bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RIFORME CONTRO I PARTITI? UN COMMENTO
Authors: Panebianco Angelo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il testo di Sartori serve bene, mi sembra, agli scopi che l'autore si è prefìsso. Offre sia agli studiosi che ai “pratici”, coloro che si affannano intorno al problema delle riforme istituzionali in Italia, una guida orientativa solidamente costruita e, inoltre, contrasta efficacemente il fiume di parole in libertà, le tante affermazioni infondate su questi temi, che affiggono tradizionalmente il dibattito italiano. Non potendo toccare, in questo breve commento a margine, tutti gli argomenti trattati da Sartori mi concentrerò su pochi aspetti: affronterò, in primo luogo, il problema degli obiettivi della eventuale riforma (che cosa ci si propone?); tratterò, in secondo luogo, il tema della riforma elettorale che, come dice Sartori, è comunque prioritario rispetto al resto; da ultimo, illustrerò il mio punto di dissenso — unico, in realtà, ma forse piuttosto importante per le conseguenze pratiche che porta con sé — dall'impostazione di Sartori.
AUSTERITÀ CONSERVATRICE E RIGORE SOCIALISTA: CHE DIFFERENZA? II
Authors: Pappalardo Adriano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Durante gli anni ottanta, le politiche economiche di «rigore» dei socialisti francesi e spagnoli sono state ripetutamente discusse da un'abbondante letteratura. Mettendo queste politiche a confronto con l'«austerità» dei governi conservatori inglese e tedesco (Pappalardo 1991), ho recentemente cercato di dimostrare che il Ps e il Psoe hanno conseguito successi analoghi o, talvolta, maggiori nel controllo dell'offerta di moneta, nella compressione delle spese pubbliche, incluse quelle sociali, nel riequilibrio dei deficit correnti e dell'indebitamento e nella ristrutturazione dell'economia. Così facendo, essi si sono allineati alle priorità antinflazionistiche del thatcherismo e del kohlismo e, grazie all'aggiunta di politiche dei redditi e fiscali comparativamente molto severe, hanno finito col pagarle a un prezzo piò alto in termini di sacrifici dei lavoratori e di disoccupazione di massa.
DAL COMUNISMO ALLA DEMOCRAZIA IN EUROPA CENTRALE: UNGHERIA E CECOSLOVACCHIA
Authors: di Cortona Pietro Grilli
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La transizione dal comunismo alla democrazia è un processo che non ha precedenti storici e sul quale, dopo gli avvenimenti che nel 1989 hanno trasformato la fisionomia politica dell'Europa, convergono due tipi di interessi. Chi in passato si è dedicato allo studio dei regimi comunisti, individuandone i primi elementi di crisi e di instabilità già negli anni cinquanta, oggi è interessato a vedere le modalità con cui i singoli paesi escono dal comunismo, il peso che il vecchio regime avrà sulla nuova fase democratica, le differenze negli esiti della transizione. Chi, invece, ha studiato il fenomeno della transizione democratica, così come si è presentato in molti paesi occidentali dalla seconda guerra mondiale a oggi, vorrà soprattutto confrontare modelli e teorie fin qui elaborate con i nuovi sviluppi est europei, nonché valutare le specificità di questi ultimi.
The contribution from conventional plant breeding
Authors: Innes N. L.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Accurate quantitative assessment of the benefits accruing from the genetic improvement of crops is difficult. Crop yield increases are achieved through the introduction of new, improved varieties, through improvements in cultural practices and as a consequence of interactions that occur between new varieties, cultural practices and environmental conditions. Part of the yield increases from new varieties is as a consequence of genetic plant resistance to pests and diseases. Plant breeding, which is dependent on there being available a wide relevant genetic base for each crop, has also provided considerable improvements in quality, as well as improving adaptability to a wider range of environments.

In the developed world estimated annual yield increases from the genetic improvement of crops, especially cereals, are of the order of 1–2%. Examples are given from a number of crops of hybrid varieties, of varieties with improved quality and of varieties that are genetically resistant to pests and diseases to illustrate that conventional plant breeding, allied to multi-disciplinary, strategic research, has been very effective, both economically and in protecting the environment.
Plant biotechnology: aspects of its application in industry
Authors: Miflin B. J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Plant biotechnology can serve industrial concerns in two ways; it can lead to new products and to new ways of producing an existing product (i.e. ‘processes’). The technology can be used in any business involved in using or selling plant products. In the agricultural input business molecular genetics is having most effect on the introduction of new variation into crop plants. The first products are likely to involve the introduction of insect and disease resistance and herbicide tolerance; some genes transferred will change product quality. Future applications will involve the control of more complex traits. Biotechnology will also enhance plant breeding via improved technologies (e.g. RFLPs and tissue culture); also the production of hybrids is likely to be enhanced and extended. Early products will also include the production of rDNA microbial products for control of pests and diseases.

