bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Multi-agent “Human-in-the-loop” Game Design System
Authors: Kruse Jan , Connor Andy M. , Marks Stefan
Published: April 2022

Designing games is a complicated and time-consuming process, where developing new levels for existing games can take weeks. Procedural content generation offers the potential to shorten this timeframe, however, automated design tools are not adopted widely in the game industry. This article presents an expert evaluation of a human-in-the-loop generative design approach for commercial game maps that incorporates multiple computational agents. The evaluation aims to gauge the extent to which such an approach could support and be accepted by human game designers and to determine whether the computational agents improve the overall design. To evaluate the approach, 11 game designers utilized the approach to design game levels with the computational agents both active and inactive. Eye-tracking, observational, and think-aloud data was collected to determine whether designers favored levels suggested by the computational agents. This data was triangulated with qualitative data from semi-structured interviews that were used to gather overall opinions of the approach. The eye-tracking data indicates that the participating game level designers showed a clear preference for levels suggested by the computational agents, however, expert designers in particular appeared to reject the idea that the computational agents are helpful. The perception of computational tools not being useful needs to be addressed if procedural content generation approaches are to fulfill their potential for the game industry.
Design and Implementation of a Historical German Firm-level Financial Database
Authors: Gram Dennis , Karapanagiotis Pantelis , Liebald Marius , Walz Uwe
Published: April 2022

Broad, long-term financial, and economic datasets are scarce resources, particularly in the European context. In this article, we present an approach for an extensible data model that is adaptable to future changes in technologies and sources. This model may constitute a basis for digitized and structured long-term historical datasets for different jurisdictions and periods. The data model covers the specific peculiarities of historical financial and economic data and is flexible enough to reach out for data of different types (quantitative as well as qualitative) from different historical sources, hence, achieving extensibility. Furthermore, we outline a relational implementation of this approach based on historical German firm and stock market data from 1920 to 1932.
Rank-in-Rank Loss for Person Re-identification
Authors: Xu Xin , Yuan Xin , Wang Zheng , Zhang Kai , Hu Ruimin
Published: April 2022

Person re-identification (re-ID) is commonly investigated as a ranking problem. However, the performance of existing re-ID models drops dramatically, when they encounter extreme positive-negative class imbalance (e.g., very small ratio of positive and negative samples) during training. To alleviate this problem, this article designs a rank-in-rank loss to optimize the distribution of feature embeddings. Specifically, we propose a Differentiable Retrieval-Sort Loss (DRSL) to optimize the re-ID model by ranking each positive sample ahead of the negative samples according to the distance and sorting the positive samples according to the angle (e.g., similarity score). The key idea of the proposed DRSL lies in minimizing the distance between samples of the same category along with the angle between them. Considering that the ranking and sorting operations are non-differentiable and non-convex, the DRSL also performs the optimization of automatic derivation and backpropagation. In addition, the analysis of the proposed DRSL is provided to illustrate that the DRSL not only maintains the inter-class distance distribution but also preserves the intra-class similarity structure in terms of angle constraints. Extensive experimental results indicate that the proposed DRSL can improve the performance of the state-of-the-art re-ID models, thus demonstrating its effectiveness and superiority in the re-ID task.
Role of CD4+T, CD8+T Cells, and CD4+T/CD8+T Cell Ratio in Gastric Cancer and Its Clinical Significance
Authors: Han Jingqi , Zhao Linglin , Wu Jianying , Diao Yinzhuo , Guo Qijing , Yang Jie , Luo Yushuang
Published: April 2022

Objective. To study the expression and clinical importance of CD4+T, CD8+T cells, and CD4+T/CD8+T cell percentage in gastric cancer (GC) patients. Methods. The blood count of CD4+T and CD8+T lymphocytes was ascertained via flow cytometry before surgery in 93 GC patients undergoing gastrectomy. The CD4+T, CD8+T, and Foxp3+T lymphocytes in cancerous and normal adjacent tissues and the presence of PD-L1 in cancerous tissues were detected via immunohistochemistry. The link between the permeation of CD4+T, CD8+T lymphocytes in venous blood, and cancer and normal adjacent tissues was analyzed. Results. Lauren histotype, TNM stage, lymphatic/nervous invasion, and NLR level were all considerably associated with peripheral CD4+T and CD8+T cell levels, whereas CD8+T lymphocytes were also associated with vascular invasion (

p
<
0.05

). The CD4+T lymphocyte counts, CD4+T, and CD8+T cell percentage in GC tissues were found to have been decreased when compared to normal adjacent tissues, whereas the CD8+T and Foxp3+T lymphocyte count was higher in GC tissues (

p
<
0.05

). According to a Spearman analysis, the CD4+T and CD8+T cell counts in tumor tissues were positively related to the Foxp3+T lymphocyte count (

