bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes
Authors: Colaric Mateja , Veberic Robert , Stampar Franci , Hudina Metka
Published: August 2005

Sensory attributes and chemical composition in peach and nectarine fruits of nine different cultivars were evaluated and compared. The cultivars investigated in the research were: ‘Maria Marta’, ‘Romestar’, ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’, ‘Bea’, ‘Maria Aurelia’, ‘Venus’ and ‘Spring Red’. In sensory evaluation the ‘Maria Aurelia’ was the highest rated, and the ‘224 × A/13’ was the lowest. The cultivars ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’ and ‘Spring Red’ were poor in sugars; however, the ‘Spring Red’ was rich in organic acids. Similarly, the ‘Maria Aurelia’ and ‘Venus’ fruits had higher contents of organic acids and were also rich in sugars. Furthermore, the relationships among sensory and chemical attributes of fruit quality were studied. The sensory evaluations of sweetness, taste, and aroma were well correlated with some chemically measured attributes of peach and nectarine quality: sweetness was influenced by citric acid, shikimic acid and sugars/organic acids ratio; aroma was correlated with total organic acids, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid; taste was related to malic/citric acid ratio, total sugars, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid. The results of the research indicate that sensory evaluation provides a good tool in the quick assessment of peach and nectarine fruit quality. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 16/2005
Authors: Wang Tongxin , Rother Gudrun , Cölfen Helmut
Published: August 2005

Cover: The figure shows the purification and GPC analysis of phosphonated double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) via complete precipitation with Ca2+, where components without phosphonate groups are kept in solution. The purified phosphonated DHBCs are highly active CaCO3 crystallization modifiers. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by T. Wang, G. Rother, and H. Cölfen* on page 1619.
Poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) nonisothermal cold‐crystallization
Authors: Martinelli Andrea , D'Ilario Lucio , Caminiti Ruggero
Published: August 2005

The poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) (PPS) nonisothermal cold‐crystallization behavior was investigated in a wide heating rate range. The techniques employed were the usual Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and the less conventional FT‐IR spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Diffraction (EDXD). The low heating rates (Φ) explored by EDXD (0.1 K min−1) and FT‐IR (0.5–10 K min−1) are contiguous and complementary to the DSC ones (5–30 K min−1). The crystallization temperature changes from 95 °C at Φ = 0.05 K min−1 to 130 °C at Φ = 30 K min−1. In such a wide temperature range the Kissinger model failed. The model is based on an Arrhenius temperature dependence of the crystallization rate and is widely employed to evaluate the activation energy of the crystallization process. The experimental results were satisfactorily fit by replacing in the Kissinger model the Arrhenius equation with the Vogel–Fulcher–Tamann function and fixing U* = 6.28 k J mol−1, the activation energy needed for the chains movements, according to Hoffmann. The temperature at which the polymer chains are motionless (T∞ = 42 °C) was found by fitting the experimental data. It appears to be reasonable in the light of our previously reported isothermal crystallization results, which indicated T∞ = 48 °C. Moreover, at the lower heating rate, mostly explored by FT‐IR, a secondary stepwise crystallization process was well evidenced. In first approximation, it contributes to about 17% of the crystallinity reached by the sample. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2725–2736, 2005
Performance of a turbo‐coded CDMA system in a mobile satellite channel
Authors: Young Kim Jin
Published: August 2005

The bit error rate (BER) performance of a turbo‐coded code‐division multiple‐access (CDMA) system operating in a satellite channel is analysed and simulated. The system performance is compared for various constituent decoders, including maximuma posterioriprobability (MAP) and Max‐Log‐MAP algorithms, and the soft‐output Viterbi algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the Max‐Log‐MAP algorithm is the most promising among these three algorithms in overall terms of performance and complexity. It is also shown that, for fixed code rate, the BER performance is improved substantially by increasing the number of iterations in the turbo decoder, or by increasing the interleaver length in the turbo encoder. The results in this paper are of interest in CDMA‐based satellite communications applications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic management of common bile duct stones
Authors: Ponsky Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2005

Endoscopic sphincterotomy has become the undisputed method of choice for removing common bile duct calculi following previous cholecystectomy. This approach has also been applied to selected patients with intact gallbladders deemed unfit for surgery. More recently, endoscopic clearance of the bile duct has been used in concert with laparoscopic cholecystectomy to avoid laparotomy. Modalities available for stone therapy via the endoscope include baskets and balloons, mechanical lithotripters, electrohydraulic lithotripsy probes, and laser energy. In difficult cases stents may be placed to provide drainage in lieu of stone extraction.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The state of the art. A report on 700 consecutive cases
Authors: Périssat J. , Collet D. , Belliard R. , Desplantez J. , Magne E.
Published: August 2005

