bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social communication in children with epilepsy
Authors: Caplan Rochelle , Guthrie Donald , Komo Scott , Siddarth Prabha , Chayasirisobhon Sirichai , Kornblum Harley , Sankar Ramen , Hansen Rebecca , Mitchell Wendy , Shields W. Donald
Published: March 2003

Background: This study examined measures of social communication that involve the use of language in formulating and organizing thoughts and its relationship with seizure‐related, developmental, cognitive, and behavioral variables in 92 children with complex partial seizure disorder (CPS), 51 with primary generalized epilepsy (PGE), and 117 normal children, aged 5.1–16.9 years. Methods: Coding the children's speech samples with the Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Rating Scale (Caplan et al., 1989) and Halliday and Hasan's (1976) analysis of cohesion demonstrated social communication deficits in both seizure disorder groups. Results: The CPS patients had both formal thought disorder and cohesion deficits and the PGE group had mild cohesion deficits. IQ, as well as fronto‐temporal and bilateral spike and wave activity were associated with the severity of the social communication deficits of the CPS group. The social communication deficits of the PGE group, however, were related to IQ and seizure control. Conclusions: Recurrent CPS and PGE and fronto‐temporal localization of epileptic activity might impair the development of children's communication skills.
Emotional abuse in early childhood: relationships with progress in subsequent family placement
Authors: Dance Cherilyn , Rushton Alan , Quinton David
Published: March 2003

Background: Several studies of family placements have indicated poorer outcomes for singly placed children. Two of our own studies have additionally shown that late placements of children who were actively singled out from siblings and alone in the care system were at increased risk of poor progress in the first year. Method: This paper draws on the data available for singly placed children from both studies to explore this phenomenon in more detail. The current analyses are limited by the fact that neither study was designed specifically to explore the effect of singling out or parental rejection, rather it emerged as a characteristic of potential explanatory importance. Results: The findings suggest that a history of being singled out or `preferentially rejected' by birth parents, particularly in combination with `false affection' from the child and lower levels of sensitivity in the new parents, was associated with poorer outcomes in the first year. Such children were more likely to show deteriorating behaviour patterns and to have more problems in forming satisfactory relationships with new family members. Conclusions: Older age at placement was associated with poorer outcome, but only significantly so among those children not classified as false in their displays of affection.
The relationship between executive function abilities, adaptive behaviour, and academic achievement in children with externalising behaviour problems
Authors: Clark Cheryl , Prior Margot , Kinsella Glynda
Published: March 2003

Background: Specific domains of adaptive behaviours and academic achievement may, in part, depend on executive function capacities. Executive function deficits have been found to be associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), not Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD). Method: Using a sample of 110 adolescents, comprising four groups, ADHD only, co‐morbid ADHD and ODD/CD, ODD/CD only, and a normal community control group, we assessed socialisation and communication skills with the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, along with reading ability, and executive functioning. Results: Poorer adaptive communication skills were specifically associated with ADHD when compared with either ODD/CD or the control group, and the social competence of adolescents with ADHD was as low as the levels associated with ODD/CD. Presence of ADHD was associated with lower word recognition scores, while the reading levels of adolescents with ODD/CD were equivalent to those without behaviour problems. Executive function test scores correlated with all adaptive behaviour outcomes. Multiple regression analyses indicated that verbal ability predicted communication and reading scores, with executive function abilities contributing significant variance to the prediction in the adaptive behaviour, communication, and socialisation domains. Conclusions: Further research with other samples, both community and clinical groups, is needed to assess the generalisability of the findings. Small numbers of girls in the groups gave us insufficient power to adequately address potential gender differences.
Correlates of expressed emotion in mothers of clinically‐referred youth: an examination of the five‐minute speech sample
Authors: McCarty Carolyn A. , Weisz John R.
Published: March 2003

Background: Most studies applying the adult‐derived `expressed emotion' (EE) measure to children have combined criticism (CRIT) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). Yet, some of the parent behaviors coded as EOI and shown to have negative implications for parents and their adult children (e.g., multiple positive comments about the son or daughter) may be normative and benign for parents and their juvenile children. Thus, EOI, as currently operationalized, may not be related to child psychopathology in the way CRIT is. Method: We tested this possibility, separating CRIT and EOI and examining the individual scoring criteria for each in relation to psychopathology factors in a sample of 258 clinically‐referred children aged 7–17. Results: Whereas each of the four CRIT criteria related positively to maternal reports of child psychopathology, especially externalizing problems, only two of the five EOI criteria were positively related to child psychopathology, and one (positive comments) was negatively related. Structural Equation Modeling findings supported a model in which CRIT partially mediates the relation between maternal psychopathology and child externalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that EE may contribute to the study of parent–child relations and child psychopathology, but that a developmental adjustment may be required in the way EE is operationalized for use with juvenile samples.
Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Crone Eveline A. , Richard Jennings J. , Van Der Molen Maurits W.
Published: March 2003

Background: Current theories on ADHD suggest executive and motivational deficits, but it remains unclear whether these are separate deficits or a unitary deficit.

