bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and characterization of isotopic natGa15N by molecular‐beam epitaxy
Authors: Yao Yong‐zhao , Ohgaki Takeshi , Matsumoto Kenji , Sakaguchi Isao , Wada Yoshiki , Haneda Hajime , Sekiguchi Takashi , Ohashi Naoki
Published: January 2009

Isotopically enriched gallium nitride films, Ga14N and Ga15N, have been fabricated by molecular‐beam epitaxy to study the effects of nitrogen atomic mass variation on structures and properties of GaN. The phonon frequency shift due to the isotopic substitution was clearly observed using Raman spectroscopy. The lattice constants of Ga15N differed from those of Ga14N; the unit cell volume of Ga15N was approximately 0.06% less than that of Ga14N. Temperature‐dependent photoluminescence measurements revealed that the recombination mechanism in Ga14N and Ga15N was the same in the temperature range of 4‐50 K, and the band gap energy difference was Eg15‐Eg14 = 6.0 ± 0.1 meV. This Eg difference is discussed in terms of volume shrinkage and change in phonon‐electron interaction due to isotopic substitution. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flip‐chip, micro‐pixellated InGaN light‐emitting diode arrays: attractive sources for micro‐displays, colour conversion, and fluorescence detection
Authors: Gong Z. , Massoubre D. , McKendry J. , Zhang H. X. , Griffin C. , Guilhabert B. , Gu E. , Girkin J. M. , Dawson M. D. , Rael B. R. , Henderson R. K.
Published: January 2009

Flip‐chip micro‐pixellated InGaN light‐emitting diode (micro‐LED) arrays fabricated in both matrix‐addressable and individually‐addressable formats were presented. Despite different addressing schemes, all these LED arrays exhibited superior device operation performance in terms of power output, emission uniformity, and current handling capability, in contrast to the top‐emitting counterparts. With the aid of custom‐designed driver circuitry, a wide range of promising applications have been demonstrated by using these micro‐light sources including micro‐display, colour conversion, and fluorescence detection. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ doping and implantation of GaN layers with Mn
Authors: Sofer Zdeněk , Sedmidubský David , Stejskal Josef , Hejtmánek Jiří , Maryško Miroslav , Jurek Karel , Havránek Vladimír , Macková Anna , Hardtdegen Hilde , Václavů Michal
Published: January 2009

In this paper we present a growth of Ga1–xMnxN layers by MOVPE and ion implantation of GaN layers with Mn. The Mn concentration detected by electron microprobe and PIXE was well below the solubility limit, ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 at.%. Implanted doses of Mn ions were in the range 1x1016‐5x1016 Mn atoms.cm–2 with energy of 330 keV. The analysis of the MOVPE deposition process of Ga1–xMnxN thin films revealed an unfavorable ratio between the apparent Mn concentration in the gas phase and its doping level in the deposited layer. On the other hand, the incorporation of Mn has a positive effect on the resulting surface morphology. The optimal deposition temperature of 1000 °C was found out as a compromise between the layer quality and Mn concentration. In both in‐situ grown and implanted samples, a ferromagnetic component persisting up to room temperature and a prevailing paramagnetic phase were observed. The ferromagnetic moment observed in implanted samples was influenced by free carrier concentration in GaN layers which were used for implantation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study on growth and electrical performance of double‐heterostructure AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN field‐effect‐transistors
Authors: Vescan Andrei , Hardtdegen Hilde , Ketteniß Nico , Eickelkamp Martin , Noculak Achim , Goliasch Jens , Ahe Martina v. d. , Bay Helge Lago , Schäpers Thomas , Kalisch Holger , Grützmacher Detlev , Jansen Rolf H.
Published: January 2009

Device simulations and first experimental results on double‐heterostructure (DH) AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN field effect transistors are presented. Simulations show that above an Al content of approximately 10% in the back GaN/AlGaN barrier, a hole channel could be formed. On the other hand the DH is shown to reduce the electric field in the regions adjacent to the channel and to suppress trapping. First experimental results confirm the existence of the 2‐dimensional electron gas for a back barrier Al content of 5%. The device performance although strongly limited by the material quality, is comparable to that of conventional structures, promising significant potential once design and material issues are resolved. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time resolved measurement of longitudinal mode competition in 405 nm (Al,In)GaN laser diodes
Authors: Schmidtke Bernd , Braun Harald , Schwarz Ulrich T. , Queren Désirée , Schillgalies Marc , Lutgen Stephan , Strauß Uwe
Published: January 2009

We investigate the spectral and temporal behavior of conventional narrow ridge (Al,In)GaN laser diodes (LDs) emitting at a wavelength of about 405 nm, grown on low dislocation density GaN substrate. In time resolved measurements of the lasing spectra we find a quasi‐periodic hopping among several longitudinal modes, which leads to time‐averaged multimode‐like output spectra. The experimental data are compared to a multimode rate equation model that was adapted to the (Al,In)GaN material system. While mode hopping is well studied for other material systems, we investigate whether this mechanism is identical in blue (Al,In)GaN LDs (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Auger losses in GaN‐based quantum wells: Microscopic theory
Authors: Pasenow B. , Koch S. W. , Hader J. , Moloney J. V. , Sabathil M. , Linder N. , Lutgen S.
Published: January 2009

