bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DanRETRO: A Decision-Making Tool for Energy Retrofit Design and Assessment of Danish Buildings
Authors: Engelbrecht Foldager Henrik , Camillus Jeppesen Rasmus , Jradi Muhyiddine
Published: July 2019

The building sector contributes a substantial amount to the overall energy consumption worldwide along with a large share in the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, improving the performance of buildings is vital to achieve the energy and environmental goals. In this regard, Denmark is not an exception, where the building sector was prioritized, aiming to enhance newly-built buildings’ performance along with upgrading existing buildings through a comprehensive energy retrofit strategy. This study aims to present and demonstrate a decision-making tool for energy retrofit design and assessment of Danish buildings (DanRETRO). Unlike the current energy retrofit assessment methodologies and tools used in the Danish building market, DanRETRO builds on a database comprising a large number of simulations for Danish buildings’ performances of various types, sizes, and ages. The well-established modeling and simulation engine of EnergyPlus is used to develop the dynamic energy models. The DanRETRO tool development is presented, where multiple building retrofitting techniques and measures are carried out along with assessment of the impacts of implementing these improvements on the technical, economic, and environmental levels. The tool’s demonstration in three case study buildings is presented, where the retrofit assessment results are reported and evaluated at various levels.
The Role of Embeddedness on Regional Economic Resilience: Evidence from the UK
Authors: Kitsos Anastasios , Carrascal-Incera André , Ortega-Argilés Raquel
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the role of local industrial embeddedness on economic resilience in UK Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS2) regions. The 2008 financial crisis had a profound effect on the socioeconomic conditions of different places. UK regions had significantly divergent experiences based on their capacity to avoid or overcome the shock. Research has shed light on some potential drivers behind this differential resilience performance such as skills, but others, such as the degree of a production system’s local embeddedness, are largely underexplored. This paper aims at filling this gap. We hypothesise that the combination of positive external economies of complexity and negative lock-in effects lead to an inverted U-shaped relationship between embeddedness and resilience. We use a novel dataset and method for approximating embeddedness and fixed-effects panel regressions for the period 2000–2010 to control for regional heterogeneity. The results support our hypothesis and suggest that embeddedness has a positive effect on resilience up to a point, after which more embeddedness leads to negative resilience effects. The results call for greater attention on the relationships among local industries, particularly with regards to the recent development of local industrial strategies.
Mapping and Statistical Analysis of NO2 Concentration for Local Government Air Quality Regulation
Authors: Ryu Jieun , Park Chan , Jeon Seong Woo
Published: July 2019

With the growing interest in healthy living worldwide, there has been an increasing demand for more accurate measurements of the concentrations of air pollutants such as NO2. In particular, analyzing the characteristics and sources of air pollutants by region could improve the effectiveness of environmental policies applied in accordance with the environmental characteristics of individual regions. In this study, a detailed nationwide NO2 concentration map was generated using the cokriging interpolation technique, which integrates ground observations and satellite image data. The root-mean-square standardized (RMSS) error for this technique was close to 1, which indicates high accuracy. Using spatially interpolated NO2 concentration data, an administrative unit map was generated. When comparing the data for four NO2 data sources (observation data, satellite image data, detailed national data interpolated using cokriging, and NO2 concentrations averaged by an administrative unit based on the interpolated NO2 concentration data), the average concentrations were highest for remote sensing data. Land use regression (LUR) models of urban and non-urban regions were then developed to analyze the characteristics of the NO2 concentration by region using NO2 concentrations for the administrative units.
Role of Social and Technological Challenges in Achieving a Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Business Performance
Authors: Haseeb Muhammad , Hussain Hafezali Iqbal , Kot Sebastian , Androniceanu Armenia , Jermsittiparsert Kittisak
Published: July 2019

In the postmodern era of industrialization, sustainable business performance is vital for success in a competitive environment. In order to attain sustainable business performance, Malaysian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are facing various social and technological challenges. The objective of this study was to examine the roles of social and technological challenges in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage and sustainable business performance. To accomplish this objective, first-hand data were collected from Malaysian SMEs. Opinions of managerial staff of these SMEs were preferred regarding the roles of social and technological challenges in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage and sustainable business performance. An email survey was carried out to collect data. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed among managerial staff of SMEs. Questionnaires were distributed by using simple random sampling. By using structural equation modeling, findings of the study revealed that social and technological challenges played major roles in boosting sustainable competitive advantage and sustainable business performance. Moreover, strategic alignment was a key in reflecting the positive roles of social and technological factors on sustainable competitive advantage. Findings of the study are beneficial for practitioners and will allow their strategies to reflect sustainable competitive advantages and sustainable business performance.
Identification of Polluted Sites in Four Major Rivers in Kuantan, Malaysia based on Water Chemistry Estimates of Aquatic Microbial Activity
Authors: Kozaki Daisuke , Idayu binti Harun Norhasmira , Hein Chong Chan , Hayati binti Esraruddin Murni , binti Yunus Nor Atiah , binti Derahman Aini Syazana , Seng Pu Kee , binti Alias Nurul Syazwani , A/P Annamalai Kumutharani , Nagappan Sarmila , bin Ab. Rahim Mohd Hasbi , M. Yusoff Mashitah
Published: July 2019

