bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and GB
virus-C infections in Siberia
Authors: OHBA K. , MIZOKAMI M. , KATO T. , UEDA R. , GURTSENVITCH V. , SENYUTA N. , SYRTSEV A. , ZOYA K. , YAMASHITA M. , HAYAMI M.
Published: July 2002

We studied the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis
C virus (HCV) and GB
virus-C (GBV-C) infections in 348 Siberian natives who lived in the Kamchatka
Peninsula of
Russia. Of 348 samples studied, the seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs
were 11·8% (41 of
348 samples) and 35·9% (125 of 348 samples), respectively. The prevalence
of HCV infection
was 1·4% (5 of 348 samples), and that of GBV-C RNA, using RT–PCR
methods, was 7·5%
(26 of 348 samples). In Siberia, the prevalences of HBV and GBV-C infections
were about
tenfold higher than those in Japan. The prevalence of HBsAg in subjects
under 50 years of age
was significantly higher than that in those over 50 years old (P<0·05).
Because HBV infection
is highly endemic in Siberia, we propose that the community-based mass
immunization must be
conducted as soon as possible in this area.
A long-term study of Rattus norvegicus in the London
Borough of Enfield using baiting returns as an indicator of
sewer population levels
Authors: CHANNON D. , COLE M. , COLE L.
Published: July 2002

This is a long-term study that investigates the dynamics of a population of Rattus norvegicus
(Berk) inhabiting a sewerage system in London. Thirteen years (1986/7–1998/9) of data from
sewer baiting records were analysed (a total of 35478 records). Manholes were baited with the
anticoagulant Brodifacoum (0·005%) on a pinhead oatmeal bait base. Time series analysis was
conducted on the data set to determine the underlying trend of the data and the population
fluctuations about this trend. An exponential curve was found to give an accurate and realistic
fit to the data and indicated that the rat population had decreased over the study period.
Decomposition analysis indicated a 5-year cycle best described fluctuations around this trend.
Population density and nesting behaviour of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Ngotto forest, Central African Republic
Authors: Brugiere D. , Sakom D.
Published: July 2002

The population density and nesting behaviour of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was studied in the Ngotto forest, Central African Republic. We carried out a nest count along 94 km of transects. Also, the herbaceous vegetation of the understory was quantified and we attempted to assess the decay rate of nest sites. A total of 145 gorilla nests in 27 nest sites was found. We found 82.1% of gorilla nests > 2 m above ground. There was a significant correlation between the height of nests and the diameter of trees with nests. The density was estimated at 0.34–0.40 weaned gorillas per km2 depending on the value of nest site decay rate used. The herbaceous vegetation was scarce in the study site (42 out of 50 quadrats had no herbaceous stems). Compared with the gorilla population of the nearby Dzanga‐Sangha forest, the population density of gorillas at Ngotto was lower but the proportion of nests found above ground was much higher. These differences are discussed and we suggest that they were the result of the scarcity of herbaceous vegetation in the Ngotto forest.
Diving behaviour and foraging habitats of Brünnich's guillemots (Uria lomvia) breeding in the High‐Arctic
Authors: Mehlum F. , Watanuki Y. , Takahashi A.
Published: July 2002

The foraging behaviour of Brünnich's guillemots Uria lomvia was studied in a high‐arctic fjord system (Kongsfjorden) in western Spitsbergen. The physical oceanographic characteristics of the water change from the head of the fjord and westward into the Greenland Sea, and are reflected in the vertical profiles of water temperatures in different parts of the area. Nine chick‐rearing Brünnich's guillemots were instrumented with temperature‐depth recorders, which generated vertical temperature profiles of the dives. These were compared to synoptic measurements of the water temperature characteristics of the region. This method was used to locate the foraging areas of the Brünnich's guillemots and to study the foraging site fidelity of individual birds. The results showed that only three of the nine birds foraged outside Kongsfjorden during the study period, and only 26 of the 186 dive bouts (14%) were conducted outside the fjord, 48–58 km from the colony. Most dives were probably made only a few kilometres from the colony. The data indicate that the birds showed strong fidelity to foraging areas at spatial scales of 1–20 km. However, the birds sometimes moved between feeding areas characterized by different vertical temperature profiles. The guillemots made 2229 dives during the study period and spent c. 10% of their time under water. The diving depth averaged 45 m, and the dive duration averaged 97 s. The deepest dive recorded was 136 m and lasted 196 s. We did not find any diel rhythm in the diving depths of the Brünnich's guillemots. Also, we found no diel pattern in diving frequency. These findings contradict the predominance of night‐time diving observed in studies of guillemots undertaken further south.
Capture success of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) feeding on mosquitoes
Authors: Rydell Jens , McNeill Doreen Parker , Eklöf Johan
Published: July 2002

A small colony of little brown bats Myotis lucifugus was observed feeding on mosquitoes (Culicidae) inside a barn near Fairbanks, Alaska in June 2000. Observations were made visually and with a bat detector. All capture attempts were associated with feeding buzzes, indicating that the bats used echolocation to detect and track the insects, although the light was bright and the insects were easily seen by us. The capture efficiency of the bats was 92% (n= 100). The insects did not show any defensive behaviour in response to approaching bats.
Emotionality and self-regulation, threat
appraisal, and coping in children of divorce
Authors: LENGUA LILIANA J. , SANDLER IRWIN N. , WEST STEPHEN G. , WOLCHIK SHARLENE A. , CURRAN PATRICK J.
Published: July 2002

