bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Victorian school and a low carbon designed school: Comparison of indoor air quality, energy performance, and student health
Authors: Chatzidiakou L. , Mumovic D. , Summerfield A. J. , Hong S. M. , Altamirano-Medina H.
Published: May 2014

This paper compares energy and ventilation performance, and levels of pollutants in six school classrooms and associates them to asthmatic and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms and the perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) of students. Self-reported data on subjective perception of air quality and health responses were gathered with a standardised questionnaire completed by 151 school children (Response Rate (RR):86%) attending two schools in the Greater London Area: a contemporary suburban low carbon school building and an urban, high thermal mass school built in the 19th century. Temperature, particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations were monitored in three classrooms and one outdoor site in each school for 5 consecutive days during the heating seasons. Biological parameters were determined in settled dust and analysed with molecular methods. Overall, asthma prevalence in the school environment was associated with exposure to higher NO2 levels (odds ratio (OR): 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–1.2). Exposure to PM in all classrooms was high and was associated with increased mucosal symptoms (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.9) and eczema (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6) prevalence. Higher indoor CO2 levels were associated with general symptoms (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.2). Increased dissatisfaction with IAQ was associated with higher temperatures and exposure to higher NO2, CO2, fungal, cat allergens, and VOC levels (limonene and formaldehyde). Direct access to the playground without buffer zone and user behavioural patterns may affect energy consumption. Findings suggest that increased ventilation rates may mitigate overheating, alleviate SBS symptoms, and improve satisfaction with IAQ.
An assessment of environmental conditions in bedrooms of contemporary low energy houses in Scotland
Authors: Sharpe T. R. , Porteous C. D. A. , Foster J. , Shearer D.
Published: May 2014

This paper describes the monitored environmental conditions in the bedrooms of 26 low energy houses in Scotland, include both naturally ventilation and houses with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery systems (MVHR). The context of the paper is the performance gap that is emerging between design predictions and actual performance of housing, and this paper focuses on the environmental performance of bedrooms. Bedrooms are of particular interest as they are the spaces in which occupants have the greatest exposure to the indoor environment, and in which conditions are relatively constant. The study indicates that ventilation is generally poor in these spaces and that both temperature and humidity frequently exceed accepted parameters for comfort and health. Increased window opening is a mitigating factor, but effects are limited by overall ventilation strategies.
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: An Institution’s 35 Year Perspective on Practice and Research
Authors: Gonzalez E. , Moore E. E. , Moore H. B. , Chapman M. P. , Silliman C. C. , Banerjee A.
Published: May 2014

Introduction:

Injury is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and as much as 40% of injury-related mortality is attributed to uncontrollable hemorrhage. This persists despite establishment of regionalized trauma systems and advances in the management of severely injured patients. Trauma-induced coagulopathy has been identified as the most common preventable cause of postinjury mortality.

Methods:

A review of the current literature was performed by collecting PUBMED references related to trauma-induced coagulopathy. Data were then critically analyzed and summarized based on the authors’ clinical and research perspective, as well as that reported by other institutions and researchers interested in trauma-induced coagulopathy. A particular focus was placed on those aspects of coagulopathy in which agreement among clinical and basic scientists is currently lacking; these include, pathophysiology, the role of blood components and factor therapy, and goal-directed assessment and management.

Results:

Trauma-induced coagulopathy has been recognized in approximately one-third of trauma patients. There is a vast range of severity, and the emergence of viscoelastic assays, such as thrombelastography and rotational thromboelastogram, has refined its diagnosis and management, particularly through the establishment of goal-directed massive transfusion protocols. Despite advancements in the diagnosis and management of trauma-induced coagulopathy, much remains to be understood regarding its pathophysiology. The cell-based model of hemostasis has allowed for characterization of endothelial dysfunction, impaired thrombin generation, platelet dysfunction, fibrinolysis, endogenous anticoagulants such as protein-C, and antifibrinolytic proteins. These concepts collectively compose the contemporary, but still partial, understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy.

Conclusion:

Trauma-induced coagulopathy is a complex pathophysiological condition, of which some mechanisms have been characterized, but much remains to be understood in order to translate this knowledge into improved outcomes for the injured patient.
Investigation of the effect of safety belt on the seat transmissibility
Authors: Zhao Xiaojing , Schindler Christian
Published: May 2014

Seat transmissibility is used to evaluate the vibration attenuation performance of seats. Because the seat and the driver interact with each other, the seat transmissibility is affected by the dynamic characteristics of the driver. The constraint on the movement of the driver caused by the safety belt results in the change of the seat–driver dynamics and the seat transmissibility. Vibration accelerations were measured on the seat cushion and at the seat base on a medium size wheel loader when the driver wore a lap belt or a four-point seat harness. The seat effective amplitude transmissibility value and the seat transmissibility derived from the cross spectral density method were analysed to investigate the effect of safety belt on the seat transmissibility. Two multi-body models of the seat–driver system were built in MATLAB and their parameters were identified in cases where the driver wore the lap belt or the four-point seat harness. Based on the analysis of these parameters, the way how the safety belt affects the seat–driver dynamics and the seat transmissibility is studied.
Islamic mobility: Car culture in modern Malaysia
Authors: Fischer Johan
Published: May 2014

