bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal by two different plant biomasses: reed and brown seaweed
Authors: Southichak B. , Nakano K. , Nomura M. , Chiba N. , Nishimura O.
Published: January 2009

The adsorption of Pb(II) by two different biomaterials, reed (Phragmites australis) and brown seaweed (Sargassum horneri) biomass pretreated with CaCl2, were compared in an attempt to explain the differences in adsorption performance between the two biosorbents. A very interesting characteristic was found in their individual adsorption performances; the Pb(II) adsorption capacity of brown seaweed (Qmax=0.45 mmol/g) was much higher than that of reed (Qmax=0.05 mmol/g), but its adsorption affinity (b=112 L/mmol) was much lower compared with that of reed (b=471 L/mmol). To elucidate the mechanism, the elemental components, ion exchange phenomenon and roles of functional groups of these two biosorbents were compared. The higher Pb(II) adsorption by brown seaweed could be due to its richness in total functional groups and calcium contents on its surface. In contrast, the functional complexity, higher zeta potential and pKa value (deprotonation state) of reed are believed to lead to its high adsorption affinity.
Biodegradation of 17α-methyltestosterone and isolation of MT-degrading bacterium from sediment of Nile tilapia masculinization pond
Authors: Homklin Supreeda , Wattanodorn Theerachit , Ong Say Kee , Limpiyakorn Tawan
Published: January 2009

The fast growing and highly tolerant fish Nile tilapia is one of the most commonly raised fish in the aquaculture industry. To produce an all-male population, a common practice is to feed the Nile tilapia fry with 17α-methyltestosterone (MT)-impregnated food. Uneaten fish food with MT may accumulate in the masculinization ponds and be released into the receiving waters. Not much is known about the fate of MT in the fish farms and in the receiving streams. The objective of this study is to investigate the biodegradation of MT under aerobic condition and to isolate responsible microorganisms. Aerobic biodegradation tests were conducted with MT concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 10.0 mg/L using sediment from the masculinization pond as microbial seed. The results suggested that MT is biodegradable. Lag phase was not observed in all cases. With initial concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 10.0 mg/l, the first-order degradation rates were 0.52, 0.23, 0.17, 0.13 and 0.10 day−1, respectively. Degradation rates were found to decrease with an increase in the initial MT concentration. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of a strain isolated from the sediment indicated that the strain was highly similar to Pimelobacter simplex strain S151 (100%) which is in the genus Nocardioidaceae. Using this strain, MT is degraded with a first-order degradation rate of 0.044 h−1 excluding the lag phase. This is the first work reporting biodegradation of MT and isolation of MT-degrading bacterium from environment.
Who has to pay for measures in the field of water management? A proposal for applying the polluter pays principle
Authors: Grünebaum Thomas , Schweder Heinrich , Weyand Michael
Published: January 2009

There is no doubt about the fact that the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the pursuit of its goal of good ecological status will give rise to measures in different fields of water management. However, a conclusive and transparent method of financing these measures is still missing up to now. Measures in the water management sector are no mere end in themselves; instead, they serve specific ends directed at human activities or they serve general environment objectives. Following the integrative approach of the WFD on looking upon river basins as a whole and its requirement to observe the polluter pays principle, all different groups within a river basin should contribute to the costs according to their cost-bearer roles as polluters, stakeholders with vested interests or beneficiaries via relevant yardsticks. In order to quantify the financial expenditure of each cost bearer, a special algorithm was developed and tested in the river basin of a small tributary of the Ruhr River. It was proved to be generally practicable with regard to its handling and the comprehension of the results. Therefore, the application of a cost bearer system based on the polluter-pays principle and thus in correspondence with the WFD's requirements should appear possible in order to finance future measures.
Comparison of the guaranteed analysis with the measured nutrient composition of commercial pet foods
Authors: Hill Richard C. , Choate Christina J. , Scott Karen C. , Molenberghs Geert
Published: January 2009

Objective—To compare guaranteed and measured concentrations of nutrients in commercial pet foods.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—Annual inspection reports of pet food analyses from 5 states.

Procedures—Guaranteed and measured concentrations of crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude fiber (CFb), moisture, and ash in pet foods were compared. The concentration difference for each nutrient was compared among types of food, target species, target life stages, manufacturers, and laboratories.

