bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant-Derived Natural Products as Sources of Anti-Quorum Sensing Compounds
Authors: Koh Chong-Lek , Sam Choon-Kook , Yin Wai-Fong , Tan Li , Krishnan Thiba , Chong Yee , Chan Kok-Gan
Published: May 2013

Quorum sensing is a system of stimuli and responses in relation to bacterial cell population density that regulates gene expression, including virulence determinants. Consequently, quorum sensing has been an attractive target for the development of novel anti-infective measures that do not rely on the use of antibiotics. Anti-quorum sensing has been a promising strategy to combat bacterial infections as it is unlikely to develop multidrug resistant pathogens since it does not impose any selection pressure. A number of anti-quorum sensing approaches have been documented and plant-based natural products have been extensively studied in this context. Plant matter is one of the major sources of chemicals in use today in various industries, ranging from the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food biotechnology to the textile industries. Just like animals and humans, plants are constantly exposed to bacterial infections, it is therefore logical to expect that plants have developed sophisticated of chemical mechanisms to combat pathogens. In this review, we have surveyed the various types of plant-based natural products that exhibit anti-quorum sensing properties and their anti-quorum sensing mechanisms.
Noise Reduction in Brainwaves by Using Both EEG Signals and Frontal Viewing Camera Images
Authors: Bang Jae , Choi Jong-Suk , Park Kang
Published: May 2013

Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been used in various applications, including human–computer interfaces, diagnosis of brain diseases, and measurement of cognitive status. However, EEG signals can be contaminated with noise caused by user’s head movements. Therefore, we propose a new method that combines an EEG acquisition device and a frontal viewing camera to isolate and exclude the sections of EEG data containing these noises. This method is novel in the following three ways. First, we compare the accuracies of detecting head movements based on the features of EEG signals in the frequency and time domains and on the motion features of images captured by the frontal viewing camera. Second, the features of EEG signals in the frequency domain and the motion features captured by the frontal viewing camera are selected as optimal ones. The dimension reduction of the features and feature selection are performed using linear discriminant analysis. Third, the combined features are used as inputs to support vector machine (SVM), which improves the accuracy in detecting head movements. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect head movements with an average error rate of approximately 3.22%, which is smaller than that of other methods.
Formative Evaluation of Ontology Learning Methods for Entity Discovery by Using Existing Ontologies as Reference Standards
Authors: Mitchell K. J. , Chapman W. W. , Savova G. K. , Sioutos N. , Rubin D. L. , Crowley R. S. , Liu K.
Published: May 2013

Objective: Developing a two-step method for formative evaluation of statistical Ontology Learning (OL) algorithms that leverages existing biomedical ontologies as reference standards.

Methods: In the first step optimum parameters are established. A ‘gap list’ of entities is generated by finding the set of entities present in a later version of the ontology that are not present in an earlier version of the ontology. A named entity recognition system is used to identify entities in a corpus of biomedical documents that are present in the ‘gap list’, generating a reference standard. The output of the algorithm (new entity candidates), produced by statistical methods, is subsequently compared against this reference standard. An OL method that performs perfectly will be able to learn all of the terms in this reference stand ard. Using evaluation metrics and precision-recall curves for different thresholds and parameters, we compute the optimum parameters for each method. In the second step, human judges with exper tise in ontology development evaluate each candidate suggested by the algorithm con figured with the optimum parameters previously established. These judgments are used to compute two performance metrics developed from our previous work: Entity Suggestion Rate (ESR) and Entity Acceptance Rate (EAR).

Results: Using this method, we evaluated two statistical OL methods for OL in two medical domains. For the pathology domain, we obtained 49% ESR, 28% EAR with the Lin method and 52% ESR, 39% EAR with the Church method. For the radiology domain, we obtain 87% ESA, 9% EAR using Lin method and 96% ESR, 16% EAR using Church method.

Conclusion: This method is sufficiently general and flexible enough to permit comparison of any OL method for a specific corpus and ontology of interest.
Facile synthesis of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-oxiran]-2-ones by Darzens reaction
Authors: Fu Qin , Yan Chao-Guo
Published: May 2013

