bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Action of Pancreatic Extracts on Complement
Authors: Wormall Arthur , Whitehead Hugh Robinson , Gordon John
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions

Pancreatic extracts acting upon whole guinea-pig's serum first destroy the end-piece or albumin fraction. If the reaction is allowed to proceed for a much longer period, both components of the complement are hydrolyzed. In this way the destruction of the complement action of whole serum runs parallel to the destruction by heating at 56°C. The isolated mid-piece and end-piece fractions are both fairly rapidly destroyed by the enzyme extracts, the latter being more resistant to the enzyme action than the mid-piece fractions. This greater resistance of the end-piece fraction is attributed to the presence in it of the anti-trypsin present in the serum.
A Study of Agglutinable Antigens of Bacillus Influenzae
Authors: Evans Mary J. , Small James C.
Published: December 2022

Attempts to classify hemophilic bacilli of the Bacillus influenzae group have yielded very contradictory results in the hands of different investigators. Biologic reactions have failed to do more than define the general characters of the family (1). Attempted immunologic classification by agglutination and by the absorption of agglutinins has not been successful (2). The methods employed in conducting these immunologic tests have been nearly as diverse as the results obtained with them.

Agglutination tests have been conducted with saline suspensions of bacteria grown on solid medium and with broth culture suspensions. Incubation for agglutination has been conducted at 37°, at 45° and at 55°C. The time intervals at these temperatures have been from two to twenty-four hours, and often followed by a period in the refrigerator before the final reading of the results. Account has not been taken of the hydrogen ion concentration at which the reactions were studied.
The Significance of Bacterial Allergy As a Sign of Resistance
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Ward Hugh K. , Jennings Frederick B.
Published: December 2022

We have been occupied for a number of years in the study of bacterial allergy, focusing particularly upon the tuberculin reaction, since this represents the most easily observed and thoroughly controlled form of bacterial hypersusceptibility. In previous studies we had satisfied ourselves that such reactions in bacterial infection differed in several fundamental respects from true protein anaphylaxis. This discrepancy we believe depends upon the fact that the chemical and physical properties of the bacterial constituents which take part in these reactions differ materially from those of the coagulable proteins involved in true anaphylaxis. With Petroff, one of the writers has shown that tuberculin allergy, of considerable intensity and over prolonged periods, can be induced with dead tubercle bacilli, and, with this determined, it seemed advisable to investigate whether or not allergy so induced could establish increased resistance against subsequent infection with living organisms.
Flocculation Reactions with Immune Sera Produced by Injections of Organ Emulsions
Authors: VanderScheer J.
Published: December 2022

In preceding publications the fact has been described that not only the Forssman heterogenetic antibodies but that also other hemolytic sera give characteristic flocculation with emulsions of alcoholic extract of blood corpuscles (1).

These reactions occur with many common antierythrocyte sera and are especially strong with sera obtained by injection of the substances extracted from the blood corpuscles with alcohol. Such immune sera were best produced when the extracts were mixed with a protein solution (pig serum) before injection (2).

The reactions with the common antierythrocyte sera showed a marked species-specificity but certain heterogenetic reactions were observed also.

After these facts had been established it was an obvious step to produce immune sera by injections of organ-emulsions and study their reactions. Investigations of Sachs, Klopstock and Weil (3) along the same lines will be discussed later.

It appeared in the immunization experiments that injections with organ emulsions readily produce flocculating immune sera.
Natural Auto and Homoio Spermotoxins in Guinea-Pig Serum
Authors: Walsh L. S. N.
Published: December 2022

We have found in the serum of normal untreated guinea pigs substances which in vitro are toxic for the spermatozoa of the same animals from which the serum was obtained as well as for other individuals of the same species, although no demonstrable injury to these cells is evident under normal conditions in the body.

Hetero immune spermotoxins on the other hand are well known and have been studied by a number of investigators. Landsteiner (1) pointed out that if guinea pigs are immunized against ox spermatozoa their serum acquires the property of rapidly immobilizing them. Metchnikoff (2) confirmed this work. Moxter believed that spermotoxins were not specific. Errors in his work, however, were pointed out by Metchnikoff, who claimed specificity for these spermotoxins. Metalnikoff (3) further substantiated the specificity of spermotoxins. This author also called attention to the existence of natural spermotoxins in the serum of rabbits for the spermatozoa of guinea pigs.
The Pathogenicity in Mice of Aerosols of Encephalomyocarditis Group Viruses or Their Infectious Nucleic Acids
Authors: Akers T. G. , Madin S. H. , Schaffer F. L.
Published: December 2022

