bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns of French adults: associations with demographic, socio‐economic and behavioural factors
Authors: Bertin M. , Touvier M. , Dubuisson C. , Dufour A. , Havard S. , Lafay L. , Volatier J.‐L. , Lioret S.
Published: April 2015

Background

Although the French eating model may differ from those of other countries, no studies to date have investigated dietary patterns in a wide age range of adults and at the national level. We aimed to identify dietary patterns (DP) of French adults and assess their associations with demographic, socio‐economic and behavioural factors.

Methods

The present study included 2624 adults (1087 men, 1537 women) aged 18–79 years from the cross‐sectional national French INCA2 dietary survey. Dietary data were collected using a 7‐day estimated food record. Clusters of DP were derived using principal component analysis and clustering, conjointly. Age‐adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between DP and correlates.

Results

Five DP were identified, namely ‘traditional’, ‘prudent’, ‘diversified’, ‘processed’ and ‘sandwiches’. Men were more likely to follow a traditional diet and women the ‘prudent’ pattern. Members of the ‘processed’ and ‘sandwiches’ patterns were younger compared to non‐members. Healthier dietary patterns were overall positively associated with a higher socio‐economic position, healthier behaviours (in terms of sedentary behaviours and smoking status) and lower body mass index. Under‐reporting of energy intake, restrictive diet to lose weight and dietary supplement consumption were also related to specific DP, although differentially in men and women. Associations with contextual factors (i.e. household composition, agglomeration size and region) were also observed.

Conclusions

The identification of adults’ dietary patterns and associated behaviours (all modifiable) is important for the conceptualisation of multi‐behavioural programs. The additional information on social and environmental correlates is also essential for targeting the most vulnerable population groups in the context of such public health interventions.
Living gluten‐free: adherence, knowledge, lifestyle adaptations and feelings towards a gluten‐free diet
Authors: Silvester J. A. , Weiten D. , Graff L. A. , Walker J. R. , Duerksen D. R.
Published: April 2015

Background

A gluten‐free diet (GFD) requires tremendous dedication, involving substantive changes to diet and lifestyle that may have a significant impact upon quality of life. The present study aimed io assess dietary adherence, knowledge of a GFD, and the emotional and lifestyle impact of a GFD.

Methods

Community dwelling adults following a GFD completed a questionnaire with items related to reasons for avoiding gluten, diagnostic testing, GFD adherence, knowledge and sources of information about a GFD, the Work and Social Adjustment Scale, and the effect of a GFD diet on lifestyle, feelings and behaviours.

Results

Strict GFD adherence among the 222 coeliac disease (CD) patients was 56%. Non‐CD individuals (n = 38) were more likely to intentionally ingest gluten (odds ratio = 3.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.4–9.4). The adverse impact of a GFD was modest but most pronounced in the social domain. Eating shifted from the public to the domestic sphere and there were feelings of social isolation. Affective responses reflected resilience because acceptance and relief were experienced more commonly than anxiety or anger. Non‐CD respondents were less knowledgeable and less likely to consult health professionals. They experienced less anger and depression and greater pleasure in eating than CD respondents.

Conclusions

The findings obtained in the present suggest there is good potential for positive adaptation to the demands of a GFD; nevertheless, there is a measurable degree of social impairment that merits further study. The GFD may be a viable treatment option for conditions other than CD; however, education strategies regarding the need for diagnostic testing to exclude CD are required.
The effects of co‐occurring ADHD symptoms on electrophysiological correlates of cognitive control in young people with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Shephard Elizabeth , Jackson Georgina M. , Groom Madeleine J.
Published: April 2015

Efficient cognitive control is implicated in tic control in young people with Tourette syndrome (TS). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co‐occurs with TS and is associated with impaired cognitive control. Young people with TS and ADHD (TS+ADHD) show poorer cognitive control performance than those with TS, but how co‐occurring ADHD affects underlying neural activity is unknown. We investigated this issue by examining behavioural and event‐related potential (ERP) correlates of cognitive control in young people with these conditions. Participants aged 9–17 with TS (n = 17), TS+ADHD (n = 17), ADHD (n = 11), and unaffected controls (n = 20) performed a visual Go/Nogo task during electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Behavioural performance measures (D‐prime, RT, reaction time variability, post‐error slowing) and ERP measures (N2, P3, error‐related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe)) were analysed in a 2 (TS‐yes, TS‐no) × 2 (ADHD‐yes, ADHD‐no) factorial analysis to investigate the effects of TS, ADHD, and their interaction. The results of these analyses showed that ADHD was associated with poorer performance and reduced amplitude of all ERPs, reflecting widespread cognitive control impairments. Tourette syndrome was associated with slowed RTs, which might reflect a compensatory slowing of motor output to facilitate tic control. There was no interaction between the TS and ADHD factors for any behavioural or ERP measure, indicating the impairing effects of ADHD on behaviour and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control were present in TS+ADHD and that RT slowing associated with TS was unaffected by co‐occurring ADHD symptoms.
The changing boundaries of nursing: a qualitative study of the transition to a new nursing care delivery model
Authors: Rhéaume Ann , Dionne Sophie , Gaudet Denise , Allain Monique , Belliveau Estelle , Boudreau Laurraine , Brown Laurianne
Published: April 2015

Aims and objectives

To explore how nursing personnel have experienced the introduction of a new nursing care delivery model within their setting.

