bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Goat Meat: No Less Source of Protein in Comparison to Other Meat for Human Consumption
Authors: Lalhriatpuii Melody , Kumar Singh Amit
Published: May 2021

For normal body metabolism and maintenance of life, nutrients at appropriate quantities have to be ingested by animals as well as human beings. Proteins are one of the vital nutrients required by the individual body. Vegetable proteins are as good as animal proteins; however, a single plant does not serve every essential nutrient needed by the living body. Therefore, a variety of plants and vegetables has to be ingested to meet the requirements. Goat meat is a good source of animal protein, and it is widely consumed by people in developing countries ever since it has no religious taboo. However, goat meat consumption is a lot less in the western sides and most of the developed countries. The nutrients content in goat meat is undervalued, which needs to be emphasized to encourage its consumption. Spreading awareness in different parts of the world, that are less accustomed to goat meat, for health benefits along with improved trade policies for rationalized goat meat cost would substantially enhance the availability and preference of cosumers for goat meat. Furthermore, goat meat has the ability to capture growing organic meat industry. In current chapter, valuable properties of goat meat along with different factors affecting the demand of goat meat have been discussed.
Effect of Lifestyle Modification on Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Suez Canal University Hospitals
Authors: Ibrahim Abdel-Latif Megahed Fatma , Abbas Ali Hassan Salwa , Ali Abdelwahid Hassan , Kassem Farg Hanaa
Published: May 2021

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, as one of the major universal public health disorders wide spread, requires patients’ lifestyle modulation which would be conducive in dominating blood glucose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of lifestyle modification on glycemic control of type 2 diabetic patients at Suez Canal University Hospitals at Ismailia city. A quasi-experimental design made up of a control group and a study group with pre- and post-test administration was applied. This study was carried out at the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic and the Diabetic Outpatient Clinic of Suez Canal University Hospitals at Ismailia city in Egypt. 92 type 2 diabetic patients were included in this study. The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire; Health promoting lifestyle profile II Scale; and Physical assessment sheet were used for data collection in the two groups. After implementing of the program, those patients who received lifestyle modification intervention achieved better total score of knowledge & knowledge related practice about DM, health promoting lifestyle domains values and glycated hemoglobin, compared with the control group. Factors related to lower glycated hemoglobin in the present study were lower fasting blood sugar level and increasing physical activity. Overall, lifestyle modification program has a positive influence on blood glucose control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is recommended to that lifestyle modification interventions should be integral part of the curative management of type 2 diabetic patients, and further study in other places to investigate the effect of lifestyle modification on glycemic control of those patients.
The Cultural Differences in the Perception and Application of Crisis Management in Tourism
Authors: Mazurek Marica
Published: May 2021

During the COVID 2019 outbreak countries in the world reacted to the epidemic situation differently. These discrepancies were based on the cultural differences and the reactions of public sector to deal organizationally and financially with these negative externalities, which can damage also tourism businesses. In this book chapter has been explained the differences in the reactions of Eastern cultures and Western cultures and their hierarchical approach to the decision-making process. The methodological approach to this book chapter and its content is based on the use of concepts rooted in the studies of applied models of crisis management and the application of several case studies from Europe, Asia and North America, where has been discussed the preparedness of public sector to bear a risk and to act effectively during COVID-19 outbreak. A discussion comprises cultural differences and their impact on health situation and the role of media as well as the organizational learning culture.
Study of Deep-Ocean Ferromanganese Crusts Ore Components
Authors: A. Novakova Alla , S. Novikov Dmitrii
Published: May 2021

A complex layer-by-layer morphology and phase analysis of a ferromanganese crust aged about 70 million years, extracted from the rise of the Magellan Mountains of the Pacific Ocean, was carried out using several physics methods: digital optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with high resolution, X-ray fluorescence and diffraction analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy. This analysis showed that the crust is an association of several minerals with various dispersion and crystallization degree, between which fossilized bacterial mats with Fe- and Mn- oxides are located. These phenomena indicate the biogenic nature of the crust. Changes in the crusts phase composition from the lower layer to the upper layer indicate changes in the external environmental conditions during their formation.
Purification in Plato’s Symposium
Authors: Cunningham Mary ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

