bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the Editors …
Authors: Keller L. Robin , Baucells Manel , Butler John C. , Delquié Philippe , Merrick Jason R. W. , Parnell Gregory S. , Salo Ahti
Published: December 2009

This issue's “From the Editors” column is coauthored with all the associate editors to emphasize their major role in the leadership of the journal. Our first article is on “Proper Scoring Rules, Dominated Forecasts, and Coherence,” by Mark J. Schervish, Teddy Seidenfeld, and Joseph B. Kadane. In the second article, Jason R. W. Merrick provides an overview of “Bayesian Simulation and Decision Analysis: An Expository Survey.” Our third article, by Barry R. Cobb and Atin Basuchoudhary, is on “A Decision Analysis Approach to Solving the Signaling Game.” The next article, by Robert T. Clemen and James E. Smith, is “On the Choice of Baselines in Multiattribute Portfolio Analysis: A Cautionary Note.” In our final article, Russ Garber presents “An Interview with Ronald A. Howard.”
A Hidden Markov Model Combining Linkage and Linkage Disequilibrium Information for Haplotype Reconstruction and Quantitative Trait Locus Fine Mapping
Authors: Druet Tom , Georges Michel
Published: December 2009

Faithful reconstruction of haplotypes from diploid marker data (phasing) is important for many kinds of genetic analyses, including mapping of trait loci, prediction of genomic breeding values, and identification of signatures of selection. In human genetics, phasing most often exploits population information (linkage disequilibrium), while in animal genetics the primary source of information is familial (Mendelian segregation and linkage). We herein develop and evaluate a method that simultaneously exploits both sources of information. It builds on hidden Markov models that were initially developed to exploit population information only. We demonstrate that the approach improves the accuracy of allele phasing as well as imputation of missing genotypes. Reconstructed haplotypes are assigned to hidden states that are shown to correspond to clusters of genealogically related chromosomes. We show that these cluster states can directly be used to fine map QTL. The method is computationally effective at handling large data sets based on high-density SNP panels.
Regulation ofSalmonella entericaPathogenicity Island 1 by DNA Adenine Methylation
Authors: López-Garrido Javier , Casadesús Josep
Published: December 2009

DNA adenine methylase (Dam−) mutants of Salmonella enterica are attenuated in the mouse model and present multiple virulence-related defects. Impaired interaction of Salmonella Dam− mutants with the intestinal epithelium has been tentatively correlated with reduced secretion of pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) effectors. In this study, we show that S. enterica Dam− mutants contain lowered levels of the SPI-1 transcriptional regulators HilA, HilC, HilD, and InvF. Epistasis analysis indicates that Dam-dependent regulation of SPI-1 requires HilD, while HilA, HilC, and InvF are dispensable. A transcriptional hilD∷lac fusion is expressed at similar levels in Dam+ and Dam− hosts. However, lower levels of hilD mRNA are found in a Dam− background, thus providing unsuspected evidence that Dam methylation might exert post-transcriptional regulation of hilD expression. This hypothesis is supported by the following lines of evidence: (i) lowered levels of hilD mRNA are found in Salmonella Dam− mutants when hilD is transcribed from a heterologous promoter; (ii) increased hilD mRNA turnover is observed in Dam− mutants; (iii) lack of the Hfq RNA chaperone enhances hilD mRNA instability in Dam− mutants; and (iv) lack of the RNA degradosome components polynucleotide phosphorylase and ribonuclease E suppresses hilD mRNA instability in a Dam− background. Our report of Dam-dependent control of hilD mRNA stability suggests that DNA adenine methylation plays hitherto unknown roles in post-transcriptional control of gene expression.
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 2001–2004 NHANES
Authors: Merikangas Kathleen Ries , He Jian-Ping , Brody Debra , Fisher Prudence W. , Bourdon Karen , Koretz Doreen S.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the 12-month prevalence estimates of specific mental disorders, their social and demographic correlates, and service use patterns in children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative probability sample of noninstitutionalized US civilians.

METHODS: The sample includes 3042 participants 8 to 15 years of age from cross-sectional surveys conducted from 2001 to 2004. Data on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for mental disorders were derived from administration of selected modules of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV, a structured diagnostic interview administered by lay interviewers to assess psychiatric diagnoses of children and adolescents.

RESULTS: Twelve-month prevalence rates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–defined disorders in this sample were 8.6% for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 3.7% for mood disorders, 2.1% for conduct disorder, 0.7% for panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, and 0.1% for eating disorders. Boys had 2.1 times greater prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than girls, girls had twofold higher rates of mood disorders than boys, and there were no gender differences in the rates of anxiety disorders or conduct disorder. Only approximately one half of those with one of the disorders assessed had sought treatment with a mental health professional.

