bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting Help
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A
Published: November 2023

Endure, and preserve yourselves for better things. –Virgil, Aeneid It is important for people with bipolar disorder to have quality health care, but what does this entail? Although there are very few child or adolescent psychiatrists in the United States, a good way to find one who specializes in pediatric bipolar disorder is by getting a referral from your pediatrician or family practitioner, contacting a teaching hospital associated with a medical school, or using the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’s referral directory (see the Resources section at the end of this book). For young people over 18, however, an adult psychiatrist may be preferred and indeed is easier to find, given that there are many more adult psychiatrists in the country.
Qualifications and Responsibilities of the Expert Witness
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

The materials in this section are vital for an understanding of what qualifies a person to be designated as an expert by the court, and what the responsibilities of such an expert are.

The introductory article by Finkelstein and Levin is an excellent survey of the qualification issues. The standard for both state and federal courts was set by the Frye decision in 1923. The heart of that standard is general acceptance of the theory of the expert in the relevant community. In 1975, the Congress adopted new Federal Rules of Evidence.
Jury Representativeness
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

Challenges to jury systems that do not represent the community have increased significantly in the last several years.1 This phenomenon has occurred not only in the South, but across the country, and, though reforms were instituted by the Federal Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968, federal as well as state jury systems have been challenged for their unrepresentativeness.

Analysis of the evidence presented in support of these challenges reveals that most of the proven unrepresentativeness is attributable to the source list. Indeed, statistical data indicates that no single available list, including voter registration lists, the most widely used source, adequately represents a cross section of our communities.
Understanding Addiction: Alcohol and Drug Abuse or Dependence
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

People who don’t have an addiction find it very diﬃcult to understand why someone would use alcohol or other drugs if this use causes them immense harm and trouble in their lives and upsets their families. They don’t realize that all of the normal rules of human conduct are thrown out of the window when a person is addicted. Nor do they realize that the obsession and compulsion to use are intricately affected by the brain in ways that even scientists still don’t fully understand. In Alcoholics Anonymous, a book written by alcoholics for others suffering from alcoholism, there is a passage that illustrates the insanity of addiction and how the alcoholic is controlled by obsessions and compulsions to drink.1
Maintaining Gains Over Time: Relapse Prevention Strategies
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

I had been in recovery off and on for a long time for depression, an anxiety and phobic disorder, and addiction to tranquilizers and alcohol. I had over 3 years sober, and my psychiatric problems were well under control. I was able to get off my medications because I was doing very well. Then I lost my job. Over a period of the next few months, things started getting bad. I got real depressed and kept to myself. Then I started feeling intense anxiety and fear again. I couldn’t go anywhere unless my son went with me. I even stopped going to AA meetings and got to the point where I only went out of my house when I had to buy food or pay bills. In no time, I became a prisoner of my own home because of my fear.
The Author’s Theme
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The author’s theme urges that we recognize the role of coherence and correspondence in the study of human judgment. Once understood in this manner, it becomes clear that understanding the important field of human judgment cannot go forward, cannot eliminate the current disarray, without our acknowledging the role of coherence and correspondence. The fact that these two strategies have been studied largely, if not entirely, independently is a minor handicap to the pursuit of our topic; the independent pursuit of each without the acknowledgment of the importance of the other gave a certain intensity to the pursuit of each strategy that might not otherwise have been there.
Toward Better Practices
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Scientific knowledge of human judgment should become an integral part of the judgment process that is applied to the development of our social policies. When that happens, we will be able to move away from our present chaotic, conflictinducing practices and perhaps even end our use of war as a means of settling our religious and ideological differences. Let me briefly remind the reader of the costs of the failed and erroneous judgments of some recent leaders. Although few among us have a direct memory of World War I, nearly all of us have read enough about it to be aware of what happened—the gross, senseless killing and maiming of millions of soldiers and sailors and innocent people for reasons few any longer know or care about—all as a result of the misguided—that is to say, stupid—judgments of the well-educated leaders of these societies, who seem to have had no better idea of their purposes than we have of ours.
Ineptitude and the Tools of War
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Imagine yourself in the Oval Office with Franklin Roosevelt and his advisors in 1939—the year the Germans began World War II with the invasion of Poland—when a letter from Albert Einstein appears advising him of the possibility that “extremely powerful bombs of a new type may be . . . constructed.”1 Although it had taken two months to reach him, that news was welcome indeed to Roosevelt because explosive capability was all the warriors of 1939 could think of. They thought in terms of specific objects and populations in specific places that could be destroyed by blowing them up. Therefore, the bigger the explosion the better. So when Albert Einstein’s letter advising him that the new physics of the twentieth century could be used to make bigger and better explosives, Roosevelt was glad to hear it. And that, as the world will never forget, was done with memorable success (and sorrow, in Japan).
Weight Loss Surgery Procedures What you Need to know
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka
Published: November 2023

