bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of risk factors on the development of breast cancer in women from Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Abdyldaev Damir , Kudaibergenova Indira , Iliyazova Saltanat , Karabaeva Iana , Uzakbaeva Banur , Tagaev Tugolbai
Published: May 2023

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer (BC) is the world's leading oncological disease in terms of prevalence among females and accounts for 25% of all oncological diseases affecting the female population, 25% of women are from the age of 50–60 years. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors affecting the development of BC in women from Kyrgyzstan (well–known, specific, and protective).
 
Methods: This is a retrospective study that analyzed medical records and outpatient records of 1024 patients with BC treated at the National Center of the Oncology and Hematology of the Ministry of Health of Kyrgyzstan from 2016–2021.
 
Results: Regression analysis showed that out of numerous BC risk factors, only five factors are significant: spontaneous miscarriages (RR = 5.0, p<0.007), preterm birth (RR = 5.0, p<0.007), kidney disease (RR = 5.2, p<0.002), severe anemia (RR = 6.1, p<0.002) and severe postpartum bleeding (RR = 6.9, p<0.002), as indicated by a RR of 0, CI <1, and p<0.001.                           
 
Conclusion: Based on regression analysis, the presence and influence of specific risk factors for the development of BC in women from Kyrgyzstan were proved: spontaneous miscarriages, premature birth, kidney disease, severe anemia, and severe postpartum bleeding.
Identification of factors associated with non-adherence and discontinuation of antitubercular drugs in patients with tuberculosis
Authors: Toktonalieva Nargiza , Toktonaliev Iskhak , Kadyrkulova Saltanat
Published: May 2023

The effectiveness of the anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) depends on adherence to the proposed highly effective therapeutic scheme. When the patient starts ATT and fails to come to the healthcare facility for more than 30 consecutive days from the date scheduled for his return, it is considered abandonment. The objective was to identify the difficulties associated with non-adherence and abandonment of the ATT regimen and evaluate the regulation of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Kyrgyzstan. Patients with tuberculosis make the decision to abandon treatment because they are unaware of the time needed, the continuity of treatment, and for reasons of the disappearance of signs and symptoms. The use of alcohol and illicit drugs has a poor prognosis for the treatment, factors that predispose patients to abandon the treatment and prolong the drug therapy. The majority of the patients discontinue treatment because of adverse effects, contributing to the interruption of treatment, so patients should be assisted regularly. To strengthen the requirements for the quality of purchased anti-tuberculosis drugs, when drawing up the technical specification of the government decree of Kyrgyzstan, it is necessary to give preference to drugs that have been prequalified by World Health Organization or evaluated by strict regulatory authorities.
Effectiveness of vestibular exercises on balance impairment in patients affected with stroke - A systematic review
Authors: S. Ranjani Janaga , S. SenthilKumar , Suganthirababu Prathap , Srinivasan Vignesh , A. Kumaresan , Alagesan Jagatheesan
Published: May 2023

Introduction and Aim: The patients who have been suffered with stroke have severe balance problems, it is difficult to tell with certainty how balance performance in stroke patients is impacted by vestibular impairment. The study's purpose was to determine if oculomotor and gaze stability exercises may help post-stroke individuals improve their balance.
 
Materials and Methods: This study includes all articles of various databases from 2000 to 2020 was included for study selection. The google scholar, research gate databases were comprehensively studied. 100 articles were searched and out of which 60 articles were selected to be assessed for eligibility in full text. Finally, 9 articles were chosen for inclusion and for analysis, although 7 of them did not match our proposed inclusion criteria.
 
Results: Exercises for the vestibular system have been demonstrated to be effective for stroke patients whose balance has been compromised.
 
Conclusion: The study finds that more high -quality experimental research on vestibular exercises and balance impairment after stroke is necessary because there is very little evidence from earlier experimental studies to draw firm conclusions about their effects.
SPEECH THERAPY IN THE THERASUIT METHOD
Authors: Cavalcanti Bernardo Guedes Cecília
Published: May 2023

The research deals with the benefits of the Therasuit method and its speech therapy contributions. As it was inaugural in speech therapy through obtaining certification to work in the area, we present important results for greater visibility in the use of the Intensive Speech program in Therasuit IFT. This is a case-study type research with treatment of qualitative and quantitative data collected from filming and analyzed according to the rigor of the recorded method of rehabilitative stimulation. The results show a conclusive contribution of the method in speech therapy capable of offering the patient with speech motor disorders promotion of global aspects of speech and language in children.
BIOENERGY BASE OF RURAL AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FOREST COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION)
Authors: Мехренцев А.В. , Добрачев А.А. , Уразова А.Ф. , Кашников Г.В.
Published: May 2023

