bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not the same for everyone: Community views of Mexico's payment for environmental services programmes
Authors: ALMEIDA-LEÑERO LUCIA , REVOLLO-FERNÁNDEZ DANIEL , CARO-BORRERO ANGELA , RUIZ-MALLÉN ISABEL , CORBERA ESTEVE , MAZARI-HIRIART MARISA , FIGUEROA FERNANDA
Published: February 2017

Conservation policies have often been designed and implemented assuming that targeted communities are socially and politically homogeneous. Payment for environmental services (PES) programmes have often overlooked intra-community differences, which affect the understanding of implementation requirements and access to benefits, thus underestimating their effects on the programme's legitimacy and impacts. We explore how the views of local communities about the socio-environmental performance and dynamics of Mexico's PES differ within forest communities, considering two groups: local community authorities and the remaining beneficiaries in two different PES programmes. Informed by a nationwide survey, we constructed 35 indicators and found significant differences between these groups for 10 indicators. Local community authorities concentrated knowledge and information, relations with outside actors and control over benefit distribution. We found that community authorities and beneficiaries diverged in their views about the extent to which PES knowledge is shared across community members, how related implementation decisions are pursued and the fairness of benefit distribution, which we argue suggests this is a form of ‘elite capture’ favoured by PES design and implementation. Efforts should be invested in ensuring that PES programme benefits are equitably distributed in order to avoid widening pre-existing social and political asymmetries.
A Student Teacher's Personal Pathway to Education for Sustainability
Authors: Kennelly Julie , Taylor Neil , Maxwell Tom
Published: February 2017

Increasing attention is being given to the inclusion of Education for Sustainability in pre-service teacher education. However, there is little research to explain why and how early-career teachers include Education for Sustainability in their work, or how teacher education providers can encourage and support them to do this. Through analysis of two interviews this paper examines the way in which a pre-service primary school teacher interprets her role in Education for Sustainability. Her personal reflections on the manner in which her life experiences, including her own schooling, have influenced her intentions as teacher are explored. Her university teacher education program in Education for Sustainability and her teaching internship experience also appear to have influenced her teaching goals. The profile presented in this paper outlines her intentions and sense of identity as teacher and how that has developed and is expressed. Conclusions centre on the relevance of her reflections for education for sustainability in pre-service teacher education. In particular, her example demonstrates how the development of pedagogical content knowledge relevant to Education for Sustainability during the pre-service years can play an integral part in an individual's decision-making when teaching.
Community Environmental Education as a Model for Effective Environmental Programmes
Authors: Blair Morag
Published: February 2017

The benefits of community environmental education outlined in environmental education literature are supported by the findings and implications of a research study undertaken in New Zealand. Evidence from a two-case case study suggests that environmental programmes guided by the key principles and practices of community environmental education, that is, public participation, environmental adult education and environmental communication, can produce effective environmental outcomes. Indeed, these cases indicate that the principles and practices of public participation provide a catalyst for genuine collaborative efforts between different organisations and local communities. Results also indicated that environmental adult education strategies can empower community members to critically evaluate local environmental issues, which in turn resulted in a commitment to improving the local environment. I thus argue in this paper that the principles and practices of community environmental education can provide benchmarks for cross-sectoral collaboration and assist communities in reaching environmental solutions.
Issues in Renewable Energy Education
Authors: Thomas Chacko , Jennings Philip , Lloyd Bob
Published: February 2017

Renewable energy education is evolving rapidly in response to drivers such as oil depletion and global warming. There is a rapidly increasing level of student interest in these topics and a growing demand from industry and government for skilled personnel to develop sustainable energy systems and greenhouse solutions. Several Australian and New Zealand Universities have taken up this challenge. This article reviews the global and local state of renewable energy education. It identifies approaches, issues and challenges facing sustainable energy educators and proposes some solutions to these problems.
Intrinsic Changes: Energy Saving Behaviour Among Resident University Students
Authors: Black Rosemary , Davidson Penny , Retra Karen
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the results of a study that explored the effectiveness of three intervention strategies in facilitating energy saving behaviour among resident undergraduate university students. In contrast to a dominant practice of motivating with rewards or competition this study sought to appeal to students' intrinsic motivations. An experimental design was used with two intervention groups and a control group. The interventions were the provision of real-time feedback provided by an inhouse energy consumption display unit (ecoMeter) and a targeted social marketing approach. They were evaluated using energy consumption data and self-report data from the participants via an on-line survey and focus groups. Across the three research phases the rate of reduced electricity consumption for the interventions ranged from an average of 17% to 28% less than the control group. The findings provide evidence that facilitation of intrinsically motivated behaviours can result in reduced energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
Discovering Sovereignty in Dialogue: Is Judicial Dialogue the Answer to Constitutional Conflict in the Pluralist Legal Landscape?
Authors: Kuo Ming-Sung
Published: February 2017

