bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE REALM OF THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND THE MASS OF THEIR PRIMORDIAL CLOUDS
Authors: Tenorio-Tagle Guillermo , Muñoz-Tuñón Casiana , Cassisi Santi , Silich Sergiy
Published: July 2016

By adopting the empirical constraints related to the estimates of helium enhancement (

), the present mass ratio between first and second stellar generations (

), and the actual mass of Galactic globular clusters (M
GC), we envisage a possible scenario for the formation of these stellar systems. Our approach allows for the possible loss of stars through evaporation or tidal interactions and different star-formation efficiencies. In our approach, the star-formation efficiency of the first generation (ϵ
1G) is the central factor that links the stellar generations because it not only defines both the mass in stars of the first generation and the remaining mass available for further star formation, but it also fixes the amount of matter required to contaminate the second stellar generation. In this way, ϵ
1G is fully defined by the He enhancement between successive generations in a GC. We also show that globular clusters fit well within a ΔY versus

diagram that indicates three different evolutionary paths. The central one is for clusters that have not lost stars through tidal interactions from either of their stellar generations, and thus their present M
GC value is identical to the amount of low-mass stars (M
* ≤ 1 M
⊙) that resulted from both stellar generations. Other possible evolutions imply either the loss of first-generation stars or the combination of a low star-formation efficiency in the second stellar generation and a loss of stars from the second generation. From these considerations, we derive a lower limit to the mass (M
tot) of the individual primordial clouds that gave origin to globular clusters.
Posteromedial Versus Direct Posterior Approach for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reinsertion
Authors: Ambra Luiz Felipe M. , Franciozi Carlos Eduardo S. , Werneck Luiz Guilherme M. , de Queiroz Antonio A. B. , Yamada Ricardo K. , Granata Geraldo Sergio M. , Debieux Pedro , Luzo Marcus Vinicius M.
Published: July 2016

Avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are usually found in pediatric populations. This study investigated which of 2 approaches—posteromedial or direct posterior—enables easier PCL reinsertion. Ten fresh cadavers were studied using direct posterior (10 knees) and posteromedial (10 knees) approaches. In both, a guidewire was inserted into the tibial insertion of the PCL as perpendicular as possible to the coronal knee axis. Then, the angle between the guidewire and the horizontal plane of the table was measured. The mean angle of the guidewire was 8.6° (SD=7.3°) with the direct posterior approach and 36.6° (SD=14.3°) with the posteromedial approach (
P
=.005). The direct posterior approach allows a greater degree of freedom compared with the posteromedial approach to reach the PCL tibial insertion. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(5):e1024–e1027.]
Visual Performance and Rotational Stability of a Multifocal Toric Intraocular Lens
Authors: Marques Eduardo F. , Ferreira Tiago B. , Simões Pedro
Published: July 2016

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the visual results, refractive predictability, rotational stability, and spectacle independence of patients who had cataract surgery with implantation of a diffractive multifocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) (Tecnis Multifocal Toric ZMT 150–400; Abbott Medical Optics, Santa Ana, CA).

METHODS:

This prospective study included 60 eyes of 30 patients with cataract and regular corneal astigmatism who had phacoemulsification with bilateral implantation of a Tecnis Multifocal Toric IOL. Over a 6-month follow-up period, the main outcome measures were uncorrected and corrected monocular and binocular distance (UDVA and DCVA), intermediate at 80 cm (UIVA and DCIVA), and near at 40 cm (UNVA and DCNVA) visual acuities, spherical equivalent (SE) refraction, residual astigmatism, rotational stability, defocus curves, contrast sensitivity, presence of photic phenomena, and use of spectacles.

RESULTS:

Results at 6 months showed mean UDVA of 0.07 ± 0.1 logMAR (range: 0.3 to 0.0 logMAR), mean UIVA of 0.18 ± 0.09 logMAR (range: 0.3 to −0.1 log-MAR, and mean UNVA of 0.03 ± 0.09 logMAR (range: 0.2 to −0.1 logMAR). Refractive predictability was excellent with a mean SE of 0.05 ± 0.47 diopters (D) (range: −0.75 to +1.00 D) and a mean refractive cylinder of −0.44 ± 0.49 D (range: −1.25 to 0.00). Mean rotation was 3.18° ± 3.28°. Photic phenomena were moderate or severe in 30% of patients. All patients were spectacle independent at the 6-month follow-up visit at all distances in this case series.

CONCLUSIONS:

The implantation of the Tecnis multifocal toric IOL in patients with cataract and corneal astigmatism provided excellent distance and near visual acuities with good intermediate visual acuity. Predictability of refractive results, rotational stability, and optical performance were excellent, allowing all patients in this series to achieve spectacle independence.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2016;32(7):444–450.]
Role of Age and Myopia in Simultaneous Assessment of Corneal and Extraocular Tissue Stiffness by Air-Puff Applanation
Authors: Matalia Jyoti , Francis Mathew , Tejwani Sushma , Dudeja Gagan , Rajappa Neha , Sinha Roy Abhijit
Published: July 2016

PURPOSE:

To assess the correlation of age and myopia with corneal and extraocular tissue stiffness derived from air-puff applanation using a composite viscoelastic model.

