bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Force characteristic of a magnetic actuator for separable electric connector based on conical airgap
Authors: Li Yong , Cheng Taihong , Xuan Dongji , Shen Yunde
Published: March 2015

This article presents a magnetic actuator for use in a separable electric connector based on conical airgap. The magnetic flux lines in conical airgap are almost vertical to the edge face of the yoke and armature, showing that the actual flux length in conical airgap is smaller than the axial stroke, which reduces magnetic reluctance over large stroke. Parameter improvement is analyzed based on modeling, and optimal results of the magnetic actuator are adopted to improve the rate of force to volume. The experimental results show that there is friction force of 10–12 N existing in the moving armature of the prototype, and the nominal value is in accordance with the simulation one. The results show that the design of conical airgap in the magnetic actuator is available to improve the initial force and reliability of the separating process and has the advantages of compact structure, short transmission, high reliability, large force with 50 N at the initial displacement of 2.5 mm, and fast response with 16.5 ms over the traditional actuator.
A methodology for semiautomatic generation of finite element models: Application to mechanical devices
Authors: López Jesús , Artés Mariano
Published: March 2015

In this work, a methodology to create parameterized finite element models is presented, particularly focusing on the development of suitable algorithms in order to generate models and meshes with high computational efficiency. The methodology is applied to the modeling of two common mechanical devices: an optical linear encoder and a gear transmission. This practical application constitutes a tough test to the methodology proposed, given the complexity and the large number of components that set up this high-precision measurement device and the singularity of the internal gears. The geometrical and mechanical particularities of the components lead to multidimensional modeling, seeking to ensure proper interaction between the different types of finite elements. Besides, modeling criteria to create components such as compression and torsion springs, sheet springs, bearings, or adhesive joints are also presented in the article. The last part of the work aims to validate the simulation results obtained with the methodology proposed with those derived from experimental tests through white noise base-driven vibration and hammer impact excitation modal analysis.
BC Medication Management Project
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Tsao Nicole , Gastonguay Louise , Lynd Larry , Marra Carlo A.
Published: March 2015

Background:

The BC Medication Management Project (BCMMP) was developed by the BC Ministry of Health and the BC Pharmacy Association. This pilot project ran from September 2010 to January 2012. Pharmacists reviewed patients’ medication histories, discussed best use of medications, provided education and monitored for adverse effects, developed a plan to deal with medication issues and created a best possible medication history.

Methods:

To evaluate the experience of participating in the BCMMP, challenges and strengths of the project and the alignment of these experiences with the overarching goals, focus groups and interviews were conducted with 6 stakeholder groups. Themes were compared within and across stakeholder type and descriptively analyzed.

Results:

A total of 88 people participated in the focus groups/interviews. Pharmacists stated that providing BCMMP services was professionally satisfying and concurred with patients that the service did benefit them. However, participating in the BCMMP was not seen as financially sustainable by pharmacy owners, and there were concerns about patient selection. Physicians expressed concerns about increased workload associated with the BCMMP, for which they were not compensated. The computer system and burden of documentation were identified as the greatest problems.

Conclusions:

The BCMMP pilot project was enthusiastically received by pharmacists and patients who felt that it benefited patients and moved the pharmacy profession in a positive direction. It was widely felt that the BCMMP could be successful and sustainable if the identified challenges are addressed.
Urinary tract infections in women with stress urinary incontinence treated with transobturator suburethral tape and benefit gained from the sublingual polibacterial vaccine
Authors: Lorenzo Gómez María F. , Collazos Robles Rafael E. , Virseda Rodríguez Álvaro J. , García Cenador María B. , Mirón Canelo José A. , Padilla Fernández Bárbara
Published: March 2015

Introduction and objectives:

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) are highly prevalent diseases. Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between RUTIs and surgical correction of SUI with transobturator suburethral tape (TOT) and to describe the benefit gained from a sublingual polibacterial preparation on RUTIs developed after TOT.

Materials and methods:

A retrospective study was performed on 420 women who underwent TOT surgery due to SUI between April 2003 and October 2011. Group A: patients without urinary tract infections (UTIs) before TOT ( n = 294). Group B: patients with UTIs before TOT ( n = 126). Variables: age, personal history, number of UTIs/month prior to and after surgery, appearance of urgent urinary incontinence (UUI) with or without UTIs, response to International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires.

Results:

Group A: 85% dry; 5% UUI; 4% de novo UTIs with good response to antibiotics over 6 days. No RUTIs during the follow-up period, 2% with sporadic UTIs. Group B: 47.61% RUTIs; 52.39% sporadic UTIs; greater incidence of diabetes mellitus ( p < 0.0025) and smoking ( p < 0.0031) than group A. After TOT: 79.36% dry; 10% RUTIs. After treatment with antibiotics for 6 days and bacterial preparation for 3 months, 82% of patients did not have a UTI anymore. Postoperative cystourethrogram revealed 38% of nondiagnosed cystoceles before TOT. No patient had a postvoiding volume greater than 100 cm3 after TOT. Improvement of ICIQ-SF ( p < 0.001) and SF-36 ( p < 0.0004) in both groups.