A series of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-oxiran]-2-ones was efficiently synthesized by Darzens reaction of phenacyl bromides with isatins both with N-alkyl groups and without N-substituent in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base catalyst. When two equivalents phenacyl bromides were used in the reaction, the N-substitution reaction of isatin also finished with the formation of spiro-oxirane-oxindoles.
Dissemination of IncF plasmids carrying beta-lactamase genes in Gram-negative bacteria from Nigerian hospitals
Authors: Ogbolu David Olusoga , Daini Oluwole Adebayo , Ogunledun Afolabi , Terry Alli Oyebode Armstrong , Webber Mark Alexander
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Production of beta-lactamases is the predominant cause of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the diversity of plasmid-borne beta-lactamase genes and replicon type of the plasmids carrying the respective genes in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from clinical infection in Nigerian hospitals. Methodology: A total of 134 Gram-negative bacteria of 13 species were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility, phenotypic and genotypic detection of various beta-lactamases, and plasmid analysis, including replicon typing. Results: Of the 134 isolates, 111 (82.8%) contained beta-lactamases, while 28 (20.9%) carried extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. PCR and sequencing identified TEM-1 in 109 isolates (81.3%), SHV-1 in 33 isolates (24.6%), OXA-1 in 15 isolates (11.2%) and CTX-M enzymes (24 CTX-M-15 and 1 CTX-M-3) in 25 isolates (18.7%). Multiplex PCR showed that 6 isolates carried plasmidic AmpCs (ACT-1, DHA-1 and CMY-2); these enzymes were detected only in isolates possessing CTX-M beta-lactamases. Of 13 (76.9%) representative plasmids investigated in detail, 9 (69.2%) were self-transferable when selected by a beta-lactam and the plasmids once transferred coded for beta-lactam resistance. Replicon typing indicated IncF as the common vector encoding for beta-lactamases. Conclusions: The study showed a diversity of beta-lactamase genes disseminated by conjugative IncF plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria; TEM-1, SHV-1, OXA-1, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3and plasmidic AmpC enzymes are in common circulation in Nigeria.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia, South America
Authors: Gomez-Duarte Oscar Gilberto , Romero-Herazo Yesenia Carolina , Paez-Canro Carol Zussandy , Eslava-Schmalbach Javier Hernando , Arzuza Octavio
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Intestinal Escherichia coli pathogens are major causes of diarrhoeal disease in children under five years of age worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of E. coli pathotypes with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted in 815 samples from children younger than five years of age in Cartagena, Colombia (466 cases and 349 controls). Controls were randomly selected 1:1 to cases, to obtain 349 cases and 349 controls. Results: This study revealed that 27 (7.44%) cases and 12 (3.43%) controls were positives for any of the E. coli pathotypes. The difference observed was statistically significant indicating that E. coli pathotypes were associated with cases of childhood diarrhoea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was the most common pathotype associated with childhood diarrhoea. Additional E. coli pathotypes were also identified. Conclusions: We conclude that after the adjustment by age, sex and socioeconomic stratum, the odds ratio obtained by logistic regression shows an association between infection with ETEC and childhood diarrhoea.
Introduction à la psychosociologie du travail
Authors: Lhuilier Dominique
Published: May 2013

La psychosociologie du travail ne peut être une psychosociologie appliquée à la scène du travail, celui-ci étant entendu alors seulement comme un segment de la vie sociale. Elle implique une réévaluation du cadre théorique et méthodologique de la psychosociologie sous le prisme des concepts d’activité, d’action et de praxis. Pour ce faire, elle n’a pas à rompre avec ses antécédents mais à les revisiter pour les développer. Nous présenterons dans un premier temps les fondements de la psychosociologie du travail que nous cherchons à développer ainsi que les ressources théoriques mobilisées. Dans un deuxième temps, nous préciserons comment et pourquoi le travail est au fondement de la construction du sujet et des unités sociales. Enfin, nous traiterons de trois des enjeux essentiels du travail dans cette conceptualisation : les processus d’humanisation et de subjectivation par l’expérience des limites, le travail comme institution et comme organisation, et enfin la construction du sens du travail dans ses liens avec le travail de culture.
Le formateur d'adultes : un agent de développement
Authors: Jobert Guy
Published: May 2013

L’objet de cet article est de traiter des relations entre le travail et la formation des adultes. Cette articulation entre la formation et le travail peut ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives, aussi bien sur le plan des idées que sur le plan des pratiques, sur la plupart des questions vives et des pratiques actuelles en matière de formation, comme l’alternance, l’ingénierie, la validation des acquis de l’expérience ( VAE ), l’orientation ou le développement des compétences. Le travail, entendu comme activité située et normée, est une prise de risque qui implique des choix délibérés. Il est action de production dans le monde extérieur et, dans le monde intérieur, production de soi.
Figures de résistance
Authors: Garcia de Araújo José Newton
Published: May 2013

Dans cet article, la question de la résistance est discutée à partir de sa dimension polysémique, plurielle et ambiguë, en tant qu’elle peut tendre soit vers l’invention ou la créativité, soit vers les forces de conservation ou de conformisme, soit vers les deux directions à la fois. Ces tendances sont ici évoquées sur les plans macro et microsociaux. Sur le terrain des organisations du travail, la résistance peut se présenter sous la forme de menus événements, parfois invisibles ou même énigmatiques, car porteurs de réactions également ambiguës de transformation ou de conservation de la réalité du travail. Dans ce texte sont présentés trois cas extraits des récits de travailleurs aux prises avec des états aigus de souffrance découlant de conditions de travail insupportables. Ces cas relèvent de comportements inattendus et peu faciles à interpréter, car également ambigus et peu aisément assimilables à la notion de résistance.
L'ergologie et la psychosociologie du travail : inconfort intellectuel, intersections conceptuelles et travail en commun
Authors: Moreira Cunha Daisy
Published: May 2013

