bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Non-Parametric Kernel Density Background Modeling Method in Intelligent Video Surveillance System
Authors: Zhang Ying , Li Meng Xin , Hou Jing
Published: October 2015

Aiming to get better real time performance and effect of detection in dynamic scene of intelligent video surveillance system, non-parametric kernel density estimation (KDE) is used to model the background. And to solve the foreground detection is not precise enough, background subtraction method is fused to detect the foreground. And some modified work is done to suppress shadow and noise. Experiments show that the method proposed can get better real time performance and low noise detect result in intelligent video surveillance system.
PLC-Based Embedded Intelligent Control Research
Authors: Cui Wen Chong , Dong Yu Lin
Published: October 2015

With the rapid development of industrialization, the intelligent control has increasingly replaced the traditional process control in PLC in recent years, in which some intelligent control strategy has been applied to industrial control cases, such as genetic algorithm, fuzzy control, expert control and neural network and so on. However, it is not sufficient to achieve the desired control effect if only an intelligent control method is applied in the intelligent control. Therefore, integrated intelligent control of various control strategies is bound to be a focus in the embedded intelligent control. At the same time, with growing power of the PLC processing, it is possible for complex algorithms to be used in the embedded application, which has great significance in the development of industrialization as well as intelligent control.
Design of Control System in the Class of Two-Parametric Structurally Stable Mappings
Authors: Abdrakhmanova Leila , Beisenbi Mamyrbek
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we proposed a method for design of control systems with a high potential of robust stability in a class of two-parametric structurally stable mappings. Research of robust stability is based on the geometric interpretation of the second Lyapunov method, and also definition of system stability in the state space.We propose a method for construct the control system, designed in two-parametric class of structurally stable mappings, which will be sustained indefinitely in a wide range of uncertain parameters of the control object. This work presents novelty theoretical fundamental results assisting in analyzing of the behavior of control systems, meaning of robust stability.
Graphite/Bio-Based Epoxy Composites: The Mechanical Properties Interface
Authors: Rus Anika Zafiah M. , Abdullah Nur Munirah , Abdullah M.F.L. , Idris M. Izzul Faiz
Published: October 2015

Graphite reinforced bio-based epoxy composites with different particulate fractions of graphite were investigated for mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation at break. The graphite content was varied from 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.% by weight percent in the composites. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites mainly depend on dispersion condition of the treated graphite filler, aggregate structure and strong interfacial bonding between treated graphite in the bio-based epoxy matrix. The composites showed improved tensile strength and elastic modulus with increase treated graphite weight loading. This also revealed the composites with increasing filler content was decreasing the elongation at break.
Control System Design of 1 DOF Kinesthetic Interface
Authors: Righettini Paolo , Gotti Alessandro , Rossetti Mattia , Strada Roberto
Published: October 2015

The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of closed-loop impedance control in the case of a kinesthetic interface, more precisely to propose this control approach even for devices in which the natural dynamics of the system are relevant. This characteristic can be found in an industrial scenario where commercial components are generally used; hence the system can't be optimized as conversely occurs in a laboratory/ research environment where custom components are generally developed. It is shown that it is possible to guarantee a high dynamic accuracy using the closed-loop impedance control with force feedback and model feedforward. Therefore this approach is suggested as a valid alternative of the most diffused admittance control. The device implemented for the tests and the obtained results are described below.
Kinematic Analysis and Simulation of the Tri-Prism Deployable Structure
Authors: Zhou Huai Dong , Zhen Peng , Chou Wu Sheng
Published: October 2015

The Tri-prism deployable structure is a complex mechanism which consists of six deployable structure units in series. All deployable structure units have the similar movements; the screw theory is used to establish the kinematic equation of each unit and the entire tri-prism deployable structure. Meanwhile, the motion stability, drive mode and mechanical design of the tri-prism deployable structure have been comprehensively researched. Finally, extensive simulations in ADAMS have been conducted to obtain the relationship between the motions of ends and inputs, which are further compared with theoretical results.
Performance Evaluation and Impact Analysis of Distributed Generation on Radial Power Distribution System
Authors: Thaniyaphol Arthit , Nilkhamhang Itthisek
Published: October 2015

This research focuses on evaluating and analyzing the behavior of smart grid power distribution system with multiple, interconnected distributed generations (DGs). This topic is especially relevant to Thailand, which employs a radial distribution topology and has insufficient use of energy storage system (ESS). Integration of DGs with distribution power systems is a necessity to achieve reliable and efficient performance. The characteristics of each category of DGs must be studied to improve the power system. The main task of the interconnected system is to control and maintain voltage of the power system in an acceptable range for high reliability, efficiency and quality. The proposed study consists of two critical objectives. Firstly, we will investigate the principle operation of DGs that uses renewable energy sources interconnected with the smart grid. The second and final goal is to evaluate and analyze the impact of DGs on the power distribution system. Power injection from DGs can reduce total power loss and improve system performance. In addition, the presence of DGs can increase the voltage level and robustness of the system more than traditional electrical network. However, high penetration of DGs may have an effect on voltage changes at the bus.
Research on Electrical Network Blackout Risk under Different Connection Patterns
Authors: Liu Zi Fa , Ren Xue Dong , Chen Yi Xiao , Chen Chi Ye , Zhang Xiao Qing , Niu Fang Ming
Published: October 2015

