bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes in perceptions of attractiveness: a role of experience?
Authors: Cooper Philip A. , Geldart Sybil S. , Mondloch Catherine J. , Maurer Daphne
Published: August 2006

In three experiments, we traced the development of the adult pattern of judgments of attractiveness for faces that have been altered to have internal features in low, average, or high positions. Twelve‐year‐olds and adults demonstrated identical patterns of results: they rated faces with features in an average location as significantly more attractive than faces with either low or high features. Although both 4‐year‐olds and 9‐year‐olds rated faces with high features as least attractive, unlike adults and 12‐year‐olds, they rated faces with low and average features as equally attractive. Three‐year‐olds with high levels of peer interaction, but not those with low levels of peer interaction, chose faces with low features as significantly more attractive than those with high‐placed features, possibly as a result of their increased experience with the proportions of the faces of peers. Overall, the pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that experience influences perceptions of attractiveness, with the proportions of the faces participants see in their everyday lives influencing their perceptions of attractiveness.
‘Inquiries of Every Imaginable Kind’: Ethnomethodology, Practical Action and the New Socially Situated Learning Theory
Authors: Fox Stephen
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the increasing interest in practice-based theorising in the new social learning theory. It argues that this body of work does not pay sufficient attention to ethnomethodology's understanding of practical action. The paper then illustrates ethnomethodology's approach to understanding practical action, highlighting the concepts of ‘inquiry’ and ‘work’, and drawing upon examples from two phases in Garfinkel's work. Potential implications are then discussed for the new practice-based social learning theory and conclusions are drawn.
The Role of Military Culture in Military Organizations’ Responses to Woman Abuse in Military Families
Authors: Harrison Deborah
Published: August 2006

This paper reports on a study of the Canadian Forces’ (CF's) response to woman abuse in military families which was conducted using institutional ethnography feminist methodology. A 20-person multidisciplinary team conducted 126 semi-structured interviews in four Canadian provinces with: (1) present and former civilian female partners of CF members, who were survivors of abuse [64]; (2) regional civilian and CF social service providers, and CF supervisory personnel [52]; and (3) National Defence Headquarters program administrators and generals in Ottawa [10]. Analyzing these interviews enabled us to identify and elaborate on some of the military social relations in which the experiences of military spouses who are woman abuse survivors are embedded. This paper discusses the difficulties created for military spouses by geographical transfers and military housing neighbourhoods, and establishes the crucial role played by the chain of command in military organizations’ responses to spouses who have been abused. The paper then shows how military leaders, especially those who supervise combat units, respond to woman abuse in ways that reflect their participation in the hypervigilance and unit cohesion features of military culture. The paper concludes by reflecting on Western militaries’ responses to woman abuse in military families in light of their responses to the events of September 11, 2001.
Modelling Currency Crises in Emerging Markets: A Dynamic Probit Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity and Autocorrelated Errors*
Authors: Falcetti Elisabetta , Tudela Merxe
Published: August 2006

The paper investigates the causes of currency crises in emerging markets. We estimate the probability of a currency crisis by applying maximum smoothly simulated likelihood to a dynamic LDV model. This approach allows us to take explicit account of the existence of intertemporal links between crises. The results show that currency crises are influenced by real, monetary, debt and global variables. Past banking crises are significant determinants of the probability of currency crises. Moreover, countries that sharply devalued in the past are less prone to experience another currency crisis. We find evidence of unobserved heterogeneity, which may reflect differences in the countries’ institutional/historical background. Finally, the determinants of currency crises differ by type of exchange rate regime.
A Note on Additive Separability and Latent Index Models of Binary Choice: Representation Results*
Authors: Vytlacil Edward
Published: August 2006

The standard binary choice model in econometrics has the choice determined by a latent index crossing a threshold. The latent index is almost always assumed to be additively separable in observable and unobservable regressors, and most commonly linear in all regressors. This note provides a class of non‐separable latent index functions which will have equivalent representations as additively separable or linear index functions. These results demonstrate that assuming a linear or additively separable latent index function is less restrictive than previously recognized.
Waiving Technical Default: The Role of Agency Costs and Bank Regulations
Authors: HassabElnaby Hassan R.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  This paper examines whether the characteristics of banks and borrowers are associated with banks' decisions to waive violations of debt covenants. The findings suggest that banks possess sufficient private information about firms, and they use this information in their waiver decisions. Banks' decisions to waive violations vary with the borrowers' agency costs, debt features, the banks' characteristics and regulatory circumstances, and the bank‐firm business relationship. There is no evidence that syndicated loans, bank structure, and adverse economic conditions are significant determinants of the waiver decision. Research findings offer valuable insight into the theoretical and practical implications of debt covenants and agency costs.
House Prices, Fundamentals and Bubbles
Authors: Black Angela , Fraser Patricia , Hoesli Martin
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  This paper studies actual (real) house prices relative to fundamental (real) house values. Such a focus is warranted since housing constitutes a large fraction of most household portfolios, and its characteristics are such that, in contrast to what prevails in financial markets, arbitrage will be limited and hence correction toward ‘true’ value is likely to be a prolonged process. Using UK data and a time‐varying present value approach, our results preclude the existence of an explosive rational bubble due to non‐fundamental factors. We further find that intrinsic bubbles have an important role to play in determining actual house prices although price dynamics appear to impact, particularly in periods of strong deviation from fundamental value. Price dynamics are found to be driven by momentum behaviour.
Visual exploratory behaviour in infancy and novelty seeking in adolescence: two developmentally specific phenotypes of DRD4?
Authors: Laucht Manfred , Becker Katja , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: August 2006

