bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partisans in Robes: Party Cues and Public Acceptance of Supreme Court Decisions
Authors: Nicholson Stephen P. , Hansford Thomas G.
Published: January 2014

The public perceives the Supreme Court to be a legal institution. This perception enables the Court's legitimacy‐conferring function, which serves to increase public acceptance of its decisions. Yet, the public acknowledges a political aspect to the Court as well. To evaluate how the public responds to the different images of the Supreme Court, we investigate whether and how depictions of specifically partisan (e.g., Republican) Court rulings shape public acceptance of its decisions while varying institutional, legal, and issue characteristics. Using survey experiments, we find that party cues and partisanship, more so than the imprimatur of the Court, affect public acceptance. We also find that polarization diminishes the effect of party cues. Attributing a decision to the Court does little to increase baseline acceptance or attenuate partisan cue effects. The Court's uniqueness, at least in terms of its legitimacy‐conferring function, is perhaps overstated.
Towards patient self‐triage in the ophthalmic emergency department: sensitivity and specificity of a self‐triage instrument
Authors: Eijk Eva S.V. , Busschbach Jan J.V. , Monteban Helma , Timman Reinier , Wefers Bettink‐Remeijer Marijke
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Trained ophthalmic triage staff may not constantly be available in the emergency department of a specialized ophthalmic hospital, particularly at night. To support the current triage process, the aim of this study was to develop an ophthalmic instrument of patient self‐triage (ISET).

Methods

A preliminary ISET, in the form of a pen‐and‐paper questionnaire, was refined and validated in a two‐step procedure. In a first explorative step, we compared the results of the ISET with the results of the regular triage process during the day, that is, triage by a trained triage assistant in a specialized ophthalmic hospital. As several patients needed guidance completing the questionnaire, the ISET was subsequently refined. The second step was to test the validity of the refined ISET by again comparing the outcome of this triage with that of the triage assistant in the emergency department.

Results

The first explorative step involved 279 patients and the final validation step 298. During the validation step, sensitivity of the ISET was 94.3% and specificity 76.4%.

Conclusion

The results show that the ISET is a sensitive and specific instrument for ophthalmic triage compared with a trained ophthalmic triage assistant.
Comparison and analysis of the animal models used to study the effect of morphine on tumour growth and metastasis
Authors: Afsharimani B , Doornebal C W , Cabot P J , Hollmann M W , Parat M‐O
Published: January 2014

The effect of opioids on tumour growth and metastasis has been debated for many years, with recent emphasis on the possibility that they might influence the rate of disease‐free survival after tumour resection when used in the perioperative pain management of cancer surgery patients. The literature presents conflicting and inconclusive in vitro and in vivo data about the potential effect of opioids, especially morphine, on tumour growth and metastasis. To inform clinical practice, appropriate animal models are needed to test whether opioids alter the course of tumour growth and metastasis. Here, we review the literature on animal‐based studies testing the effect of morphine on cancer so far, and analyse differences between the models used that may explain the discrepancies in published results. Such analysis should elucidate the role of opioids in cancer and help define ideal pre‐clinical models to provide definitive answers.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Hypoxia activates 15‐PGDH and its metabolite 15‐KETE to promote pulmonary artery endothelial cells proliferation via ERK1/2 signalling
Authors: Ma Cui , Liu Yun , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Chen , Yao Hongmin , Ma Jun , Zhang Lei , Zhang Dandan , Shen Tingting , Zhu Daling
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose

Dysfunction and injury of endothelial cells in the pulmonary artery play critical roles in the hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia. One consequence of hypoxia is increased activity of 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH). Here, we have explored, in detail, the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

Experimental Approach

We used bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, cell‐cycle analysis, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis to study the effects of hypoxia, induced 15‐PGDH) activity and its product, 15‐keto‐6Z, 8Z, 11Z, 13E‐eicosatetraenoic acid (15‐KETE), on endothelial cell proliferation. Scratch‐wound and tube formation assays were also used to study migration of endothelial cells.

Key Results

15‐KETE increased DNA synthesis and enhanced the transition from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase in hypoxia. Inhibition of 15‐PGDH or siRNA for 15‐PGDH reversed these effects. 15‐KETE also activated the ERK1/2 signalling pathway. 15‐KETE‐induced cell migration and tube formation were reversed by blocking ERK1/2, but not the p38 MAPK pathway.

