bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study and Analytical Modeling on Properties of Freeze–Thaw Durability of Coal Gangue Pervious Concrete
Authors: Wang Yujing , Xia Junwu , Li Pengxu , Yu Linli , Yang Han , Chen Yidong
Published: November 2023

To assess the freeze–thaw (F-T) durability of coal gangue pervious concrete (CGPC) in different F-T cycle media (water, 3.5 wt% NaCl solution), experimental studies on 36 groups of cube specimens and 6 groups of prismatic specimens were carried out, with designed porosity, F-T cycling media, and F-T failure times as variables. The changes in apparent morphology, mass, compressive behavior, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and permeability coefficient have been analyzed in detail. To predict the compressive strength after F-T cycles, a GM (1,1) model based on the grey system theory was developed and further improved into a more accurate grey residual–Markov model. The results reported that the cement slurry and coal gangue aggregates (CGAs) on the specimen surface continued to fall off as F-T cycles increased, and, finally, the weak point was fractured. Meanwhile, the decrease in compressive behavior and relative dynamic elastic modulus was gentle in the early phase of F-T cycles, and they gradually became faster in the later stage, showing a parabolic downward trend. The permeability coefficient increased gradually. When F-T failure occurred, specimen mass dropped precipitously. The F-T failure of CGPC was more likely to occur in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, and the F-T failure times of samples were 25 times earlier than that of water. This study lays the foundation for an engineering application and provides a basis for the large-scale utilization of CGPC.
Panoramic Radiography vs. CBCT in the Evaluation of the Maxillary Third Molar Roots
Authors: Almeida-Marques Marcia , Ingold Mara Magnoler Sampaio , da Silva-Junior Alberto Ferreira , Franco Ademir , Junqueira José Luiz Cintra , Oenning Anne Caroline
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives: A comprehensive understanding of the position of third molar roots and adjacent structures, such as the maxillary sinus (MS), is essential for safe extractions. Diagnostic imaging plays a fundamental role in achieving accurate treatment planning. This study aimed to compare panoramic radiography (PR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the evaluation of maxillary third molar roots and their relationship with the MS. Materials and Methods: Two trained radiologists evaluated third molar images. The number of roots, morphology (fused/conical, divergent, dilacerated, or atypical), and their relationship with the MS in PR and CBCT were registered. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using the weighted Kappa test. Results: Regarding the number and morphology of the roots, Kappa values showed moderate (κ = 0.42) and fair agreement (κ = 0.38), respectively. Regarding the proximity with the MS, most of the roots showed close contact (30.6%), or 1/3 of root superimposition (35%), in PR evaluation, while in CBCT, the third molars were in contact with the MS floor (32%), and with alveolar domes (27.2%). Conclusions: PR is a moderately reliable image technique to identify the number of roots and root morphology of maxillary third molars. PR, however, does not provide any radiographic signs that clearly indicate the anatomical relationship between the maxillary third molar roots and the maxillary sinus detected in CBCT images.
The Role of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine and Metabolic Syndrome’s Alterations in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL): A Narrative Review
Authors: Monzani Daniele , Liberale Carlotta , Segato Erika , De Cecco Francesca , Arietti Valerio , Palma Silvia , Sacchetto Luca , Nocini Riccardo
Published: November 2023

Fibrinogen and homocysteine (HCY) are molecules known to play a role in vascular homeostasis, and their blood levels are often elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) may have a vascular origin. This has led many authors to advocate that fibrinogen, homocysteine, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may play a direct role in SSHL. The aim of this brief review is to examine the role and influence of these molecules and MetS on the mechanisms of SSHL. Elevated fibrinogen levels have been associated with a worse prognosis in SSHL, possibly due to increased blood viscosity and decreased blood flow. Similarly, HCY has been associated with vascular damage, particularly in hyperhomocysteinemia, although the exact association with SSHL remains controversial. MetS has been demonstrated to function both as a causative factor and as a contributor to poorer recovery in cases of SSHL. However, although some studies suggest a possible role for these biomarkers and MetS in the prognosis and treatment of SSHL, specific therapeutic and preventive strategies based solely on these factors have yet to be developed. Given their potential role in prognosis and treatment and the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome, this issue needs to be analyzed comprehensively. Thus, further quality studies need to be conducted, even though it is difficult to determine the actual impact of MetS on the development of SSHL, as it is a multifactorial disease affecting multiple organs.
Cord Blood Metabolite Profiles and Their Association with Autistic Traits in Childhood
Authors: Kaupper Christin S. , Blaauwendraad Sophia M. , Cecil Charlotte A. M. , Mulder Rosa H. , Gaillard Romy , Goncalves Romy , Borggraefe Ingo , Koletzko Berthold , Jaddoe Vincent W. V.
Published: November 2023

