bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AND SERUM LIPID CHANGES IN THE BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: VAN ZYL A.
Published: December 2008

A study comprising 258 duplicate estimations of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), total lipids, total cholesterol, lipid phosphorus and cholesterol/lipid phosphorus (C/P) ratios has been made in eleven adult female baboons during forty-one menstrual cycles. Comparison of these results with ninety-six corresponding estimations on thirteen adult male baboons observed over the same period indicates that:

(a) The serum PBI and serum lipids in the female baboon fluctuate in rhythm with the phases of the menstrual cycle. Cyclical changes are not present in the male.

(i) Serum PBI rises from the time of ovulation and reaches a peak just before perineal rest.

(ii) Serum cholesterol rises from ovulation to the mid-point of deturgescence and drops rapidly afterwards to its initial level.

(iii) Lipid phosphorus rises steadily during turgescence, reaching a maximum level after ovulation, and declines slowly to a minimal value at perineal rest and menstrual bleeding.

(iv) The C/P ratio drops gradually during turgescence to ovulation and rises subsequently in deturgescence.

(v) No rhythmic tendency of statistical significance was observed in total serum lipids.

(b) The iodine/albumin ratio remains about constant during the entire cycle.

(c) No reciprocal relationship was found between the PBI and cholesterol of any of the other serum fat fractions.

The changes in serum PBI and serum lipids in the baboon's menstrual cycle differ from those described in the human female.
SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AND SERUM LIPID CHANGES IN THE BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: VAN ZYL A.
Published: December 2008

Serial analyses of serum PBI and serum lipids have been carried out on baboons during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. One baboon aborted in the course of pregnancy.

The serum PBI is markedly elevated throughout pregnancy in the baboon (from 4·1 ± 0·3 μg/100 ml. to 5·4 ± 0·9 μg/100 ml.), whereas all the serum lipid fractions decrease significantly: cholesterol from a mean value of 138 ± 80 to 118 ± 11·8 mg/100 ml., and lipid phosphorus from 9·6 ± 0·8 to 8·2 ± 0·4 mg/100 ml. (means ± 2 s.d.).

After parturition the PBI decreases to the original level of 4·4 ± 0·7 μg/100 ml., whereas all lipid fractions increase (639 ± 26·3 mg/100 ml. total lipids, 169 ± 7·3 mg/100 ml. cholesterol and 11·2 ± 1·5 mg/100 ml. lipid phosphorus). The cholesterol/lipid phosphorus (C/P) ratio seems to rise slightly from 14·4 ± 1·1 during the menstrual cycle, to 14·9 ± 1·4 in pregnancy and to 15·2 ± 1·9 in lactation.

The patterns of serum PBI and lipid before or after abortion in one baboon were similar to those observed during normal pregnancy and lactation.

While serum lipids in the pregnant baboon follow a pattern which is the reverse of that described in human pregnancy, the serum PBI pattern is similar to that of women.
GRAFTS OF OVARIAN MEDULLARY TISSUE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: INGRAM D. L.
Published: December 2008

It has been suggested that oocytes may develop from cells in the ovarian medulla. In order to test this hypothesis autografts of ovarian medulla were transplanted to various sites in fifty-five sexually mature rabbits. Tissue was recovered in only eighteen instances, but even these grafts were reduced in size. No oocytes were seen. In a further ten animals it was shown that grafts of cortical tissue persisted after medullary grafts had disappeared. It is concluded that medullary tissue cannot survive in the absence of the ovarian cortex.

Five animals from which medullary tissue was recovered had uteri which were not as atrophic as the uteri of spayed controls. It is suggested that ovarian medullary tissue may secrete oestrogen, but that this capacity is soon lost in the absence of the follicular apparatus.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONE STATUS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO CHLOROFORM-INDUCED NECROSIS OF THE RENAL TUBULES
Authors: CULLIFORD D. , HEWITT H. B.
Published: December 2008

1. Adult male mice of two strains developed extensive necrosis of the renal tubules after exposure to low concentrations of chloroform vapour. Adult females showed no renal damage after equivalent exposures.

2. Adult females became fully susceptible to necrosis after treatment with androgens. The susceptibility of males was greatly reduced by treatment with oestrogens.

3. Castration removed the susceptibility of the males in one strain but did not completely remove it in another. The residual susceptibility of castrates was abolished by adrenalectomy.

4. Male mice under 11 days old were insusceptible to necrosis even after massive doses of androgen. Between 11 and 30 days they were susceptible if given androgen. Thereafter they became spontaneously susceptible.

5. Liver damage occurred in nearly all exposed mice and was not correlated with sex hormone status.

6. Susceptibility could be induced in gonadectomized mice by methyl testosterone, testosterone propionate, dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone, and by large doses of cortisone acetate.

7. Preliminary exposure to carbon tetrachloride completely protected susceptible males against renal damage by chloroform.
THYROID, SALIVARY AND HARDERIAN GLANDS IN MICE EXPOSED TO HEAT
Authors: HELLMANN K. , COLLINS K. J.
Published: December 2008

A reduction in the uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland has been measured in inbred and F1 hybrid mice reared in a hot environment (91 ± 1° F dry bulb, 85 ± 1° F wet bulb).

