bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Research‐Ethics Review a Moral Panic?*
Authors: van den Hoonaard Will C.
Published: July 2010

Au cours des dix dernières années, nous avons été témoins de l'im‐portance croissante accordée aux principes d'éthique appliqués à la recherche mais aussi de la popularité et de la pertinence grandis‐santes de la recherche inductive, plus connue sous le nom de recherche et d'analyse qualitatives. Dans cet article, nous étudions le contexte social dans lequel se situe l'examen déontologique des travaux de recherche et son influence sur la recherche qualitative. Plus précisément, nous soutenons que, lorsque cet examen déontologique est fondé sur les principes et l'épistémologie de la recherche déductive, il a tendance à rogner et à entraver le dynamisme et l'ob‐jet de la recherche qualitative. À l'aide de documents, de rapports de recherche formelle et d'après notre expérience personnelle et celle d'autres collègues, nous démontrons l'aspect disproportioné de l'examen déontologique de la recherche, qui semble favoriser la recherche quantitative ‐ c'est‐à‐dire la recherche formelle fondée sur des hypothèses ‐, au détriment de la recherche qualitative. Nos exem‐ples proviennent surtout du Canada, des États‐Unis et d'Angleterre, en anthropologie, éducation, sciences infirmières, psychologie et so‐ciologie. Nous affirmons que les processus sociaux qui sous‐tendent l'analyse déontologique de la recherche s'apparentent à ceux que lon associe à une panique morale.

The recent decade saw not only the rise of the importance of formal ethical research guidelines, but also witnessed the growing popularity and relevance of inductive research, better known as qualitative research and analysis. This paper addresses the social context of formal ethical review and its influence on qualitative research. Specifically, it suggests that when ethical review is based on the principles and epistemology of deductive research, it tends to erode or hamper the thrust and purpose of qualitative research. Using documents, formal research accounts, and the experiences of others and myself, the author indicates the lopsided nature of reviewing the ethics of research, which seems to work in favour of quantitative, formal hypotheses‐driven research, to the serious disadvantage of qualitative research. The paper draws most heavily on evidence in Canada, the United States, and England, in the fields of anthropology, education, nursing, psychology, and sociology. The social processes underpinning research‐ethics review, the author avers, are similar to those associated with a moral panic.
Disability: A Rose by Any Other Name?“People‐First” Language in Canadian Society*
Authors: Titchkosky Tanya
Published: July 2010

Dans cet article, nous examinons la notion d'incapacité telle qu'elle est créée et véhiculée par le langage qui privilégie la « personne avant tout » Nous nous penchons en premier lieu sur la formulation très répandue, qui consiste à désigner les personnes handicapées comme des « personnes comme les autres ». En second lieu, nous étudions l'idéolo‐gie actuelle, qui met l'accent sur le fait que les personnes handicapées sont simplement des « personnes avec des handicaps », dans l'une de ses manifestations les plus concrètes, c'est‐à‐dire un document récent du gouvernement intituléÀl'unisson: Une approche canadienne con‐cernant les personnes handicapées. En partant du concept de Dorothy Smith, selon lequel le langage constitue l'organisation sociale, nous démontrons la façon dont l'incapacité est médicalisée et individualisée dans ce document, et, par là, la manière dont l'incapacité prend la forme d'une limitation anormale et d'une insuffisance fonctionnelle que certaines personnes, quatre millions de Canadiens en l'occurrence, «éprouveraient ». Enfin, nous concluons que le langage qui privilégie la personne avant tout se comprend dans le cadre d'un processus continu où l'incapacité n'est plus perçue comme un phénomène social et, par conséquent, complexe sur le plan politique.

This paper examines the representation of disability that is generated by, and supports, “people‐first language.” The paper first describes the ubiquitous formulation of disabled people as “just people.” Second, the current ideology that stresses that disabled people are simply “people with disabilities” is examined in one of its concrete manifestations: a recent government document entitled In Unison: A Canadian Approach to Disability Issues. By making use of Dorothy Smith's concept that language is social organization, the author shows how disability is organized in this document as a medicalized and individual matter and, as such, takes shape as abnormal limitation and lack of function that some people‐four million Canadians‐“just happen to have.” Finally, the paper concludes that people‐first language is best understood as part of an ongoing process that removes the possibility of understanding disability as a social, and thereby complex, political phenomenon.

How we are seen determines in part how we are treated; how we treat others is based on how we see them; such seeing comes from representation

— Dyer, 1993: 1
Street Youth Labour Market Experiences and Crime*
Authors: Baron Stephen W.
Published: July 2010

Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous étudions la façon dont les expériences dans le marché du travail des jeunes sans‐abri et l'inter‐prétation qu'ils font du chômage sont liées à leur comportement criminel. À partir d'entretiens réalisés auprès d'un échantillon de 200 jeunes homines vivant dans la rue, les données recueillies indiquent que ces jeunes se sentent exclus du marché du travail du fait des expériences négatives qu'ils ont vécues. Ce phénomène est exacerbé par le chômage à long terme, qui détruit la motivation et conduit les jeunes à rechercher d'autres exutoires matériels. En outre, les jeunes en viennent à considérer le système social comme injuste et se sen‐tent inaptes à l'emploi, ce qui augmente le risque qu'ils participent à des activités criminelles. Les jeunes qui restent lies à la société tradi‐tionnelle et continuent de croire à l'idéologie dominante du mérite réagissent par la dépression ou la culpabilité menant à une fuite passive et favorisant le comportement criminel. En revanche, les jeunes qui refusent l'idéologie font étant d'un affect négatif minimal et met‐tent en valeur la supérioritý matérielle et sociale qu'ils accordent aux activités criminelles par rapport à l'emploi qu'ils ont pu occuper avant et qui leur était offert. Les conclusions de cet article s'appuient sur les théories de la contrainte, du contrôle et de la sous‐culture.