A model of the effects of
children's temperament (negative and positive emotionality, impulsivity and attention
focusing) on post-divorce threat appraisals, coping (active and avoidant), and psychological
symptoms (depression and conduct problems) was investigated. The study utilized a sample of
223 mothers and children (ages 9 to 12 years) who had experienced divorce within the last two
years. Evidence was found of direct effects of child-report negative emotionality on
children's threat perceptions and of child-report positive emotionality and impulsivity on
children's coping. Indirect effects of negative emotionality on active and avoidant coping
through threat appraisal were found. Direct effects of the temperament variables on symptoms
were also found. Cross group analyses indicated that the models were robust to age differences,
but gender differences were found in the relation between negative emotionality and depression.
The results of this study indicate that temperament and threat appraisals are important predictors
of children's post-divorce symptoms, and that temperament is a predictor of
children's appraisal and coping process.
Erratum: Adhesion of lipid tubules in an assembly
Authors: ROSSO R. , VIRGA E. G.
Published: July 2002

Volume 9 (1998), pp. 485–506

One of the author's names was misprinted in this article. EPIFIANO G. VIRGA should
read EPIFANIO G. VIRGA.

In addition, on page 502, line 9, the argument leading to evaluate
g(∞) := limb→+∞g(b)
is not conclusive. The passage

‘On the other hand, if it were g(∞)>0, taking the limit as
b→+∞ in (9.9), we would
get A=πh2, which by (3.11) is violated by all admissible
values of A, but the limiting one. Thus we conclude that
g(∞)=0.’

should be changed as follows:

‘On the other hand, taking the limit as b→+∞ in (9.9),
we would get A=πh2, by which
(3.11) is violated by all admissible values of A, but the limiting one.
Thus we conclude that, in the limit as b→+∞, the equilibrium
configuration must be singular whenever A>πh2, and so
g(∞)=0 because, otherwise, by (9.7) there would be asymptotic regular
configurations, as soon as
h/2kc(τ0+w)
is sufficiently small.’

On page 502, line −7, ‘below’ should be replaced with
‘above’ and ‘regular’ with ‘singular’.

We apologise for the errors in the above paper and hope that no inconvenience has
been caused to readers.
IBN RUSHD'S THEORY OF MINIMA NATURALIA
Authors: Glasner Ruth
Published: July 2002

The essence of the theory of minima naturalia is the contention that a physical body is not infinitely divisible qua that specific body. A drop of water cannot be divided again and again and still maintain its “wateriness”. There are several statements in Aristotle's Physics which suggest such an interpretation, and the theory of minima naturalia is commonly considered to have originated in the thirteenth century as an interpretation of these statements. The present paper is a preliminary presentation of the role of Ibn Rushd in the evolution of the theory, hitherto neglected. His theory developed not only as an elaboration on the “suitable” statements of Aristotle, but mainly as an attempt to solve the difficulties raised by Aristotle's thesis (developed in Physics VI and VII) that body and motion are continuous, infinitely divisible entities and are associated qua such. According to Ibn Rushd's interpretation, body and motion are associated not qua being continuous but qua having indivisible minimal parts. It seems that Epicurus' and Ibn Rushd's theories of minima developed as responses to Physics VI and offer modifications of classical atomism and of classical Aristotelianism (respectively), which to a certain extent reduce the gap between these two systems.
A review of Centro Virtual Cervantes
Authors: GIMENO SANZ ANA , NAVARRO LABOULAIS CRISTINA
Published: July 2002

The Centro Virtual Cervantes (http://cvc.cervantes.es) is the
Internet-based branch of
the Instituto Cervantes, the official Spanish institution commissioned to disseminate the use and
study of Spanish language and culture around the world.

Since its creation in December 1997, the CVC has rapidly become one of the most
important reference sites devoted to Spanish language and culture on the WWW, having
reached an average of over 100,000 visitors a month. This increasing number of visitors
is primarily due to the great variety of resources available at the CVC website, which
attract both professionals and the public in general. These include announcements of
cultural events under Actos Culturales, the four discussion forums, each of which
focuses on a specific topic, and the language classroom, Aula de Lengua, designed for
both teachers and learners of Spanish.

The CVC front page enables direct access to the entire contents which are well structured,
and organised in a very user-friendly manner. The central part is dedicated to current
cultural events and is therefore constantly up-dated. The sections included are listed
on the left and right hand side of the main menu page.
A comparison of bird communities in natural and disturbed non-wetland open habitats in the Cerrado's central region, Brazil.
Authors: Tubelis Dárius P. , Cavalcanti Roberto B.
Published: July 2002

