bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lyric Transparency and the “Fictional Essay”
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 approaches Carson’s philosophically minded, transparently personal verse narrative, The Beauty of the Husband: A Fictional Essay in 29 Tangos: “an essay on Keats’s idea that beauty is truth,” studded with fragments of Keats marginalia, yet not in any direct sense “about” Keats. As in “The Glass Essay,” the reading is collapsed into the autofiction offered in its stead; the Keats fragments, along with inconsistently attributed quotations from other authors, exchange valence with the facts of Carson’s “story of a marriage” in a continuous lyric texture. Fiction (mimesis, sophistry, infidelity, lie) unsteadies this story and performs a critical response to Keats aslant. The chapter argues for an extreme form of lyric transparency, in which the reading of Keats is boundaryless—nowhere and everywhere to be found—and in which “story” and “essay” displace and expose one another’s purposes, speaking to and skewing the idea of the “essay.”
Grief Lessons
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

This chapter approaches two of Carson’s most striking translation projects: Nox, a multimodal prose commentary and translation of Catullus 101, and Antigonick, an illustrated adaptation of Sophokles’s Antigone. Their subject matter is grief and its afterlife, following the loss of a brother; yet in Carson’s transformative versions, both texts become striking expressions of the dilemma of how to comprehend the lives and languages of others. Both tell stories—apocryphal stories, critical histories, personal associations—to which the source text has been bound. Both open the translator’s artifice to scrutiny through commentary, interpolations, and the hand-produced documents of which both are facsimiles. Coles considers the ways these works remain “open”: open to collaboration, permeable to personal and critical histories, vitally unfinished and unfinishable, offering little or no closure to grief and violence, or to comprehending and translating the grievance of others. The chapter situates the documentary and critical verve of these translations in relation to Carson’s wider processual self-exposure.
Can We Survive?
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses Surviving Death by Mark Johnston, which shows a deep understanding of the natural fear of death and rejects a number of traditional religious and philosophical accounts of how people might survive it. It talks about how surviving biological death may be theoretically possible, even if one assumes a naturalistic world view. It also looks at Johnston’s conviction that led him to seek a demonstration that death is better for the good than for the bad, which became the key to his analysis of survival. The chapter examines alternative theories that fall into three types: immortality of the soul, resurrection of the body, and psychological continuity. It discusses Johnston’s arguments that constitute an excellent tour of the territory of theological and philosophical theories of personal identity.
Assistance In Dying
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores how the majority of people would like to have some control over the time and manner of their deaths should they find themselves in a condition so hopeless that there is no point in going on. In most of the world, the legally permissible forms of controlling death do not include voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide: a physician may not administer or prescribe for self-administration a lethal drug for the purpose of ending life, even at the explicit request of a fully competent patient. The chapter looks at Assisted Death by L. W. Sumner, which argues that there is no ethical bright line between assisted death and all the other end-of-life measures which may hasten death. By assisted death, Sumner means either providing or administering a lethal medication in order to cause the patient’s death as a means of relieving his suffering.
Peter Singer and You
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on Peter Singer, who is an important figure in moral philosophy and provides advice that would require most people to change their lives. It discusses Singer’s 1975 book Animal Liberation, which led to effective movements in reducing the suffering of animals in factory farming, scientific experiments, and testing of commercial products. It also reviews Singer’s claims about what well-off people in affluent societies should do to help those living in absolute poverty elsewhere in the world, which he hopes to remedy with his book The Life You Can Save. The chapter mentions Liam Murphy, who claims contra Singer that the responsibility to aid those in desperate need is a collective responsibility, and that everyone is required only to do their fair share. What makes Singer’s principle so demanding is that most affluent people contribute nothing to alleviate extreme poverty.
Law, Morality, and Truth
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the philosophy of Ronald Dworkin. Most of Dworkin’s work is a defense and exploration of the domain of objective value—an attempt to show that it makes sense to seek objectively right answers to difficult questions of law, of morality, and even of how to live. He argued, firstly, that the domain of value is a unity, and that its components must be consistent with one another: there cannot be irreconcilable conflicts among genuine values. Secondly, the truth in this domain cannot be simply read off from our evaluative and moral concepts, because the content of those concepts is itself the object of evaluative disagreement: so the investigation of moral and evaluative truth must be a process of interpretation, and this interpretation must itself be an exercise of value judgment. Thirdly, the guiding value that succeeds in unifying our values is that of dignity, which in turn has two interdependent components: equality and individual responsibility. Dworkin believed that these complementary values enabled him to dissolve all the traditional tensions within moral and political theory.
Plantinga on Science and Religion
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes Alvin Plantinga’s claim that “there is superficial conflict but deep concord between science and theistic religion, but superficial concord and deep conflict between science and naturalism.” Plantinga holds, first, that the theistic conception of the relation between God, the natural world, and ourselves makes it reasonable for us to regard our perceptual and rational faculties as reliable. Second, he holds that the naturalistic conception of the world, and of ourselves as products of unguided Darwinian evolution, makes it unreasonable for us to believe that our cognitive faculties are reliable, and therefore unreasonable to believe any theories they may lead us to form, including the theory of evolution. In other words, belief in naturalism combined with belief in evolution is self-defeating. However, Plantinga thinks we can reasonably believe that we are the products of evolution provided we also believe, contrary to naturalism, that the process was in some way guided by God. The chapter then looks at Plantinga’s general theory of knowledge and his view on faith.
Is Metaphysics Possible?
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores Barry Stroud’s argument that the project of metaphysics cannot be carried out because we are too immersed in the system of concepts that we hope to subject to metaphysical assessment. This “prevents us from finding enough distance between our conception of the world and the world it is meant to be a conception of to allow for an appropriately impartial metaphysical verdict on the relation between the two.” Stroud believes that we cannot succeed in reaching either a positive (often called “realist”) or a negative (“antirealist”) metaphysical verdict about a number of basic conceptions. He argues for this claim in detail with respect to three of the most fundamental and philosophically contested concepts: causality, necessity, and value. Stroud also examines and responds with care to the sophisticated neo-Humean projectivist view called quasi-realism. He argues that quasi-realism both fails to give a plausible reading of our ordinary causal beliefs and cannot avoid relying on mind-independent causal claims of the kind it professes to abjure.
Bread and Autocracy
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene
Published: August 2023

