bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State Anhedonia and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents
Authors: Yang Xinhua , Tian Kai , Wang Dongfang , Liu Guangya , Liu Xiaoqun , Harrison Phillippa
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Background: Recent work suggests that state anhedonia and its social aspect of loss of interest in people was an important predictor of suicidal ideation in adults. Aim: The current study investigated the relationship between state anhedonia, trait anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in adolescents. Method: State anhedonia was assessed using the anhedonia subscale from the Child Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, while trait social anhedonia was assessed using the Adolescent Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale and the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale. Results: Results indicated that state anhedonia was associated with suicidal ideation but not associated with past suicide attempts after controlling for depressive symptoms. Academic stressful events moderated the relationship between state anhedonia and suicidal ideation. Symptom-level analyses revealed that loss of interest in friends was most highly predictive of suicidal ideation compared with the other anhedonia components. Limitations: The current investigation was limited by its reliance on student samples and data from a single time point. Conclusion: The current study indicated that state anhedonia and its social component may be more informative of near-term suicidal ideation than trait anhedonia in adolescents.
Emotion-Oriented Coping Style Predicts Self-Harm in Response to Acute Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Frei Jacqueline M. , Sazhin Vladimir , Fick Melissa , Yap Keong
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Psychiatric hospitalization can cause significant distress for patients. Research has shown that to cope with the stress, patients sometimes resort to self-harm. Given the paucity of research on self-harm among psychiatric inpatients, a better understanding of transdiagnostic processes as predictors of self-harm during psychiatric hospitalization is needed. The current study examined whether coping styles predicted self-harm after controlling for commonly associated factors, such as age, gender, and borderline personality disorder. Participants were 72 patients (mean age = 39.32 years, SD = 12.29, 64% male) admitted for inpatient treatment at a public psychiatric hospital in Sydney, Australia. Participants completed self-report measures of coping styles and ward-specific coping behaviors, including self-harm, in relation to coping with the stress of acute hospitalization. Results showed that younger age, diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, and higher emotion-oriented coping were associated with self-harm. After controlling for age and borderline personality disorder, higher levels of emotion-oriented coping were found to be a significant predictor of self-harm. Findings were partially consistent with hypotheses; emotion-oriented but not avoidance-oriented coping significantly predicted self-harm. This finding may help to identify and provide psychiatric inpatients who are at risk of self-harm with appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Holocene EASM‐EAWM Relationship Across Different Timescales in CCSM3
Authors: Yan M. , Liu Z. Y. , Ning L. , Liu J.
Published: August 2020

The East Asian summer monsoon and winter monsoon (EASM and EAWM) are two important components of the East Asian monsoon system. However, the relationship between the two components during the Holocene remains debated in the observation. Here, we use a set of simulations in CCSM3 to investigate the EASM‐EAWM relation across different timescales during the Holocene. It is shown that the intensities of EASM and EAWM are positively correlated at orbital timescale but negatively correlated from millennial down to multidecadal timescales. The positive correlation at orbital timescales is forced by the seasonal insolation forcing, while the negative correlation at millennial and shorter timescales is caused mainly by the internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the subsequent teleconnection to East Asia via land‐sea thermal contrast.
Link Between CO2‐Induced Wettability and Pore Architecture Alteration
Authors: Wang Heng , Alvarado Vladimir , Smith Erik R. , Kaszuba John P. , Bagdonas Davin A. , McLaughlin J. Fred , Quillinan Scott Austin
Published: August 2020

Changes in pore (throat) size, surface roughness, and mineralogy induced by supercritical CO2‐water‐rock reactions impact petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability, and especially wettability. Herein, we show that these changes directly impact relative permeability and capillary pressure curves, a fact rarely studied in the literature. In this work, we show that CO2 contact angle changes emerge after Madison Limestone samples were soaked for 400 hr in CO2‐enriched brine. Coreflooding results show that the water production rate and cumulative water production increased after the rock was exposed to carbonic acid. Moreover, the mercury capillary pressure decreased in mesopores and macropores, indicating the increase of size in these pores due to reactions. This compounded wettability and pore network alteration can directly affect CO2 injectivity, migration, and storage capacity. This fundamental insight into CO2 geological storage processes should aid practitioners to reduce uncertainties in forecasting CO2 distribution via injection simulation.
Limited Regional Aerosol and Cloud Microphysical Changes Despite Unprecedented Decline in Nitrogen Oxide Pollution During the February 2020 COVID‐19 Shutdown in China
Authors: Diamond Michael S. , Wood Robert
Published: August 2020

