bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thyroid hormone receptor Thra and Thrb knockout differentially affects osteoblast biology and thyroid hormone responsiveness in vitro
Authors: Lademann Franziska , Tsourdi Elena , Hofbauer Lorenz C. , Rauner Martina
Published: November 2023

Thyroid hormones (TH) are important modulators of bone remodeling and thus, thyroid diseases, in particular hyperthyroidism, are able to compromise bone quality and fracture resistance. TH actions on bone are mediated by the thyroid hormone receptors (TR) TRα1 and TRβ1, encoded by Thra and Thrb, respectively. Skeletal phenotypes of mice lacking Thra (Thra0/0) and Thrb (Thrb−/−) are well‐described and suggest that TRα1 is the predominant mediator of TH actions in bone. Considering that bone cells might be affected by systemic TH changes seen in these mutant mice, here we investigated the effects of TR knockout on osteoblasts exclusively at the cellular level. Primary osteoblasts obtained from Thra0/0, Thrb−/−, and respective wildtype (WT) mice were analyzed regarding their differentiation potential, activity and TH responsiveness in vitro. Thra, but not Thrb knockout promoted differentiation and activity of early, mature and late osteoblasts as compared to respective WT cells. Interestingly, while mineralization capacity and expression of osteoblast marker genes and TH target gene Klf9 was increased by TH in WT and Thra‐deficient osteoblasts, Thrb knockout mitigated the responsiveness of osteoblasts to short (48 h) and long term (10 d) TH treatment. Further, we found a low ratio of Rankl, a potent osteoclast stimulator, over osteoprotegerin, an osteoclast inhibitor, in Thrb‐deficient osteoblasts and in line, supernatants obtained from Thrb−/− osteoblasts reduced numbers of primary osteoclasts in vitro. In accordance to the increased Rankl/Opg ratio in TH‐treated WT osteoblasts only, supernatants from these cells, but not from TH‐treated Thrb−/− osteoblasts increased the expression of Trap and Ctsk in osteoclasts, suggesting that osteoclasts are indirectly stimulated by TH via TRβ1 in osteoblasts. In conclusion, our study shows that both Thra and Thrb differentially affect activity, differentiation and TH response of osteoblasts in vitro and emphasizes the importance of TRβ1 to mediate TH actions in bone.
Generalized Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation for relativistic two‐component methods: Systematic analysis of two‐component Hamiltonians
Authors: Inoue Nobuki , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Nakano Haruyuki
Published: November 2023

The generalized Foldy–Wouthuysen (GFW) transformation was proposed as a generic form that unifies four types of transformations in relativistic two‐component methods: unnormalized GFW(UN), and normalized form 1, form 2, and form 3 (GFW(N1), GFW(N2), and GFW(N3)). The GFW transformation covers a wide range of transformations beyond the simple unitary transformation of the Dirac Hamiltonian, allowing for the systematic classification of all existing two‐component methods. New two‐component methods were also systematically derived based on the GFW transformation. These various two‐component methods were applied to hydrogen‐like and helium‐like ions. Numerical errors in energy were evaluated and classified into four types: the one‐electron Hamiltonian approximation, the two‐electron operator approximation, the newly defined “picture difference error (PDE),” and the error in determining the transformation, and errors in multi‐electron systems were discussed based on this classification.
Spontaneous curvature generation by peptides in asymmetric bilayers
Authors: Park Soohyung , Rice Amy , Im Wonpil , Pastor Richard W.
Published: November 2023

Peptides and proteins play crucial roles in membrane remodeling by inducing spontaneous curvature. However, extracting spontaneous curvatures from simulations of asymmetric bilayers is challenging because differential stress (i.e., the difference of the leaflet surface tensions) arising from leaflet area strains can vary substantially among initial conditions. This study investigates peptide‐induced spontaneous curvature in asymmetric bilayers consisting of a single lipid type and a peptide confined to one leaflet; is calculated from the Helfrich equation using the first moment of the lateral pressure tensor and an alternative expression using the differential stress. It is shown that differential stress introduced during initial system generation is effectively relaxed by equilibrating using P21 periodic boundary conditions, which allows lipids to switch leaflets across cell boundaries and equalize their chemical potentials across leaflets. This procedure leads to robust estimates of for the systems simulated, and is recommended when equality of chemical potentials between the leaflets is a primary consideration.
Association of handgrip strength and walking pace with incident Parkinson's disease
Authors: Liu Mengyi , He Panpan , Ye Ziliang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhou Chun , Yang Sisi , Zhang Yanjun , Qin Xianhui
Published: November 2023

Background

We aimed to quantify the association of handgrip strength and self‐reported walking pace with incident Parkinson's disease (PD) in the general population.

Methods

A total of 419 572 participants (54.1% females, mean age: 56.1 years [SD, 8.2]) without prior PD were included from UK Biobank. Handgrip strength was assessed by dynamometer. Walking pace was self‐reported as slow, average or brisk. The study outcome was incident PD, determined by self‐report data, hospital admission records or death records.

