bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of cutting effects on a population of Chaerophyllum aureum– a demographic approach
Authors: Magda D. , Jarry M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A demographic study of the undesirable perennial weed Chaerophyllum aureum in extensified French Pyrenean hay meadows was carried out. For two successive years the effect of date and intensity of cutting on the population demography of this colonizer. Population density is sensitive to cutting practices essentially through fecundity, seedling survival rate and seed dispersal between fields. Cutting reduces fecundity by preventing seed formation (early cutting) or by exportation of some mature seeds with hay (late cutting). Nevertheless, the number of seeds transported between field populations by hay harvest, organic manuring and associated cutting practices compensates for the lack of seed production in early‐cut populations, maintaining them at relative high densities. For each of three cutting regimes, the number of immigrant and emigrant seeds has been indirectly estimated from a prediction of population density at equilibrium from demographic parameters measured in field populations and compared with observed population densities.
On the Date of the Defeat of C. Pescennius Niger at Issus
Authors: Platnauer Maurice
Published: May 2006

What may be called the orthodox view of the chronology of the revolt of Gaius Pescennius Niger during the early years of Septimius-Severus' principate is roughly as follows :—

Some time in the late spring of A.D. 193 both Septimius and Niger, then governors of Pannonia and Syria respectively, assumed the imperial title. The war occasioned by these rival claims opened in the neighbourhood of Byzantium somewhere in the autumn of the same year and consisted in a series of engagements of which the most noteworthy took place at Cyzicus, Nicaea, the Cilician Gates and Issus, ending with the total defeat of Niger on the last-named field. This defeat occurred in the autumn of 194 and was followed by the pursuit and death of the unsuccessful claimant on the banks of the Euphrates in the early winter of that year.
Computability and Recursion
Authors: Soare Robert I.
Published: May 2006

We consider the informal concept of “computability” or “effective calculability” and two of the formalisms commonly used to define it, “(Turing)computability” and “(general)recursiveness”. We consider their origin, exact technical definition, concepts, history, general English meanings, how they became fixed in their present roles, how they were first and are now used, their impact on nonspecialists, how their use will affect the future content of the subject of computability theory, and its connection to other related areas.

After a careful historical and conceptual analysis of computability and recursion we make several recommendations in section §7 about preserving theintensionaldifferences between the concepts of “computability” and “recursion.” Specifically we recommend that: the term “recursive” should no longer carry the additional meaning of “computable” or “decidable;” functions defined using Turing machines, register machines, or their variants should be called “computable” rather than “recursive;” we should distinguish the intensional difference between Church's Thesis and Turing's Thesis, and use the latter particularly in dealing with mechanistic questions; the name of the subject should be “Computability Theory” or simplyComputabilityrather than “Recursive Function Theory.”
A General Framework for Priority Arguments
Authors: Lempp Steffen , Lerman Manuel
Published: May 2006

The degrees of unsolvability were introduced in the ground-breaking papers of Post [20] and Kleene and Post [7] as an attempt to measure theinformation contentof sets of natural numbers. Kleene and Post were interested in the relative complexity of decision problems arising naturally in mathematics; in particular, they wished to know when a solution to one decision problem contained the information necessary to solve a second decision problem. As decision problems can be coded by sets of natural numbers, this question is equivalent to: Given a computer with access to an oracle which will answer membership questions about a setA, can a program (allowing questions to the oracle) be written which will correctly compute the answers to all membership questions about a setB? If the answer is yes, then we say thatBisTuring reducibletoAand writeB≤TA. We say thatB≡TAifB≤TAandA≤TB. ≡Tis an equivalence relation, and ≤Tinduces a partial ordering on the corresponding equivalence classes; the poset obtained in this way is called thedegrees of unsolvability, and elements of this poset are calleddegrees.

Post was particularly interested in computability from sets which are partially generated by a computer, namely, those for which the elements of the set can be enumerated by a computer.
Counterexamples of the 0-1 Law for Fragments of Existential Second-Order Logic: an Overview
Authors: Bars Jean-Marie Le
Published: May 2006

We propose an original use of techniques from random graph theory to find a Monadic(Minimal Scott without equality) sentence without an asymptotic probability. Our result implies that the 0-1 law fails for the logics(FO2) and](Minimal Gödel without equality). Therefore we complete the classification of first-order prefix classes with or without equality, according to the existence of the 0-1 law for the correspondingfragment. In addition, our counterexample can be viewed as a single explanation of the failure of the 0-1 law of all the fragments of existential second-order logic for which the failure is already known.
New Directions in Descriptive Set Theory
Authors: Kechris Alexander S.
Published: May 2006

§1. I will start with a quick definition of descriptive set theory: It is the study of the structure of definable sets and functions in separable completely metrizable spaces. Such spaces are usually calledPolish spaces. Typical examples are ℝn, ℂn, (separable) Hilbert space and more generally all separable Banach spaces, theCantor space2ℕ, theBaire spaceℕℕ, the infinite symmetric groupS∞, the unitary group (of the Hilbert space), the group of measure preserving transformations of the unit interval, etc.

