bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Care management instruments used by nurses in the emergency hospital services
Authors: Rabelo Simone Kroll , de Lima Suzinara Beatriz Soares , dos Santos José Luís Guedes , dos Santos Tanise Martins , Reisdorfer Emilene , Hoffmann Daniela Rodrigues
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the instruments used by nurses for the management of care in face of the demands of the emergency hospital service. Method: This is a qualitative study, with triangulation of data from interviews, focus groups, and documents, conducted with nurses from an Emergency Hospital Service in a state in southern Brazil. Data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: Seventeen nurses participated in the study. The categories emerging from this study were view of the whole picture, definition of priorities, and physical instruments. These instruments are used by nurses to manage multiple tasks and provide adequate care to patients with different levels of complexity, in the face of an intense and unpredictable work process due to the constant demand for care. Conclusion: The instruments used by nurses in their work process are mainly skills and attitudes developed as a coping strategy at an intense and complex work environment.
NURSING THEORY FOR PATIENTS' COMPLIANCE WITH THE TREATMENTS OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Costa Kalidia Felipe de Lima , Vieira Alcivan Nunes , Bezerra Sara Taciana Firmino , Silva Lúcia de Fátima da , Freitas Maria Célia de , Guedes Maria Vilani Cavalcante
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: to elaborate and validate a Nursing Theory for Patients' Compliance with the Treatments of Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus. Method: this is a theoretical and methodological study that followed four stages, namely: development of the concepts; development and validation of proposals; structuring and contextualization of the theory; and content validation. The validity process took place in two rounds, from July to September 2018, with the participation of 7 expert judges in the field of Nursing theories and experience in monitoring hypertensive and diabetic patients. Results: the Nursing Theory for Patient's Compliance with the treatments of Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus is composed of 18 concepts and has adherence as a central element. The conceptual structure shows that the studied phenomena are inserted in open systems in constant interaction, in which changes in any of those involved can reflect on the others, directly impacting on patients' compliance the treatment and control of the aforementioned chronic diseases. The Content Validity Index of the first round was 0.79, and that of the second 0.97, showing a positive evolution of the altered proposals in compliance with the judges' recommendations. Content validation showed adequate internal consistency in the two rounds, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.79 in the first, and of 0.80 in the second. Conclusion: the elaboration and validation of the Theory proved to be consistent with the proposal of clinical Nursing care for people with Hypertension and Diabetes, whose focus is adherence to their treatments.
Trabalho remoto docente e saúde: repercussões das novas exigências em razão da pandemia da Covid-19
Authors: Pinho Paloma de Sousa , Freitas Aline Macedo Carvalho , Cardoso Mariana de Castro Brandão , Silva Jéssica Silva da , Reis Lívia Ferreira , Muniz Caio Fellipe Dias , Araújo Tânia Maria de
Published: August 2021

Resumo O estudo objetivou descrever características do trabalho remoto, situação de saúde mental e qualidade de sono na pandemia da Covid-19 em docentes da Bahia. Foi conduzido websurvey, seguindo protocolo CHERRIES, com professoras/es de todos os níveis de ensino da rede particular do estado. Participaram 1.444 docentes, de 18 julho a 30 de julho de 2020. Predominaram mulheres (76,1%), 21-41 anos (61,6%), negras (71,9%), dez anos ou mais na profissão (56,9%). Na pandemia, 51,4% relataram alterações no contrato de trabalho e 76,8%, aumento da jornada laboral. O ambiente domiciliar e equipamentos tinham baixo nível de adequação ao trabalho remoto: espaço físico (19,6%), mobiliário (21,7%), nível de ruído (17,2%), computadores (44,5%) e internet banda larga (36,7%). Entre as mulheres, 42,3% referiram sobrecarga doméstica alta; entre os homens, 17,4%. As mulheres apresentaram situação de saúde preocupante, destacando-se crises de ansiedade (53,7%), mau humor (78,0%), transtornos mentais comuns (69,0%) e qualidade do sono ruim (84,6%). A pandemia remodelou as formas de exercer o ofício docente. O trabalho, transferido para a casa, se sobrepôs às atividades domésticas e familiares, produzindo consequências à saúde docente que, mesmo pouco conhecidas, são alarmantes. Os resultados fortalecem a necessidade de ações de enfrentamento para situações de calamidade pública, medidas de regulação do trabalho remoto e proteção à saúde docente.
Soil water infiltration under different land use conditions: in situ tests and modeling
Authors: Failache Moisés Furtado , Zuquette Lázaro Valentin
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT The efficiency and suitability of different models to estimate infiltration rates in Ferralic Arenosols and Rhodic Ferralsols in southern Brazil are evaluated in this paper. The influence of nine types of land use and soil management practices on infiltration modeling is also assessed. Model parameterization was performed fitting 42 experimental infiltration curves obtained by in situ tests with a double-ring infiltrometer. Soil characterization was also performed in laboratory. The results were assessed using basic statistical descriptors and model accuracy indicators (Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and root mean square error). The investigated models satisfactorily simulated the infiltration rates and the most accurate model was modified Kostiakov, followed by the Horton; Singh and Yu; modified Holtan; Holtan; Philip; Green and Ampt/Mein and Larson and Kostiakov. Different types of land uses and soil management practices significantly affect the infiltration rates, mainly those combination with great presence of macroporosity that resulted in an erratic infiltration behavior and affected the infiltration model accuracy.
Guerreiros da pândega: batuques negros e encontros de bois-bumbás nos jornais de Belém do Pará no pós-Abolição (1888-1908)
Authors: Costa Antonio Maurício Dias da
Published: August 2021