Rapid concentration of 131I occurs in the submaxillary glands following its intraperitoneal injection. Two and three-quarter hr after injection the submaxillary glands from heat-exposed mice had a higher 131I content than those from control counterparts. The inverse relationship between uptake of 131I by thyroid and salivary glands in heat-exposed and control mice is probably due to partition of the injected iodide between the tissues.

A significant decrease in the weight of the Harderian glands, allowing for small decreases in body weight, was found in the mice reared in the hot environment.
THE RELATION OF ENDOGENOUS MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE TO HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN XENOPUS LAEVIS
Authors: MUNDAY K. A.
Published: December 2008

1. Xenopus laevis responds to injected adrenaline by an increase in the level of blood sugar. This increased blood sugar is apparently derived from liver and not from muscle glycogen.

2. Blood-sugar levels of Xenopus equilibrated on a black background (BB) and on a white background (WB) are statistically different throughout 6 months' starvation (P<0·05). On prolonged starvation for 14–16 months the lower blood-sugar level recorded in WB animals is not statistically different from that in BB animals (P> 0·10).

3. Xenopus shows a marked excitation hyperglycaemia, which is thought to be due to secretion of endogenous adrenaline. This hyperglycaemia is greatest in animals kept on a white background.

4. Xenopus equilibrated on black and white backgrounds show different hyperglycaemic responses to similar doses of adrenaline (P < 0·01). Compared with their own 'control-distilled water injection' levels, WB animals show an increase of blood sugar 40% higher than BB animals.

5. If melanophore-expanding hormone ('B') is an effective agent in decreasing the hyperglycaemic response to adrenaline, the greater effective level of circulating hormone in BB animals, together with their relatively reduced glycaemic response, supports the view that endogenous 'B' hormone plays a role in normal carbohydrate metabolism.
THE ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE EXTRA-UTERINE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREGNANT MICE
Authors: DEWAR A. D.
Published: December 2008

The extra-uterine weight gain of pregnancy in mice was maintained after removal of the ovaries and placentae (by hysterectomy) by giving progesterone alone in apparently physiological concentrations. Cessation of treatment was followed by a fall in weight, as after parturition or pseudo-parturition; the degree of protection against the weight loss and the subsequent loss occurring after treatment were each proportional to the quantity of the hormone given. Stimulation of luteal activity by gonadotrophin after hysterectomy without spaying in pregnancy similarly prevented the loss of weight. Progesterone implants in non-pregnant mice caused a steady weight gain of a similar order to the extra-uterine weight increase of pregnancy, accompanied by anoestrus; removal of the tablets precipitated a rapid return of weight to initial levels and a return to oestrus. These and subsidiary findings support a hypothesis that the weight increase during pregnancy in the mouse is under the control of ovarian progesterone, the luteal activity being maintained by the presence of placentae in the uterus (probably by placental luteotrophin).

Oestrogens, in the quantities given, were incapable of maintaining the weight after hysterectomy in pregnancy, with or without removal of the ovaries, and had no potentiating effect upon suboptimal quantities of progesterone. Oestrogens, therefore, appear neither to play any part in the weight gain of pregnancy nor to exhibit luteotrophic activity.

Hysterectomy in the mouse was not observed to prolong the life of the corpora lutea of pregnancy.
COMPARATIVE ANTIOESTROGENIC POTENCIES OF PROGESTERONE AND ESTERIFIED 17α-HYDROXY-PROGESTERONE IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: LIPSCHUTZ A. , JADRIJEVIC D. , MARDONES ELVIRA , FIGUEROA S. , GIRARDI SILVIA
Published: December 2008

Five different antioestrogenic activities inherent in progestational compounds such as the antifibromatogenic, antihysterotrophic and antiluteinizing actions, the prevention of the oestrogen-induced opening of the vaginal membrane, and the counteracting of alopecia, have been investigated in the guinea-pig in experiments with 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and its caproate and acetate.

These antioestrogenic properties are either not inherent in the above-mentioned compounds, or only inherent to a slight degree. The very slight antioestrogenic potency of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone is not increased by esterification with either caproic or acetic acid.

The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE PROTEINS IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF THE COW
Authors: CARAVAGLIOS R. , CILOTTI R.
Published: December 2008

The protein composition of the follicular fluid of the cow has been investigated.

Paper electrophoresis showed that the protein components were qualitatively similar to those of blood serum, although there were some quantitative differences. Thus albumin levels are greater in follicular fluid than in serum, while α2- and γ2-globulins are lower in the former. β-Lipoproteins are not detectable in the follicular fluid. The ratio between total proteins and some glycoproteins is similar in both fluids.

The significance of these results in relation to the origin of the follicular fluid is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE AVIAN LIVER
Authors: CAMPBELL J. G.
Published: December 2008

1. Liver function in male fowls as assessed by a modified sodium bromosulphthalein clearance test, is noticeably impaired 1–1½ hr after a sublethal dose of the hepatotoxic alkaloid, seneciphylline, and is greatly impaired at 4–4½ hr. Between this period and 24 hr, the clearance curve returns to more normal values, but is now of the female type, and this alteration in the mode of excretion of the dye persists for at least 5 days after a single administration of the alkaloid.

