bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Plays a Critical Role in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Hara Tomoya , Phuong Pham Tran , Fukuda Daiju , Yamaguchi Koji , Murata Chie , Nishimoto Sachiko , Yagi Shusuke , Kusunose Kenya , Yamada Hirotsugu , Soeki Takeshi , Wakatsuki Tetsuzo , Imoto Issei , Shimabukuro Michio , Sata Masataka
Published: April 2018

Background:

The coagulation system is closely linked with vascular inflammation, although the underlying mechanisms are still obscure. Recent studies show that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a major receptor of activated factor X, is expressed in both vascular cells and leukocytes, suggesting that PAR-2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Here we investigated the role of PAR-2 in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis.

Methods:

We generated apolipoprotein E-deficient (
ApoE
-/-
) mice lacking systemic PAR-2 expression (
PAR-2
-/-
ApoE
-/-
). ApoE
-/-
mice, which lack or express PAR-2 only in bone marrow (BM) cells, were also generated by BM transplantation. Atherosclerotic lesions were investigated after 20 weeks on a Western-type diet by histological analyses, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. In vitro experiments using BM-derived macrophages were performed to confirm the proinflammatory roles of PAR-2. The association between plasma activated factor X level and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was also examined in humans who underwent coronary intervention.

Results:

PAR-2
-/-
ApoE
-/-
mice showed reduced atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch (
P
<0.05) along with features of stabilized atherosclerotic plaques, such as less lipid deposition (
P
<0.05), collagen loss (
P
<0.01), macrophage accumulation (
P
<0.05), and inflammatory molecule expression (
P
<0.05) compared with
ApoE
-/-
mice. Systemic PAR2 deletion in
ApoE
-/-
mice significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory molecules in the aorta. The results of BM transplantation experiments demonstrated that PAR-2 in hematopoietic cells contributed to atherogenesis in
ApoE
-/-
mice. PAR-2 deletion did not alter metabolic parameters. In vitro experiments demonstrated that activated factor X or a specific peptide agonist of PAR-2 significantly increased the expression of inflammatory molecules and lipid uptake in BM-derived macrophages from wild-type mice compared with those from PAR-2–deficient mice. Activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling was involved in PAR-2–associated vascular inflammation and macrophage activation. In humans who underwent coronary intervention, plasma activated factor X level independently correlated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by Gensini score (
P
<0.05) and plaque volume (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions:

PAR-2 signaling activates macrophages and promotes vascular inflammation, increasing atherosclerosis in
ApoE
-/-
mice. This signaling pathway may also participate in atherogenesis in humans.
Concept of a Treaty in Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia
Published: April 2018

This article investigates and analyses the work of the International Law Commission concerning what constitutes a treaty in international law, and the role of international courts and tribunals in developing the definition of treaty as enshrined in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (‘the VCLT’). The definition of the treaty in the VCLT is the starting point of the discussion. The article argues that there is a whole host of new elements which appear in the practice of international courts and tribunals (including the International Court of Justice) that supplement the classical definition in the VCLT. However, judicial practice in international courts and tribunals is rather diverse which inhibits the formulation of a uniform and consistent general rule in respect of the definition of the treaty outside that of the VCLT.
How to Determine the Legal Character of an International Instrument: The Case of a Note Accompanying the Japan-India Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
Authors: Asada Masahiko
Published: April 2018

The Japan-India Nuclear Cooperation Agreement of 2016 is accompanied by a “Note on Views and Understanding” reflecting the conflict of views between the two States during the six and a half years of negotiation regarding the possibility of Indian nuclear testing and its impact on the bilateral nuclear cooperation. Japan asserted that if India were to conduct a nuclear test, it would cease cooperation and terminate the cooperation agreement, while the Indian side was of the view that it would not accept its current voluntary test moratorium being transformed into a legally binding obligation. This difference of opinion resulted in the accompanying Note. After its signing, however, the two sides apparently hold different views on the legal nature of the Note. This article examines the question of how the legal nature of an international instrument is to be determined in the light of the relevant ICJ jurisprudence among others.
The Japan-South Korea Comfort Women Agreement: Unfortunate Fate of a Non-Legally Binding Agreement
Authors: Tamada Dai
Published: April 2018

Japan and South Korea concluded the Comfort Women Agreement in 2015 for the purpose of resolving finally and irreversibly the controversial issue of comfort women. Although this agreement is an ‘agreement’ between two States, it does not have legally binding force, thus being a legally non-binding agreement. This article examines the criteria for identifying whether an agreement is legally binding, and clarifies the normative character and effect of the 2015 Agreement by applying those criteria. Then, it analyses the background to the conclusion of a non-binding agreement.
MAC protocol with clock synchronization correction for a practical infrastructure monitoring system
Authors: Kawamoto Yasutaka , Matsunaga Toshihiko , Kado Yuichi
Published: April 2018

Sensor networks for infrastructure monitoring systems require battery-operated sensing nodes with a lifetime of 10 years, a standardized technology, and low engineering costs. Receiver-initiated transmission and coordinated sampled listening are promising power-saving communication methods that can be used for infrastructure monitoring. First, we compared receiver-initiated transmission and coordinated sampled listening from the viewpoint of power consumption and communication success probability. The results of the comparison showed that if we can continue coordinated sampled listening synchronous communication mode, we can satisfy the low power consumption performance required for infrastructure monitoring. However, coordinated sampled listening synchronous communication cannot be maintained for a longer period owing to performance variations of the clock crystal oscillator (CXO). We solved this problem by developing energy efficient system-media access control protocol (NES MAC), a MAC protocol with the additional function of correcting the dispersion of CXO and maintaining synchronization for a long time. NES-MAC is fully compatible with coordinated sampled listening. Furthermore, NES-MAC also has a high power-saving effect when communicating with normal coordinated sampled listening. Therefore, it is possible to expand the network easily and economically without affecting the power-saving performance. In addition, we found that through actual equipment evaluation that sensor nodes that adopt NES-MAC can operate for more than 10 years with two CR123A-type batteries.
Comparison of carcinogenicity predictions by the Oncologic expert system with NTP 2-year rodent study tumorigenicity results
Authors: Smith Carr J , Perfetti Thomas A
Published: April 2018

