bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed by a Snowstorm—Tchin—Russian Curiosity—A Conservative Inspector —General Kryjinovsky—He tells me that I speak Russian—The Interest the Paternal Government takes in my Movements—Russia and China—A Newly- married Sleigh Driver—A Camel in Love.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The snow all this time was falling in a manner unknown to people in this country. It was piling itself up against the sleigh in such volumes that I foresaw, if we did not speedily reach the station, we should inevitably be buried alive. After about half an hour’s search the driver returned, and said to me, “ Oh, Lord God!—you are a misfortune. Let us turn back.” I replied, “ If you have lost the way, how can you turn back ? Besides, if you know the road, we are now halfway, so it is just as easy to go forward as to return.”
Kashgar—English Officers said to be Drilling the Inhabitants—Yak00b Bek’s Envoys—Perfidious Albion—Tashkent—Commerce with Bokhara—A Railway to Tashkent—Irghiz—A Wolf—Terekli—The Boundary Line— How far does Russia extend ?—Uncivil Inspector—Bottles Broken by the Frost—Passengers’ Necks—Tartar Sleigh Drivers—A Ruined Contractor— A Team of Camels—Head-over-heels in the Snow—The Kirghiz Horses— A Hundred Miles’ Ride—Two Hundred Miles in twenty-four hours (on two Horses)—Two extraordinary Marches
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

A few stations further on I met an officer who asked very eagerly if I were going to Kashgar—he had found out, by inquiry from the inspector, who I was— and he afterwards assured me that there were thirty English officers in the above-mentioned Khanate engaged in drilling the inhabitants. He said that my compatriots had already organised a force of 10,000 men to resist the Russian advance, and declared that this information had come from Yakoob Bek’s envoys, who had been sent from Kashgar to Tashkent, and who had stated it to the Russians.
Villages Fortified—The Turkoman Raids exaggerated—A Retrospect—The Cossacks Invade Khiva—Urgentch—Peter the Great’s Idea about Khiva and India —Prince Bekovitch—Careful Preparations for the Expedition—Points Selected by the Shores of the Caspian—Forts St. George, Alexander, and Kras- novodsk—March across the Ust Urt—Destruction of the Russians—Expedition in 1859—Chikishlar Taken—Military Posts Established—Chikishlar Occupied in 1871—Russian Statement about the Shah’s Recognition of the Tzar’s Claim to Ashourade—Russians Established at Four Points in Turkoman Territory—The Adayefs—Forced Contributions—Taxes Raised 150 per Cent —Dissatisfaction—Letter from the Khan—Adayefs Overcome—The Khan’s Letters to the Emperor and to the Viceroy of the Caucasus—The Russian Chancellor’s perfect understanding with Mr. Gladstone’s Government—Count Schouvaloffs Statement to Lord Granville—Positive Assurances to Parliament about Khiva—The Force Employed by Kauffmann in his Advance upon Khiva—The different Columns —Difference of Opinion between Kryjinovsky and Kauffmann—Capture of Khiva—MarkosofFs Failure—War Indemnity— —Prince Gortschakoff’s Principles—Treatment of the Turkomans—General Kryjinovsky’s Statement about this Subject—Court Martial on Two Turkomans—Sentence of Death—Russian Treaty with Khiva—Khivan Territory given to Bokhara.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

Presently we came to some kibitkas which were evidently constructed as a permanency. Wide ditches were dug around them, and high wattled palisades, which in every instance encircled the dwellings, showed us that the inmates feared attack. Indeed, from this spot until we crossed the Oxus, each village was fortified in some such a manner. Formerly the Kirghiz and Turkomans lived in a continual state of war. The Kirghiz made marauding expeditions into their neighbours territory, and carried off horses and cattle.
The Guide’s Kibitka—His Wife—His Brother-in-Law—Why not go to Khiva ?— Domestic Pressure—Eating a Horse—Letter to the Khan—The Moullah— Kapitan or Polkovnik—A Letter in Russian—Tchin—Horse-dealing—A Horse with One Eye—Canals from the Oxus—Jougouroo—The Grey Horse— A Purchase.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

Some men and women running out of one of the kibitkas and warmly greeting the guide, announced to me that we had reached his home at Kalenderhana. In a short time I found myself seated on a rug, an object of curiosity to many of the inhabitants, who had never before seen a man dressed in European costume. Every part of my attire was in turn inspected and commented upon, the women coming forward and feeling the texture of my coat and trousers, the large buttons being a source of great admiration.
The Tarantass—The Last Adieux—A Night in the Cold—The Cossacks : their Arms, Weight, &c.—How they Bivouac—The Ameer of Bokhara—The Sentry—His Punishment—Whipping the Camel Driver—The Kirghiz Postman—A Kirghiz Chapel—A Race back to Kasala—371 Miles in nine Days and two Hours—A Duel—Mutiny of the Uralsk Cossacks—The Tzarevitch—The Cross of St. George—A Reinforcement of 10,000 Men from Orenburg.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