p
<
0.05

). Greater peripheral CD4+T lymphocyte counts and increased level of CD4+T/CD8+T percentage corresponded with greater CD4+T cell levels and increased CD4+T/CD8+T quantity in normal adjacent tissues. Higher levels of peripheral CD8+T cells corresponded with higher quantities of CD8+T cells in cancer tissues. A reduced CD4+T lymphocyte count, together with a reduced CD4+T/CD8+T percentage in venous blood, was consistent with a diminished CD4+T cell count along with a reduced CD4+T/CD8+T lymphocyte ratio in cancer and normal adjacent tissues. Conclusion. The peripheral quantity of CD4+T and CD8+T lymphocytes in GC patients can partly reflect the infiltrating state of these lymphocytes in cancer and normal adjacent tissues and can preliminarily predict immunotherapy response to a certain extent.
A Fuzzy-Based Coordinated Power Management Strategy for Voltage Regulation and State-of-Charge Balancing in Multiple Subgrid-Based DC Microgrid
Authors: Panda Mrutunjaya , Bhaskar Devara Vijaya , Maity Tanmoy
Published: April 2022

Multiple DC subgrids in close proximity can be connected to form a DC microgrid. The interconnected DC subgrids enhance reliability and efficient utilization of resources. In this paper, a novel coordinated power management strategy is proposed for interconnected subgrids of a DC microgrid. Each DC subgrid has PV and battery units. The proposed strategy is implemented on interlinking bidirectional converters (IBCs). The strategy considers the state-of-charge (SoC) and charging/discharging current of the batteries for SoC balancing-based power sharing through IBCs. A fuzzy logic controller is implemented to decide the amount of power flow through the IBCs from SoC and the charging/discharging current of battery units. Moreover, with the coordinated strategy, a high SoC battery takes more loads compared to a lower SoC battery. The proposed strategy supports fast charging and fast discharging of batteries depending on the SoC level. In addition, the coordinated strategy can seamlessly transfer the control of IBC from the power regulating mode to the voltage regulating mode without any additional control scheme during an outage of the battery unit. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is validated through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator.
Mathematical Model and Numerical Simulation of Coalbed Methane Migration Considering the Adsorption Expansion Effect
Authors: Xie Jianlin , Yang Shaoqiang , Li Pengwei
Published: April 2022

The influence of gas adsorption and desorption on the volumetric strain of coal was measured by a self-designed, fluid–solid coupling triaxial coal adsorption deformation experimental system. The experimental results show that coal deformation has a threshold value with an increase in gas content. Before the gas content reaches the threshold value, coal deformation is not obvious. When the gas content reaches the threshold value, the deformation will increase sharply. At the same time, coal volume strain changes with coal gas content in accordance with exponential law ε = ε0(eϒc-1). Based on the experimental results, considering the coupling effects of heat transfer, water seepage, coal and rock mass deformation, and coalbed methane desorption and seepage, a mathematical model of heat transfer–deformation–seepage coupling coalbed methane migration was established, and a numerical simulation study was carried out on the heat injection-enhanced coalbed methane mining project. The results show that (1) With continuous heat injection, the gas in the coal seam is rapidly desorbed, and the adsorbed gas content forms an elliptical funnel that extends from the extraction hole to the deep part of the coal body and takes the fracturing crack as the center to the upper and lower boundaries of the coal seam. At day 30, the adsorbed gas content in the whole drainage area has decreased to 0.1 m3/t within 2m from the fracture zone. (2) On the basis of considering the gas adsorption expansion effect, the strain of the coal body decreases from roof to floor. With the increase in the heat injection time, the strain value will also increase, and the strain increase will decrease. When the heat injection is 30 days, the maximum strain at the roof is 0.015. The research results have important guiding significance for predicting coal rock deformation and determining gas extraction efficiency in the process of heat injection-enhanced coalbed methane extraction.
Network Blockchain Security Sharing Model Based on Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Li Ming , Xiao Peng
Published: April 2022

In light of the continuous development of Internet technology, many problems involving network security based on the blockchain have also been observed gradually. In this paper, the existence forms of network security hazards based on the blockchain are explored to establish a network blockchain security sharing model based on fuzzy logic. In security sharing, network blockchains are often maintained by many parties. This poses new potential threats and challenges to privacy protection in these multiparty network blockchains. This paper proposes a research scheme for a network blockchain security sharing model based on fuzzy logic. The tampering of the protected network blockchain is prevented by blockchain, and the fuzzy logic algorithm is used to ensure its confidentiality. This solution allows the exchange in the protected network blockchain and the security of transaction information based on the fuzzy logic algorithm. According to the results of the experiments, this method can ensure security sharing of the network blockchain with high practicality and achieve the expected design effect.
An Analysis of the Influential Factors of Violations in Urban-Rural Passenger Transport Drivers
Authors: Xiao Yun , Liu Haoyun , Liang Zijun
Published: April 2022