Of considerable concern to businesses is whether or not they can make sufficient financial return on plant biotechnology. The reasons behind this concern are the time it takes to introduce a product to the market; the expenditure on meeting regulatory requirements; the overall level of public acceptance of the products and the level of return from the farmer. To ensure a fair return on investment there also needs to be a secure structure of intellectual property protection (patents, plant breeders rights, etc.). Continued success in the application of plant science to agricultural improvement depends on a proper economic environment as well as the advancement of the science.
The potential of immortalised mammalian cells for the advancement of drug discovery
Authors: MacDonald Caroline
Published: May 2019

Synopsis:

Oncogenes can be introduced into cells which have a limited lifespan, and immortalised cell lines isolated as a result. These cell lines often retain the differentiated, tissue-specific characteristics found in the original cells and, as such, provide an important model for pharmacological studies. The techniques used to develop cell lines from rabbit kidney, mouse macrophages and rat liver are described. A preliminary characterisation of all three types of cells has been carried out, and in each case the immortalised lines described have many of the properties of the original tissue type.
The development of polite stance in preschoolers: how prosody, gesture, and body cues pave the way
Authors: HÜBSCHER Iris , GARUFI Martina , PRIETO Pilar
Published: May 2019

Gesture and prosody are considered to be important precursors in early language development. In the present study, we ask whether those cues play a similar role later in children's acquisition of more complex pragmatic skills, such as politeness. 64 three- to five-year-old Catalan-dominant children participated in a request production task in four different conditions. They were prompted to request an object from either a classmate or an unfamiliar adult experimenter, with the implied cost of the request to the receiver's face thus being either high or low. Results showed that these preschool-age children used mitigating prosodic and gestural strategies to encode politeness earlier and more often than they used lexical or morphosyntactic markers, and that those cues develop incrementally during the preschool years. These findings suggest that prosody, gesture, and other body signals are an essential first step in the development of children's socio-pragmatic competence.
Producing Chinese Urban Landscapes of Public Art: The Urban Sculpture Scene in Shanghai
Authors: Zheng Jane
Published: May 2019

This article uses an “urban landscapes” perspective to examine the urban sculpture scene and its production system in Shanghai. It reviews both the national urban sculpture discourse and urban sculpture planning practices since 1949, and then focuses on Shanghai specifically. It examines three major stakeholders in urban sculpture development and their interactions. The main argument is that Shanghai's urban sculpture scene has evolved due to the proliferation of aesthetic and symbolic sculptures as opposed to traditional monuments; however, urban entrepreneurialism and globalization have been shaped by the continuity of the Chinese ideological framework, which has transformed urban sculptures from explicit into veiled political didacticism under the guise of caring for the people.
Proteolytic Activity During the Growth of C6 Astrocytoma in the Murine Spheroid Implantation Model
Authors: Vaithilingam Indrasen S. , McDonald Warren , Stroude Eric C. , Cook Robert A. , Del Maestro Rolando F.
Published: May 2019

General protease and collagenase IV activity are involved in the remodelling of the vascular basement membrane that occurs during tumor-induced angiogenesis. This study has assessed the level of these enzymes in tumor, peritumoral or contralateral cerebral cortex tissue during the growth of C6 astrocytoma in the rat spheroid implantation model. General proteolytic activity was increased in tumor tissue beginning on day 8 following spheroid implantation, then increased to a maximum value on day 11 and decreased to control values on day 18. A similar pattern was seen for collagenase IV activity but maximal activity occurred on day 13. The peritumor and tumor patterns of activity were similar. General protease activity was increased in the hemisphere contralateral to the tumor suggesting that the growth of C6 astrocytoma in rat brain was influencing biochemical events distant from the tumor. C6 astrocytoma cells orchestrate a cascade of proteolytic events which may play a crucial role in angiogenesis associated with tumor growth in the model system studied.
Nociceptive Threshold and Physical Activity
Authors: Guieu Régis , Blin Olivier , Pouget Jean , Serratrice Georges
Published: May 2019

Previous studies using subjective tools to measure pain have shown that muscle exercise can have analgesic effects in man. The nociceptive leg flexion reflex (or RIII reflex) is a useful objective tool for assessing human pain. In this study, the pain threshold was assessed using the nociceptive flexion reflex in six high-level athletes 1) at rest in comparison with 8 control subjects and 2) after exercise requiring the production of a 200-Watt force over a period of 20 minutes. The nociceptive flexion reflex threshold at rest was found to be spontaneously higher in the athletes than in the controls. Physical activity resulted in a significant increase (+53%) in the threshold of the nociceptive reflex in the athletes. The role of stress-induced analgesia, the reduction in perceived intensity of stimuli during movement, and the release of opioids are discussed.
Northeast Soybean Acreage Response Using Expected Net Returns
Authors: Davison Cecil W. , Crowder Brad
Published: May 2019

