bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relations between Missiology and Anthropology Then and Now—Insights from the Contribution to Ethnography and Anthropology by Nineteenth-Century Missionaries in the South Pacific
Authors: Hitchen John M.
Published: July 2017

Mythologies clouding the historic contribution of missionaries to anthropology do not help current relationships between missiology and anthropology. Tracing actual relationships between South Pacific missionaries and nascent anthropology from the 1830s to 1910 shows significant missionary involvement in developing ethnographic tools and data gathering as an inherent part of nineteenth-century approaches to mission. A range of missionary attitudes and contributions are categorized. This raises questions about present-day missiologists' relationships with mainstream anthropology. While suggesting that nineteenth-century models may helpfully inform present-day relationships between the disciplines, a wealth of historical data on missionaries and anthropology is uncovered to dispel the popular mythologies.
The Missional Church: Ecclesiological Discussion in the Gospel and Our Culture Network in North America
Authors: Goheen Michael W.
Published: July 2017

The Gospel and Our Culture Network is a fast growing and significant movement in North America that is devoted to the task of fostering a missionary encounter with North American culture. This movement is devoted to theological, cultural, and ecclesiological reflection to accomplish this goal. This paper analyzes Missional Church, a book that reflects the missionary ecclesiology of the movement. After placing the GOCN and the ecclesiology of Missional Church in historical context and describing its centering metaphor of “alternative community,” an appreciative critique is offered.
Missionary Imagination: Anthropological Strategies for Reflection on the Experience of Difference
Authors: Chmielewski Philip J.
Published: July 2017

Imagination is a key activity as missionaries work at a border in the face of cultural differences. The achievements of recent anthropologists can shed light on the effective use of imagination. Clifford Geertz examines the styles of four anthropologists as they reflect on their cultural engagements. Kenneth Burke provides a succinct analysis of the respective anthropological strategies. The four approaches together provide a self-corrective array of practices so that missionaries can reflect on their experience, train themselves in the activity of symbolic imagination, and as they announce the Word, develop patterns for joining with their addressees through community and collaboration.
The University Bible Fellowship: A Forty-Year Retrospective Evaluation
Authors: Chung Jun Ki
Published: July 2017

A student Christian movement called the University Bible Fellowship (UBF) is now spreading around the world. Using a tentmaking approach to lay ministry with strong emphasis upon Bible study and disciplined living, UBF has become a dynamic Christian movement in our time. Yet the ideals and achievements of UBF remain obscure and even controversial. In this article, I discuss the history, structure, and activities of UBF, including the role played by its founder, Dr. Samuel Lee, who died on January 8, 2002.
Collaboration and the World Christian Database
Authors: Johnson Todd M.
Published: July 2017

The World Christian Database is an online electronic product of the Center for the Study of Global Christianity (CSGC) at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Massachusetts. Interdisciplinary in nature, the Center integrates religion, history, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, missiology, demography, and other disciplines in the study of global Christianity. The Center has developed an international network of scholars and informants dedicated to studying global Christianity and plans a series of publications on global Christianity via books, journals, and encyclopedias. A further aim is to apply the research of the Center in assisting churches in their strategic planning. Expounding the research cycle of the Center provides a view into the sources, methodology, and design of the World Christian Database.
U.S. Catholic Women and Mission: Integral or Auxiliary?
Authors: Dries Angelyn
Published: July 2017

Since at least the 1990 encyclical Redemptoris Missio, Roman Catholic teaching has endorsed a multi-faceted mission platform, thus giving official recognition to the work of Catholic women missionaries, who were formerly referred to as “auxiliaries.” A look at women's experiences in two recent mission gatherings and examples from mission economics, companioning, and martyrdom illustrate both the contribution Catholic women made to a holistic approach to mission and the lingering nineteenth century themes of domesticity and “woman's work for women” as reshaped by U.S. Catholic women missionaries today.
Male and Female: Created to Be Partners in Mission
Authors: Lewis Bonnie Sue
Published: July 2017

A growing body of literature focuses on the many contributions of women to the theory and practice of mission. This corrective is long overdue. What perhaps is overlooked in this process is the reminder that within the ‘missio Dei’ is God's intent that mission be carried out in true partnership: male and female together. We can be grateful that that vision was embraced by several early Presbyterian missionaries in Alaska, and it provided a seedbed for today's collegial relations between women and men who together are serving as mission practitioners and professors at most of our Presbyterian and other mainline seminaries.
Contested Light: Integrity and Power in Eastern Sabah Kadazan Villages
Authors: Koepping Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

Describing Borneo villagers who follow clearly discerned local and Christian paths in opting for multiple religious belonging embedded in their identity as Kadazan Anglicans and in exploring their and others' views, I argue from a sociologically and historically aware approach, noting the power as well as loving kindness in the creation and expansion of Gospel, Faith and Church. This may enable us to approach the subject of multiple belonging and identity with a certain caution.