Results

The mean handgrip strength was 23.5 (SD, 6.3) and 39.6 (SD, 8.9) kg for females and males, respectively. A total of 33 645 (8.0%), 221 682 (52.8%) and 164 245 (39.2%) participants reported slow, average and brisk walking pace, respectively. Over a median follow‐up duration of 12.5 years, 2152 participants developed incident PD. When handgrip strength was assessed as sex‐specific tertiles, compared with those in the third tertile, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of incident PD for participants in the second and first tertiles were 1.23 (1.09–1.39) and 1.60 (1.42–1.79), respectively. Compared with brisk walking pace, average (HR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.20–1.47) or slow (HR, 1.84; 95% CI: 1.57–2.15) walking pace was associated with a higher risk of incident PD. A lower grip strength (Tertiles 1 and 2) and an average/slow walking pace accounted for 23.8% and 19.9% of PD cases, respectively. When handgrip strength and walking pace were considered together, the highest risk of incident PD was observed in participants with both lowest handgrip strength and slow walking pace (HR, 2.89; 95% CI: 2.30–3.64). Genetic risks of PD did not significantly modify the relation of handgrip strength (P for interaction = 0.371) or walking pace (P for interaction = 0.082) with new‐onset PD.

Conclusions

Low handgrip strength and slow walking pace were significantly associated with a higher risk of incident PD, regardless of the individuals' genetic risk profile.
Prevalence and clinical impact of CD56 and T‐cell marker expression in acute myeloid leukaemia: A single‐centre retrospective analysis
Authors: Shaforostova Inna , Call Simon , Evers Georg , Reicherts Christian , Angenendt Linus , Stelljes Matthias , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Pohlmann Alexander , Mikesch Jan‐Henrik , Rosenbauer Frank , Lenz Georg , Schliemann Christoph , Wethmar Klaus
Published: November 2023

Flow cytometry‐based immunophenotyping is a mainstay of diagnostics in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Aberrant CD56 and T‐cell antigen expression is observed in a fraction subset of AML cases, but the clinical relevance remains incompletely understood. Here, we retrospectively investigated the association of CD56 and T‐cell marker expression with disease‐specific characteristics and outcome of 324 AML patients who received intensive induction therapy at our centre between 2011 and 2019. We found that CD2 expression was associated with abnormal non‐complex karyotype, NPM1 wild‐type status and TP53 mutation. CD2 also correlated with a lower complete remission (CR) rate (47.8% vs. 71.6%, p = 0.03). CyTdT and CD2 were associated with inferior 3‐year event‐free‐survival (EFS) (5.3% vs. 33.5%, p = 0.003 and 17.4% vs. 33.1%, p = 0.02, respectively). CyTdT expression was also correlated with inferior relapse‐free survival (27.3% vs. 48.8%, p = 0.04). In multivariable analyses CD2 positivity was an independent adverse factor for EFS (HR 1.72, p = 0.03). These results indicate a biological relevance of aberrant T‐cell marker expression in AML and provide a rationale to further characterise the molecular origin in T‐lineage‐associated AML.
Developing gender‐sensitive post‐disaster needs assessment national guideline based on the impacts of 2019 Iran floods
Authors: Amini Hosseini Kambod , Izadkhah Yasamin O.
Published: November 2023

In this paper, the outline of national guideline for gender‐sensitive post‐disaster needs assessment (PDNA) that was developed based on the experiences of 2019 Iran floods is presented. Accordingly, at first, the baseline information on female‐headed households, elderly, disabled women and the employment situation of females that should be collected before the disaster is introduced. Then, the mechanism for evaluation the effects and impacts of disasters on women and girls is presented. Finally, considering the recovery strategies, their needs in recovery and reconstruction are addressed. The results can be used in other countries to develop the gender‐sensitive PDNA guidelines.
On the identification of seasonal trends, dependency and driving forces of precipitation and vertically integrated vapour transport over Northeast India
Authors: Biswas Jit
Published: November 2023

The vertically integrated horizontal vapour transport (IVT) accompanied by westerlies and southwesterlies mainly contributes as a distant source of moisture to the seasonal precipitation (PR). The moisture transport and PR patterns across the eastern Himalayas (Sikkim, northern Sub‐Himalayan West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh) are strongly modulated by the orographic setup, local land‐atmospheric factors and teleconnection with climate indices of the Indian and Pacific oceans. This study elaborates on the changing patterns of PR and IVT, changes in IVT contribution to the seasonal PR under the nonstationary framework and evaluates the nonlinear dependency on local and distant drivers with piecewise regression model. Asymmetries in significant seasonal trends are conspicuous due to multi‐altitude interactions. Strong declining trend over Assam and Arunachal Pradesh is evident for PR with concurrent rising trend over the Meghalaya plateau. The IVT signals show a significant decline in post‐monsoon (October and November) and winter (December to February) across Assam Plain. The increase in mean IVT contributes significantly to seasonal PR. Significant decline in the contribution of heavy IVT to winter PR is observed over Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and part of Assam. Surface 2 m temperature and net thermal radiation exhibit contrasting influence on seasonal PR. IVT shows mainly positive association with surface 2 m dew point temperature and latent heat flux across the eastern Himalayas. NINO3.4 index exhibits strong negative influence on post‐monsoon PR. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation is strongly associated with summer (March to May) PR. Monsoon (June to September) IVT is negatively influenced by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation over the Sub‐Himalayan West Bengal, Gangetic West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. The Southern Oscillation Index is negatively linked with summer IVT. The combination of local driving forces mainly controls the seasonal PR and IVT across all seasons. Besides, distant drivers are prominent in monsoon and post‐monsoon. This study reveals insights into recent changes of PR and IVT, their contribution to seasonal water resources in the eastern Himalayas and the controlling strength of local land‐atmosphere feedback mechanism and distant land‐ocean coupling drivers under nonstationary climate.
Change and attribution of frost days and frost‐free periods in China
Authors: Zhu Luanxuan , Yan Xiaodong
Published: November 2023

