bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C
abinda Separatist Movement,
A
ngola
Authors: Shantz Jeffrey
Published: September 2017

Cabinda's relationship to Angola has been a point of intense conflict from the colonial period. While administered as an Angolan province, the territory is an exclave between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Belgian Congo, then Zaire) and Congo‐Brazzaville, or the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly the French colonial Middle Congo), and has linguistic and ethnic ties to these territories. Separatists insist Cabinda should have been granted its own independence following the end of Portuguese colonial rule in 1975, and argue that the territory's vast oil industry should benefit its people, rather than a distant and hostile government in Luanda.
Carboni, Raffaello (1817–1875)
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

An Italian who came to Australia in 1852 to seek his fortune in the goldfields, Raffaello Carboni quickly became involved in the disputes that led to the Eureka Uprising of December 1854. Carboni later wrote an account of the uprising – the only book by a major participant – ensuring his place in the story of the largest civil disturbance in Australia up until that time and an event that was reported in newspapers all over the world.
Crawford, Archibald “Archie” (1883–1924)
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

Born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1883, Crawford, who would go on to become a South African socialist and union leader, qualified as a fitter and came out with the British forces during the Anglo‐Boer War (1899–1902). After demobilization, Crawford worked in the Pretoria State railway workshops, preaching socialism, but was dismissed in 1906 for agitating against retrenchments. In 1907, he was active in the movement of the unemployed and, with J. T. Bain, led a march of several hundred people from Johannesburg to Pretoria on May 1 to demand that the government employ white labor at fair wages. The delegation was rebuffed and the movement collapsed. The next year he was elected to the Johannesburg municipal council with the backing of the Labor Representation Committee, a forerunner of the South African Labor Party (SALP).
Fleshin, Senya (1894–1981)
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: September 2017

Born to a Jewish family in Kiev in the Ukraine, Fleshin emigrated to New York around 1910, where he worked for Emma Goldman's anarchist journalMother Earth. In 1917, Fleshin returned to Russia to participate in the revolution. In Petrograd, he became active in the group around Voline's anarchist dailyGolos Truda(The Voice of Labor). Afterwards, he served the Ukrainian Anarchist Confederation and its paperNabat(The Alarm), both linked to Nestor Makhno's rebellion. In November 1920, when the Confederation was broken up, Fleshin was arrested. After his release from prison in Moscow, he returned to Petrograd and worked at the Museum of Revolution. There, he met Mollie Steimer. Fleshin and Steimer were expelled from the Soviet Union for their relief work on behalf of imprisoned Russian anarchists in September 1923.
Morones, Luis Napoleón (1890–1964)
Authors: Crider Gregory S.
Published: September 2017

One of the most colorful characters of the revolutionary era, Luis Napoleón Morones led the largest and most important mass labor organization of the 1920s, the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers, CROM). Morones used the CROM as a springboard for his own political career, serving key presidential appointments under Alvaro Obregón (1920–4) and Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–8) and even harboring his own presidential aspirations toward the end of the decade.
Shochat, Manya (1879–1961)
Authors: Horrox James
Published: September 2017

Manya Shochat was a Russian Jewish activist, known as “mother of the kibbutz movement” in acknowledgment of her role in the early period of Jewish communal experimentation in Palestine.
Steimer, Mollie (1897–1980)
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: September 2017

Born in Dunaevtsy, Russia, as Marthe Alperine, Mollie Steimer emigrated to the United States with her family in 1913, living in the New York ghetto and working in a garment factory. In 1917 she joined a group of Jewish anarchists around the Yiddish journalDer Shturmcalled Frayhayt (Freedom), which supported the Russian Revolution.
Toller, Ernst (1893–1939)
Authors: Shantz Jeffrey
Published: September 2017

Ernst Toller was born into a family of successful Jewish merchants in Samotschin, then part of the German empire (now Poland). He would go on to become both a noted revolutionary and one of the most popular writers in Germany.
Vega, Louis Mercier (1914–1977)
Authors: Romanos Eduardo
Published: September 2017

Born Charles Cortvint in Brussels in 1914, Louis Mercier Vega was an anarchist journalist who was very active in the French labor movement. After fighting with the Durruti Column in the Spanish Civil War, Mercier returned to France, where in 1938 he joined (as Charles Ridel) a group of young anarchists called Révision, which demanded a process of radical ideological and strategic rethinking.
Weil, Simone (1909–1943)
Authors: Block Marcelline
Published: September 2017

Born to a wealthy Parisian family, which included her older brother André Weil (1906–98) – a famous mathematician who worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey – Simone Weil was a staunch activist and advocate for the poor, the disenfranchised, and the subaltern.
De Ligt, Bartholomeus (1883–1938)
Authors: Noordegraaf Herman
Published: September 2017

De Ligt was one of the foremost Dutch theoreticans of anarcho‐pacifism in the interwar years. The son of an orthodox Calvinist minister, he too became a minister in the Netherlands Reformed Church (1910). As a leading member of the small political party, the Union of Christian Socialists, he became actively involved in the war resisters’ movement, entering into sharp conflict with the church and the Social Democratic Labor Party, which supported the mobilization of the neutral Netherlands army.
Hardegger, Margarethe (1882–1963)
Authors: Griem Rowena
Published: September 2017

