bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey of cases of the pay-for-delay agreement in the post-Actavis era
Authors: Lu Thomas Y
Published: February 2021

What are the further developments on pay-for-delay agreements following Actavis, the case decided by the US Supreme Court regarding a pay-for-delay dispute in 2013? We surveyed 17 pay-to-delay deals involving brand-name drug owners and generic companies to see how their deals were structured in light of Actavis, as well as the results of follow-on court cases involving such contracts. As a result, we posit here that a no-Authorized Generic (AG) provision, the clause in a pay-for-delay agreement that asks the company making the brand-name drug not to launch its own generic drug in the market, occurred in almost half of the deals in our survey. More importantly, we found that the judges in cases following Actavis did not establish a framework to analyse whether pay-for-delay payments were large and unjustified. Therefore, the judges could not adequately explain why a given pay-for-delay agreement may have been anti-competitive under the rule-of-reason test under Actavis. Through these findings, we inferred that drug manufacturers should be able to avoid including no-AG provisions in their settlements. Finally, we predicted that antitrust agencies and courts would achieve a stronger interpretation of ‘large and unjustified payments’ if they unified the analytical framework for pay-for-delay agreements.
TeamGym: uma emergente modalidade de ginástica competitiva
Authors: Silva Douglas da , Bortoleto Marco Antonio Coelho , Lima Letícia Bartholomeu de Queiroz , Schiavon Laurita Marconi
Published: February 2021

O avanço das novas tecnologias tem revelado um papel importante para o desenvolvimento da Ginástica, permitindo a emergência de novas práticas, dentre as quais se destaca o TeamGym, modalidade competitiva de ginástica que surge no início do século XXI na Europa. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho reside em discutir o desenvolvimento do TeamGym na Europa, destacando as principais características das diferentes provas. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa com base na análise documental e bibliográfica. Foram selecionados 57 documentos: 8 artigos, 26 trabalhos de conclusão de curso, 18 dissertações de mestrado e 5 regulamentos oficiais. As análises mostram que a modalidade, apesar de recente, possui uma crescente adesão na Europa com interesse de países em outros continentes. Concluímos que são necessárias ações conjuntas entre instituições desportivas, federações nacionais e internacionais, bem como de pesquisadores(as) e especialistas, para que a modalidade seja amplamente divulgada e possa se desenvolver para além do contexto europeu.
Caracterização da formação de docentes de uma instituição de ensino superior de Santa Catarina
Authors: Schiestl Alexandre , Anselmo Margarete Catarina , Liz Fernando Dias de
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar a caracterização da formação profissional dos docentes de uma determinada instituição de ensino superior, do estado de Santa Catarina. A metodologia utilizada foi à aplicação de um questionário on-line com 07 perguntas de múltipla escolha, através da plataforma Google Docs.o, seja Stricto Sensu ou Lato Sensu. Foi possível ainda observar que 90% dos docentes possuem mestrado e 83,3% doutorado. Contudo, verificou-se também que o tempo de atuação na educação básica é menor de 1 ano, já o tempo de atuação no ensino superior é maior de 15 anos.
Comentarios sobre el procedimiento expropiatorio, ordinario y urgente, intereses de demora generados en la determinación y pago del justiprecio, criterio culpabilístico subjetivo, responsabilidad patrimonial, prescripción
Authors: Torres Aceituno Francisco
Published: February 2021

El presente comentario tiene por objeto abordar la Sentencia de 16 de mayo de 2019 de la Sala de lo Contencioso-administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía, por la que se desestima el recurso interpuesto frente a una resolución expresa y frente a la desestimación por silencio administrativo, en la reclamación de los intereses por determinación, y pago del justiprecio, respectivamente. Para ello, se aborda el procedimiento expropiatorio ordinario, y sus diferencias con el declarado urgente, así como la figura de la prescripción en el sentido de la reclamación de responsabilidad patrimonial que ha de ser la vía por la que se solicite el abono de los citados intereses, dada su particular naturaleza respecto del justiprecio.
Notas de Jurisprudencia.- Tribunal Constitucional
Authors: Escribano López Francisco
Published: February 2021

SUMARIO :

I. Constitución. A. Fuerza normativa. B. Interpretación.

II. Derechos y libertades. A. Derechos fundamentales y libertades públicas. B. Derechos y deberes de los ciudadanos. C. Principios rectores de la política social y económica. D. Garantía y suspensión de estos derechos.

III. Principios jurídicos básicos.

IV. Instituciones del Estado. A. La Corona. B. Las Cortes Generales. C. El Tribunal Constitucional. D. La Administración Pública. E. El Poder Judicial.

