bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Role of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/ Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Network in Cancer Stem Cell Biology
Authors: Martelli Alberto M. , Evangelisti Camilla , Chiarini Francesca , Grimaldi Cecilia , McCubrey James A.
Published: August 2010

The cancer stem cell theory entails the existence of a hierarchically organized, rare population of cells which are responsible for tumor initiation, self-renewal/maintenance, and mutation accumulation. The cancer stem cell proposition could explain the high frequency of cancer relapse and resistance to currently available therapies. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates a wide array of physiological cell functions which include differentiation, proliferation, survival, metabolism, autophagy, and motility. Dysregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling has been documented in many types of neoplasias. It is now emerging that this signaling network plays a key role in cancer stem cell biology. Interestingly, cancer stem cells displayed preferential sensitivity to pathway inhibition when compared to healthy stem cells. This observation provides the proof-of-principle that functional differences in signaling pathways between neoplastic stem cells and healthy stem cells could be identified. In this review, we present the evidence which links the signals emanating from the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade with the functions of cancer stem cells, both in solid and hematological tumors. We then highlight how targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling with small molecules could improve cancer patient outcome.
Stability Criteria of Fullerene-like Nanoparticles: Comparing V2O5 to Layered Metal Dichalcogenides and Dihalides
Authors: Levi Roi , Bar-Sadan Maya , Albu-Yaron Ana , Popovitz-Biro Ronit , Houben Lothar , Prior Yehiam , Tenne Reshef
Published: August 2010

Numerous examples of closed-cage nanostructures, such as nested fullerene-like nanoparticles and nanotubes, formed by the folding of materials with layered structure are known. These compounds include WS2, NiCl2, CdCl2, Cs2O, and recently V2O5. Layered materials, whose chemical bonds are highly ionic in character, possess relatively stiff layers, which cannot be evenly folded. Thus, stress-relief generally results in faceted nanostructures seamed by edge-defects. V2O5, is a metal oxide compound with a layered structure. The study of the seams in nearly perfect inorganic "fullerene-like" hollow V2O5 nanoparticles (NIF-V2O5) synthesized by pulsed laser ablation (PLA), is discussed in the present work. The relation between the formation mechanism and the seams between facets is examined. The formation mechanism of the NIF-V2O5 is discussed in comparison to fullerene-like structures of other layered materials, like IF structures of MoS2, CdCl2, and Cs2O. The criteria for the perfect seaming of such hollow closed structures are highlighted.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing N4-[2-(t-butyldisulfanyl)ethyl]-5-methylcytosine Moieties
Authors: Pérez-Rentero Sónia , Garibotti Alejandra V. , Eritja Ramón
Published: August 2010

An efficient route for the synthesis of the phosphoramidite derivative of 5-methylcytosine bearing a tert-butylsulfanyl group protected thiol is described. This building block is used for the preparation of oligonucleotides carrying a thiol group at the nucleobase at the internal position of a DNA sequence. The resulting thiolated oligonucleotides are useful intermediates to generate oligonucleotide conjugates carrying molecules of interest at internal positions of a DNA sequence.
Eclipse Impact on a Remote Sensing Data Set: PAL NDVI 10-Day Composite from February 11 to 20 in 1999 for Western Australia
Authors: Lim Chai K.
Published: August 2010

Pathfinder Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Channel 1 (Red) and Channel 2 (near-infrared) of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard NOAA 14 became abnormally high for the 10-day composite from February 11 to 20 in 1999 for Western Australia. There was a solar eclipse in the satellite path on February 16 about the same time when NOAA 14 was above the eclipse location, causing the Channel 1 value to be 0 in many cells. The NDVI composite updating rule was to capture the greenest condition of each composite period. There seems to have been a possible lack of quality control during the NDVI composite generation, which could have caused the abnormally high NDVI values. However, there were some cells within the affected area that had values close to normal for NDVI as well as Channel 1 and Channel 2. The abnormal NDVI data values could have been avoided by not using the data obtained during the eclipse in the generation of the composite. Further investigation on those cells which were not affected by the eclipse is suggested for a better quality control of remote sensing data obtained during eclipse occurrences.
Response to Comments of Ben Gunneberg
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Layton Patricia A.
Published: August 2010

An unreferenced statement on page 608 is challenged as being incorrect. FSC and PEFC are competitors and issues on the differences between the programs are often arguable. We do agree that a small portion of the statement could have been more clearly stated, but the intent of the statement was essentially correct. The original article contained 80 references and not every sentence could be referenced. We include 18 additional references below to strengthen and clarify our statement.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
Authors: Pinchuk Irina V. , Beswick Ellen J. , Reyes Victor E.
Published: August 2010

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram positive bacterium that is carried by about one third of the general population and is responsible for common and serious diseases. These diseases include food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, which are caused by exotoxins produced by S. aureus. Of the more than 20 Staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEA and SEB are the best characterized and are also regarded as superantigens because of their ability to bind to class II MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells and stimulate large populations of T cells that share variable regions on the b chain of the T cell receptor. The result of this massive T cell activation is a cytokine bolus leading to an acute toxic shock. These proteins are highly resistant to denaturation, which allows them to remain intact in contaminated food and trigger disease outbreaks. A recognized problem is the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of S. aureus and these are a concern in the clinical setting as they are a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of these proteins.
LupusQoL-US Benchmarks for US Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: JOLLY MEENAKSHI , PICKARD SIMON A. , MIKOLAITIS RACHEL A. , RODBY ROGER A. , SEQUEIRA WINSTON , BLOCK JOEL A.
Published: August 2010

Objective.