In the Cerrado of Brazil, the largest Neotropical savanna region, open habitats are suffering an intense process of conversion to pasture and agricultural land. This study evaluated the responses of birds to the thinning of tree and shrub cover in plots of cerrado sensu stricto, the dominant habitat in the region, and examined whether disturbed plots supported bird communities of open natural habitats with similar structure. Birds were censused by point counts in five disturbed sites and in seven preserved patches, with a total of 304 samples of 20 minutes in 68 points. Cleared plots were not suitable for species strongly dependent on trees and shrubs, such as frugivores and most insectivores. Their abundance was associated with the complexity of vegetation structure in these plots. Shrubby pastures held about 120% more species than the traditional cleared ones. Bird communities of pastures showed large differences in relation to those of grasslands with similar structure. Communities of pastures were dominated by a seedeater, the Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina, and most species were habitat generalist or oportunistic predators, such as raptors and insectivores. Obligate grassland species, like the Grass Wren Cistothorus platensis, Cock-tailed Tyrant Alectrurus tricolor and Black-masked Finch Coryphaspiza melanotis, as well as other abundant species in grasslands, such as Sharp-tailed Grass-tyrant Culicivora caudacuta and Capped Seedeater Sporophila bouvreuil do not adapt to pastures. Grassland grasses probably do not recover spontaneously in abandoned pastures and in other agricultural lands. Thus, conservation of grassland birds will strongly depend on a urgent programme of identification and protection of large areas of Cerrado dominated by campo limpo and campo sujo. These species would also benefit from the maintenance of a band of grassland along gallery forests.
Invariants of inversive 2-structures on groups of labels
Authors: EHRENFEUCHT A. , HARJU T. , ROZENBERG G.
Published: July 2002

For a finite set D of nodes let
E2(D)={(x, y)[mid ]
x, y∈D, x≠y}.
We define an inversive
Δ2-structure g as a function
g[ratio ]E2(D)→Δ
into a given group Δ satisfying the property
g(x, y)=
g(y, x)−1 for all
(x, y)∈E2(D).
For each function (selector)
σ[ratio ]D→Δ there is a corresponding inversive
Δ2-structure gσ defined by
gσ(x,
y)=σ(x)·g
(x, y)·σ(y)−1.
A function
η mapping each g into the group Δ is called an invariant
if η(gσ)=η(g) for all g
and σ. We study the group of free invariants η of inversive
Δ2-structures, where η is defined by a word from the free monoid
with involution generated by the set E2(D).
In
particular, if Δ is abelian, the group of free invariants is generated
by triangle words of the form
(x0, x1)(x1,
x2)(x2, x0).
Coinductive characterizations of applicative structures
Authors: HONSELL FURIO , LENISA MARINA
Published: July 2002

We discuss new ways of characterizing, as maximal fixed points of monotone
operators, observational congruences on λ-terms and, more generally, equivalences on
applicative structures. These characterizations naturally induce new
forms of coinduction principles for
reasoning on program equivalences, which are not based on Abramsky's applicative
bisimulation. We discuss, in particular, what we call the cartesian coinduction principle,
which arises when we exploit the elementary observation that functional behaviours can be
expressed as cartesian graphs. Using the paradigm of final semantics, the soundness of this
principle over an applicative structure can be expressed easily by saying that the applicative
structure can be construed as a strongly extensional coalgebra for the functor
([Pscr ](- × -))[oplus ]([Pscr ](- × -)). In this paper we present two general methods for showing the
soundness of this principle. The first applies to approximable applicative structures – many
CPO λ-models in the literature and the corresponding quotient models of indexed terms
turn out to be approximable applicative structures. The second method is based on Howe's
congruence candidates, which applies to many observational equivalences.
Structures satisfying cartesian coinduction are precisely those applicative structures that can
be modelled using the standard set-theoretic application in non-wellfounded theories of sets,
where the Foundation Axiom is replaced by the Axiom X1 of Forti and Honsell.
Domain equations for probabilistic processes
Authors: BAIER CHRISTEL , KWIATKOWSKA MARTA
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider Milner's calculus CCS enriched by a probabilistic choice operator.
The calculus is given operational semantics based on probabilistic transition systems. We
define operational notions of preorder and equivalence as probabilistic extensions of the
simulation preorder and the bisimulation equivalence respectively. We extend existing
category-theoretic techniques for solving domain equations to the probabilistic case and give
two denotational semantics for the calculus. The first, ‘smooth’, semantic model arises as a
solution of a domain equation involving the probabilistic powerdomain and solved in the
category CONT⊥ of continuous domains. The second model also involves an appropriately
restricted probabilistic powerdomain, but is constructed in the category CUM of complete
ultra-metric spaces, and hence is necessarily ‘discrete’. We show that the domain-theoretic
semantics is fully abstract with respect to the simulation preorder, and that the metric
semantics is fully abstract with respect to bisimulation.
Endomorphisms of Partially Ordered Sets
Authors: DUFFUS DWIGHT , ŁUCZAK TOMASZ , RÖDL VOJTĚCH , RUCIŃSKI ANDRZEJ
Published: July 2002

It is shown that every partially ordered set with n elements
admits an endomorphism with
an image of a size at least n1/7 but smaller than
n. We also prove
that there exists a partially ordered set with n elements such
that each of its non-trivial
endomorphisms has an image of size O((n log n)1/3).
The Asymptotic Proportion of Subdivisions of a
2×2 Table that Result in Simpson's Paradox
Authors: HADJICOSTAS PETROS
Published: July 2002

