bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term reduction of dietary gluten improves metabolic‐dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: A randomised, controlled proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Armandi Angelo , Bespaljko Helena , Mang Alexander , Huber Yvonne , Michel Maurice , Labenz Christian , Galle Peter R. , Neerukonda Manjusha , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Schuppan Detlef , Schattenberg Jörn M.
Published: March 2024

Background

The current management of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) relies on lifestyle intervention. Prior studies have shown that nutritional wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) activate toll‐like receptor 4 on intestinal myeloid cells to enhance intestinal and extra‐intestinal inflammation, including the promotion of murine MASLD, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis.

Aims

We aimed to assess the impact of ATI (gluten)‐free diet in liver as well as metabolic parameters of biopsy‐proven MASLD patients.

Methods

We performed a 6‐week, proof‐of‐concept 1:1 randomised controlled trial of an ATI‐free diet. The controls followed a balanced diet recommended by the German Nutrition Society. We assessed changes in controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), body mass index (BMI) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Patient‐reported outcomes were assessed by the CLDQ‐NASH questionnaire. Forty‐five patients were consecutively enrolled (21 in the intervention arm and 24 in the control arm).

Results

Three patients from each arm discontinued the study. In the ATI‐free diet group, a significant decrease in BMI (p = 0.018), CAP (p = 0.018) and HOMA‐IR (p = 0.042) was observed at 6 weeks. The mean difference in CAP between the two arms at week 6 was 30.5 dB/m (p = 0.039), with a delta significantly higher in the ATI‐free diet group (p = 0.043). Only an ATI‐free diet could achieve a significant improvement in CLDQ‐NASH domains (p value for total scoring: 0.013).

Conclusions

A short‐term ATI‐free diet leads to significant improvements in liver and metabolic parameters, as well as patient‐reported outcomes with good tolerability. A larger follow‐up study is justified to corroborate these findings.

Clinical trial number: NCT04066400.
Visual reconstructions of endometriosis pain: An interdisciplinary visual methodology for illness representation
Authors: Bullo Stella , Hearn Jasmine Heath
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue resembling the endometrium grows outside of the womb, causing severe chronic pain. Research demonstrates the physical, emotional and quality of life impact on people with endometriosis, but pain is reportedly difficult to communicate, resulting in lengthier diagnosis. This work aimed to gain insight into the value of imagery production as a pain communication strategy through a novel synergy of psychological and linguistic/socio‐semiotic approaches.

Design

A qualitative, multimodal, participant‐generated imagery study.

Methods

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and conceptual metaphor and metonymy analysis were utilized to examine visual representations of endometriosis pain. Data were collected in two focus groups with four and six women, respectively; all with a diagnosis of endometriosis, aged 25–40 years old (M = 34.5, SD = 4.2) and a mean diagnosis delay of 8.4 years (SD = 3.6).

Results

The overarching theme across visual representations was ‘Pain as Physical Violence’ with ‘colour as emotional representation’, ‘texture as sensory qualities’ and ‘materials as sensation’ as sub‐themes. These are realized through metaphorical and metonymical relations in both the visual representations as well as the accompanying linguistic representation of the process.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the value of a creative mixed‐methodologies approach to capture experiential aspects of pain and its impact that are not verbalized in linguistic accounts alone. This can facilitate a deeper understanding of one's pain, acting as a medium for therapeutic adjustment to occur, while facilitating effective and empathic patient–professional conversations surrounding pain.
Incidence, mortality and survival rates of lip, oral cavity and salivary glands cancers in Singapore: A half‐century time trend analysis (1968–2017)
Authors: Peres Marco A. , Li Huihua , Nascimento Gustavo G. , Leite Fabio R. M.
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To examine trends in incidence and mortality and evaluate overall survival (OS) of oral cancer in Singapore between 1968 and 2017.

Methods

All diagnosed oral cancers by anatomical sites and population size were extracted from the Singapore Cancer Registry and the Department of Statistics Singapore. The trend of age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and mortality rate (ASMR) (per 100 000 person‐years) of the lip, oral cavity and salivary gland cancers were evaluated by Prais‐Winsten regressions for each ethnicity and gender. Kaplan–Meier curves were performed to evaluate the OS by anatomical sites in each age group by ethnicity and sex.

