bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ten‐Year Trends in Sleep‐Disordered Breathing After Ischemic Stroke: 2010 to 2019 Data From the BASIC Project
Authors: Schütz Sonja G. , Lisabeth Lynda D. , Gibbs River , Shi Xu , Chervin Ronald D. , Kwicklis Madeline , Case Erin , Brown Devin L.
Published: February 2022

Background

Despite good evidence that the prevalence of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) is increasing in the general population, no data are available about trends in poststroke SDB. We therefore sought to assess changes in poststroke SDB over a 10‐year period (2010–2019).

Methods and Results

Participants in the BASIC (Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi) project were offered a home sleep apnea test to assess for SDB after stroke. SDB assessment procedures remained unchanged throughout the study period. Respiratory event index was calculated as the sum of apneas and hypopneas per hour of recording. SDB was defined as respiratory event index ≥10/h for optimal sensitivity and specificity of the home sleep apnea test device compared with in‐laboratory polysomnography. Regression models were used to test associations between SDB prevalence and severity and time, with adjustment for multiple potential confounders. Among the 1215 participants who completed objective sleep apnea testing, the prevalence of SDB grew from 61% in the first year of the study to 76% in the last, with 1.1 times higher odds each year (95% CI, 1.07–1.19), after adjustment. A linear association was identified between time and respiratory event index (average annual respiratory event index increase of 0.56/h; 95% CI, 0.20/h–0.91/h), after adjustment. There was no difference in time trends by sex or ethnicity.

Conclusions

The prevalence and severity of SDB after ischemic stroke has increased over the past 10 years in this population‐based cohort. These data highlight the need to determine whether SDB treatment improves stroke outcomes.
Somatic Mosaicism of a PDGFRB Activating Variant in Aneurysms of the Intracranial, Coronary, Aortic, and Radial Artery Vascular Beds
Authors: Parada Carolina A. , El‐Ghazali Fatima M. , Toglia Daphne , Ruzevick Jacob , McAvoy Malia , Emerson Samuel , Karasozen Yigit , Busald Tina , Nazem Ahmad A. , Suranowitz Shaun M. , Shalhub Sherene , Marshall Desiree A. , Gonzalez‐Cuyar Luis F. , Dorschner Michael O. , Ferreira Manuel
Published: February 2022

Background

Activating variants in platelet‐derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), including a variant we have previously described (p.Tyr562Cys [g.149505130T>C [GRCh37/hg19]; c.1685A>G]), are associated with development of multiorgan pathology, including aneurysm formation. To investigate the association between the allele fraction genotype and histopathologic phenotype, we performed an expanded evaluation of post‐mortem normal and aneurysmal tissue specimens from the previously published index patient.

Methods and Results

Following death due to diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with mosaic expression of the above PDGFRB variant, specimens from the intracranial, coronary, radial and aortic arteries were harvested. DNA was extracted and alternate allele fractions (AAF) of
PDGFRB
were determined using digital droplet PCR. Radiographic and histopathologic findings, together with genotype expression of
PDGFRB
were then correlated in aneurysmal tissue and compared to non‐aneurysmal tissue. The
PDGFRB
variant was identified in the vertebral artery, basilar artery, and P1 segment aneurysms (AAF: 28.7%, 16.4%, and 17.8%, respectively). It was also identified in the coronary and radial artery aneurysms (AAF: 22.3% and 20.6%, respectively). In phenotypically normal intracranial and coronary artery tissues, the
PDGFRB
variant was not present. The
PDGFRB
variant was absent from lymphocyte DNA and normal tissue, confirming it to be a non‐germline somatic variant. Primary cell cultures from a radial artery aneurysm localized the
PDGFRB
variant to CD31‐, non‐endothelial cells.

Conclusions

Constitutive expression of PDGFRB within the arterial wall is associated with the development of human fusiform aneurysms. The role of targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in fusiform aneurysms with
PDGFRB
mutations should be further studied.
Glycoprotein Acetyls: A Novel Inflammatory Biomarker of Early Cardiovascular Risk in the Young
Authors: Chiesa Scott T. , Charakida Marietta , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Roberts Justin D. , Stafford Simon J. , Park Chloe , Mykkänen Juha , Kähönen Mika , Lehtimäki Terho , Ala‐Korpela Mika , Raitakari Olli , Pietiäinen Milla , Pussinen Pirkko , Muthurangu Vivek , Hughes Alun D. , Sattar Naveed , Timpson Nicholas J. , Deanfield John E.
Published: February 2022

Background

Low‐grade inflammation in the young may contribute to the early development of cardiovascular disease. We assessed whether circulating levels of glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) were better able to predict the development of adverse cardiovascular disease risk profiles compared with the more commonly used biomarker high‐sensitivity CRP (C‐reactive protein).

