bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topologically induced transparency in a two-phase metamaterial
Authors: Latioui Hafssaa , Silveirinha Mário G.
Published: September 2018

It is theoretically and numerically demonstrated that a mixture of two topologically distinct material phases is characterized by an anomalous “transparency window” in a spectral range wherein the individual material phases are strongly reflecting. In particular, it is shown that a metamaterial formed by a metallic wire grid embedded in a magnetized plasma may support the propagation of waves with long wavelengths, notwithstanding the components, when taken separately, completely block the electromagnetic radiation. The effect is explained in terms of topological properties of the magnetoplasmon. Furthermore, it is highlighted that some naturally available materials may be regarded as a mixture of two topologically distinct phases, and hence may be characterized by a similar anomalous transparency effect as well.
Direct preparation of standard functional interfaces in oxide heterostructures for 2DEG analysis through beam-induced platinum contacts
Authors: Amoresi Rafael A. C. , Cichetto Leonélio , Kundu Swarup , Teodoro Marcio D. , Marques Gilmar E. , Longo Elson , Andrés Juan , Chiquito Adenilson J. , Zaghete Maria A.
Published: September 2018

Two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in SrTiO3/LaAlO3 heterostructures has been extensively studied in the last few years; however, little attention has been given to a practical way to contact electrically the low dimensional gas at the interface. This work demonstrates a method to contact the 2DEG formed at the oxide interfaces connected by platinum electrodes which were made by the decomposition of organometallic gas using focused ion beams. On the surface, the electrodes were defined through photolithography, and at the interface, the electrodes were deposited through the focused ion beams and electrons, which were then evaluated. The quality of the interface electrodes was evaluated at two different partial oxygen pressures (pO2) used for the film deposition: low (10−4 mbar) and high (10−1 mbar). The electrode deposition conditions using electrons or ions have resulted in different rates of metal deposition and interaction with the interface leading to either metallic (2DEG) or insulating behavior.
Density evolution of a copper wire during nanosecond timescale underwater explosions
Authors: Nitishinskiy M. , Virozub A. , Rososhek A. , Yanuka D. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: September 2018

We present high-contrast X-ray images (∼30 μm space and ∼10 ns time resolution) of ns-timescale underwater electrical explosions of copper wires to the low density limit of ∼1 g/cm3, using a rod-ring electron diode as a source of X-rays. The radial density distribution, obtained by inverse Abel transform analysis of the X-ray images, is reproduced by one dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations using the SESAME equations of state and a modified Bakulin, Kuropatenko, and Luchinskii conductivity model for copper. These modifications are introduced by matching the experimental and simulated current and voltage waveforms and the radial wire expansion. For our ns-timescale copper wire underwater electrical explosions, the X-ray images display no MHD and thermal instabilities.
Probing the seeding of hydrodynamic instabilities from nonuniformities in ablator materials using 2D velocimetry
Authors: Ali S. J. , Celliers P. M. , Haan S. , Boehly T. R. , Whiting N. , Baxamusa S. H. , Reynolds H. , Johnson M. A. , Hughes J. D. , Watson B. , Huang H. , Biener J. , Engelhorn K. , Smalyuk V. A. , Landen O. L.
Published: September 2018

Despite the extensive work done to characterize and improve the smoothness of ablator materials used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), features indicative of seeded instability growth in these materials are still observed. A two-dimensional imaging velocimetry technique has been used on Omega to measure the velocity non-uniformities of shock fronts launched by indirect drive in the three ablator materials of current interest, glow-discharge polymer, beryllium, and high-density carbon ablators. Observed features are deviations from shock front planarity with amplitudes of a few tens of nanometers, local velocity variations of a few tens of m/s, and transverse spatial scales ranging from 5 to 200 μm. These data will help develop a full understanding of the effects of surface topography, dynamic material response, and internal heterogeneities on the stability of ICF capsules. For all three ablators, we have quantified perturbations at amplitudes that can dominate conventional surface roughness seeds to hydrodynamic instability.
Direct observation of electron capture and emission processes by the time domain charge pumping measurement of MoS2 FET
Authors: Taniguchi Koki , Fang Nan , Nagashio Kosuke
Published: September 2018

