bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption Equilibrium of a Herbicide (Pendimethalin) onto Natural Clay
Authors: El-Geundi M.S. , Farrag T.E. , El-Ghany H.M. Abd
Published: November 2005

The equilibrium adsorption of a herbicide (pendimethalin) onto natural clay from aqueous solutions was studied experimentally using different system variables. The influence of such variables, such as particle size (dp), pH and temperature, on the adsorption capacity was studied. Equilibrium modelling was carried out using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich—Peterson models with the corresponding constants being calculated for the different system variables. The results indicate that the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) at an acidic pH value (3.44) was approximately double that observed at an alkaline pH value (9.62). It was also found that the effect of particle size was significant and that the temperature plays an interesting role in the adsorption process. The enthalpy change (ΔH) for adsorption was evaluated as −29.36 kJ/mol. It is clear from the results of this study that the Freundlich model fitted the experimental adsorption data significantly better than the Langmuir or the Redlich—Peterson models.
Organizing Far from Equilibrium: Nonlinear Change in Organizational Fields
Authors: Meyer Alan D. , Gaba Vibha , Colwell Kenneth A.
Published: November 2005

Organizational fields undergo upheavals. Shifting industry boundaries, new network forms, emerging sectors, and volatile ecosystems have become the stuff of everyday organizational life. Curiously, profound changes of this sort receive scant attention in organization theory and research. Researchers acknowledge fieldwide flux, emergence, convergence, and collapse, but sidestep direct investigations of the causes and dynamic processes, leaving these efforts to political scientists and institutional economists. We attribute this neglect to our field’s philosophical, theoretical, and methodological fealty to the precepts of equilibrium and linearity. We argue that ingrained assumptions and habituated methodologies dissuade organizational scientists from grappling with problems to which these ideas and tools do not apply. Nevertheless, equilibrium and linearity are assumptions of social theory, not facts of social life. Drawing on four empirical studies of organizational fields in flux, we suggest new intellectual perspectives and methodological heuristics that may facilitate investigation of fields that are far from equilibrium. We urge our colleagues to transcend the general linear model, and embrace ideas like field configuration, complex adaptive systems, self-organizing networks, and autocatalytic feedback. We recommend conducting natural histories of organizational fields, and paying especially close attention to turning points when fields are away from equilibrium and discontinuous changes are afoot.
Organizational Boundaries and Theories of Organization
Authors: Santos Filipe M. , Eisenhardt Kathleen M.
Published: November 2005

Organizational boundaries are a central phenomenon, yet despite their significance, research is dominated by transaction cost economics and related exchange-efficiency perspectives. While useful, it is time to engage in a broader view. Our purpose is to provide a deeper understanding of organizational boundaries. First, we develop four boundary conceptions (efficiency, power, competence, and identity) and their distinctive features including organizational and environmental assumptions, unique conception of boundaries, theoretical arguments, empirical validity, contributions, and limitations. Efficiency takes a legal-ownership view of atomistic boundary decisions. In contrast, the power conception emphasizes the sphere of influence of the organization, while competence focuses on the resource portfolio and its related configuration, and identity centers on the often unconscious mind-set by which organizational members understand “who we are.” We also indicate relationships, both coevolutionary and synergistic, among the conceptions. Second, we juxtapose these conceptions with the current literature to create a springboard for a renewed research agenda. This agenda includes greater focus on nonefficiency perspectives, relationships (not competition) among boundary conceptions, studies that take the normative implication of theories more seriously, and problem-driven research on contemporary boundary issues such as contract employment and business ecosystems.
A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work
Authors: Spreitzer Gretchen , Sutcliffe Kathleen , Dutton Jane , Sonenshein Scott , Grant Adam M.
Published: November 2005

Thriving describes an individual’s experience of vitality and learning. The primary goal of this paper is to develop a model that illuminates the social embeddedness of employees’ thriving at work. First, we explain why thriving is a useful theoretical construct, define thriving, and compare it to related constructs, including resilience, flourishing, subjective well-being, flow, and self-actualization. Second, we describe how work contexts facilitate agentic work behaviors, which in turn produce resources in the doing of work and serve as the engine of thriving. Third, we describe how thriving serves as a gauge to facilitate self-adaptation at work. We conclude by highlighting key theoretical contributions of the model and suggesting directions for future research.
Inertia and Incentives: Bridging Organizational Economics and Organizational Theory
Authors: Kaplan Sarah , Henderson Rebecca
Published: November 2005