When mice were exposed to aerosols of different strains of the encephalomyocarditis virus group or Mengo RNA, the observed differences in pathogenicity were correlated with plaque size, state of the virus (intact or RNA) and the presence or absence of circulating antibodies. With aerosols of Mengo-37A, a small plaque-forming immunogenic strain, virus was recovered from the lungs, intestines, spleen, liver and blood. Pathologic changes occurred in the lungs and heart. Mice exposed to lethal aerosols of Mengo or Col-SK (large plaque-forming strains) yielded virus from every organ. However, with lethal Mengo RNA aerosols there was a delayed appearance of virus in the intestinal tract. Mice exposed to lethal Mengo RNA, Col-SK and Mengo virus aerosols exhibited similar pathologic changes, which occurred only in brain and liver tissues. Challenge with lethal Col-SK or Mengo aerosols resulted in no deaths of Mengo-37A immunized mice. However, challenge virus was recovered from the lungs, intestinal tract, spleen, liver and blood. Pathologic changes were also observed in lung and liver tissues. RNA aerosol exposure of mice immunized with Mengo-37A resulted in virus being isolated from lung tissue only.
Studies of Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Swine
Authors: Kodama K. , Sasaki N. , Inoue Y. Kanda
Published: December 2022

Colostrum-deprived pigs were found to be highly susceptable to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus even by subcutaneous inoculation. Such animals represent the most suitable host for assaying the virulence of JE virus in swine. When a small dose (10 LD50) of a virulent strain was injected subcutaneously in colostrum-deprived pigs, they showed significant viremia and clinical signs, including nervous symptoms. On the other hand, an attenuated mutant (m) strain of JE virus produced no detectable viremia and no clinical symptoms even when more than 107 TCD50 of the virus was inoculated. The m virus was able to evoke both hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibodies in colostrum-deprived pigs after a single subcutaneous injection. The same antibody responses were also observed after one injection of m virus in young adult pigs with HI antibody titers less than 1:10, and the antibody levels persisted for at least 80 days.
Application of Immunodiffusion Methods to the Antigenic Analysis of Dengue Viruses
Authors: Ibrahim Adly N. , Hammon W. McD.
Published: December 2022

The antigenic analysis of dengue viruses was carried out by the micro double immunodiffusion in two dimensions. Results indicated that D-1 Hawaiian strain, and TH-Sman viruses shared at least one common antigen, and each possessed a specific antigen(s). Heterologous cross absorption removed the common, but not the specific antigen(s). It is therefore concluded that these two antigenically related viruses are not identical. Similarly, the antigenic analysis of TH-36 and D-2 New Guinea C strain revealed that these two viruses are not identical.
Fc-Like Fragments in Peptic Digests of Human Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Schnoll Sidney H.
Published: December 2022

When the products of digestion of human immunoglobulin G with pepsin are compared to those obtained with papain, one major difference appears to involve the recovery of the Fc fragment. An Fc-like fragment was isolated from peptic digests of a variety of human immunoglobulin G preparations, including 10 different samples obtained from persons with multiple myeloma. Starch gel electrophoresis showed all isolated preparations to be heterogeneous and the patterns unrelated to some known immunoglobulin subgroups and genetic factors. The preparations were Gm(a+) but Gm(y-), Gm(f-) and Gm(z-). They failed to react with rheumatoid factor and serum complement. Their structural and functional characteristics were compared to the Fc and F′c fragments obtained on digestion of immunoglobulin G with papain.
Urinary Fc and F′c Fragments
Authors: Bienenstock John
Published: December 2022

Fc fragment, indistinguishable from papain Fc, was demonstrated in concentrated normal human urine. F′c was found, in addition, in 20 urines tested. Urinary F′c was demonstrated to be antigenically deficient to urinary Fc, papain Fc and 7 S γG, and identical to esterase induced F′c. Heterogeneity in size of urinary F′c was suggested by density gradient and analytical ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide and immuno-electrophoresis and gel filtration. Urinary F′c may have a molecular weight range of 18,000 to 60,000: some urinary F′c has a sedimentation coefficient of 1·3 S.

On the basis of in vitro incubation experiments of radiolabeled 7 S γG and papain Fc with normal human urine, it is concluded that native 7 S γG is not easily degraded by urinary enzymes, whereas papain Fc breaks down to form the F′c fragment. The significance of these findings in relation to possible in vivo mechanisms is discussed.
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Phair John P. , Kantor Fred S.
Published: December 2022

Transfer of sensitized cells to normal guinea pigs was used to study persistence and conjugate specificity of delayed hypersensitivity. Ability of donor cells to transfer delayed hypersensitivity persisted throughout the primary and secondary antibody responses of the donor animals. The skin reactions elicited in recipients of cells from hyperimmunized guinea pigs remained conjugate specific throughout the immune response.
Fine Structure of Lymphocytes Sensitized to Trichinella Spiralis Antigen
Authors: Jamuar Mahendra P. , Kim Charles W. , Hamilton L. D.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs were sensitized with Trichinella spiralis antigen combined with complete adjuvant and skin-tested 7 days later. Cells from lymph nodes were processed for electron microscopy before or after in vitro cultivation with homologous antigen. Lymphocytes from sensitized animals were usually larger and had a greater nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio than unstimulated lymphocytes. The nucleus was eccentric with patches of compact chromatin around the periphery; the cytoplasm had many ribosomes and a few scattered channels of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies and some dark granules. After incubation for 5 days with homologous antigen, about 15% of the cells were greatly enlarged. The most striking cytoplasmic change was in the ribosomes; these were more numerous and dispersed, either singly or in rosettes. Other changes included increase in lamellae of the ergastoplasm and mitochondria. The nucleus was mainly round with lighter nucleoplasm and diffused chromatin. In contrast, unstimulated lymphocytes had a nucleus with compact chromatin and a thin rim of cytoplasm containing ribosomes, few mitochondria, Golgi bodies and few cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of unstimulated lymphocytes incubated with antigen for 5 days did not differ from those cultured without antigen or from freshly isolated lymphocytes from unsensitized donors.
Cross-Reactivity between T Antigens of Adenoviral Immunotypes of Proved and Currently Unproved Oncogenic Potential
Authors: Riggs John L. , Takemori Nobuyuki , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: December 2022

