bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mining tasks and task characteristics from electronic health record audit logs with unsupervised machine learning
Authors: Chen Bob , Alrifai Wael , Gao Cheng , Jones Barrett , Novak Laurie , Lorenzi Nancy , France Daniel , Malin Bradley , Chen You
Published: December 2020

Objective

The characteristics of clinician activities while interacting with electronic health record (EHR) systems can influence the time spent in EHRs and workload. This study aims to characterize EHR activities as tasks and define novel, data-driven metrics.

Materials and Methods

We leveraged unsupervised learning approaches to learn tasks from sequences of events in EHR audit logs. We developed metrics characterizing the prevalence of unique events and event repetition and applied them to categorize tasks into 4 complexity profiles. Between these profiles, Mann-Whitney U tests were applied to measure the differences in performance time, event type, and clinician prevalence, or the number of unique clinicians who were observed performing these tasks. In addition, we apply process mining frameworks paired with clinical annotations to support the validity of a sample of our identified tasks. We apply our approaches to learn tasks performed by nurses in the Vanderbilt University Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit.

Results

We examined EHR audit logs generated by 33 neonatal intensive care unit nurses resulting in 57 234 sessions and 81 tasks. Our results indicated significant differences in performance time for each observed task complexity profile. There were no significant differences in clinician prevalence or in the frequency of viewing and modifying event types between tasks of different complexities. We presented a sample of expert-reviewed, annotated task workflows supporting the interpretation of their clinical meaningfulness.

Conclusions

The use of the audit log provides an opportunity to assist hospitals in further investigating clinician activities to optimize EHR workflows.
Characterization ofFrankliniella occidentalisandFrankliniella bispinosa(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Injury to Strawberry
Authors: Strzyzewski Iris L , Funderburk Joe E , Renkema Justin M , Smith Hugh A
Published: December 2020

Frankliniella flower thrips are pests of numerous fruit and vegetable crops as they feed and reproduce in the flowers and fruits. The invasive Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) from the Southwestern United States, an economic pest in Florida since 2005, and the native Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan are both found in Florida strawberries. The objective of this research was to characterize injury to strawberry fruit from these species. Densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 adult females of each species were caged on a strawberry plant with one flower. The cages were removed after 2, 5, or 10 d, and the number of surviving adults and the number of larvae determined. Injury was quantified on the mature fruit 21 d after thrips were introduced onto the experimental plant. Initial densities as low as two adult F. occidentalis females per flower decreased fruit set and increased cat-facing on the fruits that developed. There were no significant effects on fruit set and cat-facing by any initial density of F. bispinosa. Feeding by thrips on the small, green fruit affected the size and shape of the mature fruit: the diameters were decreased as a linear function of increased feeding by F. bispinosa, and the weights were decreased as a linear function of increased feeding by F. occidentalis. Overall, results showed that F. occidentalis was more damaging to strawberry than F. bispinosa. The differences in pest status between these common flower thrips species in Florida presents challenges to management programs.
Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density
Authors: Rodríguez-Gamir Juan , Xue Jianming , Meason Dean F , Clearwater Michael , Clinton Peter W , Domec Jean-Christophe
Published: December 2020

Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
Pervasive Fetishism
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

We all have the propensity to materialize our elusive sense of belonging to others. We are pervasive social fetishists, creating placeholders of our social alliances by making them more tangible for self and for others. In all social groups, there is indeed a pervasive propensity to objectify alliances, transforming them into something more fathomable and collectively shared, something that has visibility like a flag, a totem, a genealogical tree, a uniform, or etiquette or mannerisms like gang idiosyncratic tags or gestures. It is the transformative process of alliances into something physical that everybody can refer to in an animist and fetishist way. “Thinging” and associated fetishisms are major reinforcing mechanisms of social clustering, stereotyping, and other social categorizing processes. At a social and, ultimately, ethical level, it also pertains to how we tend to construe others as groups. It captures the way we perceive elusive essence as tangible characteristics, justifying the clustering of individuals into groups, a process that reinforces and is the source of stereotypes and shortcut moral reasoning.
Essentialism and Prejudice
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

