bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue-specific histone modification and transcription factor binding in α globin gene expression
Authors: De Gobbi Marco , Anguita Eduardo , Hughes Jim , Sloane-Stanley Jacqueline A. , Sharpe Jacqueline A. , Koch Christoph M. , Dunham Ian , Gibbons Richard J. , Wood William G. , Higgs Douglas R.
Published: August 2007

To address the mechanism by which the human globin genes are activated during erythropoiesis, we have used a tiled microarray to analyze the pattern of transcription factor binding and associated histone modifications across the telomeric region of human chromosome 16 in primary erythroid and nonerythroid cells. This 220-kb region includes the α globin genes and 9 widely expressed genes flanking the α globin locus. This un-biased, comprehensive analysis of transcription factor binding and histone modifications (acetylation and methylation) described here not only identified all known cis-acting regulatory elements in the human α globin cluster but also demonstrated that there are no additional erythroid-specific regulatory elements in the 220-kb region tested. In addition, the pattern of histone modification distinguished promoter elements from potential enhancer elements across this region. Finally, comparison of the human and mouse orthologous regions in a unique mouse model, with both regions coexpressed in the same animal, showed significant differences that may explain how these 2 clusters are regulated differently in vivo.
Social inequalities in injury occurrence and in disability retirement attributable to injuries: a 5 year follow-up study of a 2.1 million gainfully employed people
Authors: Hannerz Harald , Mikkelsen Kim L , Nielsen Martin L , Tüchsen Finn , Spangenberg Søren
Published: August 2007

Background

Inequalities in injury related disability retirement may be due to differences in injury risk and or differences in retirement given injury. The aim of the present study was to measure social inequalities in injury occurrence and injury related disability retirement.

Methods

All people in the Danish labour force aged 20–59 years 1 January 1997 were followed for injury related hospital contacts during 1997 and all people in the Danish labour force aged 21–54 years 1 January 1998 were followed for injury related hospital contacts during 1997 and for disability retirements during 1998–2002. As inequality indices we used excess fractions (EF) i.e. the proportions of the cases that would not have occurred if the risks in each social group had been as low as they were in the occupational group with the highest skill requirements.

Results

With regard to the risk that an injury will occur, the EF was 36% among men and 10% among women. With regard to the risk that an injury will lead to disability retirement, the EF was 43% among men and 47% among women. The combined effect of the two types of inequalities rendered an EF for injury related disability retirement of 64% among men and 53% among women. The correlation between the case disability rate ratios among men and those among women was low (r = -0.110, P = 0.795).

Conclusion

The social inequality in injury related disability retirement lies only to some degree in the differences in the injury risk. More important are differences in the consequences of an injury. This was especially pronounced among the women.
mRNA/microRNA gene expression profile in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer
Authors: Lanza Giovanni , Ferracin Manuela , Gafà Roberta , Veronese Angelo , Spizzo Riccardo , Pichiorri Flavia , Liu Chang-gong , Calin George A , Croce Carlo M , Negrini Massimo
Published: August 2007

Background

Colorectal cancer develops through two main genetic instability pathways characterized by distinct pathologic features and clinical outcome.

Results

We investigated colon cancer samples (23 characterized by microsatellite stability, MSS, and 16 by high microsatellite instability, MSI-H) for genome-wide expression of microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA. Based on combined miRNA and mRNA gene expression, a molecular signature consisting of twenty seven differentially expressed genes, inclusive of 8 miRNAs, could correctly distinguish MSI-H versus MSS colon cancer samples. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, various members of the oncogenic miR-17-92 family were significantly up-regulated in MSS cancers. The majority of protein coding genes were also up-regulated in MSS cancers. Their functional classification revealed that they were most frequently associated with cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, repair, gastrointestinal disease and immune response.

Conclusion

This is the first report that indicates the existence of differences in miRNA expression between MSS versus MSI-H colorectal cancers. In addition, the work suggests that the combination of mRNA/miRNA expression signatures may represent a general approach for improving bio-molecular classification of human cancer.
HIV-1 sequence evolution in vivo after superinfection with three viral strains
Authors: Kozaczynska Karolina , Cornelissen Marion , Reiss Peter , Zorgdrager Fokla , van der Kuyl Antoinette C
Published: August 2007

With millions of people infected worldwide, the evolution of HIV-1 in vivo has been the subject of much research. Although recombinant viruses were detected early in the epidemic, evidence that HIV-1 dual infections really occurred came much later. Dual infected patients, consisting of coinfected (second infection before seroconversion) and superinfected (second infection after seroconversion) individuals, opened up a new area of HIV-1 evolution studies. Here, we describe the in-depth analysis of HIV-1 over time in a patient twice superinfected with HIV-1, first with a subtype B (B2) strain and then with CRF01_AE after initial infection with a subtype B (B1) strain.