Methods and Results

A total of 3306 adolescents and young adults from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (mean age, 15.4±0.3; n=1750) and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (mean age, 32.1±5.0; n=1556) were included. Baseline associations between inflammatory biomarkers, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, and subclinical measures of vascular dysfunction were assessed cross‐sectionally in both cohorts. Prospective risk of developing hypertension and metabolic syndrome during 9‐to‐10‐year follow‐up were also assessed as surrogate markers for future cardiovascular risk. GlycA showed greater within‐subject correlation over 9‐to‐10‐year follow‐up in both cohorts compared with CRP, particularly in the younger adolescent group (r=0.36 versus 0.07). In multivariable analyses, GlycA was found to associate with multiple lifestyle‐related cardiovascular disease risk factors, cardiometabolic risk factor burden, and vascular dysfunction (eg, mean difference in flow‐mediated dilation=−1.2 [−1.8, −0.7]% per z‐score increase). In contrast, CRP levels appeared predominantly driven by body mass index and showed little relationship to any measured cardiovascular risk factors or phenotypes. In both cohorts, only GlycA predicted future risk of both hypertension (risk ratio [RR], ≈1.1 per z‐score increase for both cohorts) and metabolic syndrome (RR, ≈1.2–1.3 per z‐score increase for both cohorts) in 9‐to‐10‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Low‐grade inflammation captured by the novel biomarker GlycA is associated with adverse cardiovascular risk profiles from as early as adolescence and predicts future risk of hypertension and metabolic syndrome in up to 10‐year follow‐up. GlycA is a stable inflammatory biomarker which may capture distinct sources of inflammation in the young and may provide a more sensitive measure than CRP for detecting early cardiovascular risk.
The Relationship between Safeguarding Internal Security and Complying with International Obligations of Protection. The Unresolved Issue of Excluded Asylum Seekers
Authors: Larsaeus Nina
Published: February 2022

In the wake of the terrorist attacks of 11 September Article 1F, the ‘exclusion clause’, of the Refugee Convention attracted renewed attention. The exclusion clause obliges states to exclude individuals suspected of certain crimes from obtaining status as a refugee. Recently, the European Commission has adopted a proposal for a Council Directive introducing the exclusion clause as a central feature in the eligibility test for protection under the Common European Asylum System. Still, not all excluded asylum seekers can be expelled. Central human rights treaties prohibit refoulement that would put the individual at risk of being subjected to torture or cruel or inhuman treatment. Although this may apply to a considerable part of this group the fate of these individuals still remains unresolved. The Commission apparently puts faith in the principle of aut dedere aut judicare: if states are unable to expel excluded individuals they are obliged as a matter of international law to prosecute them under their own jurisdiction. Refugee law scholars, however, have been remarkably reluctant to venture into the realms of international criminal law and until today the extent to which the principle of aut dedere aut judicare is applicable to 1F-crimes has not been determined. This article examines the recent attempts to base an argument of aut dedere aut judicare in customary international law and on an erga omnes obligation, concluding that neither approach satisfies the demand of state practice. Using the example of the European Union and Germany it further argues that regional regimes may have no or inadequate strategies of addressing the issue of the post-exclusion phase.
“To Know Everything”: Encyclopedias and the Organization of Kabbalistic Knowledge
Authors: Gondos Andrea
Published: February 2022

The (re-)organization of knowledge concerning kabbalistic concepts constituted an important literary activity for authors, beginning with the late medieval through the early modern periods. The examination of the anonymous Ma‘arekhet ha-Elohut, Meir ibn Gabbai’s ‘Avodat ha-Qodesh, and Moses Cordovero’s Pardes Rimmonim, help to re-focus scholarly attention on the literary genre of kabbalistic encyclopedias that served four interrelated objectives. One, to create order in divergent, sometimes contradictory theories of kabbalistic doctrine. Two, to delineate the contours of legitimate kabbalistic knowledge. Three, to provide theological guidance as prerequisites and as ultimate goals for the study of Kabbalah. Four, to generate a pedagogic outline for acquisition of kabbalistic wisdom. The organizational adjustments adopted in these works offered a treatment of teachings, texts, and theories that had accumulated in geographically disparate Jewish communities. At the same time, systematization conferred authority in the world of Jewish mystical ideas laying the framework for a kabbalistic curriculum.
How the Art of Printing Transformed Kabbalah: Between Italian Courts and Polish Lands
Authors: Busi Giulio
Published: February 2022

In this article, I will first provide a brief discussion of the geographical development of how the art of printing transformed Kabbalah from Italian courts to Polish shtetlach, focusing on the relationship between Italy and Poland. I will then move to the theoretical aspect and try to outline the dynamics of kabbalistic thought involved in this phenomenon. From a temporal point of view, the focus is on the sixteenth century, the era in which the crucial transformation of kabbalistic thought into an editorial product takes place.
Expansion, Integration, and the Limits of Commercial Publishing in North China during the Qing Dynasty: Taking Dongchang Prefecture as an Example
Authors: He Zhaohui
Published: February 2022

