bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Bilateral Versus Unilateral 5 Hz or 1 Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Subacute Stroke: Assessment of Motor Function in a Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Abdelkader Ann A. , Afifi Lamia M. , Maher Eman A. , Atteya Abdulalim A. , El Salmawy Dina A.
Published: June 2024

Purpose:

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can enhance brain plasticity after stroke. At low frequencies, rTMS has an inhibitory effect, whereas at high frequencies, it has an excitatory effect. Combining both frequencies in bilateral stimulation is a new rTMS protocol under investigation, especially in the subacute stage.

Methods:

Fifty-five patients with subacute stroke were divided into four groups according to the rTMS protocol delivered: bilateral, inhibitory, excitatory, and control groups. All groups received concomitant task-oriented physiotherapy. Pretreatment to posttreatment assessment was performed twice, immediately after sessions and 1 month later. Volitional motor control was evaluated by Fugl-Meyer and Wolf motor function tests, and for spasticity, the Ashworth scale was used.

Results:

All groups showed significant improvement. Bilateral, inhibitory, and excitatory groups showed same efficacy, but the bilateral protocol was superior in spasticity. No correlations were found between improvement and stroke duration and site except for spasticity.

Conclusions:

Bilateral rTMS shows a comparable effect to inhibitory and excitatory rTMS in improving motor disability in subacute stroke. However, it is superior for spasticity.
Escaping the Procrustean Bed: A Perspective on Pediatric Stereoelectroencephalography
Authors: Kheder Ammar
Published: June 2024

Stereoelectroencephalography is an established, hypothesis-driven method for investigating refractory epilepsy. There are special considerations and some limitations that apply to children who undergo stereoelectroencephalography. A key principle in stereoelectroencephalography is taking an individualized approach to investigating refractory epilepsy. A crucial factor for success in a personalized pediatric epilepsy surgery is understanding some of the fundamental and unique aspects of it, including, but not limited to, diverse etiology, epilepsy syndromes, maturation, and age-related characteristics as well as neural plasticity. Such features are reflected in the ontogeny of semiology and electrophysiology. In addition, special considerations are taken into account during cortical stimulation in children. Stereoelectroencephalography can guide a tailored surgical intervention where it is sufficient to render the patient seizure-free but it also lessens collateral damage with a minimum or no functional deficit. Epilepsy surgery outcomes remain stagnant despite advances in noninvasive testing modalities. A stereoelectroencephalography “way of thinking” and guided mentorship may influence outcomes positively.
The Voyage of SEEG
Authors: Chauvel Patrick
Published: June 2024

It took 50 years for stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) to cross the Atlantic. Conceived and designed before the advent of computers and modern technology, this method turned out to be perfectly suited to brain imaging and modern video and electrophysiological tools. It eventually benefited from robotics and signal processing. However, a critical step remains accurate electrode implantation, which is based on individual patients' noninvasive phase I data. A limiting factor, especially in MRI-negative cases, is a thorough perictal and postictal clinical testing for ensuring meaningful electroclinical correlations. Adapted epilepsy monitoring units' architecture and specific technicians and nurses training are required to improve the granularity of information needed to generate valid hypotheses on localization. SEEG interpretation is based on a knowledge base in neural networks, cognitive/behavioral neuroscience, and electrophysiology quite distinct from electroencephalography. Tailored to the needs of focal epilepsy complexity exploration, SEEG does not fit well with simplification. Specific teaching and development of clinical research inside the epilepsy monitoring units will help to flatten the team learning curve and to build knowledge base from shared clinical experience.
Improving the diagnosis of urinary tract infections by the use of enriched media and a 48-hour incubation period
Authors: Benjumea Carla , Navarro Ferran , Alonso-Tarrés Carles
Published: June 2024

Introduction. The absence of a gold-standard methodology for the microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI) has led to insufficient standardization of criteria for the interpretation of results and processing methods, particularly incubation time and culture media.

Hypothesis. 48-hour incubation time period and use of blood agar enhances the sensitivity of microorganisms isolated significantly.

Aim. To determine the sensitivity of blood agar and Brilliance UTI chromogenic agar, incubating for different periods (24–48 hours), for the detection of positive urine cultures.

Methodoloy. Comparisons were made between all possible combinations of media and incubation times. As the gold-standard reference, we used the routine methodology of our laboratory, which involves prior screening with available clinical data, flow cytometry, sediment analysis and/or Gram staining. Screened samples were then cultured on blood agar and chromogenic agar and incubated for 48 hours. Also, based on the results of Gram staining, additional media were added in selected cases.

Results. The most significant difference was found between chromogenic agar incubated for 24 hours and blood agar incubated for 48 hours, with the latter method allowing the recovery of 10.14 % more microorganisms (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the value of performing Gram staining to guide processing was demonstrated, as it avoided the loss of at least 5.14 % of isolates.