The degree of correlation between tumors predicted by OncoLogic™ (Oncologic) and the actual formation of tumors as observed in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year rodent studies is lower for “justification reports” that incorporate historical data than for “data reports” that do not. The correlation between the ordinal ranking of the observed carcinogenicity of parent NTP chemicals and the predicted “level of carcinogenicity concern” from the justification reports obtained from Oncologic is poor ( r = 0.56). Similarly, the correlation between the ordinal ranking of the carcinogenicity of metabolites from parent NTP chemicals and the predicted “level of carcinogenicity concern” from the justification report obtained from Oncologic is also poor ( r = 0.43). In contrast, the correlation between the ordinal ranking of the observed carcinogenicity of parent NTP chemicals and the predicted level of carcinogenicity concern from the data reports obtained from Oncologic is comparatively better ( r = 0.75). The correlation between the ordinal ranking of the carcinogenicity of metabolites from parent NTP chemicals and the predicted “level of carcinogenicity concern” from the data reports generated from Oncologic is also comparatively good ( r = 0.68). The level of correlation between the ordinal tumorigenicity ranks of parent chemicals and between the ordinal tumorigenicity ranks of chemicals reported to induce liver tumors in the National Center for Toxicological Research liver cancer database was also investigated. There was a higher degree of correlation seen for Oncologic “data reports” as compared with Oncologic “justification reports.” Incorporation of additional information via “justification reports” weakens the predictive power of Oncologic.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for T-cell lymphomas
Authors: Schmitz Norbert , Lenz Georg , Stelljes Matthias
Published: April 2018

Mature T- and natural killer (NK)–cell neoplasms comprise a group of morphologically, immunophenotypically, molecularly, and clinically heterogeneous disorders with generally unfavorable outcome. Results of first-line chemotherapy are unsatisfactory for the most common T-cell lymphomas (peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma; anaplastic large cell lymphomas; anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase–negative) as well as for many other entities. High-dose therapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is widely recommended for consolidation after a complete or partial remission is achieved. However, about one-third of patients never reach transplantation because of early relapse or refractoriness. Targeted therapies have recently been developed; combinations with chemotherapy may improve outcomes, but long-term results from prospective studies are largely missing. In this situation, allogeneic HSCT remains a valuable treatment option inducing long-lived remissions in about 30% to 50% of patients with relapsed and refractory T-cell lymphoma able to proceed to transplantation. Results of allogeneic transplantation for consolidation in first remission are less defined and its indications remain controversial. With growing evidence that haploidentical HSCT also works in lymphoma, more patients can be brought to transplantation. Decreasing the morbidity and mortality of allogeneic transplantation is a continuous challenge. Integrating new drugs into transplant concepts and setting up prospective studies involving allogeneic transplantation remain unmet needs that warrant urgent study in a group of disorders in which classical chemotherapy and new drugs have generated results, which are far from optimal until today.
Abnormal clotting of the intrinsic/contact pathway in Alzheimer disease patients is related to cognitive ability
Authors: Suidan Georgette L. , Singh Pradeep K. , Patel-Hett Sunita , Chen Zu-Lin , Volfson Dmitri , Yamamoto-Imoto Hitomi , Norris Erin H. , Bell Robert D. , Strickland Sidney
Published: April 2018

Key Points

Clot initiation and strength are altered in AD patient plasma and transgenic AD mouse model. Clotting abnormalities are correlated with the cognitive state of AD patients.
Mogadishu calling: mental health awareness in Somalia via an innovative, live video-based mental health teaching programme established between Liverpool and Mogadishu
Authors: Abbasi Yasir , Forryan James , Ahmed Abdi , Kypriano Paul , Martinez Rebecca
Published: April 2018

In 2013 the Federal Government of Somalia contacted the Mersey Care National Health Service Foundation Trust (MCFT), asking whether they could formulate a teaching programme tailored towards improving mental health provision in Somalia, and the E-learning Mental Health Training Programme (SOM-Health) was eventually conceived. The fundamental aim was to provide mental health awareness to practitioners and trainees in Somalia so that they could deliver mental healthcare services confidently and effectively.
Artistic creativity and risk for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression: a Swedish population-based case–control study and sib-pair analysis
Authors: MacCabe J. H. , Sariaslan A. , Almqvist C. , Lichtenstein P. , Larsson H. , Kyaga S.
Published: April 2018

Background

Many studies have addressed the question of whether mental disorder is associated with creativity, but high-quality epidemiological evidence has been lacking.

Aims

To test for an association between studying a creative subject at high school or university and later mental disorder.

Method

In a case–control study using linked population-based registries in Sweden (N = 4 454 763), we tested for associations between tertiary education in an artistic field and hospital admission with schizophrenia (N = 20 333), bipolar disorder (N = 28 293) or unipolar depression (N = 148 365).

