bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Hepatitis B Virus Patients with Intrahepatic Cholestasis During Pregnancy
Authors: Zhang Chong , Wei Hong , Zhao Zhiqiang , Zhu Yunxia
Published: February 2024

Background: We conducted this study to investigate adverse pregnancy outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection coexistng with intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnant women, along with identifying associated risk factors. Methods: We retrospectively collected study data from Beijing Youan Hospital in China spanning January 2014 to December 2021. The study included 220 patients, divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 110 patients with hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy, while Group II comprised 110 patients with hepatitis B virus infection alone. Maternal demographics, laboratory values, obstetric complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes were collected and analyzed between Groups I and II. To investigate the features of hepatitis B virus infection with intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy patients further, we also evaluated risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Group I. Results: Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth (<37 weeks (w)), postpartum hemorrhage, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, neonatal asphyxia, neonate intensive care unit admission and small for gestational age rates were significantly increased for Group I compared with Group II (p < 0.05). In hepatitis B virus infection patients with intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy, elevated total serum bile acids independently correlated with six adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: Pregnant patients with both hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholestasis experienced a higher occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to those with Hepatitis B virus infection alone. Total serum bile acids were an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes in Hepatitis B virus infection with intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy. Clinical Trial Registration: The study was registered with https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ (no.: zx10201201).
Knowledge, Awareness and Behaviors of Somalian Female University Students regarding Cervical Cancer, HPV and the HPV Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Altunkurek Şeyma Zehra , Mohamed Samira Hassan
Published: February 2024

Background: Awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) are consistently poor in low-resource settings. In addition, there is insufficient evidence about young people’s knowledge and understanding of cervical cancer, risk factors, screening and HPV vaccination in these countries. This study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of students studying at a university in Somalia regarding cervical cancer and how to prevent it. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among students of the Faculty of Health Sciences at a private university in Mogadishu, Somalia, between January and March 2021. The sample of study consisted of a total of 220 female students. The data of the study were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 32 questions evaluating the knowledge and attitudes of the students regarding cervical cancer, HPV and the HPV vaccine. Results: In the study, 59.1% of the participants stated that they had previously heard of cervical cancer, 69.1% did not know that it was fatal, 49.1% stated that it was preventable, 48.2% did not know the causes of cervical cancer, and 2.7% had a family history of cervical cancer. In addition, it was determined that 75.9% of the participants did not know that HPV caused cervical cancer. When the knowledge of the participants about HPV and the HPV vaccine was examined, it was determined that 55% of them had not previously heard of HPV. When asked about how HPV is transmitted they stated that this occurred through kissing (73.2%), sexual intercourse (58.2%) and using items owned by individuals infected with HPV (41.8%). None of the participants had received the HPV vaccine. Of these, 72.3% stated that they had not been vaccinated because they did not know about the vaccine. According to 40.9% of the participants, both boys and girls should be vaccinated; however, 63.6% stated that they did not know at what age individuals should receive a vaccine. In addition, 71.4% of participants said they did not know that the HPV vaccine protects against HPV-related sexually transmitted diseases. There was a statistically significant relationship only between the participants’ financial status and the awareness variable (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the awareness of those participants whose economic situation was good was statistically high. Conclusions: This was our first study on the subject in Somalia and it revealed that the level of knowledge of female university students studying in the field of health sciences regarding cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine and prevention methods were insufficient, as were the vaccination rates. In future research, the reasons for these inadequacies should be revealed through more comprehensive studies.
Mechanism of Action of the Plateau-Adapted Gene PPARA in COPD
Authors: Li Honge , Pei Wenhui , Wang Yunchao , Zhang Yuhuan , Yang Zhen , Wang Xinhua
Published: February 2024

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex respiratory disorder influenced by various factors and involving multiple genes. Respiratory dysfunction in COPD patients leads to hypoxia, resulting in limited oxygen uptake. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) is a plateau-adapted gene that regulates respiratory function in populations adapted to high-altitude areas through multiple pathways. Interestingly, PPARA expression is higher in long-term inhabiting Tibetan populations that have adapted to the plateau environment. However, in patients with COPD, the expression of PPARA is downregulated, leading to dysregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. Moreover, abnormal PPARA expression in lung epithelial cells triggers inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and disrupted lipid metabolism, thereby exacerbating disease progression. Thus, this paper explored the mechanism underlying the role of plateau-adapted PPARA in COPD, providing essential theoretical insights into the treatment and prevention of COPD in high-altitude regions.
SPC25 Functions as a Prognostic-Related Biomarker, and Its High Expression Correlates with Tumor Immune Infiltration and UCEC Progression
Authors: Liao Li-xin , Zhang Meng , Xu Xin , Zhang Shan , Guo Yu-zhen
Published: February 2024