Margarethe Hardegger (also Margarethe Faas‐Hardegger) was a Swiss socialist worker activist with a multifaceted career involving the labor movement, communes, free love, women's rights, and the peace movement. In 1903 she co‐founded the Berner Textilverein (Bern Textile Union). From 1905 to 1909 she served as the secretary of the Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftsbund (Swiss Trade Union, or SGB). She spent much of this time agitating for the cause by organizing new sections of the union, giving speeches, and publishing the periodicals
Die Vorkämpferin
(
The Female Protagonist
) from 1906 to 1909 and
L'Exploitée
from 1907 to 1908. She was forced from her position because of her radical tendencies.
M
areš,
M
ichal (1893–1971)
Authors: Melis Rachel
Published: September 2017

Michal (born Josef) Mareš (1893–1971) was a well‐known socialist, anarchist, journalist, editor, poet, and playwright. Born in Teplice Šanov in the German Sudetenland, he was politically active throughout both world wars. As a youth, he belonged to the Klubo mladých, an anti‐fascist and anti‐militarist youth club, and actively participated in political demonstrations, leading to his first arrest at the age of 16. In 1912 after being arrested again for demonstrating, Mareš moved to Hamburg where he worked as a laborer until World War I.
R
amus,
P
ierre (1882–1942)
Authors: Kuhn Gabriel
Published: September 2017

Pierre Ramus, born Rudolf Grossmann (1882–1942), was an Austrian anarchist writer, publisher, and organizer. Ramus is widely regarded as Austria's most influential anarchist. His anarchism was eclectic, drawing from William Godwin, Peter Kropotkin, Francisco Ferrer, Leo Tolstoy, and Max Stirner. Themes central to his work were cooperative organizing, free education, and anti‐militarism/pacifism. Ramus was best known as the publisher of the journals
Die Freie Generation
(
The Free Generation
, later
Jahrbuch der Freien Generation
or
Yearbook of the Free Generation
, 1906–14), and
Erkenntnis und Befreiung
(
Knowledge and Liberation
, 1928–33).
Steinbeck,
J
ohn
E
rnst (1902–1968)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

John Steinbeck, the world‐famous novelist of the working class and poor, was born in 1902 in the agricultural community of Salinas, California. His father was the county treasurer and his mother a schoolteacher. From the age of 17 to 23, Steinbeck was an erstwhile student at Stanford University until he permanently left his academic studies to pursue a career as a writer.
S
ukati,
S
amuel
T
hornton
M
sindazwe (1910–1978)
Authors: Kanduza Ackson M.
Published: September 2017

Samuel Thornton Msindazwe Sukati was a distinguished Swazi patriot. He was born June 11, 1910, at Zabeni, Swaziland, and was destined to make important contributions to the Swazi anti‐colonial struggle and the founding of an independent state in the 1960s and 1970s. He was an interlocutor between the traditional and the modern worlds, a key figure in the forging of Swaziland's postcolonial monarchy, and an example of the continuity and stability that have marked that mountain kingdom.
W
u
Z
hihui (1865–1953)
Authors: Cairns Daniel
Published: September 2017

Wu Zhihui was a leading Chinese anarchist, educator, and Guomindang (GMD) member. While in his most radical phase Wu Zhihui advocated on behalf of labor and the poor, he ardently opposed the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949 and the coming to power of the Chinese Communist Party.
Biotolerability of Intracortical Microelectrodes
Authors: Fernández Eduardo , Botella Pablo
Published: September 2017

The major prerequisite for the clinical application of intracortical microelectrodes, or any other neural implant, is that the organism accepts them without causing an unacceptable degree of harm. However, all biomaterials, even those thought to be highly biocompatible, provoke a biological response and some degree of encapsulation. This means that the body can tolerate them, although they are not fully compatible. Therefore, a significant goal is to improve the knowledge and understanding of the interaction between the implanted devices and the local cellular environment in order to improve the long‐term biotolerability, applicability, and functional perspectives of intracortical microelectrode arrays. In this article, some of the main challenges in this field that involves biomaterials science, bioengineering, neurology, neurosurgery, and neuroscience research are discussed.
Understanding Interfacial‐Energy‐Driven Dry Powder Mixing for Solvent‐Free Additive Manufacturing of Li‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Ludwig Brandon , Liu Jin , Chen I‐Meng , Liu Yangtao , Shou Wan , Wang Yan , Pan Heng
Published: September 2017

Lithium‐ion battery electrodes are manufactured using a new additive manufacturing process based on dry powders. By using dry powder‐based processing, the solvent and its associated drying processes in conventional battery process can be removed, allowing for large‐scale Li‐ion battery production to be more economically viable in markets such as automotive energy storage systems. Uniform mixing distribution of the additive materials throughout the active material is the driving factor for manufacturing dry powder‐based Li‐ion batteries. Therefore, this article focuses on developing a physical model based on interfacial energies to understand the mixing characteristics of the dry mixed particulate materials. The mixing studies show that functional electrodes can be manufactured using dry processing with binder and conductive additive materials as low as 1 wt% due to the uniformly distributed particles. Electrochemical performance of the dry manufactured electrodes with reduced conductive and binder additive is promising as the cells retained 77% capacity after 100 cycles. While not representative of the best possible electrochemical performance of Li‐ion batteries, the achieved electrochemical performance of the reduced conductive and binder additive electrodes with LiCoO2 as the active material confirms the well distributed nature of the additive particles throughout the electrode matrix.
Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? – An Overview
Authors: Werner Jérémie , Niesen Bjoern , Ballif Christophe
Published: September 2017

