bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actual circumstances of treatment and nursing care for cancer patients in disaster situations: A survey of nurses who experienced the Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake
Authors: ARAO Harue , NUMATA Yasuko , KAWASAKI Yuko , MAKINO Sachiko , KOBAYASHI Tamami , SAKASHITA Reiko , UCHINUNO Atsuko
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The purpose of the study was to identify the actual circumstances of treatment and nursing care for cancer patients during a time of disaster.

Methods:  The study subjects were 17 nurses working in eight institutions who engaged in nursing activities for cancer patients in the wake of the 1995 Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake at hospitals located in and around the stricken areas. The data were collected through focus group interviews and were analyzed by inductive and qualitative methods to categorize needs. The results were compared with the data categorized by Knowledgeocean, a text‐mining tool for analyzing unstructured text in order to examine data validity.

Results:  The actual circumstances of the treatment and nursing care of cancer patients in disaster situations were divided into three major categories and 10 subcategories. The major categories were: “difficulty in keeping track of patients” undergoing outpatient treatment, “adjustment in treatment” in an effort to continue various therapies for cancer treatment, and “care for patients and their families before and after the last moment” in the case of terminally ill patients.

Conclusions:  The results suggest that the following issues should be addressed in the future: the need for an information management system for the resumption of interrupted treatment and the transportation of patients, the need for enhancing the self‐care ability of cancer patients in ordinary situations so that they can be more self‐sufficient in disaster situations, and the need for the creation of a suitable location for dying patients and their families and the development of grief care strategies in disaster situations.
Sexual Function After Breast Cancer
Authors: Panjari Mary , Bell Robin J. , Davis Susan R.
Published: September 2010

Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) remains the most common non-skin cancer in women and an increasing number are living as BC survivors.

Aim

The aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of the first diagnosis of invasive BC and its treatment, menopausal symptoms, and body image on sexual function.

Methods

The BUPA Foundation Health and Wellbeing after Breast Cancer Study is a prospective cohort study of 1,684 women recruited within 12 months of their first diagnosis with invasive BC. Each participant completed an enrollment questionnaire (EQ) and first follow-up questionnaire (FQ1) 12 months post-EQ.

Main Outcome Measure

Sexual function was evaluated by the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire embedded within the FQ1.

Results

Of the 1,011 women in the analyses, 70% experienced sexual function problems and 77% reported vasomotor symptoms. Women experiencing sexual function problems were postmenopausal (P = 0.02), experienced vasomotor symptoms (P < 0.01), and used aromatase inhibitors (P = 0.03). Women with vasomotor symptoms were twice as likely to experience sexual function problems (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 141, 2.63; P < 0.001). This association was more extreme for women on aromatase inhibitors (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.72, 7.09; P = 0.001) but did not persist in women not using endocrine therapies (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.84, 2.36; P = 0.19). Women on aromatase inhibitors were more likely to report sexual function problems (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.0, 2.2, P = 0.04) and women with body image issues were 2.5 times more likely to report sexual function problems (OR 2.5 95% CI 1.6, 3.7, P < 0.001). Women using tamoxifen were not more likely to experience sexual function problems (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8, 1.5, P = 0.6); however, women with body image issues were twice as likely to experience sexual function problems (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5, 3.0, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Seventy percent of partnered BC survivors less than 70 experienced sexual function problems. Sexual problems are related to the use of aromatase inhibitors which can exacerbate menopausal symptoms.
Non‐operative management of multiple penetrating fragments of the torso secondary to an explosion
Authors: Ezzedien Rabie Mohammad
Published: September 2010

Explosive devices owe their devastating effect to a combination of a complex pressure wave generated by the explosion, and the shrapnel flying at high speed. Exploratory laparotomy has been the rule for abdominal injuries associated with explosions. In the present report, we describe the clinical course of a patient who was subjected to an explosion with multiple small shrapnel penetrating the abdominal wall. A non‐operative approach was successfully followed.
Selective parathyroid auto‐transplantation during thyroidectomy
Authors: Choi Chi‐Yee , Chow Tam‐Lin
Published: September 2010

Aim:  Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a debilitating morbidity following thyroidectomy and parathyroid auto‐transplantation has been shown to be effective in preventing permanent hypoparathyroidism. Controversy exists regarding the benefit of routine versus selective auto‐transplantation. We evaluate the outcome of selective parathyroid auto‐transplantation in our hospital.

Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted to assess the incidence of postoperative hypocalcaemia. Indication for parathyroid auto‐transplant was doubtful viability of parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy. From 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2005, all patients who underwent total, subtotal and completion thyroidectomy were included. Other outcome measures including recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and operative time were also analyzed.

Results:  A total of 170 bilateral or completion thyroidectomies were performed within this period. Total, subtotal, and completion total thyroidectomies were performed in 103 (60.6%), 62 (36.5%), and five (2.9%) patients, respectively. Median age was 45 years (range 19–82). One hundred and twenty‐four patients (73%) had benign thyroid disease, and 46 patients (27%) had thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid auto‐transplant was performed in 35 patients (20.6%). Mean operation time was 204 min (range 95–510 min). There was no difference in the operation time between the patients with parathyroid auto‐transplant and those without auto‐transplant (217 vs 200 min, P = 0.229). Transient hypocalcaemia occurred in 31 patients (18.2%) whereas two patients had permanent hypocalcaemia (1.2%). Permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in one patient (0.6%).