Method: ADHD children and matched controls performed on a hybrid disjunctive‐choice reaction time task in which target stimuli could be surrounded by flankers signaling either the appropriate response, the competing response, or response inhibition. The task was performed under three conditions; reward only, reward and occasional punishment, and equal probability of reward and punishment. Heart rate and skin conductance measures were taken during task performance.

Results: Contrary to control children, ADHD children slowed their responses when flankers cueing the appropriate response surrounded the stimulus. Flankers cueing incorrect responses further slowed ADHD children relative to control children. ADHD children also responded less accurately under the threat of punishment. Phasic heart rate did not differ between groups, but immediate reward feedback induced greater heart rate responses in control than in ADHD children. Contrary to expectations, groups did not differ in skin conductance responses.

Conclusions: ADHD children appear deficient in approach tendencies in the presence of imminent reward, rather than unresponsive to punishment or negative feedback. Executive inhibition and motivational inhibition seemed to exert separate effects on behavior of children with ADHD.
Empathy and response to distress in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Kasari Connie , Freeman Stephanny F.N. , Bass Wendy
Published: March 2003

Background: Most studies of empathy have focused on young children, and those who are typically developing. Thus, we know little about the emergence and manifestation of empathy in non‐normally developing children.

Method: Empathy and response to distress in others were examined in 30 children with Down syndrome, 22 children with nonspecific etiologies of mental retardation, and 22 typically developing children.

Results: Results indicated that compared to the other children, children with Down syndrome responded to distress in others by looking to them more, and offering more comfort in the form of prosocial responses. However, in a hypothetical empathy situation, children with Down syndrome were less likely to feel the same emotion as the protagonist than were the typical children. Children with Down syndrome differed from the children with nonspecific mental retardation only in their response to distress in others. The children with nonspecific mental retardation were more similar to than different from the MA‐matched typical children.

Conclusions: These results suggest some etiology‐associated differences in empathy and response to distress in children with mental retardation.
Preschool understanding of emotions: contributions to classroom anger and aggression
Authors: Denham Susanne A. , Caverly Sarah , Schmidt Michelle , Blair Kimberly , DeMulder Elizabeth , Caal Selma , Hamada Hideko , Mason Teresa
Published: March 2003

Background: We sought to identify patterns of social cognitive differences among preschoolers that were related to risk of stable aggressive behavior with peers. Following Lemerise and Arsenio (2000), we considered the emotional components of early social cognition, reasoning that young children's substrate of emotion knowledge serves them in decoding social encounters.

Method: One hundred and twenty‐seven children from a longitudinal study from age 3 to 4 though to their kindergarten year were interviewed on their emotional knowledge initially using a puppet procedure and later with stories about mixed emotions and display rule. Each year their anger and antisocial responses to others’ emotions were observed. Teachers also provided information on each child's anger and aggression.

Results: Children's deficits in emotion knowledge assessed at age 3 and 4 predicted subsequent years’ aggression. This effect was especially pronounced for boys.

Conclusions: The pattern of findings suggests that the processes implicated in Dodge's work with older children may begin earlier than previously thought, with a focus on emotions.
Experience effects on brain development: possible contributions to psychopathology
Authors: Grossman Aaron W. , Churchill James D. , McKinney Brandon C. , Kodish Ian M. , Otte Stephani L. , Greenough William T.
Published: March 2003

Researchers and clinicians are increasingly recognizing that psychological and psychiatric disorders are often developmentally progressive, and that diagnosis often represents a point along that progression that is defined largely by our abilities to detect symptoms. As a result, strategies that guide our searches for the root causes and etiologies of these disorders are beginning to change. This review describes interactions between genetics and experience that influence the development of psychopathologies. Following a discussion of normal brain development that highlights how specific cellular processes may be targeted by genetic or environmental factors, we focus on four disorders whose origins range from genetic (fragile X syndrome) to environmental (fetal alcohol syndrome) or a mixture of both factors (depression and schizophrenia). C.H. Waddington's canalization model (slightly modified) is used as a tool to conceptualize the interactive influences of genetics and experience in the development of these psychopathologies. Although this model was originally proposed to describe the ‘canalizing’ role of genetics in promoting normative development, it serves here to help visualize, for example, the effects of adverse (stressful) experience in the kindling model of depression, and the multiple etiologies that may underlie the development of schizophrenia. Waddington's model is also useful in understanding the canalizing influence of experience‐based therapeutic approaches, which also likely bring about ‘organic’ changes in the brain. Finally, in light of increased evidence for the role of experience in the development and treatment of psychopathologies, we suggest that future strategies for identifying the underlying causes of these disorders be based less on the mechanisms of action of effective pharmacological treatments, and more on increased knowledge of the brain's cellular mechanisms of plastic change.
If I forget thee, O Jerusalem: archaeology, religious commemoration and nationalism in a disputed city, 1801–2001
Authors: Silberman Neil Asher
Published: March 2003

