bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Counting sums of exceptional units in $ \mathbb{Z}_n $
Authors: Zhao Junyong
Published: August 2024

Let $ R $ be a commutative ring with the identity $ 1_{R} $, and let $ R^* $ be the multiplicative group of units in $ R $. An element $ a\in R^* $ is called an exceptional unit if there exists a $ b\in R^* $ such that $ a+b = 1_{R} $. We set $ R^{**} $ to be the set of all exceptional units in $ R $. In this paper, we consider the residue-class ring $ \mathbb{Z}_n $. For any positive integers $ n, s $, and $ c\in\mathbb{Z}_n $, let $ {\mathcal N}_{s}(n, c): = \sharp\big\{(x_1, ..., x_s)\in (\mathbb{Z}_n^{**})^s : x_1+...+x_s\equiv c \pmod n\big\} $. In 2016, Sander (J.Number Theory 159 (2016)) got a formula for $ {\mathcal N}_{2}(n, c) $. Later on, Yang and Zhao (Monatsh. Math. 182 (2017)) extended Sander's theorem to finite terms by using exponential sum theory. In this paper, using matrix theory, we present an explicit formula for $ {\mathcal N}_{s}(n, c) $. This extends and improves earlier results.
A Comprehensive Review on Artificial Intelligence in Digital Forensics With Taxonomies, Issues, and Solutions
Authors: Garach Janvi , Singh Sushil Kumar , R. N. Ravikumar , Reddy Alla Poorna Chandra , Khan Habib
Published: August 2024

Digital forensics (DT) is a branch of forensic science focusing on identifying, analyzing, and reporting data stored electronically. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines. With digital data's growing volume and complexity, integrating it into digital forensics (DF) technology has become essential. The field of DT demands particular methods, with the preservation of chain of custody and data protection presenting significant challenges. As evidence sources collecting and analyzing data becomes more complex, requiring specialized skills, and the utilization of digital forensics becomes increasingly indispensable. Digital forensics plays a crucial role in today's cyber-driven world, enabling investigators to unravel complex cybercrimes and gather evidence. This chapter synthesizes current research, methodology, and applications, providing a comprehensive overview of AI in digital forensics and highlighting its role in addressing these challenges, discussing novel solutions such as intelligent evidence triage and AI-driven decision support systems.
Enhancing Land Governance Through Decentralized Land Record System on Blockchain
Authors: Patil Rachana Yogesh , Patil Yogesh H.
Published: August 2024

Accurate land measurement and documentation of land ownership and use are critical for effective land administration and management. However, traditional land measurement systems are often inefficient, inaccurate, and lack transparency, which can lead to disputes, fraud, and corruption. To address these issues, the authors propose a smart contract-based land measurement system that provides a secure, transparent, and efficient way to measure and document land ownership. The system utilizes smart contracts, which are self-executing code stored on a blockchain, to automate and streamline the land measurement process. The smart contracts automate the process of measuring and recording land data, ensuring that the measurements are accurate and tamper-proof. Furthermore, the system allows multiple parties, including landowners, surveyors, and government agencies, to access and verify the data in real-time, improving transparency and reducing the potential for disputes.
Políticas públicas de mobilidade ativa no Brasil: uma análise documental da esfera do governo federal
Authors: Santos Carla Elane Silva dos , Cavalcanti Olga Maria da Silva Bezerra , Zorzi Viviane Nogueira de , Rescarolli Marcos , Mello Rafael Luciano de , Lopes Adalberto Aparecido dos Santos , Rech Cassiano Ricardo
Published: August 2024

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as políticas públicas de estímulo à mobilidade ativa (MA) no âmbito das iniciativas do Governo Federal no Brasil. Uma análise documental levantou os instrumentos de políticas públicas (IPP) de estímulo à MA em âmbito Federal até o ano de 2021, no endereço eletrônico do Governo Federal. Estatística descritiva quantificou os IPP e a análise de conteúdo examinou os dados textuais. Apenas nove dos 23 Ministérios possuem algum IPP voltada a MA, sendo que o Ministério da Saúde não contempla nenhum. Ao todo 67 IPP foram identificados, desde a promulgação da Constituição Federal em 1988. As categorias de análise de transporte, desenho urbano, e acessibilidade são as que apresentam mais políticas públicas voltadas a MA. Pouca atenção, foi dada nas categorias de educação, de sustentabilidade e de segurança. As políticas de estímulo à MA são executadas por meio de diferentes IPP, que nem sempre estão em sinergia, nem mesmo integram simultaneamente distintos Ministérios. A adoção de uma governança integrada e participativa, incluindo o Ministério da Saúde, pode aprimorar os instrumentos existentes, tornando-os mais propositivos, com prazos concretos, metas e definições orçamentarias claras e um direcionamento de responsabilização.
Empirical Model of Low-Ohmic Nickel-Based Contact Formation on N-Type 4H-SiC Depending on Thermal Budget
Authors: Hellinger Carsten , Rommel Mathias , Bauer Anton J.
Published: August 2024