Fully microscopic many‐body models are used to study the importance of radiative and Auger carrier losses in InGaN/GaN quantum wells. Since the usual direct bandto‐band Auger losses are too small to explain the experimentally observed droop of the external quantumefficiency in such structures, phonon assisted Auger processes are discussed. First numerical estimates indicate that the resulting losses constitute an important intrinsic loss process in InGaN/GaN quantum wells (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical inference of risk difference in K correlated 2×2 tables with structural zero
Authors: Wang Shun‐Fang , Tang Nian‐Sheng , Zhang Bo , Wang Xue‐Ren
Published: January 2009

K correlated 2×2 tables with structural zero are commonly encountered in infectious disease studies. A hypothesis test for risk difference is considered in K independent 2×2 tables with structural zero in this paper. Score statistic, likelihood ratio statistic and Wald‐type statistic are proposed to test the hypothesis on the basis of stratified data and pooled data. Sample size formulae are derived for controlling a pre‐specified power or a pre‐determined confidence interval width. Our empirical results show that score statistic and likelihood ratio statistic behave better than Wald‐type statistic in terms of type I error rate and coverage probability, sample sizes based on stratified test are smaller than those based on the pooled test in the same design. A real example is used to illustrate the proposed methodologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tanacetum vulgare: antiherpes virus activity of crude extract and the purified compound parthenolide
Authors: Onozato Thelma , Nakamura Celso Vataru , Cortez Diógenes Aparício Garcia , Filho Benedito Prado Dias , Ueda‐Nakamura Tânia
Published: January 2009

The present study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract and the isolated compound, parthenolide, from aerial parts ofTanacetum vulgareL. (Asteraceae), protected Vero cells from herpes simplex virus (HSV‐1) infectionin vitro. The extract and parthenolide were assayed against HSV‐1 by the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay and exhibited anti‐HSV‐1 activity with an EC50of 40 µg/mL and 0.3 µg/mL, respectively. In order to determine which stage of the virus–cell interaction was affected by parthenolide, the pure compound was used. No effect was observed when both viruses and cells were pretreated, or during early stages of infection, suggesting that parthenolide interfered with virus replication after the penetration stage, inhibiting approximately 40% of plaques formed at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL when compared with an untreated control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Events per person‐time (incidence rate): A misleading statistic?
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura
Published: January 2009

Results in risk studies based on events per person‐time (EPT, technically ‘incidence rate’) often prove non‐confirmable. The circumstances in which the EPT‐ratio is unquestionably both valid and optimal to compare a high‐ and low‐risk group, a constant hazards situation, are discussed. However, the constant hazards situation seldom applies in medical research. When the constant hazards situation does not apply, even under optimal circumstances, with fixed entry time and follow‐up time for all those not experiencing the event and absence of censoring, EPT‐ratio yields at best ambiguous, at worst misleading, results. More careful design and survival analyses are recommended in place of use of EPTs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reputation for cooperation: contingent benefits in alliance activity
Authors: Arend Richard J.
Published: January 2009

We model the two‐firm alliance as an iterated prisoners' dilemma game with an exit option and test several theoretical predictions in experimental studies regarding the effect of reputation information. Following the literature, we hypothesize that reputation benefits cooperation; however, our experimental results instead show that reputation decreases cooperation. A contingency explains this result while remaining consistent with the general proposition of reputation as beneficial in games of incomplete information. Implications include a recommendation for when to invest in reputation and whether the lemon's market story is applicable to alliance‐related inefficiencies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p27Kip1 Constrains Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells in Adult Brain Under Homeostatic and Ischemic Conditions
Authors: Qiu Jianhua , Takagi Yasushi , Harada Jun , Topalkara Kamil , Wang Yumei , Sims John R. , Zheng Guoguang , Huang Paulina , Ling Yun , Scadden David T. , Moskowitz Michael A. , Cheng Tao
Published: January 2009

Cell cycle inhibition of neural stem and progenitor cells is critical for maintaining the stability of central nervous system in adults, but it may represent a significant hurdle for neural regeneration after injury. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21cip1/waf1 (p21) maintains the quiescence of neural stem-like cells under cerebral ischemia, as similarly shown for the hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we report the distinct role of another CKI member, p27kip1 (p27) in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from adult brain (subventricular zone and hippocampal subgranular zone) under both homeostatic and ischemic conditions. The basal level of NPC proliferation in the p27−/− mice was higher than that in p27+/+ mice. Upon ischemia, the overall proliferation of NPCs continued to be higher in p27−/− mice than that in p27+/+ mice. Moreover, the increase of NPC proliferation in p27−/− mice remained until 2 weeks after ischemia, whereas it resumed back to the basal level in p27+/+ mice. As a result, newly generated neuronal cells in the granular layer of p27−/− brain were more abundant compared with p27+/+ controls. These new data demonstrate that p27 functions as a distinct inhibitor for NPC proliferation under homeostatic as well as ischemic conditions.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Characterization of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Transcriptome in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells: Identification of Novel Regulators of Pluripotency
Authors: Storm Michael P. , Kumpfmueller Benjamin , Thompson Belinda , Kolde Raivo , Vilo Jaak , Hummel Oliver , Schulz Herbert , Welham Melanie J.
Published: January 2009