Until now most studies on commercial publishing in pre-modern China have focused on two areas in the south, Jiangnan and Fujian, where publishing centers had been clustered since the Song dynasty. Before the Qing dynasty, commercial publications for the whole country had been provided by the publishing centers located in those two areas. However, the landscape changed significantly in the Qing dynasty, as commercial publishing extended to places where there had existed no printing shops before, especially the northern provinces of China. Dongchang prefecture along the Great Canal in Shandong province rose to become an important regional publishing center during the Qing. The publications produced in Dongchang not only satisfied the needs of local readers but were sold throughout Shandong and in other provinces in the north. As an outstanding publishing center in the north, Dongchang prefecture is a useful window from which to observe the development of commercial publishing and the book market in northern China in the Qing dynasty. This article investigates the origin, publications, readership, and distribution networks of printing shops in Dongchang prefecture. The author argues that rather than completely replacing the southern publishers in supplying books for readers in the north, the newly risen northern commercial publishers captured only a part of the market share. Some categories of books, such as new titles and high-end publications, still heavily relied on the southern publishers. In the Qing dynasty there was a notable trend towards stronger relationships between publishing centers and regional book markets. Hopefully this study will provide a more comprehensive landscape of commercial publishing in pre-modern China, and enhance our understanding of the development of book markets in the north.
Analysis of the approximation of voiced initials in Yiyang Dialect: With remarks on an unusual devoicing pathway of MC voiced initials among Chinese dialects
Authors: Peng Jianguo
Published: February 2022

The pronunciation of Middle Chinese voiced initials as l- is a characteristic of Yiyang dialect. The circumstances of the change are classified into three types: Cong (從), Xie (邪), Cheng (澄), Chong (崇), Chuan (船) and Chan (禪) followed the pathway dz- > z- > ɹ- > l-, Ding (定) followed the pathway d- > l-, and Ri (日) became pronounced as l- due to the influence of literary readings. The sound change of voiced affricates weakening to voiced fricatives, voiced fricatives changing to approximants and then to the lateral approximant, and voiced stops changing to the lateral approximant are unusual devoicing developments among Chinese dialects
Micro Electrical Discharge Machining of Micro-Hole
Authors: Porwal Rajesh Kumar , Yadava Vinod , Ramkumar J.
Published: February 2022

Advancements in micro-fabrication are characterized by a progressive miniaturization leading towards higher integration. The fabrication of particular size micro hole in difficile to machine engineering materials is one of the most challenging tasks in manufacturing industry. Since
micro holes are prepared in the end product therefore the rejection of product due to poor hole quality is not acceptable in modern manufacturing industries. Micro electrical discharge machining has become one of the most promising methods for creating micro features or micro components of
any electrical conducting engineering materials in spite of its hardness. The material extraction mechanism in micro electrical discharge machining is due to plasma creation, heat deportation, superheating of both the electrodes and expulsion of material is in the form of debris particles
by dielectric fluid during pulse-off time. The micro feature such as micro hole created by micro electrical discharge machining process is useful in industries ranging from automobile to biomedical. In order to improve process efficiency researchers across the globe worked on micro electrical
discharge machining Setup development, micro electrical discharge machining of different materials and shapes in general and hole making in particular, and also analyzes different factor that affect process performance. Present paper summarizes research work carried out related to experimentation,
modeling and optimization of sinking and drilling micro electrical discharge machining of different materials.
Improving the Working Characters of a Dici Engine Operated on Biofuel Blends Using Nano Additives
Authors: Mebin Samuel P. , Devaradjane G. , Gnanamoorthi V. , Manimaran M.
Published: February 2022

The increase in energy scarcity for all the vehicular needs with the increase in pollution leading to the environmental concerns especially in developing countries like India pushes the researchers towards finding a new source of energy with lesser emissions. This particular study was
performed to improve the characteristics of 4 stroke, mono cylinder diesel engine by means of 20% and 40% mixtures of Jamun bio-diesel for two proportions of Rice husk Nano-additives (0.1% and 0.2%). Result illustrates that for J20 with 0.2% additive, Brake Thermal Efficiency reduces by 2.1%
with Brake Specific Fuel Consumption increasing by 3.8%. In addition, emissions such as Hydro Carbon, Carbon monoxide and Smoke were reduced by 23.78%, 18.32%, 21.4% by a insignificant growth in oxides of Nitrogen by 11.32%. Result states J20 with 0.2% additive can be effectively used without
any modifications and helps in reducing emissions with slight reduction in performance parameters.
Reverse Engineering in Medical-Bio Modeling and Bioengineering
Authors: Satyam Kumar , Pandey Richa
Published: February 2022