The nucleotide evolution of gag and env-V3 of the three strains followed a similar pattern: a very low substitution rate in the first 2–3 years of infection, with an increase in synonymous substitutions thereafter. Convergent evolution at the protein level was rare: only a single amino acid in a gag p24 epitope showed convergence in the subtype B strains. Reversal of CTL-epitope mutations were also rare, and did not converge. Recombinant viruses were observed between the two subtype B strains. Luciferase-assays suggested that the CRF01_AE long terminal repeat (LTR) constituted the strongest promoter, but this was not reflected in the plasma viral load. Specific real-time PCR assays based upon the env gene showed that strain B2 and CRF01_AE RNA was present in equal amounts, while levels of strain B1 were 100-fold lower.

All three strains were detected in seminal plasma, suggesting that simultaneous transmission is possible.
Composite Multifocal Basal Cell carcinoma and Precursor B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Case report
Authors: El Demellawy Dina , Sur Monalisa , Ross Catherine , DeNardi Franco , Alowami Salem
Published: August 2007

Synchronous composite tumors though described are uncommon. Moreover, simultaneous occurrence of synchronous tumors involving the same tissue or organ at multiple sites is even less common. We report a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) occurring simultaneously in multiple skin sites. Several cases showing an association between cutaneous malignancies and lymphoproliferative disorders have been reported. Some of these cases included ALL and BCC and occurred often in the pediatric population with the BCC arising as a post-ALL therapy sequela. Other rare genetic causes may be considered. To our knowledge this is the first time that the synchronous occurrence of these two malignant processes in the same tissue involving multiple sites in an elderly patient is described.
Improvement of chronic facial pain and facial dyskinesia with the help of botulinum toxin application
Authors: Junghans Katharina , Rohrbach Saskia , Ellies Maik , Laskawi Rainer
Published: August 2007

Background

Facial pain syndromes can be very heterogeneous and need individual diagnosis and treatment. This report describes an interesting case of facial pain associated with eczema and an isolated dyskinesia of the lower facial muscles following dental surgery. Different aspects of the pain, spasms and the eczema will be discussed.

Case presentation

In this patient, persistent intense pain arose in the lower part of her face following a dental operation. The patient also exhibited dyskinesia of her caudal mimic musculature that was triggered by specific movements. Several attempts at therapy had been unsuccessful. We performed local injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) into the affected region of the patient's face. Pain relief was immediate following each set of botulinum toxin injections. The follow up time amounts 62 weeks.

Conclusion

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can be a safe and effective therapy for certain forms of facial pain syndromes.
Rab11 maintains connections between germline stem cells and niche cells in theDrosophilaovary
Authors: Bogard Nicholas , Lan Lan , Xu Jiang , Cohen Robert S.
Published: August 2007

All stem cells have the ability to balance their production of self-renewing and differentiating daughter cells. The germline stem cells(GSCs) of the Drosophila ovary maintain such balance through physical attachment to anterior niche cap cells and stereotypic cell division, whereby only one daughter remains attached to the niche. GSCs are attached to cap cells via adherens junctions, which also appear to orient GSC division through capture of the fusome, a germline-specific organizer of mitotic spindles. Here we show that the Rab11 GTPase is required in the ovary to maintain GSC-cap cell junctions and to anchor the fusome to the anterior cortex of the GSC. Thus, rab11-null GSCs detach from niche cap cells, contain displaced fusomes and undergo abnormal cell division, leading to an early arrest of GSC differentiation. Such defects are likely to reflect a role for Rab11 in E-cadherin trafficking as E-cadherin accumulates in Rab11-positive recycling endosomes (REs) and E-cadherin and Armadillo (β-catenin) are both found in reduced amounts on the surface of rab11-null GSCs. The Rab11-positive REs through which E-cadherin transits are tightly associated with the fusome. We propose that this association polarizes the trafficking by Rab11 of E-cadherin and other cargoes toward the anterior cortex of the GSC,thus simultaneously fortifying GSC-niche junctions, fusome localization and asymmetric cell division. These studies bring into focus the important role of membrane trafficking in stem cell biology.
Analysis of the heat transfer and friction in a ribbed square channel using numerical and experimental methods
Authors: Kang H. K. , Ahn S. W. , Bae S. T. , Lee D. H.
Published: August 2007

Numerical predictions and experiment of a hydrodynamic and thermally developed turbulent flow through square channels with one or two ribbed walls were performed to determine the pressure drop and heat transfer. The CFX (version 5.7) software package was used for the computations. The rough wall had 45°-inclined square ribs. All four walls in the channel were heated, and a uniform heat flux was maintained on the entire inner heat transfer channel area. Experimental data were also obtained for four Reynolds numbers ranging from 7600 to 24 900, a pitch-to-rib-height ratio of 8.0, and a rib-height-to-channel hydraulic diameter ratio of 0.0667. The numerical results were in agreement with the experimental data and showed that the values of the local heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in a square channel with two ribbed walls were greater than those with one ribbed wall.
Response to commentaries for ‘Making sense of ‘barebacking’: Gay men's narratives, unsafe sex and ‘resistance habitus'’
Authors: Crossley Michele L.
Published: August 2007

