bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between B7-H3 expression and matrix metalloproteinases 2 expression in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Xu Lihua , Ding Xiangmin , Tan Huo , Qian Jianjun
Published: August 2013

Background

B7-H3 and matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) are reported highly expressed in malignant tumor, we investigate the relationship between B7-H3 expression and MMP-2 on malignant behavior and prognosis predictable value in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

We tested the expressions of B7-H3 and MMP-2 protein in 45 pancreatic surgical resected cancer samples; meanwhile, the clinicopathological data of enrolled patients were obtained for correlation analysis to obtain their relationship with pancreatic cancer progress.

Results

The expression of B7-H3 was up-regulated with infiltrating depth, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P < 0.01). Positive expression rate of MMP-2 in pancreatic cancer tissues was 44.35%, whereas negative in normal pancreatic tissues. Multivariate analysis of Logistic regression showed B7-H3 and MMP-2 expressions were hazardous makers correlated with infiltrating depth (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our study showed combined detections of B7-H3 and MMP2 protein expression could identify patients at high risk in disease recurrence and prognosis more efficiently.
Promoting universal financial protection: contracting faith-based health facilities to expand access – lessons learned from Malawi
Authors: Chirwa Maureen L , Kazanga Isabel , Faedo Giulia , Thomas Stephen
Published: August 2013

Background

Public-private collaborations are increasingly being utilized to universalize health care. In Malawi, the Ministry of Health contracts selected health facilities owned by the main faith-based provider, the Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), to deliver care at no fee to the most vulnerable and underserved populations in the country through Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This study examined the features of SLAs and their effectiveness in expanding universal coverage. The study involved a policy analysis focusing on key stakeholders around SLAs as well as a case study approach to analyse how design and implementation of SLAs affect efficiency, equity and sustainability of services delivered by SLAs.

Methods

The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods to address the research questions and was conducted in five CHAM health facilities: Mulanje Mission, Holy Family, and Mtengowanthenga Hospitals, and Mabiri and Nkope Health Centres. National and district level decision makers were interviewed while providers and clients associated with the health facilities were surveyed on their experiences. A total of 155 clients from an expected 175 were recruited in the study.

Results

The study findings revealed key aspects of how SLAs were operating, the extent to which their objectives were being attained and why. In general, the findings demonstrated that SLAs had the potential to improve health and universal health care coverage, particularly for the vulnerable and underserved populations. However, the findings show that the performance of SLAs in Malawi were affected by various factors including lack of clear guidelines, non-revised prices, late payment of bills, lack of transparency, poor communication, inadequate human and material resources, and lack of systems to monitor performance of SLAs, amongst others.

Conclusions

There was strong consensus and shared interest between the government and CHAM regarding SLAs. It was clear that free services provided by SLAs had a great impact on the impoverished locals that used the facilities. However, lack of supporting systems, inadequate infrastructure and shortage of health care providers affected SLA performance. The paper provides recommendations to policy makers for the replication and strengthening of SLA implementation in the roll-out of universalization policy.
TBX6, LHX1 and copy number variations in the complex genetics of Müllerian aplasia
Authors: Sandbacka Maria , Laivuori Hannele , Freitas Érika , Halttunen Mervi , Jokimaa Varpu , Morin-Papunen Laure , Rosenberg Carla , Aittomäki Kristiina
Published: August 2013

Background

Müllerian aplasia (MA) is a congenital disorder of the female reproductive tract with absence of uterus and vagina with paramount impact on a woman’s life. Despite intense research, no major genes have been found to explain the complex genetic etiology.

Methods and Results

We have used several genetic methods to study 112 patients with MA. aCGH identified CNVs in 8/50 patients (16%), including 16p11.2 and 17q12 deletions previously associated with MA. Subsequently, another four patients were shown to carry the ~0.53 Mb deletion in 16p11.2. More importantly, sequencing ofTBX6,residing within 16p11.2, revealed two patients carrying a splice site mutation.Two previously reportedTBX6variants in exon 4 and 6 were shown to have a significantly higher frequency in patients (8% and 5%, respectively) than in controls (2% each). We also sequencedLHX1and found three apparently pathogenic missense variants in 5/112 patients. Altogether, we identified either CNVs or variations inTBX6orLHX1in 30/112 (26.8%) MA patients. CNVs were found in 12/112 (10.7%), patients, novel variants inTBX6orLHX1in 7/112 (6.3%), and rare variants inTBX6in 15/112 (13.4%) patients. Furthermore, four of our patients (4/112, 3.6%) were shown to carry variants in bothTBX6andLHX1or a CNV in combination withTBX6variants lending support to the complex genetic etiology of MA.

