bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report on Shanghai Norms for the Chinese Translation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised
Authors: Dan Li , Yu Jin , Vandenberg Steven G. , Yuemei Zhu , Caihong Tang
Published: August 2011

The Chinese translation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—RC) was administered to 660 children (ages 6 through 16 yr.) in the city of Shanghai. The obtained norms represent children's intelligence levels in big cities where the economic and cultural development is advanced. The norms are reported as “Scaled Score Equivalents of Raw Scores” for each age group and as “IQ Equivalents of Sums of Scaled Scores.” The reliability and validity of the norms indicate that the WISC—R is suitable for use with school-age children in China. The difference between the results for our Shanghai sample (WISC—RCs) and a USA sample (WISC—R) is also discussed.
Relationships among Defensive Styles, Cognitive Styles, Processing Styles, and Attentional Styles of Normal Adolescents
Authors: Perlman Mitchel D. , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: August 2011

Cognitive and psychodynamic theorists agree that an individual's personality and behavior are determined by both cognitive and dynamic processes. This study examined the relationship among three cognitive approaches—cognitive style, attentional style, and processing style—and examined their relations to defensive style. Adolescents from Grades 11 and 12 (146 boys, 164 girls) were examined in groups for cognitive style (Group Embedded Figures Test), attentional style (Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style), processing style (a sequential/simultaneous processing test battery), and defensive style (Defense Mechanism Inventory). Least squares completely randomized two-way analyses of variance (or analyses of covariance where applicable) were employed to assess the relations among the three cognitive measures and/or between the cognitive measures and defensive style. While most comparisons were nonsignificant, a significant relationship was observed between sequential processing and field-dependence and between simultaneous processing and field-independence. Also, a trend was noted between field-independence and ideational defenses and between field-dependence and repression-based defenses.
Relationships among Measures of Alcohol Drinking Behavior, Life-Events and Perceived Stress
Authors: Cole Galen , Tucker Larry , Friedman Glenn M.
Published: August 2011

Two measures of stress (life-events and perceived stress) and a measure of alcohol-drinking behavior were administered to 6,747 adult males. Analysis was carried out to examine the extent to which subjects classified into drinking-behavior groups differed on stress measures while controlling for age, income, and race. Significant differences held up under age, race, and income controls for life-events and perceived stress between the abstinence, common-use, and problem-drinking groups. Stress scores increased sequentially across the drinking-behavior groups. Apparently, men who are life-long abstainers (teetotallers) experience fewer life-events and perceive less stress than moderate drinkers, while moderate drinkers experience less stress than heavy drinkers.
Variance as a Measure of Dual Task Interference
Authors: Charleston Dodds E. , Boyer Robert W.
Published: August 2011

Mean variance of errors was sensitive in detecting load effects for 29 subjects centering a continuously, randomly moving target with a joystick.
Development of Covert and Overt Hostility Scales from the Buss-Durkee Inventory
Authors: Schill Thomas , Ramanaiah Nerella , Conn Steven R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop covert and overt hostility scales from the Buss-Durkee Inventory. First, 22 covert hostility and 29 overt hostility items were identified by the authors. Second, an item analysis was done to assess the content saturation of the individual items on these scales. This analysis yielded the final form for 7 items for covert hostility and 14 for overt hostility. Cronbach alphas for the covert and overt scales were .67 and .77, respectively, and their intercorrelation was .08. Correlations for these Buss-Durkee scales with several existing measures of anger expression were consistent with expectations.
Use of Lisrel in Scale Validation
Authors: Houts Sandra S. , Kassab Cathy
Published: August 2011

A confirmatory factor analysis of items representing two dimensions of the locus of control construct was conducted with LISREL. In general, the analysis substantiated the hypothesized model by providing statistical tests of the loadings and the fit of the model to the data. Given the presence of several correlated error terms, a three-factor model was tested. While both the two-factor and three-factor models appeared to fit the data, the former provided a better fit. In addition, LISREL provided evidence of interfactor correlation; those with a stronger external expectation of control tend to be characterized by stronger powerful-others or fate orientations.
Occupational Status and Gender-Role Orientation among University Women
Authors: Reid Pamela Trotman , Roberts Carolann , Ozbek Irene Nichols
Published: August 2011

26 staff women described themselves as more feminine than 34 faculty women, and rank was related to the belief in academic discrimination against women. This supported social cognitive views of the importance of context.
Offenders' Knowledge about Court Mandated Psychiatric Evaluations
Authors: Prandoni Jogues R. , Wall Shavaun M.
Published: August 2011

This investigation of offenders' knowledge about court mandated mental health evaluations indicated the 30 adult probationers had significant knowledge deficits. The implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Three-Year Test-Retest Reliability of the Borderline Syndrome Index among Women with Eating Disorders
Authors: Fine Mark A. , Sansone Randy A.
Published: August 2011

