bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-point line focused laser differential interferometer for high-speed flow fluctuation measurements
Authors: Weisberger Joshua M. , Bathel Brett F. , Herring Gregory C. , Buck Gregory M. , Jones Stephen B. , Cavone Angelo A.
Published: November 2020

A multi-point focused laser differential interferometer (FLDI) has been developed to measure density fluctuations at 16 points along a line. A pair of cylindrical lenses on the transmitter side of a conventional single-point FLDI instrument form two closely spaced (

≤

200

µ

m

), orthogonally polarized, parallel laser lines at the instrument’s focus. On the receiver side of the instrument, the interference of the beams on a 16-element photodiode array results in a single line of measurements. The further addition of a Nomarski prism creates two separate measurement lines, and the addition of a second photodiode array to the instrument enables simultaneous measurements of density fluctuations along the two lines separated by several millimeters. These two lines of measurement can be conveniently oriented at any azimuthal angle relative to the instrument’s optical axis on the measurement plane, coinciding with the instrument’s focus. Two experiments were performed to demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument. In the first experiment, a laser-induced breakdown spark generated a traveling spherical shock wave, and measurements of the resulting density disturbance and wave velocity were obtained. These results were compared to high-speed schlieren images of the shock wave acquired at 400 kHz. In the second experiment, the multi-point FLDI instrument was used to measure density disturbances in the boundary layer of a flat plate in a Mach 6 freestream flow. The measurements were made along two lines, both approximately 6 mm in length, extending from the surface of the plate through the boundary layer. High-speed schlieren images were acquired at 100 kHz during separate wind tunnel runs at matching unit Reynolds numbers to visualize the unsteady boundary layer flow and compare to the FLDI measurements.
Adaptable Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with diffractive lenslet arrays to mitigate the effects of scintillation
Authors: Lechner Daniel , Zepp Andreas , Eichhorn Marc , Gładysz Szymon
Published: November 2020

Adaptive optics systems are used to compensate for distortions of the wavefront of light induced by turbulence in the atmosphere. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are used to measure this wavefront distortion before correction. However, in turbulence conditions where strong scintillation (intensity fluctuation) is present, these sensors show considerably worse performance. This is partly because the lenslet arrays of the sensor are designed without regard to scintillation and are not adaptable to changes in turbulence strength. Therefore, we have developed an adaptable Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor that can flexibly exchange its lenslet array by relying on diffractive lenses displayed on a spatial light modulator instead of utilizing a physical microlens array. This paper presents the principle of the sensor, the design of a deterministic turbulence simulation test-bed, and an analysis how different lenslet arrays perform in scintillation conditions. Our experiments with different turbulence conditions showed that it is advantageous to increase the lenslet size when scintillation is present. The residual phase variance for an array with 24 lenslets was up to 71% lower than for a 112 lenslet array. This shows that the measurement error of focal spots has a strong influence on the performance of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and that in many cases it makes sense to increase the lenslet size. With our adaptable wavefront sensor such changes in lenslet configurations can be done very quickly and flexibly.
Generation and manipulation of polarization-twisting dual pulses with a high degree of freedom
Authors: Wei Hao-Keng , Ito Hironori , Misawa Kazuhiko , Luo Chih-Wei
Published: November 2020

A polarization-twisting dual-pulse (PTDP) system is demonstrated using a modified Michelson interferometer (MI), in which a pellicle beam splitter is inserted into each arm. By tuning the positions of the end mirrors and pellicle beam splitters in the MI, the polarization-twisting frequency, the helicity, and the interval between two pulses can be individually manipulated. This PTDP generation system has a high degree of freedom in terms of tuning and has applications in the study of helicity dynamics in quantum matter, particularly in the terahertz (THz) regime.
Resonance photogeneration of hot electrons through Tamm surface states
Authors: Uskov Alexander V. , Protsenko Igor E. , Smetanin Igor V. , Willatzen Morten , Nikonorov Nikolay V.
Published: November 2020

Internal surface photoemission of electrons from 1D crystal into a barrier with participation of Tamm state (TS) at the interface crystal barrier is considered theoretically for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. It is shown that resonant tunneling of electrons through a TS could lead to substantial enhancement of the quantum efficiency and lowering the red border to a value defined by the TS. In contrast to the Fowler quadratic law, the photocurrent scales linearly with photon energy near the red border. The results suggest that the efficiency of hot electron generation with plasmonic metal nanoparticles could reach several tens of percent, which is very attractive for application in energy conversion technologies such as water splitting.
MnO2 nanosheets as saturable absorbers for a Q-switched fiber laser
Authors: Jia Heng , Li Nan , Li Siqing , Liu Jiaxing , Dong Yanhui , Jia Zhixu , Di Weihua , Qin Guanshi , Qin Weiping
Published: November 2020

