bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiomyopathy and Death Following Chikungunya Infection: An Increasingly Common Outcome
Authors: Traverse Elizabeth M. , Hopkins Hannah K. , Vaidhyanathan Vedana , Barr Kelli L.
Published: June 2021

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is vectored by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and is found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions. While most infections cause mild symptoms such as fever and arthralgia, there have been cases in which cardiac involvement has been reported. In adults, case reports include symptoms ranging from tachycardia and arrythmia, to myocarditis and cardiac arrest. In children, case reports describe symptoms such as arrythmia, myocarditis, and heart failure. Case reports of perinatal and neonatal CHIKV infections have also described cardiovascular compromise, including myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, myocarditis, and death. Myocarditis refers to inflammation of the heart tissue, which can be caused by viral infection, thus becoming viral myocarditis. Since viral myocarditis is linked as a causative factor of other cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy, in which the heart muscle weakens and fails to pump blood properly, the connection between CHIKV and the heart is concerning. We searched Pubmed, Embase, LILACS, and Google Scholar to identify case reports of CHIKV infections where cardiac symptoms were reported. We utilized NCBI Virus and NCBI Nucleotide to explore the lineage/evolution of strains associated with these outbreaks. Statistical analysis was performed to identify which clinical features were associated with death. Phylogenetic analysis determined that CHIKV infections with cardiac symptoms are associated with the Asian, the East Central South African, and the Indian Ocean lineages. Of patients admitted to hospital, death rates ranged from 26–48%. Myocarditis, hypertension, pre-existing conditions, and the development of heart failure were significantly correlated with death. As such, clinicians should be aware in their treatment and follow-up of patients.
Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa
Authors: Aula Oyime Poise , McManus Donald P. , Jones Malcolm K. , Gordon Catherine A.
Published: June 2021

Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
Leveraging Novel Integrated Single-Cell Analyses to Define HIV-1 Latency Reversal
Authors: Zhao Suhui , Tsibris Athe
Published: June 2021

While suppressive antiretroviral therapy can effectively limit HIV-1 replication and evolution, it leaves behind a residual pool of integrated viral genomes that persist in a state of reversible nonproductive infection, referred to as the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection models were established to investigate HIV-1 latency and its reversal; recent work began to probe the dynamics of HIV-1 latency reversal at single-cell resolution. Signals that establish HIV-1 latency and govern its reactivation are complex and may not be completely resolved at the cellular and regulatory levels by the aggregated measurements of bulk cellular-sequencing methods. High-throughput single-cell technologies that characterize and quantify changes to the epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome continue to rapidly evolve. Combinations of single-cell techniques, in conjunction with novel computational approaches to analyze these data, were developed and provide an opportunity to improve the resolution of the heterogeneity that may exist in HIV-1 reactivation. In this review, we summarize the published single-cell HIV-1 transcriptomic work and explore how cutting-edge advances in single-cell techniques and integrative data-analysis tools may be leveraged to define the mechanisms that control the reversal of HIV-1 latency.
Does Vergence Affect Perceived Size?
Authors: Linton Paul
Published: June 2021

Since Kepler (1604) and Descartes (1637), it has been suggested that ‘vergence’ (the angular rotation of the eyes) plays a key role in size constancy. However, this has never been tested divorced from confounding cues such as changes in the retinal image. In our experiment, participants viewed a target which grew or shrank in size over 5 s. At the same time, the fixation distance specified by vergence was reduced from 50 to 25 cm. The question was whether this change in vergence affected the participants’ judgements of whether the target grew or shrank in size? We found no evidence of any effect, and therefore no evidence that eye movements affect perceived size. If this is correct, then our finding has three implications. First, perceived size is much more reliant on cognitive influences than previously thought. This is consistent with the argument that visual scale is purely cognitive in nature (Linton, 2017; 2018). Second, it leads us to question whether the vergence modulation of V1 contributes to size constancy. Third, given the interaction between vergence, proprioception, and the retinal image in the Taylor illusion, it leads us to ask whether this cognitive approach could also be applied to multisensory integration.
Identifying Storm Hotspots and the Most Unsettled Areas in Barcelona by Analysing Significant Rainfall Episodes from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Esbrí Laura , Rigo Tomeu , Llasat María Carmen , Aznar Blanca
Published: June 2021

