bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allometric Models for Tree Volume and Total Aboveground Biomass in a Tropical Humid Forest in Costa Rica1
Authors: Segura Milena , Kanninen Markku
Published: September 2010

Allometric equations for the estimation of tree volume and aboveground biomass in a tropical humid forest were developed based on direct measurements of 19 individuals of seven tree species in Northern Costa Rica. The volume and the biomass of the stems represented about two‐thirds of the total volume and total aboveground biomass, respectively. The average stem volume varied between 4 and 11 Mg/tree and the average total aboveground biomass ranged from 4 to 10 mg/tree. The mean specific gravity of the sampled trees was 0.62 ± 0.06 (g/cm3). The average biomass expansion factor was 1.6 ± 0.2. The best‐fit equations for stem and total volume were of logarithmic form, with diameter at breast height (R2= 0.66 − 0.81) as an independent variable. The best‐fit equations for total aboveground biomass that were based on combinations of diameter at breast height, and total and commercial height as independent variables had R2 values between 0.77 and 0.87. Models recommended for estimating total aboveground biomass are based on diameter at breast height, because the simplicity of these models is advantageous. This variable is easy to measure accurately in the field and is the most common variable recorded in forest inventories. Two widely used models in literature tend to underestimate aboveground biomass in large trees. In contrast, the models developed in this study accurately estimate the total aboveground biomass in these trees.
Effects of Canopy Cover and Ground Disturbance on Establishment of an Invasive Grass in an Australia Savanna1
Authors: Setterfield S. A. , Douglas M. M. , Hutley L. B. , Welch M. A.
Published: September 2010

Andropogon gayanus(gamba grass) is an introduced pasture grass that threatens Australia's tropical savannas by modifying fire regimes and species composition. To understand the establishment requirements ofA. gayanus, we undertook a field experiment to determine the effect of canopy cover and ground layer disturbance on seedling emergence and survival. Seed was sown under three canopy treatments (undisturbed, artificial canopy gap, and natural canopy gap) and under three ground layer treatments (Control, Vegetation disturbed, and Soil disturbed). Results have shown thatA. gayanuscan establish and survive regardless of canopy cover or ground disturbance, although such site disturbances will increase establishment success. Disturbance of both the overstorey canopy and the ground layer increasedA. gayanusemergence, whereas seedling survival to 12 mo after seed sowing was affected by ground layer disturbance alone. Disturbance of the canopy increased light transmission, which may have promoted germination. Ground layer disturbance may also have increased light transmission and suitable sites for establishment, and reduced competition for resources, such as water and nutrients. The ability ofA. gayanusto spread along disturbed areas, establish in relatively undisturbed savannas, and resprout after fire within 6 mo after seedling emergence suggests that this species will become increasingly widespread in Australia's tropical savannas. Its control is urgently required.
Seed Dispersal Modes of the Sandstone Plateau Vegetation of the Middle Caquetá River Region, Colombian Amazonia1
Authors: Arbeláez María Victoria , Parrado‐Rosselli Angela
Published: September 2010

We characterized the dispersal spectra and phenology of 298 vascular plant species of the sandstone plateaus of Colombian Amazonia. Dispersal modes were determined by the morphology of dispersion units, personal observations on fruit consumption, and an extensive literature review. We obtained the number of species per dispersal mode for the sandstone plateaus and for two recognized vegetation types: open‐herbaceous vegetation and low forest‐shrub vegetation. Dispersal modes were assigned to 295 plant species. Animals dispersed the highest percentage of species (46.6%), while the percentage of autochorous and anemochorous species was 29.4 and 23 percent, respectively. The dispersal spectrum of the low forest‐shrub vegetation type, based on the coverage of every species, showed that percentages of anemochorous (40.2%) and zoochorous species (37.8%) were similar. Autochory was the most important seed dispersal mode of the open‐herbaceous vegetation (60%). Birds were the principal group of potential dispersers (58.9%) of zoochorous species and reptiles the least important. We found two marked fruiting peaks, one from the end of the dry season to the beginning of the wet season and the second one from the beginning to the middle of the dry season. Our results showed that besides the differences in the vegetation structure and floristic composition between the sandstone plateaus and the adjacent tall forest, there also exist differences in the dispersal spectra and the fruiting rhythms.
Cloud Forest Bird Responses to Unusually Severe Storm Damage1
Authors: Tejeda‐Cruz César , Sutherland William J.
Published: September 2010

