bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Japan’s Relative Decline and New Security Challenges in a Multipolar Asia
Authors: Oros Andrew L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the decline of Japan's relative power in the Asian region from 2006-15 as a result of China's rise and the rise of other Asian states, with a focus on security implications for Japan.
Orthonasal Smell
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

The brain creates the aroma perception through a series of steps, through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex and to the highest levels in our frontal lobes. It first represents the aroma molecules as a spatial activity pattern in the olfactory bulb, virtually an “aroma image” analogous to a visual image in the brain. The smell image is enhanced by lateral inhibition, similar to contrast enhancement as we described in vision. In smell, the image can be modified depending on whether we are hungry or full. It cautions the wine taster to avoid these extremes and be in a good behavioral state.
Touch and the Mouthfeel of Wine
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

In a wine tasting, as soon as the wine touches our lips and mouth our brain creates the illusion that all the ensuing wine sensations are due to “taste” in the mouth. The wine touching the mouth gives rise to the sensations of “mouth feel”, due to a variety of sensory receptors in the tongue and cheeks. One of the most important is “astringency”, due to tannins which bind proteins and precipitate them, contributing to the “body” of the wine. Instruments are being developed that measure precipitation quantitatively, perhaps giving a glimpse of the future when many sensory qualities can also be measured instrumentally.
Retronasal Smell
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

Wine taste in the end is a multisensory flavor. We describe in more detail how even in the olfactory cortex there begin to be interconnections and interactions between taste and smell. When ingesting wine the aroma comes first followed by the taste from the taste buds; during consumption the two act almost simultaneously, thus giving contrasting effects that can be used by the wine taster for deeper analysis. Weak components below consciousness by themselves can be enhanced by interacting with other molecules to be above consciousness. Finally, current research is finding that retronasal and orthonasal smell activate some different brain regions, suggesting that smell really is a dual sense, with each giving different clues to the identity of a wine taste.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2019

The conclusion provides a discussion of embodied witness and its representation in protest, online, and in literary texts, and argues for the co-presence in testimonial networks of contemporary forms and figures of witness and judgment and the weight of submerged histories in search of an adequate witness. The conclusion also theorizes the prospects for bearing embodied by reading across a constellation of powerful contemporary examples that center Black women’s voices, embodiment, and protest in a range of forms and across different platforms, including #BlackLivesMatter; Sandra Bland’s protest captured on a police car dashboard camera; Bree Newsome’s act of civil disobedience when she took down the Confederate flag from the state capitol grounds in Charleston, South Carolina; and Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. It also argues that #BlackLivesMatter underscores the labor of turning histories of racial violence and the grief and lamentation to which they give rise into protest.
Getting along in Space
Authors: Comins Neil F.
Published: January 2019

Crucial to enjoying one's experience in space is adjusting to all aspects of the experience. This requires learning to socialize effectively and to overcome interpersonal problems as quickly and effectively as possible. There are also a variety of mental health issues that have and can arise in space. These also need to be dealt with for the well-being and safety of all concerned.
Emigrating to Mars or Returning to Earth
Authors: Comins Neil F.
Published: January 2019

This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into space typically change the perspectives of astronauts about many things, such as the antagonism between countries, the interconnected of places on Earth that we perceive from our perspective to be quite separate and, indeed, the unity of our entire planet. For many astronauts coming home with these insights and again interacting with people who lack them can be a trying experience.
Little Girl Lost
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

Kyra V, seventeen, smart, sensitive, beautiful, struggles to understand her desire to be heroic in death. But her writing is a mix of emotion, blame, resentment, relief and ironically, power, all coming together in ways that speak to who she is and why she chose to kill herself.
The Fighter
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

Enoch, a rural kid involved in blood-letting rituals with his girl friend; after several years of cutting and self-mutilation decided to use his journal as a writing cure, where his writing became theraeutic. Yet the alternative economic life of kids like Enoch is embedded in an alternative culture; the culture of refusal as the strong sense of possibility slowly turn into a kind of rage.
Overload
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

Candy, a religious girl from the backwoods of middle America who shot herself in the family bedroom; her ultimate decision to end her life using the father’s gun shows a psychological attachment to the violence played out throughout childhood and early adulthood. Her diary-journal used as cure is seen as a way to assuage anxiety and used in a therapeutic way.
Homo
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

Tucker, a gay boy from the suburbs comes out and in many typical ask the same kind of questions as other kids do. Who am I? Where do fit? How can I get out the anxiety I feel? These are the issues facing teenagers every where regardless of income, ethnicity, family location.
Cutter
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

A west coast girl who cuts herself to feel alive. Underneath the pain Jill feels are the deeper causes of her anxiety couched around secrecy regarding why she feel the way she does and why she cannot divulge the source of her problem. This means she actually know what drive her urge to cut herself and strongly believe parents play a much larger role in the suicide of their children than they realize or admit.
Epilogue
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

•Kyra still lives at home with her mother. She attends school, taking theater and film studies.

