bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary music of Iceland in the post-romantic period: Jôrunn Viđar (Jôrunn Vidar, Reykjavik, Iceland, 1918-)
Authors: Ribić Romana
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a brief overview of the development of Icelandic music through historical and artistic circumstances. We shall also point to the specific social attitude towards the female population and we shall deal with the few Icelandic women composers. Among them Jorunn Vidar particularly stands out, as a pianist, accompanist and music teacher. For over two decades, she was the only woman composer to be a member of the Society of Icelandic Composers. She wrote the music for the first Icelandic ballet suite and the first Icelandic film ever, arranging the old narrative songs called the 'thulur' as a pioneer. Her oeuvre includes a piano concerto, music for theater and film, chamber and choral music and solo songs. She was awarded the Order of the Falcon for accomplishments in music by the president of Iceland.
Medial 623 by Vladimir Tošić
Authors: Premate Zorica
Published: June 2021

The subject of the article is Medial 623, a piece by Vladimir Tošić, and examines the composer's "trademark" strict minimalist style in light of the "postmodernist turn".
The jazz avant-garde in the American economy
Authors: Samardžić Nikola
Published: June 2021

Jazz originated and evolved in a free market economy and complex mutual relations with unregulated social conjuncture. Coping with social challenges during the Progressive era (1890-1920) contributed to the partial emancipation of marginalized groups; however jazz, in its first decades, remained directed to the general need for mass entertainment (the "jazz era" in the 1920s). The artistic development of jazz was therefore temporarily delayed during the economic crisis, Great Depression and the new recession of the late 1930s (1929-1938). The first movement in jazz that could be considered to be an art for art's sake, while renouncing any populist elements, appeared in 1939 Coleman Hawkins' Body and Soul recording. Market and social conditions for the emergence of the avant-garde began to mature only during the years after 1945, within a new business cycle in the US economy. The prosperous and conformist decade of the 1950s stabilized the middle class and directed general social preferences towards the benefits of higher education. European immigration from the inter-war period, and a new wave of immigration at the end of the Second World War enabled the growth of American universities in terms of quality and social influence. Universities recruited the jazz avant-garde audience, and supported other progressive art movements in the 1960s "decade of turbulence, protest, and disillusionment". Thanks to market support, the jazz avant-garde managed to survive free of the influences of state institutions, as John Coltrane's Love Supreme, often listed amongst the greatest jazz albums of all time, was sold in about 500,000 copies by 1970. A similar development, with the emergence of the baby-boom generation in the late 1960s, has contributed to the maturing of European avant-garde audiences and markets (ECM, 1969). The study will also examine avant-garde movements in relation to historical changes in economic and social disparities, from the thirties to the early 1970s.
The uses and gratifications theory: In the case of House music
Authors: Šarović Aleksandar
Published: June 2021

The paper pays particular attention to teaching of Denis McQuail who considered that people are accessing the mass media with their needs, and focusing themselves in observing, listening, or reading, by complex of expectations or pursued gratifications. According to McQuail, the most important gratifications that are provided by media are: diversion, personal relationships, personal Identity and surveillance. In the paper we will expose these effects, ie. uses and gratifications that music provides, in the case of house music. House music fits perfectly in the uses and gratifications theory which insists on the activity of creators, emitters and the recipients of the messages (the audience).
'Beneath the shadow of politics': Reception of the music of Edison Denisov in Poland
Authors: Mika Bogumila
Published: June 2021

The music of Russian composer Edison Denisov was frequently presented in the Warsaw Autumn festival. Between 1964 and 2005, Polish audiences heard his pieces 21 times, including three world premieres. This music was widely received, especially in the 1960s and the 1970s, when Polish culture was strongly influenced by politics. The following decades brought changes in the context of politics and style in the arts, but Denisov's compositions continued to be performed in Warsaw. The aim of this paper is to present the opinions formulated by Polish music critics as evidence about the reception of Denisov's music.
Moyamoya Disease, a Rare Cause of Recurrent Strokes in an African Sickle Cell Child: Does hydroxyurea have a Role in this Context?
Authors: Makubi Abel , Soka D. , Makani J.
Published: June 2021

Background: Neurological complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell patients with reported incidence of stroke in Africa as high as 1·3/100 patient per year [1,2]. There is an association between sickle cell disease (as well as other hemoglobinopathies) and Moyamoya disease [3]. Data on the occurrence of this condition in African sickle patient are scare. Likewise the role of hydroxyurea among patients with both sickle cell anemia and Moyamoya disease in preventing stroke has not yet been studied in Africa.
Case presentation: In the present report, we describe an African child who had a recurrent stroke. She was later diagnosed as having Moyamoya disease while already receiving hydroxyurea.
Conclusion: Moyamoya disease is a rare condition associated with recurrent stroke in African sickle children. The role of hydroxyurea in this context is still unclear.
Culture of Corruption Politicians' Behavior in Parliament and State Official During Reform Government Indonesia (Genealogical Study)
Authors: Riyadi Bambang Slamet , Wibowo Basuki Rekso , Susanti Vinita
Published: June 2021

