bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience to Introduce Drug-Receptor Concepts
Authors: Swanson Hollie I. , Sarge Ok-Kyong Park , Rodrigo-Peiris Thushani , Xiang Lin , Cassone Vincent M.
Published: May 2016

Course-based research experiences (CUREs) are currently of high interest due to their potential for engaging undergraduate students in authentic research and maintaining their interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors. As part of a campus-wide initiative called STEMCats, which is a living learning program offered to freshman STEM majors at the University of Kentucky funded by a grant from Howard Hughes Medical Institute, we have developed a CURE for freshmen interested in pursuing health care careers. Our course, entitled “Drug–Drug Interactions in Breast Cancer,” utilized a semester-long, in-class authentic research project and instructor-led discussions to engage students in a full spectrum of research activities, ranging from developing hypotheses and experimental design to generating original data, collaboratively interpreting results and presenting a poster at a campus-wide symposium. Student's feedback indicated a positive impact on scientific understanding and skills, enhanced teamwork and communication skills, as well as high student engagement, motivation, and STEM belonging. STEM belonging is defined as the extent to which a student may view the STEM fields as places where they belong. The results obtained from this pilot study, while preliminary, will be useful for guiding design revisions and generating appropriate objective evaluations of future pharmacological-based CUREs.
Almost Disjointness Preservers
Authors: Oikhberg Timur , Tradacete Pedro
Published: May 2016

We study the stability of disjointness preservers on Banach lattices. In many cases, we
prove that an “almost disjointness preserving” operator is well approximable by a disjointness preserving
one. However, this approximation is not always possible, as our examples show.
Lubich Second-Order Methods for Distributed-Order Time-Fractional Differential Equations with Smooth Solutions
Authors: Du Rui , Hao Zhao-peng , Sun Zhi-zhong
Published: May 2016

This article is devoted to the study of some high-order difference schemes for the distributed-order time-fractional equations in both one and two space dimensions. Based on the composite Simpson formula and Lubich second-order operator, a difference scheme is constructed with convergence in the L1(L∞)-norm for the one-dimensional case, where τ,h and σ are the respective step sizes in time, space and distributed-order. Unconditional stability and convergence are proven. An ADI difference scheme is also derived for the two-dimensional case, and proven to be unconditionally stable and convergent in the L1(L∞)-norm, where h1 and h2 are the spatial step sizes. Some numerical examples are also given to demonstrate our theoretical results.
On Preconditioned MHSS Real-Valued Iteration Methods for a Class of Complex Symmetric Indefinite Linear Systems
Authors: Ren Zhi-Ru , Cao Yang , Zhang Li-Li
Published: May 2016

A generalized preconditioned modified Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting (GPMHSS) real-valued iteration method is proposed for a class of complex symmetric indefinite linear systems. Convergence theory is established and the spectral properties of an associated preconditioned matrix are analyzed. We also give several variants of the GPMHSS preconditioner and consider the spectral properties of the preconditioned matrices. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Perturbation Bounds and Condition Numbers for a Complex Indefinite Linear Algebraic System
Authors: Zhu Lei , Xu Wei-Wei , Yang Xing-Dong
Published: May 2016

We consider perturbation bounds and condition numbers for a complex indefinite linear algebraic system, which is of interest in science and engineering. Some existing results are improved, and illustrative numerical examples are provided.
Ash and ice clouds during the Mt Kelud February 2014 eruption as interpreted from IASI and AVHRR/3 observations
Authors: Kylling Arve
Published: May 2016

