bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of regular 3‐yearly screening on the incidence of cervical smears: the Leiden experience
Authors: BOON M. E. , GUILLOUD J. C. de GRAAFF , RIETVELD W. J. , WIJSMAN‐GROOTENDORST A.
Published: May 2007

The effect of regular 3‐yearly screening over a period of 12 years, on the incidence of cervical cancer in 25 000 women aged 35–54 years, is examined. The rate of squamous cell carcinoma decreased from 0.38 per 1000 women in the first round to zero in the fourth round. Similarly, the rate of carcinoma in situ declined from 1.69 per 1000 women in the first round to 0.35 per 1000 in the fourth round. The rates of severe dysplasia showed no decline. Cytologic under diagnosis of carcinoma‐in‐situ and cervical carcinoma increased with each round. Widowed and divorced women and those living in urban areas were identified as high risk groups.
Drug‐induced cell cycle perturbation in chemotherapy of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: KUO S. H. , LUH K. T.
Published: May 2007

To observe in vivo cell cycle perturbation in the chemotherapy of lung cancer, tumour cell kinetics during the first course of chemotherapy were measured in seven patients with histologically‐verified non‐small cell lung cancer. The tumour cells were aspirated from six lymph nodes and one subcutaneous nodule both prior to treatment and twice weekly after the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. The nuclear DNA content of aspirated tumour cells was measured with a scanning microdensitometer at a wavelength of 550 nm after the modified Feulgen reaction. The cell population in cell cycle was estimated with a cumulated percentage scale. Marked cell cycle perturbation occurred within one week after initiation of chemotherapy. There was a decrease in the Gl cell population, from 70.6 ± 9.1% to 26.1 ± 11.4%, and a corresponding increase of cells in G2‐M phase, from 21.4 ± 8.7% to 63.7 ± 10.0%. The proportion of cells in S phase was slightly increased from 8.0 ± 1.5% to 10.1 ± 3.2% during this period. The degree of cell cycle changes was unrelated to the clinical response to chemotherapy.
Fluorescent studies directed towards the location of abnormal epithelial cells in cervical smears
Authors: STEVEN F. S. , JOHNSON J.
Published: May 2007

Cervical screening is concerned with the search for abnormal epithelial cells in smears prepared from scrapings from the uterine cervix. It is a highly skilled labour intensive operation and automated methods of detecting dyskariotic cells in cervical smears would be helpful. We report a fluorescence method of detecting abnormal cervical cells in smears and biopsies using a probe for guanidinobenzoatase. This approach has the potential for automation.
Giant cell hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: CHETTY R. , LEARMONTH G. M. , TAYLOR D. A.
Published: May 2007

A terminal case of giant cell hepatocellular carcinoma, subsequent to Hepatitis B‐associated macronodular cirrhosis is presented, illustrated and discussed. The uncommon finding of malignant ascites, in itself atypical of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an almost exclusive content of giant cells as the cellular component, was a feature of this unusual variant of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Pseudoepithelial pattern in smears prepared from fine needle aspirates of plasmacytomas
Authors: DIRSCH O. R. , LANDOLT U. , GUT D. , PEDIO G.
Published: May 2007

A pseudoepithelial pattern was observed in smears prepared from fine needle aspirates (FNA) from three plasmacytomas. In one case cells displayed a markedly granular, ‘oncocytic’ cytoplasm. Granularity of the cytoplasm was due to a large number of mitochondria as shown by electron microscopy. B‐lymphocytic origin of the neoplasms was confirmed by immunocytochemistry.
Evaluation of the Cost Effectiveness of Establishing A Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Clinic In A Hospital Out‐Patient Department
Authors: KOCJAN G.
Published: May 2007

In an attempt to reduce the number of inadequate smears processed by our laboratory and the false negative rate of fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis, we have introduced a fine needle aspiration cytology service where aspirates are taken by the cytopathologist in a clinic. In the 12 month period since the introduction of this service, the number of inadequate smears fell sharply. Nine per cent of the specimens were inadequate compared with 43% of specimens from other sources. the establishment of the clinic resulted in a threefold reduction in the cost of diagnosing breast lesions.
Metastatic Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma In the Thyroid Gland Diagnosed By Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: RIKABI A. C. A. , YOUNG A. E. , WILSON C.
Published: May 2007

An 81‐year‐old woman presented with a mass in the right lobe of the thyroid. Fine needle aspiration of this lesion showed metastatic clear cell carcinoma. This was subsequently confirmed histologically. In patients with metastatic carcinoma, tumour deposits are frequently found in the thyroid. the most common metastatic tumour to masquerade as a primary thyroid tumour is a renal cell carcinoma. In patients with this tumour the possibility that a thyroid mass may be a metastatic deposit should always be considered.
Evaluation of Immunocytochemical Staining As A Method of Improving Diagnostic Accuracy In A Routine Cytopathology Laboratory
Authors: WAZIR J. F. , MARTIN‐BATES E. , WOODWARD G. , COLEMAN D. V.
Published: May 2007

Immunocytochemical stains in a routine cytopathology laboratory can be used to distinguish between benign and malignant cells, and to identify tumour type. In our laboratory 30 problematic cases were selected for immunocytochemical stains and the results analysed in this paper. the following markers were used: cytokeratin (CAM5.2), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), kappa and lambda light chains, leucocytic common antigen (LCA), chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), prostate specific antigen (PSA), L26, UCHL1, S100‐protein and vimentin.

