bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence from Motion
Authors: Purves Dale
Published: March 2020

Perceived motion is defined as the apparent speed and direction of objects that are translating and/or rotating in three-dimensional space. It has long been clear, however, that the perceived speeds and directions of moving objects disagree with physical measurements of motion. With respect to speed, the flash-lag effect has been a major focus; with respect to direction, the emphasis has been on the effects of apertures. These phenomena—and many others—raise the question of how we routinely succeed in the world despite blatant discrepancies between the motions we see and the physical speeds and directions of the objects we must deal with. Resolving this puzzle presents another body of evidence pertinent to whether empirical ranking is the way nervous systems link objective and subjective domains.
Structurationist Framework to Explore Organizational Deviance from Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea , Walgenbach Peter
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, based on structuration theory, Fried and Walgenbach develop a theoretical framework for exploring organizational deviance from standards empirically. They identify standards as modalities of action which trigger rules of interpretation, claim allocative and authoritative resources, and furthermore cause rules of sanctions in organizations. This overrides the view that failed standard enactment has something to do with either missing financial investments, or an inadequate ‘tone at the top’, or ineffective audits. It is rather, as the authors argue, its interplay that leads to an effective standard enactment or not. This interplay can yield different asymmetries and contradictions, which then lead to different types of organizational deviance.
The Deaths of the Republic
Authors: Walters Brian
Published: March 2020

This book examines imagery of the body politic in the works of Cicero and his contemporaries and explores its impact on the politics of Rome in the first century BCE. Emphasis throughout is on the ideological underpinnings of such images and their uses as a means of persuasion. Chapter 1 reads the well-known fable of Menenius Agrippa as a paradigm for late-republican invocations of the embodied state. Chapter 2 examines imagery of disease and healing, focusing especially on connections with political violence. Chapter 3 considers claims of wounding and mutilating the republic. Chapter 4 explores references to the body politic’s demise in invective and consolations. Political oratory provides much of the evidence of these chapters, but is everywhere supplemented by other sources. Chapter 5 historicizes prior discussions by focusing on a single controversial image, that of murdering the fatherland, in the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination.
Introduction
Authors: de Stefano Carlo
Published: March 2020

The Introduction describes the role of international attribution rules and principles in connection with the meaning of ‘State’ under international law. It addresses how this study on attribution is innovative and helpful in relation to various issues. As to public international law, it deals with attribution of the acts or omissions of ‘independent’ State organs exercising functions of a regulatory or administrative nature (such as central banks and independent authorities), the definition of ‘governmental authority’ for the purposes of attribution of conduct of parastatal entities, and the determination of the thresholds of State ‘control’ either on de facto organs, on one side, or on ‘private’ individuals, on the other side. As to international investment law and arbitration, it is notably relevant to clarify the operation of the dialectics between lex generalis (customary international law) and lex specialis (international investment treaties) in relation to attribution issues. The Introduction also clarifies that the analysis that is found in this book is based on the practice of early arbitrations, the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Iran–US Claims Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), investor–State arbitration, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. This means that the practice of other international courts and tribunals that is relied on (as to the attribution of conduct to a State) by the International Law Commission (ILC) in its Commentaries to Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) is not dealt with in this book.
The Right to Stay as a Control Right
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria
Published: March 2020

This chapter sides with those who believe that a right to stay should be counted among fundamental human rights. However, it also acknowledges that there are good reasons for objecting to the most popular justifications of the right to stay, which are based on the assumption that people have valuable ties to their community of residence and that people’s life plans are located where they live. In response to these qualms, this chapter argues that the best way to make sense of the right to stay is to conceive it as belonging to the category of “control rights”; these are the rights that protect people’s control over their own bodies and personal space, which is an essential condition for personhood and human dignity. This account of the right to stay can overcome the most pressing objections to its recognition as a fundamental human right.
Fictional Discourse
Authors: Predelli Stefano
Published: March 2020

This book defends a Radical Fictionalist Semantics for fictional discourse. Focusing on proper names as prototypical devices of reference, it argues that fictional names are only fictionally proper names, and that, as a result, fictional sentences do not encode propositions. According to Radical Fictionalism, the contentful outcomes achieved by fiction are derived from the outcomes of so-called impartation, that is, from the effects achieved by the use of language. As a result, Radical Fictionalism pays special attention to fictional telling and to related themes in narrative fiction. In particular, the book proposes a Radical Fictionalist approach to the distinction between homodiegetic and heterodiegetic fiction, and to the divide between storyworlds and narrative peripheries. These ideas are then applied to the discussion of classic themes in the philosophy of fiction, including narrative time, literary translation, storyworld importation, fictional languages, inconsistent fictions, nested narratives, and narrative closure. Particular attention is also given to the commitments of Radical Fictionalism when it comes to discourse about fiction, as in prefixed sentences of the form ‘according to fiction F, … ’. In its final two chapters, the book extends Radical Fictionalism to critical discourse. In Chapter 7 it introduces the ideas of critical and biased retelling, and in Chapter 8 it pauses on the relationships between Radical Fictionalism and talk about literary characters.
The benefit–risk balance for biological agents in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Cabrera Natalia , Avila-Pedretti Gabriela , Belot Alexandre , Larbre Jean-Paul , Mainbourg Sabine , Duquesne Agnès , Janiaud Perrine , Kassai Behrouz , Cucherat Michel , Lega Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2020