Results

Compared with the general population, individuals with an artistic education had increased odds of developing schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1.90, 95% CI = [1.69; 2.12]) bipolar disorder (odds ratio = 1.62 [1.50; 1.75]) and unipolar depression (odds ratio = 1.39 [1.34; 1.44]. The results remained after adjustment for IQ and other potential confounders.

Conclusions

Students of artistic subjects at university are at increased risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression in adulthood.

Declaration of interest

None.
A systematic survey of conformational states in β1 and β4 integrins using negative-stain electron microscopy
Authors: Miyazaki Naoyuki , Iwasaki Kenji , Takagi Junichi
Published: April 2018

Structural analyses of β2 and β3 integrins have revealed that they generally assume a compact bent conformation in the resting state and undergo a global conformational transition involving extension during upregulation of ligand affinity, collectively called the ‘switchblade model’. This hypothesis, however, has not been extensively tested for other classes of integrins. We prepared a set of recombinant integrin ectodomain fragments including αvβ3, α2β1, α3β1, α5β1, α6β1 and α6β4, and used negative-stain electron microscopy to examine their structures under various conditions. In contrast to αvβ3 integrin, which exhibited a severely bent conformation in low-affinity 5 mM Ca2+ conditions, all β1 integrin heterodimers displayed a mixed population of half-bent to fully extended conformations. Moreover, they did not undergo significant conformational change upon activation by Mn2+. Integrin α6β4 was even more resistant to conformational regulation, showing a completely extended structure regardless of the buffer conditions. These results suggest that the mechanisms of conformational regulation of integrins are more diverse and complex than previously thought, requiring more experimental scrutiny for each integrin subfamily member.
The Effect of Corporate Taxation on Investment and Financial Policy: Evidence from the DPAD
Authors: Ohrn Eric
Published: April 2018

This study estimates the investment, financing, and payout responses to variation in a firm's effective corporate income tax rate in the United States. I exploit quasi-experimental variation created by the Domestic Production Activities Deduction, a corporate tax expenditure created in 2005. A 1 percentage point reduction in tax rates increases investment by 4.7 percent of installed capital, increases payouts by 0.3 percent of sales, and decreases debt by 5.3 percent of total assets. These estimates suggest that lower corporate tax rates and faster accelerated depreciation each stimulate a similar increase in investment, per dollar in lost revenue. (JEL D22, D25, G31, G32, H25, H32)
Fear of imminent death – use of evidence in forensic-psychiatric expertise
Authors: Cynkier Przemysław
Published: April 2018

Zgodnie z polskim prawodawstwem cywilnym istnieje możliwość skorzystania z co najmniej kilku dróg rozdysponowania majątkiem na wypadek śmierci. Jedną z nich jest szczególna forma ustnego testamentu. Podstawową kwestią do ustalenia przez sąd jest potwierdzenie, bądź wykluczenie istnienia u spadkodawcy obawy rychłej śmierci w czasie testowania. W tym celu sąd korzysta z opinii biegłych psychiatrów. Przedstawiono przypadek mężczyzny, który znajdując się w terminalnej fazie choroby nowotworowej skorzystał z ustnej formy testowania. Sprawy tego typu zdarzają się stosunkowo rzadko i dlatego opisany przypadek ma zilustrować złożony charakter ekspertyzy. Wskazuje na konieczność uwzględniania przez biegłych skomplikowanych przepisów prawnych, których przestrzeganie warunkuje możliwość skorzystania z tej formy sporządzenia testamentu. Faktograficzna ocena zeznań świadków komplikuje opracowanie materiału, gdyż zeznania te z reguły pozostają sprzeczne ze sobą. Zaproponowano sposób uporządkowania pod względem merytorycznym (psychopatologicznym) relacji świadków, oparty na analizie wyodrębnionych obszarów badań. Dokumentacja medyczna może być potraktowana nie tylko jako źródło informacji na temat dynamiki chorób somatycznych testatora i wtórnych do nich zmian w stanie psychicznym. Może być również cennym źródłem wiedzy na temat stosunku testatora do zagadnień zdrowia i choroby, procesu leczenia, rokowań, zagrożenia jego życia i śmierci.
¿Por qué es importante que la Corte Penal Internacional condene más allá de toda duda razonable?
Authors: Vera Juan Sebastian
Published: April 2018

El artículo 66 (3) del Estatuto de Roma señala que  la Corte Penal Internacional deba condenar cuando esté convencida más allá toda duda razonable. Este trabajo tratará  acerca de efectos que la aplicación de este estándar produce en los casos de conoce la CPI. En efecto, se afirma que el Estándar de la duda razonable puede cumplir diversas funciones como servir de refuerzo de la finalidad de búsqueda de la verdad de los hechos, contribuir a la construcción de la memoria de lo sucedido, servir como una regla de distribución de error, mostrar la operatividad del derecho de presunción de inocencia, generar efectos sociológicos en la comunidad internacional y contribuir a restablecer el orden jurídico internacional quebrantado.
AAUG and the Years of Activities
Authors: Ghada Hashem Talhami
Published: April 2018

These memoirs of the AAUG by one of its leaders, and a former president, focus on its shortcomings, as well as the role of women within the organization. It also addresses the issues of secular Arab nationalism and the more recent phenomena of Islamophobia.
How is the AAUG Remembered? Restrained Nostalgia, Historical Omissions, and My Side of the Story
Authors: Randa A. Kayyali
Published: April 2018

