bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods and Outcomes of Breastfeeding Instruction for Nursing Students
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Clark Sarah J. , Harris Betty G. , Lowdermilk Deitra L.
Published: March 2007

Support from nurses can influence breastfeeding rates, but many nurses are not well-informed about breastfeeding topics. Surveys were used to assess the breastfeeding instruction provided in five nursing programs. Most students attended breastfeeding lectures, but only one-fourth received breastfeeding information during clinical activities. After completing their maternity rotation, less than 25 percent had as many as three clinical opportunities to teach breastfeeding techniques or counsel about lactation problems. Completion of maternity rotation did not improve students' knowledge of breast-feeding health benefits or clinical advice. Previous personal breastfeeding experience was associated with more accurate clinical advice and rating breastfeeding instruction as inadequate. We conclude that nursing education may not prepare students for effective breastfeeding promotion, and we suggest solutions for lactation consultants.
Relactation in a Newborn Intensive Care Setting
Authors: Thompson Nancy M.
Published: March 2007

A woman who did not initiate breastfeeding after the birth of her preterm infant did so 27 days later, after her infant developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Using specific strategies including kangaroo care principles and simultaneous breast pumping to faciliate relactation, the mother was able to provide an adequate supply of breastmilk at the time of her infant's hospital discharge.
Using the Quality Improvement Process to Affect Breastfeeding Protocols in United States Hospitals
Authors: Cadwell Karin
Published: March 2007

Engaging in the Quality Improvement Process represents an opportunity for lactation consultants and breastfeeding advocates to examine and reevaluate hospital breastfeeding policies and procedures. Cause and effect diagrams that explore the problem of an 8-hourold baby who has not yet breastfed are presented as examples of a quality tool.
Contamination in Expressed Breast Milk Following Breast Cleansing
Authors: Thompson Nancy , Pickler Rita H. , Munro Cindy , Shotwell Julie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if preexpression breast cleansing reduced the bacterial count in expressed breast milk. The study involved the collection of 178 breast milk samples (89 matched samples); 38 matched samples were from mothers of term infants and 51 matched samples were from mothers of preterm infants. One half of the samples were collected following breast cleansing with Phisoderm and tap water. The other half were collected following breast cleansing with tap water only. Hand and equipment washing with Phisoderm and tap water preceded all sample collections. Storage containers were sterile. Samples were cultured for pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and examined at 24 and 48 hours. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs sign test and Chi square. Breast cleansing with Phisoderm and water was not more effective than water alone at reducing nonpathogenic bacteria or eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Mothers of preterm infants had higher levels of both nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria than mothers of full-term infants. The most common form of bacterial contamination was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. This particular bacteria is found in higher levels in the stools of breast fed infants than formula fed infants and it also the most common contaminant found in the blood of preterm infants who develop sepsis. The findings of this study reveal that chemical interventions may not be effective at rendering breast milk free from pathogenic bacteria. More research is needed to determine the optimal cleansing protocol to achieve bacterial decontamination of breast milk or to determine the clinically acceptable level of contamination based on the effects on infants.
The Effect of Feeding Glucose Water to Breastfeeding Newborns on Weight, Body Temperature, Blood Glucose, and Breastfeeding Duration
Authors: Martin-Calama Jesus , Buftuel Jose , Valero M. Teresa , Labay Miguel , Lasarte Juan Jose , Valle Francisco , de Miguel Cristina
Published: March 2007

In order to determine the effect of feeding glucose water on breastfeeding newborns, we randomly distributed 180 normal newborns into two groups: a glucose water group (GW), fed 5% glucose solution during the first 3 days of life in addition to being breastfed; and an exclusively breastfed nonglucose water group (NGW). The following data were evaluated: weight at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of life; temperature during the first 72 hours of life; serum glucose level at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours; total duration of breastfeeding and age at introduction of infant formulas. In the NGW, there was a greater weight loss at 48 hours but not at 72 hours, temperatures higher than 37.50C were more frequent, and the mean serum glucose levels at 6, 12, and 24 hours were lower. This group also had more serum glucose level determinations under 2.2 mmol/l (40 mg/dL). However, no infants exhibited hypoglycemic symptoms. Infants in the GW received twice as many formulas during the first month and had a shorter duration of any breastfeeding. Our results suggest that the suppression of feedings with glucose water in the first days of life increases the probability of successful breastfeeding. However, infants who do not receive glucose water in the first few days of life may require greater supervision and close monitoring of blood glucose and body temperature, particularly in the first 24 hours of life.
Risk Factors for Lactation Mastitis
Authors: Fetherston Catherine
Published: March 2007

