bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UN Membership and the State Requirement
Authors: Vidmar Jure
Published: February 2022

The UN Charter provides that membership is open to all peace- loving States. How should one understand the State requirement for UN membership, and is it linked to the law of statehood? This article analyses the practice of UN admission procedures and contextualizes it broadly with the State requirement in international treaties. It argues that some non- States have been Member States as well as non- member observer States of the UN. Such practice should not be labelled as being anomalous or sui generis. Rather, it should be taken as evidence of separation between international treaty procedures on the one hand and the substantive law of statehood on the other. Certain voting procedures regulated by international treaties should not be mistaken for state- creation procedures or collective recognition. Membership of the UN or its specialized agencies can have far- reaching effects, however. Such membership effectively creates an entity’s treaty- making capacity where treaties are generically open to all States. The member then procedurally becomes a State for the purposes of participation in such international treaty regimes. This should not be conflated with State creation. The term ‘State’ for the purposes of participation in international treaties open to ‘any State’ or ‘all States’ is functionally defined by the so- called ‘Vienna formula’: it is not a matter of the Montevideo criteria or any other requirements under the law of statehood. This article thus argues that for the sake of doctrinal clarity, such procedural definitions of the ‘State’ for the purposes of participation in multilateral treaties need to be consistently separated from the substantive issues of the law of statehood. Palestine’s appearance before international judicial bodies proves that such a separation is in principle upheld in international practice, but the line is sometimes unclear.
Advancing the Rule of Law and Human Rights Protection through United Nations Mandated Mechanisms
Authors: Syed Khan Yousuf , Majinge Charles
Published: February 2022

Over the past fifteen years, the international community has increasingly relied upon United Nations mandated mechanisms comprising commissions of inquiry, fact- finding missions, and investigations to help address gross violations of human rights and the often blatant disregard for the rule of law during periods of civil unrest, conflict, and post-conflict contexts. The primary reason for why this approach has been preferred centres upon the fact that achieving accountability through internationally mandated tribunals and prosecutions is not only difficult to realize but further complicated due to realpolitik permeating among relevant international decision- making structures. For example, to activate meaningful judicial accountability at the international level, agreement amongst the highest echelons of the United Nations vis- a- vis a Security Council resolution is required to mandate an accountability mechanism. Indeed, even a referral to the permanent International Criminal Court underpinned by the Rome Statute requires a Security Council referral for non- State parties. The complexity of activating these measures, however, has served to ensure the continuation of numerous protracted armed conflicts – characterized by the perpetration of atrocity crimes, violations of international humanitarian law, and violations and abuses of human rights – to the detriment of millions of civilians worldwide.

This contribution finds that the Commissions of Inquiry on Syria and Libya have been able to advance the rule of law and the protection of human rights by investigating and reporting publicly on findings by all parties to these respective conflicts, in particular on atrocity crimes, violations of international humanitarian law, and violations and abuses of human rights perpetrated by non- State actors. Both Commissions have taken similar positions on the application of human rights to non- State actors, in that non- State actors that cannot formally become parties to international human rights treaties must nevertheless respect the fundamental human rights of persons in areas where such actors exercise de facto control.

The contribution continues by exploring the roles of the Commissions of Inquiry for Syria and Libya in the general quest for prevention: i.e., can the establishment of these mechanisms deter belligerents from perpetrating abuses of human rights and disregarding the rule of law? The article argues that if UN- mandated mechanisms – including commissions of inquiry, fact- finding missions, and investigations – are well supported, especially when concerned States grant such bodies protected access on the ground, they can significantly act as a deterrent and contribute to the respect for human rights and the rule of law. This may be achieved particularly through their cooperation and sharing with accountability bodies and the documentation and preservation of evidence collected.
A new species of Utivarachna Kishida, 1940 from Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China (Araneae: Trachelidae)
Authors: LI HAIBO , HE YONGYAN , ZHANG JIANSHUANG , YU HAO
Published: February 2022

A new species belonging to the kinabaluensis group of the trachelid genus Utivarachna Kishida, 1940, U. fanjing sp. nov., is described from southwestern China. Detailed description, diagnosis, photographs and distribution map of the new species are given. DNA barcodes (a partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, COI) of the species were obtained to confirm matching of the sexes and for future use in molecular studies.
Replanteando la acción social por la música
Authors: Baker Geoffrey
Published: February 2022

¿Cómo podemos comprender mejor el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la Acción Social por la Música (ASPM)?

Este libro pionero examina el desarrollo de La Red de Escuelas de Música de Medellín, una red de 27 escuelas fundada en 1996 en la segunda ciudad principal de Colombia como respuesta a su reputación como la ciudad más peligrosa en la Tierra. Inspirada en El Sistema, el programa venezolano fundacional de educación musical, La Red es, no obstante, notablemente diferente: su historia es una de múltiples reinvenciones y de una búsqueda continua para mejorar su oferta educativa y alcanzar mejor sus objetivos sociales. Sus reflexiones internas e intentos de transformación arrojan luz valiosa sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de ASPM.