2. Previous treatment with diethylstilboestrol protects the male bird's liver to a considerable degree against the hepatotoxic effect of the alkaloid.

3. On the evidence of liver clearance curves, male birds receiving repeated weekly sublethal doses of seneciphylline return to normal much more quickly if previously treated with stilboestrol than control birds not so treated; they also gain weight at a faster rate.

4. It is suggested that within reasonable limits of liver damage, the accumulation of oestrogen, through the inability of the liver to excrete it and its retention in inflamed cells, may be beneficial in that it helps to protect against further damage, and also may encourage repair processes.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE AVIAN LIVER
Authors: CAMPBELL J. G.
Published: December 2008

1. In the male fowl spontaneous repair of the liver, damaged by repeated doses of the alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea L., takes place extremely slowly, if at all.

2. Females subjected to the same treatment tend to recover.

3. In both sexes, but particularly in the male, massive doses of stilboestrol continuously absorbed from pellet implants initiate and speed up liver regeneration.

4. The hypothesis is advanced that the impaired ability of the damaged liver to conjugate and inactivate oestrogen is advantageous in so far as the raised oestrogen level stimulates repair processes in that organ.
THE BEHAVIOURAL AND VAGINAL RESPONSE OF THE SPAYED EWE TO OESTROGEN INJECTED AT VARIOUS TIMES RELATIVE TO THE INJECTION OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: MOORE N. W. , ROBINSON T. J.
Published: December 2008

Three trials, each using seventy-two ovariectomized Suffolk cross-bred ewes, were conducted to determine the interaction on the behavioural and vaginal response of varying the time of injection of oestradiol benzoate (ODB; dose levels 16, 20 and 25 μg in oil) relative to that of progesterone (six injections each of 6 mg in oil, spread over 3 days).

When ODB was injected before or during the period of progesterone treatment no ewe was served, and the vaginal response was partially suppressed. Maximal behavioural responses were observed when ODB was injected 24–48 hr after the final injection of progesterone. Responses decreased as this interval increased. Maximal vaginal responses were observed when ODB was injected 48 hr or more after the final injection of progesterone. Vaginal sensitivity did not decline with increase in this interval.

For assay purposes, using both criteria, it is necessary to inject oestrogen 48 hr after cessation of progesterone treatment in order to obtain a maximal response.
THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF MAMMARY GLAND SLICES IN THE PRESENCE OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE EXTRACTS RICH IN MELANOPHORE-DISPERSING ACTIVITY
Authors: BRADLEY T. R. , MITCHELL G. M.
Published: December 2008

Slices cut from mammary glands of rats and mice during gestation and lactation were incubated in vitro in the presence of pig posterior pituitary lobe extracts rich in melanophore-dispersing ('B') activity. Slices taken in early lactation but not during gestation or late lactation showed increased net gas evolution compared with control slices. Similar tissue from rabbits and guinea-pigs did not give rise to this effect, nor did slices of other tissues taken from lactating rats.

The increased net gas evolution was not observed in the absence of glucose from the incubation medium. Treatment of the 'B' extract with NaOH or hypophysectomy of the rats prior to use decreased the response.
THE INFLUENCE OF REPRODUCTION ON BODY WEIGHT IN WOMEN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G.
Published: December 2008

1. Data recorded in respect of all women whose children were born in a county borough during one year included the weight at the first antenatal examination (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation), and at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months after delivery. The present communication is concerned with the influence of reproduction on body weight.

2. It is estimated that between conception and 24 months after birth women gained, on the average, approximately 6·6 lb. This is about 5 lb. more than would have been added in the same period if they had not been pregnant. Reasons are given for believing that these estimates may be a little low, probably not by more than 1 lb.

3. The increase in weight occurred mainly during pregnancy. From 3 months after delivery changes in mean weight were relatively small: a loss of 1·8 lb. between 3 and 12 months, and a gain of 0·6 lb. between 12 and 24 months.

4. The increment in mean weight between conception and 24 months increased slightly with parity, and, less certainly, with age. The most striking association with these variables occurred between 3 and 12 months after birth, when the proportion of women who gained weight decreased with increasing parity and increased with increasing age (Fig. 5). It is suggested that this relationship is probably attributable to an association between age and parity and social circumstances, and it is shown that the same trend was exhibited by the growth rates of the offspring of the same mothers during the first year of life (Fig. 6).

5. Lactation had little influence on mean weight. It resulted in a small loss during the period of lactation, but its effect was almost eliminated at 24 months after delivery (Fig. 7).

6. During the various intervals between early pregnancy and 24 months after delivery weight changes appear to be continuously distributed (Fig. 1). The constants of the distributions are given (Table 4).
THE INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT ON WEIGHT CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY IN WOMEN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G.
Published: December 2008

Three hundred and eighty-three women whose weights were recorded during and after pregnancy were divided into groups of short (under 64 in.) and tall (64 in. and over) individuals, and further subdivided according to an index of body build (based on the observed regression of antenatal weight on height). Differences between the weight 12 months after delivery and the antenatal weight (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation) were examined.

