bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapungubwe: an historical and contemporary analysis of a World Heritage cultural landscape
Authors: Carruthers Jane
Published: August 2012

The Mapungubwe World Heritage cultural landscape, situated on the farm Greefswald at the junction of the Limpopo and Shashi rivers on the border of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana, falls under the management of South African National Parks. This article presents a close examination of contemporary and historical issues around the inscription of the site and argues that the value of places is not self-evident but that significance is culturally constructed. This, as is explained here in respect of Mapungubwe, has changed over time and has been imposed by the concerns, aspirations and values of society at a specific time and within a specific context. Basic facts about Mapungubwe

are provided and its importance as a contemporary economic and cultural driver is outlined. A brief history of Mapungubwe’s inclusion in a national park from 1947 to 1949 is presented, as is the archaeological science that it spawned. The effect that the inscription of Mapungubwe may have on elevating South Africa’s international profile and on African national pride is described.
A checklist of the non-acarine arachnids (Chelicerata: Arachnida) of the Ndumo Game Reserve, Maputaland, South Africa
Authors: Haddad C.R. , Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S. , Wesołowska W.
Published: August 2012

Arachnids (Chelicerata: Arachnida) were collected in the Ndumo Game Reserve (Maputaland, South Africa) during 11 collecting trips in the period 2000–2006. Sampling was undertaken by various methods in eight broad habitat types: Acacia tortilis savanna; Acacia xanthophloea (fever tree) forests; deciduous broadleaf woodland; Ficus (wild fig tree) forests; floodplain vegetation; riparian forest; sand forest; and subtropical bush. In total, 457 species of arachnids were collected, representing six orders, 59 families and 240 determined genera. The most diverse order was the Araneae (46 families, 431 spp.), followed by the Pseudoscorpiones (6 families, 12 spp.), Scorpiones (3 families, 8 spp.), Opiliones (2 families, 3 spp.), Solifugae (1 family, 2 spp.) and Amblypygi (a single species). The most diverse families all belonged to the Araneae: Salticidae (82 spp.), Thomisidae (56 spp.) and Araneidae (38 spp.). The spider diversity is the highest recorded from any protected area in South Africa so far, and represents approximately 22 % of the country’s spider fauna. The habitat and guild associations of each species are provided.
Verslag oor die ondersoek i.v.m. ou aambeeld wat vermoedelik tot die Van Rensburg-trek behoort het
Authors: Jordan Dr. T. J. W.
Published: August 2012

Verslag oor die ondersoek i.v.m. ou aambeeld wat vermoedelik tot die Van Rensburg-trek behoort het
Enkele beskouings oor die moontlike oorsake vir die uitsterf van diere
Authors: Eloff Prof. F. C.
Published: August 2012

Enkele beskouings oor die moontlike oorsake vir die uitsterf van diere
The phenomenon of game migration in the Kalahari- Gemsbok National Park with a discussion of various marking methods to facilitate a study of the routes followed
Authors: Barnard P. J.
Published: August 2012

The phenomenon of game migration in the Kalahari- Gemsbok National Park with a discussion of various marking methods to facilitate a study of the routes followed
The plant communities of the Andover Game Reserve, South Africa
Authors: Cronje Heath P. , Panagos Mike D. , Reilly Brian K.
Published: August 2012

Floristic characteristics of the Andover Game Reserve (AGR) were surveyed using an area-based survey technique and classified according to the data recorded from 88 relevés, using the PHYTOTAB-PC software package. Three plant communities, of which two each contain two variants, were described and mapped. The plant communities and their causative environmental factors were validated through detrended- and canonical correspondence multivariate analyses. The plant communities of the AGR were found to typify the floristics associated with the catenal sequences located in undulating areas on granite. Broad-leaved savanna is located at the crest and upper mid-slopes while fine-leaved savanna occurs along the footslopes of the AGR. Seeplines, a characteristic occurrence along catenas, are found at the transitional zone between the upper broad- and lower fine-leaved savanna plant communities. This study forms the basis for the compilation of a revised ecological management plan for the Andover Game Reserve.
The large mammals of the Kruger National Park - Their distribution and present-day status
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

The large mammals of the Kruger National Park - Their distribution and present-day status
Ants of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Prins A. J.
Published: August 2012

Ants of the Kruger National Park
Intestinal Metaplasia and the Risk of Gastric Cancer in an Immigrant Asian Population
Authors: Abadir Amir , Streutker Catherine , Brezden-Masley Christine , Grin Andrea , Kim Young-In
Published: August 2012

