bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Boundaries
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

The concept of worker/client boundaries (the assumed and sometimes unspoken rules that people internalize about the physical and emotional limits of their relationships with others) is important to all types of social work. The various social work practice theories include different assumptions about appropriate boundaries and thus it is important to closely examine this concept. The major aspects of worker/client boundaries include contact time, the types of information that are appropriate to share, physical closeness of the parties, the range of emotions that is appropriate to share, and the physical space in which the interaction takes place. Both personal and professional boundaries and how they interact to influence relationships with clients are considered.
The Use of Self
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the concept of the use of self, a process of developing self-knowledge that enables social workers to use their personal characteristics and experiences to enhance their work with clients. The social work profession requires that practitioners attend to drawing reflectively on the “self” in organizing their practices. Various methods are presented to help social workers realize how personal characteristics can influence their practice in both positive and negative ways. By learning to capitalize on their strengths, social workers can develop a more effective relationship-development style. Several case vignettes from students in their field placement are used to illustrate that process.
Relationship Ruptures
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

The social worker’s first task with clients is to develop a positive relationship, but as the intervention progresses he or she faces the ongoing challenge of sustaining that relationship so that the client can experience a positive environment for working toward his or her goals. As with all relationships, however, despite the practitioner’s best efforts, conflicts and misunderstandings may develop between the two parties that can threaten their bond and possibly undermine the work being done. The term relationship rupture refers to any event in direct practice that contributes to a deterioration in the social worker/client relationship once it has been positively established. The purpose of this chapter is to help social workers to become more skillful in identifying and repairing ruptures so that the relationship can resume in a productive direction.
Relationship Endings
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

All relationships involve a process of coming together, being together, and separating, and people ascribe different meanings to each step in the process. Thus, terminations and transfers can be delicate processes with some clients. The purpose of this chapter is to provide social workers with specific steps for promoting successful endings with their clients. Early learning about separation sets a pattern for how people experience endings, as transitions stimulate reenactments of prior experiences and influence their success or failure. In direct practice the social worker’s management of terminations and transfers can at times ensure the client’s maintenance of goals and positive momentum for a better life, especially when the relationship has been significant to the client.
Relationship Development with Psychotic Clients
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

Psychotic symptoms, which are significant features of several mental disorders, can severely compromise a client’s ability to engage successfully in interpersonal relationships. All psychosocial interventions depend on a practitioner’s ability to establish a positive relationship with a client, but this can be especially difficult with psychotic persons due to their irrational perceptions of the world. Still, it is important to realize that these clients want to experience interpersonal connections even as they are often fearful of risking them. Only by developing an appreciation for the lived experience of psychotic clients can social workers maximize their potential to develop a relationship of trust. The purposes of this chapter are to examine the relationship capacities of clients who are psychotic and to present strategies for social workers to engage with them.
The Worker/Client Relationship in Technology-Assisted Interventions
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

While the effective delivery of technology-assisted interventions remains a challenge for many social workers, they can be quite helpful for clients, and it is evident that positive worker/client relationships are possible through these media. With the worldwide onset of the COVID-19 pandemic it has become almost mandatory that human service practitioners become competent in these forms of service delivery. Given the inevitability of ongoing developments in this area, social workers should embrace the opportunities afforded by online therapies. The purposes of this chapter are to review various types of distance interventions and examine their effects on the quality of worker/client relationships, including 12 recommendations for social workers to enhance those relationships.
Making the World Safe for Dictatorship
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

Authoritarian states try to present a positive image of themselves abroad. They invest in foreign-facing media, retain public relations firms, and showcase their successes to elite and popular foreign audiences. But there is also a darker side to these efforts. Authoritarian states try to obscure or censor bad news about their governments and often discredit their critics abroad. In extreme cases, authoritarian states intimidate, physically attack, or even murder their opponents overseas. This book is about how authoritarian states manage their image abroad using both “promotional” tactics of persuasion and “obstructive” tactics of repression. They adopt these practices to enhance their internal and external regime security or, put differently, to make their world safe for dictatorship. To substantiate these arguments, the book uses a diverse array of data, including fieldwork and author interviews, cross-national data on extraterritorial repression, examination of public relations filings with the United States government, analysis of authoritarian propaganda, media frequency analysis, and speeches and statements by authoritarian leaders. It builds a new data set—the Authoritarian Actions Abroad Database—that uses publicly available information to categorize nearly 1,200 instances in which authoritarian states repressed their critical exiles abroad, ranging from vague threats to confirmed assassinations. It also selects three cases for closer examination to understand in more detail how authoritarian states manage their image abroad using combinations of promotional and obstructive tactics: China, Rwanda, and North Korea. The result is a new way of thinking about the international dimensions of authoritarian politics.
The Motivations Behind Authoritarian Image Management
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

