bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grief at Seeing a Daughter Leave Home: Weeping and Emotion in the TuaregTechawaitPostmarital Residence Ritual
Authors: Rasmussen Susan
Published: January 2007

This article examines the relationship between subjective experience and ritual process: the meaning of nonverbal weeping laments in a ritual called techawait among the Tuareg, a seminomadic, traditionally stratified, Muslim people of Niger, West Africa. This ritual is held when a married couple moves away from the wife’s parents after approximately two years of marriage to bring the wife to the home of the husband’s family. Although officially defined as a celebration, this event has emotional undertones suggesting sorrow and conflict in the weeping of the female relatives of the wife. The article analyzes these emotions against the backdrop of a rite of passage--but not solely as social control, linear transition, or status change. Rather, it analyzes this expression of ambiguous yet profound sentiments in relation to the wider contexts of cultural constructions of emotional expression and gender and social dynamics evoked by the central symbols of techawait: tent and camel. The conclusion explores the implications of these data for theories of emotion, gender, and rites of passage.
"Bring Me the Head of James Macpherson": The Execution of Ossian and the Wellsprings of Folkloristic Discourse
Authors: Porter James
Published: January 2007

The poems of Ossian, as presented to the world of the 18th century by James Macpherson, had an enormous influence on the course of Romanticism and the growth of folkloristics through key figures such as Johann Gottfried Herder. Controversy still surrounds the compilation of the poems because of Macpherson’s free use of source material. The question of "authenticity" was the original reason for attacks on Macpherson and his methods, but in the present context of concern for the nature and study of folklore, this issue seems less important than Macpherson’s own complex personality and motives, which involve not only his shifting identity but also his attitude toward his sources and his English-language audience, and shed light, as well, on the process of "recomposition" and on the difficulty of "translating" cultural meanings.
Empowering Self, Making Choices, Creating Spaces: Black Female Identity via Rap Music Performance
Authors: Keyes Cheryl L.
Published: January 2007

Critics and scholars have often associated rap music with urban male culture. However, females have been involved in the history of this music since its early years. This article explores Black women’s contribution to and role in shaping rap music. In examining female rappers, this study engages an interdisciplinary model that employs cultural studies, feminist theory, and mass mediation theory of popular culture, and it employs an ethnographic concept, the "interpretive community," in its analysis.
The "Storylistening" Trance Experience
Authors: Sturm Brian W.
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the experience of people who listen to stories, with particular attention to the trancelike quality of that experience. Interviews and observations at organized storytelling events provide the data, which are analyzed for content and theme. The results show that people listening to stories often do enter a qualitatively different state of consciousness. This article explores the character of and influences on this state and presents a theoretical model.
Nanocomposites of Polyaniline and a Layered Inorganic Acid Host: Polymerization of Aniline in the Layers, Conformation, and Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Yang G. , Hou W. , Feng X. , Xu L. , Liu Y. , Wang G. , Ding W.
Published: January 2007

A detailed study on the intercalative polymerization of aniline within different layered inorganic acid hosts (HNb3O8, HTiNbO5, and HSr2Nb3O10) and the conformation and electrochemical properties of the resulting nanocomposites is presented. Two different mechanisms are proposed for the polymerization of monomers within the confined intralamella, initiated by chemical oxidants or microwave irradiation. The orientation of the aromatic rings and the extent of oxidation and protonation of the interlayered polyaniline (PANI) is closely related to the different layer properties. To emphasize the controlled structure–property relationship, the nanocomposites are modeled as “porous electrolytes” and analyzed by equivalent circuit, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge–discharge measurements. Compared with the nanocomposites in which the aromatic rings are parallel with the inorganic slabs, the nanocomposites in which the aromatic rings are perpendicular to the slabs demonstrate higher conductivity, electroactivity, and discharge capacity. In the latter, a good 2D channel for the insertion/desertion of ions was provided and simultaneously more ions could be reserved within a relatively wider space. A charge–discharge mechanism is suggested for the chemical reaction in the Li/PANI nanocomposite battery and is in good agreement with the experimental facts.
ErIII‐Cored Complexes Based on Dendritic PtII–Porphyrin Ligands: Synthesis, Near‐IR Emission Enhancement, and Photophysical Studies
Authors: Oh J. B. , Nah M.‐K. , Kim Y. H. , Kang M. S. , Ka J.‐W. , Kim H. K.
Published: January 2007