The events and reasons behind the closure of the AAUG Washington DC office and the subsequent disbanding of the entire organization, with the notable exception of the Arab Studies Quarterly is described here by the last acting Executive Director. This essay helps to fill a major lacuna in the written history of a major Arab American activist organization.
Crystal Growth of Layered Silicate Grafted with Organic Groups on Monodisperse Spherical Silica Particles
Authors: Yamauchi Masahiro , Okada Tomohiko
Published: April 2018

Control of the structure and morphology of clay crystals presents a challenge in the synthesis of materials for adsorption and catalysis. In the present study, direct crystallization of a phyllosilicate grafted with organosilyl (methylsilyl and phenylsilyl) groups on the surface of monodisperse spherical silica particles (2.6 μm) is reported. Methyl- and phenyltriethoxysilanes were allowed to react hydrothermally in a Teflon-lined autoclave with silica, MgCl2, and LiF in the presence of urea for 2 or 4 days. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the fine platy particles formed were a trioctahedral hectorite-like layered silicate. Greater temperature (150°C) was required to achieve homogeneous coverage of the original spherical silica particles with the hectorite-like particles. The diameter of the initial silica grains increased slightly to 3.0 μm after the hydrothermal reactions, while the original spherical shape and size distribution were maintained. Solid-state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed that the presence of resonances attributed to the RSi(OMg)(OSi)2 and RSi(OMg)(OH)(OSi) (R = methyl or phenyl) environments of the silicon proved the formation of covalent bonds between phyllosilicate sheets and the organic moieties. The crystallinity of the layered silicates increased when the reactions ran for a longer time (4 days).
Reflections on marriage and family therapy training for drama therapy students at the California Institute of Integral Studies
Authors: Raucher Gary , McKenna Susan Coto
Published: April 2018

This article consists of reflections on the training of drama therapy students in the area of marriage (relationship)-family-child therapy via a transcribed conversation between two educators with the Drama Therapy Program at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS), San Francisco. Areas discussed include: relating theory to practice; multicultural perspectives in relationship therapy theory; balancing cognitive and affective aspects of clinical training; recognition of student learning curves; qualities that drama therapy students bring to relationship training; licensure and credentialing.
Therapeutic theatre as family therapy: Integrating drama therapy and experiential family therapy
Authors: Kaynan Barbara , Wade Cameron
Published: April 2018

This article juxtaposes two case studies that integrated drama therapy, therapeutic theatre and experiential family therapy. Both authors engaged in arts-based research projects creating theatre with their respective families as therapy. Theoretical justifications, methodologies, limitations and future implications for how drama therapists can impact clinical work with families are presented in this account.
Puppets, kites and the swirling waters: Convergent boundaries in a site-specific performance
Authors: Listengarten Julia , Yates Sarah
Published: April 2018

As a group of theatre makers in the School of Performing Arts at the University of Central Florida, we conceived a site-specific performance on university campus that involved both traditional and non-traditional production layers. The live symphony concert – an annual event with pre-established history and audience-base – evolved in a visual performance which included a site-specific dance in combination with performance objects such as kites and puppets. This project served as a ‘practice as research’ investigation of convergent boundaries between artistic hierarchies in a creative process and explored the ways in which multiple layers of a site-specific event intermingle, manipulate, repel and consume one another.
Peningkatan Sensitivitas Dua Kali Uji Tuberkulin untuk Mendeteksi Infeksi Tuberkulosis pada Anak dengan Penyakit Keganasan
Authors: Kurniawan Arismunanto , Sofiah Fifi , Sari Dian Puspita , Yuwono Yuwono
Published: April 2018

Latar belakang. Pasien imunokompromais lebih berisiko terinfeksi kuman Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sensitivitas uji tuberkulin pada pasien anak dengan keganasan berkurang karena penurunan T helper 1 (Th 1). Diperlukan dua kali uji tuberkulin untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas uji tuberkulin pada anak dengan keganasan.Tujuan. Mengetahui penggunaan dua kali uji tuberkulin lebih sensitif mendeteksi infeksi tuberkulosis pada anak dengan keganasan dibandingkan satu kali uji tuberkulin.Metode. Penelitian cross sectional dilakukan Juli 2016 sampai 31 Maret 2017 pada pasien anak yang baru terdiagnosis penyakit keganasan, usia 6 bulan sampai 18 tahun di Rumah Sakit Dr. M. Hoesin (RSMH). Uji tuberkulin dilakukan pada semua subjek. Anak dengan hasil uji tuberkulin negatif saat uji tuberkulin pertama, dilakukan uji tuberkulin kedua setelah 2 sampai 4 minggu uji tuberkulin pertama. Hasil positif bila indurasi ≥5 mm.Hasil. Lima puluh pasien anak dengan keganasan ikut dalam penelitian. Tigapuluh dua subjek laki-laki, 18 subjek perempuan. Jenis penyakit keganasan terbanyak adalah leukemia limfoblastik akut 27 (54%). Pada uji tuberkulin pertama didapatkan hasil positif pada 4 subjek dan pada uji tuberkulin kedua didapatkan hasil positif pada 7 subjek. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p<0,001) antara indurasi hasil uji tuberkulin pertama dan kedua. Terdapat peningkatan sensitivitas dua kali uji tuberkulin dibandingkan satu kali uji tuberkulin.Kesimpulan. Penggunaan dua kali uji tuberkulin pada anak dengan keganasan lebih sensitif untuk mendeteksi infeksi tuberkulosis dibandingkan satu kali uji tuberkulin.
Petanda Imunofenotip CD10 Sendiri Atau Bersama CD3 Atau CD13/CD33 sebagai Faktor Prognosis Luaran Terapi Fase Induksi Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut Anak
Authors: Arguni Eggi , Nugroho Sasmito , Mulatsih Sri , - Sutaryo
Published: April 2018