L’article présente les origines, les principaux concepts, la méthode et les méthodologies de l’ergologie et de la psychosociologie du travail. Par des cheminements différents, les deux perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques montrent des zones d’intersection fertiles pour un possible travail en commun : a) la posture épistémologique sous-jacente selon laquelle il n’est pas possible de construire des connaissances sur le travail sans que les protagonistes du travail y collaborent dans des dispositifs et des approches méthodologiques spécialement élaborés à cette fin et b) par une approche multidisciplinaire, interdisciplinaire et transdisciplinaire. Une étude sur le travail des femmes de ménage, payées à la journée, est présentée comme terrain de convergence et de confrontation conceptuelles et méthodologiques, entre ces deux approches.
Travailler à la marge : reconnaître des « professions oubliées »
Authors: Sato Leny
Published: May 2013

Dans cet article, nous nous centrons sur le travail d’un segment considérable de travailleurs au Brésil, qui sont maintenus à la marge. Ce sont, surtout, des travailleurs dont le revenu est issu d’activités de travail non protégées par le rapport salarié (il s’agit d’activités non régulées par l’État) et, dans ce sens, ce sont des travailleurs précarisés. À partir de la constatation selon laquelle l’expression « travail informel » est largement utilisée pour qualifier ces situations, nous avons identifié des textes qui situent l’historicité du terme et qui problématisent son usage. Finalement, nous montrons qu’en déplaçant le regard et les analyses vers la vie quotidienne, nous pouvons être en mesure de reconnaître la singularité et les réelles conditions des métiers qui se trouvent dans cette sphère, des métiers qui, selon João do Rio, sont des « professions oubliées ».
La qualité du travail dans le secteur des TIC en Argentine : tensions entre trajectoires singulières et collectives
Authors: Pujol Andrea
Published: May 2013

Dans l’étude qui inspire cet article, on a cherché à enrichir les travaux classiques sur la qualité des emplois qui limitent leur approche aux variables institutionnelles pour inclure des dimensions qui permettent de considérer la qualité du travail telle qu’elle est subjectivement perçue par les travailleurs. L’organisation du travail et la médiation du collectif jouent un rôle-clé dans la configuration d’un travail de qualité. Dans le secteur informatique, l’organisation par objectifs exige des employés d’accomplir des tâches qui encouragent l’apprentissage continu et favorisent leur autonomie. Par contre, les exigences cognitives sont très élevées, la durée de la journée de travail est déréglementée, sans limite de temps, et s’étend en dehors du lieu de travail, et les postes s’inscrivent dans des conditions ergonomiques non contrôlées. Cette organisation du travail affecte les travailleurs et empêche la consolidation d’un collectif de travail capable d’agir pour la défense de leurs intérêts.
L'attrait de la fonction publique pour les jeunes Brésiliens : quelles significations ?
Authors: Carreteiro Teresa Cristina
Published: May 2013

Cet article comporte trois axes. Dans le premier nous analysons brièvement la place du monde du travail sur la scène contemporaine. Le deuxième fait état de certaines des conclusions d’une recherche portant sur deux générations dont le but était de comparer les trajectoires de travail de parents et de leurs enfants. La troisième partie est consacrée à un axe principal de la recherche : l’option pour le service public. Nous soulignons l’importance de cette option qui semble correspondre aux attentes actuelles de nombreux jeunes.
Les processus psychiques au sein des groupes de travail : au-delà de Bion et de Pichon-Rivière
Authors: Amado Gilles
Published: May 2013

Cet article vise à explorer les processus psychiques au sein des groupes de travail. En partant des recherches pionnières du psychanalyste anglais Bion et du psychanalyste argentin Pichon-Rivière, l’auteur montre que les anxiétés sous-jacentes à la réalisation de la tâche décrites par ces auteurs n’ont pas nécessairement un caractère général dans la mesure où elles ont été observées principalement dans des groupes de formation et de thérapie. D’où sa proposition de phénomènes inconscients complémentaires dès lors que la tâche présente une dimension opératoire et que le groupe de travail est inséré dans un contexte organisationnel. Dans une dernière partie, l’auteur détaille les capacités psychologiques individuelles sollicitées par le travail en groupe et les perspectives, en termes de formation et d’intervention, que son approche implique.
Espaces interqualifiants et prévention de l'implication des jeunes dans le trafic de drogues
Authors: Roche Pierre
Published: May 2013

L’irruption de trafics de drogues dans les quartiers populaires déstabilise au quotidien les pratiques de nombreux professionnels (enseignants, éducateurs, animateurs...). Certains d’entre eux refusent de s’accommoder d’une telle situation. À Marseille, à Paris et en Seine-Saint-Denis, des institutions ont décidé de mettre en place des espaces d’échange autour du thème de la prévention de l’implication des jeunes dans les trafics afin d’étayer leur engagement. Sollicité pour les animer, l’auteur a pris appui sur un dispositif propre à la clinique sociologique qui repose sur la coconstruction des savoirs. Les participants à la démarche disposent désormais d’une lecture plus fine des réseaux de trafics de drogues et de la participation des jeunes à ces derniers. Ils construisent un positionnement professionnel plus aidant au quotidien et développent des coopérations horizontales plus fécondes. Ils ont aussi dégagé des pistes de travail originales. L’auteur s’interroge, in fine , sur la façon dont une telle démarche pourrait être utile non seulement à ces participants mais aussi à tous ceux qui sont aujourd’hui (ou seront demain) confrontés à ces problèmes sur leur territoire d’intervention.
De l'alcoolisme à l'abstinence : le choc biographique comme rupture symbolique
Authors: Zanna Omar , Pentecouteau Hugues
Published: May 2013