Urban floods repeatedly threaten Barcelona, damaging the city infrastructure and endangering the safety of the population. The urban planning of the city, the socioeconomic distribution, its topography, and the characteristics of precipitation systems translate into these flood events having a heterogeneous effect across the city. It means that the coping capacity has a strong dependence on local factors that must be considered when management plans are developed by the municipality. This work aims to contribute to the better knowledge of precipitation structures associated with heavy rainfall events and floods in Barcelona based on radar data and an urban rain gauge network. Radar data have been provided by the Meteorological Service of Catalonia (SMC), while precipitation data, impact data, and early warnings, have been provided by Barcelona Cicle de l’Aigua S.A. (BCASA), for the period 2013–2018. A new radar-based methodology has been developed to identify convective rainfall structures from radar reflectivity volumes (CAPPI and TOP products) to make the analysis easier. The high computing speed of the procedure allows efficient analysis of a large set of convective cells without scarifying temporal resolution of radar data. Both rainfall fields (radar and rain gauge, respectively) have been compared. Then through the identified rainfall convective structures, thunderstorm hotspots have been identified. Considering an alert indicator from BCASA and the reported incidents, episodes with the highest impact have been analysed in depth. Results show 207 significant rainfall episodes in the ROI for the six years, which are mainly concentrated between September and November. The fact that significant episodes are usually produced by highly convective rain corroborates the advantage of using radar images as a tool to detect any maxima even when no rain gauge is there. In 64 of the episodes, the level of pre-alert was achieved with a maximum frequency between August and September. The proposed algorithm shows more than 8000 centroids of convective cells from 189 cases. Whilst maximum surface reflectivity over 45 dBZ is more prone to occur near the coastline, the centroids of storm cells tend to concentrate more inland. The final objective is to improve the actions taken by the organisation responsible for managing urban floods, which have seen Barcelona recognised as a model city for flood resilience by the United Nations.
Modern approaches to pharmacotherapy of chronic glomerulonephritis
Authors: Skvortsov Vsevolod , Tumarenko Aleksandr , Malyakin Georgiy , Golieva Ellina
Published: June 2021

Chronic glomerulonephritis is a dangerous disease that leads to chronic kidney disease. In the terminal stage patients need dialysis, which is difficult to access for a large part of the Russian population. It is the very high-quality conservative treatment that allows to delay the onset of the terminal stage of this disease. The main role in pathogenesis is played by the immune complexes that appear and are deposited in the renal glomeruli, which causes immune damage. According to the clinical course and taking into account the prevailing symptoms chronic glomerulonephritis is divided into latent, nephrotic, hematuric, hypertonic and mixed types, prescribed therapy depends on the morphology and clinical course. Clinically and morphologically chronic glomerulonephritis lasts over 1 year. Drug treatment for chronic glomerulonephritis supposes therapy that involves suppression of immune inflammation and intravascular changes. Rituximab is a chimeric glycosylated human or murine immunoglobulin that has specific affinity for the B-lymphocyte transmembrane protein CD20 causing the lysis of circulating CD20 cells.
Instrumental Diagnosis Methods for ENT Diseases
Authors: Ilyin Petr Arkadiyevich
Published: June 2021

As with any other clinical discipline, otorhinolaryngology uses both simple investigation methods including external examination of ENT organs with an otoscope, rhinoscope and laryngoscope, and more complex ones requiring the use of special devices and equipment. The latter include X-ray examination, US diagnostics, endomicroscopy of the nose and paranasal sinuses, CT and MRI (in case the study of soft tissue formations is needed). To study the auditory analyser functions and the labyrinth state, a number of functional tests are performed including stabilometry or postulography. Audiometry
is performed with electroacoustic instruments and can be subjective and objective. Impedancometry, a method of objective hearing assessment, based on measuring the acoustic resistance of a soundconducting device, is used to determine the location and nature of the auditory system disorders. All these methods help establish the correct diagnosis, clarify the localisation of the pathological process and prescribe the correct treatment.
Whipple’s Disease
Authors: Skvortsov Vsevolod , Shirokova Tatyana , Gridchina Anastasia
Published: June 2021

Whipple’s disease is a rare infectious intestinal disease with lipid deposition and multiple macrophages that contain argyrophilic rod-shaped formations found in the intestines and lymph nodes. This disease is difficult to diagnose and it is only after several years of treatment of other diseases that the correct diagnosis is established.
The advent of antibiotics has improved the disease outcome – tetracycline antibiotics are used in most cases.
Organisation of Medical Care for Pregnant Women, Women in Labor and New Mothers with COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Klimov Vladimir
Published: June 2021

Although pregnancy is a physiological condition, this category of women has a high probability of severe acute respiratory viral infections, and a fairly high affinity to these diseases, due to physiological changes in the immune system. In 2009/2010, during the A(H1N1)09 virus that caused pig flu, the morbidity among pregnant women reached 27.9%. In addition, such viruses as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are known to contribute to severe complications in pregnancy and lead to the need for endotracheal intubation and hospitalisation of women to the intensive care unit, and in some cases, diseases caused by these viruses can cause kidney failure and even death, which reaches 25% when
SARS-CoV is detected among pregnant women. At the present stage, there is insufficient information on the new coronavirus infection impact on pregnant women and newborns, and there are no reliable recommendations as to the management of pregnant women when COVID-19 is diagnosed. In this article, we will try to summarise information on managing such patients based on the cases when coronavirus was diagnosed in pregnant women.
Pathogenetic Treatment of Dry Cough
Authors: Kochiyeva Marina
Published: June 2021