Background

New ways of nursing care are being implemented in many countries to contain rising health care costs and deal with ongoing nursing shortages. The adoption of new nursing care delivery models will have a substantial impact on the nature of nursing practice.

Design

A qualitative design was used for this study. Symbolic interactionism was used as a guiding framework.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were held with 20 nurses (17 registered nurses and 3 ancillary nursing personnel) in two hospitals in eastern Canada following the introduction of a new nursing care nursing model. The constant comparative method was used to analyse interview data.

Results

Four themes emerged from the data: (1) the ownership of tasks, (2) managing the workers, (3) a different way of knowing the patient and (4) the struggle to change.

Conclusions

Nursing boundaries were flexible, regardless of the implementation of a new nursing care delivery model. Nursing tasks shifted from one group of workers to another during the course of the day to meet patient needs.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights the challenges in relation to the introduction of new nursing care delivery models within hospital settings.
Long‐Term Outcome of Patients with Severe Biventricular Heart Failure and Severe Mitral Regurgitation After Percutaneous Edge‐to‐Edge Mitral Valve Repair
Authors: ORBAN MARTIN , BRAUN DANIEL , ORBAN MATHIAS , GREBMER CHRISTIAN , SIBBING DIRK , THALER RAFFAEL , TITTUS JANINE , WIMBAUER FRITZ , LESEVIC HASEMA , SONNE CAROLIN , MEHILLI JULINDA , OTT ILKA , NÄBAUER MICHAEL , MASSBERG STEFFEN , BOEKSTEGERS PETER , HAUSLEITER JÖRG
Published: April 2015

Objective

To assess long‐term outcome and parameters associated with poor and favorable outcome in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LV‐EF) ≤25% and severe mitral regurgitation (MR) after percutaneous edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair (pMVR).

Background

There is no data on long‐term outcome in this cohort of patients.

Methods

We analyzed all 34 patients with a LV‐EF ≤25% and severe MR treated with pMVR in 2 university hospitals from 2009 to 2012.

Results

Mitral regurgitation could be successfully reduced to grade ≤2 in 30 patients (88%). Long‐term follow‐up (up to 5 years) revealed a steep decline of the survival curve reaching 50% already 8 month after pMVR. In contrast, estimated survival of the remaining patients showed a favorable long‐term outcome. Patients deceased during the first year presented with higher right ventricular tricuspid pressure gradient (RVTG) (44.5 ± 8.4 mmHg vs. 35.2 ± 15.4 mmHg, P = 0.035) and worse RV‐function (P = 0.014) prior to the procedure. One‐year mortality of patients with pulmonary hypertension and depressed RV‐function (n = 22) was very high (77%) compared to the remaining patients (n = 12, mortality rate of 0%, P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

Although pMVR lead to a successful reduction of MR in patients with a LV‐EF ≤25%, 1‐year mortality in this cohort was very high. However, a subgroup of patients showed a favorable long‐term outcome after pMVR. Especially the right ventricular parameters sustained RV‐function and absence of pulmonary hypertension—easily assessed with echocardiography—might be used to identify this subgroup and encourage pMVR in these patients.
Periostin of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts promotes migration of human mesenchymal stem cell through the αvβ3 integrin/FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Matsuzawa M. , Arai C. , Nomura Y. , Murata T. , Yamakoshi Y. , Oida S. , Hanada N. , Nakamura Y.
Published: April 2015

Background and Objective

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is characterized by rapid turnover, high remodeling capacity and high inherent regenerative potential compared with other connective tissues. Periostin, which is highly expressed in the fibroblasts in the PDL, has been widely discussed in relation to collagen fibrillogenesis in the PDL. Recently, several reports have indicated periostin in cell migration. The aim of this study was to examine whether human PDL fibroblasts (hPDLFs) with high levels of periostin expression promote the migration of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).

Material and Methods

The migration of hMSCs was examined by transwell chamber migration assay under different conditions: medium alone, hPDLFs, human dermal fibroblasts, recombinant periostin, integrin αvβ3 blocking antibody (anti‐CD51/61 antibody) and inhibitors of FAK (PF431396) and PI3K (LY294002). Phosphorylation of FAK and Akt in hMSCs under stimulation of periostin was examined by western blotting.

Results

The migration assay revealed that the number of migrated hMSCs by hPDLFs was significantly larger than those by dermal fibroblasts, periostin small interfering RNA hPDLFs and medium alone. Furthermore, recombinant periostin also strongly induced hMSC migration. The addition of anti‐CD51/61 antibody, PF431396 and LY294002 caused a significant reduction in the number of migrated hMSCs respectively. The anti‐CD51/61 antibody inhibited both FAK and Akt phosphorylations under periostin stimulation. PF431396 inhibited both FAK and Akt phosphorylations. LY294002 inhibited only Akt phosphorylation, and FAK phosphorylation was not influenced under periostin stimulation.

