bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can ecosystem-scale translocations mitigate the impact of climate change on terrestrial biodiversity? Promises, pitfalls, and possibilities
Authors: Boyer Stéphane , Case Bradley S. , Lefort Marie-Caroline , Waterhouse Benjamin R. , Wratten Stephen D.
Published: February 2016

Because ecological interactions are the first components of the ecosystem to be impacted by climate change, future forms of threatened-species and ecosystem management should aim at conserving complete, functioning communities rather than single charismatic species. A possible way forward is the deployment of ecosystem-scale translocation (EST), where above- and below-ground elements of a functioning terrestrial ecosystem (including vegetation and topsoil) are carefully collected and moved together. Small-scale attempts at such practice have been made for the purpose of ecological restoration. By moving larger subsets of functioning ecosystems from climatically unstable regions to more stable ones, EST could provide a practical means to conserve mature and complex ecosystems threatened by climate change. However, there are a number of challenges associated with EST in the context of climate change mitigation, in particular the choice of donor and receptor sites. With the aim of fostering discussion and debate about the EST concept, we  1) outline the possible promises and pitfalls of EST in mitigating the impact of climate change on terrestrial biodiversity and 2) use a GIS-based approach to illustrate how  potential source and receptor sites, where EST could be trialed and evaluated globally, could be identified.
SOCIO-LEGAL ASPECT OF COMBATING CORRUPTION
Authors: Матулис Сергей , Matulis Sergey
Published: February 2016

The article covers the range of issues on the efficiency of combating corruption from the perspective of taking into account the role of social perception of legal norms. The author lays emphasis on the perception of corruptive relations as an object of legal pressure, and the law, as means for the implementation of the anti-corruption policy through their social nature. The author acknowledges the issuance of specialized laws and regulations to be a restricted measure, and states the need in ensuring effectiveness of the institutionalized anti-corruption norms. In this respect the author introduces the concept of social reality as a key attribute necessary to ensure the efficiency of law-making and implementation of law-enforcement processes. The article pays special attention to the problems of appearance of social alienation and formation of a consumer society, which are very topical for modern Russia. Besides, as part of the identified range of issues, the author examines taking into account of structural specific characteristics of the existing society, and the factor of social consciousness inertia which collectively considerably influence the efficiency of legal anti-corruption initiatives.
Ordoliberalism and the macroeconomic policy in the face of the euro crisis
Authors: Moszyński Michał
Published: February 2016

The global economic crisis and the crisis in the euro zone exposed the deep differences of opinion between German economists and scientists from Anglo-Saxon countries. The German approach conceptually differs in the views on the strategies and tools of anti-crisis policy, especially fiscal stimulus in the Keynesian-style, quantitative easing monetary policy of the ECB, the question of financial assistance to Greece and restructuring its debt. The other areas of difference are the approach to the rules in macroeconomic policy, fiscal consolidation, and interpretation of current account surplus. Given the size and performance of the German economy it is important to understand the reasons for these opposites, which constitute the research goal of this article. Considerations are based on the thesis that ordoliberal thought still has a strong impact on the practice of macroeconomic policy in Germany and also at the European level. The analysis is built on the short overview of ideological foundations of the German social market economy and its most important postulates, which then will be applied for interpretation of intellectual distinctions between economists from Germany and other countries in the theoretical and practical dimensions of the economic policy observed in Europe. The methodology includes the critical literature studies and the comparative analysis of macroeconomic policy through the prism of economic thought.
Social capital as a key driver of productivity growth of the economy: across-countries comparison
Authors: Jantoń-Drozdowska Elżbieta , Majewska Maria
Published: February 2016

The aim of this work was to show the possible impact of social capital on productivity of the economy. That impact can be measured by such indicators of productivity of the economy as used in our study: the GDP, the total value added of the economy (TVE), and the GNI per total labour force. Thus, this paper was organized as follows: its first part presents the relationship between the development of social capital and productivity growth of the country in the light of the economic development theory. In this context, it is pointed out that the significance of social capital as a component of the productivity potential of a given country increases when such country moves to the next stages of economic development. Therefore, social capital becomes a very important driver of the upgrading of national incomes in those countries, in which competitive advantages are based primarily on intellectual capital assets. The another part of the paper describes the methodology and the results of a research conducted on a group of 100 countries in the years 2012-2013 with an aim to illustrate the link between social capital and productivity of the economy as a whole referred to, or indicated, in the first part of the study. The results of the research allowed us to formulate a conclusion that without an appropriate ethical behaviour, not only in business, the productivity growth is hampered because it translates into a lower level of trust and unwillingness to cooperate. In other words, as, among others, W. Bartoszewski stressed, "it is worth to be decent".
Agency inspection plans reveal flaws
Authors: Leitch Neil , Sarah  , Campbell Gina , Dancer Judith
Published: February 2016

MA Education Ltd, St Jude's Church, Dulwich Road, London, SE24 0PB. neil.henty@markallengroup.com
Distinct but common
Authors: Siraj-Blatchford John , Brock Lynnette
Published: February 2016