Results

Overall, 49, 3494 and 1066 people were diagnosed, and 28, 2310 and 476 died from lip, oral cavity and salivary gland cancers, respectively. The oral cavity cancer ASIR and ASMR reduced from 3.07 (1968–1972) to 2.01(2008–2012) and from 2.06 (1978–1982) to 1.21 (2013–2017) per 100 000 person‐years, respectively, with both highest in Indians throughout the whole period. Male:Female ratio ranged from 3.43 (1973–1977) to 1.75 (2013–2017) and from 3.41 (1978–1982) to 2.40 (2013–2017) for ASIR and ASMR, respectively. However, both salivary gland cancer ASIR and ASMR increased from 0.50 (1968–1972) to 0.80 (2008–2012) and from 0.18 (1968–1982) to 0.42 (1988–1992) per 100 000 person‐years, respectively, with both higher in males since 1993. Oral cavity cancer ASIR decreased for males aged ≥60, and Indian females ≥25, but increased among Chinese females aged ≥60. Oral cavity cancer ASMR decreased among Chinese aged 25–59, and among Malay males and Indian females. Salivary gland cancer ASIR increased among Chinese males aged ≥60 and Malay males aged 25–59; while ASMR increased among Chinese males aged ≥60. The median OS for oral cavity, lip and salivary gland cancers were 3.0, 9.3 and 18.1 years, respectively, with females surviving longer than males.

Conclusions

Singapore has experienced a decline in the incidence and mortality of lip, oral cancer, an increase in in the incidence and mortality of salivary gland cancer, with an increase in the median overall survival rate. Monitoring the magnitude of oral cancer burden and the demographic, and temporal variations is necessary for tailoring health planning and setting priorities for future clinical care and research.
Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: A survey of members of the Endocrine Society of Australia
Authors: Lafontaine Nicole , Brown Suzanne J. , Perros Petros , Papini Enrico , Nagy Endre V. , Attanasio Roberto , Hegedüs Laszlo , Walsh John P.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine condition usually managed with levothyroxine (LT4). However, controversy remains around the use of liothyronine (LT3). We aimed to investigate the practices of Australian endocrinologists when managing patients with hypothyroidism, their use of LT3 + LT4 combination therapy and use of thyroid hormones in euthyroid patients.

Design and Participants

Members of the Endocrine Society of Australia (ESA) were invited to participate in an online questionnaire.

Measurements

We analysed questionnaires that had complete demographic data.

Results

Eighty‐seven questionnaires fulfilled the criteria. LT4 was used as first line treatment for hypothyroidism by all respondents. Only 45% reported that their patients were dispensed the brand of LT4 that they recommend. LT3 (alone or in combination) was prescribed by 44% in their clinical practice. Although 49% of respondents would consider LT3 + LT4 in patients with normal TSH who had ongoing symptoms of hypothyroidism, the inability of LT4 to restore normal physiology was ranked the least likely explanation for persistent symptoms and only 32% would consider it for themselves if they were diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The majority (55%), in accordance with evidence, would not prescribe thyroid hormone to euthyroid individuals but 39% would consider use in euthyroid female infertility with high levels of thyroid antibodies and 11% in euthyroid patients with a simple goitre growing over time. LT4 use in pregnancy was variable among members.

Conclusions

Australian endocrinologists mostly follow international guidelines when prescribing thyroid hormone therapy and many prescribe combination LT3 and LT4 therapy, particularly for patients who remain symptomatic on LT4 monotherapy. Prescribing practices are largely similar to other countries who have completed similar questionnaires.
Mucosal cyst aspiration in conjunction with maxillary sinus elevation: A clinical cohort study
Authors: Testori Tiziano , Scaini Riccardo , Deflorian Matteo , Taschieri Silvio , Decker Ann M. , Saleh Muhammad , Zuffetti Francesco , Saibene Alberto Maria , Felisati Giovanni , Wallace Stephen S. , Francetti Luca , Wang Hom‐Lay , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Patients with mucosal cysts in the maxillary sinus require special consideration in patients who require implant therapy for the restoration when undergoing implant therapy for the restoration of the posterior maxillary dentition. Treatment strategies for these clinical situations remain controversial in the literature. Thus, this study seeks to describe a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for sinus augmentation in patients with pre‐existing maxillary antral cysts.

Methods

A total of 15 patients and 18 sinuses were consecutively enrolled in this cohort study and underwent maxillary antral cyst treatment by needle aspiration and simultaneous maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA). During surgical procedures, threeimplants (Zimmer Biomet, Indiana, USA) were positioned in 11 sinuses and two implants (Zimmer Biomet, Indiana, USA) were positioned in 5 sinuses.

Results

Overall implant success and survival rates were 100% and 97.8%, respectively at 1 year and 5‐year follow‐ups. Crestal bone resorption averaged 0.3 ± 0.2 mm 5‐year post‐loading, showing bone stability. Implant survival rate at 5‐year follow‐up expressed predictability of the technique comparable to historical data when MSA was performed alone. Crestal bone resorption averaged 0.3 ± 0.2 mm 5 years post‐loading and shows bone stability utilizing mucosal cyst aspiration with concomitant MSA procedures. Quality of life evaluation at 1‐week post‐op showed similar results to published historical data. In 81% (13 sinuses), the CBCT examination at 5‐year follow‐up showed no cyst reformation, in 19% (3 sinuses) cyst reformation was visible, but smaller in size when compared to the pre‐op CBCT evaluation, and all the patients were asymptomatic.

