bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptive Audiences for Employment Recruiting Strategies
Authors: Pearce John A.
Published: March 2008

Growth in the travel industry requires additional employees in tourist-related businesses. This article reports the results of a study undertaken to discover the relationships between demographic variables and respondents who verbalized an interest in a travel-related career. Identification of relationships would provide a basis from which recruitment plans could be developed.
Travel Agency Selection Criteria
Authors: Meidan Arthur
Published: March 2008

This article reports the findings of a British study of criteria for selection of a travel agency for a foreign package tour. Respondents were divided into two age groups—those under 45 and those 45 and over—and the differences in preferences between age groups are described.
Big Spenders and Little Spenders in U.S. Tourism
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Reichel Arieh
Published: March 2008

This article reports the findings of a study intended to identify the demographic socioeconomic variables that discriminate between two groups of U.S. domestic tourists: those who spend a considerable amount of money on vacation trips—the "Big Spenders"—and those who spend very little on such trips—the "Little Spenders. " The data for this study were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1972 Consumer Expenditure Survey.
Highlights of the 10th Annual TTRA Conference San Antonio, Texas, June 3-6, 1979
Authors: Dicke Karen P. , Goeldner Charles R.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 10th Annual Conference of The Travel Research Association held in San Antonio, Texas. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $25 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Secretary, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Impact of Physical and Mental Handicaps on Vacation Travel Behavior
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Etzel Michael J.
Published: March 2008

Vacation travel behavior among households with handicapped persons is described. The types and relative numbers of disabilities indicate that handicapped persons with travel limitations may represent a substantial segment of the popula tion. Expenditures on travel activities by handicapped persons are found to be similar to expenditures by other travelers. Travel parties with and without handi capped persons are compared by demographics, purpose of trip, length of stay, major destination, and trip experiences. The data for the study are from 590 respondents of a mail survey to a consumer panel of 834 households. Conclusions presented are relevant to both travel research and commercial recreation manage ment.
Competition, Fares and Fences— Perspective of the Air Traveler
Authors: Ritchie J.R. Brent , Johnston Everett E. , Jones Vernon J.
Published: March 2008

Interest in airline deregulation has been high in both the United States and Canada, however, the complexity and rapidity of change surrounding regulatory reform has permitted very little systematic study of deregulation and its effects on the various components of the total airline system. A series of group interviews with vacation and business travelers from the metropolitan region of Calgary, Canada, were conducted to determine consumers' perceptions of the concept of competition in the airline industry; to identify the benefits and disadvantages that consumers feel result from competition; and to examine consumers' preferences and dislikes concerning different variables which define and give rise to competition. Four dimensions of competition are examined: choice, fares, service, and schedules.
A Goal Programming Model for Allocating State Promotional Effort to Regional Markets in Accordance With Tourism Potential
Authors: Davis K. Roscoe , Taylor Bernard W.
Published: March 2008

Tourism is a growing industry which contributes an ever-increasing amount of revenue to state governments. As a result, states have begun to compete heavily for the tourist trade via promotional and advertising campaigns. This is natural since each state has unique attractions which may be unfamiliar to residents of other states. However, while there is little doubt that promotion is necessary and useful, few models are designed specifically for the allocation of state promotional resources. This is due in part to the limited funds available to state agencies. The budget constraint prevents them from conducting sophisticated research and developing realistic models. This article describes a goal-programming approach for allocating a state's promotional effort to specific regions of the country based on the tourism potential of these regions. As such, the model does not optimize but offers guidelines for states to allocate their promotional effort. Allocation is based on several variables which reflect tourism potential, including income variables, travel propensity variables, a gravitational variable, and demographic variables. The model is developed using data obtainable from the federal government, thus minimizing the cost of application and development. The model uses Virginia as a demonstration state.
Structure of the British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon Hotel Industries-A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Schwindt Richard , Var Turgut
Published: March 2008

Because British Columbia, Oregon and Washington are similar in terms of demographic and geographic characteristics, it could be expected, a priori, that their tourist accommodation industries would be similar. However, the research shows that due mainly to vagaries in the British Columbia liquor licensing regulations the structure of the provincial hotel industry is dissimilar to its U.S. counterparts, being characterized by a large proportion of inefficiently small units. Investigation of ownership links reveals that hotel enterprise concentration is higher in the U.S. Pacific Northwest than in British Columbia, and that the major hotel chains operate on both sides of the border. It is also shown that a significant percentage of the British Columbia industry is controlled by U.S. multi-nationals.
A Favorability-Satisfaction Model of Tourists' Evaluations
Authors: Pearce Philip L.
Published: March 2008