The development of intestinal metaplasia (IM) has been purported to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. However, the natural history of IM in migrant human populations has not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of gastric cancer posed by IM in Asian immigrants undergoing gastric cancer screening. A retrospective review of Asian immigrants found to have IM during screening was conducted over an 18-month period. In total, 222 patients were found to have IM. Altogether, 24% had a history of smoking, 48% had a family history of gastric cancer, and 52% had a history of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection with a 96% eradication rate. Patients with stable IM (SIM) were then compared with those who developed high risk pathology (HRP), specifically dysplasia and/or adenocarcinoma. Thirty-five patients (16%) were included in the HRP group. 31 with dysplasia (14%) and 4 with adenocarcinoma (2%). Of those with dysplasia, 55% demonstrated regression to IM over the course of follow-up. Patients in the SIM group were more likely to be female (60% vs. 31%, P = 0.002) and more likely to have had a normal biopsy during follow-up (32% vs. 9%, P = 0.005). Odds ratios for IM stability were 3.3 (95% CI 1.5-7.0) and 5.0 (95% CI 1.5-17.1) for female gender and presence of a normal biopsy, respectively. Intestinal metaplasia in immigrant Asian populations is predominantly a stable histologic finding associated with a low rate of persistent dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.
A Two-Patch Predator-Prey Metapopulation Model
Authors: Quaglia G. , Re E. , Rinaldi M. , Venturino E.
Published: August 2012

A minimal model for predator-prey interaction in a composite environment is presented and analysed. We first consider free migrations between two patches for both interacting populations, and then the particular cases where only one-directional migration is allowed and where only one of the two populations can migrate. Our findings indicate that in all cases the ecosystem can never disappear entirely, under the model assumptions. The predator-free equilibrium and the coexistence of all populations are found to be the only feasible stable equilibria. When there are only one-directional migrations, the abandoned patch cannot be repopulated. Other equilibria then arise, with only prey in the second patch, coexistence in the second patch, or prey in both patches but predators only in the second one. For the case of sedentary prey, with predator migration, the prey cannot thrive alone in either of the two environments. However, predators can survive in a prey-free patch due to their ability to migrate into the other patch, provided prey is present there. If only the prey can migrate, the predators may be eliminated from one patch or from both. In the first case, the patch where there are no predators acts as a refuge for the survival of the prey.
Comparison of Spectral and Wavelet Estimators of Transfer Function for Linear Systems
Authors: Bakar M. A. A. , Green D. A. , Metcalfe A. V.
Published: August 2012

We compare spectral and wavelet estimators of the response amplitude operator (RAO) of a linear system, with various input signals and added noise scenarios. The comparison is based on a model of a heaving buoy wave energy device (HBWED), which oscillates vertically as a single mode of vibration linear system. HBWEDs and other single degree of freedom wave energy devices such as oscillating wave surge convertors (OWSC) are currently deployed in the ocean, making such devices important systems to both model and analyse in some detail. The results of the comparison relate to any linear system. It was found that the wavelet estimator of the RAO offers no advantage over the spectral estimators if both input and response time series data are noise free and long time series are available. If there is noise on only the response time series, only the wavelet estimator or the spectral estimator that uses the cross-spectrum of the input and response signals in the numerator should be used. For the case of noise on only the input time series, only the spectral estimator that uses the cross-spectrum in the denominator gives a sensible estimate of the RAO. If both the input and response signals are corrupted with noise, a modification to both the input and response spectrum estimates can provide a good estimator of the RAO. A combination of wavelet and spectral methods is introduced as an alternative RAO estimator. The conclusions apply for autoregressive emulators of sea surface elevation, impulse, and pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBS) inputs. However, a wavelet estimator is needed in the special case of a chirp input where the signal has a continuously varying frequency.
Trajetórias cognitivas subjacentes ao processo de busca e uso da informação: fundamentos e transversalidades
Authors: Varela Aida , Barbosa Marilene Lobo Abreu
Published: August 2012

Analisam-se as possíveis trajetórias cognitivas decorrentes do processo de busca, recuperação e uso da informação, no âmbito da educação e na inter-relação desta com a ciência da informação, na perspectiva da construção do conhecimento, demonstrando a aplicabilidade dos estudos cognitivos neste processo, abrangendo a relação dos sujeitos intervenientes, no sentido de ampliar a compreensão dos fenômenos informacionais, que ocorrem na dinâmica da transferência da informação, considerando que esta é um ato pedagógico. Apresentam-se por contiguidade de conhecimentos e necessidades, os principais representantes das correntes cognitivas educacionais, como substrato aos processos de recuperação, compreensão, reflexão e criticidade essenciais à construção do conhecimento científico, com destaque para o domínio dos vários níveis de leitura e o desenvolvimento de competências para buscar e usar a informação.
Contribuição das ciências cognitivas e da ciência da informação para representação da informação: proposta para utilização na construção de biblioteca virtual temática em saúde
Authors: Fonseca Leandro Guedes da , Amorim Iara Rodrigues de , Lourenço Regina Goulart , Biolchini Jorge Calmon de Almeida
Published: August 2012

