bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lutte de pouvoir au sein du musée d’art entre la conservation et l’éducation
Authors: Lemay-Perrault Rébéca , Paquin Maryse
Published: October 2019

Cet article porte sur la lutte de pouvoir entre la conservation et l’éducation au sein du musée d’art, où l’un désire donner toute la place aux oeuvres, et l’autre stimuler l’apprentissage au moyen des médiations. Il s’agit d’un débat séculaire qui évolue sous la pression tant économique, qui consiste à attirer toujours de plus en plus de visiteurs au musée, qu’idéologique, avec la montée des médiations qui s’imposent dorénavant comme modèles de transmission culturelle dans les sociétés postindustrialisées. Depuis plus d’un siècle, les musées d’art sont le lieu d’un débat portant sur la place des médiations autour des oeuvres, entre les tenants de l’esthétique et ceux de l’éducation. Au regard de l’histoire, ils en transforment radicalement l’usage, que l’on se tienne d’un côté ou de l’autre des protagonistes. Entre les deux positions, Bourdieu et Darbel jettent un pavé dans la mare d’un milieu de l’éducation muséale de l’art marqué par le principe de la distinction, de même que du « choc esthétique » de Malraux, en montrant que l’expérience esthétique découle de la compréhension des oeuvres et de la connaissance des codes culturels. Toutefois, il ne s’agit là que d’un épisode de plus dans une saga séculaire. D’un côté, derrière l’absence de clés de lecture se cache la participation à une dynamique perverse, celle de l’exclusion sociale des publics néophytes qui ne peuvent accéder à la délectation. De l’autre, derrière la montée de l’éducation muséale de l’art se cache la frustration des publics connaisseurs qui voient leur expérience esthétique entravée par une interprétation nécessairement réductrice des sens de l’oeuvre. Aujourd’hui, au centre de ce débat, des tensions existent toujours entre les conservateurs et les éducateurs, écartelés entre les exigences de développement de nouveaux publics et celles des habitués, les collectionneurs, les artistes et le marché de l’art. Ceux-ci garantissent au musée un statut dans les réseaux de l’art, et de l’art contemporain en particulier. Ces exigences tournent autour de la question suivante : jusqu’où une institution muséale peut-elle aller dans le déploiement de dispositifs de médiation facilitant l’interprétation des oeuvres chez les publics néophytes, et ce, sans entraver l’expérience esthétique du regardeur habitué ou expert ?
Géopolitique du musée : les enjeux de la fréquentation
Authors: Mairesse François
Published: October 2019

Les classements de musées en fonction de leur fréquentation (nombre de visiteurs, mais aussi nombre defollowerssur Internet) présentent une image particulièrement révélatrice des rapports de force en train de se dessiner sur l’échiquier mondial : les pays occidentaux y assurent, du fait que les principaux musées superstars y sont situés, une position encore dominante, mais des évolutions sont perceptibles, illustrant la concurrence que les pays ou les villes et régions qui les composent se livrent afin de développer leur propre économie. À travers l’analyse proposée dans cet article se dessine une réflexion qui peut être abordée de manière géopolitique, montrant l’influence encore forte d’une certaine idée de la culture occidentale, mais aussi les transformations actuelles considérables des rapports de pouvoir qui lui sont liés.
Les politiques muséales au Québec
Authors: Paquette Jonathan
Published: October 2019

Tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui, en tant qu’institution, le musée émerge dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Depuis, l’État a développé des rapports avec cette institution, rapports qui se sont transformés et renouvelés selon les époques. Les transformations des politiques muséales révèlent les ruptures ainsi que les nouveaux usages et la rationalité politique du musée. Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en lumière l’évolution de la rationalité politique de l’action de l’État québécois dans le secteur muséal. Les rapports entre État et musées au Québec se sont configurés autour de trois périodes charnières. Dans un premier temps (1836-1919), le musée s’est révélé d’une utilité pour l’État québécois en favorisant sa maîtrise du territoire. Dans un deuxième temps (1919-1984), les politiques muséales du Québec ont fait du musée un service public, voué à la préservation et à l’accessibilité du patrimoine. La politique des musées nationaux a fait de l’institution un instrument des aspirations culturelles de l’État québécois. Or, les nouveaux rapports qui se sont développés plus récemment (1984-2013) illustrent plutôt une rupture dans la logique d’intervention de l’État, qui reconstruit son intervention sur une base sectorielle et diffuse, en prenant un rôle secondaire en matière d’orientations culturelles du secteur.
STOCHASTIC MULTI-ATTRIBUTE UTILITY MODEL
Authors: Račić Katarina , Račić Željko , Damjanac Saša , Milić Dunja
Published: October 2019

In real situations, the attribute value (mostly variable)can be best represented by introducing the finite numberof attribute values level, to which the correspondingprobabilities should also be attached. Stochastic Multi-Attribute Utility Model has the ability to analyze suchstochastic multi-attribute problems. The choice of one,from the set of available options, is made by choosingthe best option based on the maximum expected utilitystructure. In this paper, we will mention some argumentsfor the development of the Stochastic Multi-AttributeUtility Model, its advantages (they are closer to reality),disadvantages (analytically difficult technique, subjectiveassessments of the values of variable attributes), aswell as the process of solving the problem.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sever's Disease in an Athletic Population
Authors: Martinelli Nicolò , Spreafico Andrea , Tramacere Irene , Marcolli Daniele , Valli Federico , Curci Domenico
Published: October 2019

Background:

Sever's disease is a common cause of pain in growing kids. Many papers reported in the literature discuss this pathologic condition, but no consensus regarding its etiology has been found among researchers. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiologic profile and associated factors of 430 athletic children in a population-based sample of soccer (29.5%), basketball (48.1%), and volleyball (22.3%) players aged 6 to 14 years.

