bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suprascleral removal of a foreign body from the retrobulbar muscle cone in two dogs
Authors: Stades F. C. , Djajadiningrat‐Laanen S. C. , Boroffka S. A. E. B. , Boevé M. H.
Published: February 2006

The successful application of a suprascleral approach to remove a foreign body within the retrobulbar muscle cone in two dogs is described. The episcleral space was entered through a small opening in the paralimbal conjunctiva and bulbar vagina. Under ultrasound guidance, a curved haemostat with a fine tip was advanced along the scleral surface to the foreign body, which was then carefully grasped and removed using gentle traction. The conjunctival incision was left to heal secondarily. The suprascleral approach may allow the quick removal of non‐cutting and non‐barbed foreign bodies from the episcleral space or the retrobulbar muscle cone, without the need for extensive tissue dissection. To reduce the risk of damaging extraocular tissues, the procedure must be performed cautiously and under ultrasound guidance. The globe should be continuously observed for any movement suggesting traction or pushing forces on bulbar or adjacent anatomical structures.
Parotid salivary duct mucocoele and sialolithiasis following parotid duct transposition
Authors: Termote S.
Published: February 2006

An 11‐year‐old, female neutered English springer spaniel presented with recurrent episodes of mucopurulent discharge from the right eye, 17 months after parotid duct transposition, culminating in the development of a swelling over the infraorbital area. A diagnosis of parotid duct obstruction with resulting rupture of the duct and sialocele was made. On exploratory surgery, three sialoliths were removed from various sites within the duct. Surgical repair of the duct restored normal saliva flow.
Sterile nodular panniculitis and pansteatitis in three weimaraners
Authors: German A. J. , Foster A. P. , Holden D. , Moore A. Hotston , Day M. J. , Hall E. J.
Published: February 2006

The clinical and pathological findings in three unrelated weimaraners with pyrexia and multiple subcutaneous nodules are reported. Abdominal pain was an additional feature in two of the dogs and clinical investigations revealed inflammation of subcutaneous, mesenteric and falciform fat. Histopathological findings were consistent with pansteatitis. In the third dog, lesions were apparently limited to the subcutis and, hence, a diagnosis of nodular panniculitis was made. Microbiological examination of tissues was negative in all dogs, and there was no evidence of pancreatic disease. This report thus describes a presumed sterile and idiopathic panniculitis/pansteatitis complex in weimaraner dogs. Although the aetiology is unknown, this may represent an immune‐mediated disorder.
Complete patellar ligament replacement using a fascia lata autograft in a dog
Authors: Gemmill T. J. , Carmichael S.
Published: February 2006

A novel technique for the repair of a chronically lacerated patellar ligament in a pet greyhound is described. The injury had been sustained traumatically, and a previous surgical repair had proved unsuccessful. On further surgical investigation, identification of the ruptured ligament ends was not possible. A double fascia lata graft was employed to reconstruct the lateral and medial portions of the ligament. This repair was augmented with 27 kg monofilament nylon anchored through tunnels from the proximal tibia to the patella and quadriceps tendon. A concurrent skin deficit was managed with a superficial epigastric axial pattern flap. To the authors’knowledge, only one previous case requiring complete patellar ligament replacement has been documented in the veterinary literature. This report details a simplified surgical technique which may have advantages over the previously described technique.
Long‐term follow‐up of dogs with patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Israël N. Van , Dukes‐McEwan J. , French A. T.
Published: February 2006

Postocclusion survival data from dogs with left‐to‐right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was available from 80 dogs, diagnosed from 1990 to 2000. Of these, 37 had undergone a procedure to close the ductus and were re‐evaluated at the time of this study; clinical data from the follow‐up examination was compared with that from the original examination. Radiographically, the right ventricle remained apparently enlarged, and the aortic bulge associated with dilation of the descending aorta did not disappear after closure. On M‐mode echocardiography, left ventricular chamber diameter in diastole and systole and left ventricular posterior wall in systole decreased significantly. Mitral endocardiosis was a common feature. Residual flow was evident in 46 per cent of the animals. Late closure occurred in 8 per cent of the dogs, and trivial recanalisation in 19 per cent. The maximum survival time postclosure was 168 months and, after non‐occlusion, 114 months, suggesting that dogs with PDA follow an unpredictable course. However, there was a significant difference in survival times between the corrected and non‐corrected group.
Simultaneous use of bilateral caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flaps for wound closure in a dog
Authors: Mayhew P. D. , Holt D. E.
Published: February 2006

A neutered male German shorthaired pointer sustained severe bite wounds to the left caudal flank and thigh area. Thorough wound lavage and debrldement was performed immediately and also three days after presentation. Daily wound dressing resulted in the production of a mature granulation tissue bed. Prior to wound closure, colour flow Doppler ultrasonography was used to confirm blood flow through the right and left caudal superficial epigastric arteries and veins. Sixteen days after presentation, right and left caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flaps were simultaneously elevated to cover the defect. The right flap was elevated as an island flap, rotated 120° and used to cover the caudodorsal aspect of the defect. The left flap was elevated and rotated dorsally to cover the cranioventral aspect of the defect. Ninety per cent wound coverage was achieved and flap survival was total. The donor site defect was closed primarily and no dehiscence occurred. Three months postsurgery, the entire defect was closed and limb function was normal.
Maxillary bone epithelial cyst in a dog
Authors: Featherstone H. , Diaz F. Llabres
Published: February 2006