Our start the following morning was a curious sight to witness. First came the tarantass, an extraordinary vehicle peculiar to Russia. It resembled a hansom cab without the wheels, and the carriage then fastened in a brewers dray.
An Inquisitive Inspector—”Will England cede us Kashgar?”—The Fortress Afghan—”Are the English Christians?”—”Have you Images?”—”And yet you call yourselves Christians !”—The Bath in Uralsk—No one washed on a Friday—The Chief of the Police—A Murderer— His Punishment—The Ural Cossacks—Sizeran—Good-bye to Nazar.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I had made up my mind not to stop at Orenburg, but continue my journey straight to Uralsk, a large town on the Ural river, the capital of the district from which the Cossacks in Kasala had been so recently banished. Uralsk was off the main road to Sizeran, but by taking this route I should have the opportunity of seeing a new line of country.
General Introduction
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

This volume in the Oxford Reader series is designed to make available in English a wide selection of texts written by fascist thinkers, ideologues, and propagandists both inside and outside Europe before and after the Second World War. To my knowledge it is the first ever attempt to produce a comprehensive anthology of fascist texts. Why should this be? One reason is the dubious nature of the exercise itself. To have a Reader in Ethics or Ecology raises no eyebrows, because both subjects are generally associated with potentially positive,
Benito Mussolini, The War as a Revolutionary Event
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

which destiny has charged with ‘making’ history, it is you that I hail with a cry of greeting, in the certainty that it will not fall on deaf ears in your ranks, but summon forth a powerful response.
political futurism, The Futurist Vision of the New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

This political programme marks the birth of the Political Futurist Party called for by all Italians who are fighting today for a more youthful Italy, freed from the weight of the past and of the foreigner.
Alfredo Rocco, From the Old Italy to the New
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The outbreak of the Great War in the last days ofJu1y 1914 caught the Italian people in a phase of its spiritual life and its development as a nation which is still critical. Fifty years of unification have not eradicated the traces, inevitably profound. of hundreds of years in which it had fought no wars and remained disunited and servile. It was impossible that the struggle for the Risorgimento, which had lasted but a few decades and achieved success too easily, at the cost of too few true and great sacrifices, cou1d change overnight the spirit of a people that had not fought for fifteen hundred years, namely since the third century AD, when the Roman State was already recruiting its soldiers among barbarians because its degenerate citizens wou1d not deign to take up arms in its defence; a people which for thirteen centuries, namely since the fullof the Westem Empire, lived in a state ofgeneraldecay, because the Middle Ages, the age of individualism and of social and political dissolution, had not yet come to an end; a people which for four hundred years groaned under the weight of the most ignoble political serfdom and had become the laughing-stock. of Europe; which for two hundred years had not even had an intellectual life of its own, but thought with the brain and felt with the soul of foreigners.
Benito mussolini, San Sepulcro Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

We have 40 million inhabitants on an area of 287,000 square kilometres. This area is divided by the Apennines, which reduce even more the amount of our territory which can be put to use: in ten or twenty years our population will be 6o million and we only have one and a half million square kilometres of colonies, mostly desert, which could never absorb our population. But if we look around we see England which, with 47 million inhabitants, has a colonial empire of 55 million square kilometres.[... ] We want our place in the world because we have a right to have it.[... ] The meeting of 23 March commits Fascists to sabotaging with every means open to them the candidature of the neutralists”‘ of all parties.[... ] We do not know the date or the system which will be used, but within a year the paper battle of the elections will be fought.
gabriele d’annunzio andALCESTE de ambris, The Regency of Fiume as the Harbinger of the New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The seventh is made up of all those who are freelance professionals not covered in the previous categories. The eighth is constituted by industrial and agrarian co-operative societies of production, work, and consumption; and only the administrators of such societies can be members. The ninth incotporates all the people who work at sea. The tenth has no category, no title, no name. Its fulfilment is awaited like that of the tenth Muse. It is reserved for the mysterious forces of a people which labours and rises up. It is like a votive statue consecrated to the unknown genius, to the appearance of a man who is utterly new [novissimo], to the ideal transfigurations of works and days, to the total liberation of the spirit from soul-destroying exertion and the sweat ofblood.
Fascism in Power January 1925-April 1945
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It is convenient to divide the two decades of Fascism in power into several phases. The formative years of the totalitarian regime (Section Bi) encompassed a stream of innovative constitutional and institutional measures. Aspects of the mythic rationale for these structural changes are glimpsed in excerpts from the lecture on the nature of Fascism by Giovanni Gentile (Text 20), an article on the religious spirit of Fascism incarnated in the Militia (Text 21), Mussolini's speech to commemorate victory in the First World War (Text 22), the celebration of the leader figure in a book by ex-ras and then secretary of the PNF, Augusto Turati (Text 23), an article by Mussolini in which he expresses his fears for the physical survival of the Italian and white race (Text 24), a statement by one of the regime's aesthetic ruralizers (Text 25), a pronouncement by an aesthetic modernizer (Text 26), a lecture on the role of the university under Fascism by Giuseppe Bottai, one of the regime's most zealous technocratic 'modernizers' (Text 27), and Mussolini's own summary of the achievements of the regime in its first five years (Text 28).
Two Marching Songs Of Fascist Soldiers Abroad
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

