bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FAMILY RESPONSE TO CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: ALLAN JEAN L. , TOWNLEY R. R. W. , PHELAN P. D.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The effects of cystic fibrosis on 50 Victorian families with one or more affected children were examined in a study carried out between August 1972 and February 1973. The social and emotional problems experienced by family members, particularly the patients and mothers, are reported on.

At all ages, socially embarrassing symptoms and awareness of being different create major problems for the patient. The uncertainty of prognosis and doubts about the prospects of employment are specially relevant for the teenager. It is suggested that the patient be given ample opportunity, from early adolescence onward, to discuss all aspects of his disease, and that more appropriate provision should be made for the total care of adult patients.

Many problems, such as depression, feelings of isolation and the physical demands of constant treatment, which the parents of children with cystic fibrosis experience, are probably similar to those confronting parents of other chronically ill and handicapped children. But special difficulties stem from the genetic basis of cystic fibrosis and from the knowledge of an eventually fatal outcome. The roles of professional members of the medical team are touched on, particularly in relation to genetic counselling and the provision of practical and emotional support to parents. Comments are made on the establishment of lay organisations.

The financial strain associated with obtaining regular medical attention was looked at, and suggestions are made for minimizing the economic problems of certain vulnerable families.
ECHO 11 VIRUS INFECTION: A CAUSE OF ACQUIRED NEONATAL HEPATITIS
Authors: DREW J. H.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

An acquired etiology for an infected illness in the newborn period is often overlooked. The presentation and progress of a newborn infant who acquired hepatitis due to ECHO 11 virus infection is reported.
A PARTNERSHIP CHILD CARE IN A NEW ZEALAND SUBURB*
Authors: BEGG NEIL C. , Richmond Julius B. , Begg Neil C.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

“The application of our knowledge to improving medical services alone, while important and humane, will not result in major improvements in our health record. What is needed now is a partnership between medicine and society for the application of what we know.”
THE NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM TEST IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: DeBUSE P. J.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The Nitroblue Tetrazolium test (NBT) of neutrophil leucocyte function was applied to 20 malnourished and 32 adequately nourished Papua New Guinean children.
AN ANALYSIS OF WHITE AND ABORIGINAL CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE ADMITTED TO THE BOURKE DISTRICT HOSPITAL FROM SEPTEMBER 1971 TO AUGUST 1972 1
Authors: KAMIEN M. , CAMERON PAT
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

This study includes all white and Aboriginal children under the age of 5 years admitted to the Bourke District Hospital over a 12 month period. 15% of all white children and 72% of all Aboriginal children in the Bourke shire were admitted to hospital on at least one occasion; Aboriginal children had proportionately 10 times the number of hospital admissions on a population basis.
NEONATAL HAEMOPERITONEUM
Authors: HENDERSON‐SMART D. , YU J. S. , GLASSON M. , MIDDLETON A.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The case histories of 23 neonates with haemoperitoneum in the first week of life are reviewed. Ruptured liver was the most common cause (70%) and in this group survival was more related to prompt recognition and resuscitation than to whether laparotomy was performed or not. The volume of blood lost was large and often underestimated. Their characteristic mode of presentation is contrasted with those with haemorrhage from other organs. No matter what the cause, resuscitation is needed as an emergency. Careful clinical, radiological and laboratory assessment should then reveal the diagnosis and determine the need for further treatment and especially laparotomy.
Assessing Obstructive Airways Disease in Children Which Test is Best?
Authors: PHELAN P. D. , STEINER N.
Published: March 2008

Phelan, P. D. and Steiner, N. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 72–76. Assessing obstructive airways disease in children. Which test is best? Tests for airways obstruction based on a forced expiration were carried out in 60 children with asthma and 15 with cystic fibrosis to determine which test or tests were the best in identifying children with airways disease, to determine the severity of disease and to document response to therapy. Maximum expiratory flow, measured from a maximum expiratory flow volume curve, and maximum mid‐expiratory flow measured from a spirogram, were the most sensitive tests in detecting early disease. Maximum expiratory flow measured from the maximum expiratory flow volume curve, combined with measurement of lung volumes, gave the best overall estimate of severity. Peak expiratory flow rate measured with a Peak Flow Meter, because of its simplicity of measurement, was the most useful test for routine use in the clinic and consulting room to monitor severity and response to therapy.
The Problem Asthmatic: Some Significant Perinatal Factors
Authors: McNICOL KENNETH
Published: March 2008

McNicol, K. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 83–87. The problem asthmatic. Some significant perinatal factors. Evidence is presented which suggests that interaction between the mother and child in the early nurturing period may play an important part in determining the pattern and severity of asthma in childhood.