The proportion of short women who added weight in this interval was relatively high for those who were thinnest at the antenatal examination, was lowest for those who were moderately thin and thereafter increased with increasing degree of obesity (from about 1 in 3 to 4 in 5); the proportion of tall women who added weight showed no significant change (Fig. 2). This variation in weight change according to height is exhibited by women pregnant for the first time (Table 3).

For both short and tall women, the mean weight increment of those who added weight, and the mean weight decrement of those who lost weight, increased with increasing degree of obesity (Fig. 3). When weight change is expressed as a proportion of the antenatal weight these trends disappear (Fig. 4).
ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERPLASIA: REPORT OF A CASE WITH STUDIES OF THE EXCRETION OF STEROID METABOLITES
Authors: BUSH I. E. , SWYER G. I. M. , STERN MARGARET I. , WILLOUGHBY M. L. N.
Published: December 2008

1. Clinical details are given of a case of adrenocortical hyperplasia causing macrogenitosomia praecox in a boy aged eight.

2. Urinary steroids were investigated using 'group' methods of analysis and also chromatographic procedures for the estimation of individual steroids.

3. Patterns of excretion in the untreated patient, under exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) treatment and with oral cortisone and prednisone, were obtained. Following the intramuscular injection of ACTH, there was a fall rather than an increase in the plasma cortisone and cortisol levels, and no increase in the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids (17-KS), 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS), pregnanetriol (P'triol), pregnanediol (P'diol) and oestrogens. The only urinary steroid which was excreted in significantly greater amounts was dehydroepiandrosterone. Oral cortisone and prednisone caused marked falls in the output of 17-KS, P'triol and P'diol.

4. The urine of the patient contained increased amounts of certain normally occurring steroids as well as others which are not usually found. There was a high content of total neutral 17-KS, 17-KGS, P'triol, P'diol and oestrogens. Analysis of individual steroids showed the presence of 17α-hydroxypregnanolone and 11-oxo-pregnanetriol which are not normally found in urine by methods in current use. 11-Hydroxyandrosterone and aetiocholanolone were present in increased amounts. The ratio of 11-oxygenated 17-KS to total 17-KS was abnormally high. On the other hand, the urinary excretion of cortisone and cortisol, and of their metabolic products tetrahydrocortisone and tetrahydrocortisol, was not increased. These changes can largely be explained by current concepts of the abnormal steroidogenesis in this disorder.
DEMONSTRATION OF A GLUCOCORTICOID-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN THE SPLEEN
Authors: FAZEKAS I. Gy.
Published: December 2008

1. Fresh splenic tissue from pigs was extracted by the method of Swingle & Pfiffner for adrenocortical extracts, 1 ml. being equivalent to 100 g splenic tissue.

2. The material extracted was readily soluble in ethanol, benzene, acetone and water, but not in petroleum ether. It contained no protein, bile pigments, fat, fatty acids or cholesterol, and had marked reducing properties.

3. Administration of the extract to adrenalectomized male mice caused an increase, continuous with increasing dose of extract, in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. The increase in liver glycogen produced by 1·2 ml. extract was about the same as that caused by 2 mg cortisone.

4. In intact rats the extract caused an increase in blood sugar and in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. Cortisone had a similar effect.

5. Neither the splenic extract nor cortisone raised the glycogen content of the brain in adrenalectomized mice or intact rats.

6. Thus the spleen contains a substance which has a glucocorticoid-like effect on the carbohydrate metabolism of adrenalectomized and intact animals. In view of its chemical and biological properties, this substance is thought to be a glucocorticoid originating in the adrenal cortex. A substance with similar effects has been previously detected in liver, brain and muscle.
HORMONE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AFFECTING THE SELECTIVE UPTAKE OF 65Zn BY THE DORSO-LATERAL PROSTATE OF THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: GUNN S. A. , GOULD THELMA C.
Published: December 2008

The efficiency of the dorso-lateral prostate (d.l.p.) of the rat to concentrate 65Zn was markedly depressed following hypophysectomy, but this glandular function could be maintained in the absence of the pituitary by the administration of suitable doses of chorionic gonadotrophin or testosterone. Removal of the testes in the hypophysectomized rat did not alter appreciably the maintenance effect of testosterone on the d.l.p.

The effects of oestradiol on the efficiency of the d.l.p. to concentrate 65Zn were diverse and involved multiple sites of action. With a dose of 0·1 μg of oestradiol there was stimulation of uptake of 65Zn, and with 1 μg a sudden depression. The latter effect was paralleled by decreased size of the gland and histological evidence of marked cell atrophy. Neither the stimulatory nor depressant effects of oestradiol on 65Zn uptake could be reproduced in hypophysectomized rats maintained on gonadotrophin, indicating that these two actions of oestrogen involved the pituitary axis.