In this theory sets are classified in hierarchies according to the complexity of their definitions and the structure of sets in each level of these hierarchies is systematically analyzed. In the beginning we have theBorelsets in Polish spaces, obtained by starting with the open sets and closing under the operations of complementation and countable unions, and the correspondingBorel hierarchy(sets). After this come theprojective sets, obtained by starting with the Borel sets and closing under the operations of complementation and projection, and the correspondingprojective hierarchy(sets).

There are also transfinite extensions of the projective hierarchy and even much more complex definable sets studied in descriptive set theory, but I will restrict myself here to Borel and projective sets, in fact just those at the first level of the projective hierarchy, i.e., theBorel(),analytic() andcoanalytic() sets.
An Application of Category-Theoretic Semantics to the Characterisation of Complexity Classes Using Higher-Order Function Algebras
Authors: Hofmann Martin
Published: May 2006

We use the category of presheaves over PTIME-functions in order to show that Cook and Urquhart's higher-order function algebra PVω defines exactly the PTIME-iunctions. As a byproduct we obtain a syntax-free generalisation of PTIME-computability to higher types.

By restricting to sheaves for a suitable topology we obtain a model for intuitionistic predicate logic with -induction over PVω and use this to re-establish that the provably total functions in this system are polynomial time computable. Finally, we apply the category-theoretic approach to a new higher-order extension of Bellantoni-Cook's system BC of safe recursion.
A Pre-historic Building at Salamis
Authors: Richter Max Ohnefalsch
Published: May 2006

The ancient building which I propose to describe, one of the most interesting of its kind in Cyprus and the East, has been casually mentioned by A. P. di Cesnola (Salaminia, p. 2, 1882) as a wall; ‘perhaps a part of the ancient wall bounding the interior area of the harbour :’ an architectural, topographical, and geological impossibility. By R. H. Lang (Cyprus 1875, p. 25) as ‘a Cyclopean ruin.’ By Unger and Kotschky, who add to an insufficient account an indifferent drawing (Die Insel Cypern, Wien, 1865, p. 533), but, with greater judgment, describe it as a Cyclopean well temple. L. Ross (Denkmäler u. Forschungen, Arch. Zeitung, April 1851, p. 328) calls it a Phoenician tomb, cp. L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 171, German edit. R. Pocock (1745, II. 217) speaks of it as ‘a chapel built of three stones, the four sides consisting only of two stones, and it is covered with a third, which is angular at the top. If I mistake not, I may say, this Saint (Catherine) was buried in this chapel, and there seems to have been a tomb in it.’ I begin by explaining my drawings, made with great care on the spot; every stone was measured, and reduced to scale. R denotes rock, M masonry. See Pl. XXXIII.
The Metrological Relief at Oxford
Authors: Michaelis Ad.
Published: May 2006

Of peculiar interest among the Arundel marbles of the Pomfret donation at Oxford, is a slab in the shape of a pediment, ‘in which there is in basso relievo the figure of a man as big as the life with his arms extended as if he was crucified, but no lower than about his paps is seen, the cornice cutting him off as it were; and this extension of his arms is called a grecian measure, and over his arm is a grecian foot.’ The marble thus described by George Vertue, the engraver, was first published in Chandler's Marmora Oxoniensia, Pt. I., Pl. lix., No. 166, but its importance was completely overlooked until the late Prof. Matz, in one of his last papers, published a better drawing and pointed out the artistic interest of the relief as a sculpture belonging to a rather early period of Greek art. On the other hand, the merit of the monument as an authentic document of Greek metrology was set forth, at my request, by my friend Dr. Fr. Hultsch, the author of Griechische Metrologie, whose views are repeated in my Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. The chief result of his exposition was that our relief unites in a most interesting way the indication of the length of a fathom (ὀρλυιά) of 2·06 or 20·07 m. with that of a foot of 0·295 m., which is not, as one might expect, the sixth, but exactly the seventh part of the fathom. As such a division of the fathom does not agree with the well-known facts of Greek metrology, Hultsch imagined that the foot on our marble might rather be a modulus used by sculptors and architects, and he observed that the recent excavations of Olympia seem to show the dimensions of some of the temples, particularly of the very old temple of Heré, to be based on a double measure, on a foot but little longer (of 0·298 m.), as well as on a fathom of 2·084 m. which, again, corresponds to seven of those feet.
The Pergamene Frieze
Authors: Farnell L. R.
Published: May 2006

In the reconstruction of the Pergamene frieze from the fragments which have come to the Berlin Museum much progress has been recently made, and it is now possible to follow—in respect of some of the slabs—a tolerably clear order to which certain mechanical or external signs in the stones themselves would appear to point. And this is a clue more helpful than that which the affinity of style or the natural relations of the figures can afford. It is partly on such grounds as these that the slab on which Dionysos appears has been assigned to the south-east corner of the staircase, and it has been conjectured that near to this, perhaps immediately on its right, was one on which was seen the form of a winged god whose left arm holds a shield, and whose right arm, wielding a sword, is swung over his head against a fallen antagonist.