This is the second article in a three-part series that aims to re-examine how we understand children's repeated behaviours; this month, we look to put the schema back into ‘Schema Theory and Practice’.
Support sector to make a difference
Authors: Bayram Liz
Published: February 2016

Now is a crucial time for the sector, significant challenges lie ahead as the government implements ambitious reform with the doubling of the free entitlement, but the workforce must be supported.
Hot off the school press
Authors: Gallagher Rachael
Published: February 2016

Rachael Gallagher explains how producing an annual, glossy magazine is the perfect way to enhance pupils' writing skills and encourage their digital creativity.
All the tricks of the trade
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: February 2016

With the support of social enterprise Greentop, you can help your pupils to perform circus skills, banish nerves about being in the spotlight and enjoy team working.
Try algebra activities using Roman numerals
Authors: Davis John
Published: February 2016

When introducing Roman numerals look out for places where they can be found, such as numbers on clocks or watches, and relate them to simple algebra tasks.
Engage with every page
Authors: Cartwright Eva
Published: February 2016

There are effective strategies which Tas can employ to ensure children read with understanding. ‘What if’ scenarios and role play are good approaches.
The effect of glenosphere diameter and eccentricity on deltoid power in reverse shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Scalise J. , Jaczynski A. , Jacofsky M.
Published: February 2016

Aims

The eccentric glenosphere was principally introduced into reverse shoulder arthroplasty to reduce the incidence of scapular notching. There is only limited information about the influence of its design on deltoid power and joint reaction forces. The aim of our study was to investigate how the diameter and eccentricity of the glenosphere affect the biomechanics of the deltoid and the resultant joint reaction forces.

Methods

Different sizes of glenosphere and eccentricity were serially tested in ten cadaveric shoulders using a custom shoulder movement simulator.

Results

Increasing the diameter of the glenosphere alone did not alter the deltoid moment arm. However, using an eccentric glenosphere increased the moment arm of the deltoid, lowered the joint reaction force and required less deltoid force to generate movement.

Conclusion

Eccentricity is an independent variable which increases deltoid efficiency and lowers joint reaction forces in a reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:218–23.
Risk factors for blood transfusion after shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Padegimas E. M. , Clyde C. T. , Zmistowski B. M. , Restrepo C. , Williams G. R. , Namdari S.
Published: February 2016

Aims

Currently, there is little information about the need for peri-operative blood transfusion in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to identify the rate of transfusion and its predisposing factors, and to establish a blood conservation strategy.

Methods

We identified all patients who had undergone shoulder arthroplasty at our hospital between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2013. The rate of transfusion was determined from the patient’s records. While there were exceptions, patients typically underwent transfusion if they had a level of haemoglobin of < 7.5 g/dl if asymptomatic, < 9.0 g/dl if they had a significant cardiac history or symptoms of dizziness or light headedness. Multivariable regression analysis was undertaken to identify predictors of transfusion. High- and low-risk cohorts for transfusion were identified from a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Of 1174 shoulder arthroplasties performed on 1081 patients, 53 cases (4.5%) required transfusion post-operatively. Predictors of blood transfusion were a lower pre-operative haematocrit (p < 0.001) and shoulder arthroplasty undertaken for post-traumatic arthritis (p < 0.001). ROC analysis identified pre-operative haematocrit of 39.6% as a 90% sensitivity cut-off for transfusion. In total 48 of the 436 (11%) shoulder arthroplasties with a pre-operative haematocrit < 39.6% needed transfusion compared with five of the 738 (0.70%) shoulder arthroplasties with a haematocrit above this level.

Discussion

We found that transfusion was needed less frequently than previously described for shoulder arthroplasty. Patients with a pre-operative haematocrit < 39.6% should be advised that there is an increased risk for blood transfusion, while those with a haematocrit above this level are unlikely to require transfusion. Take home message: The rate of transfusion after shoulder arthroplasty is under 5%, and those with a pre-operative haematocrit greater than or equal to 39.6% have a very low likelihood (< 1%) of requiring a transfusion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:224–8.
Tranexamic acid
Authors: Sassoon A. , Nam D. , Jackups R. , Johnson S. R. , Nunley R. M. , Barrack R. L.
Published: February 2016

Aims

This study investigated whether the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) decreased blood loss and transfusion related cost following surface replacement arthroplasty (SRA).

Methods

A retrospective review of patients treated with TXA during a SRA, who did not receive autologous blood (TXA group) was performed. Two comparison groups were established; the first group comprised of patients who donated their own blood pre-operatively (auto group) and the second of patients who did not donate blood pre-operatively (control). Outcomes included transfusions, post-operative haemoglobin (Hgb), complications, and length of post-operative stay.

Results

Between 2009 and 2013, 150 patients undergoing SRA were identified for inclusion: 51 in the auto, 49 in the control, and 50 in the TXA group. There were no differences in the pre-operative Hgb concentrations between groups. The mean post-operative Hgb was 11.3 g/dL (9.1 to 13.6) in the auto and TXA groups, and 10.6 g/dL (8.1 to 12.1)in the control group (p = 0.001). Accounting for cost of transfusions, administration of TXA, and length of stay, the cost per patient was $1731, $339, and $185 for the auto, control and TXA groups, respectively.

