bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylbutane-1,4-diammonium bis(p-aminobenzoate) 2.25-hydrate
Authors: Elangovan A. , Thamaraichelvan A. , Ramu A. , Athimoolam S. , Natarajan S.
Published: March 2007

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H22N2
2+·2C7H6NO2
−·2.25H2O, consists of half each of two centrosymmetric tetramethylbutane-1,4-diammonium cations, two p-aminobenzoate anions and 2.25 solvent water molecules. As a characteristic feature of 4-aminocarboxylic acid, twisting of the carboxylate group from the aromatic plane is observed in the p-aminobenzoate anions. Other noteworthy features are the `head-to-tail' chain and the formation of dimers through N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving amino groups, carboxylate groups and water molecules. Futhermore, an intricate three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network involving N—H...O and O—H...O is observed.
μ-Trithiocyanurato-κ4
N
1,S
2:N
3,S
4-bis[(N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine-κ3
N,N′,N′′)zinc(II)] perchlorate monohydrate
Authors: Trávníček Zdeněk , Marek Jaromír , Čermáková Šárka
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Zn2(C3N3S3)(C9H23N3)2]ClO4·H2O, the dinuclear ZnII metal centres are bridged by a trithiocyanurate(3-) anion (ttc), with each centre having a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry and bonded to three diethylenetriamine N atoms, and an S and an N atom of ttc. The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H...O, O—H...S, C—H...S and C—H...O interactions connecting the cations, the ClO4
− anions and the water molecules.
2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-3,4-Benzyloxy-2,5-bis(trityloxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yloxy]-3,4,5-tribenzyloxy-6-(trityloxymethyl)tetrahydropyran–methanol–2-butanone (1/1/0.75)
Authors: Wu Zi-Sheng , Liu Chong-Bo , Wang Yuan-Xing , Fang Zhi-Jie , Wen Hui-Liang
Published: March 2007

In the sugar molecule of the title compound, C104H94O11·CH4O·0.75C4H8O, the pyranose ring adopts the expected chair conformation. Weak intra- and intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds, in part, control the molecular conformation and stabilize the crystal structure.
6,6,7,7-Tetrachloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-5,8-dione
Authors: Cheng Yu , An Lin-Kun , Gu Lian-Quan , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2007

The oxidation reaction between 8-hydroxyquinoline and hydrochloric acid yields 6,6,7,7-tetrachloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-5,8-dione, C9H3Cl4NO. The non-aromatic part of the fused ring is non-planar; one of the chlorine-substituted C atoms lies above the mean plane of the fused ring, whereas the other lies below it.
Bis(1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl) sulfone
Authors: Yan Biao , Lü Xing-Qiang , Ma Hai-Xia , Song Ji-Rong , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2007

The sulfone S atom of the title compound, C26H14N4O6S, lies on a twofold rotation axis. The dihedral angle between the phthalimide unit and the pyridyl ring is 50.2 (1)°.
Bis(acetato-κO)aquabis[3-(pyrazin-2-yloxy)pyridine-κN]copper(II)
Authors: Zhao Hong-Yan , Shi Jing-Min , Liu Lian-Dong
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [Cu(CH3CO2)2(C9H7N3O)2(H2O)], is a mononuclear complex in which the CuII atom assumes a square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The Cu atom and the aqua O atom lie on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. In the crystal structure, there are hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions between neighboring molecules, which stabilize the crystal packing.
Poly[μ-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione-κ2
S
2:S
2-μ-thiocyanato-κ2
S:N-copper(I)]
Authors: Saithong Saowanit , Pakawatchai Chaveng , Charmant Jonathan P. H.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [Cu(SCN)(C3H5NS2)]
n
, was prepared from the direct reaction between copper(I) thiocyanate and 1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione. The structure is an infinite two-dimensional polymer, parallel to the ac plane, with tetrahedrally distorted Cu atoms which are coordinated by the S and N atoms of the thiocyanate ions, and by the thione S atom of 1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione molecules.
Diaquabis(3-hydroxybenzoato-κO)bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)barium(II)
Authors: Liu Ji-Wei , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2007

The two independent molecules of the title compound, [Ba(C7H5O3)2(C12H8N2)2(H2O)2], are disposed about a pseudo-inversion centre. The Ba atom is eight-coordinate in a square-antiprismatic geometry in both molecules.
Dicyclohexylaminium N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-threoninate: a monoclinic structure with Z′ = 4
Authors: Bryndal Iwona , Lis Tadeusz
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound {systematic name: dicyclohexylaminium (2S,3R)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxybutanoate}, C12H24N+·C9H16NO5
−, contains Boc-L-threoninate anions and dicyclohexylaminium cations. A network of O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds leads to chains of ions running along the b axis.
LiNi0.66Fe0.34PO4
Authors: Liang Gan , Benson Ronald E. , Li Jiying , Vaknin David , Daniels Lee M.
Published: March 2007

Lithium nickel(II) iron(II) phosphate, LiNi0.66Fe0.34PO4, was crystallized from an LiCl melt. The structure is closely related to the known phase LiFePO4 but with mixed occupancy at the metal atom site of approximately 66% nickel and 34% iron. The Ni/Fe atom is octahedrally coordinated by six O atoms. The P atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by four O atoms.
Benzimidazolium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate
Authors: Song Wen-Dong , Fan Run-Zhen , Wu Hong-Mian
Published: March 2007

