bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crop archaeogenomics: A powerful resource in need of a well‐defined regulation framework
Authors: Iob Alice , Botigué Laura
Published: October 2021

Societal Impact Statement

Crop archaeogenomics has rapidly flourished in recent years, leading to a new way of understanding the past and bringing answers to important questions about human history in relation to plant management and food production. Furthermore, the knowledge derived from the analysis of ancient crops can contribute to the development of a more sustainable future. However, the extant legal framework presents a number of challenges when applied to this research field, particularly in the current scenario of disparities in scientific outcomes between countries. We expose the uncertainties of the legal framework and the factors that maintain or exacerbate these inequalities, as well as possible solutions.

Crop archaeogenomics is a flourishing field that has greatly benefited from next‐generation sequencing technologies. Ancient and historical plant remains are currently considered genetic resources and as such are subject to legal frameworks like those implemented by the Nagoya Protocol. In addition to the challenges in complying with genetic resource regulations that crop archaeogenomics share with other basic plant research disciplines, there are additional difficulties specific to this interdisciplinary field that includes science and humanities, namely, the need to comply with two different legislations before accessing the samples (one for genetic resources and one for cultural heritage), along with a high risk of not obtaining DNA. As a result, most studies to date have been done on samples for which the laws regulating genetic resources did not apply, sometimes avoiding the need of reaching Access and Benefit Sharing agreements with the country that originally provided the samples. This phenomenon is likely to worsen in the future, as the archaeological record is a limited resource and competition between laboratories will only widen the gap between developed and developing economies. Because crop archaeogenomics is a new and promising scientific field, it is desirable to begin a dialogue with other basic biological research fields to facilitate the implementation of these agreements so that basic sciences can easily utilize these biological samples while ensuring the rights of all parties involved.
Converting an Almost Noncytotoxic Ru(II) Complex with Photolabile Ligands into a Highly Efficient PACT Agent
Authors: Qi Shuang , Jin Zhihui , Hou Yuanjun , Li Chao , Wang Xuesong , Zhou Qianxiong
Published: October 2021

Ru(II) complexes with weak ligand fields may undergo light‐induced ligand dissociation, and the resulted Ru(II) aqua complexes may bind with biomolecules such as DNA, showing potential as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. However, Ru(II) complexes with efficient PACT activity are still rare. Some Ru(II) complexes exhibit efficient photoinduced ligand dissociation but poor cytotoxicity. It is speculated that the low nuclear accumulation levels may account for their low PACT efficacy. In order to confirm this hypothesis, the almost noncytotoxic [Ru(7‐OCH3‐dppz)(4‐OCH3‐py)4](PF6)2 (Ru1) is loaded on nucleus‐targeted C5N2 nanoparticles (NPs). Compared with the free Ru1, Ru1–C5N2 NPs exhibit significantly increased cellular uptake and nuclear accumulation. Therefore, Ru1–C5N2 NPs show efficient PACT activity toward various cancer cell lines (including cisplatin‐resistant one) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.18 × 10−6–0.29 × 10−6 m and phototoxicity index (IC50dark/IC50light) values above 137 under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Moreover, Ru1–C5N2 NPs also exhibit efficient PACT activity toward cisplatin‐resistant 3D multicellular tumor spheroids upon two‐photon irradiation (800 nm). The same strategy is also feasible to greatly improve the PACT activity of [Ru(7‐OCH3‐dppz)(py)4]2+, which itself only has a medium effect. The results may provide new sights for developing efficient Ru(II) PACT agents.
Resveratrol shortens the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a pro‐oxidant mechanism
Authors: Canedo‐Santos Juan Carlos , Carrillo‐Garmendia Andres , Mora‐Martinez Iridian , Gutierrez‐Garcia Ingrid Karina , Ramirez‐Romero Maria Guadalupe , Regalado‐Gonzalez Carlos , Nava Gerardo M. , Madrigal‐Perez Luis Alberto
Published: October 2021

The antioxidant phenotype caused by resveratrol has been recognized as a key piece in the health benefits exerted by this phytochemical in diseases related to aging. It has recently been proposed that a mitochondrial pro‐oxidant mechanism could be the cause of resveratrol antioxidant properties. In this regard, the hypothesis that resveratrol impedes electron transport to complex III of the electron transport chain as its main target suggests that resveratrol could increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through reverse electron transport or by the semiquinones formation. This idea also explains that cells respond to resveratrol oxidative damage, inducing their antioxidant systems. Moreover, resveratrol pro‐oxidant properties could accelerate the aging process, according to the free radical theory of aging, which postulates that organism's age due to the accumulation of the harmful effects of ROS in cells. Nonetheless, there is no evidence linking the chronological lifespan (CLS) shorten occasioned by resveratrol with a pro‐oxidant mechanism. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate whether resveratrol shortens the CLS of Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to a pro‐oxidant activity. Herein, we provide evidence that supplementation with 100 μM of resveratrol at 5% glucose: (1) shortened the CLS of ctt1Δ and yap1Δ strains; (2) decreased ROS levels and increased the catalase activity in WT strain; (3) maintained unaffected the ROS levels and did not change the catalase activity in ctt1Δ strain; and (4) lessened the exponential growth of ctt1Δ strain, which was restored with the adding of reduced glutathione. These results indicate that resveratrol decreases CLS by a pro‐oxidant mechanism.
Role of Stochastic Approach Applied to Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from Secondary Sources Case Studies
Authors: Sala Dariusz , Bieda Bogusław
Published: October 2021