Discussion

TXA use demonstrated higher post-operative Hgb concentrations when compared with controls and decreased peri-operative costs. Take home message: Tranexamic acid safely limits allogeneic transfusion, maintains post-operative haemoglobin, and decreases direct and indirect transfusion related costs in surface replacement arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:173–8.
El sumak kawsay genuino como fenómeno social amazónico ecuatoriano
Authors: Cubillo-Guevara Ana Patricia , Hidalgo-Capitán Antonio Luis
Published: February 2016

En este artículo se indaga sobre el origen del concepto de sumak kawsay. Partiendo de la constatación de su existencia como fenómeno social: se muestra cómo surgió como alternativa al desarrollo sustentable en la Organización de Pueblos Indígenas de Pastaza en los años noventa; se explica cómo su emergencia en el ámbito intelectual occidental es consecuencia de la divulgación que realizó Carlos Viteri a finales del siglo XX y comienzos del siglo XXI; se explica que dicho fenómeno es la forma de vida cotidiana y la aspiración vital de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos; y se describe cómo el concepto llegó a las constituciones de Ecuador y Bolivia referido ya a las sociedades andino-amazónicas.
A review on data stream classification approaches
Authors: Homayoun Sajad , Ahmadzadeh Marzieh
Published: February 2016

Stream data is usually in vast volume, changing dynamically, possibly infinite, and containing multi-dimensional features. The attention towards data stream mining is increasing as regards to its presence in wide range of real-world applications, such as e-commerce, banking, sensor data and telecommunication records. Similar to data mining, data stream mining includes classification, clustering, frequent pattern mining etc. techniques; the special focus of this paper is on classification methods invented to handle data streams. Early methods of data stream classification needed all instances to be labeled for creating classifier models, but there are some methods (Semi-Supervised Learning and Active Learning) in which unlabeled data is employed as well as labeled data. In this paper, by focusing on ensemble methods, semi-supervised and active learning, a review on some state of the art researches is given.
Determining professionalism in Turkish students nurses
Authors: Karadağ Ayise , Hisar Filiz , Çelik Bülent , Gocmen Baykara Zehra
Published: February 2016

Characteristics of the nursing profession include educational standards, professional organizations, commitment, autonomy, continuing education, body of knowledge and competencies, social value, and a code of ethics. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the professional attitudes of nursing students in Turkey. It was a descriptive study. This study was conducted in 25 nursing schools that provide graduate level nursing education in Turkey. The sample of the study included 1412 final year nursing students who were selected by random sampling from nursing schools offering education at bachelor level. Data was collected using a questionnaire, which included demographic characteristics of students and an Inventory to Measure Professional Attitudes in Student Nurses (IPASN). The mean score of IPASN was 4.1 ± 0.5 and the areas the highest mean scores were for autonomy, competence and continuous education whilst lowest ones were for  cooperation, contribution to scientific knowledge, and participating in professional organizations. In conclusion, the overall mean scores of professional attitudes for nursing students were found to be satisfying and some recommendations were made to improve subgroups scores.
Effect of the Age on the Evaluation of Horse Conformation and Movement
Authors: Wejer Janusz , Lewczuk Dorota
Published: February 2016

The evaluation of horse conformation is a changeable characteristic and knowledge of its character is essential in horse breeding. The effect of the age was investigated based on the analysis of a subjective evaluation of eight conformation and movement traits according to the 70 points scale of registered 857 Polish Trakehner. The analysis of variance included fixed effects of sex (mares and stallions), age (up to 1 year, yearlings, 2-year-old, 3-year-old and older) and the kind of breeder (private/national) and the random effect of the sire. The effect of the sire was statistically significant for all traits. The effect of the sex was significant only for the movement traits – the walk and canter in stallions reached higher notes. The effect of the kind of breeder was also statistically significant but only for the movement traits. The considered effect of the age was the most surprising result as it was statistically significant for all traits, but the only differences between age classes were found between very young horses (up to 1 year) and all other groups. The phenotypic correlations between traits suggest that traits such as overall impression, type, trunk and limbs (feet and legs) are overvalued in the youngest group of horses.
The Regulatory Choice of Noncompliance in the Lab: Effect on Quantities, Prices, and Implications for the Design of a Cost-Effective Policy
Authors: Caffera Marcelo , Chávez Carlos
Published: February 2016

Recent theoretical developments show the conditions under which it is cost-effective for the regulator to induce perfect compliance in cap-and-trade programs. These conditions are based on the ability that a regulator with perfect information has to induce the firms to emit any desired level with different combinations of the number of permits supplied to the market and the monitoring probability, assuming that firms are expected profit maximizers. In this paper, we test this hypothesis with a series of laboratory experiments. Our results suggest that firms may behave significantly different from what these models predict precisely when the different combinations of the supply of permits and the monitoring probability induce compliance versus noncompliance. More specifically, by allowing noncompliance in a manner consistent with theory, the regulator could produce a decrease in emissions and an increase in the market price of tradable permits that is not predicted by the theoretical models. The implications for the cost-effective design of environmental policy are discussed.
Newcomers in Politics? The Success of New Political Parties in the Slovak and Czech Republic after 2010?
Authors: Viera Žúborová
Published: February 2016