Humans can’t help but generalize in ways that are rarely, if ever, dictated by reason and prudence. We jump quickly to confirmatory and reassuring conclusions with a propensity to invent things in reference to worlds that only exist in our minds. Rather than being just games of the imagination, these inventions actually influence, often unbeknownst to us (subliminally), our attitudes and actions in the real world, in particular our discriminatory attitudes and actions toward people. Our innate propensity to chunk, cluster, and categorize things corresponds with our propensity to reproduce patterns of reality that are constructed based on ready-made or default implicit beliefs (i.e., stereotyping). Furthermore, the built-in default assumption that things and people have essential, nonobvious characteristics (definition of essentialism) allows for the immediate experience of favorable or unfavorable feelings toward people or things prior to, or not based on, actual experience (i.e. the definition of prejudice).
Self-Essentialism
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

We are impersonators of who we represent ourselves to be, not only for others but also ourselves, always fearful of being debunked as impostors or fakes. We do care about our own reputation, the reputation of being consistent for self and for others in what we think, feel, and do. In caring about our own reputation, we do create values for ourselves in relation to others, but that is the source of much self-delusion. Looking at myself in the mirror, rearranging my hair or putting on makeup is much more than a simple functional act. It is an essentialist and inferential process of self-evaluation from a public vantage point: Do I look good for others? Do I cause good or bad impressions? If bad, what can be done about it? How can I fix it? What essential character do I want to project or protect from an outside evaluation? Underlying such self-rumination and typical branding of particular features of the self that would stand for essential characteristics of who we are (i.e., self-essentialism), there is always much comparison and competition with the essential characteristics we likewise project and infer in others (i.e., group and other essentialism).
What About Culture and Development?
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

Across cultures, self-serving interests tends to be considered as wrong or bad, negatively evaluated, and reprehensible. All children are exposed to this norm even if, in some human societies, this norm is expressed in paradoxical individualistic ways. Attached to this fundamental and universal ethics law is the subjective sense of fairness, what individuals consider their right share of the resources and what they are entitled to. Fairness pertains to the strong, often elusive sense we have of who deserves what and why in relation to others. As elusive as it might be, this sense is manifest remarkably early in development. And this is true regardless of vastly different social and cultural environments. In human ontogeny and across cultures, from five years of age, individuals from all cultures have developed all the basic ingredients to face and deal with others’ as well as their own moral conundrums. They step right into the main plot of the human drama that, from time immemorial, plays out in myths, oral tales, and tragic representations across all human cultures.
On Civilization's Edge
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn
Published: December 2020

In 1918, as Europe’s continental empires were violently replaced with a patchwork of nominally post-imperial nation-states, elites in Poland drew on the global language of civilization to launch an internal state-building mission. This book focuses on how these processes took shape in Volhynia, an eastern borderland province that was home to Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews, between 1918 and 1939. By following in the footsteps of an eclectic group of men and women that included border guards, military settlers, provincial administrators, regional activists, health professionals, urban planners, teachers, and academics, the book traces how imperial hierarchies of global civilization—in which Poles themselves were often viewed as uncivilized—were domestically recast. Throughout, doubts about the national strength of local Poles, competitions between diverse groups of self-declared civilizers, and mounting anxieties about the rise of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union turned Volhynia into a testing ground in which these second-tier actors redefined the precise contours of the modern Polish nation. Rather than simply a successor state embroiled in the quintessentially east European problem of “national minorities,” Poland became a place where the very distinction between empire and nation-state was contested.
Understanding of Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

The meters of the trio at the center of Bartók’s Fifth String Quartet scherzo are (3 + 2 + 2 + 3) / 8, (2 + 3 + 2 + 3) / 8, and (2 + 3 + 3 + 2) / 8. Well-known string quartets differ greatly in their interpretations of these meters, with rhythmic performance ranging from accented and angular to lyrical and flexible. What are the main differences in rhythmic interpretation, and what might explain them? This chapter explores the structure of the trio’s melodies in relation to Bartók’s writings on folk music (Hungarian folk song and Bulgarian meter), and examines ten recordings of the trio empirically. It concludes that the most significant distinctions in interpretation of the trio’s rhythms link to a folk-song-like understanding of its melodies, and that Bartók’s coaching influence coincides with such understanding. Bartók’s instructions to the Kolisch Quartet on the performance of the trio’s rhythms, and Bartók’s own recorded performances of similar rhythms, are examined. A performers’ guide and video interview with András Fejér of the Takács Quartet provide practical interpretive resources. Audio examples complement the written text.
Innovators, Firms, and Markets
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: December 2020