Born in secret in 1987, developed in an atmosphere of skepticism and even hostility throughout 1988, the laparoscopic cholecystectomy triumphed in 1989–90 and caused a veritable revolution in the world of general surgery. The 700 consecutive cases that we report here reflect the spirit of these various periods. From prudently restrictive, our indications widened to include 90% of all patients with gallbladder lithiasis. Sclero‐atrophic gallbladders constitute the greatest challenge for endoscopic maneuvers. This group of patients should be treated by the most experienced operators only. The figures for mortality (0.1%) and complications (3%) are very comparable and even better than those for traditional cholecystectomy. The quality of recovery is infinitely better; there is absence of pain, a short period of hospitalization, return to normal physical activity within 10 days, rapid return to work, and total preservation of the abdominal muscles for participation in sports activities. All these advantages are assets of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy which are not available to the 6% of patients for whom an intra‐operative conversion to open surgery is necessary. These patients recover within the conditions of a traditional cholecystectomy which are far from being poor. The large multicenter studies, such as those carried out in France and Belgium recently involving 3,708 patients, arrive at identical conclusions. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy is on its way to becoming the gold standard of treatment for gallbladder lithiasis. It is the first successful step towards surgical techniques of the 21st century which will be carried out inside the musculo‐cutaneous envelope of the unopened human body.
Clinicopathological characteristics of duodenal microgastrinomas
Authors: Imamura Masayuki , Kanda Masahiro , Takahashi Kiyoyuki , Shimada Yutaka , Miyahara Tokiharu , Wagata Takashi , Hashimoto Mitsuaki , Tobe Takayoshi , Soga Jun
Published: August 2005

Duodenal gastrinomas do not seem to behave as malignantly as sporadic pancreatic gastrinomas. Statistical analysis of 49 patients with sporadic pancreatic gastrinoma and 21 patients with sporadic duodenal gastrinoma reported since 1980 in Japan revealed that the incidence of hepatic metastasis was 57% in patients with sporadic pancreatic gastrinoma and only 9% in patients with sporadic duodenal gastrinoma (p<0.01). These findings suggest that there is an essential biological differences between duodenal and pancreatic gastrinoma. Five patients with sporadic duodenal microgastrinoma (tumor diameter <5mm) in our hospital had no hepatic metastases; however, 4 patients had lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemical study of 5 sporadic duodenal microgastrinomas and 6 sporadic pancreatic gastrinomas revealed that the sporadic duodenal gastrinomas contained significantly fewer insulin‐producing or glucagon‐producing cells than sporadic pancreatic gastrinomas. The cellular composition of the metastatic lymph nodes from duodenal microgastrinomas was similar to that of the primary tumor. This difference in cellular composition between the duodenal microgastrinomas and the pancreatic gastrinomas suggests that the process of development and differentiation of gastrinoma cells is different.
Single and multigland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism: Clinical follow‐up, histopathology, and flow cytometric DNA analysis
Authors: Bonjer H. Jaap , Bruining Hajo A. , Birkenhager Jan C. , Nishiyama Ronald H. , Jones Michael A. , Bruce Bagwell C.
Published: August 2005

Two‐hundred seventy‐four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had selective removal of enlarged parathyroid glands. Biopsies were taken from all parathyroid glands. Normal‐size glands were not resected irrespective of their histological appearance. After a mean follow‐up of 13.5 years the rates of persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism were, respectively, 3.6% and 0.7%. Transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred in 24% and 2.5% of the patients. The microscopic appearance of enlarged glands and of biopsies taken from normal‐size glands were reviewed by two pathologists. Normal parathyroid glands were distinguished from abnormal glands fairly accurately (sensitivity 93%, specificity 80%). Microscopic classification of abnormal parathyroid glands as adenomas or hyperplastic glands correlated poorly with the gross classification as single or multigland disease. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of paraffin embedded parathyroid tissue showed significant differences for DNA index, % S‐phase and % G2M (p<0.001). Differentiating single from multigland disease by means of DNA analysis was not possible. In conclusion, removal of only enlarged parathyroid glands results in acceptable rates of persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Biopsies should only be taken sparingly to prevent transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism. Microscopic examination and flow cytometric DNA analysis can differentiate normal from abnormal parathyroid glands but are unable to differentiate abnormal glands into single or multigland disease.
Exploring the subsite‐structure of vimelysin and thermolysin using FRETS‐libraries
Authors: Oda Kohei , Takahashi Toshihiro , Takada Katsumi , Tsunemi Masahiko , Ng Kenneth K.-S. , Hiraga Kazumi , Harada Shigeharu
Published: August 2005

