bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Dynamics and Generation Mapping for Collatz-type Sequences
Authors: Goyal Gaurav
Published: September 2024

Let an odd integer \(\mathcal{X}\) be expressed as $\left\{\sum\limits_{M > m} b_M 2^M\right\} + 2^m - 1,$ where $b_M \in \{0, 1\}$ and $2^m - 1$ is referred to as the Governor.In Collatz-type functions, a high index Governor is eventually reduced to $2^1 - 1$.For the $3\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence, the Governor occurring in the Trivial cycle is $2^1 - 1$, while for the $5\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence, the Trivial Governors are $2^2 - 1$ and $2^1 - 1$.Therefore, in these specific sequences, the Collatz function reduces the Governor $2^m - 1$ to the Trivial Governor $2^{\mathcal{T}} - 1$.Once this Trivial Governor is reached, it can evolve to a higher index Governor through interactions with other terms.This feature allows $\mathcal{X}$ to reappear in a Collatz-type sequence, since$2^m - 1 = 2^{m - 1} + \cdots + 2^{\mathcal{T} + 1} + 2^{\mathcal{T}} + (2^{\mathcal{T}} - 1).$Thus, if $\mathcal{X}$ reappears, at least one odd ancestor of $\left\{\sum\limits_{M > m} b_M 2^M\right\} + 2^{m - 1} + \cdots + 2^{\mathcal{T} + 1} + 2^{\mathcal{T}} + (2^{\mathcal{T}} - 1)$ must have the Governor $2^m - 1$.Ancestor mapping shows that all odd ancestors of $\mathcal{X}$ have the Trivial Governor for the respective Collatz sequence.This implies that odd integers that repeat in the $3\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence have the Governor $2^1 - 1$, while those forming a repeating cycle in the $5\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence have either $2^2 - 1$ or $2^1 - 1$ as the Governor.Successor mapping for the $3\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence further indicates that there are no auxiliary cycles, as the Trivial Governor is always transformed into a different index Governor.Similarly, successor mapping for the $5\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence reveals that the smallest odd integers forming an auxiliary cycle are smaller than $2^5$.Finally, attempts to identify integers that diverge for the $3\mathcal{Z} + 1$ sequence suggest that no such integers exist.
On the Death of Ellen Ash Peters
Authors: Lehav Alexandra
Published: September 2024

Please see the attached memorial to Ellen Ash Peters.
Enhancing Task-Specific Synthetic Response Generation via Named Entity Retrieval and Augmentation in Large Language Models
Authors: Shibasaki Kaito , Matsuoka Akiro , Okabe Sota , Shibasaki Haruto
Published: September 2024

The demand for task-specific synthetic response generation systems has increased substantially due to the need for more contextually accurate and relevant outputs across various domains. Traditional approaches have often struggled to provide responses that integrate domain-specific knowledge or entities, resulting in outputs that are either too generic or lack the necessary precision required for specialized tasks. A novel approach introduced in this research enhances response generation by integrating Named Entity Recognition (NER) with entity-centric augmentation to address the limitations of traditional methods. The model, fine-tuned through the proposed augmentation techniques, demonstrated significant improvements in key metrics such as BLEU, ROUGE, and entity coverage scores, confirming its ability to generate more fluent, accurate, and context-aware responses. The evaluation highlighted the success of the methodology in handling complex queries, improving response diversity, and maintaining computational efficiency. By introducing a systematic framework for integrating named entities into the response generation pipeline, the findings contribute to the advancement of task-specific language models, particularly for applications requiring high precision in response generation.
The Potential for Political Backlash Against AI
Authors: Borwein Sophie , Magistro Beatrice , Alvarez R. Michael , Bonikowski Bart , Loewen Peter John
Published: September 2024

Artificial intelligence is poised to reconfigure the economy and politics. Although new technologies often produce net economic gains, their costs and benefits are unequally distributed, making them susceptible to politicization. We argue that whether and how AI becomes mobilized for partisan gain will depend on the public’s causal beliefs about the winners and losers of AI. We capture these causal beliefs using a novel survey instrument fielded with 6,056 Americans and Canadians. Through latent class analysis, we show that a significant portion of the public theorizes AI to be a threat—harming consumers and replacing rather than complementing workers’ skills. These causal theories are already aligned with political preferences, predicting support for policies that delay job loss over those that help workers adapt, and polarizing voters along existing partisan lines. We conclude that fissures in the public’s attitudes toward AI already exist and can be easily channeled toward politics.
Training protocol for touchscreen-based visual discrimination in mice
Authors: Goto Kazuhiro , Hataji Yuya
Published: September 2024