Organizational theorists have long acknowledged the importance of the formal and informal incentives facing a firm’s employees, stressing that the political economy of a firm plays a major role in shaping organizational life and firm behavior. Yet the detailed study of incentive systems has traditionally been left in the hands of (organizational) economists, with most organizational theorists focusing their attention on critical problems in culture, network structure, framing, and so on—in essence, the social context in which economics and incentive systems are embedded. We argue that this separation of domains is problematic. The economics literature, for example, is unable to explain why organizations should find it difficult to change incentive structures in the face of environmental change, while the organizational literature focuses heavily on the role of inertia as sources of organizational rigidity. Drawing on recent research on incentives in organizational economics and on cognition in organizational theory, we build a framework for the analysis of incentives that highlights the ways in which incentives and cognition—while being analytically distinct concepts—are phenomenologically deeply intertwined. We suggest that incentives and cognition coevolve so that organizational competencies or routines are as much about building knowledge of “what should be rewarded” as they are about “what should be done.” We argue that this recognition has important implications for our understanding of organizational inertia in the face of environmental change, and that it opens up important new areas for further research.
Sorption and Direct Electrochemistry of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C on Hematite Surfaces
Authors: Khare Nidhi , Eggleston Carrick M. , Lovelace David M.
Published: November 2005

The interaction of cytochromes (heme proteins) with mineral surfaces is important from an environmental perspective (e.g. heavy metal remediation and reductive dehalogenation reactions), for designing biosensors and bioanalytical systems, and for emerging photovoltaic applications. In addition, the cytochrome studied here shares properties with some cytochromes from Fe-reducing bacteria and its general behavior sheds light on how other cytochromes might behave during Fe(III) reduction. The objectives of this study were to characterize the direct electrochemistry and sorption mechanism of horse heart ferricytochrome c (a mitochondrial cytochrome referred to as Hcc) on hematite surfaces as a function of pH, time of sorption and ionic strength. Hcc sorption on hematite mainly occurs between pH 8 and 10, the pH range in which hematite surfaces and Hcc are oppositely charged. Calculated net attractive forces correspond closely with the pH range of peak sorption, suggesting that sorption is mainly electrostatically controlled. Hcc sorption with ionic strength is consistent with this conclusion. The pH-dependent conformation of Hcc sorbed on hematite appears to be different from that in solution as indicated by UV-visible spectroscopy and its more negative reduction potential compared to native Hcc. Sorption kinetics were rapid and pH-independent across the pH range 3–10 with slow conformational changes occurring at >60 h. Our results suggest that the electrostatic attraction of the cytochrome towards the surface orient the cytochrome for favorable electron transfer between the heme group of the cytochrome and hematite.
Developing a Standardized Comprehensive Health Survey for Use With Deaf Adults
Authors: Margellos-Anast Helen , Hedding Teri , Perlman Toby , Miller Linda , Rodgers Raymond , Kivland Lisa , DeGutis Dorothea , Giloth Barbara E , Whitman Steven
Published: November 2005

There is limited information on how communication barriers impact on the health of deaf individuals. The present article describes the development of a standardized interview tool to collect health-related information from deaf adults via face-to-face interviews in American Sign Language (ASL). Questions were selected largely from existing standardized questionnaires. Key steps in standardizing the instrument included the creation of an ASL gloss version of the survey and extensive interviewer training. The instrument was pilot-tested and revised prior to implementation. There were 139 questions on the final instrument. A total of 203 interviews were conducted between November 2002 and March 2003. A standardized interview survey administered in ASL proved an effective and well-accepted means of collecting health-related information from a diverse sample of deaf individuals. Several challenges were encountered throughout the process, and the resulting lessons will be useful to future research efforts.
Relationships Among Professionals' Knowledge, Experience, and Expectations Regarding Cochlear Implants
Authors: Ben-Itzhak Drorit , Most Tova , Weisel Amatzia
Published: November 2005

The present study examined the relationships between teachers' and communication clinicians' self-reported knowledge on cochlear implants and their expectations of CIs. The authors also explored these professionals' views regarding the child's communication mode, educational setting, and social options following cochlear implantation. The participants were 47 teachers of deaf students and 35 communication clinicians. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in self-reported knowledge on CI. Both groups knew very little about mapping, costs, or insurance, and reported good knowledge about candidacy. Expectations from CIs were moderate to high, and were significantly related to respondents' knowledge and specific experience with CIs. Most professionals in both groups supported spoken-language communication, individual inclusion, and social exposure to children with normal hearing as well as to children with hearing impairments.
A Mixed-Methods Study of Teachers of the Deaf Learning to Integrate Computers Into Their Teaching
Authors: Kluwin Thomas N , Noretsky Martin
Published: November 2005