The LupusQoL-US instrument was recently validated in the US. We studied the benchmarks for a US patient cohort with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and relevant demographic and disease correlates.

Methods.

LupusQoL-US was administered to 185 patients with SLE. Demographic data (age, sex, ethnicity, marital status) and disease features (duration, disease activity and damage) were assessed simultaneously. Descriptive statistics were obtained. LupusQoL-US domain scores were calculated, and compared by sex, ethnicity, and marital status using nonparametric tests. Correlation between LupusQoL-US domains and age, disease duration, disease activity, and disease damage were obtained.

Results.

Mean age of patients was 42.2 ± 14.5 years; 94% of subjects were women. African American patients comprised 60% of the study cohort. The most affected domains were Fatigue and Physical Health. The least affected was Intimate Relationships. Age correlated with Physical Health, Pain, and Body Image (r = 0.15–0.18). Differences were observed based on sex and marital status, but not by ethnicity; there the LupusQoL-US correlated inversely with disease activity (r = −0.001 to −0.36) and damage (r = −0.003 to −0.40).

Conclusion.

All domains of the LupusQoL-US based health related quality of life (HRQOL) were affected adversely. HRQOL varied by age, sex, and marital status in our SLE cohort.
De l'obligation à la ressource
Authors: Moreau de Bellaing Cédric
Published: August 2010

Partant d’une contradiction entre ethnographies et enquêtes quantitatives de la formation policière, cet article explore les rapports différenciés au droit repérables à l’École nationale de police de Paris. En montrant qu’au moins trois formes de ces rapports sont identifiables au cours de la formation – légalisme, mise en concurrence avec les principes de justice, conditionnement de la loi aux exigences situationnelles –, l’article met en évidence la continuité existant entre école de police et services actifs. Un tel constat amène à interroger les raisons de la persistance d’un discours proclamant l’existence d’une rupture profonde entre école et travail policier de voie publique.
Les groupes de nouvelles à caractère pédopornographique : une sous-culture de la déviance
Authors: Corriveau Patrice
Published: August 2010

Le développement accéléré des technologies de l’information a considérablement modifié la problématique de la pornographie juvénile en facilitant sa distribution dans le cyberespace, particulièrement dans les groupes de nouvelles Usenet. Ces groupes de nouvelles se révèlent également être des lieux privilégiés de discussion et d’échange entre les amateurs de pornographie juvénile, où une sous-culture de la déviance, au sens des analyses de Becker (1963/1985) s’élabore. Trois de ces groupes de nouvelles ont été infiltrés afin de mieux comprendre les interactions qui s’y tissent entre les participants. Autour de la pornographie juvénile, l’analyse discursive de 1600 communications textuelles montre le processus de formation d’une véritable collectivité déviante de même que le déploiement de stratégies interactionnelles favorisant son maintien. L’analyse montre également comment cette collectivité déviante formée peut offrir aux usagers un cadre de légitimation qui s’édifie progressivement au fil de leurs échanges. Apparaissent en effet dans ce cadre les frontières d’une nouvelle norme de conduite pouvant neutraliser les effets de stigmatisation externe. La déviance est ici envisagée comme un processus social complexe où des acteurs sociaux finissent, suite à leur participation à la sous-culture, par occuper une place spécifique dans la construction symbolique de leur déviance (la pornographie juvénile).
Stigmatisation du travail du sexe et identité des travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe
Authors: Comte Jacqueline
Published: August 2010

Historiquement associée à l’immoralité et la criminalité, la prostitution est, encore aujourd’hui, l’objet de croisades morales qui en maintiennent la stigmatisation. Face à ce stigmate, les travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe vont soit le repousser aux autres, soit le remettre en question. Bien que la nature dégradante de cette activité soit posée comme étant due à une aliénation de la sexualité qui aliénerait l’identité et que des travaux de recherche en font un a priori, l’analyse des pratiques indique que ce ne serait pas le cas. Le lien existant entre sexualité et identité n’est pas inhérent, mais est le produit d’une construction sociale visant le contrôle de la sexualité.
CSF Biomarkers Profile in CADASIL—A Model of Pure Vascular Dementia: Usefulness in Differential Diagnosis in the Dementia Disorder
Authors: Formichi Patrizia , Parnetti Lucilla , Radi Elena , Cevenini Gabriele , Dotti Maria Teresa , Federico Antonio
Published: August 2010

