bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis‐specific self‐image predicts longitudinal suicidal ideation in adult eating disorders
Authors: Andersén Mikael , Birgegård Andreas
Published: June 2017

Objective

Eating disorders (ED) are prevalent, serious illnesses with elevated mortality, mainly attributable to suicide. Predictors of suicidality include binge/purge symptomatology, impulsivity, and psychiatric comorbidity, as well as personality factors. Recent research has also shown self‐image (the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior, SASB, model) to predict manifest suicide attempts in ED, and the study explored suicide risk prediction to increase knowledge of warning signs and intervention targets.

Method

Participants were adult ED patients registered in the Stepwise clinical database (N = 1537) with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge‐eating disorder (BED), or other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). The SASB self‐image questionnaire was used in stepwise regressions to predict 12‐month suicidal ideation, both self‐ and clinician‐rated, in models both excluding and including baseline clinical variables.

Results

Validation analyses showed fair correspondence between outcome variables as well as with suicide attempts. Different variables predicted suicidality in different diagnoses, over and above baseline clinical variables in all but one regression model. Low Self‐protection was important in AN and BN, high Self‐control in AN, and high Letting go of the self in BN. For BED, self‐blame explained variance, and in OSFED, lack of self‐love.

Discussion

Findings are in line with research showing differential self‐image‐based prediction of important outcomes in ED, with noteworthy consistencies across diagnoses and suicidality variables. Strengths included the large sample, and limitations pertained to measures, attrition and Type II error risk. Replication is needed, but findings are consistent with some previous work and offers clinical and research implications.
Environmental adaptation in an asexual invasive insect
Authors: Lombardo Jeffrey A. , Elkinton Joseph S.
Published: June 2017

Parthenogenetic reproduction is generally associated with low genetic variance and therefore reduced ability for environmental adaptation, and this could limit the potential invasiveness of introduced species that reproduce asexually. However, the hemlock woolly adelgid is an asexual invasive insect that has spread across a large geographic temperature gradient in its introduced range. Consequently, this insect has shown significant variation in cold hardiness among populations. We hypothesized that the increased cold hardiness of northern populations represents an adaptation to the colder temperatures. To test this, we collected individual adelgid from populations spanning their invaded range and inoculated them into a common thermal environment. We then experimentally sampled the supercooling point of the progeny of these adelgids and compared these results with tests of the supercooling point of adelgid sampled directly from their source populations. The results showed that the same significant differences in supercooling that was found among geographically distinct populations existed even when the adelgid was reared in a common environment, indicating a genetic basis for the variation in cold hardiness. These findings support the hypothesis that the adelgid has adapted to the colder environment as it has expanded its distribution in its invaded range.
Effects of spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on total lipid content and fatty acid composition of river food webs
Authors: Samways Kurt M. , Blair Tammy J. , Charest Michelle A. , Cunjak Richard A.
Published: June 2017

Returning Atlantic salmon subsidize rivers with marine‐derived nutrients (MDNs), potentially altering food web dynamics, shifting to reliance on marine‐derived resources. Stream channels designed to simulate natural river systems, one with MDNs from spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and one without marine‐nutrient subsidies (control), were used to determine whether fatty acids (FAs) delivered to rivers and streams by spawning Atlantic salmon are incorporated by freshwater biota. Changes in FA profiles between stream channels with and without MDN inputs for biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and Atlantic salmon parr were used to characterize temporal dynamics of MDN incorporation during pre‐spawning, spawning, and post‐spawning periods. There were no differences between control and treatment stream channels prior to the addition of Atlantic salmon. Spawning Atlantic salmon had a positive effect on total lipid content in all trophic levels (biofilm, 4.33%; macroinvertebrates, 7.54%; salmon parr, 2.59%), relative to controls. Fatty acid profiles between the MDN treatment and control stream channels were similar for each biotic group prior to the introduction of adult Atlantic salmon; however, following adult salmon introductions, the FA profiles of the biofilm, invertebrates, and salmon parr differed by as much as 36.7%, 30.3%, and 22.9%, respectively, between the MDN treatment stream channels and the controls. Fatty acid profiles of the invertebrates and salmon parr from the MDN treatment stream channels tracked the FA profile of the salmon eggs. Proportions of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid varied with diet in a predictable manner related to dietary FA proportions. These responses demonstrate a change in the food web structure resulting from the establishment of this new, marine‐based, basal resource. The positive effects of MDNs increasing freshwater productivity are complimented by marine‐based lipids that represent surplus energy and an increase in the quality of resources, thereby contributing to the diversity and health of freshwater ecosystems.
Difluoromethyl Nitrile Oxide (CF2HCNO): A Neglected Chemical Reagent
Authors: Khutorianskyi Andrii , Chalyk Bohdan , Borysko Petro , Kondratiuk Anna , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: June 2017

A novel chemical reagent – difluoromethyl nitrile oxide, CF2HCNO – was generated in situ for the first time. The synthesis commenced with ethyl difluoroacetate and included only two chemical steps. The difluoromethyl nitrile oxide smoothly participated in [3+2]‐cycloaddition reactions with alkynes and enamines to give CF2H‐isoxazoles; these products are promising cores for agrochemistry. A representative CHF2‐isoxazole was incorporated into the known fungicide Fluxapyroxad (BASF), and the synthesized analogue showed higher antifungal activity than the parent fungicide.
An expert system for automated flavour matching – Prioritizer
Authors: Silva Bárbara Santos , Tøstesen Marie , Petersen Mikael Agerlin , Bäckman Anna‐Carin , Bro Rasmus
Published: June 2017

