bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The European Union and Human Rights
Authors: Wouters Jan , Ovádek Michal
Published: July 2021

This book maps and critiques the European Union’s commitment to human rights in both internal and external affairs. The book covers the evolution as well as the current state of the EU’s engagement with human rights, focusing, on the internal side, on the role of EU law in the multi-faceted system of human rights protection and, on the external side, on the EU’s efforts to bind its foreign policy to promoting human rights. This book combines analysis of key developments with a wide of range of sources, including extracts from legislation, case law, policy documents, and research of other scholars. The inclusion of both primary and secondary materials is intended to develop a deep understanding of EU human rights law and policy. This title devotes significant attention to explicating the fundamental concepts and systemic features of the EU’s human rights protection and promotion. In addition, chapters devoted to individual topics provide more depth on a range of policy areas in both the internal and external dimension of EU affairs. Topics covered by these individual chapters and examined through EU human rights lens include non-discrimination and competition law, migration, trade policy, and development cooperation.
Fundamental Rights in the EU Institutional Landscape
Authors: Wouters Jan , Ovádek Michal
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines the roles of the various institutional actors in the EU fundamental rights architecture. The European Commission is the most well-known supranational institution of the EU. It acts as the central pillar of the EU system with responsibilities spanning legislative proposals and enforcement of EU law, among others. As such, the Commission has an important role in ensuring that EU and implementing national law is consistent with fundamental rights. The conduct of the Commission itself is equally subject to fundamental rights requirements which is of additional significance due to its external representation role in which the Commission should also promote human rights. The other institutional actors include the European Parliament; the Council of the European Union; the Court of Justice (CJEU); the European External Action Service (EEAS) and EU Special Representative (EUSR) for Human Rights; the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA); the National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs); the national equality bodies (NEBs) and national data protection authorities (NDPAs); and the European Ombudsman. Although the Member States are not EU institutions or bodies, their importance in the EU system overall and for the protection of fundamental rights in particular cannot be overlooked.
The EU Legal Framework for the Protection of Fundamental Rights
Authors: Wouters Jan , Ovádek Michal
Published: July 2021

This chapter offers a global view of the EU legal framework for the protection of fundamental rights and the basic functioning of its key constituents, most notably the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights was originally devised in 2000 by the so-called European Convention consisting of representatives of the European Parliament, national parliaments, the European Commission, and national governments. The Charter today is the centrepiece of EU fundamental rights law and policy. It is a separate document from the Treaties but holding the same legal value. It consists of a preamble and seven titles, the first six of which contain substantive rights and principles on dignity, freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizens' rights, and justice. The last title covers general provisions on the field of application of the Charter, its scope and interpretation, level of protection, and a prohibition of the abuse of rights. The chapter then considers EU secondary law; the principle of mutual trust; and the protection of EU values through Article 2 and 7 TEU.
The Italian Empire and the Great War
Authors: Wilcox Vanda
Published: July 2021

The Italian Empire and the Great War brings an imperial and colonial perspective to the Italian experience of the First World War. Italy’s decision for war in 1915 built on its imperial ambitions from the late 19th century onwards and its conquest of Libya in 1911–12. The Italian empire was conceived both in conventional terms as a system of settlement or exploitation colonies under Italian sovereignty, and as an informal global empire of emigrants; both were mobilized in support of the war in 1915–18. The war was designed to bring about ‘a greater Italy’ both literally and metaphorically. In pursuit of global status, Italy endeavoured to fight a global war, sending troops to the Balkans, Russia, and the Middle East, though with limited results. Italy’s newest colony, Libya, was also a theatre of the Italian war effort, as the anti-colonial resistance there linked up with the Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Austria to undermine Italian rule. Italian race theories underpinned this expansionism: the book examines how Italian constructions of whiteness and racial superiority informed a colonial approach to military occupation in Europe as well as the conduct of its campaigns in Africa.
Revisiting Regional Institution Building
Authors: Lenz Tobias
Published: July 2021

This chapter revisits the theoretical literature on regional institution building during the last 70 years and contrasts it with the empirical literature on regional organizations. It shows that while the latter is replete with references to the European Community/European Union as a causal influence on regional institution building, the former has largely neglected this influence because it pitches its explanations at alternative levels of analysis. It is argued that most existing explanations of regional organization focus on the systemic or unit level of analysis, while the causal influence of the European Union operates at the inter-unit level. The chapter lays out the three levels of analysis in the study of regional institution building. and concludes that the literature on diffusion provides useful analytic tools to study processes of interorganizational influence in international relations.
Chinese Antitrust Exceptionalism
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: July 2021

