bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE
Authors: Barach Alvan L. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Max Soroka.
Published: June 2004

1. The antigenic function of a pneumococcus vaccine made from the intact cell was compared with that derived fron a watery extract of the cell free from formed elements. In each instance, the immunity produced was dependent upon type-specific protective substance and not upon the elaboration of the common protein antibody.

2. The vaccine made from the intact cell resulted in both active and passive immunity which began on the 3rd day, increased markedly to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. In the case of the Berkefeld filtrate of the shaken bacteria and the filtrate of the broth culture, the immunity began on the 4th day, increased to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. The immunity produced by Pneumococcus Type I vaccine is greater than that produced by Type II. On the 3rd day, mice vaccinated with Type I vaccine resisted 100,000 minimal lethal doses, whereas mice immunized with Type II resisted 10,000 minimal lethal doses. On the 5th day, a larger percentage of mice survived these doses than on the 3rd day.

3. Certain factors related to the preparation and dosage of the vaccine are discussed.

4. As far as the time interval and the degree of immunity produced are concerned, these results suggest the possibility of employing pneumococcus vaccine in suitable doses in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. That an earlier activity of the immunity mechanism could actually be initiated in a patient with lobar pneumonia has still to be demonstrated.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from the Jensen rat sarcoma. The cells give rise to tumors on transplantation into animals and during several months of life in vitro have maintained their malignancy unchanged.

2. The malignant cells are generally coarser and more refringent than normal cells. They possess the cytological characteristics of fibroblasts without showing any morphological abnormality. They can be considered as healthy cells. The texture of their colonies is looser than that of normal fibroblasts and Sarcoma No. 10 fibroblasts. Their residual activity does not differ markedly from the normal. They proliferate unlimitedly in a nutrient medium.

3. They liquefy the fibrin of rat plasma and turn phenol red golden yellow. They do not liquefy the fibrin of chicken plasma.

4. They multiply in chick embryo juice, calf liver digest, and also in rat serum. Their growth activity is increased by the presence of bone marrow.

5. The unlimited growth of Jensen sarcoma within the body may possibly be attributed to the ability of the fibroblasts to maintain themselves upon the substances present in rat serum. This property itself probably depends upon the increased enzyme activity of the cells.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG IN EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS
Authors: Orr Thomas G. , Haden Russell L.
Published: June 2004

1. A study of the blood chlorides, urea and non-protein nitrogen and the carbon dioxide-combining power in experimental general peritonitis is here reported.

2. The similarity between the chemical changes in high intestinal obstruction and general peritonitis is noted. These chemical changes suggest that the cause of death may be, at least in part, the same in the two diseases.
THE EFFECT OF OXIDATION OF FILTRATES OF A CHICKEN SARCOMA (CHICKEN TUMOR I—ROUS)
Authors: Mueller J. Howard
Published: June 2004

1. The rapid autoinactivation at 37° of candle filtrates of the Rous Foul Sarcoma I is due in large part to oxidation.

2. Such oxidation may be prevented by a dilution of 1-2000 cysteine hydrochloride brought to pH 7.4 with NaOH.

3. The variability of infectiousness of candle filtrates is due in part at least to oxidative changes which take place during their preparation; and more active extracts may be obtained by preventing these by means of cysteine.

4. For elaborate experiments it is possible to preserve filtrates in the ice box with cysteine and vaseline until test inoculations have established their infectivity.
RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF CONCOMITANT INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

An experiment is reported in which was studied the effects of a concomitant vaccinal infection and of vaccinal immunity upon the reaction to syphilis in rabbits induced by intracutaneous inoculation.

The results obtained showed that the reaction was modified by both conditions. A vaccinal infection initiated at the time of syphilitic inoculation was associated with a defensive reaction of lessened efficiency, the ensuing syphilis being more severe than in control animals. A state of vaccinal immunity present at the time of syphilitic inoculation was associated with a reaction of heightened efficiency, the ensuing syphilis being very mild.

These results are in harmony with those obtained in other experiments in which the intratesticular route of syphilitic inoculation was employed.
THE RÓLE OF STREPTOCOCCI IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS OF THE MONKEY
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Olitsky Peter K. , Stewart Fred W.
Published: June 2004

It is the opinion of Bull, that the streptococci recovered from poliomyelitic tissues, while having no etiological or pathological relationship to the virus of poliomyelitis, occur as secondary invaders in the disease. Smillie and Amoss indicated that the bacteria may be agonal invaders.