The giant has sunk on his knee, and is raising in supplication or defence his left arm that dimly appears through the shaggy fell that envelopes it. A right hand grasping a stone, the fragments of a knee just lifted from the ground, are placed beneath, and probably belong to him. The drapery of the god is arranged for dramatic effect, as the exomis leaves the right side bare, so that the action gains force and clearness of expression. The composition can make no claim to originality, its forms are highly sculpturesque, and had long been a tradition of sculpture: a metope on the east front of the Parthenon (Michaelis, No. xiii.), on which a scene from the gigantomachy is represented, is the earliest source to which we can directly trace this motive.
Various Works in the Pergamene Style
Authors: Farnell L. R.
Published: May 2006

The chief object of this paper is to record and classify the various monuments which on the ground of subject-matter or style may claim to be connected with Pergamene work. It may be well also to notice by way of introduction what we can gather from ancient testimony.

Of most of the existing works that I shall mention I have had personal knowledge, and where I have had to rely merely on published representations of them, I can only bring them forward for the purpose of suggesting to those who have direct acquaintance with them to consider them from this point of view. The theory which I wish to work out—a theory already suggested by others—is that certain fields of Greco-Roman and late Roman art have received a deep and abiding impress from Pergamon. That this should be a priori probable does not need elaborate proof; Rome was the heir of the Pergamene kingdom, and had always friendly intimacy with it, and we hear of many Pergamene works being transferred to Rome by Nero (Dio Chrys. 644 R.): between certain Roman and certain Pergamene myths there was a close analogy, which coloured the artistic representation of them: the struggle of the Pergamene kingdom with the Gauls, or—to speak perhaps more correctly—with Antiochus Hierax supported by Gallic mercenaries, was the most recent counterpart to the struggle of Rome with the barbarians: it was the Pergamene school—as Professor Brunn was the first to demonstrate—who idealized and fixed for artistic representation the type of the northern barbarian and really created historic sculpture, and I think that it can be shown that their rendering of this type became conventionalized and remained traditional throughout many centuries.
Excavations in Cyprus. Third Season's Work—Polis tes Chrysochou
Authors: Munro J. Arthur R.
Published: May 2006

The main object of the third season's work of the Cyprus Exploration Fund was the excavation at Salamis, of which the results were published in the last number of this Journal. But, as was there mentioned, a small additional sum of money was procured to continue the previous season's work at Polis tes Chrysochou. It was especially important that the field known to us as Site T should be excavated, both because it promised to yield objects of rare beauty and interest, and because the results of the previous operations were, as was pointed out in last year's report, of little scientific value owing to the character of the evidence on which they were based, and required to be tested by further excavation on more trustworthy sites. Before leaving England, therefore, I had written to Mr. J. W. Williamson asking him to negotiate a contract, which (our departure having produced a good effect on the owner's mind) he was fortunately able to secure. To him and to Mr. Cecil Smith, who was most active in procuring the funds, the execution of the project is largely due.

It was near the end of June before work was started at Poli. H. A. Tubbs had been called home by other engagements, so that I was deprived of his cooperation for the remainder of the season. Poli is not to be commended as a summer residence. The heat in the valley is intense, fevers are more easily caught than avoided, and every drop of water fit to drink has to be brought an hour's journey on a donkey. The excavation was uneventful. The only incident which interrupted its course was an attempt by the joint-owner of one of the sites to conclude a contract on his own behalf and defraud his partners of their share of the price, a malpractice which was at once detected by the ever watchful Commissioner, and cost us a couple of days.
Part I.—The Rock Necropoleis of Phrygia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

This paper, and the plates by Mr. A. C. Blunt which accompany it, are the first-fruits of a journey in Phrygia, October 15 to November 27, 1881, for which Mr. Blunt was sent out specially by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. It would be both unbecoming and unnecessary for me to speak of the drawings which he contributes to this paper; but I may say that he learned photography in the few days that were at his disposal before leaving England specially for the work of the expedition, so that he has been enabled to verify at home, by means of photographs, the drawings that he made on the spot. In addition to this, we together compared most of his drawings with the original monuments, and spared no care to attain accuracy. It has been necessary for me to write in Athens without seeing the completed drawings: this has added much to the difficulty of the work, but the reader who finds the text correspond with the plates will thus have an additional proof of the accuracy of both. I should, however, have found it quite impossible to write what I have here written without constant help from the drawings, the artistic taste and clear memory of one friend who accompanied us, to whom are due the discovery of many monuments in the two necropoleis, and several of the drawings here published.
Stairs to Pandroseum at Athens
Authors: Fergusson J.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Murray's suggestion, in the last issue of Hellenic Studies, that a great flight of steps led from the higher level of the ground between the Parthenon and the Erechtheum to the court of the Pandroseum, is certainly ingenious, and on first sight so plausible, that many no doubt will accept it as explaining a difficult point on the topography of the Acropolis at Athens. There are, however, reasons which induce me to hesitate before admitting it to be a solution of the problem, whileas the question which it raises is both interesting and important, I am desirous of an opportunity for stating some of the reasons which make me pause before assenting to his proposal.

