bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem of the Language of Education during the Reforming of Primary Schools in Vilno Educational District in the 1860s
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Ershova Olga I.
Published: February 2022

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Vilno educational district was composed of six Russian provinces: Vilno, Grodno, Minsk, Kovno, Mogilev, and Vitebsk. The population of these provinces included representatives of several different ethnos and religious confessions. The use of one language or another (Polish, Russian, Jewish, Lithuanian, or Belarusian) depended on the confessional and social status of each person. In five of these provinces (all but Kovno), the majority of the population was Belarusian. The main conflict on the language front was opposition between the Russian and Polish languages, which influenced the position of language in native ethnos in Belarusian and other ethnic communities. The language problem during primary school education in the nineteenth century was solved in the context of difficult and contradictory economic, social, political, and cultural terms of the development of the Belarusian ethnos. As a result of the “Polonization” of politics of the Belarusian-Lithuanian provinces in the middle of the XIX century conducted by Poland, Polish held strong positions in public life and the educational sphere, which preserved the Polish language in this region. After joining the Russian Empire, the process of “Russification” began to be conducted by the government. According to the official doctrine, Belarusians were considered to be a part of the Russian people, and the Belarusian language a dialect of the Russian language. School became the main political instrument in the fight between the Russian and Polish cultures, and the choice of language in education was determined by the aims of educational politics of the government in Vilno educational district. The Russian government headed by Alexander II conducted a reform in March 1863, making governmental schools, which were isolated from influence of local well-educated society, use the Russian language.
Understanding Transport-Related Social Exclusion Through the Lens of Capabilities Approach
Authors: Luz Gregorio , da Silva Portugal Licinio
Published: February 2022

The paper builds on the TRSE literature and investigates how the insights provided by the Capability Approach can help to inform inclusive transport planning. To address the literature lack of conceptual clarity, we provided a framework that considers how individuals may be prevented from travelling and accessing valued opportunities and how this may lead to TRSE. Ten different dimensions of TRSE that individuals may experience are suggested. Although some dimensions were already proposed in past work, we contributed to this framework by expanding their scope and proposing a new dimension. The paper concludes that policiesaimed at reducing TRSE should be concerned with increasing the capabilities of those in accessibility poverty to a sufficient level that enables individuals' participation in key opportunities of the society. We identified that not every accessibility measure is suitable for assessing TRSE, and the selection of measures must pay attention to their alignment with the idea of accessibility as a human capability. We recommend that conducting an aggregated analysis may be helpful to identify a suitable accessibility measure and to identify regions at risk of TRSE; however, to have a deep understanding of an individual's TRSE risk factors, a bottom-up analysis is necessary.
Updated or Outdated Consent? A Study of the Media Release Policies of U.S. K-12 School Districts
Authors: Burchfield Macy A. , Rosenberg Joshua , Stegenga Sondra M
Published: February 2022

An important first step toward an updated consent process in a time of widespread social media use is to understand the contents of media release policies. In this study, we examine the available media release policies for the 50 largest U.S. school districts. We were guided by the following research question: How do school districts communicate and inform their communities of their media release policies? Specifically, we collected district policies and qualitatively analyzed them to determine which forms of media were mentioned, which risks were disclosed, and what the opt-in/opt-out procedures were, as we detail in the next section. We found that while many documents are informative of what type of student information is publicly shared, many documents are lacking information on the schools' use of social media and the associated risks of student information being publicly shared. Parents and guardians are responsible for deciding whether a student can be publicly shared by their educational institution, and it’s crucial that they have the necessary resources and information to make an informed decision.
Hybrid space ship design for interstellar travel with solar sail, nuclear propulsion and mechanism for capture of interstellar hydrogen
Authors: banerjee soumya
Published: February 2022

Interstellar travel is hampered by lack of suitable propulsion technologies. In this work, we present the theoretical design of a hybrid space ship. The design combined elements of multiple technologies that can be expected to mature in the next few decades. The design uses a nuclear engine for primary propulsion. There is an apparatus to capture interstellar hydrogen, which can be used as reaction mass in the nuclear engine. The design also incorporates a solar sail that can provide long-term thrust. The solar sail can also be used for braking once approaching another star. Such a hybrid design mitigates the risks and deficiencies associated with each individual technology. We hope that as these individual technologies (nuclear propulsion and solar sails) mature, hybrid designs such as these can provide the basis for the first generation of interstellar spacecrafts. These spacecraft can be robotic or crewed (inter-generational spacecrafts).
Karakteristik Beracara di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara
Authors: Putra Rafi Wahyu
Published: February 2022