Conclusion:

After eliminating bias associated with the tape, the technique and the surgeon’s skills, SUI correction may decrease the number of UTIs and improve the quality of life. UTIs disappeared in 82% of patients with RUTIs after TOT.
Efficacy of triptorelin pamoate 11.25 mg administered subcutaneously for achieving medical castration levels of testosterone in patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Lebret Thiery , Rouanne Mathieu , Hublarov Oleg , Jinga Viorel , Petkova Lidiya , Kotsev Rumen , Sinescu Ioanel , Dutailly Pascale
Published: March 2015

Objectives:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are widely used as androgen deprivation therapy in many men with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are delivered by intramuscular injection every 1, 3 or 6 months, but in some patients subcutaneous injection may be more appropriate. This study assessed the efficacy and safety profile of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, triptorelin pamoate, when administered by the subcutaneous route.

Methods:

In this multicentre, open-label, single-arm study, androgen deprivation therapy-naïve men with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer received the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist triptorelin pamoate 11.25 mg (3-month formulation) by the subcutaneous route twice (at baseline and 13 weeks later). The co-primary efficacy endpoints were the proportion of patients with a castration level of serum testosterone (<50 ng/dl) after 4 weeks, and of these, those still castrated after 26 weeks.

Results:

Of the 126 treated patients, 123 [97.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 93.2–99.5)] were castrated 4 weeks after the first subcutaneous injection, and 115/119 patients (96.6%; 95% CI: 91.6–99.1) castrated at 4 weeks maintained castration at 26 weeks. Median prostate-specific antigen levels were reduced by 64.2 and 96.0% at 4 and 26 weeks, respectively. The probability of maintaining a testosterone level <20 ng/dl up to 26 weeks was 90.0% (95% CI: 85.0–95.0). The most frequently occurring treatment-related adverse events were typical of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment (hot flushes, increased weight, erectile dysfunction and hyperhidrosis).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that triptorelin pamoate 11.25 mg administered by the subcutaneous route every 3 months is as efficacious and well tolerated as administration via the intramuscular route in men with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.
An evaluation of paediatric hand and upper limb assessment tools within the framework of the World Health Organisation International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health
Authors: Aslam Riffat , van Bommel Annelotte , Southwood Taunton , Hackett Janine , Jester Andrea
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Evaluation of hand function has traditionally focused on objective measurements involving strength and range of movement measurements. The World Health Organisation International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health (ICF) framework has introduced a more patient-orientated approach to assessment, incorporating four distinct areas of body structures, body functions, environment and activity limitation. These can be evaluated with both questionnaires and functional tests. Whereas there seems to be agreement over adult hand assessment, children’s hand assessment leaves involved therapists and clinician often wondering, which test to perform. The objective of this review was to evaluate the currently available childrens' hand and upper limb assessment tools within the framework of the ICF.

Method

A review of 19 of the most commonly used paediatric hand and upper limb assessment tools in the context of the components of the ICF. The International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health linking rules composed by Cieza et al. were used in order to map each of the meaningful concepts in these assessment tools to the domains of the ICF.

Results

The activities domain of the ICF was found to be well represented in all assessment tools. Four out of 19 assessment tools had items that mapped to the environment domain. The highest number of different concepts mapped was found in musculoskeletal questionnaires. The lowest number of concepts was found in the pegboard tests.

Conclusion

Tests are often combined to attempt to cover as many aspects of the ICF yet our findings show that this may not always be achieved. Clinicians and therapists must be aware that in order to get a more complete overview of a child’s hand and upper limb functioning sometimes time- and resource-consuming tests have to be combined.
Acute Effects of Online Mind–Body Skills Training on Resilience, Mindfulness, and Empathy
Authors: Kemper Kathi J. , Khirallah Michael
Published: March 2015

Background.

Some studies have begun to show benefits of brief in-person mind–body skills training. We evaluated the effects of 1-hour online elective mind–body skills training for health professionals on mindfulness, resilience, and empathy.

Methods.

Between May and November, 2014, we described enrollees for the most popular 1-hour modules in a new online mind–body skills training program; compared enrollees’ baseline stress and burnout to normative samples; and assessed acute changes in mindfulness, resilience, and empathy.

Results.

The 513 enrollees included dietitians, nurses, physicians, social workers, clinical trainees, and health researchers; about 1/4 were trainees. The most popular modules were the following: Introduction to Stress, Resilience, and the Relaxation Response (n = 261); Autogenic Training (n = 250); Guided Imagery and Hypnosis for Pain, Insomnia, and Changing Habits (n = 112); Introduction to Mindfulness (n = 112); and Mindfulness in Daily Life (n = 102). Initially, most enrollees met threshold criteria for burnout and reported moderate to high stress levels. Completing 1-hour modules was associated with significant acute improvements in stress ( P < .001), mindfulness ( P < .001), empathy ( P = .01), and resilience ( P < .01).