The pace and agenda of archaeology in Jerusalem has always been influenced by unspoken ideological and political factors. This article attempts to trace the ideological and political contexts in which archaeological exploration and interpretation has been carried out during the last 200 years. Beginning with a brief description of the Solomonic obsessions of the late antique and medieval rulers of Jerusalem, the article describes how, over the centuries, the identification of certain monuments with the biblical events and personalities had far‐reaching effects on the character of subsequent archaeological work. The article then traces the course of modern archaeological exploration in the city from the Late Ottoman Period through the end of the twentieth century. The article concludes with an examination and analysis of the politics of archaeology in Jerusalem in the current Israeli–Palestinian conflict over Jerusalem's presumed final status in a peace settlement.
Conditional recognition as an instrument of ethnic conflict regulation: the European Community and Yugoslavia
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: March 2003

The European Community's conditional recognition of new states in Yugoslavia in 1991–2 represents the revival of an approach to ethnic conflict management that harks back to the Congress of Berlin (1878) and the minority treaties negotiated at the end of the First World War. Despite the historic parallels, and the continued relevance of this approach to ethnic conflict regulation, scholars have given scant attention to the strategic logic governing the EC's use of recognition. This article seeks to recover the conceptual thinking behind the EC's recognition policy. It argues that however much extra‐strategic considerations may have informed EC policy and however imperfectly that policy may have been implemented, conditional recognition represented a genuine attempt to address some of the presumed sources of violent conflict in the region.
Plastic arts and nation‐building in Israel
Authors: Trajtenberg Graciela
Published: March 2003

This article begins as an attempt to analyse an apparently paradoxical situation created by two events, which occurred simultaneously in 1948: the establishment of Israel as an independent state and the emergence of the Ofakim Hadashim (New Horizons) group of artists, acknowledged as the most renowned local artists at the time. The creation of the state of Israel may be considered the high point of Jewish nationalism, when the nation celebrated its distinctiveness. On the other hand, Ofakim Hadashim was a group of intellectuals who aspired to disengage their artistic work from the dominant political processes of the time. The basic claim of its members was l'art pour l'art, which ostensibly contradicted the significance of the general political process. This situation is highly interesting since it challenges the general sociological assumptions about the role of intellectuals in nation‐building processes, and also contradicts the usual explanation regarding the Israeli state‐building process. It concludes that an explanation of the social complexity existing in 1948 can be found in an understanding of modernity as a multifaceted phenomenon embracing a diversity of inherently contradictory practices.
Development of pro– and antisaccades in children with attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls
Authors: Klein C. H. , Raschke A. , Brandenbusch A.
Published: March 2003

To date, the investigation of the antisaccade task, a simple test of “executive functions,” in children with ADHD has yielded inconsistent results. The present study aimed at contributing to this issue by (a) the investigation of a large sample of carefully diagnosed ADHD patients aged 7–15 years, and (b) the analyses of differential age effects in patients and controls. Healthy control children were pairwise matched with patients (N=46; age=136±24 months) for age and gender, and did not significantly differ in IQ. Horizontal pro– and antisaccades were elicited under the 200–ms gap and overlap conditions (blocks of 100 trials each). Overall, patients exhibited (a) augmented pro– and antisaccadic reaction times, (b) augmented error rates (antitasks), (c) augmented proportions of early responses (all conditions), and (d) reduced proportions of express saccades under the prosaccadic gap condition. The greater decline in anti– as compared to pro–SRT with increasing age that characterized controls was missing in patients. Confirming Barkley's (1997) neuropsychological theory of ADHD, these results altogether point to alterations in “executive Functions” in ADHD patients that are presumably supported by frontal lobe structures, in particular the lateral prefrontal cortex and the frontal eye fields.
Neural sensitivity to human voices: ERP evidence of task and attentional influences
Authors: Levy Daniel A. , Granot Roni , Bentin Shlomo
Published: March 2003