This book explores the clash between antitrust, a body of law originally designed to address market failures in western democracies, and China, an economic superpower under authoritarian control. It analyses two simultaneous sources of conflict. The first is the significant challenges Chinese antitrust regulation poses to foreign multinational companies doing business in China. The second is the tremendous difficulties Chinese firms face in complying with antitrust rules in foreign countries. Ultimately, the book offers a cautionary tale of the challenges globalization poses to law and economic order by showing that the conflicts observed today are deeply rooted in institutional factors, both political and economic.
Normalizing Extreme Imprisonment
Authors: Vannier Marion
Published: July 2021

The concluding Chapter 5 offers a new explanation for how reforms and those driving them can end up normalizing, in the sense of making the public view as acceptable, incredibly severe punitive practices. While not responsible for activating mechanisms of normalization, some death penalty abolitionists have nonetheless helped to maintain and reinforce them. In the shadow of the traditional death penalty, an inhumane form of punishment has proliferated and been championed by a range of penal progressive reformers. This chapter then brings the story to the present. It shows how LWOP is developing in other states and the rest of the world and discusses the dangers of using life imprisonment to challenge LWOP.
The Last Great War of Antiquity
Authors: Howard-Johnston James
Published: July 2021

This book fills a gaping hole in the history of warfare. The conflict lasted twenty-five years (spring 603–late winter 628). It was on an unprecedented scale, ideologically charged, fought along the full length of the Persian-Roman frontier, and drawing in the great powers of the steppe world. It brought the classical phase of history to a close and ushered in a new Islamic era. There was drama aplenty, culminating in the final, forlorn counteroffensive thrusts of the Emperor Heraclius deep into Persian territory. The book describes the unfolding of events and something of the detective work required to piece together a connected narrative. It also introduces the principal participants—Turks, Arabs, and Avars as well as Persians and Romans (Appendix 1), provides a tour of the Middle East (Appendix 2), and, for the historiographical infrastructure, presents a survey and evaluation of the extant sources (Appendix 3). Attention is paid to underlying structures in both belligerent empires and in the Middle East under Persian occupation in the 620s. But the decisions and actions of individuals, above all of Heraclius, a general of rare talent, and the various immaterial factors affecting morale are placed centre stage.
Climax of the War
Authors: Howard-Johnston James
Published: July 2021

The initiative swung back to the Persians in 626. Two Persian armies attacked, Shahrbaraz driving Heraclius from Lake Van back to the Anatolian plateau, Shahen advancing across Transcaucasia. Shahrbaraz pressed on to the Bosporus, for a planned joint attack with the Avars on Constantinople. In the event, the Persian contingent was intercepted on the Bosporus, which left siege operations entirely in Avar hands. The huge host which they had assembled assaulted the city for ten days (29 July–7 August), deploying a full array of siege engines by land and Slav naval forces on the Golden Horn, but they could not breach the defences and withdrew on 8 August. Meanwhile, the Turks had invaded the Persian north-west across the Caucasus, and Heraclius, who had veered north on reaching Anatolia, had intercepted and destroyed Shahen’s army.
Heraclius’ Second Counteroffensive
Authors: Howard-Johnston James
Published: July 2021

A calm interlude followed. Back in Constantinople, Heraclius took stock and prepared for a joint Turkish-Roman offensive planned for 627. The Turks seem to have struck first, invading with a huge host of their own. They broke through the Persian defences at the Caspian Gates, occupied Part’aw, the regional capital of Albania, and marched west into Iberia. There, before the walls of Tiflis, Heraclius and the khagan staged a ceremonial meeting and agreed on a plan of action. The two armies besieged Tiflis and devastated the country around. At the approach of winter, they parted, the Turks withdrawing across the Caucasus, the Romans embarking on a bold march across the Zagros. After defeating a pursuing Persian army near Nineveh, Heraclius struck south. His presence in the metropolitan region helped precipitate a coup against Khusro, timed to coincide with his return march across the Zagros on 24 February 628.
Crystallography and Diffraction
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M.
Published: July 2021

Crystalline materials have a periodic arrangement of atoms, exhibit long range order, and are described in terms of 14 Bravais lattices, 7 crystal systems, 32 point groups, and 230 space groups, as tabulated in the International Tables for Crystallography. We introduce the nomenclature to describe various features of crystalline materials, and the practically useful concepts of interplanar spacing and zonal equations for interpreting electron diffraction patterns. A crystal is also described as the sum of a lattice and a basis. Practical materials harbor point, line, and planar defects, and their identification and enumeration are important in characterization, for defects significantly affect materials properties. The reciprocal lattice, with a fixed and well-defined relationship to the real lattice from which it is derived, is the key to understanding diffraction. Diffraction is described by Bragg law in real space, and the equivalent Ewald sphere construction and the Laue condition in reciprocal space. Crystallography and diffraction are closely related, as diffraction provides the best methodology to reveal the structure of crystals. The observations of quasi-crystalline materials with five-fold rotational symmetry, inconsistent with lattice translations, has resulted in redefining a crystalline material as “any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction pattern”
Standard Forms of Contract and Bespoke Contracts
Authors: Denis-Smith John
Published: July 2021

