bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A High speed data link optimization for digitalized transfer to processing FPGA
Authors: Collado J. , Gonzalez V. , Gadea A.
Published: November 2021

State-of-the-art arrays of detectors, that require digital processing, may have a sizeable number of digitalized signal links. This is the case in several experimental nuclear physics instruments. Moreover, the data rate of the sampled signals, defined primary by the signal bandwidth of the individual detectors, may not exhaust the capabilities of a single FPGA transceiver input.

The preprocessing is usually carried out in a modern FPGA with transceiver data rate capabilities over 10Gbps. Moreover, cost effective FPGA have a limited number of transceivers for given FPGA processing capabilities. The investigation of a cost-effective and efficient solution to the mismatch between both data rates, optimizing simultaneously the use of the FPGA resources, is the topic of the present work.

We have developed a solution based on the Time Domain Multiplexing link aggregation, in the form of a Mezzanine board. This mezzanine combines four channels from an optical or copper input up to 2.5 Gbps to one up to 10Gbps, and serves them to the FPGA via the mezzanine connector. The board itself is controlled by a small FPGA by the Two Wire Interface (TWI) protocol as a standalone intelligent device, so minimum slow control is needed. The solution has been also developed for a motherboard housing a SoM module and FMC connector as an alternative implementation. An associated firmware has been developed to de-aggregate the data in the FPGA and recover the original sampled data, based on JESD204 communication protocol, inside the FPGA. The method has been validated and applications, beyond the development of the AGATA electronics, may be envisioned.
Metrology of Acquisition Chains and Signal Processing of LMJ Experiments
Authors: Trauchessec Vincent
Published: November 2021

Since the first experiment in 2014, more and more plasma diagnostics are being deployed on the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) facility manufactured by C.E.A/D.A.M. These diagnostics aim at measuring radiations or particles emitted during laser experiments to study high-energy physics, especially inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Different types of sensors surround the LMJ target chamber and realize the conversion of the quantities of interest to an electric signal. The signal is then transmitted via coaxial cables, acquired by a broadband oscilloscope, and digitally post-processed. Each step of this typical acquisition chain adds measurement errors and increases the global uncertainty. First, a numerical model of the digitizer alongside a specific hardware system designed to perform its metrology in situ will be presented. It computes errors sources such as offset, gain and skew, and provides a measurement of the effective number of bits (ENOB) of the digitizer. The experimental characterization of the electrical chain via its transfer function measurement will also be detailed. Finally, the numerical methods deployed to handle the inverse problem, based on deconvolution processes, will be introduced, including future developments exploiting Bayesian inferences and statistical approaches.
Experimental study of ISHTAR thermostatic irradiation device for the MARIA research reactor
Authors: Lipka Maciej , Talarowska Anna , Wojtania Grzegorz , Migdal Marek
Published: November 2021

Materials and core components for the next generation power reactors technologies require testing that can be performed in existing research reactors. Such experiments employ devices dedicated to reflect the relevant thermal and neutron parameters simulating conditions present in, for example, but not limited to, HTGR reactors. A novel thermostatic irradiation device named ISHTAR (Irradiation System for High-Temperature Reactors) has been designed and constructed in the MARIA research reactor. Its mission is to enable irradiation of samples in controlled, homogeneous temperature field reaching 1000°C and inert gas atmosphere. The high temperature is achieved by a combination of electric and gamma heating, together with carefully designed thermal insulation. Additionally, samples holder made of graphite with high thermal conductivity enables the temperature homogenization in all directions. Device will be placed inside the Beryllium matrix of MARIA core and cooled with forced circulation of water from the reactor pool loop. This paper presents the outcome of experiments conducted with the rig prototype in external hydraulic mock-up of the MARIA reactor irradiation channel. The results have proved that the desired conditions for irradiation of the samples were achieved and their comparison against computational data has shown the adequacy of the design process. Finally, the loss of flow scenario was tested in protected and unprotected conditions (meaning with and without the safety system based on temperature feedback), proving the operational safety of the ISHTAR design. Experimental results will be used in the future to validate the numerical models (two and three dimensional) of the irradiation rig, providing an improved understanding of free convection and radiation phenomena modeling.
Jules Horowitz Reactor Irradiation Devices: Inspection Methods proposal
Authors: Hillberg Seppo , Baque François , Gaillot Stéphane
Published: November 2021

Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR) irradiation test devices (so called ADELINE and MADISON) must undergo a periodic inspection every 40 months (French ESP(N) Regulation). The first step of inspection proposal was performed from October 2019 to March 2020 and concerns application of non-destructive methods for electron beam welds, while examining the possible methods and locations that could be utilized.

This study has been performed in collaboration between VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and French CEA with VTT employee secondment at CEA Cadarache. The initial conclusions of this work are the following:

• Two inspection methods are likely needed.

• Eddy current is likely suitable for surface examination while volumetric ultrasonic inspection can be used for tube bodies.

• Inspection under-water in a storage pool (EPI) is likely the best option for location in the JHR.

• Some automation and remote controls will be needed during the inspection process. The inspection area is quite large as the whole tube bodies will be inspected.