In the first place, a flight of steps extending 70 feet in one direction and with the return measuring nearly 100 feet altogether, is so remarkable a feature, that it is difficult to understand how it comes that neither Pausanias, nor any other author, ancient or modern, makes any allusion to it. Even the celebrated dog of Philochorus who—after Pausanias—is the most important witness for the arrangement of this temple, would hardly have rushed through the Temple of Minerva Polias, down into the Pandroseum, had this magnificent flight of stairs afforded him far more obvious access to the altar of Jupiter Herceios under the olive-tree, where he sought shelter.
Pythagoras of Rhegion and the Early Athlete Statues
Authors: Waldstein Charles
Published: May 2006

Since what I last wrote on the subject of Pythagoras of Rhegion in this Journal, much evidence has accumulated to verify what was then brought forward in a more or less hypothetical form. I was greatly encouraged to carry on this research by the sympathetic criticism of archaeologists both published and privately communicated, but all, with one slight exception, evidently written with the view of facilitating an increase of information, of advancing the common object—the study of classical archaeology. Among the published criticisms, I have received the greatest stimulus to continue my research from the reports of a lecture delivered by Professor C. T. Newton at University College, London, in January of this year; and, among the unpublished, a letter from Professor Michaelis with a full and detailed criticism; while the fact that in the Berlin Museum of Casts the ‘Apollo’ is now entirely severed from the ‘Omphalos,’ and that, in the new catalogue of the Museum of Casts at Munich the words ‘nicht zugehörigen,’ are inserted into the phrase ‘Apollo auf dem Omphalos’ is the most important of confirmations I have received from without: for, it was the possible, and formerly firmly maintained, association of the statue with the omphalos as its base that I felt to be the only positive evidence against my hypothetical assumption.
III.—Had the People of Pre-historic Mycenae a Weight Standard?
Authors: Ridgeway W.
Published: May 2006

In a former paper in this Journal (Vol. viii.) it was maintained that the Greeks had a weight standard long before the introduction of coined money from Asia, the unit of which was the same as the Attic-Euboic system (130—135 grains Troy) of historical times, and that in the Homeric poems the gold Talanton and cow represented the same value, the unit of metal being adjusted to the more primitive unit of barter. The evidence then adduced was of a purely literary nature, as it was not in my power to appeal to any actually existing weights. I have since obtained some data of a concrete kind which, I think, lends some support to my former contention.

Dr. Schliemann (Mycenae and Tiryns, p. 354) found (in the tomb south of the Agora at Mycenae) ‘four spirals of thick quadrangular, and seven spirals of thick round gold wire, five plain gold rings, and a similar one of silver, of which a selection is represented under No. 529. ‘I remind (adds Dr. Schliemann) the reader that similar spirals and rings of thick gold wire occur in the wall paintings of the Egyptian tombs. They are supposed to have served as presents, or perhaps as a medium of exchange.’ These rings are now at Athens, and my friend Mr. E. A. Gardner of Gonville and Caius College, the Director of the British School at Athens, has kindly procured for me their weights. Before going further I wish it to be clearly understood that I do not assume the rings to be what is called ring-money, but I think that I am justified in assuming that they are ornaments probably made on a given weight.
An Archaeological Visit to Samos
Authors: Bent J. Theodore
Published: May 2006

English enterprise in excavation has been considerably checked of late years by the impossibility of obtaining anything like fair terms from the Greek or Turkish governments. Greece will grant concessions on an agreement being duly signed that everything found shall belong to the Greek government and that the works shall be superintended by a Greek ἔφορος who has been educated in Germany. Turkey whose relations with the English Government have of late been rather strained will come to no arrangement whatsoever. So we chose Samos last winter as a likely field owing to its having an independent government, but this government in every way follows the lines of Greece, and though I tried hard to obtain a concession for taking away one half or one third of the things found I was eventually obliged to sign the same agreement which the French excavator M. Clerk had signed two years before, and which stipulated that everything found should belong to Samos. Consequently if English archaeologists wish to prosecute researches on the actual soil of Hellas, it remains for them to decide whether they are sufficiently remunerated for their trouble and outlay by the bare honour of discovering statues, inscriptions, and other treasures to be placed in the museum of Athens, or, as is the case in Turkey, for the inhabitants to make chalk of, or build into their houses.
The Early Ionic Alphabet
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Petrie's excavations at Naucratis, in the first season (1884–5), threw new light on many branches of classical archaeology: and a full share has fallen upon epigraphy. That science, indeed, has acquired new facts which not only form an important addition where additional evidence was most needed, but also necessitate a modification of certain theories which have hitherto been regarded as certain and fundamental. It is difficult, though not impossible, to reconstruct a portion of the foundations without injuring the edifice built thereon. But this attempt must be made, if we would neither ignore newly discovered material, nor allow its discovery to shake our confidence in the whole complicated structure of facts and theories that constitutes the science of epigraphy.