Automated touchscreen-based tasks are increasingly used to investigate various aspects of learning and behavior in mice. However, researchers often provide only brief descriptions of the training processes that precede the acquisition of experimental tasks, and shaping protocols typically lack detailed documentation. This study presents a training protocol developed in our laboratory for mice to achieve simultaneous visual discrimination performance. C57BL/6N mice first underwent magazine training, followed by autoshaping of nose-poke responses, which were maintained on a continuous reinforcement schedule. A self-start response was then introduced to measure the response time to complete a trial, with stimulus positions varied across trials. Finally, contrast discrimination performance was assessed using four different contrast ratios. The target stimuli consisted of white and black targets, while the distractors had brightness levels between the targets and the background. All mice completed each stage of the training, demonstrating that this protocol effectively shapes appropriate discriminative behaviors in mice.
Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive-disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant outcome data from sham-controlled trials
Authors: Cohen Sem , Niemeijer Marisa , Zantvoord Jasper , van Wingen Guido , Mocking Roel , Denys Damiaan
Published: September 2024

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical intervention for severe, treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here, we conducted the first meta-analysis using individual participant outcome data, comparing DBS to sham-stimulation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and systematically evaluated adverse events and methodological trial quality. We conducted a comprehensive systematic search in multiple databases and included randomized-controlled trials comparing DBS with sham in adult patients with OCD. We obtained YBOCS data for individual participants and performed a two-stage random-effects meta-analysis. Nine RCTs with small sample sizes were included, resulting in a total sample of 91 patients. Meta-analysis of showed a decrease of 5.1 YBOCS points in favor of DBS compared to sham (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3 – 7.9, 0.56 Hedges’ g). OR was 5.7, 95% CI 2.2 - 15), with a NNT of 3.3. Efficacy of studies that optimized DBS parameters was much higher than that of non-optimized studies (beta 5.1, 95% CI 0.59 – 9.5, p-value 0.026). Adverse events occurred during surgery, active and sham trial phases, and follow-up, with hypomania and cognitive problems being the most frequently reported stimulation-related adverse events. Concluding, we found a significant effect of DBS compared to sham in treating OCD, especially after DBS parameter optimization. However, the quality of evidence was low, and heterogeneity was high. More rigorous sham-controlled evidence could further improve credibility of DBS for OCD.
Decoding the contents of visual brain rhythms
Authors: Stecher Rico , Cichy Radoslaw Martin , Kaiser Daniel
Published: September 2024

In this Opinion, we argue for a reevaluation of the functions of rhythmic activity in visual cortex. We posit that the application of decoding methods to rhythmic signals reveals a new role for brain rhythms in encoding and communicating visual contents. By collating recent studies from visual perception, imagery and prediction, we demonstrate how brain rhythms serve a key function in representing visual contents. We further argue that characterizing representations across frequency bands allows researchers to elegantly disentangle content transfer in feedforward and feedback directions and propose that alpha dynamics are central to content-specific feedback propagation in the visual system. We conclude that considering rhythmic content codes is pivotal for understanding information coding in vision and beyond.
Schule Oberägeri – Einblicke in Begabungs- und Begabtenförderung an einer Schweizer Schule im Kanton Zug
Authors: Lüönd Evelyn
Published: September 2024

Begabungs- und Begabtenförderung ist in der Schweiz je nach Kanton in unterschiedlichen gesetzlichen Vorgaben geregelt. Die einzelnen Schulen haben in diesem Rahmen die Möglichkeit, diesen Themenbereich an den jeweiligen Kontext anzupassen und zu gestalten. Die Darstellung der Situation der Schulen Oberägeri, einer Gemeinde im Kanton Zug, gibt Einblick in die Begabungs- und Begabtenförderung einer Schule, die bereits zwei Mal den Lissa-Preis als Anerkennung für eine besonders begabungsfreundliche Schule gewonnen hat. Konkrete Umsetzung der Begabungs- und Begabtenförderung wird sowohl im Kontext der Schule als auch im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen dargestellt. Das Angebot für die Lernenden, die Aktivitäten der einzelnen Lehrpersonen bzw. des ganzen Teams und engagierter Eltern zeigen die Breite der Aktivitäten. In den Ausführungen kommt das Gelingende und die Herausforderungen zum Ausdruck. Ein Ausblick zeigt die Vision der Schule auf.
The Belt and Road Initiative: Assessing Its Implications for Nepal's Development
Authors: Indira Prasain
Published: September 2024