The results of the experiments reported in this paper point to another source of the streptococci. They occur as contaminants which are introduced into the cultures during the process of grinding tissues. The source of the streptococcus may therefore be the air of the place in which the cultures are made. We have come to this conclusion because first, the tissues of which cultures yielded streptococci were derived from a number of monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis still in a vigorous state. Secondly, when the tissues were ground bacteria were noted much more frequently in their cultures than in those in which fragments of the same brains were used. Thirdly, microorganisms occurred more often in cultures made in the routine laboratory than in a special room where asepsis was carried to the extreme of a major surgical operation on man. Fourthly, streptococci were obtained from the air of the places where cultures were made. Finally, there is no correlation between the cultures of two portions of the same brain.

The streptococci occurred in some cultures in pure growth and in others admixed with other ordinary species of bacteria. The latter were often found, in turn, in pure culture and what applies to streptococci, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, applies equally to the staphylococci, diphtheroids, spore-bearing rods, and other miscellaneous, familiar microorganisms.

We could not determine that there exists any etiological relation of the streptococci to poliomyelitis. The fermentation reactions of the microorganisms obtained from the air, from non-poliomyelitic and poliomyelitic monkey brains indicate that bacteria from any of these sources are markedly different. So also with the serological reactions of agglutination and precipitation. Furthermore no agglutination was observed when the serum of monkeys convalescent from experimental poliomyelitis was mixed with any of the streptococci recovered or those received directly or indirectly from Rosenow. Moreover, the intracerebral injection with cultures, irrespective of their source, induced in rabbits a purulent type of meningoencephalitis, often associated with streptococcic septicemia. This result is at marked variance with any known effects of the true filtrable virus of poliomyelitis in man and in the monkey.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Earle W. R.
Published: June 2004

1. An extreme and rapid degeneration which occurred in tissue cultures of leucocytes from the blood of cats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, is described in detail.

2. This degeneration was found to appear in the culture when the cells were planted in any of the culture media tried, some of which were autogenous heparin plasma, autogenous plasma, autogenous serum, Tyrode solution, and mixtures of these with embryo juice.

3. The specific cellular changes which occurred are described for the different leucocytes. In general, there was first a latent period during which no change could be observed in the cell. Following this there was a period of stimulation during which the motion of the cell was greatly accelerated. This second stage has been observed in all cells except the lymphocyte, in which it may possibly occur to a slight degree. Finally there was the terminal stage, the stage of degeneration, in which the cell rounded up, lost its motility, and either became badly swollen or else underwent a more or less complete coagulation.

4. The factor causing this degeneration was found to be exposure of the culture to light, as, for example, during microscopic examination.

5. By a reduction of the infrared part of the spectrum, it was indicated that the effect was not due to a heat coagulation of the cells.

6. This degeneration was also found to occur in the complete absence of ultra-violet wave-lengths.

7. Further, it was shown that this degeneration was caused by light which lay within each of the three wave-length zones (1) 430µµ to 550µµ; infra-red; (2) 475µµ to 630µµ; 690µµ to infra-red; (3) 600µµ to infra-red.

8. No indication was given as to whether all regions of these zones were active in causing the degeneration, or whether the active rays are limited to certain wave-length bands lying within these zones.

9. This degeneration of the leucocytes under the action of light was also found to occur upon irradiation of hanging drops of whole blood. This is interpreted as showing conclusively that the degeneration was not dependent upon the additional factors of centrifugation, continued lowering of temperature, or the presence of abnormal saline solution.

10. It was noted, however, that the leucocytes in hanging drop cultures required a markedly longer time for their degeneration under the action of light than did the leucocytes in cultures prepared from the buffy coat and inoculated in serum. This is considered as possibly due, either to injury to the cell during centrifugation and subsequent handling, or to some action of the red blood cells present in large amounts in the hanging drops of whole blood.

11. In these hanging drop cultures of whole blood degeneration of the leucocytes was also found to occur when the light reaching the culture was first freed from the larger part of its infra-red and from all of its ultra-violet.

12. It was also shown that the same degeneration was produced by wave-lengths of light lying within each of the three wave-length zones defined in Section 6 of this summary.
THE CONVERSION OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI TO NON-HEMOLYTIC FORMS
Authors: Todd E. W.
Published: June 2004

From one strain of hemolytic streptococcus three forms were isolated, which produced three different degrees of hemolysis on the surface of blood agar in the presence of oxygen.

The original form was moderately hemolytic; the glossy variant was more hemolytic than the original form; and the third form, obtained by passing the original culture through mice, was non-hemolytic. Under anaerobic conditions all three forms were hemolytic. The non-hemolytic passage culture, in the presence of an ample supply of oxygen, not only destroyed its own hemolysin, which only appeared under anaerobic conditions, but was also able to destroy the hemolysin of other cultures of hemolytic streptococci.