Conclusion.

Online mind–body skills training reaches diverse, stressed health professionals and is associated with acute improvements in stress, mindfulness, empathy, and resilience. Additional research is warranted to compare the long-term cost-effectiveness of different doses of online and in-person mind–body skills training for health professionals.
Is Hovering Smothering or Loving? An Examination of Parental Warmth as a Moderator of Relations Between Helicopter Parenting and Emerging Adults’ Indices of Adjustment
Authors: Nelson Larry J. , Padilla-Walker Laura M. , Nielson Matthew G.
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of parental warmth in the relation between helicopter parenting and indices of child adjustment (i.e., self-worth and school engagement) and maladjustment (i.e., risk behaviors) in emerging adulthood. Participants included 438 undergraduate students from four universities in the United States ( Mage = 19.65, SD = 2.00, range = 18–29; 320 women). Regression analyses established that increased helicopter parenting was associated with lower levels of self-worth and higher levels of risk behaviors for those emerging adults who reported low levels of maternal warmth from their parents (especially their mothers), but not for those with high levels of warmth. The discussion focuses on the moderating role of parental warmth and the importance of emerging adult perceptions of the parent–child relationship.
Neuromuscular Evaluation With Single-Leg Squat Test at 6 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hall Michael P. , Paik Ronald S. , Ware Anthony J. , Mohr Karen J. , Limpisvasti Orr
Published: March 2015

Background:

Criteria for return to unrestricted activity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction varies, with some using time after surgery as the sole criterion—most often at 6 months. Patients may have residual neuromuscular deficits, which may increase the risk of ACL injury. A single-leg squat test (SLST) can dynamically assess for many of these deficits prior to return to unrestricted activity.

Hypothesis:

A significant number of patients will continue to exhibit neuromuscular deficits with SLST at 6 months after ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients using a standardized accelerated rehabilitation protocol at their 6-month follow-up after primary ACL reconstruction were enrolled. Evaluation included bilateral SLST, single-leg hop distance, hip abduction strength, and the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score.

Results:

Thirty-three patients were enrolled. Poor performance of the operative leg SLST was found in 15 of 33 patients (45%). Of those 15 patients, 7 (45%) had concomitant poor performance of the nonoperative leg compared with 2 of 18 patients (11%) in those who demonstrated good performance in the operative leg. The poor performers were significantly older (33.6 years) than the good performers (24.2 years) ( P = .007). Those with poor performance demonstrated decreased hip abduction strength (17.6 kg operative leg vs 20.5 kg nonoperative leg) ( P = .024), decreased single-leg hop distance (83.3 cm operative leg vs 112.3 cm nonoperative leg) ( P = .036), and lower IKDC scores (67.9 vs 82.3) ( P = .001).

Conclusion:

Nearly half of patients demonstrated persistent neuromuscular deficits on SLST at 6 months, which is when many patients return to unrestricted activity. Those with poor performance were of a significantly older age, decreased hip abduction strength, decreased single-leg hop distance, and lower IKDC subjective scores.

Clinical Relevance:

The SLST can be used to identify neuromuscular risk factors for ACL rupture. Many patients at 6 months have persistent neuromuscular deficits on SLST. Caution should be used when using time alone to determine when patients can return to unrestricted activity.
Technological Affordances for the Music Education Researcher
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine music education researchers’ perceptions of the importance of selected technologies to scholarly inquiry. Participants ( N = 460), individuals who had published articles during a 5-year period between 2008 and 2012 in six prominent journals that disseminate music education research, were invited to complete an online questionnaire that asked them to rate the importance of various technological tools in relation to (a) their own scholarly inquiry and (b) graduate student music education researchers. A total of 250 responses were received, resulting in a 54% return rate. The participants indicated that a diverse set of technological tools is important to their personal research practice. They also suggested it was important for graduate student researchers to become acquainted with these tools. A potential model for conceptualizing the use of technology as an integrated part of the research process is proposed.
IP3 3-kinase B controls hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis and prevents lethal hematopoietic failure in mice
Authors: Siegemund Sabine , Rigaud Stephanie , Conche Claire , Broaten Blake , Schaffer Lana , Westernberg Luise , Head Steven Robert , Sauer Karsten
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Itpkb produces the soluble messenger IP4, which limits cytokine-induced Akt/mTORC1 activation in HSC. Itpkb loss in mice activates HSC and impairs their longevity and function, resulting in lethal hematopoietic failure and anemia.
Real-world research and its importance in respiratory medicine
Authors: Price David , Brusselle Guy , Roche Nicolas , Freeman Daryl , Chisholm Alison
Published: March 2015

Educational Aims

To improve understanding of:

The relative benefits and limitations of evidence derived from different study designs and the role that real-life asthma studies can play in addressing limitations in the classical randomised controlled trial (cRCT) evidence base.

The importance of guideline recommendations being modified to fit the populations studied and the model of care provided in their reference studies.

Key points

Classical randomised controlled trials (cRCTs) show results from a narrow patient group with a constrained ecology of care.