A series of stable and inert complexes with ErIII cores and dendritic PtII‐porphyrin ligands exhibit strong near‐IR (NIR) emission bands via highly efficient energy transfer from the excited triplet state of the PtII‐porphyrin ligand to Er3+ ions. The NIR emission intensity of thin films of ErIII complexes at 1530 nm, originating from 4f–4f electronic transitions from the first excited state (4I13/2) to the ground state (4I15/2) of the Er3+ ion, is dramatically enhanced upon increasing the generation number (n) of the aryl ether dendrons because of site‐isolation and light‐harvesting (LH) effects. Attempts are made to distinguish the site‐isolation effect from the LH effect in these complexes. Surprisingly, the site‐isolation effect is dominant over the LH effect in the Er3+‐[Gn‐PtP]3(terpy) (terpy: 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) series of complexes, even though the present dendrimer systems with ErIII cores have a proper cascade‐type energy gradient. This might be due to the low quantum yield of the aryl ether dendrons. Thus, the NIR emission intensity of Er3+‐[G3‐PtP]3(terpy) is 30 times stronger than that of Er3+‐[G1‐PtP]3(terpy). The energy transfer efficiency between the PtII‐porphyrin moiety in the dendritic PtII‐porphyrin ligands and the Ln3+ ion increases with increasing generation number of the dendrons from 12–43 %. The time‐resolved luminescence spectra in the NIR region show monoexponential decays with a luminescence lifetime of 0.98 μs for Er3+‐[G1‐PtP]3(terpy), 1.64 μs for Er3+‐[G2‐PtP]3(terpy), and 6.85 μs for Er3+‐[G3‐PtP]3(terpy) in thin films of these complexes. All the ErIII‐cored dendrimer complexes exhibit excellent thermal stability and photostability, and possess good solubility in common organic solvents.
Precision Ethylene/Vinyl Bromide Polymers
Authors: Boz Emine , Nemeth Alexander J. , Alamo Rufina G. , Wagener Kenneth B.
Published: January 2007

Here we report the synthesis of precision ethylene/vinyl bromide (EV/B) polymers via metathesis chemistry followed by exhaustive hydrogenation. The polymer primary structures are supported by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, TGA, and IR. Thermal analysis by DSC shows that a linear trend exists between increasing bromine content and decreasing melting temperature as bromine is incorporated (as a defect) in the crystalline lattice. In reference to the defect‐free chain, a change in phase structure causes a dramatic decrease in the observed heat of fusion and a smooth decrease within the Br series. This study describes the first family of precise EV/B polymers reported in the literature.
Silica‐Alumina‐Supported, Tungsten‐Based Heterogeneous Alkane Metathesis Catalyst: Is it Closer to a Silica‐ or an Alumina‐Supported System?
Authors: Le Roux Erwan , Taoufik Mostafa , Baudouin Anne , Copéret Christophe , Thivolle‐Cazat Jean , Basset Jean‐Marie , Maunders Barry M. , Sunley Glenn J.
Published: January 2007

Grafting of [W(C‐t‐Bu)(CH2‐t‐Bu)3] (1) on silica‐alumina partially dehydroxylated at 500 °C generates a surface complex [(SiO)W(C‐t‐Bu)(CH2‐t‐Bu)3] (2) as evidenced by mass balance analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Upon treatment of this species under H2, a tungsten hydride derivative, [(SiO)(EO)W(H)x] (3), (E=Si or Al), is formed. Both of these complexes are active as alkane metathesis catalysts. The activity of this hydride is similar to that observed for the tungsten hydride‐supported on alumina and much greater than that obtained on silica. Noteworthy are the selectivities in higher alkane homologues, that is Cn+1>Cn+2, which are fully consistent with olefin metathesis being the key homologation process.
Selective C‐6 Prenylation of Flavonoids via Europium(III)‐ Catalyzed Claisen Rearrangement and Cross‐Metathesis
Authors: Tischer Sandra , Metz Peter
Published: January 2007

Starting from the readily available parent flavonoids, the flavanone 6‐prenylnaringenin, the isoflavone 6‐prenylgenistein (wighteone, erythrinin B) and a protected derivative of the flavonol 6‐prenylquercetin (gancaonin P) have been synthesized in short reaction sequences featuring the title processes as key steps.
Cross‐Linkers for Improved High Temperature Performance of ROMP Adhesives
Authors: Keck Christopher G. , Kendall Jonathan L. , Caster Kenneth C.
Published: January 2007

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has been shown to be an effective methodology to make adhesive bonds between various substrates. Excellent adhesion has been demonstrated on a variety of substrates including post‐vulcanized elastomers, polyolefins, and metals. Strong adhesion results when one substrate surface is coated with the metathesis catalyst and the other substrate surface is coated with a ROMPable monomer. Concerns over using ROMP‐based adhesion in dynamic applications where the bond‐line could experience higher‐than‐ambient temperatures prompted this investigation. In this report, a variety of bis‐norbornadiene cross‐linkers were used to bond tire carcass, tire tread, post‐vulcanized EPDM, and grit‐blasted steel in a variety of self‐ and cross‐bonded configurations. The resulting bonded assemblies were then evaluated using a 180° peel test in a temperature range from −40 °C to 66 °C at various cross‐linker concentrations. Significant improvements in bond strength were observed at elevated temperature with little detrimental affect on low temperature strengths even at high cross‐linker concentration. Self‐bonding of polyolefins assemblies was also investigated. Addition of a peroxide radical initiator to the initial ROMP formulation and cross‐linking the bonded assembly in a post‐cure reaction was also found to lead to improved high temperature bond strength. Synthetic details for the preparation of several cross‐linkers are reported.
Synthesis of Dihydrofurans and Dihydropyrans with Unsaturated Side Chains Based on Ring Size‐Selective Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Nave Stefan
Published: January 2007

Enantiomerically pure 1,5‐hexadiene‐3,4‐diol, derived from D‐mannitol in a few steps, may serve as a starting material for enantiopure dihydropyrans and dihydrofurans bearing an unsaturated side chain which is amenable for further synthetic transformations. The synthesis relies on a ring size‐selective ring‐closing metathesis reaction of a triene. Most likely, a catalyst‐directing effect of an allylic hydroxy group is responsible for the selectivity.
Alkyne Metathesis: Catalysts and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Zhang Wei , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2007