Why would authoritarian states care how they are perceived abroad? This chapter builds theory to understand the motivations behind authoritarian image management. The chapter posits that scholarship on authoritarian legitimation and on autocracy promotion reveals that authoritarian image management can have causal effects for regime security. The chapter argues, drawing on Owen (2010), that authoritarian states manage their images abroad for both internal security (to bolster their domestic rule) and external security (to help build a friendlier international environment for their rule). All states attempt to manage their image abroad to some degree, but authoritarian states in the post–Cold War era have special incentives to do so given the predominance of democracy as an international norm.
Conclusion
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

This book has argued that authoritarian states try to maintain a positive image of themselves abroad and work to protect that image from criticism. The logic for this authoritarian image management strategy is to enhance both the internal and external security of the regime. The book drew on an array of empirical content to substantiate its arguments, including both global and case study material. This chapter offers concluding remarks. Specifically, it offers speculative comments in three areas. First, it complicates the models laid out in the book by considering temporal change, the proposed mechanisms in interaction with one another, and new opportunities afforded by technology. Second, it considers the future of authoritarian image management. Third, it asks what, if anything, democratic policymakers and publics ought to do.
BMA Narrative Archetypes
Authors: Auerbach Brent
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5.5 serves as the first of two Interludes addressing musical narrative. Following from the original proposition that motives must move and move readers, narrative is established as a necessary mechanism for structuring complete, meaningful analyses. The chapter first rehearses the argument that untexted music implicitly possesses narrative qualities. Evidentiary support is taken from seminal works both from literary theory (Propp, Frye, Liszka) and from the fields of musical semiotics and narrative (Nattiez, Hatten, McClary, Guck, Newcomb, Maus, Schmalfeldt, Almén, and Klein). The interlude continues by presenting four “archetypes” for organizing and animating (ascribing motion to) motivic findings. The first archetype, called BMA-1, communicates the progress of a single motive. The other three archetypes, all forms of BMA-2, model multiple motives or motivic elements in dialogue. The possible interactions are “Non-Engagement,” “Synthesis,” and “Triumph.” The BMA archetypes are demonstrated through discussion of works by Beethoven and Chopin.
Introduction
Authors: Corona León F. García , Wiens Kathleen
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, co-editors León F. García Corona and Kathleen Wiens introduce and highlight the challenges, opportunities, and often overlooked importance of public-facing work in ethnomusicology. They articulate some of the crucial perspectives it can provide to the field of ethnomusicology. They show how and why public-facing work has been perceived, by academic culture, as "secondary" or "peripheral" to academic aims. They advocate for the importance and relevance of ethnomusicology in our society at large and shed light into the blind spots of current academic ethnomusicology programs.
Running Things
Authors: Strawn Cullen Buckminster
Published: May 2021

Ethnomusicologists equip themselves to study and understand complex systems of human thought and action, and to build relationships with individuals. Navigating personality and process, ethnomusicologists can listen deeply and act with diplomacy in balancing ambitious and broad creative vision with the smallest of logistical details while fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration and community engagement. This essay touches on the nature of public-facing executive leadership based in a public university and spanning arts and humanities, pointing out resonances with ethnomusicological training and practice such as “language” learning and meaningful communication. Corresponding examples of shortcomings in ethnomusicological training are given, such as needed emphases on conflict management, technological competence, and brevity.
Freelancing and Consulting
Authors: Groce Nancy
Published: May 2021