While there have been some recent developments in tourist research, the psychological effect of tourist-local contact on the tourist has been largely ignored. The present study proposes a 4-cell model of tourist-host intercultural contact from the perspective of the tourist. According to this model tourist post-travel evaluation of the hosts depends on the tourists' pre-travel favorability toward the visited nationality, and the tourists' post-travel holiday satisfaction ratings. Two of the four predictions of the model were then tested by studying travelers to Greece and Morocco. Simple single-item rating scales were used to determine pre-travel favorability to the hosts, the post-travel holiday satisfaction scores, and post-travel evaluation scores of the hosts. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that both for travelers to Greece (n = 31) and for travelers to Morocco (n = 41), favorability and satisfaction significantly predicted post-travel evaluation of the hosts as predicted by the model. The high percentage variance accounted for with both travel groups, albeit with small samples, was interpreted as encouraging evidence for this kind of controlled, model-building, psychological approach to tourist research.
Summary of the 1981 Travel Outlook Forum
Authors: Kolton Frances
Published: March 2008

Editor's Note: The final speaker at the 1981 Travel Outlook Forum, held December 4, 1980, in Washington, D.C., was Frances Kolton, who was assigned the task of providing a conference summary. She did such an outstanding job that her comments are presented here to provide our readers the 1981 forecast given by industry experts. For the entire proceedings of the forum, send $45, prepaid only, to U.S. Travel Data Center, 1899 L Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20036. The forum is sponsored annually by the Data Center and the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA).
An Application of the Probit Transformation to Tourism Survey Data
Authors: Hoffman Dennis L. , Low Stuart A.
Published: March 2008

An important question facing the tourism industry is the identification of those factors responsible for generating current and continuing visitor interest in a particular region. This study begins by examining various estimation techniques which may be applied to models in which an individual either possesses an attribute (in this case interest in an area) or does not. The advantages of the probit technique are detailed and an illustrative application of this technique is considered.
Public Policy and the Growth of the Mexican Tourism Industry, 1970-1979
Authors: Truett Lila J. , Truett Dale B.
Published: March 2008

This article surveys the development of the Mexican tourist industry from 1946 to the present and describes developments which led to expansion of that industry in the 1970s. A demand equation is presented, and hypotheses regarding the variables determining foreign tourists' demand for visits are supported.
Women and Travel
Authors: Bartos Rena
Published: March 2008

This article summarizes the changes in the women's market for travel. Working and nonworking segments are discussed, and the woman business traveler is given special attention. New demographics for the woman traveler are also presented.
Cooperative National Advertising to Increase Awareness and Convert Latent Demand Into Intentions to Visit
Authors: Brennan Dan G. , Woodside Arch G. , Sharpe Clifford W.
Published: March 2008

A cooperative national advertising program planned and executed by the Nova Scotia Department of Tourism and National Sea Products Limited resulted in the biggest single-issue magazine buy in Canadian advertising. The article reviews the reasons for cooperative national advertising programs in tourism marketing, and provides several suggestions for planning such programs.
Forecasting the Hawaiian Tourist Market
Authors: Geurts Michael
Published: March 2008

This article examines three types of forecasts and discusses how they may be applied to the travel industry. The time series method is presented in detail, using the example of forecasting the Hawaiian tourist market.
Tourism Manpower: The State of the Art
Authors: Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2008

This article analyzes the relationship between the characteristics of modem society and those of the tourism industry, and the resultant impact on the work environment of the unskilled and semi-skilled workers in the tourism industry. Several solutions are sug gested to rectify the situation and improve labor efficiency and job satisfaction.
Tourism as a Generator of Employment: A Preliminary Appraisal of the Position in Great Britain
Authors: Vaughan Roger , Long Jonathan
Published: March 2008

Tourism has often been supported by government agencies on the basis that it is capable of generating incomes and jobs in areas where there is a shortage of both. This article offers some indication of the veracity of such claims in Britain. In so doing it attempts to demonstrate what the tourist industry is, reviews the nature of the jobs created, and assesses peoples' attitudes to such jobs, in an attempt to suggest how tourism compares with other activities in generating employment.
Employment Effects of Tourism and the Indian Experience
Authors: Pavaskar Madhoo
Published: March 2008

This article presents a theoretical exposition on the employment effects of tourism and summarizes the results of a survey, undertaken in 1981, to determine the employment potential and manpower requirement of foreign and domestic tourism in India.
An Index of North Carolina Travel and Tourism
Authors: Jud G. Donald , Rulison Michael V.E.
Published: March 2008