This analysis examined the stability of the Borderline Syndrome Index with 19 women who have eating disorders. The index appears moderately stable over a 3-yr. time period.
Development of the Trust in Physician Scale: A Measure to Assess Interpersonal Trust in Patient-Physician Relationships
Authors: Anderson Lynda A. , Dedrick Robert F.
Published: August 2011

Trust is widely acknowledged as an essential ingredient in patient-physician relationships. Given a dearth of situation-specific measures designed to quantify patients' trust in their physicians, we set out to develop an instrument to assess a patient's interpersonal trust in his physician. Findings from two studies are reported describing the development and validation of the Trust in Physician scale. Study 1 of 160 participants provided preliminary support for the reliability (Cronbach alpha = .90) and construct validity of the 11-item scale. Study 2, a replication study of 106 participants, supplied further evidence of the reliability and validity of the scale. Cronbach alpha was .85. Trust was significantly related to patients' desires for control in their clinical interactions and subsequent satisfaction with care. Research and clinical applications of the Trust in Physician scale are discussed.
Locus of Control as a Personality Correlate of Materialism: An Empirical Note
Authors: Hunt James M. , Kernan Jerome B. , Chatterjee Anindya , Florsheim Renee A.
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 148 undergraduate students, scores on Belk's materialism scale correlated negatively with Rotter's locus-of-control scores. Stepwise regression further indicates that Rotter scores are responsive largely to the envy subscale of materialism, with the possessiveness and nongenerosity subscales contributing little to the explained variance. Inasmuch as composite materialism (the sum of three subscales) relates inversely with internal locus of control, this result is consistent with the other/external-directed nature of envy and the self/internal-directed focus of possessiveness and nongenerosity.
“Faking Bad” on the MMPI, MMPI-2, and Millon-II
Authors: Wetzler Scott , Marlowe Douglas
Published: August 2011

Using the F-minus- K index for MMPI protocols of 134 psychiatric inpatients and MMPI-2 scores of 35 inpatients, and Millon-II Debasement scores of 105 inpatients shows the prevalence of “faking bad,” thereby reflecting the severity of psychopathology in this hospitalized sample.
Working While Breast Feeding among Coloured Women
Authors: Chalmers B. , Ransome O. J. , Herman A.
Published: August 2011

The influence of a wide variety of factors on infants' feeding patterns has frequently been reported. Of Growing interest is the role played by economic issues in determining the duration of breast feeding. The present study describes the attitudes toward, beliefs about, and practices in relation to working while breast feeding amongst 200 ‘Coloured’ (of mixed ethnic origin) women. Breast feeding rates are initially high but drop rapidly about the time mothers return to work. Approximately two-thirds of the women studied returned to work in the post partum period. Most report that breast feeding and working are incompatible.
Computer Projective Drawings of Juvenile Offenders and College Freshmen
Authors: Maroldo Georgette K.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the willingness of two diverse groups, 26 junvenile offenders (21 boys, 5 girls) and 26 first-semester college freshmen (12 men and 14 women) to draw on a personal computer. The purpose was to see whether there were differences in what they chose to draw, i.e., themselves (SELF), family (FAMILY), other (OTHER). The analyses indicated no significant differences between the groups in content of drawing.
Habituation of Phasic Total Respiratory Resistance Responses
Authors: Miller Douglas J. , Kotses Harry
Published: August 2011

We examined the effects of repetitious stimulation on phasic respiratory resistance responses of 30 healthy adult males. Individuals were told either that they would inhale a substance which would cause bronchoconstriction or that they would inhale a substance which would cause no breathing changes. All subjects completed four inhalation trials. During each trial a lamp was turned on to indicate the presence of the inhalant; in reality, the subjects inhaled no substances. Respiratory resistance and functional residual capacity were measured just before and during the time the lamp was on. Regardless of the type of instruction, the response to the inhalation task was predominantly an increase in respiratory resistance. During Trials 1, 2, and 3, the number of subjects who increased respiratory resistance was greater than the number of subjects who decreased respiratory resistance. The number of subjects who increased respiratory resistance was not different from the number of subjects who decreased respiratory resistance during Trial 4. Changes in functional residual capacity did not affect changes in respiratory resistance; functional residual capacity changed neither within nor between trials. Given a progressive decrease in the number of subjects who increased their respiratory resistance on successive trials, the results were consistent with a response habituation model.
Predicting Execution Rates in the United States
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Multiple regression indicated a set of social variables accounted for 52% of the variance in the execution rates of the continental US states in the period 1955 to 1964.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXIII. The History of Psychology at the University of South Carolina
Authors: Furchtgott Ernest
Published: August 2011

