bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiomaticity; or, Three Ways to Play Harmonica
Authors: De Souza Jonathan
Published: May 2017

How do instrumental interfaces map pitches onto physical locations? And how do these instrumental spaces guide players’ creative action? As a case study, this chapter examines the ten-hole diatonic harmonica. It develops a transformational model of “harmonica space” and juxtaposes it with fretboard and keyboard spaces. This model is then used in a comparative analysis of folk, blues, and jazz harmonica playing, which explores performative moves on the instrument and the resulting pitch patterns. Such analysis shows that instrumental idioms reflect both the interface’s possibilities and the player’s motor habits. This confluence may also explain situations where instruments are experienced as external agents.
Voluntary Self-Sabotage
Authors: De Souza Jonathan
Published: May 2017

When musicians alter their instruments, they may open up new sonic possibilities. Yet instrumental alteration can also induce dynamic remapping of players’ auditory-motor associations, subverting habitual connections between performative action and sonic effect. Instrumental alteration, at this level, affects players’ perception. This chapter considers experimental research on altered auditory feedback in instrumental performance, then turns to a series of case studies related to guitar improvisation. It distinguishes between three kinds of instrumental alteration—retuning, preparation, and redesign—that affect action-sound coupling and instrumental space in different ways. Drawing on Emmanuel Levinas’s phenomenological reflections on touch, the chapter ultimately argues that the remapping stimulated by instrumental alteration reveals forms of aesthetic or sensual contact with instruments.
Prologue
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter briefly discusses three key articles about equilibrium attainment that were all published in 1959. These three articles are Kenneth Arrow’s ‘Towards a theory of price adjustment’, Robert Clower’s ‘Ignorant monopolist’, and George Richardson’s ‘Equilibrium, expectations and information’. These articles and their three different perspectives on equilibrium models will often be referred to throughout this book. The chapter then discusses three aspects of general equilibrium theories: the idea that a general equilibrium produces a maximal social good; the single behavioural assumption of neoclassical explanations (essentially the idea that every market participant tries to maximize); and the recent development of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models.
Equilibrium attainment vs. equilibrium necessities
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is about Kenneth Arrow’s 1959 article about price adjustment. This chapter uses that article to explain the logical requirements of any equilibrium model that purports to explain, say, equilibrium prices. Arrow explains why just assuming maximization on the part of both demanders and supplier in a market is not enough to assure equilibrium attainment. Arrow rejects the usual textbooks’ addition of an additional assumption that the markets are already at equilibrium. He instead argues that explicitly assumptions about the dynamics of equilibrium attainment must be included in any equilibrium model. The chapter thus discusses price adjustment in formal models; equilibrium attainment as an explicit process. It recognizes that Arrow equilibrium attainment also need something like imperfect competition to deal with any disequilibrium state that would necessarily exist prior to equilibrium attainment.
Does general equilibrium attainment imply universal maximization?
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Robert Clower’s 1959 article about the knowledge requirements for an equilibrium model of the supplier, and asks whether universal maximization is always an implication of equilibrium attainment. Clower’s article challenges Arrow’s suggestion of using an imperfect competitor. But the equilibrium reached by an ignorant monopolist may be an equilibrium state but unlike general equilibrium models, the equilibrium that Clower’s monopolist reaches is sub-optimal. The main reason for it being a sub-optimum is that the monopolist may not be maximizing profit even though the monopolist thinks so. The reason for his monopolist reaching a sub-optimal state is that the monopolist does not know the market’s demand curve and so must make possibly false assumptions about it.
Time and knowledge matters for general equilibrium attainment
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines George Richardson’s 1959 article which explained that once time is explicitly dealt with, the logical requirements for appropriate expectations must be explained. Of particular concern is the information needed to form expectations. But this involves recognizing the potentially unreliable information needed to form expectations and what is needed to assure equilibrium attainment. One concern is that to reach a perfect-competition equilibrium, participants would need perfect knowledge both of their own requirements and of the requirements of every other market participant. Since the latter knowledge is not usually accessible, Richardson describes participants as needing to form ‘rational expectations’ if an equilibrium is to be attained.
Equilibrium concepts and critiques
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the equilibrium concept by examining the views of two cultures: those who began talking about equilibrium models in the decades before World War II and those formal model builders promoting mathematics after that war. For the older culture, the concept of an equilibrium refers to the real properties of an actual economy in a state of equilibrium. For the newer culture, an equilibrium refers only to a property of a formal mathematical model. The main discussion of the chapter is about the various critiques provided by both sides of the cultural divide. The chapter also discusses the extent to which the distinction between a model’s exogenous vs. endogenous variables involves causality. The older culture would view causality as a necessary part of understanding an equilibrium but the newer culture would view it only as an interpretation of the mathematics of the model.