Manganese oxide nanosheets (MnO2 NSs) with two-dimensional formation and typically ultrathin thickness have gained a great deal of attention due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the potential capability of MnO2 NSs in laser application has been rarely explored. Here, we first report the MnO2 NSs as the saturable absorber (SA) for generating Q-switched pulsed laser. The MnO2 NSs–based SA not only shows a broadband absorption, but also possesses nonlinear saturable absorption feature. By integrating the MnO2 NSs-SA into an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity, a stable passively Q-switched operation at central wavelength of ∼1558 nm was realized with a threshold pump power of 220 mW, and 1.26 μs pulse width with a repetition rate of 92.35 kHz was obtained. Our results indicate that the MnO2 NSs can serve as promising candidates for constructing optical pulsed lasers.
On-chip reconfigurable mode converter based on cross-connected subwavelength Y-junctions
Authors: Lu Longhui , Liu Deming , Yan Max , Zhang Minming
Published: November 2020

A novel power-efficient reconfigurable mode converter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on cross-connected symmetric Y-junctions assisted by thermo-optic phase shifters on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Instead of using conventional Y-junctions, subwavelength symmetric Y-junctions are utilized to enhance the mode splitting ability. The reconfigurable functionality can be realized by controlling the induced phase differences. Benefited from the cross-connected scheme, the number of heating electrodes can be effectively reduced, while the performance of the device is maintained. With only one-step etching, our fabricated device shows the average insertion losses and cross talks are less than 2.45 and

−
16.6
  
dB

, respectively, measured with conversions between two arbitrary compositions of the first four TE modes over an observable 60 nm bandwidth. The converter is switchable and CMOS-compatible, and could be extended for more modes; hence, it can be potentially deployed for advanced and flexible mode multiplexing optical networks-on-chip.
Superior single-mode lasing in a self-assembly CsPbX3 microcavity over an ultrawide pumping wavelength range
Authors: Weng Guoen , Yan Jiyu , Chen Shengjie , Zhao Chunhu , Zhang Hanbing , Tian Jiao , Liu Yuejun , Hu Xiaobo , Tao Jiahua , Chen Shaoqiang , Zhu Ziqiang , Akiyama Hidefumi , Chu Junhao
Published: November 2020

All-inorganic perovskite micro/nanolasers are emerging as a class of miniaturized coherent photonic sources for many potential applications, such as optical communication, computing, and imaging, owing to their ultracompact sizes, highly localized coherent output, and broadband wavelength tunability. However, to achieve single-mode laser emission in the microscale perovskite cavity is still challenging. Herein, we report unprecedented single-mode laser operations at room temperature in self-assembly

CsPbX

3

microcavities over an ultrawide pumping wavelength range of 400–2300 nm, covering one- to five-photon absorption processes. The superior frequency down- and upconversion single-mode lasing manifests high multiphoton absorption efficiency and excellent optical gain from the electron–hole plasma state in the perovskite microcavities. Through direct compositional modulation, the wavelength of a single-mode

CsPbX

3

microlaser can be continuously tuned from blue-violet to green (427–543 nm). The laser emission remains stable and robust after long-term high-intensity excitation for over 12 h (up to

4.3
×

10
7

excitation cycles) in the ambient atmosphere. Moreover, the pump-wavelength dependence of the threshold, as well as the detailed lasing dynamics such as the gain-switching and electron–hole plasma mechanisms, are systematically investigated to shed insight into the more fundamental issues of the lasing processes in

CsPbX

3

perovskite microcavities.
Evaluating the number of different genomes in a metagenome by means of the compositional spectra approach
Authors: Kirzhner Valery , Toledano-Kitai Dvora , Volkovich Zeev
Published: November 2020

Determination of metagenome composition is still one of the most interesting problems of bioinformatics. It involves a wide range of mathematical methods, from probabilistic models of combinatorics to cluster analysis and pattern recognition techniques. The successful advance of rapid sequencing methods and fast and precise metagenome analysis will increase the diagnostic value of healthy or pathological human metagenomes. The article presents the theoretical foundations of the algorithm for calculating the number of different genomes in the medium under study. The approach is based on analysis of the compositional spectra of subsequently sequenced samples of the medium. Its essential feature is using random fluctuations in the bacteria number in different samples of the same metagenome. The possibility of effective implementation of the algorithm in the presence of data errors is also discussed. In the work, the algorithm of a metagenome evaluation is described, including the estimation of the genome number and the identification of the genomes with known compositional spectra. It should be emphasized that evaluating the genome number in a metagenome can be always helpful, regardless of the metagenome separation techniques, such as clustering the sequencing results or marker analysis.
Investigation of micellar and interfacial phenomenon of amitriptyline hydrochloride with cationic ester-bonded gemini surfactant mixture in different solvent media
Authors: Abdul Rub Malik
Published: November 2020