In this work, an empirical model of structural and material composition of low-ohmic nickel silicide contact formation on n-type 4H-SiC by laser annealing as well as by RTA is presented. For this purpose, systematic studies with different annealing parameters were performed. The development of the empirical model is based on results from characterization of the nickel silicide by FIB-SEM, TEM, XRD analysis as well as electrical characteristics received from 4-point-measurements.
Non-Destructive Quantification of In-Plane Depth Distribution of Sub-Surface Damage on 4H-SiC Wafers Using Laser Light Scattering
Authors: Dojima Daichi , Shigematsu Koki , Tayake Kaito , Toda Kohei , Kaneko Tadaaki
Published: August 2024

The development of non-destructive quantitative evaluation techniques for the in-plane depth distribution of sub-surface damage (SSD) layer induced by mechanical processing of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) finished SiC wafers is essential to reduce the occurrence of crystal defects during epitaxial growth. Until now, no wafer inspection method has been able to nondestructively and quantitatively assess the in-plane depth distribution of the SSD. This study investigates the correlation between the scattered light intensity measured nondestructively by the Laser light scattering (LLS) method and the SSD depth estimated by destructive inspection using the Dynamic AGE-ing® method, a sublimation-controlled etching and growth process, to develop a novel non-destructive SSD inspection method. As a result, it was found that there is an exponential relationship between the scattered light intensity by the LLS method on the bare wafer surface and the depth of the SSD layer that contributes to the formation of in-grown stacking faults (IGSF) during subsequent epitaxial growth. The results show that SiC wafer inspection using the novel LLS method, which introduces this relational equation, enables non-destructive and quantitative evaluation of SSD depth and in-plane distribution.
Ni/4H-SiC Ohmic Contact Formation Using Multipulse Nanosecond Laser Annealing
Authors: Opprecht Mathieu , Kerdilès Sébastien , Biscarrat Jérôme , Godignon Philippe , Masante Cédric , Laviéville Romain , Vaxelaire Nicolas , Gergaud Patrice , Grenier Adeline , Jung Carl , Roze Fabien , Chehadi Zeinab , Thuries Louis , Lu Lu , Tabata Toshiyuki
Published: August 2024

Nowadays, the growing worldwide electrification requires new materials for power management. SiC currently dominates the market thanks to excellent energy efficiency and broad operating capabilities. The present paper proposes an experimental study of the Ni-SiC backside ohmic contact formation using 308 nm nanosecond laser annealing (NLA). After Nickel (80 nm) sputtering over 4H-SiC wafers, various laser conditions are investigated, with energy density (ED) ranging from 2.4 to 5.4 J/cm², pulse number from 1 to 20 and chuck temperature from 25 °C (RT) to 400 °C. For all series, a common scenario is noticed as the ED increases, with first solid-state reactions, then local melt and, finally, complete top layer melt and de-wetting at high ED. An in-depth understanding of the impact of laser conditions on these stages is achieved, based on electrical data, Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). Results reveal that both high pulse numbers and the use of a hot chuck enable to significantly reduce the ED needed to form low resistance contacts. In addition, sheet resistances and contact resistivities are linked to the microstructure evolution upon NLA exposure. As a proof-of-concept, an acceptable process point yields a contact resistivity around 5×10-5 Ω cm² when the wafer is processed at 25 °C and a value as low as 10-5 Ω cm² for 400 °C processing. The mechanisms involved and discussed in the present work may very likely pave the way for other contact formation with limited thermal budget.
Performance Improvement by Carbon-Dioxide Supercritical Fluid Treatment for 4H-SiC Vertical Double Diffusion MOSFETs
Authors: Chen Hua Mao , Yen Chih Hung , Hung Wei Chun , Hung Wei Chieh , Kuo Hung Ming , Liang Fu Chen , Chang Ting Chang
Published: August 2024

This study examines the impact of supercritical fluid treatment on 1200V 4H-SiC vertical double diffusion MOSFETs (VD-MOSFETs). When exposed to pure carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide mixed with nitrous oxide, there is a significant increase in the improvement ratio of drain current, which is contingent upon channel mobility but has no effect on threshold voltage. Conversely, the degradation of drain current caused by ammonia gas treatment is attributed to a reduction in channel mobility. Furthermore, the treatment with pure carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide mixed with nitrous oxide effectively passivates shallow defects, while the presence of hydrogen atoms in ammonia gas leads to an increase in shallow defects.
Device Modeling of 4H-SiC PIN Photodiodes with Shallow Implanted Al Emitters for VUV Sensor Applications
Authors: Schraml Michael , Rommel Mathias , Papathanasiou Niklas , Erlbacher Johann Tobias
Published: August 2024

