bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot study of the optimal protocol of low dose step‐up follicle stimulating hormone therapy for infertile women
Authors: Matsuzaki Toshiya , Iwasa Takeshi , Yanagihara Rie , Komasaka Mizuki , Yano Kiyohito , Mayila Yiliyasi , Tachibana Ayaka , Yamamoto Yuri , Kato Takeshi , Kuwahara Akira , Irahara Minoru
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the optimized protocol of low dose follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) therapy that has a starting dose of 50 IU/62.5 IU with a small increment dose (12.5 IU) for women with World Health Organization (WHO) II ovulatory disorder and unexplained infertility.

Methods

Anovulatory women with WHO group II ovulatory disorder (ovulation induction [OI] patients, n = 29), and with an unexplained infertility (ovarian stimulation [OS] patients, n = 21) were enrolled. The protocol of low dose step‐up FSH therapy was optimized for the starting dose as 50 IU (body mass index [BMI] < 20 group) and 62.5 IU (BMI ≥ 20 group) with the increment dose of 12.5 IU. Study outcomes were ovulation, monofollicular development and other variables.

Results

In the OIpatients, the ovulation rate was 100% (BMI < 20 group) and 90.9% (BMI ≥ 20 group). Monofollicular development was 80.0% (BMI < 20) and 77.3% (BMI ≥ 20). The pregnancy rate was 60% (3/5 BMI < 20) and 18.2% (4/22 BMI ≥ 20). There was no multiple pregnancy. In the OSpatients, the ovulation rate was 100%. Monofollicular development was 85.7% (BMI < 20) and 76.6% (BMI ≥ 20). No pregnancy was achieved in the OSpatients.

Conclusion

Optimized protocol of low dose FSH therapy setting a starting dose 50 IU/62.5 IU by BMI with an increment dose of 12.5 IU was safe and highly effective in WHO group II anovulatory patients. However, this protocol seemed uneffective for patients with unexplained infertility.
Code‐Switching to Navigate Social Class in Higher Education and Student Affairs
Authors: Elkins Becki , Hanke Eran
Published: June 2018

This chapter outlines the concepts of social class privilege, highlights the experiences of students navigating social class, and examines the role of code‐switching as a strategy to navigate higher education.
Helping Poor‐ and Working‐Class Students Create Their Own Sense of Belonging
Authors: Ardoin Sonja
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the concept of class straddling and offers institutional strategies to help poor‐ and working‐class students form a sense of belonging.
Reframing Deficit Thinking on Social Class
Authors: Martin Georgianna L. , Smith Matthew J. , Williams Brittany M.
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses how deficit thinking around issues of social class can influence college students’ social class identity development.
Kalman filtering and sequential Bayesian analysis
Authors: Soyer Refik
Published: June 2018

In this paper we present an overview of the state of the art in Kalman filtering and dynamic Bayesian linear and nonlinear models. We present some of the basic results including the derivation of Kalman filtering equations as well as recent advances in Kalman filter models and their extensions including non‐Gaussian state‐space models. In so doing, we take a Bayesian perspective and discuss parameter learning in state‐space models which typically involves Markov chain Monte Carlo and sequential Monte Carlo methods. We present particle filtering and Bayesian particle learning techniques for state space models and discuss recent advances.

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Signal and Image Processing and Coding

Statistical Models > Bayesian Models

Statistical Models > Time Series Models

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
Homogeneous Catalytic Formic Acid Dehydrogenation in Aqueous Solution using Ruthenium Arene Phosphine Catalysts
Authors: Fink Cornel , Chen Lu , Laurenczy Gábor
Published: June 2018

In this work, we studied catalytic formic acid dehydrogenation with a homogeneous RAPTA type precatalyst in aqueous solution. The effects of an amino group, attached to the arene, and the impact of a second equivalent of 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA) added in situ to the reaction were evaluated. The initial compound, [(η6‐benzyldimethylamine)Ru(PTA)Cl2]Cl (3), was synthesized and proved to be moderately active for selective formic acid dehydrogenation. The addition of a second equivalent of PTA at the beginning of the reaction significantly improved the catalytic performance. The activation energies for both catalytic systems were assessed via an Arrhenius plot. 1H ‐and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy was used to follow the course of the reaction online and verified complete consumption of substrate. A triplet signal was observed in the hydride region along with its corresponding coupling counterpart in 31P spectra.
Anatomical adaptations to temporarily changed environmental conditions
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Two principal capacities characterize seed plants. Primarily, cell formation pathways determine the basic structure of plant bodies, and the formation of different cell types.
Coexistence of algae, fungi and vascular plants
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

The symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of vascular plants is called mycorrhiza.
Preparation techniques – Making anatomical structures visible
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

As the title of this book suggests, the main objective of the book is to explain anatomical structures on the basis of microscopic slides. Since comparability is one of its major goals, most micro-photographs are based on recently prepared microscopic slides. Gärtner & Schweingruber 2013 explain sample design and preparation techniques in detail.
Structure of the cell wall and cell contents
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