In following a public sector career, it is sometimes possible to secure a permanent and prestigious position at a high-profile leaving the academy. This process, however, is frequently not immediate and often requires a significant amount of practical experience, which, in turn, is often attained through freelance work. Although, in recent years, freelancing has come to symbolize a liminal state of unemployment, it can also be approached as a period of strategic preparation. Also, it should be noted that for some ethnomusicologists, establishing themselves as successful freelancers or consultants leads to flexible and rewarding career options. In this chapter, I present some basic information on how to get started in the world of public sector ethnomusicology as a freelancer, addressing some important questions such as: how to develop a consultant presence; how to determine honoraria and fees; how to overcome the lack of institutional support and self-promote among cultural organizations, educational or community groups, and/or for-profit entities; how to approach already-established scholars and cultural networks; and how to engage institutions in supporting freelance-driven projects. I do so by sharing my experience as someone who has spent her entire career in the public sector—much of it as a freelancer—and by giving practical advice and a general orientation to those interested in exploring public sector ethnomusicology as a long-term professional commitment.
Knowing How to Tell a Story
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2021

As ethnomusicologists, we are trained in ethnographic research and we are aware of the complexities of representing and conveying the experiences of others. We learn to listen carefully, both to music and to women and men as they speak about the meanings of music in their lives. Contemporary ethnomusicology has stressed problems inherent in the “crisis of representation” that link ethnographic fieldwork and representation to colonial, imperial, and other repressive power structures. Conscious of the challenges in the representation of music, of culture, of experience, we pay attention to our own stance and positionality. But at the end of the day, we tell a story, in our own voice, framed by our own perceptions and experiences. As a rabbi and chaplain, the training I received in the art of storytelling has been invaluable to my work as an ethnomusicologist. These skills have been important as I tell my own story and convey the factors that draw me to my research. Knowing how to tell a story has been essential in presenting my work to colleagues, to foundations and funders, to friends and family members who are often at a loss to understand the work that I do. An understanding of storytelling has been important as I craft the story of the peoples whose music I study, and convey what I’ve learned in a way that is engaging, accessible, and compelling. How do I tell a story so my audience of the moment—my students, scholars from other disciplines, the chair of my department—are drawn into my work and share my excitement for my research?
Curating the Virtual Museum
Authors: Janeczko Jeff
Published: May 2021

Academic programs in ethnomusicology are almost exclusively oriented toward training students for tenure-track positions at research institutions and liberal arts colleges. However, the students that graduate from these institutions do not exclusively follow this singular, narrowly defined career path. Nor should they. If the field of ethnomusicology is to increase its relevance outside academe, it would do well to pay to greater attention to how it prepares its practitioners for nontraditional career paths. This chapter examines some of the themes and issues that the author has encountered as an ethnomusicologist working for a nonprofit organization focused on the preservation and dissemination of American Jewish music. In addition to outlining some of the key differences between working inside and outside academe, it argues for a view of applied (or public) ethnomusicology that bridges gaps between ethnomusicology and musicology, between the academic and the “real” world, and between the universal and the particular—with case studies illustrating specific examples from the author’s work. A discussion section considers the ubiquity of the term “curator” in the present cultural moment, and offers suggestions as to how to individuals can prepare themselves and their students for nontraditional career paths. Ultimately, it argues that the pursuit of traditional and nontraditional career paths should be complementary—rather than mutually exclusive—endeavors, and that working to bridge the perceived gap between the two will strengthen both.
Activate Ethnomusicology Everywhere
Authors: Metz Kathryn
Published: May 2021

Most ethnomusicology graduate programs emphasize research and teaching, with rare mentions of how to apply those skills beyond the academy or how to develop additional skills that might serve an ethnomusicology graduate student in their hunt for meaningful employment. In this chapter, the author discusses how to implement the idea of connecting music to social justice from the beginning of an ethnomusicology curriculum. The author advocates for incorporating more public scholars into the classroom environment and taking students out of the classroom into those public spaces, from museums to out-of-school arts programs to philanthropic institutions to service organizations. The chapter illustrates how to balance the academic syllabus with listening to and creating podcasts, reading blogs, long-form journalism, and professional organization publications affiliated with museums, arts nonprofits, and libraries, as well as specific job functions such as development, community engagement, marketing. The chapter explores how to reduce elitism against those who choose not to pursue a PhD beyond their master’s research and how to reconceive social justice-centered research in an entirely new environment.
Rethinking the Engagement of Ethnomusicologists with Performance and Applied Music Curricula
Authors: Moore Robin
Published: May 2021

