bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Adherence of Leucocytes and Fibroblasts Derived from Skin, Sensitized by Cytotoxic Leucocyte Iso‐Antibodies and Complement, to the Surface of Indicator Cells
Authors: Melief C. J. M. , van der Hart Mia , Engelfriet C. P. , van Loghem J. J.
Published: March 2009

Evidence was found that human lymphocytes and fibroblasts derived from human skin, sensitized by cytotoxic leucocyte iso‐antibodies and complement adhere to the surface of indicator cells. The reaction mechanism showed the characteristics of the immune adherence (I.A.) phenomenon. Experiments made clear that in the I.A. assay the same antibody is detected as in the cytotoxic antibody test, based on dye exclusion. The sensitivity of the I.A. assay was shown to surpass slightly that of the cytotoxic antibody test.
The Effect of External Version on Antenatal Immunization by the Rh Factor
Authors: Vos G. H.
Published: March 2009

The present study has shown that the routine practise of antenatal manipulations such as external version is associated with a significant increase in the frequency of episodes of Rh immunization not only among Rh negative mothers who were already immunized before the present pregnancy commenced but also among those not previously immunized.

The findings would seem to indicate that the disruption of the placental circulation is enhanced by such procedures and the ultimate risk involved in intensifying the haemolytic process ‘in utero’ can therefore not be ignored.
Relationship of the Anticomplement Coombs Test to the Classes of Immunoglobulins1
Authors: Hudgins W. R. , Wardlaw L. L. , McDuffie F. C.
Published: March 2009

The agglutination in saline and the enhancement by anti‐IgG and anti‐C′ Coombs sera of human blood‐group antibodies fractionated by density‐gradient ultracentrifugation and anion‐exchange chromatography, as well as the effect of 0.1M penicillamine on these fractions, have been studied. All of the IgM antibodies agglutinated cells after exposure to C′ and anti‐C′ but not after exposure to anti‐IgG Coombs serum. All IgG antibodies were strongly agglutinated by anti‐IgG, and some (including two unusual anti‐Rh sera) were also agglutinated by anti‐C′ after exposure to C′. A complement‐fixing IgG Donath‐Landsteiner antibody was found to be capable of attaching to erythrocytes in the cold in the absence of complement. If complement has been fixed, the antibody can be subsequently eluted by warming without affecting the attachment of β1c‐globulin. No enhancement of IgM antibody titers could be produced by anti‐IgM Coombs sera unless the Coombs sera also contained anti‐C′. An unidentified anti‐A antibody, approximately 7S, agglutinated more strongly with anti‐C′ than with anti‐IgG Coombs serum.

The fixation of complement by anti‐blood‐group antibodies depends on both immunoglobulin class and nature of the antigen. The number and proximity of antigenic sites on the erythrocyte is probably one major factor in determining whether a given IgG antibody can fix complement.
Enzyme Reacting Specific Auto‐Antibodies in Individuals Showing No Signs of Auto‐Immune Haemolytic Anaemia1
Authors: Dybkjaer E. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F.
Published: March 2009

Auto‐antibodies of blood group specificity, reacting only with enzyme‐treated red cells, were found in 19 individuals. These showed no signs of auto‐immune haemolytic disease. None of the auto‐antibodies studied were IgG immunoglobulins. Some of the subjects were followed over a period of 2–3 years. No changes in the character of the auto‐antibodies were observed. In other cases, the auto‐antibody production seems to have been a transient phenomenon. The study thus provides no evidence in support of the assumption that the enzyme‐reacting auto‐antibodies were the precursor of a clinically more important auto‐antibody.
Two Incomplete Agglutinins Associated with Anti‐Lea in Rabbit Antisera Against Gum Arabic
Authors: Matsuzawa Shigetaka
Published: March 2009

The presence of two agglutinins in the sera of rabbits which were immunized by gum arabic were described. One of the agglutinins, anti‐Leg1, reacted to the majority of papain treated Le(a+) red cell samples, but this was not the case with the remaining Le(a+) and all of the Le(a—) samples. Another agglutinin, anti‐Leg2, reacted to some samples of papain treated Le(a—) red cells, as well as the majority of Le(a+). All 16 red cell samples, which reacted to anti‐Leg1, also reacted to anti‐ Leg2. Anti‐Leg1 was inhibited strongly by saliva from Lea‐secretor and weakly by that from Lea‐non‐secretor. Anti‐Leg2 was partially inhibited by saliva from both secretor and non‐secretor of Lea.
Prenatal T‐Transformation?
Authors: Jørgensen J. R.
Published: March 2009

An account is given of the first case of transient polyagglutinability in a new‐born infant who also had icterus gravis neonatorum. This polyagglutinability is interpreted as a prenatally occurring T‐transformation of the foetal erythrocytes. No infection which might have caused such a T‐transformation could be demonstrated. A causal relationship between the polyagglutinability and the neonatal jaundice is considered unlikely.
A Biological Test for Injury to the Human Red Cell
Authors: Stuart A. E. , Cumming R. A.
Published: March 2009