Legal scholars have been inspired by the dialogic approach and rallied around it as the solution to constitutional conflict in domestic constitutional orders and the transnational legal landscape. This paper aims to show that the gravitation towards judicial dialogue in contemporary constitutional theory misses the point, given the ambiguities surrounding it. My investigation reveals that the dialogic approach does not succeed in guiding the inter-departmental or inter-regime interactions in a way that no single power would exert unilateral domination. The emergence of judicial supremacy in both national and transnational constitutional orders further suggests that underlying those ostensible examples of judicial dialogue is a transfigured conception of sovereignty. As it is the rise of judicial sovereignty that drives the move towards judicial dialogue in contemporary constitutional developments, I suggest that legal scholars shift focus of attention from the idea of dialogue to the enhanced judicial role in the new constitutional era.
The Penalties Rule and the Promise Theory of Contract
Authors: Saprai Prince
Published: February 2017

The rule against penalty clauses in contract law sits uneasily with the promise theory of contract. According to the rule, if contracting parties agree a monetary remedy for breach which is substantially in excess of what would be required to compensate the claimant then that remedy is not enforceable. If contracts enforce promises however one would expect to see these clauses enforced. The rule appears therefore to be an example of a contract doctrine that diverges from promise. Promise theorists tend to respond to divergent doctrines in one of three ways, they either: seek to accommodate these doctrines within the promise principle, or they repudiate them, or finally they justify these doctrines on the basis of the specific legal context within which they operate.

I argue that in the case of the penalties rule all of these standard responses would fall short. These responses are inadequate because they are premised on the claim that the promise principle is the only general moral principle relevant to evaluating contract law, or that it has overriding justificatory priority when it conflicts with other moral concerns. I argue that a richer conception of the moral principles that bear on contract and how they interact offers a way forward for justifying the rule.
The Coxford Lecture: Arbitrariness
Authors: Endicott Timothy
Published: February 2017

In order to identify the form of arbitrariness that is relevant to the rule of law, I discuss a Supreme Court of India decision and a Supreme Court of Canada decision in which judges held that other public authorities had acted arbitrarily. I also discuss Jeremy Bentham’s work on the rule of law, and his notion that the interpretive power of judges is itself an arbitrary power. I argue that the interpretive role of judges is not necessarily hostile to the rule of law, but that there is a standing tension between that interpretive role, and the rule of law. In the two decisions under discussion, the Canadian and Indian judges used their doctrines of arbitrariness to reallocate power to themselves, without any resulting enhancement in the rule of law.
Mandates of the State: Canadian Sovereignty, Democracy, and Indigenous Claims
Authors: Rollo Toby
Published: February 2017

Indigenous peoples encounter restrictions on their modes of reasoning and account-giving within democratic sites of negotiation and deliberation. Political theorists understand these restrictions as forms of exclusion related to what theorist Iris Young has called the ‘internal exclusion’ of subordinated perspectives and theorist James Bohman has referred to as the ‘asymmetrical inclusion’ of such perspectives. ‘Internal exclusion’ refers to ways in which actors are formally accepted into decision-making processes, only to find their perspectives disqualified due to informal but no less pervasive criteria of exclusion. ‘Asymmetrical inclusion’ refers to the undue burdens placed on marginalized peoples to persuade dominant communities. It is argued in light of these problems that more inclusive institutions as well as the cultivation of an ethos of receptivity will be necessary for genuine inclusion. I argue that this focus on enriching dialogue can mischaracterize the nature of disagreement between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples.

Disagreement does not only arise between opinions or discourses that can be articulated and judged, but also at a deeper level, between the background assumptions against which practices of articulation and judgment are understood. Territorial state sovereignty, I argue, is a background understanding that can render sites of democratic negotiation inhospitable to Indigenous claims. I conclude that when thinking through Indigenous equality and autonomy, theorists should be attuned to the sites and conditions of dialogue that might serve to reinscribe relations of domination and exclusion.
Personhood, Equality, and a Possible Justification for Criminal Punishment
Authors: Levanon Liat
Published: February 2017

The article examines the relationship between a wrongdoer and his victim. Based on this examination, a justification for criminal punishment is proposed. It is argued that crime violates thea prioriequality of constituent boundaries and of infinite human value between the wrongdoer and the victim. Criminal punishment re-equalizes respective boundaries and infinite human value. To develop this argument, the article observes how subject-subject boundaries are essential for the formation of separateness between subjects - separateness which is recognized and acknowledged by them in a cooperative process. The article further discusses the value of boundaries and the significance of theira prioriequality in every human relationship. It then shows how crime, which is intrusion of the victim’s boundaries, works to demolish the victim’s self-recognizing separateness and hence to create inequality in the parties’ value. Last, the article demonstrates that only punishment can reset the relationship between the parties and re-equate their (still infinite) human value in the relationship.
Utopian Relations: A Literary Perspective on International Law and Justice
Authors: Luca Kelly De
Published: February 2017