In a modern and respectable middle-class suburb outside Kuala Lumpur, the overtness of cars evokes intense speculation about the nature of the make-up of covert middle-class homes and the formation of Malay Muslim identities more generally. I argue that the more ‘Islamic’ cultures of consumption assert themselves in modern Malaysia, the more the growing Malay Muslim middle class is split between desiring cars as positional commodities, on the one hand, and claims for piety through consumption, on the other. An important question is how Malay Muslim middle-class identity is practised through divergent forms of car consumption. Discussing ethnographic material from fieldwork among Malay middle-class families, I show how car consumption generates not only distinctions, practices and moral symbolic boundaries but also ideas about Islam, nation and excess.
Human rights and Cohen’s anti-statism
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: May 2014

G. A. Cohen’s critique of standard liberal interpretations of the difference principle has been very influential. According to Cohen, justice is not realized simply because the state’s tax policies and other distributive tools maximize the position of the worst off. Rather – possibly in addition to, but not to the exclusion of, certain state policies – justice requires talented people to improve the position of the worst off through their actions in their daily lives. Specifically, it prohibits talented people from insisting on inequality-causing incentives. To this extent, Cohen’s view of distributive justice is anti-statist. On standard liberal interpretations, human rights are such that, logically, they can be violated only by states, not private individuals. An individual who tortures someone commits a moral wrong but does not violate the victim’s human rights. For this reason, the crime is less problematic than it would have been had a police officer done it on behalf of the state. To this extent the standard liberal understanding of human rights is statist. This parallel between liberal understandings of distributive justice and human rights raises two questions: (1) Is the statist understanding of human rights vulnerable to Cohenian criticisms parallel to those that he canvasses against the statist understanding of distributive justice? (2) If so, should we welcome an anti-statist understanding of human rights, or should we see it as a problem with Cohen’s critique of a statist focus in distributive justice that it commits us to an implausible anti-statist view of human rights?
Measuring cultural justifications for caregiving in African American and White caregivers
Authors: Powers Sara M , Whitlatch Carol J
Published: May 2014

Objectives

This report will elucidate the psychometric properties of the Cultural Justifications for Caregiving Scale (CJCS) and evaluate the differences in cultural values and demographic variables among a group of African American and White caregivers. The CJCS measures the cultural reasons for and expectations about providing care to an older relative.

Methods

CJCS data were collected from 202 adults caring for an older relative with memory loss. The factor structure of the CJCS was analyzed for reliability and its correlation with other measures pertaining to the caregiving experience.

Results

Exploratory factor analyses suggested two underlying factors relating to Duty and Reciprocity with high levels of reliability. The two factors showed different correlational patterns with other measures associated with the caregiving experience (CG demographics and well-being).

Discussion

Findings provide further evidence that the CJCS is a reliable measure for use with African American and White caregivers. Moreover, cultural motivations to provide care may differ for ethnically diverse CGs based on religious backgrounds and beliefs about family expectations surrounding the care of loved ones. The application of the CJCS is also discussed.
Tracing the successful incorporation of assistive technology into everyday life for younger people with dementia and family carers
Authors: Arntzen Cathrine , Holthe Torhild , Jentoft Rita
Published: May 2014

Research shows that people with late-onset dementia and their relatives can benefit from using assistive technology (AT). Few researchers have investigated the use and utility of AT in everyday life for younger people with dementia (YPD) and their family carers. The aim of this study is to explore what characterised the implementation process when the AT was experienced as beneficial to the YPD and the family carer in their daily life. The qualitative longitudinal study followed 12 younger people (i.e. those under 65 years of age), who had recently been diagnosed with dementia and 14 of their family carers. In-depth interviews and observations during the process were conducted at the beginning, and were repeated every 3rd month for up to 12 months. The data were analysed, and the participants’ experiences further discussed on the basis of embodied, social- and everyday life-situated approaches, in order to provide a deeper understanding of the interactive processes involved in the trajectory. Five elements in the process were identified as important for the experience of usefulness and successful incorporation of AT. The AT had to: (1) be valuable by addressing practical, emotional, and relational challenges; (2) fit well into, or be a better solution for, habitual practice and established strategies; (3) generate positive emotions, and become a reliable and trustworthy tool; (4) be user-friendly, adaptable, and manageable; and (5) interest and engage the family carer. The study demonstrated the importance of understanding the use and utility of AT on the basis of embodied and social participation in daily life. The family carers played a significant role in whether or not, and in which ways, AT was absorbed into the everyday life practice of YPD.
Parental engagement through school choice: Some reasons for caution
Authors: McGinn Kathryn C. , Ben-Porath Sigal
Published: May 2014