•Enoch works in a small town but prefers not to say where.

•Candy’s story is like that of a ghost, a kind of legacy narrative written by Megan, as if she were still here with us....
Introduction
Authors: Shelden Ashley T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter lays out the literary, theoretical, and conceptual terrain for the rest of the book in order to argue that the contemporary novel rewrites love as negative, building on the ambivalent account of love in modernism. Contemporary novelists significantly redefine love for both literary and queer theorists. The negative love of the contemporary novel is also a queered love in that it derails linear narrative movement, thwarts the creation of unities, and forestalls redemption. This argument traverses the conceptual and theoretical terrains of queer theory, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction in thinking through the non-redemptive love of the contemporary novel.
Lesbian Fantasy
Authors: Shelden Ashley T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reads the figure of the lesbian in both psychoanalysis and modernism as the indicative figure of love itself. Psychoanalysis depicts the lesbian as loving, without desire. Djuna Barnes' modernist classic, Nightwood, builds on this notion of the lesbian, ambivalently situating this figure as both representing amorous fusion and troubling the possibility of such fusion. Barnes' novel paves the way for contemporary rewritings of love and lesbians, which is evidenced by Zadie Smith's and Eleanor Catton's contemporary approaches to negative forms of lesbian love.
Marxism and the West
Authors: Traverso Enzo
Published: January 2019

The fifth chapter starts by describing the Marxist vision of the West as world’s destiny, according to a Eurocentric conception of history inherited from Hegel. Then, it analyzes the missed dialogue between two major twentieth century Marxist thinkers: C. L. R. James and Theodor W. Adorno. Breaking away from this Eurocentric world vision, C. L. R. James looked at the signals of a growing revolt against colonialism, whereas Adorno stoically contemplated the ruins produced by the “self-destruction of reason.”
Dei Gratia
Authors: Severs Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Wallace’s masterpiece is an encyclopedia of transactions, values, and methods of valuation, documenting its subtle engagements with the economically topical (NAFTA’s neoliberal definition of “free trade,” for instance) and the culturally embedded (ongoing perversions of the Protestant work ethic, which this chapter links to Wallace’s readings of Pynchon and Gaddis). Wallace leads us to see viewers of the title Entertainment – and their more thoroughly examined analogues, drug and alcohol addicts – as economic agents seeking a return of value that has been utterly compromised, resulting in conditions of slavery that Wallace interprets, as he did in Broom and “Westward,” through Hegel’s “Lordship and Bondage.” With these terms in place, I revisit AA scenes that have driven interpretations focused on sincerity and irony and show these moments’ structuring term to be value. Often noted for his generative exceptionality in Wallace’s cast of characters, Don Gately comes to his distinctiveness, I argue, through a relationship to work and to the uncannily rewritten coinage in which he receives “payment.” Building on Wallace’s annotations of Lewis Hyde’s The Gift as well as a cut passage on pennies’ “weird inverse value” that I draw from the Infinite Jest manuscripts, I link Gately’s initials to the abbreviation for Dei Gratia – “By the Grace of God” – found on British coins, thus recalibrating readings of the novel’s religiosity and Wallace’s relationship to contingent structures.
New Beginnings
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 examines the period from the mid-1960s to 1980. During this period, scientific advances made in human in vitro fertilization and embryo culture led to the birth of Louise Brown, the first child conceived through IVF, in 1978. The chapter examines the deliberations of two federal bioethics bodies: the National Commission for the protection of Human Subjects of Behavioral and Biomedical research, and the Ethics Advisory Board of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Cloning, Knowledge, and the Politics of Consensus
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 explores the period from the mid 1990s until the end of the Clinton administration in 2001 during which two scientific developments, mammalian cloning and the successful culturing of human embryonic stem cells, dramatically altered public debate. The chapter examines the heated political debates in Congress how the federal government should regulate human cloning. It examines the deliberations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, which advanced a new approach to standing in for the public by soliciting religious views and translating them into secular terms.
Confusing Deliberation
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 examines the politics surrounding George W. Bush’s embryonic stem cell policy, and in particular debates over what terms should be used in public debate about human cloning. It examines the approach of the President’s Council on Bioethics to ground its deliberations in a shared language that would open up space for ethical disagreement, rather that limit it in the name of producing consensus. The Council’s project of finding a common language was appropriated by a group of scientists who set about to reform the language employed in public deliberation.
In the Laboratories of Democracy
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 6 explores state-level initiatives to regulate and fund embryonic stem cell and cloning research in California and Missouri. It examines litigation in California and Missouri over the terminology used in the voters’ guides in each of the states. The courts faced the question, framed by scientific experts, of whether the term “cloning” was a factual misrepresentation that would confuse the public and compromise the democratic process, or the kind of value-laden political speech that is the essence of democratic politics and sits at the apex of constitutional protection.
Secular Emergence in the Philippines
Authors: Buckley David T.
Published: January 2019