With the gradual expansion of China's electrical network construction, network scale and transmission capacity, a reasonable electrical network construction scale research is urgent for the optimized power system development. In this paper, a blackout risk assessment index system as well as the risk calculation model under different electrical network scales is established, followed by a series of blackout risk value calculation of constitutive units in an IEEE-14 node standard system under typical patterns, hence the validity of the model is verified via comparison with the actual blackout risk value of the system. The result indicates that that the ranking of blackout risk values under different connection patterns with the same amount of lines is polygon, quadrilateral and triangle.
Probabilistic Spinning Reserve Model of Power System Containing Wind
Authors: Cui Ning Ning , Zhang Zhe Nan , Liu Wei , Zhang Yang , Li Qiang
Published: October 2015

In order to reflect the influences of the stochastic uncertain of wind power on the optimal decision-making of the power system spinning reserve, a probabilistic optimization model of the spinning reserve is proposed. Considering uncertain factors such as predicted-deviation of wind, predicted-deviation of load and fault outage of generator, the capacity outage probability table is combined with predicted-deviation of wind and predicted-deviation of load. By introducing the analytic expressed probability reserve constraints into the unit commitment model considering the wind power, the spinning reserve of power system can be optimized to the expectable contingency level. Using a calculation example, the effectiveness of the model is proved, providing a new model for uncertainty analysis and optimal scheduling decisions of power system containing wind.
Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanotubes by Anodization of Zr Foil
Authors: Balela Mary Donnabelle , Lagarde April Alexa S. , Tamayo Stephen Jann A. , Villareal Nikko S. , Parreno Ann Marielle
Published: October 2015

Zirconia (ZrO2) nanotubes were synthesized by anodization of zirconium (Zr) foil in NH4Fand (NH4)2SO4 aqueous solution. Different surface preparation methods (electropolishing and etching) were applied on the Zr foil prior to anodizaton. In addition, the anodization time and NH4F concentration were varied. The structure and morphologies of the nanotubes and their crystallinity were confirmed using scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffractometer, respectively. ZrO2 nanotubes with large diameters and thick walls were formed at lower NH4F concentration and longer anodization time. On the other hand, smaller nanotubes with thinner walls were produced when the NH4F concentration was increased. The synthesized nanotubes were predominantly tetragonal ZrO2 with small amounts of monoclinic ZrO2.
Analysis and Research on Inspection Methods of Drilling Holes in Power Transmission Line Foundation
Authors: Tang Guang Rui , Jiang Ming
Published: October 2015

At present, the quality inspection of drilling holes in power transmission line foundations is mainly completed by manpower with the help of the measuring rope, reinforcing cage, etc. This is a rough measuring method with low accuracy, and even the workers have to enter into deep holes to measure verticality and similar values, which brings danger to personal safety. The measuring equipment and methods for foundation holes have mature application in the industry and civil building sector, which are mainly divided into two categories, contact and non-contact measurements. The inspection methods for drilling holes in power transmission line foundation are to be proposed by referring to inspection means used in the sector.
Enhancement of PV Penetration with Centralized Control Method in Cimei Island Distribution System
Authors: Lin Chia Hung , Chen Chao Shun , Hsu Cheng Ting , Hsieh Wei Lin , Lee Yih Der , Cheng Sheng Chang , Chang Yung Ruei , Ho Chin Ying
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses the use of centralized control method in an Intelligent Energy Management System (iEMS) to prevent voltage violation after load transfer between distribution feeders with high PV penetration level. The proposed method comprises three control modes with different control algorithms for regulating both reactive and active power output of PV inverters in a distribution system with multiple PV installations. Before the execution of load transfer, the total reactive power compensation required at the critical Point of Common Coupling (PCC) is solved by the reactance of distribution feeder line segment to prevent system voltage violation. With the proposed control algorithms, the iEMS dispatches total reactive power compensation among PV systems according to the reactance of line segment and issues the control command to each PV inverter for adjustment of PV power generation so that the ancillary service of voltage support can be provided by all PV systems in a fairer manner. A practical Cimei island distribution feeder pair is selected for computer simulation to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method after load transfer between two feeders.
Analysis of Unequal Leg Transmission Tower Line System in Wind Vibration Response
Authors: Qin Li , Zhou Long , Pan Yu Jiang
Published: October 2015

