bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How solar home systems temporally stimulate increasing power demands in rural households of Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Opiyo Nicholas Nixon
Published: June 2020

Small solar home systems (SHS) have emerged as potential alternatives to grid electrifications, enabling households to make modest investments into their power systems, and to modify those systems according to their changing economic circumstances and power demands. Study shows that introduction to basic electricity access temporally stimulates increasing power demands in rural households, leading to eventual installations of larger systems that can power more electric appliances. Specifically, study shows that once households get access to basic electricity, they get to realise the socio-economic benefits of it and start to desire more appliances, with TV being the most desired appliance, followed by stereo systems, small fridges, and small cooling fans. These desires are realised temporally with increasing household incomes, leading to increasing loads, and thus to the modifications of the originally installed small SHS, to meet those increasing load demands; the desire for luxurious appliances leads to activities that contribute to increased household incomes, and thus to the modifications of the initial SHS. Acquisitions of luxury appliances lead to improvements in quality of life and to improved esteem visibility and social status within the local communities. Potentially, increasing load demands within a given community could lead to extensions of the national utility grid to those areas, as total loads justify such investments. SHS therefore potentially act as grid electrification stimulators, leading to eventual grid electrification of a given community.
Operational calculus for rows, columns, and blocks of linear relations
Authors: Hassi Seppo , Labrousse Jean-Philippe , de Snoo Henk
Published: June 2020

Columns and rows are operations for pairs of linear relations in Hilbert spaces, modelled on the corresponding notions of the componentwise sum and the usual sum of such pairs. The introduction of matrices whose entries are linear relations between underlying component spaces takes place via the row and column operations. The main purpose here is to offer an attempt to formalize the operational calculus for block matrices, whose entries are all linear relations. Each block relation generates a unique linear relation between the Cartesian products of initial and final Hilbert spaces that admits particular properties which will be characterized. Special attention is paid to the formal matrix multiplication of two blocks of linear relations and the connection to the usual product of the unique linear relations generated by them. In the present general setting these two products need not be connected to each other without some additional conditions.
One size fits all? Designing financial incentives tailored to individual economic preferences
Authors: LIPMAN STEFAN A.
Published: June 2020

Financial incentives are often designed to benefit from behavioral insights. Individuals’ preferences for such behaviorally inspired incentives are rarely studied, nor is the role played by the behavioral insights that motivated them. This study aimed to let individuals design their own incentives (i.e., tailored incentives) and to explore which individual characteristics are associated with these preferences for tailored incentives. A sample of students (n = 182) tailored hypothetical incentives for visiting the gym. Incentives could be tailored by: (1) committing personal funds; (2) picking weekly payouts (increasing or decreasing); and (3) introducing payout risk while increasing value. Afterwards, (inter alia) loss aversion, probability weighting, time discounting, present bias, cognitive reflection and trait self-control were measured. A large majority indicated being willing to deposit their own money, and only very few individuals selected risky incentives. These heterogeneous preferences for financial incentives are poorly predicted by the individual characteristics measured (i.e., economic preferences and psychological traits). These results suggest that preferences for tailored incentives could be studied as input for the design of financial incentives. However, it is unclear whether tailoring incentives improves cost-effectiveness, as the lack of association between tailored incentives and the behavioral insights that motivate them has multiple conflicting interpretations.
Development of a national, standardized simulation case template
Authors: Baylis Jared , Heyd Christopher , Thoma Brent , Hall Andrew K. , Chaplin Timothy , Petrosoniak Andrew , McColl Tamara , O'Brien Michael , Deshaies Jean-François , Caners Kyla
Published: June 2020

Emergency medicine (EM) training programs incorporate simulation for teaching as well as formative and summative assessment. The development of a simulation curriculum for Canadian postgraduate EM programs is underway and would be facilitated by a standardized, user-friendly, nationally endorsed simulation template. We convened a nationally representative group of simulation educators to participate in a three-phase process to develop and refine a simulation case template for Canadian EM educators. Participants provided feedback by means of free text comments and focus groups which were analyzed to inform modification of the template. We anticipate that this template will facilitate the sharing of cases across sites and the development of standardized cases for simulation-based assessment.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspective From Italian Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Monzani Alice , Ragazzoni Luca , Della Corte Francesco , Rabbone Ivana , Franc Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

To document the lived experience of Italian pediatric emergency physicians during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:

We developed a structured interview to collect the lived experience of the staff of the pediatric emergency department (PED) of a tertiary referral university hospital in Northern Italy. The open-ended questions were draft according to the suggestions of Canadian colleagues and administered by 1 interviewer, who was part of the PED staff, at the end of March 2020. All the PED staff was interviewed, on a voluntary basis, using purposive sampling.

Results:

Most respondents declared to be afraid of becoming infected and of infecting their families. The number of patients seen in the PED has decreased, and the cases tend to be more severe. A shift in the clinical approach to the ill child has occurred, the physical examination is problem-oriented, aiming to avoid un-necessary maneuvers and to minimize the number of practitioners involved. The most challenging aspects reported are: (1) performing a physical examination in personal protective equipment (PPE), (2) being updated with rapidly evolving guidelines, and (3) staying focused on the possible COVID-19 clinical presentation without failing in differential diagnosis.

