bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managerial and organizational perspectives
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 describes the contributions of managerial and organizational perspectives, namely strategic management theory, game theory, bargaining power theory, organization theory, and stakeholder theory, to the understanding of cooperative strategy. Strategic management theory draws attention to the need for prospective partners to achieve a fit between their respective strategies so as to achieve each party’s objectives. Game theory provides valuable insights into the possible attitudes of one’s partner in cooperation. Bargaining power models provide expectations for how the relative contributions of partners determine the structure and strategic direction of cooperative ventures. Organization theory’s contribution comes through its consideration of resource dependency in relation to partner power and control, learning, and how to organize alliances. Stakeholder theory suggests that when firms seek cooperative solutions to joint needs, they become stakeholders in each other’s organization and thus incur an interest in the success of their partners as well as themselves.
Global production networks and cooperation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, but also final assembly, marketing, distribution, and even knowledge-based activities such as research and development. These activities are located in many countries and regions, both industrialized and emerging. The chapter notes that transaction cost and resource-based theories and their derivative transaction value perspective offer theoretical support for why cooperative ventures are common in the “outsourcing” that is typical of global production networks. Network concepts help to explain the structuring of global production networks and of the individual transactions that comprise these networks. The chapter also discusses the work of Gereffi and others on global value chains which is particularly informative about cooperative governance types. Modular production models provide a mechanism to structure decentralized networks.
Motives
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8 deals with those aspects of cooperation that precede the actual process of working together. It considers possible motives for alliances, noting that there are generally at least two, reflecting a company’s response to changes in the external environment and the company’s feeling of vulnerability or deficiency in certain areas of its operations. It may have inadequate market access, technology, brand strength, product range or other factors; it may lack financial muscle, or feel the need for speed to take advantage of a market opportunity that will not be there for long. Strategic, transaction-cost-reducing, and organizational learning motives for cooperative activity are compared and contrasted. Considering the increasingly important role that firms from emerging countries play in the global economy, this chapter also briefly compares the strategic motives of emerging-economy firms with those of developed-economy firms for alliance formation.
Negotiation and valuation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 10 addresses the negotiation of a cooperative agreement, and how to value your partner’s and your own prospective contributions to the joint enterprise. The chapter emphasizes that, whereas in a takeover situation the negotiators are single-mindedly concerned to achieve the best price for their company—the highest or lowest price depending on the side of the negotiating table, this is not the case in an alliance. Unless both partners are concerned that the other has a good deal, the alliance will not prosper over time. Partners need to be satisfied that they have a fair and reliable agreement on the contributions and benefits they attach to an alliance in order for their relationship to develop fruitfully. A so-called win–win situation is sought. The problem of contribution valuation, however, is in reality more an art than a science.
Cooperation in the financial services sector
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 19 examines alliances in the financial services sector, focusing on banks as the major players. It describes how banks have traditionally formed strategic alliances with other banks and established deep networks. As such they have made themselves into the sector’s banking blocks. However, since the financial crisis of 2008 the terrain has changed and banks are facing the need to digitize and adopt modern technology to a greater degree than previously. The chapter considers the impact of digitization leading to cooperation between banks and software companies and the development of new business models based on the efficiencies digitization offers. It also looks at the cooperative relationship of banks with the new area characterized as Fintech and the emergence of new financial tools like cryptocurrencies and blockchain.
The international context of cooperation: culture and institutions
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 21 examines ways in which the national context of alliances is relevant to cooperative strategies. It focuses on two salient contextual features. One is national culture. The other is the institutional environment, which particularly refers to governments and interest groups such as NGOs. National context is consequential for alliances in several ways. The context from which international alliance partners originate encourages each of them to internalize a particular set of norms and practices. So, if there is a substantial difference (“distance”) between those contexts, misunderstanding and friction can readily arise between the partners. Additionally, it may be problematic for an alliance partner to build sympathetic and constructive relationships with governmental bodies and interest groups in the host country location of the alliance unit (such as a joint venture), if that location is culturally and institutionally distant from the partner’s domestic environment. The chapter considers “distance” arising from country differences and how it can be highly consequential for the management and ultimate viability of an international strategic alliance.
Forms and consequences of incompatibility
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