A numerical model is presented for the simulation of ultraviolet ion-implanted 4H-SiC photodiodes with shallow p- emitter doping profiles. An existing model for SiC pin photodiodes, taken from literature, is modified with a dedicated SiO2-SiC interface layer to account for degradation of carrier mobility and lifetime at the interface. Furthermore, aluminum compensation in 4H-SiC is included and its impact on the spectral response and carrier recombination is analyzed. The simulated spectral response in the wavelength range from 200 to 400 nm is compared to experimental data. While the existing model, taken from literature, fails to predict the performance of VUV photodiodes with a shallow p- emitter, the newly designed model successfully achieves high accuracy, even with a basic modeling approach featuring an abrupt material parameter transition.
TEM Investigation on High Dose Al Implanted 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layer
Authors: Calabretta Cristiano , Piluso Nicolo , Bongiorno Corrado , Boninelli Simona , La Via Francesco , Severino Andrea
Published: August 2024

Within this work, the effect of high dose Al ion implantation on 4H-SiC epitaxial layer is displayed. Through TEM investigation it is demonstrated that the implanted surface is suitable as seed for subsequent epitaxial regrowth generating a crystal free of extended defects. In order to assess the defects within the projected range of the ion implanted area, High Angle Annular Dark Field STEM (HAADF-STEM) analyses were performed demonstrating the atomic arrangement of the lattice in correspondence of the dislocation loop and the deviation of the crystallographic planes of 4H-SiC, driven by stress relaxation, that determine the staircase configuration of the implant pattern. Further emphasis is given to the detailed analysis of the precipitates atomic structure, whose preferential localization is ascertained. Using Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, the precipitate is finally established as Al crystal with an FCC structure.
Body Diode Reliability of 4H-SiC MOSFETs as a Function of Epitaxial Process Parameter
Authors: Kochoska Sara , Franchi Jimmy , Maslougkas Sotirios , Domeij Martin , Pham Thanh Toan , Sunkari Swapna , Justice Joshua , Das Hrishikesh
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the authors continue the experimental evaluation of bipolar degradation for different 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs. All the devices are stressed by pulsed repetitive forward current through the body diode with current densities varying from 1000 A/cm2 up to 5000A/cm2. The 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs are split into two major groups based on the differences in epitaxial material (Type A and Type B) that are subjected to the pulsed forward current stress through the body diode. Additionally, there is a third group with Type B epitaxial material, where p+ implantation process at different temperature is applied to evaluate potential impact on bipolar degradation. Devices are electrically characterized on the Keysight B1505A power device analyzer, both before and after stress testing to trace the drift in the electric parameters. Lastly, the drift in parameters observed in some of the devices, are additionally correlated by an electroluminescence (EL) and scanning acoustic tomography (SAT) analysis.
Nickel Ohmic Contacts Formed on 4H-SiC by UV Laser Annealing
Authors: Michaud Jean François , Berger Clément , Alquier Daniel
Published: August 2024

Laser Thermal Annealing (LTA) is a key process step to improve the 4H-SiC devices by reducing their on-state resistance. In this study, we investigate the electrical, structural and morphological properties of nickel contact fabricated by LTA. A contact formed by a classical Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) was also fabricated as reference. Based on structural analysis, the phases formed by LTA do not match with RTA sample ones that has better ohmic properties. Nevertheless, the LTA contacts reach a specific contact resistance of 2.4×10-5 Ω.cm2 for an annealing at 4.75 J.cm‑2, which represents a significant improvement in comparison with our previous contacts fabricated with the same experimental protocol using titanium.
Anthropomorphic Test Device Response in Vertical Drop Tests and Sled Tests
Authors:   Federal Aviation Administration, Pellettiere Joseph , Taylor Amanda
Published: August 2024

The Federal Aviation Administration has regulations designed to protect aircraft occupants in the event of a crash. Two-drop tests of a Fokker 28 (F-28) small regional jet airframe performed at the National Aeronautics and Space Agency provided full-scale crash data on the performance of transport category aircraft seating systems. The crash pulse measured at the floor differed from the certification tests and the performance of the seats did as well. To assess injuries in the spinal column, lumbar loads were collected for all Anthropomorphic Test Devices, and a range of occupants was included for comparison. Overall results were positive in that the seats were able to maintain their attachment to the aircraft with most of the ATDs measuring loads that would be considered acceptable during certification testing. Additional comparative testing was done in a laboratory environment on an accelerator sled to compare the certification input pulse to the achieved accelerations from the drop. Laboratory testing included triple and double places pitched up at the certification configuration 60° from the horizontal for combined loading. While these tests were with a Part 25 aircraft, the measured peak G (39 G) and the mostly vertical direction make the results applicable for rotorcraft safety. This testing demonstrated that seats dynamically qualified for lower impact severities (14 G) were able to maintain structural integrity but were not able to control spinal injury risk in all seating configurations.
The Revolution in Rotor Design An Historical Review of Elastomeric Bearing Development
Authors:   Elastomerix LLC, McGuire Dennis
Published: August 2024

