bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating basic, clinical, and health system science in a medical neuroscience course of an integrated pre‐clerkship curriculum
Authors: Goodwin Richard L. , Black Asa C. , Nathaniel Thomas I.
Published: September 2023

Basic science, clinical science, and health system science (HSS) have become three pillars of integration upon which modern, post‐Flexner, medical education is now based. Because of this new approach to curricular integration in a clinical presentation curruculum, medical training is now placed in the context of healthcare delivery. This study described the design, implementation, and assessment of an integrated teaching strategy, including the effect on students' performance in a medical neuroscience course's summative and formative examinations of an integrated clinical presentation curriculum. The integrated teaching of basic science content, clinical case discussion, and HSS was performed in the first year of an allopathic integrated pre‐clerkship curriculum. The two cohorts were from two different years, spring 2018 and 2019. The acceptance of the integrated teaching strategy by medical students was above 80% in all categories that were assessed, including enhancing the integrated experience in learning basic and clinical science materials in the context of HSS; understanding of the learning lessons; facilitation of self‐directed learning; provision of a better learning environment; and a holistic understanding of materials including the relevance of HSS issues in the discussion of neurological cases in the medical career of the students. More than 90% of the students scored ≥70% in summative questions mapped to the four learning objectives of the integrated teaching session. The objectives are the correlation of structure to specific functions (94.0 ± 0.21), clinical anatomical features of the nervous system (95.0 ± 0.27), cross‐sectional features of the nervous system (96.0 ± 0.31), and the effect of lesions on the structure and functional pathways of the nervous system (97.0 ± 0.34). This result was significantly higher when compared to students' performance in the non‐integrated teaching cohort (p < 0.05). Formative assessments (F(7,159) = 92.52, p < 0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. When medical students were evaluated using the same questions for formative assessment, they performed better in the integrated teaching cohort (*p < 0.05) compared to the non‐integrated teaching cohort (**p < 0.05).
Is gastroschisis associated with county‐level socio‐environmental quality during pregnancy?
Authors: Krajewski Alison K. , Patel Achal , Gray Christine L. , Messer Lynne C. , Keeler Corinna Y. , Langlois Peter H. , Reefhuis Jennita , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Werler Martha M. , Shaw Gary M. , Carmichael Suzan L. , Nembhard Wendy N. , Insaf Tabassum Z. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Conway Kristin M. , Lobdell Danelle T. , Desrosiers Tania A. ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: September 2023

Background

Gastroschisis prevalence more than doubled between 1995 and 2012. While there are individual‐level risk factors (e.g., young maternal age, low body mass index), the impact of environmental exposures is not well understood.

Methods

We used the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Quality Index (EQI) as a county‐level estimate of cumulative environmental exposures for five domains (air, water, land, sociodemographic, and built) and overall from 2006 to 2010. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated from logistic regression models between EQI tertiles (better environmental quality (reference); mid; poorer) and gastroschisis in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study from births delivered between 2006 and 2011. Our analysis included 594 cases with gastroschisis and 4105 infants without a birth defect (controls).

Results

Overall EQI was modestly associated with gastroschisis (aOR [95% CI]: 1.29 [0.98, 1.71]) for maternal residence in counties with poorer environmental quality, compared to the reference (better environmental quality). Within domain‐specific indices, only the sociodemographic domain (aOR: 1.51 [0.99, 2.29]) was modestly associated with gastroschisis, when comparing poorer to better environmental quality.

Conclusions

Future work could elucidate pathway(s) by which components of the sociodemographic domain or possibly related psychosocial factors like chronic stress potentially contribute to risk of gastroschisis.
Evaluation of a rapport‐building intervention for early interventionists working with children on the autism spectrum
Authors: Ensor Rebecca , Burnham Riosa Priscilla , Yu Kevin Han Xiang
Published: September 2023

Rapport, or the therapeutic relationship between a therapist and client, is essential for successful intervention. In behavior analytic interventions for autistic children, practitioners commonly use pairing to establish rapport. A limited body of research has evaluated how to train interventionists to pair with their child clients. Furthermore, fewer studies have examined the effects of pairing on client behavior. Therefore, we implemented behavioral skills training to teach interventionists pairing skills and assessed the effects of presession pairing on child interfering behavior using a concurrent multiple probe design (with replication). We implemented a pairing protocol before early intensive behavioral intervention sessions with four children (3–5 years old) on the autism spectrum. Interventionists mastered pairing skills during training sessions, which were generally maintained when working with child clients. When interventionists implemented presession pairing, child participants demonstrated fewer interfering behaviors. We discuss implications of our preliminary findings and future directions.
Accepting the ASIS&T 2015 Award of Merit
Authors: Koenig Michael E. D.
Published: September 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

