bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in genes involved in fat metabolism and their association with ultrasonic and carcass traits in Japanese Black steers
Authors: Jomane Fortune N. , Ishida Takafumi , Tokunaga Tadaaki , Morita Tetsuo
Published: July 2016

Polymorphisms in genes involved in lipid metabolism have been reported to be associated with fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. However, the relationship of these polymorphisms with premortem ultrasonic traits is unknown. The objective of this study, therefore, was to assess the association between polymorphisms in fatty acid synthase, stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1 (SREBP1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, and nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, number 3 genes with ultrasonic and carcass traits in Japanese Black steers (n = 300) under progeny testing at the Livestock Improvement Association of Miyazaki. To have a comprehensive analysis of the association between the aforementioned genetic polymorphisms and ultrasonic traits, longitudinal measurements of ultrasonic traits were taken. Furthermore, the association of these genetic polymorphisms and carcass traits was evaluated. The polymorphisms in the SCD gene and SREBP1 were associated (P < 0.05) with some ultrasonic traits at multiple stages. To add to that, the polymorphisms were associated (P < 0.05) with some carcass traits. These findings suggest that the polymorphisms in SCD and SREBP1 are functional mutations or could be related to mutations that can aid in selection to improve some ultrasonic and carcass traits.
Breastfeeding Support in the Early Postpartum: Content of Home Visits in the SILC Trial
Authors: Ridgway Lael , Cramer Rhian , McLachlan Helen L. , Forster Della A. , Cullinane Méabh , Shafiei Touran , Amir Lisa H.
Published: July 2016

Background

The Supporting breastfeeding In Local Communities (SILC) cluster randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a home visit focussed on infant feeding early in the postpartum period increased the percentage of infants breastfeeding at 4 months in low socioeconomic areas of Victoria, Australia. The visits were offered to women identified as at risk of early breastfeeding cessation after discharge home with a new baby. This paper describes the content of the home visits.

Methods

SILC visited 1,043 women from September 2012 to March 2013, and completed a data sheet for each visit documenting topics discussed, as well as what support and resources were offered. Frequencies and percentages are presented.

Results

Home visits most commonly included the provision of reassurance to women (91%). Topics discussed included general breastfeeding information (83%), supply and demand (83%), positioning (79%), and feeding frequency (78%). Newborn feeding/behavior (57%), expression of breastmilk (54%), nipple pain (41%), low breastmilk supply (41%), and the use of nipple shields (18%) were also prominent topics. The issues and support needs of women were similar across locations (rural, regional or metropolitan) and regardless of maternal parity or age. There was some variation in the resources suggested in different localities.

Conclusions

New mothers require help and reassurance independent of whether this is their first or subsequent child, reinforcing the need for support, breastfeeding information, and education about normal neonatal behavior. Key aspects of support are reassurance, normalization of infant behavior, and education.
A Chance to Show His Mettle: War, Creativity and Reparation in the Work of Wilfred Bion
Authors: Ballinger Caroline
Published: July 2016

This paper looks in detail at Wilfred Bion's war writings, specifically at his preoccupation with issues of morale and leadership, and at the intense feelings of isolation and disillusionment that accompany his bleakest moments. This reading of the war writings demonstrates that Bion found resources that enabled him not only to survive this harrowing time but also to work creatively to improve the lives of his fellow soldiers, and it is suggested that Melanie Klein's concept of unconscious reparation may be helpful in considering Bion's life and work during this period. An impulse to repair may also be discerned in Bion's first published paper, ‘The “war of nerves”…’ (), as well as in his work in 1942 for the War Office Selection Board where, with the support of gifted army leaders, Bion was able to draw on his traumatic wartime experiences in order to make influential contributions to the reform of the British Army.
Visions or Hallucinations? Lacan on Mysticism and Psychosis Reconsidered: The Case of St George of Malta
Authors: Baldacchino Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2016

Mysticism has long featured in discussions among psychoanalysts and mental health practitioners, anthropologists and scholars of religion. In this paper I analyse the life and visions of a twentieth century mystic in the Catholic Mediterranean. Through this case study I seek to compare the psychoanalytic and to a lesser extent the psychiatric discussions of ‘hallucinations’ with the theological explanations of visions. Via a Lacanian discussion of the case of the first Maltese saint I argue that there are interesting points of convergence between the two. An adequate understanding of the cultural context within which visions are articulated as meaningful experiences is essential to our understanding and clinical treatment of people presenting symptoms associated with religious content. A psychoanalytical understanding can serve to enrich and enliven theological discussions on madness as a path to sanctity.
Winnicott and Gender Madness
Authors: Harris Adrienne
Published: July 2016