This article posits an interpretation of Thomas More’sUtopiathat focuses on the ways in which the nature of justice within a putatively ideal state is illuminated by references to international relations and the law of nations. Like Plato’sRepublic,Utopiauses differences of scale to provide a lens through which to examine the operation in one context of a unitary concept that is more visible elsewhere. Justice is constructed as a single concept; thus, in the same way that Plato uses the justice of thekallipolisto provide insight into the justice of an individual, More uses the justice of the international community to provide a macroscopic perspective on justice as it exists within a sovereign state. Through discussions of trade, diplomacy, war and empire, Utopian understandings of international law and justice are revealed. The ideal organisation of the state is then characterised as one in which the resulting notions of justice, defined as the correct operation of laws that accord with natural law, are institutionalised.
Task Force: A Senior Seminar for Undergraduate Majors in International Studies
Authors: Ellings Richard J. , Rush Kimberly , Cushman Andrew H.
Published: February 2017

Task Force is a small group seminar required of all seniors in the Henry M. Jackson School's International Studies Program at the University of Washington. Five or more seminars are offered in the winter quarter, and each focuses on a current policy issue. In recent years, Task Forces have dealt with such topics as strategic arms control, apartheid, United States policy towards Central America, the future of NATO, and United States trade with Japan. The following is an abridged version of the handbook which serves as a general guide for Task Force students, instructors, and evaluators.

The International Studies Program at the Jackson School introduces undergraduate students to world affairs through traditional and multidisciplinary coursework. Its curriculum draws on economics, geography, history, political science, sociology, languages and literature, religious studies, and many other disciplines. The program also recognizes that the study of international affairs is rooted in policy issues and processes. It is this notion which underlies the concept of Task Force.

The organization and operation of Task Force were inspired by the Policy Conference of Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. The Policy Conference, which was initiated in 1930, consists of 25-30 people and operates much like a Presidential Commission or other investigative group. Its members explore a policy problem through research and discussions with experts; they debate the merits of policy proposals and arrive at a set of policy recommendations.
Computer Applications in Teaching International Political Interaction
Authors: Sadow Jeffrey D. , Jordan Robert S. , Sanchez-Navarro Paul
Published: February 2017

As the computer more and more becomes a tool to further quantitative political science research, the data analysis function threatens to overshadow the use of computers as information processors. Among the many functions of contemporary computer software is the ability to move text from user to user. These packages, available on almost any mainframe system, generally take the form of “electronic mail” systems and have proven invaluable for academics in communicating with each other around the world, making information thousands of miles distant seem located just around the corner.

Mail systems do not diminish in utility even when used just around the corner. Users recognize the benefit of distant information acting as if of local origin, but should not miss the converse. Information local in nature, in using mail systems, can appear to originate from sources far away if the users choose to view the information in that fashion. In essence, mail systems provide the means to model a framework simulating interaction among international political actors.

Thus the computer provides an ideal instrument to model diplomacy in the classroom and can aid instruction on the concept of diplomacy. When taken in the abstract, it seems difficult to teach diplomacy. Several questions arise concerning the concept's place in academia. First, why teach it? The answer lies in the state system. Nations behave as to achieve goals. War presents the starkest and most violent means to attain them, but nations often can eschew war and pursue goals by peaceful meansn—diplomacy. To creditably teach the behavior of nations requires investigation of diplomacy.
The Crisis of Teaching Crisis Decision Making
Authors: Friman H. Richard
Published: February 2017

Decision making under conditions of crisis is an integral part of international relations. Yet in most introductory IR texts, crisis decision making consists of Graham Allison's models, the Cuban missile crisis, and updated examples, discussed in five pages or less. In supplementing such texts, instructors of international politics at the introductory level may find themselves skirting Scylla and Charybdis. In the cliffs lies the extensive simulation exercise requiring additional readings and valuable class time to establish the game. Ahead, lies the whirlpool of detailed historical case studies all vying for attention as the necessary cases for relating to the student experience.

Over the past few semesters, I have sought to resolve this dilemma with a simple simulation exercise that integrates current events with the basics of decision making under crisis. The demands on class time are minimal. The simulation adds anywhere from 30 minutes to one hour to the regular classroom time spent on discussing foreign policy decision making. Instructor preparation merely requires a scan of reference materials and some creativity. The results, in terms of student interaction, awakening the shy student, and promoting learning instead of regurgitation of simple facts have all been extremely positive for classes as small as 25 students and as large as 65 students.
Global Education for the Secondary and College Student
Authors: Hughes Steven , Otero George
Published: February 2017

What's worth teaching and how to teach it are two questions we constantly pose to ourselves. As we ponder these, we inevitably run into two other questions: how to engage those who are less than fully motivated and how to involve students in learning about a world which is so incredibly complex and where virtually all issues are so globally interdependent. Because of the conditions of complexity and interdependence, we label ourselves global educators and what we do as global education.