Monthly gross retail sales by hotels and motels in North Carolina are adjusted using the Consumer Price Index for urban areas. The monthly price-adjusted sales are then compared to the average level of sales for 1975. Seasonal adjustment is made using the X-11 seasonal adjustment program developed by the Department of Commerce. Correlation of the travel index with other seasonally adjusted measures of tourist activity is high.
Comparing Mail and Telephone for Conducting Coupon Conversion Studies
Authors: Hunt John D. , Dalton Michael J.
Published: March 2008

This article describes an experiment designed to compare mail and telephone coupon conversion studies. Costs do not differ appreciably; the telephone method is faster, and probably more accurate.
Shopping: Tourism's Unsung Hero(ine)
Authors: Kent William E. , Shock Patti J. , Snow Robert E.
Published: March 2008

This article demonstrates that while shopping is seldom mentioned as a primary reason for travel, it is perhaps the most universal of tourist activities. A study of tourist-visitors to a major southern city revealed shopping to be tourists' most popular activity and il lustrated the economic importance of tourist shopping to local merchants.
The Likelihood of Public Campers to Use Nearby Private Campgrounds
Authors: Hammill Wiliam E. , Sirohmeier Clinton S.
Published: March 2008

Campers at four federally operated campgrounds were surveyed to determine the likelihood that they would use nearby private campgrounds. The survey revealed that 39% of them would. Other findings indicated that 43% of the campers would use a localized directory of private campgrounds, that one-half to one-third would be willing to pay at least $4.50 to $5.50, respectively, per campsite, and that 57% would be willing to travel at least 5 milesfrom thefederal areas to reach the privatefacilities. Use of specialized directories to distribute portions of public campers to nearby private campgrounds is suggested as a possible alternative to the prohibitively expensive construction of future campgrounds by public agencies.
Public Participation in Community Tourism Planning: A Gaming Simulation Approach
Authors: Loukissas Philippos J.
Published: March 2008

Public participation is considered to be an essential part of a successful tourism development plan. This article suggests gaming simulation as a tool for inviting public input into the community tourism planning and management process. Selected simulation games applicable to the tourism development process are reviewed. The Tourism Activity Game (TAG)©, a board game designed to simulate the economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on small communities, is briefly described. The game is a means to facilitate exchange of views and cooperation between the various private industry interests, the general public, and community planners. The conditions necessary for a successful application of the game are discussed.
A Market Segmentation Study to Determine the Appropriate Ad/Model Format for Travel Advertising
Authors: Weaver Pamela A. , Mccleary Ken W.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the reactions of different market segments to various model formats in travel advertising. The reactions of three age groups to nine ad formats were studied to determine how each group viewed the reputability of a company in relation to each of the nine formats. The results of the study suggest that age is a significant segmentation variable for advertisers concerned about the perceived reputability of a travel advertiser.
Target Market Selection of Tourists: A Comparison of Approaches
Authors: McQueen Josh , Miller Kenneth E.
Published: March 2008

The study evaluated a number of alternative ways to segment tourist markets using the criteria of profitability, variability and accessibility of the segments. Data collected from 12,000 homeward-bound tourists was utilized to compare 15 alternative segmentation approaches. The preferred approach combined the two best dichotomous variables: first time or experienced visitors and tourists with or without relatives in the state. Subsequent managerial action is outlined.
The 1983 NebraskaVisitor Survey: Achieving a High Response Rate With a Diary Questionnaire
Authors: Perdue Richard R.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this note is to report the diary questionnaire methodology developed for the 1983 Nebraska Visitor Survey (NVS). This methodology resulted in a 62% response rate. Further, although it is much more complex than the diary methodology used for previous NVS studies, the 1983 methodology is actually less expensive. For a target of 1,000 usable data cases, data collection by the 1983 methodology is approximately 41% less expensive than the diary methodology used for previous Nebraska Visitor Surveys. Assuming constant non-data collection costs, the overall cost of the 1983 method is approximately 26% less expensive than the 1978 method.
Segmenting the Timeshare Resort Market
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Moore Ellen M. , Bonn Mark A. , Wizeman Donald G.
Published: March 2008

Results are reported of a large-scale study of vacation travel to a resort area by timeshare owners and nonowners. Of vacation travelers not owning timesharing property, a greater proportion had negative rather than positive attitudes toward timesharing. Timeshare owners differed from nonowners in their attitudes and their responses to timeshare marketing activities. Resort managers may consider the findings of this study valuable in planning timesharing marketing programs.
The Impact of Travel Costs on Visits to U.S. National Parks: Intermodal Shifting Among Grand Canyon Visitors
Authors: Morgan James N.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a model for examining the impact of the energy crisis and rising gasoline costs on national park visits and in particular visits to the Grand Canyon National Park. An energy crisis effect is clear.
Population Threshold and Capacity in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: Analysis of Specialty Urban Restaurants
Authors: Smith Stephen L.J.
Published: March 2008

