bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religionsvetenskapen i övergången från den första til den andra moderniteten
Authors: Ahlin Lars
Published: February 2018

Den tyske sociolog Ulrich Beck er optaget af overgangen fra den første til den anden modernitet. Han argumenterer, for at denne overgang fører til, at sociologiske kategorier som klasse og familie bliver zombie-kategorier. De er kategorier skabt under den første modernitet, men som stadigvæk er i brug i dag under den anden modernitet, til trods for at de er levende døde kategorier. I denne artikel argumenteres for, at kategorier, begreber, brugt inden for religionsvidenskaben, primært religionssociologien, også kan betragtes som zombie-kategorier. De begreber, der diskuteres, er religiøse organisationer og religiøs tilhørighed, og udgangspunktet for diskussionen er den religiøse situation i dagens Danmark.
På vej mod en forklaring af magi
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard
Published: February 2018

Jesper Sørensens bog, A Cognitive Theory of Magic, er et banebrydende arbejde i nyere religionsvidenskab og antropologi. Mens der de seneste år i forskningen har været en stærk tendens til at opgive magibegrebet ud fra en tanke om, at det alene er en social-relationel kategori, der bruges som led i egen identitetskonstruktion til at afvise de former for kult, man ikke selv bryder sig om, går Jesper Sørensen en anden vej. Han genopliver ikke alene magibegrebet ved at indsætte det i en kognitionsteoretisk ramme, men han dokumenterer også overbevisende, hvorfor antropologi og religionsvidenskab ikke kan være kategorien foruden. Samtidig peger bogen på en række løsninger af klassiske problemer i religionsvidenskab og antropologi. Review-artiklen giver en udførlig præsentation af bogen, der ikke alle steder er lige let læsning for folk uden for det kognitionsteoretiske formskærerlaug. Bogen viser imidlertid tydeligt, hvorfor de af os, som primært arbejder med tekstanalyse, historiske rekonstruktioner eller religionssociologi og religionsfilosofi, ikke kan ignorere den stadig mere ekspanderende kognitionsteoretiske religionsvidenskab.
Hvad jeg skrev, det skrev jeg
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard
Published: February 2018

Intet resumé.
Mannlige verdier i antikken og deres tilsynekomst kontra fravær i De eleusinske mysteriene
Authors: Håland Evy Johanne
Published: February 2018

Den følgende artikkelen er i to deler. Første delen behandler mannlige verdier i antikkens Hellas, ut fra en komparativ innfallsvinkel som nytter materiale fra lignende moderne mediterrane samfunn, først og fremst forestillingene knyttet til ’ære og skam’. Den andre delen diskuterer hvordan disse verdiene kommer til syne eller legges til side i De eleusinske mysteriene. Det betyr at selv om det følgende hovedsakelig fokuserer på mannlige verdier, gjennom definisjon og beskrivelse av disse, må også de kvinnelige verdiene i samfunnet behandles
Fiktionsbaseret religion - fra Star Wars til jediisme
Authors: Davidsen Markus
Published: February 2018

Jediismen er en ny religion, der bygger på George Lucas’ Star Wars-film. Kernen i jediismen er medlemmernes identifikation med jedi-ridderne fra Star Wars, troen på, at Kraften eksisterer uden for det fiktive univers, samt rituel interaktion med Kraften. På baggrund af en analyse af syv jediistiske gruppers hjemmesider skitserer artiklen jediismens selvforståelse med fokus på selv-identifikation, læren om Kraften, praksis og etik samt forhandlingen af forholdet til Star Wars. Endvidere argumenteres for, hvorfor jediismen må fortolkes som en religion og ikke blot som et fanfænomen. Endelig foreslås kategorien ’fiktionsbaseret religion’ introduceret i religionsvidenskaben som betegnelse for en række nye religioner baseret på ‘fiktive religioner’ indlejret i fiktionstekster.
Tid, betydning og ritualdynamik
Authors: Nielbo Kristoffer Laigaard
Published: February 2018

Udgangspunktet for denne artikel er brugen af ’fjerne faktorer’ i evolutionære tilgange til religion og ritualer, særligt gen-selektionismen. Artiklen argumenterer for, at evolutionsteori peger på nye muligheder for generalisering inden for religions- og ritualstudier, men at ’nære faktorer’ såsom betydning og oplevelse er vigtige for undersøgelsen af, hvordan kommunikativ og ritualiseret adfærd fungerer gennem tid. Til sidst bruges et etologisk feltstudie til at illustrere, hvordan ritualisering skaber saliente adfærdsfænomener, der igangsætter betydningsdannelse og frigør deltagerne fra deres umiddelbare adfærdsdispositioner.
Da mænd var mænd
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard
Published: February 2018

En review-artikel af Todd Penner og Caroline vander Stichele (eds.), Mapping Gender in Ancient Discourses, BIS 84, Leiden/Boston, Brill 2007
Tema: sekularisering og sakralisering
Authors: Borup Jørn
Published: February 2018

Introduktion til temaet i nr. 58: samtidsreligion, 'den subjektive vending', 'den spirituelle rvolution', sekularisering og sakralisering
"State of the art" i gnosis-forskningen
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard
Published: February 2018