The research explores how homeless street youths' labour market experiences and interpretations of unemployment are linked to criminal behavior. Using interviews with a sample of 200 male street youth, the data suggest that these youths become alienated from the labour market because of negative experiences in their jobs. This is exacerbated by long‐term unemployment that destroys motivation and leaves the youths looking for other material opportunities. Further, the youths come to see the social system as unfair and themselves as unemployable, making it more likely they will become involved in criminal activities. Those youths who remain bonded to the conventional society and continue to believe in the dominant meritocratic ideology respond with depression and guilt, which lead to a passive withdrawal and inhibit criminal behavior. In contrast, those youth who dismiss the ideology display minimal negative affect and reveal that criminal activities are superior both materially and socially to previous and available employment. Findings are discussed in terms of strain, control and subcultural theories.
Workfare's Cousin: Exploring a Labour‐force Enhancement Experiment in Cape Breton*
Authors: de Roche Constance P.
Published: July 2010

Bien que les Néo‐Ecossais n'aient pas encore été soumis au type de réformes d'aide sociale édictées dans d'autres provinces, certains programmes visant à promouvoir la participation de la main‐d'œuvre par les bénéficiaires de paiements de transfert gouvernementaux ont récemment été mis en place à l'île du Cap‐Breton, la région de la province la plus marginale sur le plan économique. Cet article étudie la structure de l'un de ces programmes, parrainé par le gouvernement fédéral. L'analyse présentée ici avance l'idée que, en dépit du discours public officiel, la conception du programme n'apporte que peu d'avantages à la collectivité locale et à ses citoyens le plus dans le besoin, mais véhicule des avantages idéologiques importants pour l'état. Même si le programme ne peut être appelé un programme de travail obligatoire, au sens strict de l'expression, il reflète la même idéologie néo‐libérale que celle qui a inspiré des réformes sociales plus draconiennes.

Though Nova Scotians have not yet been subjected to the type of provincial welfare “reforms” enacted in other provinces, some programs aimed at promoting work‐force participation by recipients of government transfer payments have recently been introduced to Cape Breton, the province's most economically marginal region. This paper examines the structure of one such program, sponsored by the federal government. The analysis presented here suggests that, despite public rhetoric, the program's design delivers limited benefits to the local community and to its neediest citizens, but carries major ideological benefits for the state. While the program cannot be called workfare, in the strict sense of the term, it does reflect the same neo‐liberal ideology that has inspired more Draconian social reforms.
On Being Not Canadian: The Social Organization of “Migrant Workers” in Canada*
Authors: Sharma Nandita
Published: July 2010

Se fondant sur la méthode d'ethnographie institutionnelle de Dorothy E. Smith, l'auteure étudie l'organisation sociale de notre connaissance des gens catégorisés comme non‐immigrants ou « tra‐vailleurs migrants ». À la suite de l'étude du Non‐Immigrant Employment Authorization Program (NIEAP) du gouvernement canadien (1973), elle montre l'importance de la pratique idéologique raciste et nationaliste des États à l'endroit de l'organisation matérielle du marché du travail compétitif « canadien » dans le cadre d'un capitalisme mondial restructuré de même que la réorganisation qui en résulte des notions d'esprit national canadien. Elle montre aussi que la pratique discursive des parlementaires qui consiste à considérer certaines personnes comme des « problèmes » pour les « Canadiens » ne provient pas de l'exclusion physique de ces «étrangers » mais plutôt de leur differentiation idéologique et matérielle des Canadiens une fois qu'ils vivent et travaillent dans la société canadienne.

Utilizing Dorothy E. Smith's method of institutional ethnography, I investigate the social organization of our knowledge of people categorized as non‐immigrants or “migrant workers.” By examining Canada's 1973 Non‐immigrant Employment Authorization Program (NIEAP), I show the importance of racist and nationalist ideological state practice to the material organization of the competitive “Canadian” labour market within a restructured global capitalism and the resultant reorganization of notions of Canadian nationhood. I show that the parliamentary discursive practice of producing certain people as “problems” for “Canadians” results not in the physical exclusion of those constructed as “foreigners” but in their ideological and material differentiation from Canadians, once such people are living and working within Canadian society.

Expressions such as…“foreigner”… and so on, denoting certain types of lesser or negative identities are in actuality congealed practices and forms of violence or relations of domination… This violence and its constructive or representative attempts have become so successful or hegemonic that they have become transparent—holding in place the ruler's claimed superior self, named or identified in myriad ways, and the inadequacy and inferiority of those who are ruled.