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation using Crystal Ball® (CB) software is applied to life cycle inventory (LCI) modelling under uncertainty. Input data for all cases comes from the ENVIREE (ENVIronmentally friendly and efficient methods for extraction of Rare Earth Elements), i.e. from secondary sources eco-innovative project within the second ERA-NET ERA-MIN Joint Call Sustainable Supply of Raw Materials in Europe 2014. Case studies described the flotation tailings from the New Kankberg (Sweden) old gold mine and Covas (Portugal) old tungsten mine sent to re-processing/beneficiation for rare earth element (REE) recovery. In this study, we conduct the MC analysis using the CB software, which is associated with Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet model, used in order to assess uncertainty concerning cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd) and tungsten (W) taken from Covas flotation tailings, as well as Ce, La and Nd taken from New Kankberg flotation tailings, respectively. For the current study, lognormal distribution has been assigned to La, Ce, Nd and W. In the case of Covas, the weights of each selected Ce, La, Nd and W are 32 ppm, 16 ppm, 15 ppm and 1900 ppm, respectively, whereas in the case of New Kankberg, the weights of each selected Ce, La and Nd are 170 ppm, 90 ppm and 70 ppm, respectively. For the presented case, lognormal distribution has been assigned to Ce, La, Nd and W. The results obtained from the CB, after 10,000 runs, are presented in the form of frequency charts and summary statistics. Thanks to uncertainty analysis, a final result is obtained in the form of value range. The results of this study based on the real data, and obtained using MC simulation, are more reliable than those obtained from the deterministic approach, and they have the advantage that no normality is presumed.
Social Life Cycle Indicators Towards a Sustainability Label of a Natural Stone for Coverings
Authors: Palumbo Elisabetta , Traverso Marzia
Published: October 2021

The stone industry plays an important economic role in Italy as well as worldwide, and its products are part of the construction sector for hard coverings. The relevance of these products led the European Commission to develop specific criteria for natural stone within the Ecolabel scheme for hard coverings. In order to provide environmental information and to establish and maintain their comparability, the eco-labelling schemes recognized the life cycle assessment (LCA) as a scientific method to be employed when describing the environmental performance of the products. In its current form, the European Ecolabel scheme only considers environmental impacts and overlooks significant social impacts, especially for the category of stakeholders most affected during the extraction and manufacturing phases: workers. The main purpose of this study is to define a set of social criteria to be added to the revised version of the European Ecolabel with reference to issues concerning natural stone covering products. In particular, according to the updated guidelines for the social life cycle assessment by UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative (2019), we have identified that the “health and safety” impact category as it relates to workers during the extraction and manufacturing phases of the products must be considered a priority. The results provide a set of criteria for the S-LCA inventory which should be added to the Ecolabel guidelines when assessing the natural stone covering sector. Integration of the social sphere with the results obtained from the LCA study would provide reliable and more complete information on the sustainability of the natural stone product.

This represents a first step towards the inclusion of similar criteria for other covering products.
Superconformal algebras for generalized Spin(7) and G2 connected sums
Authors: Fiset Marc-Antoine , Galdeano Mateo
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Worldsheet string theory compactified on exceptional holomony manifolds is revisited following [1], where aspects of the chiral symmetry were described for the case where the compact space is a 7-dimensional G2-holonomy manifold constructed as a Twisted Connected Sum. We reinterpret this result and extend it to Extra Twisted Connected Sum G2-manifolds, and to 8-dimensional Generalized Connected Sum Spin(7)-manifolds. Automorphisms of the latter construction lead us to conjecture new mirror maps.
Sex estimation through geometric morphometric analysis of the frontal bone: an assessment in pre-pubertal and post-pubertal modern Spanish population
Authors: Garcovich Daniele , Albert Gasco Laura , Alvarado Lorenzo Alfonso , Aiuto Riccardo , Adobes Martin Milagros
Published: October 2021

Sex estimates is a key step of biological profile assessment in a forensic or anthropologic context. In this study, the sexual dimorphism of the frontal bone was analyzed to assess the accuracy of sex estimates using a geometric morphometric approach in a pre-pubertal and post-pubertal sample. The shape of the frontal bone was digitized on the lateral cephalograms of 87 pre-pubertal subjects (42 males, mean age 10.14, SD ± 1.48 years; 45 females mean age 10.02, SD ± 1.11 years) and 103 post-pubertal ones (53 males, mean age 29.33 SD ± 11.88 years; 50 females, mean age 26.77 SD ± 11.07 years). A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was performed for shape analyses, filtering the effects of position, rotation, translation, and size. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the GPA transformed variables, and a multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the accuracy of sex estimates. In both age groups, the average size of the centroid was significantly larger in males. The females presented shapes with a shorter distance between P2 (glabella) and P1 (supratoral) and a general narrowing of the structure on the sagittal plane. In the pre-pubertal group, the shape difference was not statistically significant. In the post-pubertal group, the mean shape was significantly different between the sexes. The method displayed a high accuracy for sex estimates (88.7% males, 90.3% females) also when applied in a validation sample (82.6% males and 94.1% females). The described morphometric analysis of the frontal bone is based on a limited number of landmarks, which allows sex estimates with high accuracy in post-pubertal subjects, while it is not applicable in pre-pubertal ones.
Plant Functional Types Differ in Their Long-term Nutrient Response to eCO2 in an Extensive Grassland
Authors: Seibert Ruben , Andresen Louise C. , Jarosch Klaus A. , Moser Gerald , Kammann Claudia I. , Yuan Naiming , Luterbacher Jürg , Laughlin Ronnie J. , Watson Catherine J. , Erbs Martin , Müller Christoph
Published: October 2021