These two songs gi:ve aglimpse of the popular myths which rationalized the colonization of Abyssinia (bringing civilization to a barbarous people while simultaneously renewing the Roman legacy), and intervention on the side of Franco’s forces in the Spanish Civil War (fighting Communism to defend Christian civilization and bring about a Fascist Europe). Four hundred thousand Italian troops were sent to Ethiopia, which became ‘Italian’ on 9 May 1936, the war and subsequent colonization causing some 200,000 Ethiopian deaths (see Sbacchi 1989). Over 50,000 soldiers (of whom 4,000 died) were sent to Spain between January 1937 and mid-1938. By then European democracies and the League of Nations had fatally demonstrated their impotence to stop nationalist acts of military aggression directed against legal governments and other countries, and Fascist Italy and the Third Reich (which also actively supported Franco) were brothers-in-arms.
Edmondo Rossoni, The Autarkic Mentality and the New Fascist Order
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Free competition can be no more than a sham in a State like ours, which needs to know not only what is being produced, but also the conditions in which it is produced. The basic mechanisms of economic problems have to be seen clearly, and clear solutions must be imposed, because the economic struggle for bread or wealth, for a single cent or a million, inevitably gives rise to political struggles, something ruled out absolutely by the needs of the Fatherland and the inexorable will of Fascism.
German Fascism before the Nazi Seizure of Power
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The texts of Section Ai are a small sample of the many currents of ultra-nationalism which abounded under the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, and whose prevalence provided a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the rise of fully-fledged fascist movements, not least Nazism itself. In each case the diatribes against the rationalism, liberalism, and materialism of the modem world (though not against modernity as such), and the longing for a new order or Reich, is too elitist and remote from the arena of party-political activism to constitute fascism, though the dividing-line between this proto-fascism" and fascism is ultimately arbitrary.
Ernst Junger, The Emergence Of A New Type Of Human Being
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It is particularly noticeable that these carriers of a new fighting energy only manifest themselves in the last phases of war, and that their peculiar nature stands out just as the bulk of the armies trained according to the principles of the nineteenth century fall apart. They are to be found above all where the peculiarity of the age is expressed particularly clearly in the means of fighting used: in land battalions and air squadrons; in the shock troops in whom the regular infantry, broken up and worn down under the impact of machine warfare, acquires a new soul; in those parts of the navy which have been hardened by familiarity with engagements. Within the world of work, the type of human being who is called upon to achieve the highest form of development is one whose activity directly expresses the total character of work.
Joseph goebbels, ‘Christ-Socialism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Christ: the principle oflove. Marx: the principle of hate. This Germany is one which I will learn to love once more. And the more shameful its shame, the more ardent my ardour for her. Ifl am looking for the appearance of the new man, it is first the new German that I am looking for. I want to root myself in the soil of my Fatherland. It is the mother of my thoughts and longings.[... ) The new nationalism wants Germany’s future, not the restoration of a past whose continuity is now shattered. What does nationalism mean: we stand for Germany because we are Germans, because Germany is our Fatherland, the German soul is our soul, because we all are a particle of the soul of Germany.[... )
Alfred Rosenberg, German Rebirth
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The political struggle within Germany is over. What we are seeing now is the death-agony of an entire epoch, and if I use these words then I do so in full knowledge of the fact that what we are living through in Germany today are no mere chance events due to a certain shift in the balance of power. For if the only aim of the whole German Revolution had been to bringdown the old political class so as to help new governments come to power, even if these are laudable political aims, our great movement would have betrayed its true putpose. Instead we were fully conscious throughout these last fourteen years that much more than political goals were at stake, that the struggle for power was only the external manifestation of a spiritual and intellectual conflict. For this reason we not only attacked our opponents for their politics, but above all for their world-views [Weltanschauungen]. We realized from the start that a Marxist world-view can never be defeated through police or state measures.
Heinrich Himmler, The Divine Mission Of The Ss
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

