bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Relations and Trans-Ethnic Discourse
Authors: Hohnen Pernille
Published: November 2023

Although criminals in the form of racketeers and thieves formed an important axis around which the negative images of the market were formed, this does not explain the social stigmatization of the market. Not only crime but the whole Gariū nai market was presented as dirty, uncivilized, and ‘out of order’ and the market in general was considered a chaotic place associated with immoral or anti-social behaviour.
Machiavelli–The First Century
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

Between 1513 and 1525 Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a series of works dealing with political, military, and historical matters. One of these (the 'Arte della guerra') was published in 1521, but the rest of his major writings were not published until 1531-2, nearly five years after his death. They continued to be reissued regularly, well into the early seventeenth century. The popularity of Machiavelli's books, the variety of his themes, the different contexts within which he was studied, the range of readers' interests, and the fact that his name entered the vocabulary of every European language - all make his early reception a fruitful field of enquiry. Historians of ideas have tended to tidy up the past in order to make it comprehensible but Sydney Anglo is concerned with heterogeneity, and with the often irrational and emotional aspects of sixteenth-century thought. Basing his research entirely upon primary sources he quotes extensively in the conviction that, in a battle of words, the words themselves and their tone convey more than summaries of intellectual abstractions. Authors - hostile, enthusiastic, and indifferent - are closely examined; and many different contexts, political and intellectual, are considered. Sometimes Machiavelli was influential, sometimes not, but in this history of his reception, silences often prove significant. Written in a lively and trenchant style, this new interpretation of the impact of Machievalli is an original contribution of high quality by a leading expert in the field of Renaissance studies.
Early Readers of Machiavelli: Comment and Discourse
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

Given the rapidity with which Machiavelli’s writings were first disseminated, and the almost continuous stream of editions which followed thereafter, it is remarkable how little information has survived concerning their impact. Historical judgement must depend upon whatever evidence is available and, on that basis, Machiavelli’s works seem only infrequently to have stimulated general political speculation or to have been adapted to meet the requirements of a specific political situation. For the period up to the end of the 1550s, barely a handful of such instances remain and-since three of these relate to affairs in England the distorting effects of random survival are apparent.
Machiavelli’s Keenest Readers: The Early Translators
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

A particularly mysterious feature of the history of ideas is the way in which the obvious is often ignored. Much, for example, has been written about an allegedly general hostility towards Machiavelli in the sixteenth century, despite the paucity of evidence both in quantity and quality. Conversely, much has been made of Machiavelli’s pervasive ‘influence’ on the basis of a few famous men who refer to him briefly and for whom he was by no means a central source. Yet comparatively little has been said about his keenest, most vociferous, and most effective proselytizers. Machiavelli’s opinions were disseminated throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries far less by the efforts of commentators or theorists than by the numerous editions of his own writings both in their original Italian and in translations or adaptations.
More Machiavellian than Machiavel: The Jesuits and the Context of Donne’s Conclave
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

In 1611, when John Donne published Ignatius His Conclave, the Society of Jesus had been going strong for more than seventy years; and the literature concerning its virtues and vices, achievements and crimes, had swollen to a monstrous bulk. Indeed, eight years earlier Thomas Bell–whose ‘doleful knell’ was subsequently tolled by the Jesuit Robert Parsons had already complained that the works produced merely in one area of controversy, relating to the activities of the Society in England alone, were so numerous that ‘to read all the said books is a labour both tedious and painefull. To buy them is too chargeable for manie. To understand them, as they are confusely published, is a thing not easie for the greater part. I cannot, like Bell, confidently promise that the ‘defect herein, my annotations and compendious observations will supplie’: but I hope that an examination of Donne’s Conclave within what might be termed its penumbra of ideas may not only help towards our understanding of the pamphlet itself but may also illuminate the nature of contemporary attitudes towards Machiavelli and the farreaching, but often implicit effects, of Gentillet’s work.
Verbs and Times
Authors: Vendler Z
Published: November 2023

In a number of recent publications some attention has been paid to these finer aspects, perhaps for the first time systematically. Distinctions have been made among verbs suggesting processes, states, dispositions, occurrences, tasks, achievements, and so on. Obviously these differences cannot be explained in terms of time alone: other factors, like the presence or absence of an object, conditions, intended states of affairs, also enter the picture. Nevertheless one feels that the time element remains crucial; at least it is important enough to warrant separate treatment. Indeed, as I intend to show, if we focus our attention primarily upon the time schemata presupposed by various verbs, we are able to throw light on some of the obscurities which still remain in these matters. These time schemata will appear as important constituents of the concepts that prompt us to use those terms the way we consistently do.
The Tenses of Verbs
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: November 2023