The need for sociological awareness amid the current hopes for and critiques of inculturation are familiar; that for historical awareness of the “return of the same” perhaps less so. While “talking out of time” has its dangers, these are no more than “talking out of place,” and this paper, therefore, also touches on the early church discourses in both Italy and Britain.
The Role of Cultural Anthropology in Christian Missions
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: July 2017

After making a survey of some of the different attitudes toward culture and the mission of the church which have stimulated the study of culture and anthropology, Nida suggests that none of them are adequate. He considers the prime service which the study of culture has to offer to be that of a valuable basis for relevant communication, whether it be in the choice of words, in the cultural relevance of the message, or the issues to which the gospel is addressed. He feels that communication based upon a perceptive understanding of a culture can stimulate some members of the culture to make vital decisions for Christ in a responsible way.
Religion: Communication with the Supernatural
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: July 2017

The many and extremely varied forms of practice and belief which are classified as “religion” have long defied the attempts of anthropologists to find a common core or common denominator which would provide a basis for an all-inclusive definition of religious phenomena. In this article Nida discusses many of the varied forms of religious practice as communication with the supernatural, as the sending or receiving of a “message” to or from the non-earthly or non-human sphere. He feels that such communication is basic to non-personalized religious practice like magic, and that it is implicit in a concept of non-personalized religious power (mana) as well as in more obviously communicative religious forms like prayer. The significance of the theory is discussed in relation to Christianity as well as to other religious forms.
Anthropological Study and Missionary Scholarship
Authors: Smalley William A.
Published: July 2017

The growing interest in the study of anthropology among missionary scholars and prospective missionaries in the United States prompted the Missionary Research Library to ask for a bibliography of anthropology for missionaries together with an interpretive introduction. The article which follows reproduces that introduction, with minor changes. Many of the readers of Practical Anthropology have had little or no formal training in this field, and perhaps this article will help to place the contents of this journal in greater focus.
Christian Responsibility toward Social Change
Authors: Reyburn William D.
Published: July 2017

In this article Dr. Reyburn reports on a conference on rapid social change, and gives a summary of a paper by Professor E. de Vries at that conference. He follows with a review of the first section of the conference report. These aspects of the conference which he discusses are more closely related to the purposes of Practical Anthropology than are some of the others. However, each reader would be well advised to obtain the report and examine carefully the sections dealing with Christian responsibility in political action and economic development.
Overseas Americans in Southeast Asia: Fact in Fiction
Authors: Hart Donn V.
Published: July 2017

Americans abroad are becoming a national concern of great importance because of the enormous numbers of people and amounts of money involved in American aid programs. Reports of waste and ineffectiveness multiply. Not only newspaper accounts, government reports, and the statements of social scientists have been contributing to the protest, but there has also been a rash of novels, often effectively (though not always accurately) portraying the situation. Many of these novels have included missionaries within their portrayal, and all which are well done are most pertinent to missionaries who are a part of the overseas community. In this article Prof. Hart analyzes the novels for the assumptions they show and for the patterns that show up in the different characterizations. In effect, it is a study of what the novelists think Americans abroad are like, and what they should be like.
The First Evangelical Indian Congress
Authors: Winter Ralph D.
Published: July 2017

The “First Evangelical Indian Congress” took place the last weekend of October 1961 in a Tarascan village on the shores of Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico. Here were gathered persons from some thirteen Indian groups of Mexico and one from Guatemala, upon invitation of the Tarascan evangelical congregations, for two days of fellowship and discussion of common problems. The present article is condensed from a report by Ralph D. Winter, who participated as an observer and who writes his impressions of some of the values of this type of inter-Indian Christian participation and their bearing upon the problems of relating the Indian work to the national churches which represent the dominant culture. This is followed by an article by Dow F. Robinson, which presents an interpretation of some of the conclusions that were reached by one of the groups, in terms of their cultural setting.
The Indian Church in a Sponsor-Oriented Society
Authors: Robinson Dow F.
Published: July 2017

Can or should a church be “indigenous” in terms of the local ethnic group when that group constitutes a minority and is looked upon — even by its members — as occupying an inferior position with respect to the dominant society? This was the problem faced by a group of Aztec Indians as they went to the “First Evangelical Indian Congress” in Mexico in October 1961 (see the preceding article). The writer, who attended the conference as an observer and who has worked for a number of years with this Aztec group, sets forth an interpretation of the solution to this problem which their leaders reached after discussions with Indians from both independent and denominationally related churches at the conference.
Africanization and African Studies
Authors: Reyburn William D.
Published: July 2017