George initially became concerned with these problems as a middle school teacher in Colorado. Later, as director of the Center for Teaching International Relations (CTIR) at the University of Denver, he was involved in developing strategies for student centered, interactive learning.

Steve has taught political science at a state university in California. Several years ago, he became convinced that the input, lecture based mode of learning he employed was terribly inadequate. So the search began for alternatives which eventually led to meeting George and to our subsequent collaboration.

The purpose of this article is to share some of the activities we have found to be successful in addressing our concerns. These activities have been used in a variety of settings: residential programs for approximately 35 high school students from all over the country, held at Las Palomas de Taos; the Tennessee Governor's School for International Studies, which is a four week, summer program for 150 high school students; workshops for elementary and secondary educators; and a variety of college courses including Global Politics American Government, and Public Policy Making.
Starting with the TA: Training the Professor of the 1990s
Authors: Ryan Michael P.
Published: February 2017

Virtually half of today's professors will retire in the coming decade (Bowen and Sosa, 1989). This creates both an urgent need and a great opportunity for American colleges and universities to recruit a new generation of educators. Most of the future faculty are in graduate school today. How can this cohort best be prepared today to become effective classroom teachers?

Many universities now have teaching assistant training programs and others are establishing them. Most TA training programs, however, are prompted by short-term concerns about the quality of instruction given undergraduate students today rather than by long-term concerns about the quality of the professoriate tomorrow (Sell, 1987). Since TAs in doctoral granting institutions do a large share of the teaching of undergraduates, short-term concerns are important. Nevertheless, TA training can and should be designed to serve both short- and long-term goals. The TA training program that seeks to achieve long-term goals must deliberately plan its program so that important skills associated with the professor, but not commonly associated with the TA, are taught. Two of these important skills are employed before the first class: course planning and syllabus writing.

Course planning, an activity that occurs before the first class (Stark et al., 1989), improves the course significantly for both teacher and student by clarifying goals and determining ways of achieving them. The syllabus explains the course plan (as well as other information) to the student and, hence, communicates information crucial to the success in the course.
The Teacher and Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Arnold Gregory B.
Published: February 2017

In writing of the seven deadly sins of college teaching, Eble (1983:3) observed that “Arrogance, Dullness, Rigidity, Insensitivity, Vanity, Self-Indulgence, and Hypocrisy” are sins as deadly to students' chances of learning “as the traditional deadly sins were to chances of salvation.” Focusing on “dullness,” Eble comments that though it is a seemingly benign sin, it competes for the “highest (or lowest) place.”

With this in mind, and on the assumption that instructors are the dominant influence in the classroom, the major focus for many researchers has been the analysis of teacher behavior. From their studies five characteristics of effective college teachers have been identified: scholarship (Mayhew, 1980); interest in subject (Beatty and Behnke, 1980); enthusiasm in presentation (Barr, 1981); keen wit (Bryant, et al., 1980); and the ability to dramatize a subject (Norton and Nussbaum, 1980). Consequently, the communication style of instructors has emerged as a prevailing factor in the teaching-learning process and has served as the basis of a growing body of research.

In the usual college classroom environment, communication is the central element in teaching. Norton's studies (1983) offered evidence showing perceived teacher effectiveness to be related to a teacher's perceived communication style, while Scott and Nussbaum (1981) found students' perceptions of teachers' communication styles to be associated significantly with student achievement. In the last instance, the findings showed that an instructor's perceived adeptness in communication was highly related to a student's evaluation of the overall performance of that instructor in the classroom.
The Introductory Urban Politics Course
Authors: Schmandt Henry J. , Wendel George D.
Published: February 2017

This article discusses (1) the extent to which an introductory course in urban politics is currently offered by political science departments in American colleges and universities; and (2) the thrust or orientation of such a course as reflected in survey responses, syllabi, and textbooks. The discussion is based principally on the findings of a mail survey of the 485 political science departments listed in the 1987 Directory of Undergraduate Political Science Faculty and of the 246 departments listed in the 1986 Guide to Graduate Study in Political Science, both compilations published by the American Political Science Association. A total of 377 completed questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 51 percent. Approximately one-fourth of the respondents also furnished copies of course outlines as requested.

The answer to the question of whether political science departments offer the introductory urban politics course recalls the old bromide of the “half full” or “half empty” water glass. Forty-nine percent of the respondents stated that they offer such a course while 51 % answered in the negative. A small minority questioned the importance of the offering, one respondent commenting, “An urban politics course is not of central importance to an undergraduate curriculum in the liberal arts.” Most non-offering departments, however, tended to be apologetic about the absence of the course from their curriculum, citing various reasons for its exclusion. The two factors most frequently mentioned are lack of resources (31 %) and the coverage of urban material in a state-local government offering (39%).
Introducing Students to Reference Sources in Comparative Politics
Authors: Boenau A. Bruce
Published: February 2017

Daunting challenges of teaching an introductory comparative politics course make it almost fanciful to urge over-burdened colleagues to take on one more task: to introduce undergraduates to standard reference sources in college and university libraries. And yet the task, I submit, needs to be done.