Food has been crucial to the functioning and survival of governments and regimes since the emergence of early states. Only in a few countries is the connection between food and politics as pronounced as in Russia. Virtually every significant development in Russian and Soviet history since the 1917 Revolution has been either directly driven by or closely associated with the question of food and access to it. Food shortages played a critical role in the collapse of both the Russian Empire and the USSR. Under Vladimir Putin’s watch, Russia, a major importer of grain, transformed itself into the world’s largest exporter. Bread and Autocracy focuses on this crucial yet widely overlooked transformation. The book argues that this transformation was a result of a deliberate government strategy. The Kremlin’s aim is to achieve nutritional independence and shield Putin’s Russia from dependence on food imports. Self-sufficiency in key food staples is meant to protect the regime from food shortages in case of a major confrontation with the West, for which Putin has long prepared. Russia’s focus on nutritional self-sufficiency also sets the country apart from almost all modern autocracies. While many authoritarian regimes have adopted industrial import-substitution policies, in Putin’s Russia it is the substitution of food imports with domestically produced crops that is crucial for regime survival. Bread and Autocracy presents the connection between food, politics, and security in post-Soviet Russia and shows the emergence of food self-sufficiency as key pillar of regime security, stability, and survival.
Food, Security, and Food Security
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene
Published: August 2023

The period 2000–2010 saw the rapid growth of Russia’s food production, especially in the grain sphere. Self-sufficiency in grain was the first necessary step that allowed the rapid expansion of other sectors, such as dairy and meat. This chapter focuses on the emergence of nutritional independence as the key political and security goal for the Kremlin. More specifically, we zoom in on Russia’s 2010 Food Security Doctrine, a key ideological document that outlines the regime’s end goal of nutritional independence. The first part of the chapter presents the Doctrine’s goals, ideological foundations, the reasons for its adoption, and its wider significance for Russian politics. In the second half, the chapter discusses the practical consequences of the Doctrine’s adoption and how the Kremlin prioritized self-sufficiency in food during the 2010 drought year.
Top Feeders
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene
Published: August 2023