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is considered a model of pure vascular dementia (VD) because it occurs in young adults unlikely to have concomitant age and Alzheimer's Disease-(AD-) related pathology. CSF levels of -amyloid 1-42 (A42), total tau protein (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau-protein (p-tau), well accepted biomarkers of AD, were evaluated in 10 CADASIL patients, 22 AD patients, and 17 healthy age-matched subjects. Innotest -amyloid 1-42, Innotest hTAU-Ag, and Innotest Phospho-tau 181p sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to determine CSF biomarkers levels. A case-control statistical analysis was carried out. CSF A42 levels were significantly lower in CADASIL patients and considerable overlap with AD whereas t-tau and p-tau levels were normal and significantly different with respect to AD. A significant altered CSF biomarkers profile in a pure VD supports the use of CSF A42, t-tau, and p-tau levels in the differential diagnosis of VD and AD.
The link between poverty and malnutrition: A South African perspective
Authors: Vorster Hester H.
Published: August 2010

In this article, a brief review of the nutritional problems in South Africa, as well as the intergenerational, vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition, are used to argue for the necessity of including a nutrition intervention component in poverty alleviation programmes. It is concluded that this cycle can be broken by improving the nutritional status of women in their productive years, whereby foetalmalnutrition, arrested mental development and physical stunting in children, adolescents and adults can be prevented. The result will be an improvement in human capital, health and productivity with the ultimate aim of escaping poverty as suggested by the seven principles of Solomons(2005).OpsommingIn hierdie artikel word ’n kort oorsig van die voedingsprobleme in Suid-Afrika sowel as die noodlottige siklus van wanvoeding en armoede wat oor generasies strek, gebruik om aan te voer dat dit noodsaaklik is om ’n voedingsintervensie-komponent in programme gemik op die verligting van armoede in te sluit. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die siklus gebreek kan word as die voedingstatus van vroue in hulle voortplantingsjare verbeter word. Hierdie verbetering sal fetale wanvoeding, sowel as belemmerde groei en kognitiewe ontwikkeling van kinders, adolessente en volwassenes voorkom. Die gevolg sal ’n verbetering van menskapitaal, verbeterde gesondheid en verhoogde produktiwiteit wees, met die uiteindelike doel om armoede te ontsnap soos voorgestel deur die sewe beginsels van Solomons (2005).
Suggestions for future study of rhetoric and Matthew’s Gospel
Authors: Keener Craig S.
Published: August 2010

Because the Gospel writers addressed audiences in the Graeco-Roman world with various degrees of familiarity with standard rhetoric, rhetoric provides a helpful check on modern speculations about ancient speech and argument. Nevertheless, parallels with such rhetoric in Matthew, helpful as they are, tend to occur at a more general level and rarely on the level of specific wording. A more fruitful endeavour may be a comparison with rhetorical techniques in other ancient biographies. Beyond general urban Mediterranean rhetoric, however, a specific style of rhetoric emerges within Jesus’ teachings. Because Matthew contains so much material about Jesus the Galilean sage, examining Jewish sage rhetoric proves particularly helpful for understanding his work and that of the traditional material on which he draws.
Generalized D-symmetric Operators II
Authors: Bouali S. , Ech-chad M.
Published: August 2010

Let H be a separable, infinite-dimensional, complex Hilbert space and let A, B ∈ ℒ(H), where ℒ(H) is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on H. Let δAB : ℒ(H) → ℒ(H) denote the generalized derivation δAB(X) = AX – XB. This note will initiate a study on the class of pairs (A, B) such that .
Measurement of CPOE end-user satisfaction among ICU physicians and nurses
Authors: Carayon P. , Walker J.M. , Hoonakker P.L.T.
Published: August 2010

Background: Implementation of Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) can fail or meet high levels of user resistance for a variety of reasons, including lack of attention to users’ needs and the significant workflow changes induced and required by CPOE. End-user satisfaction is a critical factor in IT implementation.

Objective: The goal of this study was to identify criteria to select a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure end-user satisfaction with CPOE.

Methods: We developed seven criteria that can be used to select valid and reliable questionnaires. We applied the selection criteria to existing end-user satisfaction questionnaires.

Results: Most of the questionnaires used to measure end-user satisfaction have been tested for reliability and validity and most of the questionnaires have reasonably reliability and some sort of validity. However, only one questionnaire, the Physician Order Entry User Satisfaction and Usage Survey (POESUS) met most of the other criteria we developed to select a questionnaire to evaluate CPOE implementation. We used the POESUS in our study and compared the results with other studies. Results show that users are moderately satisfied with CPOE.