Results—The guaranteed and measured concentrations of nutrients were significantly different. For all foods, mean concentration differences were as follows: CP, 1.5%; CF, 1.0%; CFb, −0.7%; moisture, −4.0%; and ash, −0.5%. Crude protein difference for treats was significantly larger than differences for dry and canned foods. Crude fat difference for dry foods was significantly less than differences for canned foods and treats. Crude fiber and moisture differences for canned foods were significantly less than the corresponding differences for dry foods and treats. Only CFb differences differed among target species, life stages, manufacturers, or laboratories.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Addition of 1.5% and 1% to the guaranteed minimums for CP and CF, respectively; subtraction of 0.7%, 4%, and 0.5% from the guaranteed maximums for CFb, moisture, and ash, respectively; and addition of 0.23 kcal/g to the asfed metabolizable energy value calculated by use of modified Atwater factors from guaranteed analyses provides a more accurate estimate of the nutrient and metabolizable energy content of commercial pet foods. Nevertheless, the actual composition of a food should be determined whenever possible.
Radiographic abnormalities in cats with feline bronchial disease and intra- and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation: 40 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Gadbois Julie , d'Anjou Marc-André , Dunn Marilyn , Alexander Kate , Beauregard Guy , D'Astous Jérôme , Carufel Myriam De , Breton Luc , Beauchamp Guy
Published: January 2009

Objective—To determine prevalence of various radiographic signs in cats with feline bronchial disease (FBD) and evaluate intra- and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation for examiners with variable degrees of experience in radiographic interpretation.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—40 cats with FBD and 40 control cats without thoracic disease.

Procedures—Radiographic abnormalities in cats with FBD were scored by consensus of 2 radiologists. Radiographs of control cats and cats with FBD were examined twice by 5 other individuals, and diagnostic accuracy and observer agreement were assessed.

Results—In cats with FBD, the most common radiographic signs were bronchial (n = 37) and unstructured interstitial (30) lung patterns, lung hyperinflation (31) and hyperlucency (21), aerophagia (19), and lung soft tissue opacities (11). Ratios of lung inflation on ventrodorsal views were significantly higher in cats with FBD. For the 5 examiners, sensitivity ranged from 71% to 89% and specificity ranged from 43% to 74%. Intraobserver agreement was good (N = 0.47 to 0.60), but the agreement between examiners was only poor to good (N = 0.22 to 0.70). For most examiners, significant associations were found between examiner diagnosis (correct vs incorrect), level of examiner certainty, and bronchial pattern severity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that several radiographic abnormalities can commonly be seen in cats with FBD but highlighted the limitations of thoracic radiography. Examiner diagnosis and level of confidence were significantly associated with severity of a bronchial pattern.
Invasive cutaneous angiomatosis and thrombocytopenia in a cat
Authors: Bulman-Fleming Julie C. , Gibson Tom W. , Kruth Stephen A.
Published: January 2009

Case Description—A 9-year-old 6.9-kg (15.18-lb) castrated male Siamese cat was evaluated because of a 3-year history of repeated hemorrhage from the right metacarpal pad.

Clinical Findings—Physical examination findings were unremarkable except for a 2-mm-diameter erosion of the right metacarpal pad. A CBC revealed marked thrombocytopenia. Serum biochemical analyses, retroviral screening, thoracic radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography revealed no abnormalities. Via ultrasonographic examination, the vasculature in the right metacarpal pad appeared increased, compared with that of the left pad; an aberrant arterial plexus that was confined to the metacarpal pad was identified via arterial angiography.

Treatment and Outcome—Surgical resection of the metacarpal pad (without digital pad transposition) with primary closure was performed. Histologic evaluation of the pad tissue revealed invasive cutaneous angiomatosis. The incision healed without complications, and limb function was considered normal. Administration of prednisone (2 mg/kg [0.91 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) was initiated 4 weeks prior to surgery to treat suspected immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and continued afterwards with a tapering dosage. Platelet count was within reference limits 4 months after surgery; at 12 months, there was no evidence of recurrence of abnormal vasculature in the right metacarpal pad region.

Clinical Relevance—Complete resection of the metacarpal pad (without pad transposition) resulted in successful and well-tolerated treatment of cutaneous angiomatosis of the metacarpal pad of a cat. Recurrence of abnormal vasculature was not evident at a 12-month follow-up examination. Thrombocytopenia is commonly associated with vascular anomalies in humans and may have been a contributing factor in this cat.
Effects of compounding and storage conditions on stability of pergolide mesylate
Authors: Davis Jennifer L. , Kirk Loren Madden , Davidson Gigi S. , Papich Mark G.
Published: January 2009

Objective—To determine the effects of temperature and light over a 35-day period on stability of pergolide mesylate after compounding in an aqueous vehicle.