Vimelysin is a metalloproteinase with high activity at low temperature and an unusual resistance to organic solvents. Substrate specificities of vimelysin and thermolysin were examined using FRETS‐libraries, revealing a significant difference at the P3′ position: vimelysin preferred acidic amino acid residues, whereas thermolysin preferred basic residues. Homology modeling of vimelysin suggests that oppositely charged residues in the S3′ subsites (R215 in vimelysin and D213 in thermolysin) may be responsible for this specificity difference. This hypothesis was confirmed by examining the R215D mutant of vimelysin, which showed a substrate specificity profile intermediate between thermolysin and vimelysin.
Vector Solutions for Great Circle Navigation
Authors: Earle Michael A.
Published: August 2005

Traditionally, navigation has been taught with methods employing Napier's rules for spherical triangles while methods derived from vector analysis and calculus appear to have been avoided in the teaching environment. In this document, vector methods are described that allow distance and azimuth at any point on a great circle to be determined. These methods are direct and avoid reliance on the formulae of spherical trigonometry. The vector approach presented here allows waypoints to be established without the need to either ascertain the position of the vertex or select the nearest pole; the method discussed here requires only one spherical triangle having an apex at the North Pole and is also easy to implement on a small computer.
A Review of Multisensor Fusion Methodologies for Aircraft Navigation Systems
Authors: Allerton David J. , Jia Huamin
Published: August 2005

This paper reviews currently existing fault-tolerant navigation system architectures and data fusion methods used in the design and development of integrated aircraft navigation systems and also compares their advantages and disadvantages. Four fault-tolerant navigation system architectures are reviewed and the associated Kalman filter architectures and algorithms are discussed. These techniques have been used in most integrated aircraft navigation systems. The aim of this review paper is to provide a guide for navigation system designers to develop future aircraft multisensor navigation systems.
Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Niño autumn and winter
Authors: Larkin Narasimhan K. , Harrison D. E.
Published: August 2005

One of the consequences of the new NOAA definition of El Niño is the identification of a number of boreal autumns and winters as El Niño seasons that are not conventionally so identified. In these periods SST anomalies are concentrated significantly more toward the International Dateline than usual. We show here that the seasonal weather anomalies typically associated with these additional “Dateline El Niño” seasons are different in useful respects over much of the world, and suggest that it is useful to treat these as different types of “El Niño” for purposes of seasonal weather forecasting.
Plant and animal homeodomains use convergent mechanisms for intercellular transfer
Authors: Tassetto Michel , Maizel Alexis , Osorio Joana , Joliot Alain
Published: August 2005

Homeoproteins are defined by the structure of their DNA‐binding domain, the homeodomain. Intercellular transfer of homeoprotein was observed ex vivo between animal cells and in vivo in higher plants. In the latter case, transfer is through intercytoplasmic channels that connect plant cells, but these do not exist in animals. Here, we show that the homeodomain of KNOTTED1, a maize homeoprotein, is transferred between animal cells and that a mutation in the homeodomain blocking the intercellular transfer of KNOTTED1 in plants also inhibits the transfer of the KNOTTED1 homeodomain in animal cells. This mutation decreases nuclear addressing, and its effect on nuclear import and intercellular transfer is reverted by the addition of an ectopic nuclear localization signal. We propose that, despite evolutionary distance and the differences in multicellular organization, similar mechanisms are at work for intercellular transfer of homeoprotein in plants and animals. Furthermore, our results suggest that, at least in animals, homeodomain secretion requires passage through the nucleus.
Monte Carlo simulations of conformations of chain molecules in a cylindrical pore
Authors: Chen Shing Bor
Published: August 2005

Off-lattice Monte Carlo simulations are employed to study the behavior of chain molecules confined in a long cylindrical pore under the condition of hard-body interaction. The emphasis is placed on the chain and bead distributions as well as the location dependence of the chain conformation and anisotropy. The simulation results show that the chains very near the pore surface tend to wrap around the surface in various configurations. This behavior is qualitatively similar to that of the chains near but outside a cylindrical rod. Moreover, the bead concentration near the pore surface increases with increasing surface curvature.
Observation of intershell and hybridized energy states in InAs∕GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Wang F. Z. , Chen Z. H. , Bai L. H. , Huang S. H. , Xiong H. , Shen S. C. , Sun J. , Jin P. , Wang Z. G.
Published: August 2005