• Internal surfaces located between the nested tubes likely cannot be inspected for corrosion and therefore, sealing the space from oxygen and water will be likely be the best option.

• Experimental reference is a critical next step of the work to assess and qualify the inspection methods.

As the next step, CEA will continue discussions on requirements of the mock-ups: for eddy current inspection, a Zircaloy-4 planar specimen with artificial reflectors is needed. For ultrasonic reference, a representative mock-up of the cylinder with a weld and artificial defect(s) is needed. The mock-up testing will provide an experimental reference to CIVA calculations as simulations of this work have been performed with CIVA software, which is extensively used in the industry and research organizations in simulation of non-destructive control.

This study will allow further steps in the future, up to the qualification of inspection methods for JHR test devices.
Study review of the CALORRE differential calorimeter: definition of designs for different nuclear environments
Authors: Volte A. , Carette M. , Lyoussi A. , Kohse G. , Reynard-Carette C.
Published: November 2021

This paper deals with the CALORRE differential calorimeter patented by Aix-Marseille University and the CEA in 2015. Firstly, the paper focuses on the presentation of the first prototype of CALORRE calorimeter qualified under real conditions during the MARIA irradiation campaign in 2015. Then, a review of the studies restricted to one CALORRE calorimetric cell realized thanks to experimental characterizations under laboratory conditions is detailed. Several configurations were studied to determine the influence of the cell height, its horizontal fin geometry and the nature of the material of its structure on its response for a calibration protocol: linearity, sensitivity, range, reproducibility, response time and absolute temperatures. Finally, within the framework of the new CALORI project, an optimization of the calorimeter assembly and its design were carried out in order to remove contact thermal resistances and provide a new configuration of CALORRE calorimeter suited for the in-core water loop of the MIT reactor (2 W.g-1). The response of this new calorimeter is estimated thanks to thermal simulations.
High resolution measurements with miniature neutron scintillators in the SUR-100 zero power reactor
Authors: Brunetto Edoardo L. , Vitullo Fanny , Lamirand Vincent , Ambrožič Klemen , Godat Daniel , Buck Michael , Pohlner Georg , Starflinger Jörg , Pautz Andreas
Published: November 2021

Three 1-mm3 miniature fiber-coupled scintillators have been used to perform cm-wise resolution measurements of the thermal neutron flux within experimental channels of the SUR-100 facility, a zero power thermal reactor operated by the Institute of Nuclear Technology and Energy Systems at the University of Stuttgart. The detection system is developed at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in collaboration with the Paul Scherrer Institut. Thermal neutrons count rates were measured along the experimental channels I and II, which cross the reactor at the center and tangentially to the core, respectively. The reactor was modelled with the Monte Carlo neutron transport code Serpent-2.1.31. The comparison of experimental and computed reaction rate distributions showed a good agreement within the core region, with discrepancies within 2σ. An unexpected discrepancy, probably caused by a geometric inconsistency in the computational model of the reactor, was observed in the reflector region of the experimental channel I, where a 20% difference (i.e. 8σ) was found between experimental and simulated results. Significant discrepancies, respectively worth 10σ and 15σ, were noticed at distance, in the lead shielding region, for both experimental channels I and II. In addition, reaction rate gradients across the 2.6 cm and 5.4 cm diameters of both channels were measured. A horizontal reaction rate gradient of (9.09 ± 0.20) % was measured within 2.4 cm across the diameter of the experimental channel II, with a difference from computed results of 2%. The absence of a vertical reaction rate gradient inside the experimental channel I was confirmed by measurements.
Gas detection in sodium cooled fast reactors: determination of a transfer function
Authors: Ding C. , Filliatre P. , Desgranges L.
Published: November 2021

To keep the dependability of Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor, the “clean sodium concept” is demanded, which means that the sodium is free from contamination. The release of fission products is searched for by a contamination measuring system. We need to have a comprehensive description of cladding failures and the detection of contamination, including the failure occurrence on the fuel pin, the transfer process through the sodium and cover gas, the measurement efficiency, etc. We aim to identify the important parameters of physical phenomena, with modelling and simulations based on the return of experiments from past reactors such as PHENIX. There have been a total of 15 open pin failures in PHENIX reactor. Through studying these detected signals, we can get a better physical explanation and description of the evolution of failures. The detection system is related to different stages of the evolution of fuel pin, with different types of fission products, various release mechanism and physical properties. During the evolution of the failed fuel pin, gaseous fission products is released on the first stage of failure and the gas detection system is aimed for the gaseous fission products monitoring. We proposed a quantitative modeling of transfer function to describe the time broadening of the gas release from the fuel pin to the detector. The result matches well with PHENIX experiment data, with the same order of magnitude of the time broadening and the same shape of exponential decreasing. A determination of the transfer function of this gas detection system is validated in this paper.
Development of a Fast-Spectrum Self-Powered Neutron Detector for Molten Salt Experiments in the Versatile Test Reactor
Authors: Goetz K. C. , Cetiner S. M. , Celik C.
Published: November 2021

