bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sea Trials of the SWATH Ship USNS Victorious (T-AGOS 19)
Authors: Sandison Jim , Woolaver Dennis , Dipper Martin , Rice Mark
Published: January 2021

In 1986 the design of the Navy's first large SWATH (small waterplane area twin hull) ship was completed. Designated the T-AGOS 19 Class, these vessels were designed to operate comfortably in high latitudes during winter months. The T-AGOS 19 and T-AGOS 23 Classes represent one of the greatest departures in naval surface ship design in the past century. In 1989 extensive confirmation sea trials on USNS Victorious (T-AGOS 19) were required by the Chief Engineer of the Navy. T-AGOS 19 was built by McDermott Shipyards in Amelia, Louisiana and was delivered to the Navy in August of 1991. An extensive Core Data Acquisition System (CDAS) was installed to support seakeeping, ship motions, hydrodynamic, structural, and acoustic trials. The trials were continual from the winter of 1991/92 in the North Atlantic through winter of 1992/93 in the North Pacific, and finished with standardization trials off Hawaii in April of 1993. An extensive amount of trials data has been generated, the analysis of which is still in process. This paper is an overview of the trials and a presentation (preliminary) of some of the results. The Victorious has proven to be a very seakindly ship with motions that allow one to comfortably work at a computer station in sea state 7.
Roll Stabilization of Small Ships
Authors: Martin John P.
Published: January 2021

The effect of ship size on the roll response of smaller vessels is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the prevalence of the shorter wave heights and lengths that will cause heavy, resonant rolling of ships with short natural roll periods. The choices of various stabilizer types for the general classifications of small ships are reviewed. Model basin and full-scale test results of these ships with and without any type of stabilizer are presented. Particular attention is paid to ship types recently bid or delivered.
Lamboley Test of EC-12 Model Yachts
Authors: Robinson Lon , Robinson Larry
Published: January 2021

Comparative evaluations were conducted using a Lamboley pendulum test to determine the radius of gyration in the pitch axis and to locate the center of gravity of the East Coast 12-Meter (EC-12M) model sail yachts. The Lamboley simultaneous equations were solved using a computer programmed for this purpose. From these data, the righting moment at 20 deg heel and the moment of inertia in the pitch axis, without the rig, were calculated and plotted. Critical pitching frequencies were calculated, assuming a nominal mast and rig; and critical wavelengths were calculated and plotted versus boat speed.
Offshore Vessels and Their Unique Applications for the Systems Designer
Authors: Geiger Paul R. , Norton Calvin V.
Published: January 2021

Offshore vessels are industrial vessels primarily utilized in the offshore petroleum industry for exploration or exploitation of subsea resources. The most common types of offshore vessels in use today are the column-stabilized semisubmersible unit, the self-elevating or jack-up unit, and surface-type units such as the drillship and barge. In the truest sense, whether they are operational afloat, as are the semisubmersible, drillship and barge, or operational while bottom supported, as is the jack-up, due to their mobility they are marine vessels with systems nominally the same as conventional ships. Due to their mission requirements, however, their systems have features that are unique when analyzed by the traditional marine engineer, and although these vessels contain mechanical and electrical components similar to those used in conventional ships, they serve different systems and have unique applications. This paper discusses the major marine engineering aspects of mobile offshore vessels that are unique and which have made them a distinct category of marine vessel.
The Planning, Design, and Construction of Fast Response Fireboats for the Port of Vancouver
Authors: Pamplin Donald J. , Hatfield Peter S. , Allan Robert G.
Published: January 2021

In February 1993, the last of five fast response fireboats was delivered by Celtic Shipyards (1988) Ltd. to serve the Port of Vancouver. This marked the culmination of a lengthy and sometimes tedious process during which five municipal governments and the federally controlled Vancouver Port Corporation agreed on a shared responsibility in the provision of waterborne fire protection to Vancouver Harbour. This paper describes the genesis of the five new vessels, from planning, to concept definition, to detail design, through construction and testing. The paper is divided into parts representing the chronological development of the vessels, each part authored by the person whose organization was responsible for the particular phase of the project.
Evolution and State of the Art of the Log Barge
Authors: McAllister Marc
Published: January 2021

The movement of tows, or cargoes, of logs through the coastal waters of British Columbia has progressed from the towing of immense floating "rafts" of wired-together logs in calm, protected waters to sophisticated self-loading/self-dumping barges capable of navigating in less-calm conditions without risk of destruction. The evolution of these barges is described along with the ingenious method of quick offloading, or dumping, of cargo, and its attendant risks. The principal particulars of some of the more successful, modern vessels, including tug-and-barge units, are given, as well as a brief overview of the state of the industry at large.
Controlled Atmosphere Systems for Marine Vessels
Authors: Harrison Mike , Herlihy Peter
Published: January 2021