The previous chapters discussed the political and security considerations that led the Russian government to invest in domestic food production. However, the vast majority of Russian food producers are privately owned. This chapter focuses on the most important food producers, the agro-holdings—large-scale, vertically integrated agricultural conglomerates. More specifically, the chapter presents three key agricultural holding companies: Agrocomplex, Rusagro, and Miratorg. These holdings exemplify the different modes of state-large agribusiness relations, yet each depends heavily on state funding and support. The chapter discusses the specific ways in which these agro-holdings benefit from the Kremlin’s desire to shore up domestic production and achieve nutritional self-sufficiency.
Introduction
Authors: Ko Jiyoung
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins by introducing the theoretical and empirical puzzle of the book: does popular nationalism cause interstate war? To answer this question, the chapter first defines what popular nationalism is and discusses its several distinctive characteristics. In doing so, the chapter clarifies how popular nationalism differs from other related concepts, such as populism, ethnic nationalism, and civic nationalism. It then discusses from whom popular nationalism emerges and defines the book’s scope condition. Next, it introduces the book’s core arguments and discusses its main contributions to the international relations scholarship. The chapter closes by providing a roadmap for the rest of the book.
Chinese Nationalistic Sentiments and Mass Foreign Policy Preferences
Authors: Ko Jiyoung
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates to what extent the stimulation of nationalistic sentiments generates adverse foreign policy preferences among the Chinese mass public, using a survey experiment. The experiment utilized visual stimuli drawn from real-world sources to stoke respondents’ nationalistic sentiments and measured their foreign policy preferences in the context of the country’s territorial dispute with Japan. The experimental results show that the stimulation of nationalistic sentiments can induce two adverse foreign policy preferences among the Chinese public, namely, a preference for hawkish means and a preference for complete victory, but not in all circumstances. Whether such adverse preferences emerge or not is dependent on the contexts in which nationalistic sentiments are stimulated, specifically whether those sentiments are aroused in relation to the national Self or Others.
Chinese Popular Nationalism and the Territorial Dispute with Japan
Authors: Ko Jiyoung
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates how Chinese popular nationalism has influenced the country’s decision of using force or maintaining the status quo in the Senkaku/Diaoyu/Diaoyutai Islands dispute between China/Taiwan and Japan in the East China Sea. The chapter illustrates how China has mainly exercised restraint and maintained the status quo in this dispute, despite strong popular nationalism. Although China has been rising rapidly, its complete victory in conflict has been a distant possibility at best, and with the lack of competitive nationalist political opposition, popular nationalism has had a restraining effect. The chapter also provides a close investigation of a crisis triggered by Japan’s nationalization of the disputed islands in 2012. The chapter contrasts China’s restrained behavior with a more assertive approach taken by Taiwan.
Territory, War, and the “Territorial Trap”
Authors: Kadercan Burak
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the two central research questions. First, how exactly do different territorial ideas affect the ways in which states fight their wars? Second, what specific roles have wars played in the evolution of the dominant territorial ideas in world politics? The chapter offers a brief overview of the existing research on the relationship between territory and armed conflict, categorizing the relevant perspectives into three: evolutionary, materialistic, and constructivist. Of these, the constructivist approach holds the greatest potential to explore the role of “territorial ideas” in world politics, especially in the context of armed conflict. IR constructivism, in turn, can benefit greatly from the research in political geography. For such interdisciplinary dialogues to flourish, two challenges need to be met: IR research should more explicitly define “territory,” and it also needs to move beyond what John Agnew dubbed the territorial trap. The chapter outlines the research methodology, which is built around abduction and paradigmatic case studies, and then summarizes the book’s contributions.
Fluid Frontiers and Forever War II
Authors: Kadercan Burak
Published: August 2023

This chapter deals with virulent territorial order, which is not only rather rare in history, but is also rarely recognized as a distinct territorial model in IR research. Just as it is the case with amorphous territoriality, states that adhere to virulent orders envision territorial war as a continuous process and aim to expand the spatial extent of their authority, not only through conquest and extension of direct sovereignty, but also by creating spheres of influence, satellites, and dependencies. What separates virulent territoriality from amorphous territoriality is the emphasis the former model places on homogenizing societies within and beyond the relevant states’ domains, which is closely associated with their incentives to reterritorialize target areas. Accordingly, virulent orders are usually associated with severe and continuous conflict. Historically speaking, virulent orders are usually, if not always, professed by revolutionary movements and states. In order to examine the plausibility of these claims, this chapter first offers a general discussion on virulent territoriality, then examines two distinct paradigmatic cases: revolutionary/Napoleonic France and the group known as ISIS.
Conclusion
Authors: Kadercan Burak
Published: August 2023