Implementing school choice programs and bolstering parental engagement are both frequently touted as critical steps in improving educational outcomes in US schools. Many policy makers contend that by providing parents with more schooling options for their children, parents will become more involved in their children’s education, resulting in better and more equitable opportunities. The authors consider whether more school choices necessarily translate into more robust parental involvement, by chronicling for 5 years both the opportunities for and barriers to engagement that parents encountered in the Clarksville School District as it underwent a significant period of reform. The authors conclude that school choice does not always have a positive impact on parental engagement, and engagement in turn does not always translate into better or more equitable opportunities. In some cases, increased choice may present additional challenges to parents as they struggle to find accurate information, weigh a variety of problematic options, and consider the impact of their personal decisions on their children and on the overall well-being of the district.
Explaining the (Non)Occurrence of Equal Divisions on the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Bryan Amanda C.
Published: May 2014

When the U.S. Supreme Court sits with an even number of justices participating, there is a risk that the Court will be deadlocked in a tied vote. While this outcome awards the individual respondent with a victory, it also preserves circuit splits and other ambiguities in the law. In this article, we examine the conditions under which an even-membered Supreme Court actually results in a tie vote. We argue that the Court recognizes the potentially damaging consequences of 4-4 rulings and seeks to avoid them when those consequences would be most severe. Consistent with that conjecture, we find that ties are less likely when a decision is necessary to resolve a dispute in the lower courts and when cases are important to the executive branch.
Caregiver-Mediated Intervention Can Improve Physical Functional Recovery of Patients With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Wang Tzu-Chi , Tsai Alan C. , Wang Jiun-Yi , Lin Yu-Te , Lin Ko-Long , Chen Jiun Jiang , Lin Bei Yi , Lin Tai Ching
Published: May 2014

Background and Purpose. Patients with chronic stroke may benefit from continuing rehabilitation training after hospital discharge. This study examined whether caregiver-mediated, home-based intervention (CHI) could improve physical functioning and social participation in these patients. Methods. A single-blind, randomized, controlled 12-week trial conducted with 51 patients from 3 hospitals in Taiwan who had chronic stroke (>6 months; Brunnstrom recovery stages III-V). Patients and their caregivers in the intervention arm (n = 25) were given weekly personalized CHI trainings designed by a physical therapist. Patients in the control arm (n = 26) received visits from the therapist without intervention. All were evaluated for physical recovery through the Stroke Impact Scale, Berg Balance Scale, 10-Meter Walk Test, 6-Minute Walk Test, and Barthel Index at baseline and endpoint. Caregivers were evaluated with the Caregiver Burden Scale. Results were analyzed through Mann-Whitney U test. Results. CHI significantly improved scores of the Stroke Impact Scale: strength (control vs intervention, respectively: 1.4 vs 15.5; P = .002), mobility (–0.5 vs 13.7; P < .001), composite physical (–0.7 vs 11.2; P < .001), and general recovery domain (0.2 vs 17.4; P < .001). CHI also significantly improved free-walking velocity (–1.4 vs 7.5 cm/s; P = .006), 6-minute walk distance (–10.5 vs 15.8 m; P = .003), Berg Balance Scale score (–0.8 vs 4.5; P = .006), and Barthel Index score (0.6 vs 7.2; P = .008). CHI did not significantly increase caregiver burden at endpoint. Conclusion. CHI can improve physical functional recovery and, possibly, social participation in patients with chronic stroke.
Multistimulation Group Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease Promotes Changes in Brain Functioning
Authors: Baglio Francesca , Griffanti Ludovica , Saibene Francesca Lea , Ricci Cristian , Alberoni Margherita , Critelli Raffaella , Villanelli Fabiana , Fioravanti Raffaella , Mantovani Federica , D’amico Alessandra , Cabinio Monia , Preti Maria Giulia , Nemni Raffaello , Farina Elisabetta
Published: May 2014

Background. The growing social emergency represented by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the lack of medical treatments able to modify the disease course have kindled the interest in nonpharmacological therapies. Objective. We introduced a novel nonpharmacological approach for people with AD (PWA) named Multidimensional Stimulation group Therapy (MST) to improve PWA condition in different disease domains: cognition, behavior, and motor functioning. Methods. Enrolling 60 PWA in a mild to moderate stage of the disease, we evaluated the efficacy of MST with a randomized-controlled study. Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were considered as outcome measures. Results. The following significant intervention-related changes were observed: reduction in Neuropsychiatric Inventory scale score, improvement in language and memory subscales of Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale, and increased fMRI activations in temporal brain areas, right insular cortex, and thalamus. Conclusions. Cognitive-behavioral and fMRI results support the notion that MST has significant effects in improving PWA cognitive-behavioral status by restoring neural functioning.
B-Corps—A Growing Form of Social Enterprise
Authors: Chen Xiujian , Kelly Thomas F.
Published: May 2014