Conclusions:  The adoption of selective parathyroid auto‐transplant during thyroidectomy achieves an extremely low incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism without excessive transient hypoparathyroidism.
Parents’ Concerns About Issues Related to Their Children's Genetic Conditions
Authors: Gallo Agatha M. , Hadley Emily K. , Angst Denise B. , Knafl Kathleen A. , Smith Carrol A. M.
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this analysis was to examine parents’ (N = 142) concerns about issues (i.e., privacy of information, insurance, healthcare costs, employment, school) related to their children's genetic conditions.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  Using a series of matrices, thematic analysis was conducted focusing on parents’ concerns.

RESULTS.  Parents were less concerned with privacy and more concerned with insurance, healthcare costs, employment, and school issues.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Nurses and other healthcare professionals need to give parents the opportunity to discuss their concerns and to assist parents with strategies and resources to meet the needs of their children and families.
Sex Partner Type and Condom Use in African American Adolescent Mothers: A Literature Review
Authors: Nelson LaRon E. , Morrison‐Beedy Dianne
Published: September 2010

PROBLEM:  Teen mothers may need mental health counseling that goes beyond addressing the parenting stressors of motherhood to include those related to sexual risk decision‐making. Sexual risk behaviors of adolescent girls are influenced by partner type. Coparent, “baby's daddy” partner types may exert unique psychosocial influences on their sexual risk decisions and, thus, their risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection.

METHODS:  A review of literature was conducted to identify, critique, and summarize the research on partner‐type influences on the sexual risk decision‐making of African American adolescent mothers. Extensive searches of PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CRISP were conducted. Data displays were constructed to compare constructs across studies. Both the strengths and limitations of these studies are highlighted.

FINDINGS:  Most studies on partner types and sexual behavior are quantitative, and few target adolescent mothers. Only four studies were identified that focused on sexual partner influences on condom use in African American adolescent mothers, with only one examining the coparent as a partner type. No published studies were identified that examined adolescent mothers’ reasons for making partner‐specific sexual risk decisions or choices made in regard to having sex with their “babies’ daddies.”

CONCLUSION:  The state of the science is inadequate regarding partner‐type influences on the sexual risk decisions of African American adolescent mothers. Further research is vital for mental healthcare providers so that the depth and complexity of partner‐related influences on sexual risk decisions can be appropriately addressed during risk assessments and counseling.
Diagnosis of Trauma and Abuse‐Related Dissociative Symptom Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Weber Scott
Published: September 2010

TOPIC:  Dissociated cognition is defined as thinking and feeling that have not become successfully integrated into the usual sense of self; this results in discontinuities in conscious awareness and disruptions in the ongoing “link‐making” in the development of identity.

PURPOSE:  Illness identification methods for the specific components of the disorder that most often affect children and adolescents (amnesia and depersonalization) will be described.

SOURCES USED:  Current research and practice scholarly articles on diagnosis and assessment of children and adolescents for dissociation and dissociative symptom disorders were accessed and critically reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS:  Nurses identify early symptoms of dissociation in children and adolescents; those who practice in psychiatric settings, emergency departments, and community health should be especially cognizant of the clinical features of dissociation in pediatric patients.
Attention to Spirituality and Religion: Delphi Survey of a Nursing Intervention
Authors: Driebergen Riana , Tiesinga Lucas J. , Bouwer J.
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE

To explore the concept of spiritual support by nurses and its translation into nursing practice; to determine if patient spirituality is a nursing concern, what is an adequate label for the nursing intervention, what is an adequate definition of the intervention, and which activities belong to the intervention.

METHODS

Thirty‐eight panel members participated in a three‐round Delphi survey. Most were nursing professionals, others represented related disciplines such as pastoral work and medicine. Starting point of the research was the Dutch translation of the NIC “spiritual support.” Criteria for consensus quantitative and qualitative data analyses were formulated. In all three rounds there was 100% response. In spite of sensitiveness for some aspects of bias, validity and reliability were optimized.

FINDINGS

Patient spirituality was considered a nursing concern. Consensus was reached on the label “attention for spirituality and/or religion” and on the following definition: “to pay attention to what is important to the patient/client concerning spirituality and/or religion and to agree with the patient/client upon the desired support in this area.” Consensus was also reached on 13 activities, for example, to question the patient/client about thoughts and feelings on spiritual and/or religious matters, and to make use of active listening.

DISCUSSION

The findings of the research correspond with the literature. However, for most of the nursing activities of the developed intervention, it is not clear if and how nurses practice them and work together with other disciplines. Further research is recommended.