Methods:

Every athlete was evaluated through physical examination, the Foot Posture Index (FPI), the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire, and a custom-made sports questionnaire.

Results:

These data show that body mass index, sex, terrain type, sports discipline, and FPI should not be considered as risk factors for calcaneal apophysitis, whereas a significantly higher risk has been found in younger individuals (P < .01), in those with fewer training sessions per week (P = .02), and in those with shorter training sessions (P < .01).

Conclusions:

The prevalence of Sever's disease in the athletic children evaluated in the present study was higher in younger and less active patients, whereas no differences were registered by sex, FPI, body mass index, terrain type, or sports discipline.
Selective clearance of the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin by vesicular transport during ER stress
Authors: Buchwalter Abigail , Schulte Roberta , Tsai Hsiao , Capitanio Juliana , Hetzer Martin
Published: October 2019

The inner nuclear membrane (INM) is a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is gated by the nuclear pore complex. It is unknown whether proteins of the INM and ER are degraded through shared or distinct pathways in mammalian cells. We applied dynamic proteomics to profile protein half-lives and report that INM and ER residents turn over at similar rates, indicating that the INM’s unique topology is not a barrier to turnover. Using a microscopy approach, we observed that the proteasome can degrade INM proteins in situ. However, we also uncovered evidence for selective, vesicular transport-mediated turnover of a single INM protein, emerin, that is potentiated by ER stress. Emerin is rapidly cleared from the INM by a mechanism that requires emerin’s LEM domain to mediate vesicular trafficking to lysosomes. This work demonstrates that the INM can be dynamically remodeled in response to environmental inputs.
Evidence for a non-linear carbon accumulation pattern along an Alpine glacier retreat chronosequence in Northern Italy
Authors: Montagnani Leonardo , Badraghi Aysan , Speak Andrew Francis , Wellstein Camilla , Borruso Luigimaria , Zerbe Stefan , Zanotelli Damiano
Published: October 2019

Background

The glaciers in the Alps, as in other high mountain ranges and boreal zones, are generally retreating and leaving a wide surface of bare ground free from ice cover. This early stage soil is then colonized by microbes and vegetation in a process of primary succession. It is rarely experimentally examined whether this colonization process is linear or not at the ecosystem scale. Thus, to improve our understanding of the variables involved in the carbon accumulation in the different stages of primary succession, we conducted this research in three transects on the Matsch glacier forefield (Alps, N Italy) at an altitude between 2,350 and 2,800 m a.s.l.

Methods

In three field campaigns (July, August and September 2014) a closed transparent chamber was used to quantify the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) between the natural vegetation and the atmosphere. On the five plots established in each of the three transects, shading nets were used to determine ecosystem response function to variable light conditions. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) was partitioned from NEE. Following the final flux measurements, biometric sampling was conducted to establish soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content and the biomass components for each transect.

Results

A clear difference was found between the earlier and the later successional stage. The older successional stages in the lower altitudes acted as a stronger C sink, where NEE, GEE and Reco were significantly higher than in the earlier successional stage. Of the two lower transects, the sink capacity of intermediate-succession plots exceeded that of the plots of older formation, in spite of the more developed soil. Total biomass (above- and belowground) approached its maximum value in the intermediate ecosystem, whilst the later stage of succession predominated in the corresponding belowground organic mass (biomass, N and C).

Outlook

We found that the process of carbon accumulation along a glacier retreat chronosequence is not linear, and after a quite rapid increase in carbon accumulation capacity in the first 150 years, in average 9 g C m−2year−1, it slows down, taking place mainly in the belowground biomass components. Concurrently, the photosynthetic capacity peaks in the intermediate stage of ecosystem development. If confirmed by further studies on a larger scale, this study would provide evidence for a predominant effect of plant physiology over soil physical characteristics in the green-up phase after glacier retreat, which has to be taken into account in the creation of scenarios related to climate change and future land use.
Levels of toothache-related interests of Google and YouTube users from developed and developing countries over time
Authors: Lotto Matheus , Aguirre Patricia E.A. , Strieder Anna P. , Cruvinel Agnes F.P. , Cruvinel Thiago
Published: October 2019

Background

The preferences of Web users can be influenced by distinct factors of populations. Hence, hypothetically, source-based patterns of health-related Web searches might differ between individuals from developed and developing countries, due to their distinct educational, social, economic, political, cultural, and psychosocial backgrounds. In this context, this study aimed to determine the trends of toothache-related searches performed on Google Search and YouTube, regarding differences between developed and developing countries.

