bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GJA1 (Connexin 43) and the Oculodentodigital Syndrome
Authors: Richardson Rebecca J , Dixon Michael J
Published: November 2023

Oculodentodigital syndrome (ODD; OMIM 164200) is a congenital disorder that is characterized by abnormalities of the face, eyes, dentition, and limbs (Fig. 173–1). ODD is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and displays high penetrance but variable expression (Fig. 173–1). The ODD locus was initially mapped to a 28 cM region of human chromosome 6q22–q24 (Gladwin et al., 1997), which was subsequently refined to a 1.9 cM interval defined by the polymorphic markers D6S266/D6S261 proximally and D6S1639 distally (Boyadjiev et al., 1999). Recently, using a candidate gene approach, Paznekas and coworkers reported that ODD arises as the result of heterozygous mutations in GJA1, the gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Paznekas et al., 2003). These findings have been confirmed and extended by a series of studies, which demonstrate clearly that the pleiotropic features observed in ODD result from predominantly missense mutations in connexin 43 (Pizzuti et al., 2004; Richardson et al., 2004; Honkaniemi et al., 2005; Vasconcellos et al., 2005; Vitiello

et al., 2005).
KCNJ2 and the Andersen–Tawil Syndrome
Authors: Renner David R , Tawil Rabi , Tristani-Firouzi, Martin , Ek Louis J Ptácˇ
Published: November 2023

Andersen–Tawil syndrome (ATS) (OMIM 170390) is a rare auto- somadominant disorder characterized by the triad of dysmorphic features, prolonged QT intervals with ventricular dysrhythmias, and episodic paralysis (Tawil et al., 1994; Sansone et al., 1997; Canún et al., 1999). Prior studies excluded linkage to the hyperkalemic periodic paralysis SCN4A locus on chromosome 17, the long QT syndrome (LQTS) locus on chromosome 11 (KCNQ1), and the CACNA1S locus on chromosome 1. An ATS gene was linked to markers on chromo- some 17q23 near the inward rectifying potassium channel gene KCNJ2, encoding Kir2.1. Sequencing KCNJ2 in the linked family identified a mutation D71V in the N terminus of the protein. To date, nearly 30 additional mutations were identified in highly conserved regions of the channel. This disorder is the first to illustrate a direct link between skeletal and cardiac muscle excitability, as well as a link between paroxysmal cell hyperexcitability and developmental phenotypes. More recently, based on expression of KCNJ2 in brain, study of ATS mutation carriers has elucidated a neurocognitive phenotype (Yoon et al., 2006b).
EVC and EVC2 and the Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome and Weyers Acrofacial Dysostosis
Authors: Galdzicka Marzena , Egeland, Janice A , Ginns Edward I
Published: November 2023

Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, EvC, is an inherited, autosomal recessive, chondrodysplastic dwarfism, frequently associated with congenital heart disease. The consistently observed clinical manifestations include short-limbed disproportionate dwarfism, shortened ribs, postaxial polydactyly, and dysplastic nails and teeth. Weyers acrofacial dysostosis is an autosomal dominant disorder sharing the hallmark manifestations of EvC, but with a less severe presentation and without cardiac abnormalities. Weyers acrofacial dysostosis and EvC syndrome are allelic and genetically heterogeneous conditions. Homozygous or compound heterozygote mutations in EVC or EVC2 result in EvC syndrome, while a heterozygous, dominant mutation in either EVC or EVC2 leads to Weyers acrofacial dysostosis. Other than predicted transmembrane domains, no obvious homologies or motifs give clues regarding the functions of the EVC2 protein. It is clear that EVC and EVC2 have a tightly linked genomic organization, are divergently transcribed, and have multiple start sites and numerous splice variants. These genomic features may reMect a transcriptional regulatory scheme that coordinates the expression of these two genes in a way that is critical to normal skeletal and cardiac development. Sonography, radiologic findings, and fetoscopy have been used for prenatal diagnosis of EvC syndrome, while DNA mutation analyses still do not generally provide genotype–phenotype correlations that are useful for genetic counseling. The finding that mutations affecting the expression of the EVC or EVC2 genes can result in either EvC syndrome or Weyers acrofacial dysostosis adds another dimension not only to the clinical diagnosis of these disorders but also to the interpretation of genetic information used for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
TRIM37 and Mulibrey Nanism
Authors: Hämäläinen Riikka , Karlberg Niklas , Kallijärvi Jukka , Lipsanen-Nyman, Marita , Lehesjoki Anna-Elina
Published: November 2023