Conclusion

Periostin expression in hPDLFs promotes the migration of hMSCs through the αvβ3 integrin/FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway in vitro.
Geochemistry and chronology of the Bunburra Rockhole ungrouped achondrite
Authors: Spivak‐Birndorf Lev J. , Bouvier Audrey , Benedix Gretchen K. , Hammond Samantha , Brennecka Gregory A. , Howard Kieren , Rogers Nick , Wadhwa Meenakshi , Bland Philip A. , Spurný Pavel , Towner Martin C.
Published: April 2015

Bunburra Rockhole is a unique basaltic achondrite that has many mineralogical and petrographic characteristics in common with the noncumulate eucrites, but differs in its oxygen isotope composition. Here, we report a study of the mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and chronology of Bunburra Rockhole to better understand the petrogenesis of this meteorite and compare it to the eucrites. The geochemistry of bulk samples and of pyroxene, plagioclase, and Ca‐phosphate in Bunburra Rockhole is similar to that of typical noncumulate eucrites. Chronological data for Bunburra Rockhole indicate early formation, followed by slow cooling and perhaps multiple subsequent heating events, which is also similar to some noncumulate eucrites. The 26Al‐26Mg extinct radionuclide chronometer was reset in Bunburra Rockhole after the complete decay of 26Al, but a slight excess in the radiogenic 26Mg in a bulk sample allows the determination of a model 26Al‐26Mg age that suggests formation of the parent melt for this meteorite from its source magma within the first ~3 Ma of the beginning of the solar system. The 207Pb‐206Pb absolute chronometer is also disturbed in Bunburra Rockhole minerals, but a whole‐rock isochron provides a re‐equilibration age of ~4.1 Ga, most likely caused by impact heating. The mineralogy, geochemistry, and chronology of Bunburra Rockhole demonstrate the similarities of this achondrite to the eucrites, and suggest that it formed from a parent melt with a composition similar to that for noncumulate eucrites and subsequently experienced a thermal history and evolution comparable to that of eucritic basalts. This implies the formation of multiple differentiated parent bodies in the early solar system that had nearly identical bulk elemental compositions and petrogenetic histories, but different oxygen isotope compositions inherited from the solar nebula.
Seasonal diversity and dynamics of haptophytes in theSkagerrak,Norway, explored by high‐throughput sequencing
Authors: Egge Elianne Sirnæs , Johannessen Torill Vik , Andersen Tom , Eikrem Wenche , Bittner Lucie , Larsen Aud , Sandaa Ruth‐Anne , Edvardsen Bente
Published: April 2015

Microalgae in the division Haptophyta play key roles in the marine ecosystem and in global biogeochemical processes. Despite their ecological importance, knowledge on seasonal dynamics, community composition and abundance at the species level is limited due to their small cell size and few morphological features visible under the light microscope. Here, we present unique data on haptophyte seasonal diversity and dynamics from two annual cycles, with the taxonomic resolution and sampling depth obtained with high‐throughput sequencing. From outer Oslofjorden, S Norway, nano‐ and picoplanktonic samples were collected monthly for 2 years, and the haptophytes targeted by amplification of RNA/cDNAwith Haptophyta‐specific 18SrDNAV4 primers. We obtained 156 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), fromc. 400.000 454 pyrosequencing reads, after rigorous bioinformatic filtering and clustering at 99.5%. Most OTUs represented uncultured and/or not yet 18SrDNA‐sequenced species. Haptophyte OTU richness and community composition exhibited high temporal variation and significant yearly periodicity. Richness was highest in September–October (autumn) and lowest in April–May (spring). Some taxa were detected all year, such asChrysochromulina simplex,Emiliania huxleyiandPhaeocystis cordata, whereas most calcifying coccolithophores only appeared from summer to early winter. We also revealed the seasonal dynamics of OTUs representing putative novel classes (clades HAP‐3–5) or orders (clades D, E, F). Season, light and temperature accounted for 29% of the variation in OTU composition. Residual variation may be related to biotic factors, such as competition and viral infection. This study provides new, in‐depth knowledge on seasonal diversity and dynamics of haptophytes in North Atlantic coastal waters.
Influence of magnesium on physiological responses of wheat infected by Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Debona D. , Rios J. A. , Nascimento K. J. T. , Silva L. C. , Rodrigues F. A.
Published: April 2015

Although magnesium (Mg) is considered an essential element for wheat growth, its importance for disease control has often been overlooked, and the physiological features of diseased plants mediated by Mg remain elusive. In this study, the effect of three Mg concentrations (0·25, 2·5 and 4 mm) on wheat resistance to leaf blast (Pyricularia oryzae), leaf gas exchange, invertase activity, cellular damage and foliar concentration of photosynthetic pigments and nutrients was investigated. Foliar Mg increased from 1·9 to 3·9 g kg−1, whereas calcium (Ca) decreased from 7·8 to 4·9 g kg−1 as the applied Mg increased from 0·25 to 4 mm. Blast severity increased from 11·3 to 39·6% as the applied Mg increased from 0·25 to 4 mm. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic pigment concentrations decreased in inoculated plants compared to non‐inoculated plants regardless of the Mg concentration; however, the reductions were more pronounced for plants grown with 4 mm Mg than those grown with 0·25 mm Mg. On the other hand, a higher internal CO2 concentration, invertase activity and malondialdehyde concentration was recorded in inoculated plants grown with 4 mm Mg compared to those grown with 0·25 mm Mg. In conclusion, reduced Ca uptake may partially explain the increased susceptibility of wheat to leaf blast with the highest Mg concentration. Mg‐induced susceptibility to leaf blast appeared responsible for the photosynthetic impairments. These were most probably due to biochemical constraints because plants grown with the highest Mg concentration suffered extensive cellular damage and degradation of photosynthetic pigments as a result of high disease severity.
The Challenge of Market Power under Globalization
Authors: Mayer‐Foulkes David
Published: April 2015