Conclusions

Maxillary sinus mucosal cyst aspiration with concomitant MSA, may be a viable option to treat maxillary sinus cyst.
Beyond cultural norms: how does historical rice farming affect modern firms' family control?
Authors: Fan Chenchen , Jiang Mingming , Zhang Bo
Published: March 2024

The private sector contributes the majority of China's GDP, with family firms responsible for most of the contribution. Prior studies find that firms' family control is influenced by certain cultural norms, such as family ties. This study explores the underlying historical and agricultural roots of these cultural norms that influence modern businesses. Combining a set of high‐quality, nationally representative Chinese firm and household surveys with prefectural data, we first show the positive impact of rice farming on family control of local firms. We establish robust causal inferences by exploring the impact of historical agricultural legacies and discussing alternative measures, spatial autocorrelations, omitted variables, instrumental variables and self‐selection. More importantly, our results demonstrate that the rice cultivation practice enhances the local people's preferences for strong family ties. Instead of claiming a direct role of these cultural traits as in the existing literature, we recast them as cultural mediators and persistent channels through which historical rice farming can shape contemporary corporate structure.
TRANSLATION IN HISTORY AND METAHISTORY1
Authors: Lianeri Alexandra
Published: March 2024

Theo Hermans's Translation and History: A Textbook offers an insightful, clear, and sophisticated account of debates in translation history as a transdisciplinary field that remained, until recently, at the margins of historiographical debates. It discusses essential theoretical and methodological tools through which historians of translation may wrestle with the problem of defining their object; with modalities of historicizing associated with specific fields and perspectives (including, for instance, memory studies, microhistory, and the history of concepts); and with questions of context, temporality, space, and agency by accounting for translation's transformative movement, migration, and metamorphosis. This review essay follows the book's journey in and out of disciplinary and conceptual borders in order to discuss some of the stakes at play in it, especially problems pertaining to the delimitation of translation as a differential, but distinct, object of historical research, one that lays bare the power of translations to mobilize cultural works and frontiers. By the same token, it attempts to inscribe a translation paradigm into historical theory and, crucially, into debates that shift our focus from rigid historiographical borders toward mobilizing and transformative motifs, identities, and domains of history. This focus grants a new orientation to (translation) history, setting malleability, thresholds, mobility, and resistance to movement at the center of ongoing attempts to configure alternative spatialities, temporalities, subjects, and worlds of the past beyond conventional accounts of contextualizing, periodizing, and only human history.
Voltage and propagation mapping: New tools to improve successful ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia
Authors: Devecchi Chiara , Matta Mario , Magnano Massimo , Dell'Era Gabriele , Galiffa Vincenzo Alessandro , Renaudo Dario , Negro Andrea , Occhetta Eraldo , Patti Giuseppe , Rametta Francesco
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Mapping system is useful in ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) and localization of anatomic variances. Voltage mapping identifies a low voltage area in the Koch triangle called low‐voltage‐bridge (LVB); propagation mapping identifies the collision point (CP) of atrial wavefront convergence. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the relationship between LVB and CP with successful site of ablation and identify standard value for LVB.

Materials and Methods

Three‐dimensional (3D) maps of the right atria were constructed from intracardiac recordings using the ablation catheter. Cut‐off values on voltage map were adjusted until LVB was observed. On propagation map, atrial wavefronts during sinus rhythm collide in the site representing CP, indicating the area of slow pathway conduction. Ablation site was selected targeting LVB and CP site, confirmed by anatomic position on fluoroscopy and atrioventricular ratio.

Results

Twenty‐seven consecutive patients were included. LVB and CP were present in all patients. Postprocedural evaluation identified standard cut‐off of 0.3−1 mV useful for LVB identification. An overlap between LVB and CP was observed in 23 (85%) patients. Procedure success was achieved in all patient with effective site at first application in 22 (81%) patients. There was a significant correlation between LVB, CP, and the site of effective ablation (p = .001).

Conclusion

We found correlation between LVB and CP with the site of effective ablation, identifying a voltage range useful for standardized LVB identification. These techniques could be useful to identify ablation site and minimize radiation exposure.
First‐in‐man report of transsubclavian venous implantation of the Aveir leadless cardiac pacing system
Authors: Balanescu Dinu V. , Ward Robert C. , Amin Hina , Noseworthy Peter A. , Asirvatham Samuel J. , Friedman Paul A. , Mulpuru Siva K.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Transsubclavian venous implantation of the Aveir leadless cardiac pacemaker (LCP) has not been previously reported.

Methods and Results

Three cases of transsubclavian implantation of the Aveir LCP are reported. Two cases were postbilateral orthotopic lung transplant, without appropriate femoral or jugular access due to recent ECMO cannulation and jugular central venous catheters. In one case, there was strong patient preference for same‐day discharge. Stability testing confirmed adequate fixation and electrical testing confirmed stable parameters in all cases. All patients tolerated the procedure well without significant immediate complications.