Twelve FNA (four lymph nodes, one parotid swelling, two from lungs, two from pleura and chest wall, one from lumbar region, two from soft tissue masses), and 18 effusions (12 pleural effusions, five ascitic fluids, one pericardial effusion) were investigated. We found immunocytochemical stains of value in formulating the cytological diagnosis in 11/12 of FNA and 15/18 of effusions.
Primary Oesophageal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: CHETTY R. , LEARMONTH G. M. , PRICE S. K. , TAYLOR D. A.
Published: May 2007

A case is presented of a rhabdomyosarcoma of the oesophagus with a description of the cytology, light microscopy, and immunocytochemical findings and a discussion of spindle cell tumours occurring at this site. Cytologically, large bizarre shaped pleomorphic cells were seen in which desmin was demonstrated in order to confirm the diagnosis after destaining a Papanicolaou stained slide and restaining it with antibody to desmin.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Immunocytochemistry of Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: NASIELL K. , TANI E. , SKOOG L.
Published: May 2007

The cytological and immunological findings of 81 metastatic melanomas are described. Fine needle aspiration was performed from secondary deposits in lymph nodes (38), subcutaneous and soft tissue (36), abdomen (5), lung (1) from 67 patients with histologically verified malignant melanoma. One patient had disease which had spread into the cerebrospinal fluid. Cytomorphologically the cases were classified as classical (47%), carcinoma‐like (22%), spindle cell type (14%), lymphoma like (6%), undifferentiated (6%), myxoid type (3%), and clear cell type (2%). All cases were immunologically characterized using antibodies to S‐100, vimentin and cytokeratin. All cases were S‐100 positive and the majority (96%) reacted with antibodies to vimentin. A weak heterogenous reactivity to cytokeratin antibody was detected in only eight cases. the HMB45 antibody was applied to 20 cases and 16 (80%) of these tumours were positive. In summary, we found that an immunological characterization was necessary to conclusively diagnose over 50% of metastatic melanomas which presented with an equivocal cytological picture.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Collagenous Spherulosis of the Breast
Authors: TYLER X. , COGHILL S. B.
Published: May 2007

We present a case of a 45‐year‐old woman with a benign breast lump in which collagenous spherulosis was an incidental finding. Since collagenous spherulosis has a similar appearance to adenoid cystic carcinoma of breast on fine needle aspiration cytology, the two conditions can easily be confused. the problem of making this important distinction is discussed.
Reporting of an Endocervical Component After A Previous Cervical Biopsy
Authors: MITCHELL P. , MEDLEY G.
Published: May 2007

The rate of reporting endocervical cells in the Papanicolaou smears of 579 women with a past history of cervical biopsy was compared with an age matched control group of women. During a time period when only spatulae (Ayre Lerner and Aylesbury) were used for sampling, 55% of the cases and 53% of the controls had the presence of endocervical cells reported. When cytobrushes as well as spatulae were used, the proportion rose to 70% for cases and 73% for controls. We conclude that the probability of endocervical cells being reported is not influenced by a past history of cervical biopsy, but is substantially improved if a combination of cytobrush and spatula is provided for sampling. Papanicolaou smear, endocervical, biopsy, case, control
Dna Ploidy Studies of Benign and Malignant Tumours: Comparison of Flow Cytometry and Image Analysis Techniques Using Two Types of Cytological Specimen
Authors: COHEN C. , TICKMAN R. J. , DEROSE P. B. , WHITAKER B. P.
Published: May 2007

DNA ploidy studies were carried out on Feulgen stained smears and cytocentrifuge preparations from 35 malignant tumours and four benign neoplasms using the CAS image analyser. the smears were prepared from scrapings from fresh tumour tissue whereas the cytocentrifuge preparations were prepared from single nuclear suspensions from paraffin‐embedded cell blocks from the same tumour. Histograms obtained by image analysis of the tumour scrapes were compared with those obtained on the cytocentrifuge preparations. Concordant results were obtained in four benign tumours (100%) and 32 malignant tumours (91%).

The results obtained by image analysis were also compared with results obtained by flow cytometry of the tumour tissue. Discordant results were obtained for three malignant tumours. Possible reasons for the discrepancy include sampling error, tumour heterogeneity and selective loss of cell populations during processing.
Immunocytochemical Staining of Serous Effusions With the Monoclonal Antibody Ber‐Ep4
Authors: DE ANGELIS M. , BULEY I. D. , HERYET A. , GRAY W.
Published: May 2007

Cytospin preparations were made from 102 serous effusions for immunocytochemical staining using a panel of monoclonal antibodies including a new monoclonal antibody Ber‐EP4. On cytological examination, 32 fluids were reported to contain tumour cells consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma; 66 contained benign cells only and three were reported to contain cells suspicious of malignancy. One eifusion contained tumour cells consistent with malignant mesothelioma. Positive staining of the tumour cells with Ber‐EP4 was observed in the 32 effusions (100%) which contained adenocarcinoma cells. No staining of the mesothelial cells in these 32 specimens was observed. Carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen Ca2 and CD 15 staining of tumour cells was noted in 53%, 50%, 50% and 9% of these cases, respectively. None of the mesothelial cells in the benign effusions stained with Ber‐EP4. Nor did the malignant mesothelial cells in the only case of malignant mesothelioma. These findings suggest that Ber‐EP4 is a valuable addition to antibodies available for the differential diagnosis of mesothelial cells and adenocarcinoma cells in serous effusions.
A Study of Cervical Cancer In Ethiopian Women
Authors: PELZER A. , DUNCAN M. E. , TIBAUX G. , MEHARI L.
Published: May 2007