Design—Evaluation study.

Procedures—Pergolide was compounded into a formulation with a final target concentration of 1 mg/mL. Aliquots of the formulation were then stored at −20°, 8°, 25°, or 37°C without exposure to light or at 25°C with exposure to light for 35 days. Samples were assayed in triplicate by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography immediately after compounding and after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of storage.

Results—Mean ± SD concentration of pergolide in the formulation immediately after compounding was 1.05 ± 0.086 mg/mL. Samples exposed to light while stored at 25°C had undergone excessive degradation by day 14, samples stored at 37°C had undergone excessive degradation by day 21, and samples stored at 25°C without exposure to light had undergone excessive degradation by day 35. The decrease in expected concentration corresponded with the appearance of degradation peaks in chromatograms and with a change in color of the formulation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that pergolide mesylate was unstable after compounding in an aqueous vehicle and that storage conditions had an effect on stability of the compounded formulation. Compounded pergolide formulations in aqueous vehicles should be stored in a dark container, protected from light, and refrigerated and should not be used > 30 days after produced. Formulations that have undergone a color change should be considered unstable and discarded.
Effects of propofol administered via the supravertebral sinus in red-eared sliders
Authors: Ziolo Mira S. , Bertelsen Mads F.
Published: January 2009

Objective—To characterize the effects of propofol administered at 10 and 20 mg/kg (4.5 and 9 mg/lb) via the supravertebral venous sinus in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta).

Design—Prospective, masked randomized crossover study.

Animals—10 adult female red-eared sliders.

Procedures—Propofol was administered via the supravertebral sinus. Skeletal muscle tone of neck, forelimbs, hind limbs, and tail; heart rate; palpebral, corneal, and tap reflexes; response to deep pain; and spontaneous movement were recorded.

Results—Mean induction times were 1.7 ± 2.4 minutes and 0.9 ± 1.4 minutes at propofol doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Significant differences between the 2 doses were found in anesthetic duration, duration of the plateau phase, and time to recovery of skeletal muscle tone. A greater proportion of turtles in 20 mg/kg trials had loss of palpebral reflexes and sensation of deep pain, whereas corneal and spinal reflexes remained highly conserved at both doses. No significant differences were detected in time to maximal loss of skeletal muscle tone or in time to loss or recovery of reflexes. Total anesthetic times were 63.2 ± 23.8 minutes and 90.5 ± 32.3 minutes for 10 and 20 mg/kg trials, respectively. Heart rates remained constant between 30 and 40 beats/min with both doses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Propofol administration via the supravertebral sinus was a rapid and reliable means of achieving anesthesia in healthy red-eared sliders. Doses of 10 to 20 mg/kg should be adequate for short procedures or for induction prior to inhalation anesthesia.
Deposition Rate of Lake Sediments Under Different Alternative Stable States
Authors: Gąsiorowski Michał
Published: January 2009

Sediments of five shallow lakes in Polesie Lubelskie region (Eastern Poland), representing a wide range of nutrient concentration, were dated by Pb-210 method and reliable age-depth models were constructed. These models were a base for studies of relationship between status of lake biocenoses and rate of sedimentation in the lakes.

The sedimentation rate does not depend on ecological status of studied lakes. The highest mean sedimentation rate was found in phytoplankton-dominated (Lake Syczyńskie) and phytoplankton-macrophyte-dominated (Lake Sumin) lakes. Macrophyte-dominated lakes represented intermediate values of deposition rate. Lake depth, area and hydrology are more important factors controlling sedimentation rate. The sedimentation rate was rather stable or changed over the time, depending on human management in the lakes' drainage basins.
Optical Dating of a Late Quaternary Sediment Sequence from Sokli, Northern Finland
Authors: Alexanderson Helena , Eskola Kari , Helmens Karin
Published: January 2009