This study aims to assess and analyze the Culture of Corruption Politicians' Behavior in Parliament and State Official During Reform Government Indonesia (Genealogical Study) This study is genealogical research based on the literature, journals and reporting publications of Indonesian corruption culture. The result of the study concluded that culture corruption behavior of politicians in the parliament and bureaucracy in the reform era in Indonesia is still ongoing corruption can be said as a culture of corruption that has been so severe, that Indonesia is almost categorized as a kleptocracy country, and as a country ruled by thieves (klepto) and even has been spread of viral infections or COVID-19.. This crime could even be called state organized crime in a corrupt government. This crime is based on the achievement of individual interests, groups or political parties and retains the power. The lack of success of Indonesian government in resolving the case of state officials or politicians involved in corruption, collusion and nepotism rapidly lightly court decisions, many cases delayed in its prosecution process, even termination of the case of important officials state to be an indication the weakness of law enforcement against white-collar criminals in Indonesia. This happens due to the severity of conflict of interest so the solution is often based on the interests or political bargaining and abuse of power.
Social Justice Based on Religious Forms of Prosociality in Russia
Authors: Kislyakov Pavel A. , Shmeleva Elena A. , Sergeev Sergey E. , Kulikov Sergey B.
Published: June 2021

This article shows the social and psychological aspects of the prosociality in Russia which help to see the ways to social justice forming. In Russia, under the influence of Christianity forms an approach to prosocial behavior as a mandatory element of public life. Objective of study is an identification of the peculiarities of prosocial manifestation in Russian people with different levels of religiosity in modern social and cultural conditions. This study is conducted on the base of the complex of methods, namely, The Scale of Altruism (SRA); Social Norms of Prosocial Behavior (SNPB); Index of Core Spiritual Experiences (INSPIRIT); Religious Orientation Scale (RSO). The sample consists of 221 people living in various Russian cities (38% of men, 62% of women) aged 20 to 66 years (M-39.8). As a result, the collected data and their evaluation and discussion help to support the idea that spirituality and citizenship have a regulatory influence on the prosocial motives of mercy, tolerance, and altruism.
Troubles of Atrial Mechanical Recovery after Electrical Cardioversion in Patients with Persistent or Long-Lasting Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Vecchis Renato De , Paccone Andrea , Maio Marco Di
Published: June 2021

Background: In the present retrospective cohort study we have evaluated the missed or delayed atrial mechanical recovery in a population of patients with persistent or long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) who achieved restoration of sinus rhythm on the ECG by electrical cardioversion (ECV).
Methods: The endpoint of our study was the failure to recover the normal mechanics of the left atrium. Inclusion criterion was the persistent or long-lasting persistent AF successfully treated by means of ECV, provided that a pertinent documentation was made available, comprising ECG, conventional 2D echo-color-Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography(STE) evaluation, with also a STE assessment of the atria at the days 1, 30 and 90 from the ECV freely available within the clinical record of the patient.
Results: Out of a total of 80 patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF, retrospectively enrolled, as many as 22.5% of them did not achieve the normalization of their atrial STE profile, even though they had been converted to sinus rhythm on the ECG by means of ECV. The building of ROC curves allowed us to establish that early measurements of global atrial strain could serve to predict both the risk of failure to recover the atrial mechanical function and the one of AF relapses over a 12 month follow-up. The values of 18% and 17% were also calculated to serve as cut off values, respectively, for the risk of atrial mechanical dysfunction and for the risk of AF relapses over a 12 month follow-up.
Conclusions: Failure to recover the atrial reservoir function can accompany a restoration of sinus rhythm on the ECG in patients with long –standing persistent AF.In this case a serial STE evaluation could be useful to evaluate the atrial hypofunction over time.
Firm History and Managerial Entrenchment: Empirical Evidence for Vietnam Listed Firms
Authors: Pham Lan Le-Phuong , Vo Duc Hong , Nguyen Thang Cong , McAleer Michael
Published: June 2021

Managerial entrenchment occurs when managers are able to manipulate financing decisions to support their own interests rather than those of shareholders. Such possible actions can involve deception and fraud. Furthermore, the market timing activity is explained by managers' financing decisions through which companies choose to raise debt or equity to finance their investment opportunities. Nevertheless, the relationship between managerial entrenchment and leverage ratio, together with the link between market timing and leverage ratio, have not been considered carefully and investigated in the Vietnamese context. The paper provides empirical evidence of the effect of managerial entrenchment and market timing through firms' histories on leverage ratio in Vietnam using a sample of 289 non-financial firms listed on the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) during the period 2006-2017. OLS, GMM and the endogenous switching methods are used for estimating the models. Findings from the paper indicate that there is a negative relationship between managerial entrenchment and leverage ratio, and that there is a negative effect of firm history, including financial deficit, various timing measures, and stock price history on the leverage ratios of Vietnam's listed firms.
A Softcomputing Knowledge Areas Model
Authors: Arafeh Labib , Mufid Bashar
Published: June 2021