It is possible that these observations may throw some light on experiments reported by a number of workers showing that Streptococcus hæmolyticus can be transmuted to Streptococcus viridans by animal passage.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY FROM LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Sia Richard H. P. , Robertson Oswald H. , Woo Shutai T.
Published: June 2004

Employing a method devised for the investigation of natural immunity and experimental pneumococcus infection, a study has been made of the serum immune changes occurring during the course of lobar pneumonia due to Pneumococcus Types I and II and Group IV, in man. It was found that at the time of crisis or lysis the blood serum acquired constantly the property of promoting pneumococcus killing to a relatively marked degree. Other evidences of antipneumococcus reaction—mouse protection, opsonins, and agglutinins—were also demonstrable in the blood at this time. These immune changes appeared in the majority of cases at the beginning of recovery and failed to occur when the disease terminated fatally. The fact that these observations in human cases are practically identical with previous findings in the experimental disease in cats, enhances considerably the significance of the development of serum immune bodies at the time of crisis since in the experimental animal it was possible to show that the acquisition of passive immunity was associated with greatly increased antipneumococcus resistance.
NITROGEN METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND SARCOMATOUS FIBROBLASTS IN PURE CULTURES
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. Both normal and sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat utilize many different fragments of the protein molecule for their growth in vitro. Alpha and beta proteoses have approximately equal growth-promoting power.

2. A mixture of peptones, peptides, and amino acids, containing a negligible quantity of proteose, produces a temporary proliferation of normal fibroblasts, and an unlimited multiplication of sarcomatous fibroblasts, provided these substances are derived from liver which contains products of unknown nature that complete the nutritive effect of the protein degradation products.

3. Amino acids contribute to the nutrition of the cells, but are unable without the addition of peptides or polypeptides to support their life.

4. The proteolytic products are more toxic to normal than to sarcomatous fibroblasts. The hypothesis is suggested that the greater acidity produced by the large glycolysis of the sarcomatous cells may account for this difference through altering the speed of action of protein synthetizing enzymes.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R.
Published: June 2004

Determinations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol and lipoid phosphorus were made on a series of animals recently received from the dealer for the purpose of determining the trends of these 4 blood constituents throughout the year with the degree of their respective variations and mathematical correlation. It was found that for the 80 animals examined, calcium varied from 14.5 ±0.10 to 18.5 ±0.39 mg. and inorganic phosphorus 4.960 ±0.20 to 6.820 ±0.20 mg. per 100 cc. of blood serum. Cholesterol varied from 51.1 ±1.18 to 73.3 ±1.34 mg. and lecithin from 94.8 ±1.397 to 168.3 ±10.18 mg. per 100 cc. of whole blood.

Of the 6 possible combinations in calculating the coefficient of correlation for the trend throughout the experiment, 3 stand out as of mathematical significance, namely the following. Between inorganic phosphorus and lecithin the coefficient of correlation was found to be –0.794 ±0.088; between calcium and cholesterol –0.887 ±0.051 and between cholesterol and lecithin +0.560 ±0.164.
CHEMICAL FINDINGS IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER TEMPORARY OBSTRUCTION OF THE PYLORUS
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

The toxemia characteristic of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction may be produced by temporary obstruction of the pylorus. This procedure affords an opportunity for studying the toxemia in the absence of mechanical factors, operative risk, and infection.

Animals which spontaneously recover from the toxemia may show a return of the blood chloride to normal when only distilled water is given. In such instances there must be a redistribution of the body store of chlorides.

The administration of sodium chloride by mouth to animals which show a toxemia without evidence of spontaneous recovery causes a rapid return of the blood to normal.

There is a marked diuresis with high nitrogen excretion during the toxemia. This is evidently due to the increased protein destruction.

The return of the blood chlorides to normal causes a cessation of the increased protein destruction.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERA AS AFFECTED BY THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: June 2004

An attempt to find evidence, through the study of surface tension, using the du Noüy tensiometer, of a denaturing effect of the precipitin reaction upon either the antigen or the immune serum yielded entirely negative results.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The therapeutic effect of several antiparasitic chemicals on experimental verruga peruana is described. The drugs were administered by intravenous injection according as the nodules (1) were already developed to an approximate maximum, or (2) were still in the active period of growth.

The effect of the drugs was different under the two circumstances of their administration. When they were given after the maturity of the nodules they hastened the regressive process, but when given during active growth of the lesions no action whatever was detected.

Bartonella bacilliformis in culture is acted upon injuriously by a number of the chemicals employed in the therapeutic tests, the most active being formalin and neutroflavine.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

A study is reported of the effect of different methods of treatment on the toxemia of cardiac obstruction.

The average duration of life of untreated dogs is 3 days. Three dogs treated with 1 per cent salt solution subcutaneously lived 32, 36, and 45 days respectively without developing a toxemia. 2 per cent glucose similarly given, does not alter the course of the toxemia. Concentrated salt solution in small quantities given directly into the jejunum prevents the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen but does not materially prolong life.