The teaching of psychology at the University of South Carolina (USC) began with a course in moral philosophy in 1805. During the preCivil War period a Jeffersonian utilitarianism inhibited the expansion of philosophy instruction. Later, the impoverished economic situation in the state retarded the development of psychology. Only after World War II and society's expectation of services from psychologists did the field grow The history of psychology at USC paralleled similar developments at another southern institution, the University of Tennessee.
Birth Order and Narcissism
Authors: Narayan Chetna
Published: August 2011

The present study was concerned with the relationship between narcissism and birth order. Undergraduate students (297 men and 349 women) completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and a family information questionnaire. No statistically significant evidence was found for an association between narcissism and birth order. Differences, however, on narcissism were noted as a function of sex; men were more narcissistic than women.
Feeling Fat: Motivations, Knowledge, and Attitudes of Overweight Women and Men
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Waschull Stefanie , Walters Laurie
Published: August 2011

This study concerned obesity from the perspective of 47 women and 8 men who considered themselves overweight. They responded to a questionnaire about various aspects of motivation to lose weight, knowledge about obesity, and personal and societal attitudes toward the obese. Although they reduced calorie intake and increased exercise when trying to lose weight, they reported various reasons why their exercise levels were less than optimal. Verbal motivation to lose was only partially reflected in willingness to change lifestyle, even though respondents had spent substantial sums of money on weight-loss attempts. Knowledge about obesity was imperfect, with women and thinner subjects somewhat more knowledgeable. Subjects were aware of and shared some of the negative social stereotypes of the obese, blaming themselves for their oveweight. However, most would not trade their obesity for other handicaps found less stigmatizing in other research. As expected, women expressed a greater desire for thinness than men. Implications for health care professionals are discussed.
On Initial Approximations for Communalities
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

It is suggested that, for a given column of a correlation matrix, the highest squared off-diagonal element in that column be taken as an initial approximation to that attribute's communality, for all attributes, in iterative methods of factoring.
Of Time and Historical Perspective
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

Emphasizing the importance of time as the medium for both historical and psychological analysis, this paper traces the ego's consciousness of time from childhood to adulthood. This evolution is climaxed in late adolescence by the development of historical perspective, and thereafter the ego fuses time and history through a form of artistic reconstruction.
Homicidal Adolescents: A Replication
Authors: Zagar Robert , Arbit Jack , Sylvies Robert , Busch Kenneth G. , Hughes John R.
Published: August 2011

30 homicidal delinquents were matched with 30 nonviolent delinquents on age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Both groups received physical, psychological, educational, psychiatric and social examinations. Data were evaluated using stepwise discriminant analysis. Previous research was replicated. Homicidal adolescents shared four symptoms: criminally violent families, gang participation, alcohol abuse, severe learning difficulties. In addition, when the sample and the original group of murderers were combined the contrast between groups became clearer. Juvenile murderers lived in criminally violent families learning aggression during early childhood. Cognitive and perceptual deficits associated with epilepsy and central nervous system (CNS) conditions led to difficulties in the school years. During adolescence, gang participation and alcohol abuse added to earlier risk factors.
Influence of Urban-Rural Upbringing on Nigerian Students' Test Anxiety
Authors: Akande Adebowale
Published: August 2011

To examine the effects of urban and rural upbringing on test anxiety 221 Nigerian high school students completed measures of test anxiety and environment/academic performance. Analysis showed that younger urban groups scored better than older rural groups in academic performance, rural students having high scores in environment/academic performance scales. The findings corroborate earlier work on urban and rural upbringing and test anxiety. Suggestions for cross-cultural research which incorporates test anxiety and the construct of concentration are detailed.
Correlations between Family Environment and Relationships of Young Adult Siblings
Authors: Pulakos Joan
Published: August 2011

Factors which influence the nature of relationships among young adult siblings were examined. 107 undergraduate students completed a questionnaire about their current relationships with siblings and the Family Environment Scale. Variables which affected these relationships included sex of the respondent, the sex of each of the siblings in the family and whether the family was intact or blended. The Family Environment Scale subscales of Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation and Active-Recreational Orientation were correlated with the relationships of adult siblings. Differences were noted in how these variables affected the relationship with the closest/only sibling versus all the siblings in the family.
Equivalence of Five Forms of the Selective Reminding Test in Young and Elderly Subjects
Authors: Deptula Dennis , Singh Rajkumar , Goldsmith Sharon , Block Robert , Bagne Curtis A. , Pomara Nunzio
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the equivalence of five forms of the Selective Reminding Test, a widely used measure of verbal learning. 45 normal young and 45 normal elderly subjects were randomly administered three of the five test forms on three separate sessions. The five forms generally correlated well with one another and were of comparable difficulty, suggesting adequate test equivalence. Four of the five forms were particularly well matched.
Comparison of Responses to Edwards Personal Preference Schedule by Chinese and American College Students
Authors: Chiu Lian-Hwang
Published: August 2011