The title complex, C7H6N2
+·C6H2N3O7
−, has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The packing is governed by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions.
Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2
N,N′)copper(II) hexafluoridophosphate
Authors: Wang Li , Yang Xue-Yun , Huang Wei
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [Cu(C10H8N2)3](PF6)2, is a six-coordinate copper(II) complex with a slightly tetragonally elongated octahedral coordination geometry. There are weak C—H...F, C—H...N and π–π stacking interactions in the structure.
Hexane-1,6-diammonium bis(dihydrogenarsenate): infinite anionic layers containing R
6
6(24) loops
Authors: Wilkinson Hazel S. , Harrison William T. A.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C6H18N2
2+·2H2AsO4
−, contains a network of doubly protonated centrosymmetric hexane-1,6-diammonium cations and dihydrogenarsenate anions. These species interact by way of cation-to-anion N—H...O and anion-to-anion O—H...O hydrogen bonds, the latter leading to infinite sheets of the H2AsO4
− anions.
Poly[bis[μ-1,4-bis(imidazol-1-yl)butane]dicyanatonickel(II)]
Authors: Zhu Xia , Zhang Yu-Mei , Li Bao-Long , Zhang Yong
Published: March 2007

The coordination geometry of the NiII atom in the title complex, [Ni(NCO)2(C10H14N4)2]
n
or [Ni(NCO)2(bimb)2]
n
, where bimb is 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-yl)butane, is distorted octahedral, in which the NiII atom lies on an inversion centre, coordinated by four N atoms from the imidazole rings of four symmetry-related bimb ligands in the equatorial positions and two N atoms of two symmetry-related NCO− ligands in the axial positions. The NiII atoms are bridged by four bimb ligands to form a two-dimensional (4,4)-network.
Ethyl 2-(2-formylphenoxy)ethanoate–ethyl 2-(2-carboxyphenoxy)ethanoate [0.682 (7)/0.318 (7)]
Authors: Williamson Craig , Storey John M. D. , Harrison William T. A.
Published: March 2007

In the title cocrystal, 0.682C11H12O4.0.318C11H12O5, the carboxylic acid constituent shows an intramolecular O—H...(O,O) hydrogen bond.
2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole
Authors: Rashid Naghmana , Tahir Muhammad K. , Kanwal Shahnaz , Yusof Nurdiyana M. , Yamin Bohari M.
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C13H9FN2, the dihedral angle between the benzimidazole and benzene ring systems is 29.2 (1) Å. The molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds to form infinite chains parallel to the b axis.
1-{[5-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]iminomethyl}-2-naphthol
Authors: Zheng Yun-Fa , Wang Liang-Gui , Yan Guo-Bing
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C18H11F4NO, a Schiff base, has been structurally characterized. One intramolecular hydrogen bond influences the conformation of the molecule. The crystal structure is extended into a one-dimensional chain along the c axis via π–π stacking interactions.
4-[(1E)-Benzylideneamino]-3-methyl-2,4-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione
Authors: Yathirajan H. S. , Sarojini B. K. , Narayana B. , Sunil K. , Bolte Michael
Published: March 2007

The acyclic C=N double bond of the title compound, C10H10N4S, is trans configured. The molecule is almost planar. The angle between the two rings is just 10.25 (7)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H...S hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions.
Tetraaquabis[4-(dimethylamino)benzoato-κO]manganese(II) dihydrate
Authors: Hökelek Tuncer , Necefoğlu Hacali
Published: March 2007

The title MnII complex, [Mn(C9H10NO2)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, is monomeric and centrosymmetric. It contains two 4-dimethylaminobenzoate ligands, four coordinated and two uncoordinated water molecules, all ligands being monodentate. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the Mn atom form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the distorted octahedral coordination is completed by the two water O atoms in the axial positions. In the crystal structure, intra- and intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains.
An orthorhombic polymorph of palonosetron hydrochloride
Authors: Ravikumar Krishnan , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: March 2007

A new polymorph of the title compound {systematic name: 2-[(S)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl]-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-benz[de]isoquinolin-1-one chloride}, C19H25ON2
+·Cl−, an anti-emetic and antinausea agent, has been obtained by crystallization from dimethylformamide. In the orthorhombic polymorph reported here, molecules are arranged into polar (001) layers, with adjacent layers in an antiparallel arrangement, whereas in the earlier reported monoclinic form, adjacent layers are arranged in a parallel manner.
catena-Poly[[(N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine)thiocyanatocopper(II)]-μ-thiocyanato]
Authors: Wang Chen-Yi
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Cu(NCS)2(C5H14N2)]
n
, the CuII atom is five-coordinated in a square-pyramidal geometry, with two N atoms of the N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine ligand and two N atoms from two thiocyanate ligands defining the basal plane, and one S atom of another thiocyanate ligand occupying the apical position. The [Cu(NCS)2(C5H14N2)] units are linked by bridging thiocyanate ligands, forming chains running along the b axis.
6-Chloro-3-pyridylmethyl 4-aminobenzoate benzene solvate
Authors: Ping Guang-Ju , Ma Jian-Fang , Li Shun-Li
Published: March 2007