A mixed-methods study was conducted of 47 teachers of the deaf in seven urban and suburban programs around the country as they participated in an online training program. The goal of the training program was to encourage the teachers to integrate technology into their teaching of children who were deaf or hard of hearing. In their evaluation of the project, the researchers sought to identify factors that supported the success of the program. Data used in the evaluation of the project were drawn from responses to formal questionnaires, information on retention in the program, and an analysis of comments during online asynchronous discussions. Anxiety about using technology, access to technology, and initial expertise did not determine whether teachers were retained in the program; however, the degree of local support for participants did differentiate those who continued in the program from those who dropped out.
An Examination of the Research and Training Needs in the Field of Deaf Education
Authors: Luckner John L , Muir Sheryl Goodwin , Howell Jennifer Johnson , Sebald Ann M , Young John
Published: November 2005

The National Center on Low-Incidence Disabilities conducted a needs assessment of the research and training needs in the field of deaf education. A total of 331 professionals, parents, administrators, and university faculty responded to the survey. Overall, respondents indicated that the number-one priority was to educate administrators about services that are appropriate for students who are deaf or hard of hearing. The second most important concern was how to work within the education system to change it. The third priority was teaching reading strategies. Additional priorities are reported for all respondents, as well as comparisons among the different respondent groups. Implications of the results are presented.
Reading Levels of Spanish Deaf Students
Authors: Monreal Santiago Torres , Hernandez Rafael Santana
Published: November 2005

The reading levels of a population of 93 Spanish deaf students were examined. All study participants had prelingual profound hearing loss; their ages ranged from 9 to 20 years. All were enrolled in compulsory education during 2002–2003 in the Canary Islands (Spain). They were evaluated with sentence and text comprehension subtests from the Evaluation of Reading Processes of Primary Education Students, whose Spanish acronym is PROLEC (Cuetos, Rodríguez, & Ruano, 1996). A questionnaire on reading attitude was also used (Espín, 1987). Study results were consistent with those of previous research: Deaf students, at the end of their primary school education (mean age 13 years), have reading levels similar to or lower than the reading levels of hearing students at the onset of primary school education (mean age 7 years). These deaf students also have an indifferent attitude toward reading.
Perceptions of Diverse Educators Regarding Ethnic-Minority Deaf College Students, Role Models, and Diversity
Authors: Parasnis Ila , Fischer Susan D
Published: November 2005

In a qualitative study, the researchers documented the perceptions of deaf and hearing ethnically diverse university faculty and staff regarding issues related to the education of ethnic-minority deaf college students. These experienced educators commented on the importance of ethnic-minority role models for deaf college students, the academic preparedness of ethnic-minority deaf students, these students' level of comfort on campus, and the success of institutional efforts to increase awareness regarding ethnic diversity. The insightful reflections of these diverse educators can be informative in improving the educational experience of ethnic-minority deaf students.
The Experience of Story Reading: Deaf Children and Hearing Mothers' Interactions at Story Time
Authors: Plessow-Wolfson Sabine , Epstein Flavio
Published: November 2005

The study examined scaffolding interactions between deaf children and hearing mothers in which story reading was used as a tool to aid in the development of narrative comprehension and linguistic reasoning. The dyadic interactions were examined from the perspective of the theoretical works of Vygotsky (1934/1962, 1978, 1929/1981, 1960/1981). The sample group consisted of 7 dyads of hearing mothers and their deaf children ages 4.2 to 9.5 years. The mothers signed a story to their children. The dyadic interactions reflected the different levels of scaffolding and functioning within the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1934/1962, 1978). The researchers found that story reading provides an excellent framework for both cognitive and emotional growth within the parent/child dyad. Mothers who engaged their children in mutual dialogue also used elaboration. This was reflected in their children's linguistic reasoning.
Voluntary Organizations, Social Capital, and the Social Incorporation of Asian Indian Immigrants in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex
Authors: Brettell Caroline
Published: November 2005

This article addresses the organizational life of Asian-Indian immigrants in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. The analysis is framed in relation to the concept of social capital, and more specifically to differences between bonding and bridging social capital, and between ethnic social capital (embedded in ethnic associations) and cross-cultural social capital (embedded in mixed and more mainstream organizations). After a brief discussion of the growth of the Asian-Indian population in DFW, the article draws on examples of five different organizational forms—regional, religious, ethnic, pan-ethnic, and ethnic to mainstream—to explore how different forms of social capital are developed and deployed, as well as how nested hierarchies of identity are manifested and expressed. In the conclusion the article addresses the implications for our understanding of how dispersed immigrant populations in new suburban cities of immigration establish place through associations as well as what an analysis of these organizations contributes to ongoing debates about assimilation, incorporation, and the construction of community.
The Expansion of Protestantism in Mexico: An Anthropological View
Authors: Dow James
Published: November 2005

