bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of mandated private pension arrangements
Authors: Hyde Mark , Dixon John
Published: January 2008

Purpose

According to one influential set of arguments, the privatization of public pensions has been informed by neoliberalism, and has thus been an integral element of a broader program of welfare retrenchment, which is inconsistent with social cohesion. The paper aims to take issue with this negative characterization of pensions privatization.

Design/methodology/approach

The argument is illustrated by a cross‐national comparative analysis of the principal design features of 32 mandated private pension arrangements.

Findings

The market orientation of mandated private pension arrangements is generally ambivalent. Whilst the architects of these arrangements have embraced market principles, they have also accepted the principle of collective responsibility for retirement futures.

Research limitations/implications

While design is an important indicator of the nature of pension schemes, it does not translate automatically into retirement outcomes.

Practical implications

Collective responsibility for retirement may be pursued through distinctive forms of privatization.

Originality/value

In contrast to the central argument of much of the literature, the privatization of public pensions has not universally or unambiguously been informed by the tenets of neoliberal political economy.
Child labour and school attendance: evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Khanam Rasheda
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to understand better the determinants of child labour and schooling in Bangladesh.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses data from a survey based in rural Bangladesh and considers the children aged 5‐17 years living in rural households in which the mother and father are both present. The sample size is 1,628 children. A multinomial logit model is used to estimate the determinants of schooling and working, combining schooling and work, or doing nothing for 5‐17 years old children.

Findings

The results show that the education of parents significantly increases the probability that a school‐age child will specialise in study. The presence of very young children (aged 0‐4) in the household increases the likelihood that a school‐age child will combine study with work. The significant and positive gender coefficient suggests that girls are more likely than boys to combine schooling with work. The children who are sons and daughters of the household‐head, as opposed to being relatives living in the household are more likely to combine study and work but less likely to specialise in work.

Originality/value

The existing anti‐child labour policies mainly focus on the lowering of the demand for child labour in Bangladesh. The focus of this paper is, however, on the supply side of child labour, particularly on the use of child labour in the agricultural sector and the household sector where children are mainly employed by their parents. Unlike most of the existing studies on child labour, this paper considers housework and non‐market works in the definition of child labour.
Carbon capture and storage in the light of circulation economics
Authors: Rapp Nilsen Heidi
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The paper's purpose is to highlight conflicting interests between combating climate change and the technique of carbon capture and storage (CCS) within the Norwegian petroleum industry.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is written in a conceptual form. The theoretical starting point is that strong sustainable development is necessary to combat climate change. The practical example is state‐of‐the‐art of CCS, and whether this contributes to combat climate change or not.

Findings

This paper finds using circulation economics adds essential environmental preconditions to the technique of CCS. First, the global environmental gain must not be outnumbered through an increase in production volume. Second, if the technique does not contribute to strong sustainable development then the producers must instead limit the extraction of petroleum.

Research limitations/implications

The figures in this paper build upon the current knowledge within this research area. Extensive research is taking place, and may change the figures. The findings and conclusions of this paper will not be affected though by changes in figures.

Practical implications

The findings of this paper show that it is necessary to use a holistic and global theoretical approach in choosing tools to combat climate change.

Originality/value

The paper uses a relatively new economic theoretical approach to highlight environmental aspects regarding a technique of capturing carbon, which is currently being developed to combat climate change.
The formation of conventional expectations under strong uncertainty: a reply
Authors: Koutsobinas Theodore T.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to reply to Dequech's comment in the International Journal of Social Economics on the analysis of the formation of conventional expectations under strong uncertainty, which was proposed in the present author's 2004 article in the International Journal of Social Economics.

Design/methodology/approach

The scope of this reply is to evaluate through a theoretical examination the validity of Dequech's claim contained in his comment that his initial analytical scheme of the state of expectations presented in his 1999 article was general enough to accommodate the psychological considerations, which were raised in the present author's 2004 article and which were associated with Keynes's analysis as well as with developments in the field of social psychology.

Findings

The paper demonstrates that both Dequech's initial article of the state of expectations and his subsequent comment on the present author's contribution on the conventional formation of expectations under strong uncertainty in the International Journal of Social Economics overlooked the psychological nature of the process of inferences, a fundamental factor in Keynes's discussion of the formation of conventional expectations. However, when social psychology considerations are introduced in the analysis (as it was the case with the present author's approach) and when the remarkable theoretical and empirical progress in the field of social psychology is taken into account, Dequech's claim of the generality of his framework is not justifiable because both the specific nature and the substantive impact of the social psychology issues associated with the role of inferences are overlooked across his analysis. It is proposed that a theoretical scheme that uses the wealth of evidence of contemporary social psychology is more promising for a rigorous development of a theory of expectations under strong uncertainty.

