bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF NEAR-ISOGENIC LEAFED, LEAFLESS, SEMI-LEAFLESS, AND REDUCED STIPULE LINES OF PEAS FOR YIELD AND ASSOCIATED TRAITS
Authors: LAFOND G. , EVANS L. E. , ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

Yield and associated traits on an individual plant basis were studied in near-isogenic lines of Century and Trapper peas (Pisum sativum L.). The lines were near-isogenic for normal leaves (++++), semi-leafless (afaf++ — leaflets replaced by tendrils), reduced stipules (++stst), and leafless (afafstst — tendrils and reduced stipules). The data indicate that the genotypic background greatly influences the performance of the semi-leafless and leafless mutants. In the Century background, the semi-leafless type yielded similar to the leafed type. However, the yield of the leafless type was significantly reduced. In the Trapper background, the semi-leafless phenotype was markedly inferior to the normal type. These mutations had no consistent effect on yield or associated traits.
NORTHERNVEE AND EARLIVEE SWEET CORNS
Authors: KERR E. A.
Published: March 2010

Northernvee and Earlivee are first-early sweet corn cultivars for fresh market and home garden. Northernvee, a three-way hybrid, is slightly earlier but more variable than Earlivee. Both are 12-to 14- rowed and have better eating quality than most early cultivars.
PEACE ALFALFA
Authors: McKENZIE J. S. , PANKIW P. , SIEMENS B.
Published: March 2010

Peace is a landrace cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Fort Vermilion, Alberta. It is a hardy, long-lived alfalfa, with good persistence and rapid regrowth after cutting in northern regions. It was granted license No. 2022 in Canada, in April 1980.
BARLEY CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE RACHILLA
Authors: MARCHYLO B. A. , LABERGE D. E.
Published: March 2010

Rachillae from 30 Canadian-grown barley cultivars were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Epicuticular wax crystal formations and cuticular ridges were prominent morphological features observed on the rachilla main stem. Distinct variations among cultivars, in the patterns of wax crystals and in the regularity, width and prominence of cuticular ridges were utilized alone or in combination to differentiate among cultivars. The ability to differentiate among cultivars was improved substantially by stereo SEM analysis of those morphological features. Twenty-six of the 30 cultivars studied could be identified by SEM analysis of the rachilla main stem. The remainder was divided into two indistinguishable pairs which could be distinguished from the other 26 cultivars. The effect of environment on the visual appearance of the epicuticular wax formations and cuticular ridges was studied. As a rule, environmental influence on these morphological features was not of sufficient significance to interfere with the identification of barley cultivars. SEM analysis of the rachilla would not be useful as a routine identification method and its use would be restricted to the laboratory. However, this technique would serve as a qualitative identification procedure which could be utilized to assist in the identification of barley cultivars which are impossible or difficult to distinguish by conventional means.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND LEAF WATER STATUS OF ALFALFA GROWING UNDER ADVECTIVE CONDITIONS
Authors: WILLIAMS R. J. , STOUT DARRYL G.
Published: March 2010

Actual evapotranspiration (LE) and leaf osmotic potential (ψs) were measured on a Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa, cv. Thor) field in interior British Columbia that is subject to advection. During periods of advection, LE, measured by the Bowen ratio energy balance method, exceeded both the net radiation (Q*) and the potential evapotranspiration (PE) calculated by the physically based formula of Priestley and Taylor (1972). During advection, Q* was a better approximation of LE than was PE. During nonadvection periods, LE was approximately equal to PE. It was found that the Jury and Tanner (1975) modification of PE for advective conditions gave favorable results during periods immediately following irrigation. Diurnal measurements revealed that leaf ψs reached a minimum by about 1200 h and then remained constant even though LE continued at a high rate. Leaf ψs measured at 0800 h reflected soil moisture conditions, and leaf ψs measured at 1400 h reflected both soil moisture conditions and environmental demand.
STUDIES ON POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) DAMAGE IN ALFALFA
Authors: FARIS M. A. , BAENZIGER H. , TERHUNE R. P.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa dry matter production, plant height, protein content, and in vitro digestibility (IVD) were measured in first- and second-year plantings of six alfalfa cultivars grown under natural potato leafhopper infestation with and without methoxychlor treatment for control of the pests. All treated plots yielded more dry matter than the untreated check, except Angus in 1978. Plant height and protein content were higher and IVD was less in the treated plots. All cultivars were susceptible to leafhopper infestation; however, Angus was the least affected. Leafhopper injury was season-specific and damage carry-over from one season to another occurred but was less than from one cut to the next.
ETUDE SUR LE RENDEMENT ET LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE DE SIX CULTIVARS D’AVOINE RECOLTES EN VERT
Authors: GERVAIS PAUL , ST-PIERRE C. A.
Published: March 2010

The forage yield and the chemical composition of six cultivars of oats seeded on two dates at an interval of 2 wk and harvested at the dough stage were studied over a 3-yr period. Within each date of seeding, the factors cultivar, maturity and height of straw did not influence significantly the yield of dry matter. Delaying the seeding reduced the yield by 25%. No significant differences were recorded between cultivars in the average percentages of protein, fiber, nitrogen-free extract, fat, ash and calculated total digestible nutrients. Of the nine minerals analyzed (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), only Na in both seedings and Mg in the early seeding varied significantly.
EFFET DU SOUFRE ET DE L’AZOTE SUR LA FIXATION SYMBIOTIQUE D’AZOTE CHEZ LES PLANTULES DE LUZERNE (Medicago Sativa L.)
Authors: BORDELEAU L. M. , GIROUX M. , OUELLET R. , ANTOUN H.
Published: March 2010