Complaints of dry non-productive cough are one of the most common problems that patients come to a GP with, especially in the cold and wet season [1]. It is a dry cough that is one of the coronavirus pathognomonic symptoms, but it can be indicative of the onset of a dozen other diseases. This symptom is not an independent pathology, its appearance is characteristic of the onset of a number of infectious and inflammatory processes, acute respiratory diseases, and allergic reactions. Dry cough can occur when a foreign body enters the upper respiratory tract and also indicate major problems in the respiratory system, and in some cases, the cardiovascular system. A dry cough is often the cause of sleep disorders, regularly recurring attacks can lead to the patient’s asthenisation and a significant life quality deterioration. Correct diagnosis plays a fundamental role in the choice of treatment tactics. Treatment of dry cough manifestations should be comprehensive and aimed at eliminating its causes, rather than symptoms.
La travée alternée dans l’architecture italienne de la Renaissance : origines et développement
Authors: De Jonge Krista
Published: June 2021

The alternated span in the Italian Renaissance architecture.

The instructions for use of the five orders have so far been paid less attention than the origin of the system. The “serlienne” pattern and that of the rythmical span appear as special applications of a style of patterns which the author studies in detail and suggests to name “the alternated span’’. This pattern has its sources in medieval and antique examples (triumphal arches) but is not exact copy. The author shows how these different types have influenced each other and been combined, the evolution of the small scale architecture into the monumental architecture, and the rich and original Venetian solutions.
Les maisons Jaoul de Le Corbusier (1951-1956)
Authors: Maniaque-Benton Caroline
Published: June 2021

The Jaoul homes by Le Corbusier.

The two houses built in Neuilly-sur-Seine by Le Corbusier for the Jaoul family in 1951-1956 seemed to be the enforcement of the new “brutaliste” aesthetism of Le Corbusier ; they can be seen as the ultimate stage of the continual research on vaults and modular space. Studying the notebooks of Le Corbusier and the interviews of the people involved (owners, co-workers, contractors) enables to retrace the history of this long neglected work. They also enable us to witness the application of the complex links between Le Corbusier’s ideas, the work of his co-workers and the initiative of the contractors, on an exemplified case.
A. Kingsley Porter et la sculpture préromane
Authors: Mezoughi Nourredine
Published: June 2021

A.K. Porter and Pre-romanesque sculpture (unpublished lecture, march 1983).

The analysis of A.K. Porter’s life and work permits us to make the following observations : 1) Porter’s work can be divided into several broad phases : 1909-1915 lea 1917-1924 and ca 1925-1928/ 1929-1933. Each phase produced writings synthesizing his research.

2) The study of pre-romanesque sculpture only emerged late in the course of his art historical investigations.

From 1923 onward, Porter wanted to establish his romanesque “firmly on pre — and proto — romanesque foundations”. Their distant origins he saw in the Orient (substituted for Classical origins). This clarified the fundamental problem of the emergence of a new style, called romanesque. The results of this scholarship can easily be contested, if they are just considered by themselves. The real merit of Porter’s work lies in the articulation of a formal system. This contribution assigns him a place of relative originality among the “great ancestors” of the pre-war era.
Les illustrations d’un manuscrit persan de la Bibliothèque nationale : « Le livre des merveilles de la Création »
Authors: Fotouhi Taraneh
Published: June 2021

The illustrations of a persian manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale : the “ Book of the Marvels of the Creation ” (ms. sup. pers. 332).

The Book of the Marvels of the Creation, an anonymous adaptation of the arabic work by Al-Qazwini, is a sort of illustrated encyclopedy, in which the pictures play a major part. The datation of the 262 miniatures varies according to the authors. A stylistic analysis allows a division in several groups. Those of the first two groups come from the workshop sponsored by Sultan Ahmad in Baghdad between 1382 and 1393 ; the others were produced in the same workshop between 1394 and 1401, then between 1405 and 1410. The deep stylistic differences found between the different groups can’t be explained by a chronological gap, but by the diversity of the craftsmen who collaborated to the illustration of the manuscript.
Le Festin du Mauvais Riche et le Festin d’Hérode : la signification du repas dans la sculpture du XIIe siècle
Authors: Devillard Fabienne
Published: June 2021

The Feast of the Rich Man and Herod’s Feast : the Meaning of the Meal in the 12th C. Sculpture.

