bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular diseases, risk factors, and ulcer relapse in older adults with recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yao Hui , Deng Yiwen , Du Guanhuan , Wang Yufeng , Tang Guoyao
Published: March 2023

Objectives To test the hypothesis that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and risk factors are associated with ulcer relapse in after-retirement patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Subjects and Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the data of 40 minor RAS patients aged 55–75 years, admitted to Oral Medicine Clinic at one university hospital in China between 2016 and 2018. The diagnosis of minor RAS was made based on the history and manifestation of oral ulcers. The ulcer relapse was evaluated after a 5-week anti-inflammatory treatment, and the history of systemic diseases was collected. CVD/MR referred to the presence of any CVDs and metabolic CVD risks. Associations among CVDs, risk factors, and ulcer relapse were evaluated. Results The mean age of 40 patients with minor RAS was 62.4 years (SD 5.1), and 40% were men. The ulcer relapse rate was 37.5% (95% CI, 0.242–0.530). The proportion of CVD/MR was higher in the relapse group than in the no-relapse group after 5-week anti-inflammatory treatment (Fisher’s exact test,P = 0.041). Conclusions CVD/MR was associated with ulcer relapse after anti-inflammatory treatment. Clinical Relevance: Healthcare providers must counsel patients about CVDs plus metabolic CVD risks and provide timely intervention.
Multisynchronization of Delayed Fractional-Order Neural Networks via Average Impulsive Interval
Authors: WANG XUE , DING XIAOSHUAI , LI JIAN , CAO JINDE
Published: March 2023

This paper focuses on the multisynchronization problem of delayed fractional-order neural networks with uncertain parameters. Firstly, partition space method is used to determine that each subnetwork of fractional-order neural networks has Πnj =1 (Kj + 1) locally Mittag-Leffler stable periodic orbits or equilibrium points. Secondly, a universal impulsive controller based on average impulsive interval is proposed to impose on each node except the last one, then sufficient conditions for the dynamical and static multisynchronization of whole systems are given. In addition, it is also proved that the results are compatible for the integer-order networks. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the correctness of the theoretical results.
The Hippocampal Glutamate/GABA System is Affected by Aging but not by an Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Pathology in Rats
Authors: Burnyasheva Alena O. , Stefanova Natalia A. , Kolosova Nataliya G. , Telegina Darya V.
Published: March 2023

Glutamate and GABA are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the CNS and play a critical role in synaptic stability and plasticity. Glutamate and GABA homeostasis is important for healthy aging and for reducing the risk for various neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we analyzed age-dependent alterations of expression of glutamate, GABA, and enzymes that synthesize them (glutaminase, glutamine synthetase, GABA-T, and GAD67), transporters (GLAST, GLT1, and GAT1), and relevant receptors (GluA1, NMDAR1, NMDA2B, and GABAAr1) in the whole hippocampus of Wistar rats and of senescence-accelerated OXYS rats. The latter are considered a suitable model of the most common (sporadic) type of AD. Our results suggest that in the hippocampus, there is a significant decline of glutamate and GABA signaling with aging (in Wistar rats), but in OXYS rats, there are no significant changes or compensatory enhancements in this system within the hippocampus during the development of neurodegenerative processes that are characteristic of AD.
Temperature management in the ICU: A practical survey from China
Authors: Wang Chaofan , Liu Xinyan , Wang Qizhi , Bi Yang , Zhu Kehan , Yue Yanru , Wang Chunting , Song Xuan
Published: March 2023

Objectives
Temperature management is an important aspect of the treatment of critically ill patients. While body temperature is regularly recorded in ICUs, there is variation in measurement location and instrumentation. Additionally, there is currently no standardized temperature at which intervention becomes necessary, nor are there standards for which cooling method should be used.
Methods
A 20-question survey was used to gather information on temperature management strategies from ICUs across China. Data such as method and frequency of temperature measurement, management goals, cooling measures, and management recommendations were collected.
Results
A total of 425 questionnaires from unique ICUs were included in the study, with responses collected from all provinces and autonomous regions in China. Mercury thermometers were the most widely used measurement tool (82.39%), and the axilla was the most common measurement site (96.47%). There was considerable variability in the frequency of temperature measurement, the temperature at which intervention should begin, intervention duration, and temperature management goals. While there was no clearly preferred drug-based cooling method, the most widely used equipment-based cooling method was the ice blanket machine (93.18%). The most frequent recommendations for promoting temperature management were continuous monitoring and targeted management.
Conclusion
Our investigation revealed a high level of variability in the methods of temperature measurement and management among ICUs in China. Since fever is a common clinical symptom in critically ill patients and can lead to prolonged ICU stays, we propose that standardized guidelines are urgently needed for the management of body temperature in these patients.
Multi-Stage Intrusion Detection System aided by Grey Wolf optimization algorithm
Authors: Chatterjee Somnath , Shaw Vaibhav , Das Ranit
Published: March 2023