Conclusions:

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it seems that pediatric emergency physicians are radically changing their clinical practice, aiming at prioritizing essential interventions and maneuvers and self-protection.
HOMOGENEOUS STRUCTURES WITH NONUNIVERSAL AUTOMORPHISM GROUPS
Authors: KUBIŚ WIESŁAW , SHELAH SAHARON
Published: June 2020

We present three examples of countable homogeneous structures (also called Fraïssé limits) whose automorphism groups are not universal, namely, fail to contain isomorphic copies of all automorphism groups of their substructures.

Our first example is a particular case of a rather general construction on Fraïssé classes, which we call diversification, leading to automorphism groups containing copies of all finite groups. Our second example is a special case of another general construction on Fraïssé classes, the mixed sums, leading to a Fraïssé class with all finite symmetric groups appearing as automorphism groups and at the same time with a torsion-free automorphism group of its Fraïssé limit. Our last example is a Fraïssé class of finite models with arbitrarily large finite abelian automorphism groups, such that the automorphism group of its Fraïssé limit is again torsion-free.
Twisted Alexander ideals and the isomorphism problem for a family of parafree groups
Authors: Hung Do Viet , Khoi Vu The
Published: June 2020

In 1969, Baumslag introduced a family of parafree groups Gi,j which share many properties with the free group of rank 2. The isomorphism problem for the family Gi,j is known to be difficult; a few small partial results have been found so far. In this paper, we compute the twisted Alexander ideals of the groups Gi,j associated with non-abelian representations into $SL(2,{\mathbb Z}_2)$. Using the twisted Alexander ideals, we prove that several pairs of groups among Gi,j are not isomorphic. As a consequence, we solve the isomorphism problem for sub-families containing infinitely many groups Gi,j.
Electrodynamics of turbulent fluids with fluctuating electric conductivity
Authors: Rüdiger G. , Küker M. , Käpylä P. J.
Published: June 2020

Consequences of fluctuating microscopic conductivity in mean-field electrodynamics of turbulent fluids are formulated and discussed. If the conductivity fluctuations are assumed to be uncorrelated with the velocity fluctuations then only the turbulence-originated magnetic diffusivity of the fluid is reduced and the decay time of a large-scale magnetic field or the cycle times of oscillating turbulent dynamo models are increased. If, however, the fluctuations of conductivity and flow in a certain well-defined direction are correlated, an additional diamagnetic pumping effect results, transporting the magnetic field in the opposite direction to the diffusivity flux vector$\langle \unicode[STIX]{x1D702}^{\prime }\boldsymbol{u}^{\prime }\rangle$. In the presence of global rotation, even for homogeneous turbulence fields, an alpha effect appears. If the characteristic values of the outer core of the Earth or the solar convection zone are applied, the dynamo number of the new alpha effect does not reach supercritical values to operate as an$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}$-dynamo but oscillating$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$-dynamos with differential rotation are not excluded.
Confined molecules: experiment meets theory in small spaces
Authors: Yu Yang , Rebek Julius
Published: June 2020

The behavior of molecules confined to small spaces is fascinating chemistry and lies at the heart of signaling processes in biology. Our approach to confinement is through reversible encapsulation of small molecules in synthetic containers. We show that confinement leads to amplified reactivities in bimolecular reactions, stabilization of otherwise reactive species, and limitation in motions that create new stereochemical arrangements. The isolation of molecules from solvent makes for manageable computations and has stimulated theorist to examine reaction details in the limited space. Transition states for reactions and rearrangements can be calculated, the effects of (de)solvation can be evaluated and the magnetic properties of the containers can be compared with experimental observations. Finally, we outline several potential applications, including entanglement chemistry and the use of isomers in data storage.
Exploring older adults’ experiences seeking psychological services using the network episode model
Authors: Beatie Brooke E. , Mackenzie Corey S. , Thompson Genevieve , Koven Lesley , Eschenwecker Tyler , Walker John R.
Published: June 2020

Older adults’ mental health problems are a growing public health concern, especially because their rate of mental health service use is particularly low. Decades of mental health service utilisation models have been developed, yet key assumptions from these models focus primarily on factors that facilitate or inhibit access into the treatment system without taking into considering the dynamics of how individuals respond to their mental health problems and engage in service utilisation. More recently, dynamic models like the Network Episode Model (NEM-II) have been developed to challenge the underlying, rational choice assumption of traditional utilisation models. Given the multifaceted and complex nature of older adults’ mental health problems, the objective of this study was to examine whether the NEM-II is a helpful and appropriate model for understanding the dynamic process of how older adults navigate the mental health system, including factors that advanced and delayed help-seeking. Our qualitative analyses from 15 interviews with older adults revealed that their backgrounds, social supports and treatment systems influence, and are influenced by, their illness careers. Factors that delayed help-seeking included: a lack of support, ‘inappropriate’ referrals/advice from treatment professionals and poor mental health literacy. This research suggests the NEM-II is a helpful and appropriate theory for understanding older adults’ pathways to treatment, and has implications to enhance older adults’ access to psychological services.
A New Sensor for Robotic Mars Rovers in Sandy Terrains Predicting Critical Soil Flow Using the Spiral Soil Flow Model
Authors: Ebrahimi Saeed , Mardani Arman , Alipour Khalil
Published: June 2020

