bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considering Middle Circles in Mobile Cloud Computing
Authors: Shalan Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2016

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is increasingly asserted as the technology with the potential to change the way internet and information systems are being utilized into business enterprises. It is rapidly changing the landscape of technology, and ultimately turning the long-held promise of utility computing into a reality. Nevertheless, utilizing MCC is never a trivial task, thus calling for a special approach to get the benefits, reduce risks and control operations. The main objective of this chapter is to provide some specific guidelines to provide governance directions to align MCC into enterprise strategy and reduce risks resulted from utilizing middle circle providers; In this context, this chapter also promote and discuss some ethics that help client enterprises and MCC providers understand roles and obligations in an ever changing environment.
Analysis of New Opotoelectronic Device for Detection of Heavy Metals in Corroded Soils
Authors: Badilla Gustavo Lopez , Gaynor Juan Manuel Terrazas
Published: August 2016

This study was made to design and an analysis the purpose of novel optoelectronic sensor, with three steps, being the first the use of MatLab software to simulate with a mathematical equation, the operation of the sensor as the electrical conductivity. Other step, was the evaluations with Wein2k using the Density of States (DOS) Theory, as a computational system of the physicochemical, to analyze different materials used, to fabricate the novel sensor, being the material proposed the Gallium Nitride (GaN), in according to the electrical conductivity, and was obtained, to fabricate this type of material with the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and then was made some evaluations to validate this material. Also was made a microanalysis with the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the metallic surfaces of the electrical connections at micro scale.
Mining the Edublogosphere to Enhance Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Poitras Eric , Fazeli Negar
Published: August 2016

The rapid proliferation of Web 2.0 technologies during the last decade has led to online communities of learners, where members share prerequisite knowledge and skills to further professional growth. The educational affordances of blogs offer a wealth of online resources that can be mined in order to gain better understanding of community members and their contributions. In this chapter, we outline a web content mining technique to extract and analyze information from educational blogs, resulting in networks of online resources where content is linked in terms of the underlying semantic relationships. This type of representation is referred to as a network-based model, and has implications for e-learning personalization systems that seek to suggest similar content to those preferred by other learners. The applications of this method are discussed in terms of enhancing teacher professional development in the context of nBrowser, an intelligent web browser designed to support pre-service teachers in building lesson plans that integrate technologies in the classroom.
A Route Recommender System Based on Current and Historical Crowdsourcing
Authors: Goncalves Marlene , Rengifo Patrick , Rodríguez Daniela Andreina , Martínez Ivette C.
Published: August 2016

Due to the rise of the social networks it's possible to use techniques based on crowdsourcing to easily gather real-time information directly from citizens in order to create recommendation systems capable to employ knowledge that is shared from the crowd. Particularly, in Twitter, the users publish a big amount of short messages; however, to automatically extract useful information from Twitter is a complex task. In order to provide an informed recommendation of the current best route between two city points, this chapter introduces a workflow that integrates natural language techniques to build an vector of features for training two linear classifiers which obtain current information from Twitter, and integrates that information with historical information about possible routes using exponential smoothing; current and historical data to feed a route selection algorithm based on Dijkstra. The effectiveness of the proposed workflow is shown with routes between two interest points in Caracas (Venezuela).
Customer Complaints in Social Networks in the Spanish Telecommunication Industry
Authors: Estrella-Ramón Antonia , Utrera-Serrano Alba
Published: August 2016

Nowadays social networks have a high potential to disseminate information, positive and negative, of any person, organization or product generating electronic word of mouth through customers' comments and complaints. Consequently, this paper proposes a novel research on the content related to the users' online complaints and seeks to understand the power of social networks as creating electronic word of mouth. For this task, the user-generated social network Critizen is used, especially critiques related to one of the most criticised sectors in Spain, that is, the telecommunication industry. The main results of this paper reveal that content analysis is an effective technique to extract business value from the vast amount of data available on the Internet, and especially in social networks.
Flickering Emotions
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: August 2016

Using the emotion words of Robert Plutchik's “Wheel of Emotions” (based on his multidimensional emotion model) as seeding terms to extract related tags networks (and related thumbnail imagery) from Flickr (at 1 deg., 1.5 deg., and 2 deg.), it is possible to formulate (1) insights about emotions and their interrelationships (through the lens of collective folksonomic tagging), (2) understandings about what the related tags in the networks may suggest about the image item holdings on Flickr, and (3) awareness of the collective mental models of the Flickr users regarding particular emotions, and (4) fresh methods of research to folk tagging through the extraction and analysis of related tags networks and related thumbnail imagery. This chapter introduces this case of analyzing related tags networks to more deeply understand public conceptualizations of emotions through data labels.
Code Reuse
Authors: Bridgham Donna
Published: August 2016

