bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biohydrogenation intermediates are differentially deposited between polar and neutral intramuscular lipids of lambs
Authors: Jerónimo Eliana , Alves Susana P. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Prates José A. M. , Santos‐Silva José , Bessa Rui J. B.
Published: March 2011

The deposition of C18 fatty acids (FA), especially in rumen biohydrogenation intermediates, was studied using 36 lambs fed four diets with graded proportions of sunflower oil (SO) and linseed oil (LO). Lambs were fed one of four diets consisting on dehydrated lucerne with either: 6% SO, 4% SO plus 2% LO, 2% SO plus 4% LO and 6% LO. The profile of C18 FA was greatly affected by replacement of SO with LO in both lipid fractions. In PL, oil replacement led to an extensive substitution of 18:2n‐6 with 18:3n‐3 and cis‐9 18:1, resulting in a fairly constant degree of unsaturation of C18 FA in membrane PL. C18 FA were differentially incorporated in NL and PL. Cis‐isomers like cis‐11; cis‐12; cis‐15 18:1 and cis‐12, cis‐15 18:2 were preferentially incorporated in PL with the exception of cis‐9, cis‐15 18:2. Trans C18 FA, including CLA isomers, were preferentially incorporated in NL with the exception of cis‐11, trans‐13 18:2. The preferential deposition of biohydrogenation derived trans C18 FA, including CLA isomers in NL, suggests that their potential to change membrane FA composition and structure is low.
Biological responses of a simulated marine food chain to lead addition
Authors: Soto-Jiménez Martín F , Arellano-Fiore Claudia , Rocha-Velarde Ruth , Jara-Marini Martín E , Ruelas-Inzunza Jorge , Voltolina Domenico , Frías-Espericueta Martín G , Quintero-Alvarez Jesús M , Páez-Osuna Federico
Published: March 2011

This investigation sought to assess the biological responses to Pb along a simplified four-level food chain, from the primary producer, the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica, grown in a control medium with < 1 µg/L of Pb and exposed to a sublethal dose (20 µg/L of Pb) and used as the base of a simulated food chain, through the primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-level consumers, namely, the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana; the white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei; and the grunt fish, Haemulon scudderi, respectively. Growth of Pb-exposed T. suecica was 40% lower than that of the control cultures, and survival of A. franciscana fed this diet was 25 to 30% lower than the control. No differences in the growth rates of Pb-exposed and control shrimp and fish and no gross morphological changes were evident in the exposed specimens. However, the exposed shrimp and fish had 20 and 15% higher mortalities than their controls, respectively. In addition, behavioral alterations were observed in exposed shrimp and fish, including reduction in food consumption or cessation of feeding, breathing air out of the water, reduction of motility, and erratic swimming. The negative correlation between Pb concentration in whole body of shrimp and fish and Fulton's condition factor suggested also that the exposed organisms were stressed because of Pb accumulation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1611–1617. © 2011 SETAC
Synthesis, structure, and complexation behavior of 14‐ and 28‐membered partially unsaturated thiacrown ethers
Authors: Shimizu Toshio , Komatsuzaki Satoru , Hirabayashi Kazunori
Published: March 2011

Partially unsaturated 14‐ and 28‐membered thiacrown ethers,3and4, which possess alternating Z‐carbon‐‐carbon double bonds and propylene chains, were synthesized by stepwise reactions. The crystal structure of larger cyclic compound4was determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. 14‐Membered thiacrown ether3was found to be more easily oxidized electrochemically than larger cyclic compound4and the corresponding saturated system. Compounds3and4isomerized at temperatures exceeding 100°C in solution to give cyclic compounds with E‐olefin moieties but were stable at 80°C in solution. Compound3formed 1:1 complexes with silver and copper ions, and4formed 1:2 complexes mainly in solution. A complex of3with mercury(II) chloride was isolated, and its crystal structure was determined by X‐ ray analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:287–293, 2011; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20678
Selenium‐catalyzed reductive cyclization and carbocyclization of 2,2′‐dinitrostilbenes with carbon monoxide: One‐shot synthesis of indolo[1,2‐c]quinazolinones
Authors: Umeda Rui , Morishita Shigeru , Nishiyama Yutaka
Published: March 2011

When 2,2′‐dinitrostilbene derivatives were allowed to react with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium, reductive cyclization and carbocyclization proceeded to give indolo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐6(5H)‐ones, containing both indole and cyclic urea units, in moderate yields. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:571–575, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20685
The next generation air transportation system: An approach to function allocation
Authors: Landry Steven J.
Published: March 2011

A method for function allocation was developed and applied to the conflict detection and resolution problem in the next generation air transportation system. The method identifies key capabilities required of agents, automated or human, to achieve the goals of the system through state‐based modeling. For conflict detection and resolution in the next generation air transportation system, those capabilities include the ability to accurately identify current separation, predict future losses of separation and collisions, and identify four‐dimensional trajectory changes that, when implemented, will result in proper future separation. The modeling method feeds into an analysis of potential levels of automation across four stages of information processing, yielding a taxonomy of possible function allocation schemes, which can then be analyzed with respect to system and operator performance needs. The taxonomy is identified and analyzed for the current and future conflict detection and resolution system in air traffic control. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of the workplace social context and job content on nurse burnout
Authors: Lee Jenny S.Y. , Akhtar Syed
Published: March 2011