Background: Most tumor tissues expressed spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25), one of the four subunits of the NDC80 complex, at greater levels compared to surrounding normal tissues. According to earlier researches, this subunit strongly encouraged tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth, which resulted in worse prognoses in patients with hepatocellular, breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Precisely because SPC25’s role in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is understudied, we chose to concentrate on UCEC for gaining a more scientific and thorough understanding of SPC25. Methods: Along with examining SPC25’s differential expression, prognostic significance, and biological function in UCEC, our research sought to clarify the underlying mechanism by which SPC25 influences the course of UCEC and patient prognosis from the viewpoints of methylation and immune infiltration. Results: We observed differential expression of SPC25 gene in different clinicopathological features of UCEC and identified SPC25 as a hazard factor for poorer overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progress free interval (PFI) in UCEC, particularly in its multiple clinical subtypes. In addition, we also discovered that SPC25 and its co-expressed genes mostly engaged in biological processes and signal transduction routes linked to cell cycle and cell division in UCEC. After investigating SPC25’s methylation status, we discovered that patients with UCEC had elevated SPC25 expression and a poor prognosis due to hypomethylation of CpG sites in the SPC25 gene sequence. Finally, we investigated SPC25’s potential role in immunotherapy and discovered that SPC25 might alter the major immune cell infiltration levels in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by regulating the expression of immunoregulatory molecules and chemokines, which would be beneficial for SPC25 to control the progression of UCEC. Conclusions: In conclusion, SPC25 was a useful predictive biomarker as well as a possible therapeutic target for UCEC.
Detoxification of Hyperglycemia-induced Glucose Toxicity by the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Wang Andrew Jun , Wang Aimin , Hascall Vincent
Published: February 2024

The abnormal intermediate glucose metabolic pathways induced by elevated intracellular glucose levels during hyperglycemia often establish the metabolic abnormality that leads to cellular and structural changes in development and to progression of diabetic pathologies. Glucose toxicity generally refers to the hyperglycemia-induced irreversible cellular dysfunctions over time. These irreversible cellular dysfunctions in diabetic nephropathy include: (1) inflammatory responses, (2) mesangial expansion, and (3) podocyte dysfunction. Using these three cellular events in diabetic nephropathy as examples of glucose toxicity in the diabetic complications, this review focuses on: (1) the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway that underly glucose toxicity; and (2) the potential therapeutic tools to inhibit hyperglycemia induced pathologies. We propose novel therapeutic strategies that directly shunts intracellular glucose buildup under hyperglycemia by taking advantage of intracellular glucose metabolic pathways to dampen it by normal synthesis and secretion of hyaluronan, and/or by intracellular chondroitin sulfate synthesis and secretion. This could be a useful way to detoxify the glucose toxicity in hyperglycemic dividing cells, which could mitigate the hyperglycemia induced pathologies in diabetes.
MAVS Ubiquitylation: Function, Mechanism, and Beyond
Authors: Dong Hongliang , Shen Jie
Published: February 2024

The mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), a core adaptor protein in the retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs)-MAVS pathway, has been demonstrated to play an important role in antiviral immune response and tumor immunology. Previous studies revealed that ubiquitylation is a key mechanism in the regulation of the RLRs-MAVS axis and immune response. Multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes control MAVS ubiquitylation and changes in MAVS function. In this review, we summarize the biological function of ubiquitylation in MAVS-related signaling and provide new insight into immunotherapy approaches that target MAVS.
Texture Analysis as a Discriminating Tool: Unmasking Rodlet Cell Degranulation in Response to a Contaminant of Emerging Concern
Authors: Manera Maurizio
Published: February 2024

Background: Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential impacts on ecology, wildlife, and human health. The interest in these contaminants arises from their inadequate regulation or lack of routine monitoring in natural environments. Among them, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of particular concern due to their notable propensity to accumulate within the kidney, significantly influencing the excretion of these pollutants. Rodlet cells (RCs) have emerged as promising indicators of immunotoxicity in response to chemical stressors. A prior comprehensive study extensively detailed the effects of sub-chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a well-known PFAS compound, on RCs located in the hematopoietic tissue of the common carp kidney. Even at concentrations commonly found in the environment, PFOA exhibited a significant impact on the distribution patterns of RCs, concurrently enhancing exocytosis activity. Methods: The assessment of PFOA-induced RC degranulation employed texture analysis combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to differentiate between various experimental exposure groups. The investigation encompassed three fish groups: an unexposed group, a group exposed to an environmentally relevant PFOA concentration (200 ng L-1), and a group exposed to a higher PFOA concentration (2 mg L-1). Texture analysis was conducted on high-resolution color (RGB) images obtained from light microscopy of ultrathin sections from five fish per experimental group, stained with toluidine blue. Results: This analysis facilitated the quantification of potential cytoplasmic alterations associated with degranulation, encompassing all three RGB channels. The data subjected to LDA enabled the identification of the most distinctive texture characteristics, providing a reliable, objective, and reproducible method to differentiate between experimental groups. Remarkably, 98.0% of both the original and cross-validated cases were correctly classified. However, only one unexposed case was misclassified as a fish exposed to a 200 ng L-1 PFOA concentration, constituting the single false positive in the analysis. Conclusions: Utilizing texture analysis and LDA to quantify RC degranulation offers a dependable approach for assessing immunotoxicity within experimental models of toxicological and environmental pathology. This underscores the scientific significance of employing a morphological approach in such investigations.
Deguelin and Paclitaxel Loaded PEG-PCL Nano-Micelles for Suppressing the Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Yali , Lan Yang , Wu Liang , Zhang Shijin , Su Qiang , Yang Qin
Published: February 2024