A 2×2 table of nonnegative integers is subdivided additively
into n
2×2 subtables of
nonnegative integers in an arbitrary way. The first case of Simpson's
Paradox (SP) occurs
when the determinant of the original table is less than zero, but the determinant
of each of
the n 2×2 subtables is greater than or equal to zero.
The second case of SP occurs when the
previous inequalities hold with ‘less than’ and ‘greater

than or equal’ replaced by ‘greater
than’ and ‘less than or equal’, respectively. For
the case n=2, this paper calculates the
asymptotic proportion of the subdivisions of the original 2×2 table
such that SP occurs.
It is shown that this asymptotic proportion is bounded above by 1/12.
VICTORIAN STUDIES AND CULTURAL STUDIES: INTERDISCIPLINARITY, THE MARKET, AND A CALL FOR CRITICAL REALISM
Authors: Shires Linda
Published: July 2002

VICTORIAN STUDIES PRACTITIONERS have often applauded themselves on their openness to views, topics, and approaches not immediately recognizable as already part of the field. I put the formulation this way because Victorian studies scholars and critics also prize the field for its capaciousness; they tend to think of the field as large and already all-inclusive. It houses many genres and sub-disciplines and it first welcomed certain kinds of critical theory when other historical fields moved more slowly to accept them.
A climatological study of surface freezing precipitation in Europe
Authors: Carrière Jean‐Marie , Lainard Claude , Le Bot Christine , Robart Florent
Published: July 2002

A climatological study of the occurrence of freezing precipitation at ground level is presented. It is based on reports of freezing precipitation in SYNOP messages from the three winters covering the years 1995–1998. The geographical domain covered is Western and Central Europe, extending northwards to Scandinavia and southwards to North Africa. The types of freezing precipitation selected are freezing rain, freezing drizzle and ice pellets. The frequency of occurrence of each of these types of freezing precipitation was computed. The results show that freezing precipitation is not an uncommon phenomenon in Europe, with the combined frequency of the various types of freezing precipitation (either drizzle, rain or ice pellets) being 0.5 to 1% of all SYNOP messages that include an observation of the current weather in Central Europe. The surface air temperature intervals associated with freezing precipitation have been studied. An attempt was then made to determine the mode of formation of freezing precipitation (either by melting of snow crystals in a layer of positive temperatures or by a process of coalescence or diffusional growth) by studying the thermodynamic soundings associated with freezing precipitation events. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
The rôle of natural language processing in
alternative and augmentative communication
Authors: NEWELL ALAN , LANGER STEFAN , HICKEY MARIANNE
Published: July 2002

Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) for people with
speech and language
disorders is an interesting and challenging application field for research
in Natural Language
Processing. Further advances in the development of AAC systems require
robust language
processing techniques and versatile linguistic knowledge bases. Also NLP
research can benefit
from studying the techniques used in this field and from the user-centred
methodologies used
to develop and evaluate AAC systems. Until recently, however, apart from
some exceptions,
there was little scientific exchange between the two research areas. This
paper aims to make
a contribution to closing this gap. We will argue that current interest
in language use, which
can be shown by the large amount of research on comprehensive dictionaries
and on corpora
processing, makes the results of NLP research more relevant to AAC. We
will also show
that the increasing interest of AAC researchers in NLP is having positive
results. To situate
research on communication aids, the first half of this paper gives an overview
of the AAC
research field. The second half is dedicated to an overview of research
prototype systems and
commercially available communication aids that specifically involve more
advanced language
processing techniques.
Distinguishing systems and distinguishing senses:
new evaluation methods for Word Sense Disambiguation
Authors: RESNIK PHILIP , YAROWSKY DAVID
Published: July 2002

Resnik and Yarowsky (1997) made a set of observations about the state-of-the-art in automatic
word sense disambiguation and, motivated by those observations, offered several specific
proposals regarding improved evaluation criteria, common training and testing resources,
and the definition of sense inventories. Subsequent discussion of those proposals resulted
in SENSEVAL, the first evaluation exercise for word sense disambiguation (Kilgarriff and
Palmer 2000). This article is a revised and extended version of our 1997 workshop paper,
reviewing its observations and proposals and discussing them in light of the SENSEVAL exercise.
It also includes a new in-depth empirical study of translingually-based sense inventories
and distance measures, using statistics collected from native-speaker annotations of 222
polysemous contexts across 12 languages. These data show that monolingual sense distinctions
at most levels of granularity can be effectively captured by translations into some set of second
languages, especially as language family distance increases. In addition, the probability that
a given sense pair will tend to lexicalize differently across languages is shown to correlate
with semantic salience and sense granularity; sense hierarchies automatically generated from
such distance matrices yield results remarkably similar to those created by professional
monolingual lexicographers.
SELECTIVE MEMORY BIAS IN WOMEN WITH BULIMIA NERVOSA AND WOMEN WITH DEPRESSION
Authors: Hunt Jenny , Cooper Myra
Published: July 2002

Memory bias for weight and shape, and for food related words, was investigated in women with bulimia
nervosa (12), women with depression (12) and female nonclinical controls (18). The aim of this study was to investigate
whether women with bulimia nervosa demonstrate memory biases congruent with their primary concerns. Participants
listened to target and control words. They performed a self-referent encoding task and recall memory was assessed.
The results indicated that women with bulimia nervosa demonstrated a bias to recall positive and negative weight and
shape related words compared to emotional words, but not compared to neutral nouns and body words. Memory biases
for food related words were not found to be specific to women with bulimia nervosa, but were also found in women
with depression. Contrary to previous research the recall bias for food related words was related to levels of hunger,
in both groups. The findings provide partial support for memory biases for weight and shape, but not food related
information in bulimia nervosa. These findings and their implications for existing research on information processing
in eating disorders are discussed.
Inhibition of return in children with perinatal brain injury
Authors: SCHATZ JEFFREY , CRAFT SUZANNE , WHITE DESIREE , PARK T.S. , FIGIEL GARY S.
Published: July 2002