The reuse of code can be used to add or update functionalities with little or no modifications to new or existing software applications. Developers have reused sections of code when the code is available but have been hindered by finding the code that is needed for an application. By creating a code repository, code would be available to developers in a systemic method. The code would be available for functional and nonfunctional uses in applications. Since the code has already be written, during the discovery phase of projects the developers involved should be able to search the repository for the code that is needed for strategies and problems that have already been successfully been implemented. Quality, cost, and time should be the focus of code reuse. To maximize code reuse, a code repository that is properly categorized and indexed would add to the software development lifecycle by making code available to developers that they can use with confidence. The code repository will improve the application process.
Survey of Interactive Displays through Mobile Projections
Authors: Wolf Katrin , Funk Markus , Knierim Pascal , Löchtefeld Markus
Published: August 2016

Projectors shrink in size, are embedded in some mobile devices, and with the miniaturization of projection technology truly mobile projected displays became possible. In this paper, the authors present a survey of the current state of the art on such displays. They give a holistic overview of current literature and categorize mobile projected displays based on mobility and different possible interaction techniques. This paper tries to aid fellow researchers to identify areas for future work.
Preparing Drugs for Infusion Via Syringe Pump: A Key Step to Ensure Homogeneous Concentration
Authors: Garrigue Bruno , Dehu Yann , Girault Fabrice , Figadère Bruno , Leblanc Karine , Briole Nicolas , Capitani Georges Antoine , Lagadec Steven , Laborne François-Xavier
Published: August 2016

Objective

Preparation of drug solutions used with electronic syringe infusion pumps plays a crucial role in the delivery of an accurate drug concentration. Is there a correlation between drug concentrations during syringe pump infusion and preparation protocols?

Method

Norepinephrine, insulin, and sufentanil were prepared in 3 different ways: (1) the drug was taken from the vial, then the solvent was added followed by an air bubble, and mixing was performed by turning the syringe top-to-bottom in a 180° shaking movement 5 consecutive times; (2) the drug was taken from the vial, then the solvent was added and not mixed; and (3) the solvent was taken from a stock solution, then the drug was added and not mixed. Concentrations of drugs were determined at different times during administration by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. All analyses were performed in triplicate and were based on measurement of peak areas.

Results

With no shaking of the syringe, the concentration of the injected drugs varies widely. In any case, mixing of the syringe contents by turning the syringe in a top-to-bottom 180° shaking movement 5 times with an air bubble would ensure administration of the drug at a constant concentration.