In the chapter on the inscriptions which was incorporated with Mr. Petrie's Memoir, the present writer endeavoured to give to the earliest records of dedication their true interpretation, and to assign to them what seemed their due place in the history of the Greek alphabet. But, with another season's work in prospect, it appeared premature to do more than this, or to draw general conclusions which further discoveries might again modify.
The Lombards and Venetians in Euboia (1205—1303.)
Authors: Bury John B.
Published: May 2006

§ 1. Introductory. The history of Euboia during its occupation by the Latins is, according to Mr. Freeman, ‘the most perplexed part of the perplexed Greek history of the time.’ If we turn for information on the subject to Finlay, our one English authority on the period, we find no attempt at a consecutive account of it, merely some allusions; the history of Negroponte is a missing chapter in Finlay, which the present paper is an attempt to supply. It is also hoped that it will help to clear up some of the perplexities which beset the subject.

Before Hopf the history of this island was almost a blank. Historical investigations concerning the Franks in Romania may be divided into three periods, represented by Ducange in the seventeenth century, Buchon 1825–1846, and Hopf 1850–1870. Buchon's publication of the (with which Ducange indeed had become acquainted, but not until his Histoire de Constantinople sous les Empereurs français had been published), his discovery of the Livre de la Conqueste in Brussels, the new documents, treaties and diplomas, which he brought to light, opened a new era and stimulated a fresh study of the ‘perplexed’ history. Nothing was required now but German diligence and exhaustiveness to ransack archives and fill up the gaps, and German accuracy to correct the slips made by that französische Nonchalance of which Hopf says even Buchon was occasionally (stellenweise) guilty.
Theseus and Skiron
Authors: Ely Talfourd
Published: May 2006

Panofka has remarked that till 1833 only three works of art were known representing Theseus in the act of hurling Skiron into the sea, and that one of the three was known to us only through the description by Pausanias.

The active wielding of spade and shovel during the last half century has done much for the elucidation of many an ancient myth; yet, with a few exceptions (as the Euphronios cup from Caere), the monuments have told us little of Skiron.

For this dearth two causes have been suggested: the absence of a universal religious importance in the case of such local legend; and, secondly, the unsuitability of the theme for display of artistic power. The death of Skiron, unlike that of the Minotaur, is the close of a drama simple and isolated in plot and action, whereas the fate of the Cretan monster is closely bound up with the fortunes of a heroine, and leads on to her union with an Olympian god. The myths that gathered round the house of Minos were a fruitful field for the artist as well as for the poet.

Again, the adventures of Theseus with the Amazons were shared with the national hero of Hellas. They brought upon the scene a host of combatants whose graceful forms lent themselves to the display of artistic skill, while their foreign dress and equipments admitted of the greatest variety of treatment. The myth of the Centaurs presents a struggle in which savage power combines with heroic types of beauty to produce a vivid and brilliant picture.
Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Supplement I
Authors: Michaelis Ad.
Published: May 2006

When I published my book on the Ancient Marbles in Great Britain (Cambridge, University Press, 1882), I was fully convinced that the catalogue there given would be susceptible of many corrections and supplements. But the hope I expressed in the preface, that I should be informed of marbles existing in private collections which might have escaped my notice by their owners or other competent persons, has completely failed; nor have I become aware of publications concerning this matter. Nevertheless, I cannot help thinking that there must be in Great Britain a good deal of hidden treasure of the kind, which would perhaps easier come to light if there were a place expressly destined to receive such communications. Now, there can be no doubt that no place would be more appropriate to the purpose than the Journal of Hellenic Studies. I have therefore ventured to propose to the Editors to open in this Journal a corner for storing up such supplements and corrections. As a first instalment, I here offer some notes which may begin the series, and which can be continued. May other lovers and students of classic art, especially in Great Britain, follow my example.
The Text of the Homeric Hymns
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: May 2006

This Hymn, whether from the simplicity of its narrative or from accident, presents fewer textual difficulties than any of the four larger compositions. Serious corruptions there are none, and the notes it is necessary to write are occasioned rather by the misplaced activity of critics than by real obscurities in the tradition.

Literature since 1886 is confined to the contributions of A.' Ludwich, Rheinisches Museum 1888, p. 566, and R. Peppmüller, Philologus 1889 p. 13 sqq. Accounts of the Goddess (which however do not bear materially on the Hymn) are given by Roscher in the first volume of his Lexicon, Tümpel in the new Pauly-Wissowa, vol. 1, and by Mr. Farnell, Cults of Greek States, vol. 2.
On some Black-figured Vases recently acquired by the British Museum
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: May 2006

Since the publication of the official catalogue (Volume II.) in 1893 the British Museum has been enriched by several black-figured vases of considerable interest and importance, which I propose to describe and discuss in this paper. Excluding the Odysseus and Kirke vase which I published in vol. xiii of this Journal, the total number amounts to eight, one of which bears an artist's signature, while another is a unique example of a very interesting class. Three others again are interesting from a typological point of view. I will take the vases in a roughly chronological order.