In common with many African countries, Ethiopia has a very limited cytological service, smears are only taken in a hospital or clinic setting and until very recently most had to be sent abroad for analysis. We describe the results of a clinical and cytological investigation of 2111 women attending hospitals and clinics in Addis Ababa: 33 invasive or microinvasive cancers and 10 dysplasias (CIN) were detected. the prevalence of invasive cervical cancer in that population was 15.6/1000. Risk factors were shown to be age over 35 (especially over 50), parity over six (especially more than 10), very low income or subsistence economy, particularly in those from the rural areas, and prostitution. Less significant factors, possibly related to age, were sexual activity of more than 20 years and first coitus before the age of 15; and more than five sexual partners. Most (66%) of women with invasive cancer were at stage 3 or 4.
Immunocytochemical Staining of Ovarian Tumours With Ov632
Authors: OWENS O. J. , MUTCH F.
Published: May 2007

Ov632 monoclonal antibody, said to be highly specific for ovarian tumour tissue, was used to stain ovarian tumour cells in a variety of specimens to determine its sensitivity. Thirteen of the 41 samples investigated were negative suggesting a low sensitivity for Ov632.
‘Ciliated’ Tumour Cells In Ascitic Fluid From Two Cases of Cystadenocarcinoma of the Ovary
Authors: PALAORO L. , ROFRANO J. , DI ROMA D. , SCABUZZO M. , BEDINI R. , BLANCO A. M.
Published: May 2007

We report two cases of primary carcinoma of the ovary in which ‘ciliated’ adenocarcinoma cells were found in the ascitic fluid. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these were not true cilia but rather a prolific growth of abnormal microvilli. the cytological findings were compared with the histological appearances of the primary tumour. No ciliated cells were seen in the primary tumour, suggesting that the formation of the microvilli represented an independent proliferation of the cells in the fluid. Special staining reactions for mucin, alkaline phosphatase and epithelial membrane antigen were identical in the primary tumour and the cells in the ascitic fluid.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytodiagnosis of Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: GUPTA R. K. , MCHUTCHISON A. G. R. , SIMPSON J. S. , DOWLE C. S.
Published: May 2007

The cytopathological appearances of 14 cases of apocrine breast carcinoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology are described and the features compared to those seen in apocrine cells aspirated from benign cystic and solid lesions. Significant atypia must be observed before a diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma can be entertained.
Well Differentiated Follicular Neoplasms of the Thyroid: Reproducibility and Validity of A‘Decision Tree’Classification Based On Nucleolar and Karyometric Features
Authors: MONTIRONI R. , BRACCISCHI A. , SCARPELLI M. , SISTI S. , ALBERTI R.
Published: May 2007

This study was conducted on fine‐needle aspirates of well differentiated follicular neoplasms of the thyroid. A ‘decision tree’classification based on the percentage of nucleolated nuclei, percentage of nuclei with two or more nucleoli and mean major nuclear diameter was adopted. We observed that the reproducibility and the validity of the follicular adenoma vs follicular carcinoma discrimination are greater than in the subjective evaluation. Moreover, similar classification results were obtained when measurements were performed either with a fully automated image analysis system or with semiautomatic or manual instrumentation. As for reproducibility of the inter‐instrument comparisons, the k statistic values ranged from 0.85 to 1.00 (mean value 0.90, that is, an ‘almost perfect’degree of agreement); in the subjective evaluations, the inter‐observer comparisons showed values ranging from 0.20 to 0.56 (mean value 0.37, that is, ‘fair’). In the decision tree classification, feature value thresholds were selected in order to have specificity of 100% and the predictive value of a positive result (carcinoma) of 100%; accuracy was 87% (range 86–89%), sensitivity 74% (71–79%), the predictive value of a negative result (adenoma) 79% (78–82%). In the subjective evaluation the values were as follows: accuracy 67% (64–71%), sensitivity 57% (50–64%), specificity 77% (71–79%), predictive value of a negative result (adenoma) 64% (61–69%), predictive value of a positive result (carcinoma) 71% (67–75%). the conclusion is that, by using a routine microscope equipped with a micrometer, the preoperative diagnosis of follicular carcinoma from smears can be formulated with a high degree of certainty.
Leiomyosarcoma of the Breast; Cytological and Histological Features, With A Review of the Literature
Authors: PARHAM D. M. , ROBERTSON A. J. , HUSSEIN K. A. , DAVIDSON A. I. G.
Published: May 2007

This report describes the cytological and histological features of a leiomyosarcoma of the breast. the differential diagnosis of this rare tumour is discussed. Eleven well documented cases of leiomyosarcoma of the breast have been reported previously and details of these are included in this review.
Immunocytochemical Staining For the C‐Erbb‐2 Gene Product In Breast Aspirates: A Preliminary Report
Authors: FERNANDO I. N. , ALLAN S. M. , SANDLE J. , DEAN C. , SACKS N. , TROTTS P. A.
Published: May 2007