In receiving the ASIS&T Award of Merit for 2015, Michael E. D. Koenig recognized his many collaborators, mentors and those who have stimulated his thinking on numerous topics in information science. Koenig reflected on his wide‐ranging past studies, weaving through bibliometrics, information systems, library automation and education for library and information science. Koenig adapted citation analysis to develop a metric for pharmaceutical R&D demonstrating that citation data is a valid measure of research impact, and he has written extensively on the connection between an organization's information services and its productivity. In Koenig's view, knowledge management is the effort to build an information environment within an organization that supports its research effectiveness; it is a key contributor to organizational impact. Koenig hopes to see knowledge management, rooted in a strong information environment, serve as a catalyst for impact.
President's Page
Authors: Caidi Nadia
Published: September 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Nadia Caidi, 2016 ASIS&T president, reported on attending conferences of the Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP), the American Library Association (ALA) and ALISE (Association for Library and Information Science Education), highlighting the groups' intersecting interests and overlapping challenges. Information issues were present across much of the CSSP conference, including a focus on human behavior and interaction, adapting to changes in scholarly publishing and maintaining data integrity and security. The Midwinter Meeting of ALA, of which ASIS&T is an affiliate, included developments in library and information services and demonstrated the strong ties between the organizations and our goals. At the ALISE meeting training and accreditation were focal points; ASIS&T will participate in ongoing discussions on the topic. Planning for the ASIS&T 2016 Annual Meeting in Copenhagen continues, certain to deliver a stimulating mix of views on the fields of library and information science and technology.
Using Technology to Transform Education: Aaron Doering Addresses Annual Meeting
Authors: Hardin Steve
Published: September 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

At the 2015 ASIS&T Annual Meeting Aaron Doering, professor of learning technologies at the University of Minnesota, shared his passion for using technology to transform education. Doering offered transformational advice for the teaching and learning process, starting with the importance of creating experiences that engage learners and inspire change. Doering's approach is based on adventure learning, enabling students to design their learning experiences, studying real world issues through his team's on‐site activities and coordinating with related classroom learning opportunities. Linked by global information services, collaborative learning occurs without boundaries. Students can share stories with community members around the world, continually broadening their awareness, perspective and connections and even be recognized as topic experts in their own geographic areas. Doering urged meeting attendees to actively pursue innovation in education and to maximize the potential of technology to transform and expand learning possibilities.
SIG/MET: METRICS 2015: Workshop on Informetric and Scientometric Research
Authors: Haustein Stefanie
Published: September 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

At the fifth SIG/MET workshop, held during the 2015 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, the group shared papers, posters and discussions exploring developments in information measurement. The opening session on bibliometric case studies examined interdisciplinarity among consumers of academic research, increased funding for coauthors of previously funded authors and a classification of acknowledgement types. A session on information retrieval in relation to bibliometrics included studies on overcoming the limits of computational linguistics in very large corpora, an interactive context explorer of bibliographic data called Ariadne and comparative approaches to visualizing the structure of a very large dataset. The alternative metrics session covered application of altmetrics for analyzing public policy documents, a novel usage indicator promoting article discovery, the basis for connections among faculty members using Twitter and the heavy use of Twitter among academics. The daylong workshop included awards for best papers, best student papers and two featured presentations on the application and use of metrics.
SIG/SI Workshop: 11th Annual SIG‐SI Research Symposium a Success!
Authors: Fichman Pnina , Rosenbaum Howard
Published: September 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

At the 2015 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, Special Interest Group/Social Informatics (SIG/SI) celebrated its 11th research symposium and the more than 100 panels, papers and posters presented over the years. The theme, “The Impacts of Social Informatics Research,” was evident in studies illustrating social informatics in a variety of contexts. Speakers explored the use of communications technology in marginalized communities and language use in informal chat about illegal behavior in online communities. Presenters also examined human rights in Indonesia, taking a value‐oriented approach in social informatics research, efforts to create a safer internet and ways big data marginalize individuals through algorithms used in quantitative analyses. A panel considered where social informatics fits in the IT curriculum of iSchools. An examination of social connectedness through digital channels and devices won the Best Paper Award.
SIG CON Research Symposium: [Insert Title Here: Make Sure to Satisfy Titular Colonicity]
Authors: Fleischmann Kenneth R. , Worrall Adam , Anderson Theresa Dirndorfer , Goggins Sean , Burnett Gary
Published: September 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Bringing comic relief to the 2015 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, SIG CON opened with discovery that the alleged nephew of the group's figurehead, Dr. Llewellyn C. Puppybreath III, and speaker at the 2014 meeting was an imposter of dubious character. With the purloined ceremonial wand accounted for, the 2015 symposium opened with a presentation on the I‐Index, an anti‐establishment altmetric, eschewing group recognition in favor of individualism and self‐citation. A paper on the correlation among computer science doctorates, rising arcade revenues and climate warming in Australia highlighted the income and career opportunities available to techies relocating to Oz. Analysis of ASIS&T members' social media posts revealed a skewed distribution of posters, topics and irrelevant content, especially by Association leadership. The session also featured a Monty Python character reporting on fatal answers at the Bridge of Death, multiple personalities of Dr. N. E. Doofus and a séance with illustrious ASIS&T members spanning the spectrum from living to dead.
Vivianite for Phosphorus Recovery from Digester Supernatant in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Amjad Salman , Christensen Morten Lykkegaard , Reitzel Kasper , Qu Haiyan
Published: September 2023