There has been rapid progress and growing interest in alkyne metathesis within the past decade. The availability of highly active catalysts as well as their applications in both organic synthesis and polymer chemistry has served to motivate the advancement of this field. In this article, the development of several different metathesis catalysts, including two heterogeneous ones, are reviewed with an emphasis on comparing strengths and weaknesses. In Section 4, the applications of alkyne metathesis to synthesis of natural products, conjugated polymers as well as shape‐persistent macrocycles are discussed. In the last section, a comparison of alkyne metathesis to the well established alkene metathesis is given. Developing an alkyne metathesis catalyst with both high reactivity and robustness to air and moisture remains an unsolved problem of this important and useful reaction.
Probing of the Ligand Anatomy: Effects of the Chelating Alkoxy Ligand Modifications on the Structure and Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium Carbene Complexes
Authors: Barbasiewicz Michał , Bieniek Michał , Michrowska Anna , Szadkowska Anna , Makal Anna , Woźniak Krzysztof , Grela Karol
Published: January 2007

Structural modifications of the Hoveyda–Grubbs ruthenium metathesis complex via electronic and structural withdrawing of the chelating alkoxy ligand were investigated. By decreasing the donor properties of the oxygen atom, an acceleration in catalytic activity was achieved based on facilitation of the initiation step. Conformational constraints of the chelating ether linkage led to the unexpected disturbance of the complex geometry and a vast improvement of the activity.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,6‐trans‐Disubstituted Piperidines via Sequential Cross‐Metathesis–Cationic Cyclisation
Authors: Mix Stefan , Blechert Siegfried
Published: January 2007

Ruthenium‐catalysed cross‐metathesis of protected homoallylamine derivatives with vinyl carbinols furnished allylic alcohols, which underwent stereoconvergent cyclisation to trans‐tetrahydropyridines upon treatment with BF3⋅OEt2. The new methodology was used for the preparation of enantiopure piperidine and indolizidine natural products.
Synthesis of Natural Products and Related Compounds using Enyne Metathesis
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: January 2007

Since the molybdenum and ruthenium carbene complexes 1a and 1b were discovered by Schrock and Grubbs in 1990 and 1992, synthetic organic chemistry has progressed with the use of these complexes as the catalyst for olefin metathesis. It was found that the ruthenium carbene complex was also effective for enyne metathesis, which occurs between an alkene and an alkyne. Intramolecular enyne metathesis gives various cyclic compounds having a 1,3‐diene moiety and cross‐metathesis of an alkene with an alkyne is a useful method for the synthesis of a compound having a diene moiety. Furthermore, dienyne metathesis, ROM of cycloalkenynes or tandem reactions of enyne metathesis have been developed. Using these various enyne metatheses, complicated natural products have been synthesized via novel routes. The syntheses of natural products and related compounds using enyne metathesis are described.
Homobimetallic Ruthenium–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Sauvage Xavier , Borguet Yannick , Noels Alfred F. , Delaude Lionel , Demonceau Albert
Published: January 2007

Two new homobimetallic ruthenium‐arene complexes [(p‐cymene)Ru(μ‐Cl)3RuCl(η2‐C2H4)(L)], where L=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene (3a) or 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐4,5‐dichloroimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (3b), were isolated in high yields upon heating a toluene solution of [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 with 1 equivalent of carbene ligand under an ethylene atmosphere. They were characterized by NMR and TGA. Their catalytic activity was investigated in the atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. In the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, complex 3a displayed faster reaction rates than 3b and the related phosphine‐based complex 2a (L=tricyclohexylphosphine), although control was more effective with the latter catalyst. When n‐butyl acrylate or styrene served as monomer, a major shift of reactivity was observed between complex 2a that promoted controlled radical polymerization, and complexes 3a or 3b that favored metathetical coupling. Further homocoupling experiments with various styrene derivatives confirmed the outstanding aptitude of complex 3a (and to a lesser extent of 3b) to catalyze olefin metathesis reactions. Contrary to monometallic ruthenium‐arene complexes of the [RuCl2(p‐cymene)(L)] type, the new homobimetallic species did not require the addition of a diazo compound or visible light illumination to initiate the ring‐opening metathesis of norbornene or cyclooctene. When α,ω‐dienes were exposed to 3a or 3b, a mixture of cycloisomerization and ring‐closing metathesis products was obtained in a non‐selective way. Addition of a terminal alkyne co‐catalyst enhanced the metathetical activity while completely repressing the cycloisomerization process. Thus, quantitative conversions of diethyl 2,2‐diallylmalonate and N,N‐diallyltosylamide were achieved within 2 h at room temperature using 2 mol % of catalyst precursor 3 a and 6 mol % of phenylacetylene.
Copper deficiency causes reversible myelodysplasia
Authors: Huff Jason D. , Keung Yi‐Kong , Thakuri Mohan , Beaty Micheal W. , Hurd David D. , Owen John , Molnár István
Published: January 2007

