bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving Data Overlapping Problem Using A Class‐Separable Extreme Learning Machine Auto‐Encoder
Authors: Boonchieng Ekkarat , Nadda Wanchaloem
Published: February 2025

Data overlapping and imbalanced data are significant challenges in data classification. Extreme learning machine auto‐encoding (ELM‐AE) is a feature reduction method that transforms original features into a new set of features capturing essential information in the data. However, ELM‐AE may not effectively solve the overlapping data problem. In this research, a new method called class‐separable extreme learning machine auto‐encoding (CS‐ELM‐AE) is proposed, to improve ELM‐AE's efficacy in addressing the overlapping data problem and thereby increasing classification efficiency. CS‐ELM‐AE encodes points in the same class of the dataset to be closer together. Oversampling is also applied to the encoded dataset to solve the imbalanced data problem. The experiments demonstrate that CS‐ELM‐AE could significantly improve classification model performance and achieve higher levels of accuracy, as well as greater f1‐score and G‐mean values than the original ELM‐AE.
A New Method for Whole Bone Analysis of Bilateral Asymmetry
Authors: Deschênes Valérie , Drapeau Michelle S. M.
Published: February 2025

Postcranial asymmetry of bones has been mostly studied with linear or angular measurements. Although conclusive, these measurements fail to capture the differences of the entire bone surface. Here, we develop a methodology to measure whole bone bilateral asymmetry from 3D models. We demonstrate the method using the humerus and the second metacarpal. We compare right and left bones of the same individual (bilateral variation) to that of different scans of the same bone (interscan variation) and of the same bone from different individuals (interindividual variation) to show that the method functions and is able to segregate different degrees of variation. The interscan variation is the lowest, while the interindividual variation is the greatest, and the bilateral variation falls between the other two. Visual comparisons, using color maps, illustrate on the bone where the asymmetry is most marked. As expected, the interscan comparisons show very little variation in shape, while the interindividual comparisons reveal extensive variation. In bilateral comparisons, some patterns were observed. In the humerus, the radial groove, the deltoid tuberosity, and the olecranon fossa were usually the most asymmetrical regions. The epiphyses are also more asymmetrical than the diaphysis. For the MC2, the attachments for the palmar interossei muscles and the articular facets with the MC3 were the most asymmetrical regions. These results demonstrate that this new method helps identify areas of asymmetry that would otherwise be difficult to observe.
Infant Handling in Mantled Howler Monkeys
Authors: Czerwinski Maud C. M. , Rangel‐Negrín Ariadna , Dias Pedro A. D.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

In most primate species that live in social groups, non‐mothers frequently interact with infants leading to significant impacts on maternal care strategies and both infant socialization and survivorship. In this study, we focused on infant handling by non‐mother individuals in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), a species for which very little information is available on this topic.

Materials and Methods

Using focal‐animal sampling for 743 h, we observed 218 instances of interest and 232 handling events involving 14 infants (i.e., 1 to 12 months of age) living in four groups in southern Mexico.

Results

Interest and handling occurred at similar rates, 0.3 events per hour. Most handling was positive, involving behaviors such as making contact and friendly touching, whereas aggressive behaviors, such as harassing and kidnapping, were infrequent. Adult females, especially when lactating, were the primary handlers, contrasting with findings in other primate species where juveniles or non‐lactating females are usually more involved. Handling began within the first week of life and was most frequent during the first 3 months. Mothers rarely intervened in handling, doing so primarily during infrequent kidnapping events.

Discussion

These findings contribute to our understanding of primate social behavior, particularly in species with low social activity levels, and provide a basis for future research on the implications of infant handling for group dynamics and infant development.
System genetic analysis of intestinal cancer and periodontitis development as influenced by aging and diabesity using Collaborative Cross mice
Authors: Lone Iqbal M. , Zohud Osayd , Midlej Kareem , Brenner Charles , Iraqi Fuad A.
Published: February 2025

It is increasingly recognized that young, chow‐fed inbred mice poorly model the complexity of human carcinogenesis. In humans, age and adiposity are major risk factors for malignancies, but most genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) induce carcinogenesis too rapidly to study these influences. Standard strains, such as C57BL/6, commonly used in GEMMs, further limit the exploration of aging and metabolic health effects. A similar challenge arises in modeling periodontitis, a disease influenced by aging, diabesity, and genetic architecture. We propose using diverse mouse populations with hybrid vigor, such as the Collaborative Cross (CC) × ApcMin hybrid, to slow disease progression and better model human colorectal cancer (CRC) and comorbidities. This perspective highlights the advantages of this model, where delayed carcinogenesis reveals interactions with aging and adiposity. Unlike ApcMin mice, which develop cancer rapidly, CC × ApcMin hybrids recapitulate human‐like progression. This facilitates the identification of modifier loci affecting inflammation, diet susceptibility, organ size, and polyposis distribution. The CC × ApcMin model offers a transformative platform for studying CRC as a disease of adulthood, reflecting its complex interplay with aging and comorbidities. The insights gained from this approach will enhance early detection, management, and treatment strategies for CRC and related conditions.
Degradable Adhesives as Sustainable Alternatives to Acrylics via Ring‐Opening Radical Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Kim Daewhan , Yu Changhoon , Kwon Min Sang
Published: February 2025

Acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are loosely crosslinked polymer networks widely used across various industries. However, the network structure and inert nature of the acrylic polymer backbone present sustainability challenges. To address these issues, efforts are being made to incorporate degradable units into the polymer backbone. Yet, two key obstacles remain: i) the polymer does not degrade into sufficiently small fragments, and ii) the adhesive and viscoelastic properties are often inferior to those of conventional acrylic polymers. In this study, we developed a PSA utilizing vinylcyclopropane (VCP)‐based monomers and a VCP‐based crosslinker, achieving molecular‐level degradation while maintaining adhesive performance and viscoelastic properties comparable to traditional acrylic PSAs. Under optimized polymerization conditions, the polymer incorporates ozone‐labile double bonds into its backbone, enabling controlled molecular degradation without compromising its properties. By synthesizing and strategically combining various VCP‐based monomers, we developed PSAs with tailored adhesion and viscoelastic behavior on par with conventional acrylic PSAs. These advancements indicate that the degradable polymers and PSAs developed in this study are poised for practical application in the near future.
Helically Chiral Mixed‐Valence Systems Comprising N‐Heterotriangulenes: Stabilization of the Cationic Species by π‐Expansion
Authors: Borstelmann Jan , Zank Simon , Krug Marcel , Berger Georg , Fröhlich Nina , Glotz Gabriel , Gnannt Frederik , Schneider Lars , Rominger Frank , Deschler Felix , Clark Timothy , Gescheidt Georg , Guldi Dirk M. , Kivala Milan
Published: February 2025

We report the efficient stabilization of nitrogen‐centered radical cations in a dimeric N‐heterotriangulene bridged by a rigid π‐conjugated [5]helicene backbone (NTH). The rigid scaffold exhibits helical chirality, allowing the enantiomers to be separated and their chiroptical properties studied, including circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Successive oxidation towards the radical cation NTH⋅+ and dication NTH2+ reveals strong electronic communication between the two nitrogen‐centers, as demonstrated by X‐ray crystallography, electrochemistry, UV/Vis/nIR spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. CD measurements of the enantiomerically pure cations reveal strong Cotton effects in the nIR region extending up to 2000 nm. Density functional theory confirms the observed enhanced electronic communication, classifying NTH⋅+ as a Robin‐Day Class III mixed‐valence charge‐transfer (MV–CT) system. NTH2+ exhibits a quinoidal structure with partial diradical character and open‐shell singlet ground state, as shown by variable temperature EPR measurements. Time‐resolved transient absorption spectroscopy shows the photo‐induced generation of NTH⋅+ in the presence of a suitable electron acceptor.
Machine Learning‐Driven Mass Discovery and High‐Throughput Screening of Fluoroether‐Based Electrolytes for High‐Stability Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Jia Qingiqng , Liu Hongguang , Wang Xueping , Tao Qiantu , Zheng Lifeng , Gu Xu , Li Junjie , Wang Wei , Liu Ziteng , Shen Tianyu , Hou Shaoyi , Jin Zhong , Ma Jing
Published: February 2025

Developing novel fluoroether electrolytes with high‐voltage stability is an effective strategy to improve the performance of lithium metal batteries (LMB). However, the vast chemical space of fluoroether is underexplored due to the absence of effective tools to evaluate the potential used in high‐voltage LMB. Herein, a framework was developed in combination of Voting ensemble algorithms and graph convolution neural network (GCNN), allowing the fast assessment of oxidative stability of non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes, synthesizability of solvents as well as the solvation ability of them to dissolve lithium salts. Potential fluoroether solvent candidates for high‐voltage LMB were screened out from a virtual library comprising 5576 electrolytes constructed by a combination of 1510 solvents and 4 salts. Among them, two fluorinated ethers, 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy) propane and 7,7,8,8‐tetrafluoro‐3,12‐dimethoxy‐2,5,10,13‐tetraoxatetradecane, were successfully synthesized and showed satisfactory high‐voltage stability, sufficient solvation ability and satisfactory cycling with almost 99.5% coulombic efficiency in Li||NMC811 full cell. This work provided an efficient framework for the discovery of solvents with high‐voltage tolerance in a vast structural space prior to experimental synthesis, accelerating the development of advanced electrolyte for high‐energy‐density rechargeable batteries.
Capturing the Progressive Conformational Evolutions of Sterically‐Congested Dihydrophenazines via Crystallization
Authors: Chen Ziyu , Jin Xin , Shen Ruizi , Li Wen , Sun Lu , Su Jianhua , Qu Da‐Hui , Zhang Zhiyun , Tian He
Published: February 2025