In an earlier study, we found that human voices evoked a positive event‐related potential (ERP) peaking at ∼320 ms after stimulus onset, distinctive from those elicited by instrumental tones. Here we show that though similar in latency to the Novelty P3, this Voice‐Sensitive Response (VSR) differs in antecedent conditions and scalp distribution. Furthermore, when participants were not attending to stimuli, the response to voices was undistinguished from other harmonic stimuli (strings, winds, and brass). During a task requiring attending to a feature other than timbre, voices were not distinguished from voicelike stimuli (strings), but were distinguished from other harmonic stimuli. We suggest that the component elicited by voices and similar sounds reflects the allocation of attention on the basis of stimulus significance (as opposed to novelty), and propose an explanation of the task and attentional factors that contribute to the effect.
“Outsider Within” the Firehouse: African American and White Women Firefighters
Authors: Yoder Janice D. , Berendsen Lynne L.
Published: March 2003

Prior findings regarding (a) the subordination of African American women firefighters through imposed exclusion, (b) expanded definitions of tokenism and workgroup composition, and (c) the omnirelevance of race/ethnicity in Black women's perceptions of work experiences are extended to White women firefighters. A nationwide sample of 24 White women firefighters completed a 20-page survey and 1 hr interview developed from these previous findings. Both groups experienced insufficient instruction, hostility, silence, hyper-supervision, lack of support, and stereotyping and supportive as well as strained relationships with coworkers. Specific enactments of these global commonalties often varied along racial/ethnic lines. The present data, which start with the experiences of Black women then examine the experiences of White women, model an important methodological approach for understanding difference.
A Test of Objectification Theory in Former Dancers and Non-Dancers
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Slater Amy
Published: March 2003

In this study we aimed to test the complete model proposed in objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) as it applies to disordered eating. Two samples of women, 50 former students of classical ballet and 51 undergraduate psychology students, completed questionnaire measures of self-objectification and its proposed consequences. It was found, as predicted, that former dancers scored more highly on self-objectification, self-surveillance, and disordered eating, with the differences on disordered eating accounted for by the objectification measures. For both samples, the relationship between self-objectification and disordered eating was mediated by body shame but not by appearance anxiety, flow, or awareness of internal states. It was concluded that the findings provide strong support for objectification theory.
COMPARISON OF MEDIA-LITERACY PROGRAMS TO STRENGTHEN COLLEGE WOMEN'S RESISTANCE TO MEDIA IMAGES
Authors: Irving Lori M. , Berel Susan R.
Published: March 2003

This study examined whether, in comparison to no-intervention and video-only intervention control conditions, two distinct media literacy interventions could promote media skepticism and reduce negative body image in a sample of college women ( N = 110). It was expected that an externally oriented ( i.e., feminist sociocultural) media literacy intervention would have its greatest impact on measures related to media skepticism, while an internally oriented ( i.e., cognitive) intervention would have its greatest impact on measures related to negative body image. Contrary to expectations, in comparison to the no-intervention condition, both media literacy interventions were similar in effectiveness to a video-only (“Slim Hopes,” Kilbourne, 1995) condition in increasing participants' skepticism about the realism, similarity, and desirability of media that depict a thin ideal of beauty. There were no between-group differences on negative body image at posttest, suggesting that negative attitudes about one's body may require more extensive, longer-term interventions.
Symptoms of Depression Among Caribbean Women and Caribbean-Canadian Women; An Investigation of Self-Silencing and Domains of Meaning
Authors: Ali Alisha , Toner Brenda B.
Published: March 2003

This study compared an immigrant sample of Caribbean-Canadian women ( n = 20) and a sample of women living in the Caribbean ( n = 20) on the following variables: dominant domain of meaning (defined as that aspect of the participant's life from which she derives primary meaning for her sense of self); self-silencing (defined as the tendency to silence one's thoughts and feelings; Jack, 1991); and symptoms of depression. Results revealed that the Caribbean women were more likely to report relational domains of meaning as primary (e.g., family, friendships, intimate relationships), while the Caribbean-Canadian women were more likely to report domains of self-nurturance as primary (e.g., career goals, spirituality). Furthermore, univariate analysis revealed that the Caribbean-Canadian women reported higher levels of self-silencing and depressive symptoms, and derived less meaningfulness from their primary domains of meaning compared to the Caribbean women. These findings suggest that the immigrant experience may be a factor in women's emotional well-being.
Feminist Interventions: Accountability Beyond Symptom Reduction
Authors: Worell Judith
Published: March 2003