Controlled atmosphere (CA) preservation of perishable fruit and vegetables represents new opportunities for today's reefer operators. This technology affords the carrier an efficient and economical method of introducing and maintaining a low oxygen atmosphere that, when used in conjunction with temperature control, can significantly enhance the preservation of fruit and vegetables. Improved product quality, new markets, and reduced product losses are benefits realized through the use of hollow fiber membrane air separation technology. Seasonal products, which may be unavailable because of the transit time of shipping, are now a reality for operators utilizing this technology. High-value products such as fresh cut flowers, previously dedicated to air freight, may be a natural extension of the technology. The authors' company is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company. Generon supplies hollow fiber membrane systems for the on-site generation of gaseous nitrogen. In 1992 the company provided turnkey design and installation services of controlled atmosphere systems for three fully refrigerated containerships operated by the Great White Fleet. These ABS-classed vessels were the first of their type to fully utilize controlled atmosphere technology for the improved quality and reduction of perishable losses.
RO/RO Safety After the Estonia—A Report on the Activities of the Ad Hoc Panel on RO/RO Safety
Authors: Schauer Todd , Little Patrick E. , Hutchison Bruce L.
Published: January 2021

The sinking of the Estonia spurred renewed interest in the international maritime community to conduct a thorough assessment of RO/RO passenger ferry vessel operations. SNAME, in keeping with its Strategic Plan, formed an ad hoc panel to assess the safety of the Canadian and U.S. RO/RO passenger ferry fleets. This paper describes the international actions to improve RO/RO ferry safety and how the ad hoc panel interacted with this process to ensure that the proposed changes to international maritime rules were rationally based.
Marpol V and Cargo Residues in the Great Lakes
Authors: Reeves Eric , Perry Laurie
Published: January 2021

In 1989 the U.S. Coast Guard promulgated regulations implementing Annex V to Marpol 73/78, which regulates the discharge of "garbage" from ships. Since that time it has become apparent that Marpol V, an international regime designed for the high seas, does not translate into a workable regime for the Great Lakes without some modification for the special problem of cargo residue discharges from dry bulk carriers. Application of Marpol V to the Great Lakes by the United States has also created an anomaly, because Canada has yet to do so, in large part because of serious concerns about its application to cargo residues on the Great Lakes. On September 22, 1993 the U.S. Coast Guard Ninth District put out an interim enforcement policy designed to provide a reasonable balance between the need to protect the environment of the lakes against any possible harm while taking account of the need for safe operation of commercial dry bulk carriers. At the same time, in cooperation with the Canadian Coast Guard Central Region and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard Ninth District is developing better scientific information about the possible effects of cargo residues in order to build a scientific basis for a revised regulatory regime. As the scientific study progresses, the Ninth Coast Guard District continues to make modifications to the current enforcement policy, in consultation with Canadian Coast Guard Central Region, the scientific community, industry, and environmental groups. The final goal is a reasonably balanced and consistent regime on both sides of the lakes, in accordance with the mandates of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
Los Angeles Harbor Department Technical Comments on the Proposed Federal Implementation Plan Marine/Vessel/Ports Regulation
Authors: Dykman Barbara
Published: January 2021

A critical analysis is offered of the EPA's proposed Federal Implementation Plan strategy to control engine emissions from ships, trains and trucks in greater Los Angeles—including the area officially known as the San Pedro Bay Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The author argues that the severe restrictions imposed by the Plan would improve the air quality only by driving trade and commerce elsewhere, with serious economic penalties for the LA area. Alternative ship emission control measures are proposed, including international NOx emission standards for marine vessels, imposition of a 25-mile offshore shipping lane, reduction of ship cruising speeds in the port area, an economic incentive program to assist shipowners reduce engine emissions, and port infrastructure improvements.
Comparison of Ten Sailboat Propellers
Authors: Lurie Beth , Taylor Todd
Published: January 2021

This study investigated the performance characteristics of ten different commercially available propellers typically seen on auxiliary sailboats. Included in the testing were two feathering propellers, three folding propellers, one self-pitching propeller, and four fixed-bladed propellers. All propellers were of the same pitch and diameter. Testing at the MIT Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory consisted of three common boating situations: forward boatspeed, forward rotation (normal forward operation); forward boatspeed, reverse rotation (backing down); and forward boatspeed, no rotation (drag under sail). It was found that all ten propellers performed generally well in forward operation, but that large differences in performance existed in reverse and in drag. The text of this report is written with the lay audience in mind.
Integration and Preliminary Shipboard Observations of an Embedded Piloting Expert System
Authors: Grabowski Martha , Sanborn Steve
Published: January 2021