Mulibrey nanism (muscle-liver-brain-eye nanism; OMIM 253250) is a rare prenatal-onset growth restriction disorder with progressive cardiopathy and dysmorphic facial features. It was first described in Finland in the early 1970s (Perheentupa et al., 1970, 1973). The first suspected mulibrey nanism patients from outside of Finland were described in 1976 (Cumming et al., 1976; Voorhess et al., 1976). Molecular genetic studies on mulibrey nanism were initiated in the mid 1990s and resulted in the identification of the underlying TRIM37 gene in 2000 (Avela et al., 2000). At present, a total of 90 Finnish and 14 nonFinnish patients with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of mulibrey nanism are known.
Deletion of 7q11.23 Genes and Williams Syndrome
Authors: Korenberg Julie R , Dai Li , Bellugi Ursula , Järvinen-Pasley Anna , Mills Debra L , Galaburda Albert , Reiss, Allan , Pober Barbara R
Published: November 2023

Williams syndrome [WS; also Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS)] is a neurodevelopmental condition that is caused by a hemizygous deletion of about 1.5–1.8 megabases, a region of chromo- some band 7q11.23 that contains about 28 genes (Ewart et al., 1993; Osborne, 1999; Osborne et al., 1999). Found in 1 in 7500–20,000 live births (Stromme et al., 2002), persons with WS have characteristic facial features, congenital and adult cardiovascular disease, and distinctive cognitive and behavioral characteristics. WS is a compelling genetic model for understanding human cognition, chromosome organization, and evolution.
Cells and Selves the Training of Jakob Henle and Theodor Schwann
Authors: Lab Mullers
Published: November 2023

An assistant who presides so long in the class and laboratory ends up as the most In the previous chapter, I described Müller’s scientific aims, methods, and values and the conditions under which he and his students worked. In this and the next five chapters, I will present the students’ viewpoints, emphasizing each pupil’s relationship with Müller, Müller’s influence on his science, and his motivation for depicting Müller in a particular way.
Ernst Haeckel’s Evolving Narratives
Authors: Lab Mullers
Published: November 2023

Anyone who is beginning to suspect that scientists define themselves by rejecting their mentors’ ideas should look hard at the career of Ernst Haeckel. Haeckel’s best-selling books belie the notion that each scientific generation establishes its identity by rebelling against the previous one.1 Unlike du Bois-Reymond, Haeckel built his scientific reputation by showing his likeness to Müller—but he had to re-create Müller in order to do it.
A Design Argument
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Dear Thomas, Shall we look at an argument from design? Scientists tell us that if certain fundamental features of the physical universe had been only slightly different, it would not support life. To use the current idiom, the universe is “fine-tuned” for life. Some examples will help to clarify the meaning of this expression.
Naturalism and Evil
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

So far we’ve considered the problem of evil just as a problem for Theism. In this respect, our discussion has been typical. Anthologies in the philosophy of religion commonly treat the problem of evil simply as a problem for Theism, the main question being II Are Theistic replies adequate?” One seldom sees arguments to the effect that non-Theistic views have difficulty accounting for evil. Moreover, Naturalists commonly regard the problem of evil as a special problem for Theism and not as a problem for Naturalism at all. I think this is a mistake.
Botanical Medicine in Integrative Oncology*
Authors: Standish Leanna J , Alschuler Lise N , Ready Ann B , Torkelson Carolyn , Sivam Gowsala , Wenner Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Many of our best chemotherapy drugs originally came from plants (e.g., paclitaxel from the yew tree, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorel- bine from the red periwinkle plant, camptothecin from the Chinese tree Camptotheca accuminata, podophyllin from mayapple). It is likely that there are still antineoplastic and immunomodula-tory plant medicines to be discovered.
Physical Activity and Cancer
Authors: stevinson Clare , Courneya kerry s.
Published: November 2023

Research has established that physical activity plays an important role in the prevention and management of many chronic medical conditions. Physical activity helps to protect against colon and breast cancer, and possibly endometrial, lung, and prostate cancer. Physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy body weight, which is important since obesity is a major risk factor for many cancers. Some preliminary data suggest that postdiagnosis physical activity may be associated with increased survival in colon and breast cancer.
Energy Medicine and Cancer
Authors: Lutgendorf Susan k. , Mullen Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Energy medicine is a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modality whose practitioners purport to restore the flow of energy fields associated with the human body for symptom relief, disease prevention, and health restoration. Experimental evidence of the health benefits of energy medicine has been mixed, with many studies suffering from methodological weaknesses. Preclinical trials suggest that energy medicine may enhance immunity and decrease both growth and activity of cancer cells.
Integrative Medicine and Breast Cancer
Authors: Tripathy Debu
Published: November 2023

Many forms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are widely used in breast cancer. Very few controlled clinical trials have been performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CAM for either symptom management or the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. A low-fat diet with ample vegetable and fruit and a high level of physical activity shows the most promise in improving recurrence and mortality for early-stage breast cancer in retrospective and prospective trials.
Radiation Therapy and Integrative Oncology
Authors: Mumber Matthew p.
Published: November 2023