Inhibition of return is a bias in attention that
reduces the likelihood of returning attention to previously
viewed locations. This attention bias develops during the
first 6 months of life and is putatively mediated by midbrain
structures. The present study evaluated the effects of
perinatal lesions on the development of inhibition of return.
Thirty-three children with perinatal injury resulting in
spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were grouped based on magnetic
resonance exams. Children with anterior (n = 5),
posterior (n = 12), diffuse (n = 8),
or no apparent (n = 8) lesions were compared with
a group of age-matched children without neurologic injury
(n = 39) on an orienting task designed to elicit
inhibition of return. Short-delay trials demonstrated grossly
intact facilitation of attention for all groups. Long-delay
trials that produced inhibition of return in the control
and posterior injury groups indicated a disruption of inhibition
of return in the groups with anterior and diffuse lesions.
The findings are consistent with previous reports that
anterior regions are important for the developing attention
system, and that bilateral injury can result in unilateral
disruption of visual attention. (JINS, 2001, 7,
275–284.)
Neuropsychological profiles of adults with Klinefelter syndrome
Authors: BOONE KYLE BRAUER , SWERDLOFF RONALD S. , MILLER BRUCE L. , GESCHWIND DANIEL H. , RAZANI JILL , LEE ALISON , GONZALO IRENE GAW , HADDAL ANNA , RANKIN KATHERINE , LU PO , PAUL LYNN
Published: July 2002

Children and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
have been reported to show deficits in language processing
including VIQ < PIQ and a learning disability in reading
and spelling. However, whether this is characteristic of
adults with Klinefelter syndrome has not been established.
Thirty-five men with Klinefelter syndrome, aged 16 to 61, and
22 controls were evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological
battery. The Klinefelter patients scored significantly
below controls in language skills, verbal processing speed,
verbal and nonverbal executive abilities, and motor dexterity.
Within the Klinefelter sample, three cognitive subgroups
were identified: VIQ 7 or more points below PIQ (n
= 10), VIQ within 6 points of PIQ (n = 12), and
PIQ 7 or more points below VIQ (n = 12). The deficits
detected in language, verbal processing speed, and verbal
executive skills were found to be isolated to the VIQ <
PIQ subgroup, while the abnormalities in motor dexterity
and nonverbal executive skills were confined to the PIQ
< VIQ subgroup. Older age was significantly correlated
with increases in VIQ relative to PIQ in the patient group,
which suggests the intriguing possibility that the PIQ
< VIQ subgroup primarily emerges in young adulthood,
perhaps in response to the reported hormonal abnormalities
detected in Klinefelter syndrome patients during puberty.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 446–456)
Abnormally increased semantic priming in children with symptomatic
HIV-1 disease: Evidence for impaired development of semantics?
Authors: BROUWERS PIM , VAN ENGELEN MARTINE , LALONDE FRANÇOIS , PEREZ LORI , DE HAAN EDWARD , WOLTERS PAMELA , MARTIN ALEX
Published: July 2002

Language deficits are a major characteristic of neurobehavioral
dysfunction in pediatric HIV disease. An object decision
task, which assessed reaction time facilitation following
a semantic or identical prime in comparison to an unrelated
prime, was used to investigate whether semantic processing
abnormalities could be responsible, in part, for these
deficits. Thirty children with vertically acquired HIV
infection (M age 9.0 years; range 6–13)
participated. Either a picture of the same object (repetition
prime), a semantically related object (semantic prime),
a semantically unrelated object, or a nonsense object preceded
a target picture, which in 50% of the cases was a real
object. Brain scans of children were rated and used together
with neurobehavioral functioning to classify children as
having HIV-related CNS abnormalities (n = 13)
or not (n = 17). Increased semantic priming but
not repetition priming was associated with a greater degree
of cortical atrophy. Furthermore, CNS compromised children
had significantly faster reaction times following a semantic
prime compared to an unrelated prime than non-compromised
patients. This facilitation following semantic priming
for the CNS compromised patients (13.3%) almost equaled
the facilitation following repetition priming (15.3%) while
for the non-compromised patients facilitation following
semantic priming (7.9%) was clearly smaller than following
repetition priming (14.6%). These data suggest that HIV
infection in children may result in a reduced neural network
leading to impoverished semantic representations characterized
by poor differentiation between closely related objects.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 491–501.)
In Memoriam: Aaron Smith, Ph.D. 1916–1998
Authors: Berker Ennis
Published: July 2002