Aborda aspectos das Ciências Cognitivas que podem aprimorar a representação da informação na construção de bibliotecas virtuais temáticas em saúde, visando sua utilização por distintos tipos de usuários. Mostra as vantagens das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, que possibilita maior dinamismo nos fluxos de informação e propicia o seu compartilhamento simultâneo. Apresenta o surgimento das Ciências Cognitivas e suas relações com a Ciência da Informação. Discorre sobre características e funcionalidades desejáveis para uma biblioteca virtual temática. Descreve a importância da contribuição da Ciência da Informação para a sociedade. Conclui ratificando a importância do caráter interdisciplinar das áreas, com vistas ao aprimoramento de produtos e serviços de informação em benefício do usuário.
Impact of a Contextual Intervention on Child Participation and Parent Competence Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pretest–Posttest Repeated-Measures Design
Authors: Dunn Winnie , Cox Jane , Foster Lauren , Mische-Lawson Lisa , Tanquary Jennifer
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE. We tested an occupational therapy contextual intervention for improving participation in children with autism spectrum disorders and for developing parental competence.

METHOD. Using a repeated-measures pretest–posttest design, we evaluated the effectiveness of a contextually relevant reflective guidance occupational therapy intervention involving three components: authentic activity settings, family’s daily routines, and the child’s sensory processing patterns (Sensory Profile). We used these components to coach 20 parents in strategies to support their child’s participation. Intervention sessions involved reflective discussion with parents to support them in identifying strategies to meet their goals and make joint plans for the coming week. We measured child participation (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Goal Attainment Scaling) and parent competence (Parenting Sense of Competence, Parenting Stress Index).

RESULTS. Results indicated that parents felt more competent and children significantly increased participation in everyday life, suggesting that this approach is an effective occupational therapy intervention.
Efficacy of the Get Ready to Learn Yoga Program Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design
Authors: Koenig Kristie Patten , Buckley-Reen Anne , Garg Satvika
Published: August 2012

Occupational therapists use school-based yoga programs, but these interventions typically lack manualization and evidence from well-designed studies. Using an experimental pretest–posttest control group design, we examined the effectiveness of the Get Ready to Learn (GRTL) classroom yoga program among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The intervention group received the manualized yoga program daily for 16 wk, and the control group engaged in their standard morning routine. We assessed challenging behaviors with standardized measures and behavior coding before and after intervention. We completed a between-groups analysis of variance to assess differences in gain scores on the dependent variables. Students in the GRTL program showed significant decreases (p < .05) in teacher ratings of maladaptive behavior, as measured with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist, compared with the control participants. This study demonstrates that use of daily classroomwide yoga interventions has a significant impact on key classroom behaviors among children with ASD.
How Do We Change Practice When We Have the Evidence?
Authors: Burke Janice Posatery , Gitlin Laura N.
Published: August 2012

Translating research findings into practice includes myriad pragmatic realities, including understanding the suitability of the data to a particular patient group, writing new guidelines for occupational therapy practitioners, facilitating adoption of the guidelines, and instituting new patterns of care for patients. The process is more than a matter of disseminating the information to practitioners and expecting immediate change in patient treatment. Indeed, the field of implementation science is devoted to the identification of the numerous barriers and supports that constrain or expedite practice change in response to research. Moving forward and adopting evidence-based findings will require a focused understanding of the particular setting where change is warranted. Among the issues to address are the health system levels involved in change (professional, legislative, administrative, practitioner, and patient and family members), the values and beliefs of the participants, and knowledge of the communication channels that exist in the setting and how information and new ideas make their way through the setting.
A Comparative View on the Tax Performance of Developing Countries: Regional Patterns, Non-Tax Revenue and Governance
Authors: von Haldenwang Christian , Ivanyna Maksym
Published: August 2012

Some countries fail to ensure that their citizens and businesses make an appropriate contribution to the financing of public tasks. But not all countries with a low tax ratio automatically fall into this category. This paper presents an approach to bridge the gap between probabilistic statements based on statistical analyses, and country-specific information. Rather than defining general across-the-board criteria, the approach accounts for different development levels and other influencing factors, such as regional patterns, non-tax revenue and governance. Findings on individual countries or groups of countries should put governments, donors and international organisations in a better position to decide on tax reform programmes and aid modalities.
The Positive Experiences of Openly Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Students in a Christian Sixth Form College
Authors: McCormack Mark
Published: August 2012

