bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Republican Spaces of Schooling to Educational Territories? The Problematic Emergence of Educational Territories in Postdecentralized France
Authors: Giband David
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this paper is to question evolutionary relationships between schools and its spaces, regarding major French decentralisation policies in education and spatial planning. Behind the watchword territoire, one can find complex strategies, practices, ideologies and policies for the “local” to adapt to paradoxical injunctions. After discussing the emergence of territory as a structuring spatial figure and an ideal for public action in education priority areas, I’ll examine the spread of the territorial paradigm in the governance of education. Then, I’ll use the concept of spaces of interdependency to understand how the territoire produces territorial arrangements in order to fit with various issues and injunctions in the spatial organization of education (international competition, educational inequalities, demographic challenges). More than an uncompleted decentralisation process attached to the French case, we consider spaces of interdependency as the base of a “new educational order” answering diverse injunctions in a hybridized sociospatial system.
Ideology, Spatial Planning, and Rural Schools: From Interwar to Communist Hungary
Authors: Gyuris Ferenc
Published: August 2019

The author of this paper investigates the impact of political ideologies on spatial planning and the school network, especially small schools in small settlements, in twentieth century Hungary. After WWI and the resulting vast territorial losses, the interwar nationalist-conservative regime considered the country’s cultural advantage over its neighbors as a crucial prerequisite for territorial revision and launched large-scale school development projects. In the 1930s, these initiatives became increasingly exposed to political centralization and ethnopolitical attempts. The first years after WWII witnessed the restoration of war destruction and some institutional reforms, before the post-1948 Stalinist dictatorship targeted a radical demolition of small settlements and their schools now considered as “uneconomic.” Although succeeding non-Stalinist leaderships took a more tolerant stance, their attempts of limited decentralization led to regional administrative organs exploiting their own periphery, resulting in a mass closure of rural schools in the 1970s under the motto of “rationalization.”
Securing Indigenous Dispossession Through Education: An Analysis of Canadian Curricula and Textbooks
Authors: Schaefli Laura , Godlewska Anne , Lamb Christopher
Published: August 2019

We investigate the representation of colonialism and Indigenous peoples in K-12 education in Canada. Focusing on three provinces—Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, and British Columbia—we analyze strategies of inclusion and exclusion at play in Ministry of Education-approved primary and secondary curricula and textbooks. Drawing on findings from our larger research project, we discuss the implications of these strategies on student consciousness. Our examination suggests that in all three educational jurisdictions, students are learning a logic of relation premised on the disappearance of Indigenous peoples as sovereign, self-determining nations. Silence around Indigenous philosophies and territories, apologia for colonial incursions on Indigenous territories, and reinforcement of racialized hierarchies of being all work to minimize colonial violence and preclude imagination of distinct, vital, and self-determining Indigenous nations. Particularly troubling are the ways in which curricula and texts invite students to participate in the perpetuation of colonial modes of thought and action.
Geopolitical Framings of Subalterity in Education: Compounding a Neoliberalized Welfare State
Authors: Basu Ranu
Published: August 2019

State-funded public education, long valued as a crucial tool for reducing inequality, promoting economic mobility, and advocating social justice, can have an ongoing transformative effect on the evolution of the public realm. The ideologies, policies, and practices of state-funded education distinctly shape various aspects of social justice, including the way in which those most vulnerable produce and contest urban spaces. However, researchers are increasingly acknowledging the inability of publicly funded education systems to sufficiently address the needs of poor and marginalized groups. Within the context of this systemic shortcoming, displaced migrants, whose relegation to subaltern levels already disconnects them politically, socially, and geographically from power, face conditions of extreme precariousness. In the context of this pressing challenge confronting global societies, the author (as part of a broader project comparing Toronto, Havana, Kolkata) will explore geopolitical framings of subalterity in education and its contradictory relation with the neoliberalized welfare state.
Introduction
Authors: Sandoz Laure
Published: August 2019

The introductory chapter presents the theoretical approach and methodology and critically discusses the current scholarship on highly skilled migration. It shows how migrant categories are not neutral and arise out of a nation-state logic. The category “highly skilled migrant” demarcates boundaries both in opposition to other migrants and to the local population. The association with power and privilege sets “highly skilled migrants” apart. At the same time, evaluating skills in migration contexts reveals global imbalances of power. Current policy debates and the development of increasingly selective admission policies on a global scale shape academic discussions about highly skilled migration. For these reasons, the author argues that the term “highly skilled migrants” should be used as a category of practice rather than as a theoretical concept. This is achieved through a qualitative, constructivist, and interpretative methodological approach inspired by the overall framework of critical ethnography. The research design (participative, multi-sited and multi-actor), research locations (northwestern and Lake Geneva areas of Switzerland) and sources of information (interviews, observations, documents, and surveys) are carefully introduced, and the author reflects on the role of participative methods, in particular the para-ethnographic approach developed by Holmes and Marcus.
Selecting Foreigners for the Labour Market
Authors: Sandoz Laure
Published: August 2019