The research undertaken in this study utilized a case-control group nested within a prospective cohort which was followed for the first 3 months postpartum. Mothers with mastitis and their controls were requested to complete a self-report questionnaire designed to investigate the association between the potential risk factors, identified from the literature, and lactation mastitis. Logistic regression analyses of the possible risk factors were performed separately for mothers who had not breastfed Obviously and those mothers who had breastfed at least one infant prior to this lactation/nalysis showed blocked duct(s) and increased levels of stress were the significant pre icors for mastitis in mothers who had breastfed a previous infant and blocked duct(s), restriction from a tight bra, attachment difficulties, and nipple pain during a feed were the significant predictors for mastitis in first time breastfeeding mothers.
The Impure Performance Frame of the Public House Entertainer
Authors: Mullen Ken
Published: March 2007

Public house entertainers encounter distinctive problems in framing their activities as performance and sustaining that frame in the face of overt and covert threats to its definition of reality. Using participant observation and interview data collected in Aberdeen, Scotland, this article shows how the optional involvement of the audience and the possibilities for reduced levels of focused absorption in the frame have significant implications not only for audience but also for performers. Distinctive problems of staging, centering around the bracketing and maintenance of the ongoing performance, anse and must be handled. Public house entertainment demands and teaches a distinctive set of skills: The pub entertainer must learn how to put on a performance before a most problematic audience-an audience that cannot be counted on to be interested, attentive, or respectful-and how to sustain that performance in the face of a variety of recurrent challenges and threats.
Observations of Abortive Illness Behavior
Authors: Bloor Michael J.
Published: March 2007

An observational study of prepatient illness behavior was terminated because it failed to yield comprehensive data on illness experience in a large, municipally run lodging house. However, the data collected during pilot work provide some insights on illness behavior likely to be underemphasized in retrospective interview studies. Observations confirmed Zola's findings on the extensiveness of accommodation to long-term symptoms and on the role of triggers in breaking that accommodation. Yet in specifying Zola's conclusions, symptoms were accommodated selectively, and work-related concerns, a frequent trigger in Zola's study, were found to promote as well as terminate accommodation to symptoms. Finally and most critically, triggers did not work automatically; the intention to seek a medical consultation had a provisional character, as help-seeking was always open to disruption and premature discontinuation due to the intrusion of new topical relevances.
Drug Availability, Life Structure, and Situational Ethics of Heroin Addicts
Authors: Faupel Charles E.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to the conventional wisdom that a process of "moral degeneracy" inevitably ensues with increased heroin addiction, recent research has identified a distinctive set of ethical standards held in common by many "junkies" This article examines the ethical dynamics associated with distinct situations of heroin use with data obtained from extensive life history interviews with 30 hard-core criminal addicts Addicts tended to violate the ideal norms of their own subculture under circumstances directly related to two contingencies drug availability and life structure Although novice addicts may violate subcultural standards out of ignorance, the greatest potential for deviation from these normative ideals occurs when low levels of drug availability are combined with a lack of daily routine and life structure, a combination typical of the 'street junkie" situation
Generic Social Processes
Authors: Prus Robert
Published: March 2007

Focusing on the production of a processual ethnographic sociology, this article has three major objectives. The first is to outline the roots of “generic sociology,” particularly in light of the interpretive/ethnographic inquiry. The second objective is to indicate the sorts of difficulties ethnographers are apt to encounter in pursuing the study of generic social processes. Third, some suggestions for an intensification of efforts toward a generic processual sociology are offered. Thus some “interactive strategies” (pertaining to teaching, doing research, reporting findings, editing, conferencing, and networking) are proposed, as is an overview schema for a more intensively processually focused sociology. Some readers will be disappointed in that no solutions of a “quick fix” nature are offered. To the contrary, the development of a processual ethnographic sociology is viewed as a long, demanding, and cumulative process. To those mindful of the value of a generic conceptualization of social action to the study of group life, however, this seems a more desirable pursuit.
ALIGNING VOCABULARY, SYMBOLS BANKS, AND SOCIOCULTURAL STRUCTURE
Authors: HAZANI MOSHE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between aligning vocabulary and the distribution of symbols throughout society and shows that differing “symbols banks” exist in society, shaped by social class, culture, ethos, and other factors. Individuals who seek to align their behavior with the predominant norms of society draw from the repertoire of symbols available to them in the “banks” of their sociocultural groups. Empirically, this is illustrated by the neutralization techniques employed by two Israeli youth groups who practiced the same kind of delinquent activity: car theft followed by reckless driving. These two groups, who differed from each other in social class, ethnic origin, and culture, differed also in their neutralization rhetoric, each borrowing from the symbols bank of their sociocultural milieu. The article discusses the types of aligning vocabulary of the groups and contends that a thematic typology of aligning vocabulary, which to date has not been drawn out, can help explain the links between signs and social reality.
TEENAGE SATANISM AS OPPOSITIONAL YOUTH SUBCULTURE
Authors: LOWNEY KATHLEEN S.
Published: March 2007