V. Fuentes.

VI. Organización territorial del Estado. A. Comunidades Autónomas. A.1. Autonomía. B.2. Competencias. B. Corporaciones Locales. A.1. Autonomía. B.2. Competencias.

VII. Economía y Hacienda. A. Principios generales. B. Presupuestos. C. Organización territorial. D. Tribunal de Cuentas. VI. Organización territorial del Estado. A. Comunidades Autónomas. B.2. Competencias.
Noticias de Revistas Autonómicas
Authors: Fernández Ramos Severiano
Published: February 2021

Reseñas y comentarios de diferentes artículos publicados en otras revistas de organismos autonómicos homónimos al Instituto de Administración Pública.
La recuperación de los servicios públicos locales
Authors: León Acosta Miguel
Published: February 2021

SINOPSIS:

Este libro se ocupa, precisamente, del fenómeno de la remunicipalización de servicios públicos y lo hace partiendo de una premisa muy concreta: la precaución y preocupación por dicho fenómeno y, sobre todo, por las consecuencias que para las Entidades locales puede tener, Una de las principales preocupaciones del autor radica en qué hacer cuando nos encontramos ante la recuperación anticipada de la gestión del servicio, operada normalmente a través del rescate de la correspondiente concesión. Este es, sin duda, el hilo conductor de toda la obra.
Real Middle School Teachers
Authors: Sommers Rhoda
Published: February 2021

Effective middle school teachers are more than the sum total of their educational beliefs and practices. They are whole persons whose lives reflect receptivity to growth, treasured relationships, and the intertwining of their personal and professional lives. This article uses the children’s classic, The Velveteen Rabbit, as a metaphor to describe effective middle school teachers.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from Organizational Performance Perspective: Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Industries of Malakand Division
Authors:   University of Malakand, Zeb Alam
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to explore corporate social responsibility from organizational performance perspective. This research was conducted on the pharmaceutical industries of Malakand division and by structured questionnaire data was collected from customer. 50 customers sample size was selected using convenience sampling techniques. Out of whom 40 questionnaires were received having response rate of 80% and are used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used for analysis. Results of the research demonstrate that the association among corporate social responsibility and organizational performance is positive in the pharmaceutical industries of Malakand division Pakistan.
CSR or ISO Certifi cation: What Does Really Matter for Consumer in Developing Countries ?
Authors:   ISP, Multan., Ahmad Ammar
Published: February 2021

This empirical study was aimed to discover the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and international standardization of organization (ISO) on corporate reputation (CR) and corporate reputation’s effect on consumer loyalty (CL). In addition, the relationship of corporate reputation & trust (T), corporate reputation with consumer company identification (CCI) was also examined. Lastly the association of consumer company identification, trust and consumer loyalty (CL) was also analyzed. The data was collected from 500 students of three different universities and survey instrument was administrated. Overall, eight hypotheses were examined to confirm the relationship among variables by using the CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the validity of the instrument with the help of AMOS and SPSS software. The result indicated that ISO and environmental CSR has direct relationship with corporate reputation. Corporate reputation had direct association with trust. Whereas, corporate reputation was significantly positive related with consumer company identification. Subsequently, Trust also showed positive relation with loyalty and positive relationship was found between consumer company identification and consumer loyalty. Furthermore, results showed that community development- corporate social responsibility had no relationship with corporate reputation and corporate reputation was significantly related with customer loyalty. The findings of this study contribute in the literature provided instrument authenticity and adaptability in Pakistani context. In this study limitations and future recommendations were also provided.
A prevenção ao conflito de interesses por meio de quarentena e remuneração compensatória no Brasil
Authors: Dias Motta Gustavo
Published: February 2021

O estudo analisa a prevenção ao conflito de interesses no Brasil por meio de quarentena e remuneração compensatória, suas críticas e possíveis medidas de aprimoramento. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise do arcabouço normativo brasileiro e de outras nações no âmbito da OCDE, foi possível compreender o cenário nacional relativamente ao tema, fazer críticas e sugestões de aprimoramento. O estudo revelou que é possível melhorar o sistema, tanto no que se refere à transparência e ganho de legitimidade (junto aos envolvidos e à população em geral), como também reduzir custos, adaptar prazos, flexibilizar regras e conferir maior enfoque na fiscalização pelas entidades responsáveis.
Analysis of the status of radiotherapy care provided to the population of Ukraine. Part 1. Analyzing morbidity and technical supply of radiation therapy in Ukraine
Authors: Starenkiy V. Р. , Sukhina O. M. , Stadnyk L. L. , Averyanova L. O.
Published: February 2021

Background. Radiation therapy is an essential in the complex of modern cancer care methods, since it is needed by more than half of cancer patients worldwide. However, each year more than 2 million people from low-income countries are unable to access modern radiotherapy technologies [1]. Thus, the urgent task in the field of radiation oncology is to increase the availability, quality and efficiency of radiotherapy, monitoring the level of technical, methodological and human resourcing of radiation therapy in Ukraine in accordance with trends in Europe and the world. The actual task of the study is to review and analyze the existing level, availability and effectiveness of applying the modern technologies of radiation therapy in the regions of Ukraine.