Interstadial and non-glacial stadial sediments collected in boreholes from Sokli in northeastern Finland have been dated by optically stimulated luminescence on quartz and feldspar grains. The quartz OSL ages follow stratigraphic order, with one exception, and support the litho- and biostratigraphical correlation with the NW European mainland climate-stratigraphy and the marine oxygen-isotope stages. Feldspar IRSL dates generally overestimate the age, probably due to incomplete bleaching. The data show that during the last glacial cycle north-eastern Finland was not glaciated until MIS 5b, around 90 ka. Interstadial conditions occurred around ~94 ka (MIS 5c), ~74-80 ka (MIS 5a) and 42-54 ka (MIS 3). The OSL ages have large standard errors mainly due to small sample sizes, relatively poor luminescence characteristics and uncertainties in dose-rate determinations.
Functional model of river-sea ships operating in European system of transport corridors: Part II. Methods of determination of design assumptions for river-sea ships operating in European system of transport corridors, according to their functional model
Authors: Kaup Magdalena
Published: January 2009

Functional model of river-sea ships operating in European system of transport corridors: Part II. Methods of determination of design assumptions for river-sea ships operating in European system of transport corridors, according to their functional model

This paper presents continuation of the research on the functional model of river-sea ships operating in European system of transport corridors. It deals with a set of methods of determination of design assumptions for river-sea ships. Relevant calculations were performed on the basis of a future network of European routes for operating the river-sea ships within EU system of water transport corridors, in which rates of cargo flows and lengths of particular routes as well as their mathematical model were taken into account. In consequence, technical assumptions for designing the fleet of river-sea ships to be operated in European system of water transport corridors, were obtained.
Multihull vessel excitations in stochastic formulation
Authors: Królicka Agnieszka
Published: January 2009

Multihull vessel excitations in stochastic formulation

The article analyses excitations of a multihull vessel using stochastic formulation. The excitations which make the vessel move come from the motion of sea waves and the action of wind. The sea undulation has most frequently the form of irregular waves, and that is why it is assumed in many studies of sea-going vessel dynamics that the undulation process has probabilistic nature. In the article the dynamics of a multihull vessel is analysed using a linear model on which an irregular wave acts. It was assumed that the examined object interacts with the head sea, and for this wave a set of state equations was derived. The head sea provokes symmetric movements of the object, i.e. surge, heave and pitch.
Experimental research on hydroelastic behaviour of a tank model subdivided into liquid-filled compartments
Authors: Trębacki Kazimierz
Published: January 2009

Experimental research on hydroelastic behaviour of a tank model subdivided into liquid-filled compartments

The research was performed with the use of plexiglass models subdivided into 12 separate compartments. The compartments can be filled with a liquid. The model was excited to vibrations within a given frequency band by means of an exciter and accelerations were measured in selected points of the model. During measurement series oscillograms were obtained for various filling states at continuously changing range of measured frequencies. The oscillograms obtained for free vibrations measured on liquid-filled tank models were then processed. Results of the model tests were compared with those theoretically calculated for simple cases of tank-liquid system. The simple cases were used to test correctness of the elaborated computational program for determining hydrodynamic loads applied to tank walls. The application program for determining hydrodynamic internal loads was elaborated. Also, the influence of liquid filling state on values of loading, accelerations and wall deformations was demonstrated.
Graphical presentation of the power of energy losses and power developed in the elements of hydrostatic drive and control system.: Part II Rotational hydraulic motor speed parallel throttling control and volumetric control systems
Authors: Paszota Zygmunt
Published: January 2009

Graphical presentation of the power of energy losses and power developed in the elements of hydrostatic drive and control system.: Part II Rotational hydraulic motor speed parallel throttling control and volumetric control systems

Paper presents graphical interpretation of the power of energy losses in the hydrostatic drive and control system elements and also of the power developed by those elements. An individual system fed by a constant capacity pump, where rotational hydraulic motor speed control is effected by a parallel throttling control system, is analyzed and also a system with the rotational hydraulic motor speed volumetric control by a variable capacity pump, an individual system with a rotational hydraulic motor volumetric speed control by means of a simultaneous change of the pump capacity per one revolution and change of the motor capacity per one revolution, the system operating at the constant pressure in the pump discharge conduit equal to the nominal pressure of the system: pP2 = pn and central system (with situated in parallel and simultaneously operating motors) with volumetric speed control of each rotational hydraulic motor by a motor secondary circuit assembly, the system fed by a pump with variable capacity per one shaft revolution fitted with pressure regulator pP2 = pn.
Fault detection in measuring systems of power plants
Authors: Głuch Jerzy
Published: January 2009