Methods

This retrospective longitudinal study analyzed computational metadata on toothache-related interests of Internet users. Google Trends was accessed to obtain the monthly variation of relative search volume (RSV) of the topic “Toothache-Disease” on Google (G) and YouTube (YT) through 2008–2017. Autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation plots, ARIMA models, Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn’s and T tests were performed for evaluating trends, 12-month forecasts and the differences of annual ratios of YT/G searches between developed and developing countries, respectively (P < 0.05).

Results

Uptrends of RSVs were observed in both country groups over time, although 12-month forecasts tended to plateau.The volumes of searches were higher in developed countries in comparison to developing ones; however, this difference was not observed regarding Google searches performed between 2016 and 2017. Independently of country groups, the ratios YT/G remained relatively constant throughout the period, indicating a greater interest in toothache-related information available on Google.

Conclusion

In conclusion, toothache-related searches from Google and YouTube increased during the last decade. The preferences of Web users seemed to be influenced by the differences between developed and developing countries, such as the availability and penetration of the Internet, and education levels.
Relationship between tumor size and metastatic site in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer: A large SEER-based study
Authors: Shan Qinge , Fan Yanling , Guo Jun , Han Xiao , Wang Haiyong , Wang Zhehai
Published: October 2019

Objective

To analyze the relationship between tumor size and metastatic site in stage IV NSCLC patients.

Methods

A total of 40,196 stage IV NSCLC patients from 2010 to 2015 were screened by SEER database. Chi-square test was used to compare the characteristics of clinical variables. At the same time, multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between tumor size and organ metastasis.

Results

Regardless of tumor size, the proportion of bone metastasis and lung metastasis was higher and similar in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, while in patients with adenocarcinoma, bone metastasis accounted for the highest proportion. We found that whether the metastatic site was bone, brain, liver or lung, the proportion of patients with a tumor size of 3–7 cm was the highest. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that patients with a tumor size of 3–7 cm and a tumor size ≥7 cm were more likely to develop brain metastasis and lung metastasis compared with patients with a tumor size ≤3 cm (all P < 0.001), which meant the larger the tumor, the greater the risk of brain or lung metastasis. At the same time, the results indicated that patients with a tumor size of 3–7 cm had a tendency to develop liver metastasis (P = 0.004), while the statistical significance was not found for patients with a tumor size ≥7 cm (P = 0.524). The results also revealed that patients with a tumor size of 3–7cm had no significant difference to develop bone metastasis (P = 0.116), while the statistical significance was found for patients with a tumor size ≥7 cm (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

There was statistical significance between tumor size and metastatic site in patients with stage IV NSCLC. For brain or lung metastasis, the larger the tumor, the higher the risk of brain or lung metastasis. For liver metastasis, patients with a tumor size of 3–7 cm were more prone to develop liver metastasis. For bone metastasis, patients with a tumor size ≥7 cm were more likely to have bone metastasis.
Feasibility Study for a Biogas Plant in Jordan
Authors: Alhammad Zainab
Published: October 2019

This research was conducted to estimate the economic feasibility of establishing biogas plant from dairy farms manure in Al-Dlail district (Zarqa governorate). Biogas is a mixture of gas consisting of 50-70% of methane and carbon dioxide 30-45%, and other gases and water that resulted from the digestion of the biomass process with the absence of oxygen. It is used as a fuel source in many countries for the purposes of lighting and cooking. Biogas is a clean and renewable form of energy that can be sustainable solutions of large organic waste produced in animal farms and reduces the harmful environmental pollution. Also, it can be an opportunity to invest and make profits. Data for this research was collected by desk research, survey and interviews. The respondents were 31 dairy farmers; the interview included the Jordan Biogas plant manager, owners of manure plants, heads of cattle breeders associations and stakeholders in government organization. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS, 5P's analysis, PESTEC Analysis and Canvas model to come up with a clear picture about the feasibility of biogas utilization in Zarqa governorate. The study showed the tremendous environmental pollution that happened in Al-Dlail and Al-Khaldiah areas due to the poor management of cattle farms manure, causing air, soil ground and surface water pollution. As a solution to this problem, the study showed that the most appropriate solution to this problem is to exploit these manure in the production of energy from biogas as a sustainable, and environment-friendly project. The research also included the size of the feedstock of the manure produced from cattle farms, the availability of the necessary technology to build a project of this plant, the availability of markets for its products and the legislative framework governing the renewable energy projects represented by the Ministry of Energy. The study concluded that it is possible to establish a medium-sized biogas plant. The recommendation is to facilitate government procedures for investors in renewable energy and the promotion of environmental awareness between farmers and pay more attention to the management of livestock waste by creation waste management departments in government institutions.
Self‐Healing Polymers Based on Coordination Bonds
Authors: Li Cheng‐Hui , Zuo Jing‐Lin
Published: October 2019