Scholars often take purification (κάθαρσις) to be a concept that persists the same throughout Plato’s dialogues. Generally, they take it to mean the separation of the soul from the body, picking up on Socrates’s account at Phaedo 67c–d. I do not find that this account of purification endures throughout the dialogues. In this paper, I argue that in Symposium Diotima describes purification differently. I argue that her account of purification emphasizes preparedness for encountering the forms, not the eradication of the corporeal. I present this account in three steps. First, I discuss Diotima’s lower and higher mysteries, focusing on the lower mysteries. Next, I examine Diotima’s use of the Eleusinian mysteries as an analogy for her own mysteries. Here, I overview the historical rites at Agrai and the Eleusinian Mysteria. I argue that, mirroring the Agrai rites, Diotima’s lower mysteries are purificatory, and therefore provide an account of purification. Finally, I explain the account of purification Diotima presents in the lower mysteries as the desire to possess the deathless deathlessly. Diotima’s account of purification is importantly distinct from the Phaedo account. In the former, the separation of the soul from the body is in no way important for purification. We must confront the discrepancies between these accounts and recognize that purification is not a doctrine that persists throughout the dialogues.
Severe diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID-19 in pediatric patients: Two case reports
Authors: Domínguez Rojas Jesús Ángel , Tello Pezo Mariela Violeta , Tasayco Muñoz Jaime , Coronado Muñoz Álvaro
Published: May 2021

Introduction The association of COVID-19 with diabetes mellitus is bidirectional. In one direction, diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19. In the opposite direction, in patients with COVID-19 new-onset diabetes mellitus, severe diabetic ketoacidosis and severe metabolic complications have been described. Clinical case This report describes two patients with diabetes mellitus who came to our hospital with ketoacidosis resulting from new-onset diabetes mellitus. We describe the clinical course and the management approach during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion COVID-19 is associated with metabolic complications such as severe diabetic ketoacidosis.
Relativism, eclecticism and dignity: On Aharon Barak's account of human dignity
Authors: Franeta Duška
Published: May 2021

This paper presents and examines a relativistic account of human dignity in law proposed by Aharon Barak. The first section delineates the key points of his concept of dignity and the second introduces eclecticism as a philosophical basis of dignity in law along with its shortcomings. The third section elaborates on the "primacy of the sub-constitutional level" and "society's bedrock views" as the legal underpinnings of Barak's dignity relativism. The author argues that in this account eclecticism and relativism enter into a symbiotic relationship, in which eclecticism simulates a value foundation of law, while it at the same time enables relativism coming from below. This symbiosis threatens to push the idea of human dignity into dignities of specific jurisdictions, legal cultures a step further into their separate universes, and 'Rechtsstaat' a degree closer to 'Justizstaat'.
Social networks and juvenile delinquency
Authors: Skakavac Tatjana
Published: May 2021

Ever since the beginnings of history, it was impossible to imagine a society free of the widespread influence of various means of human communication. This is especially true of modern society. Different types of media shape individual development, their thinking, attitudes and behaviours, in a good as well as in bad way. For this reason, countless criminological and psychological studies have been done to comprehend and explain the influence of mass media on crime incidence rate. This topic has increasingly occupied scholars and has been the subject of conferences and panel discussions worldwide. Until recently, television was the most influential medium, exerting enormous influence on the younger generations. However, with the emergence of the Internet and social media, the audience's attention has been hijacked by social networks content, primarily targeting young people - and not just at scheduled times, but throughout the day. This paper will discuss the etiological influence of social media on juvenile delinquency phenomenon.
Evolution and socio-pathological traits of delinquent groups in Serbia
Authors: Matković Aleksandar
Published: May 2021

In this paper the author examines the socio-pathological aspects of delinquent groups issues in Serbia. After reviewing the definition and features of delinquent groups, we offer a chronological analysis of various forms of local delinquent groupings from the mid-20th century to the present. Next, the relationship between those groups and various socio-pathological manifestations was examined. In the final section, the author summarizes the features of this phenomenon, and offers his own perspective of its evolution in the future. Moreover, the author discusses the overwhelming influence of information technologies on the transformations and contemporary tendencies of delinquent groups and delinquency in general. This can have a dual impact on socio-pathological phenomena: as a factor in reducing the occurrence of traditional deviant behavior, but also as a factor in the expansion of new socio-pathological phenomena
Crime and punishment: Europe and Serbia in the 19th century
Authors: Lakobrija Nikola
Published: May 2021

In 19th-century Europe, new insights and new demands placed upon the state caused significant changes in the understanding of punishments and penalisations. Retributive justice, which is based on pure retaliation for the offence without any other purpose, was replaced by utilitarianism. The understanding that punishment should be executed for a specific purpose and primarily to protect society, serving as a deterrence, had become the basis of the contemporary approach to punishments and penalisations. The reception of these ideas and their transforming into practical solutions was neither easy, fast, or gradual. The cultures of the 19th century Europe were far from uniform, neither in the economic nor in the spiritual and cultural sense. These principles continued to gain ground throughout the 19th-century Europe, eventually becoming universally accepted today.
Origin and legal regulation of the second chance for entrepreneurs in the European Union
Authors: Dukić-Mijatović Marijana , Uzelac Ozren
Published: May 2021