Background:  The present study was designed to investigate the association between visual exploratory behaviour in early infancy, novelty seeking in adolescence, and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) genotype.

Methods:  Visual attention was measured in 232 three‐month‐old infants (114 males, 118 females) from a prospective longitudinal study using a habituation–dishabituation paradigm. At age 15 years, the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI/12–18) was administered to assess adolescent novelty seeking. DNA was genotyped for the DRD4 exon III polymorphism.

Results:  Boys with a higher decrement of visual attention during repeated stimulation in infancy displayed significantly higher JTCI novelty seeking at age 15 years. Furthermore, boys carrying the 7r allele of DRD4 exhibited both greater rates of attention decrement in infancy and higher scores on NS in adolescence. In contrast, no association between DRD4, visual attention and novelty seeking was observed in girls.

Conclusions:  The present investigation provides further evidence supporting a role of DRD4 in novelty seeking during the course of development.
Habitat preferences of the secretive forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) in Central Africa
Authors: Melletti M. , Penteriani V. , Boitani L.
Published: August 2006

The forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus is one of the three subspecies of African buffalo inhabiting the rainforests of Western and Central Africa. Because of its secretive behaviour and main habitat (dense rainforests), there is little quantitative information on the habitat preferences of this buffalo. We present here the first data on the frequencies of this species along a habitat gradient ranging from clearings and rivers to forests, as well as the characteristics of the buffalo's resting places. We recorded information from a buffalo herd during the period January 2002–January 2004 in the Bai‐Hokou area (Dzanga‐Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic). Resting places were firstly compared with available habitat (i.e. resting vs. random sites) and, successively, comparisons were made between diurnal versus nocturnal and wet versus dry season resting places. Forest buffalos were found to be highly dependent on clearings, as well as on the more open forest stands, characterized by large trees and open canopy. Such preferences could be due to the tendency of the buffalos to rest all together; open patches are likely to facilitate social interactions between the members of the herd.
Chronic oral nicotine treatment protects against striatal degeneration in MPTP‐treated primates
Authors: Quik Maryka , Parameswaran Neeraja , McCallum Sarah E. , Bordia Tanuja , Bao Shanshan , McCormack Alison , Kim Amy , Tyndale Rachel F. , Langston J. William , Di Monte Donato A.
Published: August 2006

The present studies were done to investigate the effect of long‐term nicotine treatment against nigrostriatal damage in non‐human primates. Monkeys were administered nicotine in drinking water for 6 months to provide chronic but intermittent delivery as with smoking. Plasma nicotine levels ranged from 10 to 15 ng/mL, which were within the range in cigarette smokers. Animals were then lesioned with low doses of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP for several months while nicotine was continued. The results showed that levels of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter, dopamine and nicotinic receptors were greater in nicotine‐treated MPTP‐lesioned primates than in lesioned animals not receiving nicotine. Nicotine had no effect in unlesioned animals. Monoamine oxidase activity was similar in unlesioned and lesioned animals treated with or without nicotine, suggesting that nicotine did not exert its effects through changes in MPTP or dopamine metabolism. MPTP‐induced cell loss in the substantia nigra was unaffected by nicotine treatment, indicating that nicotine acts at the striatal level to restore/maintain dopaminergic function. These data further support the possibility that nicotine contributes to the lower incidence of Parkinson's disease in smokers.
Some Assumed Characteristics of Voluntarily Childfree Women and Men
Authors: Jamison Pollyann H. , Franzini Louis R. , Kaplan Robert M.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments were conducted to assess students' perceptions from written descriptions of voluntarily childfree women and men. In Experiment 1, a sterilized, childfree wife was rated as less sensitive and loving, less typical an American woman, more likely to be active in women's liberation ( ps < .01), and as less happy, less well-adjusted, less likely to get along with her parents, and less likely to be happy and satisfied at age 65 ( ps < .05), relative to an otherwise identically described mother of two. In Experiment 2, similar differential trait ascriptions appeared for both childfree men and women. In fact, ratings of the childfree man were less favorable than those for the childfree woman, suggesting possible greater bias against childfree men than women.
Unwanted Intercourse: The Difficulty of Saying No
Authors: Lewin Miriam
Published: August 2006