Conclusions

We demonstrate the feasibility of transsubclavian implantation of the Aveir LCP.
C‐reactive protein flare predicts response to checkpoint inhibitor treatment in melanoma
Authors: Kött Julian , Zimmermann Noah , Zell Tim , Heidrich Isabel , Geidel Glenn , Rünger Alessandra , Smit Daniel J. , Merkle Myriam , Parnian Niousha , Hansen Inga , Hoehne Inka , Abeck Finn , Torster Leopold , Weichenthal Michael , Pantel Klaus , Schneider Stefan W. , Gebhardt Christoffer
Published: March 2024

Background

The treatment of melanoma has been revolutionized by the use of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), but many patients do not benefit. Furthermore, immune‐related adverse events may occur during therapy. A predictive biomarker is needed to reliably identify patients benefitting. In lung, renal cell and bladder cancer early C‐reactive protein (CRP) kinetics were shown to be a predictive biomarker for ICI.

Objective

Here, we investigate early CRP kinetics as predictive biomarker for ICI in melanoma patients.

Methods

Two independent prospectively collected cohorts were analysed: Cohort 1 (n = 87) with advanced and Cohort 2 (n = 99) with completely resected melanoma. Patients were stratified by in the dynamics of CRP after ICI initiation: A doubling of baseline CRP within 30 days followed by at least a 30% drop within 3 months was classified as a CRP flare. If no doubling of CRP was reported, but a 30% drop within 3 months, patients were classified as CRP responders and all others as CRP non‐responders. Analysed factors included clinical characteristics like S100B and LDH. Median follow‐up was 1.5 and 1.7 years for Cohorts 1 and 2.

Results

In Cohort 1 CRP flare (n = 12), CRP responders (n = 43) and CRP non‐responders (n = 32) with a progression‐free survival (PFS) of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.2 years (p = 0.017) and an overall survival (OS) of 2.2, 1.5 and 1.0 years (p = 0.014), respectively. Multivariable Cox analysis showed an independent risk reduction of progression for CRP responders by 62% compared to CRP non‐responders (p = 0.001). In Cohort 2 CRP flare (n = 13), CRP responders (n = 70) and CRP non‐responders (n = 16) the log‐rank analysis showed a significant difference between OS and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) curves (p = 0.046 and p = 0.049).

Conclusion

Early CRP kinetics could indicate a response to ICI with improved OS and RFS/PFS. CRP flare and CRP response indicating significantly improved outcomes compared to CRP non‐responders.
Novel Aquareovirus isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) used in mussel restoration efforts in Wisconsin
Authors: Leis Eric , Katona Ryan , Dziki Sara , McCann Rebekah , Standish Isaac , Opgenorth Eryn , Dikkeboom Audrey , Lim Ailam , Ford Charlotte E. , Goldberg Tony L.
Published: March 2024

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are a food fish extensively reared in aquaculture facilities throughout the world and are also among the most abundant wild catfish species in North America, making them a popular target of anglers. Furthermore, channel catfish are important members of aquatic ecosystems; for example, they serve as a glochidial host for the endangered winged mapleleaf mussel (Quadrula fragosa), making them critical for conserving this species through hatchery‐based restoration efforts. During a routine health inspection, a novel aquareovirus was isolated from channel catfish used in mussel propagation efforts at a fish hatchery in Wisconsin. This virus was isolated on brown bullhead cells (ATCC CCL‐59) and identified through metagenomic sequencing as a novel member of the family Spinareoviridae, genus Aquareovirus. The virus genome consists of 11 segments, as is typical of the aquareoviruses, with phylogenetic relationships based on RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase and major outer capsid protein amino acid sequences showing it to be most closely related to golden shiner virus (aquareovirus C) and aquareovirus C/American grass carp reovirus (aquareovirus G) respectively. The potential of the new virus, which we name genictpun virus 1 (GNIPV‐1), to cause disease in channel catfish or other species remains unknown.
What do people with inflammatory bowel disease want to know about diet? The dietary information needs of people with inflammatory bowel disease and perceptions of healthcare providers
Authors: Miglioretto Chiara , Beck Eleanor , Lambert Kelly
Published: March 2024

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incurable illness of the gastrointestinal tract. Its relapsing–remitting nature negatively impacts physical health and quality of life. Food and eating are key concerns for people with this illness. To provide holistic person‐centred care, healthcare providers (HCPs) need to meet patients’ dietary information needs. However, there is a paucity of literature describing these in any meaningful detail. The present study aimed to explore the perceived dietary information needs of individuals with IBD, the perceptions of HCPs and enablers and barriers to communication.

Methods

Online and face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews with 13 HCPs and 29 people with IBD were conducted. The framework method aided thematic analysis of de‐identified interview recordings.