METHODS:

This retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluated 155 normal eyes (age range: 5 to 50 years) measured on Corvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Manifest refraction spherical equivalent was also analyzed. A linear viscoelastic model that segregated corneal and extraocular tissue stiffness from the applanation deformation waveform was implemented. Corvis ST measured the total deformation (deformation amplitude waveform), which was simply the sum of corneal and extraocular tissue deformation. Age- and myopia-based multivariate analyses of variance between deformation parameters were performed after adjusting for intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness. Corvis ST corneal hysteresis was also calculated from the corneal deformation waveform.

RESULTS:

All myopia and age groups were matched for intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness. Extraocular tissue stiffness significantly increased with age (
P
= .03). Some other extraocular tissue deformation parameters also correlated with age, indicating age-related stiffening (
P
< .05). Corneal and extraocular tissue stiffness decreased with increasing myopia, but the trend was not significant (
P
= .10). Corvis ST corneal hysteresis increased with increasing age (
P
= .01) but not with increasing myopia (
P
= .61).

CONCLUSIONS:

Extraocular deformation parameters indicated stiffening of the extraocular tissues with age. Corneal deformation parameters were unaffected by age and myopia. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to clearly understand the effect of myopia on corneal and extraocular tissue stiffness.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(7):486–493.]
Poder y parentesco: ¿Los fundamentos de reinar? El impacto de las relaciones familiares y conyugales en los reinados de las reinas titulares de Navarra (1274-1517)
Authors: Woodacre Elena
Published: July 2016

Las relaciones familiares constituyeron el fundamento de la monarquía dinástica y proporcionaron una base de apoyo crucial en el gobierno de una reina con potestad propia, que se encontraba en una posición mucho más vulnerable que sus homólogos masculinos. Este artículo examinará la situación de las reinas titulares de Navarra entre 1274 y 1517, con especial énfasis en su relación con sus familias, tanto de origen como política. Estudiaremos varios ejemplos que ponen de manifi esto la importancia de los apoyos que las reinas gobernadoras recibieron de los miembros de su familia, primordiales en época de crisis. Aunque el artículo también trata episodios de confl icto y tensión en torno a la sucesión dentro de la familia de la reina, mantenemos que, en última instancia, el apoyo desde el interior de la propia dinastía, y de su pareja, el rey consorte, desempeñó un papel fundamental a la hora de garantizar y mantener el poder de una reina gobernadora.
La cerámica de construcción en Norteamérica
Authors: Arredondo Verdú Francisco
Published: July 2016

Nota available
La magnesia en los aglomerantes hidráulicos con escorias
Authors: García de Paredes Gaibrois Pablo
Published: July 2016

Not available
El nuevo horno giratorio Lepol en Kiefersfelden
Authors: Ihlefeldt H.
Published: July 2016

Not available
Posibilidades de conocer la edad de una obra
Authors: Calleja J.
Published: July 2016

Not available
Development of Drainage Material Using Rice Husk Cement Mortar with Foam
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Munsif , Ahmad Fauziah , Azmi Mastura
Published: July 2016

Nowadays, interest in developing environmental friendly construction material was increased. As the result, many researches have been done to make use of waste material for engineering purposes. This paper present the results of laboratory experiments on the potential of raw rice husk (RH) cement mortar with addition of foam as drainage material. Mechanical properties which are compressive strength, density, water absorption and porosity have been investigated in order to identify the potential of this material to function as drainage material. Total of eight set of sample were tested to determine those properties. Aqueous foam generated from chemical based foaming agent was used in this study to enhance the drainage ability and also reducing the density of the cement based mixture. More over to simulate the real application at site, an infiltration model was developed to determine the drainage and infiltration characteristic of this material. The permeability of the sample used in the infiltration model has been tested using constant head test to verify the validity of the infiltration model. From the result obtained, it can be concluded that the compressive strength and density of sample decreases with percentage of raw rice husk used while the additional of foam has further reducing the compressive strength and density. Both water absorption and porosity showing the opposite trend compared to the compressive strength. This drainage material can be pre-designed between 1.60N/mm2 – 10.12 N/mm2 for compressive strength, 1392kg/m3 - 1841kg/m3 for density, 21% - 34% for water absorption and 31% - 42% for porosity. From the result of infiltration model, it was observed that this material having good drainage ability with the permeability of 15% foamed rice husk sample is 1.57x10-3.
Chemical Identification of Waste Cooking Oil as Additive in Bitumen
Authors: Wan Azahar Wan Nur Aifa , Bujang Mastura , Jaya Ramadhansyah Putra , Hainin Mohd Rosli , Ngadi Norzita , Mohamad Mardhiah
Published: July 2016