This essay draws on Winnicott's deep insights developed in a series of texts over the last decade of his life and addressing questions of gender and sexuality, as these phenomena shape and are shaped by core experiences in the evolution of intersubjectivity. Interweaving Winnicott's work with that of Loewald, Laplanche and Matte Blanco, the essay speculates about possible developmental processes through which complex and shifting gender identifications intersect and interact with experiences of sexuality and desiring. The essay tracks Winnicott's evolving ideas about gender and madness and opens a way of thinking about one process by which gender may emerge, in a complex, ‘softly assembled’ encounter with desire and being desired. This approach also seeks to reframe and expand the current move in gender theory ‘from etiology to teleology’. The term ‘etiology’ locates us in causation, diagnosis and the sites of pathology, and I think we should continue to be wary of the intrusion of these socially driven biases and ideas into reflections about sexuality and gender in development.
Sexiled in Mexico City: Urban Migrations Motivated by Sexual Orientation
Authors: LANGARITA ADIEGO JOSE A. , SALGUERO VELÁZQUEZ MARIA ALEJANDRA
Published: July 2016

Migration processes have been studied primarily from an economic or work‐related standpoint. We analyse the extent to which sexual orientation becomes a key factor in the decision, made by men who are attracted to other men, to move to Mexico City. A qualitative study was carried out based on in‐depth interviews and participant observation. With this data, we analysed: (a) the men's motivations and strategies for moving to Mexico City; (b) the process of coming out; (c) the role of support networks in the city; and (d) the perception of their place of origin, having completed the migration process.
Perceptions of the risks and benefits of Internet access and use by people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Chadwick Darren D. , Quinn Sally , Fullwood Chris
Published: July 2016

Accessible summary

Both good and bad things can happen when people use the Internet, and people with learning disabilities are not using the Internet as much as other people.

Worry about the bad things that can happen online might be one reason people with learning disabilities are not supported to access the Internet as much as other people.

We wanted to find out what people without learning disabilities believe about these good and bad things for people with learning disabilities.

We wanted to find this out because the way people without disabilities think about the good and bad things online might affect how people with learning disabilities are treated.

We found out that people without learning disabilities think that both the good and bad things are more likely to happen to people with learning disabilities when they use the Internet.

Background: Information and communication technologies, with the Internet at the forefront, have the potential to enhance the knowledge, service, employment, development and social interactional opportunities available to people with intellectual disabilities. Despite this, people with intellectual disabilities are not accessing the Internet to the same degree as people without intellectual disabilities. Issues of safety, risk and protection online for people with intellectual disabilities have yet to be adequately investigated, and these currently serve as reasons given for hindering people from gaining online access.

Materials and Method: This survey aimed to gauge the views people without intellectual disabilities have of risks and benefits of using the Internet for themselves and for people with intellectual disabilities and to compare self‐ratings of risk and benefits to ratings for people with intellectual disabilities.

Results: The survey findings indicate that, with only a small number of exceptions, both the risks and benefits of being online were believed to be greater for people with intellectual disabilities compared with those without intellectual disabilities. Greater use of the Internet was associated with increased perception of benefits to being online for both people with intellectual disabilities and for participants.

Conclusions: Perceptions of increased benefits suggest more needs to be performed to improve online access whilst a perception of increased risk may help to explain the reduced inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in the online world.
Loss of YAP1 defines neuroendocrine differentiation of lung tumors
Authors: Ito Takeshi , Matsubara Daisuke , Tanaka Ichidai , Makiya Kanae , Tanei Zen‐ichi , Kumagai Yuki , Shiu Shu‐Jen , Nakaoka Hiroki J. , Ishikawa Shumpei , Isagawa Takayuki , Morikawa Teppei , Shinozaki‐Ushiku Aya , Goto Yasushi , Nakano Tomoyuki , Tsuchiya Takehiro , Tsubochi Hiroyoshi , Komura Daisuke , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Dobashi Yoh , Nakajima Jun , Endo Shunsuke , Fukayama Masashi , Sekido Yoshitaka , Niki Toshiro , Murakami Yoshinori
Published: July 2016

YAP1, the main Hippo pathway effector, is a potent oncogene and is overexpressed in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the YAP1 expression pattern in small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) has not yet been elucidated in detail. We report that the loss of YAP1 is a special feature of high‐grade neuroendocrine lung tumors. A hierarchical cluster analysis of 15 high‐grade neuroendocrine tumor cell lines containing 14 SCLC cell lines that depended on the genes of Hippo pathway molecules and neuroendocrine markers clearly classified these lines into two groups: the YAP1‐negative and neuroendocrine marker‐positive group (n = 11), and the YAP1‐positive and neuroendocrine marker‐negative group (n = 4). Among the 41 NSCLC cell lines examined, the loss of YAP1 was only observed in one cell line showing the strong expression of neuroendocrine markers. Immunostaining for YAP1, using the sections of 189 NSCLC, 41 SCLC, and 30 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) cases, revealed that the loss of YAP1 was common in SCLC (40/41, 98%) and LCNEC (18/30, 60%), but was rare in NSCLC (6/189, 3%). Among the SCLC and LCNEC cases tested, the loss of YAP1 correlated with the expression of neuroendocrine markers, and a survival analysis revealed that YAP1‐negative cases were more chemosensitive than YAP1‐positive cases. Chemosensitivity test for cisplatin using YAP1‐positive/YAP1‐negative SCLC cell lines also showed compatible results. YAP1‐sh‐mediated knockdown induced the neuroendocrine marker RAB3a, which suggested the possible involvement of YAP1 in the regulation of neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, we showed that the loss of YAP1 has potential as a clinical marker for predicting neuroendocrine features and chemosensitivity.
HBx mutations promote hepatoma cell migration through the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Zhen , Tang Jia , Cai Xuefei , Huang Yao , Gao Qingzhu , Liang Li , Tian Ling , Yang Yi , Zheng Yaqiu , Hu Yuan , Tang Ni
Published: July 2016

