bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of cats in human rabies exposures
Authors: Diesch Stanley L. , Hendricks Stanley L. , Currier Russell W.
Published: February 2025

In the United States during 1979, 140 rabid cats and 184 rabid dogs were reported by the Centers for Disease Control, US Public Health Service. Surveillance of human rabies prophylaxis in 1980 revealed that 22.6% of the persons treated had been exposed to cats; 27.8% of all animals examined for rabies in the United States were cats. In 1979, the Iowa and Minnesota State Departments of Health provided consultation for 267 persons potentially exposed to rabid cats. Rabies prophylaxis was recommended for 128 of those potentially exposed. Sixty-four had been exposed to fluorescent antibody test-positive cats and an equal number had been exposed to cats not available for examination. On the basis of available data, it can be concluded that cats serve as an important host species for rabies and a source of serious human exposure. Increased rabies vaccination of cats is advocated to decrease the prevalence of this disease in cats and consequent human exposure.
Radiocolloid scintigraphy as an aid to the diagnosis of congenital portacaval anomalies in the dog
Authors: Hornof William J. , Koblik Philip D. , Breznock Eugene M.
Published: February 2025

Five clinically normal dogs and 5 dogs in which portacaval anomalies were diagnosed angiographically were utilized to evaluate differences in the appearance of the radiocolloid liver scan between the 2 groups. The liver was clearly visualized in all dogs, allowing subjective evaluation of size. In the dogs with portacaval shunts, scintigraphy revealed an obviously small liver as well as pulmonary uptake of radiocolloid. The utility of this technique was then tested in a group of dogs with liver disease and was shown to be of value in differentiating dogs with primary portacaval shunts from other types of liver disease.
Aspirin and prednisolone modification of radiographic changes caused by adulticide treatment in dogs with heartworm infection
Authors: Rawlings C. A. , Keith J. C. , Lewis R. E. , Losansky J. M. , McCall J. W.
Published: February 2025

The effects of aspirin and prednisolone in modifying the radiographic changes following adulticide treatment were studied in 3 groups of 6 dogs each. The dogs were radiographed and then 9 Dirofilaria immitis adults were surgically transplanted in each dog. All dogs were treated with thiacetarsamide 4 weeks later. One group received no additional treatment, the 2nd group received aspirin (10 mg/kg, daily for 4 weeks), and the 3rd group received prednisolone (1 mg/kg, daily for 4 weeks). Radiographs were taken at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after adulticide treatment, and the dogs were euthanatized at 4 weeks. The most consistent radiographic sign of pulmonary disease was a perivascular alveolar pattern in the caudal and accessory lung lobes. The right caudal lobe was the one most frequently affected. These parenchymal lesions were more frequent and more severe in the dogs given only adulticide treatment than in those given aspirin after adulticide treatment; the latter group in turn was more severely affected than the dogs given prednisolone after adulticide treatment. The radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease was resolving in most dogs at 3 weeks. The alveolar pattern on radiographs was distributed similarly to that observed at necropsy, using parenchymal uptake of Evan's blue as an indication of increased vascular permeability. Dissection of the perfusion-fixed lungs revealed that heartworms in 3 of the 6 dogs given prednisolone appeared to survive adulticide treatment.
Complications of abdominocentesis in the horse
Authors: Tulleners Eric P.
Published: February 2025

Two serious complications, perforation or laceration of a distended viscus in 2 horses and abdominal wall cellulitis in 2 horses, resulted from needle abdominocentesis during a 2-year period in which 850 peritoneal fluid analyses were performed. The complication proved fatal in 3 horses; in the other, extensive and prolonged therapy was required.
Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the horse
Authors: Brightman A. H. , Manning J. P. , Benson G. J. , Musselman E. E.
Published: February 2025

Schirmer I tear tests were conducted on 14 horses. The test was performed before and after iv administration of xylazine hydrochloride, during maintenance anesthesia with halothane in oxygen, and 3 hours after discontinuation of anesthesia. Xylazine hydrochloride did not decrease tear production from the mean base-line value of 23.94 ± 5.23 mm/min after its iv administration. Tear production was decreased to mean values of 15.57 ± 4.29 mm/min at 30 minutes and 13.84 ± 4.25 mm/min at 60 minutes during the maintenance of halothane anesthesia. Three hours after anesthesia was discontinued, tear production returned to a mean value of 22.58 ± 4.12 mm/min.
Wedge osteotomy as a treatment for angular deformity of the fetlock in horses
Authors: Fretz P. B. , McIlwraith C. W.
Published: February 2025

Five young horses with fetlock varus deformities of 8 degrees or greater were treated by means of wedge osteotomy of the distal end of the 3rd metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Three patients were admitted to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and 2 to Colorado State University. Their selection as surgical patients was based on the following criteria: (1) an angular limb deformity of 8 degrees or greater, (2) patient older than 120 days, (3) no evidence of lameness, and (4) no evidence of degenerative joint disease. The surgery was successful in all cases.
Induction of parturition in mares: Effect on passive transfer of immunity to foals
Authors: Townsend H. G. G. , Tabel H. , Bristol F. M.
Published: February 2025