Unwanted intercourse occurs when a reluctant partner is induced to acquiesce against her (his) will by psychological pressure from the would-be lover, but without the use of or the threat of force. An earlier study found that 30% of a representative probability sample of senior women in a liberal arts college had experienced unwanted intercourse. College women's ( N = 76) perceptions of the unwanted intercourse situation were assessed by projective and by questionnaire methods, using a videotaped stimulus cue. Results indicate that highly negative feelings are attributed to the man in the refuse situation, and to the majority of the women in both the accept and refuse situations. A hedonic calculus analysis based on the ratio of negative to positive feelings in the stories demonstrates the cost-benefit superiority of accepting unwanted intercourse in spite of the fact that the women's feelings are predominantly negative. A theory of unwanted intercourse is proposed that attributes the high rate of unwanted intercourse to four societal norms: (a) current remnants of the ideology of male supremacy, (b) the norm of male initiative, (c) the lack of positive sexual experience norms for women, and (d) the “stroking norm” for women.
“Do Least Harm” Philosophy May Suffice for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Octogenarians
Authors: ROSSI MARCO L. , BELLI GUIDO , PARENTI DENNIS ZAVALLONI , SCATTURIN MELANIA , PAGNOTTA PAOLO , GASPARINI GABRIELE , PRESBITERO PATRIZIA
Published: August 2006

Background: Octogenarians represent one of the most rapidly expanding segments of the population and an ever growing number are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A simplified approach with incomplete or “culprit‐lesion” only PCI may be an option even in multivessel disease, to minimize periprocedural complications while still allowing a meaningful clinical recovery in patients with inherent functional limitations related to age itself. We tried to determine the effects of either complete or partial PCI on procedural and long‐term outcome in a consecutive series of octogenarians.

Methods: In‐hospital and 1‐year clinical outcomes were collected in elderly patients treated with PCI between January 1998 and March 2004 in our institution.

Results: In a total of 165 octogenarians, 73 elderly patients (44%) underwent complete (COM) and 92 (56%) incomplete (INC) revascularization. Major in‐hospital cardiac events were similar in the two subgroups. At 1‐year follow‐up 65% of patients in the COM and 68% in the INC group (P = ns) referred improvement in angina status and quality of life. Clinically driven repeat PCI was necessary in 16% of COM and 15% of INC patients. Recurrent PCI was mostly required to treat a restenotic index lesion in both groups, while only five patients in the INC group (5.4%) required PCI of a different lesion.

Conclusions: Current PCI coronary techniques are safe and effective in octogenarians. Restenosis remains the main cause for recurrent events after bare metal stents. Percutaneous revascularization limited to the culprit lesion may suffice in most patients, with favorable clinical outcome at 1 year.
Patent Foramen Ovale Using the Premere Device: The Results of the CLOSEUP Trial
Authors: BÜSCHECK FRANZISKA , SIEVERT HORST , KLEBER FRANZ , TIEFENBACHER CHRISTIANE , KRUMSDORF URILKE , WINDECKER STEPHEN , UHLEMANN FRANK , WAHR DENNIS W.
Published: August 2006

Objectives: The CLOSEUP trial was conducted to determine the safety and effectiveness of the Premere closure device in closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO).

Background: PFO is a relatively common congenital condition, associated with cryptogenic stroke and migraine with aura. The Premere device is specifically designed to close PFO of variable size and length, with right and left anchor arms connected by a flexible tether. The device has an open architecture, a low profile, and a small surface area on the left atrial side which may discourage thrombus formation.

Methods: Patients between 18 and 65 years of age who had a cryptogenic ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack and a PFO underwent percutaneous PFO closure using the Premere device.

Results: Of the 73 enrolled patients, six patients had atrial anatomy not appropriate for the Premere; 27 patients received the 15 mm and 40 patients received the 20 mm device. Implantation was successful in all patients. At 6 months of follow‐up, 86% of patients had no shunt that could be provoked with Valsalva as assessed during contrast echocardiography. Closure rates were better with the 20 mm versus the 15 mm device, and three patients with residual shunt had atrial septal aneurysms at baseline. One patient had transient atrial fibrillation which resolved by 3 months. There were no instances of thrombus, death, or stroke.