B-Corps are a growing group of social enterprises with a high level of commitment to maintaining a balance between profit motive and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study has two purposes. First, it reviews the 6-year history of the rapid development of B-Corps (which currently number more than 800). Second, the study investigates the growth rate of total revenue and of employee productivity of B-Corps during a recent period and compares it with that of approximately 1,206 public companies and 3,600 non–B-Corps private firms. These measurements add to the discussion about whether socially and environmentally responsible firms generate revenue and productivity at levels similar to their competitors. The study also examines differences in the financial and productivity performance among B-Corps based on their scores on qualitative CSR performance factors. These measurements add to the discussion as to whether or not stronger CSR performance is associated with stronger financial performance and whether productivity increases in this type of firm. One finding is that B-Corps had a statistically significant revenue growth rate that outpaced the average revenue growth of the public companies that operate in the same 4-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code as B-Corps. In comparison with non–B-Corps small-to-medium size private firms, we found no significant difference in revenue growth. In those comparisons, B-Corps did not outperform both their public and private competitors with regard to employee productivity growth rate. There was no significant correlation within the sample of B-Corps with regard to revenue and productivity increases and B-Corps’ performance on qualitative CSR factors.
A piezoelectric inchworm actuator of linear type using symmetrical lever amplification
Authors: Ma Li , Xiao Jintao , Zhou Shasha , Sun Lining
Published: May 2014

Piezoelectric inchworm actuators have a wide application in the field of nano-positioning and ultra-precision detecting instruments. Ultra-precision positioning equipments are urgently needed in the field of precision optics. A new piezoelectric linear actuator, based on inchworm motion principle, with a symmetry lever displacement amplification mechanism has been designed in this article. The whole structure adopts uniaxial-type double-notch right circular flexible hinge as its main hinges, which offers the driving part a larger displacement and makes clamping part have enough clamping force at the same time. High-precision cross roller guide ways are utilized to improve the positioning accuracy of the actuator. Both theoretical analysis and finite element analysis of clamping mechanism and driving mechanism have been carried out. An experimental test platform has been built, and a controlling program of the actuator is compiled by LabVIEW. The experimental results show that the working stroke of the actuator is ± 25 mm, resolution is 60 nm, the clamping force is 17 N, and the bearing capacity is 11 N; the actuator has a highest speed of 1.259 mm/s at the driving voltage 150 V.
Immunogenicity of undifferentiated and differentiated allogeneic mouse mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Mukonoweshuro Blessing , Brown Christopher JF , Fisher John , Ingham Eileen
Published: May 2014

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotential cells with utility in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the immunological properties and immunogenicity of allogeneic MSC remain poorly defined. Recent studies investigating their immunogenicity remain inconclusive and this has hampered their clinical application. This study investigated the (1) immunogenicity and (2) immunomodulatory properties of bone marrow-derived MSC using an allogeneic mouse model involving Balb/c (responder) and C3H (stimulator) mice. Dermal fibroblasts (DF) were used as controls for cells of mesenchymal origin. Adaptations of the lymphocyte transformation assay (LTA) and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were used to investigate the immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties of allogeneic undifferentiated and chondrogenic-differentiated MSC and DF. Both MSC and DF displayed a similar phenotypic profile with the exception of lower expression of CD44 and CD105 in DF. Tri-lineage differentiation of MSC and DF into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes confirmed their multipotency. In LTA, both undifferentiated and chondrogenic-differentiated allogeneic MSC stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Allogeneic DF were non-stimulatory but chondrogenic-differentiated DF triggered responder lymphocyte proliferation. In one-way MLR, both allogeneic MSC and DF significantly suppressed Balb/c lymphocyte proliferation. The current challenges in distinguishing between MSC and fibroblasts were apparent throughout the work. These findings support the notion that although MSC possess immunosuppressive properties, they may not be immunoprivileged. Thus, clinical application of allogeneic MSC should be taken with due consideration of their potential immunogenicity.
Asthma drug ratios and exacerbations: claims data from universal health coverage systems
Authors: Laforest Laurent , Licaj Idlir , Devouassoux Gilles , Chatte Gérard , Martin Jennifer , Van Ganse Eric
Published: May 2014

In claims data, controller-to-total asthma drug ratios may reflect adequacy of disease management. We verified whether asthma patients with high ratios (≥50%) experienced fewer asthma-related outcomes. Two ratios were studied: that of the inhaled corticosteroids to total asthma drug (ICS/R03) and that of the inhaled corticosteroids plus leukotriene antagonist receptors-to-total asthma drug (ICS+LTRA/R03).

Patients aged 13–40 years, with ≥3 respiratory drugs dispensed prescriptions in 2005 were selected from the French national claims data. After excluding null ratios, two groups were defined according to ratio values in 2007: low-ratio group (0%<ratio<50%) and high-ratio group (ratio ≥50%). For both ratios, asthma-related outcomes and medical-resource utilisation were compared between groups.

Of 2162 patients (mean age 27 years and 52% female), patients with non-null ratios were 81% and 85% for ICS/R03 and ICS+LTRA/R03 ratios, respectively. Patients with high ratios were less likely to receive oral corticosteroids than those in the low-ratio group (relative risk 0.79, 95% CI 0.72–0.88, and 0.80, 95% CI 0.72–0.88, for ICS/R03 and ICS+LTRA/R03, respectively). High ratio groups also presented fewer asthma-related hospitalisations. Significant negative correlations were also observed for both ratios, when studied quantitatively, according to patients’ dispensed level of oral corticosteroids in 2007.