HBx mutations (T1753V, A1762T, G1764A, and T1768A) are frequently observed in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is involved in the development of HCC. However, activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway by HBx mutants has not been studied in hepatoma cells or HBV‐associated HCC samples. In this study, we examined the effects of HBx mutants on the migration and proliferation of HCC cells and evaluated the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in HBx‐transfected HCC cells and HBV‐related HCC tissues. We found that HBx mutants (T, A, TA, and Combo) promoted the migration and proliferation of hepatoma cells. The HBx Combo mutant potentiated TOP‐luc activity and increased nuclear translocation of β‐catenin. Moreover, the HBx Combo mutant increased and stabilized β‐catenin levels through inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β, resulting in upregulation of downstream target genes such as c‐Myc, CTGF, and WISP2. Enhanced activation of Wnt/β‐catenin was found in HCC tissues with HBx TA and Combo mutations. Knockdown of β‐catenin effectively abrogated cell migration and proliferation stimulated by the HBx TA and Combo mutants. Our results indicate that HBx mutants, especially the Combo mutant, allow constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and may play a pivotal role in HBV‐associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
Structure and function of neuromuscular junction, centered on muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase and related proteins
Authors: Takamori Masaharu
Published: July 2016

Muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) is uniquely positioned as a key protein in the neuromuscular junction, particularly in relation to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering in the postsynaptic membrane, and pre‐ and postsynaptic differentiations. The present review focuses on the functional mechanisms in the neuromuscular junction structures centered on MuSK and related proteins. (i) The Wnt non‐canonical pathway through the Wnt/MuSK cysteine‐rich domain (coreceptor: low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 4 [Lrp4])/Dishevelled (scaffolding protein) signaling; this localizes aneural microclusters of AChR at the central part of the postsynaptic membrane in parallel with axonal guidance, and converges on the neural agrin/Lrp4/MuSK immunoglobulin‐like domains 1 and 2 (Ig 1/2 domains) pathway to form innervated full‐sized AChR clusters. (ii) The presynaptic homeostasis (upregulation of acetylcholine release) compensates postsynaptic impairments by the fast‐mode of endocytosis in the nerve terminal and the trans‐synaptic retrograde signals including Wnt‐MuSK cysteine‐rich domain canonical pathway (including β‐catenin), Lrp4 and laminin β2. (iii) The extracellular matrix contributive to the neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance includes collagen Q, perlecan, biglycan and dystroglycans; collagen Q and biglycan link to MuSK (first and second immunoglobulin‐like domains and cysteine‐rich domain) and acetylcholinesterase on one hand and to the intracellular cytoskeleton through dystroglycans on the other hand, so that MuSK participates in not only AChR clustering at the muscle surface and acetylcholinesterase‐controlled muscle membrane sensitivity to acetylcholine, but also the postsynaptic stability reinforced by cytoskeletal dynamics; the laminin network including muscle agrin also contributes to synaptic stability through dystroglycans; the agrin‐enhanced phosphorylation of cortactin promotes cytoskeletal dynamics to stabilize AChR clusters; the interaction of neuregulin 1 with the receptor tyrosine kinase of EGF receptor family (ErbB receptor) contributes to the postsynaptic stabilization and also MuSK phosphorylation leading to AChR clustering. (iv) The muscle contractile mechanisms are controlled by release and restoration of the sarcoplasmic Ca2+ being mediated through the receptor and channel proteins. Insight into these fine structures will foster further immunological approaches to search for new antigenic targets and to enhance antibody detection in myasthenia gravis.
Three‐dimensional assessment of crestal bone levels at titanium implants with different abutment microstructures and insertion depths using micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Becker Kathrin , Klitzsch Inka , Stauber Martin , Schwarz Frank
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To (i) assess the impact of insertion depth and abutment microstructure on the three‐dimensional crestal bone‐level changes at endosseous titanium implant using μCT and computerized image processing and (ii) to correlate the findings with previously reported histology.

Material & Methods

Titanium implants (conical abutment connection) were inserted in each hemimandible of n = 6 foxhounds with the implant shoulder (IS) located either in epicrestal (0 mm), supracrestal (+1 mm) or subcrestal (−1 mm) positions and randomly (split‐mouth design) connected with machined or partially micro‐grooved healing abutments. At 20 weeks, the tissue biopsies were processed for μCT and histological (HI) analyses. The volumetric dehiscence profile around the implants was computed as distance between the implant shoulder (IS) and the most coronal bone‐to‐implant contact (CBI) using MATLAB. The respective buccal and oral values were averaged, and agreement with the respective IS‐CBI scores from HI was assessed using Bland–Altman plots.

