bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of nanosize cadmium sulfide particles with a silk fibroin membrane and their photocatalytic activity
Authors: Feng Xin‐Xing , Chen Jian‐Yong , Yao Ju‐Ming , Zhang Jian‐Chun
Published: May 2006

We present a novel method for the synthesis of nanosize CdS particles with a silk fibroin membrane, which were characterized with UV spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy. The UV spectra showed a clear blueshift in the absorption edge for the CdS particles prepared at different concentrations. XRD showed the prevailing crystal were the cube ZnS crystals formed. The particle sizes were calculated from the band gaps with the effective mass approximate model, suggesting that they were dependent on the concentration of the precursors. Meanwhile, nanosize CdS had good photocatalytic activity throughout the photocatalytic degradation experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2162–2166, 2006
Decision trees as applied to the robust estimation of diffusion coefficients in polyolefins
Authors: Vitrac Olivier , Lézervant Jérôme , Feigenbaum Alexandre
Published: May 2006

This study dealt with decision trees as used to predict diffusion coefficients (D's) in polyolefins of molecules with molecular weights ranging between 50 and 1200 g/mol at 23 and 40°C. The approach was tested on 657 D's (267 molecules) mainly collected by the European working group SMT‐CT98‐7513. According to a reptation‐like mechanism of transport, three topological molecular descriptors, the Van‐der‐Waals volume, the gyration radius, and a dimensionless shape parameter, were proposed as both classifiers and regressors. They were calculated from the minimized and oriented structure in the absence of interaction with the polymer matrix. The foreseen ability of regression trees was tested by both cross‐validation and bootstrap sampling for a wide number of classes. Optimally pruned trees provided correlation coefficients ranging between 0.74 and 0.96 for each tested polymer. The effects of the volume of diffusing molecules predominated in polyethylene, whereas a combination of the three parameters was required in polypropylene. D overestimates, which are particularly useful for checking the compliance of food contact materials, were derived and validated from the upper percentiles of the D values observed in each terminal class. The use of decision trees as a tool for data assimilation is discussed. We concluded that the proposed descriptors were a priori (without a preliminary fitting) able to gather molecules with similar D values without introducing any significant bias. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2167–2186, 2006
The influence of thermal cycling and compressive force on the resistance of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid)‐coated surfaces
Authors: Lam L. , McBride J. W. , Swingler J.
Published: May 2006

There is an increasing interest in the use of conducting polymers for a wide variety of applications. This includes the study and development of alternative contact‐connector materials. The main aim is to achieve overall improvements in performance as well as cost effectiveness. Currently, extrinsic conducting polymers (ECPs) are employed as conductive coats or adhesives at contact interfaces. However, frictional abrasion within the metal‐doped polymer (ECP) causes instability in the resistance. It is important to overcome this fretting effect, especially in automotive applications; hence, the possibilities of employing intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are explored. Flat contact film coatings have been fabricated in‐house using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiopene)/poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS) with dimethylformamide as the secondary solvent. Resistance is measured using the four‐wire method. The conductivities of the PEDOT/PSS‐coated contacts are found to be in the order of 10−2 S cm−1. The change of resistance under varying compression forces has been found to be repeatable. The thermal effects on these contacts are also studied and the results are depicted as exponential negative temperature coefficients of resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2445–2452, 2006
Medicated wound dressings based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)/chitosan hydrogels
Authors: Yu Haijun , Xu Xiaoyi , Chen Xuesi , Hao Jingquan , Jing Xiabin
Published: May 2006

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/chitosan hydrogels were prepared by a low‐temperature treatment and subsequent 60Co γ‐ray irradiation and then were medicated with ciprofloxacin lactate (an antibiotic) and chitosan oligomer (molecular weight = 3000 g/mol). The gel content, swelling ratio, tensile strength, and crystallinity of the hydrogels were determined. The effects of the chitosan molecular weight, the low‐temperature treatment procedure, and the radiation dosage on the hydrogel properties were examined. The molecular weight of chitosan was lowered by the irradiation, but its basic polysaccharide structure was not destroyed. Repeating the low‐temperature treatment and γ‐ray irradiation caused effective physical crosslinking and chemical crosslinking, respectively, and contributed to the mechanical strength of the final hydrogels. The incorporation of PVP and chitosan resulted in a significant improvement in the equilibrium swelling ratio and elongation ratio of the prepared hydrogels. The ciprofloxacin lactate and chitosan oligomer were soaked into the hydrogels. Their in vitro release behaviors were examined, and they were found to follow diffusion‐controlled kinetics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2453–2463, 2006
Sound attenuation in composite friction materials containing thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Masoomi M. , Katbab A. A. , Nazockdast H.
Published: May 2006