Basado en un año de trabajo de campo intensivo en Colombia y escrito por Geoffrey Baker, autor de El Sistema: Orchestrating Venezuela’s Youth (2014), este importante volumen ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre ASPM y su evolución tanto en el ámbito académico como en la práctica. Será de interés para un público muy variado: empleados y líderes de programas ASPM; educadores musicales; patrocinadores y responsables políticos; y estudiantes y académicos de campos como ASPM, la educación musical, la etnomusicología y otros campos relacionados.
The GPM-DPR Blind Zone Effect on Satellite-Based Radar Estimation of Precipitation over the Andes from a Ground-Based Ka-band Profiler Perspective
Authors: Valdivia Jairo M. , Gatlin Patrick N. , Kumar Shailendra , Scipión Danny , Silva Yamina , Petersen Walter A.
Published: February 2022

A vertically pointing Ka-band radar (Metek MIRA-35C) installed at the Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Atmospheric Microphysics and Radiation Laboratory (LAMAR) Huancayo Observatory, which is located at an elevation of 3.3 km MSL in the Andes Mountains of Peru, is used to investigate the effects of terrain on satellite-based precipitation measurement in the Andes. We compare the vertical structure of precipitation observed by the MIRA-35C with Ka-band radar measurements from the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission core satellite using an approach based on Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen turbulence that attempts to reduce the impact of spatiotemporal offsets between these two radar measurements. From 3 April 2014 to 20 May 2018, the DPR measured precipitation near LAMAR during 15 of its 157 coincident overpasses. There were six simultaneous observations with MIRA-35C. We found that the average of the DPR’s lowest clutter-free bin is 1.62 km AGL, but the presence of precipitation worsens the situation, causing a 0.4-km-deeper algorithm-detected blind zone for the DPR at the Huancayo Observatory. In the study area, the depth of the clutter layer observed with DPR often extends above the melting layer but can be highly variable, extending even as high as 5 km AGL. These results suggest that DPR estimates of stratiform precipitation over the Andes Mountains are likely underestimated because of the terrain effects on the satellite measurements and problems in its blind zone detection algorithms, highlighting the difficulty in estimating precipitation in mountainous terrain from spaceborne radar.
Drought Characteristics Encompassing Climate Indices in the Yangtze River Basin Using Nonstationary and Copula-Based Methods
Authors: Huang Mengjie , He Xinguang , Zhang Xinping
Published: February 2022

In this study, a nonstationary standardized precipitation index (NSPI) is calculated by fitting precipitation data to the nonstationary gamma model with climate indices as covariates and compared with stationary standardized precipitation index (SSPI) in fitting observed precipitation and identifying meteorological droughts during 1964–2016 in the Yangtze River basin (YRB). Results show that changing trends of NSPI are roughly consistent with those of SSPI, but the NSPI performs better than SSPI for fitting precipitation. Using the NSPI, spatiotemporal variations and joint return period of drought characteristics are investigated by using modified Mann–Kendall and copula function. It is found that the west YRB experiences mostly severe droughts but shows a mitigating tendency, while in the north-central region, moderate droughts are dominant but have an aggravating tendency. Drought peak shares a spatial distribution pattern similar to intensity, with higher averages in the west and south-central basin and lower averages in the north-central part, but they exhibit a higher occurrence frequency of droughts. The joint return periods of drought characteristics reveal that slight and moderate droughts with duration D of no more than 3 months are more likely to occur in the YRB with return periods of 2–25 years. The severe- and extreme-intensity droughts with more than 3-month duration occur rarely in the YRB, but extreme peak droughts with slight or moderate intensity could hit most of the basin in 100 years. In addition, for most drought scenarios, droughts exhibit longer return periods in the north-central and southeast parts relative to other regions of the YRB.

Significance Statement

Computation of a widely used standardized precipitation index depends heavily on the assumption of stationarity in precipitation, but this assumption is questionable under a changing climate. This study is the first time that a nonstationary standardized precipitation index is calculated to comprehensively assess drought in the Yangtze River basin (YRB). Results show that the basin is prone to no more than 3-month-duration slight and moderate droughts with return periods of 2–25 years, while extreme-intensity droughts longer than 3 months occur rarely. In addition, for most drought scenarios, the droughts exhibit longer return periods in the north-central and southeast parts relative to other regions of the YRB. These results are important for drought monitoring and early warning in the YRB.
Development and Testing of an Advanced Hydrometeor-Phase Algorithm to Meet Emerging Needs in the Aviation Sector
Authors: Reeves Heather Dawn , Lis Nathan , Zhang Guifu , Rosenow Andrew A.
Published: February 2022