This research offers an ethnographic portrait of a coven of teenage Satanists. It argues that the psychological, folklore, and constructionist perspectives on Satanism are lacking an important voice—the adolescent Satanists themselves. By listening to them, it becomes clear that Satanism allows them to challenge the dominant culture's norms and values. Lacking the social power though, the Coven primarily used a symbolic critique, through the creation of a Satanic style.
Commentary on State-Level Economic Development in New York: A Strategy to Enhance Effectiveness
Authors: Bacheller John M.
Published: March 2007

Effective state-level economic development requires an understanding of several factors. These include the nature of economic activity within the state, the limitations of economic development agency resources, and the use of techniques that have sufficient reach to influence large numbers of corporate decision makers. New York’s economic development agency, Empire State Development Corporation (ESD), uses industry cluster analysis as an organizing concept to guide its marketing, business assistance, and infrastructure development efforts. In addition, ESD has emphasized activities in these areas that offer greater “reach” than traditional one-on-one economic development techniques. Among the approaches used by ESD to maximize the effects of its business assistance programs is the provision of assistance to groups of firms collaborating to improve their competitiveness.
Information and Market Failure in Local Economic Development: A New Role for Universities?
Authors: Weiler Stephan
Published: March 2007

One of the crucial assumptions regarding the efficiency of the private market is that all involved actors have full information about market opportunities, costs, and benefits. However, this assumption is likely to be only partially fulfilled in many local economic development efforts. In fact, those who stand to benefit most from such efforts may be least able to secure critical information regarding development possibilities. In contrast to most publicly supported top-down initiatives, university researchers may more effectively enhance local development by focusing on the provision and analysis of information to private participants. This article first explores the twin potential information gaps involved in regional industrial development that may affect both private and social investment perspectives. The recent efforts to add value to the highly vulnerable agricultural sector of Colorado’s San Luis Valley then highlight the potential direct economic and indirect methodological impact of such assistance.
Collaborative Policy Making and Administration: The Operational Demands of Local Economic Development
Authors: McGuire Michael
Published: March 2007

Contemporary local economic development often requires that development professionals act as catalysts for orchestrating other governmental and nongovernmental actors in the pursuit of effective development policy strategies. Collaboration and cooperation across multiple actors, organizations, and governments is now the standard modus operandi for many municipalities. The empirical analysis presented here indicates that the process of designing and administering local economic development policy may vary according to the types of policies and institutions adopted in the jurisdiction. Findings suggest that the adoption of certain development policies and institutions may actually induce collaboration in cities. Local economic development, thus, places demands on the development professional that are more visible and perhaps more consequential than in years past.
Immigration: A Time for Reform
Authors: Lamm Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Much of the world's burgeoning population lives in abject poverty. Not surprisingly, pressure to immigrate to the United States has been growing steadily. But the demands to come to the United States far exceed this country's ability to absorb the numbers of people who would like to come here. Lamm calls for a reevaluation of this country's immigration policies and more stringent action against illegal immigration. America's immigration policies, he contends, must conform to the realities of our time.
The Migration of Youth and the Business Cycle: 1978 to 1984
Authors: Haurin Donald R. , Haurin R. Jean
Published: March 2007

This study examines the migration patterns of youth from 1978 to 1984. It compares the movement of youth into and out of four areas: Ohio, Michigan, Texas, and New England. Ohio and Michigan represent areas of high unemployment during the 1980-1982 recession, Texas represents a high growth state, and New England an area in the process of reindustrialization. The authors find that the immigration of youth is highly cyclical and that in a downturn relative to the rest of the nation, a state can lose a substantial portion of its youth, the next generation of the state's labor supply. Youths migrating from depressed regions tend to be more highly educated males. However, there is some support for the hypothesis that a state-supported jobs program can tide youth over the downturn and raise their long-term retention probability.
The Politics of Local Economic Development: A Review of Selected Recent Literature from the Perspective of the Practitioner
Authors: Berkowitz Bernard L.
Published: March 2007

The politics of urban development is a critically important subject for economic development practitioners. Two recent books that present case studies of the politics of urban economic development in a variety of situations and related generalizations by the authors or editors, and a third book, which mainly provides background trend analysis, are reviewed from the perspective of an economic development practitioner. The unitary concept of objective maximization of a city's economic benefit is seen as less useful to understanding the politics of economic development than conflicting views of different interests regarding economic development policies and the governing coalitions that largely determine such policies. Community groups and other nonbusiness interests are seen by the reviewer as influencing resource allocations between economic development and other urban development categories and influencing specific economic development projects that have a neighborhood or other interest group impact. Overall economic development policies and downtown development, however, usually mainly involve city government and business groups. The essay concludes with some thoughts about how nonbusiness interests might be encouraged and assisted to play a larger role in overall economic development policy formulation.
Role of Intermediary and Strengthening Business Expansion Activities
Authors: Keeley Kathryn S.
Published: March 2007