CONCLUSIONS

The character of the intervention “attention to spirituality and/or religion” developed in this research is generic. Adapting the intervention to patients with specific demands for care or specific views of life is recommended. The intervention can be developed into an instrument to measure the quality of nursing care in spiritual and religious matters. For nursing practice, the intervention can be seen as a specification of nursing tasks in the field of spirituality and religion. This intervention also facilitates allocation of tasks between nursing professionals and pastoral workers.
A Concept Analysis Center for the NLINKS Project
Authors: Craft‐Rosenberg Martha
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND

The Internet is an economical global communication strategy that can be used to sustain and promote development and refinement of nursing languages, including global participation and input. Global participation is required to represent the cultural relevance and cultural specificity of diverse populations. An Internet site can link nurses and consultants from global settings and eventually provide support for the development and submission of diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes to language developers.

MAIN CONTENT POINTS

The Concept Analysis Center for the NLINKS Project will be an Internet site to promote the development and refinement of nursing language. It will reflect a worldview of nursing language, including nursing diagnoses, nursing outcomes, and nursing interventions. Literature resources will be provided for nurses worldwide, as well as methods for submission of concept analysis products to the developers of nursing languages. The development of the Concept Analysis Center will be conducted in three phases.

Phase 1 will be the development of a prototype site for all participating languages to (a) hire and train staff to expand a prototype site developed for the existing NLINKS site; (b) add protocols, training, resources, consultants, and linkages for all participating standardized languages; (c) train language coordinators and research assistants; (d) develop and pilot test the Concept Analysis Center in English and in two other languages; (e) advertise through state, national, international leaders; and (f) seek feedback from users for needed modifications through questions placed on the Web site.

Phase 2 will include expansion of advertising by leaders in standardized language and advertising through Web sites, listserves, and nursing organizations for all participating countries. Up to four languages in addition to English will be added if justified by pilot study and availability of translators. Standardized language development and refinement will continue.

Phase 3 evaluation will be based on several criteria: a comparison of the number and quality of concept analysis submissions to developers of standardized language before and following Internet site development; the number of NLINKS Concept Analysis site users; and user satisfaction with concept analysis content and with staff responsiveness and helpfulness. These data will be collected using an online questionnaire.

CONCLUSIONS

As this project evolves, a global network of experts in nursing language will be established and provide the support to continue the work of defining nursing using standardized language.
An Internet‐Based Survey of Icelandic Nurses on Their Use of and Attitudes Toward NANDA, NIC, and NOC
Authors: Bjornsdottir Gyda , Thorhallsdottir Ingibjorg
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE

To gain understanding of how Icelandic nurses can be supported during a mandated change to the use of NANDA and NIC in clinical documentation practices.

METHODS

All members of the Icelandic Nurses Association of working age were invited to participate in an Internet‐based survey. Each nurse was assigned a unique password mailed to his/her home along with information on how to access the survey Web site. Each nurse could submit answers only once. On submission, data were automatically coded and saved in a database under encrypted numerical identifiers.

FINDINGS

A total of 463 nurses (18% response rate) participated by submitting answers. The sample was representative of the population in terms of demographic characteristics. Information resources most valued when planning nursing care included text‐based progress notes (77%), nursing care plans (52%), doctor's orders (49%), verbal information (48%), and documented nursing diagnoses (37%). Of the participants, 58% said NANDA was used in their workplace; 28% said no standardized nursing documentation was used; 19% reported using NIC always or sometimes when documenting nursing interventions; and 20% never used NIC. NOC use was reported only by researchers.

Of the sample, 86% reported that it is important or necessary for nurses to standardize documentation practices; 30% found NANDA useful in education; 56% found it useful for clinical work; 17% for research; and 7% found it not useful at all. Nine percent believed that NANDA diagnoses were not descriptive enough of patients' problems, and 23% found their wording problematic. No statistically significant differences were found between reported use of or attitudes toward NANDA and NIC when comparing nurses who use electronic patient record systems that support NANDA and NIC documentation and those who use paper documentation only.

DISCUSSION

The sample may have been somewhat biased toward computer use and classification system use for standardized and computerized documentation. However, results indicate that although Icelandic nurses give free‐text progress notes and verbal information a higher priority than nursing diagnoses as an information resource for care planning, they have a positive attitude toward NANDA. NANDA and NIC are still used inconsistently in clinical practice, and 28% of participants claimed not to use any form of standardized documentation.

CONCLUSIONS

In an effort to standardize clinical documentation among nurses, Icelandic health authorities must follow their documentation mandates with educational and technologic support to facilitate the use of NANDA, NIC, and (after its translation) NOC in nursing documentation practices. Electronic patient record system developers must find ways to further facilitate standardized nursing documentation because currently there seems to be no difference between users and nonusers in terms of how they use NANDA and NIC in their documentation practices.
Diagnoses and Interventions Pertinent to Intellectual Disability Nursing*
Authors: Sheerin Fintan K.
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  The field of intellectual disability care in Ireland has been undergoing significant change, and this has called into question the role of specialist intellectual disability nursing. This review aims to identify the diagnoses and interventions that are employed by intellectual disability nurses.

DATA SOURCES.  Exploration of the relevant professional literature, drawing on a broad scope of sources, was completed.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  Examination and discussion within the taxonomic structure of the Nursing Interventions Classification.

