bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilution Ratio and Pasteurization Effects on the Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Pulp of Saba senegalensis of Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kouakoua Yapi Elisée , Coulibaly Aïssatou , Degbeu Kouadio Claver , Amani N’Guessan Georges
Published: October 2019

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dilution ratio and pasteurization on physico-chemical parameters of Saba senegalensis pulp in the context of its recovery.

Study Design: The experimental set-up was of a completely randomized design.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Food Science and Technology, at the Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Tropical Product Technology (BATPTL) of Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, between June and August 2019.

Methodology: The pulp collected from the fruit was diluted according to the following pulp/water ratio (RPW; v/v): 1:0.5; 1:1 and 1:1.5 and pasteurized at 75°C at different times (5 min, 10 min and 15 min). The pH, titratable acidity (TA), Total soluble solid (TSS), vitamin C, β-carotene and the colour were determined on the different samples.

Results: The results obtained during this study showed that all the physico-chemical parameters evaluated, except pH, are affected during dilution while during pasteurization only vitamin C and β-carotene are affected. During the respective dilutions, 50%, 62% and 66% of the vitamin C concentration decreased as well as 53%, 74% and 76% of β-carotene. It also led to a decrease in total soluble solid (TSS) of 32%, 50% and 59%. Following the pasteurization of each diluted pulp12%, 45% and 50% on average of the vitamin C are lost at the respective pasteurization time  (5 min, 10 min and 15 min respectively). For β-carotene the content decreases (50%) within the first 5 minutes and remains constant during the last 10 minutes of pasteurization.

Conclusion: During Saba senegalensis fruit processing into nectar, dilution and pasteurization factors must be considered in order to ensure the physico-chemical quality of the beverage. The physico-chemical characteristics were more affected during dilution than in pasteurization.
Impact of Epilepsy on Marriages in People with Epilepsy: An Ethnographic Evaluation
Authors: Wasal Neha , Bala Rajni
Published: October 2019

Epilepsy is considered as a stigma in our society. This becomes more prominent among those who are in marriageable age. In this paper 21 PWE who attended an outpatient epilepsy clinic at a secondary-level hospital in Northwest India between 01.01.2015 and 31.03.2015 formed the case material for this study. Four cases were deeply interrogated and it was found that all of them denied the revealing of epilepsy to their prospect marriage partners. Two of them also denied of revealing them about taking ADE’S. It was found that PWE’s face many social and psychological problems while marriage negotiations and even after marriage.
Traditionally Used Anti-hepatitis Plants Species in Dakar District, Senegal
Authors: Diatta Kady , Diatta William , Fall Alioune Dior , Dieng Serigne Ibra Mbacké , Mbaye Amadou Ibrahima , Fall Paulèle Aynina
Published: October 2019

Viral etiologies especially viral hepatitis B remain an area of concern sub-Saharan Africa with a variable prevalence between countries. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used in the treatment of viral hepatitis, in particular, viral hepatitis B, was conducted in the District of Dakar (Senegal). Forty-two participants were surveyed, which included  18 herbalists, 19 Traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs)and 5 resource persons. Fifty-one plant species were documented from forty-seven genera and thirty families. The most frequently mentioned families were; Fabaceae (11 species); Meliaceae, (4 species); Rubiaceae and Combretaceae (3 species each); Annonnacaea, Malvaceae, Rutaceae and Asteraceae (2 species each). All other families were represented by a single species. The decoction was the most common method of préparation (66.66%).  Leaves and trunk bark were the plant parts of the plant most used. The most commonly used species were: Tinospora bakis (85.71%), Gardiena ternifolia (73.8%), Calotropis procera (71.42%), Carica papaya (66.66%), Citrus aurantifolia (64.28%) and Cochlospermum tinctorium (61.9%). It is concluded that the hepatoprotective properties of these plants are certainly induced by chemical compounds that will have to be identified later through phytochemical research.
Optimal Conditions for Production of Fermented Flour from Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) for Infant Foods
Authors: Tedom William Dzusuo , Fombang Edith Nig , Ngaha Wilfred Damndja , Ejoh Richard Aba
Published: October 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for production of a fermented pumpkin flour by lactic fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum and the effect of the fermentation on nutritional potential and functional properties of pumpkin. To achieve this, pumpkin fruit was collected in the Ngaoundere main market, peeled, sliced, and the flesh obtained was grated, pasteurized at 90ºC for 5 minutes and placed under lactic fermentation using L. plantarum (108 cfu/mL). The sample obtained was dried at 45ºC ± 2ºC for 24 hours and crushed to obtain a flour with particle size ≤ 500 µm. According to the Doehlert's plan used, time and temperature of fermentation varied from 24 to 96 hours and 30 to 50°C respectively. Responses sought were the optimal levels of total carotenoids and reducing sugars in the flours. Chemical composition of flour was determined to evaluate the effect of fermentation on food matrix used. Results indicate that to produce a pumpkin flour with highest content in both carotenoids and reducing sugars, optimal conditions of lactic fermentation with L. plantarum are 70h at 45°C. Under these conditions, there is a decrease of 72.1% of proteins and 67% of fibers, against an increase of 106% of reducing sugars. Total carotenoids content decreased by 4.6%, but the level is still higher than the threshold recommended for infant food formulation, while mineral content increases with fermentation. A reduction of anti-nutrients (phytates, tannins, phenolic compounds and oxalates) of more than 50% is also observed when fermenting pumpkin. The functional properties of fermented pulp show a decrease of water absorption capacity of 24% and an increase of 134.4% in bulk density. Fermented pumpkin flour could be used in infant food formulation, but need to be associated with other sources of proteins and minerals.
An Extension of Capital Based Macroeconomic Model and 100 Percent Reserve System, the Free Banking System and BFH System: A Comparison among Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Baafi Joseph Antwi , Sarkodie Eric Effah , Boachie William Kwasi
Published: October 2019