Conclusions. At least in urological and nephrological patients it is essential to include enriched culture media (blood agar) or to extend the incubation times due to the improvement of the diagnostic sensitivity of urine cultures. Gram staining also can help detect the presence of fastidious microorganisms or mixed infections, indicating whether rich and/or selective media should be included to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity of cultures. If this methodology is not followed, it should be noted that besides fastidious species, fastidious strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aerugniosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia will also be missed.
Temporal patterns of haplotypic and allelic diversity reflect the changing selection landscape of the malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparum
Authors: Early Angela M. , Pelleau Stéphane , Musset Lise , Neafsey Daniel E.
Published: June 2024

Populations of the malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparumregularly confront orchestrated changes in frontline drug treatment that drastically alter the parasite’s selection landscape. When this has occurred, the parasite has successfully adapted to the new drugs through novel resistance mutations. These novel mutations, however, may emerge in a genetic background already shaped by prior drug selection. In some instances, selection imposed by distinct drugs has targeted the same loci in either synergistic or antagonistic ways, resulting in genomic signatures that can be hard to attribute to a specific agent. Here, we use two approaches for detecting sequential bouts of drug adaptation: haplotype-based selection testing and temporal changes in allele frequencies. Using a set of longitudinally acquired samples from French Guiana, we determine that since the introduction of the drug artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in 2007 there have been rapid hard selective sweeps at both known and novel loci. We additionally identify genomic regions where selection acted in opposing directions before and after widespread AL introduction. At four high-profile genes with demonstrated involvement in drug resistance (crt,mdr1,aat1, andgch1), we saw strong selection before and after drug regime change; however, selection favored different haplotypes in the two time periods. Similarly, the allele frequency analysis identified coding variants whose frequency trajectory changed sign under the new drug pressure. These selected alleles were enriched for genes implicated in artemisinin and/or partner drug resistance in other global populations. Overall, these results suggest that drug resistance inP. falciparumis governed by known alleles of large effect along with a polygenic architecture of more subtle variants, any of which can experience fitness reversals under distinct drug regimes.
A new order parameter model for the improper ferroelastic phase transitions in KMnF3 single crystal
Authors: Kim Il-Hun , Kim Il-Hwan , Jang Kum-Ok , Kim Song-Won
Published: June 2024

This paper proposes a new order parameter model which satisfactorily explains complicated symmetry changes, the temperature–pressure (T–P) phase diagram and elastic anomalies observed experimentally with the improper ferroelastic phase transitions in multiferroic KMnF3 single crystal. First, it is shown that the order parameter model is transformed according to the four-dimensional reducible representation of the wavevector star channel group. Second, based on the order parameter model and the singularity theory, the sixth-order structurally stable Landau potential model is constructed. Finally, the theoretical T–P phase diagram is plotted and the elastic anomalies possible for each of the phase transitions are discussed.
Iro Iro – should the brand go circular B2B or B2C way
Authors: Mohapatra Subhalaxmi , Roy Risha
Published: June 2024

Learning outcomes

After completion of the case study, students will be able to understand how a business model could use sustainability to develop a brand, assess the marketing logic of a new startup and how that links to marketing plan, identify the relevance and need of a marketing plan in a startup and its growth, understand the differences between business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumers (B2C) business strategy for a new startup and enable the construction of a communication strategy for promoting a brand.

Case overview/synopsis

Iro Iro is a circular fashion business founded by Bhaavya Goenka in the year 2018 in Jaipur, India. By early 2023, Goenka had decided to scale her business. But scaling would indicate several decisions she has to make. Firstly, she needed to identify what scaling means in a circular business model (CBM) like Iro Iro. Secondly, she primarily operated in B2C markets; however, she also had a (B2B market through collaboration. This would indicate creating a competition for her own self. How could she still grow while not compromising on her competitive advantage? Should she continue with both B2B and B2C/only B2B/only B2C? Thirdly, she primarily catered to customers who were already sensitive towards conscious or sustainable clothing, but scaling would indicate gearing up marketing and communication skills to reach out to larger customer base. Would the marketing and communication strategies be the same if she continued in the current model/B2B/B2C? This case study thus involves various issues that arise in entrepreneurship management for a small business, such as decisions related to scaling (traditional businesses or adopt different strategy relevant for CBM); business model (B2C vs B2B or both) and how the communication is different in each of the business models.

Complexity academic level

This case involves various issues that arise in entrepreneurship management for a small circular business, such as decisions related to growth strategy and choice of market between B2B and B2C. The case study is aimed at graduate students in an entrepreneurship progamme. It can also be used as a case study in a sustainable fashion and design course. It could also be taught in a marketing management course as well as may be for new startups.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
Ethical leadership and organizational silence: a systematic review
Authors: Rai Savita S. , Koodamara Navin Kumar
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This study aims to comprehensively analyse and synthesize existing studies that investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence. This review also aims to provide a detailed understanding of the impact of ethical leadership on various dimensions of organizational silence.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a systematic review methodology, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, to explore the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence. Using the SCOPUS database, the search involved Boolean operators to narrow down relevant papers published in English between 2000 and 2023. Following a meticulous screening process, 10 papers were selected for review after removing duplicates and excluding non-English or irrelevant studies. The selected papers underwent a methodological quality assessment, ensuring focused research questions, precise subject selection methods, representative samples and reliable measurement instruments.