Women are going into business today in big numbers. As we heard this summer in testimony to the House of Representatives Committee on Small Business, women are starting businesses at a rate 2-3 times that of men. By the year 2000, women may be half the business owners in this country. As women, however, the businesses we head up tend to be small, sole proprietorships that generate only a fraction (one-tenth at last estimate) of the gross receipts of our male counterparts. What are the issues embedded in these statistics? Do women operate smaller businesses because they want to, or because the vision and resources need to expand in order to allow the businesses to grow? What kinds of economic development intermediaries will be most effective in working with these emerging businesses? The values and issues are in some way profoundly different for women-owned businesses.
State Public Lending Practice and Industrial Real Estate Mortgage Default: The New York Experience
Authors: Simons Robert A.
Published: March 2007

This study assesses the relationship between selected public lender practices, real estate net equity, and industrial mortgage loan default. Seven lending practices and three advance indicators of default are tested on a matched-pair data set drawn from the second-mortgage portfolio of the New York State Job Development Authority (NYJDA). Results show that bankruptcy and negative net equity are strongly associated with default among the study population. No relationship is found between the strength of original loan guarantees or the lending subsidy and default. Also, negative net equity, liens, and late junior mortgages are useful predictors of default 1 year prior to the event. The NYJDA and similar public lenders should consider systematic monitoring of net equity, liens, late junior mortgages, and current financial statements of loan guarantors.
Why do Minority Business Development Programs Generate so Little Minority Business Development?
Authors: Bates Timothy
Published: March 2007

Minority enterprise assistance programs are largely failures. They are flawed in intent, design, and implementation. Current minority business enterprise (MBE) loan programs share three flaws: (1) Lending is targeted to overcrowded lines of business with low profits, (2) tiny loans flow to marginally viable firms, and(3) consequent high-loan default rates erode funds available for relending. Three types of problems must be dealt with if MBE assistance is to be a useful tool for generating economic development: (1) Geographic targeting of MBE assistance to poor ghetto neighborhoods should be sharply reduced, (2) targeting aid to low-income individuals should be eliminated, and (3) poorly administered programs that destroy MBEs and encourage fraud should be reformed or eliminated.
Canals Where Rivers Used to Flow: The Role of Mediating Structures and Partnerships in Community Lending
Authors: Baxter Christie I.
Published: March 2007

This article considers urban disinvestment as a consequence of increasing specialization by financial institutions over time. In the resulting segmented markets, mainstream financial institutions serve growing suburban and corporate clients; nonprofit lenders and social investors have created an alternative market to channel credit to low and moderate income and inner-city communities. This restricts the supply of credit for development, because investors in the alternative market control vastly fewer financial resources than do mainstream institutions. Increasing investment in inner cities in any significant way depends on creating effective connections between the mainstream and alternative credit markets, through products such as new secondary market instruments and through cross-institutional collaborations at the local level. Policies to increase investment through stronger Community Reinvestment Act regulation and by capitalizing Community Development Institutions with federal dollars do little to improve intermarket connections; this limits the impact of such policies.
Federal and State Government Roles in Science and Technology
Authors: Feller Irwin
Published: March 2007

Increased state government participation in the formulation and implementation of national science and technology policies has been proposed in a series of recent reports, most notably the State-Federal Technology Partnership Task Force's Final Report These recommendations are based on state experiences with technology development and manufacturing modernization programs, the premise that public sector activities are needed to accelerate the rate of commercial innovation, and a stylized model of the geographic appropriability of basic, applied, and developmental research and development outcomes. These reports overstate the economic impact and programmatic relevance of existing state programs to the federal setting while understating state program contributions to the development and strengthening of regional technology infrastructures. Increased coordination of federal and state government activities is needed to address dysfunctional aspects of federal research award policies and to enlist states as committed participants in joint federal-state programs.
Economic Development and the Politics of Place, Empowerment, and Social Justice: A Review Essay
Authors: Burnier DeLysa
Published: March 2007

This review essay explores the growth and community-based approaches to development. The books under review deepen our understanding of how community-based development works, what it means to those actually involved, and its potential as an oppositional political practice. Specifically, the essay discusses development and its relation to culture, empowerment, and social justice. Also discussed are the authors' innovative methodologies and researcher reflexivity.
“JUST TESTING”
Authors: BOOTH KAREN M.
Published: March 2007