A swelling ventromedial to the left eye of a one‐year‐old, neutered male Labrador failed to respond to antibiotic and anti‐inflammatory therapy. Plain and contrast radiography revealed a spherical, radiolucent area, 1·5 cm in diameter, dorsomedial to the fourth maxillary premolar and rostral to the ethmoid region. The lesion was thin‐walled, with a smooth radiopaque margin, and was clearly demarcated from the surrounding structures. Dacryocystography demonstrated no apparent physical association between the lesion and the nasolacrimal duct, the latter appearing normal. Ultrasonography of the lesion showed a round, anechoic structure consistent with the appearance of a cyst. Prior to surgical excision of the lesion, intralesional fluid was aspirated. Bacteriology of the fluid was negative for both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Cytological examination of the fluid showed a few macrophages and small lymphocytes; neither significant inflammatory component nor neoplastic cells were found. Histology showed the lesion to be a benign epithelial cyst. The dog recovered uneventfully and there was no clinical evidence of recurrence within a two‐year follow‐up period.
Laminin α2 deficiency‐associated muscular dystrophy in a Maine coon cat
Authors: Poncelet L. , Résibois A. , Engvall E. , Shelton G. D.
Published: February 2006

A European case of laminin α2 deficiency‐associated muscular dystrophy in a 12‐month‐old, female Maine coon pedigree cat is reported. The history and eventual clinical presentation of this cat differed from those of two cats reported in the USA. In this case, the myopathy was characterised by progressively worsening weakness, muscle atrophy and joint contracture. Tendon reflexes were diminished, and motor nerve conduction velocities were slowed. Muscle biopsy demonstrated a dystrophic phenotype with endomysial fibrosis. Occasional thinly myelinated nerve fibres were present within a peripheral nerve specimen. Poorly myelinated fibres were also found at the root level on necropsy specimens. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the absence of laminin α2. The cat's family history did not indicate genetic transmission of the disease.
Evaluation of fipronil spot‐on in the treatment of flea allergic dermatitis in dogs
Authors: Medleau L. , Clekis T. , McArthur T. R. , Alva R. , Barrick R. A. , Jeannin P. , Irwin J.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with 10 per cent fipronil solution for controlling signs of flea allergic dermatitis in dogs under field conditions. Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs with flea allergic dermatitis were treated with three monthly applications of 10 per cent fipronil solution. Flea counts and pruritus were significantly reduced at all post‐treatment visits. At the final visit, on day 90, flea counts were reduced by 98 per cent, and pruritus was reduced or eliminated in 84 per cent of the study dogs. Dermatological lesion scores for erythema, crusts, scales and papules were also significantly improved by the final visit. The overall assessment of efficacy on day 90 was‘excellent’to‘good’for 87 per cent of the study dogs. The results demonstrate that treatment with monthly topical applications of 10 per cent fipronil solution is effective in reducing the prevalence and severity of signs of flea allergic dermatitis in dogs.
Fibrocartilaginous embolism in 75 dogs: clinical findings and factors influencing the recovery rate
Authors: Gandini G. , Cizinauskas S. , Lang J. , Fatzer R. , Jaggy A.
Published: February 2006

The records of 75 dogs with fibrocartilaginous embolism of the spinal cord were evaluated retrospectively. The diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically in 21 dogs (group A) and remained suspected in 54 patients (group B). The two groups were compared. Particular emphasis was placed on the description of physiotherapy procedures, recovery rates and prognostic criteria. Results demonstrated that fibrocartilaginous embolism affected mainly middle‐aged, large‐ or giant‐breed dogs. Clinical signs were peracute in onset, non‐progressive and often asymmetric. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal in the majority of dogs. Intramedullary swelling was the only abnormality detected on myelograms of these patients. A positive correlation was found between a poor prognosis and the involvement of intumescences, symmetrical clinical signs and decreased deep pain sensation. However, physio/hydrotherapy instituted immediately after the diagnostic work‐up seemed to have a major influence on the recovery rate.
Diagnosis and management of hepatic copper accumulation in a Skye terrier
Authors: McGrotty Y. L. , Ramsey I. K. , Knottenbelt C. M.
Published: February 2006

A one‐year‐old, neutered female Skye terrier presented with anorexia, vomiting, seizures and ascites. Portal venography demonstrated the presence of multiple acquired portosystemic shunts. Hepatic biopsy confirmed the presence of copper accumulation and fibrosis. Treatment included ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, colchicine and oral zinc. To the authors’knowledge, this is the first case report detailing successful management of Skye terrier hepatopathy.
Owners’assessments of their dog's quality of life during palliative chemotherapy for lymphoma
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Herrtage M. E. , Dobson J. M.
Published: February 2006

The owners of 25 dogs with multicentric lymphoma which were treated by multidrug chemotherapy were interviewed to assess the quality of their pet's life during treatment. Sixty‐eight per cent of the owners considered their dog's quality of life to be the same as before the lymphoma occurred, and the remaining 32 per cent felt that their pet's quality of life on chemotherapy treatment was acceptable but poorer than before the lymphoma occurred.