Frost events are a climatic phenomenon of great severity, exerting profound impacts on agricultural production and human endeavours. From 1961 to 2017, China experienced a reduction in frost days (FDs) and elongation of frost‐free periods (FFPs) across most regions. Many factors contribute to the variation of frost events, highlighting the urgent need to scrutinize the intrinsic factors driving these climatic frost events' inter‐annual and interdecadal fluctuations. This work analysed the temporal and spatial attributes of FDs and FFPs, using statistical methods to dissect daily minimum temperature data collected from ground observation stations from 1961 to 2017. The results reveal a declining trajectory in annual FDs and an ascending trend in FFPs. However, the interannual and interdecadal variations do not consistently align with the climatological course. The spatial distribution of the first four modes of EOF exhibits a persistent variation, north–south, monopole and east–west pattern for FDs and FFPs. In comparison, the modes of FFPs exhibit many complexities and diversities. Moreover, this study considers geographical location, altitude and proximity to the ocean, as well as atmospheric circulation factors, including circulation indices, ocean indices and other relevant indices, to elucidate their influence on frost events. In conjunction with the role of greenhouse gases in propelling global warming, we elucidate that the intensity of the Atlantic–European polar vortex, the area of the Indian Ocean warm pool, and the spatial positioning and extent of the subtropical high emerge as preeminent internal oscillations instigating interdecadal shifts in frost events. This study provides valuable scientific insights into the formation mechanisms and evolving patterns of frost events.
Covariations between scapular shape and bone density in B‐glenoids: A statistical shape and density modeling‐approach
Authors: Daneshvarhashjin Nazanin , Debeer Philippe , Innocenti Bernardo , Verhaegen Filip , Scheys Lennart
Published: November 2023

B‐type glenoids are characterized by posterior humeral head migration and/or bony‐erosion‐induced glenoid retroversion. Patients with this type of osteoarthritic glenoids are known to be at increased risk of glenoid component loosening after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA). One of the main challenges in B glenoid surgical planning is to find a balance between correcting the bony shape and maintaining the quality of the bone support. This study aims to systematically quantify variabilities in terms of scapular morphology and bone mineral density in patients with B glenoids and to identify patterns of covariation between these two features. Using computed tomography scan images of 62 patients, three‐dimensional scapular surface models were constructed. Rigid and nonrigid surface registration of the scapular surfaces, followed by volumetric registration and material mapping, enabled us to develop statistical shape model (SSM) and statistical density model (SDM). Partial least square correlation (PLSC) was used to identify patterns of covariation. The developed SSM and SDM represented 85.9% and 56.6% of variabilities in terms of scapular morphology and bone density, respectively. PLSC identified four modes of covariation, explaining 66.0% of the correlation between these two variations. Covariation of posterior–inferior glenoid erosion with posterior sclerotic bone formation in association with reduction of bone density in the anterior and central part of the glenoid was detected as the primary mode of covariation. Identification of these asymmetrical distribution of bone density can inform us about possible reasons behind glenoid component loosening in B glenoids and surgical guidelines in terms of the compromise between bony shape correction and bone support quality.
Engineering the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by introducing desaturase improved the stress tolerance of yeast
Authors: Wang Dingkang , Hao Liying , Jiao Xue , Que Zhiluo , Huang Jun , Jin Yao , Zhou Rongqing , Wang Zhonghui , Wu Chongde
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Yeast is often used to build cell factories to produce various chemicals or nutrient substances, which means the yeast has to encounter stressful environments. Previous research reported that unsaturated fatty acids were closely related to yeast stress resistance. Engineering unsaturated fatty acids may be a viable strategy for enhancing the stress resistance of cells.

