bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experiment to Enhance the Reporting of Drug Use by Arrestees
Authors: Wish Eric D. , Gray Thomas , Sushinsky Jonathan , Yacoubian George S. , Fitzgerald Nora
Published: November 2015

Findings from the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Program indicate that many arrestees underreport recent drug use. An experiment was undertaken to determine whether modifying DUF data collection procedures could enhance self-reporting without adversely affecting study response rates. A 2×2 factorial design was used to assess the effects of two manipulations. The first experimental condition involved administering either the standard DUF informed consent or an enhanced consent that told the arrestees more about the confidential nature of the research and the capabilities of urinalysis. The second condition involved collecting the urine specimen either before or after the interview was administered. A total of 2,009 Cleveland, Detroit, and Houston arrestees were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental cells. Findings indicate that: 1) none of the experimental conditions affected the interview and urine response rates; 2) whether an arrestee received the standard or enhanced informed consent did not affect self-reported drug use; and 3) while some comparisons indicated that the urine-first condition raised the rates of self-reporting, these differences were not found in more than one site. Implications for arrestee cooperation rates and the potential usefulness of asking for a urine specimen and analyzing it prior to the interview are discussed.
Drug Screening: A Comparison of Urinalysis Results from Two Independent Laboratories
Authors: Riley K. Jack , Lu Natalie T. , Taylor Bruce G.
Published: November 2015

Urinalysis for detection of drug abuse is widely used in pre-employment screening and correctional administration. Substantial protocols have been developed in these applications of drug testing to minimize the impact of any given vendor on results. Much less documentation exists for epidemiological drug testing programs such as the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. This paper explores the impact that changes in laboratory vendors and data collection methods have on drug testing results. Here, we report the findings from a comparison study. The project was designed to determine the consistency of the urinalysis results when the same urine specimens were analyzed by two independent laboratories.
Extramural Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse: Funding, Interests, and Public Policy
Authors: Rogers James M.
Published: November 2015

Increased attention to drug abuse in the late 1980s led to large increases in funding for research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. There was some expectation that new knowledge and improved technology would help shift the drug control focus away from law enforcement and toward treatment and prevention. The Institute and her primary research constituency of medical schools and universities responded with an important new emphasis on applied research focused on pressing social and medical problems. However, when public attention to drug abuse decreased in the mid 1990s, research sponsorship and activity reverted somewhat to its traditional concern with several areas of basic medical research relevant to but somewhat removed from the immediate needs of treatment and prevention programs. Advocates of demand side alternatives are left to wait for a medical breakthrough amidst a modest but steady stream of incremental research contributions to practice.
Nicotine as an Addictive Substance: A Critical Examination of the Basic Concepts and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Atrens Dale M.
Published: November 2015

The present review is a critical analysis of the concepts behind and the empirical data supporting the view that tobacco use represents an addiction to nicotine. It deals with general aspects of the notion of addiction, while concentrating on specific problems associated with incorporating nicotine into current frameworks. The notion of addiction suffers from unprecedented definitional difficulties. The definitions offered by various authorities are very different, even contradictory. Definitions that reasonably include nicotine are so broad and vague that they allow many trivial things, such as salt, sugar, and watching television, to be considered addictive. Definitions that exclude the trivia also exclude nicotine. The addiction hypothesis, in general, is strongly shaped by views that certain drugs bring about a molecular level subversion of rationality. The main human evidence for this is verbal reports of smokers who say that they can't quit. On the other hand, the existence of many millions of successful quitters suggests that most people can quit. Some smokers don't quit, but whether they can't is another matter. The addiction hypothesis would be greatly strengthened by the demonstration that any drug of abuse produces special changes in the brain. It has yet to be shown that any drug produces changes in the brain different from those produced by many innocuous substances and events. The effects of nicotine on the brain are similar to those of sugar, salt, exercise, and other harmless substances and events. Apart from numerous conceptual and definitional inadequacies with the addiction concept in general, the notion that nicotine is addictive lacks reasonable empirical support. Nicotine does not have the properties of reference drugs of abuse. There are so many findings that conflict so starkly with the view that nicotine is addictive that it increasingly appears that adhering to the nicotine addiction thesis is only defensible on extra-scientific grounds.
A Methodology for Reducing Respondent Duplication and Impersonation in Samples of Hidden Populations
Authors: Heckathorn Douglas D. , Broadhead Robert S. , Sergeyev Boris
Published: November 2015