Following the emergence of a novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China instituted shutdown measures starting in late January and continuing into February 2020 to arrest the spread of disease. This resulted in a sharp economic contraction unparalleled in recent Chinese history. Satellite retrievals show that nitrogen dioxide pollution declined by an unprecedented amount (~50% regionally) from its expected unperturbed value, but regional‐scale column aerosol loadings and cloud microphysical properties were not detectably affected. The disparate impact is tied to differential economic impacts of the shutdown, in which transportation, a disproportionate source of nitrogen oxide emissions, underwent drastic declines (~90% reductions in passenger traffic), whereas industry and power generation, responsible for >90% of particulate emissions, were relatively less affected (~20% reductions in electricity and thermal power generation). A combination of anomalously warm and humid meteorological conditions and complex chemical interactions further decreased nitrogen dioxide concentrations but likely enhanced secondary aerosol formation.
Tidal Grounding‐Line Migration Modulated by Subglacial Hydrology
Authors: Warburton K. L. P. , Hewitt D. R. , Neufeld J. A.
Published: August 2020

We present a mathematical model of the hydrology of grounding‐line migration on tidal timescales, in which the ice acts elastically, overlying a connected hydrological network, with the ocean tides modeled by an oscillating far‐field fluid height. The upstream grounding‐line migration is driven by a fluid pressure gradient through the grounding zone, while the downstream migration is limited by fluid drainage through the till. The two processes are described using separate travelling‐wave solutions, based on a model of fluid flow under an elastic sheet. The asymmetry between the upstream and downstream motion allows the grounding line to act as a nonlinear filter on the tidal forcing as the pressure signal propagates upstream, and this frequency modulation is discussed in the context of velocity data from ice streams across Antarctica to provide a novel constraint on till permeability.
The Robustness of Pressure‐Driven Asthenospheric Flow in Mantle Convection Models With Plate‐Like Behavior
Authors: Semple Alana , Lenardic Adrian
Published: August 2020

Recent seismic observations challenge the conventional view that tectonic plates are driven by slab pull and ridge push forces. The observations indicate that the asthenosphere flows faster and in a different direction than the plate above. Previous mantle convection models argued that pressure‐driven flow, in combination with a non‐Newtonian upper mantle, can account for these observations. We expand those models by introducing a formulation that allows for the development of weak plate margins. Weak plate margins lead to an increase in the ratio of slab‐driven to pressure‐driven asthenosphere flow, but pressure‐driven flow remains active and increases with plate margin strength. Locally, the asthenosphere can drive plates and can change flow direction with depth. Furthermore, a non‐Newtonian upper mantle allows for a hysteresis effect where, depending on initial conditions, single‐plate and plate tectonic modes can exist at the same parameter conditions.
Electron Temperature Inversion by Stimulated Brillouin Scattering During Electron Gyroharmonic Heating at EISCAT
Authors: Fu H. Y. , Jiang M. L. , Wang K. N. , Wu J. , Li Q. L. , Rietveld M. T. , Varberg E. , Häggström I. , Jin Y.‐Q.
Published: August 2020

This work reports a holistic experimental investigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) features and electron temperature inversion near the third electron gyroharmonic 3fce using the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) heating facility. The evolution of SBS features including spectral offset, width, and power varies asymmetrically near 3fce. The asymmetries among SBS, electron temperature, and high frequency‐enhanced ion lines are clearly exhibited for pumping above f0 ≥ 3fce. Electron temperature Te at the resonance regime has been retrieved from the measured SBS spectra based on the wave matching theory. The inversion results by SBS are consistent with measurement by the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar (ISR) at the resonance altitude. The comparison of electron temperature Te and ion temperature Ti between SBS and ISR enlightens great potentials for developing realistic ionospheric diagnostic technique.
Seasonal Variability of Mercury's Sodium Exosphere Deduced From MESSENGER Data and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Suzuki Y. , Yoshioka K. , Murakami G. , Yoshikawa I.
Published: August 2020

Mercury is valuable to us because we can see the interactions between the planet and its space environment. This research aims to clarify how Mercury's neutral Na exosphere was produced. Data from MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging/Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MESSENGER/MASCS) and model calculations that examine possible generation, transportation, and dissipation processes were compared. First, the seasonal variability in the amount of Na exosphere was analyzed for each local time (LT) using MASCS data. Previous research has shown that the amount of Na above LT12 reaches its maximum at the aphelion and that this maximum is recorded only at LT12. Following this result, we constructed a 3‐D Na exosphere model to understand the key seasonal variability processes occurring around LT12. The numerical calculation produced results that were consistent with the MASCS observations regarding the vertical profile and the seasonal variability at LT06 and LT18. However, the peak that occurs around the aphelion at LT12 could not be reproduced. However, the model produced results suggesting that less than 108 kg of comet stream dust particles per Mercury year could be the local and short‐term source of Na.
Lost Volatiles During the Formation of Hollows on Mercury
Authors: Wang Yichen , Xiao Zhiyong , Chang Yiren , Cui Jun
Published: August 2020