The legacy of Adam Smith leads to a false confidence on the optimality of laissez faire policies for the global market economy. Instead, the polarized character of current globalization deeply affects both developed and underdeveloped economies. Current globalization is characterized by factor exchange between economies of persistently unequal development. This implies the existence of persistent extraordinary market power in transnational corporations, reflected in their disproportionate participation in income and policy. These are shown to be steady‐state features of globalization in a convergence club model of development and underdevelopment including trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, results in tax competition explain how the increased share of transnational profits under globalization leads to lower corporate taxes, more conservative policies, and weaker institutions for balancing market power. The increased level of market power under globalization poses a serious challenge for national and global governance that deeply impacts economic development, distribution, sustainability, and democracy everywhere.
The Role of Productivity and Financial Frictions in the Business Cycles of a Small Open Economy: Hong Kong 1984–2011
Authors: Etxeberria‐Garaigorta Paulina , Iza Amaia
Published: April 2015

This paper analyzes the business cycle properties of the Hong Kong economy during the 1984–2011 period, which includes the financial crisis experienced in 1997/98 and the economic crisis of 2008–2010. We show that the volatility respectively, of output, of the growth rate of output and of real interest rates in Hong Kong are higher than the corresponding average volatility among developed economies. Furthermore, interest rates are countercyclical. We build a stochastic neoclassical small open‐economy model estimated with a Bayesian likelihood approach that seeks to replicate the main business cycle characteristics of Hong Kong, and through which we try to quantify the role played by exogenous total factor productivity (TFP) shocks (transitory and permanent), real interest rate shocks and financial frictions. The main finding is that financial frictions, jointly with the assumption that the country spread is endogenous, seem important in explaining the countercyclicality of the real interest rates.
Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) captured by cage trap
Authors: Casas‐Díaz Encarna , Closa‐Sebastià Francesc , Marco Ignasi , Lavín Santiago , Bach‐Raich Ester , Cuenca Rafaela
Published: April 2015

Background

Establishing reference intervals (RI) for hematologic and biochemical variables in wild animals presents great challenges because capture stress or anesthesia during sampling can affect blood variables.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to establish RI for hematologic and blood biochemistry variables for Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) caught using cage traps, and provide information on the studied variables for different age groups.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained from 89 Wild Boars captured by cage trap between 2005 and 2013 in northeastern Spain. Piglets were handled without anesthesia, while juvenile and adult animals were anesthetized using a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. Blood samples were collected from the anterior vena cava and were placed into plain and EDTA tubes. Thirteen hematologic and 21 biochemical variables were determined. Reference intervals for piglets and juvenile and adult groups were determined, and differences between these groups were statistically analyzed.

Results

Adults had higher HGB, PCV, MCH, MCHC, neutrophil count, and total protein, albumin, creatinine, and chloride concentrations than juveniles; in contrast, juveniles had higher values for lymphocyte count, cholesterol concentration, and ALP activity.

Conclusions

Reference intervals determined in this study provide a baseline for interpreting hematologic and biochemical results in Wild Boar at different age stages, and contribute to optimization of the management of this species.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of platelet biomaterials in a macrophage cellular model
Authors: Renn T.‐Y. , Kao Y.‐H. , Wang C.‐C. , Burnouf T.
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

Recent clinical data suggested that platelet materials used in regenerative medicine exert anti‐inflammatory effects. One must understand whether functionality varies among platelet preparations and also the role of the various protein compartments.

Materials and Methods

Platelet‐poor‐plasma (PPP), platelet lysate with cell debris (PL) or cell‐free (CFPL), platelet gel releasate (PGR) and solvent/detergent‐treated PL (SDPL) were prepared from four apheresis platelet donations. Protein profile was examined by SDS‐PAGE, and growth factors and cytokines by ELISA, multiplexed Luminex assay and cytokine array. Anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated in RAW 264·7 mouse macrophages treated for 24 h with the blood fractions followed by 24 h of stimulation with 500 ng/ml lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Inflammatory marker nitric oxide (NO) was determined by colorimetry, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α by ELISA and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 by Western blotting.

Results

Proteins, growth factors and cytokines composition differed among preparations. Blood fractions alone did not stimulate inflammatory markers expression. Following LPS stimulus, NO and iNOS expressions were significantly inhibited (P < 0·001) by all blood fractions, but inhibition was more pronounced with SDPL. In addition, only SDPL inhibited TNF‐α (P < 0·001) and COX‐2 expressions.