Parturition was induced in 11 mares, using a synthetic prostaglandin. Eight mares, not treated, were used as controls. There was no significant difference between the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations of the treated and control mares. The concentration of IgG in the colostrum of treated mares compared favorably with that reported for naturally foaling mares. Four foals from treated mares died or were euthanatized because of weakness during the 1st 24 hours after birth. The mean IgG concentration in the surviving foals from treated mares at 24 to 36 hours of age was 1,561 mg/100 ml, which was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the mean concentration of 2,731 mg/100 ml in foals from control mares. The mean serum IgG concentration in foals from control mares was significantly (P<0.01) greater than that of their dams, whereas the mean serum IgG concentration of the foals from treated mares was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of their dams.
Renal papillary necrosis in horses
Authors: Gunson D. E.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study of 16 horses in which renal papillary necrosis was found at necropsy, it was determined that almost all had been treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and had been dehydrated or their water intake had been compromised. It was concluded that these features may be key factors in the development of papillary necrosis.
Diaphyseal angular deformities in three foals
Authors: White Karl K.
Published: February 2025

Angular limb deformities in 3 foals were found to originate in the diaphyseal region of the 3rd metacarpal (2) and metatarsal (1) bones. In each case, treatment consisted of wedge ostectomy followed by compression plating. Two foals survived for useful performance; the 3rd was euthanatized because of ischemia of the operated limb. The condition appeared to resemble a similar syndrome in man involving tibial curvature.
Effect of eperythrozoonosis on sow productivity
Authors: Zinn G. M. , Jesse G. W. , Dobson A. W.
Published: February 2025

The effect of subclinical eperythrozoonosis on the productivity of sows and gilts and on their offspring was studied, using pigs from 177 litters. The breeding animals were divided into titer groups (titer <40 versus titer ≥40, or titer<80 versus titer ≥80), using the indirect hemagglutination test. These groups were further divided by parity into primiparous (gilts) and multiparous (sows) subgroups.

Breeding animals belonging to the titer ≥40 and titer ≥80 groups farrowed litters that had a significantly (P<0.05) lower mean birth weight and significantly (P<0.05) greater mean number of pigs born dead. The litters from the titer ≥40 group had a significantly (P<0.05) lower mean live birth weight.

Evaluation of parity influence indicated that, in litters from the gilts with titer ≥80, the mean live birth weight and mean litter weight at 21 days were significantly (P<0.05) lower than for the sows and gilts with titer <80 and the sows with titer ≥80. These parity effects were not present in the titer <40 versus titer ≥40 group. The sows in the groups with titer ≥40 and titer ≥80 farrowed a significantly (P<0.05) greater mean number of pigs born dead than did the sows or gilts with titer <40 and gilts with titer <80, respectively. There were no significant differences within parity with respect to mean number of pigs born alive, mean number of pigs born, mean number of mummified fetuses, mean number of pigs at 21 days, mean litter birth weight, mean litter live birth weight, and mean days to estrus.

Between the groups with titer <40 and titer ≥40 and between the groups with titer <80 and titer ≥80, a comparison of pcv and hb values at 14 days in 984 pigs from 129 of the litters indicated significantly (P<0.01) lower mean pcv and hb values in pigs from the groups with titer ≥40 and titer ≥80. The mean serum protein value for the groups with titer ≥40 and titer ≥80 was significantly (P<0.01) higher. Pigs from the groups with titer <40 and titer <80 had a significantly (P<0.01) higher mean birth weight and mean 21-day weight.

Within parity, the major significant differences were that pigs from the gilts with titer ≥40 and titer ≥80 had a significantly (P<0.05) lower mean birth weight and that pigs from the sows with titer <40 and titer<80 had a significantly (P<0.05) higher mean 21-day weight. There was no meaningful parity effect on pcv, hb, or serum protein.
Association of sexual experience with isolation of various bacteria in cases of ovine epididymitis
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Anderson Bruce C.
Published: February 2025

Testicles from rams in flocks experiencing ram epididymitis in Idaho and eastern Oregon were cultured. Twenty-six breeding rams from 6 flocks were cultured and only Brucella ovis was isolated. Virgin rams (65) harbored numerous species of small fastidious gram-negative rods, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus spp, Moraxella spp, and Pasteurella spp. Thus, there appeared to be 2 separate disease entities, dependent on sexual experience of the animal.
Reverse saphenous conduit flap in the dog
Authors: Pavletic Michael M. , Watters John , Henry Robert W. , Nafe Larry A.
Published: February 2025

Reverse saphenous conduit flaps, with pedicles incorporating the cranial and caudal branches of the saphenous artery and affiliated veins, were raised and transplanted to skin defects over the dorsal, medial, or plantar metatarsal surface in 15 dogs. The resultant flaps had a 100% survival rate, whereas control flaps, with the saphenous vessels divided, developed various degrees of necrosis.