I forlængelse af David Brakkes nyligt udgivne og for gnosis-forskningen meget væsentlige bog,The Gnostics. Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity, præsenterer jeg en state of the art-artikel i forhold til de sidste 15 års drøftelse af emnet. Brakke fremhæves for hans forsøg på at komme hinsides den begrebs–eliminativisme, som både Michael Williams’ og Karen Kings arbejder repræsenterer. Skønt jeg forholder mig kritisk til Bentley Laytons og Brakkes forsøg på på et emic niveau at identificere gnosis med sethiansk gnosis, anerkender jeg, at der er tale om en forbedring i forhold til Williams og King. Omvendt argumenterer jeg for alene at anvende gnosis-kategorien på et etic niveau, som sætter os i stand til at se både valentinianisme og sethianisme som ikke alene forskellige manifestationer af samme fænomen, men også som nært beslægtet med fænomener inden for det, vi traditionelt forstår som mere mainstream former for kristendom.
Anmeldelser
Authors: Marshall Nicholas , Nord Johan Christian , Petersen Anders Klostergaard , Østergaard Jesper
Published: February 2018

n/a
Anmeldelse af Claude Lévi-Strauss: "Paroles données"
Authors: Jensen Hans J. Lundager
Published: February 2018

n/a
Robert Bellah, religion og menneskelig evolution
Authors: Jensen Hans J. Lundager
Published: February 2018

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction to and discussion of Robert Bellah's major book, Religion in Human Evolution (2011). which defines and describes tribal religion (religion in pre-state societies), archaic religion (religion in early states) and religious currents in the axial age, the period in the middle of 1st mill. BC, where new radical and intellectual ideas and practices, sceptial or world renouncing, appeared in China, India and Greece. Hopefully, Bellah's book will be a standard reference work in the academic study of religion and an inspiration for the history of religion in the future to engage in historical and comparative studies.DANSK RESUMÉ: Introduktion til og diskussion af Robert Bellahs hovedværk fra 2011, Religion in Human Evolution, der definerer og beskriver tribal religion, dvs. religion i før-statslige samfund, arkaisk religion, dvs. religion i tidlig-statslige kulturer samt religiøse strømninger i aksetiden, perioden i midten af 1. årt. f.Kr., hvor nye radikale og intellektuelle, skeptiske eller verdensafvisende, tankegange og livsformer formuleres i Kina, Indien og Grækenland. Bogen bør betragtes som et hovedværk i aktuel religionsforskning, og den vil forhåbentlig kunne inspirere religionshistorien til også at drive historisk-komparativ forskning.
Når fårene forlader flokken. En religionssociologisk analyse af udmeldelser fra folkekirken
Authors: Lüchau Peter
Published: February 2018

ENGLISH SUMMARY: Membership of the Danish National Church has declined steadily but has not until now been the subject of sociological analysis. Using data from governmental databases housed at Statistics Denmark the article analyze individuals who disaffiliated from the Danish National Church from 2003 to 2007. Secularization theory is used as the starting point for the analysis. Individuals who disaffiliated were generally younger, more affluent, more educated, more urbanized and more often living with non-members than the rest of the population. Age differences between the disaffiliated and the rest of the population suggested that disaffiliation was the result of a life-cycle effect rather than a generational effect. It was also shown that non-members tended not to baptize their children while members did. Therefore it must be concluded that the declining membership of the Danish National Church is the result of a general societal development.DANSK RESUME: Artiklen analyserer ved hjælp af registerdata fra Danmarks Statistik individer som har meldt sig ud af folkekirken i perioden 2003 til 2007. Med udgangspunkt i sekulariseringsteori må det forventes, at de udmeldte var yngre, mere velhavende, højere uddannede og mere urbaniserede end resten af befolkningen. Analysen af data bekræfter forventningen med visse forbehold. De udmeldte var mere velhavende, højere uddannede og mere urbaniserede end resten af befolkningen. De var også generelt yngre; men de udmeldtes aldersprofil antyder, at udmeldelse var et livscyklus fænomen og ikke et generationsfænomen som teorien forventede. Det kunne også konstateres, at medlemskab af folkekirken og mangel på samme videreførtes fra forældre til børn. Resultaterne antyder, at folkekirkens dalende medlemstal er resultatet af en generel samfundsudvikling.
Grænser for forandring. Præsten som garant for den danske religionsmodel
Authors: Nielsen Marie Vejrup
Published: February 2018

Through an analysis of the document Debatoplæg fra Udvalget om en mere sammenhængende og moderne styringsstruktur for folkekirken from 2013 (discussion paper from the commission for a more cohesive and modern governance structure for folkekirken), the current article examines the identity formation of the Danish folkekirke. Developments within discursive institutionalism are utilized in the analysis in order to present the identity of the institution in question as represented in the document. Additionally, I show how this discourse may be seen as an argument for change through the establishment of a connection between confessional identity, institutional structure and societal gain with emphasis placed on the function of the specialized pastor. In this manner, the article contributes both to the study of changes in the Danish model of religion and to the discussions pertaining to which theoretical perspectives may be applied in the study of church-state relations.Denne artikel analyserer folkekirkens identitet, som den fremstår i Debatoplæg fra Udvalget om en mere sammenhængende og moderne styringsstruktur for folkekirken. Artiklen benytter teorier udviklet inden for nyere institutionalisme, særligt diskursiv institutionalisme, til for det første at præsentere, hvordan denne institution fremstår i dokumentet, og for det andet hvordan dokumentet indeholder en diskurs om grænser for forandring. Denne diskurs etablerer dokumentet gennem en sammenhæng mellem konfessionel identitet, institutionel struktur og bredere samfundsmæssige bidrag med en særlig vægt på den rolle præsten har i denne sammenhæng. Artiklen bidrager hermed både til diskussionen af forandringer i den danske religionsmodel og til diskussionen af hvilke teoretiske perspektiver, der kan benyttes til at forstå forandringer i forholdet mellem stat og kirke
Kirkebygninger i religionsmodellens grænseflade. Mellem fælles kulturarv og folkekirkeligt magtmonopol
Authors: Iversen Hans Raun
Published: February 2018