How did the Philippines arrive at the twin tolerations after independence from United States colonial rule? This chapter documents religion-state debates in the Philippines independence-era founding documents, in particular the Malolos Constitution and 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, and traces benevolent secularism’s impact on the Philippines’ Catholic majority, Protestant and Muslim minorities, and secular nationalist elites. Evidence draws on communication between political and religious elites from the closing years of Spanish colonial rule through American colonialism, with special attention to communication around the 1934 Constitutional Convention. The chapter closes with an examination of tensions in the Philippines’ benevolent secularism manifested in the controversy over religious instruction in public schools.
Conclusion
Authors: Buckley David T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter documents some areas for future research and implications of the argument for the relationship between religion and democracy. Future research could focus on links between elite preferences and popular opinion, and on obstacles to gaining elite consensus over the twin tolerations. Benevolent secularism’s future prospects will also be shaped by international dynamics, among both religious and secular elites, that will challenge traditional alliances at the national level.
Celebrity
Authors: Annovi Gian Maria
Published: January 2019

Chapter Three discusses the conditions for the strategic branding of Pasolini’s authorship in the Italian media during the 60s, and his attitude to celebrity culture. In this chapter, I consider the idea of performing authorship in the terms of self-fictionalization and masquerade. In particular, in his short film La ricotta (The Ricotta, 1964), which represents the first example of the spectacularization of Pasolini’s authorship, he projects his authorial self onto the figure of American star director Orson Welles. An outsider of the studio system, Welles furnishes Pasolini a model for an auteur who persistently seeks out a performative mode, putting himself in play as the author alongside the other characters. At the same time, through the figure of this star director, Pasolini also expresses his uncompromising attitude toward celebrity culture and culture industry. In La rabbia (The Rage, 1963)—created through montages of unused film footage from a film archive—Pasolini uses another international star, Marilyn Monroe, to stage his ambivalence towards the role of his own representation in the media. For Pasolini, Monroe’s death becomes a tragic, symbolic form of subjective resistance and a protest against the conformist system of celebrity that they both confronted.
Acting
Authors: Annovi Gian Maria
Published: January 2019

Chapter Five is devoted to films that feature Pasolini in roles that evoke or directly address his authorial function. This is the case for his self-projections onto character-authors such as Chaucer in I racconti di Canterbury (The Canterbury Tales, 1972), or Giotto’s pupil in Il Decameron (The Decameron, 1971). The director’s on-screen performances contribute to the composition of the self-portrait of a multimedia author, and at the same time affirm the intimate bond between work and authorial corporeality. In The Trilogy of Life, Pasolini presents authorship like a corporeal, material element in the film, not a mere abstract function. In doing so, he also develops a discourse of cinematic spectatorship based on the spectator’s recognition of the film’s author. In the case of Il fiore delle mille e una note (Arabian Nights)’s night original screenplay, this recognition would have also included the open representation of Pasolini’s homosexuality, and his sexual encounter with three young Arabs guys. This explicit on-screen queer performance was ultimately not included in the version of Arabian Nights that was actually shot. However, even if the author’s body is not on the screen, through the mise-en-scène of his queer gaze and the explicit depiction of the male body, Pasolini obliges the spectator to participate in the dynamics of homosexual desire, thus challenging the allegedly tolerant society of the 1970s.
Introduction
Authors: Arsenault Elizabeth Grimm
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the research puzzle: How could the United States violate laws and norms that are so deeply internalized in its identity and practice? It then provides the argument, explains the relevance of norms on detainee treatment, provides a discussion of the norm life cycle theory, and outlines the research methods. Chapter 1 describes the contribution of this book to international relations and international legal scholarship as well as details the gaps in those disciplines.
History of POW Treatment in the United States
Authors: Arsenault Elizabeth Grimm
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the history of U.S. POW treatment from the Revolutionary War through the Korean War to demonstrate the consistent importance bestowed upon the use of humane methods. Particular attention is paid to the application of the Geneva Conventions in U.S. policy, military doctrine, and domestic law, as these international legal statutes have come to represent the core of international humanitarian law. Chapter 2 shows that while the United States struggled at times to adapt to new and unforeseen scenarios, it always worked to address these ambiguities from the perspective of reinforcing, rather than challenging, the norm of humane treatment.
POW Treatment and Policy Makers
Authors: Arsenault Elizabeth Grimm
Published: January 2019