The sample studied has been selected from about a hundred sculptural representations of meal scenes in France from the middle of the 11th C. to the middle of the 12th C. Eleven scenes which represent either the Feast of the Rich Man or Herod’s Feast have a scriptural source and are part of a long Biblical tradition. The author has examined the moral and social meaning of these Feasts for the period in which they were made. The subtlety of the attitudes, gestures and expressions suggests the importance of this theme for the collective mentality. The structure of the space is analyzed in detail. The dramatic sense of the scene is stressed by the sculptors and the convivial and festive character of the meals offers an occasion to remember the Christian doctrine concerning the nourishment of the body. These scenes insist on the notion of the « sinful meal » and represent a real lesson of Christian morals favouring charity and salvation.
Maison et paysage urbain dans les villes au Proche-Orient (IIe-Ve siècle ap. J.-C)
Authors: Saliou Catherine
Published: June 2021

House and urban landscape in the towns of the Near-East (2nd-5th C. A.D.).

The roman regulations of urbanism, very sensitive to the good aspect of towns, are applied in the Hellenized Orient from the 1rst C. A.D. The excavations of residential areas achieved on different sites, among them Néa Paphos (Cyprus), Palmyra and Apamée (Syria), present a development of urbanism where the large middle-class house plays effectively an important decorative part in the definition of the urban landscape : the colonnade, also present in the porticoes of the streets and in the inner courtyards including a peristyle, provides a continuity between the urban space and the private space.
La notion de planification dans l’urbanisme maya classique
Authors: Hoppan Jean-Michel
Published: June 2021

The notion of planification in classical maya urbanism.

Maya urban areas differ from the usual definition of town by the absence of a dense settlement with running across streets : they present a rather loose juxtaposition of quadrangular sets forming squares or courtyards around monumental religious complexes.

The presence of raised stone causeways, the sacbeob, and of vast water tanks can be also noticed. The analysis of two large sites of the recent classical period (600-900) — Tikal and Copan — and of three minor sites — Altar de Sacrificios, Baking Pot and Tonina —
Les manoirs du canton de Sablé (XVe-XVIe siècles)
Authors: Le Boeuf François
Published: June 2021

Manors in the Sablé canton 15th and 16th centuries.

A survey located 34 manors, built or considerably modified during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. These manors are practically always two-storey buildings whilst the local farm house of the same period have only a ground floor. The architectural appearance of the first floor is more elaborate than the ground floor, although apertures have frequently been altered. Each floor, in general, has two separate rooms, except for a few larger manors which have at least three rooms in buildings with an L plan or — in one case — a U plan. In the manors studied, the relations between the ground plan and the façade and between the different façades are very complex. One façade may have casement windows whilst another will have half casement windows ; furthermore, these may alternate so that one façade will be the mirror image of the other. Where the relations between plan and façade are concerned, the combination of a large and a small room will found expression in the façade with a window twice as large as another. Elsewhere, the façade may be lacking in symmetry and bearing little relation to the ground plan ; others still may have symmetrical façades but still with no relation to ground plan.
Laiteries royales, laiteries impériales : Trianon et Rambouillet
Authors: Heitzmann Annick
Published: June 2021

During the last years of the Ancien Régime, the landscape gardens of Trianon and Rambouillet were both endowed with a «clean dairy » («laiterie de propreté »), intended for the degustation of milk products. Their furniture disappeared during the Revolution. Napoléon ordered their renovation (in the first, the works were only completed during the Restauration). The chosen option is one of historicist restitution, which finds its limits in the financial constraints and the evolution of taste. However, the dairy of Rambouillet could never shelter again neither the Nymph and the goat by Julien, nor the low-reliefs by the same sculptor, that Joséphine probably wanted to set in the dairy she had built at the Malmaison, in the tradition of 18th C.
Une source fondamentale pour l’étude des jardins antérieurs à la Révolution : l’« atlas de rente noble »
Authors: Bénetière Marie-Hélène
Published: June 2021

A fundamental source for the study of gardens before the French Revolution : the atlas of the noble ground rent.

The landed property and seigneuries belonging to the religious communities of Lyons have been surveyed in the atlases of noble ground rent dating from the second half of the 18th c. The examination of this source has led to the identification of 126 pleasure-gardens ; some of these may be dated with precision, notably the La Fréta garden, designed by J.-G. Soufflot. The plans also provide information on the owners of the gardens, on the species of vegetation found and on the dimensions of certain parts of the garden. This information is not wholly reliable, however : some gardens are older than the atlases, and their layout in the plans is only approximative or a conventional representation. Architectural elements are rarely indicated. All the pleasure-gardens identified in this source have ornamental water-basins, but only two have decorative flower-beds with characteristic 17th c. curvilinear designs. Most have a kitchen-garden, regularly divided up and often isolated from the rest of the garden by a wall or a change of level. Most of the gardens of the Lyons region — almost always terraced gardens — have tree-lined walks or avenues with single or double rows of trees.
Les paysagistes en Auvergne, 1800-1825
Authors: Chabrol Nicolas
Published: June 2021

Landscape-painters in the Auvergne, 1800-1825.