The results of the determination of c‐erbB‐2 gene expression by immunocytochemical staining of cytological aspirates, prepared by cytocentrifugation, have been compared with paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from the same tumour. Our results show equivalent staining in 20/22 cases, with six cases being both scored positive and fourteen cases being both negative. Two samples gave conflicting results. One case was scored as being positive on the cytological aspirate, whereas in the tissue sections taken from the same tumour positive staining was only seen in areas of non‐invasive intraduct carcinoma. This sample was scored as being negative. In another case, cytoplasmic staining with less than 50% of the cells showing any positivity was observed in the cytospin sample, with negative staining in the corresponding tissue section. We conclude that expression of c‐erbB‐2 immunostaining is detectable on cytological preparations prepared by cytocentrifugation but must be interpreted with caution in tumours which may have a large intraduct component or which give predominant cytoplasmic staining.
Impression Cytology In Patients With Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Authors: DE ROJAS M. V. , RODRIGUEZ M. T. , BLANCO J. A. CES. , SALORIO M. S.
Published: May 2007

Impression cytology is a simple and painless procedure that allows the collection of the superficial layers of the conjunctival epithelium. Each sample is assigned a grade of epithelial metaplasia, and goblet cell density is calculated in each one. We have studied the superior and temporal bulbar conjuctiva of dry eyes and have compared it with that of normal controls. In normal and dry eyes we find a statistically significant difference both in goblet cell density and grade of metaplasia, between superior and temporal bulbar conjunctiva. the differences in grade of metaplasia and goblet cell density between normal and dry eyes are significant in the superior conjunctiva, but in the temporal conjunctiva we only find significant differences in grade of metaplasia.
The Effect of Filtration On the Cellular Components In Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: MILMAN N. , JACOBSEN G. K. , FAURSCHOU P. , GRAUDAL N. , JØRGENSEN A.
Published: May 2007

The effect of filtration through two layers of cotton gauze on the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was studied in 25 patients with pulmonary disease. There was no significant difference between median total cell count in unfiltered and filtered BAL (P= 0.73) or in the distribution of neutrophils or eosinophils. the percentage of bronchial epithelial cells was significantly higher in unfiltered than in filtered BAL (P= 0.02). Furthermore, differential cell counts showed a significantly lower percentage of alveolar macrophages (P= 0.04), and a significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes (P=0.04) in unfiltered compared with filtered BAL. Thus, gauze filtration results in a loss of bronchial epithelial cells and lymphocytes, and is not recommended in the routine analysis of cellular components in BAL fluid.

L'effet de la filtration à travers deux couches de gaze de coton sur la composition cellulaire du liquide de lavage broncho‐alvéolaire (LBA) a étéétudié chez 25 patients atteints d'une pathologie pulmonaire. Aucune différence significative entre les échantillons filtrés et non filtrés n'a été trouvée en ce qui concerne la numération cellulaire totale moyenne (P=0.73) et la distribution des polynucléaires neutrophiles et eosinophiles. Le pourcentage de cellules épithéliales bronchiques est significativement plus élevé dans les échantillons non filtrés que dans ceux qui ont été filtrés (P= 0.02). Par ailleurs, le comptage differentiel montre un pourcentage plus faible de macrophages alveolaires (P=0.04) et un pourcentage plus élevé de lymphocytes (P= 0.04) dans les LBA non filtrés. La filtration à travers la gaze a pour résultat une perte des cellules épithéliales bronchiques et des lymphocytes et n'est donc pas à recommander pour l'analyse de routine des composants cellulaires du liquide de lavage broncho‐alvéolaire.

Die Auswirkung einer Filtration von BAL‐Material durch doppelte Baumwollgaze wurde am Material 25 Patienten untersucht. Es bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied der Zellzahl von gefiltertem und ungefiltertem Material (P= 0.73) oder im Abteil der Neutrophilen und Eosinophilen. Das Abteil des Bronchial epithelien war jedoch in ungefiltertem Material signifikant höher (P= 0.02). Differentialauszählungen zeigten einen signifikant geringeren Anteil an Alveolarmakrophagen (P= 0.04) und einen signifikant erhöhten an Lymphozyten (P= 0.04) in unfil‐triertem Material. Die Filtration führt also zu einem Verlust an Bronchialepithelien und Lymphozyten und ist deshalb für Routine‐untersuchungen von BAL nicht zu empfehlen.
Cytological Changes Associated With Tubo‐Endometrioid Metaplasia of the Uterine Cervix
Authors: HIRSCHOWITZ L. , ECKFORD S. D. , PHILLPOTTS B. , MIDWINTER A.
Published: May 2007

Two women who had undergone previous cervical surgery for the treatment of glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), were found to have severely dyskaryotic cells of glandular and metaplastic type in follow‐up cervical smears. A third patient was found to have similar abnormal cells in a routine screening smear. All of the patients were subjected to either hysterectomy or cervical conization and in all cases histological examination showed tubo‐endometrioid glands in the endocervix, well away from the uterine isthmus, with no associated endometrial stromal tissue. All of the cervical smears were reviewed and cytological features that facilitate the distinction between tubo‐endometrioid metaplasia and squamous or glandular dyskaryosis were identified. These features include the smaller size of affected cells, more marked nuclear hyperchromasia, inconspicuous nucleoli, the formation of glandular structures, the lack of discrete squamous dyskaryosis and the absence of the typical ‘feathering’ noted with GIN. the possibility of tubo‐endometrioid metaplasia should be considered when atypical glandular or metaplastic cells are noted in cervical smears, particularly, but not exclusively, in women who have been treated for CIN or GIN. In the presence of these changes clinicians should rebiopsy the cervix before embarking on further unnecessary surgery which may adversely affect fertility and pregnancy, particularly in younger patients.
Actinomycosis in fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: DAS D. K.
Published: May 2007