Responding to the two articles criticizing my paper, Making sense of ‘barebacking’ (Crossley, 2004), there are three main important debatable issues that need to be addressed and clarified. The first relates to methodology and centres around the question of whether it is valid to use published texts (fictional, biographical, and autobiographical) as I did in my article. The second relates to issues of definition and the claim that I have used the term ‘barebacking’ too loosely. The third regards the claim that I have constructed a simplistic ‘straw model’ version of health promotion. I will address each of these in turn before turning to the alleged ‘deconstruction’ of my text presented in the first article. Finally, I will address the claim made by both critics that I engage in insufficient critical reflection and relatedly, that my paper is unethical.
The Children's Depression Scale in Family Therapy: Hearing the Hurt
Authors: Tisher Miriam
Published: August 2007

In this article I review the changes in thinking about childhood depression since the 1950s, with an emphasis on the struggles to find language for childhood depression. My interface with these changes is described, with a particular focus on the development of the Children's Depression Scale (CDS). Clinical applications of family therapy using the CDS in treatment of childhood depression are then illustrated with a composite case example. The idea is developed that depression in children can be seen as a blocked communication, and that increasing emotional expressiveness in families is an appropriate therapeutic aim and intervention. The relevance of the historical context to current practice is considered.
Adapting to conversation as a language-impaired speaker: Changes in aphasic turn construction over time
Authors: Wilkinson Ray , Gower Morwenna , Beeke Suzanne , Maxim Jane
Published: August 2007

Using the methodology and findings of conversation analysis, we analyze changes in the talk of a man with aphasia (a language disorder acquired following brain damage) at two points in his spontaneous recovery period in the first months post-stroke. We note that in the earlier conversation (15 weeks post-stroke) two of the turn constructional methods he particularly makes use of are replacement (a form of repair) and extension. By the time of the latter conversation (30 weeks poststroke) these methods are less prevalent, while another repair operation, insertion, is now used in a particular way not seen in the earlier conversation. We suggest that these methods are means by which the aphasic speaker adapts his limited linguistic resources to the demands of constructing a turn-at-talk in conversation in order to lessen the extent of repair and delay with the turn and thus lessen the exposure of his linguistic noncompetence and his identity as ‘different’, ‘disabled’, or ‘language impaired’. These turn constructional methods are dynamic and change as the speaker recovers. We suggest that communication disorders such as aphasia can be problematic not only because of difficulties they can cause in conveying information or producing other social actions, but also because they can create difficulties in the presentation of self in everyday life.
Sample Preparation and Testing Methods for the Evaluation of Microcrystalline Waxes for the Seismic Protection of Art Objects
Authors: Crowley Anne , Laefer Debra F. , Fanning Mairead
Published: August 2007

Use of microcrystalline waxes for the protection of ceramic art objects from seismic events is an inexpensive and relatively popular technique. Unfortunately, because of the high porosity of some ceramics and the fragility of their glazes and paints, the surface of many art objects may be vulnerable to damage from the microcrystalline wax. Thus, a conservative application approach is needed—applying only as much as is actually required for predicted levels of ground movement. Determining this quantity and verifying the best application technique (e.g., hot versus cold) has yet to be established. This paper presents the development of testing techniques to optimize the application of microcrystalline waxes; specifically, the pioneering of tensile and shear sample preparation. These procedures were applied to 70 tensile and 175 shear tests on paraffin wax, beeswax, and four microcrystalline waxes. Static testing methods demonstrated the clear superiority of certain products and average performance capabilities of up to 167 kN/m2 in tension and 89 kN/m2 in shear, under light loading.
Social Identity and Culture Change on the Southern Northwest Coast
Authors: TVESKOV MARK A.
Published: August 2007

Driven by the participation of Native American people in the contemporary political, cultural, and academic landscape of North America, public and academic discussions have considered the nature of contemporary American Indian identity and the persistence, survival, and (to some) reinvention of Native American cultures and traditions. I use a case study—the historical anthropology of the Native American people of the Oregon coast—to examine the persistence of many American Indian people through the colonial period and the subsequent revitalization of “traditional” cultural practices. Drawing on archaeological data, ethnohistorical accounts, and oral traditions, I offer a reading of how, set against and through an ancestral landscape, traditional social identities and relationships of gender and authority were constructed and contested. I then consider how American Indian people negotiated the new sets of social relationships dictated by the dominant society.
The Alimentary Forms of the Global Life: The Pacific Island Trade in Lamb and Mutton Flaps
Authors: GEWERTZ DEBORAH , ERRINGTON FREDERICK
Published: August 2007

In this article, we track the controversial flow of lamb and mutton flaps (sheep bellies) from New Zealand and Australia to Papua New Guinea and Fiji. We focus on a multivalent fetish, a commodity that has the power to make a range of important things happen for differently located people. Some view flaps as trash, others, as treasure. They are objects of distaste or desire. As such, they are agents of social differentiation or of commonality. By exploring the different ways in which lamb and mutton flaps are fetishized in this part of the Pacific, we learn much about how contemporary socialities and economies are constructed and understood.
Filmmaker to Filmmaker: Robert Gardner and the Cinematic Process
Authors: COOVER RODERICK
Published: August 2007