Развитие сельскохозяйственного производства и сельских поселений посредством развития энергетики лесных территорий с использованием древесных отходов является актуальной проблемой. Поскольку сельские населенные пункты в Свердловской области, как правило, находятся на лесных территориях, то целесообразно проблемы развития сельского хозяйства и лесной промышленности, социального развития уральских деревень решать комплексно. Лес при таком подходе является источником местных строительных материалов, а отходы лесопереработки местных предприятий и низкосортная древесина будут служить дешевым и экологически чистым топливом для получения тепловой и электрической энергии. Стратегией развития лесного комплекса Российской Федерации до 2030 г. предусматривается, что в многолесных районах продолжится работа по осуществлению теплоснабжения сельских поселений с использованием лесных ресурсов, созданию в лесопромышленных организациях производства альтернативных видов топлива на основе древесных отходов. В работе дано технико-экономическое обоснование развития биоэнергетических технологий в сельской местности на территории Свердловской области

The development of agricultural production and rural settlements through the development of energy of forest areas with the use of wood waste is an urgent problem. Since rural settlements in the Sverdlovsk region, as a rule, are located in the forest areas, it is advisable to solve the problems of agricultural and forest industry development and social development of the Ural villages in an integrated manner. The forest is a source of local construction materials, and wood waste from local companies and low-grade timber will serve as a cheap and environmentally friendly fuel for heat and electricity production. The strategy of development of forestry complex of the Russian Federation until 2030 provides that in multi-forest areas will continue work on the implementation of heating in rural settlements with the use of forest resources, the creation of the forest industry organizations to produce alternative fuels based on wood waste. The paper provides a feasibility study for the development of bio-energy technologies in rural areas in the Sverdlovsk region.
How Can Different Land Use Impact Aquatic Organisms? An Evaluation of Metabolic Alterations During Embryonic Development of Freshwater Fish, Rhamdia quelen
Authors: Piffero Camila Maria Toigo de Oliveira , Romão Silvia , Cazarolli Luisa Helena , Zwetzch do Nascimento Cristian , Sobjak Thaís Maylin , Donatti Lucélia , Dmengeon Maria Rosa , Guimarães Ana Tereza Bittencourt
Published: May 2023

Chemical compounds used in agricultural activities are constantly leaching to water bodies where they can potentially cause damage to non-target organisms. In this study, we attempt to understand how the change in land use and exposure to xenobiotic substances may alter the metabolism and neurotoxicity during the development of native fish. Embryonic development of Rhamdia quelen was used as a quality indicator of two different aquatic environments, a stream considered impacted (Tormenta) and another reference (Manoel Gomes). The eggs were exposed to water collected from the reference and impacted streams during the development period (12h, 24h, 48h, and, 72h). Changes in the activity of energy metabolism enzymes (HK, PFK, LDH, CS, MDH) and the antioxidant defense system (CAT, GPX, GR, GST) were observed in animals exposed to impacted stream water. The entry of xenobiotic compounds into rivers through the leaching of chemical molecules existent in the soil causes activation of enzymes with a detoxification function. Furthermore, inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme activity indicates contamination by anticholinesterase compounds such as organophosphates and carbamates. Sites with constant use of these compounds can trigger harmful effects to organisms in the early stages of fish development and alter the body's metabolic and defense enzymatic activities.
Electricity losses at substations of electric networks
Authors:   Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University, Surinsky Dmitry , Istomin Evgeny
Published: May 2023

It is currently impossible to imagine human life without electricity consumption, and an increase in its consumption leads to an increase in electric networks and the electric grid complex. This article discusses the types of electricity losses associated with the conversion and distribution of electricity at substations, as well as with the compensation of currents caused by abnormal operating modes of networks. Keywords: ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY, ELECTRIC POWER LOSSES, ARC-EXTINGUISHING REACTORS
Estudio de caso a persona con alteración renal en hemodiálisis aplicando el modelo de Virginia Henderson
Authors: De la Cruz-Maciel Luis Alberto , Montejo-Ascencio Gloria Antonia , Pérez-Ramírez Manuel
Published: May 2023

Introducción: Las personas con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) son un grupo importante de pacientes que requieren de los conocimientos científicos, habilidades clínicas y actitudes éticas de enfermeros especialistas en Nefrología.
Metodología: Masculino con ERC/VIH, carga viral indetectable y terapia de sustitución renal de hemodiálisis secundario a administración de fármaco nefrotóxico, consciente, orientado, cooperador; catéter de Mahurkar y niveles de azoados normales. Prevalecieron los Artículos 13 y 20 de la Ley General de Salud y Declaración de los Principios de Helsinky 14º y 31, que garantizan la dignidad de la persona y el consentimiento informado. La valoración se realizó mediante una Guía estructurada de acuerdo al Modelo de Virginia Henderson, complementada con instrumentos de valoración psicosocial. Se empleó el razonamiento crítico para el análisis de datos mediante la metodología de la NANDA-I y la utilización de la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (NIC).
Relevancia: En las necesidades alteradas, se definieron diagnósticos precisos que mediante la aplicación de intervenciones favorecieron la independencia del paciente.
Resultados y Conclusiones: Se trataron cinco diagnósticos enfermeros, disminuyendo los riesgos y tratando los problemas mediante intervenciones que modificaron estilos de vida, satisfaciendo las necesidades y alcanzando la independencia.
ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO AND MICRO DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY OF DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA
Authors: ONUORAH, A.C. (PhD; F, CIFIAN)
Published: May 2023