Reverse Engineering (RE) is a process of redesigning, reassembling and restructuring of an existing part. Though it had been a great use in the development of many new designs, products and concepts, it has now been very much utilized in the design and development of the medical implants,
prosthetics, and orthopaedic components and also in the tissue engineering. Re has shown successful results in the field of dentistry wherein doctors are utilizing this for maxillofacial surgery and trauma cases. The geometric modeling of the scanned images can be well termed as Bio modeling
which is used in the fresh preparation of the personalized implants may be hip, knee, facial injuries. Reverse Engineering in medical (RIM) is a new dimension to research and development in the medical field. It is a challenge to the engineers as well as the surgeons to utilize it for proper
shape, geometry and structure of the biomedical objects and take the challenge ahead. This paper gives a direction wherein RIM is utilized and what are the leading factors, software and platforms which can finally furnish a dream to success.
Finite Element Method (FEM) Analysis for the Design and Optimization of a Cross Floating Valve for Pressure Metrology Applications
Authors: Rab Shanay , Yadav Sanjay , Haleem Abid , Kumar Rahul , Sharma Raman , Kumar Lalit , Gupta V. K. , Zafer Afaqul
Published: February 2022

In pressure metrology, cross floating of pressure balances is used for the accurate and precise measurements of pressure. In this method, a nearly perfect balance condition is required between 2 pressure balances used in a common pressure transmission circuit, one as standard and another
as device under calibration (DUC). Present paper describes the effect of stress analysis during the simulation in design, optimization and process of development of a manually actuated cross floating valve. Simulation studies have been carried out by using ANSYS software to analyze the behavior
of stress, strain, and subsequent deformation. The optimization tool is used to fix all the dimensions according to factor of safety and other design points. The valve thus developed was tested in the pressure range from atmospheric to 2500 bar and the results thus obtained are found excellent.
Sensor Assisted Braking System in Automobiles
Authors: Janani R. , Aparna  , Ganesh Hari Hara
Published: February 2022

One of the fastest growing industries in the world in terms of high demand as well in technological development is Automobile Industry. There have been a lot of technological concepts introduced in automotive industry to improve comfort, more efficiency, cost reduction and eco-friendly.
From the past century, the braking system of vehicle hasn’t evolved much. Today from small to exotic vehicles use only two types braking system are Disc and Drum Brakes, and their mode of operation are the Hydraulic and pneumatic actuations respectively. The 60+ percentage of brake system
used in automobile are hydraulic whereas the remaining is pneumatic brake system. They have separate booster getting input from the brake pedal to stop vehicle, and separate hose lining to all four wheel. In this Sensor assisted braking system, the booster, hosing and mechanical systems are
removed and sensor acts as input and actuator actuate the brake system.
Design of Pneumatic System for Automatic Door Opening and Closing
Authors: Kaushik Nandini , Jain Shruti , Soni Manoj , Bhati Pooja
Published: February 2022

There are huge steel doors inside mines which are huge and heavy; techniques that can handle such heavy loads have to be used for automatically operating them. From hydraulic to pneumatic systems, multiple techniques are available for actuating heavy loads, but when we deal with mines
and tunnels, solutions need to be leak proof, explosion-free and safe. Pneumatic systems offer provides a better alternative in such working conditions. In terms of cost as well, pneumatic systems are substantially cheaper than most other systems. The work is based on an automatic operating
mechanism using Directional Control Valves (DCV’s) to facilitate opening and closing of doors from both sides. The FluidSim simulation software is considered for designing the pneumatic circuit diagram. The hardware connections have been further developed based on the simulation obtained.
Further design analysis of the mechanism has been considered for the developed hardware. A proposed model for more intelligent design based on Programmable Logic Controllers, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and ultrasonic sensors have been suggested further.
Characterization and Growth Kinetics of a Multispecies Periodontal Biofilm Developed in a Stirred Bioreactor
Authors: Prado Maick Meneguzzo , Kovalski Davi José , Torrez Willy Bustillos , Bueno-Silva Bruno , Feres Magda , de Almeida Josiane , Porto Luismar Marques
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to validate an in vitro periodontal biofilm model with complex subgingival microbial communities grown in a stirred bioreactor. Experimental biofilms were characterized and examined for their growth kinetics over time. After incubation under anaerobic conditions
for 3 days, biofilm cultures formed on the substrate were collected and analyzed. The specific growth rate in the exponential phase was estimated to be 0.3915 h−1, with no significant differences in growth kinetics and CFU counts between the replicates (P > 0.05).
The biofilm architecture was consistent in each time-point, with bacterial cells presenting different morphology and completely colonizing the cementum surface. To conclude, the three-day subgingival biofilm model developed in our study successfully mimicked the growth of complex microbial
communities.
SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Aerosols Emitted During Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Prospective, Case-Controlled Study
Authors: Haddadin Zaid , Halasa Natasha , McHenry Rendie , Varjabedian Rebekkah , Lynch Tricia L. , Chen Heidi , Abdul Ghani Muhammad Owais , Schmitz Jonathan E. , Sucre Jennifer , Isenberg Kimberly , Zamora Irving , Danko Melissa , Blakely Martin , Olson Jacob , Jackson Gretchen P. , Lovvorn Harold N.
Published: February 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant safety concerns for healthcare providers, especially those performing aerosol-generating procedures. Several surgical societies issued early warnings that aerosols generated during minimally invasive surgery (MIS) could harbor infectious quantities of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study tested the hypothesis that MIS-aerosols contain SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

To evaluate SARS-CoV-2 presence in aerosols emitted during intracavitary MIS, children <18 years who required emergent MIS and were discovered to be SARS-CoV-2-positive were enrolled. Swabs were obtained from the port in-line with a filtered smoke evacuation system, the tubing adjacent to this port, the fluid collection chamber and filter, and the distal endotracheal tube (ETT). All swabs were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate viral distribution in tissues, fluorescence in situ hybridization for SARS-CoV-2 was performed on resected specimens. Outcomes were recorded, and participating healthcare workers were tracked for SARS-CoV-2 conversion.