— Himani Bannerji.
The Social Dynamics of Brazil's Rural Landless Workers' Movement: Ten Hypotheses on Successful Leadership*
Authors: Veltmeyer Henry , Petras James
Published: July 2010

Cet article met l'accent sur le caractere social ainsi que sur la dynamique sociale de l'autorité politique dans ce qui est générale‐ment considéré comme les caractéristiques de classe ainsi que les caracteristiques sociales du leadership, à l'intérieur d'un mouvement que nous et d'autres auteurs considérons comme le mouvement social le plus dynamique de nos jours en Amérique latine, le Mouvement des Sans Terre (MST) au Brésil. Nous fonderons notre discussion de cette dynamique sociale sur dix hypothèses qui tracent, en effet, un portrait sociologique du leadership du mouvement.

This paper focusses on the social character and dynamics of political leadership in what is widely regarded as the class and social character of the leadership of a movement that we and others regard as the most dynamic social movement in Latin America today—the Rural Landless Workers' Movement (MST) in Brazil. Discussion of these social dynamics is made with reference to ten hypotheses that provide, in effect, a sociological portrait of this movement's leadership.
Gender Differences in Publication among University Professors in Canada*
Authors: Nakhaie M. Reza
Published: July 2010

Cet article analyse un important sondage à l'échelle canadienne et aborde la probématique de la productivité: pourquoi les professeures d'université publient‐elles moins que leurs collégues hommes ? Les résultats montrent que, dans l'ensemble, les femmes ont publié moins que les hommes — et ce, de manière significative —, à la fois durant leur carrière et au cours des trois années qui ont précédé le sondage. Cependant, des analyses multivariables révèlent que des différences s'avèrent plus prononcées dans les données touchant la carrière que dans celles de la courte période. La plus grande différence entre les hommes et les femmes a trait au fait de publier dans une revue à comité de lecture ou sans, et s'applique à toute leur carrière. Enfin, des différences se laissent expliquer par des différences de rang, d'années depuis l'obtention du doctorat, la discipline, le type d'université ainsi que le temps consacré a la recherche. Des problèmes d'évaluation des prédicteurs de la productivité en recherche sont discutés.

This paper analyses a large Canadian national survey of professors and tackles the “productivity puzzle” as to why female scientists publish less than male scientists. Results show that, in aggregate, Canadian female professors have published significantly less than their male counterparts, both over their lifetimes and during the three years before the survey. However, multivariate analyses reveal that gender differences in publication are more pronounced in the lifetime data than in the data for the shorter period. Much of the difference in publication between men and women of the academy is in refereed and non‐refereed articles and reports over their career. Finally, gender differences in publication are largely accounted for by differences in rank, years since PhD, discipline, type of university and time set aside for research. Problems of assessing predictors of research productivity are discussed.
Framing and Temporality in Political Cartoons: A Critical Analysis of Visual News Discourse*
Authors: Greenberg Josh
Published: July 2010

Les caricatures politiques constituent une forme visuelle du discours des médias. Les sociologues rejettent généralement leur valeur idéologique en raison du fait qu'elles offrent aux lecteurs des exposés absurdes des conditions du « problème » putatif et ne doivent pas être prises au pied de la lettre. Toutefois, c'est par l'humour que les caricatures se sont emparées du bon sens et l'ont renfoncé, et par conséquent ont permis au public de classifier, d'organiser et d'inter‐préter activement ce qu'ils perçoivent ou vivent relativement à l'actu‐alité dans le monde à un moment donné de façon significative. Dans le cadre des théories interactionnistes de Goffman et de Mead, deux caricatures illustrant la dernière « crise » des « vagues d'immigration » déferlant au Canada seront étudiées.

Political cartoons are a form of visual news discourse. Sociologists normally dismiss their ideological import on the grounds that cartoons simply offer newsreaders absurd accounts of putative “problem” conditions and are not likely to be taken very seriously. Nevertheless, it is through comedic conventions that cartoons seize upon and reinforce common sense and thus enable the public to actively classify, organize and interpret in meaningful ways what they see or experience about the world at a given moment. Informed by the interactionist theories of Goffman and Mead, two cartoons illustrating the recent “crisis” of “migrant waves” to Canada will be examined.
Occupational Gender Segregation in Canada, 1981–1996: Overall, Vertical and Horizontal Segregation*
Authors: BROOKS BRADLEY , JARMAN JENNIFER , BLACKBURN ROBERT M.
Published: July 2010

Cet article examine les changements survenus entre 1981 et 1996 dans la ségrégation hommes‐femmes. Le niveau de ségrégation dans son ensemble a faiblement baissé, suivant en cela la tendance observée depuis les années soixante. La diminution se traduit par une décroissance de 41% de la ségrégation verticale (équité salariale) mais par une augmentation de la ségrégation horizontale (différences autres que cette équité). Les femmes ont renforcé leur point d'ancrage dans la main‐d'œuvre à plein temps et élargi L'étendue de leur participation alors que celle des hommes dans des secteurs à temps partiel et moins prisés a augmenté, et que les emplois traditionnellement occupés par des hommes ont connu un déclin et ont vu L'arrivée des femmes.