This paper summarizes the early developments that led to laminated elastomeric bearings becoming the principal load-bearing elements in modern helicopter rotor heads. Early helicopters used conventional ball or roller bearings to allow the rotor blade pitch, flap, and lead-lag motions. These rolling element bearings were not well-suited to the small, oscillatory motions required in helicopter rotors. Laminated elastomeric bearings were conceived in the mid-1950s as a better alternative. The basic operating principles of elastomeric bearings for helicopters are explained. Five key innovations, developments, and milestone achievements are identified. These include patents issued to Hinks, Schmidt, and Gorndt et al. The first successful helicopter elastomeric bearing projects are also described. These include the Enstrom F-28 centrifugal force thrust bearing, the Scheutzow Flexhub rotor head, and the Boeing-Vertol Triskelion rotor head. These key early developments led to the first production spherical elastomeric bearing rotor heads and eventually revolutionized helicopter rotor design. Almost all modern helicopter rotor heads use spherical elastomeric bearings to accommodate the blade pitch, flap, and lead-lag motions.
Minimizing Distortion During High Pressure Gas Quenching Processes
Authors:   DANTE Solutions Inc., Li Zhichao ,   US Army Aviation Development Directorate, Fetty Jason , Sims Justin , Ferguson B. , Baker Treven
Published: August 2024

Steel components, such as gears for rotorcraft transmissions, are quench hardened to improve the hardness, strength, and fatigue performance. During a quench hardening process, components are heated to form austenite, followed by quenching (either gas or liquid) to transform to hard martensite. With High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), parts are rapidly cooled by using a pressurized gas such as Nitrogen or Helium. Hardening is a highly nonlinear process due to the plastic deformation caused by thermal stresses and phase transformations, both of which lead to distortion. Reducing distortion caused by hardening has always been pursued by heat treaters for the purposes of improving part quality and reducing cost. A new gas quenching method to minimize distortion of Ferrium C64 gear steel was developed by DANTE Solutions as part of an effort with the US Army's Aviation Development Directorate (ADD). This method utilizes a new state-of-the-art gas quench chamber to control the temperature uniformity of parts using a recipe developed through computer modeling.
Application of Ultra High Speed Laser Cladding Technology for Functional Coatings Deposition
Authors:   PZL Mielec, Dworak Adam ,   Wroclaw University of Technology, Koruba Piotr , Sienicki Jaroslaw , Jurewicz Piotr
Published: August 2024

The technology of high speed laser deposition is a development of the method of applying functional coatings using a laser beam. It is characterized by high surfacing speeds, allowing high cooling rates, little mixing with the substrate, which leads to a high purity of the padding material and an increase in the properties of the applied layer compared to conventional laser welding. This paper presents a description of the technology of high speed laser deposition in an application for the aviation industry. The prepared stand for the implementation of the process and its verification on the aircraft landing gear component, modified as part of the AMpHOra project, has been presented. The project was carried out as part of the PZL Mielec consortium and with the scientific partner of the Wrocław University of Technology. The results presented in the article show that the coatings obtained by this technology can be competitive with hard chromium electrolytic coatings.
Manufacturing of a Next Generation Active Twist Helicopter Rotor Blade and Experimental Results of Functionality Test
Authors:   German Aerospace Center (DLR), Kalow Steffen , van Bram , Balzarek Christoph , Riemenschneider Johannes
Published: August 2024

Vibration and noise are omnipresent in a helicopter environment and therefore their reduction is an important goal in helicopter research. Actuators embedded into the skin of a helicopter rotor blade can produce a twist, which influences the propagation of the air turbulence. Hence, vibration and noise levels can be significantly reduced. An important issue during operation of a rotor blade are the centrifugal loads which affect the actuators and can cause a failure. Based on the German Aerospace Center (DLR) project STAR(Smart Twisting Active Rotor), the design of an active twist rotor blade has been adapted, such that the loads in the actuator system can be significantly reduced and furthermore distributed evenly. Besides a new actuator design, described in an earlier study of the authors, this paper focus on the use of carbon fiber composite for the spar and additional straps near to the trailing edge. This increases the durability of a new generation of active twist rotor blades, which is the basis for a specific and efficient use of the active twist technology. A first prototype of the new designed rotor blade has already been built. The design changes are addressed in this paper as well as the manufacturing process. Finally results of the numerical model are validated experimentally in the whirl tower and blade properties of the prototype blade are presented.
Application of the Multiple Swashplate System for Individual Blade Control of a 5-bladed Model Rotor in the DNW-LLF Wind Tunnel
Authors:   German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bartels Rainer ,   German-Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW), Holthusen Hermann , Küfmann Philip , G. Berend , Schneider Oliver , Postma Jos
Published: August 2024