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have reached efficiencies above 25% in just about three years of development, mostly driven by the rapid progress made in the perovskite solar cell research field. This review aims to give an overview of the achievements made in this timeframe toward the goal of developing high‐efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem cells with sufficiently large area and long lifetime to be commercially interesting. The developments that led to the recent progress in tandem cell efficiency, as well as the factors currently still limiting their performance, including parasitic absorption, reflection losses, and the nonideal perovskite absorber layer bandgap, are discussed. Based on this discussion, guidelines for future developments are given. In addition, crucial aspects to enable the commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are reviewed, such as device stability and upscaling. Finally, economic considerations show how the number of steps and/or the costs associated to these steps for realizing the perovskite cell must be kept to a minimum to keep up with progress in the field of silicon photovoltaics.
Charge Carrier Extraction in Organic Solar Cells Governed by Steady‐State Mobilities
Authors: Le Corre Vincent M. , Chatri Azadeh Rahimi , Doumon Nutifafa Y. , Koster L. Jan Anton
Published: September 2017

Charge transport in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is often characterized by steady‐state mobilities. However, the suitability of steady‐state mobilities to describe charge transport has recently been called into question, and it has been argued that dispersion plays a significant role. In this paper, the importance of the dispersion of charge carrier motion on the performance of organic photovoltaic devices is investigated. An experiment to measure the charge extraction time under realistic operating conditions is set up. This experiment is applied to different blends and shows that extraction time is directly related to the geometrical average of the steady‐state mobilities. This demonstrates that under realistic operating conditions the steady‐state mobilities govern the charge extraction of OPV and gives a valuable insight in device performance.
Dissipative particle dynamic simulation on the assembly and release of siRNA/polymer/gold nanoparticles based polyplex
Authors: Xie Xiaona , Xu Shouping , Pi Pihui , Cheng Jiang , Wen Xiufang , Liu Xuan , Wang Shengnian
Published: September 2017

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation is used to reveal the loading/release of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in pH‐sensitive polymers/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) polyplex. The conformation dynamics of these polyplex at various Au/siRNA mass ratios, the original AuNPs sizes, polymer types, and pH values are simulated and compared to experimental results. At neutral conditions (pH = 7.4), spherical micelles with a multilayer structure are formed in siRNA/polyethyleneimine/cis‐aconitic anhydride functionalized poly(allylamine)/polyethyleneimine/11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid‐gold nanoparticle (siRNA/PEI/PAH‐Cit/PEI/MUA‐AuNP) polyplex. Large polyplex are obtained with high Au/siRNA mass ratio and/or small original AuNPs size. The release dynamics of siRNA from AuNPs‐polyplex systems were also simulated in the intracellular environment (pH = 5.0). A swelling‐demicellization‐releasing mechanism is followed while the release of siRNA is found much faster for polyplex involving charge‐reversal PAH‐Cit. These findings are qualitatively consistent with the experimental results and may provide valuable guidance in later design and optimization of delivery carriers for siRNA or other molecule probes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 810–821, 2018
Reversible Cluster Aggregation and Growth Model for Graphene Suspensions
Authors: Alifierakis Michail , Sallah Kevin S. , Aksay Ilhan A. , Prévost Jean H.
Published: September 2017

We present a reversible cluster aggregation model for 2‐D macromolecules represented by line segments in 2‐D; and, we use it to describe the aggregation process of functionalized graphene particles in an aqueous SDS surfactant solution. The model produces clusters with similar sizes and structures as a function of SDS concentration in agreement with experiments and predicts the existence of a critical surfactant concentration (Ccrit) beyond which thermodynamically stable graphene suspensions form. Around Ccrit, particles form dense clusters rapidly and sediment. At C ≪ Ccrit, a contiguous ramified network of graphene gel forms which also densifies, but at a slower rate, and sediments with time. The deaggregation–reaggregation mechanism of our model captures the restructuring of the large aggregates towards a graphite‐like structure for the low SDS concentrations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 5462–5473, 2017
A youth curfew: A retrospective view of the rise, fall and legacy of the Northbridge Policy
Authors: Cooper Trudi , Love Terence
Published: September 2017

This article presents policy, practice and theory implications of a case study of a youth curfew. The original case study of the Northbridge Policy Project set out to document the purposes of the Northbridge Policy, how policy was implemented, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach as a generalised response to child welfare and youth crime. The study synthesised data from multiple sources. The original study concluded that although the project was well resourced, well managed and had improved greatly inter‐agency collaboration for child protection, these benefits could have been achieved without the curfew, which undermined some preventative aspects of the project. The evaluation also concluded that previously documented successes of the curfew for crime protection and child protection had been achieved through displacement of young people to other locations that neither reduced crime nor increase safety. After the project was suddenly curtailed, analysis used moral panic theory to examine the legacy of the Northbridge curfew in terms of discourse about young people and legitimation of subsequent practices in youth policing. The analysis found that the legacy had been unhelpful because it reinforced the erroneous beliefs that the curfew had been an effective and necessary component of strategy.
Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Used for Boosting Light Harvesting in Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Liu Shenghua , Lin Shenghuang , You Peng , Surya Charles , Lau Shu Ping , Yan Feng
Published: September 2017