The study examines the determinants of deposit money banks (DMBs) profitability in Nigeria between the periods of 2001-2017. The determinants (internal and external) are Nonperforming Loans (NPLs), Capital Adequacy (CA), Inflation Rate (INFLR), Interest Rate (INTR) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) while profitability was proxied with Return on Asset (ROA). The study made used of secondary data that which was sourced from the CBN Statistical Bulletin, CBN Bank Supervisory Annual Report and NDIC Annual Reports. Analysis employed descriptive statistics and correlation matrix. The Multiple Regression Model with SPSS 23 was used to determine if the independent factors and dependent variable have a significant relationship. The findings suggest that NPLs, CA and GDP have significant influence on ROA except NFLR and INTR that is insignificant. Finally, the study concluded that NPLs, CA and GDP are determinants of banks profitability in Nigeria.

Keywords: Profitability, Capital Adequacy, Interest Rate, Inflation Rate and Return on Asset.
Next-generation ice nucleating particle sampling on aircraft: Characterization of the High-volume flow aERosol particle filter sAmpler (HERA)
Authors: Grawe Sarah , Jentzsch Conrad , Schaefer Jonas , Wex Heike , Stratmann Frank
Published: May 2023

Abstract. Atmospheric ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration data from the free troposphere are sparse, but urgently needed to understand vertical transport processes of INPs and their influence on cloud formation and properties. Here, we introduce the new High-volume flow aERosol particle filter sAmpler (HERA) which was specially developed for installation on research aircraft and subsequent offline INP analysis. HERA is a modular system constisting of a sampling unit and a powerful pump unit and has several features which were integrated specifically for INP sampling. Firstly, the pump unit enables sampling at flow rates exceeding 100 L min−1, which is well above typical flow rates of aircraft INP sampling systems described in the literature (~10 L min−1). Consequently, required sampling times to capture rare, high-temperature INPs (≥-15 °C) are reduced in comparison to other systems and potential source regions of INPs can be confined more precisely. Secondly, the sampling unit is designed as a seven-way valve, enabling switching between six filter holders and a bypass with one filter being sampled at a time. In contrast to other aircraft INP sampling systems, the valve position is controlled remotely via software so that manual filter changes in-flight are eliminated and the potential for sample contamination is decreased. This design is compatible with a high degree of automation, i.e., triggering filter changes depending on parameters like flight altitude, geographical location, temperature, or time. In addition to the design and principle of operation of HERA, this paper presents laboratory characterization experiments with size-selected test substances, i.e., SNOMAX® and Arizona Test Dust. The particles were sampled on filters with HERA, varying either particle diameter (300 nm to 800 nm) or flow rate (10 L min−1 to 100 L min−1) between experiments. The subsequent offline INP analysis showed good agreement with literature data and comparable sampling efficiencies for all investigated particle sizes and flow rates. Furthermore, the deposition efficiency of atmospheric INPs in HERA was compared to a straightforward filter sampler and good agreement was found. Finally, results from the first campaign of HERA on the High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO) demonstrate the functionality of the new system in the context of aircraft application.
Dansgaard–Oeschger events in climate models: review and baseline Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) protocol
Authors: Malmierca-Vallet Irene , Sime Louise C. ,   the D–O community members
Published: May 2023

Abstract. Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events, millennial-scale climate oscillations between stadial and interstadial conditions (of up to 10–15 ∘C in amplitude at high northern latitudes), occurred throughout the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3; 27.8–59.4 ka) period. The climate modelling community up to now has not been able to answer the question of whether our climate models are too stable to simulate D–O events. To address this, this paper lays the ground-work for a MIS3 D–O protocol for general circulation models which are used in the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. We review the following: D–O terminology, community progress on simulating D–O events in these IPCC-class models (processes and published examples), and evidence about the boundary conditions under which D–O events occur. We find that no model exhibits D–O-like behaviour under pre-industrial conditions. Some, but not all, models exhibit D–O-like oscillations under MIS3 and/or full glacial conditions. Greenhouse gases and ice sheet configurations are crucial. However most models have not run simulations of long enough duration to be sure which models show D–O-like behaviour, under either MIS3 or full glacial states. We propose a MIS3 baseline protocol at 34 ka, which features low obliquity values, medium to low MIS3 greenhouse gas values, and the intermediate ice sheet configuration, which our review suggests are most conducive to D–O-like behaviour in models. We also provide a protocol for a second freshwater (Heinrich-event-preconditioned) experiment, since previous work suggests that this variant may be helpful in preconditioning a state in models which is conducive to D–O events. This review provides modelling groups investigating MIS3 D–O oscillations with a common framework, which is aimed at (1) maximising the chance of the occurrence of D–O-like events in the simulations, (2) allowing more precise model–data evaluation, and (3) providing an adequate central point for modellers to explore model stability.
Air-Sea fluxes of dimethyl sulphide and methanethiol in the South-West Pacific
Authors: Rocco Manon , Dunne Erin , Saint-Macary Alexia , Peltola Maija , Barthelmeß Theresa , Barr Neill , Safi Karl , Marriner Andrew , Deppeler Stacy , Harnwell James , Engel Anja , Colomb Aurélie , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Harvey Mike , Law Cliff S. , Sellegri Karine
Published: May 2023