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a diverse neurodevelopmental condition. Gene–environmental interactions in early stages of life might alter metabolic pathways, possibly contributing to ASD pathophysiology. Metabolomics may serve as a tool to identify underlying metabolic mechanisms contributing to ASD phenotype and could help to unravel its complex etiology. In a population-based, prospective cohort study among 783 mother–child pairs, cord blood serum concentrations of amino acids, non-esterified fatty acids, phospholipids, and carnitines were obtained using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Autistic traits were measured at the children’s ages of 6 (n = 716) and 13 (n = 648) years using the parent-reported Social Responsiveness Scale. Lower cord blood concentrations of SM.C.39.2 and NEFA16:1/16:0 were associated with higher autistic traits among 6-year-old children, adjusted for sex and age at outcome. After more stringent adjustment for confounders, no significant associations of cord blood metabolites and autistic traits at ages 6 and 13 were detected. Differences in lipid metabolism (SM and NEFA) might be involved in ASD-related pathways and are worth further investigation.
Density Functional Theory Insight into Chemical Vapor Infiltration
Authors: Walker Eric A. , Marziale Joseph J. , Chen James
Published: November 2023

Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) has proven remarkably successful in producing strong and lightweight ceramic matrix composite materials. This technology has matured to regular industrial use. However, two fundamental problems remain, and those are the formation of pores and depositing of weaker material than silicon carbide (SiC), namely, Si. Definitive knowledge of the molecular mechanism would catalyze an advance in the chemical precursors used in CVI. In this work, the CVI reaction is modeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT calculations here use the Bayesian Error Estimation Functional with van der Waals correction (BEEF-vdW). The main findings begin with C deposition determining the rate of solid SiC growth due to Si being far more reactive. Therefore, increasing the C content of the precursor is a logical CVI strategy. Methane (CH4) is more reactive than ethane (C2H6) and ethylene (C2H2) and would be effective as an additive to the chemical precursor. Increasing the deposition rate of C has the benefit of decreasing pure Si deposits. Si melts at 1410 °C and CMCs are used in high-temperature settings beyond this melting point, including in aeroengines and nuclear fuel cladding.
Metamorphic Ages and PT Conditions of Amphibolites in the Diebusige and Bayanwulashan Complexes of the Alxa Block, North China Craton
Authors: Zhou Feng , Gou Longlong , Xu Xiaofei , Tian Zhibo
Published: November 2023

The metamorphism and geological significance of amphibolites in the Diebusige and Bayanwulashan Complexes of the eastern Alxa Block, North China Craton, were poorly understood until now. This study presents the results of petrology, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb analysis, phase equilibrium modeling and geothermobarometry for these rocks. The peak mineral assemblage of clinopyroxene + hornblende + plagioclase + K-feldspar + ilmenite + quartz + melt is inferred for amphibolite sample ALS2164 in the Diebusige Complex. Correspondingly, the peak mineral assemblage of clinopyroxene + hornblende + plagioclase ± K-feldspar + ilmenite + quartz + melt is identified for amphibolite sample ALS2191 in the Bayanwulshan Complex. Phase equilibrium modelling constrained the peak metamorphic condition of amphibolite sample ALS2164 in the Diebusige Complex to be 825–910 °C/7.2–10.8 kbar, which is similar to that (800–870 °C/7.0–10.7 kbar) of amphibolite sample ALS2191 in the Bayanwulashan Complex. Hbl–pl–qz thermobarometry yielded the metamorphic PT conditions of 732–810 °C/3.0–6.7 kbar for these amphibolites, which are consistent with the average temperatures of 763 °C, 768 °C and 780 °C calculated by Ti-zircon thermometry. As a result, phase equilibrium modelling yielded wide PT condition ranges of 800–910 °C/7.0–10.8 kbar, the lower limit of which is consistent with the upper limit of estimates by the hbl–pl–qz thermobarometer. In addition, LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analysis on metamorphic zircons yielded weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1901 ± 22–1817 ± 21 Ma, which represent the timing of amphibolite-facies metamorphism. As a whole, the PT estimates display a high geothermal gradient, which is consistent with coeval ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and associated mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Diebusige Complex. Combing this information with the previously published data from the Diebusige Complex, an extensional setting after continental collision is inferred for the eastern Alxa Block during the late Paleoproterozoic. The HREE enrichment patterns of metamorphic zircons from the amphibolites in this study are in agreement with that these amphibolites formed at relatively shallower crust than the garnet-bearing mafic granulites in the Diebusige Complex.
Pterodon emarginatus Seed Preparations: Antiradical Activity, Chemical Characterization, and In Silico ADMET Parameters of β-caryophyllene and Farnesol
Authors: Froldi Guglielmina , Benetti Francesco , Mondin Andrea , Roverso Marco , Pangrazzi Elisa , Djeujo Francine Medjiofack , Pastore Paolo
Published: November 2023

