bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An investigation of advanced practice carried out by radiographers in New South Wales
Authors: Hardy A , Poulos A , Emanuel N , Reed W
Published: October 2013

Purpose: This study investigated advanced practices carried out by radiographers in New South Wales (NSW). Background: Due to a chronic shortage of radiologists, radiographers in the United Kingdom have extended their clinical roles. These additional responsibilities have increased professional accountability, as well as improved the quality of care provided to patients. While it is likely that such professional role extension occurs in Australia, no known study has been performed to date on this topic. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to Chief Radiographers of medical imaging departments (MIDs) across NSW. Questions related to MIDs demographics and advanced practices of radiographers including triage systems, formal and informal reporting, cannulation, intravenous contrast media administration, roles during diagnostic enemas, and involvement in research. Returned questionnaires were analysed. Results: A total of 69 questionnaires were returned from 115 distributed (60%). Seventeen percent of MIDs with an Emergency department had radiographers involved in the triage process; 39% of MIDs utilised a radiographer‐reported abnormality detection system, whilst 30% provided a verbal report. Radiographer‐performed cannulations and intravenous contrast media administration occurred in 77% and 79% of MIDs respectively. A total of 40% reported radiographers performing roles other than image acquisition during diagnostic enemas, radiographers participated in research in 13% of MIDs while radiographer clinical presentations, journal club participation and conference organisation occurred in 45%, 7%, and 38% of MIDs respectively. Conclusions: This exploratory study provides important baseline information on the extended roles of radiographers in NSW. The results could be used for future planning of radiographer roles and health service delivery techniques.
A retrospective review of multi—slice CT and DSA reports in patients with non—traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage and the resultant diagnostic yield of aneurysms
Authors: Marshall E , Erskine B
Published: October 2013

Purpose: To examine the diagnostic yield differences between computed tomography angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) at The Alfred Hospital, Australia in order to justify patient management that results in all subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) patients receiving a 4 vessel cerebral angiogram as part of their investigations despite findings on CTA. Methods: The retrospective study of radiology reports in cases of acute non traumatic SAH in which both CTA and DSA had been performed was conducted in July 2006 to December 2008. Results: Sixty‐three patients over two years were included in our study. Twenty (32%) of these patients had no aneurysm identified on CTA or DSA. A total of 68 aneurysms were found in 40 patients. Twelve (30%) of these patients had aneurysms that were only identified on DSA and not on CTA at the time of initial reporting. Three (5%) patients had false positive CTs. While our positive predictive value of CTA approached near 100%, the negative predictive value was found to be less than 70% with an overall diagnostic accuracy of our CTA reports to be 76%. Eighty one percent of the undiagnosed aneurysms on CTA were less than or equal to 3 mm in size. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the need for a CTA to be used in combination with a formal 4 vessel subtraction angiogram in every case presenting with a SAH despite the findings of the CTA.
A comparison of the frequency of death‐related events and their effect on undergraduate radiation therapy and education students
Authors: Dungey G M , Jasperse M L
Published: October 2013

Purpose: This study investigates the frequency and nature of death‐related events and their effect on attitude to life, relationships with other people, and career choices of 70 undergraduate radiation therapy students and 160 education students. Methods: Utilising a purposeful sampling method, a six‐page self‐administered questionnaire was distributed during a lecture to four cohorts of first, second and third year radiation therapy students and to a group of primarily second year education students. Results: Approximately 90% of both cohorts had been exposed to the death of a relative before commencing their university studies. Three main themes emerged from an analysis of the responses: re‐evaluating values and priorities; a desire to help others; and a heightened sense of empathy. A similar number of participants of both cohorts (64%) reported that being exposed to death had resulted in their lives becoming more meaningful. In contrast to education students, 50% of radiation therapy students attributed their career choice to having experienced the death of a relative, especially when cancer related. However, a previous death exposure did not appear to prepare some students for treating patients their own age, young patients or patients undergoing palliative radiation therapy. Conclusion: This study suggests that undergraduate radiation therapy students may benefit from supervision by mentors and access to counselling services, regardless of their previous experiences with death. Future research aims to determine if access to counselling services should be offered to all radiation therapists.
The research process: An introduction for the clinical radiation therapist
Authors: Beldham‐Collins R
Published: October 2013

Research and quality assurance projects are imperative to the advancement of radiation therapy. This article will outline an easy to follow research process for clinical radiation therapists, aimed to equip the clinical radiation therapist with the knowledge to participate in and/or instigate research projects in the future.
Adverse delayed reactions to the intravenous injection of non—ionic iodinated contrast media
Authors: Chung J , Jones T , Reed W
Published: October 2013