Originality/value

The paper sheds further light on expectancy theory.
Heuristic evaluation applied to library web services
Authors: Aitta Marjo‐Riitta , Kaleva Saana , Kortelainen Terttu
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to present usability heuristics for the evaluation of public library web services.

Design/methodology/approach

Heuristics for library services are based on Nielsen's classical list of heuristics and results of previous usability research of library web services. A total of 15 public library web sites were evaluated on the basis of these applied heuristics. One part of the study was supported through usability tests. The results of these studies were utilized to evaluate the applied heuristics.

Findings

The applied heuristics are divided into three categories: heuristics critical from the usability viewpoint; heuristics concerning major problems; and heuristics connected to minor usability problems but still important and concerning conventions of web design. The use of the heuristics and the results they give are evaluated to provide a basis for their use in future.

Research limitations/implications

The applied heuristics lists have been tested in two different studies, and the combined list based on them has so far been utilized in practical evaluation, but has not been formally tested.

Practical implications

The heuristics for library web services presented in this paper can be applied to usability evaluation of public library web services.

Originality/value

Library web sites should be user friendly, because the services are meant for all citizens. The applied heuristics for public library web services provide a starting point for usability evaluation that can be continued with other methods.
Guerrilla marketing for information services?
Authors: Baltes Guido , Leibing Isabell
Published: January 2008

Purpose

“Guerrilla marketing” describes unconventional marketing strategies with which to achieve significant effects – with a fraction of the budget of “traditional” marketing campaigns. This article aims to give an introduction to “guerrilla marketing” principles and discuss suitability of this marketing approach for information services.

Design/methodology/approach

Whether guerrilla marketing strategies may be suitable for introducing information services and the necessary prerequisites for that are explored based on applying cross‐case analysis findings from industry examples to information services. This is based on a conceptual framework illustrating differentiating and positioning hypotheses for information services.

Findings

It is argued, that guerrilla marketing strategies may be applied for information services whenever a product‐like representation for such a service can be developed and a link to emotional values be established. Furthermore, for the product‐like representation there must be coherent target groups to be identified and relevant user scenarios be created for them.

Originality/value

This article provides a conceptual framework related to the question of how to increase acceptance and degree of utilization of information services in their relevant target groups. By discussing the possibilities of marketing strategies with limited resources, this article provides alternative ways of thinking and acting for information services mediators such as, for example, librarians. This is of particular relevance for this community, as information services mediators generally need marketing efforts to gain spread for their information services offer – but usually are faced with strictly limited marketing budgets.
Digital reading groups: renewing the librarian image
Authors: Balling Gitte , Alsted Henrichsen Lise , Skouvig Laura
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to discuss the stereotype of the librarian and to point to the fact that changing the public view of the librarian requires more than just talking about it. Librarians themselves need to take action. A way to change the image of the librarian could be a new form for reading groups: digital reading groups initiated by libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

This article presents a Danish project concerning digital reading groups and the experiences made so far by the involved groups e.g. librarians and readers. The article introduces a historical view on the stereotyped librarian and uses a case study to illustrate the situation today.

Findings

The historical conditions that constitute the Danish librarian stereotype show a discrepancy between the role and function of the modern librarian and the way the librarian is seen in a wider public. The applied case study, concerning digital reading groups, shows that digital reading groups work both as a way for the librarian to communicate with the reader in a more dialogical fashion, as a way for the public library to test new promotion tools which point in direction of Web 2.0 and as a more flexible promotion offer to the busy reader. Consequently, the digital reading groups offer a model that can bridge the gap between the librarian stereotype, the librarian and the library user.