The ester molecule of the title compound, C13H11ClN2O2·C6H6, is not planar, with a dihedral angle between the benzene and pyridine rings of 15.2 (3)°. Two ester molecules are connected by intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer.
4-[5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-isopropylisoxazol-4-yl]pyridin-2(1H)-one
Authors: Abadleh Mohammed , Peifer Christian , Kinkel Katrin , Schollmeyer Dieter , Laufer Stefan
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound, C17H15FN2O2, was determined as part of a study of the biological activity of pyridine-substituted isoxazole derivatives as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. In the crystal structure of the title compound, the compound exists in the lactam and not in the tautomeric pyridin-2-ol form. As the aromatic pyridine nitrogen is considered to be important for accepting a hydrogen bond from p38MAPK, the structure of the lactam unit is correlated with the loss of biological activity of the title compound in the p38MAPK assay. In the crystal structure, the lactam is involved in hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the b axis.
Redetermination of Ag2[TeO2(OH)4]: a revised hydrogen-bonding scheme
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound, disilver(I) tetrahydrododioxotellurate(VI), has been redetermined; it confirms the previous study [Fischer (1969). Monatsh. Chem. 100, 1809–1822] which was based on film data, but with higher precision, with all displacement factors refined anisotropically for non-H atoms and with the localization of the H atoms, which leads to a different hydrogen-bonding scheme from that originally proposed. The structure of Ag2[TeO2(OH)4] can be derived from a distorted hexagonal close packing of [TeO2(OH)4]2− octahedra (Te site symmetry 2) with the Ag+ cations located in the interstices. O—H...O hydrogen bonds help to stabilize the structure.
Disodium 4-nitrophenyl phosphate trihydrate
Authors: Kuczek Marian , Bryndal Iwona , Malinowska Joannna , Lis Tadeusz
Published: March 2007

The title compound, 2Na+·C6H4NO6P2−·3H2O, crystallizes from acetone with one 4-nitrophenyl phosphate dianion, two Na+ cations and three water molecules in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal packing, layers parallel to the ab plane are formed by Na+ cations chelated by dianions, and bridged by dianions and water molecules. Adjacent layers are linked through O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
2′-[Ethoxy(p-tolyl)methylene]acetohydrazide
Authors: Şahin Onur , Büyükgüngör Orhan , Şaşmaz Selami , Gümrükçüoğlu Nurhan , Kantar Cihan
Published: March 2007

Molecules of the title compound, C12H16N2O2, are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds [N...O = 2.971 (2) Å, H...O = 2.17 (2) Å and N—H...O = 162 (2)°] into cyclic centrosymmetric R
2
2(8) dimers.
2′-[Ethoxy(phenyl)methylene]acetohydrazide
Authors: Şahin Onur , Büyükgüngör Orhan , Şaşmaz Selami , Gümrükçüoğlu Nurhan , Kantar Cihan
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C11H14N2O2, contains two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each independent molecule exists as part of an N—H...O hydrogen-bonded centrosymmetric dimer.
Tetraphenylphosphonium [2-(mercaptomethylcarbonylamino)-N-(2-methylaminophenyl)ethanamido(4−)-κ4
S,N,N′,N′′]oxorhenate(V)
Authors: Le Gal Julien , Benoist Éric , Gressier Marie , Bélanger-Gariépy Francine , Beauchamp André L.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, (C24H20P)[Re(C11H11N3O2S)O], is the [(C6H5)4P]+ salt of a square-pyramidal [ReOL]− complex anion [L is the deprotonated 2-(mercaptomethylcarbonylamino)-N-(2-methylaminophenyl)ethanamide ligand], in which the Re=O bond is apical and the tetradentate (N—N—N—S)4− ligand fills the four basal sites. The presence of a methyl group on the terminal N-atom donor induces a small displacement of the coordinated S atom.
2-Carbamoyl-3-pyridyl benzoate
Authors: Gasser Gilles , Stoeckli-Evans Helen
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C13H10N2O3, crystallizes with two independent molecules (A and B) per asymmetric unit. In both molecules, there is an intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond and the two molecules are linked by C—H...π interactions. The main differences between the two molecules concern the orientation of the amide unit with respect to the pyridine ring, and the orientation of the carboxylate group with respect to both the pyridine and phenyl rings. In the crystal structure, symmetry-related molecules are linked by N—H...N, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a slab-like structure, two molecules thick, which are stacked in the c-axis direction.
10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine formic acid solvate
Authors: Johnston Andrea , Florence Alastair J. , Fernandes Philippe , Shankland Norman , Kennedy Alan R.
Published: March 2007

In the title compound [systematic name: 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide methanoic acid solvate], C15H14N2O·CH2O2, the dihydrocarbamazepine and formic acid molecules are hydrogen bonded to form an R
2
2(8) motif, which is further connected into a centrosymmetric double motif arrangement.
Dichloridobis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)tungsten(II)
Authors: Xu Wei , Lin Jian-Li
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [WCl2(C12H8N2)2], the W atom has a distorted six-coordinate octahedral geometry. There are some π–π stacking interactions in the structure, which are responsible for the supramolecular assembly.
Benzimidazolium 2-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate trihydrate
Authors: Wang Zi-Liang , Wei Lin-Heng
Published: March 2007

The ions and water molecules of the title compound, C7H7N2
+·C7H5O6S−·3H2O, are organized into an infinite two-dimensional network via N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds parallel to the (100) plane.
1-(3-Bromo-2-thienyl)-3-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Butcher Ray J. , Yathirajan H. S. , Ashalatha B. V. , Narayana B. , Sarojini B. K.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C18H13BrO2S, is chiral due to the twist of the naphthalene and thienyl rings about the chalcone backbone [dihedral angle = 17.75 (10)°]. There are weak C—H...O interactions which link the molecules into chains in the b direction.
Dipotassium salt of a double-armed terephthalic acid derivative: dipotassium 2,5-bis(2-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenoxy]ethoxy}phenoxy)ethoxy]phenoxy}methyl)terephthalate methanol tetrasolvate
Authors: Noriko Kasuga C. , Hiroshi Kato , Masafumi Kurihara , Masanori Yumita , Kazuo Yamaguchi
Published: March 2007