Conclusions: These data demonstrate that the Premere device can safely and effectively close PFO. Additional studies should be undertaken to demonstrate the effectiveness of PFO closure in reducing thrombo‐embolic events such as stroke.
Does Diagnostic Coronary Angiography Induce Significant Coronary Microembolization in Stable, Ischemic Patients? A Prospective Study
Authors: KATRITSIS DEMOSTHENES , KOROVESIS SOCRATES , KARVOUNI EVANGELIA , GIAZITZOGLOU ELEFTHERIOS , PAXINOS GEORGE , HALIASSOS ALEXANDER
Published: August 2006

Background: Although microembolization during percutaneous coronary interventions is a frequent event, the extent of possible microembolization during diagnostic coronary angiography is unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate whether diagnostic coronary angiography results in coronary microembolization and consequent subtle, subclinical myocardial necrosis with enzyme elevations.

Methods: Fifty‐three consecutive patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography due to inducible ischemia. Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were used as sensitive surrogate markers of myocardial necrosis. Serial measurements, before, and 6 and 24 hours following a diagnostic procedure, were performed.

Results: Baseline cTnI was below the limits of detection in all patients (<0.20 ng/mL), except for one patient with 1.31 ng/mL. Baseline median CK‐MB was 1.05 ng/mL (interquartile range, 0.80–1.56 ng/mL) (

Fig. 1

). Both at 6 and 24 hours, no patients had any increase in cTnI, with the exception of a minor increase to 0.22 ng/mL at 24 hours in one patient. At 6 hours, 25 patients had decreases in CK MB, while 22 had increases (exact P = 0.77). At 24 hours, 26 patients had decreases in CK MB and 19 patients had increases.

Evolution of creatine kinase MB measurements in 53 patients at baseline, 6 hours, and 24 hours after angiography. Troponin I measurements were almost ubiquitously below the limit of detection (see text).

image

Conclusions: Detectable embolization with subsequent subclinical myonecrosis is an unlikely event.
Bioactivity of Resveratrol
Authors: King Robert E. , Bomser Joshua A. , Min David B.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT:  Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) is a natural polyphenolic phytochemical with a variety of bioactivities associated with health promotion. Resveratrol is readily absorbed with the other absorbable digestion products of its main human dietary sources (peanuts, peanut butter, grapes, and red wine). The polyphenolic structure of resveratrol confers antioxidant activity and may reduce oxidant‐induced apoptosis and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Resveratrol may be responsible, in part, for the correlation between increased wine consumption and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. The cardioprotective activity of resveratrol is associated with the inhibition of platelet aggregation and LDL oxidation and the promotion of artery vasorelaxation. As a chemoprevention agent, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, as well as inhibit the growth of cancerous cells through increased apoptosis and/or cell cycle blockage. Inflammatory processes are associated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases including heart disease and cancer. Resveratrol has been shown to reduce inflammation via inhibition of prostaglandin production, cyclooxygenase‐2 activity, and nuclear factor‐кB activity. In addition, the estrogenic activity of resveratrol may help prevent post‐menopausal bone loss. Modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways (such as mitogen‐activated protein kinases) may explain, in part, the diverse bioactivities associated with resveratrol. Scientific information summarized in this review supports the many potential health benefits of resveratrol; however, further understanding of the bioavailability, metabolism, and cellular effects of resveratrol is necessary.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of CdWO4 Nanorods
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Ma Junfeng , Tao Jiantao , Zhu Xiaoyi , Zhou Jun , Zhao Zhongqiang , Xie Lijin , Tian Hua
Published: August 2006

Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) nanorods were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal process at as low a temperature as 70°C. The products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescent spectra techniques. The results showed that the morphology of nanocrystallites significantly varied with the reaction temperature, and CdWO4 nanorods exhibited a better luminescent property than nanofibers.
Family interaction Patterns as a Function of Task Characteristics1
Authors: O'Neill Michael S. , Alexander James F.
Published: August 2006

Data from two experiments were evaluated to test the widely held assumption that family process remains essentially constant regardless of the conditions under which it occurs. Significant differences and reversals in patterns of dominance between interacting husbands and wives were obtained under different task conditions. In general, stressful tasks and tasks with structured goals elicited paternal dominance, while maternal dominance of more equalitarian patterns resulted from tasks which involved discussion of feelings and opinions. These and other task dimensions were discussed. The findings of this study generate four conclusions: prior studies must be reviewed to evaluate task effects; future researchers must systematically investigate task characteristics; researchers must exercise care in the selection of tasks in future studies; and the relationship between role behaviors and task demands must be understood in order to help meet the increasing stress impinging upon the modern family system.
When Disaster Strikes1
Authors: Drabek Thomas E. , Stephenson John S.
Published: August 2006

Warning responses are described on the basis of interviews with 278 randomly selected families who were evacuated from their homes prior to a flood in Denver, Colorado, on June 16, 1965. Response patterns are analyzed in detail for families who were geographically separated at the time initial warnings were received. Numerous implications for community disaster planning are explicated.
Helper‐Sufferer Similarity and a Specific Request for Help: Bystander Intervention During a Peace Demonstration
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Bochner Stephen , Wnek Deanna
Published: August 2006