A particularly important form of token-reflexive symbol is found in the tenses of verbs. The tenses determine time with reference to the time point of the act of speech, i.e., of the token uttered. A closer analysis reveals that the time indication given by the tenses is of a rather complex structure. Let us call the time point of the token the point of speech. Then the three indications, ‘before the point of speech’, ‘simultaneous with the point of speech’, and ‘after the point of speech’, furnish only three tenses; since the number of verb tenses is obviously greater, we need a more complex interpretation.
Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference
Authors: Moens Marc , Steedman Mark
Published: November 2023

It is often assumed that the semantics of temporal expressions is directly related to the linear time concept familiar from high-school physics—that is, to a model based on the number line. However, there are good reasons for suspecting that such a conception is not the one that our linguistic categories are most directly related to. When-clauses provide an example of the mismatch between linguistic temporal categories and a semantics based on such an assumption.
A Logic-based Calculus of Events
Authors: Kowalski Robert , Sergot Marek
Published: November 2023

Formal Logic can be used to represent knowledge of many kinds for many purposes. It can be used to formalize programs, program specifications, databases, legislation, and natural language in general. For many such applications of logic a representation of time is necessary. Although there have been several attempts to formalize the notion of time in classical first-order logic, it is still widely believed that classical logic is not adequate for the representation of time and that some form of non-classical Temporal Logic is needed. In this paper, we shall outline a treatment of time, based on the notion of event, formalized in the Horn clause subset of classical logic augmented with negation as failure. The resulting formalization is executable as a logic program.
The Effects of Aspectual Class on the Temporal Structure of Discourse: Semantics or Pragmatics?
Authors: Dowty David R
Published: November 2023

But in cases where such indicators are absent, it has been observed by Jespersen, and in more detail in a series of recent articles by Helen Dry (1978, ms.), that the aspectual classes of the predicates in the discourse, i.e. their Aktionsarten, seem to determine these temporal relationships. (By aspectual class I refer to the taxonomy of predicates originating with Aristotle and known in the Anglo-Saxon tradition through the work of Ryle, Kenny and Vendler; I will refer to these classes by Vendler’s names States, Activities, Accomplishments, and Achievements, and I assume that the reader is acquainted with the syntactic and semantic tests usually employed to distinguish these categories (cf. Vendler, 1967; Dowty, 1979).
Algorithms for Analysing the Temporal Structure of Discourse*
Authors: Hitzeman Janet , Moens, Marc , Grover Claire
Published: November 2023

In this paper we describe a method for analysing the temporal structure of a discourse. This component was implemented as part of a discourse grammar for English. The goals of the temporal component were to yield a detailed representation of the temporal structure of the discourse, taking into account the effect of tense, aspect, and temporal expressions while at the same time minimising unnecessary ambiguity in the temporal structure.
Medicine and Victory
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

Medicine and Victory is the first comprehensive account of British military medicine in the Second World War since the publication of the official history in the early 1950s. Drawing on a wide range of official and non-official sources, the book examines medical work in all the main theatres of the war, from the front line to the base hospital. All aspects of medical work are covered, including the prevention of disease, and the disposal and treatment of casualties. Harrison argues that the medical services played a major role in the Allied victory enabling the British Army to keep a higher proportion of troops in the field than its opponents. Assuming no previous knowledge of either medical or military history, Medicine and Victory provides an accessible introduction to a vitally important, yet too often neglected aspect of the Second World War.
A Medical Service for a Modern Army?
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

During the Second World War medical care for British soldiers serving in the front line was provided chiefly by the Royal Army Medical Corps, a body which had been established in 1898 from the medical officers and male hospital staff of the Army Medical Department (AMD). Together with the Army Nursing Service (later the Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing Service), it was part of the umbrella organization known as the Army Medical Services (AMS). The royal warrant which brought into being the RAMC was heralded as a turning point in British military medicine.¹ As well as being dignified by the royal imprimatur, medical officers now possessed substantive rank which placed them on an equal footing with combatant and other non-combatant branches of the Army.
Mothers, Midwives, and Mysteries
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

In the late seventeenth century, the signs of reproduction-or generation as this category was then called-were everywhere. In the fields, in the streets and in marketplaces, and in church, nursing mothers and pregnant women went about their business, even up until the day they gave birth. Midwives cloaked in red capes were seen at all hours, rushing to bedsides in carriages, on horseback, or on foot. Sometimes passers-by heard the screams of a poor woman giving birth to a squawking baby in an alley or a barn. At other times, neighbours were encouraged to tiptoe by those well-off homes which could afford to have great piles of hay dumped in front of their doors to soften the sounds of horses and wagons while the mistress of the house was in labour.
The Viceregal Counter–Offensive
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De
Published: November 2023