In 1998, storms related to Hurricane Isis caused extensive gaps in the cloud forest of El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico, where severe storms are infrequent. We examined how this disturbance affected bird species composition. Species richness and composition were similar both between pre‐ and post‐disturbance forest and between newly created gaps and plots that remained forested after the hurricane. However, differences in response guilds were greater between pre‐ and post‐disturbance plots than between forest plots with gaps after disturbance. Granivorous, omnivorous, and terrestrial species were more abundant before the hurricane, whereas insectivorous, midstory, and generalist foragers were more abundant after the hurricane. In addition, species with high sensitivity to disturbance were more abundant in the pre‐disturbance forest, while low sensitivity species were more abundant after disturbance. In the post‐disturbance forest, insectivorous species were most abundant in gaps and terrestrial‐canopy foragers were most abundant in forest plots. Permanently open areas had significantly lower species richness, but had lowland generalist and second‐growth species not present in the cloud forest. Results suggest that changes in species composition were not limited to the newly created gaps, but also affected the whole forest. The decline of high sensitivity species after disturbance supports the hypothesis that disturbance negatively affects specialists and benefits generalist species. Although there is evidence that natural communities tend to return to pre‐disturbance conditions, changes in community structure could be aggravated if recurrent hurricanes occur before succession takes place.
A NarrowHeliconius cydno(Nymphalidae; Heliconiini) Hybrid Zone With Differences in Morph Sex Ratios1
Authors: Merchán H. Alejandro , Jiggins Chris D. , Linares Mauricio
Published: September 2010

In the western cordillera of the Cauca valley, Colombia, there is a narrow hybrid zone between two races ofHeliconius cydno, one of which is polymorphic. Three large broods show that most of the phenotypic variation observed can be explained by four loci of major effect, namedSb,Yb,L,andK. Two further loci,GandWo, were identified that control more minor phenotypic variation.Sb, Yb,andWoare linked and the latter is differentially expressed between the sexes. The transition betweenH. c. cydnidesin the north andH. c. weymerito the south occurs over approximately 15 km. Collections from a single site near the center of the hybrid zone show that gene frequencies have been stable over the 10 yr from 1991 to 2001 and that color‐pattern genes are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with little evidence for linkage disequilibrium. This suggests that mating is random between color‐pattern forms. Nonetheless, there is evidence for variation in the sex ratio, with parental phenotypes and the most melanic hybrid phenotypes showing a fairly even sex ratio compared to a strong male bias observed in the remaining hybrids. We hypothesize that this might be explained by differential selection between sexes and phenotypes, phenomena that could have important implications for hybrid zone analysis and the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.
A Test of the Utility of Exotic Tree Plantations for Understory Birds and Food Resources in the Colombian Andes1
Authors: Durán Sandra M. , Kattan Gustavo H.
Published: September 2010

The spatial distribution and abundance of animals are in part determined by the distribution and abundance of their resource base. In the Central Andes of Colombia, monospecific tree plantations have been used to recover vegetative cover in watershed protection programs, but these plantations differ from natural forests in structure, composition, and resources available to wildlife. To evaluate these plantations as habitat for wildlife, we compared the diversity and abundance of understory birds, flowers, and fruits between juxtaposed 40‐yr‐old patches of exotic Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) plantations and naturally regenerated forest of the same age. We observed more fruiting species in the regenerated forest, but there were no differences in total flower and fruit availability between habitat types. We also observed differences between habitats in the size of some understory shrubs, but these differences did not lead to differences between habitats in the diversity and abundance of birds. Capture rates of nectarivores correlated with resource abundance at sampling plot scale, but no such correlation was found for frugivores. Understory frugivorous birds are apparently functioning at a larger spatial scale than the patchiness created by the two habitats. Nectarivorous birds are responding to small‐scale patchiness in resource availability, but not to the different habitats. These results indicate that at small scales, the ash plantation understory provides adequate habitat for birds.
Number of Lianas per Tree and Number of Trees Climbed by Lianas at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico1
Authors: Pérez‐Salicrup Diego R. , De Meijere Wessel
Published: September 2010

In the tropical rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, lianas (woody‐climbing plants) had a clumped distribution on trees, and 63.3 percent of trees ≥10 cm in diameter carried at least one liana. Trees with larger diameters supported more lianas and a higher total basal area of lianas than trees with smaller diameters. There was no relationship between liana diameter and the number of trees a liana climbed, but tendril climbers climbed on more trees than stem‐twiners.
Importance of Body Size in Determining Dominance Hierarchies among Diverse Tropical Frugivores1
Authors: French Aaron R. , Smith Thomas B.
Published: September 2010

Most studies examining dominance hierarchies have focused at the intraspecific level. While some examples of interspecific hierarchies have been noted, these have usually been limited to a few species in the same taxonomic group that utilize resources in similar ways. Here, we examine evidence for dominance interference competition among vertebrates comprising a diverse frugivore community, including 19 species of birds, squirrels, and primates in a mature Central African rainforest. A total of 38 fruiting trees from 18 species were observed for 2058 h to record dominance interactions between foraging vertebrates. We show that interference competition occurs within and between taxonomically diverse species of vertebrates at fruiting trees. The resulting cross‐taxonomic dominance hierarchy includes larger vertebrates, such as primates and hornbills, as well as smaller ones, such as squirrels and parrots. Within this hierarchy, the dominance rank of each species is highly correlated with body mass, and is shown to significantly affect the number of fruits removed from a given tree. Because a majority of tropical tree species depend on vertebrates to disperse their seeds, and particular vertebrates may preferentially disperse the seeds of specific tree species, results may have important conservation implications for the maintenance of tree diversity in regions where populations of larger frugivores have been depressed or extirpated.
Factors Affecting Mortality and Resistance to Damage Following Hurricanes in a Rehabilitated Subtropical Moist Forest1
Authors: Ostertag Rebecca , Silver Whendee L. , Lugo Ariel E.
Published: September 2010