During the 18th c., the Auvergne was an artistic desert, arousing little interest prior to the publication of some picturesque travellers’ accounts and to P.-M. Gault de Saint-Germain’s stay at Clermont between 1793 and 1801. From time to time, portrait painters such as J.-B. Isabey or other painters of historical subjects depicted the Puy-de-Dôme landscapes, but the Auvergne did not begin to attract artists on a regular basis until the influence of the books of B. Depping and H. Langlois, along with the triumph of lithography, had made itself felt. The year 1819 was a turning point and the beginning of an artistic fashion for the illustration of Auvergnat sites, particularly the Mont-Dore and Royat with their eminently romantic appeal. They were appreciated both by English water-colour artists and by French painters who exhibited at the Salons or who published albums of reproductions. During the 1830s the Auvergne acquired a reputation as the landscape artist’s favourite country. Gradually the landscape, at first a topographical record or the setting for some troubadour scene, became a valued genre in its own right.
La création d’un nouveau décor sculpté dans les jardins de Vaux-Le-Vicomte à la fin du XIXe siècle
Authors: Garnier Bénédicte
Published: June 2021

The creation of new sculpted decorations in the gardens of Vaux-le -Vicomte at the end of the 19th century.

The decoration of the gardens of the Vaux-le-Vicomte château, designed by Louis Le Nôtre, was left unfinished in 1661, year of the disgrace of the surintendant Nicolas Fouquet. Over the years, the elements of decoration were sold, mutilated or destroyed. In 1875 the estate was acquired by the industrialist Alfred Sommier who, as an enlightened amateur, set about restoring first the château and then, from the 1880s, the gardens. The architect responsible for the restoration of the gardens was Hippolyte Destailleur (1822-1893), accompanied by two gardeners, Flenri and Achille Duchêne. The new sculpted decoration created reveals the prevailing late 19th c. fashion for the art of the 17th and early 18th c., mingling themes associated with childhood and copies of classical sculptures or works inspired by models found at Versailles. Towards the end of the century, six sculptors were involved in the project, all of them trained by Jouffroy at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts , at Paris, or by such masters as Henri Chapu or Emmanuel Frémiet. In this way the perfect order of the Vaux gardens, dedicated to the glory of Fouquet, was changed into a very mixed collection of essentially decorative works in the most contemporary of styles.
Photographies de paysage : l’envers du décor
Authors: Abelé Christine
Published: June 2021

Landscape photographies : the other side of the picture.

The success of daguerreotypes, invented in 1839, was immediate, but the physical limitations of the process and the cumbersome material required did not allow the widespread use of photographic equipment outside the studio and the town. This is why, up until the development of the gelatino-bromide process in 1878, only professionals and experienced amateurs ventured out into landscape photography. Between 1839 and 1878, no fewer than six new processes were invented to overcome the drawbacks of the daguerreotype ; of these six, the wet-collodion process was best suited to the needs of landscape photography. The author describes the different types of cameras which could be used outdoors. She then goes on to examine the criteria for successful landscape photography : the weather conditions, the choice of a good viewpoint for achieving contrasts between shade and light, the choice of a foreground allowing for perspective effects, skill in judging exposure time to render colours correctly.

The problem of sky hues was resolved by the use of screens or by the manipulation of prints in the studio. French landscape photographers achieved considerable expertise, and were bettered only by the English.
Antonin Personnaz ou l’aventure d’un autochromiste
Authors: Boulouch Nathalie
Published: June 2021

Antonin Personnaz or the adventure of an autochromist.

Auguste and Louis Lumière commercialized the first autochrome plates in 1907. This invention appealed to amateur photographic societies. The author here describes the particular efforts of Antonin Personnaz in favour of this process. As an art collector and friend of the impressionists, he was excited by a process capable of rendering the subtle shades of natural colours. The problem of depicting sky colours was solved by the use of black screens or by varying exposure time. Like pictorialists, the autochrome photographer looked to painting as his model. The very technique of the autochrome plate seemed to justify the impressionists’ theories on optical blending, pointillism and the juxtaposition of complementary colours. Nonetheless, the autochrome process was criticized by pictorialists who viewed it as a mechanical fixing of vision, with colours that were too pure. After 1913, Personnaz left Paris ; autochrome photography continued, however, largely on account of its documentary qualities.
Robert Smithson : une critique en actes de la photographie
Authors: Velasco Alberto
Published: June 2021

Robert Smithson : a critique of photography by acts.