There are few detailed or critical studies of Salvatierra’s personality or government. The accusations levelled against him by Palafox and his party have tarnished subsequent readings of his government, whilst the historical analysis of his rule has often been consigned to the background of the bishop’s battle with the Jesuits. However, as the protagonist of the coalition opposed to Palafox, it is critical to understand the scale and significance of his assignment in New Spain, his priorities, the way in which he interpreted his duties, and the resources at his disposal to put them into effect.
The State Of Research
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph
Published: November 2023

It might be thought that an index of hymn tunes would be a necessary prerequisite to the accurate charting of the musical history of Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, with its multifarious and interrelated sects, and its relative isolation, until the nineteenth century, from Continental Protestant traditions. Yet until fairly recent times little systematic work has been done.
Descriptions and Situations
Authors: Recanati Francois
Published: November 2023

Genuine singular terms, such as proper names or (presumably) demonstrative pronouns, are referential; by which I mean that their conventional use is to refer. For every such term there is a linguistic convention in virtue of which, whenever is used, there must be a unique object x such that the speaker uses to refer to x. The modal ‘must’ here indicates that the condition is a felicity condition: a condition which must be satisfied for the use of the expression to be felicitous. Note that, in stating the convention, I have taken the notion of ‘reference’ as primitive. The notion of reference at stake here is the pragmatic notion: speaker’s reference, as it is sometimes called.
This, That, and the Other
Authors: Neale Stephen
Published: November 2023

Debates over the correct way to accommodate so-called referential uses of de finite (and to a lesser extent indefinite) descriptions have aroused passions for half a century or more. The central controversy concerns the following question: does the existence of referential uses, which no one seems to doubt, have any bearing on the meaning of the de finite article and on what a speaker says by uttering a sentence of the form ‘the f is c’ on a particular occasion (or on what he asks by uttering a sentence of the form ‘is the f c?’)? According to the Unitarian School, referential usage is a phenomenon readily explained without appeal to a referential semantics:
Referring Descriptions
Authors: Sainsbury R M
Published: November 2023

One of Russell’s arguments for his theory of descriptions involves contrasting them with names. According to Russell, names, conceived as a logician should conceive them, are expressions which, if co-referring, are everywhere substitutable salva veritate , are not involved in semantically significant distinctions of scope, require acquaintance with their referent in order to be understood, and are such that to suppose that they have no bearer would be to suppose that they have no meaning (i.e. cannot be used in a significant sentence). This conception of names serves as a point of convergence for many distinctive features of Russell’s logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of mind.
Pronouns as De finites
Authors: Roberts Craige
Published: November 2023

Pronouns have very little descriptive content, yet they are de finite. Because they are de finite, they participate in a web of anaphoric relations in discourse, relations mediated by the structured information which competent interlocutors control as they converse. An anaphoric expression harkens back not to another expression, such as a noun-phrase (NP) in prior discourse, but to a discourse referent, an element of that structured information. If a pronoun seems to refer deictically, or to be bound by a quantificational operator, or to borrow the descriptive content of another NP, this is because of the relationship between the corresponding discourse referent and the entity picked out deictically, the quantificational operator, or the other NP.
Descriptively Introduced Names
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century astronomer Leverrier discovers unexplained perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. He hypothesizes that there is a planet causing these perturbations—a planet yet to be identified telescopically. He introduces the name ‘Neptune’ into the language by stipulating that ‘Neptune’ refers to the planet hypothesized to be causing the perturbations in question. Philosopher of language Gareth Evans (1979, 1982) is interested in theorizing about names like ‘Neptune’—names introduced into the language by way of stipulative acts of descriptive reference-fixing. He wants an example of his own and so introduces the name ‘Julius’ by stipulating that ‘Julius’ refers to whoever it was that invented the zipper.
The Languages of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

This book introduces readers to the remarkable linguistic diversity of East and Southeast Asia. It combines serious but accessible treatments of diverse areas not usually found in a single volume: for example, word origins, cultural key words, tones and sounds, language families and typology, key syntactic structures, writing systems, communicative style. Written with great clarity and an eye for interesting examples, the book is a textbook for students of linguistics, Asian languages, and Asian studies.
Language families, linguistic areas and language situations
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we survey the diversity of languages in East and Southeast Asia, both in terms of their sheer numbers and in terms of their genetic (“family tree”) groupings. We will expand on the fact that mainland Southeast Asia is a linguistic area where languages share many features, despite belonging to six different language families. Then we will run through the language situations in East and Southeast Asia country by country.
Ideal Agents and Ideal Observers in Epistemology
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: November 2023

