bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acidilobaceae
Authors: Prokofeva Maria I. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Lebedinsky Alexander V. , Bonch‐Osmoloskaya Elizaveta A.
Published: September 2016

A.ci.di.lo.ba.ce'ae, N.L. masc. n.
Acidilobus
the type genus of the family, suff. ‐
aceae
ending denoting a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acidilobaceae
the family of
Acidilobus
.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Acidilobales / Acidilobaceae

The family
Acidilobaceae
belongs to the order
Acidilobales
together with the family
Caldisphaeraceae
and at present contains only one genus,
Acidilobus
. The members of this genus have coccoid cells, with or without flagella. They inhabit terrestrial acidic hot springs, being hyperthermophiles and acidophiles. All known representatives of
Acidilobaceae
are obligate anaerobes growing on peptides, polysaccharides, and sugars, with or without elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor. Acetate is the major growth product of
Acidilobaceae
, while molecular hydrogen has never been detected, which is in agreement with the absence of hydrogenase genes in the genome of
Acidilobus saccharovorans
. The analysis of microbial diversity in acidic hot springs of Kamchatka, Japan, Lassen Volcanic and Yellowstone National Parks, USA showed that
Acidilobaceae
is a widespread and abundant family of Archaea in these habitats.

Type genus
:
Acidilobus
Prokofeva, Miroshnichenko, Kostrikina, Chernyh, Kuznetsov, Tourova, Bonch‐Osmolovskaya 2000, 2007
VP
.
Methanoregulaceae
Authors: Imachi Hiroyuki , Sakai Sanae
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.re.gu.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Methanoregula
type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae
ending to donate a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanoregulaceae
the
Methanoregula
family.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanocellales / Methanoregulaceae
Nanoarchaeaceae
Authors: Huber Harald , Auerbach Anna , Podar Mircea
Published: September 2016

Na.no.ar.chae.a.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Nanoarchaeum
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Nanoarchaeaceae
the family of
Nanoarchaeum
.

Euryarchaeota / Thermococci / Nanoarchaeales / Nanoarchaeaceae

The “
Nanoarchaeaceae
” represent one of the two families within the “
Nanoarchaeales
”. They are extremely tiny cocci with reduced genomes. They are hyperthermophilic and anaerobic. They form a close association with their hosts and their growth depends on metabolic products of their host cells. Only one representative is cultivated in the laboratory.
Ferroplasmaceae
Authors: Golyshina Olga V. , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Golyshin Peter N.
Published: September 2016

Fer.ro.plas.ma.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Ferroplasma
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending indicating a family; N.L. pl. fem. n.
Ferroplasmaceae
the
Ferroplasma
family.

Euryarchaeota / Thermoplasmata / Thermoplasmatales / Ferroplasmaceae

The family
Ferroplasmaceae
(Golyshina et al. 2000, 1004
VP
) is one of the four families within the order
Thermoplasmatales
. It includes two genera,
Ferroplasma
and
Acidiplasma
;
Ferroplasma
is a monospecific genus with the only validly described species being
Ferroplasma acidiphilum
. The second genus within this family,
Acidiplasma
, is represented by two species,
Acidiplasma aeolicum
and
Acidiplasma cupricumulans
, initially described as
Ferroplasma cupricumulans
. Members of the family are cell wall‐deficient, extremely acidophilic (optimal pH for the growth is 1–1.7), iron oxidizing, facultatively anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, and mesophilic organisms with certain differences in physiology and chemotaxonomy. The main polar lipids are glycosyl/galactosyl dibiphytanyl phosphoglycerol tetraethers. The DNA G + C content (mol%): 34–37. The members of the family
Ferroplasmaceae
inhabit acidic environments, such as sulfide ores, mines, drainage waters, and volcanic areas worldwide.
Beutenbergia
Authors: Groth Ingrid , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Kämpfer Peter
Published: September 2016

Beu.ten.ber'gi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Beutenbergia
referring to Beutenberg, the geographical location of the institute in which the soil sample was studied.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Beutenbergia

Cells are irregular rods
or cocci
occur singly, in pairs, shortchains, or clusters and exhibit a
rod–coccus growth cycle
. Gram‐stain positive, not acidfast.
Endospores are not formed
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to microaerobic
. Colonies grown on rich (R) agar are smooth, circular, convex, opaque with entire margins, and cream to bright yellow in color. Good growth on complex organic media at 28°C.
Oxidase negative
,
catalase positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
α based on L‐lysine. The
acyl type is acetyl
. Whole cell sugars are
glucose
,
mannose
,
and galactose
. The predominant menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

); MK‐8(H
2
), MK‐8, and MK‐9(H
4
) occur in minor amounts. The polar lipids consist of
phosphatidylinositol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
and unknown phospholipids
.
The cellular fatty acid profile
is dominated by
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strains of
Beutenbergia
are closely related both to the genera of the families
Beutenbergiaceae
(
Salana
,
Serinibacter
, and
Miniimonas
) and
Bogoriellaceae
(
Georgenia
and
Bogoriella
) and to the genera
Cellulosimicrobium
(
Promicromonosporaceae
),
Sanguibacter
(
Sanguibacteraceae
) and
Intrasporangium
(
Intrasporangiaceae
) and the genus
Ruania
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol%
): 71 (HPLC), 73.1 (complete genome sequence).