The behavior and performance of waste cooking oil (WCO) as an additive and replacement of neat bitumen through the modification of asphalt binder is influenced by its chemical structure and composition. Therefore, the identification of chemical composition inside the WCO-modified bitumen should be identified before any modification is taken that later on will affect its performance. Thus, this paper has emphasized and explained about the chemical composition inside modified bitumen by using WCO. The characterization of each chemical element and functional group of WCO-modified bitumen are conducted by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). GCMS result showed that the presence of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in WCO while from the FTIR observation, there are same type of functional group existed in all sample which is C-H bond (alkyl). Through the chemical observation conducted, therefore the chemical alteration is required to improve the performance of WCO in modified bitumen in the future.
The Influence of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregates in Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Amiera Jeffry Siti Nur , Jaya Ramadhansyah Putra , Manap Norhafizah , Miron Nurfatin Aqeela , Hassan Norhidayah Abdul
Published: July 2016

Significant quantities of coconut shell (CS), a by-product of agriculture, can be used as an artificial source of coarse aggregates. In this study, four CSs were used as coarse aggregates replacement in asphalt concrete with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% weight volumes. The particle sizes of the CSs used as main coarse aggregates range from 5 mm to 20 mm. The Marshall Stability test shows that the optimum bitumen content for asphalt mixtures is 5.1%. The engineering properties investigated include the volumetric, dynamic creep, indirect tensile strength, and resilient modulus. Test results show that stability decreases with increasing CS content because of high water absorption. Considering that CSs absorb bitumen, a further detailed investigation is needed to assess the performance of modified bitumen on mixture. Furthermore, the use of CSs as coarse aggregates in asphalt concrete help increase the resilient modulus, stiffness, and indirect tensile strength up to 30%. Generally, a 10% replacement of coarse aggregates with CSs is the optimal limit.
Microstructural Study of Leached Nitrided Malaysian Ilmenite with Coal-Polystyrene Reductant
Authors: Yaraghi Ali , Abang Sapri Mohammad Hanif , Ahmadi Eltefat , Baharun Norlia , Rezan Sheikh Abdul , Shoparwe Noor Izah , Ramakrishan Sivakumar , Ariffin Kamar Shah , Mohd Noor Ahmad Fauzi , Zabidi Hareyani , Hanafi Ismail , Seli Hazman Haji
Published: July 2016

Titanium oxycarbonitride (TiOxCyNz) produced from Malaysian ilmenite consists of impurities such as iron that adversely affect the efficiency of chlorination process. In this paper, the dissolution of iron present in TiOxCyNz was performed using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solution at 70 °C from 4-6 hrs. Effects of acid concentration, catalyst amount and leaching time on the rate of iron dissolution were also investigated. Microstructural and/or morphological studies of the raw materials, and products were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The results obtained from SEM/EDX analysis for the reduced samples HR15 (15% Polystyrene (PS) + 85% coal (C)), HR25 (25% PS + 75% C) and HR35 (35% PS + 65% C) showed that most of the Titanium oxycarbonitrides were found in the circular shape with increase grain coarsening. Iron dissolution was accelerated with acid concentrations and it increased with increasing leaching time from 4 to 6 hrs. The results also showed that the percentage of Fe removed from titanium oxycarbonitride was ~ 76.85% at 70 °C for 6 hrs with the PS/C ratio of 0.18 and 1 wt. % of glucose as catalyst.
Effect of ENR50/STR5L Blends on Properties of Foodstuff Conveyor Belts Compound
Authors: Limhengha Suphatchakorn , Limnararat Sunpasit , Sriseubsai Wipoo
Published: July 2016

Natural rubber blending with nitrile rubber is the important raw material employed for the foodstuff conveyor belts formulation. This research involves the replacement of nitrile rubber with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) aiming for food safety precaution and cost saving on the materials. This work included the investigation on the ratio of ENR with 50% epoxidation (ENR50) and natural rubber (Standard Thai Rubber 5L,STR5L). The ratios of ENR50:STR5L were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The effect of fillers, i.e. silica (SiO2) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) on the properties of rubber blends was also investigated. The vulcanizing system was semi-efficient vulcanization (Semi-EV). The study was further focused on the morphological characterization and mechanical properties. It was found that increasing the proportion of ENR50 and STR5L at 50% produced better mechanical property, however, the elongation at break increased once the ENR50 was down at 25%. Thus, this enhanced the property of the foodstuff conveyor belts compound.
Laser Recovery of Subsurface Damages in Chemomechanically Polished Silicon Wafers
Authors: Niitsu Keiichiro , Tayama Yu , Maehara Hidenobu , Kato Takatoshi , Yan Ji Wang
Published: July 2016

Silicon wafers are the most widely used semiconductor substrates. It has been considered that silicon wafers after chemomechanical polishing (CMP) have no subsurface defects. However, in fact, defects such as dislocation and latent microcracks will remain in the wafers if CMP is performed under unsuitable conditions. In this study, we confirmed the existence of subsurface damages at a depth of submicron level in a silicon wafer after CMP, then used a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser to repair the subsurface damages. It was found that subsurface defects were recovered to a single crystalline structure by laser irradiation without changing the surface topography. The phase transformation of silicon before and after laser irradiation was confirmed by laser Raman spectroscopy and chemical etching using saturated aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. The findings from this study contributes to improve the quality of silicon wafers for high-performance semiconductors.
Development of Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver for Simulation of Incompressible Flows
Authors: Shu C. , Wang Y. , Teo C. J. , Wu J.
Published: July 2016