Conclusions and Implications

Hypoxia‐induced endothelial proliferation and migration, an important underlying mechanism contributing to hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodelling, appears to be mediated by 15‐PGDH and 15‐KETE, via the ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
Arylamine N‐acetyltransferases: from drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics to drug discovery
Authors: Sim E , Abuhammad A , Ryan A
Published: January 2014

Arylamine N‐acetyltransferases (NATs) are polymorphic drug‐metabolizing enzymes, acetylating arylamine carcinogens and drugs including hydralazine and sulphonamides. The slow NAT phenotype increases susceptibility to hydralazine and isoniazid toxicity and to occupational bladder cancer. The two polymorphic human NAT loci show linkage disequilibrium. All mammalian Nat genes have an intronless open reading frame and non‐coding exons. The human gene products NAT1 and NAT2 have distinct substrate specificities: NAT2 acetylates hydralazine and human NAT1 acetylates p‐aminosalicylate (p‐AS) and the folate catabolite para‐aminobenzoylglutamate (p‐abaglu). Human NAT2 is mainly in liver and gut. Human NAT1 and its murine homologue are in many adult tissues and in early embryos. Human NAT1 is strongly expressed in oestrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer and may contribute to folate and acetyl CoA homeostasis. NAT enzymes act through a catalytic triad of Cys, His and Asp with the architecture of the active site‐modulating specificity. Polymorphisms may cause unfolded protein. The C‐terminus helps bind acetyl CoA and differs among NATs including prokaryotic homologues. NAT in Salmonella typhimurium supports carcinogen activation and NAT in mycobacteria metabolizes isoniazid with polymorphism a minor factor in isoniazid resistance. Importantly, nat is in a gene cluster essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside macrophages. NAT inhibitors are a starting point for novel anti‐tuberculosis drugs. Human NAT1‐specific inhibitors may act in biomarker detection in breast cancer and in cancer therapy. NAT inhibitors for co‐administration with 5‐aminosalicylate (5‐AS) in inflammatory bowel disease has prompted ongoing investigations of azoreductases in gut bacteria which release 5‐AS from prodrugs including balsalazide.
Optimizing nanomedicine pharmacokinetics using physiologically based pharmacokinetics modelling
Authors: Moss Darren Michael , Siccardi Marco
Published: January 2014

The delivery of therapeutic agents is characterized by numerous challenges including poor absorption, low penetration in target tissues and non‐specific dissemination in organs, leading to toxicity or poor drug exposure. Several nanomedicine strategies have emerged as an advanced approach to enhance drug delivery and improve the treatment of several diseases. Numerous processes mediate the pharmacokinetics of nanoformulations, with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) being poorly understood and often differing substantially from traditional formulations. Understanding how nanoformulation composition and physicochemical properties influence drug distribution in the human body is of central importance when developing future treatment strategies. A helpful pharmacological tool to simulate the distribution of nanoformulations is represented by physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling, which integrates system data describing a population of interest with drug/nanoparticle in vitro data through a mathematical description of ADME. The application of PBPK models for nanomedicine is in its infancy and characterized by several challenges. The integration of property–distribution relationships in PBPK models may benefit nanomedicine research, giving opportunities for innovative development of nanotechnologies. PBPK modelling has the potential to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning nanoformulation disposition and allow for more rapid and accurate determination of their kinetics. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of nanomedicine distribution and the use of PBPK modelling in the characterization of nanoformulations with optimal pharmacokinetics.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Nanomedicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐17
Functional selectivity and time‐dependence of μ‐opioid receptor desensitization at nerve terminals in the mouse ventral tegmental area
Authors: Lowe J D , Bailey C P
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose

The majority of studies examining desensitization of the μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) have examined those located at cell bodies. However, MORs are extensively expressed at nerve terminals throughout the mammalian nervous system. This study is designed to investigate agonist‐induced MOR desensitization at nerve terminals in the mouse ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Experimental Approach

MOR function was measured in mature mouse brain slices containing the VTA using whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology. Presynaptic MOR function was isolated from postsynaptic function and the functional selectivity, time‐dependence and mechanisms of agonist‐induced MOR desensitization were examined.

Key Results

MORs located at GABAergic nerve terminals in the VTA were completely resistant to rapid desensitization induced by the high‐efficacy agonists DAMGO and Met‐enkephalin. MORs located postsynaptically on GABAergic cell bodies readily underwent rapid desensitization in response to DAMGO. However, after prolonged (>7 h) treatment with Met‐enkephalin, profound homologous MOR desensitization was observed. Morphine could induce rapid MOR desensitization at nerve terminals when PKC was activated.

Conclusions and Implications

Agonist‐induced MOR desensitization in GABAergic neurons in the VTA is compartment‐selective as well as agonist‐selective. When MORs are located at cell bodies, higher‐efficacy agonists induce greater levels of rapid desensitization than lower‐efficacy agonists. However, the converse is true at nerve terminals where agonists that induce MOR desensitization via PKC are capable of rapid agonist‐induced desensitization while higher‐efficacy agonists are not. MOR desensitization induced by higher‐efficacy agonists at nerve terminals only takes place after prolonged receptor activation.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Regulatory role of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in stress‐induced neuroinflammation in mice
Authors: Zoppi S , Madrigal J L , Caso J R , García‐Gutiérrez M S , Manzanares J , Leza J C , García‐Bueno B
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose

Stress exposure produces excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, contributing to the cellular damage observed in stress‐related neuropathologies. The endocannabinoids provide a homeostatic system, present in stress‐responsive neural circuits. Here, we have assessed the possible regulatory role of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in stress‐induced excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation.