Understanding interface properties in MoS2 field effect transistors with a high-k gate insulator is critical for improving the performance of the device. Here, by applying the time domain charge pumping method, the elementary process for capture and emission of electrons to the interface states is monitored directly using a fast acquisition system. The main outcome is the detection of the clear difference in the capture and emission process of electrons to the interface states. In addition to the transient current response for gate capacitance, the current peak is observed during electron capture, while the broad tail is detected during electron emission. This different behavior is associated with the fact that the time constant for electron capture is much shorter than that for electron emission. Moreover, Dit is evaluated to be in the range of 1012–1013 cm−2 eV−1, which is comparable with that estimated from subthreshold swing.
Low energy differential elastic electron scattering from acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Authors: Zawadzki M. , Khakoo M. A.
Published: September 2018

Measurements of elastic differential cross sections for electron scattering from acetonitrile (CH3CN) have been performed utilizing a crossed electron-molecular beam experiment and with the relative flow method, for the incident electron energy range of 0.7 eV–30 eV and the scattering angle range of 10°–130°. These differential cross sections have been used to calculate the elastic integral and momentum-transfer cross sections, revealing a π* resonance located around 3 eV. The elastic differential cross sections are compared with available theoretical models using the R-matrix method and the Schwinger multichannel method.
Thermal conductivity of normal and deuterated water, crystalline ice, and amorphous ices
Authors: Andersson Ove
Published: September 2018

The effect of deuteration on the thermal conductivity κ of water, crystalline ice, and amorphous ices was studied using the pressure induced amorphization of hexagonal ice, ice Ih, to obtain the deuterated, D2O, forms of low-density amorphous (LDA), high-density amorphous (HDA), and very-high density amorphous (VHDA) ices. Upon deuteration, κ of ice Ih decreases between 3% and 4% in the 100-270 K range at ambient pressure, but the effect diminishes on densification at 130 K and vanishes just prior to amorphization near 0.8 GPa. The unusual negative value of the isothermal density ρ dependence of κ for ice Ih, g = (d ln κ/d ln ρ)T = −4.4, is less so for deuterated ice: g = −3.8. In the case of the amorphous ices and liquid water, κ of water decreases by 3.5% upon deuteration at ambient conditions, whereas κ of HDA and VHDA ices instead increases by up to 5% for pressures up to 1.2 GPa at 130 K, despite HDA’s and VHDA’s structural similarities with water. The results are consistent with significant heat transport by librational modes in amorphous ices as well as water, and that deuteration increases phonon-phonon scattering in crystalline ice. Heat transport by librational modes is more pronounced in D2O than in H2O at low temperatures due to a deuteration-induced redshift of librational mode frequencies. Moreover, the results show that κ of deuterated LDA ice is 4% larger than that of normal LDA at 130 K, and both forms display an unusual temperature dependence of κ, which is reminiscent of that for crystals (κ ∼ T−1), and a unique negative pressure dependence of κ, which likely is linked to local-order structural similarities to ice Ih.
Phonon transport properties of two-dimensional electride Ca2N—A first-principles study
Authors: Barry Matthew C. , Yan Zhequan , Yoon Mina , Kalidindi Surya R. , Kumar Satish
Published: September 2018

We investigate phonon transport in dicalcium nitride (Ca2N), an electride with two-dimensional confined electron layers, using first-principles density functional theory and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. The in-plane (κ100) and out-of-plane (κ001) lattice thermal conductivities at 300 K are found to be 11.72 W m−1 K−1 and 2.50 W m−1 K−1, respectively. Spectral analysis of lattice thermal conductivity shows that ∼85% of κ100 and κ001 is accumulated by phonons with frequencies less than 5.5 THz and 2.5 THz, respectively. Modal decomposition of lattice thermal conductivity further reveals that the optical phonons contribute to ∼68% and ∼55% of overall κ100 and κ001, respectively. Phonon dispersion suggests that the large optical phonon contribution is a result of low frequency optical phonons with high group velocities and the lack of phonon bandgap between the acoustic and optical phonon branches. We find that the optical phonons with frequencies below ∼5.5 THz have similar three-phonon phase space and scattering rates as acoustic phonons. Comparison of the contributions from emission and absorption processes reveals that the three-phonon phase space and scattering rates of phonons—optical or acoustic—with frequencies below 5.5 THz are largely dominated by absorption processes. We conclude that the large contribution to lattice thermal conductivity by optical phonons is due to the presence of multiple low frequency optical phonon modes with high group velocities and similar phase space and scattering rates as the acoustic phonons. This study provides the frequency and temperature dependent lattice thermal conductivity and insights into phonon transport in Ca2N, both of which have important implications for the development of Ca2N based devices.
Introduction to focus issue on hydrodynamic quantum analogs
Authors: Bush John W. M. , Couder Yves , Gilet Tristan , Milewski Paul A. , Nachbin André
Published: September 2018