Hollows are the key to understand the composition and evolution of volatiles in the planet Mercury. A fundamental question about the formation mechanism of hollows is the true reflectance spectra of the possible volatile compounds. We use the high‐resolution images and reflectance spectra returned by the MESSENGER spacecraft to investigate the nature and origin of hollows on Mercury. Hollows are divided as different geomorphological facies according to their morphology and possible degree of devolatilization, and reflectance spectra for different facies of hollows are extracted. Large sample analyses reveal that the spectra of hollow floors and background terrains are the two end‐members, whose mixtures can account for the observed wide ranges of reflectance spectra of hollows. Spectral analyses favor that carbon might be a volatile compound that formed hollows, although direct spectral observations for the hollow‐forming volatiles are prohibited because volatiles are mainly lost from steep hollow walls. The initiation and growth of hollows are controlled by structural heterogeneities in the subsurface, such as widespread cooling fractures that were developed in melt sheets of complex craters. A maximum model age of 103 (+200, −96) thousand years is derived for the global population of hollows, yielding an average growth rate >1,000 times that of previous estimations. Based on the geometry of the different morphological facies of all visible hollows on Mercury, the conservation of mass predicts a minimum volume of lost volatiles of 1,266 km3. We predict that an active rejuvenation of volatiles has occurred in the shallow crust of Mercury.
Measuring Basal Force Fluctuations of Debris Flows Using Seismic Recordings and Empirical Green's Functions
Authors: Allstadt Kate E. , Farin Maxime , Iverson Richard M. , Obryk Maciej K. , Kean Jason W. , Tsai Victor C. , Rapstine Thomas D. , Logan Matthew
Published: August 2020

We present a novel method for measuring the fluctuating basal normal and shear stresses of debris flows by using along‐channel seismic recordings. Our method couples a simple parameterization of a debris flow as a seismic source with direct measurements of seismic path effects using empirical Green's functions generated with a force hammer. We test this method using two large‐scale (8 and 10 m3) experimental flows at the U.S. Geological Survey debris‐flow flume that were recorded by dozens of three‐component seismic sensors. The seismically derived basal stress fluctuations compare well in amplitude and timing to independent force plate measurements within the valid frequency range (15–50 Hz). We show that although the high‐frequency seismic signals provide band‐limited forcing information, there are systematic relations between the fluctuating stresses and independently measured flow properties, especially mean basal shear stress and flow thickness. However, none of the relationships are simple, and since the flow properties also correlate with one another, we cannot isolate a single factor that relates in a simple way to the fluctuating forces. Nevertheless, our observations, most notably the gradually declining ratio of fluctuating to mean basal stresses during flow passage and the distinctive behavior of the coarse, unsaturated flow front, imply that flow style may be a primary control on the conversion of translational to vibrational kinetic energy. This conversion ultimately controls the radiation of high‐frequency seismic waves. Thus, flow style may provide the key to revealing the nature of the relationship between fluctuating forces and other flow properties.
Effects of Temperature and Light on Methane Production of Widespread Marine Phytoplankton
Authors: Klintzsch T. , Langer G. , Wieland A. , Geisinger H. , Lenhart K. , Nehrke G. , Keppler F.
Published: August 2020

Methane (CH4) production in the ocean surface mixed layer is a widespread but still largely unexplained phenomenon. In this context marine algae have recently been described as a possible source of CH4in surface waters. In the present study we investigated the effects of temperature and light intensity (including daylength) on CH4formation from three widespread marine algal speciesEmiliania huxleyi,Phaeocystis globosa,andChrysochromulinasp. Rates ofE. huxleyiincreased by 210% when temperature increased in a range from 10°C to 21.5°C, while a further increase in temperature (up to 23.8°C) showed reduction of CH4production rates. Our results clearly showed that CH4formation ofE. huxleyiis controlled by light: When light intensity increased from 30 to 2,670 μmol m−2 s−1, CH4emission rates increased continuously by almost 1 order of magnitude and was more than 1 order of magnitude higher when the daylength (light period) was extended from 6/18 hr light‐dark cycle to continuous light. Furthermore, light intensity is also an important factor controlling CH4emissions ofChrysochromulinasp. andP. globosaand could therefore be a species‐independent regulator of phytoplankton CH4production. Based on our results, we might conclude that extensive blooms ofE. huxleyicould act as a main regional source of CH4in surface water, since blooming ofE. huxleyiis related to the seasonal increase in both light and temperature, which also stimulate CH4production. Under typical global change scenarios,E. huxleyiwill increase its CH4production in the future.
Quantifying Convective Aggregation Using the Tropical Moist Margin's Length
Authors: Beucler Tom , Leutwyler David , Windmiller Julia M.
Published: August 2020

On small scales, the tropical atmosphere tends to be either moist or very dry. This defines two states that, on large scales, are separated by a sharp margin, well identified by the antimode of the bimodal tropical column water vapor distribution. Despite recent progress in understanding physical processes governing the spatiotemporal variability of tropical water vapor, the behavior of this margin remains elusive, and we lack a simple framework to understand the bimodality of tropical water vapor in observations. Motivated by the success of coarsening theory in explaining bimodal distributions, we leverage its methodology to relate the moisture field's spatial organization to its time evolution. This results in a new diagnostic framework for the bimodality of tropical water vapor, from which we argue that the length of the margin separating moist from dry regions should evolve toward a minimum in equilibrium. As the spatial organization of moisture is closely related to the organization of tropical convection, we hereby introduce a new convective organization index (BLW) measuring the ratio of the margin's length to the circumference of a well‐defined equilibrium shape. Using BLW, we assess the evolution of self‐aggregation in idealized cloud‐resolving simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium and contrast it to the time evolution of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the ERA5 meteorological reanalysis product. We find that BLW successfully captures aspects of convective organization ignored by more traditional metrics, while offering a new perspective on the seasonal cycle of convective organization in the Atlantic ITCZ.
Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine
Authors: Ferreira Raquel , Napoli Joseph , Enver Tariq , Bernardino Liliana , Ferreira Lino
Published: August 2020