To understand the evolutionary consequences of poor coadaptation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, it is necessary to consider in molecular detail the manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction. Most considerations of mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from mitonuclear incompatibilities focus on protein–protein interactions in the electron transport system, but the interactions of mitochondrial and nuclear genes in enabling the transcription, translation, and replication of mitochondrial DNA can play an equally important role in mitonuclear coevolution and coadaptation. This chapter reviews the extensive literature on how mitochondrial dysfunction is the cause of many inherited human diseases and explains how this biomedical literature connects to a rapidly growing body of research on the evolution and maintenance of coadaptation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes among non-human eukaryotes. The goal of the chapter is to establish the fundamental importance of coadaptation between co-functioning mitochondrial and nuclear genes.
Coevolution, co-transmission, and conflict
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

Mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes are replicated and transmitted across generations as physically separated units. The extent to which these autonomous genomes are co-transmitted depends on the position of nuclear genes on autosomes versus sex chromosomes, and co-transmission has important implications for mitonuclear coevolution and conflict. Mitonuclear co-transmission, coadaptation, and coevolution are potentially very important for understanding fundamental evolutionary phenomena like Haldane’s rule. In addition, because mitochondrial genomes are transmitted strictly through maternal lines in most eukaryotes, selection on mitochondrial genes can favor female fitness over male fitness, leading to mother’s curse. The chapter assesses and draws conclusions about the relative importance of mitonuclear coadaptation and conflict in the evolution of eukaryotic lineages.
Mitonuclear speciation
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

Current models of speciation assume that species arise when nuclear genotypes diverge following the disruption of gene flow between populations. This chapter explores the idea that speciation is specifically the result of divergence in coadapted mitonuclear gene complexes with divergence of most nuclear genes playing little or no role in speciation. To maintain mitonuclear coadaptation, nuclear genes must coevolve with rapidly changing mitochondrial genes. According to the mitonuclear compatibility concept of species, mitonuclear coevolution in isolated populations leads to speciation because population-specific mitonuclear coadaptations create between-population mitonuclear incompatibilities and hence barriers to gene flow between populations. In addition, selection for adaptive divergence of products of mitochondrial genes can lead to rapid fixation of novel mitochondrial genotypes between populations and consequently to disruption in gene flow between populations as the initiating step in animal speciation. The chapter considers the evidence for the involvement of mitonuclear compatibility in the process of speciation and the implications for this new concept of speciation and species.
Epilogue
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

Evolutionary ecology is at the precipice of a paradigm shift. For many years and through the early years of the 21st century, mitochondrial genomes were dismissed as unimportant to the evolution of complex life. Variation within mitochondrial genomes was proposed to be functionally neutral. These conceptions about mitochondrial genomes and mitonuclear genomic interactions have begun to change within the past decade, but currently accepted theories of sexual selection and speciation were proposed before the discovery of the mitochondrial genome. Evolutionary ecology has yet to fully appreciate the fundamental implications of two genomes coding for the core respiratory enzymes of eukaryotes. This chapter promotes a fundamental rethinking of key theories in evolutionary ecology with full consideration of the necessity of coadaptation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes.
The First World War and the Blockade of Germany, 1914–1919
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of the legal and diplomatic documents surrounding the Declaration of London 1909, and the way in which different governments—especially neutral countries such as the Netherlands, the United States, and Sweden—addressed the limits placed on their oceanic trade by the British government and threatened U-boat attack by the Germans. The legacy of the British blockade is also considered, particularly the impacts it may have had on civilian health in Germany, as are the arguments for the morality of siege during wartime. Timing and duration of the blockade were important. However, there were mixed messages at the time, within Germany and elsewhere, about the level of civilian deprivation. The chapter considers how German protests increased during the armistice period when the blockade continued to be enforced. Such efforts, designed to create foreign sympathy, helped to attract international aid to Germany.
Nutritional Deprivation of Children Across Germany
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

When nutritional deprivation is severe enough and of a long duration, evidence for deprivation should be found in the growth patterns of children. Anthropometric measurements were collected across Germany during and following the First World War. This chapter analyses the changing heights and weights of school children, both male and female, across Germany from 1914 to 1924. Comparisons are made using 1914 as a baseline, comparing growth curves to modern standards. As a whole, most German children were shorter and lighter than German children of similar ages before the war, suggesting the war had a negative impact on the growth of children. These data also allow for comparisons of changing heights and weights between different socioeconomic groups across Germany. The timing of deprivation varied most according to social group, with different groups reaching their nadir and zenith in different years. Finally, these data make it possible to consider as well the mitigating effects international aid had on children’s growth.
German Children’s Response to Aid
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