Expected prices and expected net returns from cropping activities are used to estimate soybean acreage response in the Northeast. Futures prices and lagged cash prices constitute proxies for price expectations. Expected net returns appear as good or better than expected prices for estimating acreage response. Short-run and long-run elasticities of soybean acreage with respect to expected net returns from soybeans are estimated as 0.5 and 1.6 for the northeast region. Soybean acreage appears less responsive to changes in expected net returns than to expected changes in prices.
Agriculture and Environmental Policy: Recent United States and Australian Developments
Authors: Hyberg Bengt , Pascoe Sean
Published: May 2019

Agricultural development in both the United States and Australia has led to suboptimal levels of environmental degradation. While both countries face similar forms of agricultural environmental degradation, the different resource endowment and population distributions have resulted in a different incidence of the costs of these problems. Increasing demand for environmental services and better information on off-site damages have led to increasing demand for reform of agricultural, rural development, and environmental programs to eliminate biases against practices viewed as more environmentally compatible.
Climate Change and Agriculture
Authors: Kaiser Harry M.
Published: May 2019

Without a doubt, climate change will be one of the most important environmental topics of the 1990s and will be high on the research agendas of many scientific disciplines in years ahead. While not yet universally accepted, it is now widely believed that anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse” gases have the potential to substantially warm climates worldwide. Although there is no consensus on the timing and magnitude of global warming, current climate models predict an average increase of 2.8°C to 5.2°C in the earth's temperature over the next century (Karl, Diaz, and Barnett). Changes in regional temperature and precipitation will likely accompany the global warming, but there is even less scientific agreement on the magnitude of these changes.
Emerging Trends in Agricultural-Based Industries in the Northeast
Authors: Knox Hugh W.
Published: May 2019

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) at the U.S. Department of Commerce produces long-term regional projections of income, population, per capita income and earnings, and employment by industry for regions, states, Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and BEA Economic Areas on a regular basis. The projections are prepared every five years and were last published in 1990.
Regional and Farm-Level Risk Analyses with the Single-Index Model
Authors: Turvey Calum G.
Published: May 2019

This paper estimates single-index model (SIM) beta coefficients for the major cash crops of Ontario's agricultural-producing counties. Beta coefficients are estimated using per acre gross revenues weighted by (1) the proportion of each crop planted in each county and (2) equal weights. The results show that sometimes substantial differences arise from these procedures. Implications for government policy and farm-level risk-management strategies are discussed. A practical approach for using SIM for farm management purposes is presented and the effects of systematic and nonsystematic risk are discussed.
Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis toxin antibodies in children and adolescents in Tunis, Tunisia
Authors: Ben Fraj I. , Zghal M. , Hsairi M. , Kechrid A. , Smaoui H.
Published: May 2019

Pertussis remains a public health concern in most countries. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the distribution of pertussis toxin antibodies (anti-PT IgG) in Tunisian children and adolescents aged 3–18 years, to define optimal age for booster vaccination. Anti-PT IgG concentrations of enrolled participants were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Concentrations were classified as: indicative of current/recent infection if ⩾100 IU/ml, indicative of recent exposure to Bordetella pertussis within the last year if 40–100 IU/ml and less likely revealing a recent exposure to B. pertussis if <40 IU/ml. Between March and June 2018, a total of 304 participants (mean age: 9.3 years) were included in this study. Overall, 12.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.1%–16.6%) were seropositive (IgG levels ⩾40 IU/ml). Among them, 14.7% (95% CI 2.3%–23.3%) had levels indicative of a current/recent infection. The multivariate Poisson regression analysis suggested associations between female gender, as well as age group 13–18 years and 3–5 years and higher anti-PT IgG concentrations. Our results are consistent with the notion that vaccine-induced immunity decline, as well as circulation of pertussis among school children and adolescents enables them to be reservoirs of infection and disease transmission to vulnerable infants. Booster dose of acellular pertussis vaccine for school entrants is therefore recommended.
Temperamental vulnerability to emotion dysregulation and risk for mental and physical health challenges
Authors: Calkins Susan D. , Dollar Jessica M. , Wideman Laurie
Published: May 2019

Emotion dysregulation characterizes many forms of psychopathology. Patterns of dysregulation occur as a function of a developmental process in which normative and adaptive emotion regulation skills fail to become part of the child's behavioral repertoire due to biological, psychological, and contextual processes and experiences. Here we highlight the processes involved in the dysregulation of temperamental anger and frustration that become core features of externalizing problems and place children at risk for more serious forms of psychopathology. We imbed these processes in a larger self-regulatory framework, and we discuss how they influence mental as well as physical health, using data from our 20-year longitudinal study following a large cohort of children into young adulthood. Recommendations are made for future research involving the integration of biological systems with mental and physical health outcomes.
Modular proof of strong normalization for the calculus of constructions
Authors: Geuvers Herman , Nederhof Mark-Jan
Published: May 2019

We present a modular proof of strong normalization for the Calculus of Constructions of Coquand and Huet (1985, 1988). This result was first proved by Coquand (1986), but our proof is more perspicious. The method consists of a little juggling with some systems in the cube of Barendregt (1989), which provides a fine structure of the calculus of constructions. It is proved that the strong normalization of the calculus of constructions is equivalent with the strong normalization of Fω.