We have investigated the evolution of exciton state filling as a function of excitation power density in InAs∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs). In addition to the emission bands of exciton recombination corresponding to the atom-like S, P, and D, etc. shells of quantum dots, it was observed that some extra states, P′ (between the S and P shells) and D′ (between the P and D shells), appear in the spectra with increasing number of excitons occupying the QDs. The emergence of these intershell excitonic levels is an experimental demonstration of strong exciton–exciton exchange interaction and coupling as well as state mixing and hybridization of a multiexciton system in quantum dots.
Enhanced optical transmission through metal films with rotation-symmetrical hole arrays
Authors: Wang Qian-jin , Li Jia-qi , Huang Cheng-ping , Zhang Chao , Zhu Yong-yuan
Published: August 2005

The transmission of light through metal surface with subwavelength holes are influenced by many factors, and the rotational symmetry of hole arrays can be one of them. In this paper, we fabricated the hole lattices in metal films with different symmetry and measured the transmission spectra from the visible to near-infrared region. It is found that both the spectrum shape and the transmission efficiency are strongly dependent on the rotational symmetry. The spectrum shape is governed by the reciprocal vectors. And the higher is the symmetry order, the larger the peak efficiency. The results provide us with new insight into the unusual effect.
Phosphorylated FADD induces NF-κB, perturbs cell cycle, and is associated with poor outcome in lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Chen Guoan , Bhojani Mahaveer S. , Heaford Andrew C. , Chang Daniel C. , Laxman Bharathi , Thomas Dafydd G. , Griffin Laura B. , Yu James , Coppola Julia M. , Giordano Thomas J. , Lin Lin , Adams David , Orringer Mark B. , Ross Brian D. , Beer David G. , Rehemtulla Alnawaz
Published: August 2005

In an effort to identify a clinical biomarker for lung cancer, we used cDNA microarray and 2D protein analyses to demonstrate that increased Fas-associated death domain (FADD) mRNA and protein were significantly associated with poor survival. Analyses of copy number and sequence of the
FADD
gene in 24 independent tumors ruled out the existence of an amplified and/or mutated
FADD
gene in aggressive lung cancers. Immunohistochemistry-based tissue microarray analysis showed that nuclear localization of FADD and elevation of the phosphorylated form of FADD (
p
-FADD) correlated with poor outcome (
P
= 0.003). Tumors with increased
p
-FADD expression showed elevated NF-κB (
P
= 0.004) activation, a frequent molecular alteration associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in a variety of cancers. To provide a link between
p
-FADD and NF-κB, cell culture studies demonstrated that overexpression of
p
-FADD leads to an increase in NF-κB activity and a decrease in the number of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, compared with cells expressing the nonphosphorylatable form of FADD or the vector control. Furthermore, cDNA microarray analyses of lung tumor samples showed that increased levels of FADD transcripts were significantly correlated with overexpression of cyclins D1 (
P
< 0.01) and B1 (
P
< 0.01), genes that are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and are inducible by NF-κB. These studies demonstrate that induction of NF-κB activity and its effects on cell-cycle progression may represent a molecular basis underlying the aggressive tumor behavior associated with elevated
p
-FADD expression in lung adenocarcinoma.
Incantation
Authors: Stewart Dianne M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter analyzes European cultural attitudes toward African people and African religions, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. It assesses in greater depth the standard European planter and missionary responses to Obeah and Myal. This assessment is prefaced by considering the Afrophobic motif as the most essential ingredient in colonial scripts of European expansion and encounter with the African Other.
Offering
Authors: Stewart Dianne M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines two chief African responses to the European missionary enterprise from slavery to the 20th century. One response was to incorporate aspects of the Christian faith into the African religious heritage. Native Baptist (c.1830s-c. 1860s), Revival Zion (1860s- ), and Rastafari (1930s- ) traditions represent this type of religious formation. The Native Baptists were associated with the African-American evangelist George Liele, who began his missionary work in Jamaica during the late 18th century. The Revival Zion tradition represents a resurgence of the Native Baptist religion. With a Pan-African orientation and deep socio-political convictions, Rastafari, more than any other African-oriented tradition on the island, has shaped the postmodern, post-Christian African personality in Jamaica. African loyalty to Christian orthodoxy, another African-Jamaican response to European missionary Christianity, is also considered in this chapter as it was taught and reinforced by generations of missionary groups, especially after the last quarter of the 19th century.
Visitation
Authors: Stewart Dianne M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the ambiguity, contradictions, and controversy surrounding the legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica, especially with regard to Kumina, a Kongo/Koongo-derived Jamaican tradition. It highlights the dualistic approach to African religions in Black Jamaican culture, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries. On the one hand, African-derived religions and the people who sustain them have been and continue to be stigmatized as dangerous and pathological in Jamaican popular culture. Yet, on the other hand, practitioners of African-derived religions are consulted regularly for healing and crisis resolution. An African-centered womanist “theology of the cross” is developed in this chapter, which shows that Obeah, Myal, Revival Zion, Kumina, Rastafari, and other African diasporic religions share common religious foci that appear to be African-derived and emphasize healing, well-being, and the integration and affirmation of purposeful life experience.
Laying Our Cards on the Table
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D.
Published: August 2005