Purpose – analyzing the current state and level of availability of radiotherapy in Ukraine, seeking for opportunities to expand applying it.

Materials and methods. Analyzing and comparing statistical data of the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine and the information of IARC GLOBOCAN, IAEA DIRAC Database, summarizing the results.

Results. The level of technical and technological equipment as well as staffing of oncology centers of Ukraine has been analyzed, along with assessing quantitative and qualitative components of radiotherapy care in comparison with the average European indicators. The assessment of the state of radiotherapy care in Ukraine was carried out with due regard for the increasing number of patients.

Conclusions. According to the WHO, the structure of cancer incidence in Ukraine is similar to the European one, however higher specific mortality rate indicates, first of all, the insufficient level of covering the population of Ukraine by specialized diagnosis and oncological care, its low efficiency and engineering backwardness. It has been determined that radiation therapy in Ukraine is needed annually by at least 90 thousand cancer patients. In fact, only about 44 thousand of them are provided with tele-radiation therapy. First of all, this is due to extremely insufficient radiotherapy equipment available in Ukraine and using outdated radiation treatment technologies in gamma-ray teletherapy that result in its low quality and aggravating the clinical consequences. Given the growing number of cancer patients in 2022, Ukraine will need about 160 machines for tele-radiotherapy. The rise and adjusting the clinical and technical capabilities of regional oncology centers in terms of quality and efficiency of radiation therapy is possible under the conditions of their rapid technical.
The Cultural and Historical Trail Map of Peranakan Heritage in the Andaman Provincial Cluster in Thailand
Authors: Poomduang Thippiroon
Published: February 2021

This study explored the trace of Peranakan heritage in the Andaman provincial cluster and presented the Cultural and Historical Trail Map of Peranakan heritage in Andaman provincial cluster. The concept of development communication objectives was used to create a research framework. Research results in the "complement" phase showed 117 traces of Peranakan heritage in the Andaman provincial cluster. As for the "facilitate" phase, 83 sites were qualified. An analysis of the relationship of qualified sites with Peranakan culture revealed five significant connections between each location and culture: 1) Peranakan ancestral monument, 2) Peranakan shrine, 3) Sino-European architectural building, 4) Peranakan residential areas, and 5) Peranakan cultural and historical learning center. Upon completion of the last phase, "extend," 6 tourist maps were created to display 8 cultural sites in Ranong province, 15 sites in Phang Nga province, 33 sites in Phuket province, 8 sites in Krabi province, 14 sites in Trang province, and 4 sites in Satun province, respectively. This study, thus, has produced a visual map in each province which is a catalytic communication tool to promote tourism development at the regional level and national level.
Revealing the difference of intestinal microbiota composition of cultured European eels (Anguilla anguilla) with different growth rates
Authors: Shi Ye , Ma De-Ying , Shao-Wei Zhai Shao-Wei
Published: February 2021

Autochthonous probiotics were proposed to have a higher capacity to compete with resident pathogens and were also more prone to dominate and persist over other potentially pathogenic microbes. Therefore, the aim of this study was conducted to investigate the potential autochthonous microbiota by revealing the differences in the intestinal microbiota composition of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) with different growth rates. The differences of diversity, an abundance of the intestinal microbiota, and compositions of all the libraries were identified. Moreover, the composition of the intestinal microbiota of European eels was affected by the growth rates. The dominant phylum of the intestinal microbiota of fast growth eels was Fusobacteria, while Spirochaetes was the dominant phylum of the intestinal microbiota of slow growth and medium growth eels. Cetobacterium was identified as the predominant genera of the intestinal microbiota of fast growth eels; there was a significant difference in this genus between fast growth eels and slow growth eels. Although the relative abundances of Plesiomonas, Turicibacter, Nitrospira, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136 group were also increased with the growth rates, only Cetobacterium seemed to have great potential as the probiotics to European eels.
BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF BLOOD SERUM OF RUBELLA-RESISTANT CARP BREED AT THE END OF THE FEEDING PERIOD
Authors: Mikryakov D. , Revyakin A. , Pronina G. , Sokolova A. , Petrushin A.
Published: February 2021