Phosphorus (P) recovery by crystallization of vivianite in digester supernatant (DS) was investigated. A high recovery yield (> 90 %) was obtained with vivianite even for DS with low P concentration (74 mg L−1), as opposed to the formation of struvite and hydroxyapatite where the yield was lower than 50–60 %. Various strategies were tested to produce vivianite with large sizes and narrow size distribution, such as a controlled reagent dosing profile, self‐seeded crystallization, and multistage cascade‐seeded crystallization. The obtained results demonstrated that the main challenge in the development of vivianite P recovery is to promote crystal growth and to suppress secondary nucleation of vivianite during the crystallization process.
Catalytic desorption of CO2‐loaded solutions of diethylethanolamine using bentonite catalyst
Authors: Sarode Urvashi K. , Vaidya Prakash D.
Published: September 2023

The absorption of CO2 gas into aqueous alkanolamine solutions is the most advanced CO2 separation technology and a key challenge in this technique is the energy‐intensive process of solvent regeneration. The tertiary amine N,N′‐diethylethanolamine (or DEEA) is a candidate CO2‐capturing solvent with potential. To improve the energy efficiency of regeneration of DEEA, several catalysts were used for desorbing CO2 from loaded solutions of DEEA (2.5 M) at T = 363 K. Desorption trials were conducted in batch mode. The initial CO2 loading varied in the 0.3–0.35 mol CO2/mol DEEA range. The performance was analyzed by calculating the rate of CO2 desorption, cyclic capacity, and reduction in sensible energy. The amount of thermal energy needed for amine regeneration was significantly lowered by using nine transition metal oxide catalysts and the hierarchy was as follows: Al2O3 < MoO3 < V2O5 < TiO2 < MnO2 < ZnO < Cr2O3 < SiO2 < ZrO2. Among the metal oxides, Al2O3 increased desorption efficiency compared to blank runs by 89%. A clay‐based powder bentonite was also used as catalyst and its efficacy was compared with the metal oxides. This cheap and easily available bentonite catalyst was tuned through simple ion‐exchange with four acids (HCl, H3PO4, HNO3, and H2SO4). Upon treatment with H2SO4, bentonite remarkably increased desorption efficiency by 100%. Furthermore, bentonite catalyst treated with sulphuric acid (denoted here as Bt/H2SO4) was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometery (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD). In this way, a comprehensive study on catalytic desorption of DEEA was performed.
Cardiovascular risk and biopsychosocial interplay: Association among hypertension, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation—observational study in primary care setting for efficient self‐care
Authors: Di Giacomo Dina , Ranieri Jessica , Guerra Federica , Cilli Eleonora , Sciarra Luigi , Romano Silvio
Published: September 2023

Background

Aim of the study was to explore the relationship between emotional dimensions of hypertensive patients and the self‐care skills; we tried to draw the psychological aspects could impact the health management in hypertension analyzing the effect of emotional regulation on self‐care skills: our scope was to highlight the psychological dynamics into behavioral medicine approach.

Methods

In an observational study design, patients were collected. Patients with diagnosis of hypertension were recruited in primary care setting. Inclusion criteria included patients older than 18 years, with known and medically treated primary hypertension undergoing antihypertensive medication.

Results

Statistical analysis was carried out based on the data of 28 primary hypertensive patients (seven females, 21 males, mean age ± SD: 49.8 ± 7.8 years mean; clinic blood pressure: mean systolic blood pressure: 137.2 ± 13.1 mmHg, mean diastolic blood pressure: 82.1 ± 9.9 mmHg). Mean duration of hypertension in the sample was 13.1 years (±8.2 years). Correlations among the main variables of interest showed a positive and significant relationship between emotional dysregulation indexes, psychological distress, and self‐care domains: awareness resulted negatively and significantly correlated to self‐efficacy; nonacceptance, goals and impulse indexes seemed positively and significantly correlated to anxiety and depression; finally, stress was correlated positively and significantly to awareness and impulse.