There is a significant incidence of various difficulties from the period of the pregnancy, birth, and early weeks of the child's life in those children with early onset of asthma. These difficulties, combined with other possible factors, including a rejecting attitude to the pregnancy and depressive illness in the mother, were all present before the onset of asthma. This suggests that they may be determinants of an abnormal attitude, characterized by excessive anxiety, in the nurturing of this child, which may in turn cause early onset and determine the subsequent chronic nature and severity of the child's asthma.
Facts and Fallacies in a Sociological Study of Asthma
Authors: McANDREW IRENE
Published: March 2008

McAndrew, Irene (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 88–91. Facts and fallacies in a sociological study of asthma. A number of the more popular beliefs about the characteristics of the asthmatic child, fostered by previous studies of select populations, were not born out in a study of a randomly selected population covering the whole range of wheezing children. It appears that there are no characteristics or trends which pertain to the whole asthmatic group. Some factors of stress, and some behavioural disturbances and developmental delays, are common in the small group of severely affected children, as is the child's close bond with the mother and a basic fear of separation.
Comment on the Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Australia
Authors: DANKS DAVID M.
Published: March 2008

Danks, D. M. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 95–101. Comment on the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism in Australia. Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism is important to the patient because effective treatment is available for some conditions, to the family because high risks of recurrence in siblings are usual, and to the community which may be relieved of the cost of supporting handicapped children. Finally, study of these conditions is constantly adding to knowledge of biochemistry and physiology with benefit to the whole of medicine. Screening of the whole newborn community is appropriate in a few diseases, but prompt diagnosis in symptomatic patients is the main approach in the majority. The laboratory techniques required are complex and will become more complex. Some degree of rationalization of laboratory services between Australian cities is desirable.
Childhood Accidents
Authors: ALLAN JEAN L.
Published: March 2008

Allan, Jean L. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 113–117. Childhood accidents. The extent and seriousness of today's childhood accidents and some of the changes which have occurred in the last 20 years are described. The close association and interaction of environmental factors, the victim's personal characteristics, and an adult's lack of awareness as contributing causes, are examined.

The cost of accidents, to the individual in death and disablement, and to his family and the community in financial loss, is so enormous that a stage has been reached when prevention can no longer be tackled in a haphazard fashion by an interested few. Instead, a comprehensive preventive programme which involves the whole community must be put into operation.
Familial Juvenile Nephronophthisis: Report of a Case including Microdissection Studies
Authors: McCREDIE D. A. , BAXTER THELMA J.
Published: March 2008

McCredie, D. A., and Baxter, Thelma J. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 118–127. Familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Report of a case including microdissection studies. Clinical and pathological findings are described in an 18‐year‐old male who died from familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Particular attention is devoted to microdissection studies. Diverticula were found in most segments of the nephron and were much more prominent than in any other renal disease. They reached maximal size and number in the distal convoluted tubule but were also well developed in the loop of Henle and most other areas. Cysts were present in collecting tubules and proximal tubules, and were particularly prominent at the junction of Henle's loop with the distal tubule. Marked convolution of Henle's loop was also a feature. The condition appears to begin in the distal nephron, but progresses to involve all segments. The etiology is obscure. Reports from other centres overseas suggest that this condition is more frequent than is generally appreciated.
Amino Acid Studies during Complete Intravenous Feeding of Small Premature Infants
Authors: KELLERMAN G. M. , MACMAHON R. A. , LEBER M. H. , JAMES B. E.
Published: March 2008

Kellerman, G. M., MacMahon, R. A., Leber, M. H. and James, B.E. (1976).
Aust. Paediat. J., 12, 255–260. Amino acid studies during complete intravenous feeding of small premature infants. Serum and urine amino acid concentrations were measured during complete intravenous feeding of small premature, infants weighing less than approximately 1 kg at birth, and compared with data from milk‐fed babies. Serum and urine levels of amino acids supplied in the D‐L form were higher in treated infants than in controls. Serum levels of amino acids supplied in the L‐form were lower than normal in treated infants, the only exception being L‐arginine. Serum glycine concentrations were increased 3‐fold in treated infants but serum levels of amino acids not supplied in the infusion were lower than normal in treated babies. The total urinary amino acid concentration in intravenously‐fed infants was up to approximately 20 times that in controls. Improved amino acid solutions are needed to avoid potentially serious developmental problems in these patients.
Depression of Respiratory Muscles and Defective Responses to Nasal Obstruction during Active Sleep in the Newborn
Authors: HENDERSON‐SMART D. J. , READ D. J. C.
Published: March 2008

Henderson‐Smart, D. J. and Read, D. J. C. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 261–266. Depression of respiratory muscles and defective responses to nasal obstruction during active sleep in the newborn. Rib‐cage and abdominal movements were recorded during different sleep stages in 22 healthy babies at ages up to 3 months and in 8 older infants up to 10 months. During active sleep, all babies and 6 infants developed: (i) rib‐cage collapse during diaphragmatic descent; (ii) overall deflation of the rib‐cage. Oesophageal pressure recordings in 7 babies showed that this paradoxical rib‐cage motion was not accompanied by increased negativity of intra‐pleural pressure, and was therefore not due to intermittent airway obstruction.