The second chapter addresses the issue of admission by analysing how state and cantonal administrations in Switzerland select and authorise highly qualified immigrants for residence and employment. The Swiss dual admission system constitutes a compromise between opposing political tendencies towards openness and closure. It communicates an impression of state control over immigration to the electorate while staying flexible enough to adapt to the needs of major economic actors. Moreover, this system relies on an ambiguous definition of “highly skilled migrants” as foreign individuals who are economically profitable, socially independent, and culturally close. The implementation of Swiss admission policies involves complex interactions between public sector employees and a vast network of private sector institutions – employers, consultants, relocation agents, lawyers, economic promotion agencies – for which the mobility of highly educated workers is an economic driver. These actors facilitate access to residence and work permits for foreigners who are expected to generate profit. However, they can also force migrants into situations of dependency and immobility, as restrictive admission systems make them reliant on the administrative support of a sponsor. In practice, a migrant’s successful admission is based on factors that have little to do with their actual skills and more to do with the type of support received from employers or experts in admission processes. The authorities’ perception of the economic interests and legitimacy of a candidate’s application for admission is crucial for defining their value in the Swiss labour market.
Creating Attractive Places
Authors: Sandoz Laure
Published: August 2019

The third chapter uses ethnographic and online research to examine place-branding initiatives supported by Swiss cantons to attract, welcome, and retain immigrants who are perceived as valuable. While cantonal administrations in charge of integration informally differentiate between “highly qualified expats” and “less privileged immigrants” based on markers of difference such as class and nationality, they do not want to show favouritism towards already privileged groups and tend to focus their activities on groups perceived as socially disadvantaged. Nevertheless, actors in charge of economic promotion develop strategies to foster regional development by creating services that directly target the most profitable companies. In this way, some foreign employees benefit from special treatment due to their employer’s status. Some highly educated immigrants also participate in these political processes by mobilising their cultural, social, and economic capital in order to advocate for more recognition from the state. Immigrants who define themselves as “expats” insist on their specificity with regard to other immigrants. Although their main goal is to raise awareness about the difficulties that they experienced when moving to Switzerland, their claims also challenge traditional perceptions of belonging, since they substitute nationality with economic contribution as a legitimate factor for defining state responsibilities towards them. Moreover, they insist that their cultural capital defines their value and legitimacy to participate as local residents. These claims contribute to making the needs of newcomers more visible, but also reproduce the idea of a normative distinction between more and less deserving immigrants.
Nambu-Goldstone Affleck-Dine baryogenesis
Authors: Harigaya Keisuke
Published: August 2019

Abstract

The Affleck-Dine mechanism creates the baryon asymmetry of the universe from an angular motion of a complex scalar field. The mechanism is efficient and allows for a low reheating temperature of the universe if the scalar field has a flat potential along its radial direction. We consider a possibility that the scalar field is a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson arising from spontaneous breaking of an approximate global symmetry, so that the flatness of the potential is naturally understood. We construct a concrete realization of the idea based on chiral symmetry breaking in an SU(N) gauge theory. The Peccei-Quinn mechanism can be consistently incorporated into the model. We also comment on a possible impact of the model on early universe physics.
Towards the n-point one-loop superstring amplitude. Part II. Worldsheet functions and their duality to kinematics
Authors: Mafra Carlos R. , Schlotterer Oliver
Published: August 2019

Abstract

This is the second installment of a series of three papers in which we describe a method to determine higher-point correlation functions in one-loop open-superstring amplitudes from first principles. In this second part, we study worldsheet functions defined on a genus-one surface built from the coefficient functions of the Kronecker-Einsenstein series. We construct two classes of worldsheet functions whose properties lead to several simplifying features within our description of one-loop correlators with the pure-spinor formalism. The first class is described by functions with prescribed monodromies, whose characteristic shuffle-symmetry property leads to a Lie-polynomial structure when multiplied by the local superfields from part I of this series. The second class is given by so-called generalized elliptic integrands (GEIs) that are constructed using the same combinatorial patterns of the BRST pseudo-invariant superfields from part I. Both of them lead to compact and combinatorially rich expressions for the correlators in part III. The identities obeyed by the two classes of worldsheet functions exhibit striking parallels with those of the superfield kinematics. We will refer to this phenomenon as a duality between worldsheet functions and kinematics.
Bit threads and holographic entanglement of purification
Authors: Harper Jonathan , Headrick Matthew
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Generalizing the bit thread formalism, we use convex duality to derive dual flow programs to the bipartite and multipartite holographic entanglement of purification proposals and then prove several inequalities using these constructions. In the multipartite case we find the flows exhibit novel behavior which allows for a constrained flux on the boundary of the homology region. We show this flux can be made distinct from bi-partite terms and reflects the truly multipartite portion of the holographic entanglement of purification.
Selective cytotoxicity of epidithiodiketopiperazine DC1149B, produced by marine-derived Trichoderma lixii on the cancer cells adapted to glucose starvation
Authors: Tang Rui , Kimishima Atsushi , Ishida Ryosuke , Setiawan Andi , Arai Masayoshi
Published: August 2019