In connection with the founding of a Protestant seminary for French-speaking Africa,1 and particularly in connection with the formation of an African Studies Department in that seminary, Dr. Reyburn presents this analysis of the nature of the Africanization which has already taken place — the unconscious and subtle reorientation of the Christian message as received from the West into African points of view. Dr. Reyburn will be teaching part-time in this new African Studies Department, in addition to his work as a translations consultant of the American Bible Society.
An Example of Group Conversion
Authors: Vicedom G. F.
Published: July 2017

Group conversion and effective communication are two contemporary subjects of missionary discussion. Both are highlighted in the following incident, a recounting of the ceremony of group conversion among New Guinea peoples at the beginning of the century. The effectiveness of the ceremony should give us all pause. As the account begins here, it follows a brief description of the early days of the missionaries, their sacrifice, their illness, and death.
Modern Asians and Western Churches
Authors: Berndt Manfred , Smalley William A.
Published: July 2017

As a missionary in his first year, eager to apply the “indigenous principle,” I have been hearing but one thing lately: “The trend is to become Western.” It is my impression that this is far too much a rationalization on the part of missionaries. Of course, I realize that “if the natives want to ‘go Western,’ the indigenous thing to do is to let them make that choice.” But long before they make such a choice, it seems that the missionaries mold that choice in their minds.

People advise me to take a look around in this area of Hong Kong to see the Western, modern buildings, etc., and label other efforts “reactionary” and “antiquarian.” Yet I cannot help but believe that “the Western trend” in an area like Hong Kong, is only a short-lived fad which will never make a dent in Chinese ways. Is it not likewise true, in the history of Africa for example, that a trend to go “enthusiastically Western” is followed by a stronger trend to assert and exalt that which is native?

Now I am coming to my point: Is it not the role of the missionary at times to encourage natives to develop their own ways further and to discourage Western mimicry? For example, even if Africans or Chinese liked Western music, is it not the wiser thing to encourage them to compose their praises of God in their own idiom of music? (And, without becoming autocratic at all, to discourage Bach and Wesley?) Even in Hong Kong, our churches smell so Western that if I were a mainlander they would hardly appeal to me; in either case, the perfume of “non-Chinese” is all over it.— Manfred Berndt.
The Documentation of Mission in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Irvine Cecilia
Published: July 2017

We may be drowning in paper. And recycling the flood may save a lot of trees. But first let's selectively cull out for preservation the documents on which future analyses can be based. So pleads the author in this paper she presented to the Association of the Professors of Mission at Dubuque, Iowa, last June. Our neglect of both yesterday's and today's documentation arises in large part from practical/financial factors. But in the end, solutions depend on how much we care — not only about our own history, but also the research which emerging scholars of the younger churches are already undertaking.
Unity in Diversity: Ethnotheological Sensitivity in Cross-Cultural Evangelism
Authors: Luzbetak Louis J.
Published: July 2017

Originally presented as an introduction for a visiting lectureship at Fuller Theological Seminary, this article illustrates why the author's writings are so valued by missiologists — well beyond his own tradition. And Professor Luzbetak has done for his Roman Catholic colleagues what Eugene Nida has accomplished in Protestant circles: sensitized a growing number of missionaries to the cultural dimensions of their mandated task. One key to this broad influence is found in the following article: his perceptive anthropological insights do not weaken his theological commitment, but rather inform and enhance it.
Roles: Relating to an Alien Social Structure
Authors: Loewen Jacob A.
Published: July 2017

Jake Loewen, well known to Missiology readers who formerly subscribed to Practical Anthropology, writes once again about missionary roles,1 this time focusing on role relationships inside and outside the receptor culture. The attainment of “identification” (a recurrent missiological theme of the ‘50's) leading to an insider's role, may yield some short term advantages but is often fraught with significant long term hazards. Outsider roles are generally safer and probably more honest. “Full acceptance of the alien is not dependent on being inside, but on transparent honesty and reciprocity.”
Women as Border-Crossing Agents: Transforming the Center from the Margins
Authors: Dharmaraj Glory E.
Published: July 2017

While women have been marginalized in societies, by being in mission women have endeavored to remove the marginality of those they serve. Being at once objects and subjects of mission is a peculiar predicament of women in mission. This article examines how women engaged in mission negotiate with the center, namely, patriarchy. They submit to it, circumvent it, challenge it, and transform it. This article seeks to survey women's margin-center relations from the early Roman period to the present, and to explore briefly how the Women's Division of the United Methodist Church has been instrumental in leading the total denomination in the area of racial justice: an instance of margin transforming the center.
In the Shadow of Cathedrals: A Case Study of Marginality Created by “Cathedral Culture” in Basel, Switzerland
Authors: Minton Thomas D.
Published: July 2017