Single crystals of the the title compound, 2K+·C58H56O18
2−·4CH3OH, were obtained from a methanol solution. The anion is centrosymmetric; consequently the asymmetric unit contains one-half of the salt and two methanol molecules. Each polyether chain contains one K+, which is coordinated by eight O atoms belonging to the carboxylate, terminal hydroxy and six ether groups. The structure of the entire anion is such that the two K+ are enclosed in the shape of an S. One methanol molecule forms hydrogen bonds with the O atom of the carboxylate group that does not participate in the coordination. The other methanol molecule forms hydrogen bonds with the other O atom of the carboxylate group that coordinates with K+ and also with the terminal hydroxy group of an adjacent salt unit.
1-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)urea
Authors: Li Jian , Liang Zu-Pei , Guo Huan-Mei
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound, C9H7N3O3, is stabilized by weak C—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The phthalimide and urea units are essentially planar and form a dihedral angle of 94.5 (2)°.
1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3]oxazin-3-one
Authors: Ghorbani Hosein , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: March 2007

In the molecule of the title compound, C18H12FNO2, the oxazine ring is not planar and has a flattened boat conformation The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the naphthalene system is 78.4 (3)°. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into dimers, which may be effective in the stabilization of the structure.
Promazinium picrate
Authors: Yathirajan H. S. , Ashok M. A. , Narayana Achar B. , Bolte Michael
Published: March 2007

In the title compound [systematic name: 3-(phenothiazin-10-yl)propanaminium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate], C17H21N2S+·C6H2N3O7
−, the dihedral angle between the two outer aromatic rings of the phenothiazine unit is 37.76 (6)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and several weak C—H...O contacts.
Yttrium hydrogendiphosphate trihydrate
Authors: Essehli Rachid , El Bali Brahim , Dusek Michal , Fejfarova Karla , Lachkar Mohammed
Published: March 2007

The title compound, Y(HP2O7)·3H2O, is isostructural with Ln(HP2O7)·3H2O (Ln = Gd, Er). The YO8 units and (HP2O7)3− anions form sheets parallel to ab and a network of O—H...O hydrogen bonds helps to establish the crystal packing.
Ytterbium hydrogendiphosphate trihydrate: synthesis and non-merohedral twinning
Authors: Essehli Rachid , El Bali Brahim , Dusek Michal , Fejfarova Karla , Lachkar Mohammed
Published: March 2007

The title compound, Yb(HP2O7)·3H2O, is isostructural with the other triclinic modifications of this stoichiometry.
DyP5O14
Authors: Chehimi-Moumen Fathia , Férid Mokhtar
Published: March 2007

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis has been performed on dysprosium ultraphosphate, DyP5O14, prepared by the flux method. The atomic arrangement is built up of layers of independent P8O24 rings perpendicular to the b axis interconnected by PO4 groups to form a three-dimensional network of PO4 tetrahedra. Two sites are located on the twofold axis for the Dy atoms, which have almost regular dodecahedral coordination.
Tetra-n-butylammonium iodide: a space-group revision
Authors: Prukała Wiesław , Marciniec Bogdan , Kubicki Maciej
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide, C16H36N+·I−, has been redetermined at room temperature and at 100 (1) K. In the low-quality (R = 0.142) room-temperature determination by Wang, Habenschuss, Xenopoulos & Wunderlich [Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A (1995), 264, 115–129], this structure was described as crystallizing in the space group C2 with Z′ = 2. Our results prove that the correct space group is C2/c (with the same unit-cell parameters as in the original determination) at both temperatures. In the crystal structure, the iodide anions fill the voids in the grid-like cationic structure. Weak C—H...I interactions (eight per anion) strengthen this packing.
Poly[[pentaaquatris(μ3,μ2-pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylato)dilanthanum(III)] monohydrate]
Authors: Dong Bao-Xia , Peng Jun
Published: March 2007

The title LaIII complex, [La2(C7H3NO4)3(H2O)5]·H2O, forms a layer-type polymeric structure with LaIII ions bridged by pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylate ligands. The asymmetric unit contains two LaIII ions, the first exhibiting a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry (nine-coordinate) and the other a bicapped dodecahedral configuration (ten-coordinate).
catena-Poly[[bis(3-pyridylmethanol-κN)copper(II)]-μ-oxalato-1κ2
O
1,O
2:2κ2
O
1′,O
2′]
Authors: Jašková Jana , Mikloš Dušan , Segľa Peter , Sillanpää Reijo , Moncol Jan
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Cu(C2O4)(C6H7NO)2]
n
, the CuII atom is six-coordinated in a slightly deformed elongated octahedral arrangement and the 3-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine ligand, surprisingly, acts as a monodentate ligand coordinated only through the N atom of the pyridine ring. The oxalate ligands, on inversion centres, bridge the metal ions, forming infinite chains. The chains are linked by intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
4,4′-Bipyridinium tetrachloridopalladate(II)
Authors: Valdés-Martínez Jesús , Toscano Rubén A. , Germán-Acacio Juan Manuel
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, (C10H10N2)[PdCl4], the Pd atom in the tetrachloridopalladate anion exhibits a square-planar geometry. The anion is hydrogen bonded to the bipyridinium cation by an N—H...Cl hydrogen bond to form chains. The bipyridinium cation and the tetrachloridopalladate anion exhibit perfect 2/m symmetry with the Pd atom located on a 2/m symmetry site.
1-Methoxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione
Authors: Butcher Ray J. , Hijji Yousef M. , Benjamin Ellis
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C5H7NO3, was synthesized by microwave methods. The five-membered pyrrolidine-2,5-dione ring is planar. There is extensive C—H...O hydrogen bonding.
Di-μ-benzenethiolato-μ-chlorido-bis{hydrido[(S)-(−)-2,2′-bis(di-p-tolylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl]iridium(III)} chloride 1,2-dichloroethane disolvate
Authors: Yamagata Tsuneaki , Hoshida Kazunori , Iseki Aika , Tani Kazuhide
Published: March 2007