A survey of the 31 human adenovirus immunotypes and certain oncogenic simian adenoviruses was made using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to determine how many produced a T antigen which would react with the antibody contained in adenovirus types 7 and 12 TBHS. It was found that all 31 immunotypes of adenoviruses produced an antigen that would react with a 1:20 dilution of one or more individual sera or with pools of serum from tumor-bearing hamsters. Serial dilutions of the intermediate sera or pools of sera indicated that the known oncogenic adenovirus immunotypes apparently fall into two distinct groups. One group, consisting of types 12, 18 and 31, produce T antigens which react in most cases only with dilutions of serum from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus type 12. The other group, comprised of types 3, 7, 14, 16 and 21, produced T antigens which react with serum dilutions from hamsters with tumors produced by either type 7 or type 12 adenovirus.
The Effect of Antigen Dose and Time after Immunization on the Amount and Affinity of Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Goidl Edmond A. , Paul William E. , Siskind Gregory W. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs immunized with 50 µg of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) exhibit a marked increase in affinity of serum anti-hapten antibody between 2 weeks and 2 months after immunization associated with a modest fall in serum anti-DNP antibody concentration. On the other hand, guinea pigs immunized with 1 mg of DNP-BSA display little or no increase in affinity of serum antihapten antibody together with a marked fall in antibody concentration over the same time period. The selective induction of tolerance in cells capable of producing high affinity antibody upon immunization with large doses of antigen is proposed as an explanation for these observations and as one factor involved in the control of antibody synthesis. Furthermore, it is proposed that tolerance induction involves a thermodynamically driven step consisting of the binding of antigen to cell associated antibody.
The Requirement for the Association of two Adjacent Rabbit γG-Antibody Molecules in the Fixation of Complement by Immune Complexes
Authors: Cohen Stanley
Published: December 2022

An amidinated and benzylated rabbit γG-antibody preparation has been used to study the mechanism of complement fixation. This doubly conjugated antibody retained only 8% of the complement-fixing ability of untreated antibody, but had not lost the ability to combine and precipitate with antigen. It partially suppressed the ability of untreated, complement-fixing rabbit γG-antibody to fix complement, when the two were reacted together with antigen. This effect could be explained if two or more active (untreated) antibody molecules were required to be in close juxtaposition for complement fixation to occur. Under these circumstances, the presence of inactive (treated) molecules would result in a failure of some of the active ones to associate, since there is random co-precipitation of the two types of antibody in the immune lattice. A quantitative study of this suppressive effect led to the conclusion that there is a requirement for two adjacent active γG-antibody molecules acting together in the fixation of complement.
The in Vivo Induction of Mouse Lymphocyte Transformation by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Epstein Lois B. , Smith Charles W.
Published: December 2022

The effects of the intravenous administration of phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M) and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, bone marrow, thymus and peripheral blood of the mouse have been studied. Qualitative changes similar to that observed when PHA is used in vitro with lymphocytes were found. There was a marked shift in the differential of the mesenteric node and peripheral blood from small lymphocytes to medium and large lymphocytes, many of which resemble the blast-like cells seen in tissue culture. Both the shift in differential and the increase in proportion of large and medium cells in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the mesenteric node were maximal at 3 days after the administration of PHA. An increase in the weight of the spleen and the proportion of cells in mitosis and in DNA synthesis was also maximum at 3 days, whereas in the bone marrow the maximum effect occurred only 1 day after PHA. No increase in weight of the thymus, shift in the differential or increase in the proportion of cells in DNA synthesis or mitosis was found with PHA-M, but PHA-P did have a slight effect on all three of these parameters.

As a result of its erythro- and leukoagglutinating properties, PHA-M caused a decreased hematocrit, red blood cell count and peripheral platelet count with a compensatory increase in the absolute number of megakaryocytes of the bone marrow 3 days after its administration.
Reaction of Endotoxin and Surfactants
Authors: Tarmina David F. , Milner Kelsey C. , Ribi Edgar , Rudbach Jon A.
Published: December 2022

Dissociation of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin into nonpyrogenic subunits of low molecular weight with sodium deoxycholate resulted in reduction of its antigenic and adjuvant properties. Removal of the surfactant by dialysis, permitting reaggregation of the subunits into larger pyrogenic particles, restored antigenic activity. Quantitative precipitation curves confirmed that the molecular species of endotoxin formed after removal of the sodium deoxycholate were much smaller than the original, in the case of phenol-extracted endotoxins, and the same as the original with aqueous ether-extracted endotoxins.
Antibody Responses in Rabbits to the Group B Arbovirus Kunjin: Serologic Activity of the Fractionated Immunoglobulins in Homologous and Heterologous Reactions
Authors: Westaway E. G.
Published: December 2022