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling has been implicated in the regulation of embryonic stem (ES) cell fate. To gain further insight into the mechanisms regulated by PI3Ks in murine ES cells, we have performed expression profiling using Affymetrix GeneChips to characterize the transcriptional changes that arise as a result of inhibition of PI3K-dependent signaling. Using filtering of greater than 1.5-fold change in expression and an analysis of variance significance level of p < .05, we have defined a dataset comprising 646 probe sets that detect changes in transcript expression (469 down and 177 up) on inhibition of PI3Ks. Changes in expression of selected genes have been validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Gene ontology analyses reveal significant over-representation of transcriptional regulators within our dataset. In addition, several known regulators of ES cell pluripotency, for example, Nanog, Esrrb, Tbx3, and Tcl-1, are among the downregulated genes. To evaluate the functional involvement of selected genes in regulation of ES cell self-renewal, we have used short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown. These studies identify genes not previously associated with control of ES cell fate that are involved in regulating ES cell pluripotency, including the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp-1 and the Zscan4 family of zinc finger proteins. Further gain-of-function analyses demonstrate the importance of Zscan4c in regulation of ES cell pluripotency.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Concurrent Blockade of α4-Integrin and CXCR4 in Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Mobilization
Authors: Bonig Halvard , Watts Korashon L. , Chang Kai-Hsin , Kiem Hans-Peter , Papayannopoulou Thalia
Published: January 2009

The important contributions of the α4 integrin VLA-4 and the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in mobilization have been demonstrated and thereby, these pathways can be suggested as rational targets for clinical stem cell mobilization in the absence of cytokine use. α4-blockade alone (in humans, macaques and mice), or genetic ablation of α4-integrin in mice, provides reproducible, but modest mobilization. Similarly, CXCR4 blockade with small-molecule antagonists mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in all three species, but at least with the established single-injection schedule, the mobilization efficiency is marginally sufficient for clinical purposes. Hypothesizing that the different molecular targets (α4-integrin vs. CXCR4) might allow for additive mobilization effects, we therefore tested the efficacy of the combination of α4-integrin blockade with anti-functional antibodies and CXCR4 blockade with the small-molecule inhibitor AMD3100 in macaques, or the combination of conditional α4-integrin ablation and AMD3100 in mice. Mobilization was at least additive. While the prolonged effects of α4-blocking antibodies may not be suitable for clinical mobilization, future availability of small-molecule α4-antagonists in combination with AMD3100 could provide an alternative to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Chromium speciation by TXRF analysis
Authors: Kallithrakas‐Kontos N. , Koulouridakis P. , Hatzistavros V. , Aretaki I. N.
Published: January 2009

Chromium (Cr) is an element which usually occurs in two different forms, Cr(III) and Cr(VI). As Cr(VI) is much more toxic than Cr(III), no complicated analytical methods with low detection limit are needed for chromium speciation. In the present work, a new method is presented for chromium speciation at low concentrations by selective membrane collection and total Reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis. Various membranes were produced on the surface of quartz reflectors containing different complexing ligands in Nafion and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) matrices. The membranes were produced on the surface of quartz glass, while the reflectors were immersed in water solutions with low concentrations of chromium salts for many hours. When the equilibration stage was achieved, the reflectors were analyzed by TXRF. Completely selective membranes for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were prepared with minimum detection limits lower than 0.6 ng.ml−1 (ppb) in drinking water. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computer‐assisted instability proof for the Orr‐Sommerfeld problem with Poiseuille flow
Authors: Watanabe Y. , Plum M. , Nakao M.T.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents a computer‐assisted proof of solutions of the Orr‐Sommerfeld equation describing hydrodynamic stability of Poiseuille flow. A numerical verification method for computing eigenpair enclosures for this non‐selfadjoint eigenvalue problem is described. Some verification results confirm the effectiveness of the method. This constitutes the first strict mathematical instability proof for the Poiseuille flow.
Factors Affecting the Rapid Equilibrium Method for Analysis of Total Oil in Soybean Cultivars
Authors: Clark P. K. , Snyder H. E.
Published: January 2009