Latar belakang. Kegagalan terapi masih menjadi penyumbang terbesar bagi mortalitas anak dengan leukemia limfoblastik akut (LLA). Ekspresi CD10 menentukan diferensiasi sebagian besar leukemia sel B. Petanda imunofenotip untuk LLA sel T, yaitu CD3, dan myeloid antigen, yaitu CD13/CD33, dengan jumlah kecil juga terekspresi pada B-ALL. Tujuan. Mengetahui pengaruh ekspresi CD10 sendiri atau bersama dengan CD3 atau CD13/CD33 terhadap luaran terapi fase induksi LLA anak.Metode. Desain penelitian menggunakan nested case-control. Sampel penelitian merupakan pasien LLA anak yang baru terdiagnosis di INSKA RSUP Dr Sardjito Yogyakart Januari 2006-Desember 2009, dilengkapi pemeriksaan imunofenotip saat penegakan diagnosis. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat digunakan untuk menentukan faktor prognosis independen terhadap luaran terapi. Hasil. Seratus enam puluh tujuh pasien diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Faktor usia dan ekspresi CD10 merupakan faktor prognosis independen yang menentukan luaran terapi fase induksi. Kelompok usia <1 tahun dan >10 tahun akan mengalami gagal remisi (OR 3,1; IK95%: 1,271-7,625; p=0,013), dan LLA anak dengan CD10 negatif akan mengalami gagal remisi 2,7 kali lebih tinggi dibanding CD10 positif (IK95%: 1,171-6,232; p=0,020). Kesimpulan. CD10 negatif merupakan faktor prognosis independen terhadap kejadian gagal remisi. Ekspresi imunofenotip CD10 bersama CD3 dan CD13/CD33, bukan merupakan faktor prognosis bagi luaran terapi fase induksi.
Perbedaan Kadar Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Feses Berdasarkan Tingkat Keparahan Diare Akut pada Anak
Authors: Fitriyana Fitriyana , Jurnalis Yusri Dianne , Yerizel Eti
Published: April 2018

Latar belakang. Diare dapat menyebabkan kekurangan gizi, gangguan pertumbuhan dan gangguan kognitif. Gangguan gizi dapat terjadi karena asupan makanan yang kurang, atau kehilangan langsung karena kerusakan mukosa usus. Kehilangan protein melalui saluran cerna dapat dinilai dengan pemeriksaan kadar alpha 1 antitrypsin feses. Tujuan. Menilai perbedaan kadar alpha 1 antitrypsin feses berdasarkan tingkat keparahan diare akut pada anak.Metode. Penelitian cross sectional dari Januari-Juli 2017. Penelitian dilakukan di RSUP Dr M Djamil dan RS Yos Sudarso Padang. Tingkat keparahan diare dinilai menggunakan Vesikari clinical severity scoring system. Kadar alpha 1 antitrypsin feses diperiksa dengan cara ELISA. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis.Hasil. Dari 60 subjek penelitian, rerata kadar alpha 1 antitrypsin adalah 202,32 ± 131,96 mg/dL. Kadar alpha 1 antirypsin feses pada kelompok tingkat keparahan diare ringan didapatkan 123,6 (87-295,1) mg/dL. Pada kelompok tingkat keparahan diare sedang 166,4 (23,8-332,9) mg/dL dan kelompok tingkat keparahan diare berat 268,6 (25,5-511,9) mg/dL. Uji analisis statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kadar alpha 1 antitrypsin feses yang signifikan pada setiap tingkat keparahan diare dengan nilai p=0,003.Kesimpulan. Terdapat peningkatan kadar alpha 1 anitripsin feses yang bermakna sesuai dengan tingkat keparahan diare.
Helicônia cv. Golden Torch cultivada sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação em ambiente protegido
Authors: Silva Alcilane Arnaldo , Beckmann-Cavalcante Márkilla Zunete , Moreira da Silva Everaldo , Ettore Pavan Bruno , Teixeira Lobo Jackson , Neres da Silva Maria De Lourdes
Published: April 2018

The genus Heliconia is commercially detached by the exotic appearance of the inflorescences but is susceptible to lack of moisture in the soil, being necessary the irrigation management. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on the plant growth and productive characters of Heliconia psittacorum cv. Golden Torch cultivated in vase. The experiment was conducted from March to October 2014, in a randomized blocks design. Five treatments corresponding to the different irrigation levels were used [50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the evaporation measured in Class A (ECA)] with four replicates and two plants per replicate. The following evaluations were carried out: number of days for the emergence of the first tiller, number of days for the emergence of the first inflorescence, number of days for the inflorescence harvest, crop cycle, diameter of the flower stem, length of the flower stem, inflorescence length, plant high, number of tillers and productivity of flower stems. Chlorophyll and leaf area measurements were performed. The irrigation levels tested significantly influenced the number of days for the first inflorescence harvest, length of the flower stem and inflorescence length. The irrigation level of 150% ECA provided better results for the length of the flower stem, inflorescence length and for leaf area but without differences from 75%, 100% and 125% ECA. Thus, for the cultivation of the heliconia cv. Golden Torch in pot can be recommended the level corresponding from 75% to 150% ECA.
Caracterização da diversidade genética de acessos de ave-do-paraíso
Authors: Dos Santos Alessandro Aparecido Brito , Ambrosio Valdete Campos , Barelli Marco Antonio Aparecido , Guimarães Thallita Santos , Da Luz Petterson Baptista
Published: April 2018