This book presents a theoretical, historical, and empirical account of the relationship between intellectual property (IP) rights, organizational type, and market structure. Patents expand transactional choice by enabling smaller research-and-development (R&D)-intensive firms to compete against larger firms that wield difficult-to-replicate financing, production, and distribution capacities. In particular, patents enable upstream firms that specialize in innovation to exchange informational assets with downstream firms that specialize in commercialization, lowering capital and technical requirements that might otherwise impede entry. These theoretical expectations track a novel organizational history of the U.S. patent system during 1890–2006. Periods of strong patent protection tend to support innovation ecosystems in which smaller innovators can monetize R&D through financing, licensing, and other relationships with funding and commercialization partners. Periods of weak patent protection tend to support innovation ecosystems in which innovation and commercialization mostly take place within the end-to-end structures of large integrated firms. The proposed link between IP rights and organizational type tracks evidence on historical and contemporary patterns in IP lobbying and advocacy activities. In general, larger and more integrated firms (outside pharmaceuticals) tend to advocate for weaker patents, while smaller and less integrated firms (and venture capitalists who back those firms) tend to advocate for stronger patents. Contrary to conventional assumptions, the economics, history, and politics of the U.S. patent system suggest that weak IP rights often shelter large incumbents from the entry threat posed by smaller R&D-specialist entities.
Metagnosis
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This book identifies and names the phenomenon of metagnosis: the experience of newly learning in adulthood of a long-standing condition. It can occur when the condition has remained undetected (e.g., colorblindness) and/or when the diagnostic categories themselves have shifted (e.g., ADHD). More broadly, it can occur with unexpected revelations bearing upon selfhood, such as surprising genetic test results. This phenomenon has received relatively scant attention, yet learning of an unknown condition is frequently a significant and bewildering revelation, subverting narrative expectations and customary categories. In addressing the topic this book deploys an evolution of narrative medicine as a robust research methodology comprising interdisciplinarity, narrative attentiveness, and creating a writerly text. Beginning with the author’s own experience of metagnosis, it explores the issues it raises—from communicability to narrative intelligibility to different ways of seeing. Next, it traces the distinctive metagnostic narrative arc through the stages of recognition, subversion, and renegotiation, discussing this trajectory in light of a range of metagnostic experiences, from Blade Runner to real-world midlife diagnoses. Finally, it situates metagnosis in relation to genetic revelations and the broader discourses concerning identity. Proposing that the figure of blindsight—drawn from the author’s metagnostic experience—offers a productive model for negotiating such revelations, the book suggests that better understanding metagnosis will not simply aid those directly affected but will also serve as a bellwether for how we will all navigate advancing biomedical and genomic knowledge, and how we may fruitfully interrogate the very notion of identity.
Recognition
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins Part III: Seeing Metagnosis, which explores the narrative arc of metagnosis itself, including the stages of recognition, subversion, and renegotiation. Here the subject is recognition, the first metagnostic stage. Beginning with the model of passing, it traces experiences and forms of recognition through real-world examples as well as those drawn from speculative fiction literature and film, particularly Blade Runner. Drawing upon recognition’s conceptualization—from Aristotle to twentieth-century science fiction editors to literary theory and criticism—it describes a form of misrecognition which characterizes, too, the experience of metagnosis, in which the terms of knowledge have shifted.
Justiciability of Human Rights for Health
Authors: Flood Colleen M. , Thomas Bryan
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines both the power and limitations of litigation as a means of facilitating accountability for the advancement of public health. While almost half of the world’s constitutions now contain a justiciable right to health, the impact of litigation has been mixed. Judicial accountability has, in some cases, advanced state obligations to realize the highest attainable standard of health, but in other cases, litigation has threatened the solidarity undergirding public health systems. There is significant country-to-country variation in interpreting health-related human rights, as well as differing views of the proper role of courts in interpreting and enforcing these rights. Surveying regional human rights systems and national judicial efforts to address health and human rights, it is necessary to analyze how courts have approached—and how they should approach—litigation of the right to health and health-related human rights to improve health for all.
The Shift from Pro-Fertility Norms to Individual-Choice Norms
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Secularization is accelerating. From 1981 to 2007, more than two-thirds of the publics for which we have data became more religious, but then a major shift occurred: from 2007 to 2020, more than four-fifths of these publics became less religious. Up to 2007 the U.S. showed little change, but since then it showed the largest shift of any country away from religion and now ranks among the world’s least religious publics. One generally overlooked reason for accelerating secularization is that, for centuries, most religions encouraged pro-fertility norms that limit women to producing as many children as possible and discourage any sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. These norms were needed when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy but now are rapidly giving way to individual-choice norms supporting gender equality and tolerance of divorce, abortion, and LGBTQ people. Pro-fertility norms are so strongly linked with religion that abandoning them undermines religiosity.
The Secularization Debate
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Well into the 20th century, leading social thinkers argued that religious beliefs reflected a prescientific worldview that would disappear as scientific rationality spread throughout the world. Though the creationism of traditional religion did give way to evolutionary worldviews, this failed to discredit religion among the general public. Religious markets theory argues that the key to flourishing religiosity is strong religious competition, but recent research found no relationship between religious pluralism and religious attendance. The individualization thesis claims that declining church attendance does not reflect declining religiosity; subjective forms of religion are simply replacing institutionalized ones. But empirical evidence indicates that individual religious belief is declining even more rapidly than church attendance. Secularization’s opponents hold that humans will always need religion. This claim seems true if it is broadened to hold that humans will always need a belief system. Norris and Inglehart argue that as survival becomes more secure, it reduces the demand for religion.
Secularization Accelerates in High-Income Countries
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Although intergenerational population replacement involves long time lags, cultural change can reach a tipping point at which new norms become dominant. Social desirability effects then reverse polarity: instead of retarding cultural changes, they accelerate them. In the shift from pro-fertility norms to individual-choice norms, this point has been reached in a growing number of settings, starting with the younger and more secure strata of high-income societies, accelerating secularization. Analysis of religious change in countries from which time-series survey evidence was available from 1981 to 2007 found that the publics of 33 of the 49 countries had become more religious during this period. From 2007 to 2020, the dominant trend reversed itself, with 42 of the 49 countries showing declining religiosity. The most dramatic shift was found among the American public, which in 2007 had shown virtually no change since 1981, but from 2007 to 2020 showed the largest shift away from religion of any country for which we have data.
Building the World New
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