Fluorescein dye (1 g) was administered iv after the completion of each procedure, to assess flap circulation. Of 15 reverse saphenous conduit flaps viewed with an ultraviolet light source, 13 had brighter fluorescent patterns of the distal half of the flap, compared with the control flaps. The finding of false-negative and false-positive fluorescent patterns in this study suggested that discretion is required when trying to correlate results of fluorescein dye studies with flap circulation and viability.

The reverse saphenous conduit flap is a flap that may have special application for large skin defects at or below the tarsus and that enables the surgeon to close the recipient bed without resorting to more expensive or time-consuming procedures. However, presurgical angiographic evaluation of the saphenous vasculature may be advisable to assure that the reverse saphenous conduit flap can be used safely when lower limb reconstruction is required after major trauma.

The saphenous artery is not a direct cutaneous artery, but a vascular “conduit” that supplies small direct cutaneous articles to the overlying skin. The flap developed in this study is termed a “reverse saphenous conduit flap” to distinguish it from the related axial pattern flap and to account for the reversal of blood flow in the saphenous vasculature.
Suspected villonodular synovitis in a dog
Authors: Kusba Jill K. , Lipowitz Alan J. , Wise Michael , Stevens Jerry B.
Published: February 2025

Progressive bilateral juxta-articular osteolytic lesions were detected in the coxofemoral joints of a dog. The differential diagnoses included neoplasia or an inflammatory process of periarticular tissue. The clinical signs, radiographic findings, and gross and microscopic appearance of the lesions were similar to the inflammatory changes of villonodular synovitis.
Diagnosis of cardiac lesions by contrast echocardiography
Authors: Bonagura John D. , Pipers Frank S.
Published: February 2025

Contrast M-mode echocardiography was utilized to study animals with congenital and acquired cardiac defects. Contrast was produced through the rapid injection of isotonic NaCl solution, the patient's blood, or indocyanine green dye into the circulation. Peripheral vein and intracardiac injections of contrast material were used to document ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defect, and mitral valve regurgitation. The technique was safe and useful for both small and large animals.
Bone cysts in two dogs and a review of similar cystic bone lesions in the dog
Authors: Schrader Steven C. , Burk Ronald L. , Liu Si-kwang
Published: February 2025

Bone cysts were diagnosed in 2 dogs, and reports of similar cystic lesions in the dog were reviewed. The clinical, radiographic, and microscopic findings were similar in all cases. The most common clinical signs were lameness and localized limb swelling. The lesions were in the metaphysis and adjacent portion of the diaphysis of the long bones of the limbs. The physis and epiphysis were unaffected except in the oldest dog. All but this dog were less than 18 months old at onset of clinical signs. On radiography, the lesions were consistently lytic and expansile, with little or no associated periosteal new bone formation. Thin shelves of bone appeared to divide the intramedullary portion of the lesions into compartments, but these shelves were usually incomplete; thus, most lesions were unicameral. Examined cyst cavities were filled with fluid and lined with a thin membrane. Histologic findings were similar in those cases in which microscopic examination was done. Surgical drainage and curettage appeared to be the preferred treatment. Recurrence or malignant transformation did not occur in any dog. Bone cyst or benign bone cyst is the most accurate term used to classify the lesions found in these dogs.
Primary pulmonary fibrosarcoma associated with Spirocerca Lupi infection in a dog with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
Authors: Stephens L. C. , Gleiser C. A. , Jardine J. H.
Published: February 2025

A dog with severe subperiosteal cortical thickening in all 4 limbs was found at necropsy to have a small noncircumscribed firm lesion in a lung lobe. Microscopically, the lung lesion was a fibrosarcoma that contained several adult nematodes identified as Spirocerca lupi. Lesions were not found in the esophagus or aorta, which are the typical locations for lesions caused by this parasite. Fibrosarcomas have been associated with S lupi infection in the esophagus. In this case, the nematode localized and reached maturity in an aberrant location and apparently participated in the development of a fibrosarcoma at this site.
Hemorrhage in a cat caused by inhibition of factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent)
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Soares Cecelia J. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Brown Corrie C. , O’Neill Sharron
Published: February 2025

A coagulation profile from a 5-year-old neutered male cat with severe epistaxis revealed an intrinsic coagulation defect characterized by prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, with normal bleeding time, platelet count, and prothrombin time. Subsequent factor XI analyses, using bovine factor XI-deficient plasma, revealed factor XI deficiency. Hematologic and clinical studies on the cat failed to reveal an underlying disease process that might have resulted in acquired factor XI inhibition.
Farm studies of porcine parvovirus infection
Authors: Cutler R. S. , Molitor T. W. , Leman A. D. , Werdin R. E.
Published: February 2025