A dilemma arises for researchers who sample hidden populations, such as injection drug users (IDUs), and use financial incentives to recruit respondents. To prevent respondent duplication (a subject participates in a study multiple times by using different identities) and respondent impersonation (a subject assumes the identity of other respondents), researchers must confirm their subjects' identities. Documentation, however, introduces sampling bias against those who lack such identification, or who wish to remain anonymous. Definitive forms of identification like photography and fingerprints introduce a bias against the more distrustful members of the population, and scanner-based biometrics can be expensive. Most research projects therefore rely on staff to recognize former respondents, but staff turnover and a large number of respondents compromise accuracy. We describe and assess quantitatively the accuracy of a method for subject identification based on a statistical principle, the interchangeability of indicators, in which multiple weak indicators combine to form a stronger aggregate measure. The analysis shows that observable indicators of identity (scars, birthmarks, tattoos, eye color, ethnicity, and gender) and five biometric measures (height, forearm lengths, and wrist widths) provide the basis for a reliable and easily administered method for subject identification.
Open Marginality: Heroin Epidemics in Different Groups
Authors: Agar Michael , Reisinger Heather Schacht
Published: November 2015

As part of a project to explain heroin use trends, a concept of “open marginality” is created to highlight how different groups impacted by heroin epidemics have a common historical experience. A reading of the history of epidemics in the U. S., together with the authors' work on two epidemics in the Baltimore region, demonstrate the diversity of groups who have been “at risk‘ over the years. The concept is integrated with related work in the drug field, especially the ideas of Winick, Singer, and Grund. An analysis of cases shows that such groups experience a rapid and unexpected change, such that a gap between expectations and reality opens up, a gap that is taken up in national public discourse.
A Preference for Mephedrone: Drug Markets, Drugs of Choice, and the Emerging “Legal High” Scene
Authors: Mcelrath Karen , Van Hout Marie Claire
Published: November 2015

This study focuses on individuals’ preferences for mephedrone, a new psychoactive substance that has emerged in several countries. We examine the reasons for mephedrone preferences, and describe the positive and negative effects of the drug experience, route of administration and consumers’ views about the legality of mephedrone. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 45 adults who had used mephedrone since January 2010. Respondents resided in one of two jurisdictions that were characterized by different legislative controls over mephedrone. The findings suggest the importance of macro-level drug market factors that shaped people's preferences for mephedrone. Additionally, respondents’ preferences were guided by pharmacological properties that helped them conceal the effects of mephedrone in public and semi-public spaces. Respondents were not deterred by the (impending) change from legal to illicit drug. The findings have implications for the study of localized drug markets, and in particular, legislative controls over emerging legal highs.
Risk Factors and the Duration of Homelessness among Drug-Using Arrestees: Evidence from 30 American Counties
Authors: Myrstol Brad A. , Fitzpatrick Kevin M.
Published: November 2015

We examined risk factors influencing length of homelessness among a sample of drug-using adults booked into jails in 30 American counties during the years 2002–2003. Interviews were conducted with 30,634 arrestees. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) explored the impact of arrestees’ drug use histories, prior experiences with alcohol and drug treatment, prior mental health experiences, and previous criminal justice experiences on membership in one of three housing stability categories. MLR results showed that, in comparison to the sporadic homeless, the persistent homeless were a demographically distinct group with significant social and human capital deficits and distinct health risk profiles, including drug use behavior, mental health status, and criminal offending. We argue that jails are well positioned to serve as a focal point for the delivery of public health and psychiatric services to homeless persons.
Structural Impediments in Rehabilitation Programs for Drug Addicts
Authors: O'Connor Gerald
Published: November 2015

State and federal drug abuse rehabilitation programs especially those dealing with paroled ex-addicts are generally established upon a social control orientation. A halfway house program based on such assumptions is analyzed to illustrate the structural barriers to treatment and service fostered by this orientation. A more balanced approach is suggested, one which would incorporate a social change perspective along with social control, and specific recommendations are outlined to operationalize this approach.
Drug Abuse: A Family Affair?
Authors: De Forest John William , Roberts Thomm Kevin , Hays J. Ray
Published: November 2015

This investigation compares interpersonal behavior patterns of mothers of adolescent drug abusers with a comparison group of mothers reporting no drug abuse in their families. The Interpersonal System developed by Leary (8) was used in comparing 31 mothers of drug abusers at the Texas Research Institute's Drug Abuse Clinic with a group of mothers matched for age, education, ethnic background, and socio-economic status. The drug abuse mothers emerged as significantly more disidentified with their own mothers. Also, they described their husbands as significantly more critical and arrogant than did the control group. The drug abuse mothers described their children as significantly more resentful and bitter. Therapeutic and future research implications were suggested.
A Quantum Leap toward 1984
Authors: O'Brien William B.
Published: November 2015