Hydrodynamic quantum analogs is a nascent field initiated in 2005 by the discovery of a hydrodynamic pilot-wave system [Y. Couder, S. Protière, E. Fort, and A. Boudaoud, Nature 437, 208 (2005)]. The system consists of a millimetric droplet self-propeling along the surface of a vibrating bath through a resonant interaction with its own wave field [J. W. M. Bush, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 47, 269–292 (2015)]. There are three critical ingredients for the quantum like-behavior. The first is “path memory” [A. Eddi, E. Sultan, J. Moukhtar, E. Fort, M. Rossi, and Y. Couder, J. Fluid Mech. 675, 433–463 (2011)], which renders the system non-Markovian: the instantaneous wave force acting on the droplet depends explicitly on its past. The second is the resonance condition between droplet and wave that ensures a highly structured monochromatic pilot wave field that imposes an effective potential on the walking droplet, resulting in preferred, quantized states. The third ingredient is chaos, which in several systems is characterized by unpredictable switching between unstable periodic orbits. This focus issue is devoted to recent studies of and relating to pilot-wave hydrodynamics, a field that attempts to answer the following simple but provocative question: Might deterministic chaotic pilot-wave dynamics underlie quantum statistics?
Nurse-led pre-exposure prophylaxis: a non-traditional model to provide HIV prevention in a resource-constrained, pragmatic clinical trial
Authors: Schmidt Heather-Marie A. , McIver Ruthy , Houghton Rebecca , Selvey Christine , McNulty Anna , Varma Rick , Grulich Andrew E. , Holden Joanne
Published: September 2018

There is little evidence and no standardised model for nurse-led HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In 2016, public sexual health clinics in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, participating in the population-scale PrEP access trial Expanded PrEP Implementation In Communities in New South Wales (EPIC-NSW) were authorised to adopt a nurse-led model of PrEP provision in order to facilitate the rapid expansion of PrEP access to more than 8000 participants in under 2 years without additional resources. The model has been implemented successfully in public clinics in 10 of 14 local health districts, with widespread support and no serious safety events reported. With the increasing importance of PrEP as an HIV prevention tool, non-traditional models of care, including nurse-led PrEP, are needed.
Neutral and selective dynamics in a synthetic microbial community
Authors: Cira Nate J. , Pearce Michael T. , Quake Stephen R.
Published: September 2018

Significance

We created a synthetic microbial community to help understand how evolution and selection pressure change the species diversity of an ecosystem. Our results show that there is a clear transition between neutral and selective regimes that depends on the rate of immigration as well as the fitness differences.
Dynamics and determinants of the force of infection of dengue virus from 1994 to 2015 in Managua, Nicaragua
Authors: Katzelnick Leah C. , Ben-Shachar Rotem , Mercado Juan Carlos , Rodriguez-Barraquer Isabel , Elizondo Douglas , Arguello Sonia , Nuñez Andrea , Ojeda Sergio , Sanchez Nery , Lopez Mercado Brenda , Gresh Lionel , Burger-Calderon Raquel , Kuan Guillermina , Gordon Aubree , Balmaseda Angel , Harris Eva
Published: September 2018

Significance

A recently licensed dengue vaccine requires pre-vaccination screening for dengue virus (DENV)-specific antibodies and was initially recommended for use only in areas with high DENV transmission. However, DENV transmission intensity is not static. We show that the age at which children acquired DENV-specific immunity more than doubled during the observational period (2004–2015) of a pediatric cohort study in Managua, Nicaragua. A high force of infection of DENV in the 1990s could be explained by the introduction of a novel DENV serotype, while a gradual decline in force of infection could be explained by a long-term population demographic transition. Such dynamics make DENV transmission intensity a problematic metric for designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions and for selecting target age groups/sites.
N-cadherin provides a
cis
and
trans
ligand for astrotactin that functions in glial-guided neuronal migration
Authors: Horn Zachi , Behesti Hourinaz , Hatten Mary E.
Published: September 2018