Conclusions

We have identifiedTBX6as a new gene associated with MA. Our results also support the relevance ofLHX1and CNVs in the development of this congenital malformation.
The pathogenic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli forms a diverse recombinant species demonstrating some local clustering of related strains and potential for zoonotic spread
Authors: Neo Eugene , La Tom , Phillips Nyree Dale , Alikani Mohammad Yousef , Hampson David J
Published: August 2013

Background

Brachyspira pilosicoli is an anaerobic spirochaete that can colonizes the large intestine of many host species. Infection is particularly problematic in pigs and adult poultry, causing colitis and diarrhea, but it is also known to result in clinical problems in human beings. Despite the economic importance of the spirochaete as an animal pathogen, and its potential as a zoonotic agent, it has not received extensive study.

Methods

A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method based on the scheme used for other Brachyspira species was applied to 131 B. pilosicoli isolates originating from different host species and geographical areas. A variety of phylogenetic trees were constructed and analyzed to help understand the data.

Results

The isolates were highly diverse, with 127 sequence types and 123 amino acid types being identified. Large numbers (50-112) of alleles were present at each locus, with all loci being highly polymorphic. The results of Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests identified extensive genetic recombination, although the calculated standardized index of association value (0.1568; P <0.0005) suggested the existence of some clonality. Strains from different host species and geographical origins generally were widely distributed throughout the population, although in nine of the ten cases where small clusters of related isolates occurred these were from the same geographical areas or farms/communities, and from the same species of origin. An exception to the latter was a cluster of Australian isolates originating from pigs, chickens and a human being, suggesting the likelihood of relatively recent transmission of members of this clonal group between species.

Conclusions

The strongly recombinant population structure of B. pilosicoli contrasts to the more highly clonal population structures of the related species Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia, both of which are specialized enteric pathogens of pigs and poultry. The genomic plasticity of B. pilosicoli may help to explain why it has been able to adapt to colonize the large intestines of a wider range of hosts compared to other Brachyspira species. The identification of a clonal group of isolates that had been recovered from different host species, including a human being, suggests that zoonotic transmission by B. pilosicoli may occur in nature. Evidence for local transmission between the same host species also was obtained.
MOLE 2.0: advanced approach for analysis of biomacromolecular channels
Authors: Sehnal David , Svobodová Vařeková Radka , Berka Karel , Pravda Lukáš , Navrátilová Veronika , Banáš Pavel , Ionescu Crina-Maria , Otyepka Michal , Koča Jaroslav
Published: August 2013

Background

Channels and pores in biomacromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes) play significant biological roles, e.g., in molecular recognition and enzyme substrate specificity.

Results

We present an advanced software tool entitled MOLE 2.0, which has been designed to analyze molecular channels and pores. Benchmark tests against other available software tools showed that MOLE 2.0 is by comparison quicker, more robust and more versatile. As a new feature, MOLE 2.0 estimates physicochemical properties of the identified channels, i.e., hydropathy, hydrophobicity, polarity, charge, and mutability. We also assessed the variability in physicochemical properties of eighty X-ray structures of two members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily.

Conclusion

Estimated physicochemical properties of the identified channels in the selected biomacromolecules corresponded well with the known functions of the respective channels. Thus, the predicted physicochemical properties may provide useful information about the potential functions of identified channels. The MOLE 2.0 software is available at http://mole.chemi.muni.cz.
Rare coding variants of the adenosine A3 receptor are increased in autism: on the trail of the serotonin transporter regulome
Authors: Campbell Nicholas G , Zhu Chong-Bin , Lindler Kathryn M , Yaspan Brian L , Kistner-Griffin Emily ,   NIH ARRA Consortium, Hewlett William A , Tate Christopher G , Blakely Randy D , Sutcliffe James S
Published: August 2013

Background

Rare genetic variation is an important class of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk factors and can implicate biological networks for investigation. Altered serotonin (5-HT) signaling has been implicated in ASD, and we and others have discovered multiple, rare, ASD-associated variants in the 5-HT transporter (SERT) gene leading to elevated 5-HT re-uptake and perturbed regulation. We hypothesized that loci encoding SERT regulators harbor variants that impact SERT function and/or regulation and therefore could contribute to ASD risk. The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) regulates SERT via protein kinase G (PKG) and other signaling pathways leading to enhanced SERT surface expression and catalytic activity.

Methods

To test our hypothesis, we asked whether rare variants in the A3AR gene (ADORA3) were increased in ASD cases vs. controls. Discovery sequencing in a case-control sample and subsequent analysis of comparison exome sequence data were conducted. We evaluated the functional impact of two variants from the discovery sample on A3AR signaling and SERT activity.

Results

Sequencing discovery showed an increase of rare coding variants in cases vs. controls (P=0.013). While comparison exome sequence data did not show a significant enrichment (P=0.071), combined analysis strengthened evidence for association (P=0.0025). Two variants discovered in ASD cases (Leu90Val and Val171Ile) lie in or near the ligand-binding pocket, and Leu90Val was enriched individually in cases (P=0.040). In vitro analysis of cells expressing Val90-A3AR revealed elevated basal cGMP levels compared with the wildtype receptor. Additionally, a specific A3AR agonist increased cGMP levels across the full time course studied in Val90-A3AR cells, compared to wildtype receptor. In Val90-A3AR/SERT co-transfections, agonist stimulation elevated SERT activity over the wildtype receptor with delayed 5-HT uptake activity recovery. In contrast, Ile171-A3AR was unable to support agonist stimulation of SERT. Although both Val90 and Ile171 were present in greater numbers in these ASD cases, segregation analysis in families showed incomplete penetrance, consistent with other rare ASD risk alleles.

