bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minas Gerais
Authors: Libby Douglas
Published: November 2020

The territory known as Minas Gerais (General Mines), roughly corresponding to the highlands of the southeastern region of present-day Brazil, was designated as a separate captaincy of Portuguese America in 1720, became a province in 1815, retained that status during the empire, and was redesignated as a state after the proclamation of the Republic in 1889—dates that roughly coincide with the limits of the overall period under consideration here (occasionally the region will be referred to as simply Minas and the adjective mineiro will be used as a qualifier). Gold strikes in the final years of the 17th century attracted ever larger waves of settlers from Portugal and other European countries and from other parts of Portuguese America, as well as attendant African slaves. A network of urban areas sprang up to house and service a burgeoning population and concentrated stately public and private buildings with their rich interiors. The slave society that emerged from a complex interdependence of mining, agricultural, craft, and service sectors was often considered unruly by colonial authorities, although current interpretations tend to emphasize the relative stability that marked everyday life in Minas, not least owing to a certain prosperity born of that diversity. While imports of African slaves into Minas were massive—perhaps the largest in all the Americas during most of the 18th century—it was the constant intermixing (mestiçagem) of individuals of diverse origins that most stands out in historical terms. By mid-century Minas boasted the largest population of Portuguese America, including the largest slave force, the highest number of Africans, and, above all, the largest population of mixed origin: slaves, freedpeople, and freeborn. Social organization, culture, the arts, and religious practices reflected those admixtures. By the last quarter of the 18th century, gold yields were in decline, but population growth continued and Minas had the largest provincial population when independence arrived in 1822—a situation that would not change until the second or third decade of the 20th century. Characterized by a sort of bucolic diversity during the 19th century, the region nevertheless remained linked to the Atlantic world through the slave trade and thanks to the emergence of coffee production, as well as through its role as the virtual breadbasket of dynamic southeastern Brazil. As the abolition of slavery loomed larger and larger on the horizon, the basic contours of Minas remained in place, but the glow of a diversified prosperity began to grow dimmer.
Roman Jakobson
Authors: Thomas Margaret
Published: November 2020

Roman Osipovich Jakobson (1896–1982) famously characterized himself as a “Russian philologist. Period.” He arranged for his gravestone to be engraved simply with the words “Roman Jakobson—RUSSKIJ FILOLOG.” Jakobson’s Russianness, and his love of language and literature, are beyond dispute. However, his intellectual contributions far exceed the intersection of the two terms of his self-description. Jakobson was a dynamic and protean scholar, who wrote about Poetics, Phonology, historical linguistics (especially Slavic), morphosyntax, semiotics, psycholinguistics, and cultural and literary history. He participated avidly in a succession of scholarly collaboratives which generated ideas about language and literature that radiated outward to other thinkers and disciplines. In a first and formative instance, Jakobson was a precocious member of the avant garde literary-artistic Futurist movement in Moscow in the 1910s. In 1926, he co-founded the Prague Linguistic Circle, which developed a distinctive response to the structuralist linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure (b. 1857–d. 1913) that was then spreading across Europe. Following his immigration to America in 1941, Jakobson co-founded the Linguistic Circle of New York and taught at the French-Belgian university in exile, the École Libre des Hautes Études, before joining the faculty of Columbia University (in 1946), Harvard (in 1949), and MIT (in 1957, concurrent with his appointment at Harvard). Working steadily into his eighties through these successive dislocations, Jakobson produced a flood of texts and lectures addressed to diverse audiences, often coauthored with colleagues or former students. Much of his attention went to close linguistic analysis of literature, with a special focus on the formal linguistic features and sound patterns of poetry. A second theme was his work in phonology, especially in his collaboration with fellow Russian émigré and Prague Circle member Nikolai Trubetzkoy (b. 1890–d. 1938). Jakobson resolved phonemes into bundles of hierarchically organized distinctive features, emphasizing acoustic over articulatory definitions, in which one member has default or “unmarked” status relative to the other. The notion of distinctive features influenced generative phonology and other approaches in the 1960s, although Jakobson’s contributions are not always acknowledged. Another of Jakobson’s most significant accomplishments was his role in transmitting structuralism from Europe to the United States, especially during his residence in New York when his lectures on Saussure at the École Libre influenced anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (b. 1908–d. 2009). Through Jakobson, structuralist ideas passed to Lévi-Strauss, and then to sociology, philosophy, literary criticism, and 20th-century humanities in general, before meeting opposition from poststructuralism in the late 1960s.
War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714
Authors: Karges Caleb
Published: November 2020