The self-powered neutron detector (SPND) is a widely used flux monitor in thermal nuclear reactors. Although this is a mature technology, the current state of the art is tuned for a thermal neutron spectrum, so many of the devices currently in use lack sensitivity to fast neutrons. Because current in SPNDs is produced through nuclear reactions with the neutron flux inside a reactor, sensitivity in SPNDs is determined by the neutron cross section of the neutron-sensitive portion of the detector, termed the emitter. This neutron cross section drops by orders of magnitude between thermal and fast neutron energies for many emitters in currently used SPNDs, with a corresponding drop in current from the detector. This paper discusses efforts to develop a fast-spectrum self-powered neutron detector (FS-SPND) that is sensitive to neutrons with energies ranging from 0.025 eV up to 1 MeV. An in-depth analysis of Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)/B-VII.1 neutron-capture cross sections was performed, and four new materials were identified that are suitable emitter candidates for use in measuring fast neutrons. All four materials are stable mid-shell nuclei in the region between doubly magic132Sn and208Pb. Each candidate was simulated with the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit to optimize overall detector efficiency.
Neutron Coincidence Measurements and Monte Carlo Modelling of Waste Drums Containing Reference Nuclear Material
Authors: Borella A. , Rossa R. , Boden S. , Bruggeman C. , Rogiers B. , Smets S. , Valcke E.
Published: November 2021

Within the EC-funded CHANCE project several non-destructive techniques are being considered for the assay of waste bearing drums. Such techniques include calorimetry, gamma-ray spectrometry and neutron coincidence counting. The aim is to quantify uncertainties on the inventory of radionuclides, and how these are potentially reduced by combining the signatures from different techniques in the data analysis.

In this framework, neutron coincidence measurements were carried out with two slab counters based on 3He detectors coupled to shift register electronics. Such a system consists of two identical slabs with 6 detectors each, and is transportable, rather compact and flexible in terms of sizes and geometries that can be measured. With this system three 200 L drums containing certified reference nuclear material and different filling materials were measured. The certified nuclear material was in the form of 21 pellets of mixed oxide of U and Pu with a total mass of about 10.5 g; in addition, a single pellet of about 10.05 g was also available. The pellets could be placed in predefined positions within the drum in a reproducible way. The geometry and composition of the three drums was well characterized and consisted of Ethafoam, a mixture of Ethafoam, stainless steel and PVC, and mortar with an inner core of extruded polystyrene. The measurement setup was arranged such that the drum was placed between the two slab counters. The positions of the slab counters relative to the drum were accurately measured before each measurement, and a dedicated system was used to minimize the uncertainty on the detector positioning.

The measurement data were first analysed by applying the point model of Hage and the mass of nuclear material in the drum was determined from the rate of totals and reals and the radionuclide composition. Due to the fact that not all the point model conditions were met, we found that the point model overestimates the mass up to about 50%. In addition, a Monte Carlo model of the measurement geometry was developed using the MCNP code. The model was used to determine a calibration factor between the reals rate and the mass of the sample. Measurements with a calibrated 252Cf source were used to verify the model. With a Monte Carlo based approach the mass of the mixed oxide pellets is within a few percent from the nominal values, except for strongly asymmetrical configurations where the deviation is up to about 20%. The results reveal the importance of an accurate background correction and of accounting for surrounding materials of the building such as walls, floor and ceiling in the Monte Carlo model.
Design of 4π Directional Radiation Detector based on Compton Scattering Effect
Authors: Max Ghelman , Natan Kopeika , Stenley Rotman , Tal Edvabsky , Eran Vax , Alon Osovizky
Published: November 2021

Obtaining directional information is required in many applications such as nuclear homeland security, contamination mapping after a nuclear incident and radiological events, or during the decontamination work. However, many directional radiation detectors are based on directional shielding, made of lead or tungsten collimators, introducing two main drawbacks. The first is the size and weight, making those detectors too heavy and irrelevant for utilization in handheld devices, drone mapping, or space applications. The second drawback is the limited field of view, which requires multiple detectors to cover the whole required field of view or machinery to rotate the narrow field of view detector. We propose a novel 4π directional detector based on a segmented hollow cubic detector, which uses the Compton effect interactions with no heavy collimators. The symmetrical cubical design provides both higher efficiency and 4π detection ability. Instead of traditional two types of detectors (scatterer and absorber) structure, we use the same type of detector, based on GAGG(Ce) scintillator coupled to silicon photomultiplier. Additional advantage of the proposed detector obtained by locating the photon sensors inside the detector, behind the scintillators, which improves the radiation hardness required for space applications. Furthermore, such arrangement flattens the temperature variation across the detector, providing better gain stability. The main advantage of the proposed detector is the ability of 4pi radiation detection for high energy gamma-rays without the use of heavy collimators.
Timepix3 detector network for nuclear waste monitoring
Authors: Biskup Bartolomej , Bergmann Benedikt , Broulim Pavel , Burian Petr , Malich Milan , Manek Petr , Meduna Lukas , Mora Yesid , Pichotka Martin , Pusman Lukas , Rubovic Peter , Slavicek Tomas , Smolyanskiy Petr
Published: November 2021