This chapter begins by giving two reasons as to why epistemology is important: epistemology guides reasoning, and people don't fully appreciate the risks and dangers of poor reasoning the importance of epistemology. It then introduces the basic motives and methods of the epistemology developed in the book. Topics covered include the standard analytic approach to epistemology, the philosophy of science approach to epistemology, the theories generated by the two approaches, and whether scientific investigation into normative epistemology possible.
Labor Market Policy, Flexibility, and Employment Performance: Denmark and Sweden in the 1990s
Authors: Plougmann Peter , Madsen Per Kongshøj
Published: August 2005

Chapter 9 considers Denmark and Sweden, two countries that exemplify the universalistic welfare state. Denmark’s unemployment rate was similar to that of the United States in the 1980s, rose above it in the 1990s, but by 2002 was again well below it. Sweden’s unemployment rate was far below the U.S. rate until the early 1990s, and although unemployment shot up to almost 10% in the middle of the decade, by 2002 Sweden was again outperforming the United States. This impressive employment performance has been achieved without changing the fundamentals of the Scandinavian Model: high tax rates, a comprehensive social security system, and among the lowest levels of wage and income inequality in the developed world. The authors argue that much of the explanation can be found in a strong commitment of both countries to active labor market policies, such as job placement and work-related education and training programs. Danish and Swedish government interventions have acted to facilitate both labor market flexibility and the transition to the “new economy” of services and high technology. These state policies have helped promote a flexible and innovative “high-road” economy without abandoning the universalistic welfare state.
Communication and Information
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: August 2005

A rapid succession of technical advances laid the foundations for massive dissemination of information and created new forms of communication. The former innovations included automated typesetting (linotypes) and typewriting, chemical processes for papermaking based on wood pulp, affordable photographic cameras, convenient films, movies, and sound recordings. New means of communication included telephones and the epochal discovery of Hertzian waves that were soon used for the first wireless broadcasts and later developed into the still expanding universe of electronic devices.
Candor and Integrity in Science
Authors: Holton Gerald
Published: August 2005

In the pursuit of research and in the reporting of their results, the individual scientist as well as the community of fellow professionals relies implicitly on the researcher embracing the habit of truthfulness, a main pillar of the ethos of science. Failure to adhere to the twin imperatives of candor and integrity will be adjudged intolerable and, by virtue of science’s self-policing mechanisms, rendered the exception to the rule. Yet both as philosophical concepts and in practice, candor and integrity are complex, difficult to define clearly, and difficult to convey easily to those entering scientific careers. Therefore, it is useful to present operational examples of two major scientists, P.W. Bridgman (known for operationalism) and Niels Bohr (noted for his principle of complementarity), who exemplified devotion to candor and integrity in scientific research.
Introduction
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

A short background on the phenomenon of extraterrestrial contactees helps explain the beliefs of Unarius. A section on Leon Festinger’s study of a group of flying saucer believers introduces his theory of failed prophecy. As an alternate explanation, the theoretical perspective of the social construction of reality is addressed in terms of phenomenological ethnomethodology. Melvin Pollner’s work on mundane reason and fact-finding is cited along with references to the Azande to illustrate the significance of interpretation in defining what is real. Several theoretical perspectives (e.g., those of Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Thomas Theorem, and E. E. Evans-Pritchard) and methods (surveys, interviews, and participant observation) are discussed.
The Content of Unarian Mythology
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

Claude Levi-Strauss’s theory of myth as bricolage highlights the collage-like way a myth is assembled. Unarius borrowed some themes from popular culture (e.g., Star Trek), Theosophy, and metaphysical legends (e.g., Atlantis and Lemuria), while others were entirely of their own invention. Race and gender are discussed as themes of myth, as well as the past lives and pseudo-kinship. The cosmology and the content of several myths are detailed, such as the Spiritual Hierarchy, the Interplanetary Confederation, the Orion Empire, Isis and Osiris, and Jesus and Mary of Bethany.
Students and the Reality of Past-Life Therapy
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