Aaron Smith died on June 13, 1998. He was a past
president and founding member of the International Neuropsychological
Society, Charter Member and Diplomate of the American Board
of Clinical Neuropsychology, Editor of the International
Journal of Neuroscience and Professor Emeritus of
the University of Michigan. He also developed the Symbol
Digit Modalities Test and the Michigan Neuropsychological
Battery. In both cases he employed a rationale which permitted
differentiation of impairments in higher cognitive functions
that the tests were designed to measure from deficits in
lower sensory input and motor output modalities which were
required to carry out the tests.
The double dividend issue: modeling strategies and empirical findings
Authors: BOSELLO FRANCESCO , CARRARO CARLO , GALEOTTI MARZIO
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews recent developments in the study of the so-called ‘double dividend’, i.e. the possibility of improving the environment and, at the same time, reducing the distortions of the tax system through revenue-neutral green taxes. The main goal of the analysis is to identify the relationship between the modeling strategy and the double dividend results. Recent modeling advances are considered at both the theoretical and the empirical levels. In particular, we note that the most significant theoretical advances have been made in the direction of allowing for imperfectly competitive markets, especially the market for labor. At the same time, we argue that empirical work, particularly on the ‘employment double dividend’, is still relatively scant and that much more needs to be done both in the direction of more realistic empirical models and of an extended sensitivity analysis of the main findings.
From algorithmic jukeboxes to zero-time synthesis: a potential A-Z of music in tomorrow's world (a conference provocation)
Authors: Landy Leigh
Published: July 2002

This conference talk is about change. It does not pretend to be an academic paper as such; it was offered at the ‘Music without Walls? Music without Instruments?’ conference as a provocative ‘performance’. The following pages investigate twenty-six developments associated with music that one might discover in the not-too-distant future.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Shafran Roz
Published: July 2002

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is estimated to affect between
0.5% and 2% of children and adolescents. The majority of clinical cases
has both obsessions and compulsions. Depression, anxiety and tic
disorders are common comorbid diagnoses, and assessment can therefore
be complex. Several theories have been proposed for the aetiology and
maintenance of the disorder, including cognitive-behavioural and
neuropsychiatric theories. Cognitive-behavioural and pharmacological
treatments are both probably efficacious therapies for children and
adolescents but further research is needed to compare these treatments
with each other, and to examine the use of combination therapies in
controlled trials.
Actually and in fact in American English: a data-based analysis
Authors: Oh Sun-Young
Published: July 2002

Actually and in fact have been generally regarded as interchangeable without leading to any significant differences in the meaning of the containing utterances: as a result, no serious attempt has been made to discover potential differences between the two. The present study focuses on the differences as well as the similarities between actually and in fact in their distribution and use in spoken and written American English. Based upon an analysis of tokens from the Switchboard Corpus and the Brown Corpus, I propose that `unexpectedness’ is the core meaning shared by actually and in fact, and that the difference between the two lies in the typical association of each with one or the other way of signalling ‘unexpectedness’. The study also shows that in real discourse contexts, actually and in fact develop a number of different uses that are more or less remote from this core meaning.
PERFORMANCE OF RATIONAL AND BOUNDEDLY RATIONAL AGENTS IN A MODEL WITH PERSISTENT EXCHANGE-RATE VOLATILITY
Authors: Arifovic Jasmina
Published: July 2002

The model is a two-country overlapping generations economy with boundedly rational agents who update their decision rules using a version of the stochastic replicator dynamic. The results show that stationary rational expectations equilibria of this model are unstable under this type of evolutionary adaptation. The paper also derives a two-period-ahead forecast of the values of average fractions of savings placed in each of the two currencies. This forecast is used in decisionmaking of a rational agent who has a full knowledge of the evolutionary economy. The performance of the rational agent is compared to the performance of boundedly rational agents, based on the average utility received over time. Results show that the difference between utilities earned by rational and boundedly rational agents is small. In addition, the average utility of the best-performing boundedly rational agents is higher than the average utility of the rational agents.
FoxH1(Fast) functions to specify the anterior primitive streak in the mouse
Authors: Hoodless Pamela A. , Pye Melanie , Chazaud Claire , Labbé Etienne , Attisano Liliana , Rossant Janet , Wrana Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2002

The node and the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) are important organizing centers that pattern the mouse embryo by establishing the anterior–posterior (A–P), dorsal–ventral (D–V), and left–right (L–R) axes. Activin/nodal signaling through the Smad2 pathway has been implicated in AVE formation and in morphogenesis of the primitive streak, the anterior end of which gives rise to the node. The forkhead DNA-binding protein, FoxH1 (or Fast), functions as a Smad DNA-binding partner to regulate transcription in response to activin signaling. Here, we show that deletion ofFoxH1in mice results in failure to pattern the anterior primitive streak (APS) and form node, prechordal mesoderm, notochord, and definitive endoderm. In contrast, formation of the AVE can occur in the absence ofFoxH1. TheFoxH1mutant phenotype is remarkably similar to that of mice deficient in the forkhead protein Foxa2 (HNF3β), and we show thatFoxa2expression is dependent onFoxH1function. These results show thatFoxH1functions in an activin/nodal–Smad signaling pathway that acts upstream ofFoxa2and is required specifically for patterning the APS and node in the mouse.
Terminal proteins essential for the replication of linear plasmids and chromosomes in Streptomyces
Authors: Bao Kai , Cohen Stanley N.
Published: July 2002