A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is frequently used for monitoring and detecting malicious activities in network traffic. A typical NIDS has four stages: a data source, data pre-processing, a decision-making technique, and a defense reaction. We have utilized both anomaly and signature based techniques to build a framework which is resilient to identifying both known and unknown attack. The incoming data packet is fed into the Stacked Autoencoder to identify whether it is a benign or malicious. If found to be malicious we extract the most relevant features from the network packet using Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm. Then these attribute are provided to RandomForest classifier to determine if this malign attack is present in our knowledge base. If it is present we progress to identify the attack type using LightGBM classifier. If not, we term it as zero-day attack. To evaluate the usability of the proposed framework we have assessed it using two publicly available datasets namely UNSW-NB15 and CIC-IDS-2017 dataset. We have obtained an accuracy of 90.94% and 99.67% on the datasets respectively.
Collective Motion Of Mutually Coupled Thomas Oscillators: Spatially Seperated Swirling Motion And Eddy Diffusion
Authors: Vijayan Vinesh , Ganguli Biplab
Published: March 2023

In this letter, we report a numerical study on the collective dynamics of two mutually coupled Thomas oscillators with linear/nonlinear coupling. Thomas system is a biologically motivated system with feedback circuits and extraordinary dynamical features that can lead to the design of novel materials. Our model calculations can explain the diffusion of interacting particles in a fluid for the specific choice of system parameters. In a fluid, frequent momentum transfer between particles keeps them moving with correlated time behaviour, and we treat it as a synchronization process. The linear diffusive coupling is equivalent to weak momentum transfer, leading to conventional dynamics and synchronization. The sinusoidal nonlinear coupling, or harmonic momentum transfer, produces exceptional dynamical features. The coupled system passes through an interval of transient chaos before it settles into a chaotic or limit cycle attractor. When the attractor is chaotic or an unstable transient attractor, the nature of synchronization is complete (directed motion). In contrast, it is either lag, anti-lag, or space lag for a limit cycle. In such situations, the diffusion is due to particles pedalling and eddy/swirling motion on top of translatory motion via transient chaos. Also, the trajectories of the two particles in the state space resemble the chiral phenomenon.
Wake slow waves in focal human epilepsy impact network activity and cognition
Authors: Sheybani Laurent , Vivekananda Umesh , Rodionov Roman , Diehl Beate , Chowdhury Fahmida , McEvoy Andrew , Miserocchi Anna , Bisby James , Bush Daniel , Burgess Neil , Walker Matthew
Published: March 2023

Slow waves of neuronal activity are a fundamental component of sleep that are proposed to have homeostatic and restorative functions. Despite this, their interaction with pathology is unclear and there is only indirect evidence of their presence during wakefulness. Using intracortical recordings from the temporal lobe of 25 patients with epilepsy, we demonstrate the existence of local wake slow waves (LoWS) with key features of sleep slow waves, including the down-state of neuronal firing. LoWS were distinct from slow waves recorded in people without epilepsy and showed evidence of adaptation during periods of increased normal (cognitive task) and abnormal (interictal epileptiform discharges, IEDs) activity. Importantly, we also provide evidence that LoWS reduce increases in network excitability during IEDs but are associated with poorer memory. We therefore propose an “epilepsy homeostasis hypothesis”: that slow waves are activated in epilepsy to reduce aberrant activity at the price of transient cognitive impairment.
Effectiveness of vaccination of feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Authors: Morter R. L. , Amstutz H. E.
Published: March 2023

In 1984, 96 calves of approximately 500 pounds body weight were kept in a feedlot in 6 pens (16 calves/pen). 48 of the calves in 3 pens were vaccinated with an attenuated BRSV vaccine. At the start of the trial 62% calves in the vaccination treatment group and 50% in the non-vaccinated group were seropositive to BRSV and at the end of the trial 92% of calves in both groups were seropositive. In 1985 the experiment was repeated with a similar group of calves. 50% and 23% calves respectively were seropositive at the start of the trial and 92% and 75% were seropositive respectively at the end of the trial. The average daily weight gain of the vaccinated cattle was 12% greater than the non-vaccinated cattle during the 32 day trial in 1984 and 74% greater during the 28 day trial in 1985. In both trials the pounds of feed consumed per pound of weight gained was higher in the non-vaccinated cattle. The incidence of cattle with respiratory diseases requiring treatment was 33% in the vaccinated groups in both years and 44% and 46% in the non-vaccinated groups in 1984 and 1985.
Practical look at environmental mastitis
Authors: Smith K. Larry
Published: March 2023

General characteristics of each of 2 main groups of environmental mastitis pathogens, namely coliforms and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, are described under the following headings: detection by culture of milk; diagnosis of intramammary infection (IMI); rate of IMI; duration of IMI; prevalence of IMI; herd monitoring methods; clinical symptoms; and antibiotics. The relationship between these pathogens and the environment, and methods of controlling mastitis through measures such as decreasing the exposure of teat ends to pathogens, supplementation of the diet with vitamin E and Se, and management of the environment, are discussed.
Osteopetrosis in cattle
Authors: Leipold H. W. , Dennis S. M. , Schalles R.
Published: March 2023

Osteopetrosis, a generalized defect of the skeletal system has been reported in U.S. and Canadian Angus calves more recently in Hereford calves, a Simmental calf in Kansas, a Simmental calf in Holland, and a Dutch Friesian calf in Holland.