Adverse delayed reactions (ADRs) to the intravenous injection of non‐ionic iodinated contrast media (NICM) were first recognised in the mid‐1980s and a growing number of articles in the literature have described such reactions as increasingly common. The aim of this article is to increase the understanding of the risk factors, frequency, signs and symptoms of ADRs amongst healthcare staff especially radiographers, nurses, radiologists and physicians who regularly use contrast media (CM). A literature review of multiple studies assessing ADRs performed from 1990–2010 has revealed various misconceptions, particularly in the frequency of ADRs and the influence of ethnic background most likely due to methodological limitations. Therefore, the use of improved research methods and design has the potential to increase our knowledge in this area. Furthermore, new areas of study such as blood testing as a screening tool can assist in risk assessment and prevention of ADRs.
Low dose CT chest — how low can we go?
Authors: Ardley N , Ditchfield M , Buchan K
Published: October 2013

Background: Radiation dose administration and its associated risks when performing computed tomography (CT) has been increasingly scrutinised in the recent past. The absorbed dose to organs and tissue in CT is high, therefore risks must be outweighed by benefit when considering a CT examination. This is particularly true when imaging the paediatric patient due to their increased radiation sensitivity. CT parameters need to be appropriate for the patient age, region and clinical question. Case Presentation: A 14 month old female paediatric patient underwent a non‐contrast CT scan of their chest post drain tube insertion to the right lung under CT guidance. Multi‐planar reconstruction images and 3D rendered images were produced using an iterative reconstruction (IR) technique. The paediatric radiologist stated that the image quality was diagnostic for the clinical question raised by the examination. Discussion: IR techniques have allowed doses in CT to be significantly lowered while maintaining image quality. Comparative data demonstrates that the doses administered when using IR can be lowered considerably than those traditionally administered when reconstructing with filtered back projection (FBP). Conclusion: This study highlights that advances in dose reduction in CT scanners when used in conjunction with IR techniques are meeting the clinical requirements of CT imaging by answering the clinical question.
Mammographic features of ductal carcinoma in‐situ — a pictorial review
Authors: Peters G , Daniels K , Jones CM
Published: October 2013

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a precancerous form of breast cancer which can progress to invasive disease. The vast majority of DCIS cases are detected with mammography, where it is most commonly seen as microcalcification. There are many patterns of microcalcification, and distinguishing between these patterns can be confusing, particularly for inexperienced mammogram readers or clinicians. Analysing the microcalcification morphology and distribution stratifies the risk of DCIS and allows identification of cases with intermediate or high probability. This article gives a pictorial overview of pure DCIS cases detected in a screening programme with a focus on the patterns that are suggestive of DCIS.
Alteration in cellular viability, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production in nephrotoxicity generation by Amphotericin B: involvement of PKA pathway signaling
Authors: França F. D. , Ferreira A. F. , Lara R. C. , Rossoni J. V. , Costa D. C. , Moraes K. C. M. , Tagliati C. A. , Chaves M. M.
Published: October 2013

Amphotericin B is one of the most effective antifungal agents; however, its use is often limited owing to adverse effects, especially nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the PKA signaling pathway in nephrotoxicity using Amphotericin B from the assessment of cell viability, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production in LLC‐PK1 and MDCK cell lines. Amphotericin B proved to be cytotoxic for both cell lines, as assessed by the mitochondrial enzyme activity (MTT) assay; caused DNA fragmentation, determined by flow cytometry using the propidium iodide (PI) dye; and activated the PKA pathway (western blot assay). In MDCK cells, the inhibition of the PKA signaling pathway (using the H89 inhibitor) caused a significant reduction in DNA fragmentation. In both cells lines the production of interleukin‐6 (IL)‐6 proved to be a dependent PKA pathway, whereas tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) was not influenced by the inhibition of the PKA pathway. The NO production was increased when cells were pre‐incubated with H89 followed by Amphotericin B, and this production produced a dependent PKA pathway in LLC‐PK1 and MDCK cells lines. Therefore, considering the present study's results as a whole, it can be concluded that the inhibition of the PKA signaling pathway can aid in reducing the degree of nephrotoxicity caused by Amphotericin B. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional configuration of orientated fibers as guidance structures for cell migration and axonal growth
Authors: Kriebel Andreas , Rumman Muhammad , Scheld Miriam , Hodde Dorothee , Brook Gary , Mey Jörg
Published: October 2013

Peripheral nerve injuries can be surgically repaired by suturing the transected nerve stumps or, in case of larger lesions, by the transplantation of an autologous nerve graft. To avoid donor site morbidity, the development of artificial implants is desired. Clinically, hollow conduits have been used for this purpose but are inferior to the autograft because they lack internal guidance cues for Schwann cells and regenerating axons. In this article, we describe the design of a three‐dimensional (3D) scaffold consisting of parallel fibers embedded in a collagen matrix. For this purpose, an electrospinning device was developed to produce and manipulate a 3D array of aligned poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) microfibers. This fiber array was then incorporated into biodegradable PCL tubes to serve as artificial nerve bridges. Using primary cultures of embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglia, we show that PCL microfibers in the 3D matrix of our composite scaffold guide the direction of Schwann cell migration and axonal growth. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 356–365, 2014.
N‐Linked Polylactosamine Glycan Synthesis Is Regulated by Co‐Expression of β3GnT2 and GCNT2
Authors: Henion Timothy R. , Schwarting Gerald A.
Published: October 2013