Epizootics of reproductive failure associated with porcine parvovirus infection were investigated on 38 farms. Mummification was common to all epizootics. The mean number of mummified fetuses per affected litter was 3.1. Mean number of pigs born alive for gilts and sows farrowing litters with mummified fetuses was 5.0, but for sows without mummified litters on the same farms it was 9.0. Mummified fetuses were observed in aborted litters on 8 (21.1%) farms. Gilts and sows that appeared pregnant but “lost” their swollen abdomens and failed to farrow were observed on 12 (39.5%) farms. Delayed return to estrus was evident on only 3 (7.9%) farms with a continuous farrowing program. On 21 farms with a batch farrowing program, only 2 (10%) epizootics involved more than 1 batch. Up to 100% of the pregnant swine in the group farrowing together produced mummified pigs, but less than 20% of the breeding herd was affected in 26 (68.4%) cases. The prevalence of disease was not related to herd size, housing, or farrowing management.
Subclinical mastitis of beef cows
Authors: Haggard Dale L. , Farnsworth Ralph J. , Springer Jon A.
Published: February 2025

Two beef cow herds were investigated to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to determine whether it contributed to decreased weaning weight of calves nursed by affected cows. Quarter samples obtained about 30 days after calving were evaluated by the California mastitis test and by direct microscopic cell count. In 1 herd, a 92-cow confinement operation, 17 quarters of 12 cows were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp other than agalactiae or Klebsiella sp. Mean 205-day adjusted weights were 203.9 kg and 218.2 kg for calves nursed by infected vs noninfected cows. In the other herd, a 75-cow range-pasture operation, 8 quarters of 8 cows were infected, all with S aureus. Mean 205-day adjusted weights were 162.5 kg and 174.6 kg for calves nursed by infected vs noninfected cows.
Fatal interaction between thiamylal sodium and a proprietary antidiarrheal preparation in the dog
Authors: Webb A. I. , Warren R. G. , Spencer K. R.
Published: February 2025

A drug interaction involving thiamylal sodium and a proprietary antidiarrheal preparation caused fatal ventricular fibrillation in a dog. Trials involving 4 dogs were conducted to recreate the interaction, and 1 of the 4 dogs died after ventricular fibrillation developed. The nature of the interaction was hypothesized to be mediated through the anticholinergic drug diphemanil methylsulfate, producing an autonomic imbalance.
Congenital myasthenia gravis in 13 Smooth Fox Terriers
Authors: Miller L. M. , Lennon V. A. , Lambert E. H. , Reed S. M. , Hegreberg G. A. , Miller J. B. , Ott R. L.
Published: February 2025

In 13 Smooth Fox Terriers with a congenital form of myasthenia gravis, clinical signs included intermittent, progressive muscle weakness that became more pronounced with exercise; muscle wasting; megaesophagus; and aspiration pneumonia. Neurologic abnormalities were apparent only during periods of weakness and included inability to retract the fore- and hindlimbs from painful stimuli. A decrement of the compound muscle action potential was evident during repetitive supramaximal nerve stimulation. Intravenous injection of a short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor evoked immediate improvement of clinical and electromyographic signs. Intracellular microelectrode studies of a biopsied external intercostal muscle revealed reduced amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials, as occurs in acquired myasthenia gravis. However, in contrast to acquired myasthenia gravis, antibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors were not demonstrable in serum and were not bound to acetylcholine receptors in muscle. Despite lack of complexing with immunoglobulin, the amount of acetylcholine receptor protein in biopsied external intercostal muscles from 9 affected pups was less than 25% of the amount in 5 unaffected littermates. The latter finding accounted for the reduction in amplitude of miniature end-plate potential and the failure of neuromuscular transmission. Treatment with a long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor in 6 cases resulted in temporary improvement in muscle strength.
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-induced central nervous system depression in dogs
Authors: Hsu Walter H.
Published: February 2025

Yohimbine was studied at various dosages to examine its effectiveness in reversing as well as preventing xylazine-induced cns depression. Intravenous injection of xylazine (1 to 10 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent cns depression that was prevented by a low dosage of yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg, iv). Xylazine at a dosage of 10 mg/kg induced convulsions in 3 of 5 dogs. In addition, the cns depressant effect of xylazine (1 to 10 mg/kg, iv) was reversed by yohimbine at dosages ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine alone at dosages of ≥0.33 mg/kg appeared to cause apprehension for 20 to 60 minutes. The results indicated that yohimbine can be used as an antagonist to control the duration and depth of xylazine-induced cns depression. For this purpose, it seemed that yohimbine at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg is suitable.
Vesicoureteral reflux induced by manual compression of the urinary bladder of dogs and cats
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Osborne Carl A. , Johnston Gary R.
Published: February 2025

Vesicoureteral reflux caused by manual compression of the urinary bladder performed to obtain urine samples was evaluated by contrast radiography in 10 sedated, clinically normal male and female dogs and in 10 sedated, clinically normal male and female cats. Vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 50% of the dogs and in 40% of the cats. Application of digital pressure to the urinary bladder for a prolonged period to initiate urine voiding was associated with a greater occurrence of reflux than was application of digital pressure for a transient period. Contrast material refluxed into the prostate gland of 3 of 6 male dogs.
Persistence of antibodies and anamnestic response in calves vaccinated with inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and parainfluenza-3 virus vaccines
Authors: Sweat Robert L.
Published: February 2025