Findings

This study has led to two crucial findings. Firstly, the review has revealed that employees feel secure and motivated to share their opinions when leaders are ethical, which is essential from the perspective of organizational performance. Secondly, in a collectivist culture, employees generally do not express their views (prosocial silence) even though the leaders are ethical. However, in an individualistic culture, employees express their views and opinions on organizational matters even though leaders are ethical.

Research limitations/implications

This research has three research implications. Firstly, the papers on the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence followed quantitative approach. Besides, there is a dearth of qualitative studies. Therefore, qualitative studies are urgently needed to understand the true nature of this relationship. Secondly, the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence in existing literature is inconsistent. Several studies have reported a non-significant relationship between these two constructs, which requires further investigation. Thirdly, most existing literature on the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence is concentrated in the manufacturing sector. Therefore, it is necessary to test this model, even in the services or other sectors.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to have reviewed the impact of ethical leadership on organizational silence. This review provides insights into how ethical leadership can mitigate silent behaviour. In addition, this review suggests future research directions pertaining to the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence.
READINESS as a new framework for crisis management: academic-industry integrated expert insights from practitioners and scholars
Authors: Jin Yan , Shivers Brittany N. , Wang Yijing , Coombs W. Timothy , van der Meer Toni G.L.A.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The study provides an initial empirical examination of Jin et al.’s (2024) new READINESS model through the expert opinions of crisis communication academics and practitioners. Through this examination, the goal is to understand crisis READINESS and how it relates to other key concepts in the crisis literature, such as preparedness and resilience.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory quantitative online survey of 30 experts in crisis communication was conducted. Our participant pool consisted of members from the Crisis Communication Think Tank, which is an established crisis thought leadership network (Jin, 2023). Data collection took place in November and December 2023.

Findings

Key findings include the dual nature of crisis READINESS as both a process and an outcome, resilience as both a process and an outcome, and preparedness as an antecedent to READINESS. A key distinction between READINESS and preparedness emerged with the former conceived of as a mindset and the latter conceived of as physical tools, training and planning.

Originality/value

Preparedness and resilience alone are not enough to effectively manage crises and risks, and given this, it is important to study READINESS as a concept beyond (yet connected to) preparedness and resilience. It is our hope that the findings can lead to understanding indicators of crisis READINESS and developing crisis READINESS measurement tools which can equip organizations to more effectively manage crises.
The role of agriculture‐forestry‐fisheries sectors, biodiversity expenditures, and renewable energy on environmental quality for The Netherlands: Evidence from novel Fourier ARDL
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad , Aydin Mucahit , Degirmenci Tunahan , Bozatli Oguzhan
Published: June 2024

This study examines the relationship between biodiversity expenditures, agriculture‐forestry‐fisheries sectors, renewable energy, economic growth, ecological footprint, and load capacity factor for The Netherlands from 1995 to 2019 in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and load capacity curve (LCC) hypotheses. The relationship between the variables is investigated using a novel Fourier‐based Augmented ARDL approach. Our results indicate a long‐term relationship between biodiversity expenditures, agriculture‐forestry‐fisheries sectors, green energy, economic growth, and load capacity factor. In the long run, Fourier‐based Augmented ARDL results reveal that biodiversity expenditures, agriculture‐forestry‐fisheries sectors, and renewable energy do not contribute to environmental sustainability. In other words, biodiversity, renewable energy, and agriculture‐forestry‐fisheries policies implemented in The Netherlands do not improve environmental sustainability. Again, the findings confirm that the EKC hypothesis is not valid for The Netherlands, whereas the LCC hypothesis is valid. In line with the study's findings, biodiversity, renewable energy, and agriculture‐forestry‐fisheries policies in The Netherlands need to be reviewed.
Vaccine response was higher in formula‐fed infants compared to breastfed but not affected by lactoferrin or iron in a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Björmsjö Maria , Ekström Nina , Silfverdal Sven Arne , Hernell Olle , Lönnerdal Bo , Berglund Staffan K.
Published: June 2024

Aim

To examine how reduced iron content and added bovine lactoferrin in infant formula affect the antibody response following routine immunisation.

Methods

In this randomised controlled trial, 180 Swedish formula‐fed infants received, from 6 weeks to 6 months of age, a 2 mg/L iron formula with (n = 72) or without (n = 72) bovine lactoferrin, or a control formula with 8 mg/L iron and no lactoferrin (n = 36). Another 72 infants were recruited as a breastfed reference. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), diphtheria and tetanus were assessed at four, six and 12 months of age.