The cell wall of seed plants principally consists of several layers: the middle lamella, the primary, secondary and tertiary wall, a concept presented by Evert 2006. Secondary walls consist of macro-fibrils.
Stem anatomical structures of major taxonomic units
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the anatomy of major stem-forming taxa within the taxonomic hierarchic system.
Anatomical adaptations to permanently changed environmental conditions
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

All wood anatomy classification books describe the structure of so-called “normally grown” specimens. Nature, however, also produces a few giants, and many dwarfs. Here the question is raised to which degree local environmental factors modify the morphology and anatomy of stems of individual species. Exemplarily presented are the xylem structures of a few large (giants) and small individuals (dwarfs) of trees and herbs. Larger-thanaverage individuals have experienced mostly favorable growing conditions when they were young, and during their lifetime escaped the effects of extreme growth-limiting factors such as lack of nutrients, water or light, frost, or injury. In contrast, limiting and extreme factors negatively affected growth in small individuals. Giants are the winners, and dwarfs are the losers of competition.
Large-N ℂℙN − 1 sigma model on a finite interval: general Dirichlet boundary conditions
Authors: Bolognesi Stefano , Gudnason Sven Bjarke , Konishi Kenichi , Ohashi Keisuke
Published: June 2018

Abstract

This is the third of the series of articles on the large-N two-dimensional ℂℙ
N − 1 sigma model, defined on a finite space interval L with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Here the cases of the general Dirichlet boundary conditions are studied, where the relative ℂℙ
N − 1 orientations at the two boundaries are generic, and numerical solutions are presented. Distinctive features of the ℂℙ
N − 1 sigma model, as compared e.g., to an O(N) model, which were not entirely evident in the basic properties studied in the first two articles in the large N limit, manifest themselves here. It is found that the total energy is minimized when the fields are aligned in the same direction at the two boundaries.
Laparoscopic Partial Sleeve Duodenectomy for the Infra‐Ampullary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Duodenum
Authors: Choi Sung Hoon , Park Jiae , Kang Chang Moo , Lee Woo Jung
Published: June 2018

Background

Although organ‐preserving operations are regarded as effective strategies for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), laparoscopic partial sleeve duodenectomy (lap PSD) has not been fully evaluated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness and technical feasibility of lap PSD.

Study design

Between January 2011 and March 2016, we reviewed 13 patients who underwent laparoscopic approach among 22 patients who underwent PSD. PSD for the infra‐ampullary lesions was defined as infra‐ampullary duodenal resection including the first portion of the jejunum. After resection, all patients underwent reconstruction via side‐to‐side duodenojejunostomy.

Results

The total mean operation time was 273 min (range 160–346 min), and estimated mean blood loss was 80 ml (range scanty‐200 ml). One patient was converted to open laparotomy because of mesocolonic tumor involvement. The median postoperative hospital stay was 10.5 days (range 4–36 days). There were no postoperative mortalities. Postoperative complications included 2 instances of delayed gastric emptying (DGE), 1 duodenojejunostomy stricture, and 2 intestinal obstructions. No patient was treated with adjuvant therapy. One patient experienced hepatic metastasis 28 months after surgery during a mean follow‐up period of 48.6 months.

Conclusion

Lap PSD might be an oncologically effective strategy for duodenal GIST, and the laparoscopic approach is a technically feasible and appealing surgical modality in terms of safety and perioperative results. However, DGE and anastomosis strictures are concerns for postoperative complications, which need to be further investigated.
Study into the Role of Nickel Vapor on Surface Modification of a Third-Generation Single-Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Spathara Dimitra , Putman Duncan , Warnken Nils
Published: June 2018

A third-generation single-crystal (SX) superalloy was heat treated at 1350 °C for 24 hours while being exposed to nickel vapor. It is observed that a layer of 60-µm thickness deposited onto the alloy. This prevented the formation of TCP phases and the occurrence of melting, which were reported in previous studies. The interdiffusion between the alloy and deposited layer shows strong indications of cross-diffusion effects, as shown from the composition profile measurements and simulations.
On Shear Testing of Single Crystal Ni-Base Superalloys
Authors: Eggeler G. , Wieczorek N. , Fox F. , Berglund S. , Bürger D. , Dlouhy A. , Wollgramm P. , Neuking K. , Schreuer J. , Agudo Jácome L. , Gao S. , Hartmaier A. , Laplanche G.
Published: June 2018

