bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HERBICIDES FOR FORAGE CORN NO-TILL SEEDED INTO CEREAL STUBBLE
Authors: IVANY J. A. , ENMAN J. R.
Published: March 2010

Forage corn (Zea mays L.) was grown successfully in Prince Edward Island by no-till planting the corn into standing cereal stubble 15–20 cm tall using a Buffalo no-till seeder. Planting with the slot-type shoe in a preliminary experiment in 1978 gave better forage yields than planting with a slice-type shoe mainly because of better plant population achieved. Subsequent experiments in 1979–1981 using the slot-type shoe to no-till plant corn in cereal stubble gave good forage yields when adequate weed control was provided with herbicide treatment. Best control of quackgrass (Agropyron repens L. Beauv.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) and crop yields was achieved with glyphosate + atrazine (1.5 + 2.5 kg a.i./ha) or amitrole + atrazine (3.4 + 2.5 kg a.i./ha) applied preemergence after seeding corn and before corn emergence. Control of quack grass and dandelion with glyphosate or amitrole used alone ranged from 71–80%, but paraquat alone did not provide any weed control. Addition of atrazine to paraquat, glyphosate, or amitrole gave improved control of quackgrass and dandelion and higher forage corn yields. Addition of 2.5 kg a.i./ha atrazine gave better results than use of 1.0 kg a.i./ha of atrazine.Key words: Forage corn, no-till seeding, glyphosate, atrazine, aminotriazole, paraquat
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND TASTE PANEL PREFERENCE OF STARKRIMSON RED DELICIOUS APPLES
Authors: SALTVEIT Jr. MIKAL E.
Published: March 2010

Untrained taste panels rated freshly harvested Starkrimson Red Delicious apples that had evolved enough ethylene after 1 h to raise the concentration in a 500-mL container to 0.15–4.5 ppm higher in overall eating quality than fruit producing more, or less ethylene. These rates of accumulation correspond to production of between 0.35 and 10.5 nL∙g−1∙h−1 ethylene, and internal ethylene concentrations of from 1.3 to 51 ppm.Key words: Malus domestica, maturity indices, Starkrimson Red Delicious, climacteric, taste panel
AN EVALUATION OF PEACH CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO Leucostoma cincta
Authors: DHANVANTARI B. N. , DIRKS V. A.
Published: March 2010

A number of peach cultivars and selections were evaluated in three successive years for resistance to Leucostoma cincta, an important pathogen of the perennial canker complex, by yearly inoculation of 1-yr-old wood and assessment. Significant variation for proximal linear extension of the canker was associated with cultivars over all years, as well as with the years of evaluation and cultivar × year interaction among 21 entries evaluated in all the 3 yr, but no immunity was observed.Key words: Perennial canker
TWO MACHINES FOR IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF PLANTS IN LIQUID MEDIA
Authors: HARRIS ROBERT E. , MASON EDWIN B. B.
Published: March 2010

Two machines are described, one to tilt 400 50-mL or 320 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks, and the other to rock 120 455-mL or 70 910-mL square wide-mouth Mason jars, or combinations of the different container sizes. In grapes, explants transferred to liquid media on the machines after 28 days on agar produced seven times as many shoots in 90 days as explants maintained on agar media. Similar increases were obtained with Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Fuchsia hybrida ’Swingtime,’ Amelanchier alnifolia, and Nicotiana tabacum ’Xanthi-nc.’ The liquid culture method also reduces cost by using less media and agar.Key words: Machines, in vitro, propagation, liquid-media
ETUDE DE L’EFFET DES MODES DE FERTILISATION, DU RECHAUSSEMENT ET D’UN PAILLIS SUR LA PRODUCTION DE LA GOURGANE (Vicia faba L. VAR. major) AU SAGUENAY-LAC ST-JEAN
Authors: DRAPEAU RAYNALD
Published: March 2010

The interaction of fertilization methods, ridging and the use of a mulch has been established over a 4-yr period on the yield of a local cultivar of broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. major). No significant effect has been obtained on green pod production, average number of pods per hectare, average number of pods per individual plant (three interrelated parameters), contribution of green grain in percent of the whole green pod, green seed yield and dry matter production of the stubble. Yearly variations have been obtained. The differences in dry stubble production and pod number per plant indicate that broad bean yield seems to be related to the prevailing climatic conditions during plant development and particularly at the blooming stage.Key words: Vicia faba L. var. major, broad bean
HETEROSIS IN SUMMER RAPE (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: SERNYK J. L. , STEFANSSON B. R.
Published: March 2010

The degree of heterosis for seed yield in F1 hybrids of summer rape (Brassica napus L.) was examined in replicated yield trials during 2 yr (1980 and 1981) using intervarietal hybrids produced by manual crossing. The seed yields from the F1 hybrids of crosses between Marnoo and Regent, and Karat and Regent exceeded those of Regent by 38 and 43%, respectively. With the possible exception of maturity, which was 1 day later than Regent, the agronomic and quality characteristics of these hybrids appeared to be within the ranges acceptable in commercial rapeseed cultivars. However, the successful development of hybrid rapeseed cultivars still depends upon the development of a suitable cytoplasmic, genetic or chemical (male gametocide) pollination control system.Key words: Brassica napus L., canola, intervarietal hybrids
FROST DAMAGE IN FLOWERS AND IMMATURE FRUITS OF Amelanchier alnifolia NUTT. (MALOIDEAE)
Authors: OLSON A. RANDALL , STEEVES TAYLOR A.
Published: March 2010