RESULTS

In this study, two desaturase genes, OLE1 and FAD2 from Z. rouxii, were overexpressed in S. cerevisiae to determine how unsaturated fatty acids affect cellular stress tolerance of cells. After cloning and plasmid recombination, the recombinant S. cerevisiae cells were constructed. Analysis of membrane fatty acid contents revealed that the recombinant S. cerevisiae with overexpression of OLE1 and FAD2 genes contained higher levels of fatty acids C16:1 (2.77 times), C18:1 (1.51 times) and C18:2 (4.15 times) than the wild‐type S. cerevisiae pY15TEF1. In addition, recombinant S. cerevisiae cells were more resistant to multiple stresses, and exhibited improved membrane functionality, including membrane fluidity and integrity.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrated that strengthening the expression of desaturases was beneficial to stress tolerance. Overall, this study may provide a suitable means to build a cell factory of industrial yeast cells with high tolerance during biological manufacturing. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Recent advances in head and neck surgical oncology
Authors: Ritter Amit , Levyn Helena , Shah Jatin
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the field of head and neck oncology has witnessed a remarkable transformation with unprecedented advances that have revolutionized the management of complex tumors in this region. As an intricate subspecialty within oncology, head and neck surgical procedures demand detailed knowledge of the complex anatomy meticulous precision in surgical technique, and expertise to preserve vital functions while ensuring optimal oncological outcomes. With the relentless pursuit of improved patient outcomes, the integration of innovative technologies has significantly enhanced the surgical armamentarium. Robotics, endoscopic platforms, and image‐guided navigation have revolutionized the surgical approach, enabling precise tumor resection and sparing healthy tissues. Furthermore, the application of advanced imaging modalities and molecular biomarker profiling has opened new avenues for personalized treatment strategies. From targeted therapies and immunotherapies to adaptive radiation techniques, clinicians are now equipped with an array of tailored options, ushering in a new era of personalized care for patients with head and neck malignancies. This article delves into the unfolding narratives of clinical triumphs, exploring the transformative potential of emerging therapies and the collaborative efforts propelling head and neck surgical oncology toward a future of hope and healing.
Comorbidity burden in adult atopic dermatitis: A population‐based study
Authors: Thyssen Jacob P. , Henrohn Dan , Neary Maureen P. , Geale Kirk , Dun Alexander R. , Ortsäter Gustaf , Lindberg Ingrid , De Geer Anna , Neregård Petra , Cha Amy , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Romero William , von Kobyletzki Laura
Published: November 2023

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that has been shown to be associated with allergic comorbidities. However, studies examining comorbidities in patients with AD are incomplete, which may contribute to suboptimal care.

Objectives

The objective was to compare the risk of developing different allergic and nonallergic comorbidities among adult patients with AD to that of a matched reference cohort in Sweden.

Methods

This was a nationwide population‐based cohort study using longitudinal data from primary and specialist care registers. AD patients were identified by confirmed diagnosis in primary or specialist care. A non‐AD reference cohort was randomly drawn from the general population and matched 1:1 with the AD patients on age, gender, and geographical region. The risk of developing the following conditions was evaluated: asthma, food hypersensitivity, allergic rhinitis, neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, infections, immunological & inflammatory disorders, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), endocrine & metabolic disorders, skeletal disorders, ocular disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and malignancies.

Results

This study included 107,774 AD patients [mild‐to‐moderate (n = 92,413) and severe (n = 15,361)] and an equally‐sized reference cohort. AD patients displayed a higher risk of developing comorbid conditions for all investigated categories, except for T1D, compared with the reference cohort. The highest risk compared with the reference cohort was observed for allergic comorbidities followed by immunological & inflammatory disorders (hazard ratio: 2.15) and infections (hazard ratio: 2.01). Patients with AD also had higher risk of developing multiple comorbidities (2 or more). The risk of comorbidity onset increased alongside AD severity and patients with active AD were associated with increased risk of comorbidity onset compared with patients in remission.

Conclusions

AD patients are at an increased risk of developing many comorbidities that extend beyond allergic conditions. This study highlights the need for interdisciplinary follow‐up of comorbidities in the management of AD patients to reduce overall patient burden.
Effectiveness of the Posterior Nasal Nerve Cryoablation in Allergic and Non‐Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Kim Do Hyun , Kang Yun Jin , Kim Soo Whan , Kim Sung Won , Basurrah Mohammed Abdullah , Hwang Se Hwan
Published: November 2023

Objectives

This study assessed the impact of cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve on symptoms of rhinitis in individuals with allergic rhinitis (AR) and non‐allergic rhinitis (NAR).

Data Sources

PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases for studies published up to June 2023.

Review Methods

Studies that evaluated the quality of life and rhinitis‐related symptom scores before and after cryotherapy treatment, as well as sham‐controlled studies, were included.

Results

In total, 368 patients from seven studies were analyzed. Patients who underwent cryoablation showed a significant improvement in rhinitis‐related symptoms in both NAR and AR. In particular, the most significant improvement was observed in symptoms of rhinorrhea and congestion. Furthermore, cryoablation improved the disease‐specific quality of life evaluated using the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. The rate of clinical improvement in the total nasal symptom score (total nasal symptom score [TNSS]; >30% reduction from baseline) after cryotherapy was 74%. The change in TNSS score significantly increased over time in NAR patients (p = 0.0041). Therefore, changes in the TNSS score after 12 months of cryotherapy treatment were greater in the NAR group than in the AR group (p = 0.0020), indicating that cryoablation is effective for both types of rhinitis and has better long‐term efficacy in NAR than in AR.

Conclusions

Subjective symptom scores related to rhinitis, particularly for rhinorrhea and congestion, decrease after cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve. Furthermore, the symptom improvement was greater in NAR than AR. Laryngoscope, 134:2502–2512, 2024
A Systematic Review of Peritonsillar Abscess Simulators: Enhancing Training and Identifying the Need for Standardization
Authors: Marouf Azmi , Doty Samuel , Quereshy Humzah A. , Johnson Benjamin R. , Cabrera Claudia I. , Mowry Sarah , Tamaki Akina
Published: November 2023

Objectives

To systematically review the literature regarding previously described peritonsillar abscess (PTA) drainage simulation.