After a successful wind tunnel test in the DNW in late 2015, where for the first time DLR’s patented multiple swashplate system (META) was used to demonstrate its full IBC capabilities on a Mach-scaled, 4-bladed model rotor, the META system as well as DLR’s rotor test rig were modified and upgraded extensively to allow IBC operation on a 5-bladed rotor system. After these system upgrades, a second wind tunnel test was performed in late 2016. The goal of this test was to reduce vibration, noise and required rotor power in different flight conditions on a 5-bladed model rotor using proven individual blade control (IBC) as well as localized pitch control (LPC) strategies. In the test the 5/rev hub vibration levels were reduced significantly both through the application of 3/rev higher harmonic control (HHC) and a vibration controller using a 4-6/rev multi-harmonic control signal. The highest reduction was achieved for the vertical 5/rev force, nearly eliminating this most prominent component of rotor hub vibrations. Additional highlights of the test were 2/rev HHC sweeps and the test of different LPC schedules for the reduction of noise and required rotor power. In descent flight condition, significant blade vortex interaction (BVI) noise reductions relative to the baseline case were achieved on both sides of the rotor disk through the application of 2/rev HHC as well as LPC. In simulated high-speed flight, the required rotor power was successfully reduced using 2/rev HHC.
System Identification and Control Law Optimization Applied to the AeroVironment Quantix Tail-Sitter UAS
Authors:   U. S. Army Aviation Development Directorate (AMRDEC), Juhasz Ondrej ,   AeroVironment, Won Henry , Tischler Mark
Published: August 2024

Model-based control system design enables aircraft performance metrics and requirements to be directly designed and evaluated for as part of the control system optimization process. The collaborative effort discussed in this paper between AeroVironment and the US Army Aviation Development Directorate (ADD) examines optimizing the control system of the AeroVironment Quantix™ tail-sitter UAS for turbulence rejection. Both the inner, stabilizing loop as well as the outer, velocity command loop are optimized. A higher turbulence rejection capability in hover would increase the maximum allowable wind-speed for take-off and would help ensure the aircraft can safely fly its mission. First, a flight-dynamics model is identified and validated from flight data. A turbulence model is next identified from flight data taken in various turbulence levels and is used to drive performance requirements in the control system optimization process. Flight tests with the optimized control system were conducted to validate anticipated behavior.
Performance management practices in remote and hybrid work environments: An exploratory study
Authors: Mabaso Calvin M. , Manuel Natalie
Published: August 2024

Orientation: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the resulting lockdowns have significantly impacted the work environment, increasing remote and hybrid work practices. This shift has posed challenges for managers and employees as they adapt to new working methods, impacting employee performance management in hybrid settings.Research purpose: The study explored how managers have adapted their performance management methods in remote and hybrid work environments. It also sought to understand remote employees’ experiences with performance management practices.Motivation for the study: There is limited research on evaluating employee performance in hybrid work environments. This research identified this gap and explored how managers can best support employees’ performance while working remotely.Research approach/design and method: The study used an interpretivist and qualitative approaches. A purposive sampling technique selected 18 participants, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews following a phenomenology research strategy.Main findings: Key themes included continuous performance communication, team deliverable meetings, the importance of face-to-face engagements, clarity on performance expectations, trust, and well-being. Managers and employees used one-on-one and team sessions to track deliverables, discuss work challenges, and communicate performance expectations. Clearly defined performance expectations are crucial in hybrid and remote settings.Practical/managerial implications: The study highlighted the effects of hybrid work on interpersonal relationships and emphasised the need for managers to adapt performance management practices to ensure consistent standards for all employees, regardless of location.Contribution/value-add: The findings can inform the development of performance management guidelines tailored to remote and hybrid work, helping managers enhance their effectiveness and create positive employee experiences.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Adrenal Incidentaloma from a Single Center in South India: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Jawanjal Abhijeet B , Sadananda Siddarth , Sriramaneni Nikitha , Ganavi Y. P. , Kalra Pramila , Selvan Chitra , Manjunath P. R. , Shetty Praneethi K.
Published: August 2024

Context:

Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are relatively uncommon neoplasms in 2% of apparently healthy individuals requiring evaluation for functionality and malignancy.

Aim:

We aimed to study the clinical, biochemical, and radiological profiles of patients presenting with AI and histopathological outcomes of those undergoing adrenalectomy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 62 AI patients attending a tertiary care center in South India between January 2016 and October 2023. Demographic details, radiological features, functionality, and histopathological data were analyzed.

Results:

Out of 62 patients, total masses evaluated were 65 indicating bilaterality in 3 patients. The female: male ratio was 1.69, with a median age of 55 years (interquartile range: 44–64 years). 45.1% of individuals were >60 years. The most common indication for imaging was pain abdomen in 43 (69.4%). The median size was 3.2 cm. Fifty-five (88.7%) were assessed for functionality and 27 (49.1%) were functional. Among the 62 individuals, 14 (20.2%) had hypercortisolism, 11 (15.9%) had pheochromocytoma, 5 (7.24%) had primary hyperaldosteronism (PA), and 4 (5.7%) had hyperandrogenism including plurihormonal in 7. A mass size of 3.2 cm was of great value in distinguishing functional tumors with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 66% with an area under the curve of 0.682. A total of 34 (54.8%) patients underwent adrenalectomy. On histopathological examination, Adenoma (44.1%) was the most common followed pheochromocytoma (26.5%), adrenal cysts (8.8%), and Myelolipoma (5.9%). Two (5.9%) incidentalomas were adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Eight (53.3%) adenomas were functional with 6 having hypercortisolism (including 1 with hyperandrogenism) and 2 with PA.