The unequal leg transmission tower in mountainous areas of 5B-ZBC4 is based to establish the finite element model of three transmission tower and four wire line system. To further study the transmission tower under wind load displacement response, firstly using ANSYS analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the tower-line system. Then, taking the power spectrum of Kaimal wind speed and simulating the curve of wind speed of transmission tower line system in mountainous areas, considering the different elevation and different sizes of wind load, to analysis the wind vibration response for the tower-line coupling system. The results indicates that the tower top displacement means of 1# tower, 2# tower, 3# tower is increasing along with the elevation changes in 0 degrees wind load; The 37 m/s is the critical wind speed of 3# tower of transmission tower line system.
The Response Analysis of Angle Tower Line System by Broken Lines
Authors: Qin Li , Han Wei , Peng Wei Lin
Published: October 2015

The suddenly break makes the tension of tight lines rapid realease. The tower system will be subject to impact,but the design specification considers the break load only by static load.Beacuse of the angle between the sides of the transmission lines and the span changes, In order to solve this problem this paper uses the finite element program ANYSY/LS-DYNA to build tower and lines system model and analyse the dynamic response of corner tower system in role of lines breaking by the numerical simulation. The study has shown that the effect of the corner to the corer tower disconnected power respose can not be ignored.
Transformer Differential Protection Using Process Bus According to IEC 61850-9-2 and Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers
Authors: Igarashi G. , Santos J.C.
Published: October 2015

Our aim is to show some impacts on the differential protection of power transformers when using Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers associated with the IEC 61850-9-2 process bus. Described herein are a model for simulating the samples in the process bus, a proposed algorithm for differential protection of power transformers adapted from conventional differential relays so that it works according to the IEC 61850-9-2 standard, and a response analysis of the protection algorithm with the loss of the time synchronization signal in the process bus. Suggestions on parameters to be followed for safer operation of the process bus in these circumstances are also offered.
Instrument for Measurement of Transfer Ratio Voltage Transformers
Authors: Baranov Pavel F. , Borikov Valeriy N. , Tsimbalist Edvard I.
Published: October 2015

The paper presents the instrument for measurement of transfer ratio voltage transformers in the frequency range. The instrument distinctive feature is measuring of small differential signal of the voltages with sensitivity 2 nV against the background of large common-mode signal. The instrument features, its technical and metrological parameters are also considered.
Optimization of Distribution Functions for the Hysteresis Preisach Model by Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Boudjerda Mounir , Amir Mounir , Zergoug Mourad , Azzi Siham , Sahnoun Mouhamed
Published: October 2015

The description of hysteresis is one of the classical problems in magnetic materials. The progress in its solution determines the reliability of modeling and the quality of design of a wide range of contemporary devices, as well as devices that will be created in the future. The intensive investigations in hysteresis modeling were induced by the fact that accuracy models of magnetic hysteresis must be studied yet. In this paper, several identification procedures of the distribution functions of the Preisach model will be investigated by means of a genetic algorithm.The proposed approach has been applied to model the behavior of many samples and distribution functions are optimized which will give accurate results of the hysteresis loop. The results show the robustness and efficiency of genetic algorithm to model the phenomenon of hysteresis loop. This work can give solutions about the ferromagnetic material evaluations and shows the optimization of distribution functions according to the material behaviors.
Remaining Life Assessment of the Generator Stator Insulation: A Case Study on Suralaya Coal Fired Power Plant in Indonesia
Authors: Alam Hilman Syaeful , Djunaedi Imam , Soetraprawata Demi
Published: October 2015

The failure of large generators in generating stations and industrial plants is mainly caused by the failure of the stator winding insulation. The combination of electrical, mechanical and thermal stresses that are accumulated by the number of start-stop times and operating hours can reduce the residual dielectric voltage as the main cause of the deterioration on the insulation. In this study, the remaining life assessment of the generator stator insulation was conducted based on the functional relationship between stresses and remaining dielectric voltage in the worst and average cases. The case study was conducted on the fourth of generator unit in SURALAYA Coal Fired Power Plant in Indonesia that had the service life of over 25 years. To validate the assessment results, partial discharges (PD) test was performed on the stator coils of the generator. Based on the results of evaluation, it was found that the remaining life of the fourth of generator insulation at the worst case had been come to end. For the average case, the remaining life of insulation for Unit 1 and Unit 2 was 12 year, while for Unit 3 and 4 was 17 year. Then from the validation results using the PD test, there was an evidence of the discharging of voids or delamination within the insulation, where the internal discharging was seen to be the most dominant factor from the discharge pattern. However, the PD magnitudes were still within reasonable limits, where the magnitude of the maximum discharge was 3,500 pC for the U phase, while in the V and W phase was 7000 pC, hence it was not categorized as an anomaly.
Magnetic Evaluation for Uprating 400 mW Coal Fired Generator
Authors: Djunaedi Imam , Alam Hilman Syaeful , Sukma Nugraha Aditya
Published: October 2015