Like many others, I long took for granted that students would know or soon discover the treasures hidden in library reference sections. I assumed, for example, that students would know where to look for bibliographical sources for term papers. I reacted with scholarly indignation when they locked in orbit around Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report. I had trouble understanding why other students contended that topics involving recent political events could not be researched, because no books had yet been written on them. I was baffled by the frequent inability of students to obtain biographical information on major foreign leaders, to check the names of party candidates, to find election results, or to learn the composition of cabinets or politburos (admittedly a dicier problem these days).

One solution was to prevail upon the excellent reference librarian at our college to brief introductory students on the holdings of the college library. As informative as these briefings were, I came to fear that even the most receptive students were in a passive mode, lacked a sense of immediate relevance, and would soon forget what they were hearing unless they were asked to put it to early use.
Sequential Writing Assignments in International Relations and American Government Survey Courses
Authors: Selcher Wayne A. , McClellan E. Fletcher
Published: February 2017

Like many colleges and universities. Elizabethtown College has adopted a writing-across-the-curriculum program that attempts to establish writing as a principal means of communication and as a tool for the development of intellectual skills. Set to begin in Fall 1990 as part of a new core curriculum, the program requires that each core course provide writing assignments that “emphasize the process of writing or rewriting in response to critical evaluation by faculty and/or peers.” A major stimulus to the development of the program was an NEH Summer Seminar on Writing Across the Humanities, conducted on campus in 1985 by faculty in the College's Professional Writing Program.

The Department of Political Science, with four professors, has been an active promoter and participant in the campus writing program. Most of our own less formal conclusions about the role of writing in learning are congruent with those of the Harvard Assessment Seminars. We, too, find that close faculty-student interaction in assignments spread out sequentially provides the writer with directive and suggestive comments in a less threatening and more encouraging way. Such consultation leads to a higher quality final product and student mastery of more skills in style, organization, and analysis of substance. Two assignments that have worked particularly well for us at the introductory level are the foreign policy issue brief in the international relations course and the issue analysis project in American national government.
Outbreak investigation of fever mimicking dengue in Havelock Island, an important tourist destination in the Andaman & Nicobar Archipelago, 2014
Authors: KARTICK C. , BHARATHI G. S. J. , SURYA P. , ANWESH M. , ARUN S. , MURUGANANDAM N. , AVIJIT R. , VIJAYACHARI P.
Published: February 2017

An upsurge of fever cases of unknown origin, but resembling dengue and leptospirosis was reported in Havelock, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, an important tourism spot, during May 2014. Investigations were carried out to determine the aetiology, and to describe the epidemiology of the outbreak. The data on fever cases attending Primary Health Centre (PHC), Havelock showed that the average number of cases reporting per week over the last 2 years was 46·1 (95% confidence interval 19·4–72·9). A total of 27 (43·5%) patients out of the 62 suspected cases were diagnosed as having DENV infection based on a positive enzyme immunoassay or reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The overall attack rate was 9·4 cases/1000 population and it ranged between 2·8 and 18·8/1000 in different villages. The nucleotide sequencing showed that the virus responsible was DENV-3. DENV-3 was first detected in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in 2013 among wharf workers in Port Blair and within a year it has spread to Havelock Island which is separated from South Andaman by 36 nautical miles.
YAḤYĀ IBN ʿADĪ AND IBRĀHĪM IBN ʿADĪ: ON WHETHER BODY IS A SUBSTANCE OR A QUANTITY. INTRODUCTION,EDITIO PRINCEPSAND TRANSLATION
Authors: Menn Stephen , Wisnovsky Robert
Published: February 2017

The “lost” Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī treatises recently discovered in the Tehran codex Marwī 19 include a record of a philosophical debate instigated by the Ḥamdānid prince Sayf-al-Dawla. More precisely, Marwī 19 contains Yaḥyā’s adjudication of a dispute between an unnamed Opponent and Yaḥyā’s younger relative Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAdī (who also served as al-Fārābī’s assistant), along with Ibrāhīm's response to Yaḥyā’s adjudication, and Yaḥyā’s final word. At issue was a problem of Aristotelian exegesis: should “body” be understood as falling under the category of substance or under the category of quantity? The unnamed Opponent argues that body is a species of substance; Ibrāhīm argues that technically speaking, body is a species of quantity, and hence an accident; and Yaḥyā judges that body is a species of substance, though for very different reasons than the Opponent gives. For the first time, the Arabic text of this exchange is edited and translated into English. Also provided is an Introduction that sets the debate in historical context, and discusses in particular the possible influence of John Philoponus. The debate is interesting and important not only because of the philosophical ramifications of the issues under discussion, but because it constitutes evidence of dialectical practice among Arabic-speaking philosophers from the middle of the 10th century.
AL-FĀRĀBĪ ET LA SCIENCE DESUṢŪL AL-FIQH
Authors: Mensia Mokdad Arfa
Published: February 2017