Linear plasmids and chromosomes of the bacterial genusStreptomyces have proteins of unknown characteristics and function linked covalently to their 5′ DNA termini. We purified protein attached to the end of the pSLA2 linear plasmid of Streptomyces rochei, determined the N-terminal amino acid sequence, and used this information to clone corresponding genes from a S. rocheicosmid library. Three separate terminal protein genes (here designated as tpgR1, tpgR2, and tpgR3), which map to theS. rochei chromosome and to 100-kb and 206-kb linear plasmids contained in S. rochei, were isolated and found to encode a family of similar but distinct 21-kD proteins. Using tpgR1 to probe a genomic DNA library of Streptomyces lividans ZX7, whose linear chromosome can undergo transition to a circular form, we isolated a S. lividans chromosomal gene (tpgL) that we found specifies a protein closely related to, and functionally interchangeable with, TpgR proteins for pSLA2 maintenance in S. lividans. Mutation of tpgL precluded propagation of the pSLA2 plasmid in a linear form and also prevented propagation of S. lividans cells that contain linear, but not circular, chromosomes, indicating a specific and essential role for tpg genes in linear DNA replication. Surprisingly, Tpg proteins were observed to contain a reverse transcriptase-like domain rather than sequences in common with proteins that attach covalently to the termini of linear DNA replicons.
An Annotated Catalog of Inverted Repeats of Caenorhabditis elegans Chromosomes III and X, with Observations Concerning Odd/Even Biases and Conserved Motifs
Authors: LeBlanc Mark D. , Aspeslagh Glen , Buggia Nathan P. , Dyer Betsey D.
Published: July 2002

We have taken a computational approach to the problem of discovering and deciphering the grammar and syntax of gene regulation in eukaryotes. A logical first step is to produce an annotated catalog of all regulatory sites in a given genome. Likely candidates for such sites are direct and indirect repeats, including three subcategories of indirect repeats: inverted (palindromic), everted, and mirror-image repeats. To that end we have produced a searchable database of inverted repeats of chromosomes III and X of Caenorhabditis elegans, the first completely sequenced multicellular eukaryote. Initial results from the use of this catalog are observations concerning odd/even biases in perfect IRs. The potential usefulness of the catalog as a discovery tool for promoters was shown for some of the genes involved with G-protein functions and for heat shock protein 104 (hsp104).
Gene Expression Changes Triggered by Exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to Novobiocin or Ciprofloxacin: Combined Transcription and Translation Analysis
Authors: Gmuender Hans , Kuratli Karin , Di Padova Karin , Gray Christopher P. , Keck Wolfgang , Evers Stefan
Published: July 2002

The responses of Haemophilus influenzae to DNA gyrase inhibitors were analyzed at the transcriptional and the translational level. High-density microarrays based on the genomic sequence were used to monitor the expression levels of >80% of the genes in this bacterium. In parallel the proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. DNA gyrase inhibitors of two different functional classes were used. Novobiocin, as a representative of one class, inhibits the ATPase activity of the enzyme, thereby indirectly changing the degree of DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin, a representative of the second class, obstructs supercoiling by inhibiting the DNA cleavage-resealing reaction. Our results clearly show that different responses can be observed. Treatment with the ATPase inhibitor Novobiocin changed the expression rates of many genes, reflecting the fact that the initiation of transcription for many genes is sensitive to DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin mainly stimulated the expression of DNA repair systems as a response to the DNA damage caused by the stable ternary complexes. In addition, changed expression levels were also observed for some genes coding for proteins either annotated as “unknown function” or “hypothetical” or for proteins not directly involved in DNA topology or repair.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession nos. AJ297131 and AL135960.]
Adenosine Kinase Deficiency Is Associated with Developmental Abnormalities and Reduced Transmethylation
Authors: Moffatt Barbara A. , Stevens Yvonne Y. , Allen Michael S. , Snider Jamie D. , Pereira Luiz A. , Todorova Margarita I. , Summers Peter S. , Weretilnyk Elizabeth A. , Martin-McCaffrey Luke , Wagner Conrad
Published: July 2002

Adenosine (Ado) kinase (ADK; ATP:Ado 5′ phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.20) catalyzes the salvage synthesis of adenine monophosphate from Ado and ATP. In Arabidopsis, ADK is encoded by two cDNAs that share 89% nucleotide identity and are constitutively, yet differentially, expressed in leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. To investigate the role of ADK in plant metabolism, lines deficient in this enzyme activity have been created by sense and antisense expression of the ADK1 cDNA. The levels of ADK activity in these lines range from 7% to 70% of the activity found in wild-type Arabidopsis. Transgenic plants with 50% or more of the wild-type activity have a normal morphology. In contrast, plants with less than 10% ADK activity are small with rounded, wavy leaves and a compact, bushy appearance. Because of the lack of elongation of the primary shoot, the siliques extend in a cluster from the rosette. Fertility is decreased because the stamen filaments do not elongate normally; hypocotyl and root elongation are reduced also. The hydrolysis of S-adenosyl-l-homo-cysteine (SAH) produced from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation reactions is a key source of Ado in plants. The lack of Ado salvage in the ADK-deficient lines leads to an increase in the SAH level and results in the inhibition of SAM-dependent transmethylation. There is a direct correlation between ADK activity and the level of methylesterified pectin in seed mucilage, as monitored by staining with ruthenium red, immunofluorescence labeling, or direct assay. These results indicate that Ado must be steadily removed by ADK to prevent feedback inhibition of SAH hydrolase and maintain SAM utilization and recycling.
Stable Chloroplast Transformation of the Unicellular Red AlgaPorphyridium Species
Authors: Lapidot Miri , Raveh Dina , Sivan Alex , Arad Shoshana Malis , Shapira Michal
Published: July 2002