Significance

Glial-guided neuronal migration is a key step in the histogenesis of cortical regions in the mammalian brain and requires the expression of adhesion proteins by the migrating neuron and the glial fiber. The neuronal receptor astrotactin (ASTN1) regulates glial-guided migration, but the glial ligand has long been unknown. Here we demonstrate that neuron–glia attachment and neuronal migration depend on glial expression of the neural cadherin (CDH2) and that ASTN1 promotes migration by a direct interaction with neuronal and glial CDH2. Thus, ASTN1 and CDH2 form a
cis
and
trans
asymmetric bridge complex in the migration junction that is essential for glial-guided neuronal migration.
Submegabase copy number variations arise during cerebral cortical neurogenesis as revealed by single-cell whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Rohrback Suzanne , April Craig , Kaper Fiona , Rivera Richard R. , Liu Christine S. , Siddoway Benjamin , Chun Jerold
Published: September 2018

Somatic copy number variations (CNVs) exist in the brain, but their genesis, prevalence, forms, and biological impact remain unclear, even within experimentally tractable animal models. We combined a transposase-based amplification (TbA) methodology for single-cell whole-genome sequencing with a bioinformatic approach for filtering unreliable CNVs (FUnC), developed from machine learning trained on lymphocyte V(D)J recombination. TbA–FUnC offered superior genomic coverage and removed >90% of false-positive CNV calls, allowing extensive examination of submegabase CNVs from over 500 cells throughout the neurogenic period of cerebral cortical development in
Mus musculus
. Thousands of previously undocumented CNVs were identified. Half were less than 1 Mb in size, with deletions 4× more common than amplification events, and were randomly distributed throughout the genome. However, CNV prevalence during embryonic cortical development was nonrandom, peaking at midneurogenesis with levels triple those found at younger ages before falling to intermediate quantities. These data identify pervasive small and large CNVs as early contributors to neural genomic mosaicism, producing genomically diverse cellular building blocks that form the highly organized, mature brain.
L’état des lieux de la formation en traduction professionnelle au Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Merkle Denise
Published: September 2018

Cet article a pour objet de promouvoir la recherche sur un modèle de cursus en traduction professionnelle adapté à la réalité
canadienne et conçu pour répondre à un monde en mutation, dont le Canada fait partie intégrante. L’accent traditionnel mis
sur les compétences en lecture, en écriture et en calcul dans le système scolaire se déplace vers les compétences en manipulation
technologique, alors qu’on oublie fréquemment que l’apprentissage dans les domaines techniques et scientifiques
peut être miné par la maîtrise insuffisante de la langue maternelle (lecture et écriture) tout comme par celle du calcul, car la
littératie est à la base de l’apprentissage. En effet, nos sociétés technocratiques et mercantiles valorisent de moins en
moins ce qui semble avoir été autrefois la voie royale menant à la profession de traducteur, à savoir la maîtrise du français
écrit grâce au cours classique, formation dispensée par des établissements d’enseignement secondaire et post-secondaire au
Canada français avant la création des cégeps, les décriant comme étant peu utiles. Le moment est arrivé de repenser les cursus de
traduction professionnelle afin de tenir compte de cette nouvelle réalité en matière de littératie.
The challenges of integrating focus on form within tasks
Authors: Müller-Hartmann Andreas , Schocker Marita
Published: September 2018

This chapter draws on findings from a collaborative national research project in Germany on language learning tasks. Following unsatisfactory Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) results, the National Institute for Developing Quality in Education (IQB)1 commissioned a national classroom-based research program to explore the potential of language learning tasks. The research was carried out in collaboration with practising EFL secondary school teachers and their students. Based on the concept of Exploratory Practice, we collaborated with twenty teachers for three years to develop competences in designing, implementing, and reflecting on tasks and researching the process. Teachers learned how to document, reflect on, and share their experiences in video-recorded case studies, which included the perspectives of their learners, participating colleagues, and researchers. Data analysis showed that the question on whether, when, and how to integrate a focus on form (FonF) in task-supported language learning (TSLL) is a central issue. In the chapter we will show how the approach of Exploratory Practice allowed teachers to develop competences in this area and the insights we gained on ways of integrating FonF within tasks.
Optimal conditions for TBLT?
Authors: Andon Nick
Published: September 2018