Building models of price dynamics
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces Part III of the book, addressing methodological issues involved in overcoming the limitations of equilibrium models discussed earlier. This chapter returns to the beginning with Arrow’s 1959 article and explores the need for an equilibrium model to explain the process whereby prices are adjusted to reach the equilibrium, and explores whether the approach of that article can overcome the limits of equilibrium models. It discusses exogenous convergence to equilibrium with forced learning and endogenous convergence to equilibrium with autonomous learning. It considers whether there can be closure through posited ignorance. It ends with a discussion of the problem of presuming the viability of the psychologistic version of methodological individualism.
Building models of learning and the equilibrium process
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reconsiders the two contrary views of knowledge and hence of learning that was discussed in Chapter 6. One is the quantity-based view, which plays a role whenever model builders appeal to some form of inductive learning, and a quality-based view, which is the view promoted by Plato’s early Socrates but rarely recognized by equilibrium model builders. Whichever view is adopted, learning needs to be addressed when recognizing any role for knowledge in equilibrium economic models. In this regard, the chapter addresses the main limitation of almost all equilibrium models—namely, the failure to incorporate a realistic theory of the decision makers’ knowledge and learning in the model. The chapter ends by showing how methodological individualism can be generalized. And if it is, it can thereby serve as a basis for a more realistic explanation of an equilibrium’s stability.
Moving through Experiencing Gender
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 introduces several phenomenological concepts via experiences of gender, such as intentionality, perceptual habitation, and sensory alignments. It provides contemporary, historical, and cultural examples of how perception is our way of being and knowing in the world in gendered ways. Our bodily experience is fundamentally a sensory experience that is actively structuring our being in the world and the world itself: Our senses structure our experiences and thereby structure our world, and our senses themselves are structured in a way so that culturally specific gendered experiences emerge. All meanings perceivable to us emerge from bodily perception and already carry gendered connotations.
Language and Perception of Normalcy
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 connects language, bodily experience, perception, and meaning-making via an exploration of normalcy. Disability and perceptions of bodily difference show how language interrelates to bodily experiences, supporting and challenging socio-cultural habits of perceiving what is normal, health, and human. It points out that language is a bodily and social experience that expresses and shapes our bodily perceptual orientation in the world. To learn a different language is to learn of different bodily social habits, of different ways of perceiving and extending into the world. To be forced to give up a native language, or operate dominantly in a colonizing language, is to be forced to change one’s being in the world, to be dominated by another group’s tacit knowledges which may not resonate with my own.
Orienting Familiar Body Theologies
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 constructively applies body theology to the works of Carter Heyward and Marcella Althaus-Reid, and provides the author’s own god-talk based in bodily experiences. It explains that to do body theology is to talk about our bodily perceptual orientations, our body-sense in and of the world, connected to specific contexts, locations, and experiences. Body theology can be done while pursuing other overarching theological goals, for example, within a systematic approach or a contextual/sexual theology. Or it can be done as constructive body theology “on its own,” focusing on the specific ways in which bodily experiences make sense and create meaning, without connecting it to specific theistic concepts or commonly associated religious artifacts such as scripture or rituals.
Sensing Futurities
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 provides possible trajectories to apply the commitments of body theology in other fields of study. It posits that resourcing the full sensorium of experience and engaging body theology need not be limited to projects that are theological in nature; for example, connections between theological anthropological implications and ethical considerations may be made with body theology commitments in mind. Those interested in exploring other theoretical connections, such as theories of space, theories of architecture, or environmental studies, may find in body theology connections useful to their explorations. The chapter concludes with the hope that constructive body theologies of the future can remain grounded in (and insistent on) the various and diverse kinds of good life desired to be lived.
Conclusion
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

“I am as body”: I am in this world as body touching, feeling, seeing, thinking, remembering, desiring, speaking; I am always as body and I am in bodily reference to my world with deeply embedded, pre-reflexive tacit and visceral knowledge and situatedness in my world....
Jenkins of Mexico
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