Choices made in the reissue of many of Robert Gardner's groundbreaking films—including Dead Birds (1964), Rivers of Sand (1973), and Forest of Bliss (1986)—on DVD demonstrate how new media tools can reinvigorate questions generated by the original works and how they can provide new insight into a filmmaker's praxis. The juxtaposition of differing media and the integration of commentary track conversations in many of these works with media makers and scholars such as Stan Brakhage, Robert Fenz, Ross McElwee, Akos Ostor, and Lucien Taylor provide unique vantage points from which to view the original documentaries and reconsider the lessons they yield. Gardner's concurrent publication of his diary and production notes in the book Impulse to Preserve (2006) contextualizes and personalizes these works, showing how they fit together in a career of innovative ethnographic production that has spanned over 50 years.
VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: JACKNIS IRA
Published: August 2007

Indian Baskets of Central California: Art, Culture, and History. Native American Basketry from San Francisco Bay and Monterey Bay North to Mendocino and East to the Sierras. Ralph Shanks, author, and Lisa Woo Shanks, ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, distributed for Miwok Archaeological Preserve of Marin in association with Costaño Books, 2006. 176 pp.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BURKE NANCY
Published: August 2007

Multiple Medical Realities: Patients and Healers in Biomedical, Alternative and Traditional Medicine. Helle Johannessen and Imre Lazar, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006. 202 pp.

Spiritual Transformation and Healing: Anthropological, Theological, Neuroscientific, and Clinical Perspectives. Joan D. Koss‐Chioino and Philip Hefner, eds. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2006. 300 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MASON RACHEL
Published: August 2007

Do Glaciers Listen? Local Knowledge, Colonial Encounters, and Social Imagination. Julie Cruikshank. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 312 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: EHLERS TRACY BACHRACH
Published: August 2007

Broccoli and Desire: Global Connections and Maya Struggles in Postwar Guatemala. Edward F. Fischer and Peter Benson. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 210 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SIMMONS KIMBERLY EISON
Published: August 2007

The Devil behind the Mirror: Globalization and Politics in the Dominican Republic. Steven Gregory. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. 285 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: HOFFMAN CURTISS
Published: August 2007

Cross‐Cultural Collaboration: Native Peoples and Archaeology in the Northeastern United States. Jordan E. Kerber, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 384 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MARSHALL ROBERT C.
Published: August 2007

Waiting for Wolves in Japan: An Anthropological Study of People–Wildlife Relations. John Knight. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 2006. 296 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: JEFFERSON REID J.
Published: August 2007

Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of. Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill. David J. Meltzer. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 374 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: KINGSOLVER ANN
Published: August 2007

World Anthropologies: Disciplinary Transformations within Systems of Power. Gustavo Lins Ribeiro and Arturo Escobar, eds. Wenner‐Gren International Symposium Series. Oxford: Berg, 2006. 341 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: DANIULAITYTE RAMINTA
Published: August 2007

Diabetes among the Pima: Stories of Survival. Carolyn Smith‐Morris. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006. 210 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: HEMMINGS ANNETTE
Published: August 2007

Learning Difference: Race and Schooling in the Multiracial Metropolis. Annegret Daniela Staiger. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 223 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: A. BALLINGER DIANE
Published: August 2007

Diet, Health, and Status among the Pasión Maya:. Reappraisal of the Collapse. Lori E. Wright. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology Series, vol. 2. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2006. 256 pp.
A State‐Managed Program for Conducting Interviews with Commercial Fishermen
Authors: Cheuvront Brian
Published: August 2007

North Carolina has an ongoing program to collect social and economic data from commercial fishermen. The data are used to inform fisheries managers regarding potential human impacts of proposed regulations. Federal and state law requires consideration of available social and economic data whenever fisheries management decisions are made. This article describes the methods and techniques used by researchers at a state level to collect data relevant to state and federally managed fisheries. Baseline data collection occurred between 1999 and 2003. Longitudinal follow up data collection began in 2004. Both qualitative and quantitative data are collected from individual fishermen. Data elements include individual sociodemographics, characteristics of their fishing business, dependence on fishing, attitudes regarding fisheries management, user group conflicts, and perceptions of the fishing industry. Benefits and difficulties associated with maintaining a state‐level program are discussed.
Blood Culture Results from Healthy Captive and Free-Ranging Elasmobranchs
Authors: Mylniczenko Natalie D. , Harris Brigita , Wilborn Rachel E. , Young Forrest A.
Published: August 2007

Blood culture is a diagnostic tool used in confirming bacterial disease in teleostean and elasmobranch fishes. Unlike teleosts, elasmobranchs have a normal microflora in multiple organs, but their blood has generally been considered to be sterile. In regular exams of elasmobranchs conducted at a public aquarium, occasional blood samples have tested positive on culture. This finding prompted a blood culture survey of healthy captive and wild elasmobranchs (sharks and stingrays), which showed that 26.7% of all animals were positive. Stingrays alone showed a 50% occurrence of positive blood cultures, although the total number of animals was low and freshwater species were included in this number. When elasmobranchs other than stingrays were evaluated according to metabolic category, pelagic animals had a higher percentage of positive cultures than nonpelagic animals (38.7% versus 13.9%). These results indicate that a single positive blood culture without other corroborating diagnostics is not sufficient to confirm septicemia in elasmobranchs.
Multiple ALS Mutations Confer Herbicide Resistance in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)
Authors: Patzoldt William L. , Tranel Patrick J.
Published: August 2007