Four cases of actinomycosis were diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and eight more cases were detected during a review of FNA smears reported as inflammatory. the age of these 12 cases ranged from 20 to 61 years with a median of 35 years. the male to female ratio was 3:1. the common regions of involvement were cervicofacial in seven cases (58.3%), thoracic in three (25.0%) and abdominal in two (16.7%). Four of the seven cervicofacial cases presented with intra‐oral masses; the thoracic lesions were pulmonary in location, and the abdominal lesions presented as bowel masses. the possibility of actinomycosis was not considered clinically in any case. the main reason for missed cytodiagnosis in two thirds of the cases appeared to be observer error. It is suggested that when the aspiration smear from a mass is found to be an inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils, special efforts must be made to look for this microorganism.
Evaluation of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules
Authors: HOLLEMAN F. , HOEKSTRA J. B. L. , RUITENBERG H. M.
Published: May 2007

FNA cytology of 112 patients with thyroid nodules seen in a 5‐year period in a general hospital setting, and the histology obtained from the 53 operated patients, were retrospectively analysed. the inadequacy rate of FNA cytology was 11%, sensitivity was 84% (16/19), specificity was 52% (15/29), positive predictive value was 53% (16/30) and negative predictive value was 83% (15/18). Extrapolating these figures to the whole study group a negative predictive value of 95% is put forward as a more realistic figure. the results and the clinical pitfalls of the use of FNA cytology in diagnosing thyroid nodules are discussed. the authors conclude that FNA cytology is a reliable first diagnostic step in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules, even in a general hospital setting.
bel‐2 protein in breast cancer cells obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA): a preliminary report
Authors: TRONCONE G. , ZEPPA P. , VETRANI A. , D'ARCANGELO A. , FULCINITI F. , DE DIVITIIS B. , PALOMBINI L.
Published: May 2007

The bcl‐2 protein plays a role in the regulation of programmed cell death (PCD), overriding apoptosis. Its expression has been reported in breast ductal cells, where it is believed to be involved in the hormonal regulation of hyperplasia and involution. to date, bcl‐2 gene product has not been investigated on breast cancer FNA. the expression of bcl‐2 protein was evaluated using an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique in 54 pre‐operative breast cancer aspirates and in paraffin‐embedded sections from 20 matched surgical specimens. A high rate of bcl‐2 protein expression was found on FNA samples (65%) and on the corresponding tissue sections (60%); there was a nearly absolute concordance in the two specimens, with 19/20 (95%) cases showing a concordant staining. These findings concur with the view that bcl‐2 gene is frequently expressed in breast cancer, possibly through a hormonal‐dependent pathway.
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours; a review of 22 years experience
Authors: WILLÉN H. , ÅKERMAN M. , CARLÉN B.
Published: May 2007

FNA plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis of soft tissue tumours. A close clinical/morphologic cooperation is essential. FNA should be performed on the most accessible part of the tumour, avoiding penetration of the deep portions of the tumour. Needles 0.7 mm (22 G) are recommended. For deep lesions, needles with a stylet should be used. After the FNA, tattooing of the aspiration channel is recommended, and the channel is surgically removed together with the tumour, if a sarcoma. Material from the FNA can be used for additional examinations, i.e. electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, DNA ploidy analysis and chromosomal analysis. Those techniques are of great importance in the differential diagnosis, particularly in the paediatric small/round cell tumours. the majority of sarcomas can be defined as low grade or high grade malignant in FNA. For malignancy grading the following parameters are used: cellularity, pleomorphism, chromatin pattern, nucleolar structure, mitotic figures and necroses. Cytodiagnostic details of the most common soft tissue tumours and their differential diagnoses are presented.
Carcinoma of buccal mucosa in smokeless tobacco users: a preliminary study of the use of cytology for early detection
Authors: ERENMEMISOGLU A. , USTUN H. , KARTAL M.
Published: May 2007

A type of smokeless tobacco, known as Maras powder, is widely used in lieu of cigarettes in the south‐eastern region of Turkey. In the present study, we evaluated cytological smears obtained from the lesion of lower lip mucosa of 80 smokeless tobacco users. There were severe epithelial abnormalities in seven out of the 80 subjects. Punch biopsies from these cases disclosed dysplasia in three cases, carcinoma in situ in two, and carcinoma in the other two cases. There was mild dysplasia in two punch biopsies of the remaining 73 cases. Oral cancer in tobacco powder users appeared to be related to the length of use, as it was observed only in subjects with 15 or more years of exposure.
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) appearances of malignant myoepithelioma of the parotid gland
Authors: DI PALMA S. , ALASIO L. , PILOTTI S.
Published: May 2007

We describe the FNA features of five cases of malignant parotid myoepithelioma, the majority of which were thought clinically to be recurrent pleomorphic adenomas. A major finding was cell shape variation: round‐oval, polygonal or spindle‐shaped, with basophilic cytoplasm. Many were epithelial and plasmacytoid‐like and had nuclear grooves, pseudoinclusions, and multinucleation. the true myoepithelial nature of the neoplastic cells was identified in all cases, but only two showed obvious cytological malignant features, both initially and on re‐examination. FNA of malignant myoepithelioma may thus show overt features of malignancy, or may lack atypia and malignancy can only be identified on histology. the correct diagnosis can be predicted in FNA samples in certain cases, both in terms of typing and malignancy, whilst sometimes only the myoepithelial nature of the lesion can be assessed.
Examination of cytological smears and clot sections prepared from pleural fluids: a comparative study
Authors: DHUNDEE J. , COTTER M. , GIBBS A. R.
Published: May 2007

Between January 1989 and May 1990, the Department of Cytology of Llandough Hospital examined 784 pleural fluid cytological preparations, 99 of which were also examined as paraffin wax sections of clots that had formed. to assess whether this practice yields worthwhile information, we reviewed the cytology and clot sections of 99 patients with pleural effusions and correlated the results with subsequent histology and review of clinical case notes. the specificities of each method separately and when combined was high: 92% clot section, 85% smear cytology and 85% combined. the sensitivity using clot section alone was 49%, smear cytology alone 46% and in combination, 54%. Analysis showed no significant difference between these sensitivities. When pleural fluid clot formation occurs, we recommend the continued examination of clot sections, since it yields an increase in positive diagnoses, albeit not statistically significant.