This chapter first offers a brief summary of the previous chapters and then highlights some implications of the previous discussion for present-day global politics, while also offering a number of potential venues for future research. First, the chapter reiterates and refines the call for further interdisciplinary dialogues between IR scholars and political geographers. This segment is followed by a discussion on the relationship between territory and armed conflict in the twenty-first century, which addresses numerous topics that range from so-called artificial borders and foreign-imposed nation-building campaigns to the resilience of dual territoriality across the globe. The third section involves the Russo-Ukrainian War; this segment scrutinizes the association between the dominant territorial ideas in Russia as well Ukraine and the causes, conduct, and potential consequences of the war that broke out in February 2022. Last, the chapter revisits the colonial and racist origins of the present-day territorial arrangements. We may have moved beyond formal empires and blatant racism, but we still have a long way to move beyond the long-term legacies of imperialism and racism, which still affect how we think of and talk about the present-day global territorial arrangements.
Rethinking Race in Research on Migration
Authors: Smith Patriann , Joel Warrican S. , Kumi-Yeboah, Alex , Esperat Tala Karkar
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the dialectic of racialization that is explained based on immigrants’ post-migration experience, highlighting the racialization and corresponding sense of agency in the pre-migration experience that is often overlooked. The chapter argues that this dialectic can be better understood in migration research by equally examining racialization and agency in the pre-migration experiences of immigrants. Specifically, the chapter proposes transnational literacy as a tool for nation-states to identify and address language as a proxy for systemic forms of racism against non-White immigrants. It argues that xenophobia and racism have been significantly made visible and escalated in and beyond the United States in recent years, and that, despite the agency afforded to immigrants by autonomy of migration perspectives, many immigrants are daily racialized while attempting to exercise their self-determination in response to the restrictions imposed by nation-states during border crossing.
“Do We Really Belong Here?”
Authors: Shizha Edward
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines literature on the temporality of naturalized citizenship and questions whether citizenship, for immigrants, is a protected human right or a privilege. The chapter argues that citizenship in a host country is a well-sought-after status by immigrants. The question is whether immigrants’ citizenship is permanent or temporary, and whether it is treated in the same way as that of non-immigrants. It is further argued that, despite citizenship having generally been considered an irrevocable status in most Western countries, in practice if not in law, for immigrants, citizenship comes with strings attached because of policies and laws that control naturalized citizenship. These laws can be used to denationalize naturalized citizens through revocations for those stigmatized as “undesirables” and threatened with deportation. The chapter argues for equity in the treatment of all citizens despite how they acquired their citizenship.
“Irregular” Migration, Intersectionality, and Race
Authors: Bolger Dawn
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines successive Australian governments’ immigration policies that have inflamed racially driven fears of migrants based on a historical concern of “invasion.” The chapter argues that migrants seeking to enter Australia are frequently dichotomized as either “desirable” or “undesirable,” with asylum seekers and refugees being portrayed as culturally and innately incompatible with Australian societal expectations. It further posits that debates on asylum seekers and refugees have increasingly centered on incompatibility, deviancy, and the need for “border protection,” resulting in refugees—especially those arriving by boat—being frequently presented in polemical terms as an “influx” of “aliens” or “back-door” entry seekers. It observes that such polemical language facilitates a binary opposition where refugees are understood as genuine or bogus, legal or illegal, and law-abiding or criminal, thus exposing them to practices and forms of injustice.
The Windrush Generation and British Citizenship Policy
Authors: Gomes Shelene , Torrington Arthur
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the post-World War II period when West Indians/Caribbeans moved from British colonies to the “mother country” to fill labor demands of the imperial state and pursue better lives. It narrates the arrival of Black and Brown West Indians on the Empire Windrush in 1948 as evidence of the entanglements of the colonies and the metropole. The chapter describes how the migrants felt as “settlers” within the British Empire to which they thought they belonged. They were reminded of their subordinate status within the Empire and categorized as immigrants, additionally confronting structural racism and xenophobia. The chapter further explores alternative conceptualizations of citizenship for those affected by racecraft in the UK’s “hostile environment” by drawing upon the narratives of the “Windrush Generation” and British-born immigrant children. It concludes that reconceptualization positively reimagines citizenship and belonging rather than marginalizing racialized migrants.
Transnational Lives and the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Immigrants and Refugees
Authors: Shizha Edward
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines literature on how migration, transnationalism, and transnational social spaces, fields, and formations have been affected by the advent of coronavirus (COVID-19). The chapter utilizes intersectionality and the ecological systems theory to examine racialized socioeconomic inequalities in the everyday practices of immigrants, their engagement in the segmented dual labor market, and how these impact on their health and well-being. It argues that the pandemic brought significant challenges and uncertainty for immigrants who experienced racialized inequalities in their personal, work, and professional lives. It further argues that COVID-19 disrupted their social, cultural, political, and economic relations with friends and relatives in both their home and host countries. This chapter concludes that the socioeconomic and sociocultural impacts of COVID-19 on racialized immigrants was an opportunity for policymakers to reconsider and address racialized inequities revealed by the pandemic experience.
The Self in Relationships
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