To gain a deeper understanding of the sequential multistep excited‐state structural evolutions of N,N′‐diphenyl‐dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DPAC) luminophores, we strategically freeze distinct conformations by crystallization, allowing to capture the progressive conformational transformations within a DPAC‐based framework by utilizing single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry. Our focus lies in the innovative modification of DPAC via the synthesis of cyano (CN)‐substituted derivatives DPAC‐nCN (n=1–4, with n indicating the number of CN groups). The incorporation of electron‐withdrawing CN groups modulates electron delocalization and lowers energy barriers, facilitating access to conformational polymorphism within the crystals. Unlike the limited diversity observed in the crystallization behaviour of DPAC, the DPAC‐2CN to DPAC‐4CN derivatives exhibit distinct crystalline forms, with conformational diversity increasing in tandem with the number of CN substituents. Notably, the single DPAC‐4CN molecule features multi‐colored crystals transitioning from blue to red, with the folding angle of the polycyclic dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine ring progressive varying from ~130° to ~172°. Additionally, DPAC‐4CN’s red crystals with high‐energy planar conformation (~172°) can experience a sudden jumping when subjected to stimuli. This study not only advances the understanding of conformational dynamics in dihydrophenazines but also paves a new way for the development of dynamic crystal materials.
Surface‐like NOx Reduction at an Atomically‐Precise Tricopper Cluster
Authors: Beamer Andrew W. , Buss Joshua A.
Published: February 2025

The combustion of nitrogen‐containing fuels and increasing use of nitrogen‐rich fertilizers is accumulating NOx pollutants in the environment. Copper is an attractive catalyst material for reductive NOx remediation, yet ambiguity persists regarding the elementary bond‐making and bond‐breaking steps occurring at the catalyst interface. Starting from a molecular tricuprous μ3‐oxo complex (1), an unusually reduced and highly reactive surface‐like cluster (2) has been prepared. Characterization data and electronic structure calculations are consistent with 2 featuring σ‐aromaticity that primes the tricopper core for two‐electron chemistry. Cluster 2 mediates catalytic reductive coupling of NO to N2, proceeding through N2O, via sequential oxygen atom transfer steps. Stoichiometric reduction of NO3− and NO2− is also disclosed, mapping the complete denitrification cycle at an atomically‐precise molecular cluster.
Synergistic Zn and MoS2 Tailored Co−N/C Environments Enabling Bifunctional ORR/OER Electrocatalysis for Advanced Li−O2 Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhiyang , Zhang Qi , Liu Wenhong , Luo Hao , Kong Xianghua , Yang Qingchun , Zhang Dawei , Yu Yan
Published: February 2025

To better adapt lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs) and overcome their sluggish oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) kinetics, designing efficient bifunctional ORR/OER catalytic materials is essential. In this study, we successfully constructed a bifunctional ZnCo−N/C@MoS2 catalyst by tailoring the Co−N/C center with Zn incorporation and MoS2 encapsulation. Surprisingly, Zn atoms, which are typically considered to promote the Co atoms isolation, exhibit a promoting effect on the ORR performance of Co−N/C centers and enhance their stability under harsh conditions. Introducing MoS2 establishes Mo−N coupling centers, enhancing electron transfer and adjusting the charge density of Co active centers, thereby compensating OER activity limitation of ZnCo−N/C. In Li−O2 batteries, Zn and MoS2 synergistically optimize intermediate interactions and regulate LiO2 formation/decomposition, while Zn′s environmental adaptability and MoS2′s encapsulating protection jointly enhance operational stability. Results show that ZnCo−N/C@MoS2, serving as the oxygen electrode in Li−O2 batteries, achieves a low overpotential of 1.01 V, an ultra‐high specific capacity of 25,026 mAh g−1, and a long cycle life of 298 cycles. This work achieves bifunctionality in single‐atom catalysts through precise dual modulation of the catalytic environment, providing a novel strategy for the development of lithium‐oxygen batteries.
Unraveling the Essential Role of Consecutive Protonation Steps in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction when Using Au Nanorods in a MOF
Authors: Huang Tianyi , Han Jianyu , Li Zhongqiu , Hong Yixin , Gu Xiaofei , wu Yafeng , Zhang Yuanjian , Liu Songqin
Published: February 2025

The proton‐coupled electron transfer process (PCET) plays a crucial role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis, including CO2 fixation chemistry. However, difficulties in capturing the transient intermediates generated during the protonation process impedes the clarification of the fundamental mechanism behind photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Herein, we report a general killing two birds with one stone strategy by spatially confining Au nanorods within a typical porphyrin MOF (Au@PCN‐222). Interestingly, 2.4‐fold increase in CH4/CO selectivity and 12‐fold increase in CH4 production were observed after loading of Au nanorods, indicative of a strengthened protonation process in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction. More importantly, the plasmonic effect from Au nanorods simultaneously boosted the in‐situ Raman signals of *CO and *CHO intermediates on the Au‐O‐Zr active site. The evident protonation process was further clarified in a control H/D kinetic isotope experiment. This work highlights the significance of successive protonation steps for boosting CH4 production in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
A Versatile Strategy to Transform Cationic Polymers for Efficient and Organ‐Selective mRNA Delivery
Authors: Lin Lixin , Su Kexin , Zhang Xinyue , Shi Lu , Yan Xinxin , Fu Qiuli , Yao Ke , Siegwart Daniel J. , Liu Shuai
Published: February 2025