Currently, there are a few popular procedures. Some are only restrictive in nature, meaning that a new, smaller stomach “pouch’’ is created and the exit of food from the stomach is limited (slowed gastric emptying), and some are also malabsorptive, meaning that the surgery changes how food is absorbed as it leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine, usually because part of the small intestine is re-routed or removed. Some surgeries lead to more rapid weight loss and more complications.
Cultural Construction of Worldview Who are the Killers?
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

As i noted at the end of chapter 5, understanding the universal evolution of human nature tells us only that we are all capable of com mitting evil. Our instinctual “pushes,” however, are too diffuse to cell us everything we need co know about the direction, form, and targets of our violent behavior. Moreover, the ultimate “why” influences do not explain the reality chat only some of us actually perpetrate genocide and mass killing, while in fact the great majority of us never will. To explain how some do perpetrate extraordinary evil but most do not requires sharpening our focus to the more proximate and immediate cultural, psychological, and social constructions that activate our evolutionary capacities.
Social Construction of Cruelty The Power of the Situation
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

In chapter 6, we analyzed perpetrator behavior within the context of cultural constructions that placed the perpetrator “vertically” within a hierarchical system-a system in which the world and its people are ordered according to their position and power in hierarchies. Chapter 7 followed with an analysis of psychological constructions of the “other,” in which victims simply become objects of the perpetrators’ actions. Now, in the final component of our explanatory model, we will analyze perpetrator behavior within a more “horizontal” context. That is, we will examine the power of the immediate situation, particularly those social constructions potent in a context of cruelty, that enable perpetrators to initiate, sustain, and cope with their acts of brutality.
Crash and Rescue
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B
Published: November 2023

Looking back on those years I spent barely surviving on the streets as a heroin addict, it’s hard to believe that I’m here now to tell you my story. But I want you to know what it was like, and what a drug addiction really means.

I’m going to start not at the beginning, but in a place that stands out in my mind above all others in the haze of my drug using days: Long Beach, California. My experiences there represent my addiction at its very worst. Next I’ll tell you how I ended up there, the son of a loving, hard-working, middle-class family, born and raised in a small town in New York State. Finally, I’ll show you how I was able—with a lot of help—to find my way back to a decent and healthy life. Along the way, I’ll also be giving you an idea of what science knows about addiction in young people—like why teenagers are at higher risk for abusing drugs, and how even a ruthless addiction like mine can be overcome.
Estimation
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 described what are called population parameters. They are unknown quantities that characterize the population of things or individuals under study. An example is the population mean, μ, which represents the average of all individuals if only they could be measured. Another example is p, the probability of success associated with a binomial distribution. A fundamental goal is making inferences about these unknown parameters based on data that are available, with the available data representing only a subset of all the individuals of interest.
Nixon in the World
Authors: Logevall Fredrik , Preston Andrew
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s, the United States faced challenges on a number of fronts. By nearly every measure, American power was no longer unrivalled. The task of managing America’s relative decline fell to President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Gerald Ford. From 1969 to 1977, Nixon, Kissinger, and Ford reoriented U.S. foreign policy from its traditional poles of liberal interventionism and conservative isolationism into a policy of active but conservative engagement. In Nixon in the World, seventeen leading historians of the Cold War and U.S. foreign policy show how they did it, where they succeeded, and where they took their new strategy too far. Drawing on newly declassified materials, they provide authoritative and compelling analyses of issues such as Vietnam, détente, arms control, and the U.S.-China rapprochement, creating the first comprehensive volume on American foreign policy in this pivotal era.
Challenges, Correlates, and Hypotheses
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L
Published: November 2023

Since the 1989 Canterbury congress, we have identified and surmounted some of the numerous challenges associated with the long-term research required to understand amphibian declines. In addressing the question of why some populations and species are declining while others are not, we have identified certain correlates that seem to increase risk of decline. We also have hypothesized six main causes for amphibian population declines. In this chapter, we focus on these three aspects: challenges, correlates, and hypotheses.