The current contribution presents a new sinkage sensor specified for an unmanned ground vehicle to find the exact sinkage zone of a wheel interacting with the soil particles. This sensor will be wrapped around the wheel, and consequently, contact analog outputs will be used in soil deposition and bulldozing effect prediction. Furthermore, the new sensor will be used for a novel soil flow calculation estimating the total mass variation of the control volume of soil particles beneath the wheel. Accordingly, the spiral model simulating the displacement of the particle is implemented to calculate the soil deposition.
Adaptive Robust Tracker Design for Nonlinear Sandwich Systems Subject to Saturation Nonlinearities
Authors: Azhdari Meysam , Binazadeh Tahereh
Published: June 2020

This paper addresses the tracking problem for uncertain nonlinear sandwich systems that consist of two nonlinear subsystems and saturation nonlinearity, which is sandwiched between the subsystems. The considered sandwich system is also subject to a nonsymmetric input saturation constraint. Due to the nonsmooth characteristics of sandwiched saturation nonlinearity and also the input saturation function, the design procedure deals with hard challenges. To overcome these difficulties, a recursive approach is suggested that consists of two phases. For the implementation of the proposed approach, a tracking problem is solved in each phase. In the first phase, the second subsystem with sandwiched saturation nonlinearity is considered and the output tracking problem of the desired time-varying reference signal is solved using backstepping method. The outcome of the first phase is the desired reference signal that should be tracked by the first subsystem in the next phase. In the second phase, the robust control input is designed for the first subsystem by employing adaptive sliding mode technique such that, despite the nonsymmetric input saturation constraint, model uncertainty and external disturbances, the output of the first subsystem follows the desired signal that is obtained in the previous phase. The simulation results for a mechanical sandwich system are illustrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Reform in Australia and the Dilemmas of Power
Authors: Butterly Lauren , Lixinski Lucas
Published: June 2020

The last decade or so has seen a fundamental shift in Aboriginal cultural heritage law in Australia. A number of subnational jurisdictions in Australia have undergone major reforms to their Aboriginal heritage legislation. Other subnational jurisdictions are currently in the reform process or have promised reform in coming years. We use the latest (and, at the time of writing, ongoing) process to reform Aboriginal heritage legislation in the state of New South Wales (NSW) to explore some of the legal issues and themes emanating from the Australian experience. The NSW example is a useful case study for thinking about how minority heritage regulation can not only serve broader social movements but also undercut some of its own possibilities. We argue that even law that is ostensibly in place to promote the control of communities over their own heritage can cause difficult balancing acts that may default to a dependency path and effectively detract from its own projected goals.
THE PARADOX OF ENRICHMENT, SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY, COMMUNITY EFFECTS AND THE PHENOMENON OF APPARENT DISAPPEARANCE IN THE MARINE BACTERIOPHAGE DYNAMICS
Authors: KOROBEINIKOV ANDREI , SHCHEPAKINA ELENA , SOBOLEV VLADIMIR
Published: June 2020

In aquatic microbial systems, high-magnitude variations in abundance, such as sudden blooms alternating with comparatively long periods of very low abundance (“apparent disappearance”), are relatively common. We suggest that in order for this to occur, such variations in abundance in microbial systems and, in particular, the apparent disappearance of species do not require seasonal or periodic forcing of any kind or external factors of any other nature. Instead, such variations can be caused by internal factors and, in particular, by bacteria–phage interaction. Specifically, we suggest that the variations in abundance and the apparent disappearance phenomenon can be a result of phage infection and the lysis of infected bacteria. To illustrate this idea, we consider a reasonably simple mathematical model of bacteria–phage interaction based on the model suggested by Beretta and Kuang, which assumes neither periodic forcing nor action of other external factors. The model admits a loss of stability via Andronov–Hopf bifurcation and exhibits dynamics which explains the phenomenon. These properties of the model are especially distinctive for spatially nonhomogeneous biosystems as well as biosystems with some sort of cooperation or community effects.
THE MAGNETIC FIELD ABOUT A THREE-DIMENSIONAL BLOCK NEODYMIUM MAGNET
Authors: WEIR GRAHAM , CHISHOLM GEORGE , LEVENEUR JEROME
Published: June 2020

Neodymium magnets were independently discovered in 1984 by General Motors and Sumitomo. Today, they are the strongest type of permanent magnets commercially available. They are the most widely used industrial magnets with many applications, including in hard disk drives, cordless tools and magnetic fasteners. We use a vector potential approach, rather than the more usual magnetic potential approach, to derive the three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field for a neodymium magnet, assuming an idealized block geometry and uniform magnetization. For each field or observation point, the 3D solution involves 24 nondimensional quantities, arising from the eight vertex positions of the magnet and the three components of the magnetic field. The only unknown in the model is the value of magnetization, with all other model quantities defined in terms of field position and magnet location. The longitudinal magnetic field component in the direction of magnetization is bounded everywhere, but discontinuous across the magnet faces parallel to the magnetization direction. The transverse magnetic fields are logarithmically unbounded on approaching a vertex of the magnet.
SECOND ORDER SUBEXPONENTIALITY AND INFINITE DIVISIBILITY
Authors: WATANABE TOSHIRO
Published: June 2020