Objective

To assess the net benefit of biological agents (BA) used in JIA.

Methods

We systematically searched databases up to March 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCT) performed in JIA disease. Separate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for efficacy (ACR paediatric score 30%, ACRpedi30) and serious adverse events for safety. In order to standardize the baseline risk, we performed a meta-analysis of baseline risk in the control group (for both efficacy and safety meta-analysis). The net benefit was determined as the risk difference of efficacy subtracted by the risk difference of safety.

Results

We included 19 trials: 11 parallel RCTs (754 patients) and 8 withdrawal RCTs (704 patients). The net benefit ranged from 2.4% (adalimumab) to 17.6% (etanercept), and from 2.4% (etanercept) to 36.7%, (abatacept) in parallel and withdrawal trials assessing non-systemic JIA, respectively. In the systemic JIA category, the net benefit ranged from 22.8% (rilonacept) to 70.3% (canakinumab), and from 32.3% (canakinumab) to 58.2% (tocilizumab) in parallel and withdrawal trials, respectively.

Conclusion

The results suggest that a greater number of patients experienced therapeutic success without serious adverse events in the systemic onset JIA category compared with the BAs for non-systemic JIA categories. Baseline risk, design of trial and JIA categories impact the measure of net benefit of BAs in JIA patients.
Syrian Refugee Migration, Transitions in Migrant Statuses and Future Scenarios of Syrian Mobility
Authors: Valenta Marko , Jakobsen Jo , Župarić-Iljić Drago , Halilovich Hariz
Published: March 2020

This article analyses the international migrations and statuses of people who left Syria after the outbreak of the civil war. In addition to exploring the dynamics of Syrian refugee migrations since 2011, we also discuss future prospects and possibilities of return. The ambition of the article is twofold. First, we aim to develop and nuance the typology of migrations of Syrians. Secondly, the article seeks to explore useful lessons from former large-scale refugee migrations; that is, knowledge which may hopefully contribute to preparing the relevant institutions and organisations for Syrian migrations in the eventual post-war period. Based on experiences from other post-conflict situations, several possible future scenarios of Syrian migrations are discussed. The proposed typologies of migrants and repatriation regimes may help us understand the nuances, the dynamic of status change and the complexity of the forced migrations. It is maintained that migration trends, reception, and repatriation conditions and policies are highly interconnected. Refugees’ responses to reception and repatriation regimes result in transitions in their legal statuses in receiving countries and changing motivations for migration and repatriation.
Re-examining Restructuring: Racialization, Religious Conservatism, and Political Leanings in Contemporary American Life
Authors: O’Brien John , Abdelhadi Eman
Published: March 2020

This paper assesses the continued relevance of Robert Wuthnow’s seminal theory of “religious restructuring” for explaining the relationship between religious conservatism and political allegiances in the contemporary United States. Employing a comparative approach, we evaluate the link between doctrinal conservatism (or liberalism) and political conservatism across the seven largest US religious traditions, including Islam. We find that for most Christians and Jews, doctrinal conservatism continues to be tightly linked with conservative political attitudes, even after adjusting for demographic differences and religiosity. For Muslims, Black Protestants, and Latinx Catholics however, doctrinal conservatism is unlikely to be associated with political conservatism. In short, Wuthnow’s theory still holds, but only for religious traditions that are majority white. We speculate that being “racialized religious traditions” explains the lack of restructuring we observe among Muslims, Black Protestants, and Latinx Catholics. External social and political pressures have kept unifying racialized religious identities salient for each of these traditions, preventing the internal bifurcation still characteristic of other major American religions. Our findings and approaches contribute to the two growing trends within the sociological study of religion—the analytical integration of considerations of race and racial politics into scholarship on religious life (called “complex religion”) and a recognition of the importance of cultural “styles” of religion in shaping political and social behaviors.
Disrespect at Work, Distress at Home: A Longitudinal Investigation of Incivility Spillover and Crossover Among Older Workers
Authors: Marchiondo Lisa A , Fisher Gwenith G , Cortina Lilia M , Matthews Russell A
Published: March 2020