Type species
:
Beutenbergia cavernae
Groth, Schumann, Schuetze, Augsten, Kramer and Stackebrandt 1999, 1738
VP
.
Methylocaldum
Authors: Takeuchi Mio
Published: September 2016

Me.thy.lo.cal'dum. N.L. pref.
methylo
‐ pertaining to the methyl radical; L. adj.
caldus
hot; N.L. neut. n.
Methylocaldum
heat‐loving methylotroph.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylocaldum

Gram‐negative,
coccoidal to long rods
.
Moderately thermophilic
; growth at temperatures >40°C.
Utilize methane as carbon and energy source. No growth on compounds containing carbon–carbon bonds
. Enzymes for ribulose monophosphate and serine pathways of formaldehyde assimilation are present. Possess particulate methane monooxygenase. Produce large cysts. Habitat: soil, hot springs, and marine sediments.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
)
: 57.2–59.7.

Type species
:
Methylocaldum szegediense
Bodrossy, Holmes, Holmes, Kovács and Murrell 1998, 631
VP
(Effective publication: Bodrossy, Holmes, Holmes, Kovács and Murrell 1997, 501).
Methylomicrobium
Authors: Kalyuzhnaya Marina G.
Published: September 2016

Me.thy.lo.mi.cro' bi.um. N.L. pref.
methylo
‐ pertaining to the methyl radical; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. n.
Methylomicrobium
a small organism able to utilize methyl units.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylomicrobium

Cells are short rods, 0.5–1.5 µm × 1.5–3.0 µm. Motile, monotrichous, or peritrichous. Reproduce by binary fission.
Lack cysts
or other differentiated resting stages. Cells
form intracytoplasmic membranes as stacks of vesicular disks
. Cells may possess a thin slime capsule and
form regular glycoprotein S‐layers arranged
in
p2
,
p4
, or
p6
symmetries.
Aerobic
, can grow at low‐oxygen tension and display
fermentation
and
denitrification capabilities
. Some species can oxidize ammonium and inorganic and organic sulfur compounds as additional sources of energy.
Obligate methanotrophs
utilizing methane or methanol as the carbon and energy sources but not other
C
1
and

C
n

compounds. Assimilate formaldehyde via
the ribulose monophosphate pathway
, and all strains have a
partial serine cycle
. Utilize nitrate and ammonium salts as nitrogen sources. Some species can use urea, methylamine, and amino acids as nitrogen sources. Mostly
mesophilic
, with optimal growth at 25–35°C. Some strains are alkalitolerant or alkaliphilic, growing well in the pH range between 9 and 10.5, and require sodium ions for growth. Possess a particulate methane monooxygenase (MMO), and some strains may also contain a soluble MMO. The most abundant
fatty acids
are
C
16:1
ω
7
c
, C
16:1
, C
16:0
, C
14:0
, and C
16:1
ω
8
c
.
Ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8)
is the predominant quinone. Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, saline soda lakes, wetland muds, agricultural and swampy soils, upper mixing layers of oceans, and estuarine waters. Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria,
order
Methylococcales
, family
Methylococcaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 46–51.

Type species
:
Methylomicrobium agile
(Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993) Bowman, Sly and Stackebrandt 1995, 183
VP
(
Methylobacter agilis
Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993, 749.).
Compostimonas
Authors: Trujillo Martha E.
Published: September 2016

Com.pos.ti.mo'nas. N.L. n.
compostum
compost; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Compostimonas
a bacterium isolated from compost.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Compostimonas

Gram‐stain positive, aerobic, nonmotile actinobacterium. Colonies are white round and convex. Cells are
short rods
and nonsporulated. Mesophilic and neutrophilic microorganism that
grows between 10 and 37°C
and pH 6–8, respectively. Nitrate is reduced. Oxidase positive but catalase negative. Indol reaction negative. The
peptidoglycan is of type B
and contains
d
‐glutamic acid, glycine,
d
‐alanine, and

l
‐2,4‐diaminobutyric acid

. The major respiratory quinones are MK‐11 and MK‐12. The polar lipids comprise diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and an unidentified glycolipid. The genus belongs to the family
Microbacteriaceae
and is phylogenetically related to the genera
Alpinimonas
,
Clavibacter
,
Frigoribacterium
,
Frondihabitans
,
Glaciihabitans
,
Klugiella,
and
Marisediminicola
.
Compostimonas suwonensis
is the type and only species representing the genus.
Compostimonas suwonensis
SMC46
T
was isolated from spent mushroom compost.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 68 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Compostimonas suwonensis
Kim, Tamura, Hamada, Ahn, Weon, Park, Suzuki and Kwon 2012, 2414
VP
.
Pontimonas
Authors: Cho Byung C. , Jang Gwang I. , Hwang Chung Y.
Published: September 2016

Pon.ti.mo'nas. L. n.
pontus
the sea; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a monad, unit; N.L. fem. n.
Pontimonas
a monad from the sea.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Pontimonas

At the time of writing, only a single species
Pontimonas salivibrio
is validly published in this genus. Cells are curved (selenoid) rods, Gram‐staining‐positive, nonmotile, strictly aerobic, and non‐spore‐forming. Positive for catalase activity, but negative for oxidase. The species grows on a routine medium such as marine agar. The type strain of the species was isolated from a seawater reservoir of a solar saltern. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains 2,4‐diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and glycine. The major menaquinones are MK‐10 and MK‐9. The major cellular fatty acids are anteiso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, and iso‐C
14:0
. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Pontimonas salivibrio
Jang, Cho and Cho 2013, 2127
VP
.
Rhodoluna
Authors: Hahn Martin W.
Published: September 2016

Rho.do.lu'na. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose, L. fem. n.
luna
the moon, N.L. fem. n.
Rhodoluna
red‐colored moon, referring to the red pigmentation and the seemingly selenoid (crescent shape) morphology of the strain.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Rhodoluna