In the last three decades of the twentieth century, many people in Mexico and Central America turned to Protestantism as a new religion. The greatest increase has been in rural and Indians areas. This article shows that Protestantism in these areas is not a reaction against the Catholic Church as much as it is a reaction against traditional Indian cargo systems generating political and economic power. These people are farmers who live in tight-knitted, closed communities that dominate their lives. It has been difficult for scholars of religion to understand these cultures because the communities are closed to outsiders and many of the people speak Indian languages. Anthropologists have been more successful than historians at finding the data and discovering why the people are converting.
A Temporary Diaspora: Contested Cultural Representations in Tuareg International Musical Performance
Authors: Rasmussen Susan J.
Published: November 2005

What occurs when local residents travel, but also continually return home, and become increasingly self-conscious about their culture and history and how these are represented? The goal of this essay is to understand the roles of culture and memory in a traveling performance of Tuareg musicians from Mali, and to show how multiple viewpoints are alternately woven together and not woven together in the fabric of the performance event and wider processes surrounding it. International performances by touring African musicians and singers offer rich perspectives on current anthropological issues of culture, identity, and memory in globalization and diaspora. This essay draws on data from longterm field research in Tuareg (Kel Tamajaq) communities in Niger and Mali, West Africa and among Tamajaq-speaking expatriates and travelers in France and the United States. Central here is a case study of a Tuareg international musical touring ensemble called Tartit from northern Mali. There is analysis of their origins in the "home culture" and background on the Tuareg more generally. This is followed by analysis of the Tartit ensemble's promotion in the media, including interviews, their performance in the United States, and additional more longterm processes surrounding that performance event. [End Page 793] More broadly, the goal is a more nuanced understanding of representations of culture and memory that move beyond mere "hybrids" in transcultural flows. These representations, I argue, reflect meta-messages in which there is shock of not only "the Other," but also shock of "the Self," in new worlds at home as well as in the borderlands.
Aids mortality and the mobility of children in Kwazulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Ford Kathleen , Hosegood Victoria
Published: November 2005

This paper examines the effect of parental death on the mobility of 39,163 children aged 0–17 in rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, in 2000 and 2001. Parental mortality from all causes prior to and during follow-up increased the risk of a child moving by nearly two times after we controlled for the age and gender of the child and household characteristics. However, in the follow-up period, child mobility following maternal deaths from AIDS was lower than child mobility following maternal deaths from other causes. Younger children, boys, and children whose mothers or fathers were resident members of the children’s households were also less likely to move.
Familial obesity as a proxy for omitted variables in the obesity-mortality relationship
Authors: Gronniger J. Timothy
Published: November 2005

In a conventional survival analysis of a sample of the U.S. population in 1971–1974, the association between mortality and obesity is compared with the analogous risk from the presence of an obese person in a household. The two factors have similar risk profiles, with a hazard ratio of 1.44 for nonmorbid obesity and 1.48 for nonmorbid familial obesity in one sample. If “familial obesity” cannot directly affect personal longevity, and if shared factors determine both personal and familial obesity, the mortality risk of family and actual personal obesity is similarly overstated. This false positive in the estimated risk arises from correlations among obesity and unobserved environmental, behavioral, or genetic factors.
Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific net migration in the United States
Authors: Johnson Kenneth M. , Voss Paul R. , Hammer Roger B. , Fuguitt Glenn V. , Mcniven Scott
Published: November 2005

As fertility differences in the United States diminish, population redistribution trends are increasingly dependent on migration. This research used newly developed county-level age-specific net migration estimates for the 1990s, supplemented with longitudinal age-specific migration data spanning the prior 40 years, to ascertain whether there are clear longitudinal trends in age-specific net migration and to determine if there is spatial clustering in the migration patterns. The analysis confirmed the continuation into the 1990s of distinct net migration “signature patterns” for most types of counties, although there was temporal variation in the overall volume of migration across the five decades. A spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed large, geographically contiguous regions of net in-migration (in particular, Florida and the Southwest) and geographically contiguous regions of net out-migration (the Great Plains, in particular) that persisted over time. Yet the patterns of spatial concentration and fragmentation over time in these migration data demonstrate the relevance of this “neighborhood” approach to understanding spatiotemporal change in migration.
Did fertility go up after the oklahoma city bombing? An analysis of births in metropolitan counties in Oklahoma, 1990–1999
Authors: Rodgers Joseph Lee , John Craig A. St. , Coleman Ronnie
Published: November 2005