This article examines changes in gender segregation in Canada between 1981 and 1996. Overall segregation declined slightly. This is a continuation of a trend occurring since the 1960s. The decline comprises a 41% decrease in vertical segregation, representing inequality associated with occupational earnings, and increases in horizontal segregation, difference without such inequality. Women strengthened their footholds in the full‐time work force and diversified their breadth of participation, just as men's participation in part‐time and less desirable enclaves began to increase, and as traditionally male occupations experienced both decline and some influx of female workers.
Les deux faces du sens commun*
Authors: GUEORGUIEVA VALENTINA
Published: July 2010

This paper focusses on a definition of the notion of common sense drawn on the inheritance of the philosophical concept of sensus communis. The Cartesian idea of “bon sens” as a disposition–the faculty of judgment–is contested. Defining common sense as knowledge held in common by a number of subjects allows us to set forth the nature of the relationship that underlies the social group. The conception of common sense proposed here is twofold. On the one hand, it represents the knowledge involved in action and is characterized as the ability to think and act in common with others. It is thus a sense of community. On the other hand, it is also a corpus of passive knowledge that forms the background of action and communication, a stock of articulated or tacit practical knowledge.

L'article présente une définition de la notion de sens commun à partir de L'évocation des idées contenues dans le concept philosophique sensus communis. La conception cartésienne du bon sens en tant que faculté intellectuelle est contestée au profit d'une autre compréhension du sens commun. C'est en délimitant un sujet collectif du jugement du sens commun qu'on peut opter pour une définition de la communauté et du lien social qui y est impliqué. Le sens commun se dresse alors comme un corpus de connaissances à deux volets: en tant que connais‐sance active, il exprime L'aptitude a penser et à agir en commun avec autrui, il est ainsi un sens de la communauté; en tant que connaissance passive, il forme L'arrière‐plan de L'action et de la communication, une réserve de connaissances tacites ou articulées.

Whatever view we hold, it must be shown. Why every lover has a wish to make Some other kind of otherness his own: Perhaps in fact we never are alone.

Auden, Alone
Asymmetrical Alliances, Organizational Democracy and Peasant Protest in El Salvador*
Authors: KOWALCHUK LISA
Published: July 2010

Les coalitions de mouvements ne sont pas avantageuses pour tous. Au Salvador, des paysans à la recherche de terres furent marginalisés dans une coalition qui représentait à la fois des paysans sans terre et des bénéficiaires de réformes agraires passées. Lorsque des leaders ont démobilisé leur lutte, ils ont aussi entraîné les sans‐terre dans des activités protestataires dont ils ne pouvaient que peu profiter. Ce problème provient de la faiblesse de la démocratic Cette dernière fut entravée par des modèles de relations membre‐leader issues de la guerre civile, par des inégalités dans les connaissances et les competences des leaders et des membres, et par la centralisation des reven‐dications et des tactiques du mouvement.

Movement coalitions are not advantageous for all participants. In El Salvador, peasants seeking land were marginalized in a coalition that represented both landless peasants and past land reform beneficiaries. While leaders demobilized the land struggle, they also brought the landless into protest activities from which they stood to gain little. This problem was rooted in the weakness of democracy. It was hampered by patterns of member‐leader relations inherited from the civil war, inequalities in the knowledge and skills of leaders and members, and the centralized focus of the movement's demands and tactics.

We're doing this not so much for us as for our children, so they'll have a place to work, and for their children too. We believe that since we're already dying of hunger, we may as well die fighting for something.
Making Food Count: Expert Knowledge and Global Technologies of Government*
Authors: ILCAN SUZAN , PHILLIPS LYNNE
Published: July 2010

Un grand nombre d'agences internationales ont mis sur pied des « rationalités » et des programmes mondiaux pour gérer des conduites sociales et économiques. En prenant comme point de mire L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour L'alimentation et L'agriculture, cet article examine la gestion à L'échelle mondiale de 1'agro‐alimentaire dans le cadre de ce que nous appelons lestechnologies mondiales de gouvernance.Nous nous appuyons sur les idées de Nikolas Rose sur L'expertise et le gouvernement ainsi que sur une série d'études sur le calcul statistique et la mondialisation. Nous faisons valoir que les formes professionnelles du savoir de L'expert, comme celles fondees sur des classifications et des calculs scientifiques, ouvrent de nouvelles avenues d'intervention et de transformation sociale.

A wide variety of international agencies have initiated global programs and rationalities to manage social and economic conduct. Through a focus on the United Nations and its Food and Agriculture Organization, this paper examines the global management of food and agriculture within what we call theglobal technologies of government.In this analysis, we draw on the insights of Nikolas Rose on expertise and government, and on a range of studies on statistical calculation and globalization. We argue that professional forms of expert knowledge, such as those based on scientific classification and calculation, facilitated new spaces of intervention and new knowledges for social transformation.
Women's Inequality in the Workplace as Framed in News Discourse: Refracting from Gender Ideology*
Authors: GAZSO AMBER
Published: July 2010

Cet article examine les découvertes d'une analyse du schéma interprétatif du discours journalistique sur l'inégalité des femmes sur les lieux de travail dans The Globe and Mail et le National Post de novembre 2000 à novembre 2002. Les articles de journaux ont été analysés d'après la façon dont ils sont encadrés et, par la suite, selon la manière dont ils créent le genre en tant que structure sociale. On a découvert que le cadrage des expériences inégales des femmes sur les lieux de travail decoule de leur incapacitéà« s'intégrer », de choix « naturels » et de leur façon de » jongler « avec le travail et les responsabilités familiales. Une analyse ultérieure démontre que ces cadres reflétent une idéologie où le soutien de famille est masculin et les soins, féminins, suggérant que le genre est également moulé idéologiquement à l'intérieur de ce discours journalistique.