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a massive China-led infrastructure project that stretches worldwide, inspired by the ancient Silk Road. This study evaluates BRI by assessing its implications for Nepal's development. The qualitative analysis is based on desk research using scholarly articles and news materials about BRI. Nepal signed nine projects under the framework agreement of the BRI with China in May 2017. Seven years later, no BRI project has been started. A proposed Trans-Himalayan Railway Project is seen as more critical in Nepal; its feasibility study is only progressing. If implemented, it could allow Nepal to connect with the world. However, this is a costly and colossal project, and Nepal risks getting trapped in a large project with high interest rates. Therefore, Nepal should proceed with the BRI project only if it can secure funding on favourable terms. While it is difficult to assess the pros and cons of the BRI, many countries that have signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) cannot participate, and those already invested in by China are facing mounting debt. Therefore, if Nepal decides to join the BRI, it should identify its national interest through a national consensus and only move forward in a way that the country can afford.
The Role of Transformational, Transactional, and Ethical Leadership for Fostering Employee Motivation in Nepal
Authors: Narayan Prasad Aryal  , Padam Bahadur Lama  , Rohan Shrestha
Published: September 2024

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of three different leadership styles; transformational, transactional, and ethical on the work motivation of Nepalese banking sector employees. As theoretical gap existed in the previous research, this study attempt to contribute to this theoretical gap. The structured questionnaire for survey was developed and disseminated among the target employees of commercial and development banks existed in Kathmandu.  Similarly, Out of 160 questionnaire distributed, researcher received only 140 useable data. Thus, cross-sectional data used for collecting data adopting convenience-sampling technique.   The research findings revealed that leadership styles consisting of transformational, transactional, and ethical leadership depicted a positive and significant impact on employee work motivation among the employees of banks in Nepal. The findings of the study stands as a benchmark for leaders, policy makers, academician and others for decision making.
Insights into Livestock-Induced CO2 Emissions: Nepal's Environmental Challenges
Authors: Omkar Poudel  , Khom Raj Kharel  , Pradeep Acharya  , Yadav Mani Upadhyaya
Published: September 2024

This study investigates cattle-related carbon dioxide emissions, their sources, and their effects on Nepal's environment. This research utilizes descriptive and analytical approaches in a quantitative manner to examine the complex connection between livestock populations and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Nepal. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the secondary data spanning from 1990 to 2020. Various statistical tests are employed to examine the existence of both short-term and long-term relationships between variables. The findings suggest that past CO2 emissions and the number of pigs has a significant impact on current CO2 emissions, while other factors do not appear to have a statistically significant effect. There is limited evidence available to establish a clear cause-and-effect connection between variables, except for the influence of poultry on cattle and goats, which subsequently impacts poultry. The model diagnostic confirms the suitability of the ARDL model, as stability tests indicate that the model's parameters remain consistent over time. This study explores the intricate relationship between livestock populations and CO2 emissions in Nepal, highlighting the importance of further research and policy interventions to promote sustainable environmental management.
Remittance to Strengthen the Alternative Rural Development Perspective in Nepal: How is this Possible?
Authors: Suman Kharel  , Rajan Binayek Pasa
Published: September 2024

Remittance sector is blamed for its weak role in the industrial growth in Nepal, and this sector is largely affected due to the global COVID-pandemic. In this study, we analyzed the household and social level use of remittance by the Nepali households before and after the pandemic in 2019 to 2021. We adopted cross-sectional study design to collect data from 777 randomly selected respondents residing in three municipalities in mountain, hill, and plain geographies in Nepal. Our findings agreed that in the current economic situation remittance is unable to increase the agriculture production and distributions and increase entrepreneurship development in the local levels. We need policy revisions by incorporating four priorities in Nepali remittance policies which are i) studying the short-term and long-term impact of remittance, ii) developing inter/national level investment and market expansion, iii) enlarging internal and external motivation for investment, and iv) prioritizing local stakeholders' motivation for investment. This policy adjustment will institutionalize the remittance sector to strengthen the alternative development practices in the country. This study is a reference for developing evidence-based policies to mainstream remittance as a major game-changer of economic growth in developing countries such as Nepal.
Transition of the Labour Market in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Yeak Narayan Sharma
Published: September 2024

The objectives of this study explore the transitions in Nepal's labor market, focusing on the shift from traditional agriculture to more diversified sectors, including manufacturing and services. It highlights the socio-economic factors driving these changes, the challenges faced by the workforce, and the implications for poverty alleviation and economic growth. The research method is based on a comprehensive analysis of labor market data, poverty profiles, and sectoral contributions to Nepal's economy. It incorporates data from national surveys, government reports, and international sources to examine employment trends, sectoral shifts, and labor productivity. The finding of this research is the study reveals a significant transition in Nepal's labor market, with a reduction in agricultural employment from 39% in 2003 to 24.6% in 2024, coupled with an increase in the service sector's contribution to the economy. Despite these shifts, agriculture remains the largest employing industry, albeit with low productivity and underemployment. The informal sector dominates, accounting for over 60% of total employment. Rural poverty and income inequality persist, with a Gini index of 0.30 in 2023, reflecting disparities between urban and rural areas. International migration has emerged as a crucial factor, with remittances contributing significantly to household incomes. The conclusion of this study is Nepal's labor market is undergoing rapid transformation, driven by globalization, technological advancements, and international migration. However, challenges such as skill mismatches, gender disparities, and high youth unemployment require targeted policies. Enhancing vocational training, fostering entrepreneurship, and formalizing the informal sector are essential for improving employment outcomes and promoting economic growth.
The Identity Basis of Literacy
Authors: Yadav Raj Upahaya
Published: September 2024