A lattice Boltzmann flux solver (LBFS) is presented in this work for simulation of incompressible viscous and inviscid flows. The new solver is based on Chapman-Enskog expansion analysis, which is the bridge to link Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations and lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). The macroscopic differential equations are discretized by the finite volume method, where the flux at the cell interface is evaluated by local reconstruction of lattice Boltzmann solution from macroscopic flow variables at cell centers. The new solver removes the drawbacks of conventional lattice Boltzmann method such as limitation to uniform mesh, tie-up of mesh spacing and time interval, limitation to viscous flows. LBFS is validated by its application to simulate the viscous decaying vortex flow, the driven cavity flow, the viscous flow past a circular cylinder, and the inviscid flow past a circular cylinder. The obtained numerical results compare very well with available data in the literature, which show that LBFS has the second order of accuracy in space, and can be well applied to viscous and inviscid flow problems with non-uniform mesh and curved boundary.
Speciated Atmospheric Mercury during Haze and Non-haze Days in an Inland City in China
Authors: Hong Qianqian , Xie Zhouqing , Liu Cheng , Wang Feiyue , Xie Pinhua , Kang Hui , Xu Jin , Wang Jiancheng , Wu Fengcheng , He Pengzhen , Mou Fusheng , Fan Shidong , Dong Yunsheng , Zhan Haicong , Yu Xiawei , Chi Xiyuan , Liu Jianguo
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Long-term continuous measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury were conducted at Hefei, a mid-latitude inland city in east central China, from July 2013 to June 2014. The mean concentrations (± standard deviation) of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) were 3.95 ± 1.93 ng m−3, 2.49 ± 2.41 pg m−3 and 23.3 ± 90.8 pg m−3, respectively, during non-haze days, and 4.74 ± 1.62 ng m−3, 4.32 ± 8.36 pg m−3 and 60.2 ± 131.4 pg m−3, respectively, during haze days. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that the atmospheric mercury pollution during haze days was caused primarily by local mercury emissions, instead of via long-range mercury transport. In addition, the disadvantageous diffussion during haze days will also enhance the level of atmospheric mercury. Compared to the GEM and RGM, change in PBM was more sensitive to the haze pollution. The mean PBM concentration during haze days was 2.5 times that during non-haze days due to elevated concentrations of particulate matter. A remarkable seasonal trend in PBM was observed with concentration decreasing in the following order in response to the frequency of haze days: autumn, winter, spring, summer. A distinct diurnal relationship was found between GEM and RGM during haze days, with the peak values of RGM coinciding with the decline in GEM. Using HgOH as an intermediate product during GEM oxidation, our results suggest that NO2 aggregation with HgOH could explain the enhanced production of RGM during the daytime in haze days. Increasing level of NOx will potentially accelerate the oxidation of GEM despite the decrease of solar radiation.
Dynamic sub-grid heterogeneity of convective cloud in a global model: Description and Evaluation of the Convective Cloud Field Model (CCFM) in ECHAM6–HAM2
Authors: Kipling Zak , Stier Philip , Labbouz Laurent , Wagner Till
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The Convective Cloud Field Model (CCFM) attempts to address some of the shortcomings of both the commonly-used bulk mass-flux parameterisations, and those using a prescribed spectrum of clouds. By considering the cloud spectrum as a competitive system where cloud types interact through their environment in competition for convective available potential energy (CAPE), the spectrum is able to respond dynamically to changes in the environment. An explicit Lagrangian entraining plume model for each cloud type allows the representation of convective cloud microphysics, paving the way for the study of aerosol–convection interactions at the global scale where their impact remains highly uncertain. In this paper, we introduce a new treatment of convective triggering, extending the entraining plume model below cloud base to explicitly represent the unsaturated thermals which initiate convection. This allows for a realistic vertical velocity to develop at cloud base, so that the cloud microphysics can begin with physically-based activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). We evaluate this new version of CCFM in the context of the global model ECHAM6–HAM, comparing its performance to the standard Tiedtke–Nordeng parameterisation used in that model. We find that the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation is improved, both against a climatology from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and also against diurnal cycles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) with a reduced tendency for precipitation to peak too early in the afternoon. Cloud cover is quite sensitive to the vertical level from which the dry convection is initiated, but when this is chosen appropriately the cloud cover compares well with that from Tiedtke–Nordeng. CCFM can thus perform as well as, or better than, the standard scheme while providing additional capabilities to represent convective cloud microphysics and dynamic cloud morphology at the global scale.
Depth-averaged instantaneous currents in a tidally dominated shelf sea from glider observations
Authors: Merckelbach Lucas