Abstract. Air-sea fluxes of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and methanethiol (MeSH) from surface seawater in the remote Southern Pacific Ocean were measured in three Air-Sea Interface Tank (ASIT) experiments during the Sea2Cloud voyage in March 2020. The measured fluxes of 0.78 ± 0.44 ng m-2 s-1 and 0.05 ± 0.03 ng m-2 s-1 for DMS and MeSH, respectively, varied between experiments reflecting the different water mass types investigated, with lowest fluxes with subtropical water and highest with biologically-active water with sub-Tropical water and highest from the sub-Tropical Front. Measured DMS fluxes were consistent with calculated fluxes from a two-layer model using DMS concentration in the ASIT seawater. The experiments also determined the influence of elevated ozone, with one ASIT headspace amended with 10 ppbv ozone while the other provided an unamended control. Elevated ozone resulted in a decrease in DMS flux, corresponding to decreased conversion of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) to DMS in the seawater. The MeSH:DMS flux range was 11–18 % across experiments, in line with previous observations, indicating that MeSH represents a significant contribution to the atmospheric sulfur budget. Using the ASIT results in combination with ambient seawater concentrations during Sea2Cloud, significant linear correlations were identified for both DMS and MeSH fluxes with nanophytoplankton cell abundance (rDMS= 0.73 and rMeSH= 0.86), indicating an important role for this phytoplankton size class, and also its potential as a proxy for estimating DMS and MeSH emissions in chemistry-climate models.
The Atmospheric Oxidizing Capacity in China: Part 1. Roles of different photochemical processes
Authors: Dai Jianing , Brasseur Guy P. , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Kanakidou Maria , Qu Kun , Zhang Yijuan , Zhang Hongliang , Wang Tao
Published: May 2023

Abstract. The atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) characterizes the ability of the atmosphere to scavenge air pollutants. However, it is not well understood in China, where anthropogenic emissions have changed dramatically in the past decade. A detailed analysis of different parameters that determine the AOC in China is presented on the basis of numerical simulations performed with the regional chemical-meteorological model WRF-Chem. The model results, with the aerosol effects of extinction and heterogeneous processes taken into account, show that the presence of aerosols leads to a decrease in surface ozone of approximately 8–10 ppbv in NOx-limited rural areas and an increase of 5–10 ppbv in VOC-limited urban areas. The ozone reduction in NOx-sensitive regions is due to the combined effect of nitrogen dioxide and peroxy radical uptake on particles and of the light extinction by aerosols, which affects the photodissociation rates. The ozone increase in VOC-sensitive areas is attributed to the uptake of NO2 by aerosols, which is offset by the reduced ozone formation associated with HO2 uptake and with the aerosol extinction. Our study concludes that more than 90 % of the daytime AOC is due to the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with VOCs and carbon monoxide. In urban areas, during summertime, the main contributions to daytime AOC are the reactions of OH with alkene (30–50 %), oxidized volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (33–45 %), and carbon monoxide (20–45 %). In rural areas, the largest contribution results from the reaction of OH with alkenes (60 %). Nocturnal AOC is dominantly attributed to the nitrate radical (50–70 %). Our results shed light on the contribution of aerosol-related NOx loss and the high reactivity of alkenes for photochemical pollution. With the reduction of aerosols and anthropogenic ozone precursors, the chemistry of nitrogen and temperature-sensitive VOCs will become increasingly important. More attention needs to be paid to the role of photodegradable OVOCs and nocturnal oxidants in the formation of secondary pollutants.
Coral Bleaching Induced Mortality Transforms Local and Global Carbon Cycles: An Unrecognized Feedback Loop That May Accelerate Reef Decline
Authors: Seabrook Sarah , Correa Adrienne M. S. , Conetta Dennis , Grupstra Carsten G. B. , Howe-Kerr Lauren I. , McConnell Kaitlin , Schmeltzer Emily R. , Vega Thurber Rebecca , Thurber Andrew R.
Published: May 2023

Abstract. Increases in atmospheric carbon have led to widespread, frequent, and severe coral bleaching, resulting in global coral reef decline. Here, we show that bleaching corals severely impact the local carbon cycle by releasing significant amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which further stresses the local reef community and may trigger coral mortality. During a severe bleaching event in Mo’orea, French Polynesia, we measured DOC concentrations 37 % greater than Total Organic Carbon (DOC and Particulate Carbon combined), compared to non-bleaching conditions. In addition, this DOC was highest immediately adjacent to the reef, indicating that the corals were the source of this carbon. Further, when exposed to bleaching-derived DOC-rich exudate (~2 mM DOC), otherwise healthy corals experienced bleaching, tissue loss, and mortality within 48 hours. While this is an extreme amount of DOC to be found on a reef in situ, it identifies a potential mechanistic impacts of coral-derived DOC on healthy corals. By extending our findings to regional scales, we estimate that large scale bleaching events can significantly alter the marine carbon cycle. For example, a single bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef could have released an estimated 150 Gmol C as DOC alone. Our research identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism of coral mortality during bleaching events, in which biogeochemical shifts across the reefscape that may result in a positive feedback loop that accelerates coral reef loss.
Seasonal variations in composition and sources of atmospheric ultrafine particles in urban Beijing based on near-continuous measurements
Authors: Li Xiaoxiao , Chen Yijing , Li Yuyang , Cai Runlong , Li Yiran , Deng Chenjuan , Yan Chao , Cheng Hairong , Liu Yongchun , Kulmala Markku , Hao Jiming , Smith James N. , Jiang Jingkun
Published: May 2023