Road passenger transport is important for keeping urban and rural areas connected. In order to explore the traffic safety mechanisms behind urban and rural passenger transport, the personal attributes of urban-rural bus drivers from different areas were investigated. Based on the binary logistic regression model, an impact analysis model of 14 indicators of bus driver violations was established. The results showed that personality, gender, bus route, road conditions, and nap habits were important factors that affect driver violations. Female drivers violated slightly more (27.7%) than male drivers (26.2%), but male drivers violated multiple times (2.1), which was significantly higher than female drivers (1.5). Drivers with choleric personality were more likely to violate the traffic rules than others. Rural bus drivers violated significantly more (32.7%) than urban bus drivers (8%). The violation proportion of drivers who usually take naps but were deprived of naps (35.3%) was higher than that of drivers who have no nap habits (21.8%). The research results can act as a reference for improving urban-rural traffic safety.
Analysis of Psychological Changes and Intervention Mechanism of Elderly Groups Based on Deep Learning Analysis Technology
Authors: Gao Yue , Fan Qi
Published: April 2022

The elderly group is a unique social phenomenon in China. This study analyzes the typology of psychological changes in the elderly group based on the analysis of deep learning techniques and also combines crisis intervention theory to study the intervention strategies of social workers in different stages of emotional changes in the elderly group. A questionnaire survey of the elderly was conducted using the survey method, in which 10,948 valid questionnaires were screened from the Psychological Condition Self-check Scale and 11,040 valid questionnaires were screened from the Mental Health Survey Questionnaire for the Elderly. The degree of negative emotions of the elderly group in public emergencies was not related to age, but significantly correlated with age (

p

value < 0.05), and there was a tendency that the higher the age, the deeper the degree; in addition, elderly people of different professions also showed significant differences (

p

 < 0.05); elderly people of different regions also showed significant differences (

p

 < 0.05). In crisis intervention, social workers mainly provide services such as initial diagnosis, primary intervention, secondary intervention, and assessment for the caseworkers. The practical study found that social workers need to use strategies such as short-term focal solutions, avoiding guiding clients with their own values; crisis intervention programmes should be flexible, proactively helping clients to rebuild their support network, developing clients' self-solving skills, and implementing interprofessional teamwork and whole-person rehabilitation services.
Research on DoS Traffic Detection Model Based on Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron
Authors: He Hongyan , Huang Guoyan , Zhang Bing , Zheng Zhangqi
Published: April 2022

Denial of service (DoS) attack is a typical and extremely destructive attack, which poses a serious threat to the Internet security and is highly concealed, making it difficult to detect. In response to this problem, the paper proposes an efficient DoS attack traffic detection method, Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron hybrid network attack detection algorithm (RF-MLP). At first, it is adopted that the random forest algorithm can be used for feature selection and the optimal threshold can be determined by drawing a learning curve; therefore the optimal feature subset is determined. Then the optimal feature subset is used as the input of the multilayer perceptron for training. We will analyze the experimental results obtained using different configurations by varying the number of training neurons and the number of hidden layers of the multilayer perceptron network in order to improve the accuracy and reduce the number of false results. Using the real network traffic CICIDS2017 dataset and UNSW-NB15 dataset to evaluate the method in this paper, the results show that the model can effectively detect and classify DoS attacks, the accuracy rate can reach 99.83% and 93.51%, and there is also a significant reduction in the false alarm rate, verifying the effectiveness of the method and its ease of use.
A Normal Contact Stiffness Statistical Model of Joint Interface considering Hardness Changes
Authors: Yin Donghua , Zhang Xueliang , Wen Shuhua , Lan Guosheng , Chen Yonghui
Published: April 2022

Based on Kogut and Etsion’s finite element contact model (KE model) and citing the hardness geometric limit proposed by Jackson et al., the deformation stage of an asperity is re-divided, and a normal contact stiffness model of joint interface is established by using a statistical theory. The simulation results show that the normal contact stiffness of joint interface is a nonlinear function of the mean surface separation and decreases with the increase of the mean surface separation under different plasticity indexes. By comparing the normal contact stiffness model of joint interface considering hardness changes with the normal contact stiffness model of joint interface without considering hardness changes, it is found that, with the increase of the plasticity index, the difference between calculated results becomes larger.
Identification and Validation of Inflammatory Response-Related Gene Signatures to Predict the Prognosis of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Song Jiye , Song Liang , Lv Zhenmei , Liu Jianke , Feng Xuan , Zhang Song , Song Aiqin
Published: April 2022