Music schools and conservatories in the United States and abroad focus primarily on training performers; one of the reasons ethnomusicologists have had such difficulty expanding their employment opportunities in such institutions is because they have not given enough thought to how they can productively contribute to performance curricula. The field of ethnomusicology has engaged creatively with many subdisciplines in the humanities and social sciences, of course. But while this focus has resulted in insightful publications, it has typically held little immediate relevance for performers. A surprising number of ethnomusicology programs do not encourage applied music-making of any sort as a required part of training in the discipline. In general, ethnomusicology does not dialogue sufficiently with applied music faculty or students. This chapter begins with reflection on what aspiring performers of the twenty-first century need to know in order to be professionally successful and continues with a consideration of how coursework offerings by ethnomusicologists can be retooled so as to contribute directly to the requirements of students in BM programs: to ear training, music theory, orchestration, junior and senior recitals, and so on. Lastly, the chapter covers an approach to teaching world music courses that focuses both on applied performance and on pressing contemporary issues (community outreach, social justice, financial exploitation, etc.) that link world traditions to other repertoires and make their relevance immediately apparent.
Epilogue
Authors: Seeger Anthony
Published: May 2021

As a concluding chapter, the author provides brief reflection upon the preceding chapters and shares his decisions, successes, and failures that shaped his own professional path. He describes experiences as a youth, as a life partner, as a scholar, and as a public-facing professional. These descriptions support deeper lessons on decision-making, and provide context for the author’s suggestions for navigating decision points. The author encourages individual readers to consider the outcomes that best suit their own personal and professional life, and to make use of their own experiences in childhood and youth. The author identifies ways in which the field of ethnomusicology (and its organizations) include or exclude the experiences and perspectives of professionals who work in the public sphere, and he suggests ways that individuals and organizations might help to rectify some of those long-standing gaps.
The Gray Zone of State-Insurgency Interface
Authors: Sen Rumela
Published: May 2021

This chapter emphasizes how the various steps in the process of disengagement from extremism are linked fundamentally to the nature of linkages between insurgency and society, thereby bringing civil society into the study of insurgency in a theoretically coherent way. In places where structural violence is pervasive and spectacular episodes of violence are also recurrent, this chapter shows how, from the perspective of local population, the conceptual lines between war and peace, legit and illicit, state and insurgency, lawful and lawless, crimes and political acts, police action and rebel resistance become blurred. Surrounded by violent specialists belonging to two warring sides, civilians in conflict zones learn to inhabit one foot in insurgency and one foot in the state, creating a sprawling gray zone of state-insurgency overlap. It is in these gray zones where grassroots civic associations nurture the first traces of informal exit networks, more successfully in the South than in the North.
Rebel Retirement in the North through Discordant Exit Networks
Authors: Sen Rumela
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how weak grassroots organizations in the gray zone of state-insurgency interface led to scrawny informal exit networks in the North, discouraging rebel retirement and restricting their reintegration. The differences with the South stem from the secret and semi-secret ties that northern rebels build with state agents like police, politicians, and bureaucracy on the one hand and various nonstate agents like mafias and businesses on the other hand. These ties, alongside distinctive caste/class dynamics and land relations in the North, induces dominance of perverse criminality and spews intense militancy in the North, which vitiates the gray zone of state-insurgency interface.
Luke's Jewish Eschatology
Authors: Oliver Isaac W.
Published: May 2021

The book investigates Luke’s perspective on the salvation of Israel in light of Jewish restoration eschatology. It situates Luke-Acts in the aftermath of the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Contrary to common opinion, the author of Luke-Acts did not write the Jews off but still awaited the restoration of Israel. Luke, moreover, conceived of Israel’s eschatological restoration in traditional Jewish terms. The nation of Israel would experience liberation in the fullest sense, including national and political restoration. Salvation had been initiated but not completed with Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension. Luke still awaited for the climax of eschatological restoration—which would include glory for Israel—when Jesus would return triumphantly to Jerusalem.
Jerusalem and the Restoration of Israel in the Gospel of Luke
Authors: Oliver Isaac W.
Published: May 2021

Jerusalem occupies a central place throughout the Gospel of Luke. This chapter accordingly examines how Jerusalem fits into Luke’s wider eschatological program. In Luke, Jerusalem is the center of Jesus’s eschatological activity. This theme emerges especially in the so-called travel narrative, which presents Jerusalem as the site where Jesus must fulfill his task of liberation—through his death, resurrection, ascension, and return—thereby tying the destiny of the messiah of Israel with his people. The major eschatological speech of the Third Gospel also deals with the fate of Jerusalem, including its destruction in 70, which is a source of grief for Luke’s Jesus. Tragedy, however, is not the end of Luke’s story of salvation on behalf of Israel. The Jewish people will be restored at Jesus’s return to Jerusalem.
Conclusion
Authors: Oliver Isaac W.
Published: May 2021