Results

A median net bone gain was observed for supracrestal insertion depths at both abutment types, but lower bounds of the 75% quartile experienced net bone losses. Epicrestal and subcrestal insertion depths were linked to slight bone losses, and the buccal and oral dehiscences were smaller compared to supracrestal positioning. Bland–Altman plots yielded a moderate agreement of IS‐CBI values measured with μCT and HI.

Conclusion

The novel image processing method allowed reliable evaluations and pointed to a direct impact of insertion depths on crestal bone‐level changes. Additionally, it demonstrated that HI morphometry crucially depends on the chosen cutting position.
In vivo assessment of cytological changes by means of reflectance confocal microscopy – demonstration of the effect of topical vitamin E on skin irritation caused by sodium lauryl sulfate
Authors: Casari Alice , Farnetani Francesca , De Pace Barbara , Losi Amanda , Pittet Jean‐Christophe , Pellacani Giovanni , Longo Caterina
Published: July 2016

Background

Irritant contact dermatitis is caused by skin barrier damage. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that is commonly used in cosmetics to prevent photo‐damage.

Objectives

To show the usefulness of reflectance confocal microscopy in the assessment of irritant skin damage caused by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and of the protective action of vitamin E applied prior to skin irritation.

Methods

Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled. Irritation was induced by the application of a patch test containing SLS 5% aq. for 24 h. Three sites were compared: one site on which a product with vitamin E was applied before SLS treatment, one site on which the same product was applied after SLS treatment, and one control site (SLS only). Each site was evaluated with reflectance confocal microscopy, providing in vivo tissue images at nearly histological resolution. We also performed a computerized analysis of the VivaStack® images.

Results

Reflectance confocal microscopy is able to identify signs of skin irritation and the preventive effect of vitamin E application.

Conclusion

Reflectance confocal microscopy is useful in the objective assessment of irritative skin damage.
The enzymatic and physiological response of the microbial community in semiarid soil to carbon compounds from plants
Authors: Torres I. F. , García C. , Ruiz‐Navarro A. , Hernández T. , Bastida F.
Published: July 2016

Cellulose and lignin are major carbon polymers derived from plants and constitute a main source of energy and nutrients for soil microorganisms. In semiarid soil, however, the transformation of organic matter is limited by climatic conditions (mean annual rainfall of less than 300 mm and hot summers) and the small microbial biomass. In the present study, 75 µg C g−1 soil of both cellulose and lignin were added to two semiarid soil types: Calcaric Regosol and Haplic Calcisol, called Abanilla and Santomera, respectively, from their locations. These soils contained different amounts of total organic C (5 g kg−1for the Abanilla soil and 12 g kg−1 for the Santomera soil), which are related to differences in soil quality. Soil enzyme activities, such as cellulase, β‐glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase, lipase, catalase, phosphomonoesterase and urease, respiration and community‐level physiological profiles (CLPPs) were analysed in both soil types after the addition of cellulose and lignin. Abanilla, the more degraded soil, showed a notable response to the addition of cellulose and lignin from the first day of incubation, with an increase in almost all enzyme activities cited above. For example, cellulose activity reached almost 45 µg glucose g−1 hour−1 in cellulose‐amended soil and approximately 30 µg glucose g−1 hour−1 in the control soil. Moreover, more catabolic diversity was observed in the community‐level physiological profile (CLPP) after addition of cellulose and lignin than in the control soil. The biochemical response of the microbial community of Santomera soil was slower than that in the Abanilla soil. Furthermore, the larger catabolic diversity (H) of Abanilla than Santomera soil (H = 3.24, H = 2.66, respectively) on the first day of incubation, measured by the community‐level physiological profile (CLPP), suggests that the microbial community of semiarid soil without vegetation has the potential to degrade cellulose and lignin.

Highlights

We elucidate responsiveness of the microbial community to cellulose and lignin in semiarid soil.

The connections between enzyme activities and physiological capabilities of carbon‐amended soil are explored.

More degraded soil was more sensitive to the addition of lignin and cellulose.

Soil without plant cover for a long time does not lose its potential to respond to organic inputs.
Derivation and predictive performance of pedotransfer functions: an empirical investigation
Authors: Rab M. A. , Chandra S. , Imhof M.
Published: July 2016

The development of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) needs to recognize and account appropriately for the underlying structure in data that is imposed by the sampling design adopted to ensure that the data support any scientific inferences. We fitted several potential PTFs for field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP), with and without taking account of the sampling design, to data collected with a nested spatial sampling design. Leave‐one‐paddock‐out cross‐validation (LOPOCV) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used to identify PTFs with strong predictive performance. The results suggest that cross‐validation statistics appear to provide no additional useful information on the predictive performance of PTFs beyond that provided by the AIC and other model fitting statistics that, in contrast to LOPOCV, are based on the entire dataset. Results further suggest that PTFs derived with the sampling design accounted for had consistently smaller AICs and potentially better predictive performance than when no account was taken. We identified eight PTFs for FC and six PTFs for PWP with strong predictive performance for soil used for dryland cropping in Victoria that were derived from routinely measured soil data with the sampling design taken into account.