Hukum tata usaha negara meliputi keseluruhan instrumentarium juridis yang digunakan/diterapkan oleh pemerintah/penguasa di dalam kepeduliannya mengurus kehidupan masyarakat dana negara beserta jaminan-jaminan perlindungan hukum bagi warga masyarakat. Norma hukum tata usaha negara dalah arti formal adalah merupakan bidang hukum mengenai persoalan kompetensi juga persoalan-persoalan yang harus dipecahkan terlebih dahulu oleh para hakim tata usaha negara sebelum mereka melakukan penilaian mengenai sah tidaknya keputusan tata usaha negara yang disengketakan atau dalam pengertian hukum acara atau prosedur atau yang dikenal dengan Hukum Acara Peradilan Tata Usaha negara.Tujuan pembentukan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN) adalah untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak perseorangan dan hak-hak masyarakat, sehingga tercapai keserasian, keseimbangan dan keselarasan antara kepentingan perseorangan dengan kepentingan masyarakat atau kepentingan umum.Lembaga Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN) adalah sebagai salah satu badan peradilan yang melaksanakan kekuasaan kehakiman, merupakan kekuasaan yang merdeka yang berada di bawah Mahkamah Agung dalam rangka menyelenggarakan peradilan guna menegakkan hukum dan keadilan. Penegakan hukum dan keadilan ini merupakan bagian dari perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat atas perbuatan hukum publik oleh pejabat administrasi negara yang melanggar hukum.
New Process of sea water dessalination using solar radiation - The outdoor static model and the indoor model
Authors: touzani samir
Published: February 2022

The present paper aims to present two (2) processes of seawater desalination based mainly on generating steam for thin layers successively of seawater, and, then, proceed to condensation using known processes. 1-Outdoor Process: This process consists of generating steam based on linear Fresnel concentrator and solar radiations. The linear Fresnel ill heat a centered thin layers of nested cylindrical seawater pipes. it’s the main process presented in this paper to produce fresh water for large scale needs and it has a significant impact values from cost stand and brine concentration stand points. The solution is so affordable that it’s legit to think it can generates a reliable source for agriculture and afforestation activities. My ambition is that process will have a major role to solve water scarcity and to supply needs of water for large-scale afforestation in unused territory in arid regions, which will, deceases the Carbone concentration in the Atmosphere leveraging the Carbone Sink property of the forests and trees. I will present two (2) sub variants of this process : 1.1- The static model : where there is no intrinsic motion of the engine. This model is very easy to achieve. It produces brine at the liquid state.1.2-The Dynamic model8 : where the engine is in rotation motion. This model is more complicated to achieve. It produces brine at the solid state, which the added value of this model comparing to the static model. Having brine at the solid state will have a significant impact for brine management and brine exploitation decreasing thus the negative impact on the coastal zone of the sea.2-Indoor Processes: This process consists of generating steam in special containers with thin sub layers containers increasing the efficiently of heat transfer for separated thin layers of seawater. It’s for small scale needs like for boats where keeping water stock is very important for safety and cost reasons.
Still ahead of their time: Gestalt theory's intriguing ideas and research in memory
Authors: Mungan Esra
Published: February 2022

This article is a sequel to “Gestalt Theory: Its Past, its Stranding, and its Future.” The aim of this article is to bring to light the conceptual and empirical contributions of Gestalt theory within the field of memory. It is typically believed that Gestalt theory is a theory about perception only. This, however, is not true. The first part of the article discusses some critical thoughts about memory processes as presented by Kurt Koffka in his Principles of Gestalt (1936) book. These involve Koffka’s proposal about the involvement and effects of memory processes in the perception of successive Gestalts; a discussion of the similarities and differences between percepts and memory traces; Koffka’s reference to research suggesting that memory traces are dynamic such that, depending on their Prägnanz, they will or will not change during storage in a way that can even be predicted in some cases. The article then reviews one of the most powerful empirical studies on memory within a Gestalt framework, i.e., Hedwig von Restorff’s 1933 dissertation demonstrating figure-ground dynamics in memory tasks. In the final part of this article, I present the main ideas of an utterly ignored memory researcher, Erich Goldmeier, from his 1982 book The Memory Trace: Its Formation and Its Fate. It is dismaying that these very original and interesting studies went unnoticed by mainstream cognitive psychology.
How to activate intuitive and reflective thinking in behavior research? A comprehensive examination of experimental techniques
Authors: Isler Ozan , Yilmaz Onurcan
Published: February 2022