Poly‐N‐acetyllactosamine (PLN) is a unique glycan composed of repeating units of the common disaccharide (Galβ1,4‐GlcNAcβ1,3)n. The expression of PLN on glycoprotein core structures minimally requires enzyme activities for β1,4‐galactosyltransferase (β4GalT) and β1,3‐N‐acetylglucosminyltransferase (β3GnT). Because β4GalTs are ubiquitous in most cells, PLN expression is generally ascribed to the tissue‐specific transcription of eight known β3GnT genes in mice. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), β3GnT2 regulates expression of extended PLN chains that are essential for axon guidance and neuronal survival. N‐glycan branching and core composition, however, can also modulate the extent of PLN modification. Here, we show for the first time that the β1,6‐branching glycosyltransferase GCNT2 (formerly known as IGnT) is expressed at high levels specifically in the OE and other sensory ganglia. Postnatally, GCNT2 is maintained in mature olfactory neurons that co‐express β3GnT2 and PLN. This highly specific co‐expression suggests that GCNT2 and β3GnT2 function cooperatively in PLN synthesis. In support of this, β3GnT2 and GCNT2 co‐transfection in HEK293T cells results in high levels of PLN expression on the cell surface and on adenylyl cyclase 3, a major carrier of PLN glycans in the OE. These data clearly suggest that GCNT2 functions in vivo together with β3GnT2 to determine PLN levels in olfactory neurons by regulating β1,6‐branches that promote PLN extension. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 471–478, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traveling ionospheric disturbances in the Weddell Sea Anomaly associated with geomagnetic activity
Authors: Milan S. E. , Grocott A. , de Larquier S. , Lester M. , Yeoman T. K. , Freeman M. P. , Chisham G.
Published: October 2013

We present observations from the Falkland Islands Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar of the propagation of HF radio waves via the Weddell Sea Ionospheric Anomaly (WSA), a region of enhanced austral summer nighttime ionospheric electron densities covering the southern Pacific and South Americas region. This anomaly is thought to be produced by uplift of the ionosphere by prevailing equatorward thermospheric winds. Of particular interest are perturbations of the WSA‐supported propagation, which suggest that during periods of geomagnetic disturbance, the ionospheric layer can be lowered by several tens of kilometers and subsequently recover over a period of 1 to 2 h. Perturbations can appear singly or as a train of two to three events. We discuss possible causes of the perturbations and conclude that they are associated with equatorward propagating large‐scale atmospheric waves produced by magnetospheric energy deposition in the auroral or subauroral ionosphere. Changes in high/middle latitude electrodynamics during geomagnetic storms may also account for the perturbations, but further modeling is required to fully understand their cause.
Identification of extreme precipitation threat across midlatitude regions based on short‐wave circulations
Authors: Wang Shih‐Yu , Davies Robert E. , Gillies Robert R.
Published: October 2013

The most severe thunderstorms, producing extreme precipitation, occur over subtropical and midlatitude regions. Atmospheric conditions conducive to organized, intense thunderstorms commonly involve the coupling of a low‐level jet (LLJ) with a synoptic short wave. The midlatitude synoptic activity is frequently modulated by the circumglobal teleconnection (CGT), in which meridional gradients of the jet stream act as a guide for short Rossby waves. Previous research has linked extreme precipitation events with either the CGT or the LLJ but has not linked the two circulation features together. In this study, a circulation‐based index was developed by combining (a) the degree of the CGT and LLJ coupling, (b) the extent to which this CGT‐LLJ coupling connects to regional precipitation and (c) the spatial correspondence with the CGT (short wave) trending pattern over the recent 32 years (1979–2010). Four modern‐era global reanalyses, in conjunction with four gridded precipitation data sets, were utilized to minimize spurious trends. The results are suggestive of a link between the CGT/LLJ trends and several recent extreme precipitation events, including those leading to the 2008 Midwest flood in U.S., the 2011 tornado outbreaks in southeastern U.S., the 2010 Queensland flood in northeastern Australia, and to the opposite side the 2012 central U.S. drought. Moreover, an analysis of three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models from the historical experiments points to the role of greenhouse gases in forming the CGT trends during the warm season.
SHATI/NAT8L regulates neurite outgrowth via microtubule stabilization
Authors: Toriumi Kazuya , Ikami Miki , Kondo Mizuki , Mouri Akihiro , Koseki Takenao , Ibi Daisuke , Furukawa‐Hibi Yoko , Nagai Taku , Mamiya Takayoshi , Nitta Atsumi , Yamada Kiyofumi , Nabeshima Toshitaka
Published: October 2013