Abstract. Understanding the composition and sources of atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) is essential in evaluating their exposure risks. It requires long-term measurements with high time resolution, which are to date scarce. We performed near-continuous measurements of UFP composition during four seasons in urban Beijing using a thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometer, accompanied by real-time size distribution measurements. We found that UFPs in urban Beijing are dominated by organic components, varying seasonally from 68 to 81 %. CHO organics are the most abundant in summer, while sulfur-containing organics, some nitrogen-containing organics, nitrate, and chloride are the most abundant in winter. With the increase of particle diameter, the contribution of CHO organics decreases, while that of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing organics, nitrate, and chloride increase. Source apportionment analysis of the UFP organics indicates contributions from cooking and vehicle sources, photooxidation sources enriched in CHO organics, and aqueous/heterogeneous sources enriched in nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organics. The increased contributions of cooking, vehicle, and photooxidation components are usually accompanied by simultaneous increases in UFP number concentrations related to cooking emission, vehicle emission, and new particle formation, respectively. While the increased contribution of the aqueous/heterogeneous composition is usually accompanied by the growth of UFP mode diameters. The highest UFP number concentrations in winter are due to the strongest new particle formation, the strongest local primary particle number emissions, and the slowest condensational growth of UFPs to larger sizes. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of urban UFP composition and sources and offers valuable datasets for the evaluation of UFP exposure risks.
Evidence of cryptic methane cycling and non-methanogenic methylamine consumption in the sulfate-reducing zone of sediment in the Santa Barbara Basin, California
Authors: Krause Sebastian Jian Ernst , Liu Jiarui , Yousavich David J. , Robinson DeMarcus , Hoyt David , Qin Qianhui , Wenzhoefer Frank , Janssen Felix , Valentine David , Treude Tina
Published: May 2023

Abstract. The recently discovered cryptic methane cycle in the sulfate-reducing zone of marine and wetland sediments couples methylotrophic methanogenesis to anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Here we present evidence of cryptic methane cycling activity within the upper regions of the sulfate-reducing zone, along a depth transect within the Santa Barbara Basin, off the coast of California, USA. The top 0–20 cm of sediment from each station was subjected to geochemical analyses and radiotracer incubations using 35S-SO42-, 14C-mono-methylamine, and 14C- CH4 to find evidence of cryptic methane cycling. Methane concentrations were consistently low (~3 to ~16 µM) across the depth transect, despite AOM rates increasing with decreasing water depth (from max 0.05 nmol cm-3 d-1 at the deepest station to max 1.8 nmol cm-3 d-1 at the shallowest station). Porewater sulfate concentrations remained high (~23 mM to ~29 mM), despite the detection of sulfate reduction activity from 35S-SO42- incubations with rates up to 134 nmol cm-3 d-1. Metabolomic analysis showed that substrates for methanogenesis (i.e., acetate, methanol and methylamines) were mostly below the detection limit in the porewater, but some samples from the 1–2 cm depth section showed non-quantifiable evidence of these substrates, indicating their rapid turnover. Estimated methanogenesis from mono-methylamine ranged from 0.2 nmol to 0.5 nmol cm-3 d-1. Discrepancies between the rate constants (K1) of methanogenesis (from 14C- mono-methylamine) and AOM (from either 14C- mono-methylamine-derived 14C-CH4 or from directly injected 14C-CH4) suggest the activity of a separate, concurrent metabolic process directly metabolizing mono-methylamine to inorganic carbon. We conclude that the results presented in this work show strong evidence of cryptic methane cycling occurring within the top 20 cm of sediment in the Santa Barbara Basin. The rapid cycling of carbon between methanogenesis and methanotropy likely prevents major build-up of methane in the sulfate-reducing zone. Furthermore, our data suggest that methylamine is utilized by both methanogenic archaea capable of methylotrophic methanogenesis and non-methanogenic microbial groups. We hypothesize that sulfate reduction is responsible for the additional methylamine turnover but further investigation is needed to elucidate this metabolic activity.
SatVITS-Flood: Satellite Vegetation Index Time Series Flood detection model for hyperarid regions
Authors: Burstein Omer , Grodek Tamir , Enzel Yehouda , Helman David
Published: May 2023