The progress of mRNA therapeutics underscores the imperative demand for the development of targeted delivery systems. While cationic polymers hold promise as genetic vectors, their poor in vivo efficacy and numerous variants highlight the urgent need for a universal functionalization strategy to bolster their delivery capabilities. Here, we present a versatile strategy to transform low‐cost commercial cationic polymers into phospholipidated and alkylated polymers (PAPs), enabling efficient and organ‐selective mRNA delivery in vivo. This straightforward post‐functionalization method can be readily broadened to a diverse array of existing cationic polymers, enhancing their cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and mRNA release functionalities. Consequently, PAPs facilitate up to 30,500‐fold higher mRNA expression compared to their unmodified counterparts in vivo. Notably, the one‐component PAPs enable spleen‐specific mRNA delivery, with their vaccine application validated in a mouse melanoma model following intravenous administration. Better still, PAPs can synergize with different helper lipids to formulate four‐component lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), achieving respective lung‐ and liver‐specific mRNA delivery. Noteworthy is that these organ‐selective mRNA delivery systems significantly outperform previous polymer and LNP benchmarks. This transformation strategy for cationic polymers represents a generalized methodology to give highly effective mRNA carriers, highlighting substantial potential for clinical translation of mRNA therapies with organ‐targeting requirements.
Improving Light‐Responsive Efficiency of Type II Porous Liquid by Tailoring the Functionality of Host
Authors: Liu Yang , Jin Han‐Yan , Li Meng‐Meng , Zuo Mingrui , Kumar Dinker Manish , Kou Jiahui , Yan Juntao , Ding Lifeng , Sun Lin‐Bing
Published: February 2025

Light‐responsive porous liquids (LPLs) attract significant attention for their controllable gas uptake under light irradiation, while their preparation has remained a great challenge. Here we report the fabrication of type II LPLs with enhanced light‐responsive efficiency by tailoring the host's functionality for the first time. The functionality of light‐responsive metal‐organic cage (MOC‐RL, constructed from dicopper and responsive ligands) is modified by introducing the second long‐chain alkyl ligand, producing MOC‐RL‐AL as a new host. A spatially hindered solvent based on polyethylene glycol, IL‐NTf2, is designed and can dissolve MOC‐RL‐AL due to the suitable interaction, creating a type II LPL (PL‐RL‐AL). Under light irradiation, the variation in propylene adsorption for PL‐RL‐AL increases by 58.0 % compared to PL‐RL. The enhanced light‐responsive efficiency is caused by easier control in accessibility of internal cavities within MOCs and increased number of external cavities between MOCs and IL‐NTf2. This makes PL‐RL‐AL the first LPL with the probability for propylene/propane separation.
Enhanced Cathode‐Electrolyte Interphase for Prolonged Cycling Stability of Aluminum‐Selenium Batteries Using Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Xu Cheng , Diemant Thomas , Zhang Shuting , Liu Xu , Passerini Stefano
Published: February 2025

Al−Se batteries (ASeBs) with high theoretical specific capacity and discharge voltage are promising energy storage devices. However, the detrimental shuttle effect occurring in conventional ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) challenges their development. Herein, a thicker cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) is constructed via employing locally concentrated IL electrolytes (LCILEs) to overcome these issues. It is demonstrated that LCILEs facilitate the incorporation of Emim+ into the electrode/electrolyte interphases, and, meanwhile, more Al−Cl species deposits are observed in the CEI. The formed CEI effectively prevents the dissolution of poly‐selenides, inhibiting their related parasitic reactions. These result in ASeBs, employing the LCILE, to deliver a specific discharge capacity of 218 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles at 20 °C, while the cell using the neat ILE only maintains 38 mAh g−1 under the same conditions. Moreover, an Al−S cell operated in LCILEs reaches 578 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles, which is also significantly better than 317 mAh g−1 in the neat ILE. This study provides an LCILE‐based strategy to reinforce the CEI in order to suppress the shuttle effect, realizing Al‐chalcogen batteries with better performance.
Improving Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction over Iron Tetraphenylporphyrin with Triethanolamine as a CO2 Shuttle
Authors: Yin Zhiyuan , Zhang Mengchun , Long Yuchi , Lei Haitao , Li Xialiang , Zhang Xue‐Peng , Zhang Wei , Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Cao Rui
Published: February 2025

Delivering CO2 molecules to catalyst sites is a vital step in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Achievements have been made to develop efficient catalysts, but few efforts have been dedicated to improving CO2 delivering in solutions. Herein, we report on electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐CO conversion using Fe tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) as a catalyst and triethanolamine as a CO2 shuttle. Compared to ethanol, the electrocatalytic CO2RR current with triethanolamine increases by more than three times. We show that triethanolamine can effectively capture a CO2 molecule to form a zwitterionic alkylcarbonate through the collaboration between its tripodal alcohol and amine units. This alkylcarbonate can release the bound CO2 molecule for activation at the Fe site upon its interaction with FeTPP. In addition to shuttling CO2, alkylcarbonates can also provide protons to assist the C−O bond cleavage. Therefore, this work is significant to demonstrate a new strategy to improve electrocatalytic CO2RR by shuttling CO2.
Dual Defects‐Induced Iron Single Atoms Immobilized in Metal‐Organic Framework‐Derived Hollow BiOBr Microtubes for Low‐Barrier Photocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Wang Xiaosong , Rong Gao , Fan Guilan , Guo Yan , Han Chenhui , Gao Yuliang , Shen Ao , Wu Limin , Gu Xiaojun
Published: February 2025

