bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deflection Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

In a deflection detection system (Meyer and Amer 1988a,b, 1990a, Alexander et al. 1989, Marti et al. 1990, and Hipp et al. 1992), shown in Fig. IO.I, a collimated laser beam is focused on a lever supporting the force-sensing tip, and is reflected back into two closely spaced photodetectors whose photocurrents are fed into a differential amplifier. A minute deflection of the lever causes one photodetector to collect more light than the other, and the output of the differential amplifier, which is proportional to the deflection of the lever, is used to image the forces across a sample. The system differs from the other optical systems in that all the optical elements are at a large distance from the lever, and are therefore protected from mechanical damage if the tip “crashes.” Later we will describe in detail three different implementations of the deflection method. Here we analyze a deflection detection system using a simplified case, where the optical beam has a “rectangular” cross section. Although the more accurate theory, using Gaussian beams, would be somewhat more involved, we expect the result to be similar.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the microscopic and macroscopic theories that model interatomic (as well as intermolecular) forces, and present theoretical applications for, and experimental results of, atomic force microscopy. Interatomic forces act between any two atoms or molecules and can be classified according to whether they are repulsive or attractive, short or long range. In equilibrium, typical interatomic spacings are on the order of 2 to 3 A, below which interatomic forces are always repulsive and short range. At larger atomic separations, however, the long-range interatomic forces can be either repulsive or attractive. The theory involving the short-range repulsive forces is the more difficult one, because at close proximity, two atoms sense mainly each other, and the interaction is atom specific. In contrast, when the distances involved are large relative to atomic distances, only averages of atomic properties must be taken into account. At large distances, therefore, one can model the interaction as if it were between two macroscopic bodies, and the theory is simpler. A significant simplification in the calculation of short-range interatomic forces can be obtained by realizing that (through the Hellman-Feynman theorem) once the distribution of electronic charges is known for each of the molecules separately, the interaction between any two can be calculated using classical electromagnetic theory. One can, therefore, come up with a simplified picture of electronic charge distributions and, in quite a straightforward manner, deduce the main features of interatomic interactions using classical methods.
Federal Correctional Institution, Talladega, Alabama
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

Although the underlying issue in the Talladega riot in 1991 was the same as at Atlanta—the unwillingness of Cuban detainees to be deported—it was in no way a replay of the earlier incident. The preriot situation and the political context were much different.

In settling the 1987 Atlanta and Oakdale riots, Bureau of Prison (BOP) officials had pursued a strategy of “endless patience”: negotiate a peaceful resolution without concern for time. Ten days into the Talladega disturbance, officials concluded that time was no longer on their side. Negotiations had stalled, and the health and safety of the hostages were becoming increasingly worrisome. A carefully planned and rehearsed assault, maximizing the element of surprise, ended the incident without serious injuries to the hostages or to the detainees.
Object of Experiences: Quantum State-Observables-Statistics
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

Interpretation usually applies to texts. Unlike discourses, which are rooted in concrete situations and surroundings to which demonstratives and other indexical terms refer, texts are to some degree decontextualized. A text addresses unknown audiences and frees itself from the conditions of its production, thus opening the possibility for various readings. Reading is receptive but not passive, and genuine reading is interpretive. The reader contributes by adopting, fixing the references, finding meaning for textual descriptions in his own comprehension, entering the world jointly opened by the text and his anticipation, thereby gaining an understanding of the text. Understanding, interpretation, and application are inseparable elements of a hermeneutical act.
The Event Structure and the Spatio-temporal Structure: Local Fields
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

Going from classical mechanics to quantum field theory, the focus of physics changes from locomotion to dynamical interaction. The transformation brings interrelated changes in the basic material, dynamical, and spatial concepts. The primary form of matter changes from discrete mass points in empty space to continuous fields comprising discrete events. The primary dynamical concepts change from action-at-a-distance to coupling-on-the-spot, from external forces to interactions generated by the inter actants themselves. Unlike classical and nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, where spatial position is a dynamical variable and time is the lone parameter, position is now a parameter on equal
Explicit Relations and the Causal Order: Interacting Fields
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5 we considered a single object. An important concept for an object is its state space, which encompasses all its possible states. The state space can be described by any one of a class of systems of predication, usually called coordinate systems in physics. Various systems are related by transformations, under which the objective state is invariant. The conceptual structure of representation-transformation-invariant embodies the logical distinction between the objective state and its representations or definite descriptions. In Chapter 6 we derived a host of objects called events, which, although situated in a spatiotemporally structured world, are totally disjointed. There is neither spatitemporal nor qualitative relation among the events.
Poetry and Patronage
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