The last election in the Slovak and Czech Republic was special. It not only took place before the official electoral period (pre-elections), but new political parties were “again” successful. The article focuses not only on both elections in the last two years in a comparative perspective, but it analyses the opportunity structure of success as well, including types of new political parties (according to Lucardie). The article seeks to answer the question: why are new political parties electorally successful, able to break into parliament and even become part of a coalition government? We assume that the emergence and success of new political parties in both countries relied on the ability to promote “old” ideas in a new fashion, colloquially referred to as “new suits” or “old” ideological flows in new breeze.
Analysis of evaporation from water surface measured automatically by the EWM evaporimeter at the weather station in Ústí nad Orlicí between 2001 and 2014
Authors: Kohut Mojmír , Rožnovský Jaroslav , Knozová Gražyna , Brzezina Jáchym
Published: February 2016

Evaporation from water surface at the station in Ústí nad Orlicí was measured using an automatic EWM evaporimeter. The analysed period was from May 1st to September 30th in the years 2001 to 2014. Statistical analysis of the daily evaporation showed that the values ranged between 0.0 mm and 7.3 mm (July 17, 2007). This maximum value was analysed in detail and considered to be realistic based on the unusual weather conditions on that day. The highest average daily evaporation was observed in July (2.8 mm), followed by August (2.5 mm). On the other hand the lowest average daily evaporation was found to be in September (1.6 mm). Average monthly evaporation totals in the analysed period (2001–2014) ranged from 49.1 mm (September) to 86.1 mm (July). The absolute lowest monthly evaporation total in the analysed period was measured in September 2002 (34.4 mm), on the other end of the scale, the absolute highest monthly evaporation in the period of interest was measured in August 2003 (114.5 mm). Statistics of annual data show that out of the 14 years analysed, the lowest evaporation was observed in 2005 (263.5 mm), while the highest in 2007 (426.1 mm). Average annual (May-September) evaporation for the 14 years is 355.0 mm. The trend in evaporation for May and August is negative, in the other months it is positive. The largest change was seen in July, where the linear index value is +1.555. However, the trends in monthly values are not statistically significant.
Boric acid modified starch polyvinyl alcohol matrix for slow release fertilizer
Authors: Lum Yip-Hing , Shaaban Azizah , Mohamad Noraiham , Dimin Fairuz , Yatim Norazlina Mohamad
Published: February 2016

The slow release urea fertilizer was prepared by the boric acid crosslinked starch/polyvinyl alcohol (SPB) matrix as biodegradable carrier material. Using a two level factorial design of experiment, a comprehensive understanding of the concentration of boric acid, reaction time and heating temperature in the preparation of SPB matrix was obtained. The swelling ratio, release profile of urea in water, and crushing strength were selected as the response. The interaction between the variables and response was analyzed using the ANOVA model. The system was confirmed using the constant determination, R2 with values above 0.99. The high concentration of boric acid with a prolonged reaction time at high temperature gave relative good results of swelling ratio, dissolution rate of urea and crushing strength. In the 28-day soil incubation experiment, the retention of exchangeable ammonium ion ${\rm{(NH}}_4^ + )$ was significant higher in SPB urea as compared to pure urea. There was a potential for SPB matrix to improve nitrogen efficiency by increasing the accumulation of exchangeable ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ and decreasing the dissolution rate of urea in the flooded condition.
Adolescent pesticide exposures reported to Texas poison centers
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Bojes Heidi
Published: February 2016

Background: Pesticides, particularly when misused, can cause serious morbidity and mortality. There is limited literature on pesticide exposures among adolescents.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe adolescent pesticide exposures reported to poison centers and compare them to adult exposures.

Subjects: Pesticide exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 2000–2013 where the patient was age 13 years or greater.

Methods: Cases were divided into adolescents (13–19 years) and adults (20 years or more). The distribution of the cases was determined for various factors, and comparisons were made between the two age groups.

Results: There were 2772 adolescent and 33,573 adult pesticide exposures. The most common types of pesticide among adolescent and adult cases, respectively, were insecticides (71% vs. 76%), herbicides (6% vs. 9%), repellents (11% vs. 8%), and rodenticides (10% vs. 5%). Adolescent patients were 56% male and 43% female; adult patients were 45% male and 55% female. The most common exposure routes among adolescent and adult cases, respectively, were dermal (29% vs. 38%), inhalation (22% vs. 33%), ingestion (47% vs. 29%), and ocular (14% vs. 13%). The exposure reason for adolescent and adult exposures, respectively, were unintentional (82% vs. 89%), intentional (13% vs. 7%), adverse reaction (2% vs. 3%), and other/unknown (3% vs. 1%).