In 7 newborn lambs, the development of rib‐cage paradox during active sleep was related to a marked reduction of the electromyographic (EMG) activity of intercostal and abdominal muscles. During quiet sleep, nasal occlusion initiated a strong reflex augmentation of intercostal EMG activity and prompt arousal, whereas in active sleep these defensive responses were absent. A reduction of pulmonary O2‐stores and ventilation may result during active sleep, making the newborn baby vulnerable to a rapid development of hypoxaemia, respiratory depression and sudden infant death (crib‐death).
Lobar Atelectasis after Nasotracheal Intubation in Newborn Infants
Authors: ROPER P. C. , VONWILLER J. B. , FISK G. C. , GUPTA J. M.
Published: March 2008

Roper, P. C., Vonwiller, J. B., Fisk, G. C. and Gupta, J. M. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 272–275. Lobar atelectasis after nasotracheal intubation in newborn infants. Atelectasis of the right upper lobe is not uncommon after removal of a nasotracheal tube which has been in place for several days. Lobar atelectasis developed in 18 of 188 who were intubated. Six patients had atelectasis of various lobes (predominantly the right upper lobe) while intubated, and 12 after extubation (all of these being the right upper lobe or right lung).

Two patients had recurrent atelectasis, a nasotracheal tube being reinserted for periods of several days. Since then the management of patients after extubation has been changed. Physiotherapy is aimed at clearing the right upper lobe. When tracheal suction is needed, intubation is limited to a few minutes. The average time to expand the affected lobes has been less with this regime. It is suggested that atelectasis of the right upper lobe is associated with (1) damage to the main bronchus by suction catheters and (2) the position of the right upper lobe bronchus.
The Height and Weight Changes of Melbourne Children Compared with Other Population Groups*
Authors: BOWDEN B. D. , JOHNSON JILL , RAY L. J. , TOWNS JOAN
Published: March 2008

Bowden, B. D., Johnson, Jill, Ray, L. J. and Towns, Joan (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 281–295. The height and weight changes of Melbourne children compared with other population groups. Serial height and weight records of 120 Melbourne children from 2 to 20 years of age have been compared with figures for 323 Melbourne University students, Meyers' 1956 Australian standards, the 1973 New South Wales survey, a South Australian survey, British standards, United States data and with Aboriginal data.

Significant differences are shown at selected ages between the Melbourne groups and the other Australian studies, which seem related to definite varying population groups. The Melbourne group appear to be slightly ahead of the British group in maturation and growth but appear minimally behind the American group. The differences in maturation between population groups could produce clinically significant errors in assessment of growth trends if standards are interpreted too freely.
Growth and Development of Fat in Adolescent School Children in Victoria Part 1. Normal Growth Values and Prevalence of Obesity
Authors: COURT J. M. , DUNLOP MARJORIE , REYNOLDS M. , RUSSELL J. , GRIFFITHS LEONIE
Published: March 2008

Court, J. M., Dunlop, Marjorie, Reynolds, M., Russell, J. and Griffiths, Leonie (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 296–304. Growth and development of fat in adolescent school children in Victoria. Part I. Normal growth values and prevalence of obesity.

A cross‐sectional study of 5347 Victorian secondary school children aged 11–18 years is reported. Measurements of height, weight and skinfold thickness over triceps and subscapular regions have been used to construct centile charts for these parameters.

Centile values for Victorian children indicate that they are somewhat shorter than British children and have somewhat greater triceps skinfold thickness measurements.

Obesity has been defined as a weight 20% in excess of the expected weight for height and age. On this basis, and comparing each child to the normal data, the prevalence of obesity was approximately 8% for girls and from 3.5 to 6.3% with increasing age for boys. From 17–20% of girls and 9–15% of boys were overweight by 10% or more of their expected weight for height.
The Radiological Follow‐Up of Aboriginal Children with Bronchiectasis Treated Surgically or Medically
Authors: HILLER H. G.
Published: March 2008

Hiller, H. G. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12, 319–321. The radiological follow‐up of Aboriginal children with bronchiectasis treated surgically or medically. A review of the follow‐up chest X‐rays of aboriginal children who had undergone lobectomy for bronchiectasis was compared with the X‐rays of a similar group not submitted to surgery. Some 31% of the surgical group were found to have deteriorated radiographically, whereas the other group had radio‐graphically remained stable. The average period of follow‐up of the surgical group was 3–9 years compared with 3–8 years for the group treated medically.
The Treatment of Encopresis Using Behaviour Modification
Authors: SEYMOUR FREDERICK W.
Published: March 2008

Seymour, F. W. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 326–329. The treatment of encopresis using behaviour modification. A method of modifying the behaviour of children with encopresis attending a child psychiatric unit is described. Treatment involved sitting the children on the toilet for 5 minutes, at regular intervals each day. The desirability of defaecation on the toilet, and clean pants, was reinforced with tokens which were later exchanged for material rewards. Laxatives and enemas were given when needed. After discharge from the ward, parents were encouraged to continue with a modified form of the above programme and to ignore soiling when it occurred. Results at follow‐up for 12 children showed that 6 of the children were not soiling at all, 3 were substantially improved from before treatment, and 3 were no better.
A five year survey of small for dates infants for chromosomal abnormalities
Authors: ANDERSON N. G.
Published: March 2008

Anderson, N. G. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 19–23. A five year survey of small for dates infants for chromosomal abnormalities. Beginning in February, 1970 and continuing through to January 1975, a period of 5 years, all babies admitted to the Neonatal Unit were assessed for gestational age. Those babies whose weight, when correlated with gestational age, indicated that they were small for dates, had chromosomal analysis. Over this period, 13034 babies were surveyed and 309 were accepted into the small for dates category. Of these, 6 had major chromosomal abnormalities.
Skeletal maturation in Australian Aborigines
Authors: BROWN T. , GRAVE K.C.
Published: March 2008

Brown, T. and Grave, K.C. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12, 24–30. Skeletal maturation in Australian Aborigines. Skeletal ages of Aboriginal children living on a Commonwealth Government settlement at Yuendumu, in the Northern Territory, were assessed by rating standardized radiographs of the hand and wrist according to the Greulich‐Pyle atlas. On average, skeletal ages lagged behind chronological ages, more so in boys than in girls. The retardation relative to North American standards peaked at a value of 6 to 10 months between ages 7 to 14 years in boys. For most age groups in girls the retardation in skeletal development did not exceed 6 months.