CONCLUSION: These data constitute a first step in building a national database on mental health in children and adolescents.
Impact of the Fast Track Prevention Program on Health Services Use by Conduct-Problem Youth
Authors: Jones Damon , Godwin Jennifer , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bierman Karen L. , Coie John D. , Greenberg Mark T. , Lochman John E. , McMahon Robert J. , Pinderhughes Ellen E.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: We tested the impact of the Fast Track conduct disorder prevention program on the use of pediatric, general health, and mental health services in adolescence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants were 891 public kindergarten boys and girls screened from a population of 9594 children and found to be at risk for conduct disorder. They were assigned randomly (by school) to intervention or control conditions and were followed for 12 years. Intervention lasted 10 years and included parent training, child social-cognitive skills training, reading tutoring, peer-relations enhancement, and classroom curricula and management. Service use was assessed through annual interviews of parents and youth.

RESULTS: Youth assigned to preventive intervention had significantly reduced use of professional general health, pediatric, and emergency department services relative to control youth on the basis of parent-report data. For control-group youth, the odds of greater use of general health services for any reason and general health services use for mental health purposes were roughly 30% higher and 56% higher, respectively. On the basis of self-report data, the intervention reduced the likelihood of outpatient mental health services among older adolescents for whom odds of services use were more than 90% higher among control-group youth. No differences were found between intervention and control youth on the use of inpatient mental health services. Statistical models controlled for key study characteristics, and potential moderation of the intervention effect was assessed.

CONCLUSIONS: Random assignment to the Fast Track prevention program is associated with reduced use of general health and outpatient mental health services in adolescents. Future studies should examine the mechanism of this impact and service use patterns as subjects reach young adulthood.
Hearing Impairment in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis Is Little Relieved by Dexamethasone or Glycerol
Authors: Peltola Heikki , Roine Irmeli , Fernández Josefina , González Mata Antonio , Zavala Inés , Gonzalez Ayala Silvia , Arbo Antonio , Bologna Rosa , Goyo José , López Eduardo , Miño Greta , Dourado de Andrade Solange , Sarna Seppo , Jauhiainen Tapani
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE. Several studies have evaluated dexamethasone for prevention of hearing loss in childhood bacterial meningitis, but results have varied. We compared dexamethasone and/or glycerol recipients with placebo recipients, and measured hearing at 3 threshold levels.

METHODS. Children aged 2 months to 16 years with meningitis were treated with ceftriaxone but were double-blindly randomly assigned to receive adjuvant dexamethasone intravenously, glycerol orally, both agents, or neither agent. We used the Glasgow coma scale to grade the presenting status. The end points were the better ear's ability to detect sounds of >40 dB, ≥60 dB, and ≥80 dB, with these thresholds indicating any, moderate-to-severe, or severe impairment, respectively. All tests were interpreted by an external audiologist. Influence of covariates in the treatment groups was examined by binary logistic regression.

RESULTS: Of the 383 children, mostly with meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b or Streptococcus pneumoniae, 101 received dexamethasone, 95 received dexamethasone and glycerol, 92 received glycerol, and 95 received placebo. Only the presenting condition and young age predicted impairment independently through all threshold levels. Each lowering point in the Glasgow scale increased the risk by 15% to 21% (odds ratio: 1.20, 1.21, and 1.15 [95% confidence interval: 1.06–1.35, 1.07–1.37, and 1.01–1.31]; P = .005, .003, and .039) for any, moderate-to-severe, or severe impairment, respectively. Each increasing month of age decreased the risk by 2% to 6% (P = .0001, .0007, and .041, respectively). Neither dexamethasone nor glycerol prevented hearing loss at these levels regardless of the causative agent or timing of antimicrobial agent.

CONCLUSIONS: With bacterial meningitis, the child's presenting status and young age are the most important predictors of hearing impairment. Little relief is obtained from current adjuvant medications.
Predicting Time to Hospital Discharge for Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Hintz Susan R. , Bann Carla M. , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Cotten C. Michael , Das Abhik , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: As extremely preterm infant mortality rates have decreased, concerns regarding resource use have intensified. Accurate models for predicting time to hospital discharge could aid in resource planning, family counseling, and stimulate quality-improvement initiatives.

OBJECTIVES: To develop, validate, and compare several models for predicting the time to hospital discharge for infants <27 weeks' estimated gestational age, on the basis of time-dependent covariates as well as the presence of 5 key risk factors as predictors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of infants <27 weeks' estimated gestational age who were born between July 2002 and December 2005 and survived to discharge from a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network site. Time to discharge was modeled as continuous (postmenstrual age at discharge) and categorical (early and late discharge) variables. Three linear and logistic regression models with time-dependent covariate inclusion were developed (perinatal factors only, perinatal + early-neonatal factors, and perinatal + early-neonatal + later factors). Models for early and late discharge that used the cumulative presence of 5 key risk factors as predictors were also evaluated. Predictive capabilities were compared by using the coefficient of determination (R2) for the linear models and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve for the logistic models.

RESULTS: Data from 2254 infants were included. Prediction of postmenstrual age at discharge was poor. However, models that incorporated later clinical characteristics were more accurate in predicting early or late discharge (AUC: 0.76–0.83 [full models] vs 0.56–0.69 [perinatal factor models]). In simplified key-risk-factors models, the predicted probabilities for early and late discharge compared favorably with the observed rates. Furthermore, the AUC (0.75–0.77) was similar to those of the models that included the full factor set.