In 1993, debates over mandatory HIV testing reemerged in New York when politicians and journalists launched a compaign to “unblind” results of a survey of HIV prevalence in newborns. This article reports on the findings from a content analysis of 108 “Baby AIDS” news stories published in New York newspapers in 1993 and 1994. In constructing a discourse of blame for the infection of “innocent” babies, “Baby AIDS” news stories demonstrate that racist, heterosexist, and sexist assumptions about HIV transmission, motherhood, and public HIV surveillance are fundamentally intertwined. The article concludes that arguments by AIDS analysts that homophobia and racism are distinct and independent dimensions of policy and popular understandings of HIV are not only misguided but also dangerous.
ARE BUTCH AND FEM WORKING-CLASS AND ANTIFEMINIST?
Authors: CRAWLEY SARA L.
Published: March 2007

Many authors argue that middle-class lesbians present themselves as butch or fem less than working-class lesbians and that butch and fem were discouraged by 1970s feminist stigma but are reemerging in postfeminist decades. By analyzing “women seeking women” personal ads, this study provides a longitudinal, quantitative analysis of the validity of these assumptions. The results suggest that middle-class lesbians were less likely to present themselves as butch or fem than working-class lesbians but no less likely to be seeking a butch or fem partner. Also, butch and fem were found to be much more prevalent in the 1990s than in the 1970s or 1980s. Generational cohorts of lesbians based on feminist political ideologies about butch and fem were not found. Prevailing cultural norms within lesbian communities appear to affect all lesbians in an era.
MULTIPLE IDENTITIES... MULTIPLE MARGINALITIES
Authors: DENIS ANN B.
Published: March 2007

Recent discussions of boundary theory, particularly in the field of ethnic relations, emphasize varying degrees of porousness of social boundaries and the importance of considering the effects of the intersections of multiple boundaries, most notably those of gender, ethnicity/race, and class. It is also increasingly acknowledged that within-group characteristics, including identities, of subordinate as well as of dominant groups may change, without their becoming less authentic distinctive collectivities. This article examines the changing identities of a specific collectivity—French-speaking Canadian women living in Ontario—who, during the past century, have been either marginalized by, or excluded from, several larger collectivities for various reasons—religion, race/ethnicity, language, nationalism, region, and gender—related to boundary definitions of their multiple, intersecting identities. It explores the emergence of these various marginalities and the ability of these feminists to construct institutions and agendas on their own terms.
CHANGES IN MEN'S CONSERVATIVE GENDER IDEOLOGIES
Authors: CIABATTARI TERESA
Published: March 2007

Men's gender ideologies have changed more slowly than women's since the 1970s; this article analyzes the period and cohort processes that underlie men's attitude change and how the individual-level characteristics of conservative men differ by birth cohort. Using multidimensional measures of gender role attitudes from the 1974-1998 General Social Surveys, the author finds that changes in men's attitudes have been brought about both by period influences, especially during the 1970s, and by cohort replacement. Analyses of multivariate interaction effects demonstrate that education has become a much less significant predictor of attitudes for men born after 1945.
Women above the Glass Ceiling
Authors: DAVIES-NETZLEY SALLY ANN
Published: March 2007

This research focuses on women in corporate positions “above the glass ceiling” and explores their perceptions on corporate mobility and strategies for success in elite positions. Through interviews with 16 men and women corporate presidents and chief executive officers (CEOs) in Southern California, it is found that while white men promote the dominant ideology of individualism and patriarchal gender ideology as explanations of corporate mobility and success, white women emphasize alternative perspectives by confirming the importance of social networks and peer similarities for succeeding in elite positions. These women strategically attempt to increase their cultural capital to negotiate male-dominated networks and maintain their high-status positions through such measures as obtaining advanced educational degrees or modifying speech and behavior.
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY ON GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors: HONG LAWRENCE K.
Published: March 2007

Notwithstanding the obvious advantages of controlling population growth and the probable problems with old-age security and female infanticide, the one-child program in China could have latent ramifications. It could drastically reduce the size and significance of the patrilineal lineage, promote the popularity of uxorilocal marriage, and encourage women to make nontraditional career choices. The sum of these effects could finally allow China to make major advances in achieving its unrealized goal of eliminating gender-based inequality.
HOUSEHOLD LABOR TIME AND THE GENDER GAP IN EARNINGS
Authors: SHELTON BETH ANNE , FIRESTONE JUANITA
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine the effects of time spent in household labor on the gender gap in earnings. We identify that part of the gender gap in earnings directly attributable to women's greater household labor time. After controlling for years of work experience, hours worked per week, occupation, industry, union membership, and education, we find that household labor time can directly account for 8.2 percent of the gender gap in earnings. In addition to the direct effect of women's household responsibilities on earnings, they also may affect occupational location, work experience, and number of hours worked per week, and through these variables, their earnings. These findings indicate that we cannot truly understand women's earnings relative to those of men without considering the impact of their unpaid labor on their paid work.
VIOLENT ACTS AND INJURIOUS OUTCOMES IN MARRIED COUPLES:
Authors: BRUSH LISA D.
Published: March 2007