Limitations in the use of Greulich‐Pyle reference standards to assess skeletal development in children of a different ethnic group are discussed. However, in the absence of standards derived from Aboriginal children, ratings based on the atlas standards provide reliable estimates of skeletal development, particularly if appropriate adjustments are made to the age scale as indicated by the present findings.
A complication of Gaviscon in a neonate —‘The Gavisconoma’
Authors: HEWITT G. J. , BENHAM E. S.
Published: March 2008

Hewitt, G. J. and Benham E. S. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12, 47–48. A complication of Gaviscon in a neonate ‐ ‘The Gavisconoma’. A neonate, treated with Gaviscon for suspected gastro‐oesophageal reflux in the first week of life, developed an abdominal mass related to agglutinated intragastric material. The importance of adhering to the recommended dose range is emphasized.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ANAPLASMA MARGINALE IN CATTLE IN NEW SOUTH WLAES
Authors: Edgar Grahame
Published: March 2008

A fatal case of A. marginale infection in a Jersey cow at Back Creek near Kyogle, N.S.W. is described. This is the first occasion upon which infection with this organism has been detected in this State. The vector was probably the cattle tick B. microplus.
VIBRIONIC DYSENTERY IN SWINE. The Isolation of a Vibrio from an Outbreak in new South Wales.
Authors: Roberts D. S.
Published: March 2008

1. American, Swiss, Dutch and Australian literature on the subject of swine dysentery is briefly reviewed.

2. An account is given of an outbreak in New South Wales.

3. A vibrio has been isolated from the colon of a pig which was infected with material from the outbreak.

4. Transmission experiments are described in which vibrio cultures fed to pigs produced a dysentery comparable to that produced by feeding infected large bowel.

5. It is concluded that the vibrio isolated was the cause of the outbreak and that the disease which occurred was identical with the vibrionie dysentery described by Doyle (1945).
FIELD ASPECTS OF ACETONAEMIA OF DAIRY COWS.
Authors: Blood D. C.
Published: March 2008

The clinical syndrome of acetonaemia in dairy cows is presented, based on 135 consecutive cases seen in a poor dairying area where much hand‐feeding was practised.

A higher incidence of the disease was observed during periods when dietary intake was poor. Control of the disease in these circumstances is suggested to be by improved nutrition.

Treatment of the disease was successfully accomplished with intravenous injections of glucose, oral dosing with glycerine or a combination of the two treatments. The latter resulted in immediate recovery in forty‐six of fifty cases treated.
BARBITURATE ANTAGONISM: THE USE OF “MEGIMIDE” AND OF “DAPTAZOLE” IN CURTAILING “NEMBUTAL” ANAESTHESIA, AND IN TREATING APNOEIO “NEMBUTAL” INTOXICATION IN SHEEP.
Authors: Turner A. W. , Hodgetts V. Elizabeth
Published: March 2008

The intravenous administration of “Megimide” (mean dose rate 22.5 mg/kg) to sheep which had been under deep “Nembutal” anaesthesia (29 mg/kg) for ten minutes restored them immediately to consciousness, and greatly reduced the recovery time (26.4 ± 6.72 min), as compared with that of controls (76.9 ± 23.1 min). The administration of 300 mg “Daptazole” (7.55 mg/kg) five minutes before the “Megimide” did not significantly reduce the recovery time (24.5 ± 5.82 min) as compared with that after “Megimide” alone (28.5 ± 7.22 min).

The administration of 300 mg “Daptazole.” immediately followed by a fixed dose of 150 ml “Megimide” solution (mean dose rate = 18.9 mg “Megimide”/kg), to sheep rendered apnoeic by overdosage with “Nembutal” (mean dose rate = 54 mg/kg) restored breathing in four out of five in which treatment was begun immediately, and in six out of eight in which treatment was delayed for one minute, whereas four apnoeic control sheep treated with 150 ml normal saline died. The saving of 10 out of 13 (77 per cent.) apnoeic “Nembutal”‐poisoned sheep which had been denied all other ancillary treatment, such as artificial respiration, is a clear demonstration of the value of this treatment in restoring respiration, and in overcoming barbiturate poisoning.
THE MAJOR CAUSES FOR CONDEMNATION OF MEAT IN N.S.W.
Authors: Brydon P.
Published: March 2008

The main causes for condemnation of meat in the year 1959 at the State Abattoir, Homebush, N.S.W. for cattle, pigs, sheep and calves are recorded. Diseases and conditions which are seen only occasionally have been omitted. A variable amount of the meat passed for human consumption may subsequently be condemned due to postmortem changes. This is not recorded. The incidence of certain diseases is, where possible, compared with previous records to show the position in regard to disease control. Records have been maintained of tuberculosis to show the incidence in the various lymph nodes of the body and of eye cancer to show the incidence in the various breeds of cattle.
FACIAL ECZEMA
Authors: Hore D. E.
Published: March 2008

During the autumn of 1959 a wide‐spread outbreak of a disease similar to that known as facial eczema in New Zealand occurred in Eastern Victoria.