The chapter examines the Unarian practice of past-life therapy as folk healing. Unarius claims it can heal any illness or life problem, including mental illness. Unarius defines mental illness as obsession (unrecognized disabling karma from a past life). The author documents the narrative accounts of successful healing within the group and the perceived reasons why some people were not healed. Members precipitate healing by recognizing their roles in the transgressions of past lives; some roles are defined by myth.
Preparation for the Landing
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

Unarius prepared for an extraterrestrial fleet of spaceships to land in 2001 as prophesied by Uriel. Contrary to the cult stereotype and the notion of mind-controlled members, interviews showed that not everyone expected the realization of the prophecy. After the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, many thought the incident would prevent the Space Brothers from landing. Members who were disappointed coped by using past-life therapy and channeled messages to explain the reasons why prophecy went unfulfilled.
Back to the Ontological Argument
Authors: Curley Edwin
Published: August 2005

This chapter revisits the ontological argument, to reconsider what was said about it in 1978 in the light of some of the work done since then by Descartes scholars and by other philosophers concerned with the philosophy of religion in general. It argues that the argument ultimately fails in its Cartesian form. The objection to the Cartesian argument is not that it falsely assumes existence to be a predicate, but that it assumes a quite traditional Christian understanding of God's nature which is, unfortunately, incoherent. The chapter restates Descartes's argument briefly and then takes up four philosophical questions it raises: (1) Is existence really a perfection? (2) What is it for something to be a perfection anyway? (3) Is Descartes's definition of God as a supremely perfect being a reasonable one? and (4) Is it really possible, as Descartes assumes, for a being to possess all perfections?
The Mind‐Body Union, Interaction, and Subsumption
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: August 2005

This chapter builds on Margaret Wilson's work to exhibit a significant difficulty for both Descartes's interactionism and Cartesian interactionism in general, and to relate the objection that emerges to other criticisms of these positions. The first section provides an exposition of Wilson's account of Descartes's natural institution theory. The second section considers Wilson's suggestion that on the natural institution theory mind-body connections are problematic because they are contingent or due to arbitrary divine decree. The third section argues that Wilson's observations about the natural institution theory nevertheless point in the direction of another difficulty, in that the mind-body connections in Descartes are “brute”, not subsumed under more general connections. The fourth section reviews a claim in the literature to the effect that any version of Cartesian interactionism must rely on objectionably brute connections. The next section shows that a number of other objections to interactionism can be refined with reference to the problem of brute connections. Finally, the sixth section considers Descartes's attitude to the problem at hand and his attendant views about the nature of explanation in different realms. It is argued that Descartes's response to the problem of brute connections is intertwined with a commitment to different standards of explanation for mental and physical phenomena.
Reflections on the Masham‐Leibniz Correspondence
Authors: Sleigh Robert C.
Published: August 2005

Damaris Cudworth, later Lady Masham, was born in 1659 and died in 1708. She was the daughter of Ralph Cudworth, the wife of Sir Francis Masham, and the close friend, confidante, and, ultimately, caretaker of John Locke. Her philosophical writings — and writings to or about philosophers — consist in the following: (1) an account of Locke's life contained in a letter to Jean le Clerc; (2) various letters — mostly personal — to Locke; (3) letters to various other philosophers, including Van Limborch, Shaftesbury, and Leibniz; (4) two monographs, each published anonymously: A Discourse Concerning the Love of God, which appeared in 1696, and Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life, which appeared in 1705. This chapter focuses on correspondence between Masham and Leibniz. The correspondence is printed in volume 3 of Gerhardt's Die Philosophischen Schriften von Leibniz.
Nature of the Problem
Authors: Yarri Donna
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines the factual situation with regard to animal experimentation. It includes information on the important definitions, as well as the prevalence of the practice, the type and number of animals used, the different types of research typically performed on animals, and animal legislation in place to protect them. The Animal Welfare Act is presented, along with its various amendments throughout the years.
Burden/Benefit Analysis
Authors: Yarri Donna
Published: August 2005

Most arguments regarding the use and treatment of animals in experimentation tend to assume that animal research is necessary for human well-being. What is needed in the discussion, though, is a concrete casuistry of the burdens to animals and the benefits to humans. Categories of both, which can be divided into minimal, moderate, serious, and very grave, are then utilized to establish guidelines for experiments which, if followed, would result in a much greater restriction on animal pain and animal suffering.
Introduction
Authors: Arellano Manuel
Published: August 2005

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on how the term ‘panel data’ is applied to a wide range of situations in econometrics. It describes the two main objectives of this volume: the analysis of econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing empirically between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. An overview of the three parts of this volume is presented.
The Labour Market for Youth
Authors: Rebick Marcus
Published: August 2005