Experimental Approach

We used wild type (WT), transgenic overexpressing CB2 receptors (CB2xP) and CB2 receptor knockout (CB2‐KO) mice exposed to immobilization and acoustic stress (2 h·day−1 for 4 days). The CB2 receptor agonist JWH‐133 was administered daily (2 mg·kg−1, i.p.) to WT and CB2‐KO animals. Glutamate uptake was measured in synaptosomes from frontal cortex; Western blots and RT‐PCR were used to measure proinflammatory cytokines, enzymes and mediators in homogenates of frontal cortex.

Key Results

Increased plasma corticosterone induced by stress was not modified by manipulating CB2 receptors. JWH‐133 treatment or overexpression of CB2 receptors increased control levels of glutamate uptake, which were reduced by stress back to control levels. JWH‐133 prevented the stress‐induced increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and CCL2), in NF‐κB, and in NOS‐2 and COX‐2 and in the consequent cellular oxidative and nitrosative damage (lipid peroxidation). CB2xP mice exhibited anti‐inflammatory or neuroprotective actions similar to those in JWH‐133 pretreated animals. Conversely, lack of CB2 receptors (CB2‐KO mice) exacerbated stress‐induced neuroinflammatory responses and confirmed that effects of JWH‐133 were mediated through CB2 receptors.

Conclusions and Implications

Pharmacological manipulation of CB2 receptors is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stress‐related pathologies with a neuroinflammatory component, such as depression.
Modifiable factors governing indoor fungal diversity and risk of asthma
Authors: Sharpe R. , Thornton C. R. , Osborne N. J.
Published: January 2014

Exposure to dampness and fungi in the home is a known risk factor for individuals with allergic asthma. Inadequate heating and ventilation may lead to dampness and concomitant increased exposure to spores of allergenic fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi have been cultured from sputum of asthmatic and non‐asthmatic individuals, and implicated in the initiation or exacerbation of asthma. Indoor environmental factors influence the presence and concentrations of fungal propagules and, in turn, risk of asthma outcomes. This review aims to identify modifiable risk factors in the built environment that have been shown to influence fungal composition indoors, and to examine this association with the risk of asthma development and/or exacerbation. A complex interaction between residential characteristics, the built environment and the behaviour of people regulate the diversity and concentrations of indoor fungi. Modifiable factors include build age, architectural design, level of maintenance, variations in construction materials, presence of pets, heating and ventilation patterns. Risk of fungal contamination and asthma outcomes are also influenced by low occupant awareness concerning potential health effects and socio‐economic factors. Addressing these factors provides an opportunity to improve future housing interventions, though it is not clear how the built environment and occupant behaviours interact to modify the diversity of indoor fungi and resultant risk of asthma. A combination of housing improvements combined with awareness programmes and the alleviation of fuel poverty can be used to lower the allergen burden associated with damp homes. Further research is needed to identify factors that regulate the concentration and diversity of indoor fungi and how this may act as a modifier for asthma outcomes.
Homology and misdirection
Authors: Farris James S.
Published: January 2014

Hennig (1966) recognized symplesiomorphies as homologies, and that view is logically correct under the concept of homology (homogeny) prevalent among evolutionists since 1870. Nelson and Platnick (1981) instead wanted homology to exclude symplesiomorphies for reasons that they never made clear but which certainly included opposition to Hennig. They and some of their followers, most recently Platnick (2013) and Brower and de Pinna (2013), have continued to advocate that anti‐Hennigian position, often under the slogan “homology equals synapomorphy,” while ironically passing themselves off as cladists and often using ambiguous or falsified citations to pretend that legitimate phylogeneticists think likewise. Such authors have seldom shown much concern for accuracy or logic, with the result that a great deal of print has been wasted. Those problems can be avoided simply by maintaining a Hennigian view and so discarding the purported equivalence of homology and synapomorphy.
A Social Relational Network Perspective for MPA Science
Authors: Alexander Steven M. , Armitage Derek
Published: January 2014

This mini‐review outlines the emergence and benefit of applying a structurally explicit, social relational network perspective to inform the establishment and governance of marine protected area (MPAs) and MPA networks. This is an important conservation research and policy frontier. We draw on concepts from relational sociology and social network analysis to highlight the theoretical foundations of a social relational network perspective. Selected examples are used to: (1) illustrate the analytical utility and application of this network perspective to systematically examine attributes recognized as important for MPA establishment and governance; and (2) provide new insights on crucial practices and processes (e.g., knowledge exchange), core social attributes (e.g., social capital), and the roles and positions of diverse MPA actors.
Ecosystem Services as a Contested Concept: a Synthesis of Critique and Counter‐Arguments
Authors: Schröter Matthias , van der Zanden Emma H. , van Oudenhoven Alexander P.E. , Remme Roy P. , Serna‐Chavez Hector M. , de Groot Rudolf S. , Opdam Paul
Published: January 2014