Job burnout is a continuing concern for human resource management, as it affects employee productivity and well‐being. In particular, the nursing profession is widely recognized as a stressful occupation that leads to burnout. The present study examines the relative significance of workplace social context in a health care setting and the job content of the nursing profession for influencing the three dimensions of job burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of a random sample of 1,190 nurses working in 43 public hospitals in Hong Kong. The results indicate that although both the workplace social context and job content have significant effects on burnout dimensions, the effects of the workplace social context were significantly stronger. In addition, the workplace social context had a significant negative effect on personal accomplishment, whereas job content influenced personal accomplishment positively. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of devising management interventions for dealing with job burnout in the nursing profession. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modelling the regional climate and isotopic composition of Svalbard precipitation using REMOiso: a comparison with available GNIP and ice core data
Authors: Divine D. V. , Sjolte J. , Isaksson E. , Meijer H. A. J. , van de Wal R. S. W. , Martma T. , Pohjola V. , Sturm C. , Godtliebsen F.
Published: March 2011

Simulations of a regional (approx. 50 km resolution) circulation model REMOiso with embedded stable water isotope module covering the period 1958‐2001 are compared with the two instrumental climate and four isotope series (δ18O) from western Svalbard. We examine the data from ice cores drilled on Svalbard ice caps in 1997 (Lomonosovfonna, 1250 m asl) and 2005 (Holtedahlfonna, 1150 m asl) and the GNIP series from Ny‐Ålesund and Isfjord Radio. The surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation data from Longyearbyen and Ny‐Ålesund are used to assess the skill of the model in reproducing the local climate. The model successfully captures the climate variations on the daily to multidecadal times scales although it tends to systematically underestimate the winter SAT. Analysis suggests that REMOiso performs better at simulating isotope compositions of precipitation in the winter than summer. The simulated and measured Holtedahlfonna δ18O series agree reasonably well, whereas no significant correlation has been observed between the modelled and measured Lomonosovfonna ice core isotopic series. It is shown that sporadic nature as well as variability in the amount inherent in precipitation process potentially limits the accuracy of the past SAT reconstruction from the ice core data. This effect in the study area is, however, diminished by the role of other factors controlling δ18O in precipitation, most likely sea ice extent, which is directly related with the SAT anomalies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in curve numbers derived from plot runoff data for New South Wales (Australia)
Authors: Cao Hongxia , Willem Vervoort R. , Dabney Seth M.
Published: March 2011

The curve number method is a simple one parameter (the curve number) rainfall runoff model. While its theoretical underpinning has been questioned it remains a powerful hydrological tool in the absence of detailed data and is therefore used extensively in hydrological models. This study aims to characterize the variation in maximum retention values (S), which underlie curve numbers, for a range of agricultural treatments across a large spatial area in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The data used for the analysis spans several decades of rainfall runoff observations. A range of different derivation methods result in variation in mean and variance of S. In particular, methods that emphasize the larger storms result in greater S and thus lower runoff. For larger spatial scales, emphasis on larger storms gives more reliable estimates of S. Systematic variation in S arises from variations in treatment, pre‐runoff soil moisture, rainfall depth, and variations in cover. On the basis of the analysis, a table of curve number values for different land uses found in NSW is presented.

The resulting distributions of S and curve numbers provide guidance for rainfall runoff modelling studies in the agricultural important areas of NSW. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatiotemporal variability of drought and the potential climatological driving factors in the Liao River basin
Authors: Liu Xingcai , Xu Zongxue , Yu Ruihong
Published: March 2011

Spatiotemporal characteristics of drought based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in the Liao River basin (LRB) are investigated in this study. High autocorrelation in SPI seems to lend itself to drought prediction. Drought is becoming more frequent, widespread, and severe in the LRB during the past several decades. Major factors affecting drought in this basin are analysed by investigating relationship between SPI and several circulations including western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Different correlation patterns between WPSH indices and SPI are obtained. Several significant positive correlations between the area, intensity of WPSH and SPI are observed in the west and the centre of the study area, while negative correlations are observed in the east. Reverse patterns are observed in the correlation between the ridge of westward longitude of WPSH and SPI. Corresponding lag‐correlation is dominated by positive correlations between the area, intensity of WPSH and SPI, and by negative correlation between the ridge of westward longitude of WPSH and SPI. EASM is mainly negative related with drought in the east of the LRB. Significant positive correlation between ENSO and SPI is mainly located in the east while negative correlation is located in west of the basin. Lag‐correlation (with lags of 1 to 12 months) between them is also investigated and results show that significant negative correlation is located in a broad area extending from the west to the centre of the basin, while less positive correlation is observed with the increase of lags. The possibility of employing general circulation models (GCMs) for drought prediction is discussed based on the above analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an avidin‐biotin binding system on Schwann cells attachment, proliferation, and gene expressions onto electrospun scaffolds
Authors: Feng Sha , Yan Zuoqin , Guo Changan , Chen Zhengrong , Zhang Kuihua , Mo Xiumei , Gu Yudong
Published: March 2011