Focuses on the labour market for youth in Japan. Youth have been the group that has been most affected by the long recession. Begins by looking at the institutions whereby new graduates find jobs, including the large role of secondary schools and university faculties. The slowdown in hiring for university graduates is then given special attention, but it is the more poorly educated who are finding it most difficult to find stable employment. Youth are also increasingly dissatisfied with the working arrangements in regular employment and turning to more casual work. The future may see a bifurcation between the well-educated and skilled in stable jobs and those with poorer skills in less stable employment.
Institutional Diversity: An Analysis of Five Domains
Authors: Amable Bruno
Published: August 2005

This chapter presents results from cluster analyses of five institutional areas: product-market competition, the labour market, the financial sector, social protection, and the education system. It is shown that the clusterings of countries are not necessarily identical to the theoretical typology of capitalism presented in the previous chapter. Usually, one specific institutional area (labour market, welfare state, etc.) is privileged even when others are taken into account, and the typologies derived are partial. Thus, it is necessary to take into account all the possible complementarities between the five institutional areas in order to come to an empirical classification of capitalism.
Fertility, Infant Mortality, and Gender
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Decisions concerning birth control, and expenditure on pre-school children, take into account what will be done with these children if they survive to school age. Depending on whether it crowds-in or crowds-out parental expenditure on pre-school children’s nutrition and medical care, public expenditure on sanitation, preventive medicine, and the like can have a large or a small effect on infant mortality. Fertility tends to decrease as a woman’s bargaining power increases. Dowries, the education of girls, and the sexual division of labour are explained within the same theoretical framework.
Child Labour, Education, Nutrition, and Fertility in Rural India
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

A micro-econometric analysis of the 1994 Human Development of India survey finds that school provision in rural areas, and mortality reducing policies, lower fertility, and child labour, and raise school enrolment and the nutritional status of school-age children. The school enrolment effect comes prevalently through a reduction in the number of children reported doing nothing (as much as a quarter of the relevant age group). A lump-sum increase in household income would have broadly similar effects. By contrast, an increase in the amount of land worked by the family, holding household income constant, would reduce school enrolment, and raise child labour. The probability of an extra birth increases with the probability that a child will work.
Credit Markets and Child
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Access to credit markets and the risk faced by the household can have effects on the time use of children. The authors test whether credit rationed households and households that do not have access to risk management instruments, like insurance, are less likely to invest in their children’s human capital. They also use information about the occurrence of shocks to assess the role of negative shocks in determining child labour supply. The results indicate that shocks exert a large influence on children’s labour supply, and that access to insurance and credit markets is important, especially in determining investment in the children’s human capital. This evidence indicates that polices aimed at reducing the risk faced by the household or guaranteeing access to risk-coping instruments can be very effective in reducing child labour, and increasing school enrolment.
Further Evidence on Fertility, Education, and Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

The authors investigate whether the educational and child labour effects of realized fertility uncovered by the study reported in Ch. 5 can be given a causal interpretation. They then go on to review the available evidence on the fertility effects of a number of policies (including public pensions) and variables (including wage and interest rates). In both parts of the chapter, they pay special attention to the question whether fertility is indeed endogenous as assumed in the theoretical analysis of Chs 2 and 3, and apparently confirmed by the empirical analysis of Ch. 5.
Sunspot-Based Models
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Articulates second-generation (sunspot) models of financial crisis, and highlights the important role of coordination problems in these models. The seminal currency crisis model of Obstfeld (1996) and the bank run model of Diamond and Dybvig (1983) are presented in detail.
Losers' Consent
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola
Published: August 2005

Democratic elections are designed to create unequal outcomes—for some to win, others have to lose. This book examines the consequences of this inequality for the legitimacy of democratic political institutions and systems. Using survey data collected in old and new democracies around the globe, the authors argue that losing generates ambivalent attitudes towards political authorities. Because the efficacy and ultimately the survival of democratic regimes can be seriously threatened if the losers do not consent to their loss, the central themes of this book focus on losing—how losers respond to their loss and how institutions shape losing. While there tends to be a gap in support for the political system between winners and losers, it is not ubiquitous. The book paints a picture of losers’ consent that portrays losers as political actors whose experience and whose incentives to accept defeat are shaped both by who they are as individuals as well as the political environment in which loss is given meaning. Given that the winner-loser gap in legitimacy is a persistent feature of democratic politics, the findings presented in this book have important implications for our understanding of the functioning and stability of democracies since being able to accept losing is one of the central, if not the central, requirement of democracy. The book contributes to our understanding of political legitimacy, comparative political behaviour, the comparative study of elections and political institutions, as well as issues of democratic stability, design, and transition.
Conclusion: Graceful Losers and the Democratic Bargain
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola
Published: August 2005

