bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrowing Skill Development Gaps in Marketing and MBA Programs: The Role of Innovative Technologies for Distance Learning
Authors: Dacko Scott G.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly, universities are offering a marketing education to a diverse, international student population through formats including both full-time and distance-learning MBA programs. At the same time, universities are increasing their reliance on technology innovations to enhance students’ global learning experience. Ultimately, a key measure of success of such programs and technological approaches is the extent that participant needs for business skill development are being met. This article proposes that the role of technological innovation in facilitating or hindering business skill development in a distance-learning MBA program can be better understood by (1) understanding how and why student needs for marketing and business skill development can differ within and across MBA programs and (2) how technological innovations can contribute to—or potentially limit—the development of specific skills desired by marketing and business students.
Improving Teaching through Improving Evaluation: A Guide to Course Portfolios
Authors: Laverie Debra A.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates how course portfolios can be used by marketing faculty members to enhance their teaching effectiveness. Course portfolios are a mechanism by which faculty memberscan exhibit their teaching accomplishments for examination by others. This method affords faculty membersthe opportunity to obtain peer review of their teaching in much the same manner as they receive peer review of their research. Through collaboration, faculty members can improve their teaching at a time when many institutions of higher learning are placing increased emphasis on effective teaching. Specific guidelinesare given for constructing the portfolio and for obtaining peer review. Finally, excerptsfrom a marketing course portfolio are used to show possible components of a marketing course portfolio.
The Preparation of Future Marketing Managers
Authors: Blackwell Roger D.
Published: March 2007

Nearly 20, 000 marketing majors will this year approach the marketing managers of business firms and ask, in effect, "A re you ready for us?" The simple, but falla cious, answer of today's managers might be " Yes, there will be enough positions available to absorb a reasonable number of marketing graduates today and in future years. " Such an answer belies the true impact that those graduates are likely to have on marketing management in the future. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the discontinuities that are likely to occur as a result of changes in the preparation of today's marketing students and to suggest some practical ways business organizations can prepare for these changes.
Teaching of Legal and Ethical Standards for Marketing Research
Authors: Krohn Franklin D.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the importance of stressing business ethics in marketing courses, and presents a model ethical perspectives exercise to stimulate student thinking on legal, ethical, and community considerations of market research.
Why are Marketing Academicians so Cowardly?
Authors: English Wilke
Published: March 2007

Marketing academicians frequently complain that they are not utilized as meaningful participants in debates concerning national business and economic policy. This lack of utilization may be of our own making. As academicians we have failed to speak out on the broad issues, electing instead to concentrate on topics of very narrow, very technical expertise.
Entry-Level Marketing Research Recruits: What do Recruiters Need?
Authors: John Joby , Needel Mark
Published: March 2007

The marketing research industry offers numerous entry-level positions to marketing majors. However, because of poor and inappropriate choice of courses and inadequate internship experiences, recruiters find the graduating student ill-equipped to fill marketing research positions. This article reports a survey of research suppliers, advertising agencies, and other organizations that conduct marketing research. The findings provide useful information to academic and career advisors on college campuses who are in a position to counsel students in their pursuit of careers in marketing research.
Teaching Marketing Ethics: A Personal Approach
Authors: Smith Louise W. , VanDoren Doris C.
Published: March 2007

The authors suggest that marketing ethics are most usefully taught when students grapple with the ethics of plausible individual decisions they might realistically be required to make as they develop their careers. For greater impact, marketing ethics can be integretated with conceptual marketing content through the use of content-based ethics scenarios, rather than treated as a separate teaching unit.
Test Item Arrangement and Student Performance in Principles of Marketing Examination: A Replication Study
Authors: Chidomere Rowland C.
Published: March 2007

The use of multiple versions of objective exams which vary in test question sequences has raised concern that such a practice may unconsciously bias students' examination scores. This issue has not been explored with respect to the principles of marketing course, where the use of such a testing practice is often necessitated by crowded sections. The current experiment attempts to broaden such knowledge. It replicates previous research that explored the effect of question sequencing on exam performance of marketing students as it related to memory factors. Unlike the earlier study, question sequencing is found to have no significant effect on examination performance.
Marketing Review Quiz: An Academic Application of the Popular Quiz Game Format
Authors: Wert Stacia M. , Gray Gordon T.
Published: March 2007