Copper deficiency is a recognized but often overlooked cause of anemia and neutropenia. We began checking serum copper levels on patients referred for evaluation for unexplained anemia and neutropenia or myelodysplasia. Eight patients were identified as copper deficient (serum copper less than 70 μg/dL). The anemia was normochromic and normocytic in seven patients. Neutropenia was present in seven patients. Seven patients had been referred for evaluation of myelodysplasia. Three were seen for consideration for allogenic stem cell transplant. Five patients had concomitant peripheral neurological symptoms. Seven patients were treated with oral copper gluconate. All treated patients demonstrated a hematological response; seven had a complete remission. The improvement in anemia and neutropenia was rapid with normalization of blood counts within three to four weeks. In one patient, normalization of the underlying marrow dysplasia was demonstrated by bone marrow histology eight months after copper replacement. The cause of copper deficiency was felt to be gastrointestinal malabsorption in five of our patients. We conclude that copper deficiency should be considered in all patients with unexplained anemia and neutropenia or myelodysplasia. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The addition of decision support into computerized physician order entry reduces red blood cell transfusion resource utilization in the intensive care unit
Authors: Pérez Evans R. Fernández , Winters Jeffrey L. , Gajic Ognjen
Published: January 2007

Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) has the potential for cost containment in critically ill patients through practice standardization and elimination of unnecessary interventions. Previous study demonstrated the beneficial short‐term effect of adding a decision support for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion into the hospital CPOE. We evaluated the effect of such intervention on RBC resource utilization during the two‐year study period. From the institutional APACHE III database we identified 2,200 patients with anemia, but no active bleeding on admission: 1,100 during a year before and 1,100 during a year after the intervention. The mean number of RBC transfusions per patient decreased from 1.5 ± 1.9 units to 1.3 ± 1.8 units after the intervention (P = 0.045). RBC transfusion cost decreased from $616,442 to $556,226 after the intervention. Hospital length of stay and adjusted hospital mortality did not differ before and after protocol implementation. In conclusion, the implementation of an evidenced‐based decision support system through a CPOE can decrease RBC transfusion resource utilization in critically ill patients. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tricho‐hepato‐enteric syndrome: A case of hemochromatosis with intractable diarrhea, dysmorphic features, and hair abnormality
Authors: Dweikat Imad , Sultan Mutaz , Maraqa Nizar , Hindi Tareq , Abu‐Rmeileh Sara , Abu‐Libdeh Bassam
Published: January 2007

We report on a female infant with congenital iron storage disease, facial dysmorphism, intractable diarrhea, and hair abnormalities. The intractable diarrhea failed to resolve despite total parenteral nutrition and complete bowel rest for more than 3 weeks. The patient also had elevated liver enzymes and failure to thrive. Histopathologic examination of the liver revealed marked iron deposits in hepatocytes with portal edema, fibrosis, and septal formation. No metabolic abnormalities could be detected. She died at the age of 10 months. We suggest that this case could have a specific iron storage syndrome that is similar to the two sibs reported by Stankler et al. [1982; Arch Dis Child 57:212–216] and Verloes et al. [1997; Am J Med Genet 68:391–395]. The condition was called the tricho‐hepato‐enteric (THE) syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matthew‐Wood syndrome: Report of two new cases supporting autosomal recessive inheritance and exclusion of FGF10 and FGFR2
Authors: Martinovic‐Bouriel Jelena , Bernabé‐Dupont Céline , Golzio Christelle , Grattagliano‐Bessières Bettina , Malan Valérie , Bonnière Maryse , Esculpavit Chantal , Fallet‐Bianco Catherine , Mirlesse Véronique , Le Bidois Jerôme , Aubry Marie‐Cécile , Vekemans Michel , Morichon Nicole , Etchevers Heather , Attié‐Bitach Tania , Encha‐Razavi Féréchté , Benachi Alexandra
Published: January 2007

We describe two fetal cases of microphthalmia/anophthalmia, pulmonary agenesis, and diaphragmatic defect. This rare association is known as Matthew‐Wood syndrome (MWS; MIM 601186) or by the acronym “PMD” (Pulmonary agenesis, Microphthalmia, Diaphragmatic defect). Fewer than ten pre‐ and perinatal diagnoses of Matthew‐Wood syndrome have been described to date. The cause is unknown, and the mode of transmission remains unclear. Most cases have been reported as isolated and sporadic, although recurrence among sibs has been observed once. Our two cases both occurred in consanguineous families, further supporting autosomal recessive transmission. In addition, in one family at least one of the elder sibs presented an evocatively similar phenotype. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of the FGF10 and FGFR2 genes in human embryos and the reported phenotypes of knockout mice for these genes spurred us to examine their coding sequences in our two cases of MWS. While in our patients, no causative sequence variations were identified in FGF10 or FGFR2, this cognate ligand‐receptor pair and its downstream effectors remain functional candidates for MWS and similar associations of congenital ocular, diaphragmatic and pulmonary malformations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics of 5‐fluorouracil in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats: faster metabolism of 5‐fluorouracil via CYP1A
Authors: Choi Young H. , Bae Soo K. , Kim Sun O. , Lee Myung G.
Published: January 2007