From the beginning, herpetologists knew that solving the mystery of amphibian population declines would be laborious and complex. Along the way, investigators have encountered intellectual, logistic, and .nancial challenges, many of which persist today.
Cognition and the Study of Behavior
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

Walnut trees shade the streets of Davis, California. They also provide food for the crows that roost near Davis. Crows crack walnuts by dropping them from heights of 5–10 meters or more onto sidewalks, roads, and parking lots. Occasionally they drop walnuts in front of approaching cars, as if using the cars to crush the nuts for them. Do crows intentionally use cars as nutcrackers? Some of the citizens of Davis, as well as some professional biologists (Maple 1974, in Cristol et al. 1997) were convinced that they do, at least until a team of young biologists at UC Davis put this anecdote to the test (Cristol et al. 1997). They reasoned that if crows were using cars as tools, the birds would be more likely to drop nuts onto the road when cars were coming than when the road was empty. Furthermore, if a crow was standing in the road with an uncracked walnut as a car approached, it should leave the nut in the road to be crushed rather than carry it away.
Timing
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

As sunset gives way to dusk, bats and nighthawks appear, swooping and gliding over city rooftops or above surfaces of lakes, catching insects. Like most other living things, these animals have an internal rhythm, a biological clock with a period of about 24 hours that allows them to become active at the same time each day. Some of the most impressive evidence for such a clock is the nightly appearance of thousands of South American oilbirds pouring out from their roosts deep in caves where no sunlight reaches. Clocks that time intervals much less than 24 hours are evident in classical and instrumental conditioning. Pavlov (1927) described the first examples. For instance, a dog trained with a three-minute whistle predicting weak acid to its mouth salivated most during the last minute of the whistle.
Cognition and the Consequences of Behavior: Foraging, Planning, Instrumental Learning, and Using Tools
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

A rat that has learned to press a lever for sucrose gets sick in its home cage after drinking sucrose. Next time it is placed in the operant chamber, it does not press the lever. A chimpanzee emerges from the jungle near a termite mound carrying a slender stick. It slides the stick into a hole in the mound and extracts a mouthful of insects. The rat and the chimp are exhibiting instrumentally learned behavior, behavior acquired and maintained because of its consequences. We have already encountered instrumental learning, in Chapters 6 (categorization), 9 (timing), and elsewhere, but now we look at the functional and mechanistic principles underlying it. A theme that unites the diverse topics of this chapter is the different senses in which behavior can be described as rational and how they are related (Kacelnik 2006).
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

In the few years since the first edition of this book was published, understanding of cognition in nonhuman species has been transformed by a plethora of new findings about animal memory, theory of mind, teaching, tool use, numerical cognition, imitation, social intelligence, communication, navigation, causal knowledge, and much more. These findings have been contributed by researchers with varying backgrounds and perspectives, with goals that range from learning how ants navigate in the desert to understanding how the human mind and culture evolved. Theory and data from animal cognition are becoming much better integrated with those from neighboring fields such as child development, primatology, behavioral ecology, cognitive neuroscience, and genetics. Such diversity within the field can be a source of conflict and controversy.
Sex: Reproducing Love
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

Travelling in China in the early 1990s, I witnessed one of life’s more monumental events. It arrived entirely unexpected during an otherwise depressing visit to a run-down zoo that resembled a cramped prison populated by catatonic panda bears. As we fought our way through the crowds with their nauseating reams of candy floss, suddenly an even more cloying, almost unbearable smell hit my nostrils. Almost against my will, I followed the smell to a metal fence with large bales of straw, but I was completely unprepared for what was to follow.
Inside The Suicidal Mind
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David
Published: November 2023

Now that we have talked about what a suicidal crisis looks like (Chapter 1) and about the background that set the stage for that crisis (Chapter 2), it is time to take a trip deep inside the suicidal mind. This is the only way to fully grasp the thinking, feeling, and behavior of the suicidal state. As my situation deteriorated that freshman year in college, whatever self-confidence I had disappeared, and I became more and more pessimistic, jaded, cynical, and hopeless. College life was supposed to be different from my life back in Los Angeles. After all, I didn’t travel 3,000 miles to experience the same alienated crap I had to deal with at home. I had come to escape the pain and find some happiness. I was trying to be more social, but that wasn’t consistent with my introverted nature (though I had yet to accept that). I tried to make sense of the isolation. Why couldn’t I have more friends? Why was college, my last hope, failing to bring me happiness?
Professional Competence
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