Results

With an equal gender distribution, 180 + 72 term infants were included with a mean age of 7.0 ± 0.7 weeks. At 12 months, infants fed low iron formula showed a significantly higher geometric mean Hib IgG (1.40 μg/mL [1.07–1.83]) compared to the control formula infants (0.67 μg/mL [0.42–1.07]). For all three vaccines, breastfed infants had significantly lower IgG levels at six and 12 months of age.

Conclusion

Except for higher Hib IgG levels at 12 months in infants fed low iron formula, the interventions did not affect vaccine IgG response. Unexpectedly, breastfed infants had significantly lower vaccine IgG levels compared to formula‐fed infants.
Anticoagulation reversal (vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, idarucizumab, andexanet‐α, protamine)
Authors: Bekka Elias , Liakoni Evangelia
Published: June 2024

Bleeding events are common in patients prescribed anticoagulants and can have devastating consequences. Several specific and nonspecific agents have been developed to reverse the effects of anticoagulant drugs or toxins. Vitamin K, as the oldest of these antidotes, specifically counteracts the effects of pharmaceuticals and rodenticides designed to deplete stores of vitamin K‐dependent factors. In cases of life‐threatening bleeding, the addition of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) allows for the immediate replacement of coagulation factors. While the use of PCCs has been extended to the non‐specific reversal of the effects of newer direct oral anticoagulants, the specific agents idarucizumab, targeting dabigatran and andexanet‐α, binding factor Xa inhibitors, have recently been developed and are being preferentially recommended by most guidelines. However, despite having rapid effects on correcting coagulopathy, there is to date a lack of robust evidence establishing the clear superiority of direct oral anticoagulant‐specific reversal agents over PCCs in terms of haemostatic efficacy, safety or mortality. For andexanet‐α, a potential signal of increased thromboembolic risks, comparatively high costs and low availability might also limit its use, even though emerging evidence appears to bolster its role in intracranial haemorrhage. Protamine is the specific agent for the reversal of unfractionated heparin anticoagulation used mainly in cardiovascular surgery. It is much less effective for low molecular weight heparin fragments and is usually reserved for cases with life‐threatening bleeding.
Management of serotonin syndrome (toxicity)
Authors: Chiew Angela L. , Isbister Geoffrey K.
Published: June 2024

Serotonin syndrome (toxicity), resulting from an excessive accumulation of serotonin in the central nervous system, it can occur due to various factors such as the initiation of medication, overdose or drug interactions. Diagnosing serotonin toxicity presents challenges as there are no definitive criteria. This review delves into the pathophysiology, incidence, clinical assessment and management of serotonin toxicity, stressing the significance of promptly recognizing and managing severe cases. Diagnosis relies primarily relies on clinical assessment due to the absence of specific laboratory tests. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity criteria are commonly utilized but have only been validated in the overdose setting. Assessing the severity of toxicity is crucial for guiding management decisions. Supportive care, discontinuation of causative agents and symptomatic treatment are prioritized in management. Mild toxicity often requires withdrawal or reduction of the serotonergic agent, while more severe toxicity requires more aggressive resuscitative and supportive care. Severe serotonin toxicity characterized by hyperthermia and rigidity requires aggressive supportive measures, including benzodiazepines, intubation, paralysis and active cooling. Animal studies suggest potential benefits of 5‐HT2A receptor antagonists in preventing hyperthermia and fatalities, but only at high doses. Their clinical effectiveness remains uncertain, and evidence is predominately from case series and case reports. Although commonly used, serotonin antagonists like cyproheptadine lack conclusive evidence of efficacy. Other serotonin antagonists such as chlorpromazine and olanzapine have been explored but evidence is limited to case reports. Hence, the cornerstone of treating severe cases does not lie in ‘antidote’ administration or even diagnosis but in effective early resuscitative and supportive care.
The economics of China's Holistic View of National Security: A preliminary assessment
Authors: Liu Kerry
Published: June 2024

From December 2020, China made a significant shift towards prioritising security over development. This study delves into the economic repercussions of China's security policy, specifically the Holistic View of National Security. The evolution of this security policy is analysed utilising Baidu Index data. The components of the policy, encompassing political, economic, financial and technology security, are scrutinised, with the economic burdens it imposes being highlighted. China's recent legislative measures concerning national security are assessed, with their potential to hamper economic growth. The adverse effects of the security policy on the economy are uncovered by examining foreign direct investment data, industry sector trends, and the responses of the largest listed firms.
The scholastic perspective on the time value of money and the contribution of Martín de Azpilcueta (1491–1586)
Authors: Bahmanpour‐Khalesi Mohammadhosein , Sharifzadeh Mohammadjavad
Published: June 2024

This study explores the historical background of the time value of money theory developed within the Austrian School, focusing on the contributions of its Scholastic antecedents. Although the Scholastics had a different starting point from the Austrians in analysing the nature of the time value of money, they ultimately reached a similar understanding. We present a new interpretation of Martín de Azpilcueta's theory, demonstrating that while he cannot be considered the sole originator of the time value of money theory, the role of Scholastic thinkers in its development should not be ignored.
The anthropocene biogeography of alien birds on islands: Drivers of their functional and phylogenetic diversities
Authors: Marino Clara , Journiac Lysandre , Liu Chunlong , Jeschke Jonathan M. , Bellard Céline
Published: June 2024