The effect of the addition of sulphur and nitrogen on the aerial mass, root mass, nodulation and nitrogenase activity was studied on alfalfa cv. Saranac seedlings inoculated with a very efficient strain of Rhizobium meliloti. The aerial mass, root mass and a nodulation index increase with the addition of increasing concentrations of nitrogen and sulphur. The rate of increase of aerial mass and the nodulation index with sulphur are not constant over the range of the concentrations studied. Sulphur and nitrogen appeared to have a very important multiplicative effect on aerial mass and root mass. In the absence of sulphur, nitrogen did not affect nitrogenase activity. The aerial mass and the nodulation index are strongly correlated to the root mass and nitrogenase activity. However, nitrogenase activity and the root mass were not significantly correlated.
PICLORAM RESIDUE LEVELS FOR THE CONTROL OF LEAFY SPURGE REGROWTH
Authors: GROVER R. , BOWES G. G.
Published: March 2010

The persistence of picloram was measured in the soil following a single application of 2.24 kg/ha and four consecutive annual applications of 0.56 kg/ha for the control of leafy spurge. The concentration of picloram in the surface 7.5 cm of soil decreased from 820 ppb immediately following the application of 2.24 kg/ha to range between 17 and 52 ppb in the third year after treatment. Picloram residues ranged between 45 and 165 ppb during each of the 4-yr periods of annual applications of 0.56 kg/ha. The critical level of picloram that must remain in the soil to prevent leafy spurge re-establishment from seed is about 50 ppb.
CONCENTRATION CRITIQUE DES NITRATES DANS LES FEUILLES EN RAPPORT AVEC LE RENDEMENT ET LES RESIDUS DANS UNE CULTURE DE CHOUX
Authors: CHAMBERLAND EMILE
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this work were to determine the nitrate-N concentrations related to maximum ball cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata L.) yield and corresponding to the lowest soil nitrate level. Accordingly, field trials were carried out comparing four rates of N, P and K fertilization at six sites during 1978–1979. A relation was found between leaf nitrate-N concentrations and cabbage yields when the heading stage was approximately reached, or about 33 and 43 days after transplanting early and late cultivars, respectively. Soil nitrate-N concentration in samples taken at different periods during the growing season were significantly related to the rates of applied N fertilizer (r = 0.20* to 0.60**). The increase in soil nitrate-N with N fertilization seemed, however, to be confined to a depth of 25 and 50 cm. Nitrate-N accumulation seems possible with a rate of 180 kg N/ha during some growing seasons.
SEEDING RATES AND ROW SPACINGS FOR THREE FORAGE CROPS GROWN ALONE OR IN ALTERNATE GRASS-ALFALFA ROWS IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: LEYSHON A. J. , KILCHER M. R. , McELGUNN J. D.
Published: March 2010

Russian wild ryegrass, crested wheatgrass and alfalfa were seeded either alone or in alternate grass-alfalfa rows at six seeding rates (17, 33, 50, 67, 83 and 100 seeds/m row) and at three row spacings (30, 60 and 90 cm). Dry matter yields were measured for 5 yr after the establishment year. Seeding rates did not interact with row spacings in any year. Greater yields from higher seeding rates were only apparent for all crops in the first harvest year. By the second year, seeding rate did not affect the yields of either grass grown alone and by the third year there was no effect of seeding rate on any crop. Narrow row spacings (30 cm) initially produced the highest yields. By the fifth year there had been a transition in yield advantage from the 30-cm rows through the 60-cm rows to the 90-cm rows and alternate grass-alfalfa stands were producing the highest dry matter yield. It was concluded that although forages could be seeded for long-term stands in southwestern Saskatchewan at rates as low as 17 seeds/m row and would result in yields as high as those from higher seeding rates, a rate of between 50 and 67 seeds/m row was more practical. Also, seeding forages in rows 90 cm apart would produce more forage in the long term than stands seeded in narrower rows.
THE EFFECT OF CAPTAN SEED TREATMENT ON EMERGENCE, NODULATION, SEED YIELD AND SEED PROTEIN CONTENT OF LENTILS
Authors: DUCZEK L. J. , BUCHAN J. A.
Published: March 2010

Captan seed treatment did not affect seed yield, seed protein content and nodulation of lentils (Lens esculenta L.) where the soil was populated by the appropriate strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum. However, where the soil did not contain these nodule-forming bacteria, captan inhibited nodulation in plants grown from Rhizobium-inoculated seed and the seed yield and protein content of plants in the treated plots were lower than plants in the inoculated, non-treated plots. The seed protein content was higher in treatments which had well-nodulated plants than in treatments where plants had few or no nodules.
AUTOMATED RECORDING OF FRUIT PRESSURE TESTS
Authors: LOONEY N. E. , HIKICHI M. , SCHELTGEN J.
Published: March 2010