Conclusions

Our results validate the hypothesis that the SERT regulatory network harbors rare, functional variants that impact SERT activity and regulation in ASD, and encourages further investigation of this network for other variation that may impact ASD risk.
Clinical evidence for allergy in orofacial granulomatosis and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Patel Pritash , Brostoff Jonathan , Campbell Helen , Goel Rishi M , Taylor Kirstin , Ray Shuvra , Lomer Miranda , Escudier Michael , Challacombe Stephen , Spencer Jo , Sanderson Jeremy
Published: August 2013

Background

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) causes chronic, disfiguring, granulomatous inflammation of the lips and oral mucosa. A proportion of cases have co‐existing intestinal Crohn's disease (CD). The pathogenesis is unknown but has recently been linked to dietary sensitivity. Although allergy has been suggested as an aetiological factor in OFG there are few published data to support this link. In this study, we sought clinical evidence of allergy in a series of patients with OFG and compared this to a series of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) without oral involvement and to population control estimates.

Methods

Prevalence rates of allergy and oral allergy syndrome (OAS) were determined in 88 patients with OFG using questionnaires, skin prick tests, total and specific serum IgE levels. Allergy was also determined in 117 patients with IBD without evidence of oral involvement (79 with CD and 38 with ulcerative colitis (UC)).

Results

Prevalence rates of allergy in patients with OFG were significantly greater than general population estimates (82% versus 22% respectively p = <0.0005). Rates of allergy were also greater in those with CD (39%) and, interestingly, highest in those with OFG and concurrent CD (87%). Conversely, whist OAS was common in allergic OFG patients (35%) rates of OAS were significantly less in patients with concomitant CD (10% vs 44% with and without CD respectively p = 0.006). Amongst CD patients, allergy was associated with perianal disease (p = 0.042) but not with ileal, ileocolonic or colonic disease location. Allergy in UC (18%) was comparable to population estimates.

Conclusion

We provide compelling clinical evidence for the association of allergy with OFG whether occurring alone or in association with CD. The presence of gut CD increases this association but, conversely, reduces the expression of OAS in those with atopy. Interestingly, there is no evidence of increased allergy in UC.
Protective effects of decay-accelerating factor on blast-induced neurotrauma in rats
Authors: Li Yansong , Chavko Mikulas , Slack Jessica L , Liu Bin , McCarron Richard M , Ross James D , Dalle Lucca Jurandir J
Published: August 2013

Background

Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is the signature life threatening injury of current military casualties. Neuroinflammation is a key pathological occurrence of secondary injury contributing to brain damage after blast injury. We have recently demonstrated that blast-triggered complement activation and cytokine release are associated with BINT. Here, we evaluated if administration of the complement inhibitor recombinant human decay-accelerating factor (rhDAF) is beneficial on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a rat model of moderate BINT. Administration of rhDAF after exposure to moderate blast overpressure (BOP, 120 kPa) mitigated brain injury characterized by neuronal degeneration. rhDAF treatment reduced complement hemolytic activity at 3 hours and tissue complement deposition at 3, 24, and 48 hours as well as systemic and local cytokine release at 24 hours post BOP. Furthermore, rhDAF protected blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and reduced cytotoxic edema. Interaction between complement cleavage component, C3a and C3a receptor and tau phosphorylation were also attenuated in rhDAF treated animals at 3 and 24 hours after BOP. These novel findings suggest early complement targeted inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy to decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after blast TBI.

Result

Administration of rhDAF after exposure to moderate blast overpressure (BOP, 120 kPa) mitigated brain injury characterized by neuronal degeneration. rhDAF treatment reduced complement hemolytic activity at 3 hours and tissue complement deposition at 3, 24, and 48 hours as well as systemic and local cytokine release at 24 hours post BOP. Furthermore, rhDAF protected blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and reduced cytotoxic edema. Interaction between complement cleavage component, C3a and C3a receptor and tau phosphorylation were also attenuated in rhDAF treated animals at 3 and 24 hours after BOP.