This study extends the capital-based macroeconomic theory to include international capital flow thus extending it to an open economy and analyze it in the context of the BFH system, Free banking system and 100 per cent reserve ratio. In all these, it was noticed that interest rate would barely change even though the possibility of interest rate changes was not ruled out completely. A test of these systems was conducted on Latvia, Lithuanian, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and was successful. However, it must be noted that these are just proposition as these systems are not in place at the moment. In furtherance to this, past and present monetary system used by the countries exhibited similarities to these systems, even though difference could largely be seen.
Review of Motors for Electrical Vehicles
Authors: Zarma Tahir Aja , Galadima Ahmadu Adamu , Aminu Maruf A.
Published: October 2019

The need for clean energy and removal of toxic emission from internal combustion engines have led researchers and engineers into exploring and developing new drive systems. The development of hybrid cars has greatly reduced the emission level of vehicles. However, this is not enough. The purely electrical vehicles are 100% clean in service and as such their deployment is of great importance. Therefore, these vehicles replace the internal combustion engine in conventional cars and automobiles with electric motors. Hence, the need for the motor drive in an electric vehicle that is highly efficient with low weight, high power density and cheaply available in the market. In this paper, a review of different electric motors with respect to their design simplicity, cost, ruggedness and efficiency is presented. Finally, the brushless DC motor is proven to be an efficient and most suitable candidate for propulsion drive in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. However, its control is insufficient. A conceptual method to improve its control is also presented.
Characterization of Antifungal Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Bacterial Endophytes against Fusarium oxysporum through GC-MS Analysis
Authors: Muthulakshmi P. , Thangavel Suganya , Seethapathy Parthasarathy
Published: October 2019

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated throughout the world. Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E.F. Smith) Snyder & Hansen (Foc) causes significant threats to banana production. Endophytic bacteria play a significant role in plant protection against soil borne plant pathogens and promote overall productivity of agricultural ecosystems. Secondary metabolites produced by several species of Bacillus have been found to possess antibacterial or antifungal activity against different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.  These were identified by crude tests using agar gel diffusion and GC-MS analysis of the fungal crude extracts. Understanding of the metabolites produced by endophytes is also important in the context of biological control of soil-borne diseases of banana. GC-MS analysis of crude antibiotic extracts of bacterial endophytic isolates viz., GNBS3, PVBS3, NPBS4, KVBS4, BS1, revealed DL-Proline,5 Oxo  as the major compound. Having both antifungal and antibacterial activity.
Using Technology Tools for Formative Assessments
Authors: Robertson Sarah , Humphrey Samia , Steele John
Published: October 2019

In recent years, online teaching has become extremely popular. Most institutions of higher learning are offering online courses in almost every field of study. Teaching any course online is challenging, but teaching quantitative courses, such as operations management, management science, statistics, and others, have added a more challenging dimension to online teaching. Publishers have been assisting professors of quantitative methods courses by developing various teaching and evaluation tools. This study explores one such publisher’s tool, Quiz Me Mastery Points, of Pearson’s MyOmLab. The performance of students on their examinations and the Mastery Points they earned through the Quiz Me feature were compared, and it was determined that there was a significant correlation between the two.
Propostas didático-pedagógicas para a Educação em Saúde: análise crítica de trabalhos publicados nos Encontros Nacionais de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (ENPEC)
Authors: Miranda Nathália Da Silva , Martins Liziane , Castro Lucas Vinícius Ferraz Santos
Published: October 2019

São muitas as ferramentas pedagógicas utilizadas pelos professores para promoverem diálogos sobre a saúde e a doença. Neste contexto, analisar como as intervenções didáticas que discutem o processo de saúde-doença têm sido apresentadas é necessário, principalmente para evidenciar qual a abordagem da saúde é, predominantemente, enfocada no contexto escolar. Dessa forma, realizamos este estudo com o objetivo de analisar as estratégias pedagógicas, que discutem algum conteúdo de saúde, dispostas nas atas das edições do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento de artigos publicados pela Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências, no período de 1997 a 2015. Nosso estudo evidenciou que dos 30 trabalhos levantados, a maioria propõe intervenções de saúde numa perspectiva limitada, ou seja, com enfoque biomédico, apesar da abordagem socioecológica ser considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais como a mais adequada para os diferentes contextos, inclusive o escolar.
Pelo direito (ou seria desejo?) de ser Bio – capturado
Authors: Tavares Geórgia De Souza
Published: October 2019