Recently, ten knowledge areas (KAs) of project management have been published by the PMBOK® Guide. They comprise specific skills and experiences to ensure accomplishing project goals, and include management of: integration, scope, cost, time, quality, communications, procurement, risk, human resources and stakeholders. This research paper focuses on the ten required KAs for a project manager or a project to be successful. It aims at applying the Softcomputing modeling techniques to describe the relations between the 47 processes and the KAs. Such a model will enable users to predict the overall competencies of the project management. Thus, it provides an assessment tool to envisage, visualize and indicate the overall performance and competency of a project.
The proposed Softcomputing Knowledge Areas Model (SKAM) is a two-stage model. The first stage involves ten models. Each model describes relations between a specific KA and its related processes. The outputs of these ten models will feed into the second stage that will represent the relationship between all the ten KAs and the overall predicted competencies of a project. A combination of Subtractive Clustering and Neurofuzzy modeling techniques are used. Three measures are used to validate the adequacy of the models: the mean average percentage errors, the correlation coefficient and the maximum percentage errors. The highest achieved values for these measures are0.5751, 0.9999 and 4.7283, respectively.
However, although the preliminary findings of the proposed SKAM model are promising, more testing is still required before declaring the adequacy of applying the Softcomputing modeling approach in the project management field.
Ny tid
Authors: Johnsen Åge
Published: June 2021

Vi har nå lagt bak oss det vanskelige året 2020, og vi går – forhåpentligvis – inn i en mer normal tid. Noen arbeidsmåter som ble endret under pandemien, tar vi med oss videre. Et eksempel er at mange møter og konferanser nå vil skje digitalt eller hybrid. NAT er intet unntak, og redaksjonen hadde det første digitale møte våren 2021. Det vil redaksjonen fortsette med i form av digitale redaksjonsmøter hvert halvår.

Et tema som redaksjonen diskuterte, var hvilke språk NAT skal publisere sine artikler på. De fleste skandinaver kan lese og forstå andre skandinaviske språk. Norden er i dag ikke et språkfellesskap. Svensk var forholdsvis utbredt i Finland tidligere, og på Island og Færøyene er det vanlig å kunne et skandinavisk språk i tillegg til morsmålet. NAT vil fortsatt først og fremst publisere på de skandinaviske språkene dansk, norsk og svensk for forfattere som bruker disse språkene. For forfattere som ikke bruker dansk, norsk eller svensk, vil NAT kunne publisere deres artikler på engelsk.

Vi oppfordrer NAFs medlemsforeninger og NATs lesere til å vurdere aktuelle foredrag, notater og vitenskapelige rapporter som manuskripter til NAT. Vi minner om at NAT publiserer ulike typer artikler. Vi tror for eksempel mange flere bokomtaler, foredrag, utredningsrapporter og fremragende studentarbeider fra mange av våre masterstudenter, også bør bli spennende artikler i NAT.

Redaksjonen takker Justitieråd Ulrik von Essen ved Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen for hans bidrag i redaksjonen i NAT inntil ny svensk landredaktør ble utnevnt, og vi ønsker biträdande lektor Marta Reuter fra Statsvetenskapliga institutionen ved Stockholms universitet hjertelig velkommen som ny, svensk landredaktør. Takk til alle som har bidratt ved å sende sine manuskripter til tidsskriftet og til våre anonyme konsulenter for deres vurderinger. Takk også til Eirik Hanssen ved OsloMet for støtten ved omleggingen av NAT til ny portal i fjor og teknisk støtte ved utgivelsen av dette nummeret.

Vi ønsker alle god lesning og god sommer!

 

Åge Johnsen

Hovedredaktør
Comparison of self-reflection in Humboldtian Bildung and the Kyoto School
Authors: Chiba Miwa
Published: June 2021

This article focuses on the importance of reflective experiences in education. It firstly reviews and compares the Humboldtian Bildung and the Kyoto School, represented by Nishida Kitaro. Both philosophies emphasize the importance of reflective experiences in education, criticising the specific knowledge-skill-based instruction approach. In this sense, the two views are similar. However, this article further explains the significant difference in how the self is considered in relation to the world within each thought, and therefore, how each educational approach is different, namely as seen in the idea of negative education from the Kyoto School. In the latter section, this article develops the discussion of reflection in the process of learning provided in the OECD Education 2030 framework, which was initiated in 2015 and that is still ongoing. Criticising didactic learning as the sole approach for knowledge and skill acquisition, the OECD Education framework advocates instead for the importance of student self-reflection in relation to society to support a broader development of necessary competencies. By comparing the two schools of thought, the article reveals the underlying assumption of self in Western mainstream educational philosophy, and it argues for the importance of open-mindedness toward the other worldview.
The Self-Orientalization of Polish Music Education
Authors: Switala Adam
Published: June 2021

Polish and international scholars have frequently made use of the postcolonial lens as a presumably valid tool to examine conditions in post-soviet Eastern Europe. The mutual Orientalization of the “other” during the Cold War period in both democratic and communist camps appears to have occasioned prevailing after-effects in the field of Polish music education. This article discusses the above thesis in relation to the writings of two highly influential representatives of postcolonial thought who are also personally connected to the world of music: Edward Said and Rabindranath Tagore. Sections one and two explain the use of the concept of Orientalism as an analytical framework for the article and briefly discuss the rationale behind looking at Poland as a postcolonial country. Next, selected articles by Polish scholars are being analyzed with regard to the historical context of music education in Poland and a broader international perspective. The contemporary discourse of Polish educational policymakers is being discussed with regard to the underlying philosophical and ideological approaches. Finally, the article emphasizes some of the main issues preventing the system of general music education in Poland from acquiring a more inclusive and democratic framework and proposes possible future directions for sustainable change.
Cai Yuanpei’s Vision of Aesthetic Education and His Legacy in Modern China
Authors: LUO Ning
Published: June 2021