Abstract. During the Mt Kelud February 2014 eruption the ash cloud was detectable on 13–14 February in the infrared with the reverse absorption technique by, for example, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3). The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observed the ash cloud also on 15 February when AVHRR did not detect any ash signal. The differences between ash detection with AVHRR/3 and IASI are discussed along with the reasons for the differences, supported by radiative transfer modelling. The effect of concurrent ice clouds on the ash detection and the ash signal in the IASI measurements is demonstrated. Specifically, a radiative transfer model is used to simulate IASI spectra with ash-only, with ice cloud only and with both ash and ice clouds. It is shown that modelled IASI spectra with ash and ice clouds reproduce the measured IASI spectra better than ash-only- or ice-only-modelled spectra. The ash and ice modelled spectra that best reproduce the IASI spectra contain about a factor of 12 less ash than the ash-only spectra that come closest to reproducing the measured spectra.
Supplemental irrigation potential and impact on downstream flow of Karkheh River basin in Iran
Authors: Hessari Behzad , Bruggeman Adriana , Akhoond-Ali Ali Mohammad , Oweis Theib , Abbasi Fariborz
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Supplemental irrigation of rainfed winter crops improves and stabilises crop yield and water productivity. Although yield increases by supplemental irrigation are well established at the field level, its potential extent and impact on water resources at the basin level are less researched. This work presents a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based methodology for identifying areas that are potentially suitable for supplemental irrigation and a computer routine for allocating streamflow for supplemental irrigation in different sub-basins. A case study is presented for the 42 908 km2 upper Karkheh River basin (KRB) in Iran, which has 15 840 km2 of rainfed crop areas. Rainfed crop areas within 1 km from the streams, with slope classes 0–5, 0–8, 0–12, and 0–20 %, were assumed to be suitable for supplemental irrigation. Four streamflow conditions (normal, normal with environmental flow requirements, drought and drought with environmental flow) were considered for the allocation of water resources. Thirty-seven percent (5801 km2) of the rainfed croplands had slopes less than 5 %; 61 % (3559 km2) of this land was suitable for supplemental irrigation, but only 22 % (1278 km2) could be served with irrigation in both autumn (75 mm) and spring (100 mm), under normal flow conditions. If irrigation would be allocated to all suitable land with slopes up to 20 %, 2057 km2 could be irrigated. This would reduce the average annual outflow of the upper KRB by 9 %. If environmental flow requirements are considered, a maximum (0–20 % slopes) of 1444 km2 could receive supplemental irrigation. Under drought conditions a maximum of 1013 km2 could be irrigated, while the outflow would again be reduced by 9 %. Thus, the withdrawal of streamflow for supplemental irrigation has relatively little effect on the outflow of the upper KRB. However, if the main policy goal would be to improve rainfed areas throughout the upper KRB, options for storing surface water need to be developed.
Quantification of resilience to water scarcity, a dynamic measure in time and space
Authors: Simonovic S. P. , Arunkumar R.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. There are practical links between water resources management, climate change adaptation and sustainable development leading to reduction of water scarcity risk and re-enforcing resilience as a new development paradigm. Water scarcity, due to the global change (population growth, land use change and climate change), is of serious concern since it can cause loss of human lives and serious damage to the economy of a region. Unfortunately, in many regions of the world, water scarcity is, and will be unavoidable in the near future. As the scarcity is increasing, at the same time it erodes resilience, therefore global change has a magnifying effect on water scarcity risk. In the past, standard water resources management planning considered arrangements for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and recovery, as well as response. However, over the last ten years substantial progress has been made in establishing the role of resilience in sustainable development. Dynamic resilience is considered as a novel measure that provides for better understanding of temporal and spatial dynamics of water scarcity. In this context, a water scarcity is seen as a disturbance in a complex physical-socio-economic system. Resilience is commonly used as a measure to assess the ability of a system to respond and recover from a failure. However, the time independent static resilience without consideration of variability in space does not provide sufficient insight into system's ability to respond and recover from the failure state and was mostly used as a damage avoidance measure. This paper provides an original systems framework for quantification of resilience. The framework is based on the definition of resilience as the ability of physical and socio-economic systems to absorb disturbance while still being able to continue functioning. The disturbance depends on spatial and temporal perspectives and direct interaction between impacts of disturbance (social, health, economic, and other) and adaptive capacity of the system to absorb disturbance. Utility of the dynamic resilience is demonstrated through a single-purpose reservoir operation subject to different failure (water scarcity) scenarios. The reservoir operation is simulated using the system dynamics (SD) feedback-based object-oriented simulation approach.
Up-scaling of multi-variable flood loss models from objects to land use units at the meso-scale
Authors: Kreibich Heidi , Schröter Kai , Merz Bruno
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Flood risk management increasingly relies on risk analyses, including loss modelling. Most of the flood loss models usually applied in standard practice have in common that complex damaging processes are described by simple approaches like stage-damage functions. Novel multi-variable models significantly improve loss estimation on the micro-scale and may also be advantageous for large-scale applications. However, more input parameters also reveal additional uncertainty, even more in upscaling procedures for meso-scale applications, where the parameters need to be estimated on a regional area-wide basis. To gain more knowledge about challenges associated with the up-scaling of multi-variable flood loss models the following approach is applied: Single- and multi-variable micro-scale flood loss models are up-scaled and applied on the meso-scale, namely on basis of ATKIS land-use units. Application and validation is undertaken in 19 municipalities, which were affected during the 2002 flood by the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany by comparison to official loss data provided by the Saxon Relief Bank (SAB).In the meso-scale case study based model validation, most multi-variable models show smaller errors than the uni-variable stage-damage functions. The results show the suitability of the up-scaling approach, and, in accordance with micro-scale validation studies, that multi-variable models are an improvement in flood loss modelling also on the meso-scale. However, uncertainties remain high, stressing the importance of uncertainty quantification. Thus, the development of probabilistic loss models, like BT-FLEMO used in this study, which inherently provide uncertainty information are the way forward.
Integrated management of water resources demand and supply in irrigated agriculture from plot to regional scale
Authors: Schütze Niels , Wagner Michael
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Growing water scarcity in agriculture is an increasing problem in future in many regions of the world. Recent trends of weather extremes in Saxony, Germany also enhance drought risks for agricultural production. In addition, signals of longer and more intense drought conditions during the vegetation period can be found in future regional climate scenarios for Saxony. However, those climate predictions are associated with high uncertainty and therefore, e.g. stochastic methods are required to analyze the impact of changing climate patterns on future crop water requirements and water availability. For assessing irrigation as a measure to increase agricultural water security a generalized stochastic approach for a spatial distributed estimation of future irrigation water demand is proposed, which ensures safe yields and a high water productivity at the same time. The developed concept of stochastic crop water production functions (SCWPF) can serve as a central decision support tool for both, (i) a cost benefit analysis of farm irrigation modernization on a local scale and (ii) a regional water demand management using a multi-scale approach for modeling and implementation. The new approach is applied using the example of a case study in Saxony, which is dealing with the sustainable management of future irrigation water demands and its implementation.
A regional look at the selection of a process-oriented model for flood peak/volume relationships
Authors: Szolgay Ján , Gaál Ladislav , Bacigál Tomáš , Kohnová Silvia , Hlavčová Kamila , Výleta Roman , Blöschl Günter
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Recent research on the bivariate flood peak/volume frequency analysis has mainly focused on the statistical aspects of the use of various copula models. The interplay of climatic and catchment processes in discriminating among these models has attracted less interest. In the paper we analyse the influence of climatic and hydrological controls on flood peak and volume relationships and their models, which are based on the concept of comparative hydrology in the catchments of a selected region in Austria. Independent flood events have been isolated and assigned to one of the three types of flood processes: synoptic floods, flash floods and snowmelt floods. First, empirical copulas are regionally compared in order to verify whether any flood processes are discernible in terms of the corresponding bivariate flood-peak relationships. Next the types of copulas, which are frequently used in hydrology are fitted, and their goodness-of-fit is examined in a regional scope. The spatial similarity of copulas and their rejection rate, depending on the flood type, region, and sample size are examined, too. In particular, the most remarkable difference is observed between flash floods and the other two types of flood. It is concluded that treating flood processes separately in such an analysis is beneficial, both hydrologically and statistically, since flood processes and the relationships associated with them are discernible both locally and regionally in the pilot region. However, uncertainties inherent in the copula-based bivariate frequency analysis itself (caused, among others, also by the relatively small sample sizes for consistent copula model selection, upper tail dependence characterization and reliable predictions) may not be overcome in the scope of such a regional comparative analysis.
Notas lexicográficas: extensión semántica de algunos derivados en -τρον y -θρον
Authors: Ruiz Abad César
Published: May 2016