Patients with “real-life” co-morbidities and lifestyle factors receiving usual care often have different responses to medication which will not be captured by cRCTs if they are excluded by strict selection criteria.

Meta-analyses, used to direct guidelines, contain an inherent meta-bias based on patient selection and artificial patient care.

Guideline recommendations should clarify where they related to cRCT ideals (in terms of patient populations, medical resources and care received) and could be enhanced through inclusion of evidence from studies designed to better model the populations and care approaches present in routine care.

Clinical practice requires a complex interplay between experience and training, research, guidelines and judgement, and must not only draw on data from traditional or classical randomised controlled trials (cRCTs), but also from pragmatically designed studies that better reflect real-life clinical practice. To minimise extraneous variables and to optimise their internal validity, cRCTs exclude patients, clinical characteristics and variations in care that could potentially confound outcomes. The result is that respiratory cRCTs often enrol a small, non-representative subset of patients and overlook the important interplay and interactions between patients and the real world, which can effect treatment outcomes.

Evidence from real-life studies (e.g.naturalistic or pragmatic clinical trials and observational studies encompassing healthcare database studies and cohort studies) can be combined with cRCT evidence to provide a fuller picture of intervention effectiveness and realistic treatment outcomes, and can provide useful insights into alternative management approaches in more challenging asthma patients. The Respiratory Effectiveness Group (REG), in collaboration with the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), is developing quality appraisal tools and methods for integrating different sources of evidence. A REG/EAACI taskforce aims to help support future guideline developers to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach to recommendations and to tailor the conclusions of their meta-analyses to the populations under consideration.
Optimising inhaled mannitol for cystic fibrosis in an adult population
Authors: Flume Patrick A. , Aitken Moira L. , Bilton Diana , Agent Penny , Charlton Brett , Forster Emma , Fox Howard G. , Hebestreit Helge , Kolbe John , Zuckerman Jonathan B , Button Brenda M.
Published: March 2015

There has been remarkable progress in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients over the past 20 years. However, limitations of standard therapies have highlighted the need for a convenient alternative treatment to effectively target the pathophysiologic basis of CF-related disease by improving mucociliary clearance of airway secretions and consequently improve lung function and reduce respiratory exacerbations. Mannitol is an osmotic agent available as a dry powder, dispensed in a convenient disposable inhaler device for the treatment of adult patients with CF. Inhalation of mannitol as a dry powder is thought to change the viscoelastic properties of airway secretions, increase the hydration of the airway surface liquid and contribute to increased mucociliary and cough clearance of retained secretions. In two large phase 3 studies [1, 2], long-term use of inhaled mannitol resulted in a significant and clinically meaningful improvement in lung function relative to control in adult CF subjects and had an acceptable safety profile. Clinical experience with inhaled mannitol confirms that it is safe and effective. A minority of patients are unable to tolerate the medication. However, through training in proper inhaler technique and setting clear expectations regarding therapeutic effects, both the tolerance and adherence necessary for long term efficacy can be positively influenced.

Educational aims

To discuss the importance of airway clearance treatments in the management of cystic fibrosis.

To describe the clinical data that supports the use of mannitol in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.

To highlight the role of mannitol tolerance testing in screening for hyperresponsiveness.

To provide practical considerations for patient education in use of mannitol inhaler.

Key points

Inhaled mannitol is a safe and effective option in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.

Mannitol tolerance testing effectively screens for hyperresponsiveness prior to initiation of therapy.

Physiotherapists and respiratory therapists play an integral role in the introduction and maintenance of dry powder inhalation therapy.

Patient training and follow-up is important for optimising longer term adherence.
Excellent resistive switching properties of atomic layer-deposited Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 trilayer structures for non-volatile memory applications
Authors: Wang Lai-Guo , Qian Xu , Cao Yan-Qiang , Cao Zheng-Yi , Fang Guo-Yong , Li Ai-Dong , Wu Di
Published: March 2015

We have demonstrated a flexible resistive random access memory unit with trilayer structure by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The device unit is composed of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3-based functional stacks on TiN-coated Si substrate. The cross-sectional HRTEM image and XPS depth profile of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 on TiN-coated Si confirm the existence of interfacial layers between trilayer structures of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 after 600°C post-annealing. The memory units of Pt/Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3/TiN/Si exhibit a typical bipolar, reliable, and reproducible resistive switching behavior, such as stable resistance ratio (>10) of OFF/ON states, sharp distribution of set and reset voltages, better switching endurance up to 103 cycles, and longer data retention at 85°C over 10 years. The possible switching mechanism of trilayer structure of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 has been proposed. The trilayer structure device units of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 on TiN-coated Si prepared by ALD may be a potential candidate for oxide-based resistive random access memory.
Characterization of the major histocompatibility complex locus association with Behçet’s disease in Iran
Authors: Xavier Joana M , Davatchi Fereydoun , Abade Olga , Shahram Farhad , Francisco Vânia , Abdollahi Bahar Sadeghi , Trindade Hélder , Nadji Abdolhadi , Shafiee Niloofar Mojarad , Ghaderibarmi Fahmida , Ligeiro Dário , Oliveira Sofia A
Published: March 2015

Introduction

The aim of this study was to characterize the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B alleles and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with Behçet’s disease (BD) in an Iranian dataset.