Nous proposons de rendre compte d’une recherche menée pendant deux ans dans le milieu des Alcooliques anonymes. Parmi l’ensemble des AA rencontrés, la plupart font référence à plusieurs facteurs étroitement mêlés pour expliquer leur changement radical d’habitude et de vision du monde. Cela dit, l’analyse du matériel recueilli a rapidement révélé que ce changement radical était en réalité à considérer comme le fruit d’un processus complexe qui ne peut se réduire à un événement spontané et individuel se produisant ex nihilo , comme beaucoup d’ AA semblent le penser. Pour ces personnes qui ont – après la rencontre avec les AA  – rapidement arrêté de boire, l’abstinence s’apparente à une forme d’« insight » – c’est-à-dire la découverte soudaine de la solution à un problème qui fait naître brusquement un cheminement radicalement différent. Or, l’arrêt de boire est un processus qui nécessite tout un cheminement en amont et en aval de la rencontre avec les AA . Pour rendre compte de ce processus, nous avons fait le choix de nous intéresser à un « cas », parmi d’autres : Camille. Camille est un AA âgé de 80 ans, abstinent depuis plus de trente ans. En optant pour le récit biographique, il s’agit de partir d’une histoire personnelle afin d’y repérer un cheminement classique. Se concentrer sur un cas extrême de changement d’être-au-monde permet de mettre en saillance les éléments du processus du devenir que l’on retrouve dans d’autres cas d’alcoolo-dépendance. L’analyse en profondeur d’un cheminement ou d’un phénomène livre exactement les mêmes aperçus que ceux obtenus par l’analyse de faits relativement superficiels illustrant l’étendue d’un grand nombre de cheminements ou de phénomènes.
Dire ce à quoi l'on tient dans le travail. Enjeux éthiques du travail de soin psychiatrique
Authors: Demaegdt Christophe , Rolo Duarte
Published: May 2013

À partir d’une intervention en psychodynamique du travail réalisée auprès de soignants d’un hôpital de jour psychiatrique, les auteurs tentent de rendre visibles quelques difficultés soulevées par les méthodes actuelles d’évaluation du travail. Celles-ci peinent à rendre compte des dimensions invisibles de l’activité et passent souvent à côté des enjeux éthiques de cette dernière. Or, si l’on s’intéresse, comme le font les éthiques du care , à ce qui compte pour les soignants, on s’aperçoit rapidement qu’il y a une dimension éthique intrinsèque à l’activité de soin. Seulement, celle-ci ne se dit ni dans un vocabulaire technique, ni dans le langage de la philosophie morale. L’éthique, intimement liée à la conception du soin portée par les soignants, a partie liée avec la qualité du travail, ce qui explique qu’elle se dise surtout dans des formes langagières propres à l’activité.
Psychiatric Complications of HIV Infection: An Overview
Authors: Giunta Brian , Hervey William , Klippel Cory , Obregon Demian , Robben Derek , Hartney Kimberly , di Ciccone Barbara Lubrano , Fernandez Francisco
Published: May 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Understand the epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS.

2.

Identify the neuropsychiatric complications of HIV infection.

3.

Understand the treatment of the neuropsychiatric complications of HIV infection.

Since the AIDS epidemic began in the late 1970s, an estimated 1.1 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with AIDS.
1
Transmission risk factors include sexual behaviors in which virus-bearing body fluids make contact with the bloodstream through breaks in mucous membranes, intravenous drug use (IDU), or administration of transfusions or blood products infected with HIV. Occupational exposure is a risk factor for health professionals, police, fire, and rescue personnel.
Neuropathogenesis of Central Nervous System HIV Infection
Authors: McGuire Jennifer L. , Goodkin Karl , Douglas Steven D.
Published: May 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Understand basic HIV structure and replication cycle.

2.

Describe basic neuropathogenesis of HIV.

3.

Discuss the potential role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis and clinical monitoring of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a common and devastating complication of HIV infection, affecting up to 47% of HIV-seropositive individuals in the combination antiretroviral (cART) era.
1
Because HAND independently predicts non-central nervous system (CNS) morbidity and overall HIV mortality,
2
there is an urgent need to better understand these disorders to develop therapeutic approaches. However, HIV neuropathogenesis, HAND, and its related neuropathology, HIV-encephalitis (HIVE), are complex and incompletely understood. This article describes the current understanding of the basic virology and neuropathogenesis of HIV that contribute to HAND and HIVE.
Sexting: Serious Problems for Youth
Authors: Ahern Nancy R. , Mechling Brandy
Published: May 2013