The church creates and reinforces marginality when it institutionalizes its preferred cultural boundaries from which it then derives its identity. The church must rediscover its own marginality and identity in the person and work of Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus serves as model of and model for mission. Identity with Jesus propels the church into mission through intentional kenosis and planned liminality by presence and service at the margins. By sharing in the world of the marginal, by forming personal relationships in small groups, and by becoming bi-cultural, missionaries provide means of overcoming the boundaries that create and sustain marginality and build bridges into welcoming, caring churches.
The Integration of Development and Evangelism
Authors: Gustafson James W.
Published: July 2017

Although the rhetoric relating to the importance of both evangelism and development in the world mission of the church has been rich over the past few decades, little has been actually done by the evangelical world community to implement the implications of this discussion. Obstacles that have prevented the integration of evangelism and development have been numerous: A narrow understanding of evangelism; a secular definition of development; a crisis of faith (focus on law versus grace); and a cultural insensitivity, to mention a few.

There are some efforts being made, however, to integrate both evangelism and development in the work of the church. A case in point is the work of the Issaan Development Foundation, the Institute for Sustainable Development and the Thailand Covenant Church in Thailand over the past few decades. Some basic principles held by this integrated ministry are the authority of the Word of God, a focus on integrating all of life by the grace of God, a flexible organizational system, contextualization of all areas of ministry, power encounter between the values of the gospel and those of society, a focus on the local church, and a process/broker approach to ministry.
Christian Witness Indices: Some Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Brandt Donald P.
Published: July 2017

We usually see the poor through lenses of physical poverty. Unfortunately, we have few measures to gauge the “lost” or spiritually poor. Spiritual indices developed by World Vision are described and then examined using four statistical tests. Results show that the indices are generally reliable. The measures, however, should be used in tandem as spiritual poverty is a very difficult subject to evaluate objectively.
Maryknoll Sisters in Latin America 1943–1993
Authors: Kita Bernice
Published: July 2017

Since 1912 the Maryknoll Sisters have striven to bring the message and love of Jesus to the marginalized, working for over 50 years in Latin America. Arriving in the 1940s and 1950s, they focused on service and instruction. Gradually, awareness of the complex webs trapping the poor brought them to question their own role. Inspired by Vatican II and the Latin American bishops' option for the poor, they sought new ways to respond, moving from the shelter of convent life to a precarious existence among the poor. There the sisters found themselves evangelized by the poor they had come to serve.
Worldview Methodology in Mission Theology: A Comparison between Kraft's and Hiebert's Approaches
Authors: Nishioka Yoshiyuki Billy
Published: July 2017

This article describes and compares theories of worldview developed by two missiological anthropologists, Charles H. Kraft and Paul G. Hiebert, in order to discover and appreciate deeper levels of culture for contextualization, while maintaining biblical truth for transformation. It suggests that these two approaches may be complementary at the practical and application level, but the theoretical synthesis may not be attainable without critical assessment of the paradigmatic discrepancy between the two.
Foundational Roles of Symbol and Narrative in the (Re)construction of Reality and Relationships
Authors: Steffen Tom A.
Published: July 2017

What provides the foundation for deep-level presuppositions? Scholars have offered multiple possibilities: worldview universals, interests influenced by economics, social relationships, symbols, and narrative. This article attempts to answer this question by exploring the interrelationship between ideas, interests, economics, social relationships, narrative, and symbol. I argue that symbol-based narrative serves as the lifelong, foundational conceptualization agent that allows for the (re)construction of reality and relationships. Shared symbols and stories socialize the personality within the broader communal context; they construct and reconstruct social values and social relations.
Philosophy, Science, and Theology of Mission in the 19th and 20th Centuries: A Missiological Encyclopedia
Authors: Jongeneel Jan A. B. , Jongeneel Jan A. B.
Published: July 2017

A distinction must be made between “missionary encyclopedias” (connected with mission as subject matter) and “missiological encyclopedias” (connected with mission studies as a discipline). The encyclopedia under consideration belongs to the latter category. It deals with the names, concepts, methods, and branches of missiology. Each of its three branches—the philosophy, the science, and the theology of mission—is subdivided in sections. This encyclopedia explains missiology as a discipline and all its branches and sections systematically and, at the same time, historically. All (general) historical developments in mission studies since Schleiermacher are taken into account.
The Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography
Authors: Lewis Donald M.
Published: July 2017

The original idea for this work was suggested in the early 1960s by Andrew Walls, and a considerable amount of effort was put into the production of a Biographical Dictionary of the Earlier Evangelical Movement. This work, however, foundered in the mid-1970s. In 1985 it was suggested to Donald Lewis that he attempt to revive the project. This was done in consultation with Walls following a reconceptualization of the project and the overcoming of various logistical (and financial) barriers.