Background: Deguelin (DGL) is a natural flavonoid reported to exhibit antitumor effects in breast cancer (BC). PEG-PCL (Polyethylene Glycol- Polycaprolactone), as polymeric micelles, has biodegradability and biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the nanoparticular delivery system, PEG-PCL could improve the bioavailability of DGL for suppressing proliferation of BC cells. Methods: PEG-PCL polymers were first prepared by ring-opening polymerization, and DGL and paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded PEG-PCL nano-micelles were formulated via the film dispersion method. The composition and molecular weight of PEG-PCL were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. Particle size, surface potential and hemolytic activity of micelles were assessed by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and hemolysis assay, respectively. Then proliferation and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were tested with Edu staining, CCK-8, TUNEL staining, and Flow cytometer. Caspase 3 expression was also assessed by Western blot. Results: Our results first indicated that PEG2000-PCL2000 was successfully synthesized. DGL and PTX-loaded PEG-PCL nano-micelles were rounded in shape with a particle size of 35.78 ± 0.35 nm and a surface potential of 2.84 ± 0.27 mV. The micelles had minimal hemolytic activity. Besides, we proved that DGL and PTX-loaded PEG-PCL nano-micelles could suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in BC cells. The DGL and PTX-loaded PEG-PCL nano-micelles constructed in this study had a prominent inhibitory role on proliferation and a remarkable promotional role on apoptosis in BC cells. Conclusions: This study proposes that nano-micelles formed by PEG-PCL can enhance the cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel against breast cancer cells, and concurrently, the loading of Deguelin may further inhibit cell proliferation. This presents a potential for the development of a novel therapeutic strategy.
Effect of Phase Clustering Bias on Phase-Amplitude Coupling for Emotional EEG
Authors: Sheng Tingyu , Feng Qiansheng , Luo Zhiguo , Zhao Shaokai , Xu Minpeng , Ming Dong , Yan Ye , Yin Erwei
Published: February 2024

Background: Emotions are thought to be related to distinct patterns of neural oscillations, but the interactions among multi-frequency neural oscillations during different emotional states lack full exploration. Phase-amplitude coupling is a promising tool for understanding the complexity of the neurophysiological system, thereby playing a crucial role in revealing the physiological mechanisms underlying emotional electroencephalogram (EEG). However, the non-sinusoidal characteristics of EEG lead to the non-uniform distribution of phase angles, which could potentially affect the analysis of phase-amplitude coupling. Removing phase clustering bias (PCB) can uniform the distribution of phase angles, but the effect of this approach is unknown on emotional EEG phase-amplitude coupling. This study aims to explore the effect of PCB on cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling for emotional EEG. Methods: The technique of removing PCB was implemented on a publicly accessible emotional EEG dataset to calculate debiased phase-amplitude coupling. Statistical analysis and classification were conducted to compare the difference in emotional EEG phase-amplitude coupling prior to and post the removal of PCB. Results: Emotional EEG phase-amplitude coupling values are overestimated due to PCB. Removing PCB enhances the difference in coupling strength between fear and happy emotions in the frontal lobe. Comparable emotion recognition performance was achieved with fewer features after removing PCB. Conclusions: These findings suggest that removing PCB enhances the difference in emotional EEG phase-amplitude coupling patterns and generates features that contain more emotional information. Removing PCB may be advantageous for analyzing emotional EEG phase-amplitude coupling and recognizing human emotions.
Astragalus Polysaccharide Promotes Neuronal Injury Repair via the Notch1/NFκB Signaling Axis in the Ventroposterior Thalamic Nucleus in Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Miao Huachun , Nie Zeyin , Wu Feng , Li Huaibin
Published: February 2024