O ensino de ciências e biologia, ao ensinar sobre a ‘vida’, ensina também sobre corpos, e acaba por construir/reforçar o ensino de um corpo padrão, um corpo normal. Como a biologia, área de nosso interesse direto, vem contribuindo para demarcações de fronteiras? Entre os que são considerados patológicos e os normais, por exemplo? Entre os que podem ‘acompanhar o conteúdo’ escolar sem ‘atrapalhar’ e os que ‘dão mais trabalho’? Como constrói posições de sujeito ancoradas nas ditas verdades científicas? Este texto pretende tencionar a segurança das identidades que ocupamos, desnaturalizar as bio-capturas que não param de nos dizer de lugares fixos, problematizar o possível engessamento que a vertente classificacionista da biologia possa gerar. Utilizando como empiria produções como filmes, instalações artísticas e matérias de revistas, propõe lançar outros olhares por sobre aquilo que afirmamos ser com muita veemência, desestabilizar algumas certezas que o ensino da vida, a Biologia, ajuda a fixar.
O ensino das ciências da natureza nos anos iniciais da escolarização básica: das necessidades formativas à profissionalização docente
Authors: Carvalho Clévia Suyene Cunha de , Ramalho Betania Leite
Published: October 2019

O presente estudo investiga as necessidades formativas de professores/as dos anos iniciais da escolarização básica a partir do ensino das Ciências da Natureza. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa caracterizada como estudo descritivo-analítico, realizada com 69 docentes da rede municipal de ensino de João Pessoa/PB. A pesquisa analisa as necessidades formativas como elemento fundante para o processo de construção da profissionalização docente e, desta forma, identifica a formação continuada como estratégica para essa construção. Situa a alfabetização científica como perspectiva norteadora para o ensino das Ciências da Natureza nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, constatando ser este um desafio em face das necessidades formativas reveladas pelas professoras participantes do estudo. Apresenta-se neste artigo, apenas uma das três dimensões de necessidades identificadas: aquela relacionada ao domínio de conteúdos conceituais da área das Ciências da Natureza. A pesquisa conclui que os processos de formação continuada têm negligenciado a área das ciências, por conseguinte, as necessidades formativas dos/as professoras caracterizadas pelas dimensões do conhecimento específico, do conhecimento didático, dos experimentos práticos e dos recursos tecnológicos. Essa negligência compromete o processo de profissionalização docente para o ensino na área, demandando a reconfiguração da política de formação continuada proposta para esse grupo docente.
A evolução de uma revista no campo da comunicação científica: do Boletim à Revista entreideias
Authors: Pretto Nelson De Luca
Published: October 2019

A artigo traça o percurso da Revista entreideias: educação, cultura e sociedade desde o seu nascimento até os dias de hoje. Sua denominação inicial foi Boletim, e circulou na década de 1980 na Faculdade de Educação (Faced) da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), passando, na década de 1990 a ser denominado de revista da Faced. Faz uma breve análise das políticas de publicação de revistas acadêmicas, passando pelo movimento de Acesso Aberto e da comunicação científica. Descreve o processo de migração da Revista para a internet, analisando as dificuldades encontradas em todo o processo
Antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of the novel chimeric inhibitor animacroxam in testicular germ cell cancer
Authors: Steinemann Gustav , Dittmer Alexandra , Schmidt Jacob , Josuttis David , Fähling Michael , Biersack Bernhard , Beindorff Nicola , Jolante Koziolek Eva , Schobert Rainer , Brenner Winfried , Müller Thomas , Nitzsche Bianca , Höpfner Michael
Published: October 2019

Chimeric inhibitors, which merge two drug pharmacophores in a single molecule have become a prominent approach for the design of novel anticancer compounds. Here, we examined animacroxam, which combines histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory and cytoskeleton‐interfering pharmacophores, in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). The effectiveness of animacroxam was compared to that of the commonly applied chemotherapeutic cisplatin as well as the clinically approved HDAC inhibitor vorinostat. The antineoplastic and antiangiogenic effects of animacroxam on TGCT in vivo were assessed through exploratory animal studies and a modified chorioallantoic membrane assay, revealing that animacroxam has significant antitumor activity in TGCT. A novel positron emission tomography/MR‐imaging approach was applied to determine tumor volume and glucose [2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (18F‐FDG)] uptake in TGCT tumors, revealing reduced glucose uptake in animacroxam‐treated TGCTs and showing a dose‐dependent suppression of glycolytic enzymes, which led to a breakdown in glycolytic energy production. Furthermore, the observed antiangiogenic effects of animacroxam were related to its ability to inhibit endothelial cell–cell communication, as the expression of gap junction‐forming connexin 43 was strongly suppressed, and gap‐junctional intercellular mass transport was reduced. Our data suggest that the chimeric HDAC inhibitor animacroxam may become a promising candidate for the treatment of solid cancers and may serve as an interesting alternative to platinum‐based therapies.
Faceting of Twin Grain Boundaries in High‐Purity Copper Subjected to High Pressure Torsion
Authors: Kosinova Anna , Straumal Boris , Kilmametov Askar , Straumal Petr , Bulatov Marat , Rabkin Eugen
Published: October 2019