This chapter focuses on the United Kingdom’s (UK) most substantial building contracts that were let under standard forms of contract, such as the RIBA JCT forms, the standard forms issued by the Institution of Civil Engineers, and the government contract (GC/Works/1). It explains how the forms adopted a similar format for the execution and management of the works wherein the employer’s agent was responsible for the design and the administration of the contract terms. It also describes the certification of interim payments to the contractor as the works progressed, certifying extensions of time, completion, and the date the works ought to have been completed.
Extra-Contractual Claims: Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Wilmot-Smith Frederick
Published: July 2021

This chapter deals with certain principles governing disputes where there is no contract between the parties. Often discussed using language of quantum meruit, the central principles are drawn from the law of unjust enrichment. Those principles are explained and applied to various common factual contexts.
Exclusion and Limitations of Liability
Authors: Bellamy Jonathan , Ho Joe-han
Published: July 2021

This chapter outlines several types of clauses in construction contracts and contracts with professionals in which the contractor or the professional seeks to exclude or limit its liability for breach of contract and negligence. It includes clauses that exclude liability for defective performance and damages. It also considers clauses that appear in standard forms, such as the current edition of the FIDIC forms and the contracts issued by the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. This chapter discusses the relative rarity of clauses that exclude all liability for defective performance but which can be common in high-value contracts when they are allied with clauses that require the contractor to repair and replace defective work. It looks at contractors that have the obligation to remedy defects, which can be limited to liquidated damages in respect of delay are not limited to cases where the cause if failure to remedy defects. It also considers the position of consumers who are subject to such clauses.
Determination or Forfeiture Clauses
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: July 2021

This chapter deals with forfeiture clauses, which are designed to provide a contractually regulated early end to the obligations of the parties under the contract. It explains how a forfeiture clause may allow determination for cause or determination without cause. It also points out that a forfeiture clause will not exclude common law rights to terminate and subsist in parallel to the forfeiture clause. This chapter assesses the standard forms of contract that often refer to forfeiture clauses as termination clauses and sometimes use the language of rescission. It defines rescission as the unwinding of a contract back to the point of its inception.
Injunctions and Specific Performance
Authors: Stricklin-Coutinho Kelly
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the power to grant an injunction derives from section 37 of the Supreme Court Act 1981 and the court’s inherent jurisdiction. It mentions a specific performance as an order of the court which requires a party to perform its contractual promises. It also talks about the contracts for the sale of land as an order for specific performance that encompasses the empowerment of an officer of the court to perform the obligation if the party which has contracted to sell then refuses to do so. This chapter clarifies that a specific performance is to all intents and purposes a sub-species of an injunction. It cites orders for specific performance that are under development agreements where a developer or management company has agreed to execute work to a proper standard and has not done so in the construction sphere.
Expressing perception in parallel ways
Authors: Casalicchio Jan
Published: July 2021

This chapter compares Pseudo-relatives (‘PRs’), a construction found in most Romance languages, with ‘Subject-wieclauses’ (‘SWs’), a German construction in which the subject of an embedded wie-clause precedes the complementizer wie (‘how’; e.g. Ich sah Maria, wie sie sang, lit. “I saw Mary, how she sung”, i.e. ‘I saw Mary singing’). We show that both constructions mainly occur with perception verbs, and that they have a very similar syntactic behaviour; e.g., they can be coordinated with adjectival or prepositional small clauses and have anaphoric tense. Furthermore, they both have a clausal nature but can modify a DP. We thus propose to extend Casalicchio’s (2016) analysis of PRs to SWs: they are Small Clauses (i.e., they have a typical subject-predicate configuration but no temporal independence) and they project a ForceP that hosts both the subject of the SW and the complementizer wie.
Reflexive constructions in German, Spanish, and French as a product of cyclic interaction
Authors: Maddox Matthew L. , MacDonald Jonathan E.
Published: July 2021