Conclusions

Evidencing the role of emotion dysregulation on self‐care skills and psychological outcomes, and specifically highlighting the impact of emotion dysregulation on self‐care, our findings could inform the development and implementation of psychological interventions aimed at promoting psychological well‐being and healthy behavior by focusing on the promotion of emotion regulation strategies, to reduce the risk for co‐morbidity and/or severe cardiovascular diseases.
Recent Advances in Mitochondria‐Localized Luminescent Ruthenium(II) Metallodrugs as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Patra Sushree Aradhana , Sahu Gurunath , Das Sanchita , Dinda Rupam
Published: September 2023

Presently, the most effective way to transport drugs specifically to mitochondria inside the cells is of pharmacophoric interest, as mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer diagnosis. To date, there are many reviews covering the photophysical, photochemical, and anticancer properties of ruthenium(II) based metallodrugs owing to their high interest in biological applications. There are, however, no reviews specifically covering the mitochondria‐localized luminescent Ru(II) complexes and their subsequent mitochondria‐mediated anticancer activities. Therefore, this review describes the physicochemical basis for the mitochondrial accumulation of ruthenium complexes, their synthetic strategies to localize and monitor the mitochondria in living cells, and their related underlying anticancer results. Finally, we review the related areas from previous works describing the mitochondria‐localized ruthenium complexes for the treatment of cancer‐related diseases. Along with this, we also deliberate the perspectives and future directions for emerging more bifunctional Ru(II) complexes that can target, image, and kill tumors more efficiently in comparison with the existing mitochondria‐targeted cancer therapeutics.
Effects of Omeprazole and Verapamil on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Mavacamten: Two Drug–Drug Interaction Studies in Healthy Participants
Authors: Perera Vidya , Gretler Daniel D. , Seroogy Julie D. , Chiang Manting , Palmisano Maria , Florea Victoria
Published: September 2023

Two open‐label, Phase 1 studies assessed the effects of omeprazole (a weak to moderate cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2C19 inhibitor) and verapamil (a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of mavacamten. In the omeprazole study, healthy participants received mavacamten 15 mg alone or with a 31‐day course of omeprazole 20 mg once daily. In the verapamil study, healthy participants received mavacamten 25 mg alone or with a 28‐day course of verapamil 240 mg once daily. In the omeprazole study, 27 of 29 randomized participants completed the study. Nine participants receiving mavacamten alone were normal metabolizers (NMs) of CYP2C19 substrates, and 6 were rapid metabolizers; 8 NMs and 6 rapid metabolizers received mavacamten + omeprazole. In both studies, mavacamten showed no safety signals and was generally well tolerated. Overall mavacamten exposure (area under the plasma concentration–time curve) increased by approximately 50% with omeprazole coadministration; maximum observed concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax, and elimination half‐life were not affected appreciably. In the verapamil study, 25 of 26 randomized participants received the study drug(s) and were included in the pharmacokinetic analyses; 24 completed the study. In the pharmacokinetic population, 12 participants received mavacamten alone (11 NMs, 1 poor metabolizer) and 13 received mavacamten + verapamil (7 NMs, 4 intermediate metabolizers, 2 poor metabolizers). Following verapamil coadministration in NMs and intermediate metabolizers, mavacamten area under the plasma concentration–time curve was minimally increased (by less than 20%), and Cmax was modestly increased (by 52%). These results suggest that mavacamten can be coadministered with weak CYP2C19 and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors.
The devil is in the details: An analysis of the criteria for adequate reasoning in arbitral awards in Jordan
Authors: Alhasan Tariq K.
Published: September 2023

Arbitration has become a popular method for resolving disputes in Jordan due to its flexibility, confidentiality, and efficiency. However, the validity of an arbitration award depends on several factors, including the adequacy of the award's reasoning. This case report from Jordan highlights the importance of adequate reasoning in arbitral awards and the consequences of its absence. The report analyzes a recent court ruling that annulled an arbitration award due to the lack of reasoning and examines the criteria that arbitration jurisprudence has set for appropriate reasoning. The report concludes that an arbitration award without adequate reasoning is tainted by a flaw where the reasoning behind a decision is not provided or is insufficient, leading to its invalidity/annulment.
Flow cytometry analysis of protein expression using antibody‐derived tags followed by CITE‐Seq
Authors: Shi Xiaoshan , Fan Wei , Mehrpouyan Majid , Chen Yu , D'Cruz Louise M. , Widmann Stephanie J. , Tyznik Aaron J.
Published: September 2023

Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE‐Seq) is a single‐cell phenotyping method that uses antibody‐derived tags (ADTs) to quantitatively detect cell surface protein expression and generate transcriptomic data at the single‐cell level. Despite the increased popularity of this technique to study cellular heterogeneity and dynamics, detailed methods on how to choose ADT markers and ensuring reagent performance in biological relevant systems prior to sequencing is not available. Here we describe a novel and easy‐to‐use multiplex flow proxy assay in which multiple protein markers can be measured simultaneously using a combination of ADT reagents and dye‐oligo conjugates by flow cytometry. Using dye‐oligo conjugates with sequences complementary to the ADT reagents, we can achieve specific binding and evaluate protein marker expression in a multiplex way. This quality control assay is useful for guiding ADT marker choice and confirming protein expression prior to sequencing. Importantly, the labeled cells can be directly isolated based on the specific fluorescence from dye‐oligo conjugates using a flow cytometry cell sorter and processed for downstream single‐cell multiomics. Using this streamlined workflow, we sorted natural killer cells and T cells efficiently using only ADT and dye‐oligo reagents, avoiding the possibility of decreased marker resolution from co‐staining cells with ADT and fluorescent antibodies. This novel workflow provides a viable option for improving ADT marker choice and cell sorting efficiency, allowing subsequent CITE‐Seq.
Does personal relative deprivation mediate the relationship between passive social media use and beliefs in conspiracy theories? Cross‐sectional correlational and experimental evidence
Authors: Gkinopoulos Theofilos , Pagliaro Stefano , Pacilli Maria‐Giuseppina , Bilewicz Michal , Teresi Manuel , Ballone Chiara
Published: September 2023

Social media use occupies a prominent space in social sciences scholarship and beyond. However, the distinction between active and passive use of social media, although important in explaining a variety of users’ behaviours, has been overlooked in terms of its potential to predict key socially relevant outcomes like beliefs in conspiracy theories. In three studies (N = 1388, in total), we provide evidence on (a) the role of passive social media use in believing in conspiracy theories via personal relative deprivation; (b) the interaction effect between social media use and personal relative deprivation on beliefs in conspiracy theories. The results showed that passive social media use is linked to, and increases, beliefs in conspiracy theories and this relationship is partially mediated via increased personal relative deprivation (Studies 1 and 2). In Study 3, personal relative deprivation was also manipulated experimentally in the context of a ʻmoderation‐of‐process' design, yielding a significant interaction with social media use. The results are discussed in the light of their social and media psychological contribution and implications in the digital era, when misinformation often becomes prevalent.
Toward thin and stable anodes for practical lithium metal batteries: A review, strategies, and perspectives
Authors: Lee Jiyoung , Jeong Seung Hyun , Nam Jong Seok , Sagong Mingyu , Ahn Jaewan , Lim Haeseong , Kim Il‐Doo
Published: September 2023

The lithium metal battery (LMB) is a promising energy storage platform with a distinctively high energy density in theory, outperforming even those of conventional Li‐ion batteries. In practice, however, the actual achievable energy density of LMBs is significantly limited due to the Li metal anode (LMA) being too thick (50–250 μm), and there are difficulties with expanding the highly reactive Li metal into large‐format cells due to safety concerns. Therefore, the recent focus of LMB research is headed toward the development of a thin and stable LMA. However, as the thickness of Li anode decreases (≤20 μm) and the absolute size of the battery cell increases, interfacial reactions on the Li surface become more active, potentially leading to fatal thermal runaway. In this regard, there is still much demand for the development of novel manufacturing technologies to overcome this issue and produce thin and stable Li metal. Considering these things, in this review, we initially examine the fundamentals regarding the deployment of LMAs using a number of essential metrics. Then, we introduce recent strategies employed for designing thin and stable Li anodes including host matrix architecturing, interface stabilization, and other advanced modifications. Finally, we propose future directions for the realization of practical LMBs and their potential applications in various battery systems, encompassing Na, K, and Zn‐based batteries. We anticipate that ultra‐thin and ultra‐stable metal anodes would find widespread utilization in secondary battery applications with high‐power requirements.

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Improved real‐time force control for applying axial force to axially stiff members
Authors: Cho Chang Beck , Chae Yunbyeong , Park Minseok
Published: September 2023

One of the challenges in real‐time dynamic testing is effectively controlling axial forces for axially stiff members such as columns, walls, and base isolators. Axial force has a significant influence on structural strength and post‐yield behavior, thereby maintaining proper axial force boundary conditions is crucial for accurate seismic performance evaluation. To overcome this challenge, a displacement‐based force control method using the adaptive time series compensator (D‐ATS) was developed in the existing study, but this method requires additional sensors such as displacement transducers and accelerometers to ensure the accuracy of force control. In this study, a new real‐time force control method is introduced, which eliminates the need for additional sensors beyond the default sensors available in a typical servo‐hydraulic actuator. Newly developed modules are also provided, which can satisfactorily estimate the velocity and force change rate of actuator, while effectively mitigating oil‐column resonance. Experimental validation is conducted using lead rubber bearings (LRBs) subjected to axial force and lateral movements. The results demonstrate the exceptional performance of the new force control method, offering a convenient and cost‐effective approach for applying axial forces in real‐time dynamic testing.
Optimized blockchain network model for 6G cellular vehicle‐to‐everything communication
Authors: Bilgehan Bülent , Sabuncu Özlem
Published: September 2023