race which has been compounded from the dregs of all the peoples and nations of this planet and on which he has stamped hisJewish racial character [Blutsart], who takes pleasure in destruction, whose will is to annihilate, whose religion is godlessness, whose idea is Bolshevism. We do not underestimate him because we have known him for centuries; we do not underestimate him because we believe in the divine mission of our people and in our strength which has been renewed through the leadership and work of Adolf Hitler.
Willi f . Konitzer, the role of youth in perpetuating the third reich
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The figure of Adolf Hitler, himself a wonderful embodiment of the union of politician with artist, impresses itself on German youth as a binding model for how to give shape to the totality of their lives. And thus a symbolic power of the volume of poetry awarded the National Book Prize lies in the fact that it was written for the German people by the youth which bears the Fiihrer’s name and who live in the newest German province. Whatever strengthened faith and hope during the political struggle, and whatever attracted the gaze of active longing from the Ostmark towards the Reich of Adolf Hitler, found immortal expression in these poems.
Hans s. V heister, a national socialist common market
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The quick succession of military victories by the Wehrmacht from 1939 to 1941 fomented intense speculation at a high level of Nazi forward planning about the New European Order which would result from the seemingly inevitable Axis victory (see Herzstein 198.2). Some of this speculation centred on the prospect of some sort of fascist Economic Community, as in this passage, which is interesting on two counts: (i) the contradiction in terms of Europe’s national economies being geared to autarky (self-reliance) and yet collaborating with the Reich; (ii) the wishful thinking or euphemism of reading into Hitler’s words the idea that the New European Order was aimed at securing the prosperity of any nation other than Germany itself Apart from neutrals (like Spain) and allies (like Italy), some countries (like France) would be mercilessly exploited for their economic value while enjoying a certain measure of autonomy in their administration. On the other hand, those deemed to be inhabited by racially inferior grades of humanity (like Poland), would have even less autonomy and be run essentially as colonies suitable only for pillage, expropriation, and enslavement. Meanwhile, the Third Reich would see to it that the whole of its new empire would be systematically purged of those unfit to live according to the principles of ‘racial politics’ outlined in Text 85.
Schwarzes Korps,Heimat
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

No, they know nothing of us. They know nothing of the compelling magic of German inwardness which promises us a richer, deeper life. No German can resist this magic, whatever hisbackground or education. Itis a magic which expresses itself in so many varied ways. To some in the quiet family circle, in a small allotment, in the fragrance of a flower. To others in silent meditation, in a book, a verse, a song. To others in great works of art, a Wagnerian opera, a classical play, a Bach concert. All this makes up our rich, unique, and unrepeatable world. We have answered the call to defend it with our last drop of strength, with our nails and teeth if we have to. They really will have to exterminate us, for they can convert us to nothing else. But we believe that the power of German inwardness will enable us to pass even this test.
Oswald Mosley, Towards A Fascist Europe
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Views may vary as to the causes of the division of Europe and the restoration of the Balance of Power, but dispute can scarcely arise concerning the reemergence of a situation and a system which has invariably brought war. It is to the solution of this problem thus recreated that this article is addressed, and in searching for that solution we must return to the fundamental conception of European union which animated the war generation in 1918 and has been frustrated by the perversion of the League ofNations to exactly the opposite purpose that it was intended to serve. This examination, therefore, begins with an inquiry into the factors which divide the individual nations, and in particular into the factors which inhibit peaceful and friendly relations between Great Britain and other great nations. Having established the particular of possible friendship between Great Britain and other nations we will proceed to the general idea of European union built on the firm foundation of justice and economic reality.
Eoin O’duffy,The New Corporate Ireland
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The extract is taken from a speech which O’DujJy made to his section of the League ofYouth after resigning from Fine Gael and before founding the Greenshirts. It points clearly to a fascist agenda, and to the way he saw ‘his’ Blueshirts as the kernel of a new order (see Cronin 1995).

In my last lecture I stressed the point that the best leadership was service. Let us dwell on this for a few moments. Service is the essence ofleadership; leadership is service. Let this sink in, and dwell upon it well, for in the new Irish State which we envisage you will each and every one be called upon to play the part of leaders. That is the first regularly referred to the Jews as a parasitic force sapping the health of Spain or the whole of Western civilization, and at least one writer tried to inject elements of biological determinism into Spain’s ultra-right. This was Antonio Vallejo-Nagera, who eventually became the first professor of Psychiatry of the University of Madrid. A passage from his writings is included here (Text 101), less for its representativeness of Spanish fascism than for its curiosity value as a sample of the outlandish racist myths which the exceptional cultural climate of inter-war Europe could nurture even in Spain (see Payne 1961).
Jose Antonio Primo De Rivera, Bread And Justice
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It is the patriotic spirit which has raised up the peoples fallen into shame and ruin after the catastrophe of the Great War. Races which have rediscovered themselves, which have contemplated their history, the peoples which have struggled to recuperate their spiritual values and revive ancient traditions, are those which, like a phoenix, have been reborn from the ashes and have been able to stand up to the whole world in order to maintain their racial personality.
George Valois, Empty Portfolios
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It is important to realize that all the convulsions of France and Europe (communist and fascist convulsions) are caused by the incapacity of the liberal and parliamentary State to govern in a world which has undergone enormous economic transformations, transformations demanding state organs which those who drew up the constitutions of the nineteenth century had never foreseen. The State as it is constructed today is, compared to the State which is needed, what a horse-drawn carriage is compared to a 40-horsepower motor vehicle, or a candle compared to an electric lamp.
Jose Streel, Fascism’s Century
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Thus whatever area of society is considered, it only confirms the impotence of traditional forces. None provided an adequate response, based on realities, to the needs which surfaced in a society profoundly modified after the 1914-18 war. Most of these forces spent their strength in pursuing pointless goals on the margins of real events.[... ]