Resumo: O artigo analisa as repercussões e os sentidos implicados na divulgação jornalística dos encontros de cordões de boi-bumbá na primeira década após a Abolição da Escravidão na cidade de Belém. Encontros eram confrontos cantados e/ou físicos entre cordões nas ruas e praças da cidade, de modo ritualizado e com o objetivo de capturar o boi-artefato do grupo contrário. A nova ordem social marcada pelo trabalho livre, acompanhada pelo fim do Império e instituição da República, promoveu a redefinição da hierarquia entre setores dominantes e subalternos da sociedade. Nesse novo contexto, bumbás, sambas e batuques eram apresentados pela imprensa como casos de polícia e expressões da imoralidade e degeneração dos negros. O momento de mudança nesta conjuntura é marcado pela fundação do Boi Pai do Campo em 1908, que passou a receber atenção nos jornais como meio de entretenimento, junto a outras agremiações de sua época.
Los estudios sobre experiencias femeninas y violencias de género en la frontera México-Estados Unidos
Authors: Contreras Eleonora López , Guizardi Menara Lube , Torralbo Herminia Gonzálvez
Published: August 2021

Resumen: Presentamos un estado del arte de estudios sociales sobre las experiencias de violencia vividas por mujeres en las fronteras entre México y Estados Unidos. Sintetizamos el proceso de configuración de los límites entre estos países (entre 1920 y 1980) y abordamos el periodo entre 1980 y 2000, caracterizado por la radicalización de los regímenes de explotación en las industrias maquiladoras, por la emergencia de la perspectiva chicana sobre la experiencia femenina fronteriza y por el giro de género en las ciencias sociales. También analizamos los trabajos producidos desde 2001 hasta la actualidad, agrupándolos en tres ejes: la deshumanización y los feminicidios; las mujeres y las redes de narcotráfico; la sobrecarga femenina en los cuidados y en la (re)producción social de las familias.
Cativeiro e compadrio em um porto atlântico (Rio Grande, 1780-1850)
Authors: Matheus Marcelo Santos
Published: August 2021

Resumo: Dentro dos ditames de uma sociedade católica e escravista, o compadrio foi uma das formas de associação que os africanos e seus descendentes encontraram para (re)signifcar suas vidas e tornar menos dolorosa a experiência do cativeiro. Nesse sentido, este artigo tem por objetivo o estudo dos laços de compadrio a partir do batismo de escravos, com foco na documentação produzida em Rio Grande, porto ao sul do Brasil que mantinha relações econômicas e sociais com diversas partes do Atlântico, entre 1780 e 1850. Foi possível observar que a busca pelo batismo não respondia apenas à norma eclesiástica. Da mesma forma, identificamos mudanças no padrão do compadrio ao longo do tempo, com algumas diferenças interessantes entre a tendência geral e o compadrio de africanos em particular. Por fim, o compadrio, além de produzir relações sociais diversas, podia potencializar as chances de obtenção da liberdade.
Esperidião Calisto e o preconceito escolar com base na cor: educação, cidadania e racialização no século XIX (Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul)
Authors: Perussatto Melina
Published: August 2021

Resumo: Nos primeiros anos do regime republicano brasileiro, logo após a Abolição da escravatura, intelectuais da imprensa negra de Porto Alegre, como Esperidião Calisto, argumentavam que as crianças negras permaneciam segregadas nas escolas em decorrência da permanência de costumes escravistas, o que colocava em xeque as promessas liberais republicanas. Este estudo analisa os efeitos das interdições educacionais a pessoas negras, enfocando suas experiências de vida e lutas pelo direito à educação diante do processo de racialização em curso, entre o fim do Império e o início da República no Brasil. Mais do que demonstrar que, a despeito das interdições, pessoas negras frequentaram espaços formais ou informais de ensino, foca-se nos sentidos que elas atribuíam à instrução e à educação por meio de reflexões registradas na imprensa negra porto-alegrense do final do século XIX.
New ellipse-fitting method for contact angle measurement
Authors: Papakonstantinou C A , Chen H , Amirfazli A
Published: August 2021