Eighty randomly selected male participants in the April 1971 pcace demonstration in Washington, D.C. were approached by a young women E v ho asked them to help her friend who was feeling ill. The “friend” was a young male E, in either conventional or “hip” clothing, who was displaying either a “Support Nixon” or a “Dump Nixon” sign. The dependent variable was a 5‐point ordinal scale of cooperation with a series of specific requests, which ranged from going over to the distressed E to providing bus fare and help for both Es to leave the area and go home. All 80 Ss went to the E and 79 helped to some extent. There was more helping behavior in the morning than in the afternoon, when the program of activities had intensified; with Ss who were tested in the afternoon, the E displaying a “Support Nixon” sign attracted less helping behavior than the “Dump Nixon” condition. The dress manipulation (implicit attitudinal similarity) had no effect.
Differences in Actual and Perceived Progress During Early Stages of Economic Development1
Authors: McKendry James M. , McKendry Margaret S.
Published: August 2006

It is often asked if “progress”, as defined by an increase in the level of general economic development, is “real”‐especially for people of lower socioeconomic status (SES). This paper investigated the empirical validity of two hypotheses relevant to this question at early stages of economic development. The controlled field study took place in the lowland Philippines. Data provided clear support for the first hypothesis (H‐1), viz, as the level of community development increases, the rate of material improvement for above average individuals is much greater than that for people in lower SES groups. Still, however, things do improve for lower SES people with economic development. Further, the improvements tend to make them express more contentment and economic optimism than their more traditional counterparts (H‐2B), although these data failed to support this belief to the degree they supported H‐1.
Who Likes Competent Women? Competence, Sex‐Role Congruence of Interests, and Subjects' Attitudes Toward Women as Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction1
Authors: Spence Janet T. , Helmreich Robert
Published: August 2006

Men (N= 264) and women (N= 343) students were shown one of 4 videotape versions of a female stimulus person (SP) being interviewed. The SP portrayed a Competent or Incompetent individual who was Feminine or Masculine in her interests. The S s, who had previously been given an Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS, Spence & Helmreich, 1972) rated the SP on several characteristics, including likability. A 2 × 2 ANOVA indicated that women S s significantly preferred the Competent and the Masculine SPs. For men, the variables interacted significantly, the Masculine‐Competent SP being liked most, the Masculine‐Incompetent least, and the two Feminine SP s being intermediate and similar to each other. When S s' AWS scores (high, medium, or low) were included, complex interactions were found between AWS and experimental condition, especially in the male groups.
The Effectiveness of Student Canvassers1
Authors: Nesbitt Paul D.
Published: August 2006

Student E s delivered persuasive communications against U.S. involvement in S.E. Asis to community residents in the residents' homes. The S s received either a written communication (a pamphlet), or a verbal communication (a talk with a student E), or, on successive occasions, both. A control group received neither communication. Later all the Ss were approached by other student Es with a relevant opinion inventory. At this time they were also offered a choice of contrasting petitions to sign.

The attitude measure reflected no difference as a result of the written communication, and a negative persuasion effect for the verbal communication. Also Ss signed significantly fewer petitions, whether pro or con, after the vcrbal communication. The pragmatic implications of these results are discussed as they relate to student canvassers in the community.
Looking as a Measure of Attraction1
Authors: Murray Robert P. , McGinley Hugh
Published: August 2006

Byrne's reinforcement theory of attraction is almost exclusively based upon studies that use the Interpersonal Judgment Scale (IJS) as their measure of attraction. The present study used Byrne's general experimental procedure but employed an unobtrusive “looking” measure of attraction as well as the more familiar IJS measure. The degree of attitude similarity between women subjects and a female stranger was not significantly related to the IJS measure of attraction but was significantly related to the proportion of looking time measure (p < .01). This was true for both subjects who verbalized and did not verbalize awareness of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent measures of the study.
Working for Group Pride in a Slipper Factory1
Authors: Zander Alvin , Armstrong Warwick
Published: August 2006

In a manufacturing firm the management provides daily production goals for a number of small assembly lines, and reports daily performance scores to the workers. In the research reported here, employees were asked after each of 3 weeks what goal they privately preferred their team to have in the future. On two occasions measures also were made of their desire for group success and their views toward their team and its task. It was observed that managers and workers alike preferred very difficult group goals, that workers with greater desire for pride in group more commonly preferred harder goals, and that stress was greater as the team functioned more poorly. Results in this natural setting resembled those in laboratory experiments.
The Effectiveness of Student Canvassers1
Authors: Nesbitt Paul D.
Published: August 2006