Feminist interventions to facilitate women's psychological well-being are forging new pathways to achieving the goals of the Decade of Behavior. In emphasizing the complex interplay between internal and external factors in women's lives, feminist interventions are designed to promote women's safety health, positive life styles, personal strength, competence, and resilience. In contrast, prevailing medical models locate the problem within the woman by concentrating on diagnosis and treatment of pathology and internal disorders. I offer a model here for implementing and assessing intervention strategies that targets both the effects of unsupportive or negative environments and the imperative to strengthen and empower girls and women, their families, and their communities. The obligation to be accountable for the outcomes of feminist interventions encompasses a major focus of this article. Evolving developments in research on accountability are reviewed in relation to conceptualization, goal setting, and assessment of feminist interventions. I encourage continuing collaboration between the feminist-informed research and practitioner communities to promote women's health, safety, and well-being in the Decade of Behavior and beyond.
Women and Paid Work
Authors: Gutek Barbara A.
Published: March 2003

A productive workforce is a prime goal of the Decade of Behavior initiative. Thanks to the women's movement that started in the 1960s, the majority of adult women today are a part of that productive workforce, demonstrating their knowledge, skills and abilities, and earning a livelihood through paid employment. Nevertheless, real equal opportunity in paid work remains an elusive goal. In this paper, two major reviews of the literature on women and paid work written 20 years apart (Cleveland, Stockdale, & Murphy, 2000; Nieva & Gutek, 1981) serve to structure a discussion of what we know about women's experiences in paid work. Selective areas of research are reviewed under four kinds of topics: (1) topics that have disappeared over the past 20 years, (2) important topics that were not studied or could not be studied 20 years ago but are now (women as leaders), (3) previously neglected topics (stereotyping), and (4) rapidly emerging topics (mentoring, effects of preferential selection, sexual harassment). It is largely from feminist scholarship on women and paid work that we have been able to separate myth from reality through the accumulation of a sizable research-based literature. Unfortunately the body of research on women and paid work is still insufficiently integrated into the body of research on the psychology of work.
Learning in a Man's World: Examining the Perceptions of Undergraduate Women in Male-Dominated Academic Areas
Authors: Steele Jennifer , James Jacquelyn B. , Barnett Rosalind Chait
Published: March 2003

This study examined the perceptions of undergraduate women in male-dominated academic areas. First-year and final-year female undergraduates in a male-dominated academic area (i.e., math, science, or engineering) reported higher levels of discrimination and stereotype threat than women in a female-dominated academic area (i.e., arts, education, humanities, or social science), and men in either a male-or female-dominated academic area. Moreover, women in a male-dominated academic area were most likely to report thinking about changing their major. These findings suggest that female college students majoring in math, science, and engineering continue to perceive additional gender-based obstacles in their field.
What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn't be, are Allowed to be, and don't Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes
Authors: Prentice Deborah A. , Carranza Erica
Published: March 2003

This article presents a four-category framework to characterize the contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. The framework distinguishes between prescriptions and proscriptions that are intensified by virtue of one's gender, and those that are relaxed by virtue of one's gender. Two studies examined the utility of this framework for characterizing prescriptive gender stereotypes in American society (Study 1) and in the highly masculine context of Princeton University (Study 2). The results demonstrated the persistence of traditional gender prescriptions in both contexts, but also revealed distinct areas of societal vigilance and leeway for each gender. In addition, they showed that women are seen more positively, relative to societal standards, than are men. We consider the implications of this framework for research on reactions to gender stereotype deviants and sex discrimination.
Industrial Legislation In 2000
Authors: Riley Joellen
Published: March 2003

A review of legislation passed and proposed in 2000 suggests a change in the direction of regulatory reform in Australia and New Zealand. A fresh concern with equity issues has tempered the push for efficiency-oriented reform. The Australian Federal Government’s attempts to further restrict industry-wide industrial activity in favour of enterprise based bargaining and individual contracting have met resistance from a Senate concerned with the fairness of the proposed reforms. New legislation passed or proposed in other jurisdictions (notably New Zealand, Victoria and New South Wales) has focused on amendments to take care of the casualties of the 1990s reform agenda—dependent contractors, long term casuals, and the low-paid. Changes to the Corporations Law have been enacted to make company directors more responsible for protecting employees’ accrued entitlements.
Global Competition and Shipping Industrial Relations: Australia and the US Compared
Authors: Donn Clifford , Morris Richard
Published: March 2003

The paper examines industrial relations in the shipping industries of Australia and the United States. The two countries have to a considerable extent demonstrated polar approaches to the issue of reform in the context of ‘globalisation’ pressures. The extent to which local institutional factors offset the major trend towards the ‘globalisation’ of the shipping labour market is assessed. The paper argues that in shipping a range of differing policy approaches and reforms of the industrial relations system at the industry and national level do not appear to significantly check the ‘globalisation/internationalisation’ of the industry and the demise of the ‘national fleet’ with its citizen seafarers. The paper uses the somewhat over generalised concept and theory of ‘globalisation’ but seeks primarily to generate empirical data of relevance to the concept, rather than additional general remarks about ‘theory’.
National Culture and Union Density
Authors: Singh Gangaram
Published: March 2003