We describe and reflect on seven recurring critiques of the concept of ecosystem services and respective counter‐arguments. First, the concept is criticized for being anthropocentric, whereas others argue that it goes beyond instrumental values. Second, some argue that the concept promotes an exploitative human–nature relationship, whereas others state that it reconnects society to ecosystems, emphasizing humanity's dependence on nature. Third, concerns exist that the concept may conflict with biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas others emphasize complementarity. Fourth, the concept is questioned because of its supposed focus on economic valuation, whereas others argue that ecosystem services science includes many values. Fifth, the concept is criticized for promoting commodification of nature, whereas others point out that most ecosystem services are not connected to market‐based instruments. Sixth, vagueness of definitions and classifications are stated to be a weakness, whereas others argue that vagueness enhances transdisciplinary collaboration. Seventh, some criticize the normative nature of the concept, implying that all outcomes of ecosystem processes are desirable. The normative nature is indeed typical for the concept, but should not be problematic when acknowledged. By disentangling and contrasting different arguments we hope to contribute to a more structured debate between opponents and proponents of the ecosystem services concept.
Cutaneous epithelioid melanocytic neurofibroma arising in a patient with neurofibromatosis‐1
Authors: Novoa Roberto A. , Kovarik Carrie L. , Low David W. , Argenyi Zsolt
Published: January 2014

Tumors expressing both melanocytic and neural features can pose a diagnostic challenge to the dermatopathologist and provoke questions regarding their lineage. We report a case of a tumor arising on the right cheek of a 9‐year‐old boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF‐1). This neoplasm featured nests of non‐pigmented epithelioid cells arising within a neurofibroma. The entire tumor stained strongly with S100, whereas the epithelioid population stained with MART‐1, HMB‐45 and MiTF. The neoplasm shows only scattered Ki‐67 positivity. This tumor represents a neurofibroma with portions that have undergone melanocytic differentiation (melanocytic neurofibroma). This exceedingly rare tumor represents a distinct entity from neurotized melanocytic nevi, combined melanocytic nevi or pigmented neurofibromas and provides further evidence that melanocytes arise indirectly from ventromedial neural crest‐derived Schwann cell precursors.
Hypopigmented macules secondary to imatinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Fraga Javier , Kutzner Heinz , Steegmann Juan Luis , García‐Diez Amaro , Requena Luis
Published: January 2014

Background

A few series addressing the cutaneous side effects related to imatinib in the skin have been published, but only one described scarce histopathologic information in seven patients.

Objective

To characterize these lesions and compare the number of melanocytes between hypopigmented lesions and normal appearing skin.

Methods

We retrieved clinical data of the patients and performed 24 skin biopsies (13 from hypopigmented skin and 11 from normal‐appearing skin) within a cohort of 41 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib. We classified the biopsies into three patterns.

Results

About 45% of patients presented with periocular hypopigmentation. Perifollicular fibrosis was observed in hypopigmented skin biopsies (76.9%) and in normal‐appearing skin (45.5%). Epidermal melanin, as determined with Masson‐Fontana staining, and melanocyte number, as evaluated with MiTF, Melan A and c‐kit immunostains, were lower in hypopigmented skin.

Conclusions

Histopathologic study of hypopigmented macules demonstrates the presence of melanin with a statistically significant decrease in the number of melanocytes. Therefore, these findings differ from vitiligo, as melanocytes are present. Three histopathological patterns may be found, namely (a) perifollicular fibrosis, (b) lichen planopilaris‐like and (c) apparently normal skin. One of the most striking histopathologic finding consisted of the presence of perifollicular fibrosis in both hypopigmented lesions and apparently normal skin.
Mycosis fungoides with CD20 expression: report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Harms Kelly L. , Harms Paul W. , Anderson Thomas , Betz Bryan L. , Ross Charles W. , Fullen Douglas R. , Hristov Alexandra C.
Published: January 2014

CD20 expression is exceedingly rare in T‐cell lymphomas. Most published cases have been diagnosed as peripheral T‐cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified. Only 18 cases of CD20‐positive mycosis fungoides (MF) have been previously reported. Here, we describe two cases of CD20‐positive MF. Patient 1 was an 84‐year‐old woman who presented with a 5‐year history of multiple pruritic erythematous papules coalescing into thin plaques over 80% of her body surface area. She expired after developing tumors and large cell transformation. Patient 2 was a 67‐year‐old woman with a long‐standing history of tumor stage MF with large cell transformation. She developed a nodular plaque while receiving topical and systemic therapy. In both cases, the neoplastic T‐cells demonstrated a CD4‐positive immunophenotype with loss of pan‐T‐cell markers and a monoclonal T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. CD20 was expressed by a significant population of the neoplastic T‐cells, but these T‐cells lacked expression of other B‐cell markers, including CD79a, CD19 and PAX5. This report adds to and summarizes the small body of literature describing CD20‐positive MF, and discusses diagnostic and clinical implications.
The role of family, friends and peers in Australian adolescent's alcohol consumption
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Magee Christopher A.
Published: January 2014

Introduction and Aims

This study examines factors associated with alcohol‐related attitudes and behaviours among 888 Australians aged 12 to 17 years. Although these influences have been examined in other countries, notably the USA, Australia's legal drinking age of 18 years is lower and adolescent drinking rates are substantially higher than in the USA.