Between the end of the Vietnam War and 9/11, policy-makers in each presidential administration implemented changes and gave speeches that slowly affirmed the internalization of the norms of humane treatment. The attacks of 9/11 presented a perfect storm of shock, fear, and ambiguity that would make altering the normative consensus possible. Responding to the attack, policy-makers inside the Bush administration used their access and influence to support the embedding of a new normative understanding of detainee treatment and international humanitarian law.
POW Treatment and Interrogators
Authors: Arsenault Elizabeth Grimm
Published: January 2019

While the abuses committed by the interrogators were real, horrific, and deserving of punishment, this chapter shows how the interrogators were disproportionately blamed, as they lacked the access and influence to alter the normative framework around detainee treatment. Four major themes emerge to explain interrogation practices, including: relying on past guidance or popular influences, abusing detainees due to the belief that higher authorities approved it, maltreatment due to the absence of direction, and retribution for 9/11. Lastly, the DoD and CIA interrogators had vastly different historical precedents for their actions.
Solving the Climate Problem
Authors: Heal Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

Ozone depletion and acid rain are problems that have some similarity to climate change – both are caused by the emission of gases that circulate widely, though neither has the scope and scale of the climate problem. But it is encouraging that both problems are well en route to solution. Our main institutions for addressing climate change are the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and the UFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), with the latter producing the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the 2015 Paris Agreement. Cap and Trade and regulatory policies have been used more widely than any others for tackling the climate problem so far. Replacement of fossil fuels by low-carbon energy technologies offers the greatest hope for a complete solution, and is within sight: policies need to be focused on making this a reality.
The Next Steps
Authors: Heal Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

There are four steps to be taken to reconcile prosperity with sustainability; addressing external costs, property rights, natural capital and setting the right goals by measuring what matters. This would lead to the rapid adoption of renewable energy and a resolution of the climate problem, and many other hitherto-intractable environmental problems. The economics is clear. Action is blocked by politics, by powerful vested interests and by beliefs that intervention in the market is fundamentally wrong.
Criticizing Critical Theory
Authors: Mills Charles W.
Published: January 2019

Whether locating its origins in Marxism, or tracing them all the way back to Kant, Critical Theory defines itself as a philosophical outlook self-consciously emancipatory, seeking to overturn structures of domination and contribute to bringing about a better world. But these laudable ambitions have repeatedly foundered on the subject of race. Despite the centrality of racism and racial domination to the modern world, Critical Theory in its mainstream incarnations has had very little useful to say on these problems. In this chapter, Mills urges a dialogue between Critical Theory and what has recently been baptized Critical Philosophy of Race, which has made the subject of race its defining focus.
Contraction
Authors: Klooster Wim , Oostindie Gert
Published: January 2019

In the decades on either side of 1800, the geopolitical weakness of the Dutch Republic was exposed, resulting in its collapse at home and significant contraction of its empire. This long and at times revolutionary intermezzo led to the dissolution of the WIC the loss of the Dutch broker function, and – imposed by Britain – the abolition of the slave trade. Antislavery thought had been conspicuously weak in the Republic since the early days of colonization, and virtually absent in its colonies, and publications on the Dutch colonies served to initiate its European readership in the ways money could be and was being made there. At the end of the Napoleonic period, Britain did not return the Guiana colonies it had occupied (Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo), completing a de facto takeover that had begun in the second half of the eighteenth century by British planters and merchants.
Conclusion
Authors: Klooster Wim , Oostindie Gert
Published: January 2019

Slavery was a major pillar of the Dutch Atlantic, from West Africa via the insular Caribbean to the Guianas. Increasingly, free men and women of African descent were increasingly visible in the Dutch military forces, and in colonial port cities, where they were employed as domestic servants and artisans, and contributed to the maritime economy. Dutch traders became the great intermediaries of the Atlantic world, providing a reliable alternative source of European consumer goods and a market for any sort of New World products, thus enabling foreign mercantilism to function better. The great diversity of European backgrounds of the whites was a serious obstacle to the transmission of Dutchness in the colonies in Guiana and the insular Caribbean. Creolization not only marked the birth, particularly in the Guianas, of new Afro-Caribbean cultures, but equally of new cultural forms deriving from the asymmetrical “encounters” between Africans, Europeans, and to a much lesser degree Amerindians.
Encounters with East Asia
Authors: Heer Paul J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the primary sources of Kennan’s strategic perspective on East Asia: fellow diplomats John Van Antwerp MacMurray and John Paton Davies, Jr. From MacMurray’s writings Kennan inherited a negative attitude toward China and its strategic importance, and a correspondingly positive attitude toward the centrality of Japan in US policy toward the region. These views were reinforced by Kennan’s close and sustained partnership with Davies, who was the Asia expert on Kennan’s Policy Planning Staff. The chapter also discusses how Kennan’s evolving views on East Asia were reflected during his year (1946-7) as an instructor at the National War College.
Ebb Tide
Authors: Heer Paul J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter outlines the “strategic concept” or vision for US policy in East Asia that Kennan formulated in 1948, which arguably originated the idea of a “defensive perimeter” or “offshore island” defense posture. Kennan, however, was subsequently inconsistent in his promotion of the concept; and the chapter highlights how his influence over policy direction started to diminish after Dean Acheson succeeded Marshall as Secretary of State in January 1949. This was reflected in deliberations over multiple aspects of China policy over the course of 1949—especially the dilemma over the status of Taiwan, on which Kennan played an uncharacteristically aggressive role.
The Decline of Public Life under Mao’s Rule
Authors: Wang Di
Published: January 2019