The pathology and genetic data of osteopetrosis in Angus and Hereford calves are reported here.
Clinical management of diarrhea in calves
Authors: Radostits O. M.
Published: March 2023

The clinical management of diarrhea in calves is discussed with some emphasis on the necessity for fluid therapy given both orally and parenterally. The feeding, care and clinical management of newborn calves bom and raised on the same farm or those purchased from many outside sources are discussed with the aim of reducing disease of the calf, especially enteric diseases, to a minimum.
Dairy herd health program method
Authors: Blood Douglas C.
Published: March 2023

The detailed workings of a 5-step dairy herd health programme are presented with reference to one University of Melbourne farm. Examples of management questionnaires, and recommendations for layout of monthly and annual reports are given. It is stressed that this programme is only provisional but that it is practical.
Lymphosarcoma (leukemia) of cattle
Authors: Olson Carl , Baumgartener Lois E.
Published: March 2023

This review covers the extent of bovine leukaemia in various countries and its control. Serological tests for bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and their application are outlined. It has been shown that BLV infection is more widespread in dairy cattle than in beef cattle. The potential hazard of BLV to man is also briefly considered with particular reference to its possible transmission via milk. It has been demonstrated that BLV added to cows' milk is destroyed by commercial pasteurization conditions of 74 deg C for 16 s.
Significance of bovine coccidiosis as a disease in the United States
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul R.
Published: March 2023

Inquiries, by personal interviews, were conducted with 165 veterinarians, 14 feedlot operators, 33 cow-calf producers and 12 dairy producers throughout the United States to determine the imporance of bovine coccidiosis.
Lameness in cattle
Authors: Nesbitt G. H. , Amstutz H. E. , Lewis R. E.
Published: March 2023

Of 102 animals studied, 60 were males and 42 females. The frequencies of involvement of various parts were: foreleg, 31; hind leg, 67; digits or fetlock joint, 35; distal limb (metatarsal, metacarpal, carpus or tarsus), 28; proximal aspect of the limb including pelvis, 31; and general leg involvement, 8. Radiographic abnormalities were noted in 87 cases. The primary diagnosis included septic arthritis (30), fractures (19) and degenerative joint diseases (19). The prognosis of interphalangeal septic arthritis treated by amputation of the phalanx was favourable in all cases. For septic arthritis involving other joints the prognosis was guarded. For long fractures of the distal limb treated by casting the prognosis was favourable but guarded for proximal limb fractures. An unfavourable prognosis was given for all cases of osteoarthritis.
Research on the familial occurrence of leftside displacement of the abomasum in cattle
Authors: Stober M. , Wegner W. , Lunebrink J.
Published: March 2023

Analysis of the male ancestry of 104 German Friesian cows with left-side displacement of the abomasum and of 104 comparable control cows revealed that the former were significantly more closely related to each other than the latter. It is concluded that there is a genetically linked predisposition for this condition, which increases with the degree of relationship. Other factors may play a role in the pathogenesis.
Analysis of Bulk Tank Milk to Determine the Bacterial Flora of the Mammary Gland of Lactating Cows in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Farnsworgh R. J. , Johnson D. W. , Anderson J. F. , Wheelock Margaret , Johnson A. J.
Published: March 2023

Milk samples (5-10 ml) were collected from bulk tanks from 5 dairy herds on 5 consecutive days. Samples were stored frozen and composite samples prepared for each herd for measurement of total bacterial counts. Streptococcus agalactiae, streptococci other than S. agalactiae, pathogenic staphylococci, non-pathogenic staphylococci and coliforms using blood agar, TKT-ferric citrate, tellurite glycine and MacConkey media. Plates were incubated at 37 deg C for 18-24 h, and counts made on plates with 30-300 colonies present. Details of analyses of milk from the 5 herds are given and the results discussed in terms of milk and detection of major pathogens present. The method is recommended for herd evaluation and as an indication of further tests that need to be made.
Water Buffalo
Authors: Cockrill W. Ross
Published: March 2023

The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a neglected bovine animal with a notable and so far unexploited potential, especially for meat and milk production. World buffalo stocks, which at present total 150 million in some 40 countries, are increasing steadily.

 It is important that national stocks should be upgraded by selective breeding allied to improved management and nutrition but, from the standpoint of increased production and the full realization of potential, it is equally important that crossbreeding should be carried out extensively especially in association with schemes to increase and improve buffalo meat production.

Meat from buffaloes which are reared and fed for early slaughter is of excellent quality. Because the buffalo is a superb converter, meat can be produced at lower cost than with cattle and without the need for expensive fodders and concentrates.