Flavour matching can be viewed as trying to reproduce a specific flavour. This is a time consuming task and may lead to flavour mixtures that are too complex or too expensive to be commercialized. In order to facilitate the matching, we have developed a new mathematical model, calledPrioritizer. Based on the chemical composition of a mixture of volatiles (a target flavour profile), from a set of different ingredients, the model can suggest an initial selection of ingredients needed to reproduce the flavour. The model also allows the user to prioritize properties of the flavour, given the cost of the different raw materials, the allowed number of ingredients and relative importance of flavour components (represented e.g. by perception threshold values). The limit of detection of the equipment used to measure the target flavour profile puts a limit to what flavours can be matched, but it will be shown that the model offers a good initial estimate for reproducing flavour.
Characterization of Portuguese Thymbra capitata, Thymus caespititius and Myrtus communis essential oils in topical formulations
Authors: Neves A. , Marto J. , Duarte A. , Gonçalves L. M. , Pinto P. , Figueiredo A. C. , Ribeiro H. M.
Published: June 2017

As the personal care industry evolves, formulators are seeking innovative solutions for their formulations' needs, and for ingredients that can offer multiple functions within formulations. Considering that essential oils (EOs) may present a wide spectrum of biological activities, the composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Portuguese Thymbra capitata, Thymus caespititius and Myrtus communis EOs were assessed in order to evaluate them as preservatives and antioxidants in topical emulsions. The in vivo safety application of some emulsions was also tested. T. capitata EO was mainly constituted by carvacrol (73%), whereas α‐terpineol (27%), p‐cymene (14%) and carvacrol (10%) dominated Th. caespititius EO, and 1,8‐cineole (37%) was dominant in M. communis EO. The minimum inhibitory concentration of T. capitata, Th. caespititius and M. communis EOs was 0.4 μg/mL against C. albicans and ranged between 0.4 and 30.7 μg/mL against A. brasiliensis. Gram‐positive bacteria were more susceptible to each EO than Gram‐negative bacteria. T. capitata EO showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than Th. caespititius and M. communis EOs. EOs incorporated in emulsions showed preservative activity against all microorganisms tested and T. capitata EO emulsions showed powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effects. A safety evaluation study was performed with 0.10% and 0.01% T. capitata EO emulsions according to the Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT). All emulsions were considered safe for topical application. T. capitata, Th. caespititius and M. communis significantly improved the microbiological quality of the prepared emulsions and may constitute a powerful alternative to the current preservatives and antioxidants for use in topical formulations.
Laparoscopic harvest of the gastro‐omental free flap for reconstruction after total pharyngolaryngectomy: Operative technique
Authors: Craig Steven J. , Zhang Alexander , Gardner Trevor D. , Clark Jonathan R. , Ashford Bruce G.
Published: June 2017

Circumferential defects following salvage pharyngolaryngectomy present significant challenges in reconstructive surgery. The gastro‐omental free flap has been shown to reduce the incidence of major fistula and catastrophic complications. The current technique for harvest of the flap requires laparotomy, which is potentially associated with significant post‐operative complications. Laparoscopic harvest of the gastro‐omental free flap can negate some of the risks associated with open surgery. We describe here the operative technique for laparoscopic gastro‐omental free flap harvest for use in reconstruction following total pharyngolaryngectomy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1696–1698, 2017
Utility of basophil activation testing to assess perioperative anaphylactic reactions in real‐world practice
Authors: Eberlein Bernadette , Wigand Sibylle , Lewald Heidrun , Kochs Eberhard , Ring Johannes , Biedermann Tilo , Darsow Ulf
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Perioperative anaphylactic reactions due to drugs and substances associated with general anesthesia can potentially be life‐threatening. The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of the basophil activation test (BAT) for allergy diagnosis work up.

Methods

A total of 14 patients (5 men, 9 women; mean age: 57.8 years) with clinical records of anaphylactic reactions under general anesthesia were studied by means of anesthesia records, skin and serological tests. Eleven healthy subjects without any history of allergic sensitization to anaesthetic drugs served as controls. BATs based on stimulation of whole blood cells measuring CD63 activation of basophils and using CCR3 as basophil marker by flow cytometry (Flow CAST®, BÜHLMANN Laboratories AG, Schönenbuch, Switzerland) were performed with the following substances (in dependence on the history and the skin tests of the patient): analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid, celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indometacin, metamizole, paracetamol, propyphenazone, tramadol), antibiotics (PPL (benzylpenicilloyl polylysine), MDM (minor determinant mixture), amoxicillin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), local anesthetics (articaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, prilocaine, procaine, methyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate), narcotics and NMBA (atracurium, cisatracurium, etomidate, neostigmine, midazolam, mivacurium, pancuronium, propofol, pyridostigmine, succinylcholine, sufentanil, thiopental, vecuronium), and other individual substances.