A Chinese version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 249 Chinese college students, 103 men and 146 women. Their scores were compared with those of American peers as reported in a recent study. As compared with American men, Chinese men were significantly higher on Deference, Order, Dominance, Abasement, and Endurance and significantly lower on Exhibition, Intraception, Change, Heterosexuality, and Aggression. The same pattern of cross-cultural differences was found among women. As compared with Chinese women, Chinese men were significantly higher on Dominance, Heterosexuality, Exhibition, and Autonomy and significantly lower on Order, Succorance, Nurturance, and Change. These gender differences were generally consistent with those found among American college students.
Perceptions of Physical Appearance and Adolescents' Social Alienation
Authors: Downs A. Chris
Published: August 2011

For 127 adolescent boys and 149 girls, correlations of subjective ratings for “physical appeal” and “good-looking” with scores on Dean's Alienation Scale and an 18-item self-survey, showed self-judgments, but not objective judgments, of appearance were associated with some forms of social alienation, especially over-all alienation and powerlessness.
Effect of Locus of Control on Perceptions of Participative Decision-Making
Authors: Hawk Stephen R.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of locus of control on perceptions of participative decision-making. A field study, involving a variety of systems used by 9 manufacturers, 5 insurance companies, 2 banks, 1 retailer, and 1 government agency, indicates that internality of control beliefs increased the agreement of 87 subjects' ratings of their participative decision-making with those of an independent rater. This suggests that people with an internal locus of control more accurately perceive their participation than those with an external locus of control.
Factorial Validity of Brief Satisfaction Scales in Surveys of Mormon, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Fathers
Authors: Field Ken R. Can , Schumm Walter R. , Swihart Judson J. , Eggerichs Emerson E.
Published: August 2011

Items from the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale, and the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale, along with other items for satisfaction with family of origin and time spent with children, were administered to more than 1,100 fathers from three religious denominations. The responses were subjected to maximum likelihood factor analysis using a range of factor extractions to evaluate the best fit to the raw data. While the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale and the family of origin items appeared to form two distinct factors, the dimensionality of the other items depended upon the number of factors extracted.
The Parent/Child Reunion Inventory: A Measure of Attachment for Children beyond the Infancy Years
Authors: Marcus Robert F.
Published: August 2011

Three samples of children ( ns = 42, 34, and 73) were rated for their attachments to parents using the Parent/Child Reunion Inventory. Scores for insecure and secure attachment correlated with criterion measures and showed adequate reliability and validity.
Sources of Satisfaction and Stress among Canadian Physicians
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Richardsen Astrid M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined major sources of stress identified by Canadian physicians and explored potential antecedents and consequences of self-reported stress. Data were collected from 2087 physicians using anonymously completed questionnaires. Of the sample 38% described medical practice as very or extremely stressful. Major sources of stress involved difficulties with patients and concerns about work-overload. Physicians reporting greater stress were less satisfied with the practice of medicine, had more negative attitudes about the quality of hospital and medical care, held more militant views and responses toward government, and saw physicians losing ground economically compared to other professions.
Apprehension about Communication and Salespersons' Performance
Authors: Pitt Leyland E , Ramaseshan B.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of apprehension about communication on the performance of salespersons. In a field study, McCroskey's Personal Report of Communication Apprehension instrument was given to 114 salespersons from two industries, new automobile dealers and media; their performances were evaluated by their supervisors. Some contexts for apprehension about communication were moderately good predictors of salespersons' performances for some categories of sales work. The implications of the study for recruitment and training of salesforce are discussed.
Wais—R Performance in Dementia with and without Depression
Authors: Gfeller Jeffrey D. , Margolis Ronald B.
Published: August 2011

A lower mean WAIS—R Performance IQ and lower mean scores on the Arithmetic and Picture Arrangement subtests for dementia patients with affective disorder ( n = 22) versus dementia patients without affective disorder ( n = 10) are presented. Implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are tendered.
Self-Defeating Personality and Problems with Dating, Assertion, and Relationships
Authors: Schill Thomas
Published: August 2011

68 women but not 51 men who scored higher on a measure of self-defeating personality had greater difficulty with dating and situations calling for assertion, reported having experienced more self-defeating relationships, and staying in them for a longer period of time. The results were seen as partial support for the measure of self-defeating personality since two common characteristics of this personality style are passivity or lack of assertiveness and a strong tendency to be drawn to relationships in which the person will suffer.
Social Influence in Consultation: Effect of Degree and Experience on Consultees' Perceptions
Authors: Short Rick Jay , Moore Susan C , Williams Cynthia
Published: August 2011