The study of medicinal plants and their active compounds is relevant to maintaining knowledge of traditional medicine and to the development of new drugs of natural origin with lower environmental impact. From the seeds of the Brazilian plant Pterodon emarginatus, six different preparations were obtained: essential oil (EO), ethanol extract (EthE) prepared using the traditional method, and four extracts using solvents at different polarities, such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol (HexE, ChlE, EtAE, and MetE). Chemical characterization was carried out with gas chromatography, allowing the identification of several terpenoids as characteristic components. The two sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and farnesol were identified in all preparations of Pterodon emarginatus, and their amounts were also evaluated. Furthermore, the total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the extracts were assessed. Successively, the antiradical activity with DPPH and ORAC assays and the influence on cell proliferation by the MTT test on the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell line of the preparations and the two compounds were evaluated. Lastly, an in silico study of adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) showed that β-caryophyllene and farnesol could be suitable candidates for development as drugs. The set of data obtained highlights the potential medicinal use of Pterodon emarginatus seeds and supports further studies of both plant preparations and isolated compounds, β-caryophyllene and farnesol, for their potential use in disease with free radical involvement as age-related chronic disorders.
Two-Dimensional-PAGE Coupled with nLC-MS/MS-Based Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins and Tumorigenic Pathways in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Transfected for JTB Protein Silencing
Authors: Jayathirtha Madhuri , Jayaweera Taniya , Whitham Danielle , Sullivan Isabelle , Petre Brîndușa Alina , Darie Costel C. , Neagu Anca-Narcisa
Published: November 2023

The identification of new cancer-associated genes/proteins, the characterization of their expression variation, the interactomics-based assessment of differentially expressed genes/proteins (DEGs/DEPs), and understanding the tumorigenic pathways and biological processes involved in BC genesis and progression are necessary and possible by the rapid and recent advances in bioinformatics and molecular profiling strategies. Taking into account the opinion of other authors, as well as based on our own team’s in vitro studies, we suggest that the human jumping translocation breakpoint (hJTB) protein might be considered as a tumor biomarker for BC and should be studied as a target for BC therapy. In this study, we identify DEPs, carcinogenic pathways, and biological processes associated with JTB silencing, using 2D-PAGE coupled with nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) proteomics applied to a MCF7 breast cancer cell line, for complementing and completing our previous results based on SDS-PAGE, as well as in-solution proteomics of MCF7 cells transfected for JTB downregulation. The functions of significant DEPs are analyzed using GSEA and KEGG analyses. Almost all DEPs exert pro-tumorigenic effects in the JTBlow condition, sustaining the tumor suppressive function of JTB. Thus, the identified DEPs are involved in several signaling and metabolic pathways that play pro-tumorigenic roles: EMT, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, C-MYC, NF-κB, IFN-γ and IFN-α responses, UPR, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. These pathways sustain cancer cell growth, adhesion, survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, tight junctions and cytoskeleton reorganization, the maintenance of stemness, metabolic reprogramming, survival in a hostile environment, and sustain a poor clinical outcome. In conclusion, JTB silencing might increase the neoplastic phenotype and behavior of the MCF7 BC cell line. The data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD046265.
High-Value Oil–Water Separation Materials Prepared from Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate
Authors: Zhou Changjian , Zhang Jiahao , Fu Yuqing , Wu Maowan , Zhang Heng , Shi Qingle , Dai Yong , Zhao He
Published: November 2023

As one of the most common forms of waste, waste PET is a serious pollutant in natural and human living environments. There is an urgent need to recycle PET. For this study, the complete degradation of PET was realized at a low temperature. A lipophilic hydrophobic membrane was formed on the surface of a stainless steel mesh (SSM) using a simple dip coating method, and an oil–water separation material was successfully prepared. After loading with degradation products, the surface roughness of SSM increased from 19.09 μm to 62.33 μm. The surface changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and the water contact angle increased to 123°. The oil–water separation flux of the modified SSM was 9825 L/(m2·h), and the separation efficiency was 98.99%. The modified SSM had good reuse performance. This hydrophobic modification method can also be used to modify other porous substrates, such as activated carbon, filter paper, foam, and other materials. The porous substrate modified by the degradation product of waste PET was used to prepare oil–water separation materials, not only solving the problem of white pollution but also reducing the dependence on non-renewable resources in the conventional methods used for the preparation of oil–water separation materials. This study provides new raw materials and methods for the industrial production of oil–water separation materials, which have important application prospects.
Essential Oils of Five Syzygium Species Growing Wild in Vietnam: Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial and Mosquito Larvicidal Potentials
Authors: Huong Le Thi , Hung Nguyen Huy , Linh Nguyen Ngoc , Pham Ty Viet , Dai Do Ngoc , Hop Nguyen Quang , Setzer William N. , Son Ninh The , Andlauer Wilfried , Brück Wolfram Manuel
Published: November 2023