Midway through Plautus’ Truculentus, the soldier Stratophanes makes a grand and delightfully disingenuous entrance. We treat his comment today as a literary, perhaps even meta¬ theatrical joke. This confident soldier, glinting before us in full kit, plays to our expectations of the braggart warrior. His speech may bring Pyrgopolynices to mind, or Therapontigonus Platagidorus, or any of those other comic gloriosi whose words prove so much bolder than their deeds. For Plautus’ own audience, however, the joke was as much topical as literary. By the late third century, real generals were publicizing their victories at Rome with nearly the vigor that had won them abroad. Though state interests must have come first, private interests apparently came a close second: the race for individual glory was fiercely competitive. Military claims and political counterclaims were therefore often in the air. Among the resulting conflicts was a famous case in 190 in which two proconsuls, M.’ Acilius Glabrio and Q. Minucius Thermus, petitioned for triumphs. Glabrio’s petition was granted, but Thermus was not so fortunate. Cato, aroused to scorn by Thermus’ arrogant behavior in Liguria, attacked him in a strident speech that came down to later generations under the title De Jalsis pugnis. The petition was denied after heated debate.
Ciceronian Sirens
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

What little we know of Ennius’ immediate successors provides little help for tracing the details of epic’s development, but there is no doubt of its growing popularity. By the later second century, a time when revivers of Plautus’ Casina would lament the demise of drama’s flos poetarum (19), epic verse began appearing with some frequency at Rome. Accius, that man of many talents and interests, found time to write Annales, though the meager remains of his poem suggest myth and festival rather than history. A poet named Hostius, exact dates and connections unknown, wrote a Bellum Histricum that probably described a campaign and triumph in 129 by the consul C. Sempronius Tuditanus. Cn. Matius and the shadowy Ninnius Crassus both trans¬ lated the Iliad into Latin hexameters; a hexameter Odyssey, which Priscian would eventually confuse with Andronicus’ poem, probably also dates from this period. The consul Lutatius Catulus had a friend named Furius of Antium, who wrote an epic that later grammarians hated: its single, six-line fragment is full of neologisms that may pre¬ figure neoteric innovations. And all this came well before Varro of Atax and Furius (Bibaculus?) celebrated Caesar’s campaigns in epic verse and Volusius penned the notorious Annales whose cacata carta would arouse Catullus’ enthusiastic scorn (36, 95).
Max Weber’s Sociology of Politics as a Sociology of Intellectuals
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall draw upon Max Weber’s political sociology and his political writings only insofar as they shed light on the relationship between politics and intellectuality. Weber’s futur­ ology, that is, his assessment of the objective possibilities of occi­ dental civilization and the trajectory of its future development, is also relevant to the purposes of this chapter. Insights Weber had gained in the course of his studies in the field of comparative historical sociology about the developmental trends of the Western world helped shape his political ideals and the strategies he favored for achieving them. As intellectuals and intelligentsia appear as two of the major protagonists in Weber’s grand scenario about the future of the Occident, a brief taxonomical note on the differences of the ideal types of intellectuals and intelligentsia seems to be in order. Further elaboration of this topic, in accordance with the Weberian methodological tradition, has been deferred to the last chapter of this book.
Introduction to Wavelets and their Applications to Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Jameson L M
Published: November 2023

This introduction to wavelets is written for the engineer and not for the pure mathematician, and consequently, relies more on intuition and calculus than on functional analysis. That is, technical mathematical language is avoided and the emphasis is placed on how to use wavelets as a tool to help one to get an answer to a physical problem. Of particular interest are the possible applications of wavelets in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For introductions to wavelet methods which are slightly more theoretical, and consequently more mathematically precise, as well as being in the context of functional analysis, see the chapters by Liandrat and Tchamitchian in this volume.
Wavelets, Functions, and Operators
Authors: Tchamitchian Philippe
Published: November 2023

The development of wavelets has many sources which certainly ex plains in part the rapid growth of the field, and its success in various scientific disciplines. These notes aim to provide the reader with an introduction to the basic mathematical concepts of wavelets which, until now, govern almost all the applications of wavelets to the study of operators. Before delving into the study of operators, we first concentrate on functions, or, from a more practical point of view, on signals. The first part of the notes is mainly concerned with the interpretation of wavelet coefficients. Our tutorial is far from complete, and in particular we avoid issues of practical implementation. More generally, we do not consider the important subject of filtering which has recently lead to the remarkable concept of wavelets packets (Wickerhauser 1993) which essentially allows the wavelet transform to be embedded in a much larger family of transformations. Regarding this recent development, “standard” wavelet theory may appear already out dated or too restrictive. We think however that a solid grounding of the basic wavelet transform will provide a strong foundation for all related disciplines for a long time.
Wavelets, Multiresolution Analysis and Fast Numerical Algorithms
Authors: Beylkin G
Published: November 2023