Road safety of electric cars has required large and fast data flow. The six‐generation (6G) networks that provide hyper‐speed, ultra‐reliable, and minimal delay meet the requirements. Data reliability can be supported with popular blockchain technology, which is still widely accepted as a decentralized data management system. This article used an optimum path with the highest signal‐to‐noise constraints for the proposed algorithms. The essential requirement of error‐free data transmission for high‐speed and large data has been successfully implemented. Three‐stage implementations are suggested. The edge computers at the partners are used as storage to resolve the first level. A C‐V2X network solution is used to resolve the second level of economic activity. A two‐stage optimization strategy is used to consider the last level of high network transaction levels. The results of the newly introduced optimization algorithms are simulated and contrasted with those of a traditional, time‐consuming step‐by‐step calculation method. The introduced algorithms tested with real‐time experimental signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) values, giving successful results.
Examining the indirect role of perceived normativeness in the association between collectivistic values and psychological control of Turkish mothers
Authors: Yavuz H. Melis , Tuncay Ipek , Ruffman Ted , Selcuk Bilge
Published: September 2023

Parental psychological control has previously been related to negative developmental outcomes. However, fewer studies examined the cultural factors associated with parental psychological control. Several studies suggested that psychological control is used more by mothers in collectivistic (as compared to individualistic) cultures yet did not examine the mother's personal endorsement of the cultural values. This approach ignores the widely reported findings showing within country heterogeneity. In this study, we examined maternal adherence to collectivistic values and their psychologically controlling behaviour directed towards their preschool children. We also examined the indirect role of perceived normativeness of the psychologically controlling behaviour in the association between adherence to collectivistic values and using psychologically controlling behaviours. We hypothesized that mothers who endorsed collectivistic values more would perceive psychologically controlling parenting as more normative and in turn would display more psychological control. To test our research question, we collected data from 318 Turkish mothers, who had at least one preschool‐aged child (child Mage = 59.46 months, SD = 9.23; range = 34–80 months; 160 males). The descriptive analyses are planned to be run in SPSS and path analyses in MPlus are planned for examining the hypothesized mediational model.
Ascaridia galli infection in chicken: Pathobiology and immunological orchestra
Authors: Shohana Nusrat Nowrin , Rony Sharmin Aqter , Ali Md. Haydar , Hossain Md. Shahadat , Labony Sharmin Shahid , Dey Anita Rani , Farjana Thahsin , Alam Mohammad Zahangir , Alim Md. Abdul , Anisuzzaman
Published: September 2023

Background

Ascaridia galli is the largest gut‐dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology.

Aims

Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens.

Materials and Methods

Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate.

Results

The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th‐2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐9, and IL‐13), goblet cells (mucin), gut‐associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF‐β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short‐lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.
The clinical and immunological characteristics of COVID‐19 patients with delayed SARS‐CoV‐2 virus clearance
Authors: Wang Jinsong , Li Debao , Tang Bo , Sun Xuemin , Shi Wenjiong , Li Hao , Zhang Zhenhua , Wu Yuzhang , Zhang Yi , Qiao Qinghua
Published: September 2023

Background

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has posed a great threat to human health. Some severe COVID‐19 patients still carried detectable levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 even after prolonged intensive care unit treatment. However, the immunological features of these COVID‐19 patients with delayed virus clearance (CDVC) are still unclear.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and immunological data of 13 CDVC cases, who were admitted into one hospital in Wuhan from February to April 2020. These data were also compared to those of perished (n = 9) and recovered (n = 52) cases. The expression of the exhaustion marker PD‐1 on circulating T cells of these patients was measured by flow cytometry.

Results

High levels of serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐1β, IL‐8, as well as other inflammatory mediators, were seen in CDVC cases. Severe lymphopenia was observed in CDVC patients with the counts of total lymphocytes (0.9 × 109/L), CD4+ T cells (0.35 × 109/L), and CD8+ T cells (0.28 × 109/L) below their corresponding lower limits of normal range. Similar to the perished group, CDVC cases have higher percentages of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in circulation. Moreover, enhanced expression of the exhaustion marker PD‐1 on CCR7−CD45RA+ effector, CCR7+CD45RA− central memory, and CCR7−CD45RA− effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also observed in CDVC cases.