Release of the obstruction does not change the course of the toxemia in untreated animals. The subcutaneous injection of 1 per cent sodium chloride solution after release of the obstruction causes a rapid return of the blood to normal and allows the animal to recover. A similar amount of fluid given as 2 per cent glucose does not alter the course of the toxemia after release of the obstruction.
THE BLOOD CHLORIDES IN PROTEOSE INTOXICATION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Dogs injected with proteose recovered from the intestinal contents of animals with obstruction at different levels show no significant changes in the blood chlorides even with a fatal intoxication.

After the intravenous injection of lethal and sublethal doses of Witte's peptone there is little change in the chlorides.

Autolyzing liver in the abdominal cavity produces no change in the blood chlorides even with a very great increase in the urea and nonprotein nitrogen.

Proteose intoxication is probably not a factor in the characteristic fall in chlorides seen after intestinal and pyloric obstruction.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Earle W. R.
Published: June 2004

1. It was found that when hanging drops of whole blood, drawn from a rabbit, were subjected to irradiation from certain light sources, a striking degeneration of the white and of the red cells occurred. In this degeneration of the red cells there was (a) a preliminary period of 15–30 minutes during which no effect was noted; (b) following this, there was a period during which the cells swelled and became first almost biplanar, then biconvex, and finally spherical. After a spherical shape had been assumed, the liberation of blood pigment from the cells began. This process progressed with varied rapidity, sometimes being very slow, and being incomplete; sometimes being of almost explosive rapidity. This liberation was not accomplished in either case through a gross rupture of the cells, but through the agency of some submicroscopic change produced either in the cell contents, the cell wall, or both. Following this liberation of pigment, in some cultures the red cells showed signs of coagulation, as did the white cells. In other cultures, however, the red cells were reduced to achromatic shadows.

2. When whole blood was diluted with unbuffered Locke solution and then irradiated in hanging drop preparations, the erythrocytes swelled, as in whole blood, but then, instead of an almost instantaneous hemolysis of every cell present, or a slow liberation of hemoglobin from each individual cell, all the red cells hemolyzed, one or two at a time, the hemolyzed cells being left as achromatic shadows.

3. This hemolysis of the red cells, as in the case of the degeneration of the white cells, occurred upon irradiation of the culture with white light, or with light lying in each of the three spectral zones of the visual spectrum, defined by Wratten filters Nos. 45, 58 and 29 respectively, as follows: (a) 430µµ–550µµ; infra-red; (b) 475µµ–630µµ; 690µµ-infra-red; (c) 600µµ-infra-red.

4. Within the range of intensities of light employed, there was little or no difference in the rate at which light of these three regions acted on the red cells. Further, this rate was the same as was the rate when the red cells were irradiated with no colored filter interposed in the optical path, or when a 5 per cent total transmission neutral filter was interposed.

5. It was shown that this degeneration of the red cells under the action of light was not dependent on the presence or absence of serum, with the possible exception of that trace which might have been adherent to the red cells even after repeated washing.

6. The white cells in the culture generally showed no changes until after traces of red cell pigment could be seen free in the surrounding medium.

7. On the other hand, no neutrophils were observed moving around for longer than a few minutes after the liberation of red cell pigment had occurred.

8. The liberation of substances from the red blood cells, as a result of irradiation of such preparations, may play some major rôle in the degeneration of irradiated white cells.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Earle W. R.
Published: June 2004

1. In the presence of autogenous red blood cells, fibroblasts, grown in vitro from the heart and intestine of embryo chicks of from 6–12 days incubation, underwent a rapid degeneration when exposed to light of the visual spectrum.

2. In this degeneration, the cells showed a marked increase in refractive index, and a massive formation of colorless vacuoles of low refractive index. These vacuoles gave no reaction with osmic acid or Sudan III, but took up neutral red. Later in the degeneration the cells showed marked signs of rounding up and of coagulation.

In some cases this degeneration process was modified in such a manner that, instead of the formation of vacuoles, the whole cytoplasm became much less viscid and the cells swelled greatly and became spherical.

3. The similarity of this degeneration to that shown by the erythrocytes, and more particularly, to that shown by the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, under the action of light, is pointed out.

4. Degeneration of the fibroblasts occurred when the cells were irradiated by light of any one of the following wave-length zones: (a) 430µµ–550µµ; infra-red; (b) 475µµ–630µµ; 690µµ-infra-red; (c) 60µµ-infra-red.

5. This degeneration was much slower for the cells irradiated through the blue or red filters of less than 5 per cent, and less than 6.6 per cent, respective total transmissions. When irradiated through the green filter of 23 per cent total transmission it was much more rapid, and even more rapid than for cultures irradiated with white light of 100 per cent total transmission. These data were obtained on a short series of cultures and must be considered only as suggestive.