Student Es delivcred persuasive communications against US. involvement in Southeast Asia to community residents in the residents' homes. The Ss received either a written communication (a pamphlet), or a verbal communication (a talk with a student E), or, on successive occasions, both. A control group received neither communication. Later all the Ss were approached by other student Es with a relevant opinion inventory. At this time they were also offered a choice of contrasting petitions to sign. The attitude measure reflected no difference as a result of the written communication, and a negative persuasion effect for the verbal communication. Also Ss signed significantly fewer petitions, whether pro or con, after the verbal communication. The pragmatic implications of these results are discussed as they relate to student canvassers in the community.
Testimony Concerning Possible Jury Bias in a Black Panther Murder Trial1
Authors: Rokeach Milton , Vidmar Neil
Published: August 2006

This paper reports the application of basic social psychological data to the problem of jury selection procedures in a murder trial. Professional testimony in pretrial proceedings was addressed to potential juror bias arising from the fact that the defendant was (a) black, (b) poor, (c) a Black Panther, and (d) on trial for murder. Some observations regarding the impact of the testimony are made and some future research avenues are discussed.
Sensory Deprivation Used In the Reduction of Cigarette Smoking: Attitude Change Experiments In an Applied Context1
Authors: Suedfeld Peter
Published: August 2006

A series of three studies has investigated the effects of sensory deprivation on persuasibility. Cigarette smoking was used as the target of the persuasive messages. The technique appears to have a degree of success in bringing about smoking cessation or reduction for several months after a 24‐hr. sensory deprivation session. Implications for attitude experimentation and for the application of research findings are discussed.
Perceived Success and Competence of the Opponent, or the Laboratory Dien Bien Phu1
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Sandler Sandra Ishibashi
Published: August 2006

The effect of information relevance and information availability on perceptual differences between Chinese and American nationals was investigated. Subjects participated in pairs as decision makers in a complex experimental environment. Participants' perceptions of success, failure, and competence levels for their own team (under conditions where judgments could be based on varying levels of relevant information) and for a supposed opposing team (under conditions where perceptions had to be inferred in the absence of information) were obtained. It was found that Americans and Chinese did not differ in ratings of their own team. Chinese, as opposed to Americans, perceived the opposing team as having more success, less failure, and more competence. The perceptual errors of the French and Viet Minh which led t o the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu were replicated in the laboratory for Americans and Chinese. Areas in which such potential cultural (oriental versus occidental) differences might be important are mentioned.
The Social Instigation and Control of Physical Aggression
Authors: Borden Richard J. , Taylor Stuart P.
Published: August 2006

Forty male undergraduates were subjects in an experiment testing persuasibility under conditions of aggression and nonaggression. Social pressure (aggressive or pacifist) was used to persuade subjects to administer either an intense shock or a mild shock, via an electrode, to opponents. Subjects were also tested alone and in the mere presence of an audience. Aggressive social pressure significantly increased shock settings toward a nonaggressive opponent. Pacifistic social pressure significantly decreased aggression against an unmitigating aggressive opponent. The social pressure manipulation influenced the subjects' subsequent alone behavior in the former, but not the latter case. Mere audience presence mildly facilitated aggressive responding toward both types of opponents.
The “Flash” System: A Field Study of Altruism1
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Dertke Max C. , Achenbach Carole J.
Published: August 2006

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an experimental automated highway‐help system for stranded motorists (the Flash system). Direct and indirect helping behavior rates as a function of the race and sex of supposedly stranded drivers on the Flash‐equipped highway were compared to helping rates on a comparable, non‐Flash‐equipped highway. The results indicated that the automated system produced (a) higher overall helping rates and (b) higher helping rates for white persons, with type of help (direct or indirect) interacting with confederate sex.
Student Political Campaigners: Who Campaigns and What Effect Does It Have on Them?
Authors: Zanna Mark P. , Darley John M. , Chaikin Alan , Shafto Michael
Published: August 2006

What characterizes students who become involved in political campaigns and what effects does their campaigning have on them? During a 2‐week election recess, about one‐third of the students at Princeton University chose to campaign. Those students who did so were liberal rather than radical in their political orientation. Those who participated seemed predisposed to campaign because they thought campaigning was an effective way of bringing about the changes that they sought. Campaigners were more likely than their fellow students to have engaged in political activity before. Such efforts may be evidence of their beliefs that political activity causes change, or might have been the forming experience for those beliefs. If the candidate for whom the student campaigned won the election, the student by and large strengthened or maintained his original attitudes about the efficacy of campaigning. If his candidate lost, the student became more pessimistic about the efficacy of campaigners whose candidates won also changed in an internal direction on a personal‐control subscale of Rotter's (1966) internal‐external scale; those whose candidates lost tended to change in an external direction.
Dogmatism, Locus of Control of Reinforcement, Importance of Issues, and Relationships to Political Activity
Authors: Levy Sheldon G. , Russell J. Curtis , Kimmel Melvin J. , Carrick Katherine , Burnaska Robert F.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the cumulative and interaction effects of dogmatism, I‐E, and issue salience on political activity. Indexes of the variables were developed from factor‐analytic results based on personal, group, and mail interviews with 212 adults in the Detroit area. The three psychological variables were then dichotomized at the median and related to political activity, utilizing multiple regression and a step‐wise interaction procedure. The multiple r was .41 (p<.01) with issue salience contributing the greatest amount of variance. Comparisons to multiple‐regression predictions indicated interaction effects with low‐issue importance reducing political activity and high‐issue importance increasing political activity. Split‐half analyses indicated substantial stability in the findings. A broader conceptualization for relating psychological variables to political activity was discussed.
The Results of Role‐Played Political Interviews on Congressional Staff
Authors: Claiborn William L.
Published: August 2006