New regulations are being issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that require three-dimensional hydrometeor-phase diagnosis, including discrimination between freezing rain (FZRA) and freezing drizzle (FZDZ), for all commercial airports in the United States. Herein, a novel hydrometeor-phase algorithm, the spectral bin classifier (SBC), is adapted to meet these requirements. First, the SBC’s particle size distribution (PSD) is upgraded to be variable rather than fixed. This, along with some changes to the logic, allows for drizzle (DZ)/FZDZ to be diagnosed. Second, the SBC is modified to provide a low-altitude (LA), aboveground diagnosis (SBC-LA). Last, necessary changes to account for resolution issues in NWP thermal profiles are presented. Adding a dynamic-PSD capability improves the probability of detection (POD) by about 12%, but adapting the algorithm to include DZ/FZDZ worsens the PODs. This is due to potentially errant reports of rain (RA)/FZRA in environments that are more conducive to DZ/FZDZ. Assuming a diagnosis of DZ is a hit when RA is observed, and likewise for FZRA/FZDZ, increases the POD by between 35% and 60%. Although performance statistics for SBC-LA cannot be computed, about one-third of all RA and DZ soundings herein have an elevated layer of FZRA/FZDZ, underscoring the importance of an aboveground diagnosis for the aviation sector. The comparatively low vertical resolution of NWP profiles is found to degrade the SBC’s performance. Interpolating to a higher resolution helps to mitigate this problem. Several case studies of mixed phases at different airports are presented to highlight the enhanced decision support made possible by the above modifications.
Uncertainty in the Winter Tropospheric Response to Arctic Sea Ice Loss: The Role of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Internal Variability
Authors: Sun Lantao , Deser Clara , Simpson Isla , Sigmond Michael
Published: February 2022

Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the past four decades and climate models project a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean by the middle of this century, with attendant consequences for regional climate. However, modeling studies lack consensus on how the large-scale atmospheric circulation will respond to Arctic sea ice loss. In this study, the authors conduct a series of 200-member ensemble experiments with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) to isolate the atmospheric response to past and future sea ice loss following the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) protocol. They find that the stratospheric polar vortex response is small compared to internal variability, which in turn influences the signal-to-noise ratio of the wintertime tropospheric circulation response to ice loss. In particular, a strong (weak) stratospheric polar vortex induces a positive (negative) tropospheric northern annular mode (and North Atlantic Oscillation), obscuring the forced component of the tropospheric response, even in 100-member averages. Stratospheric internal variability is closely tied to upward wave propagation from the troposphere and can be explained by linear wave interference between the anomalous and climatological planetary waves. Implications for the detection of recent observed trends and model realism are also presented. These results highlight the inherent uncertainty of the large-scale tropospheric circulation response to Arctic sea ice loss arising from stratospheric internal variability.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Hydrometeorological Extremes over 1986–2015 in Nepal
Authors: Poudel Arati , Cuo Lan , Gyawali Ayush Raj , Li Ning
Published: February 2022

To better understand the hydrometeorological mean conditions and changes in Nepal, this study analyzes annual and monthly changes of mean and extreme precipitation indices for 34 stations (1986–2015) and streamflow indices for 19 stations (different available periods ranging from 1962 to 2014). The annual and monthly precipitation–streamflow relations in the major basins of Nepal are also analyzed. Nepal has heterogeneous precipitation spatial patterns in its mean and changes. The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation shows that the dry regions are prone to dry extremes and wet regions are prone to wet extremes during the past three decades. However, the annual precipitation trend is decreasing in general and the monsoon-dominated regions, namely, southern, eastern, and central Nepal, are becoming drier with less intensive precipitation while the western region is getting wetter. The trend of annual precipitation on average is decreasing at the rate of 4.2 mm yr−1. The risk of drought is increasing in Nepal as 100% of stations show a positive trend of consecutive dry days (CDD) and the all-Nepal trend is 0.8 days yr−1, which can put stress on the agriculture and health sector. The highest increase in CDD is at Ilam in the eastern hills with 2.9 days yr−1. The Southeast Asian monsoon index shows a statistically significant 1-month-lagged influence on country-wise precipitation in Nepal. The effect of decreasing precipitation is seen in the streamflow trend as the majority of stations show decreasing runoff in June and July, as opposed to an increase in the winter months. CDD and maximum 1-day (Rx1day) and 5-day (Rx5day) precipitation significantly decrease with elevation.
The Attenuation Effect of Jet Filament on the Eastward Mesoscale Eddy Lifetime in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Liu Ran , Wang Guihua , Chapman Christopher , Chen Changlin
Published: February 2022