Entre janvier 1989 et mai 1990, 784 préparations cytologiques de liquides pleuraux ont été examinées dans le département de Cytologie de l'Hôpital Llandough. Parmi ces 784 cas, 99 contenaient un coagulum qui a fait l'objet également de coupes histologiques apres inclusion en paraffine. Afin de déterminer si cette pratique apporte une information intéressante, la cytologie de ces 99 patients et les coupes obtenues á partir du coagulum ont été revues, puis les résultats one été corrélés avec les résultats histologiques et avec I'analyse des données cliniques. Les valeurs de la spécificité de chacune des méthodes et des deux méthodes associées sont élevées: 92% pout les coupes du coagulum, 85% pour la cytologie d'étalement et 85% pour les deux méthodes combinées. Les valeurs pour la sensibilité sont de 49% pour les coupes de coagulum, de 46% pour la cytologie seule et de 54% en combinant les deux methodes. L'analyse ne met pas en évidence de différence significativé de sensibilitk entre les méthodes. Lorsqu'un coagulum s'est formé dans un liquide pleural, nous recornmandons de poursuivre la pratique de l'inclusion en paraffine et de coupe de ce coagulum puisque cette pratique aboutit à une augmentation du taux de diagnostics positifs, même si la différence n'est pas démontrée statistiquement.

Das zytologische Labor des Llandough Hospitals untersuchte zwischen Januar 1989 und Mai 1990 784 Pleurapunktate. Von 99 wurden ausserdem paraffinge‐schnittone Clotpräparate angefertigt. Um den Wert dieses Verfahrens zu überprüfen wurden diese Ergebnisse mit späteren histologischen Proben und der Patientengeschichte korreliert. Die Spezifitaten betrugen: 92% für Clot, 85% für Ausstriche und 85% für die Kombination. Die Sensitivitäten: 49% für Clot, 46% für Ausstriche und 54% für die Kombination. Die Unterschiede sind statistisch nicht signifikant, trotzdem sollten Gerinnsel bei Vorhandensein histologisch verarbeitet werden.
Can early subclinical gait changes in children with haemophilia be identified using the GAITRite®walkway
Authors: BLADEN M. , ALDERSON L. , KHAIR K. , LIESNER R. , GREEN J. , MAIN E.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Development of haemophilic arthropathy has long‐term implications for functional mobility in people with haemophilia, but early manifestations are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. Earlier identification of joint damage may improve outcomes. The aim of this case note review was to determine whether the GAITRite®system (electronic pressure sensitive walkway) could identify early changes in gait patterns in boys with haemophilia compared with their peers.

Clinic data from medical and physiotherapy notes of boys with severe haemophilia were compared with data from age and leg length‐matched controls. Data from two consecutive walks at preferred speed were collected on all participants using the GAITRite®system.

Clinic assessment notes from 26 boys (aged 7–17 years) with severe haemophilia were identified. Of these, 20 boys had no evidence of joint pathology on assessment and six boys had radiographic evidence of arthropathy. When these data were compared with normal controls, there were statistically significant increases in swing time, stance time, single support and double support in the asymptomatic group (P < 0.01) suggesting subtle early compensatory changes in gait pattern. The children with arthropathy had additional significant differences in their gait compared with matched controls. These differences included normalized velocity, step length, stride length, step time and base of support (P < 0.01).

The GAITRite®system appears sensitive enough to identify early subtle changes in gait and differentiate between asymptomatic boys with haemophilia and those with arthropathy in comparison with a matched control group. The electronic walkway is an accessible and portable means of providing quantitative gait analysis in the clinical environment. This is an important finding as early identification of gait changes may provide clinicians with the opportunity to intervene with the aim of arresting progression of joint damage.
A novel ATP‐binding cassette transporter from Leishmania is involved in transport of phosphatidylcholine analogues and resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids
Authors: Castanys‐Muñoz Esther , Alder‐Baerens Nele , Pomorski Thomas , Gamarro Francisco , Castanys Santiago
Published: May 2007

ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent an important family of membrane proteins involved in drug resistance and other biological activities. The present work reports the characterization of the first ABC subfamily G (ABCG)‐like transporter, LiABCG4, in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. LiABCG4 localized mainly to the parasite plasma membrane. Overexpression of this half‐transporter reduced the accumulation of phosphatidylcholine analogues and conferred resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids. Likewise, when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein localized to the yeast plasma membrane and conferred resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids. Post‐Golgi secretory vesicles isolated from a LiABCG4‐overexpressing yeast mutant contained the leishmanial ABC transporter and exhibited ATP‐dependent, vanadate‐sensitive transport of phosphatidylcholine analogues from the cytosolic to the lumenal leaflet of the vesicle membrane. Cross‐linking showed dimerization of LiABCG4. These results suggest that LiABCG4 is involved in the active transport of phosphatidylcholine and resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids in Leishmania.
Oscillating focus of SopA associated with filamentous structure guides partitioning of F plasmid
Authors: Hatano Toshiyuki , Yamaichi Yoshiharu , Niki Hironori
Published: May 2007