This paper presents the findings of a frame analysis of newspaper discourse on women's inequality in the workplace in The Globe and Mail and the National Post from November 2000 to November 2002. Newspaper articles were analysed in terms of how they are framed by and further shape gender as a social structure. It was found that women's unequal workplace experiences are framed as a result of their inability to “fit in,”“natural” choices and “juggling” of work and family responsibilities. Further analysis shows that these frames refract from a dominant male breadwinner/female caregiver gender ideology, suggesting that gender is also shaped ideologically within this news discourse.
Making a Better Living from Caregiving: Comparing Strategies to Improve Wages for Care Providers*
Authors: BOURGEAULT IVY LYNN , KHOKHER PATRICIA
Published: July 2010

Plusieurs stratégies ont été utilisées implicitement ou explicitement afin d'améliorer le taux de rémunération des prestataires de soins, pour la plupart des femmes. Ces tactiques comprennent: élever les titres de compétences requis pour exercer la profession; organiser et syndicaliser; exiger la parité salariale; solliciter du financement public pour leurs services. Alors que plusieurs chercheurs ont étudié le processus et les effets de ces stratégies sur les sciences infirmieres, très peu d'études semblables ont été réalisées auprès d'autres prestataires. Dans cet article, les auteures ont entrepris l'examen comparatif de l'efficacité des quatre stratégìes énumérées ci‐dessus pour atteindre les taux de rémunération appropriés en sciences infirmières, dans la profession de sage‐femme et en puèriculture.

Several strategies have been employed either implicitly or explicitly to improve the remuneration levels of largely female care providers; these tactics include increasing entry‐to‐practice credentials; organizing and unionizing; seeking pay equity considerations; and seeking public funding for their services. While many scholars have investigated the process and effects of these strategies for nursing, there has been very little similar research conducted concerning other care providers. In this paper, we undertake a comparative examination of the effectiveness of the four aforementioned strategies in achieving appropriate levels of remuneration within nursing, midwifery and child care.
Gender and the Limits of Social Capital*
Authors: BEZANSON KATE
Published: July 2010

Dans cet article, l'auteure examine l'intensification de l'intérêt envers le concept de capital social dans la politique publique au Canada et considère que ce concept est assez prometteur, en même temps qu'il entraînera des problèmes considérables, pour les femmes. Elle explique les paramètres du concept de capital social et tente de l'approfondir à l'aide de questions féministes essentielles sur l'économie politique. Cette approche jette les bases de la tâche primordiale d'associer un sexe au capital social, de telle sorte que les résultats des politiques dans le contexte canadien n'augmentent pas le fardeau du travail social et de prestation de soins de groupes déjà surcharges.

This paper considers the rise in Canadian public policy interest in the concept of social capital, and suggests that the concept holds some promise, along with considerable problems, for women. It elucidates the parameters of the concept of social capital and attempts to deepen it with critical feminist political economy questions. It begins the crucial task of gendering social capital so that policy outcomes in the Canadian context do not increase the burden of social and caring work onto already overburdened groups.
Development of ceramic‐on‐ceramic implants for total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Cai You‐zhi , Yan Shi‐gui
Published: July 2010

Over the past three decades, alumina ceramic, now in its third/fourth generation, has been markedly improved in terms of its mechanical properties, including purity, grain microstructure, and burst strength. In the clinic, it is particularly suitable for young and for very active patients. This paper discusses the development and characteristics of different kinds of ceramics. In addition, ceramics in the third/fourth generation which are used in total hip arthroplasty clinically are reviewed in detail.
New progress in adjacent segment degeneration/disease
Authors: Liu Cheng‐yi , Xia Tian , Tian Ji‐wei
Published: July 2010

Adjacent segment degeneration/disease (ASD) has been generally accepted as a long‐term complication after spinal surgery. Although the incidence of ASD is not very high, it is gradually recognized to be a very important factor in evaluation of the long‐term effect of spinal fusion. There are many views concerning pathogenic factors and ways of prevention and treatment. The authors review and discuss the current research and this article will describe recent advances in ASD.
Comparison of paraspinal muscle injury in one‐level lumbar posterior inter‐body fusion: modified minimally invasive and traditional open approaches
Authors: Fan Shun‐wu , Hu Zhi‐jun , Fang Xiang‐qian , Zhao Feng‐dong , Huang Yue , Yu He‐jun
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To determine differences in paraspinal muscle injury between a modified minimally invasive approach (MMIA) and a traditional operative approach (TOPA) for one‐level instrumented posterior lumbar inter‐body fusion (PLIF).