Adapting the popular quiz game format for use in the classroom can increase student involvement in marketing courses. Game preparation and play are described in detail, and both student and instructor benefits are presented.
A Compensation Analogy for Grading Students in Sales Management Courses
Authors: Wotruba Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a grading plan for students in a sales management course that is analogous to a compensation plan for salespeople. A detailed example of how the plan can be applied is presented, based on the author's experience in undergraduate sales management classes.
Right- and Left-Brain Marketing Education
Authors: November Peter
Published: March 2007

Critics of business education point out the disparity between what businesses want from business schools and what they are getting without giving an explanation for the mismatch. This article uses Minzberg's application of right- and left-brain theory to management to explain the mismatch, outlines the kind of courses that business schools need to develop, and gives an example of a marketing management course that develops both left and right sides of the brain.
Developing a Curriculum to Enhance Teaching of Relationship Marketing
Authors: Cannon Joseph P. , Sheth Jagdish N.
Published: March 2007

Criticism of the relevance and process of business school education and research continues to mount. At the same time, academics and practitioners have become increasingly dissatisfied with traditional marketing theory and practice—with growing importance being placed on relationship marketing. This article describes a new M.B.A curriculum developed by the faculty at Emory Business School at Emory University, designed to meet the needs of students, faculty, and the business community.
Alumni Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: University versus Departmental Measures
Authors: Gwinner Kevin P. , Beltramini Richard F.
Published: March 2007

The importance of satisfying students' expectations has grown over the past decade, but satisfaction measurement in higher education remains unclear. This empirical study examines and demonstrates the utility of viewing student satisfaction as a function of meeting both department and university expectations. Findings indicate that measuring student satisfaction by only one of these dimensions may negatively impact the usefulness of the satisfaction measure.
Developing Marketing Professionals: What can Business Schools Learn?
Authors: Cunningham Anthony C.
Published: March 2007

If business schools were required to provide graduates with the ability to manage instead of ensuring that they just know about management, then curriculum design in the business schools would emulate veterinary or medical schools, rather than schools of economics or history, as they do now.

This article describes an attempt to address the issue of appropriate teaching methods and pedagogy in a marketing curriculum of a business school.
Research Burnout in Tenured Marketing Professors: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Singh Surendra N. , Bush Ronald F.
Published: March 2007

In 1988, an American Marketing Association (AMA) task force expressed concern that a large number of senior marketing academicians were turning into "burnouts. " This article reports findings from a large-scale study that defined and measured the research burnout construct and explored its relationship to several variables. Findings indicate that research burnout is not as widespread as envisaged by the task force. Five correlates-intrinsic motivation for research, collaborative research efforts, failure to keep up with knowledge developments, lack of performance-contingent rewards, and weak doctoral training-account for 61% of the variation in research burnout.
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Using Photography to Teach Self-Concept and Introduce Students to Consumer Behavior
Authors: Hartman Cathy L. , Braunstein Lori A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an innovative, well-received student project that uses a nonverbal, metaphoric approach—self-photography—to teach self-concept theory. It also presents the content analysis of I 00 projects to demonstrate to instructors possible outcomes and to illustrate conceptual linkages. Finally, it provides guidance for implementing the self-photography project into the marketing curriculum.
Reports from Six Midwestern States Iowa
Authors: Wortman David E.
Published: March 2007

The work of state legislatures, the problems state governments face, and the administrative implications of state government are of great importance for a publication which intends to focus attention on the administrative scene of the Midwest. We have, therefore, assembled a group of six legislative correspondents who will report periodically on legislative developments in six state capitals. In this issue they analyze what to expect from the legislative sessions which just got under way.
REFORM 88: A Sense of Deja Vu
Authors: McBriarty Mark A.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the management improvement efforts of recent Presidents, focusing on the initiatives of the Reagan administration under the banner of REFORM 88. It analyzes the principal thrusts of REFORM 88 and contrasts the form and substance of the project with similar undertakings during previous administrations. The author details some of the systemic factors that have traditionally combined to limit the effectiveness of such efforts to improve management in the federal bureaucracy, and describes how REFORM 88 deals with these factors. Particular attention is directed to the roles played by the President, the White House Staff, the Office of Management and Budget, and agency management officials. An attempt is also made to assess the impacts of REFORM 88 in terms of reduced costs and improved effectiveness. The paper concludes that while REFORM 88 some what resembles previous management improvement initiatives, it has several distinctive characteristics that would appear to enhance its chances of success, namely, a healthy reliance on agency initiative and existing management systems.
Public Administration, Ethics and Epistemology
Authors: Long Norton
Published: March 2007