In order to give the proof, we first establish some properties of various type systems. Therefore, we present a general framework of typed lambda calculi, including many well-known ones.
Theoretical Pearls: Self-interpretation in lambda calculus
Authors: Barendregt Henk
Published: May 2019

Programming languages which are capable of interpreting themselves have been fascinating computer scientists. Indeed, if this is possible then a ‘strange loop’ (in the sense of Hofstadter, 1979) is involved. Nevertheless, the phenomenon is a direct consequence of the existence of universal languages. Indeed, if all computable functions can be captured by a language, then so can the particular job of interpreting the code of a program of that language. Self-interpretation will be shown here to be possible in lambda calculus.

The set of λ-terms, notation Λ, is defined by the following abstract syntax

where

is the set {v, v′, v″, v′″,…} of variables. Arbitrary variables are usually denoted by x, y,z,… and λ-terms by M,N,L,…. A redex is a λ-term of the form

that is, the result of substituting N for (the free occurrences of) x in M. Stylistically, it can be said that λ-terms represent functional programs including their input. A reduction machine executes such terms by trying to reduce them to normal form; that is, redexes are continuously replaced by their contracta until hopefully no more redexes are present. If such a normal form can be reached, then this is the output of the functional program; otherwise, the program diverges.
General and Specific Influences on the Extension of Learning: Some Suggestions from Recent Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Lawson Michael
Published: May 2019

Consider the following pattern of events in special education teaching. You have identified a four-step procedure that is important for the current topic you are working on with your students. The topic might be in a curriculum area like mathematics or in a behavioural area such as social skills. You devise and carry out a series of lessons on this topic and, after a suitable period of practice, you are pleased to observe that the steps in the procedure are used successfully by most of the group. The procedure is also used on the day following the original teaching, when you reinstate the training situation and conditions: Many of the students produce the procedure without prompting! The next day you test to see whether the students will use the procedure in a situation which involves a modification to the conditions you used in the original training. You might change the format of the mathematics problem or the social situation. For many of the students it seems as though your teaching in the use of the procedure never occurred. They act as though the procedure no longer exists. They do remember it when you remind them of the original training situation, but they don’t do that unless you provide the reminder. They have learned the procedure but they can’t transfer that learning.
Food insecurity, childhood hunger and caregiver life experiences among households with children in South Carolina, USA
Authors: Drucker Erin R , Liese Angela D , Sercy Erica , Bell Bethany A , Draper Carrie , Fleischer Nancy L , Flory Kate , Jones Sonya J
Published: May 2019

Objective:

We explored how positive and negative life experiences of caregivers are associated with household food insecurity.

Design:

The Midlands Family Study (MFS) was a cross-sectional study with three levels of household food security: food secure, food insecure without child hunger and food insecure with child hunger. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used for analyses of negative and positive life experiences (number, impact, type) associated with food insecurity.

Setting:

An eight-county region in South Carolina, USA, in 2012–2013.

Participants:

Caregivers (n 511) in households with children.

Results:

Caregivers who reported greater numbers of negative life experiences and greater perceived impact had increased odds of household food insecurity and reporting their children experienced hunger. Each additional negative life experience count of the caregiver was associated with a 16 % greater odds of food insecurity without child hunger and a 28 % greater odds of child hunger. Each one-unit increase in the negative impact score (e.g. a worsening) was associated with 8 % higher odds of food insecurity without child hunger and 12 % higher odds of child hunger. Negative work experiences or financial instability had the strongest association (OR = 1·8; 95 % CI 1·5, 2·2) with child hunger. Positive life experiences were generally not associated with food security status, with one exception: for each unit increase in the number of positive experiences involving family and other relationships, the odds of child hunger decreased by 22 %.

Conclusions:

More research is needed to understand approaches to build resilience against negative life experiences and strengthen positive familial, community and social relationships.
Daily intake of soft drinks is associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Zhang Xingyu , Huang Xiaoyan , Xiao Yi , Jing Danrong , Huang Yuzhou , Chen Liping , Luo Dan , Chen Xiang , Shen Minxue
Published: May 2019

Objective:

The association of soft drink consumption with mental problems in Asian adolescents has not been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the association of soft drink consumption and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents in China.

Design:

A cross-sectional study to investigate the association of intake of soft drinks and sugars from soft drinks with symptoms of anxiety and depression measured by the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), respectively.

Setting:

A comprehensive university in Changsha, China.

Participants:

Newly enrolled college students in 2017.

Result:

In total, 8226 students completed the investigation and 8085 students with no systemic disorders were finally analysed. Students consuming soft drinks ≥7 times/week had significantly higher (mean difference; 95 % CI) GAD-2 (0·15; 0·07, 0·23) and PHQ-2 (0·27; 0·19, 0·35) scores compared with those barely consuming soft drinks, adjusted for demographic and behavioural factors. Those consuming >25 g sugar/d from soft drinks had significantly higher GAD-2 (0·11; 0·04, 0·18) and PHQ-2 (0·22; 0·15, 0·29) scores compared with non-consumers. The mediation effect of obesity in the associations was not clinically significant.