Results

From July 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021, 11 children requiring emergent MIS were discovered preoperatively to be SARS-CoV-2 positive (median age: 14 years [5-17]). SARS-CoV-2 was detected only in ETT swabs and not in surgical aerosols or specimens. Median operative time was 56.5 minutes (IQR: 46-66), and postoperative stay was 21.2 hours (IQR: 1.97-57.57). No complications or viral eruption were recorded, and none of 63 healthcare workers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within 6 weeks.

Discussion

SARS-CoV-2 was detected only in ETT secretions and not in surgical aerosols or specimens among a pediatric cohort of asymptomatic patients having emergent MIS.
Sclerotherapy for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia-Related Epistaxis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Thiele Brittney , Abdel-Aty Yassmeen , Marks Lisa , Lal Devyani , Marino Michael
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a common inherited condition characterized by mucosal telangiectasias, recurrent epistaxis, and arteriovenous malformations. HHT results in detriment to quality of life. Morbidity and mortality result from severe anemia. Conventional interventions for HHT-related epistaxis include nasal packing, diathermy, lasers, coblation, microdebridement, bevacizumab (topical and systemic), as well as septodermoplasty and nasal closure. Sclerotherapy has been recently described in the literature as a novel approach to HHT-related epistaxis. We hypothesize that sclerotherapy is an effective treatment for HHT-related epistaxis and improves upon the current standard of care for this disease.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted to study sclerotherapy for treating HHT-related epistaxis. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Articles were evaluated and excluded according to PRISMA guidelines and reviewed by 2 authors. Reported variables included number of injections, months of follow up, changes in Epistaxis Severity Score, previous treatments used to control epistaxis, and post-injection side effects.

Results:

Seven studies with a total of 196 patients met inclusion criteria. Three studies reported significant improvement as measured by the Epistaxis Severity Score scale. One reported improvement through subjective patient surveys and others used the Bergler-Sadick scale to measure frequency and intensity of epistaxis. All studies reported improvement in HHT-related epistaxis. The lack of uniform reporting measures however precluded formal meta-analysis.

Conclusions:

Based on limited data, sclerotherapy appears to be effective for treating HHT-related epistaxis and offers promise for treating this recalcitrant condition. However, larger, prospective, multi-centered studies using universally validated instruments for epistaxis are needed to definitively evaluate outcomes from sclerotherapy.
Gaslighting and dispelling: Experiences of non-governmental organization workers in navigating gendered corruption
Authors: Jones Sanela Smolović
Published: February 2022

How does corruption adopt gendered guises and how do women combat it in practice? Theorizing from the basis of a 30-month ethnography within a women’s non-governmental organization (NGO), the article proposes gaslighting as a way of interpreting gendered corruption, owing to its elusive but pernicious nature. Gaslighting is posited as the deployment of tactics to make women doubt their sanity and as a means of securing personal advantage. Gaslighting triggers embodied forms of struggle, and the article offers the notion of dispelling as denoting the persistent, patient and reiterative counter-practice of NGO practitioners to assert democratic norms of liberty and equality. The article provides rich empirical insight both into how corruption is enacted through the citing of patriarchal norms and how such norms are contested through the bodies of practitioners. These insights are important at a time when governments globally claim gender equality while undermining it in practice.
Loneliness in the presence of others: A mixed-method study of social networks of caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders
Authors: Tabatabaee Maryam , Yousefi Nooraie Reza , Mohammad Aghaei Ardavan , Rostam-Abadi Yasna , Ansari Mina , Sharifi Shamim , Sharifi Vandad
Published: February 2022

Background:

One in four families has at least one member with a mental disorder and families are the main caregivers in most patients in low and middle-income countries. Caregivers experience disruption in their routine lives, increased responsibilities, increased need for support, and changes in their network. The role of personal support networks in the health and burden of the caregivers is complex and depends on the context, cultural and socioeconomical variables. In this study, we aimed to investigate the personal support network of caregivers of patients with severe mental illness in Iran.

Methods:

By using a mixed-methods design, we focused on the structure and composition of caregiver networks, as well as self-perceived caregiver support.