Herein, the interaction among the antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) and a green gemini surfactant, ethane-1, 2-diyl bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-tetradecylammoniumacetoxy) dichloride (14-E2-14), via numerous techniques such as tensiometry, fluorimetry, FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopy in three different media (aqueous 0.050 mol·kg-1 NaCl, 0.50 and 1.0 mol·kg-1 urea) were investigated. AMT is used to treat mental illness or mood problems, such as depression. The aggregation of biologically active ingredients can enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. A significant interaction between AMT and 14-E2-14 was detected by tensiometric study as the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of AMT+14-E2-14 is reduced upon an increase of mole fraction (α1) of 14-E2-14. The decrease in cmc indicates the nonideality of studied mixtures of different compositions. Although, employed drug AMT is freely soluble in the aqueous and non-aqueous system but is not hydrophobic enough to act as its carrier. Instead, gemini surfactant formed spherical micelles in an aqueous system and their high solubilization capability, as well as their relatively lower cmc value, makes them highly stable in vivo. The cmc values of AMT+14-E-14 mixtures in all cases were further decreased and increased in NaCl and urea solutions respectively as compared with the aqueous system. Numerous micellar, interfacial, and thermodynamic parameters have been measured by applying various theoretical models. The obtained changes in the physicochemical assets of AMT upon adding of 14-E2-14 are likely to enhance the industrial and pharmaceutical applications of gemini surfactants. The negative interaction parameters (βm and βσ), indicate synergistic attraction is occurring in the mixed systems. The aggregation number (Nagg), Stern–Volmer constant (Ksv), etc. are attained through the fluorescence method, also supporting the attractive interaction behavior of AMT+14-E2-14 mixtures in all solvents. The Nagg was found to increase in the salt solution and decrease in the urea system compared with the aqueous solution. FT-IR and UV-visible analysis also depict the interaction between the constituent alike tensiometry and fluorimetry methods. The results suggested that gemini surfactants may serve as a capable drug delivery agent for antidepressants, improving their bioavailability.
Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitude and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic response in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal
Authors: Limbu Dil K. , Piryani Rano M. , Sunny Avinash K.
Published: November 2020

Background

COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic, for which appropriate infection prevention and control measures need to be adopted. Healthcare workers’ adherence to prevention and control measures is affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. In this study, we assessed the KAP among healthcare workers towards the COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic.

Method

A self-developed piloted KAP questionnaire was administered to the recruited healthcare workers involved in the COVID-19 response at the Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMSTH), in Bhairahawa, Nepal. The knowledge questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the clinical characteristics, prevention, and management of COVID-19. Assessment on attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 included questions on behaviour and change in practices made towards COVID-19 response. Knowledge scores were calculated and compared by demographic characteristics and their attitude and practices towards COVID-19. Data were analysed using bivariate statistics.

Results

A total of 103 healthcare workers participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 28.24±6.11 years (range: 20–56); 60.2% were females; 61.2% were unmarried; 60.2% had a medical degree, and 39.8% were the nursing staff. The mean knowledge score was 10.59±1.12 (range: 7–13), and it did not vary significantly when adjusted for demographic characteristics. The attitude was positive for 53.4% of the participants with a mean knowledge score of 10.35±1.19 and negative for 46.6% participants with a mean knowledge score of 10.88±0.98 (p = 0.02). The practice was good (≥3 score) for 81.5% participants with a mean knowledge score of 10.73±1.12 and poor for 18.5% participants with a mean knowledge score of 10.46±1.13 (p = 0.24). The attitude of the participants improved with increasing age (29.55±7.17, p = 0.02).

Conclusion

There is comparably better knowledge regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers. Appropriate practice correlates with better knowledge and positive attitude towards COVID-19 infection is seen with increasing age. Hence, training on protection and protective measures for having a positive attitude among healthcare workers is necessary against the fight with COVID-19 infection.
O Que Esperar no Tocante à Saúde Materno-Infantil no Pós-Pandemia de Covid-19? / What to Expect About Maternal and Child Health in the Post-Pandemic of covid-19?
Authors: Cabral Symara Abrantes Albuquerque de Oliveira , Berezin Eitan Naamam , Nascimento Maria Berenice Gomes , Magalhães Stéfany Silva
Published: November 2020

O texto que trata de estudo do gênero artigo de opinião apresenta uma abordagem histórica reflexiva acerca das estratégias de ações da Atenção Básica para fortalecer a saúde pública do Brasil, como também discutir sobre o impacto da pandemia do Covid-19 na saúde pública brasileira, sobretudo no âmbito da saúde materno-infantil, evidenciando as dificuldades de associar o combate a pandemia do Covid-19 com todas as demais ações de prevenção as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, bem como as doenças infecciosas que já constituíam-se como problemas de saúde pública. Uma importante reflexão sobre o processo epidemiológico no Brasil e a necessidade de continuidade na assistência às condições emergentes e reemergentes na saúde pública é discutida à luz dos conhecimentos científicos, levando a uma reflexão sobre perspectivas para o período pós-pandemia.
Ekonomi Politik Investasi Perusahaan Multinasional di Era Pemerintahan Joko Widodo
Authors: Alam Farhan
Published: November 2020

Artikel ini membahas upaya negara untuk menghindari ketergantungan dalam hubungan antara negara berkembang dan perusahaan multinasional (PMN). Kelompok Neo-Marxis, khususnya teori ketergantungan menganggap bahwa PMN adalah bagian dari kepentingan negara kapitalis pusat di negara berkembang. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan PMN cenderung membuat negara berkembang bergantung padanya. Hal ini berbeda dengan kasus pengelolaan investasi PMN di Indonesia. Pada pemerintahan Joko Widodo, terlihat bahwa negara berkembang bisa memiliki daya tawar yang cukup kuat sehingga dapat melakukan negosiasi dengan PMN. Dengan menggunakan studi pustaka, artikel ini mengumpulkan berbagai data sekunder terkait argumen pemerintah terhadap fenomena PMN melalui media massa dan dokumen pemerintah. Indonesia melalui stabilitas ekonomi dan politik berupaya untuk meningkatkan posisi tawar sehingga akan terjadi kompetisi yang adil diantara PMN ketika berinvestasi. Hasil dari peningkatan daya tawar ini adalah hubungan yang lebih seimbang antara negara dengan PMN. Keseimbangan hubungan menjadikan kepentingan negara berkembang dan PMN dapat saling beriringan tanpa adanya pihak yang mendominasi. Ini menunjukkan pada kita bahwa ketergantungan dapat dihindari apabila pemerintah memiliki kemampuan untuk meningkatkan posisi tawar negara berkembang.
Organisation als Aufgabe – Das Beispiel der hessischen Archivverwaltung
Authors: Hedwig Andreas
Published: November 2020