The cation of the title compound, [Ir2ClH2(C6H5S)2(C48H40P2)2]Cl·2C2H4Cl2, exists as a bridged bifacial octahedral dinuclear iridium structure with C
2 symmetry (Cl lies on the rotation axis). The coordination environment of the Ir atom can be described as highly distorted octahedral with two P atoms, two bridging phenyl thiolato S atoms, a bridging chloride ligand, and a terminal hydride ligand.
Trisodium dicalcium bismuth hexaoxide
Authors: Puzdrjakova Irina V. , Macquart René B. , Smith Mark D. , Loye Hans-Conrad zur
Published: March 2007

Single crystals of the title compound, Na3Ca2BiO6, were grown from a high-temperature reactive flux solution of Na2CO3. Na3Ca2BiO6 crystallizes as an ordered rock-salt structure (space group Fddd), in which the octahedral holes in the oxide array are filled by an ordered 3:2:1 arrangement of Na+, Ca2+ and Bi5+ cations. All atoms except for one O atom lie on special positions; site symmetries are as follows: Bi 222, Ca 2, Na 222 and 2, O 2.
4-Nitrobenzyl 5-oxo-2-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylate
Authors: Shanley Samantha J. , Schofield Christopher J. , Coles Simon J. , Watkin David J. , Fischer Delphine S.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C17H18N2O7, is a synthetic racemic analogue of lactivicin, a natural product antibiotic that targets penicillin-binding proteins. There are two almost identical molecules in the asymmetric unit.
4-Amino-N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Perlovich German L. , Tkachev Valery V. , Kazachenko Vladimir P. , Raevsky Oleg A.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C12H10Cl2N2O2S, was crystallized from a water–ethanol mixture. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 64.86 (11)°. N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds between the NH2 and SO2 groups link molecules into layers.
Ammonium sodium fluorotrioxophosphate monohydrate
Authors: Fábry Jan , Dušek Michal , Krupková Radmila
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, (NH4)Na(PO3F)·H2O, the distances and the angles are normal. Na is coordinated in a distorted octahedral environment by one F atom, four anion O atoms and one water O atom. Fluorine, as in other structures, is not involved in two-centre hydrogen bonds. There are two-centre O—H...O and two- and three-centre N—H...O hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure.
Colupulone
Authors: Archer Roland Peter , Tyrrell Elizabeth , Singh Kuldip
Published: March 2007

The structure of the title compound (systematic name: 3,5-dihydroxy-2-isobutyryl-4,6,6-tris(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)cyclohexa-2,4-dienone), C25H36O4, is of interest with respect to its biological activity. The structure displays O—H...O=C intra- and intermolecular interactions, with O...O distances of 2.398 (2) and 2.6846 (19) Å, respectively.
N-Benzoyl-N-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)benzamide
Authors: Gasser Gilles , Stoeckli-Evans Helen
Published: March 2007

The molecule of the title compound, C20H14N2O3, a tertiary amine with one 2-pyridylcarbonyl and two benzamide substituents, is shaped like a propeller. In the crystal structure, molecules related by a center of symmetry are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds to form dimers. These dimers are linked by two further translationally related C—H...O hydrogen bonds and a C—H...π interaction, forming chains extending in the a-axis direction.
2-Methylpropionohydrazide
Authors: Engel Sharon E. , Ferrence Gregory M.
Published: March 2007

In the title structure, C4H10N2O, the molecules stack with intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds along the b axis and additional intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds form a network orthogonal to the c axis.
(3Z)-2-Benzyl-3-benzylidene-6-phenyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-one
Authors: Sridhar B. , Ravikumar K. , Mahesh M. , Reddy V. V. Narayana
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C27H25NO, all three rings in the azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane unit adopt a boat conformation. An intermolecular C—H...O interaction forms a characteristic R
2
2(14) motif dimer in the crystal packing.
5-[(5-Methylthiazol-2-yl)diazenyl]pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione
Authors: Hökelek Tuncer , Seferoğlu Zeynel , Şahin Ertan , Ertan Nermin
Published: March 2007

In the molecular structure of the title compound, C8H7N5O3S, the thiazole ring is oriented with respect to the barbituric acid ring at a dihedral angle of 5.14 (9)°. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, forming a layer parallel to the ac plane.
A reovirus disease in cultured mud crab, Scylla serrata, in southern China
Authors: Weng S‐P , Guo Z‐X , Sun J‐J , Chan S‐M , He J‐G
Published: March 2007