Background: Ischemic stroke is the most common form of stroke and the second most common cause of death and incapacity worldwide. Its pathogenesis and treatment have been the focus of considerable research. In traditional Chinese medicine, the root of Mongolian astragalus has been important in the treatment of stroke since ancient times. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a key active ingredient of astragalus and offers therapeutic potential for conditions affecting the neurological system, the heart, cancer, and other disorders. However, it is not yet known how APS works to protect against ischemic stroke. Methods: Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to imitate localized cerebral ischemia. Each of four experimental groups (normal, sham, MCAO, and MCAO+APS) contained 12 adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats selected randomly from a total of 48 rats. Following successful establishment of the model, rats in the MCAO+APS group received intraperitoneal injection of APS (50 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days, whereas all other groups received no APS. The Bederson nerve function score and the forelimb placement test were used to detect motor and sensory function defects, while Nissl staining was used to investigate pathological defects in the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPN). Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch1), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1), phospho-nuclear factor-κB p65 (p-NFκB p65), and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NFκB p65) proteins in the VPN on the ischemic side of MCAO rats. Results: APS promoted the recovery of sensory and motor function, enhanced neuronal morphology, increased the number of neurons, and inhibited the expression of Notch1/NFκB signaling pathway proteins in the VPN of rats with cerebral ischemia. Conclusion: After cerebral ischemia, APS can alleviate symptoms of secondary damage to the VPN, which may be attributed to the suppression of the Notch1/NFκB pathway.
Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Coexistence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Esposito Jessica Elisabetta , Annoni Giovanni , D’Amato Milena , Graziosi Alessandra , Troilo Francesca , Di Risio Annalisa , Angelini Gilda , Castiglione Caterina , Tocco Pierluigi , Volpe Paola , Di Iorio Giancarlo , Parruti Giustino , Polilli Ennio
Published: February 2024

Background: Several results support the hypothesis that a group of pathologies falling within the Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) diagnostic criteria may coexist with Connective Tissue Diseases (CTD) in patients with a high susceptibility to autoimmune conditions. However, the relationship between NMOSD and rheumatologic diseases deserves further investigations to clarify all clinical aspects of this coexistence. We designed a systematic review and a proportional meta-analysis to estimate the association between CTD and MNOSD, with the aim of helping to plan the best strategy to achieve the most significant public health benefit for these conditions. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature published until February 2023, searching in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, EmBase, and OVID. Then, we conducted a random-effects proportional meta-analysis and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: The literature search yielded an overall result of 3176 publications (272 from PubMed, 880 from Web of Science, 634 from EmBase and 1390 from OVID). Of these, 29 were included in this systematic review. Analyzing studies that recruited unselected patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren Syndrome (SjS), the pooled percentages of NMOSD overlapping were 0.6% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 0.1%–1.4%,) and 6.5% (95% CI: 4.7–8.6), respectively. Studies enrolling rheumatologic patients with nervous system symptoms involvement reported higher percentage of NMOSD (i.e., among SjS patients, a pooled percentage of 26.5%, 95% CI: 5.5–54.6%, was found). Similarly, recruiting patients with NMOSD, we found pooled percentages of SjS or SLE respectively of 7.0% and 3.5%. Conclusions: Our research found that the coexistence of these two disorders was more frequent in female rheumatologic patients with a SjS diagnosis with neurological manifestations and in neurologic patients for whom a SjS diagnosis was suspected. Similarly, NMOSD are less frequently found in SLE and very rarely incident in Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) patients. These considerations should be taken into account in clinical experience of rheumatologists and neurologists, since early diagnosis of both conditions may influence the timing of immunosuppressive therapy and the prevention of systemic disabilities.
Research Progress of Hippocampal Dopamine System Changes in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Jia Feng-Nian , Chen An-Ran , Li Hui-Hua , Yu Cui-Cui
Published: February 2024

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are a cognitive impairment that occurs after anesthesia, especially in elderly patients and significantly affects their quality of life. The hippocampus, as a critical region for cognitive function and an important location in PND research, has recently attracted increasing attention. However, in the hippocampus the impact of anesthesia and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review focuses on investigation of the effects of anesthesia on the hippocampal dopamine (DA) system and explores its potential association with PND. Through comprehensive review of existing studies, it was found that anesthesia affects the hippocampus through various pathways involved in metabolism, synaptic plasticity and oxygenation. Anesthesia may also influence the DA neurotransmitter system in the brain which plays a role in emotions, rewards, learning and memory functions. Specifically, anesthesia may participate in the pathogenesis of PND by affecting the DA system within the hippocampus. Future studies should explore the molecular mechanisms of these effects through techniques such as neuroimaging to study real-time effects to improve animal models to better simulate clinical observations. For clinical application, it is recommended that physicians exercise caution when selecting and managing anesthetic drugs by adopting comprehensive cognitive assessment methods to reduce post-anesthesia cognitive risk. Overall, this review provides a better understanding of the relationship between the hippocampal DA system and perioperative neurocognitive function and provides valuable guidance for prevention and treatment strategies for PND.
Two Adverse Early Life Events Induce Differential Changes in Brain CRH and Serotonin Systems in Rats along with Hyperphagia and Depression
Authors: Alcántara-Alonso Viridiana , García-Luna Cinthia , Soberanes-Chávez Paulina , Estrada-Camarena Erika , de Gortari Patricia
Published: February 2024