In claims data, both ICS/R03 and ICS+LTRA/R03 ≥50% were related to fewer asthma-related outcomes. Ratios should be explored to identify asthma patients at risk of exacerbations. Low ratios can be considered as risk factors of exacerbation whatever the underlying cause.
Low birth weight in São Luís, northeastern Brazil: trends and associated factors
Authors: Veloso Helma Jane Ferreira , da Silva Antônio Augusto Moura , Bettiol Heloísa , Goldani Marcelo Zubarán , Filho Fernando Lamy , Simões Vanda Maria Ferreira , Batista Rosângela Fernandes Lucena , Barbieri Marco Antônio
Published: May 2014

Background

To analyze trends in LBW (low birth weight) rate using birth registry data and identify factors associated with LBW in São Luís comparing two birth cohorts separated by a 12-year interval.

Methods

2,426 births were included in 1997/98 and 5,040 in 2010. The dependent variable was LBW (<2,500 g). Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the association of independent variables with LBW. Data were also obtained from SINASC (Brazilian National Birth Registry) to analyze stillbirth and LBW rates trends from 1996 to 2010, using 3-year moving averages.

Results

LBW, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth rates did not differ between the two cohorts. Despite this, birth registry data showed increasing LBW rate up to 2001, coinciding with decreasing stillbirth rate. Both stillbirth and LBW rates decreased thereafter. A significant reduction was observed in the percentage of teenage mothers, mothers with up to 4 years of education, family income up to one minimum wage and mothers who did not attend prenatal care. There was an increase in maternal age ≥35 years and schooling ≥12 years. The variables associated with LBW in 1997/98 were young maternal age (<18 years), maternal smoking during pregnancy and primiparity. Variables that remained in the adjusted model in 2010 were female gender, income <3 minimum wages, lack of prenatal care, maternal smoking during pregnancy and primiparity.

Conclusions

Although LBW rate did not differ between the two cohorts, this apparent stability masked an increase up to 2001 and a decrease thereafter. The rise in LBW rate paralleled reduction in the stillbirth rate, suggesting improvement in obstetrical and newborn care. Maternal, socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with LBW differed between the two cohorts, except for smoking during pregnancy and parity that were significantly associated with LBW in both cohorts.
A novel hierarchical Pt- and FTO-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell
Authors: Zhao Xing , Li Meicheng , Song Dandan , Cui Peng , Zhang Zhirong , Zhao Yan , Shen Chao , Zhang Zhaohuang
Published: May 2014

A novel hierarchical Pt- and FTO-free counter electrode (CE) for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was prepared by spin coating the mixture of TiO2 nanoparticles and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solution onto the glass substrate. Compared with traditional Pt/FTO CE, the cost of the new CE is dramatically reduced by the application of bilayer TiO2-PEDOT:PSS/PEDOT:PSS film and the glass substrate. The sheet resistance of this composite film is 35 Ω sq−1 and is low enough to be used as an electrode. The surface morphologies of TiO2-PEDOT:PSS layer and modified PEDOT:PSS layer were characterized by scanning electron microscope, which shows that the former had larger surface areas than the latter. Electrochemical impedance spectra and Tafel polarization curves prove that the catalytic activity of TiO2-PEDOT:PSS/PEDOT:PSS/glass CE is higher than that of PEDOT:PSS/FTO CE and is similar to Pt/FTO CE's. This new fabricated device with TiO2-PEDOT:PSS/PEDOT:PSS/glass CE achieves a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.67%, reaching 91.39% of DSSC with Pt/FTO CE (5.11%).
Efficient robust image interpolation and surface properties using polynomial texture mapping
Authors: Zhang Mingjing , S Drew Mark
Published: May 2014

Polynomial texture mapping (PTM) uses simple polynomial regression to interpolate and re-light image sets taken from a fixed camera but under different illumination directions. PTM is an extension of the classical photometric stereo (PST), replacing the simple Lambertian model employed by the latter with a polynomial one. The advantage and hence wide use of PTM is that it provides some effectiveness in interpolating appearance including more complex phenomena such as interreflections, specularities and shadowing. In addition, PTM provides estimates of surface properties, i.e., chromaticity, albedo and surface normals. The most accurate model to date utilizes multivariate Least Median of Squares (LMS) robust regression to generate a basic matte model, followed by radial basis function (RBF) interpolation to give accurate interpolants of appearance. However, robust multivariate modelling is slow. Here we show that the robust regression can find acceptably accurate inlier sets using a much less burdensome 1D LMS robust regression (or ‘mode-finder’). We also show that one can produce good quality appearance interpolants, plus accurate surface properties using PTM before the additional RBF stage, provided one increases the dimensionality beyond 6D and still uses robust regression. Moreover, we model luminance and chromaticity separately, with dimensions 16 and 9 respectively. It is this separation of colour channels that allows us to maintain a relatively low dimensionality for the modelling. Another observation we show here is that in contrast to current thinking, using the original idea of polynomial terms in the lighting direction outperforms the use of hemispherical harmonics (HSH) for matte appearance modelling. For the RBF stage, we use Tikhonov regularization, which makes a substantial difference in performance. The radial functions used here are Gaussians; however, to date the Gaussian dispersion width and the value of the Tikhonov parameter have been fixed. Here we show that one can extend a theorem from graphics that generates a very fast error measure for an otherwise difficult leave-one-out error analysis. Using our extension of the theorem, we can optimize on both the Gaussian width and the Tikhonov parameter.
Non-invasive neuromodulation to improve gait in chronic multiple sclerosis: a randomized double blind controlled pilot trial
Authors: Tyler Mitchell E , Kaczmarek Kurt A , Rust Kathy L , Subbotin Alla M , Skinner Kimberly L , Danilov Yuri P
Published: May 2014