Als eines der letzten Bundesländer hat Hessen seine drei Staatsarchive in einem zentralen Hessischen Landesarchiv vereinigt. Die aktuelle Organisation des Landesarchivs hat sich über einen langen, 2003 initiierten Prozess entwickelt. Die Diskussion über den besten Weg dieser Organisationreform brachten wiederholt externe Gutachter voran.

Die Führungskräfte haben ihren Kolleginnen und Kollegen erfolgreich Wege der Partizipation und der Selbstverortung eröffnet. Schließlich erkannten sie, dass im Rahmen des Veränderungsprozesses auch für mehr Vertrauen in die neue Organisation geworben werden musste. Daraufhin wurden gezielt Aktivitäten zur Stärkung einer neuen Corporate Identity entwickelt.
How to stay relevant as a public library
Authors: Brabandere Claire De
Published: November 2020

Bibliotheek De Krook, the new public library of the Flemish city of Ghent, opened in 2017 and sees thousands of visitors every day. This article explores the architecture of the building, the use of technology and the structural collaboration between the library and other organisations to offer not only a large collection but also services and activities for the public. Finally, it focuses on a few necessary changes that have been made since the opening.
Study abroad experiences count: Motivational profile of EFL listeners and its impact on top-down and bottom-up processing
Authors: Xu Jian , Qiu Xuyan
Published: November 2020

Effective listening strategy use is crucial for second language (L2) learners as it facilitates listening comprehension. Although strategy use can be boosted from various ways (e.g. explicit instruction), we are uncertain whether L2 listening motivation can affect learners’ listening strategy use. The present study aims at examining the relationship between L2 listening motivation and L2 listening strategy use of learners with and without overseas study experience. We administered a L2 listening motivation questionnaire, measuring expectancy, importance and interest, and an English as a foreign language listening strategy inventory, focusing on top-down and bottom-up strategy use, with 465 Chinese undergraduate students. To supplement the quantitative results, a semi-structured interview was conducted with four participants to explore their L2 listening motivational profiles. The findings suggest that L2 listening motivation was positively correlated with bottom-up and top-down processing, except the relationship between importance and top-down processing. Learners with study abroad experience, who immersed themselves into real-time communication, were more aware of the importance of L2 listening thus employed more top-down strategies, whilst those without overseas experience, though acknowledged the cruciality of L2 listening, adopted fewer top-down strategies and were more examination driven. The findings shed light on L2 listening teaching and learning.
Digital Decision Making als Entscheidung, nicht zu entscheiden
Authors: Wendt Thomas , Manhart Sebastian
Published: November 2020

Der Beitrag diskutiert das Spannungsfeld zwischen digitaler Strukturbildung und personengebundener Entscheidungsproduktion in Organisationen mithilfe organisations- und entscheidungstheoretischer Annahmen. Digitalisierung greift aufgrund ihrer spezifischen Form tief in die Arbeitsabläufe von Organisationen ein, aktualisiert dabei aber deren traditionelle Form: Während algorithmusbasierte Prozesse organisationaler Strukturautomation Entscheidungsspielräume einschränken, wird Personenorientierung immer wichtiger. Das digitale Projekt, Organisationsstrukturen rational und störunanfällig zu machen, führt zur Etablierung einer rechenbasierten Eigenlogik, die das organisationale Kontinuum zwischen Aufgaben- und Personenorientierung in beide Richtungen ausweitet. Durch digitale Strukturautomation werden personengebundene Eigenschaften zum entscheidenden Faktor bei der Fruchtbarmachung von Spielräumen, die nun extra organisiert werden.
Model-based sensor fusion of multimodal cardiorespiratory signals using an unscented Kalman filter
Authors: Linschmann Onno , Leonhardt Steffen , Hoog Antink Christoph
Published: November 2020

Based on a model of three coupled oscillators describing the influence of respiration, namely respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and so-called Mayer waves on the heart rate, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is designed to perform sensor fusion of multimodal cardiorespiratory sensor signals. The aim is to implicitly use redundancy between the sensor signals to improve the estimated heart rate while utilising model knowledge. The effectiveness of the approach is shown by estimations of the heart rate on synthesised data as well as patient data from the Fantasia dataset and a Sleep laboratory which provide two, three or six sensor channels for resting individuals. It could be shown that the approach is able to fuse multimodal sensor signals on signal level to achieve more accurate estimations. For real data, errors in mean heart rate as small as 1.56 % were achieved.
The use of utterance-final particles in Mandarin teaching
Authors: 曾金金  , 丁多永
Published: November 2020