Conclusion

CDVC patients still have SARS‐CoV‐2 and these cases manifest with severe clinical symptoms due to persistent inflammation. Augmentation of the frequency of circulating Treg, severe lymphopenia, and functional exhaustion of T cells might lead to inefficient clearance of SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, enhancing lymphocyte counts and reversing T‐cell exhaustion might be key methods to boost immune responses and eliminate SARS‐CoV‐2 in CDVC patients.
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of PF‐06817024 in Healthy Participants, Participants with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps, and Participants with Atopic Dermatitis: A Phase 1, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Danto Spencer I. , Tsamandouras Nikolaos , Reddy Padmalatha , Gilbert Steven , Mancuso Jessica , Page Karen , Peeva Elena , Vincent Michael S. , Beebe Jean S.
Published: September 2023

PF‐06817024 is a high affinity, humanized antibody that binds interleukin‐33, a proinflammatory type 2 cytokine, and thereby has the potential to inhibit downstream type 2 inflammation. This Phase 1, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was conducted in 3 parts to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics of escalating single and limited repeat PF‐06817024 doses in healthy participants (Part 1), a single dose of PF‐06817024 in participants with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (Part 2), and repeat doses of PF‐06817024 in participants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (atoptic dermatitis; Part 3). PF‐06817024 was generally well tolerated in all participant populations. Most participants experienced a treatment‐emergent adverse event (healthy participants, 78.4% and 100%; participants with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, 90.9% and 88.9%; and participants with atoptic dermatitis, 60.0% and 62.5% in the PF‐06817024 and placebo groups, respectively). No substantial deviations from dose proportionality were observed for single intravenous doses of 10‐1000 mg, indicating linear PK in healthy participants. Mean terminal half‐life ranged from 83 to 94 days after single intravenous administration in healthy participants and was similar to that observed after administration in the studied patient populations. Incidences of antidrug antibodies in the studied populations were 10.8%, 9.1%, and 5.0% for healthy participants, participants with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and participants with atoptic dermatitis, respectively. In addition, dose‐dependent increases were observed in total serum interleukin‐33 levels of treated participants, indicating target engagement. Overall, the PK and safety profile of PF‐06817024 supports further investigation of the drug as a potential treatment for allergic diseases.
Approaches and Limitations of Machine Learning for Synthetic Ultrasound Generation
Authors: Mendez Mauro , Sundararaman Shruthi , Probyn Linda , Tyrrell Pascal N.
Published: September 2023

This scoping review examines the emerging field of synthetic ultrasound generation using machine learning (ML) models in radiology. Nineteen studies were analyzed, revealing three primary methodological strategies: unconditional generation, conditional generation, and domain translation. Synthetic ultrasound is mainly used to augment training datasets and as training material for radiologists. Blind expert assessment and Fréchet Inception Distance are common evaluation methods. Current limitations include the need for large training datasets, manual annotations for controllable generation, and insufficient research on incorporating new domain knowledge. While generative ultrasound models show promise, further work is required for clinical implementation.
Subcategorization of Perineural Invasion Stratifies Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis
Authors: Fung Nicholas , Fleseriu Cara M. , Harley Randall J. , Khan Nayel I. , Kim Seungwon
Published: September 2023

Objective

To evaluate whether subcategorization of perineural invasion (PNI) improves the prognostic resolution of the American Joint Committee on Cancer, Eighth Edition (AJCC8) staging system in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC).

Methods

OCSCC tumor specimens from patients seen at a tertiary care institution who underwent primary surgical resection between January 2019 and June 2021 were sorted into four PNI categories: negative, intratumoral, peripheral, and extratumoral. The prognostic effect of these PNI categories were assessed through Kaplan–Meier, Cox regression, and log‐rank testing using recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) as primary and secondary outcomes respectively.

Results

A total of 158 patients were examined. The median follow‐up time was 21 months. PNI subcategorization further stratified RFS (p = 0.007) and OS (p = 0.002). Extratumoral PNI was associated with a 4.5‐fold increase in recurrence risk (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR]: 4.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–18.66) and worse OS when compared with PNI negative disease (aHR: 5.71; 95% CI: 1.0–32.67). Peripheral PNI was associated with worse OS (aHR: 5.7; 95% CI: 1.35–24.08) but not worse RFS (p = 0.18) when compared with PNI negative disease. Interestingly, intratumoral PNI was not associated with significant differences in RFS (p = 0.087) or OS (p = 0.22) when compared with PNI negative disease.

Conclusions

Subcategorization of OCSCC tumors into extratumoral, peripheral, and intratumoral PNI stratifies RFS and OS when compared with patients with PNI negative disease in an incremental fashion. This pilot study suggests that there may be added benefit in subcategorization of PNI in the prognostic evaluation of OCSCC.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:1656–1662, 2024
Optical Flow Analysis of Paralaryngeal Muscle Movement
Authors: Morrison Robert A. , Fetzer David T. , Patterson‐Lachowicz Amber , McDowell Sarah , Smeltzer Julianna C. , Mau Ted , Shembel Adrianna C.
Published: September 2023

Objectives

The paralaryngeal muscles are thought to be hyperfunctional with phonation in patients with primary muscle tension dysphonia (pMTD). However, objective, quantitative tools to assess paralaryngeal movement patterns lack. The objectives of this study were to (1) validate the use of optical flow to characterize paralaryngeal movement patterns with phonation, (2) characterize phonatory optical flow velocities and variability of the paralaryngeal muscles before and after a vocal load challenge, and (3) compare phonatory optical flow measures to standard laryngoscopic, acoustic, and self‐perceptual assessments.