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Ocean gliders have become ubiquitous observation platforms in the ocean in recent years. They are also increasingly used in coastal environments. The coastal observatory system COSYNA has pioneered the use of gliders in the North Sea, a shallow tidally energetic shelf sea. For operational reasons, the gliders operated in the North Sea are programmed to resurface every 3–5 hours. The glider's deadreckoning algorithm yields depth averaged currents, averaged in time over each subsurface interval. Under operational conditions these averaged currents are a poor approximation of the instantaneous tidal current. In this work an algorithm is developed that estimates the instantaneous current (tidal and residual) from glider observations only. The algorithm uses a second-order Butterworth low-pass filter to estimate the residual current component, and a Kalman filter based on the linear shallow water equations for the tidal component. A comparison of data from a glider experiment with current data from an ADCP deployed nearby shows that the standard deviations for the east and north current components are better than 7 cm s−1 in near-real time mode, and improve to better than 5 cm s−1 in delayed mode, where the filters can be run forward and backward. In the near-real time mode the algorithm provides estimates of the currents that the glider is expected to encounter during its next few dives. Combined with a behavioural and dynamic model of the glider, this yields predicted trajectories, the information of which is incorporated in warning messages issued to ships by the (German) authorities. In delayed mode the algorithm produces useful estimates of the depth averaged currents, which can be used in (process-based) analyses in case no other source of measured current information is available.
Manganese in the world ocean: a first global model
Authors: van Hulten Marco , Dutay Jean-Claude , Middag Rob , de Baar Hein , Roy-Barman Matthieu , Gehlen Marion , Tagliabue Alessandro , Sterl Andreas
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Dissolved manganese (Mn) is a biologically essential element. Moreover, its oxidised form is involved in the removal of itself and several other trace elements from ocean waters. Recently, a large number of highly accurate Mn measurements has been obtained in the Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Oceans as part of the GEOTRACES programme. The goal of this study is to combine these new observations with state-of-the-art modelling to give new insights into the main sources and redistribution of Mn throughout the ocean. To this end, we simulate the distribution of dissolved Mn using a global-scale circulation model. Our model reproduces observations accurately and provides the following insights: – The high surface concentrations of manganese are caused by the combination of photoreduction and sources to the upper ocean. The most important sources are dust, then sediments, and, more locally, rivers. – Results show that surface Mn in the Atlantic Ocean moves downwards into the North Atlantic Deep Water, but because of strong removal rates the Mn does not propagate southwards. – There is a mostly homogeneous background concentration of dissolved Mn of about 0.10 nM to 0.15 nM throughout most of the deep ocean. The model reproduces this by means of a threshold on particulate manganese oxides of 25 pM, suggesting that a minimal concentration of particulate Mn is needed before aggregation and removal become efficient. – The observed sharp hydrothermal signals are produced by assuming both a high source and a strong removal of Mn near hydrothermal vents.
Microstructures and deformation mechanisms in Opalinus Clay: insights from scaly clay from the Main Fault in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (CH)
Authors: Laurich Ben , Urai Janos L. , Nussbaum Christophe
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The Main Fault in the shaly facies of Opalinus Clay is a small reverse fault formed in slightly overconsolidated claystone at around one km depth. The fault zone is up to 6 m wide, with micron-thick shear zones, calcite and celestite veins, scaly clay and clay gouge. Scaly clay occurs in up to 1.5 m wide lenses, providing hand specimens for this study. After mapping of the macroscopic fabric at 10 cm–0.1 mm scale, Broad Ion Beam polishing combined with scanning electron microscopy (BIB-SEM) was used to study microscale deformation mechanisms. Results show a network of thin shear zones and microveins, separating angular to lensoid microlithons between 3 cm and 10 µm in diameter, with slickensided surfaces. Samples can be easily disintegrated into individual microlithons because of the very low tensile strength of the thin shear zones. Analyses of the size of microlithons show a power law distribution. We present a model to explain the progressive formation of a self-similar network of anastomosing thin shear zones during macroscopically continuous deformation in a fault relay. Localisation of strain in thin shear zones which are locally dilatant, and precipitation of calcite veins in dilatant shear fractures evolves into complex re-partitioning of shear, forming new shear zones at asperities while the microlithons remain much less deformed internally and the volume proportion of the µm-thick shear zones slowly increases. Grain scale deformation mechanisms are: microfracturing, boudinage and rotation of mica grains, pressure solution of carbonate fossils and pore collapse during ductile flow of the clay matrix. This provides a microphysical basis to relate the microstructures to macroscopic observations of strength and permeability of the Main Fault, and extrapolating fault properties in long term deformation.
The Cementless Fibre Mesh Coated Anatomic Femoral Stem: 12 to 23 Years Clinical and Radiological Outcome Study
Authors: Ozden Vahit Emre , Dikmen Goksel , Kilicoglu Onder I. , Beksac Burak , Tozun Ismail Remzi
Published: July 2016