In this work, the authors examined the commonly used fitting methods for optical contact angle measurement. It was shown that currently, there is no available fitting method that can measure the contact angle of a non-axisymmetric drop without a clear view of the drop baseline. This work contributes to contact angle measurement methods by providing a new ellipse-fitting method. The new method fits the drop profile with a general equation of an ellipse whose major and minor axes are not necessarily parallel and normal with the substrate, respectively. The advantage of this method is that it can measure the contact angle of a non-axisymmetric drop without a clear view of the drop baseline. The measurement results were validated by comparing against the DropSnake and polynomial fitting methods. Generally good agreement was seen, which is important as it validates this method as the only available method for finding the contact angle of a droplet when the contact line is not visible – for example, in a condensation environment where many drops can block the view of each other’s contact line.
Associação entre comprometimento cognitivo e circunferência da panturrilha em idosos: um estudo transversal
Authors: Rattes Tainá Soares Risso , Noronha Diana Oliveira , Cerqueira da Silva Manuella Franco , Mota Emily Rodrigues , Da Silva Alanna Ribeiro , Barbosa Kionna Oliveira , Santos Cleber Luz
Published: August 2021

INTRODUÇÃO: O Comprometimento cognitivo está correlacionado com circunferência da panturrilha esquerda (CPE) que corresponde a um marcador indireto de sarcopenia. A CPE é uma medida simples e rápida de ser coletada em ambulatórios. Contudo, a magnitude desta correlação parece ser distinta entre os diferentes graus de fragilidade do idoso. OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação entre a CPE e comprometimento cognitivo nos diferentes níveis de fragilidade do idoso. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários dos idosos com diagnóstico de demência cadastrados no Centro de Referência Estadual de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso (CREASI). Dados do Mini Exame do estado mental (MEEM) e da CPE foram obtidos da avaliação geriátrica ampla realizada no ingresso ao CREASI. Os dados sociodemográficos dos idosos foram registrados para caracterização da amostra, divididos quanto ao sexo e ao grau de fragilidade. Em cada grupo foi aplicado o teste de Pearson para verificar a correlação entre MEEM e CPE considerando p valor de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 470 prontuários, 342 mulheres e 128 homens. Os idosos frágeis demonstraram fraca correlação entre os sexos. CONCLUSÃO: Comprometimento cognitivo e CPE estão fracamente correlacionados nos idosos frágeis. O sexo não modificou a correlação entre comprometimento cognitivo e CPE.
Цифровая экономика: 2020
Authors: Абдрахманова Гульнара , Вишневский Константин , Гохберг Леонид , Демьянова Анна , Кевеш Марина , Ковалева Галина , Коцемир Максим , Кузнецова Ирина , Озерова Ольга , Полякова Валентина , Ратай Татьяна , Рыжикова Зинаида , Стрельцова Екатерина , Суслов Антон , Утятина Кристина , Фридлянова Светлана , Фурсов Константин , Шугаль Николай , Ковригина Мария
Published: August 2021

В сборнике представлены актуальные статистические данные, отражающие уровень и динамику развития цифровой экономики в России. По ряду индикаторов приведены международные сопоставления. В публикации использованы материалы Минкомсвязи России, Росстата, Банка России, ОЭСР, Евростата, Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ), Конференции ООН по торговле и развитию (ЮНКТАД), Всемирной организации интеллектуальной собственности (ВОИС), а также разработки Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики».
Атлас экономической специализации регионов России
Authors: Абашкин Василий , Гохберг Леонид , Еферин Ярослав , Иванова Екатерина , Куценко Евгений , Нечаева Елена , Тюрчев Кирилл
Published: August 2021

Атлас экономической специализации регионов России, подготовленный Институтом статистических исследований и экономики знаний Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» в рамках деятельности Российской кластерной обсерватории, посвящен изучению экономических профилей субъектов Российской Федерации. В публикации приведены результаты статистических расчетов, характеризующие развитие торгуемого сектора экономики и входящих в его состав отраслей. Представлена развернутая информация о вкладе различных видов деятельности в занятость, производство и инвестиции в масштабах регионов и страны в целом, включая их специализацию и рейтинги видов деятельности в полиотраслевых субъектах Российской Федерации. Данные исследования могут послужить основой для выявления перспективных межотраслевых и межрегиональных связей. Издание адресовано представителям бизнеса, научного и образовательного сообществ, практикам, вовлеченным в процессы управления развитием территорий и секторов экономики, включая промышленность, сельское хозяйство, интеллектуальные услуги и креативные индустрии.
The Accounting Reform in Russia. How to Teach Economists?
Authors: Prosvirina Irina , Ivanov Aleksey , Zaionchik Leonid Zaionchik
Published: August 2021