In the framework of the MICADO project we proposed an active long-term nuclear waste monitoring system based on Timepix3 technology. Particle detectors based on Timepix3 are capable of particle type discrimination and provide spectrometric information in combination with precise timing information. To maximize the versatility of the setup, the Timepix3 detectors employed are equipped with a range of different sensors. To enable measurement of neutrons, two quadrants of the detectors are covered by neutron converters, allowing detection of thermal neutron by capture in 6Li, as well as detection of fast neutrons through recoil protons generated in a polyethylene converter. Within this project a new housing for the detector unit and the readout was developed, with the network currently comprising of 9 such detectors. A specifically developed in-house software handles simultaneous operation of all devices, cluster analysis and data visualization. Energy calibration was performed using an X-ray tube with several fluorescence foils as well as photons from an 241Am source. The neutron and gamma/X-ray detection efficiency calibration was carried out at the Czech Metrology Institute and the results are presented here. Tests on simultaneous operation of all 9 devices were performed using uraninite and 241Am sources.
The gamma and neutron monitor counters for the MICADO project
Authors: Finocchiaro Paolo , Cosentino Luigi , Ducasse Quentin , Lo Meo Sergio , Longhitano Fabio , Marchetta Carmelo , Massara Antonio , Pappalardo Alfio , Passaro Giuseppe , Russo Salvatore
Published: November 2021

In the framework of the MICADO (Measurement and Instrumentation for Cleaning And Decommissioning Operations) European Union (EU) project, aimed at the full digitization of low and intermediate-level radioactive waste (radwaste) management, a set of 32 solid state thermal neutron detectors, named SiLiF, and 36 gamma-ray counters based on a scintillating fiber readout at each end by a silicon photomultiplier, named SciFi, have been built and characterized. MICADO project encompasses a complete active and passive characterization of the radwaste drums with neutrons and gamma rays, followed by a longer-term monitoring phase. The detectors described are suitable for the monitoring of nuclear materials and can be used around radioactive waste drums possibly containing small quantities of actinides, as well as around spent fuel casks in interim storage or during transportation. Suitable polyethylene moderators, for the SiLiF detectors, can be exploited to better shape the detector response to the expected neutron spectrum, according to Monte Carlo simulations that were performed. The SciFi detectors were thoroughly tested with a 22Na and a 137Cs gamma-ray sources. Both detectors described were tested with an intense AmBe source of neutron and gamma ray. The results are satisfactory and show a quite uniform and reproducible behavior. The next step will be the test in a real environment.
Measurement and simulation of the new liquid organic scintillator response to fast neutrons
Authors: Jánský Jaroslav , Janda Jiřĺ , Matěj Zdeněk , Mravec Filip , Košťál Michal , Cvachovec František
Published: November 2021

Liquid organic scintillators are important devices for measurements of neutron radiation. This work aims to develop and optimize the composition of liquid organic scintillators so it can be used for fast neutron spectrometry. As the neutron radiation is usually accompanied with γ ray radiation, it is important to have quality γ/n discrimination. The new cocktail for house made liquid organic scintillator is prepared and studied with intention of being able to separate gamma and neutron for neutron energies above 0.5 MeV while keeping lower constraints on practical use (e.g., sealing because of oxygen) than commercial liquid scintillators. In preceding work the composition of liquid scintillators was optimized. Two twocomponent scintillators were selected for further studies. Solvent DIPN (Di-iso-propyl-naphthalene Mixed Isomers) is selected for both. First is mixed with luminophore PYR (1-Phenyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-2-pyrazoline) of concentration 5 g/l. Second is mixed with luminophore THIO (2,5-Bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene) of concentration 5 g/l. In this work the response of scintillator to monoenergetic beam of neutrons was measured for multiple neutron energies at PTB in Braunschweig. The two parameter spectrometric system NGA-01 is used to analyze the energy and discrimination characteristics. 137 Cs and 60 Co are used as radiation sources for calibration with pure γ rays. Then the response of scintillator for same neutron energies was simulated using GEANT4. The dissipated energy in the scintillator in response to monoenergetic neutrons is obtained. Both, measured and simulated responses are compared. Functional dependence for yield of recoiled products is estimated. It is seen that main recoil product hydrogen proton is well observed in both. From the edge of proton response one can assume the yield for given neutron energy. The recoiled carbon ion (from elastic collision) is on the other side diﬃcult to observe in measured results but clearly seen in dissipated energy plots. It suggests that yield of carbon ion is very small relatively to proton yield. These results will serve as basis for response function evaluation of scintillator which is necessary for evaluation of unknown neutron spectra from measurements with scintillator.
Design and first tests of the S3 detector of reactor antineutrinos
Authors: Slavíčková Mária , Belov Vyacheslav , Broulím Jan , Brudanin Victor , Egorov Viatcheslav , Fajt Lukáš , Fomina Maria , Hodák Rastislav , Kazartsev Sergei , Kruliš Zdeněk , Macko Miroslav , Mašek Petr , Michálková Danuše , Petro Maroš , Přidal Petr , Rukhadze Ekaterina , Shevchik Egor , Smolek Karel , Slavíček Tomáš , Štekl Ivan , Zhitnikov Igor
Published: November 2021