Samakhyanshastra is the science of analyzing Samakhyan, a new theory of literary and non-literary analysis developed after the advent of anthology analysis, modern linguistics, post-structuralism, and narrative analysis. It encompasses unitary aspects such as the narrator, environment, and participants (characters). Samakhya refers to the sender, presenter, or reader personality prepared by the author, who presents the Samakhyan as the speaker or role-player. In the narrative world, the active addressee is the person or agent managing the Samakhyan coherently, giving it a solid shape. Editors, based on their roles, can be omniscient, neutral, integrative, etc. Samakhitas are categorized as open or closed based on self-presentation and as reliable or unreliable from the perspective of credibility. Narratives are classified as external or internal based on their relationship with the story. The narrator may remain detached or attached, depending on their character affiliation. The study of Samakhyan and Samakhyanshastra, along with the introduction and types of Samakhyan, are explored under sub-headings. Thus, its central focus is the introduction and categorization of journalism.
Determinants of Employee Engagement in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Kharel Shreekrishna , Niraula Ganesh Prasad , Mainali Bhawani Prasad
Published: September 2024

This article aims to determine the major factors that determine employee engagement and how predictable the idea is for users. The impact of relationships is examined through a cross-sectional survey. The study had a finite population of 46508 employees, of which 384 were selected at random from ten commercial banks in Nepal to serve as respondents. The data were collected using a standardized Likert Scale questionnaire, where 1 indicated strongly disagree and 5 indicated strongly agree. Regression was used to analyze the data. A metric for assessing reliability has been the Chronbach’s Alpha value which was (0.823) on an average for all the variables. A questionnaire for the survey was employed. The employees from managerial and operational levels of Nepalese commercial banks were chosen using simple random sampling. 384 genuine answers to the 430 questionnaires that were distributed were collected. The associations were estimated and predicted using regression analysis. It was found that all of the variables that were proven to be significant predictors of employee engagement (r2 = 0.41) included the training and advancement, career development, performance management and job security. The primary objective of this study is the requirement for proactive, comprehensive ways to identifying factors initiatives in order to assure alignment with business objectives and prioritize employee engagement.
Career Development Program, Commitment and Communication on Employee Productivity in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Chhetri Guna Raj , Poudel Pawan
Published: September 2024

The major objective of the study is to analyze the effect of career development program, commitment and communication on employee’s productivity in Nepalese commercial banks. This study uses questionnaires survey method using multiple choice, ranking scale. Likert scale and other demographic information were used to collect primary data. The Likert scale on different variables like career development, commitment, communication, training, reward and work environment measured in 5-point Likert scale and weighted mean value of each variable were used to examine the relationship between dependent and independent variables as for the study purpose. This study showed career development, commitment, communication, training, reward and work environment have positive impact on employee productivity in Nepalese commercial banks. This indicates that better career development program, commitment, communication, training, reward and work environment leads to increase employee productivity in Nepalese commercial banks. The study also concludes that training followed by reward and work environment is the most influencing factor that explains employee productivity in Nepalese commercial banks.
Enzymatic Profiling of Actinomycetes Isolated From Soil Samples of Chitwan
Authors: Bajracharya Anup Muni , Upadhayaya Anjali , Shrestha Anisha , Gurung Sagun
Published: September 2024