Methods

The association of three SNPs in the MHC region previously identified as the most associated in high-density genotyping studies was tested in a case–control study on 973 BD patients and 825 controls from Iran, and the association of HLA-B alleles was tested in a subset of 681 patients and 414 controls.

Results

We found that HLA-B*51 (P = 4.11 × 10−41, OR [95% CI] = 4.63[3.66-5.85]) and B*15 confer risk for BD (P = 2.83 × 10−2, OR [95% CI] = 1.75[1.08-2.84]) in Iranian, and in B*51 negative individuals, only the B*15 allele is significantly associated with BD (P = 2.51 × 10−3, OR [95% CI] = 2.40[1.37-4.20]). rs76546355, formerly known as rs116799036, located between HLA-B and MICA (MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A), demonstrated the same level of association with BD as HLA-B*51 (Padj = 1.78 × 10−46, OR [95% CI] = 5.46[4.21-7.09], and Padj = 8.34 × 10−48, OR [95% CI] = 5.44[4.20-7.05], respectively) in the HLA-B allelotyped subset, while rs2848713 was less associated (Padj = 7.14 × 10−35, OR [95% CI] = 3.73[2.97-4.69]) and rs9260997 was not associated (Padj = 1.00 × 10−1). Additionally, we found that B*51 genotype-phenotype correlations do not survive Bonferroni correction, while carriers of the rs76546355 risk allele predominate in BD cases with genital ulcers, positive pathergy test and positive BD family history (2.31 × 10−4 ≤ P ≤ 1.59 × 10−3).

Conclusions

We found that the HLA-B*51 allele and the rs76546355/rs116799036 MHC SNP are independent genetic risk factors for BD in Iranian, and that positivity for the rs76546355/rs116799036 risk allele, but not for B*51, does correlate with specific demographic characteristics or clinical manifestations in BD patients.
Pullulan: a new cytoadhesive for cell-mediated cartilage repair
Authors: Bulman Sarah E , Coleman Cynthia M , Murphy J Mary , Medcalf Nicholas , Ryan Aideen E , Barry Frank
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Local delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the acutely injured or osteoarthritic joint retards cartilage destruction. However, in the absence of assistive materials the efficiency of engraftment of MSCs to either intact or fibrillated cartilage is low and localization is further reduced by natural movement of the joint surfaces. It is hypothesised that enhanced engraftment of the delivered MSCs at the cartilage surface will increase their reparative effect and that the application of a bioadhesive to the degraded cartilage surface will provide improved cell retention. Pullulan is a structurally flexible, non-immunogenic exopolysaccharide with wet-stick adhesive properties and has previously been used for drug delivery via the wet surfaces of the buccal cavity. In this study, the adhesive character of pullulan was exploited to enhance MSC retention on the damaged cartilage surface.

Methods

MSCs labeled with PKH26 were applied to pullulan-coated osteoarthritic cartilage explants to measure cell retention. Cytocompatability was assessed by measuring the effects of prolonged exposure to the bioadhesive on MSC viability and proliferation. The surface phenotype of the cells was assessed by flow cytometry and their multipotent nature by measuring osteogenic, adipogenic and chrondrogenic differentiation. Experiments were also carried out to determine expression of the C-type lectin Dectin-2 receptor.

Results

MSCs maintained a stable phenotype following exposure to pullulan in terms of metabolic activity, proliferation, differentiation and surface antigen expression. An increase in osteogenic activity and Dectin-2 receptor expression was seen in MSCs treated with pullulan. Markedly enhanced retention of MSCs was observed in explant culture of osteoarthritic cartilage.

Conclusions

Pullulan is a biocompatible and effective cytoadhesive material for tissue engraftment of MSCs. Prolonged exposure to pullulan has no negative impact on the phenotype, viability and differentiation potential of the cells. Pullulan dramatically improves the retention of MSCs at the fibrillated surface of osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Pullulan causes an upregulation in expression of the Dectin-2 C-type lectin transmembrane complex.
[18F]FDG-6-P as a novel in vivo tool for imaging staphylococcal infections
Authors: Mills Bethany , Awais Ramla O , Luckett Jeni , Turton Dave , Williams Paul , Perkins Alan C , Hill Philip J
Published: March 2015

Background

Management of infection is a major clinical problem. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium which colonises approximately one third of the adult human population. Staphylococcal infections can be life-threatening and are frequently complicated by multi-antibiotic resistant strains including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) imaging has been used to identify infection sites; however, it is unable to distinguish between sterile inflammation and bacterial load. We have modified [18F]FDG by phosphorylation, producing [18F]FDG-6-P to facilitate specific uptake and accumulation by S. aureus through hexose phosphate transporters, which are not present in mammalian cell membranes. This approach leads to the specific uptake of the radiopharmaceutical into the bacteria and not the sites of sterile inflammation.