Kuantan in Pahang, Malaysia has experienced rapid development and environmental degradation over the past decade following the implementation of The National Physical Plan 2005. To assess water quality and identify polluted areas in the region, we measured the water chemistry and microbial activity in response to land-use changes for four major rivers, namely, Pahang, Kuantan, Belat, and Galing, using data from ion chromatography and portable water quality monitoring devices. The following were concluded: (1) significant differences in chemical oxygen demand, COD concentration among all monitored rivers suggest that COD and its associated biological reactions are key parameters to assess anthropogenic water quality degradation in our study area; (2) due to the low anthropogenic wastewater pollution, the dominant microbial reactions in the Pahang, Kuantan, and Belat rivers were aerobic microbial oxidation of organic compounds and nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, allowing the rivers to self-purify; (3) the Galing River predominantly experiences anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds through microbial denitrification and sulfate reduction due to the heavy anthropogenic land use in the river basin; and (4) the western side of the Galing River and upstream sites located within the industrial and business/servicing areas in the Kuantan city center experience the heaviest pollution.
Implementation of Bioenergy Systems towards Achieving United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Khondokar M. , Edwards David J. , Melville Lynsey , El-Gohary Hatem
Published: July 2019

This research presents a conceptual model to illustrate how people living in rural areas can harness bioenergy to create beneficial ‘community-driven’ income-generating activities. The research is contextualised within the rural developing areas of Bangladesh where people live in abject poverty and energy deficiency. The research methodology applied in this study aims to determine the basic requirements for implementing community-based anaerobic digestion (AD) facilities and illustrate how an AD facility positively impacts upon the lives of rural communities directly after its installation. The survey results demonstrate that implementing a biogas plant can save 1 h and 43 min of worktime per day for a rural family where women are generally expected to for cook (by the long-term tradition). In addition to the positive impacts on health and climate change through adoption of clean energy generation, this time saving could be utilised to improve women′s and children’s education. The research concludes that, by providing easy access to clean bioenergy, AD can change people’s quality of life, yielding major social, economic and environmental transformations; key benefits include: extending the working day; empowering women; reducing indoor air pollution; and improving people’s health and welfare. Each of these tangible benefits can positively contribute towards achievement of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This work demonstrates the potential to increase the implementation of AD systems in other developing world countries that have similar geographic and socioeconomic conditions.
Generalized Orbifold Euler Characteristics on the Grothendieck Ring of Varieties with Actions of Finite Groups
Authors: Gusein-Zade S. M. , Luengo I. , Melle-Hernández A.
Published: July 2019

The notion of the orbifold Euler characteristic came from physics at the end of the 1980s. Coincidence (up to sign) of the orbifold Euler characteristics is a necessary condition for crepant resolutions of orbifolds to be mirror symmetric. There were defined higher order versions of the orbifold Euler characteristic and generalized (“motivic”) versions of them. In a previous paper, the authors defined a notion of the Grothendieck ring K 0 fGr ( Var C ) of varieties with actions of finite groups on which the orbifold Euler characteristic and its higher order versions are homomorphisms to the ring of integers. Here, we define the generalized orbifold Euler characteristic and higher order versions of it as ring homomorphisms from K 0 fGr ( Var C ) to the Grothendieck ring K 0 ( Var C ) of complex quasi-projective varieties and give some analogues of the classical Macdonald equations for the generating series of the Euler characteristics of the symmetric products of a space.
A Hybrid Plithogenic Decision-Making Approach with Quality Function Deployment for Selecting Supply Chain Sustainability Metrics
Authors: Abdel-Basset Mohamed , Mohamed Rehab , Zaied Abd El-Nasser H. , Smarandache Florentin
Published: July 2019

Supply chain sustainability has become one of the most attractive decision management topics. There are many articles that have focused on this field presenting many different points of view. This research is centred on the evaluation of supply chain sustainability based on two critical dimensions. The first is the importance of evaluation metrics based on economic, environmental and social aspects, and the second is the degree of difficulty of information gathering. This paper aims to increase the accuracy of the evaluation. The proposed method is a combination of quality function deployment (QFD) with plithogenic aggregation operations. The aggregation operation is applied to aggregate: Firstly, the decision maker’s opinions of requirements that are needed to evaluate the supply chain sustainability; secondly, the evaluation metrics based on the requirements; and lastly, the evaluation of information gathering difficulty. To validate the proposed model, this study presented a real world case study of Thailand’s sugar industry. The results showed the most preferred and the lowest preferred metrics in order to evaluate the sustainability of the supply chain strategy.
A New Method for MAGDM Based on Improved TOPSIS and a Novel Pythagorean Fuzzy Soft Entropy
Authors: Han Qi , Li Weimin , Song Yafei , Zhang Tao , Wang Rugen
Published: July 2019