The essential oils of five Vietnamese Syzygium species (Syzygium levinei, S. acuminatissimum, S. vestitum, S. cumini, and S. buxifolium) were first hydro-distilled and analyzed using GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography–flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry). Monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids were the main chemical classes in these oils. All these essential oils showed good–excellent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, and the yeast Candida albicans. S. levinei leaf essential oil, rich in bicyclogermacrene (25.3%), (E)-β-elemene (12.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.2%), and β-selinene (7.4%), as well as S. acuminatissimum fruit essential oil containing (E)-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-pinene (12.1%), caryophyllene oxide (10.9%), β-selinene (10.8%), α-selinene (8.0%), and α-humulene (5.7%), established the same MIC value of 8 µg/mL against E. faecalis and B. cereus, which were much better than the positive control streptomycin (MIC 128–256 µg/mL). The studied essential oils showed the potential to defend against mosquitoes since they caused the 24 and 48 h LC50 values of less than 50 µg/mL against the growth of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae. Especially, S. buxifolium leaf essential oil strongly inhibited Ae. aegypti larvae with 24 and 48 h LC50 values of 6.73 and 6.73 µg/mL, respectively, and 24 and 48 h LC90 values of 13.37 and 10.83 µg/mL, respectively. These findings imply that Vietnamese Syzygium essential oils might have potential for use as supplemental antibacterial agents or as “green” alternatives for the control of mosquitoes.
Sulconazole-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antifungal Activity: In Vitro and In Vivo Approach
Authors: Samee Ayesha , Usman Faisal , Wani Tanveer A. , Farooq Mudassir , Shah Hamid Saeed , Javed Ibrahim , Ahmad Hassan , Khan Riffat , Zargar Seema , Kausar Safina
Published: November 2023

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have the advantages of a cell-specific delivery and sustained release of hydrophobic drugs that can be exploited against infectious diseases. The topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs needs pharmaceutical strategies to enhance drug permeation, which is a challenge faced by conventional formulations containing a drug suspended in gel, creams or ointments. We report the fabrication and optimization of SLNs with sulconazole (SCZ) as a model hydrophobic drug and then a formulation of an SLN-based topical gel against fungal infections. The SLNs were optimized through excipients of glyceryl monostearate and Phospholipon® 90 H as lipids and tween 20 as a surfactant for its size, drug entrapment and sustained release and resistance against aggregation. The SCZ-SLNs were physically characterized for their particle size (89.81 ± 2.64), polydispersity index (0.311 ± 0.07), zeta potential (−26.98 ± 1.19) and encapsulation efficiency (86.52 ± 0.53). The SCZ-SLNs showed sustained release of 85.29% drug at the 12 h timepoint. The TEM results demonstrated spherical morphology, while DSC, XRD and FTIR showed the compatibility of the drug inside SLNs. SCZ-SLNs were incorporated into a gel using carbopol and were further optimized for their rheological behavior, pH, homogeneity and spreadability on the skin. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum was increased in comparison to a SCZ carbopol-based gel. In vivo antifungal activity in rabbits presented faster healing of skin fungal infections. The histopathological examination of the treated skin from rabbits presented restoration of the dermal architecture. In summary, the approach of formulating SLNs into a topical gel presented an advantageous drug delivery system against mycosis.
Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Increases Exercise Performance and Alters Mitochondrial Respiration and AMPK in Healthy Males
Authors: Nayyar Deepti , Yan Xu , Xu Guoqin , Shi Min , Garnham Andrew P. , Mathai Michael L. , McAinch Andrew J.
Published: November 2023

This research aimed to determine the effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (G. pentaphyllum) on exercise performance, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial signaling in human muscle. This randomized double-blind placebo control crossover study provided placebo or 450 mg of G. pentaphyllum dried leaf extract equivalent to 2.25 g of dry leaf per day for four weeks to 16 healthy untrained young males, separated by four weeks wash-out. Following 4-week supplementation with G. pentaphyllum, participants had significantly lower leptin and blood glucose levels and improved time trial performance over 20 km, which corresponded with a higher muscle oxygen flux compared to placebo. Muscle AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation significantly increased after 60 min exercise following G. pentaphyllum supplementation. AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation levels relative to total AMPK increased earlier following exercise with G. pentaphyllum compared to placebo. Total ACC-α was lower following G. pentaphyllum supplementation compared to placebo. While further research is warranted, G. pentaphyllum supplementation improved exercise performance in healthy untrained males, which corresponded with improved mitochondrial respiration, altered AMPK and ACC, and decreased plasma leptin and glucose levels.
Exploring the Association between Delirium and Malnutrition in COVID-19 Survivors: A Geriatric Perspective
Authors: Damanti Sarah , Cilla Marta , Vitali Giordano , Tiraferri Valeria , Pomaranzi Chiara , De Rubertis Giulia , De Lorenzo Rebecca , Di Lucca Giuseppe , Scotti Raffaella , Messina Emanuela , Dell’Acqua Raffaele , Guffanti Monica , Cinque Paola , Castagna Antonella , Rovere-Querini Patrizia , Tresoldi Moreno
Published: November 2023