We previously identified a new molecule, “SHATI/NAT8L,” which has an inhibitory effect on methamphetamine (METH)‐induced hyperlocomotion, sensitization, and conditioned place preference. Nevertheless, the extent of SHATI localization and its functions are only partially understood. In this study, we used the FLAG‐tag method to investigate SHATI localization. We found that SHATI was localized to microtubules when expressed in COS7 cells and cortical primary neurons. This distribution of SHATI was less apparent after cells were treated with colchicine, a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that disrupts the microtubule structure. This finding suggests that SHATI is associated with microtubule structure. Interestingly, overexpression of SHATI in COS7 cells could attenuate the colchicine‐induced decrease in acetylated microtubules, indicating that SHATI plays a role in stabilizing microtubules. Furthermore, we showed that Shati deletion impaired neurite elongation. In cortical primary neurons, neurite length and complexity in Shati‐knockout (KO) mice were significantly decreased. In pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, dendrite length and complexity were also significantly decreased in Shati‐KO mice compared with wild‐type mice. These results suggest a novel function for SHATI, which may be a new member of the microtubule‐associated protein family. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The need to consider time, level, and trends: A turnover perspective
Authors: Mitchell Terence R. , Burch Tyler C. , Lee Thomas W.
Published: October 2013

We focus on the contributions to research generated by considering attitudes and behaviors as dynamic over time and across different levels. Using turnover research as an example, we demonstrate how a past, present, and future focus, across levels, may enhance both theory and methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The wavelet correlative analysis of climatic impacts on runoff in the source region of Yangtze River, in China
Authors: Qian Kaizhu , Wang Xu‐Sheng , Lv Jingjing , Wan Li
Published: October 2013

The source region of Yangtze River in China is a part of Tibet Plateau where the hydrological processes are sensitive to climatic change. The impacts of precipitation, air temperature and evapotranspiration on annual runoff in the source region of Yangtze River during 1957–2009 are investigated in the time‐period domain using wavelet analysis method and multiple regression method. Annual evapotranspiration is calculated with data of precipitation and air temperature based on Takahashi's empirical equation. This approximation of actual evapotranspiration successfully matches the mean annual water balance. Significant periods of runoff, 7–8 year, 20–21 year and 42–43 year, are revealed by using Morlet wavelet. Different significant periods are found for annual precipitation, air temperature and evapotranspiration, whereas the 7–8 year and 42–43 year periods are the same of the runoff. It is indicated by wavelet correlation coefficients that the correlations between runoff and these climatic components depends on periods. Change in the summation of runoff wavelet coefficients at different period can approximately represents the change pattern of real runoff and is correlated with the wavelet coefficients of the climatic components. The correlation can be expressed with a linear multiple regression equation which indicates that the change in annual runoff is contributed by change in annual precipitation rather than change in air temperature. This relationship between runoff and climatic components are different from that in the source region of Yellow River, in China.
Physicochemical and functional properties of beany flavour‐free bambara groundnut protein isolate
Authors: Kudre Tanaji G , Benjakul Soottawat
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Off‐odour/flavour (beany) associated with bambara groundnut protein isolate (BGPI), due to oxidative degradation of lipids during either storage or processing, is a major problem limiting its application in foods. In this study, effects of heat treatment (50–80 °C) in combination with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on functional and sensory properties of BGPI were investigated.

RESULTS

BGPI prepared in the presence of EDTA had lower lipoxygenase and trypsin‐inhibitory activities than BGPI prepared in the absence of EDTA, regardless of the heating temperature used (P < 0.05). Inactivation of lipoxygenase was associated with lowered peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and beany odour/flavour intensity in BGPI stored at room temperature for 30 days. BGPI with heat treatment at temperatures lower than 70 °C had similar protein patterns to BGPI prepared by the typical process, except for the occurrence of proteins with molecular weight 70–82 kDa. BGPI with heat treatment showed decreased protein solubility but increased surface hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl group content. BGPI prepared in the presence of EDTA exhibited higher emulsion activity and stability indices as well as higher foam expansion and stability than BGPI prepared in the absence of EDTA, regardless of heating temperature (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Heat treatment at 70 °C in the presence of 100 mmol L−1 EDTA effectively reduced beany flavour development and enhanced the functionality of BGPI. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Purification and analysis of mono‐PEGylated HSA by hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography
Authors: Shang Xiaojiao , Wittbold William , Ghosh Raja
Published: October 2013