Conclusion: Using the seven criteria we developed, it is possible to select reliable and valid questionnaires. We hope that in the future this will lead to an increasing number of studies using the same questionnaires. That will improve the possibilities for comparing the results of one study to another (benchmarking).
Heterogeneous chemistry of monocarboxylic acids on α-Al2O3 at different relative humidities
Authors: Tong S. R. , Wu L. Y. , Ge M. F. , Wang W. G. , Pu Z. F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A study of the atmospheric heterogeneous reactions of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid on α-Al2O3 was performed at ambient condition by using a diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) reactor. From the analysis of the spectral features, observations of carboxylates formation provide strong evidence for an efficient reactive uptake process. Comparison of the calculated and experimental vibrational frequencies of adsorbed carboxylates establishes the bridging coordinated structures on the surface. The uptake coefficients of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid on α-Al2O3 particles are (2.07±0.26)×10−3 or (2.37±0.30) ×10−7, (5.00±0.69)×10−3 or (5.99±0.78)×10−7, and (3.04±0.63)×10−3 or (3.03±0.52)×10−7, respectively (using geometric or BET surface area). Furthermore, the effect of varying relative humidity (RH) on these heterogeneous reactions was studied. The uptake coefficients of monocarboxylic acids on α-Al2O3 particles increase initially (RH<20%) and then decrease with the increased RH (RH>20%) which was due to the effect of water on carboxylic acid solvation, particle surface hydroxylation, and competition for reactive sites. On the basis of the results of experimental simulation, the mechanism of heterogeneous reaction of α-Al2O3 with carboxylic acids at ambient RH was discussed. The loss of atmospheric monocarboxylic acids due to reactive uptake on available mineral dust particles may be competitive with homogeneous loss pathways, especially in dusty urban and desertified environments.
Structure-activity relationships to estimate the effective Henry's law constants of organics of atmospheric interest
Authors: Raventos-Duran T. , Camredon M. , Valorso R. , Mouchel-Vallon C. , Aumont B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The Henry's law constant is a key property needed to address the multiphase behaviour of organics in the atmosphere. Methods that can reliably predict the values for the vast number of organic compounds of atmospheric interest are therefore required. The effective Henry's law constant H* in air-water systems at 298 K was compiled from literature for 488 organic compounds bearing functional groups of atmospheric relevance. This data set was used to assess the reliability of the HENRYWIN bond contribution method and the SPARC approach for the determination of H*. Moreover, this data set was used to develop GROMHE, a new Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) based on a group contribution approach. These methods estimate logH* with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.38, 0.61, and 0.73 log units for GROMHE, SPARC and HENRYWIN respectively. The results show that for all these methods the reliability of the estimates decreases with increasing solubility. The main differences among these methods lie in H* prediction for compounds with H* greater than 103 M atm−1. For these compounds, the predicted values of logH* using GROMHE are more accurate (RMSE = 0.53) than the estimates from SPARC or HENRYWIN.
Cloud albedo increase from carbonaceous aerosol
Authors: Leaitch W. R. , Lohmann U. , Russell L. M. , Garrett T. , Shantz N. C. , Toom-Sauntry D. , Strapp J. W. , Hayden K. L. , Marshall J. , Wolde M. , Worsnop D. R. , Jayne J. T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Airborne measurements from two consecutive days, analysed with the aid of an aerosol-adiabatic cloud parcel model, are used to study the effect of carbonaceous aerosol particles on the reflectivity of sunlight by water clouds. The measurements, including aerosol chemistry, aerosol microphysics, cloud microphysics, cloud gust velocities and cloud light extinction, were made below, in and above stratocumulus over the northwest Atlantic Ocean. On the first day, the history of the below-cloud fine particle aerosol was marine and the fine particle sulphate and organic carbon mass concentrations measured at cloud base were 2.4 μg m−3 and 0.9 μg m−3 respectively. On the second day, the below-cloud aerosol was continentally influenced and the fine particle sulphate and organic carbon mass concentrations were 2.3 μg m−3 and 2.6 μg m−3 respectively. Over the range 0.06–0.8 μm diameter, the shapes of the below-cloud size distributions were similar on both days and the number concentrations were approximately a factor of two higher on the second day. The cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) on the second day were approximately three times higher than the CDNC measured on the first day. Using the parcel model to separate the influence of the differences in gust velocities, we estimate from the vertically integrated cloud light scattering measurements a 6% increase in the cloud albedo principally due to the increase in the carbonaceous components on the second day. Assuming no additional absorption by this aerosol, a 6% albedo increase translates to a local daytime radiative cooling of ∼12 W m−2. This result provides observational evidence that the role of anthropogenic carbonaceous components in the cloud albedo effect can be much larger than that of anthropogenic sulphate, as some global simulations have indicated.
Smoke injection heights from agricultural burning in Eastern Europe as seen by CALIPSO