Cuatro derivados en -τρον y -θρον se refieren no a un objeto, sino a una persona. Analizo κύκηθρον y τάρακτρον, con especial atención al pasaje de la Paz de Aristófanes, y λαίμαστρον y el plural νώβυστρα, documentados en Herodas.
Adesp. fr. 700 K.-Sn. y "Andrómeda" de Eurípides
Authors: Librán Moreno Miryam
Published: May 2016

adesp. fr. 700 Kn.-Sn. podría proceder de Andrómeda de Eurípides y no de una Níobe. Los siguientes elementos de los frs. (a) y (b) pueden responder a lo que se conoce de la tragedia de Eurípides: (a) la semejanza con una estatua; (b) la novia de Hades; (c) el silencio del personaje; (d) la colaboración con las Moiras; (e) el contraste entre la fortuna regia y la desgracia y el sufrimiento de los padres. No es, por tanto, necesario modificar el texto recibido para eliminar μάγους πάγας y la referencia a las trampas mágicas en el v. 5, que cuadra bien con Medusa y Perseo.
El oráculo griego en la época de la producibilidad escrita: la crisis de la autoridad mántica en "Aves" (960-996) de Aristófanes
Authors: Bartoletti Tomás
Published: May 2016

Este artículo se propone analizar la escena del cresmólogo intruso en Aves, revalorizando la comedia aristofánica como fuente de conocimiento histórico. Este análisis se centra en la práctica oracular como una técnica de producción escrita vinculada a la autoridad religiosa. De esta manera, se exploran dos campos de estudios, como la comedia antigua y la adivinación griega, cuyo vínculo no ha sido explorado en profundidad. Para dar cuenta del momento crítico de la institución oracular durante la Guerra del Peloponeso, se reconstruyen perspectivas sobre dicho fenómeno en otras fuentes como Tucídides o Demóstenes. Esto no solo ofrece una mirada «cómica» sobre la adivinación, sino que también permite comprender la práctica oracular como técnica y, en consecuencia, qué elementos de su funcionamiento podían ser manipulados.
Algunas consideraciones acerca de la presencia de Homero en la obra de Unamuno
Authors: Del Canto Nieto José Ramón
Published: May 2016