Results

The cyclical nature of IBD contextualised the five themes. Both individuals with IBD and HCPs articulated similar ideas viewed from different perspectives: (1) living with IBD is exasperating and unique to the individual; (2) individuals with IBD desire dietary information; (3) diet manipulation is used to exert control on a disease with unpredictable nature; (4) people with IBD and HCPs have different views on the role of diet; and (5) doctors are perceived as gatekeepers to accessing dietetics care.

Conclusions

A lack of dietary guidance at diagnosis negatively impacts the patient's journey with food and eating. The present study supports a paradigm shift towards holistic person‐centred care for consistent access to dietetics services to meet the needs of people with IBD.
Texting, teens, and parental challenges in practices of family socialization
Authors: Stæhr Andreas Candefors
Published: March 2024

This article examines how parent–teen texting enables family members to construct family relations and negotiate behavioral and communicative norms while being apart. The analyses of family texting focus on how teenagers and parents deal with issues of teenage independence and how this involves situated negotiations of teenagers being constructed as either able or unable to live up to family norms and the family's communication culture. Based on the analyses, I argue that digitally mediated interactions complement co‐present contexts of family socialization and influence the relation between power‐ and solidarity‐oriented aspects of everyday socialization practices, for instance, by blurring the boundaries between parental care and control.
The effectiveness of exercise interventions targeting sleep in older adults with cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD): A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Páez Arsenio , Frimpong Emmanuel , Mograss Melodee , Dang‐Vu Thien Thanh
Published: March 2024

Sleep loss is associated with reduced health and quality of life, and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Up to 66% of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias experience poor sleep, which can predict or accelerate the progression of cognitive decline. Exercise is a widely accessible intervention for poor sleep that can protect against functional and cognitive decline. No previous systematic reviews have investigated the effectiveness of exercise for sleep in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. We systematically reviewed controlled interventional studies of exercise targeting subjectively or objectively (polysomnography/actigraphy) assessed sleep in persons with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. We conducted searches in PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane‐Library (n = 6745). Nineteen randomised and one non‐randomised controlled interventional trials were included, representing the experiences of 3278 persons with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Ten had low‐risk, nine moderate‐risk, and one high‐risk of bias. Six studies with subjective and eight with objective sleep outcomes were meta‐analysed (random‐effects model). We found moderate‐ to high‐quality evidence for the beneficial effects of exercise on self‐reported and objectively‐measured sleep outcomes in persons with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. However, no studies examined key potential moderators of these effects, such as sex, napping or medication use. Our results have important implications for clinical practice. Sleep may be one of the most important modifiable risk factors for a range of health conditions, including cognitive decline and the progression of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Given our findings, clinicians may consider adding exercise as an effective intervention or adjuvant strategy for improving sleep in older persons with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
Spatiotemporal patterns of microclimatic buffering in relict alpine communities
Authors: Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Fernández‐Pascual Eduardo , Espinosa Del Alba Clara , Marcenò Corrado
Published: March 2024

Questions

In alpine landscapes, topography creates a mosaic of microclimatic niches that might prevent local extinctions, but the influence of this spatial heterogeneity on plant communities is largely unknown. Here we ask (1) how soil microclimatic variation is comparable at temporal and spatial scales, and (2) how such variation influences species composition and local extinctions in relict alpine communities.

Location

Picos de Europa National Park, northern Spain.

Methods

We resurveyed permanent plots in four alpine sites following the recording of soil temperatures (temporal survey) for 10 years. We then sampled the spatial variation in species composition and microclimatic temperatures in 80 plots around the permanent plots (spatial survey). We evaluated the variation of six microclimatic indices between the temporal and the spatial surveys, and calculated the temporal trends observed in species cover. We finally predicted local extinction rates under microclimatic scenarios based on the observed microclimate–community relations.

Results

Despite high interannual variation, we found a 10‐year trend of temperature warming on (microridge) fellfields and (microvalley) snowbeds. Microclimatic variation was larger in space than in time, with little temperature variation in snowbeds and extreme low temperatures recorded in fellfields. Species composition was mainly influenced by growing degree days (GDD) and freezing degree days (FDD), which were both related to snow cover duration. Plant cover of 16 species (out of 36 frequent species) showed significant responses to microclimatic variation. Local extinctions were mainly predicted under relatively hotter and more freezing conditions.

Conclusions

Our results support the idea that microclimatic spatial heterogeneity can reduce the negative influence of climate change on alpine plant communities. However, a continuous reduction of snow cover will result in a tipping point beyond which the buffer effect of this spatial heterogeneity will not be effective in protected microsites, leading to community homogenization. This process may have started in relict alpine communities where species from snowy microclimates are being outcompeted by species adapted to below‐zero winter temperatures.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A possible connection between intestinal inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Vivacqua Giorgio , Mancinelli Romina , Leone Stefano , Vaccaro Rosa , Garro Ludovica , Carotti Simone , Ceci Ludovica , Onori Paolo , Pannarale Luigi , Franchitto Antonio , Gaudio Eugenio , Casini Arianna
Published: March 2024

Background

Different studies have shown the key role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress leads to the formation of misfolded proteins which affect the secretion of different cell types that are crucial for the intestinal homeostasis.