Larger doses of oestradiol administered to hypophysectomized and hypophysectomized-castrated rats maintained on testosterone also exerted an inhibitory effect on the efficiency of the d.l.p. to concentrate 65Zn. There was maximal antagonism with an androgen: oestrogen ratio of 5:1, and as the proportion of oestrogen was increased there was a rebound rise in efficiency of the d.l.p. to take up 65Zn. The depression of 65Zn uptake by this peripheral-type of antagonism was not accompanied by depression in glandular weight. Even more striking was the observation that, in the face of this lowered glandular function, there was no evidence of any depression histologically or cytologically.
AN ADDITIONAL PURIFICATION STEP FOR A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING OESTRIOL, OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL-17β IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: BROWN J. B. , BULBROOK R. D. , GREENWOOD F. C.
Published: December 2008

1. A modification of a method for estimating urinary oestrogens is described and its accuracy confirmed.

2. For most urine specimens the modified method gives practically the same results as the original method. In large series of comparisons, however, small but significant differences are found in the amounts of oestrone and oestriol measured by the two methods.

3. Interference caused by administration of certain drugs or by the secretion of large amounts of neutral steroids is reduced or abolished by using the modified method. The amounts of impurities in the final urine extracts are reduced by approximately 50%.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISOL ACETATE ON OESTRONE-INDUCED MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH IN IMMATURE OVARIECTOMIZED ALBINO MICE
Authors: MUNFORD R. E.
Published: December 2008

The response of the mammary glands of ovariectomized albino mice to treatment with 0·003 or 0·006 μg oestrone daily could be distinguished after 21 days of treatment. Differences in mammary gland areas of oestrone-treated ovariectomized mice, and of both ovariectomized and intact controls, were significant.

When injected at a level of 12·5 μg daily for 21 days, cortisol acetate (CA) stimulated mammary development in ovariectomized and ovariectomized oestrone-treated albino mice, both growth in area and increase in the number of duct junctions being affected. At higher dosage rates (25 and 50 μg daily) CA was without detectable influence on the mammary glands.

The effect of the two steroids upon the mammary glands appeared to be simply additive when analysed on the transformed (logarithmic) scale.

The estimate of the density of duct branching—number of duct junctions per unit area—of the mammary glands was not significantly affected by either steroid. Differences in this estimate of mammary gland structure were in general inversely related to differences in area or number of duct junctions.

The effects of treatment with CA and with oestrone upon the body weight, adrenal and thymus gland weight, uterine weight and vaginal changes were also observed.
THE MOTILITY AND REACTIVITY OF THE OESTROGENIZED RABBIT UTERUS IN VIVO; WITH COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON MILK EJECTION
Authors: CROSS B. A.
Published: December 2008

The spontaneous motility of the intact uterus of spayed oestrogenized rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia has been recorded. Both uteri of each animal behaved similarly, and contractions often appeared to be synchronous. Small changes of load affected the amplitude of contractions, but did not alter uterine responsiveness to neurohypophysial or adrenomedullary hormones. Mid-thoracic section of the spinal cord obliterated spontaneous motility of the uterus; spinal anaesthesia did not. Spontaneous motility persisted for as long as 7 hr after decerebration and removal of the pituitary gland.

The threshold dose of oxytocin for activating the oestrogenized uterus was the same as that for the lactating mammary gland, i.e. 1–5 mu. Doses up to 50 mu. usually gave an increase in frequency and amplitude of contractions. In the same dose range vasopressin either had little effect or inhibited spontaneous uterine motility, although milk ejection was stimulated. Slow infusion of oxytocin at rates of 1·5–48 mu./min produced graded increases in the rate and depth of uterine contractions and, at the same time, in similarly treated, lactating animals, rhythmic milk-ejection responses which at the higher rates of infusion merged to give a tetanic (plateau) type of milk ejection.

Adrenaline or noradrenaline in doses of 1–5 μg produced diphasic uterine responses, initial contractions being followed by inhibition of spontaneous motility. They also inhibited the uterine, as well as the milk-ejection response to oxytocin injected 10–30 sec later. The inhibitory effect of adrenaline on both organs was about twice that of noradrenaline.

The above-mentioned responses to adrenaline and oxytocin could also be elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Stimuli in the dorsal, lateral, perifornical and posterior hypothalamic areas produced effects equivalent to those of 1–5 μg adrenaline on both the uterus and mammary gland. These responses were abolished by mid-thoracic section of the spinal cord or by spinal anaesthesia. In such preparations responses typical of those produced by oxytocin were seen in both organs after stimulation of the paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic nuclei and the hypothalamo-hypophysial nerve pathways of the tuber cinereum and neural stalk.

Dilatation of the vagina (or rectum) gave rise to a uterine response similar to that resulting from adrenaline or noradrenaline. The response was abolished by spinal anaesthesia, but not by mid-thoracic spinal section or decerebration. The same stimuli also produced 'bearing down' contractions of the abdominal muscles. Contractions of the uterus could also be elicited by mechanical stimuli, in the absence of functional spinal connexions.
ON THE MECHANISM OF LABOUR IN THE RABBIT
Authors: CROSS B. A.
Published: December 2008

The parturitional behaviour of full-term rabbits injected with 100 or 200 mu. oxytocin is described. Young were born at rates varying from twelve in 7 min to three in 20 min. Newborn pups suckled the doe while she was still in labour.