Effective Schwann cells (SCs) attachment is a prerequisite for the successful construction of tissue‐engineered nerve. The present study aimed to investigate the role of an avidin‐biotin binding system (ABBS) for neural tissue engineering. The attachment, proliferation, and morphology of biotinylated SCs on avidin‐treated scaffolds were examined, and the effects of avidin, biotin, and the avidin‐biotin binding system on SCs gene expressions were also studied. The results indicated that the attachment of biotinylated SCs onto avidin‐treated scaffolds was promoted obviously within a short time (10 min). Meanwhile, there were no great differences in terms of proliferation and morphology of SCs between the two groups after cultivation for 14 days. The gene expressions of S100, GDNF, BDNF, NGF, CNTF, and PMP22 were up‐regulated significantly by biotin rather than aligned scaffolds or avidin. The present study demonstrated that ABBS enhanced the attachment and maturation of SCs onto the electrospun scaffolds without adverse effects on the proliferation of SCs in the long term, suggesting the potential application of ABBS in the neural tissue engineering. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2011.
Hypoxia affects dendritic cell survival: Role of the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Naldini Antonella , Morena Emilia , Pucci Annalisa , Miglietta Diego , Riboldi Elena , Sozzani Silvano , Carraro Fabio
Published: March 2011

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen‐presenting cells and during their life cycle they are exposed to different oxygen tensions. Similarly to inflamed and tumor tissues, lymphoid organs are characterized by a hypoxic microenvironment; thus, the modality by which hypoxia may affect DC is important for regulating both the quality and the intensity of the immune response. Here, we show that human monocyte‐derived DC, exposed to hypoxia, expressed high levels of the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, associated with upregulation of BNIP3 and BAX expression. This was paralleled with downregulation of the anti‐apoptotic molecule Bcl‐2, enhanced caspase‐3 activity and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage, along with cell death. Transfection of HIF‐1α siRNA protected DC from the effects of hypoxia. Of interest, when hypoxic DC were maturated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we did not observe an increased cell death, while HIF‐1α accumulation and BNIP3 expression were still significantly upregulated. In contrast with immature DC, mature DC expressed higher levels of Bcl‐2, and, more importantly, of phosphorylated Akt. Transfection of HIF‐1α siRNA to mature DC resulted in a significant upregulation of Akt phosphorylation as well. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway resulted in an increased cell death of hypoxic mature DC. We may conclude that a prolonged exposure to hypoxia induces a cell death program which could be prevented by HIF‐1α inhibition and/or LPS maturation. Our results may contribute to further understand the physiology of DC and the molecular mechanisms involved in the survival of DC, with important implications in the regulation of the immune response. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 587–595, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BDNF regulates GLAST and glutamine synthetase in mouse retinal Müller cells
Authors: DAI MIN , XIA XIAO‐BO , XIONG SI‐QI
Published: March 2011

This study investigated whether brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates the L‐glutamate/L‐aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in mouse retinal Müller cells (RMCs) under normal and hypoxic conditions. Mouse RMCs were treated with recombinant human BDNF (50, 75, 100, 125, or 150 ng/ml) for 24 h or underwent hypoxia induced by CoCl2 (125 µM; 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h). An additional group underwent combined treatment with BDNF (100 ng/ml; 24, 48, 72, or 96 h) and CoCl2 (125 µM/ml; 72 h). GLAST and GS mRNA and protein expression, L‐[3,4‐3H]‐glutamic acid uptake, and apoptosis were assessed. BDNF dose‐dependently up‐regulated GLAST and GS mRNA and protein and increased glutamate uptake. Similarly, in early‐stage CoCl2‐induced hypoxia, GLAST and GS were up‐regulated and glutamate uptake increased, but these decreased over time. BDNF also up‐regulated GLAST and GS and increased glutamate uptake when RMCs under CoCl2 induced hypoxic condition. However, BDNF treatment 24 h before CoCl2 had no effect on GLAST or GS expression. CoCl2 alone or combined with BDNF did not induce apoptosis. Hypoxia rapidly increased GLAST and GS expressions. This effect was transient, perhaps due to compensatory mechanisms that reduce GLAST and GS by 72 h. BDNF can up‐regulate GLAST and GS and increase glutamate uptake during hypoxia, and these functions may underlie its neuroprotective effects. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 596–603, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MARCKS dephosphorylation is involved in bradykinin‐induced neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Tanabe Atsuhiro , Shiraishi Mitsuya , Negishi Manabu , Saito Naoaki , Tanabe Mitsuo , Sasaki Yasuharu
Published: March 2011