Older individuals face an elevated risk of developing geriatric syndromes when confronted with acute stressors like COVID-19. We assessed the connection between in-hospital delirium, malnutrition, and frailty in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors. Patients aged ≥65, hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in Milan for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, were enrolled and screened for in-hospital delirium with the 4 ‘A’s Test (4AT) performed twice daily (morning and evening) during hospital stay. Malnutrition was assessed with the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) at hospital admission and with the mini-nutritional assessment short-form (MNA-SF) one month after hospital discharge. Frailty was computed with the frailty index one month after hospital discharge. Fifty patients (median age 78.5, 56% male) were enrolled. At hospital admission, 10% were malnourished. The 13 patients (26%) who developed delirium were frailer (7 vs. 4), experienced a higher in-hospital mortality (5 vs. 3), and were more malnourished one month after discharge (3 of the 4 patients with delirium vs. 6 of the 28 patients without delirium who presented at follow up). The 4AT scores correlated with the MNA-SF scores (r = −0.55, p = 0.006) and frailty (r = 0.35, p = 0.001). Frailty also correlated with MUST (r = 0.3, p = 0.04), MNA-SF (r = −0.42, p = 0.02), and hospitalization length (r = 0.44, p = 0.001). Delirium, malnutrition, and frailty are correlated in COVID-19 survivors. Screening for these geriatric syndromes should be incorporated in routine clinical practice.
Minipuberty in Sons of Women with Low Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy
Authors: Kowalcze Karolina , Krysiak Robert , Obuchowicz Anna
Published: November 2023

Minipuberty is a transient phase of reproductive axis activation during the first several months of life, playing an important role in the development of reproductive organs in boys. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of neonatal complications. An inadequate gestational vitamin D status is hypothesized to affect the postnatal activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. The purpose of our study was to assess whether a low vitamin D status during pregnancy determines the course of minipuberty in boys. The study included three groups of male infants born to women with different vitamin D statuses: sons of women with vitamin D deficiency (group 1), sons of women with vitamin D insufficiency (group 2), and male offspring of females with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (group 3 (the reference group)). Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in saliva, as well as concentrations of gonadotropins in urine, were assayed monthly from postnatal months 1 to 6, and once every 2 months in the second half of the first year of life. Additionally, at each visit, penile length and testicular volume were assessed. Concentrations of testosterone, FSH, and LH, as well as penile length and testicular volume, were greater in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. In turn, group 2 was characterized by higher FSH levels and a greater testicular volume than group 3. Peak concentrations of LH and testosterone were observed earlier in group 1 than in the remaining groups. The obtained results suggest that a low vitamin D status during pregnancy may have a stimulatory impact on reproductive axis activity and on the early postnatal development of male genital organs, correlating with the severity of hypovitaminosis D.
Synthesis of Antifungal Heterocycle-Containing Mannich Bases: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Quiroga Diego , Coy-Barrera Ericsson
Published: November 2023

Mannich bases are a class of organic compounds usually obtained by the condensation reaction between an amine, a compound with active hydrogens, and an aldehyde. They are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, and those compounds containing this motif find applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and even material fields since they are widely known for their wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. Thus, as part of our interest in antifungal agents, this narrative review aimed to gather information from the literature on the synthesis of various representative Mannich-base-containing compounds, particularly centered on those exhibiting antifungal properties. In this context, the compilation indicated that Mannich bases could be considered as a relevant toxophore/pharmacophore by incorporating heterocyclic moieties to be implemented for the design of new antifungal agents, given its proven efficacy against phytopathogens, other opportunistic human pathogens, and some dermatophytic fungal species, which can be further exploited as agrochemical agents or in medicinal applications to treat fungal infections. The antifungal effect exhibited by Mannich bases conjugated with oxa and/or aza-heterocycles suggests that compounds that have a heterocyclic system attached to the β-amino core are attractive alternatives oriented to the synthesis of novel and helpful antifungal agents.
Development and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion-Based Sublingual Films of Nisoldipine
Authors: Alhamhoom Yahya , Sharma Abhay , Nanjappa Shivakumar Hagalavadi , Kumar Avichal , Alshishani Anas , Ahmed Mohammed Muqtader , Farhana Syeda Ayesha , Rahamathulla Mohamed
Published: November 2023

Nisoldipine (NIS) is a calcium channel blocker that exhibits poor bioavailability (~5%) due to low aqueous solubility and presystemic metabolism in the gut wall. In this context, the present work aimed to develop NIS solid dispersion (NISSD)-based sublingual films using solvent casting technique to improve the dissolution. Phase solubility studies indicated that Soluplus® was the most effective carrier for improving the aqueous solubility of NIS. NISSDs were initially developed using the solvent evaporation method. Fourier transform infrared spectrometric studies were found to display the characteristic vibrational bands related to C=O stretching and N-H deformation in NISSDs, proving the chemical integrity of the drug in NISSDs. Subsequently, bioadhesive sublingual films of NISSDs were formulated using solvent casting method, using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) E5, E15, and hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC EF) as hydrophilic polymers and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as plasticizer. The incorporation of NISSDs was found to produce clear films that displayed uniform content. The sublingual film of NISSDs composed of HPMC E5 (2% w/v), was found to display the least thickness (0.29 ± 0.02 mm), the highest folding endurance (168.66 ± 4.50 times), and good bioadhesion strength (12.73 ± 0.503 g/cm2). This film was found to rapidly disintegrate (28.66 ± 3.05 sec) and display near-complete drug release (94.24 ± 1.22) in 30 min. Incorporating NISSDs into rapidly bioadhesive sublingual films considerably improves drug dissolution. Overall, these research outcomes underscored the potential of rapidly dissolving bioadhesive sublingual films to evade gut metabolism and resolve the bioavailability issues associated with oral administration of NIS.
Porous Deproteinized Natural Rubber Film Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles for Topical Drug Delivery
Authors: Pichayakorn Wiwat , Maneewattanapinyo Pattwat , Monton Chaowalit , Dangmanee Nattakan , Suksaeree Jirapornchai
Published: November 2023

