bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensoren und Aktoren zur bedarfsgerechten Lüftung (Sensors and Actuators for a Demand-driven Air Ventilation)
Authors: Horn Michael
Published: May 2004

Die Konzentration anthropogen erzeugter Stoffe erreicht bei der Anwesenheit von Personen in energiesparenden und damit zunehmend luftdichten Wohngebäuden sehr schnell unzulässige Werte. Lüftung führt zu Energieverlust und Immission und muss daher bedarfsgerecht durchgeführt sowie überwacht werden. Die zulässigen Grenzwerte für die Bestandteile “guter” Luft sind zwar in Vorschriften definiert, aber wegen des Aufwandes nicht komplett kontrollierbar. Daher muss das Spektrum der kontrollierten Komponenten durch Szenarien mit hinreichender Wahrscheinlichkeit und die Definition von Leitsubstanzen eingeschränkt werden. Die für den Betrieb von Lüftungsgeräten notwendigen Messgrößen müssen im Smart Home ohne die im industriellen Bereich übliche regelmäßige Wartung preisgünstig, mit hinreichender Genauigkeit und hoher Langzeitstabilität gemessen werden. Dazu sind neue “smart sensors” notwendig, deren Eigenschaften an die besonderen Anforderungen im privaten Lebensbereich angepasst werden können.
Welche Geruchsstoffe (zyklische Kohlenwasserstoffe) erkennt ein oxidischer Gassensor? (Odour Constituents Detectible by Oxidic Gas Sensors)
Authors: Kohl Claus-Dieter , Eberheim Andreas , Schieberle Peter
Published: May 2004

Die Reaktion von Zinnoxid-Sensorschichten auf zyklische Kohlenwasserstoffe in Luft wurde untersucht. Besonderes Interesse galt dabei Verbindungen, die sich aus der Umsetzung natürlicher Materialien wie Papier oder Holz in Verschwelungs- oder Verbrennungsprozessen ergeben. Besonders hohe Nachweisempfindlichkeiten wurden für Phenolringe gefunden, die Hydroxylgruppen aufweisen. Dazu gehören Methoxyphenole und Phenyldiole. Der Einfluss weiterer Substituenten am Phenolring wird an Beispielen illustriert und mit dem Ladungstransfer dieser Gruppen korreliert.
Schnelle Gasspektroskopie mit gepulsten Quantenkaskadenlasern für die Luftgütemessung (Fast Gas Spectroscopy with Pulsed Quantum Cascade Lasers for Air Quality Measurement)
Authors: Lambrecht Armin , Beyer Thomas , Braun Marcus , Peter Andreas , Hartwig Susanne
Published: May 2004

Quantenkaskadenlaser (QCL) sind neuartige Laserstrahlquellen im mittleren Infrarot (MIR, 3–30μm). Damit können kompakte und hochempfindliche Laserspektroskopiesysteme ohne aufwändige Kühlung aufgebaut werden. Mit gepulsten QCLs sind Messraten im Bereich 10–100 kHz möglich. Bei Messungen mit den Gasen CO2, NO und NH3 werden Nachweisgrenzen unter 1 ppm·m erreicht. Das Verfahren eignet sich für offene Messstrecken und liefert eine simultane Wegmessung.
Ausgleichskreise in der Ebene (Least-square Circles in the Plane)
Authors: Krystek Michael
Published: May 2004

Bei der Auswertung von Messdaten ist es manchmal notwendig, Ausgleichskreise in der Ebene zu berechnen. Der Ausgleich soll dabei derart sein, dass die Summe der Quadrate der Abstände senkrecht zum Ausgleichskreis zu einem Minimum wird. Hier wird der Algorithmus des vollständigen Ausgleichs durch einen Kreis in der Ebene hergeleitet. Für den Praktiker wird zusätzlich eine C-Routine angegeben.
The Emerging Role of Atypical Pathogens in Community‐Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Gleason Patrick P.
Published: May 2004

Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the bacterium most commonly implicated in CAP, the atypical respiratory pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella species, and Chlamydia pneumoniae are being isolated with increasing frequency. Contrary to previous beliefs, these agents are capable of causing severe as well as mild‐to‐moderate illness. Moreover, they can affect all age groups. Indeed, atypical pathogens are implicated in up to 40% of CAP cases and commonly occur as copathogens in mixed‐infection CAP, an etiology associated with particularly high mortality (up to 25%). Laboratory methods for detecting atypical pathogens are slow, and there is significant overlap between atypical and typical CAP manifestations. For these reasons, accurate prediction of etiology cannot be made purely on clinical or radiologic grounds. Consequently, empiric antimicrobial therapy for atypical pathogens (with agents such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones, in some cases tetracyclines, or the new ketolides) warrants careful consideration and now is recommended for the treatment of CAP.
Exercise Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Older Adults With Cancer
Authors: Soong Rou Yi , Low Chen Ee , Ong Vanessa , Sim Isaac , Lee Charmaine , Lee Fattah , Chew Lucas , Yau Chun En , Lee Ainsley Ryan Yan Bin , Chen Matthew Zhixuan
Published: February 2025

Importance

Cancer and its treatment negatively impact the mental health of older adults. The potential of exercise interventions as a complementary treatment to alleviate the psychological impacts of cancer is promising, but there are gaps in the current literature.