Bradykinin (BK) plays a major role in producing peripheral sensitization in response to peripheral inflammation and in pain transmission in the central nerve system (CNS). Because BK activates protein kinase C (PKC) through phospholipase C (PLC)‐β and myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) has been found to be a substrate of PKC, we explored the possibility that BK could induce MARCKS phosphorylation and regulate its function. BK stimulation induced transient MARCKS phosphorylation on Ser159 with a peak at 1 min in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. By contrast, PKC activation by the phorbol ester phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu) elicited MARCKS phosphorylation which lasted more than 10 min. Western blotting analyses and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) pull‐down analyses showed that the phosphorylation by BK was the result of activation of the PKC‐dependent RhoA/Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase (ROCK) pathway. Protein phosphatase (PP) 2A inhibitors calyculin A and fostriecin inhibited the dephosphorylation of MARCKS after BK‐induced phosphorylation. Moreover, immunoprecipitation analyses showed that PP2A interacts with MARCKS. These results indicated that PP2A is the dominant PP of MARCKS after BK stimulation. We established SH‐SY5Y cell lines expressing wild‐type MARCKS and unphosphorylatable MARCKS, and cell morphology changes after cell stimulation were studied. PDBu induced lamellipodia formation on the neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y and the morphology was sustained, whereas BK induced neurite outgrowth of the cells via lamellipodia‐like actin accumulation that depended on transient MARCKS phosphorylation. Thus these findings show a novel BK signal cascade—that is, BK promotes neurite outgrowth through transient MARCKS phosphorylation involving the PKC‐dependent RhoA/ROCK pathway and PP2A in a neuroblastoma cell line. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 618–629, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐dimensional fluorescence as a fingerprinting tool for monitoring wastewater treatment systems
Authors: Galinha Claudia F. , Carvalho Gilda , Portugal Carla A. M. , Guglielmi Giuseppe , Reis Maria A. M. , Crespo João G.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: The use of two‐dimensional (2D) fluorescence for monitoring complex biological systems requires careful assessment of the effect of chemical species present, which may be fluorescent and/or may interfere with the fluorescence response of target fluorophores. Given the complexity of fluorescence data (excitation emission matrices—EEMs), the challenge is how to recover the information embedded into those EEMs that can be related quantitatively with the observed performance of the biological processes under study.

RESULTS: This work shows clearly that interference effects (such as quenching and inner filter effects) occur due to the presence of multiple species in complex biological media, such as natural water matrices, wastewaters and activated sludge. A statistical multivariate analysis is proposed to recover quantitative information from 2D fluorescence data, correlating EEMs with the observed performance. A selected case study is discussed, where 2D fluorescence spectra obtained from the effluent of a membrane bioreactor were compressed using PARAFAC and successfully correlated with the effluent chemical oxygen demand, using projection to latent structures modelling.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential of using 2D fluorescence spectroscopy as a status fingerprint. Additionally, it is shown how statistical multivariate data analysis can be used to correlate EEMs with selected performance parameters for monitoring of biological systems. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Reactions of 2‐(diformylmethylidene)‐3,3‐dimethylindole with hydrazides: Synthesis of new pyrazolylindolenine derivatives—the unprecedented one‐pot pyrazole–thiadiazole double annulation
Authors: Khaledi Hamid , Ali Hapipah Mohd , Thomas Noel Francis , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2011

A series of new pyrazolylindolenine derivatives has been synthesized through the reaction of 2‐(diformylmethylidene)‐3,3‐dimethylindole (diformyl), prepared by the Vilsmeier reaction, with six different hydrazides. Although the reaction of p‐toluenesulfonylhydrazide and S‐benzyldithiocarbazide with diformyl yielded the expected pyrazolylindolenines as the sole products, the initial products of the reactions of diformyl with semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, and carbohydrazide underwent cleavage. The reaction of diformyl with thiocarbohydrazide resulted in a unique one‐pot formation of pyrazole and thiadiazole rings, conjugated with the indolenine component. The solid state structures of these heterocycles were established by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Test–retest reliability of arterial spin labeling with common labeling strategies
Authors: Chen Yufen , Wang Danny J.J. , Detre John A.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To compare the test–retest reproducibility of three variants of arterial spin labeling (ASL): pseudo‐continuous (pCASL), pulsed (PASL) and continuous (CASL).

Materials and Methods

Twelve healthy subjects were scanned on a 3.0T scanner with PASL, CASL, and pCASL. Scans were repeated within‐session, after 1 hour, and after 1 week to assess reproducibility at different scan intervals.

Results

Comparison of within‐subject coefficients of variation (wsCV) demonstrated high within‐session reproducibility (ie, low wsCV) for CASL‐based methods (gray matter [GM] wsCV for pCASL: 3.5% ± 0.02%, CASL: 4.1% ± 0.07%) compared to PASL (wsCV: 7.5% ± 0.06%), due to the higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) associated with continuous labeling, evident in the 20% gain in temporal SNR and 58% gain in raw SNR for pCASL relative to PASL. At the 1‐week scan interval, comparable reproducibility between PASL (GM wsCV 9.2% ± 0.12%) and pCASL (GM wsCV 8.5% ± 0.14%) was observed, indicating the dominance of physiological fluctuations.