This study aimed to characterize genetic diversity in the bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia reginae) collection at the Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Carlos Alberto Reyes Maldonado (UNEMAT) by estimating genetic divergence among genotypes based on agronomic characteristics. Seven agronomic characters were evaluated with average Euclidean distance. The UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) hierarchical clustering method was used between groups, as well as Tocher’s optimization clustering method and principal component analysis (PCA), in order to classify the genotypes with maximum similarity between groups. Measures of genetic dissimilarity with average Euclidean distance verified the existence of genetic variability among accessions since the amplitude of dissimilarity values ranged from 1.09 to 36.97. Tocher’s clustering method verified the formation of two distinct groups. UPGMA hierarchical clustering, based on the dissimilarity matrix, verified the formation of three groups with 30% cutoff point. Based on the main components analysis, we verified genetic divergence between the bird-of-paradise accessions in the UNEMAT Collection. The most promising combinations for future crosses in breeding programs comprise accessions 1, 11, and 23 and accession 1 as the most divergent among the accessions evaluated.
Informing learning design through analytics: Applying network graph analysis
Authors: Ifenthaler Dirk , Gibson David , Dobozy Eva
Published: April 2018

Learning design has traditionally been thought of as an activity occurring prior to the presentation of a learning experience or a description of that activity. With the advent of near real-time data and new opportunities of representing the decisions and actions of learners in digital learning environments, learning designers can now apply dynamic learning analytics information on the fly in order to evaluate learner characteristics, examine learning designs, analyse the effectiveness of learning materials and tasks, adjust difficulty levels, and measure the impact of interventions and feedback. In a case study with 3550 users, the navigation sequence and network graph analysis demonstrate a potential application of learning analytics design. Implications based on the case study show that integration of analytics data into the design of learning environments is a promising approach.
Regulatory mechanism of ulinastatin on autophagy of macrophages and renal tubular epithelial cells
Authors: Wu Ming , Hu Min , Tong Huansheng , Liu Junying , Jiang Hui , Zhang Ming , Su Lei , Li Mingli , Feng Yongwen , Cheng Biao
Published: April 2018

Kidney ischemia and hypoxia can cause renal cell apoptosis and activation of inflammatory cells, which lead to the release of inflammatory factors and ultimately result in the damage of kidney tissue and the whole body. Renal tubular cell and macrophage autophagy can reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing the activation of inflammatory cytoplasm and its key effector protein, caspase-1, which reduces the expression of IL-1β and IL-18 and other inflammatory factors. Ulinastatin (UTI), as a glycoprotein drug, inhibits the activity of multiple proteases and reduces myocardial damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion by upregulating autophagy. However, it can be raised by macrophage autophagy, reduce the production of ROS, and ultimately reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing renal cell injury, promote renal function recovery is not clear. In this study, a series of cell experiments have shown that ulinastatin is reduced by regulating the autophagy of renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-1), and then, increase the activity of the cells under the sugar oxygen deprivation model. The simultaneous use of cellular autophagy agonists Rapamycin (RAPA) and ulinastatin has a synergistic effect on the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of inflammatory factors.
Bio-accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Arabian Gulf, Saudi Coast
Authors: Orif Mohammed , El-Maradny Amr
Published: April 2018

The Arabian Gulf is considered as one of the most important sources for the crude oil all over the world. Due to the vast oil exploration and exploitation, huge amounts of organic pollutants infiltrate to the gulf. An important class of organic pollutants is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). One of the marine habitats in Arabian Gulf area is the mangrove stands, that are undoubtedly impacted by all anthropogenic factors like oil industries and sewage discharge. In the monitoring framework for mangrove ecosystem along Saudi coasts, nine mangrove stands were examined for the accumulation of PAHs in the Arabian Gulf coast. PAHs were measured using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The mean values detected for total PAHs in mangrove sediments, roots and leaf were 105.39, 680.0 and 282.4 ng/g, respectively. The trend of total PAHs concentrations in all sites showed the descending order: roots > leaf > sediments. Despite the sandy nature and low organic carbon contents of the mangrove sediments, moderate values of PAHs were detected in the major sites. PAH bio-accumulation factors for roots are higher than that in leaf. The diagnostic ratios revealed that the sources of PAHs are mainly pyrogenic, except for Damam and Damam Port that were found to be petrogenic.
Cultivating the Guessing Instinct
Authors: West Donna E.
Published: April 2018

This inquiry examines how an index tracks the internalization of habits, from action templates to intersubjective and intrasubjective regulators (West 2013, 2014). Habit draws upon spatial primitives (Mandler 2010) and is expressed as sensory coordinations (tracking movement, force, orientation). Indexical action templates advance mechanical and self-regulative purposes: Source, path, and goal transition to social and internal regulators. Inferences drawn from event sequences culminate in plausible directives – recommending courses of action (Peirce MS 637: c1909), useful in dialogue alterations. Such alterations require habit-change, fitting novel participants into different event slots – driven by good instinctual guesses or “twigging ideas” (Peirce MS 930: c1913).
A Short Introduction to Edusemiotics
Authors: Olteanu Alin , Campbell Cary
Published: April 2018