Automated recording of Magness-Taylor fruit pressure tester values is accomplished by coupling the indicator slide to a linear displacement transducer and a microprocessor-controlled printer. After each pressure test, a transducer-induced voltage value is recorded and stored when a microswitch is activated by the manual slide return mechanism. Upon command, the recorder totals and averages all stored values. This accessory doubles the output of fruit pressure tests per man hour without loss of accuracy.
VEEMORE TOMATO
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Veemore is a very early, firm, hand-pick tomato introduced for processing into juice or ketchup. It has good crack resistance and color but fruit size is rather small for fresh market.
ONTARIO PINK 774 AND ONTARIO RED 775 GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: KERR E.A. , REAUME G.E.
Published: March 2010

Ontario Pink 774 and Ontario Red 775 are large, smooth, free-setting, uniform-ripening, hybrid greenhouse tomatoes adapted to growth at lower-than-normal temperatures. They are resistant to tobacco mosaic, fusarium wilt and leaf mold.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL EXAMINATION OF NEMATODE PENETRATION BY NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI
Authors: ESTEY R. H. , TZEAN S. S.
Published: March 2010

Chemical dissolution of the cuticle is the means by which species of Arthrobotrys, Dactylaria and Monacrosporium penetrate their captured nematodes. The nematodes do not show any physiological response to this penetration action. The three cells of the constricting rings of Arthrobotrys dactyloides Drech. do not share equally in the production of hyphae that penetrate nematodes.
SOME RESPONSES OF ALFALFA–BIRD’S-FOOT TREFOIL MIXTURES TO SEEDING YEAR MANAGEMENT
Authors: PANCIERA M. T. , FULKERSON R. S.
Published: March 2010

The effect of different seeding ratios, drainage conditions, and seeding year harvest management practices on control of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Iroquois’) competition in mixtures with bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L. ’Leo’) were investigated in four field experiments. Near-optimum temperature and moisture conditions prevailed for alfalfa growth during the study. As a result, alfalfa plants grew larger and outcompeted the trefoil even on drainage conditions that favored the survival of trefoil and reduced alfalfa stands. When the seeding ratio of alfalfa to trefoil was low, alfalfa compensated by producing larger plants and dry matter yields. The contribution to trefoil to yield was only marginally improved by increasing the proportion of trefoil in the mixture, by raising the cutting height, and by cutting the mixtures at the bud stage of alfalfa development.
EFFECT OF SOIL PLACEMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DICHLOBENIL AND VERNOLATE AGAINST FIELD HORSETAIL
Authors: COUPLAND D. , PEABODY D. V.
Published: March 2010

Pot experiments, using a charcoal barrier method, showed that maximum herbicide performance was achieved when either dichlobenil or venolate was incorporated into the same soil layer as field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) rhizomes or tubers. Incorporation of herbicide into soil above these propagules also gave good control, but application to the soil below had a poor effect. Tubers were more susceptible than rhizome fragments. Water culture techniques confirmed dichlobenil to be more toxic than vernolate to field horsetail.
OAC TRIWELL SPRING TRITICALE
Authors: POYSA V.W. , KNOBLAUCH C.J. , REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

OAC Triwell is a spring hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) with higher yield, improved test weight, and larger kernels than Welsh and Rosner, the presently licensed spring triticale cultivars. It was licensed on 4 Nov. 1980. Breeder seed of OAC Triwell is maintained by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph.
A HIGH CAPACITY SOYBEAN PLOT SEEDER
Authors: HERGERT G. B. , VOLDENG H. D.
Published: March 2010

A research seeder for soybeans grown in narrow-spaced rows was designed to assist a breeding program for the development of varieties for northern climates. The seeder divides a single sample for each four rows and has provision for depth control of planting.
GRAFTED TOMATOES ESCAPE FUSARIUM FOOT AND ROOT ROT
Authors: THORPE H.J. , JARVIS W.R.
Published: March 2010

Grafting the susceptible greenhouse tomato vc. MR13 to rootstocks of the resistant cv. IRB-301-31 conferred total escape from fusarium foot and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici without detriment to yield.
TOLERANCE TO WHITE MOLD (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary) IN EX RICO 23, A CULTIVAR OF WHITE BEAN(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: TU J. C. , BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

Ex Rico 23, a cultivar of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) introduced into Canada from Columbia, showed tolerance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in an Ontario White Bean Variety Test at a site having severe white mold infection in 1978. Other entries, including the recommended cultivars, Fleetwood, Kentwood and Seafarer, suffered severe white mold infection and yield loss. The tolerant characteristic of Ex Rico 23 was confirmed experimentally in 1980 in both small-plot and large-scale plantings. In a field with severe white mold infection in Fleetwood, Ex Rico 23 had consistently lower disease incidence and a slower rate of disease spread. The yield loss in 1980 for Ex Rico 23 was minimal, but for Fleetwood was approximately 25 and 50% in a small-plot and a large-scale planting, respectively. The application of benomyl for disease control did not significantly increase the yield of dry beans.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN WILD OAT (Avenu fatua) HULLS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SEED GERMINATION
Authors: CHEN FRANK S. , MacTAGGART JOHN M. , ELOFSON RICHARD M.
Published: March 2010