According to “social-psychological” personality theories, individuals’ everyday experience of anxiety is largely interpersonal in nature, originating in childhood and persistent throughout individuals’ lives. At least one of those theories—specifically, Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of personality—proposes that all individuals possess a “self-system” that ideally enables individuals to manage interpersonal anxiety. But what, exactly, is the self that presumably gives rise to the self-system, and which aspects of the self are especially likely to be manifested in individuals’ behavior toward significant others? The present book addresses these questions (and others) regarding the self in relationships. Grounded within Wiggins’s interpersonal circumplex theory of personality and social behavior (which was influenced greatly by Sullivan’s theory), the present book offers extensive coverage of various interpersonal aspects of personality—especially the agentic trait of dominance and the communal trait of nurturance—that may be expressed in certain interdependence processes, such as accommodation following partners’ expressions of anger or criticism toward individuals. The book ends with a call for future researchers to integrate perspectives that often are depicted as mutually exclusive (e.g., trait and cognitive schools within personality psychology), in order to attain deeper understanding of the self in relationships than currently exists.
Conceptualization of Dominance and Nurturance as Interpersonal Traits
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses geometric and psychometric tests conducted concerning the circumplexity of lower-order traits as measured by the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circle (IPIP-IPC). In three separate studies, results of circulant correlation analyses consistently indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. Moreover, results of confirmatory factor analyses consistently indicate that a two-factor model (i.e., circumplex factors of dominance and nurturance) provides satisfactory fit. Unlike the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised Version (IAS-R), the IPIP-IPC never requires the addition of a third, noncircumplex (i.e., “acquiescence”) factor to account adequately for patterns among lower-order trait correlations. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 6, in which interpersonal traits as predictors of accommodation in close relationships are examined.
Measurement of Dominance and Nurturance as Interpersonal Traits II
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the interpersonal motives of power and intimacy, as measured by the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values (CSIV). Using previously unpublished data, results of a circulant correlation analysis indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. However, results of structural equation analyses reveal that (1) exclusion of noncircumplex, “acquiescence” factors for the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circle (IPIP-IPC) and the CSIV leads to an ill-fitting model, whereas (2) inclusion of “acquiescence” factors alongside the circumplex trait and motive factors leads to a well-fitting model (with nurturance as a significant positive predictor, dominance as a significant negative predictor, and intimacy as a marginal positive predictor of accommodation; power is nonsignificant). The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 8, (re)conceptualizing attachment styles/orientations as interpersonal attitudes.
“Voodoo” and U.S. Imperialism in Cuba in the 1890s–1920s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines an underexplored aspect of how tales of “voodoo” were used in U.S. imperialism in the Caribbean. The United States intervened in the government of Cuba several times during the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century by sending troops and government officials. During the years of U.S. “occupation,” tales of child sacrifice, orgies, and other forms of “voodoo” practices in Cuba were prevalent in U.S. newspapers and were used to defend U.S. presence on the island. This chapter argues that these mini-occupations laid the foundations for the relationship between U.S. intervention and “voodooism,” and created patterns that would be repeated in the U.S. occupation of Haiti (1915–1934).
“Sacrifices at Sea” and Haitian Refugees in the 1980s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