Epistemology is an intrinsically normative discipline. Knowledge, justification, certainty, understanding, rationality, and intellectual virtue are all objects of investigation because epistemologists think each of them is good in one of the ways of being good-the desirable, the admirable, or both. Epistemology is also normative in the narrow sense of the normative since it focuses attention on how we ought to form and maintain beliefs. Epistemology needs value theory to provide the wider theory of the good and the ought of which the epistemic good and ought are forms.1 In this paper I will argue that the epistemological analogue of an Ideal Observer Theory or an Ideal Agent Theory can be used to anchor the normative concepts of epistemology and can resolve important disputes over foundationalism, contextualism, and the problem of the alignment of rationality and truth.
If You Know, You Can’t Be Wrong*
Authors: Kaplan Mark
Published: November 2023

As I write this, I am looking out on a beautiful little Venetian garden. There are trees, a rosebush, vines, begonias, and a couple of small palms. The sun is shining and traffic on the Grand Canal is occasionally visible through the trees. How do I know any of this, you ask? How do I know, in particular (say), that there is a rose­ bush in the garden? My answer is that I see it. I know it in the way I know every­ thing else about the world around me. By experience: by seeing, smelling, feeling, hearing, tasting things. In this case, it is by seeing the rosebush that I know it is in the garden. But there is a line of reasoning to the effect that my answer to your question-my rendering of what it is for me to know the world around me by experience---must be mistaken.
From Knowledge to Understanding
Authors: Elgin Catherine Z
Published: November 2023

Science, Spencer (1940: 77) contends, is organized knowledge. No doubt science is organized. Nevertheless, epistemologists speaking ex cathedra should deny that it is knowledge. ‘Knowledge’ is a factive. An opinion is not knowledge if it is not true. But even the best scientific theories are not true. Although science may produce some justified or reliable true beliefs as by products, if the best contemporary science is good science, the main deliverances of good science are not knowledge.The analysis of ‘knowledge’ that yields this untoward verdict accords with our intuitions about the proper use of the term.
Epistemological Puzzles about Disagreement
Authors: Feldman Richard
Published: November 2023

Disagreements among intelligent and informed people pose challenging epistemological issues. One issue concerns the reasonableness of maintaining one’s beliefs in the light of such disagreement. Another concerns the possibility of there being cases in which both parties to a disagreement are reasonable in maintaining their beliefs. Attitudes toward disagreement are diverse. At one extreme are people who regard those with whom they disagree as enemies to be discredited, humiliated, and defeated. These people view disagreement as a kind of combat in which ‘victory’ is the measure of success. This attitude is especially prominent in some political exchanges. At another extreme are those who find disagreement unpleasant and preach a kind tolerance. This is especially prominent in religious disagreements.
The Archaeology of Medieval Plant Foods
Authors: Moffett L
Published: November 2023

Unlike the historical evidence for plant foods, which is concentrated in the late medieval period, remains from throughout the Middle Ages of the plants them- selves are commonly found on archaeological sites in England. The majority of these remains are ‘seeds’ in the broadest sense of the term, but can also include whole fruits, parts of flowers, stems, and even roots and tubers. These can provide physical evidence of the plants used by people and sometimes this evidence can also suggest ways in which the plants might have been used or the methods of processing them for use. Dating of archaeobotanical remains is usually less precise than that of many historical documents. The information that can be deduced from archaeobotanical remains, however, is often very different from that in documents and the two sources can complement each other, to provide important contributions to the study of medieval agriculture, horticulture, and the use of wild plants. This chapter focuses on food plants alone, although mention will be made of straw and chaff remains from cereals.
From Cu and Sceap to Beffe and Motton
Authors: Sykes N J
Published: November 2023

Throughout the medieval period cattle and sheep were, with pigs, the main meat-providing animals, but the value of their flesh was often outstripped by demand for their milk, manure, and traction or wool. Since cattle and sheep were often managed intensively for these secondary products, any study of beef and mutton consumption must be viewed against the backdrop of the medieval economy. Between the fifth and sixteenth centuries England witnessed considerable economic change which surely influenced dietary practices. As the documentary record does not cover the whole period or the activities of all social classes, animal bone studies provide one of the best opportunities to ascertain the scale of these influences. This chapter looks in detail at the archaeological evidence for cattle and sheep; Chapter 6 centres on the evidence for pigs, combining for the late medieval period in particular both historical and archaeological material; and Chapter 7 focuses on the late medieval historical record, especially for information that is more opaque in the archaeological material, such as the use of specialized meat products and offal, dietary change, quantities consumed, and some elements of dairy foods.
Fish Consumption in Medieval England
Authors: Serjeantson D , Woolgar C M
Published: November 2023