Conclusion

Although all three approaches are capable of measuring cerebral blood flow within a few minutes of scanning, the high precision and SNR of pCASL, with its insensitivity to vessel geometry, make it an appealing method for future ASL application studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:940–949. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional atrophy of the basal ganglia and thalamus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Du Hanjian , Zhang Yuanchao , Xie Bing , Wu Nan , Wu Guocai , Wang Jian , Jiang Tianzi , Feng Hua
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To determine the regional changes in the shapes of subcortical structures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy using a vertex‐based analysis method. Earlier studies found that gray matter volume in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes is significantly altered in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Research has indicated that a relationship exists between the brain's subcortical structures and epilepsy. However, little is known about possible changes in the subcortical structures in IGE.

Materials and Methods

This study aims to determine the changes in the shape of subcortical structures in IGE using vertex analysis. Fourteen male patients with IGE and 28 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were included in this study, which used high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging. We performed a vertex‐based shape analysis, in which we compared patients with IGE with the controls, on the subcortical structures that we had obtained from the MRI data.

Results

Statistical analysis showed significant regional atrophy in the left thalamus, left putamen and bilateral globus pallidus in patients with IGE.

Conclusion

These results indicate that regional atrophy of the basal ganglia and the thalamus may be related to seizure disorder. In the future, these findings may prove useful for choosing new therapeutic regimens. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:817–821. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast T2*‐weighted MRI of the prostate at 3 tesla
Authors: Hardman Rulon L. , El‐Merhi Fadi , Jung Adam J. , Ware Steve , Thompson Ian M. , Friel Harry T. , Peng Qi
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To describe a rapid T2*‐weighted (T2*W), three‐dimensional (3D) echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence and its application in mapping local magnetic susceptibility variations in 3 Tesla (T) prostate MRI. To compare the sensitivity of T2*W EPI with routinely used T1‐weighted turbo‐spin echo sequence (T1W TSE) in detecting hemorrhage and the implications on sequences sensitive to field inhomogeneities such as MR spectroscopy (MRS).

Materials and Methods:

B0 susceptibility weighted mapping was performed using a 3D EPI sequence featuring a 2D spatial excitation pulse with gradients of spiral k‐space trajectory. A series of 11 subjects were imaged using 3T MRI and combination endorectal (ER) and six‐channel phased array cardiac coils. T1W TSE and T2*W EPI sequences were analyzed quantitatively for hemorrhage contrast. Point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS MRS) was performed and data quality was analyzed.

Results:

Two types of susceptibility variation were identified: hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic T2*W‐positive areas. Post‐biopsy hemorrhage lesions showed on average five times greater contrast on the T2*W images than T1W TSE images. Six nonhemorrhage regions of severe susceptibility artifact were apparent on the T2*W images that were not seen on standard T1W or T2W images. All nonhemorrhagic susceptibility artifact regions demonstrated compromised spectral quality on 3D MRS.

Conclusion:

The fast T2*W EPI sequence identifies hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic areas of susceptibility variation that may be helpful in prostate MRI planning at 3.0T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:902–907. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal oxygenation changes during water loading as evaluated by BOLD MRI: Effect of NOS inhibition
Authors: Haque Muhammad , Franklin Tammy , Prasad Pottumarthi
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To demonstrate a possible role for endogenous release of nitric oxide in determining the response of water loading on intrarenal oxygenation as evaluated by blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods:

Twelve Sprague Dawley rats (weight 344.9 ± 40.6 g) were equally divided into two groups, A and B. Water loading was implemented by continuous infusion of hypotonic saline containing glucose (0.25% NaCl, 0.5% glucose). Rats in group A were subject to water loading alone, while group B rats were dosed with N‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, (L‐NAME) (10.0 mg/kg) prior to water loading. T2*‐weighted images of the kidneys were obtained on a Siemens 3T Verio MRI scanner using a multiple gradient recalled echo (mGRE) sequence.

Results:

Consistent with previous reports, group A exhibited a significant decrease in medullary R2* during water loading (40.64 ± 1.10 s−1 to 34.68 ± 1.49 s−1, P < 0.05). On the other hand, in group B there was no decrease in R2* during water loading (48.11 ± 2.38 s−1 to 51.06 ± 2.18 s−1). The increased prewater loading R2* is due to the pretreatment with L‐NAME (40.82 ± 3.23 s−1 to 48.11 ± 2.38 s−1, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Our data suggest for the first time a role for endogenous nitric oxide in determining the response of renal medullary oxygenation to water loading. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:898–901. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
7 tesla MRI of microbleeds and white matter lesions as seen in vascular dementia
Authors: Theysohn Jens M. , Kraff Oliver , Maderwald Stefan , Barth Markus , Ladd Susanne C. , Forsting Michael , Ladd Mark E. , Gizewski Elke R.
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate 7T MRI in the assessment of cerebrovascular alterations as seen in vascular dementia by means of detection of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and depiction of white matter lesions (WML). 7T imaging was evaluated with respect to 1.5T.