The organization and work of The Danish National Church form the core of the Danish model of religion. One might, therefore, think that this would also include the church buildings used by the church. I argue that the church buildings used by The National Church and especially the pre-Reformation buildings are placed in the borderland of the Danish model of religion, since they belong to the common cultural heritage although they are administered by the church. I analyze the historically conditioned ownership followed by an outline of the interpretations of the buildings endorsed by respectively the official church and its members. The special situation pertinent to the church buildings of Copenhagen is described before the final analysis of the principles underlying the decision by the Minister of Cultural Affairs on the bishop’s suggestion to close down 14 churches in Copenhagen in 2013. I conclude that church buildings in Denmark hold a status similar to holy cows in India.Folkekirkens organisation og virksomhed udgør den danske religionsmodels kerneområde. Herudfra slutter man let, at det også må gælde de kirkebygninger, som folkekirken gør brug af. Det er denne artikels tese, at folkekirkens kirkebygninger, og særligt den dominerende del af dem, som er bygget før reformationen, hører hjemme i den danske religionsmodels grænseflade. Dette fordi de tilhører den fælles kulturarv, selv om de er undergivet folkekirkelig administration. Artiklen beskriver først bygningernes historisk betingede ejendomsretlige status, dernæst den folkelige og kirkelige tolkning af bygningerne, og endelig redegøres der for de særlige forhold omkring kirkerne i København. Til sidst analyseres de principielle retningslinjer om kirkebygninger, der kommer til orde gennem Kulturministerens afgørelse af 14 kirkelukningssager i Københavns Stift i 2013. Konklusionen lyder, at kirkebygningernes status i Danmark er sammenlignelig med de hellige køers status i Indien
Migrantkirker. Fra grænseflade til kerne i den danske religionsmodel
Authors: Trolle Astrid Krabbe
Published: February 2018

Christian migrant churches have been a part of the borderland of the Danish model of religion for a long time, but the state and the Danish folk church are opening up for migrant churches to become a part of the Danish folk church through valgmenighedsloven (law on free congregations). Some migrant churches thereby move from the borderland to the core of the Danish model of religion. This movement, however, is not without conflict as several migrant churches challenge the conventional and Westphalian way of conceptualising religion. I use Peter Beyer's theory of Post-Westphalian religion to shed light on the possible borders between the migrant churches and the Danish folk church.Kristne migrantkirker har længe været en del af den danske religionsmodels grænseflade, men staten og folkekirken er ved at åbne op for, at de nyere migrantkirker kan blive en del af folkekirken via valgmenighedsloven. Dermed bevæger nogle migrantkirker sig fra religionsmodellens grænseflade til at blive en del af modellens kerne. Denne bevægelse er dog ikke uden konflikter, da flere migrantkirker udfordrer den gængse og westfalske måde at tænke religion på. Artiklen gør brug af Peter Beyers teori om postwestfalsk religion til at belyse de mulige grænser mellem migrantkirkerne og folkekirken
Forside
Authors: Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift Redaktion
Published: February 2018

Forside
Askese inden for hinduisme: Et forsøg på typologisering
Authors: Fibiger Marianne Qvortrup
Published: February 2018

The aim of this article is to put forward a proposal for an extended typology of asceticism within Hinduism, which not only includes the religious virtuosos in the form of a durative ascetism but also the dynamic and iterative asceticism as it is expressed in the āśrama system (stages of life). Thus it is argued that asceticism is a common point of refererence for most forms of Hinduism and thus the glue that binds the tradition together.
Askese som social/politisk mobilisering: Joseph Alters bog om Gandhi, Gandhi’s Body
Authors: Aktor Mikael
Published: February 2018

There are several historical examples of asceticism as a means to social and political mobilization. Gandhi’s use of fasts and sexual abstinence in the larger fight for national independence is a well-known recent example. Joseph Alter’s book, Gandhi’s Body: Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism from 2000 is a relevant source for such considerations. Alter describes Gandhi’s personal experiments with public health, fast, food, sexual abstinence and both traditional and Western medicine in the perspective of national independence. For Gandhi ascetic practices were at the same time personal and for the sake of the nation. He saw his own success in these practices as guarantee of the necessary social and political changes. ‘Truth’ was the keyword in Gandhi’s thinking because he regarded truth as a transforming power. The non-violent resistance will either force injustice to yield or it will force it to reveal its true, violent face. But to activate truth one has to integrate truth in one’s own being. In this Gandhi was in line with an ascetic tradition that has been described by Peter Brown, Michel Foucault and Talal Asad: By eliminating the private I through awareness of hidden desires and through public confession the ascet-ic reaches a state of transparency where the veil between him-/herself and God/Truth is removed. This kind of socially and politically mobilizing asceticism indicates how the ascetic can be a component in a more collective social dynamics.
Asketiske praksisser i Koranen: Vigilien som case
Authors: Christiansen Johanne Louise
Published: February 2018