Notwithstanding a short period of time since the word “wavelets” was first used to designate classes of functions which form bases of functional spaces, a set of ideas associated with the wavelet transform is already having a significant impact in science and engineering. To be sure, many of the ideas behind the wavelet transform have appeared independently in different fields of mathematics, electrical engineering, physics and computer science. These ideas arose to ad dress the limitations of the Fourier transform as a tool for analyzing signals and images in applications, and functions and operators in mathematics and physics. For example in image processing (Burt and Adleson 1983) and in seismics (Goupillaud, Grossman and Mor let 1984), multiresolution methods were developed in a search for a substitute for signal processing algorithms based on the Fourier transform. The technique of subband coding using quadrature mirror filters ( QMF) with the “exact reproduction property” was introduced in Smith and Barnwell (1986). Coherent states were studied in quantum mechanics (see references in Klauder and Skargerstam 1985, Littlewood and Paley 1937) while Calder6n-Zygmund theories (Calderon and Zygmund 1957) were developed in mathematics. For a historical account see Meyer (1990). In numerical analysis the fast multipole method (FMM) for computing potential interactions was constructed (Greengard and Rokhlin 1987, Carrier, Greengard and Rokhlin 1988). But it is the introduction of wavelets and the notion of multiresolution analysis that allows us to develop a unified perspective on these developments.
Some Wavelet Algorithms for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Liandrat J
Published: November 2023

The use of wavelets in numerical analysis is at first glance attractive for two basic reasons. First, the wavelet approach and its associated multiresolution analysis provide nice approximation spaces Vj and Wj suitable for the computation of an approximate solution to problems in which small-scale structures are localized in space and whose location may vary in time. Second, the multiresolution spaces lead to fast hierarchical algorithms with O(Nlog N) operation count. These two properties alone are not sufficient to fully exploit the potential of wavelets. On must understand the action of operators and their inverses on wavelets to insure that the implicit systems of equations that are a part of many discrete numerical methods have the required nice properties for efficient inversion. These include diagonal dominance, low condition numbers (or the existence of good preconditioners), and banded structure.
Introduction
Authors: Dipiero W S , Burian Peter
Published: November 2023

The Ion is one of those plays of Euripides that refuses to stay put. Is it a savage attack on Apollo and traditional Greek religion? a celebration of Athens’ divine origins and imperial destiny? or a sophisticated and disenchanted comedy of ideas? It has been claimed as all these things and more. Although the various readings seem fundamentally incompatible, none can simply be dismissed as without textual foundation. But attempts to fix the play’s meaning by reference to a religious or political thesis or even to escapism dictated by the hard times in Athens around 410 B.C.1are inevitably reductive. Even a cursory glance at the action is enough to suggest what disturbing riptides of thought and feeling run just below the shimmering surface of Euripidean melodrama. Kreousa, queen of Athens, and Xouthos, her foreign husband, arrive at Delphi to ask Apollo’s help in ending their childlessness. The god, however, had long ago raped Kreousa and left her with a son whom she bore in secret and abandoned. Unbeknownst to her, Apollo had the baby brought to Delphi and raised to become a temple servant. Now, when the boy is already entering young manhood, Apollo bestows him on Xouthos as the latter’s child. Kreousa, who does not know the truth about the child’s identity, reacts to her husband’s good fortune by trying to kill-as an interloper-the very son she has despaired of finding. The attempt providentially fails, but it is only after the boy in turn threatens Kreousa with death that the Pythia at last reveals the birth tokens that permit the mother to recognize and embrace her son. The child of Kreousa and Apollo will now shoulder his Athenian destiny, and Xouthos will be left content in the belief that the boy, whom he has named Ion, is really his own.
Ion
Authors: Dipiero W S , Burian Peter
Published: November 2023

Hermes Atlas! Bronze-backed Titan stooped forever under the grinding weight of the house of the godsAtlas slept with a goddess and fathered Maia, who slept with almighty Zeus and gave birth to me, Hermes, the gods’ lackey. I’ve come here to Delphi, the world’s core where Bright Apollo sings to men what is, and chants forever what is to be. There is a city-it has had its share of glorynamed for Athena of the golden spear. There shining Apollo took Kreousa, King Erechtheus’ daughter, in wedlock, raped her in a cave, under Athena’s sacred hill. Athenian lords call that place the Long Rocks. Her father didn’t know. Apollo wanted her to bear the child, but in secret. When her time came, she took the newborn to the cave in which Apollo claimed her, exposing it there to die in its cradle’s wicker shell. And yet, Kreousa honored ancient tradition. When Erichthonios was born, pulled from the earth, Athena twined two snakes around the infant, placing him in the care of the daughters of Aglauros. To this day, Athenian children wear golden coiled snakes at their throat. Thus, Kreousa, swaddling her baby as best she could, left him there to die.
The Freewheeling Janies Worden Wins Another Race
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