Results

Three patients showed positive results in the BAT: One to metamizole, one to PPL, and one to pancuronium. BATs with these substances were negative in controls.

Conclusions

The BAT should be used complementary to skin tests, especially if IgE‐mediated mechanisms are presumed and skin tests are inconclusive. A positive reaction in BAT identifies the culprit agent with high probability.
The effect of early pregnancy on the formation of obstetric fistula
Authors: Browning Andrew , Mbise Frederick , Foden Phil
Published: June 2017

Objective

To assess the effect of early pregnancy on obstetric fistula.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted among patients with obstetric fistula caused by a long obstructed labor who presented at Selian Lutheran Hospital, Tanzania, or Kitovu Hospital, Uganda, between January 1, 2015, and January 31, 2016. Demographic and clinical variables were evaluated.

Results

Among 270 patients, 162 (60.0%) experienced their first pregnancy up to 2 years after menarche (early group) and 108 (40.0%) experienced their first pregnancy more than 2 years after menarche (late group). No significant differences between the early and late groups were found for median age at presentation (30.0 vs 28.0 years), median parity (both 2.0), stillbirth (n=145 [89.5%] vs n=95 [88.0%]), median duration of labor (both 2.0 days), home delivery (n=31 [19.1%] vs n=17 [15.7%]), cesarean delivery (n=79 [48.8%] vs 58 [53.7%]), median time from obstetric fistula formation to presentation (48.0 vs 24.0 months), and obstetric fistula classifications. Obstetric fistula occurred during the first pregnancy in 99 (61.1%) women in the early group and 71 (65.7%) in the late group (P=0.440).

Conclusion

Frequency of obstetric fistula during the first pregnancy is not increased among women who experience their first pregnancy within 2 years of menarche.
In vitro oxidative degradation of a spinal posterior dynamic stabilization device
Authors: Lawless Bernard M. , Espino Daniel M. , Shepherd Duncan E.T.
Published: June 2017

This study quantified the changes of the frequency‐dependant viscoelastic properties of the BDyn (S14 Implants, Pessac, France) spinal posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS) device due to in vitro oxidation. Six polycarbonate urethane (PCU) rings and six silicone cushions were degraded using a 20% hydrogen peroxide/0.1 M cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate, at 37°C, for 24 days. The viscoelastic properties of the individual components and the components assembled into the BDyn PDS device were determined using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis at frequencies from 0.01 to 30 Hz. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectra demonstrated chemical structure changes, of the PCU, associated with oxidation while Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed surface pitting. No chemical structure or surface morphology changes were observed for the silicone cushion. The BDyn device storage and loss stiffness ranged between 84.46 N/mm to 99.36 N/mm and 8.13 N/mm to 21.99 N/mm, respectively. The storage and loss stiffness for the components and BDyn device increased logarithmically with respect to frequency. Viscoelastic properties, between normal and degraded components, were significantly different for specific frequencies only. This study demonstrates the importance of analyzing changes of viscoelastic properties of degraded biomaterials and medical devices into which they are incorporated, using a frequency sweep. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1237–1244, 2018.
Preparation and characterization of injectable PMMA‐strontium‐substituted bioactive glass bone cement composites
Authors: Goñi I. , Rodríguez R. , García‐Arnáez I. , Parra J. , Gurruchaga M.
Published: June 2017

In most minimally‐invasive procedures used to address severe pain arising from compression fractures of the vertebral bodies, such as percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is used. Shortcomings of this type of cement, such as high exotherm temperature and lack of bioactivity, are well known. We prepared different formulations of a composite bone cement, whose solid constituents consisted of PMMA beads and particles of a bioactive glass (BG), where 0–20%(w/w) of the calcium component was substituted by strontium. The difference between the formulations was in the relative amounts of the solid phase constituents and in the Sr‐content of BG. We determined the influence of the mixture of solid phase constituents of the cement formulation on a collection of properties, such as maximum exotherm temperature (Tmax), setting time (tset), and injectability (I). The selection of the PMMA beads was crucial to obtain cement composite formulations capable to be efficiently injected. Results allowed to select nine solid phase mixtures to be further tested. Then, we determined the influence of the composition of these composite bone cements on Tmax, tset, I, and cell proliferation. The results showed that the performance of various of the selected composite cements was better than that of PMMA cement reference, with lower Tmax, lower tset, and higher I. We found that incorporation of Sr‐substituted BGs into these materials bestows bioactivity properties associated with the role of Sr in bone formation, leading to some composite cement formulations that may be suitable for use in PVP. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1245–1257, 2018.
Optimal 1—Spontaneous Emission Error Designs*
Authors: Zhou Junling , Tian Zihong
Published: June 2017