CONCLUSIONS: Prediction of early or late discharge is poor if only perinatal factors are considered, but it improves substantially with knowledge of later-occurring morbidities. Predictive models that use a few key risk factors are comparable to the full models and may offer a clinically applicable strategy.
The Choking Game: Physician Perspectives
Authors: McClave Julie L. , Russell Patricia J. , Lyren Anne , O'Riordan Mary Ann , Bass Nancy E.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess awareness of the choking game among physicians who care for adolescents and to explore their opinions regarding its inclusion in anticipatory guidance.

METHODS: We surveyed 865 pediatricians and family practitioners. The survey was designed to assess physicians' awareness of the choking game and its warning signs, the suspected prevalence of patients' participation in the activity, and the willingness of physicians to include the choking game in adolescent anticipatory guidance. Information on the general use of anticipatory guidance also was collected.

RESULTS: The survey was completed by 163 physicians (response rate: 21.8%). One-hundred eleven (68.1%) had heard of the choking game, 68 of them (61.3%) through sources in the popular media. General pediatricians were significantly more likely to report being aware of the choking game than were family practitioners or pediatric subspecialists (P = .004). Of physicians who were aware of the choking game, 75.7% identified ≥1 warning sign and 52.3% identified ≥3. Only 7.6% of physicians who were aware of the choking game reported that they cared for a patient they suspected was participating in the activity, and 2 (1.9%) reported that they include the choking game in anticipatory guidance for adolescents. However, 64.9% of all respondents agreed that the choking game should be included in anticipatory guidance.

CONCLUSIONS: Close to one third of physicians surveyed were unaware of the choking game, a potentially life-threatening activity practiced by adolescents. Despite acknowledging that the choking game should be included in adolescent anticipatory guidance, few physicians reported actually discussing it. To provide better care for their adolescent patients, pediatricians and family practitioners should be knowledgable about risky behaviors encountered by their patients, including the choking game, and provide timely guidance about its dangers.
Olive Processing Waste as a Method of Weed Control for Okra, Faba Bean, and Onion
Authors: Boz Ozhan , Ogüt Derya , Kır Kamil , Doğan M. Nedim
Published: December 2009

Field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons at Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, in Aydın-Turkey to evaluate the weed control efficacy of olive processing waste (OPW) in okra, faba bean, and onion. OPW was incorporated into the soil prior to seeding at 10, 20, 30, and 40 tons (t)/ha. Non-treated plots and plots treated with trifluralin in okra and pendimethalin in faba bean and onion were used for comparison. OPW suppressed common purslane, redroot pigweed, and junglerice in okra; littleseed canarygrass, annual bluegrass, wild chamomile, and shepherd's-purse in faba bean and onion. OPW was in most cases equally as effective as soil herbicides; however, 10 t/ha provided sometimes lower efficacy than herbicides. OPW had no negative effects on okra and faba bean, while onion was negatively affected by doses over 30 t/ha. Overall, OPW can be applied at 10 to 20 t/ha doses for weed control with adequate crop safety.
Broadleaf Weed Management in Corn Utilizing Synergistic Postemergence Herbicide Combinations
Authors: Woodyard Andrew J. , Bollero Germán A. , Riechers Dean E.
Published: December 2009

POST combinations of photosystem II (PSII) and the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors are effective for control of broadleaf weeds in corn. Field studies were conducted during 2007 and 2008 in Urbana and Dekalb, IL, to determine the nature of interactions between two PSII inhibitors, atrazine and bromoxynil, and the HPPD inhibitor mesotrione, based on control of common waterhemp, common lambsquarters, and giant ragweed. Two rates of each herbicide were evaluated, with the highest representing a typical recommended rate, and the lowest a fraction of that rate. Synergistic interactions occurred for common waterhemp control from 10 to 30 d after treatment (DAT) regardless of herbicide rates, rainfall accumulation, or plant height. Synergism between mesotrione and bromoxynil was not observed for common lambsquarters control at Urbana in 2008 at the lower herbicide rates, possibly due to taller weed heights at the time of herbicide application relative to 2007. Giant ragweed control indicated that a synergistic interaction occurred for all herbicides and rates in 2008. However, synergism between bromoxynil and mesotrione did not occur in 2007, likely due to limited rainfall before herbicide application. Reduced herbicide rates and adverse environmental conditions have the potential to regulate the expression of synergism between mesotrione and PSII inhibitors, and therefore may limit their effectiveness for weed management in corn.
Increasing the Efficacy and Extending the Effective Application Period of a Granular Turf Bioherbicide by Covering with Jute Fabric
Authors: Abu-Dieyeh Mohammed H. , Watson Alan K.
Published: December 2009