James D. Worden and Anita Rajan founded Solectria Corporation in 1989, shortly after he had graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a degree in mechanical engineering. By 1994, Solectria had emerged as a technology leader in the electric vehicle (EV) industry, an industry that hoped to reinvent the car. In those days, close observers of the new and speculative industry often referred to Worden simply as “James,” confident that the narrow circle of those who knew about electric cars and their technologies would know who they meant.
James Testifies on the Promise of Clean Cars
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

James Worden thought so. “We’ve pulled these cars out of the hands of the backyard hobbyists and put them in the hands of people,” he said, not long after the 1994 American Tour de Sol. “They’reusable. They’re tinker-free. It used to be, definitely, one of those things like with gas cars in 1898 or something-if you were willing to tinker and get into it, you could have one. Until pretty recently, electric cars were reserved for people who didn’t mind playing with them. Now we’ve made them simple and very efficient, so they can go far enough without trouble.”
Racing Solar-Electric Cars at MIT
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

When Worden put up posters inviting students to come to a meeting, he caught the eye of Catherine Anderson. A freshman at MIT, Anderson had also gone to Arlington High School. There, she had n’t known Worden well, though they had played together in the band (she violin, he trumpet), but she had worked some on Solectria III. During her senior year in high school Anderson had been repairing bikes at Bicycle Corner in Arlington when Worden came in and asked for help on the solar race car he was building at his parent’s place with the $5,000 he’d received from Mirak Chevrolet.
Air: This Marvelously Tattered Canopy
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

In 1987 and 1988, environmentalists were already beginning to call the entire 1980s the “lost decade” because of the hostility of the Reagan administration toward the pro-environmental agenda that had been set in the 1970s and the administration’s success in stalling that agenda’s momentum. Not that James Worden, Catherine Anderson, and the rest of the Solar Car Racing Team cared much about lost environmental initiatives or momentum. Or if they did, they did n’t preach about it. It was n’t their style to get boisterous and judgmental about suspected wrongs.
Getting Sunrise into the Mainstream
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

In Wilmington, James Worden was reluctantly accepting the fact that reinventing the car, leading its next big adventure, was a feat the Big Boys were going to pull off, though they-or at least one of them-sure could use Solectria’s help. “The big automakers could use us, “Worden said early in 1996. “But sometimes I think they’re afraid of us.” He now envisioned a joint venture, one to which Solectria would bring its advanced EV technologies and composite building know-how, and the partner would bring money and assembly capability.
The Discovery of Clergy Sex Abuse
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In the past decade the image of the sexually exploitative priest has revived with remarkable vigor. Throughout the century there have been isolated incidents when a Catholic priest was believed to be “visiting the ladies,” and such behavior might lead to local scandals, but these rarely attracted wider concern. In only a few instances did cases involving children and minors lead to actual prosecutions, and even then these received little media attention unless the circumstances were highly unusual. In 1977, for example, the Detroit press made much of allegations that a priest had molested a twelve-year-old boy, but this was because of speculation that the incident might be linked to a notorious series of unsolved child murders in Oakland County. This was a rare instance in which the media presented stories, however briefly, about “rampant indiscretions within the priesthood.” The Oakland County case was a glaring exception to a general picture of order and tranquility, which in retrospect we know to have been misleading. There were certainly cases in the 1960s and 1970s when Catholic clergy were found to be sexually involved with children or adult parishioners. However, the media generally cooperated with the church in avoiding scandal. Clerical offenders were dealt with quietly, usually being transferred from their parishes without obvious publicity, and were required to submit to periods of seclusion and therapy that were neither long nor arduous.
Pedophilia and Child Abuse
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In recent studies of social problems, the media have come under attack for the dissemination of false or misleading information; an element of “media hype” is widely acknowledged. This is especially true in the presentation of exaggerated statistics.’ In the issue of missing and abducted children, for example, press reporting of the early and mid- l 980s offered wildly inflated figures that promoted a sense of national crisis.2 Media treatment of clergy abuse certainly has been subject to criticism, but there have been strikingly few complaints about the general accuracy of the problem as it has been depicted. Except in some early coverage, we do not find assertions that charges are false in particular cases, or denials that abuse is widespread, and the church’s record of misconduct and neglect is broadly accepted.
The Legal Environment
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