Most post-socialist countries harmonize national accounting standards with IFRS. Many countries are also characterized by a simultaneous use of both national and international standards. The same goes for Russia. Deep reform of national standards has entered an active phase: annually, starting from 2018, several new standards harmonized with the international ones have been introduced. At the same time, former standards remain in force. In such conditions, the process of teaching students majoring in accounting must consider these peculiar features. In the article, we analyze the existing teaching methods and conclude that they are generally focused only on the study of the existing national accounting standards. However, working at enterprises requires knowledge and ability to apply both the existing standards and the standards which will be introduced in the coming years. It is also necessary to know international standards as a methodological basis applied when a matter is not regulated by the national standards. The article highlights the experience of South Ural State University. Since 2016, it has been creating a methodology of intensive teaching bachelors of economics majoring in “Accounting, Analysis and Audit”. The methodology is based on the development of a set of professional competencies intoa set of learning outcomes as more appropriate for the tasks of such teaching. It is characterized byan emphasis on the students’ research and analytical work. Its implementation results in the appearance of a specialist who is quickly adapted to work in large companies. The methodology is applicable in all university departments teaching accounting to bachelors.
Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar as a Solid Catalyst: From Literature Review of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Esterifications to the Experiments for Biodiesel Synthesis from Palm Oil Industry Waste Residue
Authors: Hidayat Arif , Kurniawan Winarto , Hinode Hirofumi
Published: August 2021

In this study, the utilization of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) as a solid catalyst was investigated for biodiesel production from palm oil industry waste residue. The catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of SCBB to attach sulfonate functional group. Several analyses such as Nitrogen Gas Sorption Analysis, acidity, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were applied to determine the properties of SCBB catalyst. The SCBB catalysts were tested to esterify the palm oil industry waste residue which contains of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs). The SCBB catalyst activity test revealed that the variables including catalyst amount, methanol to PFAD mass ratio, and temperature influenced the FFAs conversion. The highest of FFAs of 86.1% was reached at reaction temperature of 65 °C with the PFAD to methanol mass ratio of 4:1, and catalyst amount of 5 wt.% PFAD. The E-R kinetic model as developed can be described the mechanism of esterification reaction
Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Kedawung (Parkia roxburghii)
Authors: Fitriyana Nurul Isnaini , Nishi Kosuke , Sugahara Takuya
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the hypocholesterolemic activity of kedawung (Parkia roxburghii), an underutilized and lesss-known tree nut. Kedawung was prepared into kedawung powder (BK), kedawung extract (SK) and hydrolyzed kedawung (HK) and then analyzed for its proximate and total phenol content. Furthermore, SK and HK were administered to rats to evaluate their effects on the lipid profile. Oral administration of HK at 160 mg/kg body weight increased the HDL cholesterol level and lowered the LDL and total cholesterol levels in blood of the administered rats. Among groups of the administered rats that completed the 35-day treatment, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were significantly reduced (p0.01). The present data showed that kedawung has a hypocholesterolemic activity because of its phenolic content that acts as antioxidant that can bind cholesterol in blood; composition and distribution of amino acid in HK that changed the cholesterol metabolism (reduced cholesterol concentration); protein content in HK that increased the production of lipoprotein that plays a role in suppression of plaque and atherosclerosis. Therefore, hydrolyzed kedawung can be used as an hypocholesterolemic food material.
Smart Materials and Their Application in Robotic Hand Systems: A State of the Art
Authors: Castiblanco Paola Andrea , Ramirez José Luis , Rubiano Astrid
Published: August 2021

The use of soft robotics and smart materials for the design of devices that help the population in different tasks has gained a rising interest. Medicine is one of the fields where its implementation has shown significant advances. However, there are works related to applications, directed to the human body especially in replacement of devices for the upper limb. This document aims to explore the state of the art relating to the study of soft robotics, the implementation of smart materials, and the artificial muscles in the design or construction of hand prostheses or robotic devices analogous to the human hand.
Prediction of COVID-19 Patient using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: M. Buvana , K. Muthumayil
Published: August 2021

One of the most symptomatic diseases is COVID-19. Early and precise physiological measurement-based prediction of breathing will minimize the risk of COVID-19 by a reasonable distance from anyone; wearing a mask, cleanliness, medication, balanced diet, and if not well stay safe at home. To evaluate the collected datasets of COVID-19 prediction, five machine learning classifiers were used: Nave Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), and Decision Tree. COVID-19 datasets from the Repository were combined and re-examined to remove incomplete entries, and a total of 2500 cases were utilized in this study. Features of fever, body pain, runny nose, difficulty in breathing, shore throat, and nasal congestion, are considered to be the most important differences between patients who have COVID-19s and those who do not. We exhibit the prediction functionality of five machine learning classifiers. A publicly available data set was used to train and assess the model. With an overall accuracy of 99.88 percent, the ensemble model is performed commendably. When compared to the existing methods and studies, the proposed model is performed better. As a result, the model presented is trustworthy and can be used to screen COVID-19 patients timely, efficiently.
Political Reactionism as Affective Practice: UKIP Supporters and Non-Voters in Pre-Brexit England
Authors: Sullivan Gavin Brent
Published: August 2021