A reovirus, designated mud crab reovirus (MCRV), associated with large economic losses was recently isolated from marine cultured mud crab, Scylla serrata, in southern China. The complete viral particle is 70 nm in diameter, icosahedral and non‐enveloped. The virus infects connective tissue cells of the hepatopancreas, gills and intestine in mud crab and develops in the cytoplasm. Hundred per cent mortality was observed in mud crab experimentally infected by intramuscular injection, bath inoculation and oral inoculation, while cohabitation infection caused 80% mortality. The viral genome consists of 13 linear dsRNA segments, with an electrophoretic pattern 1/5/7. The results of this study suggest that the virus is highly pathogenic and can be transmitted enterically as well as via the body surface of mud crab. Although the genomic organization of this virus is different from that of the other crab reoviruses, CcRV‐W2 and DpPV, all three of these reoviruses have similar electrophoresis patterns. Therefore, MCRV may be a new member of the DpPV and CcRV‐W2 group.
Intracellular killing of mastitis pathogens by penethamate hydriodide following internalization into mammary epithelial cells
Authors: ALMEIDA R. A. , PATEL D. , FRITON G. M. , OLIVER S. P.
Published: March 2007

Penethamate hydriodide was highly effective in killing Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus that internalized mammary epithelial cells. At higher concentrations (32 μg/mL to 32 mg/mL), killing rates ranged from 85% to 100%. At lower concentrations (0.032 μg/mL to 3.2 μg/mL), killing rates ranged from 0 to 80%. Results of this proof‐of‐concept study demonstrated that: (1) penethamate hydriodide is capable of entering mammary epithelial cells and killing intracellular mastitis pathogens without affecting mammary epithelial cell viability, (2) the in vitro model used is capable of quantifying the fate of mastitis pathogens internalized into mammary epithelial cells, and (3) this in vitro model can be used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics at killing bacteria within the cytoplasm of mammary epithelial cells.
Survival of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in Balkan endemic nephropathy and non‐endemic areas of Serbia
Authors: Dragicevic Dejan , Djokic Milan , Pekmezovic Tatjana , Micic Sava , Hadzi‐Djokic Jovan , Vuksanovic Aleksandar , Simic Tatjana
Published: March 2007

An interesting reminder about TCC of the ureter and renal pelvis in Serbia is presented, comparing endemic and non‐endemic areas. The authors found similarities between the areas, but also that survival was influenced by female sex, and tumour size, grade and stage.

Several papers in this section describe the value of imaging in urological cancer, not least the importance of PET in prostate cancer. Other articles are presented dealing with other aspects of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the characteristics and survival of patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in Serbia, followed for ≥5 years or until death.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 1998 to 2005 we analysed 114 cases of pathologically confirmed UUT TCC, divided into two groups according to topographical characteristics, and compared their demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics. The influence of various factors on overall 5‐year survival of patients with UUT TCC was also tested. The prognostic value of different variables was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional‐hazard models.

RESULTS

The most important change in demographic characteristics of the patients with UUT TCC in Serbia was a similar proportion of patients residing in areas of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and non‐endemic areas. The median (range) follow‐up was 67 (46–88) months. The 5‐year probability of survival was 51.2 ± 5.8%. There was a significantly lower probability of 5‐year survival for patients with a higher histological grade (P = 0.001), higher T stage (P < 0.001) and tumour size >3 cm (P = 0.001) at diagnosis. In this cohort of patients the independent predictors of a poorer outcome of the disease were being female (hazard ratio, HR, 2.2,P = 0.010), tumour size >3 cm (HR 2.8,P = 0.001) and T3 or T4 stages (HR 3.1,P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Comparative analysis of the characteristics of UUT TCC between patients from BEN and non‐endemic areas of Serbia showed similarities in demographic, clinical and pathological features. Factors that significantly influenced survival of patients with UUT TCC were being female, tumour size and tumour grade and stage.
Nitric oxide produced in the testis is involved in dilatation of the internal spermatic vein that compromises spermatogenesis in infertile men with varicocele
Authors: Shiraishi Koji , Naito Katsusuke
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE

To determine the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and the location and change in the expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in the testes of subfertile men with varicocele, and to compare the NO concentration or NOS expression with clinical variables, to determine the role of NO on the pathophysiology of varicocele.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 27 men who had a left varicocelectomy and five with ‘normal’ spermatogenesis (controls) who had scrotal surgery for other reasons were enrolled. Intratesticular fluid was taken from the men and the NO concentration determined colorimetrically. The expression and location of NOS isoforms were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, using testicular biopsy specimens, and NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) staining used to identify NO‐producing cells. The relationship between the NO concentration and the expression of NOS isoforms or clinicopathological variables was investigated.