Safe navigation in restricted waters continues to be a perennial concern for shipowners, operators, navigators, and citizens. Much research has been conducted in order to determine the most efficient and effective methods for improving the safety of navigation and for training ships' officers and pilots. Decision aids improving the safety of navigation and supporting the cognitive skills of piloting—maneuvering, collision avoidance, and the practice of good seamanship—are of substantial interest. These decision aids can be standalone systems or embedded within an integrated bridge system or electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS), and can exhibit the properties of a real time knowledge-based control system. Following the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) began the development of a real time expert system, the Shipboard Piloting Expert System (SPES). This real time expert system was developed as an embedded intelligent software module within the ExxBridge integrated bridge system developed for Exxon Shipping Company3 by Sperry Marine, Inc. This paper describes the Shipboard Piloting Expert System, its integration and installation aboard the Exxon Benicia,4and preliminary results of a 20-month operational assessment aboard the Exxon Benicia. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of future directions for the system.
Risk Assessment of Small Fishing Vessel Trap Net Operations
Authors: Schauer Todd , Romberg Barry , Jiang Changben , Troesch Armin W.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a means by which the capsize risk associated with various fishing vessel operating conditions can be evaluated. Rather than relying on the static restoring moment curve as the primary criteria for vessel safety, modern nonlinear systems analysis is applied to the problem of extreme nonlinear rolling in random beam sea. While the method is quite general and not limited to small vessels, it is illustrated with a specific application involving Native American trap net fishing on the upper Great Lakes. General trap net operations, as practiced by Native American fishermen and women in the Grand Traverse Bay region, are presented in detail. The most significant characteristic of trap net operations is the heel induced during net deployment and net lifting. The increased risk to the vessel, in terms of the increased probability of capsize is quantified for various heel angles and various sea states. A significant advantage of the capsize analysis method presented here is its ability to investigate quickly the effects of many parameters (e.g., trap net line tension, wave height, and/or wave period) on a nonlinear dynamic system without having to resort to extensive simulation studies.
Risk Analysis Applied to Capsize of Fishing Vessels
Authors: Dahle Emil Aall , Myrhaug Dag
Published: January 2021

Although contributing only moderately to the total ship loss rate, capsize provides the dominating human loss rate contribution for the smaller vessel. This is of special concern for fishing vessels because their human loss rate is considered as unacceptable in many countries in the world. In the paper, it is suggested that a risk analysis method be applied to manage the risk of capsize. The analysis is derived in steps. First, dangerous wave events are selected; steep near-breaking waves above certain heights, synchronous waves, and high waves with the same speed as the ship are selected. Next, the frequency of occurrence is calculated based upon published wave statistics and recent research. Then, the vessel's response to the selected wave events has to be found by model tests or by using simple analytical models. Finally, the probability of occurrence of wave/vessel encounters per year that will cause capsize is calculated. Various rational ways of reducing the probability to an acceptable level are presented and discussed, and are illustrated by practical examples for two U.S. fishing areas, one on the West Coast and one on the East Coast. The application of already available information and knowledge is advocated with less emphasis on development of complicated mathematical models.
A Review of Some Performance Characteristics of Monohull High-Speed Small Craft
Authors: Lee Charles M.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a review of some parametric interrelationships between size, weight, hull proportions, propulsion power, and craft speed of modern, monohull, planing-type, marine craft. Parametric relationships are presented in terms related to lifting-surface theory rather than in more conventional "naval architectural" terms such as hull volume coefficients and area coefficients. The scope of the paper includes a brief review of the technical approach used to accomplish the analysis and typical results of the work. Charts which provide a means for approximation of power/ performance relationships are also presented. Performance estimates derived by means of the charts are compared with data derived from the careful and thorough testing of several full-size craft.
Conversion of Maersk Lines “L” Class Containerships to Strategic Sealift RO/RO, LO/LO Ships
Authors: Walter Don
Published: January 2021

This technical note provides an overview of some of the design issues presented by the complex undertaking noted in the title together with some insight into the historical events and strategic decisions that influenced the engineering process.
The Successful Design and Construction of a Solar/Electric Racing Boat: An Overview
Authors: Beers Gregory W. , Criner James M.
Published: January 2021

This paper illustrates how rational engineering was used in the successful design and construction of a solar/electric racing boat. The University of Michigan Solar/Electric Boat Team (UMSEBT) used this rational engineering approach to overcome difficulties inherent in developing an innovative concept and turning that concept into a product in only six months. That product is the solar/ electric racing boat named Vee-N-Verse which was recently entered in Solar Splash '94, the first ever international intercollegiate solar/electric boat regatta.
Tractor Tug: Conceptual Design to Implementation
Authors: Dabbar John M. , Morgan James M.
Published: January 2021