Background

This study sought to examine the effect of targeted physical therapy with and without cranial nerve non-invasive neuromodulation (CN-NINM), on the walking ability of people with MS who exhibited a dysfunctional gait. We hypothesized that subjects who received electrical stimulation would have greater improvement than those who had a control device after a 14-week intervention. Gait disturbance is a common problem for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Current management may include exercise, pharmacology, functional electrical stimulation, compensatory strategies, use of assistive devices, and implanted electrical devices. We have developed an effective rehabilitative strategy using neuromodulation of the cranial nerves via electrical stimulation of the tongue to enhance the plasticity of the brain.

Methods

The study is a within-subject blinded randomized control design. Twenty chronic MS subjects with an identified gait disturbance were assigned to either an active or control group. Both groups completed a 14-week intervention program using a standardized combination of exercise and a device that provided electrical stimulation to the tongue. Those in the active group received electrical stimulation on the tongue that they could perceive. Those in the control group used a device that did not provide a physiologically significant stimulus and was not perceivable. Subjects were assessed with the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI).

Results

The DGI scores improved for both groups. There were significant between-group differences, with the active group showing statistically greater improvement than the control group mean.

Conclusion

People with MS demonstrated improved gait with CN-NINM training in a pilot randomized controlled trial. This study suggests that tongue-based neurostimulation may amplify the benefits of exercise for improving gait in people with chronic MS.
Estimation of slip parameters associated with frictional heating during the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake by vitrinite reflectance geothermometry
Authors: Maekawa Yuka , Hirono Tetsuro , Yabuta Hikaru , Mukoyoshi Hideki , Kitamura Manami , Ikehara Minoru , Tanikawa Wataru , Ishikawa Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2014

To estimate the slip parameters and understand the fault lubrication mechanism during the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake, we applied vitrinite reflectance geothermometry to samples retrieved from the Chelungpu fault. We found a marked reflectance anomaly of 1.30% ± 0.21% in the primary slip zone of the earthquake, whereas the reflectances in the surrounding deformed and host rocks were 0.45% to 0.77%. By applying a kinetic model of vitrinite thermal maturation together with a one-dimensional heat and thermal diffusion equation, we determined the shear stress and peak temperature in the slip zone during the earthquake to be 1.00 ± 0.04 MPa and 626°C ± 25°C, respectively. Taking into account the probable overestimation of the temperature owing to a mechanochemically enhanced reaction or flash heating at grain contacts, this temperature should be considered an upper limit. The lower limit was previously constrained to 400°C by studies of fluid-mobile trace-element concentrations and magnetic minerals. Therefore, we inferred that the peak temperature during the Chi-Chi earthquake was 400°C to 626°C, corresponding to an apparent friction coefficient of 0.01 to 0.06. Such low friction and the previous evidence of a high-temperature fluid suggest that thermal pressurization likely contributed to dynamic weakening during the Chi-Chi earthquake.
226Ra, 232Th and 40K contents in water samples in part of central deserts in Iran and their potential radiological risk to human population
Authors: Ehsanpour Elham , Abdi Mohammad Reza , Mostajaboddavati Mojtaba , Bagheri Hashem
Published: May 2014

Background

The radiological quality of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in some samples of water resources collected in Anarak-Khour a desertic area, Iran has been measured by direct gamma ray spectroscopy using high purity germanium detector in this paper.

Result

The concentration ranged from ≤0.5 to 9701 mBq/L for 226Ra; ≤0.2 to 28215 mBq/L for 232Th and < MDA to 10332 mBq/L for 40K. The radium equivalent activity was well below the defined limit of 370Bq/L. The calculated external hazard indices were found to be less than 1 which shows a low dose.

Conclusion

These results can be contributed to the database of this area because it may be used as disposal sites of nuclear waste in future.
Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase positive bacteria in radiologically positive urinary tract infection
Authors: Masud Md Rana , Afroz Hafsa , Fakruddin Md
Published: May 2014

The increase in antibiotic resistance among uropathogens is a global problem. The present study was an effort to assess the current antibiotic resistance pattern and plasmid profiles of some multi drug resistant bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI). Among 44 clinical samples of radiologically positive UTI, 44 microorganisms belonging to 9 genus were isolated. Of the patients, 24 were female and 20 were male. Highest incidence was found in age group of 30–45 years. Total bacterial count of the urine samples were high in most the patients. E. coli and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. were most prevalent. Most of the isolates showed higher antibiotic resistance against the antibiotics used. 6 of the 44 isolate was resistant to 10 different types of antibiotics. Of the isolated uropathogens, 40.9% were ESBL positive. 7 of the isolates had no plasmid and 9 isolate had 140 MDa plasmid whereas other isolates pose smaller plasmids of different sizes. Assessment of transfer of antibiotic resistance between different genuses revealed transfer of resistance within genus. Radiological imaging showed strong correlation with microbiological findings of the patients.
Editorial: Mannose-binding lectin in fighting influenza: promise or peril?
Authors: Wu By Wenxin , Metcalf Jordan P
Published: May 2014