A t‐spontaneous emission error design, denoted by t‐ SEED or t‐SEED in short, is a system of k‐subsets of a v‐set V with a partition of satisfying for any and , , where is a constant depending only on E. The design of t‐SEED was introduced by Beth et al. in 2003 (T. Beth, C. Charnes, M. Grassl, G. Alber, A. Delgado, M. Mussinger, Des Codes Cryptogr 29 (2003), 51–70) to construct quantum jump codes. The number m of designs in a t‐ SEED is called dimension, which corresponds to the number of orthogonal basis states in a quantum jump code. A t‐SEED is nondegenerate if every point appears in each of its member design. A nondegenerate t‐SEED is called optimal when it achieves the largest possible dimension. This paper investigates the dimension of optimal 1‐SEEDs, in which Baranyai's Lemma plays a significant role and the hypergraph distribution is closely related as well. Several classes of optimal 1‐SEEDs are shown to exist. In particular, we determine the exact dimensions of optimal 1‐ SEEDs for all orders v and block sizes k with .
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Zolmitriptan and Its Metabolite in Adults and Adolescents to Support Dose Selection in Children With Migraine
Authors: Zhou Wangda , Li Jianguo , Birmingham Bruce , Xu Hongmei , Lillieborg Stefan , Zhou Diansong , Al‐Huniti Nidal
Published: June 2017

Zolmitriptan is a serotonin (5‐HT) 1B/1D receptor agonist effective for the treatment of migraine. This analysis aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for zolmitriptan and its active metabolite in adults and adolescents and provide appropriate dosing regimens to be used in clinical trials for children 6–11 years old. The data from a single‐dose clinical study of 5.0‐mg zolmitriptan nasal spray (ZNS) conducted in adult and adolescent patients with migraine between migraine attacks was applied. Similar plasma concentration profiles of zolmitriptan and its metabolite, 183C91, were observed in adults and adolescents. A 1‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and first‐order elimination reasonably described the zolmitriptan PK. With a portion of elimination of zolmitriptan being treated as the conversion from zolmitriptan to 183C91, the disposition of 183C91 was described by a 1‐compartment model with first‐order elimination. The estimated typical apparent volume of distribution and clearance of zolmitriptan were 136 L and 121 L/h, respectively, with 56.5% and 42.6% between‐subject variability, respectively. Based on the simulation results with the final population PK model, a body weight–based dosing scheme of 5.0 and 2.5 mg ZNS in children greater than and less than 50 kg is recommended to achieve exposures similar to those of the adult and adolescent population administered 5.0 mg ZNS. The recommended doses for children to achieve exposure similar to that observed in adults given 2.5 mg ZNS are 2.5 mg (≥50 kg) and 1.0 mg (15–50 kg). These dosing regimens could be used in future clinical trials.
Hybrid chloroperoxidase‐magnetic nanoparticle clusters: effect of functionalization on biocatalyst performance
Authors: Masdeu Gerard , Kralj Slavko , Pajk Stane , López‐Santín Josep , Makovec Darko , Álvaro Gregorio
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Hybrid enzyme–nanoparticle complexes, obtained by enzyme immobilization onto superparamagnetic particles, display unique properties for use as biocatalysts. A novel methodology for the immobilization of chloroperoxidase (CPO) onto magnetic nanoparticle clusters (mNC) is presented. Chloroperoxidase catalyzes alcohol oxidations using peroxides, and it has recently been shown to recognize β‐amino alcohols as substrates, although high required peroxide concentration led to poor CPO stability.

RESULTS

mNC retains the superparamagnetic properties of the single nanoparticle plus an increased magnetic moment, necessary for effective magnetic recovery. Different functional groups have been introduced on the silica layer that covers mNC. The linkage enzyme–support has been intended through different reactive groups on the CPO surface. The selected biocatalyst (95% yield, 63% retained activity), obtained by prior enzyme oxidation followed by coupling to the amino groups on the mNC surface, has been compared with soluble CPO in the model reaction (N‐Cbz‐3‐aminopropanol oxidation) with significantly higher substrate conversion due to 4‐fold increased enzyme stability.

CONCLUSIONS

Functionalized mNC has demonstrated to be efficient for the preparation of hybrid enzyme‐mNC biocatalysts. The systematic study of chloroperoxidase immobilization onto mNC led to several useful biocatalysts. The described methodology could easily be extended to many other enzymes in the preparation of efficient and reusable biocatalysts. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonochemical oxidation of piroxicam drug: effect of key operating parameters and degradation pathways
Authors: Lianou Athina , Frontistis Zacharias , Chatzisymeon Efthalia , Antonopoulou Maria , Konstantinou Ioannis , Mantzavinos Dionissios
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Piroxicam (PRX) is a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to relieve pain and swelling of conditions like arthritis. PRX has been extensively detected in seawater, surface, and sewage waters worldwide and therefore its efficient treatment is an issue of emerging concern. In this work, the sonochemical degradation of PRX was investigated.

RESULTS

All experiments were conducted at constant ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz while the following range of experimental conditions was investigated: initial PRX concentration 320–960 µg L‐1, ultrasound power density 20–60 W L‐1, temperature 20–60 °C, reaction time up to 60 min. The effect of different water matrices, namely surface water (SW), bottled water (BW), ultrapure water (UPW) and humic acid (HA) aqueous solution on process efficiency was also explored. It was found that PRX degradation reached 96% after only 10 min of treatment under the best conditions (i.e. [PRX]0 = 320 mg L‐1, 20 °C, 36 W L‐1) assayed. Power density could positively affect PRX degradation. Nevertheless, PRX degradation decreased when its initial concentration and the temperature of the bulk liquid was increased. PRX degradation was found to decrease, in different water matrices, in the order: UPW > 5 mg L‐1 HA > BW > 10 mg L‐1 HA > SW. High resolution mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 14 transformation by‐products (TBPs) were formed and subsequently degraded during treatment while the PRX degradation pathways were also elucidated.