Attempts have been made for the first time to modify and improve the sound attenuation ability of a friction material by the inclusion of combined plastic/rubber properties of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) as viscoelastic polymeric materials, into the formulation. To evaluate the attenuation coefficient (α) and also the real part wave number (k′) for the friction material, the viscoelastic parameters such as loss factor (tan δ) and elastic modulus (E′) were measured by the use of dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS), styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS) and nitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC) blend system were used as TPE materials. However, SEBS and NBR/PVC were found to be much more effective in reducing the sound propagating speed as well as the sound level. All the friction materials containing TPEs exhibited more sound damping behavior at a wide range of temperature compared with the reference sample. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2187–2194, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyarylates bearing NLO moieties
Authors: Zadrożna Irmina , Wierzbicki Michał , Kaczorowska Ewa
Published: May 2006

A series of thermally stable second‐order nonlinear optical polyarylates containing azo side‐chain groups have been obtained by interfacial polycondensation. Theoretical calculations of the static hyperpolarizabilities, first‐ and second‐order hyperpolarizability, were carried out. The structures of the obtained monomers and polymers were confirmed by infrared, 1H NMR and ultraviolet spectroscopies. Thermal and optical properties of the obtained polymers were evaluated. The investigations show that some of the new polymers obtained in this study may find use in optical applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2195–2201, 2006
Preparation and characterization of high efficiency ion‐exchange crosslinked acrylic fibers
Authors: Shoushtari Ahmad M. , Zargaran Mojdeh , Abdouss Majid
Published: May 2006

Commercial acrylic fiber samples were first pretreated with hydrazine under various concentrations to give crosslinked structure. Then, the crosslinked fiber samples with different degree of crosslinking were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to develop ion‐exchange fibers. These fibers contain amidoxime, amine, amide, and hydrazide groups simultaneously. The effects of reaction conditions on physical properties, thermal characteristics, surface morphology, ion adsorption quantity, and reusability were investigated. The results show that by increasing the reaction time, temperature, and concentration of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the content of amidoxime groups in all samples were increased, but with noncrosslinked fibers noticeable drop in the mechanical properties were observed, while in crosslinked sample prepared under optimum conditions of reaction, good ion adsorption capacity with keeping mechanical properties was achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2202–2209, 2006
Carboxymethylation of γ‐irradiated starch
Authors: Wu Zongwen , Song Xinyuan
Published: May 2006

Low viscosity carboxymethyl corn starch was prepared by the reaction of γ‐irradiated starch with monochloroacetic acid in the presence of alkali. It was found that irradiation dose influences the product viscosity remarkably. The viscosity decreases as the irradiation dose level increases; however, the viscosity increases with the increasing dose rate and the degree of substitution (DS). γ‐Irradiation can activate the starch to react with monochloroacetic acid, and the more of the irradiation dose, the higher of the DS and the reaction efficiency. The product has the character of low viscosity at high concentration, and the more of the irradiation dose, the more similar of the rheological behavior to a Newtonian liquid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2210–2215, 2006
Mechanical properties of recycled PVC blends with styrenic polymers
Authors: Garcia David , Balart Rafael , Crespo Jose Enrique , Lopez Juan
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study is to improve the performance of blends made from recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC), coming from credit card waste, so that these blends can be used for those applications that must fulfil some requirements with regard to mechanical properties and stability with temperature alterations. With this aim in mind, two polymers of styrenic origin have been combined: styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). These polymers are characterized by a satisfactory balance of mechanical properties and thermal stability. PVC blends with both virgin and recycled styrenic polymers have been studied throughout the entire range of compositions. The prior degradation of the recycled materials has been studied by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The behavior of the observed Tg values has been analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the existence of partial miscibility between the different components has been studied. The mechanical properties have been determined using tensile and Charpy impact tests. The thermal stability of the PVC blends with temperature changes has been determined using the Vicat softening temperature (VST). Finally, the fracture surface of the various blends has been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2464–2471, 2006
Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene: Study of catalyst components and polymerization conditions
Authors: Jamjah Roghieh , Zohuri Gholam Hossien , Masnadi Mitra , Ahmadjo Saied , Nekomanesh Mehdi
Published: May 2006

Syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS) was prepared using monotitanocene catalyst of cyclopentadienyl titanium trichloride (CpTiCl3) activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO). Solution polymerization was carried out in toluene using different polymerization conditions. Syndiotacticity index (SI) between 68 and 91.6% was obtained. Increasing Al/Ti molar ratio shows an increase in both conversion percentage and SI. The conversion increased linearly with increasing Al/Ti molar ratio in the range studied. The conversion reached to an optimum value of about 65% at styrene/Al molar ratio of 2.83, while no regular behavior of SI was observed with changing the ratio. Effect of temperature of the range 50–80°C on polymerization was studied. The most favorable temperature for the polymerization regarding activity is 70°C; however SI decreased with temperature up to 80°C. H2 value to 140 mL/100 mL solvent increased the productivity of the catalyst, however further increase of H2 reduced the activity of the catalyst. Polymerization time of 15 to 125 min shows a decrease in activity. The decrease was sharper for about 30 min of polymerization than longer time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2216–2221, 2006
Reaction of uric acid with excess of propylene carbonate
Authors: Lubczak Jacek
Published: May 2006