Following up on the food aid provided to German children discussed in chapter 8, this chapter explores how children felt about and responded to the aid that they received. Using letters and drawings from children sent to aid organizations or given to individual aid workers themselves, primarily the American Friend Service Committee, these sources confirm some details of food distribution and triage schemes employed by missionaries and their sponsoring organizations. The chapter also reviews some of the themes related to children’s measurements discussed elsewhere in the book, showing that in many cases very different kinds of sources—statistical records on children’s heights and weights, instructions to aid workers, and the recipients’ own letters and drawings—result in similar conclusions.
The Subterranean Domain
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

The main subterranean habitats are: small cavities—interstitial spaces beneath surface waters; large cavities—caves; and shallow subterranean habitats—voids of various sizes close to the surface. The defining feature of all these habitats is the absence of light. Environmental variation is also reduced and most subterranean habitats rely on nutrients transported from the surface. The aquatic component of caves includes water percolating from the surface (including epikarst), streams, and resurgences. Terrestrial habitats include epikarst, and the vadose zone. The aquatic interstitial habitat is comprised of the water-filled spaces between grains of unconsolidated sediments. Shallow subterranean habitats are ones close to the surface. They include the hypotelminorheic, interstitial, epikarst, MSS, soil, lava tubes, calcrete aquifers, and iron-ore caves. They share an absence of light, close surface connections, relatively high nutrient levels relative to other subterranean habitats, and the presence of species highly modified for subterranean life.
Biotic Interactions and Community Structure
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

A general pattern emerges from studies of subterranean communities. At a regional scale, hydrogeological and historical factors exert a controlling influence on many species, and the importance of species interactions is small. This is the pattern of the Jura Mountain groundwater communities. At a smaller geographical scale, there is little variation in hydrogeological or historical factors. For example, in both the Slovenian epikarst and Lyon aquifer studies, there was little if any variation in hydrogeological or historical factors. Species did differ in their occurrence along physicochemical axes, and these differences may well be the result of competition. Finally, some intensively studied communities show high levels of competition and predation, so strong that divergence rather than convergence occurs. There remains a gap between these somewhat unusual species combinations (beetles and cricket eggs, Appalachian cave stream invertebrates, Dinaric Niphargus, Australian calcrete diving beetles) and the broader scale community studies.
Adaptations to Subterranean Life
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

The loss of characters, especially eyes and pigment, in subterranean animals has attracted the attention of biologists since their first discovery centuries ago. Adaptationist ideas with regard to subterranean organisms were originally developed, not in connection with loss of eyes and pigment, but rather in connection with constructive changes such as appendage elongation and elaboration of extra-optic sensory structures. Three studies of adaptation epitomize adaptation as it applies to subterranean species. In Poulson’s study of life history and metabolic and neurological changes in cave fish, his basic approach was comparative, using related surface-dwelling species. Using quantitative genetics, Culver and colleagues studied the amphipod G. minus, focusing on the adaptation to the darkness of caves. Jeffery and colleagues focused on the causes of eye and pigment degeneration in the Mexican cavefish A. mexicanus. Using an array of techniques, they demonstrated the critical role pleiotropic selection plays.
The Existential Conception of Culture
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 considers the idea of culture, as described in The Birth of Tragedy and beyond, where it is understood in terms of its existential functional role. A culture, in this sense, is a worldview seeking to provide people with a form of spiritual sustenance. The most important unifying thread in Nietzsche’s discussion is that this sort of culture serves as a way for human beings to cope with existence. Although the terms in which Nietzsche thinks about these cultures change, basically the same picture continues into his later work. What these various forms of culture (Apolline, Dionysiac, tragic, Socratic) did for the ancient Greeks, he sees Christianity and its offshoots as doing for most people in the Western world. It provides them with a series of reassuring narratives and ways of viewing things that lend meaning and intelligibility to their lives.
The Great Individual in Culture
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 explores the question of how individuals and great cultures interrelate. There can indeed be great individuals without great cultures surrounding them. But even when this happens, the great individuals and their cultural surroundings (however lackluster or degraded) remain interestingly interdependent. Likewise, even when the surrounding culture is, by Nietzsche’s lights, problematically unhealthy, great individuals can still potentially profit from its influence. In its long history, Christianity, and its attendant morality, have been as much a benefit as a curse by Nietzsche’s reckoning. Indeed, given the way Nietzsche understands great individuals, as those able to make do handily with what they are faced with and become stronger, there is reason to doubt how serious such a threat from a noxious surrounding culture could actually prove.
Nietzsche’s Meta-Axiology
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 considers the status of the underlying values by which Nietzsche celebrates the flourishing of culture and rates certain kinds of lives highly. Does he regard this simply as his idiosyncratic preference, or does he take it to stand on a more secure foundation? The interpretation offered cuts against the grain of much of the best recent scholarship on Nietzsche, which sees him as doubtful that any values, including his own, might have privileged standing. For this reason, the approach taken in this chapter is primarily negative in character: it tries to undermine the basis for thinking that Nietzsche pulls the rug out from under his perfectionistic value commitments. The arguments for blanket value skepticism that have been attributed to Nietzsche, arguments that would undermine the pretensions of any values to enjoy meta-axiological privilege, are simply not anchored in decisive textual evidence.
Political Philosophy
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