Progress in bioherbicide development has been hindered by the strict moisture and temperature requirements of the living active ingredient. Application of a jute fabric to areas treated with aSclerotinia minorgranular bioherbicide improved broadleaf weed control and broadened the effective application period to include the warm summer season. When turfgrass plots treated with the bioherbicide were covered with burlap fabric for 3 d, broadleaf weed (dandelion, white clover, broadleaf plantain, buckhorn plantain, ground ivy, and prostrate knotweed) control was greatly enhanced. The cover was made of natural jute fibers that retained water but had sufficient transparency to allow 33% light penetration for continued growth of the grass. Virulence of the bioherbicide was maintained under elevated temperatures that would otherwise reduce efficacy. The bioherbicide was ineffective in the summer unless covered, but dandelion density, broadleaf weed ground cover, and dandelion survival were all reduced by the bioherbicide when plots were covered, even if applications were made in July. The efficacy of the bioherbicide was also enhanced under favorable conditions, and covering permitted reduced application rates without loss of efficacy. When applied at a rate of 20 g/m2and covered,S. minorgranules exerted significantly greater biocontrol of dandelion than 40 g/m2without covering. Covering for up to 5 d did not cause any adverse effects on the turfgrass. This approach may overcome one obstacle to the commercialization of theSclerotinia minorbioherbicide, permitting its deployment under challenging environmental conditions.
Resistance of a Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola) Biotype to 2,4-D
Authors: Burke Ian C. , Yenish Joseph P. , Pittmann Dennis , Gallagher Robert S.
Published: December 2009

Dose-response experiments were conducted on a biotype of prickly lettuce collected from Whitman County, WA, to determine the level of resistance to 2,4-D. Initially, progeny of prickly lettuce that survived two applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D in mixture were collected to determine if antagonism of the 2,4-D or glyphosate was occurring. Prickly lettuce survival was determined to not be due to antagonism of 2,4-D or glyphosate when the two herbicides were applied in mixture. The doses required to reduce growth 50% (GR50) for resistant and susceptible field-collected prickly lettuce were 150 and 6 g ae/ha 2,4-D, respectively, indicating the resistant biotype was 25 times more resistant to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype. The resistant biotype expressed injury but produced regrowth following application. A dose of 2,4-D at 220 g/ha was required to reduce regrowth frequency 50% (FR50) for resistant field-collected prickly lettuce. Regrowth was also observed with the susceptible biotype, although the FR50 was much lower (10 g/ha), resulting in an R/S ratio of 22 based on the respective FR50 values. A rate of 4,300 g/ha 2,4-D (10 times the maximum labeled rate in wheat) was required to reduce the regrowth frequency in the resistant biotype to zero.
Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States and Their Impact on Extension
Authors: Scott Barbara A. , Vangessel Mark J. , White-Hansen Susan
Published: December 2009

Herbicide-resistant weeds have impacted crop production throughout the United States, but the effect they have on extension programming has not been evaluated. In June 2007, 38 extension weed specialists throughout the United States, responded to a survey on herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds and the impact they are having on extension education programming. Survey results revealed that HR weeds have had a significant impact on extension programming particularly for agronomic crops. In the last 10 yr, agronomic weed specialists' extension programming was almost twice as likely to be impacted by the presence of HR weeds as compared to horticultural programming. In the next 5 yr, agronomic extension programming is twice as likely to be altered. Of 37 weed species reported, seven genera or species of weeds represented 80% of the major HR biotypes reported. These include Amaranthus species, horseweed, Setaria species, common lambsquarters, kochia, giant ragweed, and Lolium species. Five weed species (common ragweed, common lambsquarters, horseweed, kochia, and three foxtail species) exhibited weed by mode of action (MOA) interactions when evaluated as major or minor problems. Herbicide resistance problem severity differed for weed species, herbicide MOA, and crops. The results of this survey of university extension personnel confirm that HR weeds have impacted extension programming and will continue to impact programming in the future.
Problem Weed Control in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean with Glyphosate Tank Mixes and Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Knezevic Stevan Z. , Datta Avishek , Scott Jon , Klein Robert N. , Golus Jeff
Published: December 2009

Although glyphosate controls many plant species, certain broadleaf weeds in Nebraska's cropping systems exhibit various levels of tolerance to the labeled rates of this herbicide, including ivyleaf morningglory, Venice mallow, yellow sweetclover, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, kochia, Russian thistle, and field bindweed. Therefore, two field studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 at Concord and North Platte, NE, to evaluate performance of (1) seven preemergence (PRE) herbicides and (2) glyphosate tank mixes applied postemergence (POST) at three application times for control of eight weed species that are perceived as problem weeds in glyphosate-resistant soybean in Nebraska. The PRE herbicides, including sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron, pendimethalin plus imazethapyr, imazaquin, and pendimethalin plus imazethapyr plus imazaquin provided more than 85% control of most weed species tested in this study 28 d after treatment (DAT). However, sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron and pendimethalin plus imazethapyr plus imazaquin were the only PRE treatments that provided more than 80% control of most weed species 60 DAT. In the POST glyphosate tank-mix study, the level of weed control was significantly affected by the timing of herbicide application; control generally decreased as weed height increased. In general, glyphosate tank mixes applied at the first two application times (early or mid-POST) with half label rates of lactofen, imazamox, imazethapyr, fomesafen, imazaquin, or acifluorfen, provided more than 80% control of all species that were 20 to 30 cm tall except ivyleaf morningglory, Venice mallow, yellow sweetclover, and field bindweed. Glyphosate tank mixes applied late POST with lactofen, imazethapyr, or imazaquin provided more than 70% control of common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, kochia, and Russian thistle that were 30 to 50 cm tall. Overall, glyphosate tank mixes with half label rates of chlorimuron or acifluorfen were the best treatments; they provided more than 80% control of all the studied weed species when applied at early growth stages. Results of this study suggested that mixing glyphosate with other POST broadleaf herbicides, or utilizing soil-applied herbicides after crop planting helped effectively control most problematic weeds in glyphosate-resistant soybean in Nebraska.
Impact of Preceding Crop and Cultural Practices on Rye Growth in Winter Wheat
Authors: Anderson Randy L.
Published: December 2009