Highlights

Derivation of PTFs should be based on appropriate analysis of data that accounts for the underlying structure in data.

A linear mixed effects modelling approach to derive PTFs is proposed that takes account of a nested sampling design.

The PTFs derived with sampling design accounted for had consistently stronger predictive performance.

Derivation of PTFs should account for the underlying structure in data with appropriate linear mixed effects models.
Microbialite response to an anthropogenic salinity gradient in Great Salt Lake, Utah
Authors: Lindsay M. R. , Anderson C. , Fox N. , Scofield G. , Allen J. , Anderson E. , Bueter L. , Poudel S. , Sutherland K. , Munson‐McGee J. H. , Van Nostrand J. D. , Zhou J. , Spear J. R. , Baxter B. K. , Lageson D. R. , Boyd E. S.
Published: July 2016

A railroad causeway across Great Salt Lake, Utah (GSL), has restricted water flow since its construction in 1959, resulting in a more saline North Arm (NA; 24%–31% salinity) and a less saline South Arm (SA; 11%–14% salinity). Here, we characterized microbial carbonates collected from the SA and the NA to evaluate the effect of increased salinity on community composition and abundance and to determine whether the communities present in the NA are still actively precipitating carbonate or if they are remnant features from prior to causeway construction. SSU rRNA gene abundances associated with the NA microbialite were three orders of magnitude lower than those associated with the SA microbialite, indicating that the latter community is more productive. SSU rRNA gene sequencing and functional gene microarray analyses indicated that SA and NA microbialite communities are distinct. In particular, abundant sequences affiliated with photoautotrophic taxa including cyanobacteria and diatoms that may drive carbonate precipitation and thus still actively form microbialites were identified in the SA microbialite; sequences affiliated with photoautotrophic taxa were in low abundance in the NA microbialite. SA and NA microbialites comprise smooth prismatic aragonite crystals. However, the SA microbialite also contained micritic aragonite, which can be formed as a result of biological activity. Collectively, these observations suggest that NA microbialites are likely to be remnant features from prior to causeway construction and indicate a strong decrease in the ability of NA microbialite communities to actively precipitate carbonate minerals. Moreover, the results suggest a role for cyanobacteria and diatoms in carbonate precipitation and microbialite formation in the SA of GSL.
Promiscuously Partisan? Public Service Impartiality and Responsiveness in Westminster Systems
Authors: Grube Dennis C. , Howard Cosmo
Published: July 2016

Public servants in Westminster countries are being drawn into the limelight by demands from their political masters that they publicly defend policies. Critics suggest these conditions undermine the capacity and willingness of senior public servants to manage the enduring Westminster tension between serving elected governments and remaining nonpartisan. Interviews with senior officials from Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom challenge this pessimistic view, showing that officials consistently stress the importance of not “crossing the line” when dealing with their elected masters. Two exploratory case studies are presented—one of an Australian ministerial department (Treasury) and another of a Canadian quasi‐autonomous agency (Statistics Canada)—in which public servants faced pressure to defend controversial government policies. These cases show how contemporary public servants actively interpret, establish, and defend the line between appropriate responsiveness and inappropriate partisanship in Westminster systems.
Pharmacological evaluation of pioglitazone and candesartan cilexetil in a novel mouse model of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, modified choline‐deficient, amino acid‐defined diet fed low‐density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice
Authors: Tsuchiya Shuntarou , Amano Yuichiro , Isono Osamu , Imai Mayumi , Shimizu Fumi , Asada Mari , Imai Shigemitsu , Harada Ayako , Yasuhara Yoshitaka , Tozawa Ryuichi , Nagabukuro Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

Aim

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR‐KO) mice fed a modified choline‐deficient and amino acid‐defined (mCDAA) diet show non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)‐like pathophysiology. In order to pharmacologically benchmark this model, effects of pioglitazone (a thiazolidinedione) and candesartan cilexetil (an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker) on steatosis and liver fibrosis were examined.

Methods

Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) and candesartan cilexetil (3 mg/kg) were given orally once daily to LDLR‐KO mice under mCDAA diet for 7 weeks. Blood biochemistry and hepatic histology were assessed, and hepatic gene expression levels and triglyceride content were measured.

Results

Pioglitazone suppressed hepatic COL1A1 gene expression by 43% and attenuated hepatic fibrosis areas by 49%. Pioglitazone also decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase levels, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride content, and hepatic expression of other fibrosis‐related genes such as TGFB1, SPP1, TIMP1, and IL6. Candesartan cilexetil suppressed hepatic COL1A1 gene expression by 33%, whereas the other end‐points including hepatic fibrosis areas were not affected.