CONCLUSIONS.  Initial data set of diagnoses and interventions identified as a basis and justification for further systematic examination of specialist intellectual disability nursing practice.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Explication and elaboration of the contribution of specialist nursing within intellectual disability care settings.
Third dredge-up in low-mass stars: solving the Large Magellanic Cloud carbon star mystery
Authors: Stancliffe Richard J. , Izzard Robert G. , Tout Christopher A.
Published: September 2010

A long standing problem with asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star models has been their inability to produce the low-luminosity carbon stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC, respectively). Dredge-up must begin earlier and extend deeper. We find this for the first time in our models of LMC metallicity. Such features are not found in our models of SMC metallicity.

The fully implicit and simultaneous stellar evolution code stars has been used to calculate the evolution of AGB stars with metallicities of Z= 0.008 and Z= 0.004, corresponding to the observed metallicities of the LMC and SMC, respectively. Third dredge-up occurs in stars of 1 M⊙ and above and carbon stars were found for models between 1 M⊙ and 3 M⊙. We use the detailed models as input physics for a population synthesis code and generate carbon star luminosity functions. We now find that we are able to reproduce the carbon star luminosity function of the LMC without any manipulation of our models. The SMC carbon star luminosity function still cannot be produced from our detailed models unless the minimum core mass for third dredge-up is reduced by 0.06 M⊙.
The velocity distribution of Sloan Digital Sky Survey satellites in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
Authors: Angus G. W. , Famaey B. , Tiret O. , Combes F. , Zhao H. S.
Published: September 2010

The recent Sloan Digital Sky Survey measured velocity distribution of satellite galaxies has been modelled in the context of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). We show that even when the extra constraint of adhering to the projected satellite number density profile is added, the two line-of-sight (los) velocity dispersion profiles presented in Klypin & Prada can be matched simply with a radially varying anisotropy. Interestingly, the anisotropies required to fit the los velocity dispersions are remarkably similar to the anisotropies generated by dissipationless collapse simulations in MOND. The mass-to-light ratios of the two host galaxies used are sensible, and positivity of the distribution function is satisfied.
Effects of selection and covariance on X-ray scaling relations of galaxy clusters
Authors: Nord B. , Stanek R. , Rasia E. , Evrard A. E.
Published: September 2010

We explore how the behaviour of galaxy cluster scaling relations are affected by flux-limited selection biases and intrinsic covariance among observable properties. Our models presume log-normal covariance between luminosity (L) and temperature (T) at fixed mass (M), centred on evolving, power-law mean relations as a function of host halo mass. Selection can mimic evolution; the L—M and L—T relations from shallow X-ray flux-limited samples will deviate from mass-limited expectations at nearly all scales while the relations from deep surveys (10−14 erg s−1 cm−2) become complete, and therefore unbiased, at masses above ∼2 × 1014h−1 M⊙. We derive expressions for low-order moments of the luminosity distribution at fixed temperature, and show that the slope and scatter of the L—T relation observed in flux-limited samples is sensitive to the assumed L—T correlation coefficient. In addition, L—T covariance affects the redshift behaviour of halo counts and mean luminosity in a manner that is nearly degenerate with intrinsic population evolution.
A time–luminosity correlation for γ-ray bursts in the X-rays
Authors: Dainotti M. G. , Cardone V. F. , Capozziello S.
Published: September 2010

γ-ray bursts (GRBs) have recently attracted much attention as a possible way to extend the Hubble diagram to a very high redshift. However, the large scatter in their intrinsic properties prevents directly using them as a distance indicator so that the hunt is open for a relation involving an observable property to standardize GRBs in the same way as the Phillips law makes it possible to use Type Ia supernovae as standardizable candles. We use here the data on the X-ray decay curve and spectral index of a sample of GRBs observed with the Swift satellite. These data are used as input to a Bayesian statistical analysis looking for a correlation between the X-ray luminosity LX(Ta) and the time constant Ta of the afterglow curve. We find a linear relation between log [LX(Ta)] and log [Ta/(1 +z)] with an intrinsic scatter σint= 0.33 comparable to previously reported relations. Remarkably, both the slope and the intrinsic scatter are almost independent on the matter density ΩM and the constant equation of state w of the dark energy component thus suggesting that the circularity problem is alleviated for the LX–Ta relation.
IGR J16479–4514: the first eclipsing supergiant fast X-ray transient?
Authors: Bozzo E. , Stella L. , Israel G. , Falanga M. , Campana S.
Published: September 2010

Supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXTs) are a new class of high-mass X-ray binaries recently discovered with INTEGRAL. Hours-long outbursts from these sources have been observed on numerous occasions at luminosities of ∼1036–1037 erg s−1, whereas their low-level activity at ∼1032–1034 erg s−1 has not been deeply investigated yet due to the paucity of long pointed observations with high-sensitivity X-ray telescopes. Here, we report on the first long (∼32 ks) pointed XMM–Newton observation of IGR J16479−4514, a member of this new class. This observation was carried out in 2008 March, shortly after an outburst from this source, with the main goal of investigating its low-level emission and physical mechanisms that drive the source activity. Results from the timing, spectral and spatial analysis of the EPIC-PN XMM–Newton observation show that the X-ray source IGR J16479−4514 underwent an episode of sudden obscuration, possibly an X-ray eclipse by the supergiant companion. We also found evidence for a soft X-ray extended halo around the source that is most readily interpreted as due to scattering by dust along the line of sight to IGR J16479−4514. We discuss this result in the context of the gated accretion scenarios that have been proposed to interpret the behaviour of SFXT.
A new interesting source in Chandra field: a pulsar wind nebula?
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sudip
Published: September 2010

