bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modeling for hypersonic large cone–flares
Authors: Hoste Jimmy-John O. E. , Gibbons Nicholas N. , Ecker Tobias , Amato Chiara , Knight Doyle , Sattarov Artemii , Thiry Olivier , Hickey Jean-Pierre , Hizir Fahri Erinç , Köktürk Tolga , Castelino Neil , Viti Valerio , Roldan Megan A. , Qiang Steven , Coder James G. , Baurle Robert A. , White Jeffery A.
Published: February 2025

This work assesses the status of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes' (RANS) predictive capability for axi-symmetric hypersonic geometries. An in-depth literature review on the topic is provided including relevant developments in the field of RANS for these types of setups. Furthermore, as part of the Applied Vehicle Technology-352 on hypersonic turbulence, a code-to-code comparison on two large cone–flare geometries, experimentally studied at Calspan-University of Buffalo Research Center, has been performed to evaluate the variability in predictions for freestream Mach numbers ranging between 5 and 13 at low enthalpy conditions. The nature of the physics found in cone–flare geometries is known to be extremely challenging for RANS computational fluid dynamics codes, a fact that is confirmed in this work.
Type I to type II transition in swept-forward fin shock interactions
Authors: Yang Jing , Cui Kai , Tian Zhong Wei , Li Guang Li , Xiao Yao , Chang Siyuan
Published: February 2025

The transition from type I to II in the swept-forward fin–shock interaction is studied both numerically and analytically. The transition conditions are numerically obtained using an inviscid computational fluid dynamics method. The results are compared with the classical three-shock theory, in which the detachment criteria are computed based on the parameters immediately after the shock. A discrepancy is observed, where the critical swept-forward angles from the numerical results are always larger, with a maximum deviation of 5°. Detailed flow patterns indicate this deviation is caused by the downstream of the bow shock wave. By analyzing the shock patterns in a wide range of both the inclined shock angles and the swept-forward angles, three mechanisms are identified. The first mechanism is related to the Mach reflection formed by a transmitted shock reflecting on the wall. When the top of the Mach stem reaches the fin–shock interacting point, the interaction transits from type I to II. The second is associated with a secondary transmitted shock wave achieving its maximum deflection angle. The last is due to the subsonic channel linking the symmetric and lateral planes. The quantities of the advanced transition are derived theoretically and in good agreement with the numerical results. The results have potential to benefit the aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics design of hypersonic vehicles.
Patterns of mixed virus infections: a 3-year study of symptomatic cereal and grass hosts in Australia
Authors: Nancarrow Narelle , Rodoni Brendan , Lam Shu Kee , Trębicki Piotr
Published: February 2025

Context Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) form a complex of economically important pathogens that can significantly reduce grain yield in cereals. Mixed infections, or infection with two or more YDV species, can be particularly damaging. Aims We aimed to examine the proportion of single and multiple virus infections present in symptomatic cereal and grass plants in Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Methods Over 3 years (2020–2022), symptomatic cereal and grass plants from within and around cereal fields in Victoria, Australia were individually tested using tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for barley yellow dwarf virus PAV, barley yellow dwarf virus MAV, cereal yellow dwarf virus RPV, wheat streak mosaic virus, and with a generic TBIA test that can detect multiple luteovirus and/or polerovirus species. Key results Across 2020–2021, 34% of virus-positive plants were infected with multiple YDV species. The proportion of mixed infections was similar in each individual year. However, higher proportions of wheat (Triticum aestivum, 47%) and wild oat (Avena fatua, 36%) plants were infected with multiple YDV species compared to barley (Hordeum vulgare, 8%) and brome grass (Bromus spp.,17%). Conclusions The proportion of virus-positive plants infected with multiple YDV species found was almost four times higher than previously reported in a similar study in Victoria, Australia in 1985. The proportion of plants infected with multiple YDV species varied more with host type than between individual years. Implications These findings demonstrate the complex epidemiology of these damaging viruses, and the challenges associated with developing virus-resistant cereal cultivars, while also highlighting the importance of regular surveillance over multiple years.
Recovery of the Southern Greater Glider (Petauroides volans) following the extreme drought, heatwaves, and mega-fires of 2019–2020 in the southern Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, Australia
Authors: Smith Peter , Smith Judy
Published: February 2025