The core of solid tumors is characterized by hypoxia and a nutrient-starved microenvironment and has gained much attention as targets of anti-cancer drugs. In the course of search for selective growth inhibitors against the cancer cells adapted to nutrient starvation, epidithiodiketopiperazine DC1149B (1) together with structurally related compounds, trichodermamide A (2) and aspergillazine A (3), were isolated from culture extract of marine-derived Trichoderma lixii. Compounds 1 exhibited potent selective cytotoxic activity against human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells cultured under glucose-starved conditions with IC50 values of 0.02 µM. The selective index of the compound 1 was found to be 35,500-fold higher for cells cultured under glucose-starved conditions than those under the general culture conditions. The mechanistic analysis indicated that compound 1 inhibited the response of the ER stress signaling. In addition, these effects of compound 1 could be mediated by inhibiting complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
Telerehabilitation for Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Patients: A Pilot Series with High Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Kuether Justin , Moore Anne , Kahan Joseph , Martucci Joseph , Messina Tara , Perreault Roland , Sembler Robert , Tarutis John , Zazulak Bohdanna , Rubin Lee E. , O'Connor Mary I.
Published: August 2019

Background

The demand for total hip and total knee arthroplasty in the USA is projected to increase significantly. Traditionally, face-to-face physical therapy has been an essential component of recovery in patients after total joint arthroplasty. Emerging technology allows telerehabilitation, or virtual physical therapy, which may reduce costs and increase standardization, but its effects on outcomes are not known.

Questions/Purpose

We sought to review our initial experience using a telerehabilitation protocol for patients after primary total hip or total knee arthroplasty.

Methods

In this pilot study, we retrospectively compared our first 40 telerehabilitation patients after a primary total hip or knee arthroplasty with a historical cohort or literature referenced values and evaluated (1) readmission rates at 90 days, (2) emergency department visits, (3) patient-reported outcome scores, (4) incidence of closed knee manipulation within 90 days of primary total knee arthroplasty, and (5) patient satisfaction surveys.

Results

We observed no increase in the telerehabilitation group at 90 days in readmissions, emergency department visits, or closed knee manipulations. Accuracy of telerehabilitation exercises performed was 92%. Patient-reported outcome scores showed improvements comparable with traditional therapy. Extremely high patient satisfaction scores were reported with the telerehabilitation protocol.

Conclusion

Our early experience demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a telerehabilitation program following primary total hip or knee arthroplasty without compromising clinical quality and with high patient satisfaction.
Trusted information project platform based on blockchain for sharing strategy
Authors: Lee Eunhee , Yoon Yongik
Published: August 2019

South Korea invests a budget of trillions in national R&D projects every year, and has achieved excellent performance doing so each year. However, since the projects are planned, evaluated, and managed by different departments and institutions, duplicate planning and submission leads to insufficient sharing of research results. Currently, the National Technology Information Service (NTIS) inspects project duplication based on keywords, which leads to duplicate planning among departments and closed management of research results. Since the NTIS builds in centralized systems, the inspection systems supports one-way management for duplication checking and information sharing. Therefore, we propose a new platform, called the Trusted Information Project Platform (TIP-Platform), for easily checking for project duplication, sharing research results, and updating research results. TIP-Platform adopts a new concept for user authority setting, the distributed ledger structure, transaction structure, and service. For the adaption, the TIP-Platform uses blockchain technology that performs recording and management via blocks by distributing the right to record and managing transactions. This platform makes it easy for anyone to view and use project-related information such as research results and duplication review. In this paper, we describe how the TIP-Platform can achieve excellent research results through information sharing of a project. This platform needs to be based on trust, because it shares information and continually updates information.
Choice Set Formation in Residential Mobility and Its Implications for Segregation Dynamics
Authors: Bruch Elizabeth , Swait Joffre
Published: August 2019