CONCLUSION

At the optimal operating conditions assayed, PRX was efficiently degraded after about 10 min of sonochemical oxidation, thus rendering it a promising technology for the treatment of xenobiotics. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Succinic acid production from cheese whey by biofilms of Actinobacillus succinogenes: packed bed bioreactor tests
Authors: Longanesi Luca , Frascari Dario , Spagni Cecilia , DeWever Heleen , Pinelli Davide
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Succinic acid (SA) biotechnological production represents a promising alternative to the fossil‐fuel based chemical production route. The goal of this study was to develop a SA production process conducted with biofilms of Actinobacillus succinogenes and fed with cheese whey, a lactose‐rich by‐product of the cheese‐making processes.

RESULTS

The screening between five commercial biofilm carriers, based on a statistical analysis of the process rates and yields, led to the selection of Glaxstone®, a sintered glass porous material. The attached‐cell performances obtained when SA production was fed with cheese whey or with pure lactose were equivalent. The feasibility of a repeated batch process of SA production by biofilms of A. succinogenes was demonstrated in a Glaxstone®‐filled 1 L packed bed bioreactor, and an effective sequence of biofilm growth and SA production phases was identified. A SA productivity of 0.72 gSA L‐1packed bed h‐1, a SA specific production rate of 0.18 gSA gprotein‐1 h‐1 and a biofilm concentration of about 4 g L‐1packed bed were obtained.

CONCLUSIONS

SA bioproduction under biofilm conditions from organic by‐products such as cheese whey is a feasible and promising process. This work represents the first attempt to develop a biofilm‐based process of SA bioproduction from cheese whey. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Cluster analysis of pharmacists’ work attitudes
Authors: Nakagomi Keiichi , Hayashi Yukikazu , Komiyama Takako
Published: June 2017

Background

Few studies in Japan use clustering to examine the work attitudes of pharmacists. This study conducts an exploratory analysis to classify those attitudes based on previous studies to help staff pharmacists and their management to understand their mutually beneficial requirements.

Methods

Survey data collected in previous studies from 1 228 community pharmacists and 419 hospital pharmacists were analyzed using Quantification Theory 3 and clustering.

Results

Among community pharmacists, two clusters, namely 30‐ to 34‐year‐old married males and married males aged over 35 years, reported the highest job satisfaction, intending to remain in their jobs for 5 years or more or until retirement. Conversely, one cluster of 35‐ to 39‐year‐old single females reported the lowest job satisfaction and intended to remain for less than 5  years or were undecided. Among hospital pharmacists, one cluster of 22‐ to 25‐year‐old single males reported the highest job satisfaction and intended to remain for more than 5 years. Conversely, one cluster of 30‐ to 34‐year‐old married males reported the lowest job satisfaction and a period of working undetermined.

Conclusions

This study used clustering to explore how pharmacists of different ages, marital statuses, and experience felt regarding their work. Job satisfaction and human relationships are significant in considering future work plans of practicing pharmacists. Pharmacy staff, supervisors, and managers of community or hospital pharmacies must recognize features of pharmacists’ work attitudes for offering high‐quality service to patients.
Correlation analysis of the HLA‐DPB1*05:01 and BTNL2 genes within the histocompatibility complex region with a clinical phenotype of psoriasis vulgaris in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Guo Huimin , Huang Yong , Wu Juan , Zheng Xiaodong , Ye Lei , Huang Hequn , Wang Wenjun , Zhen Qi , Wu Jing , Qian Wenjun , Cheng Hui , Fan Xing , Zhang Xuejun
Published: June 2017

Background

The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is known to be highly polymorphic and has been identified to be associated with numerous diseases. The HLA‐DPB1 and BTNL2 genes were associated with psoriasis for the first time. The present study aims to investigate the relevance of the HLA‐DPB1 and BTNL2 genes with respect to clinical phenotypes of psoriasis vulgaris (PV).

Methods

To investigate whether the HLA‐DPB1 and BTNL2 polymorphisms were associated with clinical phenotypes of PV in Chinese Han population, we conducted an analysis in case–controls and case‐only subjects (9906 controls and 8744 cases) via MHC targeted sequencing stratified analysis.

Results

In cases and controls, analysis showed that the genotype of HLA‐DPB1*05:01 was associated with type of guttate [p = 3.914 × 10−2, odds ratio (OR = 0.9335)] and northern region (p = 1.182 × 10−3, OR = 0.9108). In the case‐only analysis, the genotype of HLA‐DPB1*05:01 was significantly correlated with geographical region (p = 1.36 × 10−3, OR = 1.134). In cases and controls, analysis showed that the genotype of BTNL2 (rs 41355746) was associated with being male (p = 2.563 × 10−2, OR = 0.8897), early‐onset (p = 9.399 × 10−3, OR = 0.8856), guttate (p = 2.469 × 10−2, OR = 0.8558) and family history (p = 1.51 × 10−4, OR = 0.772). In the case‐only analysis, the genotype of BTNL2 (rs41355746) was significantly correlated with family history (p = 1.768 × 10−3, OR = 0.757) and age of onset (p = 3.818 × 10−2, OR = 1.195).