If a scandal like the Porter affair had erupted many years earlier, say, during the mid- l 950s, church authorities would have feared social consequences very different from those imagined by their modern-day counterparts. In the 1950s a hypothetical priest-abuse scandal might well have affected the political position of the culprit’s superiors. The affair would have been discussed for its likely impact on anti-Catholic movements and politics, and might have affected the electoral position of Catholic­ supported candidates or parties. Earlier still, there might have been fears of riots and social disorder. However, the worst speculations about the case’s impact would have differed radically from modern circumstances in that they would not have included a financial or legal impact vaguely comparable to that of the recent cases. When observers of the mid- l 980s considered the likelihood of future abuse scandals, it was natural to emphasize the financial dimension because damages from legal actions might well run into billions of dollars. Incidents of this sort can now be very ex­ pensive for those adjudged guilty of malpractice or professional misconduct, and successful plaintiffs can receive enormous sums of money. This may seem an obvious point, but litigation of this sort is a relatively new phenomenon in American history, and the legal environment that permits it has developed quite recently, mainly in the past quarter century.
Pluralism and Pragmatism
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

If it is true that there is a gap between God’s will as recorded in Written Torah and rabbinic application as recorded in Oral Torah, then this may (or may not) have consequences in practice. If the rabbis recognized and admitted this reality, as I argued in chapter 5, then they would be forced to consider the problem of unity or diversity in community norms. Multiple opinions are the inevitable result of imperfect interpretive processes. Are alternatives to be suppressed in practice, as the heavenly decision in favor of Hillel might suggest, or is there room for multiplicity not only in theory (the evidence for which is found on every page of Talmudic deliberation) but in practice as well? If my readings of prior texts approach the truth of rabbinic perception, then this is a question that cannot be avoided.
Balancing Needs
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

IN THE SUMMER AND fall of 1942, Roosevelt impatiently awaited the as sault on North Africa. Eager for a victory over German arms that would open the way to a European campaign and answer domestic and Russian demands for action, he pressed all concerned “to start the attack at the earliest possible moment. Time is of the essence,” he told Churchill at the end of August, “and we are speeding up preparations vigorously.” When facing a choice in the following month between a full-scale convoy to Russia and TORCH as scheduled, he refused to delay the attack for “a single day. We are going to put everything in that operation,” he cabled Churchill, “and I have great hopes for it.”There were also substantial fears. The Germans might learn of the attack prematurely; Axis submarines might inflict heavy losses on convoys carrying men and materiel from Britain and the United States; high swells and surf on the African Atlantic coast might jeopardize the Moroc can landings; the Germans might move through Spain into Spanish Morocco, close the Strait of Gibraltar, and trap ships and troops invading Algeria inside the Mediterranean; French forces might offer effective resistance.
The Drama of Helping :Stories and Role Models
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

The scripts about caring that young people learn when they volunteer are indicative of the roles in complex organizations that most of us play during adulthood. These scripts give us a way of making sense of our behavior in terms of organizational goals (such as education or service to the community), the appropriate means of obtaining these goals (for example, developing specialized skills), and the criteria by which the behavior is to be evaluated (especially its efficiency and effectiveness). All this sounds very rational, as it fits one conception of organizations that indeed emphasizes their rationality. Volunteering is thus a training ground for life in the world of organizations. If it teaches us to be kind, it does so by molding our kindness to fit the demands of organizational life.
Hermeneutical Practice: Halakhic Difference as a Result of Dialectical Strategies of Interpretation and Redaction
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In the preceding analysis of the hermeneutical presuppositions of the amoraim, I argued that the amoraim began to approach the language of the Mishnah as if it were Scripture. Just as the rabbis’ biblical exegesis presupposed a certain precision in the language of the text, and an absence of superfluity and redundancy, so their exegesis of Mishnah often proceeded from the same assumptions of verbal economy. However, the similarity between the rabbis’ exegesis of Bible and their exegesis of Mishnah extends beyond the realm of theory (i.e., hermeneutical presuppositions) and into the realm of actual exegetical practice (hermeneutical strategies). For the rabbis, to read a text-whether Bible or Mishnah-meant to read that text in the light of, or in dialogue with, other texts.
The Israelite Midwife
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The following case contains evidence of a conscious emendation of the Palestinian law of the Mishnah, an emendation that appears to have been endorsed by R. Joseph, a second-century Babylonian amora. The Yerushalmi contains no such emendation. An interpretive irregularity in the Bavli signals the susceptibility of the sugya to cultural-historical analysis. As in the previous example, the gemara provides an explicit cultural-historical explanation for halakhic difference which must be critically assessed. In this case, however, the reason provided by the gemara is shown to have merit. Reading the halakhic sources in conjunction with a central aggadic text confirms the explanation provided by R. Joseph and reveals that the Bavli’s emendation addressed a cultural issue alive in various Jewish circles in late antique Palestine and Babylonia. This finding also illustrates the importance for the cultural historian of the talmudic period of examining texts of various genres.
Identity, Geography, Religion, and Kinship
Authors: Orr Leslie C
Published: November 2023