A two-stage methodology is described for assessing the effects of population size and characteristics on the number of restaurants with specific menu specializations. The results of the analysis can then be used to predict the expected number and type of restaurants in an urban market, allowing assessment of which market has the greatest potential for supporting additional restaurants.
Relative Economic Contributions of Visitor Groups in Hawaii
Authors: Liu Juanita C.
Published: March 2008

This study assesses the "quality" of visitors to Hawaii by their relative contributions to the economy. Differential economic multipliers for income and employment are calculated for vis itors by island visited, type of travel arrangement, visitor frequency, accommodation type, country of origin and over time. Although domestic visitors are the largest market segment, the results indicate that Japanese and Canadian visitors contribute proportionately more to the Hawaii economy owing to their spending patterns or length of stay.
Personal Values and Travel Decisions
Authors: Pitts Robert E. , Woodside Arch G.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the relationship between personal values and travel or leisure deci sions. Travel/leisure "benefit segments" are developed through cluster analysis of the travel/ leisure criteria of members of a statewide consumer panel. Discriminant analysis models of respondent membership in the benefit segments are determined using personal values. In ad dition, value differences are determined between visitors and non-visitors to each of 10 major recreation/leisure attractions in the state of South Carolina. Application of the "value pro file" to the development of marketing strategy in also discussed.
Highlights of the 17Th Annual Ttra Conference Memphis, Tennessee, June 15-18, 1986
Authors: Guernsey Cindy , Goeldner C.R. , Lucas Chris
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 17th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Memphis, Tennessee. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $50 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
The Life Cycle of Second Home Ownership: A Case Study
Authors: Godbey Geoffrey , Bevins Malcolm I.
Published: March 2008

This article reports the results of a study of second home owners in a Pennsylvania recreation home development, and concludes that second home owners continually evaluate the utility of owning the second home as they move through life stages or the family life cycle.
Appealing to the Elusive Tourist: An Attribute Cluster Strategy
Authors: Davis Bonnie D. , Sternquist Brenda
Published: March 2008

The development of a technique to identify tourist-attracting features for use in market segmentation was the primary focus of this article. For purposes of segmentation, 10 tourist attracting attributes were used as the basis of a linear-compensatory, multi attribute attitude model. A unidimensional attitude score representative of a bundle of attributes was used as a basis for the BMDP K-means clustering procedure, which was used to divide heterogeneous tourist markets into homogeneous subsegments. Within the resort test area, three viable tourist clusters were identified as differing significantly (p < .001) for each attribute. Demographic differences between the clusters were examined. However, no significant differences were revealed. In other words, the clusters or market segments differed with respect to benefits sought but did not differ demographi cally. The use of attribute bundles and demographic information for the development of promotional campaign strategies is discussed.
The Differences Between Participants and Non-participants in a Senior Travel Program
Authors: Blazey Michael A.
Published: March 2008

The study investigated travel interests, constraints to travel, and other relevant char acteristics regarding persons 55 or older. The results identify significant demographic differences between travelers and non-travelers as well as differing constraintsfor travelers and non-travelers.
Olympulse III/Olympulse IV: A Mid-Term Report On Resident Attitudes Concerning The XV Olympic Winter Games
Authors: Ritchie J.R. Brent , Lyons Marcia M.
Published: March 2008

This article reports the latest results in an ongoing study of Calgary residents' aware ness ofand responses to preparationsfor the 1988 Winter Olympic Games. Although some fall-off in initial interest has occurred, during 1984 and 1985 Calgarians continue to demonstrate a high level ofsupportfor the Games. Residents' attitudes and opinions are reported here and the directionfor the nextsegmen t ofthe OLYMPULSEmonitorprogram is described.
Measuring Resident's Attachment Levels In A Host Community
Authors: Um Seoho , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2008

This research note suggests a method of measuring residents' attachment levels to distinguish between recent and long-established "native"residents'perceptionsoftourism impacts on the community. Guttman scaling is used to determine whether birthplace, years of residence, and heritage measure residents' attachment levels in a community.
Highlights of the 18Th Annual Ttra Conference Seattle, Washington, June 7-11, 1987
Authors: Guernsey Cindy , Goeldner C.R. , Eckstein Deborah
Published: March 2008

Thefollowingparagraphs briefly summarize the 18th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Seattle, Washington. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they arepublished. Other readers who wish to receive a copy oftheproceedings may order copies from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
The Effects of Hallmark Events on Cities
Authors: Hall Colin Michael
Published: March 2008