In the history of human civilization, there has always been the problem of overindebtedness and personal bankruptcy, as well as the tendency to protect such persons to some extent from excessive sanctions or the consequences of their insolvency. Benevolence towards the debtor is limited by the existence of conditions of conscientiousness and honesty of the debtor in all legal systems, while the amount of debt forgiveness is different. Debt relief and providing a new chance to the entrepreneur is a kind of systemic social measure that should ensure the employment of the individual and his family, but also to ensure the continuity of the capitalist system. It is noticeable that benevolence towards the debtor through debt relief was a characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions, while the regulations of the states of legal systems based on Roman law were traditionally oriented in the opposite direction. Although the Republic of Serbia has regulated the matter of bankruptcy and reorganization, in many parts under the EU Directive on reorganization and bankruptcy from June 2019, it has not been the case with the area of the second chance for the entrepreneur and the possibility of debt release, so it will be necessary to adjust national regulations of bankruptcy. In this paper, the authors analyze the origin of debt forgiveness in case of entrepreneur bankruptcy through history and theories, and select the comparative law and provisions of the EU Directive on reorganization and bankruptcy which regulate the second chance for entrepreneurs, as well as the purpose and measures that preceded the adoption of this Directive. Another important possibility for insolvent entrepreneurs is their personal administration with bankruptcy estate during the process of reorganization. Entrepreneurs' personal administration is regulated by bankruptcy legislation in various ways in comparative legal systems, and in Serbian law, it had been regulated for the first time by the Bankruptcy Procedure Act of 2004, but repealed by the Bankruptcy Act in 2009. Taking into account its importance for the national bankruptcy law, Serbian legal theory has already given the reasons due to which it is necessary to reintroduce the institute of personal administration of debtors into domestic bankruptcy law. On the other hand, sole debt release in Serbian law comes into effect at the moment the creditor declares to the debtor that he will not ask for the fulfillment of the debt and the debtor agrees with that, and such an agreement is made in writing. Debt release is a possibility provided in the Agreed Financial Restructuring Act 2015 that creditor and debtor may use during the process of reorganization, provided they reach an agreement to that end.
Right to abortion in modern law and in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Lubura Majida
Published: May 2021

A basic human right - the right to life, even today faces numerous questions when it comes to its scope. One of those questions is the issue of the right to abortion, which is the subject of numerous controversies among lawyers, philosophers, medical workers, theologists, as well as among citizens in the broadest sense. Debates that exist in various scientific disciplines indicate the complexity of these issues that needs to be legally regulated at the domestic and international level. For that reason, it is necessary to follow and study the judgments of international bodies that have been passed in connection with this issue. As the most developed system of Human Rights protection has been established within the European Convention on Human Rights, and at the same time the most relevant for our country, in this paper the author studies the current practice of the European Court of Human Rights related to the right to abortion. It is evident, from the case law presented in this paper that the Court had a very delicate and difficult task to balance between diametrically opposing rights and interests of various interested parties. The Court's judgments show a consensus only regarding the question of the existence of the right to abortion in cases where the right to life and health of women is endangered. Opponents of abortion claim that in this case, it is not the right to abortion, but the right to life of a woman and that only then an abortion is allowed and justified to be performed, as well as that it is a conclusion that can be deduced from the Court's case law. However, the author of this paper believes that even though the practice of the court is quite neutral, it still tends more towards granting the right to safe abortion.
Conditions for copyright protection in the law of the United States of America
Authors: Petrović Milica
Published: May 2021

This paper analyzes various conditions that one spiritual creation must provide in order to be considered an author's work, according to the law of the United States of America. Apart from the peculiarities that are the result of the Anglo-Saxon concept of copyright, there are other specifics such as the special, constitutionally provided, purpose of copyright in promoting learning, preserving the public domain and protecting copyright. Based on the provisions of the Federal Copyright Act (17 U.S.C.) and examples from the case law, the author explains how the originality of a work is interpreted, how the condition that the work must embody in a materialized medium is regulated and what are the typical types of copyrighted works. In addition, the author explains the main differences when it comes to American Copyright system and how the concept of registration is viewed, after the ratification of the Bern Convention, which is one of the most common causes of the problem of protection of works whose right holders are unknown, which is extremely notable when speaking of the protection of cultural heritage of marginalized groups in American society. The paper aims to point out the similarities and differences between the copyright of the USA and the law of the continental legal system in terms of the conditions for the protection of copyright works.
Analysis of the alignment of public policies development in the Western Balkan countries with the European Union standards
Authors: Vranješ Nevenko
Published: May 2021