This analysis of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) confirmed earlier findings: Much of the violence between married partners occurred in couples in which both partners were reported as perpetrators, and women as well as men committed violent acts in married couples. However, the NSFH data indicated that the probabilities of injury for male and female respondents differed significantly, with wives more likely to be injured than husbands. The NSFH differentiated between violent acts and injurious outcomes and provided an empirical rebuttal of the “battered husband syndrome.” At the same time, the NSFH reproduced many of the problems of quantitative surveys as they are currently used to measure the incidence and consequences of intimate violence. The article discusses the major problems with both the content and the context of currently employed survey methodology, as exemplified by the NSFH.
WOMEN'S SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: SAFA HELEN ICKEN
Published: March 2007

This article documents the increasing participation of poor women in social movements in Latin America, focusing on movements centered around human rights and collective consumption issues, such as the cost of living or the provision of public services. It analyzes the factors that have contributed to the increased participation of poor Latin American women in social movements and why they have chosen the state rather than the workplace as the principal arena of confrontation. Although these movements are undertaken in defense of women's traditional domestic role, collective action appears to be contributing to a greater consciousness of gender subordination among Latin American women and to their greater legitimacy in the public sphere.
MEN'S AND WOMEN'S BELIEFS ABOUT GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Authors: KANE EMILY W. , SCHIPPERS MIMI
Published: March 2007

Feminist scholarship highlighting the importance of sexuality suggests the utility of studying beliefs about gender and sexuality, but the public opinion literature on gender-related attitudes has paid almost no attention to this issue. This research report addresses U.S. men's and women's beliefs about several aspects of sexuality: gender differences in sexual drives, gender inequalities in sexual power, and sexual orientation. The results suggest that men and women tend to share similar beliefs about sexual drives and sexual orientation but disagree notably on issues of sexual power. In addition, naturalization of sexuality is associated with greater acceptance of the sexual status quo, suggesting that naturalizing beliefs play a role in maintaining sexual inequality.
THE “LADIES OF THE CLUB” AND CAROLINE BARTLETT CRANE
Authors: RYNBRANDT LINDA J.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on social reformer Caroline Bartlett Crane (1858-1935) and her association with club women for municipal reform during the Progressive Era. Using archival material, the author examines the actual process of Progressive social reform in which Crane used social networks, sociology, and Social Gospel ideals to achieve positive social change. The author also addresses recent critiques of Progressive women reformers regarding their motivations, accomplishments, and their ultimate legacy in Progressive Era social change.
GENDER, CLASS, AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Authors: FERREE MYRA MARX , ROTH SILKE
Published: March 2007

From the perspective of gender theory, the intersections among gender, class, and race make it difficult, if not impossible, to assign political issues and identities to just one social movement. Instead, the negotiation of movement ownership of issues and identities occurs through interaction among social movements, including interactions that create denial and distance. This article takes the interaction of labor organizing and feminism as the lens for studying movement interaction at three levels: opportunity structure, organizing practices, and framing ideas. Using a case study of a strike of day care workers in West Berlin in the winter of 1989-90, it contrasts inclusive and exclusive forms of solidarity and their consequences for organizational practices. This particular strike received little support from either feminists or the labor movement and eventually failed, an outcome that can be seen as reflecting the weakness of structural and organizational supports for frames favoring inclusive solidarity.
WHEN WOMEN PLAY THE BASS
Authors: CLAWSON MARY ANN
Published: March 2007

Drawing on interviews with women and men musicians, this study examines women's overrepresentation in an instrumental specialty, the electric bass, in alternative rock music. Structurally, this phenomenon may be explained by the instrument's greater ease of learning and lesser attractiveness to men, yet women bassists frequently advance an alternative theory of “womanly” affinity. The entrance of women into rock bands via the bass may provide them with new opportunities and help legitimate their presence in a male-dominated site of artistic production, yet it may simultaneously work to reconstruct a gendered division of labor and reproduce dominant gender ideologies.
Selective Attention Skills in Differentiating between Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Aging
Authors: Solfrizzi Vincenzo , Panza Francesco , Torres Francesco , Capurso Cristiano , D'Introno Alessia , Colacicco Anna Maria , Capurso Antonio
Published: March 2007