This article reviews and discusses some the main aspects of the growing edusemiotic research movement. The authors briefly explore the historical antecedents to educational semiotics in antiquity, before going on to discuss edusemiotic’s fundamental “triadic” (non-dualistic) orientation. They focus on the use of Peirce’s categorical semiotic philosophy to conceptualize educational dynamics; the alignment of edusemiotics with biosemiotics; the relevance of Thomas Sebeok’s modeling theories to education; and the primacy of iconicity in learning. Throughout the article, it is emphasized how edusemiotics doesnotmean semiotics applied to education, as a pedagogical aid or teaching/research tool, but is rather, “thinking” semiotics as the foundation for educational theory and practice at large (cf. Stables and Semetsky, 2015).
BERGSON, BACHELARD E SARTRE: TEMPORALIDADE E CONSTITUIÇÃO DO EGO
Authors: Sass Simeão Donizeti
Published: April 2018

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o tema da temporalidade no pensamento de Bergson, de Bachelard e Sartre. Tal análise será delimitada pela investigação de uma obra de cada pensador. As obras confrontadas serão Introduction à la métaphysique (1903), La dialectique de la durée (1936) e o capítulo de L’Être et le Néant (1945) intitulado ‘La Temporalité’. A intenção primordial desse estudo, entretanto, será circunscrever uma discussão ainda mais restrita, qual seja, a importância da noção de temporalidade para a constituição do ego.
NOUS, BERGSONIENS MANIFESTE DE KYOTO
Authors: During Elie , Miquel Paul-Antoine
Published: April 2018

Este manifesto, escrito a quatro mãos no contexto de um colóquio sobre Bergson organizado no Japão, visa inicialmente responder a uma simples questão: que significa, hoje, trabalhar à maneira de Bergson? Não se trata de uma pergunta sobre a dedicação para com o corpus bergsoniano ou quanto a certos temas que o seu pensamento permite renovar a compreensão, mas sim sobre o método que ele próprio recomenda. Este método foi aplicado diligentemente por Bergson no curso de suas investigações, particularmente quanto ao seu trato com as ciências positivas, tanto as da vida quanto às do universo material em sentido amplo. No que diz respeito à função da imaginação metafísica, este manifesto refaz os passos de Bergson quanto a um empirismo não especulativo e verdadeiramente contemporâneo à inteligência científica.
A ANÁLISE BERGSONIANA DO SOCIAL ENTRE NATUREZA E CULTURA: PSICOLOGIA, BIOLOGIA E FILOSOFIA MORAL À LUZ DA DURAÇÃO
Authors: Pinto Débora Morato
Published: April 2018

Este texto tem como objetivo descrever aspectos da filosofia moral de Bergson em sua relação direta com a renovação de metafísica estabelecida pelo filósofo. Mais explicitamente, buscamos elucidar como a biologia compreensiva de A Evolução Criadora funda a análise da moralidade na obra As Duas Fontes da Moral e da Religião, ao delinearmos as variáveis teóricas que se mobilizam na elaboração da noção de todo da obrigação (as quais envolvem o hábito e o instinto, noções que pertencem ao campo da psicologia e da biologia respectivamente). Nossa hipótese mais geral defende que a incorporação de avanços das ciências sociais no início do século XX é a etapa prevista e definitiva de uma filosofia que se relacionou intimamente com os avanços das ciências naturais (e de seu rico material empírico), especificamente as biológicas, configurando também um programa de diálogo com ciências eminentemente humanas.
CRER EM ALGUÉM
Authors: Spica Marciano Adilio
Published: April 2018

Pretendo, neste artigo, introduzir o debate sobre as características da crença em alguém, dando uma descrição não exaustiva do que está envolvido nesta classe de crença. Faço isso usando o texto What Is It to Believe Someone? de Anscombe e o On Certainty de Wittgenstein. Mostro, num primeiro momento, a importância da crença em alguém para nosso conhecimento em geral. Depois disso, apresento, uma tentativa de descrição das principais características desse tipo de crença.
EVIDÊNCIAS E CIRCUNSTÂNCIAS – LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN E A CERTEZA
Authors: Fatturi Arturo
Published: April 2018

Neste ensaio apresento algumas considerações quanto à determinada passagem da obra On Certainty de Ludwig Wittgenstein. Meu objetivo ao apresentar estas considerações é analisar o argumento de Wittgenstein quanto às diferenças entre evidências para a verdade de uma afirmação. Wittgenstein usa como exemplo para discutir a relação entre evidências e circunstâncias o caso de contradição entre George Moore e que ele denomina por "os católicos". O interessante nesta discussão é que Wittgenstein afirma que Moore seria contraditado pelos católicos e não "negado". A partir da contextualização desta discussão tento mostrar que existe uma ligação entre evidências para a verdade de uma afirmação e as circunstâncias particulares de onde retiramos estas evidências. Antes de incidir em relativismo quanto ao conhecimento, Wittgenstein nos mostra que as evidências são orientadas por nossa imagem de mundo. Para discutir este argumento apresento, primeiramente, uma contextualização da questão; num segundo passo discuto a contradição entre Moore e os Católicos. Minha intenção é mostrar que a contradição ocorre entre duas imagens de mundo. Por fim discuto e analiso a expressão "teria de me resignar" usada por Wittgenstein no que diz respeito à diferentes imagens de mundo que podem entrar em conflito.
SOBRE A SINTAXE LÓGICA NO TRACTATUS LOGICO-PHILOSOPHICUS
Authors: Corrêa Rogério Saucedo
Published: April 2018

Neste artigo, complemento uma intuição de Ian Proops para o qual a sintaxe lógica no Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus é teoria do simbolismo. A teoria do simbolismo é a teoria da figuração. Esta é um conjunto de sete condições que uma proposição elementar deve satisfazer. Desse modo, se a teoria do simbolismo é a teoria da figuração, e se a teoria da figuração é um conjunto de condições, então a sintaxe lógica é um conjunto de condições. Estas condições mais a noção de operação formal fornecem o que é necessário para obter-se proposições complexas a partir de proposições elementares. Com isso, também esclareço alguns aspectos da discussão entre Cora Diamond e Peter Hacker sobre a sintaxe lógica no Tractatus.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Do Carmo Juliano Santos
Published: April 2018