The process of creation, development, adoption and enforcement of public policy presents an exceptionally challenging issue for several reasons. First of all, public policies are used to identify and resolve certain social problems and social issues, them being their primary aim. Furthermore, public policy articulates the aims of governing political subject, through which they strive to realize their programs. And finally, public policy satisfies certain needs of citizens and business community. It is therefore very difficult to achieve the full correlation of these three goals while simultaneously fulfill all genuine needs of society and ideological and political goals of governing elites. Something like this presents a challenge in the complex societies of post-conflict and countries of post-socialist transition, as Western Balkans countries are considered to be. Namely, for many decades such environments had a narrowly set and monolithic approach to the projection of public policy, though the concept of their strategic planning was radically revised a decade ago and entered into a completely different qualitative and quantitative phase. The subject of this paper is the Analysis of the alignment of public policies development in the Western Balkan countries with the European Union standards. The paper will envelop a brief review of public policy adoption process in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania. The pillar in the presentation of the said countries constitutes the existing criteria and tools which were projected and evaluated by SIGMA-OECD organization, with the aim to converge public administrations of Western Balkans countries with European administrative region. The paper uses the methods of legal exegesis, content analysis, comparative methods, principles and indicators of SIGMA-OECD, and provides an empirical review of the assessment of the situation conducted on the given thematic by the said organization.
Does perfectionism lead to well-being? The role of flow and personality traits
Authors: Kamushadze Tamar , Martskvishvili Khatuna , Mestvirishvili Maia , Odilavadze Mariami
Published: May 2021

Perfectionism is a personality trait that plays an important role in understanding human behavior and functioning. There has been a focus on the negative aspects and outcomes of perfectionism, and less is known about whether and how perfectionism relates to adaptive characteristics of personality and normal functioning. We investigated associations between different aspects of perfectionism and psychological well-being in two studies by determining the role of dispositional flow and personality traits in this relationship. In Study 1, participants completed questionnaires for perfectionism, psychological well-being and flow. In Study 2, personality traits from the HEXACO model of personality were additionally measured. We found that psychological well-being had a positive correlation with conscientious perfectionism and a negative correlation with self-evaluative perfectionism. Flow mediates the relationship between conscientious perfectionism and psychological well-being. There was no correlation between self-evaluative perfectionism and dispositional flow. After controlling for relevant personality traits, dispositional flow remains the mediator between conscientious perfectionism and psychological well-being, but the relation becomes negative. Implications for the understanding of how different components of perfectionism are related to psychological well-being and how flow experience contributes to this relationship are discussed.
Filing rate and transfer rate at NIST :
Authors: Hall Michael
Published: May 2021

This paper applies technology-transfer efficiency metrics filing rate and transfer rate proposed in the academic literature on technology transfer to data on invention disclosures, patents, and licenses from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This paper then compares these measures to measures reported for the Naval Medical Research and Development Enterprise (NMR&D) and universities. For fiscal years 2010 through 2014, NIST had a filing rate of 67% and a transfer rate of 15.3% on reported inventions. During that same time period, NMR&D had an 84.5% filing rate and 9.4% transfer rate. Compared to the university mean filing rate of 60% and transfer rate of 42%, this suggests that NIST and NMR&D invention disclosures are prosecuted for patenting at a higher rate and result in licensing at a lower rate. An important caveat about these measures is that their values are influenced by the nature of research conducted, the organization's mission, and the organization's policies towards intellectual property.
Secretive collection of manuscripts of the bishop of Veliky Ustyug and Totem Bogolep (Adamov)
Authors: Bogdanov Andrey Petrovich
Published: May 2021

The research of secretive collection of manuscripts sheds light upon the historical views, cultural interests, and life circumstances of Bogolep Adamov (the second half of the XVII century – January 13, 1727). The sources contain some information on the activity of the bishop in his new eparchy, created by the Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich according to the plan of religious education of his subjects. The rest of the facts about Bogolep Adamov, from his last name and his life path in the Chudov Monastery and Alexander Nevsky Lavra in Moscow and St. Petersburg respectively, to his episcopal consecration on January 25, 1719, are known from his books and manuscripts. One of them, which in the author’s opinion is most personal, and thus especially valuable, was the subject of this research. From methodical perspective, the work indicates the norm that is advisable to observe in describing a manuscript of the XVII century. It is demonstrated how a consistent codicological analysis of the manuscript collection allows tracing the entire history of its creation, and which research methods, starting with textology, reveal its content. Having examines the reasoning of Bogolep Adamov, the author also gets familiar   with the booklore of that time. Considerable attention is given to the archeographic explorations that give an idea of the partially preserved library of the bishop, formed in the last quarter of the XVII – first quarter of the XVIII centuries. As a result of the conducted research, Bogolep appears as an educated, traditionally open-minded individual of his era, which began with the reforms of the Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich and ended with the reforms of Peter the Great, whom in the twilight of his life, the bishop recalls with warmth.
Peritoneal hydatic cysts: a series of cases and the review of literature
Authors: Vlad N. , Lupașcu C. , Vasilescu A. , Georgescu Șt. , Bradea C. , Rusu Delia
Published: May 2021