Context Extreme drought, heatwaves, and mega-fires in south-eastern Australia in 2019–2020 had a major impact on the Southern Greater Glider (Petauroides volans). Aims To assess how rapidly the species is recovering and whether recovery is dependent on fire severity. Methods Gliders were surveyed annually on seven 500-m transects between 2020 (11 months post-fire) and 2024 (4.4 years post-fire). All transects supported gliders pre-2019 but abundances varied. Key results In two transects burnt at high to extreme severity, all the gliders’ food source, eucalypt foliage, was burnt in the fires and the gliders were eliminated. No recolonisation occurred in 2020–2024, despite foliage regrowth. In one transect burnt at low severity and three transects burnt at moderate severity, some live eucalypt foliage survived the fires and gliders were present in 2020 in reduced numbers (31% decrease). In the three transects that were moderately burnt, numbers recovered and by 2024 were similar to pre-2019 counts. In the transect that was burnt at low severity and an unburnt transect, numbers increased rapidly and by 2024 were 45% higher than pre-2019. These two transects contained the best habitat (tallest forests) supporting the most gliders pre-2019. Conclusions Recovery was more rapid than expected in lightly and moderately burnt transects, probably facilitated by very high post-fire rainfall, but there was no recovery in severely burnt transects. Implications To conserve Southern Greater Gliders, it is essential to reduce the incidence and extent of severe wildfires, identify and protect the best quality glider habitat, and identify, protect, enhance and extend wildlife corridors linking core areas of important habitat.
Nongenetic adaptation by collective migration
Authors: Vo Lam , Avgidis Fotios , Mattingly Henry H. , Edmonds Karah , Burger Isabel , Balasubramanian Ravi , Shimizu Thomas S. , Kazmierczak Barbara I. , Emonet Thierry
Published: February 2025

Cell populations must adjust their phenotypic composition to adapt to changing environments. One adaptation strategy is to maintain distinct phenotypic subsets within the population and to modulate their relative abundances via gene regulation. Another strategy involves genetic mutations, which can be augmented by stress-response pathways. Here, we studied how a migrating bacterial population regulates its phenotypic distribution to traverse diverse environments. We generated isogenic
Escherichia coli
populations with varying distributions of swimming behaviors and observed their phenotype distributions during migration in liquid and porous environments. We found that the migrating populations became enriched with high-performing swimming phenotypes in each environment, allowing the populations to adapt without requiring mutations or gene regulation. This adaptation is dynamic and rapid, reversing in a few doubling times when migration ceases. By measuring the chemoreceptor abundance distributions during migration toward different attractants, we demonstrated that adaptation acts on multiple chemotaxis-related traits simultaneously. These measurements are consistent with a general mechanism in which adaptation results from a balance between cell growth generating diversity and collective migration eliminating underperforming phenotypes. Thus, collective migration enables cell populations with continuous, multidimensional phenotypes to flexibly and rapidly adapt their phenotypic composition to diverse environmental conditions.
Native stem cell transcriptional circuits define cardinal features of high-risk leukemia
Authors: Wang Qing , Boccalatte Francesco , Xu Jason , Gambi Giovanni , Nadorp Bettina , Akter Fatema , Mullin Carea , Melnick Ashley F. , Choe Elizabeth , McCarter Anna C. , Jerome Nicole A. , Chen Siyi , Lin Karena , Khan Sarah , Kodgule Rohan , Sussman Jonathan H. , Pölönen Petri , Rodriguez-Hernaez Javier , Narang Sonali , Avrampou Kleopatra , King Bryan , Tsirigos Aristotelis , Ryan Russell J.H. , Mullighan Charles G. , Teachey David T. , Tan Kai , Aifantis Iannis , Chiang Mark Y.
Published: February 2025

While the mutational landscape across early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) and ETP-like leukemia is known, establishing a unified framework that activates stem cell genes characteristic of these tumors remains elusive. Using complementary mouse and human models, chromatin mapping, and enhancer profiling, we show that the coactivator ZMIZ1 promotes normal and malignant ETP population growth by inducing the transcription factor MYB in feedforward circuits to convergently activate oncogenes (MEF2C, MYCN, and BCL2) through essential enhancers. A key superenhancer, the N-Myc regulating enhancer (NMRE), drives malignant ETP population growth but is dispensable for normal lymphopoiesis. This network of stem cell superenhancers identifies treatment-resistant tumors and poor survival outcomes; unifies diverse ETP-ALLs; and contributes to cardinal features of the recently genomically identified high-risk bone marrow progenitor-like (BMP-like) ETP-ALL tumor—stem cell/myeloid gene expression, inhibited NOTCH1-induced T-cell development, aggressive clinical behavior, and venetoclax sensitivity. Since ZMIZ1 is dispensable for essential homeostasis, it might be possible to safely target this network to treat high-risk diseases.
Resonant behavior and stability of a linear three-mirror cavity
Authors: Stevens Paul , Loriette Vincent , Andia Manuel , Glotin François , Lartaux Angélique , Leroy Nicolas , van de Walle Aymeric
Published: February 2025