Flower buds, blossoms, and immature fruits from wild populations of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. (Maloideae) were examined for histological damage resulting from naturally occurring spring frosts. Floral tissues become vulnerable to frost injury at anthesis. Tissue degeneration appears to be restricted to what has been interpreted as carpel in the typical pomoid, inferior ovary. An understanding of certain phenological and ovarian tissue susceptibilities may contribute to the evaluation of new cultivars with the potential for circumventing the threat of cold injury.Key words: Fruit, carpel, inferior ovary, Amelanchier alnifolia
BIOACTIVITY OF ATRAZINE IN NINE SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: GROVER R. , MORSE P. M. , HUANG P. M.
Published: March 2010

Bioactivity of atrazine was determined for nine Saskatchewan soils. The amount of the herbicide required to reduce the growth of shoots by 50%, GR50, was estimated from dose-response data, using logistic regression curves. GR50 values varied from 0.09 μg/g for Asquith sandy loam to 1.73 μg/g for Melfort silty clay loam. Using rank correlation coefficients, it was shown that there was a significant correlation of GR50 with soil organic matter content. In addition, when the amorphous oxides of Al and Fe were extracted with pyrophosphate, each also showed a high correlation with GR50.Key words: Bioactivity, atrazine, GR50
SELECTIVE CONTROL OF FALSE CLEAVERS IN RAPESEED WITH BENAZOLIN
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: March 2010

Under field conditions, control of false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) in rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) with three formulations (dimethylamine solution, ethyl ester emulsifiable concentrate, or ethyl ester wettable powder) of benazolin at 0.5 kg/ha was good. The ester formulations provided better control of false cleavers than the dimethylamine. There were no differences in degree of control following application of the dimethylamine formulation at the one-, three- or five-leaf whorl in the field. Under greenhouse conditions control of false cleavers and tolerance of rapeseed to benazolin dimethylamine at 0.25–0.75 kg/ha at the one-, two- or three-leaf whorl was good. Slight to moderate rapeseed injury in the form of stunting or thinning was observed 2 wk following application of benazolin under field conditions. The dimethylamine and emulsifiable concentrate formulations caused more injury than the wettable powder formulation. At harvest, these injury symptoms had disappeared. Control of false cleavers with benazolin did not result in an increase in yields of rapeseed over a weedy control.Key words: False cleavers, rapeseed, benazolin
APICA ALFALFA
Authors: MICHAUD R. , RICHARD C. , WILLHMOT C. , GASSER H.
Published: March 2010

Apica is a new cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Sainte-Foy. License no. 2200 was issued for Apica by the Food Production and Inspection Branch of Agriculture Canada on 26 Feb. 1982. It is similar to Saranac in leaf and stem size, plant height, maturity, regrowth and fall dormancy. It was extensively tested across Eastern Canada and was found to be superior to Saranac, Iroquois, and Thor for yield, persistence and winter survival.Key words: Alfalfa, cultivar, persistence, Medicago sativa, winter survival
L’INDUCTION DE LA RESISTANCE AU FROID PAR LA SECHERESSE: UNE METHODE RAPIDE ET ECONOMIQUE POUR TESTER ET SELECTIONNER DES CULTIVARS RESISTANTS DE CEREALES D’HIVER
Authors: CLOUTIER Y. , SIMINOVITCH D.
Published: March 2010

A short drought of 24 h was used to cold-harden 21 cultivars of wheat, rye and triticale. In seedlings, epicotyls harden much more than other tissues. The degree of frost-resistance measured in drought-stressed epicotyls was strongly correlated to that of whole plants in the field, thus, epicotyl is a choice material for detection of frost hardiness. The range of values of LT50 (temperature at which 50% of the epicotyls are killed) is larger than that of LT50 measured in whole plants. Therefore, freezing tests performed on epicotyls are theoretically better suited to resolve frost hardiness than freezing tests performed on whole plants, if the error in LT50 measurements is kept low. A new screening method for frost resistance could be developed from the freezing tests performed on drought-stressed epicotyls.Key words: Frost, drought, resistance, cereals
VARIABILITY AND INTERACTION IN THE Pisum sativum L. — Rhizobium leguminosarum SYMBIOSIS
Authors: HOBBS S. L. A. , MAHON J. D.
Published: March 2010