The interaction between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) jets and mesoscale eddies plays a prominent role in the dynamics of the ACC. However, few studies have investigated the influence of the jets on the statistics of the mesoscale turbulence field. This study combines a mesoscale eddy detection algorithm with the jet-detection technique to extract their interaction in the Southern Ocean from 1993 to 2016. It is found that stronger jet filaments can effectively shorten eddy lifetime, thus introducing a negative correlation between eddy lifetime and matched jet filament velocities. It can also be seen along the pathway of the ACC whether the eddy is located upstream or downstream of topography. A series of numerical experiments suggest that the stronger zonal jet plays the role of a waveguide to facilitate the stronger and faster eastward linear Rossby wave field induced by the mesoscale eddy. A stronger eastward Rossby wave phase speed, enabled by the jet-induced Doppler shift, results in a more rapid loss of eddy energy and shortens the eddy lifetime.
Contamination of Finescale Strain Estimates of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation by Frontal Physics
Authors: Ferris Laur , Gong Donglai , Merrifield Sophia , Laurent Louis St.
Published: February 2022

Finescale strain parameterization (FSP) of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate has become a widely used method for observing ocean mixing, solving a coverage problem where direct turbulence measurements are absent but CTD profiles are available. This method can offer significant value, but there are limitations in its broad application to the global ocean. FSP often fails to produce reliable results in frontal zones where temperature–salinity (T/S) intrusive features contaminate the CTD strain spectrum, as well as where the aspect ratio of the internal wave spectrum is known to vary greatly with depth, as frequently occurs in the Southern Ocean. In this study we use direct turbulence measurements from Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) and glider microstructure measurements from Autonomous Sampling of Southern Ocean Mixing (AUSSOM) to show that FSP can have large biases (compared to direct turbulence measurement) below the mixed layer when physics associated with T/S fronts are meaningfully present. We propose that the FSP methodology be modified to 1) include a density ratio (Rρ)-based data exclusion rule to avoid contamination by double diffusive instabilities in frontal zones such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Gulf Stream, and the Kuroshio, and 2) conduct (or leverage available) microstructure measurements of the depth-varying shear-to-strain ratio Rω(z) prior to performing FSP in each dynamically unique region of the global ocean.

Significance Statement

Internal waves travel through the ocean and collide, turbulently mixing the interior ocean and homogenizing its waters. In the absence of actual turbulence measurements, oceanographers count the ripples associated with these internal waves and use them estimate the amount of turbulence that will transpire from their collisions. In this paper we show that the ripples in temperature and salinity that naturally occur at sharp fronts masquerade as internal waves and trick oceanographers into thinking there is up to 100 000 000 times more turbulence than there actually is in these frontal regions.
A Quantile-Conserving Ensemble Filter Framework. Part I: Updating an Observed Variable
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2022

A general framework for deterministic univariate ensemble filtering is presented. The framework fits a continuous prior probability density function (PDF) to the prior ensemble. A functional representation for the observation likelihood is combined with the prior PDF to get a continuous analysis (posterior) PDF. Cumulative distribution functions for the prior and analysis are also required. The key innovation is that an analysis ensemble is computed so that the quantile of each ensemble member is the same as its prior quantile. Many choices for the prior PDF family and the likelihood function are described. A choice of normal prior with normal likelihood is equivalent to the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. Some other choices for the prior include gamma, inverse gamma, beta, beta prime, lognormal, and exponential distributions. Both prior distributions and likelihoods can be defined over a set of intervals giving additional flexibility that can be used to implement methods like a Huber likelihood for observations with occasional outliers. Priors and likelihoods can also be defined as sums of distributions allowing choices like bivariate normals or kernel filters. Empirical distributions, for instance piecewise linear approximations to arbitrary PDFs and functions can be used. Another empirical choice leads to the rank histogram filter. Results here are univariate and can be used to compute increments for observed variables or marginal distributions for any variable for a reanalysis. Linear regression of increments can be used to update state variables in a serial filter to build a comprehensive data assimilation system. Part 2 will discuss other methods for extending the framework to multivariate data assimilation.

Significance Statement

Data assimilation is used to combine information from model forecasts with subsequent observations to obtain better estimates of the current state of the atmosphere or other parts of the Earth system. Ensemble data assimilation uses a number of forecasts to get more information about uncertainty. A new method allows much more flexibility in the assumptions that must be made when doing ensemble data assimilation. As an example, the method can be better for quantities that are bounded like the amount of an atmospheric trace pollutant.
Current Predictors of Mortality in Veteran Patients Undergoing Major Lower Extremity Amputations: Risk Factors Have Not Changed and Mortality Remains High
Authors: Tsai Shirling , Lanier Heather D. , Tran Nguyen , Pham Thai , Huerta Sergio
Published: February 2022

Major lower extremity amputation (LEA—above the ankle) carries a high rate of mortality. In the present study, we performed an institutional review of all patients submitting to LEAs at a Veteran Administration Hospital (between 2009 and 2021) accompanied with a review of the literature.