Methods

Phonatory movement velocities and variability of the paralaryngeal muscles at vocal onsets and offsets were quantified from ultrasound videos and optical flow methods across 42 subjects with and without a diagnosis of pMTD, before and after a vocal load challenge. Severity of laryngoscopic mediolateral supraglottic compression, acoustic perturbation, and ratings of vocal effort and discomfort were also obtained at both time points.

Results

There were no significant differences in optical flow measures of the paralaryngeal muscles with phonation between patients with pMTD and controls. Patients with pMTD had significantly more supraglottic compression, higher acoustic perturbations, and higher vocal effort and vocal tract discomfort ratings. Vocal load had a significant effect on vocal effort and discomfort but not on supraglottic compression, acoustics, or optical flow measures of the paralaryngeal muscles.

Conclusion

Optical flow methods can be used to study paralaryngeal muscle movement velocity and variability patterns during vocal productions, although the role of the paralaryngeal in pMTD diagnostics (e.g., vocal hyperfunction) remains suspect.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 134:1792–1801, 2024
Cetacean‐mediated vertical nitrogen transport in the oceanic realm
Authors: Woodstock Matthew S. , Kiszka Jeremy J. , Ramírez‐León M. Rafael , Sutton Tracey T. , Fennel Katja , Wang Bin , Zhang Yuying
Published: September 2023

In natural systems, animal‐mediated nutrient transport can be a major driver of primary productivity, but the role of marine megafauna such as cetaceans in mediating the transfer and recycling of nutrients has been overlooked. Here, we developed a spatially resolved, stochastic, nutrient‐transport model for cetaceans in the oceanic Gulf of Mexico using species−specific foraging depths, distributions, and diets. An estimated 6.4 × 108 mmol N d−1, or 0.06 mt N yr−1 ind−1, is transported to the surface from depths below 100 m by the 19 cetacean species that occur in the oceanic Gulf of Mexico; 75% of this transport occurs seaward of the continental slope, but the per area transported nitrogen is greater on the continental slope (200–1000 m) than in the ocean basin. Benthos to surface transport comprised 6.0 × 107 mmol N d−1 and was much more common on the continental slope than the open basin. Compared to an existing physical‐biogeochemical model, the transported nutrients add 8% N d−1 to the estimated ammonium concentration above the nutricline and could add 16% N d−1 to the surface ammonium concentration if expelled nutrients remain at the surface. Through feeding on diel vertical migrants, cetaceans retain an additional 2.7 × 107 mmol N d−1 in the surface waters that would otherwise return to depth via downward diel vertical migration. Cetaceans contribute to nutrient movements and recycling in the oceanic Gulf of Mexico, and may provide one of the few allochthonous sources of nutrients for primary producers in oligotrophic ecosystems.
A Critical Appraisal of the Whack‐a‐Mole and Swivel Chair Signs in the Diagnosis of Functional Movement Disorders
Authors: Lagrand Tjerk J. , Brusse‐Keizer Marjolein , Charmley Andrew , Edwards Mark J. , Tijssen Marina A.J. , Lehn Alexander C.
Published: September 2023

Background

The demonstration of positive signs during neurological examination is a cornerstone of the diagnosis of functional movement disorders, however, the available data supporting the diagnostic value of some of these signs is limited.

Objectives

To determine the diagnostic value (sensitivity and specificity) of the “whack‐a‐mole” (WAM) and “swivel chair” (SC) tests in patients with functional movement disorders (FMD).

Methods

We enrolled patients with functional and organic movements in the WAM test if they exhibited tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, or tics. For the SC test, patients with a gait disorder as their primary impairment were recruited. Two blinded movement disorder specialists rated the presence of these signs in edited videos.

Results

Inclusion criteria were met by 42 patients with FMD and 65 patients with organic movement disorders. Both tests demonstrated high specificity (means, 78% and 96%), but their sensitivity was low (means, 52% and 37%). Interobserver agreement for the WAM sign was 0.77 in the FMD group, against 0.28 in patients with organic movement disorders, whereas for the SC sign was 0.69 in both groups.

Conclusions

The present study indicates that physicians must be cautious in the application and interpretation of these clinical signs in the diagnosis of functional movement disorders, and they should be carefully considered and used as necessary.