Radiation oncology is a rapidly evolving field, with new technology helping to increase the probability of tumor cell kill while decreasing toxicity to normal tissue structures. The addition of complementary therapies to radiation must be evaluated with an individualized risk to benefit analysis that includes several factors: overall goal of care (curative versus palliative), category of use for the complementary intervention (antineoplastic, supportive care, or prevention), and the timing of the combination (before, during, or after radiation). Several supportive intent complementary therapies can now be considered as a part of the standard of care in combination with conventional cancer therapies that include radiation as a part of the treatment plan.
Optic Neuritis
Authors: Vaphiades Michael S , Kline Lanning B
Published: November 2023

The term optic neuritis denotes primary inflammation of the optic nerve, usually from demyelinating disease. The term can also be used in describing an optic neuropathy due to the contiguous spread of inflammation from meninges, orbital tissues, or paranasal sinuses. When there is swelling of the optic disc, the term papillitis is sometmes used. When the clinical history and examination suggest optic neuritis but the optic disc appears normal, the term retrobulbar optic neuritis is used. The diagnosis of optic neuritis is based on clinical criteria. Critical elements in establishing the diagnosis are a detailed history and an accurate examination. For this reason, the ophthalmologist must be familiar with the clinical profile of optic neuritis.
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Buono Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

I schemic optic neuropathy is the most common nonglaucomatous optic nerve disorder encountered in patients above 50 years of age. This disorder has been classified by the presence (anterior ischemic optic neuropathy) or absence (posterior ischemic optic neuropathy) of optic disc edema at the onset of visual loss. The former is common, while the latter is rare and established only as a diagnosis of exclusion. This chapter focuses primarily on anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, emphasizing current thinking on diagnosis, patient evaluation, and management.
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Kline Lanning B
Published: November 2023

Approximately 5% of all patients with head trauma manifest an injury to some portion of the visual system. Traumatic optic neuropathy is most frequently seen in males, most often following motor vehicle and bicycle accidents. The diagnostic challenge facing the clinician during the initial evaluation of such patients is considerable. The assessment of visual function is often difficult in an individual with an altered state of consciousness. If vision is found to be impaired, decisions must be made regarding further evaluation and management based on the site of injury.
Long-Term Mortality Experience of International Cohorts of Persons with Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses
Authors: Craig Thomas J , Tang Dei-In , Sartorius Norman , Laska Eugene M , Cancro Robert
Published: November 2023

The mortality experience of persons with schizophrenia and related psychoses has been a topic of research interest for over a century (Simpson, 1988; Allebeck, 1989; Newman and Bland, 1991; Simpson and Tsuang, 1996). Usually, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) is used to compare mortality rates in such individuals with those of the general population. Most recent studies, predominantly in industrialized countries (Lindelius and Kay, 1973; Weiner and Marvit, 1977; Ciompi, 1980; Black, Warrack, and Winokur, 1980; Herrmann, Baldwin, and Christie, 1983; Dube, Kumar, and Dube, 1984; Wood, Everson, Cho, and Hagan, 1985; Allebeck and Wisted, 1986; Seeman, 1986; Black and Winokur, 1988; Mortensen and Juel, 1990, 1993; Brown, 1997), have consistently found a twofold or greater SMR for schizophrenic samples compared to general population rates. Some of these studies have also found SMRs higher for the young male patients than for the old and for female rather than for male patients (Seeman, 1986; Simpson, 1988; Alle-beck, 1989). Reported mortality ratios tend to decline with longer lengths of stay for inpatients or duration of follow-up for community patients (Simpson, 1988).
The Rise Of Complementary And Alternative Therapies
Authors: Bausell R Barker
Published: November 2023

In the early 1990s, people whose job it was to study trends in health care began to notice the emergence of a strange phenomenon: ordinary people appeared to be turning en masse to what were variously termed ‘‘alternative,’’ ‘‘unconventional,’’ ‘‘New Age,’’ ‘‘complementary,’’ ‘‘complementary and alternative,’’ or ‘‘integrative’’ medical practitioners. True, some conventional physicians and their organizations likened these practices to eighteenthand nineteenth-century medical charlatanism stereotypically practiced from the backs of medicine wagons. But in truth many of these complementary and alternative medicine advocates practiced under the auspices (and blessings) of our most prestigious medical schools, such as those at Harvard and Stanford. They presented themselves with impeccable professional decorum, invoking science as the basis of their practices, reassuring their audiences that their research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, and publishing their articles in prestigious mainstream medical journals.
Hernias, Diets, and Drugs
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

Mr. Westin had noticed a protruding lump in his lower abdomen and a nagging pain in his groin area. He asked his HMO internist about it during a physical exam. The internist suspected a hernia and referred Mr. Westin to the HMO’s surgery department. The surgeon concurred. He indicated there was no urgency, but that the hernia should be repaired surgically sometime in the next year or so.
Why Physicians Cannot Know What Will Benefit Patients
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