Aqueous extracts of dormant wild oat (Avena fatua L.) hulls had a weak inhibitory effect on lettuce seed germination. Both paper and thin layer chromatographic analyses of the ether-soluble acidic fraction showed the presence of phenolics and short-chain fatty acids. No abscisic acid was detected. Vanillin, protochatechualdehyde, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid were isolated from hull extracts. Vanillin was shown to be the main water-soluble phenolic inhibitor of lettuce seed germination. At a concentration higher than 6.6 × 10−3M, vanillin was found to be more inhibitory than nonanoic acid to both lettuce and wild oat germination. The concentration of phenolics in the hulls does not account for suppression of wild oat seed germination.
LA MESURE DE L’INTERFÉRENCE DU CHIENDENT DANS L’ORGE
Authors: RIOUX R.
Published: March 2010

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Champlain’) was grown with quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) at various densities for 3 yr. According to the regression analysis, a linear relation is appropriate to describe the relationship between yield of barley and biomass or density of quackgrass. A greater proportion of yield variability was explained by density (64%) than by biomass (40%). Density is then a better criterion than biomass to predict yield lost in barley. The linear relationship between barley yield and the shoot density of quackgrass is estimated by the following equation: yield barley = 345.3–0.5682 dens, quackgrass. An increase of 10 shoots/m2 in the mean density of quackgrass resulted in a mean loss of 6 g/m2 in the yield of barley.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WITHIN A NORTHERN ONTARIO MINE CONVERTED FOR VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Authors: SERBANESCU M. D. , SHORTHOUSE J. D. , PETERS T. H.
Published: March 2010

Conditions available for growing vegetables within operating drifts (tunnels) at various levels of the Creighton Mine Number 9 shaft of INCO Metals Company near Sudbury, Ontario are reported. Heat due to adiabatic compression and geothermal heat within drifts 1706.9 m (5600 ft) underground provided an air temperature of 23–29 °C and 15–18 °C at 1219.2 m (4000 ft). Relative humidity, CO2, air quality, and air flow were satisfactory for plant growth. Light was provided by high intensity discharge lamps (metal halide, high pressure sodium, and mercury vapor). Preliminary results indicated that environmental conditions in the drifts were adequate for growth of certain plants.
ANDOR SUMMER RAPE
Authors: KONDRA Z. P. , DEGENHARDT D. F. , CAMPBELL D. C.
Published: March 2010

Andor is a high-yielding, early-maturing oilseed summer rape (Brassica napus L.) which produces seed low in glucosinolates and seed oil low in erucic acid. Andor is best adapted to central and northern Alberta and the Parkland area of Saskatchewan. Seed quality is similar to Altex.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF DRY MATTER IN GRASS SILAGE OF Lolium sp. USING A MICROWAVE OVEN
Authors: NARASIMHALU P. , KUNELIUS H. T. , WINTER K. A.
Published: March 2010

Dry matter contents were determined in 35 silages of Lolium sp. by toluene distillation and by drying for 9 min in a microwave oven. The results from the former method can be accurately predicted on the basis of dry matter as determined by the latter using a regression equation (R2 = 0.98).
EFFECTS OF STAGE OF MATURITY OF GRASS HARVESTED FOR SILAGE IN NORTHERN ONTARIO ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING STEERS
Authors: VEIRA D. M. , IVAN M. , THOMPSON B. K. , PROULX J.
Published: March 2010

Over a 2-yr period, grass was harvested at different times during the primary growth cycle, ensiled and fed to 7- to 8-mo-old steers. The results demonstrated that silage made from grass in Northern Ontario can support liveweight gains of up to 0.94 kg/day and that performance can be expected to decline by about 0.01 kg/day for each day the harvest is delayed after mid-June. The maturity of the grass ensiled did not affect the amount of dry matter eaten by steers.
GRAZING CATTLE PREFERENCE OF ALFALFA AS INFLUENCED BY SLENDER WHEATGRASS
Authors: IRVINE R. B. , LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Altai wild ryegrass, Elymus angustus Trin., and Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch., were seeded in a sandy soil in alternate rows with alfalfa, Medicago media L., an alfalfa-slender wheatgrass, Agropyron trachycaulum Link, mixture, and with slender wheatgrass seeded in rows on either side of each row of alfalfa and 15 cm from it. The rows of Altai or Russian wild ryegrass and alfalfa were 45 cm apart. Cattle grazed the Altai or Russian wild ryegrass-alfalfa stands intensively, but refused to eat slender wheatgrass or alfalfa grown in association with it.
ETIOLOGY OF BLACK POD DISEASE AND SEED COAT DISCOLORATION OF WHITE BEANS
Authors: TU J. C.
Published: March 2010