There is growing interest, in both the advanced and the developing countries, in the full exploitation of the domestic water buffalo, as is shown by the expanding international trade in breeding stock and the establishment of many new herds in countries where the buffalo is a newcomer. The upsurge of international interest and activity is not yet shared by the United States, though the future for this attractive, tractable, and productive animal is one of undoubted and outstanding promise.
Use of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of parturient hypocalcemia in dairy cows
Authors: Hoffsis Glen F. , Capen Charles C. , Norman Anthony W.
Published: March 2023

The administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHC) either i/m or i/v, to adult, non-pregnant cows resulted in a rapid and persistent dose-dependent increase in serum calcium and phosphorus, and a decrease in serum magnesium. Similar doses of 1 alpha -hydroxycholecalciferol in the same animals were much less effective in increasing the serum calcium and phosphorus levels. The administration of 600 mu g DHC 24 or more hours before expected parturition prevented the rapid decline of serum calcium and phosphorus anticipated in pregnant cows with a previous history of parturient paresis. The treatment was not effective when given 8-18 hours before parturition. In one animal given one dose of 600 mu g DHC and six doses of 270 mu g over a 22 day period before parturition, no evidence of mineralization in the kidney, heart, pulmonary artery, aorta or other soft tissues, was seen at PM, as reported after long-term administration of parent vitamin D.
Treatment and prophylaxis of bovine parturient paresis (milk fever)
Authors: Sachs M. , Hurwitz S. , Bar A.
Published: March 2023

In normal, non-pregnant dairy cows i/v injection of calcium hypophosphite raised the serum level of calcium, but scarcely affected the level of phosphorus. The administration of calcium borogluconate resulted in only slight changes in serum phosphorus, but a dose-related increase in phosphorus occurred after injection of calcium glycerophosphate. The usefulness of such an increase in phosphorus in paretic cows is questionable. In most clinical cases of parturient paresis studied, calcium administration by any route is effective. The prophylactic use of i/v injections of 1 alpha -hydroxycholecalciferol at 72 hour intervals before expected parturition is very effective.
Twenty years of experience with dairy herd health in Ontario
Authors: Cote J. F.
Published: March 2023

Education of the client is an essential part of a herd health program. As a client becomes more knowledgeable he does a better job of health management and at the same time he becomes more understanding of the problems of the veterinarian and is a more co-operative person to deal with. In our practive we have had periodic educational meetings with our herd health clients since 1962. We have covered all aspects of dairy cattle health including nutrition during that time. At present we are updating our clients’ information with repeat lectures on neonatal disease, reproductive problems, etc. We also co-operate with the breed associations, breeding units, Ministry of Agriculture, and milk producer groups, by participating in continuing education programs which they offer their members. Practioners engaged in herd health work must also keep updated.
Dissemination of foot-and-mouth disease virus through animal products
Authors: Callis J. J. , Mckercher P. D.
Published: March 2023

In summary, any and all products from animals infected with FMD may be possible sources of the virus and a means whereby the disease can be transported from one country to another. Some animal products may be imported; however, the procedures which are followed must be exacting, based on sound knowledge about the product and closely controlled. One means of handling these materials is to permit their entry only under special conditions which provide for transport, quarantine, and processing, all of which must be under official supervision and which must be done in such a way to assure that the processing inactivates the virus and that the virus does not escape by way of a byproduct of the manufacturing process.
Comparative clinical pharmacology of gentamicin and tobramycin in neonatal calves
Authors: Ziv G. , Storper M. , Wanner M. , Nicolet J.
Published: March 2023

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of gentamicin, and a closely related aminoglycoside--tobramycin, for gram-negative bacteria isolated from cattle (326 strains of E. coli, 240 Salmonella sp., 17 Klebsiella, 6 Aerobacter aerogenes, 32 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was 0.25 mu g/ml for at least 75% of the strains tested and 2.0 mu g/ml for more than 95% of the isolates. Intramuscular injection of gentamicin at 1.5 mg/kg/day and 3.0 mg/kg/day for three days did not alter normal renal function. Neither antibiotic was bound to serum proteins. When administered at 1.5 mg/kg, both antibiotics produced serum levels in excess of the MIC during 10 hours and after the 3.0 mg/kg dose was injected effective blood levels were maintained during 12 hours. Gentamicin blood levels were rather erratic and unpredictable in the majority of animals treated. This behaviour was not observed with tobramycin.
Review of the problems associated with stray voltage in dairy herds
Authors: Zdrojewski Juliane , Davidson Jeffery N.
Published: March 2023

The physical basis for the establishment of unwanted electrical potential differences was reviewed. Scarcity of adequate case reports precluded broad inferences concerning the problems associated with various types of stray voltage. Cases were cited of imposed, induced, DC, and neutral-to-earth AC voltage problems. Diagnostic techniques were described.
Bluetongue in cattle
Authors: Liendo Guillermo , Castro Anthony E.
Published: March 2023