Conclusion: Compared to adult exposures, adolescent pesticide exposures were more likely to involve repellents and rodenticides, involve males, occur by ingestion, and be intentional.
Green Approach for Biodiesel Production from Jojoba Oil Supported by Process Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Abdelmoez Wael , Tayeb Aghareed M. , Mustafa Ahmad , Abdelhamid Mohamed
Published: February 2016

Currently the economics of biodiesel production is the main obstacle to its large-scale industrialization. The high cost is mainly due to the cost of the expensive feedstocks used in the production process. In the past years, researchers have studied several methods to reduce the production cost of biodiesel. One method involved replacing the edible oil feedstock with the non edible one such as Jojoba oil. In this research Jojoba oil was extracted by subcritical water technology to produce jojoba oil-based biodiesel. This represents a promising alternative route for cleaner and sustainable fuel production through transestrification reaction with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide. The transestrification reaction has been optimized in batch reactor with a molar ratio of 6:1 methanol to jojoba oil, using a concentration of 1.35 wt% potassium hydroxide and vigorous stirring of 600 rpm at different temperatures of 25, 40 and 50 °C. The obtained conversions under these conditions were 83, 87, and 95 % after 80, 50, and 25 min, respectively. Based on the obtained data, a complete design for the process was developed and optimized by using ASPEN HYSYS simulation software. The maximum expected yields of methyl jojoboate, jojobyl alcohol, and methanol recovery were found to be 99.14, 93.3 and 99.9 %, respectively.
Ketamine and the core symptoms of autism
Authors: Kastner Theodore , Walsh Kevin , Shulman Lisa , Alam Farah , Flood Samuel
Published: February 2016

Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behavioral syndrome characterized by (a) persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and (b) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. However, the etiology of autism in most cases remains unknown. Ketamine, an N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blocker, has been purported by some as a possible treatment for autism. This conclusion is premature. Here, we present a single case study in which a patient with a severe intellectual disability was said to have demonstrated a dramatic, albeit short-lived, remission of the core symptoms of autism following adventitious treatment with ketamine. Although this anecdote is encouraging, we argue that further analysis of ketamine as a treatment for autism is needed.
Quicklime application instantly increases soil aggregate stability
Authors: Keiblinger Katharina M. , Bauer Lisa M. , Deltedesco Evi , Holawe Franz , Unterfrauner Hans , Zehetner Franz , Peticzka Robert
Published: February 2016

Agricultural intensification, especially enhanced mechanisation of soil management, can lead to the deterioration of soil structure and to compaction. A possible amelioration strategy is the application of (structural) lime. In this study, we tested the effect of two different liming materials, ie limestone (CaCO3) and quicklime (CaO), on soil aggregate stability in a 3-month greenhouse pot experiment with three agricultural soils. The liming materials were applied in the form of pulverised additives at a rate of 2 000 kg ha−1. Our results show a significant and instantaneous increase of stable aggregates after quicklime application whereas no effects were observed for limestone. Quicklime application seems to improve aggregate stability more efficiently in soils with high clay content and cation exchange capacity. In conclusion, quicklime application may be a feasible strategy for rapid improvement of aggregate stability of fine textured agricultural soils.
Susceptibility to Ulcerative Colitis and Genetic Polymorphisms of A251G SOD1 and C-262T CAT
Authors: El-Kheshen Gadier , Moeini Maryam , Saadat Mostafa
Published: February 2016

Background: Reactive oxygen species can attack and damage almost every molecule found in living cells, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and DNA. For this reason, their production is normally tightly controlled. Among the most important defenses against these radicals are the super oxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes and catalase (CAT). In creasing attention has been given to the role of reactive oxygen metabolites in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), which is defined as an idiopathic and chronic intestinal inflammation. Accordingly, we hypothesized a relation between genetic polymorphisms in the two antioxidant enzymes SOD1 A251G (rs2070424) and CAT C-262T (rs1001179) and the risk of UC.

Methods: The present case-control study included 109 UC patients (46 males and 50 females) and 186 (67 males and 119 females) gender-matched healthy controls. Genotyping was done by the PCR-RFLP method.

Results: After adjusting for age and gender, a significant association was observed between the AG+GG genotypes of SOD1 A251G polymorphism (vs. AA genotype) and risk of UC (OR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.10-0.86, P= 0.025) after adjusting for age and gender. Our statistical analysis revealed that the CAT C-262T polymorphism did not associate with the risk of UC before and/or after adjusting for age and gender.