Thirty‐one congressmen or their aides were interviewed by two pairs of students, one pair role playing the political left, the other the political right, in an effort to determine if questions on current political issues would be differentially answered as a function of the role taken by the interviewer. While the results were not conclusive, key findings were as follows: (a) it is difficult for students identified with a political group to obtain and conduct an interview with a congressman; (6) answers recorded by the interviewers vary reflecting the political orientation of the interviewer; and (c) letters of inquiry on these Same controversial issues go unanswered. It seems that it is difficult for an interested young partisan to accurately assess the politics of his representative–a challenge to participatory democracy.
Social Comparison and Bystander Intervention in Emergencies
Authors: Smith Ronald E. , Vanderbilt Karen , Callen Mark B.
Published: August 2006

In a 2 × 2 experimental design, male subjects were exposed to a “lady in distress” in the presence of a confederate who was either similar or dissimilar to the subject and who reacted to the situation with either passive unconcern or with apparent alarm. Consistent with a social comparison interpretation, the confederate's reactions markedly influenced whether subjects intervened. While degree of similarity was unrelated to probability of occurrence of an intervention response, it exerted a strong effect on intervention response latency. It is proposed that social comparison processes not only may influence an observer's interpretation of a situation, but may also contribute to situational ambiguity and affect the observer's degree of confidence in the validity of his interpretation of the situation. Any of these factors may, in turn, determine whether and how quickly an intervention response occurs.
Constituent's Bargaining Orientation and Intergroup Negotiations
Authors: Benton Alan A. , Druckman Daniel
Published: August 2006

The bargaining behavior of 80 pairs of female undergraduates on a competitive reward‐allocation task was examined. The participants either bargained for themselves or represented the interests of a constituent as well as themselves. Representatives were given information indicating that their constituent expected them to win or to behave cooperatively, or they were given no information concerning their constituent's bargaining orientation. Consistent with previous research, the present findings indicated that representational role obligations tend to increase competition between negotiators. However, the findings also revealed, that this tendency is reduced when pressure to cooperate is applied by constituents to at least one of the representatives. Procedures that aid in the resolution of intergroup conflict were discussed.
Crowding, Perceived Control, and Behavioral Aftereffects1
Authors: Sherrod Drury R
Published: August 2006

A laboratory experiment was conducted in which groups of Ss performed simple and complex tasks for one hour in three conditions of crowding: (1) noncrowded, (2) crowded, (3) crowded‐with‐perceived‐control. Immediately afterward, all groups worked in a noncrowded situation on two additional tasks, one involving frustration tolerance and the other involving quality of proofreading performance. Conditions of crowding had no effect on simple or complex task performance. In the postcrowding situation, however, significant negative behavioral aftereffects were observed for the crowded groups on the frustration tolerance measure, though perceived control ameliorated these aftereffects. There were no significant aftereffects on the prooofreading measure.
Comparison of Black and White Boys' Performance in Self‐paced and Reactive Sports Activities
Authors: Dunn Joe R , Lupfer Michael
Published: August 2006

This study provided support for Worthy and Markle's thesis that whites excel at self‐paced and blacks at reactive sports activities, by assessing the performance of 55 white and 122 black fourth‐grade boys playing a modified soccer game. The research also explored the relationships between several dimensions of socialization (e.g., father presence‐absence) and relative performance on the self‐paced‐reactive dimension. Two significant correlations emerged: Regardless of their own racial identity, boys who excelled at the self‐paced activity tended to have several younger siblings and to attend schools with a sizeable representation of white students. Subsequent interviews revealed that black and white boys did not differ in their preference for self‐paced and reactive sports activities.
Differentiation Matching in School Desegregation Workshops
Authors: Posthuma Allan B. , Carr John E.
Published: August 2006