Originality/value

This article is based on experiences made in connection with a Danish literature promotion project where digital reading groups are launched for the first time. It shows how public libraries can use literature promotion on the internet, not only to reach new users, but also to change the librarian stereotype and upgrade the librarians in direction of Librarian 2.0.
Mentoring in the millennium: new views, climate and actions
Authors: Aiko Moore Alanna , Miller Michael J. , Pitchford Veronda J. , Hwey Jeng Ling
Published: January 2008

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of mentoring and its benefits and to discuss informal mentoring, mentoring for librarians of color, and cross‐race mentoring.Design/methodology/approach– The authors conducted a literature review and administered informal focus groups and interviews.Findings– Mentors can help mentees set goals and develop skills to reach these goals over time. Informal mentoring allows a mentees the opportunity to choose his or her own mentor through a personal relationship or social network, and can be a method for success for librarians of color. Librarians of color are more likely to be successful in their professional careers if they have a mentor. Cross‐race mentoring is most beneficial to all parties when it is undertaken with knowledge of best practices and sensitivity to cultural concerns.Originality/value– This article addresses the identification of good mentors, best practices, and what mentors need to know. In addition, the article explores in‐depth mentoring for librarians of color and addresses issues related to cross‐race mentoring, as well as keys to success. The benefits of mentoring for librarians of color is rarely discussed in the professional literature – this article offers concrete best practices for mentors and mentees to ensure that librarians of color have successful mentoring relationships.
Social entrepreneur improves literacy in the developing world
Authors: Topper Elisa F.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the work of the non profit organization, Room to Read.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a literature review including the book, Leaving Microsoft to Change the World.

Findings

Reports how an organization can bring about drastic positive change in a short period of time.

Originality/value

This paper shows the value of literacy in developing countries and how we can make a difference through the creation of libraries and bringing books to children.
Coupling of finite formulation with integral techniques
Authors: Canova Aldo , Freschi Fabio , Repetto Maurizio , Gruosso Giambattista
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The paper aims to describe the coupling of magnetostatic finite formulation of electromagnetic field with two integral methods.

Design/methodology/approach

The first hybrid scheme is based on Green's function applied to magnetization source while the other one is based on a magnetic scalar potential boundary element method. A comparison of the two techniques is performed on a benchmark case with analytical solution, on a 2D multiply‐connected problem and on an industrial case where measurements are available.

Findings

The proposed hybrid approaches have proved to be effective techniques to solve open boundary non‐linear magnetostatic problems. Similar convergence speed with respect to the number of unknowns is found for both schemes

Originality/value

The paper shows the effectiveness of hybrid schemes applied to the finite formulation, assessing their performances on various test cases.
Numerical solutions in primal and dual meshes of magnetostatic problems solved with the finite integration technique
Authors: Korecki J. , Le Menach Y. , Ducreux J‐P. , Piriou F.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To compare the numerical solutions in primal and dual meshes of magnetostatic problems solved with the finite integration technique.

Design/methodology/approach

The development of the whole set of magnetostatic discrete formulations is proposed. Four formulations are computed: two in terms of fields and two in terms of potentials. Moreover, each computation is carried out on the primal and dual mesh. Two applications are presented and the results are analysed and discussed.

Findings

The whole set of magnetostatic formulations gives only two solutions. The solutions do not depend of the formulation, but they depend of the choice of the field discretisation in primal or dual mesh.

Originality/value

The computation is carried out on the dual mesh.
Identification of ferromagnetic thin sheets magnetization
Authors: Cauffet G. , Coulomb J.L. , Guerin S. , Chadebec O. , Vuillermet Y.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to present the use of magnetic gradient, and magnetic potential measurements in the specific case of magnetization identification for a thin sheet. Usually, induction measurements are only used.

Design/methodology/approach

After a brief description of the magnetic gradient and magnetic scalar potential notions, methods to calculate them are presented and validated. These two kinds of measurements are tested for a numerical identification case. Then, virtual measurements can be generated and used for inverse problem resolution. Advantages of using induction, magnetic gradient or magnetic potential measurements are then discussed.

Findings

A previous method to solve inverse problem based on induction measurement has been increased by the capability of using other kind of measurements. A numerical approach has allowed to validate the use of magnetic gradient or magnetic scalar potential measurement as information sources.

Originality/value

Usually, induction measurements are only used. Inversion resolution using other kind of measurements than the induction can be made. An experimental validation has been done for gradient measurements.
Coupling of analytical and numerical methods for the electromagnetic simulation of permanent magnet synchronous machines
Authors: Schöning M. , Hameyer K.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To reduce the computational costs for electromagnetic simulations of permanent magnet synchronous machines maintaining a high accuracy.

Design/methodology/approach

An analytical model is introduced regarding multiple designs of permanent magnet synchronous machines. This electromagnetic model is coupled to a numerical simulation. Thereby, the advantages of both computational methods are combined by parameterizing the analytical model to the numerical solution. This results in a high‐efficient analytical model with the accuracy of the numerical simulation. The results of the analytical model are compared to measurements of a permanent magnet synchronous machine. Various machine modifications are simulated to evaluate possible limitations of the analytical model.