It has been reported that plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in cancer patients than those in the healthy volunteers, and the expression and mRNA level of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 increased in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats (NARs). After intravenous administration of 5‐fluorouracil at a dose of 30 mg/kg to NARs, the time‐averaged nonrenal clearance (Clnr) of the drug was significantly faster than the controls (51.3 versus 28.8 ml/min/kg), possibly due to an increase in the expression and mRNA level of CYP1A2 in NARs. In order to determine whether 5‐fluorouracil is metabolized via CYP1A2 in male Sprague–Dawley rats, the rats were pretreated with 3‐methylcholanthrene (a main inducer of CYP1A1/2 in rats). TheClnrof 5‐fluorouracil was significantly faster (34.3 versus 27.3 ml/min/kg) in rats pretreated with 3‐methylcholanthrene. The aforementioned data indicate that CYP1A is involved in the metabolism of 5‐fluorouracil in rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral‐intravenous crossover study of fingolimod pharmacokinetics, lymphocyte responses and cardiac effects
Authors: Kovarik John M. , Hartmann Stefan , Bartlett Michael , Riviere Gilles‐Jacques , Neddermann Daniel , Wang Yibin , Port Andreas , Schmouder Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Objective. The pharmacokinetics and lymphocyte responses to the immunomodulator fingolimod (FTY720) were characterized after oral and intravenous administration.

Methods. In this randomized, two‐period crossover study 11 evaluable healthy subjects received single doses of fingolimod 1.25 mg orally and 1 mg intravenously infused over 2 h. The pharmacokinetics of fingolimod, blood lymphocyte counts and heart rate were characterized for 28 days after each dose.

Results. After oral administration, Cmax was 1.1±0.2 ng/ml occurring at 12 h postdose and the AUC was 201±31 ng.h/ml. After intravenous infusion, Cmax was 4.9±0.8 ng/ml, AUC was 175±50 ng. h/ml, clearance was 6.3±2.3 l/h and distribution volume was 1199±260 l. The oral/intravenous ratio of dose‐normalized AUCs was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.78–1.12). The pharmacologically active metabolite fingolimod‐phosphate was quantifiable near its peak after oral administration but not after intravenous administration. The mean lymphocyte nadir occurred on day 1 and was 35% lower after oral (0.74 × 109/l) than after intravenous (1.15 × 109/l) administration. Lymphocytes recovered to the normal range by day 15 for both treatments. The mean heart rate nadir occurred 3–4 h postdose and was 11% lower after oral administration (47 bpm) versus intravenous administration (53 bpm).

Conclusions. Average systemic exposure to fingolimod was similar after oral and intravenous administration. However, the acute decrease in lymphocyte counts was weaker after intravenous administration, likely because of lower blood levels of the active metabolite fingolimod‐phosphate compared with oral administration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disposition of abouthiouzine: a novel antihyperthyroid drug
Authors: Alkharfy Khalid M. , Khan Rao Muzaffar A. , Al‐Hadiya Badraddin M. , Abou‐Auda Hisham S. , Abou‐Shaaban Rafiq R.
Published: January 2007

Abouthiouzine is a novel antithyroid agent with a profile of fewer reported adverse effects than other currently used drugs. The purpose of this current work was to explore, for the first time, the disposition of abouthiouzine following intravenous and oral administration using an animal model; also, to study its plasma protein binding properties. Abouthiouzine (2 mg/kg intravenously) was administered to healthy male Vole rabbits and Beagle dogs. A dose of 20 mg/kg of the drug was also given orally to another group of Beagle dogs. Abouthiouzine plasma concentrations were measured using an HPLC method, and its pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non‐compartmental analysis. Abouthiouzine plasma protein binding was determined using an ultrafiltration technique. The drug was quickly eliminated from the rabbit and dog systemic circulations with terminal half‐lives (T1/2λ) of 0.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. The calculated T1/2λ following the oral administration in dogs was 1.8 h. Total abouthiouzine clearance (CL) in rabbits was 7.84±0.87 ml/min/kg, and 4.03±0.83 ml/min/kg in dogs. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) in rabbits and dogs was 360.09±63.41 ml/kg and 481.10±62.64 ml/kg, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability in dogs was ∼16%, which may indicate poor absorption characteristics of the pure drug and/or an extensive first past effect. Protein binding studies have demonstrated that abouthiouzine has moderate‐to‐high binding properties (∼63%–86%). Further studies are needed to evaluate the route of elimination of abouthiouzine in these animal models including any metabolite formation and the role of enterohepatic recycling in this process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of O‐acyl isopeptide method
Authors: Sohma Youhei , Yoshiya Taku , Taniguchi Atsuhiko , Kimura Tooru , Hayashi Yoshio , Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: January 2007