Biochemical parameters of blood serum in resistant and susceptible to rubella pathogens groups of carp at the end of the feeding period are studied. The material was taken from 6 individuals of the Angelina scaly rubella-resistant breed kept at the experimental pond base "Sunoga" of the Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS, Yaroslavl oblast. For comparison, we used same-age carps from the fish farm "Kirya", Chuvash Republic, susceptible to rubella pathogens: 8 specimens of scaly and 8 mirror carps. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein of the fish under study. The tube with blood was left at room temperature. After coagulation, the serum was taken with a fine needle syringe and transferred to an Eppendorf tube. Serum samples were frozen prior to testing. The analyzed individuals of the Angelina rubella-resistant breed differ from the scaly and mirror carp in high levels of total protein, albumins, glucose, urea, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, cholesterol and low levels of lipids and alanine aminotransferase. A comparative analysis with previously obtained data after wintering shows differences between the autumn and spring data. In the Angelina breed, the levels of most indicators significantly increase during the fattening period. The content of total protein increases several times, mainly due to globulins, glucose, urea, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides. Thus, the metabolic processes aimed at the accumulation of proteins, stored lipids and carbohydrates increase in the organism of rubella-resistant carps. This is probably due to some specific characteristics of the Angelina breed, which allows the fish organism to successfully resist an infection with rubella pathogens in spring. The results of this study can be used in breeding for immunity resistance and for assessing the health status of fish in aquaculture.
“Translocal” narration of environmental issue through graphic novels: two Italian case studies
Authors: Rinella Antonella , Epifani Federica
Published: February 2021

The prevalence of mainstream media as source of information on environmental issues and
their tendency to draw global attention around a few major, dramatic environmental disasters (melting
of glaciers in the Arctic, desertification and drought in the African continent, deforestation of the
Amazon, oil pollution in the oceans, etc.), is creating in less conative readers/audience a lack of
awareness of the damages suffered in the local territorial systems to which they belong and low
willingness to collective action. Therefore, crossing and comparing the highest possible number of
sources of information, preferring those that can generate a proactive response to events and themes
concerning environmental sustainability and highlight deep local/global interconnections, is essential to
attain an independent, critical, and responsible narration. After shortly illustrating some theoretical and
methodological considerations developed in the areas of popular geopolitics, anti-geopolitics and
ecocriticism, this paper reviews two Italian graphic novels providing a bottom-up representation of local
environmental issues: the first one deals with the eutrophication of the Orbetello Lagoon (Tuscan
Maremma); the second one concerns the collapse of the tailings dams of the Prestavèl fluorite mines
located in Val di Stava (Trentino Alto Adige), a disaster that caused the death of 268 people. We will try
to point out how the authors, who are totally “embedded” in their works, provide a “translocal”
narration, condemning effectively and immediately the environmental damages in the territorial context
analysed and, at the same time, highlighting the interconnections between such site-specific events and
global sustainability, inviting readers to adopt an holistic view of the nature-culture relationship, beyond
the anthropocentric and instrumentalist production model which considers biosphere a mere tool to
satisfy the contingent needs of contemporary society.
The role of personal anxiety in the development of psychophysiological indicators in adolescent athletes
Authors: Makarova A. A. , Kharkova O. A.
Published: February 2021

Objective: to study the role of personal anxiety in the development of psychophysiological indicators in adolescent athletes.

Materials and methods. To study the prevalence of high levels of personal anxiety (hereinafter — LT), as well as to determine the characteristics of psychophysiological indicators, the study involved 23 teenagers — boys and girls who were representatives of different sports. Using the device for psychophysiological testing UPFT-1/30 “Psychophysiologist”, indicators of simple visual-motor reaction and the level of LT on the Spielberg scale were obtained. To assess the impact of changes in high LT levels on psychophysiological indicators, 14 adolescent athletes with a high level of personal anxiety were selected and then divided into 2 groups. The experimental group included adolescents who wanted to participate in an experiment on the use of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to correct high LT levels; the control group included adolescents with high LT levels who were not trained in cognitive behavioral therapy techniques.

Results. Every third adolescent athlete had a high level of LT. Adolescent athletes with a high LT level, in contrast to adolescents with an optimal LT level, were less efficient, and, despite a shorter minimum reaction time, made more mistakes. The dynamics of psychophysiological indicators were observed both in the group with intervention and in the group where no cognitive behavioral therapy techniques were performed; however, after studying the difference in the physiological parameters of the central nervous system in the group where there was a change in LT, and in the group where LT either did not change or increased, we found positive changes. Changes in the LT level led to a decrease in the average reaction time, the minimum reaction time, and an increase in the level of stability of reactions.