We present a model for detecting historical floods in ungauged remote hyperarid regions using satellite vegetation indices (SatVITS-Flood). Our model is based on observations that floods in hyperarid regions are the primary cause of change in the growth and expansion of local vegetation. We used 40 years of hydrological data from reliable gauge stations at four sites from three regions over three continents to develop and evaluate the model. MODIS, Landsat, and AVHRR time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) were used to detect vegetation changes. The model uses two different time series analysis metrics, (1) a trend change detection from the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST-trend) and (2) a newly developed seasonal change metric based on Temporal Fourier Analysis (TFA) and the growing-season integral anomaly (TFA-GSIanom). The idea was to capture major changes in perennial species following extreme, rare floods with BFAST-trend and small changes in the ephemeral vegetation following more frequent, less severe floods with TFA-GSIanom. We compared these metrics with flood events and the magnitude of change with the flood volume (Mm3) and duration (days). Our model was able to predict flood occurrence with an accuracy of 78% and precision of 67% (Recall = 0.69 and F1 = 0.68; p<0.01), and the flood volume with NSE of 0.79 (RMSE = 15.4 Mm3 event–1) and flood duration with R2 of 0.69 (RMSE = 5.7 days). SatVITS-Flood proved useful for detecting historical floods and may provide valuable hydrological information in poorly-documented areas, which can help understand the impacts of climate change on the hydrology of hyperarid regions.
An innovative membrane-based sensor technology for large-scale measurements of gas concentrations in the subsurface
Authors: Lazik Detlef , de Rooij Gerrit , Hashar Mohammad
Published: May 2023

There is a large discrepancy between the spatial extent of a catchment and the volume or area covered by a single sensor, particularly for sensors operating below the soil surface. Especially in the unsaturated zone, spatial heterogeneity combined with the very small soil volume represented by a data point (often 1 cubic decimeter or less), this contrast necessitates vast sensor networks that are costly to maintain and generate large quantities of data that require extensive processing to provide information useful at scales relevant for land and water management.

Over the past years, we developed a technology to measure the concentration of selected gases in soils by burying gas-permeable, flexible tubes of up to tens of meters of length in the soil at desired depths and flushing them with a gas of known composition (e.g., dry air). Pressure changes observed during short intervals during which the gas flow is stopped can be used to derive the difference in partial pressures of a target gas inside the tube and in the soil surrounding the tube. After processing, this gives the average concentration of the target gas in the soil surrounding the entire length of the tube. The technology is operational for CO2, and will be employed in a forest ecosystem to measure soil respiration in real time.

By specific choices of the tube material, the composition of the flushing gas, and the reference system, the measurement system can be adapted to other gases. If the target gas is water vapor, the relative humidity (RH) of soil air can be measured. According to first laboratory results this results in a measure of the area-averaged soil water content assuming local phase equilibrium between water vapor and liquid soil water. In very dry soil, e.g., in arid and hyper-arid regions, the RH of the soil air drops measurably. In this case the averaged matric potential of the soil water can be monitored in situ in a range far beyond that of water-filled tensiometers.

The presentation will explain the set-up of the system, showcase completed trials and elaborate on on-going plans for CO2-concentration measurements in a forest soil. 
UAS Hydrometry – Contactless airborne measurements of water level, depth, flow velocity and discharge in rivers and streams
Authors: Bauer-Gottwein Peter , Olesen Daniel , Nielsen Karina , Rietz Alexander , Coppo Frías Monica , Dobrovolskiy Alexey , Kadek Alexey , Orlic Niksa , Grubesa Tomislav , Hiller Tom , Grosen Henrik , Nielsen Sune , Tarpanelli Angelica , Giordan Daniele , Barbetta Silvia , Gustafsson David , Wennerberg Daniel , Disse Markus , Merk Fabian , Romero Laia ,   UAWOS project team
Published: May 2023

High-resolution monitoring of rivers is important because rivers are severely affected by climate change and both frequency and magnitude of extreme events are changing rapidly. Advanced in-situ monitoring technologies need to be combined with satellite Earth Observation (EO) to provide accurate, reliable, and spatio-temporally resolved information for effective decision support, risk assessment, investment analysis for climate change adaptation, and operational forecasting/surveillance.

Traditional hydrometric monitoring of rivers is in-situ and station-based. In-situ monitoring networks lack spatial resolution, have been declining in many regions, and data accessibility is increasingly restricted because of growing conflicts between countries over water resources allocation. To solve this problem, hydrometric monitoring using satellite earth observation needs to be combined with drone-borne hydrometric monitoring technology for validation, deployment in remote and inaccessible regions, and for reliable and accurate estimation of river discharge.

The Horizon Europe UAWOS project develops an Unmanned Airborne Water Observing System to provide key hydrometric variables (bathymetry, velocimetry, water surface elevation) at high spatial resolution/coverage, and data-based products/services to support management and decision making. UAWOS integrates airborne data streams with Copernicus water bodies and water level services for cross validation and to estimate river discharge from satellite EO data.

