids stabilized with tetraalkylammonium bromide following a modified sol–gel procedure with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent. Tetraethoxysilicate (TEOS) was used as the precursor for the silica support. The molar composition of the sol was TEOS/THF/H2O/HCl=1:3.5:4:0.05 for the bimetallic Pd–Au and TEOS/THF/H2O/HCl=1:4.5:4:0.02 for Pd and Au monometallic systems. After refluxing, the colloid was added as a 4.5 wt % solution in THF for Pd–Au, 10.2 wt % solution in THF for Pd and 8.4 wt % solution in THF for Au at room temperature. The gelation was carried out with vigorous stirring (4 days) under an Ar atmosphere. Following these procedures, bimetallic Pd–Au–SiO2 catalysts with 0.6 and 1 wt % metal, and monometallic Pd– and Au–SiO2 catalysts with 1 wt % metal were prepared. These materials were further treated following four different routes: 1) by simple drying, 2) in which the dried catalysts were calcined in air at 723 K and then reduced at the same temperature, 3) in which they were directly reduced in hydrogen at 723 K, and 4) in which the surfactant was extracted using an ethanol–heptane azeotropic mixture. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K, H2 chemisorption measurements, solid‐state 1H, 13C, 29Si‐CP/MAS‐NMR spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 197Au Mössbauer spectroscopy. The physical characterization by a combination of these techniques has shown that the size and the structural characteristics of the Pd–Au colloid precursor are preserved when embedded in an SiO2 matrix. Catalytic tests were carried out in selective hydrogenation of 3‐hexyn‐1‐ol, cinnamaldehyde, and styrene. These data showed evidence that alloying Pd with Au in bimetallic colloids leads to enhanced activity and most importantly to improved selectivity. Also, the combination of the two metals resulted in catalysts that were very stable against poisoning, as was evidenced for the hydrogenation of styrene in the presence of thiophene.
Serial reversal learning of position discrimination in developing rats
Authors: Watson Deborah J. , Sullivan Jesse R. , Frank Julie G. , Stanton Mark E.
Published: December 2005

The current study established a procedure to evaluate the capability of rats on postnatal days (PND) 21, 26, and 30 to perform a spatial serial reversal task using a T‐maze. Training consisted of an acquisition session followed by a series of six reversal sessions. To examine the role of proactive interference in the serial reversal effect, the point of reversal was manipulated so that it occurred at the start of each session (between‐sessions) or the midpoint of each session (within‐sessions). Performance was initially impaired during the first reversal but improved dramatically across the series. Reversal between‐sessions enhanced this serial reversal effect in comparison to reversal within‐sessions. Experiment 1 showed that rats of all ages learned the between‐sessions serial reversal task at a comparable rate. However, on the within‐sessions task, PND21 rats were impaired relative to the PND26 and 30 rats, which did not differ. Experiment 2 revealed that the addition of a tactile cue that is correlated with each phase of reversal eliminated age and task differences in serial reversal performance. These findings suggest that higher‐order cognitive processes underlying serial reversal are present during the weanling period, but there is some improvement with age under conditions involving high memory interference and/or difficulty in detecting the transition between reversal phases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 79–94, 2006.
Examining the role of endogenous opioids in learned odor–stroke associations in infant rats
Authors: Roth Tania L. , Sullivan Regina M.
Published: December 2005

Maternal touch profoundly regulates infant neural and behavioral development, and supports learned odor associations necessary for infant attachment. Endogenous opioids are well characterized to mediate the calming and analgesic properties of maternal touch; yet their role in learned odor–touch associations is unknown. We administered naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, before or immediately following classical conditioning with peppermint odor and tactile stimulation (stroking) in rat neonates. Results indicate odor–stroke conditioning produces odor preferences facilitated by endogenous opioids during acquisition and memory consolidation. These results provide additional evidence for the modulatory role of opioids in neonate learning and memory. Disturbances to this system may alter the impact of touch on infant development, particularly in the realm of learning necessary for attachment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 71–78, 2006.
Trace conditioning in 1‐day‐old rats
Authors: Bordner Kelly A. , Spear Norman E.
Published: December 2005