Using data from 33 countries, the author shows that four dimensions of national culture explain 53% of the variation in union density. Union density is negatively correlated with both ‘masculinity’ and ‘power distance’. Implications of the results relate to institutional practices and public policy. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first article to examine the relationship between union density and national culture.
Teams and Control on the Job: Insights from the Australian Metal and Engineering Best Practice Case Studies
Authors: Buchanan John , Hall Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses material from 19 case studies of best practice in the Australian metal and engineering sector to assess how teams affected workplace control structures in the first half of the 1990s. It argues that teams in these workplaces had only limited impact in democratising work and instead ended up weakening workplace union representation. These outcomes arose primarily from the context in which teams were introduced, especially chronic understaffing arising from workforce reductions and reduced layers of management. The team initiatives of this period are best understood as being one of the major workplace legacies of local productivity coalitions lead by management but supported by unions which legitimised the introduction of new management philosophies such as total quality management and lean production.
A Face Identification System Based on the Mahalanobis–Taguchi System
Authors: Nagao Mitsuyoshi , Yamamoto Masahito , Suzuki Keiji , Ohuchi Azuma
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we propose a face identification system based on the Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS). The MTS is one of the pattern recognition methods frequently used in quality engineering, and can perform robust pattern recognition by using training data, including noise. It is likely that this advantage will allow the effective implementation of a robust face identification system against lighting and face position fluctuations. Moreover, the MTS can optimize the number of attributes required for identification by using the orthogonal array and the signal/noise (SN) ratio. The face identification system has to deal with many users and the amount of data in a facial image is large. Therefore, the time required for identification can be decreased and the amount of data in the facial image database can be reduced by performing the optimization. We confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed system through practical experiments. The experimental results revealed that the MTS was an effective method for robust face identification, and could effectively reduce the number of attributes required for identification.
Personnel Selection Fuzzy Model
Authors: Petrovic‐Lazarevic Sonja
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a two‐level personnel selection fuzzy model: short list and hiring decision. The model is an attempt to minimize subjective judgment in the process of distinguishing between an appropriate employee and an inappropriate employee for a job vacancy. The model comprises an analytic hierarchy process of three levels. The lowest level relates to the preliminary selection or shortlist procedure. Modifying multi‐objective models of decision‐making, the main decision elements are assumed as linguistic fuzzy variables. The problem is considered broad, since the worth values of the variables are calculated as expected values of the fuzzy variables. The second level relates to the hiring decision or selection of a final candidate for an employment opportunity. The selector assesses his/her own expectations of the short‐listed job applicants. The expectations are treated by a probabilistic–possibilistic approach. The top level is the expected utility of hiring the successful candidate. Compared to the traditional way of selecting an appropriate short‐listed job applicant this model minimizes individual judgment at both short‐listed and hiring decision levels. The model is illustrated by a case study.
Modeling and Optimizing Dynamic Dial‐a‐Ride Problems
Authors: Colorni Alberto , Righini Giovanni
Published: March 2003

Dial‐a‐ride is an emerging alternative to traditional public transportation systems. The aim of this paper is to reduce the gap between the models studied in optimization literature and the requirements of practical applications. We also describe the algorithms implemented in DARIA, a PC program for the optimization of static and dynamic dial‐a‐ride problems. We briefly illustrate two case studies and future developments of the DARIA project.
Performance evaluation of a family of criss–cross algorithms for linear programming
Authors: Bonates Tibérius , Maculan Nelson
Published: March 2003

In this article we evaluate a family of criss–cross algorithms for linear programming problems, comparing the results obtained by these algorithms over a set of test problems with those obtained by the simplex algorithms implemented in the XPRESS commercial package. We describe the known criss–cross variants existing in the literature and introduce new versions obtained with a slight modification based on the original criss–cross algorithm. Moreover, we consider some computational details of our implementation and describe the set of test problems used.
Toward a Uniform Definition of Household Income
Authors: Smeeding Timothy M. , Weinberg Daniel H.
Published: March 2003

By marrying a “top‐down” national income‐based approach with a “bottom‐up” microdata approach, and a national income accounting perspective with a theoretical perspective, this article attempts to provide a unified framework for aggregating income types to create an income definition that enables researchers to make valid comparisons across nations. An examination of several national household income surveys shows that it is next to impossible to quantify all elements of any new definition in a way that makes international comparisons easy. The framework nonetheless illuminates the differences in current practice and allows researchers to assess the effect of those differences on income distribution measures.
Paying for water: water pricing and equity in England and Wales
Authors: Bakker Karen
Published: March 2003