提要

本文旨在探討在線上互動中實習教師與學生句末語氣詞使用情形。結果顯示,教師句末語氣詞的使用比例為37%,明顯高於學生的15%。教師使用頻率最高的為「嗎」, 佔教師出現語氣詞總數的58%, 學生使用頻率最高的為「嗎」、「啊」,各佔學生出現語氣詞總數的36%。本文亦對兩岸教師、母語為華語與非華語之教師以及家中使用與不使用華語之學生的句末語氣詞使用頻率差異進行了比較。最後, 輔以說話者的身分類別進行綜合比較, 發現教師身分對華語母語教師的語氣詞使用類型及頻率皆有影響。本文分析真實教學互動情境中出現的語氣詞研究結果, 不僅能為現有兩岸句末語氣詞研究的語料佐證, 亦能實際應用於華語教學。
Text complexity and reading comprehension of Japanese CSL learners
Authors: 蕭惠貞  , 湯 立群
Published: November 2020

提 要

本研究以四篇不同文本複雜度(Text complexity)之短文為實驗材料, 共31位日籍華語學習者以紙筆施測與有聲思考(Think Aloud), 探究華語學習者之二語程度(L2 proficiency)與文本複雜度對詞彙猜測和閱讀理解的影響。結果顯示: (一)各文本之文意理解和詞義選擇達顯著差異(F = 8.290, p = .000; F = 28.226, p = .000), 閱讀理解則否; (二)二語能力中的詞彙知識和句法知識分別與閱讀理解及詞彙猜測表現皆達顯著正相關(r = .586, p = .001; r = .666, p = .000; r = .364, p = .044; r = 0.535, p = .002), 句法知識可代表解釋44.4%的閱讀理解變異及28.6%的詞彙猜測表現變異; (三)不論詞義透明度高低, 猜測最常用知識來源皆為文本線索。
Preparation and characterization of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with enhanced hydrophilicity
Authors: Fan Xiaoguang , Gu Shiya , Wu Liyan , Yang Lei
Published: November 2020

The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with the enhanced hydrophilicity were synthesized by free radical polymerization from a mixture of the monomers N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPM) and 3-trimethoxysilypropyl methacrylate (TMSPM) at different feeding ratios. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were applied to characterize the resultant copolymers. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymers was determined via dynamic light scattering (DLS). By alternating the molar ratios of NIPAAm and NVP, the copolymers were synthesized to have their own distinctive LCST from 25°C to 40°C. Regardless of the starting feed ratio used, the final copolymers had the similar monomeric ratio as planned. The copolymer films were then formed on platinum wafers by drop coating and thermal annealing owing to 3-trimethoxysilyl crosslinking and reacting with hydroxyl groups. The surface wettability and morphology of the specimens were observed using contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results demonstrated that with the increase of the NVP content, the film surface became more hydrophilic. The surface microstructure of the thermoresponsive films varied depending on the copolymer composition and ambient temperature. The experimental results indicated that the addition of NVP not only increased the LCST of copolymers but also improved the hydrophilicity of the products derived from the copolymers. This ability to elevate the LCST of the polymers provides excellent flexibility in tailoring transitions for specific uses, like controlled drug release and nondestructive cell harvest.
Party Domination and Base Mobilization: Donald Trump and Republican Party Building in a Polarized Era
Authors: Galvin Daniel J.
Published: November 2020

Since the 2016 election, President Trump has achieved unparalleled dominance over the Republican Party. He has also given his party a central role in his reelection campaign and invested heavily in its organizational capacities. This dual approach to party leadership – domination paired with organizational investment – bears a strong resemblance to the way every Republican president since Eisenhower interacted with his party, different only in degree. Where Trump’s party leadership diverges qualitatively from past patterns is in its apparent purposes. Previous Republican presidents dominated and invested in their party for the explicit purpose of building a new majority in American politics. Reaching out to new demographic groups and trying to persuade them to join the party was integral to this project. Trump, in contrast, has (thus far) predominantly pursued a base-mobilization strategy. Rather than fan out horizontally in search of new groups to join the party coalition, Trump’s strategy drills down vertically to penetrate and deepen his base. Instead of trying to diversify the GOP and extend its reach, his strategy aims to swell the number of like-minded supporters who are active in electoral and party politics (while suppressing, demobilizing, and delegitimizing the opposition party). By setting into motion a mutually reinforcing cycle of party domination and base mobilization, and amplifying its effects through organizational investment, Trump has turned his party into a formidable vehicle for advancing his personal purposes and augmenting his power – while raising troubling questions about the stability of American democracy. This article examines Trump’s party leadership to date, compares it to previous presidential party leadership projects, and considers the implications.
La compleja cohabitación jurídica del catalán y el francés en el Rosellón: análisis de políticas lingüísticas en el ámbito educativo
Authors: Jiménez-Salcedo Juan
Published: November 2020