Experiments comparing intuitive and reflective decisions provide insights into the cognitive foundations of human behavior. However, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the frequently used experimental techniques for activating intuition and reflection remain unknown. In a large-scale preregistered online experiment (N = 3,667), we compared the effects of eight reflection, six intuition, and two within-subjects manipulations on actual and self-reported measures of cognitive performance. Compared to the overall control, the long debiasing training was the most effective technique for increasing actual reflection scores and the emotion induction was the most effective technique for activating actual intuition scores. In contrast, the reason and intuition recall, the reason induction, and the brief time-delay conditions failed to achieve the intended effects. Overall, we recommend using the debiasing training, the decision justification, and the monetary incentives techniques for activating reflection and the use of the emotion induction, the cognitive load, and the time-pressure techniques for activating intuition.
Imager – An mHealth mental imagery-based ecological momentary intervention targeting reward sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Marciniak Marta Anna , Shanahan Lilly , Myin-Germeys Inez , Veer Ilya , Yuen Kenneth S.L. , Binder Harald , Walter Henrik , Hermans Erno , Kalisch Raffael , Kleim Birgit
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Robust sensitivity to reward may help preserve positive emotions in the face of adversity and has been proposed as a key resilience factor. We describe the development, feasibility, and efficacy of an mHealth application, Imager, which targets reward sensitivity by training individuals to create mental images of future rewarding experiences.Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial with healthy student participants screened for low reward sensitivity. Fifty-one participants in the intervention group (IG) received an ecological momentary intervention (EMI) - Imager, including 10 ecological momentary assessment (EMA) prompts per day over 7 days, of which three were combined with an instruction to engage in a mental imagery training. This part encouraged participants to create a mental image of a rewarding event. Forty-four participants from the control group (CG) received 10 EMA prompts per day, without the option of performing mental imagery training.Results: Adherence to Imager was high; participants in the IG engaged in 88.4% of the planned EMAs and EMIs. Intervention group participants reported fewer mental health symptoms, mainly in depression (=−0.34, df=93, p=0.004) and less perceived stress (=−0.18, df=93, p=0.035) than CG participants. There were no significant changes in self-reported reward sensitivity in the IG.Conclusions: Mental imagery training of future rewarding experiences was accepted by participants and integrated into their everyday lives. Our results show positive effects of Imager on mental well-being, although direct target engagement – self-reported reward sensitivity – was not confirmed. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the psychological, physiological, behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying Imager’s effects based on additional data on other populations.
Microbiological quality and HACCP of nono production in a Fulani settlement, Zaria Kaduna state, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State, Nigeria., Bello S. , Umoh V. J. ,   Department of Microbiology, Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria., Galadima M. ,   Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria., Mohammed S. S. D. ,   Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Applied and Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Jabi, FCT, Abuja.
Published: February 2022

This research studied the frequency of occurrence of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, yeasts and moulds in some retail uncontrolled fermented milk samples (nono), and a hazard analysis was conducted to trace the sources of contamination during processing and suggest critical control measures. Fifty (50) nono samples purchased from Fulani milkmaids in Samaru market of Zaria town, Kaduna, Nigeria, were analyzed for presence of E. coli, B. cereus, Yeasts and Moulds. The traditional processing of nono by 3 producers of some of the market samples analyzed was studied by observing processing steps, processing environment, collecting raw and fermented milk samples, cow dung, hand swabs, swabs of milk contact surfaces, and exposing sterile plates to milking environment. Nono processing for all 3 producers involved spontaneous fermentation of fresh unpasteurized milk in calabashes at ambient temperature (25±40C) for 24 hours, fat separation from fermented milk, addition of water, whisking, packaging in calabashes and storing at ambient temperature before sale. Mean plate counts of market nono samples were at levels considered unsatisfactory for E. coli (≥ 102) in 76 %of samples, potentially hazardous for B. cereus (≥104) in 78% of samples and exceeded satisfactory limits for yeasts and moulds (<10) in all samples (100%). E. coli, B. cereus, yeasts and moulds were present in all 9 milk samples collected before and after fermentation during traditional processing. Yeasts and moulds were isolated from all samples (100%) during traditional processing except for wooden spoons (78%) and hand swabs (78%). Substandard practices like using unclean hands in manual milking and use of unpasteurized milk observed during traditional processing could explain presence of these microorganisms in market samples, as was also detected in raw and fermented milk during traditional processing. Findings of this study support that of previous researchers which established the impact of substandard processing techniques and hygiene on food quality.
Medicinal prospective of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis peels essential oil by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) compositional analysis
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria., Uraku A. J. , Uraku O. H. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria., Nwankwo V. O. U. ,   Department of Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria., Okoye C. J. ,   Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria., Ozioma P. E. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria., Edenta C. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Renaissance University, Ugbawka, Enugu State, Nigeria., Ezeali C. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Published: February 2022