We develop and estimate a statistical model of neighborhood choice that draws on insights from cognitive science and decision theory as well as qualitative studies of housing search. The model allows for a sequential decision process and the possibility that people consider a small and selective subset of all potential destinations. When combined with data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, our model reveals that affordability constraints and households’ tendency toward short-distance moves lead blacks and Hispanics to have racially stratified choice sets in which their own group is disproportionately represented. We use an agent-based model to assess how racially stratified choice sets contribute to segregation outcomes. Our results show that cognitive decision strategies can amplify patterns of segregation and inequality.
The modern and fossil record of farming behavior
Authors: Hsieh Shannon , Schassburger Alec , Plotnick Roy E.
Published: August 2019

Farming is a behavior in which an organism promotes the growth and reproduction of other organisms in or on a substrate as a food source. A number of trace fossils have been suggested to record the occurrence of farming behavior. These include the deep-sea graphoglyptid trace fossils, proposed to be microbial farms on the seafloor, and terrestrial fossil social insect nests thought to represent fungicultural behavior. The presumed farming behavior of graphoglyptids is the basis of the ethological category agrichnia. Four criteria have been proposed as diagnostic of farming behavior, and these can be applied to both observed modern and proposed trace fossil examples of farming behavior. The evidence for farming behavior in the social insect trace record is strong but is much weaker in the case of graphoglyptids. The use of agrichnia as an ethological category should be limited to well-supported cases.
Gone with the wind: sequencing its type species supports inclusion of Cryptolechia in Gyalecta (Ostropales: Gyalectaceae)
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , MONCADA Bibiana , HAWKSWORTH David L.
Published: August 2019

Cryptolechia carneolutea is the type species of the genus Cryptolechia, a rare taxon classified as endangered in the UK, now largely confined to ancient Fraxinus trees. The only tree with abundant growth of the species in one of its strongholds, the Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve in Devon, was blown over in a storm in April 2017, making it possible to collect material for molecular studies and transplant specimens to other Fraxinus trees in the area. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed C. carneolutea to be nested within the genus Gyalecta (Gyalectaceae). This further supports a broad circumscription of Gyalecta, after also including species previously placed in Belonia and Pachyphiale as proposed in other recent studies. It might be possible to introduce an alternative genus concept in Gyalectaceae, not schematically based on ascoma type and ascospore number, but presently not enough data are available to proceed with such a novel classification. A review of the taxonomic concept of Cryptolechia demonstrates that this name was used inconsistently in the past, and its possible inclusion in Gyalecta was anticipated by other authors. As the majority of species presently classified in Cryptolechia had been placed in Gyalecta before, only five new combinations are required to provide formal inclusion of all taxa in the latter genus: Gyalecta bicellulata (Kalb) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov., G. caudata (Kalb) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov., G. pittieriana (Kalb et al.) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov., G. saxatilis (Vězda) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov. and G. stellaris (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov. We also supersede the previous lectotypification of Parmelia carneolutea Turner with the discovery of the holotype specimen in BM.
Towards an integrative taxonomy ofPhyllopsora(Ramalinaceae)
Authors: KISTENICH Sonja , BENDIKSBY Mika , EKMAN Stefan , CÁCERES Marcela E. S. , HERNÁNDEZ M. Jesús E. , TIMDAL Einar
Published: August 2019

Species identification in the tropical lichen genusPhyllopsorais generally challenging and is based on ascospore morphology, vegetative dispersal units, thallus structure and secondary chemistry. As several type specimens are in poor condition and difficult to interpret, it is often unclear how these old names fit with the currently used taxonomy. In the present study, we aim to identify species boundaries inPhyllopsoras. str. supported by an integrative approach using multiple sources of evidence. We investigated a substantial amount of herbarium as well as freshly collected material and generated mtSSU and ITS sequence data from most of the described species, including several types. Species delimitation analyses are applied on the gene trees using mPTP and we construct a species tree of both markers with *BEAST, facilitating discussion of species delimitation and sister-relationships. Comparing morphology, chemistry and molecular data, we found that the mPTP analyses split established species repeatedly. Based on our integrative results, we exclude nine species from the genus, resurrect one (P. melanoglaucaZahlbr.), reduce two into synonymy with otherPhyllopsoraspecies and describe five as new to science:Phyllopsora amazonicaKistenich & Timdal (which shares the secondary chemistry (atranorin and terpenoid pattern) withP. haleichemotype 1, but differs, e.g., in having smaller areolae that are attached to a thinner, white prothallus, and in having more persistently marginate and less convex apothecia),Phyllopsora concinnaKistenich & Timdal (which shares the secondary chemistry (atranorin and parvifoliellin) withP. parvifoliellaandP. rappiana, but differs from both in forming larger isidia, having a white prothallus, apothecial margin paler than the disc, and longer and broader ascospores),Phyllopsora furfurellaKistenich & Timdal (which is here segregated fromP. furfuraceabased on having a white prothallus and in containing skyrin in the hypothecium (K+ red)),Phyllopsora isidosaKistenich & Timdal (which differs fromP. byssisedain forming a more crustose thallus with more delicate isidia, and fromP. isidiotylain forming somewhat coarser, less branched isidia) andPhyllopsora neotinicaKistenich & Timdal (a neotropical species here segregated from the now exclusively paleotropicalP. chodatinica, differing in containing an unknown xanthone (not chodatin)). Lectotypes are designated forBiatora pyrrhomelaenaTuck.,Lecidea leucophyllinaNyl.,L. pertextaNyl., andP. brachysporaMüll. Arg. In total, we accept 54 species in the genusPhyllopsora.
Racializing heterosexuality: Non-normativity and East Asian characters in James Bond films
Authors: Hiramoto Mie , Pua Phoebe
Published: August 2019