Background: Different types of stress inflicted in early stages of life elevate the risk, among adult animals and humans, to develop disturbed emotional-associated behaviors, such as hyperphagia or depression. Early-life stressed (ELS) adults present hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is a risk factor associated with mood disorders. However, the prevalence of hyperphagia (17%) and depression (50%) is variable among adults that experienced ELS, suggesting that the nature, intensity, and chronicity of the stress determines the specific behavioral alteration that those individuals develop. Methods: We analyzed corticosterone serum levels, Crh, GR, Crhr1 genes expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, and hippocampus due to their regulatory role on HPA axis in adult rats that experienced maternal separation (MS) or limited nesting material (LNM) stress; as well as the serotonergic system activity in the same regions given its association with the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) pathway functioning and with the hyperphagia and depression development. Results: Alterations in dams’ maternal care provoked an unresponsive or hyper-responsive HPA axis function to an acute stress in MS and LNM adults, respectively. The differential changes in amygdala and hippocampal CRH system seemed compensating alterations to the hypothalamic desensitized glucocorticoids receptor (GR) in MS or hypersensitive in LNM. However, both adult animals developed hyperphagia and depression-like behavior when subjected to the forced-swimming test, which helps to understand that both hypo and hypercortisolemic patients present those disorders. Conclusion: Different ELS types induce neuroendocrine, brain CRH and 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) systems’ alterations that may interact converging to develop similar maladaptive behaviors.
Headache Disorders: Differentiating Primary and Secondary Etiologies
Authors: Hernandez Jairo , Molina Eduardo , Rodriguez Ashley , Woodford Samuel , Nguyen Andrew , Parker Grace , Lucke-Wold Brandon
Published: February 2024

In the initial assessment of a headache patient, several dangerous secondary etiologies must be considered. A thorough history and physical examination, along with a comprehensive differential diagnosis may alert a physician to the diagnosis of a secondary headache particularly when it is accompanied by certain clinical features. Evaluation and workup include a complete neurological examination, consideration of neuroimaging, and serum/spinal fluid analysis if indicated. Careful attention to the patients’ history and physical examination will guide the diagnostic work-up and management. In this review, we summarize the diagnostic workup of various primary and secondary headache etiologies. Although most headaches are primary in nature, it is essential to screen for headache “red flags”, as they can suggest life threatening secondary etiologies. When secondary causes are suspected, appropriate neuroimaging can further differentiate the underlying cause. The appropriate imaging is dependent on the most likely secondary etiology, which is deduced from history and physical examination. When no red flags are present, primary headaches are more likely. These can be differentiated by frequency, location, duration, triggers, and presence of aura. The different clinical presentations for secondary headaches, as well as the distinguishing features for primary headaches are outlined in this review.
Changes in risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Alaska: Self-identified determinants of risk and protective behaviors
Authors: van Doren Taylor , Brown Ryan , Izenberg Maxwell , Simmons Callie , Heintz Ron , Busch Lisa
Published: February 2024

Social and cultural context shapes how communities perceive health, well-being, and risk. Risk perception can change over time as a product of new information and improved understanding. We investigate risk perception and protective behaviors in Southeast Alaska during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveys were circulated at two time points: (1) April-June 2020, before COVID-19 reached epidemic levels in the region, and (2) November 2020-February 2021. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models were used to analyze how demographic characteristics of the respondent population influenced risk perception. OLS models were again used to predict how individuals engaged in protective behaviors while controlling for risk perceptions. Controlling for demographic characteristics, risk perception increased as age increased for perceived risk of getting sick and dying from COVID-19, males perceived lower risk in general for all tested variables, and Alaska Native respondents perceived higher risk than non-Alaska Native respondents. Controlling for risk perception, results for protective behaviors were mixed; however, the strongest association identified was that knowing someone with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis increased protective behaviors. Between the two time points, risk perceptions increased significantly for variables related to oneself, others, and community members becoming infected with COVID-19. Protective behaviors like traveling less than normal, buying more cleaning products, and engaging in more subsistence gathering significantly increased. Identifying patterns of risk perception and protective behaviors, and especially how they change over time, are critical to developing place-specific public health recommendations, action, and preparedness plans against future infectious threats.
Association between adolescent alcohol use and neurocognitive function in young adulthood
Authors: Cooke Megan , Stephenson Mallory , Brislin Sarah J , Latvala Antti , Barr Peter , Piirtola Maarit , Vuoksimaa Eero , Rose Richard J. , Kaprio Jaakko , Dick Danielle , Salvatore Jessica E
Published: February 2024