Conclusion

These novel findings suggest early complement targeted inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy to decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after blast TBI.
European and Russian Cultural Interactions with Turkey
Authors: Clark Katerina
Published: August 2013

In the aftermath of the Great War the Ottoman and imperial Russian empires came to an end, and new geopolitical formations, what became the Soviet Union and Republican Turkey, emerged. In both countries a search ensued for new cultural identity and new cultural forms. At the same time, there lingered the possibility of creating new transnational formations and alliances. Clark’s article attempts to place the momentous shift from Ottoman to Republican Turkey and the almost simultaneous shift from Russia to the Soviet Union, and the subsequent attempts at cultural rapprochement between the two, within a broader context of cultural interactions with Europe as rival cosmopolitanisms competed for defining the “new Turkey” and also the “new Russia.”
Experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis: a new bicongenic rat model
Authors: D'Souza Zelpha , McAdoo Stephen P. , Smith Jennifer , Pusey Charles D. , Cook H. Terence , Behmoaras Jacques , Aitman Timothy J.
Published: August 2013

Crescentic glomerulonephritis (CRGN) is a major cause of human kidney failure, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats are uniquely susceptible to CRGN following injection of nephrotoxic serum, whereas Lewis (LEW) rats are resistant. Our previous genetic studies of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN), a form of CRGN induced by nephrotoxic serum, identified Fcgr3 and Jund as WKY genes underlying the two strongest quantitative trait loci for NTN phenotypes: Crgn1 and Crgn2, respectively. We also showed that introgression of WKY Crgn1 or Crgn2 individually into a LEW background did not lead to the formation of glomerular crescents. We have now generated a bicongenic strain, LEW.WCrgn1,2, in which WKY Crgn1 and Crgn2 are both introgressed into the LEW genetic background. These rats show development of NTN phenotypes, including glomerular crescents. Furthermore, we characterised macrophage function and glomerular cytokine profiles in this new strain. Additionally, we show that LEW.WCrgn1,2 rats are resistant to the development of glomerular crescents that is usually induced following immunisation with recombinant rat α3(IV)NC1, the specific Goodpasture autoantigen located in the glomerular basement membrane against which the immune response is directed in experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Our results show that the new bicongenic strain responds differently to two distinct experimental triggers of CRGN. This is the first time that CRGN has been induced on a normally resistant rat genetic background and identifies the LEW.WCrgn1,2 strain as a new, potentially valuable model of macrophage-dependent glomerulonephritis.
A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Williams Jonathan M. , Duckworth Carrie A. , Watson Alastair J. M. , Frey Mark R. , Miguel Jennifer C. , Burkitt Michael D. , Sutton Robert , Hughes Kevin R. , Hall Lindsay J. , Caamaño Jorge H. , Campbell Barry J. , Pritchard D. Mark
Published: August 2013

The gut barrier, composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, prevents the entrance of harmful microorganisms, antigens and toxins from the gut lumen into the blood. Small intestinal homeostasis is normally maintained by the rate of shedding of senescent enterocytes from the villus tip exactly matching the rate of generation of new cells in the crypt. However, in various localized and systemic inflammatory conditions, intestinal homeostasis can be disturbed as a result of increased IEC shedding. Such pathological IEC shedding can cause transient gaps to develop in the epithelial barrier and result in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. We have therefore developed a murine model to study this phenomenon, because IEC shedding in this species is morphologically analogous to humans. IEC shedding was induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in mice deficient in TNF-receptor 1 (Tnfr1-/-), Tnfr2 (Tnfr2-/-), nuclear factor kappa B1 (Nfκb1-/-) or Nfκb2 (Nfκb2-/-). Apoptosis and cell shedding was quantified using immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3, and gut-to-circulation permeability was assessed by measuring plasma fluorescence following fluorescein-isothiocyanate–dextran gavage. LPS, at doses ≥0.125 mg/kg body weight, induced rapid villus IEC apoptosis, with peak cell shedding occurring at 1.5 hours after treatment. This coincided with significant villus shortening, fluid exudation into the gut lumen and diarrhea. A significant increase in gut-to-circulation permeability was observed at 5 hours. TNFR1 was essential for LPS-induced IEC apoptosis and shedding, and the fate of the IECs was also dependent on NFκB, with signaling via NFκB1 favoring cell survival and via NFκB2 favoring apoptosis. This model will enable investigation of the importance and regulation of pathological IEC apoptosis and cell shedding in various diseases.
Visual contrast and color in rapid learning of novel patterns by chicks
Authors: Zylinski Sarah , Osorio Daniel
Published: August 2013

Biological communication signals often combine bright and dark colors, such as yellow and black, but it is unclear why such patterns are effective. The literature on aposematism suggests that high contrast patterns may be easily learnt or innately avoided, whereas studies of sexual signaling refer to their attractiveness or to their cost. Here in experiments with poultry chicks trained to find food in patterned containers, we confirm that elevated contrast dramatically increases the rate of initial attack on novel stimuli, but this response is labile. The chicks peck once at a novel unrewarded stimulus and then ignore it for at least 24 hours. Such single trial learning has not previously been reported for birds without a positively aversive unconditioned stimulus. We then test and reject two hypotheses about the function of high contrast patterns: first that the preferential responses are due to novelty, and second that elevated contrast enhances learning about a novel color. More generally, the observations are consistent with the idea that elevated contrast attracts attention, thereby enhancing both initial responses - whether positive or negative - and the rate of learning.
Spectral sensitivity of the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei Keys
Authors: Zopf Lydia M. , Schmid Axel , Fredman David , Eriksson Joakim
Published: August 2013