Objective

To determine if exercise interventions are associated with improvements in psychological outcomes among older adults with cancer.

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases were searched from database inception to November 5, 2024. Search terms used were geriatrics, cancer, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and exercise interventions.

Study Selection

English-language randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that analyzed the association of various exercise interventions with at least 1 of 3 psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, or health-related quality-of-life [HRQOL]) were included. The control groups were given usual care. Studies were included if the mean age of participants was older than 60 years and had participants with a diagnosis of any cancer regardless of comorbidities.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Studies were screened, and data were extracted by 2 independent authors. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were used for analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline was followed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were depression, anxiety, and HRQOL. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to quantify the association of exercise interventions with outcomes.

Results

A total of 27 RCTs with 1929 participants were included. Meta-analyses observed an association of exercise with a significant reduction in levels of depression (SMD = −0.53; 95% CI, −0.79 to −0.28) and anxiety (SMD = −0.39; 95% CI, −0.66 to −0.12) and improvements in overall HRQOL (SMD = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.10 to 1.17). Subgroup analyses revealed that mind-body exercise interventions were significantly associated with improved depression (SMD = −0.89; 95% CI, −1.51 to −0.27) and anxiety levels (SMD = −0.77; 95% CI, −1.54 to −0.01) compared with conventional exercise interventions.

Conclusion

In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 RCTs, exercise interventions were found to be associated with significantly reduced levels of depression and anxiety and significantly improved HRQOL in older adults with cancer. These findings suggest that health care professionals and policymakers should focus more on implementing exercise interventions to improve mental health outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Large Language Models for Chatbot Health Advice Studies
Authors: Huo Bright , Boyle Amy , Marfo Nana , Tangamornsuksan Wimonchat , Steen Jeremy P. , McKechnie Tyler , Lee Yung , Mayol Julio , Antoniou Stavros A. , Thirunavukarasu Arun James , Sanger Stephanie , Ramji Karim , Guyatt Gordon
Published: February 2025

Importance

There is much interest in the clinical integration of large language models (LLMs) in health care. Many studies have assessed the ability of LLMs to provide health advice, but the quality of their reporting is uncertain.

Objective

To perform a systematic review to examine the reporting variability among peer-reviewed studies evaluating the performance of generative artificial intelligence (AI)–driven chatbots for summarizing evidence and providing health advice to inform the development of the Chatbot Assessment Reporting Tool (CHART).

Evidence Review

A search of MEDLINE via Ovid, Embase via Elsevier, and Web of Science from inception to October 27, 2023, was conducted with the help of a health sciences librarian to yield 7752 articles. Two reviewers screened articles by title and abstract followed by full-text review to identify primary studies evaluating the clinical accuracy of generative AI-driven chatbots in providing health advice (chatbot health advice studies). Two reviewers then performed data extraction for 137 eligible studies.

Findings

A total of 137 studies were included. Studies examined topics in surgery (55 [40.1%]), medicine (51 [37.2%]), and primary care (13 [9.5%]). Many studies focused on treatment (91 [66.4%]), diagnosis (60 [43.8%]), or disease prevention (29 [21.2%]). Most studies (136 [99.3%]) evaluated inaccessible, closed-source LLMs and did not provide enough information to identify the version of the LLM under evaluation. All studies lacked a sufficient description of LLM characteristics, including temperature, token length, fine-tuning availability, layers, and other details. Most studies (136 [99.3%]) did not describe a prompt engineering phase in their study. The date of LLM querying was reported in 54 (39.4%) studies. Most studies (89 [65.0%]) used subjective means to define the successful performance of the chatbot, while less than one-third addressed the ethical, regulatory, and patient safety implications of the clinical integration of LLMs.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review of 137 chatbot health advice studies, the reporting quality was heterogeneous and may inform the development of the CHART reporting standards. Ethical, regulatory, and patient safety considerations are crucial as interest grows in the clinical integration of LLMs.
Innovative Microstructure and Morphology Engineering of MOF‐Derived Single‐Atom Sn‐Doped ZnO Nanosheet Showing Highly Sensitive Acetone Sensing
Authors: Wang Haichao , Zhang Hui , Zhang Jijie , Han Jia‐Peng , Fang Han , Yu Mei‐Hui , Chang Ze , Bu Xian‐He
Published: February 2025

Single‐atom materials (SAMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their maximum utilization of active metal atoms for catalytic related applications. However, the facile preparation of oxide materials with high single‐atom loading is still challenging. Herein, derivation of highly tunable metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) precursor is found to be a potential method for the preparation of single‐atom Sn‐doped ZnO materials for high‐performance chemiresistive sensing applications. Specifically, Sn/Zn‐MOF‐L precursor with interdigitated lamellar morphology is transferred from bimetallic Sn/Zn‐MOF‐B featuring tunable microstructure and morphology through solvent treatment. Utilizing the finely Sn‐doped MOF as precursor, single‐atom Sn‐doped ZnO featuring nanosheet morphology and porous structure is successfully constructed. The as‐prepared single‐atom doped oxides show superior acetone sensing performances, as sensor based on 8% Sn‐doped ZnO demonstrates an astonishing response value of 213 (Ra/Rg) toward 10 ppm acetone and low detection limit of 0.52 ppb. The high sensitivity of Sn‐doped ZnO is attributed to the nanosheet morphology with high specific surface area and the distribution of single‐atom Sn active sites, benefiting from the manipulation of MOF precursor. The method for the preparation of single‐atom loaded oxides and their considerable sensing performance offers a new perspective for the design and application of SAMs.
Multifunctional Small RNA Endogenous Modified Exosome‐Loaded Hydrogel Based on Photocrosslinking for Cartilage Repair
Authors: Lv Junlei , Jiang Hongyi , Qiu Zhiruo , Liu Rongjie , Fang Yuqin , Zhang Zeming , Zhao Miaolong , Li Xiang , Lou Chao , Huang Haosheng , Zhang Xiaolei , Zheng Wenhao , Sun Liaojun
Published: February 2025

Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hold significant potential in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, simple exosomes therapy often proves insufficiently effective and challenging to achieve optimal therapeutic outcome. Herein, an innovative injectable multifunctional composite hydrogel (ExoshEZH2@HG) is composed of photocrosslinking partially modified hyaluronic acid with o‐nitrobenzyl alcohol (HA‐NB), gelatin, and shRNA‐EZH2 endogenously modified exosomes (ExoshEZH2), designed for cartilage defects, which are a primary cause of early OA. It exhibits rapid and controllable photo‐induced gelation characteristics, resembling human cancellous bone compressive strength, and boasting excellent biocompatibility. In vitro studies indicate that ExoshEZH2@HG slowly releases ExoshEZH2, promoting the migration and infiltration of BMSCs into surrounding tissues. By inhibiting the overexpression of EZH2, ExoshEZH2 suppresses histone hypermethylation and the nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes. Simultaneously, it promotes the regeneration of the extracellular matrix and the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Within a rat cartilage defect model, ExoshEZH2@HG significantly facilitates the regeneration of cartilage tissue resembling hyaline cartilage in the defect area, preventing the progression of OA. In summary, this multifunctional composite hydrogel offers a promising approach for the treatment of cartilage defects and the prevention of OA through multiple synergistic effects.
Reconfigurable Organic Electrochemical Transistors with High Dynamic Ranges for Fully Integrated Physical Reservoir Computing
Authors: Han Chungbi , Kim Mingyu , Park Seong Jun , Eo Jung Sun , Kim Donghyeok , Park Young Ran , Jung Sungjune , Wang Gunuk
Published: February 2025

Reconfigurable organic electrochemical transistors (r‐OECTs) are considered a promising platform for fully integrated physical reservoir computing (RC) owing to their dual switching modes, which are suitable for both the reservoir and readout layers. However, their restricted dynamic ranges (DR) have constrained their nonlinearity, high‐dimensional mapping capacity, and the reconfigurability of neural networks for optimal physical RC. In this study, r‐OECTs with a modified PEDOT:PSS channel and solid electrolyte is designed and fabricated, achieving dual‐modal essential synaptic functions (nonvolatile and volatile) through ethylene glycol (EG) content adjustment. The r‐OECTs with the EG of 680 and 1000 µL exhibit exceptional DR of 1.12 × 10⁵ in nonvolatile mode and 1.20 × 103 volatile mode, respectively, representing a significant improvement over previously reported OECTs. The nonvolatile mode exhibits long‐term memory with robust and gradual long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD), while the volatile mode demonstrates short‐term memory for extracting reservoir states. The r‐OECTs, functioning in two modes as the reservoir and readout layers with high DRs, enable accurate classification of human activities such as jogging (J), brushing teeth (B), and folding clothes (F) with an accuracy of 84.38% in a fully integrated physical RC system.
Self‐Healing Hybrid Interphase Layer Assisted by Liquid Gallium Metal Toward Exceptionally Reversible Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Cao Liang , Li Yue , Chu Mingjing , Xu Xin , Qiu Yawen , Zhao Jun , Dai Yue , Sun Chencheng , Huang Zhi‐Xiong , Chen Libao , Wu Xing‐Long , Geng Hongbo
Published: February 2025

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their dazzling advantages. Nevertheless, the brittle natural SEI film and the growth of dendrites have posed a great threat to the practical application of SMBs. Herein, an interphase layer (Ga/Na2Se) with a self‐healing function assisted by liquid gallium metal is designed. By combining in situ characterizations and theoretical analysis, the operating mechanism of the interphase is comprehensively revealed. The in situ formed Ga liquid metal not only possesses a self‐healing function, thus repairing the collapse of interfacial texture upon cycling, but also has a favorable Na+ diffusion barrier that endows Na+ to disperse uniformly instead of forming Na clusters on Na substrate, preventing uneven charge accumulation and preferential Na nucleation. Meanwhile, the Na2Se superionic conductor teases the Na+ flux on the interlayer, efficiently avoiding the formation of dendrites. Consequently, the symmetric cells achieve a superior cycling lifespan of 2200 h at 0.5 mA cm−2/1.0 mAh cm−2. Most importantly, the pouch full cell assembled using NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode also exhibits overwhelming cycling stability, delivering 75.9 mAh g−1 after 5000 cycles at 1.0 C. This work provides a new insight into using liquid metal for the practical exploitation of SMBs.
Next‐Generation Oral Ulcer Management: Integrating Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) with Nanogel‐Based Pharmaceuticals for Inflammation Regulation
Authors: Zheng Yanfen , Zhuang Ziqi , Zhou Renwu , Zheng Luo , Li Changhong , Zhou Rusen , Gao Yuting , Zhang Liang , Zheng Yating , Zhao Liqian , Rizvi Syed Faheem Askari , Yang Bocheng , Jiang Lili , Lin Jinyong , Wang Anqi , Zhou Wei , Cheng Hongwei , Li Dong , Chu Chengchao , Thompson Erik W. , Wu Yunlong , Liu Gang , Zeng Yun , Wang Peiyu
Published: February 2025