Over the past three decades, the business of water supply in England and Wales has been gradually transforming from the supply of a service to citizens, to the sale of a commodity to customers. The paper provides a genealogy of concepts of efficiency and equity in water regulation over the past thirty years, prior to evaluating the implications for water consumers of one aspect of this process – the shift away from policies prioritizing inter‐ and intra‐regional equalization (implying a principle of social equity) towards policies prioritizing economic efficiency (implying a principle of economic equity) in water charging. In closing, alternatives to the current arrangements for domestic consumers are proposed.
‘A fist is stronger than five fingers’: caste and dominance in rural north India
Authors: Jeffrey Craig
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the spatiality of caste and power in contemporary rural north India. I aim to introduce the social institution of caste to a non‐specialist audience and illustrate how caste is changing. The paper draws upon Pierre Bourdieu’s notions of social capital and habitus and the India‐based research ofSrinivas (1955) andMendelsohn (1993). I argue that while caste as a religiously sanctioned system of resource transfer is in decline, caste organization and identity are important forms of social or symbolic capital for rural elites. Drawing on detailed empirical research in western Uttar Pradesh, I demonstrate the continuing importance of caste dominance in the reproduction of social inequality and relate caste to other axes of power.
Epidemiological spaces: the use of multidimensional scaling to identify cholera diffusion processes in wake of the Philippines insurrection, 1899–1902
Authors: Smallman‐Raynor Matthew , Cliff Andrew
Published: March 2003

Between 1902 and 1904 an epidemic of cholera, fuelled initially by the operations of the Philippine‐American War (1899–1902), swept through the Philippine Islands in two waves. In earlier papers, the authors showed that spatially contagious spread dominated the waves at the geographical levels of province, island and nation (Smallman‐Raynor and Cliff 1998a, b). To explore the visualization and analysis of epidemic transmission in an alternative metric, the present paper uses multidimensional scaling (MDS) to translate the spread corridors followed by the waves from conventional geographical space into non‐Euclidean cholera spaces. The re‐mapping confirms the importance of contagious diffusion in the spread of the epidemic, but also picks out the moments in time in which spread driven through the population hierarchy switched in. In addition, the analysis illustrates the utility of constructing non‐Euclidean spaces to identify disease diffusion processes.
Tourism consumption and the imagination of money
Authors: Desforges Luke
Published: March 2003

This paper supplements exisiting research on tourism consumption through a focus on money. It draws upon recent work in the geography of money and economic sociology, arguing that the understandings of money used by consumers are of importance to the social formation of tourism. Using a theoretical framework that links consumption studies and reconceptualizations of money, the paper develops a qualitative case study of British long‐haul travellers. It concludes that consumers' understandings of money are integral to the ways in which tourists seek to engage with destinations, and points out some implications for the politics of tourism.
Father and Ford revisited: gender, class and employment change in the new millennium
Authors: McDowell Linda
Published: March 2003

In the last decade in Britain the combination of women’s continued entry into the labour market and the restructuring of welfare provision has exacerbated the growing demands on individuals and households in their allocation of time between productive and reproductive labour and the contradictions between the two spheres, as well as time and income inequalities between the rich and the poor. Since the election of the new Labour government in 1997, the concept of work/life balance, as well as a range of other policies to address these divisions have been introduced. This paper addresses the nature of the changes in the last decade, through the perspective of gender and class divisions and critically assesses key debates about the changing nature of working life as well as current policy provisions to support the increasing individualization of employment.
Community unionism and trade union renewal in the UK: moving beyond the fragments at last?
Authors: Wills Jane
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the theory and practice of community unionism. It is now widely argued that if trade unions are to reach employees in small workplaces, those on part‐time or temporary contracts, and women, black and ethnic minority workers, they need to sustain alliances beyond the walls of the workplace. Increasing the scale of political mobilization in this way can help secure trade union organization amongst new groups of workers while giving unions the power to raise questions of economic and social justice at a wider scale. After summarizing current developments in North America, the paper focuses on the situation in the UK in more detail. By highlighting the pioneering community unionism of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC) and Battersea and Wandsworth Trades Union Council (BWTUC), the paper explores the implications of community unionism for the future of trade unionism in the UK.
Why do business service firms cluster? Small consultancies, clustering and decentralization in London and southern England
Authors: Keeble D , Nachum L
Published: March 2003