The rational design of single‐atom catalysts with precise coordination environment and high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers is critical yet challenging to achieve efficient photocatalytic nitrogen reduction. Herein, we design and construct a defective photocatalyst featuring Fe single atoms immobilized in hollow BiOBr microtube using a plasma‐assisted synthesis strategy, where the Bi‐based metal‐organic framework is used as sacrificial template. The dual vacancies of oxygen (VO) and bromine (VBr) are created in the BiOBr microtube and induce the formation of coordinatively unsaturated FeO5 configuration, where four oxygen atoms are from [Bi2O2]2+ units and one oxygen atom is located in the VBr. Specially, the hollow catalyst with dual defects and FeO5 moiety exhibits 1.4 and 2.2 times higher ammonia production activity than another two VBr‐featuring catalysts with coordinatively saturated FeO6 configuration and unsaturated FeO4 configuration, respectively. As revealed by experimental and theoretical calculation results, the optimized catalyst with the FeO5 configuration reduces the energy barrier of electron transfer from Fe 3d orbitals to antibonding orbitals of N2 molecules, which favors the formation of a key *NNH intermediate in the N2 fixation reaction and the resultant efficient ammonia production.
Crystallization Thermodynamics Regulation of 1.85 eV Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite for Efficient and Stable Perovskite‐Organic Tandem Photovoltaics
Authors: Xie Guanshui , Li Huan , Fang Jun , Wang Xin , Peng Haichen , Lin Dongxu , Huang Nuanshan , Gan Lin , Li Wenjia , Jiang Ruixuan , Bu Tongle , Huang Fuzhi , He Sisi , Qiu Longbin
Published: February 2025

Wide‐band gap perovskite with adjustable band gaps can be integrated with organic solar cells to form tandem solar cells (TSCs), thereby surpassing the Shockley–Queisser limit. However, increasing Br content to elevate the band gap above 1.8 eV complicates crystallization, leading to inferior film quality and defects due to the unmanageable evolution of intermediate phases. Surface passivation improves crystallization but hard to moderate the inhomogeneous component distributions and defects in the bulk phase. Here, we introduce a diammonium salt as an additive to regulate the homogeneity and crystallization of perovskite film, eliminating the low‐dimensional intermediate phase for orientated crystallization of 1.85 eV perovskite, resulting in efficient wide‐band gap perovskite solar cells with an impressive open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.379 V and operational stability remaining 85 % of their initial efficiency after illumination for 1200 h. Furthermore, perovskite‐organic TSCs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 24.03 % and a high Voc of 2.108 V, one of the highest Voc for perovskite‐organic TSCs.
Benzoxazine/Micro‐Arc Oxidation High‐Temperature‐Resistant Composite Coating With Superior Corrosion Protection Performance on Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Zhu Hongxia , Cui Xuejun , Peng Sicheng , Qi Yuming , Xia Yiqing , Ren Qingchuan , Cheng Fei
Published: February 2025

In this study, to seal the pores of a micro‐arc oxidation (MAO) coating, benzoxazine (BZ) is used to form a highly heat‐resistant MAO/BZ composite coating with excellent anti‐corrosion performance on a magnesium alloy. The as‐prepared BZ coating, which has a static water contact angle of 111.52° ± 2.6°, is bonded firmly to the MAO coating and can withstand a temperature of 300°C. The results of electrochemical tests indicate that the composite coating prepared by BZ with a concentration of 40% demonstrates a low corrosion current density of 9.01 × 10−12 A cm−2 in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. Moreover, the composite coating exhibits an outstanding corrosion resistance after a neutral salt spray test for 82 days. Furthermore, it is concluded that an increased concentration of BZ can significantly increase the coating thickness with a dense curing crosslinking structure, which is a key factor in the corrosion protection of MAO coatings.
Parent Outcomes Following Participation in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Autistic Children in a Community Setting: Parent Mental Health, Mindful Parenting, and Parenting Practices
Authors: Ibrahim Alaa T. , Lee Vivian , Vashi Nisha , Roudbarani Flora , Tablon Modica Paula , Pouyandeh Ava , Sellitto Teresa , Ameis Stephanie H. , Elkader Alex , Gray Kylie M. , Kerns Connor M. , Lai Meng‐Chuan , Lake Johanna , Thomson Kendra , Weiss Jonathan A.
Published: February 2025