The resulting publication provides coverage of both major and minor figures associated in some way with the evangelical movement throughout the English-speaking world (broadly conceived to include areas of British missionary activity). Some 3,500 entries were written by over 360 different historians.
A Kaleidoscope of Pentecostalism: The Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements
Authors: McGee Gary B.
Published: July 2017

Planning for the project began in 1984 to provide an introduction to the complex and fascinating mosaic of groups, individuals, and theological perspectives that together constitute the Pentecostal and charismatic movements of the twentieth century. This article describes the friendships and circumstances that brought the book to publication in 1988, as well as the process of selecting topics and choosing contributors. It then assesses limitations and strengths. Finally, the Dictionary reflects the emergence of a self-confidant and academically sophisticated Pentecostal scholarship.
Biographical-Bibliographical On-Line Database of the Moravian Mission in Labrador
Authors: Rollmann Hans
Published: July 2017

The pervasive cultural presence of Moravian missions among the Inuit of Labrador can be reconstructed and interpreted on the basis of a variety of archival corpora, which are now all housed in the Centre for Newfoundland Studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, in Canada. One of the most urgent desiderata for missiological and historical scholarship is a reliable knowledge base of the mission personnel in Labrador. The present paper details efforts to establish a biographical-bibliographical on-line database of Moravian missions in Labrador, based on the archival and published records of the Moravian mission. This database will be part of a wider Moravian knowledge base and linked with a corpus of missionary autobiographies available on my Religion, Society, and Culture Homepage at Memorial University of Newfoundland and accessible via the following URL: http://www.ucs.mun.ca/∼hrollman .
Missiological Tool Making in Japan
Authors: Krummel John W.
Published: July 2017

A Biographical Dictionary of Methodist Missionaries to Japan (1996) was the result of need in the field of church history. We felt the need for a comprehensive, bilingual work. This led to many challenges. A team approach was needed with computer specialists, linguists, and church historians working together. There were many spinoffs as a result of our efforts.
The Need for a Major Ecumenical Reference Work on Christianity in South Asia
Authors: Hedlund Roger E.
Published: July 2017

South Asia is not well-represented in the world of missiological scholarship. A one-volume ecumenical dictionary is proposed with scholarly contributions on Christianity in each of the South Asian countries by Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Pentecostal, and indigenous independent writers and editors with expertise in a wide range of disciplines.
LLDPE Composites Filled with Corona Discharge Treated Ground Rubber Tire Crumb
Authors: Pramanik P. K. , Bakers W. E.
Published: July 2017

The effects of corona discharge treatment (CDT) of ground rubber tire crumb (GRT) on the impact property of the thermoplastic composites containing GRT have been investigated. The composites were prepared by melt blending 40% GRT (average mesh size 40) into a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrix. Ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate polymer (IBE) was used as a compatibilizer. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that the corona discharge treatment of GRT increases the oxygen containing groups on the ground rubber surface. The CDT conditions such as the exposure time and power input for CDT have a moderate influence on the increase in oxygen concentration on the ground rubber surface. In some composites it has been found that treated-GRT marginally improved the impact property of the composites. However, prolonged times of treatment and higher power inputs for corona discharge of GRT reduce the impact strength of the composites. The improvement in impact energy in the former case is believed to be because of better interaction between the epoxy groups of the compatibilizer and the oxygen containing groups on the ground rubber surface. While in other cases the decrease in impact property may be the result of hardening of the GRT surface and/or differing levels of aging and rubber composition in worn tires before grinding.
Stress Relaxation of Polyester Fiber-Polyurethane Elastomer Composite with Different Interfacial Bonding Agents
Authors: Suhara F. , Kutty S. K. N. , Nando G. B.
Published: July 2017

The stress relaxation behavior of polyurethane elastomer and short polyester fiber filled elastomer composites with and without bonding agents at different strain levels and strain rates was studied. It was found that these compounds exhibit a multistage relaxation mechanism and that the rate of relaxation and cross-over time depend on the strain level and strain rate. The incorporation of fibers reduced the stage-I relaxation rate and increased the cross-over time of the gum vulcanisate. A higher rate of relaxation (first stage) was shown by the composites with longitudinal fiber orientation and composites with bonding agents.
Pavement Joint Sealant Specifications—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Lynch Larry N. , Janssen Donald J.
Published: July 2017