Treatment complications were reported by 52 per cent of owners. Ninety‐two per cent of owners had no regrets about treating their dog with multidrug chemotherapy. The results suggest that, while many dogs developed treatment complications during multidrug chemotherapy, most owners felt that the quality of life of their pets was good during treatment and had no regrets about opting for palliative chemotherapy.
Clinical validation of a proANP 31‐67 fragment ELISA in the diagnosis of heart failure in the dog
Authors: Boswood A. , Attree S. , Page K.
Published: February 2006

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a polypeptide hormone found in increased concentrations in the plasma of dogs with heart failure. However, problems arise in using ANP as a diagnostic marker for heart failure because of its short half‐life in plasma, proteolysis post‐collection and the necessity for a radioimmunoassay. The diagnostic utility of a proANP 31‐67 ELISA for the detection of heart failure in dogs was evaluated using plasma collected from 31 dogs with clinical and radiographic signs of heart failure and control samples from 40 dogs considered to be free of cardiac disease. Log proANP 31‐67 levels were significantly higher in the heart failure group (P<0·001). In this population of dogs, using a cut‐off value of 1750 fmol/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 83·9 per cent and 97·5 per cent, respectively. Using a cut‐off of 1350 fmol/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 93·5 per cent and 72·5 per cent, respectively. It is concluded that a proANP 31·67 fragment ELISA should prove to be a useful diagnostic aid in naturally occurring canine heart failure.
Familial non‐rcd 1 generalised retinal degeneration in Irish setters
Authors: Djajadiningrat‐Laanen S. C. , Boevé M. H. , Stades F. C. , van Oost B. A.
Published: February 2006

Four Irish setters were diagnosed with bilateral retinal degeneration and cataracts at an age ranging from six to 11 years. In three of these dogs, progressive night blindness was reported from an age of eight to 11 years. In the fourth dog, aged six, no signs of visual impairment had been noticed. In all four dogs, the rod‐cone dysplasia type 1 (rcd1) mutation was excluded as a cause, using an allele‐specific PCR. From their three‐generation pedigrees, a familial relationship was detected in three out of four dogs, which were also related to four additional Irish setter dogs with a history and clinical signs suggestive of late‐onset progressive retinal degeneration. These results suggest the existence of a possibly hereditary, late‐onset, progressive retinal atrophy in the Irish setter breed, that is distinct from rcd1.
Surgical treatment of right‐sided renal lymphoma with invasion of the caudal vena cava
Authors: Lascelles B. D. X. , Monnet E. , Liptak J. M. , Johnson J. , Dernell W. S.
Published: February 2006

An eight‐year‐old, male castrated basset hound presenting with a three‐month history of lethargy was examined. Diagnostic tests including radiography and ultrasonography showed a right‐sided renal mass. A 99mTc diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid scan demonstrated that this kidney was non‐functional. At surgery, invasion of the caudal vena cava was found, and the renal segment of the vena cava and the right kidney were resected. The left renal vein was anastomosed to the more proximal vena cava using a polytetrafluoroethylene graft, and the dog recovered well. Two days postsurgery, the dog suffered an acute episode of aspiration pneumonia and was euthanased. The renal mass was diagnosed as lymphoma on histopathology.
Treatment of congestive heart failure — a neuroendocrine disorder
Authors: Martin M. W. S.
Published: February 2006

The understanding of heart failure is no longer based on a supply and demand model of pump failure. Rather, heart failure is seen as a complex pathophysiological process with activation of various neuroendocrine systems. The goals of treatment have changed towards modifying these counterproductive neuroendocrine systems and slowing myocardial maladaptation. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are the only licensed drugs in veterinary practice that have a direct effect on neurohormones in heart failure. The range of drug options in human medicine is greater and some of these drugs are also increasingly being used in veterinary cardiology practice. This review describes the neuroendocrine systems involved in heart failure and discusses the range of drugs available in human and veterinary medicine. In doing so, it concentrates on the evidence available from good quality randomised trials in both the veterinary field and, where relevant, the human medical field.
Pulmonary oedema in Swedish hunting dogs
Authors: Egenvall A. , Hansson K. , Säteri H. , Lord P. F. , Jönsson L.
Published: February 2006

A syndrome of acute dyspnoea after hunting in 16 Swedish hunting dogs is characterised. Radiographic pulmonary infiltrates interpreted as pulmonary oedema were found in the acute stage. In 12 dogs, the infiltrates regressed after five to 14 days. Subendocardial necrosis and pulmonary oedema were found at postmortem examination in four other dogs with acute and recurrent dyspnoea after hunting, and myocardial fibrosis in a further three dogs with a history of recurrent dyspnoea after hunting; none of these pathological changes was seen in dogs which had no previous history of dyspnoea after hunting. A pathogenetic mechanism is proposed whereby high catecholamine levels, present during hunting due to the stress of excitement and exercise, cause acute cardiac and pulmonary lesions in some susceptible dogs, similar to neurogenic or postictal pulmonary oedema.
Neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis and hydrocephalus in a chihuahua
Authors: Kuwamura M. , Hattori R. , Yamate J. , Kotani T. , Sasai K.
Published: February 2006