Cai Yuanpei is widely understood to have been a traditionally educated Chinese scholar who then turned his attention to Western philosophy. He is known to have played a central role in the development of Republican educational philosophies and institutions, with a legacy that continues to inform education in China. Studies tend to interpret Cai Yuanpei’s approach to aesthetic education in light of his educational experience in Germany, regarding him as a Kantian scholar. However, the Confucian roots of his aesthetic education seldom draw scholarly attention. To fill the gap, this article examines Cai’s vision of aesthetic education based on both his academic background in the East and his knowledge of Western philosophy and maps out his influence on and legacy in aesthetic education in China. It argues that Cai’s vision of aesthetic education has influenced modern Chinese education in three main ways: by bridging the gap between moral education and aesthetic education to nurture citizenship, by encouraging aesthetic education for whole-person development, and by adopting an interdisciplinary approach to school aesthetic education. The article concludes by reflecting on the enduring value of Cai’s vision of aesthetic education to modern Chinese education.
On Ki Hadjar Dewantara’s Philosophy of Education
Authors: Ferary Dorothy
Published: June 2021

This comparative education article explores the purpose of education in the Indonesian context. My aim is to see if there are any differences between the purpose of education during the colonial era and present-day Indonesia. In order to do that, I draw mostly on the philosophy of Ki Hadjar Dewantara, who is regarded as the father of Indonesian education. This article is particularly relevant because the Indonesian government has recently started to critically re-examine two of the educational concepts proposed by Dewantara, which are "pendidikan karakter" (character education) and "merdeka belajar" (independent learning). In conceptualising education, Dewantara, who was influenced by Tagore, Montessori, and Fröbel, saw the importance of imparting local wisdom and values ignored by the colonial schools. Therefore, in this article, I will compare his educational views with the Dutch view of schooling during the colonial era. I will then look at Indonesia's current approach to education to find the similarities and differences of purpose relative to Dewantara's views of education. In this article, I argue that Dewantara's philosophy is still very much relevant today. I conclude that the Indonesian government should refer back to its history when defining education for its next generation.
Establishing a multicultural learning environment based on active knowledge exchange and mutual trust between teachers and students
Authors: Benediktsson Artëm Ingmar
Published: June 2021

Cultural and linguistic composition of the population of Iceland is constantly expanding. This brings new opportunities as well as challenges to the educational institutions that need to adapt to the new reality. Culturally responsive teaching and assessment methods have become increasingly important to motivate all students and provide them with equal opportunities. The research project, “It is not only the Teacher who is Talking; It is an Exchange”, was the first extensive qualitative study conducted in Icelandic universities to investigate immigrant students’ experiences of the learning environments and teaching methods. Forty-one first-generation immigrants participated in the study. The findings provided a deep insight into immigrant students’ experiences of being university students. The study brought to the forefront challenges that the participants experienced during the educational process, including language related issues, shortage of appropriate educational support and lack of clear policies regarding special assistance during examination periods. Furthermore, the study highlighted the importance of establishing a multicultural learning environment where every student has equal access and opportunity for personal development.
To Co-Opt or To Be Co-Opted? The Role of Professional Elites in Strengthening Professional Control Vis-à-Vis Clients
Authors: Eklund Sanna
Published: June 2021

This article studies how professional elites, as exemplified by first teachers (FTs)—a new prominent position for teachers in Sweden—respond to clashes between market and professional logics, and how this affects professional control vis-à-vis clients. Based on a collaborative ethnography, findings suggest that the professional elites use different responses to the clashes between the logics. Professional control can be strengthened by FTs co-opting the market logic strategically in the interest of the profession. However, FTs sometimes also succumb to cliental influence, becoming co-opted themselves by the market logic, which weakens professional control. Tentatively, context needs to be highlighted in order to understand why different responses are used, and in this identity work and relationships to managers seem essential to create a foundation for FTs to respond in ways that increase professional control vis-à-vis clients.
Professionals and Volunteers: The Importance of Recognising Diversification in the Healthcare Division of Labour
Authors: Saks Mike , Van Bochove Marianne
Published: June 2021

In sociological research on relationships between professionals and volunteers, professionals are often contrasted with volunteers as abstracted, distinct and homogeneous groups. Focusing on healthcare in selected modern societies, and adopting a neo-Weberian and complementary boundary work perspective, this essay argues the landscape is more complex than between paid groups with exclusionary social closure and the unwaged in the market. First, diversification exists within health professions themselves based on social closure, with hierarchies and differential scopes of practice. Second, unpaid volunteers vary in responsibility depending on factors like employment sector and social background, including qualifications and experience. Third, in the paid workforce, there are interstitial non-professionalised health occupations, such as the neglected, lower educated health support workers, forming the largest, most heterogeneous healthcare labour force. Drawing on studies of healthcare, it is argued that recognising the diversification and interplay between professionals, volunteers and support workers is vital for enhancing health policy.
Democratic Waves in Arab World: Ideology and Typology
Authors: Alam Md Aftab
Published: June 2021