Background. Neuroblastoma (NB) is the third most common malignant tumor in children. The inflammation is believed to be closely related to NB patients’ prognosis. However, there is no comprehensive research to study the role of inflammatory response-related gene (IRRG) in NB patients. Methods. We downloaded the gene expression profiles of NB patients from GEO and TARGET database, and the expression of 200 IRRGs was extracted. Then, we performed differentially analysis between INSS stage 4 and INSS stage 4S NB patients. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to screen out the overall survival- (OS-) and event-free survival- (EFS-) related IRRGs in GSE49710, and two signatures were constructed; both signatures were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Finally, the TARGET cohort was used to validate IRRG signatures, and the independence of the prognostic IRRG signatures was evaluated by integrating clinical information. Results. We screened out 10 OS-related IRRGs and 11 EFS-related IRRGs. Then, we identified that OS- and EFS-related IRRG signatures and found that the OS and EFS of NB patients in the low-risk group were significantly superior than those in the high-risk group (both

P

value < 0.0001). The AUC values of 3-, 5-, and 7-year OS are 0.910, 0.933, and 0.921, respectively, and 3-, 5-, and 7-year EFS are 0.840, 0.835, and 0.837, respectively. In addition, we found that both IRRG signatures can be used as independent prognostic indicators for patients with NB. Both IRRG signatures still have good predictive ability in validation cohort. Conclusions. We constructed and validated two prognostic gene signatures based on IRRGs. Our study helped us to better understand the role of inflammation in NB and provided new insights for the prognosis assessment and treatment strategy for NB patients.
Characterizations of the Weak Bivariate Failure Rate Order and Bivariate IFR Aging Class
Authors: Kayid M.
Published: April 2022

In this paper, two characterizations of the weak bivariate failure rate order over the bivariate Laplace transform order of two‐dimensional residual lifetimes are given. The results are applied to characterize the weak bivariate failure rate ordering of random pairs by the weak bivariate mean residual lifetime ordering of the minima of pairs with exponentially distributed random pairs with unspecified mean. Moreover, a well‐known bivariate aging term, namely, the bivariate increasing failure rate, is characterized by the weaker bivariate decreasing mean residual lifetime property of a random pair of minima.
Eosinophilic Asthma Secondary to Adjuvant Anti-PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in a Melanoma Patient
Authors: Kissoonsingh P. , Sutton B. , Iqbal Syed U. , Pallan Lalit , Steven Neil , Khoja L.
Published: April 2022

Background. Adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors are a new standard of care in melanoma. However, the immune related toxicity associated with these agents can be serious, and the long-term implications are yet to be defined especially in the adjuvant setting. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of anti-PD-1-induced eosinophilic asthma in a melanoma patient treated with adjuvant pembrolizumab. Case Presentation. A 72-year-old man commenced pembrolizumab in the adjuvant setting after resection of a stage IIIB cutaneous melanoma. The patient experienced episodes of breathlessness 4 weeks after cycle 1. These episodes were nocturnal and caused acute respiratory distress and cough, occasionally waking him up. The episodes progressed, and he was admitted after cycle 2 with a productive cough, wheeze, and breathlessness. Observations showed saturations on air of 94% and a respiratory rate of 19/min. The only laboratory abnormality was a raised eosinophil count of

1.1
×

10

9

. Spirometry showed a FEV1 of 2.57 (91% predicted), FVC of 4.04 (108% predicted), and ratio of 64%. Peak expiratory flow rate was 94% predicted, and corrected gas transfer was 6.29 (78% predicted) with KCO 1.18 (93% predicted). FeNO was raised at 129 indicating inflammation of his airways, and peak flow was 422 l/min. CT of the chest did not show pneumonitis or other lung pathology. A diagnosis of acute eosinophilic asthma was made. Treatment with steroids and beclometasone dipropionate and formoterol inhaler produced rapid resolution of symptoms and normalisation of the eosinophil count. Pembrolizumab was safely recommenced once steroids had discontinued and symptoms had resolved. Conclusions. Specialist respiratory input was needed for optimal patient management and is ongoing. Although a safe rechallenge with pembrolizumab was possible, treatment in the adjuvant setting is curative in intent and long-term safety follow-up is required to assess for delayed toxicity and long-term health implications. This is likely to require large regional/national/international databases to detect, monitor, and educate the wider medical community as these patients are followed up in primary care following initial specialist follow-up.
Linearization Coefficients for Some Basic Hypergeometric Polynomials
Authors: Chaggara Hamza , Mabrouk Mohammed
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we give a simple and original method based on inverse relation to express explicitly the linearization coefficients for some general classes of basic hypergeometric polynomial set in terms of the basic Kampé de Fériet function. We use symbolic computation algorithms, namely, q‐Multisum to find recurrence relations for the resulting linearization coefficients and qsum17 to solve some from the obtained recurrence relations. In some cases, the linearization coefficients are reduced to hypergeometric functions or hypergeometric terms.
An Optimization Algorithm of Time-Delayed Feedback Control Parameters for Quarter Vehicle Semiactive Suspension System
Authors: Guo Yong , Hu Yuh-Chung , Ren Chuan-Bo
Published: April 2022