A two‐year‐old, female chihuahua presented with a six‐month history of visual dysfunction. Computed tomography revealed dilation of the lateral ventricles in the central nervous system (CNS). The dog was tentatively diagnosed as having hydrocephalus and a month later was euthanased at the owner's request. The skull was expanded and dome‐like in shape and an open fontanelle was observed on postmortem examination. Histologically, swollen neurons possessing yellowish pigment granules in the cytoplasm were observed throughout the CNS. These storage materials stained positively with periodic acid Schiff, Schmorl method for lipofuscin and oil red O for lipid, and showed autofluorescence under fluorescence microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the storage materials consisted of dense lamellar structures. This case was unique in having ceroid‐lipofuscinosis in association with hydrocephalus.
Extrahepatic biliary tract surgery in the cat: a case series and review
Authors: Bacon N. J. , White R. A. S.
Published: February 2006

Four cases of extrahepatic biliary tract surgery in the cat are described. The causes of the disease were inflammation of the gallbladder, distal common bile duct (CBD) or major duodenal papilla, and traumatic avulsion of the CBD. Bile peritonitis was present in two of the cats. Biliary enterostomy was performed in three cats, two of which were euthanased at five weeks and three months postsurgery; the third was alive at the time of writing, four months postsurgery. Cholecystectomy was curative in one cat. A literature review reveals high early mortality following biliary diversion, with only 50 per cent of cases surviving more than two weeks, and 23 per cent surviving more than six months. Surviving cats had repeated intermittent vomiting and anorexia that responded to antibiotics. No postoperative mortality was seen when biliary diversion was avoided. Whenever biliary enterostomy or temporary diversion methods are performed, a poorer prognosis should be offered due to the increased likelihood of postoperative complications and mortality.
Use of an ankle‐foot orthosis in a dog with traumatic sciatic neuropathy
Authors: Levine J. M. , Fitch R. B.
Published: February 2006

Traumatic unilateral sciatic neuropathy secondary to a gunshot wound was diagnosed in a seven‐month‐old, intact male golden retriever. Findings on neurological assessment, performed after cardiovascular stabilisation, were incompatible with a return to normal limb function. An ankle‐foot orthosis was used to correct excessive flexion of the digits and tarsus. This device greatly improved the dog's willingness to ambulate and could serve as an alternative to amputation in companion animals with severe sciatic axonotmesis or neurotmesis. Complications associated with chronic tibiotarsal hyperflexion necessitated a pantarsal arthrodesis one year after initial presentation; the dog also developed cranial cruciate disease in the affected limb three years after the gunshot injury.
Acid‐base balance of cats with chronic renal failure: effect of deterioration in renal function
Authors: Elliott J. , Syme H. M. , Markwell P. J.
Published: February 2006

In a previous cross‐sectional study of feline chronic renal failure (CRF), metabolic acidosis was identified in 52·6 per cent of animals with severe renal failure (plasma creatinine concentration > 400 umol/litre). The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine whether metabolic acidosis preceded or accompanied a deterioration in renal function in cats with CRF. Data were analysed from 55 cats with CRF that had been followed longitudinally for at least four months. Twenty‐one cases showed deterioration in renal function over the period of the study, as evidenced by significant rises in their plasma creatinine concentrations and decreases in bodyweight. In five of the 21 cases, acidaemia accompanied the deterioration in renal function. Only one of these cats had evidence of metabolic acidosis before renal function deterioration. One other case developed metabolic acidosis without a rise in plasma creatinine concentration. These data suggest that biochemical evidence of metabolic acidosis does not generally occur until late in the course of feline CRF.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as an end stage of pancreatitis in four dogs
Authors: Watson P. J.
Published: February 2006

Chronic pancreatitis is a common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in humans and cats but is rarely recognised in dogs in which pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) is reportedly more common. This paper describes four dogs which developed EPI secondary to pancreatitis. Two of the dogs also had diabetes mellitus which developed before EPI. One diabetic dog had concurrent hyperadrenocorticism and was euthanased five months after presentation; the other diabetic dog died 48 months after diagnosis. The remaining dogs were alive 78 and 57 months after diagnosis. The number of affected dogs was comparable to the number of cases of presumed PAA seen over the same time period in the same institution. Chronic pancreatitis may be a more common cause of EPI in dogs than previously assumed and may be under‐recognised because of difficulties in diagnosis. The relative importance of chronic pancreatitis as a cause of canine diabetes mellitus remains to be ascertained.
Dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract in four young dogs
Authors: Connolly D. J. , Boswood A.
Published: February 2006

Four young dogs presented for evaluation of left‐sided systolic heart murmurs all showed echocardiographic changes consistent with dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and subjective evidence of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. In three of the dogs, abnormal mitral valve apparatus and systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet with associated mitral insufficiency were also detected. All dogs were medicated with a ß1‐adrenergic antagonist. Subsequent examinations showed that the dynamic LVOT obstruction and left ventricular concentric hypertrophy had almost completely resolved. Dynamic LVOT obstruction is a rare condition of young dogs of different breeds. The precise aetiology of the condition remains uncertain. Whether resolution of the outflow obstruction in these four cases was a consequence of treatment or due to changes in ventricular architecture brought about by ageing cannot be established.
Use of topical povidone‐iodine dressings in the management of mycotic rhinitis in three dogs
Authors: Moore A. Hotston
Published: February 2006