Portland cement concrete (PCC) began to be used as a surface or wearing course for pavements in the United States in the early 1900s. The joint sealant or filler materials used during this early construction period were typically sand, tar paper, coal-tar pitch, asphaltic compounds, or wooden blocks. Material specifications for these early joint filler materials were nonexistent. The main emphasis of pavement construction during this period was to "get the country out of the mud" [1], not to provide a long lasting flexible joint sealant material to protect the pavement structure. In the early 1940s, pavement engineers began to concentrate on the construction of the joints in rigid pavements and the materials used to seal those joints. It was during this time period that elastomeric materials (generally an asphalt-based material modified with crumb rubber) began to be developed for use in pavement joints and the first material specifications were developed to provide a means of quality control. As user requirements changed (i.e., materials resistant to fuel spill-age, etc.), new materials (typically polymer modified and/or extended coal-tar materials) were introduced and new material specifications were developed. New formulations have continued to be introduced with individual material specifications eventually being developed for each sealant. Typical base materials used today for pavement joint sealing include asphalt-rubber, modified coal-tar, polysulfide, polyurethane, silicone, and polychloroprene. Improvements have been made to the sealant formulations but the current material specifications have hindered innovation because they are typically material specific and generally do not directly correlate to sealant field performance. A review of the history of joint sealant material specifications, current specifications, and potential techniques that may be included in material specifications of the future to provide a more direct correlation between laboratory evaluation and field performance is presented.
China's Strategic Oil and Gas Future to the 21st Century
Authors: Clarke Duncan
Published: July 2017

A strategic appreciation of China's oil and gas position and future to 2010, covering key issues and needs, is needed to enable China to boost crude supply and moving from upstream inefficiencies to a competitive focus.
Petroleum Laws and Model Contracting Terms – Production Sharing in China
Authors: Kinney Brent D.
Published: July 2017

Jurisdiction for China's petroleum administration has been separated with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) vested with exclusive rights in the on-shore and China National Off-shore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) given exclusive jurisdiction off-shore. Both of these state companies have published model production sharing contracts which are similar in all material respects but which differ from the usual production sharing contract by incorporating taxation and royalty obligations in addition to production sharing arrangements in one document.
Oman: Current Status, Upstream and Export Developments, Investment Opportunities
Authors: Skeet Ian
Published: July 2017

Oman is an attractive and welcoming country, well-ordered and unpretentious. It has benefited from remarkable achievements of economic and social development since 1970. It now has a resource base that should be sufficient to keep it on a continuing path of further development.

However, the second 20-years of modern Oman will inevitably contain some testing challenges. These are centred in two main areas – the economic, where expenditure has already outstripped revenue and where firm controls are needed to maintain a reasonable balance; and the social, where the pressures from an increasingly literate and numerous population will demand changes to the autocratic traditional system of government.
Control Divergence, Timeliness in Loss Recognition, and the Role of Auditor Specialization: Evidence from around the World
Authors: Lim Chee Yeow , Tan Patricia M.S.
Published: July 2017

This paper seeks to investigate how control-cash flow divergence of a firm's ultimate owner may affect the timeliness of accounting recognition of economic losses (TLR) relative to recognition of economic gains, and if engaging an audit industry specialist mitigates the reduced TLR arising from control divergence. Our results show that firms with greater divergence in control and cash flow rights are less timely in loss recognition (relative to gain recognition). We also find evidence that clients audited by industry specialists are associated with greater TLR. More important, we find that the negative association between control divergence and the TLR is moderated by the auditor industry specialization. The results are robust to controls for legal institutions, political economy, extralegal institutions, firm and industry characteristics, and the potential endogeneity between auditor choice and control divergence. Given that Bushman, Piotroski, and Smith (2006) provide evidence to suggest that TLR is a desirable attribute of accounting since it leads to significant positive economic consequences, the findings of our study suggest that hiring an audit industry specialist in the presence of control divergence can lead to positive economic consequences for the firm.
Studies of adsorption of polychlorocarbons on carbon blacks by gas chromatography
Authors: Zagorevskaya E. V. , Ishchenko N. V. , Kiselev A. V. , Kovaleva N. V.
Published: July 2017

Adsorption properties of carbon black before and after modification to polyhalogenohydrocarbons, including polyorganochlorine pesticides, have been investigated. It has been shown that graphitised thermal carbon blacks and carbochroms possess high adsorption capacity relative to the above compounds and can be used as supporting adsorbents to analyse these airborne chemicals. Modification raises the selectivity of adsorbents to the compounds being investigated and lowers retention volumes and heats of adsorption, which makes it possible to carry out thermal desorption of the accumulated species at lower temperatures.
Textural properties of V2O5/TiO2 catalysts obtained from VOCl3
Authors: Martin C. , Rives V.
Published: July 2017

V2O5/TiO2 systems have been obtained by reacting TiO2 (P-25 from Degussa, ca 55% anatase, or a rutilised modification, ca 3% anatase) with gaseous VOCl3. The samples have been characterised by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectrophotometry and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. For the anatase carrier, a monolayer coverage of V2O5 is achieved, but only 0·46 monolayers are formed with the rutilised support. The specific surface areas decrease upon incorporation of V2O5, and that seems to be well dispersed without forming crystallites.
A Comparative Study of the Suitability of Sircar's and BET Isotherms to Study the Adsorption of Vapours on Non-Porous Adsorbents
Authors: Holgado M.J. , Rives V.
Published: July 2017