In the Middle Ages fish was, for some, a convenient and possibly free food. For others, it was at least another possibility in the face of the Church’s restrictions on the consumption of meat, but it might offer more. A Wycliffe sermon, arguing that in the eyes of Christ fishing was a nobler activity than the genteel art of hunting, noted that fish were closer than meat to the food that men will have in Paradise. As penitential food, there was an enormous demand for fish from many sections of society, particularly in Lent but also on the regular fast days throughout the year. These attitudes towards the eating of fish can be seen in historical sources for the later Middle Ages, but how far back into the early medieval period do they go? The archaeological and historical evidence for the consumption of fish in medieval England is complementary in many ways. Most usefully, archaeology shows which fish were eaten in the earlier Middle Ages, before household accounts and other written evidence become available. Historical sources reflect particularly the experience of the households of the wealthy and the religious, providing important information about the dynamics of consumption, season- ality, and dietary impact. Archaeology can widen the range of material to be considered, though unfortunately its potential is also very limited for revealing the eating habits of the peasantry.
The Consumption and Supply of Birds in Late Medieval England
Authors: Stone D J
Published: November 2023

The consumption of birds in late medieval England is often summed up by reference to one event: the enthronement feast for Archbishop Neville in 1465, which, it was said, included 400 pigeons, 2,000 chickens, 204 cranes, 104 pea- cocks, 1,200 quails, 400 swans, 400 herons, 100 capons, 400 plovers, 4,000 mallards and teals, 204 bitterns, 200 pheasants, 500 partridges, 400 woodcocks, 100 curlews, and 100 egrets. But while this conveys a sense of the munificence of this occasion and the status and availability of birds in the mid-fifteenth century, it tells us little about their wider role in the medieval world. This chapter explores the documentary evidence for the consumption and supply of birds in England between the twelfth century and the sixteenth, as a complement to the archaeological evidence discussed in Chapter 9. It suggests that birds did play a significant part in lordly diet, albeit usually on a more modest scale, but also that they represent one of the best-documented aspects of peasant economic behaviour and provide tangible evidence of changing patterns of consumption following the Black Death—and in this the historical sources fill one of the most significant gaps in the archaeological record.
Group Diets in Late Medieval England
Authors: Woolgar C M
Published: November 2023

In late medieval England, there were two principal reasons for group diets, that is the fashioning or restriction of consumption for a common purpose. Foremost was the link between diet, religion, and virtue with the state of the body beyond the physical. The moral impact of this belief was wide; the dietary consequences were in practice restricted to that part of the population, a minority, who had regular access to meat and who could afford substitutes, often expensive, such as fish. The second principal motive for group diets—identity or social competition— was similarly restricted to those with the resources to choose their food. Two further grounds had a narrower impact. Diet was an essential component of valetudinarianism and medicine. This led to consistent patterns of consumption among some groups of the young, the old, and for some individuals and groups, male and female. There were, finally, uniform patterns that resulted from communal living or common purpose, for example, the result of the provision- ing of armies, or food in an institutional setting. In each case the group might live physically together, but one need not conceive group diets solely in this way. A pattern of diet might identify an individual as part of a wider or dispersed grouping. Equally, one might find in a group living together, such as an aristocratic household, perhaps as many as half a dozen distinct dietary regimes for different parts of the establishment.
Conclusion
Authors: Woolgar C M , Serjeantson D , Waldron T
Published: November 2023

This examination of food and drink has ranged widely, from the day-to-day diet of individuals to the macrocosm of demography, from analyses of the role of individual commodities to studies exploring the complexity and variety of consumption. Prominent among the themes of this book are long-term changes in diet, defined in terms of the overall levels of availability of food, the range of foodstuffs, and the effects of diet in terms of nutrition. Some changes were widespread; others affected some groups of society or regions to a greater degree. On a general level, medieval diet contrasted with the prehistoric period and with some aspects of post-medieval consumption. There were other long-term patterns of importance, related to seasonality, religion, and status. In this, causality and dietary change can be seen to have had a complex interaction. Advances in the technology of agriculture or fishing, the relationship between the animal economy and humans, the rise in urbanization with its demands for provisioning of urban centres, and cultural links with new trading patterns, all show close connections between the economy and diet.
The Narratives of the Reverend John Quick
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