Time-delayed feedback control is commonly used on the vehicle semiactive suspension system to improve ride comfort and safety. However, its performance on the suppression of road random excitation is less significant than that on the suppression of simple harmonic excitation. Therefore, this paper proposes a strategy of time-delayed feedback control with the vertical displacement of wheel and the method of optimizing its parameters based on equivalent harmonic excitation. The optimal parameters of the time-delayed feedback control are obtained in this way for the vehicle semiactive suspension system in its effective frequency band. The results of numerical simulation verify that the time-delayed feedback control with vertical wheel displacement and its parameter optimization based on equivalent harmonic excitation can significantly improve the ride comfort and stability. Its performance is much better than that of the passive suspension system.
A Steiner Inequality for the Anisotropic Perimeter
Authors: Dai Jin
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we prove the monotonicity of the anisotropic perimeter of sets of finite perimeter under Steiner symmetrization by a variational formula of volume and an inequality for the anisotropic lower outer Minkowski content. As a consequence, we give a more direct proof of the Wulff inequality by Steiner symmetrization.
The Effect of Innovation Investment on Environmental Total Factor Productivity
Authors: Wu You-Qun , Li Jie , Ma Jin-Chao
Published: April 2022

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (except Tibet) in China from 2012 to 2019, this paper uses the ML index method and spatial econometric model to evaluate the impact and spillover effect of innovation investment on environmental total factor productivity. The study found the following conclusions. (1) Environmental total factor productivity showed a fluctuating upward trend as a whole, and the driving force of environmental total factor productivity growth mainly came from technological progress. (2) There is global spatial correlation and positive spatial spillover effect in regional environmental total factor productivity. There is a certain spatial correlation in provincial environmental total factor productivity, and the improvement of environmental total factor productivity in this region will promote the improvement of environmental total factor productivity in surrounding areas. (3) Innovation investment, economic development, and foreign investment level play a significant role in promoting the improvement of environmental total factor productivity, and energy structure and human capital level have a negative impact on the improvement of environmental total factor productivity. (4) Innovation investment, economic development, human capital, and foreign investment have positive spillover effects on the improvement of environmental total factor productivity in the surrounding areas, while the energy structure shows negative spillover effects.
Blockchain Data Secure Transmission Method Based on Homomorphic Encryption
Authors: Peng Sheng , Cai Zhiming , Liu Wenjian , Wang Wennan , Li Guang , Sun Yutin , Zhu Linkai
Published: April 2022

To ensure the security of data transmission and recording in Internet environment monitoring systems, this paper proposes a study of a secure method of blockchain data transfer based on homomorphic encryption. Blockchain data transmission is realized through homomorphic encryption. Homomorphic encryption can not only encrypt the original data, but also ensure that the data result after decrypting the data is the same as the original data. The asymmetric encrypted public key is collected by Internet of things (IoT) equipment to realize the design of blockchain data secure transmission method based on homomorphic encryption. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the first transmission is as high as 88% when using the transmission method in this paper. After several experiments, the transmission accuracy is high by using the design method in this paper. In the last test, the transmission accuracy is still 88%, and the data transmission effect is relatively stable. At the same time, compared to the management method used in this article, the transfer method used in this paper is more reliable than the original transfer method and is not prone to data distortion. It can be seen that this method has high transmission accuracy and short transmission time, which effectively avoids the data tampering caused by too long time in the transmission process.
A Magnet-Coil-Type Bistable Vibration Energy Harvester for Random Wave Environment
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhang Xuguang , Kawada Naoki , Zhao Xilu
Published: April 2022

In this study, a new bistable vibration energy harvesting system is developed by originally proposing a bistable vibration model comprising a spring and a mass block and then applying a vibration generator composed of a coil and a magnet. The nonlinear equations of motion for this vibration energy harvesting system are developed and the static potential energy distribution is analyzed. The bistable vibration characteristics and the method for prediction of the periodic excitation frequency at which stochastic resonance is likely to occur are investigated theoretically, and the electromagnetic induction-based bistable vibration energy harvesting system is then developed. We predicted the excitation value that the stochastic resonance phenomenon is most likely to occur at 1.543 Hz. We also conducted experiments at 1.15 Hz, 1.50 Hz, and 1.85 Hz, which are centered on the predicted value. As a result, stochastic resonance occurred in all experimental cases. The power generation efficiency was improved by 125.03%, 149.05%, and 95.39%, respectively.
The Effects of Zinc-Containing Mouthwashes on the Force Degradation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Issa Ali R. , Kadhum Ammar S. , Mohammed Shahbaa A.
Published: April 2022