When the United States dropped nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a world ended for Margaret Mead. Suddenly, the world’s problems seemed more massive and immediate than ever before in human history. Mead turned her prodigious energies to these problems by working with dozens of organizations, many of them international and interfaith. As Mead’s circle of friends, colleagues, collaborators, and students expanded, in keeping with the expansive vision of liberal Protestantism at the midpoint of the twentieth century, her family ties frayed. Only her relationship with her daughter survived to 1950. Her relationship with Christianity hit a rough patch, too. Publicly, she spoke harshly of American churches. When asked to articulate what she believed, she did not mention God. Privately, though, a stream of spirituality still flowed, feeding her moral sensibility and forming a legacy to pass on to Catherine.
Spiritual Significance
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

When challenged by a magazine editor in 1971 to cite any spiritually significant work she had done, Mead gave a fulsome response. “The list of my writings with spiritual significance is too long to burden your journal,” she wrote, offering just three sample citations: the essay “Cultural Man,” which she wrote for the World Council of Churches collection Man in Community; her introduction to the National Council of Churches volume Christians in a Technological Era; and “Christian Faith and Technical Assistance,” published in Christianity and Crisis in 1955. She continued, “I am at present, as I have been for many years actively engaged in various enterprises which seek to combine religion and science and religion and psychiatry, at various levels from the Committee on the Future of Earl Hall at Columbia University, to the activities of the Episcopal Church, the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches.” She was, by the early 1970s, an established authority on religion. Why did so many people who knew her name not know this aspect of her life?
Taking Frege at his Word
Authors: Weiner Joan
Published: December 2020