Political and sociocultural events (e.g., Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and the German reunification in 1989) and natural disasters (e.g., Hurricane Hugo in 1989) can affect fertility. In our research, we addressed the question of whether the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995, a man-made disaster, influenced fertility patterns in Oklahoma. We defined three theoretical orientations—replacement theory, community influence theory, and terror management theory—that motivate a general expectation of birth increases, with different predictions emerging from time and geographic considerations. We used two different empirical methodologies. First, we fitted dummy-variable regression models to monthly birth data from 1990 to 1999 in metropolitan counties. We used birth counts to frame the problem and general fertility rates to address the problem formally. These analyses were organized within two design structures: a control-group interrupted time-series design and a difference-in-differences design. In these analyses, Oklahoma County showed an interpretable, consistent, and significant increase in births. Second, we used graphical smoothing models to display these effects visually. In combination, these methods provide compelling support for a fertility response to the Oklahoma City bombing. Certain parts of each theory helped us organize and understand the pattern of results.
The influence of network mortality experience on nonnumeric response concerning expected family size: Evidence from a Nepalese mountain village
Authors: Sandberg John
Published: November 2005

This article investigates the effects of sociometric network members’ self-reported experiences with infant mortality on nonnumeric responses regarding expected family size among women in a small Nepalese community. The hypotheses tested include (1) that uncertainty about child survival, measured as average infant mortality across social networks, increases the likelihood of a non numeric response and (2) that this effect will be stronger when there is less variance in infant mortality experience within women’s networks. The results suggest that nonnumeric response may be related to uncertainty about mortality derived through social learning.
Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003
Authors: Schwartz Christine R. , Mare Robert D.
Published: November 2005

This paper reports trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003 in the United States. Analyses of census and Current Population Survey data show that educational homogamy decreased from 1940 to 1960 but increased from 1960 to 2003. From 1960 to the early 1970s, increases in educational homogamy were generated by decreasing intermarriage among groups of relatively well-educated persons. College graduates, in particular, were increasingly likely to marry each other rather than those with less education. Beginning in the early 1970s, however, continued increases in the odds of educational homogamy were generated by decreases in intermarriage at both ends of the education distribution. Most striking is the decline in the odds that those with very low levels of education marry up. Intermarriage between college graduates and those with “some college” continued to decline but at a more gradual pace. As intermarriage declined at the extremes of the education distribution, intermarriage among those in the middle portion of the distribution increased. These trends, which are similar for a broad cross section of married couples and for newlyweds, are consistent with a growing social divide between those with very low levels of education and those with more education in the United States.
Do conditional cash transfers influence migration? A study using experimental data from the Mexican progresa program
Authors: Stecklov Guy , Winters Paul , Stampini Marco , Davis Benjamin
Published: November 2005

Prior research on Mexican migration has shown that social networks and economic incentives play an important role in determining migration outcomes. We use experimental data from PROGRESA, Mexico’s primary poverty-reduction program, to evaluate the effects of conditional cash transfers on migration both domestically and to the United States. Our study complements a growing body of literature aimed at overcoming longstanding hurdles to the establishment of causal validity in empirical studies of migration. Analysis based on the data collected before and after the program’s onset shows that conditional transfers reduce U.S. migration but not domestic migration. The data also enable us to explore the role of existing family and community migration networks. The results show that migration networks strongly influence migration, but that the effect of conditional transfers on migration is apparently not mediated by existing migration network structures. Our results suggest that conditional transfers may be helpful in managing rural out-migration, particularly to the United States.
The relationship between childbearing and transitions from marriage and cohabitation in Britain
Authors: Steele Fiona , Kallis Constantinos , Goldstein Harvey , Joshi Heather
Published: November 2005

In this article, we describe a general framework for the analysis of correlated event histories, with an application to a study of partnership transitions and fertility among a cohort of British women. Using a multilevel, multistate competing-risks model, we examine the relationship between prior fertility outcomes (the presence and characteristics of children and current pregnancy) and the dissolution of marital and cohabiting unions and movements from cohabitation to marriage. Using a simultaneous-equations model, we model these partnership transitions jointly with fertility, allowing for correlation between the unobserved woman-level characteristics that affect each process. The analysis is based on the partnership and birth histories that were collected for the 1958 birth cohort (National Child Development Study) aged 16–42. The findings indicate that preschool children have a stabilizing effect on their parents’ partnership, whether married or cohabiting, but the effect is weaker for older children. There is also evidence that although pregnancy precipitates marriage among cohabitors, the odds of marriage decline to prepregnancy levels following a birth.
Changes in women’s postmarital employment in Japan and Taiwan
Authors: Yu Wei-Hsin
Published: November 2005

Research on female labor-force participation has not fully explained why economic development has different effects on married women’s employment continuity across societies. I use life-history data from nationally representative samples of women in Japan and Taiwan to examine the divergence in women’s patterns of labor-force exit in these two countries during the postwar period. The findings reveal that the effects of family demands, occupation, firm size, and employment sector on women’s exit rates differed substantially between Japan and Taiwan. Taken together, these factors account for the different trends in married women’s employment during this period. I argue that the cross-national differences in the predictors of women’s labor-force withdrawal reflect the extent of incompatibility between work and family responsibilities for married women in these two societies.
Reactions to Juvenile Delinquency in Israel, 1950–1970: A Social Narrative
Authors: Ajzenstadt Mimi
Published: November 2005