With these case examples of how value judgments penetrate even the most seemingly routine medical decisions, it is time to step back and look at the problem more systematically. This chapter sets out the core issue—the doctor cannot be expected to know what is best for his or her patients. Then in the next three chapters I will show some reasons why sometimes patient benefit has to be sacrificed to protect patient rights, why sometimes it has to yield to societal interests, and then set out a new limited role for twentyfirst-century physicians.
Abandoning Modern Medical Concepts: Doctor’s “Orders”; and Hospital “Discharge”;
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

If a new medicine is on the horizon, a new language will be needed. The old terms of modern medicine will no longer do. The civil rights and women’s movements sensitized us to the offensiveness of our standard, old language. We can no longer, in good conscience, refer to a Black man as a “boy”; or a woman as a “girl”; (or sometimes even a “lady”;). We can no longer with innocence use the masculine pronouns as surrogates for gender-neutral terms. Linguistic conventions that worked well in a former era are offensive once we realize that the old assumptions are indefensible.
Medicine Can’t “Indicate”;: So Why Do We Talk That Way?
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

The notion of doctor’s orders is problematic in a partnership model of medical decision making. Doctors use another set of term that is even more problematic. They talk about certain drugs or treatments being “medically indicated,”; certain treatments being “treatments of choice,”; and under certain circumstances procedures such as abortion or withdrawal of life support being “medically necessary.”; This odd talk needs to be exposed so that we see it for what it is: attempts to clothe value judgments in medicine with a garb of medical objectivity.
Are Fat People Overweight?
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

A few years ago, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)—the federal government’s medical research institute complex in Bethesda, Maryland, and the most famous medical research facility in the world—issued a set of weight “standards”; that labeled anyone with a body mass index greater than 25 as “overweight”; and anyone with an index greater than 30 as “obese.”;1 The BMI takes into account both weight and height: Body weight in kilograms is divided by the square of one’s height expressed in meters. The authors believe the goal is to have a BMI below 25. Thus, by these federal guidelines, anyone 5t99 tall should weigh less than 169 lbs. and anyone 5544 tall 145 lbs. regardless of gender. One study that group relied on concludes that in the United States 54.9 percent of adults are overweight or obese.
The Boundaries of Mental Disorders
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Most people experience psychological symptoms from time to time— most of us know, for example, what it feels like to be anxious or depressed. Does that mean that everyone has a mental illness? What is the boundary between mental disorder and the normal emotional experiences, the ups and downs, of everyday life? In medicine, illness (or disease) describes a process leading to impairment of normal physiological function.
Psychiatry’s Problem Children
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Mood disorders are only one of the controversial diagnoses in modern psychiatry. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative disorders, and personality disorders can be described as psychiatry’s ‘‘problem children.’’ Some of these diagnostic categories are valid, and some are not. All of them can be over-diagnosed.
Talk Therapies: The Need for a Unified Method
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Research shows that psychotherapy is a form of treatment that patients need but do not always receive. Research also shows that no single method of psychotherapy has a monopoly on effectiveness (see Chapter 2), suggesting that the method should not be labeled according to different ‘‘schools of thought’’ but instead should be considered one, integrated discipline. How much time should psychiatrists spend practicing this discipline? And what ideally would its integrated form be? Let us focus on a few possibilities, first by revisiting, for the sake of contrast, a talk therapy that once was the very definition of the term.
Psychiatry in Practice
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Ultimately, psychiatry must be judged on the services it delivers. No matter how much psychiatrists learn about mental illness and no matter how effective their treatments are, they need to reach the people who need their skills most. In this chapter, I identify problems in the delivery of psychiatric services and suggest ways to improve it.
Training Psychiatrists
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Icompleted my residency training in 1972. As I prepared to go into practice, the divisions within my specialty, discussed throughout this book, troubled me. I had some teachers who believed that talk therapies offered the best treatment for mental illness and others who believed that drugs were more effective and should replace psychotherapies. Because most teachers had radically different points of view regarding the best approach to treatment, students like me had to make our own choices.
Psychiatry and Society
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

At one time, the media would ask psychiatrists to prognosticate about every problem under the sun. After all, they were supposed to be experts on the mind. In one famous incident, for example, a group of psychiatrists opposed the candidacy of Barry Goldwater for president in 1964 because they believed that his political views provided evidence of his mental instability. Even now, psychiatric opinion in the public arena is routinely solicited, especially after a terrible event. Osama bin Laden was described as mentally disordered in the weeks following 9/11, and every witness of that horrific day was primed in the media to be at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More recently, in the days following the events at Virginia Tech during which a student gunned down more than 30 students and faculty before killing himself, the media interviewed several psychiatrists about what may have contributed to a murderous state of mind. Diagnoses ranging from paranoid schizophrenia to antisocial personality disorder to PTSD issued forth from psychiatrists on the evening news, none of whom knew the young man as a patient.
Boys Will Be Boys Disciplinary Power and the Production of Gender
Authors: Feder Ellen K
Published: November 2023