We report the detection of a point source CXO J172337.5−373442 in a Chandra field with a high significance (26.7σ), and the discovery (4σ) of a 48 arcsec long X-ray tail emanating from the point source. The X-ray spectra of both the point source and the tail are well described with a single absorbed power law, and the tail is harder (power-law index Γ= 0.14+0.59−0.68) than the point source (Γ= 1.78+0.13−0.11). From this first detailed spatial, spectral and timing X-ray analysis of CXO J172337.5−373442, and from a plausible optical counterpart found from the archives, we conclude that this source is either a Galactic high-mass X-ray binary with an X-ray jet or a Galactic pulsar with its ‘pulsar wind nebula’ seen as the X-ray tail. Although the currently available data are not enough to distinguish between these two candidates with certainty, a detailed comparison of their known properties with those of CXO J172337.5−373442 favours the latter type. If this identification is correct, then the pulsar should be middle-aged or old, that has escaped from its supernova remnant, and the X-ray tail should originate from the synchrotron emission from either of the following locations: (i) a shocked region or (ii) a jet emanating from the pulsar's magnetosphere.
EXTRACTION OF LIPIDS FROM EXTRUDED CORN‐SOY BLENDS1
Authors: STRANGE ELIZABETH D. , SCHAICH KAREN M.
Published: September 2010

Extruded corn‐soy products developed for the US AID Food for Peace program contain high levels of lipids (about 12%) and vitamins and minerals, including oxidation‐sensitive vitamins A and C and iron. Because lipid stability is probably the most important factor in maintaining long‐term storage stability of these products, being able to analyze lipid content and oxidation is critical. In cereals, substantial amounts of lipid are bound to starch, making cereal lipids notoriously difficult to extract. Conventional methods such as acid hydrolysis, hot water‐saturated butanol, and exhaustive soxlet extractions result in damage to the lipids and thus give inaccurate measures of lipid stability. A new method of extracting lipids from cereal‐based products without damage is proposed using pretreatment with α‐amylase to digest the starch and release bound lipids. One gram of the product is slurried with 25 mg α‐amylase in water and incubated for 16 h. Lipids are then extracted from this mixture with 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane or chloroform:methanol. This procedure was quantitative, extracting 98.7% of the lipid, and it gave an extract suitable for analysis of fatty acid contents and lipid oxidation products, e.g. peroxide values, and carbonyl contents.
CORRELATION OF QUALITY OF FRYING OIL AND OIL EXTRACTED FROM POTATO FRITTERS FRIED IN LIQUID AND PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED RAPESEED OILS
Authors: HAZUKA ZDZILLAWA , PAWLOWICZ ROMAN , TYNEK MARIA , DROZDOWSKI BRONISLAW
Published: September 2010

The increase in consumption of food fried in the so‐called ‘deep‐frying‐oil’entails the necessity of knowledge of both thermooxidative transformation occuring in the frying medium and chemical composition of oil absorbed by the fried product. The aim of this study was to correlate the quality of frying medium and oil extracted from potato fritters fried under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions in liquid and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oils. Oxidation and polymerization reactions predominated during deep frying of potato fritters in both frying media, but hydrolysis occured only to a small degree. The peroxide value was not a suitable quality control indicator for monitoring the thermooxidative transformation during deep frying. The most suitable method for examining such transformations was to study the content and composition of the polar fraction. A correlation existed between the amount of polymers and oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) and the amount of polar fraction. Small differences existed in the content of thermooxidative transformation products in the frying medium and the oil extracted from potato fritters. By monitoring anisidine value (AnV), E1%1cm and the content and composition of the polar fraction in the frying medium, it was possible to evaluate the quality of the fat in the fritters. Thus, the use of partially hydrogenated compared to liquid rapeseed oil in deep frying process may be preferred because at the same content of polar fraction and its components partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil contained a lesser amount of secondary oxidation products.
BATCH ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF DHA‐CONTAINING STRUCTURED LIPIDS
Authors: YANKAH VIVIENNE V. , AKOH CASIMIR C.
Published: September 2010

Fortification of processed foods with n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) is rarely practiced in North America. This study utilized, DHA single cell oil (DHASCO), an algal source of PUFA (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), for the synthesis of structured lipids (SL) and compared the oxidative stability and melting characteristics of the products with those of native DHASCO as control. Immobilized lipase, IM60 from Rhizomucor miehei was the biocatalyst. DHASCO was modified with caprylic, oleic, or stearic acids as acyl donors, in a stirred‐batch reactor, to produce three different SL. The reactions were performed at 55C for 48 h in n‐hexane for caprylic and oleic acid SL, and at 60C for stearic acid‐SL. Mole ratio of substrates were 1:6 for DHASCO‐C8:0, 1:2 for DHASCO‐C18:1, and 1:1 for DHASCO‐C18:0. Mol% incorporation and the fatty acids at the sn‐2 position of the SL were determined by gas chromatography (GC).