High minimum air temperatures associated with 50 points of rain are considered to have assisted in the development of pasture toxicity.

The clinical and pathological observations in this facial eczema outbreak are described.

Pathogenicity tests with the fungus Sporidesmium baked, isolated from Gippsland pastures, produced liver damage similar to that of facial eczema in one lamb.
MORTALITIES OF SHEEP AFTER ARSENIC DIPPING
Authors: O'Byrne T. , Yeast J. C.
Published: March 2008

Details are provided of 31 post dipping mortalities in sheep referred to Glenfield. In at least 24 of the cases, one or more factors operated to retard drying of the sheep following dipping, so that it is considered that such actions as dipping long woolled sheep, dipping late in the day, dipping during or with subsequent rain and shedding dipped sheep, are all conducive to excessive percutaneous absorption and post dipping losses. However, experimentally it has not been possible to produce ill effects by dipping under conditions favouring excessive percutaneous absorption only, and it is suggested that toxic absorption of arsenic from the dip may be caused by the combined effects of excessive percutaneous absorption plus absorption from the alimentary tract. Analyses of tissues from, sheep dying subsequent to dipping are included and the interpretation of such analytical figures are discussed.
THORACIC SURGERY IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: BURNS R. H. G.
Published: March 2008

An attempt has been made to outline methods of dealing with the simple aspects of thoracic surgery in small animals. It has been emphasized that any veterinarian with average surgical ability can well perform this work with the minimum amount of equipment. Mention only has been made of the operation for removal of heart worms from the pulmonary artery. It it hoped at a later date to give a short account of this type of work.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF PIGS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Lingam S. A. , Campbell E. A.
Published: March 2008

The viability of boar semen was investigated, using various buffers. It was found that storage temperature was the greatest factor affecting viability.

Semen should be kept at a constant temperature of 15°C.

When despatched long distances by road, motility appears to be impaired.
OBSERVATIONS OF SW AINSONA GALEGIFOLIA POISONING IN CATTLE IN NORTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Hartley W. J. , Gibson A. J. F.
Published: March 2008

A mild interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltration was produced in calves following intra‐tracheal inoculation of the BIL adenovirus. Viral antigen appeared early in the regional lymph node. An interstitial reaction developed early in the lungs, and pneumonic lesions and infective virus were present by the third day after inoculation. Virus spread rapidly to trachea, tonsils and nasal mucosa, and was excreted from the third to eighth day.

Upper and lower respiratory tissues continually harboured virus until the 12th day, when the experiment was terminated. The virus was isolated from the livers of two calves.

All tissues yielded low concentrations of virus, and only the lung showed pathological reactions.

The reactions were qualitatively similar to known adenovirus pneumonias, but considerably milder, and lacked the characteristic necrotic and proliferative bronchiolar changes.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PELVIC DIMENSIONS, OTHER BODY MEASUREMENTS AND DYSTOCIA IN DORSET HORN EWES
Authors: Fogarty N. M. , Thompson J. M.
Published: March 2008

Fifteen live and 16 post slaughter measurements were recorded from each of 29 mature Dorset Horn ewes in an investigation of pelvic dimensions and their association with past history of dystocia or difficult birth amongst the ewes. For comparison with a breed having a low incidence of dystocia, similar measurements were recorded from 6 mature Border Leicester ewes with no previous history of dystocia.

The range in size of the Dorset Horn pelves was considerable, with conjugate diameter being more variable than transverse diameter (P < 0.05) and a more important cause of variation in pelvic area. A higher incidence of dystocia amongst the Dorset Horn ewes tended to be associated with smaller pelvic areas (r =—0.34; P = 0.08). Pelvic area and conjugate diameter were significantly less (73.4 v 82.8 cm2, P < 0.01; and 9.9 v 10.9 cm, P < 0.05, respectively) for those ewes which had dystocia at more than 65% of their lambings, suggesting that pelvic area and conjugate diameter may be factors with critcial levels in predisposition to dystocia. The Border Leicester pelves were 21 % greater in area (P < 0.01) and 17% greater in conjugate diameter (P < 0.01) than the Dorset Horn pelves, although there was no difference in their transverse diameters.