Primary peritoneal hydatidosis is an extremely rare ( 2% of all intra-abdominal hydatid disease). Peritoneal hydatid disease is secondary to liver or splenic involvement following spontaneous rupture or accidental spillage during surgery. Methods: We made a retrospective study based on the analysis of the database of the I Surgery Clinic of the University Emergency Hospital „St. Spiridon ”from Iași, with peritoneal hydatid cyst, including all the data from the medical files. Between 1991 and 2021 a total of 18 patients were operated for primary (3) or secondary peritoneal cysts (15). During the same period, 1002 cases of hydatid cyst with various locations were treated in the Iasi Surgery Clinic: 805 abdominal (714 hepatic, 43 splenic, and 18 peritoneal) and 197 extra abdominal (thoracic, cervical, muscular, retroperitoneal, etc.). The incidence of hydatid diseases has decreased over time from 35 cases per year to 18 cases per year. In the year of the COVID pandemic (2020) the incidence decreased to 10 cases per year.Most of the patients with peritoneal hydatidosis were asymptomatic or had atypical symptoms. The diagnosis was based on the preoperative history, rupture of the cysts, serology, ultrasound and computer tomography. Open surgery was the procedure of choice (16 cases) with conservative (13 cysts) and radical (3 cysts) methods. The laparoscopic approach was performed in 2 cases of primary peritoneal hydatid cysts. Results: The outcome of surgery was good without postoperative mortality or severe morbidity and the recurrence rate was 22.2%. Conclusions: Peritoneal hydatidosis is a rare disease; it is important to prevent the disease. Clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific for a long time.We suspect this diagnosis in the case of abdominal cystic tumors especially in endemic regions. The diagnosis is made based on the history of operated hydatid disease, clinical signs, imaging and immunological tests. Total surgical excision of hydatid cysts or partial perichystectomy after evacuation of the inactivated cyst is the chosen treatment. Proper perioperative medical treatment prevents recurrence. Long-term follow-up is necessary to detect and treat any recurrence.
First principles study of electrical and magnetic properties of two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductors CrI3 adsorbed by atoms
Authors: Qin Wen-Jing , Xu Bo , Sun Bao-Zhen , Liu Gang ,   College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Laboratory of Computational Materials Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China,   College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Institute of Condensed Matter, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
Published: May 2021

Recent experimental discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism (FM) in chromium triiodide (CrI3) monolayer opens a new way to low-dimensional spintronics. Two-dimensional (2D) CrI3 monolayer is of great significance for its magnetic and electronic properties. Generally, surface atomic adsorption is an effective way to modify the physical properties of layered magnetic materials. Here in this work, we use the first-principles method based on density functional theory (DFT) to systematically study the electronic structure and magnetic properties of 2D CrI3 monolayers that have adsorbed other metal atoms (specifically, alkali (alkaline earth) metal (Li, K and Mg), transition metal (Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) and non-metal (N, P, O and S) atoms). Our results show that the metal atoms tend to be adsorbed in the center of the ring formed by the six I atoms and stay at the same height as Cr atoms, while the positions of the optimized non-metal atoms are in the ring formed by the six I atoms and depend on the type of the atoms. The adsorption of atoms (except for Ti and Mn atoms) does not change the intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconducting properties of CrI3 monolayer. The CrI3 monolayers with Ti or Mn adsorption are antiferromagnetic semiconductors. Moreover, we find that the adsorption of different atoms regulates the local magnetic moments of Cr atoms. The adsorption of metal atoms increases the local magnetic moments of Cr atoms, but not exceeding 4μB. However, the adsorption of non-metallic atoms makes the local magnetic moments of Cr atoms diversified. The adsorption of O and N atoms retain the local magnetic moment of Cr atoms, while the adsorption of P and S atoms increase the local magnetic moment. By combining the projected density of states, we analyze in detail the local magnetic moments of Cr atoms. The increase of the local magnetic moments of Cr atoms is directly related to the charges transferring. Our results provide new ideas for regulating the performance of the magnetism of 2D intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductor CrI3, which will have potential applications in the spintronics in the future.
Paeoniflorin improves functional recovery through repressing neuroinflammation and facilitating neurogenesis in rat stroke model
Authors: Tang Hongli , Wu Leiruo , Chen Xixi , Li Huiting , Huang Baojun , Huang Zhenyang , Zheng Yiyang , Zhu Liqing , Geng Wujun
Published: May 2021

Background

Microglia, neuron, and vascular cells constitute a dynamic functional neurovascular unit, which exerts the crucial role in functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Paeoniflorin, the principal active component of Paeoniae Radix, has been verified to exhibit neuroprotective roles in cerebralischemic injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulatory function of Paeoniflorin on neurovascular unit after cerebral ischemia are still unclear.