Labour was induced in full-term does under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia by injection of 50–200 mu. oxytocin or by electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract. Abdominal contractions, milk ejection and delivery of young were recorded kymographically. The delivery of every pup was assisted by reflex straining movements of the doe. Though commonly labour was completed without the secretion of additional oxytocin from the neurohypophysis (as shown by the milk-ejection record), occasionally a reflex release of oxytocin did occur in amounts sufficient to influence the course of labour. In many cases labour appeared to be as efficient as in the conscious animal.

Suppression of abdominal contractions by spinal anaesthesia did not prevent effective delivery of young after injection of oxytocin. However, the time taken to expel individual pups from the vagina tended to increase, and the last of the litter was generally retained in the vagina.

The physiological mechanisms involved in parturition in the rabbit are discussed in the light of these and earlier findings.
EGG DEVELOPMENT IN THE RABBIT: THE INFLUENCE OF POST-COITAL LIGATION OF THE UTERINE TUBE AND OF OVARIECTOMY
Authors: ADAMS C. E.
Published: December 2008

The effects of post-coital, unilateral ligation of the uterine tube and of bilateral ovariectomy on egg development have been studied in fifty rabbits. Ligation and ovariectomy were performed between 14 and 72 hr, and 11 and 30 hr, respectively, after mating. The animals were killed for examination of the eggs between 3 and 10 days after mating.

284 eggs from thirty-five operated rabbits and 214 fertilized eggs from twelve unoperated rabbits were measured with an eye-piece micrometer as fresh specimens. Until 72 hr after mating the zona pellucida and intra-zonal space were relatively constant at 20 and 125 μ, respectively, while the mucin increased in thickness from 11 μ at 24 hr to 103 μ at 72 hr. The diameter of the intra-zonal space increased to 168 μ at 84 hr and 273 μ at 96 hr, whereas the zona pellucida showed a corresponding decrease to 14 and 5 μ, respectively, but it was still present as a very thin membrane on 6-day blastocysts. In most eggs the mucin began to thin between 72 and 84 hr and apparently disappeared before 120 hr.

Ten does in which one uterine tube had been ligated were autopsied 10 days after mating. On the non-ligated, control side, 67·5% of the ovulations (fifty-two eggs) were represented as conceptuses, whereas thirty-six eggs (85·7% of the ovulations) recovered from the ligated tubes were degenerated. When twenty similarly treated does were examined between 3 and 5 days after mating, it was found that egg development continued normally for some 84 hr after mating and then collapse of the early blastocyst occurred. Following ovariectomy in fourteen does, egg development was arrested at approximately 84 hr after mating. In the majority of ovariectomized does, the rate of egg transport to the uterus was normal. Treatment of six ovariectomized does with progesterone prevented degeneration only when the eggs reached the uterus; in three of the six progesterone-treated does some of the eggs were retained in the uterine tubes and degenerated.
JOINT ACTION OF GONADOTROPHIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: LAMOND D. R. , CLARINGBOLD P. J.
Published: December 2008

Four experiments are described in which the joint action of certain pairs of six gonadotrophic preparations was studied. In every case similar joint action was demonstrated using the uterine weight in the immature mouse as the criterion of response.

These results are discussed with regard to the early action of gonadotrophins on the immature mouse ovary.
A STUDY OF THE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO PURIFIED PREPARATIONS OF SHEEP INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: HENRY SARAH S. , van DYKE H. B.
Published: December 2008

1. The antibodies produced in rabbits in response to purified preparations of sheep interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) have been studied by the Ouchterlony technique for the analysis of precipitins. It has been possible to identify the ICSH precipitin in vitro.

2. The antibody to sheep ICSH forms precipitin bands with sheep ICSH and with ox ICSH, but not with hog ICSH or with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).

3. Antiserum to sheep ICSH, absorbed so that a single demonstrable antibody is present, inhibits the biological effect of sheep and of ox ICSH but not of hog ICSH or of HCG. This antiserum did not interfere with the action of endogenous rat ICSH.

4. There was no cross-reaction demonstrable between the sheep ICSH antigen-antibody system and the pneumococcus polysaccharide type XIV system as has been reported for the antigen-antibody system of HCG.

5. Two attempts to repeat the method of Takeda, Otsuka & Noda [1952] for the preparation of crystalline ox ICSH were unsuccessful.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND SEMINAL EMISSION
Authors: CROSS B. A. , GLOVER T. D.
Published: December 2008

1. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves in adult male rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced immediate contractions of the cauda epididymidis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle, with emission of semen. Kymographic records were obtained of the contractions of the seminal vesicle.

2. Intravenous injections of 1–5 μg adrenaline gave similar effects, but with latencies of 7–30 sec. Measured by its action on the seminal vesicle, adrenaline was two to five times more potent than noradrenaline.

3. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal, lateral or posterior areas of the hypothalamus evoked an immediate contraction of the seminal vesicle followed by a delayed contractile effect. Contractions of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens also occurred.

4. The immediate response of the seminal vesicle to stimulation of the hypothalamus was abolished by section of the hypogastric nerves, and the delayed effect by adrenalectomy. After these interferences the two types of response could be simulated by stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut hypogastric nerves, and by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline, respectively.