Purpose: Studies on adolescent alcohol use and cognition are often unable to separate the potential causal effects of alcohol use on neurocognition from shared etiological influences, including genetic influences or other substance use comorbidities, such as nicotine use. The present study aims to clarify the relationship between adolescent alcohol use and young adult neurocognition by taking into account shared familial influences. Methods: Participants were 812 individuals (58.62% female, 361 complete pairs, 146 MZ pairs) from the longitudinal FinnTwin12 study. Frequency of alcohol use and frequency of intoxication were averaged across ages 14 and 17. Neurocognitive outcomes were measured in young adulthood (Mage=22) and included Trail Making Test, California Stroop test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence subtests (Vocabulary, Block design, Digit symbol), Digit Span subtest of Wechsler Memory Scale, Mental Rotation Test, Object Location Memory test. Covariates included sex, parental education, a measure of adolescent cognitive ability, current alcohol and nicotine use. We investigated the relationship between alcohol use and neurocognition using the co-twin comparison design, which controls for genetic and environmental influences shared by co-twins. Individual level models as well as co-twin comparisons conducted within the full sample and in monozygotic twin pairs (MZ) were run to provide successively stricter control for potential confounders.Results: Frequency of alcohol use across adolescence was associated with lower Vocabulary scores in the MZ/DZ co-twin control (beta=-0.12, 95% CI=-0.013,-0.234) and MZ only co-twin control models (beta=-0.305, 95% CI=-0.087,-0.523). Frequency of intoxication across adolescence was also associated with decreased Vocabulary scores in the MZ only co-twin analyses (beta=-0.301, 95% CI=-0.074,-0.528). Associations between adolescent alcohol use (frequency or intoxication) and all other neurocognitive measures were not statistically significant (ps<0.05).Conclusions: Higher adolescent alcohol use predicted lower young adult verbal ability, which required the retrieval of acquired knowledge. There was little evidence for adolescent alcohol use as a predictor of any other domains of neurocognition in this study, which required active processing of novel stimuli. These findings contrasted previous research that suggested sustained alcohol use has the greatest impact on measures of fluid intelligence in adulthood. The current findings, which require replication, indicated adolescent alcohol use may have the greatest impact on developing crystalized intelligence in young adulthood.
Declining Enrollment in Long-Term Engineering Programs: Stakeholders’ Perspectives
Authors: Baral Durga Prasad
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the declining enrollment in long-term engineering programs under the Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) in Nepal, a critical issue affecting the development of skilled human resources and socio-economic transformation. The study analyzes enrollment data over the past 4 to 5 years and assesses enrollment trends. It also incorporates insights from focus group discussions and interviews with various stakeholders, identifies underlying causes of low enrollment, and proposes actionable recommendations. The findings reveal a multifaceted decline influenced by contextual factors, such as socio-economic conditions, the allure of foreign education, and the diminishing value of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). At an institutional level, issues include haphazard extension of TVET institutions, weakened instructional quality and inadequate industry linkages. Personal perceptions also contribute that vocational education is often seen as a less prestigious alternative to general education. The study's comprehensive analysis culminates in recommendations as suggested by the research participants focused on curriculum revision, strengthening industry linkages and enhancing the overall perception and quality of TVET programs. These insights are crucial for policy formulation, educational reforms, and aligning TVET with industry needs and student aspirations in Nepal.
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK TANIJAU DAN PUPUK GANDASIL D TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAHE GAJAH (Zingiber officinale Var. officinale)
Authors: Romi Marselinus , Sutejo Hery
Published: February 2024

Jahe (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) merupakan tanaman obat dan rempah-rempah yang banyak dimanfaatkan masyarakat terutama bagian rimpangnya. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh Pupuk Organik Tanijau Dan Pupuk Gandasil D serta interaksinya terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jahe gajah, dosis yang tepat dan interasiknya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kampung Kinong Kutai Barat, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur pada bulan April 2018-Juli 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan percobaan faktorial 3 x 3 dan terdiri atas 3 ulangan (blok), terdiri dari 2 faktor perlakuan. Perlakuan pupuk Tanijau berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman umur 20, 40 dan 60 hari setelah tanam, jumlah daun umur 20, 40, 60 hari setelah tanam, jumlah anakan, berat rimpang per petak produksi dan berat rimpang per hektar produksi. Berat rimpang tertinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan 15 ton/ha setara dengan 2,16 kg/petak (t2) yaitu 20.18 ton/ha, sedangkan yang paling ringan pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk Tanijau (t0) yaitu 13.29 ton/ha. Perlakuan pupuk Gandasil D berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah anakan, berat rimpang umur 20, 40 dan 60 hari setelah tanam. Interaksi perlakuan pupuk tanijau dan gandasil D sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman umur 20 hari setelah tanam, berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman 40 dan 60 hari setelah tanam, jumlah daun 20 dan 40 hari setelah tanam. Produksi polong tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan t2g2 yaitu 23,33 ton/ha. sedangkan yang paling rendah terdapat pada perlakuan t0g0 yaitu 12,63 ton/ha.
On the problem of gender and gender identity in various linguocultures
Authors: Issina G. , Beisembayeva A.
Published: February 2024