Three dogs with mycotic rhinitis were treated with a proprietary wound dressing product intended to produce a sustained release of povidone‐iodine. All of the dogs had been refractory to other treatments. One dog had extensive soft tissue involvement, including extension into the orbital tissues, and another had evidence of involvement of the supporting bones of the nose. In all cases, the affected nasal cavity and/or frontal sinus was exposed via a dorsal approach and partial turbinectomy was performed. The wound dressing was applied and retained with a‘tie‐over’ dressing. The dressing was replaced every 48 to 72 hours until all exposed tissue was covered by healthy granulation tissue, at which time the rhinotomy was closed by soft tissue reconstruction. There was no evidence of recurrence of the fungal infection at follow‐up times of up to 20 months postsurgery.
Vascular ring anomaly with coarctation of the aorta in a cat
Authors: White R. N. , Burton C. A. , Hale J. S. H.
Published: February 2006

A 13‐week‐old, entire male domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a nine‐week history of regurgitation following the ingestion of food. A diagnosis of a vascular ring anomaly with coarctation of the aorta was based on clinical signs, angiography and echocardiography. Surgical exploration via a right lateral thoracotomy confirmed the existence of a persistent right aortic arch with right ligamentum arteriosum, aortic coarctation and an aberrant left subclavian artery. Following the surgical transaction of the aberrant left subclavian artery, the cat made an uneventful recovery, showing normal swallowing function with no evidence of regurgitation. Twelve months after surgery, the cat had no special dietary requirements and remained clinically normal.
Congenital narrowing of the intrapharyngeal opening in a dog with concurrent oesophageal hiatal hernia
Authors: Dvir E. , Spotswood T. C. , Lambrechts N. E. , Lobetti R. G.
Published: February 2006

A one‐year‐old, male, smooth‐haired standard dachshund was presented with a history of chronic hypersalivation, dysphagia, puffing of the cheeks on expiration, and inspiratory stridor. Oral examination revealed a moderately thickened tongue radix and that the normal intrapharyngeal opening was obliterated. A 7 mm long, midline palatal slit was the only communication between the naso‐and oropharynx. The soft palate was fused to the caudal pharyngeal wall. A concurrent hiatal hernia was diagnosed on thoracic radiographs. The soft palate abnormality was surgically corrected and the hiatal hernia was managed medically. On follow‐up evaluations, the clinical signs had markedly improved, and the hiatal hernia was no longer visible on survey thoracic radiographs.
Surgical correction of cor triatriatum dexter in a dog under extracorporeal circulation
Authors: Tanaka R. , Hoshi K. , Shimizu M. , Hirao H. , Akiyama M. , Kobayashi M. , Machida N. , Maruo K. , Yamane Y.
Published: February 2006

A shiba inu dog with marked abdominal distension was diagnosed with cor triatriatum dexter and surgical correction was performed under extracorporeal circulation. The total duration of cardiac arrest was 11 minutes and total perfusion time was 34 minutes. The dog had an uneventful postoperative recovery. Postoperative contrast radiography of the caudal vena cava revealed normal flow into the right heart. Abdominal distension was no longer observed. Although several methods have been used to treat cor triatriatum dexter in dogs, the authors consider surgical correction under extracorporeal circulation to be a reliable approach.
Double‐outlet right ventricle associated with discordant atrioventricular connection and dextrocardia in a cat
Authors: Abduch M. C. D. , Tonini P. L. J. , de Oliveira Domingos Barbusci L. , de Oliveira S. M. , de Freitas R. R. , Aiello V. D.
Published: February 2006

The prevalence of congenital cardiac disease in cats varies from 0·2 to 1 per cent, with males being more affected than females. This is probably an underestimate due to the fact that not all affected kittens are presented. Discordant atrioventricular connection (where the morphological right atrium connects to the morphological left ventricle, and the morphological left atrium connects to the morphological right ventricle) is an uncommon condition in humans and, to the authors’ knowledge, has not to date been described in animals. The association between this anomaly and the double‐outlet right ventricle (where both great arteries arise entirely or partially from the morphological right ventricle) is extremely rare in children. This report describes a case of a cat which presented with this association of cardiac defects.
Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusin dogs and cats: an emerging problem?
Authors: Duquette R. A. , Nuttall T. J.
Published: February 2006

There is concern over transmission of methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) between animals and humans. The spread of hospital‐acquired and community‐acquired MRSA is a major challenge in human medicine. MRSA is rarely isolated from animals but methicillin resistance occurs in staphylococci that are more prevalent in animals. MRSA infections in animals are uncommon and most are associated with exposure to medical hospitals, extensive wounds, prolonged hospitalisation and immunosuppression. The risk to human health appears to be small but a survey of methicillin‐resistant staphylococci in animals is required. Thorough investigation of possible zoonotic infections to establish linkage is encouraged. Medical and veterinary staff should appreciate that animals can carry MRSA, cooperate in eliminating infections and monitor animals in medical environments. Veterinary clinics should implement guidelines for dealing with MRSA. Responsible antibiotic use should minimise the spread of antibiotic resistance but a UK monitoring scheme is desirable.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in dogs
Authors: Moores A. P. , Owen M. R. , Fews D. , Coe R. J. , Brown P. J. , Butterworth S. J.
Published: February 2006