The spectral sensitivity of adult male Cupiennius salei Keys, a nocturnal hunting spider, was studied in a behavioural test. As known from earlier behavioural tests, C. salei walks towards a black target presented in front of a white background. In this study a black target (size 42 x 70 cm) was presented in a white arena illuminated by monochromatic light in the range of 365 to 695 nm using 19 monochromatic filters (HW in the range of 6 - 10 nm). In the first trial, the transmission of the optical filters was between 40 % and 80%. In a second trial the transmission was reduced to 5%, using a neutral density filter. At the high intensity the spiders showed a spectral sensivity in the range from 380 to 670 nm. In the second trial the animals only showed directed walks if the illumination was in the range of 449 of 599 nm, indicating a lower sensitivity at the margins of the spectral sensitivity. In previous intracellular recordings, the measured spectral sensitivity was between 320 and 620 nm. Interestingly, these results do not completely match the behaviourally tested spectral sensitivity of the photoreceptors, where the sensitivity range is shifted to longer wavelengths. In order to investigate the molecular background of spectral sensitivity, we searched for opsin genes in C. salei. We found three visual opsins that correspond to UV and middle to long wavelength sensitive opsins as described for jumping spiders.
Thermal dependence of cardiac function in Arctic fish: implications of a warming world
Authors: Franklin Craig E. , Farrell Anthony P. , Altimiras Jordi , Axelsson Michael
Published: August 2013

With the Arctic experiencing one of the most rapid and greatest increases in sea temperatures in modern time, predicting how Arctic marine organisms will respond to elevated temperatures has become critical for conservation biology. Here we examined the thermal sensitivity of cardiorespiratory performance for three closely related species of sculpins that inhabit the Arctic waters, two of which, Gymnocanthus tricuspis and Myoxocephalus scorpioides, have adapted to a restricted range within the Arctic, whereas the third species, Myoxocephalus scorpius, has a wider distribution. We tested the hypothesis that the fish restricted to Arctic cold waters would show reduced cardiorespiratory scope in response to an increase in temperature, as compared with the more eurythermal M. scorpius. As expected from their biogeography, M. scorpioides and G. tricuspis maximised cardiorespiratory performance at temperatures between 1-4oC, whereas M. scorpius maximised performance over a wider range of temperatures (1-10oC). Furthermore, factorial scope for cardiac output collapsed at elevated temperature for the two high-latitude species, negatively impacting their ability to support aerobically driven metabolic processes. Consequently, these results concurred with our hypothesis, suggesting that the sculpin species restricted to the Arctic will likely be negatively impacted by increases in ocean temperatures.
Regulatory role of PGC-1alpha/PPARs signaling in skeletal muscle metabolic recruitment during cold acclimation
Authors: Stancic Ana , Buzadzic Biljana , Korac Aleksandra , Otasevic Vesna , Jankovic Aleksandra , Vucetic Milica , Markelic Milica , Velickovic Ksenija , Golic Igor , Korac Bato
Published: August 2013

Study examined molecular basis of energy-related regulatory mechanisms underlying metabolic recruitment of skeletal muscle during cold acclimation and possible involvement of the L-arginine/nitric oxide-producing pathway. Rats exposed to cold (4±1°C) for periods of 1, 3, 7, 12, 21, and 45 days were divided into three groups: untreated, L-arginine-treated and Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated. Compared to control (22±1°C), there was an initial increase in the protein level of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase α (day 1), followed by an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): PPARα and PPARγ from day 1 and PPARδ from day 7 of cold acclimation. Activation of the PGC-1α/PPAR transcription program was accompanied by increased protein expression of the key metabolic enzymes in β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, with the exception in complex I (no changes) and ATP synthase (decreased at day 1). Cold did not affect hexokinase and GAPDH protein levels, but increased lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to control (1-45 days). L-arginine sustained, accelerated and/or intensified cold-induced molecular remodeling throughout cold acclimation. L-NAME exerted phase-dependent effects: similar to L-arginine in early cold acclimation and opposite after prolonged cold exposure (from day 21). It seems that upregulation of the PGC-1α/PPAR transcription program early on cold triggers molecular recruitment of skeletal muscle underlying the shift in its metabolism to more oxidative during prolonged cold acclimation. Our results suggest that nitric oxide has a role in maintaining skeletal muscle oxidative phenotype in late cold acclimation but question its role early on cold.
Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function
Authors: Terrell Kimberly A. , Quintero Richard P. , Murray Suzan , Kleopfer John D. , Murphy James B. , Evans Matthew J. , Nissen Bradley D. , Gratwicke Brian
Published: August 2013