Oral ulcers, affecting 27.9% of adults, can lead to malnutrition and dehydration, especially in individuals with diabetes, cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. Existing treatments—including oral films, sprays, frosts, and powders—often fail to be effective due to rapid dilution and clearance in the moist oral environment. This study is the first to investigate the use of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) for treating oral ulcers and its underlying molecular mechanisms. A novel high‐bioavailability, mucoadhesive therapy combining handheld three dimensions (3D) multi‐microhole CAP is developed with a nanogel‐based pharmaceutical system containing glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT), termed GCN. These results showed that both CAP alone and CAP combined with GCN significantly accelerate oral ulcer healing, modulate immune responses, and activate the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in acetic acid‐induced oral ulcers, outperforming untreated controls and the conventional medication, Watermelon Frost (WF). Furthermore, the CAP+GCN combination enhances therapeutic effects by promoting fibroblast generation. CAP pretreatment also enhances cell permeability and nanoparticle uptake, improving tissue adhesion. These findings are validated in primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts (HGF) and Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSC) from healthy donors, as well as an oral ulcer model in rats, demonstrating superior biocompatibility and safety.
Biosensors and Biomarkers for the Detection of Motion Sickness
Authors: Wang Yanbing , Liu Chen , Zhao Wenjie , Wang Qingfeng , Sun Xu , Zhang Sheng
Published: February 2025

Motion sickness (MS) is a prevalent syndrome that predominantly occurs during transportation and virtual reality (VR). The absence of reliable indicators and detection methods makes precise diagnosis difficult. Biomarker concentrations and trends may imply individual susceptibility, symptom classification, and the specific progression of MS. It is therefore essential to explore biosensors capable of providing sensitive, accurate, and real‐time monitoring of biomarkers. This review provides a summary of the pathogenesis and biological pathways underlying MS, followed by an examination of biomarkers and their research progress. The most recent electrochemical biosensors developed for the non‐invasive detection of representative biomarkers (e.g., cortisol, α‐amylase, and estrogen) are comprehensively summarized. The effectiveness of these biosensors in practical application is discussed. It is anticipated that electrochemical biosensors can be gradually improved from the sampling methods, multimodal combinations, and data processing, which can facilitate the detection of MS toward individuation, refinement, and intelligence.
Room‐Temperature Organic Spintronic Devices with Wide Range Magnetocurrent Tuning and Multifunctionality via Electro‐Optical Compensation Strategy
Authors: Meng Ke , Li Min , Guo Lidan , Zhang Rui , Guo Ankang , Liu Mingzhe , Gu Xianrong , Qin Yang , Yang Tingting , Yang Xueli , Hu Shunhua , Zhang Cheng , Zheng Ruiheng , Wu Meng , Sun Xiangnan
Published: February 2025

In spintronics, devices exhibiting large, widely tunable magnetocurrent (MC) values at room temperature are particularly appealing due to their potential in advanced sensing, data storage, and multifunctional technologies. Organic semiconductors (OSCs), with their rich and unique spin‐dependent and (opto‐)electronic properties, hold significant promise for realizing such devices. However, current organic devices are constrained by limited design strategies, yielding MC values typically confined to tens of percent, thereby restricting their potential for multifunctional applications. Here, this study introduces an electro‐optical compensation strategy to modulate MC values, which synergistically integrates and manages the interplays among carrier transport, spin‐dependent reactions, and photogenerated carrier dynamics in OSCs‐based devices. This approach achieves ultrahigh room‐temperature MC values of +13 200% and −10 600% in the designed devices, with continuous and precise tunability over this range—marking a breakthrough in organic spintronic devices. Building on this achievement, by integrating multiple controllable parameters—light, bias, magnetic field, and mechanical flexibility—into a single device, a flexible, room‐temperature, multifunctional device is activated, functioning as the high‐sensitivity magnetic field sensor, composite field sensor, magnetic current inverter, and magnetically‐controlled artificial synaptic, etc. These findings open an avenue for designing high‐performance, multifunctional devices with broad implications for future spintronic‐related technologies.
Stable and Highly Efficient Near‐Infrared Emission Achieved in Spinel Blocks
Authors: Zhang Xibao , Zhou Liang , You Hongpeng
Published: February 2025