Thus, Reader, I have obliged you with a great (and perhaps matchless) rarity ‘. Our thanks are due to the ever-modest John Dunton. The return of Mother Leakey ‘s ghost, conjured out of silence and neglect by an opportunist Grub Street hack, brings together many of the competing stories set in train by the disgraceful life, and the ambiguous death, of John Atherton seventy years before.
Communism and Nationalism (1848-1941)
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

At first sight, looking solely at Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’s publications, communism and nationalism seem utterly incompatible. First, to Marx, history was a progression of class struggles, the most recent being those between the feudal order and the bourgeoisie, and the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would culminate in Socialism, a classless society in which the means of production were shared. Classes, not nations, were the primary actors in this process.
The Policy of National Unity and the Soviet Factor (Autumn 1944—Spring 1945)
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1944, Germany’s Eastern European allies collapsed one after the other. In Romania, King Michael deposed Marshal Antonescu and declared war on Germany on 25 August, the Red Army occupied Bulgaria on 5 September, and Finland signed a ceasefire with the Soviet Union on 19 September. The wartime national front policy could now be put into practice. In Bulgaria, a coup d’tat supported by the Red Army put the communist-dominated ‘Fatherland Front’ into power, and in Romania communists took part in the new Provisional Government and formed the ‘National Democratic Front’ in October 1944.
Conflicting National Policies (1945—1947))
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

One of the most important lessons the MKP learnt from its election defeat in 1945 was the necessity of presenting the party’s national image. The party’s national line continued unabated, and many of the same problems that characterized the national policy in 1944 and 1945 continued to obstruct the party during 1945 and 1947. The ‘national lines’ of the Romanian and Czechoslovak communist parties were damaging to the national image of the MKP.
Introduction
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

At this time Nicholas Radcliffe wrote books against the opinions of the heretic John Wyclif and whilst he lived William Binham also determined brilliantly against the same opinions; Simon Southerey has turned many away from the errors of the same John with his preaching: these are all monks of this place and are all professors of the sacred page. Simon is skilled in the art of versification and is also very knowledgeable in astronomy and in the art of poetry is held to be the most learned in the whole kingdom . In our own day, Thomas Hatfield, who became bishop of Durham, was brought up in this monastery. Master John Barnet was also raised here from his youth, whence he has risen to hold three prelacies, first in the church of Worcester, then of Bath, then, by papal provision, of Ely.
Conclusion
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

When he first introduced Thomas Walsingham and his Chronica maiora to Elizabethan readers in 1574, Matthew Parker felt compelled to apologize for the ‘antiquitatis crassities’, the crudeness of the style and the credulity of the author which obscured the kernel of historical truth contained in the text.1 Parker’s comments reflect the sensitivity which fragmenta monastica could still arouse in England almost forty years after the final dissolutions.
Heroes Like Us? The Second Generation Rediscovers the Volunteers
Authors: Mclellan Josie
Published: November 2023

If even veterans could not identify with the unnaturally perfect and prematurely dead heroes of the International Brigades, it is hard to imagine how the rest of the population was expected to. But despite this, many East Germans who had not even been born in 1936 were drawn to the Spanish Civil War. Rather than seeing the war as a rehearsal for the GDR, as the SEO did, they saw it as an inspiring alternative to existing state socialism. For East German citizens, whose opportunities for travel were limited, the idea of travelling to a Mediterranean country and joining an indigenous liberation struggle was exotic and exciting.
Stalinism and Silence
Authors: Mclellan Josie
Published: November 2023

Thanks to eyewitness accounts such as Orwell ‘s Homage to Catalonia and an extensive historiography of political repression in Spain, Western readers have come to see Stalinism as a central part of the Spanish Civil War. ‘ The East German reading public, however, was presented with a negative of Western historiography. The phenomenon of Stalinism was almost entirely absent in GDR accounts, and the word itself was almost totally taboo. If the problem was referred to at all, it was under the guise of ‘the cult of personality ‘, referring specifically to Stalin himself ( Political repression in the GDR was also a no—go area, and the victims of the political purges of the 1930s and 1950s remained unmourned. The dual taboo of Stalinism went well beyond the bounds of the Spanish Civil War to cover virtually any negative aspects of the communist movement, before and after the founding of the GDR.
The Cosmological Argument
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

I’m going to start with a presentation of the Cosmological Argument given by Frederick Copleston in a radio debate with Bertrand Russell.1 Here ’s the argument as Copleston puts it: First of all, I should say, we know that there are at least some beings in the world which do not contain in themselves the reason for their existence. For example, I depend on my parents, and now on the air, and on food and so on.
The Problem of Absolute Universality
Authors: Parsons Charles
Published: November 2023