Improving crop vigor can suppress growth of weeds present in the crop. This study examined the impact of preceding crop and cultural practices on rye growth in winter wheat. Preceding crops were soybean, spring wheat, and an oat/dry pea mixture. Two cultural treatments in winter wheat were also compared, referred to as conventional and competitive canopies. The competitive canopy differed from the conventional in that the seeding rate was 67% higher and starter fertilizer was banded with the seed. The study was conducted at Brookings, SD. Rye seed and biomass production differed fourfold among treatments, with winter wheat following oat/pea being most suppressive of rye growth. Rye produced 63 seeds/plant in winter wheat with a competitive canopy that followed oat/pea, contrasting with 273 seeds/plant in conventional winter wheat following spring wheat. Yield loss in winter wheat due to rye interference increased with rye biomass, but winter wheat was more tolerant of rye interference following oat/pea compared with the other preceding crops. Regression analysis indicated that winter wheat yield loss at the same rye biomass was threefold higher following spring wheat or soybean compared with oat/pea as a preceding crop. Winter wheat competitiveness and tolerance to rye can be improved by increasing the seeding rate, using a starter fertilizer, and growing winter wheat after an oat/pea mixture.
New Zealand Bittercress (Cardamine corymbosa; Brassicaceae): New to the United States
Authors: Post A. R. , Neal J. C. , Krings A. , Sosinski B. R. , Xiang Q.
Published: December 2009

New Zealand bittercress is reported as new to the United States. While collecting specimens to determine what Cardamine species occur in the nursery trade, New Zealand bittercress was discovered in a container nursery in Wilkes County, North Carolina. The nursery tracked the shipment of contaminated plants to a wholesale nursery in Washington County, Oregon. It was subsequently confirmed that New Zealand bittercress also occurs in a nursery in Clackamas County, Oregon, and has likely been distributed throughout the United States as a contaminant in container grown ornamental plants. Thus far there have been no reports of naturalized populations outside of container nursery crop production facilities.
Chlelated Iron and Adjuvants Influence Bispyribac–Sodium Efficacy for Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control in Cool-Season Turfgrasses
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Hart Stephen E.
Published: December 2009

Spray adjuvants may enhance bispyribac–sodium efficacy for annual bluegrass control but chelated iron may be needed to reduce potential turf discoloration. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of iron and adjuvants on bispyribac–sodium efficacy for annual bluegrass control in cool-season turf. In laboratory experiments,14C–bispyribac–sodium foliar absorption increased in four grasses by approximately 50 and 100% when applied with a nonionic surfactant and methylated seed oil, respectively, compared to the herbicide alone. Chelated iron did not reduce14C–bispyribac–sodium absorption. In field experiments, spray adjuvants enhanced annual bluegrass control from bispyribac–sodium at 37 g ai/ha but not at 74 g ai/ha. Iron did not reduce annual bluegrass control from bispyribac–sodium, with or without adjuvants, but mitigated creeping bentgrass discoloration for all treatments.
Pitted and Hybrid Morningglory Accessions Have Variable Tolerance to Glyphosate
Authors: Burke Ian C. , Reddy Krishna N. , Bryson Charles T.
Published: December 2009

Two greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the variability in tolerance to a sublethal dose of glyphosate among accessions of pitted morningglory, hybrid morningglory (a fertile hybrid between pitted and sharppod morningglory), and sharppod morningglory, collected from several states in the southern United States. The first study was conducted to evaluate the variability in tolerance to glyphosate among accessions. Glyphosate at 420 g ae/ha was applied to plants at the four- to five-leaf stage, and control (percent shoot fresh weight reduction) was determined 2 wk after treatment (WAT). Pitted morningglory response ranged from −9% (indicating no response to glyphosate) to 39% control. A similar trend was observed in hybrid morningglory. Control of two related species, cypressvine morningglory and red morningglory, averaged 40 and 29%, respectively, and was similar to control of the most susceptible pitted morningglory and hybrid morningglory accessions. Ivyleaf morningglory control was 9%. Sharppod morningglory control was highest (48%) among the morningglories studied. A second study was conducted to determine levels of tolerance to glyphosate based onGR50(dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth) in 10 accessions that were least to most sensitive to glyphosate (7 pitted, 2 hybrid, and 1 sharppod morningglory). GlyphosateGR50doses ranged from 0.65 to 1.23 kg/ha, a two-fold variability in tolerance to glyphosate among the 7 pitted morningglory accessions. Increasing levels of tolerance were associated with the absence of a leaf notch. These results indicate the existence of variable tolerance to a sublethal dose of glyphosate among accessions of pitted morningglory.
Venice Mallow (Hibiscus trionum) Interference in Sugarbeet
Authors: Odero Dennis C. , Mesbah Abdel O. , Miller Stephen D. , Kniss Andrew R.
Published: December 2009