The term “Arab World” is used to denote the geographical and nation-state entities in the modern West Asian and North African region popularly referred in its abbreviated version WANA. Democratic waves encapsulate the popular civilian uprisings, revolts, resistance, revolutionary upsurge, rebellion taking place from time to time in Arab world leading to political - regime transitions and profound convulsions in economy, society, culture ,literature, art and ideas. The contemporary WANA took birth in the interregnum of two world wars involving the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire and emergence of new nation-states as designed by the European colonial masters. The new political restructuring fundamentally replaced the ancient tribalism. The characteristics of modern states like bureaucracy, organized army, police force and other coercive apparatuses, hierarchical judicial system, municipal administrative units made their historic appearance.

Across the Arab world, the political system has been largely authoritarian and dictatorial in nature. The implanted monarchies referred to as the Sheikhdoms, military dictators usurping power through bloody coups and individual dictators based on popular revolutionary upsurge have been the characteristics of regimes of the Arab world. The popular democratic sentiments were crushed by the state apparatus leading to large scale bloodsheds. The modern Arab political history is replete with such instances of popular civilian democratic waves impacting the entire spectrum of their society. Undoubtedly, these upsurges didn't take place in any vacuum but were largely conditioned by contemporary political and economic changes. Besides this, these democratic waves were based on ideological frameworks containing the elements of Marxian socialism, Arab nationalism and Islam. These democratic waves have also been approached by construction of some typologies involving regional pattern, economic system and regime types.

This paper is an humble attempt to understand those ideological frameworks inspiring, instigating, guiding and reinvigorating democratic sentiments and revolutionary movements against authoritarian regimes demanding freedom, liberty, rights, equality, justice, rule of law, representative institutions, responsible and accountable governance. Further, it also endeavors to analyse patterns and typology of those democratic waves convulsing the polities, economies and societies of the Arab world.
Floodplain meadow partnership: A working model of effective communication between practitioners, academics and policymakers
Authors: Rothero Emma , Tatarenko Irina , Jefferson Richard , Skinner Ann , Wallace Hilary , Gowing David , Clarke Stewart , Johnson Matt , Davies Gareth
Published: June 2021

The article describes a model system for facilitating the transfer of knowledge between researchers and practitioners.

The system described has a focus on a single habitat, floodplain meadows, and a case is made for replicating the model for other habitats.

Even a single habitat has a wide variety of stakeholders, but a focused partnership with representation across the stakeholder community can prove a useful vehicle for disseminating knowledge and best practice.

The structure of the partnership is set out from a steering group to local representatives, and the division of tasks between specialists is explained.

The partnership is UK‐based and UK‐focused, yet has an international dimension.

The longevity of the partnership and the intensity of interaction with stakeholders are concluded to be important and suggested as a model for others to follow.
Stalk Strength Improvement in Crop Plants: A Progress Report
Authors: Multani Dilbag S. , Jiao Shuping , Jung Mark T. , Simcox Kevin D.
Published: June 2021

Stalk lodging is one of the serious problems in all cereal crops that can result in enormous yield loss. Severe stalk lodging interferes with mechanical harvest resulting in loss of grain. The genetics of stalk strength is complex and in most crops the trait is controlled by multiple minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Screening for stalk strength is not only variable from crop to crop because of variable stalk structures but also time consuming and has reproducibility issues. A series of mutants including
brittle culm
in rice and
brittle stalk
in maize have been isolated. Similarly, potential candidate genes showing close association with genes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall components like cellulose and lignin have been cloned in rice, maize, barley, and Arabidopsis. Several QTLs for stalk strength have been mapped in maize, rice, canola, and soybean using GWAS and genomic selection approaches. To our knowledge, candidate genes for only two QTLs have been cloned by map‐based cloning approaches including
stiff1
in maize and
SCM2
in rice. So far, transgenic approaches such as overexpression of the candidate gene, gene silencing, and genome editing have been used only for candidate gene validation and not for any crop development. However, novel beneficial alleles identified by allele mining or generated by transgene/gene editing approaches may be combined through marker‐assisted selection (MAS) to supplement the conventional breeding process for improving stalk strength and lodging resistance. In this article, we review the published information on stalk strength and update its status in crop plants.
Dissolution of Al2Cu Precipitate in Al2024 Additively Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Kenevisi Mohammad Saleh , Lin Feng
Published: June 2021