Corinthian oinochoe, 8 in. high, from Aegina (Fig. 1). It has a trefoil mouth and squat neck round which is a moulded ring. The handle does not rise above the mouth of the vase, and is quite plain, with cylindrical section. The vase is in good condition, except that the foot is somewhat chipped, and the black varnish is dull and frayed on the lip. It has been imperfectly fired, and the varnish has turned to red in some places. The clay ground is of a buff colour, and the clay itself appears to be rather gritty in texture.
Sites in E. Karia and S. Lydia
Authors: Paton W. R.
Published: May 2006

As supplementary to the papers by Mr. Myres and myself in this Journal (vol. xvi. p. 188 and 241) I here give the results of two short journeys in Eastern Karia and Southern Lydia (see the Map, Pl. VI.), made by the aid of funds granted me by the Hellenic Society.

A.—Ancient Sites.

I proceed from West to East, starting from Tekke Kale, the most easterly site described in our former papers (see route-map, p. 58).

Divlin Kale, at a short distance from Tekke Kale, is a tower of isodomous masonry. It is situated near the most frequented road across the Mazin Dagh, the road from Chesme to the Maeander plain. It commands no extensive view and cannot, like Tekke Kale, have served as a beacon station. The construction differs from that of the beacon-stations Tekke Kale, Attaulusu Kale and Kurundere Kale, the corners not being ornamented with that draft, which is characteristic of these and of the military masonry of circ. 300 B.C. Divlin Kale is of earlier date, and its raison ďêtre was to protect this not unimportant line of road.
Some Points with regard to the Homeric House
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: May 2006

Some scholars, in the face of the great difficulties presented by all attempts to reconcile the indications given in Homer with any reconstruction of a house that may correspond to them, have despaired of success to such an extent, that they fall back on the arguments of confusion in the text, or ignorance of what he is trying to describe, on the part of the writer or compiler of the Odyssey as we have it. If any apology is needed for a further contribution to the already copious literature on this subject, it must rest on the ground that, before we give up the question in despair, no theory ought to be left untried. The present paper is mainly an attempt to deal with the difficulties presented by Od. xxii. 126–177, of which the first twenty-one lines contain nearly all that is important.
Notes on Additions to the Greek Coins in the British Museum, 1887—1896
Authors: Hill G. F.
Published: May 2006

During the last ten years no less than 4,361 coins of various parts of the Greek world have been added to the national collection. A certain number of these have been published year by year by Mr. Warwick Wroth in the Numismatic Chronicle, under the title ‘Greek Coins acquired by the British Museum.’ A still larger number are described by Mr. Barclay Head, the Keeper of Coins, in the annual Parliamentary Return of the Accounts &c. of the British Museum. As the former publication is not seen by all who are generally interested in classical studies, while the latter suffers the fate of most Blue Books, it has been suggested that a short paper on the subject of these additions might be interesting to readers of this journal. I need hardly say that the selection here given is not meant to be representative. Had I attempted to give a full report of the acquisitions during the last ten years, these notes would have reduced themselves to a mere catalogue. It has been necessary therefore to choose out a very few coins from among the more important acquisitions.
A Thracian Portrait
Authors: Crowfoot J. W.
Published: May 2006

When I first saw this head, I was at once struck by its marked individuality: if any portrait could be recognized from a coin, it seemed to be this, for features so personal the poorest engraver could scarcely conceal. My hopes were realized, as a comparison of the accompanying photographs with the coin reproduced beneath will I hope prove.

In both we see the same treatment of the hair in front, the same fashion of wearing it behind: the long upper lip, the nose with its curiously distended nostrils—the marble preserving just enough to make the agreement certain—the long ears, the deep lines on the cheek, the shape of jaw and forehead, the prominent Adam's apple; these too are common to both.
Further Discoveries of Cretan and Aegean Script: with Libyan and Proto-Egyptian Comparisons
Authors: Evans A. J.
Published: May 2006

In a former communication attention was called to an indigenous system of writing in Crete, the earlier stages of which go back, not only far beyond the date of the first introduction of the Phoenician alphabet among the Greeks, but to a period considerably anterior to the most ancient monumental record of the Semitic letters.