ARCO Marine, Inc. researched the feasibility of using a tractor tug of greater than 7000 hp as a dedicated escort tug for its 120 000 dwt oil tankers. This paper describes the analysis, model tests, and contract design package for such a tug. Subsequently, ARCO began using this tug as escort and, through full-scale trials of realistic emergency scenarios, developed operational procedures jointly implemented by the tanker captains, tug captains, and Puget Sound pilots.
WLB and WLM: The Next Generation of United States Coast Guard Buoy Tenders
Authors: Bentgen Bernard F. , McGrath Frank
Published: January 2021

The U.S. Coast Guard's current fleet of buoy tenders consists of approximately 40 cutters of the WLM and WLB classes. The majority of these vessels were built in the 1942–1944 time frame and have undergone numerous modifications, overhauls, and renovations in their 50-year service lives. In 1979, the U.S. Coast Guard, facing increasing costs associated with operating this aging fleet of buoy tenders and increasing pressure to control budget growth by operating fewer ships with fewer men, embarked on an ambitious replacement program. This paper discusses the procurement approach resulting from this U.S. Coast Guard initiative and describes the WLB and WLM designs which were selected for procurement. It also discusses a number of the significant design tradeoffs and design drivers and provides the rationale for selection of both the overall ship configuration and specific shipboard systems for the two designs.
Study of Double Hull Tanker Lolling and Its Prevention
Authors: Goodwin Michael J. , Card James C. , Spencer John S.
Published: January 2021

Lolling is an uncontrollable list caused by inadequate transverse stability in the upright condition. With the advent of double hull tankers, lolling incidents have begun to occur, usually while loading or unloading cargo. These lolling incidents have damaged loading arms and piers and resulted in ship damage. There is also the risk of injury or death to personnel, a risk of fire, and a risk of polluting oil spills from damaged loading facilities. This study considers the problem of lolling of double hull, single tank across tankers in the 35,000 DWT to 150,000 DWT range. This is the size range of tankers which have experienced incidents of lolling. Below this range are mostly product tankers which have greater cargo tank subdivision. Above 150,000 DWT, strength and tank size considerations dictate against the single tank across configuration. The study recommends that new tankers be required to have sufficient intact stability to prevent the occurrence of lolling, preferably by design without having to consider cargo or ballast loading sequences. The study also provides an approach on how to demonstrate that sufficient stability is available under all loading conditions possible.
An International Consortium on High-Speed Propulsion
Authors: Kinnas Spyros A.
Published: January 2021

Recent demands for higher speed ocean vehicles and, at the same time, for more efficient propulsion, have made the appearance of cavitation inevitable. Thus, contemporary hydrofoil or propeller blade designs must take advantage of controlled cavitation in order to increase the efficiency of propulsion. An International Consortium on Cavitation Performance of High-Speed Propulsors has been put together by the author. The ultimate objective of this effort is to develop a new generation of reliable and user-friendly computational tools for the analysis and systematic design of efficient cavitating hydrofoils or propulsors. Fifteen participants have joined this consortium thus far. They include research centers, propeller manufacturers, shipyards, and high-speed boat industries from the U.S., Europe, and Asia. An overview of the research plan and the approach for some of the research tasks are presented.
SWATH Research Vessel: The Building of RV Western Flyer
Authors: Dockter Michael E. , Schmidt Kurt
Published: January 2021

The design of the SIVA TH (small waterplane area, twin hull) research vessel Western Flyer is described. Because the Flyer is intended to serve as mother-ship for an advanced deep-diving ROV (remote-operated vehicle) to be deployed in CaliJbrnia's Monterey Bay area, the SWATH configuration presents a safe and stable pla(form [kom which to operate in practically all weather conditions. Launch and retrieval of the ROV./?om the sheltered moonpool, or centerwell, are discussed as well as the elaborate 7'ether Alanagement System. The deck and machinery arrangements" are illustrated, and model tests to predict the SWA TH's station keeping qualities and pitch motions in various sea states are described.
The Titanic and Lusitania: A Final Forensic Analysis
Authors: Garzke William H. , Brown David K. , Sandiford Arthur D. , Woodward John , Hsu Peter K.
Published: January 2021

This paper represents the final forensic analyses concerning the losses of the passenger liners RMS Titanic and Lusitania based on photographic and other evidence taken from their wreck sites. It will detail the role of brittle fracture and notch sensitivity in the Titanic's steel plates that contributed to her loss on 14–15 April 1912 and the possibility of a similar occurrence in the Lusitania. The conclusions reached here are based upon six expeditions to the Titanic wreck site over a period of nine years, commencing with the Ballard-Michel Expedition in 1985 and ending with the 1994 IFREMER Expedition. The Lusitania analysis will reveal what brought about her loss on 7 May 1915, based upon the Ballard Expedition of 1993 and our own research into her loss, propulsion plant, and hull design.
Automatic BusBar Transfer Switch Fault Tree Analysis
Authors: Pearman Gordon R.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the application of an existing statistical analysis technique called "Fault Tree Analysis " to Automatic BusBar Transfer Switch failures on a new class of Naval Supply Ship. Fault Tree Analysis is a technique, used in many "High Technology Industries, " to pictorially display facts surrounding system, equipment or process failures. Technological complexity and safety concerns in the marine industry make it necessary to also use an organized technique to display facts affecting undesirable events, or failures, and their cause and effect.
Applying 3D Product Modeling Technology to Shipbuilding
Authors: Baum Stephen J. , Ramakrishnan Ravi
Published: January 2021