In 1977 George A. Rekers, a self-styled pioneer in the treatment of gender dysphoric behavior in children, together with his colleague James W. Varni, presented a case study of one of their subjects: Nathan was referred at the age of four years, and lived in an intact family with two sisters, aged five years and eleven years. Of etiological significance, Nathan had a chronic blood disorder which required that he remain indoors under very protective circumstances to avoid even mild physical injury. As a consequence, his peer play had been almost exclusively with his two sisters. There was limited interaction between Nathan and his father or any other male figure. He frequently verbalized his wish to be a girl, and identified himself predominantly with female roles, occasionally displaying pronounced femi-nine voice inflections. Even though both boys’ and girls’ dress-up were available at pre-school Nathan dressed exclusively in girls’ clothing. His stereotypic feminine gender-role behaviors elicited comments from other children, such as ‘You can’t be a little girl.’ This concerned Nathan’s teacher and parents, and ultimately led to referral for treatment.
Steam in’ 1952–6
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

Jazz is sometimes seen as a history of great individual voices, instrumental soloists whose sound has the indelible singularity of a fingerprint. Ever since Louis Armstrong began to burst out of his musical surroundings in the early 1920s, jazz progress tended to be defined by the evolution of the improviser’s approach, from Armstrong’s generation to the swing masters and from there through the bebop era. Studies of ‘jazz giants’ have tended to revolve around a lineage of such names. For the most part, though, the sound which lingers in listeners’ memories is of groups of players. Armstrong’s Hot Five, the orchestras of Goodman, Ellington and Basie, the Jazz Messengers, the Modern Jazz Quartet, the bands of Cannonball Adderley and Ornette Coleman, and on into the fusion era of Weather Report and Return To Forever: all these bands could boast star soloists, but it was their ensemble sound which lent them their distinction, and settled on them an enduring kind of listener loyalty.
So What? 1958–9
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

On 9 September 1958, the sextet was obliged to play at what amounted to a promotional concert for Columbia’s jazz division. With artists such as Davis and Brubeck helping to dominate jazz record sales, and with Duke Ellington (who had returned to the label after a period away), Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing on board, Columbia may not have had the hardcore credibility of such a leading independent as Blue Note, but they were selling many more records. The label decided to celebrate their position at the head of the market with a gala concert at New York’s Plaza Hotel, featuring Ellington, Holiday and Rushing as well as the Davis band. While there seems to have been no imperative to get a record out of the event, the sextet’s set was recorded anyway, and was eventually released for the first time in 1973 as Jazz At The Plaza Vol. 1 [1]. Jimmy Cobb recalled: ‘I remember having to play Sam Woodyard’s drums [Woodyard was Ellington’s drummer], which were set up in his configuration. Miles and the rest of the band were set up, it seemed, a long way away from me, like on the other side of the room.’ The inauspicious circumstances seemed to extend to the recording, which starts with Davis so close up in the mix that his first notes are shocking, and then finds him some way from the microphones on both ‘If I Were A Bell’ and ‘Oleo’.
Identification, Situational Constraint, and Social Cognition: Studies in the Attribution of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Woolfolk Robert L , Doris John M , Darley John M
Published: November 2023

The ascription of moral responsibility is ubiquitous in both everyday social interaction and institutionalized social practices. The ways in which people understand and assign responsibility have been of great interest to psychologists and cognitive scientists studying social cognition and the attribution of responsibility, as well as to philosophers working in ethical theory. However, the folk theories that social perceivers employ in ascribing responsibility remain incompletely understood.
On the dot
Authors: Humez Alexander , Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Despite the humble origins of its name (Anglo Saxon for "the speck at the head of a boil"), the dot has been one of the most versatile players in the history of written communication, to the point that it has become virtually indispensable. Now, in On the Dot, Alexander and Nicholas Humez offer a wide ranging, entertaining account of this much overlooked and miniscule linguistic sign. The Humez brothers shed light on the dot in all its various forms. As a mark of punctuation, they show, it plays many roles-as sentence stopper, a constituent of the colon (a clause stopper), and the ellipsis (dot dot dot). In musical notation, it denotes "and a half." In computerese, it has several different functions (as in dot com, the marker between a file name and its extension, and in some slightly more arcane uses in programming languages). The dot also plays a number of roles in mathematics, including the notation of world currency (such as dollars dot cents), in Morse code (dots and dashes), and in the raised dots of Braille. And as the authors connect all these dots, they take readers on an engaging tour of the highways and byways of language, ranging from the history of the question mark and its lesser known offshoots the point d'ironie and the interrobang, to acronyms and backronyms, power point bullets and asterisks, emoticons and the "at-sign." Playful, wide-ranging, and delightfully informative, On the Dot reveals how thoroughly the dot is embedded in our everyday world of words and ideas, acquiring a power inversely proportional to its diminutive size.
Dit Dah: codes to sigh for
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Illustrious people’s famous last words (actual or apocryphal) can fill volumes; perhaps it is time someone did a compendium of first words as well, or at least those first messages sent along any new medium of communication. In the case of Alexander Graham Bell, the first telephone message was an urgent request to his colleague Watson to come to him, as Bell had just spilled some battery acid on himself. (The phone Watson answered was in a neighboring building, so this was not as silly a request as it might have been had Watson been all the way across town.) Generally, however, the occasion is recognized as a momentous one, for which a suitably unforgettable inaugural line is crafted with some care well in advance. Neil Armstrong’s “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind,” his first words on alighting from the lunar lander onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969, were certainly not a spontaneous utterance, any more than was Samuel Finley Breese Morse’s first telegraph message sent to his
Mindless Statistics
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