Ectothermic species living in temperate regions can experience rapid and potentially stressful changes in body temperature driven by abrupt weather changes. Yet, among amphibians, the physiological impacts of short-term temperature variation are largely unknown. Using an ex situ population of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, an aquatic North American salamander, we tested the hypothesis that naturally-occurring periods of temperature variation negatively impact amphibian health, either through direct effects on immune function or by increasing physiological stress. We exposed captive salamanders to repeated cycles of temperature fluctuations recorded in the population's natal stream and evaluated behavioral and physiological responses, including plasma complement activity (i.e., bacteria killing) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The best-fit model (ΔAICc = 0, wi = 0.9992) revealed 70% greater P. aeruginosa killing after exposure to variable temperatures and no evidence of thermal acclimation. The same model predicted 50% increased E. coli killing, but had weaker support (ΔAICc = 1.8, wi = 0.2882). In contrast, plasma defenses were ineffective against A. hydrophila, and other health indicators (leukocyte ratios, growth rates and behavioral patterns) were maintained at baseline values. Our data suggest that amphibians can tolerate, and even benefit from, natural patterns of rapid warming/cooling. Specifically, temperature variation can elicit increased activity of the innate immune system. This immune response may be adaptive in an unpredictable environment, and is undetectable by conventional health indicators (and hence considered cryptic). Our findings highlight the need to consider naturalistic patterns of temperature variation when predicting species' susceptibility to climate change.
Physiological control of bioluminescence in a deep-sea planktonic worm, Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff, 1879
Authors: Gouveneaux Anaïd , Mallefet Jerome
Published: August 2013

Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff 1879 (Tomopteridae) is a transparent holoplanktonic polychaete that can emit a bright light. In this work, we investigated the emission pattern and control of this deep-sea worm's luminescence. Potassium chloride depolarisation applied on anesthetised specimens triggered a maximal yellow light emission from specific parapodial sites, suggesting that a nervous control pathway was involved. A pharmacological screening revealed a sensitivity to carbachol, which was confirmed by a dose-light response associated with a change in the light emission pattern, where physiological carbachol concentrations induced flashes and higher concentrations induced glows. The light response induced by its hydrolysable agonist, acetylcholine, was significantly weaker but was facilitated by eserine pretreatment. In addition, a specific inhibitory effect of tubocurarine was observed on carbachol-induced emission. Lastly, KCl- and carbachol-induced light responses were significantly reduced when preparations were pre-incubated in Ca2+-free artificial sea water or in different calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) and calmodulin inhibitor (trifluoperazine) solutions. All of these results strongly suggest that T. helgolandica produces its light flashes via activating nicotinic cholinergic receptors and a calcium-dependent intracellular mechanism involving L-type calcium channels.
RNA interference of glycerol biosynthesis suppresses rapid cold hardening of the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Park Youngjin , Kim Yonggyun
Published: August 2013

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is a freeze-susceptible species that overwinters in temperate zones without diapause. The rapid cold hardening (RCH) and supercooling capacity usually play crucial roles in the survival during overwintering period. This study determined a cryoprotectant as an RCH factor of S. exigua. A pre-exposure of S. exigua larvae to 4°C significantly increased survival at -10°C in all developmental stages from egg to adult. The RCH was dependent on the duration of the pre-exposure period. The RCH also significantly enhanced the supercooling capacity. Cryoprotectant analysis using HPLC showed that the pre-exposure treatment allowed the larvae to accumulate glycerol in the hemolymph. Two genes, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), were identified as being associated with glycerol biosynthesis, and were cloned in S. exigua larvae. Both GPDH and GK were expressed in all developmental stages of S. exigua. Either RNA interference (RNAi) of GPDH or GK significantly inhibited glycerol accumulation in the hemolymph of S. exigua. Larvae treated with RNAi of GPDH or GK gene expression exhibited a significant decrease in RCH capacity. The glycerol accumulation in response to 4°C appeared to be under the control of humoral signal, because a ligation experiment prevented glycerol accumulation in the other half of the body. This study indicated that glycerol is a RCH factor of S. exigua and is induced to be synthesized in response to low temperature via humoral mediation.
Options of Configuration of Anti-mudflow Constructions with Application of Flexible Ring Grids
Authors: Титоренко Александр , Titorenko Aleksandr
Published: August 2013

The best foreign practices of application of flexible anti-mudflow barriers are application options are proved, and as positive and negative sides of flexible barriers are proved.
Outcomes following fractured neck of femur in an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital
Authors: Chia P. H. , Gualano L. , Seevanayagam S. , Weinberg L.
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To determine the morbidity and mortality outcomes of patients presenting with a fractured neck of femur in an Australian context. Peri-operative variables related to unfavourable outcomes were identified to allow planning of intervention strategies for improving peri-operative care.

Methods

We performed a retrospective observational study of 185 consecutive adult patients admitted to an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital with fractured neck of femur between 2009 and 2010. The main outcome measures were 30-day and one-year mortality rates, major complications and factors influencing mortality.