The conclusion summarizes and returns to the key issues that are covered in the book. The question in Acts 1:6 implies restoration for Israel, which is evident throughout Luke and Acts. The restoration envisaged is comprehensive and collective. It entails spiritual renewal but also political and national restoration for the people of Israel. For Luke, the process leading toward Israel’s recovery has already begun ever since Jesus fulfilled his earthly mission in Jerusalem and reigns from the heavens above. However, due to complications, which divine providence had anticipated, full recovery, for the time being, eludes Israel. This will happen only at the parousia when Jesus returns to the city of Jerusalem as the victorious king of Israel. The chapter concludes with a critical reflection on the potential (ir)relevance of the historical investigation of Luke’s Jewish eschatology for discussing contemporary theological and political issues, including the state of Israel and Palestinian rights to national-political self-determination.
Tough Times for the Loneliest Albatross
Authors: Durham William H.
Published: May 2021

The waved albatross of Galápagos, the world’s only tropical albatross, has survived millennia of flying in low-velocity winds by foraging relatively short distances to the Peruvian upwelling. The advent of longline fishing along the coast of Peru and recent changes in El Niño have caught the albatross in a demographic pinch, rendering it critically endangered since 2007. Because reproductive pairs lay only a single egg per year under the best of circumstances, the conservation challenges are noteworthy and all the more serious because recurrent El Niño events shut down the albatrosses’ food supply. Effective conservation measures include human intervention to save “marooned” and abandoned eggs, to change longlining practices in the Peruvian coastal fishery, and to provide safe refugia on a small island off the coast of Ecuador where hungry albatrosses can raise chicks even closer to the upwelling. But until our efforts suffice to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the growing severity of El Niño events, we shall all have an albatross hanging around our necks: the beautiful waved albatross of Galápagos.
Beautiful on the Inside
Authors: Durham William H.
Published: May 2021

Marine iguanas stand in stark contrast to the Galápagos rails. They vary enormously in space by size and color, supporting classification into 11 subspecies (whereas rails are monotypic). And they vary in time, especially males, which change to bright colors in the mating season—some to the point of being bright red and green “Christmas iguanas.” They vary over time in an additional special way: iguanas shrink up to 20% (or 2.7 inches) during the food scarcity of El Niño events. They have evolved the capacity to shut down their normal stress response when the ocean gets warm, thus becoming quiescent and riding out the storm. The larger the iguanas, the more they shrink and the longer they survive. Furthermore, nearly all marine iguana subspecies have increased in size since 1905, while, at the same time, climate change has made El Niño events stronger and longer. Could climate change be driving the evolution of larger marine iguanas? Will iguanas be able to keep up as El Niño worsens?
“An Inexplicable Confusion”
Authors: Durham William H.
Published: May 2021

While visiting Galápagos, the young Charles Darwin was confused by the similarity of various finches he observed. We now understand that what we see as different finch species are “species before speciation is complete.” The confusion is inherent: many of them remain similar enough to form fertile hybrids. But a robust difference exists between the groups of ground finches and tree finches, raising the question, what prompted the evolution of that clear distinction? The primary habitats for tree finches are tree species of the wonderful Galápagos daisy genus, Scalesia, that dominate the forests of the humid areas of various islands. Did the evolution of daisies into trees influence the evolution of differences between ground and tree finches? For that matter, how did highland trees evolve from lowland shrubby daisies, thus forming the highland habitat for tree finches? Several lines of evidence, including a contemporary interaction analysis of various birds and trees, suggest that the giant daisies of Galápagos and the tree species of Darwin’s finches coevolved.
One Big Social‒Ecological System
Authors: Durham William H.
Published: May 2021