Well, peoples could not wait indefinitely or be satisfied with partial or provisional remedies to the ills that assailed them. They needed a radical reassessment of the conditions in which they lived. They were waiting for a force which, completely new and hence totally flexible, could manage to synthesize the needs of the age and come up with a way of meeting them all in a satisfactory way. Or rather, they did not wait for this force: in so far as they still constituted relatively healthy organisms, the peoples themselves were about to make this new force well up from out of their own substance: this force is called fascism, national socialism, the new order. It is this force which is everywhere at work giving birth to the revolution of the twentieth century, namely the adaptation of the peoples of Europe to the new historical climate which recent processes have brought about. It is not the arbitrary creation of a few fanatical minorities resorting to violence to impose their will: it is the life-asserting reaction of a social body on the verge of exhaustion, and responding through those parts of it which are still healthy, to the effects of a slow intoxication.
Vidkun Quisling, The Nordic Revival
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

We have seen how the Bolshevists are working against the world. How is the world to defend itself against Bolshevism, and Bolshevist-ridden Russia, which, with her

resources, her means, and her aims, is not only a danger, but the greatest of all dangers to the civilization of the world, and the welfare of mankind?

The Nordic nations must strive towards a fuller knowledge of themselves, their own character, and their place and task in the world.
Evl, A New Estonia
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The secret of the Veterans’ League’s success is simple. The Veterans worked hand in hand with the people for the people’s rights and freedom. The political parties worked against the will of the people for their own personal and factional interests. The Veterans carried in this battle the desire to establish the right foundation for our State’s life so that the Estonian nation can become internally strong.[... ] Now the question arises: how to put the new constitution properly into practice in actual life so that its basic idea will be achieved.[... ] We must set to work to scare away the old dissolute spirit. We must set to work to ensure that the new constitution will be put into practice in the sense and spirit that it was conceived.
Corneliu Codreanu, The Resurrection Of The Race
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

I will underline this once again: we are not up against a few pathetic individuals who have landed up here by chance and who now seek protection and shelter. We are up against a fully-fledged Jewish state, an entire army which has come here with its sights set on conquest. The movement of theJewish population and its penetration into Romania are being carried out in accordance with precise plans. In all probability the ‘Great Jewish Council’ is planning the creation of a new Palestine on a strip ofland which, starting out on the Baltic Sea, embraces a part of Poland and Czechoslovakia and half of Romania right across to the Black Sea.[ ]
Jorge Gonzalez,The Soul Of The Race
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Yet it was this very frenzy of moral anarchy and destruction which in the last few years has provoked a vigorous reaction from the spiritual reserves which have been stored deep down in the soul of the people. In the short space of a decade we have seen in every part of the civilized world powerful movements ofrebellion rise up one by one against the materialist tyranny. From the depths of the nation, from the very heart of the masses brought low by the Marxist contagion, and even from within the strongholds of democratic furore, fervent phalanges of youth have sprung up ready to put up a fight to reconquer the primacy of the spirit for its peoples.

Chile cannot be left outside this process of spiritual reconstruction. Its heroic and austere past, the centuries-old national virtues could not be engulfed by the flood of materialism. Despite the general disintegration of society, the spirit of the race was kept intact and the deeply felt appeal of some men was enough for this spirit to be awakened, virile and forceful once more, from its prolonged lethargy.
Three Comintern Responses To Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

In the period of revolutionary ferment and proletarian risings, fascism to some extent sympathized or at least flirted with proletarian revolutionary demands. The masses which followed fascism vacillated between the two camps in the great and universal class contradictions and class struggles. But with the consolidation of capitalist rule and the general bourgeois offensive they threw themselves definitely on to the side of the bourgeoisie, where their leaders had stood from the beginning. The bourgeoisie immediately took fascism into paid service in their fight to defeat and enslave the proletariat.[ ] The old, allegedly non-political apparatus of the bourgeois State no longer guarantees the bourgeoisie adequate security.
Harold Laski,Market Forces
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Much effort has been expended to discover a philosophy of Fascism. It is a waste of effort. Fascism is power built upon terror and organized and maintained by the fear of terror and the hopes to which conquest gives rise. It is the disciplining of society

for a state of war in which martial law is permanent because the nation is forced to spend any brief period of peace in the preparation for war. It survives in peace by the intensity of the terror it imposes; it survives in war just to the degree that it is successful in war. Its authority depends, in the period of peace, partly upon its power to prevent the organization of its opponents, and partly upon the expectations ofbenefit near at hand it is able to arouse. In time of war, its authority depends upon the continuous achievement of victories, and the recognition, by the nation, that the price of defeat is bound to be heavy.
A Soviet Political Dictionary, The View From Moscow
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