A one minute rapid equilibrium extraction for total oil in soybeans was developed and factors influencing the extraction were examined. Comparisons of the rapid equilibrium extraction with a Goldfisch extraction were made, using 100 mesh flour on ten cultivars over a three year period. The equilibrium extraction consists of slurrying 100 mesh flour in hexane until an equilibrium between oil content inside and outside of the soybean particle is achieved. One minute was required for equilibration of 98% of the oil in the soybean flour, and one hour was required for complete equilibration when compared with a five hour Goldfisch extraction. Accuracy and precision of the method were excellent when proper technique was followed. A comparison of the rapid equilibrium and the Goldfisch extractions showed similar changes in oil content due to changes in soybean flour moisture and in preheating the soybeans. The amounts of phospholipid extracted from fine flour were considerably less than usually extracted from flakes under commercial conditions. The correlation between the rapid equilibrium and Goldfisch extractions for ten cultivars was excellent (r=0.9956) when analyzing 100 mesh flour. Environmental conditions caused significant interactions between cultivars and years of production.
Japanese Sardine Oil as a Source of 16:3(n‐4) and 16:4(n‐l) Fatty Acids
Authors: Ando Yasuhiro , Ota Toru , Takagi Toru
Published: January 2009

Open tubular gas liquid Chromatographic (GLC) analysis of fatty acids in Japanese sardine oil showed the contents of 1.57% hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and 2.55% hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4). Concentrations of 16:3 and 16:4 were carried out through the urea adduct method, argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) and reversed phase TLC, with the purities of 16:3 and 16:4 samples obtained being both higher than 92%. They were recognized as 16:3(n‐4) and 16:4(n‐1) by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the methyl esters and GLC analyses of the partially hydrazine hydrogenated products and their oxidative ozonolysis products. The structures were supported by the results of gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analyses of the pyrrolidides. Other isomers of 16:3 and 16:4 have not been detected in the GLC analysis of the methyl esters. These results indicate that sardine oil is useful as a source of these fatty acids.
Fatty Acid Composition of Indica‐and Japonica‐Types of Rice Bran and Milled Rice
Authors: Taira Hirokadzu
Published: January 2009

Fatty acid compositions of 10 cultivars each of Indicaand Japonica types of rice bran and milled rice were investigated. The Indica‐type, as compared with the Japonica‐type, had significantly higher palmitic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidic acid contents and lower linoleic and eicosenoic acid contents in the bran and milled rice, and lower oleic acid content in the bran. The correlation coefficient between oleic and linoleic acid contents of bran and milled rice was negative in the Indica‐and Japonica‐types and was the highest between all fatty acids. The regression line in the scatter diagrams between oleic and linoleic acid contents of bran and milled rice divided the Indica and Japonica lines.
Dimer acids: Synthesis and mass spectrometry of the tetrahydroxy, dihydroxy, and diketo dinners of methyl stearate
Authors: Christopoulou C. N. , Perkins E. G.
Published: January 2009

Dimers, structurally representative of those formed during thermal‐oxidative reactions in fats and oils, including the dihydroxy, tetrahydroxy, and the diketo dimer of methyl stearate, were synthesized to be used as standards and model compounds for the development of various Chromatographic methods needed for further studies. The mass spectra of both the methyl ester and trimethylsiloxy derivative of the synthetic dimeric compounds were investigated in order to facilitate development of methodology for the separation and structural determination of similar polar dimer structures isolated from actual oxidized or “abused” oil samples.
Isolation and characterization of dinners formed in used soybean oil
Authors: Christopoulou C. N. , Perkins E. G.
Published: January 2009

Dimers were isolated from two samples of partially hydrogenated soybean oil which had been used for frying. They were then separated into their component structures using an LC‐18 octadecyl bonded, HPLC column with acetone‐acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase with refractometry as the mode of detection and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Evidence is presented for the presence of the monohydroxy, dihydroxy, and keto groups in the dimer of linoleic acid as well as the dehydrodimer, the bicyclic, the tricyclic, and the thermal dimer of methyl linoleate and the dehydrodimer of methyl oleate.
Liquid detergents from cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants. adsorption, detergency and antistatic properties
Authors: Martin K. , Hellsten E. , Klingberg Anders W. , Karlsson B. T. Gunvor
Published: January 2009

The adsorption of a mixture of cationic (c) and anionic (a) surfactants on cellulose fibers is highly dependent on the molar ratio a/c with a maximum at a/c = 0.9. When a/c is > 1.1 the adsorption is negligible. The presence of nonionic surfactants in the solution impairs the adsorption of the ionic species; this effect is stronger for nonionic surfactants with long alkyl and polyglycol ether chains. The detergency—measured on WFK cotton cloth—is highest when a/c > 1 and decreases sharply when a/c goes below 0.8. The antistatic effect for a formulated liquid detergent based on these principles was compared to one commercial liquid detergent with softening and antistatic properties and one commercial detergent powder, and the test detergent was shown to be a better antistatic agent on polyester, polyacrylonitrile and polyamide. The detergency was about the same for the two liquid detergents.
Improved Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of MWCNT–PMMA Composites Using Layered Structures
Authors: Pande Shailaja , Singh BP , Mathur RB , Dhami TL , Saini P , Dhawan SK
Published: January 2009