Developing efficient and stable near‐infrared emitters related to Cr3+‐pairs for advanced optoelectronic devices remains a challenge due to concentration quenching effects and unclear luminescence mechanisms. In this study, Cr3+ ions are incorporated into a matrix structure consisting of ZnAl₂O₄ spinel units separated by 11.312 Å, effectively restricting energy transfer between luminescent centers and alleviating quenching effects. Computational analysis identifies the lattice positions of isolated Cr3+ ions and Cr3+‐pairs at different doping levels, providing insights into their spatial distribution and local structural environments. Photoluminescence measurements reveals a Cr3+‐concentration‐dependent emission broadening, with a Cr3+‐pair emission band peak at 750 nm, while detailed spectral analysis further clarified the energy level structure of Cr3+‐pairs for the first time. Enhanced material performance is achieved through flux‐assisted synthesis, reaching a high external quantum efficiency of 58.3%. Consequently, the assembled pc‐LEDs exhibit minimal efficiency roll‐off and achieve a high output of 183 mW at 650 mA, demonstrating their potential in near‐infrared light sources and night vision technology application.
Designing Crystalline/Amorphous NVNPF/NCK Cathode Toward High‐Performance Fully‐Printed Flexible Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries (ARSIBs)
Authors: Ren Hehe , Liang Jing , Liu Qun , Wei Yuanjie , Wu Wei
Published: February 2025

The flexible ARSIBs have great potential in portable and wearable electronics due to their high cost‐effectiveness, safety, and amazing flexibility. Nevertheless, achieving both outstanding flexibility and high energy density remains a challenge. Herein, a battery‐supercapacitor composite material Na3V1.95Ni0.05(PO4)2F3/10%NC‐KOH (NVNPF/NCK) with coexistence of crystalline and amorphous phases is fabricated by loading nitrogenous carbon (NC) onto Na3V1.95Ni0.05(PO4)2F3 (NVNPF) and etching with KOH. It demonstrates high specific capacity (187.26 mAh g−1), ultrahigh energy density (262.16 Wh kg−1), and excellent cycle performance (the capacity retention is 81% at 1 C after 500 cycles). The high performance is achieved by doping Ni2⁺ loading NC and etching with KOH, which generates vacancy defects, enhances structural stability, and accelerates ion‐diffusion kinetics. Furthermore, the fully‐printed ARSIBs (F‐NTP//NVNPF/NCK) with high specific capacity (60.37 mAh g−1), amazing energy density (72.44 Wh kg−1), and excellent cycle performance, are fabricated using screen‐printing technique based on the NVNPF/NCK cathode and NaTi1.7Fe0.3(PO4)3 (F‐NTP) anode. To the best of the authors' knowledge, F‐NTP//NVNPF/NCK is the highest‐performing fully‐printed flexible ARSIB to date. In particular, these batteries can achieve tunability in shape and size, integration, and high‐throughput manufacturing. Thus, this work can offer greater possibilities for the development of high‐performance flexible ARSIBs.
FRET‐Based Sensor Zebrafish Reveal Muscle Cells Do Not Undergo Apoptosis in Starvation or Natural Aging‐Induced Muscle Atrophy
Authors: Jia Hao , Wu Renfei , Yang Hongmei , Luo Kathy Qian
Published: February 2025

Muscle atrophy occurs during natural aging and under disease conditions. Muscle cell apoptosis is considered one of the main causes of muscle atrophy, while several recent studies argued that muscle cells do not die during muscle atrophy. Here, sensor zebrafish are generated to visualize muscle cell apoptosis and the engulfment of dead muscle cells by macrophages. Using these sensor zebrafish, starvation, and natural aging‐induced muscle atrophy models are established. The data showed that the diameters of muscle cells decreased in both models; however, muscle cell apoptosis is not found in the process of muscle atrophy. In starvation‐induced muscle atrophy, it also showed that the number of nuclei in muscle cells remained constant, and there is no increase in the number of macrophages in muscle tissues, both of which further confirmed that muscle cells do not die. In both models, transcriptional analysis showed that the apoptosis pathway is down‐regulated, and autophagy and protein degradation pathways are up‐regulated. All these data indicated that although there is a great reduction of muscle mass during starvation or aging‐induced muscle atrophy, muscle cells do not die by apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into muscle atrophy and can benefit the treatments for muscle atrophy‐related diseases.
Fluoro‐Fucosylation Enables the Interrogation of the Lea‐LecB Interaction by BioNMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Siebold Kathrin , Chikunova Elena , Lorz Nils , Jordan Christina , Gossert Alvar D. , Gilmour Ryan
Published: February 2025

Fucosylation patterns in cell‐surface glycans are essential mediators of recognition and signalling. Aberrations in these signatures serve as vital diagnostic markers of disease progression, and so understanding fucose‐protein interactions at the molecular level is crucial. Molecular editing of l‐fucose (Fuc) at C2 with fluorine provides a platform to reconcile the ubiquity of fucosylation with the paucity of strategies to interrogate site‐specific interactions. Through judicious introduction of a pseudo‐equatorial fluorine [C(sp3)‐F] adjacent to the anomeric position, β‐selective fucosylation can be achieved with a range of diverse acceptors (>50 : 1): the selectivity of this process can be inverted through changes in the donor scaffold. Reaction development was driven by the desire to construct a fluorinated analogue of Lewis antigen a (F‐Lea), in which fluorine replaces a key OH group at C2. Lea is a ligand for Lectin B (LecB) in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and thus delineating the importance of key interactions in this complex has ramifications for drug discovery. Independent syntheses of Lea and F‐Lea, and systematic bioNMR analyses with both glycans has unequivocally established the essential role of O2 of fucose in the Lea‐LecB complex.
Understanding the Association Between Neighborhood Resources and Trauma‐Informed Care Among Providers Who Serve Autistic Youth
Authors: Thorpe Daneele , Kerns Connor M. , Moskowitz Lauren J. , Drahota Amy , Lerner Matthew ,   the UCAS Consortium
Published: February 2025