A branch of island biogeography has emerged to explain alien species diversity in the light of the biogeographic and anthropogenic context, yet overlooking the functional and phylogenetic facets. Evaluating alien and native birds of 407 oceanic islands worldwide, we built structural equation models to assess the direct and indirect influence of biotic, geographic, and anthropogenic contexts on alien functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). We found that alien taxonomic richness was the main predictor of both diversities. Anthropogenic factors, including colonization pressure, associated with classic biogeographical variables also strongly influenced alien FD and PD. Specifically, habitat modification and human connectivity markedly drove alien FD, especially when controlled by taxonomic richness, whereas the human population size, gross domestic product, and native PD were crucial at explaining alien PD. Our findings suggest that humans not only shape taxonomic richness but also other facets of alien diversity in a complex way.
Multidimensional associations of physical performance, balance, wellness and daily activities with frailty in older adults with coexisting frailty and diabetes
Authors: Corral‐Pérez Juan , Mier Alba , Vázquez‐Sánchez María Ángeles , Naranjo‐Márquez María , Ponce‐Gonzalez Jesus Gustavo , Casals Cristina
Published: June 2024

Background

The coexistence of frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the older population heightens the risk of adverse events. However, research on functional and wellness factors associated with frailty in this population is limited.

Purpose

To investigate the associations of physical performance, functional dependency, physical activity, nutritional status, sleep, self‐perceived health and depression with frailty in community‐dwelling older adults with coexisting frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

The study included 123 community‐dwelling older adults (73.7 ± 6.0 years) with pre‐frailty/frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery), functional dependency (Barthel Index and Lawton & Brody), physical activity and inactivity (GeneActiv wrist‐worn accelerometer), malnutrition risk (Mini Nutritional Assessment), sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), self‐perceived health (EuroQoL 5‐Dimension 3‐Level) and depression (Yesavage 15‐item‐Geriatric‐Depression‐Scale) were evaluated through personal interviews. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to categorize the variables into components, and logistic regressions were used to propose the best‐fitted model for each component.

Results

The PCA identified four components: (i) physical performance, with gait speed and leg mean velocity as the main variables associated with frailty; (ii) balance, showing significant associations with monopodal balance; (iii) daily activities, with moderate to vigorous physical activity and the Lawton and Brody score as the main variables associated with frailty within this component; and (iv) wellness factors, with nutritional status, self‐perceived health and depression score as the primary variables associated with frailty.

Conclusions

This research underscores the significance of physical function and daily activities as protective factors against frailty in community‐dwelling older adults with coexisting frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The health dimension contributes both protective and risk factors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments in managing frailty in this population.

Reporting Method

The study adhered to the STROBE checklist.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Innovating Yourself Out of a Job*
Authors: Rauh Michael T.
Published: June 2024

Continuous improvement, where production workers suggest incremental process improvements, has become standard practice in modern manufacturing. I consider a simple two‐period model where workers produce output and innovate and innovation leads to future job losses. I derive the optimal multitasking contract and show that the principal distorts optimal first period employment downwards to increase the probability of continued employment and reduce first period incentive costs. At high levels of moral hazard, first period employment does not respond to shifts in demand and other parameters. I observe similar distortions at Lincoln Electric and predict that they should be observed more broadly.
Understanding causes of morbidity and mortality in Southern Hemisphere small Odontoceti: a scoping review
Authors: Souter Rebecca , Chaber Anne‐Lise , Möller Luciana , Woolford Lucy
Published: June 2024

Marine mammals serve as sentinels for environmental health, offering insights into ecosystem health. Enhancing management and conservation strategies for these species requires a comprehensive understanding of factors contributing to their morbidity and mortality.

This review aims to identify reported causes of morbidity and mortality in small Odontoceti within the Southern Hemisphere.

A scoping review of literature was conducted, searching Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, with additional screening of citations for articles not captured in the search.

The review encompassed 198 articles, with a total sample size of 25567 deceased small Odontoceti across 20 genera. A major challenge emerged, with the cause of death undetermined or unspecified in 39% of cases. Known entanglements accounted for 47% of total mortalities. Mass strandings (11%) and infectious disease (1.1%) were also reported. The study identified 14 primary infectious pathogens in 276 animals, spanning viral (CeMV = 214, H5N1 = 1), bacterial (Brucella sp. = 15, Erysipelothrix sp. = 1, Streptococcus iniae = 1, Enterobacter kobei = 1), parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii = 15, Halocercus sp. = 17, Clistobothrium grimaldii = 1, Stenurus globicephalae = 1, Giardia sp. = 1), and fungal (Aspergillus sp. = 2, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis = 5, Cryptococcus sp. = 1) origins.