One of the considerations many power plants today is whether they can get more power out of their existing equipment especially generator. However, it is required design review and feasibility study in order to extend the operating life and increase the capability and reliability. In this study, analysis of magnetic field was performed due to power uprating in order to prevent a saturation of the magnetic field in the core laminate which can lead to the emergence of heat concentration. Based on the results of magnetic analysis using finite element, there are no saturation of the magnetic field in the core lamination which can lead to the magnetic saturation and heat concentration, both for existing and uprating conditions.Therefore, the increasing a design margin on the generators from the current design of the margin of 471,000 kVA to 494,550 kVA with the 0.85 power factor will not pose a problem as long as all of the following recommendations can be implemented. Although it is predicted, there will be no saturation and hotspots on the generator, but the risk of temperature rise due to the uprating should be reduced by replacing the stator winding using the Full Class F Insulation which is resistant to temperatures up to 155 °C.
Link Power Level Improvements in an Amplified 8-Channel CWDM System with Hybrid EDFA-SOA Pre-Amplifier
Authors: Ismail Khadijah , Susthitha Menon P. , Shaari Sahbudin , Ehsan Abang Annuar , Arsad Norhana , Bakar A. Ashrif A.
Published: October 2015

The link power improvement in a coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) system which is transmitted using a hybrid erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) scheme as a pre-amplifier, is discussed. The network is designed for amplifying 8 CWDM channels ranging from 1471 nm to 1611 nm. The hybrid amplifiers’ gain measurement is obtained from experimental work with gain peak at 22 dB which is observed at 1531 nm. The amplifiers also caused power increment of 5.06 dB in the transmission link before the signal is split individually at the receiving end. Based on the higher gain peaks and power spectrum at 1531 nm and 1551 nm wavelengths, the proposed amplified link would be useful for the transmission of video applications.
New View to Quality Assessment and Decision Making
Authors: Rubin Gennadiy , Gun Gennadiy , Polyakova Marina
Published: October 2015

This paper contains main principles of function-oriented analysis. This approach may be used to estimate the product quality from the point of view of its consumer properties. The object and its components are studied in terms of the functions they fulfill, which corresponds to the degree of satisfaction of the customer requirements (or expectations). It makes possible to find out the relation between the consumer functions and the product properties and determines the practical ways of quality improvement. It is proved that the function-oriented analysis can be used efficiently for both current metal products and for research and design of up-to-date engineering and manufacturing systems.
Cost Effective Maintenance of Wind Turbines Using Finite State Markov Model
Authors: Boukelkoul Lahcene
Published: October 2015

Nowadays the cost effectiveness concept becomes a decision-making and technology evaluation metric. The cost of energy metric accounts for the effect of reliability through levelized replacement cost and unscheduled maintenance cost parameters. One key of the proposed approach is the idea of maintaining the WTs which can be captured via use of a finite state Markov chain. Such a model can be embedded within a probabilistic operation and maintenance simulation reflecting the action to be done. In this paper a finite state Markov model is used for decision problems with number of determined periods (life cycle) to predict the cost according to the option of the maintenance adopted. The minimum cost is taken as the optimal solution.
Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Principles in the Process Industry: A Case Study
Authors: Abd El-Aty Ali , Farooq Ahmad , Barakat Azza , Etman Mohamed
Published: October 2015

This research aims at implementing lean manufacturing principles in different industries and re-design the manufacturing system based on the concepts of lean manufacturing by developing a pull-oriented manufacturing system. This research was applied at the assembly line of Sunny Egypt Company for Electronics Industry which related to UNION AIR GROUP at Egypt. LCD 32'' model television was selected from the company's products for improvement. The Results obtained showed that the implementation of lean manufacturing in industrial systems eliminates wastes, increases productivity, profit, improves product’s quality, decreases cycle times, work in progress, inventory, raw materials, costs and number of operators. This research can be useful in developing a more generic approach to design lean environment.
Graphite/Bio-Based Epoxy Composites: Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties
Authors: Rus Anika Zafiah Mohd , Abdullah Nur Munirah , Abdullah M.F.L. , Idris M. Izzul Faiz
Published: October 2015

The conductive thin film was made based on bio-based epoxy and graphite compounded with its cross-linker (Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate, MDI) and further blended with disparate percentages of pretreated graphite. The preparation of this solution started by drop casting as thin films, where the thickness of thin film was set approximately ~0.1 mm. Optical microscope, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer has been operated to diagnose Graphite/ biopolymer composites in order to have better and accurate results of this work. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the composite thin film samples were measured at room temperature. This study shows the electrical conductivity was discovered and calculated by achieving conductivity of 103 S/m as a prove that this thin film has the ability to conduct electricity.
Photoactive Anode of NiO/TiO2 Nanotube p-n Junctions and Application in Photoassisted Water Electrolysis
Authors: Sun Xiu Li , Chen Ai Ping , He Hong Bo , He Tian Tian , Li Chun Zhong
Published: October 2015