Bolzano’s major work on political philosophy is a treatise called On the Best State, which was first drafted around 1830. Despite its title, it is not a merely utopian work. The best state is considered not in order to avoid practical attempts at reform, but to give them a theoretical underpinning and clearer direction. Chapter 3 presents the main points of the political philosophy set out in On the Best State, followed by a consideration of the program for reform that Bolzano had presented in the sermons (Erbauungsreden) he read at San Salvator church and further developed in his lectures on the “science of religion” at the Charles University and in some later essays. In particular, discussion centers on his views on civil disobedience, revolt, enlightenment, and the rights of women, religious minorities, and the Czech-speaking citizens of Bohemia. (125 words)
Censorship and Sacred Drama
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

The programme of entertainment on offer on the English public stage at the dawn of the nineteenth century was notably secular. The cumulative effect of Tudor injunctions, early modern legislation, and Protestant taste had been to banish the representation of scriptural subjects from the stage. This regulatory framework was underpinned by anti-theatrical anxieties and prejudices popularized and seemingly confirmed by the Reformation, which continued to be felt into the nineteenth century. Indeed, the enactment of the Catholic Relief Act in 1829 and the subsequent return of Catholicism to a position of public and artistic prominence at mid-century seems to have enhanced Victorian concern about the potentially deleterious effects of Catholic materialism and visual art. The composition and regulation of sacred drama serve as a test case, then, to probe and expose nineteenth-century anxieties about the form in which apprehensions of God could legitimately be expressed.
Introduction
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

Sacred theatrical performance has always attracted the strong scrutiny of the state. Consequently, one focus of this study is the relationship between sacred aesthetics and the law: what practices are considered in need of legal protection (or proscription), and how does that agenda change over time? But another is the way in which tradition (in this case, the long history of sacred drama in England) is constantly contested and revised, involving a profound interrogation of the extent to which the inheritances of the past shape the present or indeed the present predetermines our reading of the past. The Introduction alerts the reader to both these dynamics—the persistence of certain forms in the face of state censorship, and the ways in which that very narrative of continuity must be subject to critical scrutiny.
China’s Development Finance and African Infrastructure Development
Authors: Gu Jing , Carey Richard
Published: June 2019

With its policy banks, China has become the largest source of official development finance in the world. This chapter examines the factors behind the significant increase in China’s ‘market share’ in African infrastructure development, and the issues and opportunities this presents for wider development cooperation in infrastructure sectors across Africa. The study addresses four questions: (i) Why has China been so competitive in this domain over the last two decades? (ii) How do China’s concepts, institutions, and policies differ from those of established sources of official development finance? (iii) What is the impact on development concepts, vocabulary, and practice at the level of the G20 and the multilateral development banks? and (iv) What is the impact on infrastructure development cooperation and finance in Africa? The study argues that Chinese entrepreneurialism in development finance has stirred up the established development finance system, generating constructive new rivalries alongside new cooperative learning opportunities.
The Political Economy of China’s Investment in Nigeria
Authors: Adunbi Omolade , Stein Howard
Published: June 2019

Nigeria’s transition to civil rule in 1999 and the eventual consolidation of a liberalized economy by successive administrations have resulted in the signing of several business deals with the Chinese government and Chinese enterprises. A key agreement was the establishment of two Chinese constructed and operated special economic zones in Lagos and Ogun States as part of a plan to create zones in five countries under the auspices of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). The hope was that zones would attract Chinese manufacturing businesses and help Nigeria diversify the economy away from oil dependency. This chapter will investigate the relationship between China and Nigeria in general with a focus on textile production and trade and the nature of the zones in particular to assess if China’s growing presence in Nigeria is in the image of Prometheus or Leviathan.
Agreements and Dispute Settlement in China–Africa Economic Ties
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: June 2019