Conclusions

Without mixing, the concentrations of all drug solutions varied widely when administered via an electronic syringe infusion pump. Mixing syringe contents should be made part of the compulsory curriculum for administering medications at all levels of medical education. (Critical Care Nurse. 2016;36[4]:36–45)
Co-benefits of global and regional greenhouse gas mitigation for US air quality in 2050
Authors: Zhang Yuqiang , Bowden Jared H. , Adelman Zachariah , Naik Vaishali , Horowitz Larry W. , Smith Steven J. , West J. Jason
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Policies to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will not only slow climate change but can also have ancillary benefits of improved air quality. Here we examine the co-benefits of both global and regional GHG mitigation for US air quality in 2050 at fine resolution, using dynamical downscaling methods, building on a previous global co-benefits study (West et al., 2013). The co-benefits for US air quality are quantified via two mechanisms: through reductions in co-emitted air pollutants from the same sources and by slowing climate change and its influence on air quality, following West et al. (2013). Additionally, we separate the total co-benefits into contributions from domestic GHG mitigation vs. mitigation in foreign countries. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to dynamically downscale future global climate to the regional scale and the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) program to directly process global anthropogenic emissions to the regional domain, and we provide dynamical boundary conditions from global simulations to the regional Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The total co-benefits of global GHG mitigation from the RCP4.5 scenario compared with its reference are estimated to be higher in the eastern US (ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 µg m−3) than the west (0–0.4 µg m−3) for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), with an average of 0.47 µg m−3 over the US; for O3, the total co-benefits are more uniform at 2–5 ppb, with a US average of 3.55 ppb. Comparing the two mechanisms of co-benefits, we find that reductions in co-emitted air pollutants have a much greater influence on both PM2.5 (96 % of the total co-benefits) and O3 (89 % of the total) than the second co-benefits mechanism via slowing climate change, consistent with West et al. (2013). GHG mitigation from foreign countries contributes more to the US O3 reduction (76 % of the total) than that from domestic GHG mitigation only (24 %), highlighting the importance of global methane reductions and the intercontinental transport of air pollutants. For PM2.5, the benefits of domestic GHG control are greater (74 % of total). Since foreign contributions to co-benefits can be substantial, with foreign O3 benefits much larger than those from domestic reductions, previous studies that focus on local or regional co-benefits may greatly underestimate the total co-benefits of global GHG reductions. We conclude that the US can gain significantly greater domestic air quality co-benefits by engaging with other nations to control GHGs.
Multi-model simulations of aerosol and ozone radiative forcing for the period 1990–2015
Authors: Myhre Gunnar , Aas Wenche , Cherian Ribu , Collins William , Faluvegi Greg , Flanner Mark , Forster Piers , Hodnebrog Øivind , Klimont Zbigniew , Mülmenstädt Johannes , Myhre Cathrine Lund , Olivié Dirk , Prather Michael , Quaas Johannes , Samset Bjørn H. , Schnell Jordan L. , Schulz Michael , Shindell Drew , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Takemura Toshihiko , Tsyro Svetlana
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Over the past decades, the geographical distribution of emissions of substances that alter the atmospheric energy balance has changed due to economic growth and pollution regulations. Here, we show the resulting changes to aerosol and ozone abundances and their radiative forcing, using recently updated emission data for the period 1990–2015, as simulated by seven global atmospheric composition models. The models broadly reproduce the large-scale changes in surface aerosol and ozone based on observations (e.g., −1 to −3 %/yr in aerosols over US and Europe). The global mean radiative forcing due to ozone and aerosols changes over the 1990–2015 period increased by about +0.2 W m−2, with approximately 1/3 due to ozone. This increase is stronger positive than reported in IPCC AR5. The main reason for the increased positive radiative forcing of aerosols over this period is the substantial reduction of global mean SO2 emissions which is stronger in the new emission inventory compared to the IPCC, and higher black carbon emissions.
Bias corrections of GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 with TCCON data and
their evaluation using aircraft measurement data
Authors: Inoue Makoto , Morino Isamu , Uchino Osamu , Nakatsuru Takahiro , Yoshida Yukio , Yokota Tatsuya , Wunch Debra , Wennberg Paul O. , Roehl Coleen M. , Griffith David W. T. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Warneke Thorsten , Notholt Justus , Robinson John , Sherlock Vanessa , Hase Frank , Blumenstock Thomas , Rettinger Markus , Sussmann Ralf , Kyrö Esko , Kivi Rigel , Shiomi Kei , Kawakami Shuji , De Mazière Martine , Arnold Sabrina G. , Feist Dietrich G. , Barrow Erica A. , Barney James , Dubey Manvendra , Schneider Matthias , Iraci Laura T. , Podolske James R. , Hillyard Patrick W. , Machida Toshinobu , Sawa Yousuke , Tsuboi Kazuhiro , Matsueda Hidekazu , Sweeney Colm , Tans Pieter P. , Andrews Arlyn E. , Biraud Sebastien C. , Fukuyama Yukio , Pittman Jasna V. , Kort Eric A. , Tanaka Tomoaki
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We describe a method for removing systematic biases of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and CH4 (XCH4) derived from short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). We conduct correlation analyses between the GOSAT biases and simultaneously retrieved auxiliary parameters. We use these correlations to bias correct the GOSAT data, removing these spurious correlations. Data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) were used as reference values for this regression analysis. To evaluate the effectiveness of this correction method, the uncorrected/corrected GOSAT data were compared to independent XCO2 and XCH4 data derived from aircraft measurements taken for the Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the US Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole observations (HIPPO) program, and the GOSAT validation aircraft observation campaign over Japan. These comparisons demonstrate that the empirically derived bias correction improves the agreement between GOSAT XCO2/XCH4 and the aircraft data. Finally, we present spatial distributions and temporal variations of the derived GOSAT biases.
Development of a new gas flaring emission data set for southern West Africa
Authors: Deetz Konrad , Vogel Bernhard
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A new gas flaring emission parameterization has been developed which combines remote sensing observations using VIIRS nighttime data with combustion equations. The parameterization has been applied to southern West Africa, including the Niger Delta as a region which is highly exposed to gas flaring. Two two-month datasets for June–July 2014 and 2015 were created. The parameterization delivers emissions of CO, CO2, NO and NO2. A flaring climatology for both time periods has been derived. The uncertainties owing to cloud cover, parameter selection, natural gas composition and the interannual differences are assessed. Largest uncertainties in the emission estimation are linked to the parameter selection. By using remote sensing cloud cover observations, a correction factor for the climatology was established to consider the effect of flares masked by clouds. It can be shown that the flaring emissions in SWA have significantly decreased by 30 % from 2014 to 2015. Existing emission inventories were used for validation. CO2 emissions with the estimated uncertainty in brackets of 8 (12⁄2) Tg y−1 for 2014 and 5 (7⁄1) Tg y−1 for 2015 are derived. The flaring emission estimation within this study for June–July 2014 is in the same order of magnitude compared to existing emission inventories. For the same period in 2015 the emission estimation is one order of magnitude smaller in comparison to existing inventories. The deviations might be attributed to uncertainties in the derived flare gas flow rate, the decreasing trend in gas flaring or inconsistent emission sector definitions. The parameterization source code is available as a package of R scripts.
Violencia y dolor, voz narrativa y lenguaje: Sin aliento de Ricardo Chávez Castañeda.
Authors: Alvarado Ruiz Ramón
Published: August 2016