Data Sources

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid, and Cochrane.

Review Methods

A search of the abovementioned databases was performed in August 2022 using the terms “peritonsillar abscess/quinsy,” “incision/drainage/aspiration,” and “simulation.” No time restrictions were applied. We included studies that clearly described how their PTA models were built and underwent validation from experts and/or evaluation from trainees. Articles describing a model only without any evaluation and reports in languages other than English were excluded.

Results

Our search initially yielded 80 articles after duplicate removal, 10 of which met our criteria and were included. Two studies trained participants on both needle aspiration and incision and drainage (I&D), four studies on I&D only, and four on needle aspiration only. 87.5% to 100% of junior residents reported minimal exposure to PTA prior to simulation. Five studies provided some form of validation to their models. The value of the simulators to train participants on skills received better appreciation than their anatomical fidelity. The perceived confidence level of trainees in managing PTA, which was assessed in 7 studies, substantially improved after training.

Conclusion

PTA simulation improves the confidence of trainees to perform PTA drainage. There is, however, a lack of standardization and evidence regarding transfer validity among PTA simulators. The development of a standardized PTA simulator could allow for more widespread use and increase resident comfort with this procedure in a pre‐clinical setting.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 134:2495–2501, 2024
Paradox of relatively more phospholipids in phytoplankton in phosphorus limited sea
Authors: Gašparović Blaženka , Vrana Ivna , Frka Sanja , Marić Pfannkuchen Daniela , Vlašiček Ivan , Djakovac Tamara , Ivančić Ingrid , Smodlaka Tanković Mirta , Milinković Andrea , Flanjak Lana , Chaux Frédéric , Novak Tihana , Medić Nikola , Godrijan Jelena
Published: November 2023

Marine life is threatened by global warming and its indirect consequences, which include, among others, increased stratification leading to phosphorus (P) and nitrogen depletion in the upper water column. Phosphorus plays a key role in all biochemical systems; storage of metabolic energy, formation of genetic material, and subcellular compartmentalization. Our multi‐year study of lipid biogeochemistry in the northern Adriatic (Mediterranean), which is becoming warmer and nutrient‐poorer, particularly regarding P, has shown that under conditions of P scarcity, phospholipids are relatively more abundant and smaller plankton cells dominate. Consistent with the field data, experiments with seven phytoplankton monocultures, comprising microplankton, nanoplankton, and picoplankton, confirmed a relatively higher phospholipid content in the smaller phytoplankton species and, in particular, an increase in those grown under stress conditions in general, including, unexpectedly, P‐limitation. We suggest two reasons for the observed “P paradox” of P‐limited phytoplankton: (1) cell geometry: volume of the plasma membrane relative to the volume of the entire cell is greater in smaller cells and, therefore, the proportion of plasma membrane phospholipids to intracellular lipids is greater in smaller cells, (2) higher proportion of densely packed saturated fatty acids found in stressful conditions, including P oligotrophy, additionally increase the proportion of membrane phospholipids relative to intracellular lipids. Our findings contribute to the understanding of P cycling in the sea. In addition, our data suggest that higher phospholipid export to deep waters is possible by smaller plankton.
Control of Spectral Extreme Events in Ultrafast Fiber Lasers by a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Wu Xiuqi , Zhang Ying , Peng Junsong , Boscolo Sonia , Finot Christophe , Zeng Heping
Published: November 2023

Extreme wave events or rogue waves (RWs) are both statistically rare and of exceptionally large amplitude. They are observed in many complex systems ranging from oceanic and optical environments to financial models and Bose–Einstein condensates. As they appear from nowhere and disappear without a trace, their emergence is unpredictable and non‐repetitive, which makes them particularly challenging to control. Here, the use of genetic algorithms (GAs), which are exclusively designed for searching and optimizing stationary or repetitive processes in nonlinear optical systems, is extended to the active control of extreme events in a fiber laser cavity. Feeding real‐time spectral measurements into a GA controlling the electronics to optimize the cavity parameters, the wave events are able to be triggered in the cavity that have the typical statistics of RWs in the frequency domain. The intensity of the induced RWs can also be tailored. This accurate control enables the generation of optical RWs with a spectral peak intensity 32.8 times higher than the significant intensity threshold. A rationale is proposed and confirmed by numerical simulations of the laser model for the related frequency up‐ and downshifting of the optical spectrum that are experimentally observed.
Generation and Manipulation of Spin‐Orbit Coupling mode via Four‐Wave Mixing with Quantum Interference
Authors: Pan Churong , Li Huangjie , Pang Hao , Ru Ruibo , Zhang Sannv , Wei Dong , Chen Haixia , Gao Hong , Li Fuli
Published: November 2023