IgM, electrophoretically fast IgG and slow IgG fractions of rabbit γ-globulin were separated using DEAE-cellulose columns, gel filtration and/or ultracentrifugation. The early appearance of IgM and fast IgG antibodies and the later appearance of slow IgG antibodies were correlated in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests and in plaque reduction neutralization tests (NT). All fractions from 7-day immune serum were potentiated in NT by fresh normal serum, but the effect declined markedly during immunization. IgM and IgG fractions were potentiated by the addition of anti-rabbit γ-globulin to NT mixtures. Dose-response experiments revealed differences in the combining capacities of IgG fractions obtained from the same serum or at different times during immunization. A persistent fraction of approximately 10% was observed in NT with IgM antibodies.

In HI tests with other group B arboviruses, IgM and slow IgG antibodies cross-reacted less than fast IgG antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies in the fractions reacted more specifically when tested separately but synergistic activity in cross-reactions was observed when fractions were recombined. Inclusion of fresh serum in cross NT produced some loss of specificity.

The results were discussed in relation to the probable disposition of antigen-antibody complexes forming a critical area on each neutralized virus particle.
Specificity of Antiglobulin Factors in Normal Human Serum Reacting with Enzyme Digested γG-Globulin
Authors: Kormeier Lucy C. , Ing Judy T. , Mandy William J.
Published: December 2022

Papain agglutinator in normal human serum was found to react with erythrocytes sensitized with autologous and homologous Fab fragments of anti-Rh antibody. The incidence of agglutinator activity ranged from 24 to 93%. This broad range was attributed to the sensitivity of the hemagglutination assay, specificity of Fab sensitizor, age of the individuals and parental background.

Papain agglutinator is similar to the previously described pepsin agglutinator in many respects, but differences in specificity were established by reciprocal absorption and inhibition experiments. Therefore a new buried antigenic determinant is exposed by digesting human γG-globulin with papain. This antigenic difference between the Fab and (Fab′)2 fragments supports the concept that papain and pepsin cleaves the γG-globulin molecules at different sites.
Homocytotropic Antibody Response in the Rat Infected with the Nematode, Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Wilson R. J. M. , Bloch K. J.
Published: December 2022

In contrast to rats immunized with standard antigens and adjuvants which produce homocytotropic antibody in low titer only during the primary response, rats infected with N. brasiliensis larvae synthesized H.A. for prolonged periods and manifested a secondary response on reinfection. Washed peritoneal cells obtained from actively infected rats or normal peritoneal cells passively sensitized in vitro with serum from infected rats released histamine upon contact with worm antigens. The possible role of H.A. and H.A.-sensitized mast cells in host immunity to N. brasiliensis infection was discussed.
In Vitro Effects of Phytohemagglutinin and Brain Antigen on Cell Transfer of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats
Authors: Flad H. D. , Paterson P. Y. , Miescher P. A.
Published: December 2022

In order to study further the role of lymphoid cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), lymph node cells from Lewis rats sensitized to nervous tissue-adjuvant were cultured under different conditions in vitro before their injection into recipient rats. Transfer of EAE was obtained consistently using 200 or 300 × 106 or more lymph node cells not cultured but directly injected into recipients. Culture of lymph node cells for 1 to 4 hr at 37°C diminished transfer capacity, more cells being required to obtain transfer results comparable to those with noncultured cells. Transfer activity of lymph node cells was not augmented by incubation with phytohemagglutinin. Incubation with brain antigen also did not increase activity but actually resulted in a marked decrease in transfer competence. These results are discussed in terms of mechanisms of EAE and immunologic functions of lymphoid cells.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Riera Clelia , Yantorno Carlos
Published: December 2022

Rabbits were immunized with three types of rabbit semen preparation, incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant. These were 1) epididymis extract (primarily as a source of sperm cells), 2) whole semen (ejaculate), and 3) seminal plasma from this semen. The injection of epididymis produced no detectable antibody response, but the other two preparations did stimulate antibody production. These were detected both by tanned cell hemagglutination and by gel diffusion. The major antibody to seminal plasma was shown to be an autoantibody, and the antigen was present only in seminal plasma and extracts of the accessory glands of reproduction. The total content of antigen in seminal plasma was higher than that in accessory extract of similar protein concentration by about 8-fold. Gel diffusion studies revealed two lines of precipitation, indicating two antigens of seminal plasma that are capable of stimulating the production of autoantibodies. Either one or both antibodies might be detected, depending on the individual rabbit. However, only one of these antigens is shared with the accessory glands. The other antigen seems to be specific for seminal plasma.
Antibody Response in Respiratory Secretions of Volunteers Given Live and Dead Influenza Virus
Authors: Mann J. J. , Waldman R. H. , Togo Y. , Heiner G. G. , Dawkins A. T. , Kasel J. A.
Published: December 2022