La violencia derivada de diversos acontecimientos sociales es una de las temáticas en la narrativa mexicana del siglo XXI. No es una novedad, si echamos una mirada al siglo pasado son muchos los acontecimientos violentos que han motivado a la literatura. Lo que sí creemos que puede haber de innovación es el tratamiento y la manera de presentar dicho tópico. Es por eso, que en este artículo analizaremos la voz narrativa así como el manejo del lenguaje en la novela Sin aliento de Ricardo Chávez Castañeda, para ver cómo es posible representar hoy día acontecimientos dolorosos sin perder la estética literaria.
“Si ellos vieran: la insistencia de la imagen, la resistencia ocular”. Reseña. Nicolás Poblete. "Si ellos vieran". Santiago: Furtiva, 2016
Authors: Wolff Alejandra
Published: August 2016

Reseña de Nicolás Poblete
APPLICATION OF THE RESIN DERIVED FROM THE NATIVE EUPHORBIA CADUCIFOLIA HAINES AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE IN FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sanjay K. , Parmar Bhavani S. , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit
Published: August 2016

The whole coagulum (Cog) and its toluene-soluble fraction [toluene extract (TE)] obtained via the coagulation of the latex of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines was used as a green, multifunctional additive in a filled NR compound. The actions of Cog and TE were compared with two commercial resins, non-heat-reactive octyl phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and coumarone-indene (CI), at equal doses and also with conventional aromatic oil (through replacement). Both Cog and TE exhibited comparable tack strength with CI, but lower tack strength with PF. In addition, TE improved the cure rate index, unlike Cog and the commercial resins. When the aromatic oil was replaced with TE and Cog at different levels, we observed that TE could replace 100% of the original oil content, whereas Cog could only replace 33% of the original oil content from the recipe without deterioration of physico-mechanical properties. Both forms of natural resins decreased the intrinsic elasticity of the compounds and improved the aging resistance of the vulcanizates.
Potential beneficial role for endothelin in scleroderma vasculopathy: inhibition of endothelial apoptosis by type B endothelin-receptor signaling
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Altorok Nezam , Kahaleh Bashar
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) apoptosis is considered to be a key event in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), an increased expression of endothelin-1 (ET1) is also well recognized in the disease. ET1 is thought to exert deleterious effects on the vasculature by virtue of its known vasospastic, proliferative and fibrotic effects, yet ET1 can act as a survival factor for a variety of cells, including MVEC. The aim of this study is to investigate if ET1 signaling protects SSc-MVECs from apoptosis.

Methods

The expression levels of ET1-receptor genes: Endothelin Receptor Type A gene (EDNRA) and Endothelin Receptor Type B gene (EDNRB), and the effects of selective Endothelin Receptor Type A (ETA) antagonists, selective Endothelin Receptor Type B (ETB), and dual ETA/B antagonist in the presence and/or absence of ET1 on control and SSc-MVEC apoptosis were examined.

Results

Significant increase in the expression of ETA and ETB was noted in SSc-MVECs. Growth factors withdrawal (GFW) resulted in a significant apoptosis that was considerably reduced by the addition ET1. The addition of ETA-receptor antagonists did not affect ET1 anti-apoptotic effects, while the nonselective ETA/B or the selective ETB-receptor antagonists blocked the anti-apoptotic effects of ET1. Finally, an upregulation of the proapoptotic gene BAX after GFW was noted that was normalized by the addition of ET1.

Conclusions

The results suggest that ET1 mediates an anti-apoptotic effect through engaging the ETB receptors in MVECs. Therefore, it appears that selective ETA antagonism may have an advantage over the non-selective ET1-receptor antagonists in SSc vasculopathy, particularly in the early stages of the disease when MVEC apoptosis is rampant.
Syriac and Karshuni Inscriptions on Wall Paintings in the Qadisha Valley, Lebanon
Authors: Abousamra Gaby
Published: August 2016

This article presents and discusses Syriac and Karshuni inscriptions on wall paintings in different monasteries, churches, hermitages, and caves in the Qadisha Valley in northern Lebanon. The Syriac language and script was used alongside the Karshuni (an Arabic language that uses the Syriac alphabet) and was spoken by many Christian communities at various times in this valley. Beyond the epigraphic analysis of these inscriptions, the aim of this article is to demonstrate that the different Christian communities living in the Qadisha Valley used the same places of worship throughout their long history.
The Maritime Approaches to Ancient Byblos (Lebanon)
Authors: Francis-Allouche Martine , Grimal Nicolas
Published: August 2016

Maritime trade between Levantine coastal cities over the millennia is attested in numerous ancient sources. Information from these textual and iconographic works often describes the timber trade between Byblos and Egypt. However, no physical trace of a Bronze Age harbor has been discovered around ancient Byblos. After 17 years of field investigation, a harbor basin has finally been located at the southern foot of the ancient city. In 2011, the geo-archaeological research program Byblos and the Sea was launched to shed new light on the maritime approaches to Byblos. Several indications confirm the location of a silted-in harbor basin, most probably the harbor, which is so vividly described in the Report of Wenamun.
Deir el-Ahmar: A Roman Settlement in the Northern Bekaa Valley, Lebanon
Authors: Salloum Laure
Published: August 2016