The 1987 People and Physical Environment Research Conference, 1987, under the theme of the Effects of Hallmark Events on Cities was held in Perth, Western Australia, between June 15-19, 1987. Academics, government officials, recreation and tourism planners and members of private industry from around the Pacific basin gathered at the Observation City Resort Hotel to discuss the nature and impacts of hallmark events. The Conference was organized by the Centre for Urban Research, University of Western Australia. The Conference was opened by the West Australian Minister of Planning, Hon. R. Pearce MLA, who highlighted the importance of hallmark events in tourism and regional planning. The conference was organized around four main areas: (1) sporting events, (2) cultural events/economic studies, (3) urban events/studies, and (4) general theoretical studies. Supplementary to these areas were workshops on hallmark events held along disciplinary lines.
The Washington Resident Travel Study: Dififierences Between In-State and Out-of-State Vacationers
Authors: Blazey Michael A.
Published: March 2008

This article reports the findings from a telephone survey of Washington State residents regarding 1985 vacation travel. The results describe differences in in-state and out-of-state pleasure travel.
The Role Of Foodservice I n Vacation Choice And Experience: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Authors: Sheldon Pauline J. , Fox Morton
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between foodservice and tourism both in destination choice and in the vacation experience. In particular, it studies how different cultures value food when on vacation. A survey of 1300 visitors to the state of Hawaii from Japan, Canada and the U.S. mainland found that only 18% said foodservice played a role in their destination choice. Japanese visitors, however, rated foodservice higher than did the other two nationalities. The quality of foodservice and the availability of a range of prices were found to be the most important aspects of foodservice for tourists when on vacation. The study found that at dinner-time, tourists' major concern is with the quality of the cuisine, whereas at lunch and breakfast time they are more concerned with getting the best value for their dollar.
A Repertory Grid Analysis Of Austria's Image As A Summer Vacation Destination
Authors: Embacher Johann , Buttle Francis
Published: March 2008

This research demonstrates the appropriateness of repertory grid technique to destination image research. In this particular application, the grid, originally developed by GeorgeA. Kelly, was used to investigate the images held by English vacationers of Austria as a summer destination. The grid was used to find out how tourists construed destination countries and to discover how they perceived Austria in terms of the constructs generated. Austria was placed in its competitive context by comparing its image with that of Switzerland, which the Austrian National Tourist Office cites as a major competitor.
Authenticity And Sense Of Place In The Tourism Development Experience Of Older Retail Districts
Authors: Lew Alan A.
Published: March 2008

Certain older retail districtsprovideparticularfascinationfortourists by offering experiences of the past or of otherplaces. Tourism and retail development are major components in these "thematic" retail districts. A survey of theme-oriented older retail districts in Washington, Oregon, and northern California found three basic development orientations: conservation, image development, and economic development. The different characteristics of each orientation afford a basis for formulating appropriate development plans.
Marketing An Emerging International Tourist Destination: The Case Of Arizona
Authors: Teye Victor B.
Published: March 2008

Projections for industrialized countries show that travel expenditures will continue to increase into the year 2000. The United States is currently the leading destinationfor international visitors. However, some states, like Arizona, are only beginning to expand the international segment of their tourist industry. This study focuses on perceptions of major foreign tour producers (tour operators and travel agents) of Arizona as an international tourist destination, and concludes thatproducersperceiveArizona as having opportunities to develop a strong tourist industry for foreign markets if a number ofperceived liabilities are eliminated.
1988 Travel Experience
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report presents the highlights of the Third Annual Travel Review Conference cosponsored by the United States Travel and Tourism Administration (USTTA), the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA), and the U.S. Travel Data Center (USTDC) on February 23, 1989 in Washington, D. C. Proceedings will be published and can be orderedfrom Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, UT 84108.
Rural Resident Tourism Perceptions And Attitudes By Community Level Of Tourism
Authors: Long Patrick T. , Perdue Richard R. , Allen Lawrence
Published: March 2008

Focusing on the residents of 28 rural Colorado communities, this research examines differences in resident tourism perceptions and attitudes across communities categorized on the basis of the community's existing level of tourism. The results indicate that the perceived impacts of tourism, both positive and negative, increase with increasing levels of tourism. With respect to resident attitudes toward additional tourism development, however, the results suggest that resident attitudes initially increase in favorability with increasing tourism development, but achieve a threshold level of development beyond which attitudes become less favorable. In this study, this threshold was achieved when approximately 30% ofthe community's retail sales were derivedfrom tourism. Finally, the results also indicate that resident supportfor special tourism user fees and taxes increases with increasing levels of tourism development.
Olympulse VI: A Post-Event Assessment Of Resident Reaction To The XV Olympic Winter Games
Authors: Ritchie J.R. Brent , Lyons Marcia
Published: March 2008