German sich and Spanish se can have reflexive or anticausative interpretations but only Spanish se can have a passive interpretation. We argue that Spanish Passse is the result of interaction between the subject agreement cycle and the reflexive object cycle. We make two claims: i) pro merges in Spec-Voice in Passse, due to the subject agreement cycle; and ii) se heads Voice due to the reflexive cycle. The types of reflexive constructions a language has depends on the presence/absence of pro and the categorial status of the reflexive pronoun (head or DP). French appears problematic since it has Passse but lacks subject pro. However, Passse existed in Old French (Cennamo 1993), which was a null subject language (Vance 1997). Thus, French is consistent with this claim; i.e., it developed Passse when it had subject pro and se as a head. Passse survived into Modern French as a historical remnant.
Topics in French and Norwegian
Authors: Meklenborg Christine , Helland Hans Petter , Lohndal Terje
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we compare the structural and syntactic properties of different kinds of topics in French and Norwegian. We argue that both languages permit Hanging Topics and Left Dislocated Topics, but that the differences between the two types of topic are subtle. Properties that have been described for Italian and German cannot be extended to French and Norwegian, indicating that topicalization has language-specific characteristics. A fundamental difference between French and Norwegian is that while topics in French are base-generated, topics in Norwegian are moved.
Deconstructing Stylistic Fronting in Old Norwegian and Old Spanish
Authors: Hagemann Kristin Føsker , Laake Signe
Published: July 2021

Stylistic Fronting (SF) is usually defined as a special kind of fronting, where a constituent (or part of a constituent) which is not the subject is moved to a position that precedes the finite verb. SF is found in both Old Spanish and Old Norwegian. In this chapter we show that the two languages share several common properties regarding fronting patterns in embedded clauses, more specifically in restrictive relative clauses, and that in both languages, apparent heads and unambiguous phrases may be fronted. In both languages a fronted element may cooccur with an overt phrasal subject. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the phenomenon of Stylistic Fronting, suggesting that the original strong claims made regarding SF in Icelandic are idiosyncratic, and that the term Stylistic Fronting in fact subsumes several types of movement operations (Labelle & Hirschbühler 2017), some of which have none of the properties originally claimed for Stylistic Fronting in Icelandic. Furthermore, it appears as though the pragmatic effects of the fronting were similar in the two languages; fronting in restrictive relative clauses occurs to check an anaphoric feature (López 2009). The striking parallelisms between Old Spanish, a Romance language, and Old Norwegian, a Germanic one, invites further comparative research on similar syntactic phenomena in the languages.
Introduction
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E.
Published: July 2021

A vignette about environmentalist Colin Beavan’s experience of and reflection on environmental guilt and shame introduces the texture of these moral emotions experienced by many everyday environmentalists and sets the stage for the ensuing analysis. Taking this moral experience seriously reveals underexplored motivations and hindrances to environmental action, guilt, and shame. Reflection on these moral emotions challenges many modern ethical assumptions and forms the basis of the three main ethical arguments of the book: that collectives as well as individuals have guilt, shame, and responsibility; that some individuals and collectives should feel guilt and shame for environmental degradation including climate change; and that, given the consequences of guilt and shame, they should not be intentionally induced unless a number of conditions, which can be fostered through rituals, are met. These conditions are also necessary to respond to unintentionally elicited guilt and shame. To set the stage for these theoretical and practical arguments, the Introduction names the ethical values which influence the text and the disciplinary resources from social psychology; ethical pragmatism; virtue ethics; and religious studies, especially ritual theory, used in the project. It also delineates the scope of the book as the Western developed world, particularly the United States, and environmental guilt and shame, of which climate change is the main example.
Evidence of Environmental Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 2 compiles evidence for the existence of environmental guilt and shame in the contemporary Western developed world, particularly the United States, from blogs and discussion boards; environmental self-help books and memoirs; broader indicators of cultural trends including comics, TV shows, newspaper articles, marketing studies, and counseling programs; and the few academic studies of the topic. I demonstrate that environmental guilt and shame are commonplace in parts of contemporary U.S. American society, particularly among middle- and upper-class environmentally conscious people. People feel guilt and shame about a wide range of daily activities including their choice of grocery bag, food, and transportation. People experiencing these moral emotions often do so both as individuals and as parts of a collective whether family, community, nation, species, or sometimes diffuse collective (i.e. “industrialized people”). Confessions of and responses to environmental guilt and shame take a religious cast as people confess their wrongs, ask for help in changing their actions, and particularly desire assistance in dealing with the existential ramifications of their actions, and subsequently shape their individual and collective identities.
Typology of Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E.
Published: July 2021