New method of synthesis of polyetherols with purine ring by reaction of propylene carbonate with uric acid is presented. The influence of kind of catalyst, and molar ratio of substrates on structure, and physical properties of polyetherols; density, viscosity, surface tension, and refractive index were determined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2482–2487, 2006
The preparation of molecularly imprinted poly(o‐phenylenediamine) membranes for the specific O,O‐dimethyl‐α‐hydroxylphenyl phosphonate sensor and its characterization by AC impedance and cyclic voltammetry
Authors: Liu Xingyuan , Li Chunya , Wang Changfa , Li Ting , Hu Shengshui
Published: May 2006

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane for sensing O,O‐dimethyl‐α‐hydroxylphenyl phosphonate (DHP) has been prepared by electropolymerizing o‐phenylenediamine on the glassy carbon electrodes in the presence of DHP. Optimization studies with the aim to enhance insulating properties and response kinetics of the polymer membrane were carried out with respect to template molecular concentration, the monomers concentration, the polymer membrane thick and scan rate. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance have been used to characterize the behavior of MIP polymer membrane. The capacitive measurements were also certified the imprinting effect of the polymer layers. The experimental results showed that DHP imprinted polymer has better recognition property for the template than that of a blank polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2222–2227, 2006
Fracture behaviors of metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene elastomer via silane crosslinking
Authors: Lai S.‐M. , Liu J.‐L. , Chen Y.‐C. , Chang K.‐H.
Published: May 2006

Silane moisture‐cured metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene (mPE) to form an elastomer has been prepared. Metallocene polyethylenes with two different levels of comonomer contents were grafted with various amounts of vinyltriethoxy silane. “Threshold” fracture energy is roughly proportional to the reciprocal square root of Young's modulus. By relating tensile strength to tear strength, the corrected average depth of flaw is in the range of 40.5 ± 11.0 μm, which successfully confirms the extension of conventional elastomeric theory to the low crystalline vulcanizates under some limitations. The cutting strength of mPE vulcanizates gives an intermediate value when compared with crystalline plastics and conventional elastomer, and is comparable with other evaluations of cutting strength for different types of materials, which further signifies the importance of crystalline yielding even in the nano‐fracture zone of deformation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2472–2481, 2006
Evaluation of cord/rubber adhesion by a new fatigue test method
Authors: Jamshidi M. , Afshar F. , Shamayeli B.
Published: May 2006

Polymer adhesion and its evaluation are important from academic and industrial points of view. Today cords are used to reinforce rubber in various products. Cord–rubber adhesion can be evaluated using static and dynamic methods. The static methods are commonly used for qualification of raw materials. These methods are not suitable for prediction of durability of the cord/rubber system in real conditions. The dynamic adhesion tests (e.g., fatigue method) involve some important parameters to simulate the real conditions of cord/rubber composite usage. So they produce reliable results in comparison with static adhesion results. Increase in temperature of cord/rubber system occurs during utilization of product. Adhesion usually decreases with increasing temperature. So the static adhesion test (e.g., H‐pull test) results that are measured in the ambient temperature (23 ± 2°C) cannot be considered as the composite's performance in the utilization condition. Although heat build up occurs in the test samples during the fatigue test procedure, but this is not enough to illustrate the decreasing effect of the increased temperature on the results. The authors produced a heat chamber to improve the dynamic test. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2488–2494, 2006
Studies on molecular transport of n‐alkanes through poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐propylene) elastomeric membrane
Authors: Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa Y. , Kulkarni Sangeeta B. , Kulkarni Srikant S. , Kittur Arjumand A.
Published: May 2006

Molecular transport of a series of n‐alkanes through commercial TFE elastomer (FA 150L) has been studied in the temperature range 30–50 °C using sorption‐gravimetric method. The Fickian diffusion equation was used to calculate the diffusion coefficients, which were dependent on the size of the alkanes and temperature. The diffusion coefficients at 30°C varied from 4.53 × 10−8 cm2/s (n‐heptane) to 0.18 × 10−8 cm2/s (n‐hexadecane). The liquid concentration profiles have also been computed using analytical solution of Fick's equation with the appropriate initial and boundary conditions and these were presented as a function of penetration depth of molecular migration and time of immersion. These results have been discussed in terms of molecular size of alkanes as well as temperature. In all the liquid penetrants, the transport phenomenon was found to follow the anomalous behavior. From the temperature dependence of diffusion and permeation coefficients, the Arrhenius activation parameters have been estimated. These parameters do not exhibit any systematic variation with the size of the penetrants. The resulting low diffusion coefficients, contribute to the superior barrier performance of the membrane, is due, in part, to the high glass transition temperature of Aflas™ TFE elastomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2228–2235, 2006
Compatibilized iPP/aPS blends: The effect of the viscosity ratio of the components on the blends morphology
Authors: Slouf Miroslav , Radonjic Gregor , Hlavata Drahomira , Sikora Antonin
Published: May 2006