Persistence of antibodies in calves vaccinated with 2 types of inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus vaccines were determined. Calves seronegative for ibr and PI-3 viruses were inoculated with 2 doses of inactivated ibr virus–PI-3 virus vaccines administered 2 weeks apart. Blood samples were obtained from the calves for serum at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after vaccination. The serums were tested by serum-neutralization tests. Antibody response to the vaccines persisted on a declining scale for 1 year. The anamnestic responses to the vaccines were determined by inoculating the same calves with a booster dose of vaccine 1 year after the original 2 doses were given. Blood samples were obtained from the calves for serum 2 weeks later. The serums were tested by serum-neutralization tests. The single booster dose of vaccine elicited an anamnestic response to both ibr and PI-3 viruses.
Anaerobic bacteria associated with osteomyelitis in domestic animals
Authors: Walker Robert D. , Richardson Daniel C. , Bryant Mary Jean , Draper Carol S.
Published: February 2025

Specimens of bony tissue or adjacent soft tissue from 19 animals with osteomyelitis were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Fourteen specimens (74%) yielded anaerobic bacteria in pure culture or mixed with aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria. The most predominant genus encountered was an obligate anaerobe, Bacteroides. The most frequently isolated Bacteroides species was Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, which was isolated 5 times. The most frequently isolated anaerobe was Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, which was isolated 6 times. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated aerobic bacteria, with 7 and 6 isolates, respectively.
Experimental and clinical investigations of the use of carbon fiber sutures in equine tendon repair
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Pool Roy R.
Published: February 2025

Braided carbon fiber sutures were used to repair surgically transected or lacerated digital flexor tendons of 20 mature horses (10 experimental and 10 clinical cases). In addition, 4 experimental horses had tenectomies that were not surgically repaired; these served as controls for the horses with carbon-implanted tendons. Six of the 10 clinically affected horses were returned to their intended use; 2 were euthanatized because of complications and 2 were still recuperating. The experimental horses were euthanatized at 12 days and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 months. Tendon scars were structurally and functionally similar in all of these horses. The main histologic difference between the controls and principals was the more extensive remodeling in the latter group at 8 months.
Babesiosis in the Greyhound
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Malone John B. , Mac-Williams Peter , Levy Michael G. , Qualls Charles W. , Prudich Mary Jane
Published: February 2025

Babesiosis was diagnosed in five 11- to 18-day old Greyhound pups. In 3 pups, Babesia canis organisms were identified by examination of a Wright's-Giemsa-stained smear of blood. In 2 pups, the diagnosis was established by examination of a splenic impression smear obtained at necropsy. Findings in the 3 clinical cases included depression, weakness, anorexia, pallor, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Subcutaneous administration of diminazene aceturate resulted in rapid clinical recovery in these cases. In the 2 pups that were necropsied, variable numbers of erythrocytes containing Babesia organisms were observed in the microvasculature of tissues. Subinoculation of blood into an intact dog and a splenectomized dog resulted in parasitemia and B canis serum titers, as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. A site visit to the kennel from which the pups had originated led to identification of numerous Rhipicephalus sanguineus in small buildings and pens. Of 107 dogs from this kennel that were tested, 63 had an indirect fluorescent antibody titer for B canis. A limited serologic survey of Greyhound kennels in West Virginia, Oklahoma, Texas, Mississippi, and Florida identified a large number of dogs with indirect fluorescent antibody titers for B canis.
Clinical results of lateral ear resection in dogs
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Vasseur P. B.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-six dogs had lateral ear resection performed for the treatment of chronic otitis externa. After a mean follow-up period of 4.5 years, 17 of the 26 dogs were available for physical examination. The remaining 9 dogs died prior to this review; their owners were surveyed by questionnaire.

In the examined group, the resolution of clinical signs was good in 41% of the dogs, improved in 12%, and poor in 47%. A good result was defined as the elimination of clinical signs, with minimal or no care required from the owner. An improved status was assigned to dogs that experienced occasional recurrence of signs requiring professional attention. A poor result was defined as no improvement.
Evaluation of mebendazole used concurrently with piperazine monohydrochloride in horses
Authors: DiPietro J. A. , Paul A. , Todd K. S.
Published: February 2025

Forty horses from a herd known to have benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were treated with mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg) or combinations of mebendazole and piperazine monohydrochloride (25, 40, or 55 mg of piperazine base/kg). Pretreatment and 7-day posttreatment fecal examinations were done. Fecal cultures and strongyle egg per gram (epg) counts, and in vitro testing for benzimidazole resistance were performed. Results of fecal examinations prior to treatment were similar in all horses, and results of testing were positive for benzimidazole resistance. Horses treated with mebendazole and piperazine at all dosages had much lower geometric mean strongyle epg counts (2 to 4) and greater percentage reduction in geometric mean strongyle epg counts (99.7 to 99.9) at 7 days after treatment, compared with those measurements for horses treated with mebendazole alone. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed.
Clinicopathologic features of brain herniation in animals
Authors: Kornegay Joe N. , Oliver John E. , Gorgacz Edward J.
Published: February 2025

Caudal transtentorial, foramen magnum, rostral transtentorial, and cingulate gyrus herniation were diagnosed alone or in combination in 14 dogs, 7 cats, 1 horse, and 1 goat. Eleven of the affected animals had encephalitis; others had various diseases, including brain neoplasms, cranial trauma, and hydrocephalus. Herniation followed anesthesia or csf aspiration, or both, in 7 of the animals.