Authors: Amiridis V. , Giannakaki E. , Balis D. S. , Gerasopoulos E. , Pytharoulis I. , Zanis P. , Kazadzis S. , Melas D. , Zerefos C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. High frequency of agricultural fires is observed every year during the summer months over SW Russia and Eastern Europe. This study investigates the initial injection height of aerosol generated by the fires over these regions during the biomass burning season, which determines the potential for long-range transport of the smoke. This information is critical for aerosol transport modeling, as it determines the smoke plume evolution. The study focuses on the period 2006–2008, and is based on observations made by the CALIOP instrument on board the NASA CALIPSO satellite. MODIS data are synergistically used for the detection of the fires and the characterization of their intensity. CALIPSO aerosol vertical distributions generated by the active fires are analyzed to investigate the aerosol top height which is considered dependent on the heat generated by the fires and can be associated with the initial injection height. Aerosol top heights of the vertically homogenous smoke layers are found to range between 1.6 and 5.9 km. Smoke injection heights from CALIPSO are compared with mixing layer heights taken by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), to investigate the direct injection of smoke particles to the free troposphere. Our results indicate that the aerosol plumes are observed within the boundary layer for the 50% of the cases examined. For the rest of the cases, the strong updrafts generated by the fires resulted to smoke injection heights greater than the ECMWF estimated mixing layer by 0.5 to 3.0 km, indicating a direct smoke injection into the free troposphere. The smoke injection height showed a dependence on the MODIS-Land Fire Radiative Power product which is indicative of the fire intensity.
Evaluating the assumptions of surface reflectance and aerosol type selection within the MODIS aerosol retrieval over land: the problem of dust type selection
Authors: Mielonen T. , Levy R. C. , Aaltonen V. , Komppula M. , de Leeuw G. , Huttunen J. , Lihavainen H. , Kolmonen P. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Arola A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) values derived with the MODIS retrieval algorithm over land (Collection 5) were compared with ground based sun photometer measurements in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. In Finland (Jokioinen and Sodankylä) measurements were done with Precision Filter Radiometer (PFR), while in Estonia (Toravere), Italy (Ispra, Rome Tor Vergata), India (Kanpur), China (Xianghe), GSFC (USA), Mexico (Mexico City), Zambia (Mongu) and Brazil (Alta Floresta) Cimel (AERONET, level 2) measurements were used. Comparison results for AOD were generally good, although there seems to be room for improvement in the MODIS aerosol model selection, particularly how dust is taken into account. At all studied sites, the MODIS algorithm often selects the dust aerosol model even when dust does not seem to be present and the air masses are not coming from arid regions. This happens especially when AOD values are relatively small (<0.3). The selection of the dust model reduces the correlation between ground based and MODIS AOD measurements in dust-free situations. Moreover, the current aerosol model selection scheme produces unphysical AE values. Our study suggests that the aerosol model combining is sensitive to the ratio of 660 nm and 2130 nm surface reflectances (slope(660/2130)). Furthermore, the value of the slope in the algorithm is mainly dependent on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The current relationship of these two parameters in the algorithm is not supported by the surface albedo climatology derived from MODIS measurements. The use of a more physical relationship improves the AE retrieval at the studied sites. However, at some sites the AOD correspondence deteriorates when the new relationship is used.
Simulating carbon exchange using a regional atmospheric model coupled to an advanced land-surface model
Authors: Ter Maat H. W. , Hutjes R. W. A. , Miglietta F. , Gioli B. , Bosveld F. C. , Vermeulen A. T. , Fritsch H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This paper is a case study to investigate what the main controlling factors are that determine atmospheric carbon dioxide content for a region in the centre of The Netherlands. We use the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS), coupled with a land surface scheme simulating carbon, heat and momentum fluxes (SWAPS-C), and including also submodels for urban and marine fluxes, which in principle should include the dominant mechanisms and should be able to capture the relevant dynamics of the system. To validate the model, observations are used that were taken during an intensive observational campaign in central Netherlands in summer 2002. These include flux-tower observations and aircraft observations of vertical profiles and spatial fluxes of various variables. The simulations performed with the coupled regional model (RAMS-SWAPS-C) are in good qualitative agreement with the observations. The station validation of the model demonstrates that the incoming shortwave radiation and surface fluxes of water and CO2 are well simulated. The comparison against aircraft data shows that the regional meteorology (i.e. wind, temperature) is captured well by the model. Comparing spatially explicitly simulated fluxes with aircraft observed fluxes we conclude that in general latent heat fluxes are underestimated by the model compared to the observations but that the latter exhibit large variability within all flights. Sensitivity experiments demonstrate the relevance of the urban emissions of carbon dioxide for the carbon balance in this particular region. The same tests also show the relation between uncertainties in surface fluxes and those in atmospheric concentrations.