From the evidence of ancient Cretan seals it was possible to demonstrate the existence of a form of pictographic writing from its simplest beginnings to a more conventional and abbreviated stage. Side by side with this a variety of data supplied by seals, vases, and inscribed stones, showed the further existence of a linear system of writing, connected with the other and presenting some striking comparisons on the one hand with certain characters found by Professor Petrie in Egypt and by Mr. Bliss at Lachish; on the other hand with the syllabic script of Cyprus and some Anatolian regions. It was further pointed out that in some instances Cretan linear characters displayed a remarkable correspondence with Phoenician and early Greek letter forms.
A Head of Athena, formerly in the Disney Collection
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

By the kindness of Philip Nelson, Esq., M.B., I am enabled to publish another head which he has recently acquired, and which is, perhaps, even more interesting than the head of an athlete from the same collection that I published last year. The Athena, which forms the subject of the present paper, was a part of the collection of sculpture made in Italy by Hollis and Brand, mostly from 1748–1753; this particular head is said to have been brought from Rome by Mr. Lloyd, and bought of him by Mr. Thomas Hollis in 1761. Together with the rest of this collection it passed into the hands of John Disney, and is represented upon Plate I. of the Museum Disneianum, published by him in 1843; and this place of honour is certainly merited, for it stands out most conspicuously for its artistic quality among the rest of the Disney marbles. When Disney in 1850 presented the greater part of his collection to the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, this head of Athena, and also the archaic statuette of Apollo, represented on Plate XXIV. of the Museum Disneianum, remained behind at the Hyde, Ingatestone. There it was left until disposed of by sale in 1885; but it aroused no attention until its acquisition by Dr. Nelson, to whom I am indebted not only for my knowledge of the head, but also for the admirable negatives from which Plate I. has been reproduced.
Some Observations on the Persian Wars. 1.—The Campaign of Marathon
Authors: Arthur J. , Munro R.
Published: May 2006

It may seem bold to re-open the question (or questions) of the campaign of Marathon so soon after the publication of the monumental chapters of Busolt, of Hauvette, of Macan. But the labours of these scholars at once invite and facilitate farther discussion. They focus many scattered arguments, contribute new suggestions, put the humbler student abreast of recent researches, and show him where his own conclusions differ from accepted views. How much I owe to them will be obvious without particular references.

The theory here put forward, although independently reached, is not altogether new—perhaps no theory of Marathon could be—but I was not aware, until it was written, how closely certain of its main features had been anticipated by Busolt in a work published twenty years ago (Die Lakedaimonier pp. 355–369). That eminent historian has, however, since then twice changed his views, so that it may be useful to recall his readers to what I still consider to be his best solution of the problem. Perhaps the discussions of the interval have reinforced it in some respects. On one important point I find myself in agreement with Professor J. B. Bury's article on the Battle of Marathon in the Classical Review, March 1896, and even where we disagree, we must often have asked much the same questions.
A new Vase of the Dipylon Class
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

Among the vases of the Dipylon class the most striking examples are those on which we see represented funeral ceremonies—a hearse or a bier with bands of mourners. And in fact the whole of the subjects on these vases seem to refer directly or indirectly to deceased persons. The chariots may illustrate some feature of the obsequies or may indicate the status of the deceased, while as to the ships, which are not infrequent, they also may represent status or occupation. So it is argued, and at all events the picture on these vases appears always to be of the nature of genre, not of legend.

In publishing a new lebes of the Dipylon kind (Pl. VIII.), recently acquired by the Museum, I may note that its provenance (near Thebes in Boeotia), makes against the view of Helbig and others that the ships on those vases are meant to show that the deceased persons on whose tombs the vases were placed belonged to the order of Attic ναύκραροι. We may assume that the purpose of the vase-painter in those primitive times was to produce to the best of his ability an impressive picture of a funeral ceremony as he saw it on occasions of special grandeur and to sell his vase to any buyer, whatever his status or occupation.

But where in funeral ceremonies do the ships come in? I suppose at the games held in honour of the deceased, such as those of the Aeneid (V. 114–235) which began with a race of ships.
On Representations of Helios and of Selene
Authors: Savignoni L.
Published: May 2006

Among the various references which Athenaeus makes in his Δειπνοσοφισταί to the encounter of Herakles with Helios, when he was going to the island of Erytheia, we find the following (Book xi. 39 ff):—

Φερεκύδης δ᾿ ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ τῶν ίστοριῶν προειπὼν περὶ τοῦ ᾿ Ωκεανοῦἐπιφέρει ὁ δ᾿ Ηρακλῆς ἔλκεται ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸ τόξον ὡς βαλῶν καὶ ὁ Ηλιοςπαύσασθαι κελεύει ὄ δὲ δείσας παύεται. ῾´ Ηλιος δὶ ἀντὶ τούτου διδωσιναὐτῷ τὸ δέπας τὸ χρύσεον ὄ αὐτὸν ἐφόρει σὺν ταῖς ἴπποις ἐπὴν δύῃ διὰ τοῦΩκεαυοῦ τὴν νύκτα πρὸς ἐῴην ἴν᾿ ἀνίσχει ὁ ᾿´ Ηλιος ἔπειτα πορεύεται ὁ῾ Ηρακλῆς ἐν τῷ δέπαϊ τούτῳ τούτῳ ἐς τὴν ῾ Ερύθειαν κ.τ.λ.
Archaeology in Greece, 1898–9
Authors: Hogarth D. G. , Bosanquet R. C.
Published: May 2006