Clinical signs were attributable to herniation in 13 cases. Animals with caudal transtentorial herniation had initial clinical evidence of midbrain compression followed occasionally by deficits related to the pons and medulla oblongata. Tetraplegia, apnea, and coma developed most often in animals with foramen magnum herniation. Clinical signs directly related to rostral transtentorial or cingulate gyrus herniation did not develop.

Treatment with corticosteroids and osmotic diuretics occasionally resulted in temporary alleviation of clinical signs in animals with caudal transtentorial or foramen magnum herniation. However, neurologic dysfunction progressed and resulted in death or necessitated euthanasia within 12 hours in most cases. Animals with rostral transtentorial or cingulate gyrus herniation were not treated.

At necropsy, animals with caudal transtentorial herniation of the temporal cortex had resultant compression and caudal displacement of the midbrain. Foramen magnum herniation of the cerebellum resulted in compression of the displaced cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Flattening of the rostral cerebellar vermis against the tentorium cerebelli occurred in animals with rostral transtentorial herniation. Compression of the opposite cingulate gyrus was the only consistent pathologic feature in cases of cingulate gyrus herniation.
Radiographic and clinical features of pelvic bladder in the dog
Authors: Adams W. M. , DiBartola S. P.
Published: February 2025

Contrast radiography enabled identification of 17 dogs with pelvic location of the caudal portion of the urinary bladder. The caudal pole of each bladder consistently was more blunted than expected. The range of craniocaudal dimension within the pelvic canal was 6% to 26% of the distended bladder. Ten dogs were females with urinary incontinence. Seven dogs did not have incontinence; 4 were males and 3 were intact females. Six dogs had associated anatomic abnormalities: urachal diverticulum (3), bladder adhesions (1), rectovaginal fistula (1), and inverted vulva (1). Eleven dogs had urinary tract infection. In addition, urinary incontinence and pelvic bladder without urinary tract infection or other anatomic abnormalities was identified in 4 large-breed spayed females. These dogs responded poorly to diethylstilbestrol therapy. Three of the 4 subsequently were treated with ephedrine, and all had their incontinence effectively controlled by its continued use. Four of the 10 incontinent dogs in this series were Doberman Pinschers, suggesting breed predisposition. These data indicated an association between pelvic bladder and urinary incontinence in the spayed female dog, but also indicated that pelvic bladder can be found in both sexes and that it is associated with urologic abnormalities other than incontinence.
Cutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis in cats
Authors: White Stephen D. , Ihrke Peter J. , Stannard Anthony A. , Cadmus Cal , Griffin Craig , Kruth Stephen A. , Rosser Edmond J. , Reinke Susan I. , Jang Spencer
Published: February 2025

Cutaneous infection with atypical mycobacteria was observed in 6 cats. All cats had cutaneous or subcutaneous masses, with or without fistulous tracts. Diagnosis was determined by microbial culture. Transmission studies were done in 1 case. Treatment, which included antibiotics or surgery, or both, was usually unsuccessful, but remission without treatment did occur. In 3 cats available for long-term evaluation, there has been no recurrence of disease.
Complications associated with immunotherapy of equine phycomycosis
Authors: Miller Richard I. , Wold Dianne , Lindsay William A. , Beadle Ralph E. , McClure Jill J. , McClure J. Raymond , McCoy David J.
Published: February 2025

Five horses with pythiosis of the limbs were treated unsuccessfully by surgery or topical application of amphotericin B, or both. Follow-up immunotherapy resulted in 1 horse responding favorably. Three horses were cured of the fungal infection but developed osteitis or deep-seated laminitis, which necessitated their destruction. The remaining horse, which had severe anemia, died before the course of vaccination was completed.
Fractures of the central and third tarsal bones in horses
Authors: Tulamo R. M. , Bramlage L. R. , Gabel A. A.
Published: February 2025