At the 1973 meeting of the International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence, held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Msgr. William B. O'Brien, President, Daytop Village, Inc., delivered a paper on the subject, “1984 and the latrongenic Drug Abuse Pandemic.” Prepared for a professional international audience, it is that paper which is herein recast for the general readership.
The Community as a Therapeutic Milieu
Authors: Kiley Daniel F. , Huberty David J.
Published: November 2015

In drug treatment in the past 15 years, the phrase “therapeutic community” referred to small communal groups of recovering addicts who had banded together for the purpose of helping each other stay drug-free and learn responsible living. The concept of the “other therapeutic community” is the city - its agencies, businesses, courts, and people … all those significant in the addict's life. When necessary parts of the community are coordinated they are structured into a therapeutic milieu.

This paper presents a workable theoretical framework for developing the other therapeutic community and illustrates how the authors, over a period of three years' work with addicts, integrated a large midwest community into a treatment system for addict rehabilitation.
Anatomy of a Revolution: Law, Change, and the Public Inebriate
Authors: Manos Stephen S.
Published: November 2015

Public intoxication, once a crime in virtually all states, is now being decriminalized by an increasing number of jurisdictions. The transition from a criminal justice model to a civil model is a legislated revolution. The old model existed because the public intoxication laws served to isolate and punish undesirables, confirm social norms, and provide a form of social welfare for the hapless. The new model, a social welfare model, favoring voluntary treatment and rehabilitation, reflects views that the old system was ineffective and that society can afford a humanitarian ethic. Whether the intentions of the new model will be realized remains an open question. The new model may be subverted by old goals and new problems. The outcome of the revolution is thus in doubt.
Public Intoxication and Criminal Justice
Authors: Clarke S. George
Published: November 2015

Since the mid 1930's there has been an accelerating growth in understanding the nature and scope of alcohol abuse, and a modest increase in resources to combat it. Although, as early as 1869, a significant court decision held that alcoholism could be viewed as an illness, It was not until the second half of the 1960s that the next such findings, this time by Federal courts, set the course of continuing action to take alcoholism out of the criminal justice system and place it under the aegis of health care.

The status of alcoholism legislation in thirty-eight states is examined, based on their resonse to a survey questionnaire and other data provided by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alternate treatment systems, developed and tested by the Ontario Addictions Foundation, provide background to the treatment systems which have emerged in most states which have decriminalized public intoxication.
Categories of Ownership and Responsibility in Social Issues: Alcohol Abuse and Automobile Use
Authors: Gusfield Joseph
Published: November 2015

The case of alcohol abuse and automobile accidents illustrates the moral and political nature of social problems. Knowledge about the causation of automobile accidents is socially organized to document and confirm an image of the alcohol-impaired driver as a public threat. This individualistic definition of the causation of automobile accidents is sustained by various organizations and agencies which claim “ownership” of this social problem and assume political responsibility for its control. Rather than taking the preveiling conceptions of causality and responsibility for granted, consideration of alternative frameworks for defining public problems is an important task for sociological analysis as well as a promising means for policy change.
Drug Advertising Should Be Banned: Utah's Approach
Authors: Jensen Gary F. , Christiansen Robert L.
Published: November 2015

“Drug advertising through the media is responsible for shaping public attitudes toward acceptance of chemical ingestion as a means of resolving problems of everyday living.” This article documents the results of a general population incidence and prevalence survey on the use and abuse of prescribed and over-the-counter medications in Utah. It describes one state's decision and strategy to ban drug advertising from the media.
Oregon Marijuana Decriminalization the Moral Question
Authors: Titus Herbert W.
Published: November 2015

Not so long ago, while still Oregon's Governor, Tom McCall spent time travelling across the United States telling folks the “Oregon Story.” Featured in his many messages was Oregon's enlightened approach to the problem of roadside litter, the now-famous “Oregon bottle bill.” Following close on his heels, Lane County prosecutor, district attorney J. Pat Horton, has broadcast another bit of modern Oregana, the equally famous “Oregon marijuana bill.” Although some natives have expressed misgivings about any national advertisement of Oregon virtue, most have welcomed these contributions. And whatever position one takes on these matters, no Oregonian will deny that Oregon's place in America is made unique by its bottle and marijuana laws. Where, but in Oregon, is it possible to threaten a supermarket store manager with a $1,000 fine and a year in jail if he dares sell even one bottle of beer without that bottle having a refund value of at least two cents but, at the same time, to threaten a hippie hitchhiker with only a $100 fine if he carries his “pot” in small amounts.