Citrus fruits are highly nutritious and medicinal fruits that are commonly cultivated throughout the tropics. This study was carried out to determine the bioactive compounds of the methanol peel extracts of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis. The peels from fresh fruits of C. limon and C. sinensis were air-dried at room temperature and were pulverized into fine powder. The bioactive determinations were carried out by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The mass spectrum of the compounds found in the peels extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. The results showed that four (4) and five (5) bioactive compounds were identified in C. limon and C. sinensis methanol peel extracts respectively. The C. limon peel extract contained 4-(methylsulfanyl) but-1-en-3-yne, Sulfanylphenylium, 1,3-thiazole and 3-methylidenecyclobutanecarbonitrile while C. sinensis contained Pyridine-2-carbaldehyde, 1-Methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde, Glutamic acid, 2-Ethyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrrole and Pyrrolidin-2-one. The results of this study therefore unveiled that the C. limon and C. sinensis peel extracts contained variable bioactive compounds with medicinal value and could be useful raw materials for pharmaceutical industries.
INTERMEDIAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN LITERATURE AND PAINTING IN THE WORKS BY V.V. NABOKOV
Authors:   INION RAN, Zhulkova Karina
Published: February 2022

The review focuses on the intermedial dialogue between literature and painting in Nabokov’s Russian-language writings. It shows how ekphrasis, pseudoekphrasis and painting techniques create a unique poetics of visualizing philosophical ideas in Nabokov’s works and thus increase possibilities of the language of fiction.
ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE "TEXTS AND CONTEXTS: DOCTOR FAUSTUS BY THOMAS MANN" (JUNE 23-24, 2021, MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY)
Authors: Sokolova E.V.
Published: February 2022

Thomas Mann (1875-1955) wrote his «novel of the epoch» «Doctor Faustus» (1947) living in USA during the Second World War while inevitable approaching of the «German catastrophe» and soon after it. The conference reports consider this text in various socio-cultural contexts and interdisciplinary perspectives including musicological. The philosophical, aesthetic, thematic and theoretical-literary relevance of this literary text today was reliably demonstrated.
Scientific validation of a traditional toothpaste formulation to treat halitosis
Authors:   Professor, Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore-632 115., Chandran M. , Priyanka R. ,   Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore-632 115., Kavipriya K. ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Arignar Anna Government Arts College for Women, Walajapet-632 513
Published: February 2022

Since the beginning of human history, Cuminum cyminum seeds are habitually used in several cuisines of different food cultures. In India it is used in both whole and ground form as a traditional ingredient to make innumerable dishes without knowing their medicinal uses and properties. In Kerala, the decoction of the cumin seeds made from drinking water used for drinking purpose instead of ordinary water and in Tamilnadu cumin seeds used in daily to make food items called Rasam(soup) to eat with rice to increase the digestion. The fruits of Solanum lycopersicum are one of the important savoury vegetables used to increase the flavour of cooked foods. The oil and solid albumen ripe of Cocos nucifera (L.) fruits are commonly used in cooking and frying. Hence in the present study, the composition (paste) prepared by mixing of 2 drops of Solanum lycopersicum fruit juice, 2 drops of Cocos nucifera (L.) and 1gram of Cuminum cyminum seed powder were tested on the 100 subjects who are felt bad breath. The result of the present study showed effectively controlled bad breath in 91 patients even after on weak period of clinical trial and except 09 diabetic patients.
Assessment of knowledge and acceptance to the era of uncertainty (Covid-19) among exposed undergraduate and postgraduate dental students- A Questionnaire-based Investigation
Authors:   Reader, Department of Periodonotology, Navodaya Dental College, Raichu, Karnataka, India, Sindhura H , Mannepalli Abighna ,   Final Year, Post Graduate, Department of Periodonotology, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India, Rittikraj  ,   Final Year, Post Graduate, Department of Periodonotology, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India, Revanuru Swathi ,   Intern, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Dental students are facing complex problems during the COVID-19. So, it is important to assess their knowledge, risk perception, attitude, vaccination, measures taken for prevention by the dental students. Objective: Assess awareness, attitude and risk perception among dental students, COVID 19 scenario. Methodology: A questionnaire-based survey is drawn in an online form, comprising of 19- variable, structured, multiple choice questions, and respondents are under graduate and post graduate dental students. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: Total 105 responses, 45% under graduate, 55% post graduate students. More than 50% responded, dentists are more exposed than other health professionals, at high risk for infection. 45% are aware of all COVID-19 symptoms. 44.4% worried to return for dental clinical activities.74.7% took preventive measures in clinical. 64% received general information about biosafey measures to COVID-19 without any practice. 50% agreed treating vaccinated patients reduced risk for transmission and 70%, dentists play major role in educating patients. Conclusion: Dental students revealed good knowledge regarding COVID-19, they accepted this uncertainty by taking all the measures to prevent being infected.
Role of Nasya Karma (nasal instillation therapy) in Apabahuka (frozen shoulder)– A qualitative systematic review
Authors:   Professor and HOD, Department of Shareera Rachana, Sushrutha Ayurvedic Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, M.R. Yogitha Bali ,   Chief Ayurveda & Yoga Consultant, AAYUSH- Multispeciality Ayurveda & Integrated Healthcare, Arakere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, Ebnezar John ,   Consulting Orthopedic Surgeon and Spine Surgeon, Dr. John’s Orthopedic Center, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Published: February 2022