Recently, the vectorial nonlinear optical processes driven by spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) light have come to the fore, leading to striking optical phenomena and important applications both in classical and quantum optics. However, research on the SOC‐mediated light‐atom interactions is still in its infancy. Here, the generation and manipulation of SOC mode through a vectorial four‐wave mixing (FWM) process in 85Rb vapor is demonstrated. Under the excitation of two SOC pump beams, multiple FWM paths can be simultaneously established due to the rich atomic Zeeman sublevels coupling with different circularly polarized components of SOC fields. A higher‐order cylindrical or more general SOC FWM signal is observed in the vectorial FWM process, which obeys angular momentum conservation and Gouy phase matching. In particular, quantum interference between different FWM paths plays a crucial role in manipulating the SOC mode of the generated FWM signal, revealing that the conversion of SOC mode is intrinsically quantum. This work provides a pathway toward deeper insight into the vectorial nonlinear optical processes and may advance technology for shaping spatially structured light, which is essential in applications such as nonlinear polarization imaging and the optical communication realm.
Multiple High‐Q Optical Modes in a Polymer‐Lithium Niobate Integrated Metasurface
Authors: Fang Cizhe , Kanyang Ruoying , Ji Yingke , Zhang Yong , Yang Jiayong , Wang Di , Liu Yan , Gan Xuetao , Han Genquan , Hao Yue
Published: November 2023

With the development of miniaturization and integration, multifunctional optical devices are necessary. However, its practical realization is a critical challenge due to the lack of simple structures with multiple functionalities. Here, a multimode metasurface is proposed by simply placing polymer nanocubes on the lithium niobate (LN) thin film. The intriguing properties of the integrated structure include high‐quality (Q) factors and different spectral characteristics, associated with quasi‐guide modes (GM) and Mie modes, respectively. The experiment demonstration reveals that Q factors of four modes are larger than 1000 and a second harmonic generation (SHG) enhancement factor of 25.4 is obtained, featuring strong light‐matter interaction. Importantly, the abundant spectral characteristics greatly boost three degrees of freedom, i.e., polarization, incident angle, and slot, to realize multifunctional designs. The results provide a sophisticated platform for developing high‐performance LN metasurfaces with the advantages of simplified fabrication processes and multifunctionality. The strategy can also be extended to other material systems, enabling the flexibility of metasurface‐inspired subwavelength engineering.
Optimized Charge/Hydrophobicity Balance of Antimicrobial Peptides Against Polymicrobial Abdominal Infections
Authors: Du Kehan , Yang Zhuo‐Ran , Qin Huimin , Ma Teng , Tang Jiawei , Xia Jianxin , Zhou Zengtai , Jiang Hao , Zhu Jintao
Published: November 2023

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) potentially serve as ideal antimicrobial agents for the treatment of polymicrobial abdominal infections due to their broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity and excellent biocompatibility. However, the balance of chain length, positive charges, and hydrophobicity on the antimicrobial activity of AMPs are still far from being optimal. Herein, a series of AMPs ([KX]n‐NH2, X = Ile, Leu or Phe, n = 3, 4, 5, or 6) with varied charges and hydrophobicity for the treatment of polymicrobial abdominal infections are designed. Specifically, [KI]4‐NH2 peptide exhibits the best in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains. Based on the good cell biocompatibility, [KI]4‐NH2 peptide is found to have negligible in vivo toxicity at the dosage of up to 28 mg kg−1. Furthermore, great in vivo therapeutic efficacy of [KI]4‐NH2 peptide against S. typhimurium is demonstrated in the mice abdominal infection model. The design of short sequence of antimicrobial peptides with a charge/hydrophobicity balanced structures provides a simple and efficient strategy for potential clinical applications of antimicrobial peptide‐based biomaterials in a variety of bacterial infection diseases.
4D Printing Nanocomposite Hydrogel Based on PNIPAM and Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Using Stereolithography
Authors: Pelluau Tristan , Brossier Thomas , Habib Michel , Sene Saad , Félix Gautier , Larionova Joulia , Blanquer Sébastien , Guari Yannick
Published: November 2023

The potential of photoactive Prussian blue nanoparticles dispersed in thermo‐responsive PNIPAM hydrogels in 4D printing using a stereolithography is investigated with digital light processing. The proportion of Prussian blue nanoparticles used in the resin is chosen to deliver a significant photothermal effect providing a heating above the volume phase transition temperature of the final nanocomposite hydrogels; while, giving only a limited effect on light scattering during the 3D printing process. Four formulations with various amounts of Prussian blue nanoparticles are used to print 3D structures with different shapes, such as Aztec pyramids, cylinders, gyroid porous cubes, and porous films. The shrinkage effect triggered by light irradiation at 808 nm on the as‐obtained nanocomposite hydrogels is demonstrated through the delivery of a representative molecule fluorescein and a triggered 4D shape‐morphing effect.
Observation of Peek Melting Peaks within the Additive Manufacturing Material Extrusion Process in Relation to Isothermal and Non‐Isothermal Processes
Authors: Comelli Cleiton André , Yi Nan , Davies Richard , van der Pol HenkJan , Ghita Oana
Published: November 2023