Increasing atmospheric CO2enhances plant biomass production and may thereby change nutrient concentrations in plant tissues. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2concentrations on nutrient concentrations of grassland biomass that have been grown for 16 years (1998–2013). The grassland biomass grown at the extensively managed Giessen FACE experiment, fumigated with ambient and elevated CO2(aCO2; eCO2; +20%) was harvested twice annually. Concentrations of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were determined separately for grasses, forbs and legumes. Under eCO2, the concentration of N was reduced in grasses, Ca was reduced in grasses and forbs, P was reduced in grasses but increased in legumes, Mg concentration was reduced in grasses, forbs and legumes and K was reduced in grasses but increased in forbs. The nutrient yield (in g nutrient yield of an element per m−2) of most elements indicated negative yield responses at a zero biomass response to eCO2for grasses. K and Zn nutrient yields responded positively to eCO2in forbs and Mn and Fe responded positively in forbs and legumes. The results suggest that under eCO2the nutrient concentrations were not diluted by the CO2fertilization effect. Rather, altered plant nutrient acquisitions via changed physiological mechanisms prevail for increased C assimilation under eCO2. Furthermore, other factors such as water or nutrient availability affected plant nutrient concentrations under eCO2.
Characterisation of aquaponic producers and small-scale facilities in Spain and Latin America
Authors: Suárez-Cáceres Gina Patricia , Fernández-Cabanás Víctor M. , Lobillo-Eguíbar José , Pérez-Urrestarazu Luis
Published: October 2021

Aquaponics is a sustainable food production system combining hydroponics and aquaculture. Although the domestic/small-scale aquaponic production has proliferated worldwide, there is scarce knowledge about how it is performed. The objective of this study was to determine the profile and motivations of aquaponic producers, the characteristics of the facilities and the performance of the production. The average aquaponic producer is a middle-aged man, with a certain level of studies and a moderate household income. The main motivations reported were the production of high-quality, healthy food, the concern for the environment and the autonomy gained. These motivations conditioned the purposes of the aquaponic facilities (mainly education, production of food for self-consumption and as a hobby), which, excepting small sales, did not have an economic motive. Due to their characteristics, aquaponic facilities are particularly adapted for urban agriculture (many of them were located on rooftops) and most of those studied were constructed recently. The nutrient film technique was the most used hydroponic subsystem, followed by media beds, where mostly a polyculture of leaf and fruit vegetables and aromatics are produced. Tilapia was the most common fish species used. In general, there is a lack of proper knowledge and expertise about these complex systems in order to efficiently operate them.
Supplementation with Sucrosomial® iron leads to favourable changes in the intestinal microbiome when compared to ferrous sulfate in mice
Authors: Zakrzewski Martha , Wilkins Sarah J. , Helman Sheridan L. , Brilli Elisa , Tarantino Germano , Anderson Gregory J. , Frazer David M.
Published: October 2021

Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide and is often treated with oral iron supplements. However, commonly used supplements, including those based on ferrous iron salts, are associated with gastrointestinal side effects and unfavorable changes in the intestinal microbiome. Sucrosomial® iron is a novel iron formulation that is effective at treating iron deficiency, and with fewer gastrointestinal side effects, yet its effect on the gut microbiome has not been examined previously. Thus, we treated mice for two weeks with diets containing either Sucrosomial® iron or ferrous sulfate as the sole iron source and examined bacterial communities in the intestine using 16S Microbial Profiling of DNA extracted from feces collected both prior to and following dietary treatment. Mice treated with Sucrosomial® iron showed an increase in Shannon diversity over the course of the study. This was associated with a decrease in the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, which contains many pathogenic species, and an increase in short chain fatty acid producing bacteria such asLachnospiraceae,OscillibacterandFaecalibaculum. None of these changes were observed in mice treated with ferrous sulfate. These results suggest that Sucrosomial® iron may have a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiome when compared to ferrous sulfate and that this form of iron is a promising alternative to ferrous iron salts for the treatment of iron deficiency.
How Do Local Folks Value Wild Meat, and Why It Matters? A Study in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: van Vliet Nathalie , Nyumu Jonas Kambale , Nziavake Sagasse , Muhindo Jonas , Paemelaere Evi A.D. , Nasi Robert
Published: October 2021