Parents of autistic children are at a higher risk for mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) that targets children's emotion regulation may have an indirect influence on parent outcomes, especially if they play a supporting role in their child's intervention. However, most CBT interventions have been carried out in highly controlled research settings and there are a few studies that examined parental outcomes after participating in autistic child‐focused CBT within a community setting. The current study examined parent outcomes (i.e., mental health problems, mindful parenting, and parenting practices) following a community‐based CBT program with concurrent parent involvement for autistic children, as well as associations between changes in parent and child outcomes (i.e., autism symptoms and emotion dysregulation). Participants included 77 parent–child dyads across seven community organizations in Ontario, Canada. Parents reported improved mindful parenting and positive parenting practices post‐intervention, and no significant changes in their mental health. Multiple mediation analyses revealed that positive changes in parent outcomes (i.e., mindful parenting and parenting practices) were associated with positive changes in child emotion regulation. These positive changes in parenting practices mediated the relationship between mindful parenting and child emotion regulation. Results suggest that participating in community‐based CBT is mutually beneficial for autistic children and their parents, particularly in improving parenting behaviors.
Brandschutz im mehrgeschossigen Holzbau – Stand der Technik
Authors: Engel Thomas , Rauch Michael , Werther Norman
Published: February 2025

Der Beitrag thematisiert die brandschutztechnischen Herausforderungen und Fortschritte im mehrgeschossigen Holzbau, der als nachhaltiger Baustoff eine Schlüsselrolle in der Dekarbonisierung des Gebäudesektors einnimmt. Holz als brennbares Material kann durch gezielte Bemessung jegliche Feuerwiderstandsdauern erreichen. Entscheidende Faktoren für die Abbrandrate sind Holzart, Holzfeuchte und Brandszenarien, die die Dimensionierung der Querschnitte beeinflussen. Das Stufenmodell berücksichtigt variable Abbrandraten bei Brettsperrholz, bei dem Klebefugen und thermisches Verhalten eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Brandschutzbekleidungen wie Gipsplatten erhöhen die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Holzbauteilen, indem sie die Entzündung und Verkohlung verzögern oder verhindern. Brandversuche verdeutlichen zudem die Bedeutung geschützter Holzoberflächen und zeigen, dass die zusätzliche strukturelle Brandlast durch ungeschützte oder nur anfänglich geschützte Holzoberflächen einen Einfluss auf die Branddynamik hat. Im Kontext von Realbrandversuchen bestätigt der Beitrag, dass handwerklich korrekt ausgeführte Bauteilanschlüsse und Elementfügungen den geforderten Feuerwiderstand gewährleisten. Die aktuellen Fortschritte flossen in Richtlinien wie die MHolzBauRL 2024 ein und schaffen eine geschlossene Nachweiskette für den Holzbau bis zur Hochhausgrenze.
Separation and Quantitative Estimation of Pharmacopeial Organic Impurities, Process‐Related Impurities, and Degradation Products of the Anti‐Schizophrenia Drug Clozapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Using Stability‐Indicating HPLC Method
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Pedavenkatagari Narayana Reddy , Nagulancha Bhujanga Rao , Lakka Narasimha Swamy
Published: February 2025

Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication primarily used to treat severe schizophrenia symptoms. This research aimed to develop and validate a reliable, rapid, and sensitive reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method for measuring organic impurities in clozapine drug substances and products. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC‐C18 column with gradient elution, using mobile phases consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, pH 2.4 phosphate buffer, and ethanol. The method operated at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with a 10‐μL injection volume, a column temperature of 35°C, and detection at 257 nm. Validation was performed according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines and USP <1225> general chapter. The method demonstrated optimal resolution between adjacent peaks, with values greater than 1.5, and provided accurate estimations free from interference. Recovery and regression values ranged from 80.0% to 120.0%, with R2 values exceeding 0.9995. The quantification range spanned from the limit of quantification to 150% of the specification level. The stability‐indicating capability of the RP‐HPLC method was confirmed through forced degradation studies. This method has been successfully implemented in a quality control laboratory for real‐time analysis of clozapine drug substances and products.
Nonmotor Symptoms Differ Between Essential Tremor and Tremor‐Dominant Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Li Mingqiang , He Runcheng , Zhou Xun , Wang Yuzheng , Sun Qiying , Wang Chunyu , Zeng Sheng , Lei Lifang , Wu Heng , Yi Shanqing , Wen Jun , Xu Qian , Guo Jifeng , Tang Beisha ,   the China Essential Tremor Alliance
Published: February 2025

Background

Distinguishing between essential tremor (ET) and tremor‐dominant Parkinson's disease (PD‐TD) can be challenging due to overlapping motor symptoms. This study aims to investigate the differences in nonmotor symptoms (NMS) between ET and PD‐TD patients to provide additional evidence for differentiating these two conditions.

Methods

This retrospective study included 1656 participants, comprising 558 PD‐TD patients, 584 ET patients, and 514 controls. ET patients were assessed using the Tremor Research Group Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS), while PD‐TD patients were evaluated based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). All participants were assessed for NMS using the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale (NMSS).

Results

The composite NMSS score for the PD‐TD group was significantly higher than that for the ET group and the control group (23.44 ± 20.20 vs. 12.60 ± 14.89 vs. 9.37 ± 12.44, p < 0.001). Compared to ET patients, PD‐TD patients had an increased risk of all NMS, especially in hyposmia (OR = 7.70, 95% CI: 5.11–11.62). The NMSS score, urinary symptoms, and hyposmia may play a role in differentiating ET from PD‐TD. The area under the curve (AUC) is 0.766 (95% CI: 0.739–0.793), with a sensitivity of 80.8% and specificity of 58.6%. When family history is included in the analysis, the AUC increases to 0.819 (95% CI: 0.795–0.843), with sensitivity improving to 82.4% and specificity to 68.2%.