This article follows the ways through which the concept of juvenile delinquency has been created in the legal and social discourse in Israel. It compares the discourse and resulting social policies regarding juvenile delinquency mainly in two social groups: “middle-class” offenders (youth from high socioeconomic families who immigrated to Israel before 1948); and “lower class” offenders (Middle Eastern “Oriental” youth from low socioeconomic families who came mainly during the 1950s from Asia Minor and North Africa). Societal reactions to juvenile delinquency during the period studied were highly variable, depending on the ethnicity, gender, and social class of the offender.
The Creation of the G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944: Melding Social and Participatory Citizenship Ideals
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2005

The G.I. Bill of Rights, formally known as the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, remains in the public consciousness as one of the most significant social policies ever enacted in the United States. Established for returning veterans of World War II, its terms of coverage were strikingly broad and generous. Fifty-one percent of veterans used the educational provisions: 2.2 million pursued a college education or graduate degree, and 5.6 million attained vocational or on-the-job training. The law also offered extensive unemployment benefits, which were used to the full by 14 percent of veterans. It also offered low-interest loans for the purchase of homes, farms, and businesses, which were used by 29 percent of veterans.
Critical Perspectives: Did Prosperity Contribute to the South's Abandonment of the Democratic Party?
Authors: Rorabaugh W. J.
Published: November 2005

During the past generation the South largely has abandoned its traditional commitment to the Democratic Party and emerged as an increasingly strong bastion of the Republican party. In 2004, George Bush won 58 percent in the South but only 48 percent in the rest of the country. (Throughout this article the South is defined as the former Confederate states plus Kentucky and Oklahoma.) In contrast, as recently as 1960, John Kennedy carried the South; excluding the South, Nixon beat Kennedy. The South's commitment to the Democrats lasted more than 150 years, from the days of Thomas Jefferson until the 1960s. How, then, do we explain the decline of the Democrats and the rise of the Republicans in the South in the past forty years?
Governing Nature, Nurturing Government: Resource Management and the Development of the American State, 1900–1912
Authors: Schulman Bruce J.
Published: November 2005

In the early years of the twentieth century, the United States created modern resource management—a collection of administrative bureaucracies that reversed long-standing policies of distributing lands into private hands and instead managed the public domain from Washington. The creation of these powerful, independent agencies underlay a broader effort to reorganize and enlarge the national government. The very same administrators who built the new conservation bureaucracies—Gifford Pinchot of the Forest Service, James R. Garfield of the Department of Interior, and Frederick Newell of the Bureau of Reclamation—also led President Theodore Roosevelt's drive for reorganization of the executive branch.
Feminists Read Stendhal (or do they?)
Authors: Algazi Lisa G
Published: November 2005

In the United States in particular, Stendhal received less and less attention from literary critics throughout the final quarter of the twentieth century. Many American feminist critics seem to have rejected the author Beauvoir called "ce tendre ami des femmes" in favor of more obviously political writers like Zola or, alternatively, women writers whose works merit rediscovery. Although Stendhal, whose heroines often find self-affirmation through passion, evinced a brand of feminism that may have been insufficiently militant for some late-twentieth-century American feminists, I contend that we still have much to learn from Stendhal's gender-bending representations of both femininity and masculinity. (LGZ)
Straightening Out Serge Mouret: Confession and Conversion in Zola's La Faute de liabbe Mouret
Authors: Edwards Wade
Published: November 2005

This essay considers the role the Catholic confessional plays in manufacturing a more normalized masculinity for the effeminate hero of Zola's La Faute de l'abbÃ© Mouret (1875). While many view Serge Mouret's erotic metamorphosis as an incomplete or even failed transformation, this article highlights the durability of those changes by comparing the masculine reputation of the priest both before and after he confesses his faute. A private act with public ramifications, the practice of auricular confession transmits in this novel a dominant moral vision of masculinity in which men are expected to lead lives of sexual excess, and in which normative male sexuality is assumed to be largely uncontrollable. (WE)
Doctors, Malady, and Creativity in Rachilde
Authors: Finn Michael R
Published: November 2005