Discussion on the potential benefits and risks of the use of MBL as a biological response modifier in influenza infection.
Editorial: Not all roads to T cell memory go through STAT4 and T-bet
Authors: Whitmire Jason K
Published: May 2014

Discussion on the dispensable role of STAT4 and T-bet interactions in T cell memory differentiation.
‘What harbour shelters peace?’ On the opera Peter Grimes, exclusion and stigma
Authors: Conlan Lisa
Published: May 2014

Benjamin Britten's opera Peter Grimes premiered in 1945 and has since enjoyed lasting popular and critical acclaim. Its central character is a fisherman driven to suicide by circumstances beyond his control. It has a wide political and social resonance and is a testament to the damaging psychological effects of exclusion and stigma.
Paraphilias and paraphilic disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management
Authors: Yakeley Jessica , Wood Heather
Published: May 2014

We outline the difficulties in classifying paraphilias as mental disorder and summarise the changes to this diagnostic category in DSM-5. We review the research on the epidemiology and aetiology of paraphilias, and provide guidance on assessment and referral options for general psychiatrists when they encounter patients who may meet diagnostic criteria for a paraphilic disorder. Empirical evidence for effective treatments for paraphilias is limited, and specific treatment services are scarce, particularly for individuals presenting with legal paraphilias or those who are committing paraphilic sexual offences but who have not been convicted.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Be able to diagnose a paraphilic disorder according to DSM-5 criteria.

Understand the epidemiology, comorbidity and theories of aetiology of paraphilic disorders.

Know how to assess the need for disclosure if the patient presents with illegal paraphilias.
The therapeutic power of volunteering
Authors: Fegan Colette , Cook Sarah
Published: May 2014

There is growing evidence from smaller evaluative studies in the USA and anecdotal papers in the UK that supported volunteering can help recovery and can be a pathway into paid work for people with serious and fluctuating mental health conditions. It allows the person to take risks and test out a working environment. This opportunity can integrate their experience of mental illness into a valued identity and provides opportunities to engage with a world of work. We recommend that mental health professionals consider ways of providing volunteering opportunities as part of a recovery-oriented service within their organisations.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Appreciate the benefits patients gain from volunteering.

Understand the principles of a supported volunteering scheme.

Appreciate the potential value to the patient of volunteering within health and social care settings.
Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis
Authors: Alisic Eva , Zalta Alyson K. , van Wesel Floryt , Larsen Sadie E. , Hafstad Gertrud S. , Hassanpour Katayun , Smid Geert E.
Published: May 2014

Background

It is unclear how many children and adolescents develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma.

Aims

To determine the incidence of PTSD in trauma-exposed children and adolescents as assessed with well-established diagnostic interviews and to examine potential moderators of the estimate.

Method

A systematic literature search identified 72 peer-reviewed articles on 43 independent samples (n = 3563). Samples consisting only of participants seeking or receiving mental health treatment were excluded. Main analyses involved pooled incidence estimates and meta-analyses of variance.

Results

The overall rate of PTSD was 15.9% (95% CI 11.5–21.5), which varied according to the type of trauma and gender. Least at risk were boys exposed to non-interpersonal trauma (8.4%, 95% CI 4.7–14.5), whereas girls exposed to interpersonal trauma showed the highest rate (32.9%, 95% CI 19.8–49.3). No significant difference was found for the choice of assessment interview or the informant of the assessment.

Conclusions

Research conducted with the best available assessment instruments shows that a significant minority of children and adolescents develop PTSD after trauma exposure, with those exposed to interpersonal trauma and girls at particular risk. The estimates provide a benchmark for DSM-5 and ICD-11.
Mindfulness for psychosis
Authors: Chadwick Paul
Published: May 2014

Mindfulness treatments and research have burgeoned over the past decade. With psychosis, progress has been slow and likely held back by clinicians' belief that mindfulness may be harmful for this client group. There is emerging evidence that mindfulness for psychosis – when used in an adapted form – is safe and therapeutic.
Spontaneous Construction of Nanoneedles Using Ruthenium Complex-conjugated Porphyrins on Substrates
Authors: Togashi Takanari , Izumi Atsushi , Kon Hiroki , Kanaizuka Katsuhiko , Ishizaki Manabu , Miyake Ryosuke , Chang Ho-Chol , Haga Masa-aki , Sakamoto Masatomi , Kurihara Masato
Published: May 2014