The genus
Rhodoluna
represents freshwater bacteria of very small cell size (ultramicrobacteria) characterized by streamlined genomes of less than 1.5 Mbp. Bacteria affiliated with this genus thrive in the pelagic zone of freshwater systems located in the temperate, subtropical, and tropical climatic zone. Their small cell and genome sizes are assumed to be an adaptation to a planktonic lifestyle in aquatic systems. The genus
Rhodoluna
is affiliated with the family
Microbacteriaceae
of the phylum
Actinobacteria
. This genus currently harbors the species
Rhodoluna lacicola
and the
Candidatus
species Rhodoluna planktonica and Rhodoluna limnophila.
R. lacicola
is a chemoorganotrophic aerobe with complex growth requirements. Cells of the type strain MWH‐Ta8
T
are tiny curved rods. The strain forms on NSY agar small, circular convex colonies with shiny surface and red pigmentation. The cell wall peptidoglycan is of the B‐type, and the major menaquinones are MK‐11 and MK‐12. Predominant cellular fatty acids are anteiso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, anteiso‐C
15:0
, and iso‐C
14:0
. The polar lipid profile contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and unknown glycolipids. The genus
Rhodoluna
differs from all other previously described genera of the family
Microbacteriaceae
by its low DNA G + C content of 52 mol%.

DNA G + C content
(
mol%
): 52 (genome sequencing).

Type species
:
Rhodoluna lacicola
Hahn, Schmidt, Taipale, Doolittle and Koll 2014, 3262
VP
.
Xiangella
Authors: Liu Chongxi , Jia Feiyu , Xiang Wensheng
Published: September 2016

Xi.ang.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Xiangella
named after Hua Xiang, a Chinese microbiologist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Xiangella

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, and non‐acid‐fast actinomycetes. Cells form extensively branched substrate mycelia, which carry singly warty‐surfaced, nonmotile spores (0.60–0.69 µm). Cell walls contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, and mannose, galactose, and glucose are the whole‐cell sugars. The major menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐9(H
6
). Phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannoside are present. The major cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
18:0
, C
17:1
ω7
c
, iso‐C
15:0
, and C
17:0
. The acyl type of the cell wall polysaccharides is glycolyl. Mycolic acid is absent.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 72.2 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Xiangella phaseoli
Wang, Jia, Liu, Zhao, Wang, Shen, Wang, Zhang, Li and Xiang 2013, 2142
VP
.
Caldisphaera
Authors: Itoh Takashi
Published: September 2016

Cal.di.sphae'ra. L. adj.
caldus
hot; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Caldisphaera
a hot spherical cell.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Acidilobales / Caldisphaeraceae / Caldisphaera

The genus
Caldisphaera
is represented by one validly named species
Caldisphaera lagunensis
, and one species, “
Caldisphaera draconis
,” whose name has not been validated. The genus belongs to the family
Caldisphaeraceae
of the order
Acidilobales
. Cells are regular cocci, 0.8–1.1 µm in diameter. Anaerobic, acidophilic, and extremely thermophilic. Heterotrophic, utilizing polymeric carbohydrates, and peptides in the absence of an electron acceptor. Growth is stimulated by sulfur. Resistant to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oleandomycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 30–31.

The type species
:
Caldisphaera lagunensis
Itoh, Suzuki, Sanchez and Nakase 2003 1153
VP
.
Vulcanisaeta
Authors: Itoh Takashi
Published: September 2016

Vul.ca.ni.sae'ta. L. adj.
vulcanius
belonging to Vulcan (the god of fire), intended to mean volcanic; L. fem. n.
saeta
stiff hair; N.L. fem. n.
Vulcanisaeta
a rigid rod inhabiting volcanic hot springs.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales / Thermoproteaceae / Vulcanisaeta

The genus
Vulcanisaeta
is a member of the family
Thermoproteaceae
and represented by three species:
V. distributa
,
V. souniana
, and
V. thermophila
.

Cells are rigid, straight to slightly curved rods, which occasionally bend, branch out, or bear spherical bodies at the terminals (“golf clubs”). Most cells are 0.4–0.6 × 3–7 µm. Pili arise terminally or laterally. Nonmotile. It grows anaerobically and prefers extremely high temperature (85–90°C) and moderate acidic conditions (pH 4.0–5.0) for growth. The genus shows susceptibility to novobiocin and rifampicin. It possesses cyclic and acyclic tetraether core lipids. It thrives in volcanic acidic hot springs and solfataric soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 43–46.

Type species
:
Vulcanisaeta distributa
Itoh, Suzuki and Nakase 2002, 1103
VP
.
Halarchaeum
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki
Published: September 2016

Hal.ar.chae'um. Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
salt, salt water; Gr. adj.
archaios
ancient; N.L. neut. n.
Halarchaeum
a saline archaeon.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Halarchaeum

The genus
Halarchaeum
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Phylogenetically, the genus is closely related to the genera
Salarchaeum
and
Halobacterium
.
Halarchaeum
species are pleomorphic, with triangular and disc‐shaped cells and stain Gram‐negative. They are extremely halophilic and moderately acidophilic chemoorganotrophic aerobes that grow on a wide range of substrates, including single and complex carbon sources and require at least 1.6 M NaCl and pH values between 4.0 and 8.2. The polar lipids are C
20
C
20
and C
20
C
25
derivatives of phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl glycerophosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and unidentified glycolipids. Currently, the genus consists of five species:
Hla. acidiphilum
(the type species of the genus),
Hla. nitratireducens
,
Hla. rubridurum
,
Hla. salinum
, and
Hla. solikamskense
. Isolates have been recovered from commercial solar salt samples and from foamy products of flotation enrichment of potassium minerals.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.3–67.4.