Purpose

In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and its involvement in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic conditions that can cause severe damage of the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on the alteration of Paneth cells and goblet cells (the principal secretory phenotypes of the intestinal epithelial cells). ER stress is also discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, in which protein misfolding represents the signature mechanism. ER stress in the bowel and consequent accumulation of misfolded proteins might represent a bridge between bowel inflammation and neurodegeneration along the gut‐to‐brain axis, affecting intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the equilibrium of the commensal microbiota. Targeting intestinal ER stress could foster future studies for designing new biomarkers and new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders.
Cathepsin K inhibition alleviates periodontal bone resorption by promoting type H vessel formation through PDGF‐BB/PDGFR‐β axis
Authors: Zhou Huan , Zhang Yi‐Fan , Zhang Qian‐Qian , Liu Fen , Zhang Jia‐Yu , Chen Yue
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To explore the effects of cathepsin K (CTSK) inhibition on type H vessel formation and alveolar bone resorption within periodontitis.

Methods

Conditioned media derived from preosteoclasts pretreated with the CTSK inhibitor odanacatib (ODN), ODN supplemented small interfering RNA targeting PDGF‐BB (si‐PDGF‐BB), or PBS were prepared, to assess their proangiogenic effects on endothelial cells (HUVECs). A series of angiogenic‐related assays were conducted to evaluate HUVEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation abilities in vitro. In addition, qRT‐PCR and Western blot assays were employed to examine the expression levels of genes/proteins related to PDGF‐BB/PDGFR‐β axis components. A mouse periodontitis model was established to evaluate the effects of CTSK inhibition on type H vessel formation.

Results

CTSK inhibition promoted PDGF‐BB secretion from preosteoclasts and proliferation, migration, and tube formation activities of HUVECs in vitro. However, the conditioned medium from preosteoclasts pretreated by si‐PDGF‐BB impaired the angiogenic activities of HUVECs. This promoted angiogenesis function by CTSK inhibition may be mediated by the PDGF‐BB/PDGFR‐β axis. Functionally, in vivo studies demonstrated that CTSK inhibition significantly accelerated type H vessel formation and alleviated bone loss within periodontitis.

Conclusion

CTSK inhibition promotes type H vessel formation and attenuates alveolar bone resorption within periodontitis via PDGF‐BB/PDGFR‐β axis.
Emergency front‐of‐neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review
Authors: Haag Anna‐Katharina , Tredese Alberto , Bordini Martina , Fuchs Alexander , Greif Robert , Matava Clyde , Riva Thomas , Scquizzato Tommaso , Disma Nicola
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives

Children undergoing airway management during general anesthesia may experience airway complications resulting in a rare but life‐threatening situation known as “Can't Intubate, Can't Oxygenate”. This situation requires immediate recognition, advanced airway management, and ultimately emergency front‐of‐neck access. The absence of standardized procedures, lack of readily available equipment, inadequate knowledge, and training often lead to failed emergency front‐of‐neck access, resulting in catastrophic outcomes. In this narrative review, we examined the latest evidence on emergency front‐of‐neck access in children.

Methods

A comprehensive literature was performed the use of emergency front‐of‐neck access (eFONA) in infants and children.

Results

Eighty‐six papers were deemed relevant by abstract. Finally, eight studies regarding the eFONA technique and simulations in animal models were included. For all articles, their primary and secondary outcomes, their specific animal model, the experimental design, the target participants, and the equipment were reported.

Conclusion

Based on the available evidence, we propose a general approach to the eFONA technique and a guide for implementing local protocols and training. Additionally, we introduce the application of innovative tools such as 3D models, ultrasound, and artificial intelligence, which can improve the precision, safety, and training of this rare but critical procedure.
Effect of 980 nm photobiomodulation delivered by a handpiece with Gaussian vs. Flat‐Top profiles on proliferation and differentiation of buccal fat pad stem cells
Authors: Homayouni Ali , Rezaie Rad Maryam , Barikani Hamidreza , Chiniforush Nasim , Akbari Solmaz
Published: March 2024