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes–polymethyl methacrylate (MWCNT–PMMA) composites prepared by two different techniques was measured. EMI SE up to 40 dB in the frequency range 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band) was achieved by stacking seven layers of 0.3-mm thick MWCNT–PMMA composite films compared with 30 dB achieved by stacking two layers of 1.1-mm thick MWCNT–PMMA bulk composite. The characteristic EMI SE graphs of the composites and the mechanism of shielding have been discussed. SE in this frequency range is found to be dominated by absorption. The mechanical properties (tensile, flexural strength and modulus) of the composites were found to be comparable or better than the pure polymer. The studies therefore show that the composite can be used as structurally strong EMI shielding material.
Pain and Heart Failure: Unrecognized and Untreated
Authors: Evangelista Lorraine S. , Sackett Erin , Dracup Kathleen
Published: January 2009

Background: Although evidence exists to support the presence of pain in advanced stages of heart failure (HF), the pain experience in the early phases of this progressive disease is poorly documented, and therefore, poorly understood. The current study was conducted to: 1) examine the prevalence of pain in cohort of patients with chronic HF (New York Heart Association class I–IV); and 2) determine the relationship between pain and QOL.

Methods and results: Data were obtained from 300 patients (mean age 54.2 ± 12.7 years; 72% male; 65% Caucasians; time since HF diagnosis 4.6 ± 4.8 years). Two-thirds of the patients (67%) reported some degree of pain; the prevalence of pain increased as functional class worsened ( p < .009). Differences in QOL outcomes for patients experiencing pain vs. no pain were statistically significant for physical and overall QOL. Pain accounted for 20% of the variance in QOL ( p < .001) even after adjusting for age, gender, and functional class.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest pain is present in a majority of patients with HF. Given the potential deleterious effects of untreated pain on QOL in patients with HF, it is important that healthcare providers assess patients for this often-unrecognized symptom.
Effects of neonatal and peripubertal ethanol treatment on various aspects of adult rat behavior and brain anatomy
Authors: Röskam Stephan , Koch Michael
Published: January 2009

Exposure to ethanol during critical stages of brain development and maturation has adverse effects on behavioral and cognitive functions. So far, most animal models focused on the effects of either pre‐ or early postnatal ethanol treatment on behavior. We here used a multiple crossover design to investigate the effects of neonatal (postnatal day 7) ethanol treatment (2.5 g/kg b.i.d., dissolved in saline), subchronic peripubertal (postnatal days 40–65) ethanol treatment (1.0 g/kg, dissolved in saline) and the combination of both on the performance of adult Wistar rats in a variety of behavioral tasks. We also assessed anatomical changes in limbic and cortical brain areas.

No effects of either single or combined neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatment was found on prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI, a measure of sensorimotor gating), or on the acoustic startle response in the absence of prepulses. Peripubertal ethanol treatment reduced the explorative behavior in the open field. The breakpoint in a progressive ratio operant response task was increased in those rats that had received both neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatment, while the preference for palatable food used as reinforcer in this task was not affected. No treatment effects were found on object recognition memory. No treatment effects on anxiety‐related behavior in the elevated plus maze were found, however, the anxiolytic effect of the prototypical benzodiazepine diazepam was enhanced in rats that had received peripubertal ethanol treatment.

Additive effects of neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatments were found on behaviors related to spontaneous locomotor activity. Combined neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatment lead to a reduction of myelin sheaths in the prefrontal cortex, and the neonatal ethanol treatment lead to a reduced number of parvalbumine‐immunoreactive cells in the dorsal hippocampus.

These findings suggest that neonatal ethanol exposure increases the risk of some but not all adverse behavioral and brain anatomical effects of pubertal ethanol consumption.
Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: Africa
Authors: Coetzee Edward J.
Published: January 2009

The problem of screening and treating diabetes in pregnancy in a resource‐poor country is explored. Although the burden of disease is high, diabetes contributes to higher perinatal mortality and morbidity and ultimately can lead to metabolic diseases when the offspring reaches adulthood. The mother is also more likely to develop full blown diabetes in later life with resulting diabetic morbidity and even mortality. Cheaper options for screening, including task shifting, are essential. In type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes there are cheaper alternatives to insulin for treatment, such as diet, exercise, and oral glucose lowering agents such as metformin and glibenclamide.
Mistake of Law in Usucapion
Authors: Daube David
Published: January 2009

A red herring has been drawn over this text. For one and three-quarter millennia no particular difficulty was felt about usucapion where the usufructuary of a female slave sells the offspring in the belief that it belongs to him—a belief which is false since the child of an ancilla is not treated as fruit. Some thirty years ago, however, Siber declared that usucapion is impossible because of error juris. Several passages explain that bona fides resting on error juris is not good enough for usucapion, and in this case—Siber holds—the buyer is wrong about the rules governing the offspring of a slave woman in usufruct. In Siber's opinion, Gaius intends only to point out that the offspring is not res furtiva, but he does not admit usucapion.
Shareholders' Rights and the rule in Foss v. Harbottle (continued)
Authors: Wedderburn K. W.
Published: January 2009

Heading 4. “Fraud on a Minority,” where the Wrongdoers have “Control.”