Shear testing can contribute to a better understanding of the plastic deformation of Ni-base superalloy single crystals. In the present study, shear testing is discussed with special emphasis placed on its strengths and weaknesses. Key mechanical and microstructural results which were obtained for the high-temperature (T ≈ 1000 °C) and low-stress (τ ≈ 200 MPa) creep regime are briefly reviewed. New 3D stereo STEM images of dislocation substructures which form during shear creep deformation in this regime are presented. It is then shown which new aspects need to be considered when performing double shear creep testing at lower temperatures (T < 800 °C) and higher stresses (τ > 600 MPa). In this creep regime, the macroscopic crystallographic [11−2](111) shear system deforms significantly faster than the [01−1](111) system. This represents direct mechanical evidence for a new planar fault nucleation scenario, which was recently suggested (Wu et al. in Acta Mater 144:642–655, 2018). The double shear creep specimen geometry inspired a micro-mechanical in-situ shear test specimen. Moreover, the in-situ SEM shear specimen can be FIB micro-machined from prior dendritic and interdendritic regions. Dendritic regions, which have a lower γ′ volume fraction, show a lower critical resolved shear stress.
Organized Violence and Institutional Child Delivery: Micro-Level Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2014
Authors: Østby Gudrun , Urdal Henrik , Tollefsen Andreas Forø , Kotsadam Andreas , Belbo Ragnhild , Ormhaug Christin
Published: June 2018

The conditions under which a mother gives birth greatly affect the health risk of both the mother and the child. This article addresses how local exposure to organized violence affects whether women give birth in a health facility. We combine geocoded data on violent events from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program with georeferenced survey data on the use of maternal health care services from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Our sample covers 569,201 births by 390,574 mothers in 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We use a mother fixed-effects analysis to estimate the effect of recent organized violence events within a radius of 50 km of the home of each mother on the likelihood that her child is born in a health facility. The results indicate that geographical and temporal proximity to organized violence significantly reduces the likelihood of institutional births. Although the level of maternal health care overall is lower in rural areas, the negative effect of violence appears to be stronger in urban areas. The study further underscores the importance of household and individual resilience, indicating that the effect of organized violence on institutional child delivery is greater among poor and less-educated mothers.
Neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bluett Brent , Banks Sarah , Cordes Dietmar , Bayram Ece , Mishra Virendra , Cummings Jeffrey , Litvan Irene
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling phenomenon characterized by a brief, episodic absence or reduction of forward progression of the feet despite the intention to walk. It is a common cause of falls and mortality in cases with Parkinson's disease (PD). This article reviews neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies to date and introduces a new study of multimodal imaging and cognition in PD‐FOG.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search identified studies using neuropsychological evaluation and/or neuroimaging to evaluate PD‐FOG.

Results

Several studies have evaluated PD‐FOG, but few have combined neuropsychological and comprehensive neuroimaging and none longitudinally.

Discussion

A study using a combined approach longitudinally evaluating cognitive dysfunction and underlying neural networks in FOG is needed. We introduce the framework of a study which demonstrates the use of establishing an infrastructure for studying neurodegenerative disorders using the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Science Center of Biomedical Research Excellence grant mechanism.
Static Rope Evacuation by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Rescue Operations in Southeast Norway
Authors: Samdal Martin , Haugland Helge H. , Fjeldet Cato , Rehn Marius , Sandberg Mårten
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) in Norway are an adjunct to existing search and rescue services. Our aims were to study the epidemiological, operational, and medical aspects of HEMS daylight static rope operations performed in the southeastern part of the country and to examine several quality dimensions that are characteristic of this service.

Methods

We reviewed the static rope operations performed at 3 HEMS bases during a 3-y period and applied a set of quality indicators designed for physician-staffed emergency medical services to evaluate the quality of care. Data are presented as medians with quartiles, except National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scores, which are presented as mean (SD).

Results

Fifty-nine static rope operations were identified, involving 60 patients. Median (quartiles) age was 43 (27–55) y. Median (quartiles) take-off time was 9 (5–13) min. Trauma-related injuries were found in 48 patients. The main conditions were lower limb injuries, found in 32 patients. Ten patients experienced medical conditions. Mean (SD) NACA score was 3.3 (1.3). A potential or actual life-threatening diagnosis (NACA score: 4–6) was reported among 15 patients. The main interventions were intravenous lines (19 patients), analgesics (17), and oxygen treatment (14). Four patients were intubated, and 1 thoracostomy was performed.

Conclusions

Static rope operations are rarely performed. The quality indicators suggest that the service is safe, available, and equitable. Its main benefit seems to be evacuation and the maintenance of readiness before rapid transport of the physician to the scene or the patient to the hospital.
Individual Predictors of the Radical Right-Wing Vote in Europe: A Meta-Analysis of Articles in Peer-Reviewed Journals (1995–2016)
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Lentz Tobias , Mayer Danielle
Published: June 2018