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was examined in 36 plant genotype-bacterial strain combinations produced by growing six genotypes of Pisum sativum L. and six strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum in all combinations. Both genotypes and strains had effects not only on nitrogen fixation but also on characters associated with plant growth and photosynthesis. However, relationships between characters differed markedly depending on whether genotype or strain means were used to calculate correlation coefficients. Genotype × strain (G × S) interactions also affected the expression of several of the characters. Using nitrogen fixation as an example, statistical methods analogous to those developed for the analysis of genotype × environment interactions were used to study this interaction. From this analysis it was apparent that the G × S variability was mainly caused by differences in the magnitude of the response of plant genotypes or bacterial strains to changes in the complementary symbiont with little difference in the stability of this response. An examination of different indicators of performance, response, and stability of that response, suggests that both plant genotypes and bacterial strains could be selected for relatively uniform fixation over a range of symbiotic partners, or that specific combinations could be selected for maximum symbiotic effectiveness.Key words: Genotype × strain, N2 fixation, photosynthesis, respiration, growth
EFFECTS OF SEED SPACING ON COMMON ROOT ROT OF SOME BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: PIENING L. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of varying interplant competition on common root rot and yield was examined in barley over a 4-yr period. One experiment studied the effects of thinning. Other tests with a constant level of interplant competition examined the effects of interplanted root-rot-resistant barley or oat cultivars on the root rot reaction and yield of susceptible barley cultivars. Increasing interplant spacing by thinning reduced root rot significantly in Gateway and Bonanza barley in 1 out of 4 years, but yield was increased significantly only in Gateway in 2 out of 4 years. Yield reduction due to root rot was significantly less in 1 out of 2 years when the distance between Gateway plants was increased due to the interplanting of oats. The lack of a consistent reduction in root rot or yield loss by reducing plant competition or interplanting with moderately resistant barley or oats precludes use of lower seeding rates or mixed crops as an economic method of reducing root rot.Key words: Interplant competition, common root rot, barley
GENETIC VARIATION FOR REACTION TO Cephalosporium gramineum IN FOUR CROSSES OF WINTER WHEAT
Authors: MARTIN J. M. , MATHRE D. E. , JOHNSTON R. H.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of our research were to determine the magnitude of genetic variation for reaction to Cephalosporium gramineum and to investigate the relationship among indices measuring host reaction to C. gramineum in four winter wheat crosses. PI 278212 and MT 7579 (resistance sources) were each crossed with Marias and Winalta (adapted tester lines). Seventy random F2-derived F3 progenies per cross were planted in nonreplicated rows and were inoculated with C. gramineum. Visual disease scores were recorded on a scale of 0 to 5 (0 = no white heads and 5 = 100% white heads). The F2-derived F4 progenies were planted in a replicated yield trial with control and adjacent inoculated plots the following season. Cephalosporium gramineum caused significant yield loss in all crosses and in all parents except PI 278212. Comparisons among cross means showed that mean symptom expression approached the resistant parent in all crosses. Crosses from MT 7579 had greater yield in both control and inoculated conditions but had greater yield reduction than crosses from PI 278212. Parents performed similarly in cross combinations, as there was no significant resistance source × tester line interaction. F3 disease score was not a reliable predictor of F4 inoculated yield or yield reduction. Estimates of genetic variance components and heritabilities pooled over crosses were largest relative to their standard errors for inoculated yield and smallest for yield reduction. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were of the same sign and nearly the same magnitude with inoculated yield being positively correlated with control yield and negatively correlated with yield reduction.Key words: Cephalosporium stripe, winter wheat, host reaction
EFFECTS OF INITIAL HARVEST DATE ON DRY MATTER YIELD, IN VITRO DRY MATTER DIGESTIBILITY AND PROTEIN IN TIMOTHY, TALL FESCUE, REED CANARYGRASS AND KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS
Authors: MASON W. , LACHANCE L.
Published: March 2010

Timothy, tall fescue, reed canarygrass and Kentucky bluegrass plots were harvested at weekly intervals from the vegetative stage through to seed maturity for 3 yr in order to evaluate the effect of harvest and species on nutrient production. The forage of the early harvest regimes was cut after 5 wk of regrowth and all plots were harvested in the fall. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) values ranged from above 80% down to 45%, with an average rate of decrease during June of 0.74, 0.84, 0.85 and 0.45% per day in timothy, tall fescue, reed canarygrass and Kentucky bluegrass, respectively. Similarly, crude protein (CP) in first-cut forage ranged from 28% to 6% and had respective decreases of 0.47, 0.40, 0.39 and 0.28%/day. Regrowth forage in the midsummer and fall harvests averaged from 63 to 59% IVDMD and from 16 to 20% CP, respectively. With the exception of reed canarygrass, delaying the initial cut resulted in continued increases in total annual dry matter (DM) yield, significant increases in total IVDMD yield until flowering, and decreases in total CP yield from stem elongation onwards. Reed canarygrass reached its optimum CP yield at early heading and had significant increases in IVDMD yield until the flowering stage. Harvesting all forages at the stem elongation stage substantially reduced the yield of DM, IVDMD and CP. Although most of the DM was obtained in the initial harvest, almost half of the total CP was obtained in the final harvest.Key words: Timothy, tall fescue, reed canarygrass, Kentucky bluegrass, growth cycle, forage quality
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRUIT WEIGHT, FIRMNESS, AND LEAF/FRUIT RATIO IN LAMBERT AND BING SWEET CHERRIES
Authors: FACTEAU T. J. , CHESTNUT N. E. , ROWE K. E.
Published: March 2010

Increasing leaf:fruit ratio was associated with increased fruit firmness and weight of both Lambert and Bing sweet cherries. Relationships were consistent over 2 yr and eight orchards, but mean values varied between orchards.Key words: Cherry, weight, firmness, leaf:fruit ratio, soluble solids, quality
NORTHERN SUNSET Impatiens
Authors: SIMMONDS JOHN
Published: March 2010