This article investigates how naturalized models of hegemonic masculinity affect race and sexuality in the James Bond film series. Through close analysis of film dialogue and paralinguistic cues, the article examines how the sexualities of East Asian female and male characters are constructed as oversexed and undersexed, respectively. The analysis therefore affirms Connell's (1995) conception of white heterosexual masculinity as exemplary: East Asian characters are positioned not only as racial Others, but as bodies upon which Bond's heterosexual masculinity is reflected and affirmed as normative and, by extension, ideal. In this way, race is curiously invoked to ‘explain’ sexuality, and Bond's unmarked white masculinity becomes the normative referent for expressions of heterosexual desire. By showing how the sexuality of East Asian characters is typecast as non-normative, the article gestures toward the possibility of theorizing racialized performances of heterosexuality as queer. (East Asia, James Bond, sexuality, race, masculinity, femininity, normativity, film)*
How Unusual Was 2016? Flipping Counties, Flipping Voters, and the Education–Party Correlation since 1952
Authors: Sances Michael W.
Published: August 2019

Many explanations of the 2016 election result, a seemingly anomalous macrolevel phenomenon, have centered on two seemingly anomalous microlevel phenomena: many counties and citizens who had voted for Obama in 2008 and 2012 flipped and voted for Trump, and low-education whites gave more of their votes to Trump than to Clinton. In this article, I first assess the novelty of these phenomena by placing them in the context of past elections. Compared to past presidential elections, the number of flips in 2016 was not unusually large, even in the Midwestern states. In contrast, the partisan divide by education was the highest ever in 2016. Using a series of counterfactual analyses, I then assess whether these factors were pivotal. If the flipping counties had not flipped, Clinton would have won the electoral college by 3 votes, and if the lowest-educated 20% of counties voted as they did in 2012, she would have won the electoral college by about 30 votes.
Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Zakaria Hadeer , Mostafa Tarek M. , El-Azab Gamal A. , AH Sayed-Ahmed Nagy
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.
The Relationship between Alienation from Learning and Student Needs in Swiss Primary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Marcin Kaja , Morinaj Julia , Hascher Tina
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Previous studies have shown that secondary schools are less successful than primary schools in responding to student needs. Simultaneously, students seem to detach themselves during secondary schooling. Based on this, the present study investigated alienation from learning and its relationship with students’ perception of needs support by teachers and peers by analyzing data from 486 primary and 550 secondary school students in Switzerland. Multigroup structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the relevance of each independent variable for alienation from learning within and across the two subsamples. Teacher injustice as an indicator for the teacher-student relationship was significantly associated with alienation from learning for both subsamples, whereas there was a significant effect for competence support only in secondary schools. The findings highlight the importance of just and supportive teachers in preventing students’ alienation from learning in school.
Two Impacts of Arctic Rapid Tropospheric Daily Warming From Different Warm Temperature Advection on Cold Winters Over Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wang Cen , Ren Baohua , Zheng Jianqiu
Published: August 2019

A number of previous studies show that the long‐term Arctic winter warming causes severe cold over East Asia and North America. We use the atmospheric data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis to define the Arctic rapid tropospheric daily warming (RTDW) events that in one day, Arctic average 1,000‐hPa air temperature is over 3σ warmer anomaly in situ winter. We find that main warm temperature advection of the RTDW events is from Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, named the Atlantic pattern and the Pacific pattern, respectively. The RTDW events of different warm temperature advection have different vertical distributions of warming. Therefore, different polar vortex splitting is induced and the splitting of polar vortex means movement of the cold air mass. The impacts of RTDW events on the Northern Hemisphere cold winter are mainly through the Asia‐Europe path caused by the Atlantic pattern and the North America path caused by the Pacific pattern. As for the Asia‐Europe path, the cold air invades the northern hemisphere from northwest Europe to Southeast Asia throughout the entire Eurasian continent. In the case of the North America path, the negative temperature anomalies are located in the west of Canada and America. The different warm temperature advection of RTDW events leads to different regions of the polar cold air mass invasion through different paths. Our results may help find out where the severe cold events impact on after the Arctic RTDW events with the occurrence of different warm temperature advection.
Detection of New Dust Sources in Central/East Asia and Their Impact on Simulations of a Severe Sand and Dust Storm
Authors: Zhou Chunhong , Gui Hailin , Hu Jiangkai , Ke Huabing , Wang Yaqiang , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: August 2019