Conclusions

The study reveals significant differences in NMS between ET and PD‐TD. Compared to patients with ET, those with PD‐TD exhibit more frequent and severe NMS. NMS and family history are helpful in differentiating between ET and PD‐TD.
Exploring the Interplay Between Self‐Identity, Affective Style, Emotion Regulation, and Anxiety: Based on Bayesian Network Model
Authors: Huang Ruizhi , Shen Huiqing , Yuan Ye , Jiang Ke , Wang Zhilin
Published: February 2025

Objective

This study aimed to explore the complex relationships between self‐identity, affective style, emotion regulation, and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in predicting anxiety. A model was proposed to integrate these factors, investigating their combined influence on anxiety.

Method

Involving 608 university students who completed self‐report measures of self‐identity, affective style, emotion regulation, IU, and anxiety. Network analysis and Bayesian network modeling were used to identify direct and mediating effects among these variables.

Results

Network analysis revealed that self‐identity, affective style, and IU directly predicted trait anxiety, with adjusting affective style emerging as a central factor. Bayesian network modeling further showed that IU and affective style mediated the impact of self‐identity on anxiety. Notably, emotion regulation did not mediate the relationship between affective style and anxiety, suggesting a possible spurious correlation. The model achieved a predictive accuracy of 90.13% for trait anxiety and 88.49% for state anxiety.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the central role of self‐identity in anxiety interventions, while also emphasizing the importance of addressing affective styles and IU. The results suggest that emotion regulation strategies alone may not directly reduce anxiety, indicating a need for more comprehensive clinical approaches.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Impact on Public Health, Current Insights, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Mubbashir Zainab , Tharwani Zoaib Habib , Kambar Tilyan , Munawar Sadia , Raphael Ozem , Siddiqui Iman , Nadeem Syeda Ayesha , Amir Ayesha , Ahmed Amina , Bin Zafar Muhammad Daim , Anjum Muhammad Umair , Hasanain Muhammad , Malikzai Abdullah
Published: February 2025

Background

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare complication of the measles infection. SSPE is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes encephalitis, leading to the demyelination of neurons in the brain. It affects the brain in 9 months or less and hence subacute, causing encephalitis and lesions in the entire brain, so the term panencephalitis is used.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed and Google Scholar starting in April 2024, and all relevant articles were extracted for this review.

Results

A recent surge in SSPE cases in developed countries has been reported. This has been attributed to reduced vaccination, aggravated by misinformation and a decline in immunization after the COVID‐19 pandemic. SSPE is a progressive and relatively rare neurological complication of measles, which almost always results in a vegetative state followed by death. It typically presents 10 years following exposure to measles. Manifestations of SSPE are divided into four stages that range from general personality changes to coma. Complications include ocular pathology and eventual blindness, as well as psychiatric illnesses. Treatment options for SSPE include symptomatic control with antiepileptic drugs, interferon combined treatment, vitamin A, ribavirin, and a ketogenic diet for disease modification.

Conclusion

The only prevention for SPPE is through vaccination. Several collaborative efforts have been made with WHO to improve surveillance and increase vaccination, but still many challenges prevail. Better prevention strategies and improved treatment outcomes can only be achieved by enhancing healthcare access, improving public awareness, analyzing community‐based data, and studying the genetic and molecular associations of measles and SSPE.
Antibody Responses to EBV and Toxoplasma and Their Genetic Links to Guillain–Barré Syndrome: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Qi Xiangjia , Gao Liqian , Qi Lifeng
Published: February 2025

Background

This study aims to investigate the potential causal relationship between antibody‐mediated immune responses to infectious agents and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) using a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.

Methods

Publicly available summary data from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) were utilized for comprehensive analysis. A genome‐wide and human leukocyte antigen association study conducted by Guillaume Butler‐Laporte et al. (n = 9724) examined 46 types of antibody‐mediated immune responses. GWAS summary statistics for GBS were obtained from the FinnGen consortium (n = 215,931) comprising European populations. The primary method for MR analysis was the inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) method. Various sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the heterogeneity and pleiotropy of the findings.

Results

The IVW method indicates a negative correlation between elevated levels of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA) p18 antibody and the risk of GBS (OR = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65–1.85, p = 0.012). Elevated levels of Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (sag1) antibody also show a negative correlation with the risk of GBS (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.92, p = 0.003). No evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was found in the MR analysis.