We elucidate the value orientations (VOs) towards wild meat/wildlife in the Tshopo Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, distinguishing between the provincial capital and rural areas. Based on stories prompted by four primary emotions, the most frequently encountered VOs were: concern for safety, nutrition and taste, and caring/respect. Rural people were more likely to express anthropocentric VOs. However, their stories did not necessarily associate negatively with caring/respect, suggesting that wildlife users may also be sensitive to biocentric values. Age, gender, and wealth were good predictors for biocentric VOs, with young women from the city more likely to express biocentric values. VOs and emotions related differently to specific wildlife species. Mutualism was not frequently elucidated in the stories. The associations we found provide crucial information to understand differences in value orientations across groups, identify barriers to change, and tailor behavior change campaigns to the local context.
Knowledge Integration and Good Marine Governance: A Multidisciplinary Analysis and Critical Synopsis
Authors: Poto Margherita Paola , Kuhn Annegret , Tsiouvalas Apostolos , Hodgson Kara K. , Treffenfeldt Montoya Valentina , M.Beitl Christine
Published: October 2021

Our research addresses knowledge integration for the good governance of the environment and the oceans: (a) through a comprehensive legal, political science, and anthropological analysis; and (b) by providing an examination of crucial research foci and research gaps in the fields of environmental and marine governance, along the North–South divide. Our subsequent critical synopsis reveals how existing research within each discipline offers complementary insights for future research. We concludes with a call for further testing of tools, approaches, and methods to enable comprehensive research on the conceptualization of knowledge integration.
Identity and Aboutness
Authors: Brast-McKie Benjamin
Published: October 2021

This paper develops a theory of propositional identity which distinguishes necessarily equivalent propositions that differ in subject-matter. Rather than forming a Boolean lattice as in extensional and intensional semantic theories, the space of propositions forms a non-interlaced bilattice. After motivating a departure from tradition by way of a number of plausible principles for subject-matter, I will provide a Finean state semantics for a novel theory of propositions, presenting arguments against the convexity and nonvacuity constraints which Fine (Journal of Philosophical Logic, 4545, 199–226 13, 14, 15) introduces. I will then move to compare the resulting logic of propositional identity (PI1) with Correia’s (The Review of Symbolic Logic, 9, 103–122 9) logic of generalised identity (GI), as well as the first degree fragment of Angell’s (2) logic of analytic containment (AC). The paper concludes by extending PI1 to include axioms and rules for a subject-matter operator, providing a much broader theory of subject-matter than the principles with which I will begin.
A note on “Double-diffusive Soret convection phenomenon in porous media: effect of Vadasz inertia term”
Authors: Capone F. , De Luca R. , Vitiello M.
Published: October 2021

In this short paper, some analytical results found in “Double-diffusive Soret convection phenomenon in porous media: effect of Vadasz inertia term” by F. Capone, R. De Luca, M. Vitiello, Ricerche Mat. 68, 581–595 (2019), are recalled in order to better explore the dynamic of thermosolutal convection in a horizontal porous layer with the influence of Vadasz and Soret terms.
Use of Alloying to Effect an Equiaxed Microstructure in Additive Manufacturing and Subsequent Heat Treatment of High-Strength Titanium Alloys
Authors: Welk Brian A. , Taylor Nevin , Kloenne Zachary , Chaput Kevin J. , Fox Stephen , Fraser Hamish L.
Published: October 2021

This paper addresses the use of alloying additions to titanium alloys for additive manufacturing (AM) with the specific objective of producing equiaxed microstructures. The additions are among those that increase freezing ranges such that significant solutal undercooling results when combined with the rapid cooling rates associated with AM, and so be effective in inducing a columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET). Firstly, computational thermodynamics has been used to provide a simple graphical means of predicting these additions; this method has been used to explore additions of Ni and Fe to the alloy Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64). Secondly, an experimental means of determining the minimum concentration of these alloying elements required to effect the CET has been developed involving gradient builds. Thirdly, it has been found that additions of Fe to Ti64 cause the alloy to change from an α/β Ti alloy to being a metastable β-Ti alloy, whereas additions of Ni do not produce the same result. This change in type of Ti alloy results in a marked difference in the development of microstructures of these compositionally modified alloys using heat treatments. Finally, hardness measurements have been used to provide a preliminary assessment of the mechanical response of these modified alloys.
The effect of pro-ecological procedures and plant injury on the content of free phenolic acids in winter wheat and on the feeding and development of Oulema melanopus
Authors: Lamparski Robert , Kotwica Karol , Modnicki Daniel , Balcerek Maciej , Koim-Puchowska Beata
Published: October 2021

Under laboratory conditions we have investigated the effect of the application of pro-ecological procedures (effective microorganisms and biostimulant Asahi SL) and plant injury on the production of free phenolic acids in winter wheat and on the feeding and development of Oulema melanopus. Wheat plants before reaching the BBCH 32 stage (the beginning of stem elongation) were treated with effective microorganisms and the biostimulant Asahi SL. Then, for 2 days, some of the plants were injured by O. melanopus and some were uninjured. The influence of factors was investigated in conditions under which the cereal leaf beetle had the possibility to choose their food (no-choice test or choice test). It was found that wheat plants produce on average 0.172% DM of free phenolic acids. It has been shown that O. melanopus males and females preferred wheat previously uninjured. Also, irrespective of whether the plants were previously injured or uninjured, the females of that pest species always that caused areally more extensive leaf losses than the males. Treating plants with effective microorganisms and biostimulant Asahi SL is a secondary factor, as compared to previous wheat injury. Additionally, in choice tests, both males and females O. melanopus much preferred feeding on plants unprovided with preparations, whereas in no-choice tests, the application of pro-ecological procedures does not reduce egg laying by pests, does not adversely affect embryogenesis length and does not reduce hatching L1.
Stable intersections of conformal Cantor sets
Authors: ARAÚJO HUGO , MOREIRA CARLOS GUSTAVO
Published: October 2021