Public administration needs a critical, self-conscious, epistemology in order to be useful. This epistemology must be grounded in an ethic. An appropriate epistemology will focus on classifications, forecasts and theories. Case studies are a useful technique for approaching these matters, but interpretation of cases must be grounded in an understanding of the public interest, not just the interest of specific policy-makers.
Public Financial Management in the 1990s: New Directions for Research and Pedagogy
Authors: Frank Howard A.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes new directions for a reoriented public financial management in the 1990s. Substantively, it calls for less research and pedagogy devoted to budget theory and format work and greater attention to "nuts-and-bolts" topics such as cash management, forecasting, and budget execution, as well as broader social issues related to American competitiveness. Another major area for consideration is bureaucratic incentive structure, a topic generally thought of as falling in the purview of public personnel. Concomitant with this reorientation, I hope that public financial management will eschew public administration's traditional hostility to Economic Man and its concern for capital formation (broadly defined to include human as well as financial capital), savings, and growth. The article closes with exemplar works for research and teaching.
The Public Interest and Administrative Discretion
Authors: Barth Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The public interest is a much neglected concept that has powerful symbolic and instrumental value. Building on the work of Goodsell, this article provides a framework to examine the degree to which a policy or program is in the public interest.

This research presents four cases that illustrate how serving the public interest in a democracy requires ongoing concern with not only what is done but also with how it is done. Furthermore, the cases demonstrate that public administrators can heavily influence the degree to which a policy or program is in the public interest.
Still not Developing after all these Years? The Intra-Organizational Role of Public Personnel Departments
Authors: Straus Stephen K.
Published: March 2007

According to prominent but dated research, public personnel departments do not effectively serve the needs of intraorganizational stakeholders, such as management, supervisors, and employees. Researchers have found that stakeholders, facing high public demands for service but constrained by limited revenues, want help from their personnel departments to improve performance. Personnel departments, however, remain too entrenched in their traditional oversight role to respond to these demands effectively.

However, such research is quite dated-it was conducted more than ten years ago, and more recent research in the private sector and methodological considerations suggest that those findings may no longer be, if they ever were, accurate. Meanwhile, revenue constraints and service demands have intensified, and public service employment is undergoing fundamental changes, making the role of the personnel department in meeting stakeholder demands more critical. Relying on a quantitative analysis of 26 North Carolina county personnel departments, this paper finds that previous depictions of stakeholder demands may be inaccurate. Furthermore, it suggests that personnel departments are more responsive to those demands than has heretofore been found but that the stakeholders are not oriented to improving organizational performance.
Privatization, Work-Force Cutbacks, and African-American Municipal Employment
Authors: Stein Lana
Published: March 2007

In the past fifteen years, St. Louis-like many older industrial cities-has experienced declining population payrolls and municipal revenue. In turn, the city has laid off workers and privatized operations to balance its budget. The effect on representation of African-Americans in the municipal work force has not been neutral. The number and percentage of African-American workers has fallen, leading to the conclusion that cutback management is inimical to work force diversity.
Measuring Productivity in Federal Agencies: Does Total Quality Management Make a Difference?
Authors: Mani Bonnie G.
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, during the Reagan and Bush administrations, many federal agencies embarked on journeys toward Total Quality Management. The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 then shifted the focus of federal agencies to "reinventing" government. Are these events evidence that management is faddish? Is TQM a fad whose time has passed? Is there any difference between agencies that did implement TQM and those that did not? Is it time to abandon TQM?

A case study of TQM implementation in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) analyzed the effects of TQM in an agency that is continuing that emphasis (Mani, 1995). This paper expands the IRS case study by adding an analysis of data from other federal agencies. The Federal Productivity Measurement System (FPMS), administered through the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, reports the results of approximately 2,500 output indicators. I analyze these data, provided by individual agencies and agencies' assessments of their own efforts to implement TQM, to identify relationships between TQM implementation and federal productivity.
Earthquake Recovery
Authors: Furlong Scott R. , Scheberle Denise
Published: March 2007

This study examines the gap in perceptions of small business owners and government officials about the availability, usability, and effectiveness of public support and assistance after an earthquake. Specifically, the study explores perceptions about small business recovery held by officials in two federal agencies, the Small Business Administration and the Federal Emergency Management Administration, following the Northridge earthquake. The article concludes with an assessment of the federal response as well as suggestions for improved governmental operations as viewed by personnel in each of the two agencies. Results will hopefully shed some light on the public organizations' role in recovery and ways in which this effort can be improved. This study is part of a larger National Science Foundation study on the effects of the Northridge earthquake on small business survival.
Public Policy Implications of Reverse Channel Mapping for Lesotho
Authors: Dahringer Lee D.
Published: March 2007