The prevalence of workplace mistreatment toward older adults is well-documented, yet its effects are understudied. We applied the strength and vulnerability integration model (SAVI) to hypothesize that, despite its low intensity, workplace incivility has numerous deleterious outcomes for older employees over time. Specifically, we investigated whether and how incivility relates to well-being outside of work, among both targeted employees and their partners. We drew on affective events theory to examine how incivility “spills over” to older targets’ personal lives. We also tested whether incivility is potent enough to “crossover” to the well-being of older targets’ partners at home. Based on longitudinal data from a national study of older workers (N = 598; 299 couples), results demonstrate that workplace incivility related to decrements in targets’ affective well-being, which in turn, was associated with life dissatisfaction, interference with work, and lower overall health. Workplace incivility also predicted declines in partner well-being, although these crossover effects varied by gender: Men’s postincivility affective well-being predicted their female partners’ life satisfaction but not vice versa. However, women’s uncivil experiences directly related to the affective well-being of their male partners. These results suggest that for both older workers and their partners, the harms of incivility eventually extend beyond the organizations where they originate.
Botrytis prunorum Associated to Vitis vinifera Blossom Blight in Chile
Authors: Esterio Marcela , Osorio-Navarro Claudio , Carreras Claudia , Azócar Madelaine , Copier Charleen , Estrada Verónica , Rubilar Mauricio , Auger Jaime
Published: March 2020

Table grapes are highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infections during the bloom period. After reaching the flower development stage, B. cinerea remains quiescent until berry ripening or gives rise to blossom blight under specific climate conditions. A research study was conducted on the Chilean Central Valley during the 2018–2019 growing season. Flowers of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless were collected and B. cinerea was isolated together to a second and morphologically different species, characterized by white mycelium and low to no sporulation (11.4% of total isolates). Three randomly selected isolates within this population were genetically examined and identified as Botrytis prunorum based on a phylogenetic multilocus approach using partial regions of genes RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH or NEP1 and NEP2. Pathogenicity tests showed that B. prunorum infects and causes wilting in healthy table grape flowers. B. prunorum isolates were able to infect Thompson Seedless berries, inducing lesions between 13.11 and 41.53% with respect to the lesion diameter generated by B. cinerea B05.10. The fungicide sensitivity was evaluated. The three genetically characterized isolates were sensitive to boscalid and to cyprodinil/fludioxonil mixture with a mean EC50 value of 5.5 µg/ml and 0.065 µg/ml, respectively. However, loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid was determined, with a mean EC50 value of 5.13 µg/ml. Our understanding about blossom blight in V. vinifera has been limited to B. cinerea. Here we associated B. prunorum as a second causal agent of this disease in Chile. This data represents a first approach to the epidemiological characteristics of B. prunorum associated with blossom blight in table grapes.
Impacts of Social and Economic Factors on the Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China
Authors: Qiu Yun , Chen Xi , Shi Wei
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the role of various socioeconomic factors in mediating the local and cross-city transmissions of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in China. We implement a machine learning approach to select instrumental variables that strongly predict virus transmission among the rich exogenous weather characteristics. Our 2SLS estimates show that the stringent quarantine, massive lockdown and other public health measures imposed in late January significantly reduced the transmission rate of COVID-19. By early February, the virus spread had been contained. While many socioeconomic factors mediate the virus spread, a robust government response since late January played a determinant role in the containment of the virus. We also demonstrate that the actual population flow from the outbreak source poses a higher risk to the destination than other factors such as geographic proximity and similarity in economic conditions. The results have rich implications for ongoing global efforts in containment of COVID-19.
Measuring complex phenotypes: A flexible high-throughput design for micro-respirometry
Authors: DeLiberto Amanda N. , Drown Melissa K. , Oleksiak Marjorie F. , Crawford Douglas L.
Published: March 2020

Variation in tissue-specific metabolism between species and among individuals is thought to be adaptively important; however, understanding this evolutionary relationship requires reliably measuring this trait in many individuals. In most higher organisms, tissue specificity is important because different organs (heart, brain, liver, muscle) have unique ecologically adaptive roles. Current technology and methodology for measuring tissue-specific metabolism is costly and limited by throughput capacity and efficiency. Presented here is the design for a flexible and cost-effective high-throughput micro-respirometer (HTMR) optimized to measure small biological samples. To verify precision and accuracy, substrate specific metabolism was measured in heart ventricles isolated from a small teleost,Fundulus heteroclitus, and in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Within the system, results were reproducible between chambers and over time with both teleost hearts and yeast. Additionally, metabolic rates and allometric scaling relationships inFundulusagree with previously published data measured with lower-throughput equipment. This design reduces cost, but still provides an accurate measure of metabolism in small biological samples. This will allow for high-throughput measurement of tissue metabolism that can enhance understanding of the adaptive importance of complex metabolic traits.
Supramolecular cocrystals of O—H...O hydrogen-bonded 18-crown-6 with isophthalic acid derivatives: Hirshfeld surface analysis and third-order nonlinear optical properties
Authors: Balakrishnan C. , Manonmani M. , Rafi Ahamed S. , Vinitha G. , Meenakshisundaram S. P. , Sockalingam R. M.
Published: March 2020