It was stated above, in the discussion of ultra vires, that actions falling under the fourth Heading of the “exceptions” to Foss v. Harbottle must be “corporate” and not “personal” actions. That is why a minority action brought on the grounds of “fraud” has usually been regarded as a real “relaxation” of the Rule. It is a special procedure, only allowed to the minority in order to avoid “an action in the name of the company, and then a fight as to the right to use its name” in which the minority must lose because the wrongdoers control the company. As such, it is “an excellent illustration of the golden principle that procedure with its rules is the handmaid and not the mistress of justice.” The representative form of the minority shareholders' action must not be permitted to obscure the fact that the “only relief possible in this action is corporate relief.” For this reason, those cases establishing a personal right to prevent any alteration of the articles which would be a fraud on the minority, do not fall under this Heading, and were placed under Heading 3. In the cases now to be discussed, all the rules appropriate to corporate actions apply —notably, that the plaintiff must sue in representative form and cannot join a personal claim; can attack wrongs anterior to his own membership; must join the company as a party; and can join the wrongdoers to assert the company's rights against them.
Some Preliminaries to the Study of English Common Law Records
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: January 2009

In his Inaugural Lecture as Downing Professor at Cambridge in 1888 F. W. Maitland, after introducing to his hearers certain matters—the variety, classification and enormous mass of Legal Records surviving in England—which were then little appreciated, went on to develop two lines of thought: first, that the wealth of evidence contained in these Records needed, if it was to be utilised, the labour of Scholars trained in the Law; and second, that it was evidence not only for Legal Historians but also, and much more, for other Historians and Students of every kind. The first of these propositions needs a little qualification: indeed Maitland himself would, I am sure, now qualify it, for some of the most enthusiastic and most successful Scholars who have followed in his footsteps have been not Lawyers but Historians. Still it remains true that the first and worst difficulties to be solved are legal ones, obscurities not soluble by any of the ordinary aids to the understanding of ancient Documents in general but arising from points of Law: some of them points which the Historian might puzzle over for hours whereas the Lawyer would solve them in a moment; all of them peculiar to this one great category of Records.
Civil Procedure in France and England
Authors: Hamson C. J.
Published: January 2009

… It is my purpose today to attempt to deal with one or two elementary matters which may, I think, cause preliminary difficulty to a person endeavouring to study and compare civil procedure in France and in England.
The Concept of a Lawyer's Jurisprudence
Authors: King B. E.
Published: January 2009

This article is intended to supplement another article, but it is hoped that it may be capable of standing on its own legs. The other article referred to is that entitled “The Concept of a Philosophical Jurisprudence,” by Professor Michael Oakeshott, which appeared in the now extinct journal “Politica” in September and December 1938. The point in that article at which the present article may be appended occurs on p. 350 in the December number (Vol. III, No. 14), where Professor Oakeshott distinguishes two inseparable stages in the process of philosophical inquiry. “First, there is the identification, the mere designation of the subject of enquiry. If we are to determine the meaning of the concept ‘law,’ we must know how to apply the word ‘law.’ And this is to be learnt only by a critical examination of the ways in which the word is ordinarily used. But such an examination leaves us with merely the definition of a word, leaves us merely with the identification of a thing. We have that one thing clearly before us, but we have nothing else; we have the text, but its full meaning is still to seek.” The exploration of this full meaning, of the “context” in which the thing law stands as “text,” is for Professor Oakeshott the second stage in the inquiry which ends with the establishment of a philosophical concept of law—and he has offered guidance of the greatest value to all explorers. This article, however, will be concerned only with the method of obtaining the “text” from which that exploration may begin. It is suggested that it is a particular method of obtaining this “text” which constitutes the distinctive characteristic of a lawyer's jurisprudence.
The Control of Discretionary Executive Powers in France
Authors: Letourneur Maxime , Hamson C. J.
Published: January 2009

The note which follows in French was prepared by Monsieur M. Letourneur, a maître des requêtes au Conseil d'Etat and the senior Commissaire du Gouvernement, for my personal information. It is, however, so valuable that it obviously demands publication. But though of an extreme lucidity and precision, it may require, for its understanding by a common law lawyer, a context and an introduction.
The Concept of a Lawyer's Jurisprudence
Authors: King B. E.
Published: January 2009

The argument of the preceding part of this article has progressed as follows. Jurisprudence, it has been contended, is thought about law, including analysis of its internal structure and exploration of its external relations. Only confusion results, however, in the absence of a preliminary indication, with some degree of precision, of the subject-matter to which the term “law” is to be applied. Jurisprudence cannot presuppose, but must begin with, a definition of the term “law.” The distinctive characteristic of a lawyer's jurisprudence is the criterion it adopts in framing such a definition. This, it has been suggested, is utility to lawyers, a specialised professional group whose specific interests and experience differ from those of citizens, politicians, sociologists, philosophers, or whom you will. In particular a lawyer's concept of law should be judged by its power of ordering, conceptually, the elements of the lawyer's professional experience. The best definition will be that whose analysis displays the maximum degree of coherence to be found amongst the largest number of the most important elements in that experience.
The Right to Indemnity between Master and Servant
Authors: Jolowicz J. A.
Published: January 2009