A decision-making environment is full of uncertainty and complexity. Existing tools include fuzzy sets, soft sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) and so on. Compared with intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), PFSs proposed by Yager have advantages in handling vagueness in the real world and possess good symmetry. The entropy measure is the most widespread form of uncertainty measure. In this paper, we improve the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method to better deal with multiple-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems based on Pythagorean fuzzy soft sets (PFSSs). To better determine the weights of attributes, we firstly define a novel Pythagorean fuzzy soft entropy which is more reasonable and valid. Meanwhile the entropy has good symmetry. Entropy for PFSSs which is used to determine the subjective weights of attributes is also defined. Then we introduce a measure to calculate integrated weights by combining objective weights and subjective weights. Based on the integrated weights, the TOPSIS method is generalized and improved to solve the MAGDM problem. A distance measure taking into account the characteristics of Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (PFNs) is used to calculate distance between alternatives and ideal solutions. Finally, the proposed MAGDM method is applied in the case of selecting a missile position. Compared with other methods, it is shown that the proposed method can rank alternatives more reasonably and have higher distinguishability.
Toxic Flatworm Egg Plates Serve as a Possible Source of Tetrodotoxin for Pufferfish
Authors: Okabe Taiki , Oyama Hikaru , Kashitani Maho , Ishimaru Yuta , Suo Rei , Sugita Haruo , Itoi Shiro
Published: July 2019

The pufferfish Takifugu niphobles (at present Takifugu alboplumbeus) possesses highly concentrated tetrodotoxin (TTX), an extremely potent neurotoxin that provides effective protection from predators, at least at the larval stages. However, the source of the toxin has remained unclear. Recently, DNA from the toxic flatworm Planocera multitentaculata was detected in the intestinal contents of juveniles and young of the pufferfish, suggesting that the flatworm contributes to its toxification at various stages of its life. In this study, we describe the behavior of the pufferfish in the intertidal zone that appears to contribute to its toxification before and during its spawning period: pufferfish were found to aggregate and ingest flatworm egg plates by scraping them off the surface of rocks. DNA analysis based on 28S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes identified the egg plates as those of P. multitentaculata. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the egg plates contain highly concentrated TTX. The feeding behavior of the pufferfish on the flatworm egg plates was also observed in the aquarium. These results suggest that pufferfish feed on the flatworm egg plate, which enables them to acquire toxicity themselves while providing their offspring with the protective shield of TTX.
Phases of Hadron-Quark Matter in (Proto) Neutron Stars
Authors: Weber Fridolin , Farrell Delaney , Spinella William M. , Malfatti Germán , Orsaria Milva G. , Contrera Gustavo A. , Maloney Ian
Published: July 2019

In the first part of this paper, we investigate the possible existence of a structured hadron-quark mixed phase in the cores of neutron stars. This phase, referred to as the hadron-quark pasta phase, consists of spherical blob, rod, and slab rare phase geometries. Particular emphasis is given to modeling the size of this phase in rotating neutron stars. We use the relativistic mean-field theory to model hadronic matter and the non-local three-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model to describe quark matter. Based on these models, the hadron-quark pasta phase exists only in very massive neutron stars, whose rotational frequencies are less than around 300 Hz. All other stars are not dense enough to trigger quark deconfinement in their cores. Part two of the paper deals with the quark-hadron composition of hot (proto) neutron star matter. To this end we use a local three-flavor Polyakov–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model which includes the ’t Hooft (quark flavor mixing) term. It is found that this term leads to non-negligible changes in the particle composition of (proto) neutron stars made of hadron-quark matter.
Complex History of Codiversification and Host Switching of a Newfound Soricid-Borne Orthohantavirus in North America
Authors: Liphardt Schuyler W. , Kang Hae Ji , Dizney Laurie J. , Ruedas Luis A. , Cook Joseph A. , Yanagihara Richard
Published: July 2019

Orthohantaviruses are tightly linked to the ecology and evolutionary history of their mammalian hosts. We hypothesized that in regions with dramatic climate shifts throughout the Quaternary, orthohantavirus diversity and evolution are shaped by dynamic host responses to environmental change through processes such as host isolation, host switching, and reassortment. Jemez Springs virus (JMSV), an orthohantavirus harbored by the dusky shrew (Sorex monticola) and five close relatives distributed widely in western North America, was used to test this hypothesis. Total RNAs, extracted from liver or lung tissue from 164 shrews collected from western North America during 1983–2007, were analyzed for orthohantavirus RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenies inferred from the L-, M-, and S-segment sequences of 30 JMSV strains were compared with host mitochondrial cytochrome b. Viral clades largely corresponded to host clades, which were primarily structured by geography and were consistent with hypothesized post-glacial expansion. Despite an overall congruence between host and viral gene phylogenies at deeper scales, phylogenetic signals were recovered that also suggested a complex pattern of host switching and at least one reassortment event in the evolutionary history of JMSV. A fundamental understanding of how orthohantaviruses respond to periods of host population expansion, contraction, and secondary host contact is the key to establishing a framework for both more comprehensive understanding of orthohantavirus evolutionary dynamics and broader insights into host–pathogen systems.
Local Scour of Armor Layer Processes around the Circular Pier in Non-Uniform Gravel Bed
Authors: Pandey Manish , Chen Su-Chin , Sharma P. K. , Ojha C. S. P. , Kumar V.
Published: July 2019