Conclusions

All the plasma and platelet fractions evaluated in this study exert an anti‐inflammatory effect on macrophages, suggesting that both the plasma and platelet proteomes contribute to anti‐inflammation. However, the extent and nature of the anti‐inflammatory action vary among products. Further studies are needed to better understand the functionality of platelet biomaterials and optimize their clinical use.
Storage of washed or irradiated red cells in AS‐7 improves their in vitro characteristics
Authors: Proffitt S. , Thomas S. , Swann I. , Popovsky M. A. , Smith D. J. , Roberts D. J. , Cardigan R.
Published: April 2015

Background

AS‐7 is a new alkaline hypotonic red cell additive solution (AS) shown to improve red cell quality during storage compared with AS‐1. We sought to compare red cells stored in AS‐7 with those stored in SAGM using RCC that were either untreated, or washed or irradiated on day 14 of storage.

Study Design and Methods

A pooled and split study design was used to produce seven identical RCC (four in SAGM and three in AS‐7). At day 14 following donation, two RCC (one in SAGM and one in AS‐7) were gamma irradiated and three RCC (two in SAGM and one in AS‐7) were washed and resuspended in either SAGM or AS‐7. RCC were sampled for analysis throughout storage and at end of shelf life: day 28 for washed or irradiated and day 35 for untreated RCC.

Results

For untreated, washed or irradiated RCC, those stored in AS‐7 had lower haemolysis, red cell microvesicles and supernatant potassium content than RCC in SAGM. In addition, ATP levels and pH were better maintained in AS‐7 RCC than in SAGM RCC.

Conclusion

These data suggest that the quality of these components may be improved by storage in AS‐7 compared with SAGM.
Buffy coat (top/bottom)‐ and whole‐blood filtration (top/top)‐produced red cell concentrates differ in size of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Bicalho B. , Pereira A. S. , Acker J. P.
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

The influence that blood component separation methods have on changes to the red blood cell membrane during storage is not well understood. In Canada, red cell concentrates (RCCs) are produced using the buffy coat (BC, top/bottom) and the whole‐blood filtration (WBF, top/top) methods, and this study aimed at comparing their influence on the characteristics of the extracellular vesicles (EV) which accumulated in the respective products during storage.

Materials and Methods

Using flow cytometry, dynamic light scattering and mass spectrometry, we assessed RCC EVs for concentration, size, lipid composition and correlation with supernatant haemoglobin (Hb).

Results

Accumulation of RBC EVs (CD235a+) with storage time was similar in WBF and BC RCCs. The size of the EVs changed from <100 nm at d5 to near 200 nm by d42, with the EVs from WBF being smaller (P < 0·001) than BC RCCs at all storage times. The amount of EV‐bound Hb in the WBF and BC units was similar (about 10% of total supernatant Hb). WBF EVs and BC EVs displayed similar lipid composition.

Conclusion

Haemolysis and EVs increase in BC and WBF RCCs during storage. Differences in the size characteristics of the EVs in WBF and BC RCCs suggest that non‐RBC EVs are more prevalent in WBF products. Understanding the impact that manufacturing has on the characteristics of the different populations of EVs in RCCs will aid quality improvement efforts.
Duffy blood group phenotype–genotype correlations using high‐resolution melting analysis PCR and microarray reveal complex cases including a new null FY*A allele: the role for sequencing in genotyping algorithms
Authors: Lopez G. H. , Morrison J. , Condon J. A. , Wilson B. , Martin J. R. , Liew Y.‐W. , Flower R. L. , Hyland C. A.
Published: April 2015

Background and objectives

Duffy blood group phenotypes can be predicted by genotyping for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the Fya/Fyb polymorphism, for weak Fyb antigen, and for the red cell null Fy(a−b−) phenotype. This study correlates Duffy phenotype predictions with serotyping to assess the most reliable procedure for typing.

Materials and methods

Samples, n = 155 (135 donors and 20 patients), were genotyped by high‐resolution melt PCR and by microarray. Samples were in three serology groups: 1) Duffy patterns expected n = 79, 2) weak and equivocal Fy(b) patterns n = 29 and 3) Fy(a−b−) n = 47 (one with anti‐Fy3 antibody).

Results

Discrepancies were observed for five samples. For two, SNP genotyping predicted weak Fyb expression discrepant with Fy(b−) (Group 1 and 3). For three, SNP genotyping predicted Fya, discrepant with Fy(a−b−) (Group 3). DNA sequencing identified silencing mutations in these FY*A alleles. One was a novel FY*A 719delG. One, the sample with the anti‐Fy3, was homozygous for a 14‐bp deletion (FY*01N.02); a true null.