Conclusions. A high level of LT affects the psychophysiological parameters of the central nervous system in adolescent athletes. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to normalize the LT level of adolescent athletes leads to an improvement in the physiological parameters of the central nervous system.
Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Grab di Kota Palembang
Authors: Afrilliana Nadia
Published: February 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui rumusan masalah adakah pengaruh kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Grab di Kota Palembang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Asosiatif yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Grab di Kota Palembang. Variabel yang digunakan adalah Tangible, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance dan Empathy. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 68 responden, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel Purvosive Sampling. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer, dengan menggunakan metode kuesioner. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda yang didapat Y =. 3,725+ 0,130 X1 + 0,255 X2 + 0,082 X3 + 0,273 X4 - 0,088 X5+e Secara simultan (Uji F) ada pengaruh yang signifikan tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance dan empathy terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Grab di Kota Palembang. Secara parsial (Uji t) variabel tangible thitung (2,609) ≥ ttabel (1,666), variabel reliability thitung (3,454) ≥ ttabel (1,666), variabel responsiveness thitung (1,176) ≤ ttabel (1,666), variabel assurance nilai thitung (3,235) ≥ ttabel (1,666), dan variabel empathy thitung (-0.985) ≤ ttabel (1,666), Koefisien Determinasi R2 sebesar 0,663 angka tersebut menggambarkan bahwa kepuasan pelanggan dapat dipengaruhi oleh kualitas pelayanan sebesar 66,3% sedangkan sisanya 0,337 atau 33,7% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain yang tidak termasuk dalam penelitian ini.
The purpose of this study was to determine the problem formulation whether the effect of service quality on Grab customer satisfaction in Palembang City. This type of research is associative research, which is to determine the effect of service quality on Grab customer satisfaction in Palembang City. The variables used are Tangible, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy. The sample in this study were 68 respondents, with purposive sampling technique as a sample. The data used in this study are primary data, using a questionnaire method. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression obtained Y =. 3,725+ 0.130 X1 + 0.255 X2 + 0.082 X3 + 0.273 X4 - 0.088 X5 + e Simultaneously (F test) there is a significant effect of tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy on Grab customer satisfaction in Palembang City. Partially (t test) tangible variable t count (2.609) ≥ttable (1.666), variable reliability tcount (3.454) ≥ttable (1.666), variable responsiveness tcount (1.176) ≤ttable (1.666), assurance variable tcount (3,235) ≥ t table (1.666), and the empathy variable tcount (-0.985) ≤ttable (1.666), the coefficient of determination R2 of 0.663 this figure illustrates that customer satisfaction can be influenced by service quality by 66.3% while the remaining 0.337 or 33.7% is explained by other variables not included in this study.
Pengaruh Strategi Promosi terhadap Keputusan Konsumen dalam Pembelian Kosmetik Sari Ayu di Outlet Mall Palembang Icon
Authors: Annisa Nadya , Roswaty Roswaty , Setiawan Budi
Published: February 2021

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh strategi promosi terhadap keputusan konsumen dalam pembelian kosmetik Sari Ayu di outlet Mall Palembang Icon atau bisa juga disebut dengan PT. Martina Berto Tbk yang bertepatan di jalan POM IX. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 70 responden, sedangkan teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sampling kebetulan (Accidental). Pada penelitian ini variabel bebasnya terdiri dari Strategi Promosi, sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah keputusan pembelian. Pengujian instrumen menggunakan uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Sedangkan metode analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier sederhana dengan uji t, R, dan R2. Hasil perhitungan uji t sebesar t hitung X (Strategi Promosi) sebesar 10,679 pada tingkat sig 0,000. Hasil uji koefisien Korelasi (R) diperoleh nilai sebesar 0,791 menunjukan bahwa hubungan antara variabel X (Strategi Promosi) mempunyai hubungan yang kuat terhadap variabel Y (keputusan pembelian). Hasil uji koefisien determinasi (R2) menunjukan Adjusted R Square 0,626 atau 62,6%. Hasil perhitungan uji regresi linier sederhana sebesar Y= -0,922-1,007X. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengatakan bahwa Strategi Promosi memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap keputusan pembelian.
Abstract
This study aims to see the effect of promotional strategies on consumer decisions in purchasing Sari Ayu cosmetics at the Palembang Icon Mall outlet or also known as PT. Martina Berto Tbk which coincides on Jalan POM IX. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a total sample of 70 respondents, while the sampling technique used in this study is accidental sampling. In this study, the independent variable consists of the Promotion Strategy, while the dependent variable is the purchase decision. Testing instruments using validity and reliability tests. While the data analysis method uses simple linear regression analysis with t, R, and R2 tests. The result of t test calculation is t count X (Promotion Strategy) of 10.679 at the sig 0.000 level. The results of the correlation coefficient test (R) obtained a value of 0.791, indicating that the relationship between variable X (Promotion Strategy) has a strong relationship with variable Y (purchase decision). The test results of the coefficient of determination (R2) show Adjusted R Square 0.626 or 62.6%. The calculation result of simple linear regression test is Y = -0,922-1,007X. The results of this study indicate that the Promotion Strategy has a positive influence on purchasing decisions.
FIRST LINE ANTI-RETRO VIRAL DRUGS DISRUPTS THE ESTRUS CYCLE OF WISTAR RATS
Authors: Ohihoin Dr Aigbe Gregory
Published: February 2021