We determined the reliability and validity of a cancellation test of symbols (Symbol Cancellation Test [SCT]), designed to assess visual selective attention deficits in the elderly, on 34 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from Bari University Hospital Center, Bari, Italy, and 232 nondemented elderly subjects, aged 68 to 87 years, from the second prevalence survey (1995 through 1996) of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (Casamassima, Bari, Italy). To assess con vergent and discriminant validity, the Digit Cancellation Test (DCT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Babcock Story Recall Test (BSRT) were administered. Finally, discriminant accuracy of SCT between AD patients and nondemented elderly subjects was assessed. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability for P 1 and P2 was excellent for both AD patients and the normal population, with a high degree of internal consistency. The SCT was signifi cantly correlated with the DCT (0.67), MMSE (0.60), and BSRT (0.33). The classification accuracies of overall performance on the SCT for subjects with and without AD were 0.62 and 0.91, respectively. The SCT is a valid and reliable test to assess selective attention in elderly subjects, in whom dementing illness must be diagnosed and clin ically distinct from age-related cognitive decline. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:99-109).
Process Modeling of Heat Transfer and Crystallization in Complex Shapes Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Saliba Tony E. , Anderson David P. , Servais Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

Heat transfer and crystallization kinetics during the processing of thermo plastic composite materials are modeled mathematically in order to predict the tempera ture and degree of crystallinity as a function of position and time. The model can accom modate complex geometries, variable properties as well as a choice of boundary conditions. The model was verified by comparison with experimental results.
Interface/Interphase Concepts in Composite Material Systems
Authors: Swain R.E. , Reifsnider K.L. , Jayaraman K. , El-Zein M.
Published: March 2007

The influence of interfaces and interphases on the mechanical behavior of composite materials has been widely discussed in the literature, particularly in the last few years. Several books have been devoted to the subject. Despite this fact, the systematic rep resentation of the mechanics of this subject remains grossly incomplete, and because of this, no consistent approach has been developed towards the determination of the influence of the interphase on the properties and performance of composite materials and laminates.
Effect of the Viscosity Ratio, Composition and Enhancement of Interface on Melt Rheology and Concomitant Morphology of Model Polyalloy
Authors: Boussenane M. , Bakar M. , Plochocki A.P.
Published: March 2007

In continuation of the systematic study on melt flow dependence of the phase structure (morphology) in a model*, "incompatible" polyalloy, several complemen tary and 1:1 compositions were investigated for two LDPE/PS systems with the LDPE/PS/SEP (=2/1/5 phr) polyalloy as the reference. The system was intended to repre sent the effect of the higher viscosity ratio (group I polyalloy in which SPE block copo lymer is used as the compatibilizer—as in the model polyalloy), and the effect of chemical bonding at the interface (group II polyalloy prepared from commercial grades of LDPE and PS in an industrial mixer) upon the morphology of the polyalloys. The latter was stud ied using quantitative SEM on solvent etched and/or stained (PS matrix polyalloys) samples of "bulk," i.e., as removed from a mixer, and the capillary-extruded specimens. The mean (minor phase) domain size increases in the following order: II < reference < I polyalloy; for the mixing energy intake the ordering is reversed. The energy of mixing ap pears to be a function of the interfacial tension and the viscosity ratio. The rubberlike pat tern of the (shear) viscosity and elasticity (normal stress difference) functions is most pro nounced for the II polyalloy; the composition of melt viscoelasticity synergism at a standard shear-stress level appears to depend on the interface "strength." A preliminary evaluation of the domains' fibrillation in I and the "reference" polyalloys, the latter in the extrusion blown film form, indicates similarity with structures observed in the synthetic paper. Selected mechanical properties measured on molded and extruded samples in the dynamic and steady-tensile modes were compared with the Kerner-Faucher model predic tion for the composition dependence; results will be published in a forthcoming paper.
Composites Reinforced with Fibers of a Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Copolyester
Authors: Brady Richard L. , Porter Roger S.
Published: March 2007

Composites reinforced with a thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester fiber (Celanese Vectran) have been studied with regard to fiber properties and adhesion to the thermoplastic matrix. As-spun (AS) and heat-treated (HT) fibers have been characterized. Heat treatment increases the crystal-to-nematic transition by 40°C, increases the modulus by 18%, and doubles the strength. Composites made with Vectran fibers (HT) require processing at or below 275°C, since fiber properties reduce significantly above this tem perature, which corresponds to the transition for AS fibers Composites made with Vec tran fibers were found to have low transverse properties, independent of thermoplastic matrix. The matrix compositions tested were a bisphenol-A polycarbonate and liquid crys tal copolyester with the same monomers as the fiber. Small trials were also conducted with other thermoplastics. Specific fiber surface treatments, such as oxidation with ozone, did increase transverse properties, but values remained low compared to the bulk matrix. Scanning electron microscopy of transverse fracture surfaces indicates that fiber splitting occurs, especially for surface treated fibers. Poor fiber transverse properties (low inter- chain interaction), rather than fiber/matrix adhesion, thus appear to be limiting composite transverse properties, especially in composites with surface treated fibers.
Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms of Advanced Polymer Composites under Impact Loading
Authors: Wang C.J. , Jang B.Z.
Published: March 2007