Galápagos is no longer the “little world within itself” that Darwin visited: it is now one big social‒ecological system (SES): the evolutionary fitnesses of all, or nearly all, Galápagos organisms are today a joint product of natural conditions and human activity. But this also makes Galápagos an effective microcosm. At first glance, the place seems totally unique: it is small and isolated, its habitats are extreme, its wildlife is peculiar, and its initially tiny human population is diverse and growing rapidly. But on a larger scale, are those not all true about Earth itself? The small size and isolation of Galápagos may exacerbate some threats and challenges, its position in the heartland of El Niño may exaggerate the swings and changes of contemporary climate, and its land area for human use is close to a record low (3%, although human impact reaches to every corner of the archipelago), but these conditions make both problems and solutions show up faster in Galápagos than elsewhere. Galápagos is now a valuable test bed for the sustainability challenges facing the whole of planet Earth.
Introduction
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions New York police commissioner James P. O’Neill, who during a safety briefing for the 2019 WorldPride festival apologized for an event that took place on June 28, 1969. It recounts the raid of the Stonewall Inn in 1969, a bar in Greenwich Village that provided a safe environment for LGBT people to gather and socialize. The raid turned into a violent clash that spread around the bar’s vicinity and lasted for several days. It also speculates what prompted the rioting at the Stonewall Inn, exploring the theory that the death of singer-actress and gay icon Judy Garland put gay New Yorkers on edge. The chapter discusses the paramount importance of the Stonewall Riots to the rise of the contemporary gay rights movement. It points out that conventional wisdom considers the Stonewall rebellion to have been the first instance of gay resistance in American history.
A Shameful History and a Dark Legacy
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces Alfred Kinsey, America’s most famous sexologist, who argued in 1953 that homosexual relations are more severely penalized by public opinion and statute law in the United States than in any other major culture in the world. It looks at the US Supreme Court’s 2003 ruling in the Lawrence v. Texas case, which meant that the United States was no longer the only major Western democracy criminalizing homosexual conduct between consenting adults. The chapter also mentions Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, Utah, and Virginia, which banned consensual sodomy without respect to the sex of those involved, and Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, which prohibited acts of sodomy by same-sex couples. It discusses America’s democratic peers in Western Europe and the Americas that ceased to make consensual homosexual relations a crime, such as France in 1791 and Brazil in 1830.
The Doer
Authors: Halvorson Charles
Published: May 2021

The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to administer the Clean Air Act of 1970 and a bevy of other ambitious new environmental interventions marked a high point in Americans’ belief in the capacity of the federal government to intervene in the economy to improve the public welfare. While Richard Nixon intended the EPA to simply implement policies that would be formulated elsewhere, the complexity of developing and enforcing functional policies that could achieve the Clean Air Act’s mandates made the agency’s regulations increasingly key to determining what pollution control looked like in the lives of ordinary Americans and the operations of American businesses. This recognition of the power in implementation sent environmental advocates, business representatives, and White House advisors scrambling to find ways of influencing the decision making of the new agency at the heart of the nation’s environmental governance regime.
A Balancing Act
Authors: Halvorson Charles
Published: May 2021

Eager to regain control over the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Nixon administration claimed a new White House prerogative to review administrative rulemakings before they became law, citing the potential economic disruption of expensive new mandates as justification for this regulatory review. Fearing that the influence that business representatives seemed likely to wield on the process and the possibility that the White House would use the new process to water down congressional mandates, environmental organizations turned to Congress and the courts to push back against regulatory review. Caught in the middle and eager to protect the EPA’s ability to fulfill legislative mandates, the EPA’s senior leadership increasingly turned to economics to understand and moderate the adverse impacts of its regulations and to justify a strong intervention program to the White House and the American public.
Put the Profit Motive to Work
Authors: Halvorson Charles
Published: May 2021

As the prosperity of the postwar period ran aground on the shoals of the dislocations of the energy crises and the deteriorating position of American manufacturing, critiques of the supposed inefficiency of large government programs gained ground among both Democrats and Republicans. Under Jimmy Carter, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which had been a champion of a liberal governance model in which experts established direct mandates for businesses to follow, became a key space for the development of market-based alternatives that shifted power back to businesses in the hopes of reducing the costs of achieving public welfare goals, even as the agency took on new authority to protect pristine air through the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977. As Carter set out to bring more economic scrutiny to the EPA’s rulemaking through expanded regulatory review processes, environmental advocates were forced to contend with the rising salience of monetary approaches of environmental value.
Markets for Bads
Authors: Halvorson Charles
Published: May 2021