Conclusions

The results of the present study indicate that the HLA‐DPB1*05:01 gene was associated with the geographical region of PV and the BTNL2 gene was significantly associated with family history and age of onset of PV. In conclusion, the HLA‐DPB1*05:01 and BTNL2 genes might be responsible for the complicacy of clinical features.
Static beam tomotherapy as an optimisation method in whole‐breast radiation therapy (WBRT)
Authors: Squires Matthew , Hu Yunfei , Byrne Mikel , Archibald‐Heeren Ben , Cheers Sonja , Bosco Bruno , Teh Amy , Fong Andrew
Published: June 2017

Introduction

TomoTherapy (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA) has recently introduced a static form of tomotherapy: TomoDirect™ (TD). This study aimed to evaluate TD against a contemporary intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) alternative through comparison of target and organ at risk (OAR) doses in breast cancer cases. A secondary objective was to evaluate planning efficiency by measuring optimisation times.

Methods

Treatment plans of 27 whole‐breast radiation therapy (WBRT) patients optimised with a tangential hybrid IMRT technique were replanned using TD. Parameters included a dynamic field width of 2.5 cm, a pitch of 0.251 and a modulation factor of 2.000; 50 Gy in 25 fractions was prescribed and planning time recorded. The planning metrics used in analysis were ICRU based, with the mean PTV minimum (D99) used as the point of comparison.

Results

Both modalities met ICRU50 target heterogeneity objectives (TD D99 = 48.0 Gy vs. IMRT = 48.1 Gy, P = 0.26; TD D1 = 53.5 Gy vs. IMRT = 53.0 Gy, P = 0.02; Homogeneity index TD = 0.11 vs. IMRT = 0.10, P = 0.03), with TD plans generating higher median doses (TD D50 = 51.1 Gy vs. IMRT = 50.9 Gy, P = 0.03). No significant difference was found in prescription dose coverage (TD V50 = 85.5% vs. IMRT = 82.0%, P = 0.09). TD plans produced a statistically significant reduction in V5 ipsilateral lung doses (TD V5 = 23.2% vs. IMRT = 27.2%, P = 0.04), while other queried OARs remained comparable (TD ipsilateral lung V20 = 13.2% vs. IMRT = 14.6%, P = 0.30; TD heart V5 = 2.7% vs. IMRT = 2.8%, P = 0.47; TD heart V10 = 1.7% vs. IMRT = 1.8%, P = 0.44). TD reduced planning time considerably (TD = 9.8 m vs. IMRT = 27.6 m, P < 0.01), saving an average planning time of 17.8 min per patient.

Conclusions

TD represents a suitable WBRT treatment approach both in terms of plan quality metrics and planning efficiency.
Gas‐phase fragmentation of protonated piplartine and its fungal metabolites using tandem mass spectrometry and computational chemistry
Authors: da Silva‐Junior E. A. , Paludo C. R. , Gouvea D. R. , Kato M. J. , Furtado N. A. J. C. , Lopes N. P. , Vessecchi R. , Pupo M. T.
Published: June 2017

Piplartine, an alkaloid produced by plants in the genus Piper, displays promising anticancer activity. Understanding the gas‐phase fragmentation of piplartine by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry can be a useful tool to characterize biotransformed compounds produced by in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies. As part of our efforts to understand natural product fragmentation in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, the gas‐phase fragmentation of piplartine and its two metabolites 3,4‐dihydropiplartine and 8,9‐dihydropiplartine, produced by the endophytic fungus Penicillium crustosum VR4 biotransformation, were systematically investigated. Proposed fragmentation reactions were supported by ESI‐MS/MS data and computational thermochemistry. Cleavage of the C‐7 and N‐amide bond, followed by the formation of an acylium ion, were characteristic fragmentation reactions of piplartine and its analogs. The production of the acylium ion was followed by three consecutive and competitive reactions that involved methyl and methoxyl radical eliminations and neutral CO elimination, followed by the formation of a four‐member ring with a stabilized tertiary carbocation. The absence of a double bond between carbons C‐8 and C‐9 in 8,9‐dihydropiplartine destabilized the acylium ion and resulted in a fragmentation pathway not observed for piplartine and 3,4‐dihydropiplartine. These results contribute to the further understanding of alkaloid gas‐phase fragmentation and the future identification of piplartine metabolites and analogs using tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulating inflammation and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Yong Heather , Chartier Gabrielle , Quandt Jacqueline
Published: June 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system with a presentation and disease course that is largely unpredictable. MS can cause loss of balance, impaired vision or speech, weakness and paralysis, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment. Immunomodulation is a major target given the appearance of focal demyelinating lesions in myelin‐rich white matter, yet progression and an increasing appreciation for gray matter involvement, even during the earliest phases of the disease, highlights the need to afford neuroprotection and limit neurodegenerative processes that correlate with disability. This review summarizes key aspects of MS pathophysiology and histopathology with a focus on neuroimmune interactions in MS, which may facilitate neurodegeneration through both direct and indirect mechanisms. There is a focus on processes thought to influence disease progression and the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MS. The goals and efficacy of current disease‐modifying therapies and those in the pipeline are discussed, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of pathways mediating disease progression to identify and translate both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutics from the bench to the clinic.
New by‐products rich in bioactive substances from the olive oil mill processing
Authors: Romero Concepción , Medina Eduardo , Mateo Maria Antonia , Brenes Manuel
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Olive oil extraction generates a large amount of residue consisting mainly of the pomace and leaves when using a two‐phase centrifugation system. The aim of this study was to assess the content of phenolic and triterpene compounds in the by‐products produced in Spanish olive oil mills.