Youth engaging in
sexting
(
texting
plus
sex
) includes behaviors such as sending, receiving, or forwarding of nude or partially nude images via cell phones. The true prevalence of tweens and teens engaging in sexting is unclear. This might be because of the general secrecy of the behavior, the rapid advances in technology, and the lack of a clear definition that accounts for the added developmental factors (e.g., peak sexual development, impulsivity). Additionally, there is a lack of recognition of the consequences and increased risks of sexting (e.g., shame and guilt, earlier sexual behavior, bullying, incarceration, substance abuse, depression, suicide) for youth as a vulnerable population. The purpose of this article is to examine sexting behaviors among youth by exploring factors specific to today’s adolescent population that may influence the prevalence and outcomes of sexting behavior. Implications for nursing practice, including the assessment, intervention, and evaluation that is needed to treat adolescents affected by sexting, are discussed. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 51
(7), 22–30.]
The Role of Self-Transcendence: A Missing Variable in the Pursuit of Successful Aging?
Authors: McCarthy Valerie Lander , Ling Jiying , Carini Robert M.
Published: May 2013

While successful aging is often defined as the absence of disease and disability or as life satisfaction, self-transcendence may also play an important role. The objective of this research was to test a nursing theory of successful aging proposing that transcendence and adaptation predict successful aging. In this cross-sectional exploratory study, a convenience sample of older adults (
N
= 152) were surveyed about self-transcendence, proactive coping, and successful aging. Using hierarchical multiple regression, self-transcendence, proactive coping, and all control variables (i.e., sex, race, perceived health, place of residence) together explained 50% of the variance in successful aging (
p
< 0.001). However, proactive coping alone was not a significant predictor of successful aging. Thus, this study did not support the theory that both self-transcendence and proactive coping predict successful aging. Self-transcendence was the only significant contributor to this multidimensional view of successful aging. Self-transcendence is an important variable in the pursuit of successful aging, which merits further investigation.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2013; 6(3):178–186.]
Angela Borgia: C.F. Meyer’s 'Göttliche Komodie'
Authors: Oberprieler G.
Published: May 2013

The harmonious, almost idyllic ending of C.F. Meyer’s last completed novella Angela Borgia must seem surprising in the context of his prose work as a whole. It is believed to reflect the intensified desire of the ageing and sickly poet to find a small livable ‘paradise’ in this world, based on Christian values. Man’s possible redemption and moral development are shown in the person of Giulio in strong parallel with Dante’s way to heavenly Paradise in the Divine Comedy. The fundamental difference between the two works lies, however, in the fact that the realist Meyer at the end of the 19th Century transfers Dante’s poetic vision of the hereafter not only to this world, but to a large extent to the physical sphere within man himself.
Reaiismusproblematik: sprachrealistisch nähergekommen Einige illustrative Beispiele
Authors: Potgieter J. D.C.
Published: May 2013

After a brief introduction to the more prominent problems regarding literary realism, a concise account is given of some contemporary (German) authors’ views in this regard to pave the way for the argument that literary realism is fundamentally determined by the realism of language. The reliability regarding the soundness of language in the perception and reflection of reality is disputed, however, not only in view of the confusing jargon applied by the participants in the debate on literary realism, but even more so in the light of examples taken from the so-called ‘experimental literature’. Extracts from the following works are discussed:“Landstriche” , an Essay by Helmut Eisendle (1981) andAus der Fremde, a “Sprechoper” (spoken opera/recitative) by Ernst Jandl (1980).
Die rol van die magistraat in Toorberg van Etienne van Heerden
Authors: Lombard M.
Published: May 2013

The novel Toorberg is situated in an atmosphere of mystery as some of the characters are dead people who occasionally come back to the farm where they spent their lives. The question arises as to what role the magistrate plays as a realistic representative of law and order in these surroundings (where the Moolmans have learnt to care for their own sins, according to OuAbel Moolman).The answer to this question is to be found in the following: The magistrate is very definitely an outsider, not only because he is a stranger in that area, but also because of his pathetic appearance. As an outsider he has an objective view of the characters, which is useful to his investigation. Actually the magistrate has been sent to investigate the death of Druppeltjie du Pisani, but he fails to a report on the matter. The magistrate is very conscious of his body and particularly of his short arm. This awareness of the body forms a contrast to some of the disembodied characters who roam the farm. There are a number of facts which indicate that the magistrate is a reincarnation of De la Rey. If the theory of reincarnation is accepted, the magistrate himself, reincarnated as De la Rey, is guilty of Druppeltjie’s death, together with the man who fired the shot, according to the magistrate’s own reasoning. This could be a solution to the problem, but it need not be, as the mysteries of Toorberg do not require solutions.
Van Wyk Louw en sensuur
Authors: Van Rensburg F. I.J.
Published: May 2013

Within the framework of the debate sparked off by the recently declared State of Emergency, with its curbs on freedom of expression especially of a political nature, the author investigates the role played by N.P. van Wyk Louw in his attempt to prevent the imposition of curbs on freedom of expression in the literary field. Louw’s challenging article, “Sensuur of pornografie?” written in 1947, when the idea of a system of local publications control was put to the government by a representative delegation headed by prominent church leaders, is taken as point of departure for this investigation, In this article Louw warned against the imposition of a censorship board for local publications. The main arguments of his manifesto are discussed and evaluated. A number of inconsistencies in it are pointed out, evaluated and put into perspective. These inconsistencies are shown to have been brought to the fore more vividly by concrete events in later years, especially round about the imposition of the Publications Control Board (1963). As an essentially purely theoretical document, “Sensuur of pornografie?” could not foresee what would happen in the field of concrete actions and reactions, not the least that Van Wyk Louw himself would accept the Board. Despite this, the article remains a classic on the theme of free, responsible expression.
Dik en dun, gesirkuleer en afgestroop - kringlope om ’n gedig van T.T. Cloete
Authors: Viljoen H.
Published: May 2013