The ability to resist hurricane damage is a property of both individuals and communities, and can have strong effects on the structure and function of many tropical forests. We examined the relative importance of tree size, species, biogeographic origin, local topography, and damage from previous storms in long‐term permanent plots in a rehabilitated subtropical moist forest in Puerto Rico following Hurricane Georges in order to better predict patterns of resistance. Severe damage included uprooted trees, snapped stems, or crowns with greater than 50 percent branch loss. Hurricane induced mortality after 21 mo was 5.2 percent/yr, more than seven times higher than background mortality levels during the nonhurricane periods. Species differed greatly in their mortality and damage patterns, but there was no relationship between damage and wood density or biogeographic origin. Rather, damage for a given species was correlated with mean annual increment, with faster growing species experiencing greater damage, suggesting that growth rate may reflect a variety of life history tradeoffs. Size was also predictive of damage, with larger trees suffering more damage. Trees on ridges and in valleys received greater damage than trees on slopes. A strong relationship was noted between previous hurricane damage and present structural damage, which could not solely be explained by the patterns with size and species. We suggest that resistance of trees to hurricane damage is therefore not only correlated with individual and species characteristics but also with past disturbance history, which suggests that in interpreting the effects of hurricanes on forest structure, individual storms cannot be treated as discrete, independent events.
Effects of Selective Vegetation Thinning on Seed Removal in Secondary Forest Succession1
Authors: Andresen Ellen , Pedroza‐Espino Luis , Allen Edith B. , Pérez‐Salicrup Diego R.
Published: September 2010

Seed removal was assessed for two tree species in three forest types: (1) secondary forest with and (2) without selective vegetation thinning, and (3) mature forest. Selective vegetation thinning meant the removal of all stems ≤3 cm in diameter of secondary‐forest species and was intended as a management technique to accelerate succession toward mature forest. Thinning did not have an effect on seed removal. One of the species showed lower seed removal in mature forest compared to secondary forest.
Temperature‐induced plasticity at cellular and organismal levels in the lizard Anolis carolinensis
Authors: GOODMAN Rachel M. , HEAH Tze P.
Published: September 2010

Among ectotherms, individuals raised in cooler temperatures often have larger body size and/or larger cell size. The current study tested whether geographic variation in cell size and plasticity for cell size exist in a terrestrial, ectothermic vertebrate, Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832. We demonstrated temperature‐induced plasticity in erythrocytes and epithelial cells of hatchlings lizards derived from the eggs of females sampled from four populations and incubated at multiple temperatures. Larger cells were produced in hatchlings from cooler treatments; however, hatchling body size was unaffected by temperature. Therefore, temperature‐induced plasticity applies at the cellular, but not organismal, level in A. carolinensis. In addition, reaction norms for cell size differed among populations. There was a latitudinal trend in cell size and in plasticity of cell size among our study populations. The two southernmost populations showed plasticity in cell size, whereas the two northernmost ones did not. We suggest that selection pressure for larger cell size in northern, cooler environments has restricted plasticity in A. carolinensis applied at the cellular level in response to variable incubation environments.
Morphological variation in the short‐tailed fruit bat (Carollia) in Ecuador, with comments on the practical and philosophical aspects of boundaries among species
Authors: JARRÍN‐V. Pablo , FLORES Cristina , SALCEDO Janeth
Published: September 2010

The mechanisms for the morphological delimitation of species inCarolliaremain poorly understood. This is the first study to assess variation in size and shape from strictly geometric terms. Both factors are assessed by statistical perspectives of distribution, overlap and relative distances. Despite its overlap, the size of the skull seems to be the most influential character for the discrimination of species, with shape playing a much smaller role. The smallest species seems to be the most distinct in shape, not only in terms of distance among centroids in morphometric space, but also in the overall trend and direction of variation. Contrary to previous studies, sexual dimorphism is not given by size but by distinct shapes of the skull. Characters such as the shape of the maxilla, previously described qualitatively as discrete with sharp boundaries, appear to be truly continuous with fuzzy borders among species. Because morphometric space is a gamut of continuous variation and overlap, the taxonomic error rate for size characters seems to be substantial for the medium‐sized species (Carollia brevicaudaSchinz, 1821), with approximately 30–40% of individuals erroneously assigned to a different species after a jackknifed discriminant function. This taxonomic error is higher for shape characters. Morphological, systematic and ecological consequences of the observed patterns of shape and size variation are commented within the context of previously proposed arguments and hypotheses.
The Front National and Catholicism: from intégrisme to Joan of Arc and Clovis
Authors: Davies Peter
Published: September 2010

