bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Level Interactions Arising from Herbivory: A Simulation Analysis of Deciduous Forests Utilizing Foret
Authors: Dyer M. I. , Shugart H. H.
Published: April 2006

We examined potential effects of herbivory on temperate forest ecosystems using FORET, a forest succession simulation model with the capacity for treating various hierarchical levels for long time periods. Two species of trees were chosen for evaluating herbivory effects: white oak (Quercus alba), a relatively slow—growing shade—tolerant species, and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), a fast—growing shade—intolerant species. Both are dominants in the Southeastern U.S. forest system selected as a basis for this study. The study focused on four hierarchical levels, covering individual, phenotypic, interspecific, and community interactions. Simulations of herbivory were arrived at by stochastically varying annual incidence that herbivores were present on each simulation plot over a 500—yr period, and by modifying the proportion of energy allocated to either tree growth, or to its defense from herbivore attack. Two hypothetical tree phenotypes were considered, one that allocated specified amounts of energy to herbivore defense mechanisms at all times, and the other that made the allocation only when herbivores were present according to the stochastic determination made for a specific study period. Thus, one phenotype was fixed in its life history strategy; the other was given a facultative strategy where it switched its growth and defense tactics as a function of variation in herbivore presence. The results of the simulations suggest how deciduous forests may respond to long—term variations in the intensity of herbivore stress on two dominant tree species, and show the importance of hierarchical relationships within the community. White oak tended to show a greater sensitivity to interspecific interactions; tulip poplar showed a higher sensitivity to intraspecific interactions. Changes in growth rates associated with the switching strategies (an ultimate factor) were more important in answering variations in productivity than was impact imparted by annual changes in incidence of herbivore presence (a proximate factor) for these two species, although there were important differences in several statistical interactions. While our results suggest that herbivore stress can explain a larger degree of the variation in long—term community dynamics, ecological interactions between herbivore and climate effects must be more closely linked in such long—term studies.
Landscape Pattern Response to Changes in Pattern Generation Rules: Land‐Use Legacies in Forestry
Authors: Wallin David O. , Swanson Frederick J. , Marks Barbara
Published: April 2006

The Pacific Northwest of the United States is currently embroiled in an acrimonious debate over the management of federal forest lands. Constructive resolution of this debate will require better information on a broad range of forest management issues. This study focuses on one such issue: the development of landscape pattern in response to alternative forest cutting plans and the degree to which established landscape patterns can be changed. Dispersed cutting has been conducted on federal lands in the western United States for > 40 yr, but alternative cutting plans are now being considered. To assess the effects of different disturbance processes on the development of landscape pattern, we compare dispersed— and aggregated—cutting plans using a simple, rule—based simulation model that incorporates realistic regulatory and logistic constraints. Our results indicate that, once established, the landscape pattern created by dispersed disturbances is difficult to erase without a substantial reduction in the disturbance rate or a reduction in the minimum stand age eligible for disturbance. Change in landscape pattern can lag substantially behind change in the rules governing pattern generation.
Sustainable Harvesting of Tropical Trees: Demography and Matrix Models of Two Palm Species in Mexico
Authors: Olmsted Ingrid , Alvarez-Buylla Elena R.
Published: April 2006

Thrinax radiata and Coccothrinax readii, two palm species of the dry tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico, had been used in earlier times by the Mayans and adult palms are used extensively today. The overexploitation of these species in the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve has made management and conservation measures necessary. To assist in the preparation of a management plan for sustainable use, we obtained the patterns of survivorship, growth, and reproduction from four populations of Thrinax radiata and one population of Coccothrinax readii. Thrinax were more abundant (≤2977 individuals/ha) than Coccothrinax (≤760 individuals/ha), and abundance and population structures varied depending on habitat conditions and previous harvesting. Flowering, fruiting, and leaf production varied in both species, apparently as a function of rainfall and site. Seedling survival is high in comparison to other tree species (67‐91% in Thrinax). Thrinax attains a height of 3 m at an age of 31‐55 yr and Coccothrinax at an age of 63 yr. Both species start reproducing when 4 m tall. Maximum life spans were estimated at 100‐145 yr for Thrinax and at >145 yr for Coccothrinax. We estimated transition probabilities for each life cycle category of both species and obtained Lefkovitch (1965) matrices to estimate the populations' finite growth rates (λ = 1.05 for Coccothrinax and λ = 1.09‐1.15 for different populations of Thrinax), to generate sensitivity and elasticity matrices under studied conditions, and to simulate various harvesting regimes. Growth rates are very sensitive to changes in adult survival and growth. The long recuperation times in both species (47‐84 yr for the population to recover to 400 adult Thrinax palms per hectare and >100 yr for Coccothrinax) emphasize the importance of being extremely cautious before harvesting additional adult palms. Simulations suggest that only up to 40 Thrinax and no Coccothrinax adult palms per hectare may be removed each year if the population is to be sustained. If palms are harvested on a rotational basis every 2, 3, or 4 yr, the number of palms that may be sustainably harvested increases up to 40‐80 palms/ha in the Thrinax populations and up to 8 palms/ha in the Coccothrinax population. Our simulation results should be taken cautiously because they do not consider year‐to‐year variation.
Response of Early‐ and Late‐Flowering Plants to Fire Season in Experimental Prairies
Authors: Howe Henry F.
Published: April 2006