Although organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) have been investigated for more than two decades, the power conversion efficiencies of OPVs are much lower than those of inorganic or perovskite solar cells. One effective approach to improve the efficiency of OPVs is to introduce additives to enhance light harvesting as well as charge transportation in the devices. Here, black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are introduced in OPVs as an additive. By adding 0.055 wt % BPQDs relative to the polymer donors in the OPVs, the device efficiencies can be dramatically improved for more than 10 %. The weight percentage is much lower than that of any other additive used in OPVs before, which is mainly due to the two‐dimentional structure as well as the strong broadband light absorption and scattering of the BPQDs. This work paves a way for using two‐dimentional quantum dots in OPVs as a cost‐effective approach to enhance device efficiencies.
Assessing the suitability of statistical downscaling approaches for seasonal forecasting in Senegal
Authors: Manzanas R.
Published: September 2017

This work tests the suitability of statistical downscaling (SD) approaches to generate local seasonal forecasts of daily maximum temperature and precipitation for a set of selected stations in Senegal for the July–August–September season during the period 1979–2000. Two‐month lead raw daily maximum temperature and precipitation from the five models included in the ENSEMBLES seasonal hindcast are compared against the corresponding downscaled predictions, which are obtained by applying the analog technique based on two different types of predictors: the direct surface variables and a combination of appropriate upper‐air variables. Beyond correcting the large biases of the low‐resolution raw model outputs, SD is found to add noteworthy value in terms of forecast association (as measured by interannual correlation), providing thus suitable (i.e. calibrated) predictions at the local‐scale needed for practical applications, which means a clear advantage for the end‐users of seasonal forecasts over the area of study. Moreover, a recommendation on the adequacy of surface (large‐scale) predictors for SD of maximum temperature (precipitation) is also given.
Mental health courts and forensic assertive community treatment teams as correctional diversion programs
Authors: Landess Jacqueline , Holoyda Brian
Published: September 2017

Problem‐solving courts (PSCs) developed as a means of mandating treatment and judicial supervision of certain types of court participants. PSCs have rapidly expanded in number and type over several decades. Mental health courts (MHCs) are a type of PSC that arose in response to the growing number of persons with mental illness within the criminal justice system. Their primary role is to divert individuals with mental illness from incarceration into psychiatric treatment and to reduce recidivism while improving psychosocial functioning of participants. Although different in history, philosophy, and program structure, forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) programs serve a similar goal of reducing recidivism and improving functioning in persons with mental illness who are involved with the criminal justice system. FACTs may be used as a standalone diversion option or be linked with a MHC as a form of intensive treatment and monitoring. Suggestions for future research and evaluation of these programs are offered.
Drug‐coated balloons: “Do they still have a role in treating coronary artery disease?”
Authors: Shatila Wassim , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: September 2017

Key Points

Small vessels with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at high risk of restenosis, despite the use of drug‐eluting stents (DESs).

Drug‐coated balloon (DCB) therapy offers a viable alternative to DESs for the management of small vessel CAD.

The literature regarding the use of DCBs in lieu of the newer generation DESs to treat small vessel CAD is controversial.
Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Amines Catalyzed by a Recoverable Ruthenium Catalyst under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Karimi Babak , Yari Omolbanin , Khorasani Mojtaba , Vali Hojatollah , Mansouri Fariborz
Published: September 2017

A highly active catalyst based on perruthenate ions supported inside the channels of periodic mesoporous organosilica with a bridged imidazolium ionic liquid framework (Ru@PMO‐IL) was developed. The material was found to be an efficient, durable, and recoverable catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of various types of amines such as benzylic, aliphatic, and cyclic aliphatic amines under mild reaction conditions. The products were obtained in excellent yields with excellent selectivities.
Crystal Structure Modification Enhanced FeNb11O29 Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lou Xiaoming , Lin Chunfu , Luo Qiang , Zhao Jinbo , Wang Bin , Li Jianbao , Shao Qian , Guo Xingkui , Wang Ning , Guo Zhanhu
Published: September 2017