Information regarding dust concentrations and size distributions is very important for determining air quality and aerosol–radiation–cloud interactions. Only by using a correct erosion database can the sectional dust emission scheme resolve detailed size distributions and determine where and how dust will be emitted. In this paper, the bias and reasons for dust emission in China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment–Dust, an operational dust forecasting model, are analyzed using a heavy sand and dust storm episode. We used 18 years of routine sand and dust storm phenomena recorded at meteorological stations to retrieve and update the desertification details in the MBA sectional dust emission scheme adopted in China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment–Dust. New desertification details include decreased erodibility in the area adjacent to Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and southern Kazakhstan, where Kyzylkum, Karakum, and Aralkum are located in central Asia, and in the Chinese deserts of Onqin Daga, Mu Us, and Gurbantungut. New desertification also results in increased erodibility in northern Mongolia. Comparisons show that the new desertification database decreases overestimation of dust emission in central Asia, including western Mongolia. It improves the underestimation of dust emission in northern Mongolia and the Gobi desert in southeast Mongolia, and the Taklimakan desert in China. Consequently, it corrects the overestimated dust cloud in the source area and in areas impacted by dust transportation. The timing, quantitative mass concentrations, and dust size distributions determined here are all more reasonable and rational than those of the original case.
Thermal Conductivity of FeS and Its Implications for Mercury's Long‐Sustaining Magnetic Field
Authors: Manthilake G. , Chantel J. , Monteux J. , Andrault D. , Bouhifd M. A. , Bolfan Casanova N. , Boulard E. , Guignot N. , King A. , Itie J. P.
Published: August 2019

The MESSENGER mission revealed that Mercury's magnetic field might have operated since 3.7–3.9 Ga. While the intrinsic magnetism suggests an active dynamo within Mercury's core, the mechanism that is responsible for sustaining the dynamo for prolonged period of time remains unknown. Here we investigated the electrical conductivity of Fe‐S alloys at pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1,700 K. We show that the electrical conductivity of Fe‐S alloys at 1,500 K is about 103 S/m, 2 orders of magnitude lower than the previously assumed value for dynamo calculations. The thermal conductivity was estimated using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. The total thermal conductivity of FeS is estimated to be ~4 Wm/K at the Mercurian core‐mantle boundary conditions. The low thermal conductivity suggests that a thermally driven dynamo operating on Mercury is more likely than expected. If coupled with chemical buoyancy sources, it is possible to sustain an intrinsic dynamo during time scales compatible with the MESSENGER observations.
Inner Edge of Habitable Zones for Earth‐Sized Planets With Various Surface Water Distributions
Authors: Kodama T. , Genda H. , O'ishi R. , Abe‐Ouchi A. , Abe Y.
Published: August 2019

When planets receive insolation above a certain critical value called the runaway threshold, liquid surface water vaporizes completely, which forms the inner edge of the habitable zone. Because land planets can emit a large amount of radiation from the dry tropics, they have a higher runaway threshold than aqua planets do. Here we systematically investigated the runaway threshold for various surface water distributions using a three‐dimensional dynamic atmosphere model. The runaway threshold for the meridionally uniform surface water distribution increases from the typical value for the aqua planet regime (~130% S0) to one for the land planet regime (~155% S0) as the dry surface area increases, where S0 is the present Earth's insolation. Although this result is similar to the previous work considering zonally uniform surface water distributions, the runaway threshold for the land planet regime is quite low compared to that of the previous work. This is because a part of the tropical atmosphere is always wet for the meridionally uniform case. We also considered the surface water distributions determined by the Earth's, Mars's, and Venus's topographies. We found that their runaway thresholds are close to that for the meridionally uniform cases, and the amount of water at the boundary between an aqua planet regime and land planet regime is around 10% of the Earth's ocean. This clearly shows that the runaway threshold is not determined uniquely by the luminosity of the central star, but it has a wide range caused by the surface water distribution of the terrestrial water planet itself.
Long‐Wavelength Sinuosity of Linear Dunes on Earth and Titan and the Effect of Underlying Topography
Authors: Telfer M. W. , Radebaugh J. , Cornford B. , Lewis C.
Published: August 2019