Findings

It can be stated, that a once parameterized analytical model achieves a high accuracy. Furthermore, geometric variations can be applied without the need of a new parameterization through a numerical simulation. Only changing the permanent magnet height or the air gap height results in a significant deviation and a new numerical simulation is recommended.

Research limitations/implications

Only measurements for machines up to 5 kW were available. In consequence, the model is only validatet in this range.

Practical implications

With the presented analytical model, an electromagnetic design of a permanent magnet synchronous machine can be performed very time efficient achieving accurate results. Furthermore, optimization studies can be performed with low‐computational costs.

Originality/value

The introduced analytical model can be parameterized by a numerical simulation. The numeric simulation process and the parameterization are performed automatically according to the data calculated by the analytical model. Measurements demonstrate the effectiveness and the limitations of the model.
On the use of PML for the computation of leaky modes
Authors: Ould Agha Y. , Zolla F. , Nicolet A. , Guenneau S.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a complete analysis of leaky modes within a microstructured optical fibre (MOF). Some new numerical results illustrating the versatility and accuracy of our approach are to be given.

Design/methodology/approach

A method involving both finite elements and perfectly matched layer (PML) is proposed.

Findings

A rigorous definition of the leaky modes is proposed that leads to a proof of the validity of the PML approach together with a rule for the choice of the PML parameters.

Originality/value

The choice of parameters associated with the PML are discussed in great detail. The accuracy of the constant of propagation (and especially the imaginary part) are highlighted.
Adaptive time integration for electromagnetic models with sinusoidal excitation
Authors: Benderskaya Galina , De Gersem Herbert , Ackermann Wolfgang , Weiland Thomas
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To provide a reliable numerical technique for the time integration of the electromagnetic models with sinusoidal excitation.

Design/methodology/approach

The numerical integration of an electrotechnical problem is commonly carried out using adaptive time stepping. For one particular selected time step, Runge‐Kutta (RK) adaptive integration methods deliver two approximations to the solution with different order of approximation. The difference between both is used to estimate the local error.

Findings

Standard error‐controlled RK time integration fails for electromagnetic problems with sinusoidal excitation when the adaptive time step selection relies upon the comparison of a main solution and an embedded solution where the difference of orders is one. This problem is overcome when the embedded solution differs by two orders of approximations. Such embedded solution is efficiently constructed by putting appropriate order conditions on the coefficients of the Butcher table.

Originality/value

Using the technique proposed in the paper, electromagnetic problems with sinusoidal dynamics can also be effectively tackled.
Computational methods for modeling of complex sources
Authors: Johansson Markus , Nord Lovisa E. , Kopecký Rudolf , Fhager Andreas , Persson Mikael
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop and compare two methods of determining the total field, including phase information, when only field amplitudes have been measured on a set of planes in the near field of a complex electromagnetic source.

Design/methodology/approach

The first method is a gradient‐based optimization algorithm, based on the adjoint fields. The second method employs an optimization algorithm based on the phase angle gradients of a functional.

Findings

The first method, the adjoint field method, is functioning well for a 2D test case. The second method, the phase angle gradient method, gives very good results for 3D test cases.

Research limitations/implications

The next step is to test the methods with results from real measurement data.

Practical implications

The developed methods are intended for use in dosimetry studies and other applications, where the field distribution from electromagnetic sources are needed.

Originality/value

The methods extend previously made constant phase approximations. The present methods are useful in situations where the electromagnetic source is hard to model.
Fundamental investigation of 3D optimal design of open type magnetic circuit producing uniform field
Authors: Takahashi Norio , Akiyama Koji , Kato Hirokazu , Kishi Kanji
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To provide an approach to design the optimal open type magnetic circuit of permanent magnet producing uniform field.

Design/methodology/approach

The Biot‐Savart's law and evolution strategy are used for the initial design of permanent magnet configuration. In order to improve the uniformity, the ON/OFF method, which is the topology optimization method, is used for determining the shape of magnetic material which is set around the permanent magnet.

Findings

The optimal topology of permanent magnet and shape of magnetic material around it, which can produce nearly uniform field of about 0.15T, is obtained. The obtained uniformity is 3,583 ppm. More work for improving the uniformity is necessary.