This contribution outlines the UAWOS work programme and reports first results of airborne surveys using (i) radar altimetry for water surface elevation mapping, (ii) water penetrating radar and sonar for bathymetric mapping and Doppler radar for surface velocity monitoring. The combination of these datasets for river discharge estimation as well as for validation and enhancement of satellite radar altimetry datasets will be discussed.
Improved extraction of hydrologic information from geophysical data during an artificial hillslope infiltration
Authors: Mary Benjamin , Kaffas Konstantinos , Censini Matteo , Manca di Villahermosa Francesca Sofia , Dani Andrea , Verdone Matteo , Preti Federico , Trucchi Paolo , Penna Daniele , Cassiani Giorgio
Published: May 2023

This study presents a methodology to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of water movement at the hillslope scale using geophysical techniques in order to identify preferential flow paths, estimate hydraulic conductivity, and ultimately understand runoff generation processes and predict streamflow response in small catchments. 

The study area is a 0.3 km2 forested headwater catchment in the Tuscan Apennines, central Italy. We used ground penetrating radar (GPR) and time-lapse electrical resistivity profiles (ERT) to respectively infer the soil bedrock depth and measure the movement of water through the subsurface and track its transit time along the hillslope. We applied these techniques during repeated infiltration experiments conducted over a 1m2 plot where more than 1m3 of water was applied in approximately 24 hours.

We constructed a hydrological model simulating the observed infiltration events using multiple soil layers that corresponded with variations in bedrock depth, as revealed by the GPR data. The next step involves calibrating the hydrological parameters through a hydrogeophysical inversion framework, where the simulated resistivities will be compared with the measured ones.  The model will then be applied over an extended period under natural atmospheric demands conditions, to the prediction of groundwater residence, and the conditions under which plants can access it.
Integrating soil structure in hydrologic models of the unsaturated zone
Authors: Chrysanthopoulos Efthymios , Pouliaris Christos , Markantonis Kostas , Tsirogiannis Ioannis , Kallioras Andreas
Published: May 2023

Most hydrologic models of the unsaturated zone predict soil hydraulic parameters using empirical equations (Pedotransfer functions - PTFs) driven by a limited set of soil characteristics, predominantly soil texture. Despite the increasing capabilities of PTFs, due to the advancement of machine learning algorithms and neural networks over the course of the years, several researchers have pointed out that PTFs integrate limited or any information for soil structure (Novick et al., 2022).  Soil structure, which is not correlated with soil texture, is affected by several factors, such as climate variations, biophysical activity, clay minerals, and the growth of roots, which determines the process of water movement in the unsaturated zone.

In this study, two laboratory methods were implemented (centrifuge and salt solution method) in order to define the water–retention curve of 1 m. undisturbed soil sample from an experimental kiwi field, located in the Epirus region (NW Greece). The water–retention curve correlates volumetric soil water content (θ) with matric potential, which becomes more negative when soils dry and is recognized as the fundamental driver of water flow in the unsaturated zone. Furthermore, a new permeability cell was constructed to conduct the falling head permeability method on undisturbed soil samples to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). The combination of all these methods led to a complete characterization of the undisturbed samples' hydraulic properties.

Subsequently, Hydrus-1D model was chosen to simulate the water movement in the soil–crop system within the experimental kiwi field, both by integrating predicted soil hydraulic properties from soil texture data and by embedding those measured from laboratory methods.  The results generated by the different approaches were compared and an inverse modeling process was followed to improve the efficiency of the model’s predictions based on observations.

Acknowledgments

This research has been co-financed by the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call SUPPORT OF REGIONAL EXCELLENCE (project code MIS: 5047059).

Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Baldocchi, D., Davis, K. J., Ghezzehei, T. A., Konings, A. G., MacBean, N., Raoult, N., Scott, R. L., Shi, Y., Sulman, B. N., & Wood, J. D. (2022). Confronting the water potential information gap. Nature Geoscience, 15(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00909-2
Assimilation of measurements from hydrological observatories for better terrestrial system model predictions: experiences and challenges
Authors: Hendricks-Franssen Harrie-Jan , Li Fang , Strebel Lukas , Zhao Haojin , Bogena Heye , Vereecken Harry
Published: May 2023

The hydrological observatory for the Rur catchment (2400 km2) in Germany is highly equipped including 15 Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensors (CRNS) to measure soil moisture content, 6 eddy covariance stations with measurement of land-atmosphere exchange fluxes and further micrometeorological observations, and additional monitoring stations for river discharge and groundwater levels, amongst others. In addition, 3 intensive research sites at representative locations have been implemented with distributed soil moisture and temperature monitoring. These measurements allow for a better local verification of terrestrial model predictions, and the improvement of model predictions by model-data fusion methods. We did a series of studies on the assimilation of observations from the Rur observatory to improve predictions with the Terrestrial Systems Modelling Platform (TSMP), which models water, energy, carbon and nitrogen cycles of the land surface and subsurface. The data assimilation algorithm was in most cases the Ensemble Kalman Filter, but also the Particle Filter and Markov Chain Monte Carlo were used. Assimilated observations included soil moisture (from FDR-probes, CRNS or remote sensing), groundwater levels and net ecosystem exchange. We found that assimilation improved the characterization of the measured variable, also at verification locations. However, states and fluxes of variables that were not assimilated, such as evapotranspiration, often were not better characterized. The results suggest the importance of the joint assimilation of measurements for different variables, including remotely sensed information and vegetation information.
Prediction of soil properties by lab and airborne spectral data
Authors: Efrati Bar , Ben Dor Eyal
Published: May 2023