The United States made significant changes to its immigration policies in the early 1980s. These policies drastically and negatively impacted Haitian refugees who were attempting to reach the United States in small, rickety boats and who were then held in horrible conditions in detention centers while waiting for asylum hearings. Simultaneously, a series of fateful voyages took place where Haitian smugglers allegedly sacrificed passengers as part of “voodoo” rituals to ensure safe passage to the United States. Stories of these supposed sacrifices featured prominently in news reports on Haitian asylum seekers in the 1980s. This chapter explores the role that narratives about the threat of “voodoo” practices played in immigration cases and debates in the United States.
Space Biology
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses space biology. All terrestrial life is based on the same carbon chemistry, for example, the twenty amino acids used to build proteins; organic molecules could be left-handed or right-handed, but terrestrial life prefers left-handed amino acids and right-handed sugars. A different extraterrestrial life might offer clues about the evolution of Earth life; if similar, it might reveal some organic inevitability. Sciences like biology and medicine would grow and benefit. Studying evolution on another world would be of extraordinary value. Exploration is serendipitous even if we find no other life: structures that looked like bacteria in a Martian meteorite led to the discovery of ultra-small bacteria on Earth. Experimenting with terrestrial life in space may lead to medical advances. However, altering humans genetically or medically to overcome space problems is not justified when the serendipity of physical science may provide better alternatives.
Survival and Wisdom
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses survival and wisdom. A dynamic science allows adaptation to a variety of changing environments. If we choose the universe, we hedge our bets against extinction. This is strong justification for the exploration and colonization of space. But some claim human survival is a value relative to our species, not objective. We need not show that human survival is an absolute value, only that it is in the strong interest of humanity (e.g., preventing the destruction of Earth by a giant asteroid). Our actions today may affect that interest tomorrow. Critics argue that we better protect the Earth by nurturing respect toward it than by hoping we can always move onto another nest. Space exploration presumably disrupts the natural balance. Evolution of the universe and of life has always changed the balance of nature. Wise interference requires science. A bit of knowledge can be dangerous, but there is no future in ignorance.
Split Brains, Doubled Minds
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the first modern attempts to describe the functional specialization of the brain via its bicameral structure in order to trace the effect of “dual mind” concepts in the second wave of the literary Gothic. Because the dual hemispheres of the brain provide an intuitively persuasive anatomical argument for subconsciousness, advocates of these concepts (most notably Henry Holland and Arthur Wigan) ascribed opposing mental states to each hemisphere, with Wigan going so far as proposing a completely separate but suppressed mind to inhabit an anatomically inferior side of the brain. This chapter begins by tracing the prehistory of Wigan’s ideas in the popular fascination with sleepwalking and its cranial underpinnings through the work of Benjamin Rush, Charles Brockden Brown, Alfred Tennyson, and Edgar Allan Poe, before turning to echoes of Wigan’s theories in the mirrored protagonists of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights or the cranial doppelgängers in Herman Melville’s “Benito Cereno.”
Skulls and Society
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the literary effects of phrenology, one of the first modern theories of brain localization, which asserted that the brain is a multi-organ entity and behavioral traits can be mapped onto its different regions. This theory of mental stasis could only explain radical behavior change, as embodied by the famous case of Phineas Gage, through brain damage. Consequently, many literary (proto-)Realists and ardent believers in phrenology began exploiting the trope of “blows upon the head” for literary effect. The chapter then branches out from the conundrum of free will in phrenology to discuss its societal visions, from the sociology of class belonging of George Combe in the works of Charles Dickens to the celebration of American (cranial) exceptionalism in the Fowler brothers via their literary customer, Walt Whitman.
Mapping and Measuring
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Scientists studied the Moon through telescopes that they built themselves, though these were not powerful enough to dispel the notion of life on the Moon. They became firmer in the belief that lunar craters were volcanoes. They continued to measure the height of lunar mountains, and in 1848, two German scientists, Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler, published an amazingly detailed map of the Moon. As others began to publish their own maps, Mary Blagg took up the task of reconciling the disparate names applied to the same lunar feature. Franz von Paula Gruithuisen considered the question of the Moon’s origin, saying that all the planets and moons had grown by the aggregation of smaller bodies. Unfortunately, the credibility of this prescient notion was undercut by Gruithuisen’s report of people, animals, and crops on the Moon—even a fortress, a city, and a temple at which the “Lunites” worshiped the stars.
Colliding Moonlets
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

In the 1890s, one of the greatest geologists of the nineteenth century, G. K. Gilbert, spent eighteen nights viewing the Moon through a large telescope. He was a skilled topographer and saw no evidence of volcanism on the Moon, leading him to the firm conclusion that lunar craters were to the result of meteorite impact. However, since meteorites would have arrived at a variety of angles, some would have struck a glancing blow and left oval-shaped craters, but all those he saw on the Moon were circular. This led him to invent the theory that a ring of moonlets had surrounded the Moon. The moonlets fell vertically onto the Moon’s surface, leaving circular craters. Gilbert went on to study the best example of an impact crater on the Earth, Meteor Crater in Arizona. Showing that even great scientists can err, he declared it to be of volcanic origin even though there were meteorite fragments scattered around the surface of the crater. This put impact cratering off limits for the US Geological Survey, where he worked, for sixty years. Mining engineer Daniel Moreau Barringer disagreed and developed a lifelong obsession with mining the iron meteorite that he believed must underlie Meteor Crater. But scientists would soon realize that an impacting meteorite would cause an explosion that would blast it to pieces, leaving nothing worth mining. These would also leave circular craters, explaining why no craters on the Moon are oval.
Simulating Giant Impact
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