After DHASCO oil modification, mol% of the incorporated fatty acids were 47.6, 46.3 and 31.2 for C8:0, C18:1, and C18:0‐containing SL, respectively. Alkaline extraction was a better deacidification method than short‐path distillation, and reduced free fatty acid levels to 0.3% in all SL. DHA was the predominant fatty acid at the sn‐2 position in all the SL. DHASCO melting peak was ‐10.6C. The melting peaks for the SL were ‐10 and ‐6.2C for oleic‐SL, ‐8.1 and ‐0.7C for caprylic‐SL, and 16.0, 20.4, and 34.4C for stearic‐SL. Oxidative stability studies showed that SL were less stable to oxidation than DHASCO, with DHASCO‐18:0 being the most susceptible. With the addition of adequate antioxidants, such SL products synthesized from DHASCO will be stabilized and may be useful in DHA fortification of processed foods such as nutrition bars, dressings, infant formula or in functional foods.
LIPASE‐CATALYZED PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS VIA ACIDOLYSIS OF FISH OIL WITH CAPRYLIC ACID
Authors: ZHOU DEQUAN , XU XUEBING , MU HUILING , HØY CARL‐ERIK , ADLER‐NISSEN JENS
Published: September 2010

Structured lipids containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were manufactured in a batch reactor by lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of fish oil with caprylic acid. The following free lipases (Lipase AP, Aspergillus niger; Lipase P, Pseudomonus sp.; Lipase AY, Candida rugosa; Lipase AK, Pseudomonas fluoresescens; Lipase F, Rhizopus oryzae; Lipase D, Rhizopus delemar) were screened under selected reaction conditions. The conditions were enzyme load 5%, substrate mole ratio 1:6 (fish oil: caprylic acid), and reaction temperature of 50C. Lipase AK had the highest activity and was suitable for production of structured lipids from fish oil. The optimal mole substrate ratio of fish oil to caprylic acid for Lipase AK was 1:6 to 1:8. The time course of the reaction at different enzyme loads demonstrated that 40% incorporation of caprylic acid could be obtained for Lipase AK in 5 h with 10% enzyme load. Addition of water had little effect on the activity of the lipase. Lipase AK and Lipozyme IM were further compared under the same conditions, in which Lipase AK had a slightly higher incorporation of caprylic acid, similar acyl migration of caprylic acid from sn‐1,3 positions to the sn‐2 position, and a slightly lower selectivity towards docosahexaenoic acid.
ANTIOXIDANT CHEMISTRY OF GREEN TEA CATECHINS: OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF (‐)‐EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE AND (‐)‐EPIGALLOCATECHIN WITH PEROXIDASE
Authors: ZHU NANQUN , SANG SHENGMIN , HUANG TZOU‐CHI , BAI NAISHENG , YANG CHUNG S. , HO CHI‐TANG
Published: September 2010

Tea catechins display possible antitumor activities which are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of the antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study, (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (‐)‐epigallocatechin (EGC) were reacted with peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 to produce two oxidation products. These two products were determined as the symmetric dimer of EGCG and EGC, respectively. Thus, the trihydroxyphenyl B‐ring, rather than galloyl moiety, was the more active site of antioxidant reaction. Moreover, this study provided some insight into the specific mechanism of antioxidant reactions of tea catechins, and a possible mechanism is proposed.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KERNEL OIL FROM AMYGDALUS SCOPARIA GROWING WILD IN IRAN
Authors: FARHOOSH REZA , TAVAKOLI JAVAD
Published: September 2010

Amygdalus scoparia kernel (ASK) oil showed significantly higher unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (7.50) and calculated oxidizability value (3.23) than those of olive oil (4.61, 2.75). Significant differences existed between physicochemical indices of the ASK and olive oils. Peroxide value (meq/kg), acid value, iodine value, saponification number, refractive index, dynamic viscosity (cP) and density (g/cm3) of the ASK and olive oils were 0.38 and 0.83, 0.53 and 0.33, 97.32 and 84.12, 98.60 and 177.79, 1.4639 and 1.465, 113.16 and 104.48, and 0.9229 and 0.9091, respectively. Unsaponifiable matter contents, which were mainly composed of sterols, for the ASK and olive oils were 5.32 and 1.60%, respectively. Total tocopherols and phenolics contents of the ASK oil (744.98 and 37.18 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those of olive oil (365.59 and 15.65 mg/kg). Wax contents were statistically in the same range of 4.08–5.18%. Oxidative stability data indicated that the ASK oil is more resistant to the formation of primary, secondary and tertiary products of lipid oxidation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research introduces Amygdalus scoparia, a species of almond growing wild in Iran, as a valuable source of vegetable oil for human nutrition and health with relatively high oxidative stability.
COMPARISON OF THE LIPID‐LOWERING EFFECTS OF NICOTINIC ACID AND 2,5‐DIMETHYLPYRAZINE IN RATS
Authors: KAGAMI KEISUKE , ONDA KENJI , HIRANO TOSHIHIKO , OKA KITARO
Published: September 2010