Methods

In this study, adult male rats were treated with Paeoniflorin following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), and then the functional behavioral tests (Foot-fault test and modified improved neurological function score, mNSS), microglial activation, neurogenesis and vasculogenesis were assessed.

Results

The current study showed that Paeoniflorin treatment exhibited a sensorimotor functional recovery as suggested via the Foot-fault test and the enhancement of spatial learning as suggested by the mNSS in rat stroke model. Paeoniflorin treatment repressed microglial cell proliferation and thus resulted in a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Compared with control, Paeoniflorin administration facilitated von Willebrand factor (an endothelia cell marker) and doublecortin (a neuroblasts marker) expression, indicating that Paeoniflorin contributed to neurogenesis and vasculogenesis in rat stroke model. Mechanistically, we verified that Paeoniflorin repressed JNK and NF-κB signaling activation.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that Paeoniflorin represses neuroinflammation and facilitates neurogenesis in rat stroke model and might be a potential drug for the therapy of ischemic stroke.
Food insecurity increases energetic efficiency, not food consumption: an exploratory study in European starlings
Authors: Bateson Melissa , Andrews Clare , Dunn Jonathon , Egger Charlotte B.C.M. , Gray Francesca , Mchugh Molly , Nettle Daniel
Published: May 2021

Food insecurity—defined as limited or unpredictable access to nutritionally adequate food—is associated with higher body mass in humans and birds. It is widely assumed that food insecurity-induced fattening is caused by increased food consumption, but there is little evidence supporting this in any species. We developed a novel technology for measuring foraging, food intake and body mass in small groups of aviary-housed European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Across four exploratory experiments, we demonstrate that birds responded to 1–2 weeks of food insecurity by increasing their body mass despite eating less. Food-insecure birds therefore increased their energetic efficiency, calculated as the body mass maintained per unit of food consumed. Mass gain was greater in birds that were lighter at baseline and in birds that faced greater competition for access to food. Whilst there was variation between experiments in mass gain and food consumption under food insecurity, energetic efficiency always increased. Bomb calorimetry of guano showed reduced energy density under food insecurity, suggesting that the energy assimilated from food increased. Behavioural observations of roosting showed inconsistent evidence for reduced physical activity under food insecurity. Increased energetic efficiency continued for 1–2 weeks after food security was reinstated, indicating an asymmetry in the speed of the response to food insecurity and the recovery from it. Future work to understand the mechanisms underlying food insecurity-induced mass gain should focus on the biological changes mediating increased energetic efficiency rather than increased energy consumption.
Corpus Linguistics: Quantitative Methods
Authors: Gries Stefan Th.
Published: May 2021

This entry discusses the quantitative method of (distinctive) collexeme analysis, an extension of corpus‐linguistic association measures traditionally applied to the co‐occurrence of words and syntactic constructions. It discusses the statistical underpinnings of the currently most widely used methods and exemplifies applications from corpus‐linguistic analyses of native and non‐native speaker data and their correlation with experimental data from priming studies.
English in Asian and European Higher Education
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andy , Gill Saran Kaur
Published: May 2021

The internationalization of higher education has led to a noticeable increase in the number of courses and degrees taught through the medium of English, across both Asia and Europe. In the years between 2001 and 2014, the number of English‐taught programs in universities in continental Europe has increased from 725 to over 8,000. While comparative figures for Asia are not available, there has been an increase in the number of universities offering courses taught through English. At the same time, many universities based in Anglophone countries have established twinning arrangements with partners in Asia or have set up campuses in Asia. For example, British universities now operate 39 campuses outside Britain.

This rapid shift to English‐taught programs in Europe is one consequence of the Bologna Declaration of 1999 and the establishment of a European Higher Education Area (EHEA) to allow staff and student exchange between universities in Europe. English is adopted to facilitate this movement of staff and students. Other motivations for the increasing adoption of English‐taught programs include financial—such programs bring in fee‐paying students—and the perceived need for universities to climb higher in various university global ranking tables, as internationalization is a key criterion in such tables. The rapid increase in these programs has led to concerns that internationalization will lead to Englishization and the neglect of local languages as languages of education, and will increase the division between the “haves” and “have‐nots.”
Evaluation of the relationship between phantom position and computed tomography dose index in cone beam computed tomography when assuming breast irradiation
Authors: Ueno Hiroyuki , Matsubara Kosuke , Takemura Akihiro , Hizume Masato , Bou Sayuri
Published: May 2021