I once visited a distinguished statistical textbook author, whose book went through many editions and whose name does not matter. His textbook represents the relative best in the social sciences. He was not a statistician; otherwise, his text would likely not have been used in a psychology class. In an earlier edition, he had included a chapter on Bayesian statistics and also mentioned (albeit in only one sentence) that there was a development in statistical theory from R. A. Fisher to Jerzy Neyman and Egon S. Pearson.
Two Theories About the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Morality
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Stich Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we compare two theories about the cognitive architecture underlying morality. One theory, proposed by Sripada and Stich (2006), posits an interlocking set of innate mechanisms that internalize moral norms from the surrounding community and generate intrinsic motivation to comply with these norms and to punish violators. The other theory, which we call the M/C model, was suggested by the widely discussed and influential work of Elliot Turiel, Larry Nucci, and others on the “moral/conventional task.” This theory posits two distinct mental domains, the moral and the conventional, each of which gives rise to a characteristic suite of judgments about rules in that domain and about transgressions of those rules. We give an overview of both theories and of the data each was designed to explain. We go on to consider a growing body of evidence that suggests the M/C model is mistaken. That same evidence, however, is consistent with the Sripada and Stich theory. Thus, we conclude that the M/C model does not pose a serious challenge for the Sripada and Stich theory.
“The Original Essence of the Dance”: History, Community, and Classic B-Boy Records
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

Every hip-hop deejay knows the cuts that b-boys favor: a few energetic, bongoladen tracks from the early ’70s: “Apache” (1973), “Give It Up or Turnit a Loose” by James Brown (1969), “T Plays It Cool” by Marvin Gaye (1972), “It’s Just Begun” by the Jimmy Castor Bunch (1972), “The Mexican” by Babe Ruth (1972), and a handful of others. These songs can be heard at any b-boy event, on the soundtrack to virtually any video that shows b-boying, and on a variety of b-boy-oriented mix tapes and compact discs.
Conclusions
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

B-boying developed when dancers from across the African diaspora found themselves living together in New York City and created a new form based on their shared sensibilities. Like twins separated at birth who have an instant rela-tionship when they meet as adults, the descendants of enslaved Africans raised in Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the South Bronx, and elsewhere created b-boying from the common roots that they recognized in each other’s cultures. Knowing this, it should not be surprising that b-boying would have profound ties to the social, cultural, spiritual, and martial traditions that preceded it.
Somatoform Disorder
Authors: Dimario Francis J
Published: November 2023

Somatization and conversion disorders comprise two identifiable entities for which, among other things, functional neurological deficits occur in the absence of an identifiable neurological disease or medical explanation. Common presentations of these pseudoneurological disorders are psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, psychogenic alterations in consciousness, and various forms of pseudoparalysis. Individual subjects will exhibit a panoply of seizure and postictal manifestations, many of which may be difficult to casually differentiate from true epileptic events.
Acute Care
Authors: Solomon Martin P , Satin David G
Published: November 2023

Our health-care system for the elderly is like an old overcoat. It looked good when first purchased many years ago, trim and well-fitted to our youthful shape, with stylish features that were appealing to the eye. As our nation grew and our population aged, the increasing size and complexity of our elderly population have stretched the fabric to its limits, leading to inadequate coverage and exposing the elderly to the harsh, cold realities of illness, confusion, and shame. At the same time, the sense of responsibility to insure that our elderly are cared for appears to have lost much of the moral and political imperative that brought us as a nation to confront this issue. Any discussion of this wretched garment that constitutes health care in America, now a patchwork of different efforts to hold together some form of cover, must be retrospective. Attempting to piece together each of the threads of the system into an understandable whole can only lead to frustration and disappointment. (Chapter 4 gives more detail about the development and structure of the U.S. health-care
Models of Disciplinary Practice
Authors: Safran-Norton Clare E , Neary Susan
Published: November 2023