The work demonstrated the use of natural rubber for topical drug delivery. The first objective was to fabricate a porous deproteinized natural rubber film loaded with silver nanoparticles. Characterizing and assessing its formulation was the second objective. Surface pH, mechanical properties, swelling ratio, erosion, moisture vapor transmission rate, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction were evaluated. In vitro studies and antibacterial activity were assessed. It was discovered that silver nanoparticles could enter the film and that their concentrations ranged between 7.25 and 21.03 µg/cm2. The pH of the film’s surface was 7.00. The mechanical properties of the film with silver nanoparticle loading differed from the blank film. After adding silver nanoparticles, the film eroded faster than before, but the swelling ratio was not affected significantly. Increased time utilization had an impact on the moisture vapor transmission rate of the film. Silver nanoparticles released easily from the film while there was less permeability. The dead pig-ear skin had significant silver nanoparticle accumulation. Potent antibacterial activity was seen in the film containing silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticle-loaded film may be used as a wound dressing for a topical film that promotes wound healing while also protecting the area from infection.
Harnessing Nanomedicine to Potentiate the Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Effects of Doxorubicin and Alendronate Co-Encapsulated in Pegylated Liposomes
Authors: Gabizon Alberto , Shmeeda Hilary , Draper Benjamin , Parente-Pereira Ana , Maher John , Carrascal-Miniño Amaia , de Rosales Rafael T. M. , La-Beck Ninh M.
Published: November 2023

Encapsulation of Doxorubicin (Dox), a potent cytotoxic agent and immunogenic cell death inducer, in pegylated (Stealth) liposomes, is well known to have major pharmacologic advantages over treatment with free Dox. Reformulation of alendronate (Ald), a potent amino-bisphosphonate, by encapsulation in pegylated liposomes, results in significant immune modulatory effects through interaction with tumor-associated macrophages and activation of a subset of gamma-delta T lymphocytes. We present here recent findings of our research work with a formulation of Dox and Ald co-encapsulated in pegylated liposomes (PLAD) and discuss its pharmacological properties vis-à-vis free Dox and the current clinical formulation of pegylated liposomal Dox. PLAD is a robust formulation with high and reproducible remote loading of Dox and high stability in plasma. Results of biodistribution studies, imaging with radionuclide-labeled liposomes, and therapeutic studies as a single agent and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or gamma-delta T lymphocytes suggest that PLAD is a unique product with distinct tumor microenvironmental interactions and distinct pharmacologic properties when compared with free Dox and the clinical formulation of pegylated liposomal Dox. These results underscore the potential added value of PLAD for chemo-immunotherapy of cancer and the relevance of the co-encapsulation approach in nanomedicine.
Sustainable Immobilization of β-Glucosidase onto Silver Ions and AgNPs-Loaded Acrylic Fabric with Enhanced Stability and Reusability
Authors: Almulaiky Yaaser Q. , Alkabli J. , El-Shishtawy Reda M.
Published: November 2023

Modified polymer design has attracted significant attention for enzyme immobilization, offering promising applications. In this study, amine-terminated polymers were synthesized by incorporating functional groups into polyacrylonitrile using hexamethylenediamine. This work highlights the successful enzyme immobilization strategy using modified polymers, offering improved stability and expanded operational conditions for potential biotechnological applications. The resulting amino groups were utilized to capture silver ions, which were subsequently converted to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The obtained materials, AgNPs@TA-HMDA (acrylic textiles coated silver nanoparticles AgNPs) and Ag(I)@TA-HMDA (acrylic textiles coated with Ag ion) were employed as supports for β-glucosidase enzyme immobilization. The highest immobilization yields (IY%) were achieved with AgNPs@TA-HMDA at 92%, followed by Ag(I)@TA-HMDA at 79.8%, resulting in activity yields (AY%) of 81% and 73%, respectively. Characterization techniques such as FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, TG/DTG, DSC, and zeta potential were employed to investigate the structural composition, surface morphologies, elemental composition, thermal properties, and surface charge of the support materials. After 15 reuses, the preservation percentages decreased to 76% for AgNPs@TA-HMDA/β-Glu and 65% for Ag(I)@TA-HMDA/β-Glu. Storage stability revealed that the decrease in activity for the immobilized enzymes was smaller than the free enzyme. The optimal pH for the immobilized enzymes was broader (pH 5.5 to 6.5) compared to the free enzyme (pH 5.0), and the optimal temperature for the immobilized enzymes was 60 °C, slightly higher than the free enzyme’s optimal temperature of 50 °C. The kinetic analysis showed a slight increase in Michaelis constant (Km) values for the immobilized enzymes and a decrease in maximum velocity (Vmax), turnover number (Kcat), and specificity constant (Kcat/Km) values compared to the free enzyme. Through extensive characterization, we gained valuable insights into the structural composition and properties of the modified polymer supports. This research significantly contributes to the development of efficient biotechnological processes by advancing the field of enzyme immobilization and offering valuable knowledge for its potential applications.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics of Strength Degradation of Silty Soil Improved by Regenerated Polyester Fibers under Dry–Wet Cycling
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Han Meng , Liu Tong , Liu Lulu
Published: November 2023