The War of the Spanish Succession was a large military conflict that encompassed most of western and central Europe spawning additional fighting in the Americas and the world’s oceans. Hostilities began with the invasion of Lombardy by imperial forces in 1701 and were concluded be the treaties of Utrecht (1713), Rastatt, and Baden (1714). The trigger for the war was the long-anticipated death of the childless King Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his will, which ignored several partition treaties signed by other powers and passed the entirety of the Spanish monarchy to Louis XIV of France’s grandson, Philip, Duke of Anjou (Philip V of Spain). The Austrian Habsburgs under Emperor Leopold I contested the will on behalf of his second son, Archduke Charles (Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire). With the European balance of power jeopardized by the prospect of a Bourbon succession in Spain, the Kingdom of England (Great Britain after 1707) and the United Provinces joined the Holy Roman Empire in forming the Grand Alliance in 1702. The Grand Alliance, heretofore referred to as the Allies, expanded to consist ultimately the emperor of and the states of the Holy Roman Empire (with a few notable exceptions), Great Britain, the United Provinces, Portugal, and the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont. The pro-Bourbon alliance opposing the Grand Alliance consisted of France, Spain, the Electorate of Bavaria, and the Archbishopric of Cologne. The main military operations largely occurred along the frontiers of France and in the Spanish possessions in Europe such as the Spanish Netherlands, Italy, and the Iberian Peninsula. Of notable exception were the Bavarian campaigns in 1703 and 1704. Throughout the war, each side tried to exploit real and potential revolts/insurgencies in the other’s territory. The Allies maintained a large military presence in Catalonia and set up a rival court in Barcelona under the Archduke Charles as “Charles III of Spain.” The land war in Europe was characterized by the military victories of the Allied commanders, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy in Flanders, Germany, and Italy. However, the Bourbons maintained their supremacy in Spain itself. As the war protracted, financial and political exhaustion beset both sides. Despite sustained losses bringing France to the brink of collapse, Louis XIV continued to resist until Allied resolve softened with the events of 1710 and 1711 (the Tory victory in the British elections, the battle of Brihuega, and the death of Emperor Joseph I). The war ended with the signing of the treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt, and Baden (collectively known as the Peace of Utrecht) in 1713 and 1714. The British gained significant colonial possessions and concessions from the Bourbon powers as well as the territories of Gibraltar and Minorca. The Dutch received a reinforced barrier in the Low Countries. The Austrians received Spain’s possessions in Italy and the Low Countries. Philip V retained Spain and its colonial possessions.
Illustration
Authors: Maidment Brian
Published: November 2020

Growing interest in book and publishing history and the mass digitization of Victorian periodicals and newspapers has given increasing scholarly significance to the study of book and magazine illustration. While some print forms in the 19th century, notably books aimed at children, comic and satirical magazines and serialized fiction, were heavily dependent on illustration for both their popularity and their formal characteristics, the graphic elements of books have been largely ascribed to a subsidiary role in which illustration reiterated text. More recent scholarship has recognized the complexities of illustrative elements beyond the decorative and become increasingly interested in the way in which images extend, elaborate, or reimagine the textual elements they accompany. In order to begin a more self-consciously analytical account of illustration, scholars have had to engage with two previously dominant traditions of approaching the topic. The first has derived largely from an immediate 19th-century recognition that, in spite of being produced by mechanical reprographic processes, often in huge numbers, illustrations might show considerable aesthetic ambition and artistic achievement. The establishment of a canon of “major” illustrative work that embodies a perception of the most artistically successful images has informed responses ever since. The study of illustration is still limited by the inherited double assumption that illustrations merely decorate texts or else form the less interesting and more commercial work of artists whose major achievements lie elsewhere. More recent work has challenged these assumptions by showing the complex and often highly self-conscious ways in which images reinterpret, restate, or even reinvent the printed words they accompany. The second established response to illustration has been more historical and sociological in its interests: how far does illustration form an accurate or historically significantly account of the society in which it was produced? Until the last twenty years or so there was a general belief that aspects of British history could be “illustrated” from graphic images through a largely unmediated reading of pictorial content. More recent cultural and social historians, however, have turned their attention to the intersection between traditional modes of historical understanding and the history of representation in order to show, sometimes in a highly theorized way, the complex social dynamics of printed images and the various ways in which illustration has been used to influence or construct social attitudes. This listing seeks to bring together entries on the mechanics of reprographic media with sources of information about its practitioners, and to suggest the ways in which recent scholarship is engaging with the key questions raised by previous commentators.
Geographers and Ethics
Authors: Dickens Luke , Hay Iain
Published: November 2020