The photoactive anode was fabricated by hydrothermal method using the ZnO nanorod array as the template. NiO nanoflakes were assembled on the TiO2 tubular arrays to form p-n junction heterostrucutures on the Ni substrate. The water electrolysis was coupled with photocatalytic decomposition of water by irradiation of UV and UV-visible light on the modified Ni anode. Under UV and UV-visible light irradiation, the hydrogen evolution rates of the photoactive Ni anode modified by NiO/TiO2 nanotube composites are 2.92 ml/h·cm2 and 3.16 ml/h·cm2 respectively, increased by 5.4 % and 15 % in comparison with that of the Ni anode modified by TiO2 nanotube array and showed 152 % and 172 % improvement in comparison with that of sole Ni anode respectively.
First-Principles Study of Tuning the Band Gap with Cr Doped BN Sheets
Authors: Ma Sheng Qian , Li Feng
Published: October 2015

It is all known that the BN sheet is a nonmagnetic wide-band-gap semiconductor. Using Density Function Theory (DFT), the lattice parameters of Cr doped BN sheets were optimized, which were still kept on 2D planar geometry, and the band gap was studied. The simulation results show that the band gap is very easy to be tuned by Cr doped BN sheet, which is more stable structure. So Cr doped BN sheet is a promising material in modulating the band gap and through tuning the band gap it can be a highly efficient photocatalytic material et al. Because Cr is poisonous and harmful substance, it does harm to people’s health and environmental pollution, particularly, heavy metal contamination in soil. So Cr doped BN sheet is a promising material in modulating the band gap, through tuning the band gap it can be a highly efficient photocatalytic material and benefit humanity and protect the environment et al.
High Impact Toughness ABS/CaCO3 Nanocomposites Prepared through Pressure Induced Flow Moulding
Authors: Zhang Jian Jun , Zhao Jun Li , Li Kun , Zhang Sen , Ma Yu
Published: October 2015

ABS/CaCO3 nanocomposite with super toughness was processed by pressure induced flow (PIF) moulding. After PIF processing, the impact toughness of ABS/CaCO3 nanocomposite improved remarkably, the average highest Izod impact strength of nanocomposite increased to around 69 kJ/m2, which was 2.3 times higher than that of orignal ABS. Moreover, the relative toughening mechanism was investigated. The disk-like rubber domain and the cavities caused by calcium carbonate were researched by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The synergy of them could prevent the craze becoming a large crack effectively.
Structure Characterization and Property Analysis of HKT800 Carbon Fiber
Authors: Gu Hong Xing , Wang Hao Jing , Fan Li Dong
Published: October 2015

The characterization and properties of the HKT800 carbon fiber were performed, and results showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus and tensile elongation of HKT800 carbon fiber reached 5.6 GPa, 290 GPa and 1.9 %, respectively. The Cv value of all index was less than 3 %, and there were a few HKT800 carbon fibers belong to the cashew type. Furthermore, the surface activity of 6 K carbon fibers was higher than that of the 12 K carbon fibers after the same surface treatment. It was found that the sizing agent existed on the surface of HKT800 carbon fiber was epoxy resin.
Elastic and Damping Characterization of Biopolymer Composite
Authors: Rus Anika Zafiah Mohd , Mat Hassan Nik Normunira
Published: October 2015

Biopolymer made from renewable material is one of the most important groups of polymer because of their versatility and they can be manufactured in a wide range of densities, damping and stiffness. In this project, biopolymer based from waste vegetable oil were synthesized and crosslinked with commercial polymethane polyphenyl isocyanate and doped with titanium dioxide (TiO2) to produce renewable polymer foam (RPF).The RPF was compressed by using hot compression moulding technique at 90 °C based on the evaporation of volatile matter and is known as compressed renewable polymer (CRP). The compressive strength, compressive modulus, absorption energy, static stiffness, vibration and damping characteristic of RPF and CRP were determined. The compressive strength and compressive modulus of RPF and CRP samples steadily increased with increasing of TiO2 loading. The highest compressive strength of RPF and CRP samples is at 10 % of TiO2 loading of 96.43 kPa and 354.55 kPa, respectively due to the amount of filler loading. The absorption energy and static stiffness of CRB allows it to absorb more energy than RPF due to the smaller cell size and higher density. The vibration and damping characteristic of both samples were generated at displacements of 1 mm and acceleration of 0.1 G base excitation according to ASTM D3580-9. It was revealed that, the vibration transmissibility characteristic of RPF and CRP samples slightly increased and damping characteristic is vice versa with the increasing of percentages of TiO2 loading at the frequency range of 15 - 25 Hz.
Finite Element Analysis of Casing Material Behavior in Steam Injection Well Operations
Authors: Bharadwaj Abhilash M. , Irawan Sonny , Karuppanan Saravanan , bin Abdullah Mohamad Zaki , bin Mohd Saaid Ismail
Published: October 2015