Design and Methods

This is a survey of 888 adolescents aged 12–17; they were recruited via a variety of methods (including school based, interception in public places and online) to obtain a cross‐section of participants across metropolitan, regional and rural New South Wales.

Results

Most respondents believed that people their age regularly consumed alcohol; and more than half believed that their siblings and peers would approve of them drinking. Predictors of frequent alcohol consumption included having a sibling or a friend who consumed alcohol; believing parents, friends and/or siblings approved of drinking; drinking behaviours of parents, friends and/or siblings; and having a higher disposable income.

Discussion and Conclusions

The results support previous findings from the USA. We find an even stronger effect of family and friends' drinking behaviours and attitudes in a country with a lower legal drinking age and high adult alcohol consumption rates.[Jones SC, Magee CA. The role of family, friends and peers in Australian adolescent's alcohol consumption. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:304–313]
EFNS/ENS Guidelines for the treatment of ocular myasthenia
Authors: Kerty E. , Elsais A. , Argov Z. , Evoli A. , Gilhus N. E.
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

The symptoms of acquired autoimmune ocular myasthenia are restricted to the extrinsic eye muscles, causing double vision and drooping eyelids. These guidelines are designed to provide advice about best clinical practice based on the current state of clinical and scientific knowledge and the consensus of an expert panel.

Search strategy

Evidence for these guidelines was collected by searches in the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases. The task force working group reviewed evidence from original articles and systematic reviews. The evidence was classified (I, II, III, IV) and consensus recommendation graded (A, B or C) according to the EFNS guidance. Where there was a lack of evidence but clear consensus, good practice points are provided.

Conclusions

The treatment of ocular myasthenia should initially be started with pyridostigmine (good practice point). If this is not successful in relieving symptoms, oral corticosteroids should be used on an alternate‐day regimen (recommendation level C). If steroid treatment does not result in good control of the symptoms or if it is necessary to use high steroid doses, steroid‐sparing treatment with azathioprine should be started (recommendation level C). If ocular myasthenia gravis is associated with thymoma, thymectomy is indicated. Otherwise, the role of thymectomy in ocular myasthenia is controversial. Steroids and thymectomy may modify the course of ocular myasthenia and prevent myasthenia gravis generalization (good practice point).
Dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: views from positron emission tomography studies
Authors: Niccolini F. , Loane C. , Politis M.
Published: January 2014

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesias (LIDs) and graft‐induced dyskinesias (GIDs) are serious and common complications of Parkinson's disease (PD) management following chronic treatment with levodopa or intrastriatal transplantation with dopamine‐rich foetal ventral mesencephalic tissue, respectively. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging provides a powerful in vivo tool that has been employed over the past 20 years for the elucidation of mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs and GIDs in PD patients. PET used together with radioligands tagging molecular targets has allowed the functional investigation of several systems in the brain including the dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, noradrenergic and cholinergic systems. In this article the role of PET imaging in unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs and GIDs in PD patients is reviewed.
MoCA‐assessed cognitive function and excellent outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at 1 year
Authors: Wong G. K. C. , Lam S. W. , Wong A. , Lai M. , Siu D. , Poon W. S. , Mok V.
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

After aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), cognitive impairment, even mild and relatively isolated, can be devastating, especially in working‐age persons. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is accepted as a valid screening tool for mild cognitive impairment due to cerebral ischaemia. Whether MoCA is independently associated with excellent outcome [a score of 0 on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) or 18/18 on the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale] 1 year after aSAH was assessed.

Methods

Hong Kong Chinese aSAH patients were assessed prospectively by means of the MoCA, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), mRS and IADL scale at 1 year. This multicenter prospective observational study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov of the US National Institutes of Health (NCT01038193).

Results

In all, 194 patients completed the assessments at 1 year. After adjustment for age, both excellent IADL and mRS outcomes were associated with MoCA (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3, P < 0.001, and OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

MoCA‐assessed cognitive function is an important determinant for excellent outcomes after aSAH.
Seronegative paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: the PNS Euronetwork experience
Authors: Ducray F. , Demarquay G. , Graus F. , Decullier E. , Antoine J.‐C. , Giometto B. , Psimaras D. , Delattre J.‐Y. , Carpentier A. F. , Honnorat J.
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

To describe the characteristics of patients presenting a paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration without classical onconeural antibodies (seronegative PCD).

Methods

Thirty‐nine seronegative PCD patients from the Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Euronetwork were retrospectively analyzed and compared with 180 patients with PCD associated with classical onconeural antibodies (seropositive PCD).