Anthropogenic‐induced mortality emerges as a significant threat to small Odontoceti of the Southern Hemisphere, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced conservation and management strategies. Increased surveillance of infectious pathogens is imperative, aiming to deepen our understanding of pathogen distribution, prevalence, and impact on Odontoceti health.
Ephemeral stream water contributions to United States drainage networks
Authors: Brinkerhoff Craig B. , Gleason Colin J. , Kotchen Matthew J. , Kysar Douglas A. , Raymond Peter A.
Published: June 2024

Ephemeral streams flow only in direct response to precipitation and are ubiquitous landscape features. However, little is known about their influence on downstream rivers. Here, we modeled ephemeral stream water contributions to the contiguous United States network of more than 20 million rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, finding that ephemeral streams contribute, on average, 55% of the discharge exported from regional river systems, as defined by the United States Geological Survey. Our results show that ephemeral connectivity is a substantial pathway through which water and associated nutrients and pollution may enter the perennial drainage network and influence water quality. We provide quantitative insight into the implications of differing interpretations of regulatory jurisdiction under the United States Clean Water Act, including the current standard adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2023.
Antibody inhibition of measles virus entry
Authors: Aguilar Hector C.
Published: June 2024

An intermediate virus–cell fusion step is revealed by an antibody with therapeutic potential
Hydatid cyst in heart and lung: a rare case with a 5-year follow-up
Authors: Koshy Sarah Ann , Nair Avinash Anil , James Prince , Irodi Aparna
Published: June 2024

This report describes a male in his late 20s who presented with a 2-month history of recurrent haemoptysis and chest pain. A chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, was suspected. He had undergone surgical resection of an intrapericardial hydatid cyst in the past. His blood investigations showed peripheral eosinophilia, and his chest X-ray showed a cystic oval lesion in the left upper zone. A CT pulmonary angiogram revealed filling defects in the bilateral segmental and subsegmental arteries with a cystic lesion in the left upper lobe. Further workup, including bronchoalveolar lavage culture and MRI of the thorax, confirmed the diagnosis of a hydatid cyst of pulmonary echinococcosis. This case illustrates the presentation of multisystemic echinococcosis in a young male with no other risk factors, initially treated with surgical resection and antihelminthic therapy. The disease later recurred, which required prolonged medications, which brought the patient into remission.
Optical Field Localization in the Three‐Dimensional Percolating System with Gaussian Distribution Disorder
Authors: Martinez Sanchez Erika , Burlak Gennadiy , Medina Angel Gustavo , Magallanes Rivera Ricardo
Published: June 2024

We study the optical field generated by nanoemitters incorporated in a three‐dimensional percolation system, where the probability p of pore occupation is well above the threshold value p ≫ 0.318. In the proposed system, the pores are randomly distributed in a cubic grid, and the radii of the pores are adjusted by the Gaussian distribution. Maxwell’s equations in conjunction with the four‐level laser equations are applied to the proposed random medium. The finite‐difference time‐domain algorithm (FDTD) is used to obtain the field pattern and optical modes within the system. We show that the number of optical modes increases with the size of the system, thus contributing to cylindrical symmetric geometries that guide the light beam in a particular direction. Confinement in one direction could be used as a random laser waveguide, with some characteristics similar to those of conventional lasers.
An Unusual Case of Lethal Strongyloides stercoralis‐Associated Chronic Fulminant Colitis in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Choi Joseph Do Woong , Kulkarni Rukmini , Shanmugalingam Aswin , Kwik Charlotte , Sandaradura Indy , Renthawa Jasveen , Watts Matthew R. , Toh James Wei Tatt
Published: June 2024

A 70‐year‐old immunocompetent Lebanese male presented with 3‐month history of watery diarrhoea and abdominal pain after recently arriving to Australia from Lebanon. He had a colectomy for an iatrogenic bowel perforation associated with a colonoscopy in Lebanon several months prior. His computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated pancolitis. Stool culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. Despite Strongyloides treatment and total parenteral nutrition, his pancolitis unexpectedly persisted despite negative stool cultures, and the patient failed to progress over several weeks with worsening abdominal pain. A colectomy was considered. However, due to his recent myocardial infarct requiring cardiac stenting, his anticoagulant and antiplatelets could not be ceased for at least 3 months without significant cardiac risk. After hospitalisation for several weeks in Australia, he was discharged against medical advice and flew back to Lebanon, where he presented with worsening pain and underwent a subtotal colectomy. Unfortunately, he developed multiorgan failure and died 3 weeks following his colectomy. Strongyloides‐related pancolitis is a rare condition in immunocompetent adults that has the potential to persist and be lethal, despite microbiological antiparasitic eradication.
Histopathologic Features of Mucosal Head and Neck Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Jones Alexander J. , Novinger Leah J. , Bonetto Andrea , Davis Kyle P. , Giuliano Marelle M. , Mantravadi Avinash V. , Sim Michael W. , Moore Michael G. , Yesensky Jessica A.
Published: June 2024