Northern Sunset is a new cultivar of the New Guinea-type Impatiens hybrids with a unique flower color of deep red and deep orange. This cultivar can be used for border planting in partially shaded locations or for hanging basket or patio display.Key words: New words: New Guinea-type Impatiens
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION TIMING ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF WINTER WHEAT
Authors: HOOKER M. L. , MOHIUDDIN S. H. , KANEMASU E. T.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted in southwest Kansas to evaluate the effect of limited water applications at critical growth stages on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was a split-plot design. Irrigation treatments were main plots and cultivar × seeding rate combinations were subplots. The irrigation treatments were: Preplant (PP), PP + jointing (JT), PP + flowering (FL), and PP + JT + FL. Two cultivars (Centurk and Newton) were seeded at rates of 22, 45, and 67 kg∙ha−1. The experiment was conducted over a 2-yr period. During the first cropping season grain and straw yields showed a significant (P < 0.05), positive response to irrigation water applications at the JT growth stage, compared to the PP and PP + FL treatments. There was no significant effect of water treatments on heads per square metre, kernels per square metre or kernel weight. The second cropping season resulted in a positive, significant response of straw yields to irrigation treatments, but no significant response of grain. Grain yield response was nullified by greater kernel weight on the treatments that were most limiting in soil water during early reproductive development (PP and PP + FL).Key words: Triticum aestivum L., limited irrigation, moisture stress, seeding rate, kernel number, kernel weight
WATER REQUIREMENTS OF IRRIGATED SOYBEANS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: HOBBS E. H. , MUENDEL H.-H.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted from 1979 to 1982 in southern Alberta to determine the seasonal water use of soybeans. Soil moisture was determined every 5–6 days throughout the growing season and irrigation water was applied when soil moisture tension in the top 30 cm reached −40 kPa, with an additional treatment of −60 kPa for 1980 and 1981. Seasonal water use in a year of normal growth (1980) varied from 426 to 482 mm for the drier and wetter treatments, respectively. The drier treatments in 1980 and 1981 resulted in more efficient use of water. Low early-season water use with peak use after full pod development (R4) was defined. Water use peaked in late July to early August with a requirement of 7 mm/day. Small changes in seed quality, tending towards higher protein and lower oil under wetter conditions, are corroborated in the literature. The possibility of integrating crop and cultivar selection with appropriate irrigation management to improve production efficiency in southern Alberta is discussed. The late-peak water requirement of soybeans combines well with the early-peak use of cereal crops to ensure efficient seasonal irrigation management.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., évapotranspiration, seed protein, seed oil
CORN PLANT RESIDUE AGE AND PLACEMENT EFFECTS UPON EARLY CORN GROWTH
Authors: YAKLE G. A. , CRUSE R. M.
Published: March 2010

The effect of corn (Zea mays L.) residue age and placement on early corn growth was studied in the greenhouse. Both fresh and partially decomposed corn residues were collected from the field, oven dried, ground, and placed as horizontal bands in sand- or soil-filled acrylic containers. Corn seeds were planted with one residue band placed either above, below, or at seed depth. A no-residue control treatment was also included. Fresh residues reduced root and shoot weights more than partially decomposed corn residue. The effects were most notable when roots came into direct contact with a residue layer. The total impact of corn seedling root contact with corn residue under field conditions is not known. However, evidence suggests that high residue levels in the vicinity of the seedling root may have negative impacts on seedling growth.Key words: Corn, Zea mays, plant residue phytotoxins, early corn growth
COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT TILLERS ACCLIMATED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: LEGGE W. G. , FOWLER D. B. , GUSTA L. V.
Published: March 2010

The cold hardiness of tillers separated from the plant immediately before freezing (CTM) or left intact on the crown (ICM) was determined by artificial freeze tests on two sampling dates for four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated in the field. Plants with 9 and 13 tillers excluding coleoptile tillers were selected in mid-October and at the end of October, respectively. No differences in lethal dose temperature (LT50) were detected among CTM or ICM tillers sampled in mid-October. The three youngest CTM tillers sampled at the end of October were less cold hardy than older tillers. However, younger CTM tillers did not survive the unfrozen control treatment as well as older tillers. ICM tillers sampled at the end of October had the same LT50 except for one of the older tillers. No correlation was found between either the moisture content or dry weight and the LT50 of tillers. Winter survival of tillers was evaluated for two cultivars in the spring. Tillers of intermediate age and two of the youngest tillers had the highest survival rates. Tiller regeneration from axillary buds rather than the apical meristem occurred following cold stress and was negatively correlated to tiller emergence date. It was concluded that differences in cold hardiness among tillers must be taken into consideration if tillers are utilized to estimate the LT50 of a plant.Key words: Cold hardiness, tillers, winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., developmental stage, moisture content
ALLOCATION OPTIMALE DES RESSOURCES POUR DES ESSAIS DE CEREALES AU QUEBEC
Authors: BERNIER-CARDOU M. , GARANT E. , MICHAUD R.
Published: March 2010

Yield, height, heading and maturity dates and lodging index data for a selection of cultivars from the cereal (barley, wheat and oats) cultivar tests of the Conseil des productions végétales du Québec (CPVQ) were used to obtain estimates of the variances associated with cultivar × year, cultivar × location and cultivar × year × location interactions. These estimates suggest that the number of replicates in each test could be reduced to three. Reduction from 3 to 2 yr induces a tolerable increase of the variance of a cultivar mean yield. It would probably be sufficient to observe heading or maturity dates and lodging index in two replicates only.Key words: Genotype × environment interaction, cultivar testing
INFLUENCE OF ANCYMIDOL AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF EASTER LILY
Authors: WILLIAMS E. J. , LEWIS A. J.
Published: March 2010