Fire maintains tallgrass prairies, but fire season is virtually unexplored as a formative influence of prairie floristics. Replicated mid—July burns, simulating the peak of lightning—caused fire in natural grasslands, strongly influenced species composition and cover in experimental restorations in southern Wisconsin. Perennials that flowered before mid—July showed only 17% cover in unburned plots and 6% in plots burned in March, but 46% cover in plots burned in mid—July. Late—flowering species dominating the remnants managed with dormant—season burns accounted for 80% cover in unburned plots and 92% cover in plots burned in March, but only 47% cover in plots burned in July. Management practices that employ dormant—season burns may produce quite different communities than those maintained by midsummer burns that simulate the timing of lightning fires.
Evaluation of Episodic Acidification and Amphibian Declines in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Vertucci Frank A. , Corn Paul Stephen
Published: April 2006

We define criteria for documenting episodic acidification of amphibian breeding habitats and examine whether episodic acidification is responsible for observed declines of amphibian populations in the Rocky Mountains. Anthropogenic episodic acidification, caused by atmospheric deposition of sulfate and nitrate, occurs when the concentration of acid anions increases relative to the concentration of base cations, resulting in a decrease in acid‐neutralizing capacity (ANC). However, because several natural processes can also depress ANC, monitoring pH and ANC alone cannot provide evidence that episodic acidification of amphibian habitats is anthropogenic. We examined published data on water chemistry from central Colorado and southern Wyoming for evidence of episodic acidification, and we also compared original water chemistry data to observations of amphibian breeding phenology at three sites in northern Colorado. There is limited evidence that anthropogenic episodic acidification may occur in high‐elevation habitats in the Rocky Mountains, but there is no evidence that episodic acidification has led to acidic conditions (ANC < 0) or that amphibian embryos are present during the initial phase of snowmelt when episodic acidification might occur. The declines of some amphibian species in the Rocky Mountains are more likely due either to natural or anthropogenic factors other than acidic deposition.
Harvesting Red Sea Urchins: Recent Effects and Future Predictions
Authors: Pfister Catherine A. , Bradbury Alex
Published: April 2006

The red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, is a conspicuous member of subtidal communities in the north Pacific. Within the last decade, this ecologically important species has been exposed to intense harvesting for the first time ever. Analysis of population census data suggest that harvestable size urchins have rapidly declined in shallow regions while catch‐per‐effort and landings data suggest that divers have maintained high landings by exploiting more distant and difficult fishing areas, including deeper areas. We present a size‐structured model for the red sea urchin both to estimate what previous levels of harvesting mortality were and to explore what effect future harvesting strategies might have on population trajectories. Using population census data, we explore three models: one that would result in an equilibrial population size in the absence of fishing, one that includes positive density dependence (an Allee effect), and one that incorporates realistic variability in recruitment. Our principal findings are that annual fishing mortality levels that best fit the observed census data in the past (1984‐1993) were 0.38‐0.49 and represent a 70‐90% decrease in the survivorship of harvestable urchins in the years of fishing. Under a variety of fishing strategies, 100‐yr projections indicated that the inclusion of an Allee effect or variability in recruitment could drive the harvestable population to <50% of present estimated population size at relatively low annual fishing mortality values. Our simulations also indicated that, although a yearly fishery would have higher yields, a rotational fishery would maintain populations at a level less likely to cause irreversible decline. The wealth of empirical evidence that sea urchins are an important component of nearshore communities should encourage management strategies that emphasize long‐term population viability.
Vanishing Borel sets
Authors: Schilling Kenneth
Published: April 2006

Henson and Ross [1] answered the question of when two hyperfinite sets A, B in an ℵ1-saturated nonstandard universe are bijective by a Borel function: precisely when ∣A∣/∣B∣ ≈ 1. Živaljević [5] generalized this result to nonvanishing Borel sets. He defined a set to be nonvanishing if it is Loeb-measurable and has finite, non-zero measure with respect to some Loeb counting measure. He then showed that two nonvanishing Borel sets are Borel bijective just in case they have the same finite, non-zero measure with respect to some Loeb counting measure.

Here we shall complete the cycle, for Borel sets at least. For N ∈ *N, let λN be the internal counting measure given by λN(A) = ∣A∣/N for A internal. Then for vanishing Loeb-measurable sets B, it is natural to consider the Dedekind cut (BL, BR) on *N consisting of those N for which B has 0λN-measure infinity and zero, respectively. We show that, for all vanishing Borel sets B, B and BL are Borel bijective. It follows that vanishing Borel sets B and C are Borel bijective if, and only if, BL = CL. Combined with Živaljević's result, we can characterize when arbitrary Borel sets are Borel bijective: precisely when they have the same measure with respect to all Loeb counting measures.