Previous research has demonstrated that LGBT students tend to have negative experiences of school, suffering social marginalisation and discrimination. One key reason for this has been the homophobia of heterosexual male students. However, my research into sixth forms in the south of England has documented a marked change in the attitudes of straight youth, who now espouse pro-gay attitudes. In this article, I explore how this changing social zeitgeist impacts on the school experiences of LGBT youth. Building on a four-month ethnography at a religious sixth form college, I present the experiences of four students: one gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered student. Highlighting the similarities and differences in their experiences, I demonstrate the positive influence decreasing homophobia has on all students, and I argue that it is necessary to focus on combating heteronormativity in school settings. Framing these findings using inclusive masculinity theory, I also explore the extent to which this theory has relevance for women.
Earning Not Learning? An Assessment of Young People in the Jobs without Training (JWT) Group
Authors: Maguire Sue , Spielhofer Thomas , Golden Sarah
Published: August 2012

In recent years, mass participation in post-16 education and training in England has led to a diminishing understanding about young people who leave education at the end of compulsory schooling to enter ‘jobs without training’ (JWT). Drawing on data from three recent studies, this article argues that the JWT group is not homogeneous in its composition. Similar findings led to the development of a common typology across all three studies to define young people's position in the labour market, their motivations and aspirations, and their access to training and development. It concludes with a series of recommendations for addressing the deficit in knowledge about the composition of the JWT group, and the learning and training needs of young workers. This discussion is set in the context of the implementation of the Raising of the Participation Age (RPA) in England for all 17-year olds from 2013 and for all 18-year olds from 2015, although within the Coalition Government's current proposals, its delivery will lack any form of immediate enforcement. Therefore, unless young workers and their employers are committed to the acquisition of accredited qualifications, RPA delivery will be seriously undermined and intervention to support school to work transitions among the JWT group will remain negligible.
Conviviality under the Cosmopolitan Canopy? Social mixing and friendships in an urban secondary school
Authors: Hollingworth Sumi , Mansaray Ayo
Published: August 2012

Social mix and social mixing are topics of increasing significance to both the policy and academic communities in the UK, and have particular salience in urban multi-ethnic and socially diverse contexts. Enshrined in the comprehensive school ideal, and implicated in the now legal duty to promote ‘community cohesion,’ (urban) schools play a pivotal role in agendas for social mixing but little is empirically known about how this is lived and experienced by the young people in those schools. This paper begins to develop a theoretical understanding of social mixing drawing on qualitative data on the patterns, discourses, and experiences of associations and friendships collected in a London comprehensive school. We find that while the social mix of the school is celebrated, in official discourse as congenial and ‘convivial’, by staff and students alike, the extent of actual mixing - of associations and friendships forming between those of different social and ethnic backgrounds - is both constrained and complex. We point to the social and cultural factors which produce this sense of conviviality, and the opportunities for cultural learning it supports. At the same time, we argue that there are limitations. Schools are sites of differentiation, and friendships as exemplars of social mixing, both (re)produce and are (re)produced by existing social hierarchies and inequalities.
Using Social Media Data Aggregators to Do Social Research
Authors: Beer David
Published: August 2012

This article asks if it is possible to use commercial data analysis software and digital by-product data to do critical social science. In response this article introduces social media data aggregator software to a social science audience. The article explores how this particular software can be used to do social research. It uses some specific examples in order to elaborate upon the potential of the software and the type of insights it can be used to generate. The aim of the article is to show how digital by-product data can be used to see the social in alternative ways, it explores how this commercial software might enable us to find patterns amongst ‘monumentally detailed data’. As such is responds to Andrew Abbott's as yet unresolved eleven year old reflections on the crucial challenges that face the social sciences in a data rich era.
Time for Class: Undergraduates’ and Lecturers’ Perceptions on Why Undergraduates Want to Teach
Authors: Morrison Andrew
Published: August 2012