It is known that Fārābī, in his political program, assumes philosophically some Islamic sciences likekalāmandfiqh. Focusing here on the case of thefiqhand in the limits of hisK. al-Milla, we try to establish correspondences between his theory of legislation and references to historically attested sciences. Our purpose is to show that he was able to articulatefiqhto the political science through an undeclared use ofʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh(science of principles of juridical science). He empties this science of its own material and preserves its form in order to fill it with philosophical material. This contributes to clear up his conception in this book of the shift from the voluntary universal to the particular. This shift is governed by a set of formal rules. These guidelines, which are rather deliberative, take place as a subject matter of the political science, alongside with universals, its classical subject matter. We think that these formal rules are borrowed from this typical Islamic science whose subject matter is the study of principles and rules governing the inference, from their sources, of particular legal status, the subject matter offiqh. If, from the strict philosophical point of view, political science provides the sources or foundations from which are inferred the original and primary legislation initiated by the founder of the religion (al-milla), as well as the derived and secondary one elaborated by his successors, the methodological part of this Islamic science would be the equivalent to the general prescriptions necessary for the application of universals so that concrete cases can be determined. For this purpose, Fārābī borrows willingly from the famous Shāfiʿī’sRisāla, the prototype of the treatises inuṣūl al-fiqh.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of minocycline in schizophrenia
Authors: Solmi Marco , Veronese Nicola , Thapa Nita , Facchini Silvia , Stubbs Brendon , Fornaro Michele , Carvalho André F. , Correll Christoph U.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Our aim was to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of adjunctive minocycline as a treatment of schizophrenia.

Methods

We conducted a PubMed/Scopus database search from inception to 3 February 2016 for randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs), open non-randomized studies, and case reports/series evaluating minocycline in patients with schizophrenia. Random-effects meta-analysis of positive, negative, depressive, and cognitive symptom rating scales, discontinuation and adverse effects rates calculating standardized mean difference (SMD), and risk ratios±95% confidence intervals (CI95%) were calculated.

Results

Six RCTs were eligible (minocyclinen=215, placebon=198) that demonstrated minocycline’s superiority versus placebo for reducing endpoint Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores (SMD=–0.59;CI95%=[1.15, –0.03];p=0.04), negative (SMD=–0.76;CI95%=[–1.21, –0.31];p=0.001); general subscale scores (SMD=–0.44;CI95%=[–0.88, –0.00];p=0.05), Clinical Global Impressions scores (SMD=–0.50;CI95%=[–0.78, –0.22];p<0.001); and executive functioning (SMD=0.22;CI95%=[0.01, 0.44];p=0.04). Endpoint PANSS positive symptom scores (p=0.13), depression rating scale scores (p=0.43), attention (p=0.47), memory (p=0.52), and motor speed processing (p=0.50) did not significantly differ from placebo, before execution of a trim-and-fill procedure. Minocycline did not differ compared to placebo on all-cause discontinuation (p=0.56), discontinuation due to inefficacy (p=0.99), and intolerability (p=0.51), and due to death (p=0.32). Data from one open-label study (N=22) and three case series (N=6) were consistent with the metaanalytic results.

Conclusions

Minocycline appears to be an effective adjunctive treatment option in schizophrenia, improving multiple relevant disease dimensions. Moreover, minocycline has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. However, more methodologically sound and larger RCTs remain necessary to confirm and extend these results.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION OF THE BRITISH NEW LEFT: “CULTURE” AND THE “MANAGERIAL SOCIETY,”C.1956–1962
Authors: FOKS FREDDY
Published: February 2017

Castigated as theoretically naive by Perry Anderson, or praised as culturally sensitive by later writers, the political thought of the “first New Left” has often been understood in relation to F. R. Leavis's cultural criticism. This article seeks to reframe the writings of E. P. Thompson, Stuart Hall, Charles Taylor and Alasdair Macintyre from this period as interventions in a fundamentally sociological debate about the nature of capitalism in the managed economy of postwar Britain.
Signature of an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in the Central Molecular Zone of Our Galaxy
Authors: Oka Tomoharu , Mizuno Reiko , Miura Kodai , Takekawa Shunya
Published: February 2017

The high-velocity compact cloud CO–0.40–0.22 was mapped in 22 molecular lines with the NRO 45 m radio telescope and the ASTE 10 m telescope. The map of each detected line shows that this cloud has a compact appearance (d≃3 pc) and extremely broad velocity width (Δ V≃100 km s−1). The representative position–velocity map along the major axis shows that CO–0.40–0.22 consists of an intense region with a shallow velocity gradient and a less intense high-velocity wing. This kinematical structure can be attributed to a gravitational kick to the molecular cloud caused by an invisible compact object with a mass of ~105M⊙. Its compactness and the absence of a counterpart at other wavelengths suggest that this massive object is an intermediate-mass black hole.
Physical Contact between the +20 km s−1 Cloud and the Galactic Circumnuclear Disk
Authors: Takekawa Shunya , Oka Tomoharu , Tanaka Kunihiko
Published: February 2017