RESULTS

Olive pomace had concentrations of phenolic and triterpene substances lower than 2 and 3 g kg−1, respectively. The leaves contained a high concentration of these substances, although those collected from ground‐picked olives had lost most of their phenolic compounds. Moreover, the sediment from the bottom of the olive oil storage tanks did not have a significant amount of these substances. By contrast, a new by‐product called olive pomace skin has been revealed as a very rich source of triterpenic acids, the content of which can reach up to 120 g kg−1 in this waste product, maslinic acid comprising around 70% of total triterpenics.

CONCLUSION

Among the by‐products generated during extraction of olive oil, olive pomace skin has been discovered to be a very rich source of triterpenic acids, which can reach up to 120 g kg−1 of the waste. These results will contribute to the valorization of olive oil by‐products. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
High hydrostatic pressure processing affects the phenolic profile, preserves sensory attributes and ensures microbial quality of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) juice
Authors: Inada Kim OP , Torres Alexandre G , Perrone Daniel , Monteiro Mariana
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) is a Brazilian fruit rich in phenolic compounds and much appreciated for its sweet and slightly tangy taste. However, the high perishability of this fruit impairs its economic exploitation, creating an opportunity for the development of innovative products, such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processed juices. We investigated the effect of HHP (200, 350 and 500 MPa for 5, 7.5 and 10 min) on phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and microbiological quality of jabuticaba juice and the effect of the most effective HHP condition on its sensory acceptance.

RESULTS

Pressurization increased total phenolic compound content (up to 38%) and antioxidant activity by FRAP assay (up to 46%), probably by increasing phenolic compound extractability due to tissue damage. Pressurization progressively decreased microbial counts, and colony growth was undetectable at pressures of 350 MPa or 500 MPa. With the exception of aroma, which was 10% lower in pressurized juice at 350 MPa for 7.5 min in relation to unprocessed juice, HHP did not affect sensory acceptance scores.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that HHP was effective in ensuring microbiological quality, increasing bioactive potential and maintaining overall acceptance of jabuticaba juice, reinforcing the potential application of this processing technology in bioactive‐rich foods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Transfer of ochratoxin A from raw black tea to tea infusions prepared according to the Turkish tradition
Authors: Toman Jakub , Malir Frantisek , Ostry Vladimir , Kilic Mehmet Akif , Roubal Tomas , Grosse Yann , Pfohl‐Leszkowicz Annie
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a natural contaminant of food including tea with multiple toxic effects, which poses a threat to human health. In terms of lifestyle, the Turkish population is a frequent visitor of tearooms, and the traditional Turkish tea preparation is one of the most popular ways of preparing tea infusion.

RESULTS

The aim of this study was to investigate OTA transfer from raw black tea to the tea infusion prepared according to the Turkish tradition. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method with a limit of quantification of 0.35 ng g−1 was used for OTA determination. The OTA amount in raw black teas from Turkey ranged from ≤0.35 ng g−1 up to 56.7 ng g−1. An homogenised sample of black tea naturally contaminated with 55.0 ng g−1 was used to prepare infusions. The OTA transfer from the black tea to the infusion was found to be 41.5% ± 7%.

CONCLUSION

These data are important for the realisation of a ‘Total Diet study’ (TDS). The TDS can be a complementary tool to estimate the population dietary exposure to OTA across the entire diet by analysing main foods prepared ‘as consumed’ (tea infusions) and not ‘as purchased’ (raw tea). © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of a daily three‐meal pattern with different dietary protein contents on pig growth performance, carcass and muscle quality traits
Authors: Wu Xin , Xie Chunyan , Long Cimin , Li Jun , Zhou Xihong , Fan Zhiyong , Blachier Francois , Yin Yulong
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Recent research related to phase‐feeding programmes for pig nutrition do not always account for the variation among individuals, and feeds are usually formulated to optimise the performance of the whole pig population. This study aimed at measuring the effects of a daily three‐meal pattern with different dietary protein contents on pig growth performance, carcass and muscle quality traits.

RESULTS

The results showed that compared with the 3C treatment, average daily gain (ADG) of pigs in the HCL treatment increased by 14.75% (P < 0.05) during period 1. The carcass weight (P = 0.006) and slaughter weight (P = 0.021) in the HCL group increased when compared with those in the 3C and LCH treatments. Moreover, the LCH feeding sequences contributed to reduce the drip loss in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle (P < 0.05) when compared with the 3C treatment. The HCL or LCH feeding sequence contributed to increase the meat quality when compared with those receiving the 3C treatment.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our results indicate that feeding high protein meal in the morning and a gradual reduction of the protein content in meals over the day may improve muscle quality characteristics, maximise performance, and reduce the pig feed cost. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of phenolic compounds from vegetable oils using a magnetic ionic liquid
Authors: Zhu Shuqiang , Wang Lijun , Su Along , Zhang Haixia
Published: June 2017