In this article I sketch the origin of both of these laws in past Oregon legislatures and then I note the present impact that each law has had in the state. In a final section, I present the moral questions linking the future of the Oregon bottle and marijuana laws.
Drug Abuse Research: Some Personal Observations
Authors: Blum Richard H.
Published: November 2015

In this very personal article the author shares with us some of the lessons he has learned about drugs, drug abuse research and people during the course of his career in drug abuse research and in living among us.
Alcoholism Programs in Unionized Work Settings: Problems and Prospects in Union-Management Cooperation
Authors: Trice Harrison M. , Hunt Richard E. , Beyer Janice M.
Published: November 2015

This paper explores the vital role of unions in job-based alcoholism programs, pointing out the inevitable involvement of unions where they are duly authorized as legitimate representatives of employees. Consequently it is essential that unions be realistically involved in job-based policies and programs. This, however, has typically not been the case. On the other hand, this state of affairs is rapidly changing, and the present paper examines the problems and payoffs involved in union-management cooperation and joint effort. Specific attention is paid to the concern of labor unions about the strategy of constructive confrontation, indicating how this strategy must be adapted to the legitimate concerns of unions.

In addition union initiated and collectively bargained programs are examined, and the role of arbitration and the labor arbitrator is analyzed, pointing out the possibility that the psychodynamics of alcoholism may lead to the employee playing his grievance rights against management. In this connection some of the concerns of numerous members of the labor movement about the “broadbrush” pro grams are listed; and the relationship between unions and the treatment community is described. Finally a review of extant data about the involvement of labor unions is presented, pointing out its scarcity.
Drug Politics Theory: Analysis and Critique
Authors: Himmelstein Jerome L.
Published: November 2015

The last decade has seen the flourishing of drug politics theory. Rooted existentially in the political and cultural radicalism of the late 1960s and theoretically in the societal reaction perspective on deviance, it took off from the specific controversy over marihuana to pose the general question of what conditions determine the legal and moral statuses of the use of various psychoactive drugs. True to its theoretical lineage, it has concluded that how a society reacts to drug use has less to do with the drug itself than the factors of class, status, and power in the social context in which use occurs. Put more simply, it has asserted that drug controls are largely efforts by powerful social groups to oppress powerless social groups.

In the last few years, drug politics theory has developed progressively more sophisticated specifications of this basic assertion. It is about time, therefore, to evaluate how well it has done.

Surveying the literature, we can conclude the following: First, drug politics theory is far more promising than any other approach to the question of the legal/moral statuses of drug use. Second, despite this, there are many kinds of drug controls that it simply cannot explain. It may be relevant only to certain moralistic responses to drug use. Third, historically, powerful groups have just as often tried to promote drug use among powerless groups as to control it, which is difficult for drug politics theory to explain. Fourth, drug politics theory has yielded a vast ensemble of often conflicting assertions, rather than a coherent body of ideas. There is disagreement on where in the control process politics intrudes, what social groups are responsible for controls, and what the functions of the control process are. These differences, furthermore, are often not recognized by the theorists themselves.
The Federal Narcotics Bureaucracy and Drug Policy
Authors: Lindesmith Alfred R.
Published: November 2015

The author proposes that the problem of controlling and regulating the consumption of opiate-type and other kinds of drugs be removed from Federal jurisdiction and turned over to the states as was done with alcohol and is now quietly beginning to be done with marihuana. This proposal includes drastic reduction and redistribution of present Federal enforcement functions, especially of those that constitute duplication of effort and could more appropriately be handled by other agencies, state and Federal. A review of the past record of this enforcement bureaucracy indicates that it merits substantial dismemberment and that its elimination as a Washington lobbying power would create a more favorable environment for needed reform.
High School Students and the Use of Alcohol in a Rural Community: A Research Note
Authors: Globetti Gerald , Alsikafi Majecd , Morse Richard
Published: November 2015

This study reports on the drinking habits of a sample of white high school students who reside in a rural community that is the prototype of the abstinent tradition. The major impact of the rigid controls on alcohol use resulted in a surreptitious drinking style and several signs suggestive of problem drinking.
Social and Political Sources of Drug Effects: The Case of Bad Trips on Psychedelics
Authors: Bunce Richard
Published: November 2015