Frege is widely regarded as having set much of the agenda of contemporary analytic philosophy. As standardly read, he meant to introduce—and make crucial contributions to—the project of giving an account of the workings of (an improved version of) natural language. Yet, despite the great admiration most contemporary philosophers feel for Frege, it is widely believed that he committed a large number of serious, and inexplicable, blunders. For, if Frege really meant to be constructing a theory of the workings of (some version of) natural language, then a significant number of his stated views—including views that he claimed to be central to his philosophical picture—are straightforwardly wrong. But did Frege mean to be giving an account of the workings of language? Frege himself never actually claimed to be doing this. Taking Frege at his Word offers an interpretation that is based on a different approach to his writings. Rather than using the contributions he is taken to have made to contemporary work in the philosophy of language to infer what his projects were, Taking Frege at his Word gives priority to Frege’s own accounts of what he means to be doing. The upshot is a very different view of Frege’s project. One might suspect that Frege’s writings would have purely antiquarian interest. But this would be a mistake. The final two chapters show that Frege offers us new ways of addressing some of the philosophical problems that worry us today.
“Courageous Evolution”
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

Soon after he feels the freedom of traveling with a group of artists across Austria and Czechoslovakia and has his first extended affair with a woman in the group. He also meets and befriends in Vienna the noted graphic designer Joseph Binder. This is with Elma Pratt’s International School of Art. He grows more disgruntled with the narrowness of his role at Anatolia College, and at the same time feels pressure from the family to return to the U.S., even though friends and teachers warn him of the state of the economy in 1932‒33 in the U.S. and urge him to think twice about giving up his position at Anatolia. Meanwhile, his adherence to a purely religious understanding of life is more and more challenged by the psychoanalytic vision of life and its vocabulary. By the summer of 1933, he decides to return to America and in the fall travels with Joseph Binder to New York.
“Life-Affirming Religion”
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

Despite doubts about a career in the ministry, May accepts an appointment to be pastor of a Congregational church in Verona, New Jersey. There he preached well but controversially, giving anti-fascist sermons about the civil war in Spain, decrying anti-Semitism in America as well as Germany, and publishing his first book, The Art of Counseling. In personal life, he and Florence had their first child, a son Robert.
“Therapist for Humanity”
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

Ironically, even as May began to find the ministry was truly not for him, he wrote The Springs of Creative Living, which put a particularly Christian stamp on the combination of religion and psychology. One subchapter was even titled “Christ, Therapist for Humanity.” Yet, the main character in this book was one who overworked so that he could forget the conflicts in his life. Not surprisingly, May was that man. Within a year or two he could see that his Christian faith had been destroyed.
“The Most Important Thing”
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

May returns to New York when recovery is far enough along. He begins a private counseling practice, where he excels in empathy with patients and encourages a gay patient to remain gay if that is what he chooses to be. He also writes a doctoral dissertation on anxiety and begins again an analysis with Erich Fromm at the White Institute, where he also consults with Clara Thompson. In addition to Kierkegaard, Fromm’s work as well as that of Kurt Goldstein influenced the dissertation. He quickly publishes it in 1950 as The Meaning of Anxiety, a book notable for its comprehensiveness, its link of creativity with anxiety, and for May its lack of religious content. May’s father dies just before he publishes The Meaning of Anxiety and almost instantly becomes a major force in the emerging profession of psychotherapy.
Freedom in the Face of Fate
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores May’s leading role as the American leader of the existential psychology movement and the irony that as he gained in notice and attended a series of international conference, he came to realize that Existentialism had much in the way of American roots, especially in the work of William James. He was critical of his European colleagues for their narrower conception of existential thought. Meanwhile, with Existence published and an existential movement under way, May turned to his longstanding interest in creativity and in that regard participated in various panels and article collections on the topic. He also edited, with a long introduction, Symbolism in Religion and Literature. But, in attempting at least two novels in various versions, he found that writing about literature wasn’t quite the same as creating it. Meanwhile, he developed various strong friendships at Yale, especially William Sloane Coffin.
In the Maelstrom
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

The author recounts and interprets May’s reactions to the three most major issues in American life of the early 1970s—Vietnam, civil rights, and women’s rights. He publishes Power and Innocence, which reads the cultural upheaval in terms of powerlessness, and appears on the Dick Cavett Show seated between Hugh Hefner and feminist Susan Brownmiller.
5
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

After breakfast Levin ended up not in his previous place in the row, but between an old joker who invited him to be his neighbour and a young peasant, married only since autumn, who had come to do his first summer’s mowing.