The nature of the neutralizing antibody response in respiratory secretions to influenza virus has been compared in two groups of human volunteers, one given live virus via the respiratory tract and the other given dead virus parenterally. The “live-virus group” showed an antibody response in sputum and nasal washing that was significantly greater in magnitude and longer in duration than it was in the “dead-virus group.” There was no difference in the antibody response in saliva. In volunteers who were inoculated with live virus but showed no serum antibody rise, there was, nevertheless, a rise in sputum or nasal washing antibody. These results indicate that local infection is superior to parenteral immunization in inducing antibody in respiratory secretions.
Regenerative Potential of Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Nettesheim P. , Williams M. L.
Published: December 2022

Whether or not the antibody-forming capacity of a primed animal recovers from an x-ray insult depends on the type and amount of antigen given for priming, the priming-x-irradiation interval, and the x-ray dose.

The “memory” cell compartment (PC2) lacks the potential to recover from an x-ray insult by way of self-generation.

Recovery of the “memory” cell pool does occur, however, provided immunogen persists until uncommitted progenitor cells again become available and are stimulated to form memory cells. Thus the recovery of PC2 is a reflection of regenerating uncommitted progenitor cells.
Antigenic Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. , Cunningham Charles H.
Published: December 2022

Three antigenically distinct soluble antigens (1–3) are associated with infectious bronchitis virus. The antigens are smaller than the virion. Antigens 1 and 3 are destroyed at 100°C, whereas antigen 2 is not. Antigen 2 is a ribonucleoprotein. The virus is sensitive to ether and sodium deoxycholate. Antigens released by treatment of purified virus with ether are identical to antigens in viral allantoic fluid and in virus-infected CAM. The virus has a buoyant density of 1.2289 g/ml in cesium chloride, whereas antigens 1 and 2 have buoyant densities of 1.14 and 1.18 g/ml, respectively.
Production of Rickettsial Complement-Fixing Antigens in Tissue Culture
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K.
Published: December 2022

These studies have shown that potent rickettsial complement-fixing antigens can be prepared from BS-C-1 cell cultures infected with R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, and three strains of R. tsutsugamushi. The R. prowazeki and R. mooseri antigens showed type specificity and stability. A broadly reactive R. tsutsugamushi antigen could be prepared by combining the specific antigens of the three strains employed; such a trivalent antigen has potential value in diagnostic serology.
Titration and Neutralization of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi in Tissue Culture
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K. , Hopps Hope E.
Published: December 2022

Infection of BS-C-1 cultures with three strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi produced distinctive cytopathic effects. Titration of rickettsial suspensions in this tissue culture system using the appearance of CPE to determine endpoints was found to give results similar to those obtained by titrations in mice. Neutralization of rickettsial infectivity by specific antiserum could be demonstrated in this tissue culture system. The neutralizing effect of rabbit antisera was strain-specific and appeared to be enhanced by the addition of complement.
Mediation of Delayed Hypersensitivity by Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Vitro and by Their Products in Vivo and in Vitro, Morphology of in Vitro Lymphocyte-Macrophage Interaction
Authors: Bartfeld Harry , Kelly Robert
Published: December 2022

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from tuberculin hypersensitive guinea pigs and mediating material that these cells produced in the presence of specific antigen altered the activity (migratory potential) of normal macrophages. The mediating material produced by such peripheral lymphocytes caused enhanced tuberculin skin reactions. Its in vitro and in vivo influence on delayed hypersensitivity was inactivated by storage at 4°C and -20°C. Unique associations of lymphocytes and macrophages regularly appeared in cultures of sensitive peritoneal exudate cells, as well as in cultures of mixtures of sensitive peripheral blood lymphocytes with normal peritoneal exudate cells, when specific antigen was in the medium.
Quantitative Studies of the Specificity of Anti-Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Antibodies, Types III and VIII
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , Reed William P. , Brown Robin
Published: December 2022

A specific method for purification of cross-reacting antibodies from equine anti-pneumococcal sera of types III and VIII has been described. Quantitative studies with mixtures of S3 and S8 have shown that although cross-reacting antibodies isolated from each serum type may be completely precipitated by either polysaccharide alone, the homologous antigen is selectively precipitated from mixtures of the two.

An octasaccharide has been isolated from enzymatic digests of S8. Following reduction of the terminal unsaturated hexuronic acid residue with tritium gas, the labeled octasaccharide has been used as a ligand in equilibrium dialysis against type VIII antibodies isolated from horse and rabbit sera. Binding curves show homogeneous affinity at all ligand concentrations.
The Use of Catfish, Ictalurus Nebulosus (Le Sueur), as Experimental Animals for Immunization with Human Secretor Saliva and Other Antigenic Materials
Authors: Chuba Joseph V. , Kuhns William J. , Nigrelli Ross F.
Published: December 2022

Five of eight brown bullhead catfish surviving a 6-week series of three immunizing injections of human secretor saliva, mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant, produced high titered heteroagglutinins against human erythrocytes of all A-B-O types. Agglutination-inhibition and cell absorption tests indicated potent fractions of activity specific for human A, B, or O erythrocytes corresponding to the A-B-O group of the secretor saliva injected.