This paper reports upon the results of a small-scale qualitative investigation looking at the perceptions of students and lecturers regarding students’ motivations to become teachers. The samples for the study were a group of final-year undergraduates on a non-QTS (Qualified Teacher Status) degree in Education Studies at a post-1992 university in the South-East Wales area and their lecturing staff, plus careers advisor. The aim of the study was to compare the perceptions of the two research samples with regard to students’ motivations for wanting to become teachers. A particular focus of the study was to consider the relationship between students’ social class and the extent to which (if at all) they cited extrinsic factors such as job security or pay as sources of motivation to enter teaching. The research revealed some degree of disjunction between the accounts given by the students and the members of staff. Focus group interviews with student samples indicated that although they initially highlighted intrinsic motivations for wanting to be teachers, when questioned about extrinsic factors, job security emerged as an important source of motivation. In contrast, individual interviews with staff members revealed more mixed responses, with a tendency to cite holidays as an important motivating factor in the students’ aim to become teachers. The comments of some staff members also revealed an unwitting tendency to position students within a cultural deficit discourse based upon perceptions of students’ limited career decision-making. It is concluded that it will be increasingly necessary for higher education teaching staff to have some awareness of the social context within which their students undertake career decision-making in view of a policy context in which universities are to become increasingly accountable for the employment outcomes of their graduates.
Confronting the Limits of Antiracist and Multicultural Education: White Students’ Reflections on Identity and Difference in a Multiethnic Secondary School
Authors: Pettigrew Alice
Published: August 2012

This paper is drawn from ethnographic participant-observation data and interview materials collected between September 2004 and July 2005 in ‘Kingsland’, an inner-city, multiethnic comprehensive secondary school in the South West of England. It explores the complex and often contradictory ways in which young people negotiate and reflect on notions of identity and difference in relation to social and pedagogical vocabularies of belonging, friendship and fairness which operate within their school. The paper pays particular attention to experiences and perspectives outlined by Kingsland's ‘white British’ or ‘ethnic majority’ students in order to highlight and critically examine some of the tensions within, and limitations to, both national policy frameworks for citizenship education and local, institutional discourses which powerfully construct the school as a strongly antiracist multicultural community.
Perils, Precariousness and Pleasures: Middle-Aged Gay Men Negotiating Urban ‘Heterospaces’
Authors: Simpson Paul
Published: August 2012

Based on interviews with 27 gay men aged 39 - 61 living in Manchester, this article examines how middle-aged gay men are differentiated and negotiate relations in heterosexually defined spaces. I focus on what informants’ accounts of relations in these ‘heterospaces’ say about middle-aged gay men's responses to homophobia. I argue that ‘ageing capital’ is implicated in subjects’ accounts that capitulate to, negotiate with and challenge heteronormativity. First, the normativity of certain heterospaces could compel self-censoring/‘de-gaying’ of the self. Middle-aged gay men were differentiated by others who claim greater legitimacy within them. Second, informants differentiated themselves through involvement with heterosexual friends from ghettoised ‘scene queens.’ This ambivalent claim to difference could deny inequality and reinforce homophobia. Third, the normativity of heterospaces was thought to offer freedom from the ageist gay gaze, allowing expression of more ‘authentic’ aspects of the midlife-aged self.
Embodying Gender, Age, Ethnicity and Power in ‘the Field’: Reflections on Dress and the Presentation of the Self in Research with Older Pakistani Muslims
Authors: Zubair Maria , Martin Wendy , Victor Christina
Published: August 2012

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in researching people growing older in the South Asian ethnic minority communities in the UK. However, these populations have received comparatively little attention in wide-ranging discussions on culturally and socially appropriate research methodologies. In this paper, we draw on the experiences of a young female Pakistani Muslim researcher researching older Pakistani Muslim women and men, to explore the significance of gender, age and ethnicity to fieldwork processes and ‘field’ relationships. In particular, we highlight the significance of dress and specific presentations of the embodied self within the research process. We do so by focusing upon three key issues: (1) Insider/Outsider boundaries and how these boundaries are continuously and actively negotiated in the field through the use of dress and specific presentations of the embodied ‘self’; (2) The links between gender, age and space - more specifically, how the researcher's use of traditional Pakistani dress, and her differing research relationships, are influenced by the older Pakistani Muslim participants’ gendered use of public and private space; and (3) The opportunities and vulnerabilities experienced by the researcher in the field, reinforced by her use (or otherwise) of the traditional and feminine Pakistani Muslim dress. Our research therefore highlights the role of different presentations of the embodied ‘self’ to fieldwork processes and relationships, and illustrates how age, gender and status intersect to produce fluctuating insider/outsider boundaries as well as different opportunities and experiences of power and vulnerability within research relationships.
Motherhood, Medicine & Markets: The Changing Cultural Politics of Postnatal Care Provision
Authors: Zadoroznyj Maria , Benoit Cecilia , Berry Sarah
Published: August 2012