Miguel de Unamuno fue un constante lector de poesía épica, en la que Homero siempre tuvo un lugar preferente, y no solo por motivos profesionales. A lo largo de su obra, tanto en prosa como en verso, pueden rastrearse distintas y a veces contradictorias referencias a la Ilíada y la Odisea sobre las que hizo profundas reflexiones, intentando siempre ajustarlas a su propia visión de la vida y de la muerte. Desde esta perspectiva se acerca a escenarios como el ‘prado de asfódelos’, o, a partir del símil homérico, al ‘sucederse de las generaciones de las hojas y de los hombres’, o a figuras míticas como las Sirenas, Helena, Tántalo, Sísifo y Ulises.
John Tzetzes and the pseudo-Aristotelian Peplos in middle-Byzantium. The testimony of the Matritenses 4562 and 4621
Authors: Martins de Jesus Carlos A.
Published: May 2016

Tras mi reciente edición de los pseudo-aristotélicos Pepli Epitaphia, el presente trabajo se centra en los apochrypha a dichos epitafios que compuso Juan Tzetzes en el siglo xii, un conjunto de ocho dísticos elegíacos para los héroes que consideró meritorios de tal tarea, y para quienes no pudo encontrar un epitafio conservado en las fuentes manuscritas a las que tuvo acceso. Para lograr dicho propósito, también se investiga el grado de conocimiento y la transmisión de ese corpus epigramático en la literatura bizantina, además de considerar las lecciones y el sentido mismo de dos códices guardados en la Biblioteca Nacional de España (M y Md). En ellos, Constantino Láscaris copió, directamente a partir de Tzetzes, dos breves antologías de dichos componentes.
Evidentials in Chinese
Authors: Liu Zhaohui
Published: May 2016

Evidentiality has long been a heated topic in the field of linguistics recently. It focuses on the source of information and language user’s attitude towards the reliability of information. It first aroused in the study of Indian languages. Then, linguists pay more and more attention to evidentiality. This paper would first introduce the history, definition and classification of evidentiality, and then several related notions will be detailed with comparison to evidentiality. After a brief understanding of evidentiality, this paper will further introduce some evidentials in Chinese based on Hu’s model of evidentiality. 
Persuasive Speech Acts in Barack Obama’s Inaugural Speeches (2009, 2013) and The Last State of the Union Address (2016)
Authors: Altikriti Sahar
Published: May 2016

Persuading someone means performing an act by using some form of communication, i.e., language. Language is an essential factor to politicians since Politics is concerned with the power of setting decisions, influencing peoples’ attitudes and even controlling their values. As such, political persuasion is an important part of any society where communicators try to convince the others to change their beliefs or behavior in considering a political issue via messages with a sense of free choice.(c.f. Perloff 2003: 34). In this respect, persuasion constitutes a “speech act”, that is realized in or by speaking. Previous studies on speech acts were concerned with various types of speech act such as compliment, complaint, greeting, and request etc.; but very little and limited attention has been paid to the speech act of persuasion. The researcher aimed to shed light and determine the role of this speech act in political addressees. Hence, this study has examined and analyzed three selected political speeches of Obama as pieces of discourse with specific aims and intentions based on the adopted model of Bach and Harnish Taxonomy (1979). The data analysis has revealed that President Obama in his speeches used more of sentences that performed constative speech acts than other speech acts where the assertive illocutionary acts are used as a persuasive factor. Such results have proven the important role of persuasive speech acts in political addressees and its impact on the audience’ acts.
A Contrastive Rhetoric Analysis of Professional Register in Internal Communication Electronic Mails
Authors: Marquez Marc Kenneth Labadan
Published: May 2016

This study employs a corpus-based approach to identify and examine professional register features and some cultural-rhetorical patterns from a corpus of 50 internal communication electronic mails (e-mails) randomly culled from one Filipino and two American companies. Using the ten linguistic parameters in register variation in professional communication, similarities and differences in professional register features, as well as fluctuation tendencies, have been accounted. The findings have revealed that both e-mail corpora from the two language communities contained features significantly marked by professional casual register. However, a close inspection of the individual parameter frequency results has revealed considerable differences including register fluctuation tendencies, conformities to genre norms and conventionalities, and some culture-related rhetorical peculiarities. Moreover, the study has provided explanations on the importance of understanding rhetorical differences across cultures, as well as suggestions for further research endeavors on the given genre and language research field.
Evaluación del control interno y su incidencia en la cuentas por cobrar de Foro Miraflor
Authors: Cruz Cruz Leyla Marielka
Published: May 2016

En el presente trabajo se realizó la Evaluación del sistema de control interno y su incidencia en los procesos de las cuentas por cobrar de la Asociación de Pobladores y Productores de Miraflor “FORO MIRAFLOR”, Estelí en el periodo 2010-2011. El desarrollo de este estudio se hizo tomando en cuenta el enfoque cualitativo La investigación es estudio de caso, de tipo descriptivo- explicativo. El universo estuvo conformado por toda la información financiera de la Asociación de Pobladores y productores de Miraflor Moropotente del periodo 2010-2011, tomando como muestra las cuentas por cobrar.Es fundamental que se analice la necesidad de elaborar un manual de crédito, así como la depuración de las cuentas por cobrar para que la información presentada en los estados financieros sea oportuna para la toma de decisiones en la organización.
Acute Page kidney immediately following blunt trauma to a solitary pediatric kidney
Authors: Tuong Nicole , Daugherty Michael , Riddell Jonathan
Published: May 2016