The relationship between the Front National and religion has never been straightforward. Jean‐Marie Le Pen, the party’s leader, comes from a Catholic background, and many of his policies are rooted in traditional Catholic teaching. The FN’s interpretation of French history is based around religion and its main political icons – Joan of Arc and Clovis, for example – are chosen precisely because of their heroism and Catholic‐ness. In fact, the FN is the latest in a long line of far‐right movements to position themselves close to the Church. But the situation is complicated by the fact that the party is loyal to the Latin Mass and for many years was dominated by an ‘integrist’ or ‘fundamentalist’ faction. Electoral data also suggest that for all its ‘Catholic values’, the FN is not that popular with regular churchgoers. In summary, the FN is an interesting movement with a curious relationship to Catholicism and the Catholic Church.
African American Islam: A Reflection
Authors: McCloud Aminah Beverly
Published: September 2010

Events involving African American Muslims in the 21st century necessitate a reflection on African American Muslim communities in the 20th century to provide context. As members of these communities, move to define Islam in America, an historical trail is critical.
Emerging Adulthood, a 21st Century Theory: A Rejoinder to Hendry and Kloep
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT—
I offer a rejoinder to Hendry and Kloep’s critique of my theory of emerging adulthood. We differ in our perspectives in that I see more value than they do in overall terms for and conceptions of periods of the life course, including emerging adulthood. Also, they claim a greater influence for social class on well‐being in emerging adulthood than I believe is warranted. However, we agree on the necessity of investigating the diversity of paths through emerging adulthood and in recognizing its cultural and historical context.
Rethinking Emerging Adulthood in Japan: Perspectives From Long‐Term Single Women
Authors: Rosenberger Nancy
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT—
For women who have resisted convention and remained single into their 40s in Japan, the transition into adulthood is elongated and ambiguous. Their identities and lifestyles challenge the postwar concept of maturity for women, which includes patience and self‐sacrifice achieved through marriage and motherhood, a conception that was part of the formula for economic growth. Concentrating instead on broadening “self” (jibun) outside of family, single women face difficulties attaining adulthood (ichininmae) in the eyes of elders and even peers, unless they are economically successful or they care for parents. Emerging adulthood should be studied historically with attention to groups whose identities are under debate as a society changes. The historical–cultural logic of adulthood requires a nuanced, contextual definition of early adulthood, its aims, processes, and results.
From Duty to Desire: Emerging Adulthood in Europe and Its Consequences
Authors: Douglass Carrie B.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT—This article suggests that emerging adulthood, the stage in the life cycle described by Arnett for the United States, is also evident in Europe. The article examines the characteristics of emerging adulthood in Europe and highlights their regional and national similarities and differences. Also examined are the differences between European emerging adulthood and the American model, which chiefly involve the various ways European youth ameliorate economic and domestic instability. This article is based on a study of one of the most salient consequences of emerging adulthood, low fertility. A clear sign of emerging adulthood in Europe is that historically low numbers of children are being born there.
Poised for Emerging Adulthood in Latin America: A Pleasure for the Privileged
Authors: Galambos Nancy L. , Martínez M. Loreto
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT—
The purpose of this article is to examine evidence regarding whether the period of the life course referred to as “emerging adulthood” exists, or is likely to develop, in Latin America. Central to this examination is recognition of differences in cultural practices and expectations related to adulthood across countries and differences in gender and socioeconomic factors (power, access to education, and degree of economic independence) within countries. Data from diverse sources suggest that some individuals in Latin America experience a period of emerging adulthood in which they are free to pursue different lifestyle options and delay marriage and parenthood. However, the data also suggest that these individuals are largely from wealthier families, urban areas, and more developed countries. For the many Latin American youth confronted with poverty, child marriage, and inadequate educational and occupational opportunities, emerging adulthood will probably unfold quite differently, if at all, even as they are increasingly exposed to new expectations about role exploration and self‐development in their transition to adulthood.
A Novel Telemedicine System for Monitoring Congestive Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Radai Michal M. , Arad Marina , Zlochiver Sharon , Krief Haim , Engelman Tzvika , Abboud Shimon
Published: September 2010

Congestive heart failure is a widespread cardiac disease in western countries. At present, the main measure for monitoring the level of pulmonary edema in telemedicine systems is weight, which is not a reliable indicator. The authors propose a novel bioimpedance telemedical system to monitor these patients. The system measures the resistivity of each lung using optimization methods and transmits the measurements via a modem to a call center. Preliminary results show that the measured resistivity values among healthy young patients are consistent and reproducible within 48 hours. The mean resistivity values in patients with pulmonary congestion were lower than those of the healthy patients: 887 [Ω*cm]±117 vs 1244 [Ω*cm]±87 (P<.01). The system is noninvasive, safe, and portable. It retrieves unique information correlated with the amount of fluid in the lungs and transmits the data to a medical call center in order to improve the diagnostics and treatment of congestive heart failure.
Ten‐Year Secular Trends for Congestive Heart Failure Hospitalizations: An Analysis of Regional Differences in the United States
Authors: Zhang Wanqing , Watanabe‐Galloway Shinobu
Published: September 2010