Conclusions: Based on the present statistical analysis, the G allele of the SOD1 A251G polymorphism decreases the risk of UC, thus it might be assumed that the G allele has a protective role.
Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Marks Brynn E. , Doyle Daniel A.
Published: February 2016

The widespread use of supplemental vitamin D has dramatically reduced the incidence of rickets. While generally considered a safe practice, there is potential for toxicity in patients with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH). Inadequate 24-hydroxylase-enzyme activity renders these individuals unable to degrade active vitamin D, resulting in hypercalcemia due to increased intestinal calcium absorption, decreased renal calcium excretion, and increased osteoclastic bone activity. Clinicians should be aware that even therapeutic doses of vitamin D can prove harmful for patients with
Crystal structure of 2-amino-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide, C14H14N2O2
Authors: Mabkhot Yahia Nasser , Barakat Assem , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: February 2016

C14H14N2O2, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.5536(9) Å, b = 5.0730(3) Å, c = 17.6641(12) Å, β = 100.448(2)°, V = 1194.40(13) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.046, wR(F
2
) = 0.125, T = 100 K.
Physical Fitness of Girls Practising Acrobatic and Trampoline Gymnastics Compared to that of Girls Practising other Sports in the Subcarpathian Province Team
Authors: Seredyński Antoni , Polak Ewa
Published: February 2016

Introduction.
The aim of this study was to determine the level of overall physical fitness of girls from the Subcarpathian Province Team (SPT) who practise acrobatic and trampoline gymnastics and compare it to that of other members of the SPT. A comparative analysis of the subjects’ physique was also performed.

Material and methods.
The study was conducted on 175 female subjects who were members of the SPT in the youth and juniors categories. They were divided into three groups: 19 trampoline gymnasts, 35 acrobatic gymnasts, and 121 athletes practising other disciplines (named the SPT group). Overall physical fitness was determined using the International Physical Fitness Test (IPFT). The Body Mass Index, Rohrer’s index, and Ponderal index were calculated on the basis of anthropometric measurements. The obtained data were analysed statistically. In order to determine the statistical significance of differences in the results for each group, ANOVA variation analysis and Tukey’s HSD test were carried out.

Results and conclusions.
The athletes practising acrobatic and trampoline gymnastics had lower body height, lower body mass, and a slimmer physique than the girls from the SPT who performed other sports. However, it is not possible to clearly determine whether these differences were the result of practising a particular sports discipline. Compared to the SPT athletes practising other sports, the acrobats presented a higher level of overall fitness (apart from grip strength). This was evidenced by the higher scores they achieved for the IPFT (total number of points), trunk flexibility, shoulder muscle strength, and abdominal muscle strength. The fitness level of the trampoline gymnasts was similar to that of the SPT athletes who practised other sports (with better scores for trunk flexibility and lower ones for grip strength). The fitness profiles of the acrobatic and trampoline gymnasts were similar, and the group of acrobats achieved significantly higher scores only in trunk flexibility.
Analysis of the Possibility of Disseminating the “Game-Movement-Development” Approach in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Jera Gregorc , Meško Maja
Published: February 2016

Introduction.
The “game-movement-development” (GMD) approach was conceived in the light of contemporary scientific knowledge in the field of kinesiology, neuro-education, pedagogy, and psychology related to the pre-school period. The approach has been implemented for over 15 years in a selected kindergarten. The aim of the study was to examine the feasibility of applying the new GMD approach in different kindergartens depending on the children’s age and according to selected quality indicators.

Material and methods.
We employed an experimental pedagogical exploratory method on a sample of 30 preschool teacher assistants who were employed in 30 kindergartens located in Slovenia. The sample also included a group of 512 children, who were divided into two subgroups: 318 (62%) of them were from an older age group (3-6 years old) and 194 (38%) of them were from a younger age group (1-3 years old). All the children were involved in a project with the same theme. The educators implemented it according to the principles of the approach presented in the article. Three types of variables were used to determine the effectiveness, advantages, and weaknesses of the approach.

Results.
A detailed analysis of the projects, semi-structured interviews, and surveys that were completed showed that both age groups adapted quickly to the new approach, especially the younger group of children. Different methods (e.g. that of using educational games), which involve the educator’s participation in the game as a team-mate, made it possible for all of the children to be rapidly integrated into the game and to choose how to move within its rules. However, the educators surveyed believed that they lacked knowledge concerning child development and that they needed more time to understand the new approach, more systematic assistance, and immediate feedback.

Conclusions.
The research showed that the approach was effective in its essence for all age groups of children. The disadvantages of the approach are primarily related to the need to amend teachers’ subjective theories of learning, which requires a longer time.
Viability of Selected Microorganisms in Non-Cytotoxic Aseptic Preparations
Authors: Sarakbi Iman , Heeb Rita , Thiesen Judith , Krämer Irene
Published: February 2016

: Numerous ready-to-use parenteral solutions are aseptically prepared in pharmacy-based aseptic preparation units. Microbiological stability of the preparations is influenced by the cleanroom environment, the complexity of the aseptic process, conditions during administration and the microbiological vulnerability of the products.

: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of four different pathogens related to hospital infections to grow in ready-to-use, non-cytotoxic parenteral products aseptically prepared in hospital pharmacies.

: In four consecutive series the antimicrobial activity of the following products was tested: caspofungin 35 mg or 70 mg in 250 mL 0.9 % NaCl solution (NS), micafungin 0.5 mg/mL in NS, vancomycin 5 mg/mL in G5/G10, heparin-sodium 1 IE/mL in NS, epinephrine 0.02 mg/mL in G5, norepinephrine 0.01 mg/mL in G5, phenylephrine 0.1 mg/mL, KCl solution 0.8 mmol/mL, trace elements 1:1 in G5/G10, midazolam 1 mg/mL injection solution, tranexamic acid 100 mg/mL injection solution, 50 % glucose solution, SMOFlipid 20 % lipid emulsion, 1 % propofol injection.