Because primary sources about environmental guilt and shame discussed in Chapter 2 do not define or differentiate guilt or shame consistently, systematically explore their implications, or explain the notions of collective agency that they presume, Chapter 3 constructs a typology of guilt and shame to stabilize the subsequent analysis. It uses material from moral and social psychology, especially work by June Price Tangney and her colleagues, as well as social, historical, and philosophical studies of collective experiences of guilt and shame after the Holocaust and other atrocities. The state of being guilty or shameful occurs when an agent breaks or fails to live up to their ideals. “Guilt” here refers to the actions and shame to the conditions of the agent’s identity under these circumstances. Guilt and shame feelings are negative emotions about such actions (guilt) or assessments of identity (shame). Guilt and shame states and feelings can refer to individuals, membership groups, or collectives. Memberships are groups in which the individuals are the agents, whereas collectives have agency, identity, and responsibility more than the sum of the individuals in them. Agents can also judge another as guilty or shameful and/or attempt to instill guilt or shame feelings in them; such judgments depend in part on the cultural views of guilt and/or shame. The distinctions articulated in this typology are analytically and practically useful but are not absolute, as different types of guilt and shame may co-occur or catalyze each other.
Responding to Critics of Emotions and Collectives
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 explore three questions: why other climate ethicists including Dale Jamieson, Stephen M. Gardiner, and Tracy Lynn Isaacs have not examined moral emotions or the negative emotions of guilt and shame; why their philosophical assumptions prevent them from doing so; and what the advantages are of taking guilt and shame seriously in environmental and climate ethics. Philosophical climate ethics generally prioritizes rational, individual analyses and direct linear causality. These commitments are challenged by the complex layers of agency causing climate change and lead scholars to overlook (1) the contributions of guilt and shame to moral development and (2) how such moral emotions can help agents recognize their as-yet unacknowledged moral commitments––particularly critical tasks in rapidly developing moral circumstances such as that of climate change. Additionally, philosophical commitments of most climate ethicists hinder their recognition of important ethical questions: What are the ethical ramifications of environmental guilt and shame? Should agents intentionally induce them? Regardless of how these emotions come to exist, how should agents respond to them? A more capacious vision of ethics as outlined in this project—which draws on insights of laypeople as well as academics in multiple disciplines; includes rationality, emotion, relationships; acknowledges the agency of individuals and collectives; and recognizes human limits—can address a broader scope of ethical questions including but not limited to those sparked by environmental guilt and shame.
Ritual Responses to Environmental Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E.
Published: July 2021

Having articulated the conditions to respond to or induce environmental guilt and shame, it is reasonable to wonder how humans could develop such resources. Chapter 9 maintains that religious rituals have the ability to create and sustain the conditions. This argument is founded on two strands of thought: J. Z. Smith and Catherine Bell’s theories of ritual, particularly regarding rites of affliction, which respond to disorder or wrong and provide terminology for conceiving of ritual in general. Studies of environmental ritual, especially the work of William R. Jordan III, Gretel van Wieren, and Joanna Macy who identify ritual as a way of responding to negative experiences, affects, and states of being, enable the consideration of environmental rituals. Their work requires expansion to deal relationships between humans or involving collectives, particularly the need to apologize to those harmed and change behavior to prevent further harm. Spontaneous confessional rituals about environmental guilt and shame in popular online confessions and an apology ritual at the Standing Rock prayer camp against the Dakota Access Pipeline exhibit some of these features but are still limited with respect to the conditions required to respond to guilt and shame. Thus, intentional ritualization and using multiple rituals will likely be necessary to respond to all of the dimensions of guilt and shame.
Epilogue Looking Back, Looking Forward
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E.
Published: July 2021

The epilogue summarizes the contributions of studying environmental guilt and shame to environmental ethics and sets agendas for future research. Even as approaching environmental ethics as a finger-wagging scold is ethically suspect, it is also problematic to avoid the study of negative emotions given the many insights prompted by such study. Questions of motivation deserve more attention in environmental ethics, as the paralyzing character of shame among people with environmental values indicates that environmental values are not enough to spark environmental behavior as many environmental ethicists presume. Other future lines of inquiry include how demographic factors beyond gender, such as race and class, affect the experience of environmental guilt and shame and how environmental rituals may foster environmental and climate apology, restitution, adaptation, and mitigation. Addressing both the theoretical and applied ethical insights arising from environmental guilt and shame not only leads to richer accounts of responsibility and agency that better fit the phenomena but also enables more well-rounded approaches to environmental degradation than those that eschew emotions, the experience of laypeople, and collectives. Without such approaches, denial, paralysis, or incomplete and therefore unsuccessful approaches to environmental degradation including climate change are likely.
Frege
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: July 2021