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was identified as the cause of the black pod disease and greyish discoloration of the seed coat of white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The severity of pod discoloration varied from dark grey flecks or stipples to dark grey patches which later coalesced. Seeds from severely affected pods often showed varying degrees of discoloration, which persisted through processing. Benomyl and chlorothalonil sprays, used to control white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), significantly increased the incidence of discoloration. In vitro, A. alternata was insensitive to both fungicides. There was more black pod disease and seed-coat discoloration in the early maturing cultivar Seafarer, than in the late-maturing cultivar Fleetwood.
LODGING-ENHANCING TECHNIQUES FOR USE ON CORN PERFORMANCE TRIALS IN SHORT-SEASON AREAS
Authors: TWUMASI-AFRIYIE S. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted during the 2 yr, 1978 and 1979, to determine an effective method of enhancing stalk lodging in maize (Zea mays L.) with the objective of being able to differentiate among hybrids for lodging susceptibility under conditions of low natural lodging. Six maize hybrids representing a wide range of stalk lodging resistance were used in the study. The techniques utilized were inoculating plants with a stalk rot pathogen (Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch) and/or infesting plants with European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.). Both techniques, individually or in combination, were effective in enhancing lodging. Under environmental conditions and cultural practices where natural stalk lodging was low and differences in stalk lodging among hybrids would have otherwise been masked, the two lodging-enhancing techniques allowed for improved detection of hybrid differences. Both treatment effects and differences among hybrids for stalk lodging increased as stalk lodging rating was delayed, indicating delayed rating is preferable. Disadvantages to delayed rating are discussed.
EFFECT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON THE COMPOSITION OF CORN GRAIN AND FRACTIONS OBTAINED BY DRY-MILLING
Authors: KIRLEIS ALLEN W. , SOMMERS LEE E. , NELSON DARRELL W.
Published: March 2010

Corn grain grown on soil treated with sewage sludge at different application rates was dry-milled and the resulting fractions were analyzed for protein, ash, fat, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe and Mn. The metal concentrations in whole kernel were not significantly increased by applying from 56 to 448 metric tons of sewage sludge per hectare. Except for one Cd-enriched sludge, Cd concentrations in whole corn and fractions from dry-milling were less than 0.05 mg/kg. As expected, the germ fraction contained the greatest proportion of the fat, ash and trace metals, while the majority of the protein was found in the grits fraction. Both the concentration and percent distribution of metals in dry-milling fractions decreased in the following order: germ > hulls > flour > meal > grits. For corn processed by dry-milling, the fractions used in animal rations will be more enriched in trace metals than those fractions normally used in human foods.
EFFECTS OF WATER IMMERSIONS ON THE INCIDENCE OF SURFACE DISORDERS IN SWEET CHERRIES
Authors: LIDSTER P. D.
Published: March 2010

Immersion of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L. ’Van’) for 0.25 min in 0 °C water increased the incidence of pitted fruit after impact damage. Increased immersion durations up to 30 min in either 0 °C or 20 °C water had no additional significant effect on the incidence of surface pits or bruises. Significant increases in the incidence of surface pits resulted when cherries were immersed in water at 20 °C for 64 min or longer.
INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES FOR BROAD-LEAVED WEED CONTROL AND TWEEN 20 ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF PARAQUAT
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , O’DONOVAN J. T.
Published: March 2010

Paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha provided excellent control of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oats Avena sativa L.) when applied at the four-leaf stage of growth. Applications of paraquat in tank mixtures with ester formulations of 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil or bromoxynil/MCPA did not affect paraquat activity on the grasses. Tank mixtures of paraquat with dimethylamine formulations of 2,4-D and MCPA resulted in a permanent reduction of paraquat activity on the annual grass species. Sequential applications of 2,4-D amine or MCPA amine in relation to paraquat did not reduce paraquat activity on the annual grass species. Control of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) with 0.28 kg/ha paraquat was not acceptable and was variable. However, excellent control of rapeseed was obtained when one of several herbicides for broad-leaved weed control were combined with paraquat.
INFLUENCE OF APPLIED NITROGEN ON THE NONVOLATILE ORGANIC, FATTY, AND AMINO ACIDS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: COURT WILLIAM A. , ELLIOT J. M. , HENDEL JOHN G.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment was conducted in 1974 and 1975 on Fox loamy sand in Ontario to study the effects of different rates (0, 22.4, 44.8, and 67.2 kg/ha) of N fertilization on the nonvolatile organic acids, fatty acids, and protein amino acids of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ’Delhi 34’). Nitrogen fertilization increased the concentration of the nonvolatile organic acids and amino acids, except oxalic acid and methionine. Increasing the rate of N fertilization decreased individual fatty acids except myristic and linolenic acids. The nonvolatile organic acids decreased with ascending stalk position but the reverse was true for the amino acids. Fatty acids did not change significantly with stalk position.
EXPERIMENTS WITH A BARLEY-OAT MIXTURE AND ITS COMPONENTS
Authors: FEJER S. O. , FEDAK G. , CLARK R. V.
Published: March 2010

Soil treatments with nitrogen, lime and fumigation of mixed grain seeded in a 1:1 ratio of barley and oats were applied for 2 yr. They induced relatively few changes in agronomic characters even though a sloping terrain was employed the first year compared with a flat area the second year. Fumigation reduced spot blotch development the first year but not the second year. Kernel yield and protein content were relatively higher in mixtures when compared with average values for pure stands but they were not as high as the highest component.
VALOR, A WINTER FEED WHEAT FOR THE MARITIMES
Authors: SAMPSON D. R. , NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

Valor is a new, medium-hard, red winter feed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is adapted to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Valor was licensed in July 1981. Compared with Lennox, the principal winter wheat of the area, Valor has slightly higher yield, test weight and 1000-kernel weight, as well as greater winter survival and more resistance to powdery mildew. Valor has slightly weaker straw and lower grain protein.
GLUCOSINOLATE COMPOSITION OF TURNIP AND RUTABAGA CULTIVARS
Authors: CHONG CALVIN , JU HAK-YOON , BIBLE BERNARD B.
Published: March 2010