It has been known that nicotinic acid (NA) binds to G protein‐coupled receptor, GPR109A or HM74, on adipocytes, resulting in decreasing plasma non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA). A drawback of lipid‐lowering therapy by NA comes from a rebound phenomenon found in plasma NEFA concentration. The compound 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine (2,5‐DMP), one of the Maillard reaction products, is known to be metabolized in the liver to 5‐methylpyrazinoic acid, which binds to GPR109A as well as NA. We have previously reported that 2,5‐DMP has an NEFA‐lowering effect in rats. Here, we compare the effect of 2,5‐DMP with those of NA on the blood concentration of NEFA. The most characteristic feature of NA was found in the rebound phenomenon that was not observed in 2,5‐DMP. Co‐administration of 2,5‐DMP with NA did not show the rebound, resulting in continuous low concentrations of plasma NEFA.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, we compared the non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA)‐lowering effects of 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine (2,5‐DMP) and nicotinic acid (NA), which is found in roasted coffee. Administration of NA to rats induced the “NEFA rebound” while 2,5‐DMP did not. Furthermore, co‐administration of 2,5‐DMP with NA did not result in the “NEFA rebound,” giving continuous low concentrations of plasma NEFA. Although the amount of 2,5‐DMP in coffee is very low, many kinds of Maillard reaction products such as 2,5‐DMP are found in roasted coffee. We also reported that some Maillard reaction products have NEFA‐lowering effects. Therefore, we suggest that 2,5‐DMP and other Maillard reaction products may be useful to suppress the “NEFA rebound” induced by NA.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF PLASMA TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, TRIACYLGLYCEROL AND PHOSPHOLIPID IN MICE FED ERABU SEA SNAKE (LATICAUDA SEMIFASCIATA) LIPIDS DIET
Authors: HIGUCHI TOMOYUKI , SHIRAI NOBUYA , SUZUKI HIRAMITSU , SHIMIZU EIJI
Published: September 2010

The effects of dietary Erabu sea snake lipids on changes in plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid levels of male Crlj : CD‐1 (ICR) mice was evaluated. Mice were fed three different experimental diets containing 6% lard, 6% Erabu sea snake lipid and 6% fish oil, respectively. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid levels in plasma collected at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 were measured. Levels of plasma total cholesterol and phospholipids in the sea snake dietary group were significantly reduced at weeks 8‐16 from the start of the trial, and plasma triacylglycerol was significantly reduced at week 16, while those in the lard dietary group remained unchanged and/or increased during the period of feeding trial. Plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly lower in sea snake lipids as well as fish oil dietary groups than in the lard dietary group at weeks 4–16. The results suggest that Erabu sea snake lipids rapidly induce reduction of plasma lipid levels at week 4 and reduction of plasma lipids and glucose in mice fed the sea snake lipids diet was influenced by the presence of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the feed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Erabu sea snake lipids have large amounts of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a lowering‐effect on levels of plasma and hepatic total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, phospholipid and plasma glucose in mice similar to fish oil. The sea snake lipids may serve as a beneficial food with regard to lipid and glucose metabolism.
EFFECT OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ON GROWTH, LIPID METABOLISM AND LIVER PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR‐ACTIVATED RECEPTOR EXPRESSION OF LARGE YELLOW CROAKER (PSEUDOSCIAENA CROCEA R.)*
Authors: ZHAO Z.Y. , WU T.X. , TANG H.G. , PAN X.D. , ZHANG J.Z.
Published: September 2010

One thousand six hundred fish were divided into four groups and were reared in eight cages. Four dietary treatments that contained either 0, 1, 2 or 4% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were formulated. Dietary CLA had no effect on growth, biometric parameters and lipid content (P > 0.05), whereas some significant effects on the fatty acid composition in both muscle and liver were observed. The activity of lipogenic enzymes was depressed in fish fed on increasing CLA levels. Dietary CLA significantly increased the saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whereas it decreased monounsaturated fatty acids in tissues. The expression of PPARαand PPARγ(Peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptor alpha and gamma) in liver was significantly higher in fish fed dietary CLA (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that large yellow croakers are capable of absorbing and depositing CLA and long‐chain n‐3 PUFA in their liver and muscle, showing that this species fed CLA could be beneficial in the human diet.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research is strongly oriented to aquaculture applications. The results of the study demonstrates the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism and provides theoretical basis to prepare specialized diet for large yellow croaker.
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF LOW SUGAR RAISINS (LSR) ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CAKES DURING STORAGE
Authors: MANDALA I.G. , DAOUAHER M.
Published: September 2010

The influence of low sugar raisins (LSR) on the physical properties of cakes containing different quantities of raisins (0–25%) during a short storage of 7 days was investigated. Porosity, crumb density, moisture content, sorption isotherms of raisins, weight loss and mechanical properties (compression and relaxation experiments) were determined for cakes during storage. During the first 3 days of storage slight changes are observed in the physical properties of all cakes. Thereafter, density and weight loss increase, the porosity decreases and samples become firmer. Control cakes are less firm but also more elastic, and the solid‐like materials show the greatest porosity reduction and shrinkage during storage. Raisins in cakes absorb water at the beginning of storage. As the quantity of raisins increases, their moisture content during storage changes less. Cakes containing 25% raisins have the lowest weight loss during storage. Although their firmness increases during storage, their viscoelastic properties remain constant.
LETHALITY CONTRIBUTION FROM THE TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER DURING HIGH‐TEMPERATURE SHORT‐TIME PROCESSING OF A MODEL LIQUID FOOD
Authors: AWUAH G.B. , ECONOMIDES A. , SHAFER B.D. , WENG J.
Published: September 2010