On both Earth and Titan, some linear dunefields are characterized by curvilinear patterning atypical of the regularity and straightness of typical longitudinal dunefields. We use remotely sensed imagery and an automated dune crestline detection algorithm to analyze the controls on spatial patterning. Here it is shown that topography can influence the patterning, as dune alignments bend to deflect downslope under the influence of gravity. The effect is pronounced in a terrestrial dunefield (the Great Sandy desert, Australia) where substantial topography underlies, but is absent where the dunefield is underlain by subdued relief (southwestern Kalahari). This knowledge allows the inference of subtle topographic changes underlying dunefields from dunefield patterning, where other sources of elevation data may be absent. This methodology is explored using the Belet Sand Sea of Titan, where likely areas of topographic change at resolutions finer than those currently available from radar altimetry are inferred.
Dystrophin deficiency leads to dysfunctional glutamate clearance in iPSC derived astrocytes
Authors: Patel Abdulsamie M. , Wierda Keimpe , Thorrez Lieven , van Putten Maaike , De Smedt Jonathan , Ribeiro Luis , Tricot Tine , Gajjar Madhavsai , Duelen Robin , Van Damme Philip , De Waele Liesbeth , Goemans Nathalie , Tanganyika-de Winter Christa , Costamagna Domiziana , Aartsma-Rus Annemieke , van Duyvenvoorde Hermine , Sampaolesi Maurilio , Buyse Gunnar M. , Verfaillie Catherine M.
Published: August 2019

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results, beside muscle degeneration in cognitive defects. As neuronal function is supported by astrocytes, which express dystrophin, we hypothesized that loss of dystrophin from DMD astrocytes might contribute to these cognitive defects. We generated cortical neuronal and astrocytic progeny from induced pluripotent stem cells (PSC) from six DMD subjects carrying different mutations and several unaffected PSC lines. DMD astrocytes displayed cytoskeletal abnormalities, defects in Ca+2 homeostasis and nitric oxide signaling. In addition, defects in glutamate clearance were identified in DMD PSC-derived astrocytes; these deficits were related to a decreased neurite outgrowth and hyperexcitability of neurons derived from healthy PSC. Read-through molecule restored dystrophin expression in DMD PSC-derived astrocytes harboring a premature stop codon mutation, corrected the defective astrocyte glutamate clearance and prevented associated neurotoxicity. We propose a role for dystrophin deficiency in defective astroglial glutamate homeostasis which initiates defects in neuronal development.
Differential transcriptional response following glucocorticoid activation in cultured blood immune cells: a novel approach to PTSD biomarker development
Authors: Breen Michael S. , Bierer Linda M. , Daskalakis Nikolaos P. , Bader Heather N. , Makotkine Iouri , Chattopadhyay Mitali , Xu Changxin , Buxbaum Grice Ariela , Tocheva Anna S. , Flory Janine D. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Meaney Michael J. , Brennand Kristen , Yehuda Rachel
Published: August 2019

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition of stress reactivity, whose clinical manifestations are evident when patients are triggered following exposure to a traumatic event. While baseline differences in gene expression of glucocorticoid signaling and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have been associated with PTSD, these alterations do not fully recapitulate the molecular response to physiological triggers, such as stress hormones. Therefore, it is critical to develop new techniques that will capture the dynamic transcriptional response associated with stress-activated conditions relative to baseline conditions. To achieve this goal, cultured PBMCs from combat-exposed veterans with PTSD(+) (n = 10) and without PTSD(−) (n = 10) were incubated with increasing concentrations (vehicle, 2.5 nM, 5 nM, 50 nM) of dexamethasone (DEX). Across diagnosis and dosage, several genes and gene networks were reliable markers of glucocorticoid stimulation (FDR < 5%), including enhanced expression of FKPB5, VIPR1, NR1I3, and apoptosis-related pathways, and reduced expression of NR3C1, STAT1, IRF1, and related inflammatory and cellular stress-responsive pathways. Dose-dependent differential transcriptional changes in several genes were also identified between PTSD+ and PTSD−. Robust changes in expression were observed at 2.5 nM DEX in PTSD− but not PTSD+ participants; whereas, with increasing concentrations (5 nM and 50 nM), several genes were identified to be uniquely up-regulated in PTSD+ but not PTSD− participants. Collectively, these preliminary findings suggest that genome-wide gene expression profiling of DEX-stimulated PBMCs is a promising method for the exploration of the dynamic differential molecular responses to stress hormones in PTSD, and may identify novel markers of altered glucocorticoid signaling and responsivity in PTSD.
Significant contribution of metastable particulate organic matter to natural formation of silver nanoparticles in soils
Authors: Huang Ying-Nan , Qian Ting-Ting , Dang Fei , Yin Yong-Guang , Li Min , Zhou Dong-Mei
Published: August 2019