Red algae are extremely attractive for biotechnology because they synthesize accessory photosynthetic pigments (phycobilins and carotenoids), unsaturated fatty acids, and unique cell wall sulfated polysaccharides. We report a high-efficiency chloroplast transformation system for the unicellular red microalgaPorphyridium sp. This is the first genetic transformation system for Rhodophytes and is based on use of a mutant form of the gene encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase [AHAS(W492S)] as a dominant selectable marker. AHAS is the target enzyme of the herbicide sulfometuron methyl, which effectively inhibits growth of bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae. Biolistic transformation of synchronized Porphyridium sp. cells with the mutant AHAS(W492S) gene that confers herbicide resistance gave a high frequency of sulfomethuron methyl-resistant colonies. The mutant AHAS gene integrated into the chloroplast genome by homologous recombination. This system paves the way for expression of foreign genes in red algae and has important biotechnological implications.
Inactivation of the petE Gene for Plastocyanin Lowers Photosynthetic Capacity and Exacerbates Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus
Authors: Clarke A. K. , Campbell D.
Published: July 2002

We describe the identification and expression of a petE gene in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, a cyanobacterium previously thought to lack plastocyanin. The petE gene is a 420-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein 70 to 75% similar to plastocyanins from other cyanobacteria. Synechococcus possesses a single genomic copy of petE located immediately upstream of the clpB gene. It is transcribed as a single mRNA (550 bases) and, in contrast to most other photobionts, the level of petE expression in Synechococcus is unaffected by variable copper concentrations during acclimated growth. Inactivation of petE does not prevent photoautotrophic growth, but does induce a dramatic increase in mRNA for the alternative electron carrier cytochrome c6. Despite this adjustment, loss of plastocyanin results in slower growth, lower photosystem I content, and a decreased maximum capacity for photosynthetic electron transport. The mutant is also more susceptible to chilling-induced photoinhibition during a shift from 37 to 25[deg]C, at which temperature its inherently lower photosynthetic capacity exacerbates the normal slowing of electron transfer reactions at low temperatures. Under similar conditions, the amount of petE message in the wild type decreases by 50% in the 1st h, but then increases dramatically to almost three times the 37[deg]C level by 9 h.
Identification of a Role for an Azide-Sensitive Factor in the Thylakoid Transport of the 17-Kilodalton Subunit of the Photosynthetic Oxygen-Evolving Complex1
Authors: Leheny Ellen A. , Teter Sarah A. , Theg Steven M.
Published: July 2002

We have examined the transport of the precursor of the 17-kD subunit of the photosynthetic O2-evolving complex (OE17) in intact chloroplasts in the presence of inhibitors that block two protein-translocation pathways in the thylakoid membrane. This precursor uses the transmembrane pH gradient-dependent pathway into the thylakoid lumen, and its transport across the thylakoid membrane is thought to be independent of ATP and the chloroplast SecA homolog, cpSecA. We unexpectedly found that azide, widely considered to be an inhibitor of cpSecA, had a profound effect on the targeting of the photosynthetic OE17 to the thylakoid lumen. By itself, azide caused a significant fraction of mature OE17 to accumulate in the stroma of intact chloroplasts. When added in conjunction with the protonophore nigericin, azide caused the maturation of a fraction of the stromal intermediate form of OE17, and this mature protein was found only in the stroma. Our data suggest that OE17 may use the sec-dependent pathway, especially when the transmembrane pH gradient-dependent pathway is inhibited. Under certain conditions, OE17 may be inserted across the thylakoid membrane far enough to allow removal of the transit peptide, but then may slip back out of the translocation machinery into the stromal compartment.
Direct Evidence for Rapid Degradation ofBacillus thuringiensis Toxin mRNA as a Cause of Poor Expression in Plants1
Authors: De Rocher E. Jay , Vargo-Gogola Tracy C. , Diehn Scott H. , Green Pamela J.
Published: July 2002

It is well established that the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) toxin genes in higher plants is severely limited at the mRNA level, but the cause remains controversial. Elucidating whether mRNA accumulation is limited transcriptionally or posttranscriptionally could contribute to effective gene design as well as provide insights about endogenous plant gene-expression mechanisms. To resolve this controversy, we compared the expression of an A/U-rich wild-typecryIA(c) gene and a G/C-rich synthetic cryIA(c) B.t.-toxin gene under the control of identical 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences. Transcriptional activities of the genes were equal as determined by nuclear run-on transcription assays. In contrast, mRNA half-life measurements demonstrated directly that the wild-type transcript was markedly less stable than that encoded by the synthetic gene. Sequences that limit mRNA accumulation were located at more than one site within the coding region, and some appeared to be recognized in Arabidopsis but not in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). These results support previous observations that some A/U-rich sequences can contribute to mRNA instability in plants. Our studies further indicate that some of these sequences may be differentially recognized in tobacco cells and Arabidopsis.