Unencumbered by a history of an intrinsically hierarchical relationship, contemporary China–Africa economic ties appear to have the benefit of being on balance politically horizontal, economically reciprocal, and systemically transactional. A corpus of credible evidence now demonstrates that overall the economic ties of the last couple of decades in the areas of trade, investment, and other types of commercial relations have been remarkably successful. The trajectories also appear optimistic. Beginning from ancient times, political boundaries notwithstanding, commercial relations have always been ordered by law. The existing post-colonial modern world order is, however, largely formalistic and moderately harmonized. It expects formal rules and institutions for the ordering of economic affairs of the scale and complexity represented by China’s contemporary relations with Africa. This chapter identifies and critically appraises China–Africa’s use of agreements to order their economic relations, and the mechanisms of dispute settlement that these agreements envision.
Labour Regimes and Workplace Encounters between China and Africa
Authors: Oya Carlos
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores labour outcomes and dynamics for Chinese FDI and infrastructure contractors through their encounters with workers, states, and labour institutions in Africa. The chapter critically assesses the most popular claims about job creation and working conditions in Chinese firms in Africa and offers an alternative and more empirically nuanced view of the employment realities and dynamics in construction and industrial Chinese firms across Africa. The chapter questions claims of ‘Chinese exceptionalism’ in labour relations, and proposes a labour regime analysis to grasp the power of global capitalist forces, national political economy, and micro-level workplace processes to better understand labour relations in China as well as in Africa, in the sectors where Chinese firms are particularly present. This framework is deployed to illustrate the variation, diversity, and changes in labour regimes in China and among Chinese firms in Africa, and the key factors that drive such variations.
Conceptual Conspectus
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

Classical typologies of polities often assumed that the rulers and the ruled are co-ethnics. They focused on whether rulers ruled in their own interests or in that of their subjects. Liberal thinkers, by contrast, focused on how to check or balance rulers, either though the separation of powers, or through representative democracy. Yet neither the separation of powers nor representative democracy necessarily prevents a political monopoly from being exercised by an ethnic group. The tyranny of an ethnic majority was not considered in early liberal thought. Northern Ireland under the hegemony of the Ulster Unionist Party after 1920 illustrated how the Westminster model of democracy can be exploited to secure an apparently permanent ethnic monopoly through the exercise of control. An account of the concept of control is developed in this chapter, and of its manifestation in both democratic and undemocratic political systems. The meanings of hegemony are elaborated before appropriate applications to Northern Ireland are signaled.
Not an Inch
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

The formation of Northern Ireland is treated in this chapter. Contrary to subsequent misrepresentation, Northern Ireland was not a state, but a devolved government within the UK, with limited powers. Despite Craig’s and the UUP’s pledges of fair and impartial government, Northern Ireland had fiery and partisan beginnings, marked by pogroms and deadly ethnic riots. What follows examines how the UUP improvised amid the constraints of the Government Ireland Act and the 1921 treaty to establish constitutional, policing, territorial, legal, and economic control throughout Northern Ireland. The extensive electoral gerrymandering is explored, as well as its consequences. Cultural Catholics had restricted autonomy in their schooling system, which was not equally or proportionally funded. The chapter addresses what motivated the system of control, and how the British allowed it to develop.
Losing Control, 1958–1972
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

At the start of 1959, when Sean Lemass became Ireland’s prime minister, Northern Ireland’s UUP looked fully in control, having quickly defeated an IRA campaign that had begun in 1956 and sputtered out in 1961. Yet just over a decade later the UUP’s control collapsed under the pressure of a civil-rights movement and its consequences. How this unexpected set of events unfolded and led to renewed British direct rule is explained in this chapter. The consequences of the British welfare state are emphasized. Northern Irish Catholics demanding equal rights with British citizens proved to be the key that unwound the UUP’s system of control. The UK Labour government of 1964–70 proved more sympathetic to Northern Irish Catholics than its predecessors had been in 1945–51 for reasons that are explained in this chapter and the next. Paradoxically, improved relations between the Southern and Northern governments preceded the erosion of the UUP’s control of the North.
Characters Before Copyright
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