Field studies were conducted in Powell, WY, in 2006 and 2007 to determine the influence of season-long interference of various Venice mallow densities and duration of interference on sugarbeet. Sucrose concentration was not affected by Venice mallow interference. The effect of Venice mallow density on sugarbeet root and sucrose yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model. Root and sucrose yield loss increased as Venice mallow density increased. The estimated asymptote,A(percent yield loss as density approaches infinity) was 61% for both root and sucrose yield loss, and the estimated parameter,I(percent yield loss per unit weed density as density approaches zero) was 6% for both root and sucrose yield loss. Sugarbeet root yield decreased as the duration of Venice mallow interference increased. The critical timing of weed removal to avoid 5 and 10% root yield loss was 30 and 43 d after sugarbeet emergence, respectively. Results show that Venice mallow is competitive with sugarbeet implying that it should be managed appropriately to reduce negative effects on yield and prevent seed bank replenishment and re-infestation in subsequent years.
Resistance of Quiescent Human Diploid Fibroblasts to High Dose of External Oxidative Stress and Induction of Senescence
Authors: Domazet-Damjanov Danijela , Somayajulu-Nitu Mallika , Pandey Siyaram
Published: December 2009

In response to external oxidative stress/DNA damaging agents, mammalian cells may choose one of the
following pathways to avoid propagation of the damaged cells: repair the DNA and proceed with the normal cell cycle;
trigger apoptosis; or undergo senescence to block cell division. If these safeguard mechanisms fail, cells containing
damaged/mutated DNA will continue to propagate leading to cancer. Working with Human Diploid Fibroblasts, we have
observed that young quiescent fibroblasts, unlike dividing fibroblasts, do not undergo apoptosis when subjected to high
dose of external oxidative stress. Interestingly, when those quiescent fibroblasts are sub-cultured following H2O2
treatment, they display all the features of the senescent cell phenotype. Our results have indicated that p21 and MnSOD
over-expression in quiescent cells is highly correlated to resistance to oxidative stress and may induce senescence.
Moreover, there was no observable DNA damage in quiescent fibroblasts after 500 μM H2O2 treatment even though
oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was detected both before and after treatment. Most importantly, the mitochondrial
membrane potential in quiescent cells remained unchanged even after exposure to a high dose of external oxidative stress.
In dividing cells, Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated whereas Bax expression was up-regulated following oxidative
stress. On the other hand, Bcl-2 levels remained high and Bax was down-regulated in quiescent cells under identical
treatment. Our results reveal that the over-expression of p21 and Mn-SOD and the down-regulation of Bax in quiescent
cells could be responsible for their resistance against external oxidative stress and onset of senescence.
Ear Pinna: A Privileged DNA Electroporation Site for Inducing Strong Th1 Immune Responses
Authors: Ni Jing , Nolte Britta , Vandermeulen Gaëlle , Preat Veronique , Scherman Daniel , Schirrmacher Volker , Fournier Philippe
Published: December 2009

DNA vaccination appears a very attractive approach for inducing immune responses towards the encoded antigen, but studies in large animals and in humans revealed weaknesses of such responses. In this study, we evaluated a new approach based on a new device combining DNA vaccination with electroporation (EP) at the ear pinna site. Under optimal EP conditions, the expression of the DNA encoded antigen and the induced immune responses were considerably increased.
Very interestingly, DNA vaccination using EP at the ear pinna induced much stronger cellular immune responses than at the flank skin although antigen expression was similar at both sites. As compared to vaccination at the ear pinna without EP, IFN-􀀁 but not IL-4 production by splenocytes from immunized mice was significantly enhanced. In contrast, IL-4 but not IFN-􀀁 production was increased by EP at the flank skin. The vaccination site of the ear pinna combined with
EP route even provided therapeutic effects in a mouse tumor model.

In conclusion, this study highlights the ear pinna as a privileged site for the induction of strong Th1 polarized cellular immunity against a defined antigen when combining DNA vaccination with EP.
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL BRAIN INVOLVEMENT
Authors: M. Agius Lawrence
Published: December 2009

Relative attempts at modulation and manipulative processing of neurotransmitter release and
receptivity at the post-synaptic membrane appear central to the consequences of synaptic loss in
Alzheimer’s disease. In view of the ongoing dynamics of further injury to neurons in this disorder, it
would perhaps prove important to recognize consequences of disease as themselves pathogenic targets
in the evolutionary definition of further injury as progression, particularly in terms of both neuronal
cell and synapse loss.
Smart Agriculture
Authors: Aqeel-ur-Rehman  , A. Shaikh Zubair
Published: December 2009

Use of technology in different areas to get numerous benefits is itself a valuable research. Use of
Sensor network in the area of agriculture is not new. But due to the different weather, soil, water and land
conditions, diverse models, methods of analysis and solutions are needed on which different communities of
researchers are working and proposing several solutions. That instigates need of some different ways
specifically for agriculture that can be helpful in developing solution for different conditions.