Methods:  From March 2006 to May 2008, a consecutive series of 91 patients who underwent a one‐level instrumented PLIF procedure using one of two different approaches (MMIA in 41 patients and TOPA in 50), and who were operated on by one group of surgeons at a single institution, was studied. The following data were compared between the two groups: surgical time, blood loss, and changes in postoperative serum concentration of creatinine kinase (CK). More than 1 year post operation, low back pain was evaluated by a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI). Some patients were also evaluated by MRI to allow comparison of the preoperative and postoperative cross sectional area (CSA) and fat degeneration grades at the operative level.

Results:  There was no statistically significant difference in surgical time, but blood loss, serum concentration of CK, and scores of the VAS and ODI were markedly less in the MMIA group compared with the TOPA group. In the TOPA group, the postoperative CSA of the multifidus muscles was significantly smaller than it was pre‐operatively. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the pre‐ and post‐operative CSA of the multifidus muscles in the MMIA group. There was more fatty infiltration postoperatively than preoperatively in both the TOPA and MMIA groups, the increase in fatty infiltration being greater in the TOPA than in the MMIA group.

Conclusion:  Compared with TOPA, MMIA can significantly lessen paraspinal muscle injury, and reduce the incidence of low back pain.
Finite element analysis of the screw in percutaneous axial lumbosacral interbody fusion
Authors: Xu Hong‐guang , Yang Xiao‐ming , Wu Tian‐liang , Wang Hong , Chen Xue‐wu , Wang Ling‐ting , Jin Song , Liu Ping
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To establish a three‐dimensional finite element model of the L5/S1 motion segment with percutaneous axial lumbosacral screw and analyze the biomechanical stress on the screw.

Methods:  With the help of related software and the Mechanical Virtual Human of China, a three‐dimensional finite element model was established. Three different loading conditions on the screw were analyzed with this model.

Results:  Peak stresses on the screw under three loading conditions were 175.334 MPa, 183.765 MPa and 146.237 MPa, respectively. Generally, stress values were relatively low. The stress values were relatively high at the point of interbody fusion and middle part of the screw, all the highest values being localized to the upper and lower threads closest to the middle part. Comparison among the three conditions showed that torque load was the greatest, followed by vertical load, with lateral bending being the least.

Conclusion:  Percutaneous axial lumbosacral screw easily meets normal loading conditions and may be an effective method for lumbosacral fusion.
Long‐term outcome of giant cell tumors of bone around the knee treated by en bloc resection of tumor and reconstruction with prosthesis
Authors: Yu Xiu‐chun , Xu Ming , Song Ruo‐xian , Fu Zhi‐hou , Liu Xiao‐ping
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To study the long‐term outcomes and complications of giant cell tumors around the knee treated with en bloc resection and reconstruction with prosthesis.

Methods:  From January 1991 to March 2005, 19 patients (11 men, 8 women, average age 35.4 years) were treated in our hospital with en bloc resection and reconstruction with domestic prosthesis (15 hinge knee and 4 rotating‐hinge knee). The distal femur was involved in 12 and the proximal tibia in 7 cases. Nine tumors were primary and 10 recurrent. All cases were Campanacci grade III. The affected limb functions were evaluated by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scoring system.

Results:  All patients underwent operation successfully with no complications. The mean follow‐up time was 128.9 months (60 to 216 months). Apart from one patient who underwent amputation because of wound infection two years after reoperation, the range of knee motion of 18 patients was 30°–110°. The mean functional score of the affected limb was 22.7 (15 to 27 points). The length of the lower extremities was equal in nine cases; the affected limb was 2–9 cm shorter in the other ten cases. Prosthesis fracture and loosening developed in one, prosthesis aseptic loosening in three, and delayed deep infection and prosthesis loosening in two cases. The prosthesis loosening rate was 31.6%. One patient developed a proximal femur fracture.

Conclusion:  En bloc resection and reconstruction with prosthesis is a feasible method for treating giant cell tumor of bone around the knee. Complications related to the prosthesis, mainly prosthesis loosening and limb shortening, increase gradually with longer survival time.
Long term efficacy of minimal incision osteotomy for hallux abducto valgus
Authors: Sun Wei‐dong , Wen Jian‐min , Hu Hai‐wei , Sun Yong‐sheng , Sang Zhi‐cheng , Jiang Ke‐wei , Liang Zhao , Cheng Ting , Lin Xin‐xiao , Wu Xia‐bo , Dai He‐ling
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To observe and evaluate the long‐term results of minimal incision osteotomy for hallux abducto valgus.

Methods:  From February 1995 to May 1999, 372 cases (705 feet) with hallux abducto valgus were treated with minimal incision osteotomy. Seventy‐nine patients (150 feet) were followed up for more than five years (mean 7.5; range, 5.3–13.2 years) after surgery. The preoperative and postoperative hallux abducto valgus angles (HVA), intermetatarsal angles (IMA), tibial sesamoid position (TSP), American Orthopaedic Foot And Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and lateral metatarsalgia were observed, measured and evaluated.