In a retrospective review of 43 femoral fractures, three dogs had separation of the femoral capital epiphysis from the metaphysis in the absence of trauma. Two of these dogs also had evidence of pathology in the contralateral femoral neck including, in one dog, displacement of the capital epiphysis in relation to the metaphysis without actual separation. The case histories, radiographic features and histopathological findings of these cases were reviewed and compared with previous cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) reported in dogs and also with SCFE in children. Pre‐slip, acute, chronic and acute‐on‐chronic slips were identified. Based on the cases reviewed, the authors advise internal fixation of stable slipped epiphyses in dogs. This may also be appropriate for unstable separations, although resorption of the femoral neck may preclude stable fixation and necessitate femoral head and neck excision.
Renal osteosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Munday J. S. , Egins J. , Selcer B. A. , Stedman N. L.
Published: February 2006

A seven‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old dog presented with anorexia, lethargy and haematuria. A1·8 kg abdominal mass was excised and determined to be a primary renal osteosarcoma. Haematuria was observed five months after surgery and the tumour was radiographically determined to have recurred locally. The dog was euthanased 12 days later due to refractory pain and anorexia. Although osteosarcomas are expected to develop distant metastases, this dog was euthanased due to clinical evidence of local tumour recurrence. Haematuria was an indication both of initial tumour development and later recurrence.
Immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with a sarcoma in a flat‐coated retriever
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Holloway A. , Chantrey J. , Herrtage M. E. , Dobson J. M.
Published: February 2006

A seven‐year‐old flat‐coated retriever presented with a history of lethargy, dyspnoea and inappetence of several days' duration. Clinical examination revealed pale mucous membranes and tachypnoea, and haematology demonstrated marked autoagglutination. Thoracic radiographs revealed an increased opacity in the perihilar region. The owners declined further evaluation and the dog was treated symptomatically with immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone and azathioprine. The dog's demeanour improved, although it was eventually euthanased seven weeks later because of dysphagia and worsening dyspnoea. Postmortem examination revealed a widespread, poorly differentiated sarcoma involving the lungs, pericardium, thoracic lymph nodes and spleen. Immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia is a well recognised condition in dogs and is occasionally associated with neoplastic conditions. This is the first case report to describe immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with a diffuse, poorly differentiated sarcoma.
Infections of the subcutis and skin of dogs caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria
Authors: Malik R. , Shaw S. E. , Griffin C. , Stanley B. , Burrows A. K. , Bryden S. L. , Titmarsh J. , Stutsel M‐J. , Carter S‐A. , Warner A. , Martin P. , Wigney D. I. , Gilpin C.
Published: February 2006

Nine dogs with panniculitis due to rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) were examined over 17 years. Dogs were two to 15 years; five were male, four were female. All were obese or in good condition. Antecedent injury, typically a dog bite or vehicular trauma, could be identified in some patients, while one bitch had hyperadrenocorticism. Infections involved different locations, although the cervicothoracic region, dorsum or flank were most often affected. Patients were systemically well, apart from one dog with pyrexia and two with pain or lameness. Cytology demonstrated pyogranulomatous inflammation, but in only one case was it possible to see acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) in smears. Histology demonstrated chronic active pyogranulomatous panniculitis and dermatitis; AFB could be detected in only four specimens. Culture of aspirates or resected tissues demonstrated RGM in all cases, comprising sixMycobacterium smegmatisgroup and threeMycobacterium fortuitumgroup isolates. Resection of infected tissues, perioperative injectable antimicrobials and long courses of oral antimicrobials chosen according to susceptibility data generally effected a cure, although some cases recurred.
Treatment of a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc in a ferret
Authors: Lu D. , Lamb C. R. , Patterson‐Kane J. C. , Cappello R.
Published: February 2006

A seven‐month‐old, male ferret had acute paraplegia and radiographs showed signs of disc prolapse between the second and third lumbar vertebrae (L2/3). Hemilaminectomy was performed to decompress the spinal cord. Histological examination revealed that the extradural material was consistent with annulus fibrosus and the L2/3 articular facets were enlarged as a result of bone remodelling. The ferret became ambulatory one month postoperatively. Five months postoperatively, the ferret had normal posture with mild proprioceptive deficits in the pelvic limbs, and fusion of the L2 and L3 vertebral bodies.
Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia — four cases and a literature review
Authors: Lachowicz J. L. , Post G. S. , Moroff S. D. , Mooney S. C.
Published: February 2006

Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia was diagnosed in four dogs. Initial platelet counts in all four dogs were less than 50,000×109/litre and initial bone marrow examinations revealed megakaryocytic hypoplasia with minimal changes in the erythroid and myeloid cell lines. Two dogs had evidence of idiopathic immune‐mediated disease and two dogs had evidence of associated infectious disease. One dog had a positive antibody titre toBorrelia burgdorferi, and one dog had positive titres to bothEhrlichia canisandB burgdorferi. Treatment consisted of prednisone and cyclophosphamide for the dogs with presumptive immune‐mediated disease, and prednisone and tetracycline for the dogs with positive antibody titres to the infectious organisms. Both dogs with evidence of associated infectious disease responded to treatment. A postmortem examination did not reveal the underlying aetiology in the two dogs with presumptive idiopathic immune‐mediated disease.
Treatment of shoulder instability caused by medial glenohumeral ligament rupture with thermal capsulorrhaphy
Authors: O'Neill T. , Innes J. F.
Published: February 2006

A three‐year‐old, male springer spaniel had chronic left forelimb lameness with a medial glenohumeral ligament tear and articular cartilage damage diagnosed on arthroscopy. The animal failed to respond to conservative therapy of rest and an intra‐articular injection of methylprednisolone. The use of thermal capsulorrhaphy using bipolar radiofrequency bought about a return of joint stability and resolution of the lameness.
A retrospective study of clinical findings, treatment and outcome in 143 dogs with pericardial effusion
Authors: Johnson M. Stafford , Martin M. , Binns S. , Day M. J.
Published: February 2006

A retrospective study of 143 dogs with pericardial effusion is presented, including a statistical analysis of survival time. Cases were classified into those in which a mass was seen on echocardiography (echo‐positive) and those in which no mass could be identified (echo‐negative). Forty‐four dogs were echo‐positive and 99 were echo‐negative. The median survival time (MST) was 1068 days for echo‐negative dogs and 26 days for echo‐positive dogs. Dogs with a history of collapse were more likely to present with a mass on echocardiography. Those presenting with collapse had an MST of 30 days compared with 605 days for those without collapse. Echo‐negative dogs tended to present with ascites and generally had a larger volume of pericardial effusion. The median survival for dogs presenting with ascites was 605 days compared with 45 days for those without ascites. Among echo‐negative dogs, 64 per cent had a relapse of their effusion. Subtotal pericardiectomy was performed in 31 echo‐negative dogs. The procedure had a perioperative mortality of 13 per cent but provided a favourable long‐term prognosis. Dogs undergoing pericardiectomy had a median survival of 1218 days compared with 532 days for those not undergoing surgery.
Acute B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia in a 12‐week‐old greyhound
Authors: Adams J. , Mellanby R. J. , Villiers E. , Baines S. , Woodger N.
Published: February 2006

A 12‐week‐old greyhound had a two‐day history of lethargy, inappetence and shifting lameness. Clinical examination revealed pyrexia and hepatosplenomegaly. Haematological examination showed anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and large numbers of atypical mononuclear leucocytes. A diagnosis of acute B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia was made following flow cytometric immunophenotyping of the leucocytes. The owner declined further evaluation and the dog was treated symptomatically with antibiotics. After a brief improvement, the dog's condition deteriorated and it was euthanased four days after initial presentation. The case was unusual because acute lymphoid leukaemia in the dog is most frequently reported in mature animals. This is in contrast to humans, where acute leukaemia is one of the most common childhood cancers.
A study of environmental and behavioural factors that may be associated with feline idiopathic cystitis
Authors: Cameron M. E. , Casey R. A. , Bradshaw J. W. S. , Waran N. K. , Gunn‐Moore D. A.
Published: February 2006

The cause of cystitis in many cats remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not any environmental or behavioural factors, particularly those that could be considered potentially stressful, were associated with feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). The questionnaire‐based study involved comparing 31 cats with FIC to 24 cats in the same households that did not have cystitis. They were also compared with a control population of 125 clinically healthy cats. Compared with the live‐in controls and the control population, the cats with FIC were significantly more likely to be male, overweight and pedigree. Several stress factors were found to be associated with FIC. The factor that stood out most prominently was living with another cat with which there was conflict. The findings support the hypothesis that stress may be implicated in some cases of FIC.
Examination of serum total IgG1 concentration in atopic and non‐atopic dogs
Authors: Fraser M. A. , McNeil P. E. , Gettinby G.
Published: February 2006

In this study, serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentrations were examined in atopic and non‐atopic dogs receiving different levels of parasite control. Significantly lower serum total IgG1 concentrations were found in non‐atopic dogs receiving stringent parasite control than in atopic dogs or non‐atopic dogs receiving less stringent parasite control. Examination of serum total IgG1 concentrations of atopic dogs after six months of allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) showed a significant increase in serum total IgG1 concentrations. It is proposed that serum total IgG1 concentrations are affected by parasitism, atopic dermatitis and ASIT.
Bone scintigraphy in the investigation of occult lameness in the dog
Authors: Schwarz T. , Johnson V. S. , Voute L. , Sullivan M.
Published: February 2006