This article explores the deconstructive technique of the reversal of oppositions by applying it to “uitgedun” (depleted, or depletion) from T.T. Cloete’s first collection, Angelliera. The single most important opposition in the poem, viz. between the basic and the complex or the rich (already a reversal of the usual polarity), is shown to be reversible. The absent rich and full state is necessary to confer a positive meaning on what is essential. The text, however, contradicts itself in the first stanza. There it reaches out to a possible full and rich state in the future, which contradicts the celebration of the basic or depleted state in the rest of the poem. The basic state is celebrated as a state of presentness to the self, after a period of self-alienation to the not so basic. However, the different metaphors of circulation - of blood, of merchandise and of bodies - in the end rather suggest an absence of selfhood, a self split and alienated from itself by cheap exchange in various circulations.
Feministiese fasette in Klipkus van Marlise Joubert
Authors: Du Plessis J. W. , Steenberg D. H.
Published: May 2013

Modern feminists concern themselves particularly with tracing oppositional strategies versus the conventional depiction of gender in fiction. One of these strategies is the lesbian relationship. By substituting the heterosexual relationship with lesbian love, the traditional authority of the male in the matrimonial relationship will be subverted. Klipkus primarily has lesbianism as its theme, but it simultaneously deals with a most important feminist strategy. This article examines the feminist aspects of the theme, viz. the positive relationship between two females and the negative results of the heterosexual relationship. In this process the male image is shattered. This depiction is expressed in a feminine mode of writing.
Transformations of Beckett: the case of Athol Fugard
Authors: Huber W.
Published: May 2013

The author attempts in various ways to account for the similarities between Fugard and Beckett. He points out a certain biographical linkage, and goes on to discuss and evaluate the more direct influences of Beckett on Fugard. The existentialist link is noted and the influence of other writers on Fugard pointed out as a balancing force. Three Beckettian motifs in Fugard’s work emerge: the nexus motif, the motif of coming to terms with one’s past, and the play or game model. Despite parallels and similarities, however, considerable differences appear when conceptual and ideological values are analysed. There is a dialectic between universalism and regionalism. The conclusion is that Fugard displays a quality of courageous pessimism more akin to Camus than Beckett.
Meaning despite ambiguity: discourse of narrator and character in Bernanos’ Monsieur Ouine
Authors: Peeters L.
Published: May 2013

The authenticity, even reality, of spiritual and imaginative experience has in recent years been put to a severe test by the human sciences. The work of Bernanos has this theme at its core. The character of Monsieur Ouine, especially seems to be a predecessor of many a deconstructionist critic. He submits a young boy to what can be called a counter-initiation whereby all meaning ceases to have any importance at all. At first glance there seems to be a marked resemblance between the style of the narrator and that of the discourse of Ouine, but a careful reading reveals in the narration a rhythm and the existence of a dense network of images which constitute the coherence of the work and point to an incarnational conception of language.
Die struktuur van die spontane mondelinge vertelling in Afrikaans met spesiale verwysing na die rol van tempusverwisseling
Authors: Prinsloo S.
Published: May 2013

There are various opinions as to what can be described as a narrative. In this study the point of departure has been that a narrative can be seen as an intentional linguistic act consisting of at least two time-ordered clauses with a central theme as the cohesive factor. The nature of the narrative demands that two subject disciplines be involved when the narrative is analysed, viz. linguistics and narratology. These two components supplement each other in the narrative so that one can see that a one-sided analysis would be incomplete. The narrative is a firm unity in which, for analytical purposes, various structural elements are distinguished. These structural elements are distinguishable but not always divisible, and function in conjunction with each other in the narrative. Ten structural elements are distinguished in the well-constructed oral narrative, viz. announcement, orientation, complicating action, climax, evaluation, result, coda, slip of the tongue, pauses and tense-switching. It has been found that switches in tense are characteristic of the spontaneous oral narrative in Afrikaans, and that these are functionally applied to delimit the narrative into episodes. A new turn in the narrative is usually linked to a switch in tense. Tense changes do not necessarily indicate changes of time. Actions are anchored in time by means of referential time. Where tense switches do occur, the preterite and the historic present are used in turn. From the study it emerges that where large segments are in the historic present, especially in the part of the complicating action, many direct quotations occur in these segments.
Wilma Stockenstrom en die Simbolisme
Authors: Gilfillan F. R.
Published: May 2013

Wilma Stockenstrom’s poetry has mostly been regarded as cynical and ironical. Thus it has been overlooked that in many ways her poetry is basically symbolic and that it corresponds to most of the characteristic traits of Symbolism. Of particular interest is the totemistic use of objects in nature whereby a contaminated and affected society is conjured to reform.
Symbolism in French literature
Authors: Pack R.
Published: May 2013