Holding himself...
1
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

The Levins had been living in Moscow for over two months. The date had long since passed when Kitty ought to have given birth, according to the most reliable calculations of people expert in these matters; but she was still expecting, and there was...
6
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

‘Perhaps they’re not receiving?’ said Levin as he entered the hall of Countess Bohl’s house.

‘They are receiving, please come in,’ said the doorman, purposefully helping him off with his fur coat.

‘What a nuisance,’ thought Levin, taking off a glove with a sigh...
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
Authors: Hogg James
Published: December 2020

‘We have heard much of the rage of fanaticism in former days, but nothing to this.’ A wretched young man, ‘an outcast in the world’, tells the story of his upbringing by a heretical Calvinist minister who leads him to believe that he is one of the elect, predestined for salvation and thus above the moral law. Falling under the spell of a mysterious stranger who bears an uncanny likeness to himself, he embarks on a career as a serial murderer. Robert Wringhim's Memoirs are presented by an editor whose attempts to explain the story only succeed in intensifying its more baffling and bizarre aspects. Is Wringhim the victim of a psychotic delusion, or has he been tempted by the devil to wage war against God's enemies? Hogg's sardonic and terrifying novel, too perverse for nineteenth-century taste, is now recognized as one of the masterpieces of Romantic fiction. The first edition text of 1824 has been freshly considered for this new edition. A critical introduction explores the remarkable career of the novel's author and its historical, theological, and cultural contexts.
8
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

A silence ensued. The countess looked at her callers, smiling affably, but not concealing the fact that she would not be distressed if they now rose and took their leave. The visitor’s daughter was already smoothing down her dress with an inquiring look...
18
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

While in the Rostovs’ ballroom the sixth anglaise was being danced, to a tune in which the weary musicians blundered, and while tired footmen and cooks were getting the supper, Count Bezukhov had a sixth stroke. The doctors pronounced recovery impossible. After...
15
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Between three and four o’clock in the afternoon Prince Andrei, who had persisted in his request to Kutuzov, arrived at Grunth and reported himself to Bagration. Bonaparte’s adjutant had not yet reached Murat’s detachment and the battle had not yet begun. In Bagration’s detachment...
5
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

They all separated, and except for Anatole, who fell asleep as soon as he got into bed, all kept awake a long time that night.

‘Is he really to be my husband, this stranger who is so kind—yes, kind, that is the chief thing,’ thought...
7
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Two months had elapsed since the news of the battle of Austerlitz and the loss of Prince Andrei had reached Bald Hills, and in spite of the letters sent through the embassy and all the searches made, his body had not been found nor...
16
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

It was long since Rostov had felt such enjoyment from music as he did that day. But no sooner had Natasha finished her barcarolle than reality again presented itself. He got up without saying a word and went downstairs to his own room. A...
11
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Returning from his journey through South Russia in the happiest state of mind, Pierre carried out an intention he had long had of visiting his friend Bolkonsky whom he had not seen for two years. At the final station, having learned that Prince Andrei...
24
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

No betrothal ceremony took place and Natasha’s engagement to Bolkonsky was not announced; Prince Andrei insisted on that. He said that as he was responsible for the delay, he ought to bear the whole burden of it; that he had given his word and...
3
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

The Emperor of Russia had meanwhile been in Vilna for more than a month, reviewing troops and holding manoeuvres. Nothing was ready for the war that everyone expected and to prepare for which the Emperor had come from Petersburg. There was no general plan...
4
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Bald hills, Prince Nikolai Andreevich’s estate, lay forty miles east from Smolensk and two miles from the main road to Moscow.

The same evening that the prince gave his instructions to Alpatych, Dessalles having asked to see Princess Marya told her that, as the...
6
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

HÉlÈne, having returned with the court from Vilna to Petersburg, found herself in a difficult position.

In Petersburg she had enjoyed the special protection of a grandee who occupied one of the highest posts in the Empire. In Vilna she had formed an intimacy...
34
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Having run through different yards and side-streets, Pierre got back with his little burden to the Gruzinsky garden at the corner of the Povarskoy. He did not at first recognize the place from which he had set out to look for the child, so...
9
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

The officer and soldiers who had arrested Pierre treated him with hostility but yet with respect, in the guard-house to which he was taken. In their attitude towards him could still be felt both uncertainty as to who he might be—perhaps a very important...
3
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

The so-called partisan war began with the entry of the French into Smolensk.