More than 25 PP/PS/SEP blends, where PP is isotactic polypropylene, PS is atactic polystyrene, and SEP is poly(styrene‐block‐ethylene‐co‐propylene), were prepared. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of PP/PS viscosity ratio, λTM, on the blends' morphology. It was shown that λTM strongly influenced not only the overall morphology of the blends, but also the morphology of SEP, which exhibited as many as five different types of structure when blended with PP and/or PS. SEP was found an efficient compatibilizer of PP/PS blends as it decreased the average particle size in all studied systems. An interesting “by‐product” of this work was the discovery of a brand‐new type of polymer morphology, which was called morel structure. The characteristic feature of the morel structure was PS matrix compartmentalized by SEP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2236–2249, 2006
Synthesis and comparative study of thermal stabilities of the imidization of some maleic anhydride copolymers
Authors: Zengin H. Bayram , Boztuğ Ali , Basan Satılmış
Published: May 2006

In the present study, first, maleic anhydride‐styrene (MA‐St), maleic anhydride‐allyl phenyl ether (MA‐APhE), maleic anhydride‐heptene‐1(MA‐Hp), and maleic anhydride‐allyl propionate (MA‐AP) copolymers have been synthesized in different solvents in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 70°C. Then, these four copolymers have been reacted with aniline at 60°C in N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), and maleamidic acid derivatives of these copolymers have been synthesized. Next, they have been obtained from their maleimide derivatives by heating under vacuum at 150°C. All these polymers have been characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and investigated their thermal properties by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The analyses results showed that thermal properties of maleimide derivatives of maleic anhydride copolymers changed as depend on the neighbor monomers of maleic anhydride. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2250–2254, 2006
Introduction of side chains containing biphenyl unit on the crystalline morphology and properties of polyimides
Authors: Liu Xikui , Tang Jialing , Wang Jin , Gu Yi
Published: May 2006

Several polyimides derived from 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 3,5‐diaminobenzate containing various side chains with biphenyl unit through various flexible spacer were prepared by thermal imidization. By incorporating side chains, the solubility was greatly enhanced and all the polyimides with side chains showed good solubility in polar solvents. During a continuous thermal imidization procedure, the BTDA/MPDA polyimide samples formed a novel banded spherulites with not only zigzag Maltese crosses, but also distinct extinction rings, while the polyimides with side chains revealed only fine grainy crystalline particle. X‐ray diffraction of BTDA/MPDA powder showed sharp diffraction peak in the X‐ray diffraction and revealed the existence of highly ordered crystalline structure in polyimide, while BTDA/PP0DA, BTDA/PP2DA, and BTDA/PP6DA polyimides with side chains revealed only a broad reflection at the low angle and demonstrated the presence of low‐ordered layer structure. DSC confirmed that the introduction of side chains significantly reduced the melting points of the resulted polyimide, thus it greatly enhanced its thermal plasticity. However, the heat‐resistant properties such as the thermal stability were generally decreased, and all the polyimide with side chains showed a typical two‐step thermal degradation behavior relating to the pyrisis of side chains and polyimide backbone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2255–2260, 2006
Effect of the pigment–polymer interfacial interactions on the mechanical performance of automotive topcoat layers
Authors: Hosseinpour Dariush , Guthrie James T. , Berg John C.
Published: May 2006

The study of the effect of interfacial interactions on the mechanical performance of a selected automotive topcoat system has been undertaken. The investigation concerned interactions that arise in acrylic‐melamine/pigment assemblies. The pigments were designed to have different surface treatments. Three types of TiO2 pigment, one type of C. I. Pigment Green 7, and a chrome oxide pigment were used in this research. Information regarding the surface characteristics of the pigments and also of the polymer was obtained by Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) technique. The pigments, at different particle volume concentrations, were dispersed into the polymeric matrix with the aid of their related additives. The cured coating samples were subjected to tensile stresses. The maximum stress that each sample withstood before breakage was recorded. Two different types of behavior were observed for coating composites that contained one of the pigment forms, at different particle volume concentrations. Finally, the data obtained from the IGC studies were used to support the results obtained from tensile testing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2261–2268, 2006
Photografting of unable‐to‐be‐irradiated surfaces. I. Batch vapor‐phase process by one‐step method
Authors: Zhang Zhengdong , Kong Lingbing , Deng Jianping , Yang Peng , Yang Wantai
Published: May 2006