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the force degradation of two types of elastomeric chains following different periods of immersion in zinc-containing mouthwashes. Materials and Methods. Four hundred and forty pieces of Elasto-Force and Super Elasto-Force elastomeric chains were divided into two control and eight experimental groups. The pieces were stretched to 25 mm on pins mounted on an acrylic block and stored in distilled water at 37°C. The experimental groups were immersed in four different types of mouthwash for one minute twice a day throughout the test period. Ten continuous thermocycles per day between cold and hot water baths (5–55°C) were carried out. Forces were measured at six-time intervals (initial, 24 hours, 1, 3, 6, and 8 weeks). The mean force was calculated and compared among different elastomeric chains, mouthwashes, and times using the t-test and one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s HSD test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results. Both types of elastomeric chains had significant force degradation over time (74–79% at 8 weeks). The Super Elasto-Force generated a higher force level than the Elasto-Force elastomeric chain at all time points. SmartMouth Clinical DDS mouthwash had a significantly lower effect on force degradation than other mouthwashes with no significant difference compared to control groups. Conclusions. Depending on these results: there is no clinically significant difference between both types of elastomeric chains, although Super Elasto-Force delivered a higher force level. The pH of the mouthwashes could play a role in force degradation over time, rather than other ingredients including zinc. The SmartMouth mouthwash had the minimum effect on force degradation of elastomeric chains, followed by Halita, Listerine Total Care Zero, and Breath Rx, respectively.
Characterization of Immunogenicity of Malignant Cells with Stemness in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Authors: Bian Jing , Fu Jianyang , Wang Xin , Lee Jihye , Brar Gagandeep , Escorcia Freddy E. , Cam Maggie , Xie Changqing
Published: April 2022

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for long-term maintenance of tumors and thought to play a role in treatment resistance. The interaction between stemness and immunogenicity of CSCs in the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is largely unknown. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomic data to study immunogenicity of malignant cells in human iCCA. Using an established computerized method CytoTRACE, we found significant heterogeneity in stemness/differentiation states among malignant cells. We demonstrated that the high stemness malignant cells express much lower levels of major histocompatibility complex II molecules when compared to low stemness malignant cells, suggesting a role of immune evasion in high stemness malignant cells. In addition, high stemness malignant iCCA cells exhibited significant expression of certain cytokine members, including CCL2, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL8, TNFRSF12A, and IL6ST, indicating communication with surrounding immune cells. These results indicate that high stemness malignant cells retain their intrinsic immunological feature that facilitate the escape of immune surveillance.
Graphic Design Elements Based on Image Processing in Interior Landscape Design
Authors: Bu XiaoXuan
Published: April 2022

In recent years, some indoor landscapes have the common problems of stacking elements, improvisation, and lack of artistic beauty; how to perfectly integrate the landscape design elements into the indoor environment space is particularly important. High dynamic range images (HDRI) are more and more widely used in image processing systems; based on SoC FPGA design, the author implements a 20-bit high-dynamic real-time video image processing system, so that according to the characteristics of the indoor environment, extracting landscape design elements, the author can identify categories of graphic design elements to apply in interior spaces. According to the design requirements of ecological, modern, and sustainable development of interior landscape, based on Zynq SoC FPGA chip, the author realizes the software design of high dynamic real-time processing system and the programmable logic design based on Verilog; the realization of module functions such as image processing module register configuration, image receiving and processing, and image data output is realized. Simulation results show the author’s objective quality score is above 0.98, which is 118.95% of the average of other classical algorithms, which verifies the correctness and superiority of the author’s algorithm and system.
Arabic Document Classification: Performance Investigation of Preprocessing and Representation Techniques
Authors: Muaad Abdullah Y. , Davanagere Hanumanthappa Jayappa , Guru D.S. , Benifa J.V. Bibal , Chola Channabasava , AlSalman Hussain , Gumaei Abdu H. , Al-antari Mugahed A.
Published: April 2022

With the increasing number of online social posts, review comments, and digital documentations, the Arabic text classification (ATC) task has been hugely required for many spontaneous natural language processing (NLP) applications, especially within the coronavirus pandemics. The variations in the meaning of the same Arabic words could directly affect the performance of any AI-based framework. This work aims to identify the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) algorithms through preprocessing and representation techniques. This effectiveness is measured via different AI-based classification techniques. Basically, the ATC process is influenced by several factors such as stemming in preprocessing, method of feature extraction and selection, nature of datasets, and classification algorithm. To improve the overall classification performance, preprocessing techniques are mainly used to convert each Arabic word into its root and decrease the representation dimension among the datasets. Feature extraction and selection always play crucial roles to represent the Arabic text in a meaningful way and improve the classification accuracy rate. The selected classifiers in this study are performed based on various feature selection algorithms. The overall classification evaluation results are compared using different classifiers such as multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Logistic Regression (LR), and Linear SVC. All of these AI classifiers are evaluated using five balanced and unbalanced benchmark datasets: BBC Arabic corpus, CNN Arabic corpus, Open-Source Arabic corpus (OSAc), ArCovidVac, and AlKhaleej. The evaluation results show that the classification performance strongly depends on the preprocessing technique, representation methods and classification technique, and the nature of datasets used. For the considered benchmark datasets, the linear SVC has outperformed other classifiers overall when prominent features are selected.
Experimental Investigation on the Energy Consumption Difference between the Dynamic Impact and the Drilling Tests of Rocks
Authors: Xie Shoudong , Huang Mingjian , Lu Junji , Xi Wang , Xu Zhenyang
Published: April 2022