Page kidney refers to the occurrence of hypertension secondary to renal compression and is usually associated with a subcapsular or perinephric hematoma. It generally occurs weeks to months after the initial injury. We report on a case of Page kidney occurring acutely after Grade IV blunt renal trauma in a pediatric patient with a solitary kidney following a tobogganing accident. The child was initially managed conservatively and discharged after six days bedrest. He re-presented post-injury Day 12 with recurrent hematuria, anemia, hypertension, and renal failure that required eventual, and successful, surgical exploration.
Do anxiety, stress, or depression have any impact on pain perception during shock wave lithotripsy?
Authors: Altok Muammer , Akpinar Abdullah , Güneş Mustafa , Umul Mehmet , Demirci Kadir , Baş Ercan
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The most important adverse effect during shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is pain perception. In this study, we evaluated the effect of anxiety, stress, and depression on pain perception during SWL.Methods: From November 2013 to December 2014, 189 consecutive patients undergoing SWL for kidney stones were evaluated prospectively. Patient characteristics (age, sex, body mass index [BMI], urologic intervention history, the presence of a double-j catheter, and stone-related parameters) were also recorded. Anxiety, stress, and depression states were assessed before the first procedure using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-42), which is a self-report scale. The degree of pain perception was evaluated with a 10-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at the end of the first SWL session.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in terms of VAS scores during SWL between patients with and without anxiety, stress, or depression (p >0.05). Furthermore, no statistically significant relationships were found between VAS scores and patient age, sex, side of the stone, presence of a double-j stent, number of stones, and SWL experience (p >0.05).Conclusions: According to our findings, anxiety, stress, or depression seemed to have no impact on pain perception during SWL.
Monitoring of droughts in municipalities of the Sertão Paraibano
Authors: De Farias André Aires , Salviano de Sousa Francisco de Assis , Bezerra Alves Telma Lucia , Silva Geovane da , De Oliveira Júlio Cézar
Published: May 2016

Drought is a natural phenomenon that affects all regions. There is great difficulty in getting a consensus to define the real meaning of the theme, this happens mainly be differences in hydrometeorological variables and socioeconomic factors as well as the stochastic nature of the demand for water. Despite the large number of researchers working with dried in the world, there is an information gap, especially in duration, water deficit, intensity and return period of droughts in Northeast Brazil. The research objective is to analyze the duration, water deficit, intensity and return period of droughts in the municipalities of Sertão Paraibano. They were used data of precipitates monthly totals for the period of 1994-2014  the municipalities of Cajazeiras, Catolé do Rocha, Patos, Pombal, São Bento and Sousa. The execution method was used in order to identify periods of droughts and assess their statistical properties. The municipality of Sousa had the highest number of droughts, eight in total, followed by Cajazeiras, Catolé do Rocha, São Bento (seven droughts), Patos and Pombal (six droughts). The longest occurred in Patos, starting in 1997 and ending in 2001, lasting five years. The more severe droughts in the municipalities occurred during 1997-1999, 2001-2003 and 2012-2014, that is, those who had longer duration, water deficit and intensity. The analysis of period of return of droughts most severe in the municipalities show very different values, with the longest occurring in Patos, during the drought of 1997-2001, where the likelihood of ocurred another drought of the same duration is every 89 years. Droughts with durations equal or superior this may occur in 67 years. Already the water deficit can be overcome in 33 years.
Temporal analysis of rainfall and vegetation index using satellite images in Pernambuco State
Authors: Dantas Milena
Published: May 2016

The development of this work aimed, analyze and interpret the temporal standards   of precipitation and NDVI in the Pernambuco state (Brazil). We used monthly average data of rainfall and NDVI obtained by Terra/MODIS satellite image, with spatial resolution of 1km, for the period from 2003 to 2013. We applied the Principal Components Factorial Analysis method to determine the variability seasonal standard variables. The results showed that the technique applied to the temporal analysis of precipitation explained 84.61% (CPs) of the data variance, and to NDVI the temporal analysis explained 90.21% (3 CPs). Altogether, we observed that the vegetation index is proportional to the amount of rain of the region and that the vegetation takes a while after the rainfall to develop
Temporal analysis of events of drought in the municipalities of Caraúbas and Monteiro - PB
Authors: De Farias André Aires , Salviano de Sousa Francisco de Assis , Bezerra Alves Telma Lucia , Aires Souza José Thyago
Published: May 2016