The current study investigates the melting behavior of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) using both Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fast Scanning Calorimetry (FSC) thermal analysis techniques. The PEEK melting peaks are examined under various conditions, including isothermal and non‐isothermal crystallization conditions, as well as a thermal profile mimicking the material extrusion process (MEX). The results of the analysis reveal changes in the crystalline morphology, as indicated by a shift in intensity between melting peaks crystalized at different isothermal temperatures and cooling rates. Furthermore, the behavior of the deconvoluted melting peaks differs depending on the substrate temperature during the MEX process simulation. The presence of double or multiple melting peaks suggests the presence of different crystalline populations during the manufacturing process. Understanding the formation and changes in these melting peaks can help inform the development of better printing strategies and improve the mechanical performance of printed parts.
Virtual agents that flatter you: Moderating effects of self‐esteem and customization target in e‐customization services
Authors: Li Xueni (Shirley) , Si Wei , Chan Kimmy Wa
Published: November 2023

As e‐customization services have grown in popularity, companies widely use virtual agents in such services to improve consumers' online shopping experience. However, extant research has not thoroughly clarified the best way to leverage the use of virtual agents and involve consumers in the e‐customization process. Drawing on self‐enhancement and self‐verification theories, this research investigates the effects of an instrumental social influence tactic employed by virtual agents—specifically, flattering feedback—and the pivotal roles of consumers' self‐esteem and customization target when evaluating and using e‐customization services. Through four experiments that simulate e‐customization experiences using different products, we find that the effect of virtual agents' flattering feedback on customization outcomes (i.e., word‐of‐mouth, product interest, and actual purchase) is contingent on consumers' self‐esteem. Among consumers with high self‐esteem, flattering (vs. generic) feedback from virtual agents in the e‐customization process elicits more positive customization outcomes. In contrast, the opposite is true among those with low self‐esteem. Moreover, consumers' process involvement mediates the interaction effects, and the interaction effects are attenuated when consumers customizing the product for others (vs. oneself). Our work contributes to online customization research by unveiling the mechanism and boundary conditions of the potentially double‐edged effect of virtual agents' flattery.
Progress in cancer neuroscience
Authors: Lan Yu‐Long , Zou Shuang , Wang Wen , Chen Qi , Zhu Yongjian
Published: November 2023

Cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) can crosstalk systemically and locally in the tumor microenvironment and has become a topic of attention for tumor initiation and advancement. Recently studied neuronal and cancer interaction fundamentally altered the knowledge about glioma and metastases, indicating how cancers invade complex neuronal networks. This review systematically discussed the interactions between neurons and cancers and elucidates new therapeutic avenues. We have overviewed the current understanding of direct or indirect communications of neuronal cells with cancer and the mechanisms associated with cancer invasion. Besides, tumor‐associated neuronal dysfunction and the influence of cancer therapies on the CNS are highlighted. Furthermore, interactions between peripheral nervous system and various cancers have also been discussed separately. Intriguingly and importantly, it cannot be ignored that exosomes could mediate the “wireless communications” between nervous system and cancer. Finally, promising future strategies targeting neuronal–brain tumor interactions were reviewed. A great deal of work remains to be done to elucidate the neuroscience of cancer, and future more research should be directed toward clarifying the precise mechanisms of cancer neuroscience, which hold enormous promise to improve outcomes for a wide range of malignancies.
Pentanucleotide Repeat Insertions in RAI1 Cause Benign Adult Familial Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 8
Authors: Yeetong Patra , Dembélé Mohamed E. , Pongpanich Monnat , Cissé Lassana , Srichomthong Chalurmpon , Maiga Alassane B. , Dembélé Kékouta , Assawapitaksakul Adjima , Bamba Salia , Yalcouyé Abdoulaye , Diarra Salimata , Mefoung Samuel Ephrata , Rakwongkhachon Supphakorn , Traoré Oumou , Tongkobpetch Siraprapa , Fischbeck Kenneth H. , Gahl William A. , Guinto Cheick O. , Shotelersuk Vorasuk , Landouré Guida
Published: November 2023

Background

Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cortical tremors and seizures. Six types of BAFME, all caused by pentanucleotide repeat expansions in different genes, have been reported. However, several other BAFME cases remain with no molecular diagnosis.

Objectives

We aim to characterize clinical features and identify the mutation causing BAFME in a large Malian family with 10 affected members.

Methods

Long‐read whole genome sequencing, repeat‐primed polymerase chain reaction and RNA studies were performed.

Results

We identified TTTTA repeat expansions and TTTCA repeat insertions in intron 4 of the RAI1 gene that co‐segregated with disease status in this family. TTTCA repeats were absent in 200 Malian controls. In the affected individuals, we found a read with only nine TTTCA repeat units and somatic instability. The RAI1 repeat expansions cause the only BAFME type in which the disease‐causing repeats are in a gene associated with a monogenic disorder in the haploinsufficiency state (ie, Smith‐Magenis syndrome [SMS]). Nevertheless, none of the Malian patients exhibited symptoms related to SMS. Moreover, leukocyte RNA levels of RAI1 in six Malian BAFME patients were no different from controls.