Type species
:
Halarchaeum acidiphilum
.
Halorhabdus
Authors: Antunes André , Ferrer Manuel , Yarza Pablo
Published: September 2016

Ha.lo.rhab'dus. Gr. n.
hals halos
salt; Gr. n.
rhabdos
rod or stick; N.L. fem. n.
Halorhabdus
salt(‐loving) rod.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Halorhabdus

The genus
Halorhabdus
, classified in the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
in the class
Halobacteria
, consists of highly pleomorphic, Gram‐stain‐negative cells. Some strains exhibit a predominance of cocci‐ or rod‐shaped cells. Strains may produce red or nonpigmented colonies. They are aerobic or facultative anaerobic chemoorganotrophs; some strains display very poor growth under aerobic conditions, and fermentative capability may be present. Some can grow only on a very narrow range of organic substrates. All are catalase positive, and some show a positive oxidase reaction. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Some strains also reduce nitrite.
Halorhabdus
spp. are extremely halophilic, and cells quickly lyse in water. Magnesium is either not required or only necessary in very small amounts (0.002 M). They are thermotolerant, with growth in the range 15–57.5°C. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is produced. The respiratory lipoquinone present is MK‐8(VIII‐H2); MK‐8 is also present in some strains. Different types of diphytanyl ether derivatives are the major polar lipids; phosphatidylglycerol sulfate is always absent. Three species of the genus
Halorhabdus
have been described and were isolated from a variety of hypersaline environments: sediments in hypersaline lakes (
Hrd. utahensis
, the type species of the genus), deep‐sea brines (
Hrd. tiamatea
), and salt mine boreholes (
Hrd. rudnickae
).

DNA G + C content
: 60.4–62.9% (based on genome sequence); 60.8–64.0 mol% (based on HPLC).

Type species
:
Halorhabdus utahensis
.
Natribaculum
Authors: Zhang Li‐Li , Oren Aharon
Published: September 2016

Na.tri.ba'cu.lum. N.L. n.
natron
arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natrun
or
natron
soda, sodium carbonate; L. neut. n.
baculum
stick; N.L. neut. n.
Natribaculum
soda stick.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Natribaculum

The genus
Natribaculum
is classified within the family
Natrialbaceae
, order
Natrialbales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Currently, the genus contains two species:
Natribaculum breve
(the type species of the genus) and
Natribaculum longum
. Cells are aerobic chemoheterotrophs. They are Gram‐strain negative, motile pleomorphic rods under optimal growth conditions. They are extremely halophilic, with growth occurring in media containing 0.9–5.1 M NaCl (optimum: 2.6–3.4 M NaCl), and show optimal growth at 37°C and pH 7.0–7.5. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and two glycolipids chromatographically identical to galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether (TGD‐1) and bis‐sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S
2
‐DGD). All isolates were obtained from saline soils in China.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63.8–63.9.

Type species
:
Natribaculum breve
.
Methanoregula
Authors: Zinder Stephen , Bräuer Suzanna
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.re'gu.la. N.L. pref.
methano
pertaining to methane; L. fem. n.
regula
slat or ruler; N.L. fem. n.
Methanoregula
methane‐producing thin slat.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanocellales / Methanoregulaceae / Methanoregula

The genus
Methanoregula
is classified in the family
Methanoregulaceae
in the euryarchaeal order
Methanomicrobiales
.
Methanoregula
spp. form straight rods of diameter 0.2–0.5 µm with blunt ends and often divide asymmetrically to produce coccoid forms as well. They are strictly anaerobic H
2
/CO
2
‐utilizing methanogens. Currently, the genus consists of two species,
Methanoregula boonei
strain 6A8, the type species for the genus and the family, a moderate acidophile isolated from a peat bog, and
Methanoregula formicica
strain SMSP, a formate‐utilizing neutrophile isolated from an anaerobic bioreactor. The two extant species share only 96.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, and surveys of 16S rRNA gene sequences in aquatic sediments and bioreactors have found numerous sequences of intermediate relatedness indicating that there are several other species of
Methanoregula
yet to be cultured.

DNA G + C content (mol%
): 54.5 (genome sequence)–56.2 (HPLC)/55.2 (genome sequence)

Type species
:
Methanoregula boonei
Bräuer, Cadillo‐Quiroz, Ward, Yavitt and Zinder 2011, 51
VP
“Nanoarchaeum”
Authors: Auerbach Anna , Huber Harald
Published: September 2016

Na.no.ar.chae'um. Gr. masc. n.
nanos
dwarf; Gr. masc. adj.
archaios
ancient; N.L. neut. n.
“Nanoarchaeum”
the ancient dwarf.

Euryarchaeota / Thermococci / Nanoarchaeales / Nanoarchaeaceae / Nanoarchaeum

Presently, the genus
“Nanoarchaeum”
harbors only one species,
“Nanoarchaeum equitans”
. Cells are tiny cocci (diameters between 0.35 and 0.5 µm), which are directly attached to the surface of their host,
Ignicoccus hospitalis
cells. This association is mandatory for
“N. equitans”
to survive and proliferate.
“N. equitans”
is hyperthermophilic with an optimal growth temperature around 90°C. Its cytoplasmic membrane is covered by a regular surface layer (S‐layer) with sixfold symmetry. Cells stain Gram‐negative.
“N. equitans”
must obtain its small‐molecule cellular precursors (lipids, amino acids, and sugars) from its host. The genome is highly reduced exhibiting only around 490 kbp.

Type species
:
“Nanoarchaeum equitans”
Huber, Hohn, Rachel, Fuchs, Wimmer and Stetter 2002, 66.
Thermogymnomonas
Authors: Itoh Takashi
Published: September 2016

Ther.mo.gym.no.mo'nas. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. adj.
gymnos
nude; Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit; N.L. fem. n.
Thermogymnomonas
hot, cell wall‐less unit.