Conclusion:

In our experience, the incidence of pheochromocytoma was second most common after adenoma. Since most functional tumors (60%) and all ACCs were ≥4 cm, a thorough biochemical evaluation for hormonal excess and evaluation for malignancy followed by surgery should be considered for lesions, especially ≥4 cm. Thus, we report the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with AI from a single center in South India.
Effect of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing bleach shade ceramic thickness on its light transmittance and microhardness of light-cured resin cement
Authors: Sheibani Pardis , Ahmadizenous Ghazaleh , Esmaeili Behnaz , Bijani Ali
Published: August 2024

Background:

This study aimed to measure light transmittance (LT) through various thicknesses of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing bleach shade ceramics and to assess the Vickers microhardness (VMH) of underlying light-cured resin cement.

Materials and Methods:

In thisin vitrostudy, a total of 90 ceramic discs (VITA Mark II [VM], VITA Suprinity, and CELTRA Duo) were prepared in 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm thicknesses. To measure LT, the Valo light-curing unit was placed in direct contact with the ceramics on the radiometer. The average LT was recorded after three measurements. In addition, 90 specimens of light-cured resin cement (Allcem Veneer) were cured in Teflon molds (0.5 mm in depth) beneath ceramic pieces. Ten specimens of resin cement were also cured without the presence of ceramic as a control group. VMH of the cement specimens was reported. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests (α =0.05) in SPSS version 17.

Results:

In each ceramic group, LT was negatively related to ceramic thickness (P< 0.05). At a thickness of 1.5 mm among all ceramic types, the VMH of resin cement was significantly decreased (P< 0.05). In all thicknesses, the VMH of resin cement was lower significantly than the control group, except for the thickness of 0.5 mm of VM.

Conclusion:

According to the results of this study, light-cured cement is not a suitable option for cementing the studied bleach shade ceramics. Furthermore, the thickness of the ceramic has a significant effect on LT (P< 0.05), unlike VMH.
Structure equation modeling in oral health research: A review of applications and considerations
Authors: Purohit Abhishek , Singh Abhinav , Purohit Bharathi M.
Published: August 2024

This review provides an overview of structure equation modeling (SEM) and its applications in dental research. SEM is a statistical technique that allows researchers to examine the relationships between variables and is useful for analyzing data from a wide range of research designs, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies. The process involves specifying a theoretical model, testing the model with data, and evaluating the model fit. It has been used in dental research to investigate a wide range of topics, including dental diseases, oral health-related quality of life, and dental anxiety. SEM is particularly useful in modeling the relationships between various risk factors and dental diseases and also has the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the multifactorial nature of dental diseases such as periodontitis, dental caries, and oral cancer. Moreover, the insights provided can aid in the development of effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. It is a powerful statistical tool that can be used by dental researchers to gain a better understanding of the intricate interplay of factors that underlie dental diseases and other oral health-related outcomes.
Federated Learning: Advancing Healthcare through Collaborative Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Sharma Bhavna , Srivastava Saumya , Thakur Shafali
Published: August 2024

More and more healthcare data are becoming easily accessible from clinical institutions, patients, insurance companies and the pharmaceutical industry, amongst others, due to the quick development of computer software and hardware technologies. With this access, data science technologies have a never-before-seen chance to generate data-driven insights and raise the standard of healthcare delivery. However, healthcare data are frequently fragmented and private, making it challenging to produce reliable results across populations. The electronic health records of various patient populations, for instance, are owned by multiple hospitals, and because of their sensitive nature, it is challenging for hospitals to share these records. This poses a substantial obstacle to creating generalisable, effective analytical methods that require various ‘big data’. Federated learning offers an excellent opportunity to integrate disparate healthcare data sources while protecting privacy. Federated learning uses a central server to train a standard global model while retaining all the sensitive data in local institutions where it belongs.
Advancing Healthcare Education: A Comprehensive Review of Case-based Learning
Authors: Sultana T. Safiya , Gite R. Mrinal , Tawde D. Akshaya , Jena Chandrakanth , Khatoon Karishma , Kapoor Mitali
Published: August 2024

Background:

Case-based learning (CBL) has gained prominence in healthcare education as an effective pedagogical approach that bridges the gap between theory and practice. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of CBL in healthcare education, including its definition, evolution, benefits and challenges.

Objective:

The objective of this review was to assess the use of CBL in healthcare education and its impact on students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes.

Methodology:

A thorough literature search was conducted across multiple databases, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify relevant articles.

Results:

The synthesised data are presented in a narrative format, highlighting the benefits of CBL, such as fostering critical thinking, promoting higher-level learning outcomes, enhancing problem-solving abilities, aligning with real-world practice and facilitating collaborative and active learning. Real-world case studies from various institutions further demonstrate the effectiveness of CBL in healthcare education. Within nursing education specifically, CBL provides students with valuable classroom exposure to authentic scenarios encountered in clinical practice.