In a survey of herbicide responses among Illinois waterhemp half-sib populations, several were observed with differential responses to imazethapyr and thifensulfuron, two acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides. Plants from two waterhemp populations were verified resistant to imazethapyr, but susceptible to chlorimuron, using a nondestructive leaf-disc assay. Sequencing of the ALS gene revealed that imazethapyr-resistant waterhemp plants from both populations had inferred amino acid substitutions at position 653 of ALS. Depending on the population, the serine at position 653 of ALS was substituted with either asparagine (S653N) or threonine (S653T). Waterhemp lines were derived from each population to create uniformly imidazolinone-resistant (IR) waterhemp biotypes, designated IR-62 and IR-101. ALS-inhibitor responses of each IR biotype were compared with a previously identified ALS inhibitor–resistant biotype with a tryptophan to leucine substitution at position 574 (W574L) and an herbicide-susceptible control. Whole-plant dose–response experiments with waterhemp biotypes containing W574L, S653N, or S653T mutations indicated that each biotype was resistant to imazethapyr, but only the biotype with a W574L mutation was resistant to thifensulfuron. In vitro ALS-activity assays revealed unique patterns of cross-resistance among protein extracts derived from each biotype in response to imazethapyr, thifensulfuron, cloransulam, and pyrithiobac. In conclusion, three different forms of target-site–based resistance to ALS inhibitors have been identified in waterhemp.
Mutations in Phytoene Desaturase Gene in Fluridone-Resistant Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Biotypes in Florida
Authors: Puri Atul , MacDonald Gregory E. , Altpeter Fredy , Haller William T.
Published: August 2007

Hydrilla is one of the most serious aquatic weed problems in the United States, and fluridone is the only U.S. Environment Protection Agency (USEPA)–approved herbicide that provides relatively long-term systemic control. Recently, hydrilla biotypes with varying levels of fluridone resistance have been documented in Florida. One susceptible and five fluridone-resistant biotypes of hydrilla varying in resistance levels were maintained in 950-L tanks under ambient sunlight and day-length conditions from September 2004 to September 2005 in absence of fluridone. Because fluridone is an inhibitor of the enzyme phytoene desaturase (PDS), the gene for PDS (pds) was cloned from fluridone-susceptible and -resistant hydrilla biotypes. Somatic mutations in amino acid 304 of hydrilla PDS are known to confer herbicide resistance. We determinedpdssequence from these hydrilla biotypes at planting and 12-mo after planting. Two independent mutations at the arginine 304 codon ofpdswere found in the resistant hydrilla plants. The codon usage for arginine 304 is CGT, and a single point mutation yielding either serine (AGT) or histidine (CAT) was identified in different resistant hydrilla biotypes. There were no differences at codon 304 in the PDS protein of any hydrilla biotype 12-mo after planting. Several other mutations were also found in resistantpdsalleles, though their possible role in herbicide resistance is unclear.
Effect of Small Broomrape (Orobanche Minor) on Red Clover Growth and Dry Matter Partitioning
Authors: Lins Ryan D. , Colquhoun Jed B. , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: August 2007

Small broomrape is a parasite of several broadleaf plant species. Consequences of small broomrape infestation in host cropping systems include seed contamination, reduction in crop seed yield, and host plant death. The effect of small broomrape parasitism on the biomass partitioning of its primary host, red clover, has not been documented. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between small broomrape and red clover biomass accumulation. Total biomass of parasitized red clover plants was 15 to 51% less than nonparasitized red clover plants. Small broomrape parasitism reduced the amount of dry matter allocated to red clover inflorescences by 50 to 80%. Small broomrape dry matter accumulation was strongly related to total red clover–small broomrape dry matter accumulation. Small broomrape attachment number per red clover plant was a poor indicator of relative small broomrape dry weight accumulation. The results of this study indicated that small broomrape accumulated resources from red clover at the greatest expense to the economically important reproductive tissues.
High‐Resolution Nanoimprinting with a Robust and Reusable Polymer Mold
Authors: Barbero D. R. , Saifullah M. S. M. , Hoffmann P. , Mathieu H. J. , Anderson D. , Jones G. A. C. , Welland M. E. , Steiner U.
Published: August 2007

High temperature nanoimprinting of viscous polymers which are glassy at room temperature is usually performed using brittle and expensive molds made of inorganic materials. As a replacement, soft molds made of plastics or elastomers have been used because of their low cost and ease of fabrication. However, the deformation of polymer molds under pressure remains a major issue which limits their resolution in high temperature nanoimprinting. Moreover, the replicated structures are often broken or lack definition due to sticking of the embossed polymer to the mold. We report a method for imprinting fine, densely packed nanostructures down to 12 nm into a wide range of technologically important polymers using a flexible and robust mold made from ethylene(tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE). The high resolution achieved is due to the mold's mechanical stability and resistance to distortion at high pressures and high temperatures. The flexibility and low surface energy of ETFE provide a clean mold release without fracture or deformation of the embossed structures. Multiple imprinting and patterning on large areas is also made possible because of the good conformal contact and low‐adhesion of the ETFE mold. Finally, this simple and inexpensive method allows reproduction of the stamps from one single master, thus providing an economical alternative to expensive and brittle inorganic materials.
Hierarchically Ordered Polymer Films by Templated Organization of Aqueous Droplets
Authors: Park J. S. , Lee S. H. , Han T. H. , Kim S. O.
Published: August 2007