Nanoneedle structures composed of a porphyrin derivative combined with a tris(bipyridine)ruthenium have been conveniently fabricated on an indium tin oxide electrode via continuous silane coupling reaction that proceeds on the electrode immersed in a solution of the porphyrin derivative and tetrachlorosilane. A stable cathodic photocurrent was generated from the nanoneedles upon photoirradiation.
Azurin–DNA Conjugate with the Binding Motif of a Transcriptional Regulator, CooA: CO-dependent Modulation of the Electron-transfer Reaction
Authors: Nakajima Hiroshi , Miyazaki Soji , Itoh Takaaki , Hayamura Mao , Watanabe Yoshihito
Published: May 2014

An azurin–DNA conjugate (Azu–DNA) where the DNA part contains the binding sequence of a carbon monoxide (CO)-dependent transcriptional regulator, CooA, has been prepared. CooA in the CO-bound form (CO–CooA) showed specific binding to Azu–DNA. The association of CO–CooA with Azu–DNA affects the electron transfer (ET) between Azu–DNA and its redox partner protein, cytochrome c552. Consequently, the CO-dependent modulation of ET was achieved. This could be a potential platform for a novel biobased sensor, which exploits the transcriptional regulator as a detection module and whose readout is immediately transduced to a readily processable electronic signal.
Synthesis, Electronic, and Crystal Structures of Methoxycarbonyl-substituted 2,5-Di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dithiolane-4-thione Derivatives
Authors: Ueda Kazumasa , Kusanagi Hiroki , Nanbo Hiroki , Kohno Yoshiumi , Egami Tomoe , Miyabayashi Keiko , Suzuki Takeyuki
Published: May 2014

Two methoxycarbonyl-substituted 2,5-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dithiolane-4-thione derivatives with alkylsulfanyl groups of different sizes were synthesized, and their redox and electronic properties and crystal structures were investigated. The difference in the solid-state absorption spectra occurs because of differences in the intermolecular interactions caused by their molecular packings.
Intense Plasmon-induced Cotton Effects in Colloidal Silver Triangular Nanoplates Synthesized by a Ligand-exchange Process
Authors: Nishida Naoki , Kojima Yasuhiro , Tanaka Hideki
Published: May 2014

Chiroptically active Ag triangular nanoplates were synthesized by the ligand-exchange reaction of achiral Ag nanoplates with chiral d- or l-penicillamine molecules. Analysis of the chiroptical properties of the synthesized nanoplates by circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed intense Cotton effects, with wavelengths that corresponded to those of the surface plasmon resonances for the nanoplates. Enantiomeric excess and pH dependence of these effects were also measured to explore the origin of the chiroptical activity of the nanoplates.
[Cu(dmit)2]2− Building Block for Molecular Conductors and Magnets with Photocontrollable Spin Distribution
Authors: Noma Hiroki , Ohara Keishi , Naito Toshio
Published: May 2014

[Cu(dmit)2]2− formally consists of a magnetic Cu2+ ion (S = 1/2) and closed-shell π-conjugated dmit2− ligands. However, it has been determined by electron spin resonance and molecular orbital calculations that the majority (91–100%) of the spin delocalizes over the ligands in the ground state, while the spin significantly (40–90%) localizes on Cu under UV irradiation. Considering the results of X-ray structural analyses under UV irradiation, the spin distribution varies depending on the wavelengths irradiated and retaining the square-planar coordination geometries.
Catalysis on Water: Hydrogenation of Ketones and Aldehydes by Platinum Nanoparticles Dispersed in Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polystyrene, Pt@HPS-NR3+Cl−
Authors: Chaiyanurakkul Arada , Gao Lei , Nishikata Takashi , Kojima Keisuke , Nagashima Hideo
Published: May 2014

Platinum nanoparticles dispersed in the ammonium salts of hyperbranched polystyrene, Pt@HPS-NR3Cl, catalyzed the hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes when water was used as the solvent without any coexisting organic solvents. The significant increase in the reaction rate was observed when an organo-dispersible Pt@HPS-N+(C8H17)3Cl− (1a) was used as the catalyst, whereas catalyst recycling was achieved with water-dispersible Pt@HPS-N+(C4H9)3Cl− (1b).
Introduction of Three Aryl Groups to Benzotriazinyl Radical by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-coupling Reaction
Authors: Takahashi Yusuke , Miura Youhei , Yoshioka Naoki
Published: May 2014

A new radical, 7-phenyl-1,3-bis(4-biphenylyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl (2), was prepared from the iodo group-substituted benzotriazinyl radical 1 with phenyltriolborate salt by the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction at room temperature. An X-ray crystal structural analysis clarified its crystal structure. ESR measurements and DFT calculations revealed that its unpaired electron was more delocalized over the molecule than that of Blatter’s radical due to the substituent effect.
Bifunctional Modification of Conductive Particles by Iterative Bipolar Electrodeposition of Metals
Authors: Koizumi Yuki , Shida Naoki , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Inagi Shinsuke
Published: May 2014

Iterative electrodeposition of metals on both the poles of conductive particles by alternating current bipolar electrochemical reduction of metal ions was successfully carried out to afford bifunctionalized particles, which were partially covered with metals such as gold and platinum on both the poles in a site-selective manner.