Conclusions

Elevated levels of EBV VCA p18 and T. gondii sag1 antibodies appear to be negatively correlated with the risk of GBS, suggesting that immune responses to these pathogens may play a protective role. However, the CI for the EBV VCA p18 association includes 1, indicating the need for caution in interpreting this result. Further research, including mechanistic studies and broader immune profiling, is needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying pathways.
Using Random Forest on Formative Assessments to Enhance the Quality of Teaching and Learning in Engineering Education
Authors: Chunyang Sheng , Maiying Zhong
Published: February 2025

With the popularization of engineering education professional certification, the goal of engineering education is more and more oriented to students' comprehensive ability, which also makes formative assessments more important in the process of talent training. As for a course, not only the assessment results but also the learning process of students should be paid more attention. By setting up rich and colorful process learning tasks, students can better achieve the course objectives. However, for the development of process learning, two problems require more attention. One is how to evaluate students' enthusiasm and learning effect and give an effective early warning, and the other is to analyze the effect of different learning tasks on students' final achievement of learning goal. In this study, on the basis of process learning historical data, a student process data evaluation and analysis model based on random forest is established. The data coming from Superstar Learn Platform is the process learning data of more than 300 students in a University. The analysis results show that appropriate curriculum design, course assignments and chapter tests have a significant impact on promoting students to achieve the course objectives. Besides, the timeliness of students' completion also plays a significant role. This analysis model can help students correct their learning attitude, help teachers better understand students and adjust teaching plans.
A Review of Genomic Testing and SDH‐ Deficiency in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Getting to the GIST
Authors: Florou Vaia , Jacobs Michelle F. , Casey Ruth , Evans Denisse , Owens Becky , Raygada Margarita , Rothschild Sara , Greenberg Samantha E.
Published: February 2025

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) have seen significant advancements in their diagnosis and management, driven by targeted therapeutic development and molecular testing. The identification of mutations in genes such as KIT and PDGFRA has transformed treatment approaches, particularly through targeted therapies like imatinib, which have improved patient outcomes. This review explores the critical role of genomic testing in GIST, highlighting its importance in accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and long‐term surveillance for KIT/PDGFRA negative, SDH‐deficient GISTs. SDH‐deficient GISTs arise from mutations or epigenetic changes affecting the succinate dehydrogenase complex. The complexity of SDH‐deficient GISTs, including their association with hereditary syndromes such as Hereditary Paraganglioma‐Pheochromocytoma and/or hypermethylation of the SDHC promoter, underscores the need for comprehensive germline testing. Despite the availability of guidelines, variability exists in genomic testing recommendations across different regions, necessitating a unified approach. This review proposes a simplified algorithm for the genomic workup of GIST, and suggests all individuals with SDH‐deficient GIST, regardless of germline testing result, require monitoring for additional SDHx‐related tumors, given the lack of widely available methylation and full gene SDHA analysis.
Bioactive Compound‐Fortified Nanocarriers in the Management of Neurodegenerative Disease: A Review
Authors: Singh Aditya , Maheshwari Shubhrat , Yadav Jagat Pal , Kumar Ravi , Verma Amita , Singh Sudarshan , Prajapati Bhupendra G.
Published: February 2025

Individual around the globe faces enormous problems from illnesses of the neurological system and the cerebrum, including neurodegenerative conditions and brain tumors. There are still no demonstrated viable treatments for neurological conditions, despite advances in drug delivery technologies such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nano‐liposomes. To address this, there is growing interest in leveraging naturally occurring bioactive substances for their therapeutic potential. However, challenges such as limited bioavailability and metabolism hinder their efficacy, particularly in the brain. Although various pharmaceutical interventions exist for neurodegenerative diseases, they often come with significant side effects, and there is currently no specific treatment to cure or slow down disease progression. Challenges such as the blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier present significant obstacles to deliver drugs into the brain. Strategies to improve drug penetration across these barriers include targeting specific transport systems and developing innovative drug delivery approaches. Hence, the development of nanocarriers capable of targeting bioactive compounds to the brain represents a promising approach for neurodegenerative disease therapy. This review explores the potential of bioactive compound‐fortified nano‐delivery systems for treating neurodegenerative diseases, with various compounds offering unique avenues for investigating neurodegeneration pathways and strategies in overcoming associated challenges.
Bioactive Compound Characterization and Phytopharmacological Potentials of Tulbaghia violacea Fruits and Seeds.
Authors: Oyerinde Rebecca , Risenga Ida Masana
Published: February 2025

Tulbaghia violacea is an established medicinal plant that is indigenous to Southern Africa. All its plant parts have been profiled for their phytochemical constituents and medicinal potentials except for the seeds and fruits. Thus, this study assessed the seeds (air‐dried) and fruits (freeze‐dried), extracted with six solvents, for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacities and antibacterial activities. All the 10 tested phytochemicals were detected across the six solvents, with more phytochemicals detected in the fruits. The fruit aqueous extract gave the highest yield (37.4%) while the hexanoic fruit extract had the lowest extraction yield (3.27%). The fruit had higher phenolic content across the solvents except in methanol. Conversely, except in hexanoic extracts, the seed had higher total proanthocyanidin contents across the solvents. In addition, the fruit had a higher total antioxidant capacity than the seeds, similar to the observation in the 1.1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. T. violacea fruit and seeds showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, but this activity was dose‐dependent. However, neither the fruit nor the seed extract had any antibacterial effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study showed that T. violacea fruits and seeds may be additional resources with medicinal benefits for human use.