Results:

We found that the support network of caregivers was mostly composed of immediate family members whom themselves were selectively chosen as a result of the multidimensional process of interaction between stigma, availability, and the perceived needs of caregivers. The participants mentioned economic and instrumental supports more frequently than emotional support, probably reflecting their unmet basic needs. Advocacy for providing formal systemic supports to caregivers, as well as interventions that expand caregivers personal support network is recommended.

Conclusions:

Most participants of the study were relatively isolated and had a small network of support, mostly composed of immediate family members. Stigma was a serious source of family distress for caregivers and a limiting factor in social relationships.
Transcriptional Regulation of Jaw Osteoblasts: Development to Pathology
Authors: Nassif A. , Lignon G. , Asselin A. , Zadikian C.C. , Petit S. , Sun H.W. , Klein C. , Ferré F.C. , Morasso M.I. , Berdal A. , Fournier B.P.J. , Isaac J.
Published: February 2022

Craniofacial and jaw bones have unique physiological specificities when compared to axial and appendicular bones. However, the molecular profile of the jaw osteoblast (OB) remains incomplete. The present study aimed to decipher the bone site-specific profiles of transcription factors (TFs) expressed in OBs in vivo. Using RNA sequencing analysis, we mapped the transcriptome of confirmed OBs from 2 different skeletal sites: mandible (Md) and tibia (Tb). The OB transcriptome contains 709 TF genes: 608 are similarly expressed in Md-OB and Tb-OB, referred to as “OB-core”; 54 TF genes are upregulated in Md-OB, referred to as “Md-set”; and 18 TF genes are upregulated in Tb-OB, referred to as “Tb-set.” Notably, the expression of 29 additional TF genes depends on their RNA transcript variants. TF genes with no previously known role in OBs and bone were identified. Bioinformatics analysis combined with review of genetic disease databases and a comprehensive literature search showed a significant contribution of anatomical origin to the OB signatures. Md-set and Tb-set are enriched with site-specific TF genes associated with development and morphogenesis (neural crest vs. mesoderm), and this developmental imprint persists during growth and homeostasis. Jaw and tibia site-specific OB signatures are associated with craniofacial and appendicular skeletal disorders as well as neurocristopathies, dental disorders, and digit malformations. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of a new method to isolate pure OB populations and map their gene expression signature in the context of OB physiological environment, avoiding in vitro culture and its associated biases. Our results provide insights into the site-specific developmental pathways governing OBs and identify new major OB regulators of bone physiology. We also established the importance of the OB transcriptome as a prognostic tool for human rare bone diseases to explore the hidden pathophysiology of craniofacial malformations, among the most prevalent congenital defects in humans.
Resentment Is Like Drinking Poison? The Heterogeneous Health Effects of Affective Polarization
Authors: Nelson Micah H.
Published: February 2022

Affective polarization—the tendency for individuals to exhibit animosity toward those on the opposite side of the partisan divide—has increased in the United States in recent years. This article presents evidence that this trend may have consequences for Americans’ health. Structural equation model analyses of nationally representative survey data from Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel (n = 4,685) showed heterogeneous relationships between affectively polarized attitudes and self-rated health. On one hand, such attitudes were directly negatively associated with health such that the polarized political environment was proposed to operate as a sociopolitical stressor. Simultaneously, affective polarization was positively associated with political participation, which in turn was positively associated with health, although the direct negative effect was substantially larger than the indirect positive one. These results suggest that today’s increasingly hostile and pervasive form of partisanship may undermine Americans’ health even as it induces greater political engagement.
Campus Reset: Dynamic Planning and Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infections at the US Air Force Academy
Authors: Sitko John C. , Almand Erin A. , Cullenbine Christopher A. , Steel J. Jordan , Rohrer Joseph W. , Wickert Douglas P. , Hasstedt Steven C.M.
Published: February 2022

Predominantly asymptomatic infections, such as those for SARS-CoV-2, require robust surveillance testing to identify people who are unknowingly spreading the virus. The US Air Force Academy returned to in-person classes for more than 4000 cadets aged 18-26 years during the fall 2020 semester to meet graduation and leadership training requirements. To enable this sustained cadet footprint, the institution developed a dynamic SARS-CoV-2 response plan using near–real-time data to inform decisions and trigger policies. A surveillance testing program based on mathematical modeling and a policy-driven campus reset option provided a scaled approach to react to SARS-CoV-2 conditions. This program adequately controlled the spread of the virus for the first 2 months of the academic semester but failed to predict or initially mitigate a significant outbreak in the second half of the semester. Although this approach did not completely eliminate SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population, it served as an early warning system to alert public health authorities to potential issues, which allowed timely responses while containment was still possible.
The Effectiveness and Flexibility of Practice-Based Teaching: A Long-term, Cross-disciplinary Evaluation
Authors: Greece Jacey A. , Bangham Candice , Wolff James , Bryant Malcolm , Gupte Gouri , McGrath Donna
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

Schools of public health (SPHs) must train students through real-world situations. Practice-based teaching (PBT) uses immediate application for skill development through multiple modes of delivery including virtual collaborations. PBT provides short-term benefits but is less understood long term. We sought to understand the longer-term impacts of PBT on students, public health agencies, faculty, and SPH administration and determine if the reported benefits of PBT outweigh the challenges.