This article, one of a series assessing the success of the XV Olympic Winter Games in Calgary, reports the results of monitoring residents' awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of a number offactors related to the games. The results presented underscore the success of the Games, not only in financial terms but in terms of otherpositive impacts on the City of Calgary, both during the Games and in terms of post-Games visitation levels.
The Objective Tree In Tourism Planning
Authors: Baker Ilyas
Published: March 2008

This article reviews the use of an objective tree to formulate a tourism master plan. The objective tree was used to avoid previously experienced problems associated with ill-defined objectives, namely, a mass of irrelevant data being gathered, lacunae in crucial planning information, uncoordinated research activity of the various sectoral study teams involved, and difficulties in evaluating the success of the plan formulation process. The procedure for constructing the objective tree is presented and the difficulties involved are highlighted. Such difficulties include sustaining logical thinking and confusing means with sub-objectives. Although the technique has some limitations, the advantages are felt to outweigh these. The results of the exercise can befed into other planning and manage ment techniques. The objective tree has wide application in the field of tourism planning and management.
A Test Of Plog's Allocentric/Psychocentric Model: Evidence From Seven Nations
Authors: Smith Stephen L.J.
Published: March 2008

This research note presents a test of Plog's model of tourism destination preferences. Data are reported for seven nations in terms of destinations preferred by allocentric, mid-centric, and psychocentric tourist types. The data reported fail to confirm an association between personality types and destination preferences.
The Consumptive Value Of Travel Time On Recreation Trips
Authors: Walsh Richard G. , Sanders Larry D. , Mckean John R.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to develop and apply a statistical procedure to estimate a demand function for the recreation activity of pleasure driving or sightseeing by car on scenic river highways in the Rocky Mountains. The consumptive value of travel time is related to several variables which can be influenced bypromotional and service programs to improve quality of the driving experience. The article presents new information on demand and benefit to assist the travel industry in the evaluation of programs to expand and enhance America's scenic road system.
The Lodging Index: An Economic Indicator For The Hotel/Motel Industry
Authors: Wassenaar Dirk J. , Stafford Edwin R.
Published: March 2008

Average occupancy and room-rate statistics have limitations when used to monitor the hotel/motel industry. The authors explain an alternative measure called the lodging index, which reflects average revenue per room-night. The lodging index can be particularly useful for local travel destinations where average occupancy and room rates are not available.
Modeling International Tourism Demand: Model Specification and Structure
Authors: Morley Clive
Published: March 2008

Multiple regression is used widely as a tool for estimating tourism demand functions. Problems of heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation are well recognized by modelers, but questions ofmodel specification are less widely understood. Misspecifi cation of the model, such as failure to include an important explanatory variable or a wrongfunctionalform, can have significant impacts on the model estimated. The evidence to date is that more complex or general functional forms give better models than more simple functions such as the commonly used log-linear model. It is reasonable to expect that tourism demand is a dynamicfactor, so the lag structure oftourism demand should be considered in any model. A quadratic functional form for this structure is derived.
The Roles of Perceived Inhibitors and Facilitators in Pleasure Travel Destination Decisions
Authors: Um Seoho , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2008

The vacation destination choice is conceptualized as a three-stage sequential decision consisting of an early evoked set, a late evoked set, and a final destination decision. A longitudinal survey approach is used to explore the role of perceived inhibitors and facilitators in formulating a late evoked set of destinations from an early evoked set, and in selecting a final vacation destination from the late evoked set of destinations. Multi-item scales were developed to measure inhibitors and facilitators at both stages. Results of the hypotheses tests suggested that facilitators were most influential in whether a potential destination in the early evoked set was selected for the late evoked set, whereas inhibitors were most influential in whether an alternative in the late evoked set was selected as a final destination.
Life Cycle Models for Pacific Island Destinations
Authors: Choy Dexter J.L.
Published: March 2008

Recent studies on the growth of tourist destinations have been based upon extending the concept of the product life cycle to portray the development of a destination. This study suggests that a general destination life cycle model as proposed by Butler does not apply to most Pacific island destinations. At best, the life cycle model can be used after the fact as a diagnostic tool, but it still can be misleading in the case of Pacific island destinations given the large variation in growth patterns.
The Spatial Configuration of Travel to Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Mings Robert C. , Mchugh Kevin E.
Published: March 2008