Reverse Channel Mapping (RCM) is a research method for evaluating the effectiveness of macromarketing systems. RCM uniquely incorporates into backward channel mapping an objective function to allow evaluation of the effectiveness (social goal achievement) of the marketing system. An application of this approach to mapping a food life-support system (LSS) for Lesotho is described to demonstrate strengths of the method and build an argument for its general application.
Ethical Dilemmas in Packaging: Beliefs of Packaging Professionals
Authors: Bone Paula Fitzgerald , Corey Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Packaging decisions can play a major role in the fulfillment of the moral responsibilities of a firm toward its various stakeholders. In this article the authors discuss and inventory packaging issues, report on a survey of packaging professionals' views regarding the ethicality of several contemporary packaging issues, and identify areas where "ethics gaps" exist.
A Modest Proposal for Structuring Comparative Marketing Studies: The Definitional Approach
Authors: Redmond William H.
Published: March 2007

Comparative marketing studies have been criticized for their low comparability. This article proposes a new, multidimensional definition for markets that seeks to remedy this weakness. A structural approach is adopted, and previous works on market structures are reviewed. The central task of the article is to synthesize these works to arrive at a definition, and the result is a compact framework for market definition along five dimensions. Propositions are derived that specify interrelationships among the five dimensions, and implications of the framework for comparative research are discussed.
An Evaluation of Alternative Paradigms of Marketing and Economic Development, Part I
Authors: Taylor Charles R. , Omura Glenn S.
Published: March 2007

This is Part I of a two-part study on paradigms used to study marketing and economic development. In this part, a systematic examination of the three paradigms (modernization, institutional, and radical) most commonly used in analyzing marketing and economic development is undertaken. Criteria for evaluating efficacy of the paradigms are drawn from the marketing and economic development literature. An analysis of the three paradigms based on six evaluative criteria suggest that the institutional approach has key advantages and that the other two paradigms have significant deficiencies. In Part II, each paradigm is used to frame the study of a developing economy to verify the conceptual results of Part L
The First Dialogue on Macromarketing
Authors: Shaw Eric H.
Published: March 2007

The earliest analysis of the socioeconomic foundations of the marketing system is found in a dialogue written 24 centuries ago by Plato. Describing the basis of society in terms of human needs, Plato addresses the most efficient means of satisfying these needs. A chain of reasoning is created linking division of labor to comparative advantage to efficiency in production to a rationale for market exchange. Plato further links the efficiency of market exchange to opportunity costs to a rationale for marketing middlemen. Plato's framework is extended to explain the nature and types of exchange, particularly commercial exchange, and their economic consequences and social significance. The framework is further expanded to analyze market transactions as a building block for constructing the aggregate marketing system. Finally in the enlarged framework, the market transaction as an expression of free choice is viewed as a social exchange strategy. Thus, Plato clarifies the institutional mechanism by which the marketing system links the economy to society and thereby provides a systematic framework for developing modern macromarketing thought.
Achieving Efficiency and Distributive Justice in Marketing Programs for Economic Development
Authors: Vann John W. , Kumcu Erdoğan
Published: March 2007

Two principal criteria are identified and used to evaluate regional resource allocation in marketing for economic development: efficiency, an economic dimension, and distributive justice, a polity dimension. The political-economy framework is used to examine the effects of a region's power distribution on the tension between the search for efficiency and freedom at the individual marketing agent (micro) level and efficiency and distributive justice at the societal (macro) level. Program coordination and constituency input/participation, two dimensions characterizing alternative organizational approaches for regional macromarketing planning and implementation, are then used to propose a contingency framework to examine their effects on efficiency and distributive justice. The combination of high coordination and high participation found in "pluralistic coalitions" is identified as the organizational alternative that can best achieve both efficiency and distributive justice concurrently. In conclusion, ways of institutionalizing such pluralistic coalitions are examined.
The MNCs' Role and Responsibility in Deforestation of Tropical Forests
Authors: Harvey Michael G.
Published: March 2007

Deforestation of tropical forests has significant ecological ramifications. The role played by the multinational corporations (MNCs) in this unprecedented modification of the environment may have foreboding consequences to all inhabitants of the globe. Cattle ranching in Central and South America has accounted for more than half of all deforestation in that region. This article examines the deforestation by MNCs in that part of the world and explores an interactive theoretical framework that can be used to analyze the complex web of political, social, and economic forces related to the phenomenon.
Materials Recycling and Reverse Channel Networks: The Public Policy Challenge
Authors: Fuller Donald A. , Allen Jeff , Glaser Mark
Published: March 2007