The F plasmid is actively partitioned to daughter cells by the sopABC gene. To elucidate the partitioning mechanisms, we simultaneously analysed movements of the plasmid and the SopA ATPase in single living cells. SopA, which is a putative motor protein assembled densely near nucleoid borders and formed a single discrete focus associated with less dense filamentous distribution along the long axis of the cell. The dense SopA focus oscillates between cell poles. The direction of the plasmid motion switches as the SopA focus switches its position. The velocity of the plasmid motion stays constant while it oscillates moving towards the SopA focus. The low density filamentous distribution of SopA persisted throughout the SopA oscillation. The focus associated with filamentous distribution of SopA was also observed in a cell without nucleoid. The SopA filament may guide the movement of the plasmid as a railway track and lead it to cell quarters.
Class I and class II lysyl‐tRNA synthetase mutants and the genetic encoding of pyrrolysine in Methanosarcina spp.
Authors: Mahapatra Anirban , Srinivasan Gayathri , Richter Kerstin B. , Meyer Andrew , Lienard Tanja , Zhang Jun Kai , Zhao Gang , Kang Patrick T. , Chan Michael , Gottschalk Gerhard , Metcalf William W. , Krzycki Joseph A.
Published: May 2007

Methanosarcina spp. begin methanogenesis from methylamines with methyltransferases made via the translation of UAG as pyrrolysine. In vitro evidence indicates two possible routes to pyrrolysyl‐tRNAPyl. PylS ligates pyrrolysine to tRNAPyl. Alternatively, class I and class II lysyl‐tRNA synthetases (LysRS1 and LysRS2) together form lysyl‐tRNAPyl, a potential intermediate to pyrrolysyl‐tRNAPyl. The unusual possession of both LysRS1 and LysRS2 by Methanosarcina spp. may also reflect differences in catalytic properties. Here we assessed the in vivo relevance of these hypotheses. The lysK and mtmB transcripts, encoding LysRS1 and monomethylamine methyltransferase, were detectable in Methanosarcina barkeri during early log growth on trimethylamine, but not methanol. In contrast, lysS transcript encoding LysRS2 was detectable during log phase with either substrate. Methanosarcina acetivorans strains bearing deletions of lysK or lysS grew normally on methanol and methylamines with wild‐type levels of monomethylamine methyltransferase and aminoacyl‐tRNAPyl. The lysK and lysS genes could not replace pylS in a recombinant system employing tRNAPyl for UAG suppression. The results support an association of LysRS1 with growth on methylamine, but not an essential role for LysRS1/LysRS2 in the genetic encoding of pyrrolysine. However, decreased lysyl‐tRNALys in the lysS mutant provides a possible rationale for stable transfer of the bacterial lysS gene to methanoarchaea.
Scl1‐dependent internalization of group A Streptococcus via direct interactions with the α2β1 integrin enhances pathogen survival and re‐emergence
Authors: Caswell Clayton C. , Lukomska Ewa , Seo Neung‐Seon , Höök Magnus , Lukomski Slawomir
Published: May 2007

The molecular pathogenesis of infections caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS) is not fully understood. We recently reported that a recombinant protein derived from the collagen‐like surface protein, Scl1, bound to the human collagen receptor, integrin α2β1. Here, we investigate whether the same Scl1 variant expressed by GAS cells interacts with the integrin α2β1 and affects the biological outcome of host–pathogen interactions. We demonstrate that GAS adherence and internalization involve direct interactions between surface expressed Scl1 and the α2β1 integrin, because (i) both adherence and internalization of the scl1‐inactivated mutant were significantly decreased, and were restored by in‐trans complementation of Scl1 expression, (ii) GAS internalization was reduced by pre‐treatment of HEp‐2 cells with anti‐α2 integrin‐subunit antibody and type I collagen, (iii) recombinant α2‐I domain bound the wild‐type GAS cells and (iv) internalization of wild‐type cells was significantly increased in C2C12 cells expressing the α2β1 integrin as the only collagen‐binding integrin. Next, we determined that internalized GAS re‐emerges from epithelial cells into the extracellular environment. Taken together, our data describe a new molecular mechanism used by GAS involving the direct interaction between Scl1 and integrins, which increases the overall capability of the pathogen to survive and re‐emerge.
Pigmented Basal Cell Epithelioma Arising in the Scar of an Onchocerciasis Nodule
Authors: Aram Homayoun , Barsky Sidney
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: Pigmented basal ceil epithelioma (BCE) arose in the scar of an onchocercoma nodule in a 45‐year‐old white man. There were extensive fibrosis. inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia. and nests of basal cancer cells. The authors believe that the development of epithelioma in this case was more than a chance occurrence. There is little doubt that the malignant change was subsequent to the scarring‐proliferative process of the disease. To the authors’knowledge, this complication has not been reported previously.
A Clinical and Mycologic Study of Tinea Corporis and Pedis in Puerto Rico
Authors: Vázquez Miguel , Sánchez Jorge L.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: A study of the causative agents of tinea corporis and pedis in Puerto Rico in 1982 disclosed four different dermatophytes from a total of 97 cases. Among the total of 49 fungus specimens collected in tinea corporis, the mycologic flora consisted of four different fungus species: Trichophyton rubrum, 42 isolates (85.7%); Epidermophyton floccosum, 4 (8.1%); Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 2 (4%); and Microsporum ferrugineum, 1 (2%). Among the total of 48 fungus specimens collected in tinea pedis, the mycologic flora consisted of 3 different fungus species as follows: T. rubrum, 35 isolates (72.9%); T. mentagrophytes 8 (16.6%); and E. floccosum, 5 (10.4%). Trichophyton rubrum caused 77 of 97 fungal isolates (79.3%). One surprising finding was the isolation of M. ferrugineum in a case of tinea corporis, documenting the first autochtonous case of this species in the island. This dermatophyte had previously been known only in Japan and adjacent areas of the Far East, Southern Europe, and Africa.
Woringer‐Kolopp Disease
Authors: Waitzer Sloane , Fisher Benjamin K.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: Woringer‐Kolopp disease usually manifests as a solitary cutaneous patch or several patches confined to a single body region. While most cases have a good prognosis, there have been rare reports of cases with an aggressive course and a fatal outcome. The authors present two women who are alive with this condition, which, they believe is a variant of mycosis fungoides.
Linear Basal Cell Epithelioma
Authors: Lewis John Edgar
Published: May 2007