Particulate organic matter (POM) is distributed worldwide in high abundance. Although insoluble, it could serve as a redox mediator for microbial reductive dehalogenation and mineral transformation. Quantitative information on the role of POM in the natural occurrence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is lacking, but is needed to re-evaluate the sources of AgNPs in soils, which are commonly considered to derive from anthropogenic inputs. Here we demonstrate that POM reduces silver ions to AgNPs under solar irradiation, by producing superoxide radicals from phenol-like groups. The contribution of POM to the naturally occurring AgNPs is estimated to be 11–31%. By providing fresh insight into the sources of AgNPs in soils, our study facilitates unbiased assessments of the fate and impacts of anthropogenic AgNPs. Moreover, the reducing role of POM is likely widespread within surface environments and is expected to significantly influence the biogeochemical cycling of Ag and other contaminants that are reactive towards phenol-like groups.
A critique of pure learning and what artificial neural networks can learn from animal brains
Authors: Zador Anthony M.
Published: August 2019

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have undergone a revolution, catalyzed by better supervised learning algorithms. However, in stark contrast to young animals (including humans), training such networks requires enormous numbers of labeled examples, leading to the belief that animals must rely instead mainly on unsupervised learning. Here we argue that most animal behavior is not the result of clever learning algorithms—supervised or unsupervised—but is encoded in the genome. Specifically, animals are born with highly structured brain connectivity, which enables them to learn very rapidly. Because the wiring diagram is far too complex to be specified explicitly in the genome, it must be compressed through a “genomic bottleneck”. The genomic bottleneck suggests a path toward ANNs capable of rapid learning.
A new class of efficient randomized benchmarking protocols
Authors: Helsen Jonas , Xue Xiao , Vandersypen Lieven M. K. , Wehner Stephanie
Published: August 2019

Randomized benchmarking is a technique for estimating the average fidelity of a set of quantum gates. However, if this gateset is not the multi-qubit Clifford group, robustly extracting the average fidelity is difficult. Here, we propose a new method based on representation theory that has little experimental overhead and robustly extracts the average fidelity for a broad class of gatesets. We apply our method to a multi-qubit gateset that includes the T-gate, and propose a new interleaved benchmarking protocol that extracts the average fidelity of a two-qubit Clifford gate using only single-qubit Clifford gates as reference.
Global tissue-specific transcriptome analysis of Citrus sinensis fruit across six developmental stages
Authors: Feng Guizhi , Wu Juxun , Yi Hualin
Published: August 2019

Citrus sinensis fruit is a type of nonclimacteric fruit that mainly consists of four tissues: the epicarp, albedo, segment membrane and juice sac. The fruit quality is determined by the characteristics of these four tissues. However, our knowledge of the molecular processes that occur in these four tissues during citrus fruit development and ripening is limited. Tissue-specific transcriptomes provide a comprehensive and detailed molecular regulatory network of citrus fruit development and ripening. In our study, we collected four types of tissue from C. sinensis fruits at six developmental stages. A total of 72 libraries were constructed from 24 samples (each sample had three replicates), and the transcriptomes were sequenced by an Illumina HiSeq 4000. The comprehensive analyses of the transcriptomes from the four tissues and six developmental stages presented here provide a valuable resource for the discovery of the molecular networks underlying citrus fruit development and ripening.
Quantitative nanoscale MRI with a wide field of view
Authors: Ziem F. , Garsi M. , Fedder H. , Wrachtrup J.
Published: August 2019

Novel magnetic sensing modalities using quantum sensors or nanoscale probes have drastically improved the sensitivity and hence spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) down to the nanoscale. Recent demonstrations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with paramagnetic colour centres include single molecule sensitivity, and sub-part-per-million spectral resolution. Mostly, these results have been obtained using well-characterised single sensors, which only permit extended imaging by scanning-probe microscopy. Here, we enhance multiplexed MRI with a thin layer of ensemble spin sensors in an inhomogeneous control field by optimal control spin manipulation to improve ensemble sensitivity and field of view (FOV). We demonstrate MRI of fluorine in patterned thin films only 1.2 nm in thickness, corresponding to a net moment of 120 nuclear spins per sensor spin. With the aid of the NMR signal, we reconstruct the nanoscale depth distribution of the sensor spins within the substrate. In addition, we exploit inhomogeneous ensemble control to squeeze the point spread function of the imager to about 100 nm and show that localisation of a point-like NMR signal within 40 nm is feasible. These results pave the way to quantitive NMR ensemble sensing and magnetic resonance microscopy with a resolution of few ten nanometers.