Results

The majority of patients were elderly, female and had multiple comorbidities. Multiple peri-operative medical complications were observed, including pre-operative hypoxia (17%), post-operative delirium (25%), anaemia requiring blood transfusion (28%), representation within 30 days of discharge (18%), congestive cardiac failure (14%), acute renal impairment (12%) and myocardial infarction (4%). Mortality rates were 8.1% at 30 days and 21.6% at one year. Factors predictive of one-year mortality were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (odds ratio (OR) 4.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 12.2)), general anaesthesia (OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 8.5)), age > 90 years (OR 4.5 (95% CI 1.5 to 13.1)) and post-operative oliguria (OR 3.6 (95% CI 1.1 to 11.7)).

Conclusions

Results from an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital confirm the persistently high morbidity and mortality in patients presenting with a fractured neck of femur. Efforts should be aimed at medically optimising patients pre-operatively and correction of pre-operative hypoxia. This study provides planning data for future interventional studies. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:162–8.
Frozen Section Diagnosis
Authors: Roy Somak , Parwani Anil V. , Dhir Rajiv , Yousem Samuel A. , Kelly Susan M. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: August 2013

Objectives:

Communication in various medical settings is subject to misinterpretation. The frozen section (FS) diagnosis in patient care is dependent on successful communication between pathologists and surgeons. However, very few studies looking at FS errors analyzed postanalytic communication issues.

Methods:

A total of 300 consecutive cases, in which an FS was performed and corresponding surgical note was available, were studied. The FS diagnosis and surgeon’s interpretation were recorded for all cases. Discrepancies were classified as major (clinical impact) or minor (no clinical impact).

Results:

We found 8 (2.7%) miscommunications, all with only minor clinical impact. These were attributed mainly to the surgeon’s misinterpretation of a deferred diagnosis. Also contributing to miscommunication was the pathologist’s use of nonspecific terminology such as “favor” or “scattered.”

Conclusions:

We found that the rate of miscommunicated FS diagnoses was low at our institution during the period of our study. However, the rate of miscommunication was similar to the much more widely recognized problem of sampling error.
Euclidean spaces as weak tangents of infinitesimally Hilbertian metric measure spaces with Ricci curvature bounded below
Authors: Gigli Nicola , Mondino Andrea , Rajala Tapio
Published: August 2013

We show that in any infinitesimally Hilbertian

𝖢𝖣
*

(
K
,
N
)

$\mathsf {CD}^*(K,N)$

-space at almost every point there exists a Euclidean weak tangent, i.e., there exists a sequence of dilations of the space that converges to a Euclidean space in the pointed measured Gromov–Hausdorff topology.
The proof follows by considering iterated tangents and the splitting theorem for infinitesimally Hilbertian

𝖢𝖣
*

(
0
,
N
)

$\mathsf {CD}^*(0,N)$

-spaces.
La estructura de oposición privativa y la dialéctica de Hegel
Authors: García-Hernández Benjamín
Published: August 2013

Privative oppositions have arisen with Phonology within the Prague School and they are a very fruitful structural concept. Their operative power has been successively verified on the morphematic, syntactic and lexical levels. Whereby, they are also a good proof that the systematic character of the language is not limited to the grammar. A privative opposition always contains three values, namely positive / negative // neutral. These can be expressed by three lexemes (Lat
On Tense, Viewpoint and Actionality in Vulgar and Literary Late Latin
Authors: Haverling Gerd
Published: August 2013

The problem dealt with in this paper is the extent to which the changes in tense, viewpoint and actionality in Late Latin are reflected in different kinds of texts. The changes in the actional system lead to the introduction of new words, of which some are accepted in literary Late Latin and others are not, and to the use of old words in partly new functions in the literary texts. The use of
Some remarks on the graded forms with sub- in Latin
Authors: Cuzzolin Pierluigi
Published: August 2013

In recent theoretical literature on morphology, the question has been raised whether there are languages in which some morphological device exists, which turns out to be the "subtractive" counterpart of the comparison of majority, according to the following proportion:
Verba peregrina: Von der Interdiktion zur Integration
Authors: Müller Roman
Published: August 2013

Varrò in
The relationship between grammar and discourse: evidence from the Latin particle quidem
Authors: Kroon Caroline
Published: August 2013

Descriptions of the Latin particle
Prepositions in Cause expressions
Authors: Luraghi Silvia
Published: August 2013

Several prepositions can denote Cause in Latin. They all have a basic spatial meaning from which the causal meaning is derived through different metaphors. Their usage and distribution varies among authors and through time. Related semantic roles, such as Beneficiary and Purpose, can be expressed to varying extents by the same prepositions that express Cause. In Late Latin Cause and Beneficiary (and later Purpose) merged completely, a development which is still partly visible in the Romance languages. It is argued that merger of these semantic roles is favored by the fact that the prepositions involved expressed some sort of static Location as their original local meaning, and did not denote directionality.
Action Nouns in Reports of Speech Acts
Authors: Shalev Donna
Published: August 2013