Ubiquitous Computing and Context-Aware Computing are highlighting the approaches to deal with variability
in conditions, situations and problems. The combination of different technologies and their application
towards certain area is always been a challenging task. The combination of emerging technologies including
ubiquitous computing, context-aware computing and grid computing with sensor network can be applied on
agriculture domain to make the agriculture smarter.

In this chapter, the concept of Smart Agriculture is described and use of different advanced technologies
towards the agriculture domain is highlighted. The evolution of agriculture through the support of different
advanced technologies is also presented. Some details about the development of smart agriculture prototype
for irrigation control are also the part of this chapter.
Subject Index
Authors: Ahmed Zubairi Junaid
Published: December 2009

Full text available
Echocardiographic evaluation of dogs with dysautonomia
Authors: Harkin Kenneth R. , Bulmer Barret J. , Biller David S.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To describe echocardiographic findings in dogs with dysautonomia.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—20 dogs with dysautonomia (13 confirmed during necropsy and 7 with results of antemortem testing [tear production, pilocarpine response test, atropine response test, and ID histamine response] supportive of the diagnosis).

Procedures—Dogs with dysautonomia were evaluated by use of echocardiography, and M-mode measurements were obtained on all dogs. A dobutamine response test was performed on 1 dog, starting at a rate of 1 μg/kg/min and doubling the rate every 15 minutes until fractional shortening (FS) increased to > 2 times the baseline value.

Results—Evidence of systolic dysfunction was detected in 17 of 20 dogs with dysautonomia, as determined on the basis of FS (median, 17.9%; range, 4.0% to 31.1%). Left ventricular internal dimension during diastole or left ventricular internal dimension during systole was enlarged in 4 of 20 and 14 of 20 dogs, respectively. Enlargement of the left atrium or aorta was identified in 3 of 15 and 1 of 15 dogs in which it was measured, respectively. Administration of dobutamine at a rate of 4 μg/kg/min resulted in dramatic improvement in FS (increase from 4% to 17%) in the 1 dog tested.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that echocardiographic evidence of diminished systolic function was common in dogs with dysautonomia. Whether the diminished function was a result of sympathetic denervation or myocardial hibernation was unclear, although myocardial hibernation was more likely.
Prevalence and prognostic impact of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with lymphoma
Authors: Cook Audrey K. , Wright Zachary M. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Brown M. Raquel , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To determine the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with multicentric lymphoma and to investigate any relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and disease outcome.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—58 dogs with multicentric lymphoma.

Procedures—Serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in 58 dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Clinical signs, stage, and immunophenotype for dogs with hypocobalaminemia were compared with those for dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations above the lower end of the reference range. Survival times for dogs undergoing a cyclic multidrug chemotherapy protocol (n = 53) were similarly compared. Serum cobalamin concentrations for treated dogs that died or were euthanized before day 60 were compared with those of dogs still alive at day 60.

Results—Serum cobalamin concentrations ranged from < 150 to 1,813 ng/L, with a median concentration of 401 ng/L. Nine of the 58 (16%) dogs had hypocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentration < 252 ng/L). Three of 9 dogs with hypocobalaminemia survived to at least day 60, compared with 40 of 44 (91%) dogs without hypocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentration ≥ 252 ng/L). Ten (10/53 [19%]) dogs undergoing a cyclic multidrug chemotherapy protocol died before day 60, and the median serum cobalamin concentration for these dogs (232 ng/L) was significantly lower than for those still alive at the end point of the study (556 ng/L).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypocobalaminemia was relatively uncommon in this population of dogs with multicentric lymphoma, but was associated with a poor outcome. Serum cobalamin concentrations may provide prognostic information in dogs with multicentric lymphoma.
Rate and frequency of recurrence of uroliths after an initial ammonium urate, calcium oxalate, or struvite urolith in cats
Authors: Albasan Hasan , Osborne Carl A. , Lulich Jody P. , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Koehler Lori A. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Swanson Laura L.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To determine frequency of and interval until recurrence after initial ammonium urate, calcium oxalate, and struvite uroliths in cats and whether breed, age, or sex was associated with increased risk for urolith recurrence.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—4,435 cats with recurrent uroliths.

Procedures—To identify recurrence of uroliths in cats for which uroliths were submitted for analysis at the Minnesota Urolith Center in 1998, the facility's database was searched for urolith resubmissions from the same cats between 1998 and 2003. Risk factors and differences in mean interval until recurrence were assessed.