Decreasing light intensities by 0, 35, 55 and 80% light exclusion increased Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ’Ace’) height and reduced stem caliper and chlorophyll content but did not affect days to flower or flower number. Increasing concentrations of ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(ρ-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol] applied as a postemergence drench at 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg a.i. (active ingredient) per plant sequentially reduced height under all light intensities, but 1.0 mg increased days to flower. Using ancymidol to control height, commercial-quality lilies can be forced under suboptimal light conditions.Key words: Easter lily, ancymidol, light intensity, growth, flowering
BENTAZON PREEMERGENCE ACTIVITY ON VELVETLEAF (Abutilon theophrasti MEDIC) AND PERSISTENCE IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO SOILS
Authors: GAYNOR J. D. , HAMILL A. S.
Published: March 2010

Field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide) can effectively control velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic) before the weed emerges from the soil. Laboratory experiments showed that the effectiveness of the bentazon depended upon its concentration in the soil and on the weed seeds being in or above the soil layer containing the herbicide. Experiments in the field relating velvetleaf control to bentazon residues in soil showed that velvetleaf can be controlled in southwestern Ontario when bentazon residues in the surface layers of soil exceed 0.2 kg/ha. Bentazon was rapidly degraded in two soils in southwestern Ontario with residues of less than 0.02 kg/ha 40 days after application. Degradation was closely approximated by first order rate law. Thus, an application of 1.0 kg/ha of bentazon should have residual preemergence activity against velvetleaf for 3–12 days after application.Key words: Degradation, residues, herbicide
REPONSE DU TABAC A CIGARE AUX DIFFERENTES METHODES CULTURALES
Authors: LAMARRE MICHEL
Published: March 2010

The effects of planting distance, topping stage and topping height on the agronomic as well as morphological characteristics and chemical composition of cigar filler tobacco were observed during a 3-yr period. Plant spacing of 30 cm and normal topping when 50% of plants were flowering give the best yield, gross return, the highest level of nicotine and total alkaloid content and the leaves are generally wider and longer.Key words: Cigar tobacco, cultural methods, spacing, topping
MANCAN BUCKWHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL C. G. , ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

Mancan is a mid-season buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. It has a seed size 26% larger than Tokyo and is the first large-seeded buckwheat cultivar licensed in Canada. It is especially suited to southern Manitoba.Key words: Fagopyrum esculentum, buckwheat cultivar
CONTROL OF BARLEY AND WHEAT IN CANOLA WITH BAS 9052
Authors: CHOW P. N. P. , O’SULLIVAN P. A. , HUNTER J. H. , KIRKLAND K. J.
Published: March 2010

Control of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at Brandon and Lacombe, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Regina and Scott, in Canola (Brassica campestris L. and Brassica napus L.) with postemergence (three- to four-leaf) applications of BAS 9052 (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cylcohexen-1-one) mixed with Atplus 411F (0.5% vol/vol) were evaluated in 1979 and 1981. Control of barley and wheat was good to excellent with applications at 0.3 or 0.4 kg/ha and seed yields of canola were increased.Key words: Barley, wheat, canola, BAS 9052
APPARATUS FOR MEASURING SKINNING RESISTANCE OF POTATOES
Authors: MISENER G. C.
Published: March 2010

An apparatus was developed and tested which can be used to detect the resistance to skinning of the potato tuber. The effect of top kill treatment on resistance to skinning was readily determined by this method.Key words: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, mechanical damage, equipment
GLUCOSINOLATE PROFILES IN THE SEED, ROOT AND LEAF TISSUE OF CABBAGE, MUSTARD, RAPESEED, RADISH AND SWEDE
Authors: SANG J. P. , MINCHINTON I. R. , JOHNSTONE P. K. , TRUSCOTT R. J. W.
Published: March 2010

Due to the limitations of previous methods for glucosinolate analysis, only fragmentary information has been available on glucosinolate profiles in plant tissues. Using a newly developed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the separation of desulphoglucosinolates formed by enzymic desulphation of endogenous glucosinolates, the glucosinolate contents in the seed, root and leaf of five cruciferous plants (cabbage, mustard, radish, rapeseed and swede) have been investigated. Identities of peaks in the HPLC chromatograms were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major differences between the seed, leaf and root profiles in the same plant were obtained for all five species investigated. Particular attention was directed to the indole glucosinolates, including the recently discovered compounds, 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate and 4-methoxy-3-indolymethyl glucosinolate, for which analytical methods have been previously lacking. These indole glucosinolates were found to have defined distribution patterns: 4-methoxyl-3-indolymethyl glucosinolate and 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate were absent in seed material whereas 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate was found in highest concentrations in this tissue. 3-Indolylmethyl glucosinolate was found in low levels in seed but was the dominant indole glucosinolate in the leaf. The possible implications of these findings are discussed. Keywords: Indole glucosinolates, Brassica napus, B. juncea, B. oleracea, B. napobrassica, Raphanus sativus, Cruciferae
THINNING SPARTAN APPLES WITH CARBARYL AND 1-NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID: INFLUENCE OF SPRAY VOLUME AND COMBINATIONS OF CHEMICALS
Authors: LOONEY N. E. , McKELLAR J. E.
Published: March 2010