In the twelfth year of the reign of Ko Parakecaripaṉmar alias Tiripuvaṉaccakkaravattikaj Śri Rᾱjarᾱjatevar [the exact day is also specified], Atkontᾱṉ Tevuntiruvumutaiyᾱl and Kilakkataiyaniṉrā!, temple women (tevaraliyᾱr) who dwell in the temple precincts (tirumataiviᾱakam) of Lord Tiruvalanculi Utaiyᾱr of Pᾱmpurnᾱtu in Uyyakontarvalanatu, we two… servants receiving support (? … kani alar) [inscription is broken at several points]… bought land and gave it to provide enjoyment in the temple for [the saints] Tirunavukkaraicutevar, Tiruvatavuraikal, and Tirukkannappatevar.
Lifelines
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

Asian Indians figure prominently among the educated, middle class subset of contemporary immigrants. They move quickly into residences, jobs, and lifestyles that provide little opportunity with fellow migrants, yet they continue to see themselves as a distinctive community within contemporary American society. In Life Lines Bacon chronicles the creation of a community - Indian-born parents and their children living in the Chicago metropolitan area - bound by neither geographic proximity, nor institutional ties, and explores the processes through which ethnic identity is transmitted to the next generation. Bacon’s study centres upon the engrossing portraits of five immigrant families, each one a complex tapestry woven from the distinctive voices of its family members. Both extensive field work among community organizations and analyses of ethnic media help Bacon expose the complicated interplay between the private social interactions of family life and the stylized rhetoric of “Indianness” that permeates public life. This inventive analysis suggests that the process of assimilation which these families undergo parallels the assimilation process experienced by anyone who conceives of him or herself as a member of a distinctive community in search of a place in American society.
The Scope and Significance of Epigraphy in Indological Studies
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

Though it has been frequently stated, the importance of epigraphy in Indology can hardly be overemphasized. The primary reason for the particular importance of epigraphy in the study of traditional India (as compared, e.g., with that of classical Europe or China) is the extreme paucity, especially in the ancient period, of the type of historical data from literary sources which is available for other major civilizations of the ancient and medieval world. This situation is a reflection of what might be called the “a historical” orientation of traditional Indian culture. Traditional India, with its strongly idealistic and theoretical orientation, had little interest in what we in the modem world think of as “history,” and except for a few outstanding exceptions Sanskrit and classical literature include little in the way of “historical” texts in the stricter sense of the term. As a result, the history of ancient and early medieval (i.e., pre-Islamic) India must for the most part be reconstructed from incidental sources; that is, sources whose original intent was something other than the recording of historical events as such. Such sources include many branches of literature, both secular and religious, but these typically give us little more than tantalizing tidbits of historical information, often distorted, and out of context at that. Far more revealing are the archaeological sources, including not only the results of formal stratigraphic excavations but also numismatic and above all epigraphic materials.
Arab Imperialism and the Vanquished Nations
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

This is the import of the foregoing chapter: The great problem and most important issue with which the greatest leaders of the past age were concerned, and with which the scholars and leaders of this age still deal, is the issue of reconciliation between the welfare of opposing classes; that is, between the welfare of the rich and the poor, of the elite and the destitute; between the owners of the means of production and land, and the workers and farmers. This problem, with which the Arab reformer dealt, and which he tried to solve to the extent that the conditions of that time allowed him, shifted after his death to his caliphs. However, there were some changes, for political and social problems became more complex after the great Arab victories in the days of the first four caliphs (Rashidun) and the Umayyads and the incorporation of other ancient civilizations and different religions. The result was a new social situation in which relations among classes in Islamic society were strained. This tension reached a degree that threatened the out break of severe clashes, which would have meant the virtual collapse and death of the Arab state. Among the factors contributing to these tensions were the imperialist policies of the Arabs in general, and their economic policies in particular.
Holding True
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

It it here that Trinity Lutheran Church of Freistatt, Missouri, both honors its heritage and prepares for its future. Soon after Martin Luther had tacked his Ninety-five Theses to the cathedral door at Wittenberg, thereby triggering the Protestant Reformation, he recognized the need for education among the laity. His tour of the German countryside in 1528 left him aghast at the dismal levels of education among his fellow Germans. Luther believed that his reforms depended in no small mea sure upon popular understanding of both the Bible and Protestant the ology. Luther’s own translation of the Bible into the vernacular made the Scriptures accessible, and his Small Catechism outlined the rudiments of Protestant doctrine, but popular acceptance of both, he recognized, depended upon a literate laity.
Some Kind of Magic
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