This study aims to investigate the influence of the phantom position on weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw) in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) when assuming breast irradiation. Computed tomography dose index (CTDI) was measured by the x‐ray volume imaging of CBCT using parameters for image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in right breast irradiation. The measurement points of CTDI ranged from 0 (center) to 16 cm in the right–left (RL) direction, and from 0 (center) to 7.5 cm in the anterior–posterior (AP) direction, which assumed right breast irradiation. A nonuniform change exists in the relative value of CTDIw when the phantom deviated from the isocenter of CBCT. The CTDIw was ~30% lower compared with the value at the isocenter of CBCT when the phantom deviated 7.5 and 16 cm at the AP and RL directions, respectively. This study confirmed the influence of the phantom position on the CTDI values of CBCT. The CTDI measured at the isocenter of CBCT overestimates that measured at the irradiation center of the breast.
Betty Ford Center launches $30 million expansion and renovation
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2021

The Betty Ford Center broke ground for its most significant expansion since opening four decades ago this month. The $30 million expansion and renovation of the Rancho Mirage, California, facility will enable the program to meet an increasing demand for services, including mental illness. “We have been honored to provide healing and hope to thousands of individuals and families at the Betty Ford Center, and with the continued generosity of grateful alumni and other donors, will build upon Mrs. Ford's legacy by transforming the campus and expanding access to quality care,” said Mark G. Mishek, president and CEO of the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. “The impact of substance use and mental health disorders is growing due to a number of factors, including the tremendous stress and strain of the COVID‐19 pandemic,” Mishek added. “Amid record‐high overdoses, and the daily pain experienced by millions of families struggling through the chaos of addiction, it is imperative that we build capacity to help more people; create more flexible ways to engage with services; provide healing spaces that reflect the dignity and respect all health care patients deserve; and amplify the attractive, stigma‐busting reality that treatment is effective and recovery works.” Mishek, who is retiring at the end of June, and incoming President and CEO Joseph Lee, M.D., were among those at the groundbreaking event May 4, along with Hazelden Betty Ford Trustee Susan Ford Bales — daughter of President and Mrs. Ford — and special guests. “I am so heartened to know my mother's legacy and impact continue to grow,” Ford Bales said. “The Betty Ford Center is a special place to thousands of people already, and my mom would be thrilled to see our caring community open its arms to even more people.” The project, which is expected to be finished in 2025, will increase the bed count to 240 from 184, with many more slots for outpatient care. The campus will grow from 137,200 square feet to 170,000 square feet. The first phase of the project, approved by Rancho Mirage city officials last fall, includes construction of a new, one‐story, 22,748‐square‐foot Day Treatment Pavilion that will accommodate flexible treatment options for 44 patients and include offices for counselors; group rooms for treatment; and an auditorium for lectures, education and training. Phase 1 also includes updates to landscaping and parking spaces, as well as the development of a convenient, new entrance to the campus. The Betty Ford Center currently has four residential buildings with 20 beds each, plus a fifth 20‐bed building for medical stabilization and other services, as well as 84 sober living units on nearby Daisy Lane. Phase 2 of the expansion, planned to begin in 2023, will include removing two of the existing residential buildings and constructing a new two‐story, 20,935‐square‐foot residential pavilion with 46 beds. A second, similar residential treatment pavilion will be constructed in Phase 3 (2024), replacing the other two existing residential buildings.
Calcium–Collagen Coupling is Vital for Biomineralization Schedule
Authors: Zhang Jinglun , Ji Yaoting , Jiang Shuting , Shi Miusi , Cai Wenjin , Miron Richard J. , Zhang Yufeng
Published: May 2021

Biomineralization is a chemical reaction that occurs in organisms in which collagen initiates and guides the growth and crystallization of matched apatite minerals. However, there is little known about the demand pattern for calcium salts and collagen needed by biomineralization. In this study, natural bone biomineralization is analyzed, and a novel interplay between calcium concentration and collagen production is observed. Any quantitative change in one of the entities causes a corresponding change in the other. Translocation‐associated membrane protein 2 (TRAM2) is identified as an intermediate factor whose silencing disrupts this relationship and causes poor mineralization. TRAM2 directly interacts with the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b (SERCA2b) and modulates SERCA2b activity to couple calcium enrichment with collagen biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings indicate that osteoblasts can independently and directly regulate the process of biomineralization via this coupling. This knowledge has significant implications for the developmentally inspired design of biomaterials for bone regenerative applications.
Respiratory and otolaryngological disorders in Down syndrome from one center in Brazil
Authors: Bermudez Beatriz Elizabeth Bagatin Veleda , de Souza do Amaral Maria Eduarda , da Silva Gomes Charles , Novadzki Iolanda Maria , de Oliveira Camila Maciel
Published: May 2021