The recently explored FeNb11O29 is an advanced anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, owing to its high specific capacity and safety. However, it suffers from poor rate capability. To tackle this issue, a crystal structure modification is employed. Defective FeNb11O29 (FeNb11O27.9) is fabricated by using a one‐step solid‐state reaction method in N2. FeNb11O27.9 has the same orthorhombic shear ReO3 crystal structure (Amma space group) as FeNb11O29, but a larger unit‐cell volume and 3.8 % O2− vacancies (vs. all O2− ions), which improve the Li+‐ion diffusion coefficient by a factor of 88.3 %. The contained Nb4+ ions with free 4d electrons significantly increase the electronic conductivity by three orders of magnitude. Consequently, FeNb11O27.9 shows improved pseudocapacitive behavior and electrochemical properties. In comparison with FeNb11O29, FeNb11O27.9 exhibits a higher reversible capacity of 270 mAh g−1 with a higher first‐cycle coulombic efficiency of 90.6 % at 0.1 C. At 10 C, FeNb11O27.9 still retains a high capacity of 145 mAh g−1 with low capacity loss of 6.9 % after 200 cycles, in contrast to the values of 99 mAh g−1 and 11.1 % obtained for FeNb11O29.
Synthesis of AgWCNx Nanocomposites for the One‐Step Conversion of Cyclohexene to Adipic Acid and Its Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Goyal Reena , Sameer Siddharth , Sarkar Bipul , Bag Arijit , Singhal Nikita , Bordoloi Ankur
Published: September 2017

A novel catalyst composed of silver nanoparticles grafted on WCNx has been prepared by using a facile pH‐adjusted method. The material reported in this study presents a non‐mineral acid route for the synthesis of the industrially significant monomer adipic acid through the selective oxidation of cyclohexene. Ag has been stabilized in the hydrophobic matrix during the formation of the mesoporous silica material by using aniline as stabilizing agent. A cyclohexene conversion of 92.2 % with 96.2 % selectivity for adipic acid was observed with the AgWCNx‐2 catalyst, therefore, the AgWCNx catalyst was found to be efficient for the direct conversion to adipic acid with respect to their monometallic counterparts. The energy profile diagrams for each reaction path by using the AgWCNx catalyst were studied along with their monometallic counterparts by using the Gaussian 09 package. The reported material can avoid the use of harmful phase‐transfer catalysts (PTC) and/or chlorinated additives, which are two among other benefits of the reported work.
Metal‐Based Diversity for Crystalline Metal‐Fullerene Frameworks
Authors: Kraft Andreas , Roger Chantal , Schmidt David , Stangl Johannes , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Beuerle Florian
Published: September 2017

Four different three‐dimensional metal–fullerene frameworks were synthesized through polymerization of two C60‐derived dodecaacids with varying alkyl spacers in the presence of Ca2+, Cu2+ or Cd2+ ions. Structural analysis of the frameworks was performed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and porosity of the materials was investigated by sorption measurements.
Heterometallic Zn3Ln3 Ensembles Containing (μ6‐CO3) Ligand and Triangular Disposition of Ln3+ ions: Analysis of Single‐Molecule Toroic (SMT) and Single‐Molecule Magnet (SMM) Behavior
Authors: Goura Joydeb , Colacio Enrique , Herrera Juan Manuel , Suturina Elizaveta A. , Kuprov Ilya , Lan Yanhua , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: September 2017

Two new heterometallic Zn3Ln3 (Ln3+=Dy, Tb) complexes, with a double triangular topology of the metal ions, have been assembled from the polytopic Mannich base ligand 6,6′‐{[2‐(dimethylamino)ethylazanediyl]bis(methylene)}bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐methylphenol) (H2L) with the aid of an in situ generated carbonate ligand from atmospheric CO2 fixation. Theoretical calculations indicate axial ground states for the Ln3+ ions in these complexes, with their local magnetic moments being almost coplanar and tangential to the Ln3+ atoms that define the equilateral triangle. Therefore, they can be considered as single‐molecule toroics (SMTs) with almost zero total magnetic moment. Micro‐SQUID measurements on the Dy3+ counterpart show hysteresis loops below 3 K that have an S‐shape, with large coercive fields opening upon cooling. This behavior is typical of a single molecule magnet (SMM) with very slow zero‐field relaxation. At around ±0.35 T, the loops have a broad step, which is due to a direct relaxation process and corresponds to an acceleration of the relaxation of the magnetization, also observed at this magnetic field from ac susceptibility measurements. Simulations suggest that the broad step corresponds to two level avoidance of crossing points where the spin chiral Kramers doublet meets excited states of the coupled manifold, whose position is defined by exchange and dipole interactions. The Tb3+ counterpart does not exhibit SMM behavior, which is due to the fact that the degeneracy of the ground state of the exchange coupled system is lifted at zero field, thus favoring quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM).
Corrosion‐resistant coating development with potential application in equipment of low‐temperature waste heat recovery
Authors: Zhuang Quan , Geddis Phil , Clements Bruce , Ko Vivien
Published: September 2017

In order to improve corrosion resistance of a condensing heat exchanger, a fluoropolymer, perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), fine powder in 30 wt% aqueous slurry was coated on metal coupons and a coating of high quality finish was obtained. The coating was characterized by microscopy and thickness measurements. The thickness of the coating can be controlled by the number of layers used for the application of wet spray. Hot acid bath corrosion tests showed that the coated coupon possesses the highest adhesion strength and excellent corrosion resistance (1.8–6.7 × 10−3 mm/year), comparable to super alloys such as Inconel (1.1–26.2 × 10−3 mm/year) and Hastelloy (0.3–19.8 × 10−3 mm/year). A heat transfer coefficient analysis showed that across a heat transfer metal tube coated with PFA, the heat transfer resistance of the gas side film is one order of magnitude larger than the resistance from the coated layer. The developed coating could provide an alternative material solution for condensing heat exchangers used in low‐grade waste heat recovery.
Solubility‐Improved 10‐O‐Substituted SN‐38 Derivatives with Antitumor Activity
Authors: Doi Hisashi , Kida Tatsuya , Nishino Kosuke , Nakatsuji Masatoshi , Sakamoto Shiho , Shimizu Shota , Teraoka Yoshiaki , Tamura Yasuhisa , Kataoka Yosky , Inui Takashi
Published: September 2017