We characterize the second order subexponentiality of an infinitely divisible distribution on the real line under an exponential moment assumption. We investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the difference between the tails of an infinitely divisible distribution and its Lévy measure. Moreover, we study the second order asymptotic behaviour of the tail of the $t$th convolution power of an infinitely divisible distribution. The density version for a self-decomposable distribution on the real line without an exponential moment assumption is also given. Finally, the regularly varying case for a self-decomposable distribution on the half line is discussed.
GLOBAL SUBELLIPTIC ESTIMATES FOR KRAMERS–FOKKER–PLANCK OPERATORS WITH SOME CLASS OF POLYNOMIALS
Authors: Ben Said Mona
Published: June 2020

In this article, we study some Kramers–Fokker–Planck operators with a polynomial potential $V(q)$ of degree greater than two having quadratic limiting behaviour. This work provides an accurate global subelliptic estimate for Kramers–Fokker–Planck operators under some conditions imposed on the potential.
Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the positive aspects of caregiving scale for family caregivers of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Chu Hyeon Sik , Tak Young Ran
Published: June 2020

Objective

Many caregivers report finding positive meanings in their caregiving roles and activities. The positive aspects of caregiving (PAC) scale was designed to measure positive appraisals of caregiving. This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the PAC for family caregivers of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Method

The instrument's content and semantic equivalence were established using translation and back translation of the PAC. A convenience sample of 127 family caregivers of patients with ALS in Korea was recruited. Content, construct, and convergent validity of the Korean PAC were evaluated. Cronbach's α was used to assess reliability. This study used secondary data; the primary study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of H Hospital, from where data were collected. The consent forms did not mention the future use of data. Therefore, we have applied for approval regarding this study's protocol and exemption from informed consent.

Results

The Cronbach's α was 0.92, and internal consistency was acceptable. Exploratory factor analysis supported the construct validity with a two-factor solution explaining 74.73% of the total variance. Regarding convergent validity, the Korean PAC score negatively correlated with caregiver burden and depression and positively with self-rated health status. We were unable to evaluate the suitability of the suggested structural dimensionality through confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, as we used secondary data, we could not assess retest reliability for the evaluation of the scale's stability.

Significance of results

The Korean PAC was found to be an applicable instrument with satisfactory reliability and validity and suitable for further use as a measure for positive appraisals of caregiving for family caregivers of people with ALS. It may be effective for measuring caregivers’ psychological resources.
Population structure, marker-trait association and identification of candidate genes for terminal heat stress relevant traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)
Authors: Sharma Devender , Jaiswal Jai Prakash , Gahtyari Navin Chander , Chauhan Anjana , Chhabra Rashmi , Saripalli Gautam , Singh Narendra Kumar
Published: June 2020