In this article, I propose that Peter Sloterdijk’s etymological definition of áskesis as an ‘exercise’ is useful when approaching the Qur’ānic attitude(s) to ascetic practices, including in particular the text’s references to vigils. From a close reading of two passages in sūrat l-muzzammil (Q 73:1-9, 20), I argue for a chronological development in the Qur’ānic invitations to vigil practices. In this way, the Qur’ānic articulations of vigils can be understood as two types of ascetic ‘training programmes’, developing from the Prophet’s own extraordinary initiation practice to a more general ‘maintenance’ practice for the ordinary believer. Such a development appears to be consistent with the overall historical frame of Muḥammad’s prophetic career. By opening for a broader understanding of ‘asceticism’, the Qur’ān can be seen as taking part in a general ascetic tendency of the Axial Age.
Det asketiske ideal: Iagttaget af Nietzsche og Foucault
Authors: Albinus Lars
Published: February 2018

This article presents a view of religious and philosophical asceticism in two prominent critics of modernity, Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault, who, despite obvious differences, agree on crucial points including the location of their own thinking within an ascetic ideal. However, where Nietzsche primarily attacks the ancient invention of asceticism as a self-renouncing will to truth among the weak, Foucault focuses on asceticism as ‘a practice of truth’ the goal of which is a creative exercise of self on self. Nevertheless, he does agree with Nietzsche that the element of self-improvement takes the form of self-renunciation in Christianity. Where Nietzsche, in this respect, reluctantly admits to being influenced by an ascetic culture, Foucault embraces asceticism as a way of life that manifests a subjective courage to truth independent of traditional values.
Processioner: Indledning
Authors: Lundager Jensen Hans J.
Published: February 2018

English abstract: The introduction to this thematic issue of Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift provides an overview of contemporary lexical discussions of and explications of processions, a discussion of reasons for a certain tendency to forget about processions and a consideration of processions in relation to basic theories of ritual.Dansk resume: Indledningen til dette temanummer af Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift giver en oversigt over nutidige leksikale redegørelser for og overvejelser over definitioner af fænomenet procession, drøfter årsager til religionsvidenskabens ‘processionsglemsel’ og placerer processioner i forhold til grundlæggende ritualteori.
Lad guden komme til os: Tempelprocessioner hos srilankansk-tamilske hinduer i Danmark
Authors: Fibiger Marianne C. Qvortrup
Published: February 2018

English abstract: Through a presentation and analysis of Ter, a wagon procession which is part of a ten-day temple anniversary festival held once a year among Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus in Denmark, I aim to show the importance and the meaning of procession among Hindus in diaspora. The article will especially take Bernhard Lang’s definition or characteristics of procession into account but will also emphasise the multifunctional character of this procession as well as its importance as religion on public display. The analysis is based on my on-going research on the Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus in Denmark, which began shortly before the first Sri Lankan Hindu temples were consecrated around the year 2000. This has given me the possibility to follow the development of the Ter procession over the years and to notice how it has grown both in size and popularity. I will argue that the procession has become not only a fulcrum for social cohesion and identity but also as a way of communicating belonging, both internally within the group and externally to the surrounding society at large.

Dansk resume: I denne artikel vil jeg præsentere og analysere processionen Ter, en vognprocession der er tilknyttet en ti-dages tempelfødselsdagsfest som afholdes blandt de srilankansk-tamilske hinduer i Danmark, og jeg vil vise betydningen af denne procession for hinduer i diaspora. Artiklen vil tage udgangspunkt i Bernard Langs definition eller måske mere præcist hans processions-typologier, men vil lægge vægt på processionens multifunktionelle, performative og offentlige karakter. Analysen vil basere sig på mit løbende feltarbejde af de srilankansk-tamilske hinduer i Danmark, hvilket begyndte før det første srilankansk-tamilske hindutempel var indviet omkring år 2000. Det har givet mig muligheden for at følge udviklingen af Ter-processionen, som er vokset i både størrelse og popularitet. Jeg vil derfor argumentere for, at processionen er blevet helt central for såvel identitet som social sammenhængskraft for de srilankansk-tamilske hinduer her i landet. Processionen kan ved at være offentlig kommunikere et bestemt tilhørsforhold både indadtil og udadtil.
Nye processioner som udtryk for gamle religionsmønstre
Authors: Johansen Kirstine Helboe , Nielsen Marie Vejrup
Published: February 2018

English abstract: This article analyzes two examples of new processions in the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Denmark, observed in the context of Halloween Services and Baby Hymn Singing activities. These two cases are analyzed from theoretical perspectives that connect approaches from sociology of religion within the study of contemporary religion (McGuire 2002; Ammerman 2016) with history of religion perspectives on the understanding and development of religious rituals (Bellah 1964; Rappaport 1999). Based on this analysis, the article discusses how to understand these re-emerging processions in a contemporary context and argues for a greater focus on the religious didactic dimensions of processions.Dansk resume: Denne artikel analyserer to eksempler på nye processioner i den danske folkekirke observeret i forbindelse med Halloween-gudstjeneste og babysalmesang. Disse to cases analyseres ud fra teoretiske perspektiver der forbinder religionssociologiske tilgange til samtidsreligion (McGuire 2002; Ammerman 2016) med religionshistoriske perspektiver på udviklingen af religiøse ritualer (Bellah 1964; Rappaport 1999). På baggrund af denne analyse diskuterer artiklen, hvordan man kan forstå disse genopdukkede processioner i en nutidig sammenhæng, og der argumenteres for et større fokus på de religionsdidaktiske dimensioner i processioner.
Processioner i Nürnberg: De nationalsocialistiske rigspartidage under Det Tredje Rige, 1933-38
Authors: Fiedler Erik Sporon
Published: February 2018