A growing body of literature suggests that youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), herein, autistic youth, face an increased risk of being exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, trauma‐informed approaches to care among autistic youth remain limited. In a large cross‐sectional survey of ASD providers (N = 670) recruited from five U.S. locations, we examined the association between neighborhood resources using the Child Opportunity Index (i.e., educational, health/environmental, and social/economic opportunities) and the frequency at which providers engaged in trauma‐informed care (i.e., inquire about, screen for, treat, and provide referrals for trauma diagnosis and treatment) and the types of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) they screen for (i.e., maltreatment/neglect and household dysfunction). The latent model revealed that providers in neighborhoods with fewer resources engaged in more trauma‐informed care and were more likely to screen for ACEs related to household dysfunction. Follow‐up exploratory analyses indicated that providers in the lowest 20% of opportunity neighborhoods made the greatest efforts in trauma screening for maltreatment and household dysfunction, followed closely by those in the lowest 40%, compared to higher‐opportunity areas. Sensitivity analyses, controlling for potential nesting effects, confirmed similar results. These findings may suggest a concerted effort to ensure that autistic youth in highly disadvantaged areas receive adequate trauma screening. However, lower screening rates in higher‐resourced neighborhoods may mean trauma‐exposed autistic youth in these areas are overlooked. Expanding provider training to emphasize trauma inquiry across all neighborhoods could help address this gap. Limitations, implications for policy and practice, and future directions are discussed.
Expanding Research on Contextual Factors in Autism Research: What Took Us So Long?
Authors: Mailick Marsha , Bennett Teresa , DaWalt Leann Smith , Durkin Maureen S. , Forbes Gordon , Howlin Patricia , Lord Catherine , Zaidman‐Zait Anat , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Bal Vanessa , Bishop Somer , Chiang Chung‐Hsin , DiMartino Adriana , Freitag Christine M. , Georgiades Stelios , Hollocks Matthew , Lai Meng‐Chuan , Maenner Matthew J. , Powell Patrick S. , Taylor Julie Lounds , Halladay Alycia
Published: February 2025

Although autism is a childhood‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder, its features change across the life course due to a combination of individual and contextual influences. However, the influence of contextual factors on development during childhood and beyond is less frequently studied than individual factors such as genetic variants that increase autism risk, IQ, language, and autistic features. Potentially important contexts include the family environment and socioeconomic status, social networks, school, work, services, neighborhood characteristics, environmental events, and sociocultural factors. Here, we articulate the benefit of studying contextual factors, and we offer selected examples of published longitudinal autism studies that have focused on how individuals develop within context. Expanding the autism research agenda to include the broader context in which autism emerges and changes across the life course can enhance understanding of how contexts influence the heterogeneity of autism, support strengths and resilience, or amplify disabilities. We describe challenges and opportunities for future research on contextual influences and provide a list of digital resources that can be integrated into autism data sets. It is important to conceptualize contextual influences on autism development as main exposures, not only as descriptive variables or factors needing statistical control.
Comparative Analysis of SCM Muscle Fatigue in Office Workers with Hunched Posture: A Study on Chronic Lower Back Pain versus Non‐Affected Individuals
Authors: Guduru Rama Krishna Reddy , Ramineni Joshna , M. M. Ramakrishna , D. Sridhar , Bharathi Hema
Published: February 2025

This study examines the disparities between people suffering from chronic lower back pain (LBP) and those who do not, with a particular focus on how extended periods of sitting with poor posture affect fatigue and discomfort in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles among office employees. Eighty university staff and students were enrolled in the study by matching age, BMI, and type of job. They were split into two groups later: a control group (n = 40) with no back pain and a pain group (n = 40) with a history of lower back pain (LBP). Pain intensity was measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), while SCM muscle activity was measured via surface electromyography (sEMG) during both normal and hunched postures. Participants maintained each posture for a specified duration of 30 min. The study revealed that Pain_Hunched group exhibited significantly reduced SCM muscle activity compared to the Control_Hunched group (mean difference = −9.728, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the SCM muscle activity in the Pain_Hunched group was significantly lower than that of the Pain_Normal group (mean difference = −2.769, p = 0.041). These results highlight the heightened SCM muscle activity during hunched postures, particularly in individuals with LBP. The results emphasize the crucial role posture plays in influencing SCM muscle activation and pain perception among individuals with LBP. These results imply that correcting one's posture could be a useful pain management intervention technique for this population. The long‐term impacts of postural adjustments and their possible advantages in clinical contexts, such as incorporating ergonomic interventions or specific exercise regimens, should be investigated in future studies.
Advancing PLP Biosynthesis: Enhanced Stability and Activity of EcPdxK via LXTE‐600 Immobilization
Authors: Ye Yunhui , Zhang Heng , Fan Xinyu , Yao Qilong , Lu Chenhong , Liu Junzhong , Jiao Qingcai
Published: February 2025