There are many similarities between Mount Olivet Lutheran Church today and in 1950. All of the Sunday morning services-three then and four now-are full. Now, as then, the preacher kept the sermon short, although the twenty-minute homily of 1950 has been reduced to ten minutes, twelve tops. The music is impressive, just as it was in 1950. And, oh yes, the pastor’s name still’is Youngdahl.
Introduction and a Brief Review of Experimental Systems
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

1. GENERALITIES

Much of solid state theory and statistical physics is concerned with the properties of macroscopic systems. These are often considered while using the “thermodynamic limit” (system’s volume, Ω, and particle number, N, tending to infinity with n = N /Ω kept constant), which is a convenient mathematical device for obtaining bulk properties. Usually, the system approaches the macroscopic limit once its size is much larger than some correlation length ζ (or, more generally, than all such relevant lengths).
Dephasing by Coupling with the Environment, Application to Coulomb Electron-Electron Interactions in Metals
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF DEPHASING

Many of the interesting effects in mesoscopic systems are due to quantum interference. Among these are, for example, the weak localization corrections to the conductivity (section 5, chapter 2), the universal conductance fluctuations (chapter 5), persistent currents (chapter 4), and many others. These effects are known to be affected by the coupling of the interfering particle to its environment, for example, to a heat bath. The way such a coupling modifies quantum phenomena has been studied for a long time, both theoretically (Feynman and Vernon 1963, Caldeira and Leggett 1983), and experimentally. The effect of the coupling to the environment may be characterized by the “phase breaking” time, T¢,, which is the characteristic time for the interfering particle to stay phase coherent as explained below.
Antisemitism and Xenophobia in Germany since Unification
Authors: Bergmann Werner
Published: November 2023

Various phenomena may be analyzed in order to ascertain the extent and significance of antisemitism in society: public opinion; the attitude of the intellectual elite; treatment by the media; antiminority activities; government treatment of Jews and antisemites in politics, the courts, and education; the ideology and activities of right-wing organizations, and the like. The results vary according to the chosen subject of the analysis. I shall concentrate on public attitudes toward Jews and foreigners on the one hand and on open, sometimes violent acts of antisemitism and xenophobia on the other; I shall also examine the connections between the two. Antisemitism and xenophobia will be treated separately. Although they correlate highly with each other, I believe they vary in terms of motives, prevalence, and public acceptance.
Ethnic Intolerance, Extremism, and Democratic Attitudes in Germany since Unification
Authors: Weil Frederick D
Published: November 2023

As often happens, press and scholarly accounts diverge in describing developments in Germany since reunification. The press and media tend to focus on signs of popular discontent with democracy, political extremism, xenophobia, and antisemitism, especially in eastern Germany. Scholars present a more varied view. Although they find plenty of indications of discontent with the economic burdens of reunification, little evidence has emerged that Germans have veered sharply toward antidemocratic, extremist, or bigoted attitudes. On the contrary, West German attitudes on these fundamental issues have not deteriorated much since the Berlin Wall came down, and surprisingly, East Germans often express even more democratic or tolerant views. in this chapter, I shall examine trends in antisemitism and xenophobia since reunification against the backdrop of attitudes toward democracy and political extremism. The main outlines of the period arc well known. For the first two years after the Berlin Wall fell in the autumn of 1989, reunification seemed to progress with unexpected ease. In July 1990, East Germans were permitted to convert their currency to Western deutsche marks (DM) on generous terms. Legal reunification occurred in October I 990, much sooner than anyone had thought possible.
Xenophobia among East German Youth
Authors: Schubarth Wilfried
Published: November 2023

The collapse of the socialist regimes and the end of confrontation between the two antagonistic political blocs triggered deep-seated transformations and shocks in Germany and throughout Europe. These developments have been accompanied by a growth in nationalism, xenophobia, antisemitism, and violence (Butterwegge and Jager 1992, Otto and Merten 1993, Forster et al. 1993). In Germany, too, the end of East Germany and eastern Germany’s accession to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRO) were linked with an increase in nationalism and xenophobia related to changes in the political culture. Although excessive extremist right-wing violent activities in Germany after the period of 1990--93 appear to have decreased, a range of factors indicating a right-wing trend within the society makes continued attention to nationalism, right-wing extremism, and xenophobia advisable. This is the case for both eastern and western Germany; right-wing extremism and xenophobia are problems affecting all of Germany, not specifically the East. Nevertheless, developments in eastern Germany lead one to ask how hatred of foreigners and xenophobia could escalate to such an extent in a socialist state that considered itself a “stronghold of antifascism,” and spoke constantly of “friendship among the peoples” and “proletarian internationalism.” Was something merely surfacing for which the stage was already set in the authoritarian East German system, or was extremist violence and hatred only a byproduct of the collapse of the socialist system and unification? Since the prominent violent attacks on foreigners and asylum seekers in Hoyerswerda, Rostock, Molln, and Solingen in the early 1990s, increasing efforts have been made to study the causes of growing susceptibility to right-wing extremism and xenophobic violence.
“Revisionism” in Germany and Austria The Evolution of a Doctrine
Authors: Bailer-Galanda Brigitte
Published: November 2023