Alongside the incorporation of moral and ethical philosophy into geographical thought (see our linked Oxford Bibliographies article Geography and Ethics), there runs a parallel and equally important set of debates focused on how geographers might enact and inhabit ethical practices through their work. These concerns have had a major influence on the development of geographical research methodologies, while opening up significant new terrain for ethical reflection about the conditions under which geographical knowledges and subjectivities are produced, and the intellectual and material spaces through which they circulate. Foundational in this regard has been the considerable influence that Feminist Ethics have had on showing that ways of knowing the world are necessarily produced through differently situated and embodied positions in the world. Resonating across subsequent developments, including significant steps toward a long-overdue reckoning with colonial and imperial power structures, these strands of Ethics in Emerging Geographies have advanced understanding of the intersecting forms of social difference that shape our ethics, politics, and pursuit of justice, as well as the motivations, perspectives, and experiences that inform notions about what it might mean to be a critical geographer in the contemporary academy. Recent developments also include challenging established distinctions between “researcher” and “researched” through calls for participatory ethics, and contemplating how research both with and by children, Indigenous societies, or marginalized groups might recast ethical approaches and procedures. Geographers, particularly those working with notions of embodiment, emotions, and affect, have experimented with new understandings of ethics beyond traditional forms of moral philosophy and the normative. These various waves of ethical praxis have increasingly challenged, recast, and fragmented established modes of doing geography, often by asserting non-Western intellectual visions of the world and engaging with posthuman philosophies in ways that recenter perspectives from the Global South and in the context of the Anthropocene. At the same time, a whole raft of critical questioning and discussion has sought to unsettle the everyday Ethics of Geographical Practice: concerning, for example, geographical writing, publishing, and citational cultures; the conduct of teaching, learning, and education; and notions of collegiality, care, and collective endeavor. Much of this work has called into question the motivations for scholarship and the very purpose of the academy itself. Nonetheless, such important provocations seem to have resulted in a stronger sense of what really matters and what is ultimately at stake in our everyday geographical practice. We would like to thank the generous response from an anonymous reviewer, whose constructive and encouraging feedback helped finalize this bibliography.
Katsushika Hokusai
Authors: Forrer Matthi
Published: November 2020

While the best-known Japanese artwork is the iconic “Great Wave,” less known is that this was a creation of the artist Hokusai. Even more surprising is the fact that the artist was seventy years of age when he designed the print. Hokusai had already been working as an artist for fifty years, training many pupils, including two of his daughters, and enjoying followers even in far-away Osaka. This article focuses on research concerning the life and works of the Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai (b. 1760–d. 1849) from an art historical perspective. The three main sections are preceded by a discussion of the various sources for a biography of Hokusai (The Life of the Artist). Biography is followed by a review of his oeuvre, starting with his illustrations of various kinds of books (Hokusai’s Oeuvre in the Format of Books). We still lack a full bibliographic overview of all the books that Hokusai composed, illustrated, or where he contributed designs for illustrations, let alone an adequate catalogue of the various editions and how to distinguish them. This is followed by a discussion of his works in the format of single prints, mostly organized according to his six main periods of activity, each associated with one of his six names, Shunrō, Sōri, Hokusai, Taito, Iitsu, and Manji (Hokusai’s Oeuvre in the Format of Prints). Scholars and students still await a catalogue raisonné, like the Bartsch or Hollstein volumes, that inventories all the known—primarily German and Dutch—woodblock prints, copperplates, and etchings, organized by school and artist. Most people who are engaged with Hokusai’s work, especially since the passing of the scholar Peter Morse, lack the proper training in art history and never heard of Bartsch or Hollstein. In the West they are often Japanologists, while in Japan they are historians, specialists of Japanese literature, and in so far as they have training as art historians, this background is still quite different from the Western tradition. However, now many Western institutional holdings have become accessible online, facilitating further study but, no Japanese ones. For Hokusai’s early period, especially, problems remain concerning works with signatures that can either be identified with Hokusai or with his pupils. The discussion of Hokusai’s works concludes with his paintings (Hokusai’s Painted Oeuvre) and his preparatory sketches for either prints or book illustrations. In fact, this is the most problematic part of Hokusai’s oeuvre where consensus will not occur until a new methodology of research is accepted. At present, there are two museums devoted to Hokusai in Japan: the Hokusai Museum in Obuse, Nagano Prefecture; the recently opened Sumida Katsushika Hokusai Bijutsukan in Tokyo, whereas the holdings of the Katsushika Hokusai Museum of Art in Tsuwano, that is the Nagata Seiji collection, was bequeathed to the Shimane Prefectural Museum after his untimely death in 2018. There is also a magazine devoted to Hokusai research, the Hokusai kenkyū, volumes 1–56 (Tokyo: Hokusaikai, Kazusa Museum and Sumida Arts Foundation, 1972–2016.
Social vulnerability and COVID-19: A call to action for paediatric clinicians
Authors: Prodanuk Michael , Wagner Stephanie , Orkin Julia , Noone Damien
Published: November 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has had dramatic effects on the lives of children globally. However, socially vulnerable children have been particularly impacted. Certain populations have increased vulnerabilities, including children and youth experiencing homelessness. Increased infection risk due to congregant living and challenges with physical distancing are contributing factors. An urgent need exists for a wholistic approach to care with unique cross-sectoral partnerships across disciplines. A recognition of the unintended consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on this population is urgently required by all those supporting children. Families should receive direct support in clinical settings to identify their social needs. Partnership with community agencies and advocacy for appropriate isolation facilities for patients experiencing homelessness are critical.
An exploration of food industry led reformulation on fortified food staples in Ireland
Authors: McMenemy Daragh , Kelly Frances , Sweeney Mary Rose
Published: November 2020