This book is about Frege and his contribution to philosophy. It has three parts. Part I presents his general picture of thought, that is, the object of a capacity for thought (what may be thought). The point is to stress the value of separating the business of being true from thinkers’ engagement with such business, thus from issues specifically about language, and this as a model for philosophy in general. It also expands on Frege’s case for the intrinsic publicity (sharability) of thought. Part II concerns some particular developments of the general view made by Frege with a view to serving the needs of his central project (after logic itself): showing arithmetic to be logic. Part III applies the general picture in presenting a view of truth (and its irreducibility), logic of logic’s independence both of thinkers and of the world (its indifference to anything in how things happen to be), and of objectivity.
Sinn
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: July 2021

There are two things Sinn might be: first, a generic spanning two cases: an expression’s meaning what it does; a thought’s being the one it is. Second, a notion applying only to this second case. Occasionally (notably 1906) Frege hesitated between the two, or exchanged the one with the other. Such is a lesson in how and why not to do so. The chapter also discusses the issue of how thoughts are to be counted. One point here is that thoughts must be counted such as to fulfill their role in proof adequately, thus to restrict the notion of truth-transmission to the case where a sequence of truth-transmitting transitions amounts to proof. There is also a discussion of Russell and his rejection of the idea of Sinn.
The Limits of Neutrality
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: July 2021

For Frege logic is topic-neutral and thinker-neutral. Its laws, for him, are thus immune to be borne on by anything outside of logic itself, and thus to being or have been any other than they are. This chapter examines those two notions of neutrality and their limits. It locates logic in a particular restricted area of the object of the capacities of a rational being. It then asks how much of this can really be immune to thinker-specificity. It also draws on ideas of Leibniz, Reichenbach, and Putnam to cast doubt on the supposed consequences of topic-neutrality (or anyway offers a different understanding of what topic-neutrality might be).
Conservative Revival and the Rise of ‘Others’
Authors: Denver David , Garnett Mark
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines the closely fought elections of 2010 and 2015, the first of which produced the first British coalition government since 1945 in a period which saw the continued fragmentation of the party system and the rise of United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and the Scottish National Party (SNP).Gordon Brown succeeded Tony Blair as Prime Minister in 2007, and initially impressions were favourable. However, almost as soon as Brown had decided against a ‘snap’ election to exploit his popularity, events turned against him and his party. The worldwide global financial crisis, which began in 2007, hit Britain particularly hard, and like Major’s Conservatives in the previous decade New Labour lost its reputation for economic competence. The Conservatives, under David Cameron who proclaimed himself ‘the heir to Blair’, won the largest number of seats in the 2010 election, which was particularly noteworthy for the introduction of televised leader debates. However, the 2010 contest resulted in a ‘hung parliament’ and a coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. The key events of the ensuing five years are examined, including the introduction of a Fixed-Term Parliaments Act which purportedly deprived Prime Ministers of the right to call elections at times of their own choosing. There were also referendums of Electoral Reform (2011) and Scottish independence (2014), in which the status quo was upheld without seeming to put an end to either question. In particular, the SNP continued to prosper despite the 2014 result, and in the 2015 general election it won almost all of the Scottish parliamentary seats. In England, UKIP had become a very serious threat both to Labour and the Conservatives, who had imposed unpopular cuts in public expenditure (‘austerity’) in response to the financial crisis. Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats had lost much of their electoral appeal during their ill-fated alliance with Cameron’s Conservatives. The overall result of the 2015 election was an overall victory for the Conservatives, but by a margin which left Cameron vulnerable to Eurosceptics within his party.
Virginia Woolf and Poetry
Authors: Kopley Emily
Published: July 2021

Virginia Woolf’s career was shaped by her impression of the conflict between poetry and the novel, a conflict she often figured as one between masculine and feminine, old and new, bound and free. In large part for feminist reasons, Woolf promoted the triumph of the novel over poetry, even as she adapted some of poetry’s techniques for the novel in order to portray the inner life. Woolf considered poetry the rival form to the novel. A monograph on Woolf’s sense of generic rivalry thus offers a thorough reinterpretation of the motivations and aims of her canonical work. Drawing on unpublished archival material and little-known publications, the book combines biography, book history, formal analysis, genetic criticism, source study, and feminist literary history. Woolf’s attitude toward poetry is framed within contexts of wide scholarly interest: the decline of the lyric poem, the rise of the novel, the gendered associations with these two genres, elegy in prose and verse, and the history of English Studies. Written in clear and lively language, the book maintains a narrative drive as it traces Woolf’s reading and writing over her lifetime, including her response to poets and critics in her circle such as J. K. Stephen, Julian Bell, Vita Sackville-West, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, T. S. Eliot, Stephen Spender, and W. H. Auden. Virginia Woolf and Poetry makes three important contributions. It clarifies a major prompt for Woolf’s poetic prose. It exposes the generic rivalry that was creatively generative to many modernist writers. And it details how holding an ideology of a genre can shape literary debates and aesthetics.
“the Author disdained poetry”
Authors: Kopley Emily
Published: July 2021