Conclusions

Pioglitazone showed anti‐fibrotic effects accompanied by improving hepatic transaminase activity and hepatic lipid accumulation, but the effect of candesartan cilexetil was only limited, unlike previous reports for angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. As the pharmacological effects of pioglitazone in the current animal model are similar to those reported in patients with NASH, this model may represent some aspects of the pathophysiology of NASH. Further profiling using other agents or mechanisms that have been tested in the clinic will better clarify the utility of the animal model.
Range of pathologies diagnosed using a minimally invasive capsule sponge to evaluate patients with reflux symptoms
Authors: Paterson Anna L , Lao‐Sirieix Pierre , O'Donovan Maria , Debiram‐Beecham Irene , di Pietro Massimiliano , Miremadi Ahmad , Attwood Stephen E , Walter Fiona M , Sasieni Peter D , Fitzgerald Rebecca C ,   the BEST and BEST2 study groups
Published: July 2016

Aims

Reflux symptoms are highly prevalent and non‐specific; hence, in the absence of alarm symptoms, endoscopy referral decisions are challenging. This study evaluated whether a non‐endoscopic Cytosponge could detect benign oesophageal pathologies and thus have future potential in triaging patients with persistent symptoms.

Methods and results

Two complementary cohorts were recruited: (i) patients with reflux symptoms and no prior endoscopy (n = 409), and (ii) patients with reflux symptoms referred for endoscopy (n = 411). All patients were investigated using the Cytosponge and endoscopy. Significant epithelial inflammation was present in 130 (16%) Cytosponge samples, 32 of which had ulcer slough. Candida and significant inflammation was detected in a further 22 (2.3%) cases; epithelial infiltration with >15 eosinophils/high‐power field reflecting possible eosinophilic oesophagitis (EOE) in five (0.6%); and viral inclusions suggestive of herpes oesophagitis in one (0.1%). No significant pathology was detected in the majority, 662 (81%), of Cytosponge samples. Cytosponge and endoscopy findings were in agreement in 574 (70%) cases, in 165 (67%) of the discordant cases one investigation showed mild inflammation while the other was negative, with an additional 22 (8.9%) differing on the extent of inflammation. Eighteen cases with severe inflammation, six with candida and two with EOE were detected only at endoscopy, while 18 with candida and significant inflammation, 13 with ulcer slough, one probable EOE and one viral oesophagitis were identified on the Cytosponge only.

Conclusions

The Cytosponge detects a range of benign oesophageal pathologies, and therefore has potential clinical utility in the triaging of patients with troublesome reflux symptoms. This warrants further investigation.
Characteristics, Thermodynamics, and Preparation of Nanocaged 12CaO·7Al2O3 and Its Derivatives
Authors: Liao Songyi , Yao Rui , Chen Xiaoyu , Wang Guangrong , Zheng Feng
Published: July 2016

Crystal structures, characteristics, and preparations of 12CaO·7Al2O3 family and CaO–Al2O3 (C–A) system have been reviewed in detail with relevant thermodynamic parameters being assessed or recalculated. 12CaO·7Al2O3 (shortened as C12A7) can form several derivatives of type C12A7:Mn− or C12A7–Mn− through replacing so‐called “free oxygen ion” by many anions including OH−, H−, O−, , F−, Cl−, and e− in their cages, or being adopted by rare earth metals or alkaline earth metal oxides at cation sites (Ca2+ or Al3+). These doped C12A7 derivatives show unique material properties of transparent conduction, catalysis, and antibacterial with potential applications in fast ion conductors, optoelectronics, oxidants, and catalysts etc.
A comparative study of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, and TNF‐α expression in different acne vulgaris lesions
Authors: Ozkanli Seyma , Karadag Ayse Serap , Ozlu Emin , Uzuncakmak Tugba Kevser , Takci Zennure , Zemheri Ebru , Zindancı Ilkin , Akdeniz Necmettin
Published: July 2016

Many inflammatory mediators and cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris (AV). Information about the roles of these factors in the pathogenesis of the disease is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate levels of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), MMP‐2, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in AV lesions. We selected 80 patients who presented at our dermatology department with AV. Their lesions included papules, pustules, nodules, and comedones. Each specimen was evaluated by histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and subsequently by immunohistochemical analysis for MMP‐1, MMP‐2, and TNF‐α antibodies. A statistically significant difference between lesion groups emerged for MMP‐1 (P = 0.012) and TNF‐α (P = 0.029) scores. The MMP‐1 score was highest in nodules and lowest in comedones. The TNF‐α score was also highest in nodules but lowest in papules. We conclude that different levels of MMP expression can contribute to the development of different types of acne lesion and that the amount of TNF‐α released may contribute to lesion development. Further studies of novel treatment modalities might evaluate the different clinical types of AV.
Evaluation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels in serum and lesional skin of patients with alopecia areata
Authors: Salem Samar A. , Asaad Marwa K. , Elsayed Sherin B. , Sehsah Hend M.
Published: July 2016

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a non‐scarring hair loss condition, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. Genetic predisposition, autoimmunity, and stress may each play a role. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that plays a role in the regulation of macrophage function. It also initiates inflammation and immune response by regulating a number of proinflammatory cytokines.