6. In the apparent absence of red cells, the fibroblasts underwent only a slight degree of degeneration after irradiation lasting from 13–24½ hours. It is possible that even this minor degeneration may depend upon the presence of traces of disintegration products of red cells in the culture. Much more advanced degenerative processes were obtained, when many red cells were present, after only 3 hours irradiation.
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Parker Julia T. , Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

1. Anaerobic autolysates of pneumococci, prepared according to the method described, are highly toxic for guinea pigs when injected intratracheally in dosage of 0.2 cc. Death occurs either within a few hours (36 per cent) or within 3 days. In the early deaths there is intense hemorrhagic edema of the lungs with beginning inflammatory reaction; in animals surviving for 18 hours or longer extensive areas of pneumonia are produced.

2. The intratracheal injection of virulent living pneumococci is followed by transient slight lesion with recovery, or by later death from septicemia without pneumonic lesions.

3. The addition of a sublethal dose of toxic autolysate to living pneumococci alters the reaction of the animal, so that there develops extensive pneumonia associated with unrestrained multiplication of the organism.
OBSERVATIONS ON FLAGELLAR AND SOMATIC AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Whole, shaken and heated suspensions of two Salmonella species were compared as to agglutinability, absorptive capacity and antigenic properties. The results were in general agreement with the flagellar antigen concept of Smith and Reagh. The removal of flagella by shaking or heating (100°C.) resulted in altered agglutinability manifested by failure to give a floccular reaction with "whole" antiserum. The deflagellated bacteria were able to absorb some flocculating agglutinin from that serum. They were unable, however, to produce flocculating agglutinin upon injection in rabbits.

Untreated, shaken and heated suspensions of a non-motile bacterium (Staphylococcus) showed no differences with respect to agglutinability or absorptive capacity.

Soluble precipitable material was found present in small amount in culture filtrates of the motile bacteria and in greater concentration in filtrates of heated suspensions. The bulk of the soluble material was of somatic origin and was not appreciably increased by the presence of flagella. It was possible, however, to demonstrate soluble material in heated flagellar suspensions. The relation of such soluble substances to floccular agglutination and the production of flocculating agglutinin as suggested by Hadley is discussed.
THE REMOVAL OF AGGLUTININ FROM SENSITIZED MOTILE BACTERIA
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

It was shown that flocculating (flagellar) agglutinin and granulating (somatic) agglutinin display certain differences with respect to their removal from sensitized bacteria (B. paratyphi). A 5 per cent solution of NaCl added to sedimented, sensitized bacteria followed by heating to 60°C. for 1 hour removed approximately 50 per cent of the combined agglutinin. There was little or no removal of granulating agglutinin either from the sensitized motile bacteria or from a sensitized non-motile organism (Staphylococcus). Evidence was presented that the agglutinin removal was not dependent solely on disintegration of flagella by the conditions of extraction with a subsequent freeing of antibody.
THE ACID-BASE COMPOSITION OF GASTRIC SECRETIONS
Authors: Gamble James L. , McIver Monroe A. ,   With the Assistance of Pauline Marsh and Elizabeth Matteson.
Published: June 2004

The chief inorganic factors in secretions obtained from isolated pouches constructed in the fundus and in the pyloric antrum of the cat's stomach were found to be chloride ion and fixed base. In a series of samples obtained from the fundic pouch, chloride ion was approximately stationary at 165 cc. 0.1 N per 100 cc. During digestion of food in the stomach, secretions from the pouch contained fixed base in amounts varying considerably from an average of 47 cc. 0.1 N per 100 cc. Material allowed to remain in the pouch after the completion of food digestion in the stomach showed an increasing content of fixed base, to as much as 140 cc. 0.1 N per 100 cc. A stationary total ionic content of secretions of the fundus is thus seen to be sustained by the chloride ion concentration, and changes in hydrogen ion concentration to be caused by variation of fixed base. The differing amounts of fixed base found are regarded as probably due to admixture of a mucous secretion with the juice from the fundic glands. The alkaline secretion taken from a pyloric pouch contained fixed base in excess of chloride ion. Variation of fixed base in the secretions from the fundic pouch were found to be referable to change in sodium content, the smaller factor, potassium, remaining approximately constant at about the value found in material from the pyloric pouch. This suggests that the mucous secretion of the fundus has the same composition as that produced by the pyloric antrum. These data will serve to explain the extensive withdrawal of fixed base, as well as of chloride ion, from the blood plasma in the presence of circumstances causing a continued loss of stomach secretions.
STUDIES IN ASTHMA
Authors: Went Stephen , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

1. Sheep serum in doses below 0.3 cc. intravenously produces no pulmonary vasoconstriction in the guinea pig. Guinea pigs have consequently been sensitized with this substance and anaphylactic shock produced by doses of O.1 and 0.2 cc.

2. Pressure in the pulmonary artery has been measured by the method of Drinker and Went (2) and recorded photographically in a new and convenient manner.