Results:  Based on clinic curative effect evaluation criterion, 56 feet (37.3%) were excellent, 88 feet (58.7%) good, 6 feet (4.0%) fair. The postoperative mean AOFAS score was 84.20 ± 4.32 points. The mean HVA decreased from 33.28o to 12.31o and the mean IMA1‐2 from 11.75o to 6.80o. The TSP was corrected from an average preoperative grade of 4.29 to a grade of 3.07 by final follow‐up. There was no nonunion or delayed union, no avascular necrosis, no infection, and no hallux varus. Numbness in the big toe was found in 4 feet (2.7%). The range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint decreased from 70.20o to 69.53o. Of 97 feet (64.7%) with pre‐operative 2–5 metatarsalgia, this had disappeared in 35 feet, improved in 54 feet and was aggravated in 8 feet postoperatively.

Conclusion:  Minimal incision osteotomy is a simple and reliable technique for treating hallux abducto valgus with minimal complications.
Fixed Posterior Dislocation following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Charalambous Charalambos P. , Saidapur Shivappa K. , Alvi Farhan , Birch Ann , Tsiouri Chrysi , Ravenscroft Matthew J. , Trail Ian A.
Published: July 2010

Background

Posterior dislocation is a rare complication of total shoulder arthroplasty usually occurring as a result of mal-positioning of the humeral or glenoid components, or due to soft tissue imbalance or deficiency.

Methods

We used the database of a tertiary referral centre in the UK to identify three patients who had revision surgery following a total shoulder arthroplasty for posterior instability.

Results

We report three cases of fixed posterior dislocation of the shoulder following total shoulder arthroplasty.

Discussion

Revision surgery resolved instability and pain in two cases, but was associated with poor function.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Traumatic Posterior Shoulder Instability in Athletes
Authors: Ejnisman Benno , Monteiro Gustavo Cará , Andreoli Carlos Vicente , De Castro Pochini Alberto , Levy Siqueira Karina , Cohen Moises
Published: July 2010

Background

Unidirectional traumatic posterior shoulder instability is a specific diagnosis that differs from the more common posteroinferior or multidirectional instabilities. The treatment usually requires a surgical procedure.

Methods

We treated 21 shoulders in 20 patients. The average age was 29.38 years (range 20 years to 53 years). All patients were involved in recreational sports. The mean follow-up was 28 months (range 12 months to 70 months).

Results

The postoperative clinical evaluation was based on the Rowe score. Twenty patients were considered to demonstrate excellent results and one patient was considered to show a regular result. Twenty patients were able to return to recreational sports at the same level. One patient returned to sport at a lower level and required playing adaptations.

Conclusion

In our series of 21 shoulders, pain was the major symptom in 15 patients with posterior labral detachment after a traumatic event. By contrast to classic Bankart lesion, which usually results in instability, the posterior labral detachment produced pain as the major symptom in this series of patients.
The Effect of Bone Mineral Density on Anchor Function and Its Implication on the Pull-out Strength of Trans-osseous Sutures and Ultrafix Rotator Cuff Anchors
Authors: Pace Alistair , Brousil James , Neumann Lars , Wallace Angus , Manning Paul A.
Published: July 2010

Background

An experimental study was carried out to assess the influence of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the humeral head, neck and greater tuberosity in seven pairs of fresh frozen humeri on the pull out strength of the Ultra-Fix Anchor (Stryker, Inc, USA) and the standard intra-osseous sutures used to repair rotator cuff tears.

Method

An anchor and a transosseous suture were placed in a trough, created with a 6 mm burr in the cuff footprint of each humeral head by the same specialist shoulder surgeon (L.N.). The technique for intra-osseous suture and anchor localisation were standardised using a 5 Metric (No 2) braided polyester suture (Ethibond, Ethicon, UK). Both fixation methods were subjected to tensile testing with the humeri mounted at 30° of abduction corresponding to the direction of anatomical pull of the supraspinatus muscle.

Results and discussion

There was a significant linear correlation (p = 0.007) between Ultra-fix anchor pull-out strength and humeral head BMD as well as between bone suture failure strength and humeral neck BMD (p = 0.015) There was no correlation between the BMD of the greater tuberosity and failure strengths of both fixation methods. (p = 0.23 for anchor and p = 0.29 for bone suture) The Ultra-fix anchor was significantly stronger in pull-out when compared to the bone suture (p = 0.05).

Conclusion

The mean pull-out strength of the Ultrafix rotator cuff anchor is significantly higher when compared to the traditional bone suture technique for anchorage into a proximal humerus trough (141.7 N and 111.6 N, respectively).There is a significant correlation between the total BMD of the proximal humerus (head, neck and greater tuberosity regions) and the pull-out strength of both the anchor (p = 0.039) and bone sutures (p = 0.024).
The Management of Acute Traumatic Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation in Young Adults
Authors: Gooding Benjamin W. T. , Geoghegan John M. , Manning Paul A.
Published: July 2010