The paper sets out the question of possible links between reports of speech acts and verbal nouns in Latin. The syntax of the verbal noun has mainly been investigated with respect to its governing force. I introduce the notion of the report of a speech act in sections 1, 2. A survey of earlier work on verbal nouns as complements is presented in sections 3, 4. I try to sharpen the focus on a type of complement clause involving the report of a speech act, in contrast to modes of indirect discourse usually considered in discussions on complement clauses.
Pluriel et nom propre: problèmes de référence
Authors: Vallat Daniel
Published: August 2013

Despite privileged linguistic relationships between proper noun and Singular mode, the former can have an inflected form in the plural. Following a referential approach, and reviewing a modern analysis, we establish a typology of the various onomastic plurals, and we study the linguistic Operation and conditioning suited to each different type.
Marcatura XML applicata a repertori di congetture sui Persiani di Eschilo
Authors: Boschetti Federico
Published: August 2013

Si espongono alcune considerazione sulla struttura delle informazioni contenute nei repertori di congetture presi in esame e si discutono i relativi problemi da affrontare in sede di marcatura.
A previously unrecognized typological category: The state distinction in Kabyle (Berber)
Authors: Mettouchi Amina , Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: August 2013

The study addresses the functional distinction between the annexed and absolute states of nouns, a controversial issue in Berber linguistics. It is demonstrated that the annexed state provides the specific value for a grammaticalized meaning encoded earlier in the sentence. The absolute state carries no function within the grammaticalized domains of the language. The importance of this study for linguistic typology is that it demonstrates the existence of a coding system on noun phrases that is not related to grammatical functions, semantic functions, or information structure.
The construction of excess and sufficiency from a crosslinguistic perspective
Authors: Fortuin Egbert
Published: August 2013

The concepts of excess (`too') and sufficiency (`enough') and their expressions are studied crosslinguistically. An examination of these concepts across 59 languages shows that a distinction must be made between dedicated marking of excess and sufficiency and contextually determined interpretations of other meanings (including various degree meanings). It is argued that the concepts of excess and sufficiency are inherently associated with the concept of goal-directedness. This is reflected in the way these concepts are encoded and used across languages and in the difference between the construction of excess and sufficiency and resultative degree constructions.
Ce2B8O15: High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure determination of a rare-earth polyborate exhibiting a new “Fundamental Building Block”
Authors: Glätzle Matthias , Heymann Gunter , Huppertz Hubert
Published: August 2013

The new cerium polyborate Ce
Electrically Driven Resonant Oscillations of
Pendant Hemispherical Liquid Droplet and Possibility to Evaluate
the Surface Tension in Real Time
Authors: Tankovsky N. , Zografov N. , Russev S.
Published: August 2013

The influence of the supporting surface on the resonant
frequency of pendant droplets has been examined experimentally. It
has been shown that for spherical pendant droplets the correction
term due to the boundary conditions at the supporting surface
depends on the geometry and material of the supporting element,
but also on the liquid of the droplet, which makes calibration
impossible. In contrast, for hemispherical pendant droplets the
influence of the boundary conditions can be kept constant and can
be eliminated after calibration. A method for measuring the
surface tension in real time from the resonant frequency of
a hemispherical droplet has been proposed and errors have been
evaluated.
Obesity & the First Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Walsh Joseph A.
Published: August 2013

Obesity is the costliest preventable health problem in the United States. Understanding and applying the first law of thermodynamics will help students prevent and treat this all-too-common problem.
Defusing Diffusion
Authors: Dou Remy , Hogan DaNel , Kossover Mark , Spuck Timothy , Young Sarah
Published: August 2013

Diffusion has often been taught in science courses as one of the primary ways by which molecules travel, particularly within organisms. For years, classroom teachers have used the same common demonstrations to illustrate this concept (e.g., placing drops of food coloring in a beaker of water). Most of the time, the main contributor to the motion in these demonstrations is not actually diffusion, but rather convection. Yet teachers, textbooks, and workbooks continue to cite these as examples of diffusion, despite having been adequately refuted. In order to reaffirm the refutations and promote greater awareness of the continued existence of these misconceptions among teachers, the authors designed an experiment to test the premise that typical classroom diffusion experiments are, in fact, examples of convection. Taking advantage of the free-fall environment through NASA’s Teaching from Space Microgravity Experience, we were able to show that the great majority of dispersion patterns depicted in these demonstrations are due to convection. Subsequently, we propose classroom activities that serve as more accurate demonstrations of diffusion.
Terrestrial Slugs as a Model Organism for Inquiry-Based Experimentation in a Majors General Biology Laboratory
Authors: Peters Brenda J. , Blair Amy C.
Published: August 2013

Many biology educators at the undergraduate level are revamping their laboratory curricula to incorporate inquiry-based research experiences so that students can directly participate in the process of science and improve their scientific reasoning skills. Slugs are an ideal organism for use in such a student-directed, hypothesis-driven experience. Slugs are inexpensive, easily collected, and low maintenance. Most students are unfamiliar with slugs, and their curiosity is piqued as they observe and classify these fascinating creatures. The procedures described here offer step-by-step instructions on how slugs are used to guide students through an inquiry-based research project for 7 weeks in a majors general biology course.