Flume experiments have been carried out under clear water scour conditions to analyze the maximum equilibrium scour depth and scour processes in armored streambeds. A total of 85 experiments have been carried out using different diameters of circular piers and non-uniform gravels. A graphical approach for dimensionless scour depth in equilibrium condition around the circular pier in armored streambeds has been developed. As per this curve, the maximum dimensionless scour depth variation with dimensionless armor particle size depends on the densimetric particle Froude number (Frd50), and the decreasing rate of dimensionless scour depth decreases with the value of Frd50.
Temporal Soil Moisture Variations in Different Vegetation Cover Types in Karst Areas of Southwest China: A Plot Scale Case Study
Authors: Zhou Qiuwen , Sun Zhiyan , Liu Xiaolin , Wei Xiaocha , Peng Zheng , Yue Caiwen , Luo Yaxue
Published: July 2019

For different vegetation types, soil moisture content shows varying characteristics in different seasons and under different precipitation conditions. However, these characteristics have not been extensively analyzed in karst regions of southwest China. In this study, the soil moisture content of four plots of bare land, grassland, shrubland, and forestland was monitored, and the soil moisture content and corresponding meteorological data for each plot were analyzed. The results indicate that the average soil moisture content in grassland was the highest with weak temporal variation and that in bare, shrub, and forest lands soil moisture content was low with moderate temporal variation. The average soil moisture content in bare, grass, and forest lands was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas in shrubland, the soil moisture content was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. Increase in soil moisture content during each precipitation event correlated with the rainfall amount. With increasing rainfall amount, soil moisture content in forest and shrub lands increased more than in bare and grass lands. The peak soil moisture time in each vegetation type plot varied and the peak soil moisture time was related to soil moisture content before a rainfall event. Temperature showed a strong negative correlation with soil moisture content for all vegetation cover types in both the dry and rainy season. Wind speed also showed a strong negative correlation with soil moisture content for all vegetation types during the dry season. Relative humidity had a strong positive correlation with soil moisture content in bare, shrub, and forest lands during the dry season as well as in the four vegetation types during the rainy season. These results demonstrate the variations in soil water characteristics across different vegetation types in karst regions of southwest China.
Study on the Raw Water Allocation and Optimization in Shenzhen City, China
Authors: Jiang Zhiqiang , Wang Chao , Liu Yi , Feng Zhongkai , Ji Changming , Zhang Hairong
Published: July 2019

In order to allocate the raw water of the complex water supply system in Shenzhen reasonably, this paper studied the complex network relationship of this large-scale urban water supply system, which consists of 46 reservoirs, 67 waterworks, 2 external diversion water sources, 14 pumping stations and 9 gates, and described each component of the system with the concepts of point, line and plane. Using the topological analysis technology and graph theory, a generalized model of the network topological structure of the urban water allocation system was established. On this basis, combined with the water demand prediction and allocation model of waterworks, a water resources allocation model was established, aiming at satisfying the guaranteed rate of the water supply. The decomposition and coordination principle of the large-scale system and the dynamic simulation technology of the supply-demand balance were adopted to solve the model. The forward calculation mode of controlling waterworks and pumps, and the reverse calculation mode of controlling reservoirs and waterworks were designed in solving the model, and a double-layer feedback mechanism was formed, which took the reverse calculation mode as outer feedback and the reservoir water level constraint or pipeline capacity constraint as inner feedback. Through the verification calculation of the case study, it was found that the proposed model can deal well with the raw water allocation of a large-scale complex water supply system, which had an important application value and a practical significance.
Approche systémique et analyse séquentielle des carbonates continentaux dans les milieux méditerranéens
Authors: Vaudour Jean
Published: July 2019

Dans le domaine méditerranéen, des géosystèmes continentaux caractérisés par des accumulations carbonatées externes ou internes, ont enregistré les réponses de l'environnement aux variations climatiques. Cette note souligne les progrès dans la pétrologie et la datation des spéléothèmes et des travertins et confirme l'origine biologique et superficielle des croûtes zonaires et de leur signification «désertique». Des marges tempérées aux marges arides, l 'étude séquentielle comparée des milieux carbonatés étaye la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements humides et précise la place des faciès carbonatés et de l'optimum climatique (humide chaud ou humide frais ?) dans la chronologie isotopique.
Les valeurs record d'ablation karstique dans les montagnes Nakanaï (Nouvelle-Bretagne, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée)
Authors: Audra Philippe
Published: July 2019

Range and distribution of the karstic denudation in the Nakanaï Mountains karst (New Britain, Papua New-Guinea).