We discuss the purification of mono‐PEGylated HSA by hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography. The hydrophobicity difference between the different fractionated species was induced by the addition of a lyotropic salt that caused phase transition of PEG (hydrophilic under normal condition) to a mildly hydrophobic form. The HSA PEGylation reaction mixture was mixed with lyotropic salt and passed through a stack of hydrophilized polyvinylidene fluoride membrane discs. Unmodified HSA was obtained in the flow through, while the PEGylated forms of the protein bound to the membrane and could be eluted by reducing the salt concentration. Among the three major PEGylated forms of HSA present in the feed (i.e. mono–, di–, and tri–), mono‐PEGylated HSA was eluted first and could be resolved from the others. The purified material was analyzed by SDS‐PAGE, dynamic light scattering, and SEC combined with multi‐angle light scattering. All these analytical techniques indicated the presence of species that has a molar mass consistent with mono‐PEGylated HSA. A scaled‐down version of the membrane chromatographic methods could be used for the rapid and sensitive analysis of PEGylated proteins.
Global existence of strong solutions to a time‐dependent 3D Ginzburg‐Landau model for superconductivity with partial viscous terms
Authors: Fan Jishan , Ozawa Tohru
Published: October 2013

We study an initial boundary value problem for a time‐dependent 3D Ginzburg‐Landau model of superconductivity with partial viscous terms. We prove the global existence of strong solutions.
TIPS‐Tetracene‐ and TIPS‐Pentacene‐Annulated Poly(norbornadiene)s: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Porz Michael , Paulus Fabian , Höfle Stefan , Lutz Tobias , Lemmer Uli , Colsmann Alexander , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of tetracene‐ and pentacene‐annulated norbornadienes, formed through the Diels–Alder reaction of a dehydroacene with cyclopentadiene is reported. Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) leads to polymers that are investigated with respect to their physical, optical, and electronic properties by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV–vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The pentacene‐containing polymer P1 is successfully integrated into an organic field‐effect transistor (OFET); the tetracene‐containing polymer P2 is integrated into an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED).

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A semantic context exchange process for the federated management of the future internet
Authors: Latré Steven , Famaey Jeroen , Turck Filip De
Published: October 2013

In the Future Internet, federations are set up to cope with the stringent quality requirements of services. While a federated solution offers advantages in terms of scalability, it complicates the exchange of context (e.g. Quality of Service information of services) between federated nodes, as each node requires context to perform management tasks. In this article, we propose a context exchange process that automates the context communication between nodes. A scalable approach is proposed that is able to quickly react to local context updates, while maintaining a high level of expressivity to define relationships between federation partners. We distinguish between the context exchange inside an administrative domain, which focuses on scalability, and the context exchange between federation partners, which emphasizes the trust relationships between partners. In both cases, the process allows defining which context needs to be exchanged when and from where. Inside an administrative domain, a combination of RDF and SPARQL rules are used. This allows modeling the contextual requirements of management algorithms and automatically requesting remote context, only when it is necessary for the management algorithms to proceed. Between domains, an OWL‐based approach is used, which allows describing the complex relationships between federation partners. Triggered by the intra‐domain context exchange process, the contextual capabilities are communicated and refined through policies. Both type of processes are evaluated. The results show that they can infer which context is needed in a timely and scalable manner. As such, it outperforms approaches where context is broadcast both in required bandwidth and end‐to‐end delay. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permanent activation of HMGA2 in lipomas mimics its temporal physiological activation linked to the gain of adipose tissue
Authors: Thies Helge W. , Nolte Ingo , Wenk Heiner , Mertens Fredrik , Bullerdiek Jörn , Markowski Dominique N.
Published: October 2013

Objective:

In this study the activation of HMGA2 and overexpression by FGF1‐driven stimulation of adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) in adipose tissue tumors were analyzed. In addition, the expression of HMGA2 and PPAR‐gamma mRNA were quantified in canine subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from normal and overweight purebred dogs.

Design and Methods:

ADSCs and adipose tissue explants stimulated with FGF1 followed by gene expression analyses of HMGA2 and p14Arf using Western‐blot and qRT‐PCR. Furthermore, canine subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) were analyzed by qRT‐PCR for their expression of HMGA2 and PPAR‐gamma.

Results:

ADSCs and adipose tissue explants are able to execute a HMGA2 response upon FGF1 stimulation. FGF1 enhances proliferation of ADSCs by a HMGA2‐dependent mechanism. In lipomas increase of HMGA2 is accompanied by increased expression of p14Arf. Furthermore, a significantly elevated level of HMGA2 in overweight dogs and a negative correlation between the expression of HMGA2 and PPAR‐gamma in subcutaneous cWAT were noted.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that WAT contains cells that as essential part of adipogenesis up‐regulate HMGA2 resulting from growth factor stimulation. In subgroups of lipoma, constitutive activation of HMGA2 due to rearrangements replaces the temporal response triggered by growth factors.
Effectiveness of a backward mixing screw element for glass fiber dispersion in a twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Hirata Kunihiro , Ishida Hiroshi , Hiragohri Motohito , Nakayama Yasuya , Kajiwara Toshihisa
Published: October 2013