Samples built by the additive manufacturing experience various thermal cycles during the process. This, as a result, defines the final microstructure of the samples. Herein, the dissolution of θ‐Al2Cu precipitate along the building direction during electron beam melting process is aimed at. Induced thermal cycles cause the layers to experience critical temperatures. The results show that the average fraction area of precipitates is decreased from 3.34% to 2.63% and finally to 2.02% by moving along the building direction from the top to the bottom. This is due to the fact that the first deposited layers are kept at temperatures more than 520 °C for longer times, which is higher than the critical temperature of Al2Cu dissolution. Because of the solubility limit of Cu in the matrix, precipitates are not fully dissolved. Comparing the ratio of the integration area of the strongest θ diffraction peak to that of the α matrix at different locations, the dissolution is also confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results. The results of the tensile test also demonstrate a decline of about 29% in the mechanical performance by moving from the top to the bottom, which can be attributed to the precipitates’ dissolution and grain coarsening.
TiB Whisker and Nitrogen Solid‐Solution Synergistic‐Strengthened Titanium Matrix Composites by Ti–BN via Spark Plasma Sintering and Hot Extrusion
Authors: Pan Deng , Li Shufeng , Gao Lina , Liu Lei , Zhang Xin , Ji Xinghua , Umeda Junko , Kondoh Katsuyoshi
Published: June 2021

TiB whisker (TiBw) and nitrogen (N) solid‐solution synergistic‐strengthened titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are prepared by in situ reaction of Ti–BN system via spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot extrusion. The effects of the in situ‐synthesized TiBw and N solid solution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TMCs are studied. Results show that TiBw is broken into several short fragments and distributed parallel to the extrusion direction after hot extrusion, whereas N atoms are all dissolved into the Ti matrix. The BN additive dispersion method and hot extrusion process can greatly eliminate TiBw aggregates and reduce the mean size of TiBw. Tensile test results reveal that the Ti with only 0.4 wt.% BN exhibits an exceptional ultimate tensile strength of 879 MPa and 16.6% elongation at room temperature. On this basis, the main strengthening mechanism of TiBw reinforcement and N solid solution at room and high temperature are studied based on the Hall–Petch equation, load transfer mechanism, and Labusch model.
An Ultrastable Aqueous Iodine‐Hydrogen Gas Battery
Authors: Zhu Zhengxin , Meng Yahan , Cui Yi , Chen Wei
Published: June 2021

Rechargeable hydrogen gas batteries are highly desirable for large‐scale energy storage because of their long life cycle, high round trip efficiency, fast reaction kinetics, and hydrogen gas profusion. Coupling advanced cathode chemistries with hydrogen gas anode is an emerging and exciting area of research. Here, a novel high‐performance aqueous iodine‐hydrogen gas (I2‐H2) battery using iodine as cathode and hydrogen gas as the electrocatalytic anode in environmentally benign aqueous electrolytes is reported. The working chemistry of the battery involves I2/I− solid‐liquid reactions occurring over the cathode along with H2/H2O gas‐liquid reactions at the anode, achieving a high rate performance of 100 C and long‐lasting stability of over 60 000 cycles. Additionally, the static aqueous I2‐H2 battery displays a volumetric capacity of 15.5 Ah L−1 along with good self‐healing capability towards cell overcharge. The current battery design exhibits robust electrochemical performance irrespective of acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolyte systems. This study paves the way towards the industrialization of economically effective, high‐power density, and long‐term I2‐H2 batteries for large‐scale energy storage applications.
Supramolecular Macrophage‐Liposome Marriage for Cell‐Hitchhiking Delivery and Immunotherapy of Acute Pneumonia and Melanoma
Authors: Gao Cheng , Cheng Qian , Li Junyan , Chen Jia , Wang Qingfu , Wei Jianwen , Huang Qiaoxian , Lee Simon M. Y. , Gu Dayong , Wang Ruibing
Published: June 2021

As many diseases are related to inflammation, the inflammatory tropism of immune cells may bring cell‐hitchhikers directly to the disease tissues in a highly targeted manner. The current cell‐hitchhiking strategies rely on either cellular internalization or covalent surface conjugation, which often affects the physiological function of transporting cells. Herein, a cell‐friendly, host‐guest chemistry mediated macrophage‐liposome conjugate (M‐L) is developed for extremely stable cell‐hitchhiking drug delivery. M‐L is prepared via simple supramolecular “hand‐holding” and marriage between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and adamantane, respectively anchored on the surface of the macrophage and liposome, which demonstrates targeted accumulation in the inflamed lung and effective therapy of acute pneumonia in mice when loaded with quercetin. Upon loading toxic chemotherapeutic agents (such as doxorubicin and oxaliplatin), M‐L carries the payloads to the inflammatory cancer tissue and significantly enhances the chemoimmunotherapy of melanoma in mice. Fundamentally, this CB[7]‐based supramolecular M‐L conjugation strategy shows negligible effects on the migratory and invasive behaviors of macrophages. In vivo pathological analysis of the inflammatory tissues in mice after treatment with M‐L further suggests that macrophage and liposomes are delivered together hand in hand. This CB[7]‐based, supramolecular cell‐conjugation strategy potentially addresses the key challenges faced by the current cell‐based delivery systems.
Semitransparent Circularly Polarized Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency over 30% and Dissymmetry Factor Close to 10−2
Authors: Lu Guangzhao , Wu Zheng‐Guang , Wu Ruixia , Cao Xiaosong , Zhou Liang , Zheng You‐Xuan , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2021