RESULTS

In testes with grade 2 and 3 varicoceles there were significant increases in the concentration of NO or the expression of inducible NOS. There was no change in the expressions of endothelial NOS, which is located in vascular endothelial cells, while NADPH‐d activity was mainly located in these cells. The concentration of NO was significantly correlated with the maximum and total vein diameter (both P < 0.01). In patients aged >35 years, the concentration of NO significantly correlated with a deterioration in total motile sperm count (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased production of NO in the testis is involved in the enlargement of varicocele and indirectly deteriorates spermatogenesis.
Battle of the bulge: an analysis of the obesity prevention campaigns in the United States and Germany
Authors: Werder O.
Published: March 2007

Obesity is not a problem exclusive to the United States. The European Union Commission for Health and Consumer Protection admits that obesity is the major emerging threat to public health in Europe. As a recent survey suggested that the prevalence of obese men and women has approximately doubled in both countries within the last 20 years, this study compares the message elements and linguistic tactics used in either campaign of those two countries to highlight differences and similarities. The current US obesity prevention campaign is based on sound research and preparation and disseminates memorable and inspiring messages. The educational, help‐for‐self‐help focus on the individual disseminated through mass media is a trademark of this campaign. The German campaign attempts to interact extensively with the public, local government and the professions, and focuses on public participation in healthy behaviors, generally emphasizing call‐to‐action activities over educational media messages. This study maintains that obesity communication research should find ways to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness and success rate of efforts taking place in other areas and other countries. In addition, in order to facilitate active thought about health messages in the absence of a perceived need, introduced guidelines relating to presentation of content and linguistic variables that motivate cognitive effort should be considered.
Do You Enjoy Having More than Others? Survey Evidence of Positional Goods
Authors: CARLSSON FREDRIK , JOHANSSON‐STENMAN OLOF , MARTINSSON PETER
Published: March 2007

Although conventional economic theory proposes that only the absolute levels of income and consumption matter for people's utility, there is much evidence that relative concerns are often important. This paper uses a choice experiment to measure people's perceptions of the degree to which such concerns matter, i.e. the degree of positionality. Based on a random sample in Sweden, income and cars are found to be highly positional, on average, in contrast to leisure and car safety. Leisure may even be completely non‐positional. Potential policy implications are discussed.
Quantifying the energetics of metabolic reactions in diverse biogeochemical systems: electron flow and ATP synthesis
Authors: LAROWE D. E. , HELGESON H. C.
Published: March 2007

Classical solution chemistry and thermodynamics have been used to quantify the energetics of two fundamental bioenergetic processes over a range of environmental conditions in which life is known to thrive: (1) the flow of electrons originating from an electron donor through the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) redox couple to an electron acceptor, and (2) the synthesis of ATP from ADP and aqueous phosphate. The approach taken explicitly accounts for the chemical formulas, charge states, complexation of ADP and ATP with magnesium, and the thermodynamic properties of individual biochemical species in stoichiometric and charge‐balanced reactions among biomolecules and other compounds. Because these species are represented in the reactions by explicit formula units, the chemical and thermodynamic consequences of the reactions can be evaluated as a function of temperature, pH, and bulk composition. To illustrate the utility of this approach, the energetics of the oxidation of glucose and hydrogen and the reduction of oxygen and sulfate coupled to NAD were characterized as functions of pH and temperature. The thermodynamic drive (chemical affinity, A) for glucose to reduce NAD increases as the temperature increases, whereas the opposite is true for hydrogen. Also, at lower pHs, the chemical affinity is lower for these two electron donors to reduce NAD than at higher pHs. Similarly, the chemical affinity for oxidation of NAD by oxygen decreases by more than 2 kcal mol−1 as temperature increases from 0 to 125 °C but the chemical affinity for oxidation of NAD by sulfate decreases by less than 1 kcal mol−1. Calculations were also carried out to quantify the energetics of the synthesis of ATP for different bulk compositions, pHs, and temperatures. The chemical affinity for the synthesis of MgATP from MgADP and aqueous monophosphate at pH 5 minimizes with increasing temperature from 0 to 125 °C, which is not the case at pH 7 or 9. The procedures employed in these various calculations can be used to better understand how different environmental variables influence biogeochemical interactions. In addition, they help constrain the minimum energy required to sustain a particular microbial population and provide the means to determine why certain types of metabolism occur in the environments in which they do.
Teacher practices and perspectives for developing academic language
Authors: Zwiers Jeff
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the ways in which middle school teachers in the USA develop academic language in intermediate‐level English learners who attend mainstream content classes. Analysis of field notes, transcripts, and student work show that (a) academic language and higher‐order thinking skills are closely linked, and (b) classroom discourse patterns and activities both develop and impede language growth. The teachers used four principle communication strategies: questioning, gestures, connecting to background knowledge with examples and analogies, and personifying. The results suggest that students, despite growth in certain dimensions of cognition and language, also learn counter‐productive “rules of school”. This research is intended to benefit the millions of ‘non‐mainstream’ students worldwide who struggle in schools that have been created and shaped to serve mainstream purposes.
The instability of planetary systems in binaries: how the Kozai mechanism leads to strong planet—planet interactions
Authors: Malmberg Daniel , Davies Melvyn B. , Chambers John E.
Published: March 2007

In this Letter we consider the evolution of a planetary system around a star inside a wide binary. We simulate numerically the evolution of the planetary orbits for both coplanar and highly inclined systems. We find that the Kozai mechanism operates in the latter case. This produces a highly eccentric outer planet the orbit of which crosses those of some of the inner planets. Strong planet—planet interactions then follow, resulting in the ejection of one or more planets. We note that planetary systems resembling our Solar system, formed around single stars in stellar clusters, may exchange into binaries and thus will be vulnerable to planet stripping. This process will reduce the number of Solar system-like planetary systems, and may produce at least some of the observed extrasolar planets.
The luminosity—bias relation from filaments in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Four
Authors: Pandey Biswajit , Bharadwaj Somnath
Published: March 2007