The effectiveness of matching the conceptual structure of participants in educational training and psychotherapy experiences has been demonstrated in previous research. This paper describes an attempt to test the effectiveness of this model in a school desegregation workshop designed to promote a mandatory bussing proposal by a local school board. Differentiation matching had little effect on participants' global judgments of satisfaction with workshop goals but was significantly and inversely related to the decision to voluntarily bus a child, especially among blacks. Abstractness of topics discussed affected participant endorsement of workshop goals but did not affect bussing decision. The findings suggest that how such workshops are organized is dependent on whether the workshop success is to be evaluated on the basis of community public relations or actual decisions to bus children.
Receiving Help, Reciprocation, and Interpersonal Attraction1
Authors: Gross Alan E. , Latane Julie G.
Published: August 2006

In a 3 × 3 factorial experiment with 3 additional cells, 329 male or female subjects working with two same‐sex confederates (A and B), received either voluntary, involuntary, or no help from A after which attraction to A and B were measured for one‐fourth of the subjects. The remaining subjects were assigned to a second set of tasks and were induced to help A, help B, or were not given an opportunity to help, after which they completed attraction and mood measures. Subjects were more likely to volunteer help after the second task when they had received prior help. Receipt of help led to more liking for the helper and the helper was liked more when subjects were able to reciprocate. Attraction and mood results are discussed in relation to attractiveness mediation, modeling, and indebtedness explanations for reciprocity.
Overpaid or Overworked? Cognitive and Behavioral Reactions to Inequitable Rewards1
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Morse Stanley J. , Bode Katherine Anne
Published: August 2006

Although early studies support the equity theory prediction that increasing rewards for task performance enhance the effort devoted to the task, these findings may be challenged on a number of counts. Social exchange theory suggests, for example, that when rewards exceed what is felt to be equitable, the recipient may increase his perception of task difficulty and his estimate of what is a fair return for his efforts. In this case, there should be little need to devote increased energy to task performance. The present study, conducted in both Italy and the United States, supports this reasoning. Compared with equitably rewarded subjects, those rewarded by either 40% or 80% over their estimate of what was fair, altered both their perceptions of task difficulty and of a fair return. No performance differences were found.
The Effect of the Physical Attractiveness and Role of the Helper on Help Seeking
Authors: Stokes Susan J. , Bickman Leonard
Published: August 2006

The effects of a helper's physical attractiveness and role on help‐seeking behavior were investigated here. Eighty randomly selected Smith College students were the subjects; the helpers were two confederates selected on the basis of a separately conducted photograph evaluation. The confederate was designated either as an experimenter (Role condition) or as a fellow subject (Nonrole condition). Subjects were reluctant to ask the attractive confederate for help when she was in the Nonrole condition; rather, most in this condition asked for information instead of assistance. When the confederate was unattractive, more subjects asked for help when she was in role than when she was not. Although there was a significant main effect, most of this effect appears to be accounted for by the low rate of seeking help in the Attractive, nonrole condition. Subjects took longer to communicate with the attractive confederate than with the unattractive one; further, they reported feeling more uncomfortable in the presence of the attractive helper regardless of role.
Whither the Epidemic? Psychoactive Drug‐Use Career Patterns of College Students1
Authors: Goldstein Joel W. , Gleason Terry C. , Korn James H.
Published: August 2006

Reported nonmedical use and intentions for future use of eight groups of psychoactive drugs were conceptualized and arrayed to represent a person's usage career. Intentions closely predicted usage eight months later. Changes in careers were analyzed from data obtained in surveys of all students at a univeristy in 1968 and three follow‐up surveys of the class of 1972. In 1968, the most common order of extent of use of the drug groups was: beer, hard liquor, tobacco, cannabis, depressants, amphetamines, hallucinogens, and narcotics. Students' starting, usage, and intent patterns for the drugs displayed hierarchical, Guttman‐like, scalability in approximately this order. Intentions to progress to new drugs on the scale were strong in all classes in 1968. In the class of 1972, however, despite growing experience with the less common drugs as they went through college, intentions to return to more common drugs grew and intentions to progress to new ones decreased, relative to both themselves as freshmen and to equivalent level classes in 1968. The pattern of these changes suggests that it is hazardous to extrapolate from early usage and intent data in predicting the long‐term course of usage.
The Bank Job: A Field Study of Sexually Discriminatory Performance on a Neutral‐Role Task
Authors: Larwood Laurie , Zalkind David , Legault Jeanne
Published: August 2006

Sixty‐four checks were cashed in a field examination of sex role discrimination using a non‐sex‐role stereotyped (neutral role) task. Experimenter (customer) sex, subject (teller) sex, amount of the check, and bank branch were varied to produce a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 design. Transaction times were longer for female customers than for male customers, and were longer with male tellers than with female tellers. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of greater sex role salience in cross‐sex, as compared with same‐sex dyads. Suggestions are made for further research using neutral‐role tasks to better define certain role concepts.