Models created using 3D product modeling technology contain not only 3D geometry, but also associative, parametric relationships and non-geometric information. 3D product modeling technology provides the capability to create a ship model which increases in fidelity as the design matures and progresses from concept through detailed design, manufacturing and life-cycle maintenance. 3D product model data thus generated is available for close coupling of analysis with the CAD model, visualization, interference detection, and automated generation of associative bills of material and drawings. Through Simulation Based Design (SBD) technologies, 3D product models can be reviewed not only for engineering integrity, but also for producibility, manufacturability, and maintainability A technical approach for quantifying the cost benefits of using 3D product modeling technology for shipbuilding is presented.
Performance Database for Offshore Tug Supply Vessels
Authors: Latorre Robert , Mims Jason
Published: January 2021

With the continued development of the oil and gas fields, the fourth generation of tug-supply vessel is being launched. This paper summarizes the performance data base for offshore tug-supply vessels developed under a SNAME T&R Project
The Successful Production of a Competitive Fixed-Price Ship Repair Job
Authors: Stewart H. P. "Bud"
Published: January 2021

A step-by-step procedure for the production of a ship repair job is presented. The principal participants and their interrelationships are identified. The benefits and the pitfalls are described. Related topics are discussed.
Influence of Design Parameters on Vertical Motions of Trawler Hull Forms in Head Seas
Authors: Kukner Abdi , Aydm Muhsin
Published: January 2021

The influence of ship length, length to beam ratio, beam to draft ratio, prismatic coefficient, non-dimensional radius of gyration and Froude number upon significant amplitude of coupled heaving and pitching motions of trawler hull forms for six different sea states has been studied. For this purpose, 540 trawler hull forms have been generated from Doust trawler series to cover appropriate ranges of the design parameters. Seakeeping behavior of these forms has been studied by using an established ship motion computer program and regression models of significant seakeeping events have been derived. Through this study, it is believed that a method has been produced for the seakeeping evaluation of trawler forms during the early design stages, hence allowing for the design of safer and more seakindly trawler designs.
Fire Degradation of Fiber Composites
Authors: Asaro Robert J. , Dao Ming
Published: January 2021

This paper describes results from combined experimental and theoretical studies of compressive failures of polymer matrix glass reinforced composites which have undergone thermal loading. The materials discussed herein are composed of vinylester resins and E-glass, quasi-isotropic, fabrics with relatively high fiber densities in the 55 volume percent range. Both single skin and cored composite materials are addressed in our studies but the focus of the present paper is on single skin composites. Experimental studies have included structural collapse under combined thermal (i.e. fire) and mechanical loading; the mechanical loading included combined in-plane and out-of-plane loading of panels which were approximately 1 m2. Our theoretical studies include detailed finite element simulations of panel deformation and collapse to be compared with the experimental observations. The approach to the development of a quantitative methodology for structural fire protection is discussed in the context of the experiments and analyses. This approach is outlined using a simple analytical model for structural collapse; the model's predictions are compared with experiment and the numerical simulations.
Dynamic Stability Assessment of Damaged Passenger/Ro-Ro Ships and Proposal of Rational Survival Criteria
Authors: Vassalos Dracos , Turan Osman , Pawlowski Maciej
Published: January 2021

A clear tendency of moving from prescriptive to performance based safety regulations is emerging internationally. Introduction of performance standards is seen as beneficial to industry, allowing consideration of alternative designs as well as a rapid implementation of technological innovation. In this respect, the analysis of alternative design solutions, particularly in the case of Ro-Ro ferries, requires the development of a standardized approach to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of intact and damage stability regulations by a combination of physical model experiments and numerical model tests while applying probabilistic techniques in the process of assessing damage survivability. The procedure pertaining to model experiments is described in the SOLAS Regulation II-1/8 and the "Interim Guidance Notes for a Uniform Model Test Procedure" relating to this regulation. This paper concentrates on the development and validation of a mathematical model to be used for numerical model testing and the proposal of rational survival criteria allowing for a probabilistic assessment of the dynamic stability of damaged ships, in a way that could not be simpler for practical applications
Design of Propulsion Systems for High-Speed Craft
Authors: Blount Donald L. , Bartee Robert J.
Published: January 2021