A biological system for the detection of human red cell injury has been described. Allogeneic macrophages incubated in human AB serum will readily phagocytose human red cells which have been sensitised with either anti‐D serum or a haemolysin. Old human red cells are also phagocytosed but normal fresh cells are not. The technique is reproducible providing strict technical precautions are observed. The allogeneic macrophage system may be useful for the investigation of red cell abnormalities in man.
Complement‐Fixing Platelet Iso‐Antibodies
Authors: Svejgaard A. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A quantitative complement‐fixation technique for the detection of human platelet iso‐antibodies and antigens is described. The method is based on the qualitative technique of Aster et al. [2]. The results are read photometrically, which permits interpretation of reactions too weakly positive to be recognized with certainty visually, and allows quantitative investigations of the platelet‐platelet antibody reactions. The ability to fix complement with the same amount of antibody was found to be better in platelet suspensions one and two days old than in suspensions prepared on the day of testing. The antigens were apparently stable for several months at 4°C, and one‐year‐old platelet suspensions could still be typed. Freezing to –20°C and to –80°C reduced the reactivity of platelets, and storage at –20°C caused a progressive loss of activity. The platelet concentrations yielding the highest serum titres varied between 17,000 and 117,000 platelets per μl of the reaction mixture in different experiments, and the antigen cut‐off’, when present, occurred with from 3000 to 35,000 platelets per μl of the reaction mixture. These figures express differences in antigen content of different platelets. It is suggested that part of these differences is due to gene‐dose effects. The practical applications of the method within histocompatibility testing and platelet immunology are briefly discussed.
H, A, and B Titres in South African Blood Donors
Authors: Brain P.
Published: March 2009

Summary. It is known that the red cells of Bantu of group O have far higher H titres than those of Europeans, and that the cells of A1–A2 intermediates have more H than those of A2 subjects. This latter finding is not in accord with the theory of Morgan and Watkins according to which H substance is the basic material out of which A and B substances are elaborated.

To test the theory further, A, B and H red cell titres were compared in Bantu and Europeans of groups A1 and B. Bantu cells of group B have considerably more B substance than those of Europeans; H titres of group B cells are about the same in the two races. Bantu A1 cells, on the other hand, have far more H than A1 cells from Europeans; the A titres are equal in the two races. Both these findings support the Morgan‐Watkins theory.
A New Source of Antibody‐Like Substances Having Anti‐Blood Group Specificity: A Discussion on the Specificity of Helix Agglutinins
Authors: Prokop O. , Uhlenbruck G. , Köhler W.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A new source of agglutinins has been found in snails (albumin gland) and in many sorts of fish roe. These agglutinins do not only agglutinate red cells of various origin before and (or) after treatment with several enzymes (pronase, neuraminidase), but also different strains of bacterial microorganism. These reactions are not unspecific, but follow the rule of strong chemospecificity as could be demonstrated in several cases by haemagglutination inhibition and immunodiffusion tests, especially with the agglutinins from Helix snails, where artificially conjugated antigens were included, as well as a discussion of the nomenclature and topo‐chemical arrangement of the receptors.
Hereditary Aspects of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; a Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Pirofsky B.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A family with three siblings involved in autoimmune hemolytic anemia is presented. One sibling had an idiopathic variety of the Evans' syndrome type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The other two siblings had secondary forms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, with plasma cell myeloma present in one and systemic lupus erythematosus in the other. A retrospective analysis of the family histories of forty‐four patients with idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia revealed that 20 % had family members involved in clinically detectable autoimmune disease.

The hypothesis is presented that autoimmune hemolytic anemia results from a fundamental aberration of the immune apparatus which prevents the establishment of a normal immune homeostatic mechanism. This abnormality appears to be transmitted on a familial basis, and is not primarily related to erythrocyte immune homeostasis. As such, the concept of ‘idiopathic’ autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be illusory and simply represent a partial diagnosis of a more generalized medical disorder.
The Y System of Skipjack Tuna Blood Groups
Authors: Fujino Kazuo , Kazama Thomas K.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A blood group, called the Y system and independent of the B blood group system and of sex and size of fish, was discovered in the skipjack tuna (Kalsuwonus pelamis). Seven reagents determine 15 phenotypes, which can be compiled into three major groups. The system was applied to population study of the samples taken from Hawaiian waters during the spring of 1965. Gene frequencies for some samples appeared to be different from those of other samples, but statistical analysis failed to demonstrate a significant heterogeneity. An extensive collection of population data was suggested to delineate exactly the population structure in Hawaiian waters.
Lymphocytotoxic Antisera of Limited Iso‐Specificity After Skin Grafting in Man
Authors: Thorsby E. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Five out of six unrelated persons, grafted three times with skin from a single donor, produced cytotoxic antibodies against donor lymphocytes. Two antisera appeared to be monospecific, and the three other antisera contained antibodies of limited specificity. The iso‐specificities of the antisera showed good correspondence to the incompatibility in the HL‐A locus detected between donor and recipient by the group specific lymphocytotoxic antisera used. It is concluded that some strong skin cell antigens can be detected by lymphocyte typing that are of importance in the production of cytotoxic iso‐antibodies; it may therefore be possible to select suitable skin graft donor‐recipient pairs for production of lymphocytotoxic antisera of limited and desired iso‐specificity.
Cold Haemagglutinins Associated with Splenomegaly in New Guinea
Authors: Pitney W. R. , Thomas H. N. , Wells J. V.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A high incidence of cold haemagglutinins with anti‐i specificity was found in serum samples from patients with massive splenomegaly of uncertain cause in the Watut valley of New Guinea. The samples contained increased concentrations of macroglobulin, 16–33% of which represented cold agglutinin activity. Tropical splenomegaly constitutes another condition in which anti‐i appears in association with hyperplasia of reticulo‐endothelial tissue.
Anti‐Sp1: The Recognition of a New Cold Auto‐Antibody
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Jenkins W. J.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Cold auto‐antibodies reacting with an antigen that appears to be independent of the Ii system are described. No human blood sample lacking the reacting antigen (designated Sp1) could be found but the common serological behaviour suggests that the antisera form a homogeneous group. The evidence suggests that these antibodies may be directed against a basic species antigen common to all human cells.
Preparation of Anti‐A1 Sera Using Hog Stomach Extracts
Authors: Buckley A. L.
Published: March 2009