In the kneading of glass–fiber‐reinforced plastics by twin‐screw extrusion, the use of a backward‐mixing screw (BMS) element for melt mixing has been found to be effective in dispersing glass–fiber bundles. In this study, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the mechanism for the effectiveness of BMS for glass fiber dispersion. CFD of BMS melt mixing revealed that there is high uniformity of transport in the direction of extrusion and efficient transportation occurs from low‐stress to high‐stress regions. These findings demonstrate that BMS melt mixing is highly effective at imparting stress to the overall resin passing through. In addition, there is a correlation between the incidence of nondispersion of glass–fiber bundles measured experimentally and the stress history minimum value. On the basis of the above factors, we propose a method for predicting the operating conditions in which the nondispersion of glass–fiber bundles is controlled. The operating conditions for controlling glass–fiber nondispersion can be determined for various different mixing elements and the possible production rate can be predicted. Predictions for the operating conditions were applied to BMS and a forward kneading disk element (FKD). The effectiveness of BMS for controlling glass fiber nondispersion is characterized for a broad range of operating conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2005–2012, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pendant crosslinked poly(aryl ether sulfone) copolymers sulfonated on backbone for proton exchange membranes
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Li Zhimin , Hu Fei , Long Shengru , Zhang Gang , Yang Jie
Published: October 2013

A series of sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) copolymers containing phenyl pendant groups with sulfonic acid groups on the backbone were synthesized through condensation polymerization. The degree of sulfonation (DS) of the copolymers was controlled by changing the feed ratios of sulfonated to unsulfonated monomers. Post‐crosslink reactions are carried out with 4,4′‐thiodibenzoic acid (TDA) as a crosslinker and the carboxylic acid groups in TDA can undergo Friedel–Craft acylation with the phenyls pendent rings in sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s copolymers to prepare polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications. The chemical structures of crosslinked and uncrosslinked sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s copolymers (SPSFs and CSPSFs) were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR spectra. The thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and stress–strain test. The dependence of water uptake, methanol permeability, proton conductivity, and selectivity on DS was studied. Transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that SPSFs and CSPSFs membranes form well‐defined microphase separated structures. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2013–2022, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Authors: Scattone Dorothy , Mong Michael
Published: October 2013

Important areas of treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have only begun to be explored empirically in the last decade. Fortunately, there has been growing interest in identifying how to best adapt treatments that have been demonstrated to be efficacious with broader populations to individuals with ASD. This article provides a review of the literature for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders with modifications for adolescents and adults diagnosed with ASD. The majority of these studies incorporated manualized procedures, structured sessions, visual aids, use of worksheets, and an opportunity for social engagement, in addition to regular practice and feedback within a supportive environment. Treatment has been provided primarily in groups; however, researchers are beginning to explore the advantages of individualized treatment. Although only a handful of studies have been published on the use of CBT with adolescents or adults with ASD, results are promising. School psychologists will want to familiarize themselves with this literature to best meet the needs of students in their care. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Self‐assembled fibrillar networks and molecular gels employing 12‐hydroxystearic acid and its isomers and derivatives
Authors: Mallia V. Ajay , Weiss Richard G.
Published: October 2013

Self‐assembly of small molecules can lead to many different types of objects and phases. This mini‐review concentrates on the formation of one‐dimensional objects and their transformation into gels from solutions/sols of 12‐hydroxystearic acid, a molecule derived from the castor bean, and its derivatives in a wide variety of liquids. It is shown how the molecular packing within the one‐dimensional objects and the nature of the derived gels can be correlated with systematic variations of the gelator structure and the type of liquid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta‐analysis of diagnostic interviews and self‐report instruments
Authors: Krebber A. M. H. , Buffart L. M. , Kleijn G. , Riepma I. C. , de Bree R. , Leemans C. R. , Becker A. , Brug J. , van Straten A. , Cuijpers P. , Verdonck‐de Leeuw I. M.
Published: October 2013

Objective

We aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression in cancer patients assessed by diagnostic interviews and self‐report instruments, and to study differences in prevalence between type of instrument, type of cancer and treatment phase.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in four databases to select studies on the prevalence of depression among adult cancer patients during or after treatment. A total of 211 studies met the inclusion criteria. Pooled mean prevalence of depression was calculated using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis.

Results

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—depression subscale (HADS‐D) ≥ 8, HADS‐D ≥11, Center for Epidemiologic Studies ≥ 16, and (semi‐)structured diagnostic interviews were used to define depression in 66, 53, 35 and 49 studies, respectively. Respective mean prevalence of depression was 17% (95% CI = 16–19%), 8% (95% CI = 7–9%), 24% (95% CI = 21–26%), and 13% (95% CI = 11–15%) (p < 0.001). Prevalence of depression ranged from 3% in patients with lung cancer to 31% in patients with cancer of the digestive tract, on the basis of diagnostic interviews. Prevalence of depression was highest during treatment 14% (95% CI = 11–17%), measured by diagnostic interviews, and 27% (95% CI = 25–30%), measured by self‐report instruments. In the first year after diagnosis, prevalence of depression measured with diagnostic interviews and self‐report instruments were 9% (95% CI = 7–11%) and 21% (95% CI = 19–24%), respectively, and they were 8% (95% CI = 5–12%) and 15% (95% CI = 13–17%) ≥ 1 year after diagnosis.