The demand for increased speed in medium and large craft challenges the designer to select propulsion systems which meet performance requirements economically throughout ever-widening operational profiles. The combined hydrodynamic characteristics of hull and propulsors result in a speed-thrust relationship for the environment in which the vessel operates. This speed-thrust relationship requires unique values of power and RPM input for each type and number of propulsors. Power and RPM are also sensitive to the mode of operation of the vessel whether at constant speed, accelerating to a greater speed or towing an object. Most vessels utilize fixed-pitch submerged propellers. Surface propellers are fitted to vessels designed to perform at very high speeds and waterjetpropulsors are being utilized with increasing frequency on larger vessels with high-speed operational profile. This paper discusses brake horsepower (BHP) and propulsor RPM relationships for vessel speed requirements based on the hydrodynamic characteristics of three types of propulsors: submerged propellers, surface propellers and waterjets. An example of predicted vessel performance regarding speed, power and propulsor RPM is presented which includes engine characteristics and BHP versus RPM. This latter format depicts the differences in power demand for three types of propulsors on a monohull vessel with regard to engine characteristics.
Introduction to the Alaska Marine Highway System’s New Ocean Class Vessel
Authors: Hutchison Bruce L.
Published: January 2021

The Alaska Marine Highway System's new Ocean Class RoRo passenger vessel, now under construction at Halter Marine, Inc., is the first large ocean and SOLAS certificated passenger vessel designed and built in the U.S. since the S.S. United States in 1952 and the smaller Alaska ferry M/V Tustumena in 1963. The vessel, M/V Kennicott, is the result of an innovative designand-construct procurement process employed by the State of Alaska under a special experimental program sanctioned by the Federal Highway Administration. This paper aims to elucidate that process and introduce the resulting design. Some historical background is given as well as a discussion of challenges facing publicly owned North American ferry systems and lessons learned in the course of this endeavor.
Noise Control Program for a Large Tractor Tug
Authors: Fischer Raymond W. , Snider Warren , Hurley William L.
Published: January 2021

To effectively reduce noise on small, high powered vessels such as tugboats, it is necessary to conduct a concerted noise control effort. For optimal improvement, the program must be carried through all phases of the design, construction and testing. This paper describes a program instituted by the owner and design agent early in the procurement process to control habitability noise on a large tractor tug. The owners, dedicated to maximizing crew comfort and performance while recognizing the benefits of on-deck communications, have found from prior experience that without appropriate treatments the tug would have unacceptably high noise levels. Noise goals were established and treatments were selected, both in terms of acoustic and non-acoustic impacts. Detail designs were developed for floating room treatments, genset and diesel exhaust vibration isolation, and absorptive materials. Later tests revealed that the noise goals had been met. This paper describes the program from initiation through acoustic trials, provides insights into some problem areas and makes recommendations for future designs.
A Summary of the IMO High-Speed Craft (HSC) Code and Its Impact on the First U.S. Vessel Built to This Standard
Authors: Cummings Thomas R. , Roden Paul J.
Published: January 2021

SASSACUS is a 45-meter FBM TRICAT fast ferry built at Pequot River Shipworks in New London, Connecticut. This paper summarizes how SASSACUS set a precedent by being the first U.S. vessel built entirely to the International Maritime Organization's new International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC Code). The background and philosophy of the HSC Code are discussed, as well as how the classification society Det Norske Veritas and the regulatory agency U.S. Coast Guard have affected the outcome. Specific difficulties experienced in the construction and trials of SASSACUS are mentioned. The impact of this project on future ships constructed to this code is summarized
Experimental Results for Bending and Buckling of Rectangular Orthotropic Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Plate Structures
Authors: Roberts J. C. , White G. J.
Published: January 2021

Solid unstiffened, sandwich, and hat-stiffened rectangular orthotropic fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) plates were tested in uniaxial in-plane compression and out-of-plane uniform pressure. The two short edges of all plates were clamped, whereas the two long edges of the unstiffened and sandwich plates were simply supported and the same edges of the hat-stiffened plate were left free. Unstiffened plates reached global buckling at about 688 kN (155 klb); however, the plates did not collapse up to the machine load limit of 1334 kN (300 klb). Sandwich plates never reached the overall elastic buckling load; they collapsed in local buckling by face sheet delamination and core shear failure at loads of about 939 kN (211 klb). Hat-stiffened plates exhibited local buckling of the outer unsupported flanges at a load of about 356 kN (80 klb). All hat-stiffened plates collapsed under uniaxial compression due to a combination of face sheet to stiffener delamination followed by hat-stiffener local buckling at loads of about 939 kN (211 klb). The stresses and deflections due to out-of-plane uniform pressure were compared between the unstiffened, sandwich, and hat-stiffened plates from pressures of 6.895 kPa (1 psi) to 34 kPa (5 psi). With the plates under uniaxial compression and out-of-plane uniform pressure simultaneously, there was a general decrease in buckling and collapse with an increase in out-of-plane uniform pressure.
Features of the Wakes of Partly Immersed Wheels
Authors: Alexander Keith
Published: January 2021