Conclusion

Both the high‐resolution melting analysis and SNP microarray assays were concordant and showed genotyping, as well as phenotyping, is essential to ensure 100% accuracy for Duffy blood group assignments. Sequencing is important to resolve phenotype/genotype conflicts which here identified alleles, one novel, that carry silencing mutations. The risk of alloimmunisation may be dependent on this zygosity status.
Intra‐operative cell salvage in cardiac surgery may increase platelet transfusion requirements: a cohort study
Authors: Al‐Riyami A. Z. , Al‐Khabori M. , Baskaran B. , Siddiqi M. , Al‐Sabti H.
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

The cell saver (CS) has been widely utilized in cardiac surgery to reduce red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. We aim at examining its effect on the rate of allogeneic transfusion, morbidity and mortality in our population.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective review of all patients operated at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital between 2008 and 2013 was performed. Patients’ demographics, comorbidities and surgical details were retrieved. Study end‐points included blood transfusion, infection, renal failure and mortality. Baseline characteristics of both groups were compared and differences were adjusted for in the multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 673 patients were included (CS = 395, non‐CS = 278). Baseline characteristics were similar except for systemic hypertension, congestive heart failure and use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The CS group had higher transfusion rates of platelets (CS 36% vs. non‐CS 18%; P < 0·001) and plasma (CS 31% vs. non‐CS 19%; P < 0·001). After adjusting for baseline differences, CS use increased the odds of receiving platelet transfusion (odds ratio (OR) 3·2; P < 0·001) but not of plasma transfusion (OR 1·6; P = 0·087). There was no difference in the rate of RBC transfusion (CS 45% vs. non‐CS 40%; P = 0·212), renal failure (CS 11% vs. non‐CS 6%; P = 0·139), infection (CS 16% vs. non‐CS 13%; P = 0·434) and mortality (CS 5% vs. non‐CS 2%; P = 0·146).

Conclusion

The CS use increases platelet requirements and has no impact on the rate of RBC transfusion in our population. These findings warrant caution with generalized use and require larger studies to confirm its results.
Bifurcation Diagrams for the Formation of Wrinkles or Creases in Soft Bilayers
Authors: Jin Lihua , Auguste Anesia , Hayward Ryan C. , Suo Zhigang
Published: April 2015

Subject to compression, elastic materials may undergo bifurcation of various kinds. A homogeneous material forms creases, whereas a bilayer consisting of a stiff film and a compliant substrate forms wrinkles. Here, we show several new types of bifurcation behavior for bilayers consisting of films and substrates of comparable elastic moduli. Depending on the ratios of moduli and thicknesses of the two materials, the critical strain for the onset of creases can be either smaller or larger than that for the onset of wrinkles. When the critical strain for the onset of creases is lower than that of wrinkles, creases can be subcritical or supercritical. When the critical strain for the onset of wrinkles is lower than that of creases, wrinkles can further channel to creases at a strain much lower than the critical strain for the onset of creases in a homogeneous material. Experiments, conducted with bilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures subject to compressive loading, show that the different types of bifurcation behavior agree with the theoretical predictions.
On Some Problems With Modeling of Coulomb Friction in Self-Locking Mechanisms
Authors: Wojtyra Marek
Published: April 2015

Friction significantly influences the mechanical system dynamics, especially when self-locking property is observed. The Coulomb model is frequently adopted to represent friction in multibody analysis and simulation. It can be shown that in some extreme cases of joint friction modeling, problems with solution uniqueness and existence are encountered, even when only bilateral constraints and kinetic regime of friction are considered. These problems are studied in detail in the paper. To approach the investigated subject, a wedge mechanism, viewed as a simplified model of a speed reducer, is studied. Two different mathematical models of joint friction are used, both based on the Coulomb friction law. The first version of the model is purely rigid, i.e., no deflections of the mechanism bodies are allowed. Constraints are imposed to maintain the ratio between input and output velocity. The second version of the model allows deflection of the frictional contact surface, and forces proportional to this deflection are applied to contacting bodies (no constraints to maintain the input–output velocity ratio). Using the rigid body model, it is shown that when friction is above the self-locking limit, paradoxical situations may be observed when kinetic friction is investigated. For some sets of parameters of the mechanism (gearing ratio, friction coefficient, and inertial parameters), two distinct solutions of normal and friction forces can be found. Moreover, for some combinations of external loads, a solution that satisfies equations of motion, constraints, and the Coulomb friction law does not exist. Furthermore, for appropriately chosen loads and parameters of the mechanism, infinitely many feasible sets of normal and friction forces can be found. Investigation of the flexible body model reveals that in nonparadoxical situations the obtained results are closely similar to those predicted by the rigid body model. In previous paradoxical situations, no multiple solutions are found; however, problems with stability of solutions emerge. It is shown that in regions for which the paradoxes were observed only unstable solutions are available. The origins of paradoxical behavior are identified and discussed. The key factors determining the model performance are pointed out. Examples of all indicated problematic situations are provided and analyzed. Finally, the investigated problems are commented from more general perspectives of multibody system dynamics.
Investigation of Supersonic Jet Interaction With Hypersonic Cross Flow
Authors: Desikan S. L. N. , Saravanan R. , Subramanian S. , Sivararamakrishnan A. E. , Pandian S.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents the interaction of a highly underexpanded supersonic jet of Mjet = 3.19 with hypersonic cross flow (M∞ = 6). The jet interaction flowfield was studied through wall static pressure measurement, Schlieren, and oil flow visualization. The results clearly demonstrate that flow separation is a strong function of jet pressure ratio (PR). To understand the overall flow physics, numerical simulations were also carried out. The flow features such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary vortex in separated boundary layer, horseshoe vortices, and its foot print downstream of the injection port were predicted well.
Design and Analysis of a Ceramic Stator Vane
Authors: Sanday S. C. , Lam T. L. , Rahaim T. J.
Published: April 2015