The microstructure of high‐purity 5N5 copper processed by high pressure torsion (HPT) is studied. Close to the top and bottom surfaces of HPT disk, the 2–10 μm‐thick ultrafine‐grained layers with equiaxial grains and grain size of about 150 nm are formed. This grain size is typical for HPT of copper and its alloys. However, the remaining bulk layer in the HPT disk contained mainly elongated intersecting twins with high aspect ratio and length of up to 1 μm. These twin grain boundaries (GBs) are faceted. The geometry of the GB facets is analyzed using Σ3 coincidence site lattice (CSL). The Σ3 twins after HPT contained (100)CSL, (110)CSL, (010)CSL, and non‐CSL 9R facets, but not (120)CSL and (130)CSL facets. Earlier, the stability diagram for the Σ3 GB facets is experimentally constructed for the same 5N5 high‐purity copper. The comparison of the data with this diagram allows to estimate for the first time the effective temperature of pure copper during HPT processing at room temperature (RT): Teff = 920 ± 50 K. In other words, the HPT at RT results in Σ3 GB facets as if the sample is annealed at Teff = 920 ± 50 K.
Analysis and Modeling of the Influence of the Size and Fraction of Bonding Points onto the Mechanical Behavior of Polypropylene Spunbond Nonwovens
Authors: Leucker Karsten , Schubert Dirk W.
Published: October 2019

While the influence of fiber strength and calendering parameters on the mechanical strength of polypropylene spunbond nonwovens are investigated extensively, only a few nonsystematic studies are available on the influence of bonding point size and bonding point fraction. Therefore, systematic investigations of the influence of bonding point fraction, bonding point size, and spacing on the tensile properties of nonwovens are conducted. In addition, the influence of fiber orientation and cloudiness on the strength is evaluated. It is demonstrated that an increase in the bonding fraction leads to an increase in stiffness and strength, although this effect is weakened due to fiber damage at the edges of bonding points, when many small bonding points are used. An increase in bonding point size and distance between the points with a constant bonding fraction initially leads to an increase in strength. Only when the distance between the points exceeds, the size of the local nonuniformities the strength decreases again, whereas the stiffness decreases continuously with increasing distance between the bonding points. In addition, it is shown that the stress–strain behavior of nonwovens can be described using a Maxwell model and that the strengths can be modeled using statistical modeling with optically accessible parameters.
Advanced AAO Templating of Nanostructured Stimuli‐Responsive Polymers: Hype or Hope?
Authors: Rath Amrita , Theato Patrick
Published: October 2019

Nanostructures play a significant role in introducing distinctive functionality to materials. A synergistic combination of nanofabrication techniques with material properties holds great promise in creating smart biomimetic structures. An advanced preparation technique to fabricate complex and sophisticated hierarchical polymeric nanostructure templates via anodized alumina oxide membranes is highlighted. Moreover, nanostructures made of responsive polymers activated by environmental stimuli offer a huge potential in a wide range of applications by enhancing their responsiveness. The current state of research on novel nanostructures fabrication by integrating anodic aluminum oxide with stimuli‐responsive polymers is presented, with an emphasis on the underlying actuation mechanism in terms of application. Furthermore, the potential direction for future research is discussed.
Enhanced Variable Stiffness and Variable Stretchability Enabled by Phase‐Changing Particulate Additives
Authors: Buckner Trevor L. , Yuen Michelle C. , Kim Sang Yup , Kramer‐Bottiglio Rebecca
Published: October 2019

A novel phase‐changing particulate that amplifies a composite's modulus change in response to thermal stimulus is introduced. This particulate additive consists of a low melting point alloy (Field's metal; FM) formed into microparticles using a facile fabrication method, which enables its incorporation into polymer matrices using simple composite manufacturing processes. The effect of the solid–liquid phase change of the FM particles is demonstrated in two host materials: a thermally responsive epoxy and a silicone elastomer. In the epoxy matrix, this thermal response manifests as an amplified change in flexural modulus when heated, which is highly desirable for stiffness‐changing move‐and‐hold applications. In the silicone matrix, the stretchability can be switched depending on the phase of the FM particles. This phenomenon allows the silicone to stretch and hold a strained configuration, and gives rise to mechanically programmable anisotropy through reshaping of the FM inclusions. FM particles present many opportunities where on‐demand tunable modulus is required, and is particularly relevant to soft robotics. Because the melting temperature of FM is near room temperature, triggering the phase change requires low power consumption. The utility of FM particle‐containing composites as variable stiffness and variable stretchability elements for soft robotic applications is demonstrated.
Engineering the Thermal Conductivity of Functional Phase‐Change Materials for Heat Energy Conversion, Storage, and Utilization
Authors: Yuan Kunjie , Shi Jinming , Aftab Waseem , Qin Mulin , Usman Ali , Zhou Fang , Lv Yang , Gao Shan , Zou Ruqiang
Published: October 2019