Two cocrystals of 18-crown-6 with isophthalic acid derivatives, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid and trimesic acid, have been successfully grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. Crystal structures of (18-crown-6)·6(5-hydroxyisophthalic acid)·10(H2O) (I) and (18-crown-6)·2(trimesic acid)·2(H2O) (II) elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction reveal that both cocrystals pack the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P{\overline 1}. The molecules are associated by strong/weak hydrogen bonds, π...π and H...H stacking interactions. Powder X-ray diffraction analyses, experimental and simulated from single-crystal diffractogram data have been matched. The vibrational patterns in FT–IR spectra are used to identify the functional groups. The band gap energy is estimated by the application of the Kubelka–Munk algorithm. Hirshfeld surfaces derived from X-ray diffraction analysis reveal the type of molecular interactions and their relative contributions. The constructed supramolecular assembly of crown ether cocrystal is thoroughly described. Both cocrystals exhibit a significant third-order nonlinear optical response and it is observed that (I) possesses a significant first-order molecular hyperpolarizability whereas it is negligible for (II).
Intramolecular 1,5-S...N σ-hole interaction in (E)-N′-(pyridin-4-ylmethylidene)thiophene-2-carbohydrazide
Authors: Mossine Valeri V. , Kelley Steven P. , Mawhinney Thomas P.
Published: March 2020

The title compound, C11H9N3OS, (I), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The molecular conformation is nearly planar and features an intramolecular chalcogen bond between the thiophene S and the imine N atoms. Within the crystal, the strongest interactions between molecules are the N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which organize them into inversion dimers. The dimers are linked through short C—H...N contacts and are stacked into layers propagating in the (001) plane. The crystal structure features π–π stacking between the pyridine aromatic ring and the azomethine double bond. The calculated energies of pairwise intermolecular interactions within the stacks are considerably larger than those found for the interactions between the layers.
Synthesis and crystal structures of two 1,3-di(alkyloxy)-2-(methylsulfanyl)imidazolium tetrafluoridoborates
Authors: Gelbrich Thomas , Lampl Martin , Laus Gerhard , Kahlenberg Volker , Huppertz Hubert , Schottenberger Herwig
Published: March 2020

Two salts were prepared by methylation of the respective imidazoline-2-thione at the sulfur atom, using Meerwein's salt (trimethyloxonium tetrafluoridoborate) in CH2Cl2. 1,3-Dimethoxy-2-(methylsulfanyl)imidazolium tetrafluoridoborate (1), C6H11N2O2S+·BF4
−, displays a syn conformation of its two methoxy groups relative to each other whereas the two benzyloxy groups present in 1,3-dibenzyloxy-2-(methylsulfanyl)imidazolium tetrafluoridoborate (2), C18H19N2O2S+·BF4
−, adopt an anti conformation. In the molecules of 1 and 2, the methylsulfanyl group is rotated out of the plane of the respective heterocyclic ring. In both crystal structures, intermolecular interactions are dominated by C—H...F—B contacts, leading to three-dimensional networks. The tetrafluoridoborate counter-ion of 2 is disordered over three orientations (occupancy ratio 0.42:0.34:0.24), which are related by rotation about one of the B—F bonds.
Varieties of cultural crowdfunding
Authors: Rykkja Anders , Munim Ziaul Haque , Bonet Lluis
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Due to the unique nature of the Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs), the impact of crowdfunding on them is more significant than on other industries. This study investigates the association between crowdfunding campaigns in four different categories of cultural production and each campaign promoter's decision regarding platform choice.

Design/methodology/approach

We classified cultural productions according to the Cultural Enterprise Framework. We collected data from 1,465 successful, reward-based, culture crowdfunding campaigns from five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). We used binary logistic regression for estimation purposes.

Findings

We find that cultural productions with a high degree of cultural affinity are more likely to use a local platform, while cultural productions with a higher degree of complexity in production or with composite motives are more likely to use an international platform. Additionally, the funding goal and the platform's financing model affect the probability of using an international platform.