By the mid-1980s, as the nation confronted new problems such as the ozone hole and long-standing issues such as acid rain, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) faced reduced political support for direct mandate interventions. Harnessing growing support for market-based strategies among environmental advocates, the EPA increasingly turned to incentives, tradable allowances, and other market-based policies in the 1980s. This shift culminated in the development of the nation’s first cap-and-trade program to address the problem of acid rain in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. As the nation looked forward to new concerns including global warming, an era of direct mandates informed by natural rights to clean air and a healthy environment seemed to be at a close, supplanted by a new environmentalism that held out market-based policies and a monetary conceptualization of environmental value as a new model for governance.
Sister Style
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

Sister Style: The Politics of Appearance for Black Women Political Elites centers Black women’s bodies, specifically their hair texture and skin tone, to argue that phenotypic differences among Black women politicians directly impact how they experience political office and how Black voters evaluate them. The book brings together an interdisciplinary, multi-method, and blended epistemological approach of positivism and interpretivism to ask whether African American women’s appearances provide a more nuanced lens through which to study how their raced-gendered identities impact their candidacies and shape their political behavior. The authors take a deep dive into intersectional theory-building, through which they examine the intra-categorical differences among Black women. They find that Black women vary in their political experiences because of their appearances, and that dominant, Eurocentric beauty standards influence the electoral chances of Black women. They observe that skin tone and hair texture, along with the historical legacies that have shaped the current cultural and political contexts, dictate Black women elites’ political experiences and voter evaluations of them. The book asks the following questions: What do the politics of appearance for Black women mean for Black women politicians and for Black voters who evaluate them? What are the origins of the contemporary focus on Black women’s bodies in public life? How do Black women politicians themselves make sense of the politics of appearance? Is there a phenotypic profile into which most Black women politicians fit? What is the effect of variation in Black women’s phenotypes for candidate evaluations? And how do voters process the appearances of Black women candidates?
What Black Women Political Elites Look Like Matters
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

This chapter centers the narratives of Black women political elites to demonstrate how they think about their professional image and how they craft their look in response to voters’ expectations. A series of one-on-one interviews with Black women political elites shows that these women are deeply aware of how their bodies are assessed and that they are constantly determining how they want to present themselves. This chapter addresses Black women’s agency—how Black women prefer to look given the constraints of their physical characteristics. It also considers the political structure—how Black women believe voters and constituents view them based on their chosen appearance or styling choices. The chapter finds that Black women political elites vary in how they choose to present themselves and in their rationale for their styling choices. However, all the women interviewed recognize the racist and sexist constraints that inform their personal aesthetics.
Candid Conversations: Black Women Political Elites and Appearances
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