As a young woman, Virginia Stephen associated poetry with a patriarchal imagination, due to the overbearing declamations of her father, Leslie Stephen, the Cambridge education in poetry of her older brother, Thoby Stephen, and the misogynistic verse of her cousin J. K. Stephen. These family members’ love of poetry seemed of a piece with their participation in the world of educated, admired men, while their mental instability shaded poetry as perilous as well as patriarchal. This chapter examines the poetry in Virginia Stephen’s world, and ends by studying her early book reviews of poetry.
A Room of One’s Own, Woolf’s “little book on poetry”
Authors: Kopley Emily
Published: July 2021

In several essays concurrent with her major experimental works of the 1920s, Woolf proclaims that the novel will usurp the tools and the place of poetry. Most important among these essays is the book-length A Room of One’s Own (1929). Here Woolf identifies the lack of poet foremothers available as models to women writers. She urges young women to fill this gap by writing not poetry per se, but rather prose whose greatness qualifies it as “poetry.” Woolf wants to gain for prose, and by extension women writers, the prestige historically accorded to verse. This chapter sketches the historic link among English Studies, poetry, and patriarchy. This link contributed to Woolf’s vision of the novel as the democratic, feminist alternative to poetry. It also spurred her subtle challenge in A Room of One’s Own to Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, who had doubted women’s ability to write poetry. This chapter concludes by considering the real women poets who inspired Woolf’s fiction of Judith Shakespeare.
Orlando’s Celebration of “prose not verse”
Authors: Kopley Emily
Published: July 2021

In Woolf’s literary history, the eighteenth century saw the male writer and poetry begin to cede power and popularity to the female writer and the novel. Orlando (1928) personifies this literary history with the title character, a nobleman-poet who turns from man to woman in the eighteenth century, while his/her poetry turns from tolerable to bathetic. Some of the adventures of the newly female Orlando take their inspiration from the novels of Daniel Defoe and the life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Woolf draws on Defoe and Lady Montagu to underscore the mutual ascent of women and prose. Orlando is based primarily, of course, on Vita Sackville-West. Allusions in the novel to Sackville-West’s long poem The Land (1926) betray Woolf’s dim view of her lover’s poetry and the conventional, sentimental poet figure more generally, and argue that a woman poet after the eighteenth century writes in a form poorly suited to her era and her sex.
Woolf and the Thirties Poets
Authors: Kopley Emily
Published: July 2021

Studying Woolf’s relationship with the British male poets who first came to public attention in the 1930s clarifies tensions of the time concerning gender, generations, and, especially, literary form. The poetry of W. H. Auden, Cecil Day-Lewis, John Lehmann, Louis MacNeice, and Stephen Spender provoked Woolf’s criticism in large part for a reason that has received little attention, Woolf’s competition with poetry. This spirit of competition was not matched by the 1930s poets themselves. While Woolf’s criticism prompted the poets’ counter-arguments, Woolf’s fiction stirred only the young poets’ admiration, and in some cases imagination, both in her lifetime and after. This chapter looks at Woolf’s “A Letter to a Young Poet,” the poets’ response to Woolf in letters, poetry, and criticism, Woolf’s essay “The Leaning Tower” (1941), and the poets’ writing on Woolf after her death.
The Great Health Dilemma
Authors: Dye Christopher
Published: July 2021

The proverbial benefits of prevention over cure are self-evident—and yet we are reluctant to invest in staying healthy. Resolution of this age-old dilemma begins with a timeless truth: the benefits of good health come at a cost: prevention is not better than cure at any price. That logic leads to a testable—and refutable—proposition: that prevention should be favoured when an imminent, high-risk, high-impact hazard can be averted at relatively low cost. Application of this idea helps to explain why cigarette smoking is still commonplace, why the world was not ready for the COVID-19 pandemic, why the idea of a ‘sin tax’ is misconceived, why billions still do not have access to safe sanitation, why the response to climate change has been so slow, and why public health advice often falls on deaf ears. Much more money and effort are invested in health promotion and prevention today than is commonly thought, but the enormous avoidable burden of illness is reason to seek incentives for investing still more. The principles, together with a series of case studies in diverse settings, offer 12 lessons for prevention. These are methods and motives for shifting the balance away from reactive medical treatment, bypassing illness and injury, to promote better health and well-being.
Community Work
Authors: Martin Richard
Published: July 2021