Retinoids regulate a wide spectrum of cellular functions from the embryo throughout adulthood, including cell differentiation, metabolic regulation, and inflammation. These traits make retinoids very attractive molecules for medical purposes. In light of some of the physicochemical limitations of retinoids, the development of drug delivery systems offers several advantages for clinical translation of retinoid-based therapies, including improved solubilization, prolonged circulation, reduced toxicity, sustained release, and improved efficacy. In this Review, we discuss advances in preclinical and clinical tests regarding retinoid formulations, specifically the ones based in natural retinoids, evaluated in the context of regenerative medicine, brain, cancer, skin, and immune diseases. Advantages and limitations of retinoid formulations, as well as prospects to push the field forward, will be presented.
Steps towards standardized quantification of adult neurogenesis
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , van Praag Henriette
Published: August 2020

New neurons are generated in adult mammals. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is considered to play an important role in cognition and mental health. The number and properties of newly born neurons are regulatable by a broad range of physiological and pathological conditions. To begin to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms and functional relevance of adult neurogenesis, many studies rely on quantification of adult-born neurons. However, lack of standardized methods to quantify new neurons is impeding research reproducibility across laboratories. Here, we review the importance of stereology, and propose why and how it should be applied to the study of adult neurogenesis.
ITGB3-mediated uptake of small extracellular vesicles facilitates intercellular communication in breast cancer cells
Authors: Fuentes Pedro , Sesé Marta , Guijarro Pedro J. , Emperador Marta , Sánchez-Redondo Sara , Peinado Héctor , Hümmer Stefan , Ramón y Cajal Santiago
Published: August 2020

Metastasis, the spread of malignant cells from a primary tumour to distant sites, causes 90% of cancer-related deaths. The integrin ITGB3 has been previously described to play an essential role in breast cancer metastasis, but the precise mechanisms remain undefined. We have now uncovered essential and thus far unknown roles of ITGB3 in vesicle uptake. The functional requirement for ITGB3 derives from its interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the process of integrin endocytosis, allowing the capture of extracellular vesicles and their endocytosis-mediated internalization. Key for the function of ITGB3 is the interaction and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is required for endocytosis of these vesicles. Thus, ITGB3 has a central role in intracellular communication via extracellular vesicles, proposed to be critical for cancer metastasis.
Boosting output performance of sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator by charge space-accumulation effect
Authors: He Wencong , Liu Wenlin , Chen Jie , Wang Zhao , Liu Yike , Pu Xianjie , Yang Hongmei , Tang Qian , Yang Huake , Guo Hengyu , Hu Chenguo
Published: August 2020

The sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG) is an effective technology for in-plane low-frequency mechanical energy harvesting. However, as surface modification of tribo-materials and charge excitation strategies are not well applicable for this mode, output performance promotion of S-TENG has no breakthrough recently. Herein, we propose a new strategy by designing shielding layer and alternative blank-tribo-area enabled charge space-accumulation (CSA) for enormously improving the charge density of S-TENG. It is found that the shielding layer prevents the air breakdown on the interface of tribo-layers effectively and the blank-tribo-area with charge dissipation on its surface of tribo-material promotes charge accumulation. The charge space-accumulation mechanism is analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. The charge density of CSA-S-TENG achieves a 2.3 fold enhancement (1.63 mC m−2) of normal S-TENG in ambient conditions. This work provides a deep understanding of the working mechanism of S-TENG and an effective strategy for promoting its output performance.
Committee machines—a universal method to deal with non-idealities in memristor-based neural networks
Authors: Joksas D. , Freitas P. , Chai Z. , Ng W. H. , Buckwell M. , Li C. , Zhang W. D. , Xia Q. , Kenyon A. J. , Mehonic A.
Published: August 2020

Artificial neural networks are notoriously power- and time-consuming when implemented on conventional von Neumann computing systems. Consequently, recent years have seen an emergence of research in machine learning hardware that strives to bring memory and computing closer together. A popular approach is to realise artificial neural networks in hardware by implementing their synaptic weights using memristive devices. However, various device- and system-level non-idealities usually prevent these physical implementations from achieving high inference accuracy. We suggest applying a well-known concept in computer science—committee machines—in the context of memristor-based neural networks. Using simulations and experimental data from three different types of memristive devices, we show that committee machines employing ensemble averaging can successfully increase inference accuracy in physically implemented neural networks that suffer from faulty devices, device-to-device variability, random telegraph noise and line resistance. Importantly, we demonstrate that the accuracy can be improved even without increasing the total number of memristors.
Rational design of Al2O3/2D perovskite heterostructure dielectric for high performance MoS2 phototransistors
Authors: Jiang Jiayang , Zou Xuming , Lv Yawei , Liu Yuan , Xu Weiting , Tao Quanyang , Chai Yang , Liao Lei
Published: August 2020

Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites are currently drawing significant attention as highly-stable photoactive materials for optoelectronic applications. However, the insulating nature of organic ammonium layers in 2D perovskites results in poor charge transport and limited performance. Here, we demonstrate that Al2O3/2D perovskite heterostructure can be utilized as photoactive dielectric for high-performance MoS2 phototransistors. The type-II band alignment in 2D perovskites facilitates effective spatial separation of photo-generated carriers, thus achieving ultrahigh photoresponsivity of >108 A/W at 457 nm and >106 A/W at 1064 nm. Meanwhile, the hysteresis loops induced by ionic migration in perovskite and charge trapping in Al2O3 can neutralize with each other, leading to low-voltage phototransistors with negligible hysteresis and improved bias stress stability. More importantly, the recombination of photo-generated carriers in 2D perovskites depends on the external biasing field. With an appropriate gate bias, the devices exhibit wavelength-dependent constant photoresponsivity of 103–108 A/W regardless of incident light intensity.
Quantum thermodynamics in adiabatic open systems and its trapped-ion experimental realization
Authors: Hu Chang-Kang , Santos Alan C. , Cui Jin-Ming , Huang Yun-Feng , Soares-Pinto Diogo O. , Sarandy Marcelo S. , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can
Published: August 2020

Quantum thermodynamics aims at investigating both the emergence and the limits of the laws of thermodynamics from a quantum mechanical microscopic approach. In this scenario, thermodynamic processes with no heat exchange, namely, adiabatic transformations, can be implemented through quantum evolutions in closed systems, even though the notion of a closed system is always an idealization and approximation. Here, we begin by theoretically discussing thermodynamic adiabatic processes in open quantum systems, which evolve non-unitarily under decoherence due to its interaction with its surrounding environment. From a general approach for adiabatic non-unitary evolution, we establish heat and work in terms of the underlying Liouville superoperator governing the quantum dynamics. As a consequence, we derive the conditions that an adiabatic open-system quantum dynamics implies in the absence of heat exchange, providing a connection between quantum and thermal adiabaticity. Moreover, we determine families of decohering systems exhibiting the same maximal heat exchange, which imply in classes of thermodynamic adiabaticity in open systems. We then approach the problem experimentally using a hyperfine energy-level quantum bit of an Ytterbium 171Yb+ trapped ion, which provides a work substance for thermodynamic processes, allowing for the analysis of heat and internal energy throughout a controllable engineered dynamics.
Machine learning as an improved estimator for magnetization curve and spin gap
Authors: Nakamura Tota
Published: August 2020

The magnetization process is a very important probe to study magnetic materials, particularly in search of spin-liquid states in quantum spin systems. Regrettably, however, progress of the theoretical analysis has been unsatisfactory, mostly because it is hard to obtain sufficient numerical data to support the theory. Here we propose a machine-learning algorithm that produces the magnetization curve and the spin gap well out of poor numerical data. The plateau magnetization, its critical field and the critical exponent are estimated accurately. One of the hyperparameters identifies by its score whether the spin gap in the thermodynamic limit is zero or finite. After checking the validity for exactly solvable one-dimensional models we apply our algorithm to the kagome antiferromagnet. The magnetization curve that we obtain from the exact-diagonalization data with 36 spins is consistent with the DMRG results with 132 spins. We estimate the spin gap in the thermodynamic limit at a very small but finite value.
Perceptual correlates of successful body–prosthesis interaction in lower limb amputees: psychometric characterisation and development of the Prosthesis Embodiment Scale
Authors: Bekrater-Bodmann Robin
Published: August 2020