During over a decade of study on aspartic protease inhibitors and water‐soluble prodrugs, in 2003, we discovered that the presence of an O‐acyl instead of N‐acyl residue within the peptide backbone significantly changed the secondary structure of the native peptide. In addition, the target peptide was subsequently generated by an O‐N intramolecular acyl migration reaction. These findings led to the development of a novel method, called “O‐acyl isopeptide method,” for the synthesis of peptides containing difficult sequence. Further application of the method to Alzheimer's Aβ1‐42 revealed that the O‐acyl isopeptide of Aβ1‐42 could be effectively synthesized and stored without spontaneous self‐assembly. Intact monomer Aβ1‐42 could then be obtained from the isopeptide under physiological experimental conditions. We named the O‐acyl isopeptide as “Click Peptide,” because of its “quick and easy one‐way conversion” to the parent Aβ1‐ 42. Application of the click peptide has provided a new basis for the investigation of the biological functions of Aβ1‐42 by inducible activation of its self‐assembly. The O‐acyl isopeptide method has further evolved as a general method for peptides synthesis with our recent developments of “O‐acyl isodipeptide units” and “racemization‐free segment condensation methodology.” Isodipeptide units have enabled routine use of the O‐acyl isopeptide method by avoiding the often difficult esterification reaction on resin. “Racemizationfree segment condensation methodology” has been achieved by employing N‐segments possessing a C‐terminal urethaneprotected O‐acyl Ser/Thr residues. The synthesis of long peptides/proteins by racemization‐free segment condensation has thus become possible at Ser/Thr residues instead of Cterminal Gly/Pro residues. As the O‐acyl isopeptide method becomes more widely utilized, we have composed this review to facilitate its application for the production of peptides and proteins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 253–262, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Learning in a gene technology laboratory with educational focus: Results of a teaching unit with authentic experiments
Authors: Scharfenberg Franz‐Josef , Bogner Franz X. , Klautke Siegfried
Published: January 2007

In an effort to overcome deficiencies in teaching molecular biology at school, a workshop in an out‐of‐school laboratory including only authentic experiments was developed. Evaluation of 337 A‐level 12th graders followed a quasi‐experimental design, with one hands‐on group, two non‐experimental control groups (at school/in the laboratory), and one group with no intervention. Their cognitive achievement was monitored by pre‐, post‐, and retention tests and analyzed for inter‐group differences. Test items were differentiated into the “updated prior knowledge” and the “project‐oriented” set relating to new knowledge. All intervention groups increased knowledge either as a whole or in relation to the project, whereas updating of prior knowledge was observed only in the laboratory, independently of experimenting. The hands‐on group provided a higher learning success as regards knowledge acquisition as a whole, whereas the non‐experimental laboratory group was more successful in updating prior knowledge, both groups in comparison with the school group. Nevertheless, the hands‐on group's achievement scores dropped more than those of the school group. Learning motivation may have been higher in the laboratory, furthered by the involvement in experiments, as shown by correlation analysis. However, the experimental situation may comply with the cognitive load theory by a substantially higher contribution of extraneous load.
A simple experiment to show photodynamic inactivation of bacteria on surfaces
Authors: Caminos Daniel A. , Durantini Edgardo N.
Published: January 2007

New suitable approaches were investigated to visualize the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of bacteria immobilized on agar surfaces. The PDI capacities of a cationic photosensitizer (5,10,15,20‐tetra(4‐N,N,N‐trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin) and an anionic photosensitizer (5,10,15,20‐tetra(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin) were analyzed on a typical Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli following two procedures. In Experiment I, the E. coli cells were grown as lawn on agar surface containing the sensitizers spread in a small area (10 nmol in ∼0.6 cm2). After irradiation with visible light (10 min, 90 milliwatts/cm2), no cells were grown in the area containing the cationic porphyrin. In Experiment II, small colonies (∼2‐mm diameter) of E. coli on agar were treated with a solution of sensitizer (10 nmol) and irradiated with visible light for 3 h. Overnight incubation at 37 °C shows a growth delay of E. coli colonies treated with the cationic photosensitizer. In contrast, the anionic porphyrin did not produce appreciable photodamage. These experiments could be either used in an undergraduate project for natural science advance students or used for a postgraduate practical training course. This methodology illustrates the application of PDI to treat bacteria growing as localized foci of infection.
Chromatographic separation of two proteins
Authors: Szeberenyi Jozsef
Published: January 2007

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, column chromatography, elution, chromatography fractions, void volume (Vo), elution volume (Ve), SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric point, isoelectric focusing, CsCl gradient centrifugation.
Protein engineering: Case studies of commercialized engineered products
Authors: Walsh Gary
Published: January 2007

Programs in biochemistry invariably encompass the principles of protein engineering. Students often display increased understanding and enthusiasm when theoretical concepts are underpinned by practical example. Herein are presented five case studies, each focusing upon a commercial protein product engineered to enhance its application‐relevant functionality. The case studies may be incorporated into a standard lecture series detailing protein engineering or may form the basis of a class‐led post‐lecture series discussion.
Education resources for guiding discussions on ethics in science
Authors: Arkwright‐Keeler Daryl L. , Stapleton Susan R.
Published: January 2007

Faculty, staff, and students at all levels of educational institutions are becoming more aware about ethical issues in the classroom and in research. As educators, it is our responsibility to provide an opportunity to discuss these issues so that future scientists will be prepared to face the many ethical challenges they may encounter. Often, unfortunately, we are reticent to engage in this discussion due solely to the lack of our own repertoire of resources regarding ethics. Thus, this summary of educational resources was compiled to promote ethics discussions in science classrooms and research programs.
Formulation of questions followed by small group discussion as a revision exercise at the end of a teaching module in biochemistry
Authors: Bobby Zachariah , Koner Bidhan Chandra , Sridhar M. G. , Nandeesha H. , Renuka P. , Setia Sajita , Kumaran S. Senthil , Asmathulla S.
Published: January 2007