Results

No patient had anti‐CASPR2 or anti‐mGluR1 antibodies. No significant difference between the clinical characteristics of seronegative and seropositive PCD patients was observed. Yet the frequency of associated tumors was different. Lymphoma was more frequent in seronegative than in seropositive women (24% vs. 2%, P = 0.002) whilst gynecological cancer were less frequent (38% vs. 74%, P = 0.002). In comparison with seropositive men, seronegative men more frequently had a non‐small‐cell lung cancer (27% vs. 6%, P = 0.08) or a genitourinary cancer (22% vs. 0%, P = 0.04) but less frequently a small‐cell lung cancer (23% vs. 74%, P = 0.002). Seronegative and seropositive PCD patients with similar tumors had a similar overall survival.

Conclusion

The clinical characteristics of seronegative and seropositive PCD are similar but the spectrum of associated tumors is different. The immunological scenario of seronegative PCD seems to be different from that of limbic encephalitis with only few patients harboring anti‐neuropile antibodies.
Multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents: incidence and clinical picture – new insights from the nationwide German surveillance (2009–2011)
Authors: Reinhardt K. , Weiss S. , Rosenbauer J. , Gärtner J. , von Kries R.
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical and incidence data have been reported for several countries but valid age dependent incidence data are not yet available. The true incidence of pediatric MS in Germany was estimated and the clinical characteristics at diagnosis according to the 2005 McDonald criteria are described.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2011 active prospective nationwide surveillance for MS in children and adolescents ≤15 years included all pediatric hospitals, MS centers and private practices specialized in MS. Data were adjusted for under‐reporting by capture−recapture from an independent second source.

Results

The estimated incidence of pediatric MS was 0.64 per 100 000 person‐years with clear increase from age group ≤10 (0.09/100 000) to 2.64 per 100 000 in age group 14−15 years. All had relapsing−remitting disease with polysymptomatic onset in half of the cases. Spinal MRI with positive findings in two‐thirds of patients contributed to diagnosis.

Conclusion

Using an active prospective surveillance system and the McDonald criteria for first MS diagnosis the age‐related incidence of pediatric MS in Germany was uncovered and is more common than in previous estimates. Thorough application of McDonald criteria and inclusion of spinal MRI data allowed for early diagnosis in almost 90% of cases.
Vertebrate Acyl CoA synthetase family member 4 (ACSF4‐U26) is a β‐alanine‐activating enzyme homologous to bacterial non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase
Authors: Drozak Jakub , Veiga‐da‐Cunha Maria , Kadziolka Beata , Van Schaftingen Emile
Published: January 2014

Mammalian ACSF4‐U26 (Acyl CoA synthetase family member 4), a protein of unknown function, comprises a putative adenylation domain (AMP‐binding domain) similar to those of bacterial non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases, a putative phosphopantetheine attachment site, and a C‐terminal PQQDH (pyrroloquinoline quinone dehydrogenase)‐related domain. Orthologues comprising these three domains are present in many eukaryotes including plants. Remarkably, the adenylation domain of plant ACSF4‐U26 show greater identity with Ebony, the insect enzyme that ligates β‐alanine to several amines, than with vertebrate or insect ACSF4‐U26, and prediction of its specificity suggests that it activates β‐alanine. In the presence of ATP, purified mouse recombinant ACSF4‐U26 progressively formed a covalent bond with radiolabelled β‐alanine. The bond was not formed in a point mutant lacking the phosphopantetheine attachment site. Competition experiments with various amino acids indicated that the reaction was almost specific for β‐alanine, and a KM of ~ 5 μm was calculated for this reaction. The loaded enzyme was used to study the formation of a potential end product. Among the 20 standard amino acids, only cysteine stimulated unloading of the enzyme. This effect was mimicked by cysteamine and dithiothreitol, and was unaffected by absence of the PQQDH‐related domain, suggesting that β‐alanine transfer onto thiols is catalysed by the ACSF4‐U26 adenylation domain, but is physiologically irrelevant. We conclude that ACSF4‐U26 is a β‐alanine‐activating enzyme, and hypothesize that it is involved in a rare intracellular reaction, possibly an infrequent post‐translational or post‐transcriptional modification.
Transcription factor C/EBP‐β mediates downregulation of dipeptidyl‐peptidase III expression by interleukin‐6 in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Singh Ratnakar , Sharma Mehar C. , Sarkar Chitra , Singh Manmohan , Chauhan Shyam S.
Published: January 2014