This article presents part of the excavations and surveys conducted over the last ten years by the Directorate General of Antiquities (DGA) of Lebanon in the northern Bekaa Valley. These investigations have revealed the remains of several Roman settlements and various religious structures from the classical and post-classical periods. One of these settlements was found in the village of Deir el-Ahmar, where a wine press was discovered in 2011 inside the church of Saydet el-Borj, as well as a Roman quarry situated on top of the so-called Mrah Rouhanna Hill. Results of the excavations and surveys conducted in these two localities, as well as tentative dates for the uncovered structures, are offered.
Relatos metodológicos: destaques do estudo "Brazilian Model of Library and Information Studies in the bachelor's level"
Authors: Santos Plácida L. V. Amorim da Costa , Zins Chaim
Published: August 2016

Os Doutores Plácida Santos e Chaim Zins detalham as principais opções metodológicas da exaustiva investigação voltada à formação de profissionais em Ciência da Informação no Brasil. Comentam sobre a continuidade dos estudos na temática e as contribuições que os atuais resultados podem - potencialmente - trazer aos programas de graduação na área.
A disrupção pervasiva da tecnologia na privacidade e nos processos de aprendizagem
Authors: Marchiori Patricia Zeni , Appel Andre Luiz , Bettoni Eduardo Michelotti
Published: August 2016

A equipe editorial da AtoZ apresenta os artigos desta edição, nos quais os autores avaliam espaços de informação e de aprendizagem em distintas condições de uso intensivo de tecnologias. Os entrevistados ampliam discussões relativas às metodologias e resultados derivados de questionamento quanto à formação de profissionais da informação e os desafios para as instituições envolvidas.
CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA PRECIPITAÇÃO INTERNA PARA O APORTE DE NUTRIENTES EM ESTÁGIOS SUCESSIONAIS DA FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA NO PARANÁ
Authors: Marques Renato , Piazza Geferson Elias , Blum Hilbert , Benghi Pinto Carolina , Bianchin Jonas Eduardo , Dalmaso Cilmar Antônio , Cunha Dickow Kauana Melissa
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição da precipitação interna para a entrada de nutrientes minerais em diferentes estágios sucessionais da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana em Antonina, PR. As coletas de precipitação interna foram realizadas a cada três semanas, por meio de coletores tipo calha, distribuídos aleatoriamente nos três estágios sucessionais. Amostras de água foram coletadas para determinação do pH e dos íons K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Na+ presentes na solução de precipitação interna. O pH variou entre 6,11 e 6,84, sem diferença entre as fases sucessionais, mas com valores mais elevados no verão em comparação às demais estações do ano. A concentração dos íons em solução mostrou-se mais elevada nos períodos de menor precipitação (outono e inverno) e mais baixa nos períodos de maior precipitação (primavera e verão), caracterizando o efeito de diluição da concentração já identificado em outros estudos. Os íons em solução apresentaram a seguinte ordem decrescente de concentração: K+>Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+, sendo sua origem associada aos aerossóis marinhos. O aporte de nutrientes na precipitação interna seguiu esta mesma ordem, com maior aporte de K+ e Ca+2 no estágio avançado. Assim, a precipitação interna mostra-se uma importante via de transferência de nutrientes ao solo florestal.Palavras-chave: Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana; florestas secundárias; hidrologia florestal; ciclagem de nutrientes.
Hermione’s Spartan Costume: The Tragic skeue in Euripides’s Andromache
Authors: Stavrinou Aspasia Skouroumouni
Published: August 2016

The question of the relationship between ethnicity and morality lies at the heart of Euripides’s Andromache. Despite the ample work done on the play’s cultural import and Euripides’s costuming technique, there remains a need to articulate one of the most significant strategies by which the play explores the nature of ethnic and moral difference. This article focuses on Hermione’s appearance and the way the Spartan ethos is drawn out of the character’s skeue. This discussion intends to add to the arguments for the dramatic force of her costume, by unfolding Euripides’s unique play with the mythic, literary, and performative associations of the female Dorian dress in the Andromache.
Mauri versus Marsi in Horace’s Odes 1.2.39
Authors: Sloan Michael C.
Published: August 2016

This article demonstrates how Mauri is a contextually relevant detail for the Roman readers of 23 BCE, as Mauri is the only reading known in the manuscripts. It is by the invention of Faber and defense of Bentley that we have Marsi. Mauri offers illuminating specificities germane to the historical and literary context with Virgil and Sallust as clear literary precedents. Yet, the term Marsi has been accepted over Mauri for 300 years, since Bentley’s famous defense.
Lucian’s Saturnalia: Rewriting the Literary Nomoi
Authors: Popescu Valentina
Published: August 2016