3. At a very early stage in anaphylactic shock the pulmonary arterial pressure falls markedly and this fall seems to precede the appearance of bronchiolar obstruction.

4. The fall in pulmonary blood pressure in anaphylactic shock is in marked contrast to the rise in pressure resulting from intravenous injection of toxic foreign protein, such as horse serum.
STUDIES ON HYPERSENSITIVENESS TO DIPHTHERIA BACILLI
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L.
Published: June 2004

The paper describes an "immediate" skin reaction to derivatives of the diphtheria bacillus which is shown to be distinct from the "delayed" or "pseudoreaction" commonly seen in Schick tests on adults. The "immediate" reaction was passively transferred to local areas of the skin of other people.
STUDIES ON FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM)
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Dunn Leslie C. , Cone Vernon
Published: June 2004

1. Fowl paralysis (neurolymphomatosis gallinarum) is a disease entity, with characteristic clinical and pathological features.

2. The disease occurs in all parts of the United States, Holland, Austria and probably South America.

3. The disease appears to be endemic in certain foci. Having once appeared, the disease tends to persist through successive years.

4. It occurs with about equal frequency in both sexes; all common breeds may be affected.

5. Symptoms appear between the 3rd and 18th months. Typical clinical cases have not been observed outside of these limits.

6. The conspicuous symptoms are (a) asymmetrical, partial and progressive paralysis of the wings and both legs, and rarely of neck muscles; (b) occasional grey discoloration of iris, with blindness. Nutrition is usually preserved.

7. The duration is variable; the outcome is usually fatal, but spontaneous recovery may rarely occur.

8. The principal pathological changes are found in the nervous system. In the peripheral nerves, the essential feature is an intense infiltration of lymphoid, plasma cells, and large mononuclears. This is accompanied by a myelin degeneration in the more advanced lesions, but the cellular infiltrations appear to precede the degenerative changes. In brain, cord and meninges, there are similar infiltrations predominantly perivascular.

Infiltrations of the iris with lymphoid and plasma cells are found in the cases showing gross discoloration of the iris.

Visceral lymphomata, originating usually in the ovary, are associated in a certain percentage of the cases. Evidence is presented in favor of the view that this association is not accidental, and that the lymphomata are a manifestation of the disease.

9. Infiltrations of the spinal cord and brain, rarely of the peripheral nerves, are frequently present in birds showing no clinical symptoms. These are interpreted as mild cases of the same disease.

10. No microorganisms of etiological significance have been demonstrated in the tissues or by cultural methods.
STUDIES ON FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM)
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Dunn Leslie C. , Seidlin S. M.
Published: June 2004

1. Inoculation of suspensions of brain, cord, ganglia or nerves of chickens with neurolymphomatous lesions, into newly hatched chicks, is followed by the development of typical lesions in approximately 25 per cent of cases.

2. In control chickens kept under laboratory conditions the incidence of the disease is about 7 per cent.

3. The disease does not become manifest until at least 2 months after inoculation; symptoms may not appear until after 4 months.

4. The active agent is not destroyed by 50 per cent glycerol in 9 days at ice box temperature.
STUDIES ON THE SUBMAXILLARY VIRUS OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Scott Gordon H.
Published: June 2004

The development in the submaxillary glands of guinea pigs ol intranuclear inclusions traceable to submaxillary virus can be wholly suppressed by ligation of the gland ducts. Inclusions appear in fai greater numbers in glands stimulated with pilocarpine than is the case in ordinary spontaneous and induced infections.
THE REVERSION OF R TO S PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Reimann Hobart A.
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the behavior of R pneumococcus strains under various experimental conditions. It was found that daughter colonies frequently appeared among the R forms and in some instances tended to replace the typical R forms. The daughter strain produced colonies with shiny surfaces which were morphologically indistinguishable from genuine S colonies although the characteristics of the bacteria comprising them conformed to the R variety. Both R and daughter forms which had resided for long periods of time in vivo have been converted into virulent forms. Strains of R pneumococci which seemed irreversible were apparently converted into S forms by applying the methods of Griffith.

A general consideration of the information derived during the recent experimental studies indicates that virulent S pneumococci may dissociate into the R form in vivo, that the R forms may be occasionally found in the sputum of pneumonia patients and also may reside or lie dormant in vivo for a considerable period of time. It has been shown that under favorable circumstances bacteria of the R form may spontaneously revert to the original S form or by special methods may even transform into S forms of another type.
A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSIS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by proteolysis, which results in an increase in amino and non-coagulable nitrogen.

2. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by lipolysis during which there is a liberation of ether-soluble fatty acids.

3. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to heat-killed pneumococci, lysis of the cells occurs and there is an increase in the non-coagulable and amino nitrogen, comparable to the changes accompanying spontaneous autolysis.

4. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to emulsions of the alcohol-soluble lipoids extracted from pneumococci, an increase in the ether-soluble fatty acid occurs.

5. Sodium desoxycholate in excess inhibits the action of pneumococcus protease; it does not inhibit the action of pneumococcus lipase.

6. When suspensions of pneumococci are cooled to 0°C., a temperature at which the rate of enzyme action is greatly retarded, the organisms go into solution rapidly when sodium desoxycholate is added, but this process is not accompanied by lipolysis or proteolysis. It does not seem probable, therefore, that the "bile" solution of pneumococci is identical with the phenomenon of autolysis as ordinarily understood and measured.

7. The relation of enzyme action to antigenic dissociation is discussed.
MATERIAL FROM LYMPH NODES
Authors: Forkner Claude E.
Published: June 2004

1. Lymph nodes from all parts of the body have been studied in a series of 58 rabbits. All of these studies have been on normal animals or on animals in which there were no specific pathologic lesions of the lymph nodes.

2. The supravital method of studying living cells has been employed together with the method of fixed sections. A correlation of the findings with these two methods is made.

3. Lymph nodes from different parts of the body possess marked differences in their cytology.

4. Developing monocytes have been found as normal constituents of all the lymph nodes of the rabbit except the mesenteric mass lying in the mesentery at the lower border of the stomach. When present the monocytes occur in varying numbers being most abundant in the more superficial nodes, particularly in the popliteal group, where they may constitute one-third to one-half of the total cells present.

5. The position of the developing monocytes in the lymph node is believed to be chiefly in the perifollicular area without definite relationship to the lymph sinuses. In some instances they are also found in the follicle itself or scattered in the medullary area. More accurate knowledge on this point must await further study.

6. During the first hours of life the monocytes are present in the lymph nodes in the same relationship as in the adult animal.

7. The monocytes are not normally present in the efferent lymphatics draining the popliteal nodes and are not normally present in the thoracic duct. It is suggested that the monocytes being extravascular in origin, enter the blood stream by means of their own motility in much the same manner as the granular leucocytes gain admission to the circulating blood. Unequivocal proof of this point can be obtained only by further investigation.

8. Many of the lymphoid cells of the lymph nodes have shown a definite division of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm. The mitochondria and neutral red bodies are sharply limited to the less basophilic endoplasm.

9. Eosinophils are found in great numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes and are less numerous in the mesenteric and superficial nodes.

10. Clasmatocytes are found in great numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes where they are concentrated particularly in the medullary areas. They are also present in the spleen. They are much less numerous in other lymphoid tissue.

11. Several cell types not previously described are found to be normal constituents of a large percentage of normal rabbit lymph nodes.

12. Primitive cells are found throughout the lymphoid tissue, but are in greater numbers in the area of the germ center of the follicle.

13. No evidence of erythropoiesis could be found in normal lymph nodes.

14. The spleen and bone marrow in this series of animals have not been normally concerned to any significant degree in the formation and development of monocytes.

15. Further experiments are necessary to demonstrate conclusively whether or not the lymph nodes, other than the mesenteric group, are normally the exclusive source of the monocytes of blood.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Lowenstein Louis , Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Colon bacilli possess endocellular heat-labile lactase and lipase enzymes which remain operative in sterile filtered solutions of the intracellular substances obtained through physical disintegration the bacillary bodies. The demonstration of the lactase and detection of the hexose products of its action constitute experimental evidence that hydrolysis of the disaccharide is the first step in the fermentation of lactose by colon bacilli.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROPERTIES OF STERILE BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Authors: Dubos René
Published: June 2004

Sterile plain broth contains an active oxidation-reduction system, the characteristics of which have been analyzed.

1. Intensity factor: Under vaseline seal, the lot of broth used in these experiments reaches a reduction potential corresponding to reduced indigo disulfonate (rH = 10). All the indicators with a more positive E0' are reduced, the others are not affected.

It seems probable that fresh broth, which has not undergone oxidation by molecular oxygen, would give a higher reduction potential.

2. Capacity factor: The maximum amounts of different indicators that can be reduced correspond to equimolecular concentrations. This seems to indicate either (a) that the broth does not contain several "independent" reducing systems (at least in appreciable amounts), or (b) that these hypothetical "independent" systems all have about the same reduction potential.

3. Time factor: The different indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials are reduced in the order of the electromotive series.

4. Nature of the system: The system seems to be reversible (this not excluding the possibility of irreversible autoxidations) and does not appear to be of the nature of a sugar.

The relation of these phenomena to the cultivation of different species of bacteria will be reported later.
NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Nye Robert N. , Seegal David
Published: June 2004

1. Blood cultures from 25 cases of acute rheumatic fever were negative for non-hemolytic streptococci of both the alpha and gamma types.