This study explores the isolation and characterization of actinomycetes from soil samples in Chitwan, Nepal, focusing on their enzymatic activities and potential industrial applications. Actinomycetes, a group of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria, are known for their ability to produce a variety of bioactive compounds and industrially significant enzymes. Sixteen soil samples were collected from different areas, resulting in the isolation of 31 actinomycete strains. These isolates were characterized macroscopically and microscopically, followed by biochemical and physiological tests to assess their enzyme production and tolerance to tempera­ture and salt concentrations. The study found that many isolates produced enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, lecithinase, and urease. Additionally, the isolates demonstrated varying degrees of tolerance to different temperatures and salt concentrations. The findings underscore the rich potential of actinomycetes from Chitwan for industrial applications, particularly in producing robust enzymes with desirable properties.
Building Blocks on Corporate Governance in Public Companies (PCs) in Nepal: A Literature Review
Authors: Lamichhane Basu Dev , Lama Padam Bahadur , Hamal Janga Bahadur , Karki Murari
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to review different corporate governance practices in Nepalese public companies and explore the corporate governance mechanisms through a review of literature consisting of theoretical and empirical reviews relating to Nepalese mechanisms and regulatory provisions. To meet this objective, the paper has adopted the descriptive with review research design. The study discloses areas of good governance attributes assessing their essentiality and effectiveness in governance mechanisms. The findings of the study reveal that internal control, control environment, monitoring activities through independent director, compliance with laws and regulations, training and development, transparency, board independence and competence, strong risk management processes and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and chairman role are the main attributes of corporate governance tool which enhances the long term shareholder value by the process of accountability of managers and by enhancing the firm’s performance for sustainability. The findings of the study might apply to the regulatory authorities, Public enterprises, Government, and Bank and Financial Institutions (BFIs).
Do Tuition Fees Matter for Students’ Enrolment? An Analysis of Academic Programs Implemented by Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Sabitri Devi Acharya
Published: September 2024

The amount of knowledge and skills of a country's citizens has a direct impact on its wealth and progress. The goal of the country is to increase human capital by offering technical education and vocational training to citizens. The Nepalese government prioritises the advancement of technical education and vocational training, as evidenced by budget allocations. This increasing tendency indicates a positive commitment to developing a skilled workforce. However, the challenges are in integrating the institution's increased capability with actual enrolment levels. Policymakers are faced with the challenge of resolving the gap between enrolment capacity and actual enrolment. Underutilization of the institution's capacity shows a misallocation of resources. Understanding why enrolment is low necessitates a closer examination of the hurdles. The goal of this study is to investigate the factors that influence student enrolment. Tuition fees may be the key factor determining poor enrolment in both programmes, including pre-diploma and diploma. CTEVT has paid effort to provide TVET opportunity to low income and marginalized groups. Therefore, Policymakers have dramatically expanded both constituent and private institutions throughout with increasing enrolment capacity to enhance student accessibility. Despite these excellent efforts, a significant difficulty arises for the tuition fee payment. There is considerable disparity in tuition fees among private institutions. This disparity has significant ramifications for kids and families considering enrolment. To address this issue, the research uses an economic model to determine if tuition fees influence enrolment. The findings indisputably show that tuition fees influence enrolment patterns. Higher tuition prices lead to decrease enrolment rates, whereas reduced tuition fees serve as a positive catalyst, driving higher enrolment rates. This difference has serios implication on decision making bahaviour of the students and households anticipating enrolment. Understanding this issue, the paper utilizes econometrics models to ascertain whether tuition fees serve as a determinant factor in enrolment. Higher tuition fees are associated with lower enrolment rates, while lower tuition fees act as a positive catalyst, encouraging higher rates of enrolment. The result for both pre-diploma and diploma programs unequivocally reveal that tuition fees play a key role in shaping enrolment patterns.
Determinants of Informal Workers’ Readiness to Transition towards Formal Economy: Empirical Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Mahapatra Sushanta Kumar , Devkota Niranjan , Adhikari Dipak Bahadur , Paudel Udaya Raj
Published: September 2024

The informal sector in Nepal plays a significant role, encompassing over 70% of the economically active population. However, informal workers face numerous challenges, including violence, exploitation, lack of rights, and inadequate protection against income loss due to sickness or old age. This study examines the readiness of informal business sectors in Kathmandu Valley to transition to formal business sectors. An analytical research design was used, involving 400 respondents from the informal sector. The study evaluated the readiness index based on legal and policy frameworks, socioeconomic status, employment, structuralism, and income status. The findings reveal that informal business owners are generally ready to transition to the formal sector. However, higher income from informal activities is negatively associated with the likelihood of transitioning, indicating that workers earning sufficiently from informal work are less inclined to move to the formal sector. The study suggests that formalizing vocational training, enhancing insurance and security measures, implementing legal policies, and addressing income disparities are crucial steps to encourage the transition of informal workers to the formal economy.
Determinants of Foreign Migration Destinations Selection in Nepali Rural Households
Authors: Kshetri Tilak , Thapa-Parajuli Resham
Published: September 2024

This paper examines the factors influencing rural Nepalese households’ preferences for selecting foreign migration destinations. The study utilizes panel data from the World Bank’s Nepal Household Risk and Vulnerability (NHRV) Survey from 2016 to 2018. We estimate a multinomial logistic regression to assess how household assets affect the choice of migration destinations, which include India, OECD countries, the Gulf region, and Asia. Our findings indicate that household asset accumulation is a crucial determinant of migration destination choice. Specifically, households with larger asset endowments are more likely to migrate to OECD countries, followed by the Gulf region, Asia, and India. The households with higher assets are more likely to migrate to the destinations offering possible higher wages, all else equal.
State Visit of the Prime Minister of Nepal to India: Media and Public Perception
Authors: Pant Bhuwaneswor
Published: September 2024