Self‐healing ability is an important survival feature in nature, with which living beings can spontaneously repair damage when wounded. Inspired by nature, people have designed and synthesized many self‐healing materials by encapsulating healing agents or incorporating reversible covalent bonds or noncovalent interactions into a polymer matrix. Among the noncovalent interactions, the coordination bond is demonstrated to be effective for constructing highly efficient self‐healing polymers. Moreover, with the presence of functional metal ions or ligands and dynamic metal–ligand bonds, self‐healing polymers can show various functions such as dielectrics, luminescence, magnetism, catalysis, stimuli‐responsiveness, and shape‐memory behavior. Herein, the recent developments and achievements made in the field of self‐healing polymers based on coordination bonds are presented. The advantages of coordination bonds in constructing self‐healing polymers are highlighted, the various metal–ligand bonds being utilized in self‐healing polymers are summarized, and examples of functional self‐healing polymers originating from metal–ligand interactions are given. Finally, a perspective is included addressing the promises and challenges for the future development of self‐healing polymers based on coordination bonds.
Crystal Structural Framework of Lithium Super‐Ionic Conductors
Authors: He Xingfeng , Bai Qiang , Liu Yunsheng , Nolan Adelaide M. , Ling Chen , Mo Yifei
Published: October 2019

As technologically important materials for solid‐state batteries, Li super‐ionic conductors are a class of materials exhibiting exceptionally high ionic conductivity at room temperature. These materials have unique crystal structural frameworks hosting a highly conductive Li sublattice. However, it is not understood why certain crystal structures of the super‐ionic conductors lead to high conductivity in the Li sublattice. In this study, using topological analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, the crystal structures of all Li‐conducting oxides and sulfides are studied systematically and the key features pertaining to fast‐ion conduction are quantified. In particular, a unique feature of enlarged Li sites caused by large local spaces in the crystal structural framework is identified, promoting fast conduction in the Li‐ion sublattice. Based on these quantified features, the high‐throughput screening identifies many new structures as fast Li‐ion conductors, which are further confirmed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. This study provides new insights and a systematic quantitative understanding of the crystal structural frameworks of fast ion‐conductor materials and motivates future experimental and computational studies on new fast‐ion conductors.
The collective trolling lifecycle
Authors: Sun Lia H. , Fichman Pnina
Published: October 2019

Although collective trolling is an integral part of online communities, it has received little scholarly attention. Research on collective trolling, which involves an organized group trolling effort, is in its infancy perhaps because early works on online trolling depicted it as the deviant behavior of individuals who acted in isolation and under hidden identity. Thus, it is still unclear what collective trolling is and how it evolves. To address this gap, we collected 12,840 posts and comments pertinent to a brief, controversial, and very visible collective trolling event. The event, which surrounded Chinese rapper PG One on the Chinese microblogging platformSina Weibo, received 40 million reads in 1 day and a lot of media attention. Based on a thematic content analysis of 480 posts, we describe the collective trolling lifecycle through five distinct stages defined by posting frequency and content of posts. We also explain the transformation of participants' roles, tactics, motives, behavioral tone, and the variations in their thematic content, stakeholder group affiliation, and roles over time. The major contributions of the study are the characterization of collective trolling, and the addition of a lifecycle model to the understanding of trolling as sociotechnical, context‐dependent, and multidimensional phenomenon.
Interactive faceted query suggestion for exploratory search: Whole‐session effectiveness and interaction engagement
Authors: Ruotsalo Tuukka , Jacucci Giulio , Kaski Samuel
Published: October 2019

The outcome of exploratory information retrieval is not only dependent on the effectiveness of individual responses to a set of queries, but also on relevant information retrieved during the entire exploratory search session. We study the effect of search assistance, operationalized as an interactive faceted query suggestion, for both whole‐session effectiveness and engagement through interactive faceted query suggestion. A user experiment is reported, where users performed exploratory search tasks, comparing interactive faceted query suggestion and a control condition with only conventional typed‐query interaction. Data comprised of interaction and search logs show that the availability of interactive faceted query suggestion substantially improves whole‐session effectiveness by increasing recall without sacrificing precision. The increased engagement with interactive faceted query suggestion is targeted to direct situated navigation around the initial query scope, but is not found to improve individual queries on average. The results imply that research in exploratory search should focus on measuring and designing tools that engage users with directed situated navigation support for improving whole‐session performance.
(Un)theorizing citizen science: Investigation of theories applied to citizen science studies
Authors: Hajibayova Lala
Published: October 2019

This article provides an analysis of theories and methodologies that have been applied in citizen science research. This study suggests a significant contribution of citizen science to various disciplines as well as overall science education, literacy, and development. A solid theoretical grounding of citizen science research, coupled with application of pertinent emergent theories to various processes associated with scientific inquiry and discovery, suggests the disciplinary traits and unique contributions. This study proposes that the current pace of citizen science research, empowered by ordinary citizens as well as technological affordances, provides solid evidence to warrant further development of citizen science as a unique discipline that can strengthen and democratize scientific inquiry.
Metabolic Incorporation of N‐Acetyl Muramic Acid Probes into Bacterial Peptidoglycan
Authors: DeMeester Kristen E. , Liang Hai , Zhou Junhui , Wodzanowski Kimberly A. , Prather Benjamin L. , Santiago Cintia C. , Grimes Catherine L.
Published: October 2019