Rain event properties and dimensionless rain event hyetographs at the source of the Blue Nile River
Authors: Haile A. T. , Rientjes T. , Habib E. , Jetten V.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In the present study, the spatial and temporal patterns of the rain event properties are analysed. The event properties are rain event depth, event duration, mean event intensity, peak intensity and the time span between two consecutive rain events which is referred to as inter-event time (IET). Dimensionless event hyetographs are established by relating fractions of event intensities to the corresponding fractions of event durations. The spatial variation of the characteristics of the hyetographs is also evaluated. A model in the form of the beta distribution function is applied to reproduce the dimensionless hyetographs. Rainfall data is obtained from a field campaign in two wet seasons of June–August (JJA) of 2007 and 2008 in the Gilgel Abbay watershed that is situated at the source basin of the upper Blue Nile River in Ethiopia. The rainfall data was recorded at eight stations. The results reveal that rain event depth is more related to peak intensity than to event duration. At the start and towards the end of the wet season, the rain events have larger depth with longer duration and longer IET than the rain events in the mid-season. Mean event intensity and IET are strongly related to terrain elevation. Sekela which is on a mountain area has the shortest IET while Bahir Dar which is at the south shore of the lake has the longest IET.
Risk of water scarcity and water policy implications for crop production in the Ebro Basin in Spain
Authors: Quiroga S. , Fernández-Haddad Z. , Iglesias A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The increasing pressure on water systems in the Mediterranean enhances existing water conflicts and threatens water supply for agriculture. In this context, one of the main priorities for agricultural research and public policy is the adaptation of crop yields to water pressures. This paper focuses on the evaluation of hydrological risk and water policy implications for food production. Our methodological approach includes four steps. For the first step, we estimate the impacts of rainfall and irrigation water on crop yields. However, this study is not limited to general crop production functions since it also considers the linkages between those economic and biophysical aspects which may have an important effect on crop productivity. We use statistical models of yield response to address how hydrological variables affect the yield of the main Mediterranean crops in the Ebro River Basin. In the second step, this study takes into consideration the effects of those interactions and analyzes gross value added sensitivity to crop production changes. We then use Montecarlo simulations to characterize crop yield risk to water variability. Finally we evaluate some policy scenarios with irrigated area adjustments that could cope in a context of increased water scarcity. A substantial decrease in irrigated land, of up to 30% of total, results in only moderate losses of crop productivity. The response is crop and region specific and may serve to prioritise adaptation strategies.
Review article "Assessment of economic flood damage"
Authors: Merz B. , Kreibich H. , Schwarze R. , Thieken A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Damage assessments of natural hazards supply crucial information to decision support and policy development in the fields of natural hazard management and adaptation planning to climate change. Specifically, the estimation of economic flood damage is gaining greater importance as flood risk management is becoming the dominant approach of flood control policies throughout Europe. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and identifies research directions of economic flood damage assessment. Despite the fact that considerable research effort has been spent and progress has been made on damage data collection, data analysis and model development in recent years, there still seems to be a mismatch between the relevance of damage assessments and the quality of the available models and datasets. Often, simple approaches are used, mainly due to limitations in available data and knowledge on damage mechanisms. The results of damage assessments depend on many assumptions, e.g. the selection of spatial and temporal boundaries, and there are many pitfalls in economic evaluation, e.g. the choice between replacement costs or depreciated values. Much larger efforts are required for empirical and synthetic data collection and for providing consistent, reliable data to scientists and practitioners. A major shortcoming of damage modelling is that model validation is scarcely performed. Uncertainty analyses and thorough scrutiny of model inputs and assumptions should be mandatory for each damage model development and application, respectively. In our view, flood risk assessments are often not well balanced. Much more attention is given to the hazard assessment part, whereas damage assessment is treated as some kind of appendix within the risk analysis. Advances in flood damage assessment could trigger subsequent methodological improvements in other natural hazard areas with comparable time-space properties.
Anomalous Raman Scattering of Colloidal Yb3+,Er3+ Codoped NaYF4 Nanophosphors and Dynamic Probing of the Upconversion Luminescence
Authors: Shan Jingning , Uddi Mruthunjaya , Yao Nan , Ju Yiguang
Published: August 2010