In this article, we summarize the individual demand-level factors explaining the radical right-wing vote in European countries. To do so, we first review 46 quantitative peer-reviewed articles featuring the individual vote choice in favour of a radical right-wing party as the dependent variable. To identify relevant articles, we use Kai Arzheimer’s bibliography on the radical right and employ the following inclusion criterion: the articles must be written in English, they must use the individual vote for a radical right-wing party as the dependent variable, they must use a quantitative methodology and they must include some type of regression analysis. Using this strategy, we conduct a meta-analysis of 329 relevant models and find that over 20 individual variables are tested. Because many variables such as attitudes towards immigration, employment, age, education and gender only show moderate success rates in attempting to explain an individual’s propensity to vote for the radical right, we complement the review of quantitative studies with an analysis of 14 qualitative publications. The review of these qualitative works shows that the processes through which somebody becomes a voter, supporter or activist of the radical right are often more complex than the commonly used surveys can portray them. Frequently, feelings of relative economic deprivation and dissatisfaction with the political regime trigger an awakening that makes individuals seek engagement. However, the processes behind this awakening are complex and can only be partially captured by quantitative studies.
Design and validation of an anatomically based assessment scale for handwashing with alcohol-based hand rub
Authors: Ghazali Daniel Aiham , Thomas Julie , Deilhes Elsa , Laland Catherine , Thévenot Sarah , Richer Jean Pierre , Oriot Denis
Published: June 2018

An anatomically based assessment scale of handwashing quality with alcohol-based hand rub was designed. Contents of the scale divided each hand into 40 zones. Psychometric measurements were studied in 30 participants (120 hand sides). The scale was both valid (Cronbach α: 0·83 dorsal side and 0·73 palmar side) and reproducible (linear regression R2, 0·91; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0·99).
Whole sorghum inclusion and feed form on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens
Authors: Mabelebele M. , Gous R. M. , O'Neil H. V. Masey , Iji P. A.
Published: June 2018

A total of 432, one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned as a 2 × 4 factorial design (pellet or mash and 0, 25, 50, and 75% whole sorghum levels) in a completely randomised experiment, having six replicates with nine birds per replicate. Body weight and feed intake were measured on a pen basis at 10, 25, and 35 days of age and feed conversion ratio calculated. Pelleting diets significantly improved (P<0.05) feed intake, body weight and carcass yield of broiler chickens at 10 and 24 days of age. Heavier relative gizzard weights with lower pH (P<0.05) were recorded for broiler chickens offered mash diets at 35 days old. Feed conversion ratio at 35 days of age increased (P<0.035, quadratic effect) with higher levels of whole sorghum and levelled off at 75% inclusion rates. Relative gizzard weight at 35 days was marginally increased (P<0.033, linear effect) in line with rising sorghum levels. Similarly, relative bursa and liver weights at 35 days increased (P<0.037, quadratic effect and P<0.033, linear effect, respectively) with sorghum inclusion. The results showed that pelleted diets gave superior performance compared to mash diets. Although higher levels of sorghum inclusion in mash diets enhanced gizzard development, performance parameters of birds at 35 days of age were poorer, with 125 g less body weight and an increase in FCR from 1.51 to 1.62 for the 0% and 75% sorghum levels respectively.
The Schur decomposition of the velocity gradient tensor for turbulent flows
Authors: Keylock Christopher J.
Published: June 2018

The velocity gradient tensor for turbulent flow contains crucial information on the topology of turbulence, vortex stretching and the dissipation of energy. A Schur decomposition of the velocity gradient tensor (VGT) is introduced to supplement the standard decomposition into rotation and strain tensors. Thus, the normal parts of the tensor (represented by the eigenvalues) are separated explicitly from non-normality. Using a direct numerical simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence, it is shown that the norm of the non-normal part of the tensor is of a similar magnitude to the normal part. It is common to examine the second and third invariants of the characteristic equation of the tensor simultaneously (the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D64C}{-}\unicode[STIX]{x1D64D}$diagram). With the Schur approach, the discriminant function separating real and complex eigenvalues of the VGT has an explicit form in terms of strain and enstrophy: where eigenvalues are all real, enstrophy arises from the non-normal term only. Re-deriving the evolution equations for enstrophy and total strain highlights the production of non-normality and interaction production (normal straining of non-normality). These cancel when considering the evolution of the VGT in terms of its eigenvalues but are important for the full dynamics. Their properties as a function of location in$\unicode[STIX]{x1D64C}{-}\unicode[STIX]{x1D64D}$space are characterized. The Schur framework is then used to explain two properties of the VGT: the preference to form disc-like rather than rod-like flow structures, and the vorticity vector and strain alignments. In both cases, non-normality is critical for explaining behaviour in vortical regions.
Unsteady sheet fragmentation: droplet sizes and speeds
Authors: Wang Y. , Bourouiba L.
Published: June 2018

Understanding what shapes the drop size distributions produced from fluid fragmentation is important for a range of industrial, natural and health processes. Gilet & Bourouiba (J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 12, 2015, 20141092) showed that both the size and speed of fragmented droplets are critical to transmission of pathogens in the agricultural context. In this paper, we study both the size and speed distributions of droplets ejected during a canonical unsteady sheet fragmentation from drop impact on a target of comparable size to that of the drop. Upon impact, the drop transforms into a sheet which expands in the air bounded by a rim on which ligaments grow, continuously shedding droplets. We developed high-precision tracking algorithms that capture all ejected droplets, measuring their size and speed, as well as the detachment time from, and link to, their ligament of origin. Both size and speed distributions of all ejected droplets are skewed. We show that the polydispersity and skewness of the distributions are inherently due to the unsteadiness of the sheet expansion. We show that each ligament sheds a single drop at a time throughout the entire sheet expansion by a mechanism of end-pinching. The droplet-to-ligament size ratio $R\approx 1.5$ remains constant throughout the unsteady fragmentation, and is robust to change in impact Weber number. We also show that the population mean speed of the fragmented droplets at a given time is equal to the population mean speed of ligaments one necking time prior to detachment time.
An information-theoretic approach to study fluid–structure interactions
Authors: Zhang Peng , Rosen Maxwell , Peterson Sean D. , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: June 2018