Thermal energy storage technologies based on phase‐change materials (PCMs) have received tremendous attention in recent years. These materials are capable of reversibly storing large amounts of thermal energy during the isothermal phase transition and offer enormous potential in the development of state‐of‐the‐art renewable energy infrastructure. Thermal conductivity plays a vital role in regulating the thermal charging and discharging rate of PCMs and improving the heat‐utilization efficiency. The strategies for tuning the thermal conductivity of PCMs and their potential energy applications, such as thermal energy harvesting and storage, thermal management of batteries, thermal diodes, and other forms of energy utilization, are summarized systematically. Furthermore, a research perspective is given to highlight emerging research directions of engineering advanced functional PCMs for energy applications.
Polyacrylonitrile Interactions with Carbon Nanotubes in Solution: Conformations and Binding as a Function of Solvent, Temperature, and Concentration
Authors: Pramanik Chandrani , Jamil Tariq , Gissinger Jacob R. , Guittet Darice , Arias‐Monje Pedro J. , Kumar Satish , Heinz Hendrik
Published: October 2019

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is among the most promising precursor polymers to produce strong and lightweight carbon fiber. Conformations in solution and the extent of binding to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are critical during gel spinning and for alignment of graphitic layers upon carbonization. Here, quantitative insights into these processes are reported using molecular dynamics simulations at the atomic scale including virtual π electrons and comparisons to experimental data. Common solvents for fiber spinning induce significant differences in PAN conformation in dilute solutions at 25 °C with persistence lengths between 0.5 and 2 nm. Variations in conformation become smaller at 75 °C, in the presence of CNTs, and at higher PAN concentration. “Aging” of PAN conformations in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide at higher temperature is explained and a correlation between extended polymer conformations and increased binding to CNTs is identified in dilute solutions. PAN is overall barely attracted to CNTs under common solution conditions and enters significant surface contact only at higher concentration as solvent is physically removed. The impact of temperature is small, whereby binding increases at lower temperatures. The results provide guidance to control interactions of polymers with CNTs to induce distinct conformations and specific binding at the early stages of assembly.
Realizing a Rechargeable High‐Performance Cu–Zn Battery by Adjusting the Solubility of Cu2+
Authors: Zhu Qiancheng , Cheng Mingyu , Zhang Bowen , Jin Kai , Chen Shuo , Ren Zhifeng , Yu Ying
Published: October 2019

Rechargeable aqueous Zn‐based batteries show great potential for energy storage systems due to their good reliability, low cost, environmental friendliness, etc. However, the capacity of the most studied Mn‐, V‐, and Prussian blue analog‐based Zn‐ion batteries (the type with Zn2+ insertion) and the other type Zn‐based batteries without Zn2+ insertion (such as metal Ag and Ni or Co oxides/hydroxides) does not exceed 400 mAh g−1. Cu is a promising cathode with a high theoretical capacity of 844 mAh g−1 based on its unique two‐electron transfer process (Cu0 ↔ Cu2+), but Cu–Zn batteries have been impractical to recharge since they was invented by Daniell in 1836. By adjusting the solubility of Cu2+ in an alkaline solution, a rechargeable high‐performance Cu–Zn battery is achieved. A high specific capacity of 718 mAh g−1 is obtained for the prepared Cu clusters. Moreover, commercial Cu foil is explored for direct use as the cathode material and shows high capacity and stability through a simple self‐activation process. This rechargeable Cu–Zn battery is attractive for application due to its high capacity, simple synthesis method, environmental friendliness, and low cost.
3D Solar‐Blind Ga2O3 Photodetector Array Realized Via Origami Method
Authors: Chen Yancheng , Lu Yingjie , Liao Meiyong , Tian Yongzhi , Liu Qian , Gao Chaojun , Yang Xun , Shan Chongxin
Published: October 2019

A 3D solar‐blind photodetector array is realized from amorphous Ga2O3 films grown on polyethylene terephthalate substrates via an origami route. The photodetector cells exhibit a dark current of 0.17 nA, and the peak responsivity is about 8.9 A W−1 at 250 nm with a quantum efficiency of 4450%. The photodetector shows a distinct cut‐off wavelength at 268 nm with a solar‐blind ratio of more than two orders of magnitude (photocurrent ratio between 250 nm/300 nm). The photodetector cells reveal excellent electrical stability after thousands of bending cycles. All the photodetector cells of the 3D photodetector array have a highly consistent performance. In addition, the device can execute the functions of capturing a real‐time light trajectory and identifying multipoint light spatial distribution, which cannot be achieved in all the previously reported 2D solar‐blind photodetectors. The results suggest new pathways to fabricate 3D photodetectors from conventional semiconductor films, which may find potential applications in optical positioning, tracking, imaging and communications, etc.
Nanoparticle Doped PEDOT for Enhanced Electrode Coatings and Drug Delivery
Authors: Woeppel Kevin M. , Zheng Xin Sally , Schulte Zachary M. , Rosi Nathaniel L. , Cui Xinyan Tracy
Published: October 2019