Background

Food industry led reformulation efforts have attempted to address the prevalence of obesity by modifying nutrient compositions in food products. This study explored progress in nutrient composition alterations in products in Irish supermarkets by comparing the nutrient labels of products sold in 2014 and 2017.

Methods

We conducted two supermarket audits in 2014 and 2017 to examine the changes in the nutrient profile of cereals, breads, spreads, unflavoured milks, yogurts and juices. Information on the nutrients of interest to the study (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, saturated fat, salt, sugar and some micronutrients) were extracted and stored in Microsoft Excel. The nutrient profile of each product was compared across the two timepoints. Our study shows that the mean level of sugars in cereals remains high and that the mean level of salt remains high in cereals, breads, and spreads.

Results

In total, 143 products were directly compared (86 cereals, 26 breads, 17 spreads and 14 milks). Our study shows that the composition of salt and sugar in cereal, bread, spreads and milk has declined by 12 and 7%, respectively. Saturated fat has declined in cereals (7%), but has increased in breads (12%), spreads (1%), and milks (5%). Manufacturers increased the serving sizes in nine cereals and one milk.

Conclusions

From a population health perspective, the results are encouraging but care should be exercised by the food industry not to allow total fat and saturated fat levels to creep upwards. Further research and engagement of public health specialists and the food industry are needed.
A systematic review of interventions to link families with preschool children from healthcare services to community-based support
Authors: Burns Jacky , Conway David I , Gnich Wendy , Macpherson Lorna M D
Published: November 2020

Background

Supporting patients to access community-based support may be a key intervention to address the wider determinants of health. There is a lack of evidence synthesis around the most effective methods for linking individuals from health services to organizations within communities, especially those aimed at supporting families with young children.

Methods

Papers were identified from seven databases covering peer-reviewed and grey literature. The Effective Public Health Practice Project and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative quality appraisal tools were used to assess methodological quality. Thematic narrative data synthesis based on study quality was performed.

Results

Twenty-four unique publications were included in the review with a range of study designs and variable methodological quality. A broad typology of intervention processes for undertaking linking was developed defining three distinct approaches: signposting, referral and facilitation. Active processes, such as facilitation, appeared more successful at linking families to community support.

Conclusions

This was the first systematic review to focus on interventions that link families with young children to community-based support organizations. It identified a typology for linking interventions, and whilst there were limitations in the quality of evidence available, it showed a tendency for more active interventions to be more effective in linking families to community support.
Cytokeratin 19 fragment is associated with severity and poor prognosis of interstitial lung disease in anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis
Authors: Gui Xianhua , Ma Miao , Ding Jingjing , Shi ShenYun , Xin Xiaoyan , Qiu Xiaohua , Zhang Yingwei , Qiu Yuying , Cao Min , Huang Mei , Cao Mengshu , Dai Jinghong , Cai Hourong , Xiao Yonglong
Published: November 2020

Objectives

In the present study, we aimed to assess the clinical significance of cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive DM-interstitial lung disease (MDA5-DM-ILD).

Methods

A total of 73 MDA5-DM-ILD patients were retrospectively analysed in this work. Their clinical characteristics, including clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and lung function, were compared between patients with acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia (A/SIP) and chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP). The level of serum CYFRA21-1 was also compared between the above-mentioned two groups of patients, and its association with the clinical features and mortality of MDA5-DM-ILD was also evaluated.

Results

Of the 73 MDA5-DM-ILD patients, 26 patients exhibited the A/SIP pattern. The level of serum CYFRA21-1 was higher in MDA5-DM patients with A/SIP compared with the CIP group (P = 0.009). Lower oxygenation index (OI), CD3+CD4+ T cell counts and percentage of CD3+CD4+ cells were also observed in MDA5-DM patients with A/SIP compared with the CIP group. Higher serum CYFRA21-1, lower OI, and lower zone consolidation were associated with a higher risk of A/SIP in MDA5-DM-ILD. In addition, 38 decedents with MDA5-DM-ILD exhibited a greater level of CYFRA21-1 compared with 35 survivors (P < 0.001). Furthermore, it was a prognostic factor and also associated with a higher mortality rate (log-rank test, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

CYFRA21-1 could be a useful serum indicator associated with occurrence of A/SIP in MDA5-DM-ILD. Moreover, it was associated with a poor survival in MDA5-DM-ILD patients.
Sleep misestimation among older adults suffering from insomnia with short and normal objective sleep duration and the effects of cognitive behavior therapy
Authors: Lovato Nicole , Micic Gorica , Lack Leon
Published: November 2020

Study Objectives

Compare the degree of sleep misestimation in older adults with insomnia presenting with objectively short relative to normal sleep duration, and investigate the differential therapeutic response on sleep misestimation between the proposed sleep duration phenotypes to cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia (CBTi).