In high-income countries welfare states play a crucial role in defining - and re-defining - what is offered as publicly provided care, and as a result shape the role of families, markets and the voluntary sector in care provision. Fiscal policies of cost containment, coupled with neoliberal policies stressing individual responsibility and reliance on market forces in recent decades, have resulted in the contraction of state provided care services in a range of sectors and states. There has also been widespread retrenchment in public health sectors across many countries resulting in policies of deinstitionalisation and early discharge from hospital that are predicated on the assumption that the family or voluntary sector will pick up the slack in the care chain. At the same time that this loosening of medicalized control has occurred, services to families with young children have become increasingly targeted on ‘at risk’ mothers through widespread population surveillance. To date, analyses of the implications of these important changes in care provision have primarily focused on health services and outcomes for birthing women and their newborns. In this paper, we make the case that post-birth care is a form of social care shaped not only by welfare state policies but also by cultural norms, and we suggest an analytic framework for examining some of the recent changes in the provision of postpartum care. We use examples from three developed welfare states - the Netherlands, Australia and Canada - to illustrate how variations in welfare state policy and cultural norms and ideals shape the provision of home and community based postnatal services.
The 2011 Summer Riots: Learning from History -Remembering ‘81
Authors: Frost Diane , Phillips Richard
Published: August 2012

Arguments that have emphasised the apparent meaninglessness and mindlessness of the 2011 riots rest on a number of assumptions and assertions. This includes for example the claim that such riots were fundamentally different on a number of levels compared to those of the past and particularly in relation to those of the 1980s. Whilst the latter have been viewed more sympathetically, with meanings and grievances now largely understood and accepted, and even seen as noble, the 2011 disturbances have been seen as lacking any real or legitimate grievances. By contradicting claims about the uniqueness of the recent riots (whilst also acknowledging important differences), it is possible to challenge assertions that firstly, the rioters did not have genuine grievances and secondly, that they should not be listened to. By examining the (qualified) similarities and continuities between riots past and present, we argue the case that it is likely that deep-seated grievances lay behind the 2011 riots that demands serious public and political engagement. Such perspective needs to stand in place of the dismissal that politicians were quick to offer, alongside their many instant diagnoses of the rioters’ conditions and the social evils they represent. The qualitative differences that do exist between the urban unrest of 1981 and the 2011 English riots reflect the historical specificities’ of these periods and the immediate material conditions within which each are grounded.
The English City Riots of 2011, ‘Broken Britain’ and the Retreat into the Present
Authors: Flint John , Powell Ryan
Published: August 2012