Bacterial cells utilize small carbohydrate building blocks to construct peptidoglycan (PG), a highly conserved mesh‐like polymer that serves as a protective coat for the cell. PG production has long been a target for antibiotics, and its breakdown is a source for human immune recognition. A key component of bacterial PG, N‐acetyl muramic acid (NAM), is a vital element in many synthetically derived immunostimulatory compounds. However, the exact molecular details of these structures and how they are generated remain unknown due to a lack of chemical probes surrounding the NAM core. A robust synthetic strategy to generate bioorthogonally tagged NAM carbohydrate units is implemented. These molecules serve as precursors for PG biosynthesis and recycling. Escherichia coli cells are metabolically engineered to incorporate the bioorthogonal NAM probes into their PG network. The probes are subsequently modified using copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition to install fluorophores directly into the bacterial PG, as confirmed by super‐resolution microscopy and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Here, synthetic notes for key elements of this process to generate the sugar probes as well as streamlined user‐friendly metabolic labeling strategies for both microbiology and immunological applications are described. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of peracetylated 2‐azido glucosamine

Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 2‐azido and 2‐alkyne NAM

Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis of 3‐azido NAM methyl ester

Basic Protocol 4: Incorporation of NAM probes into bacterial peptidoglycan

Basic Protocol 5: Confirmation of bacterial cell wall remodeling by mass spectrometry
Purple Bacteria and 3D Redox Hydrogels for Bioinspired Photo‐bioelectrocatalysis
Authors: Grattieri Matteo , Patterson Sarai , Copeland Jeffrey , Klunder Kevin , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: October 2019

A major challenge for the implementation of intact bacterial cells in photo‐bioelectrochemical systems remains the hindered extracellular electron transfer. This study focuses on purple bacteria, photosynthetic microorganisms particularly interesting for the development of bioelectrochemical systems because of their versatile metabolisms. Although soluble monomeric redox mediators have been proven as effective systems for electron transfer mediation, their application in the field is not preferable owing to their toxicity and unwanted release into the environment. An abiotic/biotic photoanode is reported in which a bioinspired redox mediating system is implemented in a 3D geometry allowing to “electrically wire” intact bacterial cells. The 3D photoanode decreased the overpotential required for harvesting photoexcited electrons, operating at +0.073 V versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Accordingly, the overpotential was significantly reduced compared with a pioneering Os‐redox polymer reported in literature, which required operation at +0.303 V versus SCE. These results provide the basis for further development of bio‐photoanodes for light‐powered biosensing and power generation.
Preparation of NHC Stabilized Al(III)fluorides: Fluorination of [(SIMes)AlMe3] with SF4 or Me3SnF
Authors: Tomar Pooja , Braun Thomas , Kemnitz Erhard
Published: October 2019

Various reaction routes have been developed to synthesize the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) stabilized Al(III) fluorides [(SIMes)Al(F)3] (2) and [(SIMes)Al(F)Me2] (3) through fluorination of [(SIMes)AlMe3] (1) (SIMes: 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene) with fluorinating agents such as SF4, SF6 and Me3SnF. The reactivity of 2 was investigated towards a F/Cl exchange reaction by treating it with Me3SiCl.
A Microporous Co(II)‐Based 3‐D Metal Organic Framework Built from Magnetic Infinite Rod‐Shaped Secondary Building Units
Authors: Kourtellaris Andreas , Moushi Eleni E. , Spanopoulos Ioannis , Trikalitis Pantelis N. , Pissas Michael , Papaefstathiou Giannis S. , Sanakis Yiannis , Tasiopoulos Anastasios J.
Published: October 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is Anastasios Tasiopoulos from the University of Cyprus. The cover image shows photos from the southwestern Cyclades island group of the Aegean Sea, which contain a wealth of minerals and rocks. Some of these exhibit porous structures and interesting magnetic properties.
Orange Peel Derived C‐dots Decorated CuO Nanorods for the Selective Monitoring of Dopamine from Deboned Chicken
Authors: Asad Muhammad , Zulfiqar Anam , Raza Rizwan , Yang Minghui , Hayat Akhtar , Akhtar Naeem
Published: October 2019

A novel electrode based on orange peel derived C‐dots decorated CuO nanorods (CR@C‐dot) modified lead pencil (LP) electrode has been fabricated for highly sensitive and selective monitoring of dopamine (DA). Prior to the functionalization with C‐dot, electrochemical efficacy of CR was evaluated and compared with CuO nano‐needles (CN) and nano‐spheres (CS). The morphology, surface area and composition of synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), N2‐adsorption‐desorption isotherm, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our results indicated that CR has high electrocatalytic activity compared to CN and CS by expositing greater fraction of catalytic active sites, large surface area and short diffusion pathways. The electrochemical efficacy of CR is further enhanced by decorating with orange peel derived C‐dots, which surprisingly lead to the integrations of surface‐active sites with current collectors with minimum resistance by acting as an electron transport mediator and providing more surface defects. The developed CR@C‐dot sensor enables highly sensitive and selective recognition of DA detection (0.0007 μM), over good linear range (5–2250 μM) with rapid response time. the developed CR@C‐dot sensor was successfully used to monitor the DA from deboned chicken, thus suggesting reliability of the developed electrode.
Altered inter‐ and intrahemispheric functional connectivity dynamics in autistic children
Authors: Guo Xiaonan , Duan Xujun , Chen Heng , He Changchun , Xiao Jinming , Han Shaoqiang , Fan Yun‐Shuang , Guo Jing , Chen Huafu
Published: October 2019