Summary: A method of preparation of anti‐A1 sera by absorption of group B sera with hog stomach extracts is described.

Such sera give results comparable with those obtained by other methods of group A1 typing. The advantages of the method are discussed.
Evaluation of Double 51CR Technique
Authors: Szymanski Irma O. , Valeri C. R.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The post‐transfusion survival of multiple units of concentrated red cells was measured by 51chromium automated differential agglutination and double 51chromium technics. Since the mean 24 h survivals were similar with both assay methods, these methods are considered acceptable in evaluating red cell preservation. Analysis of the paired data, however, revealed a significant difference in the results, indicating that an average of 3% of 51chromium eluted from red cells during the first 24 h.
The Papain‐Sensitivity and Non Specific Binding Capacity of Incomplete Anti‐Rho (D) Antibodies
Authors: Gergely J. , Horváth E. , Medgyesi G. A. , Puskás Éva
Published: March 2009

Summary. The specific and non‐specific binding of incomplete anti‐Rho(D) antibodies to erythrocytes was investigated with respect to the papain‐sensitivity of the IgG molecules. The results show both the papain‐sensitive and papain‐insensitive molecules to possess anti‐Rho(D) antibody activity. Incomplete anti‐Rho(D) antibody was found to fix non‐specifically to Rho(D) negative red blood cells. Repeated incubation of IgG with Rho(D) negative erythrocytes resulted in binding of the papain‐insensitive population in contrast to the papain‐sensitive one. Further evidences for the non‐specific binding property of the papain‐insensitive IgG molecules are presented.
Serological and Immunochemical Studies on the Snail (Otala lactea)1
Authors: Bhatia H. M. , Kim Y. Cha , Boyd W. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Anti‐A agglutinins from snail (Otala lactea) were studied for their serological and immunochemical behavior. Column chromatography suggested that the snail anti‐A had a sedimentation constant of 4.3 with estimated molecular weight of 42,000. These preparations were tested for Ouchterlony's agar gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The breakage of disulfide bonds with mercaptoethanol affected the anti‐A activity of the snail protein. Attempts were made to study the percentage of anti‐A active protein in these preparations and the amount of anti‐A protein required for agglutination of red cells.
Rhesus Immunization in Nigeria
Authors: Worlledge Sheila , Luzzatto L. , Ogiemudia S. E. , Luzzatto Paola , Edington G. M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. All Rhesus negative multiparous women receiving ante‐natal care at University College Hospital, Ibadan, between 1958 and 1965 were tested for evidence of Rhesus immunization. In this otherwise unselected group of 443 patients there were 20 cases of proven immunization (overall incidence 4.5%). Nine of the immunized women had had transfusions of Rhesus positive blood and therefore, the frequency of immunization by pregnancy alone is only 11/434, or 2.5%. Analysis of the clinical data on the newborns has shown a more benign course in the group of babies born from women immunized by transfusion, when compared to those born from women immunized by pregnancy.
Hemopexin of Rabbits
Authors: Grunder A. A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. It has been shown that a genetically controlled polymorphic protein of rabbit serum is soluble in 0.6N HClO4 and complexes with heme and not hemoglobin. It is proposed that the name of this protein be changed from heme‐binding protein to hemopexin in order to identify it with serum proteins of other species which exhibit similar properties. The suggested gene symbol is Hx.
Anti‐Vel 2, a New Antibody Showing Heterogeneity of Vel System Antibodies1
Authors: Issitt P. D. , ØYen Ragnhild , Reihart Judith K. , Adebahr Margot E. , Allen F. H. , Kuhns W. J.
Published: March 2009

Anti‐Vel 2 is a newly recognized antibody in the Vel system. Two anti‐Vel sera have been shown to contain anti‐Vel 2, while 4 others have anti‐Vel 1 plus anti‐Vel 2. The new phenotype Vel: 1, ‐2 is twice as common (frequency about 0.00053) as Vel: ‐1, ‐2 (frequency about 0.00025). Tests with the original Vel serum of Sussman and Milleh [8] show that the phenotype Vel: ‐1, ‐2 corresponds to the original Vel‐negative type.
A Case of Lewis Negative ‘Bombay’ Blood Type
Authors: Gandini E. , Sacchi R. , Reali G. , Veratti M. A. , Menini C.
Published: March 2009

A case of a ‘Bombay’, Lewis negative blood type is described. The saliva of the Proposita has apparently failed to cross — react with anti‐Pn XIV serum. Her red cells scored higher titers than red cells of normal ABO phenotypes with a lectins (Ricinus communis) known to possess anti‐Pn XIV specificity.
Lc‐11 (Hunt B, Jones) as a Mutually Exclusive Specificity to Lc‐1, 2, and 3 in the Main Human Leukocyte Group1
Authors: Walford R. L. , Wallace O. , Shanbrom E. , Troup G. M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The specificity Lc‐11, defined by properly adsorbed Hunt serum (Hunt B), or by the monospecific serum Jones, reveals a completely mutually exclusive relationship to Lc‐1, 2, and 3 of the main (HL‐A) leukocyte group, when tested against 290 random Caucasian donors and 56 negro donors. Jones antiserum was produced by planned immunization directed towards producing a specificity of this nature.