The question of photography’s use for documentary recording, often seen to be at the heart of Land Art, loses its relevance in the work of Robert Smithson. The interplay between the miniaturization effected by photography, reducing boundless distances to the size of a negative, and the approximative localization which it produces, does not allow the artist to believe in the simple veracity of the image. Smithson’s sculptural works bear on the disjunctions which have emerged in the apprehension of american space ; not only does he meet here with the power of the loss of a sense of reality, brought about by an illusionist mediatization, but he also specifies the nature of this loss by going back to its historical roots : the moment when photography was recording the Frontier. By underlining the role of the illusionist image in the loss of the physical sense of this founding element, the Frontier, Smithson makes of photography something more than a mere accessory to his creation. Photography is fully integrated into his works, which play on the materiality of the space as it is experienced physically, and the immateriality of the space represented ; they try to reconstitute the experience of the Frontier, whilst eliminating photography’s seductions and reductions.
Les photographes étrangers dans la France de l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Wanaverbecq Annie-laure
Published: June 2021

Photographers from abroad in France during the inter-war period.

Between the two wars, many foreigners settled in France. The artists amongst them come from countries which are not representative of the countries of immigrants’ origins as a whole. Where photographers are concerned, a quarter come from Germany and another quarter from Hungary, fleeing the political situation after Admiral Horty’s seizure of power. These Hungarian photographers often came from avant-garde milieux, and they had a far-reaching influence on French photography which, for many years, has gone unrecognized.
L’art contemporain dans Les Temps modernes de 1945 à 1954
Authors: Lemasson Érik
Published: June 2021

A place for aesthetic debate : Les temps modernes, from 1945 to 1954.

The author of this article studies the writings on contemporary art that appeared in the review Les temps modernes from the date of its foundation by Jean-Paul Sartre, up to the crisis of the early ’50s. These articles are signed notably by André Masson, Georges Limbour, Kahnweiler, and Sartre himself. He is particularly attentive to the debates sparked off by socialist realism, and to the positions taken up with regards to abstract art and surrealism. The article is accompanied by a list of the collaborators writing for the review on artistic subjects, along with the titles of their contributions.
L’art abstrait à Bordeaux : art et théorie dans l’œuvre de J.-M. Gay
Authors: Saumier Thierry
Published: June 2021

Abstract art in Bordeaux : art and theory in J.-M. Gay ’s work.

Jean-Maurice Gay (1899-1961) was a dental surgeon who taught at the faculty of dentistry of Bordeaux.

He was also a painter who has left us an opus of considerable importance. He was a convinced partisan of geometric abstraction and, in a publication dating from 1954, L ’origine de l’œuvre, du figuratif à l’abstrait, he elaborated a theory which sought to justify form in terms of psycho-physiological considerations. He was a member of the « Salon des réalités nouvelles » and president of the Bordeaux « Artistes indépendants ». He went on to become the leading figure in a group of abstract painters, playing a decisive role in the popularization of modern art in Bordeaux. The exhibition he organized in 1948 included works by S. Delaunay, Kupka, Magnelli, Hartung, etc.
Claude Aimé Chenavard, décorateur et ornemaniste
Authors: Calvignac Marie-Hélène
Published: June 2021

Claude-Aimé Chenavard (1794-1838) : decorator and ornementalist.

Although he is largely forgotten today, during his lifetime Claude-Aimé Chenavard enjoyed an exceptional reputation as a designer of ornaments for industry, a profession which foreshadows that of our contemporary designers, and one which Chenavard helped create. He was born at Lyons, the son of a manufacturer of furnishing fabrics (his family is in no way related to those of the painter Paul Chenavard or the architect Antoine-Marie Chenavard).

Our Chenavard trained in his father’s firm before going on to industrial design and to the propagation of industrial art in general. He was particularly keen to revive the art of the French Renaissance and two of his most important creations bear witness to this desire : a stained-glass window dedicated to the inventions of the Renaissance period, made in the stained-glass workshop which Brongniart had recently founded at the Manufacture of Sèvres, and, secondly, the « Grand Vase de la Renaissance », also made at Sèvres.

Chenavard was also inspired by other styles, however, and may be seen as an important precursor of eclecticism.
Saint Augustin et les spectacles de l’amphithéâtre en Afrique romaine
Authors: Hugoniot Christophe
Published: June 2021

Saint Augustine and the spectacles in the amphitheatres of Roman Africa.

Thanks to inscriptions and mosaics, we know that hunts were the principal type of spectacle staged in the African amphitheatres of the Byzantine Empire. Saint Augustine never specifically refers to gladiator fights in Africa. In one of his sermons he condemns the organizers of these spectacles. Instead of giving their money to the poor, they dress the hunters in the arena in sumptuous costumes. This in no way diminished the popularity of the events. This text, along with an inscription on the Smirat mosaic, is proof of the permanence, during the Byzantine Empire, of popular pressures on the municipal notables. Two other documents, illustrating the luxurious garments being given to the hunters, justify Saint Augustine’s criticisms of the wastefulness resulting from the persistence of municipal « évergétisme » (benevolence).
Théâtres anciens et patrimoine : l’exemple du théâtre de Douai
Authors: Boucher Thierry G.
Published: June 2021

Old theatres and heritage : the example of Douai.