The development of a ceramic stator vane for the first stage of a high temperature industrial gas turbine is presented. The elastic transient thermal stress analysis of the latest design, using a three-dimensional isoparametric finite element code is outlined. Results for a vane assembly made of silicon nitride and exposed to several temperature-time conditions are discussed.
Laboratory Testing of Controls for Aircraft Turbine Engines
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: April 2015

Gas turbine engine controls have been developed integrally with the development engine. This dependence of the control development on the engine development cycle can jeopardize engine running, and is expensive in that the engine is being used as a tool in developing its own control. A test facility which integrates computers and interfacing hardware was assembled for developing controls in parallel with engine development. The test facility allows exercising the complete control system over its operating range prior to engine running, and has the capability of representing any type of engine. The development of such a test facility will be discussed in this paper.
Multi-Turbine Controls for a Gas Storage System
Authors: Nick C. F.
Published: April 2015

A control system is described for three 12,500-hp (9325 kw) gas turbine-driven centrifugal compressors used in a natural gas storage application. The operational concepts and overall control package design are presented with minimum discussion on details of the system.
Structural Ceramic Materials Under Development
Authors: Lange F. F.
Published: April 2015

A variety of different promising high temperature structural materials exist under the generic names of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide (SiC). Each of these materials are fabricated by a different method and thus, each develop different microstructures and different properties. The relations between fabrication, microstructure and properties will be reviewed for both Si3N4 and SiC fabricated by (a) reaction-sintering, (b) conventional sintering, and (c) hot-pressing. The object of this review is to allow the engineer to obtain a better understanding of the different materials that are becoming available for high temperature structural design applications. An Appendix presents the properties of these materials required for stress analysis.
Design and Development of Close-Coupled, High Performance Epicyclic Gear Unit for Gas Turbines at 4600-HP Rating and 10:1 Ratio
Authors: Dudley D. W.
Published: April 2015

The new epicyclic gear unit for the large Centaur gas turbine at 4600 hp employs the proven design features of the smaller epicyclic gear unit for the Saturn gas turbine. Hundreds of the Saturn units (at 1100 hp, 22,300–1800 rpm) are now in service. The reliability has been exceptionally good. Many units have now run more than 20,000 hr. The new gear unit is a “star compound” arrangement instead of the star first stage, planetary second stage used with the Saturn. The star compound arrangement is new to the gas turbine power field. Certain unique arrangement details are involved. The resulting design has fewer parts and is easier to assemble and disassemble than more conventional high-ratio epicyclic gear designs used in steam and gas turbine applications. Perhaps more important, the new design is very compact and it facilitates a much more integrated package of gas turbine, gear unit, and generator than has been seen so far in the gas turbine industry at this power rating. The testing of this unit reveals new insights into the internal dynamics of an epicyclic gear system.
Development Progress on Ceramic Turbine Stators and Rotors
Authors: McLean A. F.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents progress in the development of silicon nitride ceramic turbine stators and rotors as part of the ARPA/Ford program to apply ceramics to a small vehicular gas turbine engine. It reviews the benefits of increasing engine operating temperature by adopting ceramics. Design of ceramic stators and rotors is discussed, together with results of stress and heat transfer analyses. Progress in fabrication methods is reviewed and pertinent silicon nitride property data are presented. Methods of thermal testing ceramic turbine stators are discussed, as well as how this testing has influenced interations in stator design. Results of testing stators in a high temperature turbine engine are reported. Spin testing of ceramic turbine wheels is reviewed with special reference to the importance of flaw detection and the types of rigs used for cold and hot spin testing.
Propulsion Power Plants for Large Icebreakers With Special Reference to Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Rossi S. , Klop C.
Published: April 2015

The Canadian Government, Ministry of Transport, initiated a Study of the Application of Gas Turbines to Canadian Coast Guard Vessels in 1972, which was completed in early 1974. This paper discusses the results of our findings and also new data now being used in design studies for heavy Icebreakers of Polar Class.
Heat Transfer Analysis Along the Blades of a Gas Turbine Stator by Thermal and Kinematic Boundary Layers Theory
Authors: Becko Y.
Published: April 2015

A numerical procedure is presented for the analysis of thermal and kinematic boundary layers behavior along the blades of a gas turbine stator. Dealing with both laminar and turbulent two-dimensional compressible flows, it solves by marching integration the B.L. equations, based on Spalding’s effective viscosity model, with quite general thermal boundary conditions. It accounts for main stream turbulent level influence and, using transition criteria based upon local profiles, is able to adapt itself to any flow modification like turbulent layer laminarization, laminar to turbulent transition, separation of laminar or turbulent type.
A Technical and Economic Overview of the Benefits of Repowering
Authors: Gerstin R. A.
Published: April 2015

General consideration for matching combustion and steam turbines are discussed as a background for the typical Repowering study. Different arrangements of the combustion turbines and heat recovery boilers are presented, discussed, evaluated, and a comparison of the systems are made. To complete the investigation, a series of economic factors are considered for comparison between Repowering and an alternate form of generation. In conclusion, by incorporation of combustion turbines in Repowering of an old steam plant, the extended use of combustion turbines can be justified.
The Mach 2 Axial Flow Compressor Stage
Authors: Breugelmans F. A. E.
Published: April 2015