Methods

Ninety-one adults (male = 43, mean age = 63.34, SD = 6.41) with sleep maintenance insomnia were classified as short sleepers (SS; <6 h total sleep time [TST]) or normal sleepers (NS; ≥6 h TST) based on one night of home-based polysomnography. Participants were randomly allocated to CBTi (N = 30 SS, N = 33 NS) or to a wait-list control condition (N = 9 SS, N = 19 NS). Sleep misestimation was calculated as the difference scores of subjective (sleep diary reported) and objective (derived from actigraphy) sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and TST at pre- and post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up.

Results

Prior to treatment, perception of SOL, WASO, and TST did not differ between patients with objectively short sleep duration relative to those with objectively normal sleep duration. Patients’ perception of WASO and TST, improved immediately following treatment and at 3-month follow-up relative to the waitlist group. These improvements did not differ significantly between those with short or normal objective sleep duration prior to treatment.

Conclusions

The degree of sleep misestimation is similar for older adults suffering from chronic insomnia with short or normal objective sleep duration. Irrespective of objective sleep duration prior to treatment, CBTi produces significant improvements in sleep perception.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

ACTRN12620000883910
Associations of insomnia symptoms with subsequent health services use among community-dwelling U.S. older adults
Authors: Tzuang Marian , Owusu Jocelynn T , Huang Jin , Sheehan Orla C , Rebok George W , Paudel Misti L , Wickwire Emerson M , Kasper Judith D , Spira Adam P
Published: November 2020

Study Objectives

Determine the association of insomnia symptoms with subsequent health services use, in a representative sample of U.S. older adults.

Methods

Participants were 4,289 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries who had continuous fee-for-service Medicare coverage 30 days before, and 1 year after the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) Round 1 interview. Participants reported past-month insomnia symptoms (i.e. sleep onset latency >30 min, difficulty returning to sleep) which we categorized as 0, 1, or 2 symptoms. Outcomes were health services use within 1 year of interviews from linked Medicare claims: emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, 30-day readmissions, home health care (all measured as yes/no), and number of hospitalizations and ED visits.

Results

Overall, 18.5% of participants were hospitalized, 28.7% visited the ED, 2.5% had a 30-day readmission, and 11.3% used home health care. After adjustment for demographics, depressive and anxiety symptoms, medical comorbidities, and BMI, compared to participants with no insomnia symptoms, those with two insomnia symptoms had a higher odds of ED visits (odds ratio [OR) = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24–2.07, p < 0.001), hospitalizations (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.01–1.65, p < 0.05), and 30-day readmissions (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.88–3.29, p < 0.05). Reporting 2 insomnia symptoms, versus no insomnia symptoms, was associated with a greater number of ED visits and hospitalizations (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.23–1.87, p < 0.001; IRR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02–1.44, p < 0.05, respectively) after adjusting for demographic and health characteristics.

Conclusions

Among older adults, insomnia symptoms are associated with greater health services use, including emergency department use, hospitalization, and 30-day readmission. Targeting insomnia may lower health services use.
Modeling Inoculum Availability of Plurivorosphaerella nawae in Persimmon Leaf Litter with Bayesian Beta Regression
Authors: Martínez-Minaya Joaquín , Conesa David , López-Quílez Antonio , Mira José Luís , Vicent Antonio
Published: November 2020