Pyridoxal 5ʹ‐phosphate (PLP) plays an essential role in a multitude of cellular processes due to its function as a critical coenzyme. This study introduces a significant advancement in PLP biosynthesis by enhancing the stability and activity of Escherichia coli–derived pyridoxal kinase (EcPdxK) through immobilization on an innovative epoxy resin, LXTE‐600. Our approach involved the systematic optimization of enzyme loading, coupling duration, and temperature, which resulted in improved immobilization efficiency and a high loading capacity of 80 mg/g. The characterization of immobilized EcPdxK@LXTE‐600 was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), confirming successful immobilization. This process notably enhanced the enzyme's performance, increasing its tolerance to pH and temperature fluctuations, thereby improving its thermal stability. The immobilized EcPdxK@LXTE‐600 retained over 80% of its initial activity after 4 weeks of storage at 4°C and could be reused up to eight cycles while maintaining more than 70% of its initial activity. These findings not only demonstrate the efficacy of the LXTE‐600‐based immobilization method but also suggest promising industrial applications for the sustainable production of PLP, potentially revolutionizing approaches in biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors.
The GCSE attainment gap: Assessing the influence of permanent school exclusion
Authors: Hills Stephen , Walker Matthew , Guinn James , Kent Aubrey
Published: February 2025

Permanent school exclusions continue to be a topic of keen interest to UK schools and policymakers. The debate over the practice has recently intensified owing to the perceived negative outcomes directly resulting from the exclusion event. Research has indeed shown that pupils who have been permanently excluded are at a greater risk for a variety of negative life outcomes when compared with their non‐excluded peers. However, that disadvantaged groups are disproportionately represented among those excluded has not been accounted for in empirical testing. Accordingly, previous measures of the influence of permanent exclusion may have over‐estimated its negative consequences because they have not controlled for disadvantageous pupil characteristics. This is a critical limitation of the research owing to the influence of confounding variables and sample selection bias. Using the National Pupil Database and a full cohort of UK pupils (N = 590,092), our analysis tracked a sample of 1490 pupils permanently excluded in year 11 of the English education system in 2018/2019. Using capped GCSE points as the academic attainment variable, we find that permanently excluded pupil scores were nearly 25 points lower than their non‐permanently excluded peers. However, when controlling for disadvantageous pupil characteristics, this difference was cut roughly in half. As such, we conclude that permanent exclusion is neither the catalyst of disadvantage nor a continuation of disadvantage on the same trajectory, but rather an accentuation of existing disadvantage. In other words, the existing trajectory of disadvantage gets steeper following the permanent exclusion event. Therefore, considering that the GCSE attainment gap found is equally attributable to both permanent exclusion and disadvantageous pupil characteristics, policymakers should both limit permanent exclusion to being a last resort and provide additional support for pupils at risk of being permanently excluded. Including a permanently excluded pupil's GCSE attainment in their former school's academic league table data incentivises schools to act in the best interests of these highly disadvantaged and vulnerable pupils.
Machine learning‐assisted point‐of‐care diagnostics for cardiovascular healthcare
Authors: Wang Kaidong , Tan Bing , Wang Xinfei , Qiu Shicheng , Zhang Qiuping , Wang Shaolei , Yen Ying‐Tzu , Jing Nan , Liu Changming , Chen Xuxu , Liu Shichang , Yu Yan
Published: February 2025

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to drive global mortality rates, underscoring an urgent need for advancements in healthcare solutions. The development of point‐of‐care (POC) devices that provide rapid diagnostic services near patients has garnered substantial attention, especially as traditional healthcare systems face challenges such as delayed diagnoses, inadequate care, and rising medical costs. The advancement of machine learning techniques has sparked considerable interest in medical research and engineering, offering ways to enhance diagnostic accuracy and relevance. Improved data interoperability and seamless connectivity could enable real‐time, continuous monitoring of cardiovascular health. Recent breakthroughs in computing power and algorithmic design, particularly deep learning frameworks that emulate neural processes, have revolutionized POC devices for CVDs, enabling more frequent detection of abnormalities and automated, expert‐level diagnosis. However, challenges such as data privacy concerns and biases in dataset representation continue to hinder clinical integration. Despite these barriers, the translational potential of machine learning‐assisted POC devices presents significant opportunities for advancement in CVDs healthcare.
The Reductive Addition–Oxidative Elimination Mechanism
Authors: Lerma–Berlanga Belén , Leyva–Pérez. Antonio
Published: February 2025

The oxidative addition–reductive elimination (OARE) mechanism of reactive molecules on metal atoms is a cornerstone of modern chemistry. However, the complementary reductive addition–oxidative elimination (RAOE) mechanism is barely considered, despite a first reduction reaction between metal atoms and the incoming organic reactant makes chemical sense in a plethora of processes. Here we show, in a chronological order, early precedents in the literature which indicated the possibility of a general RAOE mechanism, the few systems explicitly reported so far (including a catalytic system) and some other reactions where a RAOE mechanism would satisfactorily explain the mechanistic evidences found. These examples, together, strongly suggest that researchers should consider the RAOE mechanism during their investigations, and not simply adjust their conclusions to the omnipresent OARE mechanism. This new line of thinking might open new avenues in the design of chemical reactions, particularly catalytic ones.
Anticipating Natural Phenolics Through Visible Light‐Induced Photorearrangement of Quinones
Authors: Fadeev Alexander A. , Kotora Martin
Published: February 2025