William O. Jenkins (1878–1963) was a Tennessee farm boy who ventured to Mexico in search of fortune and became that country’s wealthiest and most infamous industrialist. Dropping out of Vanderbilt, Jenkins eloped with a southern belle and settled in Mexico in 1901. Driven by a desire to prove himself—first to his wife’s snobbish family, then to elites who disdained him as an American—Jenkins would spend the next six decades building an enormous fortune in textiles, property, sugar, banking, and film. Already a millionaire when the Revolution of 1910 broke out, Jenkins began speculating in property in his adoptive state of Puebla. He had a brush with a firing squad and later suffered a kidnapping by rebels, an episode that almost triggered a US invasion. After the war he developed Mexico’s most productive sugar plantation, before diversifying as a venture capitalist. During Mexican cinema’s Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s, Jenkins lorded over the industry with a monopoly of theaters and a major role in production. Reputed as an exploiter of workers, a puppet-master of politicians, and Mexico’s richest industrialist, Jenkins became the gringo that Mexicans most loved to loathe. After the death of his wife, wracked by guilt at having abandoned her, Jenkins became increasingly dedicated to philanthropy, finally creating a charitable foundation to administer his $60 million fortune. Still operating today, the Mary Street Jenkins Foundation helped set up two prestigious universities and set a precedent for US-style foundations in Mexico.
Coming of Age in Tennessee
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

In 1890s Tennessee, Jenkins came of age in Bedford County, with its small farms and benign race relations, while his future bride Mary Street grew up in neighboring Lincoln County, a place of plantations and social rigidities. This contrast helps explain the Street family’s disdain for Jenkins, whose origins were modest, and it foreshadows the tensions that would fester between William and Mary in Mexico, where he would readily adapt but she would not. This chapter traces the Jenkins family history, from their arrival in Tennessee to William’s adolescence, including what he likely learned about Mexico. Jenkins won a scholarship to Vanderbilt University but dropped out to elope with Mary after her guardians threatened to send her away “for her health.” From San Antonio they visited Monterrey, where they heard that Mexico was a land of opportunity. It was 1901, and Jenkins would never again live in the United States.
Fortune-Seeking in Mexico
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

Mexico under the dictator Porfirio Díaz bore some resemblance to the postbellum South, in its social and racial hierarchies, but what drew Jenkins was Mexico’s rapid industrialization. Following short-term jobs in the north, he responded to an ad from a businessman who was seeking someone to manage his stocking mill. In 1906, he and Mary traveled south to the textile city of Puebla, which became his permanent home. His partners included a Jewish-Russian immigrant. Jenkins’s early years in Puebla illustrate the difficulties of hailing from a derided culture, for Puebla’s elite prided themselves on their Spanish heritage and French tastes. Soon Jenkins built a factory of his own, leased others in Mexico City and Querétaro, and by importing secondhand sewing machines cornered the Mexican market for cheap cotton hosiery. By 1910, when the inequalities under Díaz prompted a revolution, Jenkins was worth $1 million.
Empire at Atencingo
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

At the war’s end, Jenkins began to fulfill his pledge to his wife of a return to the United States, commissioning a Los Angeles mansion and selling his mill, but one of the rural properties he had acquired gave him the chance to fulfil his boyhood dreams of farming and to develop a third fortune, in sugar. After the Revolution, fragile provincial governments like that of Puebla relied on capitalists to generate tax revenue and make them loans; they were therefore willing to apply the Revolution’s promise of property redistribution quite selectively, to protect men like Jenkins from rural radicals, and to permit them create private militia. These dispositions not only safeguarded Jenkins’s Atencingo plantation but enabled him to prey further on elite landowners, often widows. During the 1920s and 1930s, Jenkins thereby seized eight further sugar plantations, annexing them to Atencingo, to create the largest landholding in the state’s history.
Mining the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