Originality/value

A new approach for obtaining the optimal shape of open type magnetic circuit which may be used for magnetic resonance imaging is carried out.
Design of a double‐sided tubular permanent‐magnet linear synchronous generator for wave‐energy conversion
Authors: Joseph Danson M. , Cronje Willem A.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a double‐sided tubular linear machine layout direct‐drive applications, with particular focus on wave‐energy conversion. The paper documents both the computational and mathematical analysis of this novel machine layout.

Design/methodology/approach

The selection and finite‐element optimisation of the permanent‐magnet array is presented. The machine is then modelled using magnetic circuit theory. By simultaneously solving the system of equations, a demonstrative design is developed and simulated so as to validate the mathematical model and compare the performance of the new layout with a traditional layout.

Findings

A surface‐mounted magnetic array, with unshaped‐poles, is most suitable for the proposed layout. The mathematical model exhibits a suitable level of accuracy for design and analysis purposes. The calculated resultant force differs from the FEA calculation by 1.85 per cent. A higher force‐density is exhibited by the proposed layout, when compared with flat layouts, with a reduction of 36.5 per cent in the spatial footprint and magnetic material of the machine.

Research limitations/implications

Although the research is focused on the application of wave‐energy conversion, the techniques are application‐independent. However, certain design decisions should be reviewed for other applications.

Practical implications

The practical implementation of such a machine poses many mechanical obstacles. These have been solved in theory, and are being implemented at the time of writing.

Originality/value

The combination of a double‐sided and a tubular layout has not previously been researched. This research fills that void and provides designers with the technical background and a mathematical model for development of such devices.
Improved AC‐resistance of multiple foil windings by varying foil thickness of successive layers
Authors: Pentz D.C. , Hofsajer I.W.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce a technique for optimizing conductor dimensions for construction of helical planar inductor windings with reduced ac‐ and dc‐resistance. The loss reduction is evaluated on simulation and experimental level.

Design/methodology/approach

Helical planar windings are currently manufactured by forming each conductive and insulating layer individually. The conductive layers are only interconnected later to form the winding. This process allows greater freedom in selecting the optimum conductor dimensions on a per‐layer basis. Methods are proposed for sinusoidal and non‐sinusoidal current excitation waveforms and shaped windings are introduced for further loss reduction where conductors are in close proximity to air gaps in magnetic cores.

Findings

Traditional optimization of the conductor thickness used for foil wound inductors renders one single value used for each of the respective layers in the winding. This is a result of the manufacturing process involved in making traditional “barrel” windings. This optimization technique has simply been applied in planar inductors for the lack of alternatives up to now. It will be shown that large loss reduction may be achieved by manipulating the conductor dimensions of each layer individually.

Originality/value

A new approach to optimization problems verified experimentally offers more efficient inductors.
Influence of the magnetic model accuracy on the optimal design of a car alternator
Authors: Cros J. , Radaorozandry L. , Figueroa J. , Viarouge P.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The machine design with optimization method using analytical models is efficient to evaluate a large number of variables because these models are faster to solve. Nevertheless, the validation of the final optimal solution by FE simulation often shows that some specification constraints are not verified. To solve the problem, it is possible to apply a hybrid approach for the design method while combining analytical methods and 3D FE simulations to compensate analytical model errors. The paper addresses this.

Design/methodology/approach

Each intermediate optimal solution is evaluated by FE simulation to quantify the analytical model errors. Correction coefficients are derived from this evaluation and another optimization process is performed. With this method, the convergence of the hybrid optimal design process is obtained with a limited number of FE simulations.

Findings

This study shows that it is possible to compensate errors of analytical models with a limited number of 3D field calculations during a global optimization design process. The 3D FE software validates the optimal solution but this solution is also a function of the sensitivity of analytical models that is not improved by the correction method.

Practical implications

This error compensation of analytical models using FE simulations can be applied for the design of a wide range of electromagnetic devices with optimization methods.

Originality/value

This paper presents a correction method that guaranteed the validity of the solution after the optimization process when analyzed with a FE software.
Modeling of a beam structure with piezoelectric materials: introduction to SSD techniques
Authors: Corcolle Romain , Salaün Erwan , Bouillault Frédéric , Bernard Yves , Richard Claude , Badel Adrien , Guyomar Daniel
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To provide a model that allows testing and understanding special damping techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

The finite element modeling takes into account the piezoelectric coupling. It is used with a non linear electrical circuit. The approach leads to an accurate tool to observe the behavior of the non linear damping techniques such as synchronized switch damping.

Findings

The model has been validated by comparison with Ansys® but the CPU time required for the model is around one hundred times shorter.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed model is 1D and the assumptions to use it are not verified for all structures.