The case histories and follow-up data for 11 horses with slab fractures of the central or 3rd tarsal bones were examined for information pertaining to the diagnosis, which was difficult to identify, treatment, which was proven ineffective, and the prognosis, which was shown to be poor for return to racing. The purpose of the study was to define the results that could be obtained by nonoperative methods, in an attempt to determine whether surgical treatment was advisable. Nine of the horses were Standardbreds and 2 were Thoroughbreds; all horses were 2 to 4 years old and were being exercised at race speed when the injury occurred. The diagnosis usually was made at the referral examination, some time after injury. Distention of the tibiotarsal joint usually developed following fracture of the central tarsal bone. In some fractures, local anesthetic injection or multiple radiographic views were required for diagnosis. Not all fracture planes were demonstrable radiographically. Prolonged rest was ineffective in restoring athletic soundness. Lag screw fixation was used in 1 horse, the only horse in the series that raced successfully after injury.
Peripheral vestibular syndrome in the dog: A review of 83 cases
Authors: Schunk Kenneth L. , Averill Damon R.
Published: February 2025

Clinical data and follow-up evaluations of 83 cases of peripheral vestibular syndrome in the dog were reviewed. The absence of physical abnormalities of the tympanic membrane and absence of radiographic changes within the tympanic bulla or petrous temporal bone were the criteria used to make the diagnosis of idiopathic benign vestibular disease. When grouped according to the cause of the syndrome, most of the dogs had been diagnosed as having either otitis media/interna (49%) or idiopathic benign vestibular disease (39%). Clinical evidence suggested that most of the cases of otitis media/interna were secondary to otitis externa.
Effects and use of a modified live Anaplasma marginale vaccine in beef heifers in California
Authors: Henry E. T. , Norman B. B. , Fly D. E. , Wichmann R. W. , York S. M.
Published: February 2025

Eighty-one 11-month-old, nonpregnant, Anaplasma marginale-seronegative beef heifers were allotted to 2 groups for evaluation of a modified live A marginale vaccine (n = 50 for vaccinated group and n = 31 for nonvaccinated group). The vaccine induced a mild form of anaplasmosis, as evidenced by a significant (P<0.0l) decrease in the packed cell volume (pcv) between days 31 and 46 after vaccination. The lowest pcv was 11%, and 3 heifers had a pcv <20%. Slight lethargy was evident in some of the vaccinated heifers between days 30 and 45 after vaccination. All vaccinated heifers became seropositive to A marginale, as measured by the complement fixation test and the card test on days 35 and 42 after vaccination, respectively. All nonvaccinated heifers remained seronegative.
An economic evaluation of metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves to be raised in a feedlot
Authors: Carpenter T. E. , Norman B. B.
Published: February 2025

The economic value of the metabolic and cellular profile test as a predictor of feedlot calves’ performance was determined. The economic technique used in this evaluation was decision tree analysis. Results showed that in a case study evaluation such as this one, the metabolic and cellular profile test would not be recommended. Further, under the assumptions used, even if the test were perfected, the cost of the test should not exceed $2.79. The application of decision tree analysis demonstrated how questions concerning the economics of animal health issues may be formulated and solved.
Malignant hyperthermia-like reactions in three anesthetized horses
Authors: Manley Susan V. , Kelly Andrew B. , Hodgson David
Published: February 2025

Problems encountered during halothane anesthesia in 3 horses included increasing rectal temperature, muscle rigidity or movement during anesthesia, irregular breathing patterns, and difficulty in stabilizing blood pressure. One horse had prolonged muscle fasciculations and failure to relax after administration of succinylcholine in addition to halothane. That horse developed severe, bilateral myositis of the triceps, lumbar, and gluteal muscles. Problems encountered were similar to those caused by the disease known as malignant hyperthermia.
Distinguishing dogs with functioning adrenocortical tumors from dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-seven dogs with hyperadrenocorticism were studied. In each dog the histologic diagnosis was an adrenocortical tumor or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The plasma concentration of endogenous ACTH was determined at least once in each dog. Dogs with an ACTH concentration <20 pg/ml ultimately were shown to have an adrenocortical adenoma or carcinoma. All dogs with an ACTH concentration >40 pg/ml ultimately were shown to have pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Retrospectively, ACTH concentrations were correct in localizing the disorder in 54 of 57 dogs. Three dogs had endogenous ACTH concentrations of 20 to 40 pg/ml, which were considered nondiagnostic.

Three dexamethasone suppression testing protocols were reviewed. Thirteen dogs were given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg of body weight, iv. Plasma cortisol concentrations were obtained before and 8 hours after injection. Complete suppression was described as a cortisol value <50% of base line after dexamethasone administration. Three dogs with adrenocortical tumors did not have complete suppression, whereas 9 of 10 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism did have complete suppression. Two additional dexamethasone suppression protocols were found to be less reliable. Administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg of body weight, iv, with comparison of base-line and 8-hour plasma cortisol values, was diagnostic in 6 of 9 dogs. Administration of 0.2 mg of dexamethasone/kg of body weight, im, tid, with comparison of the plasma cortisol concentration before starting the test and 8 hours after the final dose was given, was diagnostic in 11 of 14 dogs.
Immune-mediated vasculitis in five dogs
Authors: Randell Martin G. , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: February 2025