Bad trips occurring during psychedelic drug use are analyzed as social rather than pharmacological products. Survey data from psychedelic users show a dramatic decline in bad trips over the period from the mid-1960s through 1975. Several explanations of this phenomenon are considered. Neither pharmacological explanations nor explanations depending on the growth of supportive subcultures of psychedelic users are supported by the data. Instead an historical analysis of the political conflict that was fashioned around psychedelic use in the 1960s suggests that the terms of this conflict and the policy environment around psychedelics structured social experience with these drugs in such a way as to generate experiences defined as bad trips. By the mid-1970s the shift of social conflict away from psychedelic issues produced a corresponding decline in bad trips among new groups of users.
Treating Drug and Alcohol Abusers in the Same Facilities: Process and Implications
Authors: Greene Bradford T.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the characteristics of separate and consolidated drug/alcohol clinics and evaluates the treatment of their clients. Consolidation refers to the existence of an explicit policy of treating alcoholics in drug abuse clinics; treatment refers both to the treatments made available to the clients and to the outcome of these treatments. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in client level treatment process between separate and consolidated clinic level drug/alcohol treatment strategies. A total of 31,964 subjects from 267 drug abuse treatment facilities are studied by means of two way analysis of variance. The primary difference between separate and consolidated clinics is in the availability of services—clinics espousing a policy of treating both drug and alcohol subjects tend to offer a wider range of services than do clinics without such a policy. The data confirm the null hypothesis. Initial differences between the two types of clinics are explained by differences in characteristics—especially variations in the availability of services. The implications of these findings for administration and treatment are discussed.
Themes in Magazine Alcohol Advertisements: A Critique
Authors: Breed Warren , De Foe James R.
Published: November 2015

From a sample of 13 national magazines, each with the top circulation of its type, 454 alcohol advertisements were analyzed. Most prominent were ads with indirect appeals, associating the beverage with a desired outcome state—frequently a lifestyle. In order of frequency, these themes featured wealth-prestige-success, social approval, relaxation-leisure, hedonistic pleasure, exotic associations, individualistic behavior, and sex. The relationship between these values and the beverage was typically absent. Other appeals—direct, covert, and history-tradition-heritage—were also found. The ads are basically unrealistic and rest heavily on fantasy. A conceptual scheme for understanding the phenomena is presented, and several questions are posed for future policy considerations.
The Making of the Rolleston Report, 1908–1926
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: November 2015

British narcotic policy and its medical approach has long been of interest to those concerned with narcotic policy in America. This paper examines the influences which went to form the medical approach in the period 1908–1926. The Hague Convention of 1912 committed Britain to a more extensive system of domestic control than the professional regulation of sale established in the nineteenth century. Yet pre-war discussions of further legislation were limited in their scope. It was the effect of an apparent war time “emergency” in 1916 which brought stricter regulation and more active state intervention.

The early 1920s saw a Home Office attempt to extend this penal approach and to exclude the medical profession from the position it occupied over narcotics. Home Office regulations and government legislation emphasised the non-professional attitude. But the profession, addiction specialists in particular, defended its role; the Home Office found it impossible to operate its policy without medical validation. The 1926 Rolleston Report marked a compromise between two influential elites and a further stage in the incorporation of professional influence in the machinery of government.
Running High: Enkephalin Indicted
Authors: Pargman David , Baker Michele C.
Published: November 2015

The discovery of enkaphalin, an opiate peptide in the brain, has led to speculation as to its role in the occurrence of the phenomenon known as the “runner's high.” The authors review current research trends and develop hypothetical proposals regarding the relationship between enkephalin and the euphoric, consciousness altering experience, the “runner's high.”
A Factor Analytic Study of Emerging Work Styles among Occupational Alcoholism Program Consultants
Authors: Thomas Lisa A. , Roman Paul M.
Published: November 2015

A new occupation in the alcoholism field that has emerged in the last ten years is that of occupational alcoholism consultants (OPCs). A study of OPCs provided information on the degree to which an occupation has been “created.” Job activities of OPCs are the focus. Initially, differences were found in job activities between OPCs working at the state and local levels. State OPCs have greater diversity in their role activities while local OPCs are more involved in the “primary” activities of occupational programming. Factor analysis of the job activities uncovered work styles of the OPCs. Work styles for state OPCs involved program initiation, community organization, and expert consultation. The work of local OPCs centered around project administration, diffusion of information, and information seeking. In looking at correlates of work styles, employing organizations seem to be more important as facilitators of local OPCs' activities than of those of state OPCs. Greater work experience and supportive interaction with external groups make state OPCs less dependent on their employing organizations. Thus state OPCs may be further developed as an occupation than local OPCs, or different stages in the development of a single occupation may be represented.
The Inhumanity of Pain
Authors: de Marneffe Barbara R.
Published: November 2015