The structural stability of silt foundations, particularly sensitive to moisture content, can be severely compromised by recurring wetting and drying processes. This not only threatens the foundational integrity but also raises grave concerns about the long-term safety of major civil engineering endeavors. Addressing this critical issue, our study delves into the transformative effects of reclaimed polyester fiber on subgrade silt exposed to such environmental stressors. Through rigorous wet–dry cycle tests on this enhanced soil, we evaluate shifts in shear strength across varying confining pressures. We also dissect the interplay between average pore diameter, particle distribution, and morphology in influencing the soil’s microstructural responses to these cycles. A detailed analysis traces the structural damage timeline in the treated soil, elucidating the intertwined micro–macro dynamics driving strength reduction. Key discoveries indicate a notably non-linear trajectory of shear strength degradation, marked by distinct phases of rapid, subdued, and stabilized strength attrition. Alterations within the micropores induce a rise in both their count and size, ultimately diminishing the total volume proportion of the reinforced soil. Intriguingly, particle distribution is directly tied to the wet–dry cycle frequency, while the fractal dimension of soil particles consistently wanes. This research identifies cement hydrolysis and pore expansion as the dominant culprits behind the observed macroscopic strength degradation due to incessant wet–dry cycles. These revelations hold profound implications for risk management and infrastructural strategizing in areas dominated by silt foundations.
Thoughtlessness as an Intellectual Vice in Kierkegaard and Aristotle
Authors: Helms Eleanor
Published: November 2023

I examine the Kierkegaardian intellectual vice of thoughtlessness (Tankeløshed) and its opposite, the Aristotelian intellectual virtue of phronēsis, or practical wisdom. I argue that thoughtlessness is primarily an intellectual problem rather than a moral one. My emphasis on intellectual virtue in Kierkegaard contrasts with more typical characterizations of passion, will, and action as Kierkegaard’s main concerns and reliance on intellect as an obstacle to be overcome. Drawing on Aristotle’s account of phronēsis as the intellectual virtue related to action, I show that Kierkegaard offers a rich account of practical wisdom and a critique of its opposite, thoughtlessness. I conclude that, since there are different kinds of wisdom, Kierkegaard can say that faith is not a form of knowledge in the sense of epistēmē, or scientific knowledge, while preserving a central role for intellect in the task and life of faith.
Time-Series InSAR with Deep-Learning-Based Topography-Dependent Atmospheric Delay Correction for Potential Landslide Detection
Authors: Zhou Hao , Dai Keren , Tang Xiaochuan , Xiang Jianming , Li Rongpeng , Wu Mingtang , Peng Yangrui , Li Zhenhong
Published: November 2023

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has emerged as an effective technique for monitoring potentially unstable landslides and has found widespread application. Nevertheless, in mountainous reservoir regions, the precision of time-series InSAR outcomes is often constrained by topography-dependent atmospheric delay (TDAD) effects. To address this limitation, we propose a novel InSAR time-series method that integrates TDAD correction. This approach employs advanced deep learning algorithms to individually model and mitigate TDAD for each interferogram, thereby enhancing the accuracy of small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) and stacking InSAR time-series analyses. Utilizing Sentinel-1 data, we apply this method to identify potential landslides in the Baihetan reservoir area, located in southwestern China, where we successfully identified 26 potential landslide sites. Comparative experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction (averaging 70% and reaching up to 90%) in phase standard deviation (StdDev) in the corrected interferograms, indicating a marked decrease in phase–topography correlation. Furthermore, the corrected time-series InSAR results effectively remove TDAD signals, leading to clearer displacement boundaries and a remarkable reduction in other spurious displacement signals. Overall, this method efficiently addresses TDAD in time-series InSAR, enabling precise identification of potentially unstable landslides influenced by TDAD, and providing essential technical support for early landslide hazard detection using time-series InSAR.
Cyprus Surface Water Area Variation Based on the 1984–2021 Time Series Built from Remote Sensing Products
Authors: Costa David de Andrade , Bayissa Yared , Lugon Junior Jader , Yamasaki Edna N. , Kyriakides Ioannis , Silva Neto Antônio J.
Published: November 2023