We compare quantitative estimates of the filamentarity of the galaxy distribution in seven nearly two-dimensional sections from the survey against the predictions of Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) N-body simulations. The filamentarity of the actual galaxy distribution is known to be luminosity-dependent. It is also known that the filamentarity of the simulated galaxy distribution is highly sensitive to the bias, and the simulations are consistent with the data for only a narrow range of bias. We apply this feature to several volume-limited subsamples with different luminosities to determine a luminosity—bias relation. The relative bias b/b* as a function of the luminosity ratio L/L* is found to be well described by a straight line b/b* = A + B (L/L*) with A = 0.833 ± 0.009 and B = 0.171 ± 0.009. Comparing with the earlier works, all of which use ratios of the two-point statistics, we find that our results are consistent with Norberg et al. and Tegmark et al., while a steeper luminosity dependence found by Benoist et al. is inconsistent.
Fuelling active galactic nuclei
Authors: King A. R. , Pringle J. E.
Published: March 2007

We suggest that most nearby active galactic nuclei are fed by a series of small-scale, randomly oriented accretion events. Outside a certain radius these events promote rapid star formation, while within it they fuel the supermassive black hole. We show that the events have a characteristic time-evolution. This picture agrees with several observational facts. The expected luminosity function is broadly in agreement with that observed for moderate-mass black holes. The spin of the black hole is low, and aligns with the inner disc in each individual feeding event. This implies radio jets aligned with the axis of the obscuring torus, and uncorrelated with the large-scale structure of the host galaxy. The ring of young stars observed about the Galactic Centre are close to where our picture predicts that star formation should occur.
Use of Improved Hydrologic Testing and Borehole Geophysical Logging Methods for Aquifer Characterization
Authors: Newcomer D.R. , Hall S.H. , Vermeul V.R.
Published: March 2007

Depth‐discrete aquifer in formal ion was obtained using recently developed adaptations and improvements to conventional characterization techniques. These improvements included running neutron porosity and hulk density geophysical logging tools through a cased hole, performing an enhanced point‐dilution tracer test for monitoring tracer concentration as a function of Lime and depth, and using pressure derivatives for diagnostic and quantitative analysis of constant rate discharge lest data. Data results from the use of these techniques were used to develop a conceptual model of a heterogeneous aquifer. Depth‐discrete aquifer information was required to effectively design field‐scale deployment and monitoring of an in situ bioremediation technology.

Geophysical logging and point‐dilution tracer test results provided the relative distribution of porosity and horizontal hydraulic conductivity, respectively, with depth and correlated well. Hydraulic pumping tests were conducted to estimate mean values for transmissivity and effective hydraulic conductivity, Tracer lest and geophysical logging results indicated that ground water flow was predominant in the upper approximate 10 feet of the aquifer investigated. These results were used to delineate a more representative interval thickness for estimating effective hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity, calculated using this representative interval, was estimated lo be 73 ft/d, approximately three limes higher than that calculated using the full length of the screened test interval.
When Do Nutrient Content and Nutrient Content Claims Matter? Assessing Consumer Tradeoffs Between Carbohydrates and Fat
Authors: KEMP ELYRIA , BURTON SCOT , CREYER ELIZABETH H. , SUTER TRACY A.
Published: March 2007

Substantial concern about the wide variety of carbohydrate‐related claims appearing on consumer packaged food products have been expressed by members of both the marketing and public policy communities. As a result, a number of petitions requesting the establishment of carbohydrate levels required for a low‐carbohydrate nutrient content claim have been submitted to the Food and Drug Administration, and the agency is considering the establishment of criteria for such a claim. This research examines the potential effects of a “low‐carbohydrate” claim, relative to the effects of a “low‐fat” claim, across selected product fat and carbohydrate levels. The study also considers whether consumers’ motivation to process nutrition information serves as a potential moderator of the effects of the nutrient content claims and nutrient levels on the dependent measures. As predicted, the results show key differences across consumer motivation levels. The policy implications of our findings are discussed.
AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE INDONESIAN ECONOMY*
Authors: FUKUCHI TAKAO
Published: March 2007

This paper is an econometric study of the Indonesian economy. Our intention is to evaluate the interactions within the Indonesian economy, to forecast the selected economic variables under given assumptions, and to measure the effects of various policies. This is to be achieved through an cconometric analysis which uses the available statistics and which provides an analytical framework for the present national income statistics.
FROM LAND REFORM TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE MEXICAN CASE
Authors: FLORES EDMUNDO
Published: March 2007

Among Latin American countries Mexico is the sole country self‐sufficient in food or, more accurately, who exports her agricultural surpluses. The historical key to this secret, and further to the secret of her industrial growth, may be found in the role played by the Land Reform. In this article the author reviews Mexico's development after the Mexican Revolution and clarifies the process from Land Reform to Industrial Revolution.
SH?RANG‐SOFLĀ: THE ECONOMICS OF A NORTHEAST IRANIAN VILLAGE*
Authors: OKAZAKI SHŌKŌ
Published: March 2007

The village of Sh?‐Soflā, located in the Gorgān region of northeast Iran, has had its predominantly agricultural economy revolutionized over recent years by significant increases in the percentage of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops planted by its peasants, paralleled by a tightening of the grip of commercial capital upon the small producer. In this paper, I propose to examine the impact of these revolutionizing changes upon the structure of the agricultural economy, using the material gathered during a field study of the village of Sh?rang‐Soflā carried out by the author in August of 1963.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Taniguchi Kōji
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

The New Multinationals: The Spread of Third World Enterprises by Sanjaya Lall

Third World Multinationals: The Rise of Foreign Investment from Developing Countries by Louis T. Wells, Jr.