Emerging evidence has associated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with static functional connectivity abnormalities between multiple brain regions. However, the temporal dynamics of intra‐ and interhemispheric functional connectivity patterns remain unknown in ASD. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed for 105 ASD and 102 demographically matched typically developing control (TC) children (age range: 7–12 years) available from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange database. Whole‐brain functional connectivity was decomposed into ipsilateral and contralateral functional connectivity, and sliding‐window analysis was utilized to capture the intra‐ and interhemispheric dynamic functional connectivity density (dFCD) patterns. The temporal variability of the functional connectivity dynamics was further quantified using the standard deviation (SD) of intra‐ and interhemispheric dFCD across time. Finally, a support vector regression model was constructed to assess the relationship between abnormal dFCD variance and autism symptom severity. Both intra‐ and interhemispheric comparisons showed increased dFCD variability in the anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex and decreased variability in the fusiform gyrus/inferior temporal gyrus in autistic children compared with TC children. Autistic children additionally showed lower intrahemispheric dFCD variability in sensorimotor regions including the precentral/postcentral gyrus. Moreover, aberrant temporal variability of the contralateral dFCD predicted the severity of social communication impairments in autistic children. These findings demonstrate altered temporal dynamics of the intra‐ and interhemispheric functional connectivity in brain regions incorporating social brain network of ASD, and highlight the potential role of abnormal interhemispheric communication dynamics in neural substrates underlying impaired social processing in ASD.
Entropy generation analysis of natural convective chemically reacting squeezing flow of Casson fluid between parallel disks with Hall and Ion slip currents
Authors: Ramesh Kesetti , Ojjela Odelu
Published: October 2019

This paper concerns the second law analysis of free convective squeezing flow of a chemically reacting Casson fluid confined between two parallel disks with Hall and Ion slip effects. The upper one is impermeable and the lower disk is porous. The linear momentum, energy balance and mass partial differential equations converted as system of ODEs by similarity transformations and tackled with shooting method via fourth order Runge‐Kutta scheme. The impact of various dimensionless geometric and fluid parameters on the velocity fields, temperature and concentration fields, entropy generation and Bejan numbers are studied and presented in the form of pictorially. The present results are correlated with already published outcomes for viscous case and found to be good agreement. The Bejan number of the fluid enhances with Ion slip parameter, whereas the concentration profile of the fluid is decreases with increasing of the Casson fluid parameter. The entropy generation of the fluid is enhanced with Eckert number whereas the Bejan number is decreased with suction/blowing parameter
l‐Carnitine Improves Postoperative Liver Function in Hepatectomized Patients
Authors: Okabayashi Takehiro , Sui Kenta , Mastumoto Takatsugu , Iwata Jun , Morita Sojiro , Iiyama Tatsuo , Shimada Yasuhiro
Published: October 2019

Background and aims

The effect of perioperative treatment with l‐carnitine in hepatectomized patients is unclear. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the short‐term outcomes after liver cancer surgery in patients treated with l‐carnitine compared with nontreated patients.

Methods

Patients with primary liver malignancies scheduled to undergo a hepatectomy were randomly assigned to receive either perioperative treatment with l‐carnitine (carnitine group) or usual intake (control group). The primary endpoint of this study was the short‐term outcome after liver surgery.

Results

The study participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups: 106 patients in the control group and 102 patients in the perioperative l‐carnitine supplementation group. The restoration of serum ammonia levels, prothrombin time, and peripheral neutrophil count at 3 days after the operation was significantly faster in the carnitine group than in the control group. Fewer patients in the carnitine group developed grade B posthepatic liver failure, according to the grading system of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery, than patients in the control group (20% vs 76%). The length of hospitalization was significantly shorter in patients in the carnitine group than in those in the control group.

Conclusions

We found that perioperative treatment with l‐carnitine was significantly better than ordinary treatment in reducing postoperative serum ammonia levels, suggesting that l‐carnitine may serve as a pivotal regulator of liver injury and repair and result in shorter postoperative hospitalization (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration no. NCT03021876).
Improved National Results With Simultaneous Liver‐Kidney Transplantation Using Donation After Circulatory Death Donors
Authors: Croome Kristopher P. , Mao Shennen , Yang Liu , Pungpapong Surakit , Wadei Hani M. , Taner C. Burcin
Published: October 2019