Fault detection in measuring systems of power plants

This paper describes possibility of forming diagnostic relations based on application of the artifical neural networks (ANNs), intended for the identifying of degradation of measuring instruments used in developed power systems. As an example a steam turbine high-power plant was used. And, simulative calculations were applied to forming diagnostic neural relations. Both degradation of the measuring instruments and simultaneously occurring degradation of the measuring instruments and thermal cycle component devices, were taken into account. Good quality of diagnostic neural relations was stated. They make it possible to distinguish degradation of measuring instruments from degradation of thermal cycle components. The calculated errors of identification of dergraded devices and measuring instruments in the case of simultaneous occurence of three different degradations were on the level of 0.25 %. Performance of the relations was presented by using an example based on industrial practice.
Modelling of propeller shaft dynamics at pulse load
Authors: Grządziela Andrzej
Published: January 2009

Modelling of propeller shaft dynamics at pulse load

The article discusses a method of modelling of propeller shaft dynamics at the presence of virtually introduced underwater detonation effects. The propeller shaft model has four degrees of freedom, which provides opportunities for introducing shaft displacements and rotations similar to those observed in a real object. The equations of motion, taking into account the action of external agents, were implemented to the Matlab SIMULINK environment. The obtained time-histories and their spectra were compared with the experimental results of the tests performed on the marine testing ground. The performed model identification confirmed its sensitivity to changing parameters of motion and external actions.
The Transmission of Knowledge in South African Traditional Healing
Authors: Thornton Robert
Published: January 2009

‘Traditional healers’ (sangomas) in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, are organized into ‘schools’ around a senior teacher (gobela). Healing is understood by its practioners to be a profession, not a religion or even a spiritual exercise. Healers actively assess the effectiveness of their healing methods, transmit their knowledge to each other, and evaluate each others’ performances in ways that stray far from the mere transmission of ‘tradition’. Clients are likely to paysangomasas much as they would medical doctors for their services, which are not limited to the medical. Their practices can be divided into roughly six ‘disciplines’: divination, herbs, control of ancestral spirits, the cult of foreignndzawespirits, drumming and dancing, and training of newsangomas. The status ofsangomais achieved through an arduous process of teaching and learning through which the student or initiate is simultaneously ‘healed’ and educated to become a member of the profession that coheres around these knowledge practices.
Beyond Expertise: Reflections on Specialist Agency and The Autonomy of the Divinatory Ritual Process
Authors: Graw Knut
Published: January 2009

Recent anthropological studies of divination have been marked by renewed and appreciative concern for the epistemological and performative dimensions of divination. Pursuing these recent investigations, and especially their interest in the nature of the knowledge and modes of knowing underlying divinatory ritual, the first part of the article attempts an understanding of the interpretative operations and modalities of knowledge involved in different forms of divination practised in Senegal and Gambia today. At the same time, and somewhat antithetically, it will be argued that the focus on the question of the cognitive nature of divinatory knowledge and the person of the diviner may also be problematic: it may lead to undervaluing the main quality of divination, which lies perhaps not in its cognitive but its consultational properties. Further decentring its initial cognitive outlook, the second part of the article addresses the question of how to understand the fact that within the divinatory discourse itself it is not the diviner but the divinatory apparatus that is being addressed as the source of enunciation. Where, if not in the person of the diviner, is the source of the knowledge underlying and resulting from divinatory procedure to be located? And in how far is it possible, as the title of this article suggests, to conceive of the divinatory process as being autonomous of the expertise and specialist agency of the individual diviner?
Framing Divination: A Mande Divination Expert and The Occult Economy
Authors: Jansen Jan
Published: January 2009

This essay describes the skills of a sand divination expert in Mali through consideration of his expert performance. By relating the description of the expert to Goffman's sociology, it is argued that, in addition to his skilled divination techniques, an expert diviner should be capable of establishing and maintaining the frame of his performance. In the case of the expert described in this essay, it is demonstrated that this frame encompasses a unique and dynamic network of social relations, and comprises a complex set of economic and geographical factors. The historical backdrop to the expert's activities is the ‘occult economy’ (the deployment, real or imagined, of magical means for material ends). It is argued that acquiring the skills needed for managing a frame – and a team of people to support the frame – in the conditions described is a major accomplishment. Study of these skills and processes may provide valuable insight into processes of social change at the micro-level.
Marabout Women in Dakar: Creating Authority in Islamic Knowledge
Authors: Gemmeke Amber B.
Published: January 2009