To talk of Symbolism in French literature may be ambiguous, as two different categories of writers have been grouped under this generic term: the symbolists stricto sensu, such as Moréas or Viélé-Griffin, who were mostly minor poets, and some great figures of French literature. The aim of this article is to show that, although Symbolism as an organized movement did not produce any important contribution, the nineteenth century witnessed indeed the emergence of a new trend, common to several poets who were inclined to do away with the heritage of the classical school. These poets - of whom Baudelaire, Verlaine, Rimbaud and Mallarmé are the most renowned, although they did not really associate with the symbolist school, created individualistic poetry of the foremost rank.
Die simboliseringsproses by D.J. Opperman
Authors: Grové A. P.
Published: May 2013

Opperman’s poetry is firmly rooted in reality. This theme is explored in the first part of the paper, showing that while the poet is committed to visual and historical facts together with data of experience, he is, as a poet constantly attempting in various ways to discover universal values in a visual reality which may be of transient importance. After drawing a distinction between the particular French school of symbolism (Simbolisme) of the last quarter of the 19th century and the more general idea of symbolism (simboliek) where objects and facts are invested with symbolic meaning, the second part of the paper is devoted to the various methods and techniques employed by the poet to “release the angel from the rock”, whereas the third part of the paper concentrates on various poems illustrating these methods while tracing the symbolic process.
Fantasie en ideologie in Eugene Marais se Dwaalstories
Authors: Jooste G. A.
Published: May 2013

In the four short stories published in the volume Dwaalstories, Eugène Marais achieves a very charming combination of fantasy and ideological coding. The fantasy seems, on the one hand, to camouflage the possible effects of certain ideological stances in the stories and also to predispose a naïve reading, while the more submerged ideological coding, on the other hand, invites closer inspection, which will uncover the real clout of the message. Traditionally, fables recount the victory of the weak over the powerful due to the intervention of some magical outside force. In these African fables this convention is employed to demonstrate the successful undermining of the despotic use of power which causes the innocent to suffer. Assisted by forces of magic residing in Nature, the weak react against injustice, so rectifying the social imbalances and counteracting the dangers caused by the inhumane use of group or institutional force. The purpose of this article is to describe the way in which fantasy and ideology are intercoded in Marais’s Dwaalstories.
The coming of the barbarians
Authors: McDermott L.
Published: May 2013

J.M. Coetzee’s Waiting for the barbarians has, paradoxically, both some of the most sublimely touching images in the Coetzee canon and some of the most convincingly vicious. It remains one of Coetzee’s most thought-provoking novels because it examines the universal phenomenon of man’s belief that his significance can only be validated through his repression of others who are different from him. The apparently historical account of the events occurring in and around a once-strategic fort, reduced to an outpost on the frontier of “the Empire” is belied by the complexity of the presentation of the account by the magistrate. The magistrate’s dilemma is that of a liberal humanist official in an oppressive society. Although he abhors the Empire’s methods and its attempted genocide, his official status and his citizenship deny him escape from moral complicity in his society’s actions. The Empire itself proves to be caught in the Hegelian master/slave syndrome: the oppressive master fears his oppressed servant. Barthes’ codes and Todorov’s propositional moods are all textual signifiers in the inter-textual game which constitutes the reader’s experience of the text as an eternal becoming. The novel reflects Coetzee’s unabated concern with the insidious, perpetual and universal revivification of colonialism and its concomitant, inevitable oppression of its own people and its vassal-status by the imposition of the myth of an infallible ideology. Related to this concern is the effect on a liberal humanist as a man in such an oppressive society: be he a worker, an official or, like Coetzee, an academic who is also a novelist.
’n Aspek van intertekstualiteit in die poesie van Breytenbach: Francois Villon en die Middeleeuse Franse literere tradisie.
Authors: Sienaert M.
Published: May 2013

Apart from biographical correlations marking the poetry of Breyten Breytenbach and Francois Villon (imprisonment and exile) there is an ongoing intertextual dialogue between the two authors on which this article focusses. Thematic correlations indicate that both oeuvres link up with the age-old literary tradition of the ubi sunt and the danse macabre. Stylistic correlations, such as word-play, the polyvalent nature of the text and the use of paradox as creative principle appear to be symptomatic of the existential insecurity characterizing historically and culturally transitional periods. This implies inter alia that the parallel between the two oeuvres is not merely anecdotal, but that the Breytenbach discourse has validity in a context far broader than South Africa and ties in with a universal literary tradition where master data of the text unfold in a wholly different dimension than a first level meaning might suggest.
Review article: Verbal imagination: Coleridge and the language of modern criticism
Authors: Sey J. A.
Published: May 2013

Verbal imagination: Coleridge and the language of modern criticism. (A.C. Goodson. 1988. Oxford University Press. Hardback, 236pp.)
Review: Current writing: Text and reception in Southern Africa
Authors: Combrink A. L.
Published: May 2013

Current writing: Text and reception in Southern Africa. (Published by the University of Natal under the joint editorship of Margaret Lenta, Michael Chapman, Margaret Daymond and Johan U. Jacobs. Volume 1, 1989 - editor: Margaret Lenta)
’n Potjie representasie, sterk gekruie: representeem en diskontinuïteít in die literatuurgeskiedskrywing
Authors: Viljoen H.
Published: May 2013