This article discusses the problems of gender and gender identity. Theoretical and practical aspects of gender identity formation are considered in particular such directions as sociolinguistic, linguoculturological, com- municative-discursive and psycholinguistic. The necessity of a detailed study of the problems of masculinity and femininity from the perspective of person and language is revealed and justified. The article provides ex- amples from various linguistic cultures that clearly demonstrate the differences and similarities in the cognitive perception of a person, taking into account his/her sex. It is revealed that the problem of gender and gender identity originates from ancient times, vividly reflected in oral folk art, in particular in proverbs and sayings. Gender identity in this perspective is a portrait of the person himself, his stereotypical ideas about his/her sex, taking into account culture, language and society. Based on the analysis carried out by the authors, it is shown that language does not just fix gender identity, characteristics or personality qualities related to gender, it constructs and creates them.
Прецедентті феномендер газет тақырып аттары ретінде
Authors: Каппасова А.Ш. , Адилова А.С.
Published: February 2024

Мақалада газет мәтіндеріндегі прецедентті құбылыстар мәселесі қарастырылған. Лингвомәдениеттану саласы тіл мен мәдениеттің арақатынасын, тіл арқылы ұлттың мәдениетін зерттейтін жаңа сала. Бұл сала лингвистика мен мәдениеттанудың басты мәселелерінің байланысының негізінде пайда болған. Негізгі нысаны, негізгі бірлігі — прецедентті феномендер. Әр халықтың жадындағы басты құндылықты ұрпақтан-ұрпаққа жеткізіп беретін құралдың бірі де — осы прецеденттік феномендер. Бұл құбылыс арқылы әр ұлттың, әр халықтың ерекшелігі көрінеді. Ғылыми мақалада мәтін тақырып аты ретіндепрецедентті феномендерді құрайтын мақал-мәтел, афоризм, сентенция, ақын-жазушылар шығармаларынан алынған прецедентті мәтіндер, ән мәтіндеріне талдау жасалған. Бұқаралық ақпарат құралдарындағы мақалаларды зерттеу барысында салыстыру, талдау, жинақтау әдістері қолданылды. Нәтижесінде газет тіліндегі прецедентті құбылыстарды құрайтын прецедентті мәтіндер, прецедентті айтылым түрлеріне мысалдар жинастырылып, теориямен дәлелденді.
Ғылыми мәтіндегі терминдер аударма нысаны ретінде
Authors: Құзар Ж.Н. , Кульдеева Г.И.
Published: February 2024

Мақалада терминологияны зерттеген ғалымдарға қысқаша шолу жасалынды, терминологияның дамуы аударма тәжірибесімен тығыз байланысы көрсетілді. Осыған байланысты инженерлік желілер мен құрылыс салаларының терминологиясын аудару мәселелері аударматану ғылымында ерекше көңіл бөлінеді. Әртүрлі зерттеушілер ұсынған аударма әдістеріне сүйене отырып, зерттеу саласының терминдерін ағылшын тілінен қазақ тіліне толығымен көшіруге барынша сәйкес келетін әдістерді таңдаған. Оларды қалай болса солай аудара салмай, талқыға салып, дұрыс баламасын табуға тырысқан. Тер-миндерді аударуда ұқсас мағынадағы баламасын табу, транслитерация мен транскрипция, синонимдік ауыстыру әдістері қолданылады. Қазақ тіліндегі біршама терминдер калькалаудың түрлі әдістері арқылы берілген. Сонымен қатар, аудармашының терминологиялық құзыреттілігі оның кәсіби құзыреттілігінің негізгісі болып отырып, мақалада терминологиялық құзыреттілікті зерттеу әдістемесін мазмұнды түрде ашуға, оның маңызды сипаттамалары мен функцияларын анықтауға әрекет жасалынды.
Addressing as a Speech Act: Similarities and Differences in Turkish and Arabic
Authors: Dulayeva E. , Mamedova F. , Bazylova B.
Published: February 2024

The article examines the address as a type of speech act. A comparative analysis of nominative forms of address and forms of address to the addressee in Turkish and Arabic was carried out, which are used in the speech etiquette of Turkish and Arabic in the informal sphere. On the basis of the comparative analysis, we came to the conclusion that many norms of etiquette, which refer to the field of gender relations or to the family and domestic sphere, in Turkish and Arabic have differences. The appeals used in speech carry more information about the social status of communicants, their relations with each other. In Turkish and Arabic etiquette, the form of address is chosen depending on the communicant: very important is not only the social status, but also age, gender, education and place of your communication. As examples, we present addresses that play a crucial role in the act of communication, as a segment of speech that serves as a signal to start communication, a form of speech to attract the attention of interlocutors, or to accentuate attention.
Құсбегілік кәсібіне байланысты кейбір сөздердің шығу төркіні
Authors: Сейтимова А.И. , Түйтe Е.Е.
Published: February 2024