New Britain karst benefits from significant rainfall, estimated at 12 m in the mountains. A dense rainforest provides carbon dioxide allowing intense limestone solution. Hydrodynamic of the Muruk-Berenice system is approached using physical and chemical data (temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved carbonates, discharge) collected in several points at different times. Three types of recharge occur. The covered epikarst supplies both rapid and slow seepage that is saturated when entering the karst conduits or slightly later. Sinkholes, acting mainly during flood, supply aggressive water flowing quickly and allowing solution in deepest parts. Flood dilutes the chemical load, which also decreases with altitude according to rainfall gradient. The karstic denudation ranges at about 400 m3/km2/ year corresponding to hyperkarst conditions.
Les inondations en région Nord-Pas-de-Calais : essai de synthèse régionale
Authors: Laganier Richard , Kergomard Claude , Dacharry Monique
Published: July 2019

La région Nord -Pas-de-Calais compte parmi les régions de France les plus vulnérables au risque d'inondation. L 'objet de cet article est d'établir une synthèse régionale du risque mettant l 'accent à la fois sur les processus physiques en jeu et sur les facteurs sociaux qui fondent la vulnérabilité. La définition du risque amène à présenter les modes d'action publique en charge de gérer le risque inondation, à l 'échelle de la région.
Erosion et lutte anti-érosive dans les milieux sahélo-soudaniens
Authors: Morel Alain , Bouzou-Moussa Ibrahim
Published: July 2019

Les milieux sahélo-soudaniens sont des milieux très contraignants : pluviosité irrégulière et insuffisante ; vents réguliers et efficaces ; forte et constante chaleur ; sols dégradés. Cet article, synthèse de plusieurs recherches menées au Niger, au Mali et au Burkina Faso, présente les caractéristiques de l'érosion et de la lutte anti-érosive dans ces milieux. Il ressort que ces milieux fragiles subissent de fortes pressions humaines qui favorisent l 'érosion des sols. Cette érosion perdure malgré les actions de lutte conduites par les populations elles-mêmes et les nombreux projets de développement rural. Aussi, à cause de la faible capacité d'investissement des populations, la lutte anti-érosive reste toujours problématique.
La nécessaire prise en compte de l'histoire du climat
Authors: Le Roy Ladurie Emmanuel
Published: July 2019

Climate history and especially Little Ice Age study provide many informations. For each period, there are a lot of datas concerning life conditions and transport difficulties. Glaciers' fluctuations and dendrochronology results may help historians to put a scientific interpretation on social and economic history. Climatic pejorations periods correspond sometimes with famines and hard times for exchanges across mountains. This paper get to the root of this matter in the XVIIth century in France and in Europe. It analyses also the 1812-1825 period and especially the consequences of Tambora vulcano's explosion (Insulindia).
Une politique du passage : le Valais
Authors: Rey-Bellet Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2019

Since the celtic period to nowdays, Valais has been a important place for crossing and exchanges thanks to the Grand-Saint-Bernard and Simplon passes. The construction of the road to the Simplon (1880) was a decisive turning point. In the XX th century, new ways and tunnels, such as Simplon's (1906), Loetschberg (1913) and Grand Saint-Bernard (1964), have been achieved. The recent national road A9 (motorway of the Rhône) and european roads E27 (Grand Saint-Bernard) and E62 (Simplon) permitted the Valais to maintain its trunk road, with important trans-european traffics, despite the E50 (Mont-Cenis), the E25 (Mont-Blanc), the E35 (Gothard) and the E45 (Brenner). But increasing HGV traffics may create problems.

With the development of Loetschberg-Simplon s railway tunnel (50 % achieved), West Switzerland and specially Valais' canton, are now continuing a politic of opening toward Europe, between mediterranean Sea and North Sea. The two alpine regions of Valais and Val d'Aoste are also studying the project of a trunk railway crossing between Martigny, Aoste and Santhia.
Gestion des risques et peuplements helvétiques. L'exemple du Gothard
Authors: Pigeon Patrick
Published: July 2019

L 'article s 'interroge sur la patrimonialisation discrète, faiblement valorisée par le tourisme, d'anciennes infrastructures qu 'imposa la gestion des risques liés au franchissement alpin sur l'axe du Gothard. Il défend l'hypothèse que ces dernières furent partiellement préservées après qu 'elles aient fini de jouer un rôle direct pour le franchissement en raison du fait qu 'elles ont contribué à la formation des peuplements helvétiques, aux échelles locales comme nationales. Cette hypothèse peut être validée par l'implication précoce des communautés locales dans la gestion directe des risques liés au franchissement, tant leurs économies dépendirent rapidement des échanges internationaux transalpins. Dans ces conditions, la carte politique actuelle de la Suisse traduit partiellement cette volonté de contrôler un axe jugé central pour les cantons directement concernés comme pour l'Etat helvétique.
Présentation générale de la première demi-journée
Authors: Nicoud Gérard , Coutterand Sylvain
Published: July 2019

Tra Annecy e Chamonix, i terreni del substrato roccioso più diffusi sono : molasse argillose fino a Cluses, calcari e marne giurassico-cretacee dei massicci delfinesi ; da Chedde al tunnel del Monte Bianco è invece affiorante lo zoccolo cristallino. Durante il modellamento di queste diverse unità, dal est a ovest, il ghiacciaio dell'Arve s.l ha foggiato tre grandi c one he di sovraescavazione (Chamonix, Sallanches e Bonneville) che contengono oggi de lie voluminose formazioni superjiciali : glaciali, lacustri, fluvio-torrentizie e di versante. Gli studi cartografici fanno apparire l'insieme delle tappe/stadi del ritiro glaciale. Le misure dei bilanci di massa e dei fronti glaciali precisano le fluttuazioni durante l'Olocene. Se la cronologia relativa è ben definita, la cronologia assoluta è solamente basata sull 'età Be di un masso erratico a Combloux (17540 ± 50 BP) e l'età di un frammento ligneo dello Stadio di Chamonix (~ 11000 BP).
Présentation générale de la deuxième demi-journée
Authors: Deline Philip
Published: July 2019