With President Ávila Camacho’s approval, Jenkins began building a nationwide dominance in film exhibition, just as Mexican cinema was at its peak. How a gringo come to dominate so nationalistic an industry owed something to Jenkins’s friendship with the president and something to a quid pro quo. Given high inflation and labor unrest, the state had to accommodate restive unions, while Jenkins needed protection from laws restricting monopolies and foreign ownership. The state granted Jenkins protections—for his multiplying theaters provided escapist entertainment for the masses and enabled the state to better distribute propaganda (patriotic films and newsreels)—but in return it forced him to concede to labor at Atencingo and textile mill La Trinidad. Jenkins faced further challenges. In 1944, Mary died; in 1945, Maximino died; and in 1946, Atencingo manager Manuel Pérez was struck with paralysis. The latter events promoted Jenkins to quit sugar and focus on film.
Accidental Community Psychologist
Authors: Garate Teresa
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author shares the impact that community psychology has had on her professional life over the last 23 years and how its principles are embedded through her varied career experiences. She explains how her mentors, both community psychologists and their community of scholars, along with her many years of collaboration, transformed her from a special education teacher into a community psychologist. The chapter outlines how the principles of CP helped the author influence large institutions and government agencies to make systemic changes. Community psychology principles most relevant to the author’s career experience have been participatory action research, evaluation, and a deep understanding of community, broadly defined.
The World of Foundations
Authors: Meyers Judith
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a brief overview of the world of philanthropy as context, describes the author’s own pathway to working in the foundation world and how she applies community psychology, includes resources for job seekers interested in working in the philanthropic sector, and outlines the benefits and challenges of this work.
Leading the Way
Authors: Scott Victoria Chien , Meissen Greg
Published: May 2017

There are numerous leadership opportunities and a great need for more effective leadership in the nonprofit sector. While community leadership is one of the 18 community psychology competencies, it is rarely addressed by community psychologists or taught in community psychology graduate education programs. In this chapter, a framework and rationale for community leadership is provided along with ideas and encouragement for community psychologists to become more intentional in using a community leadership framework. Principles for effectively working with and within nonprofits are provided along with the qualities needed for effective leadership. Community psychology students are motivated to work in the nonprofit sector because they care deeply about the social justice and health issues addressed by these organizations, so we included ideas for how students could develop a leadership framework and pursue experience with nonprofits as part of their education. Working with the assumption that all community psychology activity should have empowerment as one of its outcomes, a community leadership framework ensures giving voice to nonprofit staff and those they serve.
Putting Your Training to Work
Authors: Johnson-Hakim Sharon , Boal Ashley
Published: May 2017

The search for a community practice-oriented job can be at once exciting and overwhelming, especially if it is your first job out of graduate school. Because the skill set and perspective of a community psychologist can be applied in a growing number of applied settings, the largest challenge is not in finding job opportunities outside of academia but rather in selling yourself in a non–community psychology world. Creativity and flexibility during the job search will prove to be valuable in identifying organizations and positions with roles that can be filled successfully by community psychologists. After identifying organizations and positions that align with your interests, it is vital to translate your competencies, experience, and values to match the job description and organization, and to demonstrate your ability to work with colleagues from different backgrounds. This chapter highlights aspects of the job search that are unique for practice (in contrast to academic) jobs, with the goal of serving as a resource for individuals as they begin to think about potential careers in community psychology practice.
Five Years as a “Hired Gun”
Authors: Martin Alison J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the for-profit evaluation consulting setting, including organizational structure, position responsibilities, and funding and project types. Generation of new business is the lifeblood of for-profit consulting firms, and the chapter overviews the business development process, including individual staff members’ responsibilities. Essential skills for working in this setting also are discussed. This chapter concludes with some of the benefits and challenges for a community psychologist working in this setting. Finally, the appendix contains a list of questions to ask when pursuing employment in a for-profit evaluation consulting setting.
Practicing Community Psychology in a Small Evaluation and Consulting Firm
Authors: Bloodworth Michelle
Published: May 2017

Practicing community psychology in a small evaluation and consulting firm can offer a lot of flexibility and autonomy but without some of the challenges of being an independent consultant. This chapter talks about the author’s experience over the past six years of working in such a firm, identifying both some of the benefits and challenges. The author discusses who might be attracted to a position in a small firm such as the one where she works and the preparation that might be useful. It also addresses how the author has increasingly brought both her community psychology competencies and values into her work.
Nonprofit Support
Authors: Goldstein Marc , Daviau John
Published: May 2017

This chapter is written by two independent consultants who work with nonprofit groups. The authors discuss how they moved into this field following extensive work in other organizations. They also discuss the needs of nonprofit organizations, the kinds of services the authors provide as consultants, the personal and professional skills they find most valuable in their work with nonprofits, and the advantages and disadvantages for community psychologists doing this type of work.
Going Solo
Authors: Wolfe Susan M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the author’s career history that led up to her decision to create her own job as a solo community psychology practitioner—what she likes and does not like about being on her own, as well as the benefits of her community psychology training and the skills and experiences that have led to her success. The chapter also offers some guidance and cautions for community psychologists who may be interested in developing a solo consulting practice.
International Community Psychology Development
Authors: Njoku Mary Gloria C.
Published: May 2017