Originality/value

Our finding is that there is a relationship between cultural production type and crowdfunding platform choice, and that these choices can be crucial for campaign promoters. Based on the findings and empirical setting, there is evidence that campaign promoters of cultural productions with a cultural affinity orientation may choose to use local platforms, while promoters of projects with complex production requirements or composite motives for using crowdfunding similarly may tend to opt for international platforms. We also propose a framework for the categorisation of cultural productions.
Late-mover advantages and disadvantages in China's futures market
Authors: Chang Qing
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the late-mover advantages and disadvantages of China's futures market.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reviews the establishment and evolution of China's futures market via historical and comparative analysis, deeply analyzing the market's late-mover advantages and disadvantages.

Findings

The establishment and evolution of China's futures market as a late-mover enjoys benefits in overall design, pilot, and post-development. However, it also suffers disadvantages brought by institutional transformations, advantage enjoyment, catch-up strategies, and international integration.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to systematically explore the laws affecting the formation of the price system in China's futures market. The findings of this research provide important policy implications for the development of China's futures market and references for other developing countries.
On purpose: leading manufacturing at Shonaquip social enterprise
Authors: Dennehy Maureen , Parker Hamieda , Boyd Sarah , Barnardo Claire
Published: March 2020

Learning outcomes

The case introduces students to aspects of operations management (OM) and management theory and provides examples of the real-world challenges facing a practitioner. It requires students to think about the operational manager’s responsibilities and how organisational context influences choices and possibly even fit within an organisation.

Case overview/synopsis

In this case, a factory lead protagonist presents her OM challenges and choices within a for-purpose, rather than for-profit, a social enterprise in South Africa. The context presented unusual constraints that required thoughtful adaptation and judicious choices. The case introduces students to aspects of OM and management theory and provides examples of the real-world challenges facing a practitioner. It requires students to think about the operational manager’s responsibilities and how organisational context influences choices and possibly even fit within an organisation.

Complexity academic level

The case is aimed at postgraduate business students studying OM.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 9: Operations and logistics.
Internal audits in the digital era: opportunities risks and challenges
Authors: Lois Petros , Drogalas George , Karagiorgos Alkiviadis , Tsikalakis Kostantinos
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study is to examine continuous auditing in the digital age from the perspective of audit firm employees. It also investigates contemporary factors affecting continuous auditing, as well as the techniques that could be utilised for its implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

Internal audit departments of private companies were contacted via email and given a questionnaire developed based on the extant literature. The sample consisted of 105 individuals employed in the largest audit institutions in Greece. Data were analysed using multiple regression.

Findings

As expected, technological advances are indispensable for the establishment of an effective digital auditing system. The impact of data protection measures against cyber-attacks as well as employees' skills and training were found to be significant. Particular attention should be given to the preparation and building of virtual auditing teams.

Research limitations/implications

The fact that the digital era is still nascent with its final outcomes not yet visible makes it difficult to produce accurate predictions and draw conclusions. Further, there is a need to survey salient stakeholders in other country contexts beyond Greece pursuant of producing generalisable results.

Practical implications

The actions taken by companies to ensure cyber security and the formation of virtual teams were found to be highly significant for the implementation of a real-time auditing process. Traditionally, factors such as cost and time play an important role in optimising internal continuous auditing. Technological advancements combined with careful, strategic and case-specific implementation have the potential to enhance the efficacy of older methods.

Social implications

The positive propensity of staff to adopt technology and modern techniques illustrates how implementation difficulties can be overcome through the redefinition and scheduling of an organisation's objectives and training of its personnel.

Originality/value

Audit firm employees highlighted the protection of personal data, the avoidance of cyber-attacks and training as major continuous internal auditing goals. The results indicate acceptance towards technology and modern techniques, provided companies ensure adequate preparation and staff training conditions.
Organising experience of informal sector workers – a road less travelled
Authors: Balasubramanian Girish , Sarkar Santanu
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This paper uses the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) framework of Zomerenet al.(2008) to explain the organising experiences of the informal sector workers engaged in large number in the world's largest shipbreaking industry located in the western Indian town of Alang.

Design/methodology/approach

A single case study approach was adopted to understand the participation of shipbreaking workers in their trade union and factors that influence their participation.

Findings

Sense of cohesive collective identity and injustice alongside efficacy considerations have shaped the organising experiences and affected the participation of informal sector workers in their union. The trade union was able to overcome the scourge of invisibility that has been one of the dominant features of informal sector employment.

Research limitations/implications

This paper treated union participation as unidimensional. Besides, the subjective conceptualization of strengths of perceptions of injustice, identities and efficacy considerations could be a limitation. The paper does acknowledge the gendered nature of shipbreaking but have not actively pursued it as a part of our research.