For the past 12 years, 1042 LEAs were performed in 603 patients at our hospital. The 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortalities were 8.5%, 28.9%, and 53.0%, respectively. Age, hypoalbuminemia, and Clavien-Dindo Class were independent predictors of mortality in all the time intervals in the analysis. Cardiac disease was not an independent predictor of mortality. In 39 studies reviewed, the average 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortality was 14%, 36%, and 56%, respectively. There was no difference in mortality in multiple studies analyzed. No significant temporal variation was identified between 1950 and 2000 vs. 2001 and 2021. Predictors of mortality were not substantially different from our institutional experience.

The mortality rate for LEAs remains constant over time. Increasing age and hypoalbuminemia are strong predictors of short- and long-term mortality.
Pathways to care for first-generation migrants with first episode psychosis in northwestern metropolitan Melbourne
Authors: Waxmann Alexandra , Thompson Andrew , McGorry Patrick , O’Donoghue Brian
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Understanding the pathways to care for migrants experiencing a first episode of psychosis is important, as they are more likely to experience longer delays to treatment and negative experiences, such as involuntary treatment. Despite the increased risk of developing a psychotic illness and barriers associated with pathways to care, there are limited studies exploring pathways to care in migrants in Australia. This study seeks to examine pathways to care for young people with a first episode of psychosis to a publicly funded youth mental health service.

Methods:

This study included all young people aged 15–24 years who presented with a first episode of psychosis to the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) between 1 February 2011 and 31 December 2016. Referral sources and place of birth were recorded at the time of presentation. The severity of psychotic symptoms was rated at baseline.

Results:

A total of 1220 young people presented with a first episode of psychosis during the study period, including 293 (24.5%) first-generation migrants. First-generation migrants with a first episode of psychosis were more likely to be admitted to hospital than Australian-born youth (odds ratio = 1.67, 95% confidence interval = [1.27, 2.18], p < 0.001) and this remained significant when controlled for demographic (adjusted odds ratio = 1.41, 95% confidence interval = [1.07, 1.88], p = 0.016) and clinical factors (adjusted odds ratio = 1.38,95% confidence interval = [1.01, 1.89], p = 0.044). First-generation migrants were also more likely to have an involuntary admission (odds ratio = 1.67, 95% confidence interval = [1.26, 2.21], p < 0.001) and this remained significant when controlled for demographic (adjusted odds ratio = 1.42, 95% confidence interval = [1.05, 1.91], p = 0.022) and clinical factors (adjusted odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = [1.08, 2.09], p = 0.017). Migrants had more severe delusions ( p = 0.005), bizarre behavior ( p < 0.001) and positive formal thought disorder ( p = 0.003) at the time of presentation. Migrants were also more likely to attend the emergency department during their presentation with first episode of psychosis (odds ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence interval = [1.31, 2.36], p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

First-generation migrants who develop a psychotic disorder are at greater risk of experiencing negative pathways to care than the Australian-born population. Further research is needed to identify the factors that lead to migrants being involuntarily admitted to hospital for first episode of psychosis.
Technology, infrastructure and enterprise trade-off: Strengthening smallholder farming systems in Tamil Nadu State of India for sustainable income and food security
Authors: Varadan R Jayakumara , Mamidanna Sravya , Kumar Shalander , Ahmed SK Zamir , Jaisankar I
Published: February 2022

The complexities of smallholder farming systems pose a challenge in demonstrating the potential benefits or risks of new technologies and policies. Using Integrated Analysis Tool, a rule-based dynamic simulation model, this study tried to improve the performance of major farming systems in the Tamil Nadu State of India. Amongst the four major farming systems viz. Black gram-based (BFS), Paddy-based (PFS), and Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) in Villupuram district and Dryland Farming System (DFS) in Virudhunagar district, IFS was found to be the most profitable and resilient based on their performance simulated for a 3-year rotation. Setting IFS as a benchmark, potential interventions were evaluated under other farming systems to improve their relative performance. The analysis allowed understanding the interactions in smallholder farming systems and the potential impact of interventions in a whole farm way considering the cash flows, cost intensity, and input-output trade-offs. While multi-bloom technology in black gram increased the net profit of BFS without much stress on input and labour, area expansion under rainfed groundnut incurred high expenditure. Trading-off paddy with maize and groundnut significantly increased the net profit of PFS but replacing sugarcane with tapioca and turmeric was not remunerative. Improved livestock management practices have substantially increased the net profit of DFS wherein crop yield could not be enhanced substantially without the prospects of good irrigation infrastructure. The irrigation endowed PFS has achieved 90% performance, whereas the water-starved BFS and DFS could achieve only 65% performance of IFS. We conclude that agricultural policy must not only focus on potential interventions that are profitable but also consider what is acceptable to the farmer, considering synergies and trade-offs between competing resources at the farm level.
Christian Liturgy: The Gift of Devotional Digressions
Authors: Liu Gerald C.
Published: February 2022