Conclusion:

This review emphasises the importance of CBL as a transformative approach in preparing future healthcare professionals for the dynamic challenges of the healthcare industry.
Effectiveness of Stroke Prevention Education amongst Family Members of Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Dziesetuo Medom Neiketounuo Vimhalie , Siva Rajeswari , Saroja Baby , Alexander Anu Mary , Gowri Mahasampath
Published: August 2024

Background:

Stroke is one of the most common causes of death in both developed and developing countries and the risk factors are mostly modifiable.

Objective:

The main aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of stroke prevention education on knowledge and attitude regarding the prevention of stroke amongst the family members of hypertensive patients.

Methodology:

A pre-experimental (one group pre-test and post-test) research design was used on 51 family members of hypertensive patients. Multistage random and systematic sampling technique were used to select the family members. Knowledge questionnaire, attitude scale and stroke prevention education tool were prepared by the investigator. The stroke prevention education is a video assisted education given to hypertensive patients and their primary care givers, which was prepared in Hindi language on the risk factors, warning signs, management of stroke and rehabilitative exercises for post-stroke patients.

Results:

Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. In pre-test, 100% of the family members of hypertensive patients had inadequate knowledge and 68% had moderately favourable attitude while in post-test, there was significant improvement with 23.5% adequate knowledge and 100% highly favourable attitude towards prevention of stroke. The t-test value was 31.4 and 14.7 for knowledge and attitude respectively which was found to be significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The teaching was found to be effective in improving the knowledge and attitude towards stroke and its prevention amongst the family members of hypertensive patients which may have an impact on reducing the burden of morbidity and mortality due to stroke.
Activity of Daily Living and Quality of Life in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Longkumer Merentola P. , Ravikumar T. S. , Sekar Meenakshi
Published: August 2024

A patient with spinal cord injury (SCI) either remains confined to bed or their activities of daily living become limited and they become fully dependent on the caregivers for their activities of daily living, thus affecting their quality of life (QOL). The objectives were to assess the activity of daily living and QOL in patients with SCI, to determine the relationship and association between the activity of daily living and QOL, and QOL and their selected demographic and clinical variables. A descriptive study design was used with a consecutive sample of 70 patients with SCI. It was conducted in the selected neurology ward, rehabilitation centre and PMR OPD of a tertiary care hospital in South India. Activity of daily living was assessed using Spinal Cord Independence Measure-Version-III and quality of life was estimated using a self-administered questionnaire-Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index SCI version. 25.7% of the patients had total and moderate dependence and 68.6% expressed good QOL. There was no correlation between the activity of daily living and QOL (r = 5.20, P = 0.157). Health and functioning was the most affected domain (mean: 16.67 and standard deviation [SD]: 6.21) and the family domain was least affected (mean: 19.95 and SD: 7.80). Occupation before the injury was found significantly associated with QOL (P = .050). Nurses in collaboration with other health professionals have an important role to play in improving the patient’s daily activities which can further more enhance the QOL.
Kidney Replacement Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evidence-based Guidelines for Clinical Practice
Authors: George Reena , Priyadharshini Hilda Mercy , Paul David Sam
Published: August 2024

As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage kidney disease, therapies such as haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or kidney transplantation will be required to sustain the life of patients, which are referred to as kidney replacement therapies (KRTs). Each modality of replacement therapy has its benefits and risks which should be communicated to the patients and family members before the end stage of kidney disease so that patients may be guided to make informed choice of treatment. Those who are not willing or suitable for KRT may be provided conservative kidney management. This article discusses about the KRT options available in management of end-stage kidney disease, highlighting the indications, principles, guidelines for clinical practice, benefits and risks of each of these modalities which will direct the nurses in providing comprehensive, evidence-based nursing care to patients receiving replacement therapies.
An Introduction to Basics of Grounded Theory Methodology
Authors: Ravindran Vinitha
Published: August 2024

Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology often used in nursing research to develop theories about social processes or human behavior directly from the data collected. It was originally developed by sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in the 1960s. Grounded theory is used to explore and understand patient experiences and behaviors. By understanding the underlying social processes, grounded theory can help in designing effective nursing interventions. This articles outlines grounded theory methods in detail.
FRAME-TOPSIS Methods as a Technique for Fire Risk Assessment and Prioritizing Preventive Measures: A Case Study in the Isfahan School of Health Library
Authors: Habibi Ehsanollah , Mousavi Seyed Mahdi , Nakhaeipour Mojtaba , Ebrahimi Hossein , Azadian Sharareh
Published: August 2024

Aims:

This study aimed to fire risk assessment and prioritize the preventive measures using a FRAME-TOPSIS method in the Isfahan School of Health Library.

Methods:

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2023. First, the FRAME method was used to calculate this risk score in three areas: individuals, buildings and their contents, and activities. Second, the Fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify the preventive measures. Finally, the TOPSIS method was applied to prioritize preventive measures. Excel 2019 was used for TOPSIS and Fuzzy Delphi, and FRAME was calculated by FRAME software.