The responses to the English city riots of 2011 bear a remarkable resemblance to those of historical urban disorders in terms of the way in which they are framed by concerns over “moral decline”, “social malaise” and a “lack of self-restraint” among certain sections of the population. In this paper we draw on the work of Norbert Elias and take a long-term perspective in exploring historical precedents and parallels relating to urban disorder and anti-social behaviour. We reject the notion of “Broken Britain” and argue that a more “detached” perspective is necessary in order to appreciate that perceived crises of civilisation are ubiquitous to the urban condition. Through this historical analysis, framed by Elias’ theory of involvement and detachment, we present three key arguments. Firstly, that a ‘retreat into the present’ is evident among both policy discourse and social science in responding to contemporary urban disorder, giving rise to ahistorical accounts and the romanticisation of previous eras; secondly, that particular moral panics have always arisen, specifically focused upon young and working class populations and urban disorder; and, thirdly, that previous techniques of governance to control these populations were often far more similar to contemporary mechanisms than many commentaries suggest. We conclude by advocating a long-term, detached perspective in discerning historical precedents and their direct linkages to the present; and in identifying what is particular about today's concerns and responses relating to urban disorder.
On the robustness of aerosol effects on an idealized supercell storm simulated with a cloud system-resolving model
Authors: Morrison H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A cloud system-resolving model (the Weather Research and Forecasting model) with 1 km horizontal grid spacing is used to investigate the response of an idealized supercell storm to increased cloud droplet concentrations associated with polluted conditions. The primary focus is on exploring robustness of simulated aerosol effects in the face of complex process interactions and feedbacks between the cloud microphysics and dynamics. Simulations are run using sixteen different model configurations with various microphysical or thermodynamic processes modified or turned off. Robustness of the storm response to polluted conditions is also explored for each configuration by performing additional simulations with small perturbations to the initial conditions. Differences in the domain-mean accumulated surface precipitation and convective mass flux between polluted and pristine conditions are small for almost all model configurations, with relative differences in each quantity generally less than 15%. Configurations that produce a decrease (increase) in cold pool strength in polluted conditions also tend to simulate a decrease (increase) in surface precipitation and convective mass flux. Combined with an analysis of the dynamical and thermodynamic fields, these results indicate the importance of interactions between microphysics, cold pool evolution, and dynamics along outflow boundaries in explaining the system response. Several model configurations, including the baseline, produce an overall similar storm response (weakening) in polluted conditions despite having different microphysical or thermodynamic processes turned off. With hail initiation turned off or the hail fallspeed-size relation set to that of snow, the model produces an invigoration instead of weakening of the storm in polluted conditions. These results highlight the difficulty of foreseeing impacts of changes to model parameterizations and isolating process interactions that drive the system response to aerosols. Overall, these findings are robust, in a qualitative sense, to small perturbations in the initial conditions. However, there is sensitivity in the magnitude, and in some cases sign, of the storm response to polluted conditions with small perturbations in the temperature of the thermal used to initiate convection (less than ±0.5 K) or the vertical shear of the environmental wind (±5%). It is concluded that reducing uncertainty in simulations of aerosol effects on individual deep convective storms will likely require ensemble methods in addition to continued improvement of model parameterizations.
Modeling meteorological and chemical effects of secondary organic aerosol during an EUCAARI campaign
Authors: Athanasopoulou E. , Vogel H. , Vogel B. , Tsimpidi A. , Pandis S. N. , Knote C. , Fountoukis C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A Volatility Basis Set (VBS) approach for Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation is incorporated in the online coupled atmospheric model system COSMO-ART and applied over Europe during the EUCAARI May 2008 campaign. Organic Aerosol (OA) performance is improved when compared to the default SOA module of COSMO-ART (SORGAM) against high time resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) ground measurements. This allows the investigation of SOA impact upon the radiative budget. The mean direct surface radiative cooling averaged over Europe is −1.2 W m−2 and contributes by about 20% to the total aerosol effect. Nevertheless, responses are not spatially correlated with the forcing, due to the nonlinear interactions among changes in particle chemical composition, water content, size distribution and cloud cover. These interactions initiated~by~the effect of SOA on radiation result even in a positive forcing over a limited surface and mostly where the net effect of interactions on the cloud cover is negative. Further model experiments showed that nitrogen oxides availability slightly affects SOA production, but the aging rate constant within the VBS approximation and the boundary concentrations assumed in the model should be carefully selected. SOA aging is found to reduce hourly nitrate levels up to 30%, while the condensation upon pre-existing, SOA-rich particles result in a monthly average increase of 5% in sulfate and ammonium formation in the accumulation mode.
The scientific basis for a satellite mission to retrieve CCN concentrations and their impacts on convective clouds
Authors: Rosenfeld D. , Williams E. , Andreae M. O. , Freud E. , Pöschl U. , Rennó N. O.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The cloud-mediated aerosol radiative forcing is widely recognized as the main source of uncertainty in our knowledge of the anthropogenic forcing on climate. The current challenges for improving our understanding are (1) global measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the cloudy boundary layer from space, and (2) disentangling the effects of aerosols from the thermodynamic and meteorological effects on the clouds. Here, we present a new conceptual framework to help us overcome these two challenges, using relatively simple passive satellite measurements in the visible and infared (IR). The idea is to use the clouds themselves as natural CCN chambers by retrieving simultaneously the number of activated aerosols at cloud base, Na, and the cloud base updraft speed. The Na is obtained by analyzing the distribution of cloud drop effective radius in convective elements as a function of distance above cloud base. The cloud base updraft velocities are estimated by double stereoscopic viewing and tracking of the evolution of cloud surface features just above cloud base. In order to resolve the vertical dimension of the clouds, the field of view will be 100 m for the microphysical retrievals, and 50 m for the stereoscopic measurements. The viewing geometry will be eastward and 30 degrees off nadir, with the Sun in the back at 30 degrees off zenith westward, requiring a Sun-synchronous orbit at 14 LST. Measuring simultaneously the thermodynamic environment, the vertical motions of the clouds, their microstructure and the CCN concentration will allow separating the dynamics from the CCN effects. This concept is being applied in the proposed satellite mission named Clouds, Hazards and Aerosols Survey for Earth Researchers (CHASER).