How did authors control the literary fates of fictional characters before the existence of copyright? Could a second author do anything with another author’s character? Situated between the decline of the privilege system and the rise of copyright, literary borrowing in eighteenth-century Germany has long been considered unregulated. This book tells a different story. Characters before Copyright documents the surprisingly widespread eighteenth-century practice of writing fan fiction—literary works written by readers who appropriate preexisting characters invented by other authors—and reconstructs the contemporaneous debate about the literary phenomenon. Like fan fiction today, these texts took the form of sequels, prequels, and spinoffs. Analyzing the evolving reading, writing, and consumer habits of late-eighteenth-century Germany, Characters before Copyright identifies the social, economic, and aesthetic changes that fostered the rapid rise of fan fiction after 1750. Based on archival work and an ethnographic approach borrowed from legal anthropology, this book then uncovers the unwritten customary norms that governed the production of these works. Characters before Copyright thus reinterprets the eighteenth-century “literary commons,” arguing that what may appear to have been the free circulation of characters was actually circumscribed by an exacting set of rules and conditions. These norms translated into a unique type of literature that gave rise to remarkable forms of collaborative authorship and originality. Characters before Copyright provides a new perspective on the eighteenth-century book trade and the rise of intellectual property, reevaluating the concept of literary property, the history of moral rights, and the tradition of free culture.
Fictional Characters in the Eighteenth-Century Literary Commons
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

The final chapter shows that fan fiction was treated as raising legal issues separate from piracy. This chapter argues that, because authors were newly vested with the legal capacity to hold rights in their literary creations, literary characters were not free to be appropriated however readers wished. Rather, literary characters constituted a distinctive form of communal property, the use of which was subject to conditions. Chapter 6 thus redefines the “literary commons” of eighteenth-century Germany, providing a new perspective on the rise of intellectual property rights. This chapter proposes a reevaluation of the concept of literary property, the history of moral rights, and the tradition of free culture.
The Story Continues
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

Just as fan fiction defies narrative beginnings and endings, this book closes not with a conclusion, but with an interlude. By uncovering the widespread practice of writing fan fiction in the eighteenth century, identifying the rules governing its creation, and analyzing the competing artistic, economic, and public interests at stake, ...
Teaching Britain
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Teaching Britain examines teachers as key agents in the production of social knowledge. Teachers claimed intimate knowledge of everyday life among the poor and working class at home and non-white subjects abroad. They mobilized their knowledge in a wide range of mediums, from accounts of local happenings in their schools’ official log books to travel narratives based on summer trips around Britain and the wider world. Teachers also obsessively narrated and reflected on their own careers. Through these stories and the work they did every day, teachers imagined and helped to enact new models of professionalism, attitudes towards poverty and social mobility, ways of thinking about race and empire, and roles for the state. As highly visible agents of the state and beneficiaries of new state-funded opportunities, teachers also represented the largesse and the reach of the liberal state—but also the limits of both.
‘A Home for Poets’?
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Chapter four, ‘“A Home for Poets”?’ builds on this idea of a culture of defiance in training colleges by showing how teachers-in-training reshaped the curriculum. The official curriculum of the 1840s, 50s, and 60s, with its narrow focus and emphasis on rote memorization, frustrated budding teachers. Despite enduring long, exhausting days, they stayed up after ‘lights out’ to hold informal classes on Shakespeare and Byron, ancient history and modern science. They also turned their geography lessons into opportunities to reflect on the political cultures of the empire and the global networks of production and consumption that connected Britons of all social backgrounds to peoples from around the world. In large part owing to the everyday pressure of teachers-in-training, the official curriculum in training colleges came, over time, to be much more liberal as well as socially and globally engaged.
The Job Market
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Chapter five, ‘The Job Market’, maps out the challenges teachers faced in seeking work. They had to navigate a curious mix of paternalistic favouritism and bureaucratic meritocracy, procedural transparency and opaqueness, conservative and more radical ideas about gender on the part of hiring authorities. Most of all, teachers had to make big choices early in their careers: did they want to make personal sacrifices and endure a seemingly endless series of moves to try to secure a well-paying and prestigious position in a large urban school, or did they want to put down roots in a community, even if it meant settling for a less-than-desirable position? Did they want to stay in Britain or venture out to the empire, where they had a much greater chance of securing a well-paying job at a relatively young age? Teachers forged new understandings of what constituted fair and just hiring practices and desirable careers paths as they confronted, discussed, and protested the dilemmas they faced on the job market.
Everyday Stories
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Chapter seven, ‘Everyday Stories’, argues that teachers turned the log books in which they were supposed to keep a basic, factual record of their work into vivid stories about the communities in which they worked. Acquiring and sharing intimate, textured knowledge about local communities and the people who inhabited them was central to teachers’ sense of professional duty. They opened up dialogues between and balanced the frequently competing desires of local communities, state officials, and private do-gooders. Teachers’ mediation ran both ways. They enforced state policies, albeit in a selective manner which took account of local circumstances. However, they also represented to policymakers the flaws that they saw in those policies, the difficulties they faced in their everyday work, and the particulars of the local culture and economy. Teachers moved back and forth between acting as servants of the central state, local advocates, and independent professionals sometimes occupying more than one role at once. They sought to affect significant changes, but to do so carefully, slowly, and by working through rather than against local cultures.
Intercultural Borders in Europe and its Emulators
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 shifts to Phase 2 in the rise of diaspora institutions, describing the spread of diaspora institutions from the mid-1990s, as a ‘model’ of migration management in regional integration schemes like the EU. Diaspora institutions helped regional leaders to merge their member states into new regional units. Because these diaspora institutions involved the projection of one state’s authority into the domestic domain of another, they required states to soften their sovereignties and share responsibility for migrants. They demonstrated how an integrated region with porous ‘intercultural’ borders could address Europe’s abiding ethnic minority issues where a Europe of sealed nation-states could not. And they helped the new EU border states build the migration management capacities to deal with their new responsibilities as the sentries of Europe’s new perimeter. But sometimes, this process has released pent-up nationalisms and dredged up past territorial disputes.
Self-Care and Proportionality
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