English abstract: The Nuremberg Party Rallies of the National Socialists are arguably the most important events on the special liturgical calendar of the Nazi-movement. A lot of the phenomena that make the Nazi movement a political religion are present at the rallies. The aim of this article is to give a thorough historical description of the events, especially the rallies that took place between 1933 and 1938, and to place them in a context where their significance to the study of religion becomes clear. The article begins with a brief discussion of the concept of political religion, and a historical account of the rallies is then given. Finally, the article considers the special relevance of the processions held during the rallies.Dansk resume: De nazistiske partikongresser, der blev afholdt i Nürnberg, er formentlig den vigtigste begivenhed i den særlige nazistiske højtidskalender. På partidagene forekom mange af de ting, der gør, at nazismen ofte bliver betragtet en politisk religion. Sigtet med artiklen er at give en grundig historisk beskrivelse af begivenheden, særligt som den tog sig ud i perioden 1933-38, og at indplacere den i en kontekst, hvor den får religionsvidenskabelig relevans. Artiklen begynder med en kort diskussion af begrebet politisk religion, førend der gives en historisk redegørelse for partidagene. Afslutningsvis behandler artiklen den særlige betydning, de processioner har, der afholdtes under partidagene.
Profetbog og billedsprog
Authors: Otzen Benedikt
Published: February 2018

Opposition delivered at the public defence of Kirsten Nielsen’s thesis “For et Træ er der Håb” (published Copenhagen 1985). The subtitle of the book announces its theme: the tree a metaphor in Isaiah 1-39. To the opposition is added a general introduction to the book. The criticism concentrates on the author’s use of the idea of “context” in her exegetical analysis of Is. 1-39.
Les freins au désir d’enfant au Japon (note de recherche)
Authors: Harvey Valérie
Published: February 2018

Au Japon, la dénatalité a atteint son plus bas niveau en 2005 avec un indice de fécondité record de 1,26 enfant par femme. Cette note de recherche présente les principaux facteurs qui freinent le désir d’enfant des Japonaises : la nécessité d’un mariage, l’impact d’une éducation supérieure et un marché du travail ne permettant pas de concilier carrière et famille. Par le biais d’entrevues réalisées avec des Japonaises, l’influence sur la fécondité du mariage, de l’éducation et du marché du travail a été investiguée. Si la natalité ne semble pas liée à la baisse du désir d’enfant, plusieurs femmes mettent en valeur que ce n’était pas un choix, mais plutôt les circonstances de leur vie qui les ont amenées à abandonner l’idée d’avoir un enfant.
Multi rationalités et pratiques d’acteurs dans le domaine de la planification familiale au Mali
Authors: Coulibaly Abdourahmane
Published: February 2018

L’ambition des programmes de planification des naissances est de changer les conduites reproductives des acteurs sociaux à travers les messages sanitaires. Il s’agit d’une démarche pédagogique visant à susciter chez le récepteur du message une disponibilité au changement conforme aux prescriptions des programmes. À travers des exemples concrets, notre travail montre que la réalité est beaucoup plus complexe et que les acteurs sociaux ne sont pas des êtres passifs. En effet, leurs pratiques quotidiennes montrent qu’ils empruntent des arguments à des ensembles normatifs variés (coutume, religion, normes sexuelles mondialisées, etc.) pour justifier leurs actes. Ils hésitent, résistent, se soumettent… Loin d’accepter les normes « officielles » des programmes, ils les transforment à leur façon, les manipulent, les adaptent, les soumettent.
Couchsurfing : la distinction touristique par la rencontre
Authors: NEVEU Pauline
Published: February 2018

Comme de nombreux autres domaines de l’activité humaine, le secteur du tourisme est modifié par les nouvelles possibilités technologiques. L’avènement de réseaux d’hospitalité, dont le plus connu est Couchsurfing, atteste de l’enthousiasme des voyageurs à utiliser Internet pour organiser leur(s) voyage(s). Il semblerait que ce type d’hébergement séduise un profil de visiteurs en quête d’« alternatif » et d’« authenticité ». Se basant sur une étude de deux ans auprès de couchsurfeurs parisiens, cet article souhaite présenter le discours idéologique des membres, ainsi que les paradoxes qui peuvent en émerger. Après avoir décrit Couchsurfing plus en détail, je caractériserai où se loge la distinction touristique pour ses adeptes. Elle tient au fait que les couchsurfeurs rencontrent un résident local, ce qui est facilité par l’homophilie sociale entre membres, ainsi que leur adhésion au principe de flexibilité (relationnelle, temporelle, matérielle). Aussi, résider chez quelqu’un s’inscrit-il en haut d’un classement hiérarchique des hébergements touristiques avec l’auberge de jeunesse, Airbnb et l’hôtel. Néanmoins, bien que prônant le détachement du tourisme traditionnel, les couchsurfeurs vont visiter les attractions classiques parisiennes. C’est cette forme de séjour entre rencontre avec un résident, hébergement gratuit et circuits touristiques hybrides que permet Couchsurfing dans Paris.
Le commerce de l’identité : (se) ressembler, (se) distinguer au cœur du tourisme parisien
Authors: CORBILLÉ Sophie
Published: February 2018