This chapter reports a non-interventionist study of ways in which teachers understand TBLT principles, how they draw on them in their everyday working practices, and how they combine aspects of TBLT with other approaches and principles to develop their own, contextually appropriate pedagogies. Unlike teachers in earlier studies (e.g., Carless, 2009; Deng & Carless, 2009; McDonough & Chaikitmongkol, 2007), the teachers participating in this study were not bound to a particular syllabus type, nor were they required to implement TBLT. They were all relatively experienced, working with small classes of motivated adult students in private language schools in London. Given the prominent position of TBLT in the academic and professional literature and the relative autonomy that these teachers had to innovate and experiment within a well-resourced context, it seemed reasonable to expect that TBLT principles would feature at least to some extent in their practices; if teachers anywhere are taking up TBLT on their own initiative, one would expect it to be happening in this type of context. Given this, the chapter begins with a discussion of educational settings that might be considered particularly compatible with TBLT and presents the concept of ‘optimal’ conditions for its adoption. Next, three case studies of teachers working on intensive EFL courses for adults are presented. Data on those teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about tasks, TBLT and the principles that underlie the approach are presented and analysed, and these are cross-referenced with their use of tasks and other kinds of activities in lessons they were observed teaching. Similarities and differences between principles and descriptions of TBLT in a selection of research and teacher education literature and the understandings, beliefs, and practices of these teachers, are highlighted and discussed. The final section looks at implications for researchers, teachers, and teacher educators, and discusses ways in which capturing what teachers actually do in successful and less successful lessons may help develop an approach that is genuinely grounded in both theory and practice.
Promoting learning from second language speaking tasks
Authors: Lynch Tony
Published: September 2018

In this chapter I report the findings of a study of language learner attitudes to comparators and oral feedback used as support for their performances on speaking tasks. The study involved two groups of international postgraduates studying at the University of Edinburgh: the first were students who had attended an in-session speaking skills course, and the second were an intact class attending a pre-sessional English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programme. The views revealed in their questionnaire responses and interviews show wide variation at the individual level, even among students from the same cultural background. The findings also suggest differences in perception between the two groups, which may be related in part to the different experience of learners at a pre-sessional stage and of those already attending degree programmes. I discuss the learners’ responses and suggest a teaching framework in which language teachers and course designers could accommodate different learners’ perceptions of the most effective ways of comparing and enhancing their second language performances.
Alternations in contact and non-contact varieties
Authors: Kruger Haidee , De Sutter Gert
Published: September 2018

The Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis (MuPDAR) method (Gries & Deshors 2014) represents an influential methodological advance in studying variation in contexts where linguistic choices in a “peripheral” variety (learner language, New Englishes) are studied in relation to the “central” variety. In this article we demonstrate how the method may be extended to study how varieties produced in settings of language contact (including translation) differ from non-contact varieties, particularly with respect to the degree of lexicogrammatical explicitness. We use the method to determine how (dis)similar the factors governingthat-omission are in two different types of contact varieties, namely South African translated (trans-SAE) and South African non-translated English (SAE), in relation to British (GBE) English. The results show that the choices made in the contact varieties can be predicted to a reasonable extent, although South African translators and South African non-translators have a higher and lower inclination respectively to use explicitthatcompared to GBE non-translators. Based on the findings, we re-evaluate the explanations proposed for the increased explicitness of translated language through the frame of language contact, outlining the advantages of multifactorial methods over the frequency-based methods favoured in earlier studies.
KDM4B-regulated unfolded protein response as a therapeutic vulnerability in PTEN-deficient breast cancer
Authors: Wang Wenyu , Oguz Gokce , Lee Puay Leng , Bao Yi , Wang Panpan , Terp Mikkel Green , Ditzel Henrik J. , Yu Qiang
Published: September 2018

PTEN deficiency in breast cancer leads to resistance to PI3K–AKT inhibitor treatment despite aberrant activation of this signaling pathway. Here, we report that genetic depletion or small molecule inhibition of KDM4B histone demethylase activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and results in preferential apoptosis in PTEN-deficient triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Intriguingly, this function of KDM4B on UPR requires its demethylase activity but is independent of its canonical role in histone modification, and acts through its cytoplasmic interaction with eIF2α, a crucial component of UPR signaling, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of this component. Targeting KDM4B in combination with PI3K inhibition induces further activation of UPR, leading to robust synergy in apoptosis. These findings identify KDM4B as a therapeutic vulnerability in PTEN-deficient TNBC that otherwise would be resistant to PI3K inhibition.
Rejuvenating Mississippi River's Post‐Harvest Shipping
Authors: Wetzstein Brian , Florax Raymond , Foster Kenneth , Binkley James
Published: September 2018