We investigate stable intersections of conformal Cantor sets and their consequences to dynamical systems. First we define this type of Cantor set and relate it to horseshoes appearing in automorphisms of
$\mathbb {C}^2$
. Then we study limit geometries, that is, objects related to the asymptotic shape of the Cantor sets, to obtain a criterion that guarantees stable intersection between some configurations. Finally, we show that the Buzzard construction of a Newhouse region on
$\mathrm{Aut}(\mathbb {C}^2)$
can be seen as a case of stable intersection of Cantor sets in our sense and give some (not optimal) estimate on how ‘thick’ those sets have to be.
Pass Fe WhiteandHomestretch: Joan Miller's Satirical “Reads,” Refusals, and Affirmations
Authors: Wells Charmian
Published: October 2021

This article examines Joan Miller's use of choreographic citation in her solos,Pass Fe White(1970) andHomestretch(1973). The solos “read” the desire to embody idealized, feminine whiteness in a critique of institutions for accessing national belonging—celebrity, education, and marriage—satirically exposing the gendered and racialized exclusions of the figure of the abstract “human” as “proper” citizen. Miller's work performs queer, Black feminist, diasporic desires for a world beyond Black and white nationalist logics, refusing to be “properly” placed in national hierarchies of female objecthood, while affirming the capacity to desire differently by proposing alternative terms for belonging in the world.
Association between lower serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol) concentrations and cognitive impairment in older adults: data from a populational-based cohort study in a middle-income country
Authors: Matsuo Luísa Harumi , Confortin Susana Cararo , Ceolin Gilciane , Soar Claudia , Xavier André Junqueira , D’Orsi Eleonora , Moreira Júlia Dubois
Published: October 2021

Objective:

To investigate the association between serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol) (25(OH)D) concentrations and cognitive impairment in older adults living in Southern Brazil.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis using data from the second follow-up wave of the populational-based EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study was collected in 2013–2014.

Setting:

Cognitive impairment was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Blood samples were collected to measure serum vitamin D concentrations using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Vitamin D concentrations were distributed in quartiles (Q1: 4·0–20·7 ng/ml; Q2: 20·8–26·6 ng/ml; Q3: 26·7–32·0 ng/ml and Q4: 32·1–60·1 ng/ml), and its association with cognitive impairment was tested by crude and adjusted logistic regression (sociodemographic, behavioural and health aspects) using Q4 as a reference group.

Participants:

200 men and 371 women aged 60 years or older participated in this study.

Results:

The prevalence of probable cognitive impairment was 21·7 %. Those without cognitive impairment had a higher mean of vitamin D serum concentrations (26·8 v. 24·6, P = 0·014). In the crude analysis, only individuals in Q2 of vitamin D presented an increased risk for probable cognitive impairment compared with Q4 (highest quartile) (OR 2·65, 95 % CI 1·46, 4·81), remaining significant in the adjusted analysis (OR 6·04, 95 % CI 2·78, 13·13). While Q1 (lowest quartile) was not associated in the crude analysis, but when adjusted, an increased risk of cognitive impairment was observed.

Conclusion:

The lowest quartile of vitamin D was directly associated with probable cognitive impairment in older adults in Southern Brazil. More studies are needed to investigate whether maintaining adequate serum levels may represent a significant factor in preventing age-related neurological disorders as well as to verify the need for new cutoff points for this age group.
Guidelines for Studying Diverse Types of Compound Weather and Climate Events
Authors: Bevacqua Emanuele , De Michele Carlo , Manning Colin , Couasnon Anaïs , Ribeiro Andreia F. S. , Ramos Alexandre M. , Vignotto Edoardo , Bastos Ana , Blesić Suzana , Durante Fabrizio , Hillier John , Oliveira Sérgio C. , Pinto Joaquim G. , Ragno Elisa , Rivoire Pauline , Saunders Kate , van der Wiel Karin , Wu Wenyan , Zhang Tianyi , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: October 2021

Compound weather and climate events are combinations of climate drivers and/or hazards that contribute to societal or environmental risk. Studying compound events often requires a multidisciplinary approach combining domain knowledge of the underlying processes with, for example, statistical methods and climate model outputs. Recently, to aid the development of research on compound events, four compound event types were introduced, namely (a) preconditioned, (b) multivariate, (c) temporally compounding, and (d) spatially compounding events. However, guidelines on how to study these types of events are still lacking. Here, we consider four case studies, each associated with a specific event type and a research question, to illustrate how the key elements of compound events (e.g., analytical tools and relevant physical effects) can be identified. These case studies show that (a) impacts on crops from hot and dry summers can be exacerbated by preconditioning effects of dry and bright springs. (b) Assessing compound coastal flooding in Perth (Australia) requires considering the dynamics of a non‐stationary multivariate process. For instance, future mean sea‐level rise will lead to the emergence of concurrent coastal and fluvial extremes, enhancing compound flooding risk. (c) In Portugal, deep‐landslides are often caused by temporal clusters of moderate precipitation events. Finally, (d) crop yield failures in France and Germany are strongly correlated, threatening European food security through spatially compounding effects. These analyses allow for identifying general recommendations for studying compound events. Overall, our insights can serve as a blueprint for compound event analysis across disciplines and sectors.
Calibration of the JUICE RWI Antennas by Numerical Simulation
Authors: Fischer G. , Panchenko M. , Macher W. , Kasaba Y. , Misawa H. , Tokarz M. , Wisniewski L. , Cecconi B. , Bergman J. , Wahlund J.‐E.
Published: October 2021