While the discovery of pre-historic remains proceeds apace on Greek soil, there has been for two or three years a certain pause in the exploration of purely Hellenic sites. Olympia, Epidaurus, the Athenian Acropolis, Delos, the Argive Heraeum, and Delphi kept the ball rolling merrily for some twenty years, but compared to those great enterprises in the strictly classical field the present is a day of small things. For some time past the German Institute has undertaken no considerable excavation. The French have only just got to work again at Goulás in Crete. The Greeks have made their most striking discoveries in cemeteries of the early period, to which the British School also has devoted all its energies for two years. Only the Americans have remained faithful to the classical tradition in their heavy and costly excavation of Corinth, which has not been rewarded, however, with much that belongs to any period before the Roman.
Cacus on a Black-Figured Vase
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

The Ashmolean Museum has recently acquired an interesting small amphora (height m. ·29) which Mr. Arthur Evans was fortunate enough to discover when excavating in the cemetery of Terranova (Gela) in Sicily. It is of somewhat late date, perhaps about B.C. 500, but certainly much earlier than the destruction of Gela by the Carthaginians in B.C. 405. Mr. Evans has kindly handed over the publication to me.

There is a feature worthy of mention in the technique of the vase. No red is used, but white appears, especially on the side on which Herakles is represented, being used for the basis on which the foot of Herakles rests, and part of his lyre: also there are white spots on the wreath of the Satyr of the other side.

A coloured plate of this vase will be published in my forthcoming Catalogue of Vases in the Ashmolean Museum (Pl. I. A). Meantime I here print a rough engraving of the designs of it; since it seems to deserve a more lengthy discussion than is allowed by the plan of the Catalogue.

I consider that on the two sides of the amphora we have representations of two scenes in the adventure of Herakles and Cacus, not however treated in the serious vein of mythological representation, but in the lighter vein of comedy. This adventure of Herakles is so familiar to scholars from its treatment by Livy and Virgil, Ovid and Propertius, that it is needful only to briefly sketch it.
Excavations on the Probable Sites of Basilis and Bathos
Authors: Bather A. G. , Yorke V. W.
Published: May 2006

Pausanias (viii. 29), on the way between Gortys and Megalopolis, after mentioning the ruins of Brenthe, from which the stream Brentheatis ran into the Alpheius, goes on to say: ‘After crossing the Alpheius the country is that called Trapezuntian and there are ruins of the city of Trapezus. Then, turning down on the left to the Alpheius from Trapezus, close to the river is a place called Bathos, where they perform a rite to the Great Goddesses every third year. And there is a spring there called Olympias, which does not flow every other year, and near the spring fire comes up. Now the Arcadians say that the reputed battle of the Giants and Gods took place here and not in Thracian Pallene. … And from the place called Bathos the city called Basilis is distant about ten stades; its founder was Kypselos, who gave his daughter in marriage to Kresphontes, the son of Aristomachos. But in my time Basilis was in ruins, and among them were remains of a shrine of Eleusinian Demeter. Going on from there you will again cross the Alpheius….' Two other mentions are made of Basilis by ancient authors. Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.) refers to this account of Pausanias, and Nikander (ap. Athen. xii. 8), without giving any name, tells us that in a town founded by Kypselos on the Alpheius certain Parrhasii set up a shrine and altar to Demeter Eleusinia, and that there was a competition of beauty for women there, first won by Erodice, the wife of Kypselos, in which the competitors were called chrysophoroi.
What People produced the Objects called Mycenean?
Authors: Ridgeway William
Published: May 2006

At Mycenae in 1876 Dr. Schliemann lifted the corner of the veil which had so long enshrouded the elder age of Hellas. Year by year ever since that veil has been further withdrawn, and now we are privileged to gaze on more than the shadowy outline of the picture of a far back age. The picture is still incomplete, but it is now possible to trace the salient points. Can we in comparing it with pictures of certain peoples who have dwelt in and reigned at Mycenae, pictures preserved for us elsewhere, identify it as that of any previously known? The object of this little essay is to make such an attempt.

The name Mycenean is now applied to a whole class of monuments—buildings, sepulchres, ornaments, weapons, pottery, engraved stones—which resemble more or less closely those found at Mycenae. I think I am right when I say that archaeologists are unanimous in considering them the outcome of one and the same civilization, and the product of one and the same race.
Polledrara Ware
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The contents of the famous ‘Grotta of Isis’ discovered on the Polle-drara estates at Vulci in 1839 have been generally known to archaeologists ever since the publication in 1844 of Micali's Monumenti Inediti, where a selection of them is given on Pll. iv.—viii., pp. 37—71. The quality however of the drawings there given is very far from answering the present requirements of study: and an adequate publication of these important remains has long been badly wanted. In the course of last year Professor Victor Horsley had a series of elaborate drawings made of some of the principal objects in the tomb, as a present to Professor Montelius. As the latter did not intend to publish the drawings in their elaborate form, Professor Horsley most kindly arranged with Mr. Murray that some of the more important should be presented to the Hellenic Society; it is thus owing to him that the Society is enabled to put this valuable series of drawings within the reach of scholars.