Practical implications

The findings of our study are an exemplar for those who intend to organise informal sector workers, especially precarious workers. The empirical findings allude to the role of trade unions in combating the invisibility, which is one of the defining features of informal sector workers through a distinctive, cohesive identity inculcated in those workers.

Originality/value

This paper has borrowed the SIMCA framework to explore union participation. Organising experiences of precarious workers from the developing world provides a contextual and an empirical novelty to our study.
Financial Management Information Systems and accounting policies retention in Brazil
Authors: de Azevedo Ricardo Rocha , Lino André Feliciano , de Aquino André Carlos Busanelli , Machado-Martins Túlio César Pereira
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The successful implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) depends on the adoption and subsequent maintenance of accrual accounting policies. Moreover, Financial Management Information Systems (FMIS) are important drivers of reforms, and their replacement might disrupt the execution of accrual accounting policies. This paper aims to analyze the effects of FMIS replacement (or maintenance) on the retention of accrual accounting policies in Brazilian local governments.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts a sequential mixed-methods approach, starting with a quantitative analysis of the presence of accrual accounting policies in local governments and the effects of FMIS replacement. Next, a qualitative analysis is conducted with a survey, documents and interviews to observe the FMIS replacement process. Our analysis focuses on local governments from one state in Brazil, but the context is highly transferable to other states, as the same procurement law and accounting regulations apply.

Findings

FMIS replacement may reduce accounting policies retention; consequently, public procurement regulation may induce a public procurement context in which the IPSAS project would find more difficulties to prosper.

Research limitations/implications

This research contributes to the IPSAS literature by examining the phenomenon of accounting policies retention or persistence, as one should not take it for granted that an adopted accounting procedure will be sustained over time. The analysis argues that FMIS replacement due to compulsory rebidding should be carefully considered.

Practical implications

Promoters of accounting reforms may consider the regulation of contracting out for FMIS a relevant issue to the institutionalization of accounting policies.

Originality/value

The analysis innovates by linking IPSAS accounting reform to the contracting out of FMIS.
Large-scale health system transformation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Maniatopoulos Gregory , Hunter David J. , Erskine Jonathan , Hudson Bob
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Following publication of a new vision for the English National Health Service (NHS) in 2014, known as the NHS Five-Year Forward View, a Vanguard programme was introduced by NHS England charged with the task of designing and delivering a range of new care models (NCMs) aimed at tackling deep-seated problems of a type facing all health systems to a greater or lesser degree. Drawing upon recent theoretical developments on the multilevel nature of context, we explore factors shaping the implementation of five NCM initiatives in the North East of England.

Design/methodology/approach

Data collection was based on semi-structured interviews (66 in total) between December 2016 and May 2017 with key informants at each site and a detailed review of Trusts' internal documents and policies related to the implementation of each NCM. Our analysis explores factors shaping the implementation of five NCM pilot sites as they touched on the multiple levels of context ranging from the macro policy level to the micro-level setting of workforce redesign.

Findings

It is far too early to conclude with any confidence that a successful outcome for the NCM programme will be forthcoming although the NHS Long-Term Plan seeks to build on the earlier vision set out in the Five-Year Forward View. Early indications show some signs of promise, especially where there is evidence of the ground having been prepared and changes already being put in place prior to the official launch of NCM initiatives. At the same time our findings demonstrate that all five pilot sites experienced, and were subject to, unrealistic pressure placed upon them to deliver outcomes.

Originality/value

Our findings demonstrate the need for a deeper understanding of the multilevel nature of context by exploring factors shaping the implementation of five NCMs in the North East of England. Exploring the wider national policy context is desirable as well as understanding the perceptions of front-line staff and service users in order to establish the degree of alignment or, conversely, to identify where policy and practice are at risk of pushing and pulling against each other.
Disruptive innovation, business model and sharing economy: the bike-sharing cases in China
Authors: Si Steven , Chen Hui , Liu Wan , Yan Yushan
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to connect disruptive innovation and sharing economy by exploring the underlying mechanisms of how a disruptive innovation–based business project creates, delivers and captures value in sharing economy through analyzing the case of bike sharing in China.

Design/methodology/approach

An elaborate case study is used to unfold the process as well as the underlying mechanism and relationships among disruptive innovation, business model, bike-sharing business and value creation in sharing economy.

Findings

Bike sharing case fits well in disruptive innovation theory. Its low price and great convenience have led to rapid development in China. However, failures to improve their products and services and build an effective business model which can create, deliver and capture value have caused the failure of many bike-sharing companies. Other factors such as strategic decision-making, internal management problems, external conflicts as well as uncivilized consumer behaviors have also inhibited the sustainable development of bike-sharing companies.