The new experiment S3 devoted to the study of reactor antineutrinos was designed and constructed as a common activity of IEAP CTU in Prague and JINR (Dubna). The S3 detector is a compact, highly segmented polystyrene-based scintillating detector composed of 80 detector elements with a gadolinium neutron converter between elements layers. A positron and a neutron are produced in an inverse beta decay initiated with an electron antineutrino in the detector. A modular multi-channel fast ADC was developed for the data acquisition for the whole 80-channel S3 detector and the 4-channel cosmic veto system. The detector meets very strict safety rules of nuclear power plants and can be installed in a chamber located immediately under the reactor. The close vicinity from the reactor enables to study neutrino properties with a higher efficiency, to investigate neutrino oscillations at short baselines and try to verify the hypothesis of a sterile neutrino. The details of the design and construction of the S3 detector, as well as properties of the modular multi-channel fast ADC system, and first tests of the device are presented.
Light harnessing by Algae: from fundamental investigations to light-based biotechnologies
Authors: Sorigué Damien
Published: November 2021

Light is the most abundant source of energy on earth and is used by photosynthetic organisms to drive the synthesis of organic molecules. Light also allows the catalysis of few enzymes, the photoenzymes. Among them, the fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) isolated from microalgae converts fatty acids into hydrocarbons. We present here our understanding of the role of hydrocarbons produced by FAP in vivo, the catalytic mechanism of the FAP and its potential biotechnological applications.
Photovoltaics: towards ultimate performances
Authors: Guillemoles J.F.
Published: November 2021

Photovoltaic conversion has made impressive progress since its discovery, but as will be discussed here, much can still be done. It is of interest to investigate what are the intrinsic limits of the technology. We call here ultimate performance those that could be limited only by intrinsic properties of the devices. This point will be discussed along three lines: ultimate limits for energy conversion, ultimate limits for material usage and ultimate limits for device stability.
VIS-NIR hyperspectral cameras
Authors: Tisserand Stéphane
Published: November 2021

Hyperspectral and multispectral imaging can record a single scene across a range of spectral bands. The resulting three-dimensional dataset is called a "hypercube". A spectrum is available for each point of the image. This makes it possible to analyse, quantify or differentiate the elements and materials constituting the scene. This article presents the existing technologies on the market and their main characteristics in the VIS/NIR spectral domain (400-1000 nm). It then focuses on a specific multispectral technology called snapshot multispectral imaging, combining CMOS sensors and pixelated multispectral filters (filtering at the pixel level).
Tech4Graphite : le démantèlement 4.0 des réacteurs modérés au graphite
Authors: Le Gros Gaïc
Published: November 2021

Le projet Tech4Graphite de Graphitech, co-entreprise créée par EDF et Veolia en 2019, vise à développer des outils téléopérés et numériques afin de démanteler les réacteurs de technologie graphite, en France et à l’international.
Mammakarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: November 2021

Der Lebensstil ist offenbar eine Einflussgröße, mit der das Risiko, an Krebs zu erkranken oder an einer vorliegenden Krebserkrankung zu versterben, beeinflusst werden kann. Auf dem SABCS 2020 wurden Studien zum Zusammenhang von Brustkrebs und der Ernährung präsentiert.
Therapeutisches Milieu in psychiatrischen Einrichtungen
Authors: Kloos Victoria-Fabiola
Published: November 2021

In den vergangenen Jahren wurde das Thema Milieu in der psychiatrischen Pflegeforschung wenig beachtet. Dabei ist offensichtlich, dass es einen erheblichen Einfluss auf unterschiedliche Phänomene wie Gewalt, Aggression, Zufriedenheit und Atmosphäre hat. Eine aktuelle Studie untersuchte, wie sich unterschiedliche Faktoren des therapeutischen Milieus auf die Behandlung psychisch erkrankter Menschen auswirken können.
ASCO 2021
Authors: Willen Christine
Published: November 2021

Beim BRAF-mutierten metastasierten Melanom besteht ein hoher Therapiebedarf, da ein Großteil der Patienten nach Erstlinientherapie fortschreitet. Zum fortgeschrittenen Plattenepithelkarzinom der Haut (cSCC) wurden erste Real-World-Daten zu Cemiplimab bei hochbetagten Patienten sowie Analysen zur Zweitlinientherapie mit Cetuximab vorgestellt.
Das Labyrinth – Begegnungsstätte für psychisch kranke Menschen und ihre Angehörigen
Authors: Fischer Maike
Published: November 2021

Die Begegnungsstätte „Labyrinth“ in Halle an der Saale unterstützt Menschen mit psychischen Erkrankungen niederschwellig, damit sie ihre Lebenssituation besser bewältigen können. Angeboten werden zahlreiche Freizeitaktivitäten, aber auch Einzelgespräche und eine 1:1-Betreuung im Notfall. Unsere Autorin berichtet, wie das Labyrinth in den letzten 23 Jahren zu ihrer Familie wurde und ihr in depressiven Phasen geholfen hat.
Beziehungsarbeit und Kommunikation bei freiheitsentziehenden Maßnahmen
Authors: Böckmann Melanie
Published: November 2021

Freiheitsentziehende Maßnahmen (FeM) belasten meist alle Beteiligten: Patienten reagieren darauf häufig mit starken Emotionen wie Wut und Verzweiflung. Pflegepersonal und Ärzte fühlen sich oft brutal und herzlos 1. Im Interventionskoffer erläutern wir, wie diese belastende Situation durch Kommunikation und eine vertrauensvolle Beziehung für beide Seiten angenehmer gestaltet werden kann.
Gastrointestinale Tumoren
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: November 2021