In the final section, we generalize in a similar way results of [2] and [5] to characterize when two Borel sets are bijective by a countably determined function: precisely when, for all N, one has 0λN-measure 0 if and only if the other also has 0λN-measure 0.
Innovations as Catalysts for Organizational Change: Shifts in Organizational Cognition and Search
Authors: Greve Henrich R. , Taylor Alva
Published: April 2006

This paper uses data on radio format changes to test hypotheses on innovations as catalysts for nonmimetic change in organizations. Innovations are difficult to interpret using existing schemata, causing organizations to search for information on the opportunities and threats implicit in observed innovations. Such search may lead to mimetic adoption of the innovation or, more likely, to more varied nonmimetic change. Results show an effect of innovations on the rate of nonmimetic change in radio markets, with innovations in large or nearby markets having greater effect and innovations by large organizations having less effect. The social and competitive relations of the innovator to a given organization are thus modifiers of the catalytic effect. These findings have implications for theories of innovation, competition, and organizational isomorphism.
Folsom and Nepesta Points
Authors: Scoggin Charles
Published: April 2006

The reported occurrence of Folsom points in California, and the suggestion that the parts of the Folsom complex will be found to be as generally widespread west of the Rocky Mountains as they have to the eastward, raises several interesting problems as to the relative age and significance of Folsom material reported from different parts of North America. It becomes obvious, moreover, that an appreciable time has been involved in the spread of the complex if its limits are to be extended, as recent occurrences would suggest.

These and other considerations properly belong to a survey article, and it is enough for the purpose of this paper to mention briefly that during the past several years the Folsom complex has occupied a singular place in any postulated chronological scheme for American archaeology because investigation during this time has failed to show what lies immediately on either side of it.
Stone Mauls of the Northwest Plains Region
Authors: Over W. H.
Published: April 2006

Distinct types of grooved stone mauls are so common in the northwest prairie states that they deserve a brief description.

South Dakota appears to be about the center of the area in which they are found. They are common in North Dakota and the southwest corner of Minnesota, the northwestern part of Iowa, Nebraska, and the eastern parts of Wyoming and Montana. Those found outside of the above area were probably exchange pieces traded with neighboring tribes. These stone mauls seem to be as common in the northwest prairie states as the grooved stone ax is in the woodland region southeastward. In the earlier days they were commonly used as door stops in the cabins of the pioneers; farmers fastened two together with rope or wire and used them as windbreaks on hay and grain stacks. Every private collection contains several, and nearly four hundred have accumulated in the University of South Dakota Museum without special effort to collect them.
Notes on Colorado River Basin Archaeology
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C.
Published: April 2006

A recent article in American Antiquity entitled “Symposium on River Valley Archaeology” summarizes the present status of one of our most important and urgent problems in American archaeology today. Additional information concerning this subject, particularly with reference to the progress made in the Colorado River Valley, should be mentioned at this time.

The National Park Service has been concerned with survey and salvage operations in proposed reservoir areas along the Colorado River and its tributaries for many years. Long before final construction work was completed on Hoover (formerly Boulder) Dam in 1935, several C.C.C. archaeological crews were at work under National Park Service direction in the areas to be inundated, particularly along the Virgin and Muddy rivers in southeastern Nevada.
Athapaskan Migration via the Intermontane Region
Authors: Betty H. , Huscher Harold A.
Published: April 2006

Circular or sub-rectangular stone structures, often with dry-laid masonry walls and characteristically built in prominent locations, have been reported from sites ranging from the Plains across New Mexico and Arizona as far as California. West of the Rocky Mountains they have been reported from the Paradox Valley east of the La Sal Mountains, and several writers have noted comparable structures in northeastern Utah, sometimes standing alone and sometimes in supposed association with Puebloid remains.

Recent survey by the Colorado Museum of Natural History has shown the occurrence of hogan-like structures falling in this same classification, in the Rockies from the San Luis Valley on the south, where one site already had been reported but classed with tipi rings, across the Gunnison and Colorado drainages as far north as the headwaters of the White River.
Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala
Authors: Kidder A. V.
Published: April 2006

I Suppose every digger has at one time or another yearned for a potoscope or dreamed of an archaeologicallyrendowed hazel bush whose twigs would tug and dip to well-stocked graves. But if such sure-fire indicators existed, I doubt if fieldwork would be as much fun as it is. Would fishing have quite the same lure if every cast brought a strike? For better or worse, archaeology is a great gamble; each new site offers unlimited possibilities of surprise. So although the introductions to our reports often let it be inferred that our finds have been the result of keen scientific foresight, very few excavations, I imagine, turn out as we expect them to. It was certainly that way at Kaminaljuyu.
Diagnostic Flint Points
Authors: Adams Robert McCormick
Published: April 2006