This study used data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey to examine secular trends and regional variation in hospitalization rates for congestive heart failure. The hospitalization rate for congestive heart failure rose significantly between 1995 and 2004 for adults aged 35 to 64 years. This trend was particularly marked in the West region (from 10.3 per 10,000 population in 1995 to 17.0 per 10,000 population in 2004; P<.001) and the South region (from 21.9 per 10,000 population in 1995 to 27.6 per 10,000 population in 2004; P<.001). The regional variations for congestive heart failure hospitalization among adults aged 35 to 64 years were associated with primary care physicians per 10,000 population, regional income level, and the proportion of Medicare payment.
Assessment of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony by Speckle Tracking Strain Imaging Comparison Between Longitudinal, Circumferential, and Radial Strain in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Harris Scott , Tepper David , Ip Randy
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  Objectives.  The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of each type of strain for left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony assessment and its predictive value for a positive response after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Furthermore, changes in extent of LV dyssynchrony for each type of strain were evaluated during follow‐up.

Background.  Different echocardiographic techniques have been proposed for assessment of LV dyssynchrony. The novel 2‐dimensional (2D) speckle tracking strain analysis technique can provide information on radial strain (RS), circumferential strain (CS), and longitudinal strain (LS).

Methods.  In 161 patients, 2D echocardiography was performed at baseline and after 6 months of CRT. Extent of LV dyssynchrony was calculated for each type of strain. Response to CRT was defined as a decrease in LV end‐systolic volume ≥15% at follow‐up.

Results.  At follow‐up, 88 patients (55%) were classified as responders. Differences in baseline LV dyssynchrony between responders and nonresponders were noted only for RS (251±138 ms vs 94±65 ms; P<.001), whereas no differences were noted for CS and LS. A cutoff value of radial dyssynchrony ≥130 ms was able to predict response to CRT with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 80%. In addition, a significant decrease in extent of LV dyssynchrony measured with RS (from 251±138 ms to 98±92 ms; P<.001) was demonstrated only in responders.

Conclusions.  Speckle tracking RS analysis constitutes the best method to identify potential responders to CRT. Reduction in LV dyssynchrony after CRT was noted only in responders.—Delgado V, Ypenburg C, van Bommel RJ, et al. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony by speckle tracking strain imaging comparison between longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51;1944–1952.
Switching to Evidence‐Based Once‐Daily β‐Blockers for Improved Adherence to Medication Across the Continuum of Post‐Myocardial Infarction Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure
Authors: Abraham William T.
Published: September 2010

Although adherence to evidence‐based therapy has been shown to improve clinical outcomes post‐myocardial infarction (MI) and in patients with heart failure, adherence remains suboptimal. One method that has demonstrated success in improving adherence is the reduction in the frequency of drug administration (eg, switching from a twice‐daily to a once‐daily regimen). A once‐daily controlled‐release (CR) formulation of carvedilol—a β‐blocker used in the treatment of post‐MI left ventricular dysfunction (LVD), heart failure, and hypertension—has recently received US approval. This review provides a switching protocol for transitioning stable patients from twice‐daily carvedilol to once‐daily carvedilol CR. Based on the findings from a head‐to‐head comparison study of carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate suggesting that carvedilol is associated with superior reductions in mortality and morbidity, physicians may consider switching patients with heart failure receiving β‐blockers who have not shown benefits in this setting. Algorithms are provided for switching patients with heart failure or post‐MI LVD from another β‐blocker to carvedilol CR.
The Evaluation and Monitoring of Volume Status in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Murray Christina M. , Agha S. Abbas , Rathi Shradha , Germany Robin E.
Published: September 2010

The increasing prevalence of heart failure dictates that physicians effectively assess and treat congestion. The evaluation of volume status in the complex group of patients with heart failure is very challenging. Physical examination is at best challenging and not always helpful, confounded by body habitus and comorbidities. Weight monitoring has been shown to be helpful, especially in combination with remote monitoring or telephonic checks. Invasive methods such as pulmonary artery catheters provide significant information but have not been proven to be clinically effective. Noninvasive measures such as impedance cardiography and echocardiography provide additional information. The future of heart failure management may reside in implantable monitors, either alone or in combination with other intracardiac devices. These monitors can provide surrogates of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and volume. They can also be followed remotely and provide information on the patient's status more frequently than office visits. This manuscript will review volume assessment including past, current, and future methods.
Devices for Heart Failure: The Future Is Now
Authors: Arora Harvinder Singh , Loyalka Pranav , Kar Biswajit , Delgado Reynolds
Published: September 2010

Despite impressive strides in pharmacologic therapy for heart failure (HF), cumulative evidence from epidemiologic studies suggests that there has been no improvement in the prognosis for this condition over the past 40 years. Several aspects of the pathophysiology of HF are not influenced by drug therapy. Hospitalizations for acute decompensated HF have continued to increase in recent years despite the use of complex and costly drug regimens. Cardiac assist devices offer a promising approach to the management of this challenging problem. The authors review the ways in which these devices are being used to manage HF in different settings and highlight the latest advances in this rapidly evolving field.
Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of International Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Calibration Material NBS 19, and Reference Materials NBS 18, IAEA‐CO‐1 and IAEA‐CO‐8
Authors: Crowley Stephen F.
Published: September 2010