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the Gaussian and Flat‐Top profiles in proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell of buccal fat pad. Based on the timing schedule and type of laser handpieces, the cells were assigned to a control group with no radiation, and two irradiation test groups (980 nm) with Flat‐Top (F) (power of 1.1 W, beam area of 1 cm2) and standard Gaussian (G) (power of 0.7 W, beam area of 0.5 cm2) handpieces. Each test group was divided into three subgroups, receiving one time (60 J/cm2), two times (120 J/cm2), and three times (180 J/cm2) irradiation. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Annexin V tests were performed. The Alizarin Red staining and polymerase chain reaction tests were done both at the beginning and the end of the first and second weeks. The degree of mineralization and expression of osteogenic markers, RUNX2, OCN, and OPN were evaluated. Based on the MTT and Annexin V test results, both test groups outperformed the control group in degrees of cell proliferation during the first day of laser irradiation (p < 0.05). After one and two times irradiation, the expression of osteogenic markers in the test groups was significantly higher than the control group. PBM with Flat‐Top and Gaussian handpieces can enhance ossification and cell differentiation regardless of the type of handpieces.
Habitat‐setting affects biodiversity while predation determines oyster survival on experimental oyster reefs
Authors: Hart Josee L. , Smith Ruby L. , Poore Alistair G. B. , Erickson Katherine R. , Figueira Will F. , Bishop Melanie J. , O'Connor Wayne A. , Gribben Paul E.
Published: March 2024

Foundation species are being restored into inherently variable landscapes with multiple, interspersed habitats. However, understanding of the influence of different neighbouring habitats on community assembly and the survival of restored species is limited, despite their significant potential to affect restoration outcomes. We tested how habitat‐setting (being next to seagrass, seagrass and mangroves, or unvegetated sediments) and predation (by meso‐ and/or large predators) influenced macroinvertebrate community assembly and the survival of juvenile Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) on experimental oyster reef units in the Port Hacking estuary, New South Wales, Australia. Each habitat‐setting produced a distinct macroinvertebrate community on experimental reefs, whereas predation had limited effects on community structure. Juvenile oysters were instead highly predated everywhere, and oyster predation was dominated by the large, transient fish Acanthropagrus australis. Our findings allow practitioners to predict and tailor the communities which establish on restored oyster reefs by strategically placing them next to different habitats. If sites have a high predation risk but require seeding for reefs to establish, then caging or complex substrates must be used to increase seeded oyster survival.
Challenges and promising practices in background check systems for firearm purchases
Authors: Kagawa Rose , Patel Ayush , Kwong Alex , Wintemute Garen
Published: March 2024

Aim

The U.S. prohibits firearm purchase among individuals with specific risk factors. These prohibitions are operationalized using background checks for firearm purchase. Despite these restrictions, prohibited persons have obtained firearms after passing background checks, sometimes with devastating effects.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a mixed‐methods, descriptive study of the records and record‐keeping practices that underpin background checks for firearm transfers. Sources included key informant interviews with individuals working in a leadership capacity with state record‐keeping systems as well as data from state surveys and administrative records. We analyzed quantitative data using descriptive statistics and qualitative data using a thematic analysis approach to code the data and identify themes. Three investigators coded each interview. We returned to all data sources to develop key findings in an iterative process.

Results

Key informants described major improvements in the collection of specific record types that were previously a “black hole” (e.g. criminal history records housed in military justice systems, and records relating to involuntary commitments for mental illness) and advances in the automation of record transfer across agencies, themes corroborated by administrative data. Key informants also identified potential causes and solutions for challenges relating to missing or incomplete information and delays in resolving ambiguous background check results. Examples include manual processes for confirming relationship status in misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence and discordant practices for processing arrest and court records that result in dispositions that cannot be entered or arrests with no disposition.

Conclusion

Background checks are the backbone of many policies designed to prevent firearm harm in the United States. This study highlights actionable ways in which states could make background check practices and policies more robust.
Assessing the effect of the Round Table on Responsible Soy certification on soybean exports
Authors: Chen Yuquan , Fiankor Dela‐Dem Doe , Tan Fuli
Published: March 2024

To minimise the negative ecological effects of soybean production, multi‐stakeholders along the global soybean supply chain collaborated to develop, implement and verify a global certification standard called the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS). RTRS certification is almost a quasi‐mandatory sustainability standard; however, its potential trade effects remain poorly understood. Using a structural gravity model that exploits country variations in RTRS‐certified production volumes and certified land areas, we assess the effect of RTRS certification on soybean trade flows. We show that RTRS certification reduces trade flows, especially exports to non‐OECD countries. In essence, developing countries experience lower imports in response to standards than do developed countries. Thus, reconciling international trade with environmental sustainability goals remains a challenge.
Export competition between China and Latin America and the Caribbean in the United States market
Authors: Welslau Lennard , Artecona Raquel , Perrotti Daniel E.
Published: March 2024

We investigate export competition between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in the United States market between 2002 and 2022. Using a sample of 33 exporters and 10‐digit Harmonised Tariff Schedule (HS) level trade data, we estimate a structural gravity model using an instrumental variable constructed from Chinese exports to eight other industrialised nations. We use a first‐order Taylor‐series expansion à la Baier and Bergstrand (Journal of International Economics, 2009a, 77, 77) to approximate the multilateral price terms pointed out by Anderson and Van Wincoop (American Economic Review, 2003, 93, Article 1). The results show that the impact of Chinese exports on United States imports from LAC is negative and statistically significant across several model specifications, levels of aggregation, and sectors. A percentage increase in imports from China decreased imports from LAC by ca. 0.75%. The displacement effect is ca. 0.32 for manufacturing products, 1.01 for resource‐based products, 1.33 when estimated only for South America, 0.25 for the Caribbean, and not significant for Central America.
Export controls and innovation performance: Unravelling the complex relationship between blacklisted Chinese firms and U.S. suppliers
Authors: Anwar Sajid , Hu Beibei , Luan Qiao , Wang Kai
Published: March 2024