The Mississippi River plays a vital role in the global competitiveness of U.S. agricultural commodities. The key to the river's effectiveness is how efficiency it can carry bulk loads. However, limited research has investigated how barge‐load size affects efficiency. It is hypothesized that increasing the load‐size will enhance barge transportation efficiency. As a test, a vector autoregressive model was developed, with results supporting the hypothesis. Barge‐rate volatility and magnitude may be reduced by regulating draft depth, which is the main constraint for barge load size.
A Phase 2, Randomized, Control Trial of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Type III Capsular Polysaccharide-tetanus Toxoid (GBS III-TT) Vaccine to Prevent Vaginal Colonization With GBS III
Authors: Hillier Sharon L , Ferrieri Patricia , Edwards Morven S , Ewell Marian , Ferris Daron , Fine Paul , Carey Vincent , Meyn Leslie , Hoagland Dakota , Kasper Dennis L , Paoletti Lawrence C , Hill Heather , Baker Carol J
Published: September 2018

Background

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) frequently colonizes pregnant women and can cause sepsis and meningitis in young infants. If colonization was prevented through maternal immunization, a reduction in perinatal GBS disease might be possible. A GBS type III capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-tetanus toxoid conjugate (III-TT) vaccine was evaluated for safety and efficacy in preventing acquisition of GBS colonization.

Methods

Healthy, nonpregnant women aged 18–40 years and screened to be GBS III vaginal and rectal culture negative were randomized to receive III-TT conjugate or tetanus diphtheria toxoid vaccine in a multicenter, observer-blinded trial. GBS vaginal and rectal cultures and blood were obtained bimonthly over 18 months. Serum concentrations of GBS III CPS-specific antibodies were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Among 1525 women screened, 650 were eligible for the intent-to-treat analysis. For time to first acquisition of vaginal GBS III, vaccine efficacy was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1%–58%; P = .044), and for first rectal acquisition efficacy was 43% (95% CI, 11% to 63%; P = .014). Two months post-immunization, geometric mean concentrations of serum GBS type III CPS-specific immunoglobulin G were 12.6 µg/mL (95% CI, 9.95 to 15.81) in GBS III-TT recipients, representing a 4-fold increase from baseline in 95% of women, which persisted. Both vaccines were well tolerated.

Conclusions

GBS CPS III-TT conjugate vaccine significantly delayed acquisition of vaginal and rectal GBS III colonization. In addition to its use for maternal immunization to passively protect infants with maternally derived antibodies, a multivalent vaccine might also serve to reduce fetal and neonatal exposure to GBS.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT00128219.
Hyperencapsulated mucoid pneumococcal isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis have increased biofilm density and persistence in vivo
Authors: Dennis Evida A , Coats Mamie T , Griffin Sarah , Pang Bing , Briles David E , Crain Marilyn J , Swords W Edward
Published: September 2018