Hierarchically ordered structures facilitate the incorporation of diverse functions simultaneously. The present report introduces a simple and novel strategy for producing hierarchically ordered polymeric films. Hierarchical ordering of aqueous droplets on a polymer solution is realized by the imposition of physical confinement via various shaped gratings. After drying of the solution, well‐ordered hierarchical structures were fabricated in the remaining polymer film. The size of the grating structure and the lattice size of spontaneous hexagonally packed aqueous pores comprise two different length scales, thereby offering multiscale ordering. Interfacial wetting of the polymer solution to the grating surface was crucial in terms of obtaining a highly ordered structure that can be tuned by dissolving a small amount of surfactant in the polymer solution. The present novel approach provides a new opportunity for lithography‐free fabrication of complex hierarchical structures.
High Definition Digital Fabrication of Active Organic Devices by Molecular Jet Printing
Authors: Chen J. , Leblanc V. , Kang S. H. , Benning P. J. , Schut D. , Baldo M. A. , Schmidt M. A. , Bulović V.
Published: August 2007

We introduce a high resolution molecular jet (MoJet) printing technique for vacuum deposition of evaporated thin films and apply it to fabrication of 30 μm pixelated (800 ppi) molecular organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) based on aluminum tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3) and fabrication of narrow channel (15 μm) organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with pentacene channel and silver contacts. Patterned printing of both organic and metal films is demonstrated, with the operating properties of MoJet‐printed OLEDs and OFETs shown to be comparable to the performance of devices fabricated by conventional evaporative deposition through a metal stencil. We show that the MoJet printing technique is reconfigurable for digital fabrication of arbitrary patterns with multiple material sets and high print accuracy (of better than 5 μm), and scalable to fabrication on large area substrates. Analogous to the concept of “drop‐on‐demand” in Inkjet printing technology, MoJet printing is a “flux‐on‐demand” process and we show it capable of fabricating multi‐layer stacked film structures, as needed for engineered organic devices.
The Effects of Multiphase Formation on Strain Relaxation and Magnetization in Multiferroic BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Lim S. H. , Murakami M. , Sarney W. L. , Ren S. Q. , Varatharajan A. , Nagarajan V. , Fujino S. , Wuttig M. , Takeuchi I. , Salamanca‐Riba L. G.
Published: August 2007

Multiferroic epitaxial Bi‐Fe‐O thin films of different thicknesses (15–500 nm) were grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition under various oxygen partial pressures to investigate the microstructural evolution in the Bi‐Fe‐O system and its effect on misfit strain relaxation and on the magnetic properties of the films. Films grown at low oxygen partial pressure show the canted antiferromagnetic phase α‐Fe2O3 embedded in a matrix of BiFeO3. The ferromagnetic phase, γ‐Fe2O3 is found to precipitate inside the α‐Fe2O3 grains. The formation of these phases changes the magnetic properties of the films and the misfit strain relaxation mechanism. The multiphase films exhibit both highly strained and fully relaxed BiFeO3 regions in the same film. The magnetization in the multiphase Bi‐Fe‐O films is controlled by the presence of the γ‐Fe2O3 phase rather than heteroepitaxial strain as it is the case in pure single phase BiFeO3. Also, our results show that this unique accommodation of misfit strain by the formation of α‐Fe2O3 gives rise to significant enhancement of the piezo electric properties of BiFeO3.
Mesocellular Silica Foam as an Epoxy Polymer Reinforcing Agent
Authors: Park I. , Pinnavaia T. J.
Published: August 2007

A new type of mechanically improved rubbery epoxy composite is demonstrated based on the use of a mesocellular silica foam, denoted MSU‐F, as the reinforcement agent. The silica exhibits a surface area of 540 m2 g–1, a cell size of 26.5 nm (14.9 nm window size) and a pore volume of 2.2 cm3 g–1. Most notably, the silica foam particles readily disperse in the epoxy matrix without the need for an organic surface modifier or dispersing agent. Relative to the pristine polymer, the tensile modulus, strength, strain‐at‐break, and toughness for the mesocomposites are systematically enhanced at relatively low silica loading over the range 1–9 wt %. Moreover, all of these benefits are realized without a sacrifice in thermal stability or optical transparency of the polymer. The results demonstrate that silica in mesocellular foam form can provide polymer reinforcement far beyond the level realized for non‐porous silica or silica with small mesopores at the same weight loading.
Engineering Functional Collagen Scaffolds: Cyclical Loading Increases Material Strength and Fibril Aggregation
Authors: Cheema U. , Chuo C.‐B. , Sarathchandra P. , Nazhat S. N. , Brown R. A.
Published: August 2007