Dipeptidyl‐peptidase III (DPP III) is a cytosolic metallo‐aminopeptidase implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. A previous study from our laboratory indicated an elevated expression of DPP III in glioblastoma (U87MG) cells. In the present study we investigated the role of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a pleiotropic cytokine produced by glial tumors, in the regulation of DPP III expression. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative RT‐PCR were used for quantitation of DPP III and IL‐6 in human glioblastoma cells and tumors. Cell transfections and DPP III promoter reporter assays were performed to study the transcriptional regulation of DPP III by IL‐6. Promoter deletion analysis, site directed mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was employed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of IL‐6 mediated regulation of DPP III expression in glioblastoma cells. Our results for the first time demonstrate a negative correlation (r = 0.632, P = 0.01) between DPP III and IL‐6 in both human tumors and cultured glioblastoma cells. Treatment of U87MG cells with IL‐6 significantly decreased DPP III expression with a concomitant increase in the levels of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP‐β). Deletion/mutagenesis of C/EBP‐β binding motif of DPP III promoter significantly increased its activity and abolished its responsiveness to IL‐6. This effect could also be mimicked by C/EBP‐β siRNA. In conclusion our study for the first time demonstrates C/EBP‐β mediated transcriptional downregulation of DPP III by IL‐6. Our results demonstrating a negative correlation between IL‐6 and DPP III taken together with the previously reported prognostic significance of this cytokine in glioblastoma suggests that DPP III may prove useful as a prognostic marker.
Leveraging Genre Theory: A Genre‐Based Interactive Model for the Era of the Common Core State Standards
Authors: Troyan Francis J.
Published: January 2014

Recent educational standards have refocused the goals of foreign language (FL) instruction on “the purpose of communication” (ACTFL, 2012, p. 1) across the three modes of communication (interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational). To this end, this article considers a linguistically based genre theory as a means of enhancing instruction of presentational (writing) communication that is linked to authentic model texts. The genre theory considers all language as texts (genres) that are realized in contexts (registers) through knowledge and use of a functional grammar for making meaning called Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004, 2013). Key research from English as a second language (ESL) and FL education in the United States establishes empirical evidence of the effectiveness of instructional approaches based in this genre theory. To articulate a genre‐based model of instruction for FL education linked to the National Standards (2006), the genre theory is incorporated into the Interactive Model for Integrating the Three Modes of Communication (Shrum & Glisan, 2010). Finally, implications of genre theory are discussed and recommendations are made for next steps to meet the goals articulated for FL education in the era of the Common Core State Standards (ACTFL, 2012; National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers, 2010).
L2 Self of Beginning‐Level Heritage and Nonheritage Postsecondary Learners of Chinese
Authors: Xie Yan
Published: January 2014

Dörnyei (2005) proposed the second language (L2) motivational self system in response to the need to develop the socioeducational model. This motivational theory has not been examined in language learners other than those studying English. This study, through investigating Chinese heritage and nonheritage language learners, found that the theory can be extended to motivation studies of Chinese learners and suggests the application to other language students. The findings demonstrate that the perspective of L2 self provides new insights into the motivation of foreign language learners and the heritage and nonheritage learner comparison. Finally, the study provides pedagogical implications corresponding to the findings.
From Praxis to Program Development
Authors: Moser Kelly
Published: January 2014

Because foreign language teacher candidates in Mississippi are required to pass the Praxis II: World Language Test for licensure in French, German, and Spanish, faculty at the institution under consideration sought to better understand their candidates' readiness for this assessment experience. This article describes how faculty modified students' learning experiences, ultimately leading students to success on the Praxis II: World Language Test by emphasizing the test requirements, clarifying proficiency expectations with students, altering instructional practices, strengthening the curriculum, developing new courses, and creating new K–12 partnerships. Challenges related to program development are also discussed.
Mini‐Emotional State Examination for dementia patients
Authors: Fujii Masahiko , Butler James P , Hirazakura Akiko , Sasaki Hidetada
Published: January 2014

Aim

Emotional functions, as well as cognitive functions, are critical factors to assess in the care and management for dementia patients. In addition to the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), we have developed a Mini‐Emotional State Examination (MESE) for the examination of emotional functions in patients with dementia.

Methods

MESE consists of a two‐part questionnaire. The first probes emotional functions within the five senses (visual, auditory, tactile, smell and taste). The second explores more complex and comprehensive emotional functions including feelings of tenderness, violence, happiness and sadness, as well as emotional responses to more general human, moral and social phenomena. The questionnaire comprises 30 questions and is scaled to a 30‐point healthy maximum. A total of 40 dementia patients in Sendai Tomizawa Hospital were tested with MESE.

Results

MESE point scores were roughly parallel to the scores on the MMSE, but MESE scores were widely distributed, independent of MMSE score. MESE scores in nine patients exceeded 23 points.

Conclusion

The difference in distribution of MMSE and MESE scores show that cognitive and emotional functions are independently affected in dementia, and therefore assessment of both these functions should be cared taken into consideration in the care and management of dementia patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 508–513.
Polypharmacy and health outcomes among older adults discharged from hospital: Results from the CRIME study
Authors: Sganga Federica , Landi Francesco , Ruggiero Carmelinda , Corsonello Andrea , Vetrano Davide L , Lattanzio Fabrizia , Cherubini Antonio , Bernabei Roberto , Onder Graziano
Published: January 2014

Aim

To investigate if older adults using multiple drugs have an increased risk of rehospitalization and mortality after hospital discharge.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study carried out in acute care hospitals. The primary outcomes of the study were rehospitalization and mortality within 1 year after discharge from acute care hospitals. The study population was categorized in two groups according to the number of drugs prescribed at hospital discharge: no polypharmacy (<8 drugs) and polypharmacy (≥8 drugs).