Waste is an unavoidable by-product of resource-conversion processes in our economic system. Materials recycling as part of a resource recovery program supporting sustainable development is proposed to help manage this waste. A typology of reverse channel networks for recyclable materials is presented, and public policy initiatives that affect the development of these channels are discussed.
Time-Lagged Effects of Exporting and Importing on Economic Development: Replication and Extension of Mullen's (1993) Model
Authors: Mullen Michael R. , Doney Patricia M. , Becker Thomas
Published: March 2007

A new model of how exporting and importing affect two dimensions of economic development was recently developed and empirically tested by Mullen (1993) with cross-sectional data. This study replicates and extends the model and analysis in several important ways. To broaden the conceptual scope, additional theoretical approaches are discussed and incorporated into the model. Then an empirical evaluation is made using new data with time-lagged export and import variables. The results support the belief that international trade affects both dimensions of economic development positively. Although the results are most pronounced with a five-year lag, the study shows that trade not only raises the aggregate economic activity of nations, but also helps satisfy basic human needs.
Sustainable Consumption and the Quality of Life: A Macromarketing Challenge to the Dominant Social Paradigm
Authors: Kilbourne William , McDonagh Pierre , Prothero Andrea
Published: March 2007

This article argues that micromarketing cannot examine the relationship between sustainable consumption and the quality of life critically because the essence of the relationship lies in the dominant social paradigm. Only macromarketing can address this relationship effectively. It is within the intellectual purview of macromarketing to expand the domain of inquiry to include technological, political, and economic benefits and costs of consumption, thus challenging the paradigm itself
Contour Evolution, Neighborhood Deformation, and Global Image Flow: Planar Surfaces in Motion
Authors: Waxman Allen M. , Wohn Kwangyoen
Published: March 2007

In the kinematic analysis of time-varying imagery, where the goal is to recover object surface structure and space motion from image flow, an appropriate representation for the flow field consists of a set of deformation parameters that describe the rate of change of an image neighborhood. In this paper we develop methods for extracting these deformation param eters from evolving contours in an image sequence, the image contours being manifestations of surface texture seen in perspective projection. Our results follow directly from the analytic structure of the underlying image flow; no heuristics are imposed. The deformation parameters we seek are actu ally linear combinations of the Taylor series coefficients (through second derivatives) of the local image flow field. Thus, a by-product of our approach is a second-order polyno mial approximation to the image flow in the neighborhood of a contour. For curved surfaces this approximation is only locally valid, but for planar surfaces it is globally valid (i.e., it is exact). Our analysis reveals an "aperture problem in the large" in which insufficient contour structure leaves the set of 12 deformation parameters underdetermined. We also assess the sensitivity of our method to the simulated effects of noise in the "normal flow" around contours as well as the angular field of view subtended by contours. The sensitivity analysis is carried out in the context of planar surfaces executing general rigid-body motions in space. Future work will address the additional considerations relevant to curved surface patches.
A New Approach for Kinematic Resolution of Redundancy
Authors: Ghosal Ashitava , Roth Bernard
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the trajectories of points embedded in a moving rigid body being guided by a linkage having extra or "redundant" motion parameters. A new method for the kinematic use of redundancy is presented. The method is based on the concept of a metric and differs from the typically used pseudo-inverse formulation. It is shown how the redun dancy can be used to alter first-order properties such as the shape of the velocity ellipse (or the ellipsoid) and a scalar measure of transmission ratio or effectiveness. It is shown how such local use of the redundancy leads to some global results such as determining the alterable regions and the boundaries of the trajectories. An example of a planar 3R manipulator illustrates these new techniques.
General Design Conditions for an Ideal Robotic Manipulator Having Simple Dynamics
Authors: Park H.S. , Cho H.S.
Published: March 2007

A robotic manipulator constructed with a series of links connected by joints has coupled, configuration-variant, and nonlinear dynamic characteristics. There have been several approaches to design conditions to simplify these complex dynamic characteristics. In this article, we examine the en ergy equation of the robot system and derive general condi tions on the link parameters simplifying the energy equation. These conditions are basic conditions by which the physical meaning of the previously proposed design conditions can be interpreted. As a result, we can understand clearly the physi cal meaning of the robot design conditions and easily obtain the design conditions. With these general conditions, the limitations of the link design in simplifying the robot dy namics are analyzed. Finally, we redesign the PUMA robot as an example and obtain a very simplified robot dynamic equation.
Two Arms Are Faster Than One
Authors: Hsu Wen Jing
Published: March 2007