The value of teamwork in providing health care for older adults has been a strongly held tenet of geriatric medicine. In a review of the team concept, Tsukuda dated the first mention of health-care teams to Richard Cabot, who in 1915 mentioned a team involving a physician, an educator, and a social worker. The evolution of teams continued through the twentieth century, with emphasis shifting in the 1970s from public health–oriented teams to those targeting the health-care needs of specific populations. Teamwork in geriatrics is of particular importance, given the growth in numbers of this group and the complex social and health-related needs of this population.
Functioning Interdisciplinary Teams
Authors: Buchwald LInda Y , Lowenstein Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disorder which engenders a multitude of problems and needs, all of which present many challenges in the areas of medical management, psychosocial intervention, and neurorehabilitation. There are challenges relating to integration and use of community resources and advocacy and problems navigating the current health-care system with a complex, chronic disorder such as MS. Complexity is added by currently evolving criteria and guidelines set by insurance companies or health-care plans, as to different types and frequencies of covered services. The prescribing physician’s care must be integrated with insurance plan eligibility. Information regarding eligibility must be kept updated and accurate.
What’s Wrong?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

How does morality matter? Let me count the ways. Morality separates us from lower animals. It also enables us to get along with other humans. Laws cannot replace morality without becoming oppressive. If most of us did not embrace morality, life for all of us would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,” as Hobbes famously put it.53 To live our lives, we need morality. To understand our lives, we need to understand morality.

On a more personal level, we all need to make choices, many of which involve moral considerations. We face temptations to cheat on taxes or spouses, to break a promise that we regret making, to lie in order to gain an advantage in a competition, to strike out at someone who angers us, to ignore someone who needs us, and even to steal when we are needy ourselves.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

I have argued against five ways to interpret the thesis that there cannot be morality without God. Chapter Two: Belief in God is not needed in order for an individual to be a morally good person. Chapter Three: Belief in God is not needed in order for a society to avoid depravity and disintegration. Chapters Four and Five: God is not needed in order for certain acts to be objectively morally wrong. Chapter Six: Belief in God is not needed in order for us to have a reason to be moral. Chapter Seven: Belief in God is not needed in order for us to know what is morally wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The essays and discussions in this volume comprise a selection of my writing about melancholy and depression. Some of this work is historically oriented. I have attempted to place states of melancholy and depression within Western medical and cultural traditions that began with Hippocrates and Aristotle, and to uncover the theoretical implications of equating states of melancholy as we learn of them in these earlier, classical accounts with states of depression as they are characterized in our own time. Depictions of melancholic and depressive conditions in the classification and theories underpinning psychoanalysis, contemporary psychology, and psychiatry are also explored. Other writing analyzes concepts such as disease, disorder, and illness as they cast light on what we understand of melancholy and depression, and examines the phenomenology of the suffering so prominent in these conditions.
Love and Loss in Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia” A Rereading
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

M“ ourning and Melancholia” is one of Freud’s most revered works. Yet it is deeply ambiguous and opaque. In particular, we leave it unsure of the extent to which melancholic states are part of the human condition, rather than rare forms of mental disorder. It is clear that melancholia is a condition of loss, but mystery attaches to the question of what is lost and whether adult states relive or merely mimic earlier infantile experiences. In addition, we remain uncertain of the relation between melancholia and hysteria, as of that between melancholia and mania. The notions of the ego-ideal, the super-ego, and the part played by ambivalence also remain vague and unresolved. I would be the first to grant the resonance and charm of the essay. Who can resist the image of the shadow of the object falling across the ego, or fail to be intrigued that “a man must become ill before he can discover truth” (Freud 1917:156)?1 Here, however, I want to examine not only the brilliance and appeal of “Mourning and Melancholia” but its strange opacity.
Review of Against Depression by Peter Kramer
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The broad framework of Peter Kramer’s book, AgainstDepression, is familiar. In response to repeated questions appearing to romanticize the pathology of great artists (“what works of genius might have been lost if Van Gogh had been dosed with Prozac?”), Kramer sets out to show depression for what, he is sure, it is—nothing more than a disease, a scourge, and a medical and public health problem of unmatched proportions.
Managing the risk of abuse, addiction, and diversion
Authors: Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

There is no single behavior that is pathognomonic of a substance use disorder, thus there is no foolproof instrument that can reliably assess the risk of opioid addiction (Gourlay and Heit, 2006). As the prevalence of addiction in the general population is not insignificant, it seems prudent to utilize the 10 steps of “universal precautions” in patients receiving long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) (Gourlay and Heit, 2005). These are (1) reasonable attempts to make a diagnosis with an appropriate differential; (2) comprehensive patient assessment including risk of addictive disorders; (3) informed consent; (4) treatment agreement; (5) pre- and postintervention assessment of pain level and function; (6) appropriate trial of opioid therapy, “adjunctive” medications; (7) reassessment of pain score and level of function; (8) regular assessment of the 4 “A’s” of pain medicine (see Chapter 10); (9) periodic review of pain diagnosis and comorbid conditions, including addictive disorders; and (10) documentation. Application of the universal precautions is intended to help the clinician identify and interpret aberrant behavior and, where they exist, diagnose underlying substance misuse disorders.
Pharmacology of Human Drug Response
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