Previous large registry studies have demonstrated inferior outcomes for simultaneous liver‐kidney transplantation (SLKT) recipients of grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors compared with those from donation after brain death (DBD) donors in the era from 2000 to 2010. Given the improving national results in liver transplantation alone using grafts from DCD donors, the present study aimed to investigate if results with DCD‐SLKT have improved in the modern era. Patients undergoing SLKT between 2000 and 2018 were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Analysis and Research file and divided into 2 eras based on the date of SLKT: era 1 (2000‐2010) and era 2 (2011‐2018). Improvement in DCD‐SLKT patient, liver graft, and kidney graft survival rates was seen between era 1 and era 2 (P < 0.001). Concurrently, there was a decrease in the proportion of critically ill (P = 0.02) and retransplant (P = 0.006) candidates undergoing DCD‐SLKT. When DCD‐SLKT in era 2 was compared with a propensity‐matched cohort of DBD‐SLKT in era 2, no differences in patient (P = 0.99), liver graft (P = 0.19), or kidney graft (P = 0.90) survival were observed. In addition, both bilirubin (0.5 versus 0.5 mg/dL; P = 0.86) and creatinine (1.2 versus 1.2 mg/dL; P = 0.68) at last follow‐up were not different between the DCD‐SLKT and DBD‐SLKT patients in era 2. In conclusion, in the most recent era, patients undergoing DCD‐SLKT were able to achieve similar outcomes compared with matched patients undergoing DBD‐SLKT. DCD‐SLKT represents a viable option for appropriately selected recipients.
Nusinersen: Evidence of sustained clinical improvement and lessened fatigue in older ambulatory patients with spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: McMillan Hugh J.
Published: October 2019

See article on pages 409–414 in this issue.
Laterality and risk factors for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow
Authors: Ashworth Nigel L. , Huang Christopher , Chan K. Ming
Published: October 2019

Background

Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) is the second commonest entrapment neuropathy after carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and yet the laterality is not well delineated. Our aim was to establish the laterality of UNE in a large cohort of patients.

Methods

All new patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic (EDX) confirmed UNE over a 13‐year period were included. We used multivariate analysis to examine potential predictors of laterality, and unilateral vs bilateral UNE.

Results

Of 880 cases, 61% were left‐sided and 39% right‐sided. These proportions did not change regardless of the handedness of the patient. Patients with bilateral UNE were much more likely to be older male and have a variety of comorbidities.

Conclusions

UNE appears to be present on the left 50% more often than on the right, regardless of the patient's handedness.
A case of projectile trauma from the medieval Poulton Chapel, Cheshire, the United Kingdom
Authors: Canavan Sara M. , Burrell Carla L. , Emery Michael M. , Gonzalez Silvia
Published: October 2019

Excavations at the medieval cemetery of Poulton Chapel, Cheshire, have uncovered over 900 articulated human skeletal remains, with numbers predicted to reach as high as 1500 as excavations continue. The demographics of this archaeological site is typical of a medieval rural assemblage. However, SK535 provides a glimpse into some of the traumatic aspects of medieval life. The excavation of SK535 revealed a middle‐aged adult male around 168 cm in stature. His position of burial was typical of Christian burials with an east‐west orientation, but the positioning of his arms identified that this was not a typical burial. His right arm was flexed at the elbow crossing the thorax, whereas the left arm was in the extended position. This is different from the other arm positions observed at Poulton Chapel. A metal object, identified here as a Type M7 bodkin arrowhead, was recovered from underneath the right arm, from within the thorax. This arrowhead was potentially armour piercing, and the type was commonly used during the 12th–13th century. Radiocarbon dates obtained for SK535 coincide with the time of the use of this arrowhead. Following the initial assessment, the only other instance of trauma identified in SK535 was a healed transverse fracture to the right distal ulna. Due to the location of Poulton Chapel in Cheshire, SK535 could have been wounded by an arrow carrying the M7 bodkin during English‐Welsh border skirmishes, which occurred frequently during this time period. The demographic profile of this individual indicates a possible professional fighter of the medieval period; however, no firm skeletal evidence of occupation could be provided. Nonetheless, this case study not only highlights the violence experienced during the medieval period but also indicates the ability for the survival of some traumas.
FDG PET‐CT in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Jessop Sophie , Crudgington Donna , London Kevin , Kellie Stewart , Howman‐Giles Robert
Published: October 2019

Objective

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in pediatric patients presents with single‐system or multisystem disease. Accurate staging is essential for selecting the most appropriate therapy ranging from local surgery to chemotherapy.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of reported fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography ‐ computed tomography (PET‐CT) scans performed in children with LCH from June 2006 to February 2017. Findings were compared with a reference standard of biopsy or informed clinical follow‐up.

Results

One hundred nine scans were performed in 33 patients (age 7 weeks to 18 years). Nineteen patients had single‐system, bone unifocal disease; seven patients had single‐system, bone multifocal disease; four patients had single‐system, skin unifocal disease; two patients had multisystem disease; and one patient had single‐system, lymph node disease. Twenty‐six scans were performed to stage biopsy‐proven LCH, and 83 scans were performed during follow‐up to assess treatment response or recurrence after therapy completion.

At staging, FDG PET‐CT detected all sites of biopsy‐proven LCH (except where bone unifocal disease had been resected). There was one false‐positive thymic finding that resolved without therapy. The per‐patient false‐positive rate of FDG PET‐CT at staging was 4% (1/26). During follow‐up, five LCH recurrences and one case of progressive disease on therapy occurred, all positive on FDG PET‐CT. During follow‐up two patients had FDG PET‐CT scans with false‐positive findings and one patient with a magnetic resonance imaging false‐positive finding. The per‐scan false‐positive rate of FDG PET‐CT during follow‐up was 2% (2/83).