Notwithstanding their remarkable recent growth, surprisingly little research has hitherto been conducted on the evolving geography of professional and business services in Britain. This paper analyses the results of a detailed survey of 300 small and medium‐sized management and engineering consultancies, in investigating the forces underpinning both the striking clustering of such firms in central London and their growth in decentralized locations of East Anglia and South West England. Particular attention is paid to the notion of clustering, the role of demand‐side influences, localized ‘collective learning’ processes, and increasing globalization in clustering, and to so‐called ‘enterprising behaviour theory’ in explaining decentralization.
Spaces of labour control: comparative perspectives from Southeast Asia
Authors: Kelly Philip F.
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to identify the spatialized dimensions of labour control in sites of rapid and recent industrialization in Southeast Asia. Using a comparative analysis of locations in Penang (Malaysia), Batam (Indonesia) and Cavite/Laguna (the Philippines), it is argued that the construction and control of space has been used to enhance control over the working body, and, in particular, to contain labour organization, unionization and collective bargaining. Three broader arguments are made. First, that labour geographies need to be cognizant of the spatialized politics of labour beyond a narrow focus on the trade union movement. Second, that space is a potent tool in labour control and must be explicitly considered alongside the identity–based control strategies and institutional structures that have usually informed studies of labour regimes in newly industrializing contexts. Finally, a comparative perspective on local labour markets, and control regimes in particular, shows that the ways in which space is constructed and controlled differs between contexts, implying that universal judgements on the relevance or importance of particular arenas or spaces for labour politics should be reserved.
Succession of Stem Families in Rural Japan: Cases in Yamanashi Prefecture
Authors: Tsutsumi Masae
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to clarify how Japanese rural families have continued and changed from a viewpoint of generational succession. The survey from which data was collected was conducted principally in Yamanashi prefecture, Japan. Three main points will be focussed on: members, property, and ideology. Almost 40% of family members surveyed continued to live together with their parents after marriage. However, they did not necessarily succeed the family farm. The ways in which they live together and farm their land have become more diverse. It is still very common for the entire family property to be inherited and succeeded by only one child in accordance with the Ie system. Despite the fact that family structure is changing greatly in present times, many farming families continue to adopt this system of inheritance. Ideologies concerning ceremonial matters and human relationships remain strong, but have weakened with regard to land inheritance. Our results suggest that the family's desire for succession was stronger in cases where multiple generations cohabited.
Valuation of Internet Stocks—An IPO Perspective
Authors: Bartov Eli , Mohanram Partha , Seethamraju Chandrakanth
Published: March 2003

We empirically investigate valuations of Internet firms at various stages of the initial public offering (IPO) from two perspectives. First, we examine the association between the valuation of Internet IPOs and a set of financial and nonfinancial variables, which prior anecdotal or empirical evidence suggests may serve as value drivers. Second, we document differences in IPO valuations between Internet and non‐Internet firms as well as across different stages in the IPO process—i.e., initial prospectus price, final offer price, and first trading day price—within each set of firms. Our primary two conclusions are as follows. First, there are noticeable differences between valuations of Internet and non‐Internet firms, especially at the prospectus and final IPO stage. Specifically, the valuation of non‐Internet firms generally follows the conventional wisdom regarding valuation: positive earnings and cash flows are priced, while negative earnings and negative cash flows are not. The valuation of Internet firms, however, departs from conventional wisdom, with earnings not being priced, and negative cash flows being priced perhaps because they are viewed as investments. This difference between the two classes of firms may be expected, given the age and unique nature of the Internet industry. Second, there are significant differences between the initial valuation of firms at the prospectus and IPO stage and their valuation by the stock market at the end of the first trading day. For non‐Internet firms, the difference is largely ascribed to the relative offering size. For Internet firms, however, the differences are with respect to positive cash flows, sales growth, R&D, and high‐risk warnings, in addition to the relative offering size.
The Value Relevance of Revenue for Internet Firms: Does Reporting Grossed‐up or Barter Revenue Make a Difference?
Authors: Davis Angela K.
Published: March 2003

This study provides evidence on (a) the market’s response to revenue and revenue announcements, (b) the extent of the use of grossed‐up and barter revenue by Internet firms, and (c) whether the value relevance of revenue differs when Internet firms report grossed‐up or barter revenue. Results indicate that revenue announcements are highly associated with three‐day market returns and provide information incremental to that contained in earnings announcements. The use of grossed‐up and barter revenue is common for certain sectors of Internet firms, but not pervasive across sectors. Evidence suggests that the value relevance of revenue for firms reporting grossed‐up and barter revenue declined subsequent to the “crash” in April 2000. Additional analyses explore the effect of active individual investors on the pricing of revenue for firms reporting grossed‐up and barter revenue. Findings suggest higher pricing of revenue for firms reporting grossed‐up or barter revenue with relatively greater individual investor following.