In order to address material limitations of biologically interfacing electrodes, modified silica nanoparticles are utilized as dopants for conducting polymers. Silica precursors are selected to form a thiol modified particle (TNP), following which the particles are oxidized to sulfonate modified nanoparticles (SNPs). The selective inclusion of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide allows for synthesis of both porous and nonporous SNPs. Nonporous nanoparticle doped polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) films possess low interfacial impedance, high charge injection (4.8 mC cm−2), and improved stability under stimulation compared to PEDOT/poly(styrenesulfonate). Porous SNP dopants can serve as drug reservoirs and greatly enhance the capability of conducting polymer‐based, electrically controlled drug release technology. Using the SNP dopants, drug loading and release is increased up to 16.8 times, in addition to greatly expanding the range of drug candidates to include both cationic and electroactive compounds, all while maintaining their bioactivity. Finally, the PEDOT/SNP composite is capable of precisely modulating neural activity in vivo by timed release of a glutamate receptor antagonist from coated microelectrode sites. Together, this work demonstrates the feasibility and potential of doping conducting polymers with engineered nanoparticles, creating countless options to produce composite materials for enhanced electrical stimulation, neural recording, chemical sensing, and on demand drug delivery.
Rational Design of Rapidly Separating Dissolving Microneedles for Precise Drug Delivery by Balancing the Mechanical Performance and Disintegration Rate
Authors: Hou Ailin , Quan Guilan , Yang Beibei , Lu Chao , Chen Minglong , Yang Dan , Wang Lili , Liu Hu , Pan Xin , Wu Chuanbin
Published: October 2019

The precise delivery of traditional dissolving microneedles (TDMNs) is often limited by the incomplete insertion due to the skin deformation, and the topical irritation is inevitable after long application, which ultimately results in compromised therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study is to develop a rapidly separating dissolving microneedles (RSDMNs) system to achieve precise drug delivery. Therapeutic molecules are concentrated in the needle tip, while the blank separating part allows it to counteract skin indentation and rapidly separate from the base part. For rational design of an ideal separating part, and the molecular interactions between polymer and sugar are explored to make a good balance between mechanical performance and disintegration rate. The optimal RSDMNs can rapidly disintegrate in the mimic skin within 30 s, and the generated micropores in the skin reseal quickly. The ex vivo drug permeation of RSDMNs is significantly higher than that of TDMNs due to the complete needle imbed aided by the separating part. Furthermore, RSDMNs exhibit excellent in vivo anti‐inflammation effect by remarkably down regulating the expression of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. In conclusion, the RSDMNs can reach precise drug delivery in a short time, which are more reliable for the self‐administration strategy in the future.
All‐Inorganic CsCu2I3 Single Crystal with High‐PLQY (≈15.7%) Intrinsic White‐Light Emission via Strongly Localized 1D Excitonic Recombination
Authors: Lin Richeng , Guo Quanlin , Zhu Qun , Zhu Yanming , Zheng Wei , Huang Feng
Published: October 2019

Energy‐saving white lighting from the efficient intrinsic emission of semiconductors is considered as a next‐generation lighting source. Currently, white‐light emission can be composited with a blue light‐emitting diode and yellow phosphor. However, this solution has an inevitable light loss, which makes the improvement of the energy utilization efficiency more difficult. To deal with this problem, intrinsic white‐light emission (IWE) in a single solid material gives a possibility. Here, an all‐inorganic lead‐free CsCu2I3 perovskite single crystal (SC) with stable and high photoluminescence quantum yield (≈15.7%) IWE through strongly localized 1D exciton recombination is synthesized. In the CsCu2I3, the Cu–I octahedron, which provides most of electron states, is isolated by Cs atoms in two directions to form a 1D electronic structure, resulting a high radiation recombination rate of excitons. With this electronic structure design, the CsCu2I3 SCs have great potential in energy‐saving white lighting.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Alkylation/Arylation of Benzoxazole via Tf2O‐Activated‐Amide
Authors: Niu Zhi‐Jie , Li Lian‐Hua , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: October 2019

A transition‐metal‐free approach to the alkylation/arylation of benzoxazole was developed by employing Tf2O‐activated‐amide as the alkylating/arylating reagent. The mild reaction conditions, and particularly insensitivity to air and water, further enhance the synthetic potential in pharmaceutical synthesis.

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Keratin Film as Natural and Eco‐Friendly Support for Organic Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Posati Tamara , Aluigi Annalisa , Donnadio Anna , Sotgiu Giovanna , Mosconi Michele , Muccini Michele , Ruani Giampiero , Zamboni Roberto , Seri Mirko
Published: October 2019

This work describes the preparation of a novel substrate based on keratin extracted from wool and its application as potential support for solution‐processed organic solar cells. Optically transparent, free‐standing, and resistant keratin films are successfully prepared, starting from water solution, and characterized in terms of morphology, structure, thermal and mechanical properties. The effect of solvents and thermal annealing is also investigated in order to mimic and evaluate the impact of the processing conditions used for devices fabrication. Thermally annealed keratin films exhibit enhanced optical transparency (>87%) in the visible region of the spectrum, a transition from α‐helix to β‐sheet and turn structures, improved thermal stability and Young's modulus. The good transparency, flatness, and resistance of as‐cast substrates allow the successful preparation of organic solar cells. Photovoltaic performances similar to those reported for other natural/biobased supports are achieved, confirming the potential of keratin film as an alternative and promising support material for eco‐friendly, fully printable, sustainable, and inexpensive optoelectronic devices.
A Drug‐Eluting 3D‐Printed Mesh (GlioMesh) for Management of Glioblastoma
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Reihaneh , Mirani Bahram , Pagan Erik , Mirzaaghaei Somayeh , Nasimian Ahmad , Kawalec Philip , da Silva Rosa Simone C. , Hamdi David , Fernandez Nahiane Pipaon , Toyota Brian D. , Gordon Joseph W , Ghavami Saeid , Akbari Mohsen
Published: October 2019