Objectives

This study was designed to study serum and lesional skin biopsy MIF levels in AA patients and to assess their associations with disease severity.

Methods

This study included 30 patients with AA and 15 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects. Quantitative measurements of MIF concentrations in sera and skin samples were obtained in both patients and control subjects. Associations with disease severity (assessed using the Severity of Alopecia Tool) were evaluated.

Results

Mean ± standard deviation (SD) MIF levels in serum and skin were significantly higher in AA patients (45.03 ± 26.98 ng/ml and 73.83 ± 29.81 ng/ml, respectively) than in controls (7.73 ± 1.62 ng/ml and 0.40 ± 1.12 ng/ml, respectively) (P < 0.01). Mean ± SD serum and skin MIF levels were also found to be higher in severe AA (69.93 ± 11.51 ng/ml and 100.80 ± 13.77 ng/ml, respectively) than in mild AA (20.13 ± 6.84 ng/ml and 46.87 ± 9.65 ng/ml, respectively) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The finding that MIF is increased in serum and lesional skin of AA patients indicates its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Histopathological study of six types of adverse cutaneous drug reactions using granulysin expression
Authors: Weinborn Marie , Barbaud Annick , Truchetet Francois , Beurey Philippe , Germain Lucie , Cribier Bernard
Published: July 2016

Background

Few studies have been published on the histopathology of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADR), and most of these lack information on skin allergological tests. The histopathology of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is also seldom described. The purpose of our study was to examine six types of well‐documentedCADR(maculopapular exanthema,DRESS, fixed drug eruption, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis [TEN], and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis) using histopathology and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of granulysin, a key molecule inTEN.

Methods

We retrospectively included 106 skin biopsies performed in proven cases ofCADR(by chronological investigation, single attributable drug, or/and skin tests). All slides were reviewed, and microscopic changes were analyzed using a standardized form. Granulysin expression was studied by immunohistochemistry.

Results

InDRESS, we observed spongiosis, edema, and basal vacuolization, with rare necrotic keratinocytes and constant lymphocytic infiltrate in the superficial dermis. Eosinophils were often present, and pustules were found in 15% of cases. Necrotic keratinocytes are often absent in maculopapular exanthema. Granulysin was expressed in six types ofCADRwith a trend toward more intense expression inDRESSandTEN.

Conclusion

We detailed further about the histopathology ofDRESS. Granulysin expression was observed in allCADRwith a marked overlap of expression pattern between the six types.
Effect of experimental change in children's sleep duration on television viewing and physical activity
Authors: Hart C. N. , Hawley N. , Davey A. , Carskadon M. , Raynor H. , Jelalian E. , Owens J. , Considine R. , Wing R. R.
Published: July 2016

Background

Paediatric observational studies demonstrate associations between sleep, television viewing and potential changes in daytime activity levels.

Objective(s)

To determine whether experimental changes in sleep lead to changes in children's sedentary and physical activities.

Methods

Using a within‐subject counterbalanced design, 37 children 8–11 years old completed a 3‐week study. Children slept their typical amount during a baseline week and were then randomized to increase or decrease mean time in bed by 1.5 h/night for 1 week; the alternate schedule was completed the final week. Children wore actigraphs on their non‐dominant wrist and completed 3‐d physical activity recalls each week.

Results

Children reported watching more television (p < 0.001) and demonstrated lower daytime actigraph‐measured activity counts per epoch (p = 0.03) when sleep was decreased (compared with increased). However, total actigraph‐measured activity counts accrued throughout the entire waking period were higher when sleep was decreased (and children were awake for longer) than when it was increased (p < 0.001).

Conclusion(s)

Short sleep during childhood may lead to increased television viewing and decreased mean activity levels. Although additional time awake may help to counteract negative effects of short sleep, increases in reported sedentary activities could contribute to weight gain over time.
Body mass index and adiposity indicators associated with cardiovascular biomarkers in youth with type 1 diabetes followed prospectively
Authors: Lipsky LM , Gee B , Liu A , Nansel TR
Published: July 2016

Background

The impact of excess weight on cardiovascular disease risk in type 1 diabetes patients is unclear.

Objective

This study examined associations of BMI and body composition with cardiovascular risk factors in youth followed prospectively for 18 months.

Methods

The sample includes youth with type 1 diabetes (N = 136, baseline age = 12.3 ± 2.5y, glycated hemoglobin = 8.1 ± 1.1%) participating in an 18‐month behavioral nutrition intervention trial. BMI, body composition (by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry), total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C); triglycerides (TG), c‐reactive protein (CRP), 8‐iso‐prostaglandin‐F2alpha (8‐iso‐PGF2α), adiponectin and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) were assessed at clinic visits every 6 months. Random effects regression models for repeated measures estimated associations of time‐varying BMI and body composition with time‐varying cardiovascular risk factors, adjusted for treatment assignment and covariates.