Genetic improvement along with widened crop base necessitates for the detailed understanding of the genetic diversity and population structure in wheat. The present investigation reports the discovery of a total of 182 alleles by assaying 52 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) on 40 genotypes of bread wheat. Unweighted neighbour-joining method grouped these genotypes into two main clusters. Highly heat tolerant and intermediate tolerant cultivars were grouped in the same cluster, whereas remaining genotypes, particularly sensitive ones, were assigned different cluster. Similarly, the entire population was structured into two sub-populations (K = 2), closely corresponding with the other distance-based clustering patterns. The marker-trait association was discovered for four important physiological parameters, viz. canopy temperature depression, membrane thermostability index (MSI), normalized difference vegetation index and heat susceptibility index, indicating for heat stress (HS) tolerance in wheat. Both general and mixed linear models of association studies during 2017 and 2018, revealed the association of SSR markers, wmc222 (17.60%, PV) and gwm34 (20.70%, PV) with the mean phenotypic value of MSI. Likewise, SSR markers barc183, gwm75, gwm11 and cfd7 revealed a unique relationship with four selected physiological traits. Candidate genes discovered using in silico tools had nine SSR markers within the genic regions reported to play a role in heat and drought stress responses in plants. The information generated about these genic regions may be explored further in expression studies in-vivo to impart HS tolerance in bread wheat.
Kognitiv, kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisch, metakognitiv: Wer blickt da noch durch? Ein Update zu kognitiven Psychotherapieansätzen
Authors: Jelinek Lena , Moritz Steffen
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Allen kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Ansätzen, ob von der sogenannten zweiten oder dritten Welle, ist die Arbeit an den Kognitionen gemein. Damit nimmt die kognitive Arbeit eine zentrale Funktion in den verschiedenen Verfahren ein. In unserer Einführung werden die im Themenheft näher ausgeführten Ansätze und ihre Gemeinsamkeiten dargestellt.
Die Ruminationsfokussierte Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie
Authors: Ehring Thomas
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Ruminationsfokussierte Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (RFCBT) ist eine neuere Therapie zur Behandlung von Depression. Der Fokus der Behandlung liegt auf der Analyse und Veränderung von Rumination, definiert als repetitive negative Gedanken, die im Rahmen von Depression häufig auftreten. RFCBT basiert auf einem theoretischen Modell, nach dem (1) Rumination bei depressiven Patient_innen eine mentale Gewohnheit darstellt, (2) Rumination als eine Form der Vermeidung betrachtet werden kann sowie (3) ein abstrakter Verarbeitungsstil für die dysfunktionalen Effekte von Rumination verantwortlich ist. Zentrale Therapiebausteine beinhalten neben Verhaltensanalysen und Psychoedukation vor allem Maßnahmen zur Veränderung von Rumination als mentaler Gewohnheit sowie zur Modifikation des dominierenden Verarbeitungsstils. RFCBT hat in ersten Wirksamkeitsstudien vielversprechende Effekte in der Reduktion akuter und residualer depressiver Symptomatik sowie in der Prävention von Depression gezeigt.
Die Behandlung psychischer Störungen mittels metakognitiver Interventionen am Beispiel des Metakognitiven Trainings für Depression (D-MKT)
Authors: Dietrichkeit Mona , Moritz Steffen , Jelinek Lena
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. In den letzten zehn Jahren sind eine Reihe von psychotherapeutischen Interventionen entstanden, die sich als „metakognitiv“ bezeichnen. Dazu zählen unter anderem die Metakognitive Therapie nach Wells, die Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy und das Metakognitive Training. Begriffliche Unschärfe und Überschneidungen führten zunehmend zu Unsicherheiten, wie diese neuen Konzepte einzuordnen und von bereits bestehenden abzugrenzen sind. Der vorliegende Artikel hat das Ziel zunächst eine Übersicht über den Begriff „Metakognition“ zu geben, metakognitive Ansätze in Bezug zur klassischen kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie einzuordnen und schließlich die oben genannten metakognitiven Interventionen vorzustellen. Abschließend wird das Metakognitive Training für Depression (D-MKT) als Beispiel für ein metakognitives Training näher vorgestellt und über aktuelle Entwicklungen des D-MKTs berichtet (Zusatzmodule zu Suizidalität, spezielle Versionen für ältere Menschen und für die Zielgruppe von Flüchtlingen).
Erfassung von Einstellungen zu Inklusion mit SACIE, EFI-L und KIESEL
Authors: Gorges Julia , Grumbach Jasmin , Micheel Sabrina A. , Neumann Phillip
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Positive Einstellungen zu Inklusion gelten als zentraler Erfolgsfaktor für die Entwicklung eines inklusiven Schulsystems. Die vorliegende Studie prüft die Validität dreier gängiger deutschsprachiger Messinstrumente zur Erfassung von Einstellungen zu Inklusion in einer unabhängigen Stichprobe: SACIE, EFI-L und KIESEL. Zur Validierung herangezogene externe Konstrukte sind Selbstwirksamkeit und die Big Five Persönlichkeitsfaktoren. Die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von 556 Lehrkräften und Lehramtsstudierenden (Alter: M‍( SD) = 26.48 (12.67); 70 % weiblich) mit Blick auf die Inklusion von Kindern mit Förderschwerpunkt Lernen (SPF-L) zeigen eine weitgehend gute Replizierbarkeit der Faktorstrukturen der Instrumente. Die Faktorkorrelationen über die Instrumente hinweg lagen zwischen |.61| und |.96| (nur Attitude Subskala des SACIE). Alle Subskalen zeigen vergleichbare Zusammenhänge mit Selbstwirksamkeit und den Big Five Persönlichkeitsfaktoren. Zwar weisen Unterschiede in den Effektstärken darauf hin, dass die Instrumente je spezifische Aspekte von Inklusion betonen, insgesamt rechtfertigen die Ergebnisse jedoch die Annahme, dass das zugrundeliegende Konzept von Einstellungen bezüglich Inklusion weitgehend überlappt.
Zur Konstruktion und Güte eines formativen Schulleistungstests für das Fach Mathematik in dritten Klassen
Authors: Sikora Simon , Hartke Bodo
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zentrale Überlegungen zur Konstruktion eines formativen Schulleistungstests für das Fach Mathematik in der dritten Klassenstufe dargestellt sowie ausgewählte Befunde zu dessen psychometrischer Güte präsentiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Verfahren zu vier Messzeitpunkten für eine reliable und valide Erfassung des aktuellen Leistungsstandes von Drittklässlerinnen und Drittklässlern im Klassenverband eingesetzt werden kann. Zudem werden diejenigen Schülerinnen und Schüler in der dritten Klassenstufe hinreichend sicher erkannt, welche die Ziele der Grundschule nicht erreichen. Dem Test liegt mit dem Rasch-Modell ein für Veränderungsmessungen gültiges Messmodell zugrunde. Allerdings zeigen die bisherigen Befunde, dass die Änderungssensitivität des Verfahrens durch weitere Anpassungen gesteigert werden sollte.
Führungssituation und salutogenes Führungsverhalten
Authors: Eberz Stefan , Antoni Conny Herbert
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. In der gesundheitsförderlichen Führungsforschung wurde bislang kaum erforscht, welche Merkmale der Führungssituation spezifische Aspekte salutogenen Führungsverhaltens fördern oder hemmen und welche Wirkmechanismen dabei eine Rolle spielen. Ausgehend vom Systemisch-Salutogenen Interaktionsmodell (SSIM) ist es Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, diese Forschungslücke weiter zu schließen: Eine Mehrebenenanalyse mit Daten von 37 Polizei-Führungskräften und 280 Teammitgliedern zeigte, dass die Wahrnehmungen von Führungskräften zu ihrem Handlungskontext (Führungsspielräume, Druck von Vorgesetzten, Gratifikation von Vorgesetzten und der Organisation) und ihren Teaminteraktionen (Gratifikation von Seiten des Teams und kontraproduktive Verhaltensweisen innerhalb des Teams) inkrementelle Varianz des von Teammitgliedern wahrgenommenen salutogenen Führungsverhaltens aufklären. Diese Ergebnisse stützen zentrale Aussagen des SSIM und liefern neue Impulse für die Praxis des Betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements sowie die zukünftige gesundheitsorientierte Führungsforschung.
Analytical Solution of Suspended Sediment Concentration Profile: Relevance of Dispersive Flow Term in Vegetated Channels
Authors: Huai Wenxin , Yang Liu , Guo Yakun
Published: June 2020