The reception properties of the Radio Wave Instrument (RWI) onboard JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) have been determined using numerical methods applied to a mesh‐grid model of the spacecraft. The RWI is part of the RPWI (Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation) and consists of three perpendicular dipoles mounted on a long boom. We determined their effective lengths vectors and capacitive impedances of 8–9 pF. We also investigated the change in effective antenna angles as a function of solar panel rotation and calculated the directivity of the antennas at higher frequencies up to the maximum frequency of 45 MHz of the receiver. We found that the RWI dipoles can be used for direction‐finding with an accuracy of up to a frequency of 1.5 MHz. Additionally we calculated the influence of strong pulses from the JUICE active radar on RPWI and found that they should do no harm to its sensors and receivers.
Enhancing the use of exposure science across EU chemical policies as part of the European Exposure Science Strategy 2020–2030
Authors: Bruinen de Bruin Yuri , Franco Antonio , Ahrens Andreas , Morris Alick , Verhagen Hans , Kephalopoulos Stylianos , Dulio Valeria , Slobodnik Jaroslav , Sijm Dick T.H.M. , Vermeire Theo , Ito Takaaki , Takaki Koki , De Mello Jonathas , Bessems Jos , Zare Jeddi Maryam , Tanarro Gozalo Celia , Pollard Kevin , McCourt Josephine , Fantke Peter
Published: October 2021

Background

A scientific framework on exposure science will boost the multiuse of exposure knowledge across EU chemicals-related policies and improve risk assessment, risk management and communication across EU safety, security and sustainability domains.

Objective

To stimulate public and private actors to align and strengthen the cross-policy adoption of exposure assessment data, methods and tools across EU legislation.

Methods

By mapping and analysing the EU regulatory landscape making use of exposure information, policy and research challenges and key areas of action are identified and translated into opportunities enhancing policy and scientific efficiency.

Results

Identified key areas of actions are to develop a common scientific exposure assessment framework, supported by baseline acceptance criteria and a shared knowledge base enhancing exchangeability and acceptability of exposure knowledge within and across EU chemicals-related policies. Furthermore, such framework will improve communication and management across EU chemical safety, security and sustainability policies comprising sourcing, manufacturing and global trade of goods and waste management. In support of building such a common framework and its effective use in policy and industry, exposure science innovation needs to be better embedded along the whole policymaking cycle, and be integrated into companies’ safety and sustainability management systems. This will help to systemically improve regulatory risk management practices.

Significance

This paper constitutes an important step towards the implementation of the EU Green Deal and its underlying policy strategies, such as the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.
Analysis of Il36a induction by C/EBPβ via a half-CRE•C/EBP element in murine macrophages in dependence of its CpG methylation level
Authors: Nerlich Andreas , Janze Nina , Goethe Ralph
Published: October 2021

Interleukin-36α is a novel member of the IL-1 cytokine family that is highly expressed in epithelial tissues and several myeloid-derived cell types after induction. The transcription factor (TF) C/EBPβ binds specifically to an essential half-CRE•C/EBP motif in the Il36a promoter to induce Il36a expression upon LPS stimulation. C/EBPs regulate gene expression by binding to recognition sequences that can contain 5′-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3′ dinucleotides (CpG), whose methylation can influence TF binding and gene expression. Herein we show that the half-CRE•C/EBP element in the Il36a promoter is differentially methylated in the murine RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and in primary murine macrophages. We demonstrate that C/EBPβ binding to the half-CRE•C/EBP element in the Il36a promoter following LPS stimulation is insensitive to CpG methylation and that methylation of the CpG in the half-CRE•C/EBP element does not alter LPS-induced Il36a promoter activity which correlated with similar Il36a mRNA copy numbers and pro-IL-36α protein amount in both cell types. Taken together, our data indicate that C/EBPβ binding to the half-CRE•C/EBP element and subsequent gene activation occurs independently of the CpG methylation status of the half-CRE•C/EBP motif and underlines the potential of C/EBPs to recognize methylated as well as unmethylated motifs.
Understanding the interlayer rearrangement toward enhanced lithium storage for LiBC anodes
Authors: Yang Qianwen , Chen Langlang , Liu Zhiyu , Wei Yaqing , Li De , Chen Yong
Published: October 2021