Current treatment strategies for Glioblastoma (GBM)—including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with oral administration of temozolomide (TMZ)—still lead to poor survival rates, making the development of more effective therapeutic methods an urgent need. This study presents a new approach for the treatment of GBM patients using a 3D‐printed hydrogel‐based mesh (GlioMesh), loaded with TMZ‐releasing microparticles, that is capable of delivering TMZ over several weeks at the tumor site. Given the challenges associated with loading the amphiphilic TMZ in polymeric substrates, a novel encapsulation strategy is developed using an oil‐in‐oil emulsion method that improves the encapsulation efficiencies of TMZ in poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) from <7% to about 61%. The cytotoxic effects of GlioMesh on GBM cells are evaluated in vitro by investigating the resultant levels of DNA break, autophagic activity, and mitochondrial damage. It is shown that GlioMesh produces significantly higher susceptibility to the drug in comparison with free TMZ by maintaining the level of autophagic activity and inducing larger degrees of mitochondrial damage. Sustained delivery of TMZ holds promise for suppressing chemoresistance to TMZ that is normally developed in GBM cells in systemic administration of the drug due to the induction of autophagy.
Toward High Fidelity Materials Property Prediction from Multiscale Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Vassaux Maxime , Sinclair Robert C. , Richardson Robin A. , Suter James L. , Coveney Peter V.
Published: October 2019

The current approach to materials discovery and design remains dominated by experimental testing, frequently based on little more than trial and error. With the advent of ever more powerful computers, rapid, reliable, and reproducible computer simulations are beginning to represent a feasible alternative. As high performance computing reaches the exascale, exploiting the resources efficiently presents interesting challenges and opportunities. Multiscale modeling and simulation of materials are extremely promising candidates for exploiting these resources based on the assumption of a separation of scales in the architectures of nanomaterials. Examples of hierarchical and concurrent multiscale approaches are presented which benefit from the weak scaling of monolithic applications, thereby efficiently exploiting large scale computational resources. Several multiscale techniques, incorporating the electronic to the continuum scale, which can be applied to the efficient design of a range of nanocomposites, are discussed. Then the work on the development of a software toolkit designed to provide verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification to support actionable prediction from such calculations is discussed.
ADA2 deficiency in a patient with Noonan syndrome‐like disorder with loose anagen hair: The co‐occurrence of two rare syndromes
Authors: Akgun‐Dogan Ozlem , Simsek‐Kiper Pelin O. , Taskiran Ekim , Lissewski Christina , Brinkmann Julia , Schanze Denny , Göçmen Rahşan , Cagdas Deniz , Bilginer Yelda , Utine Gülen E. , Zenker Martin , Ozen Seza , Tezcan İlhan , Alikasifoglu Mehmet , Boduroğlu Koray
Published: October 2019

Noonan syndrome‐like disorder with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH) is one of the RASopathies, a group of clinically related developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode components acting in the RAS/MAPK pathway. Among RASopathies, NS/LAH (OMIM 607721) is an extremely rare, multiple anomaly syndrome characterized by dysmorphic facial features similar to those observed in Noonan syndrome along with some distinctive ectodermal findings including easily pluckable, sparse, thin, and slow‐growing hair. ADA2 deficiency (DADA2, OMIM 615688) is a monogenic autoinflammatory disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in ADA2, with clinical features including recurrent fever, livedo racemosa, hepatosplenomegaly, and strokes as well as immune dysregulation. This is the first report of NS/LAH and ADA2 deficiency in the same individual. We report on a patient presenting with facial features, recurrent infections and ectodermal findings in whom both the clinical and molecular diagnoses of NS/LAH and ADA2 deficiency were established, respectively.
Genetics of resilience: Implications from genome‐wide association studies and candidate genes of the stress response system in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
Authors: Maul Stephan , Giegling Ina , Fabbri Chiara , Corponi Filippo , Serretti Alessandro , Rujescu Dan
Published: October 2019

Resilience is the ability to cope with critical situations through the use of personal and socially mediated resources. Since a lack of resilience increases the risk of developing stress‐related psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), a better understanding of the biological background is of great value to provide better prevention and treatment options. Resilience is undeniably influenced by genetic factors, but very little is known about the exact underlying mechanisms. A recently published genome‐wide association study (GWAS) on resilience has identified three new susceptibility loci, DCLK2, KLHL36, and SLC15A5. Further interesting results can be found in association analyses of gene variants of the stress response system, which is closely related to resilience, and PTSD and MDD. Several promising genes, such as the COMT (catechol‐O‐methyltransferase) gene, the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) suggest gene × environment interaction between genetic variants, childhood adversity, and the occurrence of PTSD and MDD, indicating an impact of these genes on resilience. GWAS on PTSD and MDD provide another approach to identifying new disease‐associated loci and, although the functional significance for disease development for most of these risk genes is still unknown, they are potential candidates due to the overlap of stress‐related psychiatric disorders and resilience. In the future, it will be important for genetic studies to focus more on resilience than on pathological phenotypes, to develop reasonable concepts for measuring resilience, and to establish international cooperations to generate sufficiently large samples.
A DNA–Azobenzene Nanopump Fueled by Upconversion Luminescence for Controllable Intracellular Drug Release
Authors: Zhang Yue , Zhang Yue , Song Guobin , He Yuling , Zhang Xiaobo , Liu Ying , Ju Huangxian
Published: October 2019