We report the discovery of physical contact between the Galactic circumnuclear disk (CND) and an adjacent giant molecular cloud. The central 10 pc of our Galaxy has been imaged in molecular lines at millimeter wavelength using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m radio telescope. In the position-velocity maps of several high-density probe lines, we have found an emission “bridge” connecting the +20 km s−1 cloud (M–0.13–0.08) and the negative longitude extension of the CND. The collision between the +20 km s−1 cloud and the CND may be responsible for the formation of the bridge. This event can promote mass accretion onto the CND and/or into the inner cavity.
Star formation rates on global and cloud scales within the Galactic Centre
Authors: Barnes A.T. , Longmore S.N. , Battersby C. , Bally J. , Kruijssen J.M.D.
Published: February 2017

The environment within the inner few hundred parsecs of the Milky Way, known as the “Central Molecular Zone” (CMZ), harbours densities and pressures orders of magnitude higher than the Galactic Disc; akin to that at the peak of cosmic star formation (Kruijssen & Longmore 2013). Previous studies have shown that current theoretical star-formation models under-predict the observed level of star-formation (SF) in the CMZ by an order of magnitude given the large reservoir of dense gas it contains. Here we explore potential reasons for this apparent dearth of star formation activity.
Molecular gas kinematics of the CMZ: Great oaks from little acorns grow
Authors: Henshaw Jonathan D.
Published: February 2017

The central molecular zone (CMZ) hosts some of the most massive and dense molecular clouds and star clusters in the Galaxy, offering an important window into star formation under extreme conditions. Star formation in this extreme environment may be closely linked to the 3-D distribution and orbital dynamics of the gas. Here I discuss how our new, accurate description of the {l,b,v} structure of the CMZ is helping to constrain its 3-D geometry. I also present the discovery of a highly-regular, corrugated velocity field located just upstream from the dust ridge molecular clouds (which include G0.253+0.016 and Sgr B2). The extremes in this velocity field correlate with a series of massive (~ 104 M⊙) cloud condensations. The corrugation wavelength (~23 pc) and cloud separation (~8 pc) closely agree with the predicted Toomre (~17 pc) and Jeans (~6 pc) lengths, respectively. I conclude that gravitational instabilities are driving the formation of molecular clouds within the Galactic Centre gas stream. Furthermore, I suggest that these seeds are the historical analogues of the dust ridge molecular clouds – possible progenitors of some of the most massive and dense molecular clouds in the Galaxy. If our current best understanding for the 3-D geometry of this system is confirmed, these clouds may pinpoint the beginning of an evolutionary sequence that can be followed, in time, from cloud condensation to star formation.
ALMA view of the Galactic Center 50km/s molecular cloud
Authors: Uehara Kenta , Tsuboi Masato , Kitamura Yoshimi , Miyawaki Ryosuke , Miyazaki Atsushi
Published: February 2017

We have observed the Galactic Center 50km/s molecular cloud (50MC) with ALMA to search for filamentary structures. In the CS J=2-1 emission line channel maps, we succeeded in identifying 27 molecular cloud filaments using the DisPerSE algorithm. This is the first attempt of filament-finding in the Galactic Center Region. These molecular cloud filaments strongly suggest that the molecular cloud filaments are also ubiquitous in the molecular clouds of the Galactic Center Region.
Tidally-disrupted Molecular Clouds falling to the Galactic Center
Authors: Tsuboi Masato , Kitamura Yoshimi , Uehara Kenta , Miyawaki Ryosuke , Miyazaki Atsushi
Published: February 2017

We found a molecular cloud connecting from the outer region to the “Galactic Center Mini-spiral (GCMS)” which is a bundle of the ionized gas streams adjacent to Sgr A*. The molecular cloud has a filamentary appearance which is prominent in the CSJ=2-1 emission line and is continuously connected with the GCMS. The velocity of the molecular cloud is also continuously connected with that of the ionized gas in the GCMS observed in the H42α recombination line. The morphological and kinematic relations suggest that the molecular cloud is falling from the outer region to the vicinity of Sgr A*, being disrupted by the tidal shear of Sgr A* and ionized by UV emission from the Central Cluster. We also found the SiOJ=2-1 emission in the boundary area between the filamentary molecular cloud and the GCMS. There seems to exist shocked gas in the boundary area.
Origin of the Galactic Diffuse X-ray Emission: Iron K-Shell Line Diagnostics
Authors: Nobukawa Masayoshi , Uchiyama Hideki , Nobukawa Kumiko K. , Yamauchi Shigeo , Koyama Katsuji
Published: February 2017