Background: With an incidence of 3%-5% in the general population and up to 20% in people with diabetes, peak incidence of frozen shoulder is more common in women and in manual workers between the age of 40 and 60yrs. Though multiple interventions have been studied on the frozen shoulder, the complete and the effective treatment is indefinite. Nasya karma is one among the panchakarma therapies of Ayurvedic system of medicine which can deliver the potential effects to the patients of frozen shoulder or apabahuka. Purpose: The objective of this study was to review the case reports and case series that are published on nasya karma and apabahuka or frozen shoulder. Design: Systematic review. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Google Scholar, TKDL, AYUSH and DHARA databases were screened from inception until March 8th, 2020. References of the full text articles were screened and selected articles by searching manually as a next step. Based on the pre-specified inclusion criteria articles were screened and finally 5 case reports and 0 case series were included for the study. Results: All the 5 studies included in the review administered nasya karma to the patients suffering from apabahuka or frozen shoulder and assessed pain, severity of the pain, VAS (visual analogue scale), stiffness, ROM (Range of movements) like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation, forward elevation, lateral elevation, restricted movements and constant assessment scale of shoulder joint before and after the treatment which showed significant improvement in all the parameters. Conclusions: Nasya karma, one of the panchakarma therapies in Ayurvedic system of medicine constitutes the prime modality of treatment in the management of jatru-urdhwagata rogas mainly apabahuka or the frozen shoulder. Though present review showed significant changes in all the parameters, there are several limitations besides the quality of reporting, that is generally low in the included case reports. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive knowledge that may assist the researcher as a supplementary by giving an intuition for the execution of RCT’s and clinical studies further on the domain studied. Having negligible number of systematic reviews in Ayurveda and absence of systematic reviews on case studies or reports and series, this review may serve as a preliminary step towards conducting more systematic reviews in Ayurvedic system of medicine which is the need of hour..
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Bulb Yield and Yield Developmental Traits in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Authors: Dixit Saurabh , Dubey AK , Shukla IN , Singh Lokendra , Lal Bankey
Published: February 2022

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate 34 garlic genotypes for yield and its contributing traits in order to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance during rabi 2019-20 at Vegetable Research Farm, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh). Analysis of variance table revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the traits. In general, estimates of phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) for all traits were slightly higher than their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Characters average weight of bulb and average weight of cloves per bulb showed the higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation among all the characters. Highest heritability was observed for equatorial diameter, clove length, leaf length, average weight of bulb, polar diameter, average weight of cloves per bulb, marketable bulb yield, number of cloves per bulb, width of cloves and number of leaves per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) was observed for average weight of bulb, average weight of cloves per bulb, number of cloves per bulb, marketable bulb yield and width of cloves indicating the presence of additive gene action for the expression of these traits.
An overview of plant secondary metabolites, their biochemistry and generic applications
Authors: Rami Esha , Singh Akansha , Favzulazim Shaikh
Published: February 2022

Plants are a source of a large number of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are associated with exclusive subordinate functions ranging from defense to adaptive behavior. Their absence does not necessarily hamper the growth of the organism. However, they enhance their chances of survival against environmental stress. Many plant secondary metabolites are unique sources of active pharmaceutical compounds, flavours, anti-oxidant supplements, cosmetic products, anti-cancer agents, and food additives. This has resulted in great interest in large-scale production and enhanced extensive researches for commercially valuable plant secondary metabolites. Many plant-based drugs are available in the market such as Vinblastine, Tubocurarine, Reserpine, Paclitaxel and Asiaticoside. The article classifies various secondary metabolites on their discrete chemical structure and biological synthesis pathway. It further elaborates on their biological roles and explores their close association with primary metabolites. Additionally, this article further provides an insight into the biochemistry of various prominent secondary metabolites.
A comprehensive Review on Buthur Labaniyya (Acne vulgaris) with special references of Unani System of Medicine
Authors: Khatoon Faiza , Azahar Mohd , Jabeen Arzeena , Uddin Qamar , Khan Shayni , Moin Md Sanaul , Ahmad Kamal , Zaki Mohammed Khalid
Published: February 2022