Several valuable classifications of flint points have been formulated but few of these have attempted to distinguish between those points having diagnostic value, and the numerous forms which are found rather indiscriminately over a large series of cultures and which may or may not have value as cultural determinants. Points which have been used by archaeologists as diagnostic determinants seem to be inseparably connected with distribution studies of complexes and traits. An illustration of this is the small finely chipped isosceles projectile point so diagnostic of the Middle Mississippi phase. This identical point is found in the Southwest where unfortunately it is found among several different cultures and in several different time horizons so that it does not have diagnostic value in this general area. Or again we might consider the highly diagnostic laurel leaf blade so typical of many components of the Red Ochre phase.
The Occurrence of Coiled Pottery in New York State
Authors: Fairbanks Charles
Published: April 2006

There has been considerable discussion recently as to whether or not the coiling method was in use in the northeastern Woodlands area. There are two sources of information: early written reports of settlers, missionaries, and others, and archaeological material. Holmes reports the observations of Mooney and Palmer among the Catawba, who used the coil method. Sagard, a French missionary, described the the Huron as using the paddle and anvil method. Parker found a section of a coil in an Erie village in western New York, and several partial sections have been found since. Griffin summarizes the ethnological and archaeological evidence and describes his attempts to produce fractures along the lines of the coils. Little material on sherds showing horizontal breaks along the coils is available at the present.
Excavations in the Calapuya Mounds of the Willamette Valley, Oregon
Authors: Laughlin William S.
Published: April 2006

The Willamette Valley represents an area that has been relatively untouched by any well-organized archaeological and ethnological research. In 1877, Gatschet did some anthropological work which was mostly linguistic. Mr. J. L. Hill did some work in 1883 in the Calapuya mounds, and Dr. J. B. Horner of Oregon State College has removed many skeletons and artifacts from some of the mounds since the turn of the century. Other than this, most of the work has been done by local collectors. Information of any kind concerning the aboriginal inhabitants of the valley is extremely scarce and disconnected. This is owing to the early shifting of the tribes, their rapid extermination by disease, and the scanty references in the records of the early colonizers and explorers.
Cucurbit Materials from Three Caves Near Ocampo, Tamaulipas
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W. , Cutler Hugh C. , MacNeish Richard S.
Published: April 2006

The cucurbit materials identified and discussed in this report were excavated in 1954 by the third author from 3 caves in the Sierra Madre near Ocampo, Tamaulipas, 5000 feet above sea level (see Fig. 1). These caves were excavated by an expedition under the auspices of the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Botanical Museum of Harvard University, and the National Museum of Canada.
The Claypool Site: A Cody Complex Site in Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Dick Herbert W. , Mountain Bert
Published: April 2006

Eden and Scottsbluff points and Cody knives were found in situ in a sand deposit with an estimated geological age of 10,000 to 7000 years. Numerous other Cody complex artifacts from the surface of the site are described. Fragmentary remains of a mammoth in a marl bed are stratigraphically older than the Cody artifacts.
Unusual Flint Blade from the Ozarks
Authors: Tong Marvin E.
Published: April 2006

The large flint blade (Fig. 45) was found several years ago by A. C. Smith, who lives on West Sugar Loaf Creek near Lead Hill, Arkansas. He found the specimen near a small shelter entrance on the stream in association with three others of the same size and type. However, the others have been given away and their whereabouts are unknown. Artifacts found in the same general area are all of the stemmed and barbed projectile point variety commonly associated with the Woodland Pattern.
The Significance of Differences between Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Spaulding Albert C.
Published: April 2006

Presumably all archaeologists know that radiocarbon dates are estimates of true dates, or, more precisely, that they are derived from estimates of the true rate of emission of electrons from radioactive carbon. If it were possible to keep each specimen in the counter for an indefinitely long period or if the emissions occurred with the regularity of clock ticks, there would be no need to talk of estimates of rates. Unfortunately, the emissions do not occur at regular intervals nor is it practical to count for a very long time, so there is no escape from the uncertainty of estimation.
More on Wood Hardening by Fire
Authors: Evans Oren F.
Published: April 2006

On page 179 of American Antiquity for October 1956, Aaron J. Cosner describes some experiments on the fire hardening of wood. Perhaps, in this connection, the following experience may be of interest.

During my boyhood in Michigan, corn was harvested entirely by hand. In the process we always used a husking peg to remove the husks from the ears.
European Knife Handles at Pecos—A Correction
Authors: Kidder A. V.
Published: April 2006

It seems somewhat tardy to set right a mistake made 24 years ago, especially as I learned that it was one not very long after. But better late than never.

The matter concerns some tubular carved bone objects I published in Artifacts of Pecos, page 263, and Figure 220. I was at a loss as to their use, but said that although I had no clue to their exact period, one was certainly prehistoric.
Two Masterpieces of Middle American Bone Sculpture
Authors: Dixon Keith A.
Published: April 2006

Two magnificent works of art, in the form of carved human bones, have recently been discovered in archaeological excavations in southernmost Mexico. The sculptures are noteworthy for several reasons.