International carbon and oxygen isotope calibration material NBS 19 and reference materials NBS 18, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)‐CO‐1 and IAEA‐CO‐8 are prepared from naturally occurring rock specimens of marble and carbonatite. Mineralogical and chemical analysis showed that only NBS 19 and IAEA‐CO‐1 represent essentially pure samples of calcite containing < and minimal (< 1%) quantities of quartz. In contrast, both NBS 18 and IAEA‐CO‐8, although primarily composed of calcite, are contaminated by a range of additional phases. NBS 18 was estimated to contain 1% Fe‐dolomite and trace (< 1%) quantities of apatite and quartz. IAEA‐CO‐8 was estimated to contain at least 4% non‐carbonate material (including apatite, barite, biotite and magnetite). NBS 18 and IAEA‐CO‐8 are both derived from samples of carbonatite and the calcite component of each material is characterised by appreciable substitution of Mg + Mn + Sr ± Fe ± Ba (Σ ≈ 14000–15000 μg g‐1) for Ca. The observations reported in this study complement data in the literature detailing significant grain‐scale isotopic heterogeneity in NBS 18 and IAEA‐CO‐8. Both data sets highlight the need for careful characterisation of calibration materials prior to distribution.
X‐ray Spectromicroscopy of Mineral Intergrowths in the Santa Catharina Meteorite
Authors: Schofield Paul F. , Smith Andrew D. , Mosselmans J. Frederick W. , Ohldag Hendrik , Scholl Andreas , Raoux Simone , Cressey Gordon , Cressey Barbara A. , Quinn Paul D. , Kirk Caroline A. , Hogg Simon C.
Published: September 2010

This work describes the application of microfocus X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X‐ray photo‐emission electron microscopy (XPEEM) to the study of the complex mineralogical intergrowths within the Santa Catharina meteorite. The Santa Catharina meteorite of this study (BM52283 from the meteorite collection of the Natural History Museum, London, UK) primarily comprises a taenite bulk host phase (Fe:Ni ratio = 70.9 ± 0.8%:29.1 ± 0.8%) with a set of oxide‐bearing cloudy zone textured regions (Fe:Ni:O ratio = 40.4 ± 0.3%:49.0 ± 0.7%:10.6 ± 0.8% at the core and Fe:Ni:O ratio = 34.4 ± 1.5%:42.7 ± 0.6%:22.9 ± 1.8% towards the rims) and numerous schreibersite (Fe:Ni:P ratio = 38.6 ± 1.6%:38.4 ± 0.9%:23.0 ± 0.5%) inclusions. Between the schreibersite and the taenite are rims up to 50 μm across of Ni‐rich kamacite (Fe:Ni ratio = 93.4 ± 0.4%:6.6 ± 0.5%). No chemical zoning or spatial variations in the Fe and Ni speciation was observed within either the schreibersite or the kamacite phases. The oxide‐bearing cloudy zone textured regions mostly comprise metallic Fe–Ni alloy, predominantly tetrataenite. Within the oxide phases, the Fe is predominantly, but not entirely, tetrahedrally co‐ordinated Fe3+ and the Ni is octahedrally co‐ordinated Ni2+. Structural analysis supports the suggestion that non‐stoichiometric Fe2NiO4 trevorite is the oxide phase. The trevorite:tetrataenite ratio increases at the edges of the oxide‐bearing cloudy zone textured regions indicating increased oxidation at the edges of these zones. The spatial resolution of the XPEEM achieved was between 110 and 150 nm, which precluded the study of either the previously reported ∼ 10 nm precipitates of tetrataenite within the bulk taenite or any antitaenite.
Isobar Attenuation Using Anion–Gas Reactions for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application to 36Cl
Authors: Eliades John , Zhao Xiaolei , Kieser William E. , Litherland Albert E.
Published: September 2010

Preliminary tests of a prototype radio‐frequency quadrupole (RFQ) collision cell system, known as an isobar separator for anions (ISA), for the removal of isobaric interferences for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and for studies of anion–gas interactions are reported. The ISA decelerated a mass‐analysed beam of anions from an energy (∼ 20 keV) typically generated by an AMS ion source to < 10 eV. RFQs and electrostatic lenses then guided the ions through the collision cell where ion‐gas collisions reduced both the energy and energy spread of the ion beam (cooled the ions) and ion‐gas reactions attenuated most of the unwanted isobars. The anions were then re‐accelerated to their original energy for injection into the rest of the AMS system. With the ISA installed on a full 3 MV AMS system, attenuations of 32S‐, 12C3‐ and 39K‐ by six, seven and greater than ten orders of magnitude, respectively were achieved using 0.7–1 Pa NO2 gas in the collision cell, while maintaining approximately 10–30% of the chlorine anion transmission. A further measurement of a 36Cl/Cl = 4.1 × 10‐11 RM is also described. The results suggest that the 36Cl/Cl lower detection limit of the current system was 10‐14–10‐15 for samples that could be prepared with S/Cl ratios below 10 μg g‐1.
Long‐Term Observations of Isotope Ratio Accuracy and Reproducibility Using Quadrupole ICP‐MS
Authors: Ulrich Thomas , Kamber Balz S. , Woodhead Jon D. , Spencer Lizzy A.
Published: September 2010