Variation in collagen fibril diameter in nature is a major factor determining biological material properties. However, the mechanism resulting in this fibril diameter difference is not clear and generally assumed to be cell‐dependent. It is certainly not possible so far to engineer this into implantable scaffold materials. This gap in our knowledge is crucial for the fabrication of truly biomimetic tissue‐like materials. We have tested the idea that fibril diameter can be regulated directly without cell involvement, using cyclical mechanical loading to promote fibril fusion. Specific loading regimes increased collagen fibril diameter (> 2 fold) in direct relation to cycle number, whilst thin fibrils disappeared. Tensile properties increased, producing a 4.5 fold rise in break strength. This represents the first demonstration of direct cyclical load‐promoted fibril fusion and provides a direct relation with material properties. The ability to control material properties in this way makes it possible to fabricate truly biomimetic collagen materials without cells.
Intranuclear rod myopathy: molecular pathogenesis and mechanisms of weakness
Authors: Domazetovska Ana , Ilkovski Biljana , Kumar Vikash , Valova Valentina A. , Vandebrouck Aurelie , Hutchinson David O. , Robinson Phillip J. , Cooper Sandra T. , Sparrow John C. , Peckham Michelle , North Kathryn N.
Published: August 2007

Objective

Mutations in the α‐skeletal actin gene (ACTA1) result in a variety of inherited muscle disorders characterized by different pathologies and variable clinical phenotypes. Mutations at Val163 in ACTA1 result in pure intranuclear rod myopathy; however, the molecular mechanisms by which mutations at Val163 lead to intranuclear rod formation and muscle weakness are unknown.

Methods and Results

We investigated the effects of the Val163Met mutation in ACTA1 in tissue culture and Drosophila models, and in patient muscle. In cultured cells, the mutant actin tends to aggregate rather than incorporate into cytoplasmic microfilaments, and it affects the dynamics of wild‐type actin, causing it to accumulate with the mutant actin in the nucleus. In Drosophila, the Val163Met mutation severely disrupts the structure of the muscle sarcomere. The intranuclear aggregates in patient muscle biopsies impact on nuclear structure and sequester normal Z‐disc–associated proteins within the nucleus; however, the sarcomeric structure is relatively well preserved, with evidence of active regeneration. By mass spectrometry, the levels of mutant protein are markedly reduced in patient muscle compared with control.

Interpretation

Data from our tissue culture and Drosophila models show that the Val163Met mutation in α‐skeletal actin can affect the dynamics of other actin isoforms and severely disrupt sarcomeric structure, processes that can contribute to muscle weakness. However, in human muscle, there is evidence of regeneration, and the mutant protein tends to aggregate rather than incorporate into cytoplasmic microfilaments in cells. These are likely compensatory processes that ameliorate the effects of the mutant actin and contribute to the milder clinical and pathological disease phenotype. Ann Neurol 2007
Aluminium production options with a focus on the use of a hydrogen anode: a review
Authors: Namboothiri Sankar , Taylor Mark P. , Chen John J. J. , Hyland Margaret M. , Cooksey Mark
Published: August 2007

The Hall–Héroult process for the production of aluminium uses a consumable carbon anode. Owing to the environmental effects of the consumable carbon anodes, the primary aluminium industry is under increasing pressure to improve on the Hall–Héroult process to make it more environmentally friendly. Inert anodes would provide a major technical revolution, as they may yield significant cost, energy and environmental benefits. However, no fully acceptable inert anode material has been developed to date. Other alternative technologies had been investigated and tested, but with little success so far. The use of a hydrogen anode for the production of aluminium is an interesting concept, as it will have the same reversible voltage as a carbon anode in a conventional Hall–Héroult cell, and it will considerably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews the various process options for aluminium electrowinning with a focus on the application of hydrogen anode in aluminium electrowinning. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradation of low‐density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch foams before and after electron beam irradiation
Authors: Senna Magdy M. , Yossef Ateyat M. , Hossam Fatma M. , El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab M.
Published: August 2007

Foamy low‐density polyethylene/plasticized starch (LDPE/PLST) blends at different compositions were produced in the presence of azodicarbonamide (ACA) compound as foaming agent. The LDPE/PLST blends before and after electron beam irradiation were investigated in terms of mechanical properties, bulk density, and structure morphology. Moreover, the biodegradability of these materials was evaluated by the soil burial test for 2 months, in which the buried sheets were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the increase of PLST content from 24 to 30% was accompanied by a decrease in the yield and break stresses of 10 and 20% for the unirradiated blends without the foaming agent, respectively. Further decrease in these mechanical parameters was observed after the foaming process. The bulk density, void fraction, cell size measurements as well as the examination by SEM illustrate clearly the cell growth of the foam structure. The soil burial test and SEM micrographs indicate the growth of microorganisms overall the blend sheets and that the blend was completely damaged after two months of burying. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effects of the tacticities of poly(vinyl alcohol) on the structure and morphology of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanowebs prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Lim Hyun Ju , Lee Sung Jun , Bae Han Jo , Noh Seok Kyun , Lee Yong Rok , Han Sung Soo , Jeon Han Yong , Park Won Ho , Lyoo Won Seok
Published: August 2007