This study delves into the media representation and public perception towardsofficial visits by Nepali Prime Minister to India, analyzing Indian media outlets' framing of power dynamics, strategic messaging, perception management, economic interests, and regional dynamics in Nepal-India relations. As part of the study methodology, the researcher deliberately chose seven prominent Indian online media sites and examined the contentsthese platforms produced about the state visit of the prime minister of Nepal to India on multiple occasions.The study also analyzes the language, rhetoric, and framing used by media outlets while reporting on the state visit. It employs critical and agenda setting theory in international relations to uncover underlying power structures and ideologies in media coverage and agenda-setting theory to examine how media narratives influence public opinion and policy priorities. The analysis reveals a complex interplay of interests, strategies, and perceptions shaping the evolving Nepal-India relationship, highlighting the multifaceted nature of international relations. The study finds that the media coverage reflects a nuanced understanding of power dynamics between Nepal and India, highlighting the strategic maneuvers of Nepali leaders to convey messages of cooperation, reorientation of foreign policy, and correction of perceived images, especially concerning China. This demonstrates how leaders strategically navigate international relations to shape perceptions and relationships.
Remittances and Private Sector Credit in Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Suresh Singh
Published: September 2024

Remittance inflow is taking greater size than the other capital inflow in Nepal. It has multidimensional effects on the economy. However, its impact on private sector credit is absent. Hence, this paper analyses the effects of remittances on private sector credit in Nepal taking time series data spanning from 1975 to 2021. Alongside remittances as the key explanatory variable, other control explanatory variables such as gross investment, total trade, real gross domestic product, the national consumer price index, and foreign aid were considered. Unit root analysis revealed that all variables were integrated at order one. Consequently, a cointegration test was conducted, indicating the presence of at least one cointegration equation. Subsequently, an ordinary least squares regression was performed using first difference data. The results were subjected to various econometric diagnostic tests, including assessment for autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, normality, as well as the Durbin–Watson test, t-tests for coefficients, and the F-test. Both the coefficient of determination and the adjusted coefficient of determination confirmed that the models were well-fitted. The outcomes of the model suggest that remittances have a positive impact on the enhancement of the private sector credit. Based on these findings, the study indorses implementing policies aimed at heightening remittance inflows into the country to further financial development in Nepal, specifically promoting private sector credit.
Remote Patient Management in Heart Failure: An Overview
Authors: Arenja Nisha
Published: September 2024

Evidence on the beneficial effects of remote monitoring of heart failure patients is multiplying. Mainstay of remote monitoring are multimodality telemonitoring systems, cardiac implantable devices, and wearables. Newer concepts include ambient sensor system derived digital biomarker monitoring. However, there is still a lack of consistent findings in randomized clinical trials, in particular in view of the wide range of available technologies. Therefore, implementing remote patient management in routine clinical practice is not yet unrestrictedly recommended by the current heart failure guidelines. This review is a synopsis of current knowledge and evidence of different remote patient management technologies and their use in heart failure patients.
Determinants of labor market resilience
Authors: SHTUNDER Iryna , SHKUROPADSKA Diana
Published: September 2024

It is noted that the resilience of the labor market is an important category of social and economic development in conditions of perma­nent shocks and uncertainty. Global challenges, the unpredictability of cyclical fluctuations of the economy, information asymmetry of the mar­ket, the influence of behavioral factors often determine the dynamics and movement vectors of various types of markets, including the labor market, raising the question of strengthening its fundamental foundations and effective func­tioning despite numerical limitations and risks. Hence the need to study all the multifaceted factors and challenges to the functioning of the labor market and to substantiate on this basis the paradigm of resilience of the labor market in conditions of systemic uncertainty. It is substan­tiated that the determinants of the labor market resilience are cyclical and struc­tural factors that determine the ability of the labor market to avoid, withstand or recover from shock effects. Significant demographic changes in the number, gender-age composition of the population, changes in technological patterns, and introduc­tion of technological innovations, often repeated cyclical economic downturns; military and poli­tical conflicts change the sphere of employment of the population in various countries of the world and demonstrate the general internal sensitivity of the labor market to shock effects. It is emphasized that the task of the state and business is to ensure macroeconomic stability, develop human capital, social protec­tion of the population, increase the level of employment, stable and predictable economic growth, and promote the flexibility of the labor market through the development of various forms of employment, such as remote or part-time. As a result, a favorable market environ­ment will serve as an indicator of the develop­ment of innovations, the successful functioning of small and medium-sized enterprises, which will form innovative workplaces in the future and increase the resilience of the labor market as a whole
Differences Ret-He, Reticulocyte, and Hemoglobin Levels Pre and Post Administration of Erythropoietin in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors:   Clinical Laboratory Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Indonesia, LUKITO Eko Hendry , ADIPIRENO Purwanto ,   Clinical Laboratory Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Indonesia, LIMIJADI Edward Kurnia Setiawan ,   Clinical Laboratory Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Indonesia
Published: September 2024