Over the preceding 50 years, issues of soil degradation, food insecurity, water scarcity, and loss of ecosystem services are at the center of environmental studies and global concern. These environmental and social issues have intensified the need for sustainable land management and higher-quality global-scale information on soil. The use of soil spectroscopy and hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) has advanced the soil science discipline by providing an accurate, rapid, and inexpensive estimation of the Earth’s soil composition. In this study, we created field and lab soil spectral libraries (SSL) and predicted elementary soil properties such as water infiltration rate (WIR), soil texture content, and organic carbon (OC), essential for agricultural management. These models were applied in a case study of Campania,  Italy,  to the high-end HRS AVIRIS NG NASA sensor with a ground resolution of 3 meters, and 224 spectral bands along the VNIR-SWIR range (400-2500 nm). In addition, we discuss the differences between field, lab, airborne, and satellite spectra and emphasize the need for separating the models.
Assessing the vulnerability and resilience of riparian vegetation to water stress
Authors: Morgan Bryn , Caylor Kelly
Published: May 2023

Riparian corridors act as thermal and moisture refugia for a range of plant and animal species, particularly in water-limited environments. Declining water tables, increasing temperatures, and an increase in extreme hydrologic events due to climate change threaten the diversity of life these landscapes support. Successful adaptive conservation management strategies require an understanding of how species are responding to climate change and an ability to anticipate how changing patterns of water resource availability and demand will alter vegetation patterns and processes. 

Here, we investigate dryland riparian plant responses to fluctuating water availability and atmospheric demand using a novel drone-based approach for estimating transpiration. Integrating thermal imagery, structural data, and a suite of environmental sensors mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform, this approach was specifically designed to capture fine-scale functional data and variation in individual-level plant functional traits within riparian ecosystems and allows for efficient calculation of evapotranspiration for a site solely using data collected from the UAV. Using UAV-based measurements of transpiration across seasonal, diurnal, and spatial gradients of water stress, we quantify individual-scale hydraulic sensitivity to fluctuating water availability and atmospheric moisture demand. Finally, we highlight how these fine-scale estimates of plant water use facilitate understanding of how ecologically important plants respond to the increasingly variable hydrologic regimes that sustain them, yielding valuable insights into how such ecosystems will evolve in the face of global environmental change.
Monitored Groundwater Storage Change:  An Overlooked, Essential Driver of Groundwater Management
Authors: Fogg Graham , Flores Carlos
Published: May 2023

Groundwater overdraft is a global problem demonstrating a general inability of modern civilization to manage groundwater demand. Climate change only makes this problem more acute and challenging. A key reason for chronic overdraft is the relative invisibility of groundwater and pumpers’ effects on it. Here I assert (1) the need for real-time monitoring of an overlooked metric – change in groundwater storage (Δs), (2) its transformative potential for groundwater management and (3) a simple yet new approach to monitor Δs in real time. The hydrology community has failed to learn a key lesson from the impressive successes of measuring sub-continental scale Δs with GRACE satellite technology. The lesson: monitoring Δs (rather than simply changes in groundwater levels, Δh) increases dramatically peoples’ awareness of groundwater overdraft and their motivation to better manage groundwater. Unfortunately, the sub-continental resolution (~400 km) of GRACE makes it ineffective as a tool for monitoring and managing groundwater at a functional basin scale, which is typically on the order of 10’s of km and rarely as large as ~400 km. Although monitoring of Δs in shallow, unconfined aquifers is relatively simple, it is much more challenging in most sedimentary basins that contain most of the world’s major aquifer systems, and where myriad, interbedded aquifer and aquitard layers create depth-variable degrees of semi-confinement that complicate the relationships between Δs and Δh. Here I demonstrate a simple approach in which a calibrated groundwater flow model is used to translate data on Δh into real-time estimates of Δs, despite massive (104) spatial variations in the effective storage coefficients (Δs/Δh). This meta-modeling approach means that it is feasible today to monitor Δs with conventional hydrogeologic data and tools, highlighting missed opportunities for more effective, science-based groundwater management. I will also articulate the need for much greater research emphasis on new methods for monitoring Δs, including combined use of machine learning methods leveraging diverse datasets along with conventional data and models.
Complex dielectric measurements permit accurate estimate of soil water content in saline environments.
Authors: Castiglione Paolo , Campbell Gaylon
Published: May 2023

Dielectric sensors have been used for decades to monitor soil water content. While such measurements are straightforward for insulations, they may be challenging for electrically conductive materials. As a result, the performance of soil moisture sensors based on capacitance technology rapidly decreases with soil salinity. In alternative, dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity may be estimated at once and very accurately by measuring the complex impedance of the sample. We present a new method for measuring the complex impedance, which can be implemented with very inexpensive circuitry. The resulting dielectric measurements are shown to be accurate for conductivity up to 20 dS/m. We will present preliminary results in soilless material and discuss the benefits of accurate dielectric measurements in greenhouse applications. 