In certain cattle herds infected with bluetongue virus (BTV) and located in Oklahoma, abortions and developmental anomalies have been observed. Arthrogryposis, scoliosis and kyphosis were present in newborn and fetal calves from several bluetongue-infected cattle. Bluetongue virus was isolated from bone marrow and washed red blood cells from several of these fetuses. Bluetongue serotypes 13 and 17 were identified by serum-virus neutralization from these affected herds. Field isolates of BTV were adapted to cell cultures following isolation in embryonating chicken eggs. Bluetongue virus was highly membrane-associated, which added to the complexity in isolation attempts. However, increased yield of BTV in cell cultures was obtained by continuous gentle rocking during adsorption of virus in cellular monolayers. Serological data obtained from cattle during a 3-year period from July 1, 1978 to June 30, 1981 by complement fixation (CF) and agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests indicated an infection rate of 68% (1117 of 1629 samples positive) by CF from July 1, 1978 to June 30, 1980 and 49.5% (422 of 852 samples positive) by CF and AGID from July 1, 1980 to June 30, 1981. Recommendations for handling cattle infected by BTV are also presented.
Bovine fascioliasis
Authors: Malone J. B. , Loyacano A. , Armstrong D. A. , Archbald L. F.
Published: March 2023

In the United States, Fasciola hepatica is found primarily in Gulf Coast and western states with evidence of increasing prevalence associated with irrigated pastures. Direct loss from the condemnation of livers in 1981 was $7.2 million. Losses from lowered weight gain in subclinical infections were not estimated. Epidemiological studies in Louisiana revealed that most transmission to cattle occurred in the spring and early summer. Annual variation in the number of flukes transmitted was correlated with climatic variables determining the number of snail intermediate hosts available for infection. Herd prevalence and sentinel calf data suggest that annual autumnal treatment with albendazole was effective for sustained reduction of fluke burdens in low risk years, but at least two treatments are required in high risk years. Feedlot studies indicate that albendazole treatment may improve average daily gain and feed efficiency in infected feeder calves. Beef herd performance was improved by treatment directed at reducing loss of cow condition during winter. Further studies to develop more cost effective strategic control measures are recommended.
The effect of disinfectants on the density of coliforms in sawdust bedding
Authors: Bashandy E. Y. , Heider L. E.
Published: March 2023

Sawdust bedding in pens housing 6 cows was treated twice at an interval of 7 days with orthophenylphenol (1 gal/600 ft2 of a 1:128 dilution on day 1 and 3 gal/600 ft2 of a 1:3 dilution on day 8), slaked lime (8 lb/100 ft2), or paraformaldehyde (14.5 g/yd2 as a 5% suspension). Bedding samples were examined on days 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12 and 15 for total bacterial counts (TBC) and coliform counts. Teat swabs collected on the same days were examined for coliforms. TBC, coliform counts and moisture content were all reduced in bedding treated with slaked lime or paraformaldehyde. All three treatments increased the pH of the bedding. Coliform contamination of teat ends was reduced by slaked lime and paraformaldehyde treatments. Slaked lime is preferred because of ease of application and it is less likely to injure cattle or workers.
TI/59 program based on somatic cell counts for estimating subclinical mastitis loss
Authors: Kirk J. H.
Published: March 2023

A computer program for estimating the cost of milk losses due to bovine mastitis utilizes the somatic cell counts of individual cows in a programmable calculator. The program estimates the milk loss from the actual distribution of somatic cell counts in the herd and compares this with a projected distribution of 0-3 units in 90%, 4-7 units in 9%, and 8-15 units in 1% of cows.
Differential diagnosis of the right sided "ping"
Authors: Hull B. L.
Published: March 2023

When an auscultable “ping” is discovered on the right side of a bovine animal during physical examination, extreme care must be taken in evaluating its significance. Although the “ping” should be considered abnormal, it is not always an indication of a surgical condition. Conversely, it may be a life threatening condition requiring immediate surgical intervention.

The usual causes of a right sided “ping” are: 1) right displacement of the abomasum, 2) abomasal torsion, 3) cecal torsion, 4) gas in the abdominal cavity, 5) duodenal gas, and 6) colonic gas. Of these, the first three are generally considered surgical diseases and the last 3 are generally medical conditions.
Left abomasal displacement in calves
Authors: Dirksen G.
Published: March 2023

An English translation of a German paper in Tierarztliche Umschau (1981) 36 (10) 674-680 [see VB 52, abst. 1219].
Udder edema of Jersey cattle affected with rectovaginal constriction
Authors: Al-Ani F. K. , Vestweber J. G. E. , Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