High precision isotope ratio and trace element determination can be achieved with modern quadrupole ICP‐MS provided that short and long‐term instrument performance is accurately monitored. Here we present results for the isotope ratios 6Li/7Li, 147Sm/149Sm, 160Dy/161Dy, 207Pb/206Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, 206Pb/204Pb and 235U/238U with which we determined long‐term isotope ratio stability of relevance to both trace element and isotope determination. With respect to trace element determination, we first present long‐term observations regarding oxide formation rates of Ba and Nd on light REE and heavy REE, as well as Zr on Ag. These showed good correlations and could be used to correct effectively the interference. The efficacy of this correction was demonstrated with analyses of the rock reference material BHVO‐2 at both low and high oxide formation rates. Next, we studied the long‐term reproducibility of a Dy isotope ratio that was measured to correct for the isobaric interference on Gd. It was found that, regardless of tuning condition, the ratio reproduced very well (0.58% RSD, 1s) and that the estimate of the Gd concentration did not suffer from the large correction (> 10%) caused by the Dy isobar. Long‐term reproducibilities of Li, Sm and U isotope ratios, required for accurate mass bias correction when isotopically enriched internal standards of these elements are employed, were measured in the rock reference materials AGV‐2 and JA‐3 over a time period of up to 3 years. As expected, the Li isotope ratio showed the largest variability (RSD = 7%), but the other two ratios had relative external reproducibilities of only 1.01% (1s, U) and 0.67% (Sm). The mass bias‐induced scatter in measurements for Sm and U was so small that the internal standard correction was effective, even for samples with high concentrations of these elements. With regard to Pb‐isotope ratio determination, we also present long‐term reproducibility for NIST SRM 982, run as an unknown and two accuracy tests for Pb separated from granitoids and from meteorites. It is demonstrated that the obtained ratios, including those involving 204Pb, are accurate relative to MC‐ICP‐MS determinations and of comparable precision to conventional TIMS analysis. The excellent agreement between all data sets shows the potential of modern quadrupole ICP‐MS instrumentation for Pb‐isotope determination, particularly for samples with very low Pb content.
COLONIAL OBJECT RELATIONS: GOING UNDERGROUND BLACK–WHITE RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Lowe Frank
Published: September 2010

abstract  This paper explores the relationship between black and white people in both internal and external reality. The Black and the White are both part objects and constitute a destructive type of object relation inherited from the history of slavery, colonization and empire. Colonial object relations describe a tendency in black–white relationships for the white to control or attempt to control the black object. Although often disguised and sometimes invisible, colonial object relations are commonplace, both in the psyche and in society at large. The paper argues that, whilst such object relations are an evident and deeply embedded part of our culture and psyche, they are also chronically and defensively avoided, ignored and denied at a great cost in human suffering – which blocks the development of our capacity for whole object relating. Colonial object relations are illustrated through clinical and other material and the implications for psychotherapists are discussed.
ISSUES OF ‘RACE’ IN PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY: WHOSE PROBLEM IS IT ANYWAY?1
Authors: Morgan Helen
Published: September 2010

abstract  The author argues in this paper that, because of racism, there is an asymmetrical power relationship between black and white which saturates all aspects of society. Whilst this dynamic also permeates psychoanalytic training organizations the problem is frequently ignored or denied. This colour‐blind position fails to see or acknowledge difference and hence the white individual is able to avoid the shame involved in owning any racist thought. For the black trainee an important aspect of their identity and experience is not allowed expression, making the training experience a difficult one. However, the paper argues that the inability to acknowledge and think about racism has implications, not only for potential black applicants and patients, but also for the professional organizations and their predominantly white members as this cordial form of racism prevents thought and does damage to both white and black.
THE PERVERSE CORE AND ITS ROLE IN THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN SELF‐REPRESENTATION AND CONFUSION
Authors: Perrone Luisa , Russo Maurizio
Published: September 2010