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis usually undergo anemia condition. Calculation of hemoglobin and other hematological parameters such as Ret-he (Reticulocyte Hemoglobin) and reticulocytes along with Glomerulus Filtration Rate (GFR) calculations determine the stage of CKD. Erythropoietin (EPO) administration is one of the important therapies for CKD patients. Initiation of EPO therapy, according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO). Method: This study was an observational cross-sectional analytical study. This research was carried out from October 2023 to November 2023 at the Hemodialysis Installation of Dr. RSUD. R Sosodoro Djatikoesoemo Bojonegoro. Normality of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test and differences in Ret-he levels, reticulocyte counts, and hemoglobin levels pre and post-administration of erythropoietin using paired t-test was used if the data were normally distributed and the Wilcoxon test if the data were not normally distributed. Results: This study results showed that there was an increase in ret-he levels pre and post-administration of erythropoietin with pre mean value of 30.50 ± 4.043 and post mean value was 32.20 ± 2.936. Reticulocyte levels also increase pre and post-administration of erythropoietin with a mean value of 1.63 ± 0.869 for pre-administration and 2.04 ± 0.915 for post-administration. Hemoglobin levels before giving erythropoietin with a value of 8.21 ± 0.855 and after giving erythropoietin the value was slightly increased to 8.29 ± 0.853. Rethe and reticulocytes were significant differences between pre and post-EPO administration with p=0.000 and hemoglobin showed that there are no significant difference values pre and post-EPO with p=0.373. Conclusion: There is a significant difference (p-value 0.000) between Ret-He and Reticulocyte levels pre and post-erythropoietin treatment and there is no significant difference (p-value 0.373) Hemoglobin levels pre and post-erythropoietin treatment.
Evaluation of the Role of Some microRNAs in Corona Virus-19 Infection in Sample of Iraqi Patients
Authors:   Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Post Graduate Studies, University of Baghdad/Iraq, AL-WAELY Hussam , AL-AHMER Saife ,   Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Post Graduate Studies, University of Baghdad/Iraq
Published: September 2024

Objectives: The study involving 20 SARS CoV patients found that elevated microRNA levels, specifically miR-23a overexpression and miR-195-F1gene downregulation, could serve as potential diagnostic factors for COVID-19 infections, potentially aiding in early detection. Materials and Methods: 20 patients suffered from coronavirus (SARS CoV) (Patient group) and ten samples of healthy persons (control group). The blood sample was collected from the patients who attended Al-Zafaraniyah General Hospital, Fatima-Alzahra Hospital, and Al-Yarmook Teaching Hospital in Baghdad City. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for each patient were taken simultaneously and added immediately into viral transport media (VTM). The microRNAs in the serum of coronavirus (SARS CoV patients were miRNA concentration upon conversion to cDNA is necessary to analyze and compute regulatory element levels of one or more genes—all procedures, including data analysis, qPCR amplification, and total RNA purification. Results: The miR-23a-3p levels were markedly elevated, and serum levels of the miR-195-F1 gene were shown to be substantially downregulated in COVID-19 individuals. Keywords: miR-23a, COV, SARS, qPCR, RT-PCR, cDNA, VTM. Conclusions: The study reveals that COVID-19 patients exhibit increased expression levels of miR-23a-3p and miR-195-F1gene, suggesting it as a potential diagnostic indicator for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Driving Licensing Campaign in Punjab: Implications, Impacts, and Crime Reduction Strategies
Authors: Ali Fahim , Ahmad Shah Syed Imran , Fahim Saleha
Published: September 2024

This study explores the Driving Licensing Campaign in Punjab, focusing on its implications, impact, and potential for crime reduction. The campaign aims to regulate and standardize the process of obtaining a driving license, ensuring that only qualified individuals are permitted to drive. This research evaluates the campaign's effectiveness in improving road safety, reducing traffic violations, andvits broader social implications. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys, interviews, and analysis of traffic incident data, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the campaign's outcomes.
Unraveling the Media Crisis in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis of the Root Causes of Media Layoffs and Closures
Authors: Abu Bakar Muhammad , Yousaf Zahid , Ali Arshad
Published: September 2024