Results:

The results of the FRAME method showed the risk levels of fire for the Isfahan School of Health Library were unacceptable in individuals (R = 1.04) and activities (R = 1.32). The TOPSIS method revealed that the most important control measures for reducing fire risk levels in the library are installing an automatic fire alarm (0.732), improving electrical safety (0.694), and use of fireproof partitions (0.660).

Conclusion:

The study library has identified a high level of risk, necessitating the thorough implementation of control measures. Moreover, the methodology presented in this study can be applied to other locations where fire safety is of paramount importance, including hospitals, buildings, and industries.
Chemical Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Metal Fumes among Employed Workers in a Metal Manufactory with an Electric Arc Furnace
Authors: Esmaeili Reza , Ebrahimpour Karim , Esmaeili Sayed Vahid , Karimi Azim , Kamranifar Mohammad , Pour Mojtaba Nakhaei , Ebrahimi Hossein
Published: August 2024

Aim:

The aim of this study is a chemical health risk assessment of exposure to metal fumes among employed workers in a metal manufactory with an electric arc furnace based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) method.

Methods:

This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in a metal manufactory with an electric arc furnace in 2023. In this study, the method provided by the US-EPA organization was used to assess the health risk. First, workers exposure to Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), and Iron (Fe) metal fumes was measured. Then, the chemical risk assessment of exposure to metal fumes was performed. Finally, data analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 25 software.

Results:

The average concentration of Ni, Cr, Mn, and Fe metal fumes and the total fumes produced in the blast furnace process were evaluated as 0.183, 0.067, 0.308, and 10.55 mg/m3, respectively. The results of the chemical risk assessment using the US-EPA method showed that the noncarcinogenic risk was unacceptable for most of the workers who were exposed to metal fumes. The carcinogenic risk level of Ni was acceptable for all workers, but in some workers, the carcinogenic risk level of Cr was unacceptable.

Conclusions:

The employed workers in the metal manufactory with an electric arc furnace are exposed to various heavy metal fumes, so it is necessary to prioritize the intervention programs of technical and engineering controls. Therefore, it is possible to recommend the use of ventilation systems in the workplace and the necessity of performing other control measures.
Investigating the Relationship between the Presence of Domestic Animals and the Frequency of Mosquito Bites in Residential Houses: A Case Study
Authors: Varzaneh Abdoreza Ahaki , Fadaei Saeid , Varzaneh Zahra Bagheri , Dehghani Rouhullah
Published: August 2024

Aim:

Diverting the blood-feeding mosquitoes from humans to domestic animals is an effective strategy known as zoo prophylaxis. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between keeping domestic animals and the frequency of mosquito bites in residential houses.

Methods:

A number of 150 families were involved in this study resided in Varzaneh City, Isfahan province, Iran. Data on the mosquito bites were collected using a checklist. The descriptive statistics and analytical parametric tests such as correlation and analysis of variance were performed using SPSS 22 software.

Results:

Based on the results, 26% of the participants in this study have reported keeping domestic animals. Moreover, 44.7% of the families reported the movement of nondomestic animals inside their houses. Only 7.7% of families who had domestic animals have reported mosquito bites. The statistical analysis showed a significant (P < 0.01) inverse relationship between keeping domestic animals with mosquito bites.

Conclusion:

Our findings showed that domestic animals in residential houses could serve as a biological shield diverting blood-seeking mosquitoes from humans to animals. Therefore, such a simple, environmentally friendly, and efficient strategy could be employed to prevent mosquito-carrying diseases in the study region.
Knowledge and Practice of Primary School Teachers Regarding Pediculosis Capitis in Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Khalil Minan Rafaa , Hussein Wijdan Akram
Published: August 2024

Background:

Pediculosis is a disease which is caused by the ectoparasite Pediculus humanus capitis. There is an estimated 19% global prevalence of head lice infestation among schoolchildren. Health education programs have a beneficial impact on the prevention and control of the disease. Increasing knowledge, changing attitudes and behaviors, and improving personal hygiene practices reduce the morbidity and prevalence of pediculosis capitis.

Aim of Study:

The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and practice of primary school teachers about pediculosis capitis and to find the association of studied variables with knowledge and practice scores.

Patients and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 primary schools in Baghdad, Iraq, from November 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. It included 351 primary school teachers who had worked for at least 1 year. A questionnaire was distributed to teachers at selected schools for assessment of knowledge and practice.

Results:

In this study, 20.5% of studied cases had poor knowledge, 58% had fair and 21.5% had good knowledge. Regarding practice level, 43% of studied cases had poor, 37% had fair and 20% had good practice about pediculosis capitis. Poor knowledge and poor practice are significantly higher among participants with an institute level of education and lower duration of work, among singles, those who did not have children who had arts or sports specialties, and those who did not have pediculosis capitis cases. A strong positive correlation was noticed between knowledge and practice scores.

Conclusion:

The knowledge scores were fair, while the practice scores were poor. Multiple sources are considered a major source of information. There is no association between the gender of the participant and the level of knowledge and practice parameters.