FASCISM, a political trend which emerged in capitalist countries in the period of the general crisis of capitalism and which expresses the interests of the most reactionary and aggressive forces of the imperialist bourgeoisie. F. in power is an openly terroristic dictatorship of these forces. F. is characterized by extreme chauvinism, racism and anticommunism, by the destruction of democratic freedoms, the wide practice of social demagogy and the strictest control over the public and private life of citizens. The foreign policy of F. is one of imperialist conquests and of wars of aggression. The first fascist regime was established in Italy in 1922. Fascism came to power in Germany in 1933 and in Spain in 1939. The military defeat of the fascist bloc in the Second World War (1939-45) was accompanied by the collapse of the fascist regimes in Italy and Germany and of fascist-type regimes in several other countries.
Geoffrey Eley, Redemptive Potential
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

In the article from which this passage is taken Geoffeey Eley, a British historian whose work specializes in the transition from the Second German Reich to the Third, focuses on the relationship between industrialization, capitalism, and political crisis. It points to a fertile blend of Marxist with liberal insights into the structural causes of revolutionary movements of the right in modern society. Note the insistence that fascism lacks a revolutionary dynamic of its own.

Fascism thus prospered under conditions of general political crisis, in societies that were already dynamically capitalist (or at least, that had a dynamic capitalist sector) but where the state was incapable of organizing for the maintenance of social cohesion. The political unity of the dominant classes and of their major economic fractions could no longer be organized successfully within the existing forms of parliamentary representation and party government. Simultaneously the popular legitimacy of these forms also went into crisis.
Gilbert Allardyce, A Mulish Concept
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

This article by the American scholar Gilbert Allardyce is worth citing as the expression of an understandable exasperation with the endless and increasingly complex debate over the fascist minimum. His response is one of radical scepticism about the value to the social sciences of using ‘fascism’ as a generic term at all.
George l. Mosse, a third way
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The building blocks for a general theory of fascism now seem to lie before us. Fascism was everywhere an ‘attitude towards life’, based upon a national mystique which might vary from nation to nation. It was also a revolution attempting to find a ‘Third Way’ between Marxism and capitalism, but still seeking to escape concrete economic and social change by a retreat into ideology: the ‘revolution of the spirit’ of which Mussolini spoke; or Hitler’s ‘German revolution’. However, it encouraged activism, the fight against the existing order of things. Both in Germany and Italy fascism’s chance at power came during conditions of near civil war. But this activism had to be tamed, fascism had to become respectable: for activism was in conflict with the bourgeois desire for law and order, with those middle-class virtues which fascism promised to protect against the dissolving spirit of modernity.
Maurice Bardiche, Lenin Was Right
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

colony. It will never be possible to realize the original political concept, the new idea of man which is the only thing which can come to its support.[... ]

It is this new image of man which is essential.[... ] The single party, the secret police, the public displays of Caesarism, even the presence of a Fuhrer are not necessarily attributes of fascism, let alone the reactionary thrust of political alliances.[... ] The famous fascist methods are constantly revised and will continue to be revised. More important than the mechanisms is the idea which fascism has created for itself of man and freedom.[... ]

It was Lenin who prophesied that fascism would be the last form which societies would adopt in order to survive so as not to capitulate to communist dictatorship. If the West has no more strength left, if it disappears like an old man who is drowning, then we can do nothing for it.
Colin Jordan, The Revival Of National Socialism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Colin]ordan has been one of Britain’s most active neo-Nazi agitators. He founded the White Defence League in 1958 with the help of the widow of Arnold Leese, founder of the inter-war Imperial Fascist League, and after a brieftime with the British National Party

formed by john Bean in 1900 (the present party of that name was formed byJohn Tyndall in 1982), he left to form the National Socialist Movement in1962. ln the same year he set up the World Union of National Socialists (WUNS), and remained the commander of its European section throughout the 196os, abetted in this by his wife Franroise Dior, daughter of the worldfamous couturier Christian Dior. In the 19805 he put his energy into reviving Gothic Ripples, originally the organ of Leese’s movement, as his personal mouthpiece. This article was published by the National Socialist White People’s Party, affiliated to WUNS, and led by George Lincoln Rockwell, till his assassination in 1967 the doyen of American neo-Nazism.