United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) supporters and non-voters in England participate respectively in forms of engaged and disengaged anti-political activity, but the role of individual, group-based, and collective emotions is still unclear. Drawing upon recent analyses of the complex emotional dynamics (e.g., ressentiment) underpinning the growth of right-wing populist political movements and support for parties such as UKIP, this analysis explores the affective features of reactionary political stances. The framework of affective practices is used to show how resentful affects are created, facilitated, and transformed in sharing or suppressing populist political views and practices; that is, populism is evident not only in the prevalence and influence of illiberal and anti-elite discourses but also should be explored as it is embodied and enacted in “past focused” and “change resistant” everyday actions and in relation to opportunities that “sediment” affect-laden political positions and identities. Reflexive thematic analysis of data from qualitative interviews with UKIP voters and non-voters (who both supported leaving the EU) in 2015 after the UK election but before the EU referendum vote showed that many participants: 1) shared “condensed” complaints about politics and enacted resentment towards politicians who did not listen to them, 2) oriented towards shameful and purportedly shameless racism about migrants, and 3) appeared to struggle with shame and humiliation attributed to the EU in a complex combination of transvaluation of the UK and freedom of movement, a nostalgic need for restoration of national pride, and endorsement of leaving the EU as a form of “change backwards.”
Destructive earthquakes in China
Authors: Drake Noah Fields
Published: August 2021

Resumé

To repeat: Some of the most striking evidences of the foregoing data are the following probable rules: First, the rapid and strong atmospheric variations, assisted to some extent by rain, are the forces most effective in the final stage of earthquake activity. Second, in a general sort of way, earthquakes occur simultaneously in the coast provinces, especially to the north of Fukien, after which there are repeated progressive movements of earthquakes towards central Asia, for a period of about 300 years, then the direction of movement is reversed; in other words, the earthquakes move in belt-like lines towards and away from the zones of high seismicity, so as to make the period of going and returning about 600 years. Third, the rate of movement of the earthquake-producing forces appears to be governed somewhat by their intensity.
Revised world seismicity catalog (1950-1997) for strong (Ms≧ 6) shallow (h≦ 70 km) earthquakes
Authors: Pérez Omar J.
Published: August 2021

Using the standard earthquake catalogs provided by the International Seismological Centre (ISC), its predecessor the International Seismological Summary (ISS), and the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC), I analyze the worldwide consistency of teleseismic reporting, completeness of the seismicity record, and homogeneity of magnitude determination, for strong shallow earthquakes (surface-wave magnitude, Ms ≥ 6; depth, h ≤ 70 km) for the period 1950 to 1997. Under the postulates that the rate of earthquake occurrence for the entire world is constant on a time scale of decades and that well after the installation of the World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network in the middle 1960s the earthquake catalog for strong (Ms ≥ 6) shocks is complete, and the seismicity rates are typical of all periods in the century, we find that, due to the use of different formulations and criteria to calculate the parameter magnitude, the Ms of moderate (6 ≤ Ms < 7) events during the period 1950 to 1963 was systematically overestimated by as much as 0.5 magnitude unit, relative to the Ms assigned to shocks occurring after 1963. When this correction is taken into account, the new catalog of events with Ms (corrected) ≥ 6 in the period 1950 to 1997 becomes largely homogeneous in Ms. Under the foregoing postulates, this new catalog is shown to list nearly all and only the strong shocks [Ms (corrected) ≥ 6; h ≤ 70 km] that occurred in the Earth during the period, a notable exception being the time span from 1964 to 1968. The revised catalog, including the scalar moment and moment magnitude for each event, is listed on the worldwide web page http://www.ldc.usb.ve/~ojperez/catalog.
Empirical path corrections for regional-phase amplitudes
Authors: Scott Phillips W.
Published: August 2021

Using data from 385 events recorded at Lanzhou in central China, I compare two empirical methods for predicting and correcting for path effects on regional-phase amplitude ratios. The first method interpolates source- and distance-corrected seismic data to create geographical, path-correction surfaces. The second, or wave-guide, method employs correlations with path-averaged physical data such as topography to correct the seismic data. Path corrections can vary over an order of magnitude, and their use will sharpen differences in regional-phase ratios arising from different types of natural and man-made sources of seismic energy and, thus, will be important for monitoring a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