While vacation travel to Yellowstone National Park may be considered the epitome of American travel traditions, measurement and analysis of this important national phe nomenon is surprisingly limited. This survey of 600 Yellowstone visitors focuses upon the spatial pattern of their travel movements to and from Yellowstone. Four types of trip configurations are discovered: Direct Route, Partial Orbit, Full Orbit, and Fly/Drive.
Conference Report ... Summary of the AIEST Congress Findings
Authors: Schmidhauser Hanspeter
Published: March 2008

The 41st AIEST Congress was held November 17-23, 1991, at Mahé, Seychelles. The following paragraphs present the congress highlights.
Positioning: The Example of the Lower Rio Grande Valley in the Winter Long Stay Destination Market
Authors: Crompton John L. , Fakeye Paul C. , Lue Chi-Chuan
Published: March 2008

A primary target market for the subtropical lower Rio Grande Valley region of South Texas is long-stay winter visitors from the midwest states. This target market is aggressively pursued by other destinations with warm winter temperatures. This article describes a six-stage process that was used to develop a position for the Valley which is unique in the minds of its prospective target market visitors, clearly differentiating it from its competitors.
Follow-up in International Tourism Mail Surveys
Authors: Shaw Robin N. , Ling Florence
Published: March 2008

The effectiveness and efficiency of using follow-up techniques in mail survey research were questioned in the context of a survey of Singapore travel agents. An examination of the responses obtained with and without follow-up suggested that few differences existed, and hence that the resources devoted to follow-up could well be redirected.
Investigating the Influence of Welcome Center Information on Travel Behavior
Authors: Fesenmaier Daniel R. , Vogt Christine A. , Stewart William P.
Published: March 2008

Welcome centers have long been recognized as an important part of the tourism promotional mix. However, little is known about the degree to which information provided at welcome centers actually influences visitor behavior. This study examined this issue and found that information provided at welcome centers influences travel behavior but the extent of impact depends largely upon the nature of the trip to the area. A number of managerial implications are discussed based upon the results of the study.
Highway Accessibility and Regional Tourist Expenditures
Authors: Roehl Wesley S. , Fesenmaier Julie , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: March 2008

This study attempted to quantify the contribution of highway infrastructure to tourism's economic impact. When natural and man-made resources were held constant, counties with more miles of highway received more tourist expenditures. Further analysis of only the rural counties showed that the transportation system alone explained a significant amount of variation in tourist expenditures. Implications of the findings for tourism development strategies in rural areas are discussed.
Incidence of the Impacts of Room Taxes on the Lodging Industry
Authors: Hiemstra Stephen J. , Ismail Joseph A.
Published: March 2008

This article addresses the question of tax incidence or the ultimate sharing of the burden of room taxes assessed on the lodging industry between guests and the lodging industry. The study presents a new analysis of elasticity of supply of lodging services, but draws on an earlier study of elasticity of demand in making this assessment. The elasticity of supply is measured at 2.86, in comparison with - .44 elasticity of demand for lodging services. This results in tax incidence of 6.2, which means that about $6 out of $7 of the tax is ultimately paid by guests and $1 is paid indirectly by the lodging industry.
PAN AM's Legacy to World Tourism
Authors: Van Doren Carlton S.
Published: March 2008

This article traces the history of Pan American Airlines and the influence of the airline on air travel and the airline industry from 1930 to 1991.
Tour Operator Brochure Design Research Revisited
Authors: Hodgson Peter
Published: March 2008

This research note points out that a great deal of money is spent on tourism brochures with little return in the way of bookings. In the United Kingdom, for example, brochures result in a 90% "wastage" rate. The suggestion is made that market research is needed on the effectiveness of brochures so that the function of brochures in the vacation selection process is better understood.
Highlights of the 24th Annual TTRA Conference Whistler, British Columbia, June 12-16, 1993
Authors: Dipersio Cindy , Hayden Gin , Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 24th annual conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Whistler, British Columbia. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies from Francine Butler, TTRA, 10200 West 44th Avenue, Suite 304, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033. The cost is $75.
Undesirable Lag Effects in Tourist Destination Development: A Colorado Case Study
Authors: Stokowski Patricia A.
Published: March 2008

Tourism planners often promise widespread community renewal as a product of tourism development, but benefits do not always occur as expected. This article analyzes undesirable "lag effects " associated with early stages of tourist destination development. Examples from two Colorado gaming towns illustrate the problems; hypotheses formalizing relationships between temporal problems and community tourism development are derived.
Segmenting the U.S. Travel Market According to Benefits Realized
Authors: Shoemaker Stowe
Published: March 2008