99mTechnetium methylene diphosphonate (99mTc‐MDP) scintigraphy was performed in 14 dogs of different breeds after clinical lameness examination, radiography and synovial fluid analysis failed to localise lameness to a specific area of pain. The scintigraphic protocol included an intravenous injection of 17 MBq99mTc‐MDP/kg bodyweight and vascular, soft tissue and bone phase scans in standardised positions with a low‐energy all‐purpose collimator. Confirmation of diagnosis was achieved in nine dogs by arthroscopy, repeated lesion‐orientated radiography, computed tomography and response to treatment. In seven cases, bone phase scans showed single elbow uptakes, in two cases unilateral limb uptake, and in one case each a single shoulder and tibia uptake; in three cases there was no increased uptake. Vascular and soft tissue phase images did not reveal additional information. Diagnosis of humeral condyle fissures, a fragmented medial coronoid process, panosteitis and arthropathy was possible in nine cases. Skeletal pathology was ruled out in three normal scintigrams. In two dogs with unilateral uptake of multiple joints, no diagnostic benefit was gained from scintigraphy. The highly sensitive and relatively specific uptake allowed localisation and characterisation or exclusion of skeletal lesions in most dogs.
Dermatitis and lymphadenitis resembling juvenile cellulitis in a four‐year‐old dog
Authors: Neuber A. E. , van den Broek A. H. M. , Brownstein D. , Thoday K. L. , Hill P. B.
Published: February 2006

A four‐year‐old, entire male toy poodle was presented with a two‐and‐a‐half‐week history of ocular discharge progressing to periorbital alopecia, depigmentation, alopecia and ulceration around the muzzle. There was also a haemorrhagic discharge from the ears, pyrexia, lethargy and generalised lymphadenopathy. The clinical, cytological, bacteriological and histopathological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of dermatitis resembling juvenile cellulitis in an adult dog. Glucocorticoid therapy led to rapid resolution of the clinical signs and the dog has remained in remission for two years after cessation of treatment.
Survival rates and outcomes in cats with thoracic and lumbar spinal cord injuries due to external trauma
Authors: Grasmueck S. , Steffen F.
Published: February 2006

Survival rates and outcome were retrospectively examined in 30 cats with traumatic spinal cord lesions to the thoracic and lumbar spine. Treatment included both surgical and non‐surgical management. In cats with loss of deep pain sensation, a high incidence of myelomalacia was found during surgery or postmortem examination. The outcome in cats with grade II and III neurological dysfunction (11/18) was poor in two cases, functional in one and complete in eight. Recovery in cats with grade IV neurological dysfunctions (7/18) was poor in one case, functional in two and complete in four. The other 12 of the original 30 cats were euthanased within four days of presentation. The results of this study are compared with those reported in cats with spinal injuries due to spontaneous disc herniations and to those that have been achieved in cats with experimental transections of the spinal cord.
Titres of naturally occurring alloantibodies against feline blood group antigens in Turkish Van cats
Authors: Arikan S. , Akkan H. A.
Published: February 2006

Seventy‐eight Turkish Van cats were examined for alloantibody titres, of which 42·3 per cent had type A blood and 57·7 per cent had type B blood. No type AB cats were found. All type B cats (n=45) showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti‐A antibody, with titres ranging from 2 to 256. Sixty‐seven per cent of type B cats had anti‐A antibody in their plasma, with titres ranging from 8 to 32. However, 13 per cent of type B cats had plasma alloantibody titres of less than 8 and 20 per cent had titres that were higher than 32. A total of 33 type A cats were also tested for anti‐B alloantibody titres in their plasma. Among the type A plasma, gross agglutination at titres of 2 and greater than 2 were determined in 24 per cent and 36 per cent of samples, respectively. Microscopic agglutination was seen in an additional 18 per cent of plasma samples. There was no significant association between gender and plasma alloantibody titres of cats (P>0·05).
Gastrocutaneous fistula as a result of migration of a foreign body in a dog
Authors: Brennan S. F. , Connery N. , Tobin E. , Mooney C. T. , Jones B. R.
Published: February 2006

A six‐year‐old, female Tibetan terrier was referred for investigation of a non‐healing wound on the left caudal thorax. A subcutaneous swelling had initially developed on the chest wall, followed by a draining tract from which seropurulent fluid drained for two months. There had been no response to antibiotic treatment. Following radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations, a bone sequestrum from a fractured rib or a foreign body was suspected. Surgical exploration of the wound identified a sinus tract and a wooden foreign body (an ice‐lolly stick) was located in subcutaneous tissues. Partial wound dehiscence of the surgical site occurred postoperatively, but healed after 10 days. One month later, fluid began to discharge from the area again. Further surgical exploration confirmed a gastrocutaneous fistula. Dissection of the fistula and surgical closure of the stomach, body wall and skin led to resolution of all signs.
Adrenal necrosis in a dog receiving trilostane for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Chapman P. S. , Kelly D. F. , Archer J. , Brockman D. J. , Neiger R.
Published: February 2006

Clinical and biochemical changes suggestive of hypoadrenocorticism were observed in a 10‐year‐old male neutered Staffordshire bull terrier shortly after beginning therapy with trilostane for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism. The dog's condition was stabilised with intravenous fluids, fludrocortisone and prednisolone. An exploratory laparotomy and excisional biopsy of the left adrenal gland were performed. Histopathological analysis showed adrenal cortical necrosis with reactive inflammation and fibrosis. Trilostane is a reversible inhibitor of steroid synthesis and this complication has not been reported previously. Clinicians should be aware that trilostane therapy may result in adrenal necrosis but that prompt treatment might correct a life‐threatening situation.