This chapter deals with the microcosm of the teahouse; it describes people’s daily lives in the period from the 1950s to the 1970s under the Communist government, including to what extent people conducted what I refer to as public lives, and to what extent politics and political movements interfered with that. It was the lowest point for teahouses and public life in Chengdu. The relevant places became politically sensitive, and patrons, workers, and those associated therewith might fear grave repercussions from even the most innocent conversation. However, teahouse life in some ways carried on outside the scope of government control. People continued to gossip and spread “rumors” just as they had for centuries. The teahouse seems to have provided a relief from everyday problems, and could remind people of former ways of life.
Reforms, Semi-Reforms, and the Silencing of Women Religious in the Tenth Century
Authors: Vanderputten Steven
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews the evidence for institutional and spiritual reform in women's communities, and makes three key observations. First, that bishops in particular relied on reform as a way of expressing specific claims to religious and political authority, and of rearranging the lordship and patronage of female monasticism to their own benefit and that of their associates. Second, that the installation of, or the ‘return’ to a Benedictine regime by no means heralded a greater degree of freedom from the interventions of clerical and lay rulers. And finally, that these interventions have rendered obscure a ‘pre-reform’ culture of reflection over the purpose and organization of female communal life, and also a great deal of experimentation. Instead of reversing a situation of terminal decline, the reforms marked the beginning of clerical intolerance towards the ‘ambiguous’ observance of women religious, and the end of a state of relative intellectual and spiritual autonomy.
Youth Marches
Authors: Honeck Mischa
Published: January 2019

This gauges the impact of radical youth organizations on the BSA before and during World War II. As the Great Depression afflicted youths the world over, Scouters found their aspirations to repair the minds and bodies of America’s future citizens challenged by fascist and communist alternatives. In an effort to stave off groups affiliated with the Young Pioneers or the Hitler Youth, the BSA distanced itself from the buoyant internationalism of the 1920s and pictured the nation’s youth as disoriented, imperiled, and particularly susceptible to totalitarian propaganda. Casting the Scouts as the last best hope of boyhood in a world assailed by dictators reinforced the boundaries of Americanness and un-Americanness and obscured the closeness of the BSA’s scheme to mobilize boyhood for democracy with methods of regimenting youth on the far right and left. This narrative intensified with the U.S. entry into World War II when the BSA gave young males a share in defending the nation without transgressing the limits dictated by white middle-class ideals of childhood.
Introduction
Authors: Makley Charlene
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter sets the stage for the situation in China’s west by beginning with a portrait of the Olympic campaign in Beijing and other major eastern cities. Opening with the televised one-year countdown pageant on Tiananmen square (August 2007), the chapter then provides a description of the author’s research project, original goals and roles in Qinghai province’s Rebgong region, and places these in the context of the 2000 Open the West campaign. The chapter frames the book’s narrative as pivoting upon the watershed of the 2008 protest and military crackdown, and how those events reshaped the author’s own sense of herself and notions of culture, development, and the state.
Epilogue
Authors: Makley Charlene
Published: January 2019

This short epilogue restates and emphasizes the importance of an anthropological approach to contested presence in state-led development efforts with reference to the post-protest Olympic campaigns in Rebgong, as well as the renewed military crackdown on Tibetans’ self-immolation protests, in the summer of 2008 and beyond. The author does this by looking at Rebgong Tibetans’ counter-uses of the new Drolma Square in front of Rongbo Monastery that was planned and built in 2006 by the prefecture party secretary to attract tourists. Tibetans however transformed it into a pilgrimage site, which set the stage for its most tragic transformation in 2012, as the site of Tibetans’ self-immolation protests in the wake of new state-led efforts at cultural and linguistic repression, land expropriation and resource extraction.
Declaring War and Peace
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the argument of the book: that the proliferation of the laws of war over the past 150 years has incentivized states to evade the laws of war, and secessionist rebel groups to engage with the laws of war. This argument will be developed via investigation of four main questions: (1) why have states stopped declaring war in their wars with each other?; (2) why have states stopped concluding peace treaties in their wars with each other?; (3) why have secessionist groups stopped declaring independence formally?; and, (4) why is there an increase in peace treaties concluding civil wars?
Compliance with the Laws of War in Interstate War
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines compliance with the laws of war in interstate war, with a focus on civilian targeting. The main aim of the chapter is to determine whether states that fail to declare war formally are less likely to comply with the laws of war compared to states that issue declarations of war. The main findings of the chapter suggest a selection effect: while states that declare war are no more likely than states that do not declare war to comply with the laws of war, states tend not to issue declarations of war when the possibilities for violation of the laws of war are especially high.
Secessionism and Civilian Targeting
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between the political aims of rebel groups and their treatment of civilian populations. The main argument of the chapter is that secessionist rebel groups are especially unlikely to target civilians for military and political reasons. Quantitative and quantitative analysis supports this hypothesis, with the exception that secessionists do engage in ethnic cleansing, particularly when their own ethnic dominance in the territory they claim is not secure.
Making the Marketplace: Traders, Cadres, and Bureaucratic Documents in Lào Cai City
Authors: Endres Kirsten W.
Published: January 2019