The proposition that a master, who has become liable for an injury caused by a servant acting in the course of his employment, can recover an indemnity from the servant is one which has been stated on a number of occasions, but until the recent case of Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Lister no clear authority could be cited in support. It is true that the master's rights against his servant have been canvassed in at least three modern cases, but in all of them the common law position has been obscured by the application of the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935. In Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Lister, however, by what those interested in legal principle can only regard as a happy chance, it was necessary for the Court of Appeal to deal with the matter independently of the Act.
Muslim Marriages in English Law
Authors: Pearl David
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this article is to review some of the numerous problems facing the new Family Division of the High Court which arise out of the reception of large numbers of Muslim immigrants into this country. The appearance of the Law Commission's Report on Polygamous Marriages and the debate in the House of Lords on Lord Simon's proposed amendment to the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations Act highlight the importance of the subject for the profession.
Remoteness of Liability and Legal Policy
Authors: Dias R. W. M.
Published: January 2009

In the course of their stately opinion in the case of The Wagon Mound the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council declared that “their Lordships have not found it necessary to consider the so-called rule of ‘strict liability’ exemplified in Rylands v. Fletcher and the cases that have followed or distinguished it. Nothing that they have said is intended to reflect on that rule.” The best excuse for the present addition to the controversial literature that is accumulating round this case is that, the courts having yet to pronounce on remoteness in cases of strict liability, there seems to be still some room for speculation, especially with reference to policy. It is therefore hoped that the fall, as it were, of yet another leaf in the forest will at least do no harm.
The Constitutional Implications of Judicial Control of the Administration in the United Kingdom.
Authors: Mitchell J. D. B.
Published: January 2009

When first I was invited to participate in this colloquium, I was given the title of “Constitutional difficulties to the introduction of a system of administrative law,” which I take to imply a full administrative jurisdiction. That subject was, in a sense, not exciting, except as a challenge to produce legal difficulties, under a system such as our own, to doing anything at all. Difficulties undoubtedly do exist, but they exist in the realm of psychology, not of rules of law. Even so they are important. A constitution does not live by legal logic alone, and the positive changes in law which the introduction of such a system would involve run counter to received, but unexamined, notions or myths, particularly those relating to Parliament. Such notions have surprising strength. It would have been difficult to persuade the Pontifex Maximus to lead the other Pontiffs into proclaiming the inadequacy of their mythology, let alone to lead them into propounding the virtues of a rival. Yet under our cult of Parliament this is precisely what the Prime Minister or the alternative Pontifex Maximus has to do. This change is beyond the scope of those subtle shifts which we can achieve by stealth, in the way in which we transferred power from King to Ministers. While these difficulties are real and must be mentioned, I take it that in the form in which the subject is now posed it is broader and that I can treat of the constitutional advantages as well as, and rather more than, these political difficulties.
The Delivery of a Deed
Authors: Yale D. E. C.
Published: January 2009

“The law as to ‘delivery’ of a deed is of ancient date,” said Lord Denning M.R. in a recent case, “but it is reasonably clear. A deed is very different from a contract. On a contract for the sale of land, the contract is not binding on the parties till they have exchanged their parts. A deed is binding on the maker of it, even though the parts have not been exchanged, as long as it has been signed, sealed and delivered. ‘Delivery’ in this connection does not mean ‘handed over’ to the other side. It means delivered in the old legal sense, namely, an act done so as to evince an intention to be bound. Even though the deed remains in the possession of the maker, or of his solicitor, he is bound by it if he has done some act evincing an intention to be bound, as by saying: ‘I deliver this my act and deed.’ He may, however, make the ‘delivery’ conditional: in which case the deed is called an ‘escrow’ which becomes binding when the condition is fulfilled.”
Protest and Public Order
Authors: Williams D. G. T.
Published: January 2009

“I have considered this situation with the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, but he does not think it necessary to use his power under the Public Order Act 1936 to prohibit the demonstration. He will have a large force of police officers on duty, who will seek to facilitate peaceful demonstration. By using their traditional methods, they will enforce the law and arrest alleged offenders… I have thought carefully about the general issues of freedom and order… My conclusion is that, in the absence of plain evidence of widespread violence, interference with the right to hold meetings, even of this size, would be a bad precedent which would endanger freedom in this country.”
A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration
Authors: McNair Arnold D.
Published: January 2009