Twenty-one years after the physical defeat of National Socialist Germany in the outcome ofher heroic struggle against the overwhelming array of men and materials marshalled against her by the Bolshevist-democratic alliance, the appearance of this journal in 1966 reflects that revival of National Socialism which is a feature oftheday.
Thies Christophersen, A Monumental Lie
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Thies Christophersen is one of the leading ‘eyewitnesses’ of the Holocaust denial industry. A member of the SS, he claims to have been deployed at Auschwitz as anny agricultural researcher fromJanuary to December 1944, precisely the period when the high-tech crematoria of the Birkenau camp reached their maximum output. He rejects any idea that the camp was ever used for systematic extennination ofJews oranyone else. The pamphlet was originally published in 1973 as Die Auschwitz Luge by the Deutsche Burgerinitiative, a fascist group which specializes in disseminating revisionist, pan-Gennan and Eurofascist ideas, and run by Manfred Roeder, who in 1981 was sentenced to thirteen years’ imprisonment as intellectual leader of the Deutsche Aktionsgntppen which had bombed asylum hostels the year before, killing two refagees. (I haveused the Italian edition to emphasize the internationalism of post-war fascism, which knows no frontiers.)
Ernst Nolte, From Class War To Race War
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Ernst Nolte has the curious distinction of having not only written one of the most famous definitions of fascism in his Three Faces of Fascism (1965), but of having indirectly ccmtributed to historical revisionism, one of its post-war discourses. As early as 1974 comments in his Deutschland und der Kalte Krieg [Germany and the Cold War] presented the atrocities committed under Hitler as typical of all modern states undergoing a period of vigorous expansion and internal reconstruction: mass murder thus becomes a symptom of national vitality. At the height of the intense debate over how best to interpret the place of Nazism in Germany’s history (known as the Historik.erstreit), he then produced a scholarly work portraying the Third Reich as a symbi.otic product of Stalin’s terror state, its eugenic and genocidal policies not the result of itsown ideological dynamics, but a mere counterpart to the Gulags.
Groupe Union Defense, A Community Of Destiny
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

A less metaphysical, more ‘nominalist’ version of Third Positionism is exemplified in Groupe Union Defense (GUD), a university-based fascist movement which invokes the names of Sorel, Nietzsche, and Alain de Benoist as some of its mentors. It was founded against the background of the abortive left-wing revolution of May 1968, and in the 198os was still striving to persuade students to become part of a ‘third force’ to create a nationalist ‘new order’ purged of American capitalism and Russian communism. When this pamphlet was written it had links with another ultra-right group, Troisieme Voie (Third Way), an inter-university nationalist movement, as well as with skinhead fascists. Antifascists claimed that GUD militants did not shrink from violence themselves. Typical of the ‘modernization’ of fascism is GUD’s stress on the unity of Europe, the emphasis on identity, the corresponding rejection of the multi-racial society, and the importance given to ecology.
Noua Dreapta, The Romanian Ethnocratic State
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

everything. Before there can be rights there must be duties. When man is born he has no rights.[... ] The rights of man, invented by some utopian thinkers such as Jeanjacques Rousseau, is no more than a slogan designed for the idle and the poor. Because people of this sort cannot aspire to the dignity of the hero, because people of this sort run away from sacrifice and are frightened of inequality and natural law, because people of this sort do not accept law and order, they are always demanding rights which they have not earned. People can only have rights when they face up to their duties to the nation.
Me and My Shadow
Authors: Tompkins Jane
Published: November 2023

There are two voices inside me answering, answering to, Ellen’s essay. One is the voice of a critic who wants to correct a mistake in the essay’s view of epistemology. The other is the voice of a person who wants to write about her feelings (I have wanted to do this for a long time but have felt too embarrassed). This person feels it is wrong to criticize the essay philosophically, and even beside the point: because a critique of the kind the critic has in mind only insulates academic discourse furcher from the issues that make feminism matter. That make lier matter. The critic, meanwhile, believes such feelings, and the attitudes that inform them, are soft-minded, self-indulgent, and unprofessional.
The Truth that Never Hurts, Black Lesbians in Fiction in the 1980s
Authors: Smith Barbara
Published: November 2023

Just as surely as a Black woman writer’s relationship to feminism affects the themes she might choose to write about. a Black woman critic’s relationship to feminism determines the kind of criticism she is willing and able to do. The fact that critics are usually also academics, however, has often affected Black women critics’ approach to feminist issues. If a Black woman sd10lar’s only connection to women’s issues is via women’s studies, as presented by white women academics. most of whom are not activists, her access to movement analyses and practice will be limited or nonexistent. I believe that the most accurate and developed theory, including literary theory, comes from practice. from the experience of activism.
Postcard from the Edge: Thoughts on the ‘Feminist Theory: An International Debate’ Conference held at Glasgow University, Scotland, 12-15 July 1991
Authors: Radstone Susannah
Published: November 2023