Summarizes the arguments made in the book about the impact of election outcomes on people’s attitudes about government and reviews the evidence assembled in the empirical chapters. Specifically, it reviews the differences in attitudes between those on the winning side of an election and those on the losing end across countries and individuals as well as over time. Also highlights the critical but underexamined role of losers in democratic politics. In addition, the chapter discusses the role of political institutions in understanding political behaviour. Finally, it calls on scholars to focusing on understanding the impact of elections and election outcomes on citizens’ attitudes and behaviour.
The Challenge of Effective Implementation
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: August 2005

Responds to critical claims that constitutionalising the right to an adequate environment would not be prudent due to difficulties making it justiciable and difficulties that could make success on the merits unlikely in cases appealing to it. Shows these difficulties are not insurmountable and do not arise from the inherent nature of rights or of environmental problems. What surmounting them does involve, though, is ensuring that courts have the requisite institutional and constitutional competence, which critics consider to be, respectively, unfeasible and undesirable. It is shown that there is no serious obstacle to the development of the requisite institutional competence, which, if necessary, can be achieved through the establishment of specialist environmental courts. As for questions of courts’ legitimate constitutional competence, these arise not only for environmental rights, but for fundamental rights more generally. Also points out that litigation is not the only, or most significant, purpose in constitutionalising the right.
Is a Constitutional Environmental Right Necessary? A European Perspective
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: August 2005

Addresses the doubt about whether, even if legitimately enforceable, a constitutional right to an adequate environment is necessary. The European Union (EU) is taken as a context in which that doubt would seem particularly strongly motivated. For the range of existing environmental and human rights provisions which are binding on member states of the EU might already provide the protections that a formally declared right to an adequate environment would aim for. Shows that while those provisions offer significant protections, these nonetheless fall short of what a substantive environmental right with constitutional force would aim to achieve, and so the latter would not be nugatory.
Standards of Living in Eighteenth-Century China: Regional Differences, Temporal Trends, and Incomplete Evidence
Authors: Pomeranz Kenneth
Published: August 2005

Attempts to reconstruct basic aspects of the standard of living in late eighteenth century China, focusing primarily on the Yangzi Delta (China’s richest region) but also briefly considering other areas, and arguing that for most of the population it was probably broadly comparable to Western Europe at the same time. Food supply is evaluated in terms of average availability of calories and protection from fluctuations; protein intake is also discussed, though more speculatively. Income distribution and evidence concerning consumption of textiles, sugar, tea, and so on are also considered. Since the estimates in this study in many cases are higher than what was found in early twentieth-century surveys, the chapter also explains why it is plausible to think that the standard of living may have declined between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Going, Going, Gone! The Four Wastelands Auction Policy
Authors: Ho Peter
Published: August 2005

Deals with wasteland and related policies. In order to exploit wasteland resources, the central government launched the so-called Four Wastelands Auction Policy. This policy was hailed as a breakthrough in land management, which would open up undeveloped land resources, improve the ecological environment, and increase farmers’ income. The wastelands policy might spawn great changes in land tenure, because the auctions commercialize wasteland rights at an unprecedented scale. However, through in-depth case studies it is shown that the auction policy did not—and for the foreseeable future most likely will not—fulfil its proclaimed role in the reform of land rights, because both the institutions and the socio-economic conditions do not permit such changes. Worse even, in the cases studied, the auctions proved a complete failure and stirred up widespread grievances among the rural populace.
Genome-wide HP1 binding in Drosophila: Developmental plasticity and genomic targeting signals
Authors: de Wit Elzo , Greil Frauke , van Steensel Bas
Published: August 2005

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a major component of heterochromatin. It was reported to bind to a large number of genes and to many, but not all, transposable elements (TEs). The genomic signals responsible for targeting of HP1 have remained elusive. Here, we use whole-genome and computational approaches to identify genomic features that are predictive of HP1 binding in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that genes in repeat-dense regions are more likely to be bound by HP1, particularly in pericentric chromosomal regions. We also demonstrate that TEs are only bound by HP1 if they are flanked by other repeats, suggesting a cooperative mechanism of binding. Genome-wide DamID mapping of HP1 in larvae and adult flies reveals that repeat-flanked genes typically bind HP1 throughout development, whereas repeat-free genes display developmentally dynamic HP1 association. Furthermore, computational analysis shows that HP1 preferentially binds to transcribed regions of long genes. Finally, we detect low but significant amounts of HP1 along the entire X chromosome in male, but not female, flies, suggesting a link between HP1 and the dosage compensation complex. These results provide insights into the mechanisms of HP1 targeting in the natural genomic context.