Surfaces unable‐to‐be‐irradiated are those that could not be directly exposed to UV irradiation because of their irregular structure or instability under UV irradiation. It is difficult to conduct surface photografting on these kinds of surfaces with conventional photografting methods. Here, a novel one‐step surface photografting method is introduced, by which some monomers were smoothly grafted on the surface of polymer substrates located in a region out of the reach of UV radiation. The mechanism is that the photochemical reaction is separated into three events, absorbing UV light in one place, then transporting light energy to another place, and reacting there; in other words, the conventional photochemical reaction is separated by space and time, and the key point is that the substrate does not need to be exposed to UV irradiation. The occurrence of grafting polymerization was proved by UV–vis, ATR‐IR, SEM, XPS, and water contact angle measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2269–2276, 2006
Two‐flux method for transient thermal analysis in a layer of polymer fiber
Authors: Sadooghi Parham , Aghanajafi Cyrus
Published: May 2006

Transient radiative and conductive heat transfer in a translucent medium with isotropic optical properties is investigated. The radiative two‐flux equation is coupled with the transient energy equation and both equations are solved simultaneously. Transient solutions are obtained for a plane layer with refractive index equal to or larger than one, and with external convection and radiation at each boundary. Illustrative results obtained with the two‐flux method show the effects of changing parameters such as optical thicknesses, refractive index, conduction–radiation parameter, and scattering on the transient temperature distribution within the layer. Results are given at different instances during the transient, and the distribution for the largest time is at or very close to steady state. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2277–2283, 2006
Removal and recovery of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using spherical sulfonic lignin adsorbent
Authors: Liu Ming‐Hua , Huang Jian‐Hui
Published: May 2006

A novel spherical sulfonic lignin adsorbent, denoted as SSLA, was adopted to removal and recover the cationic dyes from aqueous solutions, e.g., Cationic Red GTL, Cationic Turquoise GB, and Cationic Yellow X‐5GL, and various affecting factors were optimized. It was found that the adsorption of cationic dyes on the adsorbent was initially concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent, and followed both the Freundlich and Langmuir isothermal adsorption. The positives values for ΔH indicated that the process was endothermic. The breakthrough adsorption capacities for GTL, GB, and X‐5GL were 536.0, 550.0, and 582.0 mg/g, respectively, which prevailed over the commercial powdered activated carbon and strongly acidic cation‐exchange resin R732 evidently. Additionally, the maximum recovery percentage could reach 93.2, 97.1, and 96.5% separately for GTL, GB, and X‐5GL, when a mixture of 3.0 mol/L HCl and alcohol with the volume ratio of 1 : 4 was adopted as eluant. Moreover, the results of the mobile desorption and recovery tests indicated that the maximum concentrations of GTL, GB, and X‐5GL in the eluants could reach 13,108, 13,980, and 13,520 mg/L, respectively. Only 6.3, 5.0, and 4.6% of adsorption capacities for GTL, GB, and X‐5GL decreases individually after 20 replicates of adsorption and desorption. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2284–2291, 2006
Influence of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene additives on the poly(ether sulfone) ultra‐filtration membranes
Authors: Rana D. , Matsuura T. , Narbaitz R. M. , Khulbe K. C.
Published: May 2006

Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was blended into a poly(ether sulfone) (PES) casting solution used to prepare ultra‐filtration (UF) membranes via the phase inversion technique. The membranes were then characterized by contact angle (CA) measurements and UF experiments. The CA was increased with the addition of HTPB in the PES membrane and also by lowering the gelation bath temperature. It was observed that the CA was lower for membranes prepared with N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) as the solvent than those using N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent. The flux values were higher for membranes made using a 4°C gelation bath when compared with the ambient temperature ((25 ± 1)°C) irrespective of the cast solvents, NMP or DMAc. The flux values were much higher and the solute separations were lower for the HTPB‐based PES membranes than for the pure PES membrane, when the membranes were cast with DMAc as a solvent. On the other hand, both flux and separation values were much lower for the HTPB‐based PES membranes than for the pure PES membrane, when the membranes were cast using NMP. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for morphological characterization and the correlation of topography/photography with the performance data was also examined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2292–2303, 2006
Miniemulsion and conventional emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butadiene: A comparative kinetic study
Authors: Li Donghong , David Sudol E. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of conventional and miniemulsion copolymerizations of styrene and butadiene were compared using the Mettler RC1 calorimeter. A two‐step homogenization procedure was applied to obtain miniemulsions of these monomers with hexadecane as the costabilizer. The results indicated that the miniemulsion polymerizations proceeded mainly by nucleation in the monomer droplets, while in the conventional emulsion polymerizations, particle formation occurred by a combination of micellar and homogeneous nucleation. The overall rate of miniemulsion polymerization was faster than the corresponding conventional emulsion system if the surfactant concentration was below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and slower if the surfactant concentration was above the cmc. The homogenization process is important for making stable miniemulsion systems, but had no effect on the conventional emulsion system (without hexadecane), most likely because of the second stage addition of the butadiene monomer. The dependencies of the rate of polymerization (heat of reaction) and number of particles on the surfactant concentration differed for the two types of polymerization systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2304–2312, 2006
Quaternization and anion exchange capacity of Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica)
Authors: Hassan Mohammad L.
Published: May 2006

Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) was converted into an anion exchange material through its etherification using 2‐chloroethyldiethylamine hydrochloride (CEDA‐HCl) followed by crosslinking using epichlorohydrin. The effects of the different etherification reaction parameters (CEDA concentration, NaOH concentration, and temperature) on the extent of modification were followed up by elemental analysis of nitrogen to optimize the reaction. The effect of the etherification on the supramolecular structure was followed by the X‐ray diffraction. The ability of the crosslinked diethylaminoethylated luffa (DEAE‐luffa), after its quaternization with methyl iodide, to adsorb sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate anions was tested. The crosslinked DEAE‐luffa showed higher affinity toward phosphate anions followed by sulfate and nitrate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2495–2503, 2006
Aging effects on the interface state density obtained from current–voltage and capacitance–frequency characteristics of polypyrrole/p‐Si/Al structure
Authors: Sağlam M. , Türüt A.
Published: May 2006

A metallic polypyrrole film has been directly formed on a p‐type Si substrate by means of an anodization method under conditions of constant current density by an electrolyte being held at a constant temperature of 55°C that was composed of 0.40M pyrrole and 0.10M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate. An aluminum electrode was used as an ohmic contact. The polypyrrole/p‐Si/Al structure has clearly demonstrated rectifying behavior by the current–voltage curves studied at room temperature. The capacitance–voltage–frequency curves of the structure have been measured at different frequencies at room temperature in dark. To observe the effect of the aging, the measurements were also repeated 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after fabrication of the polypyrrole/p‐Si/Al Schottky diode. During the whole measurement process, the probe of holder on sample was fixed to eliminate effects of surface inhomogeneity. The interface state density distribution curves of device have been obtained from forward bias current–voltage (I‐V) and capacitance–frequency (C‐f) characteristics as a function of aging time. From these curves, the exponential growth of the interface‐state density from midgap toward the top of the valence band is very apparent. The shape of the interface state density distribution curves from the forward bias I‐V characteristics are very similar to those obtained from C‐f. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2313–2319, 2006
Toughness and strength improvement of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A by low viscosity liquid hyperbranched epoxy resin
Authors: Zhang Daohong , Jia Demin
Published: May 2006

This article reports on the use of low viscosity liquid thermosetting hyperbranched poly(trimellitic anhydride‐diethylene glycol) ester epoxy resin (HTDE) as an additive to an epoxy amine resin system. Four kinds of variety molecular weight and epoxy equivalent weight HTDE as modifiers in the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) amine systems are discussed in detail. It has been shown that the content and molecular weight of HTDE have important effect on the performance of the cured system, and the performance of the HTDE/DGEBA blends has been maximum with the increase of content and molecular weight or generation of HTDE. The impact strength and fracture toughness of the cured systems with 9 wt % second generation of HTDE are 58.2 kJ/m2 and 3.20 MPa m1/2, which are almost three and two times, respectively, of DGEBA performance. Furthermore, the tensile and flexural strength can be enhanced about 20%. The glass transition temperature and Vicat temperature, however, are found to decrease to some extent. The fracture surfaces are evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy, which showed that the homogeneous phase structure of the HTDE blends facilitates an enhanced interaction with the polymer matrix to achieve excellent toughness and strength enhancement of the cured systems, and the “protonema” phenomenon in SEM has been explained by in situ reinforcing and toughening mechanism and molecular simulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2504–2511, 2006
In vitro release dynamics of an anticancer drug from swellable gelatin nanoparticles
Authors: Bajpai A. K. , Choubey Jyoti
Published: May 2006

Gelatin (Type A) nanoparticles were prepared by a single W/O emulsion technique and characterized by infrared (IR) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. The IR spectra clearly confirmed the presence of gelatin and cytarabine in the loaded nanoparticles while the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image depicts smooth surface, spherical shape and uneven size of nanoparticles (100–300 nm). The prepared nanoparticles were loaded with cytarabine, a well‐known anticancer drug, and the release dynamics of entrapped drug was investigated as a function of various experimental factors, such as percent loading of the drug, chemical architecture of the nanocarriers, and pH, temperature, ionic strength, and nature of the release medium. The nanoparticles were also studied for their water sorption capacity by optical microscopic method taking advantage of the aggregation of nanoparticles. The drug release process was analyzed kinetically using Ficks power law, and a correlation was established between the quantity of released drug and swelling of the nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2320–2332, 2006
Fabrication and characterization of electrospun polybutadiene fibers crosslinked by UV irradiation
Authors: Choi S.‐S. , Hong J.‐P. , Seo Y. S. , Chung S. M. , Nah C.
Published: May 2006