Casing design is one of the most important parts of the well planning in the oil and gas industry. Various factors affecting the casing material needs to be considered by the drilling engineers. Wells partaking in thermal oil recovery processes undergo extreme temperature variation and this induces high thermal stresses in the casings. Therefore, forecasting the material behavior and checking for failure mechanisms becomes highly important. This paper uses Finite Element Methods to analyze the behavior two of the frequently used materials for casing - J55 and L80 steels. Modeling the casing and application of boundary conditions are performed through Ansys Workbench. Effect of steam injection pressure and temperature on the materials is presented in this work, indicating the possibilities of failure during heating cycle. The change in diameter of the casing body due to axial restriction is also presented. This paper aims to draw special attention towards the casing design in high temperature conditions of the well.
Effect of Flow Velocity of Sea Water on Corrosion Rate of Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Shikshak Abd Alrahim Al , Mansour Abd Alhakem , Taher Abulmaali M.Y.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this research is to investigate the corrosion rate of low carbon steel in saline environment. The influence of variety of conditions that represent the actual conditions in practice such as the flow velocity and solution composition, particularly Na+, Cl- and SO4-2, content were performed. Weight loss test of low carbon steel in the lab was conducted to determine the corrosion rate data in stagnant and flowing seawater for comparison to investigate the effect of flow velocity of sea water on the corrosion behavior of the low carbon steel. Results show that the corrosion rate of low carbon steel is increased by increasing the flow of seawater, but at very high velocities the corrosion rate was recorded to be decreased. XRD results show that the corrosion products contain both Fe2O3 and FeO(OH).
Investigation of Chip Formation and Tool Wear in Drilling Process Using Various Types of Vegetable-Oil Based Lubricants
Authors: Fairuz M.A. , Nurul Adlina M.J. , Azmi Azwan Iskandar , Hafiezal M.R.M. , Leong K.W.
Published: October 2015

Cutting fluid is a well-known as one of an important element in machining process. However, the consumption of mineral oils as cutting fluid has been raising concern due to worldwide interest in environmental and health matters. The application of vegetable-oil based lubricant is seen can overcome the problem but requires a research study about the machinability. This research paper represents the machinability of using several possible vegetable oils as cutting fluid in term of chip formation and tool wear during drilling operation on stainless steel, AISI 316. In particular, the performance of the vegetable oils; palm, sesame, olive and coconut oils were compared under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique. The result reported that the coconut oil indicates the best machinability in term of highest and uniform chip thickness and least wear on the drill bit under same condition with others. These performances are followed by palm, olive and sesame oil. In additional, the viscosity measurement indicates that coconut oil has the lowest value which can possesses better fluidity and faster cooling capacity than other oils. Overall, coconut oil is recommended as viable alternative lubricants during drilling of stainless steel.
Photodegradation of Phenol Using TiO2 Nanotubular Thin Film Fabricated by Sonoelectrochemical Anodization
Authors: Razali Mohd Hasmizam , Mohd Noor Ahmad Fauzi , Yusoff Mahani
Published: October 2015

Photodegradation of phenol in aqueous solution was carried out using TiO2 nanotubular thin film. The TiO2 nanotubular thin film has been fabricated by sonoelectrochemical anodization process using a mixture of ethylene glycol and ammonium fluoride as electrolyte. The process was carried out at constant applied potential (20 V) for 90 minutes. After anodization the TiO2 nanotubular film was annealed at 500 °C for 2 hours and characterized using SEM and EDX to study morphology and chemical element compositions. SEM analyses revealed that the fabricated thin film had tubular structure with the diameter between 45 – 64 nm and 6.8 um in length composed of titanium and oxygen elements were determined by EDX. The fabricated TiO2 nanotubular thin film showed high photocatalytic activity with 80.70 % phenol degradation after 5 hours irradiation with UV light.
Numerical Simulating and Analysis of Highly Nonlinear Penetration Problem in Hedge Trimmer
Authors: Wang Xiao Chun , Wang Jun Yang , Jiang Lian Qiong
Published: October 2015

The process of circular saw blades sawing hedge branches belong to typical highly nonlinear penetration problems, so it is difficult to measure the actual cutting force, and it will have different characteristics with the variational saw feeding speed. The result of display dynamic analysis in the ANSYS/LS-DYNA module to circular saw blades sawing branches can be very close to the actual results. This paper make the numerical simulation for the regular pattern of cutting force with the variational saw feeding speed, analysis the force of circular with the saw feeding speed, and get some variation of circular saw blades sawing process by force, which laid foundation for the future study.
Influence of Cutting Parameters on Energy Consumption and Material Removal Rate in Turning Process
Authors: Otim Fredrick Joseph , Choi Seong Joo
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a novel approach for the optimization of machining parameters on turning of Mild Steel alloy with multiple responses based on orthogonal array with grey relational analysis. Experiments are conducted on mild steel alloy. Turning tests are carried out using coated carbide insert under dry cutting condition. In this work, turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut are optimized considering the multiple responses such as Energy Consumption (EC), and Material Removal Rate (MRR). A grey relational grade (GRG) of 0.746 is determined from the grey analysis for experimental run 27 meaning the control factors of this combination exhibit a stronger relationship with the response variables. Therefore, a spindle speed of 440 rpm, a feed rate of 0.24 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 0.75 mm is the optimal parameter combination for the turning operation. The order of importance determined for the controllable factors to the Energy Consumption, in sequence, is the feed rate, spindle speed and depth of cut; while order to the Material Removal Rate, in sequence is depth of cut, feed rate and spindle speed. Optimum levels of parameters have been identified based on the values of grey relational grade and then finally, it was observed through ANOVA that the feed rate is the most influential and significant control factor among the three cutting parameters when turning mild steel in the conventional lathe tool, in order to minimize Energy Consumption and maximize Material Removal Rate.
Diffusion Phenomena in the Combined Electric Diamond Grinding
Authors: Popov V.Yu. , Yanyushkin A.S. , Zamashchikov Y.I.
Published: October 2015