First, they are in themselves masterful works of craftsmanship. Few bone carvings approaching these in composition or technique have ever been found in Middle America. Second, works of art of such quality have not until now been reported from this region of central Chiapas in southern Mexico, an area just beginning to be known archaeologically.
A Ball Court Located on the San Pedro River in Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Dipeso Charles C.
Published: April 2006

The Amerind Foundation, Inc. spent the first three weeks of December, 1948, excavating a ball court at the archaeological site of Arizona:BB:15:3, which is located in Cochise County, Sec. 20, T15S, R20E. The actual village area is located on the west bank of the San Pedro River twenty-two miles north of the city of Benson at an approximate elevation of 3300 feet.

The ball court was located in the north half of the village on a terrace some forty feet above the river channel. It appeared as a shallow but conspicuous oval depression which was overgrown with mesquite trees and other desert flora of the Sonoran plateau type. Fortunately the court had not been disturbed by any previous excavations nor by erosion (Fig. 86, a).
An Archaeological Survey of the Benham Falls Reservoir, Oregon
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

Few of the smaller proposed or authorized reservoir sites examined by River Basin Survey teams in the Northwest have yielded archaeological sites suitable for excavation. In some of them, however, the surveying parties have found extensive surface indications and made collections which are in themselves worthy of study and reporting. The Benham Falls Reservoir is in this latter class; indeed, it is the only'reservoir area in which no sites were found which warranted excavation and yet which exhibited extensive evidence of aboriginal use and yielded a fair surface collection. Consequently the data which resulted from the survey work are sufficient to justify their being made generally available. This is seen to be doubly true when it is recalled that no previous work has been done in the area.
Southwestern Pithouses
Authors: Spoehr Alexander
Published: April 2006

In the January, 1949 number of American Antiquity T. L. Smiley presents a concise description of an early eighth century pithouse at Mesa Verde. He notes the occurrence of a similar pithouse excavated by Brew at Alkali Ridge in southeastern Utah, and a second similar structure described by Morris from the La Plata area. The purpose of this note is to broaden the comparative picture by indicating a third pithouse even more closely resembling the Mesa Verde one. This is Pithouse G, Site , excavated by Martin in 1938 in the Ackmen-Lowry area in southwestern Colorado, not far from Mesa Verde. The Ackmen-Lowry pithouse is nearly identical with the one described by Smiley. Tree-ring dates from the former structure range from A.D. 736 to 768, which make it some 60 years later than the Mesa Verde pithouse, though in the same Basket Maker III period.
A Radiocarbon Date on the Davis Site in East Texas
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: April 2006

In a letter dated Jan. 12, 1951, James B. Griffin informed me of a radiocarbon date on the Davis site, received from W. F. Libby of the Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Chicago. An age of 1553 ± 175 years was obtained on charred corn cobs from a floor pit of feature 31, a large circular house outline in the submound village. According to the published interpretation, feature 31 belongs to phase 1 of the Alto focus, had most of the pottery types of this focus on its floor, and probably did not antedate the initial temple-mound construction by many years.
Ancestor of Pottery?
Authors: Howard Agnes McClain
Published: April 2006

The state of Durango, Mexico, is situated almost in the middle of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Nearly the entire state is rocky and mountainous and there are fairly large areas which are almost inaccessible though there are numerous fertile valleys which serve to produce the grain and herbage for the cattle which are important in the economy of the state. In the mountains and in the valleys may be found abundant evidence of the activities of man over what was likely a rather long period of time; there is evidence of what appear to be several rather diverse cultures though relatively little archaeological study has been made of these cultures thus far.

In the mountains in the vicinity of Mezquital some 50 miles to the south of the city of Durango are numerous caves and rockshelters. It was in one of these caves that the writer discovered a bowl (Fig. 61) which conceivably may have been an “ancestor” of true pottery.
Another Dugout Canoe from Ontario
Authors: Johnston Richard B.
Published: April 2006

A recently located dugout canoe and a similar specimen reported by Kidd may be distinguished typologically from the few other dugouts known for Ontario, suggesting that they may be of some antiquity.
A Quarter Century of Growth in American Archaeology
Authors: Johnson Frederick
Published: April 2006

To introduce papers presented at a celebration of the 25th annual meeting of The Society for American Archaeology the development of New World archaeology is very broadly and briefly summarized. Expanding knowledge of culture areas and taxonomic systems is traced. The development of salvage archaeology in reservoir areas, along roads and oil pipelines is mentioned. There is an account of the development of various types of relative chronologies in the several areas and comment upon the significance of the introduction of radiocarbon dates. Special mention is made of the possible solution of the question of correlating Mayan and Julian calendars.
A Lodge Borrowing from Watson
Authors: Staton Walter F.
Published: April 2006

It has previously been supposed that Lodge rendered in English Des Portes’ sonnet 34 from Diane, Book 1, twice. In the present paper I shall show that the first of these renderings was based on a madrigal in Watson's The First Sett of Italian Madrigalls Englished and shall try to interpret this fact.