Cet article propose de réfléchir à la tension qui existe entre singularité et similitude dans le tourisme parisien en procédant à un retour réflexif sur deux enquêtes ethnographiques qui traitent de pratiques relevant du tourisme culturel, quoique chacune différemment. La première concerne une association de tourisme « de proximité » installée dans un quartier populaire du nord-est de Paris ; la seconde, menée avec Sophie Chevalier et Emmanuelle Lallement, des étrangers qui, vivant de manière régulière et intermittente dans la capitale, possèdent ou louent un pied-à-terre à Paris. L’article a d’abord pour objectif de décrire comment la dialectique se ressembler / se distinguer s’exprime concrètement dans les deux situations, et comment elle se construit autour de deux figures, celle de « l’autochtone » et celle du « local ». Il s’agira ensuite de penser les liens entre ces formes de tourisme et la stratégie plus globale de la Ville de Paris. On verra comment le commerce de l’identité parisienne et l’affirmation de la singularité de la ville sont au centre de sa stratégie, dans un contexte économique où les productions symboliques sont devenues des éléments clés pour se différencier et fabriquer de « l’attractivité territoriale ». Cette stratégie fait elle aussi apparaître la figure de l’autochtone (le Parisien) comme médiateur entre le visiteur et le visité.
L’intervention en contexte de sport auprès des jeunes
Authors: Thibault Lévesque Julien , Molgat Marc , Moreau Nicolas
Published: February 2018

Cet article est issu d’une étude portant sur l’analyse d’un rite de passage vécu au sein du programme d’intervention par le sport de l’organisme montréalaisDesÉquilibres. Il vise à explorer les conditions nécessaires à l’obtention de résultats positifs à l’intérieur d’interventions psychosociales en contexte de sport. Plus spécifiquement, la recherche vise à comprendre comment les interventions sportives peuvent être vécues comme un rite de passage. Pour ce faire, une analyse de données secondaires a été réalisée auprès de 14 jeunes inscrits en secondaire 3, âgés de 14 à 18 ans et ayant participé au programmeDesÉquilibres. L’analyse du discours des participants a permis de relever cinq éléments essentiels pour que les interventions sportives puissent être vécues avec succès comme un rite de passage : l’existence d’une épreuve physique et mentale, la mise en oeuvre d’une symbolique commune de l’épreuve, la reconnaissance sociale des participants, le présence d’un passeur et la mise en valeur du rôle et de la place de chacun au sein du groupe. Enfin, l’analyse permet de souligner comment cette intervention sportive « ritualisée » contribue au devenir adulte des participants.
Pensée pluraliste dans la cité
Authors: White Bob W.
Published: February 2018

Toutes les sociétés sont plurielles, mais l’expérience de cette pluralité varie d’une société à une autre, notamment dans la façon de mettre en pratique le pluralisme. Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche sur les dynamiques interculturelles dans l’espace urbain à Montréal, nous avons identifié trois orientations ou courants de pensée pluraliste : la reconnaissance de la diversité, la lutte contre la discrimination, et le rapprochement par le dialogue. À partir ces catégories, je propose une grille d’analyse qui permet de comprendre les tensions entre les différents acteurs sociaux impliqués dans l’action interculturelle à Montréal. D’abord j’utilise cette grille pour analyser le financement des projets dits « interculturels » à l’échelle de la ville. Ensuite, j’explore les tensions entre les différents acteurs dans le travail de concertation en contexte interculturel. Finalement j’utilise deux notions – le complémentarisme et l’explication – pour montrer comment une grille pluraliste peut faciliter la communication entre les différents acteurs du milieu et renforcer les principes pluralistes de façon plus large.
Ruptures et continuités dans la représentation de l’immigration
Authors: Anctil Pierre
Published: February 2018

Contrairement à une opinion assez répandue, l’immigration n’est pas un phénomène récent au sein de la société québécoise. D’importantes vagues migratoires se sont dirigées vers Montréal dès le tournant du XXe siècle qui étaient porteuses d’une grande diversité culturelle, linguistique et religieuse. L’accueil des immigrants et la rencontre du pluralisme sont ainsi des réalités que les francophones de la métropole ont traversées il y a plus de cent ans, mais qui n’ont pas nécessairement laissé des traces très positives dans le récit historique québécois. En fait, on pourrait affirmer que les réticences et les perceptions hostiles que l’on découvre dans le discours contemporain à ce sujet ont des racines historiques profondes qui plongent dans un passé lointain. Pour mieux comprendre les traumatismes vécus aujourd’hui par certains francophones face à l’immigration, l’article analyse 16 000 éditoriaux parus dans le quotidienLe Devoirentre 1910 et 1963, et touchant à la question de l’intégration des nouveaux citoyens. Publié à Montréal et porte étendard du nationalisme canadien-français,Le Devoira tenu un discours soutenu sur cette question, qui reposait essentiellement sur un refus viscéral d’accueillir des immigrants au Québec francophone. Les propos que le journal a tenus nous aident à mieux saisir l’origine des craintes xénophobes exprimées dans le présent sur cette question.
Pour une compréhension de l’hétérogénéité des visions du monde lors de l’implication dans la défense et l’aide aux (im)migrants
Authors: Frozzini Jorge , Law Alexandra J.
Published: February 2018

Cet article présente des résultats préliminaires et exploratoires d’une étude en cours examinant les visions du monde des militants travaillant au sein des organisations pour la défense des droits au Canada. Sont décrits le contexte néolibéral d’hyper-précarité vécu par les membres des groupes ainsi que la méthodologie de recherche utilisée. Les thèmes qui émergent lors de l’analyse sont ensuite analysés. Une attention particulière est portée au contexte légal et social qui donne lieu à cette condition d’hyper-précarité. L’article se termine par une discussion exploratoire autour des inégalités, des actions, de l’organisation et de l’existence d’un lien paradoxal entre la résilience et la combativité, lien dans lequel la première dépend en grande partie de la seconde.
Effectiveness of winter temperatures for satisfying chilling requirements for reproductive budburst of red alder (Alnus rubra)
Authors: Prevéy Janet S. , Harrington Constance A.
Published: February 2018