Bei Patienten mit metastasiertem Kolorektalkarzinom (mCRC) war in den Studien TRIBE und VOLFI FOLFOXIRI in Kombination mit Bevacizumab oder Panitumumab einer Chemotherapiedoublette plus Biological bzw. der alleinigen Triplett-Chemotherapie bezüglich früher Tumorschrumpfung (ETS) und Tiefe des Ansprechens (DpR) überlegen. Offen war allerdings die Frage, welches Biological der bessere Kombinationspartner für welche Patientengruppen innerhalb der RAS-Wildtyp-Kohorte beim metastasierten Kolorektalkarzinom (mCRC) ist. Jetzt gingen 2 prospektive Studien dieser Frage nach. Ihre Ergebnisse wurden beim ASCO 2021 präsentiert. Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse unterstreichen den hohen Stellenwert einer genauen Patientenselektion.
Rare Tumors in Children and Adolescents – the STEP Working
Groupʼs Evolution to a Prospective Registry
Authors: Hippert Felicitas , Desing Lena , Diez Sonja , Witowski Andrea , Bernbeck Benedikt , Abele Michael , Seitz Christian , Erdmann Friederike , Brecht Ines , Schneider Dominik T.
Published: November 2021

Background Very rare tumors (VRT) in children and adolescents have such a low
incidence that until recently, they have not been integrated into the clinical
and scientific network of pediatric oncology. Data is very limited and
consistent treatment strategies are missing. Thus, VRTs are classic orphan
diseases. To counteract this problem, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für
Seltene Tumorerkrankungen in der Pädiatrie (STEP) was founded. Here we
report on patient recruitment during the first 10 years. Patients Patients aged
up to 18 years and not included in any other clinical trial or GPOH registry
were included in this analysis. Methods Data was collected from 2008 to 2018 by
means of a standardized form. The recorded diagnoses were descriptively analyzed
focusing on histology, localization, and year of report. Results A total of 623
patients with VRTs were registered. During 2008–2014, the annual number
of registrations was around 40 and is around 90 since 2015. Most frequent
diagnoses included tumors of the skin (n=150), tumors of the
gastrointestinal tract (n=102), tumors of the gonads (n=77), the
ENT region (n=68), and miscellaneous tumors (n=107).
Discussion With the establishment of central structures for clinical
consultation and documentation of VRTs, the number of registrations increased.
Comprehensively, VRTs are as common as other classic pediatric oncology tumors,
but extremely heterogeneous in terms of localization, histology, and prognosis.
By a centralized and complete registration and analysis of VRTs, also in
collaboration with international partners, it is possible to develop treatment
strategies and thus greatly increase treatment quality.
Efficiency limits of perovskite solar cells with n-type hole extraction layers
Authors: Sivadas Dhyana , Bhatia Swasti , Nair Pradeep R.
Published: November 2021

Inorganic materials, such as MoOx and V2Ox, are increasingly explored as hole transport layers for perovskite based solar cells. Due to their large work function and n-type nature, hole collection mechanisms with such materials are fundamentally different, and the associated device optimizations are not well elucidated. In addition, prospects of such architectures against the challenges posed by ion migration are yet to be explored—which we critically examine in this contribution through detailed numerical simulations. We find that, for similar ion densities and interface recombination velocities, ion migration is more detrimental for perovskite solar cells with n-type hole transport layers with much lower achievable efficiency limits (∼21%). The insights shared by this work could be of broad interest to critically evaluate the promises and prospects of n-type materials as hole transport layers for perovskite solar cells.
Surface hardening of high- and medium-entropy alloys by mechanical attrition at room and cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Novelli Marc , Chulist Robert , Skrotzki Werner , George Easo P. , Grosdidier Thierry
Published: November 2021

Surface hardening by mechanical attrition at room and cryogenic temperatures has been studied on CrMnFeCoNi high- and CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys. The hardness gradient is produced by severe plastic deformation through dislocation slip and mechanical twinning, finally leading to an ultrafine or even nanocrystalline structure. The hardness of samples after surface attrition at cryogenic temperature is slightly less than that of samples deformed at room temperature. A small amount of deformation-induced martensitic transformation is only observed in a narrow surface layer of the medium-entropy alloy severely deformed under cryogenic conditions. Reasons for these observations are discussed.
Electrical spectroscopy of the spin-wave dispersion and bistability in gallium-doped yttrium iron garnet
Authors: Carmiggelt Joris J. , Dreijer Olaf C. , Dubs Carsten , Surzhenko Oleksii , van der Sar Toeno
Published: November 2021

Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is a magnetic insulator with record-low damping, allowing spin-wave transport over macroscopic distances. Doping YIG with gallium ions greatly reduces the demagnetizing field and introduces a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which leads to an isotropic spin-wave dispersion that facilitates spin-wave optics and spin-wave steering. Here, we characterize the dispersion of a gallium-doped YIG (Ga:YIG) thin film using electrical spectroscopy. We determine the magnetic anisotropy parameters and Gilbert damping from the frequency and linewidth of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Next, we use propagating spin wave spectroscopy in the Damon–Eshbach configuration to detect the small spin-wave magnetic fields of this ultrathin weak magnet over a wide range of wavevectors, enabling the extraction of the exchange constant αex=1.32×10−12 J/m. We observe foldover of the FMR with increasing drive power, leading to frequency shifts of the spin-wave modes and a bistable region in the spin-wave spectra. Our results shed light on isotropic spin-wave transport in Ga:YIG and highlight the potential of electrical spectroscopy to map out the dispersion and bistability of propagating spin waves in magnets with a low saturation magnetization.
Extinction of incident hydrogen/air detonation in fine water sprays
Authors: Xu Yong , Zhao Majie , Zhang Huangwei
Published: November 2021

Two-dimensional numerical simulations with Eulerian–Lagrangian method are conducted to study propagation and extinction of stoichiometric hydrogen/air detonations in fine water sprays. Parameterized by water mass loading and droplet size, a detonation extinction map is predicted. Detonation extinction occurs with larger mass loading and/or smaller droplet size. General features of water droplets and local detonation frontal structures are well captured. Numerical soot foils are used to characterize the influence of mass loading and droplet size on the detonation wave. The results also show that the detonation cell size increases with increased mass loading or decreased droplet size. Analysis on unsteady detonation extinction process is performed with the evolutions of detonation frontal structure, spatial distribution of thermochemical variables, and interphase transfer rates (mass, energy, and momentum). Moreover, the chemical explosive mode analysis reveals that for stable detonation, thermal runaway dominates behind the Mach stem, while chemical propensities of autoignition and thermal runaway appear alternately behind the incident wave. When the induction zone length increases as the reaction front (RF) and shock front (SF) are decoupled, localized burned pockets surrounded by the autoignition chemical explosive mixture can be observed. In addition, the interactions between detonation wave and water droplets demonstrate that the energy and momentum transfer have more direct interaction with SF and RF than the mass transfer. The interphase transfer rates increase with the water mass loading. Under the same mass loading, the smaller the droplet size, the larger the interphase transfer rates. However, the size of fine water droplets has a limited influence on the interphase momentum exchange. Moreover, high energy and mass transfer rates are observed at the onset of detonation extinction, and they gradually decrease when the reaction and detonation fronts are decoupled.
Temperature characteristic of carrier scattering and dark resistivity of semi-insulating GaAs
Authors: Tian Liqiang , Sun Guangcheng , Jing Dong , Pan Cong , Ran Zeen , Shi Wei , Zhang Chao
Published: November 2021

The electron mobility and the dark resistivity of undoped semi-insulating GaAs have been calculated theoretically over the temperature range from 5 to 500 K by taking into consideration all indispensable scattering processes, screening effects, and impurities compensation action. The two temperature characteristic curves of electron mobility and dark resistivity both exhibit unimodality. The peak value of the mobility as high as 11.4 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 can be achieved at 27 K, which is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that at 300 K. We analyzed the carrier relaxation rate due to scattering by ionized impurities, acoustic deformation potential, piezoelectric, and polar optical phonons. It is found that the unusually thermal characteristic is dominated by ionized impurity scattering, piezoelectric scattering, and polar optical phonon scattering in different temperature ranges, respectively. According to the scattering theory models, the dominant position relationships between the two different carrier scatterings induced by acoustical phonons in two-dimensional GaAs layer and bulk semi-insulating GaAs are discussed, respectively. The peak value of dark resistivity is about 1.29 × 1012 Ω cm at 154 K, which is more than five orders of magnitude greater than that at 300 K. The theoretical results are in good agreement with previously published results. Moreover, the dependence of the peak value of dark resistivity on the deep and shallow donor concentrations are obtained, respectively, and the mechanisms of the dependence are discussed. Understanding of thermal properties of dark resistivity and mobility can be used to optimize GaAs-based electronic and photonic devices’ performance in different temperature regimes.
Flow and heat transfer in the wake of a triangular arrangement of spheres
Authors: Muyshondt R. , Anand N. K. , Hassan Y. A. , Nguyen T.
Published: November 2021

This research work seeks to investigate the influence of spacing and heat transfer on the wake behavior of a triangular arrangement of spheres. Four experimental configurations have been investigated at three Reynolds numbers, Re1 = 350, Re2 = 700, and Re3 = 1050. Two isothermal cases were investigated with spacing between the spheres of zero and one sphere diameter, and two cases were investigated with an applied heat flux at the same spacing conditions. The time resolved particle image velocimetry results revealed various flow phenomena including flow separations, von Karman vortex shedding, and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. The turbulent statistics reveal the effect of proximity and heat transfer on the time averaged values of the wake size, turbulent strengths, and Reynolds shear stress in the wake of each sphere, namely, the laminarization effects from the addition of heat and the suppression of the lead sphere wake from the proximity of the trailing spheres. These results are complemented by the application of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to the flow fields, which extracts the coherent structures from the flow. The modes that describe the coherent structures are extracted and described in detail, which provide further insight into effects of the experimental conditions on the temporal behavior of the flow. Many of the low order modes are found to be associated in pairs, corresponding to asymmetric structures or advection of a given structure downstream. The capability of POD to produce reduced order models of the flow is then utilized to facilitate vortex identification analysis. A turbulent kinetic energy based mode truncation criteria, which has been found to enhance vortex identification capability, is applied to select the POD modes and temporal coefficients to be used in the reduced order modeling. The reconstructed velocity fields are then analyzed with vortex identification algorithms to extract the vortex cores and boundaries. The combination of these approaches allows the study of the effect of proximity and heat transfer on the vortex characteristics, such as size, strength, and distribution.
Physiological and proteomic analyses of Tunisian local grapevine (
Authors: Azri Wassim , Jardak Rahma , Cosette Pascal , Guillou Clément , Riahi Jawaher , Mliki Ahmed
Published: November 2021