Professional competence is the foundation of ethical practice. Without the knowledge and skills needed to appropriately address referral questions and serve consumers of neuropsychological services, the remaining ethical requirements are largely irrelevant. Put more plainly, if we do not know what we are doing, we should not be engaging in professional activities. For example, in the absence of competence to provide neuropsychological services, issues such as test selection, informed consent, and confidentiality should not come into play because we should not be engaging in neuropsychological activities in the first place. Conversely, practicing in accordance with other ethical standards is essential for competence. For example, one must understand and apply appropriate methods of test selection, informed consent, and confidentiality to provide competent services. Although this issue is straightforward when considered in the abstract as the dichotomous competence versus incompetence, in most clinical situations the required knowledge and skill set needed to provide a specific service in a certain context is not always obvious.
Zeroing In on MTBI: Epidemiology and Impact
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

Attention turns now from the broader landscape of all-severity TBI to more narrowly focus on MTBI. Despite the severity rating as ‘‘mild,’’ MTBI packs a powerful punch both in sheer volume of injuries and in societal impact. In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) presented to th U.S. Congress a report describing MTBI as a ‘‘silent epidemic,’’ based on concerns that the true incidence and ultimate public health impact of MTBI are severely underestimated. All aspects of MTBI, from epidemiology to di- agnosis, treatment, and outcome, are of increasing importance to health care professionals and researchers. In the last five years, both the CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) have published reports to elevate aware- ness of the public health impact of MTBI in the minds of policy makers at both the state and federal level.
Exceptions to the Rule: Potential Long-Term Effects of MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

In addition to the methodological advantages of the sports concussion re- search model outlined in part one, the sports setting also provides other circumstances unique from the typical, general MTBI population. Specifically, sports are perhaps the only setting in which people are highly motivated to return to the very activity that caused their initial injuries immediately after experiencing an MTBI. This scenario in turn creates a situation in which the athlete is exposed to risk of repeat MTBI, in some cases involving multiple head injuries over a relative short period of time (e.g., days, weeks, or months within the same sport season).
Psychological Theories of Postconcussion Syndrome
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, several models describing the influence of psycho- logical, social, personality, and motivational factors on persistent PCS have been either developed or refined. The most developed theories include the expectation as etiology theory, the ‘‘good old days’’ theory, the nocebo effect, and a diasthesis-stress paradigm. The common thread of these theories is their attempt to uncover the principles that predict the great variability in how people psychologically respond to MTBI and are predis- posed to PCS.
MMPI-2 Supplementary Scales in Treatment Evaluation
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

A number of supplementary or special-purpose scales have been developed for the MMPI-2 that may have relevance for treatment evaluation. These measures provide relevant personality information on symptomatic status or personality attributes that can aid the therapist in developing treatment plans with the client. Individuals interested in a more detailed discussion of these scales should consult recent MMPI-2 textbooks by Butcher (2005b) or Graham (2006). Substance Abuse Indicators Alcohol and other addictive substances are prominent in contemporary society, and abuse of them is common. Many individuals with psychological symptoms find temporary relief from the pressures of living through the use and abuse of these substances. Consequently, clinicians find that an assessment of the way in which their patients learn or fail to learn to deal with alcohol and other drugs is an important assessment question in a pretreatment diagnostic study.
Introduction: The Many Faces of Pleasure
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L , Berridge Kent C
Published: November 2023

The American writer John Steinbeck wrote of “the tragic miracle of consciousness” and how our “species is not set, has not jelled, but is still in a state of becoming” (Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941). He wrote about how consciousness offers us pleasures, desires, and the freedom of choice, but how this freedom is always accompanied by the certainty of the end. The negative side of this sentiment was emphasized by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre who memorably wrote that “hell is other people” (Sartre, 1947).
Helping the Easily Frustrated, Impulsive Child:Getting to Work When a Child Doesn’t Calm Down and Think Before Acting
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Parents and teachers often feel overwhelmed by easily frustrated youngsters. Such distress isn’t surprising: Once these children have gotten upset, they don’t think before they act, often lashing out at those around them. Classroom and family life quickly suffer. In order to function more successfully, these children must learn to tolerate frustration, to develop problem-solving skills, and to find safe places to express and work through their feelings.
Topology and Cosmology
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

Topology is a branch of mathematics that explores properties and invariants of spaces, and for the purposes of this book we consider a space to be a set of points unified by a description. Cosmology is quite literally the study of our cosmos. If we consider the Library to constitute a universe and the universe to be the Library, it is not unreasonable to combine these notions and speculate as to a conceivable topology of the Library that best reflects the anonymous librarian’s received wisdom and secret hopes.
Critical Points
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