Most people understand so-called revisionismI as just another word for the movement of Holocaust denial (Benz 1994, Lipstadt 1993, Shapiro 1990). Therefore it has been suggested that the word “negationism” be used instead. However, it is the author’s point of view that “revisionism” covers topics other than denial of the National Socialist mass murders. In Germany and Austria especially, some people have tried to minimize or apologize for other issues of National Socialist politics after 1945. These include the responsibility for World War II, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (a recent topic), the debate about the number of victims of the Holocaust. In the seventies, the historian Martin Broszat described that movement as “running amok against reality” (Broszat 1976). Pseudohistorical writersmany of them right-wing publishers or people who quite rapidly turned to rightwing extremists-try to prove that certain historical events have not taken place, or have occmTed differently than generally acknowledged, as if they were able to undo or redo events by denying or reinterpreting them.
Concluding Remarks: Questions for Further Research in Comparative Perspective
Authors: En Hermann Kurth , Bergmann Werner , Erb Rainer
Published: November 2023

The wave of xenophobic violence, the electoral successes of far-right parties, and the upsurge of aggressive antisemitic incidents between 1991 and 1994 alarmed the German and international public. This book itself is a reaction to those events and reflects academic attempts to describe and explain these challenges to united Germany from historical, political, and sociological perspectives. The intention of this book is to shed more light on the causes and origins of societal transformations that promote the escalation of xenophobic and ethnocentric violence and antisemitic resentment. In the first part of this volume (chapters 2-5), empirical facts and findings are presented that cover the origins and the extent of antisemitism and xenophobia in East and West Germany. In chapters 6-9, roots and motives of specific social forces, movements, groups, and organizations propagating hate and prejudice are analyzed. Finally, chapters 10-12 cover the reactions of German society and the Jewish community in Germany, as well as the response of the media abroad.
Manufacturing Religion
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

In this new book, author Russell McCutcheon offers a powerful critique of traditional scholarship on religion, focusing on multiple interrelated targets. Most prominent among these are the History of Religions as a discipline; Mircea Eliade, one of the founders of the modern discipline; recent scholarship on Eliade’s life and politics; contemporary textbooks on world religions; and the oft-repeated bromide that “religion” is a sui generis phenomenon. McCutcheon skillfully analyzes the ideological basis for and service of the sui generis argument, demonstrating that it has been used to constitute the field’s object of study in a form that is ahistoric, apolitical, fetishized, and sacrosanct. As such, he charges, it has helped to create departments, jobs, and publication outlets for those who are comfortable with such a suspect construction, while establishing a disciplinary ethos of astounding theoretical naivete and a body of scholarship to match. Surveying the textbooks available for introductory courses in comparative religion, the author finds that they uniformly adopt the sui generis line and all that comes with it. As a result, he argues, they are not just uncritical (which helps keep them popular among the audiences for which they are intended, but badly disserve), but actively inhibit the emergence of critical perspectives and capacities. And on the geo-political scale, he contends, the study of religion as an ahistorical category participates in a larger system of political domination and economic and cultural imperialism.
Introduction: The Manufacture of “Religion”
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

This book is an adaptation and application of some methods of analysis developed by such critical theorists as Terry Eagleton, Edward Said, Fredric Jameson, Michel de Certeau, and Michel Foucault to the analysis of the often made scholarly claim that religion is sui generis. It is a study of the social and political implications of certain practices and habits of representation in the modern study of religion, for the common assertion that religion per se or private religious experience in particular, is sui generis, unique, and sociohistorically autonomous, is itself a scholarly representation that operates within, and assists in maintaining, a very specific set of discursive practices along with the institutions in which these discourses are articulated and reproduced. Insomuch as this discourse is institutionalized, it can be further identified by such related aspects as the need for distinct or unique methods for the interpretation of religious data and scholarly calls for the institutional autonomy of the scholarly study of religion. Accordingly, not only do these assorted claims arise from within, and assist in maintaining, this specific discourse on religion but the smooth functioning of the discourse has material and sociopolitical—even geopolitical—implications concerning such issues as individual expertise, social power, and politico-economic privilege. Simply put, the discourse on sui generis religion deemphasizes difference, history, and sociopolitical context in favor of abstract essences and homogeneity.