Practical implications

The authors obtain a useful tool for the design of damping structures (for example to find the best localisation of the piezoelectric patches and to test electrical circuits).

Originality/value

The model is used for the design and conception of damping as well as for harvesting structures.
Analysis of the stray magnetic field created by faulty electrical machines
Authors: Bui V.P. , Chadebec O. , Rouve L‐L. , Coulomb J‐L.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to compute the magnetic stray field created by faulty electrical machines.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper proposes two approaches to compute the magnetic stray field created by faulty electrical machines. The first one presents a homogenized FEM method. The second one is based on a combination of an analytical expression for the magnetic field in the machine air gap with an integral method.

Findings

The studies show good agreement and demonstrate the reliability of the approach.

Originality/value

Two models developed in this paper originally used to compute the stray magnetic field of electrical machines. They can contribute to develop new tools for fault monitoring.
Analysis of the structure‐dynamic behaviour of an induction machine with balancing kerfs
Authors: Schlensok C. , Hameyer K.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To present results of research closely linked with real life applications. It resumes work of a period of about two years.

Design/methodology/approach

Applying the finite‐element method (FEM) the impact of balancing kerfs in the bars of squirrel‐cage rotors of a small scale, mass series induction machine (IM) is studied. For the analysis and design optimization of the IM both, 2D electromagnetic, multi‐slice and 3D structure‐dynamic models are considered. Introducing and applying a novel 2D‐3D force‐transformation scheme, all possible balancing variants of the IM are studied in terms of electromagnetic and mechanical behaviour.

Findings

The obtained results lead to a significant improvement of the studied IM. In fact, it is found, that the method of balancing the rotor by carving the rotor bars results in higher unbalanced pull rather than reducing it. This is due to electromagnetic unbalance caused by balancing. Hence, the IM is no longer balanced in series production. This again leads to a major economic benefit.

Research limitations/implications

Using the FEM for simulation of structure dynamic problems is often limited to how the boundary layers are handled. In real life materials are not “connected” but glued or clamped. Therefore, the behaviour can only be adopted by manipulating the material parameters derived from iterative parameter adoption by measurement.

Practical implications

Owing to the findings the IM is no longer balanced in series production, leading to a significant reduction of costs. In general, the applied methods can be used for the analysis and optimization of any kind of manufacturing or tolerance problem of electrical machines such as various kinds of eccentricity, punching kerfs, broken bars, magnetization errors in permanent‐magnet machines, etc.

Originality/value

This contribution gives a close insight of how to study the impact of manufacturing and tolerance problems of electric machinery, applying the method to an IM with balancing kerfs.
Wound magnetic core consequences on false residual currents
Authors: Colin B. , Kedous‐Lebouc A. , Chillet C. , Mas P.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

Geometric or magnetic anomalies in the wound magnetic core of a residual current circuit breaker can be responsible of its abnormal tripping. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the core shape contribution to false residual currents (FRCs).

Design/methodology/approach

To study precisely the core shape contribution, FEM simulations are investigated. First a 2D multilayer geometry is described thanks to linear regions. Then an apparent anisotropic bulk core is developed and validated in 2D and in 3D.

Findings

The air gaps between the magnetic layers develop a shielding effect responsible of the core high sensibility to primary conductors eccentricity. This effect can be easily represented using an anisotropic bulk core model.

Research limitations/implications

The anisotropic material model is basic and has known limitations. Future research should see the development of a new model.

Originality/value

FRCs can considerably disturb operation of residual current device. This paper provides new hypothesis on the origin of theses currents and proposes an anisotropic magnetic material model that simplifies FRC study.
Finite element formalism for micromagnetism
Authors: Szambolics H. , Buda‐Prejbeanu L.D. , Toussaint J.C. , Fruchart O.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The aim of this work is to present the details of the finite element approach that was developed for solving the Landau‐Lifschitz‐Gilbert (LLG) equations in order to be able to treat problems involving complex geometries.

Design/methodology/approach

There are several possibilities to solve the complex LLG equations numerically. The method is based on a Galerkin‐type finite element approach. The authors start with the dynamic LLG equations, the associated boundary condition and the constraint on the magnetization norm. They derive the weak form required by the finite element method. This weak form is afterwards integrated on the domain of calculus.

Findings

The authors compared the results obtained with our finite element approach with the ones obtained by a finite difference method. The results being in very good agreement, it can be stated that the approach is well adapted for 2D micromagnetic systems.