A comparative study is reported of the suitability of the BET and Sircar equations for the analysis of the adsorption isotherms of vapours on non-porous solids, by applying both equations to experimental data reported in the literature corresponding to the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K on a non-porous carbon-coated silica. It is concluded that Sircar's method, despite its greater mathematical complexity, does not provide better precision in determining the parameters of the equation. In addition, the monolayer capacity values are very different in both cases. The BET equation remains the more reliable for the determination of the monolayer adsorption capacity of solids.
The Influence of the Chemistry of an Organosilica Surface on the Adsorption of Proteins from Water—Salt Solutions
Authors: Denisova T.I. , Karpenko G.F. , Khalyavka T.A. , Shvetz D.I.
Published: July 2017

A two-component organosilica/protein system was investigated by adsorption methods using as an example the interaction of silicopolymethylsiloxane (SG-PMS) and its Cuπ ion-modified forms with the basic protein trypsin and the acidic protein albumin in water–salt solutions. It has been shown that the principal surface chemical features of the organosilica which influence the adsorption of protein molecules on its surface are the ratio of alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups present, the ampholitic character of the silanol groups, the pH value of the point of zero charge (pzc), the pH of the medium, the concentration of the modifying reagent (Cuπ ion) employed, the contact time and the solid/liquid phase ratio of the system.

Sorption equilibrium was achieved within 60 min for trypsin and within 180 min for albumin for the organosilicas employed. The symbiotic nature of the contact time, solid/liquid phase ratio and the quantity of Cuπ ions involved in the modification of the organosilica was demonstrated for the adsorption of both trypsin and albumin while the opposite effect was found for pH (linear adsorption for trypsin but exhibiting a maximum for albumin at a pH value near its isoelectric point of 4.7) and for the concentration of adsorbates employed, particularly for albumin where the structure of the amino acid influenced the pH value of its isoelectric point.
Investigation of the Nature of Acid Centres on a Pyrogenic γ-Aluminium Oxide Surface Using Pyridine and n-Butylamine
Authors: Sharanda L.F. , Shimansky A.P. , Ogenko V.M. , Chuiko A.A.
Published: July 2017

The process of pyridine and n-butylamine adsorption and desorption at a pyrogenic aluminium oxide surface has been studied using IR spectroscopy. It has been found that both Lewis and Brönsted acid centres are present on an Al2O3 surface annealed in vacuum at 200°C, with coordination-bonded water possessing stronger proton-donor properties than hydroxy groups. Dehydroxylation of the surface gave rise to new types of strong electron-acceptor centres. The surface hydroxy groups did not exhibit acidic properties at room temperature and formed a hydrogen bond with pyridine, whilst for desorption at elevated temperatures the IR bands observed indicated the formation of a pyridinium ion, i.e. proton transport to the adsorbed base became possible.
Influence of Heat Transfer on the Kinetic Process Involved during the Adsorption of Soluble Organic Substances on to Porous Polymeric Sorbents
Authors: Pidlisnyuk Valentina V. , Marutovsky Ruslan M. , Hradil Jiri
Published: July 2017

During adsorption from the gaseous phase on to solid sorbents, it is known that heat transfer generally induces a mass transfer process. The present investigation was concerned with the solution of some questions relating to the heat transfer phenomenon during adsorption from the aqueous phase. In so doing, the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the adsorption of benzene derivatives from aqueous solution by polymeric sorbents, i.e. Polysorb 60/100 and sample G-5, have been studied using the method of statistical moments for calculating the heat diffusion contribution to the general mass diffusion process.

This method consists of the mathematical analysis of the temperature dependence of the kinetic diffusion curves on the basis of a linear adsorption isotherm. The contribution of the kinetics of heat transfer to the first sum of the moment of the kinetic curve may be defined as:

[Formula: see text]

where Mlq is that part of the first moment which represents heat diffusion and MID is the diffusion part of the first moment.

The results obtained for the different systems investigated show the existence of a heat transfer effect on the kinetic adsorption process. This effect which retards the heat transfer process may be expressed in terms of the final rate of heat dispersion. The external contribution of heat transfer to the general mass transfer has been evaluated as 3–11% for various research systems. It has been shown that the evaluated contribution of the heat transfer is larger during adsorption by hydrophilic polymeric sorbents than when hydrophobic ones are employed. This fact may be connected with the different chemical composition and density of the sorbents.
Sorptive Property Dependence of Catalytic Performance in o-Xylene Isomerization over H/Ga-ZSM-5
Authors: Awate S.V. , Joshi P.N. , Shiralkar V.P.
Published: July 2017