Des Portes’ sonnet reads as follows:

Celuy que l'Amour range à son commandementChange de jour en jour de façon differente;Helas! j'en ay bien fait mainte preuve apparente,Ayant esté par luy changé diversement.
Ghiberti and the Antique
Authors: Krautheimer Richard
Published: April 2006

A correct understanding of the significance Antiquity held in the Renaissance will depend on two major factors: a precise knowledge of the ancient sources available to the 15 th and 16th centuries; and a careful evaluation of the way these sources were interpreted. With an eye to these problems a number of studies have been under way in recent years along with the Census of Antiques known to the Renaissance, begun at the initiative of a group of scholars by Phyllis Bober under the aegis of the Warburg Institute in London. Ruth Kennedy's study on Titian and the Antique; Phyllis Lehmann's work on Mantegna; and a number of theses at Smith College, Yale, and New York University bear witness to this revival of interest in a never-solved problem.
The Early English Carol
Authors: Miller Catharine K.
Published: April 2006

The Ritson MS (British Museum Add. MS 5665) preserves for us a choir repertory whose oldest layer is given over to 44 carols—Latin, English, and macaronic. Provisionally they may be dated from about the end of the second third of the fifteenth century. Together with other fifteenth century carol manuscripts they offer considerable support to Margit Sahlin's thesis (Etude sur la carole médiévale. Uppsala dissertation, 1940) that the carol became an ornament of the processional rites of the Catholic Church. As it is applied to England, her argument runs briefly as follows: The religious and didactic carol of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is a musical-literary species directly indebted to the liturgy in matters of both form and content. It had been adopted by the Church from popular usage in the fourteenth century, retaining the technique of the earlier dance-song which paralleled, in certain ways, that of responsorial chant.
An Italian Source for Wyatt's Madame, withouten many wordes
Authors: Newman Joel
Published: April 2006

Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry has evoked wide disagreement among critics; even Wyatt studies seem conducive to scholarly scuffling. Back in 1908 and 1909, a lively controversy took place over the question of priority of French or Italian influence on the poet. The excitement has long since died down, but the question may be reopened by the small finding which this note reports.

Wyatt's well-known douzaine, Madame, withouten many wordes, was found by A. K. Foxwell to have a French source, with ‘some lines which are an exact translation of St. Gelais’ douzaine, S'amour vous a donne un cueur en gage’. Although this view has not been challenged before, a much likelier candidate for Wyatt's model is an Italian poem, Madonna, non so dir tante parole. This poem has been known to students of the Italian madrigal because it was set by one of the pioneer madrigalists, Phillip Verdelot.
Cervantes and Music
Authors: Haywood Charles
Published: April 2006

The title “Música, Instrumentos y Danzas en las Obras de Cervantes,” (Music, Instruments and Dances in the Works of Cervantes) by Adolfo Salazar, [published in two parts in Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Mexico, January to March and April to June, 1948] gives only a hint of the wealth of information and material which the author has brought together on music and musical practices in Spain during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The discussion also leads to a consideration of the earlier sources and later developments of instruments and musical and dance forms and practices. This brief summary can only indicate the items of most importance for the general history of music.
Leon Battista Alberti's ‘Vita S. Potiti’
Authors: Guarino Guido A.
Published: April 2006

The Vita S. Potiti presents us with a rather strange situation. We have one of the greatest humanists writing a life of a saint, in which he narrates events which he obviously disbelieves. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-72) had been asked to write a series of lives of the saints, and the one we are discussing was the first. It was also the last, for Alberti abandoned the project. He never gave a reason. It seems that he must have found this type of work too foreign to his way of thought and humanistic ideals. There is an indication of this in his letter to Leonardo Dati, in which he expressed the fear that learned men would find his work not to their taste since it could not be documented and was too much like a fable.
Montaigne's Fat Man and the Meaning of ‘Des Coches’
Authors: Parslow Morris
Published: April 2006

In an addition to Chapter VI, Book III of the 1588 edition of his Essais, Montaigne writes: ‘De mon temps, un Gentil-homme, en l'une de nos frontieres, impost de sa personne et ne trouvant cheval capable de son poids, ayant une querelle, marchoit par païs en coche de mesme cette peinture, et s'en trouvoit tres-bien.’ Although it is impossible to date this passage precisely, it is likely that Montaigne wrote it near the end of 1588, since in another addition a few sentences further on he speaks of Catherine de Medicis, who died early in 15 89, as though she were still living.
The ‘Spanish Chapel’ of Philip II
Authors: Pope Isabel
Published: April 2006

In the introductory section of La Música en la Corte de Carlos V (Barcelona, 1944), Dr. Higinio Anglés published a series of documents from the Archives at Simancas which showed that a Chapel composed exclusively of Spanish musicians was attached to the Royal Court of Spain as early as 1526 and existed simultaneously with the Emperor's Flemish Chapel from that time. The Spanish Chapel was established by the Empress, Isabel of Portugal, the wife of Charles V, who acted as his regent during his many and prolonged absences from Spain. While the Flemish Chapel regularly accompanied the Emperor on his journeys, the chapel of the Empress belonged to her household and remained permanently in Spain. It is interesting to note the name of Antonio de Cabezón in the first list of cantors of this chapel. The name of the great composer of keyboard music appeared continuously among the musicians attached to the Royal Court until he died in 1566.
The Sources of Lute Music
Authors: Sternfeld Frederick W.
Published: April 2006