5. Neither electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, nor injection of oxytocin or vasopressin induced a contraction of the seminal vesicle.

6. The results are discussed with reference to the influence of sexual excitation at coitus on the volume and quality of ejaculated semen.
THE ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND RESISTANCE TO COLD OF ADRENALECTOMIZED AND THYROIDECTOMIZED-ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: GANJU S. N. , LOCKETT MARY F.
Published: December 2008

The effect of thyroid medication on the oxygen uptake and resistance to cold of normal, adrenalectomized (adx) and thyroidectomized-adrenalectomized (thyx-adx) mice was studied. All adx animals were maintained on salt.

1. 3–12 mg dried thyroid gland or 2·5 μg l-thyroxine, given daily for 7 days, prolonged the survival times of adx and thyx-adx mice in cold. 24 mg, however, decreased survival time.

2. 3–6 mg dried thyroid gland given daily for 6 days raised the oxygen uptake of both normal and thyroidectomized (thyx) but not of adx mice.

3. 10 μg l-thyroxine given daily for 14 days increased the oxygen uptake of adx mice, but 40 μg failed to do so in mice which were also thyx.
ADRENALECTOMY IN THE GOAT REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION
Authors: COWIE A. T. , TINDAL J. S.
Published: December 2008

The mean survival period of twelve goats after adrenalectomy was 7·8±1·2 days. Adrenalectomy resulted in a progressive rise in the concentration of K and a fall of Na in the plasma. In the lactating goat there was a rapid inhibition of milk secretion and the concentration of K in the milk fell, while that of Na rose slightly as the yield dropped. Partial to complete maintenance of lactation was achieved in five lactating goats after adrenalectomy by implanting tablets of cortisone (or cortisone acetate) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), a daily absorption of at least 6–12 mg cortisone (or its acetate) and 2·5 mg DCA being required. DCA was the more critical component of the combination. During replacement therapy, when the daily milk yield had become relatively steady, the composition of the milk (fat and solids-not-fat percentages) and the Na and K concentrations in the milk were within the pre-operative ranges, but during the periods of adrenal insufficiency, when the milk yield declined, there was a concomitant rise in milk-fat percentage and a fall in milk K. These changes, however, also occurred when the milk yields fell from other causes and so they may not be directly attributable to the lack of adrenal steroids.
THE HYPOPHYSIAL CONTROL OF THE X-RAY STERILIZED OVARY
Authors: INGRAM D. L. , MANDL ANITA M.
Published: December 2008

Adult rats which had been previously sterilized by means of X-rays were hypophysectomized a fortnight after the onset of continuous vaginal cornification (which begins within 40 days of X-irradiation [Mandl & Zuckerman, 1956]). The animals, including non-irradiated hypophysectomized controls, were killed at periods of 5–70 days after hypophysectomy.

Cornified cells disappeared from the vaginal smear of non-irradiated rats within 3, and of irradiated rats within 4 days after hypophysectomy. The ovaries involuted rapidly in both groups of animals. Stromal cells decreased in size and post-hypophysectomy 'deficiency cells' appeared. On the other hand, the rate of uterine involution was slower in the X-irradiated animals after hypophysectomy than in the non-irradiated hypophysectomized controls. This finding indicates that in the absence of the pituitary, the X-irradiated ovary can produce more oestrogen than a non-irradiated ovary, or that the oestrogen it produces is biologically more active.

After treatment with gonadotrophin, the 'deficiency cells' in the ovaries of both groups of animals disappeared. The X-irradiated hypophysectomized animals responded to the gonadotrophin less vigorously (as judged by an increase in ovarian and uterine size) than did the hypophysectomized controls.
THE SECRETION OF OESTROGEN AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: INGRAM D. L. , MANDL ANITA M.
Published: December 2008

The uterus involutes more rapidly in ovariectomized than in hypophysectomized rats (experimental period 4–90 days), while removal of the ovaries hastens uterine involution after hypophysectomy (experimental period 22–60 days). The inference is that the ovary produces small amounts of oestrogen in the absence of the pituitary.
THE RELATION BETWEEN LIVER GROWTH AND SOMATIC GROWTH IN THE RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , PEARCE WINIFRED M.
Published: December 2008

The persistent high calorie intake and rapid somatic growth in young rats, which was initiated by a super-abundant milk supply in the first weeks of life, was accompanied by an accelerated growth in the size and number of cells in the liver. The adult concentration of serum protein was also attained earlier.

An increased food intake in the adult which was produced by hypothalamic lesions, did not significantly affect growth of the skeleton, but it had the same effect on the liver as very rapid somatic growth. The increase in weight of the liver could not be accounted for merely by increased consumption of protein. If part of the liver was removed from an adult rat, both the rate of regeneration and the ultimate size and composition of the remainder were also determined by the calorie intake. The increased size of the liver of hyperphagic rats was associated with a greater blood volume, and consequently an increase in total serum protein, although the concentration of serum protein remained normal.