Intractable pain is one of the greatest problems facing the cancer patient today. Legally-prescribed analgesics in this country frequently do not alleviate the pain that is associated with terminal cancer. Medical personnel in this country frequently accept excruciating pain as a “natural” accompaniment of illness. The National Committee on the Treatment of Intractable Pain has recently petitioned Congress to move heroin into Schedule II, per the Comprehensive Drug Act. This would permit heroin to be used to treat pain in accordance with very careful governmental controls. Heroin, when used frequently and in small dosages, helps patients to reduce or eliminate pain, demand less pain relief, and be conscious of their surroundings rather than being sedated into oblivion. British experience suggests that heroin, when injected, provides for far greater pain relief than does morphine.
The Impact of Legal Coercion on the Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Fagan Ronald W. , Fagan Nancy Magnusson
Published: November 2015

Moral and empirical issues related to mandatory treatment are identified and discussed. A review of the literature reveals that research studies to date provide no sound empirical evidence to indicate that legal coercion is more effective than voluntarism for the court—referred patient. Critical variables for future study are identified and alternatives to legal coercion are proposed.
Women, Crime and Drugs
Authors: Silverman Ira J.
Published: November 2015

This paper is directed towards an examination of the relationship between substance abuse among women and related patterns of crime. Women are still primarily property offenders and juvenile offenders are still predominantly taken into custody for larceny/theft and running away from home. In contrast to males, female addicts are likely to be younger, white, and less dependent on illegal activities for income. Their choice of criminal activities is consistent with their skills and opportunities which explains their involvement in prostitution, larceny/theft, and drug sales. Estimates of the extent of female addict participation in prostitution as well as other offenses varies extensively because of the failure to clarify whether these figures refer to exclusive, primary, or secondary participation. Two typologies are examined to help clarify this question.
Users, Dealers, and Criminal Justice in Texas District Courts
Authors: White O Z , Lindquist John H.
Published: November 2015

Our goal was to examine drug and non drug offenses and within drug offenses possession and delivery offenses in terms of (1) social characteristics associated with the offenses and (2) treatment by the criminal justice process of offenses by four critical judicial events; seriousness of felony charged, bond status, disposition of the offense, and sentence. Social characteristics for drug and non drug offenses were more alike than different, even though it was very clear that the criminal justice process treated drug offenses quite differently than non drug offenses, and treated delivery differently than possession.
What is an Alcohol-Related Problem? (Or, What are People Talking about When They Refer to Alcohol Problems?)
Authors: Levine Harry Gene
Published: November 2015

A new public, official, and scientific discourse on alcohol has developed in the last 20 years. This discourse can he distinguished from previous concerns with “alcoholism” and “alcoholics,” first of all, by the key terms it uses to name the problems. The new focus is on “alcohol problems,” “alcohol-related problems” or “alcohol abuse.” The paper examines several significant examples of the new discourse with an interest in what, in fact, is being talked about and referred to by the terms. Like other observers of alcohol writing, this paper reports: that key terms have been defined vaguely and used ambiguously; that statements which sound authoritative and factual are often guesses, opinions, and ideology; and that different authorities use the central terms in wildly different ways.
Enhancing Adolescent Development via Family Intervention: A Filmography
Authors: Coombs Robert H. , Santana Felipe O. , Fawzy Fawzy I. , Murley Terry Martin
Published: November 2015

Youth problems have traditionally been addressed by intervention techniques that fail to recognize the family's potential for promoting healthy development among adolescents. A family strengthening program utilizing the principles of social learning theory teaches both parents and youth how to deal constructively rather than destructively with familial and social situations. A filmography of useful teaching aids, those illustrating specific behavioral techniques for parents and youth as well as those discussing the nature of family relationships, is highlighted here.
Gay Bars
Authors: Israelstam Stephen , Lambert Sylvia
Published: November 2015

The gay bar is the centre of social life for many homosexuals. Since drinking problems are reported to be greater among the homosexual population than the general public, a description of the gay bars is provided as a possible starting point for studying the problem. Using the available literature, an international and a North American gay bar guide, and ten years participant observation, we describe the bars and the drinking and other behaviours of their clientele.
The Medicalization of Alcoholism: Discontinuities in Ideologies of Deviance
Authors: Tournier Robert E.
Published: November 2015

Over the last few decades, there has been a progressive abandonment of a moral-deviance conception of alcoholism, and an acceptance of a more modern disease concept. In some respects this can be argued to be, in part, illusion, with the disease concept only shallowly covering older, less potentially therapeutic perspectives. The purposes of this paper, data for which are derived from research conducted on attitudes of alcohol and drug program professionals, are two-fold: first, to briefly examine the sociohistorical origins of the disease concept of alcoholism and of its ready acceptance at least among professionals; second, to explore the degree to which the disease concept has been accepted by those professionals, not simply on the level of affirmation, but on the level of an acceptance of its implications.
Current Social Thought on Alcohol and Marijuana: A Quantitative Exploration
Authors: Kail Barbara Lynn
Published: November 2015

Social thought on alcohol and drugs has undergone a process of medicalization in recent years. Now we see the possible emergence of a public health model, characterized by renewed concern with the substance alcohol and a systemic or ecological view of the user. Through a secondary analysis of data collected by L. Harris and Associates in 1974 for the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, this paper attempts to address the following questions: Is such a public health model present in current thought on alcohol? Is such a model present in current thought on marijuana or is this substance in the process of being medicalized? How closely linked are the public's perception of these two drugs?
The Agency Review System
Authors: Batten Robyn , Mellor Neil
Published: November 2015

The growth and diversification of alcohol and drug services and the increased demand for accountability of public monies, has stimulated the development of monitoring and review systems. This article describes the development and utilisation of an agency review system to monitor a broad range of alcohol and drug agencies. The review contains standard practices and indicators which identify and measure the quality of organisational structure and services. This is a developmental approach to agency review which emphasises the involvement of management and staff in a process evaluation of their agency. This system has been piloted in Victoria and its future implementation and its wider application is discussed.
Alienation and Alcohol Abuse: The Untested Dimensions
Authors: Simon David R.
Published: November 2015

Extant studies relating alcohol abuse and alienation are reviewed. Questions are raised concerning the emphasis on the psychological traits of samples characterized by high degrees of powerlessness and low, socioeconomic status. Such studies are further questioned on the basis of their assumption that alienation is a set of consciously held attitudinal variables and on the basis of their neglect of a host of structural issues thought to contribute to alienation. The issues of affective responses to alienation, propertylessness, intrinsic and extrinsic needs, job/work involvement, trust and organizational deviance, and inauthenticity within bureaucratic settings are discussed and suggestions for future studies are offered.
Case-Finding Vs. Right to Privacy: A General Dilemma Emerging from a Study of the Elderly
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Romaniec Jadzia
Published: November 2015

A recent study examining how outreach agencies respond to addictions problems among the elderly uncovered a general dilemma for potential case-finders, namely, the conflict between the worker's concern about the client's substance use and the clients right to privacy. This paper describes how the agencies surveyed were resolving the issue and offers some suggestions as to how the general dilemma can be addressed.
Modern Rescue Missions: A Survey of the International Union of Gospel Missions
Authors: Fagan Ronald W.
Published: November 2015

While the skid-row rescue mission has been an institution for over a century, modern missions are experiencing many changes. We conducted a survey of the International Union of Gospel Missions, the largest organization of missions in the United States. Missions still relied almost exclusively on private, individual contributions though some missions accepted state, federal, and United Way funds. The missions continued to offer “soap, sleep, soup, and salvation,” but they also offered medical care, psychological counseling, vocational training, benefits counseling, and alcoholism treatment. Most missions required attendance at a religious service to receive service including alcoholism treatment. About half of the missions had alcoholism treatment programs. Most of the programs used psychological counseling, but some programs also offered vocational training and Alcoholics Anonymous. Most of the programs were professionally staffed. The programs emphasized spiritual conversion as the key to successful rehabilitation. Many missions were serving new populations.
Love Relationships and Drinking among Gay Men
Authors: Weinberg Thomas S.
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses the interaction between alcohol use and love relationships among a sample of male homosexuals. Alcohol use is ubiquitous in the gay world, affecting couples as well as single men. Love relationships appear to reduce bar attendance, but do not necessarily affect alcohol consumption. Drinking may be encouraged through participation in a closed circle of coupled associates, through adoption of an “elegant” lifestyle, by involvement with an older, more sophisticated lover or with a partner who is a bartender. In addition, stresses and strains in a relationship, often the result of unclear role definitions and consequent power and equality issues, may increase drinking. Reductions in alcohol use were often the result of feeling secure in the relationship. Drinking, which is often encouraged, or at least not discouraged in the gay subculture, may lead to the dissolution of a couple.
Alcoholism Prevention and Black Youth
Authors: Dawkins Marvin P.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines forces internal and external to the black community which must be considered in developing alcoholism prevention strategies targeted to the needs of black youth. Norms and values which foster abusive drinking and a lack of awareness of the destructive impact of alcoholism are viewed as major internal forces, while the use of alcohol as a tool of oppression and racism is seen as the major external force which must be addressed. A call is made for the development of comprehensive, community-based efforts which emphasize primary intervention, mobilization of the major black institutions and involvement of black youth in planning and implementing alcoholism prevention measures.
Alcohol Use and Hispanic Youth: An Overview
Authors: Gilbert M. Jean , Alcocer Anthony M.
Published: November 2015