Results—Of 221 cats with ammonium urate uroliths in 1998, 29 (13.1%) had a first and 9 (4.1%) had a second recurrence. Mean interval until recurrence was 22 and 43 months for the first and second recurrence, respectively. Of 2,393 cats with calcium oxalate uroliths in 1998, 169 (7.1%) had a first, 15 (0.6%) had a second, and 2 (0.1%) had a third recurrence. Mean interval until recurrence was 25, 38, and 48 months for the first, second, and third recurrence, respectively. Of 1,821 cats with struvite uroliths in 1998, 49 (2.7%) had a first and 3 (0.2%) had a second recurrence. Mean interval until recurrence was 29 months for first and 40 months for second recurrences.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results provided insights into the frequency of urolith recurrence in cats. Because some uroliths associated with recurrent episodes probably were not submitted to our facility, our data likely represented an underestimation of the actual recurrence rate.
Echocardiographic and clinicopathologic characterization of pericardial effusion in dogs: 107 cases (1985–2006)
Authors: MacDonald Kristin A. , Cagney Orla , Magne Michael L.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography for diagnosis of cardiac masses in dogs with pericardial effusion.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—107 dogs with pericardial effusion.

Procedures—Records of dogs with pericardial effusion examined at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1985 to 2006 were reviewed. Dogs were included when echocardiography and pericardectomy or necropsy were performed. Sensitivity, specificity, and metastatic rates were calculated for various causes of pericardial effusion.

Results—107 dogs with pericardial effusion were evaluated by surgery (n = 48 dogs), necropsy (44), or both (15). Echocardiography revealed no mass (n = 41 dogs), a right atrial (RA) mass (38), a heart base (HB) mass (23), a pericardial mass (2), an HB and an RA mass (2), and a right ventricular mass (1). Sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 100%, respectively, for detection of a cardiac mass; 82% and 99%, respectively, for detection of an RA mass; and 74% and 98%, respectively, for detection of an HB mass. Most HB masses were neuroendocrine or ectopic thyroid gland tissue, but 3 were hemangiosarcomas and 4 were mesotheliomas. Most RA masses were hemangiosarcomas, but this group also included a neuroendocrine tumor, ectopic thyroid gland tissue, mesothelioma, lymphosarcoma, and sarcoma. Metastatic rates did not differ (50% to 66%) among neoplastic causes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Echocardiography had high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis and differentiation of RA or HB masses in dogs with pericardial effusion. There was a high rate of metastasis for cardiac masses of all causes.
Successful treatment of pacemaker-induced stricture and thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in two dogs by use of anticoagulants and balloon venoplasty
Authors: Cunningham Suzanne M. , Ames Marisa K. , Rush John E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2009

Case Description—2 castrated male Labrador Retrievers (dogs 1 and 2) were evaluated 3 to 4 years after placement of a permanent pacemaker. Dog 1 was evaluated because of a large volume of chylous pleural effusion. Dog 2 was admitted for elective replacement of a pacemaker.

Clinical Findings—Dog 1 had mild facial swelling and a rapidly recurring pleural effusion. Previously detected third-degree atrioventricular block had resolved. Cranial vena cava (CVC) syndrome secondary to pacemaker-induced thrombosis and stricture of the CVC was diagnosed on the basis of results of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and venous angiography. Dog 2 had persistent third-degree atrioventricular block. Intraluminal caval stricture and thrombosis were diagnosed at the time of pacemaker replacement. Radiographic evidence of pleural effusion consistent with CVC syndrome also was detected at that time.

Treatment and Outcome—Dog 1 improved after treatment with unfractionated heparin and a local infusion of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator. Balloon venoplasty was performed subsequently to relieve the persistent caval stricture. In dog 2, balloon dilatation of the caval stricture was necessary to allow for placement of a new pacing lead. Long-term anticoagulant treatment was initiated in both dogs. Long-term (> 6 months) resolution of clinical signs was achieved in both dogs.

Clinical Relevance—Thrombosis and stricture of the CVC are possible complications of a permanent pacemaker in dogs. Findings suggested that balloon venoplasty and anticoagulation administration with or without thrombolytic treatment can be effective in the treatment of dogs with pacemaker-induced CVC syndrome.
On the Geodetic Rotation of the Major Planets, the Moon and the Sun
Authors: Eroshkin G. , Pashkevich V.
Published: December 2009

On the Geodetic Rotation of the Major Planets, the Moon and the Sun

The problem of the geodetic (relativistic) rotation of the major planets, the Moon and the Sun was studied in the paper by Eroshkin and Pashkevich (2007) only for the components of the angular velocity vectors of the geodetic rotation, which are orthogonal to the plane of the fixed ecliptic J2000. This research represents an extension of the previous investigation to all the other components of the angular velocity vector of the geodetic rotation, with respect to the body-centric reference frame from Seidelmann et al. (2005).
Forward modelling of the Bureba escarpment (Rioja Trough, N-Spain)
Authors: Mikeš Daniel
Published: December 2009

In this work I use the numerical model TAO to study the evolution of the Bureba escarpment, sitting at the watershed between Duero and Ebro Basins and draining into the Rioja Trough. Facies correlation across this area is troublesome through lack of age-dates and therefore timing of tectonosedimentary events is controversial. Numerical modelling should shed some light on the evolution of this area. To that end I have run homogeneous and heterogeneous models for a range of values of erodability, runoff and elastic thickness. The models demonstrate that the tilting of the NE Duero could have resulted from isostatic compensation to erosion in the Rioja Trough and that the Bureba escarpment is a natural barrier to erosion preventing escarpment retreat for at least the next 1 My.