Языковое богатство любого народа формируется в зависимости от условий окружающей среды, в которой он живет, от особенностей его повседневной жизни и быта. Казахи создали лексику, связанную с обучением ловчих птиц охоте с очень ранних времен. Такая лексика основана на названиях хищных птиц и их действиях, а также связана со средствами и приспособлениями для их приручения. Эти наименования в современном языке используются как в прямом, так и в переносном значении. В статье дана этимология некоторых слов, имен, сложившихся в нашем языке относительно данногоремесла — приручения ловчих птиц охоте. Авторы статьи обращают внимание на семантические иэтимологические особенности каждого из таких непереводимых на другие языки названий. Анализируют примеры из художественных произведений, где объясняются их значения, способы образования и особенности употребления в языке. С помощью толковых, этимологических словарей и на основании мнения ученых-лингвистов, этнографов дают толкования выражаемых значений имен, относящихся к искусству охоты с ловчими птицами. Авторы доказывают, что такие слова и выраженияобразованы синтетическим и аналитическим способами от слов, заимствованных из казахского, монгольского и арабского языков.
Paroemiographic interpretation of proverbs and sayings corpus on the material of different structural languages
Authors: Beiskhanova S.A. , Zhunussova Zh.N. , Zoltan А.
Published: February 2024

Within the current linguistics paradigm there is a high interest in studying proverbial collections of different ethnic groups. Paroemiographic collections serve as an informative resource for linguistic studies. Along with this, it is necessary to pay attention to the issues of paroemiography. The theoretical bases of this area of lexicography have already found practice in compiling various types of proverbial dictionaries. The article presents an overview of some dictionaries of Russian and English proverbs and sayings. The authors considered the lexicographic principles used in the compilation of the studied sources of proverbs and sayings. The article provides a comparative analysis of the representation and description of proverbs and sayings in such collections. In addition to distinctive features, the obtained results revealed a general trend in the arrangement and description approaches of paroemias in the considered dictionaries. Studying the concepts applied in the presentation, comparison, meaning interpretations, illustrative examples of usage and origin of the proverbial units in lexicographic practice determine the outlooks in the compilation of new dictionary publications and further cross-cultural linguistic research in contemporary paroemiography.
The discoursive peculiarities of A. Baitursynuly’s scientific texts
Authors: Kozhakhmet A.K. , Syzdykova G.O.
Published: February 2024

The article was written in order to determine the discursive features of scientific texts of A. Baitursynuly. The authors of the article analyzed “The report supporting the Arabic alphabet” of A. Baitursynuly (“Arab alipbiin jaktagan bayandamasy”) from a linguistic point of view. The conclusions of domestic and foreign scientists were used, such as A. Baitursynuly, A. Salkynbai, Sh. Kurmanbaiuly, D. Alkebayeva, A. Adilova, S. Rakitina, K. Kenjekanova. In the course of the study, the place of this work in written and oral speech was determined. Of the language units used by A. Baytursynuly, the general features and features characteristic ofthe scientific text and scientific discourse are shown. To achieve this goal, a population survey was developed, the results of which were used when writing the work. As a discursive feature of A. Baitursynuly's Report, the authors of the article presented to the attention of the public the features of scientific information, scientific terms, intentions, language units of colloquial style in the text.
Economic Analysis of the Responsibility of Social Networks
Authors: Ignácio Baptista Osvaldo , Costa Bispo Felippe , Sergio Oliveira Ribeiro Paulo , Alberto Glasherster Lange Hartmann Ivar
Published: February 2024

This research analyzes what are the effects of a stricter intermediary liability standard, where social networks are responsible for user-generated content before a court decision or order. Our estimates show large potential losses of at least BRL 47 million in revenue per year and BRL 23 billion in market value. Furthermore, from the users' point of view, we estimate annual losses in consumer welfare due to a stricter intermediary liability standard of between BRL532 million and BRL4.1 billion. The research concludes that there is no evidence that such a change would improve content removal policies or economic well-being. In fact, this can lead toconsiderable losses for platforms, merchants and consumers alike.
Obesidad en Uruguay. Es tiempo de actuar
Authors: Rodríguez Temesio Gustavo
Published: February 2024

Editorial sobre situación del tema Obesidad en Uruguay. 
La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica, progresiva y multifactorial, en su origen participan factores genéticos, de mala adaptación metabólica, alteraciones neuroendocrinas, importantes cambios en el estilo de vida, composición de los alimentos y desigualdad social entre otros.