The sorptive properties of a synthetic zeolite of type MFI with different concentration and nature of framework cations were studied using different probe molecules. The influence of the framework composition on the BET surface area and micropore void volume was examined using low-temperature nitrogen sorption. Sorption uptake kinetics using different probe molecules such as water, n-hexane, cyclohexane, o-, m- and p-isomers of xylenes, n-butylamine and tributylamine were also studied. The catalytic performance of different MFI isomorphs was studied in the o-xylene isomerization reaction. The probable correlation between the sorptive and catalytic properties has been discussed as a function of framework composition, acidity, o-xylene feed rate calculated in terms of mol/min g of catalyst and reaction temperature. The trend in the para selectivity was found to be proportional to the relative sorption of xylenes. In comparison to H/Al-ZSM-5, H/Ga-ZSM-5 with an almost identical framework composition exhibited lower para-selectivity. Even though all these zeolite catalysts possess identical frameworks consisting of 10-MR openings and intersecting channels, differences in the nature and concentration of the trivalent framework cations, the crystallite size and total acidity lead to changes in their sorptive properties and catalytic performance.
Abnormal Effects in Irradiated Carbon Materials and Associated Composites
Authors: Shvets D.I.
Published: July 2017

The radiation/chemical modification of carbon and the use of the resulting material either alone or in association with other components in various compositions has been undertaken in an attempt to improve existing materials or to create new materials with enhanced operating characteristics. This article presents new information concerning various peculiarities in the physicochemical and mechanical properties of such materials. A mechanism for the radiation/chemical transformations in the various heterogeneous systems studied is proposed and it is shown that the results obtained may be employed for improving radiation/technological processes in the creation of new materials for advanced technological use.
Porosity Characteristics of Chars Derived from Different Lignocellulosic Materials
Authors: Khalil Laila B.
Published: July 2017

Sixteen agricultural waste products were subjected to pyrolysis at 550°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The precursors which were treated in this manner were fruit stones and nut shells (peach, apricot and olive stones; date pits, almond, hazel nut and pistacio shells), fibrous materials (sugar cane bagasse, date palm branches and leaves, cotton stalks and wood meal), corn cobs, rice husks, alkali-washed rice hulls and barbecue charcoal. Low adsorption of nitrogen was observed at 77 K with low values being estimated for the corresponding BET surface areas and total pore volumes. The surface areas as determined from CO2 adsorption at 303 K were relatively higher and various micropore parameters were calculated from the Dubinin–Radushkevich equation. Iodine was adsorbed from aqueous solution in amounts higher than the apparent surface areas and Methylene Blue was also taken up in a similar fashion. Such behaviour was attributed to the surface chemical natures of the chars which contribute to the higher uptake from aqueous solution. Generally, microporous products exhibiting a predominant ultramicroporosity were obtained under pyrolysis conditions.
Sorption Equilibria of Some Transitional Metal Ions on a Chelating Ion-Exchange Resin, Duolite ES 467
Authors: Rawat J.P. , Bhardwaj Manisha
Published: July 2017

A simple approach to sorption equilibria on Duolite ES 467 has been applied. Values of the Langmuir constants for NiII, CdII, CoII and FeIII have been determined using equilibrium experiments at constant ionic strength and at different temperatures from 20°C to 50°C. Values of the thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0 have been calculated.
Towards the Prediction of the Remaining Lifetime of a Carbon Filter Bed on Hydrogen Cyanide Challenge Using in-Bed Sensors and a Neural Network: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Anstice P.J.C. , Alder J.F.
Published: July 2017

The residual lifetime of an activated carbon filter bed challenged by hydrogen cyanide, a chemisorbing gas, has been successfully predicted on one occasion using transducers embedded within the filter bed. No thermostatting nor relative humidity control of the bed or influent challenge was imposed. Four thermocouples and a fibre optic pH probe, sensitised to HCN by the addition of cobalt(II) chloride, were used to measure the progress along the filter bed of the adsorption front resulting from intermittent HCN challenges of 0.9 mg/dm3.

Twenty randomised neural networks for cyanogen breakthrough prediction were created. These were based on a simple system, with the occurrences of maximum temperatures around two thermocouples at the front of the filter bed providing the input variables and the cyanogen breakthrough time (BT) being the response variable. Temperature maxima were thought to be due to cyanogen hydrolysis. Each network was trained with the data from four completed challenges and then interrogated with the input variables from a fifth. The mean response variable produced was 36.5 d (± 2.1 d standard deviation). This represented 94% of the actual observed time to breakthrough which occurred on challenge day 39. Averaging of network responses was required because four training examples only loosely map the possible variable space such that the potential error in any one network prediction is large. This preliminary set of experiments is most encouraging, having successfully predicted the lifetime of the bed whilst it was only half exhausted. The fact that, with no climatic control, simple sensors still permitted this achievement under realistic conditions of intermittent, long-term exposure illustrates the potential of this approach to residual lifetime monitoring. Further studies to repeat this success and extend the work to other challenge gases are now required.