In a study of glucosinolates, determined by quantifying their hydrolysis products, goitrin (5-vinyl-oxazolidine-2-thione), volatile isothiocyanates, and thiocyanate ion, in marketable roots of 10 cultivars of summer turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and five cultivars of rutabaga (B. napobrassica L.), one turnip cultivar, Hybrid Petite White, was found to be free of goitrin, one of the most potent of natural goitrogens. In turnips, the contents of the glucosinolate products generally increased with increasing maturity dates. In rutabagas, the mean contents of thiocyanate ion were lower in early seeded (27 May) than in late-seeded (21 June) crops.
YIELD TRENDS ON LONG-TERM DRYLAND WHEAT ROTATIONS AT LETHBRIDGE
Authors: FREYMAN S. , PALMER C. J. , HOBBS E. H. , DORMAAR J. F. , SCHAALJE G. B. , MOYER J. R.
Published: March 2010

Yield trends on fields of dryland wheat rotations established in 1912 at Lethbridge, Alberta were examined to assess the impact on productivity of climatic, genetic, edaphic, and technological changes. Yields and moisture use efficiency have increased since 1963. This increase was more pronounced for crops grown on fallow than on stubble and occurred without the use of fertilizer. Applied N and P enhanced the upward trend particularly when applied to the crop grown on stubble. Yields varied widely from year to year, mainly due to large fluctuations in precipitation; however, no climatic changes were detected that could account for the increase in productivity. Improved cultivars accounted for a small portion of the yield increases. Soil N declined while pH increased over the years. The organic carbon has, after an initial loss, increased steadily. Broadleaf weeds were a serious problem until 1950, but, with the advent of 2,4-D, there was a shift to an increasing problem with wild oat for which there was no effective control until 1961 when triallate became available. This coincided roughly with the beginning of the upward trend in yield. Therefore, we suggest that chemical weed control was the main contributing factor to the yield increases. This control has resulted not only in reduced competition from weeds, but also in better seedbed moisture because fewer cultivations are needed in the spring.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIGHTING AND CO2 ENRICHMENT FOR ACCELERATED GROWTH OF SELECTED WOODY ORNAMENTAL SEEDLINGS AND ROOTED CUTTINGS
Authors: LIN W. C. , MOLNAR J. M.
Published: March 2010

Daily 16-h (0400–2000 h) supplementary lighting with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps at 45 μE∙m2∙sec−1 increased growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), crape-myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.), and seven cultivars of English holly (Ilex aquifolium L.). Enrichment of greenhouse atmosphere with CO2 to 1000–1300 ppm increased growth of four cultivars of English holly. In comparing two different light sources in CO2-enriched greenhouses, low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps at 42 μE∙m−2∙sec−1 were found as effective as HPS in increasing growth of white spruce, crape-myrtle, and five cultivars of English holly, but not so effective in Douglas-fir and three cultivars of English holly.
AN APPROACH TO ESTIMATING YIELD LOSS OF BARLEY DUE TO CANADA THISTLE
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , KOSSATZ V. C. , WEISS G. M. , DEW D. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine if a relationship exists between yield loss of barley and various indicators of Canada thistle density. Correlation coefficients between barley yields and total numbers of Canada thistle shoots/m2, numbers of shoots/m2 taller than 0.5 m, numbers of flowering shoots/m2 or shoot dry weight (g/m2), using two representations of the density data (untransformed or square root transformation) were significant at P < 0.01. The data for percent yield loss of barley and total numbers of Canada thistle shoots/m2 were analyzed by regression using both representations of the data and yielded the following equations:[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]where ŷ = estimated percent yield loss of barley, x = the total number of Canada thistle shoots/m2 and 0.85 and 7.6 were the indices of competition for Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively. Equation 2 probably provides a more accurate estimate of barley yield loss at low levels of Canada thistle infestation [Formula: see text] whereas either equation is acceptable at intermediate-to-high levels of infestation (5–45 shoots/m2). The 95% confidence limits for Eqs. 1 and 2 and for the estimated percent barley yield losses when four different sample sizes (n = 1, 5, 10 or 20) are used to estimate the thistle density mean are presented. The Eq. 2 index of competition is extrapolated to other crops. Comparing a Canada thistle shoot with a wild oat plant in barley, Canada thistle may be about 3.4 times as competitive as wild oats.
LEAF DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCE, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, OSMOTIC POTENTIAL AND 14CO2-ASSIMILATION CAPABILITY AS INDICATORS OF DROUGHT INTENSITY IN RAPE
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M. , McCAIG THOMAS N.
Published: March 2010

Leaf diffusive resistance, temperature and osmotic potential were evaluated in three Brassica campestris and three B. napus cultivars under both irrigated and rain-fed environments. These techniques differentiated between environments but not between cultivars within environments. Incorporation of 14CO2 by stressed plants of two cultivars under rain-fed conditions showed more promise as a means of differentiating cultivar drought response.
KENT STRAWBERRY
Authors: CRAIG D. L. , AALDERS L. E. , BISHOP G. W.
Published: March 2010

Kent strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a new cultivar which produces high yields of large fruit with good qualities for the fresh and processing markets. Ripening season is between Redcoat and Micmac, two important commercial cultivars in the Atlantic provinces.
USE OF GIBBERELLIC ACID TO HASTEN FLOWERING IN RUTABAGA
Authors: ALI A. , MACHADO V. SOUZA
Published: March 2010