The implementation of Fabry-Perot cavities in gravitational-wave detectors has been pivotal to improving their sensitivity, allowing the observation of an increasing number of cosmological events with higher signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, Fabry-Perot cavities play a key role in the frequency-dependent squeezing technique, which provides a reduction of quantum noise over the whole observation frequency spectrum. In this paper, we first present how the adaptability of resonance properties of linear three-mirror cavities, and the real-time control we could have on it, would be interesting for frequency-dependant squeezing in future detectors, especially for Einstein Telescope project. In this view, we develop a complete model to describe the stability behavior and the properties of transmitted and reflected fields of a linear three-mirror cavity aiming to be used for design purposes. In particular, simulations are carried out to show the evolution of the characteristic double resonance peak they can show-off, which is one of the key features of this system, as a function of cavity parameters. We show that the double-peak shape is almost freely adjustable, either in terms of spacing between maxima, their relative amplitude and intrinsic width. This is made possible by changing the mirrors’ reflectivity coefficients and the sub-cavities microscopic/macroscopic lengths. However, the amount of achievable realistic configurations is limited by the stability conditions of the cavity. In particular, if the two sub-cavities do not have the same macroscopic length, it could be difficult to obtain a stable three-mirror cavity. Different geometries have been studied to obtain a stable system.
Development of industrial-scale L-shaped dielectric barrier discharge reactor for improving capacity retention of graphite anode using plasma pretreatment
Authors: Eom Geon Woong , Hur Min , Shim Hyung-chul , Hyun Seungmin , So Hye-Mi , Oh Minsub , Kim Areum , Jang Yunseon , Kang Woo Seok , Kim Dae-Woong , Kim Hyeong-U , Lee Sang Ho , Park In Yong , Jang Eui-chan , Ahn Jisu , Yun Dong-hyun , Kim Jae-hyeon , You Shinjae , Lee Jin Young
Published: February 2025

Electrode slurry coatings on the current collector of a Li-ion battery suffer from high mass loading owing to the severe floating of the binder during solvent drying. Atmospheric plasma pretreatment of the Cu current collector forms a functional group on its surface, which forms a hydroxyl bond with the binder materials. However, the Cu foil transferred to a high-speed roll-to-roll machine undergoes displacement due to wrinkling. This foil displacement deteriorates the uniformity of the process results and the discharge stability. To overcome the above-mentioned limitations, in this study, we designed an L-shaped dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor as a combination of the direct-type DBD reactor with high processing speed and a jet-type DBD reactor with high discharge stability for industrial-scale current collector pretreatment. Helium gas injected between a pair of L-shaped electrodes and an electrode with bipolar high-voltage power generated stable seed electrons, which led to a homogeneous discharge between the lower part of the L-shaped electrode and the high-speed moving Cu current-collector surface. The plasma-treated Cu current collector exhibited stronger solvent adhesion and improved surface tension. In addition, the graphite anode coated on the plasma-treated current collector showed high mechanical adhesion strength with the anode materials and high-capacity retention in the half-cell test.
Effect of thermally-induced cationic redistribution on the structural and magnetic properties of Cu-substituted zinc ferrite
Authors: Nayak S , Roy P K , Ghorai S , Padhan A M , Svedlindh P , Murugavel P
Published: February 2025

Cationic redistribution in spinel ferrite systems greatly influences the magnetic ordering and the associated phenomena. Here, the effect of the synthesis condition on the cationic redistribution and its correlation with the magnetic properties were explored in the Cu2+ substituted ZnFe2O4 spinel ferrite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies reveal that the variation of sintering temperature redistributes the cations between tetrahedral and octahedral sublattices. Results from low field dc-magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the susceptibility increases with decreasing sintering temperature of the sample. Furthermore, the ac-susceptibility results suggest that the sample sintered at 1048 K (1148 K) exhibits spin-glass behavior with a glass transition temperature of ∼49.2 K (47.1 K) and a cluster-glass behavior at a higher temperature of ∼317 K (330 K), characteristics that are absent in the sample sintered at 1248 K. The sample annealed at 1048 K exhibits a magnetocaloric effect with a maximum isothermal entropy change of ∼1.21 J kg−1 K−1 at

μ
0

H
=
5

T.
A co-prime array ultrasonic wind measurement method based on FL-ESB algorithm
Authors: Shan Zebiao , Xie Shijuan , Yu Boli , Liu Xiaosong
Published: February 2025

Accurate wind speed and direction measurement is crucial in many environmental applications, but achieving reliable results in the presence of mixed noise, such as impulse and Gaussian noise, remains a significant challenge. Traditional methods often fail to maintain accuracy under these conditions. This paper proposes a co-prime array wind measurement method based on fractional low-order eigenspace beam forming (FL-ESB) algorithm. The proposed method adopts a co-prime arc ultrasonic sensor structure consisting of two sets of uniform arc subarrays. This structure can increase the array aperture and improve the measurement accuracy. Combined with the idea of fractional low order covariance, the FL-ESB algorithm is proposed to realize the effective suppression of impulse and Gaussian mixed noise. The estimated variance and wind parameters’ Cramer Rao Bound are obtained through theoretical analysis and simulation. Simulation results show that under a signal-to-noise ratio of −4 dB, the root mean square error of wind speed is less than 0.6 m s−1, and the root mean square error of wind direction angle is less than 2∘. These results confirm that the proposed method effectively measures wind speed and direction in mixed noise environments.In conclusion, the FL-ESB-based co-prime array method provides a robust solution for accurate wind measurement, offering improved noise suppression and accuracy compared to traditional methods.
A Multi-Sensor Fusion Approach for Centimeter-Level Indoor 3D Localization of Wheeled Robots
Authors: Yang Mingliang , Han Kunyu , Sun Tianang , Tian Kaixuan , Lian Chao , Zhao Yuliang , Wang Zhidong , Huang Qingyun , Chen Meng , Li Wenjung
Published: February 2025