Taking advantage of Nietzsche’s metaphor, at the base, mountains offer a multiplicity of approaches towards the summit. Frequently these trails converge to several natural routes, and oftentimes the descent must be taken via an unexpectedly different path. Thus it is no surprise that in my quest to read all commentaries by critics on “The Library of Babel,” I learned that many predecessors have independently climbed and descended the mountain, some along paths with sections that closely parallel mine. This chapter is devoted towards outlining some of these trails. In particular, I am restricting myself to those that involve mathematics in one form or another. I begin by acknowledging those who independently found some of the same mathematics in the story.
Superlinear perturbations of singular elliptic problems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we are interested in the study of singular elliptic problems in the presence of smooth nonlinearities having a superlinear growth at infinity.
Joining the Government: ‘Because I Dared to be Black’
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

Historically, all Western democracies have had to devise mechanisms to regulate entry into their national civil services, to classify positions hierarchically within the bureaucracy, and to determine the conditions for pro motion. Britain rationalized entry into its civil service from the 1870s through the imposition of competitive examinations. Comparable reforms were implemented in Canada, Prussia, and France.2 The dominant principle informing all these national reforms was the establishment of merit criteria for civil service employment, determined principally by performance in competitive examination. The obverse of merit-appointment by patronage-was the principal object of reform.
Legal Release Agreements
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

Americans live in a world that is ruled by legal agreements. The average American goes through life signing contractual agreements for credit cards, loans, insurance, and wireless service. To sell anything on eBay, one must first sign a legal agreement. Participants in organized road races must sign a legal agreement that basically waives the liability of the promoters should the runner be injured or suffer a heart attack. The vast majority of Americans usually sign these legal agreements without bothering to read the fine print. Even most lawyers rarely take the time to carefully read, let alone question the stock language that is found in consumer agreements. If an insurance agent or bank officer tells us we need to sign an agreement in order to receive coverage or a loan, the only question usually asked is, “Where do I sign?” Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that while legal release agreements are essential to the effective functioning of any oral history program, they rarely receive the close attention that they deserve. The public debate surrounding the legal release agreement that former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall signed with the Library of Congress points up how a single ambiguous word can spell trouble.
Oral History on the Internet
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

The World Wide Web not only democratizes access to oral histories but also serves as a wonderful development opportunity for archivists and librarians to demonstrate to their institutions that they are expanding the visibility and availability of their collections. At the same time, ease of access and instant portability of materials raise the possibility of far greater misuse than traditional on- site research. There are three key legal issues that oral historians should carefully consider when making the decision to place interviews online. The first and most obvious is copyright. The second is defamation, and the third is whether interviewees and interviewers legally agreed to electronic publication. This latter issue goes hand in hand with specific ethical responsibilities to interviewees that the OHA’s Principles and Standards clearly articulates. As the following discussion will show, the uniqueness of the information superhighway has forced some modifications in the way that the laws of copyright, defamation, and legal agreements are applied; overall, however, the same law that applies at ground level is readily applicable in cyberspace.
The Monty Hall Problem
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

Mathematicians call it the Monty Hall Problem, and it is one of the most interesting mathematical brain teasers of recent times. Imagine that you face three doors, behind one of which is a prize. You choose one but do not open it. The host--call him Monty Hall--opens a different door, always choosing one he knows to be empty. Left with two doors, will you do better by sticking with your first choice, or by switching to the other remaining door? In this light-hearted yet ultimately serious book, Jason Rosenhouse explores the history of this fascinating puzzle. Using a minimum of mathematics (and none at all for much of the book), he shows how the problem has fascinated philosophers, psychologists, and many others, and examines the many variations that have appeared over the years. As Rosenhouse demonstrates, the Monty Hall Problem illuminates fundamental mathematical issues and has abiding philosophical implications. Perhaps most important, he writes, the problem opens a window on our cognitive difficulties in reasoning about uncertainty.
Magic Squares and Sudoku
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Figure 2.1 is a magic square. It is like a crossword puzzle filled with numbersinstead of letters. Thisisa 4×4 square, but like a crossword puzzle it can be any size from 3 × 3 and up. What makes it magic is that when you add the numbers in any line across or any column down, you get the same sum, namely, 34. In this case, the sum of each of the diagonals(16, 10, 7, 1) and (4, 6, 11, 13) isalso 34, which makes it a special or perfect magic square. According to tradition, the numbers begin with 1 and fill the little squares, or cells, so a 4 × 4 square contains all the numbers, without repetition, from 1 to 16. It may be surprising, but there are 880 different arrangements each row adds up to give the same number for that square, so both squares are magic squares. The square in Figure 2.2 differs from the Sudoku (Figure 2.3), which does not complete the number sequence of 1 to 81 (92 = 81) as in Figure 2.2. The Sudoku is divided into three parts and the numbers in each row and column include 1 to 9, also in the nine 3 × 3 subsquares. Whereas in a magic square (Figure 2.2) no number may be repeated, in the Sudoku (Figure 2.3) numbersare repeated in each row and column but may not be repeated within individual rows or columns.
Bloggers
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