The article describes the legal configuration of France as a monolingual state and analyzes the specific case of the educational system. A certain accommodation of regional languages as a means of instruction has been accomplished, either in time-parity bilingual sections or in immersion schools. In this respect, the data provided by the literature on the case of Catalan in the historic territory of Roussillon are reviewed. The sources analyzed show two main conclusions: (1) the breakdown of intergenerational transmission, which means that there are practically no dialect speakers and that the standard language can only be learned at school; and (2) the enrollment rate either in time-parity bilingual sections or immersion schools is too low to be able to reverse language shift.
Linguistics and communication
Authors: Allan Keith
Published: November 2020

This essay begins by identifying what communication is and what linguistics is in order to establish the relationship between them. The characterization of linguistics leads to discussion of the nature of language and of the relationship between a theory of language, i. e., linguistic theory, and the object language it models. This, in turn, leads to a review of speculations on the origins of human language with a view to identifying the motivation for its creation and its primary function. After considering a host of data, it becomes clear that, contrary to some approaches, the primary function of human language is to function as a vehicle of communication. Thus, linguistics studies what for humans is their primary vehicle of communication.
Negative existence statements: Kripke, Strawson, and topic noun phrases
Authors: Atlas Jay David
Published: November 2020

The paper focuses on the treatment of existential statements (including negative existentials), and critically engages Kripke's recent (2013) volume of John Locke lectures. It discusses Kripke's views, reaches some obvious conclusions about their theoretical adequacy, and contrasts Kripke's analysis with that of Atlas, comparing their adequacy as theories of the linguistic phenomena.
How can metaphors communicate arguments?
Authors: Macagno Fabrizio
Published: November 2020

Metaphors are considered as instruments crucial for persuasion. However, while many studies and works have focused on their emotive, communicative, and persuasive effects, the argumentative dimension that represents the core of their “persuasiveness” is almost neglected. This paper addresses the problem of explaining how metaphors can communicate arguments, and how it is possible to reconstruct and justify them. To this purpose, a distinction is drawn between the arguments that are communicated metaphorically and interpreted based on relevance considerations, and the ones that are triggered implicitly by the use of a metaphorical expression. In both cases, metaphorical arguments are reconstructed through different patterns of argument, called argumentation schemes (Walton, Reed and Macagno 2008). However, while the purpose of a metaphorical sequence of discourse (called metaphorical move) can guide and justify the reconstruction of the argument that can sufficiently support the intended conclusion in a persuasive move, a more complex analysis is needed for analyzing the additional inferences that a metaphorical move can trigger. These inferences are claimed to represent part of the connotation of the metaphorical expression and can be captured through its most frequent collocations, determinable using some tools of the corpus linguistics.
De seattitudes in discourse
Authors: Oishi Etsuko
Published: November 2020

De seattitudes have been regarded as a semantic issue. By utilizing Austin’s idea of the expositive illocutionary act, and Austin's distinction of four types of illocutionary act performed by the utterance “I is a T,” the present paper presents a speech-act-theoretic model of expressing a belief according to which the belief of a speaker is brought to the discourse as the belief of the performer of an expositive illocutionary act type.De seattitudes are brought to the discourse when the inner self of a speaker is perceived from the perspective of the performer of an expositive illocutionary act type, and specified discursively through the acts of this type.
Dynamic assessment and requesting: Assessing the development of Japanese EFL learners’ oral requesting performance interactively
Authors: Nicholas Allan
Published: November 2020

This study investigates the use of dynamically-administered strategic interaction scenarios (D-SIS) in identifying Japanese EFL participants’ difficulties with requesting-in-interaction, and tracking their development. Informed by conversation analysis research, six Japanese EFL learners at a university in Japan carried out D-SIS tasks in two phases, with the aim of both identifying specific aspects of requesting-in-interaction that were challenging, and learner development. Analysis focuses on three particular areas of difficulty that arose for participants during the dialogic interactions—connecting request turn utterance linguistic choices to social context; pre-request expansions of requesting talk, and pre-closing sequences. A coding scheme was applied that analyzed mediation sequences in terms of the efficiency with which participants oriented to and resolved problems, allowing ZPD movement to be quantified. In combination with close qualitative analysis of the transcript data, mediation sequences provided insights into the participants’ knowledge and understanding of these areas that would not have been gained through non-dynamic methods. Results therefore provide insight into areas of difficulty for Japanese learners with regards to requesting, and provide support for the use of the D-SIS task type as a diagnostic tool in regards to request-based talk-in-interaction.
Regionale Industrialisierung revisited – Die niederrheinische Textilregion von der Protoindustrialisierung bis zum 20. Jahrhundert als Fallbeispiel
Authors: Kerkhof Stefanie van de
Published: November 2020

The concept of Regional Industrialization developed by Rainer Fremdling, Toni Pierenkemper and Richard Tilly is based on a small-scale research approach and composes regions according to criteria of homogeneity. This paper argues that the concept is fruitful in regard to textile regions and their analysis in a long-term perspective from proto-industrialization to the 20th century. It examines relevant factors such as capital, labour, raw materials, transfer of capital, technology and knowledge in order to analyse the specific regional path of growth. Especially the role of migrant pioneer entrepreneurs and the institutional-cultural setting, i.e. the state monopolies of the regional silk and velvet producers are addressed. Mechanisation and the factory system were introduced relatively late in comparison to other regions in the wool and cotton branch of textile industry. But innovations in weaving and energy technology diffused rather rapidly in Krefeld, Mönchengladbach and the rural surroundings. The paper shows how the growing textile industry of the left lower Rhine region diversified during the Great Depression of the 1870s-90s and induced forward and backward linkages to the machinery, tool and chemical industries. In all segments of the textile industry in the region (silk, velvet, cotton, wool, synthetics) path dependencies evolved which still have an effect on research institutions and industrial culture today.
The politeness formulasi placetin Late Latin: on the role of pragmatic conventions in discourse traditions
Authors: Fedriani Chiara
Published: November 2020