In this study we investigated the effect of videotaped characteristics (degree, experience as a school psychologist, and teaching experience) of a school psychologist consultant on 153 teachers' ratings of the consultant's expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Analyses indicated that the school psychologist's degree affects perceptions of expertness and trustworthiness and experience as a school psychologist affects perceptions of trustworthiness. These results are interpreted as reflecting differential social influence related to differences in consultants' characteristics.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Social Skills Training Improves Personality and Cognition in Incarcerated Offenders
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Antonowicz Daniel H.
Published: August 2011

Cognitive behavioural therapy was given to incarcerated offenders at a maximum security jail. Weekly sessions of 2 hr. were provided over a 5-wk. program for 34 general offenders and 19 sex offenders. The sessions were designed to teach inmates ways of restructuring faulty thinking and improving social skills. Analysis showed improvement in self-esteem and reduction in anxiety and aggressive traits.
Reliability and Validity of Four Subscales of a Scale for Rating Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students as Self-Reporting Tools
Authors: O'Brien George E.
Published: August 2011

Evidence for reliability and validity of Learning, Motivation, Creativity, and Leadership subscales of a Scale for Rating Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students as self-reporting instruments was obtained from 121 students in Grades 10 to 12 and 77 of their teachers. Determination of validity of the four subscales was based on comparisons of self-report testing and subjects' scores on the California Psychological Inventory. Analyses suggest the Leadership subscale appears to have potential as a reliable and valid self-reporting tool, in screening candidates for enrichment programs, but data do not support such use of the other three.
The Primary Personality Factors of Hawaiian, Middle Adolescents
Authors: Campbell John F.
Published: August 2011

To determine whether the primary personality factors of Hawaiian, middle adolescents were the same as those Cattell postulated in 1970, for adolescents on the mainland of the United States, and in 1974 for adolescents in Germany, a personality questionnaire representing those factors completed by 694 Hawaiian, middle adolescents ( M age = 15.9 yr.) was factor analyzed. Despite the analysis adhering closely to the recommendations of Cattell stated in 1973 and 1978, the eight factors derived are not the set of primary factors postulated for the other populations. Six of them do appear to be, however, primary factors within a set of seven reported in 1988 for a younger population of Hawaiian, early adolescents. In addition, these six factors also appear to be similar to the major constructs in the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Horney.
An Averaging Model for Self-Esteem
Authors: Weiss David J.
Published: August 2011

Weighted averaging is proposed as a speculative model for self-esteem. Each aspect of personality is weighted by its subjective importance. High self-esteem is held to obtain when high weights are attached to traits with high scale values. Therapy designed to increase self-esteem does so by bringing the patients' weights and scale values into alignment. This may be achieved by altering weights or scale values directly or indirectly. The model thereby suggests varied approaches to treatment.
Measuring the Effectiveness of the Star Parenting Program with Parents of Young Children
Authors: Fox Robert A. , Fox Theresa A. , Anderson Rebecca C.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the STAR Parenting Program, designed specifically for parents with children between the ages of 1 and 5 yr. The 8-hr. program was completed by 35 parents. There was a significant increase in parents' favorability and a significant decrease in anxiety afterwards. Parents also significantly lowered their expectations, reduced the emotionality of their reactions to their child's problem behaviors, and increased their use of time-out and tangible rewards following training. These changes were maintained at a 6-wk. follow-up.
Effects of Guidance Intervention on Perceived School Behavior and Personal Self-Concept: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ziegler Edward W. , Scott Barbara N. , Taylor Ronald L.
Published: August 2011

In this preliminary study, 10 of 20 gifted fifth-grade students experiencing stress were randomly assigned to either a control group or structured guidance intervention. Significant differences on measures of self-concept were noted between the treated and the control group. The treated group also significantly improved on self-reported measures of self-concept and perceived school behavior. Teachers reported less acting out and improved compliance.
Emergence of Symmetry in a Visual Conditional Discrimination by Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)
Authors: Tomonaga Masaki , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Fujita Kazuo , Yamamoto Jun'Hchi
Published: August 2011

In Exp. 1, three young chimpanzees were trained to match red to a cross and green to a circle in an arbitrary matching-to-sample task. After acquisition of this task, they were tested for the emergence of associative symmetry of these conditional relations using the trials on which shapes were presented as samples and colors as comparisons. One of the three chimpanzees showed statistically significant accuracy on these test trials. This successful subject served in Exp. 2, in which an auditory-visual stimulus appeared contingent upon red and a cross while another auditory-visual stimulus was contingent upon green and a circle. This subject showed higher accuracies in symmetry tests than in Exp. 1, which suggested the facilitative effects of these events common to sample and correct comparison on the development of symmetry. In Exp. 3, subsequent tests in which only these stimuli were presented as samples indicated that these stimuli might have become the members of equivalence classes.
Note on Adolescents' Time-Use and Scientific Literacy
Authors: Reynolds Arthur J.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relative influence of self-reported, out-of-school experiences on 13-yr.-olds' scientific literacy, including the often studied variables of homework time and television time. Results, based on a national probability sample of 3,116 students, indicated that time spent doing homework, reading, and viewing television programs with an educational focus had significant and positive independent influences on scientific literacy net of home environment and students' background factors. Viewing television programs that emphasized entertainment negatively contributed to scientific literacy. The number of hours of television viewed was unrelated to literacy. Factors associated with the transition to adolescence, dating, and peer relations, were negatively related to scientific literacy. Findings were discussed in regard to improving students' performances in science.
Internal Consistency of the Brief Symptom Inventory for Counseling-Center Clients
Authors: Broday Steven F. , Mason James L.
Published: August 2011