Within unjust societies, the political claims of groups facing persistent injustice may come in conflict with one another. Even if it would be possible for all of their claims to be resolved at once within an ideal world, real political choices will often require decisions about how strongly to seek improvements for one’s own group at the expense of others. Can groups seek to reduce their own disadvantage even if this blockades the efforts of other groups to achieve justice, or even collaterally worsens their situation? The chapter argues that giving priority to such self-care is permissible, and perhaps required. While disadvantaged social actors should strive to build wider coalitions where they can, competing groups can reasonably seek to improve conditions for their own members first where such alliances do not emerge. The chapter illustrates with examples of directly competing Aboriginal land claims, as well as more indirectly competing political situations.
Spinoza’s Starting Points
Authors: Lin Martin
Published: June 2019

This chapter begins by explaining the nature of and reasons for the geometric method in Spinoza’s Ethics. It argues that Spinoza’s definitions and axioms are not intended to be neutral starting points but rather proclaim a substantive picture of the world that receives further development in the propositions that Spinoza derives from them. The chapter also explores this substantive picture by showing how it is both similar to and different from those of his predecessors, focusing especially on Aristotelian scholasticism and orthodox Cartesianism. It argues that, whereas nearly all of Spinoza’s definitions and axioms would be, on one natural interpretation of them, rejected by Aristotelian scholastics, they all look to be acceptable, at least at first glance, to orthodox Cartesians.
Substance
Authors: Lin Martin
Published: June 2019

One of Spinoza’s most surprising claims about substance is that it pertains to the nature of a substance to exist. What does this mean and why does Spinoza’ believe it? This chapter begins by situating Spinoza’s concept of substance in historical context by explaining the Aristotelian and Cartesian concepts of substance. Next, Spinoza’s argument for the claim that it pertains to the nature of a substance to exist is reconstructed and discussed step by step. Particular attention is paid to the connection that Spinoza sees between causation and similarity: one thing causes another only if they are similar to each other (that is, they share an attribute). Other issues considered in detail include Spinoza’s claim that no two substances can share an attribute and whether a world devoid of substance would involve a vicious regress with respect to being.
The Attributes
Authors: Lin Martin
Published: June 2019