Sviluppandosi su una lunghezza di più di 13 km dall'ingresso italiano del Tunnel del Monte Bianco (1370m) fino al Col de la Seigne (2516 m), la Val Veny è dominata dal massiccio del Monte Bianco. In questa valle glaciale occupata dalla testata del ghiacciaio Balteo durante il LGM, i due versanti sono molto contrastanti per quanto riguarda l'assetto lito-strutturale, l'energia del rilievo, il grado di copertura glaciale e la morfodinamica. Alla fine del Tardiglaciale e durante l'Olocene, il fondovalle è stato modellatto dai ghiacciai locali (stops 1-3), mentre grandi crolli rocciosi hanno interressato i versanti (stop 3).
Arrêt 3 -Les écroulements holocènes sur la Brenva (Plan Ponquet)
Authors: Deline Philip
Published: July 2019

I grandi crolli rocciosi (V > 1 106 m3) costituiscono un importante processo nella morfodinamica dei versanti dell'alta montagna alpina. Il riconoscimento délia frequenze e dell'intensita di questo rischio, reso indispensabile dalla vulnérabilité antropica molto accentuata nell'ultimo mezzo secolo, richiede lo studio geomorfologico dei depositi correlati. Il bacino glaciale délia Brenva ben si presta a taie studio : in effetti, con una superficie di 8 km2 ed un dislivello di 3400 m, questo ghiacciaio, dominato da alte pared sopraglaciali, è stato percorso a due riprese durante il XX secolo da grandi crolli rocciosi. Il 18/01/1997, un volume roccioso di ~ 2 ' 106 m3 si è distaccato dallo Sperone délia Brenva (3873 m) : la sua caduta sul ghiacciaio ha innescato un 'enorme valanga in aerosol. Il deposito misto (granito, ghiaccio, neve) di questo crollo ha ricoperto la maggior parte del ghiacciaio inferiore, come già awenuto per il crollo del novembre 1920, costituito da un volume di 2.5-3.5 ' 106 m3 rilasciato dal Grand Pilier d'Angle (4308 m).

La geometria del bacino glaciale e del ghiacciaio inferiore "costringe" la traiettoria dei crolli in modo che una parte dei depositi — controllata dall 'incassamento del ghiacciaio inferiore tra le sue morene laterali — ricopre il fianco esterno délia morena latérale destra (come è awenuto nel 1920 e 1997) e forma una falda detritica basale. Mentre l 'apporto di ognuno dei due crolli del XX secolo è riconoscibile per uno spessore metrico di depositi sulla superficie attuale, il rigonfiamento délia falda detritica alla base délia morena suggerisce l'esistertza di un numéro minimo di 20-40 grandi crolli rocciosi durante l'Olocene.

Mentre i depositi antici ricoprono il piede del versante délia Val Veny esposto a sud, diversi argomenti geomor-fologici, sedimentologici, storici e iconografici lasciano supporre l'occorrenza di tre grandi crolli rocciosi nel Medioevo e durante la PEG (> V-VII secolo, XIV-XV secolo, 1767), in concordanza con la frequenza minima olo-cenica di due crolli al millennio, dedotta dell 'analisi délia falda basale. La domanda sulla relazione tra i tassi di accumulo di questi crolli e le fluttuazioni climatiche caratterizzate da ritmi diversi rimane ciononostante aperta.
Encadré : Paléogéographie de la région du massif du Mont Blanc pendant le dernier maximum glaciaire - Approche chronologique
Authors: Coutterand Sylvain
Published: July 2019

Applicati a grande scala alla regione del Massiccio del Monte Bianco, i nostri lavori di ricostruzione del glacia-lismo durante il LGM permettono di proporre una paleogeografia coerente délia regione. La morfogenesi molto attiva dei massicci cristallini permette di attribuire un'età recente alla genesi de lie trimlines. Il nostro approccio riguardante l'età del LGM si appoggia sui criteri geomorfologici e su una datazione ottenuta dalla misura degli isotopi cosmogenici prodotti in situ, la quale implica per il LGM un età anteriore a 26 000 y BP.
Arrêt 1 -L'ombilic d'Aoste, une dynamique lacustre complexe (Sarre)
Authors: Nicoud Gérard , Cobos Gabriel de los , Fudral Serge , Dray Martial , Pollicini F. , Novel J.-R. , Parriaux Aurèle , Zuppi Gian Maria , Bonetto F. , Paillet A. , Olive Philippe , Puig Jean-Michel
Published: July 2019

L'attuale morfologia dovuta a fenomeni e depositi gravitativi, torrentizi ed alluvionali, nasconde una potente successione sedimentaria legata ad una dinamica lacustre evolutasi in due fasi :

-la formazione di un primo lago, maggiore per dimensioni e sviluppo (circa 35 km di lunghezza), con un pelo libero attorno alla quota 510 m s.l.m.m., occupante la porzione centrale délia valle d'Aosta e ritenuto da un verrou del substrato rocciosi, oggi sepolto, e dal corpo di frana per crollo in roccia del Mont Avi, presso Saint Vincent, più a valle.