At the ‘Feminist Theory’ conference I met a woman who had arrived in Britain wich an Australian touring circus. and she told me a little of her story. She said that she’d abandoned che world of the academy some years ago for a life of physical adventure, but now, considering a return to more intellectual pursuits, here she was at Glasgow, taking a look around. Locked into conference mode. I faltered-what to talk about, if not our institutions and the ups and downs of academic life? ‘So, do you walk the tightrope. or ride the trapeze)’ I hazarded, eventually. ‘No, never, because it hurts!’, was her emphatic and down-to-earth response. :\1emories are notoriously slippery: partial, fractured, idiosyncratic and screening, perhaps, as much as they reveal, but as I think back over Glasgow. it’s th.is fragment of a conversation-this glimpse of the circus with its pains and its pleasures, that I recall.
Words and Things: Materialism and Method in Contemporary Feminist Analysis
Authors: Barrett Michele
Published: November 2023

The ambition to dispense with ‘things’-and to value ‘words’ more-has caused some general perplexity and irritation. many feminists, in particular, have traditionally tended to see ‘things’-be they low pay, rape, or female foeticide-as more significant than, for example, the discursive construction of marginality in a text or document. In this essay I want w explore how the issue of the relative status of things and words has become a central one in contemporary social theory and philosophy, and why feminists have a particularly strong investment in this question.
Changing the Subject
Authors: Scheman Naomi
Published: November 2023

my colleagues. especially those who teach the introductory course, frequently lament their students’ inability to write. The fault is variously placed-on the public schools, on television, on our own composition program-and various solutions are suggested, ranging from trying w have smaller recitation sections so TAs can spend more time working which strudels on their writing, to doing away with paper writing altogether in favor of examinations.
Materializing: Locations images and Selves
Authors: Probyn Elspeth
Published: November 2023

A few days ago I had the experience of lecturing about experience. To be more precise about it. I gave a talk about the category of experience within feminist cultural studies to a multidisciplinary seminar which carries the rather intriguing title of’ Les femmes devant les systems normatifs’. It was a puzzling experience: speaking of how my experience had informed the way in which I interpreted the theories of others made me feel like I was out on a limb with nothing beneath me.
The Place of Women’s Studies in the Contemporary University
Authors: Yeatman Anna
Published: November 2023

women’s Studies came into being with the development of the second wave of the feminist movement toward the end of the 1960s, at a time in which a higher education system. a university system, was well established in advanced capitalist countries. [ ... ] The social movements of the sixties drew much of their base from university students and it was inevitable that the kinds of claims they were making, both in terms of values and in terms of claims about the nature of reality, would find reflection in academic curriculum. So the second wave of the feminist movement was taken up within the university and expressed as women’s Studies.
Still Crazy After All These Years
Authors: Bowlby Rachel
Published: November 2023

To begin at the end. then, an excessively clear and schematic summary of the current state of play (or me permanent state of play) for the two protagonists. Psychoanalysis and feminism, it seems, have been together for a long time now, fixed into what seems to have become a virtually interminable relationship, marked repeatedly by expressions of violent feeling on both sides. Passionate declarations are followed by calm periods and men by the breaking out or resurgence of desperate denunciations and pleas once again. Past periods or episodes-Freud and the hysterics, the ‘great debate’ of the 1920s and 193os-are dimly glimpsed or resuscitated, long-forgotten dates, taking on renewed if not new meanings from the perspective of contemporary interests.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith
Published: November 2023

The pieces in this section reflect upon sexuality as a domain of exploration, pleasure. and agency as well as a domain of restriction, repression, and danger. Opposing attitudes to sexuality-hetero, homo, bi, and queerwithin feminist discourses have proved so intense and enduring that it is perhaps this issue above all else that, as Lynne Segal argues, ‘produced the final and fundamental rift between feminists at The end of The 1970s and which shattered any potential unity about the nature, direction and goal of feminism’.
Pornography
Authors: Dworkin Andrea
Published: November 2023

The word pornography, derived from the ancient Greek pon1e and graphos, means writing about whores’. Pome means ‘whore’, specifically and exclusively the lowest class of whore, which in ancient Greece was the brothel slut available to all male citizens. The porne was the cheapest (in the literal sense), least regarded. least protected of all women. including slaves. She was, simply and clearly and absolutely, a sexual slave. Graphos means ‘writing, etching, or drawing’.
Pleasure and Danger: Toward a Politics’ of Sexuality
Authors: Vance Carole
Published: November 2023

The tension between se1,.-ual danger and sexual pleasure is a powerful one in women’s lives. Sexuality is simultaneously a domain of restriction, repression, and danger as well as a domain of e1,.-ploration, pleasure, and agency. To focus only on pleasure and gratification ignores the patriarchal structure in which women act, yet to speak only of sexual violence and oppression ignores womens experience with se1,.ual agency and choice and unwittingly increases the se1,.ual terror and despair in which women live.