From the eighteenth century up to the restoration work commenced in 1983, the different stages in the evolution of the theatre at Douai show that it is sometimes difficult to reconcile aesthetic taste with practiced necessities in buildings designed for spectacles. The Douai theatre was built between 1783 and 1785 in a restricted urban setting. The architect nonetheless managed to create a theatre for more than 1 ,500 spectators. In 1810 the theatre was public property and integrated into the reorganization of the system of theatres decided on by Napoleon. On two separate occasions, twenty years apart, the painter Ciceri had the job of carrying out necessary repair work on the decors. Between 1843 and 1845 the repairs concerned the heating, the entrances and the lighting of the theatre, that is to say several practical aspects of the building’s use. Other modifications were carried out up to 1914, including the installation of a screen for advertisements visible prior to every performance. The theatre was practically in ruins at the end of the First World War and required a complete restoration. The stock of decors was entirely reconstituted by the painter from Douai, Maurice Rougerol. At the same time the building acquired recognition as an emblem in the town. Its continued use for over two hundred years shows how indispensable it has become. It now belongs to the category of the artistic heritage as well as to the heritage of use. The author concludes that it is of the greatest urgency to give this building statutory protection.
L’éclairage au théâtre
Authors: Thaon Bernard
Published: June 2021

Lighting in the theatre.

The technical history of lighting in its relations to architecture remains to be written. But from an aesthetic point of view the evolution of lighting design in the theatre has already been studied, particularly from the time when electricity appeared, with its new possibilities of giving light an active role. In the present article, the author concentrates on two particularly significant moments in the theory and practice of theatrical lighting. The first is the publication of Patte’s Essai sur l’architecture théâtrale, in 1782, and the second the fitting out of Garnier’s opera house in Paris, from 1860. Faced with the problems caused by the use of candles and oil lamps, Patte recommended the use of reflecting mirrors. Their power to modify street lighting had already been demonstrated by Lavoisier. At the same time, the eighteenth-century study of Italian theatres (that of Palladio at Vicenza) and of classical models (Vitruvius), led to a feeling that something was wrong with the theatres of France. The choreographer Noverre, and Cochin, also put forward propositions which called into question the status of the proscenium and raised the problem of stage illusions. For Patte, the use of reflecting mirrors was a means of preserving the illusion by increasing the distance between the actors on stage and the audience, whilst at the same time reducing fire risks. In designing his opera house in Paris, Charles Gamier also tried to reform not only theatrical architecture but also theatrical lighting. Discussions were held on the idea of suppressing the footlights and the central chandelier. The latter was characteristic of the period’s habits of sociability : left alight, it allowed all the members of the audience to be seen. The debates of the time also turned around the comparative advantages of gas or electric lighting. Prior to the 1880s, electric lighting was not capable of variation, but its use at least allowed the chandelier to be raised. The author concludes by remarking that the history of lighting is linked to that of the social and scientific imagination.
Phintias, peintre de coupes
Authors: Pécasse Marianne
Published: June 2021

Phintias, cup painter.

The eight cups by Phintias which are known today date from between 520 and 500 B.C., covering the whole of his career as vase painter. They allow us to redefine his artistic personality and his role in the group of « Pioneers » in the techniques of red-figure painting. His activity is more varied than was traditionally thought, and he seems to have been in close relations with another painter of cups, Epictetos.
Les appartements des bains de François Ier à Fontainebleau
Authors: Eschenfelder Chantal
Published: June 2021

The bath apartments of François I at Fontainebleau.

The present article is a new analysis of the bath apartments of François I at Fontainebleau, created around 1543 and destroyed in 1697. If the sources speak of six rooms, described form the East, the present restitution shows in fact that there was a sequence of seven rooms, from a forgotten vestibule at the East to the stove at the West. The author underlines the remarkable nature of these baths, as different from little Italian stufe as they are from nordic baths. Displaying here his most exceptional paintings and mythological mural decorations, François I wanted to renew the Roman thermes, and to emulate Charles V’s mauresque baths in the Granada Alhambra, the only European bath apartments of a comparable scale.
Les origines des premiers parcs de divertissements parisiens
Authors: Langlois Gilles-Antoine
Published: June 2021

The origins of the first public amusement parks in Paris.