Before partisan warfare had been officially recognized by the government, thousands of enemy stragglers, marauders, and foragers had been destroyed by the Cossacks and the peasants, who killed them off...
12
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

During the whole of their march from Moscow no fresh orders had been issued by the French authorities concerning the party of prisoners among whom was Pierre. On the 22nd of October that party was no longer with the same troops and baggage-trains as...
15
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

At the end of January Pierre went to Moscow and stayed in an annexe of his house, which had not been burnt. He called on Count Rastopchin and on some acquaintances who were back in Moscow, and he intended to leave for Petersburg two...
16
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

‘She has come to stay with me,’ said Princess Marya. ‘The count and countess will be here in a few days. The countess is in a terrible condition. But it was necessary for Natasha herself to see a doctor. They insisted on her coming...
1
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

History is the life of nations and of humanity. To seize and put into words, to describe directly, the life of humanity or even of a single nation appears impossible.

The ancient historians all employed one and the same method to describe and seize the...
A Christmas Carol and Other Christmas Books
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

‘What was merry Christmas to Scrooge? Out upon merry Christmas! What good had it ever done to him?’ Ebenezer Scrooge is a bad-tempered skinflint who hates Christmas and all it stands for, but a ghostly visitor foretells three apparitions who will thaw Scrooge‘s frozen heart. A Christmas Carol has gripped the public imagination since it was first published in 1843, and it is now as much a part of Christmas as mistletoe or plum pudding. This edition reprints the story alongside Dickens‘s four other Christmas Books: The Chimes, The Cricket on the Hearth, The Battle of Life, and The Haunted Man. All five stories show Dickens at his unpredictable best, jumbling together comedy and melodrama, genial romance and urgent social satire, in pursuit of his aim ‘to awaken some loving and forbearing thoughts, never out of season in a Christian land’.
The Return of the Native
Authors: Hardy Thomas , Higonnet Margaret R.
Published: December 2020

‘To be loved to madness - such was her great desire’ Eustacia Vye criss-crosses the wild Egdon Heath, eager to experience life to the full in her quest for 'music, poetry, passion, war'. She marries Clym Yeobright, native of the heath, but his idealism frustrates her romantic ambitions and her discontent draws others into a tangled web of deceit and unhappiness. Early readers responded to Hardy's 'insatiably observant' descriptions of the heath, a setting that for D. H. Lawrence provided the 'real stuff of tragedy'. For modern readers, the tension between the mythic setting of the heath and the modernity of the characters challenges our freedom to shape the world as we wish; like Eustacia, we may not always be able to live our dreams. This edition has a critically established text based on the manuscript and first edition. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.
Common Sense
Authors: Paine Thomas
Published: December 2020

Of the Origin and Design of Government in General. With concise Remarks on the English Constitution.

Some writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins....
The Old Curiosity Shop
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

‘… holding her solitary way among a crowd of wild, grotesque companions; the only pure, fresh, youthful object in the throng.’ ‘Little Nell’ cares for her grandfather in the gloomy surroundings of his curiosity shop. Reduced to poverty the pair flee London, pursued by the grotesque and vindictive Quilp. In a bizarre and shifting kaleidoscope of events and characters the story reaches its tragic climax, an ending that famously devastated the novel's earliest readers. Dickens blends naturalistic and allegorical styles to encompass both the actual blight of Victorian industrialization and textual echoes of Bunyan, the Romantic poets, Shakespeare, pantomine and Jacobean tragedy. Contrasting youth and old age, beauty and deformity, innocence and cynicism, The Old Curiosity Shop is a compelling mixture of humour and brooding meance. This edition uses the Clarendon text, the definitive edition of the novels of Charles Dickens, and includes the original illustrations.
Wives and Daughters
Authors: Gaskell Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

Wives and Daughters, Elizabeth Gaskell’s last novel, is regarded by many as her masterpiece. Molly Gibson is the daughter of the doctor in the small provincial town of Hollingford. Her widowed father marries a second time to give Molly the woman’s presence he feels she lacks, but until the arrival of Cynthia, her dazzling step-sister, Molly finds her situation hard to accept. Intertwined with the story of the Gibsons is that of Squire Hamley and his two sons; as Molly grows up and falls in love she learns to judge people for what they are, not what they seem. Through Molly’s observations the hierarchies, social values, and social changes of early nineteenth-century English life are made vivid in a novel that is timeless in its representation of human relationships. This edition, the first to be based in the original Cornhill Magazine serialization of 1864–6, draws on a full collation of the manuscript to present the most accurate text so far available.
The Secret Garden
Authors: Burnett Frances Hodgson
Published: December 2020