To concurrently realize large electroluminescence dissymmetry factor and high device efficiency remains a formidable challenge in the development of circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diode (CP‐OLED). In this work, by introducing a famous chiral resource of R‐camphor, two green chiral iridium(III) isomers of Λ/Δ‐Ir‐(R‐camphor) containing dual stereogenic centers at iridium and ancillary ligand, are efficiently synthesized. Benefiting from their high phosphorescence quantum yields (≈93%) and obvious circularly polarized photoluminescence property with dissymmetry factors (|gPL|) in the 10−3 order of magnitude, the circularly polarized phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes using these chiral emitters show excellent performances with the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 30.6%, low efficiency roll‐off, and intense circularly polarized electroluminescence signal with dissymmetry factor (gEL) in the 10−4 order of magnitude. By the novel device engineering with semitransparent cathode, the resulting gEL values are significantly boosted by one order of magnitude, up to 7.70 × 10−3, which is the highest among the CP‐OLEDs with chiral iridium complexes. Noteworthy, the semitransparent devices deliver a record‐high EQEmax of 18.8% among the semitransparent OLEDs. The combination of novel chiral Ir(III) complexes and the semitransparent devices sheds light on the development of high performance CP‐OLEDs with simultaneously high efficiency and large dissymmetry factor.
A Thienothiophene‐Based Cation Treatment Allows Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Gunes Ummugulsum , Bag Celik Esra , Akgul Cevahir C. , Koc Mehmet , Ameri Mohsen , Uzuner Bahri E. , Ghasemi Milad , Sahiner Mehmet C. , Yildiz İlker , Kaya Hava Z. , Yerci Selcuk , Gunbas Gorkem
Published: June 2021

Perovskite surface treatment with additives has been reported to improve charge extraction, stability, and/or surface passivation. In this study, treatment of a 3D perovskite ((FAPbI3)1−x(MAPbBr3)x) layer with a thienothiophene‐based organic cation (TTMAI), synthesized in this work, is investigated. Detailed analyses reveal that a 2D (n = 1) or quasi‐2D layer does not form on the PbI2‐rich surface 3D perovskite. TTMAI‐treated 3D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in this study show improved fill factors, providing an increase in their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) from 17% to over 20%. It is demonstrated that the enhancement is due to better hole extraction by drift‐diffusion simulations. Furthermore, thanks to the hydrophobic nature of the TTMAI, PSC maintains 82% of its initial PCE under 15% humidity for over 380 h (the reference retains 38%). Additionally, semitransparent cells are demonstrated reaching 17.9% PCE with treated 3D perovskite, which is one of the highest reported efficiencies for double cationic 3D perovskites. Moreover, the semitransparent 3D PSC (TTMAI‐treated) maintains 87% of its initial efficiency for six weeks (>1000 h) when kept in the dark at room temperature. These results clearly show that this study fills a critical void in perovskite research where highly efficient and stable semitransparent perovskite solar cells are scarce.
Molecular Engineering of Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generators with Near‐Infrared AIE Features for Mitochondrial Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Yuan Gang , Lv Cheng , Liang Jichao , Zhong Xinxin , Li Yuan , He Jiacun , Zhao Anjing , Li Li , Shao Yuanhe , Zhang Xiuhua , Wang Shengfu , Cheng Yu , He Hanping
Published: June 2021

Aggregation‐caused fluorescence quenching with insufficient production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has limited the application of photosensitizers (PSs) in fluorescence‐imaging‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). Aggregation‐induced emission PSs (AIE‐PSs) exhibit enhanced fluorescence intensity and a high efficiency of ROS generation in the aggregation state, which provides an opportunity to solve the above problems. Herein, a series of AIE‐PSs are successfully designed and synthesized by adjusting the D–A intensity through molecular engineering. The photophysical properties and theoretical calculations prove that the synergistic effect of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene and quinolinium increases the intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT) of the whole molecule and promotes the intersystem crossing (ISC) from the lowest excited singlet state (S1) to the lowest triplet state (T1). Among these AIE‐PSs, the optimal AIE‐PS (TPA‐DT‐Qy) exhibits the highest generation yield of 1O2 (5.3‐fold of Rose Bengal). Further PDT experiments show that the TPA‐DT‐Qy has a highly efficient photodynamic ablation of breast cancer cells (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231) under white light irradiation. Moreover, the photodynamic antibacterial study indicates that TPA‐DT‐Qy has the discrimination and excellent photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus. This work provides a feasible strategy for the molecular engineering of novel AIE‐PSs to improve the development of fluorescence‐imaging‐guided PDT.
Core–Shell Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Pan Jin‐Bo , Shen Sheng , Chen Lang , Au Chak‐Tong , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: June 2021