Originality/value

The theoretical contributions of this study include the following: to explore how a disruptive innovation–based business creates, delivers and captures value successfully in sharing economy. This study contributes to both research and practice on disruptive innovation and sharing economy.
How face threat sensitivity affects proactive negotiation behavior
Authors: Miles Edward W. , Schatten Jeff , Chapman Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Face threat sensitivity (FTS) has been found to influence objective negotiated outcomes when the threat to face is activated. The purpose of this study is to extend that research by testing whether FTS – which is defined as a propensity to act – is associated with the outcomes of negotiators when the threat has not been specifically activated. Face theory specifies that face threats can cause individuals to take proactive steps to avoid threats before they might occur.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on face theory and social role theory, the authors conduct a negotiation experiment and use hierarchical regression to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between FTS for sellers and buyers on negotiated outcomes in both distributive and integrative negotiations. The authors also use moderated regression to test if gender moderates the relationship between buyer and seller FTS and negotiation outcomes.

Findings

Results show that, when the threat is not activated, high FTS buyers pay more than low FTS buyers. Consistent with face theory and social role theory, this effect is moderated by gender, with the association being stronger for women buyers than for men buyers.

Originality/value

This paper exhibits that FTS can influence negotiator behavior even when FTS is not activated. This is valuable to negotiation scholars and practitioners who are interested in the role that individual characteristics play in negotiation behavior.
Inhibition of GSK3β protects against collagen type II‐induced arthritis associated with a decrease in synovial leukocyte infiltration and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy biomarkers
Authors: Alzamil Norah M. , Alradini Faten A. , Al‐Ani Bahjat , Younes Sheren , Fahad Saja Maha , Kamar Samaa S. , Dawood Amal F.
Published: March 2020

We sought to determine whether TDZD‐8, the inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β), can protect the synovial membrane of the knee joint against injuries induced by collagen type II immunization (CIA) possibly via the downregulation of synovial leukocyte infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and autophagy. The model group of rats (CIA) were immunized over a period of 3 weeks with collagen type II, whereas the treated group of rats (CIA + TDZD‐8) were treated with TDZD‐8 (1 mg/kg) for 21 days after the completion of the immunization regimen. All rats were then killed at week 6. Harvested synovial tissues were prepared for immunohistochemistry staining, and synovial homogenates were assayed for biomarkers of ERS, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell survival and proliferation. In addition, blood samples were assayed for biomarkers of arthritis. Synovial tissue images showed that CIA enhanced leukocyte recruitment as demonstrated by an increased CD45+ (leukocyte common antigen) immunostaining, which was markedly decreased by TDZD‐8. TDZD‐8 also significantly (P < .05) inhibited collagen‐induced autophagy biomarkers Beclin‐1 and LC3II, the ERS biomarkers GRP‐78, IRE1‐α, XBPIs, and eIF2a, and the survival protein Bcl‐2. Whereas, the collagen‐induced proliferative biomarkers Akt and mTOR were not inhibited by TDZD‐8, and CIA inhibited the apoptotic proteins CHOP and cleaved caspase‐3, which were augmented by TDZD‐8. We further demonstrated a significant (P < .05) correlation between autoantibodies generated during the course of arthritis and biomarkers of ERS and autophagy. We conclude that TDZD‐8 inhibits CIA and decreases synovial leukocyte infiltration, ERS, and autophagy, which is independent of Akt/mTOR signalling.
NMR‐based metabolomics profiling of no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked) during processing
Authors: Huang Ling , Zeng Xiaoqun , Ye Yangfang , Cheng Lu , Pan Daodong , He Jun , Dang Yali
Published: March 2020

Variations in the taste quality of no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked) during processing were investigated using 1H‐NMR and multivariate data analysis. The results showed that 21 metabolites were dominant during processing, which involved marinating, air‐drying, fermentation, and baking, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, nucleic acids and their derivatives, and alkaloids. The contents of isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, acetate, glutamate, succinate, glycine, sucrose, tyrosine, and phenylalanine increased continuously throughout the process. The lactate, creatine, carnosine, betaine, taurine, hypoxanthine, and AMP contents all significantly increased after baking; the inosine content significantly increased after fermentation and then decreased; the histamine content significantly increased after air‐drying and then decreased; and the histidine content decreased. Each processing treatment promoted taste formation in no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked), especially baking. The baking point owned relatively higher levels of metabolites and sensory evaluation compared to other treatments. Sensory evaluation revealed that the ultimate taste of Chinese bacon (unsmoked) at the end of baking tended toward umami (glutamate), sweetness (AMP), and sourness (lactate). The first and second principal components explained 74.0% and 13.4% of the variables, respectively. These findings indicated the potential of NMR‐based metabolomics for assessing the taste quality of no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked), which could contribute to a better understanding of taste compound changes in meat products.