Conclusions:

Adolescents consuming soft drinks ≥7 times/week, or >25 g sugar/d from soft drinks, had significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression. Dietary suggestion is needed to prevent anxiety and depression in adolescents.
Legal Approaches to Shark Conservation and Management across the Indo-Pacific Small Island States
Authors: Techera Erika
Published: May 2019

Considerable global attention has focused on the plight of sharks and the implications for ocean health. Scientists point to the importance of sharks for healthy ecosystems and the consequences of their disproportionate removal; yet legal and management responses vary considerably. In some states, negative human-shark interactions have led to shark culls and swimming bans, and have prompted public fears about future activities that might attract species closer to coasts and communities. In other countries, sharks are respected, conserved and utilized only as a non-consumptive marine-based tourism resource. This article argues that culture plays an important role in the variety of legal responses to the conservation and management of sharks. By examining the development of shark sanctuaries across the Indian and Pacific Ocean island states, this analysis highlights the legal approaches taken, and the varying socio-cultural values that have influenced these responses. Understanding the role of culture will remain important as these laws mature, because it may affect implementation, compliance, and ultimately the achievement of conservation outcomes.
Jugendliche Flüchtlinge
Authors: Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die psychischen Belastungen von jugendlichen Flüchtlingen sind vielfältig und äußern sich in Stressreaktionen, die sich vor allem in einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, Ängsten und Depression zeigen. Die Prävalenzen sind bei unbegleiteten minderjährigen Flüchtlingen besonders hoch ausgeprägt. Neben fluchtspezifischen Stressoren kommt akkulturationsbezogenem Stress eine wichtige Rolle zu. Ein ungünstiger Akkulturationsstil besitzt einen hohen Vorhersagewert für die Entwicklung einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung und einer Depression. In den letzten Jahren konnten Belege gesammelt werden, die im Rahmen der Behandlung vor allem verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze als wirksam ausweisen. Gesellschaftliche Anstrengungen (z. B. im Rahmen der Jugendhilfe) und therapeutische Bemühungen sind Teile einer perspektivenreichen Integration jugendlicher Flüchtlinge.
Herausforderungen im Fluchtprozess unbegleiteter Jugendlicher
Authors: Sierau Susan , Nesterko Yuriy , Glaesmer Heide
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Spätestens seit 2015 ist ein Anstieg an Publikationen zu verzeichnen, die sich psychischen Belastungen von Geflüchteten widmen, wobei die Gruppe der unbegleiteten jungen Geflüchteten als besonders schutzbedürftig und vulnerabel für psychische Auffälligkeiten beschrieben wird. Fluchtphasenmodelle gehen von potentiell traumatisierenden Ereignissen im Herkunftsland, während der Flucht und im Aufnahmeland als mögliche Ursachen für psychische Belastungen aus, vernachlässigen jedoch im Fall von minderjährigen oder jungen volljährigen Geflüchteten die Besonderheiten der Adoleszenzphase, in der viele Jugendliche, unabhängig von ihrer Herkunft, mit einer Reihe von wichtigen Entwicklungsaufgaben konfrontiert sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine theoretische Erweiterung von Fluchtphasenmodellen um adoleszenzspezifische Entwicklungsanforderungen aus einer kultursensiblen Perspektive dar und nimmt eine Spezifizierung dieser Modelle für junge unbegleitete Geflüchtete vor.
Klinisch-psychologische Diagnostik in einer Flüchtlingsambulanz für Kinder und Jugendliche
Authors: Barthel Dana , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Schulte-Markwort Michael , Klasen Fionna , Zindler Areej
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Für geflüchtete Kinder und Jugendliche wird in der Flüchtlingsambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Hamburg-Eppendorf ambulante psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische und psychosoziale Versorgung angeboten. Seit Oktober 2016 durchlaufen die Patienten einen standardisierten klinisch-psychologischen Diagnostikprozess, welcher die Behandlungsplanung unterstützen soll. Von den N = 134 untersuchten Patienten im Alter von 8 bis 20 Jahren wurden n = 90 (69.8 %) mit einer gegenwärtig vorliegenden PTBS diagnostiziert. Weiterhin wiesen n = 67 (50.0 %) der Geflüchteten eine mittelgradige oder schwere depressive Episode auf. Nahezu alle Patienten gaben an, in ihrem Herkunftsland mehrfach interpersonelle Gewalt erlebt zu haben. Als Behandlungsziel wurde am häufigsten ein besserer Umgang mit negativen Gefühlen und Gedanken formuliert. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass es sich bei den untersuchten geflüchteten Kindern und Jugendlichen, um eine äußerst stark belastete Gruppe mit hohem Behandlungsbedarf handelt.
The Origin of Illusory Correlations
Authors: Ernst Helen M. , Kuhlmann Beatrice G. , Vogel Tobias
Published: May 2019