In field conditions, rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. Rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.) plants are biennials and require exposure to low temperature for completion of their life cycle to seed production state. When young rutabaga plants were thermoinduced (3–5 °C) for 8 wk and subsequently transferred to growth room conditions, formation of flower buds resulted in 6 wk. Flowering response was greatly enhanced if the plants were sprayed with GA3 (100 mg/L) prior to thermoinduction. Compared with untreated plants, the GA3-sprayed plants responded with flower bud formation after as little as 3 wk of cold treatment. A longer cold exposure (6–8 wk) of the GA3-sprayed plants resulted in rapid development and maturity of the inflorescence. This note emphasizes the pharmacological role of gibberellins as regulators of flowering and their usefulness to enhance seed production and plant breeding programs.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR A GERMPLASM COLLECTION OF FLAX
Authors: MILIAR J. F. , HAMMOND J. J. , COMSTOCK V. E.
Published: March 2010

Knowledge of specific plant characteristics in a germplasm collection and of the relationships between characteristics facilitates efficient use of that collection. The objectives of this study were to develop an information system for a collection of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), including inventory control, morphologic, agronomic, and quality characteristics, and to utilize programs to analyze relationships between these characteristics. The search for a single character or any combination of a number of characters can be accomplished, ranked in order or by accession number and name. Genetic relationships between characteristics can also be determined. Efficient management of a germplasm collection is feasible for a curator located at an outlying university or research center, and is time and labor saving. The system developed permits rapid response to user’s queries in sending information regarding specific characteristics as well as seed to any improvement program.
EFFECT OF SOURCE-SINK RATIO ON DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND LEAF SENESENCE OF MAIZE
Authors: TOLLENAAR M. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

The effect of source-sink ratio (i.e., the ability of the leaves to produce photosynthate versus the capacity of the grain to accommodate the assimilates) on dry matter accumulation and leaf senescence during the grain filling period of two short-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids was investigated in 1979 and 1980. Source-sink ratio of the maize hybrids was altered by ear removal at midsilking and at 3 wk after midsilking; by partial fertilization of the topmost ear so that treatment ears contained approximately 50% of kernel number of the control; and by removal of all leaf blades but that of the ear leaf at 2 wk after midsilking. Crop growth rate during the period from 3–5 wk after midsilking was reduced by 30% for the partly fertilized treatment and by 60% for both ear removal treatments. During the period from 5 to 7 wk after midsilking, the treatment-by-hybrid interaction for crop growth rate reflected different patterns of leaf senescence. In one hybrid, treatments which caused reductions in sink size delayed leaf senescence and increased the crop growth during the 5 to 7-wk postsilking interval, relative to the control. The reverse was evident for the other hybrid. Partial defoliation tended to cause the remaining ear leaf to senescence slightly earlier than in the control. Apparently two types of leaf senescence occurred: senescence due to assimilate starvation, and senescence due to excessive assimilate accumulation. The former caused by excessively low source-sink ratio and the latter caused by excessively high source-sink ratio. These results indicate that a delicate balance exists between sink and source during the grain-filling period of maize, and that disturbance of this balance can cause substantial yield reductions, plus an acceleration of leaf senescence and maturation processes.
ETUDE DE L’EFFET DE LA LUZERNE OU DU TREFLE ROUGE ASSOCIE AU BROME OU A LA FLEOLE DES PRES SUR LA PRODUCTION D’HERBAGE AU LAC ST-JEAN
Authors: DARISSE F. , DRAPEAU R.
Published: March 2010

The authors have evaluated the development and the quality of timothy and bromegrass grown alone and in mixtures with either alfalfa or red clover. Nitrogen-fertilized grasses yielded on the average more dry matter than their mixture counterpart. Either of the grasses with red clover contributed more evenly to yield than with alfalfa. The highest yield of protein was obtained from the association of alfalfa with timothy or bromegrass whereas these grasses were the poorest protein yielders even with 72–90 kg/ha of applied N. Yield contribution of timothy and bromegrass in mixture with either legume increased over the first two harvest years; timothy, however, maintained this trend through the third year while bromegrass reached an equilibrium or decreased. From a roughage quality stand-point a binary mixture of the grasses with alfalfa is the best, followed by the grasses with red clover and finally, the grasses in pure stand.
SELECTIVE CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE IN RAPESEED WITH 3,6-DICHLOROPICOLINIC ACID
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , KOSSATZ V. C.
Published: March 2010