Practical Application

Nitrite is commonly used in Chinese bacon (unsmoked), but excessive intake is not good for human health. Nitrite has been replaced with nitrite substitutes to prepare no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked). The metabolites of no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked) were detected to determine the key treatment that contributes to the formation of taste during processing. This study determined the main taste components of no‐added‐nitrite Chinese bacon (unsmoked) and its formation process, which provides new insight into the production and characteristics of flavor in Chinese bacon (unsmoked).
Light and electron microscopic studies on the pecten oculi showing blood–retina barrier properties in Turkey’s native Gerze chicken
Authors: Alan Aydın , Onuk Burcu , Alan Emel , Kabak Murat
Published: March 2020

The pecten oculi is a highly vascularized and pigmented organ that projects from the optic disc into the vitreous body in the avian eye. In this study, the pecten oculi of Turkey's native Gerze chicken was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the localization of some adherens junction components (E‐cadherin and pan‐cadherin) in intact vessels of the blood–retina barrier was investigated by immunohistochemistry. In the Gerze chicken, the pecten oculi was a thin structure, which was located over the head of the discus nervi optici and projected from the retina into the corpus vitreum. The pecten oculi consisted of 18–21 highly vascularized pleats, joined apically by a bridge and resembled an accordion in appearance. Hyalocytes and melanocytes were observed around the small and large vessels. The morphometric data of the pecten oculi showed that there were no statistical differences in terms of sex. The immunohistochemical analysis of the pecten oculi, which is used as a model for the investigation of the formation and maturation of the barrier properties in the central nervous system, revealed cytoplasmic E‐cadherin and pan‐cadherin immunoreactivity in the endothelial cells of the small, large and capillary vessels. These observations suggest that while the morphological and histological structure of the Gerze chicken's pecten oculi was generally similar to that of other diurnal domestic birds, the pecten oculi, a model system for vascular differentiation and the blood–retina barrier, expressed different cadherins.
Slavery is a Metaphor: A Critical Commentary on Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang’s “Decolonization is Not a Metaphor”
Authors: Garba Tapji , Sorentino Sara‐Maria
Published: March 2020

This essay offers a critical analysis of the metaphysical and methodological presuppositions of Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang’s “Decolonization is Not a Metaphor”. While Tuck and Yang position settler colonial spatiality as structured by a settler‐native‐slave triad, we argue that their critique of metaphor entails the collapse of the triad into a settler‐native dyad, the reduction of slavery to forced labour, and a division between the material and the symbolic that forecloses not only an analysis of slavery, but also the constitution of settler colonialism itself. Through an immanent critique of “Decolonization is Not a Metaphor” we identify what animates their critique of metaphor, and drawing on scholarship in Black studies, we offer an alternative theorisation of slavery and settler colonialism.
Microvascular damage assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography for glaucoma diagnosis: a systematic review of the most discriminative regions
Authors: Bekkers Amerens , Borren Noor , Ederveen Vera , Fokkinga Ella , Andrade De Jesus Danilo , Sánchez Brea Luisa , Klein Stefan , van Walsum Theo , Barbosa‐Breda João , Stalmans Ingeborg
Published: March 2020

A growing number of studies have reported a link between vascular damage and glaucoma based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging. This multitude of studies focused on different regions of interest (ROIs) which offers the possibility to draw conclusions on the most discriminative locations to diagnose glaucoma. The objective of this work was to review and analyse the discriminative capacity of vascular density, retrieved from different ROIs, on differentiating healthy subjects from glaucoma patients. PubMed was used to perform a systematic review on the analysis of glaucomatous vascular damage using OCTA. All studies up to 21 April 2019 were considered. The ROIs were analysed by region (macula, optic disc and peripapillary region), layer (superficial and deep capillary plexus, avascular, whole retina, choriocapillaris and choroid) and sector (according to the Garway–Heath map). The area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) and the statistical difference (p‐value) were used to report the importance of each ROI for diagnosing glaucoma. From 96 screened studies, 43 were eligible for this review. Overall, the peripapillary region showed to be the most discriminative region with the highest mean AUROC (0.80 ± 0.09). An improvement of the AUROC from this region is observed when a sectorial analysis is performed, with the highest AUROCs obtained at the inferior and superior sectors of the superficial capillary plexus in the peripapillary region (0.86 ± 0.03 and 0.87 ± 0.10, respectively). The presented work shows that glaucomatous vascular damage can be assessed using OCTA, and its added value as a complementary feature for glaucoma diagnosis depends on the region of interest. A sectorial analysis of the superficial layer at the peripapillary region is preferable for assessing glaucomatous vascular damage.