The effects of tacticities on the characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanowebs prepared by an electrospinning technique were investigated. PVA webs composed of uniform nanofibers with syndiotactic dyad (s‐dyad) contents of 53.5 and 57.3% were successfully obtained with electrospinning. By changing processing parameters such as the initial polymer concentration, applied voltage, and tip‐to‐collector distance, we found suitable conditions for forming PVA webs with uniform nanofibers. PVAs of higher s‐dyad contents were prepared at a lower solution concentration and at a higher applied voltage because of the easy formation of syndiotactic PVA chain entanglements at a very low polymer concentration. The average diameter of the nanofibers in a PVA web with the higher s‐dyad content of 57.3% (ca. 240 nm) was thinner than that of the nanofibers in a PVA web with the lowers‐dyad content of 53.5% (ca. 270 nm). In addition, the crystallinity and thermal stability were greatly increased with an increase in the s‐dyad content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Studies on curing and thermal behavior of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A and benzoxazine mixtures
Authors: Jain Ritu , Narula A. K. , Choudhary Veena
Published: August 2007

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of benzoxazine monomers prepared by reacting the mixture of amine (aniline [A], 3‐chloroaniline [C], o‐toluidine [T]) and phenol (bisphenol‐A [B], phenol [P]) with formaldehyde [F]. The benzoxazine monomers prepared by reacting B and F with A, C, and T have been designated as BAF, BCF, and BTF, respectively. Structural characterization of benzoxazines was done using FTIR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. The curing behavior of benzoxazine monomers was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the presence of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA). In all the samples, the molar ratio of benzoxazine monomer:DGEBA, was varied as 1 :0, 3 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 :3. The peak exotherm temperature (Tp) was lowest in all the samples having molar ratio of 3 : 1 benzoxazine:DGEBA and highest in samples having molar ratio of 1 : 3. The heat of polymerization (ΔH) was found to be maximum during curing of mixture of DGEBA and benzoxazine monomer prepared from phenol, aniline and formaldehyde (PAF). Thermal stability of benzoxazines:DGEBA mixture cured isothermally was evaluated by recording thermogravimetric traces in nitrogen atmosphere. The char yield was highest for a mixture having benzoxazine : DGEBA in the ratio of 3 : 1. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Design and preparation of μ‐bimodal porous scaffold for tissue engineering
Authors: Salerno A. , Oliviero M. , Di Maio E. , Iannace S. , Netti P. A.
Published: August 2007

The aim of this study was to prepare poly‐ϵ‐caprolactone (PCL) foams, with a well‐defined micrometric and bimodal open‐pore dimension distribution, suitable as scaffolds for tissue engineering. The porous network pathway was designed without using toxic agents by combining gas foaming (GF) and selective polymer extraction techniques. PCL was melt‐mixed with thermoplastic gelatin (TG) in concentrations ranging from 40 to 60 wt %, to achieve a cocontinuous blend morphology. The blends were subsequently gas foamed by using N2‐CO2 mixtures, with N2 amount ranging from 0 to 80 vol %. Foaming temperature was changed from 38 to 110°C and different pressure drop rates were used. After foaming, TG was removed by soaking in H2O. The effect of blend compositions and GF process parameters on foam morphologies was investigated. Results showed that different combinations of TG weight ratios and GF parameters allowed the modulation of macroporosity fraction, microporosity dimension, and degree of interconnection. By optimizing the process parameters it was possible to tailor the morphologies of highly interconnected PCL scaffolds for tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Thermal expansion and mechanical properties of phenolic resin/ZrW2O8 composites
Authors: Tani Jun‐ichi , Kimura Hajime , Hirota Ken , Kido Hiroyasu
Published: August 2007

Phenolic resin/ZrW2O8 composites were successfully fabricated and their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as well as mechanical properties was investigated. The CTE of the composites decreases from 46 × 10–6 to 14 × 10–6 K−1 when the ZrW2O8 volume fraction increases from 0 to 52 vol %. The CTE of the composites is analyzed by some theoretical models; Schapery's upper bound provides the best estimate of the reduction in CTE. The Barcol hardness of the composites increases with an increase in the ZrW2O8 volume fraction. The bending strength of the composites with 19–25 vol % of ZrW2O8 fillers shows a maximum value of 130 MPa, which is 45% larger than that of phenolic resin without fillers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Intellectual property, genetically modified crops and bioethics
Authors: Adcock Mike
Published: August 2007

The implementation of a new technology is almost always surrounded by a debate on the moral and social implications that may arise. The debate with regard to genetically modified (GM) crops has been one of the longest and most controversial. However, one area of the debate that receives less attention is the role that intellectual property can play. The introduction of an effective and yet appropriate intellectual property system addressing society's particular needs can eliminate some of these issues. This paper looks at whether the situation in Europe is meeting our current needs and also addresses the role intellectual property can play in the debate over the introduction of GM crops in developing countries.