In studies concerning Islam and gender in West Africa, the expertise of women in Islamic esoteric practices is often overlooked. These practices, that include divination, dream interpretation and prayer sessions, are central in politics, economics and the daily life of most West Africans. Furthermore, their products (such as amulets) and their practitioners (marabouts) travel to Europe, the United States, and the Middle East. Despite the importance of Islamic esoteric practices in West Africa and the rest of the world, they are understudied. In this article, I focus upon the life and work of two marabout women living in Dakar: Ndeye Meissa Ndiaye and Coumba Keita. Their position is exceptional: Islamic esoteric knowledge is a particularly male-dominated field. This article describes how two women's Islamic esoteric expertise is negotiated, legitimated and publicly recognized in Dakar.
Combined Community/Content Environments: User Behavior and Attitudes
Authors: Granitzer Gisela , Tochtermann Klaus
Published: February 2009

Currently, combined community/content environments gain increasing importance in different areas of life, ranging from private to educational to corporate contexts. However, since they are still a novel achievement it is not so clear how they should be organized in order of their successful operation. For gaining a deeper insight in what makes such an environment work, the authors systematically analyzed two combined community/content environments by evaluating user data and an online questionnaire covering the following areas: intensity of content consumption and production, preference of content types, information needs, motivation and trust, and importance of quality criteria. From the results a number of recommendations for providers were derived.
Overview of mRNA Expression Profiling Using DNA Microarrays
Authors: Katagiri Fumiaki , Glazebrook Jane
Published: January 2009

DNA microarray technology allows simultaneous measurement of the mRNA levels of thousands of genes. This powerful technology has applications in addressing many biological questions that were not approachable previously; however, the enormous size of microarray data sets leads to issues of experimental design and statistical analysis that are unfamiliar to many molecular biologists. The type of array used, the design of the biological experiment, the number of experimental replicates, and the statistical method for data analysis should all be chosen based on the scientific goals of the investigator. This overview presents a discussion of the relative merits and limitations of various methods with respect to some common applications of microarray experiments. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 85:22.4.1‐22.4.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust Dosage PCR (RD‐PCR) for Highly Accurate Dosage Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Vu Q. , Liu Qiang , Sommer Steve S.
Published: January 2009

Clinical diagnostic and epidemiological assays would benefit from accurate detection of duplications and deletions commonly missed by conventional methods of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of individual exons. Robust dosage‐PCR (RD‐PCR) is a quantitative PCR method that co‐amplifies a target template and an endogenous internal control (an autosomal and an X‐chromosomal segment) for detection of these mutations. RD‐PCR has the advantage of high accuracy and consistency, rapid assay development, widely available controls, and gene dosage over a wide dynamic range. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 60:9.20.1‐9.20.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Establishing and Maintaining System Linearity
Authors: Wood James C. S.
Published: January 2009

A flow cytometer system transforms a received optical signal into an electrical signal whose amplitude ideally is directly proportional to the optical signal but in practice is at least related in a linear fashion. Establishment and maintenance of system linearity are prerequisites to accurate quantitative measurements. The many potential sources of offsets and nonlinearity are found in all parts of the detection, amplification, and data acquisition systems of a flow instrument. This unit aims to help investigators evaluate performance of the hardware in flow cytometer detection systems. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 47:1.4.1‐1.4.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Cytoplasmic to Nuclear Translocation
Authors: George Thaddeus C. , Morrissey Philip J. , Cui Chongwei , Singh Sukhwinder , Bocarsly Patricia Fitzgerald
Published: January 2009