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique and various drilling tests were performed on three types of lithologies (granite and cyan and red sandstone) to understand the variation in energy consumption (EC) of the different methods used for rock crushing. The dynamic behavior of rocks was analyzed based on the dynamic stress-strain curve, the peak stress, the energy, and the failure mode for the SHPB test, while the drilling curve, the influence of the drilling pressure (DP) and the revolution speed (RS) on the drilling speed (DS) were analyzed for the drilling test. Additionally, the EC difference was compared based on the EC required to break a single unit volume of rock. The obtained results indicate that the sensitivity of the dynamic strength of rocks with different lithologies to strain rate is different and that the higher the uniaxial compressive strength is, the more sensitive it is. Additionally, the strengthening of the peak stress is more pronounced with the increase in the strain rate. The energy utilization efficiency (EUE) of the SHPB test sample has a positive correlation with the strain rate. Moreover, the typical drilling process can be divided into the initial drilling and stable drilling stages, with the DS during the stable drilling stage being lower than that during the initial drilling stage. The DP and the RS have a linear positive correlation with the DS, with the influence of the DP on the DS being more obvious. Finally, the EC during the drilling process is higher than the EC during the SHPB technique.
A Six‐Gene Risk Model Based on the Immune Score Reveals Prognosis in Intermediate‐Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Lu Cong , Hu Dong , Zheng Jin’e , Cao Shiyi , Zhu Jiang , Chen Xiangjun , Huang Shiang , Yao Junxia
Published: April 2022

Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been revealed as an important determinant of diagnosis and treatment response in AML patients. The scores of immune and stromal cell scores of AML in the intermediate‐risk group from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were calculated using the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data algorithm. Differentially expressed genes were identified between high and low scores. Gene set enrichment and pathway analyses were performed. A risk score model based on TME for six immune‐related genes was established and validated. Patients with a lower immune score had a longer overall survival than those with a higher score (P = 0.044). A total of 805 intersected genes as differentially expressed genes were identified and selected according to the comparison of both immune and stromal scores. The functional enrichment analysis shows that these genes are mainly associated with the immune/inflammatory response. The risk score model based on TME for six immune‐related genes (including MEF2C, ENPP2, FAM107A, CD37, TNFAIP8L2, and CASS4) was established and validated in the TCGA database and well validated in the TARGET database (P = 0.005). A key microenvironment‐related gene signature was identified that affects the outcomes of AML patients in the intermediate‐risk group and might serve as therapeutic targets.
Research on Soft-Sensing Methods for Measuring Diene Yields Using Deep Belief Networks
Authors: Deng Xiangwu , Peng Zhiping , Cui Delong
Published: April 2022

As an important raw material for the chemical industry, ethylene is one of the surest indicators that measure the development level of a country. The diene yield is an important production quality index parameter of ethylene units, and it is very important to detect and control them in real time. Due to the limitations of online analytical instrumentation technology, diene yields are difficult to measure online. Motivated by this, this article has studied soft-sensing technology for measuring diene yields. A diene yield prediction method based on a deep belief network algorithm network is proposed, and the regularity of historical diene yield data is fully explored by the method. First, the data feature vectors are fused and normalized. Then, the data are fed into a DBN consisting of two layers of restricted Boltzmann machines for unsupervised training, and finally, a DBN model is used to predict the diene yield. The experimental results show that the mean squared error of the test set with historical data is 1.15%, and the mean absolute percentage error of the measured data is 2.79%. The experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Predicting Freeway Traffic Crash Severity Using XGBoost-Bayesian Network Model with Consideration of Features Interaction
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Kun , Yuan Zhenzhou , Liu Dan
Published: April 2022