Bureaucratic paperwork holds an important place in the toolbox of state rule techniques. Drawing on recent anthropological approaches to bureaucratic documentation, this chapter examines the role that the production and circulation of bureaucratic paperwork plays in actually shaping experiential and social realities in the marketplace. The cases presented show that written documents not only enable government officials to establish their positions and authority vis-à-vis their subjects, but also shape the market’s future. In contrast, ordinary people have little opportunity to insert themselves into these streams of bureaucratic paperwork through which authority is established, subjects are governed, and marketplaces are made.
Introduction: Moving and Shaking
Authors: Harms Erik
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the physical movement of traders throughout Vietnam, and demonstrates that the concept of “market socialism” is a social phenomenon enacted through migration and movement. The essay also introduces the four chapters in section two of the book. Luong’s chapter discusses mobile traders from central coastal Vietnam who mobilize social networks to facilitate business. Nguyen’s chapter discusses junk traders from a Red River Delta village who circulate between Hanoi and their village and other parts of Vietnam before settling down to establish families. Nguyễn Thị Thanh Bình’s chapter discusses peri-urban traders outside Hanoi who respond to urbanization through new spatial practices. Finally, Barthelmes’ chapter discusses Hanoi street vendors who creatively navigate the governing practices of city officials.
Introduction: Constructing, Maintaining, and Navigating Boundaries
Authors: Gregory Chris
Published: January 2019

This section introduction discusses the themes that surface in section three of the book. The four chapters in this section illustrate the tensions that exist between states and traders. States construct boundaries, define the legal tender that should circulate within these boundaries, and level taxes on profits. Traders, in their quest for profits, engage in trade that transcends boundaries, use gold and other illegal forms of tender when it suits them, and strive to avoid taxes. Morality and legality are matters of judgment, but when the state is the judge then citizens have to find ways of coping with the problematic powers of the state. Some ignore it and engage in dangerous cross-border trade, others work profitably within.
Afterword
Authors: Clark Gracia
Published: January 2019

This commentary discusses parallels between these studies of Vietnam and prominent studies of African contexts with comparable themes and methods of historical and transnational analysis. Despite dramatic contrasts with the particularities of African history and societies, traders, their customers and their regulators navigate similar material and conceptual landscapes. Shifting public policies and trading practices invoke and enact highly charged dichotomies: urban and rural identities, socialist and modernist virtues, or globalism and indigeneity. These nuanced analyses show diverse actors internalizing and also strategically manipulating and redefining alternative ideals and ideologies of gender, adulthood, kinship, parenthood, neighborhood, technology, and tradition.
“Peeled” Bodies, Pillaged Homes
Authors: Weicksel Sarah Jones
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes civilians' efforts to protect themselves against looting, burying their possessions or, in the case of women in the U.S. South, going so far as to hide them under their hoop skirts in specially designed pockets. The threat of looting had profound effects on the material world, resulting in not only the movement of thousands of people and their possessions but also the creation—and creative reuse—of objects that were designed to prevent the loss of one's monetary and emotional valuables. In addition, human property and movable property were linked because the looting of houses by Northern troops and enslaved people's self-emancipation often occurred in tandem. Ultimately, acts of theft, fear of looting, and the stolen objects themselves performed powerful cultural work in the United States during and after the Civil War.
Embodied Violence
Authors: Schechter Brandon
Published: January 2019