Methods

[18F]FDG-6-P was synthesised from [18F]FDG. Yield, purity and stability were confirmed by RP-HPLC and iTLC. The specificity of [18F]FDG-6-P for the bacterial universal hexose phosphate transporter (UHPT) was confirmed with S. aureus and mammalian cell assays in vitro. Whole body biodistribution and accumulation of [18F]FDG-6-P at the sites of bioluminescent staphylococcal infection were established in a murine foreign body infection model.

Results

In vitro validation assays demonstrated that [18F]FDG-6-P was stable and specifically transported into S. aureus but not mammalian cells. [18F]FDG-6-P was elevated at the sites of S. aureus infection in vivo compared to uninfected controls; however, the increase in signal was not significant and unexpectedly, the whole-body biodistribution of [18F]FDG-6-P was similar to that of [18F]FDG.

Conclusions

Despite conclusive in vitro validation, [18F]FDG-6-P did not behave as predicted in vivo. However at the site of known infection, [18F]FDG-6-P levels were elevated compared with uninfected controls, providing a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The bacterial UHPT can transport hexose phosphates other than glucose, and therefore alternative sugars may show differential biodistribution and provide a means for specific bacterial detection.
Mass Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease in Rural and Remote Canadian First Nations People: Methodology and Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Lavallee Barry , Chartrand Caroline , McLeod Lorraine , Rigatto Claudio , Tangri Navdeep , Dart Allison , Gordon Audrey , Ophey Stephanee , Komenda Paul
Published: March 2015

Background:

Screening the general population for Chronic Kidney Disease is not currently recommended. Rural and remote Canadian First Nations people suffer a disproportionate burden of Kidney Failure. The First Nat ions Community Based Screening to Improve Kidney Health and Prevent Dialysis ( FINISHED) project intends to test the hypothesis that a mobile, mass screening initiative available to all First Nations people 10 years of age and older residing in rural and/or remote communities, is feasible, will improve health outcomes and is cost effective.

Objectives:

The objective of this manuscript is to describe the key elements required to design, implement and evaluate such a program and describe key characteristics of our screened cohort.

Design:

Methods and cohort description.

Setting:

11 First Nations communities within 2 Tribal Councils in Manitoba, Canada.

Patients:

All First Nations individuals between the ages of 10–80 living in the 11communities were eligible for the screening initiative.

Measurements:

Screening Rates achieved within communities.

Methods:

An interdisciplinary team partnership was established between the Diabetes Integration Project and the Manitoba Renal Program. Stakeholder consultation was obtained and protocols developed to mass screen community members using point of care testing equipment. All people screened were risk stratified, counselled and referred to nephrologists as required in real time, based on risk.

Results:

As of August 31, 2014, 1480 people in 11 communities over 2 Tribal Councils have been successfully screened. A mean screening rate of 21% of all community members eligible (aged 10–80) has been achieved. All patients at intermediate or high risk of kidney failure have been seen by nephrologists within 1 month of screening.

Limitations:

Long term outcomes of kidney failure rates not assessed for at least 5 years. Alternative public health initiatives to reduce kidney failure not investigated.

Conclusions:

Point of care mass screening, real time risk prediction and counselling of First Nations people at high risk of Kidney Failure is feasible in rural and remote communities. Further analysis of this cohort will describe theepidemiology of CKD in these communities, and test the cost effectiveness of this strategy.
The coherency of ambient seismic noise recorded during land surveys and the resulting implications for the effectiveness of geophone arrays
Authors: Dean Timothy , Dupuis J. Christian , Hassan Rakib
Published: March 2015

The use of analog sensor arrays is often assumed to provide signal-to-ambient-noise improvements proportional to the square root of the number of sensors being summed. We determined via numerical modeling and field experiments that the improvements sought were significantly hindered once the ambient noise exhibited coherence over the array being summed. As a first step, a numerical model was developed to explore the optimal sensor spacing based on the average correlation coefficient between sensors. Field experiments were then carried out to measure ambient noise using closely spaced geophones at several sites in Perth, Western Australia. We show that the measured noise at six test sites was strongly coherent over distances of up to 10 m, with the level of coherency being inversely proportional to frequency. The resulting optimum geophone spacing under our field conditions was determined to be 7.5 m. These results offered further encouragement to reassess our use of analog arrays and to consider recording the output from individual sensors. In addition to the benefits from postacquisition noise suppression, this approach will enable increased trace density without degradation of the signal caused by strong coherent noise sources over acquisition spreads.
A graphics processing unit implementation of time-domain full-waveform inversion
Authors: Yang Pengliang , Gao Jinghuai , Wang Baoli
Published: March 2015