Materials and Methods:

Ten healthy volunteers and 10 patients with CMBs and/or WMLs were examined at 1.5T and 7T using gradient‐echo (T2*, SWI) and turbo‐spin‐echo sequences (FLAIR). Comparisons of image quality, CMB and WML detection rates between sequences and field strengths were performed.

Results:

Using high‐resolution SWI at 7T 129 CMBs were detected compared to 75 at 1.5T using clinical SWI. With T2* at 7T 101 CMBs could be detected (33 CMBs at 1.5T). Lesion sizes were significantly larger for higher field strength. FLAIR images at 7T highlighted WMLs known from 1.5T with comparable extent. Gray and white matter contrast in FLAIR was slightly better at 1.5T, whereas image resolution and contrast of the WMLs to surrounding tissue was higher at 7T.

Conclusion:

By means of higher sensitivity for CMBs, 7T (SWI, T2*) might have significant impact on the early detection, diagnosis, and optimized antithrombotic therapy of cerebrovascular patients (eg, vascular dementia) in the future. Given the current state of technical development, 7T is approximately on par with 1.5T in the depiction of WMLs and their distribution, but holds the potential for future improvements. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:782–791. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posterior hypoperfusion in parkinson's disease With and without dementia measured with arterial spin labeling MRI
Authors: Kamagata Koji , Motoi Yumiko , Hori Masaaki , Suzuki Michimasa , Nakanishi Atsushi , Shimoji Keigo , Kyougoku Shinsuke , Kuwatsuru Ryohei , Sasai Keisuke , Abe Osamu , Mizuno Yoshikuni , Aoki Shigeki , Hattori Nobutaka
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To determine whether quantitative arterial spin labeling (ASL) can be used to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and without dementia (PD).

Materials and Methods:

Thirty‐five PD patients, 11 PDD patients, and 35 normal controls were scanned by using a quantitative ASL method with a 3 Tesla MRI unit. Regional cerebral blood flow was compared in the posterior cortex using region‐of‐interest analysis.

Results:

PD and PDD patients showed lower regional cerebral blood flow in the posterior cortex than normal controls (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively, analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc test).

Conclusion:

This is the first study to detect hypoperfusion in the posterior cortex in PD and PDD patients using ASL perfusion MRI. Because ASL perfusion MRI is completely noninvasive and can, therefore, safely be used for repeated assessments, this method can be used to monitor treatment effects or disease progression in PD. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:803–807. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between hip bone mineral density and lumbar disc degeneration: A study in elderly subjects using an eight‐level MRI‐based disc degeneration grading system
Authors: Wang Yi‐Xiang J. , Kwok Anthony W.L. , Griffith James F. , Leung Jason C.S. , Ma Heather T. , Ahuja Anil T. , Leung Ping Chung
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To study the relationship between hip bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar disc degeneration, and lumbar disc space narrowing in elderly subjects.

Materials and Methods:

The study cohort comprised 196 females and 163 males (age range, 67–89 years) with no age difference between the two groups. Anteroposterior total hip areal BMD was measured with DXA and lumbar spine MRI was acquired using a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Lumbar disc degeneration was assessed using an eight‐level grading system wherein each grade represents a stepwise progression from normal disc to severe disc degeneration and disc space narrowing.

Results:

After controlling for the age effect, no significant relationship was observed between total hip T‐score status and severity of disc degeneration. There was no significant difference in total hip BMD in the subjects with or without the disc space narrowing (P < 0.05). Female subjects are more likely to have a narrowed disc space than males at all levels, and being statistically significant at L3/4 and L4/5 levels, and with an overall significance of P = 0.007.

Conclusion:

There was no association observed between hip BMD and lumbar disc degeneration. Elderly females were more likely to have a narrowed lumbar disc space than elderly males. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:916–920. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demography and disappearing merchandise: How older workforces influence retail shrinkage
Authors: Avery Derek R. , Mckay Patrick F. , Hunter Emily M.
Published: March 2011

Prior research on retail shrinkage has taken a largely individual‐level approach to theorizing about why it occurs, showing that older employees are less prone to theft and more vigilant in preventing customer shoplifting than younger personnel. However, given the influence of organizational contexts on organizational behavior, theorizing about shrinkage may be enhanced by the consideration of business‐unit level contextual variables. The present study addressed this concern by examining the relationship between store‐level age composition, whistle‐blowing (WB) climate, and shrinkage in 726 retail stores. Results indicated that the negative mean age–shrinkage relationship was stronger when there was less age diversity or a climate more supportive of WB. Moreover, the negative WB climate–shrinkage linkage was stronger when the mean age was higher. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracorporeal shock wave‐induced proliferation of periosteal cells
Authors: Kearney Cathal J. , Lee Ji Yoo , Padera Robert F. , Hsu Hu‐Ping , Spector Myron
Published: March 2011