A supersonic compressor stage has been designed for a high pressure ratio at a tip relative inlet Mach number of 2. The stage was operated in the original configuration, but serious inlet stall occurred at part-speed operation. An inlet blockage ring, a bleed system and a variable geometry inlet guide vane have been analyzed and applied to this configuration. The results obtained with the bleed system in the complete stage are presented. The rotor performance is discussed and compared with the stage performance.
The Supersonic Axial Inlet Component in a Compressor
Authors: Breugelmans F. A. E.
Published: April 2015

A prototype rotor has been designed to investigate the supersonic axial component at the inlet face of a compressor. A flexible inflatable nozzle is installed in the inlet duct in order to simulate a continuously variable inlet Mach number up to 1.5. A relative inlet Mach number of 2.4 was achieved at 90 percent of the design speed. The transition from the subsonic to the supersonic axial component is explored. A blade failure prevented completion of the research on the dynamic response of the compressor to throttle valve, speed and inlet nozzle variations.
Isothermal Shape Rolling of Airfoil Sections for Gas Turbines
Authors: Rose F. K. , Metcalfe A. G.
Published: April 2015

Isothermal Shape Rolling is a new hot metal shaping process developed by the Solar Division of International Harvester. The process is unique in that it uses refractory metal rolls with closed loop control of forming temperature. Heating is achieved by passage of electric current through the workpiece from the electrically conductive shaping rolls. The process eliminates much of the processing costs encountered in the more conventional rolling of airfoil sections in corrosion or heat resistant alloys. Cost reduction is made possible by single pass rolling to the finished airfoil, freedom from surface contamination of the rolled surface and the fine surface finish of the as-rolled section. The general characteristics of the process are described and examples of application to gas turbine components are presented.
Recent Application of Multistage Centrifugal Compressors for Gas Transmission
Authors: Hussain M. J. , Johnson H. E.
Published: April 2015

Multistage compressor parameters are related to recent gas transmission applications having a diversity of requirements, ranging from large flows to high pressure.
Development of a Low Thermal Expansion Magnesium-Aluminum-Silicate Ceramic for Gas Turbine Heat Exchanger Applications
Authors: Buljan Sergej-Tomislav , Kleiner R. N.
Published: April 2015

A review of the factors influencing the thermal expansion of ceramic materials is presented. Studies have shown that thermal expansions lower than the theoretical value predicted for cordierite can be obtained. The properties of a low thermal expansion magnesium-aluminum-silicate ceramic developed for gas turbine heat exchanger applications are described.
A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Turbine Airfoil Design
Authors: Linask I. , Dierberger J.
Published: April 2015

An analytical study was conducted using fracture mechanics principles to model turbine airfoil cracking. It was found that crack initiation can be related to calculated residual strains in the airfoil coating and that coating properties are an important consideration in determining crack location and orientation. The coating crack subsequently propagates into base material according to basic fracture mechanics laws. A comparison with engine tested blade experience is made. It is concluded that the presented model provides a rational method for design life prediction but its general application requires definition of new types of material property information.
Laser Raman and Fluorescence Measurements Applied to Gas Turbine Exhaust Emissions
Authors: Leonard D. A. , Rubins P. M.
Published: April 2015

The problems of gas turbine exhaust gas sampling by presently approved methods make an optical method attractive. Because of this, the Air Force has sponsored the development of laser. Raman for exhaust emissions measurement. Laser induced Raman and fluorescent measurements were made in the exhaust of a T53-L-13A gas turbine engine with a new field-portable instrument devised specifically for gas turbine exhaust emission measurements. The gas turbine exhaust was analyzed by conventional instruments for CO, CO2, NO, NOx total hydrocarbons, smoke, and temperature, and these data were used as a comparative standard for the evaluation of the laser Raman instrument. Results thus far indicate good to excellent correlations for CO2, O2, smoke, hydrocarbons, and temperature. NO detection was not sensitive enough, but the data analysis indicates that 100 ppm or less may be detectable with instrument improvements. Further NO sensitivity is possible with continued development of the method. CO analysis was not attempted, but it is expected that CO could be detected with further research. NO2 was not attempted because theoretical and experimental laboratory analysis indicated severe interferences with CO2. Temperature profiles from laser Raman were also compared with thermocouple data in the exhaust stream, and showed agreement within the radiation error of the thermocouples. With further development, laser Raman shows a good potential for an optical method of aircraft gas turbine emission analysis.
A Systems Approach to Liquid Fuel Treatment
Authors: Krulls G. E.
Published: April 2015

Liquid fuel treatment systems are available in a variety of types and sizes for various kinds of fuels. It is the purpose of this paper to make sense out of this maize of equipment and develop a systematic approach to component selection. In addition, the equations for calculating washing system efficiencies are presented as well as some new ideas in control systems and fuel analysis techniques. A gas turbine user should look at the total fuel history from refinery to exhaust stack as a part of the systems engineering work performed in the planning stages of a gas turbine or combined cycle installation.