Cyprus experiences the highest level of water stress among European Union countries due to several interplaying factors such as rainfall variability and increasing water demand. These instigate the nation to build dams on almost all rivers of the island to satisfy the requirements for drinking water and irrigation. Many studies have been primarily conducted on assessing water availability for various uses, particularly for drinking water supply and irrigation. However, there is still a gap/less explored area in terms of a better understanding of changes in surface water over time. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the water surface area variation in Cyprus over the past four decades based on remote sensing products, timeseries analysis and trend detection. The result reveals a statistically significant increasing trend (p < 0.05) in water surface area between 1984–2021. However, following the completion of the final reservoir in 2010, a statistically significant decreasing trend (p < 0.05) was observed in the permanent water surface area. This decline is related to both climatic variability and increased water demands. We observed cycles of 6, 8, and 11 years in permanent water. These cycles indicate a recurring pattern of water scarcity, with severe implication already observed on both economic activity and agriculture. The recent decade has witnessed a decline in rainfall, and this is evident through the decrease in vegetation greenness in rainfed agricultural regions, highlighting its impact. Therefore, the findings of this study underscore not only the necessity for the development of infrastructure aimed at conserving water, but also reinforces the need to discuss water use priorities in Cyprus.
Mapping the Mine: Combining Portable X-ray Fluorescence, Spectroradiometry, UAV, and Sentinel-2 Images to Identify Contaminated Soils—Application to the Mostardeira Mine (Portugal)
Authors: Nogueira Pedro , Silva Marcelo , Roseiro José , Potes Miguel , Rodrigues Gonçalo
Published: November 2023

Old and abandoned mines are testimonials of ancient industrial activities, and as such, they are able to convey environmental concerns. A multidisciplinary approach combining ground measurements—i.e., portable X-ray fluorescence and optical spectroradiometry—with airborne multispectral images—i.e., Sentinel-2 and unmanned aerial vehicles—was conducted to define a baseline for the characterization of areas that constitute environmental burdens. The Mostardeira mine, an old copper mine located in the Portuguese Ossa-Morena Zone, was selected as a case study. The results reveal that the soils have toxic metals—e.g., As (mean = 1239 ppm) and Cu (mean = 435 ppm)—above the defined health thresholds. The spectroradiometry provided insights into the soil characterization using data from the vis-NIR spectral region, allowing us to distinguish agricultural soil, mine waste, and bare soils. The spectra obtained are comparable with the USGS soil spectra standards, namely Clinozoisite Epidote HS299, Hematitic Alt. Tuff CU91-223, and Sand DWO-3-DEL2ar1 no oil. The airborne images considered through the lens of principal components analysis and supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques (random forest and K-means) are found to be effective tools in creating cartographic representations of the contaminated soils. The collected data are used to construct a baseline for characterizing these environmentally challenging areas, whereas the methodological approach is revealed to be successful for tackling the posed environmental problems, allowing us to map the old mine environment passives.
Robust Fusion of Multi-Source Images for Accurate 3D Reconstruction of Complex Urban Scenes
Authors: Liang Yubin , Yang Yang , Mu Yifan , Cui Tiejun
Published: November 2023

Integrated reconstruction is crucial for 3D modeling urban scenes using multi-source images. However, large viewpoint and illumination variations pose challenges to existing solutions. A novel approach for accurate 3D reconstruction of complex urban scenes based on robust fusion of multi-source images is proposed. Firstly, georeferenced sparse models are reconstructed from the terrestrial and aerial images using GNSS-aided incremental SfM, respectively. Then, cross-platform match pairs are selected based on point-on-image observability. The terrestrial and aerial images are robustly matched based on the selected match pairs to generate cross-platform tie points. Thirdly, the tie points are triangulated to derive cross-platform 3D correspondences. The 3D correspondences are refined using a novel outlier detection method. Finally, the terrestrial and aerial sparse models are merged based on the refined correspondences, and the integrated model is globally optimized to obtain an accurate reconstruction of the scene. The proposed methodology is evaluated on five benchmark datasets, and extensive experiments are performed. The proposed pipeline is compared with a state-of-the-art methodology and three widely used software packages. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology outperforms the other pipelines in terms of robustness and accuracy.
The LPR Instantaneous Centroid Frequency Attribute Based on the 1D Higher-Order Differential Energy Operator
Authors: Zhang Xuebing , Song Zhengchun , Li Bonan , Feng Xuan , Zhou Jiangang , Yu Yipeng , Hu Xin
Published: November 2023

In ground-penetrating radar (GPR) or lunar-penetrating radar (LPR) interpretation, instantaneous attributes (e.g., instantaneous energy and instantaneous frequency) are often utilized for attribute analysis, and they can also be integrated into a new attribute, i.e., the instantaneous centroid frequency. Traditionally, the estimation of instantaneous attributes calls for complex trace analysis or energy operator schemes (e.g., the Teager–Kaiser energy operator, TKEO). In this work, we introduce the 1D higher-order differential energy operator (1D-HODEO) to track instantaneous attributes with better localization. In collocation with the mode decomposition algorithms, the 1D-HODEO performs along each A-scan on the decomposed mode slices to form the final profile of instantaneous centroid frequency by using the piece-wise correlation coefficients. Both a numerical model for simulating two-layer lunar regolith and the LPR Yutu-2 data show that the proposed instantaneous centroid frequency profile on the 1D-HODEO has better resolution, in comparison with that of TKEO and the traditional time-varying centroid frequency. In this work, we present a new approach for extracting instantaneous centroid frequency attributes which provides more comprehensive information in lunar stratigraphic interpretation and LPR attribute analysis.