In 2007 the Democratic Leadership Council, a centrist group within the Democratic Party, held its annual convention in Nashville, Tennessee. In the past, the convention had attracted presidents and presidential candidates. Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Hillary Clinton belonged to the group. But the Nashville convention attracted no presidential candidates.

A few days later, the Yearly Kos Convention of liberal political bloggers formed through the Daily Kos blog opened in Chicago. The convention attracted 1,400 bloggers and, unlike the DLC meeting, five of the 2008 Democratic presidential candidates.
In Search of Low-Carbon Fuels
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

Vehicle populations are ballooning, accessible oil supplies are dwindling, and greenhouse gases need reducing. One answer is increasing vehicle fuel economy. Another is commercializing low-carbon alternative fuels. While many efforts have been made to find alternatives to petroleum, carbon content was never an issue—until now. In any case, petroleum’s dominance has never been seriously threatened since it took root nearly a century ago. The oil that flows through our car monoculture has long suffocated would-be competitors.

Until now. The big oil companies are beginning to realize that change is afoot. But will that change be toward high-carbon unconventional oils or those elusive low-carbon renewable fuels that always seem just over the horizon?

Oil is a remarkable substance that has bestowed huge benefits on humanity. It has been cheap and abundant for more than a century and its global dominance as a transportation fuel has never been seriously threatened. It still costs less than most bottled water. It compactly stores a tremendous amount of energy in an auto fuel tank. It’s easy and inexpensive to move around thanks to the vast network of pipelines, refineries, and gas stations. It can be stored at room temperature almost indefinitely. It has been the ideal transportation fuel, unmatched by any other. It makes possible our mobile modern way of life. The result has been a societal embrace so broad and deep that our lifestyles and business practices now require it. Indeed, we seem to be addicted to oil, as former oilman President George W. Bush articulated in his January 2007 State of the Union address.
Sacred Lambencies and Thin Crusts: The Metaphors of Identity
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

They went to the window. The fronting heavens were a black purple. The thunder, which had been growling in the distance, swept forward and roared above the town. The crash no longer roared afar, but cracked close to the ear, hard, crepitant. Quick lightning stabbed the world in vicious and repeated hate. A blue-black moistness lay heavy on the cowering earth. George Douglas Brown, The House with the Green Shutters, 1901 If a city hasn’t been used by an artist not even the inhabitants live there imaginatively.
Muscular Celticism: Sport and Nationalism
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1888 the small borders town of Peebles opened the baronial-revival Chambers Institute, endowed by the great Provost of Edinburgh and publisher William Chambers and his brother Robert, pioneer of evolutionary thought in his Vestiges of Creation (1844). Its central feature was a half-scale reproduction in plaster of the Parthenon frieze: its charioteers, athletes, and wrestlers. Sport was integral to both doric worlds, observed John Buchan, who as a teenager had wolfed down the Institute’s books: ‘A sport[is] a contest with wild Nature in some one of her forms, a contest in which there is commonly some risk; a game, a contest under agreed rules with other human beings.’
Coasts in Cold Environments
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Although some aspects of the morphology and processes operating on cold coasts are similar to those in other environments, they also have some unique characteristics that are attributable to perennial or seasonal sea ice, permafrost, ground ice, frost action, isostasy, glacial history, and other zonal factors.
Building a Capital for Emperor and Enterprise: The Changing Urban Meaning of Central Tokyo
Authors: Machimura Takashi
Published: November 2023