Mucoid bacteria, predominately Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are commonly associated with decline in pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), and are thought to persist at least in part due to a greater propensity toward forming biofilms. We isolated a higher frequency of mucoid Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) expressing high levels of capsular polysaccharides from sputa from children with CF, compared to those without CF. We compared biofilm formation and maturation by mucoid and non-mucoid isolates of Sp collected from children with and without CF. Non-mucoid Sp serotype 19A and 19F isolates had significantly higher levels of biofilm initiation and adherence to CF epithelial cells than did serotype 3 isolates. However, strains expressing high levels of capsule had significantly greater biofilm maturation, as evidenced by increased density and thickness in static and continuous flow assays via confocal microscopy. Finally, using a serotype 3 Sp strain, we showed that highly encapsulated mucoid phase variants predominate during late adherence and better colonize CFTR–/– as compared to wild-type mice in respiratory infection studies. These findings indicate that overexpression of capsule can enhance the development of mature pneumococcal biofilms in vitro, and may contribute to pneumococcal colonization in CF lung disease.
5. Members
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on one of the vital roles played by members of a company, namely their ability to make decisions. A significant amount of power is placed into the hands of members and numerous key decisions are reserved for them alone. This chapter looks at the rules by which general meetings are run and discusses the effectiveness of the general meeting.
8. Members’ remedies
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the three principal remedies provided by law to members of a company: the derivative claim under Pt 11 of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006); the unfair prejudice remedy under Pt 30 of the CA 2006; and the petition for winding up the company under s 122 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986).
Criminal Law Concentrate
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Criminal Law Concentrate covers fundamental principles of this area of law and helps the reader to succeed in exams. Topics covered include the basis of criminal liability, actus reus, mens rea, and strict liability. The chapters also examine offences such as non-fatal offences, sexual offences, homicide, inchoate offences, theft, and fraud. Defences are also examined in the final two chapters. This edition has been updated to include: recent developments in the law and new cases such as Jogee, Conroy, Golds, Ivey, and Joyce; more detail on sexual offences; more revision tips and tables to improve learning; and an ‘Exam essentials’ feature.
11. Theft
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the crime of theft. There are five elements in theft: appropriation; property; belonging to another; dishonesty; and intention permanently to deprive. The first three listed are the actus reus elements and the last two are the mens rea. The offence is under s 1 Theft Act 1968, but ss 2–6 give (some) guidance on each of the elements.
12. Fraud
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the crime of fraud. The offence of fraud is governed by the Fraud Act 2006. There is only one offence of fraud (s 1 Fraud Act 2006) with three ways of committing it, under ss 2–4. These are: by false representation, by failing to disclose information, and by abuse of position.
15. Defences II
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines the defences of consent; self-defence (which includes using reasonable force in the defence of oneself, defence of others, of property, and the prevention of crime); and duress (which consists of being compelled to commit a crime to avoid death or serious harm in a situation of immediacy where there is no route of escape). Duress is an excusatory defence; consent and self-defence are justificatory defences. If the defence of necessity does exist separately to the defence of duress, it is a justificatory defence.
2. Contracts of employment
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses employment contracts. Covenants potentially in restraint of trade are express written terms which may apply during the contract but are usually expressed to apply after termination. They are a rare illustration of contractual terms which must be in writing. The general purpose of these is to prevent a former employee competing against his former employers, eg by taking commercially confidential information or influencing customers to give their business to the firm he has joined. Topics covered include the sources of terms in employment contracts; duties of the employer; and duties of the employee. These duties or implied terms are divided into terms implied in law (ie inserted into every contract of employment) and terms implied in fact (ie inserted into a particular contract of employment). The latter are divided into terms implied in fact which work against the employers’ interests and terms which work against the employees’ interests. Examples of the former include the duty to pay wages; examples of the latter include the duty to obey reasonable orders.
5. Discrimination at work, prohibited conduct, and enforcement
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the provisions of the Equality Act 2010. Applicants for jobs must not be asked about their health or disability in the recruitment process. Prohibited conduct refers to direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, and victimisation. Segregation on racial grounds is also prohibited. In addition, there is no minimum period of employment needed before one can make a discrimination claim.
2. The nature of a trust
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the nature of trusts. Trusts arise when the legal and equitable interests in property are divided. Trusts are either express or implied. An express trust can be either private or public. Private trusts are created for the benefit of private individuals or classes of individuals. Public trusts are trusts which will benefit members of the public. Implied trusts are those which are not expressly created. There are three broad types of implied trusts: resulting, constructive, and statutory.
4. Constitution
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. When a person transfers legal title to another the legal title is said to vest in the other person. This chapter considers the rules for the transfer of title (ownership) in property in relation to different types of property. The general principle is that unless the property has been transferred by the correct legal rules then the transfer fails; it is said to be imperfect. The chapter begins by briefly considering the legal rules in relation to validly transferring property to another person. It then deals with equitable rules which have developed to overcome the strict application of the legal rules of vesting.
10. Variation of trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks.