abstract  In our practice as psychoanalysts we frequently meet the perverse, and this may incorporate a range of pathologies. For example, borderline or psychotic structures are often associated with a sexualized and perverse use of the body. We discuss in the following clinical case study how sadistic sexual fantasies mingled with primal scene representation gave rise to persecutory anxieties, and how this blocked progress towards a resolution of the oedipal stage. It was at the point of intense psychic pain with a consequent fear of psychotic breakdown that the patient sought psychoanalytic help. We conclude that psychoanalytic treatment in such cases is likely to involve a deep regression, and that communication between the patient and the psychoanalyst will rely primarily upon a sharing of feelings and emotions.
Racial inequality in employment in Canada: Empirical analysis and emerging trends
Authors: Al‐Waqfi Mohammed , Jain Harish C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This article examines racial discrimination in employment in Canada using data from a sample of legal cases that were published in the Canadian Human Rights Reporter between 1980 and 1999. The authors discuss some theoretical perspectives on racial discrimination, briefly review empirical studies on the topic, examine the nature of and trends in such employment discrimination cases over the two decades, and provide an in‐depth discussion and analysis of selected legal cases on racial discrimination in Canada. After some concluding remarks, policy recommendations to combat racial discrimination in the workplace are suggested.

Sommaire:
Le présent article examine la discrimination raciale en matière d'emploi au Canada à l'aide de données d'un échantillon de causes judiciaires qui ont été publiées dans le Canadian Human Rights Reporter de 1980 à 1999. Les auteurs discutent de certaines perspectives théoriques sur la discrimination raciale, passent brièvement en revue les études empiriques sur le sujet, examinent la nature et les tendances de tels cas de discrimination en matière d'emploi au cours des deux décennies, et fournissent une discussion et analyse approfondie de causes judiciaires sélectionnées portant sur la discrimination raciale au Canada. En conclusion, ils proposent des recommandations de politiques pour combattre la discrimination raciale dans le lieu de travail
When markets fail to deliver: An examination of the privatization and de‐privatization of water and wastewater services delivery in Hamilton, Canada
Authors: Ohemeng Frank K. , Grant John K.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:The emergence of the “New Public Management” (NPM) and its faith in markets led governments to search for alternative methods in the delivery of public services. One of the most popular methods was privatization. The rationale behind the choice of privatization is based on what Charles Wolf describes as “non‐market failure.” This article argues that the market may not be as efficient as its proponents have asserted, especially when there is a monopoly over service delivery. This has been the case in many municipalities, in some developed countries, where privatization of water service delivery has reverted to public delivery. Using the City of Hamilton's experience with its water and wastewater services as an example, the authors' finding is that the nature of the good to be delivered is essential in determining whether the “market” or the “public” provides the best method of service delivery.

Sommaire :L'émergence de la Nouvelle gestion publique (NGP) et sa foi dans les marchés ont conduit les gouvernements à rechercher des méthodes de rechange pour la prestation des services publics. L'une des méthodes les plus populaires est la privatisation. La justification du choix de la privatisation est fondée sur ce que Charles Wolf décrit comme un ≪“échec du non marché”≫. L'article fait valoir que le marché pourrait ne pas être aussi efficace que ses adeptes l'ont prétendu, en particulier lorsqu'il existe un monopole dans la prestation des services. Cela fut le cas dans de nombreuses municipalités de certains pays développés, où la privatisation de la prestation de leurs services en eau est repassée à la prestation publique. En prenant comme exemple l'expérience de la ville d'Hamilton concernant ses services d'approvisionnement en eau et d'évacuation des eaux usées, l'article conclut que la nature du produit à livrer est déterminante pour savoir si c'est le “marché” ou le “public” qui fournit la meilleure méthode de prestation de services.
Time for a Change in the Research Paradigm for Alzheimer's Disease: The Value of a Chaotic Matrix Modeling Approach
Authors: Hunter Sally , Friedland Robert P. , Brayne Carol
Published: September 2010

The amyloid cascade hypothesis, based on the genetic data from early onset, familial forms of the disease, has been the dominant model for many years and involves over production and deposition of the beta amyloid protein as causal in the disease process. However, it does not apply very well to the more common, later onset, sporadic form of the disease, where a wider range of factors appear to be involved in disease progression. Over recent years, data illustrating reciprocal interactions between the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its various metabolites with many factors involved in normal synaptic plasticity have emerged. These feedback relationships have the potential to affect the complex kinase cascades involved in every aspect of neuronal function. Further, data regarding the multiple roles of the presenilins have the potential to allow the over expression and deposition of the amyloid beta protein to be both a cause and consequence of disease progression, with relevance in both sporadic and familial of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disease progression might be better explained by a chaotic matrix of factors and raises the question again whether AD should be approached as a single entity or as a syndrome, with important consequences for disease identification and treatment.
Xerostomia: an update for clinicians
Authors: Hopcraft MS , Tan C
Published: September 2010

Saliva plays an important protective role in the oral environment, and reductions in saliva quantity are known to increase the risk of oral diseases. Importantly, xerostomia or the perception of a dry mouth is now being recognized as an important risk factor for dental diseases. Furthermore, the subjective sensation of a dry mouth is a debilitating condition in itself that impacts on the quality of life of sufferers. With approximately 1 in 5 people reporting some form of dry mouth, and an increasing prevalence in the elderly, it is important for clinicians to have a thorough understanding of this problem. The aim of this paper is to review some of the literature relating to xerostomia in order to provide an evidence based update for clinicians.