Objective. Determine the histopathologic features that correlate with head and neck cancer (HNC) cachexia. Methods. A single‐institution, retrospective study was performed on adults with HPV‐negative, mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the aerodigestive tract undergoing resection and free flap reconstruction from 2014 to 2019. Patients with distant metastases were excluded. Demographics, comorbidities, preoperative nutrition, and surgical pathology reports were collected. Comparisons of histopathologic features and cachexia severity were made. Results. The study included 222 predominantly male (64.9%) patients aged 61.3 ± 11.8 years. Cachexia was identified in 57.2% patients, and 18.5% were severe (≥15% weight loss). No differences in demographics were identified between the groups. Compared to control, patients with severe cachexia had lower serum hemoglobin (p = 0.048) and albumin (p < 0.001), larger tumor diameter (p < 0.001), greater depth of invasion (p < 0.001), and elevated proportions of pT4 disease (p < 0.001), pN2‐N3 disease (p = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.009), and extranodal extension (p = 0.014). Multivariate logistic regression identified tumor size (OR [95% CI] = 1.36 [1.08–1.73]), oral cavity tumor (OR [95% CI] = 0.30 [0.11–0.84]), and nodal burden (OR [95% CI] = 1.16 [0.98–1.38]) as significant histopathologic contributors of cancer cachexia. Conclusions. Larger, more invasive tumors with nodal metastases and aggressive histologic features are associated with greater cachexia severity in mucosal HNC.
Acute Heart Failure as a First Manifestation of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Highly Lethal If Not Diagnosed!
Authors: Heidarpour Maryam , Zare Mohammad Mehdi , Armani Shiva , Torkashvan Hedie , Mazaheri-Tehrani Sadegh , Shafie Davood
Published: June 2024

Background. Primary adrenal insufficiency is an uncommon condition that manifests as nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, salt craving, and hyperpigmentation. Common cardiovascular presentations of AI are hypotension, arrhythmias, and syncope. However, acute heart failure is an uncommon presentation. Case Presentation. Here, a 26‐year‐old man was hospitalized with vasopressor‐resistant cardiogenic shock, which was finally attributed to an adrenal crisis. His past medical history was notable for Hashimoto’s disease, controlled with oral levothyroxine. Conclusion. AI should be considered among patients with cardiogenic shock who are unresponsive to conventional inotropes. Additionally, a history of autoimmune diseases may increase the suspicion of AI. Although the presentation of cardiogenic shock in a patient with undiagnosed AI is considered a rarity, delay in prompt treatment can lead to life‐threatening conditions.
A Relaxation Iteration Method with Three Parameters for Solving Absolute Value Equation
Authors: Yan Lu-Lin , Jiang Yi-Xin , Miao Shu-Xin
Published: June 2024

In this paper, a new matrix splitting iteration method is presented to solve the absolute value equation. The proposed method has three parameters, and it is expected that its convergence efficiency can be improved by selecting appropriate parameters. The convergence of the proposed method is studied. Numerical examples of the absolute value equation with M‐matrices are given to show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
Optimizing IIoT Performance: Intelligent Selection of SDN Controllers through AHP Analysis
Authors: Urrea Claudio , Benítez David
Published: June 2024

This article deals with the use of software‐defined networking (SDN) in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The use of SDN in IIoT can solve the limitations presented by traditional networks in order to guarantee quality of service (QoS) for new applications. The approach of this work centers on the selection of an SDN controller that satisfies the requirements for the networks of IIoT. Selection is based on the characteristics of the SDN controllers and employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). From the review conducted, and as a result of the work, the group of the current best SDN controllers for IIoT is identified, which is a part of the subsequent selection process. Another contribution of this study is that it defines the criteria for comparing these controllers and selecting the most suitable one for this type of application. The established criteria and the employed quantification method via AHP enrich the decision‐making process, providing a replicable model for future selections. The objectives and criteria established can be useful for other SDN selection processes to be used in scenarios where delay, jitter, and packet loss are key parameters to consider. This nuanced approach, accommodating both theoretical frameworks and empirical observations, offers an advancement in the strategic deployment of SDN within IIoT environments.
Exploring Neural Correlates between Anxiety and Inhibitory Ability: Evidence from Task‐Based fNIRS
Authors: Wang Difan , Lin Bingyan , Huang Ying , Chong Zh Yeng , Du Jiaxue , Yuan Qin , Tang Yinmayue , Xu Qiming , Xu Wei
Published: June 2024