Bullfrog erythrocytes with B-like specificity were agglutinated only by the hyperimmune plasma from the catfish injected with group B saliva. Sheep erythrocytes were weakly hemolyzed but not agglutinated by the catfish plasma specimens.

The usefulness of the brown bullhead catfish, both from the point of view of the quantities of blood obtainable by repeated bleedings, as well as the immunologic competence of the species to produce specific high titered antibodies in response to injected antigenic materials of major interest in human blood group studies, has been clearly established.
Ylmphocyte in Vitro Cytotoxicity: Mechanisms of Immune and Non-Immune Small Lymphocyte Mediated Target L Cell Destruction
Authors: Granger Gale A. , Kolb William P.
Published: December 2022

Mutual in vitro cell destruction resulted when nonimmune or immune mouse or rat small lymphocytes were attached to genetically dissimilar target cells with phytohemagglutinin or xenogeneic antibody. The ability to induce this reaction resided only with viable cells of lymphoid origin. The step(s) leading to aggressor-target cell destruction observed in these studies is suggested by the following sequence: a) attachment of the aggressor cell to the target cell, b) membrane site(s) interaction between the lymphocyte and target cell which serves as a recognition step and if the target cell is not recognized as “self,” d) a “triggering” of aggressor lymphocyte activity which results in enlargement of the lymphocyte and release of a soluble toxic factor termed “lymphocyte cytotoxic factor” (LCF). LCF may be the agent responsible for the death of both cells.
The Factors Affecting the Strength of “One-Way” Stimulation with Irradiated Leukocytes in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei , Lowenstein Louis
Published: December 2022

In order to improve the reliability of the technique, we investigated the factors affecting the strength of unidirectional stimulation by irradiated cells in mixed leukocyte cultures. Nonspecific factors included the number of irradiated cells used in the cultures, the dose of x-ray, the time interval between the end of irradiation and preparation of the cultures, and the length of incubation of the cultures. The present results suggest that a satisfactory radiation level for unidirectional quantitation may be 4000 r. The results also indicate that individual-specific factors can affect one-way responses. These factors may be based on histocompatibility differences between the donors of responding and stimulating cells.
Neutralization of Poliovirus by IgA Corpoantibodies
Authors: Keller Robert , Dwyer Julia E.
Published: December 2022

Extracts of stools from normal children and adults neutralized the infectivity of poliovirus. The virus neutralizing activity was associated with IgA, the predominant immunoglobulin detected in fecal extracts. Two adult volunteers demonstrated IgA virus neutralizing copro-antibodies following oral infection with live attenuated poliovirus vaccine. The appearance of the intestinal antibodies coincided with reduction in the fecal excretion of vaccine virus. The infectivity of the excreted virus was significantly increased following reactivation of neutralized virus by antibody dissociation at pH 2.2, indicating the in vivo role of IgA coproantibodies as neutralizing agents.

As a result of the degradation of coproantibodies by intestinal enzymes, stool extracts also contained antibody fragments which, although capable of only weak virus neutralization, demonstrated significant levels of specific poliovirus-combining activities. Specific attachment of antibody fragments was demonstrated by the reduction of infectivity of virus-fragment mixtures following reaction with anti-human globulin sera. The recovery of polio antibody fragments suggested the presence of significantly greater levels of virus neutralizing coproantibodies at the site of local antibody development than that reflected by conventional virus neutralizing techniques.
Immunologic Responses of Guinea Pigs to Dextran
Authors: Battisto Jack R. , Chiappetta Gail , Hixon Rita
Published: December 2022

A highly purified dextran of large molecular weight has been found to be antigenic in guinea pigs. Delayed dermal reactions and PCA antibody were produced upon immunization with this polysaccharide in Freund's complete adjuvant. The incidence of actively acquired immunity to this antigen is highest among guinea pigs of the Abyssinian strain. The majority of Pirbright, Hartley and family XIII guinea pigs do not become immunized to dextran. The ability of guinea pigs to actively develop immune responses to dextran has been tentatively interpreted as genetically determined.

Adoptive transfer of the delayed dermal reactivity for dextran was accomplished with lymphoid cells but not serum. Transfers were successful from sensitive Abyssinian animals to normal Abyssinian animals (responders) but not to Pirbright animals (nonresponders).

The inability of Pirbright animals to demonstrate delayed dermal responses to dextran following adoptive transfer of competent lymphoid cells has been viewed as a separate, second defect. The latter has been termed an inability of “translation.”
Potentiation of Serum Bactericidal Activity by Lysozyme
Authors: Davis Starkey D. , Gemsa Diethard , Iannetta Antoinette , Wedgwood Ralph J.
Published: December 2022

The influence of lysozyme on serum bactericidal action was studied using lysozyme-depleted serum prepared by CMC absorption. It was found that serum action produces an intermediate bacterial form, termed RL, which could be killed by lysozyme but which was viable in its absence. Killing by lysozyme was concentration-dependent and could be inhibited by magnesium. The RL form may be significant in the intracellular killing of gram-negative bacteria by phagocytic cells.
The Role of Serum Lipase in the Degradation of Salmonella Enteritidis Endotoxin
Authors: Gupta Jiban D. , Reed Charles E.
Published: December 2022