A method is described for the quantitative assessment of the translocation of signaling molecules from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in cells. This method utilizes fluorochrome‐conjugated antibodies to the signaling molecule and a nuclear dye, and it is based on imagery acquired rapidly in flow with the use of a multispectral imaging cytometer. The analysis correlates the spatial distribution of the stained translocating signaling molecule with nuclear staining, and it generates a quantitative score for each cell using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Examples described in this section use reagents that detect NFκB and IRF‐7 and measure the translocation of these molecules under stimulating conditions. A protocol for combining cell surface phenotype with cytoplasm to nuclear translocation is also included. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 47:9.28.1‐9.28.15. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coffee‐Based Beverages
Authors: Schuchmann Harald
Published: January 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.Overview2.Raw Materials and Intermediate Products2.1.Green Coffee2.2.Dairy Creamer and Milk Components2.3.Nondairy Creamer or Coffee2.4.Malt and Chicory3.Technological Aspects of Product Design3.1.Production of Dairy and Nondairy Powder (Creamer)3.2.Production of Extract and Aroma from Green Beans and Grains3.2.1.From Green Bean to Coffee Extract (Roasting, Extraction)3.2.2.Coffee‐Aroma Recovery and Reincorporation3.2.2.1.Thermal Concentration and Volatile‐Compound Recovery3.2.2.2.Reincorporation of Volatile Aromas3.2.3.Coffee Surrogates Extract3.3.Texturization and Aroma Incorporation3.3.1.Spray‐Drying3.3.2.Freeze‐Drying3.3.3.Agglomeration3.3.4.Other Technologies (Extrusion, Mold Freeze Drying)4.Reconstitution4.1.Home Consumption Versus Vending Machines4.2.Aroma Release4.3.Instant Properties4.4.Milk–Coffee Interactions5.Liquid Extracts and Canned Coffee Beverages6.Economic Aspects6.1.Packaging6.2.Substitution of Arabica Green Beans by Robusta7.Product Adulteration
Users' relevance criteria for evaluating answers in a social Q&A site
Authors: Kim Soojung , Oh Sanghee
Published: January 2009

This study examines the criteria questioners use to select the best answers in a social Q&A site (Yahoo! Answers) within the theoretical framework of relevance research. A social Q&A site is a novel environment where people voluntarily ask and answer questions. In Yahoo! Answers, the questioner selects the answer that best satisfies his or her question and leaves comments on it. Under the assumption that the comments reflect the reasons why questioners select particular answers as the best, this study analyzed 2,140 comments collected from Yahoo! Answers during December 2007. The content analysis identified 23 individual relevance criteria in six classes: Content, Cognitive, Utility, Information Sources, Extrinsic, and Socioemotional. A major finding is that the selection criteria used in a social Q&A site have considerable overlap with many relevance criteria uncovered in previous relevance studies, but that the scope of socio‐emotional criteria has been expanded to include the social aspect of this environment. Another significant finding is that the relative importance of individual criteria varies according to topic categories. Socioemotional criteria are popular in discussion‐oriented categories, content‐oriented criteria in topic‐oriented categories, and utility criteria in self‐help categories. This study generalizes previous relevance studies to a new environment by going beyond an academic setting.
Fetal cardiac effects of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy
Authors: Corrigan Niamh , Brazil Derek P. , McAuliffe Fionnuala
Published: January 2009

Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with increased teratogenesis, which can occur in pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cardiac defects and with neural tube defects are the most common malformations observed in fetuses of pregestational diabetic mothers. The exact mechanism by which diabetes exerts its teratogenic effects and induces embryonic malformations is unclear. Whereas the sequelae of maternal pregestational diabetes, such as modulating insulin levels, altered fat levels, and increased reactive oxygen species, may play a role in fetal damage during diabetic pregnancy, hyperglycemia is thought to be the primary teratogen, causing particularly adverse effects on cardiovascular development. Fetal cardiac defects are associated with raised maternal glycosylated hemoglobin levels and are up to five times more likely in infants of mothers with pregestational diabetes compared with those without diabetes. The resulting anomalies are varied and include transposition of the great arteries, mitral and pulmonary atresia, double outlet of the right ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, and fetal cardiomyopathy.

A wide variety of rodent models have been used to study diabetic teratogenesis. Both genetic and chemically induced models of type 1 and 2 diabetes have been used to examine the effects of hyperglycemia on fetal development. Factors such as genetic background as well as confounding variables such as obesity appear to influence the severity of fetal abnormalities in mice. In this review, we will summarize recent data on fetal cardiac effects from human pregestational diabetic mothers, as well as the most relevant findings in rodent models of diabetic cardiac teratogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First in man use of the Advanta trademark V12 ePTFE‐coated stent in aortic coarctation
Authors: Hussein Hafiz , Walsh Kevin
Published: January 2009

The treatment of aortic coarctation has classically been surgery, but recent advances have seen the increasing adoption of percutaneous catheter based techniques to correct this problem. We describe a first in man use catheter technique with the Advanta ePTFE coated stent via a 9Fr access. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transradial carotid artery stenting with proximal embolic protection
Authors: Trani Carlo , Burzotta Francesco , Coroleu Santiago Federico
Published: January 2009