This is a book of unusual merit and interest. The author, Dr. Radzinowicz, a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, is the Assistant Director of Research in Criminal Science in the Cambridge Faculty of Law. It is the first of a series of volumes in which he proposes to set forth the history of our criminal law and its administration from 1750 onwards, and an examination of his sources and his methods indicates that he has set himself a task whose magnitude and complexity would daunt most scholars. As Lord Macmillan, in the Foreword which he contributes as Chairman of the Pilgrim Trust, points out, the author's conception of what is meant by raw materials is staggering. The examination of decided cases and textbooks alone would be formidable, but Dr. Radzinowicz has already had to consult some 1,250 reports of Commissions and Committees of Inquiry, 800 annual reports and 1,100 volumes of Parliamentary Debates.
Illegal Contracts and Limited Interests
Authors: Hamson C. J.
Published: January 2009

The case of Bowmakers, Ltd. v. Barnet Instruments, Ltd. deserves perhaps more attention than it has received. The judgment, delivered by du Parcq L.J., is per curiam. and of a strong Court of Appeal. It is a broad and easy-flowing judgment which cites few authorities and states a general rule in general terms without enumerating the exceptions to which it adverts. It accordingly gives rise to not a few difficulties. But it may well be correct on the main points which it appears to decide; and it may prove to be generally helpful in principle, upon the difficult topic of property passing under illegal contracts, if the principle involved can be extracted and stated with particularity.

The facts, as determined in the Court of Appeal, are as follows:—

The defendants (appellants), Barnet Instruments, Ltd., were minded to purchase from a Mr. Smith some machine tools; but instead of the defendants purchasing directly from him, in order to facilitate the financing of the transaction, it was arranged, as is customary, that Bowmakers, Ltd., the plaintiffs, should buy the machines from Smith and let them, upon normal hire purchase terms, to the defendants. Accordingly the plaintiffs, having bought from Smith, entered into three separate hire purchase agreements with the defendants: Nos. 1 and 2 of March and April, 1944, concerned new machine tools, No. 3 of June, 1944, dealt solely with a machine tool which was ‘used’. The defendants ‘after making some, but by no means all the agreed payments sold for their own advantage and converted to their use, all the machines except that one which was the subject of agreement 2, and this latter they also converted to their own use by refusing to deliver it up to the plaintiffs on demand’.
Interim Measures of Protection and The Substantive Jurisdiction of The International Court
Authors: Merrills J. G.
Published: January 2009

It is unlikely that those who were responsible for giving the World Court the power to indicate interim measures of protection could have anticipated the controversy which was ultimately to surround its exercise. Applications for interim measures have been few, even by the inexacting standards of international litigation, but the cases in which such measures have been sought have raised questions of fundamental importance. Controversial issues have included the power of the Court to indicate interim measures on its own initiative, the binding nature and enforceability of interim measures, their purpose and their relation to the Court's substantive jurisdiction, that is its jurisdiction to rule upon the merits of a dispute.
The Merits of Trial by Jury
Authors: Knittel Eberhard , Seiler Dietmar
Published: January 2009

During the House of Commons debate on crime on 8 August 1966, Mr. David Ensor expressed some doubt as to the efficacy of the jury system. He compared it with systems in a number of European countries where three judges, or one judge and two or more assessors (lay justices), decide all questions of law and fact. He thought that this Continental system was working perfectly well.
Jurisdiction, Practice and Procedure of the Court of Appeal
Authors: Cohen Lord Justice
Published: January 2009

I have been invited to talk to you tonight about the Court of Appeal in England, its jurisdiction, procedure and practice, and the first point I would make is that, as was recently emphasised by Mr. Justice Romer, there is no such thing as an inherent right of appeal to the Court of Appeal. That court is a creation of statute and its jurisdiction is limited to that conferred on it by statute. As we now know it, it has power ‘to give any judgment and make any order which ought to have been made and to make such further or other order as the nature of the case may require’. One hundred years ago there was no court which had such wide jurisdiction. Indeed, there was, strictly speaking, no Court of Appeal at all.
Domicile Revisited
Authors: Fentiman Richard
Published: January 2009

A Decade or so since the decisions in Re Furse and Brown v. Browne it is time to return to those intriguing cases and to the test for personal domicile which they employed. Outwardly, at least, little has changed since Fox J. held that Mr. Furse died domiciled in England, making his estate liable for estate duty; or since the Court of Appeal ruled in favour of Mr. Brown, whose domicile for jurisdictional purposes was challenged by his wife in their divorce proceedings. But at a deeper level both cases beg questions of principle which have yet to be resolved. They also sowed the seeds of a better law of domicile which have begun to germinate, if Hoffman J.'s more recent decision in Plummer v. Inland Revenue Comrs. is any guide. The subtle realignment of the test for domicile disclosed by Furse, Brown, and Plummer is this article's concern. Its conclusion is that all three cases suggest how factual connection is coming to replace intention as the touchstone for a change of domicile.
The Future of Information Technology Law
Authors: Napier B. W.
Published: January 2009

To entitle an article “the future of information technology law” may appear unduly adventurous to those who would argue that the subject has yet to establish a present. The purpose of this contribution is therefore to give some information about the current reach of the subject as well as the directions in which it is likely to grow.