As computers became ever more powerful, the simulations of giant impact became ever more sophisticated. This allowed scientists to test giant impact to see if it could account for the geochemistry of the Moon and the Earth, especially their isotope ratios. A successful model also had to explain the spin momentum of the two bodies, a problem that had bedeviled the three classic theories of the Moon’s origin. Finally, nearly five decades after Apollo, the computer modelers were able to come up with a process that could explain both the isotope ratios and the spin. As one summed up for lunar scientists generally, “Earth formed in a series of giant impacts, and the last one made the Moon.” Scientists are busy filling in the details and have begun to test the giant impact theory against other bodies in the solar system, such as the moons of Mars and Charon, a moon of Pluto. Some have used it to explain the origin of the faraway planets that astronomers have found around other suns.
Reason, Preference, and Freedom
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

Reason may influence preference. The preferences of others may influence my preference. These influences may dominate us. If reason dominates our preferences, we may be in bondage to reason and lack freedom. But if reason has no purpose, we are in bondage to desire. This is the paradox of reason. The answer to the paradox is contained in the formulation of a power preference that is the primary explanation of choice, an ultimate preference. The power preference must be a preference that a person has because he or she prefers to have that preference. When that preference is the primary explanation of choice, the power of preference becomes the source of our free agency as our preferred response to reason.
Freedom of Choice and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

The formation of preferences from lines of reasoning depends on the resolution of conflict between lines of reasoning in the individual. An ideally rational model for understanding conflict resolution finds an equilibrium in the weights assigned from various perspectives within an individual that depends on the weight that he or she assigns to various lines of reasoning. A useful way of viewing these perspectives is to idealize them as though they were perspectives of diverse individuals. This implies that the weight given to various perspectives within an individual to resolve conflict is an ideally rational model of the weights given to a variety of individuals. The chapter offers a model of social conflict resolution developed with Carl Wagner as an ideal theory of rational internal conflict resolution based on a fixed-point vector of weights that is self-explanatory.
Precarious Ties
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

Capitalists in most authoritarian regimes have been described as “cronies” of political elites, but why do some crony relationships produce growth, while others produce stagnation or even destructive economic crisis? And if business actors are “co-opted” by authoritarian regimes, as China’s entrepreneurs have been said to be, what explains why business and the state turn on one another? Precarious Ties offers a novel account of relationships between business and political elites in three authoritarian regimes in developing Asia: Indonesia under Suharto’s New Order, Malaysia under the Barisan Nasional, and China under the Chinese Communist Party. All three regimes enjoyed periods of high growth and supposed alliances between autocrats and capitalists, but state-business relations in Indonesia and China became destructive and dangerous when those countries undertook efforts at financial liberalization. This book characterizes this destructive form of state-business relations as mutual endangerment, in which vulnerable business elites are entwined with political elites in ways that imperil both sides, manifest in asset expatriation, weaponized information, and rampant economic looting. Indonesia and China experienced mutual endangerment because of fundamental distrust between business elites and the state combined with financial opening. In contrast, Malaysia’s business elites expected cooperation from the regime, and state-business relations have cycled through mutual alignment and competitive clientelism, but never became destructive. Precarious Ties examines how conflict during regime formation affects political trust and dynamics of financial development in authoritarian regimes. The experiences of these three dynamic countries in authoritarian Asia ultimately reveal the inherent instability of state-business ties.
Conclusion
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

State-business relations in authoritarian regimes are inherently unstable. This concluding chapter draws lessons for economic policymaking and scholarly analysis of authoritarian political economy from the experiences of Suharto’s New Order, Malaysia under the Barisan Nasional, and China under the Chinese Communist Party. The book concludes that cronyism is an insufficiently descriptive of state-business relations because it fails to account for whether closeness contains trust or is evidence of its absence. Instead, the conclusion argues that scholars must understand the moral economy of authoritarian regimes to understand economic behavior, that vulnerable capitalists enjoy a “disruptive power” over the regimes that try to govern them, and that financial systems without the rule of law are fundamentally prone to fraud and mismanagement.
Objections and Replies
Authors: Capes Justin A.
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses eight objections to the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases. Some of these objections take the form of arguments for the conclusion that agents in Frankfurt cases are morally responsible for behavior they couldn’t have avoided (contrary to what the fine-grained analysis entails). Others purport to identify various difficulties with the analysis itself. Still others argue that the analysis can be circumvented. It is argued that none of these objections are successful.
Frankfurt Cases
Authors: Capes Justin A.
Published: August 2023