This chapter engages in a detailed examination of how neighbourhood officers made sense of human rights in everyday work with communities. It begins by introducing community policing in Northern Ireland, as well as in the two towns where the fieldwork took place. The analysis is then developed across three sections, drawing on neighbourhood officers’ accounts, narratives and experiences. First, the chapter critically tests the two analytical bridges that have been constructed by the PSNI and the Policing Board to discursively connect human rights with community policing. Second, it examines how officers encountered, and responded to, the lay lexicons of rights that confronted them within communities, as juxtaposed with the official narrative of chief officers presented in Chapter 2. This analysis reveals how removed officers felt human rights were from their daily work; that is, rights could neither adequately account for, nor make sense of, their relationships or activities in communities. The chapter concludes by asking what this distance means for the protection of certain groups in society.
Righting the Public Order Script
Authors: Martin Richard
Published: July 2021

Contentious parades and protests in Northern Ireland present a paradigm case of competing rights, requiring the PSNI to respond in ways that respect the human rights of the various parties involved. This chapter introduces and develops the idea of the PSNI’s public order ‘script’ which is used to manage contentious parades and protests. The script can be thought of as the organization’s carefully constructed template for managing public order events, especially contentious parades and protests. This script is written and promoted by public order commanders who are acutely aware of the political sensitivities of parades and protests and the formal oversight they face in policing them. In the material form of operational plans and briefing documents, the script is communicated to frontline officers – often the TSG – who are tasked with performing the police operation according to the script. The first two sections of this chapter provide the platform for the analysis of the police script by explaining the social and legal context within which it is written and performed. The production, promotion and delivery of human rights law as an integral part of the police script is then traced in detail, before the chapter analyses how public order commanders came to acquire the knowledge and expertise needed to become human rights script-writers and decision-makers. This hints at the movement away from the kinds of ‘common sense’ understandings described in Part III and towards a more legalistic, technical one reflecting the responsibilities commanders shouldered and the formal audiences they addressed.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Richard
Published: July 2021

By way of its concepts, methods and style of analysis, this book has aspired to embrace criminology’s interdisciplinary spirit to produce a sociological account that illuminates the empirical realities of human rights law in policing. Drawing the book to a close, this chapter reflects upon the substantive findings from across the four sites of policing. In particular, it summarizes the specific types of encounters officers had with human rights law and then considers what lessons might be gleaned from the Northern Ireland case study. But before doing so, a brief recapitulation on the type of sociological project the book has sought to advance across its chapters is given – and, in doing so, it is asked what this might offer in response to the ‘clear legal fault line’ that is said to crisscross academic criminology’s engagement with human rights (Murphy and Whitty, 2013: 569–70).
The Emblem as a Literary Genre
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines the emblem as a literary genre. Emblems, once dismissed as popular, trivial, and visually second-rate, have become the object of an independent specialism. Yet there is still little agreement as to what constitutes the emblem as a genre. And, now that literary criticism threatens to merge into media studies, the emblem is increasingly treated from a visual viewpoint, with consequent neglect of its literary aspects. The chapter then looks at how far emblems belong to literature, and constitute, indeed, a literary genre. As with any literary genre, we are faced with the diversifications of historical existence. Literary kinds have a diachronic dimension: change discloses, fashion fashions them. It is precisely innovation, in fact, that makes generic form apparent. And the emblem is no exception. It, too, came about through gradual transformation of earlier genres, and went on changing.
Friends and Enemies in the Global History of Diplomacy
Authors: Netzloff Mark
Published: July 2021

This chapter juxtaposes three episodes in the history of early modern diplomacy: Sir Henry Wotton’s tenure as England’s ambassador to Venice; the English state’s efforts to extradite a group of Catholic exiles in connection to the Gunpowder Plot; and Sir Francis Drake’s alliance with the nation of Cimarrons in Panama. The discussion of Wotton focuses on the unique position of the embassy as a space of residence, domestic business, and social and pedagogical conduct. In contrast to Wotton’s more autonomous model of state service, the English response to the Gunpowder Plot reflects the elision of any legal or conceptual place for the exile, extraterritorial subject, or nonstate agent. The final section examines the modes of sociability and definitions of enmity applied to colonial and extra-European regions, looking at the lines of amity, the premise that extraterritorial violence “beyond the line” did not disrupt peaceful relations among European states.
Afterword
Authors: Netzloff Mark
Published: July 2021

The Afterword turns to the first citation of the term cosmopolitan, from James Howell, in order to explore some of the legacies of the early modern period that continue to resonate in our own historical moment. Howell’s model of cosmopolitanism is that of a comparative form of political knowledge, one deriving from a position of exile or social displacement that provides a framework for turning a critical gaze back to one’s national culture. Howell significantly correlates this critical, cosmopolitical outlook with the distinctive practices of writing that emerge from the “bureau” of state governance.