In the field of freeway traffic safety research, there is an increasing focus in studies on how to reduce the frequency and severity of traffic crashes. Although many studies divide factors into “human-vehicle-road-environment” and other dimensions to construct models whichshowthe characteristic patterns of each factor's influence on crash severity, there is still a lack of research on the interaction effect of road and environment characteristics on the severity of a freeway traffic crash. This research aims to explore the influence of road and environmental factors on the severity of a freeway traffic crash and establish a prediction model towards freeway traffic crash severity. Firstly, the obtained historical traffic crash data variables were screened, and 11 influencing factors were summarized from the perspective of road and environment, and the related variables were discretized. Furthermore, the XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) model was established, and the SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation) value was introduced to interpret the XGBoost model; the importance ranking of the influence degree of each feature towards the target variables and the visualization of the global influence of each feature towards the target variables were both obtained. Then, the Bayesian network-based freeway traffic crash severity prediction model was constructed via the selected variables and their values, and the learning and prediction accuracy of the model were verified. Finally, based on the data of the case study, the prediction model was applied to predict the crash severity considering the interaction effect of various factors in road and environment dimensions. The results show that the characteristic variables of road side protection facility type (RSP), road section type (LAN), central isolation facility (CIF), lighting condition (LIG), and crash occurrence time (TIM) have significant effects on the traffic crash prediction model; the prediction performance of the model considering the interaction of road and environment is better than that of the model considering the influence of single condition; the prediction accuracy of XGBoost-Bayesian Network Model proposed in this research can reach 89.05%. The identification and prediction of traffic crash risk is a prerequisite for safety improvement, and the model proposed and results obtained in this research can provide a theoretical basis for related departments in freeway safety management.
Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia on Oxidative Stress: Overwintering in Antarctic Concordia Station
Authors: Mrakic-Sposta Simona , Montorsi Michela , Porcelli Simone , Marzorati Mauro , Healey Beth , Dellanoce Cinzia , Vezzoli Alessandra
Published: April 2022

Concordia Station is the permanent, research station on the Antarctic Plateau at 3230 m. During the eleventh winter-over campaign (DC11-2015; February 2015 to November 2015) at Antarctic Concordia Station, 13 healthy team members were studied and blood samples were collected at six different time points: baseline measurements (T0), performed at sea level before the departure, and during the campaign at 3, 7, 20, 90, and 300 days after arrival at Concordia Station. Reducing the partial pressure of O2 as barometric pressure falls, hypobaric hypoxia (HH) triggers several physiological adaptations. Among the others, increased oxidative stress and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), resulting in severe oxidative damage, were observed, which can share potential physiopathological mechanisms associated with many diseases. This study characterized the extent and time-course changes after acute and chronic HH exposure, elucidating possible fundamental mechanisms of adaptation. ROS, oxidative stress biomarkers, nitric oxide, and proinflammatory cytokines significantly increased (range 24-135%) during acute and chronic hypoxia exposure (peak 20th day) with a decrease in antioxidant capacity (peak 90th day: -52%). Results suggest that the adaptive response of oxidative stress balance to HH requires a relatively long time, more than 300th days, as all the observed variables do not return to the preexposition level. These findings may also be relevant to patients in whom oxygen availability is limited through disease (i.e., chronic heart and lung and/or kidney disease) and/or during long-duration space missions.
Effect of Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) on Alveolar Bone during Maxillary Expansion Using Clear Aligners
Authors: Bahammam Maha , El-Bialy Tarek
Published: April 2022

The present study evaluated the possible effect of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on buccal bone plate thickness and height after maxillary arch expansion using clear aligners. The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of before and immediately after maxillary arch expansion (3 mm per side) of 28 adult patients (18 in LIPUS group and 10 in control) (average age 36.2 ± 13.2 years old) was analyzed. The wearing protocol of clear aligners in the LIPUS group was to change the aligners every 4 to 5 days, while the wearing protocol in the control group (without LIPUS) was to change the aligners every 7 to 10 days. Bone thickness at 3 mm and 6 mm from the buccal alveolar bone crests, along with the measurements of buccal alveolar bone heights, was measured in standardized sagittal sections. Data were analyzed through paired sample t‐test and the Wilcoxon test. The results were given as mean ± standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals. p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed significant increase in bone height in both groups. However, comparison of both LIPUS and control groups showed no statistically significant difference in bone thickness or bone height. The results of this study showed that the use of LIPUS together with accelerated aligner tray change protocol did not affect alveolar bone integrity when compared to the control group.
PSO-Based ANN for Studying on Carrying Capacity of Iron Ore Resources-Economy-Environment in Southern Shaanxi, China
Authors: YiCan Li , JunHao Wei , Na Pan , Morabbi Heravi Hakimeh
Published: April 2022

The southern Shaanxi Province, China, has abundant iron ore resources due to local ideal metallogenic conditions. The development and utilization of iron ore resources and other related industries serve as important pillars of the regional economy. In this paper, principals and methodology of system dynamics are adopted to develop a system model of interactions of development and utilization of mineral resources, social economy, and ecological environment, using the iron ore reserves in the southern Shaanxi region as a resource base, the regional GDP as a benchmark of regional economic development, and the environmental treatment expenditure as the measurement of the regional environmental protection efforts. The model is performed based on an optimized neural network by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Through setting variables and parameters for the system and model simulation as well as comparative research, this paper analyzes the interconnectivity and interaction of the three subsystems and explores associated relationships among mineral resources, social economy, and environmental carrying capacity in the southern Shaanxi region. In addition, the present study also proposes advice on the development and utilization of iron ore resources, ecological protection, and high-quality development of the economy in the southern Shaanxi region based on the research results.