Abstract. If the distributions of two binary variables are skewed, people erroneously perceive a correlation even if the variables are actually uncorrelated. Specifically, people perceive a correlation between the variables’ infrequent (vs. frequent) levels. While such systematic Illusory Correlations (ICs) can account for important phenomena, including erroneous stereotypes linking minority groups with infrequent attributes, the theoretical explanation is still a matter of debate. As proposed in the distinctiveness-based account, ICs arise due to a memory advantage for infrequent events. Alternatively, it has been proposed that ICs reflect ad hoc inferences from univariate base rates. In two experiments, we tested the accounts’ predictions using a standard IC paradigm followed by (1) a contingency judgment task, asking participants to directly report contingencies, and (2) a trial-by-trial source assignment task of group membership and attribute. Bayesian-hierarchical model analysis revealed that ICs in contingency judgments were positively correlated to ad hoc inferences, but uncorrelated to exemplar memory in participants’ source assignments. Moreover, inducing a focus on infrequent events improved memory for distinct events, but did not result in stronger ICs. Thus, our results support the explanation of ICs as ad hoc inferences from base rates, rather than a memory advantage for distinctive item combinations.
The Martian Bow Shock Over Solar Cycle 23–24 as Observed by the Mars Express Mission
Authors: Hall B. E. S. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Wild J. A. , Lester M. , Holmström M.
Published: May 2019

The Martian bow shock position is known to be correlated with solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance. Since this parameter is also correlated with the evolution of the solar cycle, it is expected that the Martian bow shock position should also vary over such a period. However, previous reports on this topic have often proved contradictory. Using 13 years of observations of the Martian bow shock by the Mars Express mission over the period 2004 to 2017, we report that the Martian bow shock position does vary over the solar cycle. Over this period, our analysis shows the bow shock position to increase on average by 7% between the solar minimum and maximum phases of solar cycle 23–24, which could be even larger for more extreme previous solar cycles. We show that both annual and solar cycle variations play major roles in the location of the bow shock at Mars.
Reservoir Structure and Hydraulic Properties of the Campi Flegrei Geothermal System Inferred by Audiomagnetotelluric, Geochemical, and Seismicity Study
Authors: Siniscalchi Agata , Tripaldi Simona , Romano Gerardo , Chiodini Giovanni , Improta Luigi , Petrillo Zaccaria , D'Auria Luca , Caliro Stefano , Avino Rosario
Published: May 2019

The Campi Flegrei caldera is a large volcanic complex lying in the Campanian Plain, Southern Italy. During its history the caldera experienced episodes of bradyseism and intense swarm seismicity. The mechanism leading to unrest episodes is still debated, and great efforts are ongoing to improve the knowledge of this structure and its evolution due to the high volcanic risk in such a densely populated area. Here we present a resistivity model from a two‐dimensional inversion of audiomagnetotelluric data acquired along an approximately 5.6‐km long profile crosscutting the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli district and the Agnano plain. The resistivity model shows (1) very low resistivity values confined in the first 500 m of depth both in correspondence of the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli districts and the Agnano depression; (2) a resistive plume that extends underneath the Solfatara crater down to 2,000‐ to 3,000‐m depth, and (3) an adjoining relative conductive unit eastward. We discuss the resistivity structures in a multidisciplinary framework integrating inedited geochemical and seismological observations with existing surface geology and subsurface information. The Solfatara‐Pisciarelli district and the Agnano plain, both being expression of intense hydrothermal activity, show different characteristics. Below the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli area, the shallow conductive zone is interpreted as a faulted clay cap that overlies a highly active vapor‐dominated reservoir characterized by a convective mechanism. Conversely, below the Agnano plain, a liquid phase seems to prevail in the reservoir. The spatiotemporal variations of seismicity imply a combined action of preexisting tectonic lineaments and fluid interaction between the gas/steam reservoir and the outflow zone.
Quantification of Hidden Whole‐Field Stress Inside Porous Geomaterials Via Three‐Dimensional Printing and Photoelastic Testing Methods
Authors: Ju Yang , Ren Zhangyu , Li Xiaolan , Wang Yating , Mao Lingtao , Chiang Fu‐Pen
Published: May 2019