The article responds to a keynote address by David Brown from the 2021 Congress of Societas Liturgica hosted online from Notre Dame in July 2021. Brown's address explores liturgical constraints and freedom with regard to liturgical poesis, tradition, and art, with special attention to stained glass. The response argues for a more nuanced and panoramic view of liturgical meaning and history, especially given the twists and turns that established liturgical practices took as they came to be, such as Thomas Cranmer's Prayer of Humble Access and the Agnus Dei as mentioned by Brown. It also argues for more attention to be given to the contemporary trend of decline plaguing many congregations around the world for the sake of liturgical openness, hospitality, and suppleness. The response looks to the invention of the Common Era Time according to the liturgical calendar, the Christianization of leitourgia, and the long history of Crusade violence in order to support its recommendations for foregrounding in liturgical practice and expectations and a healthy sense of liturgical mystery and charity. The response also references the artwork of Arthur Jafa and Titus Kaphar as models for liturgists to consider in order to imagine new kinds of liturgical engagement with art that not only work within sacred genres such as stained glass, but also dare to consider the theological profundity of pieces not readily identifiable as conveying knowledge of God. The response aims to widen liturgical welcome and concludes by raising the question of English as a centralizing language for an international liturgical congress.
Palatal Rash Sign is Reliable Predictor of Severe Thrombocytopenia in Dengue Fever
Authors: SK Mathew , Raj Shibu , S Aswin , James Renjith , MC Aravind , Thomas Pramod
Published: February 2022

In dengue, which is an arthropod borne illness increasing in prevalence in India, a sudden drop in platelet count has serious connotations, and is frequently evidenced by a palatal rash.
Exploring the Skin Mycobiome in Very Preterm babies during the early neonatal period in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of India
Authors: Shah Pritik A , Govindarajan Varun , Diggikar Shivshankar , Rangaiah Ambica , Devadas Sahana , Kariyappa Mallesh
Published: February 2022

The neonatal skin microbiome consists of all the genomes and genetic products of micro-organisms harbouring the skin of babies. Host and the microbiota develop a harmonious environment resulting in symbiosis. Any disruption of this environment could lead to pathological disease. Our study was conducted to explore the neonatal skin fungal microbiome of very preterm neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at a tertiary health care setting using Next Generation Sequencing of the18S rRNA gene. The most abundant genera found in 22/30 samples were Candida followed by Bipolaris & Cladosporium on the skin microbiome of these neonates. The presence of these fungi, whether just as commensals or as potential pathogens, is currently under research, owing to the risk of early exposure and incidence of infection right from birth.
Non-24-Hour Sleep–Wake Disorder and Tasimelteon: A Review for Practitioners Who Work With Blind People
Authors: Yuhas Phillip T.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

This narrative review summarizes the biology of human circadian rhythms; details the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and diagnosis of non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (N24SWD); and reviews the efficacy of possible treatments.

Methods

Searches of targeted phrases, such as “non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder” and “tasimelteon,” were conducted on PubMed between December 2016 and March 2020.

Results

As the world’s population ages, health practitioners frequently work with people who are blind. Damage to the retinal ganglion cells that signal environmental irradiance levels to the suprachiasmatic nucleus prevents many of these individuals from synchronizing their internal clocks to the 24-hour day. As a result, they experience a condition called N24SWD, where the body’s circadian rhythms fall in and out of phase with the solar cycle. The ability to fall asleep and remain asleep is a complex process that depends on many variables, including the release of the neurohormone melatonin. Melatonin is produced at night and is a key regulator of regular sleep cycles. Periods of interrupted sleep, increased sleep latency, and reduced total sleep time occur when melatonin production peaks during daytime. Thus, many persons with N24SWD have difficulty maintaining normal schedules due in part to the mistimed release of melatonin. Randomized clinical trials have shown that melatonin receptor agonist tasimelteon is an effective therapy for individuals with N24SWD. Other treatments have varying efficacy profiles.

Conclusions

Although rare, N24SWD is a serious condition that can impair quality of life for blind persons. Tasimelteon appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment option.

Implications for Practitioners

Practitioners can use this information to better understand why blind persons often report difficulties sleeping and to realize that therapeutic options are available to these individuals.
Validation and generalizability of machine learning prediction models on attrition in longitudinal studies
Authors: Jankowsky Kristin , Schroeders Ulrich
Published: February 2022

Attrition in longitudinal studies is a major threat to the representativeness of the data and the generalizability of the findings. Typical approaches to address systematic nonresponse are either expensive and unsatisfactory (e.g., oversampling) or rely on the unrealistic assumption of data missing at random (e.g., multiple imputation). Thus, models that effectively predict who most likely drops out in subsequent occasions might offer the opportunity to take countermeasures (e.g., incentives). With the current study, we introduce a longitudinal model validation approach and examine whether attrition in two nationally representative longitudinal panel studies can be predicted accurately. We compare the performance of a basic logistic regression model with a more flexible, data-driven machine learning algorithm—gradient boosting machines. Our results show almost no difference in accuracies for both modeling approaches, which contradicts claims of similar studies on survey attrition. Prediction models could not be generalized across surveys and were less accurate when tested at a later survey wave. We discuss the implications of these findings for survey retention, the use of complex machine learning algorithms, and give some recommendations to deal with study attrition.
In search of reasonableness: between legal and political philosophy
Authors: Mangini Michele
Published: February 2022