Undergraduate medical students get fewer opportunities to clarify their doubts and to reinforce their understanding of concepts after lecture classes. There is no information available in the literature that addresses the question of usefulness of prior formulation of questions followed by small group discussion by undergraduate medical students as a revision exercise. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of formulation of objective type short answer questions by undergraduate medical students followed by small group discussion on the answers of the questions prepared as a revision exercise on their understanding of the topic “amino acid metabolism” and the retention of the gain after 15 days. At the end of a regular teaching module on the topic of amino acid metabolism, undergraduate medical students were asked to prepare 16 objective type short answer questions on the various aspects of the topic as homework. Small group discussions involving 12–14 students in each group and lasting one hour were conducted on the questions and answers prepared by them in the presence of a faculty member. The effects on low, medium, and high achievers were evaluated with multiple choice questions by pre‐test and post‐tests before and after the group discussion. Formulation of questions was highly effective in improving understanding on the topic for all the students. The overall mean post‐test scores after the formulation of questions (12.6) and after the small group discussion that followed (14.7) were significantly higher than the mean pre‐test score (8.5). For high achievers, the gain from formulation of questions was higher than the gain from small group discussion. Small group discussion was highly effective for all students. The gain from small group discussion was higher among the low and medium achievers in comparison with the high achievers. The gain from the exercise was retained among the low, medium, and high achievers after 15 days. In conclusion, formulation of short answer questions followed by small group discussion on the answers of the questions prepared by the undergraduate medical students is an effective revision exercise for improving their understanding on a selected topic.
Common polymorphisms in 5‐lipoxygenase and 12‐lipoxygenase genes and the risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma
Authors: Gong Zhihong , Hebert James R. , Bostick Roberd M. , Deng Zonglin , Hurley Thomas G. , Dixon Dan A. , Nitcheva Daniela , Xie Dawen
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND.

Lipoxygenases (LOX) are major enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to hydroxyl‐eicosatetraenoic acids and leukotrienes, which have been implicated in inflammation and colorectal cancer risk. Polymorphisms in LOX genes may influence their function and/or expression and, thus, may modify the risk for colorectal adenoma. The authors investigated the associations of 3 polymorphisms (2 in 5‐LOX, −1708 guanine→adenine and 21 cytosine→thymine; and 1 in 12‐LOX, arginine 261 glutamine [Arg261Gln]) in LOX genes with the risk of colorectal adenoma and also explored possible interactions of these polymorphisms with several inflammation‐pathway or arachidonic acid metabolism‐pathway related factors with the risk of colorectal adenoma.

METHODS.

By using data from a community‐based, case‐control study of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma that included 162 cases and 211 controls, the authors constructed multiple logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of colorectal adenoma after adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS.

Overall, there were no significant associations of the 2 5‐LOX polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal adenoma. However, there was an inverse association between the Arg261Gln polymorphism in 12‐LOX and colorectal adenoma (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40–1.00). A significant interaction also was observed between the 12‐LOX polymorphism (Arg261Gln) and the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (Pinteraction = .02).

CONCLUSIONS.

The current results suggested that polymorphisms of LOX genes may act independently or with other factors to affect the risk of colorectal adenoma. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of epidermoid cyst of the thyroid: Report of a case and review of seven cases
Authors: Chen Karl T. K.
Published: January 2007

The cytological and histological features of a case of epidermoid cyst of thyroid are reported. Unlike the more common intrathyroid branchial cleft cyst, this lesion does not contain any lymphoid tissue. The presence of scattered small groups of smooth muscle fibers in the periepithelial fibrous tissue in this case suggests a teratomatous histogenesis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:123–124. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytologic diagnosis of metastatic melanotic schwannoma: Familial case of a mother and daughter with Carney's complex and literature review
Authors: Mosunjac Marina B. , Johnston Elizabeth I. , Mosunjac Mario I.
Published: January 2007

Carney's complex is an autosomal dominant, multisystem tumorous disorder that includes myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation, endocrine tumors, and peripheral nerve tumors. Psammomatous melanotic schwannomas have recently been included as a part of this complex. Here, we describe the first known familial case of a mother and daughter, both presenting with malignant, already metastatic, pigmented schwannomas initially diagnosed as metastatic melanoma by CT guided fine‐needle aspiration.

Patients with highly pigmented, extra‐cutaneous lesions that are clinically and pathologically suspicious for metastatic malignant melanoma, without known primary tumor, should be evaluated for possible Carney's complex. Additional screening of family members should be recommended to exclude the presence of potentially malignant neoplasms, such as psammomatous melanotic schwannomas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:130–134. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of anaplastic giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid with osteoclast‐like giant cells—A case report
Authors: Mehdi Ghazala , Ansari Hena A. , Siddiqui Shahid Ali
Published: January 2007

Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is known for its highly aggressive behaviour and rapid spread. While the giant cell variant is a well recognized morphologic pattern, the presence of osteoclast‐like giant cells is a rare occurrance. We report a case of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid with focal presence of osteoclast‐like giant cells occurring in an elderly male patient, diagnosed on aspiration cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:111–112. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic diagnosis of columnar‐cell lesions of the breast
Authors: Jensen Kristin C. , Kong Christina S.
Published: January 2007