Research limitations/implications

The future work implies the generalization of the method to 3D systems. To optimize the approach spatial transformations for the treatment of the magnetostatic problem will be implemented.

Originality/value

The paper presents a special way of solving the LLG equations. The time integration a backward Euler method has been used, the time derivative being calculated as a function of the solutions at times n and n+1. The presence of the constraint on the magnetization norm induced a special two‐step procedure for the calculation of the magnetization at instant n+1.
A 3D electric vector potential formulation for dynamic hysteresis and losses
Authors: Maloberti O. , Mazauric V. , Meunier G. , Kedous‐Lebouc A.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the dynamic hysteresis and losses of soft magnetic materials in numerical computation of high‐sensitive devices.

Design/methodology/approach

So as to do this, the authors propose to lump all the microscopic dynamic effects due to averaging and smoothing techniques that lead to the definition of a dynamic field as proposed by other contributions. In this paper, the method to implement the modified field diffusion process in finite element computations is investigated, explained, detailed and put to the test.

Findings

In order to take microscopic magnetization reversal processes and eddy currents that damp the field at the mesoscopic scale, the authors have been led to define a new dynamic property Λ representative of the magnetic structure and its easiness to change. It is involved in an additional term in both the magnetic behaviour law and the bulk and surface coupling formulations describing the physical problem in iron and at the borders.

Research limitations/implications

This model can only be used for macroscopic pieces for which each dimension is bigger than at least four times the characteristic length of magnetic domains.

Originality/value

The originality of the paper comes from the need to investigate the possibility to predict iron losses and the corresponding dynamic hysteresis during the processing computation of power electrical devices such as accurate sensors and high‐sensitive actuators of earth leakage circuit breaker for example.
New discretisation scheme based on splines for volume integral method
Authors: Reboud Christophe , Prémel Denis , Lesselier Dominique , Bisiaux Bernard
Published: January 2008

Purpose

A numerical model dedicated to external eddy current inspection of tubes has been developed using the volume integral method (VIM). The purpose of this paper is to suggest new discretization schemes based on non‐uniform B‐splines for the solution of the state equation with the method of moments (MoM).

Design/methodology/approach

VIM is a semi‐analytical approach providing fast and accurate results for the simulation of eddy current testing (ECT) of pieces with canonical geometries. The state equation derived with this formalism is solved using the Galerkin variant of the well‐known MoM.

Findings

This paper shows that an accuracy improvement is achieved in MoM by using B‐splines with degree 1 or 2 as projection functions in MoM instead of pulse functions. Moreover, comparisons between simulation results show that, for all ECT configurations tested, the use of degree 1 B‐splines is sufficient to get this improvement.

Originality/value

The use of B‐splines functions has already been proposed for MoM in the literature, but not in the framework of the Galerkin variant of MoM. This paper also shows quantitative comparisons between experiment and simulation as well as a study of the minimal degree required to get an accuracy improvement in MoM.
Hybridization of volumetric and surface models for the computation of the T/R EC probe response due to a thin opening flaw
Authors: Maurice Léa , Prémel Denis , Pávó József , Lesselier Dominique , Nicolas Alain
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of simulation tools dedicated to eddy current non destructive testing (ECNDT) on planar structures implying planar defects. Two integral approaches using the Green dyadic formalism are considered.

Design/methodology/approach

The surface integral model (SIM) is dedicated to ideal cracks, whereas the volume integral method is adapted to general volumetric defects.

Findings

The authors observed that SIM provides satisfactory results, except in some critical transmitting/receiving (T/R) configurations. This led us to propose a hybrid method based on the combination of the two previous ones.

Originality/value

This method enables to simulate ECNDT on planar structures implying defects with a small opening using T/R probes.
h‐ and b‐conform finite element perturbation techniques for nondestructive eddy current testing
Authors: Sabariego Ruth V. , Dular Patrick
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The aim of the present paper is to compare the performances of a finite‐element perturbation technique applied either to the h‐ conform magnetodynamic formulation or to its b‐ conform counterpart in the frame of nondestructive eddy‐current testing problems.

Design/methodology/approach

In both complementary perturbation techniques, the computation is split into a computation without defect (unperturbed problem) and a computation of the field distorsion due to its presence (perturbation problem). The unperturbed problem is conventionally solved in the complete domain. The source of the perturbation problem is then determined by the projection of the unperturbed solution in a relatively small region surrounding the defect. The discretisation of this reduced domain is chosen independently of the dimensions of the excitation probe and the specimen under study and is thus well adapted to the size of the defect.