This research studied the differences between what consumers say they want and what they will actually buy. A segmentation study was conducted based on the benefits derived from travel using a sampling methodology that was not destination-specific. The sampling methodology employed also allows for the findings to be generalizable to the U.S. traveling public. Four market segments are identified — three that are big enough to war rant different marketing strategies — and discussed in detail. Where appropriate, they are compared to the segments identified by previous researchers.
1994 Travel Outlook
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report briefly summarizes the 1994 Travel Outlook Forum. Copies of the 1994 Outlook for Travel and Tourism are available from the U.S. Travel Data Center, Two Lafayette Centre, 1133 21st Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, for $130.
Profiling American Bed and Breakfast Accommodations
Authors: Emerick Robert E. , Emerick Carol A.
Published: March 2008

This study presents a profile of American bed and breakfast (B&B) accommodations based on a nationwide survey that includes 385 B&Bs from all geographical regions of the United States. Data are presented in three categories: geographical data, facility characteristics, and operational factors. The typical American B&B is located in a small town (under 10,000 population), with six or seven rooms, five or six baths, and 10 parking spaces. Most B&Bs were built before 1920, are owner-occupied homes that constitute a secondary income, have been in operation for seven years, and serve a full breakfast to guests who stay an average of two days. B&Bs have an occupancy rate of 45% and a repeat rate of 25%, hire one or two full-time and two part-time employees, and have one working partner. The typical B&B offers an overnight accommodation with breakfast for about $72 per night. This general information on B&B accommodations will benefit travelers and travel agents, as well as community planners, potential neighbors, prospective B&B owners, and the public at large.
A Principal Components-Based Tourism Activity Index
Authors: De La VIina Lynda Y. , Hollas Daniel , Merrifield John , Ford Jamie
Published: March 2008

The Tourism Activity Index is a composite measure of tourism activity levels in San Antonio, Texas, developed to provide a barometer for evaluating the strength or weakness of tourism in the local economy. This particular index uses the principal components method of factor analysis to derive the index weights. This article presents the methodology, data collection techniques, and index results.
Highlights of the 25th Annual TTRA Conference Bal Harbour, Florida, June 18-22
Authors: Dipersio Cindy , Hayden Gin , Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this section is to carry shorter articles and short notes on pilot studies, innovative or exploratory research. It is hoped that this section will (1) introduce new research techniques and result in greater experimentation, testing, and implementation; (2) serve as a communication vehicle for reader comments on various articles, book reviews, etc.; and (3) wherever possible, summarize the results of other meetings which have dealt with tourism and recreation.
Variable Selection in Tourism Market Segmentation Models
Authors: Andereck Kathleen L. , Caldwell Linda L.
Published: March 2008

This study segments a zoological park market by vacationers versus nonvacationers and in-state versus out-of-state visitors. As predicted by using the level of discourse theory, the segments differed little in demographic characteristics; however, several differences appeared in trip characteristics, motives, satisfaction, and factors affecting enjoyment. Results suggest marketing strategies to implement.
Conference Report...
Authors: Perry Hobson J.S. , Bushell Robyn
Published: March 2008

The 1994 joint Australian Tourism Education (February 8-9) and the Tourism Research (February 10-11) national conferences were held at the Pan Pacific Hotel on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The conferences were organized under the auspices of CAUTHE (Council for Australian Universities for Tourism and Hospitality Education) and by the four local universities : Griffith University, Queensland University of Technology, the University of Queens land, and Bond University. This was the third in a series of conferences that is planned as a regular annual event.
A Partnership Model for Nature Tourism in the Eastern Caribbean Islands
Authors: Darrow Kit
Published: March 2008

With recent increases in the popularity of natural resources-based tourism, the independent, less developed islands of the eastern Caribbean stand to gain economically. These islands are rich in natural resources needed for tourism, yet the resources have not been managed in a manner consistent with sustainable development practices, nor have the benefits from tourism reached local people. This article presents a model for forming partnerships in nature tourism that uses the management skills and other resources of the United States, while benefiting the local people in a way that ensures continued and sustained benefits.
Nonresponse and Recall Biases in a Survey of Traveler Spending
Authors: Rylander Roy G. , Propst Dennis B. , Mcmurtry Terri R.
Published: March 2008

This study assesses the extent of nonresponse and recall biases in a travel spending survey of 1,647 individuals. Detailed data from actual nonrespondents were collected. Although the response rate to the mailback survey was relatively high (79%), nonresponse bias in some key variables was detected. Additional findings cast doubt on the use of either wave analysis or late respondent comparisons as proxies for data from actual nonrespondents. Recall bias was also observed but was found to be related as much to trip complexity as to the passage of time. Findings support procedures that obtain complete responses either during or immediately upon the completion of a respondent's trip.