Accurate three-dimensional positioning is fundamental for the safe movement of wheeled robots across multiple floors. However, achieving precise positioning of mobile systems in multilevel scenarios using low-cost sensors remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a low-cost three-dimensional positioning method based on event-triggered Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF), which integrates data from a barometer, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and encoder. Firstly, during multilevel movement, sensors collect acceleration and barometric pressure data, which, combined with the EKF-Target Compensation (EKF-TC) fusion algorithm, achieve centimeter-level positioning of the wheeled robot's height. Secondly, based on MEMS data, the integration of the Dead Reckoning (DR) algorithm reduces the horizontal positioning error of the wheeled robot over small obstacles. Finally, four horizontal and three vertical motion scenarios were designed to test the three-dimensional positioning capabilities of the wheeled robot moving between floors. Experimental results show that the cumulative vertical error of the wheeled robot moving across multiple floors accounts for approximately 0.6% of the total height of 93.76m, with an average height positioning error of only 1.7cm per floor. In summary, the method proposed using low-cost sensors and simple, stable fusion algorithms, offers a technical solution for indoor three-dimensional positioning with centimeter resolution for wheeled robots.
Dual-domain feature fusion attention network for leak detection in water supply pipes
Authors: Li Juan , He Meijia
Published: February 2025

Accurate detection of the size of pipeline leaks is the key to minimizing economic and resource infrastructure loss. However, extracting critical information about different leak sizes from complex pipeline signals is a major challenge. To address this difficult problem, this paper proposed a water pipe leakage detection method based on a Dual-domain feature fusion attention network (DFFAN). It employs time series imaging to fuse images generated under different transform domains of the original signal to achieve high-accuracy detection of leak size. Specifically, by fusing the Gramian Angular Field (GAF) matrix with the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) image of the original signal, DFFAN can comprehensively capture the temporal, amplitude, and time-frequency information in the signal. The designed attention fusion module can optimally allocate weights to features according to their importance and further enhance the leakage features through weighted fusion. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated using the collected leakage data. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively recognize the four leakage states in two material pipes. It has better detection performance compared with advanced pipeline leakage detection methods.
Electromagnetic-vibrational behaviors of bulk high-temperature superconductor containing slot defect under permanent magnet motion
Authors: Feng Wenjie , Yu Zhiqiang , Jing Liwei
Published: February 2025

A bulk high-temperature superconductor (HTS) employed in the high-temperature superconducting levitation device is susceptible to cracks or defects during its fabrication and utilization. This may cause changes in the electromagnetic (EM) and vibrational behaviors of the HTS, even affecting the normal operation of the device. To this end, based on the magnetic, thermal and motion field equations for the transversely isotropic superconducting material, we establish a 3D coupled model of a levitation system containing an HTS with a slot defect and permanent magnet (PM), to investigate the vibrational and EM behaviors of the HTS with the defect above the PM, and discuss the effects of the depth of the defect, frequency of the external excitation, and combined defect on the behaviors in the time or frequency domains. The results show that the intrinsic frequencies of the HTS with defects of different depths are in the ranges of 6–8 Hz, 13–16 Hz and 19–20 Hz. With the increase of the defect depth, the intrinsic frequencies and EM losses increase but the vibration amplitude decreases. Under the action of the simple harmonic excitation with the same amplitude, the larger the defect depth, the lower the vibration amplitude and the better the stability of the phase trajectory. With the increase of the excitation frequency, the vibration amplitude decreases and the losses increase. However, when the excitation frequency is close to the intrinsic frequency, the HTS resonates and its internal fluxes undergo the violent motion. When the HTS contains a composite defect consisting of two single defects, its intrinsic frequencies are higher than those for the HTS with either defect included. And its EM losses are greater than the sum of their losses. The modeling method presented here can provide an idea and a reference for the research of EM-vibration behaviors of superconducting levitation systems containing defects.
Towards a novel high-performance broadband plasmonic metasurface based nano-absorber in visible light to ultra-violet windows for enhanced and maximizing solar energy harvesting in photovoltaic systems
Authors: Berka Mohammed , Mahdjoub Zoubir , Afif Benameur , Bendaoudi Amina
Published: February 2025