An unresolved X-ray emission extends along the Galactic plane, so-called the Galactic diffuse X-ray emission (GDXE). The characteristic feature is three K-shell lines of Fe at 6.4, 6.7, and 6.9 keV. Recently, superposition of faint point sources, such as Cataclysmic variables (CVs) and Active binaries (ABs) is thought to be a major origin, although it is under debate which sub-class mostly contribute. We re-analyzed the Suzaku archive data and constructed spectral models of ABs, magnetic CVs (mCVs), and non-magnetic CVs (non-mCVs). The GBXE is explained by combination of those models; non-mCVs and ABs mainly contribute while mCVs account for ~10% or less of the 5–10 keV flux. On the other hand, the GCXE and GRXE spectra cannot be represented by any combination of the point sources, indicating another origin would be required.
Probing Sagittarius A* accretion with ALMA
Authors: Murchikova Elena
Published: February 2017

The submm Hydrogen recombination line technique can be used as a probe of the Galactic Center. We present the results of our H30α observations of ionized gas from within 0.015 pc around SgrA*. The observations were obtained on ALMA in cycle 3. The line was not detected, but we were able to set a limit on the mass of the cool gas (T~ 104 K) at 2 × 10−3M⊙. This is the unique probe of gas cooler than T ~106 K traced by X-ray emission. The total amount of gas near SgrA* gives us clues to understanding the accretion rate of SgrA*.
Fermi–LAT Observations toward the Galactic Center
Authors: Murgia Simona
Published: February 2017

The inner region of the Milky Way is one of the most interesting and complex regions of the γ-ray sky. Intense interstellar emission and point sources contribute to it, as well as other potential components such as an unresolved population of point sources and dark matter. In recent years, claims have been made of an excess consistent with a dark matter annihilation signal in the data collected with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi–LAT). Although these results are intriguing, the complexity involved in modeling the foreground and background emission from conventional astrophysical sources of γ-rays makes a conclusive interpretation of these results challenging. In these proceedings, I discuss Fermi–LAT observations of the Galactic center region, the methodology for point source detection and treatment of the interstellar emission, the characterization of the GeV excess, and implications for dark matter.
How hot is the molecular gas in the Galactic Center?
Authors: Immer Katharina , Kauffmann Jens , Pillai Thushara , Ginsburg Adam , Menten Karl M.
Published: February 2017

The molecular clouds in the Central Molecular Zone of our Galaxy (CMZ; inner ~200 pc) show systematically higher gas than dust temperatures (>50 K vs <30 K) in recent H2CO line and dust continuum surveys. This discrepancy is puzzling since gas and dust temperatures should become equal over short times at the high densities observed in these clouds. In deep H2CO(3–2) and (4–3) observations of seven clouds in the CMZ, we detected not only large temperature differences between the clouds but also large gradients within the clouds. Comparing the temperatures and the main H2CO lines at 218 and 291 GHz, we found a positive correlation between those two parameters, indicating that turbulence plays an important role in the heating of the gas. As a follow-up, we mapped the temperature tracers CH3CCH and CH3CN in these seven clouds to derive multiple temperature estimates and test the accuracy of high gas temperatures.
Detection of relativistic effects on the S2 orbit with GRAVITY
Authors: Grould Marion , Vincent Frédéric H. , Paumard Thibaut , Perrin Guy
Published: February 2017

The second generation instrument of the VLTI, GRAVITY, is expected to reach an astrometric accuracy of about 10 μas. It will thus possible to probe the spacetime close to the compact source Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) at the Galactic Center by using accurate astrometric observations of the second closest star to the Galactic Center, S2. In particular, we show that combining GRAVITY and spectrograph instruments will allow us to detect several relativistic effects such as pericenter advance or the Lense-Thirring effect.
Kinematics of the Ultra-High-Velocity Gas in the Expanding Molecular Shell Adjacent to the W44 Supernova Remnant
Authors: Yamada Masaya , Oka Tomoharu , Tanaka Kunihiko , Nomura Mariko , Takekawa Shunya , Iwata Yuhei , Tokuyama Sekito , Tanabe Keisuke , Tsujimoto Shiho , Furusawa Maiko
Published: February 2017

High-velocity compact cloud (HVCC) is a peculiar category of molecular clouds detected in the central molecular zone of our Galaxy (Oka et al. 1998, 2007, and 2012). They are characterized by compact appearances (d < 5 pc) and very large velocity widths (Δ V > 50 km s−1). Some of them show high CO J=3–2/J=1–0 intensity ratios (≥ 1.5), indicating that they consist of dense and warm molecular gas. Dispite a number of efforts, we have not reached a comprehensive interpretation of HVCCs. Recently, we detected an extraordinaly broad velocity width feature, the ‘Bullet’, in the molecular cloud interacting with the W44 supernova remnant. The Bullet shares essential properties with HVCCs. Because of its proximity, a close inspection of the Bullet must contribute to the understanding of HVCCs.