This chapter shows how objects constitute the story of Red Army soldiers' dramatic movement and participation in violence during the Great Patriotic War and hints at how these experiences impacted what it meant to be Soviet, detailing how one soldier from the hinterland attained status through successful mastery of violence. It focuses on Bato Damcheev, a sniper and later scout who killed nearly ninety German soldiers, took ten more as prisoners captured for interrogation, and destroyed three tanks and several enemy bunkers. The chapter examines several things that Damcheev would have used or acquired during the war in order to show how a particular violent subjectivity was made possible by key material objects such as identity booklets and weapons, and embodied in the form of others such as medals and trophies.
Paku Karen Skirt-Cloths (Not) at Home
Authors: Dudley Sandra H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at forcibly relocated objects as serial migrants and asks what it might mean for them not only to be displaced but also to be “at home.” It focuses on three skirt-cloths originating among the Paku Karen people from eastern Burma (Myanmar). In relation to displacement, the example of Naw Rebecca's cloth suggests that physical migration need not have occurred for displacement to be a valid category. The skirt is both not displaced and always displaced, staying put but still a refugee because of the liminal nature of where it resides and the status of the woman who made and wears it. The other two cloths, in contrast, were undisplaced at the time of their production but became so almost immediately afterwards. Since then, they have undergone displacement processes that are physically defined by geographical space, but extended too into the temporal, sociocultural, teleological, and beyond.
The Persian Gulf Security Architecture
Authors: Kamrava Mehran
Published: January 2019

The Persian Gulf’s security architecture is inherently unstable and insecure due to four primary reasons. First, America’s heavy-handed presence in and “footprints” across the region are a source of chronic tension and resentment by both state and non-state actors throughout the region. Second, state actors feel vulnerable to external threats and therefore foster highly securitized national and regional environments. Third, this insecurity is reinforced by the rise of identity politics across national boundaries. Identity politics has always had a measure of salience across the Middle East in general and the Persian Gulf region in particular. This appeal would most likely not have been as powerful had it not been for the widespread inattention of state actors to elements of human security—the fourth reason for the instability of the prevailing security architecture.
Documenting the Mediterranean World
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

Through family networks and scholarly ones, Bembo and Coppo first experienced the material evidence of antiquity in the Mediterranean empire: from the ruins of Crete, to the Roman inscriptions of the Adriatic world, we will trace how their scholarship gained its particular Mediterranean inflections during this time. This chapter argues that Bembo and Coppo were particularly closely tied into humanist ways of understanding the Mediterranean past. This method of scholarship - of recording inscriptions and mapping ruins - would become important during their later political lives in the maritime empire, as they described and mapped their own experiences in the Mediterranean setting of empire.
Analysis of cause-effect inference by comparing regression errors
Authors: Blöbaum Patrick , Janzing Dominik , Washio Takashi , Shimizu Shohei , Schölkopf Bernhard
Published: January 2019

We address the problem of inferring the causal direction between two variables by comparing the least-squares errors of the predictions in both possible directions. Under the assumption of an independence between the function relating cause and effect, the conditional noise distribution, and the distribution of the cause, we show that the errors are smaller in causal direction if both variables are equally scaled and the causal relation is close to deterministic. Based on this, we provide an easily applicable algorithm that only requires a regression in both possible causal directions and a comparison of the errors. The performance of the algorithm is compared with various related causal inference methods in different artificial and real-world data sets.
Seasonal changes of commercial traits, proximate and fatty acid compositions of the scallopFlexopecten glaberfrom the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Italy)
Authors: Prato Ermelinda , Biandolino Francesca , Parlapiano Isabella , Papa Loredana , Denti Giuseppe , Fanelli Giovanni
Published: January 2019

This study provides information on biological (gonadosomatic index), commercial quality (condition index and meat yield) and biochemical aspects (proximate composition, fatty acids) of the soft tissues ofFlexopecten glaberreared in suspended cages in the Ionian Sea. The results showed that condition index (CI) and meat yield (MY) peaked in December (60 and 30%, respectively) and in April, May and June (from 53 to 60% for CI and from 34 to 36% for MY). Gonadosomatic index showed three main peaks in winter, spring and summer months. Contents of protein 8.18–11.9 g/100 g), lipid (0,.78–1.18 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (1.19–3.30 g/100 g) varied significantly during the study period. Saturated fatty acids was the dominant group, except in December when polyunsaturated fatty acids showed the highest proportion (43% of total FAs). Fatty acids of the n3 group were dominant with docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Highest n3/n6 ratios were recorded in spring-summer specimens, with values > of 5. The results showed a better nutritional quality of scallops in May, July and December.
THE MEANING OF “BOUNDARY LINE” DUE TO THE PRECAST MODULE SYSTEM IN ‘RUSUNAWA’ BUMI CENGKARENG INDAH, JAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: Dwisusanto Y. Basuki , Lianto Fermanto , Arifin Lilianny Sigit
Published: January 2019