In three of four experiments conducted between 1979 and 1981, significantly better fruit thinning of Spartan apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was achieved with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (17–34 g/ha) tank-mixed with carbaryl (1.67–2.25 kg/ha) than with either chemical applied singly. NAA usually thinned more effectively than carbaryl. Spray volume (from 560 to 4400 L/ha) was not a major factor influencing the thinning result but in the two experiments where it was a significant main effect, better thinning was achieved with reduced spray volume. Sprays applied at 15 days after full bloom were more effective than those applied at 25 days. In three experiments, the number of blossom clusters per unit of branch cross-sectional area (’flowering intensity’) was a highly significant covariate with proportionally fewer fruits setting when flowering intensity was high. Therefore, an analysis of covariance permitted better resolution of the spray treatment effects.Key words: Chemical thinning, fruit set, Malus domestica
LEGER BARLEY
Authors: FEJER S. O. , FEDAK G. , HO K. M.
Published: March 2010

Léger is a six-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with very high yield, high test weight and large kernels. It is a mid-season cultivar well adapted to Eastern Canada. Breeder seed of Léger is maintained by Ottawa Research Station, Agriculture Canada.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, PGR 12229, six-rowed spring feed barley, high yield, strong straw
ASSESSMENT OF YIELD IMPROVEMENT OF SHORT-SEASON CORN HYBRIDS IN ATLANTIC TRIALS
Authors: WHITE R. P. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Evaluation of corn hybrid performance in Atlantic trials has documented an 11% mean yield improvement for forage corn hybrids of similar maturity in 1982 in comparison with those under test in 1976. The mean 1982 grain corn yield improvement was 16% overall, with later maturing hybrids showing a greater yield improvement than earlier hybrids.Key words: Maize, hybrid, evaluation, early maturity
OBSERVATIONS OF THE PH OF RAIN AT DELHI, ONTARIO
Authors: ROSA NESTOR , CAUGHILL C. W. H.
Published: March 2010

Acidic contaminants in rainfall can potentially lower soil pH and, indirectly, the productivity of tobacco. Although soil pH values are monitored this is the first attempt to record the pH of rain for the tobacco-growing area. Mean pH of rain was more acid during 1981 (pH 3.96) as compared to that during 1980 (pH 4.18). The pH was observed to vary by approximately one pH unit during a rainfall period and the change was affected by rate of rainfall.Key words: Acid rain, pH, Nicotiana tabacum, tobacco
THE INFLUENCE OF RATOON CROPPING ON SWEET SORGHUM YIELD, SUGAR PRODUCTION, AND INSECT DAMAGE
Authors: DUNCAN R. R. , GARDNER W. A.
Published: March 2010

As multiple cropping practices continue to spread in the southeastern U.S.A., ratoon cropping (two harvests from a single planting) provides an additional double-cropping scheme for farmers. Fourteen sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars were evaluated in a ratoon double-cropping system at two locations during 1980 and 1981. Significant cultivar × location interactions were detected both years. Environmental conditions (particularly air and soil temperatures) and genetic capability governed performance of cultivars in the ratoon cropping system. The Coastal Plain location provided a more stable environment for ratoon cropping of sorghum than the Piedmont location and this production dependability was attributed to warm temperatures during April–May and October–November coupled with at least 230+ frost-free days. Total whole-plant green weights were 36% higher in the Coastal Plain than in the Piedmont. Percent sugar concentration was 15% higher on the first crop and 9% higher on the ratoon crop in the Piedmont than in the Coastal Plain. Calculation of total sugar yield per hectare revealed that the cultivars produced 43% more sugar when grown in the Coastal Plain than in the Piedmont. Roma was the best cultivar in the Coastal Plain while Brandes, Wray, and Keller were the best cultivars in the Piedmont. MN 960 and Ramada should be avoided when ratoon cropping. Insect damage was significantly greater on the ratoon crop than on the first crop. Fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)) larvae caused the major foliar damage on the ratoon crop. Genetic improvements are needed in sweet sorghum cultivars used in ratoon cropping to increase total plant weight productivity (especially on the ratoon crop), sugar accumulation in the stem (particularly on the first crop), tillering capability in the ratoon crop, germination and seedling vigor in cool soils, and disease and insect resistance.Key words: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, double cropping, cultivar by location interaction, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), Heliothis zea (Boddie)
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF BARLEY, WILD OATS AND DOMESTIC OATS ON THE MILLING AND BAKING PERFORMANCE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: DEXTER J. E. , PRESTON K. R. , TIPPLES K. H.
Published: March 2010

The presence of foreign material on the milling and baking performance of a No. 1 Canada Western red spring (CWRS) wheat was examined in relation to tolerances established for CWRS grades. Various levels of barley, wild oats and domestic oats were added to clean wheat. Either two-row or six-row barley at the maximum limits permitted for export of No. 2 CWRS and No. 3 CWRS reduced flour yield significantly, but had very little effect on flour properties or baking quality. Oats added at the same levels produced a similar reduction in milling yield and also caused significant loss of baking quality. Dehulled oats caused greater quality deterioration than oats with hulls. The presence of wild oats caused greater quality deterioration than domestic oats, particularly in the case of baking properties.Key words: Wheat, T. aestivum, milling, baking, degrading factors, barley, oats
ESTABLISHMENT AND SUBSEQUENT PRODUCTIVITY OF BROMEGRASS AND ALFALFA SEEDED WITH AN ARGENTINE RAPESEED COMPANION CROP IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: WADDINGTON J. , BITTMAN S.
Published: March 2010