Very often, when we make general statements, there is an explicit or contextually understood restriction. ‘All ravens are black’; is a generalization about ravens. It is now standardly understood as applying a quantifier restricted to ravens to the predicate ‘is black’;. We can read it as not saying anything about objects other than ravens. When leaving an airplane with my wife, she might ask, ‘Were you sure to take everything’; Clearly that refers to the possessions I brought onto the plane (and perhaps such of hers as she took me to be responsible for). So a negative answer would not be implied by my not having taken the in-flight magazine or the airsickness bag from the pocket in front of my seat.
Beyond Plurals
Authors: Rayo Agustèn
Published: November 2023

I have two main objectives. The first is to get a better understanding of what is at issue between friends and foes of higher-order quantification, and of what it would mean to extend a Boolos-style treatment of second-order quantification to third- and higher-order quantification. The second objective is to argue that in the presence of absolutely general quantification, proper semantic theorizing is essentially unstable: it is impossible to provide a suitably general semantics for a given language in a language of the same logical type.
All Things Indefinitely Extensible
Authors: Shapiro Stewart , Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

The direct concern of our chapter is not with unrestricted quantification. Or at least: not unrestrictedly unrestricted quantification quantification over absolutely everything there is. Our direct concern is with whether it is admissible to quantify over sets without restriction whether it is coherent to speak of, and have bound variables ranging over, all pure sets, or all pure set-like totalities (see also Shapiro, 2003). (‘Well, but didn’;t you just do so?’;) Closely connected questions, also within our focus, are whether it makes sense and if so, what kind of sense to speak of all cardinal numbers, or all cardinalities, and all ordinal numbers, or all order-types of well-orderings.
Is it too much to Ask, to Ask for Everything?;
Authors: Weir Alan
Published: November 2023

Most of the time our quantifications generalize over a restricted domain. Thus in the last sentence, ‘most of the time’; is arguably not a generalization over all times in the history of the universe but is restricted to a sub-group of times, those at which humans exist and utter quantified phrases and sentences, say. Indeed the example illustrates the point that quantificational phrases often carry an explicit restriction with them: ‘some people’;, ‘all dogs’;.
Inclusion: building the national community in propaganda and practice
Authors: Stephenson Jill
Published: November 2023

The creation of a ‘national community’, or Volksgemeinschaft, was an aspiration of the Nazi leadership that remained at best only partially fulfilled. As an ideal, it had considerable appeal in the early 1930s as the remedy for a Germany riven by political and social divisions and wracked by the stresses of the Great Depression. It was less apparent before Hitler came to power that the character of the national community would be defined as much by those who were excluded from it as by those who were to be its members.
The Third Reich in post-war German memory
Authors: Moeller Robert G
Published: November 2023

In 1959, the philosopher Theodor Adorno sharply criticized his fellow countrymen in the Federal Republic of Germany for failing to accept responsibility for the crimes of National Socialism; he took them to task for their inability to ‘come to terms with the past’. Doubtless Adorno’s own past contributed to his anger. As the subtitle of his recollections of his experiences in emigration revealed, National Socialism had left him with ‘reflections from a damaged life’; it had driven him to the United States, a country he did not understand and never fully adopted, forced him to work in a language that did not allow him the nuance that he found essential for philosophy, and confronted him with a world of mass murder that brought him to reflect on the meanings of Auschwitz and the accident of his own survival.
Introduction
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

Antonin Artaud (1896–1948) was a man of many parts: his creative intellect travelled across both generic and conceptual boundaries and he was poet, playwright, essayist, novelist, actor, producer, theoretician of the theatre, and artist. He has also been feted as a schizophrenic, druguser, and internee, and posthumously further roles were thrust upon him as the following generation saw him as cultural iconoclast or as an example of suffering, failure, and the descent of a great literary intellect into madness. But all agree that his energies were channelled towards the exploration and perhaps even the creation of the self within the artistic act.
Self-Presence, Thought, And Language
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

The critical heritage on Artaud’s early writings largely agrees that they are an exposition of a failure to think and a failure to write, overshadowed by a paralysing sense of physical pain. What primarily occupies Artaud, we are told, is his experience of loss of thought, an experience of suffering, paralysis, degeneration, absence, what Blanchot definitively dubbed, in his article of this name, ‘la cruelle raison poetique’. The title of this chapter might thus seem surprising, for, whatever Artaud says about thought and language, avid readers of criticism might say, it has little to do with anything as positive as selfpresence.
Linguistic theory meets lexicography
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