Nine milliliter aliquots of each test solution were inoculated with 1 mL suspension of selected strains, i. e.

: Most of the tested preparations induced no growth inhibition of the tested organisms. The selected strains lost viability in preparations containing vancomycin, phenylephrine or midazolam after a period of a few hours or days. Glucose 50 % w/v solution generated antimicrobial activity against

: The lack of antimicrobial properties of ready-to-use, non-cytotoxic solutions should be considered while determining the shelf-life of the products. Ready-to-use preparations should be kept refrigerated whenever possible to inhibit the multiplication of any contaminating organism.
Pronunciation Acquisition Patterns of Learners with Different Starting Levels
Authors: Smakman Dick , De France Thomas
Published: February 2016

This study described the results of an investigation into the effect of an intensive 12-week pronunciation course in British English which 30 Dutch female 1st-year university students of English took. They read out the same text before and after the course. Each student’s ‘before’ and ‘after’ tests were recorded. Before analysis of their results, students were split up into three groups on the basis of their general starting level: high, intermediate and low. The analysis involved a before- and after comparison of the pronunciation of eleven different phonemes: /æ, ɒ, ɔː, ʌ, ʊ, d, θ/, medial /t/, coda /r/, and syllable-final /d, v/.The analysis was done by means of both auditory and acoustic analysis. Four degrees of success (or lack thereof) were defined. The results show that the consonants required the least effort, as they were already relatively acceptable before the course started. This was true of students in general, regardless of initial starting level. The three levels of students are most distinguishable on the basis of the development of the consonants during the course. The weaker students’ consonants in particular benefitted from the course.The research revealed that initial level can be used to predict the trajectory of improvement. A general conclusion is that teachers may recognise types of students before the course starts and subject them to different types of teaching.
QWN-first-order Wick differential operators and an associated transport equation
Authors: Barhoumi Abdessatar , Rguigui Hafedh
Published: February 2016

We introduce a new notion of quantum white noise (QWN) first-order Wick differential operators with variable coefficients on the topological nuclear algebra ℒ(ℱθ(N'), ℱθ
*(N')) endowed with the Wick product and we give their chaos expansions in terms of the QWN-derivatives
{D

z

-, D

z

+ : z ∈ N}. We also study a generalized transport equation associated to a class of QWN-first-order Wick differential operators.
On the functional Hodrick–Prescott filter with non-compact operators
Authors: Djehiche Boualem , Hilbert Astrid , Nassar Hiba
Published: February 2016

We study a version of the functional Hodrick–Prescott filter in the case when the associated operator is not necessarily compact but merely closed and densely defined with closed range. We show that the associated optimal smoothing operator preserves the structure obtained in the compact case when the underlying distribution of the data is Gaussian.
HMM-Fisher: identifying differential methylation using a hidden Markov model and Fisher’s exact test
Authors: Sun Shuying , Yu Xiaoqing
Published: February 2016

DNA methylation is an epigenetic event that plays an important role in regulating gene expression. It is important to study DNA methylation, especially differential methylation patterns between two groups of samples (e.g. patients vs. normal individuals). With next generation sequencing technologies, it is now possible to identify differential methylation patterns by considering methylation at the single CG site level in an entire genome. However, it is challenging to analyze large and complex NGS data. In order to address this difficult question, we have developed a new statistical method using a hidden Markov model and Fisher’s exact test (HMM-Fisher) to identify differentially methylated cytosines and regions. We first use a hidden Markov chain to model the methylation signals to infer the methylation state as Not methylated (N), Partly methylated (P), and Fully methylated (F) for each individual sample. We then use Fisher’s exact test to identify differentially methylated CG sites. We show the HMM-Fisher method and compare it with commonly cited methods using both simulated data and real sequencing data. The results show that HMM-Fisher outperforms the current available methods to which we have compared. HMM-Fisher is efficient and robust in identifying heterogeneous DM regions.
Fourier Space Uncoupled Hartree–Fock Polarizabilities of One-Dimensionally Periodic Systems. Polyethylene and Polysilane Revisited
Authors: Fripiat Joseph G. , Champagne Benoît , Harris Frank E.
Published: February 2016

A method for the computation of electronic energies of stereoregular polymers is reviewed,
using a formulation that makes use of Fourier-representation techniques and the Ewald
procedure for accelerating the convergence of lattice sums. That method is in the present
work extended to include the computation of electric polarization at an “uncoupled”
approximation at the level of second-order perturbation theory based on Hartree–Fock wave
functions, using the procedure of Blount and of Genkin and Mednis, as applied to polymers by
Barbier, Delhalle, and André. The extension requires computation of the derivatives of Fock
matrix elements with respect to the Bloch-wave parameter k, and an effficient numerical
procedure for evaluating these derivatives is described here. The computational procedures
are incorporated in the authors' ft-1d program, and the new features of that
program are validated by reexamining the band structures of polyethylene and polysilane. The
results are consistent with the older work on these systems, but exhibit more computational
efficiency and greater achievable accuracy.
Testing of Badminton-Specific Endurance
Authors: Madsen Christian M. , Højlyng Mads , Nybo Lars
Published: February 2016