The city of Edo (the old name of Tokyo before 1868) was first built in 1456 as a small castle by a local landlord, Ota Dokan. After a period of long warfare the Tokugawa shogunate successfully reunited the land and in 1603 established Edo as a political capital of the new regime. Thus Edo-Tokyo is a relatively new and planned city as compared to other major Japanese cities. With the establishment of the new regime Japan closed its doors to almost all foreign countries for more than two centuries. After several contacts with missions from abroad, it reopened relations with the Western countries in the 1850s, and was soon incorporated into the expanding capitalist world economy.
Homelessness, AIDS, and Stigmatization
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Homelessness, AIDS, and Stigmatization: The NIMBY Syndrome in the United States at the End of the Twentieth Century argues that it is the rise in community opposition across race, class, and region that should be considered in terms of the changing social construction of stigma, i.e. the ways in which people define those who are acceptable and those who are not. Three particular themes underlie the arguments made throughout this book: (a) the importance of economic, welfare state, and demographic restructuring in community response to homelessness and HIV/AIDS; (b) the significance of the social and spatial construction of stigma for ongoing and future community response; and (c) the role of institutions such as municipal governments and the courts in defining and adjudicating local facility siting disputes. To explore these themes the author uses both quantitative and qualitative data and methods. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies aims to publish the best original research studies in the related fields of geography and environmental studies. Its scope is international, presenting a broad and diverse range of scholarly approaches from across the world. Series Editors: Gordon Clark, Andrew Goudie, and Ceri Peach.
Environment as Heritage
Authors: Lowenthal David
Published: November 2023

The Word ‘environment’ generally refers to our material surroundings, above all to those we regard as natural. Its derivative ‘environmentalism’ connotes the current crusade to amend our relations with nature. But this gloss on environment is quite new. Its lexical looseness might have vexed Thomas Linacre, a classical translator praised as intellectually fastidious by his pupil Erasmus.
The role of standards in support of GDI
Authors: Croswell Peter L
Published: November 2023

In the 1990s the popularity surrounding the topic of standards in geospatial information systems has contributed to a greater awareness of their purpose, but it has also resulted in considerable confusion about standards implementation (see Croswell and Ahner, 1990; Moyer and Niemann, 1993; and Wellar, 1972). The wisdom in the industry today says that a user organization must adopt standards to deploy and support a successful geospatial data infrastructure, but many questions remain: What types of standards are appropriate? Which specific standards are current? How can they best be implemented to support and encourage GDI development and use rather than inhibit it?
Conceptual tools for specifying geospatial descriptions
Authors: Molenaar Martien
Published: November 2023

The pre-eminent objectives of GDI are to achieve efficiencies in geospatial data handling by means of data sharing and to open economic opportunities in a broader sense through the emerging ‘information market’. A major tool in achieving this aim is to facilitate access to government-owned information at prices that are set in a consistent and transparent manner.

As we have seen in previous chapters, geospatial data can be classified into broad categories: foundation data, framework data, and application-specific data. The first type is collected with broad data sharing in mind and serves as a topographic/geometric framework within many domains of different specialists, while the second type is usually the broadly sharable data within a specialist domain. The third type is collected paying little attention to data sharing owing to its highly specialized context. In all cases, however, the question arises as to what extent data produced in one context can be shared for application in another. The question is opportune because a decision to use data already available from another source may be far less expensive than surveying or developing the data separately. Hence there is a financial element to consider, but also the element of consistency, especially if the data is to be used in multiple levels of abstraction in classification and aggregation hierarchies.
Meeting Human Energy Needs: Constraints, Opportunities, and Effects
Authors: Wrigley E A
Published: November 2023

It is often said that the two most significant breakpoints in the material circumstances of mankind in recent millennia have been the Neolithic food revolution and the industrial revolution. This essay is set in that framework. All major changes affecting the way in which the material needs of men and women are met are bound to be complex both in their effects and in their causation. Constraints of space will prevent a sophisticated discussion and I must use this as my excuse if parts of the following seem oversimplified. However, viewing these fundamental changes in social and economic organization from the standpoint of energy needs and energy supplies provides a perspective which should be illuminating in its own right and has the added attraction of throwing light on many other aspects of historical change.
From Hunting to Mining: The History of Human Environmental Relations in Eastern Arnhem Land
Authors: Morphy Howard
Published: November 2023