A recent test of 3‐hr‐old rats indicated surprisingly effective trace conditioning with a 60‐s trace interval. The present study tested similar trace conditioning in pups 24‐hr‐old, in the absence of circumstances that immediately follow birth and might promote cognition. In Experiment 1 pairing an olfactory CS with a gustatory US yielded conditioning despite a 120‐s trace. Experiment 2 determined that ambient CS odor remaining in the vicinity of the conditioning surface was not sufficient to result in the olfactory–gustatory association. Experiment 3 applied conditioning procedures more like those previously used for the 3‐hr‐old infant and more stringent than those applied in Experiment 1. With these procedures the 24‐hr‐old pups nevertheless acquired the CS–US contingency with a 60‐s trace. Perhaps perinatal tolerance for long trace intervals is linked to their substantial experience in dealing with odors and tastes prenatally and postnatally. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 58–70, 2006.
Embryonic origin of mate choice in a lizard with temperature‐dependent sex determination
Authors: Putz Oliver , Crews David
Published: December 2005

Individual differences in the adult sexual behavior of vertebrates are rooted in the fetal environment. In the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), a species with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD), hatchling sex ratios differ between incubation temperatures, as does sexuality in same‐sex animals. This variation can primarily be ascribed to the temperature having direct organizing actions on the brain. Here we demonstrate that embryonic temperature can affect adult mate choice in the leopard gecko. Given the simultaneous choice between two females from different incubation temperatures (30.0 and 34.0° C), males from one incubation temperature (30.0° C) preferred the female from 34.0° C, while males from another incubation temperature (32.5° C) preferred the female from 30.0° C. We suggest that this difference in mate choice is due to an environmental influence on brain development leading to differential perception of opposite‐sex individuals. This previously unrecognized modulator of adult mate choice lends further support to the view that mate choice is best understood in the context of an individual's entire life‐history. Thus, sexual selection results from a combination of the female's as well as the male's life history. Female attractiveness and male choice therefore are complementary. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 29–38, 2006.
Age‐related changes in memory reactivation by 1‐ and 2‐year‐old human infants
Authors: Morgan Kirstie , Hayne Harlene
Published: December 2005

In three experiments, we examined the effect of a single reactivation treatment on retention by 1‐ and 2‐year‐old human infants who were tested in the visual recognition memory (VRM) paradigm. In all experiments, infants were familiarized with a visual stimulus and were tested after a delay. In the absence of a reactivation treatment, infants of both ages exhibited forgetting but exposure to a reactivation treatment alleviated forgetting after the same delay. When the duration of the original familiarization period was only 10 s, the minimum duration of an effective reminder treatment was 1 s for 2‐year‐olds, but was 5 s for 1‐year‐olds. When the duration of the original familiarization period was increased to 30 s, however, a 1‐s reminder also alleviated forgetting by 1‐year‐olds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 48–57, 2006.
Maternal behavior and maternal stress are associated with infant behavioral development in macaques
Authors: Bardi Massimo , Huffman Michael A.
Published: December 2005

The simultaneous effects of naturally occurring individual differences in maternal care and maternal peripartum stress on infant development have been sparsely reported in nonhuman primates. In this work, we used a comparative approach to assess how changes in peripartum maternal excreted cortisol levels and the quality of mother–infant interactions correlate with infant behavioral development in group‐living rhesus and Japanese macaques. We tested the hypothesis that peripartum maternal stress was associated with infant behavioral characteristics during development. Due to the difference in mothering style between the two species, we provided separated analyses for two groups. A sample of mother‐infant pairs (Japanese macaques,N = 14; rhesus macaques,N = 10) was observed during the first 3 months of the infant's life. Follow‐up observations (at 5, 7, and 9 months of age) were collected for the infants. Maternal cortisol levels were measured during the peripartum period. We found preliminary evidence that maternal peripartum stress and differences in key components of maternal behavior are associated with infant behavior throughout the developmental phase. We also provided a working hypothesis regarding maternal behavior and maternal stress as factors playing unique roles in different components of infant behavioral development. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 1–9, 2006.
Spontaneous facial motility in infancy: A 3D kinematic analysis
Authors: Green Jordan R. , Wilson Erin M.
Published: December 2005