Madsen, CM, Højlyng, M, and Nybo, L. Testing of badminton-specific endurance. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2582–2590, 2016—In the present study, a novel intermittent badminton endurance (B-ENDURANCE) test was developed and tested in elite (n = 17) and skilled (n = 9) badminton players and in age-matched physically active men (nonbadminton players; n = 8). In addition, B-ENDURANCE test-retest reproducibility was evaluated in 9 badminton players. The B-ENDURANCE test is an incremental test where each level consists of repeated sequences of badminton-specific actions toward the 4 corners of the court. The subject starts in the center of the court in front of a computer screen and within each sequence, he must, in a randomized order, complete 8 actions as dictated by the computer, providing the audiovisual input and verifying that the appropriate sensor is activated within the allocated time. Recovery time between each sequence is 10 seconds throughout the test, but the time to complete each sequence is gradually decreased until the subjects cannot follow the dictated tempo. The B-ENDURANCE test performance for elite players was better (p ≤ 0.05) compared with the skilled players and nonbadminton players. In addition, the B-ENDURANCE test performance correlated (r = 0.8 and p < 0.0001) with elite players' national single rankings. Test-retest coefficient of variation was 7.9% between the first 2 trials (i.e., without a familiarization trial) but reduced to 2.5% when comparing the second and third trials. In conclusion, the B-ENDURANCE test is relevant for the evaluation of badminton-specific endurance but at least 1 familiarization trial is recommended if the test is used for evaluation of longitudinal changes, e.g., tracking training effects.
Whole Body Vibration Immediately Decreases Lower Extremity Loading During the Drop Jump
Authors: Chen Zong-Rong , Peng Hsien-Te , Siao Sheng-Wun , Hou Yan-Ting , Wang Li-I
Published: February 2016

Chen, Z-R, Peng, H-T, Siao, S-W, Hou, Y-T, and Wang, L-I. Whole body vibration immediately decreases lower extremity loading during the drop jump. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2476–2481, 2016—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of whole body vibration (WBV) on lower extremity loading during the drop jump (DJ). Fifteen male collegiate physical education students randomly completed 3 experimental sessions on 3 separate days with 4 days interval between sessions (performing 3 trials of DJ from 30-, 40-, and 50-cm drop heights before WBV and 4 minutes after WBV). Eight cameras and 2 force platforms were used to record kinematic and kinetic data, respectively. Peak impact force and loading rate significantly decreased after WBV during DJ from 40 and 50 cm. Knee angular displacements significantly increased after WBV during DJ from 30, 40, and 50 cm. Whole body vibration may help immediately reduce lower extremity loading.
Utilization of Practice Session Average Inertial Load to Quantify College Football Injury Risk
Authors: Wilkerson Gary B. , Gupta Ashish , Allen Jeff R. , Keith Clay M. , Colston Marisa A.
Published: February 2016

Wilkerson, GB, Gupta, A, Allen, JR, Keith, CM, and Colston, MA. Utilization of practice session average inertial load to quantify college football injury risk. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2369–2374, 2016—Relatively few studies have investigated the potential injury prevention value of data derived from recently developed wearable technology for measurement of body mass accelerations during the performance of sport-related activities. The available evidence has been derived from studies focused on avoidance of overtraining syndrome, which is believed to induce a chronically fatigued state that can be identified through monitoring of inertial load accumulation. Reduced variability in movement patterns is also believed to be an important injury risk factor, but no evidence currently exists to guide interpretation of data derived from inertial measurement units (IMUs) in this regard. We retrospectively analyzed archived data for a cohort of 45 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1-football bowl subdivision football players who wore IMUs on the upper back during practice sessions to quantify any associations between average inertial load measured during practice sessions and occurrence of musculoskeletal sprains and strains. Both the coefficient of variation for average inertial load and frequent exposure to game conditions were found to be strongly associated with injury occurrence. Having either or both of the 2 risk factors provided strong discrimination between injured and noninjured players (χ
2 = 9.048; p = 0.004; odds ratio = 8.04; 90% CI: 2.39, 27.03). Our findings may facilitate identification of individual football players who are likely to derive the greatest benefit from training activities designed to reduce injury risk through improved adaptability to rapidly changing environmental demands.
O acervo fotográfico de Luis Szczerbowski: fragmentos da memoria.
Authors: Lima Soeli Regina
Published: February 2016

Este ensaio tem por objetivo apresentar parte do acervo fotográfico da Luís Szczerbowski, composto por 28 fotografias inéditas, das primeiras décadas do século XX, entre outras já divulgadas sobre a Southem Brazil Lumber and Colonization Company.