Background: Patients with HIV AIDS are beginning to live longer and healthier lives due to the use of ARV therapy. The effect of long term usage of these agents on the reproductive potential of human females has not been well studied. The study of the estrus cycle in rats will give information on the possible effect of ARV's on the reproductive potential of humans.Aims: To elucidate the effects of the first-line ARV's, Efavirenz, Tenofovir and Lamivudine administered in a combined fashion, on the oestrous cycle of adult female Wistar rats.Material and Methods: Twenty-five female Wistar rats with a mean weight of 158.76g were used. A total of five groups of rats were involved in the study. Five rats were apportioned to each study group. All three ARV's were administered orally in a combined fashion to a particular group of Female Wistar rats and also administered individually to other groups while the control group received water. The estrous cycles of various groups of rats were monitored via microscopic analysis of their vaginal smearsResults: The control group had a consistently regular cycle, while the cycles of the rats in the combination therapy group and the rats that received efavirenz alone, became elongated relative to the control group. There was a 48-hour enlongated proestrous phase some of the rats.Conclusions: First-line ARV's - Tenofovir, Efavirenz, and Lamivudine- disrupt the estrous cycle of adult rats. Further investigation of the long term usage of these drugs on the menstrual cycle of human females is therefore necessary
AN EVALUATION OF THE PROFITABILITY OF POULTRY AND PIG INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN MERU TOWN
Authors: Mutanu Judy , Wakah Mr. G.
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the profitability of poultry and pig investment projects in Meru TownMethodology: This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study targeted a population of all the farmers located at Meru town.  According to the Meru town statistics, there are 210 farmers in Meru town. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample of 20% from the population. Therefore, 42 farmers i.e. 20% of 210 were picked at random. The researcher used a questionnaire which was administered to the selected sample population respondents on a drop and pick basis. The data collected was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. In particular, frequency tables, averages and percentages were used. The data analysis actually involved simple tabulation and presentation of report generated form spreadsheets i.e. excel. The data was then presented using tables, graphs and charts.Results: The study concluded that the success rate of poultry and pig farming projects was low as evidenced by a maturation rate of 51 to 60 percent of the stock. The rest of the stock either died or didn’t lay eggs. In addition, the study concluded that despite the low success rate; poultry and pig farming were described as profitable compared to other investments. However, several challenges related to cost of production, infrastructural factors as well as market oriented factors posed a serious challenge to poultry and pig farming. These factors ranged from high cost of feeds to poor selling prices and shrinking markets as well as competition from subsidized imports.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy:  The study recommended that the bottlenecks associated with the poultry and pig projects be eliminated through a committed effort from the government to subsidize the cost of inputs, establishment of marketing associations and the elimination of middlemen in the sale of produce, improvement in extension services, and the provision of good infrastructure. While the challenges outlined in the study relate primarily to infrastructural and institutional bottlenecks, it might be interesting to study the role of entrepreneurial/management skills and general education on the success or otherwise of poultry and pig farming.
Rainfall is not the most limiting factor to maize (Zea mays L.) production in intermediate rainfall regions of Zambia. Lessons from Choma District
Authors: Mubanga Dr. Kabwe Harnadih , Steyn Prof. Martin Joachim
Published: February 2021

Purpose: This study was based on the following objectives; (1) to investigate the sufficiency of rainfall received in Choma by assessing the differences in the precipitation received (PPT) against the potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for maize, and (2) to estimate potential for maize production in Choma under the current rainfall and temperature conditions.Methodology: The Soil Water Balance (SWB) crop growth model was used to analyze the rainfall-temperature interactions and estimate the maize stress index (SI) for analyses of crop water stress and potential yields (Yp). The relationships involving precipitation, potential and actual evapotranspiration were performed using time series auto regression and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD).Findings: Choma was not in a state of water deficit as maize water requirements were lower than precipitation. Maize water stress was destructive when it occurred in the mid than late stages of maize development. Mean precipitation (799.29mm) was higher than mean actual evapotranspiration (719.23 mm), though the difference was insignificant (F = 1.281; p = 0.126). However, potential evapotranspiration for maize in the area was significantly higher than the actual evapotranspiration (mean = 719.23) (F = 5.621; p = 0.012). Less destructive moderately dry periods seldom occurred during the sensitive initial and mid periods of maize development.Results: Farmers in Choma can potentially increase their rain-fed maize yields from the current 1.89 t/ha/year to 4.9 t/ha/year by managing limiting factors to maize production such as reduced access to fertilizer, declining of soil nutrients, late delivery of inputs, lack of markets, pests and lack of proper nutrient management. The study also showed that management rather than climatic conditions is responsible for the low yields in Choma area. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study established a methodology for simulating potential yields of farmers given existing climatic and soil conditions. Policy should concentrate on improving crop management rather than the current concentration on mitigating impacts of climate change as these are not the factors responsible for observed reduced crop yields.
RESOURCE STRUGGLE, RESULTANT REALITIES AND THE FUTURE OF MARAGOLI LAND USE
Authors: Muhandale Alex Amisi
Published: February 2021