Background. Experiencing an adequate amount of cold temperatures over winter is necessary for many temperate tree species to break dormancy and flower in spring. Thus, changes in winter and spring temperatures associated with climate change may influence when trees break dormancy and flower in the future. There have been several experimental studies that have quantified the effectiveness of cold temperatures for chilling requirements for vegetative budburst of temperate trees, however, there are few experimental studies addressing the chilling requirements for reproductive budburst of trees, as it is difficult to place reproductively mature trees in temperature-controlled environments.

Methods. To identify how changing temperatures associated with climate change may impact reproductive phenology, we completed a temperature-controlled growth chamber experiment using cuttings of reproductive branches of red alder (Alnus rubra), one of the most widespread hardwood tree species of the Pacific Northwest, USA. The purpose of this study was to examine how colder (4 °C) and warmer (9 °C) winter temperature regimes influenced the timing of reproductive budburst of red alder cuttings in spring.

Results. We found that cuttings flowered earlier after pretreatment with a 4 °C winter temperature regime than after a 9 °C winter temperature regime. We used our experimental data to estimate a “possibility-line” showing the accumulated chilling and forcing temperatures necessary prior to reproductive budburst of red alder.

Discussion. This study provides a preliminary indication that warmer winters with climate change may not be as effective for satisfying chilling temperature requirements of Northwest hardwood tree species.
Paleozoic geomagnetism shapes vertebrate evolution
Authors: Staub John P
Published: February 2018

Background. Despite a fifty-year failure of paleontologists to find a viable connection between geomagnetic polarity reversals and evolutionary patterns, recent databases show that the early appearance, radiation, and diversification of Paleozoic vertebrates tend to occur during periods having frequent collapses of the Earth’s geomagnetic field. The transition time during the collapse of the Earth’s protective magnetic shield can last thousands of years, and the effects on biota are unknown. Solar and cosmic radiation, volcanism, weather alteration, low-frequency electromagnetic fields, depletion of ozone, and the stripping of atmospheric oxygen have been proposed as possible causes, but previous studies have found no effects.

Methods. Using published databases, we compiled a spreadsheet that shows the first appearance of 1809 age-dated genera with each genus assigned to one of 28 taxonomic groups. From Gradstein’s Geologic Time Scale 2012, we delineated 17 Paleozoic zones with either high or low levels of polarity reversals.

Results. From our compilation, we counted 508 Paleozoic vertebrates that first appeared within 20 million-years of the origin of their clade or natural group. These genera represent the initial radiation and diversification of individual Paleozoic vertebrate clades. After compensating for sample-size and external geologic biases, the resulting Pearson’s coefficient between these genera and polarity zones equals 0.781. Using 11 commonly accepted clades and assuming a natural competition existed between them, we counted each genus from a clade’s inception until it was bypassed by a subsequent clade. Here, Pearson's equals 0.901 with a p-value of <0.000001. In a blindfold study, we separated the Paleozoic into a dozen equally-sized temporal bins, then 13 bins, up to 31 bins. The mean Pearson coefficient for these bins is 0.810. After calculating coefficients for four distinct taxonomies, two paleomagnetic systems, three systematics for age-dating within geologic stages, and seven independent spreadsheets, the results suggest a strong relationship exists between Paleozoic vertebrates and polarity reversals. In addition, the earliest species of the major divisions of Paleozoic vertebrates (jawless fish, armored fish, jawed fish, cartilage fish, fish with bones, lobe-finned fish, tetrapods, amphibians, reptiles, and synapsids) first appeared in zones with relatively high levels of polarity reversals.

Discussion. The question: is this apparent connection between geomagnetism and the evolution of Paleozoic vertebrate due to environmental or biologic factors. If biologic, why are vertebrates the only biota effected? And after an indeterminate period of time, how do vertebrate families become immune to the ongoing effects of polarity reversals?
Opresi Berlapis Perempuan Etnis Tionghoa: Pemerkosaan Massal Terhadap Perempuan Etnis Tionghoa dalam Tragedi Mei 1998 di Jakarta
Authors: Hikmawati Chandra Linsa
Published: February 2018

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pemerkosaan massal terhadap perempuan Tionghoa dalam Tragedi Mei 1998 di Jakarta. Beberapa studi yang membahas kekerasan terhadap masyarakat Tionghoa dalam Tragedi Mei 1998 di Jakarta sedikit yang menaruh perhatian pada kekerasan terhadap perempuan Tionghoa (misalnya Purdey 2013; Siegel 1998; dan Tadié 2009). Beberapa penulis yang mencoba memberikan perhatian seperti Heryanto (2000) dan Wichelen (2000) masih melihat masalah itu dari satu aspek bahasan seperti kekerasan negara dan gender. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu dengan pemeriksaan dokumen yang relevan dan studi literatur, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa pemerkosaan terhadap perempuan Tionghoa merupakan peristiwa yang kompleks dan perlu dilihat dengan penjelasan yang lebih dalam. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan peristiwa tersebut dengan konsep opresi atau kekerasan berlapis dengan menggunakan konsep kekerasan struktural, interseksionalitas, ideologi gender negara, dan pemerkosaan massal. Opresi berlapis terhadap masyarakat Tionghoa melihat bahwa posisi mereka yang kuat secara ekonomi namun lemah secara sosial-politik telah membangun akar sentimen masyarakat pribumi terhadap masyarakat Tionghoa. Situasi tersebut semakin rumit dengan adanya ideologi gender negara serta budaya patriarki masyarakat dalam memandang perempuan (konstruksi sosial keperempuanan sebagai simbol kehormatan dan objektifikasi dari tubuh perempuan).
Estimates and Predictions of Methane Emissions from Wastewater in China from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Du Mingxi , Zhu Qiuan , Wang Xiaoge , Li Peng , Yang Bin , Chen Huai , Wang Meng , Zhou Xiaolu , Peng Changhui
Published: February 2018