Conclusions

These findings establish a new type of BAFME, BAFME8, in an African family and suggest that haploinsufficiency is unlikely to be the main pathomechanism of BAFME. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
The inverse problem of dipolar source identification from incomplete boundary measurements
Authors: Mahjoub Moncef , Mdimagh Ridha
Published: November 2023

We consider and combine two methods to solve the inverse problem of locating dipolar sources in a restricted domain from measurements of the Cauchy data on a part of the boundary for the Laplace equation. We begin by extending the boundary measurements, which are accessible only on a part of the boundary by solving an extremal bounded problem in an annulus. The inverse problem of source identification is then solved using the reciprocity gap concept applied to the completed data. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of source detection with regard to the expansion of the data, some numerical tests are provided.
Docosahexaenoic Acid‐Acylated Astaxanthin Monoester Ameliorates Amyloid‐β Pathology and Neuronal Damage by Restoring Autophagy in Alzheimer's Disease Models
Authors: Wang Xiaoxu , Song Yu , Cong Peixu , Wang Zhigao , Liu Yanjun , Xu Jie , Xue Changhu
Published: November 2023

Scope

Astaxanthin (AST) is ubiquitous in aquatic foods and microorganisms. The study previously finds that docosahexaenoic acid‐acylated AST monoester (AST‐DHA) improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Moreover, autophagy is reportedly involved in amyloid‐β (Aβ) clearance and AD pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the preventive effect of AST‐DHA and elucidates the mechanism of autophagy modulation in Aβ pathology.

Methods and results

In the cellular AD model, AST‐DHA significantly reduces toxic Aβ1‐42 levels and alleviated the accumulation of autophagic markers (LC3II/I and p62) in Aβ25‐35‐induced SH‐SY5Y cells. Notably, AST‐DHA restores the autophagic flux in SH‐SY5YmRFP‐GFP‐LC3 cells. In APP/PS1 mice, a 3‐month dietary supplementation of AST‐DHA exceeded free‐astaxanthin (F‐AST) capacity to increase hippocampal and cortical autophagy. Mechanistically, AST‐DHA restores autophagy by activating the ULK1 signaling pathway and restoring autophagy‐lysosome fusion. Moreover, AST‐DHA relieves ROS production and mitochondrial stress affecting autophagy in AD. As a favorable outcome of restored autophagy, AST‐DHA mitigates cerebral Aβ and p‐Tau deposition, ultimately improving neuronal function.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate that AST‐DHA can rectify autophagic impairment in AD, and confer neuroprotection in Aβ‐related pathology, which supports the future application of AST as an autophagic inducer for maintaining brain health.
Quantification of fabric evolution in granular material under cyclic loading
Authors: Mo Weibin , Wang Rui , Zhang Jian‐Min , Dafalias Yannis F.
Published: November 2023

Fabric influences the macro scale mechanical properties and behavior of granular materials as a continuum and can be represented by an appropriately defined evolving fabric tensor entering the constitutive equations. In this study, the evolution of fabric tensors under cyclic loading is investigated and quantified by a series of cyclic loading DEM tests. Simulations of the DEM data are made by two different continuum evolution rate equations for the contact normal‐based fabric tensor, both within the Anisotropic Critical State Theory (ACST) framework: the first, is a Basic Fabric Evolution (BFE) equation and the second, is a novel Combined Fabric Evolution (CFE) equation, where a quantity related to particle‐based fabric tensor is considered. The comparison with DEM results highlights the capability of the CFE equation in simulating fabric evolution under cyclic loading for different anisotropy, density, and loading conditions. In addition, such simulations are significantly more accurate in comparison with those obtained by the BFE equation. The reason for the superiority of CFE over the BFE is the incorporation of the influence of the particle orientation fabric on contact normal fabric evolution. Analytical evaluation of CFE further identifies a total of seven periodic stable contact normal fabric evolution patterns that exist under cyclic loading, governed by initial void ratio, intensity of anisotropy, and stress amplitude. The limitation of current fabric evolution equations in being able to only reflect the proportional coaxial part of the fabric tensor with respect to the loading direction is discussed.
Simultaneous grafting of carbon nanotube and hyperbranched poly(thioether‐yne) onto carbon fiber via thiol‐alkyne click chemistry to improve interface properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composite
Authors: Xiong Kun , Xiong Lei , Liu Fang , Xiong Min , Chen Tao
Published: November 2023

An efficient and fast technique was proposed to graft carbon nanotube (CNT) on carbon fiber (CF) using hyperbranched poly(thioether‐yne) (HPTEY) as bridging agent through thiol‐alkyne click chemistry reaction. The successful synthesis of CNT/HPTEY grafted CF (CF‐HPTEY‐CNT) was verified with Fourier transform infrared, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy. The simultaneous introduction of CNTs and HPTEY could significantly improve the wettability and surface energy of CF, leading to that the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite evaluated using the microdroplet test was remarkably enhanced by 106.4% than pristine CF/epoxy composite. The bending strength for CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite was also significantly increased by 40.4% because of the effective stress transfer at interface. Furthermore, the monofilament tensile strength of CF‐HPTEY‐CNT showed an increase (by 3.3%) as compared with pristine CF, attributed to that the grafting CNTs and HPTEY remedied the CF surface defects. Therefore, this work is expected to offer a promising technique for developing advanced structural composite with outstanding interface and mechanical properties.

Highlights

An efficient and fast technique to modify CF via click chemistry was proposed.

The grafting of HPTEY‐CNT increased the surface roughness and wettability of CF.

IFSS of CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite was significantly increased by 106.4%.

The CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite had superior mechanical properties.