Buthur Labaniyya (Acne vulgaris) is one of the oldest and commonest dermatological problem, which are known since antiquity and it has been called by different names in different parts of the world. It is a disorder of pilosebaceous unit which mainly affects the peripubertal population and clinically manifests as comedones (open/closed), papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and heals with scars. As per Unani classics, Buthur Labaniyya (Acne vulgaris) is termed as Muhasa or Kil characterised by small, white eruptions on the nose and cheeks, which resemble a condensed milk drop. Renowned Unani physicians Zakariyya Razi, Ibn Hubal, Ibn sina, Da’ud Antaki and Hakim Akbar Arzani have stated that, it is a dermatological disorder of adolescents that present as whitish eruptions over the face caused by M’adda Sadidiya (Suppurative material) or preponderance of Ghaliz (filthy) M’adda Balghamiyya. Acne vulgaris affected 681.2 million people worldwide in 2016. This was a 10% rise from 612 million in 2006. Acne ranks eighth on the list of the world's most common diseases (9.4%) in 2010, with a worldwide prevalence of 645 million. In Unani Medicine, Buthur Labaniyya (Acne vulgaris) is a well recognize disease entity and has been treated successfully since antiquity with various single and compound drugs having Jali (Detergent), Muhalil (Resolvent) and Mujaffif (Desiccative), Musaffi-i Khun advia properties. In this review, we tried to compile all the available information till date from both unani and other published scientific papers and textbooks which will fruitful for further research.
Vaccine Race for COVID-19 Battle
Authors: Khanal Dharma Prasad
Published: February 2022

No abstract available.
Effects of Male International Migration on Mental Health of Wives Left Behind in Nepal
Authors: Bhirtyal Yagya Murti , Wasti Sharada Prasad
Published: February 2022

Introduction: International male migration is very common and has been increasing significantly in recent days in Nepal.The increasing pattern of male migration has greatly impacted left-behind women. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of male international migration on the mental health (depression) of wives left behind in Nepal. 
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 800 women (400 wives left behind and 400 wives of non-migrants) in the Chitwan district of Nepal.A systematic random sampling approach was employed for the recruitment of study respondents.Data were collected through a structured questionnaire with face-to-face interviews.Depression was measured by using a valid tool of depression screening questionnaire consisting of a 20-items scale. Data were managed in SPSS version 19 and analysed with a descriptive statistic followed bylogistic regression analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Nepal Health Research Council and individual written consent was obtained prior to the interview.
Findings: The prevalence of depression in left-behind wives was 79 percent whereas only a 26.3 percent prevalence rate was found in the wives of non-migrants. There was a significant difference in depression between left-behind wives and the wives of non-migrants. The left-behind wives (OR = 10.57, p < 0.001) had around 11 times greater odds of having depressive symptoms compared to the wives of non-migrants. Logistic regression shows that theCaste/ethnicity (OR 1.15), level of education (OR 2.4), own named property (OR 1.7), and having children (OR 8.39) were identified as factors influencing depression in left-behind wives. However, the age of the wives (OR 0.46), level of education (OR 1.77), and employment status (OR 1.7) were found as factors that influence the depression in the wives of non-migrants. Findings between the left-behind wives and the wives of non-migrants depict that only women’s education (OR 2.94 vs 1.77) was found to be significantly associated with depression in both groups.
Conclusions: The increasing trend of male international migration has negative effects on left-behind wives regarding health and wellbeing. There should have targeted intervention mental health screening and counselling programs forboth non-migrant and left-behind wives for early detection and treatment. Government should plan psychosocial counselling clinics and awareness-raising programmes particularlyto the higher male migration communities for early detection and treatment.
Mental Health Risk and Associated Factors in the Aftermath of the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Gonzalez R.N. , Regmi P. , Aryal N. , Akudjedu T.
Published: February 2022

Background: In 2015, Nepal was struck by two massive earthquakes with magnitudes over the 7.0 Richter Scale, imposing short- and long-term mental health risks. This review aims to: (a) evaluate mental health risk among the earthquake survivors; and, (b) identify factors that influence it.
Methods: The following databases: Scopus and PubMed were searched to identify studies published from 2015 to July 2020 on the mental health risk among the Nepali populations. Inclusion criteria were: (a) primary research related to mental health after the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal, (b) English language articles, (c) access to full-text literature, and (d) studies conducted on the general population of Nepal.  Exclusion criteria were: (a) newspaper articles or other forms of popular media, (b) grey records and reviews or, (c) studies carried out among patients in a clinical setting. Key features and risk of bias factors were extracted from each study to obtain necessary characteristics for further analysis of results.
Results: The initial search produced 134 articles, however, a total, 14 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were explored for this review. Ten of these articles were obtained from established databases, and four additional studies were obtained from other sources. Findings indicate that post-traumatic stress was mostly present among earthquake survivors with rates varying from 4.9% to 51%. Mental health risks for children and adolescent were mostly high with rates greater than 23% across studies. However, the adult prevalence rate for mental health risk was lower than that of children and adolescents, with most rates across studies lower than 20%. Socio-demographic factors (such as gender and age) and methodological heterogeneities such as variations in study design and mental health tools used to assess rates were associated factors that potentially influenced the findings.
Conclusion: Mental health risks are present among earthquake survivors in Nepal. Various factors have been identified as potential mental health risk rate influencers including sex, with females presenting as the higher at-risk group for mental health relative to males. Methodological issues such as a wide range of mental health assessment instruments employed across studies can potentially impact rates.
The COVID-19 Impact on Online Education – Opportunities and Challenges in a SWOT Analysis
Authors: Saraiva Ana Cristina , Silva Nuno Alves
Published: February 2022

The outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic are having an impact on all areas, with the educational sector being one of the most impacted sectors to be taken into account. The purpose of this article is to identify the main opportunities and challenges of online education as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, through a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources, and databases. The research methodology was achieved by performing a systematic literature review of what exists on subject, in order to retrieve the main categories for a SWOT analysis, from the points of view of teachers, students and the parents themselves.Finally, it attempts to cover the main contributors to the study domain. For each weakness and challenge, teachers and students can create an opportunity in online learning.The authors also have seen that this type of education is providing a great environment for learning innovation and to face-to-face teaching.
The Socio-emotional Context of E-learning in Teachers’ Opinion
Authors: Przybylska Irena
Published: February 2022

The article presents the research results on the socio-emotional context of distance learning from teachers’s perspective. The primary purpose of this study was to explore teachers’ experiences in primary, secondary, and vocational schools as they converted their classes to distance learning, and in a broader perspective, indicate difficulties resulting from the mediation of personal contacts.The main research question was: What are teachers’ opinions related to relationships and their well-being connected with conducting remote classes? Based on the results of a diagnostic survey conducted in primary, secondary, and vocational schools in Silesia, Poland, it can be concluded that the well-being of teachers has worsened due to the need to stay at home and prolonged social isolation. The teachers also pointed to the deterioration of relationships with students and the loosening of ties in the classroom. The article ends with recommendations for improvements in distance learning.
Aplikasi Perhitungan PPH 21 Dan PPH 26 Karyawan Berbasis Web
Authors: Yulia Yulia , Anggraini Novita Ganiar , Lisnawanty Lisnawanty
Published: February 2022

Income Tax PPh 21/26 is a tax on I ncome in the form of salaries, wages, honoraria, allowances, and other payments in whatever name and form in connection with work or services. There are also many taxpayers who do not understand how to calculate Income Tax 21/26 on the income they get from their work. therefore, the public must further increase self-awareness to pay taxes and report annual tax returns and knowledge of how to calculate income tax is also useful for taxpayers in the tax reporting process. The purpose of this research is to know and analyze the procedure for calculating the PPh 21/26 employee's income tax calculation system and designing and building an application for calculating the PPh 21/26 employee's income tax. With the application for calculating employee income tax article 21/26, it will make it easier for employees to make tax payment transactions. In the PPh 21/26 Calculation Application the system displays tax payment data, employee data and user data. In making it, the author uses the Codeigniter Framework application with the hypertext preprocessor (PHP) programming language. This program also uses several supporting software in making the Web such as Xampp as a local server, Google Chrome as a Web browser and Mysql as a database server
Implementasi Metode Waterfall Pada Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Penerimaan dan Pengeluaran Kas
Authors: Nurmalasari Nurmalasari , Anna Anna , Ariyanti Resty
Published: February 2022

Pencatatan semua transaksi penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas di CV. Malianury Grafiti dicatat dan direkapitulasi satu per satu. Tentu saja hal ini dapat menyebabkan beberapa munculnya permasalahan. Mulai dari kesalahan perekaman, data tidak aman jika disimpan dalam dokumen fisik, pelaporan terkadang tidak akurat dan memakan waktu yang lama karena data master diproses secara manual. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu aplikasi untuk pengelolaan data transaksi yang sistematis. Sistem informasi akuntansi penerimaan dan pembayaran kas menggunakan metode waterfall. Sehingga sistem ini dapat membantu CV. Malianury Grafiti dalam mengelola transaksi penerimaan dan penngeluaran kas serta pembuatan laporan transaksi dan laporan keuangan.
Sistem Informasi Manajemen Pemesanan Jasa Percetakan Berbasis Web
Authors: Nurmalasari Nurmalasari , Mayanti Sinta , Dewi Ayu Safitri Sri , Kamal Reza Mohammad
Published: February 2022