The conversion of solar energy into electrical power through silicon-based photovoltaic cells faces substantial efficiency losses due to both physical and technological limitations. A key factor in these losses is the material composition of photovoltaic cells, which impacts their absorption capabilities. This paper proposes a novel metasurface-based nano-absorber (MSA) to enhance the efficiency of silicon photovoltaic cells and solar energy harvesting applications. The design addresses the significant efficiency losses in solar-to-electrical energy conversion to obtain high absorption rates for photovoltaic systems. The proposed metasurface utilizes a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure as its basic unit cell, consisting of a Tungsten (W) patch and reflective surface printed on the top and bottom faces of a Silicon-dioxide (SiO2) dielectric substrate, respectively. The periodic metasurface is composed of a 4 × 4 array of unit nano-cells with a new shape and an optimized period of 300 nm for an asymmetrical distribution for each four resonators. The thickness of the tungsten representing the metal with the thickness of the SiO2 representing the dielectric substrate is 105 nm. Simulation outcomes demonstrate the nano-absorber’s excellent performance, achieving maximum absorptions of 99.93 and 94.52% at the plasmonic resonance frequencies of 531.4 and 805.5 THz, respectively. Moreover, an average absorption of 93.15% across the entire solar spectrum has been reached. The MSA exhibits robust characteristics, maintaining stability up to 60° polarization angle across a broadband of 734.4 THz demonstrating a plasmonic effect, as evidenced by electromagnetic field analysis. The simplicity of the design, coupled with its high performance, positions this nano-absorber as a promising candidate for improving the absorption qualities of photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, its potential for integration into other solar harvesting systems underscores its versatility and practical applicability in advancing renewable energy technologies.
Thermal analysis of the transmission torque in a slotted axial eddy-current magnetic coupling
Authors: Kenne Telezing Boris Joel , Jinxing Liu
Published: February 2025

This study aims to investigate the impact of heat on torque transmission in a slotted eddy-current axial magnetic coupling and to enhance its efficiency. A magnetic equivalent circuit model (MEC) is introduced to formulate the theoretical equations for magnetic flux and electromagnetic torque of a slotted eddy current coupling (SEC) via two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis. To improve the precision of the analytical model based on the MEC, the reluctance of both the primary and secondary back irons has been considered. Establishing a calculating method for the copper slotted conductor disc enables the derivation of equations for the magnetic field, eddy currents, torque transfer, and heat dissipation. A practical and efficient system for thermal calculations is employed to ascertain the temperature increase, considering various modes of heat transmission. The magnetic equivalent circuit model incorporates the induced flux, which is a leaking flux branch, produced by the induced current. To study its functionality, we built a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of SEC and run simulations. We considered the effects of temperature on many critical parameters in order to accurately regulate the torque transmission. The findings obtained with the suggested model in low slip speeds and tiny air gaps are in good agreement with the experimental results under normal operation.
Energy distribution and collective behaviour in neurons and regular lattice neural networks
Authors: Qin Huixin , Liu Biao , Song Xinlin , Xu Ying
Published: February 2025

The influence of external stimulus currents on the propagation of neural energy is a significant domain in neuroscience research. Appropriate external stimulus currents can activate neurons and trigger action potentials. Within neural networks, these currents can either facilitate or inhibit the synchronization between neurons. Elucidating these effects is crucial for understanding brain function and for the design of neural network models. This study, which is based on the Hindmarsh–Rose (HR) model, investigates the impact of external stimulus currents and noise on the variation in the neural energy distribution. First, energy changes in a single neuron under different external stimulus currents were observed, and the results indicated that the average energy of the neuron gradually decreased as the stimulus current increased. Additionally, suitable noise can promote the progress of the adaptive parameter towards the stable state. Furthermore, the study analysed the relationship between the external stimulus current, noise, and the firing behaviour of regular neural networks, and the results revealed that as the external stimulus current increases, the network state transitions from a resting state with noise disturbance to the target wave. However, when the external stimulus current becomes too large, the network state reverts to a disordered state. Moreover, high noise can suppress the generation of the target wave, and the energy distribution of the network is also discussed. This transition is highly important for comprehending how the brain switches between different activity states.
Nonlinear evolution of a one dimensional cold non-relativistic electron-ion plasma with an arbitrary initial density profile: a phase mixing perspective
Authors: Bag Subhasish , Saxena Vikrant
Published: February 2025

Using a perturbative approach, an evolution equation for the space charge density, correct up to the third order in density perturbation, is deduced for arbitrary initial density profiles of the electron and ion fluids in a cold, nonrelativistic plasma. The one dimensional evolution equation is solved to reproduce known results pertaining to the phase mixing time in the immobile ion limit as well as in the case of mobile ions, for a homogeneous plasma as well as for a plasma with a periodic inhomogeneity. The case of non-periodic plasma inhomogeneity, as in a finite-size plasma, is also discussed, and some insights are given which are well supported by fluid simulation observations.
ITk pixel system test of the ATLAS experiment
Authors: Chubinidze Zaza ,   the ATLAS collaboration
Published: February 2025