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term clinical and radiographic results, and possible reasons for failure of two versions of the cementless fibre-metal coated anatomical femoral component.

Methods

99 patients (119 hips) were evaluated at an average of 16.7 years (range, 12 to 23 years) following primary THA. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) was the most common pathology (n = 37 hips). Structural femoral head autografts were used to increase cup coverage in 23 hips. Vertical and horizontal migration of acetabular and femoral components and osteolysis around the components were assessed using conventional radiolography. For clinical evaluation, the Harris Hip Score and Merle D'Aubigne scale were used pre-operatively and at final follow up. Implant survival was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis and failure was defined as component's revision for any reason.

Results

The cumulative survival rate of the anatomical femoral stem was 64.2% at 19.8 years, with a worst-case scenario of 41%. The cumulative survival rate of the total hip arthroplasty was 51% at 19.8 years, with a worse case scenario of 38%. The mean pre-operative Harris Hip Score of 42 points improved to 88 postoperatively. The mean pre-operative Merle D'Aubigne functional score of 3.5 improved to 5.2 points at the time of final follow-up. In 36 hips (41.6%) osteolysis was found in Gruen zone 1, proximal to the ingrowth surface.

Conclusions

The cementless fibre-metal coated anatomical femoral component showed favourable long-term clinical and radiological results. Proximal coating seems to protect bone implant interface from wear debris induced osteolysis during the second decade.
Processamento de cabos de laringoscópio: revisão integrativa
Authors: Bruna Camila Quartim de Moraes , Souza Rafael Queiroz de , Almeida Alda Graciele Claudio dos Santos , Suzuki Karina , Turrini Ruth Natália Tereza , Graziano Kazuko Uchikawa
Published: July 2016

Objetivo: Estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura científica com base na seguinte questão norteadora: “Qual o tipo de processamento necessário para a segurança do reuso do cabo de laringoscópio?”. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa utilizando os portais e as bases Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e CINAHL. Resultado: Foram identificados sete estudos experimentais cujos resultados demonstraram indefinição da classificação do cabo de laringoscópio quanto ao risco de causar infecção, comprovada pela diversidade de métodos de processamento. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os cabos de laringoscópio não podem ser considerados materiais independentes das lâminas e, portanto, são materiais semicríticos. Levando-se em conta a carga microbiana e orgânica identificada nesta revisão, o processamento mínimo recomendado é a limpeza seguida de desinfecção de alto nível. Um inventário pequeno e a falta de acesso às tecnologias para processamento não são razões aceitáveis para recomendações improvisadas, evitando assim a certificação e propagação de más práticas. Palavras-chave: Laringoscópios. Desinfecção. Classificação Objetivo: Estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura científica com base na seguinte questão norteadora: “Qual o tipo de processamento necessário para a segurança do reuso do cabo de laringoscópio?”. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa utilizando os portais e as bases Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e CINAHL. Resultado: Foram identificados sete estudos experimentais cujos resultados demonstraram indefinição da classificação do cabo de laringoscópio quanto ao risco de causar infecção, comprovada pela diversidade de métodos de processamento. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os cabos de laringoscópio não podem ser considerados materiais independentes das lâminas e, portanto, são materiais semicríticos. Levando-se em conta a carga microbiana e orgânica identificada nesta revisão, o processamento mínimo recomendado é a limpeza seguida de desinfecção de alto nível. Um inventário pequeno e a falta de acesso às tecnologias para processamento não são razões aceitáveis para recomendações improvisadas, evitando assim a certificação e propagação de más práticas. Palavras-chave: Laringoscópios. Desinfecção. Classificação
Microbiota infectante de feridas cirúrgicas: análise da produção científica nacional e internacional
Authors: Dos Santos Wanderlei Barbosa , Silva Araujo Maria Gabriella , Da Silva Jeferson Caetano , Bernardo Thaís Honório Lins , De Assis Bastos Maria Lysete , Veríssimo Regina Célia Sales Santos
Published: July 2016

Objetivo: Identificar a microbiota de feridas operatórias infectadas descritas em produções científicas. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada em bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane e SciFinder Scholar. Para a seleção dos artigos foram utilizadas cinco palavras-chaves contempladas nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e os operadores booleanos OR e AND. Utilizou-se formulário com informações: identificação dos artigos, objetivo, tipo de estudo e resultados. Resultados: Foram selecionados 56 artigos, publicados entre 1960 e 2013. Os principais microrganismos infectantes foram as bactérias, seguidas pelos fungos. Infecções foram causadas principalmente por: Staphylococcus aureus (39,3%), Escherichia coli (30,4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19,6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (17,8%), Klesbsiella spp (12,5%) e Enterobacter spp (10,7%). Conclusão: Bactérias Gram-negativas são os mais frequentes microrganismos infectantes de feridas cirúrgicas. Contudo, Staphylococcus aureus é o microrganismo de maior frequência. Palavras-chave: Bactérias. Infecções por protozoários. Vírus. Fungos. Infecção da ferida operatória.
Em tempos de valorização dos profissionais da educação
Authors: Fernandes Maria Dilnéia Espíndola
Published: July 2016