CV. Win Copyright Media Pontianak merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang jasa percetakan, dimana perusahaan tersebut sangat membutuhkan adanya suatu sistem informasi yang dapat membantu para pekerja dalam proses pemesanan. Sistem yang ada pada CV. Menangkan Hak Cipta Media Pontianak masih dilakukan hanya dengan menggunakan alat bantu buku dan Microsoft Excel sebagai media perekaman. Hal ini dapat memungkinkan terjadinya kesalahan dalam pendaftaran, kurang akuratnya laporan yang dibuat, keterlambatan dalam pencarian data yang dibutuhkan dan membuka peluang sehingga memudahkan dalam melakukan manipulasi data. Untuk itulah penulis mencoba membuat tugas akhir pada sistem informasi pemesanan jasa percetakan CV berbasis web. Menangkan Hak Cipta Media Pontianak. Sistem informasi merupakan solusi terbaik untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ada pada CV. Win Copyright Media, serta Pontianak dengan sistem yang dibuat dapat memudahkan Pihak CV. Menangkan Hak Cipta Media Pontianak dalam mengelola data transaksi pemesanan yang ada, serta memudahkan konsumen dalam melakukan transaksi pemesanan cetak online
Spectrophotometric Determination of Cefixime Following Simple Diazotization and Coupling with ?-Naphthol
Authors: A. Darweesh Samar
Published: February 2022

Cefixime (CFX) was treated with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid for diazotization reaction followed by coupling with ?-Naphthol in alkaline medium to form, a yellow colored azo dye compound which exhibits maximum absorption (?max) at 412 nm where the concentration of (CFX) was determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of (1-20) ?g.mL-1 with a molar absorptivity of 34870.5 L.mol-1.cm-1. The limit of detection was found to be 0.1090 ?g.mL-1 and the Sandell's sensitivity value was 0.0130 ?g.cm-2. The proposed method could be successfully applied to the determination of (CFX) in pharmaceutical formulations.
Preparation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Nanosuspension Using Solvent Evaporation Technique
Authors: K . Abbas Hayder , M. Hussein Wais Fatimah , N. Abood Ahmed
Published: February 2022

The effective surface area of drug particle is increased by a reduction in the particle size. Since dissolution takes place at the surface of the solute, the larger the surface area, the further rapid is the rate of drug dissolution. Ketoprofen     is class II type drug according to (Biopharmaceutics Classification System BCS) with low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this investigation was to increase the solubility and hence the dissolution rate by the preparation of ketoprofen     nanosuspension using solvent evaporation method. Materials like PVP K30, poloxamer 188, HPMC E5, HPMC E15, HPMC E50, Tween 80 were used as stabilizers in perpetration of different formulas of Ketoprofen     nanosuspensions. These formulas were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency of drug (EE), effect of stabilizer type, effect of stabilizer concentration and in-vitro dissolution studies. All of the prepared Ketoprofen     nanosuspensions formulas showed a particle size result within Nano range. The average particle size of Ketoprofen     nanosuspensions formulas was observed from 9.4 nm to 997 nm. Entrapment efficiency was ranged from 79.23% to 95.41 %. The in vitro dissolution studies showed a significant (p<0.01) enhancement in dissolution rate of nanosuspension formulas compared to pure drug (drug alone) and physical mixture (drug and stabilizer). The results indicate the suitability of solvent evaporation method for Ketoprofen with improved in vitro dissolution rate and thus perhaps enhance fast onset of action for drug.
Extraction, Identification and Isolation of B-sitosterol from Iraqi Wild Awsaj plant (Lycium barbarum) Using UAE (Probe and Bath) and two isolation technique (HPTLC and PHPLC)
Authors: Abdul-lalil Thukaa zuhair , Hussein Ahmed Abbas , Saour Kawkab Y.
Published: February 2022

Awsaj (Lycium barbarum) is a plant belong to family Solanaceae serves as a good source of bioactive compounds like phytosterols which have many important biological activity. Literature survey available so far revealed that there was no studies about Iraqi wild Awsaj phytosterols especially B-sitosterol, there for the objective of this study was to examine the efficiency of ultrasound assisted extraction (probe and bath) as compared to the conventional (Soxhlet) extraction method for extraction of phytosterols especially B-sitosterol from fruits, leaves, stems and roots of Iraqi wild Awsaj plant. This goal was achieved by comparing the extraction mass yield, also by a quick and easy approach for identification and quantification of bioactive B-sitosterol in four parts of Awsaj using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) which confirm the presence of B-sitosterol in four parts of Iraqi Awsaj plant and the results clarify that the root part of Iraqi Awsaj plant extracted by probe UAE give the highest concentration (0.610 mg/ml) of B-sitosterol followed by fruits (0.465mg/ml), leaves(0.405mg/ml) and the least was stems(0.275mg/ml); according to these; isolation and purification of B-sitosterol from petroleum ether fraction of Awsaj roots was done by preparative HPLC. The isolated compound (B-sitosterol) was identified by measuring melting point, FT-IR, TLC and preparative HPLC.

Key words: Awsaj, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), B-sitosterol, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), preparative high performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC).