bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Isatinylidenethiazol‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: De Kajal , Mukhopadhyay Chhanda
Published: June 2018

An efficient chromatography free one‐pot three‐component approach for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐5‐isatinylidenethiazol‐4‐one derivatives has been described by the reaction of substituted isatins, rhodanine and amines under environment benevolent condition. The reaction is facilitated in presence of heterogeneous ZnFe2O4 catalyst. The ZnFe2O4 catalyst has been synthesised and the catalyst has been thoroughly characterized by X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), High‐Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), N2‐adsorption and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis.
Synthesis of NiMoSO/rGO Composites Based on NiMoO4 and Reduced Graphene with High‐Performance Electrochemical Electrodes
Authors: Guan Xiao‐Hui , Lan Xue , Lv Xuan , Yang Liu , Wang Guang‐Sheng
Published: June 2018

NiMoO4/Ni3S2/MoS2 (NiMoSO) composites have been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process based on NiMoO4, and a series of NiMoSO/rGO with different weight rate of rGO were also prepared. The morphology, crystal structure and formation of the NiMoSO/rGO10% were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectra and TG analysis, revealing that the image of NiMoSO/rGO10% consists of numerous nanoparticles, a few nanorods with mesoporous nature and graphene with no the electrostatic restacking. The specific capacitance of the NiMoSO/rGO10% was 900 F⋅g–1 at the current density 1 A⋅g–1, and the capacitance retention of NiMoSO/rGO10% was 85.9% after 2000 cycles. NiMoSO/rGO10% hybrid exhibits a high specific capacitance accompanied with long term cyclic stability. Thus, the NiMoSO/rGO10% could be considered as prospective electrode material for high‐performance supercapacitors.
A New Facile Iodine‐Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydroquinazolinone Compounds
Authors: Setikam Praveen Kumar , Valavala Narayana Murthy , Komanduri Ravi Ganesh , Rapolu Venkateshwarlu , Golagani Srinivas Rao , Tadiparthi Krishnaji , Akula Raghunadh
Published: June 2018

A one‐pot iodine catalyzed reaction has been developed for the preparation of dihydroquinazolinones from isatoic anhydride, enaminones, and amines in modest to good yields. The reaction has been screened in various catalysts and solvents and a gram scale experiment has been performed based on the optimum conditions. A possible mechanism has been proposed based on the control experiments. The reaction has been checked with broad range of substrates.
Cu(I)/Ag(I)‐3‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐p,p’‐disulfonate Based Coordination Polymers: Synthesis, Structures and Photoluminescent Properties
Authors: Singh Suryabhan
Published: June 2018

Three new coordination polymers (CPs), namely [Cu2(pdtd)(bpy)2]n.12H2O (1), [Ag2(pdtd)(azpy)]n (2) and [Ag2(pdtd)]n (3) (where pdtd=3‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐p,p’‐disulfonate, bpy=4,4’‐bipyridine and azpy=4,4’‐azopyridine), have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, IR, UV‐vis, thermal studies and finally their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction technique. The single crystal structural studies reveal that CP 1 is one dimensional structure while, 2 and 3 are two dimensional structures. In case of CP 1 comprising of Cu(I), the sulfonate groups of pdtd ligand are free whereas in 2 and 3 having Ag(I), sulfonate groups of the ligand are bonded to the Ag(I) centres. The photoluminescent properties of all the three CPs have been studied in solid state. All the three CPs display strong emissions in visible region which are red shifted in comparison to the free ligand. The suspension of CP 3 is stable in organic solvents and show emission band similar to that solid state except in nitrobenzene.
Are Small Quasi‐Fullerenes Capable of Encapsulating Trimetallic Nitrides A3‐xBxN (A, B =Sc, Y, La,x=0‐3)? A DFT Study
Authors: Celaya Christian A. , Reina Miguel , Muñiz Jesús , Sansores Luis Enrique
Published: June 2018

The capacity of small quasi‐fullerenes (C48‐qand C60‐q, q stands for quasi) to encapsulate trimetallic nitride clusters; A3‐xBxN (A, B=Sc, Y, La,x=0‐3) was investigated by applying Density Functional Theory (DFT). Optimized geometries and the computation ofΔGformation energies,ΔΕHOMO‐LUMOenergy values, chemical potential, chemical hardness and aromaticity were all performed in order to understand chemical reactivity and thermal stability of these novel quasi‐metallofullerenes. Moreover, the donor‐acceptor properties of the quasi‐metallofullerenes systems compared to the bare quasi‐fullerene cages are also analyzed. Finally, to understand the effect of temperature at which quasi‐fullerenes could be subjected to,ab initiomolecular dynamics (MD) was also performed. The main conclusion of this report is that small quasi‐fullerenes are capable of encapsulating trimetallic nitride clusters, and that the donor‐acceptor properties are enhanced due to the presence of clusters.
Polydopamine/Cellulose Nanofibrils Composite Film as Potential Vehicle for Drug Delivery
Authors: Liu Yingying , Wang Qingbo , Shen Qianfeng , Wu Meiyan , Liu Chao , Zhang Yuedong , Yu Guang , Li Bin , Li Youming
Published: June 2018

Both cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and polydopamine (PDA) have attracted much attention due to their unique physical‐chemical properties and environmental benign nature. In this work, CNFs produced by 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) ‐mediated oxidation (named as TOCNFs) were combined with PDA to prepare a novel pH/near‐infrared‐responsive (NIR) PDA/TOCNFs composite film, which was used for drug delivery. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) was used as a model drug. Results indicated that the TH loaded in the PDA/TOCNFs composite films could be released in an on‐demand fashion under NIR exposure or at lower pH conditions, and the mechanism of drug release was mainly driven by Case‐II transport. The prepared PDA/TOCNFs composite film can be a promising new drug delivery vehicle for the sustained drug release applications, attributing to their long time period drug releasing property, sensitive pH/NIR responses, as well as their biodegradability and biocompatibility.
Ce3+‐Doped Polyaniline Hollow Microspheres as Electrode Material of Supercapacitor
Authors: Li Zhihua , Hu Jiankang , Li Yanbo , Liu Jun
Published: June 2018

Polyaniline (PANI) hollow microspheres were fabricated by self‐assembly method and further doped with cerium ions (Ce3+). The constitution and morphology of Ce3+‐doped PANI (PANI/Ce3+) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) etc. Furthermore, a 2016‐type buckle capacitor was assembled and PANI/Ce3+ was employed as electrode material. The electrochemical properties of PANI/Ce3+ capacitor were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanotatic charge‐discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and so on. The PANI/Ce3+ capacitor exhibited high specific capacitance and small resistance. The specific capacitance of PANI/Ce3+ was 248.2 F/g at current density of 1 mA/cm2.
Smartphone‐Assisted Colorimetric Detection of Cr3+ using Vitamin B6 Cofactor Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Its Applications in Real Sample Analyses
Authors: Upadhyay Yachana , Bothra Shilpa , Kumar Rajender , Sahoo Suban K.
Published: June 2018

This communication demonstrates a rapid, reproducible and highly selective colorimetric nanosensor for the detection of Cr3+ ions in aqueous medium using the functionalized gold nanoparticles. The functionalized AuNPs were obtained in three steps: (i) the citrate capped Cit‐AuNPs were prepared by standard procedure, (ii) the thiolated Schiff base CAPLP was generated in‐situ by reacting vitamin B6 cofactor pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate and cysteamine, and then (iii) the CAPLP was decorated over the surface of Cit‐AuNPs via ligand exchange method yielding spherical and well dispersed nanoparticles of size ∼16±2 nm. The wine red color of CAPLP‐AuNPs solution turned to purplish blue upon addition of Cr3+ ions along with the SPR band was red‐shifted from 525 nm to 650 nm due to the complexation‐induced aggregation of nanoparticles. With a high selectivity and specificity, this nano‐assembly shows the detection limit down to 2.34 μM and finds applicability over a wide range of pH. The developed nanosensor was applied in environmental water samples for Cr3+ ions detection and achieved ideal results. More significantly, the visually detectable color change of CAPLP‐AuNPs has been successfully integrated with a smartphone RGBColorValue app to make it useful for on‐site fast measurement and real‐time online analysis of Cr3+ with the detection limit down to 11 μM.
An Approach to P=N Bond Formation: Straightforward Synthesis of Arylurea‐Derived Phosphazenes via Condensation of Ph3P=O withN‐Monosubstituted Arylureas
Authors: Min Xiangting , Liu Jianhui
Published: June 2018

The Hendrickson's reagent‐mediated formation of the P=N bond provides access to arylurea‐derived phosphazenes compounds using readily availableN‐monosubstituted arylureas and Ph3P=O. Various functional groups were tolerated to give arylurea‐derived phosphazenes in the yield of 71–93%. The reaction also provides an alternative strategy for constructing compounds containing P=N bond. In this transformation, the Hendrickson's reagent unprecedented selectively reacts with the free amine group instead of the oxygen atom ofN‐monosubstituted arylurea. In addition, we found that thioureas could act as an effective thionating agent by converting Ph3P=O to Ph3P=S.
Tailoring Thin‐Film Piezoelectrics for Crash Sensing
Authors: Joshi Sudeep , Nayak M. M. , Rajanna K.
Published: June 2018

Crash sensing and its assessment play a pivotal role in autonomous vehicles for preventing fatal casualties. Existing crash sensors are severely bottlenecked by sluggish response time, rigid mechanical components, and space constraints. Miniaturized sensors embedded with custom‐tailored nanomaterials upholds potential to overcome these limitations. In this article, piezoelectric Zinc‐Oxide thin film as a crash sensing layer is integrated onto a flexible metal‐alloy cantilever. Material characterization studies are conducted to confirm piezoelectric property of sputtered ZnO film. The piezoelectric d
31 coefficient value of ZnO film was 7.2 pm V–1. The ZnO sensing element is firmly mounted on a scaled car model and used in a crash sensing experimental set‐up. A comprehensive theoretical analysis for two different real scenarios (nearly elastic and nearly inelastic collision) of crash events followed by experimental study is discussed. The crash sensor's output exhibits a linear relationship with magnitude of impact forces experienced at crash events. The response time of ZnO crash sensor is 18.2 ms, and it exhibits a sensitivity of 28.7 mV N–1. The developed crash sensor has potential to replace bulk material sensors owing to its faster response time, high sensitivity, and compactness as the demand for crash sensors in next‐generation automobile industries is progressively growing.
Analysis on Residence Time Distribution Curve of Continuous Casting Tundish by Combined Model
Authors: Su Xiaofeng , Ji Yilong , Liu Jianhua , He Yang , Shen Shaobo , Cui Heng
Published: June 2018

Combined model in which a tundish is divided into plug flow, well‐mixed flow, and dead region has been widely used for the analysis of residence time distribution curve in an actual tundish. However, the calculation of dead volume in conventional or Sahai's method does not follow its definition in the model assumption, which probably results in incorrect conclusions for flow field optimization of tundish. In this study, two methods for dead volume calculation are discussed, the well‐mixed volume is further divided into equivalent, active, and dead well‐mixed volume. Therefore, the method for dead volume calculation is revised by eliminating the contribution of dead well‐mixed flow. Water modeling experiments of single and multi‐strand tundish are conducted. The new calculation method is applied to analyze the residence time distribution curves and calculate the dead volume fraction in comparison with the other two methods. The results show after the dead well‐mixed flow is eliminated, the dead volume fraction calculated by the new method is smaller than those calculated by conventional and Sahai's method. According to the flow visualization experiments, the dead volume fraction calculated by the new method in this study is more rational than those calculated by the other two methods.
Improved combination method of background component and resonant component of wind loads on high‐rise buildings
Authors: Xu A. , Zhao R.H. , Wu J.R.
Published: June 2018

High frequency force balance (HFFB) technique is one of the most widely used approaches for estimating wind effects on super‐tall buildings. The traditional method for computing the equivalent static wind load (ESWL) of HFFB wind tunnel tests usually separately calculates the background ESWL and resonant ESWL and then combines them by using the square root of the sum of the squares method. This method neglects the correlation between the background response and resonant response and consequently provides inaccurate ESWL results. By analyzing the mechanism of the correlation, this paper proposed an improved method by adding an item to the traditional equation to represent such correlation. Two super‐tall building cases, the Guangzhou East Tower (530 m) and the Guangzhou West Tower (432 m), were investigated to examine the validity of the proposed method. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method provides much more accurate results. The simple but effective method is helpful to researchers and engineering in investigating the wind effects on super‐tall buildings based on HFFB wind tunnel tests.
Shaking table test and theoretical analysis of the pile–soil–structure interaction at a liquefiable site
Authors: Li Peizhen , Yang Jinping , Lu Zheng
Published: June 2018

Pile foundations are widely used to support high‐rise buildings, in which piles transmit foundation loads to soil strata with higher bearing capacity and stiffness. This process alters the dynamic characteristics of the pile–soil–structure system in seismically active areas, especially at a liquefiable site. A series of shaking table tests on liquefiable soils in pile group foundations of tall buildings were performed to evaluate the liquefaction process and dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The soil was composed of two layers: the upper layer was a clay layer and the lower layer was saturated sand. These layers were placed in a flexible container that was excited by El Centro earthquake events and Shanghai Bedrock waves at different levels. The test results indicate that the pore pressure ratio is gradually enhanced as the amplitude of the input acceleration increases. The liquefied sand has a filtering effect on the vibration with a high frequency and an amplified effect on the vibration with a low frequency. With increased excitation, contact pressure and strain amplitudes of the pile increase, whereas the peak acceleration magnification coefficient decreases. The seismic responses of a structure with pile–soil–structure interaction are generally smaller than those on a rigid foundation.
Minimum‐weight design of high‐rise structures subjected to flexural vibration at a desired natural frequency
Authors: Alavi Arsalan , Rahgozar Peyman , Rahgozar Reza
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a parametric approach for design of high‐rise structures subjected to flexural vibration is proposed. The optimization problem is formed based on a preselected value for the fundamental natural frequency, and it is formulated for minimum structural weight. In a two‐step approach, first, an alternative formulation aimed at maximizing structural stiffness that in turn maximizes structure's fundamental frequency is introduced. Then, optimized results are used in obtaining a closed‐form solution of the actual problem. Because the resulting equations are rather complicated, approximate forms are developed in order to simplify the design process. In all relations, contributions from shear forces to lateral displacement are assumed to be negligible; hence, bending resistance is the only design variable, and its optimal value is computable using simple relations. Two numerical examples are presented in order to illustrate the efficiency of this method in practice.
Analysis of batteries or supercapacitor as energy storage device for a sound energy harvester system
Authors: Liew Hui Fang , Rahim Rosemizi Abd , Isa Muzamir , Ismail Baharuddin , Hassan Syed Idris Syed
Published: June 2018

This study focuses on the concept analysis of the suitability of batteries or a supercapacitor as an alternative storage device in low‐power electronic devices. Sound waves were utilized as a source of energy for charging the supercapacitor, and a piezoelectric Q220‐A4‐503YB device was used as the energy transducer. A respectable performance of the piezoelectric in terms of the output force and voltage was found at the operating frequency of 68 Hz with an input source of 96 dB sound intensity level. Based on our experiments, it was found that the supercapacitor is more efficient as a storage device for a low‐power source when compared to batteries because of the charging current. The charging time of the 0.22‐F supercapacitor used in either the Villard or Dickson mode is higher when compared to the others. The charging time of the supercapacitor with the voltage regulator of 0.5 and 1.0 W by the Villard multiplier was longer compared to the Dickson multiplier, which produced an output voltage of 9.817 and 9.647 V, respectively. From this study, it is proven that the delivery of the voltage stored in a supercapacitor with a higher capacitance would take a longer time in terms of process charging and discharging as compared to one with a lower capacitance. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Study on the balancing authority ACE limit standard of North American power grid
Authors: Chang Yekui , Mu Yongqiang , Wang Chunsheng , Li Weidong
Published: June 2018

The control performance standard 2 (CPS2), once adopted in North American power grid, has some disadvantages, such as having insufficient evaluation time and ignoring the correlations between area control errors (ACEs). It was not suitable to restrain the tie‐line power flow and had been replaced by the balancing authority ACE limit (BAAL) standard. It is found that the design mechanism of BAAL standard is derived from reliability requirement. Its purpose is to restrict the duration of over‐limit frequency to be less than 30 min by managing the fluctuation of each ACE. The role of the new standard in co‐operation with control performance standard 1 (CPS1) is analyzed, and some of its technical characteristics, including short‐time operation security, setting dynamic ACE limit, and permitting the correlations between ACEs, are discussed. The simulation results indicate that even in the case where each area performance meets the requirements of CPS1 and CPS2, the short‐time frequency performance still cannot meet the requirement of operation security. BAAL standard co‐operating with CPS1 can not only restrict the standard deviation of frequency fluctuation over a long term but also maintain the short‐time frequency quality, which is beneficial for real‐time operation security and reliability. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A review of the current state of knowledge of proglacial hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Authors: Glas Robin , Lautz Laura , McKenzie Jeffrey , Mark Bryan , Baraer Michel , Chavez Daniel , Maharaj Laura
Published: June 2018

The rapidly melting glaciers of Peru are posing new risks to regional dry season water supplies, and this is evident in the Cordillera Blanca, the mountain range with the world's largest concentration of tropical glaciers. Permanent ice loss is causing reductions to dry season streamflow, which is coupled with shifting demands and control over water access and entitlements in the region. A full evaluation of hydrologic inputs is required to inform future water management in the relative absence of glaciers. Over the last decade, new studies have shown groundwater to be a significant component of the regional water budget during the dry season, and it cannot be ignored when accounting for water quality and quantity downstream of the Cordillera Blanca's alpine catchments. Distinctive common features of the Cordillera Blanca's proglacial catchments are sediment‐filled valleys that were once under proglacial lake conditions. The combination of lake sediments with other alpine depositional features results in storage and interseasonal release of groundwater that comprises up to 80% of the valley's streamflow during the driest months of the year. We summarize the emerging understanding of hydrogeologic processes in proglacial headwater systems of the region's principal river, the Rio Santa, and make suggestions for future research that will more clearly characterize the spatial distribution of stored groundwater within the mountain range. As glaciers continue to recede, differences in aquifer thickness and groundwater residence time between alpine catchments in the region will increasingly control dry season water availability at the local and basin scale.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Teaching the National Written Language to Deaf Students: A New Approach
Authors: Volpato Laura , Hilzensauer Marlene , Krammer Klaudia , Chan Melanie
Published: June 2018

Deaf people across Europe struggle to have equal access to written information as the main language of instruction in school is the spoken language. The “Deaf Learning” project (2015-1-PL01-KA204-016) aims at improving the above-mentioned situation by developing a face-to-face course supported by a Moodle course according to the needs of young deaf adults. Within the project, the partners developed a framework for lessons ranging from A1 to B2 (on the basis of the Common European Framework for Languages, CEFR) to improve reading and writing skills in the respective national languages. The teaching materials for level A1 consist of 30 lessons in pdf printable version, and 6 Moodle lessons. To make the course suitable for the very heterogeneous group of deaf learners, the structure of the lessons was designed so that teachers can adapt it to the needs of the deaf students. The Moodle lessons are kept simple and visual; they include sign language videos, images, and H5P interactive contents. The teaching materials have been tested in Italy for the main target group (17 participants aged 16–25 years) and in Austria for all other interested parties (3 participants aged over 30 years) through face-to-face lessons. The participants’ feedback was incorporated into the materials.
Accessible Player Experiences (APX): The Players
Authors: Beeston Jen , Power Christopher , Cairns Paul , Barlet Mark
Published: June 2018

In research and practice into the accessibility of digital games, much of the work has focused on how to make games accessible to people with disabilities. With an increasing number of people with disabilities playing mainstream commercial games, it is important that we understand who they are and how they play in order to take a more user-centered approach as this field grows. We conducted a demographic survey of 154 players with disabilities and found that they play mainstream digital games using a variety of assistive technologies, use accessibility options such as key remapping and subtitles, and they identify themselves as gamers who play digital games as their primary hobby. This gives us a richer picture of players with disabilities and indicates that there are opportunities to begin to look at the accessible player experiences (APX) players have in games.
Mobile Online Courses for the Illiterate: The eVideo Approach
Authors: Patzer Yasmin , Lambertz Johanna , Schulz Björn , Pinkwart Niels
Published: June 2018

More than half of Germany’s functional illiterates are gainfully employed adults. This paper presents the eVideo approach that aims at people with poor basic education. The course “eVideo mobile - digital media in hospitality industry” is a game-based work-related eLearning course. It is based on an inclusive eLearning platform. Basic educational skills are addressed in workplace-related interactive videos and exercises on different competency levels. In a small pilot study users were observed while using the course and afterwards questioned in interviews.
Requirements Engineering for People with Cognitive Disabilities – Exploring New Ways for Peer-Researchers and Developers to Cooperate
Authors: Heumader Peter , Edler Cordula , Miesenberger Klaus , Wolkerstorfer Sylvia
Published: June 2018

Digital technologies can improve the daily lives of people with cognitive disabilities, allowing them to participate and communicate in society. However the success of a technical product depends not only on the price or lifespan, but also on its user experience. To ensure user satisfaction when creating new technology or products, it is necessary to know their needs. This article presents methods of requirements analysis and elicitation for digital participation together with people with cognitive impairments.
The Inaccessibility of Video Players
Authors: Wild Gian
Published: June 2018

We conducted a series of tests of 37 major video players, both free and paid, on the market. Initially we tested on a PC on Google Chrome and excluded video players that contained what we called “show-stoppers”: serious accessibility failures. The remaining video players were then tested with people with vision impairments reliant on various screen readers. Any video players that contained show-stoppers were excluded from any additional testing. Thirdly, we tested on two different mobile devices, again excluding video players that contained show-stoppers. Finally, we tested with an iPad and a Bluetooth keyboard. At the end of the testing only two players remained: AblePlayer and OzPlayer.
Assessment of the potential for dredged material dispersal from dumping sites in the Gulf of Gdańsk
Authors: Cieślikiewicz Witold , Dudkowska Aleksandra , Gic-Grusza Gabriela , Jędrasik Jan
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Environment-friendly management of sites used for disposal of locally generated sedimentary material involves designation of an optimal dumping site location which will render the dredged material re-usable for beneficial purposes. The objective of this research was to determine whether wind, waves, and currents can induce transport of sediment from offshore dumping sites located at intermediate depths in the southern Baltic.

Materials and methods

The problem was addressed by exploring potential sediment transport from two sites located in the Gulf of Gdańsk at depths of about 20 m. A total of 29 combinations of hydrodynamic variables, representing the most extreme possible situations in the area, including eight theoretical uniform wind fields over the entire Baltic Sea from the W, NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, and SW sectors, the wind speed of 30 m s−1, as well as 21 historical extreme storms, retrieved from the HIPOCAS project database, were used.

Results and discussion

The bottom velocities resulting from waves and currents at the dumping sites considered were computed using wave models (WAM, SWAN) and the M3D hydrodynamic model (based on the POM model). To estimate the velocities critical for bedload transport, formulae developed by Soulsby (1997) and Sawamoto and Yamashita (Proc Coastal Sediments 87:415–423, 1987) were used. The volumetric bedload transport was computed based on Meyer-Peter and Müller (1948). The model simulations demonstrated that, for the storm conditions analyzed, the current velocity in the area of the two dumping sites would be so low that it would practically not affect the magnitude of the bottom sediment transport. Thus, the resultant volume of bedload transported would be equal to that generated by the wave action. For the heaviest historical storm, the maximum transport is about 3 × 10−5 m2 s−1.

Conclusions

Under conditions of theoretical storms, the bottom orbital velocities would be higher and the resultant sediment transport would reach almost 7 × 10−5 m2 s−1 for northerly winds. However, this value is still very low compared with the volume of sediment being dumped. The findings of this study may prove useful in designation of future dumping sites.
Imputation Match Bias in Immigrant Wage Convergence
Authors: Hersch Joni , Shinall Jennifer Bennett
Published: June 2018

Although immigrants to the United States earn less at entry than their native-born counterparts, an extensive literature has found that immigrants have faster earnings growth that results in rapid convergence to native-born earnings. However, recent evidence based on U.S. Census data indicates a slowdown in the rate of earnings assimilation. We find that the pace of immigrant wage convergence based on recent data may be understated in the literature as a result of the method used by the census to impute missing information on earnings, which does not use immigration status as a match characteristic. Because both the share of immigrants in the workforce and earnings imputation rates have risen over time, imputation match bias for recent immigrants is more consequential than in earlier periods and may lead to an underestimate of the rate of immigrant wage convergence.
The Effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the Educational Outcomes of Undocumented Students
Authors: Hsin Amy , Ortega Francesc
Published: June 2018

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is the first large-scale immigration policy to affect undocumented immigrants in the United States in decades and offers eligible undocumented youth temporary relief from deportation as well as renewable work permits. Although DACA has improved the economic conditions and mental health of undocumented immigrants, we do not know how DACA improves the social mobility of undocumented immigrants through its effect on educational attainment. We use administrative data on students attending a large public university to estimate the effect of DACA on undocumented students’ educational outcomes. The data are unique because they accurately identify students’ legal status, account for individual heterogeneity, and allow separate analysis of students attending community colleges versus four-year colleges. Results from difference-in-difference estimates demonstrate that as a temporary work permit program, DACA incentivizes work over educational investments but that the effect of DACA on educational investments depends on how easily colleges accommodate working students. At four-year colleges, DACA induces undocumented students to make binary choices between attending school full-time and dropping out of school to work. At community colleges, undocumented students have the flexibility to reduce course work to accommodate increased work hours. Overall, the results suggest that the precarious and temporary nature of DACA creates barriers to educational investments.
Keep Calm and Eat Satay: Indonesia's Consumption-Themed Signals of Defiance against Terrorism
Authors: Mahardika Harryadin , French Juliana , Sembada Agung
Published: June 2018

Many have noted the unique response of the Indonesian society to the bombing attacks that happened in Jakarta in January 2016. Whereas other societies have shown a variety of responses ranging from displaying regional solidarity to counter-aggression, Indonesians took to social media with irreverent, consumption-themed messages against the perceived terrorist agenda. We used symbolic interactionism as a lens to frame an analysis of Indonesian social media and news articles following the attacks to investigate the underlying factors influencing the gestation of this unique response. We found the interplay of various Indonesian cultural characteristics were influential in the collective negotiation of identity against the worldview threats of terrorism. This research is thought to be the first to investigate a phenomenon where the idea of consumption itself is used as an instrument of social resilience.
Coaching Parents About Children's Needs and Navigating the Child Protection and Other Systems
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Hansen Patricia
Published: June 2018

This article reviews developments in the NSW child protection system which aim to reduce the number of children in state care. The first development was changes to the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1988 made in 2016 that created a permanency hierarchy for children who have been removed and not restored to parental or extended family care. Under Section 10A of the Act, guardianship and adoption becomes the priority if restoration is not possible, although Aboriginal children are exempt from adoption to some extent. The more recent development, during 2017, is the purchase by the Department of Family and Community Services (FaCS) of a license for two US models, namely Multi-Systemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN®) and Functional Family Therapy through Child Welfare (FFT-CW®). US studies have shown that these models reduce the number of children being taken into care. Related to this effort is the recognition by FaCS that the cost of out-of-home care (OOHC) is increasingly unmanageable given the 16,843 children in care in NSW. Added to this is the knowledge, confirmed by the Minister, that for many children in OOHC the outcomes are dismal. Finally, the article turns to the issue of poverty and seeks to address the established correlation (not causality) between poverty and child abuse and neglect. This remains the key issue that underscores child abuse and neglect that has to be addressed if a significant reduction in the number of children taken into state care is to be achieved.
Hegel and Bataille on Sacrifice
Authors: Goggin W. Ezekiel
Published: June 2018

In Georges Bataille’s view, the Hegelian interpretation of kenotic sacrifice as passage from Spirit to the Speculative Idea effaces the necessarily representational character of sacrifice and the irreducible non-presence of death. But Hegel identifies these aspects of death in the fragments of the 1800 System. In sacrificial acts, subjectivity represents its disappearance via the sacrificed other, and hence is negated and conserved. Sacrifice thus provides the representational model of sublation pursued in thePhenomenologyas a propaedeutic to Science. Bataille’s critique clarifies the fragments of the 1800 System, contextualizing Hegel’s rehabilitation of kenotic sacrifice in thePhenomenology. Bataille’s poetics parodies Hegelian kenosis via repetition of material difference, enacting an ecstatic temporality which Hegel perhaps suppresses as the condition of his system. Finally—if Bataille is correct in his assessment—the system would be subjected to a reversal, with radical implications for the philosophy of religion.
Physical parameter estimation with MCMC from observations of Vela X-1
Authors: Zhang Lan , Wang Feilu , Xue Xiangxiang , Yuan Dawei , Wei Huigang , Zhao Gang
Published: June 2018

We present a parameter estimate for continua, and He-like triplets of the high resolution X-ray spectra with a Bayesian inference and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) tool. The method is applied for Vela X-1 with three different orbital phases ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$), Eclipse, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.25$, and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.5$, which are adopted from the Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS). A parameterized two-component power-law model [Sako et al., Astrophys. J. 525, 921 (1999)] and a multi-Gaussian model are applied to model these continua and He-like triplets, respectively. A uniform distribution over each parameter is used as the prior belief. Posterior probability distribution functions of parameters and the covariances among them are explored by using the MCMC method. The main advantages are (i) all model-based parameters are set to be free instead of artificially fixing some of the parameters during the data-model fitting; (ii) the contributions from satellite lines are considered; (iii) backgrounds are treated as a correction to the observation errors; and (iv) the confidence interval of each parameter is given. The fitted results show that the column density of scatter component ($N_{\text{H}}^{\text{scat}}$) varies from phase to phase, which imply a non-spherical structure of the stellar wind in Vela X-1. Moreover, the wind velocities derived from main lines of each set of He-like triplets show better self-consistency than those in previous publications, which could provide a reliable approach for the diagnostics of photoionized plasma in astrophysical objects and the laboratory.
LITTLE HELPERS, COMPANIONS, AND ANCESTORS: MINIATURE FIGURES IN THE MAYA LOWLAND REGION DURING THE LATE PRECLASSIC AND CLASSIC PERIODS (AD 15–800)
Authors: Johnson Lisa M.
Published: June 2018

This report discusses miniature anthropomorphic figures found in ritualized contexts across the Lowland Maya region, dating to AD 15–800. Crafted with minimal detail to indicate humanlike features, anthropomorphic miniatures have been found in offerings placed alongside the dead, within temples and ballcourts, and beneath stone monuments. Their form, often with arms over the chest, is similar to bundled bodies and may reference those that reside in other worlds. This paper considers, through their form, archaeological contexts, and ethnographic comparisons, these anthropomorphic miniatures as active agents in their roles as ritual helpers, small companions, and materialized ancestors.
Criminal law in the shadows: creating offences in delegated legislation
Authors: Chalmers James , Leverick Fiona
Published: June 2018

Substantial numbers of criminal offences are created in the UK in delegated legislation, often carrying heavy maximum penalties. The majority are created in statutory instruments passed under the negative resolution procedure, which offers very limited opportunity for scrutiny and does not involve a parliamentary vote. This phenomenon has slipped under the radar of orthodox criminal law scholarship, where debate has focused primarily on the criteria that should be used to determine the content of the criminal law and on the principles to which such offences should conform, rather than on the process of creating criminal offences. Creating offences in delegated legislation raises questions of democratic legitimacy and has resulted in criminal offences being created which do not conform to basic principles of fair notice and proportionality of penalty. To address this, we propose that parliamentary approval should be required for all serious offences. It would be impractical to do this for all criminal offences, and direct participation in the legislative process via consultation can act as an alternative (or additional) legitimating principle. This does, however, require that the consultation process complies with certain basic minimum requirements, and we explain how these requirements might appropriately be framed.
Vicarious liability and the beautiful game – liability for professional and amateur footballers?
Authors: Morgan Phillip
Published: June 2018

Vicarious liability has a greater reach within both professional and amateur football than previously thought. The newly-expanded doctrine has opened up vicarious liability for amateur players, and within grassroots teams. A greater range of torts may also now trigger vicarious liability, such as acts of on and off-pitch violence. The Football Association will need to review the scope of the National Game Insurance Scheme, which significantly lags behind this expanded exposure to vicarious liability.

Examining vicarious liability in the context of football also reveals significant problems with the current approach to vicarious liability within unincorporated associations. This category developed in the context of institutional abuse within highly-organised religious institutions; it does not mean that this category of vicarious liability should be applied to grassroots sporting organisations in the same way. For instance there is scope to apply a different test at stage two. It is argued that the courts will need to tighten up this category so as not to unnecessarily expose members of grass roots organisations to vicarious liability which is able to be executed against their personal assets. Both amateur and professional clubs may also wish to carefully consider their selection of players.
Constitutions and bills of rights: invigorating or placating democracy?
Authors: Jones Brian Christopher
Published: June 2018

Champions of constitutions and bills of rights regularly portray them as possessing significant, sometimes mysterious, powers. One characterisation is that newly implemented constitutions may invigorate a democracy, particularly at the ballot box. This paper challenges that notion by scrutinising a relatively unexplored area of constitutional performance: voter turnout. In particular, it examines a number of jurisdictions that have recently implemented constitutions and bill of rights, finding that in many of them, voter turnout decreased after passage, sometimes significantly. As the argument for a codified British constitution endures, the findings of this paper provide provisional evidence that those advocating for such a device should be wary of touting its potentially invigorating democratic effects. Ultimately, however, the paper calls for more research into the area of constitutions and democratic performance, such as voter turnout.
Selenium supplementation lowers insulin resistance and markers of cardio-metabolic risk in patients with congestive heart failure: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Raygan Fariba , Behnejad Milad , Ostadmohammadi Vahidreza , Bahmani Fereshteh , Mansournia Mohammad A. , Karamali Fatemeh , Asemi Zatollah
Published: June 2018

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Se supplementation on metabolic profiles in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). This randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed among fifty-three subjects with CHF, aged 45–85 years old. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups to take either 200 µg/d of Se as Se yeast (n 26) or placebo (n 27) for 12 weeks. Metabolic profiles were assessed at baseline and at the end of trial. Compared with the placebo, Se supplementation led to significant reductions in serum insulin (−18·41 (sd 27·53) v. +13·73 (sd 23·63) pmol/l, P<0·001), homoeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance (−1·01 (sd 1·61) v. +0·55 (sd 1·20), P<0·001) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (+0·007 (sd 0·03) v. −0·01 (sd 0·01), P=0·007). In addition, Se supplementation significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol (−0·23 (sd 0·29) v. −0·04 (sd 0·28) mmol/l, P=0·03) and total-:HDL-cholesterol ratio (−0·47 (sd 0·31) v. −0·06 (sd 0·42), P<0·001), and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels (+0·18 (sd 0·19) v. +0·02 (sd 0·13) mmol/l, P=0·001) compared with the placebo. In addition, taking Se supplements was associated with a significant reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (−1880·8 (sd 3437·5) v. +415·3 (sd 2116·5) ng/ml, P=0·01), and a significant elevation in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (+30·9 (sd 118·0) v. −187·9 (sd 412·7) mmol/l, P=0·004) and total glutathione levels (+33·7 (sd 130·4) v. −39·2 (sd 132·8) µmol/l, P=0·003) compared with the placebo. When we applied Bonferroni correction for multiple outcome testing, QUICKI (P=0·11), LDL-cholesterol (P=0·51), hs-CRP (P=0·17), TAC (P=0·06) and GSH (P=0·05) became non-significant, and other metabolic profiles did not alter. Overall, our study supported that Se supplementation for 12 weeks to patients with CHF had beneficial effects on insulin metabolism and few markers of cardio-metabolic risk.
The Whole of Reason in Kant’s Critical Philosophy
Authors: BAGHAI FARSHID
Published: June 2018

Kant often compares reason to an organized body, which suggests that reason should be understood as a whole from which all possible uses of the faculties of reason are derived. However, Kant does not elaborate his conception of the whole of reason. Nor does the secondary literature. This paper suggests that the wholeness of reason is the apodictic modality of reason, i.e., the necessary standard that determines what can systematically belong to reason, and thus works as the systematic condition for all possible uses of the faculties of reason. This necessary standard is the discipline of pure reason.
An Experimental Investigation into the Effect of State-Anxiety on State-Paranoia in People Experiencing Psychosis
Authors: Cowles Megan , Hogg Lorna
Published: June 2018

Background:There is strong evidence to suggest that anxiety is associated with paranoia in clinical and non-clinical samples. However, no research to date has directly manipulated anxiety to investigate if state-anxiety has a causal role in state-paranoia in clinical populations.Aims:To investigate whether an anxious-mood induction leads to greater paranoia than a neutral-mood induction in people experiencing psychosis and paranoia and, if so, whether this is predicted by anxiety over and above other variables.Method:22 participants with a psychosis-spectrum diagnosis took part in a two condition cross-over experimental design. Participants underwent a neutral-mood and an anxious-mood induction with levels of state-anxiety, state-affect and state-paranoia being measured before and after each condition.Results:State-paranoia was significantly higher after the anxious condition compared with the neutral condition. State-anxiety and negative-affect were significant predictors of levels of state-paranoia after the anxious condition. When both predictors were included in a regression model, only negative-affect was a significant predictor of state-paranoia after the anxious condition. There were a number of methodological limitations.Conclusions:State-anxiety and negative-affect may both be involved in the maintenance of paranoia in clinical populations, as predicted by cognitive models. Negative-affect may be the strongest predictor of state-paranoia in clinical populations. Reasons for this are discussed, as well as the implications. Interventions that seek to reduce negative state-affect may be beneficial in managing state-paranoia. Further research is warranted to explore the suggested clinical and theoretical implications of these findings.
Frank Lloyd Wright's posthumous architecture
Authors: Paine Ashley , Clarke Amy
Published: June 2018

In recent years, there has been a spate of posthumously built works by Frank Lloyd Wright. Using the architect's archive as a kind of repository of designs that can be adapted for new clients, programmes and sites, these buildings stake out an ambiguous claim upon Wright's name and legacy. The growing body of posthumous architecture presents a range of often unacknowledged and unexamined challenges to Wright's celebrated canon of built works, and to the architectural discipline more generally, troubling conservationists, historians, tourists and foundations alike. These problematic buildings are the subject of this essay, which examines the contemporary appeal of Wright's archive and “brand,” to open up serious questions about the authenticity, authorship and authorisation of an architect's works realised long after their death.