With the objective of improving the poor water solubility of the potent antitumor compound SN‐38, 10‐O‐substituted SN‐38 derivatives were developed by the introduction of fluoroalkyl, fluorobenzoyl, or bromobenzoyl groups. The 10‐O‐fluoropropyl‐substituted compound 2 {(S)‐4,11‐diethyl‐9‐(3‐fluoropropoxy)‐4‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrano[3′,4′:6,7]indolizino[1,2‐b]quinoline‐3,14(4H,12H)‐dione} was found to be 17‐fold more soluble than SN‐38 in phosphate‐buffered saline, and it exhibited a level of biological activity ≈50 % that of SN‐38 in a cytotoxicity assay using the prostate cancer cell line PC‐3. Five other derivatives did not show solubility improvements to the same extent, but their activities in cytotoxicity assays were nearly the same as that of SN‐38. In vivo studies of 2 with PC‐3 tumor‐bearing mice revealed that it has higher antitumor activity than SN‐38, even at lower dosage. These results will promote the medicinal chemistry application of 10‐O‐modifications of SN‐38 and help reestablish the potential this drug. Furthermore, the inclusion of fluoro and bromo substituents means that the synthetic strategy developed here may be used to obtain 18F‐ or 76Br‐labeled SN‐38 derivatives for in vivo positron emission tomography studies.
Expression of regulatory genes in the embryonic brain of a lizard and implications for understanding pallial organization and evolution
Authors: Desfilis Ester , Abellán Antonio , Sentandreu Vicente , Medina Loreta
Published: September 2017

The comparison of gene expression patterns in the embryonic brain of mouse and chicken is being essential for understanding pallial organization. However, the scarcity of gene expression data in reptiles, crucial for understanding evolution, makes it difficult to identify homologues of pallial divisions in different amniotes. We cloned and analyzed the expression of the genes Emx1, Lhx2, Lhx9, and Tbr1 in the embryonic telencephalon of the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus. The comparative expression patterns of these genes, critical for pallial development, are better understood when using a recently proposed six‐part model of pallial divisions. The lizard medial pallium, expressing all genes, includes the medial and dorsomedial cortices, and the majority of the dorsal cortex, except the region of the lateral cortical superposition. The latter is rich in Lhx9 expression, being excluded as a candidate of dorsal or lateral pallia, and may belong to a distinct dorsolateral pallium, which extends from rostral to caudal levels. Thus, the neocortex homolog cannot be found in the classical reptilian dorsal cortex, but perhaps in a small Emx1‐expressing/Lhx9‐negative area at the front of the telencephalon, resembling the avian hyperpallium. The ventral pallium, expressing Lhx9, but not Emx1, gives rise to the dorsal ventricular ridge and appears comparable to the avian nidopallium. We also identified a distinct ventrocaudal pallial sector comparable to the avian arcopallium and to part of the mammalian pallial amygdala. These data open new venues for understanding the organization and evolution of the pallium.
Considerations for Evaluating Treatment Effects From Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Ruberg Stephen J. , Akacha Mouna
Published: September 2017

This article focuses on the choice of treatment effect measures in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Traditionally, an intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis is conducted with an implicit understanding that a treatment‐policy effect is of greatest interest. In this article we contend that this approach may not always provide accurate information about clinically meaningful treatment effects, and we present an argument that for any RCT it is desirable to require an explicit definition of what treatment effect is of primary interest, known as the “estimand.” We will discuss the limitations of the traditional ITT effect measures as well as the state‐of‐the art thinking with regard to estimands. Furthermore, we will offer alternate choices that acknowledge that treatments have multiple effects.
Decoupling the Effects of High Crystallinity and Surface Area on the Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting over β‐Ga2O3 Nanoparticles by Chemical Vapor Synthesis
Authors: Lukic Sasa , Menze Jasper , Weide Philipp , Busser G. Wilma , Winterer Markus , Muhler Martin
Published: September 2017

Chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) is a unique method to prepare well‐defined photocatalyst materials with both large specific surface area and a high degree of crystallinity. The obtained β‐Ga2O3 nanoparticles were optimized for photocatalysis by reductive photodeposition of the Rh/CrOx co‐catalyst system. The influence of the degree of crystallinity and the specific surface area on photocatalytic aqueous methanol reforming and overall water splitting (OWS) was investigated by synthesizing β‐Ga2O3 samples in the temperature range from 1000 °C to 1500 °C. With increasing temperature, the specific surface area and the microstrain were found to decrease, whereas the degree of crystallinity and the crystallite size increased. Whereas the photocatalyst with the highest specific surface area showed the highest aqueous methanol reforming activity, the highest OWS activity was that for the sample with an optimum ratio between high degree of crystallinity and specific surface area. Thus, it was possible to show that the facile aqueous methanol reforming and the demanding OWS have different requirements for high photocatalytic activity.
Promoter architecture and transcriptional regulation of musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein 1b (mustn1b) gene in zebrafish
Authors: Suarez‐Bregua Paula , Chien Chien‐ju , Megias Manuel , Du Shaojun , Rotllant Josep
Published: September 2017