Findings

The accuracy of the perturbation model is evidenced by comparing the results of the two counterpart formulations to those achieved in the conventional way for different dimensions of the reduced domain. The size of the reduced domain increases with the size of the defect at hand. This proposed sub‐domain approach eases considerably the meshing process and speeds‐up the computation for different probe positions.

Originality/value

At a discrete level, the impedance change due to the defect is efficiently and accurately computed by integrating only over the defect itself and a layer of elements in the reduced domain that touches its boundary. Therefore, no integration of any flux variation in the coils is required.
Looking for root cause: a comparative analysis
Authors: Arnheiter Edward D. , Greenland Jean E.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that management decision making and corporate strategy must start by questioning all prior assumptions and arguments, while focusing on simple fundamental truths.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines fundamental principles practiced by foreign‐owned transplants (e.g., Honda, Toyota, and Nissan) that have entered the automotive marketplace in the latter half of the twentieth century. They use lean production methods, while traditional industry players utilize mass production methods. The authors refer to these two production methods as “The Toyota Way” and “The Traditional Way.” Comparative analysis is conducted to identify and contrast key differences, which are examined using root cause analysis.

Findings

The paper finds that problems facing US industry could have been prevented, if companies had taken the time, and made the effort to fully understand the root causes.

Practical implications

Managers learn that it is beneficial to take time to properly identify and understand the root cause of any problem, no matter how large or small the problem may seem.

Originality/value

By turning 14 principles of lean management upside down the point is made in the paper is that one must start out questioning everything. Even changing something as simple as the order of principals examined could force a very different look at the situation. A summary of root cause analysis suggests a simple answer to the seemingly complex question: “If everyone knows what the problems are, then why isn't anyone fixing them?”
The challenges for quality managers in Britain and Australia
Authors: Burcher Peter G. , Lee Gloria L. , Waddell Dianne
Published: January 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to compare and contrast the career experiences and development needs of British and Australian quality managers.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of a postal survey of the careers of British quality managers are compared with Australian quality managers based on two surveys.

Findings

The study finds that quality managers in both countries brought wide functional experience to their roles. Their current jobs are major sources of intrinsic job satisfaction for both groups of managers but they utilise a very limited range of quality tools. Also British and Australian managers show little awareness in terms of their development needs for a broader background in quality.

Practical implications

The findings suggest a worrying lack of innovatory zeal amongst quality managers who appear to be more concerned with the maintenance of standards rather than taking a more dynamic approach. Thus it is argued that while quality managers bring wide functional experience to their current roles, there are many who do not appear to be at the cutting edge of knowledge in their field. Neither do the British quality managers in particular appear to be sufficiently aware of the need to address such shortfalls through professional development opportunities.

Originality/value

The roles of those charged with carrying the flag of quality in the two countries have only previously received limited research coverage. This paper, based upon empirical research in Britain and Australia, identifies issues which require the attention of senior management to ensure future competitiveness for their organisations.
A pragmatic approach to conducting a successful benchmarking expedition
Authors: Marwa Simmy , Zairi Mohamed
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework for conducting a benchmarking visit/expedition.

Design/methodology/approach

Recent articles on the models of benchmarking are reviewed and used to construct a seven‐step benchmarking visit/expedition framework that is subsequently tested by applying it to facilitate a benchmarking expedition for Dubai Holding Group (DHG) with United Utilities, Bradford and Bingley and the Marriot Hotel, all of the UK.

Findings

The paper finds that good planning and execution of the benchmarking visit are essential. How the visit is conducted influences favourably/unfavourably the outcomes of the visit/expedition. Capturing meaningful learning of best practices required a purpose‐focused approach/framework to guide gathering, documenting and prioritising best practice evidences. The suggested 7‐Steps framework, when applied, focuses actions towards realising and reaping the full potential of such visits/expeditions. The 7‐Steps model enabled DHG to exhaustively collect, document and prioritise best practice actions from the three benchmarking partners thereby rendering the expeditions a success.

Practical implications

The success of a benchmarking visit's/expedition's outcome is contingent on the planning and training undertaken prior to the visit/expedition, how the visit itself is conducted and crucially, the usability and reliability of data and evidence gathered. Poor execution of a benchmarking visit even with good planning inevitably yields poor results and vice versa.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to knowledge by closing a knowledge gap and providing a framework that enables user organisations to fully realise the benefits of a benchmarking visit/expedition.