Control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L. Scop.) topgrowth and regrowth, and tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. and Brassica napus L.) to 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 0.2–0.3 kg/ha were excellent in greenhouse and field trials. Rapeseed yields following postemergence treatment were increased in 12 of 17 trials conducted on infested farm fields.
EFFECTS OF 2,4-D AND DICAMBA TIME OF APPLICATION ON TIMOTHY SEED PRODUCTION
Authors: DARWENT A. L. , SMITH J. H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of 2,4-D at 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha and dicamba at 0.15–0.60 kg/ha on seed production of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were evaluated. Applications of 2,4-D at 0.5 kg/ha to timothy in late September of the year of seeding severely reduced yields the following year. The same rate of 2,4-D applied in the spring before stem elongation also reduced yields, but spring applications at the shot-blade or 5% heading stage did not reduce yields. 2,4-D at 1.0 kg/ha caused yield reductions when applied at any of the above stages of crop development. Applications of dicamba at 0.15–0.60 kg/ha in late September of the year of seeding reduced yields the following year with the exception of the 0.15-kg/ha rate which reduced yields in only one of the 2 yr. Dicamba at the same rates reduced yields when applied in the spring before stem elongation or at the shot-blade stage. Yield losses due to dicamba increased with each advance in the stage of crop development at the time of herbicide application. 2,4-D had no significant effect on seed quality but dicamba applied in the spring reduced seed germination. Yield reductions caused by 2,4-D were attributed mainly to the reduction in the number of heads while those caused by dicamba were attributed mainly to the reduction in the weight of seed produced per head.
POSTSTORAGE EFFECT OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENT SPRAY TREATMENTS ON CHLOROPHYLL DEVELOPMENT IN CABBAGE
Authors: PERRIN PETER W.
Published: March 2010

After 4 mo of storage, two trimmed cabbage cultivars received temperature, light and nutrient spray treatments. Analyses showed that the combined effect of elevated temperature and illumination increased chlorophyll substantially while nutrient sprays produced a smaller effect. Although the cultivars differed in initial chlorophyll content, they responded similarly to the treatments.
LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY IN PLANT BREEDING
Authors: MAHON JOHN D.
Published: March 2010

The possibility that breeding programs may be reaching a point of limited progress because of the lack of genetic diversity has often been raised. However, there is also an often-expressed feeling that considerable genetic variability may exist in fundamental physiological processes. In this review, an attempt is made to examine whether there is evidence of genetic variability in quantitative physiological characters, and if so, whether such variability is likely to be useful to crop improvement programs. The results, presented from the literature and the author’s laboratory, indicate that physiological characters demonstrate considerable genotypic variability in expression. Moreover, in cases where genotype performance has been studied over a range of environments or where crossing studies have been carried out, physiological characters often have relatively high heritabilities. This suggests that, at least from a genetic standpoint, improvements in the expression of physiological processes may be possible. On the other hand, the problems of environmental sensitivity and its resultant error variability, combined with cumbersome methodology and complex physiological interactions, make it difficult to relate individual physiological characters to agronomic benefits, and make large genetic studies difficult. The exploitation of physiological diversity remains a major challenge to plant scientists.Key words: Genetic heritability, physiology of yield
EFFECTIVENESS OF SEVERAL SELECTION METHODS FOR GRAIN YIELD IN TWO F2 POPULATIONS OF SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

Visual head selection by three selectors, head weight, harvest index, and random selection were evaluated for selecting high-yielding plants in two F2 populations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Forty F2 lines of two crosses for each selection method were evaluated for yield performance in F4 during 2 yr. There was no advantage of any of the selection methods over random selection in the lower-yielding cross 1 and no advantage of the harvest index and head weight methods over visual selection in both crosses. Visual head selection produced more late-heading, tall plants, and was the most effective method in selecting for yield in cross 2. Harvest index tended towards the selection of lines with short height in cross 2. A larger number of the top 15% of F4 lines were from the high yielding cross 2, and selectors 1 and 2 chose the greatest number of superior lines.Key words: Selection methods, head weight, harvest index, grain yield, spring wheat, visual head selection.
AN EVALUATION OF THE CORN HEAT UNIT SYSTEM FOR THE SHORT-SEASON GROWING REGIONS ACROSS CANADA
Authors: MAJOR D. J. , BROWN D. M. , BOOTSMA A. , DUPUIS G. , FAIREY N. A. , GRANT E. A. , GREEN D. G. , HAMILTON R. I. , LANGILLE J. , SONMOR L. G. , SMELTZER G. C. , WHITE R. P.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted at 11 locations across Canada to determine if corn hybrids have different corn heat unit (CHU) requirements in different climates. The study included six hybrids, four each in the three years 1977–1979. Differences in the time between planting and emergence were attributable to slow emergence of two hybrids as well as management and weather factors at different locations. Genotypic differences were expressed mainly in the period between emergence and anthesis. At three locations, 198 CHU more were required than at other locations. In the period from anthesis to 45% ear moisture, two hybrids required more CHU than other hybrids. These extra CHU requirements were not related to hybrid rating, i.e., late-maturing hybrids did not require more CHU to complete the ripening phase. In a comparison of growing degree days (GDDi) with bases ranging from 5 to 15 °C, no one thermal unit had sufficient advantage over the CHU system to warrant its adoption in Canada. Further, calendar days were the best for predicting the duration of the period from planting to emergence. The period from emergence to 10% anthesis was least variable of all the stages and could be predicted accurately by any of the methods.Key words: Zea mays, temperature, adaptation, thermal units
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 56. Xanthium strumarium L.
Authors: WEAVER SUSAN E. , LECHOWICZ MARTIN J.
Published: March 2010

Xanthium strumarium L. is an annual weed found in all provinces of Canada except Newfoundland, and throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It occurs in ruderal habitats, waste places, agricultural fields, and along watercourses, beaches and coastal dunes. Throughout its range, populations vary widely in fruit size and morphology and in photoperiodic requirements. It has been used extensively as an experimental plant in studies of floral induction, leaf development, stomatal control, seed germination, and biological control.Key words: Cocklebur, reproductive biology, weed, Xanthium