By introducing Li insufficiency, an interlayer rearrangement from “ABABAB” to “ABAABA” stacking is triggered for the layered LiBC. Thus, the structural modified m-LiBC exhibits higher capacity (220 mA h g−1) than original o-LiBC (50 mA h g−1).
Determining the photostability of avobenzone in sunscreen formulation models using ultrafast spectroscopy
Authors: Holt Emily L. , Rodrigues Natércia d. N. , Cebrián Juan , Stavros Vasilios G.
Published: October 2021

We explore how ultrafast spectroscopy can be utilised to predict the longer-term efficacy of avobenzone in sunscreen formulation models.
Mutual neutralisation of O+ with O−: investigation of the role of metastable ions in a combined experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Poline Mathias , Dochain Arnaud , Rosén Stefan , Grumer Jon , Ji MingChao , Eklund Gustav , Simonsson Ansgar , Reinhed Peter , Blom Mikael , Shuman Nicholas S. , Ard Shaun G. , Viggiano Albert A. , Larsson Mats , Cederquist Henrik , Schmidt Henning T. , Zettergren Henning , Urbain Xavier , Barklem Paul S. , Thomas Richard D.
Published: October 2021

The mutual neutralisation of O+ with O− has been studied in a double ion-beam storage ring with combined merged-beams, imaging and timing techniques.
A dendrimer-functionalized turn-on fluorescence probe based on enzyme-activated debonding feature of azobenzene linkage
Authors: Wang Bing-Yen , Wang Jia-Yi , Chang Wen-Wei , Chu Chih-Chien
Published: October 2021

The hypoxic feature of tumors has led to researchers developing hypoxia-activated prodrugs and probes that leverage oxidoreductases overexpressed in tumor tissues.
A unidirectional frequency beam‐scanning antenna using composite slow‐wave waveguide based on substrate integrated waveguide and spoof surface plasmon polariton structure
Authors: Wang Shiquan , Chung Kwok L. , Kong Fanmin , Du Liuge , Li Kang
Published: October 2021

In this study, a novel frequency beam‐scanning (FBS) antenna based on composite substrate integrated waveguide/spoof surface plasmon polariton (SIW/SSPP) waveguide is proposed. The composite SIW/SSPP slow‐wave waveguide is designed by embedding a series of periodic subwavelength H‐shaped grooves on the top surface of the SIW. Its transmission characteristics own both the features from SIW and SSPP, and can be flexibly mansplained by tuning the key structural parameters. To convert the propagating composite slow‐wave mode into the radiation mode effectively, a new flexible digital modulation method with staggered metallic vias is proposed and used. The presented beam‐scanning antenna has a simple feeding structure, a single dielectric layer, and a compact volume of 0.75 × 8.55 × 0.015 λ03. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and tested to verify its performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna can realise a continuous beam‐scanning angle of 49° in an operating bandwidth of 8.7–9.2 GHz with a high frequency‐scanning sensitivity (FSS) of 9.8 °/100 MHz−1. Moreover, the measured results indicate that the antenna has high peak gain with an average level of 12.7 dBi, high radiation efficiency with an average level of 87%, and stable unidirectional radiation pattern in the working band.
Overview of the Clinical Features of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and the Current European ERN GENTURIS Guideline
Authors: Kratz Christian Peter , Steinke-Lange Verena , Spier Isabel , Aretz Stefan , Schröck Evelin , Holinski-Feder Elke
Published: October 2021

Patients with a tumour-risk syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing cancer during their lifetime. A positive family history of tumour disease or an unusually early age of onset may be indicative of a tumour risk syndrome. With the diagnosis of a tumour risk syndrome it is possible to recommend a risk-adapted tumour surveillance programme for the patient and (asymptomatic) family members at risk. This facilitates early detection of possible tumours and thus often prevents advanced tumour stages. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is associated with a significantly increased risk of sarcoma and breast cancer in particular, but it is often not diagnosed clinically in those affected. This article reviews the clinical picture, genetic cause and special aspects in the diagnosis and care of patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The initiative resulted from the European reference network GENTURIS, which has set itself the task of improving the identification and care of
patients with tumour risk syndromes. A first step is the recent publication of a European guideline for Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which is summarised here and discussed in the context of existing recommendations.
Alkylation Reactions with Alkylsulfonium Salts
Authors: Zhang Cheng-Pan , Tian Ze-Yu , Ma Yu
Published: October 2021

The application of alkylsulfonium salts as alkyl-transfer reagents in organic synthesis has reemerged over the past few years. Numerous heteroatom- and carbon-centered nucleophiles, alkenes, arenes, alkynes, organometallic reagents, and others are readily alkylated by alkylsulfonium salts under mild conditions. The reactions feature convenience, high efficiency, readily accessible and structurally diversified alkylation reagents, good functional group tolerance, and a wide range of substrate types, allowing the facile synthesis of various useful organic molecules from commercially available building blocks. This review summarizes alkylation reactions using either isolated or in situ formed alkylsulfonium salts via nucleophilic substitution, transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, and photoredox processes.