Crosslinked electrospun polybutadiene (BR) fibers were made using electrospinning and UV curing methods. The crosslinked BR fibers were obtained by irradiating UV light on the electrospun BR fibers containing a photoinitiator and a crosslinker. Although uncrosslinked electrospun BR fibers did not retain the fiber morphology at room temperature due to a cold flow resulting from the very low glass transition temperature (Tg) of BR (below −80°C), the crosslinked electrospun BR fibers retained the fiber morphology. The crosslink density increased with increase of the content of crosslinking agent. The crosslinked BR fibers had higher Tg than the raw BR. Tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break of the electrospun BR fiber mats increased with increase of the crosslinker content. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2233–2337, 2006
Hydrogen bonding interactions of styrene‐maleimide copolymers with diaminotriazine derivatives
Authors: Krakovský Ivan , Lokaj Jan , Sedláková Zdeňka , Ikeda Yuko , Nishida Koji
Published: May 2006

Poly(styrene‐co‐N‐maleimide) precursor and poly(styrene‐co‐N‐maleimide)‐block‐polystyrene have been synthesized by quasiliving radical polymerization. Low molecular weight compounds with the sites specific for the complementary binding to the maleimide moieties via triple hydrogen bonds, 2,4‐diamino‐6‐n‐alkoxy(C‐4, C‐8, and C‐12)‐s‐triazines, have been prepared. Hydrogen bonding between diaminotriazine and maleimide units in the copolymer–diaminotriazine mixtures has been investigated by FTIR. Microphase separated structure in the block copolymer‐diaminotriazine mixtures has been confirmed by DSC. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2338–2346, 2006
Preparation and properties of PET/PA6 copolymer/montmorillonite hybrid nanocomposite
Authors: Li Chuncheng , Xiao Yaonan , Guan Guohu , Liu Xiaoqing , Zhang Dong
Published: May 2006

From in situ polycondensation, a poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Polyamide 6 copolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared, after the treatment of montmorillonite (MMT) with a water soluble polymer. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of DSC, 1H NMR, and DMA proved that the nanocomposite synthesized was PET/PA6 copolymer/MMT nanocomposite, not the PET/PA6 blend/MMT nanocomposite. The results of XRD and TEM proved that the dispersion of MMT was improved observably after the introduction of PA6 molecular chain into PET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2512–2517, 2006
Electropolymerization and ion exchange properties of a polypyrrole film doped by para‐toluene sulfonate
Authors: Jin Chengyou , Yang Fenglin , Yang Weishen
Published: May 2006

Electropolymerization and ion exchange properties of the polypyrrole film doped by para‐toluene sulfonate (PPy/pTS) were investigated in aqueous solutions. The film with a column‐like surface morphology was galvanostatically synthesized at 3 mA/cm2 during 1800 s. Cyclic voltammetric measurements of the PPy/pTS film in sodium para‐toluene sulfonate (NapTS), tetraethylammonium chloride ((C2H5)4NCl), and NaCl aqueous solutions showed a cation exchange property, an anion exchange property, and a combination of them, respectively. Moreover, the large ions could decrease the transport of the small ions coexisting in the same solution, and the redox processes were proved to be electrochemically irreversible and ion transport‐limiting reactions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2518–2522, 2006
ESR and kinetic study of a novel polymerizable photoinitiator comprising the structure of N‐phenylmaleimide and benzophenone for photopolymerization
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Shi Yongtao , Wei Jun , Jiang Xuesong , Yin Jie
Published: May 2006

A novel polymerizable photoinitiator, 4‐[(4‐maleimido)phenoxy]benzophenone (MPBP) comprising the structure of N‐phenylmaleimide and benzophenone was used for the photopolymerization with N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as coinitiator. The ESR spectrum of this photoredox system was studied and compared with BP/DMAEMA; the results showed the same signals of them and verified that N‐phenylmaleimide does not generate radicals. The kinetics for photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using such system was studied by dilatometer. It was found that the polymerization rate was proportional to the 0.3172th power of the MPBP concentration, the 0.7669th power and the 0.1765th power of MMA concentration and DMAEMA concentration respectively; the overall apparent activation energy obtained was 31.88 kJ/mol. The polymerization kinetics of 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) initiated by such system was studied by photo‐DSC. It showed that the increase in the MPBP concentration, light intensity, and temperature leads to increased polymerization rate and final conversion. The apparent activation energy was 11.25 kJ/mol. This polymerizable photoredox system was significantly favorable for reducing the migration of active species but owning high efficiency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2347–2354, 2006
Rheological behavior of nanocomposites of natural rubber and carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber latices and their blends
Authors: Stephen Ranimol , Alex Rosamma , Cherian Treesa , Varghese Siby , Joseph Kuruvilla , Thomas Sabu
Published: May 2006