Results

There was no intervention effect on cardiovascular risk factors. Percent body fat was positively associated with TG, LDL‐C, CRP, SBP and DBP, while trunk fat mass and trunk %fat were associated positively with TG, LDL‐C, CRP, SBP and DBP, and inversely with HDL‐C. Higher BMI was associated with greater TG, CRP, SBP and DBP and lower HDL‐C. BMI and body composition indicators were unrelated to 8‐iso‐PGF2α and adiponectin.

Conclusions

Excess adiposity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors in this sample of youth with type 1 diabetes. Non‐significant associations with adiponectin and 8‐iso‐PGF2α suggest potential differences from the general population in the role of adiposity in cardiovascular health.
Role of routine computed tomography scan in the oncological follow up of patients treated by radical cystectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Alimi Quentin , Verhoest Grégory , Kammerer‐Jacquet Solene‐Florence , Mathieu Romain , Rioux‐Leclercq Nathalie , Manunta Andréa , Laguerre Brigitte , Guille François , Bensalah Karim , Peyronnet Benoit
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To assess the impact of a prolonged follow‐up schedule using computed tomography scan on oncological outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Methods

A single‐center retrospective study was carried out. All patients who underwent a radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 1992 and 2012 were included. The protocol for postoperative oncological follow up included a thoracoabdominal computed tomography scan twice per year for 2 years and then annually for life. The patients with tumor recurrence were divided into two groups: asymptomatic recurrences and recurrences diagnosed because of symptoms. Cancer‐specific survivals were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log–rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the predictive factors of cancer‐specific survival.

Results

Overall, 331 patients were included in this analysis, and, of them, 48.5% had a cancer recurrence after a median follow up of 52.6 months. A total of 30 of these recurrences were diagnosed at routine follow up among asymptomatic patients (18.8%). A total of 50% of recurrences occurred during the first 6 months and 75% during the first year. Just 10 of the recurrences (6.3%) appeared more than 3 years after radical cystectomy. The 5‐year cancer‐specific survival was higher in patients with asymptomatic recurrences (15.7% vs 32.1%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). On multivariate analysis, detection of asymptomatic recurrence reached statistical significance (HR 0.55; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Routine computed tomography scan surveillance after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer might provide a survival benefit. The risk of recurrence beyond 3 years seems to be low, and further studies are required to determine the role of routine computed tomography scan in the follow up beyond this timeframe.
The chasm of care: Where does the mental health nursing responsibility lie for the physical health care of people with severe mental illness?
Authors: Wynaden Dianne , Heslop Brett , Heslop Karen , Barr Lesley , Lim Eric , Chee Gin‐Liang , Porter James , Murdock Jane
Published: July 2016

The poor physical health of people with a severe mental illness is well documented and health professionals' attitudes, knowledge and skills are identified factors that impact on clients' access to care for their physical health needs. An evaluation was conducted to determine: (i) mental health nurses' attitudes and beliefs about providing physical health care; and, (ii) the effect that participant demographics may have on attitudes to providing physical health care. It was hypothesized that workplace culture would have the largest effect on attitudes. Nurses at three health services completed the “Mental health nurses' attitude towards the physical health care of people with severe and enduring mental illness survey” developed by Robson and Haddad (2012). The 28‐item survey measured: nurses' attitudes, confidence, identified barriers to providing care and attitudes towards clients smoking cigarettes. The findings demonstrated that workplace culture did influence the level of physical health care provided to clients. However, at the individual level, nurses remain divided and uncertain where their responsibilities lie. Nursing leadership can have a significant impact on improving clients' physical health outcomes. Education is required to raise awareness of the need to reduce cigarette smoking in this client population.
Reconnecting with oneself while struggling between life and death: The phenomenon of recovery as experienced by persons at risk of suicide
Authors: Sellin Linda , Asp Margareta , Wallsten Tuula , Wiklund Gustin Lena
Published: July 2016

The body of knowledge regarding health and recovery as experienced by patients at risk of suicide is limited. More research is needed into the meaning of recovery and what strengthens the desire to live. The aim of this study was to describe the phenomenon of recovery in a context of nursing care as experienced by persons at risk of suicide. In line with a reflective lifeworld research approach, 14 patients from a psychiatric clinic in Sweden participated in phenomenon‐oriented interviews. Data were analyzed to describe the essence of the phenomenon. The results reveal that the phenomenon of recovery means ‘reconnecting with oneself while struggling between life and death’. Three meaning constituents emerged: being in an expressive space and giving voice to oneself, regaining dignity through nurturing connectedness, and finding a balance in the tension between life and death. In conclusion, the meaning of recovery is to experience the ability to manage one's own life. Professional caregivers need to acknowledge patients' lifeworlds, in a way that enable patients to experience themselves as capable of managing their own lives. Professional caregivers should also facilitate the involvement of supportive relatives.