Abstract: A 73‐year‐old Celtic man presented with a linear pigmented 20‐mm lesion on the left infraorbitai cheek (Fig. 1). Clinical impression was pigmented basal cell epithelioma. Removal was accomplished by linear excision under local anesthesia. The wound was closed with a running 5–0 nylon sbcuticular suture, which was removed 6 days postoperatively. The cosmetic result was considered excellent (Fig. 2). Microscopic examination revealed nodular masses of basal neoplastic cells in the dermis typical of basal cell epithelioma. In the tumor and in the stroma were deposits of melanin, some of which were seen in melano‐phages. The lateral margins and base of transverse sections through the ellipse were free of tumor.
Thalidomide Therapy
Authors: Naafs B. , Faber W. R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: In an open trial, 35 patients suffering from a variety of dermatologic conditions were treated with thalid‐omide. The drug was shown to be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium; however, the occurrence of a peripheral neuropathy will limit its use just as its teratogenic side effects have done for many years.
Long‐term Ketoconazole Treatment of Chronic Acral Dermatophyte Infections
Authors: Hersle Kjell , Mobacken Hakan , Moberc Sven
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Ketoconazole 200–400 mg was given once daily for a maximum period of 12 months to 31 patients with chronic (mean duration, 12 years) dermatophyte infections of the hands and/or feet. Griseofulvin had previously been withdrawn due to intolerance or lack of effect. All skin and nail infections improved clinically. Fifty percent of the patients with skin infections and 26% of those with nail infections became clinically clear and culture‐negative. Six months later, relapses had occurred in 8 of 12 patients (67%) with cleared skin lesions, and in 2 of 5 (40%) with cleared nail infections. Ketoconazole was discontinued in one patient due to headache and in another due to asymptomatic transient elevation of hepatic laboratory tests. Ketoconazole is an alternative when a replacement for griseofulvin is required, provided the degree of disability justifies the risk of drug toxicity.
Etretinate in the Treatment of Disseminated Porokeratosis of Mibelli
Authors: Hacham‐Zadeh Shoshana , Holubar Karl
Published: May 2007

Abstract: ABSTRACT: A 30‐year‐old man with disseminated porokeratosis of Mibelli (DPKM) was treated with oral etretinate. The dose ranged between 75 mg/day and 50 mg/day for 21 weeks. An improvement of the lisions was observed especially of very painful verrucous plaques of the left shin. No serious side effects was seen. The patient, who had been incapacitated, is now able to work. The benefit of long‐term therapy of etretinate should ne considered against its side effects.
Anthralin Therapy for Alopecia Areata
Authors: Nelson Dan A. , Spielvogel RichardL.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Topical anthralin application producing a brisk irritant contact dermatitis has been reported to have therapeutic benefit in alopecia areata. A pilot clinical study was undertaken to determine whether topical anthralin application in doses low enough to produce only minimal contact dermatitis would produce a similar therapeutic response. None of the patients in the study received any benefit from this low‐dose regimen. If anthralin is of benefit in the therapy of alopecia areata, a significant irritant contact dermatitis is apparently required.
Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Studies of the Langerhans' cells
Authors: Bian Zhao , Bing‐He Wang
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: In the guinea pig, experimental allergic contact dermatis (ACD) and primary irritant contact dermatitis (PICD) were induced with different concentrations of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The epidermal Langerhans' cells (LCs) were observed sequentially by both adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and electron microscopy. Light mircroscopically, in ACD, the density and dendritic processses of LC decreased markedly withih 12 h after antigen challenge. Almost no recognization LCs could be seen within 2 to 5 days. Later, LCs began to repopulate in the epidermis. Within 14 days, the density and shape of the LCs returned to normal. On the contrary, Lcs changed more rapidly in PICD. The dendritic processes of LC decreased within 2 h and cell density decreased dramatically within 6 h after DNCB application. LCs also repopulated more rapidly in the epidermis. Electron microscopically, in ACD, we observed that lymphocyte‐like cells apposed to Lcs; LCs were activated and damged; however, in PICD we found neither the apposition of lymphocyte‐like cells to LCs, nor the activation of Lcs. LCs play an important role in the convalescence phase as well as in the early and later phases of contact allergic reaction.