This article argues that the Saturnalia is a miniature simulacrum of the Lucianic corpus. It is paradigmatic of Lucian’s generic variety and especially of his generic mixis. Although disguised as light satire, this text is rather, when read in conjunction with other of Lucian’s programmatic texts, a light form of ars poetica in which the author, invoking the reversal of hierarchies and the license of the festival, claims the right to overturn and thus rewrite the literary nomoi.
Research on the Structure of Valuation Effects: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Developed and Emerging Market Countries
Authors: Liu Jiaqian
Published: August 2016

The PVAR model is constructed based on the international panel data of 1991-2014. This paper aims to study the different characteristics of the fluctuation of valuation effects in developed market countries and emerging market countries. The variance decomposition found that the valuation effects fluctuation of emerging market countries was mainly caused by the equity balance index and exchange rate fluctuation, while valuation effects fluctuation of developed market countries was mainly caused by the stock returns and the structure of net foreign assets. Furthermore, the impulse response found that the policy of managing valuation effect by stock return rate of emerging market countries can only be effective in the short term and long-term turned invalid. Policy of improving the equity balance index to manage valuation effects fluctuation is more effective in the emerging market countries than in the developed market countries.
Third Party Rights in Authorization by Ratification at the PICC, PECL and Iranian Law
Authors: Heidari Ahmed , Askari Seyed Hekmatollah
Published: August 2016

Agency refers to a contract whereby a person selects another one to do his affairs. It is obvious that agency can be fulfilled in different ways, including explicit authorization and authorization by ratification. Authorization by ratification is ineffective for some contracts and it faces challenges in practice, because it follows the fulfillment of two rights, one the principal’s right for ratification, and the other the third-party’s right to be free from the obligations of an ineffective contract. This article has dealt with the positions of two important International Instrument of Human Rights as well as that of Iran’s domestic law regarding the scope of the use of ratification right by the principal and the owner of the authority right on the one hand and the rights of a third party on the other. It seeks to answer the question whether the principal has the right of ratification in any way, or has some legal restrictions? And if there are some limits to the principal’s right and access to such uncertainties can lead to further compatibility of Iranian law with International Instrument of Human Rights, based on which principles and rules can one establish a relative balance between the parties?
Relationship between Territorial Aggression and International Criminal Court (ICC) Global Jurisdiction with Security Council of United Nations
Authors: Pirbodaghi Saeedeh
Published: August 2016

All nations are linked to each other by a mutual connection and their cultures make mutual heritage; nonetheless, this elegant combination will separate in a moment. Millions children women, and men are sacrificed for unimaginable disasters that human spirit has stunned suddenly during this century. In spite of obstacles facing with constituting international system based on justice, humans’ fundamental rights were mentioned greatly during the World War I and II. Therefore, great determination was made to accomplish international security and peace in light of legal laws. Making United Nations, publishing human rights declaration, assigning convections such as preventing punishment of genocide and Geneva fourth conventions 1949 as complementation regulations and war rights indicate serious determination to shape international law system.
Effective Causes of Suicide in Zahedan (in 2015)
Authors: Forghani Narges , Bulaq Mahmooud
Published: August 2016

The present study aims to examine the effective causes of suicide in Zahedan city, Iran 2014-2015. In fact, suicide is a dangerous behavior to end the life, which would impose a social problem and cost a lot of harm to individuals, families and society. The main question is that what are the factors contributing to the suicide? Important assumptions include: marriage and having children reduces the suicide attempts. Education and employment could reduce the incidence of suicide attempts and suicide attempts are higher at a young age. This study makes use of fieldwork and analytical methods. The population of this research included people who committed suicide during nine months, from Azar 2014 to September 2015 and have been referred to Khatamolanbia (PBUH) hospital, Imam Ali (AS) hospital and Zahedan's forensic medicine. The findings suggest that all of 71 samples were Muslims; 36 persons were women (50.7%) and 35 persons were men (49.3%).There isn't any relationship between mental disorders and suicide attempts. The incidence of suicide among people 16 to 30 years old with 83.2% is much more than other age groups. Suicide attempts rates among educated people are less than under diploma with 66.2%. There is no significant relationship between marital status and suicide, but suicide (67.6%) among those without children is more than people with a family. Suicide attempts among people with higher-income levels and favorable socio-economic conditions and poor people with 15.5%, is much less than middle-income and good-income with 84.5%. 29.6% of those surveyed, that is 21 people, who attempted suicide had died. 
Legal Principles Governing the Production and Distribution of Blood
Authors: Ahmadi Partovi Maryam , Nahreini Fereidoon
Published: August 2016