Export controls are crucial for protecting domestic economic interests globally. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding their impact on innovation performance. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effects of the U.S. entity list on the innovation performance of blacklisted Chinese firms and related industries, as well as the reverse shock on U.S. suppliers. Using propensity score matching and a difference‐in‐differences approach, we found that export controls stimulate technological innovation in blacklisted firms and generate industry‐wide spillover effects in the sanctioned country. Particularly, firms heavily reliant on imports from the United States and those solely dependent on China's domestic market experience significant effects. However, export controls have a negative impact on the innovation performance of U.S. suppliers. We examine the mechanisms driving these effects, including government grants, R&D investment and firm performance. Our work offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between export controls and innovation performance, highlighting the differentiated impacts on blacklisted firms, related industries and U.S. suppliers.
Most likely balls in Banach spaces: Existence and nonexistence
Authors: Schmidt Bernd
Published: March 2024

We establish a general criterion for the existence of convex sets of fixed shape as, for example, balls of a given radius, of maximal probability on Banach spaces. We also provide counterexamples, showing that their existence may fail even in some common situations.
Characterization of differences in immune responses during bolus and continuous infusion endotoxin challenges using mathematical modelling
Authors: Windoloski Kristen A. , Janum Susanne , Berg Ronan M. G. , Olufsen Mette S.
Published: March 2024

Endotoxin administration is commonly used to study the inflammatory response, and though traditionally given as a bolus injection, it can be administered as a continuous infusion over multiple hours. Several studies hypothesize that the latter better represents the prolonged and pronounced inflammation observed in conditions like sepsis. Yet very few experimental studies have administered endotoxin using both strategies, leaving significant gaps in determining the underlying mechanisms responsible for their differing immune responses. We used mathematical modelling to analyse cytokine data from two studies administering a 2 ng kg−1 dose of endotoxin, one as a bolus and the other as a continuous infusion over 4 h. Using our model, we simulated the dynamics of mean and subject‐specific cytokine responses as well as the response to long‐term endotoxin administration. Cytokine measurements revealed that the bolus injection led to significantly higher peaks for interleukin (IL)‐8, while IL‐10 reaches higher peaks during continuous administration. Moreover, the peak timing of all measured cytokines occurred later with continuous infusion. We identified three model parameters that significantly differed between the two administration methods. Monocyte activation of IL‐10 was greater during the continuous infusion, while tumour necrosis factor and IL‐8 recovery rates were faster for the bolus injection. This suggests that a continuous infusion elicits a stronger, longer‐lasting systemic reaction through increased stimulation of monocyte anti‐inflammatory mediator production and decreased recovery of pro‐inflammatory catalysts. Furthermore, the continuous infusion model exhibited prolonged inflammation with recurrent peaks resolving within 2 days during long‐term (20–32 h) endotoxin administration.
Experimental Investigation on the Aerodynamic Instability Process of a High-Speed Axial-Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Li Jiaan , Wang Baotong , Zheng Xuedong , Wang Zhiheng , Zheng Xinqian
Published: March 2024

Aerodynamic instability plays an important role in compressor design and may cause performance degradation and fatigue damage. In this paper, an experimental study on the evolution of aerodynamic instability is carried out on a compressor that combines the performance benefits of an axial stage and centrifugal stage. The spatiotemporal characteristics of unsteady wall pressure were obtained using fast-responding pressure transducers over a range of operating conditions. The results show that the axial stage works on the positive slope of the performance characteristic curve from choke to stall at low-speed operating conditions, and mainly features rotating instability. Rotating stall is also observed in the impeller (IMP) and diffuser passages. At medium-speed operating conditions, the centrifugal stage suffers a high-frequency mild surge, alternating with rotating stall. With the increase in back pressure, the mild surge diminishes, and rotating stall persists. This behavior is similar to a two-regime-surge, which has been reported for centrifugal compressors. At high-speed operating conditions, the compressor directly reaches surge without other instabilities. Further analysis of the spatial pattern of the rotating stall revealed the existence of a high-pressure region near the volute tongue, resulting in obvious pressure distortion along the circumferential direction at the volute inlet. This induced the amplitude difference of stall cells in corresponding diffuser passages. The disturbance caused by stall cells propagates upstream through the blade passage, and the largest pressure disturbance induced by the stall cell propagation appears in a circumferential position 45 deg downstream of the volute tongue at the impeller inlet and the axial stage inlet.