Size‐dependent Raman spectra of the hexagonal (β)‐phase Yb3+,Er3+ codoped NaYF4 nanophosphors and dynamic probing of the upconversion luminescence (UCL) are reported. Raman scattering results show the normal red shifts of Raman peaks but anomalous line narrowing with decreasing the particle sizes. The phonon confinement effects are believed to be dominated by the surface vibrational energies in affecting UCL. Dynamic decay data are then applied to quantitatively verify the surface effects and size‐dependent UCL. Dynamic probing is shown to be an efficient tool to both qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the upconversion nanophorphors (UCNPs) that have no “quantum efficiency.” The findings are relevant to the engineering of the nanostructures of the UCNPs for the applications of the bioimaging and photodynamic therapy.
Assessment and characterization of the diet of an isolated population in the Bolivian Andes
Authors: Berti Peter R. , Jones Andrew D. , Cruz Yesmina , Larrea Sergio , Borja Ross , Sherwood Stephen
Published: August 2010

Objectives:The goal of this research is to characterize the composition and nutrient adequacy of the diets in the northern region of the Department of Potosí, Bolivia. Communities in this semiarid, mountainous region are isolated and impoverished having the highest rates of child malnutrition and under‐five mortality in the Americas.

Methods:A total of 2,222 twenty‐four‐hour dietary recalls were conducted in 30 communities during May and November 2006 and May and November 2007. Food composition data were compiled from diverse published sources and integrated with the recall data to estimate intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and seven micronutrients. Diets were characterized in terms of food sources, seasonality, and nutrient adequacy.

Results:The diet relies heavily on the potato and other tubers (54% of dietary energy) and grains (30% of dietary energy). Although crop production is seasonal, off‐season consumption ofchuñohelps to minimize seasonal fluctuations in dietary energy intake. Despite relative monotony, intakes of iron, vitamin C, most B vitamins, and vitamin A in adults are probably adequate; riboflavin, calcium, and vitamin A intakes in children are low. Nevertheless, extremely low dietary fat intakes (approximately 3–9% of dietary energy from fat) likely prevent adequate absorption of fat‐soluble vitamins as well as lead to deficiencies of essential fatty acids.

Conclusions:Dietary inadequacies, especially of fats, may explain much of the poor health observed in northern Potosí. An improved diet may be possible through increasing production and intake of local fat‐rich food sources such as small animals. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis: Patients and methods
Authors: Bloch Daniel A. , Michel Beat A. , Hunder Gene G. , McShane Dennis J. , Arend William P. , Calabrese Leonard H. , Edworthy Steven M. , Fauci Anthony S. , Fries James F. , Leavitt Randi Y. , Lie J. T. , Lightfoot Robert W. , Masi Alfonse T. , Mills John A. , Stevens Mary Betty , Wallace Stanley L. , Zvaifler Nathan J.
Published: August 2010

The American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Classification of Vasculitis of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee developed classification criteria for 7 forms of vasculitis: polyarteritis nodosa, Churg‐Strauss syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Henoch‐Schönlein purpura, giant cell (temporal) arteritis, and Takayasu arteritis. The data collection methods, quality control, and analytic procedures used to derive the classification rules are discussed herein.
Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes
Authors: Lie J. T.
Published: August 2010

We describe the histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis of 7 selected vasculitis syndromes: polyarteritis nodosa, Churg‐Strauss syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Henoch‐Schönlein purpura, giant cell (temporal) arteritis, and Takayasu arteritis. The criteria apply to the stereotypical cases in each category; they were formulated after a review of submitted biopsy material from 278 of the 1,000 patients entered into the American College of Rheumatology Vasculitis Study Registry, and from prior experience with the pathologic diagnosis of vasculitis in 1,079 nonregistry patients.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of hypersensitivity vasculitis
Authors: Calabrese Leonard H. , Michel Beat A. , Bloch Daniel A. , Arend William P. , Edworthy Steven M. , Fauci Anthony S. , Fries James F. , Hunder Gene G. , Leavitt Randi Y. , Lie J. T. , Lightfoot Robert W. , Masi Alfonse T. , McShane Dennis J. , Mills John A. , Stevens Mary Betty , Wallace Stanley L. , Zvaifler Nathan J.
Published: August 2010

Criteria for the classification of hypersensitivity vasculitis were developed by comparing 93 patients who had this disease with 714 control patients with other forms of vasculitis. For the traditional format classification, 5 criteria were selected: age >16 at disease onset, history of taking a medication at onset that may have been a precipitating factor, the presence of palpable purpura, the presence of maculopapular rash, and a biopsy demonstrating granulocytes around an arteriole or venule. The presence of 3 or more of these 5 criteria was associated with a sensitivity of 71.0% and a specificity of 83.9%. A classification tree was also constructed. The criteria appearing in the tree structure were the same as for the traditional format, except there were 2 pathology criteria: one required the presence of granulocytes in the wall of an arteriole or venule, and the other required the presence of eosinophils in the inflammatory exudate. The classification tree was associated with a sensitivity of 78.5% and a specificity of 78.7%.
Glycoprotein specificity of cold‐reactive IgM antilymphocyte autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mimura Toshihide , Fernsten Philip , Shaw Melody , Jarjour Wael , Winfield John B.
Published: August 2010

Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus frequently contain IgM antibodies to glycoproteins of Mr 46,000 and ∼200,000 isolated from nonionic detergent lysates of mature T cells by affinity chromatography with solid‐phase wheat germ agglutinin. Autoantibodies of this specificity correlate strongly with the presence of IgM anti‐T cell autoantibodies, as determined by independent indirect immunofluorescence and complement‐dependent microcytotoxicity assays, and are specifically absorbed by incubation of patient serum with viable T cells. Collectively, the data suggest that gp46 and, to a lesser extent, gp∼200 represent major targets of IgM antilymphocyte autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus‐associated thrombocytopenia
Authors: Maier William P. , Gordon David S. , Howard Robert F. , Saleh Mansoor N. , Miller Stephen B. , Lieberman Jefrey D. , Woodlee Pamela M.
Published: August 2010