For Pg/Lg phase ratios in the band 0.5 to 1 Hz, interpolated path corrections reduced variance best using kriging (62%) and nearly as well using a radius 250 km, moving-window-mean smoother (56%). Wave-guide methods based on mean and rms topography reduced variance by 43%. Variance reduction is given relative to the standard correction for distance alone. Wave-guide methods were further tested by attempting to find correlations with topographic data that had been rotated geographically. For conservatively chosen sets of wave-guide parameters, the true orientations yielded the best variance reduction, adding confidence to the use of this method. Wave-guide methods complement interpolation methods because they extrapolate behavior beyond active seismic areas. However, I find broad regions that are fit poorly by wave-guide predictions, especially where the path effect changes rapidly, such as along the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau where Pg/Lg ratios are underpredicted. The two methods can be combined using Bayesian kriging, forcing predictions to fit the data in seismically active areas and allowing more powerful extrapolation beyond.
Observations in support ofRgscattering as a source for explosionSwaves: Regional and local recordings of the 1997 Kazakhstan depth of burial experiment
Authors: Myers Stephen C. , Walter William R. , Mayeda Kevin , Glenn Lewis
Published: August 2021

In August and September of 1997, three 25-ton chemical explosions were detonated at nominal depths of 550, 300, and 50 m in boreholes at the former Soviet test site at Balapan, Kazakhstan. One objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of differing source depth on the regional wave field. Analysis of regional seismic phases lead to the observation that regional P/S wave amplitude ratios in the 1- to 5-Hz band increase as a function of source depth. However, at frequencies greater than about 5 Hz, the relative amplitudes of P and S waves remain approximately constant for the differing depth shots. Similarly, regional coda spectra are amplified in the 1- to 5-Hz band for the shallow shots. At local distances, Rg is the dominant seismic phase, with peak amplitudes in the 0.7- to 5-Hz range, and Rg is strongest for the shallower shots. Within the short distance spanned by the local stations (<20 km), Rg is rapidly attenuated, and the attenuation is accompanied by a significant shift in peak amplitude toward lower frequency. At regional distances, Rg is below the noise level. The coincident frequency band in which local Rg rapidly loses energy and regional S phases are amplified points toward Rg scattering as the dominant mechanism causing the discrepancies between P/S amplitude ratios in this study. These observations are particularly relevant to the understanding of physical processes affecting regional P/S discriminants and may lead to improvements in discriminant methods.
Three-dimensional finite-difference simulations of long-period strong motions in the Tokyo metropolitan area during the 1990 Odawara earthquake (MJ5.1) and the great 1923 Kanto earthquake (MS8.2) in Japan
Authors: Sato Toshiaki , Graves Robert W. , Somerville Paul G.
Published: August 2021

Utilizing a crustal velocity model that includes the complexity of the irregular subsurface structure of the Kanto basin, we have performed three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference (FD) simulations of near-source long-period strong ground motions in the Tokyo metropolitan area for the 1990 Odawara (MJ 5.1) and the 1923 Kanto (MS 8.2) earthquakes. Constraints on the development of the 3D velocity model come from available geological and geophysical data, as well as our previous 1D waveform modeling results (Sato et al., 1998a). The simulation of the moderate-sized Odawara earthquake demonstrates that the 3D velocity model works quite well at reproducing the recorded long-period (T > 3.33 sec) strong motions, including basin-generated surface waves, for a number of sites located throughout the Kanto basin region. Using this validated 3D model along with the variable-slip rupture model of Wald and Somerville (1995), we then simulate the long-period (T > 4 sec) ground motions in this region for the 1923 Kanto earthquake. The simulation results for the 1923 event show that the largest ground motions occur east of the epicenter along the central and southern part of the Boso Peninsula. These large motions arise from strong rupture directivity effects and are comprised of relatively simple, source-controlled pulses with a dominant period of about 10 sec. North of the epicentral region, in the Tokyo area, 3D basin-generated phases are quite significant, and these phases produce large-amplitude late-arriving pulses in the ground motions. At station Hongo (HNG), which is the only site having digitized and restored near-fault strong-motion records for this event, our 3D simulations compare quite well with the ground motions of the restored Imamura seismogram. For the restored Ewing record, our 3D simulations reproduce the phase and amplitude of the initial pulses of motion; however, the dominant period of the large-amplitude later phases is noticeably shorter in the simulations (about 5 to 6 sec) than in the observation (13 sec). These results suggest that the restored Imamura seismogram may be a better representation of the gross features of the actual motion than the restored Ewing seismogram, although the first (clipped and restored) part of the Imamura seismogram may still underestimate the strength of the actual motion.
Variability of ground motions in southern California—data from the 1995 to 1996 Ridgecrest sequence
Authors: Scrivner Craig W. , Helmberger Donald V.
Published: August 2021