A seca é um prolongado período de déficit hídrico e ocorre quando um site recebe chuvas abaixo dos níveis normais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar as secas severas e extremas que ocorreram nos municípios de Caraúbas e Monteiro. Os dados de precipitação foram obtidos através da Agência Executiva de Gestão das Águas do Estado da Paraíba (AESA). Foram utilizados dados totais precipitados mensais no período de 1931-2014 para Caraúbas e Monteiro. Para monitorar as secas foi utilizado o Índice Padronizado de Precipitação. O site Caraúbas apresentados mais secas do que Monteiro Isto é explicado pelo fato de o Cariri Oriental a ser mais seco do que o ocidental. No total Caraúbas apresentou 35 secas (severa e extrema 32 3) e Monteiro 32 (5 extremas 27 grave e). Poderia também ser notado que em Caraúbas houve secas severas e extremas durante a década de 1930 e 2000. Já em Monteiro havia na década de 1940 e 1960. Em relação às quantidades de secas que ocorreram em Caraúbas, a ordem é a seguinte : 1950> 1970> 1980> 2010> 1990> 1940. Já Monteiro, 1980> 1930> 1950> 2010> 1990> 1970. As secas mais severas em Caraúbas foram os de 1952-1955, 2012-2014, 1998-1999 e 1979-1984. Monteiro mostrou maior gravidade em 1981-1984, 1998-2000 e 2012-2014. De acordo com estes dados concluímos que não houve mais secas na década de 2010 do que no ano anterior, a ocorrência de variações são normais para um fenômeno cíclico.
Palette of Problems
Authors: Rock David , Porter Mary K.
Published: May 2016

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Fractions: How to Fair Share
Authors: Wilson P. Holt , Edgington Cynthia P. , Nguyen Kenny H. , Pescosolido Ryan C. , Confrey Jere
Published: May 2016

Develop and strengthen students' rational number sense with problems that emphasize equipartitioning.
Nurturing Mathematical Reasoning
Authors: Thom Jennifer S.
Published: May 2016

Do students' physical actions and interactions precede sophisticated reasoning?
Impact de la politique d’aménagement sur la mobilité : Cas des éco-quartiers de Vauban et Rieselfeld à Fribourg
Authors: Imerzoukene Driad H. , Hamman P. , Freytag T.
Published: May 2016

Les pratiques de mobilité sont associées à différents facteurs, incluant l’environnement physique, la distance et les motifs de déplacement ou encore les caractéristiques sociodémographiques. À travers une enquête quantitative et comparative (2013) menée au sein des éco-quartiers de Vauban et Rieselfeld (Fribourg, Allemagne), nous analysons les comportements de mobilité des habitants et leurs motifs. L’étude s’articule autour des liens entre modes de déplacement et facteurs structurels environnementaux, et suggère que la disponibilité d’infrastructures de transport, de services et d’espaces verts accessibles à proximité du lieu de vie représente un facteur favorable à l’utilisation des « modes actifs ».
Recent Land Use Changes on an Urban Watershed in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: LeBlanc Mélanie , Fortin Guillaume
Published: May 2016

Changes in land use, which threaten ecosystems and habitats, have an impact on run-off and water quality on urban areas. Using a GIS program we have classified the land use of the Humphreys Brook watershed and quantified the changes that have occurred using landscape metrics. A rapid growth of the city emerges from our results. All land use types of urban nature have seen an increase in surface areas to the detriment of natural land uses. Moreover the landscape indices are showing signs of rectangularity, where humans have introduced straight edges, and other common processes of transformation to the landscape.
Why do cities get involved in climate governance? Insights from Canada and Italy
Authors: Scanu Emiliano , Cloutier Geneviève
Published: May 2016

Cities the world over are tackling climate change, even when their national governments are largely inactive in this area. Which factors trigger their implication? Through which kinds of policies do cities become engaged in this issue? Based on previous studies and on urban and multilevel governance theoretical frameworks, this article suggests some answers. An original analytical grid is developed and used to compare two cases in Canada and Italy. The results confirm that the way in which municipalities respond to climate change largely depends on their local and multilevel contexts, as well as on the potential benefits of climate action.
Architectures émergentes à El Alto (Bolivie): essai d’interprétation sociologique
Authors: Poupeau Franck
Published: May 2016

This article applies Bourdieu’s analysis of the formation of the “scholastic habitus” in medieval times, elaborated in his 1967 afterword to his French translation of Erwin Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (2005 [1967]), to a different historical case and social context, namely the correspondence between indigenous mental categories and architectural efflorescence in a city of the contemporary Andes: El Alto. This same principle of homology between mental categories and building layout (rooted in a common habitus) can be used to interpret one of the most spectacular characteristics of “emerging architectures” known as chalets in Bolivia. The term chalet designates a hybrid structure consisting of a penthouse and storey dwelling built on the rooftops. The chalets are architectural forms embedded within an economy of symbolic goods characterized by a “dual truth”: they are at once material and symbolic; they perform economic functions while at the same time seeking conspicuous exposure and public visibility. The hypothesis developed here is that the conspicuous lifestyle revealed by the construction of chalets on the rooftops can be understood by reference to the emerging social power of the indigenous (cholos) elites. This article thus identifies in the fraternities of El Alto the structural equivalent of the scholastic institution that Bourdieu associated with Gothic architecture, in order to reveal the formation of a specific habitus, shared among urban categories defined by similar residential locations, economic activities and forms of collective organization.
Anisotropic charge carrier transport in free-standing hexagonal boron nitride thin films
Authors: Dahal Rajendra , Ahmed Kawser , Wu Jia Woei , Weltz Adam , Lu James Jian-Qiang , Danon Yaron , Bhat Ishwara B.
Published: May 2016