Coefficients α for 231 women and 112 men at a counseling center ranged across subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory from .70 to .88. Values are comparable to those in the manual. Symptom patterns are similar to those of the psychiatric patients described in the manual.
Drug Use and its Relation to High School Students' Activities
Authors: Lewandowski Lisa M. , Westman Alida S.
Published: August 2011

In a high school in a suburb of Detroit, students' attitudes toward, use of, and money spent on drugs, as well as possible alternative activities, were investigated. The sample included 42 enrolled in alternative education designed for students at risk for drug abuse, pregnancy, etc., who might attend college if guided carefully, and 65 regular students who were a mix of college and noncollege bound. The two groups did not differ in actual drug use, most likely because those who recommended students to the alternative education program used low grade point average and not drug use as criterion. Very few “hard” drugs were used. Most frequently used were readily available drugs such as alcohol. Use of a drug, spending money on it, or believing that it is all right for adolescents to use the drug did not automatically indicate frequent use of the drug. Contrary to adults' expectations, “hangin‘ out” with peers decreased use of “soft” drugs. Family activities for some involved the use of hard drugs together or the condoning of use. To create effective drug-prevention programs, the effects of different activities need to be explored further, and admission criteria need to be well delineated.
Perceived Probability of Going to Jail and Predictors of Attitudes toward Prisoners' Rights
Authors: Silver N. Clayton , Witt L. Alan
Published: August 2011

In examining correlates of prisoners' rights, 109 undergraduates indicated the likelihood that they would never go to prison, completed the Just World Scale, a measure of conservatism, and a measure of attitudes toward prisoners' rights. Perceived likelihood of going to jail moderated the relationship between conservatism and attitudes toward prisoners' rights. That is, conservative students who expected never to go to prison showed little support for prisoners' rights, while those who indicated a higher probability of going to prison showed support for prisoners' rights.
Therapists' Causal Attributions of Clients' Problems and Selection of Intervention Strategies
Authors: Royce W. Stephen , Muehlke Cordula V.
Published: August 2011

Therapists' choices of intervention strategies are influenced by many factors, including judgments about the bases of clients' problems. To assess the relationships between such causal attributions and the selection of intervention strategies, 196 counselors, psychologists, and social workers responded to the written transcript of a client's interview by answering two questionnaires, a 1982 scale (Causal Dimension Scale by Russell) which measured causal attribution of the client's problem, and another which measured preference for emotional, rational, and active intervention strategies in dealing with the client, based on the 1979 E-R-A taxonomy of Frey and Raming. A significant relationship was found between the two sets of variables, with internal attributions linked to rational intervention strategies and stable attributions linked to active strategies. The results support Halleck's 1978 hypothesis that theories of psychotherapy tie interventions to etiological considerations.
Attitude, Anxiety, and Social Readjustment toward Learning Disabilities by Student Teachers
Authors: Krause Kevin , Nixon Jeannette , Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

84 student teachers from undergraduate classes at a western university in Kansas completed a 9-question checklist of learning disabilities before interacting with a behavioral disordered/learning disabilities teacher, a paraprofessional, and a high school learning-disabled student. After the dialog, the student teachers completed a Social Readjustment Rating Scale, Breskin Rigidity Test, the Self-evaluation Questionnaire: State and Trait Anxiety, and the same 9-question checklist with one additional question (“Now that you have seen a learning-disabled student has it affected your opinion of learning disabilities?”). The dialog affected 63% of the students' opinions while 31% stated the presentation did not affect their opinion (6% were missing or not completed). Persons who experienced more life-changes and problems tended to rate or view learning disabilities more negatively. The more trait anxiety experienced by the students, the lower they rated learning disabilities after the presentation.
A Psychometric Comparison of Two Organizational Commitment Scales
Authors: Shaub Michael K.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the equivalence of two alternative organizational commitment measures found in the social sciences literature, particularly in business disciplines. The results indicate that the 1974 organizational commitment measure developed by Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian demonstrates better internal and external consistency than the 1984 four-item Hunt, Chonko, and Wilcox scale. Both measures were given to a group of 207 professional auditors employed at all levels in the hierarchy of a large public accounting firm. The auditors averaged 27 yr. of age, with 4.4 yr. of public accounting experience. 61.7% were men, 56.8% were married, and 50.2% had been professionally certified. The factor analysis indicates that the Hunt measure represents one of the three defined aspects of the Porter measure of organizational commitment, an individual's desire to maintain membership in the organization. Based on the results, researchers should be aware that the two scales measure somewhat different constructs and should consider the appropriateness of substituting one measure for the other.
Aids—Intervention Works; “Education” is Questionable
Authors: Cameron Paul , Playfair William L.
Published: August 2011