The earliest public amusement parks in Paris date back to the second half of the eighteenth century. During the reign of Louis XV, Torré’s « vauxhall » and Ruggieri’s « garden » were opened, followed, under the Directory, by the famous Tivoli. This last was transformed into a « garden-spectacle » twenty-five years later. Such gardens were a complete novelty, and their origins are not well known. The present article sets out to study some aspects of their birth and development. The Torré venture, for example, turns out to have been as much a theatre as a garden, whilst Ruggieri’s garden (« enclos ») was primarily a place for promenades, featuring spectacles of enormous variety.

Tivoli, finally, was an « eclectic » garden, launched around 1770. The article’s description of this garden is based on notarial sources which give details on the various decors. Their architecture was of neo-classical inspiration, and a landscape « collage » integrated « French », « Italian » and « English » elements. These singular places have all disappeared today, but they represent the beginnings of a new form of organised amusement for the general public which thrives today in many amusements parks and leisure centres.
Rus-pa’i-rgyan : parures rituelles tibétaines en os humain
Authors: Estournel Jean-Luc
Published: June 2021

«Pus-pa’i-rgyan », ritual Tibetan accessories made of human bone.

Ritual Tibetan clothing accessories made of human bone have hitherto been seen as objects of curiosity for collectors, and have not been studied synthetically. According to tradition and to certain texts, they appeared in India around the eighth to ninth centuries. They comprise six yoga-related ornamental elements and a sceptre, the kha-tvam-ga. All of these objects which we know today show a wide variety of styles. The iconographical and structural analysis of the apron-like accessory allows us to divide them into three main categories : garland-like aprons and four or three-cornered ones. The study of their styles shows that they were decisively influenced by lamaist art of the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries.

The gradual disappearance of workshops of production led to the degenerescence of the works produced from the nineteenth century on. Several paintings and miniatures in initiatory manuscripts bear witness to the close links between these ornaments and tantric rites. Their structural and monographical analysis makes their initiatory function apparent : these objects may be considered as mandalas.
L’iconographie du Purgatoire dans les manuscrits liturgiques du XIIIe au XVe siècle
Authors: Virgitti François
Published: June 2021

The iconography of purgatory in liturgical manuscripts between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Purgatory was invented by Parisian theologians. The researches of J. Le Goff allow us to date this invention from the turn of the twelfth century. It is interesting to follow the emergence of the imagery of purgatory through about twenty examples of liturgical manuscripts, dating from the end of the thirteenth century up to the early fifteenth century (the list of the illuminated manuscripts comprising the study corpus is appended to this article).

The invention of purgatory during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries suggests the increasing importance of the individual dimension of salvation, and opens up a third possible alternative in the after-life. It is an invention which sets forth a place and a space which refute an earlier liturgical dualism, which had only allowed for judgment, followed by heaven or hell. The appearance of the image of the purifying fire in these liturgical manuscripts was encouraged by the development, since the fifth century, of the cult of the dead in the canon of the Mass. However, most of the images identified in the early iconography of purgatory are associated with texts that make no reference to a purifying fire after death. The image functions in an active manner, in order to guide the reading of the text. It pedagogical role is clear when the fire of purgatory is associated with the vision of God (known as the « beatific vision »).

The image-makers of the Middle Ages had to invent the space and the place of purgatory, these details being left uncertain by the theologians. In these representations, the author of the present article has identified four main strands. He also underlines the image of the souls themselves : their attitude of prayer, for examples, suggests an identification between the living (the owner of the manuscript) and the dead. The belief in the beatific vision and in the opening of purgatory towards heaven both reinforce the belief in an individual salvation.
Jean Démosthène Dugoure et le dessin d’histoire dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Belhaouari Luis
Published: June 2021

Jean Démosthène Dugoure and historical drawing during the second half of the eighteenth century.

Today, Jean Démosthène Dugoure (1749-1825) is best known for his activities as a decorator. But he is also the author of three drawings of historical subjects, undertaken between 1775 and 1777, and held today by the Ecole nationale supérieure des beaux-arts (donation Mathias Polakovits). These compositions, entitled, Le souper d’Henri IV à Coutras, Léonard de Vinci mourant dans les bras de François Ier, and L’hommage rendu au maréchal de Catinat après la victoire de la Marsaille, date from before the earliest paintings based on themes drawn from French national history, paintings inspired by the cultural instructions given by the comte d’Angiviller : works such as Les honneurs funèbres rendus à Du Guesclin, by Nicolas Guy Brenet (1777). Dugoure’s works show a greater attachment to historical authenticity than do those of Ménageot, and depict episodes which evoke useful, edifying and moralistic values. Unlike « troubadour » painting, which is on the lookout for emotional and touching scenes, Dugoure’s « anecdotal » art wants to be improving. The heroes he exalts are all models of humanity, of which various writings of the years 1760 to 1770 had already underlined the exemplarity. Dugoure’s case is probably not an isolated one. It is necessary to show greater attention to the historical drawings of the late eighteenth century. They are one of the richest means of expression for iconographical innovation.