A structural relationship of the various human leukocyte factors is proposed which is strictly analogous to the Rh system in man or the B blood group system in cattle. A number of criteria are set forth, the fulfillment of which would reinforce this interpretation.
The Antigenic Substances ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the Sera of Healthy Subjects
Authors: Fried D. , Shilo R. , Stanecki J. , Gotlibe A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The serum antigenic substances A and B were studied in 495 young healthy males, by a modified Hemagglutination Inhibition Test.

Marked variations in sera levels were found. In the majority of subjects relatively small amounts of antigenic substance was detected (‘weak inhibitors’), while the minority had relatively large amounts (‘strong inhibitors’).

The possible explanations of this phenomenon were discussed. Further investigations in disease states and family groups would possibly aid to clarify the subject.

The method used appears to be useful for the detection of small amounts of anti‐A1 antibodies in sera.
Reaction of Plant Extracts with Cattle Erythrocytes
Authors: Datta S. P.
Published: March 2009

Summary. With the object of finding lectins useful for cattle blood typing, erythrocytes from 20 cows were tested with saline extracts of seeds from 215 species of the Leguminosae family. Extracts from 35% of the species contained agglutinins or lysins and about two‐thirds of these showed some degree of specificity. Extracts from 19 species contained strong type‐specific agglutinins, and on the basis of their specificity these species were classified into nine unique groups. With cells suspended in a serum‐saline mixture, it was possible to show differences that were not apparent when the cells were suspended in saline only.
Siedler: An Antibody which Reacts with A1Le(a‐b+) Red Cells
Authors: SEAMAN MURIEL J. , CHALMERS D. G. , FRANKS D.
Published: March 2009

Summary. An antibody, discovered on routine testing in a man of group A1B Le(a‐b‐), is described. This antibody reacts with A1 Le(b+) cells but not with cells possessing the A1 or Leb antigen alone.
An Extension of the P1B Platelet Antigen System in Man
Authors: GABB B. W.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Results of typing platelet specimens from 299 random group 0 blood donors with three antibodies agree with the hypothesis that the antigens detected are controlled by three alleles present in Caucasian populations with frequencies of 0.276,0.109,0.179. These alleles are denoted by PIB1, PIB2 and PIB3 respectively. The remaining 43.6% of alleles at this locus PIB‐ are not detectable with antibodies discussed in this paper. Tests on twelve families with a total of 34 children support this hypothesis. Evidence is presented from population data supporting the hypothesis that PIB1 and PIB3 are identical or closely related to LA2 and LA1 respectively. Population data also supports the hypothesis that PIB2 and PIB3 correspond to 7d and 7c respectively. In the appendix of this paper a description is given of a statistical technique that demonstrates the number of specimens from a population that should be typed in order to distinguish between the hypotheses of allelism and independence of genes controlling blood group antigens.
Synergistic Action of Antibodies
Authors: NELKEN D. , HANNA N.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The primary addition of a subagglutinating dose of isoantibodies to cells and the subsequent addition of heteroantibodies also in subagglutinating quantities causes strong agglutination.

If the heteroantibodies are added before the isoantibodies no agglutination occurs. The mechanism by which the heteroantibodies interfere with cell agglutination is discussed.
Transferrin Variants Among Blood Donors1
Authors: Roop W. E. , Roop Bettie L. , Putnam F. W.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Forty‐six transferrin heterozygotes were identified among 2639 blood bank donors from the South Eastern United States. One slow (D1) and two fast (B1 and B2) mobility types were recognized but no new variants were demonstrated on the basis of mobility. The incidence in Caucasians of fast mobility types was 0.8% and of all variants 1.2%. The incidence of transferrin D1 in Negroes was 4.5%.
Eedghj (=E9), A New Allele in the E Blood‐Group System of the Pig
Authors: Dinklage H. , Schahmirzadi H. , Hradecky J. , Hojny J.
Published: March 2009

Summary. For the E blood‐group system in the pig a new factor, Ej, and a new allele, Eedghj, are reported. This allele has been found so far with varying frequency only in the Black and White‐Přeštice, Cornwall, Piétrain and Miniature Pig breeds. This new allele could not be detected in Landrace and Large White Pigs.
Automated Detection of Gm Factors of Human γG Globulin
Authors: Litwin S. D. , Camp F. R.
Published: March 2009

Summary. An automated method for the detection of human Gm γG globulin antigens is described for Gm(f), (a), (b), (z).

Detector red cells are sensitized with anti‐Rh serum or human Fr II γ‐globulin after chromic chloride treatment.