Simulation of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) has great significance in predicting the sediment transport rate, vegetation growth, and the river ecosystem in channels. The present study focuses on investigating the vertical SSC profile in the vegetated open channel flows. To this end, a model of the dispersive flux is proposed in which the dispersive coefficient is expressed as partitioned linear profile above or below the half height of vegetation. The double‐averaging method, that is, time‐spatial average, is applied to investigate the vertical SSC profile in the vegetated open channel flows. The analytical solution of SSC in both submerged and emergent vegetated open channel flows is obtained by solving the vertical double‐averaging sediment advection‐diffusion equation. The morphological coefficient, a key factor of dispersive coefficient, is obtained by fitting the existing experimental data. The analytically predicted SSC agrees well with the experimental measurements, indicating that the proposed model can be used to accurately predict the SSC in the vegetated open channel flows. Results show that the dispersive term can be ignored in the region without vegetation, while the dispersive term has significant effect on the vertical SSC profile within the region of vegetation. The present study demonstrates that the dispersive coefficient is closely related to vegetation density, vegetation structure, and stem Reynolds number but has little relation with flow depth. With a few exceptions, the absolute value of the dispersive coefficient decreases with the increase of vegetation density and increases with the increase of stem Reynolds number in the submerged vegetated open channels.
Elastic Properties and Seismic Anisotropy Across the Alpine Fault, New Zealand
Authors: Jeppson T. N. , Tobin H. J.
Published: June 2020

Seismically detected low‐velocity zones are commonly associated with major crustal faults. In order to accurately interpret these low‐velocity zones and understand processes that produce them, direct measurements of seismic wave speed through fault zone rocks are needed. The Alpine Fault dominates the active transpressional plate boundary of the South Island, New Zealand. We examine heterogeneity by determining elastic properties of the Alpine Fault using Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)‐1 drill core and borehole logs, and outcrop samples from central Alpine Fault field localities. We measured P and S wave velocities on saturated rock samples, in three orthogonal directions, over a range of effective pressures. P and S wave velocities in fault rock range from 2.5 to 5.0 km/s and 1.3 to 2.7 km/s, respectively, consistent with the borehole sonic log. These velocities are slower than those in the surrounding host rock corresponding to a 20% to 40% decrease in velocity, caused by mechanical and chemical alteration processes, extending at least 30 m from the principal slip surface. Hanging wall host rocks are strongly anisotropic, while brittle fault rock and footwall host rock are mostly isotropic. Fault zone trapped wave observations are geometrically and quantitatively consistent with field observations and laboratory measurements of the damage zone. Scale independence of the velocity measurement in this zone across core, log, and field scales shows that drill core and outcrop samples are good proxies for in situ rocks, suggesting that the low velocity is due to microscale features, such as microfractures and clay content.
Synthesis, Elasticity, and Spin State of an Intermediate MgSiO3‐FeAlO3 Bridgmanite: Implications for Iron in Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Zhu Feng , Liu Jiachao , Lai Xiaojing , Xiao Yuming , Prakapenka Vitali , Bi Wenli , Alp E. Ercan , Dera Przemyslaw , Chen Bin , Li Jie
Published: June 2020