Proximal embolic protection devices (PPDs) are increasingly used during carotid artery stenting (CAS) due to the theoretical advantage of cerebral protection during the entire procedure. Transradial approach reduces access site vascular complications and can be useful for CAS in patients at high bleeding risk, with contraindications for prolonged bed rest and when a bovine aortic arch is present. Due to the large size of the available equipment, PPDs have only been employed by transfemoral approach. Recently, one PPD (MoMa, Invatec, Roncadelle, Italy) has become available in 8 Fr configuration. Such improved design may theoretically permit its introduction in the radial artery. Here we report three cases of severe internal carotid artery stenosis successfully treated by CAS with 8 Fr MoMa using transradial approach, showing the technical feasibility of such procedure. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Vanadyl Bond Ordering and Analysis of the Spin Exchange Interactions in Pb2V3O9 and Pb2As2VO9.
Authors: Mentre O. , Koo H.‐J. , Whangbo M.‐H.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Li14.7Mg36.8Cu21.5Ga66: An Intermetallic Representative of a Type IV Clathrate.
Authors: Lin Qisheng , Corbett John D.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Width and Site Preferences in the EuMgxGa4‐x Series.
Authors: You Tae‐Soo , Miller Gordon J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pentavalent Uranium Oxide via Reduction of [UO2]2+ under Hydrothermal Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Belai Nebebech , Frisch Mark , Ilton Eugene S. , Ravel Bruce , Cahill Christopher L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of an Inorganic—Organic Hybrid Sandwich‐Type Germanotungstate.
Authors: Wang Jingping , Chen Guo , Wang Wei , Niu Jingyang
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Route to 1,4‐Disubstituted Aromatics and Its Application to the Synthesis of the Antibiotic Culpin.
Authors: Sunasee Rajesh , Clive Derrick L. J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium—Phosphinous Acid‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl and Acyl Halides with Aryl‐, Alkyl‐, and Vinylzinc Reagents.
Authors: Xu Hanhui , Ekoue‐Kovi Kekeli , Wolf Christan
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Three Novel Chiral Diamines Derived from (S)‐Proline and Their Evaluation as Precursors of Diazaborolidines for the Catalytic Borane‐Mediated Enantioselective Reduction of Prochiral Ketones.
Authors: Olivares‐Romero J. Luis , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diaryl Ether Synthesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Batch and Continuous Flow Modes.
Authors: Lee Jin‐Kyun , Fuchter Matthew J. , Williamson Rachel M. , Leeke Gary A. , Bush Edward J. , McConvey Ian F. , Saubern Simon , Ryan John H. , Holmes Andrew B.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 2‐(Arylthio)benzoates by the First Catalytic [3 + 3] Cyclocondensations of 3‐(Arylthio)‐1‐(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethoxypropane.
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Iqbal Inam , Rasool Nasir , Rashid Muhammad A. , Langer Peter
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Efficient Tandem Assembly of Terminal Alkynes and Arynes: Synthesis of Alkynylated Biphenyl Derivatives.
Authors: Xie Chunsong , Zhang Yuhong , Yang Yuzhu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Samarium(II) Iodide Induced Cascade Reaction for Tricyclic γ‐Lactone Synthesis from Acyclic Keto Diesters.
Authors: Kishida Atsushi , Nagaoka Hiroto
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo[f]isoindole‐4,9‐diones.
Authors: Claessens Sven , Jacob Jan , Van Aeken Sam , Tehrani Kourosch Abbaspour , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, and Analgesic and Antiparkinsonian Activities of Thiopyrimidine, Pyrane, Pyrazoline, and Thiazolopyrimidine Derivatives from 2‐Chloro‐6‐ethoxy‐4‐acetylpyridine.
Authors: Amr Abd El‐Galil E. , Maigali Soher S. , Abdulla Mohamed M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Developments in the Production of Grain‐Oriented Electrical Steel
Authors: Xia Zhaosuo , Kang Yonglin , Wang Quanli
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Proton Catalysis
Authors: McGilvra Jeff D. , Gondi Vijaya Bhasker , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Development of Methods for the Synthesis of Second‐Generation HMG‐CoA Reductase Inhibitors [Fluvastatin Sodium (Lescol), Rosuvastatin Calcium (Crestor), Pitavastatin Calcium (Livalo)]
Authors: Pfefferkorn Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Nitrosoalkenes
Authors: Reissig H.‐U. , Zimmer R.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.