The problems of practical application of the combined electric diamond grinding (CEDG) are examined. Experiments were conducted on the grinding tool materials with metal-bonded diamond grinding wheels. In the presented part of the work, the roughness of the machined surface of specimens made of high-speed steel is investigated. It was established that the CEDG makes it possible to decrease the roughness of the machined surface to 30-40 % in comparison with other combined methods and 1.5-2 times in comparison with usual grinding. The application ensures the grinding by diamond wheels in the mode of self-sharpening and guarantees the continuity of its geometric form, which eliminates the defect layer on the machined surface and gives a longer period of wheel stability. The results obtained show that diamond wheels can be successfully used for grinding wide spectrum of tool materials.
Experimental Investigation of Effects of Machining Parameters on Surface Roughness and Chip Formation of Aluminum Alloys by Face Turning
Authors: Kusimba Meshack Olygen , Choi Seong Joo
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates the effect of process parameters on surface roughness and chips formation in face turning of aluminium A2025 alloy international standard or A3035 alloy Korean standard using conventional lathe. The parameters namely the spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate are varied to study their effect on surface roughness and chip characteristics. The experiments are conducted with all possible combination of factors in order to get the influence of every factor. The study reveals that the surface roughness is directly influenced by the spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate. It is observed that the surface roughness increases with increased feed rate and depth of cut and is higher atlower speeds. The surface roughness analysis was done by atomic force microscope (AFM).The chips formed were continuous but varied in size and shape basing on the machining parameters. The depth of cut has no significant influence on the chips formation. The results shown here shows the ability of face turning method to test the surface roughness and chip formation on aluminium alloys. The face turning method used is simple and effective.
Carbon Nanotube-Prussian Blue Spongiform Adsorbent for Selective Capture of Cesium and Strontium
Authors: Li Jun , Shen Wu Ting , Long Qing , Qin Yun Hua , Dai Yao Dong
Published: October 2015

Prussian blue analogue nickel ferrocyanide (NiPB) decorated carbon nanotube sponge (CNT sponge) was prepared as a newly designed spongiform adsorbent. This composite material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and tested in adsorption experiments. Results show that the CNT-NiPB sponge was equipped with large holes and porous structure, a large number of MWNTs and NiPB particles uniformly deposited on the surface and internal cavities. This adsorbent CNT-NiPB sponge showed a good adsorption selectivity of cesium and strontium in mixed aqueous solution, which is mainly induced by the ion exchange reaction of NiPB and metal ions. The novel spongiform adsorbent might have a promise prospect in radioactive wastewater treatment applications.
Experimental Analysis of Machining Parameters in WEDM of AISI D3 Steel Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Shukla Rahul , Lodhi Brajesh Kumar
Published: October 2015

Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a non-traditional process of material from conductive material to produce parts with intricate shape and profiles. In the present work, an attempt has been made to optimization the machining conditions for maximum material removal rate, minimise kerf width based on (L9 Orthogonal Array) Taguchi method. Experiments, based on Taguchi’s parameters design, were carried out to effect of machining parameters, like pulse-on-time (TON), pulse-off-time (TOFF), peak current (IP), and wire feed (WF) on the material removal rate and kerf width. The importance of the cutting parameters on the cutting performance outputs is determined by using the variance analysis (ANOVA). The variation of MRR and kerf width with cutting parameters is modeled by using a regression analysis method.
Effect of Cutting Parameters on Cutting Forces for Different Profile of Cutting
Authors: Hamidon Roshaliza , Adesta Erry Y.T. , Riza Muhammad , Iqbal Mohammad
Published: October 2015

In machining operation of mould cavities, the tool travels in various straight and corner profiles following predetermined toolpath. Such condition results in a fluctuation of cutting forces that may produce bad surface finish. The objective of this study is to investigate the most influential parameters on cutting operation for both straight and corner profiles of pocketing operation. Cutting speeds of 150, 200 and 250m/min, feedrates from 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mm/tooth and depths of cut of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 mm were selected for the cutting processes. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with Pareto ANOVA analysis was employed to analyze the effects of the selected parameters. The result demonstrates there are different effects of cutting parameters on cutting forces for straight and corner profiles. Furthermore, it was found that cutting speed and feedrate are prevailing factors that affected cutting forces for both types of profile.
Effect of Post Weld Heat Treatment on Weld Hardness Quality of P91 Welded Pipes
Authors: Abd Majid Mohd Amin , Sarwar Muhammad
Published: October 2015