The automated method is compared to present methodology and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Reactivity of Human Gamma G Erythrocyte Autoantibodies with Fetal, Autologous and Maternal Red Cells1
Authors: Leddy J. P.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Human erythrocyte autoantibodies of the γG (‘warm’) type, representing both ‘Rh‐related’ and ‘non‐Rh’ specificities, have been found to react strongly with (a) the red cells of 10–12 week human fetuses, (b) Coombs‐negative autologous red cells obtained during subsequent remission, and (c) the red cells of the patient's own mother. These findings are interpreted to mean that the erythrocyte antigenic determinants with which such autoantibodies react (1) have an early appearance in ontogeny and, therefore, would have an opportunity to promote natural immunologic tolerance; (2) do not undergo a gross, serologically detectable change as the patient recovers from active hemolytic anemia and enters remission. The observations with maternal red cells indicate that the lymphoid cell population responsible for autoantibody synthesis in these patients does not exhibit selective tolerance toward maternal erythrocyte antigens, as might be expected if hemolytic anemia were caused by activation of a previously dormant colony of maternal lymphoid cells.
The Correlation of the Bga Blood Group with the HL‐A7 Leucocyte Group: Demonstration of Antigenic Sites on Red Cells and Leucocytes
Authors: Morton J. A. , Pickles M. M. , Sutton L.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Antigenic sites of Bga specificity have been demonstrated on leucocytes as well as on red cells. The Bga group shows almost complete concordance with the histocompatibility group HL‐A7. Red cells show much less activity than leucocytes and did not absorb cytotoxic antibodies but leucocytes removed all haemagglutinating activity. RNAP reactions can be demonstrated by both haemagglutiuation and cytotoxic tests. In some instances multispecific cytotoxic antibodies may show a monospecific haemagglutinating component. Family studies showed that the HL‐A groups may influence the Bga reaction of the red cells.
A Further Search for Hypothetic Kp of the Kell‐System1
Authors: Dichupa Paz J. , Anderson Catherine , Chown B.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The purpose of this study was to discover hypothetic Kp. In a previous study it had been vainly sought by screening with anti‐Kl and then studying the families in which the phenotype K:1,3 occurred. In the present study the approach was through screening with anti‐K3 instead of anti‐Kl and then examining K:1,3 families. Kp was not found. From the two studies the frequency of Kp, if it exists, is less than 1 in 20,000 in Caucasians.
An Incomplete Cold‐Reactive γG Antibody with i Specificity in Infectious Mononucleosis1
Authors: Capra J. D. , Dowling P. , Cook S. , Kscunkel H. G.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A new cold reactive antibody directed against fetal (i) cells is described in 90% of patients with infectious mononucleosis. It appears to be the 7S counterpart of the previously described 19S anti‐i antibody. The 7S anti‐i antibody interacts with a 19S anti γ globulin and the combination is responsible for the majority of the cold agglutinin phenomena previously shown in this disorder. The highest titers were detected in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or combinations thereof.
Further Observations on the Matuhasi‐Ogata Phenomenon1
Authors: Allen F. H. , Issitt P. D. , Degnan T. J. , Jackson Valerie A. , Reihart Judith K. , Knowlin R. J. , Adebahr Margot E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. When a specific antigen‐antibody complex is formed another antibody present at the same time, or introduced to the complex subsequently, can attach to and be eluted from the complex although the antigen to which it is directed is not present. This nonspecific binding of antibody, the Matuhasi‐Ogata phenomenon, has been examined in a series of 45 experiments and has been shown to occur independently of temperature, the strength or specificity of any of the antibodies involved or red cell individuality. The phenomenon is important: in the preparation of blood typing antisera; in the interpretation of antibody significance in eluates from persons with a positive direct antiglobulin test; in the separation, by absorption and elution procedures, of antibodies in multispecific sera; and in the detection of weak isoagglutinins in sensitized patients.
Cytotoxic Leucocyte Iso‐Antibodies Formed During the First Pregnancy
Authors: Overweg J. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Serum samples from 116 women taken at different times during and after the first pregnancy were tested for the presence of cytotoxic lcucocytc antibodies against the husbands' Ieucocytes.

Antibodies were found in the serum of 15 women, 11 times during the pregnancy, and as early as at 24 weeks of gestation. All antibodies examined were IgG, even the earliest detectable antibodies. All sera contained antibodies against antigens common to granulocytes and lymphocytes; four sera also contained granulocytespecific antibodies and none lymphocyte‐specific antibodies. No antibodies were demonstrable in any of the cord‐blood and no granulo‐ or lympliopenia was seen in any of the children.
Serological Differences Between Related Species of Snails
Authors: Gold E. R. , Thompson T. E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The presence of B substance in saline extracts of albumen glands of Helix pomatia has been reported by Kim et al. [5] and the agglutination of Hela cells by anti‐AHel mentioned by Uhlenbbuck et al. [10]. We report in this paper serological differences between related species of snails revealed by haemolysis, agglutination of Hela cells and presence of B‐like substance.

The same snail substances have been used as in Part I of this report. Saline extracts of seeds were prepared as described in [2] and anti‐BST was the same as that used for experiments in Part I of this report.
Anti‐Leb in the Serum of Le(a+b‐) and Le(a‐b‐) Persons: Absorption Studies with Erythrocytes of Different ABO and Lewis Phenotypes
Authors: Kornstad L.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The occurrence of anti‐Leb in the serum of an A, Le(a+b‐) blood donor is described. This serum, and an anti‐Leb serum from an Le(a + b‐) person previously described by Bhendemoen [3] were subjected to absorption studies with red cells of different ABO and Lewis phenotypes. It was found evidence that the antibodies cross‐react with the H antigen, and that their affinity to the H antigen is in fact stronger than to the Leb antigen

Similar absorption studies were done on some anti‐Leb sera from Le(a‐b‐) persons. Again a certain cross‐reaction was found with the H antigen, but here the affinity of the antibodies to the Leb antigen seemed to be stronger than to the H antigen.