Use of blood and its derivatives has a special place in ensuring the health of citizens. In recent years, due to risk of transfusion-transmitted infections, followed by risk of serious and incurable diseases such as for people in need AIDS, hepatitis B, C and etc., consumers have been prompted to refer to the courts for litigation and justice. It should be noted that the state, as an exercise of sovereignty and trustee of the exclusive production and distribution of blood products, produce commodities with inevitable insecurity. In this regard, it must observe safety obligations and provide information and warnings to the public in relation to the delayed complications of transfusion medicine. According to existing laws, law doctrine, and judicial procedures, Blood Transfusion Organization and the Center for Blood Research and Fractionation are working under the supervision of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In the case of failure tocompliance with the obligations, the state is obliged to compensate the physical, moral, and material damages to victims despite the governmental nature of action, article 11 of the law of civil liability, and in relation to the State Immunity to compensate for the loss of the exercise of sovereignty. Thus, it is possible to execute justice for these people through the legal courts based on the inherent competence of the courts in form of complaint according to additional and exceptional competence of criminal authorities.
Knowledge Management in Collaborative Manufacturing Food Companies Performances: Twin Impacts of Learning and Innovation
Authors: Jenatabadi Hashem Salarzadeh , Mohamed Radzi Che Wan Jasimah Wan , Azizan Suzana Ariff , Hasbullah Maisarah Binti , Mamat Mohd Zufri , Babashamsi Peyman
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this approach is to establish the twin impacts of organizational innovation (OI) with organizational learning (OL) in the relation between knowledge management (KM) and organizational performance (OP). 168 companies of manufacturing Food Company were chosen from Malaysia, Taiwan, China and path analysis is used to analyse the underlying hypotheses. The research framework under study contain four latent variables (OP; OL; KM; OI) and three observed indicators (firm type; firm size; firm age). Structural equation modelling include mediation and moderation analysis were used in this study. The obtained results support the literature regarding the relationship among these four constructs and prove that the combination of OI and OL is mediator in the linkage between KM and firm performance. Moreover, firm age, size and type are acting as moderators among the research latent variables. The introduced model can be consider as a basic framework for technology management modelling studies. Limitation and implications for future studies are discussed.
Prioritizing Effective Factors on Liveliness and Improvement of the Urban Life Caused by the Development of Green Spaces with the Attraction-Repulsion Pattern
Authors: Valipoor Nastaran , Dehkordi Kaveh Shokoohi
Published: August 2016

The daily increase in population and the complexity of urban issues, shortages in suitable financial and human resources, environmental pollutions, etc. sometimes cause the citizens to forget or be unable to fulfill their needs in the hobnob of life, pollution, tiredness and the routine of life. This has led some factors such as the closeness to the work and living place of human beings to nature, small green spaces within the cities and their benefits for the people receive less attention in our time. Cities, as centers of man's activities and life, in order to keep their sustainability have no way but to accept the structure and they have no function affected by natural systems. Here, urban green spaces, as the vital and inseparable part of the cities' unified form in their metabolism, have basic roles and their shortage can cause serious disorders in the lives of the cities. Public green spaces have a significant impact in improving the life quality of the citizens, liveliness and the beautification of the city. With regard to these issues, it has been tried in this paper to analyze the mental and social impacts of urban green spaces on the improvement of the citizens' life quality and their roles in the beautification of urban spaces and their liveliness by using the attraction-repulsion pattern with an approach to green spaces and by analyzing case studies among the citizens. The results indicated that the citizens use green spaces mostly to have access to clean air, family entertainment, liveliness, being away from the pollutions and the smallness of their houses, walking, relieving their tiredness, running away from their routine lives, etc. and these spaces have significant impact in the beautification of urban environments.
Determination and Ranking of Effective Advertising Media Employed by Iran Private Banks Using Analytical Hierarchy Process Technique
Authors: Hedayati Arshad , Fouladifar Arvin , Taghipour Elham
Published: August 2016

Banks use various advertisingmediato develop their marketing plans.However, all the advertising media have not the same impacts on the economic growth of banksas their efficiencies are influenced by several technical and socialfactors. In this study, we investigate the importance of various advertising media on the progress of Iran private banks based on the evaluation of some important parameters such asthe media cost, geographical selection power, audiences’ media habits, type of the advertising message and advertisements of competitor banks.In this regard, television, newspapers and magazines, radio, and billboard and sport fields are selected as the mainmedia for the banks commercial activities. Using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, the media cost with the importance of 34.3% is the main parameter and the type of the message with the importance of 10.2% is the least important factor influencing the selection of media by the banks for the advertisement operations. The results show that the effectiveness of advertising media is different sincetelevision with the importance of 47.3% is placed in the first level and the billboard and sport fields with 9% importance is in the last place. In general, the order of priority of advertising media is:television>newspapers and magazines> radio> billboard and sport fields.This study offers insight into the development of analysis for the selection of effective advertisingtools based on the factors related to the advertisement properties and the community behavior.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Sustainable Agriculture Research, Vol. 5, No. 3
Authors: Lee Joan
Published: August 2016

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.

Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to sar@ccsenet.org.