This paper analyzes uses, functions, and literary distribution of the negative politeness formulasi placet‘(lit.) if it pleases (you)’ in a corpus of Late Latin texts (third–sixth century CE). Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative observations, it is suggested that the pragmatic enrichment undergone by this conditional parenthetical clause is due to a conspiracy of factors, namely a process of semantic and pragmatic change fostered by a “politeness-induced invited inference” (Beeching 2005), which was triggered by a general process of literary imitation within the very specific discourse tradition of philosophical dialogues. The analysis shows, indeed, thatsi placetis very rarely used in the history of Latin and it is circumscribed to this specific literary genre. This suggests that this politeness formula developed as a genre-specific stylistic feature and as such it was replicated over centuries through the circulation of textual models and the propagation of genre-related practices, as a valuable linguistic device to render the idea of an urbane conversation among educated peers and, ultimately, as a marker of socio-cultural identity.
Obstetric outcomes of pregnancy complicated by urolithiasis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Clennon Emily K. , Garg Bharti , Duty Brian D. , Caughey Aaron B.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Evaluate the association between urolithiasis during pregnancy and obstetric outcomes outside the context of urological intervention.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton, non-anomalous gestations delivered at 23–42 weeks in California from 2007 to 2011. Maternal outcomes (preterm delivery [early (<32 weeks) and late (<37 weeks)], preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean deliveries, urinary tract infection [UTI] at delivery, chorioamnionitis, endomyometritis, and maternal sepsis) and newborn outcomes (seizure, respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia, jaundice, and neonatal abstinence syndrome [NAS]) were compared using χ
2-tests and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 2,013,767 pregnancies met inclusion criteria, of which 5,734 (0.28%) were complicated by urolithiasis. Stone disease during pregnancy was associated with 30% greater odds of each early (aOR 1.30; 95% CI 1.19–1.43) and late (aOR 1.29; 95% CI 1.18–1.41) preterm delivery. Cesarean delivery, UTI at delivery, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and sepsis were all significantly positively associated with urolithiasis. Odds of NAS (aOR 2.11; 95% CI 1.27–3.51) and jaundice were significantly greater in the neonates of stone-forming patients (aOR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.16).

Conclusions

Urolithiasis during pregnancy was associated with 30% greater odds of preterm delivery and increased risk of myriad metabolic, hypertensive, and infectious disorders of gestation. Neonates born to stone-forming patients were more than twice as likely to develop neonatal abstinence syndrome but did not have significantly greater odds of complications of prematurity.
Attrition-basedOliganthrôpiaRevisited
Authors: Decety Nathan
Published: November 2020

In a previous paper (When Valor Isn’t Always Superior to Numbers:homoioi oliganthrôpiaCaused by Attrition in Incessant Warfare, KLIO 100, 2018, 626–666) I argued that the population of Ancient Spartan citizens,homoioi, declined predominantly due to attrition in warfare. Here, I revisit the argument and present a more refined model that includes additional samples, directly incorporates information on losses, and improves assumptions. I argue that Sparta may have experienced an initial population plunge in the early 5th century and was unable to recover. The results of this study reaffirm that warfare may have been an integral cause ofoliganthrôpia.
Modal Realism and the Possibility of Island Universes: Why There are no Possible Worlds
Authors: Benovsky Jiri
Published: November 2020

In this article, I defend Lewisian modal realism against objections arising from the possibility of ‘Island Universes’ and other similar cases. The problem comes from Lewis’ claim that possible worlds are spatio-temporally isolated. I suggest a modification of Lewisian modal realism in order to avoid this family of objections. This modification may sound quite radical since it amounts to abandoning the very notion of a possible world, but as radical as it may sound it in fact remains well in the spirit of Lewis’ original view.
The crystal structure of (3S,12R,20R,24R)-3,12-diacetyl-20,24-epoxy-dammarane-3,12,25–triol–ethyl acetate (4/1), C34H56O6⋅ 0.25(C4H8O2)
Authors: Zhao Ruo-Lin , Wang Hui-Yun , Wang Xiao-Hui , Luan Ming-Zhu , Zhao Feng-Lan , Meng Qing-Guo
Published: November 2020

C34H56O6⋅0.25(C4H8O2), orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 8.17152(14) Å, b = 17.6728(3) Å, c = 23.1916(5) Å, V = 3349.18(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0416, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1143, T = 293 K.
Fear of Disconnecting: Global Health Imaginations and the Transformations of the Taiwanese State
Authors: Tseng Po-Chia
Published: November 2020