The effect of serum on endotoxin from S. enteritidis was studied by incubating I125-labeled lipopolysaccharide with antiserum and precipitating the antibody-bound antigen with an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulfate at various time intervals. Degradation was determined by the decrease in radioactivity of the antibody-bound antigen as low molecular weight labeled fragments of lipid were removed from the endotoxin molecular complex. A purified endotoxin preparation, low in lipid, was degraded by a factor present in normal, tolerant or immune rabbit serum and normal human serum. On the other hand, a semi-purified preparation richer in lipid was not degraded by serum or plasma, but removal of its lipid by nonhydrolytic procedures yielded a product that was degraded. Degradation was inhibited by mercuric chloride, protamine sulfate and Neomycin sulfate. Pancreatic lipase was more effective than serum, and degraded the endotoxin preparation of high lipid content.

A euglobulin fraction obtained from guinea pig plasma collected 15 min after injection of heparin was considerably more active than whole plasma or the euglobulin fraction of plasma from nonheparinized animals. The supernatant fluid remaining after euglobulin precipitation contains an inhibitor of degradation by both plasma and pancreatic lipase.

It appears that lipolysis by serum lipase is an early step in the process of degradation and detoxification of endotoxin.
Immunologically Induced Aspermatogenesis in the White Mouse
Authors: Hargis Betty Jean , Malkiel Saul , Berkelhammer Jane
Published: December 2022

B. pertussis phase I vaccine is an effective adjuvant in the production of experimental aspermatogenesis in that profound testicular damage is produced in most of the animals. Pertussis organisms thereby are found to enhance hypersensitivity of the delayed as well as of the immediate type. The mechanism of action of pertussis vaccine is probably different from that of oily adjuvants.
Purification of Two Fragments of M Protein from a Strain of Group A, Type 12 Streptococcus
Authors: Johnson Rudolph H. , Vosti Kenneth L.
Published: December 2022

A scheme for the preparation of highly purified streptococcal M protein has been presented. Two homogenous fractions of M protein were isolated from a strain of group A, type 12 hemolytic streptococcus and contained all the serologic activity present in the original acid extract. The homogeneity of the two fractions (“a” and “b”) was confirmed by single broad protein bands with different Rf's on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, narrow bands of different mobility in the analytic ultracentrifuge and the association of serologic activity with protein content on separation in sucrose density gradients. These preparations were free of methylpentoses and nucleic acids. Two dimensional peptide maps obtained with ascending chromatography followed by high volt electrophoresis revealed similar patterns. Although these highly purified proteins contained all the serologically active M antigens in the absence of group A reactive antigens, a nontype-specific reaction was demonstrated with both fragments by indirect hemagglutination.

These data are consistent with the hypothesis that M protein isolated from this strain of group A, type 12 streptococcus may represent repeating unit structures rather than multiple molecular species. In addition to the M specific determinants, this unit structure includes a nontypespecific antigenic determinant.
The C′la Fixation and Transfer Test: Examples of Its Applicability to the Detection and Enumeration of Antigens and Antibodies at Cell Surfaces
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Colten Harvey R. , Spalter Joel S. , Rogentine Nicholas , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: December 2022

The C′la fixation and transfer test, a complement fixation test that enumerates C′-fixing sites on a molecular basis, was used to examine a variety of antibody-antigen systems. It was shown that the test is capable of quantitating cell surface antigens and antigens attached to the cell surface by chemical means and of distinguishing and enumerating antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes and of subclasses. The test is also capable of yielding information on the mechanism of complement fixation as it relates to cytotoxic activity of anti-sera and complement.
Synthesis of Specific RNA Molecules during Immune Response in the Mouse Spleen
Authors: Church R. B. , Storb U. , McCarthy B. J. , Weiser R. S.
Published: December 2022

Purified RNA was prepared from the spleens and lungs of uninjected mice and of mice injected with S. typhi, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or syngeneic mouse red blood cells (MRBC). Quantitative and qualitative changes in RNA synthesis were studied.

The specific radioactivity of pulse-labeled RNA in the spleens of mice injected with S. typhi was highest at about 72 hr in the primary response and at 24 to 30 hr in the secondary response. The corresponding responses to SRBC injection were somewhat later. The rate of labeling of lung RNA from immune mice did not show significant fluctuation. Analysis by sucrose density gradients showed that pulse-labeled immune spleen RNA contained a higher proportion of RNA molecules of greater than 28 S than was present in normal spleen RNA.