The question of causality is pervasive to fluid–structure interactions, where it finds its most alluring instance in the study of fish swimming in coordination. How and why fish align their bodies, synchronize their motion, and position in crystallized formations are yet to be fully understood. Here, we posit a model-free approach to infer causality in fluid–structure interactions through the information-theoretic notion of transfer entropy. Given two dynamical units, transfer entropy quantifies the reduction of uncertainty in predicting the future state of one of them due to additional knowledge about the past of the other. We demonstrate our approach on a system of two tandem airfoils in a uniform flow, where the pitch angle of one airfoil is actively controlled while the other is allowed to passively rotate. Through transfer entropy, we seek to unveil causal relationships between the airfoils from information transfer conducted by the fluid medium.
Analytical solution for two-phase flow within and outside a sphere under pure shear
Authors: Hier-Majumder S.
Published: June 2018

This article presents a framework for building analytical solutions for coupled flow in two interacting multiphase domains. The coupled system consists of a multiphase sphere embedded in a multiphase substrate. Each of these domains consists of an interconnected, load-bearing, creeping matrix phase and an inviscid, interstitial fluid phase. This article outlines techniques for building analytical solutions for velocity, pressure and compaction within each domain, subject to boundary conditions of continuity of matrix velocity, normal traction, normal pressure gradient, and compaction at the interface between the two domains. The solutions, valid over a short period of time in the limit of small fluid fraction, are strongly dependent on the ratio of shear viscosities between the matrix phase in the sphere and the matrix phase in the substrate. Compaction and pressure drop across the interface, evaluated at the poles and the equator, are strongly dependent on the ratio of matrix shear viscosities in the two domains. When deformed under a pure shear deformation, the magnitude of flow within the sphere rapidly decreases with an increase in this ratio until it reaches a value of${\sim}80$, after which the velocity within the sphere becomes relatively insensitive to the increase in the viscosity ratio.
Weakly sheared turbulent flows generated by multiscale inhomogeneous grids
Authors: Zheng Shaokai , Bruce P. J. K. , Graham J. M. R. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: June 2018

A group of three multiscale inhomogeneous grids have been tested to generate different types of turbulent shear flows with different mean shear rate and turbulence intensity profiles. Cross hot-wire measurements were taken in a wind tunnel with Reynolds number$Re_{D}$of 6000–20 000, based on the width of the vertical bars of the grid and the incoming flow velocity. The effect of local drag coefficient$C_{D}$on the mean velocity profile is discussed first, and then by modifying the vertical bars to obtain a uniform aspect ratio the mean velocity profile is shown to be predictable using the local blockage ratio profile. It is also shown that, at a streamwise location$x=x_{m}$, the turbulence intensity profile along the vertical direction$u^{\prime }(y)$scales with the wake interaction length$x_{\ast ,n}^{peak}=0.21g_{n}^{2}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}C_{D}w_{n})$($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$is a constant characterizing the incoming flow condition, and$g_{n}$,$w_{n}$are the gap and width of the vertical bars, respectively, at layer$n$) such that$(u^{\prime }/U_{n})^{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{2}(C_{D}w_{n}/x_{\ast ,n}^{peak})^{-1}\sim (x_{m}/x_{\ast ,n}^{peak})^{b}$, where$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$is a constant determined by the free-stream turbulence level,$U_{n}$is the local mean velocity and$b$is a dimensionless power law constant. A general framework of grid design method based on these scalings is proposed and discussed. From the evolution of the shear stress coefficient$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}(x)$, integral length scale$L(x)$and the dissipation coefficient$C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}}(x)$, a simple turbulent kinetic energy model is proposed that describes the evolution of our grid generated turbulence field using one centreline measurement and one vertical profile of$u^{\prime }(y)$at the beginning of the evolution. The results calculated from our model agree well with our measurements in the streamwise extent up to$x/H\approx 2.5$, where$H$is the height of the grid, suggesting that it might be possible to design some shear flows with desired mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles by designing the geometry of a passive grid.
On shoaling of solitary waves
Authors: Knowles Jeffrey , Yeh Harry
Published: June 2018