This chapter focuses on the circumstances in which the courts may approve the variation of a trust. A trust may be varied by a power within the trust itself; the collective consent of the beneficiaries; by the court, through its inherent jurisdiction; or by statute. The power of the courts to intervene will depend on whether the variation relates to administrative or managerial matters or a reorganization of the beneficial interests. The Variation of Trusts Act 1958 gives the courts a wide jurisdiction to vary a trust for the benefit of those beneficiaries unable to consent.
13. Equitable remedies
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. The common law provides the remedy of damages as of right for any breach. However, damages may not always provide a suitable or adequate remedy. One of the key equitable maxims states that ‘equity will not suffer a wrong without a remedy’. Therefore, over the years the courts have developed a number of equitable remedies to address the limitations of the common law response. This chapter considers the range of equitable remedies which have been developed by the courts: specific performance; injunctions; rescission; rectification; and account.
3. Preliminary rulings: Article 267 TFEU
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Article 267 TFEU (ex Article 234 EC) gives the Court of Justice jurisdiction to deliver preliminary rulings on the validity and interpretation of EU law. The primary purpose of Article 267 is to ensure that EU law has the same meaning and effect in all the Member States. Where it considers a decision on a question of EU law is necessary to enable it to give judgment, any court may refer that question to the Court of Justice (the discretion to refer). Where a question of EU law is raised before a national court of last resort, that court must refer it to the Court of Justice (the obligation to refer).
5. Free movement of goods
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the law on the free movement of goods in the EU. Free movement of goods is one of the four ‘freedoms’ of the internal market. Obstacles to free movement comprise tariff barriers to trade (customs duties and charges having equivalent effect), non-tariff barriers to trade (quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect), and discriminatory national taxation. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits all kinds of restrictions on trade between Member States. Article 30 (ex Article 25 EC) prohibits customs duties and charges having equivalent effect; Article 34 (ex Article 28 EC) prohibits quantitative restrictions and all measures having equivalent effect; and Article 110 (ex Article 90 EC) prohibits discriminatory national taxation.
5. The freehold estate
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the freehold estate. The freehold estate is the larger of the two estates in land that has legal capacity and a person who holds a freehold estate over land is tantamount to being the owner of that land. The legal freehold estate is technically known as the fee simple absolute in possession and the characteristics of a legal freehold estate can be found from interpreting this technical definition. A contract for the transfer of a freehold estate must meet the requirements under s 2 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. A valid and specifically enforceable contract for the transfer of a freehold estate will give the purchaser an equitable interest in the land to be purchased, known as an estate contract.
10. Co-ownership
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the co-ownership of property. Co-owned property is where two or more people are entitled to possess and enjoy the property at the same time. Today, there are two types of co-ownership: a joint tenancy and a tenancy in common. Co-owned property is held on trust and, since the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TLATA) this is generally a trust of land. Legal title can only be held as a joint tenancy, by a maximum of four people. Equitable title can be held as a joint tenancy or a tenancy in common by an unlimited number of people. A joint tenancy in equity, but not at law, can be severed to create a tenancy in common. Disputes between co-owners may be dealt with by making an application to court. Where a co-owner becomes bankrupt, the trustee in bankruptcy must make an application to court to request a sale of the co-owned property.
3. Consent
Authors: Samanta Jo , Samanta Ash
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter deals with consent as a necessary precondition for medical treatment of competent adults. It provides an overview of the common law basis of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, followed by discussion of issues relating to information disclosure, public policy, and the key case of Montgomery. It considers the statutory provisions for adults who lack capacity, exceptions to the requirement to treat patients who lack capacity in their best interests, and consent involving children under the Children Act 1989. Gillick competence, a concept applied to determine whether a child may give consent, is also explained. Relevant court cases, including Gillick, which gave rise to the concept, are cited where appropriate.
8. Mental health
Authors: Samanta Jo , Samanta Ash
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on statutory provisions governing mental health and mental health disorders, with particular reference to the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It first outlines modern approaches to mental disorders, including legal reforms and the MHA 1983 Code of Practice (2015). It considers the main routes by which patients are admitted to the mental health system (voluntary or involuntary), deprivation of liberty, and the issue of consent with regards to medical treatment. Finally, the chapter discusses community care that must be provided to people with mental health disorders following discharge from hospital, particularly after-care and supervised community treatment orders. Relevant court cases are cited where appropriate.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Equity and Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2018

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. It starts off with an introduction to the nature of equity and the law of trusts. The three certainties and formalities are then described. There is a chapter on trusts, powers, and discretionary trusts which is followed by a description of charitable trusts, trusts of imperfect obligation, and implied and resulting trusts. The book goes on to look at constructive trusts, trusts of the family home, equitable estoppel, the administration of trusts, and finally looks at equitable remedies. This book also includes separate chapters on skills for success in both exams and in coursework assessments.