By the nature of the work they do, lexicographers are applied linguists. Yet many people working in the field have no formal training in linguistics. Does this matter? Our experience as editorial managers suggests that good lexicographers operate to a large extent on the basis of instinct, sound judgment, and accumulated expertise. A grounding in linguistic theory is not a prerequisite for being a proficient lexicographer – still less a guarantee of success in the field. But there are certain basic linguistic concepts which are invaluable in preparing people to analyse data and to produce concise, accurate dictionary entries. And as we noted earlier (§1.2.2), an awareness of linguistic theory can help lexicographers to do their jobs more effectively and with greater confidence.
A Case for Causal Republicanism?
Authors: Price Huw , Corry Richard
Published: November 2023

All philosophers. of every school, imagine that causation is one of the fundamental axioms or postulates of science, yet, oddly enough, in advanced sciences such as gravitational astronomy, the word ‘cause’ never occurs … The law of causality, I believe, like much that passes muster among philosophers, is a relic of a bygone age, surviving, like the monarchy, only because it is erroneously supposed to do no harm.
The Ideology of Context: Uses and Abuses of Context in the Historiography of Philosophy
Authors: Zarka Yves Charles
Published: November 2023

Methodological considerations are, as we know, often superficial and pointless. This is so when they are seen as a means of introducing us to the knowledge of a given subject-matter. They are superficial because they stand apart from what is being studied, and pointless because they are forgotten as soon as the serious business starts—that is, at the point where knowledge begins its work.
Plague and Paracelsianism
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

An ignorant, audacious, illegal, bold, and wicked impostor; a quack. This is how the physicians described Forman during the two decades in which they failed to curtail his medical practice. They laughed at him, fined him, imprisoned him, sued him, and he thought they tried to murder him. What were they fighting about? He infringed on their privilege, challenged their authority, promoted his astrological methods, denounced their learned medicine, and administered remedies to thousands of people. I have charted Forman ‘s conflicts with the College of Physicians, from his perspective and theirs.
A Wholistic View of Bilingualism∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Only rarely do researchers working on the many facets of bilingualism take the opportunity to sit back from their on-going work and reflect on some fundamental issues regarding bilingualism and the bilingual person. Among the many issues that should be kept at the forefront of research, we find the following: (1) What do we mean when we use the terms “bilingual” and “bilin-gualism”? (2) Is the bilingual person the “sum” of two monolinguals or a specific speaker-hearer in his or her own right? (3) Can one adequately compare monolinguals and bilinguals, and if so, can one continue to do so with traditional procedures? (4) Can the linguistic tools and methods developed to study mono-linguals be used without reservation to study bilinguals? These are some of the questions I wish to raise as I examine the bilingual as a specific speaker-hearer. I will first discuss and criticize a particular view of bilingualism that has been prevalent in the field for decades; this I will term the monolingual (or fractional) view of bilingualism. I will then propose a different, much less accepted, view of bilingualism which I will name the bilingual (or wholistic) view.
The Complementarity Principle and Language Restructuring∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, “A Wholistic View of Bilingualism”, the bilingual’s differential needs for the two (or more) languages were mentioned as were the different social functions these languages have (what the language is used for, with whom, and where).
Is There a Base-language Effect in Speech Production?∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains two main sections. The first, “The phonetics of code-switching”, is a reprint of a paper (Grosjean and Miller 1994) in which it is asked whether, when code-switches are produced, the phonetic momentum of the base language carries over into the guest language and hence affects the beginning of code-switches. How complete is a code-switch therefore? The second section, “The prosody of code-switching”, is a very short contribution that examines the base language effect on prosody. Here, a short pilot study which produced some interesting results is described (Grosjean and Soares 1986).
The Bilingualism and Biculturalism of the Deaf∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains three parts. In the first, what it means to be bilingual in sign language and the oral (majority) language is explained and similarities with hearing bilinguals and differences are discussed. The second part examines the biculturalism of Deaf people: like hearing biculturals, they take part, to varying degrees, in the life of two worlds (the Deaf world and the hearing world), they adapt their attitudes, behaviors, languages, etc., to both worlds, and they combine and blend aspects of the two. The decisional process they go through in choosing a cultural identity is then discussed and the diffculties met by some groups are examined. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Deaf child and why it is so important for him/her to be able to grow up bilingual in sign language and the oral language. The role of both languages is pointed out and it is argued that pursuing solely an oral approach puts the child at risk cognitively, linguistically, and personally.