Seismograms from the 1995 to 1996 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence, recorded by the TriNet digital seismic network, provide high-quality waveforms from sites throughout southern California, including sites in markedly heterogeneous areas like the Los Angeles area sedimentary basins. Synthetic seismograms calculated by the reflectivity method with various 1D models are used as a baseline to measure the variability of amplitudes throughout southern California. Regardless of the model used, there is greater variability in the amplitudes from basin site records than from rock site records. Rock, soil, and basin sites are all rather insensitive to radiation pattern nodes at the three frequency bands investigated: 0.1 to 0.2 Hz, 0.2 to 0.4 Hz, and 0.4 to 0.8 Hz. This complicates the analysis because the nodes create singularity points in the distribution of ratios of observed and synthetic amplitudes. When stations near nodal planes are removed, the surface waves observed at most rock sites have peak amplitudes within a factor of 2 of synthetic waveform amplitudes. Peak amplitude of the surface waves observed at the soil and basin stations are more variable, with the bulk of the distribution of data/synthetic amplitude ratios less than 3 and a few outliers greater than 5. These outliers occur at the higher frequency bands. Soil and basin sites are also more often larger than the synthetics (higher median values). Most outliers can be explained by applying a water level of 50% to the radiation pattern. This reduces the scatter in the distributions to about the same extent as removing data within 10° of nodes. Thus, most of the outliers are sites that are insensitive to the nodes, not sites that are larger than the overall data distribution.
An automated local and regional seismic event detection and location system using waveform correlation
Authors: Withers Mitchell , Aster Richard , Young Christopher
Published: August 2021

We report on the development of an automated Local Waveform Correlation Event Detection System (LWCEDS) and its application to the New Mexico Tech Seismic Network. LWCEDS is an adaptation of a global system, WCEDS, a matched filtering algorithm for global Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring applications developed at Sandia National Laboratories and New Mexico Tech. Although the current CTBT monitoring system is based on teleseismic phase detection, effort is being placed on research to highlight specific areas of the globe for which local and regional seismic networks could be employed. An automated waveform correlation regional location system could also serve as a rapid alert and automated location system by providing magnitude and hypocenter information within a few minutes of the occurrence of a hazardous earthquake.

In the LWCEDS algorithm, processed waveforms are correlated with theoretical travel-time envelopes, and a grid search is performed to identify the space-time solutions that yield the highest correlations. High correlation indicates that an event has occurred and that a good approximation to the correct origin time and hypocenter has been determined; explicit phase identification is not required. To avoid the large computational expense of calculating a complete correlation for each grid point, we use a laterally homogeneous velocity model and reformulate the problem into a single matrix multiplication and matrix assessment for each time step. LWCEDS has been successfully tested on a suite of local and regional seismic events selected to span the range of expected event quality. Preliminary results from our sparse network show typical epicentral errors of less than 3 km for local events and, with notable exceptions, to within 10 to 20 km for regional events. Similar results were obtained during an on-line experiment conducted to generate daily bulletins during the time period from 3 December 1996 through 7 January 1997. Data from 156 triggers were processed, including 33 teleseisms, 102 regional events (includes explosions), and 21 local earthquakes. Results from this expanded test set are encouraging but reveal the need for a method to mask or flag various electronic and telemetry spikes.
An artificial neural network approach for broadband seismic phase picking
Authors: Zhao Yue , Takano Kiyoshi
Published: August 2021

This article presents a method for picking broadband seismic phases by using backpropagation neural networks (BPNNs) as detectors. By combining the results from three BPNN detectors—long term, mid-term, and short term—the method combines the features of short term's higher accuracy and long term's lower false alarm rate. We demonstrate that proper pre- and postprocessing of the data can help to improve the system's performance. The determination of the architecture and parameters for BPNNs is also discussed in this article. The devised BPNN detector is applied to 1254 broadband seismograms of the IRIS network to determine the first arrival, which is expected to be used in tomographic studies of the mantle structure. The results show that the first arrival can be identified for more than 95% of the 1254 seismograms. The automatically picked travel times have a reasonable accuracy; more than 85% have an error of less than 1 sec, and about 80% have an error of less than 0.5 sec.
Lateral propagation effects observed at Parkway, New Zealand. A case history to compare 1D versus 2D site effects
Authors: Chávez-García Francisco J. , Stephenson William R. , Rodríguez Miguel
Published: August 2021