Circular leaf spot (CLS), caused by Plurivorosphaerella nawae, is a serious disease affecting persimmon (Diospyros kaki) that is characterized by necrotic lesions on leaves, defoliation, and fruit drop. Under Mediterranean conditions, P. nawae forms pseudothecia in the leaf litter in winter, and ascospores are released in spring, infecting susceptible leaves. Persimmon growers are advised to apply fungicides for CLS control during the period of inoculum availability, which was previously defined based on ascospore counts under the microscope. A model of inoculum availability of P. nawae was developed and evaluated as an alternative to ascospore counts. Leaf litter samples were collected weekly in L’Alcúdia (Spain) from 2010 to 2015. Leaves were soaked and placed in a wind tunnel, and the released ascospores of P. nawae were counted. Hierarchical Bayesian beta regression methods were used to model the dynamics of ascospore production in the leaf litter. The selected model included accumulated degree-days (ADDs) and ADDs taking into account the vapor pressure deficit (ADDvpd) as fixed effects and year as random effect. This model had a mean absolute error of 0.042 and a root mean square error of 0.062. The beta regression model was evaluated in four orchards from 2010 to 2015. Higher accuracy was obtained at the beginning and the end of the ascospore production period, which are the events of interest to schedule fungicide sprays for CLS control in Spain. This same modeling framework can be extended to other fungal plant pathogens whose inoculum dynamics are expressed as proportion data.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Treating Opioid Use Disorder in Puerto Rico During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Providers’ Leadership Efforts in Unprecedented Times
Authors: Quiñones Darlene Santiago , Melin Kyle , Roman Luis , Rodriguez Francisco , Alvarado Jose , Rodríguez-Díaz Carlos E.
Published: November 2020

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an unprecedented medical and public health issue both in Puerto Rico (PR) and the greater US with an increase incidence of opioid use every year. Unprecedented and compounded emergencies in PR such as those caused by hurricanes, earthquakes, and the COVID-19 pandemic coupled with limited national and local governmental support, has forced most clinics in PR to take action to be able to continue providing care. This commentary summarizes the leadership and clinical initiatives of 3 community organizations in PR to maintain services for people with OUD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Local legislation that supported the continuity of OUD care is summarized, along with unique experiences specific to each organization. In addition, the vulnerability of economically disadvantaged people or experiencing homelessness as well as those affected by these compounded events in PR is discussed, with an emphasis on how some challenges were addressed and future directions for continuity of care as our country adjusts to new demands caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Community-led Priority Setting for Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy and Parenting
Authors: Altman Molly R. , Busse Morgan , Kim Jane , Ervin Ayla , Unite Marianne , Kantrowitz-Gordon Ira
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

To engage community members with opioid use disorder (OUD) and case managers working with pregnant and parenting individuals with OUD in a priority setting process to identify the key priorities for research, policy, and care improvement during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum.

Methods:

We conducted focus groups across Washington State with pregnant and parenting people with OUD and with case managers working with this community as part of research priority setting using the validated Research Prioritization by Affected Communities protocol. Priorities for research, policy, and service improvement were developed during each focus group by the participants.

Results:

Three focus groups with pregnant and parenting people with OUD and 2 focus groups with case managers were conducted (total N = 24 and 16, respectively). Both prioritized topics such as stigma and bias, housing, access to treatment, and steps toward successful recovery. The community and case manager groups shared similar, complementary strategies for each priority, with differences reflecting their perspectives in relation to OUD.

Conclusions:

Community-engaged priority setting among those with OUD was an effective and meaningful way to guide future research, policy, and care improvement efforts.
Carry on With Raja Ravi Varma, Mary Cassatt, and Renoir
Authors: Rebello Gleeson , Joseph Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Raja Ravi Varma’s painting “There Comes Papa” depicts his daughter carrying her son astride her hip. The positive implication of the posture of the hips of the child while being carried in this manner on acetabular development is discussed.
First Carpometacarpal Joint Instability: Dorsal Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Zeba Nenad , Horvath Alexandra , Wallmon Anders
Published: November 2020

The first carpometacarpal (CMC-I) joint has an elaborate ligamentous support. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the dorsal ligament group is imperative for joint stability and that CMC-I joint instability may occur as a consequence of trauma and ligamentous laxity, and other conditions, with possible CMC-I subluxation and the development of osteoarthritis. Although various surgical techniques have been introduced for the treatment of ligamentous CMC-I instability, the Eaton-Littler reconstruction has been regarded as the gold standard. It is widely accepted that impaired hand function may still be present following the reconstruction of the CMC-I joint ligaments, demonstrating the existing limitations of current surgical techniques. In this paper, a novel extra-articular technique relating to CMC-I joint instability and focusing on the dorsal ligament group is described. A graft taken from the abductor pollicis longus tendon is utilized to reconstruct the dorsal radial ligament and posterior oblique ligament. This technique may provide a less invasive alternative than the gold standard procedure and the hypothesis is that it will lead to a better outcome.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis of a melanoma patient under BRAF/MEK-inhibitor therapy following anti-PD1 inhibitor treatment: a case report and review to the literature
Authors: Dudda Milena , Mann Caroline , Heinz Jaqueline , Schmidgen Isabel , Weid Florian , Kühn M. , Saloga Joachim , Grabbe Stephan , Loquai Carmen
Published: November 2020