-la formazione di un secondo lago, minore e più recente, con un pelo libero a circa 525 m s.l.m.m. originatosi da uno sbarramento dovuto ad accumuli di depositi gravitativi presso Fénis. L'estensione longitudinale di questo specchio d'acqua è stimabile in 11 km.

Viene anche discussa l'ipotesi di un lago per sbarramento originatosi da un anfiteatro morenico presso Fénis, ma questa appare poco probabile.

La progradazione, in due fasi, dei delta del fiume Dora Baltea e soprattutto del torrente Buthier ha generato, a monte délia confluenza dei due corsi d'acqua, una successione di depositi grossolani (grossi ciottoli, ghiaie e sabbie) di potenza superiore agli 80 m. A valle invece questo corpo sedimentario si présenta meno potente e sdop-piato dall 'interposizione di un orizzonte limoso di spessore metrico creando cosi le conditizioni per l'instaurarsi di un acquifero confinato nel livello inferiore.
Arrêt 4 -Réflexions sur l'instabilité des versants de la basse Vallée d'Aoste ; les mouvements de terrain entre Bard et Donnas
Authors: Dalbard Emmanuel
Published: July 2019

Nella valle glaciale délia Dora Baltea, da entrambi i fianchi del verrou di Bard, la Bassa Valle d'Aosta si carat-terizza non solamente dalla ripidità dei suoi fianchi ma anche dal forte contrasto fra gli affioramenti rocciosi e le formazioni superficiali. Le pareti gneissiche sono esposte ai crolli rocciosi mentre gli scivolamenti complessi interessano le scarpate costituite da micascisti. In uno spazio ristretto, densamente occupato e fortemente antro-pizzato, le società umane sono minacciate dai capricci délia Dora Baltea e dai pericoli dei versanti. Una migliore conoscenza dei processi morfodinamici e dei loro fattori di innesco, ed anche una ridefinizione dei Piani Regolatori Comunali, dovrebbero favorire una più diffusa prevenzione di questi rischi naturali.
Arrêt 2 -Sols fossiles et surfaces de base des unités glaciaires de l'amphithéâtre morainique de Rivoli - Avigliana (Pianezza)
Authors: Carraro Francesco , Fioraso Gian Franco , Lucchesi Stefania
Published: July 2019

Nello stop lungo l'incisione della Dora Riparia nel tratto compreso tra gli abitati di Alpignano e Collegno, sono visibili i più antichi termini della successione quaternaria affiorante nell'area dell'AMRA. Si tratta dei depositi fluviali dell'unità di S. Gillio sui quali appoggiano i depositi glaciali di fondo dell'Allomembro di C.ne Vica.
Arrêt 1 -La glaciation locale du Val Clarea (moyenne Vallée de Suse) (Chiomonte)
Authors: Carraro Francesco , Giardino Marco
Published: July 2019

La breve fermata permette di osservare l'interferenza fra il modellamento glaciale principale e quello relativo al ghiacciaio tributario della Val Clarea. Viene anche fatto riferimento al Gran Pertus un opera idraulica di valore storico che attraversa la dorsale carbonatica spartiacque fra la Val Clarea e la Valle di Susa.
Les compagnies aériennes à bas prix et le tourisme en Europe : état des lieux et perspectives
Authors: Thorez Pierre , Zembri Pierre
Published: July 2019

Les compagnies aériennes «low cost» se sont très largement développées à partir de la fin des années 1990 en Europe. Elles se sont très tôt focalisées sur une clientèle touristique souhaitant voyager au moindre prix et, pour partie, complètement spécialisées dans ce segment. On peut d'ailleurs noter que certaines «low cost» opéraient auparavant en tant que compagnies charter.

Il devient intéressant aujourd'hui d'évaluer l'importance du segment touristique dans l'offre «low cost» actuelle, tant en valeur absolue qu 'en valeur relative. Les réseaux des compagnies ouest-européennes ont une nette tendance à s 'organiser en un ensemble de relations Nord-Sud avec un tropisme méditerranéen marqué. Le tourisme balnéaire estival est largement prépondérant par rapport au tourisme hivernal en montagne. Cela dit, l'offre reste relativement abondante hors saison, ce qui facilite une fréquentation touristique mieux étalée dans l'année, stimulée par les tarifs attractifs du transport aérien mais aussi par les «packages» attractifs négociés avec les prestataires locaux. La multiplication des lignes directes entre aéroports secondaires et lieux de destination renforce l'attractivité de ces derniers et contribue largement à diversifier les origines de la clientèle. On peut donc supposer que le modèle de desserte qui se construit progressivement (les aires desservies s'élargissent toujours à l'heure actuelle) profite aussi bien aux transporteurs qu 'aux acteurs touristiques locaux, ce que devront confirmer des études ciblées sur les territoires concernés.