The ATLAS experiment is preparing for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade, which will require the substitution of the current Inner Detector (ID) with a new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). This work presents the results of the ITk Pixel system test, focusing on module performance, power consumption, data transmission and cooling efficiency, during detector integration. The results validate the system's readiness for the extreme conditions expected at the HL-LHC.
Deadlier natural disasters – a warning from Brazil’s 2024 floods
Authors: Trancoso Ralph , Flores Bernardo Monteiro , Chapman Sarah
Published: February 2025

Global warming, landscape alterations and population growth have dramatically altered the three pillars of natural disasters – hazard, vulnerability and exposure, increasing the risk of destructive and deadly natural disasters. In this perspective we breakdown how these factors played out to shape the Brazil’s 2024 floods, one of the most destructive natural hazards in recent history, resulting in over 180 deaths. This short essay explores a newly proposed evidence-based conceptual model supported by data analysis expanding the IPCC climate risk framework. It examines the extreme precipitation and the compounded climate extreme event, including its association with heatwave, atmospheric rivers from the Amazon and El Niño and assesses changes in land cover, population and the death toll of the event. We discuss how this flood event is a heads up to global decision-makers that increases in hazard, vulnerability and exposure are changing the nature of natural disasters, making these destructive events the new norm.
Geometric approach for the identification of Hamiltonian systems of quasi-Painlevé type
Authors: Dell’Atti Marta , Kecker Thomas
Published: February 2025

Some new Hamiltonian systems of quasi-Painlevé type are presented and the analogue of Okamoto’s space of initial conditions computed. Using the geometric approach that was introduced originally for the identification problem of Painlevé equations, comparing the irreducible components of the inaccessible divisors arising in the blow-up process, we find bi-rational coordinate changes between some of these systems that give rise to the same global Hamiltonian structure. This scheme thus gives a method for identifying Hamiltonian systems up to bi-rational maps, which is performed in this article for systems of quasi-Painlevé type having singularities that are either square-root type algebraic poles or ordinary poles.
The Transformation and Associated Ecological Problems of the East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal, India: Observations between 1989-2024
Authors: Das Sayantan
Published: February 2025

Situated on the eastern outskirts of Kolkata, the East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) is a designated Ramsar site in West Bengal, India. Spanning nearly 12,500 hectares, this wetland system exemplifies the integration of human activity with natural ecological processes. EKW is not only a critical habitat for wildlife, but also acts as a natural sewage treatment system for Kolkata by treating the sewage and wastewater of the city through natural processes, providing livelihoods for thousands of people engaged in fishing and agriculture.

Over the years, the EKW has been facing numerous challenges that threaten the ecological integrity of the region. Urban encroachment, pollution, habitat degradation, and loss of biodiversity are among the key issues plaguing this unique ecosystem. Urbanization has led to a significant reduction in the area of the EKW over the past few decades. Satellite imagery analysis revealed that about 34% decline in wetland area has occurred in the last 35 years, primarily due to land and waterbody conversion for urban development and infrastructure projects.

The EKW face a substantial threat to their ecological health and water quality due to pollution. An overwhelming amount of untreated sewage surpasses the wetlands’ natural filtration capacity, leading to high levels of organic waste, nutrients, and heavy metals. Alarming amounts of plastic debris, heavy metals, and other pollutants degrade habitat quality and pose significant risks to wildlife. Human activities, pollution, and habitat destruction have resulted in a loss of biodiversity within the EKW. This study highlights the extensive human impact in the area, especially along the outskirts of Kolkata, where regions experiencing ‘Extremely high human impact’ have disrupted natural water flow and hydrological processes. Moderate to high impacts are observed in more resource-intensive zones.

The EKW are extremely crucial to both the ecology and economy of West Bengal state, but face severe threats from urbanization, pollution, and habitat degradation. Effective collaboration among stakeholders and enhanced policies are vital for sustainable management and raising awareness about the importance of these wetlands.
Cooling timescale and process of welded facies of Youngest Toba Tuff, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Shibata Shohei , Naen Gabriela Nogo Retnaningtyas Bunga , Kaneda Yasuaki , Suhendro Indranova , Kusu Chie , Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: February 2025