Euryarchaeota / Thermoplasmata / Thermoplasmatales / incertae sedis / Thermogymnomonas

Thermogymnomonas
(Itoh, Yoshikawa, and Takashina 2007, 2560
VP
) is a member of the order
Thermoplasmatales
. Phylogenetically, it is independent from the hitherto known families of this order, that is,
Thermoplasmataceae
,
Picrophilaceae
,
Ferroplasmaceae,
and the newly proposed
Cuniculiplasmaceae
. At present, however, no family name has been proposed to include this genus. The genus is represented by the single species,
Thermogymnomonas acidicola
.

Cells of the genus
Thermogymnomonas
are pleomorphic, predominating irregular cocci ranging mostly from 1.0 to 3.0 µm in diameter. It lacks a cell wall and is surrounded by a thin membrane (ca. 10 nm). On a solid medium, it forms small colorless colonies looked like the “fried egg” appearance. Strictly aerobic, acidophilic, moderately thermophilic, and heterotrophic requiring yeast extract for growth. It contains tetraether lipids dominantly, and a menaquinone with seven isoprenoid units (MK‐7) as a major respiratory quinone component. It thrives in terrestrial acidic hot springs and solfataric soils.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 56 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Thermogymnomonas acidicola
Itoh, Yoshikawa and Takashina 2007, 2561
VP
.
Cellulosilyticum
Authors: Cai Shichun , Shao Nana , Dong Xiuzhu
Published: September 2016

Cel.lu.lo.si.ly' ti.cum. N.L. n.
cellulosum
cellulose; N.L. neut. adj.
lyticum
able to loosen, able to dissolve; N.L. neut. n.
Cellulosilyticum
a bacterium able to dissolve cellulose.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Cellulosilytiaceae / Cellulosilyticum

Straight to slightly curved rod‐shaped cells. 0.3–1.0 × 2.5–4.0 µm. Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure but stain Gram‐negative. Cells form terminal spores. Mesophilic, optimum growth temperature is approximately 40°C. Obligate anaerobic. No microaerophilic or aerobic growth occurs. Produces acetate as one of the major end products. Butyric acid is not formed. Hydrolyzes cellulose and xylan and ferments cellobiose but not glucose. Two species,
Cellulosilyticum ruminicola
and
Cellulosilyticum lentocellum
, have been described. Substrates, such as cellulose or cellobiose, induce alterations of the cell morphology. The draft genomes encode an array of cellulolytic enzymes.
C. ruminicola
produces endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, xylanases, mannanase, pectinases, and feruloyl esterases, acetyl‐esterases to break the interbridge cross‐links.

DNA G + C content (mol%
): 32.9–36.

Type species
:
Cellulosilyticum ruminicola
Cai and Dong 2010, 848
VP
.
Methylomarinum
Authors: Hirayama Hisako
Published: September 2016

Me.thy.lo.ma.ri'num. N.L. pref.
methylo
‐ pertaining to the methyl radical; N.L. neut. adj.
marinum
of the sea; N.L. neut. n.
Methylomarinum
methyl‐using bacterium from the sea.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylomarinum

Cells are
plump short rods or oval‐shaped bacteria
and reproduce by normal cell division. No cysts are formed. Possess an
intracytoplasmic membrane system.
Intracellular inclusion granules are formed. Gram‐negative. Motile by a single polar flagellum.
Aerobic
.
Obligate methanotrophs
using only methane and methanol as the energy and carbon source. Multicarbon compounds are not utilized.
Mesophilic
, growing at 20–44°C with an optimal temperature of 37–43°C.
NaCl is required
for growth with a range 1–8% and optimally grows at 2–3% NaCl. Possess particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) but not soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) for methane oxidation. Assimilate carbon via
the ribulose monophosphate pathway (RuMP)
. The key enzyme activities of the serine pathway and the Calvin–Benson cycle are absent. Nitrate and ammonium salts are utilized as nitrogen sources. Utilization of nitrite depends on strains. Do not fix atmospheric nitrogen for growth. Major fatty acids include

C
16:0
, C
16:1
ω7
c
, and C
16:1
ω5
t

. Major polar lipids are
phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol
. A major respiratory quinone is
18‐methyleneubiquinone 8 (MQ‐8)
. Isolated from marine environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 51–52 (genome sequence, HPLC).

Type species
:
Methylomarinum vadi
Hirayama, Fuse, Abe, Miyazaki, Nakamura, Nunoura, Furushima, Yamamoto and Takai 2013, 1080
VP
.
Methylomarinovum
Authors: Hirayama Hisako
Published: September 2016

Me.thy.lo.ma.rin.o'vum. N.L. pref.
methylo‐
pertaining to the methyl radical; N.L. adj.
marinus
of the sea; L. neut. n.
ovum
egg, oval; N.L. neut. n.
Methylomarinovum
a methyl (group)‐using oval‐shaped bacterium from the sea.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylothermaceae / Methylomarinovum

Cells are Gram‐negative,
cocci, or oval‐shaped short rods
, which reproduce by normal cell division. No resting stages are present. Possess a
typical gammaproteobacterial intracytoplasmic membrane system
. Form intracellular inclusion granules. Cells are motile but a flagellum has not been found.
Aerobic
.
Obligate methanotrophs
using only methane and methanol as the energy and carbon source. Multicarbon compounds are not utilized.
Moderately thermophilic
, growing at 30–55°C with optimum at 45–50°C.
NaCl is required
for growth within a concentration range 1–5% (w/v); optimal growth occurs at 3% NaCl. Possess particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) but not soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) for methane oxidation. Assimilate carbon via
the ribulose monophosphate pathway
. The key enzyme activities of the serine pathway and the Calvin–Benson cycle are absent. Ammonium salts and urea are utilized as nitrogen sources. Do not fix atmospheric nitrogen for growth. Major fatty acids are