This article explores the significance of the medical discourse of hysteria, pathological sexuality and mental imbalance in Rachilde's works. The departure point is the hysterical attack she suffered about 1882, complicated by paralysis, and her treatment by the famous hysteria and paralysis specialist, Dr. Charles Lasègue. I trace the evolution in her works of the figure of leglessness as sexual renunciation/sexual perversion and argue that La Marquise de Sade contains a story of inherited physical and sexual abnormality with masked references to Drs. Blanche and Lasègue and to the deranged mass murderer Jean-Baptiste Troppmann. The article demonstrates how Rachilde's early sense of "writing as malady" was overtaken by the understanding that dreams and the unconscious could be a valid source of creativity (MRF).
Nineteenth-Century Nostalgia for Eighteenth-Century Wit, Style, and Aesthetic Disengagement: The Goncourt Brothers Histories of Eighteenth-Century Art and Women
Authors: Forrest Jennifer
Published: November 2005

The Goncourt brothers are famous for their pithy misogynistic pronouncements on the subject of women. However, despite their reduction in the novels and the Journal of all feminine types to the one monstrous femme with which dix-neuviémistes are all too familiar, there does exist her opposite. The Goncourt brothers cite the years from the death of Louis XIV to the execution of Marie-Antoinette as the period in which France was the capital of wit and style, as the period in which French artists produced uniquely French art, and as the only period in which French women sublimely ruled French society and culture. The brothers' treatment of women becomes more fully meaningful, therefore, in terms of the Goncourts historical and aesthetic idealization of the eighteenth century, an idealization in which the nineteenth-century could only represent a fall from grace. (JF)
Retinal Fictions: Villiers, Leroux, and Optics at the Fin-de-siecle
Authors: Goulet Andrea
Published: November 2005

This essay connects Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's fantastic tale Claire Lenoir (1867/1887) and Gaston Leroux's detective story Le Mystère de la Chambre Jaune (1907) to contemporary debates in optical science. It argues that modern visual subjectivity is shaped less by photographic technologies than by new epistemological questions rooted in the anatomy of the eye. Both texts figure the retina as a troubled site of human knowledge through a link between domestic chambre and optical chamber: in Claire Lenoir, the purple-bordered wallpaper of Claire's hotel room exteriorizes the "retinal violet" of the eye's photochemistry, while in Leroux's tale, the central, mysterious "chambre jaune" reflects the retinal "tache jaune" debated in contemporary physiologies (AG)
La Couleur anti-locale diEugene Fromentin
Authors: Kapor Vladimir
Published: November 2005

The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the Algerian travelogues of Eugène Frometin (Un Été dans le Sahara, 1857 ; Une Année dans le Sahel, 1858), nowadays often regarded as a non-canonical author, form a part of a subversive tendency within mid-nineteenth century exotic French literature, alongside better-known authors such as Baudelaire or Flaubert. The Romantic use of "local color," often draws on a repertoire of stereotypical elements and commonplaces harbored by the collective imagery as regards the Other. Fromentin's abstract and figurative description of the desert can be perceived as a rejection of this use. Moreover his choice to focus on the indescribable and thus draw the attention away from the manifestations of French colonisation is significant because of its ideological implications. (In French VK)
Victor Hugo's European Utopia
Authors: Ousselin Edward
Published: November 2005

In Hugo's texts, the "end of history" came to be embodied by what he called the United States of Europe. As a liberal republican, Hugo became increasingly concerned with the role of the People – as opposed to the exceptional Great Men, such as Napoleon, that he had long admired – in shaping this historical end. The vision of a united Europe became central to Hugo's providential projection of historical finality, his secularized version of Christian eschatology. Among all the prophets of European unity, Hugo delivered the most vivid and eloquent pronouncements, thereby producing impossibly high expectations as to its potential value. (EO)
Process Structure in Balzac's La Rabouilleuse
Authors: Pasco Allan H
Published: November 2005

Balzac's La Rabouilleuse (1842) exploits an innovative plot structure to insist on the changes taking place in France, especially the way the middle class was crushing the outstanding young people that France so desperately needed. Plot centered novels usually follow the actions of a central character or group. In La Rabouilleuse everyone and every action follows the inheritance from Paris to provincial Issoudun, and back to Paris. The narrator describes a society where religion had lost its power, where the local government was so inbred that change was impeded, where traditional families in a patriarchal system had been replaced by irregular couples, where, in short, mediocracy reigned. (AHP)
Le Pere absent et le probleme de la croyance dans "Un CÅur simple"
Authors: Vassilev Kris
Published: November 2005

Dans "Un Cœur simple," la fonction narrative du père et de ses substituts s'articule à la crise de la religion confrontée à la modernité. Toujours du côté de la médiocrité, du désenchantement et de la déception, la figure du père constitue, cependant, au cœur de la narration, une autorité opératoire. L'inflation de l'instance paternelle va de pair ici avec l'image d'une croyance extravagante, une forme moderne du croire. En s'émancipant de tout intermédiaire, celle-ci crée son propre rapport à la transcendance. Elle ne s'arrache pas pour autant à l'adhésion collective de la foi. Il semble dès lors que, loin de s'ériger contre la croyance, le récit lui-même relève, au contraire, du besoin de croire, malgré l'effondrement des certitudes religieuses dans la seconde moitié du 19e siècle. (In French KV)
Necrophilia and Authorship in Rachilde's La Tour diamour
Authors: Ziegler Robert
Published: November 2005