Vasculitis was diagnosed in 5 dogs. Clinical signs varied, but all 5 dogs had signs of systemic illness. Inflammation and fibrinoid necrosis of small blood vessels were consistent findings. The skin and mucous membranes were the main tissues involved in 3 dogs; polyarthropathy and myopathy were diagnosed in 1 dog and myopathy in 1 dog. Good response to corticosteroid therapy was achieved in 3 dogs; in 2 dogs, immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide was necessary and the dogs responded well.
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-induced prolongation of gastrointestinal transit in dogs
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , McNeel Sandra V.
Published: February 2025

The effect of xylazine on the transit of barium sulfate through the stomach and duodenum was evaluated in 4 dogs. Base-line transit time was determined while the dogs were nonsedated and undisturbed; the mean time for barium sulfate to move from the stomach to the duodenojejunal junction was 4.8 ± 1.2 minutes. An iv injection of xylazine (1 mg/kg) prolonged the mean transit time to 157 ± 37.8 minutes. During the xylazine-induced prolongation of gastrointestinal transit, there were no vigorous contractions for at least 90 minutes. Yohimbine, an α2-adrenergic-blocking agent, given iv at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg, did not affect gastrointestinal motility. It did, however, prevent both the gastrointestinal and sedative effects of xylazine. Atropine methylnitrate given iv at a dosage of 1 mg/kg prolonged the transit time to 13.8 ± 2.4 minutes. After atropine methylnitrate injection, the gastrointestinal tract was more flaccid than with xylazine administration. The prolongation of transit induced by atropine methylnitrate was not prevented by yohimbine. It was concluded that gastrointestinal radiographic findings in animals under the influence of xylazine should be interpreted cautiously.
Thymoma in the dog: Two case reports and review of 20 additional cases
Authors: Bellah J. R. , Stiff M. E. , Russell R. G.
Published: February 2025

A 7-year-old German Shepherd Dog had a large cranial mediastinal mass that had resulted in chronic weight loss. A diagnosis of benign thymoma was made by transthoracic needle biopsy. The thymoma was removed surgically and the dog recovered without complications. At 4 months after surgery, the dog's activity was improved and it had gained weight.

A 12-year-old mixed-breed dog was admitted for evaluation of dependent edema of the neck. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion and lesions in the right lung and left scapula. Neoplastic epithelial cells were found in a needle aspiration specimen from the scapular lesion. The dog was euthanatized and necropsied. The primary tumor, a malignant thymoma, filled the cranial mediastinum and had invaded the cranial vena cava. Metastasis was confirmed in the right lung, liver, and left scapula.

Eight cases of thymoma in the dog were retrieved from the Veterinary Medical Data Program. In 5 of the cases, the tumor was benign. The 3 dogs with malignant thymoma developed cranial vena caval syndrome, and they were euthanatized or died. Four of the dogs with benign thymoma were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the tumor. One dog with benign thymoma was free of tumor when examined 5 years after surgical removal of the tumor.
Bone changes in hypercalcemia of malignancy in dogs
Authors: Norrdin Robert W. , Powers Barbara E.
Published: February 2025

Bone was collected for trabecular bone morphometry from 6 dogs with hypercalcemia of malignancy. Five of the dogs had lymphosarcoma and 1 had an anal sac apocrine gland carcinoma with vertebral metastases. Parathyroid gland weights varied around normal, with those for 1 dog being slightly low and those for another dog being moderately increased. As a group, the dogs had decreased bone volume, with increased resorption surfaces and increased numbers of osteoclasts. In 4 dogs, osteoid seams and osteoblasts were limited in extent and this distinguished them from dogs with hyperparathyroidism. Although most dogs had received corticosteroids, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment, the bone changes in these dogs were similar to 1 dog that had not received treatment. Also, the changes could not be related to uremia or renal mineralization that had developed in 2 of the dogs. Two of the dogs had somewhat greater amounts of osteoid-covered surface and slightly widened osteoid seams, ie, findings more like those of hyperparathyroidism. One of these dogs had anal sac apocrine gland carcinoma and the other had lymphosarcoma in which there was invasion of the bone cortex at the sampling site. It was concluded that bone remodeling changes do occur in hypercalcemia of malignancy and that these changes are varied and often are not those of hyperparathyroidism.
Bleeding abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle
Authors: Palmer Jonathan E. , Whitlock Robert H.
Published: February 2025

Case records of abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle admitted to the University of Pennsylvania during a 12-year period were reviewed. The only records retrieved were those for cases in which the clinical signs were directly associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. Of 6,385 adult cows admitted during the study period, 69 had clinical ulceration. Twenty-four were bleeding ulcers: 12 nontumor-asso-ciated bleeding ulcers and 12 lymphosarcoma-associated bleeding ulcers. Nontumor-associated bleeding ulcers were commonly found in young cows (7 cows ≤4 years old) that often had concurrent postparturient disease conditions. Lymphosarcoma-associated bleeding ulcers were found more commonly in older cows (10 cows ≥6 years old) during all stages of lactation, often without concurrent diseases (8 cows).