1 Introduction

2 General Methods for the Synthesis of Alkylsulfonium Salts

3 Electrophilic Alkylation Using Alkylsulfonium Salts

4 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation Using Alkylsulfonium Salts

5 Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkylation Using Alkylsulfonium Salts

6 Conclusion
Simulations show how coronavirus aerosol spreads in confined spaces
Authors: Cockshott Anne
Published: October 2021

Computational fluid dynamics show coronavirus particle diffusion will vary within elevator cabins depending on respiratory events, passenger configuration and ventilation systems.
Highly efficient conversion of laser energy to hard x-rays in high-intensity laser–solid simulations
Authors: Morris S. , Robinson A. , Ridgers C.
Published: October 2021

We present simulations, which predict significantly higher laser to x-ray efficiencies than those previously found in high-intensity (1020–1022W cm−2) laser–solid simulations. The bremsstrahlung emission is shown to last for 10–100 ps, which is difficult to model with conventional particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. The importance of collective effects is also demonstrated, showing the limitations of Monte Carlo modeling in these systems. A new, open-source hybrid-PIC code with bremsstrahlung routines has been developed to model this x-ray production in 3D. Special boundary conditions are used to emulate complex electron refluxing behavior, which has been characterized in 1D and 2D full-PIC simulations. The peak x-ray efficiency was recorded in thick gold targets, with (7.4±1.0)% conversion of laser energy into x-rays of energy 1 MeV or higher. The target size is shown to play a role in the conversion efficiency and angular distribution of emitted x-rays, and a simple analytic model is presented for estimating these efficiencies.
Absorption coefficient of moderately conductive fibrous aerosols at 35 GHz
Authors: Jelinek Al V. , Bruce Charles W. , Alyones Sharhabeel
Published: October 2021

This article examines the interaction of millimeter wavelength radiations with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) graphite fibers in the carbon conductivity range that is primarily absorptive. Two sets of fibers were examined: the first fiber type, designated as AG (as grown), has the conductivity of PAN graphite (7 × 104 MHO). The second set, designated as type HT (heat treated to ∼2500 °C), has a measured conductivity that is about 8.5 times the conductivity of carbon. The absorption coefficients of the two carbon fiber types were examined as a function of diameter for fibers with fixed length at a fixed frequency of 35 GHz, and the length of the fibers was the principal resonant length (i.e., size parameter of ∼1).
Recovery of ion-damaged 4H-SiC under thermal and ion beam-induced ultrafast thermal spike-assisted annealing
Authors: Chakravorty Anusmita , Dufour Ch , Singh Budhi , Jatav Hemant , Umapathy G. R. , Kanjilal D. , Kabiraj D.
Published: October 2021

The recovery effect of isochronal thermal annealing and inelastic energy deposited during 100 MeV Ag swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation is demonstrated in the case of 4H-SiC pre-damaged by elastic energy deposition of 300 keV Ar ion. The Ar-induced fractional disorder follows a nonlinear two-step damage build-up. The fractional disorder level of 0.3 displacements per atom (dpa) is established as the threshold above which the lattice rapidly enters the amorphous phase, characterized by the presence of highly photo-absorbing defects. The SHI-induced recovery suggests that the damage annealing, in the pre-damaged region (∼350 nm) where the Se for 100 MeV Ag is almost constant (∼16.21 keV/nm), is more pronounced than the damage creation by SHI. This allows the disorder values to saturate at a lower value than the present initial disorder. Furthermore, the thermal effect due to SHI irradiation of an amorphous nano-zone embedded in a crystalline host matrix has been evaluated using the 3D implementation of the thermal spike. The recovery process by SHI is ascribed to the thermal spike-induced atomic movements resulting from the melting and the resolidification of the crystalline–amorphous interface.
Exponential shock wave in perfectly conducting self-gravitating rotational axi-symmetric dusty gas with magnetic field, radiative and conductive heat fluxes
Authors: Nath G.
Published: October 2021

In the present paper, we study the exponential shock propagation in a self-gravitating rotational axisymmetric perfectly conducting mixture of van der Waal gas and solid particles with magnetic field either axial or azimuthal and radiative and conductive heat fluxes. In our model, the solid particles are distributed continuously in the mixture and are chemically inert, and the equilibrium conditions for flow are preserved in the entire region of flow field behind shock wave. In a thick gray gas model case, the radiation is assumed to be of diffusion type. The Fourier's heat conduction law is used to express the heat conduction. The effects of the problem parameters variations are discussed. It is shown that the density of micro size solid particles to the gas initial density ratio or the gravitational parameter or the rotational parameter or the gas adiabatic index has effects to enhance the shock wave strength. Also, it is derived that an increase in the nonidealness of the gas, Alfvén Mach number, and the mass concentration of solid particles in the mixture have decaying effects on the strength of shock wave. It is shown that the shock wave is stronger when magnetic field is axial and weaker for azimuthal magnetic field.
Lax–Wendroff type solver for two-phase system to restrain parasitic currents
Authors: He Jiaming , Zhang Yue , Chen Songze , Guo Zhaoli
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a Lax–Wendroff type solver is developed to solve the governing equations for two-phase flows. By incorporating the source term into the numerical flux and approximating the cell volume force by the interfacial forces, the proposed scheme is able to restrain parasitic currents in two-phase systems. Numerical results suggest that the magnitude of the parasitic currents is considerably reduced, and the stability is also improved. Particularly, for a one-dimensional flat interface and a two-dimensional (2D) stationary droplet, the velocity fields drop to machine zero even with a large density ratio (1:1000). It is also found that the viscosity plays an important role in the suppression of parasitic currents when the density ratio is large.