Stimulus‐responsive drug release possesses considerable significance in cancer therapy. This work reports an upconversion‐luminescence‐fueled DNA–azobenzene nanopump for rapid and efficient drug release. The nanopump is constructed by assembling the azobenzene‐functionalized DNA strands on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). Doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded in the nanopump by intercalation in the DNA helix. Under NIR light, the UCNPs emit both UV and visible photons to fuel the continuous photoisomerization of azo, which acts as an impeller pump to trigger cyclic DNA hybridization and dehybridization for controllable DOX release. In a relatively short period, this system demonstrates 86.7 % DOX release. By assembling HIV‐1 TAT peptide and hyaluronic acid on the system, targeting of the cancer‐cell nucleus is achieved for perinuclear aggregation of DOX and enhanced anticancer therapy. This highly effective drug delivery nanopump could contribute to chemotherapy development.
Electrophotocatalytic SNAr Reactions of Unactivated Aryl Fluorides at Ambient Temperature and Without Base
Authors: Huang He , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: October 2019

The electrophotocatalytic SNAr reaction of unactivated aryl fluorides at ambient temperature without strong base is demonstrated.
Regioselektive oxidative Arylierung von Fluorophenolen
Authors: Yu Congjun , Patureau Frederic W.
Published: October 2019

Eine metallfreie und hochregioselektive oxidative Arylierung von Fluorophenolen wird gezeigt. Die relative Position der Fluoridabgangsgruppe (also ortho oder para) kontrolliert das 1,2 oder 1,4 Substitutionsmuster des Chinons, was diese Reaktion zu einem vielseitigen und allgemeinen Konzept für diese oxidative defluorierende Arylierung macht.
Loading Photochromic Molecules into a Luminescent Metal–Organic Framework for Information Anticounterfeiting
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Wang Guannan , Ye Yingxiang , Li Bin , Li Huanrong , Chen Banglin
Published: October 2019

Stimuli‐responsive photoluminescent materials have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential applications in security protection because the information recorded directly in materials with static luminescent outputs are usually visible under either ambient or UV light. Herein, we realize reversible information anticounterfeiting by loading a photoswitchable diarylethene derivative into a lanthanide metal–organic framework (MOF). Light triggers the open‐ and closed‐form isomerization of the diarylethene unit, which respectively regulates the inactivation and activation of the photochromic FRET process between the diarylethene acceptor and lanthanide donor, resulting in reversible luminescence on–off switching of the lanthanide emitting center in the MOF host. This photoresponsive host–guest system allows for reversible multiple information pattern visible/invisible transformation by simply alternating the exposure to UV and visible light.
Construction of Covalent‐Organic Frameworks (COFs) from Amorphous Covalent Organic Polymers via Linkage Replacement
Authors: Zhai Yufeng , Liu Guiyan , Jin Fenchun , Zhang Yingying , Gong Xuefang , Miao Zhuang , Li Jinheng , Zhang Mengyao , Cui Yumeng , Zhang Lingyan , Liu Yu , Zhang Huixin , Zhao Yanli , Zeng Yongfei
Published: October 2019

Covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) as porous crystalline materials show promising potential applications. However, developing facile strategies for the construction of COFs directly from amorphous covalent organic polymers (COPs) is still a great challenge. To this end, we report a novel approach for easy preparation of COFs from amorphous COPs through the linkage replacement under different types of reactions. Four COFs with high crystallinity and porosity were constructed via the linkage substitution of polyimide‐linked COPs to imine‐linked COFs as well as imine‐linked COPs to polyimide‐linked COFs. The realization of the linkage substitution would significantly expand the research scope of COFs.
Regioselective Oxidative Arylation of Fluorophenols
Authors: Yu Congjun , Patureau Frederic W.
Published: October 2019

A metal free and highly regioselective oxidative arylation reaction of fluorophenols is described. The relative position of the fluoride leaving group (i.e., ortho or para) controls the 1,2 or 1,4 nature of the arylated quinone product, lending versatility and generality to this oxidative, defluorinative, arylation concept.
RAFT‐Mediated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: D'Agosto Franck , Rieger Jutta , Lansalot Muriel
Published: October 2019

After a brief history that positions polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) in the field of polymer chemistry, this Review will cover the fundamentals of the PISA mechanism. Furthermore, this Review will also give an overview of some of the features and limitations of RAFT‐mediated PISA in terms of the choice of the components involved, the nature of the nanoobjects that can be obtained and how the syntheses can be controlled, as well as some potential applications.