It is suggested that the two classes of antibodies be called anti‐H(Leb) and anti‐Leb(H), respectively. For both types of antibodies the best reactions were obtained when Leb as wel as a greater amount of H antigen were present on the cells.
Inheritance of the Ag(x), Ag(y), (a1) and Ag(z) Antigens
Authors: Hirschfeld J. , Rittner Ch.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The serum low‐density lipoprotein antigens Ag(a1), Ag(x), Ag(z) were shown, by tests on 75 German families, to be inherited as autosomal dominants and to belong to one serum‐group system. Seventeen double back cross matings showed no recombinations in 31 possible situations, confirming that very closely linked loci, or a single genetic locus, are involved in their inheritance.
Anti‐I Agglutinins in Non‐Human Sera
Authors: Curtain C. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Macroglobulin cold haemagglutinins, mostly of anti‐I specificity, were found in high incidence and titre in sera from sheep, cattle, kangaroos, wallabies, wombats and possums living in a range of environments in Australia. There was neither positive nor negative correlation between the I‐antigen content of the cells of the different species and the incidence of cold haemagglutinins. For example, the red cells of laboratory rabbits were still capable of binding radioactively labelled I‐antibody at 37°C, yet the rabbit sera had the weakest cold haemagglutinins in the lowest incidence.

It is suggested that these results pointed to a widespread heteroantigen as the aetiological agent involved in the production of anti‐I cold haemagglutinins in animals and man. The configuration of the I‐antigen rather than that of the I‐antibody is probably altered by cooling so that it more closely resembles the heteroantigen. Thus anti‐I cold haemagglutinins would not be true autoantibodies since I does not exist at physiological temperatures in most species.

The occurrence in sheep and cattle sera of higher titres of cold haemagglutinins after reinfection with Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus suggests that further studies should be carried out on the possible role of metazoan parasites as aetiological agents in the production of cold haemagglutinins.
Lack of Relationship Between the Response to the D‐Antigen and to Some Other Antigens
Authors: de Wit C. Dudok , Borst‐Eilers E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Ten Rh(D) negative volunteer blood donors were immunized by the injection of D‐positive red cells and at the same time by DTP vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. Antibody titres were determined against the various antigens. No correlation was found between the response to the D‐antigen and to the four antigens, thus excluding the possibility of selecting suitable plasma donors by the use of one of these ‘test antigens’.
Viruses and Autoimmunity
Authors: East June
Published: March 2009

Summary. There is, to date, no firm experimental proof of a direct or indirect causal relationship between the presence of the type ‘C’ virus particles and any of the aberrations shown by the NZB mice. There are, nevertheless, considerable precedents for assuming that the virus may be responsible for the malignant proliferation of the reticulum cells, notably its ultrastructural similarity to other murine leukaemia viruses known to cause lymphocytic, erythroid, or myeloid leukaemia. There murine leukaemia viruses have certain important characteristics which must affect their biological activities.

There is also little doubt that viruses can modify both the target cells and the immunological apparatus of their hosts and so could, theoretically, precipitate autoimmune reactions. They can cause proliferation of erythroblasts, or of im‐munocytes such as lymphocytes, and the transmissible agent of Aleutian mink disease undoubtedly evokes plasmacytosis and an increase in serum immunoglobulin. Viruses can provoke the formation of new antigens on cell surfaces, or leave their antigenic footprints within cell nuclei, or elicit the production of specific circulating antibody. Some murine leukaemia viruses can deprees the classical antibody response to exogenous antigenic stimulation, and some are present in prenatal life and possibly induce a state of tolerance.

As far as the: NZB mice are concerned, the experimental evidence available points to the following conclusions. The autoantibody is predominantly IgG and can sensitize normal mouse erythrocytes. Florid positive antiglobulin reactions occur in germ‐free NZB mice shielded from external viral or bacterial antigens [8] so that the precipitating stimulus is, presumably endogenous. Positive Coombs reactions develop, and can indeed be accelerated, in NZB mice depleted of lymphocytes by neonatal thymectomy [6] indicating that the immune response is humoral rather than cell mediated. Splenic germinal centres are numerous and active and the plasma cell population is often increased in intact or thymectomized conventional, as well as in germ‐free NZB mice [5, 6, 8]. High serum levels of IgM are characteristic of conventional intact NZB mice and are not affected by thymectomy or isolation in a germ‐free environment [6, 81. Type ‘C’ virus particles are ubiquitous in NZB mice of all ages, including embryos, and can bud from the surface of plasma cells, lymphoid cells, erythroblasts and reticulum cells in most organs of the body. Thus, the argument as to whether the basic flaw responsible for the autoimmune reactions unique to this strain is an abnormality of the target erythrocytes or of the antibody‐producing cells remains unresolved.
Preservation and Clinical Use of Platelets1
Authors: Zucker Marjorie B. , Pert J. H. , Lundberg A. , Yankee R. A. , Henderson E. S.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Transfusion of platelet concentrates can prevent death due to hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic subjects and permit more intensive chemotherapy in cancer patients. Since fewer than half of the injected platelets circulate when platelet‐rich plasma or the best available platelet concentrates are administered to most thrombocytopenic patients, and the half life is short, an adult patient requires 5–10 units twice a week to maintain an adequate platelet count. The efficacy of concentrates is improved when aggregation is minimized; this may be achieved by acidifying the platelet‐rich plasma before centrifugation or by incubating the platelet pellet prior to resuspending it. Use of frozen platelets can provide coverage in emergencies and holds promise for simplifying therapy in the future.
Suppression of Primary Rh Immunization by Passively‐Administered Antibody. Experiments in Volunteers
Authors: Mollison P. L. , Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Lindsay Margaret , Wessely Jane
Published: March 2009