‘It was the garden that did it – and Mary and Dickon and the creatures – and the Magic.’ An orphaned girl, a grim moorland manor with hundreds of empty rooms, strange cries in the night, a walled garden, with its door locked and the key buried – and a boy who talks to animals. These are the ingredients of one of the most famous and well-loved of children’s classics. Through her discovery of the secret garden, Mary Lennox is gradually transformed from a spoilt and unhappy child into a healthy, unselfish girl who in turn redeems her neglected cousin and his gloomy, Byronic father. Frances Hodgson Burnett’s inspiring story of regeneration and salvation gently subverted the conventions of a century of romantic and gothic fiction for girls. After a hundred years, The Secret Garden’s critique of empire and of attitudes to childhood and gender, and its advocacy of a holistic approach to health remains remarkably contemporary and relevant.
The Last Chronicle of Barset
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

‘All Hogglestock believed their parson to be innocent; but then all Hogglestock believed him to be mad.’ Josiah Crawley lives with his family in the parish of Hogglestock, East Barsetshire, where he is perpetual curate. Impoverished like his parishioners, Crawley is hard-working and respected but he is an unhappy, disappointed man, ill-suited to cope when calamity strikes. He is accused of stealing a cheque to pay off his debts; too proud to defend himself, he risks ruin and disgrace unless the truth can be brought to light. Crawley’s predicament divides the community into those who seek to help him despite himself, and those who, like Mrs Proudie, are convinced of his guilt. When the Archbishop’s son, Major Grantly, falls in love with Crawley’s daughter Grace, battle lines are drawn. The final volume in the Barsetshire series, The Last Chronicle draws to a close the stories of many beloved characters, including the old Warden, Mr Harding, Johnny Eames, and Lily Dale. Panoramic in scale, elegiac and moving, it is perhaps Trollope’s greatest novel.
Common and Sidorenko Linear Equations
Authors: Fox Jacob , Pham Huy Tuan , Zhao Yufei
Published: December 2020

A linear equation with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}_q$ is common if the number of monochromatic solutions in any two-coloring of $\mathbb{F}_q^{\,n}$ is asymptotically (as $n \to \infty$) at least the number expected in a random two-coloring. The linear equation is Sidorenko if the number of solutions in any dense subset of $\mathbb{F}_q^{\,n}$ is asymptotically at least the number expected in a random set of the same density. In this paper, we characterize those linear equations which are common, and those which are Sidorenko. The main novelty is a construction based on choosing random Fourier coefficients that shows that certain linear equations do not have these properties. This solves problems posed in a paper of Saad and Wolf.
Funding acknowledgements in scientific publications: A literature review
Authors: Álvarez-Bornstein Belén , Montesi Michela
Published: December 2020

The topic of acknowledgements has produced abundant research since the 1970s, though, as previous studies point out, the value of acknowledgements has not yet been demonstrated and further research is limited by lack of conceptualization. This study focuses on funding acknowledgements (FAs), considering that funding represents an important input in the scientific process. In this context, 183 scientific publications retrieved from Scopus from the 1970s until June 2020 were analyzed, with the aim of systematizing conceptually this body of research and contributing to a theory of acknowledgements. Results are summarized into the following main themes: the meaning of FAs; data sources for acknowledgements; the process of funding; association of funding with productivity, impact, and collaboration; and other aspects affected by funding. The literature reviewed shows that a theory of acknowledgements based on the reward triangle, as in previous studies, is unable to capture the extreme complexity of the scientific activity affecting and being affected by FAs. Funding bodies appear as clear and influential actors in the scientific communication system, making important decisions on the research that is supported, and influencing the type of knowledge produced. Funding agencies hold a responsibility regarding the data that they may collect on their programs, as well as the normalization policies they need to develop so that funded authors can reference with less ambiguity the financial source of their projects. Finally, the need to assess the impact of research funding beyond the scientific community that is, the societal impact, is also addressed.