Prostheses are used to at least partly restore the body after limb amputation. Making the user accepting the prosthetic device as part of his or her body, i.e., inducing prosthesis embodiment, has been identified as major aim of prosthetic treatment. However, up to now, there is no consensus about the psychometric nature of prosthesis embodiment in limb amputees. In the present study, 118 unilateral lower limb amputees using a prosthesis were asked to complete an online questionnaire targeting prosthesis embodiment. Principal axis factoring revealed the factor structure of prosthesis embodiment, i.e., Ownership/Integrity, Agency, and Anatomical Plausibility, which resembles the embodiment structure previously identified for normally-limbed participants. The majority of amputees achieved prosthesis embodiment as assessed with the final version of the newly developed Prosthesis Embodiment Scale. Internal consistency was excellent, and test–retest reliability was satisfying, while the instrument was also sensitive for new prosthetic equipment. Validation on the basis of relationships to prosthesis satisfaction and adjustment to prosthesis use was performed. The Prosthesis Embodiment Scale could be a valuable tool for the assessment of perceptual correlates of successful body–prosthesis interaction in rehabilitative and research contexts, the latter which might further benefit from the comparability of psychometrically evaluated data.
Optical percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver: a pilot animal and clinical study
Authors: Dremin Viktor , Potapova Elena , Zherebtsov Evgeny , Kandurova Ksenia , Shupletsov Valery , Alekseyev Alexander , Mamoshin Andrian , Dunaev Andrey
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the results of the experiments which were performed using the optical biopsy system specially developed for in vivo tissue classification during the percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) of the liver. The proposed system includes an optical probe of small diameter acceptable for use in the PNB of the liver. The results of the feasibility studies and actual tests on laboratory mice with inoculated hepatocellular carcinoma and in clinical conditions on patients with liver tumors are presented and discussed. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to assess the diagnostic volume and to trace the sensing depth. Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements were used to monitor metabolic and morphological changes in tissues. The tissue oxygen saturation was evaluated using a recently developed approach to neural network fitting of diffuse reflectance spectra. The Support Vector Machine Classification was applied to identify intact liver and tumor tissues. Analysis of the obtained results shows the high sensitivity and specificity of the proposed multimodal method. This approach allows to obtain information before the tissue sample is taken, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of false-negative biopsies.
Dinitrogen activation by a penta-pyridyl molybdenum complex
Authors: Cha Jeongmin , Kwon Hyunchul , Song Hayoung , Lee Eunsung
Published: August 2020

A new dinitrogen (N2) molybdenum(0) complex supported exclusively by pyridine ligands was synthesized.
Pursuing graphite-based K-ion O2 batteries: a lesson from Li-ion batteries
Authors: Qin Lei , Zhang Songwei , Zheng Jingfeng , Lei Yu , Zhai Dengyun , Wu Yiying
Published: August 2020

An artificial SEI enables reversible graphite-intercalation in a potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI)-based electrolyte to ensure the holistic anode–electrolyte–cathode compatibility in the potassium-ion oxygen battery.
Navigating nMOF-mediated enzymatic reactions for catalytic tumor-specific therapy
Authors: Liu Chuang , Yao Junlie , Hu Jiapeng , Akakuru Ozioma Udochukwu , Sun Shan , Chen Tianxiang , Wu Aiguo
Published: August 2020

nMOF-mediated enzymatic reactions have spurred intensive research, securing their place as “magic bullets” for catalytic tumor-specific therapy.
A microwave assisted ionic liquid route to prepare bivalent Mn5O8nanoplates for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation
Authors: Chen Lifang , Zhang Ting , Cheng Hongye , Richards Ryan M. , Qi Zhiwen
Published: August 2020

Bivalent Mn5O8nanoplates prepared by a microwave assisted ionic liquid method exhibit high catalytic performance for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation.
DNA-organized artificial LHCs – testing the limits of chromophore segmentation
Authors: Bürki Nutcha , Grossenbacher Elena , Cannizzo Andrea , Feurer Thomas , Langenegger Simon M. , Häner Robert
Published: August 2020

DNA-organized LHCs show efficient excitation energy transfer along disjointed stacks of light-harvesting chromophores.
Pentafluorophenyl-based single-chain polymer nanoparticles as a versatile platform towards protein mimicry
Authors: Kröger A. Pia P. , Paats Jan-Willem D. , Boonen Roy J. E. A. , Hamelmann Naomi M. , Paulusse Jos M. J.
Published: August 2020

Pentafluorophenyl-single chain polymer nanoparticles are readily conjugated with functional amines enabling facile SCNP modification, adjustment of physicochemical properties, and even protein mimicry.
Catechol-functionalized sequence-defined glycomacromolecules as covalent inhibitors of bacterial adhesion
Authors: Fischer Lukas , Steffens Ricarda C. , Paul Tanja J. , Hartmann Laura
Published: August 2020

Herein, we present the synthesis of catechol functionalized sequence-defined glycomacromolecules that can covalently block the binding site of lectins and bacterial adhesins.
Molecular latent space simulators
Authors: Sidky Hythem , Chen Wei , Ferguson Andrew L.
Published: August 2020

Latent space simulators learn kinetic models for atomistic simulations and generate novel trajectories at six orders of magnitude lower cost.
Molecular doped organic semiconductor crystals for optoelectronic device applications
Authors: Qin Zhengsheng , Gao Can , Wong Wallace W. H. , Riede Moritz K. , Wang Tianyu , Dong Huanli , Zhen Yonggang , Hu Wenping
Published: August 2020

In this review, we give a timely summary of the current progress of molecular doped organic semiconductor single crystals in terms of material selection, crystal growth, resulting properties and device applications.
Prediction of single-layer TiVI6 as a promising two-dimensional valleytronic semiconductor with spontaneous valley polarization
Authors: Du Wenhui , Ma Yandong , Peng Rui , Wang Hao , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: August 2020