The in-plane and out-of-plane mobility–lifetime products of electrons and holes in free-standing hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) films are extracted from current–voltage characteristics of metal–hBN–metal structures measured under external excitations. The in-plane mobility–lifetime products for electrons and holes are ∼2.8 × 10−5 and ∼4.85 × 10−6 cm2/V, measured from lateral carrier collection, whereas the out-of-plane mobility–lifetime products for electrons and holes are ∼5.8 × 10−8 and ∼6.1 × 10−9 cm2/V, measured from vertical carrier collection, respectively. The mobility–lifetime product is a few orders of magnitude higher along the plane than along the out of plane in hBN films.
Atmospheric vapor phase deposition of nanometer-thick anti-stiction fluoropolymer coatings for silicon surfaces
Authors: Itoh Shintaro , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Morita Hiroyuki , Fukuzawa Kenji , Zhang Hedong
Published: May 2016

Anti-stiction coatings for silicon surfaces are a key technology to prevent the failure of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) during operation and improve the forming accuracy in nanoimprint technology. In this study, we propose an atmospheric vapor phase deposition method to coat a silicon surface with fluoropolymers such as the perfluoropolyethers Fomblin Zdol 2000 and Zdol 4000. Thickness distributions, surface energies, coverages, and stiction forces for the deposited films were evaluated experimentally. The proposed method resulted in over 90% coverage with a film thickness of about 1 nm. The film thickness uniformity was around 0.1 nm over an area of 5 × 5 mm2. This coating effectively reduced the stiction forces by half compared with a bare silicon surface.
Origin of aromatase inhibitory activity via proteochemometric modeling
Authors: Simeon Saw , Spjuth Ola , Lapins Maris , Nabu Sunanta , Anuwongcharoen Nuttapat , Prachayasittikul Virapong , Wikberg Jarl E.S. , Nantasenamat Chanin
Published: May 2016

Aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgen to estrogen, plays an essential role in the development of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Side effects due to aromatase inhibitors (AIs) necessitate the pursuit of novel inhibitor candidates with high selectivity, lower toxicity and increased potency. Designing a novel therapeutic agent against aromatase could be achieved computationally by means of ligand-based and structure-based methods. For over a decade, we have utilized both approaches to design potential AIs for which quantitative structure–activity relationships and molecular docking were used to explore inhibitory mechanisms of AIs towards aromatase. However, such approaches do not consider the effects that aromatase variants have on different AIs. In this study, proteochemometrics modeling was applied to analyze the interaction space between AIs and aromatase variants as a function of their substructural and amino acid features. Good predictive performance was achieved, as rigorously verified by 10-fold cross-validation, external validation, leave-one-compound-out cross-validation, leave-one-protein-out cross-validation and Y-scrambling tests. The investigations presented herein provide important insights into the mechanisms of aromatase inhibitory activity that could aid in the design of novel potent AIs as breast cancer therapeutic agents.
Anisotropic tomography of the European lithospheric structure from surface wave studies
Authors: Nita Blanka , Maurya Satish , Montagner Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2016

We present continental‐scale seismic isotropic and anisotropic imaging of shear wave upper‐mantle structure of tectonically diversified terranes creating the European continent. Taking into account the 36–200 s period range of surface waves enables us to model the deep subcontinental structure at different vertical scale‐lengths down to 300 km. After very strict quality selection criteria, we have obtained phase wave speeds at different periods for fundamental Rayleigh and Love modes from about 9000 three‐component seismograms. Dispersion measurements are performed by using Fourier‐domain waveform inversion technique named “roller‐coaster‐type” algorithm. We used the reference model with a varying average crustal structure for each source‐station path. That procedure led to significant improvement of the quality and number of phase wave speed dispersion measurements compared to the common approach of using a reference model with one average crustal structure. Surface wave dispersion data are inverted at depth for retrieving isotropy and anisotropy parameters. The fast axis directions related to azimuthal anisotropy at different depths constitute a rich database for geodynamical interpretations. Shear wave anomalies of the horizontal dimension larger than 200 km are imaged in our models. They correlate with tectonic provinces of varying age‐provenance. Different anisotropy patterns are observed along the most distinctive feature on our maps–the bordering zone between the Palaeozoic and Precambrian Europe. We discuss the depth changes of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary along the profiles crossing the chosen tectonic units of different origin and age: Fennoscandia, East European Craton, Anatolia, Mediterranean subduction zones. Within the flat and stable cratonic lithosphere, we find traces of the midlithospheric discontinuity.
Radial diffusion of radiation belt particles in nondipolar magnetic fields
Authors: Cunningham Gregory S.
Published: May 2016