A decrease in or leveling off of new cases of transfusion-related AIDS coupled with continued increases in homosexual and IV drug cases suggests that intervention by barring contaminated blood has worked and “education” has worked less well, if at all. Current evidence suggests that the blood-bar resulted in change in new AIDS cases among children within 3 years and among adults within 3½ years.
On the Proper Interpretation of Residualized Interaction Means in Analysis of Variance: A Reply to Rosnow and Rosenthal
Authors: Becker Lee A. , Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: August 2011

According to Rosnow and Rosenthal the correct interpretation of an interaction in an analysis of variance necessarily involves examining the residual means after removing the lower order effects from the original cell means. They make two errors in their analysis of the residual means. First, they incorrectly interpret the negative residual means as literal negative values. The signs of the residual means actually indicate relative differences between the residual means. Second, since the residual interaction means of a 2 × 2 interaction always form a symmetric, crossed interaction pattern, their interpretation incorrectly suggests that all 2 × 2 interactions are symmetrically crossed. That is not the case. The crossed interaction for the residual means indicates that the change within one level of a factor is relatively less than the change within the other level of that factor. Therefore, the form of the underlying interaction cannot be inferred from the residual interaction means alone. Contrary to Rosnow and Rosenthal's suggestion, the residual interaction means have limited usefulness in interpreting interactions.
Negative Schemas and Depression in Normal College Student Volunteers
Authors: Drennen William T.
Published: August 2011

The present research explored the intrinsic relationship of self-reported depressive symptoms and cognitive distortions as proposed by Beck and others. A devised scale of cognitive distortions was correlated with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory for 67 college volunteers. A significant value of 0.59 was found, supporting our hypothesis. There were no sex differences on either scale.
External Locus of Control in Children of Alcoholics
Authors: McNeill Valjean N. , Gilbert Brenda O.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of type of home of origin [alcoholic parent(s) versus nonalcoholic parent(s)] to locus of control was assessed. Perceived level of parental alcohol abuse (MAST score) did not predict 121 students' locus of control. However, external orientation was significantly and positively correlated with having a parent who drank heavily and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and significantly and negatively correlated with the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory and the Possible Self Questionnaire.
Elimination of Sat-Verbal Sex Differences Was Due to Policy-Guided Changes in Item Content
Authors: Alington Diane E. , Leaf Russell C.
Published: August 2011

The content of the SAT-Verbal varies over time due to policy-driven manipulations. For this reason, using SAT-Verbal scores to study historical patterns in cognitive sex differences is not recommended. For such a purpose one is better served by the chronometric tests developed within the framework of cognitive psychology
Health Psychology and Clinical Psychology: A Comparison through Content Analysis
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Extension of a previous analysis of articles published in two journals representative of health psychology and two in health education showed some similarities and differences. The present analysis of 100 papers from two journals in health psychology and 495 from two in clinical psychology clearly shows health as a subspecialty of clinical psychology.
Addendum to the Duncan, et al. Study
Authors: Peterson-Cooney Lorrie
Published: August 2011

Two studies of self-actualization using the Personal Orientation Inventory pre- and posttest yield different results because the designs, goals, and methods of analysis were very different as detailed comparison shows. Of particular interest is the lack of analysis of pseudoactualization scores in the 1990 work by Duncan, Konefal, and Spechler.
Comparison of Three Antismoking Interventions among Pregnant Women in An Urban Setting: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Price James H. , Desmond Sharon M. , Roberts Stephen M. , Krol Ronald A. , Losh David P. , Snyder Frank F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined smoking cessation and cigarette reduction of indigent inner city pregnant women ( n = 193) who completed one of three interventions: a special videoprogram based on their perceptions of the effects of smoking during pregnancy, the American Lung Association's “Freedom From Smoking For You and Your Baby” program, or the usual physician's advice. Six percent of the women quit smoking, and 43% reduced the number of cigarettes they smoked. There were no significant differences among the three groups for either the number who quit smoking or who reduced the number of cigarettes smoked.
Career Development Correlates of Expressed and Inventoried Interest Agreement
Authors: Apostal Robert A.
Published: August 2011