Results

The mean age of 480 participants was 78.6 ± 6.8 years ,and half of them (n = 238; 49.6%) were using multiple drugs (≥8 drugs). Overall, 65 out of 242 participants (26.9%) in the no polypharmacy group and 92/238 (39.1%) in the polypharmacy group were rehospitalized (P = 0.004), and 15 out of 242 (6.2%) in the no polypharmacy and 23 out of 238 (9.7%) in the polypharmacy group died during the 1 year follow up (P = 0.16). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the polypharmacy group had an increased risk of 1‐year rehospitalization as compared with those in the no polypharmacy group (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.18–2.75). No significant association was observed between mortality and polypharmacy.

Conclusions

Older persons using multiple drugs are at increased risk of rehospitalization. Further studies are required to assess the impact of programs aimed at reducing polypharmacy on health outcomes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 141–146.
Climate Change Science and Responsible Trust: A Situated Approach
Authors: Grasswick Heidi
Published: January 2014

I adopt a situated approach to the question of what would constitute responsible trust and/or distrust in climate change science, and I identify some of the major challenges for laypersons in their attempts to know well by placing their trust in climate change experts. I examine evidence that white males, as a group of relative privilege, are more likely to distrust the institutions of climate change science than are other demographic groups, and use this example to consider specific challenges facing those who occupy positions of privilege and who seek to place their epistemic trust wisely. I argue that the insights of feminist standpoint theory and epistemologies of ignorance concerning the role of positionality in knowledge production and the need for critical reflexivity can be applied to cases of epistemic trust as well; in some contexts, such as climate change science, considerations of how those differently situated from oneself place their trust will be valuable contributions to responsible assignments of trust.
Uropygial gland size, feather holes and moult performance in the House SparrowPasser domesticus
Authors: Moreno‐Rueda Gregorio
Published: January 2014

Feather holes represent damage to the plumage of birds and are correlated with delayed moult. Uropygial gland size is negatively correlated with feather holes. Consequently, it was predicted that birds with smaller uropygial glands would have more feather holes, and that this would affect moult performance. I examined this prediction in the House SparrowPasser domesticus. Individuals with smaller uropygial glands had more feather holes, and those with more feather holes moulted later and faster. Therefore, uropygial gland size seemed to affect moult performance via its effect on feather holes. Uropygial gland size may have a positive effect on plumage quality, through a negative effect on feather holes, and therefore on moult timing and speed.
Cross‐linking of bovine and caprine caseins by microbial transglutaminase and their use as microencapsulating agents for n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Mora‐Gutierrez Adela , Attaie Rahmat , Kirven Jeneanne M. , Farrell Harold M.
Published: January 2014

Bovine and caprine caseins were cross‐linked with microbial transglutaminase (mTG). The mTG‐cross‐linked bovine or caprine casein dispersion, mixed with 14.5% maltodextrin (DE = 40), was used to prepare emulsions with 10.5% algae oil. Oxidative stability of emulsions was evaluated by peroxide values (PVs) and anisidine values. Adding liposoluble rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid and δ‐tocopherol lowered the formation of hydroperoxides and their subsequent decomposition products in emulsions. Emulsions stabilised with liposoluble rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid and δ‐tocopherol were spray‐dried at 180/95 °C. Algae oil microencapsulated with mTG‐cross‐linked bovine casein reduced PV by ≈ 34%, while the algae oil microencapsulated with mTG‐cross‐linked caprine casein with low levels of αs1‐casein reduced PV by ≈ 42% at 4 weeks of storage at 30 °C. The investigation suggests that liposoluble rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid and δ‐tocopherol effectively protected algae oil during the coating process with mTG‐cross‐linked bovine and caprine caseins. The above results clearly indicated that the choice of milk caseins (bovine vs. caprine) cross‐linked with mTG impacts the oxidative stability of spray‐dried algae oil emulsions (microcapsules) enriched with n‐3 fatty acids.
Evaluation of physiochemical, textural, microbiological and sensory characteristics in set yogurt reinforced by microencapsulated Bifidobacterium bifidum F‐35
Authors: Mousa Ahmed , Liu Xiao‐ming , Chen Yong‐quan , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei
Published: January 2014

The objectives of this study were to encapsulate the Bifidobacterium bifidum F‐35 into whey protein for the production of one‐layer microcapsules, and then the microcapsules were covered by sodium alginate to produce double‐layer microcapsules for examining the effectiveness of microcapsules in set yogurt. The reinforced treatment by double layer exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05) in B. bifidum F‐35 count more than the treatments of free cells and one‐layer microcapsules. Microcapsules of double layer in yogurt led to record a value of titratable acidity that was 1.51 in comparison with the treatments of one layer and free cells that were 1.65 and 1.73, respectively. The hardness values were recorded as 206.88 at the treatment of double layer and 130.31 at the treatment of one layer after 7 days of storage. Microencapsulation of double layer caused a slight bitterness and creamy texture in yogurt, whereas the samples of free cells were described to have sour and bad texture.