Instrumented drop weight impact testing has been used to study the impact performance of fiber reinforced polymer composites. Deformation processes and fracture mechanisms of thin-plate composite laminates were examined as a function of material parameters, plate thickness, stacking sequence, and impact loading rate. For the lami nates containing tough fibers, such as high-strength polyethylene, plastic deformation was found to be an important energy absorbing mechanism. High flexibility of these fibers allows the incident energy to be dispersed in a wider area and the impact load to be shared by a greater volume of material. A clean penetration crack was observed in the samples that contain primarily brittle fibers, such as graphite. This failure mode absorbed very lit tle incident energy. In addition, both matrix-fiber interfacial debonding and interlaminar cracking were shown to be effective in dissipating impact energy. Mechanistic study in dicated that the impact response of the laminates can be described by an initial stage of elastic deformation, followed by three stages of plastic deformation. Also, impact testing data showed that interlaminar hybridization with thermoplastic laminates was able to im prove the impact toughness of the otherwise brittle epoxy laminates. Fiber-matrix debon ding in thermoplastic laminates and interlaminar debonding between thermoplastic and epoxy laminates enhanced the impact energy absorption capacity of hybrid-matrix com posites. However, due to this poor interfacial adhesion, the result of post-impact three- point bending tests indicated an inferior damage tolerance for hybrid-matrix laminates. A simplified theory for impact failure mechanisms of composite laminates is proposed. It provides a mechanistic basis for the development of a practical model for the prediction of impact failure modes. This theory has proved to be useful in the studies on the impact penetration of more brittle composites.
The Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Jl Polymer and Its Composite
Authors: Lin D. , Geil P.H.
Published: March 2007

The effect of annealing (at temperatures below Tg and Tm) on crystal struc ture, crystallinity, and properties of quenched (prepreg) and slow cooled (laminate) J1 (AS4/J1) neat resin (composite) was investigated using various techniques. Because of a complex set of processing dependent crystal structures, WAXD is the most appropriate technique for measuring crystallinity. The effects of annealing on the thermal behavior and on the crystal structure was also studied using DCS and X-ray. The mechanical properties of J1 neat resin and unidirectional graphite fiber AS4/J1 laminates, with and without an nealing at 240°C for 8 hours, have been examined in tension, compression, and three point bend tests. The processing history dependent differences in structure lead to signifi cant differences in mechanical properties in both neat resin and composite. For example, annealing of quenched J1 leads to crystallization and a decrease in elongation whereas an nealing a slow cooled sample at 240°C results in an increase in elongation and toughness. SEM shows different surface morphologies for these samples fractured in tension and three point bend tests. In compression tests, only an in-plane shear flow deformation was seen on the fracture surface of [90]24 AS4/J1 laminate.
Specimen Size Effects on Modulus of GMT and Other Inhomogeneous Composites
Authors: Varna Janis , Berglund Lars A. , Ericson Mats L.
Published: March 2007

Mean values and standard deviations are often used to characterize certain mechanical properties. It is widely known that some properties, e.g., tensile strength of brittle solids and their standard deviations, are affected by the volume studied. In the pres ent study, the mean value and the standard deviation for the longitudinal elastic modulus of a cuboid specimen are treated. A model to predict the mean values and standard devia tions for varying lengths and widths is presented. Experimental data from the literature for glass mat reinforced polypropylene is used to show that the model shows excellent ac curacy with experimental data.
The Interaction of Creep and Physical Aging in a Semicrystalline Thermoplastic Matrix Composite above Tg
Authors: Dean D. , Miyase A. , Geil P.H.
Published: March 2007

The second generation of polymer matrix composites are based on ther moplastic resins—crystalline and amorphous. For these non-crosslinked polymers, long- term creep at elevated temperatures has been suggested to be a possible detrimental effect. t-T superposition is the standard technique used to predict long-term properties. We have examined creep above the nominal Tg in both the viscoelastic and viscoplastic load range for AS4/Jl[poly(bis 4,4' dicyclohexylmethane) n-dodecanediamide], uniaxial composites. Surprisingly, long-term creep does not appear to be a problem; within reasonable load ranges it is compensated by shrinkage due to physical aging, resulting in negative creep under some circumstances. Simple t-T superposition is invalid for long-term predictions. Physical aging occurs above the nominal T g due to a double or distributed Tg.