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening condition. HLH in infants and young children is usually inherited, which is then classified as primary HLH. Secondary HLH, in contrast, is caused by many different conditions such as infections, cancer or medication and affects mostly adults. HLH is a hyperinflammatory condition, which may mimic an acute septic shock. We report on a 68-year-old patient with malignant melanoma with lymph node metastases. Due to the lymphogenic progression, treatment was switched from nivolumab to dabrafenib and trametinib. Twenty-one days after initiation of BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy, the patient presented to our emergency department with clinical signs of infection such as fever and fatigue. Laboratory tests showed excessive inflammation levels without identifying an underlying pathogen. Two days later, the patient developed an increasing pancytopenia. After extending the diagnosis, we found very high ferritin levels, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia and a soluble CD25 receptor. Based on the laboratory results, prolonged fever and splenomegaly, we were able to diagnose HLH as the underlying condition. We immediately initiated treatment with intravenous prednisone, which remarkably improved the clinical symptoms. After full recovery, we reinitiated anti-tumor treatment with vemurafenib and cobimetinib, which was tolerated without side effects. Due to the relatively nonspecific nature of the clinical signs and symptoms and the significant overlap with other diseases such as sepsis, the diagnosis of HLH is often delayed. This explains, in part, the high morbidity and mortality rate. Our case shows that early treatment with steroids is effective. However, much work remains in order to raise awareness and improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition.
Effectiveness and Safety of Ethanol for the Treatment of Venous Malformations: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sun Yuming , Guo Yu , Chen Xingfan , Lei Shaorong
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Venous malformations (VM) are common vascular malformations. Percutaneous injection of sclerosants into the lesion has become mainstream therapy. The most commonly used sclerosants are ethanol, polidocanol, bleomycin, and the like. But few articles have reported that sclerosants are more effective and safer.

METHODS

We performed a search on Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CBM, and Wan Fang databases of Controlled Trials (from January 1, 2010, launch up to April 10, 2019) reporting outcome of intralesional ethanol, polidocanol, and bleomycin injections in patients with VM (n ≥ 20). A meta-analysis was conducted using Rev-man 5.3 software.

RESULTS

A total of 9 articles, 632 participants and 676 lesions were included. Quality of evidence was generally low. Meta-analysis showed that absolute ethanol treatment was better than polidocanol in treating VM (p = .001), and absolute ethanol elicited a better response than bleomycin (p = .01). Ethanol therapeutic effect was not statistically significant compared with ethanol alone (p = .07), but the combination effect was better than polidocanol (p = .04). Ethanol treatment showed significantly more adverse reactions than polidocanol and combination therapy.

CONCLUSION

Absolute ethanol combined with polidocanol is more effective in treating VM and has fewer adverse reactions.
The Risk of Mortality Associated With Opioid Use in Patients With Acute Heart Failure: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Daniel , David Cláudio , Rosa Mário M. , Costa João , Pinto Fausto J. , Caldeira Daniel
Published: November 2020

Aims:

The impact of opioids in acute heart failure (AHF) is unclear. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the mortality risk associated with opioid use in AHF.

Methods and Results:

An electronic search was performed in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science Core Collection, and SCIELO (December 2019) for randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating the impact of opioids in in-hospital and 30-day mortality in patients with AHF. Data were screened, extracted, and appraised by 2 independent reviewers. A random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was performed and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistics. Six observational retrospective studies with 151,735 participants were included. Pooled results showed a statistical significant association between morphine and in-hospital mortality (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.01–3.13; I2 = 92%; 6 studies) and 30-day mortality (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.14–2.15; I2 = 0; 2 studies). Both outcomes were rated as having a serious risk of bias and had a very low Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation evidence.

Conclusions:

Opioids seem to be associated with an increased risk of short-term mortality in AHF patients; however, the confidence in the estimated effect is very low, which highlights the need of further research to evaluate this question.
Rapid Simultaneous Determination of 14 Antidepressants and 13 Antipsychotics in Human Plasma by Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry With Dynamic Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Its Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Lyu Haiyan , Chen Binbin , Xu Xiangzhen , Zhu Chunyan , Ma Chunling , Du Yu , Liu Farong , Wu Caisheng
Published: November 2020

Background:

A comprehensive, stable, and efficient high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for rapidly analyzing 14 antidepressants and 13 antipsychotics in human plasma for routine clinical therapeutic drug monitoring.

Methods:

Simple protein precipitation was used for the pretreatment of plasma samples; dynamic multiple reaction monitoring was used to avoid the loss of sensitivity caused by numerous ion transitions. In all, 80 ion transitions of 40 compounds were quantitatively determined in 6 minutes.

Results:

The limit of detection for the 27 analytes was in the range of 0.1–30 ng/mL, and all calibration lines prepared using blank plasma were linear with a correlation coefficient of r2 ≥ 0.99. The method was accurate and precise with acceptable intraday and interday precisions (coefficients of variation, ≤20% for a lower limit of quantification and ≤15% for other quality control samples) and an accuracy of 85.51%–114.77%. This analysis method has been completely validated and successfully used in routine clinical therapeutic drug monitoring for more than 9963 samples [including 488 samples having drug concentrations above the laboratory alert level (supra–alert-level samples)] at Xiamen Xianyue Hospital.