This study describes the cytologic features of breast columnar‐cell lesions (CCLs) and determines whether these lesions can be diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration. We present ten cases of biopsy‐proven CCL with prior fine‐needle aspiration material and discuss the spectrum of changes, as well as features important in the cytologic distinction of CCL from diagnostic mimics. CCLs were characterized by flat sheets of cells with enlarged nuclei, distinct cell borders, and finely granular cytoplasm. Cytologic atypia ranged from minimal to severe, and many cases (8/10) exhibited a paucity of myoepithelial cells. CCL showed significant cytologic overlap with papillary neoplasms and well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas. The prospective diagnosis of CCL cannot reliably be made by fine‐needle aspiration. However, it is important to recognize the range of cytologic atypia that can be seen with CCL to avoid an overdiagnosis of malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:73–79. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathologic findings in an immature cystic teratoma: Report of an unusual case
Authors: Balco Michael T. , Burroughs Frances H. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: January 2007

Teratomas are uncommon, usually benign tumors often found in young women. We describe the cytopathology of an unusual case of a large congenital teratoma in a 6‐day‐old girl. The patient initially showed signs of abdominal distention and a follow‐up ultrasound and computerized‐tomography (CT) revealed a cystic mass in the pelvis. An ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) showed small round blue cells suspicious for a primitive neuronal tumor. Resection of the mass displayed a cystic teratoma with distinct nests of small round blue cells representing immature neuroepithelial and glial tissue. Also noted were admixed mature elements of a cystic teratoma. Cytologic finding of a small round blue cell tumor, therefore, was the immature component of the teratoma. This case illustrates the difficulties in diagnosing teratomas due to their extraordinary diversity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:120–122. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three cases of extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma of the nasal type diagnosed by nasal brush cytology
Authors: Kishimoto Koji , Kitamura Takashi , Hirayama Yoshiko , Tate Genshu , Mitsuya Toshiyuki
Published: January 2007

Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T‐cell lymphoma of the nasal type is a rare type of malignant lymphoma that is most common in Asian countries. Here we describe cytomorphologic, immunocytochemical, and molecular cytochemical features of three cases of NK/T‐cell lymphoma of the nasal type diagnosed by nasal brush cytology. Cytomorphologic findings common among the three cases included the presence of several cell types, including nasal cavity epithelial cells, histiocytes, phagocytic histiocytes, and lymphoid cells, within a necrotic background. Suspected lymphoma cells were medium to large lymphoid cells possessing light blue and abundant cytoplasm. A characteristic feature of these cells was the presence of the tongue‐like projections of cytoplasm from one or both sides of the cells. We believe these intriguing cytologic findings are indicators of NK/T‐cell lymphoma of the nasal type. Azurophilic granules were observed in all cases, ranging from extremely fine granules to large granular lymphocyte (LGL)‐like granules. Immunocytochemical and molecular cytochemical analyses showed staining for natural killer cell antigen CD56 as well as cytotoxic granule‐associated proteins granzyme B7 (GrB7) and T‐cell‐restricted intercellular antigen‐1 (TIA‐1). EBV (Epstein‐Barr virus) encoded small RNAs (EBER) positivity was shown by in situ hybridization, and no rearrangement of the TCRγ gene was observed. Comparison between cytobrush and cotton swab methodology showed that cytobrush resulted in more cell‐rich specimens than did cotton swabs, suggesting that nasal brush cytology with cytobrush is most useful in the diagnosis of NK/T‐cell lymphoma of the nasal type. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:125–129. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of Bispyridinium Compounds with Phospholipid Layers in Presence and Absence of Electric Field
Authors: Merrifield Jonathan , Tattersall John , Bird Mike , Nelson Andrew
Published: January 2007

The nonspecific biological activity of compounds with cell membranes is of great importance when considering them for pharmaceutical applications. The interactions of a group of therapeutic bispyridinium compounds with phospholipid monolayers of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) on a mercury electrode (HMDE) are reported in this paper. Impedance versus frequency plots and capacitance‐potential curves were recorded for the model membrane system. The penetration of the compounds into the monolayer is shown to be dependent on the applied electric field. Both electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents of the bispyridinium compounds promote interaction with the compounds at applied negative potential.
Binding of Cd2+ and Zn2+ with the Phytochelatin (γ‐Glu‐Cys)4‐Gly: A Voltammetric Study Assisted by Multivariate Curve Resolution and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chekmeneva Elena , Díaz‐Cruz José Manuel , Ariño Cristina , Esteban Miquel
Published: January 2007

The complexation of Cd2+ and Zn2+ with the phytochelatin (γ‐Glu‐Cys)4‐Gly (PC4) is studied by Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) assisted by Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR‐ALS) and by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI‐MS). In the case of Zn2+, voltammetric results show the presence of an inert electroinactive Zn2+PC4 complex, which is confirmed by ESI‐MS. In the case of Cd2+, the unitary DPP peaks and the concentration profiles obtained by MCR‐ALS from DPP titrations of PC4 with Cd2+ suggest the formation of two electroactive Cd2+PC4 complexes. The first complex, with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry, shows a fixed DPP peak potential characteristic of a kinetically inert behavior. After further Cd2+ additions a second labile complex seems to be formed. This behavior is confirmed by ESI‐MS detection of CdPC4 and Cd2PC4 complexes.