 

Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 3

Cristina Bianca Pocol

Homa Mahmoodzadeh

Katarzyna Panasiewicz

Laarabi Said

Len Kryzanowsk

M. Swain

Mahmoud Ibrahim

Manuel

Mirza Hasanuzzaman

Ram Niwas

Roberto Zoppolo

Sait Engindeniz

Siziba

Stefano Marino

Vikas Mishra
Bridging the Archival-Ethnographic Divide: Gender, Kinship, and Seniority in the Study of Yoruba Masquerade
Authors: Willis John Thabiti
Published: August 2016

This study juxtaposes the observations and interpretations of a twenty-first-century ethnographer with those of nineteenth-century Christian missionaries to rethink interpretations of the practice of gender in precolonial West Africa. The article uses the evolving relationship between an ethnographic researcher and a group of contemporary female ancestral masquerade chiefs to reflect on the ways in which generations of missionaries and scholars have interpreted the gendered construction of power. It critiques previous writers for assuming sex and gender in Yoruba culture to be fixed, and argues for a more fluid interpretation of the gendered identities of the observer and subject being observed.
Climate dependent contrast in surface mass balance in East Antarctica over the past 216 ka
Authors: PARRENIN F. , FUJITA S. , ABE-OUCHI A. , KAWAMURA K. , MASSON-DELMOTTE V. , MOTOYAMA H. , SAITO F. , SEVERI M. , STENNI B. , UEMURA R. , WOLFF E. W.
Published: August 2016

Documenting past changes in the East Antarctic surface mass balance is important to improve ice core chronologies and to constrain the ice-sheet contribution to global mean sea-level change. Here we reconstruct past changes in the ratio of surface mass balance (SMB ratio) between the EPICA Dome C (EDC) and Dome Fuji (DF) East Antarctica ice core sites, based on a precise volcanic synchronization of the two ice cores and on corrections for the vertical thinning of layers. During the past 216 000 a, this SMB ratio, denoted SMBEDC/SMBDF, varied between 0.7 and 1.1, being small during cold periods and large during warm periods. Our results therefore reveal larger amplitudes of changes in SMB at EDC compared with DF, consistent with previous results showing larger amplitudes of changes in water stable isotopes and estimated surface temperature at EDC compared with DF. Within the last glacial inception (Marine Isotope Stages, MIS-5c and MIS-5d), the SMB ratio deviates by up to 0.2 from what is expected based on differences in water stable isotope records. Moreover, the SMB ratio is constant throughout the late parts of the current and last interglacial periods, despite contrasting isotopic trends.
The Value of Expert Opinion in the Pricing of Bordeaux Wine Futures
Authors: Ashton Robert H.
Published: August 2016

The value of expert opinion for establishing prices in the Bordeaux futures market is analyzed. The expert opinions examined are the wine quality ratings provided by two of the world's foremost wine experts, Robert Parker and Jancis Robinson, for more than 1,700 red Bordeaux wines over the period 2004–2012. The results show that the experts' ratings have both a statistically and practically significant impact on prices after controlling for the effects of other known determinants of price. Thus, expert opinion has significant value in this setting. The results further show that although Parker's impact on prices is significantly greater than Robinson's, combining the quality ratings of both experts has a significantly greater impact than Parker's ratings alone. As hypothesized, the strength of the results differs for wines produced in different regions of Bordeaux because of differences in the availability of other quality-related information. All results are robust to several alternative sample specifications and other research design choices. (JEL Classifications: C52, G13, L11, L15, M21)
Problems Facing Civil Air Operations
Authors: Rowe N. E.
Published: August 2016

My purpose is to try to place before you three broad main problems which cover numbers of subsidiary matters of great significance. Taking safety as read (and safety itself is not a problem but a necessity, begetting various problems in varying circumstances), my divisions of the subject are: —

1.

Reliability including regularity.

2.

Safety in the context of economy.

3.

Economy of operation.
The Evolution of the Design of an Aeroplane
Authors: Lickley R. L.
Published: August 2016

There are various possible interpretations of the title of this lecture and because of this and the fact that I have not had complete responsibility for the design of any one aeroplane, I regarded this lecture and title with some diffidence at first. Nevertheless in recent years no lecture has dealt with the general problem of how an aeroplane design progresses stage by stage, from the first ideas to the prototype flight trials and I have tried to make that the basis of my lecture.
Captain F. S. Barnwell
Authors: Bulman G. P.
Published: August 2016

For US in the early evening of life, who have witnessed the development of aviation since the Wright brothers flew in 1903, for us, it is hard—and a little sad—to realise that some of our great pioneers are already becoming almost mythical characters. They were our personal friends with whom we worked most happily; yet, to the young men of today, who are now carrying, or are about to don, high responsibilities in the aeronautical world, they are indeed just names. And so it is fitting that the Royal Aeronautical Society should have inaugurated these Memorial Lectures, of which this is the third. I am deeply sensible of the honour and responsibility which have fallen to me by the choice of the Bristol Branch to pay this first tribute to Captain Barnwell. May I say at once how indebted I am for so much of the detail of this appreciation to Mr. C. W. Tinson, who served with Barnwell for most of his career at Bristol; to Mr. C. H. Barnes, who has written the history of the Bristol Aeroplane Co.; and several other “ old hands.” It is significant that in all my conversations with them, they referred always with obvious affection and deep respect to “the old man.”