As a psychologist working in an academic setting in Nigeria, the author had the opportunity to develop a variety of social research and action projects both within the university setting and in the surrounding community. In addition, her participation in starting a new private university and implementing educational reformation has given the author the platform to practice community principles. There are challenges to international community psychology development work in Nigeria that include her reintegration into the Nigerian cultural system and recognition of the dynamics in operation and provision of relevant interventions. This chapter presents the reader with the author’s path to doing community psychology in Nigeria and offers suggestions and lessons learned for readers interested in doing international work.
Melancholic Modalities
Authors: Gill Denise
Published: May 2017

Typically dismissed as the remnants of Ottoman nostalgia, the melancholies intentionally cultivated by contemporary Turkish classical musicians are a fundamental aspect of their subjectivity. Melancholic Modalities is the first in-depth historical and ethnographic study of the affective practices socialized by these musicians who champion, teach, and perform a present-day genre substantially rooted in the musics of the Ottoman court and elite Mevlevi Sufi lodges. Denise Gill analyzes how melancholic music making emerges as reparative, pleasurable, spiritually redeeming, and healing. Focusing on the affective, embodied, and sonic practices of musicians who deploy and circulate melancholy in sound, Gill interrogates the constitutive elements of musicians’ melancholic modalities in the context of emergent neoliberalism, secularism, political Islamism, Sufi devotionals, and the politics of psychological health in Turkey today. In a far-reaching contribution to the study of music, affect, and emotion, Gill develops rhizomatic analyses to allow musicians’ multiple interpretations to be heard. Melancholic Modalities uncovers the processes of subjectivity that render a spectrum of feelings (sensations of pain and ecstasy) and emotions (sadness, grief, joy, pleasure) as correct ways of being in the world for Turkish classical musicians. With her innovative concept of “bi-aurality,” Gill’s book forges new possibilities for the historical and ethnographic analyses of musics and ideologies of listening for music scholars.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Denise
Published: May 2017

The Introduction offers an overview of the theoretical stakes of the book and uses rhizomatic analysis as a framework to define the four persistent topics that run throughout the internal chapters. The first rhizome examined is “Turkish classical music” as an invented tradition; the second rhizome is the archive of melancholies in Turkish. The third rhizome attends to the rich academic landscape of affect theory and studies of affect/emotion/feeling, as the chapter demonstrates why a focus on affective practice is the most appropriate and necessary approach to understanding Turkish classical musicians’ emotional and musical lives. The fourth rhizome interrogates Islamic belief and spiritual practices that are affixed in musicians’ senses of musical meaning.
Boundaries of Embodiment in Sounded Melancholy
Authors: Gill Denise
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 grounds claims about musicians’ melancholic modalities in a multifaceted study of embodiment in Turkish classical musicking. After an investigation of how musicians describe the sensations of bodily melancholy to explain sonic melancholy, the chapter studies the way that melancholic affective practices differentiate specific kinds of boundaries: boundaries demarcating gender difference, weeping and tears and elucidating bodily boundaries, and theologies of listening that demarcate boundaries between the spiritual and the mundane. The chapter concludes that the musicians’ experiences suggest that the boundaries are meant to be crossed, because it is the very labor of crossing that makes individuals who they are.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Johnny S. , Kelly Michael S. , Franklin Cynthia
Published: May 2017