Two basic approaches to incorporate concurrent movements of multiple robot arms for speeding up a given task are iden tified. The first approach is based on defining a high-level motion primitive that encapsulates two properly synchronized operations into one step. The second approach is based on refining (decomposing) and pipelining robot operations. Both approaches are exemplified by a special pick-and-place task formulated as the Tower-of-Hanoi problem. It is shown that, by using no more than three robotic arms, an exponential speed-up in terms of time steps can be achieved. Therefore, when properly arranged, multiple arms can be extremely cost effective in certain applications.
ControlShell: A Software Architecture for Complex Electromechanical Systems
Authors: Schneider Stanley A. , Chen Vincent W. , Pardo-Castellote Gerardo , Wang Howard H.
Published: March 2007

Real-time system software is notoriously complex. Large projects must balance the special needs of real-time software—such as clock management, control systems, and strategy—with the needs of in teracting teams of programmers, managers, and long-term main tenance personnel. Successful projects require a solid software architecture, an intuitive graphical programming paradigm, a well- developed reuse system, and powerful system services.

This paper walks through the methodology and application of ControlShell, the component-based real-time programming system. ControlShell provides an integrated development environment for building complex electromechanical systems. It targets complex systems that require both cyclic data processing and strategic event management and sequencing.

ControlShell is specifically designed to facilitate team develop ment of complex electromechanical systems. Teams must share and reuse code; ControlShell provides component-level code shar ing and reuse. Complex systems require flexibility; ControlShell gains flexibility by supporting independent module-level code gen eration. Large systems are most easily designed as independent parts; ControlShell encourages easy interconnectivity of objects. Finally, complex systems are modal; ControlShellfeatures a unique configuration-control system for changing operating modes.

The paper concludes by examining the application of this frame work to a dual-arm robotic work cell, a subsystem of the Space Shuttle Launch Processing System, and an underwater autonomous vehicle.
Flat Surface Reconstruction Using Sonar
Authors: Henderson Thomas C. , Dekhil Mohamed , Schenkat Larry , Veigel Larkin , Brüderlin Beat
Published: March 2007

A technique is given for the recovery of planar surfaces using two spread-beam sonar readings. If a single planar surface gives rise to the two readings, the method recovers the surface quite accurately. Moreover, the technique provides information on the specular na ture of the surface. Simulation and experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique and recommend its use in practice.
The Cognitive-Affective Dualism of Music Learning
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses basic issues concerning the relationships between cognitive and affective growth in children. A theoretical model of affective development, proposed by Giblin (1981), is compared to the Piagetian theories of intellectual development. Implications for music education are drawn from this comparison.
Personality Differences among Musical Instrumentalists
Authors: Bell C. R. , Cresswell A.
Published: March 2007

Personality traits, assessed from the 16PF and HSPQ, were examined in a sample of secondary school musical instrumentalists and student instrumentalists attending a college of music. In both samples, significant differences were found between the musical sample and the normative population from which they were drawn. In the college sample, particularly, further differences were found between students whose main instrument of study was strings, woodwind or brass. Possible mechanism giving rise to these differences in personality were considered. It was suggested that some personality characteristics predisposed individuals to pursue instrumentalperformance studies, whilst others reflected habitual performance on different types of musical instrument.
Studying Group Music Therapy with Adult Offenders: Research in Progress.
Authors: Hoskyns Sarah
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines the development of one aspect of a music therapy research project with adult recidivist offenders. The project is described in the context of the brief history of music therapy research in Britain, and in relation to other relevant clinical research with offenders. Emphasis is given to the attempt to devise strategies appropriate to the needs of the particular client group, which has meant in this context using methods which will involve clients themselves in the planning of research and in monitoring their own processes. The main part of the paper outlines the various stages in the preparation of a music therapy grid, based on Kelly's Personal Construct Theory (1955). The grid has been designed to investigate how group members perceive music therapy and if their perceptions change over time.
Music Therapy-Developments in Mental Handicap
Authors: Wigram Anthony L.
Published: March 2007