Summary. Rh‐negative volunteers were given an injection of 1 ml of Rh‐positive red cells, either alone or with 15 μg or 75 μg anti‐D. Six months later anti‐Rh was detected in 2 out of 14 subjects who had originally received Rh‐positive red cells alone but in none out of 8 subjects who had also received 15μg anti‐D and in none out of 15 subjects who had also received 75μg anti‐D.

Six months after the start of the experiment, thirty‐four of the subjects were injected with 1 ml of 51Cr labelled red cells without anti‐D. At 7–11 days after injection, survival was normal in all of 13 subjects who had received 75μg anti‐D with their first injection of red cells. By contrast, survival was subnormal in seven out of 13 cases who had received no anti‐D with their first injection of red cells. This difference is significant (p = 0.027) and is taken to indicate that primary immunization occurred when 1 ml of Rh‐positive red cells was given alone but was prevented when 1 ml of red cells was given with 75μg anti‐D. Survival at 7 days was slightly subnormal in 2 out of 8 subjects who had received 15μg anti‐D with their first injection of red cells; this is taken as evidence that no augmentation of primary immunization was produced with this dose.

In a follow‐up study of another series of Rh‐negative volunteers, who had been injected with 0.3 ml of Rh‐positive red cells at a Lime when they had between 0.6 arid 4μg anti‐D in their circulation, 3 to 8 months later the survival of injected Rh‐positive red cells was normal in 5 out of 6 cases, suggesting that there had been no augmentation of primary immunization.
Differential Reactivities of Fetal and Adult Human Erythrocytes to Antisera Directed Against Glycolipids of Human Erythrocytes1
Authors: Hakomori Sen‐itiroh
Published: March 2009

Summary. The immunological reactivities of fetal and adult erythrocytes to antisera which were directed against globoside, hematoside and lactosylceramide were compared. Fetal erythrocytes showed higher reactivity than adult erythrocytes in agglutination, hemolysis and absorption capacity of antibody when tested with anti‐globoside and anti‐hematoside. No differential reactivity was found when tested with anti‐lactosylceramide. Treatment of adult erythrocytes by trypsin or by neuraminidase resulted in an increase in their reactivity to the same level as that of fetal erythrocytes, but the reactivity of fetal erythrocytes was not greatly affected by enzyme treatment. The results indicate that globosidie and hematosidie groupings of fetal cells are directly exposed on the periphery of cells, while those of mature erythrocytes are masked by ‘sialomucopeptidyl’ groupings, and their reactivities are hampered.
How to Enhance the Sensitivity of the Radial Single Diffusion Technique for the Quantitation of Antigens
Authors: Rümke Ph. , Breekveldt‐Kielich J. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The sensitivity of the radial single diffusion technique for the immunochemical quantitation of antigens depends upon the lowest antibody concentration which gives recordable precipitation rings. It was found that this concentration can be lowered by the addition of sheep anti‐rabbit gammaglobulin to the agar‐rabbit antiserum mixture.

An increase in the sensitivity of the test of 2–4 times could thus be reached.
Studies on Diphtheria Immune Globulin Prepared from Outdated Human Blood
Authors: Sgouris J. T. , Volk V. K. , Angela Frances , Portwood Lucile , Gottshall R. Y.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Approximately one per cent of 8,481 units of outdated plasma tested had 4 or more units of diphtheria antitoxin per ml. Two lots of diphtheria immune globulin (human) were prepared from outdated plasma rich in diphtheria antitoxin. Plasma of this potency was satisfactory to prepare diphtheria immune globulin having 80 or 90 units of antitoxin per ml. When diphtheria immune globulin (human) containing 250 units of antitoxin was injected into human volunteers, serum antitoxin levels of at least 0.01 units per ml were reached in two to seven days and lasted for 21 to 36 days.
Ox Erythrocyte Agglutinability:
Authors: Maddy A. H. , Spooner R. L.
Published: March 2009