The importance of 2D or 3D site effects has been shown by theoretical studies. However, there is a lack of observational evidence of site effects due to lateral heterogeneities. We have evaluated 1D and 2D site effects in the data obtained by a dense seismograph array that operated for more than 2 months in the alluvial basin of Parkway, New Zealand. 1D site effects were evaluated using three independent techniques: spectral ratios relative to a reference station, spectral ratios of horizontal relative to vertical ground motion, and a generalized inversion scheme. Site effects due to lateral heterogeneity were investigated in detail for two events using frequency-wavenumber analysis. Our results show that it is not possible to separate 1D from 2D site effects using frequency-domain techniques. This explains the scatter obtained from standard 1D data analysis: the 1D resonance peaks will be more or less contaminated with laterally propagating waves for different events.
The calculation of expected loss using probabilistic seismic hazard
Authors: Cao Tianqing , Petersen Mark D. , Cramer Chris H. , Toppozada Tousson R. , Reichle Michael S. , Davis James F.
Published: August 2021

The formulas for the estimation of expected loss from probabilistic seismic hazard are presented systematically by using the basics of calculating expected values and the concept of distributing the total loss between the insurer and the insured. The conversion from acceleration to intensity and then to loss factor (the ratio of damage value to the property value) is applied in the calculation. The seismic hazard used in the loss calculation is for four locations in California. These locations are representative of high and low hazards in California and of the two most populated areas in northern and southern California. The calculated loss values show a strong dependence on the hazard and the soil conditions. The deaggregation of total loss with respect to intensity, acceleration, and loss factor shows that a greater portion of the total loss in the high-hazard region is from large intensities and accelerations compared with the low-hazard region. The deaggregation with respect to loss factor reveals that most of the loss is from loss factors below 15-20%, even for the high-hazard regions. This result has a significant impact on the amount of the loss that is greater than the deductible. The calculation of loss to the insurer shows that a mere 5% deductible reduces the loss to the insurer by 40-50% for a high-hazard region and by more than that for a low-hazard region. Underinsurance and inflation have the effect of increasing the loss to the insurer but are less significant than the effect of deductible in reducing the loss to the insurer. These calculations suggest that updating the relation converting ground motion to loss factor is critical. In addition, the correction for soil condition needs to be calibrated with more recent strong-motion and earthquake damage data.
Numerical evaluation of the effect of cross-coupling of different components of ground motion in site response analyses
Authors: Paolucci Roberto
Published: August 2021

The effect of cross-coupling between the three components of ground motion in the evaluation of site-response functions, such as standard spectral ratios (SSRs) and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSRs), is analyzed in this article. Numerical analyses of the seismic response of fully 3D geological structures, namely, a real topographic irregularity and an ideal stratigraphic inclusion, have been carried out to obtain a 3D transfer function in the form of a 3 × 3 matrix. Each element of this matrix contains the frequency response in the ith direction due to an input motion in the jth direction. A synthetic set of acceleration time histories at the surface of the geological irregularity has been created by convolution with the 3D transfer function, using as input motion different real multicomponent strong-motion accelerograms recorded at stiff-soil or rock sites. The SSRs and HVSRs are calculated and compared with the theoretical 3D transfer function in order to highlight the effect of cross-coupling terms. These are found to generate a rather large dispersion in the site-response functions, as well as response peaks that could be misleading in the interpretation of both numerical and observed spectral ratios.
Two-dimensional linear and nonlinear wave propagation in a half-space
Authors: Xu Heming , Day Steven M. , Minster Jean-Bernard H.
Published: August 2021

We examine a staggered pseudospectral method to solve a two-dimensional wave propagation problem with arbitrary nonlinear constitutive equations, and evaluate a general image method to simulate the traction-free boundary condition at the surface. This implementation employs a stress-velocity formulation and satisfies the free surface condition by explicitly setting surface shear stress to zero and making the normal stress antisymmetric about the free surface. Satisfactory agreement with analytical solutions to Lamb's problem is achieved for both vertical point force and explosion sources, and with perturbation solutions for nonlinearly elastic wave propagation within the domain of validity of such solutions. The Rayleigh wave, however, suffers much more severe numerical dispersion than do body waves. At four grids per wavelength, the relative error in the Rayleigh-wave phase velocity is 25 times greater than the corresponding error in the body-wave phase velocity. Thus for the Rayleigh wave, the pseudospectral method performs no better than a low-order finite difference method.

A substantial merit of the image approach is that it does not assume any particular rheology, the method is readily applicable even when stresses are not analytically related to kinematic variables, as is the case for most nonlinear models. We use this scheme to investigate the response of a nonlinear half-space with endochronic rheology, which has been fit to quasi-static and dynamic observations. We find that harmonics of a monochromatic source are generated and evolve with epicentral range, and energy is transferred from low to higher frequencies for a broadband source. This energy redistribution characteristic of the propagation is strain-amplitude dependent, consistent with laboratory experiments. Compared with the linear response, the nonlinear response of an endochronic layer near the surface shows a deamplification effect in the intermediate-frequency band and an amplification effect in the higher-frequency band. The computational method, with modifications to accommodate realistic nonlinear soil characteristics, could be applied to estimate earthquake strong ground motions and path effects.