This paper looks at the developments of music therapy services in mental handicap. with reference to the author's work. It examines the client groups music therapists are particularly involved with, and the role music therapists have in relation to other services. The paper concentrates on three specific areas of work: therapy approaches to working with the behaviourally disturbed; a programme of work with profoundly physically and mentally handicapped clients; assessment and diagnostic evaluation with young children referred to a special children's service. In exploring these areas, the author draws on examples of therapy work in each situation to demonstrate the processes involved and to identify some of the results. The paper puts this work into the context of the broad-based but specialised service that music therapy has become in the field of mental handicap.
The Ramp Archetype: A Score-Based Study of Musical Dynamics in 14 Piano Composers
Authors: Huron David
Published: March 2007

A study of 435 piano works by 14 composers reveals a significant asymmetry between increasing and decreasing dynamics. Specificallv: (1) there is an association between incremental crescendos and abrupt diminuendos for successions of static dynamic indications, (2) crescendos are more frequent than diminuendos, (3) crescendos tend to last longer than diminuendos, (4) crescendos will more commonly follow low dynamic levels than will diminuen- dos follow high dynamic levels, and (5) sudden changes in dynamics are much more prone to be reductions of loudness than increases of loudness. These findings support the existence of a "ramp archetype" for musical dynamics in which the music tends to build in a gradual way, but tends to subside relatively quickly. The results replicate and extend a previous study of musical dynamics in Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas. The results are consistent with a well-adapted strategy for maintaining passive auditory attention/arousal.
Assessment of the Affective Response to Music with Clynes's Sentograph
Authors: De Vries Bart
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the possiblity of measuring affective responses to sounding music with the "sentograph" developed by Clynes. This instrument measures dynamic motor behaviour, which is known to be influenced bs affective state. 30 subjects responded on the sentograph to 11 short (ctl. 3() sec.) music excerpts. The subjects also filled out a questionnaire regardine the emotional content of each piece, their familiarity with it and their evaluation of it.

It was found that (1) the responses on the sentograph were fairlv similar between subjects, (2) the responses were not affected by a subject's familiarity with or evaluation of a piece and (3) the sentograph indeed measures the affective response to the music. These findings are related to general emotion theory to construct a tentative model that accounts for certain aspects of the affective response to music.
Research Note. Philosophical Worldview Determines Attitudes toward Using Background Music before, during, and after Counselling
Authors: Ortiz John M. , Johnson John A.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the degree to which counsellors' philosophical worldviews affect their attitudes toward using background music and natural sounds before, during, and after counselling. Seventy-two counsellors (35 male, 37 female) rated excerpts of five musical selections and recordings of birdsongs and a waterfall on perceived usefulness as background music/sound before, during, or after a counselling session and indicated their likelihood of using each selection. Factor-analytically derived scales from the ratings correlated positively with scores from the Organicism-Mechanism Paradigm Inventory (OMPI; Johnson et al., 1988), indicating that organismically inclined counsellors are more likely to use background music/sounds in their practice than are mechanistically inclined counsellors.
Open Peer Commentary: Musical Knowledge: the Saga of Music in the National Curriculum
Authors: Swanwick Keith
Published: March 2007

In this paper I wish to consider epistemological models that have recently been associated with the development of music teaching in Britain. I shall show how particular views of musical knowledge, or perhaps better, musical knowing, have coloured thinking about the music curriculum and point to the importance of professionalism in curriculum development and formula- tion. Although this article concentrates on developments in the UK, the issues raised are of general importance. In Britain the idea of a National Curriculum replaces a situation where no subject was required by law (except religious education) and where choice of subject content was largely in the hands of teachers. The shift towards national specification is therefore of great consequence and has caused a wide and often heated debate. The essential nature of subjects and the appropriateness or otherwise of cultural content has been an educational and political issue.
A Developmental Study of Children's Interpretation of Emotion in Music
Authors: Kratus John
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine whether develop- mental, gender-based, or emotion-based differences exist in children's ability to interpret emotion in music, and (2) to determine which musical elements contribute to children's interpretations of emotion. Subjects aged 6 to 12 (N = 658) were asked on two occasions to interpret the emotion present in 30 recorded musical excerpts. On one measure subjects were asked to respond by circling happy or sad faces as they listened, and on another measure subjects circled excited or calm faces. The data revealed that subjects of all age groups and both genders were highly consistent in their interpretations. No age or gender differences were found, although subjects were significantly more consistent in their distinction between happy and sad music as compared to their distinction between excited and calm music. Stepwise regression analysis showed that happy-sad distinctions were based largely on the rhythmic activity and articulation of the excerpt, and that excited-calm distinctions were based on rhythmic activity and meter.
The Effects of Reversing the Roles of the Hands on the Development of Piano Performance Skill: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Burnsed Vernon , Humphries Scott
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reversing the r6les of the two hands during the early stages of learning to play the piano. We transcribed the treble clef parts (traditionally the right hand) from a common piano method book to bass clef, and the bass clef parts (traditionally the left hand) to the treble clef. We then sought to determine the effects of this r6le reversal on the performance skill of beginning piano students. Twenty-four righthanded volunteer participants were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups. Each group received traditional group piano instruction for ten weeks with the only difference being the transcribed parts of the treatment group. A post-test revealed that the treatment group scored significantly higher than the control group in four out of five performance categories. Recommendations were that piano teachers consider reversing the r6les of the two hands during the early stages of piano study.
Rupture-Talk in the Nuclear Age: Conjugating Colonial Power in Africa
Authors: Hecht Gabrielle
Published: March 2007