This introduction chapter begins by describing the various chapters of the book and introduces the ideas of the solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) approach. It makes a case for why SFBT is well-suited for school social work and school counseling practices and how it can even be adapted to Special Education IEP goals. The chapter also describes the advantages of using SFBT in a school setting. A brief case example is provided to illustrate why SFBT can work in a school setting.
SFBT Within the Tier 1 Framework
Authors: Franklin Cynthia , Guz Samantha
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the Tier 1, school-wide, training approach and how solution-focused practices can fit within this framework. It uses a case example involving an alternative high school, Garza Independence High school, to describe the various ways solution-focused brief therapy was used as a school-wide intervention. A transdisciplinary team model was used to train educators in SFBT and this approach will also be described within this chapter. Solution-focused techniques and case examples are provided to describe how mental health and discipline are handled by school social workers and staff. Finally, this chapter will examine the school’s effectiveness by summarizing evaluation research and school district data on its’ successful academic achievement and sustainability.
SFBT in Action
Authors: Holland Carol Buchholz
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides information about the prevalence of youth mental health issues, and identifies student risk and protective factors. In addition, the solution-focused counseling approach is compared with traditional problem-focused counseling approaches. Benefits of using the solution-focused approach in schools are identified. A case study is also included in this chapter. The case study offers school-based mental health practitioners with detailed steps on how to recognize and respond to students’ suicide ideation from a solution-focused perspective. This solution-focused intervention is designed to build hope, to empower the student, and to encourage more solution-building activities.
Politics and the Right to Work
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), passed in 2005, has been among the developing world's most ambitious anti-poverty initiatives. By “guaranteeing” 100 days of work annually to every rural household, NREGA sought to advance the Indian constitution's commitment to securing citizens’ “right to work”. This book is not a technical evaluation of program performance. It offers instead a detailed analysis of the politics surrounding NREGA: the model of political action that motivated its architects, the public advocacy and parliamentary maneuvering involved in its passage, the political dynamics shaping implementation at state and local levels, the institutional constraints on reforming how it operates, and its complex impacts on public policy debates about governance and development as well as on the political capacities of poor people. Based on their extensive – primarily qualitative – field research, the authors examine changing conceptions of rights and the challenges of making states more accountable to their most disadvantaged citizens. Their analysis of the politics of NREGA provides a window onto the inner workings of Indian democracy and the complex character of the Indian state as it attempts to upgrade its social welfare provision to something more in keeping with the enhanced economic stature the country over the past few decades.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the book's analytical focus, conceptual approach, main arguments, and research process. It introduces the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA), which was part of a raft of rights-based development legislation passed by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) that governed India from 2004-2014. NREGA was central to the Indian state's efforts to upgrade the country's relatively thin social welfare provision to something more in keeping with its growing economic and political profile. Six central contentions are outlined, each with a brief explanation. The chapter also justifies the book's approach to concepts such as institutions, poverty, and politics, and introduces the components of what the authors call “political capacity”. Elements of the research process – including information on the key case study states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh – are also discussed, and the organization of the remainder of the book, including a chapter outline, is presented.
Act of Creation
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a close examination of specific provisions found in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA). The analysis of the legal and regulatory provisions (the content) is followed by an examination of how NREGA came into being (its origins). The focus, again, is on the politics underlying this process. The chapter stresses the importance of India's precursor employment programs and various movements that have over the years worked to make them more accountable to their intended beneficiaries. It also assesses aspects of NREGA that became matters of intense debate on the floor of parliament, in the media, and beyond. Each of these contested legislative provisions would subsequently, in one form or other, play a role in the political battles surrounding NREGA's implementation (a subject covered in Chapter 7 of the book).
NREGA, National Politics, and Policy Evolution
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how politics has affected public debates concerning India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) and how best to reform it. Because of its immense size and scope, NREGA found itself implicated in a wide range of key national policy debates: from public finance to internal security to rural development. It has also produced changes in local political dynamics, in the political calculus of state-level leaders, in social interactions, and in perceptions of social status. This chapter addresses these issues through discussions of three thematic areas: corruption and governance; wages and work; and India's development paradigm. The revisions to NREGA's operational practices after the re-election of the Congress Party-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government in 2009 are also examined.
Implications
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter advances six arguments concerning the relationship between Indian politics and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA): NREGA, for all its faults, has improved the well-being of tens of millions of poor people; (2) NREGA's political aims and implications must be recognized to appreciate its significance as a development initiative; (3) while the Indian state's porousness provides privileged access to business organizations and socially powerful constituencies, it also offers openings for voices seeking to effect progressive social change in the interests of non-elite groups; (4) various aspects of NREGA implementation have demonstrated the complex process through which “clientelist” politics in India is being transformed rather than eliminated; (5) NREGA is emblematic of a new category of rights—a category we term “governance rights”, which are characterized by hybridity in terms of both content and enforcement mechanisms; and (6) NREGA spurred a devolution of resources to elected local councils, which made village-level democratic institutions, despite their shortcomings, a site where poorer people's demands for accountability were legitimated—a process aided in some states by unusually capable social movements, and in others by state bureaucracies.
Liberation, Counter-Revolution and War
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers a theoretical framework to account for patterns of political change and regionalized civil war between revolutionary and counter-revolutionary forces in Africa. The analytical structure crafted in this chapter does not account for Africa’s Great War but for the critical events that led up to it: the Rwandan genocide, the subsequent spillover into Zaire and the origins of the Pan-Africanist coalition that united to overthrow Mobutu. This chapter thus sets up the puzzle of Africa’s Great War: if the overthrow of Mobutu marked an “end of history moment” for Africa's neo-liberation regimes—the downfall of the most destabilizing of the neo-colonial relics and the triumph of liberation and neo-liberation forces from Asmara to Kinshasa—why did it all come crashing down?
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