The 74 ka Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) super-eruption is one of the largest caldera-forming eruptions on Earth. Thick welded facies (~100 m) of the YTT are exposed 30 km northwest of the source caldera. In this outcrop, an entablature of columnar joints, consisting of multiple domains can be well observed. The domain is cracked by a vertical master joint (cooling plane), from which a chilled margin and many columnar joints developed laterally. In this study, the paleomagnetic method was applied to evaluate the cooling history and genetic processes of the YTT welded facies. Oriented samples were collected from both the cooling plane (CP) and the interior part of the domain (ID), and all samples were subjected to a thermal demagnetization experiment. Samples from CP and ID show slightly different directions that can be confirmed by the significance test. Compared to CP, the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) mean direction of ID shows shallower inclination and northern declination (Dm=357.5°, Im=2.2°, α95=2.5°) that is consistent with previous data of YTT. The mean angular difference of CP and ID is calculated to be 3.2° ± 2.1°. To generate such an angular difference would take 22.8 ± 15.2 years, assuming the fastest changing rate of geomagnetic secular variation (0.14°/year). This suggests that there exists a time lag of tens of years for acquiring thermal magnetization between CP and ID. Temperature profiles of YTT calculated using the conductive cooling model support the result that the interior part of the ignimbrite remained hot at ~ 600 °C for 30 years after deposition. Based on these findings, we conclude that the slight difference in paleomagnetic directions indicates heterogeneity in cooling timescale between quenched (CP) and slowly cooled (ID) portions within thick the welded YTT.
Stability Analysis at Inlet Slope of Matenggeng Dam Diversion Tunnel with Limit Equilibrium Method
Authors: Bastarie Guge Faizal Rahman , Indrawan I Gde Budi , Setianto Agung
Published: February 2025

Slope stability must be analyzed to prevent potential slope collapse by considering the safety factor in the design. In this research, the inlet of the Matenggeng Dam diversion tunnel was analyzed under static load and seismic load using Morgenstern-Price and Spencer’s Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The analysis used parameter data obtained from surface geological mapping, evaluation of underground core samples, evaluation of rock quality using the GSI system, and laboratory tests on rock samples such as the Uniaxial Compressive Strength test and Index Properties test. The intake slope consists of andesite, conglomeratic sandstone, and conglomerate rock material with fair to good rock quality. The results of the slope stability analysis are safe as the safety factor value meets the specifications of the Indonesian National Standard SNI 8460: 2017.
Defining Urban Growth Boundary in Semarang City: Integrating Spatial Planning and Predictive Modeling Techniques
Authors: Hakim A M Y , Santosa B H , Purwana R
Published: February 2025

Understanding the maximum percentage of urban area within an administrative region, such as Semarang City, necessitates an examination of spatial planning schemes, development regulations, and local government policies. Concurrently, cellular automata and Markov chain approaches can be used to predict how cities will grow in the future accurately. This study aims to define the urban growth boundary in Semarang City by integrating spatial planning approaches with predictive modeling techniques. The Cellular automata-Markov chain (CA-MC) method predicts future urban growth developments based on current land use patterns. This study seeks to delineate areas suitable for urban development using spatial data analysis and modeling while preserving critical ecological and agricultural zones. The findings of this research contribute to formulating informed policies aimed at achieving balanced urban expansion and environmental conservation in Semarang, thus fostering resilient and inclusive urban landscapes in the city.
Determination of Groundwater Recharge Area Based on Isotope Data in Makassar Coastal Area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Ardhi Nugroho Sunu , Taufiq Ahmad
Published: February 2025

The development efforts of the Indonesian government towards the Makassar metropolitan area in South Sulawesi are intended to support its position as a key food supplier for the new capital city of Nusantara (IKN) in East Kalimantan. These developments are expected to lead to population growth and an increase in the demand for freshwater resources. Groundwater remains the primary source of water for residents in this area, specifically Makassar, the main and core city. The availability of groundwater is closely related to water infiltration and the level of extraction. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the groundwater recharge area of the Makassar coastal area using isotope methods, to ensure sustainability of the resources. A total of 19 water samples, including rainwater, groundwater, river, and seawater samples, were collected and analyzed. TDS and Cl- concentrations were also measured alongside groundwater isotope analysis to identify groundwater potential contamination in the area. The results showed that groundwater in the Makassar coastal area had a common origin, primarily derived from rainwater, based on an isotope comparison diagram between δ18O and δD. However, some samples were affected by saltwater intrusion, as indicated by groundwater isotope results approaching the isotopic composition of seawater, confirm by high TDS and Cl- values. The groundwater recharge area, specifically for unconfined aquifer was identified at an altitude ranging from 4.88 to 49.92 masl. In comparison, the recharge area for semi-unconfined aquifer was located at an altitude between 20.75 to 37.92 meters above sea level (masl).
The Cold Springs of the Dieng Plateau
Authors: Rotua Valentina Lubis Jessica , Prakasa Eka Putra Doni , Abdurrachman Fikri
Published: February 2025