This paper explores two places usually left off nuclear maps: Madagascar and Gabon, where the French mined and processed uranium ore, starting in the 1950s. It analyses how the ‘rupture-talks’ of nuclearity and decolonization became intertwined, first by examining the production of these rupture-talks by French expatriates, then by exploring how sociotechnical practices at each site both belied and performed claims to rupture for Malagasy and Gabonese mineworkers. Rupturetalk had material effects: it was inscribed in sociotechnical practice, it involved staking claims to power, and it created expectations among both ¥elites and non¥ elites. Sociotechnical practices ‘conjugated’ colonial power relations, creating real and imagined technological futures in which nuclearity and decolonization confronted and shaped one another. Drawing on the insights and methods of postcolonial studies, this paper argues that focusing on uranium mining in Africa reveals the power effects of creating and maintaining the ontological categories of the nuclear age.
Knowledge and Utility: Implications for the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Mulkay Michael
Published: March 2007

In this paper an attempt is made to widen the scope of the current debate about the possibility of subjecting scientific knowledge to sociological analysis. It is suggested that in identifying scientific knowledge as epistemologically special, and as exempt from sociological analysis, sociologists have tended to make two basic assumptions; namely that scientific theories can be clearly validated by successful practical application and that the general theoretical formulations of science do regularly generate such practical applications. These assumptions, as customarily interpreted, pose a major challenge for any sociological analysis which views scientific knowledge as the contingent outcome of interpretative and context-dependent social acts. It is argued, however, in some detail, that the validity of these assumptions is doubtful and that the usefulness of science is no barrier to the full sociological analysis of scientific knowledge.
Authorship Recognition of Subordinates in Collaborative Research
Authors: Heffner Alan G.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies of the allocation of publication credit in collaborative research have emphasized the name ordering patterns of scientists, but have largely neglected the allocation of publication credit to non-PhD subordinates. This paper examines the withholding of authorship recognition from non-PhDs and females. Quantitative and qualitative data from the social and natural sciences suggest that publication credit is not always accorded on the basis of universalistic principles. It was also found that females may have fewer opportunities in collaborative research to contribute to the same extent as do males and that when they do, they are frequently excluded from authorship.
A Deductive Explanation of the Matthew Effect in Science
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: March 2007

A deductive explanation of the Matthew Effect in science is developed from general propositions about the behaviour of individuals. This explanation is compared with Merton's functionalist explanation; the individualistic explanation is shown to be both sufficient and more general than the functionalist account.
Discourse Analysis and Reflexivity
Authors: Fuhrman Ellsworth R. , Oehler Kay
Published: March 2007

This Note reviews shortcomings and claims of discourse analysis (DA). In particular, it focuses on the relationship between DA and reflexivity. It argues that DA could not succeed as its supporters originally thought, because DA has not dealt adequately with the issue of reflexivity. Even now that has turned to such issues, DA has a limited interpretation of reflexivity that is related to the change in sociological focus from scientific beliefs and knowledge to the study of texts for texts' sake.
Commitment and Co-Citation: An Indicator of Incommensurability in Patterns of Formal Communication
Authors: Nadel Edward
Published: March 2007

The consequences of incommensurability for citation practice are operationalized for two case studies of theory competition in physics. It is argued that positive co-citation will be observed if theories are commensurable, but a lack of co-citation among competitors will be observed if theories are incommensurable. Incommensurable theories should be cited with supporting empirical and methodological articles, but not with each other. The operational indicator is applied to a case of theory competition in superconductivity and to a re-analysis of longitudinal co-citation data among theories of weak-electromagnetic unification. It is also shown that the operational definition breaks down in competition at the hypothesis level.