Este artigo discute a questão da valorização dos profissionais da educação, diante dos seus objetivos e finalidades, no contexto atual da política educacional brasileira. Apresentando uma reflexão sobre tal conjuntura, o trabalho destaca as políticas educacionais cujo desenho institucional, no período de 1996 a 2011, materializou mecanismos importantes no âmbito da valorização docente, particularmente as políticas de fundos e o Piso Salarial Profissional Salarial (PSPN). Nas conclusões, o texto evidencia que o grande desafio para a valorização docente ainda permanece no Brasil, uma vez que o PSPN tem provocado, na conjuntura nacional, todos os estremecimentos possíveis, como o cálculo de seu reajuste ano a ano.
The Coalition against Police Abuse: CAPA’s Resistance Struggle in 1970s Los Angeles
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: July 2016

This article explores the Coalition Against Police Abuse (CAPA) and the resistance to police abuse in Los Angeles during the 1970s. It argues that the use of force directed at social movements by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) after the 1965 Watts uprising did not destroy resistance but rather provided the foundation for a new phase in the struggle against police violence. Evolving out of the repression of Black Power and Chicano movements, CAPA rejected the idea that the LAPD could be reformed from within. In order to fundamentally alter the relationship between residents and local criminal justice systems, CAPA demanded community control of the police. Activists worked to build a broad-based coalition to channel anger at police violence into an organized movement based on nonviolent protest, documentation of police abuse, redress through lawsuits, and political pressure in public hearings. By the 1980s, CAPA’s movement gained popular support from political officials, middle-class residents, church leaders, and civil rights organizations. This coalition, however, sought only minor changes at the margins of the criminal justice system that did not meaningfully alter the balance of power between the community and the police. Opposition to police abuse was consistent over time, but its ideological and political grounding narrowed as demands for accountability and justice were routed into established processes and institutions. Although the anti-police- abuse coalition challenged law-and- order politics, its achievements were moderate compared to CAPA’s initial vision of community control of the police.
Spectator Engagement and the Body
Authors: Yeung Lorraine
Published: July 2016

This article investigates the emotive potency of horror soundtracks. The account illuminates the potency of aural elements in horror cinema to engage spectators body in the light of a philosophical framework of emotion, namely, the embodied appraisal theories of emotion. The significance of aural elements in horror cinema has been gaining recognition in film studies. Yet it still receives relatively scarce attention in the philosophical accounts of film music and cinematic horror, which tend to underappreciate the power of horror film sound and music in inducing emotions. My investigation aims both to address the lacuna, and facilitate dialogue between the two disciplines.
Magnet-free uniform sputtering of dielectric film by RF and microwave power superposition
Authors: Sasai Kensuke , Hagihara Toshiya , Noda Tomonori , Suzuki Haruka , Toyoda Hirotaka
Published: July 2016

A novel sputtering device that is free of magnets (magnet-free surface wave sputtering plasma: MF-SSP) is developed by combining a surface wave plasma and RF bias power. Low-pressure (<0.5 Pa) plasma sustainment is demonstrated by MF-SSP with a uniform sputter deposition rate with a deviation of less than 5% within an area of 10 × 10 cm2. Highly oriented MgO films are deposited at a substrate temperature of 200 °C.
Simultaneous determination of electron beam profile and material response using self-consistent iterative method
Authors: Kandel Yudhishthir , Denbeaux Gregory
Published: July 2016

We develop a novel iterative method to accurately measure electron beam shape (current density distribution) and monotonic material response as a function of position. A common method is to scan an electron beam across a knife edge along many angles to give an approximate measure of the beam profile, however such scans are not easy to obtain in all systems. The present work uses only an electron beam and multiple exposed regions of a thin film of photoresist to measure the complete beam profile for any beam shape, where the material response is characterized externally. This simplifies the setup of new experimental tools. We solve for self-consistent photoresist thickness loss response to dose and the electron beam profile simultaneously by optimizing a novel functional iteratively. We also show the successful implementation of the method in a real world data set corrupted by noise and other experimental variabilities.
Structure of 100 W high-efficiency piezoelectric transformer for applications in power electronics
Authors: Suzuki Kohei , Adachi Kazunari , Shibamata Yuki , Suzuki Tsunehisa
Published: July 2016

We propose a piezoelectric transformer comprising two identical bolt-clamped Langevin-type transducers (BLTs) and a stepped horn for its applications to high-power electronics. The transformer can realize a specified step-up voltage transformation ratio determined by the cross-sectional area ratio of the horn, both ends of which are connected to the BLTs, at a driving frequency in the vicinity of its mechanical resonance frequency. In experiments, we obtained the results predicted by finite-element analysis. The deviations of the measured resonance and driving frequencies from the numerically estimated values were 0.86 and 0.80%, respectively. At the driving frequency, the maximum efficiency was 99.2%, and a maximum output power of 100 W was obtained with an input voltage of 100 Vrms. Nevertheless, we observed unstable actions of the transformer, which can be attributed to the “jumping and dropping” phenomena, in high voltage operation. Numerical analysis suggests that the instability may be caused by the local electric field concentration in the piezoelectric elements, which occurs only when the transformer is driven by a low-output-impedance voltage source at its mechanical resonance frequency.
Automated cleaning of foraminifera shells before Mg/Ca analysis using a pipette robot
Authors: Johnstone Heather J. H. , Steinke Stephan , Kuhnert Henning , Bickert Torsten , Pälike Heiko , Mohtadi Mahyar
Published: July 2016