Drought is one of the major environmental constraints threatening viticulture worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) drought stress tolerance useful to select new species with higher tolerance/resilience potentials. Drought-tolerant Tunisian local grapevine cultivar Razegui was exposed to water deficit for 16 days. Subsequent proteomic analysis revealed 49 differentially accumulated proteins in leaves harvested on the drought-stressed vines. These proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, stress defence, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis/turnover and amino acid metabolism. Physiological analysis revealed that reduction of photosynthesis under drought stress was attributed to the downregulation of the light-dependent reactions, Calvin cycle and key enzymes of the photorespiration pathway. The accumulation of proteins involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism indicate enhanced need of energy during active stress acclimation. Accumulation of protein amino acids seems to play a protective role under drought stress due to their osmoprotectant and ROS scavenging potential. Reduced protein synthesis and turnover help plants preserving energy to fight drought stress. Proteins related to stress defence might scavenge ROS and transmit the ROS signal as an oxidative signal transducer in drought-stress signalling. All of these original results represent valuable information towards improving drought tolerance of grapevine and promoting sustainable viticulture under climate change conditions.
Melatonin improves the photosynthesis in
Authors: Vafadar Farinaz , Amooaghaie Rayhaneh , Ehsanzadeh Parviz , Ghanati Faezeh
Published: November 2021

This study investigated: (1) the effects of various concentrations of melatonin (MT) and Ca2+; and (2) the impact of crosstalk between these signal molecules on photosynthesis and salt tolerance of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Results indicated that 5 mM CaCl2, as well as 100 μM MT were the best concentrations for increasing shoot dry weight, leaf area, SPAD index, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and decreasing malondialdehyde content under salinity stress. The impact of MT on growth and photosynthesis was closely linked to its effect on enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves. Application of p-chlorophenylalanine, as an inhibitor of MT biosynthesis, negated the impacts of MT on the aforementioned attributes. Salinity and MT boosted cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Exogenous MT, as well as Ca2+, enhanced tolerance index, membrane stability, leaf area, the content of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids (Car), Fv/Fm, and stomatal conductance under salinity stress. These impacts of MT were eliminated by applying a calmodulin antagonist, a Ca2+ chelator and a Ca2+ channel blocker. These novel findings indicate that the MT-induced effects on photosynthetic parameters and salt-evoked oxidative stress were mediated through calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) signalling.
Powerful gene-based testing by integrating long-range chromatin interactions and knockoff genotypes
Authors: Ma Shiyang , Dalgleish James , Lee Justin , Wang Chen , Liu Linxi , Gill Richard , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Chung Wendy K. , Aschard Hugues , Silverman Edwin K. , Cho Michael H. , He Zihuai , Ionita-Laza Iuliana
Published: November 2021

Significance

Gene-based tests are important tools for elucidating the genetic basis of complex traits. Despite substantial recent efforts in this direction, the existing tests are still limited, owing to low power and detection of false-positive signals due to the confounding effects of linkage disequilibrium. In this paper, we describe a gene-based test that attempts to address these limitations by incorporating data on long-range chromatin interactions, several recent technical advances for region-based testing, and the knockoff framework for synthetic genotype generation. Through extensive simulations and applications to multiple diseases and traits, we show that the proposed test increases the power over state-of-the-art gene-based tests and provides a narrower focus on the possible causal genes involved at a locus.
Opening of a cryptic pocket in β-lactamase increases penicillinase activity
Authors: Knoverek Catherine R. , Mallimadugula Upasana L. , Singh Sukrit , Rennella Enrico , Frederick Thomas E. , Yuwen Tairan , Raavicharla Shreya , Kay Lewis E. , Bowman Gregory R.
Published: November 2021

Significance

A protein is a shape-shifter, but it is currently unclear which of the many structures a protein can adopt are relevant for its function. Here, we examine conformations that contain a “cryptic” pocket (i.e., a pocket absent in ligand-free structures). Cryptic pockets have potential utility in drug discovery efforts because they provide a means to target “undruggable” proteins (i.e., proteins lacking known pockets) or enhance rather than inhibit protein function. In this study, we use a combination of thiol-labeling and kinetic assays, NMR, and molecular dynamic simulations to identify the function of the Ω-loop cryptic pocket in β-lactamase enzymes. We find that an open pocket population is beneficial for hydrolysis of the substrate benzylpenicillin.