Conclusions

Pooled mean prevalence of depression in cancer patients ranged from 8% to 24% and differed by the type of instrument, type of cancer and treatment phase. Future prospective studies should disentangle whether differences in prevalence of depression are caused by differences in the type of instrument, type of cancer or treatment phase. © 2013 The Authors. Psycho-Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐accessible surface area: How well can be applied to hot‐spot detection?
Authors: Martins João M. , Ramos Rui M. , Pimenta António C. , Moreira Irina S.
Published: October 2013

A detailed comprehension of protein‐based interfaces is essential for the rational drug development. One of the key features of these interfaces is their solvent accessible surface area profile. With that in mind, we tested a group of 12 SASA‐based features for their ability to correlate and differentiate hot‐ and null‐spots. These were tested in three different data sets, explicit water MD, implicit water MD, and static PDB structure. We found no discernible improvement with the use of more comprehensive data sets obtained from molecular dynamics. The features tested were shown to be capable of discerning between hot‐ and null‐spots, while presenting low correlations. Residue standardization such as relSASAi or rel/resSASAi, improved the features as a tool to predict ΔΔGbinding values. A new method using support machine learning algorithms was developed: SBHD (Sasa‐Based Hot‐spot Detection). This method presents a precision, recall, and F1 score of 0.72, 0.81, and 0.76 for the training set and 0.91, 0.73, and 0.81 for an independent test set. Proteins 2014; 82:479–490. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grafting of manganese phthalocyanine on nanocrystalline diamond films
Authors: Petkov Christo , Glebe Ulrich , Petkov Emil , Pasquarelli Alberto , Pietzka Carsten , Veres Miklos , Himics Laszlo , Merz Rolf , Kulisch Wilhelm , Siemeling Ulrich , Reithmaier Johann Peter , Popov Cyril
Published: October 2013

Thin boron‐doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films have been prepared by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MPCVD) and used as platforms for grafting of photosensitizer (manganese phthalocyanine, Mn‐Pc). The surface of the as‐grown films is H‐terminated; in order to modify it and study the influence of the termination on the attachment of Mn‐Pc the NCD films were subjected to O2 plasma or NH3/N2 plasma treatments. Contact angle measurements and XPS results showed a successful exchange of the surface termination with OH‐ or NH2‐groups. Manganese phthalocyanine molecules were grafted on the NCD surfaces with different terminations, after which each sample was subsequently characterized by XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, the NCD/Mn‐Pc samples were used for the preparation of electrodes which were tested in an electrochemical cell with a Pt counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode; phosphate buffered saline was used as electrolyte. The characteristics of the electrodes were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and open circuit potential (OCP) in dark and under illumination with a light‐emitting diode (LED) operating at 770 nm (a wavelength close to the absorption maximum of Mn‐Pc). The first results indicated that after plasma modifications NCD surfaces are suited for Mn‐Pc grafting.
Current on‐off operation of graphene transistor with dual gates and He ion irradiated channel
Authors: Nakaharai Shu , Iijima Tomohiko , Ogawa Shinichi , Li Song‐Lin , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Sato Shintaro , Yokoyama Naoki
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate the current on‐off operation in a novel dual‐gated transistor with a He ion irradiated graphene channel in which defect‐induced transport gap is formed. The transistor operation was performed by controlling the band configuration of gate‐controlled p‐i‐n junction by independent biasing of top gates. The maximum current on‐off ratio of nearly four orders of magnitude was obtained at a temperature of 250 K in the proposed device structure. It was also demonstrated that the transistor polarity can be changed between unipolar and ambipolar just by adjusting the gate bias of one of the dual gates, as expected from the device operation model. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thickness optimization of GaN layers by in‐situ observation of GaN MOVPE on Si (111)
Authors: Liu Cai , Sodabanlu Hassanet , Sugiyama Masakazu , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: October 2013

For MOVPE grown GaN on Si (111) employing low temperature AlN interlayers, in terms of compressive stress introduction to avoid cracking, factors determining the proper thickness of GaN layers were investigated, with the help of in‐situ observation of multi‐wavelength reflectance patterns and curvature transition. For the 1st GaN layer, the stress behavior of it depends on the growth conditions of AlN buffer layer. For the case on an improper AlN buffer layer, GaN takes tensile stress easily and thus its thickness should be limited to reduce the amount of tensile stress. On the contrary, on the optimized AlN buffer layer, the GaN on it was compressively strained and its thickness can be large to introduce more compressive stress. For GaN layers in between AlN interlayers, the thickness should be limited to be less than the critical thickness in which the layer starts to relax. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of arsenic source flow rate on the lattice defects in GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy
Authors: Bouzazi Boussairi , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masafumi
Published: October 2013