Methods:

We used a mixed-methods pre–post-test evaluation to assess short-term outcomes in spring 2015 and long-term outcomes 3 years later using quantitative and qualitative assessments. The evaluation included 4 PBT courses spanning disciplines in 1 SPH. Participants included students (n = 56), collaborating agencies (n = 9), teaching faculty (n = 7), and SPH administrators (n = 8).

Results:

Students reported acquisition of competencies, application at follow-up, and being workforce ready (91.0%) with greater appreciation 3 years post-semester (78.6%). Collaborating agencies reported successful implementation of deliverables (77.8%) and enhanced networks (88.7%) with cost savings and better outcomes for the communities served. Faculty recognized beneficial outcomes to students including workforce preparation (71.4%), and administration recognized the benefits and worth of PBT to the school for teaching (100%) and research opportunities (87.5%).

Conclusions:

Given the shifting higher education landscape as a result of the pandemic, public health courses are being redesigned to provide opportunities for skill development, regardless of delivery mode, and enhanced connections to the field are essential. PBT is a flexible pedagogy that results in lasting and innovative resources to agencies and prepares public health students with technical skills and professional competencies to be workforce ready.
A liberal stand-off with deplorables: Adapting Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People from Nietzscheanism through Nazism to Neoliberalism
Authors: Larsen Mads
Published: February 2022

A pivotal question since the Enlightenment has been how to promote reason to the masses. Henrik Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People and its film adaptations across four countries and seven decades let us examine this discourse across time and geography. Ibsen offers Nietzschean, elitist radicalism to save the public sphere from ignorance. Ein Volksfeind (dir. Hans Steinhoff) insists that only the Nazi Party can straighten out the confused masses. A 1978 version from a screenplay by Arthur Miller (dir. George Schaefer) makes Steve McQueen a hero-martyr for grassroots democracy, while Ganashatru (dir. Satyajit Ray) challenges Eurocentric logocentricity through ‘empathetic humanism’. Norwegian En folkefiende (dir. Erik Skjoldbjærg) declares that in the neoliberal era, people’s resistance to reason threatens our species’ very survival. Such despondency informs today’s populism and democratic apathy, suggesting that humanistic beliefs may have played themselves out and that a new master-narrative could be required to break our twenty-first-century stand-off. As voters are labelled ‘deplorables’ and journalists ‘enemies of the people’, Ibsen’s play has also experienced a renaissance.
Is There a Gender Gap in the Propensity to Travel of People With Disabilities?
Authors: De Pascale Angelina , Meleddu Marta , Abbate Tindara , Pellicano Marco
Published: February 2022

People with disabilities (PwDs) face various constraints connected to their participation in tourism activities. This topic has become of greater academic interest in recent years, however, the study of gender issues in this context is still marginal. The present paper seeks to analyze gender differences in PwDs’ propensity to travel, explicitly examining constraints that may limit social inclusion in tourism activities. The empirical analysis is focused on sample data of the Italian population of PwDs gathered through an online questionnaire administered between April and July 2020. The findings reveal gender differences in PwDs travel participation, underlining matters related to constraints “impose,” by society as a whole. The paper discusses the implications of breaking down barriers and provides insights into the tourism industry so as to ensure accessibility, accurate information, and inclusivity.
Does Distance Still Matter? Moderating Effects of Distance Measures on the Relationship Between Pandemic Severity and Bilateral Tourism Demand
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhang Linjia , Wu Laurie , Li Zhenlong
Published: February 2022

This study aims to investigate the moderating effects of various distance measures on the relationship between relative pandemic severity and bilateral tourism demand. After confirming its validity using actual hotel and air demand measures, we leveraged data from Google Destination Insights to understand daily bilateral tourism demand between 148 origin countries and 109 destination countries. Specifically, we estimated a series of fixed-effects panel data gravity models based on the year-over-year change in daily demand. Results show that a 10% increase in seven-day smoothed COVID-19 cases led to a 0.0658% decline in year-over-year demand change. The moderating distance measures include geographic, cultural, economic, social, and political distance. Results show that long-haul tourism demand was less affected by a destination’s pandemic severity relative to tourists’ place of origin. The moderating effect of national cultural dimensions indulgence versus constraints was also confirmed. Lastly, a discussion and implications for international destination marketing are provided.
Surveying Spontaneous Mass Protests: Mixed-mode Sampling and Field Methods
Authors: Yuen Samson , Tang Gary , Lee Francis L. F. , Cheng Edmund W.
Published: February 2022