Fe‐Al‐bearing bridgmanite may be the dominant host for ferric iron in Earth's lower mantle. Here we report the synthesis of (Mg0.5Fe3+0.5)(Al0.5Si0.5)O3 bridgmanite (FA50) with the highest Fe3+‐Al3+ coupled substitution known to date. X‐ray diffraction measurements showed that at ambient conditions, the FA50 adopted the LiNbO3 structure. Upon compression at room temperature to 18 GPa, it transformed back into the bridgmanite structure, which remained stable up to 102 GPa and 2,600 K. Fitting Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state of FA50 bridgmanite yields V0 = 172.1(4) Å3, K0 = 229(4) GPa with K0′ = 4(fixed). The calculated bulk sound velocity of the FA50 bridgmanite is ~7.7% lower than MgSiO3 bridgmanite, mainly because the presence of ferric iron increases the unit‐cell mass by 15.5%. This difference likely represents the upper limit of sound velocity anomaly introduced by Fe3+‐Al3+ substitution. X‐ray emission and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements showed that after laser annealing, ~6% of Fe3+ cations exchanged with Al3+ and underwent the high‐ to low‐spin transition at 59 GPa. The low‐spin proportion of Fe3+ increased gradually with pressure and reached 17–31% at 80 GPa. Since the cation exchange and spin transition in this Fe3+‐Al3+‐enriched bridgmanite do not cause resolvable unit‐cell volume reduction, and the increase of low‐spin Fe3+ fraction with pressure occurs gradually, the spin transition would not produce a distinct seismic signature in the lower mantle. However, it may influence iron partitioning and isotopic fractionation, thus introducing chemical heterogeneity in the lower mantle.
Assessing Historical Variability of South Asian Monsoon Lows and Depressions With an Optimized Tracking Algorithm
Authors: Vishnu S. , Boos W. R. , Ullrich P. A. , O'Brien T. A.
Published: June 2020

Cyclonic low‐pressure systems (LPS) produce abundant rainfall in South Asia, where they are traditionally categorized as monsoon lows, monsoon depressions, and more intense cyclonic storms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has tracked monsoon depressions for over a century, finding a large decline in their number in recent decades, but their methods have changed over time and do not include monsoon lows. This study presents a fast, objective algorithm for identifying monsoon LPS and uses it to assess interannual variability and trends in reanalyses. Variables and thresholds used in the algorithm are selected to best match a subjectively analyzed LPS data set while minimizing disagreement between four reanalyses in a training period. The stream function of 850 hPa horizontal wind is found to be optimal in this sense; it is less noisy than vorticity and represents the complete nondivergent wind, even when flow is not geostrophic. Using this algorithm, LPS statistics are computed for five reanalyses, and none show a detectable trend in monsoon depression counts since 1979. Both the Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis (JRA‐55) and the IMD data set show a step‐like reduction in depression counts when they began using geostationary satellite data, in 1979 and 1982, respectively; the 1958–2018 linear trend in JRA‐55, however, is smaller than in the IMD data set, and its error bar includes 0. There are more LPS in seasons with above‐average monsoon rainfall and in La Niña years, but few other large‐scale modes of interannual variability are found to modulate LPS counts, lifetimes, or track length consistently across reanalyses.
Links Between Health-Related Social Needs and Mental Health Care Disparities: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Kuhn Jocelyn , Bair-Merritt Megan , Xuan Ziming , Kistin Caroline J.
Published: June 2020

Objective: There are known disparities in access to and utilization of pediatric health care and mental health care. Unmet health-related social needs, particularly food insecurity and housing instability, have previously been associated with poorer health and mental health outcomes as well as reduced utilization of preventive care. The relation between health-related social needs and pediatric mental health care utilization, however, has been largely unexplored. Method: Using a cross-sectional design with retrospective data extraction through a large, urban medical center’s clinical data warehouse, this study investigated whether parent-reported unmet health-related social needs were associated with differences in the relationship between parent-reported child psychiatric symptoms and pediatric mental health care utilization. Additionally, the association between pediatric mental health care utilization and visiting an on-site food pantry, offered to address food insecurity, was assessed. Results: Consistent with the hypotheses, parent report of higher child psychiatric symptoms was associated with more pediatric mental health care utilization (rate ratio [ RR] = 1.17, p < .001), and as parents reported more unmet health-related social needs, this relationship weakened ( B = −.015, p < .001). Although the use of the on-site food pantry had no effect on the relationship between reported child symptoms and pediatric mental health care utilization, the use of the food pantry did independently correspond to an increased rate of mental health care visits ( RR = 2.25, p = .002). Conclusions: These findings suggest that screening for and addressing unmet health-related social needs may be an important part of the effort to reduce pediatric mental health service disparities.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study found that as families’ health-related social needs, such as food insecurity and unstable housing, increased in number, children and adolescents with more psychiatric symptoms accessed less mental health care. Furthermore, the findings indicated that pediatric mental health care utilization at an urban medical center rose along with visits to an on-site food pantry. Identifying and addressing families’ health-related social needs may help to reduce disparities in who receives needed mental health care services. Within clinical practice, this can be achieved through universal health-related social needs screening and the provision of relevant referrals and resources.
Acute oxytocin effects in inferring others’ beliefs and social emotions in people at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Schmidt André , Davies Cathy , Paloyelis Yannis , Meyer Nicholas , De Micheli Andrea , Ramella-Cravaro Valentina , Provenzani Umberto , Aoki Yuta , Rutigliano Grazia , Cappucciati Marco , Oliver Dominic , Murguia Silvia , Zelaya Fernando , Allen Paul , Shergill Sukhi , Morrison Paul , Williams Steve , Taylor David , Borgwardt Stefan , Yamasue Hidenori , McGuire Philip , Fusar-Poli Paolo
Published: June 2020