Although hyperphagia after hypothalamic lesions may continue for many weeks, with a progressive increase in obesity, the maximum weight of the liver was often achieved within 1 or 2 days. The chemical composition of the liver, however, changed progressively, and the effects closely resembled those brought about by insulin in the liver of diabetic rats. The similarity suggested that insulin might regulate the metabolic adaptation of the liver to a very high intake of food.
LIVER GROWTH IN THE LACTATING RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , PEARCE WINIFRED M. , PARROTT DELPHINE M. V.
Published: December 2008

During the 2nd and 3rd weeks of lactation the liver of the rat hypertrophied to approximately twice its normal size. There was a smaller, but significant, increase in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, indicating an increase in cell number. The increase in liver protein was reversible, but that in DNA was not. These effects appeared to be due to changes in the intake of food.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY AND ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES ON THE HAIR GROWTH CYCLE IN THE RABBIT AND RAT
Authors: WHITELEY H. J.
Published: December 2008

The effect of cortisone and adrenalectomy on the hair regrowth cycle of the rat and rabbit was investigated.

It was found that bilateral adrenalectomy had no effect on the rate of regrowth of hair or on the quality of the coat in the rabbit, but there was decreased mitotic activity of the follicles on the 2nd and 7th day of the regrowth cycle and increased mitotic activity of the epidermis on the 7th day of this cycle. In the rat bilateral adrenalectomy, apart from causing a generalized wave of hair growth, which was not observed in the rabbit, had no effect on the hair regrowth cycle.

The local application of hydrocortisone had a slight inhibitory action in the early stages of the cycle, but i.m. injection of cortisone produced profound inhibition. In the rabbit doses of 12·5 mg/kg body weight caused suppression of the usual regrowth cycle, but in some animals the outercoat hairs were unaffected. There was depression of the mitotic activity of the epidermis on the 7th and 10th days of the cycle. If cortisone was given during different stages of the regrowth cycle growth of undercoat hair was much more inhibited than that of the outercoat hair. Similar results were observed in the rat.

These results are discussed and it is postulated that the difference in response between the two types of hair might be related to differences in blood supply of the outercoat and undercoat hairs.
THE EFFECTS OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL EXTRACTS ON WATER TRANSFER ACROSS THE WALL OF THE ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER OF THE TOAD BUFO MARINUS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J.
Published: December 2008

1. An in vitro preparation of the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus is described.

2. Small doses of 'Pituitrin' markedly increase the rate of water transfer across the bladder wall when the solutions inside the bladder are hypotonic.

3. Passive movement is small and increases slightly with increases in the osmotic gradient across the bladder wall. It is unaffected by changes in substrate levels or any of the metabolic inhibitors tested except for cyanide which increases it in some cases.

4. The vasopressor neurohypophysial fraction is more active than the oxytocic one in increasing water transfer across the bladder wall.

5. The increase in water transfer depends on an intact oxygen supply and sufficient glucose or pyruvate.

6. Iodoacetate, malonate, cyanide, 2–4-dinitrophenol, and bubbling 5% CO2+95% O2 through Ringer's solution inhibit the water transfer in response to neurohypophysial extract.

7. Diamox is only an effective inhibitor at very high concentrations.

8. The possible mechanism of the water transfer is discussed.
CYTOLOGICAL APPEARANCES IN THE NORMAL AND ACTIVATED PARATHYROID OF THE RAT
Authors: LEVER J. D.
Published: December 2008

1. The normal and experimental parathyroid of the rat has been studied as follows: (a) histochemical demonstration of nucleic acids; (b) electron microscopy; (c) cell counts and estimations of gland mass from histological preparations.

2. Within a single cell type cytological variation probably reflects functional differences: at one extreme is a cell with expanded endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria, contrasting with a cell containing compact mitochondria and unexpanded endoplasmic reticulum.

3. Small parenchymal groups have a common cytology different from other groups.

4. A light-dark cell contrast is not an obvious normal feature, although some cells containing slightly more cytoplasmic 'Palade' granules [Palade, 1955] are consequently more electron opaque than others.

5. A simple compensatory hypertrophy (two-fold by the 7th week) of the remaining gland follows unilateral parathyroidectomy.

6. In the parathyroid activated by phosphate administration or bilateral nephrectomy there is a marked dark-light cell contrast. The dark cell greatly predominates and contains a high cytoplasmic concentration of Palade granules besides an expanded endoplasmic reticulum.

7. There is a marked increase in histochemically demonstrable ribonucleic acid (RNA) (cytoplasmic) in the activated parathyroid, and also an increase in cell size.

8. These observations suggest that a state of increased parathyroid activity is associated with: an absolute increase in number of cytoplasmic Palade granules, an expanded endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, intensification of cytoplasmic RNA staining, and an increase in cell size.
THE ACTION OF DIFFERENT PREPARATIONS OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON THE MOUSE OVARY
Authors: LAMOND D. R.
Published: December 2008

Dose-response data were obtained for five human chorionic gonadotrophin and one pregnant mares' serum preparations, using both the uterine weight and ovarian weight criteria, and employing a single injection technique. A wide range of doses which gave similar log-dose uterine response curves resulted in significantly different log dose-ovarian response curves.

Several possible explanations for the divergent results are presented.