This chapter sketches the politico-historical context in which Congo’s liberation movement, the AFDL, emerged and the circumstances that shaped its character and composition from genesis. It provides background on the nature of the Congolese state, the changing international relations of Africa and the rise to power of the RPF. Importantly, it situates the Congolese experience within the Pan-Africanist liberation project as it was dreamed and godfathered by Julius Nyerere. For the Tanzanian former president and his disciples, the ousting of Mobutu represented the next logical stop in the trajectory of Africa’s liberation politics. This was an analysis shared by the RPF whose natural ideological inclinations were supercharged by the security imperative of having the génocidaires on Rwanda’s doorstep: the Front identified waging war abroad as a precondition for being able to do nation-building at home.
Why Comrades Go to War
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

The conclusion explores the book’s broader implications. The unraveling of the AFDL happened within the same fifteen-month timeframe that would also see the outbreak of a “war of brothers” between Eritrea and Ethiopia (May 1998) and a violent fall-out between the RPF and Uganda's NRM (August 1999)—on Congolese territory. The fall of Kinshasa in May 1997 marked the last successful violent revolution brought about by liberation movements in Africa (save for the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement’s (SPLM) partial victory in Sudan). Existing liberation regimes shifted their focus to internal development and a narrow conception of national interest rather than continuing to export revolution and building deep institutional ties with brother countries. Thus, rather than the AFDL triumph ushering in a new era of liberation politics and regional solidarity that would transform Africa, it was in some sense the Thermidor of the Pan-Africanist, Nyerere-driven vision of unity and security through regime change campaigns. The final pages of the book assess the lasting impact of the liberation project on African politics.
Atrocity Speech Law
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Hate speech is widely considered a precondition for mass atrocity. Since World War II a large body of case law has interpreted the key offenses criminalizing such discourse: (1) incitement to genocide; and (2) persecution as a crime against humanity. But the law has developed in a fragmented manner. Surprisingly, no volume has furnished a comprehensive analysis of the entire jurisprudential output and the relation of each of its parts to one another and to the whole. Atrocity Speech Law fills this gap and provides needed perspective for courts, government officials, and scholars. Part 1, “Foundation,” explores the historical relationship between speech and atrocity and the foundations of the current legal framework. Part 2, “Fragmentation,” details the discrepancies and deficiencies within that framework. Part 3, “Fruition,” proposes fixes for the individual speech offenses and suggests a more comprehensive solution: a “Unified Liability Theory,” pursuant to which there would be four criminal modalities placed in one statutory provision and applying to genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes: (1) incitement; (2) speech abetting; (3) instigation; and (4) ordering. Apart from the issue of fragmentation, experts have failed to find an accurate designation for this body of law. “International Incitement Law” and “International Hate Speech Law,” two of the typical labels, do not capture the law’s breadth or its proper relationship to mass violence. So with a more holistic and accurate approach in mind, this book proposes a new name for the overall body of international rules and jurisprudence: “atrocity speech law.”
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

“Those who can make you believe absurdities, can make you commit atrocities.”

—VOLTAIRE1

1.François-Marie Arouet (pen name “Voltaire”), Questions sur Les Miracles, in 8 ŒUVRES COMPLÈTES DE VOLTAIRE, 691 (Chez Furne 1836). The actual quotation is “Certainement qui est en droit de vous rendre absurde est en droit de vous rendre injuste.” This would translate somewhat differently, but the above is the standard rendering of the quotation. ...
Speech and Atrocity
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 limns the chronology of speech and government-sponsored mass violence over the centuries. After an overview of pre-twentieth century hate rhetoric, it focuses on Ottoman propaganda in relation to the Armenian Genocide. It then describes the Nazi hate speech campaign against the Jews, the archetypal modern template for mass murder agitprop. It then moves to the post–Cold War period and examines the role of speech in the 1990s atrocities committed in the Balkans and Rwanda. The chapter concludes by examining more recent instances of atrocity rhetoric connected to mass crimes: postelection violence in Kenya and Côte d’Ivoire; extremist Buddhist attacks against Muslims in Myanmar; the Islamic State’s genocidal violence against the Yazidis; and Dinka versus Nuer bloodshed in South Sudan. In tracing this history, two overarching rhetorical strategies become apparent—exclusion (defaming and dehumanizing the out-group) and threat (warning that the out-group threatens violence so must be eliminated first).
International Human Rights and Domestic Law
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