Experiments were conducted using Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in 0.5% w/w carboxymethylcellulose suspension to evaluate come‐up contributions from the tubular heat exchanger. A lab‐scale UHT/HTST simulator that allowed samples to be collected at the exit of the heat exchanger and holding tube was used with operating temperatures up to 270F. The bulk mean residence time in the heat exchanger ranged from 30 to 89 sec, while that in the holding tube ranged from 4 to 14 sec. It was observed that between 40% and 51% of the cumulative lethality (

) at the exit of the holding tube, was contributed by come‐up in the tubular heat exchanger. This come‐up contribution was determined on the basis of having an

of 8.5 min in the holding tube alone. It was evident that come‐up lethality will depend on product initial temperature, residence time and temperature history in the heat exchanger, with higher temperatures obviously contributing more lethality. Therefore, the entire aseptic system becomes even more complex since several critical parameters need to be monitored, controlled and documented. Experimental data compared favorably with computer‐simulated data using the AseptiCAL™ software, with the software package giving more conservative results. Ultimately, come‐up credit (CUC) should be tested on a pilot scale or industrial setup by way of reduced residence time (i.e. increased fluid flow rate), reduced holding tube length or temperature in order to determine if CUC can be applied towards the lethality required for the product. Monitoring and control devices become critical to ensure consistency and reproducibility in product residence time and time–temperature history, in the tubular heat exchanger.
RADIO‐FREQUENCY HEATING OF HAM TO ENHANCE SHELF‐LIFE IN VACUUM PACKAGING
Authors: ORSAT V. , BAI L. , RAGHAVAN G.S.V. , SMITH J.P.
Published: September 2010

Radio‐frequency heating at 27.12 MHz was studied for the pasteurization of ham samples repacked in plastic films. The samples were brought to internal temperatures of 75C and 85C in 5 min and maintained at those temperatures for an additional 5 min. The ham samples were vacuum‐packed in three different plastic films and stored at 4C for 1 to 28 days. All samples were examined for moisture loss, colour change, sensory quality attributes such as off odors and sliminess, and total bacterial surface counts. The study indicates that radio‐frequency heating, coupled with appropriate packaging, can improve the storability of repacked hams by reducing the bacterial load, reducing moisture loss and maintaining an overall greater product sensory quality and acceptance.
VARIATIONS IN WATER‐SOLUBLE SACCHARIDES AND PHENOLS IN LONGAN FRUIT PERICARP AFTER DRYING
Authors: YANG BAO , ZHAO MOUMING , SHI JOHN , CHENG GUIPING , RUENROENGKLIN NEUNGNAPA , JIANG YUEMING
Published: September 2010

Variations in the contents of water‐soluble polysaccharides (WSP), water‐soluble total saccharides (WSTS), gallic acid and total phenols in longan pericarp tissues of three major cultivars (“Shixia,”“Chuliang” and “Fuyan”) planted in Guangzhou, Gaozhou and Haikou, respectively, were evaluated. Microwave radiation, solar radiation and lyophilization were employed to dry the longan pericarps. A great variation in the contents of WSTS, WSP, total phenols and gallic acid existed in pericarp tissues of longan fruit among the three cultivars, locations and drying methods. The highest content (248.7‐mg glucose equivalents [GE]/g dry weight [DW]) of WSTS was obtained in “Shixia” fruit from Haikou, while the lowest content (58.9‐mg GE/g DW) was detected in “Fuyan” fruit from Guangzhou using lyophilization. WSP content was in a decreasing order except for cv. “Shixia” from Haikou, using the three various drying methods: microwave radiation > solar radiation > lyophilization. The longan pericarp tissues contained a large amount of phenolic compounds. “Shixia” fruit from Haikou had the highest content (49.4‐mg gallic acid equivalents/g DW) of total phenols. The contents of total phenols followed a decreasing order for the three drying methods: lyophilization > microwave radiation > solar radiation. No gallic acid was detected in either fresh or lyophilized pericarp tissues, but it was found in the dried pericarp tissues with a higher content in fruit pericarp tissues dried by microwave radiation than by solar radiation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There is increasing interest of utilizing saccharides and phenols from plant sources for their uses in medicine and cosmetics. Microwave radiation, solar radiation and lyophilization were employed to dry longan fruit pericarp tissues of three major cultivars in relation to their various production locations, while contents of water‐soluble total saccharides (WSTS), water‐soluble polysaccharides (WSP), total phenols and gallic acid in the pericarp were evaluated after these dryings. Significant variations in the contents of WSP, WSTS, gallic acid and total phenols of longan pericarp tissues among the three major cultivars and various locations and drying methods were found. This study can help utilize better the longan fruit pericarp in practice.