Summary.Ox erythrocytes of different rattle have been shown to fall into two categories with respect to their membrane protein. The total ghost protein solubilised by a butanol extraction precipitates over a certain pH range: this range, the extent of the precipitation and the effect of ionic strength differ in the two categories. The pH at which the protein precipitates is correlated with the sialie acid content, which differs in the two groups.
Automatically Controlled Continuous Recovery of Plasma Protein Fractions for Clinical Use: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Watt J. G.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The justification, brief description and development stages of a system of automatically controlled large‐scale plasma protein fractionation is presented. In this process a continuous stream of plasma and its precipitated fractions are maintained in circumstances of maximum safeguard whilst being subjected to closely controlled manipulation of the five standard variables of organic solvent precipitation. Early fractionation results, obtained while operating at a plasma flow‐rate of 15 l/h, are presented and their significance is discussed. Proposed future developments designed to remove the deficiencies of the existing system arc presented and the expected effects of such development are considered.
Anti‐Steroid Factor/s in Normal and Pathological Human Sera
Authors: PINTO M. , RIMON A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Sera from 170 persons were tested for the presence of an anti‐steroid factor/s in their globulin fraction by passive haemagglutination method, using as antigen a conjugate, of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate coupled to rabbit serum albumin. About 26% of sera from normal adults were found to contain titers of at least 1/25 in their globulin fraction. With respect to presence of the factor, there was no significant difference between normal subjects and those that had undergone one or more cardiac infarctions. 80% of syphilitic and 100% of rheumatoid arthritis patients showed presence of the factor in their sera. It was almost entirely absent in sera of children 6 months to 3 years of age. The specificity of the factor for steroids was demonstrated by the inhibition of haemagglutination, carried out with hydrocortisone hemisuccinate or sodium cholate. By its sensitivity to mercapto‐ethanol, its heat lability and its failure to give PCA response, this factor is most likely an IgM.
Variant of Group B Lacking the B Antigen on the Red Cells
Authors: Gundolf F. , Andersen J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group B variant, lacking B antigen on the red cells, but secreting small amounts of B substance in the saliva is described. Family investigation showed both parents and three sibs to be normal B. Among six children no normal or abnormal B occurred. It is discussed whether the B variant is due to mutation of the B gene or to the effect of a recessive suppressor gene.
The Recognition of Water‐Soluble I Blood Group Substance1
Authors: Dzierzkowa‐Borodej Wanda , Seyfried Halina , Nichols Margaret , Reid Marion , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A powerful cold auto anti‐I has been found that is strongly inhibited by hydatid cyst fluid and inhibited to a varying extent by all of the 181 human saliva samples tested. The investigation showed that the inhibition effect was specific for I and that water soluble I blood group substance must be responsible. No correlation could be found between the concentration of I substance in the saliva and the presence of ABH, Lewis or Sda substances. The amount of salivary I substance secreted appears to be a constant feature of the individual. Infants at birth and i adults have high concentrations of I substance in their saliva and the amount of I substance present does not reflect the I status of the red cells.
N‐Acetylneuraminic (Sialic) Acid and Human Blood Group Antigen Structure
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Winghamy June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of neuraminidnse‐treatment on various human blood group antigens was investigated, Removal of neuraminic acid had no appreciahle effect on any of the antigens studied, except M and N.
On the Genetic Interpretation of the 6 ‐Phosphogluconate‐Dehydrogenase‐Isozymes in Man1
Authors: Ropers H. , Hof J. Op't
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To explain the occurrence of a genetically determined polymorphism of 6‐PGD in man, dimerent genetic models have been proposed. A model assuming the presence of a single gene locus with different alleles opposes a model in which 2 loci are considered. In an attempt to clarify these conflicting interpretations, an investigation was undertaken in which a comparison of the 6‐PGD isozyme patterns of various human cell nnd tissue types was mnde. For this purpose three different 6‐PGD phenotypes found in man were used: the usual type (AA), the common variant (AB) and the Canning variant (BB). The results obtained are, in genetic terms, explained by a one‐locus model. Most decisive were the results obtained from nucleated red cells (extraction from bone marrow) compared to those of enuclented erythrocytes. It was shown that the isozymic patterns of erythrocytes which form the basis of the two‐loci models, are largely the result of non‐genetic factors.
Ox Erythrocyte Agglutinability
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Cowpertwait J. L. , Maddy A. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper describes a form of antiglobillin test which detects two types of rattle red cells ‐ high and low agglutinators. There are no intermediates. The type of agglutinability correlates with the sialic acid content and precipitation profile of their red cell membrane protein.
Pig A‐O Hypothesis:
Authors: Lang B. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The failure of newborn piglets' red blood cells to show the A blood group character is a function of their serum or serum and cells, and not of their cells alone. The reactivity of cells in the A‐O system in piglets is not related to quantity of A substance as detected by conventional methods in their serum. In adult pigs cellular A‐O reactivity is not invariably related to serum A‐O reactivity. The possible reasons for this are discussed.
An Erroneous Exclusion of Paternity in a Chinese Family Exhibiting the Rare MNSs Gene Complexes Mk and MsIII
Authors: Sturgeon PH. , Metaxas‐Bühler M. , Metaxas M. N. , Tippett Patricia , Ikin E. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Because of an apparent exclusion of paternity of the type father M/child N, and of the father's insistent denial of this exclusion, a thorough investigation of the MNSs groups of a Chinese family was carried out. The ‘exclusion’ was proved false by the demonstration of Mk in the persons involved. It is the first time that this rare gene comes to notice through disputed paternity, and this is the first example of Mk in Chinese. The family also had several members possessing MsIII, a gene complex which produces M, s, and the antigens characteristic of Cell Class III in the Miltenberger sub‐system. Three sibs of the propo situs had the very rare genotype MsIII/Mk. The medico‐legal and serological aspects of the case adiscussed.