Land has remained one of the most basic and valuable economic resource right from the pre-colonial to the post independent Kenyan society. The success or failure of every society is always pegged on how prudent the society manages the resources within its reach in the midst of changes, challenges and opportunities that time and space avails every single moment. Being part of the Kenyan society, the Maragoli community has never been left out of the land question that has troubled Kenya over time. The pre-colonial Maragoli society had a land tenure system which was characterized by communal control of land together with its resources and practiced individual land ownership. Though land was communally owned at the general level, it was individually owned and tilled at the family level. The basis of land administration was the customary law executed by the elders who had the overall powers over the production resource. Through colonial policies such as alienation of the Africans’ land, confiscation of livestock, introduction of taxes and the cash economy; all these mechanisms brought about disequilibrium in the Maragoli pre-colonial land use. With this in mind therefore, this paper examined the nature and realities in resource struggle and the future of such struggles especially in regard to land use in the post-independence Kenya, using the case of the Maragoli. Through the articulation theory, this paper demonstrates that the interaction between the pre-colonial Maragoli land use practices and the colonial land policies greatly impacted on the Maragoli socio-economic and political structures. Due to the cash crop economy, the traditional Maragoli communal attitudes towards land as a resource are fading out resulting into individual emphasis on land use. This individual emphasis on land use is the major cause of uneconomical subdivision of land, insecurity and increased poverty. It is from the above perspective that the paper analyses the post-independence Maragoli land situation, some of the key causes of uneconomical subdivision of land and the possible solutions.
EVALUATION OF VEGETABLE VERMICOMPOST ON THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO DIFFERENT SOILS
Authors: Nweke I A , Chime E U , Ogugua U O
Published: February 2021