The most taboo of perversions, necrophilia, is often incorporated into Decadent fiction as a theme testifying to the strength of a passion that defies corruption and endures everlastingly. In contrast to these elegiac celebrations of indestructible love, Rachilde's 1899 novel La Tour d'amour reintroduces the intense biological horror, the terrible sexual transgressivity of genuine necrophilia. Additionally, through a remarkable process of imaginary doubling, Rachilde uses her novel to stage a split in her authorial persona. Casting the helpless novice writer she was at the start of her career as the female corpse exploited by a pseudonymous male writer, she assumes the aggressive role in preying on her status as a victim. She thereby transforms herself into the necrophilic criminal whose violence is creatively reutilized as the shocking subjects of her books. (RZ)
Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression is Associated with Histologic Tumor Type in Canine Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: Heller D. A. , Clifford C. A. , Goldschmidt M. H. , Holt D. E. , Shofer F. S. , Smith A. , Sorenmo K. U.
Published: November 2005

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible member of the family of cyclooxygenase enzymes that has been implicated in the genesis of numerous cancers. The role of COX-2 in canine mammary neoplasia remains to be more clearly elucidated. The goal of the study reported here was to determine whether a direct association between levels of COX-2 expression and tumor histologic subtype exists in canine mammary carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using a polyclonal antiprostaglandin G/H synthase 2 IgG COX-2 antibody. Sections from the kidneys of young dogs, which stain positive for COX-2 in the macula densa, served as positive controls. Slides were reviewed by a single pathologist, and were evaluated for COX-2 expression according to previously established scales. Positive-staining tumors were given a COX-2 staining distribution (on the basis of the percentage of positive staining cells in five 400x fields) and intensity score according to previously established scales. The product of the COX-2 staining distribution and intensity scores was calculated to create a COX-2 staining index. COX-2 expression was detected in 28 of 50 (56%) samples evaluated. Anaplastic carcinomas had a significantly higher COX-2 staining distribution, intensity, and index, compared with those for adenocarcinomas ( P < 0.0001). The overall percentage of positive tumors (56%) was consistent with that of prior studies. To the authors' knowledge, these results indicate, for the first time, a direct association between COX-2 expression and tumor histologic subtype in canine mammary carcinomas. Future research directed at measuring tumor response in canine mammary carcinoma patients treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor is indicated.
E-Cadherin and β-catenin Reduction Influence Invasion but not Proliferation and Survival in Canine Malignant Mammary Tumors
Authors: Brunetti B. , Sarli G. , Preziosi R. , Monari I. , Benazzi C.
Published: November 2005

E-Cadherin and β-catenin are known for their role in tumor invasion, but both proteins also exert an influence on tumor proliferation. This study, performed on canine mammary tumors, aimed to analyze the influence of E-cadherin (E-cad) and β-catenin (β-cat), immunohistochemically assessed singly and in combination (E-cad/β-cat), on survival and their relationship with several proliferation indices (AgNOR index, MIB1 index, mitotic index). Immunohistochemistry was carried out on 60 formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded specimens of canine mammary malignancies. The labeling was defined as preserved when prevalent on cell membranes of more than 75% of cells and reduced in other forms of expression (i.e., membranous less than 75%, cytoplasmic, and negative). E-cad, β-cat, and E-cad/β-cat were preserved respectively in 22, 12, and 11 out of 60 cases. Immunohistochemical expression of the two proteins in the same tumors was significantly correlated ( P = 0.0001; R = 0.57). Survival analysis revealed no difference in outcome comparing the preserved versus reduced cases (E-cad, P = 0.31; β-cat, P = 0.29; E-cad/β-cat P = 0.36). Grouping cases for histologic invasiveness, the expression of E-cad or β-cat and E-cad/β-cat showed a progressive reduction that paralleled an increase in invasiveness from noninfiltrating to stage-II tumors (E-cad, P < 0.001; β-cat, P < 0.05; E-cad/β-cat, P < 0.05). No significant difference was obtained comparing mitotic index, MIB 1 index, and AgNOR index by analysis of variance between the cases grouped for preserved or reduced E-cad, β-cat, and E-cad/β-cat variables. In conclusion, reduced expression of E-cad, β-cat, or E-cad/β-cat was significantly associated with the progression from noninfiltrating to highly infiltrating tumors but not with proliferation or survival.