The wakes of partly immersed wheels and paddlewheels are described. The wave trains are compared with boat wakes and are classified into displacement, transition and planing types. The effects that these wake forms can have on a wheel that is being used as a propulsion device are discussed. A significant feature of wheels at high rotational speeds is the stern fountain. Its formation and effects are discussed. Another feature is the overwhelming bow wave which is sometimes present at planing speeds. This is described and factors contributing to its formation are discussed. The control of this bow wave is noted as important particularly for high-speed paddlewheels since its presence limits the speed of operation. It is concluded that these wake features need to be taken into consideration in the design of wheel type propulsion devices. This study is part of a project that developed a type of paddlewheel that supports a load dynamically as it travels at speed over the water surface.
Development of a Diesel Engine Reliability Database (DEREL) for the U.S. Coast Guard
Authors: Moore N. A. , Perakis A. N.
Published: January 2021

The Coast Guard currently determines when a diesel engine should be overhauled based on the results of the Diesel Engine Monitoring Program, Navy Oil Analysis Program, Full Power Trials, and especially engine operating hours. In an effort to reduce costs, the Coast Guard is considering shifting their preventative maintenance to a condition-based system to reduce labor and downtime. To accomplish this goal, an analysis of the criteria used to indicate when a diesel engine should be overhauled must be performed. Before any statistical analysis can be conducted, an extensive amount of data must be collected on main diesel engines. This paper addresses the problem of creating a computer database to collect engine failure data for the USCG. We have conducted a review of several current shipboard reliability databases along with a look at modern developments in this area. This knowledge was used in the creation of a fully functional USCG prototype database using Microsoft Access 95 software called DEREL (Diesel Engine RELiability database). The DEREL database is implementable immediately in order to speed the initiation of data collection for future uses.
Rudder/Fin Roll Stabilization of the USCG WMEC 901 Class Vessel
Authors: Sgobbo Jerrold N. , Parsons Michael G.
Published: January 2021

The U.S. Coast Guard's 270-ft Medium Endurance Cutter (WMEC) operates with an active fin stabilization system. This system was designed using a one-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) model in the roll direction. The controller was designed separate from the heading autopilot. The effects of the rudders and their ability to produce a significant rolling moment were also neglected as well as the cross coupling of roll motions into other degrees of freedom. This paper studies the effects of the rudders on the rolling motion of the ship using a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) model. A simple optimal heading autopilot is designed and combined with the existing fin roll controller to investigate the effects of the rudders on the roll motions of this class of vessel. A rudder roll controller and a multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) rudder/fin controller are designed as well. Significant roll reduction can be achieved using the MIMO rudder/fin controller.
An Approximate Method for Intact Stability of Fishing Vessels
Authors: Yilmaz Hüseyin , Kükner Abdi
Published: January 2021

It is well known that stability is the most important safety requirement for ships. One should have some information on ship stability at the preliminary design stage in order to reduce risk. Initial stability of ships is an important criterion and can be closely evaluated in terms of form parameters and vertical center of gravity. In this study, using some sample ship data, approximate formulations are derived by means of regression analysis for the calculations expressed in terms of ship preliminary design parameters that can easily provide approximate GM calculations. Thus designers can be provided with ship stability at the preliminary design stage, and also a set of appropriate design parameters for improving vessel stability can easily be determined.
Damage Length Predictor for High-Speed Craft
Authors: McGee Steven P. , Troesch Armin , Vlahopoulos Nickolas
Published: January 2021

In 1994 the International Maritime Organization adopted the Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC Code). After two years of use, several shortfalls were found, one being the damage length predictor, which is based on traditional steel, mono-hulled vessels. Other damage predictors were developed based on historical data, but they do not account for variables such as aluminum or fiberglass construction, transverse members, indenter geometry variation, or for the case where the vessel comes to rest on the grounding object. This paper proposes a damage prediction model based on material properties, structural layout, grounding object geometry, and vessel speed. The model incorporates four grounding mechanisms: plate cutting, plate tearing, crushing of plate behind transverse members, and transverse member failure. The method is used to determine the resistance energy, compared to the kinetic energy, of the vessel, to determine an effective damage length. Finite-element analysis was used to model the failure of both aluminum and steel transverse members with significant differences in the results. It was found that the transverse members provided the majority of the resistance energy in one grounding mechanism and negligible resistance energy in another.
Beyond Double Hull: River Tank Barge Conversion to Great Lakes Hazardous Chemical Service
Authors: Lehman John T.
Published: January 2021