Die artikels in hierdie temanommer van Literator mag op die oog af na ’n vreemde dis lyk: ’n potjie met representasie en realisme as hoofbestanddele, in ’n lang sousie van foecall(t), gegeur met shakespike, casscience, helditbrand, lion cachet, mattee, kafkruid, joyice, orswell en met ’n tikkie paradigma daarby. Eksotiese kruie, voorwaar.
Stromings, sosiokodes en representasies
Authors: Du Plooy H.
Published: May 2013

In this article the concept of the sociocode, as described and used by Fokkema (1984), is used to describe the characteristic way of representation in modernist texts. Representation in literature is explained as the result of a specific set of perceptions which are individually as well culturally determined. From the discussion of the sociocode of Modernism, the conclusion is made that modernist texts do not represent; these texts are presentations, they are primarily concerned with their own ontology. In conclusion the similarities between Modernism as a literary movement in Western Europe and the work of the Sestigers in Afrikaans are indicated. It is suggested that these similarities should be investigated in more detail.
Die tekstuele gesag in Marais se Dwaalstories
Authors: Jooste G. A.
Published: May 2013

This article concentrates on Marais’s use of textual authority and on the status of the authorial instance in his Dwaalstories. These aspects invite investigation. In the introduction to the Dwaalstories, Marais as extradiegetic authority mentions that these stories are not his creations but written representations of oral originals by a very old Bushman, a certain Hendrik from the Walerberg. In these stories, African space and culture and European representation combine in an unusual way. This mixture foregrounds the possibility of a conscious duplication of authorial instances. This article investigates the possible effects that such duplication could have on the reading of these stories: verification appears to be the most promising likelihood.
Literaire polemiek als gevecht tussen spel en ernst: Een exercitie in literaire speltheorie
Authors: Flamend J.
Published: May 2013

This article is a serious exercise in literary game theory, exploring literary polemics from a playful perspective based on the work of Huizinga and Caillois. Often regarded as simply a game, polemics does indeed show all the formal characteristics of play Huizinga stresses; it is a free and gratuitous activity taking place in a clearly demarcated space outside ordinary life and according to strict rules. It shares the essential relation between play and art that Huizinga posits, but also the essential elements of show and competition. Polemics, it is argued here, thus is a form of verbal duelling like courtly flyting and the Black American ritual of sounding. In polemics, however, the rules are not always dear, play space is easily confused with real life and ritual with real insult. The polemicist plays on this ambivalence between play and seriousness, displaying his verbal creativity and confirming his own and his reader’s freedom.
Dirk Ligter as versetfiguur
Authors: Meintjes G.
Published: May 2013

The Dirk Ligter texts in the oeuvre of Boerneef form a transtextual unit as a result of which a Dirk Ligter code is generated and consequently the Dirk Ligter texts become increasingly more duplicitous when read in the transtextual context of the volume Boplaas as a whole. In this oeuvre the emphasis is not on "well-made" units but rather on the process of activating signs which gradually become part of a Boplaas code. This code becomes a sign of an ethos which, in turn, signifies an existential space. An analysis of the epical elements figure, space, lime and events reveals how Dirk Ligter is portrayed as a clown, an artist, and as man on earth. In addition to becoming a representative of the so-called coloured people of Boplaas, he is, first and foremost, presented in the text as a resistance figure.
Die proloë van Terentius - ’n teatercredo
Authors: Scholtemeijer J.
Published: May 2013

In his prologues Terence replies to criticism on his work and criticizes the comic convention, but also expounds his own theory of theatre. The theatrical event is contained in three elements: text, actor and audience. Only when these three elements meet and work together in the theatre do we have living drama. The playwright entrusts his text (studium) to the guardianship (tutela) of the actor who has the authority (auctoritas) of a guardian (tutor) to act in the interest of the author and his work. The text is also entrusted to the good faith (fides) of the audience who has the moral duty (fideicommissum) to give the play a fair hearing. By employing technical terminology from Roman public and legal life, however, Terence makes theatre a res publica, a public affair where playwright, actor and audience have a civic duty to promote theatre.
The author, his work and his critics: an outline and evaluation of the controversy surrounding Klaus Mann’s Mephisto
Authors: Von Maltzan C.
Published: May 2013

The novel Mephisto by Klaus Mann published in 1936 has more often than not been interpreted as a roman à clef. This paper examines the reasons why the novel was interpreted as such by looking at the relationship between Klaus Mann and Gustaf Gründgens on whose life the characterisation of the protagonist of the novel, Hendrik Höfgen, was based. The interpretation of the novel as a roman à clef had consequences for its publication record in Germany. Furthermore this paper critically assesses how and why critics reacted to the novel in a seemingly biased manner and what effect the reception of the novel had on Klaus Mann. In tracing these questions the main themes of the novel are discussed and compared to the film version by István Szabó of 1981. In outlining and evaluating the controversy surrounding Mann’s novel, the final section of the paper examines the reasons why the “Mephisto”-theme was met with such interest and enthusiasm in West Germany in the early 1980s.