A number of structurally different Frankfurt cases have been developed over the years. There are “prior sign” cases, “blockage” cases, “modified blockage” cases, “self-imposed blockage” cases, “limited blockage” cases, “buffer” cases, and “modified buffer” cases, among others. This chapter explains how the fine-grained analysis can be applied to all these different kinds of Frankfurt cases. Also discussed is Frankfurt’s well-known case of the Willing and Unwilling Addict, and his argument that the Frankfurt cases cast doubt on the principle of alternative possibilities even if, strictly speaking, they aren’t counterexamples to the principle.
Tracing the Painkiller Revolution
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1 traces the history of pain and the development of the field of pain management. Within these domains, it also looks at the emergence of the “pain revolution,” a sudden shift in prescribing practices in which opioids rapidly emerged as the hallmark treatment for managing different types of pain. It focuses on key shifts in the medical knowledge and practices related to pain in order to understand how pain and opioids came to be linked together. In doing so, it also examines how forces outside medicine acted upon and in conjunction with medical expertise in ways that helped spark the opioid revolution. This chapter seeks to identify the key uncertainties, questions, proposed solutions, and collaborations that emerged within and between medicine and politics that will explain how opioids became the go-to treatment for pain, how this connection strengthened over time, and how it helped set the stage for the unprecedented growth of an opioid market.
Pain’s New Faces
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 shows how the opioid epidemic has been made to look the way it does and how people who use opioids are constructed in medicine, politics, and popular culture. In particular, the fifth chapter focuses on attempts to restore order to what now appears to be a system of meaning in crisis. It does so by developing a critical discourse analysis of opioid use in health institutions and popular culture, sites where meaning-making practices have historically named, classified, and characterized people who use opioids as different kinds of persons. Each of the figures in this typology, along with the ways in which they are imagined, performs a specific function within the opioid epidemic. This typology conditions whose pain is seen as legitimate, and it sets the stage for a compassionate approach to opioid use that is selectively applied to only some people in pain.
Closing
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

The book concludes by considering the implications of its findings for the development of drug policies and future research related to public health, medicine, and their relationship to culture. In addition to several practical suggestions related to the regulatory process, this chapter contends that developing a richer understanding of the opioid epidemic—of something that has often been understood and articulated as a purely medical phenomenon—would be better achieved by taking a more comprehensive approach that considers its relation to other social problems, to politics, and to American culture. Moreover, rethinking pain and addiction not as individual problems but as problems that can only be understood in complex, social, and cultural terms is a crucial agenda for future research. Examining how pain is defined, realized, and assessed; how people relate their own pain and the pain of others; and how pain becomes represented and intervened upon in a variety of domains might help American society make sense of what has happened over the past two decades. In sum, closer attention paid to the analysis and implications suggested in the chapters, along with the crucial recognition that every person’s pain matters, are key steps worth taking to end the current crisis.
Bipartisanship and US Foreign Policy
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

Bipartisanship and US Foreign Policy shows that, even as polarization in American politics reaches new heights, Democrats and Republicans in Washington continue to cooperate on many international issues. A close look at congressional voting patterns and major foreign policy debates of recent years—including over military intervention, the use of economic sanctions, international trade, and foreign policy spending—reveals that bipartisanship remains surprisingly common when elected officials turn their attention overseas. Yet bipartisanship today rarely involves unity in Washington. Instead, bipartisan coalitions often coexist with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president, making it difficult for the United States to speak with one voice on the global stage. In short, the politics of contemporary US foreign policy are more nuanced than either headlines highlighting extreme polarization or truisms suggesting that politics stops at the water’s edge would suggest. Drawing on new data and interviews of more than 100 US foreign policy practitioners, the book highlights key factors that influence political alignments among elected officials and provides takeaways for efforts to foster more bipartisanship on important foreign policy challenges.
Spiritual Marriage with Christ in De Virginitate
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter lays the groundwork for the investigation with an analysis of Gregory’s earliest work, De virginitate. This chapter argues that his pneumatology plays the primary role in achieving the work’s skopos. Gregory demonstrates that it is impossible for weak, fallen humanity to see God unless the power of death is overcome by the life-giving power of the Holy Spirit. With reference to baptismal illumination and regeneration, and the use of what is called ‘baptismal exegesis’ of scripture, Gregory shows that it is only by the Spirit that the virgin ascetic may become spiritually married to Christ. We find that from the earliest moments of his writing career, Gregory conceives of marriage with Christ as a work initiated and perfected by the Spirit, who shares the essential attributes of the Father and the Son, a basic insight that he will carry into the writing of In Canticum Canticorum.