One of the classic analytical predictions of shoaling-wave amplification is Green’s law – the wave amplitude grows proportional to $h^{-1/4}$, where $h$ is the local water depth. Green’s law is valid for linear shallow-water waves unidirectionally propagating in a gradually varying water depth. On the other hand, conservation of mechanical energy shows that the shoaling-wave amplitude of a solitary wave grows like $a\propto h^{-1}$, if the waveform maintains its solitary-wave identity. Nonetheless, some recent laboratory and field measurements indicate that growth of long waves during shoaling is slower than what is predicted by Green’s law. Obvious missing factors in Green’s law are the nonlinearity and frequency-dispersion effects as well as wave reflection from the beach, whereas the adiabatic shoaling process does not recognize the transformation of the waveform on a beach of finite slope and length. Here we first examine this problem analytically based on the variable-coefficient perturbed Korteweg–de Vries equation. Three analytical solutions for different limits are obtained: (1) Green’s law for the linear and non-dispersive limit, (2) the slower amplitude growth rate for the linear and dispersive limit, as well as (3) nonlinear and non-dispersive limit. Then, in order to characterize the shoaling behaviours for a variety of incident wave and beach conditions, we implement a fifth-order pseudo-spectral numerical model for the full water-wave Euler theory. We found that Green’s law is not the norm but is limited to small incident-wave amplitudes when the wavelength is still small in comparison to the beach length scale. In general, the wave amplification rate during shoaling does not follow a power law. When the incident wave is finite, the shoaling amplification becomes faster than that of Green’s law when the ratio of the wavelength to the beach length is small, but becomes slower when the length ratio increases. We also found that the incident wave starts to amplify prior to its crest arriving at the beach toe due to the wave reflection. Other prominent characteristics and behaviours of solitary-wave shoaling are discussed.
Onset of convection in a near-critical binary fluid mixture driven by concentration gradient
Authors: Hu Zhan-Chao , Zhang Xin-Rong
Published: June 2018

A linear stability analysis is conducted for the onset of natural convection driven by a concentration gradient in a horizontal layer of a near-critical binary fluid mixture. The problem is regarded as a limiting case of double-diffusive convection. The governing equations for small perturbations after normal-mode expansion are solved numerically with finite difference discretization to obtain the critical concentration Rayleigh number. It is found that, when the height of the fluid layer is small, the initial density stratification is negligible and the theoretical criterion developed under Boussinesq approximation with the modified Rayleigh number is accurate even extremely close to the critical point. However, for a large height, the initial density stratification makes the fluid layer become more unstable, and deviations from theoretical predictions are observed. We further propose a method to estimate these deviations, which can be used to check the applicability of the theoretical criterion. As the second part of the study, we apply the criterion to interpret the onset of convection for a transient problem: a near-critical binary fluid mixture confined in a two-dimensional cavity submitted to concentration increases at the bottom wall. The numerical results demonstrate four typical behaviours of the concentration boundary layer: onset of convection, collapse of the concentration boundary layer, return to stability, and remaining stable. Comparisons between numerical results and the stability criterion are made, where consistencies are found except for the behaviour of return to stability. We attribute the inconsistency to the existence of lateral walls, whose stabilizing effect is strong when the return to stability happens.
The conceptualization of depression among Filipino seafarers
Authors: Fernandez Karina Therese G. , Seyle D. Conor , Simon Evee Kae D.
Published: June 2018

The Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale is a well-validated and frequently used measure for assessing symptoms associated with depression. This scale was developed primarily on the basis of American populations, however, and previous research has suggested that the original factor structure may not be appropriate for all populations. One such population is the Filipino population. This study represents the first study we are aware of to examine the factor structure of the CES-D scale in a sample of Filipino seafarers. Seafaring is considered a high stress and high risk occupation. Based on data collected from 135 Filipino seafarers, we conducted factor analyses to identify the appropriate factor structure for the CES-D in this population. We found that a three-factor structure better described the responses of Filipinos in our sample than the standard four-factor structure. The Filipino factor structure appears to collapse depressive affect and somatic factors found in previous research, while including a specific factor of social-focused symptoms of depression. This structure maintains the positive affect factor found in previous work. Implications of this for clinical psychology assessment and practice in the Philippines are discussed.
The Mediating Roles of Acceptance and Cognitive Reappraisal in the Relation Between Hope and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents After the Ya'an Earthquake
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Wu Xinchun
Published: June 2018

Previous theoretical research has indicated that hope, cognitive reappraisal, and acceptance may contribute to posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, the combined effects of these factors on PTG have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the current study examined the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance in the relationship between hope and PTG among Chinese adolescents following the Ya'an earthquake. The sample included 397 adolescent survivors, who completed self-report measures 2.5 years after the earthquake. The mediating effects were assessed by constructing a multiple indirect effects model. The findings indicated that traumatic exposure only have predictive value for PTG, but not other variables. Moreover, when we controlled for gender, age, and traumatic exposure, hope had a direct and positive effect on PTG. We found an indirect and positive effect of hope on PTG via cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, as well as via an indirect path from cognitive reappraisal to acceptance. These findings suggest that utilising the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance in the relationship between hope and PTG is crucial in developing methods for fostering PTG.
Are Human Rights Practices Improving?
Authors: CINGRANELLI DAVID , FILIPPOV MIKHAIL
Published: June 2018