In general, measurements in the region of the pelvis were closely correlated with transverse diameter of the pelvis but not with pelvic area or conjugate diameter. Forelimb length and bodylength were the only measurements recorded in the live Dorset Horn ewes that were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with both pelvic area (r = 0.53 and r = 0.47 respectively) and conjugate diameter (r = 0.48 and r = 0.49 respectively). However, these live measurements accounted for less than 35% of the variation in conjugate diameter and pelvic area when included in a multiple regression equation.
CANINE PNEUMONIA CAUSED BY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII.
Authors: Copland J. W.
Published: March 2008

One confirmed case and three clinically diagnosed cases of canine pneumocystis pneumonia are described I closely‐related, pedigreed Miniature Dachshunds. The main clinical sign were respiratory embarrasasment, loss of weight with out loss of appetite, normal temperature and low exercise tolerance. Two cases were fatal and post mortem findings of one revealed generalized red hepatisation in the lungs with marked interstitial pneumonitis and eosinophilic honeycombmasses of P. carinii in the alveoli. The general pathology was similar to that described for human pneumocystic pneumonia.
RENAL ECTOPIA IN A DOG
Authors: Webb A. I.
Published: March 2008

A case is reported of renal ectopia in a dog and possible aetiology and clinical implications are discussed.
THIAMBUTENE AND ACEPROMAZINE AS ANALGESIC AND PREANESTHETIC AGENTS IN HORSES AND SHEEP
Authors: Harbison W. D. , F.Slocombe R. , Watts Sandra J. , Stewart G. A.
Published: March 2008

Investigations into the analgesic effect of thiambutene and its value as a pre‐anaesthetic agent were carried out in the horse and the sheep. Special emphasis was placed on the post‐anaesthetic recovery period.

Thiambutene produced analgesia in both species. Toxic effects such as muscle tremor and hyperkinesia occurred with high doses. Prior administration of acepromazine increased the tolerated doses of thiambutene, and satisfactory neuroleptanalgesic states were produced.

Combined use of thiambutene and acepromazine in pre‐anaesthetic medication reduced the dose of thiopentone required for anaesthesia in both species and significantly improved post‐anaesthetic recovery.

Administration of nalorphine in both species reduced the duration of the recovery period. In the horse, even after prolonged thiopentone anaesthesia, nalorphine produced a shorter, quieter recovery.

It was concluded that pre‐anaesthetic medication with thiambutene and acepromazine facilitated thiopentone anaesthesia and greatly reduced the problems of post‐anaesthetic recovery in horses.
IS SARCOCYSTIS TENELLA TWO SPECIES?
Authors: Munday B. L. , Rickard M. D.
Published: March 2008

When mutton containing microscopic sarcocysts of Sarcocystis spp was fed to dogs and cats, only dogs excreted sporocysts in their faeces. Conversely, mutton containing macroscopic sarcocysts produced infection in cats but not dogs. Sheep were experimentally infected with sporocysts from the faeces of dogs and cats either separately or together, and reciprocal feeding trials with their meat carried out with dogs and cats. The results of the experiments strongly suggest that Sarcocystis tenella of sheep may be 2 distinct species, one with the cat as definitive host, and the other parasitising the dog.
OVINE CYSTICERCOSIS IN THE ALBANY REGION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: WHITE J. B. , de CHANEET G.
Published: March 2008

The effect of a program to control Taenia ovis cysticercosis was investigated on 32 adjacent farms at Mt Manypeaks in Western Australia. Farmers were advised not to feed dogs any raw sheep meat or offal and they were supplied with sufficient cestocide to treat all their dogs every 2 months. Other aspects such as the need for control of the movement of dogs and the correct disposal of offal from home killing of sheep were discussed and recommendations made. The success of the program was determined by recording the incidence of Cysticercus ovis in lambs born on the farms and killed at a local abattoir, and the incidence of T. ovis in dogs on the farms.

Before the trial 6.9% of lambs were infected with C. ovis and 11 of the 32 farms had a T. ovis infected dog. The C. ovis incidence figures fell to 2.8%, 0.5%, 1.8% and 0.3% for the four years of the trial, and only 1 dog, a recently introduced puppy, was found to be infected with T. ovis.

The results are discussed and reasons for the success of the program as a whole and apparent individual farm failures are discussed.
ENCEPHALOLOPATHIES IN CATTLE IN TASMANIA
Authors: MUNDAY B. L. , MASON R. W. , HARTLEY W. J.
Published: March 2008