Drugs and other exogenous substances may be viewed as agents that exert characteristic effects on cells and tissues, but they may also be regarded as agents on which individuals exert important differential effects. To develop explanatory and predictive insights relevant to pharmacogenetics, pharmacologists are more likely to view the effects of a specific drug from the former perspective, while geneticists are more likely to see them from the latter.

From a pharmacological viewpoint, individual responsiveness depends on the intrinsic properties of the drug at hand and can be analyzed from observations of its pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamic properties. Often the plasma drug concentration or pattern of drug metabolites correlates with an unusual therapeutic effect or an adverse drug reaction, and observations of parameters such as peak and steady-state levels of the drug in plasma, half-lives of drugs in plasma, the ratio of parent drug to metabolite, or the urinary pattern of drug metabolites are successfully employed to study the doseresponse and dynamics of the response.
Genomic Tools
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

The 1970s marked the beginning of a period of remarkable technical innovation that transformed life science research. Numerous methods were developed for identifying and locating genomic lesions of medical importance while other key technologies were designed that made possible the sequencing of the entire genome of humans and those of many other species. The extensive record of research that defines the field is closely tied to the range of innovative technologies that were developed to explore the composition and function of genomic DNA. As a result, modern genetics experienced a period of rapid growth that has prompted reappraisal and redefinition of the field.

Pharmacogenetic traits are revealed by structural lesions in DNA that can be inferred from family inheritance patterns and demonstrated by direct observation. Finding the genic differences that predispose persons to such traits provides clues that differentiate susceptible persons from those who are not, and on the premise of establishing their molecular basis, we hope to achieve better therapies and improve prospects for predictive biology including new drug discoveries and individualized medicine.
Atmospheric Chemistry of the Haloalkanes
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

As with alkanes, reaction with OH is the dominant loss mechanism for haloalkanes. However, unlike the case for alkanes, photolysis can be an important loss mechanism for brominated and iodinated alkanes in the troposphere, chlorinated alkanes in the stratosphere, and fluorinated alkanes in the mesosphere. UV spectra and photolysis lifetimes for haloalkanes are discussed in chapter VII. In this chapter we first review the available kinetic data for reactions of OH radicals with haloalkanes (section VI-A). Reactions with Cl, O(3P), NO3, and O3 are then considered in section VI-B. Rules for the empirical estimation of rate coefficients of OH radicals with the haloalkanes are presented in section VI-C. The atmospheric chemistry of haloalkylperoxy and haloalkoxy radicals is described in sections VI-D and VI-E, respectively. Finally, the major products of the OH-initiated oxidation of haloalkanes are discussed in section VI-F.
The Primary Photochemical Processes in the Alkanes, the Haloalkanes, and Some of their Oxidation Products
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider the chemical changes that are induced by absorption of sunlight by the alkanes and some of their oxidation products. The lowest lying electronic transitions of the alkanes (σ → σ * excitation) occur at wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet region (A < 200 nm) that are not present within the troposphere (see figure VII-A-1). Although absorption is shifted to somewhat longer wavelengths as one progresses from methane to ethane to propane, absorption of sunlight by even the higher alkanes, and hence their photodecomposition, are unimportant within the troposphere.
Interventional therapies
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

Botulinum toxin (BT) was first approved by the FDA in 1989 for the treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus. Injecting BT around the eyes for blepharospasm led to the observation that it erases wrinkles. The widespread use of it for forehead wrinkles led William Binder to the observation that it may relieve headaches. A healthy amount of skepticism greeted initial reports by this plastic surgeon who first observed this effect. However, Mitchell Brin, a movement disorder specialist, confirmed this in his population of patients who, without expecting it, obtained good relief of their headaches along with the relief of their facial movement disorder. Over 100 published reports have suggested the efficacy of BT (predominantly used as BT type A in the form of Botox) in headache patients. A secondary analysis of a large double-blind, placebo-controlled study has shown that BT is effective in treatment of chronic migraines. Two definitive Phase III studies by the manufacturer of BT type A (Botox) with over 400 patients in each study confirmed what is widely observed in clinic and what was strongly suggested by other reports and trials—BT is very effective for chronic migraines. These two studies showed a significant reduction of headache days and improved quality of life in patients treated with BT, compared to placebo after two treatment cycles, given 12 weeks apart. After seeing many highly refractory patients who respond to only to BT, most headache clinics in the United States have started to use BT.