Traditionally, spring water has been an important resource for providing clean water and irrigation. The Dieng Plateau in Central Java is designated as a National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN). Located within three groundwater basins – Wonosobo, Karangkobar, and Subah – the Dieng Plateau faces challenges in meeting its clean water needs. With the growth of tourism in Dieng, ensuring adequate quality and quantity of clean water is essential. Many cold springs in the area have not been fully utilized. Therefore, conducting a thorough inventory of these springs is crucial to meet the community’s future demand for clean water, both in terms of quality and quantity. This study gathered data on the presence of springs, along with measurements of groundwater’s physical-chemical properties and spring discharge rates. Mapping results identified 16 springs in the study area, with a total discharge of 251 liters per second, and a maximum discharge of 133.2 liters per second in the Karangkobar Groundwater Basin. The springs on the Dieng Plateau meet drinking water standards based on current regulations and guidelines for physical-chemical parameters. This is evidenced by an average pH value of 7.07, an average TDS of 206.1 mg/L, an average EC of 412.1 μS/cm, and an average temperature of 18.2°C. The springs in the Dieng area are classified as cold/normal springs based on groundwater temperature and have significant potential as a source of raw water.
The Hydrogeological Conceptual Model of Makassar Coastal Area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Ardhi Nugroho Sunu , Taufiq Ahmad
Published: February 2025

The rapid industrial growth and urban development of Makassar City, located on the edge of the Makassar Strait, have led to a significant reliance on groundwater pumping. Understanding the hydrogeological conceptual model is crucial due to the consequences of groundwater exploitation. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the hydrogeological conceptual model of Makassar coastal area. The methods involved gathering both primary and secondary data to define study area boundaries and determine hydrostratigraphic systems, aquifer characteristics, and hydrological conditions. The result showed 3 types of boundary conditions, namely river (Tallo, Jeneberang, and Salo Sinrijala Rivers), constant head (Makassar Straits), and no-flow boundaries (lithological contact between coastal alluvium, the Camba Formation, and the Baturape Cindako Volcanics). The hydrostratigraphic system includes an unconfined aquifer, an aquitard, a semi-unconfined aquifer, and an aquiclude layer. The study area’s hydrological conditions included an annual precipitation of 3,145 mm, evapotranspiration of 1,762 mm, runoff of 532 mm, and groundwater recharge or infiltration of 851 mm. This hydrogeological conceptual model is crucial for future groundwater modeling in the Makassar coastal area.
Carbonate Rocks Grouping Using Critical Porosity Approach in Miocene Rocks, Banggai Basin
Authors: Rahmawan S , Irham S , Nugrahanti A , Herdiansyah F , Samsol  , Prakoso S , Burhannudinnur M , Wibowo D A , Oetomo H K , Irano T , Marinada T R
Published: February 2025

Reservoir is the trapped location of hydrocarbons with diverse physical rock properties or high heterogeneity. The characteristics of rock heterogeneity significantly influence the rock’s ability to flow fluids, especially hydrocarbons contained within the reservoir rock. Several methods have been developed to classify the heterogeneity of reservoir rocks, such as the Amaful, Wibowo and Permadi methods, among others. These methods are developed based on experiments using sandstone rocks, although in some studies, they are also frequently employed in categorizing carbonate reservoir rocks. However, these commonly used methods still face challenges in rock classification when actual rock samples are unavailable. In this study, the classification of carbonate reservoir rocks is conducted using a critical porosity approach compared to the classification using the Wibowo and Permadi methods, as well as the hydraulic flow unit method employed in previous research. The data utilized in this study consists of experimental 43 rock samples from the Miocene era of the Banggai Basin. The analysis results reveal that using the Wibowo and Permadi method, 10 rock classifications are obtained, whereas employing the critical porosity approach results in 6 rock groups. Both methods demonstrate a correlation between rock pore structure and rock geometry, where rocks categorized under RT-10 in the Wibowo and Permadi method and RT-6 in the critical porosity method exhibit the smallest pore geometry values compared to other rock groups. Each rock classification signifies the rock’s fluid flow capability, with rocks categorized under RT-1 indicating better fluid flow capability as they possess finer geometries.
Preliminary Hydrogeology Conceptual Model of the East Banyuwangi Coastal Plain Area, East Java Province
Authors: Neysa Putritansy , Hendrayana Heru , Arya Pranantya Pulung
Published: February 2025

Banyuwangi Regency is located in East Java Province. A rising population and an escalating demand for water have parallelled the rapid growth of tourism in East Java’s coastal regions. This study focuses on ensuring the sustainability of water resources. To accomplish this, it employs hydrogeological principles to evaluate and estimate the potential of water resources, aiming to preserve both their quality and quantity. The research methodology encompasses geological mapping, hydrometeorological analysis, rock resistivity measurements, and water quality testing. The research defines rivers as hydrological boundaries: the Tekik River is the northern boundary, while the Sobo River is the southern boundary. The lithology of the study area includes alluvium in the coastal regions, while the western part features conglomerate rock and breccia. The aquifer system in the research area includes an intergranular space aquifer with a continuous distribution in the coastal area and a fissure and intergranular aquifer system with a low to medium level of continuity in the western area. The hydrological conditions of the research area are characterized by parameters such as an average rainfall of 1496 mm/year, an evapotranspiration rate of 1210 mm/year, a groundwater recharge rate of 74 mm/year, and a runoff rate of 212 mm/year.