C
16:0
and C
18:1
ω7
c

. A major respiratory quinone is
ubiquinone 8 (Q‐8)
. Isolated from a marine environment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 66 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Methylomarinovum caldicuralii
Hirayama, Abe, Miyazaki, Nunoura, Furushima, Yamamoto and Takai 2014, 997
VP
Methylothermus
Authors: Hirayama Hisako
Published: September 2016

Me.thy.lo.ther'mus. N.L. pref.
methylo‐
pertaining to the methyl radical; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
Methylothermus
methyl‐using thermotolerant organism.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylothermaceae / Methylothermus

Cells are Gram‐negative
cocci
and 0.6–1.4 µm in diameter. Reproduce by normal cell division. No resting stages are present. Possess an
intracytoplasmic membrane system
. Some species may form intracellular inclusion granules. Motile or nonmotile. When motile, form a single polar flagellum.
Aerobic
.
Obligate methanotrophs
using only methane and methanol as the energy and carbon source. Multicarbon compounds are not utilized.
Moderately thermophilic
, growing at a range
37–67°C
with optimal temperature of
55–60°C
.
NaCl is not required
for growth. Possess particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) but not soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) for methane oxidation. Assimilate carbon via
the ribulose monophosphate pathway (RuMP)
. The key enzyme activities of the serine pathway and the Calvin–Benson cycle are absent. Nitrate and ammonium salts and urea are utilized as nitrogen sources. Utilization of nitrite and casamino acids depends on species. Do not fix atmospheric nitrogen for growth. Major fatty acids are

C
16:0
and C
18:1

. Major polar lipids are
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG
). A major respiratory quinone is
ubiquinone 8 (Q‐8)
. Isolated from terrestrial hot springs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54–63 (
T
m
and HPLC).

Type species
:
Methylothermus thermalis
Tsubota, Eshinimaev, Khmelenina and Trotsenko 2005, 1883
VP
.
Candidatus
Nitrosopumilales
Authors: Qin Wei , Martens‐Habbena Willm , Kobelt Julia N. , Stahl David A.
Published: September 2016

Ni.tro.so.pu.mi.la'les. N.L. masc. n.
Ca
. Nitrosopumilus type genus of the order;
‐ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n. Nitrosopumilales the
Ca
. Nitrosopumilus order.

Thaumarchaeota / Nitrososphaeria / Candidatus Nitrosopumilales

Mesophilic to moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, motile or nonmotile, slender rods, or irregular cocci. Obligately aerobic ammonia‐oxidizing archaea; many members, but not all, are capable of using urea as substrate. Autotrophic, using a modified version of 3‐hydroxypropionate/4‐hydroxybutyrate pathway for CO
2
fixation, although some organic material may be needed to support growth. Cells are free living or symbiotic. Outer cell wall structure is composed of a hexagonally arrayed single S‐layer. Cell membrane is composed of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids, including large amounts of crenarchaeol. Cells are light‐sensitive. Organisms are widely distributed in marine, terrestrial, and geothermal environments.
Ca
. Nitrosopumilales can be phylogenetically differentiated from other orders within the phylum
Thaumarchaeota
, by comparison of the 16S rRNA and
amoA
(encoding the α‐subunit of ammonia monooxygenase) sequences. Unlike
Ca
. Nitrosopumilales, no rod‐shaped cell forms have so far been observed among the members of the orders
Nitrososphaerales
and
Ca
.
Nitrosocaldales
. Cultivated representatives of this order are neutrophilic. In contrast, most members of the order
Ca
.
Nitrosotaleales
are acidophilic. The order contains two families,
Ca
. Nitrosopumilaceae and
Ca
.
Nitrosotenuaceae
.
Candidatus
Nitrosotaleales
Authors: Prosser James I. , Nicol Graeme W.
Published: September 2016

Ni.tro.so.ta.le.a'les. N.L. fem. n.
Ca
. Nitrosotalea type genus of the family; ‐ales ending to denote order; N.L. pl. n.
Ca
. Nitrosotaleales the
Ca
. Nitrosotalea order.

Thaumarchaeota / Nitrososphaeria / Candidatus Nitrosotaleales
Acidilobales
Authors: Prokofeva Maria I. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Lebedinsky Alexander V. , Bonch‐Osmoloskaya Elizaveta A.
Published: September 2016

A.ci.di.lo.ba'les. N.L. masc. n.
Acidilobus
the type genus of the order, suff. ‐
ales
ending denoting an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acidilobales
the
Acidilobus
order.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Acidilobales
Methanomassiliicoccales
Authors: Nkamga Vanessa Demonfort , Drancourt Michel
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.mas.si.li.i.coc.ca'les. N.L. neut. n.
Methanomassiliicoccus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanomassiliicoccales
order of the genus
Methanomassiliicoccus
.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomassiliicocci / Methanomassiliicoccales

The order
Methanomassiliicoccales
proposed by Iino et al. (2013a) was circumscribed for this volume on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. Members have been found in marine and soil environments, as well as from subgingival pockets and the intestine of termites and mammals, including the human gut. This new order consisted mainly of uncultured methanogens that were subdivided into two distinct phylogenetic clades designated “environmental” and “gastrointestinal” (GIT) based on differential 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme‐M reductase (mcrA) gene sequences analysis. Members of the order are strictly anaerobic, methane producing archaea that use H
2
plus methanol and methylamines as substrates for methanogenesis. The cell morphology is coccoid.