A review of recent, pertinent literature was conducted on the extent and nature of alcohol-related behavior among Hispanic adolescents. Problems related to the available literature included a lack of differentiation of major Hispanic subgroups, small and non-random samples and an over-emphasis on illicit drugs which tended to divert attention from drinking behavior. Onset and prevalence data indicated patterns of use somewhat similar to the general population. Most interesting, however, was the pattern of poly-substance abuse which develops early in adolescence and persists into the late adolescent years among both Hispanics and other youths. Further, problems related to alcohol use are evident among Hispanic youths. The literature indicated some relationship between alcohol use and family and peer factors.
Heavy Cocaine Use and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Macdonald Patrick T. , Waldorf Dan , Reinarman Craig , Murphy Sheigla
Published: November 2015

The research discussed here explores the sexual behavior of two hundred and twenty-eight heavy users of cocaine. Intensive, face-to-face, tape-recorded interviews with each user uncovered some interesting differences in sexuality among various user groups. Far example, male users were found to have greater levels of sexual enhancement from cocaine, than were female users. Another finding was that freebasers and snorters of the drug had similar levels of sexual impairment, while injectors experienced far worse levels of sexual dysfunction. The widespread mythology that cocaine is always a sexual aphrodisiac was certainly not confirmed by this research effort. It was found that there were a myriad of responses to the same dosage level of cocaine, depending, in part, upon the setting of the usage, as well as the background experiences of the user.
AIDS and IV Drug Use among Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Peterson John L. , Bakeman Roger
Published: November 2015

Blacks and Hispanics have a higher prevalence and incidence of cases of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) associated with intravenous (IV) drug use than do whites. Further transmission of the AIDS virus to sexual partners of IV drug users increases the possibility of a secondary epidemic of AIDS, especially among non-white females. This report presents data on differences in IV drug cases of AIDS among white and non-white IV drug users in the United States, offers possible explanations for differences in transmission patterns, and suggests the implications of these differences for the prevention of further transmission of the AIDS virus among minority populations.
Women and IV Drugs: Parenteral and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Cohen Judith B. , Hauer Laurie B. , Wofsy Constance B.
Published: November 2015

Most women diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the United States are either intravenous drug users (IVDUs) or sex partners of male IVDUs. Research that looks at “IVDUs with AIDS” as one category, and “women with AIDS” as another, may fail to provide adequate information about this specific subgroup. The authors summarize the results of several studies of the prevalence of HIV infection among IVDUs, and discuss the difficulty of estimating the number of women IVDUs, or partners of male IVDUs, infected with HIV. They consider differences between female and male IVDUs, and between women IVDUs and non-IVDUs, including economic status, pregnancy, and child-rearing responsibilities. They conclude with a series of policy recommendations concerning AIDS prevention and service programs targeting this specific population.
Impaired Small Town Physicians and Their Spouses
Authors: Estep Rhoda , Novack Joseph A. , Helsel Deborah G.
Published: November 2015

Based on the results of a self-administered questionnaire completed by 107 wives of physicians in a rural central California county, this exploratory study examines dimensions of the physician's work and family life associated with excessive use of alcohol. Avoiding the bias of the use of a treatment population, the study seeks to analyze the factors that are predictive of alcohol impairment in physicians' living and practicing in rural areas where role strain is increased. The stress theory's role in explaining alcohol abuse is explored. Several variables associated with increased probability of impairment are identified, including poor relationships with in-laws, extramarital affairs, the intrusion of business into family life, and excessive drinking by one's spouse. Further studies with larger samples are needed to elaborate on and confirm these initial findings.
Reaching the Impaired Professional: Applying Findings from Organizational and Occupational Research
Authors: Sonnenstuhl William J.
Published: November 2015

This paper argues that constructive confrontation strategy is an effective technique for identifying alcoholic and other troubled professionals. The research on constructive confrontation in work organizations and occupations is reviewed and applied to the professions. Currently, there is little empirical research on reaching the impaired professional; consequently, qualitative studies need to be undertaken in order to fully describe and understand how assistance programs actually work with impaired professionals.