The fact that charged particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field can be redistributed along their radial distance from Earth due to drift‐resonant interactions with small‐amplitude waves has been known since early in the space age. Early theoretical efforts assumed that a dipole background magnetic field was modified by a time‐varying electromagnetic perturbation that changed the particle's distance from Earth while preserving the first two invariants of motion. The stochastic nature of the perturbation allowed the effect of the waves on the trapped particles to be represented by a Fokker‐Planck equation, which updates the phase space density in time via radial diffusion with diffusion coefficients that depend on the wave characteristics. In this paper, we extend those early theoretical efforts to define radial diffusion coefficients in arbitrary static background fields and define a numerical scheme for their evaluation. The background fields we consider are allowed to have significant deviations from a dipole field. Radial diffusion coefficients are computed using the new scheme for one of the empirical magnetic field models (T89) developed by Tsyganenko and coauthors as the background on top of which the perturbations are added. The new diffusion coefficients are shown to be substantially larger than those computed with a dipole background field model, especially at large radial distances and during geomagnetically active times, and it is suggested that outward radial diffusion may be a more substantial loss process for trapped electrons in the outer radiation belt than previously believed.
The life cycle of a coherent Lagrangian Agulhas ring
Authors: Wang Y. , Beron‐Vera F. J. , Olascoaga M. J.
Published: May 2016

We document the long‐term evolution of an Agulhas ring detected from satellite altimetry using a technique from nonlinear dynamical systems that enables objective (i.e., observer‐independent) eddy framing. Such objectively detected eddies have Lagrangian (material) boundaries that remain coherent (unfilamented) over the detection period. The ring preserves a quite compact material entity for a period of about 2 years even after most initial coherence is lost within 5 months after detection. We attribute this to the successive development of short‐term coherent material boundaries around the ring. These boundaries provide effective short‐term shielding for the ring, which prevents a large fraction of the ring's interior from being mixed with the ambient turbulent flow. We show that such coherence regain events cannot be inferred from Eulerian analysis. This process is terminated by a ring‐splitting event which marks the ring demise, near the South American coast. The genesis of the ring is characterized by a ring‐merging event away from the Agulhas retroflection, followed by a 4 month‐long partial coherence stage, scenario that is quite different than a current occlusion and subsequent eddy pinch off.
The seasonal variation of Tibetan Convective Systems: Satellite observation
Authors: Hu Liang , Deng Difei , Gao Shouting , Xu Xiangde
Published: May 2016

Based on International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Convection Tracking Database (CTD) data set, a new definition for the Tibetan Convective System (TCS) is introduced, in which the effects of cirrus and cirrostratus are excluded from the TCS over this region. 2032 TCSs are selected to study their seasonal variations in initiation, frequency, spatial distribution, life cycle, cloud physics, precipitation, and dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics. It is found that the number of TCSs varies seasonally, with the maximum in July and minimum in December. The 10%, 8%, 9%, and 73% TCSs are originated from Tibetan shear, vortex, low, and the rest, respectively. TCSs play an important role in the precipitation of the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions. Even in winter, the rainfall of TCS contributes up to 70% of the total precipitation over the central‐eastern Tibetan Plateau and 30%–70% over Sichuan basin and upper‐middle segment of Yangtze River basin. The seasonal changes of TCSs' cloud properties from ISCCP indicate that the strongest TCSs happen in summer and the weakest in winter, which are consistent with the seasonal variation of TCSs' rainfall observed by TRMM. Besides, TCSs show an asymmetric dynamic and thermodynamic distribution, especially in summer.
Resolution and domain‐size sensitivity in implicit large‐eddy simulation of the stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer
Authors: Pedersen Jesper G. , Malinowski Szymon P. , Grabowski Wojciech W.
Published: May 2016

As a complement to measurements, numerical modeling facilitates improved understanding of the complex turbulent processes in the stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer (STBL). Due to limited computational resources simulations are often run at too coarse resolutions to resolve details of cloud‐top turbulence and potentially in computational domains too small to account for the largest scales of boundary layer circulations. The effects of such deficiencies are not fully understood. Here the influence of resolution/anisotropy of the computational grid and domain size in under‐resolved implicit large‐eddy simulation of the STBL is investigated. The performed simulations are based on data from the first research flight of the DYCOMS‐II campaign. Regarding cloud cover and domain‐averaged liquid water path, simulations with horizontal/vertical grid spacing of 35/5 m, 70/10 m, and 105/15 m are found to agree better with measurements than more computationally expensive simulations with isotropic grid boxes, e.g., with 10/10 m or 15/15 m grid spacing. While decreasing the vertical grid spacing allows more representative simulation of the thin, turbulent, stably stratified interfacial layer between the STBL and the free troposphere, coarsening the horizontal resolution dampens vertical velocity fluctuations in this region and mimics the observed anisotropy of stably stratified small‐scale turbulence near the cloud top. The size of the computational domain is found to have almost no impact on mean cloud properties. However, increasing it from
to
does lead to the occurrence of larger coherent updraft structures. Increasing it further to
shows little or no increase in the updraft size.