According to Descartes, an attribute is the essence of a substance, and as such each substance has one and only one attribute. Spinoza, however, claims that the one substance, God or nature, has infinitely many attributes. But how can a single substance have infinitely many essences? This chapter argues for a new interpretation of the attributes according to which each distinct attribute of a substance is identical to its unique essence and the distinction between them is merely a distinction of reason created by the plurality of concepts used to cognize that essence. The chapter also solves a long standing puzzle about mind–body interaction in Spinoza. If minds and bodies are identical, as Spinoza claims, how can he both maintain mind–mind and body–body causation but deny mind–body causation? It argues that Spinoza’s topic, when he appears to deny mind–body causation, is, in fact, mind–body causal explanation.
Modes
Authors: Lin Martin
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that commentators have misunderstood Spinoza’s claim that particular things are modes of God by holding that modes are either accidents that inhere in God or objects that do not inhere but are merely caused by God. Instead, it argues that modes in Spinoza must be understood as objects that inhere in God. Modes stand to substance as waves stand to the ocean, fists stand to hands, and wrinkles stand to carpets. It further argues that, in addition to avoiding criticisms to which others are subject, this interpretation allows an attractive account of inherence in terms of constitution. It concludes by considering the question of the reality of the modes: are the modes genuine beings or are they mere illusions?
Introduction
Authors: Lin Martin
Published: June 2019

This chapter introduces the theme of the book: how Spinoza relates metaphysical notions on the one hand to epistemic, logical, and psychological notions on the other. It also states, explains, and justifies the methodological approach taken in the rest of the book.
Transitive Methods
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2, devoted to deterministic transitive methods, introduces the notion of a transition phenomenon by using the example of the indicator function of a set, which is described by means of its geometrical covariogram. This notion is then extended to any numerical function f of the space. The next step consists in studying in detail the operation of ‘grading’ in the isotropic case, where the initial pointwise regionalised variable is replaced by its regularised average along a line, as would occur during drilling. Simple rules for passing from the pointwise covariogram to the graded one are given. When the regionalised variable is recognised by a regular grid whose origin has a random setting, the integral of function f becomes a random variable. Its estimation variance is expressed in terms of the covariogram, and the rules about regularisation allow the numerical computation of this variance. The case of set indicators is treated in detail.
Epilogue
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

The book we have edited was written many years ago, but it still remains a topical book. Many borrowings of the book can be found in the current literature in geostatistics. There is another reason why this book remains pertinent today. We can indeed consider some branches which originate from the trunk of linear geostatistics and which are today full of life. We will demonstrate it by means of four examples....
Reading Inscriptions in Literary Epigram
Authors: Day Joseph
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 argues that literary epigrams that represent the process of reading an inscription provide evidence for the reading of inscribed epigrams in pre-Hellenistic times. Epigrams of all periods ‘project’ readings (and viewings): composers imagined reading as a speech situation in front of the inscribed object, and they wrote features of that situation into the text so as to fit or guide future readings. Two such features are deixis construed to fit vocal readings and description of the object intended to guide viewers’ responses, thus a projection of reading that complements viewing. This chapter examines deixis (first-person and dialogic) and description (ecphrastic dialogues and lists of dedicated objects) in literary epigrams that represent the projection of reading as successful, that is, an inscription being read. The chapter argues that, in comparable ways, formally similar projections in older inscribed epigram were meant to, and regularly did, fit or guide reading.
Variations on Simplicity
Authors: Campbell Charles S.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 examines the intricate ways in which Philodemus, Crinagoras, and Antipater of Thessalonica engage with the poetry of Callimachus and Leonidas of Tarentum. The chapter finds that the three epigrammatists of Philip’s Garland use these two Hellenistic predecessors as positive or negative models of poetic values and ethical outlooks, upon which they define their own authorial self-representations as Greek poets operating in the social world of Roman Italy. Using techniques of imitation and variation, these authors blend Callimachean and Leonidean models to distil a poetics and ethics defined by the ideal of simplicity (litotes). As this ideal is thematized by successive generations of epigrammatists, it became a part of the generic tissue of epigram.
Epigrammatic Variations/Debate on the Theme of Cybele’s Music
Authors: Marco Fantuzzi
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on a cluster of epigrams connected with Cybele’s cult and her priests and priestesses, in particular her galli (emasculated priests). In most of these poems, the galli make a dedication to Cybele that is related to the restraining of a lion in a cave through music typical of the goddess’ orgiastic rites. The chapter examines the relation of the epigrams to Catullus 63, which intriguingly comes before a string of negative or indignant portrayals of Cybele’s galli in imperial Rome and after critical remarks on the lack of control caused by her music in various literary sources. The chapter argues that Catullus reversed the motif of the lion’s encounter with the gallus in the cave, which was used in several epigrams to offer a defensive or eulogistic presentation of Cybele’s cult, in order to express an opposing position.