Background: Mustn1 is a specific musculoskeletal protein that plays a critical role in myogenesis and chondrogenesis in vertebrates. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization revealed that mustn1b mRNAs are specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles in Zebrafish embryos. However, the precise function and the regulatory elements required for its muscle‐specific expression are largely unknown. Results: The purpose of this study was to explore and uncover the target genomic regions that regulate mustn1b gene expression by in vivo functional characterization of the mustn1b promoter. We report here stable expression analyses of eGFP from fluorescent transgenic reporter Zebrafish line containing a 0.8kb_mustn1b‐Tol2‐eGFP construct. eGFP expression was specifically found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. We show that reporter Zebrafish lines generated replicate the endogenous mustn1b expression pattern in early Zebrafish embryos. Specific site directed‐mutagenesis analysis revealed that promoter activity resides in two annotated genomic regulatory regions, each one corresponding to a specific functional transcription factor binding site. Conclusions: Our data indicate that mustn1b is specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues and its muscle specificity is controlled by the 0.2‐kb promoter and flanking sequences and in vivo regulated by the action of two sequence‐specific families of transcription factors. Developmental Dynamics 246:992–1000, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography using carboxylatopillar[5]arene as stationary phase
Authors: Kong Deying , Chen Zilin
Published: September 2017

Pillar[n]arenes have achieved much interest in material chemistry and supramolecular chemistry due to unusual pillar shape structure and high selectivity toward guest. However, pillar[n]arenes have not yet been applied in capillary electrochromatography. This work at first time reports that carboxylatopillar[5]arene is used as a stationary phase in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography. Carboxylatopillar[5]arene not only possess the advantages of pillar[n]arenes but also provide free carboxy groups for immobilizing on the inner wall of capillary column via covalent bonding. The characterization of SEM and FT‐IR indicated that carboxylatopillar[5]arene was successfully grafted on the inner wall of capillary. The baseline separation of model analytes including neutral, basic, and acidic compounds, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and dansyl‐amino acids have been achieved thanks to the electron‐rich cavity of carboxylatopillar[5]arene and hydrophobic interactions between the analytes and stationary phase. The intraday, interday, and column‐to‐column precisions (RSDs) of retention time and peak area for the neutral analytes were all less than 3.34 and 9.65%, respectively. This work indicates that pillar[n]arenes have great potential in capillary electrochromatography as novel stationary phase.
Suspended graphene oxide nanoparticle for accelerated multilayer osteoblast attachment
Authors: Foroutan Tahereh , Nazemi Negin , Tavana Mohadeseh , Kassaee Mohammad Zaman , Motamedi Elaheh , Sonieshargh Shima , Zare Zardini Hadi
Published: September 2017

Mimicking bone tissues having layered structures is still a significant challenge because of the lack of technologies to assemble osteoblast cell types into bone structures. One of the promising and attractive materials in biomedical and different engineering fields is graphene and graphene‐based nanostructures such as graphene oxide (GO) because of their unique properties. In most studies, GO was synthesized using chemical vapor deposition method, and was coated on the substrate. In this study, we proposed a simple technique for assembly of cells that facilitates the construction of osteoblast‐like structures using suspended GO synthesized by graphite powder, H2SO4, and KMnO4.Toxicity effects of GO on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from bone marrow were analyzed. In addition to normal MSCs, toxicity effects of GO on human cancer cell line saos‐2 as an abnormal cell line that possess several osteoblastic features, was examined. The attachment and expression of osteoblast cells genes were evaluated after differentiation of MSCs to osteoblast cells in presence of suspended GO by scanning electron microscopy and real time PCR. We found that the toxicity effects of GO are dose dependent and in oseogenic medium containing suspended GO the expression level of osteoblast genes osteopontin and osteocalcin and cell adhesion markers connexin were higher than control group. Interestingly, through this method GO was found to induce multilayer osteoblast cell morphology and enhance the number of cell layer. We expect that the presented method would become a highly useful approach for bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 293–303, 2018.
Poly(vinylphosphonic acid‐co‐acrylic acid) hydrogels: The effect of copolymer composition on osteoblast adhesion and proliferation
Authors: Dey Rebecca E. , Wimpenny Ian , Gough Julie E. , Watts David C. , Budd Peter M.
Published: September 2017