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is a promising solution for the conversion and storage of solar energy. Because sluggish water oxidation is the bottleneck of water splitting, the design and preparation of an efficient photoanode is intensively investigated. Currently, all known photoanode materials suffer from at least one of the following drawbacks: ① low carriers separation efficiency; ② sluggish surface water oxidation reaction; ③ poor long‐term stability; ④ insufficient water adsorption and gas desorption. Core–shell configurations can endow a photoanode with improved activity and stability by coating an overlayer that plays energetic, catalytic, and/or protective roles. The construction strategy has an important effect on the activity of a core–shell photoanode. Nonetheless, the mechanism for the improvement of performance is still ambiguous and is worthy of a closer examination. In this review, the successes and challenges of core–shell photoanodes for water oxidation, focusing on synthesis strategies as well as functionalities (facilitating carrier separation, surface reaction promotion, corrosion prevention, and bubble detachment) are explored. Finally, the perspectives of this class of materials in terms of new opportunities and efforts are discussed.
Asymmetric Isomer Effects in Benzo[c ][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐Fused Nonacyclic Acceptors: Dielectric Constant and Molecular Crystallinity Control for Significant Photovoltaic Performance Enhancement
Authors: Gao Wei , Fan Baobing , Qi Feng , Lin Francis , Sun Rui , Xia Xinxin , Gao Jinhua , Zhong Cheng , Lu Xinhui , Min Jie , Zhang Fujun , Zhu Zonglong , Luo Jingdong , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: June 2021

Herein, asymmetric isomer effects are systematically explored by designing and synthesizing two benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BT)‐fused nonacyclic electron acceptors. By changing from BP6T‐4F to asymmetric ABP6T‐4F, significantly enhanced dielectric constant and inhibited excessive molecular aggregation and unfavorable edge‐on orientation could be achieved. The reduced exciton binding energy also facilitates a more efficient dissociation process in PM6:ABP6T‐4F compared to PM6:BP6T‐4F with the same energy offset. Moreover, the weaker crystallization behavior enables a significantly enhanced miscibility between PM6 and ABP6T‐4F than that between PM6 and BP6T‐4F, which leads to an optimized micromorphology with smooth surface, suitable domain size, and ordered π–π stacking. Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on PM6:ABP6T‐4F achieve a 15.8% power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is remarkably higher than that of PM6:BP6T‐4F‐based OSCs (6.4%). Furthermore, ternary devices are also fabricated considering good compatibility between ABP6T‐4F and CH1007 to deliver a PCE over 17%. This study reveals the effectiveness and great potential of asymmetric isomerization strategy in regulating molecular properties, which will provide guidance for the future design of non‐fullerene acceptors.
Mixed‐Metal MOF‐Derived Hollow Porous Nanocomposite for Trimodality Imaging Guided Reactive Oxygen Species‐Augmented Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Cheng Yue , Wen Cong , Sun Yi‐Qing , Yu Hua , Yin Xue‐Bo
Published: June 2021

Here an excellent trimodality imaging‐guided synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT)/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is proposed. To this end, a mixed‐metal Cu/Zn‐metal‐organic framework (MOF) is first assembled at room temperature on a nano‐scale. Interestingly, heating the MOF results in a Cu+/2+‐coexisting hollow porous structure. Subsequent heating treatment is used to integrate Mn2+ and MnO2 in the presence of manganese(II) acetylacetonate. The hollow composite achieves efficient loading of a photosensitizer, indocyanine green (ICG). Under laser irradiation, the aggregated ICG achieves photothermal imaging and PTT. Once released in the tumor site, ICG exhibits fluorescence imaging and PDT capacity. Cu+/Mn2+ ions perform Fenton‐like reaction with H2O2 to produce cytotoxic •OH for the enhanced CDT. Cu2+/MnO2 scavenge glutathione to improve the reactive oxygen species‐based therapy, while the formed Mn2+ ions enable “turn on” magnetic resonance imaging. Significantly, O2 is produced from the catalytic decomposition of endogenous H2O2 to improve ICG‐mediated PDT. Moreover, photothermal‐induced local hyperthermia accelerates •OH generation to enhance CDT. This synergistic drug‐free antitumor strategy realizes high treatment efficacy and low side effects on normal tissues. Thus, this mixed‐metal MOF is an efficient strategy to realize hollow structures for multi‐function integration to improve therapeutic capacity.
Near‐Infrared Light Triggered Self‐Powered Mechano‐Optical Communication System using Wearable Photodetector Textile
Authors: Li Linlin , Wang Depeng , Zhang Dong , Ran Wenhao , Yan Yongxu , Li Zhexin , Wang Lili , Shen Guozhen
Published: June 2021

The merging of humans and machines depends on the contact sensor medium used. However, this contact interaction inevitably leads to mechanical loss. Photodetectors are cutting‐edge tools in optical communication that use controlled lighting to achieve efficient signal conversion to drive mechano–optical communication systems and provide an innovative interface for the Internet of Things services. Here, a self‐powered, non‐contact mechano–optical communication system based on a wearable Te@TeSe photodetector textile is presented, which encodes near‐infrared light to modulate robotic manipulator actions. The wearable Te@TeSe photodetector textile enhanced the photocurrent and responsivity by 400 times compared to a pristine Te nanowire (NW) array. The type II heterojunction of Te@TeSe NWs is proved by first‐principles calculations and simulated, providing insights on photogenic carrier transmission in Te@TeSe NWs. This system shows the possibility of duplicate real‐time execution of mechanical gestures in virtual environments and paves the way for advanced optical devices applied to information transmission and mechano–optical communication.