The effect of the tridimethylaminoarsenic (TDMAAs) source flow rate on the electronic signature as well as on the trapping density of electron traps in undoped n‐type GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy was investigated by deep level transient spectroscopy and isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy methods. It was found that the densities of four electron traps, E1 to E4, localized at average energy depths of 0.05, 0.11, 0.16, and 0.39 eV, respectively below the bottom edge of the conduction band, significantly decrease with increasing TDMAAs up to 1.2 sccm. Nevertheless, the decrease of trapping density for these energy states showed quite different behaviors. This result implies that the excess of As atoms in the alloy could limit the formation of these electron traps. Furthermore, it indicates that the degradation of the optoelectronic properties of the alloy is not only caused by the addition of N atom to the lattice of GaAs. An interesting feature of this result is the possibility of recovering the lifetime of minority carriers in p‐type GaAsN material, and, therefore, enhancing the conversion efficiency of GaAsN based solar cells. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Turbulent momentum flux characterization using extended multiresolution analysis
Authors: Nilsson Erik Olof , Sahlée Erik , Rutgersson Anna
Published: October 2013

The variability of turbulent momentum flux in neutral and unstable atmospheric boundary layers is characterized by analyzing surface‐layer measurements and data from large‐eddy simulations (LES). The method involves multiresolution (MR) decomposition of vertical wind and advected variables into eddy fluctuations on different scales. It provides a measure of the amount of flux variability that stems from same‐scale correlations and from combinations of different‐scale eddy fluctuations. Combining two analysis methods enabled MR component cospectra to be introduced, in order to study the contribution of downward and upward flux on different scales. These component cospectra were used to investigate at which scales most of the upward and downward momentum flux occurs. By using MR spectra, cospectra and flow visualization, this investigation provides insights into turbulence structure and fluxes in neutral and unstable stratification. It is shown that most of the flux variability in the lower part of the boundary layer can be characterized as a combination of larger scale streamwise elongated horizontal wind streaks and smaller scale vertical wind fluctuations. These streaks are found to account for a large part of downward momentum flux at relatively large, energy‐containing scales. Most of the upward momentum flux is found to occur at smaller scales. This can be interpreted as showing that upward momentum flux in these conditions is caused by the generation of smaller scale secondary motions when larger scale turbulence elements break down and dissipate. Differences in the height dependence of turbulence structure and momentum flux for neutral and unstably stratified conditions are also investigated and related to the existence of wind streaks and horizontal rolls in these different conditions.
Preparation of solid surfaces for native chemical ligation in the quartz crystal microbalance
Authors: Sun Chengjun
Published: October 2013

The preparation of a nonporous solid surface for native chemical ligation is described. A cysteine residue is covalently attached to the surface by means of a series of reactions. In a reaction analogous to that used for native chemical ligation, the surface‐attached cysteine residue reacts with a thioester to form an amide linkage. All of the reaction steps except the derivatization of the nonporous solid surface with amino‐ended silane are conducted within the flow cell of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. This sensitive instrument allows each reaction step to be followed in real time, with simultaneous quantification of the mass added and removed in different steps. The number of protected cysteine residues attached per square nanometer is consistent with the number of protecting groups removed in each deprotection step and also with the number of thioesters reacting with the deprotected cysteine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What doesn't kill you makes you stronger: The evolution of competition and entry‐order advantages in economically turbulent contexts
Authors: Garcia‐Sanchez Javier , Mesquita Luiz F. , Vassolo Roberto S.
Published: October 2013

We examine the evolution of competition and entry‐order advantages in markets under macroeconomic distress. Through formal modeling of early‐mover advantages along industry life cycles subjected to economic shocks and based on simulation findings, we propose that such shocks exogenously induce temporary industry discontinuities that shift the relative value of distinct asset endowments, thereby switching the bases for competitive advantages vis‐à‐vis those found in stable contexts. A vital trade‐off then emerges between a firm's financial flexibility and its pace of investments in isolating mechanisms, such that the former operates as a contingency factor for the latter. As such, flexibility superiority boosts early‐entrants' advantages, while it alternatively gives laggards a much desired strength to out trump first‐mover rivals. Our study informs entry‐order advantage theory and management practice in economically turbulent contexts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of alternative measures of organizational aspirations
Authors: Bromiley Philip , Harris Jared D.
Published: October 2013

Research on organizational aspirations has used various representations of firm‐level aspirations and based those representations on various performance measures. To advance our understanding of the measurement of aspirations, we empirically compare three different aspiration models defined using six different performance measures to explain three different firm outcomes (financial misrepresentation, R&D spending, and income‐stream uncertainty). The results moderately support a model with separate historical and social aspirations over a model of aspirations that systematically switches between the two. The results strongly support both the separate and switching models over a model where aspirations constitute a weighted average of historical and social comparisons, the model associated most directly with Cyert and March's original specification. We discuss the implications of these results and highlight directions for future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.