Ten Jersey cows affected with rectovaginal constriction (RVC), which developed udder oedema near calving, were studied. One normal Jersey and 3 normal Holsteins served as controls. Before euthanasia the animals underwent daily clinical examination, with special emphasis on the size of the foramen in the rectus abdominis muscle (milk wells). The permeability of the mammary blood vessels was studied by giving one gram of 1% solution Evans blue i/v and examining changes in the colour of the milk and also of interstitial fluid collected by stab incisions. After euthanasia, the entire udder, milk veins, milk wells, subcutaneous tissues and muscles covering the abdomen were removed intact, except in two cows where udder vascular systems were studied by latex infusion. Fifteen minutes after Evans blue injection, the colour of the milk and interstitial fluid were whitish blue and yellowish blue respectively. Oedema involved the entire udder but was more pronounced ventrally. Microscopically there was excessive fluid infiltration between the muscle fibres of the subcutaneous tissues, in the interlobular and interalveolar interstitial spaces of the udder parenchyma, and in the supramammary lymph nodes. The latex studies showed that both milk veins were demarcated by ring-shaped depression of constrictions at the entrance of the milk wells. The studies with Evans blue demonstrated an increase in udder vascular filtration of fluid and protein, possibly due to enlargement or stretching of capillary pores. The latex studies suggested that the milk wells may be a restrictive point for venous blood flow from the udder. Udder oedema may be associated with RVC in Jersey cows.
Diagnosis of disease of the bovine liver
Authors: Pinsent P. J. N.
Published: March 2023

But, again, it must be stressed that the farmer will, by and large, no longer tolerate expensive laboratory and diagnostic procedures on any but the most valuable individual cows.

So what is the formula for successful diagnosis of liver disease?

As far as the writer is concerned there is one rigid rule. Just as one must never examine a cow without checking the udder, so one must never examine a cow, particularly a dairy cow, without considering the liver.
Antibody responses of heifers vaccinated with reduced doses of Brucella abortus strain 19
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Buening Gerald M. , Espe Brian H. , Smith Robert A.
Published: March 2023

Serum samples were obtained over a six month period from heifers that were either vaccinated with Brucella abortus Strain 19 at one of two reduced doses (109 or 1010 CFU) or not vaccinated. Reactor status was determined by 5 standard tests as well as the hemolysis in gel test (HIGT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). With the standard tests, 50% of the low dose vaccinates and 68% of the higher dose vaccinates were serologically positive 1 month after vaccination. Six months after vaccination, only 8% of the low dose vaccinates and 27% of the higher dose vaccinates were serologically positive by at least one standard test. HIGT failed to detect any cattle as serologic reactors. All cattle were seronegative by ELISA by 5 months after vaccination.
Nocardia mastitis
Authors: Sears Philip M.
Published: March 2023

Mastitis caused by N. asteroides may range from subclinical infection to severe acute infection with a 5-10% mortality rate. Milk samples from 18 dairy herds in Mississippi revealed Nocardia in 35 cows (1.3%) in ten of the herds. All 35 infected cows had single quarter infections. Of 293 quarters with clinical mastitis 4% yielded Nocardia. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests on 17 isolates showed erythromycin and miconazole to be active against all isolates, and neomycin against 13. Treatment with erythromycin, novobiocin and ampicillin for extended periods of 1-2 weeks during the lactating period reduced clinical signs but did not eliminate the infection. Cloxacillin and novobiocin did not eliminate infections in dry cows. Introduction of the organism into the udder is considered to be due to contamination during mastitis therapy. The prevalence of single quarter infections supports this view. Laboratories may miss nocardial infections if whole herds are not sampled or if cultures are not maintained for 72-96 hours.
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and acute respiratory distress syndrome in cattle
Authors: Frey Merwin L.
Published: March 2023

This information is presented here to encourage continued and more enlightened clinical observation and history-taking, which will permit still more accurate speculation on the various pathogenetic mechanisms involved in producing RSV-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

The differences between human and bovine origin strains of RSV appear to be minor - probably no greater than with PI-3 strains from the respective species. Herein distinction is seldom made between bovine RSV (BRSV) and human RSV (HRSV), and any described experimental infections in those two host species were done using species-homologous strains.
Right horn-left horn pregnancy diagnosis as a means of evaluating A.I. Technique
Authors: Darlington Robert L.
Published: March 2023

In a study conducted in Washington state involving 2,800 first-service inseminations of four large Holstein dairies, it was reported that the two largest reasons for nonconception to first-service were 1) variability between inseminators and 2) variability between bulls.

Within a particular dairy, variation between and among bulls can be evaluated using conception data provided by A.I. studs with the herds’ DHIA records. So, we are left with a need to evaluate the inseminator/ technician on an ongoing- basis. Every inseminator on the farm should be evaluated whether it be a herdsman, owner, or profesisonal inseminator.
Clinical cold stress in calves
Authors: Anderson John F. , Bates Donald W.
Published: March 2023

Severe weather related stress in young dairy calves is often unrecognized. If the calf is born in a cold, wet environment and is not dried immediately following birth, susceptibility to hypothermia is markedly increased. A negative energy balance (hypothermia) develops as a result of the calf's thin haircoat, heat loss due to evaporation, the small amount of subcutaneous fat and incomplete development of body temperature control mechanisms. Physiological deterioration occurs rapidly under these conditions.
Economic importance of digital diseases in cattle
Authors: Weaver A. David
Published: March 2023

Lameness in dairy cows is undoubtedly an important cause of economic loss to the milk industry, ranking third or fourth after mastitis, infertility, and possibly metabolic diseases. Information on losses in young cattle and beef stock due to lameness is very scanty, and this paper is only concerned with adult dairy cattle, and primarily the cow rather than the bull. Of course lameness due to infectious systemic diseases, a prime example being Foot and Mouth disease, causes severe weight loss due to discomfort, pain and the development of secondary infection where, in countries without a slaughter policy, affected cattle are permitted to survive and probably to make a partial recovery. But I must exclude infectious systemic diseases and consider only primary digital diseases.