Reasonableness is a complex notion recently developed by legal and political theorists. John Rawls’s famous proposal of ‘reasonableness as reciprocity’ requires careful testing in the light of several criteria arising from legal doctrine and adjudication. I enquire into this variety of concepts in search of a common thread that makes sense of the use of the same concept in diverse contexts. I assume the normative thrust of reasonableness as an institutional and an individual virtue the basic core of which derives from Aristotelian phronesis. However, this double aspect of reasonableness betrays its major complexity that I try to shape through the help of two categories: subjective agency and objective context. The upshot of my enquiry will be that of showing that we can use another model, alternative to Rawls’s and better able to make sense of the variety of legal and ethical uses: Von Wright’s reasonableness as ‘the right way of living’.
Effects of mood on self-regulating physical activity and sweets intake within obesity treatments
Authors: Annesi James J
Published: February 2022

Background: Although emotional eating is associated with obesity in women, psychological correlates of their treatment-based weight-reduction behaviors are unclear. Aim: To test new model-based propositions of effects of mood on self-regulating physical activity and eating to inform interventions. Methods: Women in community-based obesity treatments with emphases on either self-regulation ( n = 56) or weight-management education ( n = 54) were assessed on psychological and behavioral variables over 12 months. Results: Emotional eating scores were significantly higher than general samples. Overall significant improvements were found in physical activity- and eating-related self-regulation, mood, physical activity, and sweets consumption. Improvements were more pronounced in the self-regulation-emphasis group. Mood significantly moderated self-regulation-behavior change relationships. Increased physical activity predicted improved mood. Discussion: Findings (a) suggested propensities for emotional eating in women with obesity seeking behavioral treatment, (b) clarified treatment effects and the effect of mood in the self-regulation of physical activity and eating behaviors, and (c) supported model-based treatment targets.
‘Paedophile Hunters’: Practitioner Perspectives
Authors: Frampton Laura
Published: February 2022

The National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) position on Online Child Abuse Activist Groups (OCAGs), more commonly referred to as ‘paedophile hunters’, is that their motivation should be questioned since there is no positive advantage to policing. The problematic nature and inaccuracy of the term ‘paedophile hunter’ will be explored within this article, but the term is widely used in practice. Such activism increases risk to potential victims, the suspect and to the efficiency and effectiveness of criminal justice processes ( NPCC, 2018 ). The Probation Service (PS) has no formal position regarding the activity. Yet public fascination with those convicted of sexual offences against children and the appetite for naming and shaming these individuals is not a new phenomenon. The rise in popularity of the internet and the surge in content available online is more recent, and so is the problem of threat exceeding capacity. But what are the views of practitioners on this issue? Using in-depth qualitative interviews with police and probation practitioners, this paper examines how ‘paedophile hunting’ activity has become a concept in the management of sexual offending in England and Wales, and for the first time, reveals the views and attitudes of professionals working on the front line.
Activating collective agency in disrupted contexts: The social-cognitive context of ad hoc organising in a small and medium-sized enterprise
Authors: Ho Marcus , Teo Stephen T T
Published: February 2022

‘Ad hoc organising’ is becoming an increasingly important topic in the growing literature on disrupted contexts. It is viewed as an emergent, largely unpredictable phenomenon. However, few theoretical frameworks exist for understanding how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engage in ad hoc organising, via the convergence of people and organisations, to alleviate suffering in a disrupted context. In this inductive, theory-building, multiple case study, we explore the way collective agency in an SME emerges in the process of ad hoc organising. Our findings identify two overlapping micro-processes that enable collective agency in a disrupted context: building collective efficacy and initiating communal coping. Together, these micro-processes lead to SME leaders achieving collective outcomes for the community in ad hoc organising. We discuss these findings in relation to the literature on ad hoc organising and SMEs in disrupted contexts.
Goal-directed perfusion for reducing acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Peng , Liu Jinping , Zhang Peiyao , Bai Liting , Jin Yu , Li Yixuan
Published: February 2022

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) which can affect morbidity and mortality. Goal-directed perfusion (GDP) intended to avoid the nadir oxygen delivery index below the critical value is associated with reduced postoperative AKI. However, current studies suggested that GDP can only decrease the incidence of AKI stage 1 but showed no effects on AKI stages 2–3 and mortality. The objective of the present meta-analysis is to deter the effects of GDP on postoperative AKI in any stage and mortality following cardiac surgery.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify all clinical trials comparing GDP with control (standard care) during cardiopulmonary bypass conducting in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. The primary outcome was postoperative acute kidney injury. Secondary outcomes included postoperative mortality and length of ICU stay. Data synthesis was obtained by using risk ratio with 95% confidence interval by a random-effects model.