Methane accounts for 20% of the global warming caused by greenhouse gases, and wastewater is a major anthropogenic source of methane. Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and current research findings, we calculated the amount of methane emissions from 2000 to 2014 that originated from wastewater from different provinces in China. Methane emissions from wastewater increased from 1349.01 to 3430.03 Gg from 2000 to 2014, and the mean annual increase was 167.69 Gg. The methane emissions from industrial wastewater treated by wastewater treatment plants (EIt) accounted for the highest proportion of emissions. We also estimated the future trend of industrial wastewater methane emissions using the artificial neural network model. A comparison of the emissions for the years 2020, 2010, and 2000 showed an increasing trend in methane emissions in China and a spatial transition of industrial wastewater emissions from eastern and southern regions to central and southwestern regions and from coastal regions to inland regions. These changes were caused by changes in economics, demographics, and relevant policies.
An Idealized Test of the Response of the Community Atmosphere Model to Near‐Grid‐Scale Forcing Across Hydrostatic Resolutions
Authors: Herrington A. R. , Reed K. A.
Published: February 2018

A set of idealized experiments are developed using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) to understand the vertical velocity response to reductions in forcing scale that is known to occur when the horizontal resolution of the model is increased. The test consists of a set of rising bubble experiments, in which the horizontal radius of the bubble and the model grid spacing are simultaneously reduced. The test is performed with moisture, through incorporating moist physics routines of varying complexity, although convection schemes are not considered. Results confirm that the vertical velocity in CAM is to first‐order, proportional to the inverse of the horizontal forcing scale, which is consistent with a scale analysis of the dry equations of motion. In contrast, experiments in which the coupling time step between the moist physics routines and the dynamical core (i.e., the “physics” time step) are relaxed back to more conventional values results in severely damped vertical motion at high resolution, degrading the scaling. A set of aqua‐planet simulations using different physics time steps are found to be consistent with the results of the idealized experiments.
Late Holocene Sea Surface Instabilities in the Disko Bugt Area, West Greenland, in Phase With δ18O Oscillations at Camp Century
Authors: Allan Estelle , de Vernal Anne , Knudsen Mads Faurschou , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude , Moros Matthias , Ribeiro Sofia , Ouellet‐Bernier Marie‐Michèle , Seidenkrantz Marit‐Solveig
Published: February 2018

Palynological analyses of sediment core MSM343310 from Disko Bugt (68°38′861°N, 53°49′493°W) document decadal‐ to centennial‐scale variability of sea surface conditions during the last ~3,600 years. Dinocyst fluxes (>104 cysts/cm2 yr−1) indicate a very high productivity. Dinocyst assemblages dominated by Islandinium minutum, Brigantedinium spp., Islandinium? cezare, and the cyst of Pentapharsodinium dalei suggest low surface salinity and marked shifts in summer sea surface temperature. The application of the modern analog technique to dinocyst assemblages, using an updated reference data set with new sites from the West Greenland margin, led to reconstruct decadal‐centennial‐scale variations in sea surface salinity and temperature, in phase with the δ18O variations in the Camp Century ice core. At ~1.5 ka BP, the seasonal sea ice cover records an important regime change, from winter‐only sea ice to more unstable conditions marked by successive cooling pulses with sea ice cover of up to 8 months/yr. The data suggest a close relationship between hydrographic conditions and regional climate over Greenland. Our record shows variations with a mean 200 years periodicity until ~2 ka BP, which supports the hypothesis of climate variations driven by solar variability. After 1.5 ka BP, our data show a variability characterized by a 60–70 year periodicity, which suggests linkages with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and southwestward migration of the atmospheric polar front. The most recent part of the record, from ~1900 CE to 2007 CE, is characterized by assemblages reflecting warmer surface conditions and reduced sea ice cover.
Interpreters in law enforcement contexts: Practices and experiences according to investigators
Authors: Shaffer Sarah A. , Evans Jacqueline R.
Published: February 2018

Interpreters play an important role in the criminal justice system, yet little is known about the way interpreters are used. This survey of U.S. law enforcement (N = 299) assessed practices and perceptions regarding interpreter use during interviews with nonnative English speakers. Investigators reported using colleagues more often than professional interpreters, using interpreters more often with suspects and in certain crimes (e.g., domestic violence), and that interpreters are usually at least partially informed about case facts prior to translating. Investigators responded to experimental vignettes, and results indicated they were more likely to seek and obtain interpreters when an interviewee has lived in the United States for fewer years; however, the language spoken and the interviewee's role (e.g., witness vs. suspect) did not affect decisions to request an interpreter. Several avenues for future experimental research are identified and discussed, including interpreting over the phone and interpreter susceptibility to biases.