Seven patients with thrombocytopenia and systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with intravenous (IV) doses of human immunoglobulin to assess clinical response and to examine the mechanism of action of IV immunoglobulin in these patients. Five of 7 patients had a >50% increase in their platelet counts. Four of these patients had a sustained benefit of at least 6 months duration. The initial effectiveness of IV immunoglobulin therapy was not dependent on the reduction of levels of circulating platelet‐binding IgG or circulating immune complexes.
HLA‐D Region genes associated with autoantibody responses to histidyl‐transfer RNA synthetase (Jo‐1) and other translation‐related factors in myositis
Authors: Goldstein Rose , Duvic Madeleine , Targoff Ira N. , Reichlin Morris , McMenemy Angela M. , Reveille John D. , Warner Noranna B. , Pollack Marilyn S. , Arnett Frank C.
Published: August 2010

Myositis has been associated with HLA‐B8 and DR3, especially in white patients with polymyositis and serum anti‐Jo‐1 antibodies. Twenty‐eight patients with myositis and serum translation‐related autoantibodies anti‐Jo‐1, anti‐PL‐7, anti‐PL‐12, anti‐KJ, and anti‐SRP were studied for HLA class II specificities by Southern blotting with HLA‐DRβ, DQβ, and DQα probes. The association of HLA‐DR3 (DRw17) with anti‐Jo‐1 antibodies in white myositis patients was confirmed (P = 0.003, relative risk 8.9). However, HLA‐DRw52 haplotypes, regardless of subtype, were present in all of the white and black patients with serum anti‐Jo‐1 and other translation‐related autoantibodies. Moreover, one anti‐Jo‐1 positive patient had HLA‐DRw8, an HLA‐DRw52 haplotype on which the DRβ3 gene has been partially deleted. No HLA‐DQ specificity or allele was common to all patients. The HLA‐DR3, DR5, DRw6, and DRw8 haplotypes, which bear the HLA‐DRw52 specificity, share the most homology in the DRβ1 first hypervariable region at amino acid positions 9–13. Thus, this DRβ1 region appears to be the most likely candidate “epitope” for translation‐related autoimmune responses in inflammatory myositis.
Microfluidic synthesis of composite cross‐gradient materials for investigating cell–biomaterial interactions
Authors: He Jiankang , Du Yanan , Guo Yuqi , Hancock Matthew J. , Wang Ben , Shin Hyeongho , Wu Jinhui , Li Dichen , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: August 2010

Combinatorial material synthesis is a powerful approach for creating composite material libraries for the high‐throughput screening of cell–material interactions. Although current combinatorial screening platforms have been tremendously successful in identifying target (termed “hit”) materials from composite material libraries, new material synthesis approaches are needed to further optimize the concentrations and blending ratios of the component materials. Here we employed a microfluidic platform to rapidly synthesize composite materials containing cross‐gradients of gelatin and chitosan for investigating cell–biomaterial interactions. The microfluidic synthesis of the cross‐gradient was optimized experimentally and theoretically to produce quantitatively controllable variations in the concentrations and blending ratios of the two components. The anisotropic chemical compositions of the gelatin/chitosan cross‐gradients were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry. The three‐dimensional (3D) porous gelatin/chitosan cross‐gradient materials were shown to regulate the cellular morphology and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in a gradient‐dependent manner. We envision that our microfluidic cross‐gradient platform may accelerate the material development processes involved in a wide range of biomedical applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:175–185. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Stability of the Li2CN Molecule. An Experimental and ab Initio Study.
Authors: KUDO H. , HASHIMOTO M. , YOKOYAMA K. , WU C. H. , DORIGO A. E. , BICKELHAUPT F. M. , VON RAGUE SCHLEYER P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of LiHSO4.
Authors: KEMNITZ E. , WERNER C. , WORZALA H. , TROJANOV S. , STRUTSCHKOV YU. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Approaches to GaAs1‐xSbx Thin Films.
Authors: ANDREOLI P. , CATTARIN S. , MUSIANI M. , PAOLUCCI F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Synthesis and Sintering of Nanocrystalline Cerium(IV) Oxide Powders.
Authors: ZHOU Y. , PHILLIPS R. J. , SWITZER J. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al,Ti‐Avoidance in the Microporous Titanoaluminosilicate ETAS‐10.
Authors: ANDERSON M. W. , PHILIPPOU A. , LIN Z. , FERREIRA A. , ROCHA J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of NTC Thermistors: Nickel Manganites Doped with Lithium.
Authors: MARTINEZ SARRION M. L. , MORALES M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.