Social deficits are key hallmarks of the Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) state and of established psychotic disorders, and contribute to impaired social functioning, indicating a potential target for interventions. However, current treatments do not significantly ameliorate social impairments in CHR-P individuals. Given its critical role in social behaviour and cognition, the oxytocinergic (OT) system is a promising target for novel interventions in CHR-P subjects. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 30 CHR-P males were studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on two occasions, once after 40IU self-administered intranasal OT and once after placebo. A modified version of the Sally-Anne task was used to assess brain activation during inferring others’ beliefs and social emotions. The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test was acquired prior to the first scan to test whether OT effects were moderated by baseline social-emotional abilities. OT did not modulate behavioural performances but reduced activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus compared with placebo while inferring others’ social emotions. Furthermore, the relationship between brain activation and task performance after OT administration was moderated by baseline social-emotional abilities. While task accuracy during inferring others’ social emotion increased with decreasing activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus in CHR-P individuals with low social-emotional abilities, there was no such relationship in CHR-P individuals with high social-emotional abilities. Our findings may suggest that acute OT administration enhances neural efficiency in the inferior frontal gyrus during inferring others’ social emotions in those CHR-P subjects with low baseline social-emotional abilities.
Gremlin-1 augments the oestrogen-related receptor α signalling through EGFR activation: implications for the progression of breast cancer
Authors: Park Sin-Aye , Sung Nam Ji , Choi Bae-Jung , Kim Wonki , Kim Seung Hyeon , Surh Young-Joon
Published: June 2020

Background

Gremlin-1 (GREM1), one of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonists, is involved in organogenesis, tissue differentiation and kidney development. However, the role of GREM1 in cancer progression and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Methods

The role of GREM1 in breast cancer progression was assessed by measuring cell viability, colony formation, 3D tumour spheroid formation/invasion and xenograft tumour formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, a luciferase reporter assay and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the molecular events in which GREM1 is involved.

Results

GREM1 expression was elevated in breast cancer cells and tissues obtained from breast cancer patients. Its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, especially those with oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumours. GREM1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and xenograft mammary tumour growth, while its overexpression enhanced their viability, growth and invasiveness. Oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor, directly interacted with the GREM1 promoter and increased the expression of GREM1. GREM1 also enhanced the promoter activity of ESRRA encoding ERRα, comprising a positive feedback loop. Notably, GREM1 bound to and activated EGFR, a well-known upstream regulator of ERRα.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that the GREM1–ERRα axis can serve as a potential therapeutic target in the management of cancer, especially ER-negative tumour.
Repurposing anticancer drugs for COVID-19-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy
Authors: Saini Kamal S. , Lanza Carlo , Romano Marco , de Azambuja Evandro , Cortes Javier , de las Heras Begoña , de Castro Javier , Lamba Saini Monika , Loibl Sibylle , Curigliano Giuseppe , Twelves Chris , Leone Manuela , Patnaik Mrinal M.
Published: June 2020

Three cardinal manifestations of neoplasia, namely inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy are also seen in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing a biological rationale for testing selected anticancer drugs for their ability to control the symptoms and/or modify the course of COVID-19.
Haspin regulates Ras localization to promote Cdc24-driven mitotic depolarization
Authors: Quadri Roberto , Galli Martina , Galati Elena , Rotondo Giuseppe , Gallo Guido Roberto , Panigada Davide , Plevani Paolo , Muzi-Falconi Marco
Published: June 2020

Cell polarization is of paramount importance for proliferation, differentiation, development, and it is altered during carcinogenesis. Polarization is a reversible process controlled by positive and negative feedback loops. How polarized factors are redistributed is not fully understood and is the focus of this work. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutants defective in haspin kinase exhibit stably polarized landmarks and are sensitive to mitotic delays. Here, we report a new critical role for haspin in polarisome dispersion; failure to redistribute polarity factors, in turn, leads to nuclear segregation defects and cell lethality. We identified a mitotic role for GTP-Ras in regulating the local activation of the Cdc42 GTPase, resulting in its dispersal from the bud tip to a homogeneous distribution over the plasma membrane. GTP-Ras2 physically interacts with Cdc24 regulateing its mitotic distribution. Haspin is shown to promote a mitotic shift from a bud tip-favored to a homogenous PM fusion of Ras-containing vesicles. In absence of haspin, active Ras is not redistributed from the bud tip; Cdc24 remains hyperpolarized promoting the activity of Cdc42 at the bud tip, and the polarisome fails to disperse leading to erroneously positioned mitotic spindle, defective nuclear segregation, and cell death after mitotic delays. These findings describe new functions for key factors that modulate cell polarization and mitotic events, critical processes involved in development and tumorigenesis.