Valley polarization spontaneously occurs in single-layer TiVI6 without any additional tuning.
Kinetochore–microtubule coupling mechanisms mediated by the Ska1 complex and Cdt1
Authors: Rahi Amit , Chakraborty Manas , Vosberg Kristen , Varma Dileep
Published: August 2020

The faithful segregation of duplicated sister chromatids rely on the remarkable ability of kinetochores to sustain stable load bearing attachments with the dynamic plus ends of kinetochore–microtubules (kMTs). The outer layer of the kinetochore recruits several motor and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that help the kinetochores establish and maintain a load bearing dynamic attachment with kMTs. The primary kMT-binding protein, the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c), which is highly conserved among diverse organisms from yeast to humans, performs this essential function with assistance from other MAPs. These MAPs are not an integral part of the kinetochore, but they localize to the kinetochore periodically throughout mitosis and regulate the strength of the kinetochore microtubule attachments. Here, we attempt to summarize the recent advances that have been made toward furthering our understanding of this co-operation between the Ndc80c and these MAPs, focusing on the spindle and kinetochore-associated 1 (Ska1) complex (Ska1c) and Cdc10-dependent transcript 1 (Cdt1) in humans.
Rare case of recurrent hair in the floor of the mouth
Authors: Prabhu Shilpa , Al Abdulla Amal Faisal
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Here we report an unusual case of recurrent hair growth in Wharton's duct in an adult male and there by exploring possible cause of it. Observation: The patient presented with recurrent hair growth in the floor of the mouth. The hair growth occurred at the right submandibular duct opening on all occasions. The patient underwent CT scan of the salivary glands which showed one stone approximately 3mm at the site which was removed under local anesthesia. Commentary: Recurrent hair growth in the floor of the mouth is rare incident. Although multiple etiologies have been described in the literature, we initially thought of the retrograde theory as patient had beard but concluded that it could be due to heterotopia as to be the possible cause of it.
Role of High-Resolution CT and MRI in Predicting the Degree of Difficulty in Patients undergoing Cochlear Implant Surgery: An Institutional Experience
Authors: Tiwari Preeti , Kumar Sheo , Mishra Prabhaker , Jain Rajat , Mohindra Namita , Gupta Archana , Keshri Amit
Published: August 2020

Introduction Preoperative imaging is a standard practice for cochlear implant candidacy. We are discussing association between surgical feasibility and various anatomical details of middle and inner ear by both high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and are used as a guide during surgery as well as foresee complications in cochlear implantation.

Materials and Methods A total of 56 patients of aged 1 to 5 years (prelingual) and > 1 years (postlingual or perilingual) having bilateral SNHL were included in the study. HRCT temporal bone and MRI head was done in all candidates. Based on the imaging findings of CT and MRI, patients were divided into two categories (normal and abnormal). Demographic and clinical values were compared between two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of the outcome variable (surgical difficulty).

Results Out of 56 patients, 55 underwent cochlear implantation by Veria technique, one patient having Michel’s deformity was denied surgery and was advised brain stem implant. Note that 69.1% patients had no radiological abnormality, while 30.9% patients showed abnormality including acquired disease and malformation. Out of the total study patients, 18% (n = 10) showed various type of congenital inner ear malformation. Large size of the external auditory canal (EAC), high basal turn angle (BTA), and increased distance between tympanic segment of facial canal to EAC (midpoint between level of I-S joint corresponding to EAC and exit of chordae tympanic at level of EAC), all these factors showed inverse relationship with difficulty in surgery, which were found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion The imaging in cochlear implant patients is an essential tool for preoperative assessment of candidacy, surgical planning, and avoid intra- and postoperative complications. BTA and distance between tympanic segment of facial nerve and EAC (midpoint between level of I-S joint corresponding to EAC and exit of chordae tympanic at level of EAC) are important predictors for evaluating intra- and postoperative complications.
Effect of pollution on early diatom colonisation on artificial substrata in urban lowland streams
Authors: Nicolosi Gelis M. M. , Cochero J. , Sathicq M. B. , Gómez N.
Published: August 2020

The colonisation patterns of diatom assemblages were studied on artificial substrates in lowland streams with different urban pollution levels. Density, diversity, colonisation rates, ecological guilds and cell size classes of the assemblage at each of two sites were followed for 1 week. In addition, assemblages growing on glass, in natural epipelic biofilm and in water were compared at each site. At both sites, diatom colonisation on glass substrates had already started after 30-min exposure. At the less polluted site, total diatom density was higher, along with the proportion of low-profile and motile species, and there was a higher amount of diatoms in size class 5 (>1500μm3). At the more polluted site, species from the high-profile guild and size class 3 (300–599μm3) dominated. Ecological traits (ecological guilds and size class) were not sensitive enough descriptors of early colonisation in nutrient-rich lowland, but the largest cells constituted the first settlers. The results show that the assemblage developed on artificial substrata was a good proxy of the composition in the sediment.
Nutrient and material cycles.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: August 2020