The importance of economic loss due to digital diseases is difficult to quantify with any precision. One requires to know a) the proportion of the population at risk which is affected; b) the different ways in which economic loss may arise; c) the average financial'loss due to each of the factors (b above) in an individual dairy cow which is lame.
Bovine gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Smith Donald F.
Published: March 2023

There is an oft quoted premise that cattle are more resistant to surgical infection than horses. It is my firm belief based on observation of abdominal surgery in both species, that this statement has no merit. In fact, the belief of this concept may be dangerous, because it may give the erroneous impression that one can achieve consistently favorable results regardless of the quality of surgical technique used. Two statements need to be remembered. First, the healthy peritoneum, regardless of species, is very forgiving. Second, surgical infections in cattle whether in the form of peritonitis or body wall infections, can be serious and fatal.
Medical design for a total animal health care system
Authors: Anderson John F. , Bates Donald W.
Published: March 2023

The design of calf hutches which are exposed to environmental temperatures, and provide the animal with semi-isolation, and hence reduction of exposure to infectious diseases, is discussed with illustration of the construction details. Two weeks after weaning calves are put in groups of 8 into a hutch consisting of a 12 × 9 ft semi-portable unit built on skids, with a frame construction, covered with plywood and a shed roof. A restraint unit is also built into the design for processing procedures and safe, efficient handling of the animals. Calves of 4-5 months are transferred to a larger heifer/dry cow facility with natural ventilation and slatted floors. Exhaust air is conducted through an unobstructed open ridge in the 'stack effect'; this system reduces aerosol transmission between pens. Aspects of building design that enhance disease control methods are emphasized.
Neonatal immunity in cattle
Authors: Duhamel G. E. , Osburn B. I.
Published: March 2023

Neonatal mortality associated with infection by a variety of pathogens is a major problem in the cattle industry. The increased susceptibility of the newborn calf to disease is primarily associated with its immunologic status at birth. Management practices before and at the time of parturition represent major determinants in the survival capacity of the newborn ruminant. This article will review some of the main characteristics of the immune system of the newborn calf as well as possible strategies that are available for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Bluetongue
Authors: Luedke Albert J. , Jones Robert H.
Published: March 2023

Bluetongue (BT) is an important virus infection of cattle even though it is clinically expressed in only 5 to 10% of the infected cattle. There are a few bovine practitioners in areas of low BT prevalence who believe this disease is essentially exotic in the United States (US). Other practitioners have had personal experience with the disease and believe it is a “sleeping giant” that causes severe reproductive problems in their clients’ herds. Thus, discussion of the disease evokes a wide spectrum of views and attitudes, possibly more than any other infectious disease of cattle. The infection has been referred to as “a political disease,” “a pain in the neck,” “a mystery,” “a riddle” and recently, “a bigger threat than you think.” In the World Animal Review article a preceeding editorial comment stated that “bluetongue is one of the diseases that, for many countries, ranks high in the list of exotic diseases that need to be controlled, and that prompted the convening of the FAO Expert Consultation on Emergency Disease Control.” Most bovine practitioners’ experience with BT is related to serology and the certification of cattle free of the infection. Some practitioners have had direct experience with the devastating consequences of infection that include “abortion storms,” infertility stillborns, and various fetal anomalies and dysfunctions. In this report, the authors will attempt to dispel some of the confusion about BT by discussing diagnostics, the perpetuation of BT virus (BTV) and the health problems that infection produces in cattle.
Occurrence of Hypotrichosis in Polled Hereford Cattle
Authors: Olson T. A. , Hargrove D. D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

Six cases of hypotrichosis were observed in a herd of Polled Hereford cattle. Five were in calves born in the herd in the 1984 and 1985 calving seasons and the sixth was a mature cow that had been purchased. Both male and female calves were affected by the condition characterized by curly hair over all or parts of the body, a deficiency of hair in the switch, and hair loss on the poll, brisket, neck, and legs of some affected animals. Some affected calves were a much lighter than normal colour at birth. Hair follicles were characterized by abnormally large trichohyalin granules. Five of the six affected animals were from sires and dams that both descended from a common sire. The sire of the sixth affected animal also descended from the same common sire.
Estimating statistical power for detecting long term trends in surface water Escherichia coli concentrations
Authors: Schramm Michael Paul
Published: March 2023