Flow behavior of latices is industrially important for the manufacturing of various latex goods. Rheology of latices having fillers can assist in the understanding and quantification of the matrix–filler interaction. The impact of layered silicates such as sodium bentonite and sodium fluorohectorite on the rheological behavior of natural rubber, carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber latices, and their blends was analyzed with special reference to shear rate, temperature, and filler loading. The layered silicates‐reinforced latex samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction technique to analyze the extent of intercalation and exfoliation. In the presence of layered silicates, latex systems exhibited enhancement in viscosity due to the network formation. Because of the breaking of networks at higher temperature, the viscosity of all systems decreased with increase in temperature. Layered silicates‐reinforced latex systems showed pseudoplastic flow behavior and possesses enhanced zero shear viscosity and yield stress. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2355–2362, 2006
Synthesis and physicochemical study of bisphenol‐C‐formaldehyde‐toluene diisocyanate polyurethane–jute and jute–rice husk/wheat husk composites
Authors: Mavani S. I. , Mehta N. M. , Parsania P. H.
Published: May 2006

Bisphenol‐C‐formaldehyde‐toluene‐2,4‐di isocyanate polyurethane (PU) has been synthesized at room temperature and used for the fabrication of jute and jute–rice husk/wheat husk hybrid composites. PU–jute and PU–jute–RH/WH composites were prepared under pressure of 30.4 MPa at room temperature for 8 h, while PU–jute–RH/WH composites were prepared under same pressure at 110°C for 5 h. PU–jute composite has good tensile strength and flexural strength (50–53 MPa), while PU–jute–RH/WH hybrid composites have moderate tensile strength (9–11 MPa) and a fairly good flexural strength (15–31 MPa). Composites possess 1.1–2.2 kV electric strength and 0.94–1.26 × 1012 ohm cm volume resistivity. Water absorption in PU–jute composite is different in water (9.75%), 10% HCl (12.14%), and 10% NaCl (6.05%). Equilibrium water uptake time in salt environment is observed 96 h, while in pure water and acidic environments it is 192 h. In boiling water equilibrium water content and equilibrium time are found to be 21.7% and 3 h, respectively. Water absorption increased 2.2 times in boiling water, whereas equilibrium time reduced 64 times. Thus, PU–jute composite has excellent hydrolytic stability against boiling water, 10% HCl, and 10% NaCl solutions. Fairly good mechanical and electrical properties and excellent hydrolytic stability of composites signify their usefulness for low cost housing units and in electrical and marine industries. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2363–2370, 2006
Amphiphilic copolymer with pendant pyrenebutyryl hydrazide group: Synthesis, characterization, and recognition for carbonate anion
Authors: Wu Zhaoqiang , Meng Lingzhi , Li Cheng , Lu Xiaoju , Zhang Lifen , He Yongbing
Published: May 2006

Novel hydrophobic monomer N‐(1‐pyrenebutyryl)–N′‐methacryloyl hydrazide (PyMAHy) was synthesized and copolymerized with N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) to get a series of amphiphilic copolymers. FTIR, 1H NMR, TEM, gel permeation chromatography–multi‐angle laser light scattering, UV–vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize these polymers. Results of fluorescence measurements show that these copolymers have good recognition ability to CO32− anion and the fluorescence emission intensity was quenched linearly upon the addition of CO32− anion. The recognition for CO32− anion was also proved by the results of TEM for the significantly difference in the morphology of copolymer before and after adding CO32− anion into copolymer Tris–HCl buffer solution. Results suggest the potential of these amphiphilic copolymers as fluorogenic chemosensor materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2371–2376, 2006
Preparation, characterization and in vitro drug release properties of polytrimethylene carbonate/polyadipic anhydride blend microspheres
Authors: Dinarvand Rassoul , Alimorad Mohammed Massoud , Amanlou Massoud , Akbari Hamid
Published: May 2006

Polyadipic anhydride (PAA), an aliphatic polyanhydride, and polytrimethylene carbonate (PTMC), an aliphatic polycarbonate, were synthesized via ring opening polymerization of oxepan‐2,7‐dione and melt‐condensation of trimethylene carbonate (1,3 dioxan‐2‐one), respectively. PTMC–PAA blend microspheres containing different ratios of buprenorphine HCl (2, 5, and 10%) were prepared by an oil‐in‐oil emulsion solvent removal method. Microspheres with different ratios of PTMC–PAA (85/15, 70/30, and 55/45) containing 5% buprenorphine HCl were prepared. Microspheres were spherical with visible cracks and pores on the surface. The average particle size of microspheres was around 200 μm for all microspheres. Drug loading efficiency of PTMC–PAA microspheres (85/15, 70/30, and 55/45) was 97.2, 95.2, and 70.2%, respectively. With the increase in the PTMC ratio, the melting point and the enthalpy of melting were both decreased. The mechanism for drug release from PTMC–PAA blend microspheres were generally a combination of drug diffusion through polymers and biodegradation of the polymers. In first three days, the release from microspheres followed zero order kinetics and was dependent on the PAA content. After three days the drug release from microspheres followed first order kinetics. In conclusion it was demonstrated that buprenorphine HCl release from microspheres could be successfully controlled by using different ratios of PTMC–PAA blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2377–2383, 2006