The retrofit of a double bottom to a 25 000 bbl standard Mississippi River tank barge and its conversion for coal tar cargo service on the Great Lakes are described. A unique structural arrangement made the retrofit to OPA-90 and IBC Code requirements economically feasible. Cargo pumping and heating systems are covered in detail, as are the special handling requirements of coal tar as a marine cargo. The story of the project's development and execution is explained, as well as the combined U.S. and Canadian regulatory requirements that were overcome.
USCGC Healy (WAGB 20)—A Case Study for Implementing Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Authors: Reicks William J. , Burt Richard , Mazurana John P. , Steinle Russell J.
Published: January 2021

In new ship construction, maintenance planning affords both an opportunity and a challenge. On one hand, a new ship class enables maintenance planners to start with a clean slate and consider improved and more cost-effective maintenance methods. On the other hand, new manning concepts, lack of timely technical information when maintenance planning is conducted in parallel with detail design, use of equipment new to the fleet, and the like impose a measure of uncertainty on the planning process. In this paper, we review why and how Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) techniques were applied to the new Polar icebreaker U.S. Coast Guard Cutter (CGC) Healy (frontispiece). We review how we incorporated condition-based maintenance techniques where appropriate. We discuss the decision process used for fine-tuning the Maintenance Procedure Cards (MPC) for CGC Healy's hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) Preventive Maintenance Manual. Finally, we share some lessons learned in the process.
Technical Report: Novel Oil/Water Separator for Treatment of Oily Bilgewater
Authors: Caplan Jason A. , Newton Chris , Kelemen Donald
Published: January 2021

A novel device that combines physical separation methods with biotechnology to treat oily bilgewater is described. Laboratory and pilot-scale experiments were performed to examine the ability of this device, tradenamed PetroLiminator TM, to both separate free oil and biodegrade the dissolved or emulsified oil from shipboard bilgewater. Laboratory experiments were conducted to isolate and enrich bilge oil-degrading microorganisms. These microbes were grown in specially formulated liquid nutrients containing several hundred parts per million (ppm) of bilge oil as the sole carbon source. These cultures were inoculated into a laboratory-scale aqueous fixed-film bioreactor for determination of the required flow rate (i.e., hydraulic retention time) to remove ⋜99% of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the bilgewater. This information was incorporated into the design and operation of a 500 gal pilot-scale bioreactor installed aboard the 700 ft Cape Lobos MARAD motor vessel. The bioreactor was operated for 70 days processing more than 90 000 liters of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminated bilgewater. The average PHC concentration in the untreated influent was 70 to 90 ppm. The TPH levels in all treated effluent samples analyzed were well below 15 ppm, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) limit for legal overboard discharge. In fact, the removal efficiencies for the system were greater than 99% with no operational or maintenance problems noted. A newer model was developed that incorporated a physical separation chamber (Stage 1) upstream of the bioreactor chamber (Stage 2) in order to minimize the oil load to the microbes. A series of tests was conducted that closely mimicked the USCG tests for oil/water separators (OWS). The results were dramatic. The PHC levels in the effluent were below 15 ppm in all samples analyzed for the specified flow rate. Based on these data, it is estimated that the subject system with a footprint of 6 × 5 × 5 ft (L × W× H) is able to treat up to 86 000 gal of oily bilgewater per month. This system was USCG and IMO approved in January 2000.
Dynamic Response Analysis of Ship Hull Structures
Authors: Rao T. V. S. R. Appa , Iyer Nagesh R. , Rajasankar J. , Palani G. S.
Published: January 2021

Finite-element modeling and use of appropriate analytical techniques play a significant role in producing a reliable and economic design for ship hull structures subjected to dynamic loading. The paper presents investigations carried out for the dynamic response analysis of ship hull structures using the finite-element method. A simple and efficient interactive graphical preprocessing technique based on the "keynode" concept and assembly-line procedure is used to develop the finite-element model of the hull structure. The technique makes use of the body plan of a ship hull to build the finite-element model through an interactive session. Stiffened plate/shell finite elements suitable to model the hull structure are formulated and used to model the structure. The finite elements take into account arbitrary placement of stiffeners in an element without increasing the number of degrees-of-freedom of the element. A three-dimensional finite-element model and a procedure based on the Bubnov-Galerkin residual approach are employed to evaluate the effects of interaction between the ship hull and water. Mode superposition technique is used to conduct the dynamic response analysis. The efficiency of the finite elements and the procedures is demonstrated through dynamic analysis of a submerged cantilever plate and a barge when both are subjected to sinusoidal forces. The dynamic responses exhibit expected behavior of the structure and a comparison with the results available in the literature indicate superior performance of the finite element and methodologies developed. Thus, the finite-element models and the procedures are found to be efficient and hence suitable for the dynamic analysis of similar structures.