Human beings have been in Australia for at least forty thousand years. The popularly accepted view is that, except for the last two hundred years, the history of Australia has been one of continuity and stability. The Australia that Europeans first encountered, it is thought, was a continent of hunters and gatherers that had long been cut off from the rest of the world: a continent with a stable population in balance with the resources of its environment. Its population was conservative: an unchanging people in an unchanging land. And then a little more than two hundred years ago came the catastrophe of the European invasion, in which Australia rejoined the rest of the world-a world at the end of the age of enlightenment and on the edge of the industrial revolution (see Butlin 1993: 185). The invasion was thought to have created an unbridgeable gulf between a prehistoric past that comprised forty thousand years of undifferentiated stability and a historic past connected to a present that is characterized by change. In Crosby’s (1986: 18) words: ‘when Captain Cook and the Australians of Botany Bay looked at each other in the eighteenth century they did so from opposite sides of the Neolithic Revolution’.
Lost Systems of Cultivation
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

Prior to 1963, the term ‘raised field’ was not to be found in either the agricultural or archaeological literature. And the term ‘drained field’ was mostly used for modern wetland fields. In 1961, geologist George Plafker and I became aware of what seemed to be pre-Hispanic agricultural fields in the form of ridges, mounds, and ditches in the seasonal swamps of the Llanos de Mojos, an enormous but little known savanna in Bolivian Amazonia (Plafker 1963; Denevan 1962; 1963a). Aerial reconnaissance, ground survey, and examination of air photos convinced us that these features were indeed man-made and ancient. We initially could find no published mention of such fields in Bolivia or anywhere else in South America.
Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America is unlike any other book dealing with native agriculture in North America. The book takes a geographical stance, focusing on fields, field features, and field systems. Grounded in the traditional landscapes of landscape studies, emphasis is placed on modifications of the biophysical environment, specifically vegetation, soil, slope, and hydrology. Four sections explore horticulture, and practices that took advantage of adequate rainfall, compensated for moisture deficits, and water surpluses. The author uses three types of data: documentary accounts of the early European inform of native practices; ethnographies from 19th and 20th centuries provide ecological understanding; and archaeological findings to shed light on the antiquity of various activities. Doolittle challenges established ideas and provides new innovative ones. Nearly 200 maps, drawings, and photographs richly illustrate the complexities of aboriginal American food production.
Canon Law and its Influence on Secular Law
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The Church was not only the biggest and the best organized public institution in the Middle Ages; it also had the greatest intellectual resources and the most efficient legal system. The ramifications of church law were so extensive that they cannot be covered in a history of private law such as this,1 but in the Middle Ages its effect on secular law was so great that one needs to know something of it in order to understand anything about the secular law of the time. So manifold are those effects that some distinctions must be drawn before the connections can be seen.
The Development of Medieval Legal Science: The Commentators
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

We return to the iuscivile. While the Glossators cannot be said to have been mere theorists remote from the world, since as teachers, givers of opinions, and draftsmen of deeds they were persons of standing in the constitutional and legal affairs of their time, and their teaching was recognized as excellent practical training for public life (p. 29), nevertheless they did not have as much impact on the daily life of the law as we would expect of lawyers today. Unlike the canonists, whose very sources involved them in current affairs, the Glossators spent most of their time expounding the CorpusJuris and other texts which were not actually ‘in force’ in Italy or anywhere else in Europe. Even where the general authority of these texts was admitted, as it was in the Empire and, thanks to the famous fiction invented by French legists,1 in Western Europe as well, it had to give way to any applicable personal or local laws, for in the medieval view such laws took precedence over more general laws and thus over Roman law, universal as it might be.2 What students in Italy and France learnt was a method, a juridical ‘grammar’ so to speak, rather than law capable of application in any particular place. For this very reason the Glossators could maintain their view that Roman law was timelessly right and universally valid regardless of local conditions,4 a point on which the whole of Europe readily agreed with them.
Law in Germany on the Eve of the Reception
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Conditions in Germany as it entered the Middle Ages were very different from those in other major countries in Europe. Germany was rather backward: as part-heir to the Empire of Charlemagne, it had ever since the time of Otto borne the standard—and the burden—of the imperial idea.
The Discovery of Legal History
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The historical school renewed the study of law by seeing it-in its own way as ‘historical’. It was not so much interested in historical research for its own sake as in producing a new kind of legal doctrine, and while its programme certainly encouraged the use of research into legal history as a means of under standing the law which it now saw as historical, its very emphasis on the doctrinal tasks of jurisprudence prevented it from taking a full part in the development of historiography in the nineteenth century. On the other hand, the study of legal history benefited greatly from the marvellous flowering of philology; indeed, like classical studies, legal history was so concerned with sticking to the facts, extending its field of study, and refining its critical methods that it almost forgot its humanistic and romantic origins. Even today mainstream legal history is closer to philology than to general historical studies, and here the Romanists and Germanists were in step, though on different paths.