Water quality monitoring programs commonly use the Mann-Kendall test or linear regression to identify statistically significant monotonic trends in fecal indicator bacteria concentrations (typically Escherichia coli [E. coli]). The statistical power of these tests to detect trends of different magnitudes (effect size) is rarely communicated to stakeholders, and it is unlikely they are considered when designing monitoring schedules. The statistical power for detecting trends in surface water E. coli bacteria concentrations using Mann-Kendall and linear regression at water quality monitoring sites across Texas was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The probability that an individual water quality monitoring site in Texas had adequate statistical power was also estimated using logistic regression.Mann-Kendall and linear regression trend tests show similar statistical power. Both tests are unlikely to achieve adequate statistical power when E. coli concentrations decrease by 20% or less over 7 years under most sampling frequencies. To adequately detect concentration decreases of 30% to 40% over 7 years, monthly sampling is required. Because many sites across Texas are sampled quarterly, monotonic trends tests will not be powerful enough to detect trends of moderate magnitudes. To better facilitate stakeholder decision-making, it is important to communicate the relative power of statistical tests and detectible magnitudes of changes. I suggest data analysts conduct power analyses to improve monitoring program designs and improve communication of trend test limitations. Software and training for water quality analysts could facilitate communication of power and effect sizes. Alternative trend assessment methods may be more reliable for describing changes in fecal indicator bacteria concentrations.
Desalination and Long-Haul Water Transfer as a Water Supply for Dallas, Texas: A Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus in Texas
Authors: Stillwell Ashlynn S. , King Carey W. , Webber Michael E.
Published: March 2023

As existing water supplies become increasingly strained in some locations, water planners turn to alternative options to quench cities’ thirst. Among these options for inland cities is desalination of seawater or brackish groundwater with long-haul water transfer. Desalination using reverse osmosis membranes is the most common technology in use, yet high pressures required for operation make desalination an energy-intensive water supply option. The subsequent conveyance of desalinated water through long-haul pipelines also requires large amounts of energy. To analyze desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply, Dallas, Texas, was chosen as a test-bed with two scenarios: seawater desalination near Houston and brackish groundwater desalination near Abilene, both with long-haul transfer of desalinated water to Dallas. Combining the energy requirements for long-distance pumping with the energy demands for desalination, we estimate that desalination and long-haul transfer is nine to 23 times more energy-intensive per unit of water than conventional treatment of local surface water sources, an increase of 230 to 630 MWh/d for 20 million gal (75,700 m3). These results suggest that desalination and long-haul transfer as a water supply for Dallas is less sustainable, based on energy consumption, than use of local surface water sources or water conservation.
Citation: Stillwell AS, King CW, Webber ME. 2010. Desalination and long-haul water transfer as a water supply for Dallas, Texas: A case study of the energy-water nexus in Texas. Texas Water Journal. 1(1)33-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v1i1.1042.
Statistical relations of precipitation and stream runoff for El Niño and La Niña periods, Texas Hill Country
Authors: Slade Jr. Raymond M. , Chow T. Edwin
Published: March 2023

The Texas Hill Country is threatened by devastating long-duration droughts and short-duration floods, either of which can occur at any time. In Central Texas, El Niño and La Niña conditions each occur about one-quarter of the time. Long-term precipitation data for the area reveal that greater rainfall generally occurs during La Niña periods for summer months but greater rainfall typically occurs during El Niño periods for other months. Annual streamflow peaks cannot be attributed to El Niño or La Niña conditions, but typically occur during the hurricane season (June through November), especially for the largest peaks. Additionally, El Niño period runoff volumes exceed those during La Niña at all runoff-gaged streams in the area. For the streams in the northern part of the Hill Country, El Niño period runoff only slightly exceeds La Niña period runoff. However, for the streams in the southern part of the area, El Niño period runoff greatly exceeds La Niña period runoff.
Citation: RM Slade, TE Chow. 2011. Statistical relations of precipitation and stream runoff for El Niño and La Niña periods, Texas Hill Country. Texas Water Journal. 2(1):1-22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v2i1.3665.
Reservoir/River System Management Models
Authors: Wurbs Ralph A.
Published: March 2023

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Texas Water Development Board, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, river authorities, regional planning groups, consulting firms, and university researchers model the development, control, allocation, and management of major river systems in Texas in support of a variety of water resources planning and management activities. This paper presents a comparative review of river/reservoir system modeling capabilities that integrates the Texas experience with nationwide endeavors to develop and implement generalized models. The enormous published literature on reservoir/river system models is complex. This state-of-the-art assessment begins with a broad general review of the massive literature and then focuses on generalized modeling systems that have been extensively applied by water management agencies in a broad spectrum of decision-support situations in Texas and elsewhere. Several modeling systems are suggested as being representative of the state-of-the-art from a practical applications perspective. Modeling capabilities are explored from the perspectives of types of applications, computational methods, model development environments, auxiliary analyses, and institutional support. The paper highlights advances in modeling complex river/reservoir system management issues that are significantly contributing to actual practical improvements in water management.
Citation: Wurbs RA. 2012. Reservoir/River System Management Models. Texas Water Journal. 3(1):26-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v3i1.1066.