Global health scholarship concerning AIDS governance often regards the global either as products of translocal connections or as external forces that initiate local restructurings. As a state without a membership in major global organizations, Taiwan alternatively presents a case for conceiving of global health as grounded, competing imaginations which serve as the foundation both for a symbolic pursuit of Taiwan’s global membership and for the transformations of the Taiwanese state. Building on a global ethnography perspective, this study explores the idea of in-pursuit-of-globality nationalism by examining three AIDS projects in Taiwan that configured global and national imaginations simultaneously. It particularly looks into how sexuality and race became sites of transformative struggles in those projects, arguing that Taiwan’s marginality is not only a product of global geopolitics but also a standpoint on which multiple globalities are imagined and (re)produced. As such, this study contributes to global health scholarship by rejecting a monolithic view of the global and the national and by centering racial and sexual imaginations in processes of globalization.
A functionalized tannin-chitosan bentonite composite with superior adsorption capacity for Cr(VI)
Authors: Li Zhongmin , Zou Peng , Yang Junzhou , Huang Miaoyang , Zhang Linye , Huang Chuanzhou , Yang Funeng , Huang Renyu , Lv Songyi , Wei Guangtao
Published: November 2020

A novel functionalized tannin-chitosan bentonite composite (TCBC) was successfully synthesized. The formation of the composite was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The pHpzc of TCBC was 3.38. The influences such as pH, dosage of TCBC, temperature and initial Cr(VI) concentration on adsorption capacity were investigated. The experimental data indicated that the almost saturated adsorption of the TCBC towards Cr(VI) in 100 min. The maximum adsorption capacity was 262.08 mg/g at 333 K with initial pH = 2.5. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) on TCBC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The isothermal data were well described by the models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on TCBC existed comprehensive effects and mainly belong to the chemisorption. The TCBC could keep good performances (q
e = 192.17 mg/g) in five runs, 1 M NaOH was used as eluent for desorption, which showed a high desorption efficiency. Studies showed TCBC prepared with low cost and green raw materials, and simple green preparation technology had high adsorption capacity, good reusability and acidic tolerance. By exploring the Cr(VI)-Cr(III) hybrid system, part of Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and adsorbed by TCBC. The optimal adsorption pH of Cr(III) was 5.0.
Efficient removal of radiocobalt and manganese from their binary aqueous solutions by batch adsorption process using PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF composite
Authors: Hamoud Moustafa A. , Allan Karam F. , Ayoub Refaat R. , Holeil Mohamed , Mahmoud Mamdoh R.
Published: November 2020

Simultaneous removal of radiocobalt and manganese by adsorption onto polyacrylonitrile/hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide/potassium copper hexacyanoferrate (PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF) composite was studied. The synthesized composite was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of the solution pH was studied in the range 1.5–7.8 and the results showed the effectiveness of the synthesized composite for simultaneous adsorption of radiocobalt and manganese in the pH range 2.5–6 at an adsorbent mass of 4 g/L. Adsorption kinetic data of manganese at the studied concentrations were best fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the diffusion study showed that the adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo) were estimated and the results indicated that adsorption processes of the concerned (radio)toxicants were spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Of the studied isotherm models, Freundlich and Langmuir were the best ones for describing the adsorption isotherm data of radiocobalt and manganese, respectively. The adsorption capacity of PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF was found to be 23.629 (for radiocobalt) and 62.854 (for manganese). Desorption of Radiocobalt and manganese loaded onto PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF composite was studied using various desorbing agents at different concentrations.
A zinc(II) coordination polymer based on a flexible bis(benzimidazole) ligand: synthesis, crystal structure and fluorescence study
Authors: Zhang Geng , Xia Xinzhao , Xu Jianhua , Xia Lixian , Wang Cong , Wu Huilu
Published: November 2020

A new one-dimensional Zn(II) coordination polymer, {[ZnCl2(BBM)]·CH3OH}
n
(2,2-(1,4-butanediyl)bis-1,3-benzimidazole [BBM]), has been obtained from the hydrothermal reaction of zinc chloride with the flexible bis-benzimidazole ligand BBM and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR and UV–vis spectra. Structural analysis has revealed that the BBM ligand connects the Zn(II) atoms to form a square-wave chain, which is further extended into supramolecular layers through hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking interactions. Solid-state fluorescence investigations showed that the Zn(II) coordination polymer has an emission peak at 381 nm upon excitation at 330 nm, which is attributed to ligand-centered luminescence. It is only slightly red shifted as compared to the ligand but partially quenched due to the strong π···π stacking interactions.
Comparative photophysical study of Pt(II) complex-nanoclay hybrid materials as dry powders and hydrogels
Authors: Chatnahalli Gangadharappa Sathish , Strassert Cristian A.
Published: November 2020

The excited state properties of Pt(II) complexes are strongly influenced by their microenvironment and by intermolecular interactions. In this work, we investigated the photoluminescence of six Pt(II) complexes adsorbed onto a layered nanoclay, namely Laponite® (LAP). The excellent water dispersibility and gel-forming nature of the LAP was exploited to achieve a class of versatile materials. In particular, we report on the comparative photophysics of the dry powders and the hydrogels. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to assess the role of structural features at molecular level on the interaction between the nanodiscs, which in turn affects the intermolecular coupling of the coordination compounds in the excited state.