Early spontaneous orofacial movements have rarely been studied experimentally, though the motor experiences gained from these behaviors may influence the development of motor skills emerging for speech. This investigation quantitatively describes developmental changes in silent, spontaneous lip and jaw movements from 1 to 12 months of age using optically based 3D motion capture technology. Twenty‐nine typically developing infants at five ages (1, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months) were studied cross‐sectionally. Infants exhibited spontaneous facial movements at all ages studied. Several age‐related changes were detected in lip and jaw kinematics: the occurrence of spontaneous movements increased, movement speed increased, the duration of movement epochs decreased and movement coupling among different facial regions increased. Additionally, evidence for stereotypic movements was not strong. The present findings suggest that, during the first year of life, early spontaneous facial movements undergo significant developmental change in the direction of skill development for speech. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 16–28, 2006.
Changes in the pattern of exploratory behavior are associated with the emergence of social dominance relationships in male rats
Authors: Arakawa Hiroyuki
Published: December 2005

This study examined the effect of the establishment of dominance relationships and subordination on exploratory behavior for both postpubertal and adult male rats. Prior to an open field test, subjects were housed either in isolation (IS) or in littermate pairs (PS) with mild dominance relationships without overt victory or defeat, or in pairs with clear hierarchical relationships as dominants (DOM) or subordinates (SUB). Stretch‐attend postures and entries into the center area of the open‐field were measured as an index of passive and active exploratory behavior, respectively, and crossings in the peripheral area were counted as activity. SUB rats, both postpubertal and adult, displayed less activity and lower levels of active exploratory behavior, whereas adult IS rats showed higher levels of active exploratory behavior compared to the other groups. Furthermore, both DOM and PS rats exhibited a more passive pattern of exploratory behavior in adulthood than in postpuberty. Thus the results show that an increase in the active exploratory pattern is inhibited by the establishment of social relationships among adult rats, while a decrease in activity is a primarily effect of subordination. The capacity to change exploratory patterns following subordination is found even in the postpubertal stage when adultlike social relationships have not yet appeared. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 39–47, 2006.
Effects of novelty on behavior in the adolescent and adult rat
Authors: Stansfield Kirstie H. , Kirstein Cheryl L.
Published: December 2005

Adolescence is a time of high‐risk behavior and increased exploration. This developmental period is marked by a greater probability of initiating drug use and is associated with an increased risk to develop addiction and dependency in adulthood. Human adolescents are predisposed towards an increased likelihood of risk taking behaviors (Zuckerman, 1986), including drug use or initiation. The purpose of the study was to examine differences in developmental risk taking behaviors. Adolescent and adult animals were exposed to a novel stimulus in a familiar environment to assess impulsive behaviors, novelty preference, and exploratory behaviors. Adolescent animals had greater novelty‐induced locomotor activity, greater novelty preference, and showed higher approach and exploratory behaviors compared to adult animals. These data support the notion that adolescents may be predisposed toward sensation seeking and consequently, are more likely to engage in risk‐taking behaviors, such as drug use initiation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 10–15, 2006.
Developmental expression profiles of Xenopus laevis reference genes
Authors: Šindelka Radek , Ferjentsik Zoltán , Jonák Jiří
Published: January 2006

Cell differentiation depends mainly on specific mRNA expression. To quantify the expression of a particular gene, the normalisation with respect to the expression of a reference gene is carried out. This is based on the assumption that the expression of the reference gene is constant during development, in different cells or tissues or after treatment. Xenopus laevis studies have frequently used eEF‐1 alpha, GAPDH, ODC, L8, and H4 as reference genes. The aim of this work was to examine, by real‐time RT‐PCR, the expression profiles of the above‐mentioned five reference genes during early development of X. laevis. It is shown that their expression profiles vary greatly during X. laevis development. The developmental changes of mRNA expression can thus significantly compromise the relative mRNA quantification based on these reference genes, when different developmental stages are to be compared. The normalisation against total RNA is recommended instead. Developmental Dynamics 235:754–758, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.