The cambium cells of the periosteum are an important cell source for select tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications due to their osteogenic and chondrogenic potential. However, the cambium layer is only 2–5 cells thick, which complicates its harvest, and the low cell number limits its suitability for certain applications. Extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) have been reported to cause periosteal osteogenesis following cambium layer thickening. This study quantified the proliferation of cambium cells in the femur and tibia of adult rats following ESW treatment at two different energy flux densities. Four days after application of ESWs, there was a significant (3‐ to 6‐fold) increase in cambium layer thickness and cell number. Proliferation was seen with an energy flux density as low as 0.15 mJ/mm2. The tibial cambium cells were more proliferative than those of the femur, with the cells closest to the ESW source proliferating the most. Within the thickened periosteum, α‐smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand Factor expression were upregulated, suggesting a vascular role in ESW osteogenesis. Bone formation was seen within the stimulated periosteum at day 4. We propose that non‐invasive ESWs can be used to rapidly stimulate cambium cell proliferation, providing a larger cell population for use as a progenitor cell source for tissue engineering applications, than can normally be provided by periosteum. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1536–1543, 2011
Differential effects of nicotine and tobacco smoke condensate on human annulus fibrosus cell metabolism
Authors: Vo Nam , Wang Dong , Sowa Gwendolyn , Witt William , Ngo Kevin , Coelho Paulo , Bedison Ronald , Byer Barbara , Studer Rebecca , Lee Joon , Di Y. Peter , Kang James
Published: March 2011

Tobacco smoking increases the risk of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and back pain, but the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of smoking are largely unknown. Current hypotheses predict that smoking contributes to IDD indirectly through nicotine‐mediated vasoconstriction which limits the exchange of nutrients between the discs and their surroundings. We alternatively hypothesize that direct contact of disc cells, that is, cells in the outermost annulus and those present along fissures in degenerating discs, with the vascular system containing soluble tobacco smoking constituents could perturb normal metabolic activities resulting in IDD. In this study, we tested our hypothesis by comparing the effects of direct exposure of human disc cells to tobacco smoke condensate and nicotine on cell viability and metabolic activity. We showed that smoke condensate, which contains all of the water‐soluble compounds inhaled by smokers, exerts greater detrimental effects on human disc cell viability and metabolism than nicotine. Smoke condensate greatly induced an inflammatory response and gene expression of metalloproteinases while reduced active matrix synthesis and expression of matrix structural genes. Therefore, we have demonstrated that disc cell exposure to the constituents of tobacco smoke has negative consequences which have the potential to alter disc matrix homeostasis. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1585–1591, 2011
The impact of research synthesis methods on industrial–organizational psychology: The road from pessimism to optimism about cumulative knowledge
Authors: DeGeest David S. , Schmidt Frank L.
Published: March 2011

This paper presents an account of the impact that research synthesis methods, in the form of psychometric meta‐analysis, has had on industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology. This paper outlines the central contributions of psychometric meta‐analysis in providing a method for developing cumulative knowledge. First, this paper describes the concerns and the state of the field before the development of meta‐analytic methods. Second, the paper explains how meta‐analysis addressed these concerns. Third, the paper details the development of psychometric meta‐analysis through VG research and describes how the use of psychometric meta‐analysis spread to other topic areas in the field. Finally, the paper presents illustrative example literatures, such as training and leadership, where meta‐analysis had crucial impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass‐forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with marked enhancement on arterial‐phase computed tomography reflects favorable surgical outcomes
Authors: Ariizumi Shun‐Ichi , Kotera Yoshihito , Takahashi Yutaka , Katagiri Satoshi , Chen I‐Pei , Ota Takehiro , Yamamoto Masakazu
Published: March 2011

Background

Outcomes after hepatectomy in patients with mass‐forming (MF) type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with marked enhancement within the tumor on arterial‐phase computed tomography (CT) scans have not been clarified in detail.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 140 patients with MF type ICC who underwent hepatectomy from 1989 through 2008. Surgical outcomes were compared between 25 patients with MF type ICC with marked enhancement within the tumor (hypervascular ICC) and 109 patients without enhancement within the tumor (hypovascular ICC) on arterial‐phase CT scans.

Results

Portal invasion and intrahepatic metastasis were significantly lower in patients with hypervascular ICC than in those with hypovascular ICC. The 5‐year survival rate was significantly higher in patients with hypervascular ICC (86%) than in patients with hypovascular ICC (27%, P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed hypervascular ICC on arterial‐phase CT scans, normal level of cancer‐associated carbohydrate antigen 19‐9, absence of portal invasion, and absence of intrahepatic metastasis of ICC to be significant independent prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with MF type ICC.