Vermicompst is a rich source of vitamins and growth hormones and contains most nutrients in plant available form. Ten adult earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) were cultured for three (3) months and three (3) weeks in sack made from old window mosquito net. The resultant product at harvest – vermicompost made of mostly worm casts was used to incubate sandy and clay soils respectively at the ratio of 50g: 300g for two (2) months and replicated five (5) times. The results of  the study shows that the produced vermicompost enriched the two types of soil with favourable pH level, high content of P, Ca, Mg and OM. Available P, pH level, Ca, Mg and OM were significantly (P < 0.05 ) increased and varied among the treatments. Exch. K and microbial biomass (MB) result showed higher value in clay while sand recorded higher value in N, Na and exchangeable acidity (EA). The findings of this study are of evidence that vermicompost improved the fertility of the soils by releasing mineral elements in the forms that are available for uptake of crops.
DETERMINANTS OF COFFEE PRODUCTION IN THE KENYAN ECONOMY
Authors: MUGWERU EDWARD KIO , ODHIAMBO DR.SULE , NYANDEMO DR. S.
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To establish determinants of coffee production in the Kenyan economy  Methodology: The study adopted descriptive survey research. The target population consisted ofResults: Results from the first model indicate that there exists a negative relationship between coffee output with credit advanced to farmers. Findings also did show there also exists a positive relationship between coffee output with coffee price, hectarage planted and price of input (fertilizer). Results further indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between the depreciation of the exchange rate and the coffee output.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the Kenya government may put in place measures and policies aimed at improving coffee production in Kenya, ie, financial institutions may be encouraged to lend loans to coffee farmers at no low interest rates. The study recommended that the government should introduce subsides aimed at reducing cost of inputs hence encouraging farmers to increase areas under coffee production as well as providing incentives to the farmers to encourage them engage in coffee farming. The sturdy also recommended that government may also set up factories or encourage investors, both local and foreign to set up factories that will process coffee to the final product within the country.
INFLUENCE OF INNOVATIVENESS ON PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
Authors: Linyiru Dr. Bruno Mugambi , Ketyenya Dr.  Rutto Peter
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of innovativeness on performance of state corporations in Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted an explanatory research design.  The population of the research consists of the 187 state corporations in Kenya as at 2013. The unit of analysis was the state corporation. A purposive sample of 55 commercial state corporations was included in the study. The study used primary data gathered using questionnaires.Results: Results indicated that innovativeness is a key determinant of firm performance for commercial state corporations in Kenya.Policy recommendation: The study recommends that firms can increase the innovative capability of their firms by paying more attention towards learning orientation and entrepreneur orientation to improve performance. The investment in learning based capabilities and developing of entrepreneurial instinct to exploit opportunities plays a key role in the maintenance of innovativeness.
DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED TAX PROJECTS OF KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY, KENYA
Authors: Migot Lucas Otieno , Paul Dr. Samson Nyanga’u
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The current study sought to establish the determinants of successful implementation of integrated tax projects of Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya.Methodology: A descriptive design was adopted. The target population was 353 project managers, assistant project managers and supervisors of the four integrated tax projects at Kenya Revenue Authority. A sample size of 187 was determined through Yamane formula and stratified. Data analysis was quantitatively analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists (SPSS V20) for both descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The study findings showed that stakeholder participation, project control, project planning and resource management positively influence implementation of the integrated tax projects significantly.Recommendations: Based on the findings, the study recommends the need for KRA to improve project-planning practices, improve resource management practices. This can be done by having adequate financial resources for each project, availability of adequate material to support project activities, having sound technical expertise for every project having knowledgeable personnel who understands the technical requirements of the project and using relevant technology for each project. The study also recommends a need for KRA to improve its project control practices. This can be done by incorporating policy, procedures and standards of implementation, having quality assurance policies and standards, having quality auditing, and specifications, using control charts and analysis and applying budget and budgetary controls when managing projects. Lastly, the study recommends a need for KRA to improve its stakeholder participation practices. This can be realized through increasing the stakeholder’s participation in the design of the project plan, identification of the scope and benefits of the project, implementation of the project and project monitoring and evaluation.
Reducing the Level of Groundwater In The City of Fergana
Authors: Erkinjonovich Abdulkhaev Zokhidjon , Mamadaliyevich Madraximov Mamadali , Axmadjon o’g’li Shoyev Mardon
Published: February 2021

This paper discusses the current effects of groundwater levels on buildings and engineering communications in Fergana and ways to overcome them. The paper considers methods of lowering the groundwater level in the territory of the city of Fergana, using closed horizontal drainage and given hydrological calculations.
Assessment of Effectiveness of Erbium:Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet Laser, GentleWave Irradiation, Photodynamic Therapy, and Sodium Hypochlorite in Smear Layer Removal
Authors: Dash Sumit , Singh Jyotirmay , Ismail Prabu MS , Agwan Muhammad AS , Ravikumar Kaarunya , Annadurai Thendral
Published: February 2021

Aim and objective

To compare the effectiveness of erbium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser, GentleWave irradiation, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and sodium hypochlorite in smear layer removal and dentin permeability with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Materials and methods

Seventy-five recently extracted single-rooted teeth (maxillary second premolars) were randomly divided into 5 groups of 15 each. Group I teeth was the control group in which conventional root canal preparation (RCP) [17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] was done without laser irradiation, group II teeth underwent RCP and GentleWave™ treatment, group III teeth were subjected to Er:YAG laser irradiation, group IV uses low-level 660 nm (PDT), and group V samples were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl. All samples were viewed under the SEM. Images at the coronal, middle, and apical part of the root canal were obtained at ×1000. A scoring system for smear layer removal and debris removal scoring was used for analysis.

Results

Smear layer removal was significantly higher at different points (coronal, middle, and apical area) in group I, followed by V, IV, II, and group III in declining order (p < 0.05). Intercomparison between the groups at different points indicates a significant difference in smear layer removal score between group I and group V at coronal, middle, and apical third. The result was not significant at coronal third and middle third, between group I and V, II and III, II and IV. The result was not significant at apical third between I and V, II and III, and II and IV (p < 0.05). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium hypochlorite are effective in smear layer removal followed by the Er-YAG laser technique.

Conclusion

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and NaOCl are effective in smear layer removal. Er:YAG laser-activated RCP was comparatively efficient in cleaning the smear layer and opening dentinal tubules.

Clinical significance

Er:YAG laser-activated RCP was comparatively efficient in cleaning the smear layer and it can be used for effective removal of smear layer for clinical usage.

How to cite this article

Dash S, Ismail PMS, Singh J, et al. Assessment of Effectiveness of Erbium:Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet Laser, GentleWave Irradiation, Photodynamic Therapy, and Sodium Hypochlorite in Smear Layer Removal. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020;21(11):1266–1269.