Conclusions

FDG PET‐CT is highly sensitive for the staging and follow‐up of pediatric patients with LCH, and has a very low false‐positive rate.
Persistent right umbilical vein in isomerism
Authors: Acherman Ruben J. , Evans William N.
Published: October 2019

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the incidence of a persistent right umbilical vein in isomerism versus situs solitus.

Methods

For this retrospective, observational, nonrandomized report, we identified fetuses with confirmed right umbilical veins from all patients referred for fetal echocardiography in Southern Nevada between January 2006 and January 2019.

Results

For the period January 2006 to January 2019, we identified 89 fetuses with situs solitus and a right umbilical vein from 16 320 women undergoing prenatal cardiac evaluation, resulting in a right umbilical vein incidence of 0.5% in situs solitus. For the same period, we identified 36 fetuses with isomerism and confirmatory umbilical vein imaging. Of the 36, 15 (42%) had right umbilical veins. Of the 15, four of 11 (19%) had left isomerism, and 11 of 15 (73%) had right isomerism (P = .006).

Conclusions

A right umbilical vein is rare with situs solitus and common with isomerism. A right umbilical vein is more common in right isomerism than left isomerism and should alert the clinician to check for isomeric situs, especially right isomerism.
A secure and robust elliptic curve cryptography‐based mutual authentication scheme for session initiation protocol
Authors: Nikooghadam Mahdi , Amintoosi Haleh
Published: October 2019

Session initiation protocol (SIP) is known as multimedia communication protocol based on IP, which is leveraged to provide signaling as well as instant messaging services. Since SIP services are widely used by Internet users, an important challenge is to supply mutual authentication between the SIP server and the user. Recently, Qui et al have presented an authentication and key agreement protocol for SIP and mentioned that their protocol is efficient and secure. In this article, we demonstrate that the protocol proposed by Qui et al is not able to provide mutual authentication and is prone to various attacks including Denning‐Sacco and denial of service attacks. We then propose a secure and efficient two‐factor authentication and key agreement protocol for SIP using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). We analyze the security of the proposed scheme and show that it is able to satisfy various security features and resist different types of attacks. We also compare the computation and communication costs of the proposed scheme with other related authentication schemes and demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms other known ECC‐based methods in achieving low computation and communication costs as well as resisting against all known attacks.
Parathyroidectomy Without the Utilisation of iPTH: The Gold Standard is Still a Good Operation—How Understanding the Anatomy and a Simple US Can Help
Authors: Yeung Meei
Published: October 2019

Parathyroid surgery is frequently performed after at least two preoperative localisation studies, in addition to the use of intraoperative ioPTH. The key to performing a successful parathyroidectomy is reliant on the surgeon having an outstanding knowledge of parathyroid embryology and anatomy. With this, it is possible to undertake surgery with a simple neck ultrasound and without more expensive pre‐ and intraoperative localisation studies.
Würde, Freiheit, Leiblichkeit
Authors: Ritzi S. , Kruse A.
Published: October 2019

Die Anwendung freiheitsentziehender Maßnahmen (feM) bei Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen bzw. Demenz im Akutkrankenhaus ist noch immer von Aktualität. Dabei sind diese Zwangsmaßnahmen fachlich nicht nur umstritten, sondern auch vor dem Hintergrund einer Ethik, die sich dem Schutz der Menschenwürde verschrieben hat, in den seltensten Fällen moralisch gerechtfertigt. Die ethische Bewertung von feM erfolgt zumeist in klassischen medizinethischen Paradigmen wie der Prinzipienethik nach Beauchamp und Childress. Um die Debatte an dieser Stelle anzureichern, wird nach einer kurzen Darstellung der Problematik die ethische Kategorie der Leiblichkeit eingeführt. Dieses Phänomen, das seit einem „corporeal turn“ in den Wissenschaften mehr und mehr Aufmerksamkeit erhält, kann neue Perspektiven auf Würde, Freiheit und Freiheitsentzug eröffnen: Freiheitsentziehende Maßnahmen finden nicht in einem luftleeren Raum der Ideen Anwendung, sondern am konkreten psychophysischen Leib des Menschen. Damit sind feM Eingriffe in die leibliche Souveränität des Menschen und richten sich gegen seine leiblich manifestierte Freiheit. Der Begriff des Leibes, der hier Anwendung findet, bezeichnet mehr als nur den physischen „Körper“ und kann besonders gut die (inter)subjektive Komponente des Phänomens beschreiben, die hier zu berücksichtigen ist. Zu prüfen ist abschließend auch, inwiefern der Freiheitsentzug durch medikamentöse Ruhigstellung einen besonders schwerwiegenden Eingriff in die menschliche Leiblichkeit darstellt. Ist die Kategorie der Leiblichkeit in die Debatte um feM eingeführt, können entscheidende neue Schwerpunktsetzungen vorgenommen werden.