Type genus
:
Methanomassiliicoccus
Dridi, Fardeau, Ollivier, Raoult and Drancourt 2012b, 2550
VP
(Effective publication: Dridi, Fardeau, Ollivier, Raoult and Drancourt 2012a, 1905).
Enhancing Social Responsibility and Prosocial Leadership to Prevent Aggression, Peer Victimization, and Emotional Problems in Elementary School Children
Authors: Leadbeater Bonnie J. , Thompson Kara , Sukhawathanakul Paweena
Published: September 2016

Testing the theories that form the basis of prevention programs can enhance our understanding of behavioral change and inform the development, coordination, and adaptation of prevention programs. However, theories of change showing the linkages from intervention program components to risk or protective factors to desired outcomes across time are rarely specified or tested. In this 2‐year longitudinal study, we test the theory that increases in two protective factors (i.e., children's prosocial leadership and their teachers’ expectations of social responsibility) targeted by the WITS Programs (Walk Away, Ignore, Talk it Out, and Seek Help) would be associated with declines in peer victimization, aggression, and emotional problems. Participants included Canadian students, in grades 1–4 at baseline (n = 1329) and their parents and teachers. Consistent with our theory of change, variability in program implementation (adherence and integration) and in children's use of program skills (child responsiveness) are related to increases in both protective factors. Increases in these protective factors are associated with subsequent declines in children's aggression, victimization, and emotional problems. We discuss how enhancement of these protective factors may operate to improve child outcomes and the need for theory‐based research to refine and improve the effectiveness of intervention strategies and to improve program scale‐up.
Investigation of inter‐relationship between tensile behavior and photocatalytic activity of an acrylic‐based composite upon UVA exposure
Authors: Dianatdar Afshin , Jamshidi Masoud
Published: September 2016

The aim of this work is to produce a photocatalytic pseudo‐paint for benzene removal from air and find the role of TiO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 pigment, and CaCO3 extender on photocatalytic performance of this paint along with their role on stress–strain behavior after ultraviolet (UV) exposure. For this purpose, TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed into an indoor paint resin (i.e., copolymer acrylic–styrene). The impact of main components of the paint on photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) rate of benzene was studied. It was found that dispersion of nanoparticles had the most dramatic effect on photo activity of nanocomposite. TiO2 pigment generally increased PCO rate and also made the paint more stable under tensile stress. CaCO3 may increase and/or decrease PCO of benzene, whether there is pigment in the formulation or not. However, it does not generally contribute to making the formulation resistant to UV exposure. Nanoparticles bring PCO and mechanical strength into the paint, but fail to strengthen the composite against UV deterioration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44447.
The effect of the incorporation of polystyrene‐based chain extenders on the properties of the shape memory polyurethanes
Authors: Martins Giuliano Siniscalchi , Pereira Iaci Miranda , Guerra Diniz Ana Eliza , Oréfice Rodrigo Lambert
Published: September 2016

In this work, the idea of modulating the shape memory properties of polyurethanes by changing their macromolecular architecture through the incorporation of polystyrene‐based moieties was investigated. To study these effects, poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) was incorporated during the synthesis of PU as a potential chain extender. Two sample groups were produced: (i) PU, produced with hydrazine as a chain extender and (ii) PUSMA, produced with the addition of SMA instead of hydrazine. The results suggest that the SMA incorporation in the PUSMA chains occurred by the reaction between NCO groups of the PU and maleic anhydride (MA) of the SMA. The presence of SMA was useful in modulating the structure of PU by reducing the soft segment crystallinity and molar mass. These changes in the structure and macromolecular architecture due to the presence of SMA moieties in PU chains led to pronounced improvements in strength, toughness, and the shape recovery ratio. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44471.
Age dating of old field stars: Challenges from the uncertain efficiency of atomic diffusion
Authors: Salaris M.
Published: September 2016

Age‐dating the Milky Way stellar populations plays a major role in studies of galaxy formation and evolution. Ages of old stars that represent the fossil record of the early stages of galaxy formation are particular important. Current spectroscopic surveys provide effective temperature, surface gravity and photospheric composition of large samples of Milky Way stars, and these data can be used to determine stellar ages by employing stellar evolution models. Here it is shown how current uncertainties on the efficiency of atomic diffusion in the interiors of low‐mass metal poor stars can affect the derived ages at the level of several 10 %. Asteroseismic constraints on the stellar masses can reduce these errors and in the limit of high accuracy can indirectly constrain the efficiency of diffusion in the interiors of these stars.
Automated pipelines for spectroscopic analysis
Authors: Allende Prieto C.
Published: September 2016

The Gaia mission will have a profound impact on our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Milky Way. Gaia is providing an exhaustive census of stellar parallaxes, proper motions, positions, colors and radial velocities, but also leaves some glaring holes in an otherwise complete data set. The radial velocities measured with the on‐board highresolution spectrograph will only reach some 10 % of the full sample of stars with astrometry and photometry from the mission, and detailed chemical information will be obtained for less than 1 %. Teams all over the world are organizing large‐scale projects to provide complementary radial velocities and chemistry, since this can now be done very efficiently from the ground thanks to large and mid‐size telescopes with a wide field‐of‐view and multi‐object spectrographs. As a result, automated data processing is taking an ever increasing relevance, and the concept is applying to many more areas, from targeting to analysis. In this paper, I provide a quick overview of recent, ongoing, and upcoming spectroscopic surveys, and the strategies adopted in their automated analysis pipelines.
Hydrodynamical model atmospheres: Their impact on stellar spectroscopy and asteroseismology of late‐type stars
Authors: Ludwig H.‐G. , Steffen M.
Published: September 2016