Evaluation of a cavity ring-down spectrometer for in-situ observations of 13CO2
Authors: Vogel F. R. , Huang L. , Ernst D. , Giroux L. , Racki S. , Worthy D. E. J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. With the emergence of wide-spread application of cavity ring-down spectrometers (CRDS) to monitor δ13C in atmospheric CO2 there is a growing need to ensure well calibrated measurements. We characterized a cavity ring-down spectrometer system used for continuous in-situ monitoring of atmospheric 13CO2. We found no concentration dependency of the δ13C ratio within the range of 303–437 ppm. We designed a calibration scheme according to the diagnosed instrumental drifts and established a quality assurance protocol. We find that the repeatability of 10 min measurements is 0.25‰ and 0.15‰ for 20 min integrated averages. We found the cross-sensitivity to C4 in the samples to be 0.42 ± 0.02‰ ppm−1. Our ongoing target measurements yield standard deviations of 0.26–0.28‰ for 10 min averages. We furthermore estimate the reproducibility of the system for ambient air samples from weekly measurements of a long-term target gas to be 0.18‰. We find only a miniscule offset of 0.002 ± 0.025‰ of the CRDS and Environment Canada's isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) results for four target gases used over the course of one year.
Using particle filter to track horizontal variations of atmospheric duct structure from radar sea clutter
Authors: Zhao X. F. , Huang S. X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper addresses the problem of estimating range-varying parameters of the height-dependent refractivity over the sea surface from radar sea clutter. In the forward simulation, the split-step Fourier parabolic equation (PE) is used to compute the radar clutter power in the complex refractive environments. Making use of the inherent Markovian structure of the split-step Fourier PE solution, the refractivity from clutter (RFC) problem is formulated within a nonlinear recursive Bayesian state estimation framework. Particle filter (PF) that is a technique for implementing a recursive Bayesian filter by Monte Carlo simulations is used to track range-varying characteristics of the refractivity profiles. Basic ideas of employing PF to solve RFC problem are introduced. Both simulation and real data results are presented to check up the feasibility of PF-RFC performances.
Features of highly structured equatorial plasma irregularities deduced from CHAMP observations
Authors: Xiong C. , Lühr H. , Ma S. Y. , Stolle C. , Fejer B. G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. In this study five years of CHAMP (Challenging Mini-satellite Payload) fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) data is used to investigate the characteristics of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs). We filtered the FGM data by using band-passes with four different cut-off periods to get the EPBs with different maximum spatial scale sizes in the meridional plane ranging from 76–608 km. Associated with the EPB observations at about 400 km, the typical altitude of CHAMP during the year 2000–2005, we also investigate the post-sunset equatorial vertical plasma drift data from ROCSAT-1 (Republic of China Satellite 1). Since the height of the F-layer is highly correlated with the vertical plasma drift and solar flux, we sorted the ROCSAT-1 data into different groups by F10.7. From the integrated vertical drift we have estimated the post-sunset uplift of the ionosphere. By comparing the properties of EPB occurrence for different scale sizes with the global distribution of plasma vertical uplift, we have found that EPBs reaching higher altitudes are more structured than those which are sampled by CHAMP near the top side of the depleted fluxtube. Such a result is in accord with 3-D model simulations (Aveiro and Hysell, 2010). Small-scale EPB structures are observed by CHAMP when the irregularities reach apex heights of 800 km and more. Such events are encountered primarily in the Brazilian sector during the months around November, when the post-sunset vertical plasma drift is high.
Distributions of dissolved trace metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ag) in the southeastern Atlantic and the Southern Ocean
Authors: Boye M. , Wake B. D. , Lopez Garcia P. , Bown J. , Baker A. R. , Achterberg E. P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Comprehensive synoptic datasets (surface water down to 4000 m) of dissolved cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and silver (Ag) are presented along a section between 34° S and 57° S in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean to the south off South Africa. The vertical distributions of Cu and Ag display nutrient-like profiles similar to silicic acid, and of Cd similar to phosphate. The distribution of Mn shows a subsurface maximum in the oxygen minimum zone, whereas Pb concentrations are rather invariable with depth. Dry deposition of aerosols is thought to be an important source of Pb to surface waters close to South Africa, and dry deposition and snowfall may have been significant sources of Cu and Mn at the higher latitudes. Furthermore, the advection of water masses enriched in trace metals following contact with continental margins appeared to be an important source of trace elements to the surface, intermediate and deep waters in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Hydrothermal inputs may have formed a source of trace metals to the deep waters over the Bouvet Triple Junction ridge crest, as suggested by relatively enhanced dissolved Mn concentrations. The biological utilization of Cu and Ag was proportional to that of silicic acid across the section, suggesting that diatoms formed an important control over the removal of Cu and Ag from surface waters. However, uptake by dino- and nano-flagellates may have influenced the distribution of Cu and Ag in the surface waters of the subtropical Atlantic domain. Cadmium correlated strongly with phosphate (P), yielding lower Cd / P ratios in the subtropical surface waters where phosphate concentrations were below 0.95 μM. The greater depletion of Cd relative to P observed in the Weddell Gyre compared to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current could be due to increase Cd uptake induced by iron-limiting conditions in these high-nutrient–low-chlorophyll waters. Similarly, an increase of Mn uptake under Fe-depleted conditions may have caused the highest depletion of Mn relative to P in the surface waters of the Weddell Gyre. In addition, a cellular Mn-transport channel of Cd was possibly activated in the Weddell Gyre, which in turn may have yielded depletion of both Mn and Cd in these surface waters.