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal condition. Anatomical and functional variations in the upper and lower airways are component manifestations of the syndrome and increase the risk of various medical problems. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of otorhinolaryngological and respiratory diseases in a DS outpatient clinic over a 3‐year period. Medical records data from 1207 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Newborn Hearing Screening was positive in 7.1% of patients. Brainstem auditory evoked potential was performed in 1101 children and showed a hearing loss of 19.8% in the first year. It was positive in 21% of 1021 exams. Audiometry was altered in 64 of 994 exams (6.4%), showing a conductive loss in 90%. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in 308 (25.5%) patients, and 169 (14.0%) required serous otitis ventilation tubes. Asthma was observed in 140 (11.6%) patients, and allergic rhinitis in 544 (56.6%). There were hospitalizations for invasive infection in 480 (39.8%) children, and two (0.2%) patients had severe septicemia from pulmonary focus. Five (0.4%) infants had laryngotracheomalacia, and one patient had anomalous right tracheal bronchus. Recognizing the prevalence of respiratory and otorhinolaryngological disorders in patients with DS allows the promotion of optimal follow‐up and early treatment, preventing the development of sequelae.
PAMI syndrome: A rare cause that can be easily misdiagnosed
Authors: Xu Xue‐Mei , Huang Hua , Ding Fei , Yang Zhen , Wang Jian , Jin Yan‐Liang
Published: May 2021

PSTPIP1‐associated myeloid‐related proteinemia inflammatory (PAMI) syndrome caused by mutations in PSTPIP1 is a rare inflammatory disorder that can be easily misdiagnosed. It is characterized by anemia, arthritis, cutaneous inflammation, recurrent infections, growth failure, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hyperzincemia/hypercalprotectinemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated inflammatory indicators. This study describes the cases of two pediatric female patients with long‐standing recurrent arthralgia in different parts of the extremities and severe anemia, respectively, who were misdiagnosed and treated for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia, respectively. High‐throughput sequencing analysis revealed a de novo heterozygous missense mutation (c.748G > A, p. Glu250Lys) in exon 11 of PSTPIP1 (NM_003978.5) in both patients, which supported a diagnosis of PAMI. The patients were treated with prednisone and etanercept, which improved their symptoms, but neutropenia remained unchanged. These cases highlight the importance of genetic assessment for the accurate diagnosis of PAMI and to ensure adequate and timely treatment of these patients.
Solidification behavior of acylglycerols in fatty acid methyl esters and effects on the cold flow properties of biodiesel
Authors: Seniorita Latifa , Minami Eiji , Kawamoto Haruo
Published: May 2021

The formation of precipitates in biodiesel (comprising fatty acid methyl esters [FAMEs] obtained from plant oils) can lead to the clogging of fuel filters. Such precipitates are often caused by the solidification of acylglycerols (monoacylglycerols [MAGs], diacylglycerols [DAGs], and triacylglycerols [TAGs]) that have higher melting points than FAMEs. Based on our prior study on the solidification behavior of MAG/FAME binary mixtures, the present work investigated the behavior of various DAGs and TAGs combined with FAMEs. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to clarify the effects of acylglycerols on the cold‐flow properties of biodiesel. When DAGs and TAGs were added to FAMEs, the liquidus temperatures (above which the mixtures were completely liquid) increased steeply even at low concentrations. This same behavior was observed previously in trials with MAGs, indicating that all acylglycerols readily precipitate in combination with FAMEs. However, thermodynamic analyses established that the reasons for such precipitation were different for different compounds. MAGs precipitates because they contain two hydroxyl groups and therefore have a low affinity for FAMEs. In contrast, TAGs precipitates as a result of their high enthalpies of fusion (which in turn are caused by high molecular weights), while both factors affect the precipitation of DAGs. A non‐solid‐solution thermodynamic model that assumes a eutectic system was found to accurately predict the liquidus temperatures of binary and multicomponent mixtures containing various acylglycerols with FAMEs.
Comparison of temperature rise within pulp chamber during light curing of composite restoration
Authors: Dange Bhagyashree Suresh , Mootha Ajay , Madhav VNV , Kale Sonal , Nevrekar Siddhi , Attargekar Vikas
Published: May 2021

In this study, total of 60 extracted human teeth were divided into four groups. Group I and II were subjected to LCU A (2550 mW/cm2) and Group III and IV to LCU B (700 mW/cm2), respectively. The increase in temperature level from baseline was recorded using K type thermocouple while curing of dentin bonding agent and composite resins. The temperature rise was significantly higher for Light Curing Unit A which had higher intensity light than Light Curing Unit B. Remaining dentin thickness of the prepared tooth also has significant role in the temperature rise. Hence, light curing units should be used with caution to avoid over‐exposure of teeth. Dental practitioners need to prepare teeth with silicone indices and pre‐assessment of radiographs to avoid over‐preparation. Regular check of intensity of light curing unit using commercially available intensity meter is advocated.