Conclusions

MF type ICC with marked enhancement within the tumor on arterial CT scans showed a favorable surgical outcome due to its less invasive histopathologic characteristics in patients with MF type ICC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:130–139. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Handling stress of female common eiders during avian cholera outbreaks
Authors: Buttler E. Isabel , Gilchrist H. Grant , Descamps Sébastien , Forbes Mark R. , Soos Catherine
Published: March 2011

Researchers often consider the importance of minimizing holding time during research activities; however, the long‐term costs of such handling stress is rarely measured explicitly. As part of an ongoing study of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) at a breeding colony in East Bay, Southampton Island, Nunavut, we recorded duration of restraint for females captured during avian cholera epizootics (2007 and 2008) and monitored female fates (breeding probability, onset of laying, and survival) relative to holding time. Probability of death increased with holding time in 2007 from an estimated 0.05 for females held 20 min to 0.33 for females held for 150 min. In 2008, we responded by limiting holding time to <90 min and mortality was no longer positively correlated with holding time, although total mortality was greater due to increased severity of avian cholera. In both years, longer restraint durations delayed onset of egg‐laying after capture by 0.5 days for each 10 min of additional restraint but did not prevent breeding. This delay of nest initiation did not enhance survival probability. Our results show that prolonged holding time can exacerbate mortality during epizootics and emphasize the importance of minimizing restraint time in wild birds, especially in the presence of diseases. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Mitigating by‐catch of diamondback terrapins in crab pots
Authors: Hart Kristen M. , Crowder Larry B.
Published: March 2011

Chronic by‐catch of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) pots is a concern for terrapin conservation along the United States Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Despite the availability of by‐catch reduction devices (BRDs) for crab pots, adoption of BRDs has not been mandated and by‐catch of terrapins continues. We conducted experimental fishing studies in North Carolina's year‐round blue crab fishery from 2000 to 2004 to evaluate the ability of various BRDs to reduce terrapin by‐catch without a concomitant reduction in the catch of blue crabs. In 4,822 crab pot days fished, we recorded only 21 terrapin captures. Estimated capture rates were 0.003 terrapins/pot per day in hard crab experimental fishing and 0.008 terrapins/pot per day in peeler experimental fishing. All terrapin captures occurred from April to mid‐May within 321.4 m of the shoreline. Longer soak times produced more dead terrapins, with 4 live and 4 dead during hard crab experimental fishing and 11 live and 2 dead during peeler experimental fishing. The 4.0‐cm BRDs in fall and 4.5‐cm and 5.0‐cm BRDs in spring reduced the catch of legal‐sized male hard crabs by 26.6%, 21.2%, and 5.7%, respectively. Only the 5.0‐cm BRDs did not significantly affect the catch of legal‐sized hard male crabs. However, BRDs had no measurable effect on catch of target crabs in the peeler crab fishery. Our results identify 3 complementary and economically feasible tools for blue crab fishery managers to exclude terrapins from commercially fished crab pots in North Carolina: 1) gear modifications (e.g., BRDs); 2) distance‐to‐shore restrictions; and 3) time‐of‐year regulations. These measures combined could provide a reduction in terrapin by‐catch of up to 95% without a significant reduction in target crab catch. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Survival and detectability bias of avian fence collision surveys in sagebrush steppe
Authors: Stevens Bryan S. , Reese Kerry P. , Connelly John W.
Published: March 2011

We used female ring‐necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) carcasses as surrogates for greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) to study factors influencing survival and detection bias associated with avian fence collision surveys in southern Idaho, USA, during spring 2009. We randomly placed 50 pheasant carcasses on each of 2 study areas, estimated detection probability during fence‐line surveys, and monitored survival and retention of carcasses and their associated sign over a 31‐day period. Survival modeling suggested site and habitat features had little impact on carcass survival, and constant survival models were most supported by the data. Model averaged carcass daily survival probability was low on both study areas and ranged from 0.776 to 0.812. Survival of all carcass sign varied strongly by location, and the top sign survival model included a site effect parameter. Model averaged daily survival probability for collision sign on the 2 study sites ranged from 0.863 to 0.988 and varied between sites. Logistic regression modeling indicated detection probability of carcasses during fence‐line surveys for avian collision victims was influenced by habitat type and microsite shrub height at the carcass location. Carcasses located in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) habitats were detected at a lower rate (0.36) than carcasses in little (A. arbuscula) and black sagebrush (A. nova) habitats (0.71). Increasing shrub height at the carcass location from the little sagebrush mean of 16.5 cm to the big sagebrush mean of 36.0 cm reduced detection probability by approximately 30%. Avian fence collision surveys in sagebrush‐steppe habitats should be conducted at ≤2‐week sampling intervals to reduce the impact of survival bias on collision rate estimates. Two‐week sampling intervals may be too long in areas with low carcass and sign survival, therefore survival rates should be estimated on all study areas to determine the appropriate sampling interval duration. Researchers should be aware of the effects of local vegetation on detection probabilities, and methods to correct detection probabilities based on collision site attributes should be applied to ensure more accurate collision rate estimates. Additionally, caution should be used when aggregating or comparing uncorrected collision data from areas with differing vegetation, as detection probabilities are likely different between sites. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.