This chapter contains questions about the role of nutrients in organisms, their cycling between the biological and physical components of the environment, and the hydrological cycle.
The African hero in Mozambican history: on assassinations and executions – Part II
Authors: Saul John S.
Published: August 2020

Part I of ‘The African hero in Mozambican history’, published in issue 163, launched a discussion of the possible role of the individual in African history … both in general terms and in terms of understanding more precisely the implications of the assassination of Eduardo Mondlane for the further development of Mozambique. Now, in Part II, this essay similarly considers (in subsection 3) the assassination of Mondlane’s successor as leader of Frelimo (and the man who would later become the first president of a liberated Mozambique), Samora Machel. It remains focused on the broad theme of death and its impact on the history of Mozambique in subsection 4 that follows. But it now does so by reflecting upon the possible import of ‘execution as a mode of governance’, and specifically by re-examining Frelimo’s secret executions, sometime in the first decade of Mozambican independence, of Uriah Simango, his wife and a number of his colleagues, a group that had come to form the movement’s internal opposition when in exile in Tanzania in the 1960s. It suggests that these extremely secretive executions can best be seen as negative outcomes of the self-righteous vanguardism that has come to haunt Frelimo in power up to the present. Part II then concludes (in subsection 5) by examining a further series of deaths: the wave of mafia-style killings that, in this century (and beginning with the assassination of crusading journalist Carlos Cardoso in 2000), has come to be called ‘Mozambique’s quiet assassination epidemic’. How best, finally, to interpret such an unsavoury recent phenomenon as this grisly ‘epidemic’?
An inner–outer iterative method for edge preservation in image restoration and reconstruction
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Authors: Gazzola Silvia , Kilmer Misha E , Nagy James G , Semerci Oguz , Miller Eric L
Published: August 2020

We present a new inner–outer iterative algorithm for edge enhancement in imaging problems. At each outer iteration, we formulate a Tikhonov-regularized problem where the penalization is expressed in the two-norm and involves a regularization operator designed to improve edge resolution as the outer iterations progress, through an adaptive process. An efficient hybrid regularization method is used to project the Tikhonov-regularized problem onto approximation subspaces of increasing dimensions (inner iterations), while conveniently choosing the regularization parameter (by applying well-known techniques, such as the discrepancy principle or the

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-curve criterion, to the projected problem). This procedure results in an automated algorithm for edge recovery that does not involve regularization parameter tuning by the user, nor repeated calls to sophisticated optimization algorithms, and is therefore particularly attractive from a computational point of view. A key to the success of the new algorithm is the design of the regularization operator through the use of an adaptive diagonal weighting matrix that effectively enforces smoothness only where needed. We demonstrate the value of our approach on applications in x-ray CT image reconstruction and in image deblurring, and show that it can be computationally much more attractive than other well-known strategies for edge preservation, while providing solutions of greater or equal quality.
Negative density-dependence of the structural relaxation time of liquid silica: insights from a comparative molecular dynamics study
Authors: Furukawa Akira
Published: August 2020

In many tetrahedral network-forming liquids, structural relaxation is anomalously accelerated by compression over relatively low pressure ranges. Here, for silica, we study this problem through comparative molecular dynamics simulations using two different models. Under compression, the network structures are compacted by slight tuning of the intertetrahedral bond angles while nearly preserving the unit tetrahedral structure. The consequent structural changes are remarkable for length scales larger than the nearest neighbor ion-pair distances. Accompanying with such structural changes, the interactions of the nearest Si–O pairs remain almost unchanged, whereas those of other ion pairs are, on average, strengthened by the degree of compression. In particular, the enhancement of the net Si–O interactions at the next nearest neighbor distance, which assist an ion in escaping from the potential well, reduces the activation energy, leading to a significant acceleration of structural relaxation. The results of our comparative molecular dynamics simulations are compatible with the scenario proposed by Angell, and further indicate that the structural relaxation dynamics cannot be uniquely determined by the configurations but strongly depends on the details of the coupling between the structure and the interaction.
Precision measurements with cold atoms and trapped ions*
Authors: Zhang Qiuxin , Wang Yirong , Zhu Chenhao , Wang Yuxin , Zhang Xiang , Gao Kuiyi , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2020

Recent progresses on quantum control of cold atoms and trapped ions in both the scientific and technological aspects greatly advance the applications in precision measurement. Thanks to the exceptional controllability and versatility of these massive quantum systems, unprecedented sensitivity has been achieved in clocks, magnetometers, and interferometers based on cold atoms and ions. Besides, these systems also feature many characteristics that can be employed to facilitate the applications in different scenarios. In this review, we briefly introduce the principles of optical clocks, cold atom magnetometers, and atom interferometers used for precision measurement of time, magnetic field, and inertial forces. The main content is then devoted to summarize some recent experimental and theoretical progresses in these three applications, with special attention being paid to the new designs and possibilities towards better performance. The purpose of this review is by no means to give a complete overview of all important works in this fast developing field, but to draw a rough sketch about the frontiers and show the fascinating future lying ahead.