Background. Cognitive control impairments in anxiety disorders are thought to be associated with deficiencies in the prefrontal network. However, a precise neural explanation for these impairments is still lacking. This study seeks to compare inhibitory ability between individuals with anxiety and healthy controls, as well as to explore the neural correlates of anxiety‐related inhibitory deficits within a clinical context. Materials and Methods. A total of 118 participants were recruited, including 59 patients with anxiety and 59 matched healthy controls (HCs). Anxiety and inhibitory ability were evaluated using Zung’s Self‐rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the color word Stroop task, and verbal fluency task (VFT). Additionally, changes in oxyhemoglobin (Oxy‐Hb) concentrations were measured using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results. Compared to HCs, the anxiety group exhibited reduced cortical activation in prefrontal cortex (PFC) channels, prolonged inhibitory speed and lower inhibitory accuracy during Stroop task, and diminished VFT performance (all p < 0.05). Significant negative correlations were observed between SAS scores and inhibitory ability, as well as with PFC activation. Conversely, PFC activation showed positive correlations with inhibitory ability. Importantly, activation in the dorsolateral PFC during VFT partially mediated the association between anxiety and inhibitory performance. Conclusions. This study reveals neural characteristics associated with inhibitory abilities in anxiety disorders and identifies neural correlations between anxiety and inhibitory performance. These findings illuminate the impact of anxiety on inhibitory abilities and propose intervention targets to enhance these abilities in individuals with anxiety disorders, thereby suggesting more effective therapeutic strategies.
TABLE 3 from Association of ESR1 Germline Variants with TP53 Somatic Variants in Breast Tumors in a Genome-wide Study
Authors: Tjader Nijole P. , Beer Abigail J. , Ramroop Johnny , Tai Mei-Chee , Ping Jie , Gandhi Tanish , Dauch Cara , Neuhausen Susan L. , Ziv Elad , Sotelo Nereida , Ghanekar Shreya , Meadows Owen , Paredes Monica , Gillespie Jessica L. , Aeilts Amber M. , Hampel Heather , Zheng Wei , Jia Guochong , Hu Qiang , Wei Lei , Liu Song , Ambrosone Christine B. , Palmer Julie R. , Carpten John D. , Yao Song , Stevens Patrick , Ho Weang-Kee , Pan Jia Wern , Fadda Paolo , Huo Dezheng , Teo Soo-Hwang , McElroy Joseph Paul , Toland Amanda E.
Published: June 2024

ESR1 variant associations in combined AFA datasets
Synchrotron Phase-Contrast Imaging and Cochlear Otosclerosis: A Case Report
Authors: Giese Dina , Rask-Andersen Helge , Ladak Hanif M. , Agrawal Sumit , Li Hao
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Otosclerosis is a bone disorder affecting the labyrinthine capsule that leads to conductive and occasionally sensorineural hearing loss. The etiology of otosclerosis remains unknown; factors such as infection, hormones, inflammation, genetics, and autoimmunity have been discussed. Treatment consists primarily of surgical stapes replacement and cochlear implantation. High-resolution computed tomography is routinely used to visualize bone pathology. In the present study, we used synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI) to examine otosclerosis plaques in a temporal bone for the first time. The primary aim was to study their three-dimensional (3D) outline, vascular interrelationships, and connections to the middle ear. Methods: A donated ear from a patient with otosclerosis who had undergone partial stapedectomy with the insertion of a stapes wire prosthesis was investigated using SR-PCI and compared with a control ear. Otosclerotic lesions were 3D rendered using the composite with shading technique. Scalar opacity and color mapping were adjusted to display volume properties with the removal of bones to enhance surfaces. Vascular bone channels were segmented, and the communications between lesions and the middle ear were established. Results: Fenestral, cochlear, meatal, and vestibular lesions were outlined three-dimensionally. Vascular bone channels were found to be frequently connected to the middle ear mucosa, perilabyrinthine air spaces, and facial nerve vessels. Round window lesions partly embedded the cochlear aqueduct which was pathologically narrowed, while the inferior cochlear vein was significantly dilated in its proximal part. Conclusion: Otosclerotic/otospongiotic lesions were imaged for the first time using SR-PCI and 3D rendering. The presence of shunts and abnormal vascular connections to the labyrinth appeared to result in hyper-vascularization, overloading the venous system, and leading to sensorineural hearing loss. We speculate about possible local treatments to alleviate the impact of such critical lesions on the labyrinthine microcirculation.
Rota menor: o movimento da economia mercantil de subsistência no centro-sul do Brasil, 1808-1831
Authors: Lenharo Alcir
Published: June 2024

Contrasting with the assumption of traditional historiography, the subsistence economy of Minas Gerais — particularly in the South — presented mercantile features apparent in the regional traffic of primary staple commodities and mainly in the supplying of the Rio de Janeiro market. After 1808, with the establishment of the Portuguese Court in Rio de Janeiro, the local market began to increase its own consumption capacity, draining the surplus from the producing areas. New roads linked the Southern Region of Minas with the town of Rio de Janeiro, thus providing an outlet for surplus production. The increasing merchandise flow led to the formation of an economy based on coffee production in the Paraíba Valley region. Moreover, the movement of “tropeiros” (cattledealers) and tradesmen contributed directly to the establishment of the coffee economy in this area. Landowners and “tropeiros” settled in the region and invested in coffee production. Together with tradesmen and court bureaucrats, who also became  investors, they comprised the emerging class of coffee-owners.