Protest survey is a standard tool for scholars to understand protests. However, although protest survey methods are well established, the occurrence of spontaneous and leaderless protests has created new challenges for researchers. Not only do their unpredictable occurrences hinder planning, their fluidity also creates problems in obtaining representative samples. This article addresses these challenges based on our research during Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement. We propose a mixed-mode sampling method combining face-to-face survey and smartphone-based online survey (onsite and post hoc), which can maximize sample sizes while ensuring representativeness in a cost-effective manner. Test results indicate that key variables from the survey modes are not statistically different in a consistent manner, except for age. Our findings show mixed-mode sampling can better capture protesters’ characteristics in contemporary protests and is replicable in other contexts.
B. R. Ambedkar on Caste, Democracy, and State Action
Authors: Ramesh Hari
Published: February 2022

Recent years have seen a notable surge in scholarship on the life and thought of B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956). This essay contributes to this literature by uncovering heretofore underemphasized aspects of how Ambedkar theorized the relationships between caste oppression, democracy, and state action. The essay demonstrates that, particularly in the period from 1936 to 1947, Ambedkar closely attended to the pathological imbrications between caste society and representative institutions in India; that he theorized an alternative, ambitious conception of democracy that encompassed the social and political spheres; and that he framed the state, and Dalit presence within the state, as a uniquely appealing instrument to transition from the former arrangement to the latter. In addition to filling gaps in the scholarship on Ambedkar, this interpretation offers important resources for contemporary democratic theory—in particular by countering perspectives that remain overly skeptical of the state’s capacity to move against social oppression in ways that enable, rather than inhibit, collective self-government.
Privacy Cynicism and its Role in Privacy Decision-Making
Authors: van Ooijen Iris , Segijn Claire M. , Opree Suzanna J.
Published: February 2022

In the era of data-driven communication, managing one’s online privacy is a necessary, yet burdensome challenge. While individuals have concerns about firms’ data collection practices, they sometimes appear to disclose personal information for relatively small rewards. We demonstrate that privacy cynicism—an attitude toward privacy protection characterized by frustration, hopelessness, and disillusionment—explains this paradox by moderating the relationship between the appraisal of privacy threats and privacy coping behaviors on one side, and privacy protection behaviors on the other side. Results of a U.S. national survey ( N = 993) show that privacy cynicism is negatively related to privacy protection behaviors and significantly moderates relationships of perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, disclosure benefits, and response costs on protection behaviors. Hence, this work has important implications for communication theory by extending existing models of privacy management behaviors, as well as for communication practice, by stressing the importance of creating awareness about privacy cynicism.
Why Correctional Service Providers and Researchers Should Focus on Intersectionality and Recommendations to Get Started
Authors: Batastini Ashley B. , Jones Ashley C. T. , Patel Meera , Pringer Sarah M.
Published: February 2022

Across disciplines, there has been increased attention to understanding and addressing compounded oppression and marginalization associated with intersecting identities. We argue that involvement with the criminal justice system can, in itself, represent an identity (self-ascribed or not) that interplays with other demographic and systemic variables, making it more difficult for these clients to disconnect from the system. We offer our perspective on integrating conversations and tools focused on intersectionality into assessment and interventions that address criminogenic risks, recommendations for adopting a mixed-methods approach to researching intersectionality in correctional settings that better accounts for individual variability, as well as suggestions for advocacy, policy reform, and graduate-level training. With its emphasis on diversity and multiculturalism, health service psychology and related professions are uniquely poised to help correctional agencies move in a more inclusive direction that will likely improve client well-being and prosocial reengagement as well as reduce continued systemic oppression.
Reliability among School-Based Professionals: Using a Feature-Matching Screening Checklist to Identify Communication Systems
Authors: DeLuca Emily R. , Da Fonte M. Alexandra , Boesch Miriam C.
Published: February 2022

Students with complex communication needs may require augmentative and alternative communication systems to supplement or replace their speech abilities. To effectively identify a communication system, a feature-matching process should be implemented as it considers the student’s present levels of performance. Due to the unique communication characteristics of students with complex communication needs, informal assessment tools are often used to help determine the students’ skills in natural contexts. A challenge often faced with informal assessment tools is the reliability among evaluators. As such, this pilot study attempted to evaluate the reliability of a feature-matching screening checklist and its corresponding matrices among potential professionals who would be part of the educational team. Results indicated that (a) pre-service and in-service special education teachers were the most reliable combination when completing the screening checklist, (b) exposure to the screening checklist was an influencing factor on reliability, and (c) in-service speech-language pathologists made the most errors while completing the screening checklist. Implications for practices and future research directions are discussed.
COVID-19 effect on the gender gap in academic publishing
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz , Sławska Agnieszka , Wilamowski Maciej
Published: February 2022

The authors wanted to verify a popular belief that women scholars have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We studied the first names of authors of 266,409 articles from 2813 journals in 21 disciplines, and we found no significant differences between men and women in publication patterns between 2021, 2020, and 2019 overall. However, we found significant differences in publication patterns between gender in different disciplines. In addition, in disciplines where the proportion of women authors is higher, there are fewer single-authored articles. In the multi-author articles if the first author is female, there is more gender balance among authors, although there are still fewer women co-authors.