Quantification and visualization of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) whole‐field stress distribution in porous geomaterials are significant for solving various subsurface engineering problems in which stress governs the deformation, fracture propagation, and fluid transport inside the materials. However, quantitatively characterizing the whole‐field stress distribution inside 3‐D porous geomaterials is challenging because of the complications involved in identifying and extracting the hidden structures and stress distribution. This paper presents a method for extracting and characterizing whole‐field distributions of principal stress difference and shear stress inside a cubic model containing irregular pores, which are replicated using three‐dimensional printing techniques to model the real complex porous structures of natural geomaterials. We combine frozen‐stress, phase‐shifting, and unwrapping methods to identify and characterize the whole‐field distributions of principal stress difference and shear stress inside the pore structure. The unwrapped‐algorithm‐incorporated traditional phase‐shifting approach is proposed to determine the stress fringe deviation around irregular pores. A comparison of numerical simulation and photoelastic tests shows that this method can visually and quantitatively characterize the whole‐field stress of a 3‐D porous model. The stress distribution characterization and potential failure bands in the 3‐D porous structure model subjected to uniaxial compression load are discussed, and findings indicate that potential shear fractures with high‐concentration stress are formed before porous model failure, and 3‐D annular zones with high stress appear around individual pores. The proposed method and results will support future work on uncovering the mechanism of crack propagation and shear fracture formation in reservoir geomaterials.
A Case Study of the Transport/Transformation of Air Pollutants Over the Yellow Sea During the MAPS 2015 Campaign
Authors: Lee Hyo‐Jung , Jo Hyun‐Young , Park Shin‐Young , Jo Yu‐Jin , Jeon Wonbae , Ahn Joon‐Young , Kim Cheol‐Hee
Published: May 2019

As a case study, the fate of pollutants subjected to long‐range transport over northeast Asia was investigated. These pollutants originated as emitted particulate pollutants from Chinese source area, moved across the Yellow Sea (YS), and entered the Korean Peninsula (KP) during the Megacity Air Pollution Studies Seoul (MAPS‐Seoul) 2015 aircraft field campaign. The MAPS‐Seoul campaign, designed as a precampaign of the Korea‐United States Air Quality (KORUS‐AQ) campaign, was performed to diagnose the air quality around the KP and YS. Of particular interest during the campaign period was the existence of the elevated mixed layer (EML), the lofted layer of highly concentrated fine aerosols, observed in the marine atmosphere in and around the western coast of the KP. The pollutants within EML identified with the bulk Richardson number of 1.2–6.1, transported longer toward the downwind area than within marine boundary layer. As a result, pollutants emitted from Chinese source areas can cross the YS due to the EML and influence the surface air quality on downstream areas, where the inland boundary layer is sufficiently developed. We also analyzed the vertical distribution of the simulated sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO42−) in the EML over China‐YS‐KP belt area and found that the concentration of SO4−2 increases through a hygroscopic conversion process as the gas phase precursors move across the YS in an environment full of water vapor. Therefore, the EML makes the transport of the Chinese plume possible, as it passes over the marine boundary layer, entering downwind area over northeast Asia.
Diagnostics of a WN2‐Type Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event in February 2018 Using a New Three‐Dimensional Wave Activity Flux
Authors: Harada Yayoi , Sato Kaoru , Kinoshita Takenari , Yasui Ryosuke , Hirooka Toshihiko , Naoe Hiroaki
Published: May 2019

Observational features of atmospheric fields during a zonal wave number 2‐type major sudden stratospheric warming (MSSW) event in February 2018 (MSSW18) are analyzed using the Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis, satellite measurements by a microwave limb sounder, and a new three‐dimensional wave activity flux. MSSW18 is characterized by a clear polar vortex split, continuance of easterlies with evident double peaks, clear planetary wave propagation in the easterly region of the upper stratosphere and extraordinary upward propagation of wave number 2 planetary waves from the upper troposphere. The upward propagation peak is comparable to that during an MSSW event in January 2009 (MSSW09), although MSSW18 shows relatively modest warming, unclear disappearance of the stratopause and weak stratopause elevation compared to those during MSSW09. Further analyses reveal that wave packets propagates upward simultaneously in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Those observed in the Eastern Hemisphere converge strongly at the western edge of the Aleutian High, and most of them do not propagate further into the upper stratosphere. The wave packets observed in the Western Hemisphere propagate locally into the upper stratosphere over North America despite the fact that easterlies were predominant there in the mature stage of MSSW18. Furthermore, the results of our study reveal that the regions and levels of wave packet attenuation correspond well to the areas that smaller‐scale waves have weak eastward phase tilt or are in the quasi‐barotropic condition during MSSW18, whereas during MSSW09 the westward phase tilts of smaller‐scale waves were clearly visible in the upper stratosphere.
Assessing Hydrograph Similarity and Rare Runoff Dynamics by Cross Recurrence Plots
Authors: Wendi Dadiyorto , Merz Bruno , Marwan Norbert
Published: May 2019

This paper introduces a novel measure to assess similarity between event hydrographs. It is based on cross recurrence plots (CRP) and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), which have recently gained attention in a range of disciplines when dealing with complex systems. The method attempts to quantify the event runoff dynamics and is based on the time delay embedded phase space representation of discharge hydrographs. A phase space trajectory is reconstructed from the event hydrograph, and pairs of hydrographs are compared to each other based on the distance of their phase space trajectories. Time delay embedding allows considering the multidimensional relationships between different points in time within the event. Hence, the temporal succession of discharge values is taken into account, such as the impact of the initial conditions on the runoff event. We provide an introduction to cross recurrence plots and discuss their parameterization. An application example based on flood time series demonstrates how the method can be used to measure the similarity or dissimilarity of events, and how it can be used to detect events with rare runoff dynamics. It is argued that this methods provides a more comprehensive approach to quantify hydrograph similarity compared to conventional hydrological signatures.
A Century of Nonlinearity in the Geosciences
Authors: Ghil Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper provides a thumbnail sketch of the evolution of nonlinear ideas in the mathematics and physics of the geosciences, broadly construed, over the last hundred or so years. It emphasizes the mathematical concepts and methods and outlines simple examples of how they were, are, and maybe will be applied to the solid Earth—that is, the crust, mantle, and core—and its fluid envelopes—that is, the atmosphere and oceans.
Strong Dependence of Atmospheric Feedbacks on Mixed‐Phase Microphysics and Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions in HadGEM3
Authors: Bodas‐Salcedo A. , Mulcahy J. P. , Andrews T. , Williams K. D. , Ringer M. A. , Field P. R. , Elsaesser G. S.
Published: May 2019