O “Workshop on Naturalism” é um evento internacional e bianual do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, cujo objetivo é reunir pesquisadores do Brasil e do exterior para discutir e divulgar os mais recentes resultados da pesquisa sobre o Naturalismo nas mais diversas áreas de interesse filosófico. A segunda edição deste evento foi realizada em dezembro de 2014 e contou com a participação dos seguintes pesquisadores: Prof. Dr. Mark Timmons (Universidade do Arizona - Estados Unidos), Prof. Dr. Mauro Rossi (Universidade de Quebec em Montreal - Canadá), Prof. Dr. Jack Ritchie (Universidade da Cidade do Cabo - África do Sul), Prof. Dr. José Blaunde (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane - Moçambique), Prof. Dr. Andrew Eshleman (Universidade de Portland - Estados Unidos), Prof. Dr. Helmut Heit (Universidade Técnica de Berlim - Alemanha), Profa. Dra. Mónica Herrera (Universidade da República - Uruguai), Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Adriano Naves de Brito (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos), Prof. Dr. Marco Azevedo (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos), Profa. Dra. Sofia Stein (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos), Prof. Dr. Luis Rosa (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul), Profa. Dra. Cinara Nahra (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte), Prof. Dr. Evandro Barbosa (Universidade Federal de Pelotas), Profa. Dra. Flávia Carvalho Chagas (Universidade Federal de Pelotas), Prof. Dr. Robinson dos Santos (Universidade Federal de Pelotas), Prof. Dr. Clademir Araldi (Universidade Federal de Pelotas), Prof. Dr. Pedro Leite Jr. (Universidade Federal de Pelotas) e Prof. Carlos Miraglia (Universidade Federal de Pelotas).
A REVOLUÇÃO NA ÉTICA E NA METAFÍSICA CAUSADA PELA NEUROCIÊNCIA, BIOTECNOLOGIA E PELO DESENVOLVIMENTO TECNOLÓGICO EM GERAL
Authors: Nahra Cinara
Published: April 2018

O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir a influência do desenvolvimento tecnológico em geral, e da neurociência e da biotecnologia em particular, na discussão ética contemporânea. Mostramos então que do advento da pílula anticoncepcional até a discussão atual (em parte ainda ficcional) do enhancement e do moral enhancement, as novas tecnologias tem desafiado crenças e visões morais estabelecidas e têm colocado novos e importantes desafios para a reflexão ética. O que pretendemos mostrar aqui é que o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico que se acelera no final do século XX e início do século XXI, especialmente as pesquisas e técnicas usadas na neurociência e na biotecnologia, estão revolucionando a metafísica e a ética. Discutiremos aqui dois pontos, 1) a influência da neurociência na ética e na metafísica e 2) A influência da biotecnologia na ética e na metafísica.
AMOR PELA HONRA, EMULAÇÃO, E A PSICOLOGIA DOS VÍCIOS DIABÓLICOS
Authors: Smit Houston , Timmons Mark
Published: April 2018

Nos últimos anos, muito foi escrito a respeito das virtudes e das virtudes particulares expostas na ética de Kant, concentrando-se em particular no Tugendlehre, parte II da Metafísica da Moral (ver, por exemplo, Betzler 2008). Menos atenção foi dada ao que Kant tem a dizer sobre os vícios e sobre os vícios particulares. A própria discussão de Kant a respeito dos vícios escolhidos no Tugendlehre é bastante breve, pontuada por observações a respeito das fontes psicológicas de traços de caráter viciosos. Em contraste, o que encontramos em algumas das anotações de aula, é uma discussão consideravelmente rica sobre a psicologia de outros vícios relacionados envolvendo aquilo a que Kant se refere como emulação – um “impulso” implantado na natureza humana que inclina fortemente os homens a serem “iguais aos outros em cada aspecto” (V 27:695). Embora este impulso implantado tenha o bem do auto-melhoramento como seu propósito, sob algumas circunstâncias ele contribui para os vícios diabólicos da inveja, da ingratidão e da Schadenfreude. Nosso objetivo básico aqui é fornecer uma interpretação das ideias de Kant a respeito da psicologia dos vícios diabólicos – como indivíduos sucumbem a estes vícios – baseados em observações das Lectures. É de particular interesse em que medida estes vícios compartilham de uma unidade psicológica subjacente, uma afirmação sugerida por algumas das observações de Kant.
UMA CIÊNCIA DA MENTE: ELEMENTOS MENTAIS COMO PARTE DE UMA ARQUITETURA CIENTÍFICA
Authors: Stein Sofia Inês Albornoz
Published: April 2018

Neste artigo, quero explorar a possibilidade de ver as experiências fenomênicas privadas, na linha do que pensava Russell, como detentoras de objetividade, o que possibilitaria vê-las como objetos de investigações científicas. Ou, dito de outro modo, perguntar se seria possível falar cientificamente sobre eventos mentais que chamamos ordinariamente de impressões. Apesar desse problema ser ainda considerado imperscrutável por uma certa filosofia, minha hipótese é a de que, como sustentava Sellars, podemos estar sendo apenas impedidos por erros ou limitações no uso de nosso vocabulário a encontrar uma solução consoante com ao que ambicionava Russell.