Has government protection of human rights improved? The answer to this and many other research questions is strongly affected by the assumptions we make and the modeling strategy we choose as the basis for creating human rights country scores. Fariss (2014) introduced a statistical model that produced latent scores showing an improving trend in human rights. Consistent with his stringent assumptions, his statistical model heavily weighted rare incidents of mass killings such as genocide, while discounting indicators of lesser and more common violations such as torture and political imprisonment. We replicated his analysis, replacing the actual values of all indicators of lesser human rights violations with randomly generated data, and obtained an identical improving trend. However, when we replicated the analysis, relaxing his assumptions by allowing all indicators to potentially have a similar effect on the latent scores, we find no human rights improvement.
O MATRE PVLCHRA: THE LOGICAL IAMBIST
Authors: Woodman A.J.
Published: June 2018

‘Who wrote the scurrilous iambic poems of the first stanza?’, asks David West at the start of his commentary on the ode. ‘The culprit’, he declares, ‘must be Horace.’ This answer accords with that to be found in other commentaries: ‘my scurrilous verses’ (Page), ‘my scandalous lines’ (Gow), ‘my scurrilous iambics’ (Wickham), ‘my abusive iambics’ (Shorey), ‘miei ingiuriosi giambi’ (Colamarino and Bo), ‘my libellous iambics’ (Nisbet and Hubbard), ‘my libellous iambic verses’ (Quinn), ‘miei giambi ingiuriosi’ (Fedeli). What, then, are these iambic verses? Some earlier scholars suggested that Horace is referring to various of his epodes, such as those addressed to Canidia (5, 17); but our knowledge of Canidia (cf. alsoSerm.1.8) indicates that she would scarcely make plausible the accent on beauty in the first line of the ode. Most commentators, at least since the latter half of the nineteenth century, have believed that Horace is referring to some iambics which he had targeted at the ode's addressee but of which we now have no further knowledge: Kiessling and Heinze, for example, refer to ‘the satirical poems which Horace … has levelled at her’, while in the most recent commentary in 2012 Mayer says that Horace ‘assures an unnamed young woman that it rests with her to put an end to his vituperative attacks’.
Nodal Solutions for Nonlinear Non-Homogeneous Robin Problems with an Indefinite Potential
Authors: Gasiński Leszek , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S.
Published: June 2018

We consider a nonlinear Robin problem driven by a non-homogeneous differential operator plus an indefinite potential term. The reaction function is Carathéodory with arbitrary growth near±∞. We assume that it is odd and exhibits a concave term near zero. Using a variant of the symmetric mountain pass theorem, we establish the existence of a sequence of distinct nodal solutions which converge to zero.
Do IPOs Affect Market Price? Evidence from China
Authors: Shi Song , Sun Qian , Zhang Xin
Published: June 2018

We examine whether sizable initial public offerings (IPOs) affect the whole market. Using a Chinese IPO sample, we find robust evidence that sizable IPOs depress the market price on not only the listing day but also the offering (subscription) day. The impact on the market is negatively correlated with IPO size on the listing day. However, this impact is largely transitory. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) often places a moratorium on IPOs to support the market, which seems ineffective as the negative IPO effect is transitory and moratoriums are not perceived as good news.
Provision of physiotherapy rehabilitation following neck dissection in the UK
Authors: Robinson M , Ward L , Mehanna H , Paleri V , Winter S C
Published: June 2018

Background

Neck dissection is associated with post-operative shoulder dysfunction in a substantial number of patients, affecting quality of life and return to work. There is no current UK national practice regarding physiotherapy after neck dissection.

Method

Nine regional centres were surveyed to determine their standard physiotherapy practice pre- and post-neck dissection, and to determine pre-emptive physiotherapy for any patients.

Results

Eighty-nine per cent of centres never arranged any pre-emptive physiotherapy for any patients. Thirty-three per cent of centres offered routine in-patient physiotherapy after surgery. No centres offered out-patient physiotherapy for all patients regardless of symptoms. Seventy-eight per cent offered physiotherapy for patients with any symptoms, with 11 per cent offering physiotherapy for those with severe dysfunction only. Eleven per cent of centres never offered physiotherapy for any dysfunction.

Conclusion

The provision of physiotherapy is most commonly reactive rather than proactive, and usually driven by patient request. There is little evidence of pre-arranged physiotherapy for patients to treat or prevent shoulder dysfunction in the UK.
Learning to trust: social feedback normalizes trust behavior in first-episode psychosis and clinical high risk
Authors: Lemmers-Jansen Imke L. J. , Fett Anne-Kathrin J. , Hanssen Esther , Veltman Dick J. , Krabbendam Lydia
Published: June 2018

Background

Psychosis is characterized by problems in social functioning that exist well before illness onset, and in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Trust is an essential element for social interactions that is impaired in psychosis. In the trust game, chronic patients showed reduced baseline trust, impaired response to positive social feedback, and attenuated brain activation in reward and mentalizing areas. We investigated whether first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and CHR show similar abnormalities in the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying trust.