The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (abbreviated as CNRS) has so far published four books on the Renaissance, namely, Musique et Poésie au XVIe siècle, La Musique Instrumentale de la Renaissance, Les Fêtes de la Renaissance, and La Renaissance dans les Provinces du Nord (cf. RN ix, 211 f., and xi, 19 f. and 141 f). The editoris now preparing a fifth volume, dedicated to lute music of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As in the case of the earlier publications the symposium on lute music will, in part, present to a wider public the papers read before a congress of scholars convened at Paris in September 1957. A list of these papers will be found at the end of this report, but it would be a mistake to file away the lute volume as another Kongressbericht, for it represents an effort to co-ordinate the work of individual scholars in a field of research where teamwork is sadly needed.
John Hudde and the English Renaissance
Authors: Dow Helen J.
Published: April 2006

About 1501 Thomas Warley, Clerk of the King's Works to Henry VII, recorded in Latin the payments for preparations at St. Paul's Cathedral in connection with the marriage of the King's eldest son Arthur, along with payments for work at the Tower of London, Westminster Palace, Greenwich, and Eltham (British Museum, Egerton MS. 2358, Henry VII:15). With amounts for John Moore, Richard Codeman (or Codinham), Robert Bellamy, and Nicholas Delphyn, he listed those for a sculptor named John Hudde, who had carved two lions and a great rose surmounted by an imperial crown over the north door in Westminster Hall, and the dragon, lion, and leopards of a royal cipher in the Great Hall of the Tower of London, the latter afterwards painted and gilded by Robert Duke.
Guyon the Wrestler
Authors: Snyder Susan
Published: April 2006

Mr. A. D. S. Fowler's article in Modern Language Notes, of April 1960, ‘The River Guyon’, makes the interesting suggestion that the name of Guyon, Spenser's Knight of Temperance in Book Two of The Faerie Queene, may be derived from Gihon, one of the four rivers of Paradise mentioned in Genesis 2:13. Mr. Fowler cites the commentaries of Philo and Ambrose, which allegorize the rivers as the four cardinal virtues, to prove a definite relationship between Gihon, later written Geon or Gyon, and the virtue of temperance. Other authorities for this equation can be added: Bede's Commentary on the Pentateuch, the Glossa Ordinaria, and Alexander Neckham's De naturis rerum. It seems very likely that Spenser meant the name of Guyon to recall this traditional association.
The Ancestry of Aldus Manutius
Authors: Gerulaitis Leonardas V.
Published: April 2006

Of the many fifteenth-century printers, none is better known than Aldus Manutius, and rightfully so, because few of his contemporaries could match him in the excellence of his craft and none in his humanistic endeavors. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that his activities at Venice have been carefully investigated and reported by scores of competent scholars. Yet his early years, and especially his ancestry, have remained obscure.

The majority of present-day scholars, when confronted with the problem of Aldus' ancestry, either admit defeat, or tacitly avoid the subject. Some venture to make exaggerated claims on insufficient evidence, no doubt spurred by local patriotism, in order to bring glory to their native place. But to my knowledge nobody has provided documented proof for Aldus' ancestry, even though the direction of inquiry had already been set forth by Enrico Lambiasi in 1911.
A ‘Sixain’ of Four-Line Stanzas
Authors: Huttar Charles A.
Published: April 2006

A curious and perhaps unique use in English of the word. sixain may be observed in a book published in 1561, fourteen years before the earliest citation of the word in the OED. Among the preliminaries (sig. A4r-v) of an English translation from Henry Bullinger, A Hundred Sermons upon the Apocalips (STC 4061) is found a poem of twenty-six four-line stanzas with the heading ‘A Sixain touching the contentes of thys booke.’ As a sample I quote the first two of these stanzas and the last:

Who list to moue his lippes,and hereon loke and rede:In thys Apocalyppes,these thynge shall fynde in dede.
The Kinglists of Buganda
Authors: Wrigley C.C.
Published: April 2006

In 1901 the katikkiro or ‘prime minister’ of Buganda, Apolo Kagwa, published a vernacular history of his country entitled The Book of the Kings of Buganda. Most of this work dealt with the events of his own lifetime, but it also included a circumstantial account of the twenty-nine reigns which, he alleged, had preceded that of King Mutesa, who received the first European visitors and who died in 1884. This version of the Ganda past has not since been challenged in its essentials either by Ganda traditionalists or by European or European-trained commentators. Some of the former have tried to lengthen the history still further by naming ancestors or forerunners of King Kintu, with whom Kagwa began his tale. But these additional kings are plainly legendary, like the dragon Bemba, or abstractions, like ‘King Buganda,’ and have not achieved official status. Scholars, by contrast, have been inclined to shorten the list slightly, holding with Sir Harry Johnston that the first real king of Buganda was Kimera [K3] and relegating the first two of Kagwa's rulers, Kintu and Cwa, to a nebulous prehistory. In other respects they have generally accepted Kagwa's account with only a few amendments and hesitations, and have used it as the basis for quite elaborate chronological and developmental studies.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bowman William D.
Published: April 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.