Yields of pure stands of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) established on summerfallow with and without an Argentine rape-seed (Brassica napus L.) companion crop were compared at Melfort in three tests, each maintained for 4 yr. In all three experiments, yields over the 4-yr period were greater when the forage was established alone, and in two of the three, bromegrass produced more than alfalfa. When established with rapeseed, forages produced much less dry matter in the seedling year than when established alone, and the effects of the companion crop carried over into the following year. Thereafter, the yield differences between the two establishment methods were small and in the final year had disappeared. Argentine rapeseed suppressed forage seedling growth more in the 2 yr with average or cool summers, than in the year with a hot summer. Alfalfa was more severely suppressed than bromegrass in the year with the best growing season.Key words: Bromegrass, alfalfa, rapeseed, companion crops, forage yield, forage establishment
EFFECTS OF ADDED LIMESTONE AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD AND STORAGE LOSSES OF CABBAGE
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of added limestone and potassium on the yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) were investigated at different locations each year for three consecutive years. The cultivars, Excel, Green Winter and Houston Evergreen were grown at each location and after harvest were held for 5 mo in storages maintained at about 2 °C and 95% RH and at about 6 °C and 90% RH. An application of dolomitic limestone at 6.7 t/ha, prior to transplanting, on soils with pH levels of 4.8–5.4 increased marketable yields. The addition of potassium at 224 kg/ha compared to 56 kg/ha also increased yields. The lime treatment reduced the percent weight loss due to dehydration in storage, but neither the lime nor the potassium treatment had any significant effect on the proportion of the original weight placed in storage that remained in marketable condition.Key words: Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, cold storage, lime, potassium, fertilizer
HAROFLEET FIELD BEAN
Authors: AYLESWORTH J. W. , TU J. C.
Published: March 2010

Harofleet, a backcross-derived disease-resistant cultivar of navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with a yield potential similar to that of Fleetwood, was developed at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Ont. Harofleet carries the Are gene that confers resistance to alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma and lambda races of bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav.) and the I gene for resistance to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus.Key words: Cultivar description, bean, bean anthracnose
NATURAL HYBRIDS BETWEEN Manihot reptans Pax AND M. alutacea Rogers & Appan
Authors: NASSAR NAGIB M. A.
Published: March 2010

Natural hybrids between M. reptans and M. alutacea in Goias state, Brazil are described. Hybridization occurred in disturbed habitats where there is a sympatric distribution of the parental species. There is evidence for progressive introgression of germplasm into M. reptans.Key words: Wild cassava, Manihot reptans, natural hybrids, introgression, M. alutacea
WINDEL: FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: WHITE F. H. , PANDEYA R. S. , ARSENAULT W.
Published: March 2010

Windel a compact, flue-cured tobacco cultivar, is recommended for growing in the provinces of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, where prevailing high winds cause extensive damage to tall cultivars, such as Delhi 76. Windel is high yielding and exhibits no loss of yield due to leaf drop — an important characteristic for tobacco cultivars grown in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, wind resistance, flue-cured
EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON FALLING NUMBERS OF STANDING AND WINDROWED WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M. , PAUW RONALD M. De , CHRISTENSEN JOHN V.
Published: March 2010

Weathering damage, as reflected by falling number changes in standing and windrowed red and white wheats, was compared in 14 cultivars grown in small plot trials and in four cultivars grown in field-scale trials. Weathering damage caused a broad range of falling number changes within both the red and white seed coat color classes of cultivars. Mean falling number for the weathering resistant white seed coat class exceeded that of the weathering susceptible red seed coat class in both years, indicating a range of genotypic expression of weathering resistance within both red and white wheats. Falling number was markedly lower in windrowed than in standing wheat following weathering, particularly in the weathering susceptible cultivars. These differences were readily apparent with total rainfall as low as 47 mm during the weathering period. The greater weathering susceptibility of the windrowed than of the standing wheat was attributed to higher moisture contents and slower drying following rains in windrowed compared to standing crops. Test weight was unaffected by harvest treatment. Commercial grades were higher for weathered samples of standing than of windrowed Neepawa wheat at one location.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., falling number, volume weight, red and white seed coat
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF DRYING TEMPERATURES ON CORN SEED QUALITY
Authors: SEYEDIN NADER , BURRIS JOSEPH S. , FLYNN THOMAS E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of drying temperatures on certain physiological parameters associated with germination of corn (Zea mays L.) seed were determined on two commonly grown inbreds. Seed produced on both maternal inbreds Mo17 (intolerant of high drying temperatures) and A632 (relatively tolerant) leached significantly more sugars into water when dried at 50 °C than at 35 °C. Leaching was most pronounced during the first hour. Electrical conductivity of leachate from maternal inbreds Mo17 and A632 was greater for seed dried at 50 °C than at 35 °C. Seedlings grown from embryos of the maternal inbred Mo17 seed dried at 50 °C had significantly lower shoot and root dry weights and percentage germination than did seedlings grown from embryos of Mo17 seed dried at 35 °C. Histochemical light microscopy of Mo17 and A632 embryos showed that the number of starch grains in the embryonic axis was substantially reduced by the high drying temperature. Embryos from Mo17 seed dried at 50 °C contained a carotenogenic pigment. Almost none of this pigment was produced by A632. Our results suggest that the high drying temperature may result in hydrolysis of starch in the embryonic axis of the seed during the early stages of the drying process. The greater electrical conductivity of leachate from seed dried at 50 °C than those dried at 35 °C may be indicative of membrane damage.Key words: Seed drying, histochemistry, embryo, culture, membrane, Zea mays L.
A GROWTH CHAMBER STUDY OF COPPER NUTRITION OF CEREAL AND OILSEED CROPS IN ORGANIC SOIL
Authors: McANDREW D. W. , LOEWEN-RUDGERS L. A. , RACZ G. J.
Published: March 2010