Methods

Twenty-two FEP, 17 CHR, and 43 healthy controls performed two trust games, with a cooperative and an unfair partner in the fMRI scanner. Region of interest analyses were performed on mentalizing and reward processing areas, during the investment and outcome phases of the games.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, FEP and CHR showed reduced baseline trust, but like controls, learned to trust in response to cooperative and unfair feedback. Symptom severity was not associated with baseline trust, however in FEP associated with reduced response to feedback. The only group differences in brain activation were that CHR recruited the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) more than FEP and controls during investment in the unfair condition. This hyper-activation in CHR was associated with greater symptom severity.

Conclusions

Reduced baseline trust may be associated with risk for psychotic illness, or generally with poor mental health. Feedback learning is still intact in CHR and FEP, as opposed to chronic patients. CHR however show distinct neural activation patterns of hyper-activation of the TPJ.
Posttraumatic psychopathology and the pace of the epigenetic clock: a longitudinal investigation
Authors: Wolf Erika J. , Logue Mark W. , Morrison Filomene G. , Wilcox Elizabeth S. , Stone Annjanette , Schichman Steven A. , McGlinchey Regina E. , Milberg William P. , Miller Mark W.
Published: June 2018

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stress/trauma exposure are cross-sectionally associated with advanced DNA methylation age relative to chronological age. However, longitudinal inquiry and examination of associations between advanced DNA methylation age and a broader range of psychiatric disorders is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine if PTSD, depression, generalized anxiety, and alcohol-use disorders predicted acceleration of DNA methylation age over time (i.e. an increasing pace, or rate of advancement, of the epigenetic clock).

Methods

Genome-wide DNA methylation and a comprehensive set of psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses were assessed in 179 Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans who completed two assessments over the course of approximately 2 years. Two DNA methylation age indices (Horvath and Hannum), each a weighted index of an array of genome-wide DNA methylation probes, were quantified. The pace of the epigenetic clock was operationalized as change in DNA methylation age as a function of time between assessments.

Results

Analyses revealed that alcohol-use disorders (p= 0.001) and PTSD avoidance and numbing symptoms (p= 0.02) at Time 1 were associated with an increasing pace of the epigenetic clock over time, per the Horvath (but not the Hannum) index of cellular aging.

Conclusions

This is the first study to suggest that posttraumatic psychopathology is longitudinally associated with a quickened pace of the epigenetic clock. Results raise the possibility that accelerated cellular aging is a common biological consequence of stress-related psychopathology, which carries implications for identifying mechanisms of stress-related cellular aging and developing interventions to slow its pace.
A 6-year longitudinal study of predictors for suicide attempts in major depressive disorder
Authors: Eikelenboom Merijn , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Smit Johannes H.
Published: June 2018

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD), represent a major source of risk for suicidality. However, knowledge about risk factors for future suicide attempts (SAs) within MDD is limited. The present longitudinal study examined a wide range of putative non-clinical risk factors (demographic, social, lifestyle, personality) and clinical risk factors (depressive and suicidal indicators) for future SAs among persons with MDD. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between a number of significant predictors and the incidence of a future SA.

Methods

Data are from 1713 persons (18–65 years) with a lifetime MDD at the baseline measurement of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety who were subsequently followed up 2, 4 and 6 years. SAs were assessed in the face-to-face measurements. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to examine a wide range of possible non-clinical and clinical predictors for subsequent SAs during 6-year follow-up.

Results

Over a period of 6 years, 3.4% of the respondents attempted suicide. Younger age, lower education, unemployment, insomnia, antidepressant use, a previous SA and current suicidal thoughts independently predicted a future SA. The number of significant risk factors (ranging from 0 to 7) linearly predicted the incidence of future SAs: in those with 0 predictors the SA incidence was 0%, which increased to 32% incidence in those with 6+ predictors.

Conclusion

Of the non-clinical factors, particularly socio-economic factors predicted a SA independently. Furthermore, preexisting suicidal ideation and insomnia appear to be important clinical risk factors for subsequent SA that are open to preventative intervention.
Creating a career as a woman composer: Implications for music in higher education
Authors: Bennett Dawn , Macarthur Sally , Hope Cat , Goh Talisha , Hennekam Sophie
Published: June 2018

Recent decades have seen gender and feminist research emerge as major fields of enquiry in musicology and to a far lesser extent, music education. While these fields have increased awareness of the issues confronting women and other marginalised groups, the pedagogical practices and curricular design that might support aspiring women composers are in urgent need of attention. This article reports from an international survey of women composers (n=225), who in western art music continue to experience a masculine bias that has its roots in the past. The findings in the survey were focused on income, work and learning, relationships and networks, and gender. Numerous composers surveyed noted the under-representation of music composed by women in their higher education curricula. They also described their unpreparedness for a career in music. The article explores the issue of gender in music composition and makes practical recommendations for a more gender balanced music curriculum in higher education.