This research reveals meaning of “boundary line” due to the precast module system in Seruni 8 block, ‘Rusunawa’ Bumi Cengkareng Indah, Jakarta, Indonesia. The Grounded Theory method, with the type of “constant comparison”, which is a semi-grounded theory, is chosen to express the meaning of the “boundary line” from the residents’ point of view. The coding process in data processing uses computer program Maxqda. The results of this study indicate that well-established relationships between occupants can transform the boundaries of private corridor ownership (individual territory) into joint ownership (communal territory) as a place to socialize and share goods placed in the corridor, and maintain the cleanliness of the corridor together, so that the “boundary line” due to the precast module system for residents of the Seruni 8 block, ‘Rusunawa’ Bumi Cengkareng Indah, Jakarta, does not affect the meaning of the boundaries as the individual territory, because the communal territory is stronger than the “boundary line” due to the precast module system.
PENELITIAN SEJARAH RELASI PUBLIK: KONSEP DAN METODOLOGI
Authors: Yogatama Astri
Published: January 2019

Para sejarawan menggunakan penelitian sejarah untuk merekam praktik relasi publik yang pernah terjadi dalam berbagai konteks dari masa ke masa atau fokus pada kejadian tertentu. Namun demikian jumlah penelitian sejarah relasi publik tidak berkembang sepesat kebutuhan akan pengembangan konsep relasi publik maupun strategi komunikasinya, maupun jika dibandingkan dengan perkembangan ilmu sosial lainnya. Untuk itu dipandang perlu penelitian sejarah diaktifkan dalam ranah relasi publik, melalui beberapa tahapan dalam metodologinya. Tahapan itu meliputi penetapan fenomena relasi publik, perumusan masalah, penetapan hipotesa, penentuan metode penelitian, pengumpulan data, uji validitas dan reliabilitas, analisa data dan penyusunan laporan. Di balik keterbatasan penelitian sejarah dalam hal pengumpulan data primer dan subyektivitas sejarawan, diharapkan penelitian sejarah akan memberikan dasar pengembangan konsep baru dalam dunia relasi publik dan strategi komunikasi yang lebih komprehensif
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI DINAS PEMUDA, OLAHRAGA, KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA DALAM MENINGKATKAN PARIWISATA DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
Authors: Maudyakasih Prabawati Yusandra , Nuraeni Reni
Published: January 2019

Kabupaten Banyumas memiliki banyak potensi wisata untuk dibangun dan dikembangkan menjadi daerah wisata dan festival kebudayaan. Untuk itu diperlukan strategi komunikasi untuk merencanakan dan manajemen komunikasi agar masyarakat datang berwisata ke Kabupaten Banyumas. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis strategi komunikasi dalam meningkatkan pariwisata di Kabupaten Banyumas. Objek penelitian dilakukan pada DINPORABUDPAR Kabupaten Banyumas. Penelitian ini menggunakan model strategi komunikasi menurut Cangara. Paradigma penelitian yang digunakan merupakan paradigma konstruktivis.  Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa DINPORABUDPAR Kabupaten Banyumas mencari fakta mengenai lingkungan atau latar belakang masyarakat kemudian melakukan riset bedasarkan teori-teori yang ada; membentuk tim PPID dan mengikutsertakan para Blogger lokal untuk ikut mempromosikan wisata yang ada melalui media online; memposting konten mengenai wisata yang ada di Kabupaten Banyumas; mengukur jumlah wisatawan yang datang disetiap objek wisata dan event; setiap objek wisata memberikan laporan untuk dilakukan perekapan data untuk laporan jumlah wisatawan di setiap tahunnya
POLA KOMUNIKASI ORGANISASI PDI PERJUANGAN DALAM PROSES KADERISASI DI DPC KABUPATEN SIDOARJO
Authors: Setyawati Ni Kadek Defvin , Prijowidodo Gatut , Inggrit Inri
Published: January 2019

Kaderisasi merupakan kewajiban bagi setiap partai. DPC PDI Perjuangan Kabupaten Sidoarjo menjalankan kaderisasinya tidak hanya pada kegiatan formal namun juga pada kegiatan informal yang membuat proses kaderisasinya semakin efektif dibandingkan dengan DPC lainnya. Melihat keefektivitasan kaderisasi tersebut maka penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola komunikasi organisasi yang terjadi selama proses kaderisasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode fenomenologi kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui dokumen dan wawancara mendalam dengan tiga informan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan DPC Kabupaten Sidoarjo melakukan tiga pola komunikasi organisasi yaitu, pola komunikasi formal, pola komunikasi informal dan pola komunikasi socialization mechanism. Penelitian ini juga menemukan hambatan yang ada dalam proses kaderisasi yaitu, kurangnya sarana dan prasarana yang diperlukan dalam komunikasi untuk mengatasi rentang usia yang jauh; penguasaan teknik dan metode komunikasi yang tidak sesuai, sehingga beberapa pengurus dan kader tidak menguasai media yang digunakan; kondisi fisik kader yang sudah berusia lanjut tidak memungkinkan untuk menerima informasi secara sempurna