In light of the compelling empirical connection between hate speech and atrocity, what laws, if any, criminalize the dissemination of such rhetoric? Chapter 2 begins to answer that question by examining international human rights instruments and domestic laws covering speech and violence. It notes there is an inbuilt clash in the principal human rights documents between free expression and freedom from invidious discrimination. Most of the world’s liberal democracies protect dignity against discrimination. The United States does not. The world’s most speech-protective jurisdiction, its Constitution’s First Amendment stipulates that the government may “make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.” As the United States plays a prominent role in developing the criminalization of atrocity speech on the global stage, and as its Supreme Court has often held forth on issues of speech liberty, its domestic jurisprudence is a particular focus of this chapter.
The Birth of Atrocity Speech Law Part 1
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 considers the initial choices made by the newly formed body of international criminal law vis-à-vis atrocity speech. The framers of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal (IMT) recognized that Nazi barbarities were rooted in propaganda. Article 6(c) of the IMT Charter”(and a comparable Control Council Law No. 10 provision) permitted prosecutors to charge “crimes against humanity” against Nazi defendants, including Julius Streicher and Hans Fritzsche (before the IMT) and Otto Dietrich (before an American tribunal). This novel offense criminalized certain heinous acts committed against civilians that were outside the ambit of war crimes, including hate speech as persecution. The chapter then considers the origins of the Genocide Convention and its pioneering formulation of the incitement crime. Finally, it examines the ad hoc tribunal statutes and the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, each of which criminalizes incitement to genocide, persecution as a crime against humanity, instigation, and ordering.
Conclusion
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

“Kind words can be short and easy to speak, but their echoes are truly endless.”

—MOTHER TERESA1

1.Sam Majdi, THE WISDOM OF THE GREAT 436 (2012).

On April 15, 2016, in relation to his infamous November 1992 speech, a Rwandan High Court found Léon Mugesera guilty of incitement to commit genocide, inciting ethnic hatred and persecution as a crime against humanity....
Evolution of Facial Musculature
Authors: Diogo Rui , Santana Sharlene E.
Published: May 2017

We review the origin and evolution of the facial musculature of mammals and pay special attention to the complex relationships between facial musculature, color patterns, mobility, and social group size during the evolution of humans and other primates. In addition, we discuss the modularity of the human head and the assymetrical use of facial expressions, as well as the evolvability of the muscles of facial expression, based on recent developmental and comparative studies and the use of a powerful new quantitative tool: anatomical networks analysis. We emphasizes the remarkable diversity of primate facial structures and the fact that the number of facial muscles present in our species is actually not as high when compared to many other mammals as previously thought. The use of new tools, such as anatomical network analyses, should be further explored to compare the musculoskeletal and other features of humans across stages of development and with other animal to enable a better understanding of the evolution of facial expressions.
The Communicative and Social Functions of Human Crying
Authors: Gračanin Asmir , Bylsma Lauren M. , Vingerhoets Ad J. J. M.
Published: May 2017

Why do humans produce emotional tears? We propose that the answer to this question can be found in the interindividual functions of emotional crying. The basic assumption is that emotional tears represent a means of communication, which has evolved from distress or separation calls displayed by other animals as well. The reactions of others are the crucial factor that pushed forward the evolution of this phylogenetically new behavior. We substantiate this claim by discussing the ontogenetic development of crying, which sets the stage for explaining the ways this signal could have evolved. We further evaluate the signal value of tears in the context of the events and emotional states that precede or accompany crying, as well as of the consequences of crying for the crying individual. This allows us to conclude that tears predominantly represent a signal of helplessness and prosocial intentions.
Neural and Behavioral Responses to Ambiguous Facial Expressions of Emotion
Authors: Whalen Paul J. , Neta Maital , Kim M. Justin , Mattek Alison M. , Davis F. C. , Taylor James M. , Chavez Samantha
Published: May 2017

When it comes to being social, there is no other nonverbal environmental cue that is more important for humans than the facial expression of another person. Here we consider facial expressions as naturally conditioned stimuli that, when presented as images in an experimental paradigm, evoke neural and behavioral responses that serve to decipher the predictive meaning of the expression. We will cover data showing that the expressions of others alter our attention to the environment, our biases in interpreting these facial expressions, and our neural responses within an amygdala-prefrontal circuitry related to normal variations in reported anxiety.