The molar ratio of magnesium to calcium (Mg/Ca) in foraminiferal calcite is a widely used proxy for reconstructing past seawater temperatures. Thorough cleaning of tests is required before analysis to remove contaminant phases such as clay and organic matter. We have adapted a commercial pipette robot to automate an established cleaning procedure, the “Mg‐cleaning” protocol of Barker et al. (2003). Efficiency of the automated nine‐step method was assessed through monitoring Al/Ca of trial samples (GeoB4420‐2 core catcher). Planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei from this sample gave Mg/Ca consistent with the habitat range of the three species, and 40–60% sample recovery after cleaning. Comparison between manually cleaned and robot‐cleaned samples of G. ruber (white) from a sediment core (GeoB16602) showed good correspondence between the two methods for Mg/Ca (r = 0.93, p < 0001, n = 27). Average Al/Ca in robot‐cleaned samples was 0.05 mmol/mol, showing that the samples are cleaned effectively by the robot. The robot offers increased sample throughput as batch sizes of up to 88 samples/blanks can be processed in ∼7 h with little intervention.
Establishment of a fully automated microtiter plate‐based system for suspension cell culture and its application for enhanced process optimization
Authors: Markert Sven , Joeris Klaus
Published: July 2016

We developed an automated microtiter plate (MTP)‐based system for suspension cell culture to meet the increased demands for miniaturized high throughput applications in biopharmaceutical process development. The generic system is based on off‐the‐shelf commercial laboratory automation equipment and is able to utilize MTPs of different configurations (6–24 wells per plate) in orbital shaken mode. The shaking conditions were optimized by Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. The fully automated system handles plate transport, seeding and feeding of cells, daily sampling, and preparation of analytical assays. The integration of all required analytical instrumentation into the system enables a hands‐off operation which prevents bottlenecks in sample processing. The modular set‐up makes the system flexible and adaptable for a continuous extension of analytical parameters and add‐on components. The system proved suitable as screening tool for process development by verifying the comparability of results for the MTP‐based system and bioreactors regarding profiles of viable cell density, lactate, and product concentration of CHO cell lines. These studies confirmed that 6 well MTPs as well as 24 deepwell MTPs were predictive for a scale up to a 1000 L stirred tank reactor (scale factor 1:200,000). Applying the established cell culture system for automated media blend screening in late stage development, a 22% increase in product yield was achieved in comparison to the reference process. The predicted product increase was subsequently confirmed in 2 L bioreactors. Thus, we demonstrated the feasibility of the automated MTP‐based cell culture system for enhanced screening and optimization applications in process development and identified further application areas such as process robustness. The system offers a great potential to accelerate time‐to‐market for new biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 113–121. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of different cases of dislocation generation during industrial Cz silicon pulling
Authors: Lanterne Adeline , Gaspar Guilherme , Hu Yu , Øvrelid Eivind , Sabatino Marisa Di
Published: July 2016

This study aims at better understanding the generation of dislocations causing a structure loss issue during the pulling of Czochralski silicon ingots. Several industrial‐scale n‐type ingots containing this issue were characterized. The generation and propagation of dislocations were observed in each ingot along with an investigation of the perturbation at the origin of the structure loss. The results show that for the two ingots characterized in this study, particles entering in contact with the ingot edge during crystal growth are responsible for the generation of dislocations.

Moreover, the propagation of dislocations was compared for two different structure loss origins: particles in contact with the ingot edge and the crystallization around a gas bubble (pinhole) in the middle of the ingot. In each case, a fast transition between the original dislocation‐free growth and a growth with dislocations was observed at the perturbation position. Differences in the propagation of slip dislocations backward in the crystal are discussed as well as differences in the transition to a multicrystalline silicon growth regime. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Letter to the Editor: Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Release Oncogenic Soluble E-Cadherin
Authors: Rosner Margit , Hengstschläger Markus
Published: July 2016

Since their discovery, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Despite intensive research and remarkable progress, it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that their yet incomplete, biological characterisation represents one of the major drawbacks to their successful translation into the clinics. The expression of the transmembrane protein E-cadherin in hPSCs is well defined to be pivotal to the maintenance of the pluripotent state by mediating intercellular adhesion and intracellular signaling. Next to these canonical functions, were here report for the first time that hPSCs are subject to matrix metalloproteinase-dependent E-cadherin ectodomain shedding. This generates a ∼80-kD, soluble E-cadherin fragment which is released into the extracellular space, and which is well described to exert paracrine signaling activity and classified as being oncogenic. Collectively, this finding does not only improve our knowledge on the signaling crosstalk between hPSCs and their cellular environment and the type and nature of the paracrine signals produced by these cells, but also has clear implications for the development of efficient and safe stem cell-based therapies.