Copper nutrition of barley (Hordeum vulgare ’Conquest’), oats (Avena sativa ’Hudson’), wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Neepawa’), flax (Linum usitatissium ’Dufferin’) and canola (Brassica campestris ’Torch’) was studied on a severely Cu-deficient organic soil in a controlled environment growth chamber. The objective of the study was to facilitate identification of Cu-related growth disorders by establishing the critical levels for Cu in plant tissues of the crops listed above. Copper deficiency symptoms were exhibited by all crops when Cu was not applied. Copper concentrations in plant shoots were considered as low when they ranged from 3.0 to 4.9 μg Cu/g plant dry matter (pdm) for wheat, from 2.3 to 3.7 μg Cu/g pdm for barley, from 1.7 to 2.5 μg Cu/g pdm for oats, from 1.7 to 2.7 μg Cu/g pdm for canola and from 2.4 to 3.5 μg Cu/g for flax. The measurements were made at heading for the cereals, pod initiation for canola, and at flower initiation for flax. Concentrations below these ranges were considered deficient and above these ranges sufficient. The order of tolerance to Cu deficiency in the soil was canola>barley>oats>wheat>flax.Key words: Copper nutritional ranges, copper deficiency, mesisol
EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE ON AGRONOMIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ONTARIO PEANUTS
Authors: COURT WILLIAM A. , ROY ROBERT C. , HENDEL JOHN G.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment was conducted in 1980 and 1981, on Fox loamy sand, to study the influence of five successive harvest dates on the agronomic and chemical characteristics of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in Ontario. A spanish type (cv. Comet) and a valencia type (cv. McRan) were examined. Delaying harvest increased yield, sound mature kernels, seed-hull ratio, oil content and the economic return. Crude protein tended to be higher in the immature peanuts but the iodine number and oil stability showed larger differences between cultivars than among harvest dates. Cultivar differences were also apparent for the fatty acids, and more mature peanuts tended to be higher in oleic acid and lower in palmitic, behenic and lignoceric acids.Key words: Peanuts, valencia, spanish, harvest dates, yield, maturity, quality
POTENTIAL USE OF STALK pH AND STALK PERCENT DRY MATTER AS ESTIMATORS OF LODGING SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CORN
Authors: MULDOON J. F. , DAYNARD T. B. , LEASK W. C. , ZUBER M. S.
Published: March 2010

Fourteen corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown at three locations in 1973 and one location in 1975 to study relationships between stalk pH, percent stalk dry matter (SDM), and percent broken stalks (PBS). The three traits were measured at weekly intervals for 4 or 5 wk encompassing grain physiological maturity in the tests of 1973, and on one date, near maturity, in 1975. Measurements of stalk crushing strength, rind thickness, and dry weight of 5-cm stalk sections were also obtained in 1975. In addition, records of PBS were available for the 14 hybrids from 12 tests grown over 4 yr prior to 1973. All measurements of PBS were transformed as log10 (x + 1) prior to statistical analysis; measurements of PBS, pH and SDM were adjusted by covariance to a common percent grain moisture. Measurements of stalk pH were not consistently related across the 14 hybrids to long-term measurements of PBS. Linear correlation coefficients between SDM and PBS were more consistent (i.e., usually positive) but were generally not statistically significant. Measurements of crushing strength, rind thickness and dry weight of 5-cm stalk sections for the 14 hybrids were not correlated with the 12-test means of PBS. In fact, none of the analytical measurements were as useful as measurements of PBS per se, recorded for individual tests in 1973 and 1975, in predicting hybrid differences in PBS as measured in the 12 tests prior to 1973.Key words: Corn, lodging, stalk pH, stalk dry matter
PERFORMANCE OF SOD-SEEDED TEMPERATE LEGUMES IN GRASS DOMINANT SWARDS
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , CAMPBELL A. J.
Published: March 2010

Small plot experiments and field scale trials were conducted to determine the establishment and growth of sod-seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (T. repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in fine sandy loam soils on Prince Edward Island. Both pasture and hayfield managements were included. A John Deere PowrTill 1500 drill was used for sod-seeding and various combinations of grazing, herbicides, and clipping were used for vegetation suppression during establishment of the legumes. Sod-seeded red and white clovers established the best and were the most productive species. It was estimated that in the postseeding year sod-seeding of clovers resulted in yields comparable to stands fertilized with 100-150 kg N∙ha−1 annually. Trefoil and alfalfa had variable establishment and usually made a limited contribution to sward productivity. Timothy sod-seeded in conjunction with red clover, white clover or alfalfa established satisfactorily with all three legume species used.Key words: Pasture renovation, red clover, white clover, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, sod-seeding