Quality of a weld produced is generally evaluated by different parameters such as weld size, bead geometry, deposition rate, hardness and strength. A common problem that has been faced at the construction sites is to obtain a good welded joint having the required strength with minimal detrimental residual stresses to avoid any premature cracking due to high variation of hardness. In order to address this issue and to attain good weld quality, this study has been made to comprehend the effect of the post weld heat treatment on P91 material welds produced by TIG welding. Findings from the studies indicate that the PWHT has significant influence on the weld hardness of Alloy Steel-A335 P91 pipes. It is eminent that during cooling, after welding of P91, quenched martensite was formed in the HAZ that results in an increased hardness to an undesirable level of more than 250HB. PWHT at temperature of 760°C for 2 hours has good influence on mechanical properties as the hardness decreases and turns out to be uniformly distributed. If the PWHT is correctly carried out, the hardness of parent metals, heat affected zones and weld metal can be brought into the required limits to avoid any premature cracking due to high variation of hardness.
Power Skiving Process for Cylindrical Gears Manufacturing
Authors: Guo Er Kuo , Hong Rong Jing , Huang Xiao Diao , Fang Cheng Gang
Published: October 2015

Latest research clearly demonstrates the excellent capability of the gear power skiving technology. For further improvement of the skiving process and enhancement of the process reliability the fundamental research on the cutting mechanism of cylindrical gear power skiving was conducted. First the kinematic model of power skiving and mathematical equations of cutter were established according to the engagement principle of crossed helical gears. Then, based on the proposed model, we investigated the simulation process, chip deformation mechanism and the cutter top relief angle. The results support the skiving cutter design and process optimization and are an important basis for the implementation of the advanced gear process.
Formulation of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Algae Extract: A Detailed Study of Preparation and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential for Stabilization of Fish Oil
Authors: Chimsook Thitiphan
Published: October 2015

Freshwater macroalgae, Spirogyra spp., were extracted with ethanol and analyzed the antioxidant activity. The total phenolic contents (TPCs) of Spirogyra spp. ethanolic extract (SE) were 611.38±1.51 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and radical DPPH scavenging activity of ethanolic extract was 5248.15±0.20 mM Trolox equivalents/g of dry weight. The Nanostructured Lipid Carriers loaded with ethanolic extract of algae called E-NLCs were prepared by the high shear homogenization method using Compritol 888 ATO, Miglyol oil, Poloxamer 188, extract and Tween 80, respectively. The Particle size (PS), Polydispersity Index (PI), Zeta Potential (ZP) and Entrapment Efficiency (EE) were determined as 110.2 nm ± 5.1, 0.22 ± 0.01 and-14.1 mV ± 1.1, respectively. The appearance of the prepared E-NLCs was spherical morphology. The EE of extract was 66.3±2.25% in NLCs system. Antioxidant potential for stabilization of fish oil was evaluated by the estimation of peroxide values (PV) of fish oil from the catfish, fish oil treated directly with natural antioxidant (SE) and in form of E-NLCs using the butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) as standard and then incubated at 60 °C for a period of eight days. The results demonstrated that BHT have higher antioxidant potential for fish oil than SE and E-NLCs. Treatment containing E-NLCs and BHT in fish oil showed similar PV after the third day. However, the antioxidant activity of E-NLCs in stabilization of fish oil is higher than that of SE.
Analysis of Flexible Roll Forming Process with Arc Shape Panel
Authors: Zhang Ya , Yoon Dae Hwan , Jung Dong Won
Published: October 2015

Roll forming is a highly useful and important forming technique for sheet metal. As an economic profile product, roll forming products are widely used in transportation, engineering machinery, and civil construction because of their uniform sections, high strength, and low energy consumption[1]. Roll forming is a rapid processing operation used for transforming flat sheets of material into useful profiled sections. However, a lot of components used in the automobile, railway cars, ship construction, and building industries have variable cross sections. Therefore, flexible roll forming was developed recently to produce variable cross section profiles.
Effect of Si Content on Thermal Stability of CrAl(Si)N Coatings
Authors: Chen Zhi Tong , Peng Guang Jian , Xia Yuan , Li Guang
Published: October 2015

The effect of annealing temperatures on surface morphologies, microstructure, and mechanical behaviors of CrAlSiN coatings with different Si content was investigated. EDX, XRD and SEM were employed to reveal the compositions and microstructure of CrAlSiN coatings. For Si content ≤8.6%, grain sizes reduced with temperature increasing to 400°C and then increased with further increase in temperature. For Si content ≥10.7%, grain sizes gradually reduced with annealing temperature increasing. When the annealing temperature arrived at 400°C, the hardness of CrAlSiN coatings with different Si content was much higher than as deposited. While the annealing further increased to 800°C, the hardness of CrAlSiN coatings with Si content ≤8.6% reduced, but the hardness of CrAlSiN coatings with Si content ≥10.7% continued to increase.