This chapter showcases how conversations are a generative tool to assess the differences and similarities in the aesthetic experiences of Black women political elites. The authors partnered with the Black Women’s Political Action Committee of Texas to provide the first ever scholarly focus group with Black women political elites. Through an organic conversation, they found that Black women candidates and elected officials face challenges from others, including fellow Black women, about how they choose to present themselves for political office. The authors documented generational splits in how age cohorts of Black women decide to style themselves and the political implications of these choices. Most notably, Millennial Black women political elites detailed discrimination and hostilities based on their styling preferences, often at the hands of older Black women.
Sisterly Discussions about Black Women Candidates
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, through a focus group with members of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., the authors query a set of highly politically engaged Black women about the importance of appearance to this group of political elites. As a historically Black Greek Letter Organization, this sorority has, throughout its history, upheld restrictive and controlling cultural norms that disproportionately impact Black women. Yet, the authors’ findings demonstrate that while there are different preferences and tactics that Black sorority-member voters think are most useful for other Black women to gain elected office, those voters are uniform in their desire to see successful Black women political elites. The authors also observe a generational split regarding the perceived political implications for Black women candidates with natural hair, which the focus group participants tie back to respectability politics. The chapter concludes by highlighting the differences in how younger Black sorority members think about the politics of appearance and the implications for these differences for the future of Black women political elites.
Linked Fate, Black Voters, and Black Women Candidates
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how linked fate—a feeling of closeness to group members—may shape how Black voters respond to Black women candidates. It provides a brief review of the relevant literature on linked fate and colorism, a novel inclusion to this foundational concept in Black politics. The chapter includes colorism in an analysis of linked fate and its significance to vote choice, and it more fully fleshes out these implications for the appeal of Black women candidates to men and women voters who report a sense of linked fate. Using experimental data, the authors do not find strong evidence of heterogeneity by linked fate. The chapter ends with a discussion of how Black women candidates’ bodies influence vote choice.
Special Elections
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Special elections are a significant point of entry into the U.S. Congress. These electoral contests are not numerous, and their occurrence is largely random. They have attracted extraordinary attention from the national parties, political consultants, and the media when control of the House of Representatives is up for grabs in every regular election. Perhaps never have special elections drawn as much attention as during the first two years of the Trump presidency. This volume provides a detailed case study of the most expensive special House election ever conducted augmented with mini-cases exploring the other competitive special elections held during the first two years of the Trump era. These case studies are placed in the context of quantitative analyses of the almost three hundred House special elections held since World War II. Bullock and Owen find the factors associated with success in special elections are similar to those that help incumbents win term after term. They show that the party identification of the previous incumbent correlates strongly with the special election outcomes. Moreover, this volume explores whether the performance of the president’s party in special elections predicts the fortunes of the president’s party in the next general election. It finds that the numbers of losses by the president’s party or takeaways from the opposition is significantly related to the next election results. This work highlights not only the unique context and outcomes of special elections, but also their important role in shaping who enters, leads, and controls Congress.
The 2017 Runoff in Georgia’s Sixth Congressional District
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Georgia requires a majority vote to win a special election. Had a candidate in the April jungle primary polled a majority, that would have sufficed. But no candidate won outright, so the top two finishers, Democrat Jon Ossoff and Republican Karen Handel, advanced to a runoff held nine weeks later. Chapter 3 details each campaign’s activities and the substantial sums of money infused into the contest, making it the most expensive House race in the United States. Yet, in the end even with the initial electoral vote and fundraising advantages to Ossoff, significant voter turnout, and what many believed a divided and disgruntled GOP, the contest became largely a standard partisan face-off.
Other Special Elections Held in the Wake of Trump’s Win
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Despite the predominant focus on Georgia Sixth’s contest, other special elections had similar high stakes. That is, in 2017 in Kansas, Montana, and to a lesser extent South Carolina, special elections to fill House vacancies were viewed as tests of public support for the president, his administration, and the policies he pursued. The testing in the House continued into 2018 in Pennsylvania, Arizona, and Ohio, and in the Senate in late 2017 in Alabama. Each of these contests is analyzed in Chapter 4. The latter part of the chapter looks for similarities across the seven House contests and the Alabama Senate election. From this analysis come suggestions for how the underdog party might maximize its prospects for winning when the opposition begins the special election contest with an advantage.
Epilogue
Authors: Parr Sean M.
Published: May 2021

This brief closing section of the book explores how three recent examples of coloratura singing by the rising generation of singers reflects the relevance, importance, and power of the melismatic female singer. Rather than serving as a general sign of technical skill, decoration, or word painting, coloratura now also signals particular intensities, emotions, inflections, madness, and even death, depending on the performer and composer involved. And current coloraturas such as Natalie Dessay, Diana Damrau, Lisette Oropesa, Erin Morley, and so many more continue to revivify the power of the singing voice.
Introduction
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the theory of religion employed in the book, as well as the basic issues at play in the overlap of religion and literary theory that will be explored. Starting from the assumption that religion is a heuristic category rather than a real object in the world, the Introduction argues that, for the purposes of this project, religion is best understood as a network of influential relationships centered around something understood to be ultimate or unsurpassable. Theology, according to this definition, is the attempt to articulate, normatively or descriptively, the shape of this network from a position that accepts the ultimacy of its center. The Introduction then explains the fundamental set of philosophical issues driving the overlap of literary theory and religious philosophy in Kashmir in these centuries: namely, the relationship between appearances and essences, or between how things appear and what they really are.
The Will of Objects
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores a long digression at the beginning of Mahimabhaṭṭa’s text that gives a strange theory of word-meanings. Mahimabhaṭṭa argues here that all nouns actually express verbal activity—that the only reason we call something a “pot” is because it is enacting the activity of being a pot. Mahimabhaṭṭa explains that the reason this is the possible is because all things, even seemingly insentient objects, are an expression of God and are therefore possessed of agency and willpower. This chapter argues that this assertion is actually an intervention in some of the important changes that had recently taken place in non-dual Śaiva philosophy in Kashmir, including the changes that Abhinavagupta had relied on for his literary theory. The chapter explores what this can tell us about Mahimabhaṭṭa’s Śaivism and the deeper motivation for his attack on the theory of poetic manifestation.