2. Non-hemolytic (gamma type) streptococci were frequently recovered from the throats of patients with this disease.

3. Similar organisms were recovered just as frequently from the throats of normal individuals.

4. Although these non-hemolytic streptococci were morphologically and culturally identical, not only amongst themselves, but also when compared with stock Small and Birkhaug strains, all, including the latter, have failed to show any noteworthy degree of homogeneity.

5. Representative strains of these streptococci have proved to be relatively non-pathogenic for rabbits following intravenous injection.

6. These organisms, with a few exceptions, have failed to produce soluble skin-reacting toxins comparable to Birkhaug's standard test toxin.

7. The foregoing facts seem to invalidate the assumption that any of these non-hemolytic streptococci play a specific rôle in the etiology of acute rheumatic fever.
TRANSMISSION OF FOWL-POX BY MOSQUITOES
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Muckenfuss R. S. , Rivers T. M.
Published: June 2004

Culex and Aëdes mosquitoes are capable of transmitting fowl-pox from diseased to healthy susceptible chickens.

The mosquitoes remain infectious for at least 14 days following a meal on diseased fowls.
HERPES ENCEPHALITIS IN CEBUS MONKEYS
Authors: Zinsser Hans
Published: June 2004

Herpes virus which ordinarily produces in Cebus olivaceus monkeys an acutely fatal encephalitis closely resembling in time, symptoms and pathology the acute, herpetic disease of rabbits may—in more resistant individual monkeys—lead to a more prolonged malady which, while unquestionably produced with herpes virus, simulates with considerable accuracy the human disease of acute encephalitis, in symptoms, in course and in pathological changes.
THE REACTION OF HUMAN BILE AND ITS RELATION TO GALL STONE FORMATION
Authors: Reinhold John G. , Ferguson L. Kraaer
Published: June 2004

1. The human gall bladder acidifies the bile. In this respect its action is similar to that of the gall bladders of lower animals, previously described by other workers.

2. The hydrogen ion concentration of gall bladder bile is increased considerably in cases of obstruction of the common or cystic ducts. The highest values were found following complete obstruction.

3. The occurrence of gall stones was not associated with a consistent change in the hydrogen ion concentration of the gall bladder bile.
SURVIVAL OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS FOR EIGHT YEARS IN GLYCEROL
Authors: Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. An instance of successful inoculation of poliomyelitis virus after preservation for 8 years in 50 per cent glycerol is reported.

2. The virulence of the material injected remained essentially unchanged during this period.

3. The fact that poliomyelitis virus will survive in glycerol for so great a period may be taken as further indication of the improbability of streptococci as the inciting organisms.

4. Poliomyelitis virus would seem to vary in its resistance to glycerolation.

5. The remarkable persistence of active virus outside of the body may have a bearing on the epidemiology of poliomyelitis.
BLOOD CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION IN ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Brown Herman , Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: June 2004

The results above reported for total calcium and the membrane-diffusible fraction in the serum of the guinea pig, taken at various intervals during anaphylactic shock, confirm the findings of previous workers that the total calcium is essentially unchanged. There is, however, the further finding that the diffusible fraction is considerably increased over that found for the animal similarly treated but not manifesting characteristic symptoms.
THE PRODUCTION OF PARTIAL LIVER INSUFFICIENCY IN RABBITS
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Drury D. R.
Published: June 2004

A rapid and simple method for the production of marked liver insufficiency in rabbits has been described. The necessary operation can be carried out by an unassisted operator in a few minutes. The method should further the study of liver physiology.

The changes as concerns blood sugar, urea formation, and uric acid metabolism would appear to be the same in the rabbit suffering from hepatic insufficiency as in the dog.
TOTAL SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE LIVER IN RABBITS
Authors: Drury D. R.
Published: June 2004

A technique is described for total removal of the liver of the rabbit without circulatory difficulties as a result. The method requires a preliminary operation to induce a development of portal and caval collaterals.

Rabbits deprived of the liver in this manner if given glucose live for varying periods up to 40 hours. Before death they show the same disturbances as do hepatectomized dogs. They die early, of hypoglycemia, unless provided with sugar.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for investigating the relation between phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and certain physical-chemical properties of the bacterial surface.

Serum sensitization causes the following changes in the properties of acid-fast bacteria: (a) increased cohesiveness, (b) decrease in surface electric potential difference, (c) decrease in wettability of the bacteria by oil, and (d) increased phagocytosis.

Tests have been conducted periodically with the sera of 4 rabbits under active immunization with as many strains of acid-fast bacteria; the parallelism between the alteration in bacterial surface properties and the promotion of phagocytosis by these sera has been, within the experimental error, complete.

The percentage of phagocytosis of a given bacterial suspension has been found to depend both upon the sensitizing serum component or components deposited upon the bacterium and upon the intrinsic properties of the unsensitized bacterial surface.