Result

From 1094 potential studies, 3 trials enrolling 777 patients were included. Meta-analysis suggested the GDP strategy based on DO2i reduced postoperative AKI compared with standard CPB management (RR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.38–0.70; p < .0001), especially in AKI stage I (RR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33–0.66; p < .0001). But the GDP strategy did not reduce the incidence of severe AKI (stages 2–3) and postoperative mortality.

Conclusion

The GDP strategy based on DO2i during CPB obviously reduces AKI stage 1 and thus reduces overall AKI incidence. But it shows no effects on severe AKI (stages 2–3) and mortality.
Audit as confession: The instrumentalisation of ethics for management control
Authors: Scott Caitlin
Published: February 2022

Techniques of audit are a prominent feature of contemporary publicly funded institutions. While such accountability systems are often understood as broadly ethical, critical perspectives note their coercive nature, seeing audit regimes as instruments of governmentality for disciplining and creating self-regulating subjects, diminishing autonomy and premised on an absence of trust. In this article, I seek to extend this critical perspective to the ethics of audit. In so doing I reveal how the roots of apparently modern, scientific systems for eliciting truth are to be found in the Christian rite of confession, audit being one of a number of quasi-scientific disciplines to draw on confession’s mechanisms. The article then explores the parallels and implications for aid workers as moral agents and subjects in audit systems. Research with those involved in planning, monitoring and evaluation processes suggests how reporting and audit mechanisms both constrain the everyday work of development as well as reach into the future, delimiting what can be done. Respondents narratives’ emphasise their experiences of constraint and frustration as they try to negotiate audit’s more distorting effects. These narratives suggest how, in its focus on accountability upwards, audit has more to do with power and control that it does with ethics; and to achieve its purposes, it relies on processes of subjection rooted in confession.
Potential diagnostic and prognostic value of the long non-coding RNA SNHG3 in human cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Dingting , Zou Longfei , Luo Jian , Zhang Conghong , Feng Huajun , Qin Gang
Published: February 2022

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3), as a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) participates in the oncogenic processes of various cancers. We combined a systematic review and a meta-analysis to assess the potential role of SNHG3 as a pan-cancer marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Our study comprehensively searched for SNHG3 expression profiling studies from PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The diagnostic capacity of SNHG3 for all cancers in TCGA database was evaluated from the perspective of pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve. Also, this research studied the correlation of SNHG3 expression and the overall survival to access its prognostic value. A sum total of 11,888 cancer patients and 730 controls from 44 eligible studies were enrolled in this integrated analysis. In TCGA database, SNHG3 was significantly upregulated in most types of cancers (16/33, 48%). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and DOR with 95% CIs was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.60–0.82), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84–0.90), and 18 (95% CI: 11–30), respectively. Similarly, the AUC of the sROC curve was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86–0.92), indicating SNHG3 was highly conserved as a diagnosis biomarker. Additionally, SNHG3 overexpression significantly deteriorated the overall survival of cancer patients (pooled HR = 1.28, 95% CI:1.11–1.48; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the lncRNA SNHG3 could serve as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.
The Association Between Polyvictimization in Childhood and Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse in Adulthood
Authors: Song Ahyoung , Yoon Yoewon , Cho Yusun
Published: February 2022

The main purpose of this study was to examine the association of family polyvictimization in childhood with the victimization or perpetration of spousal abuse and the perpetration of child abuse in adulthood. While associations between maltreatment in childhood and subsequent perpetration or victimization in adulthood are well documented, their association with polyvictimization in childhood (i.e., experiencing multiple types of victimization) has received less attention. This research aims to empirically investigate 1) whether early experiences of family polyvictimization are predictive of subsequent experience or spousal abuse or perpetration of child abuse and 2) whether there are gender differences in those associations. Through conducting Chi-square analysis and logistic regression analysis with South Korea’s National Domestic Violence Survey 2019, the study found significant empirical evidence that polyvictimization is predictive of perpetration or experience of spousal abuse and perpetration of child abuse. Particularly, adults who experienced polyvictimization in childhood were more likely to perpetrate child abuse regardless of the type of abuse ( p < .001). Polyvictimization in childhood was also significantly associated with perpetration and victimization of spousal abuse ( p < .001). In regard to gender differences, this study found that males were more likely to be polyvictimized by family in childhood (15.11%) than females (10.23%), and polyvictimization was found to increase the likelihood of females being revictimized in adulthood. More attention should be paid to victimization by multiple types of violence within the family and its influence on intergenerational transmission of violence.