The graphics processing unit (GPU) has become a popular device for seismic imaging and inversion due to its superior speed-up performance. We implemented GPU-based full-waveform inversion using the wavefield reconstruction strategy. Because computation on the GPU was much faster than CPU-GPU data communication, in our implementation, the boundaries of the forward modeling were saved on the device to avert the issue of data transfer between the host and device. We adopted the Clayton-Enquist absorbing boundary to maintain the efficiency of the GPU computation. A hybrid nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm combined with the parallel reduction scheme was used to do computation in GPU blocks. The numerical results confirmed the validity of our implementation.
Pregnancy limits lung function during exercise and depresses metabolic rate in the skink Tiliqua nigrolutea
Authors: Munns Suzanne L. , Edwards Ashley , Nicol Stewart , Frappell Peter B.
Published: March 2015

High gestational loads have been associated with a range of ecological costs, such as decreased locomotor ability; however, the physiological mechanisms that underpin these changes are poorly understood. In this study, breathing patterns, metabolic rates, lung volume and lung diffusing capacity were measured at rest and during exercise in the pregnant skink Tiliqua nigrolutea. Breathing patterns were largely unaffected by gestation; however, decreases in metabolic rate (rate of oxygen consumption) in the late stages of pregnancy induced a relative hyperventilation. The reductions in metabolic rate during late pregnancy prevent the calculation of the maintenance cost of pregnancy based on post-partum and neonatal metabolic rates. Despite the high relative litter mass of 38.9±5.3%, lung diffusing capacity was maintained during all stages of pregnancy, suggesting that alterations in diffusion at the alveolar capillary membrane were not responsible for the relative hyperventilation. Lung volume was increased during pregnancy compared with non-pregnant females, but lung volume was significantly lower during pregnancy compared with post-partum lung volume. Pregnant females were unable to produce the same metabolic and ventilatory changes induced by exercise in non-pregnant females. This lack of ability to respond to increased respiratory drive during exercise may underpin the locomotor impairment measured during gestation in previous studies.
Species-specific loss of sexual dimorphism in vocal effectors accompanies vocal simplification in African clawed frogs (Xenopus)
Authors: Leininger Elizabeth C. , Kitayama Ken , Kelley Darcy B.
Published: March 2015

Phylogenetic studies can reveal patterns of evolutionary change, including the gain or loss of elaborate courtship traits in males. Male African clawed frogs generally produce complex and rapid courtship vocalizations, whereas female calls are simple and slow. In a few species, however, male vocalizations are also simple and slow, suggesting loss of male-typical traits. Here, we explore features of the male vocal organ that could contribute to loss in two species with simple, slow male calls. In Xenopus boumbaensis, laryngeal morphology is more robust in males than in females. Larynges are larger, have a more complex cartilaginous morphology and contain more muscle fibers. Laryngeal muscle fibers are exclusively fast-twitch in males but are both fast- and slow-twitch in females. The laryngeal electromyogram, a measure of neuromuscular synaptic strength, shows greater potentiation in males than in females. Male-specific physiological features are shared with X. laevis, as well as with a species of the sister clade, Silurana tropicalis, and thus are likely ancestral. In X. borealis, certain aspects of laryngeal morphology and physiology are sexually monomorphic rather than dimorphic. In both sexes, laryngeal muscle fibers are of mixed-twitch type, which limits the production of muscle contractions at rapid intervals. Muscle activity potentiation and discrete tension transients resemble female rather than male X. boumbaensis. The de-masculinization of these laryngeal features suggests an alteration in sensitivity to the gonadal hormones that are known to control the sexual differentiation of the larynx in other Xenopus and Silurana species.
Learning context modulates aversive taste strength in honey bees
Authors: de Brito Sanchez Maria Gabriela , Serre Marion , Avarguès-Weber Aurore , Dyer Adrian G. , Giurfa Martin
Published: March 2015

The capacity of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to detect bitter substances is controversial because they ingest without reluctance different kinds of bitter solutions in the laboratory, whereas free-flying bees avoid them in visual discrimination tasks. Here, we asked whether the gustatory perception of bees changes with the behavioral context so that tastes that are less effective as negative reinforcements in a given context become more effective in a different context. We trained bees to discriminate an odorant paired with 1 mol l−1 sucrose solution from another odorant paired with either distilled water, 3 mol l−1 NaCl or 60 mmol l−1 quinine. Training was either Pavlovian [olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) in harnessed bees], or mainly operant (olfactory conditioning of free-walking bees in a Y-maze). PER-trained and maze-trained bees were subsequently tested both in their original context and in the alternative context. Whereas PER-trained bees transferred their choice to the Y-maze situation, Y-maze-trained bees did not respond with a PER to odors when subsequently harnessed. In both conditioning protocols, NaCl and distilled water were the strongest and the weakest aversive reinforcement, respectively. A significant variation was found for quinine, which had an intermediate aversive effect in PER conditioning but a more powerful effect in the Y-maze, similar to that of NaCl. These results thus show that the aversive strength of quinine varies with the learning context, and reveal the plasticity of the bee's gustatory system. We discuss the experimental constraints of both learning contexts and focus on stress as a key modulator of taste in the honey bee. Further explorations of bee taste are proposed to understand the physiology of taste modulation in bees.
On the Origin of Hydrocarbons in the Main Lower Pliocene Reservoirs of the South Caspian Basin, Azerbaijan
Authors: Feyzullayev A.A. , Tagiyev M.F. , Lerche I.
Published: March 2015