A new scale of expressed and inventoried interest agreement was developed from the item responses of 164 college students to the 1985 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory of Hansen and Campbell. Scores on this scale were then correlated with eight Strong-Campbell career development scales using Pearson product-moment correlations. These scales were Academic Comfort, Introversion-Extraversion, Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. All correlations were statistically significant; expressed and inventoried interest agreement was positively relateto introversion and negatively related to the other scales
Retrieving Papers Presented at National and Regional Psychology Conferences
Authors: Baxter Pam M. , Sample Rick A.
Published: August 2011

Issues related to obtaining copies of papers presented at national and regional psychology conferences, including problems of bibliographic control and retrieval, are discussed. Several sources for locating both published and unpublished versions of papers are suggested.
Correlates of Sexual Interest among Elderly Men
Authors: Thomas L. Eugene
Published: August 2011

Interview data were collected from 46 English elderly men (age 70 to 94 years) relating to attitudes, psychological traits, and life satisfaction. Sexual interest was not related to life satisfaction or marital status but was significantly correlated with measures of emotional expressivity, personal identity, as well as regrets about the past. Findings are discussed in terms of Erikson's later stages of ego development.
Performance during the First Year of College: Differences Associated with Learning Style
Authors: Geiger Marshall A.
Published: August 2011

Among 149 second-year students the 59 who scored as assimilators on Kolb's Learning Style Inventory reported higher course grades (GPA) in their first year of college.
Sex and Gender Differences in Tactics of Influence
Authors: Dubrin Andrew J.
Published: August 2011

Sex and gender differences for 16 tactics of influence were investigated among 292 men and 231 women in higher-level positions. Sex differences indicated that men are more likely to manipulate situations and people, joke or kid, promise rewards, threaten punishments, and use logic or reason. Gender differences indicated that men are perceived as more likely to manipulate situations, be assertive, joke or kid, and threaten punishments, while women are more likely to use charm, appearance, ingratiation, and compliments. The total sample perceived that one-half of the influence tactics were used with equal frequency by both sexes. The sex differences found were so small as not to be of practical significance, but the gender differences (perceptions) are more meaningful.
A New Test of Misconceptions about Psychology
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E.
Published: August 2011

Some of the problems surrounding the use of true-false tests of psychological misconceptions are discussed. The development of a new 62-item, multiple-choice test of misconceptions designed to reduce these problems is outlined. The test was given to 79 students in introductory psychology. Reliability, validity, and normative data are provided. A comparison of the interest level of each item's topic allows psychology professors a reasonable criterion for deciding which misconceptions to discuss in class.
Suicidal Behavior and Becker's Definition of Irrationality
Authors: Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: August 2011

A dichotomy of suicidal individuals previously proposed (impulsive versus chronically disturbed) is shown to parallel a dichotomy of irrational behavior described in 1962 by Gary Becker.
Is Supernaturalism a Part of Authoritarianism?
Authors: Randall Tom M.
Published: August 2011

In their original report, The Authoritarian Personality, Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson, and Sanford asserted that the authoritarian character accepts supernatural phenomena as valid. This assumption, however, has received little empirical evaluation. In the present study, 940 subjects of various ages responded to a questionnaire composed of the F-Scale mixed with items of a 1980 Supernaruralism Scale by Randall and Desrosiers. There was no correlation of authoritarianism scores with those of supernatural acceptance. However, compared to a smaller sample tested in 1977, there were significantly higher F-Scale scores for the more recent cohort. Increased authoritarianism may reflect a general societal conservative shift of the 1980s.
Do Personalization and Postage Make a Difference on Response Rates to Surveys of Professional Populations?
Authors: Moss Vanessa D. , Worthen Blaine R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of two techniques for increasing response rates to mailed questionnaires, namely, type of covering letter salutation (handwritten vs typed) and return postage (metered vs nonmetered). Surveys were sent to 300 randomly selected members of the National Council for Measurement in Education. A 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance showed typed salutations were more effective than handwritten salutations in eliciting responses from this professional population. No differences in response rates were found between metered and nonmetered return envelopes.
Curiosity as Portrayed in Young Children's Literature
Authors: Holmes Dee Ann , Holmes Cooper B.
Published: August 2011

210 young children's picture-story books were read to examine how curiosity was portrayed. 116 instances of obvious curiosity were obtained. Each instance of curiosity was assessed in terms of how it was portrayed: neutral (being curious was simply descriptive), positive (being curious was clearly desirable), or negative (being curious was clearly undesirable). Analysis showed 76.7% of the instances portrayed curiosity as neutral, 9.5% were positive, and 13.8% were negative. When the books were divided into older (1969 or older publication) and more recent (1970 and later), there was a clear shift toward recent books portraying curiosity in a negative light.