A general protocol for the photorearrangement of substituted benzo‐ and naphthoquinones using monochromatic blue light irradiation in solution was developed. During this process, the quinone ring is transformed into the hydroquinone, while the substituent undergoes desaturation or annulation onto the proximal oxygen of the formed hydroquinone. We found that desaturation was preferred for acyclic saturated substituents, such as alkyl groups, and the tendency for annulation was observed for both cyclic and acyclic unsaturated substituents (allyl, alkenyl, aryl). The diversity of the participating substituents and the functional group tolerance of this transformation allowed us to prepare 10 natural phenolic compounds, suggesting that visible light may likewise induce their formation from the respective quinones in natural sources.
Principles for Stereoselective Separation of Chiral Drug Compounds Enantiomers and Diastereomers in Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals Using Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Vadagam Niroja , Haridasyam Sharath Babu , Lakka Narasimha S. , Kuppan Chandrasekar , Ravinathan Poornima , Chinnakadoori Sanjeeva R.
Published: February 2025

In the fields of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, chiral liquid chromatography techniques including high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography are frequently used to isolate, identify, separate, and quantify chiral isomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers (stereoisomers), due to the significant differences in biological activity and therapeutic effects of stereoisomers. The authors have provided a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles necessary for using liquid chromatography to separate and accurately estimate chiral compounds that exhibit stereoisomerism (both enantiomers and diastereomers). The development strategies outlined include the selection of chromatographic conditions, optimization of sample preparation, evaluation of degradation pathways, establishment of system suitability criteria, and execution of method validation studies. Additionally, this article supports the development of robust and stability‐indicating methods by applying one factor at a time and design of experiments concepts for chiral drugs and their chiral impurities in pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. The method validation attributes essential to evaluate the characteristics of the developed method were discussed in this write‐up. The validation parameters include specificity, linearity, detection limit, quantitation limit, accuracy, precision, solution stability.
Physicochemical vs Electrochemical Technologies for Metal Recovery – Main Insights, Comparison, Complementarity and Challenges
Authors: Mourdikoudis Stefanos , Dominguez‐Benetton Xochitl
Published: February 2025

The quest toward the development of new, more eco‐friendly removal/recycling/recovery methods for a range of valuable elements is intense nowadays. In this Review we present and discuss in a critical way the best available physicochemical processes versus modern electrochemical approaches for metal recovery of elements which form part of spent catalysts or other sources such as wastewater, mining waste and spent batteries. These techniques include coagulation/flocculation, precipitation, electrocoagulation/electroflotation, membrane electrolysis, electrodeposition/electrowinning and gas‐diffusion electrocrystallization (GDEx). Several key performance indicators (KPIs) are utilized to facilitate the critical analysis of the different recovery methods. Such indicators have to do, for example, with the efficiency, the cost, the complexity, and the environmental friendliness of the methods used. In some cases, the recovered metals can be further used for specific applications, including the fabrication of electrocatalysts for reactions of interest. When possible, the more novel electrified technologies are benchmarked versus the state‐of‐the art approaches. This manuscript helps to summarize all types of approaches in a comparative manner. When the targeted metal cannot be recovered by any of the technologies explored, its removal can also be considered as satisfactory in some extent, especially if the element under discussion poses a risk of toxicity for the environment or for human health. Recovery technologies are sometimes combined for an optimum effect, exploiting the advantages of each approach and mitigating their drawbacks. Our review provides also some examples for ‘removal‐only’ possibilities of the studied methods, though its primary focus is the metal recovery aiming for metal reuse in the best possible scenarios.
An Efficient Solid‐Phase Synthetic Approach to Prepare TACN‐Functionalized Peptides
Authors: Yeung Yik‐Hoi , Lam Pak‐Lun , Thor Waygen , Kai Hei‐Yui , Cheung Tsz‐Lam , Wu Yue , Law Ga‐Lai , Long Nicholas J. , Wong Ka‐Leung
Published: February 2025

1,4,7‐triazacyclononane (TACN) derivatives play important roles in various metal‐based biomedical applications. However, the unmanageable functionalization of TACN remains a long‐standing challenge to yield useful partially substituted building blocks. Herein, by utilizing nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) as a thiol‐liable protecting group for secondary amines, a bis‐NBD‐substituted TACN was obtained as the first example in the preparation of partially substituted TACN without strict stoichiometric control and column chromatography. Upon facile deprotection of NBD using solid‐phase synthesis, a series of TACN‐peptide conjugates with different bioactive peptides and chelating units were derivatized from the TACN building block, demonstrating the potential widespread application of this work.
Automated Investigation of Metal‐Ligand Interactions by a Newly Established Robotic Workflow for Titrations
Authors: Ringleb Michael , Klähn Lukas , Zechel Stefan , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: February 2025

In this work, we present a new workflow to set up an automated platform for the investigation of metal complex formation in solutions. With the utilization of this robot titration platform, the generation of an abundancy of solvated metal complexes in differing coordination number is possible in a simple manner. The generated complexes can subsequently be sampled into differing vessels to examine them in detail. We present sampling for UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy at chosen model systems, however, the platform can easily be adapted to provide samples for other techniques, e. g., for infrared spectroscopy.