The risk of recurrent instability, subsequent to primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation that has been managed conservatively, is highest in young patients. The overall risk is 58%, with up to 87% of problems being noted within 2 years. The majority of young patients sustain an anterior glenoid labral detachment (Bankart lesion) leading to instability problems. This comprehensive literature review explores the evidence for both conservative and surgical management in young patients sustaining a primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. There is no consensus on length or type of shoulder immobilization for conservative management. The initial evidence suggesting that immobilization in external rotation is beneficial has subsequently been contradicted. A prolonged period of immobilization has also failed to show any benefit. The randomized control trial evidence shows a consistent and significant reduction in recurrent instability risk with acute stabilization surgery. The gold standard surgical approach of open stabilization (Bankart repair) is now closely matched in outcome by contemporary arthroscopic stabilization. Significant bone defects must be excluded as these lead to failure of soft tissue stabilization surgery (Bankart repair) and require a tailored management strategy. Young males, including those involved in contact sports and overhead activities, have the highest instability risk and would gain the greatest benefit from acute stabilization surgery.
Study of Unguided Flow in a Chamber
Authors: Abdel-Fattah A.
Published: July 2010

In the present, a steady laminar of two dimensional and incompressible fluid flow induces from wall injection in a circular chamber has been studied experimentally and numerically. The water is injected from injection system into the chamber through the wall jets. The centerline static pressure variation with the distance along the chamber length is measured and calculated at different Reynolds numbers and inlet flow angles. The average heat transfer with Reynolds number at different values of the inlet flow angle is obtained. The velocity vectors are presented and Reynolds number is varied between 433 and 910 with inlet flow angle of 0 deg, 15 deg, 30 deg, 45 deg, and 60 deg. The results indicate that the pressure recovery coefficient decreases as both Reynolds number and flow angle increase. The average heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing both Reynolds number and flow angle. The results showed that two recirculation zones occur in the sides of centerline of the chamber behind the step. The size of these recirculation zones decreases by increasing the inlet flow angle. At high value of the inlet flow angle, other recirculation zone occurs on the wall chamber.
An Experimental Study of the Flow Around a Formula One Racing Car Tire
Authors: Issakhanian Emin , Elkins Chris J. , Lo Kin Pong , Eaton John K.
Published: July 2010

The wake of the front tires affects the airflow over the remainder of a fenderless race car. The tires can also be responsible for up to 40% of the vehicle’s drag. Prior experiments have used compromised models with solid, symmetric hubs and nondeformable tires. The present experiment acquires particle image velocimetry measurements around a 60% scale model of a deformable pneumatic tire fitted to a spoked Formula 1 wheel with complete brake geometry and supplementary brake cooling ducts. The results show reversed flow regions in the tire wake, asymmetric longitudinal vortex structures behind the tire, and a tire wake profile that is unlike previous experimental results and postulations. The flow through the hub of the wheel causes a shift of the wake inboard (toward the car) so that the outboard side of the wake does not extend past the outline of the tire.
Study of Wear Self-Repair of Steel 100Cr6 Rubbed With Lubricants Modified With Schiff Base Copper Complex
Authors: Gao Xinlei , Wu Li , Li Jian , Gao Wanzhen
Published: July 2010

Preparation of a Cu (II) chelate of bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine was carried out directly in epoxidized rape oil via a water/oil microemulsion reactor. Detailed characterization of the friction of boundary lubrication produced by epoxidized rape oil with and without the Cu (II) chelate of bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine was performed in reciprocating sliding tests with a microtribometer. In the presence of a modification of the epoxidized rape oil with 2 wt % of the Cu (II) chelate of bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine, the friction coefficient decreased by 15%. The Cu (II) chelate of bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine served as the additive in the epoxidized rape oil and self-assembled on the surface of 100Cr6 steel. The self-assembled monolayer was detected with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and characterized with cyclic voltammetry. It was verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses that steel/steel rubbing pairs underwent a selective transfer of organic substance and copper, as a result of lubrication with the modified lubricant. It indicated that the modification of epoxidized rape oil with Cu (II) chelate of bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine led to wear self-repair on the steel surface, with selective transfer of a film of organic substance and copper metal.
The Analysis of Cavitation Problems in the Axial Piston Pump
Authors: Wang Shu
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses and analyzes the control volume of a piston bore constrained by the valve plate in axial piston pumps. The vacuum within the piston bore caused by the rise volume needs to be compensated by the flow; otherwise, the low pressure may cause the cavitations and aerations. In the research, the valve plate geometry can be optimized by some analytical limitations to prevent the piston pressure below the vapor pressure. The limitations provide the design guide of the timings and overlap areas between valve plate ports and barrel kidneys to consider the cavitations and aerations.
Ruling Out Multi-Order Interference in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Sinha Urbasi , Couteau Christophe , Jennewein Thomas , Laflamme Raymond , Weihs Gregor
Published: July 2010

Quantum Mechanics Born to Be Linear

Two pillars of modern physics, quantum mechanics and gravity, have so far resisted attempts to be reconciled into one grand theory. This has prompted suggestions that theories about either or both need to be modified at a fundamental level.

Sinha
et al.

(p.
418
; see the Perspective by

Franson

) looked at the interference pattern resulting from a number of slits, to test the “Born rule” of quantum mechanics. They verified that Born holds true—that the interference pattern is built up by the interference from two paths, and two paths only, with no higher-order paths interfering. The result rules out any nonlinear theories of quantum mechanics; thus, any modification of theory will need to take into account that quantum mechanics is linear.