A novel method was developed for the determination of two endocrine‐disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A and 4‐nonylphenol, in vegetable oil by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Using a magnetic liquid as the microextraction solvent, several key parameters were optimized, including the type and volume of the magnetic liquid, extraction time, amount of dispersant, and the type of reverse extractant. The detection limits for bisphenol A and 4‐nonylphenol were 0.1 and 0.06 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were 70.4–112.3%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 4.2%. The method is simple for the extraction of bisphenol A and 4‐nonylphenol from vegetable oil and suitable for routine analysis.
Evaluating speech perception of the MAXUM middle ear implant versus speech perception under inserts
Authors: Dyer R. Kent , Spearman Michael , Spearman Brian , McCraney Anna
Published: June 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the speech perception of the Ototronix MAXUM middle ear implant relative to the cochlear potential for speech perception of patients.

Study Design

Clinical study chart review.

Methods

We performed an evaluation of data from a prospective clinical study of 10 MAXUM patients. Primary outcome measures included comparison of word recognition (WR) scores with MAXUM (WRMAXUM) versus word recognition under inserts (WRinserts), and the functional gain improvement for pure‐tone average (PTA) (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) and high‐frequency pure‐tone average (2, 3, and 4 kHz).

Results

Ten ears in 10 adult patients (six female; average age 68.7 years) were included. The average speech perception gap (difference between WRinserts and WRMAXUM) with MAXUM was −9.2% (range, −26% to 4%). A negative number indicates that WRMAXUM was higher than the WRinserts. The average PTA with MAXUM was 23.1 dB (range, 18.7–30 dB), a 38.0‐dB gain over the preoperative unaided condition (range, 20–53.3 dB). The average high‐frequency pure‐tone average with MAXUM was 34.4 dB (range, 26–43.3 dB), a 42.8‐dB gain over the preoperative unaided condition (range, 32.3–58.7 dB).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that a significant, very strong correlation was observed between WRinserts and WRMAXUM scores (r = 0.86, P = .001), and a patient's WRinserts score may be used to reasonably predict the word recognition outcomes with MAXUM.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:456–460, 2018
Systemic therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Historical perspectives and recent breakthroughs
Authors: Blasco Michael A. , Svider Peter F. , Raza S. Naweed , Jacobs John R. , Folbe Adam J. , Saraf Pankhoori , Eloy Jean Anderson , Baredes Soly , Fribley Andrew M.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Despite dramatic developments in drugs established for other malignancies, historically there have been few novel systemic agents available for the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the last decade has observed increased interest in targeted therapies for HNSCC. In 2006, cetuximab became the first major drug for HNSCC to gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 3 decades. Recently, both pembrolizumab and nivolumab gained FDA approval for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC, and trials for other indications in HNSCC are actively underway. As older agents including cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil continue to play a significant role in the management of advanced HNSCC, an understanding of their legacy is paramount. This historical review is not meant to exhaustively catalog every finding relating to HNSCC systemic therapy, but rather is meant to highlight important advances.

Data Sources

Case series and clinical trials available in the literature.

Review Methods

Historically significant series and trials evaluating HNSCC systemic therapy were evaluated.

Results

Standard regimens employed today are largely comprised of drugs discovered over 4 decades ago, although a number of recent phase III clinical trials have shown great promise, leading to the adoption of several new chemotherapeutic agents and treatment strategies.

Conclusions

These findings reinforce the importance of supporting further HNSCC drug discovery as modern treatment strategies using systemic therapy have resulted in measurable improvements in oncologic outcomes. Laryngoscope, 127:2565–2569, 2017
Geographic region: Does it matter in cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck?
Authors: Kılıç Suat , Unsal Aykut A. , Chung Sei Y. , Samarrai Ruwaa , Kılıç Sarah S. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: June 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

The head and neck are two of the most common locations for cutaneous melanoma. We present the first population‐based analysis of geographic differences in anatomic subsite, clinicopathologic and demographical traits, histopathologic subtype, treatment modality, and disease‐specific survival (DSS) of cutaneous head and neck melanoma (CHNM).

Study Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for cases of CHNM reported between 2000 and 2013. Patients were grouped into East, Midwest, South, and West regions of the United States. Overall incidence, demographic traits, primary tumor site, clinicopathologic traits, histopathologic subtype, treatment modality, and DSS were compared among regions.

Results

There were 49,365 patients with CHNM identified. The West (4.60) and the South (4.42) had significantly higher incidence (per 100,000) than the East (3.84) and Midwest (3.65) (P < .05). DSS was significantly different among regions (P < .0066). The East (5 years: 89.4%, 10 years: 84.1%) had the highest DSS rate, and the South (5 years: 87.0%, 10 years: 81.8%) had the lowest DSS rate. The Midwest (5 years: 88.4%, 10 years: 84.3%) and West (5 years: 88.3%, 10 years: 83.5%) had intermediate DSS. On multivariate analysis, the South had an elevated hazard ratio (1.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.05‐1.30) when compared to the West.

Conclusions

Geographic region may play a significant role in CHNM. Incidence is higher in the South and the West. Incidence, histologic subtype, treatment modality, and DSS vary among regions. DSS is lower in the South than the West, even after accounting for other major prognostic factors.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2763–2769, 2017