Hydrodynamical, i.e. multi‐dimensional and time‐dependent, model atmospheres of late‐type stars have reached a high level of realism. They are commonly applied in high‐fidelity work on stellar abundances but also allow the study of processes that are not modelled in standard, one‐dimensional hydrostatic model atmospheres. Here, we discuss two observational aspects that emerge from such processes, the photometric granulation background and the spectroscopic microturbulence. We use CO5BOLD hydrodynamical model atmospheres to characterize the total granular brightness fluctuations and characteristic time scale for FGK stars. Emphasis is put on the diagnostic potential of the granulation background for constraining the fundamental atmospheric parameters. We find a clear metallicity dependence of the granulation background. The comparison between the model predictions and available observational constraints at solar metallicity shows significant differences, that need further clarification. Concerning microturbulence, we report on the derivation of a theoretical calibration based on CO5BOLD models, which shows good correspondence with the measurements for stars in the Hyades. We emphasize the importance of a consistent procedure when determining the microturbulence, and point to limitations of the commonly applied description of microturbulence in hydrostatic model atmospheres.
Characterizing high‐latitude K dwarfs and giants with Sloan SDSS colors and Kepler 2 light curves
Authors: Peterson R. C.
Published: September 2016

This work describes how Sloan SDSS ugr colors and emphKepler 2 (K2) light curves can go a long way towards identifying and characterizing two unbiased tracers of the halo population, K dwarfs ∼1 kpc distant and red K giants of the remote halo, without additional spectroscopy. We first compare observed stellar effective temperatures Teff and dereddened (g –r)0 colors for K stars to Castelli & Kurucz (2003) models. This shows that in lightly‐reddened halo fields, Teff is determined to 150K for K dwarfs (and to 100 K for K giants) from (g –r)0 alone. We then consider the u –g vs. g –r diagram for K stars with 15 < r < 18.5 in the K2 field C8 at l ∼ 129°.4, b ∼ –57°.4. The high‐quality Bhatti et al. (2010) photometry in the Stripe 82 region of C8 suggests 99% are likely to be K dwarfs, located at a height z ∼ 750 pc above the plane of the Galaxy. The metallicity sensitivity of the u –g vs. g –r diagram reveals that most of these K dwarfs have [Fe/H] > –1.0 and [α/Fe] ∼ 0, which is typical for their Galactic distance and position (Hayden et al. 2015, Fig. 4). Finally, we suggest Kepler 2 as an efficient way to identify the trace population of remote K giants, using asteroseismology rather than spectroscopy. In giants but not in dwarfs, p‐mode oscillations like those of the Sun occur at frequencies detectable at long cadence. To reduce dwarf contamination, we have proposed K giant targets for K2 that are largely restricted to the u –g vs. g –r region where most cool red giants fall but few dwarfs do. The metallicity bias so introduced is small compared to that of previous wide‐field surveys such as SEGUE (Xue et al. 2014). Although halo giants are rare, K2 imaging of the halo fields C8 and C10 with SDSS photometry could locate and estimate [Fe/H] for 50 to 100 red giants > 50 kpc distant.
The PLATO Mission
Authors: Rauer H. , Aerts C. , Cabrera J. , PLATO Team
Published: September 2016

We present the current status of the PLATO space mission, which is currently in its design phase. A brief overview of its capabilities is given, after introducing the core science goals of the mission. We also present the amount of observing time offered to the community as Guest Observer program. This will allow a wealth of complementary science in many areas of astro‐physics, ranging from stellar to extragalactic science and covering variability phenomena with time scales from a few seconds to years.
Is intraoperative frozen section analysis of the proximal bile ducts in hilar cholangiocarcinoma of limited value?
Authors: Ma Wen‐Jie , Shrestha Anuj , Li Fu‐Yu
Published: September 2016

Mantel et al. showed that the use of intraoperative frozen section analysis of the proximal bile ducts has a limited contribution in obtaining secondary R0 resections and final resection status had no impact on recurrence rate in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of intraoperative frozen section analysis were determined by the specific pathologic features of the tumor and the different experienced pathologists in different pathology laboratories. It has been demonstrated that tumor‐free resection margin (R0) is the most prognostic factor for survival, as well as the only factor that can be modified by the surgeons. Ribero et al. reported an improvement in prognosis was found in the secondary R0 group. As the conclusion given by Mantel et al. and Shingu et al., which is contrary to Ribero et al. Before the real role of intraoperative frozen section in the analysis of the margin of proximal bile ducts in treating hilar cholangiocarcinoma is concluded, further studies are still needed.
Genome methylation patterns across castes and generations in a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Shaham Roei , Ben‐Shlomo Rachel , Motro Uzi , Keasar Tamar
Published: September 2016

Environmental influences shape phenotypes within and across generations, often through DNA methylations that modify gene expression. Methylations were proposed to mediate caste and task allocation in some eusocial insects, but how an insect's environment affects DNA methylation in its offspring is yet unknown. We characterized parental effects on methylation profiles in the polyembryonic parasitoid wasp Copidosoma koehleri, as well as methylation patterns associated with its simple caste system. We used methylation‐sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism (MS‐AFLP) to compare methylation patterns, among (1) reproductive and soldier larvae; and (2) offspring (larvae, pupae, and adults) of wasps that were reared at either high or low larval density and mated in the four possible combinations. Methylation frequencies were similar across castes, but the profiles of methylated fragments differed significantly. Parental rearing density did not affect methylation frequencies in the offspring at any developmental stage. Principal coordinate analysis indicated no significant differences in methylation profiles among the four crossbreeding groups and the three developmental stages. Nevertheless, a clustering analysis, performed on a subset of the fragments, revealed similar methylation patterns in larvae, pupae, and adults in two of the four parental crosses. Nine fragments were methylated at two cytosine sites in all larvae, and five others were methylated at two sites in all adults. Thus, DNA methylations correlate with within‐generation phenotypic plasticity due to caste. However, their association with developmental stage and with transgenerational epigenetic effects is not clearly supported.