There is a clinical need for a synthetic bone graft substitute that can be used at sites of surgical intervention to promote bone regeneration. Poly(vinylphosphonic acid‐co‐acrylic acid) (PVPA‐co‐AA) has recently been identified as a potential candidate for use in bone tissue scaffolds. It is hypothesized that PVPA‐co‐AA can bind to divalent calcium ions on bone mineral surfaces to control matrix mineralization and promote bone formation. In this study, hydrogels of PVPA‐co‐AA have been produced and the effect of copolymer composition on the structure and properties of the gels was investigated. It was found that an increase in VPA content led to the production of hydrogels with high porosities and greater swelling capacities. Consequently, improved cell adhesion and proliferation was observed on these hydrogels, as well as superior cell spreading morphologies. Furthermore, whereas poly(acrylic acid) gels were shown to be relatively brittle, an increase in VPA content created more flexible hydrogels that can be more easily molded into bone defect sites. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the mechanical and cell adhesion properties of PVPA‐co‐AA hydrogels can be tuned for the specific application by altering the copolymer composition. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 255–264, 2018.
Ectoparasites as developmental stressors: Effects on somatic and physiological development
Authors: Pryor Leah J. E. , Casto Joseph M.
Published: September 2017

Developmental stress can alter resource allocation in early life, and in altricial birds with rapid developmental trajectories and high resource demands, nestlings may adjust early resource partitioning to cope with challenging environments. We experimentally manipulated ectoparasite levels in nests and assessed whether ectoparasites affected somatic and physiological development in European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) nestlings. We hypothesized that mites act as developmental stressors in nestlings and predicted that nestlings from infested nests would exhibit either reduced somatic growth, or reduced physiological development, including impaired innate immunity, and would have elevated corticosterone concentrations. We either added ≈200 mites to nests during early incubation, or treated nests with a pesticide, permethrin, to reduce mites and possibly other arthropods. We assessed treatment effects on egg spottiness and mite abundance, and monitored offspring hatching and survival. We also measured somatic growth (mass, tarsus length, and feather growth), hematocrit, immune‐related metrics (bacterial killing ability [BKA] and spleen mass), and baseline corticosterone concentrations in response to treatment. Compared with mite treatment, permethrin reduced egg spottiness and mite abundance in nests. Relative to nestlings in mite‐reduced nests, nestlings in mite‐enhanced nests had lower survival, hematocrit, and corticosterone concentrations. Early in development, nestlings from both treatments exhibited similar rapid somatic growth, yet mite‐treated nestlings exhibited lower BKA. Nestlings in both treatments increased BKA across development, despite nestlings in mite‐treated nests exhibiting lower mass as nest leaving neared. Overall, we found evidence that mites can act as development stressors, but contrary to our prediction, mites decreased corticosterone concentrations.
Local and systemic immune responses to different types of phytohemagglutinin in the green anole: Lessons for field ecoimmunologists
Authors: Tylan Catherine , Langkilde Tracy
Published: September 2017

The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test is commonly used by ecologists to assess cell‐mediated immune function of wild animals. It can be performed quickly and easily in the field, involving injection of PHA and measurement of the resultant swelling. There are multiple formulations of PHA used in ecological studies, with potentially differing outcomes that could produce inconsistent results. We tested two common types of PHA in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) to identify local and systemic immune responses underlying the resultant swelling at 6, 18, 24, and 48 hr post injection. There were differences in both local (injection site) and systemic (blood) leukocyte responses to PHA‐L versus PHA‐P. PHA‐P injection produced a greater overall increase in local heterophil count at the injection site compared with PHA‐L, and this response was greatest at 6 and 24 hr post injection. Systemically, heterophil percentage was higher in the blood of PHA‐P‐ versus PHA‐L‐injected anoles at 24 hr post injection; the time point at which heterophil percentage peaked in PHA‐P‐injected anoles. These results indicate that although both PHA types are effective tests of immune function in green anoles, the PHA‐P swelling response invokes a much stronger heterophilic response. PHA‐L is a more specific test of lymphocyte function, particularly at 24 hr post injection, making it preferable for ecoimmunology studies.
Beclabuvir in combination with asunaprevir and daclatasvir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ahmed Ali Mahmoud , Doheim Mohamed Fahmy , Mattar Omar Mohamed , Sherif Nourin Ali , Truong Duy Hieu , Hoa Pham T.L. , Hirayama Kenji , Huy Nguyen Tien
Published: September 2017

Daclatasvir, asunaprevir (ASV), and beclabuvir (BCV) are direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) for patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. This systematic review and meta‐analysis investigating the efficacy and safety of this three‐drug combination in HCV genotype 1 infection. Eleven electronic search engines were searched for relevant publications. Studies were screened for eligibility and data was extracted. The outcomes were pooled as event rate and risk ratio (RR). The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017054391). Among the included six studies, five studies were included for the meta‐analysis (n = 1261). The three‐drug combination showed a high response rate in naïve patients with sustained virologic response at week‐12 posttreatment (SVR12) rate = 95.7% (95%CI [93.8‐97.1]) and no difference detected by adding ribavirin (RBV) (the pooled RR = 0.98, 95%CI [0.90‐1.08], P = 0.70) or comparing with interferon‐experienced patients (RR = 1.02, 95%CI [0.98‐1.07], P = 0.31) regardless the genotype 1 subtypes or IL28B genotype. Treatment failure was minimal and showed no difference regarding the previous comparisons. Increasing the dose or the duration did not show a significant increase in the efficacy. In conclusion, this analysis showed high response rates in HCV genotype 1‐infected patients treated with daclatasvir, ASV, and BCV irrespective of RBV use, prior interferon‐based therapy, or restriction on non‐cirrhotic patients, IL28B genotype, or baseline resistance‐associated variants.