Pearcy, R. W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H. A. & Rundel P. W. (eds.) 1989. Plant Physiological Ecology. Field Methods and Instrumentation. 457 pp. Chapman and Hall, London and New York. ISBN 0–412–23230–8. Price: USD 110.‐.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lertzman Ken
Published: April 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.

Klinka, K., Krajina, V. J., Ceska, A. & Scagel, A. M. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. 1989. 288 pp. The University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C. ISBN 0–7748–0321–5. Paperback. Price: GBP 29.55.
Metheds of Teaching Modern Languages
Authors: Kroeh Charles F.
Published: April 2006

One of the most interesting subjects of study to the concientious teacher is that of methods of instruction. It is indispensable to his success that he should be familiar with all existing methods, so that he may intelligently choose that one, or that combination, which is best suited to his peculiar conditions. Generally the age of the pupils, the time allotted for instruction in Modern Languages, and the place these occupy in the curriculum—by which I mean the object of studying them—are beyond our control. Modern Languages are studied, for example,

1.

As an accomplishment.

2.

Because other schools offer them, and with no special ulterior object, or with a vague idea of some intellectual benefit.

3.

To serve the purposes of a summer trip abroad.

4.

As a means of improvement in the use of one's native tongue.

5.

For general culture obtainable by reading foreign literature.

6.

For philological research or amusement.

7.

For acquiring the ability to consult foreign scientific and technical publications.

8.

For business correspondence.

9.

Because business, family, or friendly relations bring with them personal intercourse with foreigners.

10.

To teach them.
Some Specimens of a Canadian French Dialect Spoken in Maine
Authors: Sheldon Edward S.
Published: April 2006

These specimens are based on notes taken by me in August and September, 1877, in Waterville, Maine. I used selections from them at the first meeting of the Romance Philology Conference, at Harvard University, in the year 1886-87, to illustrate the use of phonetic spelling for philological purposes and to illustrate also the regular character of sound changes in popular dialects.—There is in Waterville, as in many other places in New England, a colony of French Canadians, who live by themselves in a part of the village known as the Plains. My specimens were taken down in phonetic spelling from the mouth of a single person of this colony, who was employed as a servant girl at my father's house. It is a disadvantage that only one person's speech was thus observed, but she being uneducated—I do not think she could write and am not even sure that she knew how to read at all—her dialect was little if at all influenced by written French. She understood English well enough for most purposes, and all my questions were put in English, and she gave English translations when desired. I think there was hardly any possibility of her using a word not natural to her in consequence of any suggestion from me. I am not sure that her dialect was that of the whole French colony in Waterville; indeed it seems to me that some double forms she used with the same meaning may have been due to her knowing words belonging to originally different dialects. I have some reason to believe that at least one other French dialect than hers is or was not long ago spoken in New England.—My observations are very incomplete, as I expected and intended to continue them later and did not use all the opportunities I had, but scanty as they are, they suffice to give some idea of the peculiarities of the dialect.
La Danse Comme Objet Sémiotique
Authors: Giurchescu Anca
Published: April 2006

Dans la perspective des processus évolutifs qui boulversent actuellement les modèles traditionnels de la culture folklorique, dans la perspective des interférences et du transfert intense de produits culturels opéré entre le plan de la culture de type urbain et celle de type folklorique-traditionnel, la choréologie devrait élargir l'angle de ses investigations vers une recherche sémiotique de la danse, qui seule pourrait rendre compte au-delà des niveaux de surface, des significations profondes qui justifient l'existence de la danse dans une communauté donnée, aussi bien que de toutes les transformations qu'elle subit.
Effect of Impeller Blade Height on the Drop Size Distribution in Agitated Dispersions
Authors: Naseef H. , Soultan A. , Stamatoudis M.
Published: April 2006

A common method to achieve a contact of two liquid phases – required for many chemical engineering operations – is the dispersion of one into the other by mechanical agitation. The drop size distribution in such an agitated dispersion is a result of the dynamic equilibrium existing between the breaking and coalescing drops. A comparison has been made of drop diameters produced by four disk type impellers differing only in blade height (DW = 1, 2, 4 and 6 cm). Measurements in situ at 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 rpm and at holdup fractions 0.02, 0.05, and 0.07, showed that the Sauter mean drop diameters increased up to 140 % as the impeller blade height decreased from 6 to 1 cm. Plots of ln α32 vs. ln N, lnα32 vs. ln DT and ln α32 vs. ln αmax gave straight lines.