Currently, Pakistan's media industry is facing a severe crisis, some employees have been fired, the remaining staff are asked to work for half their initial pay and many media houses have shut down. Therefore, this qualitative study proposes to explore the origin of this deepening recession crisis by conducting an interview analysis of the documentary titled "Sahafat Kay Nae Aofuq" which presents the professional journalists grappling with these issues directly. The research shows that recession, fallout with governments, and technological advancement are the main causes of the present media chaos. All these factors have not only led to insecurity for the media organizations but also have significantly affected media workers' source of income as well as their motivation. Thus, in tackling the above-mentioned factors, the study aims to offer feasible solutions for the stabilization of the media industry within Pakistan to help the media fraternity survive.
Role of District Education Authorities (DEAs) to Enhance the Quality of Education in Pakistan
Authors: Malik Shazia , Naqvi Syed Waseem Ul Haq , Iqbal Zafar
Published: September 2024

The current paper studies the role of District Education Authorities (DEAs) basic job in the arrangement of advanced education in Pakistan. The objectives of the study were to (a) study the role of District Education Authorizes (DAEs) in improving quality education in Pakistan; (b) roles and responsibilities of DEAs under a system of education that is decentralized, such as the one in Pakistan; and (C) recommend suitable measures how to make the effective role of DAE in improving quality education in Pakistan. The nature of the study was descriptive while a survey was used to collect information from 104 teachers of district Lodhran. The DEA is perceived positively in certain areas, such as quality improvement and administrative authority, but significant challenges remain, particularly in financial management, resource provision, and consistent policy implementation.
Strength, Thy Name is Woman: Subversion of Gender Identities in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter
Authors: Ullah Inam , Qayyum Abdul , Bilal Khan Muhammad
Published: September 2024

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter depicts a strong woman; Hester Prynne, who challenges traditional concept of gender by showing those traits that are mostly associated with men. She is strong, brave and independent. On the other hand, men are weak, coward and dependent. This is symbolic from a Deconstructionist feminist point of view that gender is a social construct rather than natural. Society assigns roles to man and woman, however, these roles are not inherent in nature rather socially constructed and culturally practiced. Therefore, gender roles can be subverted. Hester Prynne is a woman of wondrous strength who challenges and subverts conventional view and Shakespearean idea of woman as frail and weak and shows herself a strong woman. In contrast, characters like Dimmesdale and Chillingworth are embodiment of frailty. This paper focuses on the subversion of gender identities and challenging Shakespearean idea of woman as frail and weak.
Sikh-Muslim Relations during the Mughal Era (1526-1801)
Authors: Ali Arshad , Abbas Mazhar , Sardar Hadaiqa
Published: September 2024

This research paper delves into the Sikh-Muslim relations during the Mughal Era (1526-1801) in Punjab. Along with exploring and evaluating the factors that had shaped the relations between these two religious communities, this research study also aims to investigate and appraise the events that took place during this course of time and their subsequent impact on determining the Sikh-Muslim relations. To answer this pertinent question, a qualitative content analysis of both the primary and secondary sources has been made. The findings suggest that initially, the relations between the two communities were cordial, whereas they, due to largely political reasons, turned out to be toxic. For instance, two of the Sikh Gurus were killed by the Mughals. Subsequently, rivalry and hatred replaced harmony and co-existence.
Assessing the importance of implementing wearable technologies for construction employees in the Sri Lankan context
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Dilani K. , Mapa M.M.I.S. ,   Department of Facilities Management, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Konara G. ,   Ritsumeikan University, Japan, Samarakoon W.K.U.R.M.K.P.K. ,   Department of Facilities Management, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Published: September 2024

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is important in the construction industry, as it can help ensure the physical, mental and social well-being of workers when performing work-related tasks. Wearable Safety Devices (WSDs) can proactively detect hazards and perform real-time surveillance, enabling the elimination and control of risks and improved safety outcomes. As useful as it is, there are a few things that affect adoption, such as high initial costs, lack of understanding and privacy concerns. This study identifies wearables technology applications that apply to construction. Based on the outcomes, Sri Lankan construction workers exhibited a preference for wearable technologies. Participants in the construction industry provide data via a questionnaire survey, which is then analysed and prioritised using the Relative Importance Index (RII) for wearable technology applications. The key finding from the document identifies that smart shoe for roofing work, smart glasses for dust particles and smart helmets for working at heights are the most prioritised wearable technologies in the Sri Lankan construction industry for enhancing OSH practices. In addition, this study provides insights into how essential it is to introduce wearable technology, from the point of view of overall safety and health implantation practices in the Sri Lankan construction industry and emphasises the importance of a systematic implementation approach suited to the needs and challenges of this region.