We analyze the atmospheric processes that explain the large changes in radiative feedbacks between the two latest climate configurations of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental model. We use a large set of atmosphere‐only climate change simulations (amip and amip‐p4K) to separate the contributions to the differences in feedback parameter from all the atmospheric model developments between the two latest model configurations. We show that the differences are mostly driven by changes in the shortwave cloud radiative feedback in the midlatitudes, mainly over the Southern Ocean. Two new schemes explain most of the differences: the introduction of a new aerosol scheme and the development of a new mixed‐phase cloud scheme. Both schemes reduce the strength of the preexisting shortwave negative cloud feedback in the midlatitudes. The new aerosol scheme dampens a strong aerosol‐cloud interaction, and it also suppresses a negative clear‐sky shortwave feedback. The mixed‐phase scheme increases the amount of cloud liquid water path (LWP) in the present day and reduces the increase in LWP with warming. Both changes contribute to reducing the negative radiative feedback of the increase of LWP in the warmer climate. The mixed‐phase scheme also enhances a strong, preexisting, positive cloud fraction feedback. We assess the realism of the changes by comparing present‐day simulations against observations and discuss avenues that could help constrain the relevant processes.
Low-cost and versatile integration of microwire electrodes and optical waveguides into silicone elastomeric devices using modified xurographic methods
Authors: Liu Juncong , Mahony James B , Selvaganapathy Ponnambalam Ravi
Published: May 2019

Microelectrodes are used in microfluidic devices for a variety of purposes such as heating, applying electric fields, and electrochemical sensing. However, they are still manufactured by expensive deposition techniques such as sputtering or evaporation and patterned using photolithography methods. More recently, alternate methods including nanoparticle sintering and use of liquid metal flowing through microchannels have been used to fabricate microelectrodes. These methods are limited in the material choices or require post processing to be integrated into microchannels. Here we developed a low-cost and versatile method to integrate high-quality metal microwires into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using xurography. The microwire integration process includes cutting slit pattern on PDMS substrate and subsequent writing metal microwires into the slit pattern using a specialized tip. Then the microwire-integrated PDMS was sealed/bonded using uncured PDMS prepolymer. This method enables integration of metal microwires of diameter as small as 15 μm into PDMS devices. Integration of multiple microwires with minimum spacing of 150 μm has also been demonstrated. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by the fabrication of metal microwire suspended in the middle of the microchannel, which is difficult to achieve using conventional electrode fabrication methods. This low-cost method avoids expensive clean room fabrication yet producing high-quality electrodes and can be used in a variety of microfluidic and MEMS applications.
Nanoimprint lithography steppers for volume fabrication of leading-edge semiconductor integrated circuits
Authors: Sreenivasan S.V.
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the transition of a form of nanoimprint lithography technology, known as Jet and Flash Imprint Lithography (J-FIL), from research to a commercial fabrication infrastructure for leading-edge semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs). Leading-edge semiconductor lithography has some of the most aggressive technology requirements, and has been a key driver in the 50-year history of semiconductor scaling. Introducing a new, disruptive capability into this arena is therefore a case study in a “high-risk-high-reward” opportunity. This article first discusses relevant literature in nanopatterning including advanced lithography options that have been explored by the IC fabrication industry, novel research ideas being explored, and literature in nanoimprint lithography. The article then focuses on the J-FIL process, and the interdisciplinary nature of risk, involving nanoscale precision systems, mechanics, materials, material delivery systems, contamination control, and process engineering. Next, the article discusses the strategic decisions that were made in the early phases of the project including: (i) choosing a step and repeat process approach; (ii) identifying the first target IC market for J-FIL; (iii) defining the product scope and the appropriate collaborations to share the risk-reward landscape; and (iv) properly leveraging existing infrastructure, including minimizing disruption to the widely accepted practices in photolithography. Finally, the paper discusses the commercial J-FIL stepper system and associated infrastructure, and the resulting advances in the key lithographic process metrics such as critical dimension control, overlay, throughput, process defects, and electrical yield over the past 5 years. This article concludes with the current state of the art in J-FIL technology for IC fabrication, including description of the high volume manufacturing stepper tools created for advanced memory manufacturing.