Two opposing points of view concerning the sources of hydrocarbons (HC) in the main reservoirs of the South Caspian Basin (SCB) Productive Series (PS-Lower Pliocene) reflect syngenetic or epigenetic genesis. Based on recent research results the nature of HCs in the PS is shown to be epigenetic. In the elevated onshore parts of the SCB PS Oligocene-Lower Miocene (Maikop series) rocks play a prevailing role in the formation of oil fields but in the central buried part of the SCB Middle-Upper Miocene rocks (Diatom suite) play a more dominant generation role. Hydrocarbon generation induces overpressure as shown by direct measurements in wells. The formation of HC pools in the PS occurred as a consequence of subvertical migration from underlying Oligocene-Miocene deposits, characterized by impulsive injection. Two main phases of oil migration occurred during the development of commercial accumulations in the PS. The distance of subvertical migration of HCs in the SCB is estimated to be about 4 km for oils and 10–11 km for gases.
Selection of Compressors for Petrochemical Industry in Terms of Reliability, Energy Consumption and Maintenance Costs Examining Different Scenarios
Authors: Sapmaz Suleyman , Kilic Fatma Canka , Eyidogan Muharrem , Taylan Osman , Coban Volkan , Cagman Selman , Kilicaslan Ibrahim , Kaya Durmus
Published: March 2015

In this study, based on some important criteria, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were presented for the selection of compressors used in compressed air systems, in a petrochemical industry. Four different scenarios were investigated according to the main criteria considered for the selection of the compressors such as reliability, energy efficiency, investment, and maintenance costs. The types of compressor and their capacities were analyzed and compared. In Scenario I, the currently active electrically driven compressors were considered as backup compressors, instead of them, a new unit turbo compressor and two units of VSD screw compressors were purchased as active compressors. In this scenario, the initial investment cost is low and standby steam consumption is reduced due to the fact that the backup compressors are electrically driven. In Scenario II all active and backup compressors are replaced by a new one, which is proposed to be electrically driven. In this scenario, the initial investment cost is high, but energy consumption is very low. In Scenario III, all active compressors are planned to be replaced by new backup steam-driven compressors. In this scenario, although the initial investment costs and energy consumption are high, the reliability of this scenario is higher than the reliability of Scenarios I and II. In Scenario IV, all compressors are projected to be replaced by new and equivalent compressors. In this scenario, the initial investment cost and energy consumption are high, but the reliability of this scenario is the highest comparing all other scenarios. The aim of this study is to contribute the studies on the selection of compressors by considering some important parameters as their types and capacities, in particular, for industrial enterprises that have risk of explosion like in the petrochemical industry.
BIM and Parametric Design in Academia and Practice: The Changing Context of Knowledge Acquisition and Application in the Digital Age
Authors: Holzer Dominik
Published: March 2015

This paper explores the consequences of the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Parametric Design on contemporary architectural practice and associated changes to the roles and responsibilities therein. Knowledge changes associated to new skill-sets of young graduates and their positioning among experienced professionals will be analysed. On one hand the paper will scrutinise how the use of BIM and Parametric design challenges design and delivery of projects, on the other hand the paper will reflect on the extent academic institutions can or should respond to the challenges. What are the opportunities inherent to these changes in practice? How should they influence current academic curricula that include computational design and digital architecture? Based on targeted interviews with recent graduates who entered practice, a number of responses to the challenges and opportunities will be presented by the author for further consideration.
Book Review: A. SIMPSON, Niketas Choniates: A Historiographical Study. Oxford Studies in Byzantium
Authors: KRALLIS Dimitris
Published: March 2015

Book Review: A. SIMPSON, Niketas Choniates: A Historiographical Study. Oxford Studies in Byzantium

pp. 400  | 2 in-text maps  | 978-0-19-967071-0 | Oxford 2013
A Study on the Residential Relational Factors and Residential Service Needs of Persons with a Mental Disability.
Authors: Byun Eun Kyung , Yoon Suk Ja
Published: March 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore residential needs of the mentally disabled which reflect residential relational factors and residential service needs. METHODS: The instrument used to measure residential needs of mentally disabled persons was the questionnaires reformed previous questionnaires. The instrument was tested with a sample of 307 participants who were registered in a day hospital, mental health center or social rehabilitation center. RESULTS: The needs for a residential facility for the mental disabled were significantly related with paying the entrance cost, monthly living cost and the decision making of the residents. The needs for residential services were independent living skills and an occupational rehabilitation program. CONCLUSION: The needs for residential services of the mentally disabled were varied because their diagnosis, symptom, functional level, treatment and personal priority are different. Therefore, we should develop various residential types and living services based on the needs and priorities of the mentally disabled.