Conclusions:

This dynamic method is comprehensive (includes most antidepressants and antipsychotics listed in China), reliable (stably used for almost 2 years), and efficient (convenient sample processing and short run time) and provides a large amount of meaningful data for optimized pharmacotherapy. Our experimental data from the plasma concentrations of supra–alert-level samples could serve as a reference for the interpretation of the pharmacokinetics of patients with a high risk of toxicity or loss of tolerability.
Physician Perspective and Challenges Ordering/Interpreting Laboratory Tests Related to the Opioid Crisis in America
Authors: Zhu Xiaoying , Bratanow Nancy C.
Published: November 2020

The opioid crisis is a profound public health crisis in the United States. It has significantly increased morbidity and mortality in our nation. There are many contributing factors to the opioid crisis, including a strong national and international interest to treat pain as effectively as possible. To combat this crisis, numerous strategies have been implemented over the past few years at the legislative, health system, and patient levels. As a result of these efforts, for the first time since 1999, drug overdose deaths in the United States decreased from 2017 to 2018, when deaths involving all opioids, prescription opioids, and heroin decreased by 2%, 13.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. To continue to curb the opioid crisis, it is imperative to optimize pain control through multidisciplinary and multimodal approaches and to adhere to opioid prescribing guidelines from regulatory and professional organizations to minimize risks for opioid misuse and abuse. Urine drug testing is an important means to assist with opioid monitoring and safe opioid prescribing. There are challenges when ordering urine drug tests, collecting specimens, and interpreting test results. Inaccurate interpretations of laboratory results can have significantly negative impacts on patients care and life. There is a critical need for prescriber education by laboratory experts in the use of drug testing and interpretation of results. To interpret test results correctly and make safe prescribing decisions, it is very important for prescribers/providers to consult clinical toxicologists, laboratory directors, and reporting staff. This interaction is vital and provides excellence of care for patients. This review aims to provide information concerning the opioid crisis in the United States and summarizes the challenges ordering and interpreting opioid-related laboratory testing as well as pertinent guidelines and recommendations.
Evolving Role of Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers to Predict Drug-Induced Hematological Disorders
Authors: Pattanaik Smita , Jain Arihant , Ahluwalia Jasmina
Published: November 2020

Drug-induced hematological disorders constitute up to 30% of all blood dyscrasias seen in the clinic. Hematologic toxicity from drugs may range from life-threatening marrow aplasia, agranulocytosis, hemolysis, thrombosis to mild leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these disorders vary from an extension of the pharmacological effect of the drug to idiosyncratic and immune-mediated reactions. Predicting these reactions is often difficult, and this makes clinical decision–making challenging. Evidence supporting the role of pharmacogenomics in the management of these disorders in clinical practice is rapidly evolving. Despite the Clinical Pharmacology Implementation Consortium and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base recommendations, few tests have been incorporated into routine practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the various drugs which are implicated for the hematological adverse events, their underlying mechanisms, and the current evidence and practical recommendations to incorporate pharmacogenomic testing in clinical care for predicting these disorders.
Relationship of Prolactin Concentrations to Steady-State Plasma Concentrations of Aripiprazole in Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Tasaki Minami , Yasui-Furukori Norio , Kubo Kazuyoshi , Yokoyama Saaya , Shinozaki Masataka , Sugawara Norio , Inoue Yoshimasa , Shimoda Kazutaka
Published: November 2020

Background:

Aripiprazole is regarded as the first-line antipsychotic medication. Long-term aripiprazole therapy can cause hypoprolactinemia, which may result from its activity as a dopamine agonist. However, there is little information on hypoprolactinemia and steady-state aripiprazole concentrations.

Methods:

The subjects included 66 male and 177 female patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who were treated with aripiprazole. The plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole and the plasma concentration of prolactin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. A prolactin concentration of <5 ng/mL was defined as hypoprolactinemia.

Results:

Fifty-two of the 66 male patients (79%) and 58 of the 177 female patients (33%) had hypoprolactinemia. There were significant inverse correlations between plasma prolactin levels and plasma concentrations of aripiprazole (rs = −0.447, P < 0.001) and the active moiety (aripiprazole plus dehydroaripiprazole) (rs = −0.429, P < 0.001) in men. In women, significant inverse correlations were also found between plasma prolactin levels and plasma concentrations of aripiprazole (rs = −0.273, P < 0.01) and the active moiety (rs = −0.275, P < 0.01).

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that lower prolactin levels are, to some extent, associated with higher plasma drug concentrations in male and female patients with schizophrenia treated with aripiprazole.