Qualitative changes in RNA populations were studied by comparing the competition of various RNA preparations for hybridization with DNA. The injections of any of the three agents, S. typhi, SRBC or MRBC, induced the formation of some spleen RNA populations differing from normal RNA. This nonspecific change was similar for the three agents. In addition, some specific changes were observed in response to the two antigens. The new species of RNA molecules appeared 24 hr following injection of S. typhi, but not until 60 hr after SRBC injection. The significance of these “antigen specific” RNA changes is discussed with respect to antibody specificity and overall physiologic response.
Transplantation Antibody Associated with First-Set Renal Homografts
Authors: Spong Frederick W. , Feldman Joseph D. , Lee Sun
Published: December 2022

Antibodies were detected in the circulation of rats undergoing first-set renal homograft rejection as early as 3 days after transplantation. These antibodies were shown to be present in both purified IgG and IgM fractions of serum and to adhere primarily to the ultracentrifuged sediment of homogenized kidney, presumably to histocompatibility antigens. Parenteral injection of IgG fractions produced perivascular mononuclear infiltrates in the kidney. The lesions were indistinguishable from those accompanying early rejection.
Staphylococcal Delayed Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Taubler James H. , Mudd Stuart
Published: December 2022

Cell migration from splenic explants of staphylococcal hypersensitive mice was significantly inhibited (10 to 20%) when cultured in the presence of homologous antigen, while no inhibition was noted when antigen was absent. Presence of staphylococcal antigen had no inhibitory effect on cell migration from explants of normal mice. Similarly, migrations from tuberculin sensitive explants were significantly inhibited (15 to 25%) when cultured in the presence of homologous (OT) antigen; when antigen was absent no inhibition occurred. Cell migrations from normal explants were unaffected by antigen (OT). Inhibition was specific in that migration from sensitive explants was repressed with homologous antigen (migration from staphylococcal sensitive explants inhibited by staphylococcal natigen and migration from tuberculin sensitive explants inhibited by OT), while heterologous antigen had no inhibitiory effect in either explant system.
Application of Passive Hemagglutination Methods for Detection of Antibody to Viral Antigen in Hamsters Bearing Adenovirus Type 12 Tumors
Authors: Lefkowitz Stanley S.
Published: December 2022

Adenovirus type 12 (Huie) was grown in HeLa cell monolayers, concentrated by centrifugation in CsCl gradients and purified further by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The viral antigen, which eluted with 0.15 to 0.2 M NaCl, was coated on tanned sheep erythrocytes. These sensitized erythrocytes agglutinated with antiviral rabbit and guinea pig sera and with sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus 12. Synthesis of the antigen that sensitizes erythrocytes was prevented in HeLa cells by the presence of 10 µg of cytosine arabinoside per ml of medium. This substance did not affect synthesis of “T” antigens assayed by complement fixation methods. Hamster sera containing antibody to viral antigens as detected by passive hemagglutination methods were also positive using complement fixation methods. Approximately 50% of the hamsters bearing primary tumors and 25% of the hamsters bearing transplanted tumors synthesized antibody to viral antigens. Results obtained by complement fixation correlated well with those obtained by passive hemagglutination. Tumor and “T” antigen preparations did not react by passive hemagglutination.
Communications
Authors: Mage Rose G. , Young Glendowlyn O. , Reisfeld Ralph A.
Published: December 2022

In rabbits, the immunoglobulin allotypes b4, b5, b6 and b9 are associated with antigenic determinants on light polypeptide chains (2). Genes which behave as alleles at the “b locus” appear to control at least part of the amino acid sequence of these antigenically distinct forms of light chains. It is possible that the “b locus” actually represents a genetic region consisting of several closely linked and related cistrons. However, to date no one has detected production of more than two of the four known “b locus allotypes” in an individual rabbit. On the other hand, the c7 allotype (originally designated “P” (3)) is detectable in the sera of numerous rabbits, no matter whether they are heterozygous or homozygous at the a and b loci (3, 4). The c7 antigenic determinants are detected with specific isoantisera on molecules which have the immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of rabbit IgG.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Strejan Gill , Campbell Dan H.
Published: December 2022

Rats were immunized with crude Ascaris extracts together with Bordetella pertussis organisms and the homocytotropic antibody titers were estimated by homologous PCA. Rats injected with 1 mg of crude extract produced homocytotropic antibodies giving and average PCA titer of 1:80. A second injection of 100 µg of the extract given 6 days later, without B. pertussis vaccine, caused a considerable increase in the PCA titer. The crude extract was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and the fractions were tested in P-K type reactions. The homocytotropic antibodies produced in rats immunized with the crude extract demonstrated a tendency to react with the fractions displaying a negative charge at pH 8.

The capacity of rats to produce Hc antibodies to part of the antigenic components present in the crude extract but not against others was demonstrated when rats were immunized separately with isolated fractions.
Toxicity of Combined Histamine and Serotonin in Normal, Pertussis-Sensitized, and β Adrenergically Blocked Mice
Authors: Fishel Charles W. , Keller Kenneth F. , O'Bryan Brenda S.
Published: December 2022

The CFW strain of mice was shown to be susceptible to the synergistic effects of histamine and serotonin in that a combination of very low doses of these amines was lethal for these animals. The administration of propranolol which blocks the β adrenergic receptors or pretreatment with B. pertussis vaccine rendered the mice only slightly more sensitive to the mixture although their sensitivity to histamine was markedly influenced. Exogenous epinephrine protected normal but not pertussis-sensitized or β blocked mice from the synergistic effect of combined amines. The data suggested that a failure of low amounts of these amines to elicit the normal counterregulatory response (release of catecholamines) may be a major factor in the toxicity of histamine and serotonin combinations.