Five central nervous diseases are described and their relationships to previously recorded conditions are discussed. The conditions are congenital inclusion‐body encephalopathy probably caused by a paramyxovirus infection, idiopathic neuraxial oedema of a newborn calf, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia of a young calf, yacca (Xan‐thorrhoea spp) poisoning of adult cattle leading to spinal demyelination, and focal demyelination and neuropathy in an adult cow.
BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA (ATOPIC RHINITIS) IN VICTORIA EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION BY THE PRODUCTION OF IMMEDIATE TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE NASAL MUCOSA
Authors: PEMBERTON D. H. , WHITE W. E. , HORE D. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The Australian type of bovine nasal granuloma (bovine atopic rhinitis) was reproduced clinically, grossly and histopathologically in 7 of 9 experimental cattle by subjecting them to repeated acute episodes of immediate‐type hypersensitivity on their nasal mucosa over periods of several months.
BOVINE BABESIOSIS: COMPARISON OF FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY AND GIEMSA STAINING IN POST‐MORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
Authors: JOHNSTON, L. A. Y. , TRUEMAN, K. F. , PEARSON, R. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Following experimental infections of cattle, Babesia argentina was detected in smears of heart, lung and kidney, immediately, and up to 8 hours post‐mortem (PM), using Giemsa staining, while smears of brain were positive for up to 28 hours after death. Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining detected B. argentina in heart and lung smears for 12 hours, in kidney smears for 16 hours, and in brain smears for 28 hours after death. Following experimental infections with B. bigemina, this organism could be recognised morphologically in smears of heart, lung and kidney immediately after death, but by one hour and up to 8 hours PM, its morphology resembled B. argentina in Giemsa stained films. A few red blood cells inside and outside brain capillaries were infected with organisms resembling B. argentina up to 16 hours after death. DFA staining detected B. bigemina in heart and lung smears for 12, and in kidney smears for 16 hours after death. A few infected red blood cells inside and outside capillaries were also seen in brain smears 16 hours after death. Organ smears could be held at 22°C for 5 days and both species of Babesia detected by either Giemsa or DFA staining.B. argentina was diagnosed by Giemsa staining of organ smears from 27 field cases of babesiosis. DFA confirmed B. argentina in 22, identified B. bigemina in 3 and failed to detect parasites in the other 2 cases. B. argentha was diagnosed by Giemsa staining in 10 and B. bigemina in 1 blood film from field cases. DFA confirmed B. argentina in 4 cases and B. bigemina in the 1 case. Serum from 5 of 12 animals which died in the field from natural B. argenfina infec‐ tions, had fluorescent antibody titres 2 64. After an experimental primary blood infection with B. argentina and while parasites were still detectable, 18 of 72 cattle had titres 2 64. Because there was no significant statistical difference between these results, it was con‐ cluded that the 12 field cases were due to primary infections, not recrudescences or hetero‐ logous strains or variants.
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROTYPE HARDJO OUTBREAK IN A VICTORIAN DAIRY HERD AND ASSOCIATED INFECTION IN MAN
Authors: GORDON L. M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Leptospirosis associated with probable L. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of Western Victoria. Thirty‐six of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. One of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. Microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. There was an associated human infection.
THE ORAL TOXICITY FOR SHEEP OF TRITERPENE ACIDS ISOLATED FROM LANTANA CAMARA
Authors: SEAWRIGHT A. A. , HRDLICKA JANA
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Toxic Lantana camara taxa growing in Queensland all contain the triterpene acids lantadene A, reduced lantadene A and lantadene B. These when dosed as pure compounds orally to sheep were similarly toxic at 65 to 75, 42 to 80 and 200 to 300 mg/kg body weight respectively, causing jaundice, photosensitisation, kidney and liver lesions typical of natural and experimental lantana poisoning. Because of its comparative toxicity and abundance lantadene A is the most significant toxic principle in the plant. Reduced lantadene A because of its low concentration in the leaves (5% of lantadene A) and lantadene B because of its significantly lower toxicity are thus unlikely to be of much importance in the poisoning of ruminants following consumption of the plant. In addition, the structural features of both lantadene A and B molecules given to sheep by the oral route do not conform to the chemical structures previously reported to be required for liver damaging action of the verbenaceous triterpenes administered to rabbits by the intraperitoneal route.
COMPARISON OF THREE SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF GENITAL VIBRIOSIS IN THE BULL*
Authors: Tedesco L. F. , Errico F. , Baglivi L. P. Del
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three different methods of collecting preputial material for bacteriological examination were compared using 3 bulls infected with Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus. The first method utilised a specially designed instrument to srape the preputial and penile mucosa, in the second method plastic pipettes were used to aspirate material and the third method involved washing the preputial cavity with sterile peptone water. Bacteriological examination of the samples showed conclusively that scraping was the method of choice because more C. fetus positive samples were identified and there was less interference from contaminating organisms.
ATAXIA AND URINARY INCONTINENCE IN CATTLE GRAZING SORGHUM
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , McMicking L. I.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY After grazing forage sorghum and grain sorghum regrowth, 54 of 330 breeding cows became ataxic and developed urinary incontinence. Three cows became recumbent, 2 of which died and the third was killed and autopsied. Wallerian degeneration of the white matter of the spinal cord, cerebellar peduncles and cerebellum was seen histologically. Other affected animals began to recover on removal from the crop, complete clinical recovery taking from a few days to over a month. About 5% of affected cows developed purulent cystitis.
GNATHOSTOMIASIS IN THREE CATS
Authors: Trueman K. F. , Ferris P. B. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A fatal infection with Gnathostoma spinigerum causing a perforated stomach is described in a 3‐year‐old cat. In a second debilitated case a small serosal perforation was found on a gastric lesion, while a third cat in good condition is described with a well developed stomach lesion but without perforation. Histopathological changes in the stomach were found in the submucosa and consisted of marked proliferation of fibrous tissue containing foci of inflammatory cells, necrotic tracts and a cavity in which the adult nematodes were found.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAL INSTABILITY (WOBBLER SYNDROME) IN THE DOBERMAN
Authors: Mason T. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Observations based on the case histories of 39 dogs and bitches (38 Dobermans and 1 Great Dane) diagnosed as “wobblers” are presented. Cases diagnosed at a young age were shown to have cervical vertebral instability particularly at the C6/C7 articulation. Older animals showed a variety of secondary degenerative lesions. Treatment by fenestration of intervertebral disc was effective in cases which showed only vertebral instability but was much less effective in older animals with associated degenerative changes.
AN OUTBREAK OF SWAINSONA POISONING IN HORSES
Authors: O'Sullivan B. M. , Goodwin J. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY On 6 properties in south‐western Queensland an outbreak of nervous disease occurred in horses due to ingestion of Swainsona (Darling pea). Loss of condition, depression, hyperaesthesia and hyperexcitability were seen in affected horses. At autopsy of 2 horses generalised cytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in the neurones of the central nervous system and in the liver, adrenal and thyroid. The clinical and pathological features were similar to those described in horses suffering from Swainsona poisoning in Australia and Astragalus and Oxytropis in North America.
SOME TOXICITY ASPECTS OF DICHLORVOS FLEA COLLARS IN CATS
Authors: Seawright A. A. , Costigan P.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The application of a dichlorvos flea collar to cats caused reduction of blood cholinesterase activity which reflected a generally slmilar reduction in the brain enzyme levels.

The effects of the application of a single dichlorvos flea collar containing 500 mg of the insecticide were observed in 23 growing cats for periods of from 1 to 15 weeks. No overt signs of toxicity occurred and weight gain in young growing animals was not significantly affected. Whole blood cholinesterase was reduced within the first week of application of the collar and remained below pretreatment levels for 5 to 8 weeks before returning to normal presumably as the insecticide concentration in the resin was progressively reduced. Signs of systemic organophosphate toxicity did occur within 1 week of the application of three collars to each of two cats kept in the same cage. This suggested that the likelihood of toxicity occurring in cats following the use of dichlorvos flea collars depended mainly on the degree of exposure to the insecticide. Considering recent reports in the literature it was proposed that the environmental conditions of temperature (11† to 23†C) and relative humidity (50 to 65%) under which the experiments were carried out would have promoted a relatively low atmospheric concentration of dichlorvos in the near environment of the test animals and hence generally prevented occurrence of clinical signs. Under most conditions of keeping domestic cats in Australia the use of a single dischlorvos flea collar should therefore be without any untoward effect although some initial and translent inhibition of whole blood and nervous tissue cholinesterases would be expected.
THE PLASMA ZINC CONCENTRATION OF NONPREGNANT, PREGNANT AND PARTURIENT HEREFORD CATTLE
Authors: Dufty J. H. , Bingley J. B. , Cove Linda Y.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Studies were made on several groups of Hereford cattle to determine the plasma zinc concentration at various phases of their reproductive life. In nonpregnant heifers a major cause of variation was due to differences between individual animals. Seasonal changes were also evident but little difference was noted in the zinc levels of cattle sampled at particular stages of the oestrous cycle or over a 24‐hour period. Following conception, the plasma zinc levels remained relatively constant until late in pregnancy when a decline occurred. A more marked decline occurred during the perlparturient period although the trends observed differed between animals that calved normality and those that suffered from dystocia. Samples obtained from calves approximately 24 hours after delivery contained zinc at concentrations of more than double that recorded for their dams.
MANAGEMENT FACTORS AND GRASS TETANY IN DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: Rogers G. , Porter R. , Jolley L. C. , Leaver D. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The relationship between intensity of production and the occurrence of hypomagnesaemia and grass tetany in dairy cattle was investigated from 1966–1970 at the Ellinbank Dairy Research Station, Warragul, Victoria.

Hypomagnesaemla and/or grass tetany occurred in cows grazing at both high (3.2 cows/hectare) and low (2.2 cows/hectare) stocking rates over the four‐year period. Pasture Mg concentrations remained relatively high (0.2% dry matter) throughout this period, except in the low stocking rate pastures in one year, 1967.

It is concluded that hypomagnesaemia and grass tetany was precipitated by a combination of low dry matter intake in winter and the effects of a gradual increase in K concentration in autumn and winter pastures, following the heavy application of K fertilizer. Under these conditions, MgO supplementation was inadequate to prevant grass tetany occurring in some animals.
THE NEW SOUTH WALES MASTITIS CONTROL PROGRAM
Authors: Benson R. J. , Dettmann E. Belinda
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A mastitis control program carried out in 35 commercial dairy heards over three years increased the milk produced by 343 kg per cow***per year and the amount of butterfat by 15.8 kg per cow per year, giving a net benefits of $16.10 per cow per year by the end of the third year. The net benefit Is considerat***y understated since benefits other than the increase in milk production were not quantified.

The overall disposal rate of 33 herds showed a drop from 19.3% in year 1 to 13.6% In year 3. An analysis of culling records showed that as the severity of mastitis Increased so did cow age.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF THE OS CERVIX OF THE EWE BEFORE AND AFTER EMBRYO DEATH
Authors: Sawyer G. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Bacterial samples were isolated from the os cervix of mature Merino ewes during a normal oestrous cycle and after colchicine treatment which killed the 25‐day old embryos. The population of bacteria was small during the oestrous cycle and consisted of Achromobacter spp, Alcaligenes spp, Corynebacterium spp, Bacillus spp and Escherichia coll. There was a significant increase in the numbers of bacteria isolated and a change in the proportions of the bacteria isolated from ewes after embryo death. Much greater numbers of potentially pathogenic organisms, including Pasteurella multocida, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated after embryos were killed.

It is suggested that persistence of potential pathogens in the vagina may impair fertility in ewes at the first oestrus after embryo death.