Ce phénomène ne concerne plus seulement les pays d'Europe occidentale : de nouvelles compagnies (qui ne répondent pas forcément à la définition occidentale du «low cost») émergent en Europe centrale et orientale et de nouveaux liens origine-destination (OD) apparaissent, avec la même logique Nord-Sud mais un tropisme méditerranéen moins marqué : la mer Noire retrouve la vocation touristique antérieure dont elle avait été investie dans la période soviétique.
Éléments pour une géographie de l'offre charter européenne face à la concurrence des compagnies low-cost
Authors: Dobruszkes Frédéric , Schepens Vincent , Decroly Jean-Michel
Published: July 2019

L'offre aérienne de type charter s 'est développée après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, favorisant, avec le contexte socio-économique de l'époque, le tourisme de masse. L'offre est intégrée à des packages mis sur le marché par des tours-opérateurs et incluant au minimum le transport et le logement. Alors que cette offre ne semble pas négligeable et fait partie de pratiques touristiques largement répandues dans certains pays, sa géographie est très mal connue. En outre, la concurrence des compagnies low-cost est également peu analysée. Étudiant l'offre depuis cinq pays nord-européens, cette communication confirme que l'offre charter est dirigée vers les régions méridionales du tourisme de masse, essentiellement côtières. Les réseaux sont façonnés par les tours-opérateurs, pivots du système, sous contrainte des facteurs locaux (économiques, politiques, sociaux, environnementaux et techniques). La libéralisation européenne du transport aérien et la montée en puissance des compagnies low-cost qui s 'en est suivie ont cependant fait régresser, voire disparaître, les vols charters des destinations sur les vols de moins de 2,5 heures (Italie, sud de la France). A contrario, on observe un bien meilleur maintien des vols charters vers les destinations plus reculées (Canaries, Grèce) ou encore régulées par les accords internationaux (Egypte, Tunisie, Chypre au moment de notre étude).
Nature mobile et touriste transporté... Enjeux et problèmes liés aux déplacements touristiques dans les parcs nationaux des montagnes de l'Ouest canadien
Authors: Héritier Stéphane
Published: July 2019

Cette contribution s'interroge sur le rôle des transports dans le développement des parcs en tant qu'espaces touristiques. Les axes de transport nationaux qui ont contribué à assurer le développement de la fréquentation des parcs nationaux canadiens sont aujourd'hui au cœur d'enjeux majeurs en terme de protection de l'environnement et de gestion des flux de transports transcontinentaux. L'analyse montre que l'activité touristique et les besoins de transports se nourrissent mutuellement, mais il apparaît également que le durcissement des objectifs de protection de l'environnement dans les parcs crée une situation nouvelle. Elle suggère une redéfinition des conditions d'accès aux sites, une réorganisation des aménagements, et de nouvelles pratiques de l'espace parc où le déplacement individuel pourrait probablement céder la place aux formes collectives, actuellement considérées comme moins dégradantes pour les écosystèmes.
L'émergence du tourisme fluvial en Europe
Authors: Woessner Raymond
Published: July 2019

L 'Europe (Russie et Ukraine exclues) recèle un certain nombre de régions fluviales, qui ont chacune une histoire, une culture et des intérêts partagés, des soutiens locaux plus ou moins affirmés... Elles exploitent différemment leur potentiel territorial, dans leur manière de le percevoir puis de le mettre en tourisme. L'angle d'approche de l'article est celui de l'émergence territoriale. Le tourisme fluvial utilise des infrastructures qui ont d'abord été conçues et construites pour le transport de marchandises. Il ne peut pas s 'agir d'une pure logique économique, avec ses investissements, ses amortissements et ses profits. Il importe de comprendre comment un jeu d'acteurs se met en place, apportant ainsi une innovation qui crée une organisation régionale. Trois «modèles» apparaissent particulièrement pertinents ; ils sont susceptibles de s 'exporter en-dehors de leur région d'origine. Ainsi, les Britanniques, sur une base culturelle particulièrement robuste, ont sauvé puis développé la petite batellerie. Les Rhénans et les Danubiens, forts de leurs grands fleuves, font croître une activité de type industriel, parfois adossée à la reconversion du transport des voyageurs. Enfin, il reste un modèle plus empirique, où la petite batellerie et la proximité jouent un rôle déterminant. L'article fait le point sur les réalités régionales et sur les conditions de l'émergence du tourisme fluvial.
Le voyage sur la Nakasendô (Japon)
Authors: Guichard-Anguis Sylvie
Published: July 2019

In Japan transports, communications and the related facilities (railways stations, inns, places to eat etc.), the material culture (local savouries, local handicrafts etc.) going with them without forgetting the urban creations (post-towns, harbours etc.) play the parts of tourist attractions which nourish a great part of the culture of travel (tabi no bunka). A great deal of Japanese cultural heritage comes from goods and properties associated with moving. This paper wonders why such an attraction goes as far as building again a lot of those amenities associated with the culture of travel. It focuses on the Nakasendô, one of the main five roads linking Edo the present Tokyo to every corner of the country from the XVII century to the middle of the XIX century. Parallel to the Tokaidô which borders the Pacific Ocean, the Nakasendô crosses mountainous regions. Preserved on a large part, sided with post-towns which for some of them become real pioneers in the protection of urban landscapes, the Nakasendô still remains very popular. Nostalgia for a bygone age idealised and reinvented plays one of the major reason of this attraction.
Autoroutes et dynamique du tourisme
Authors: Griffond-Boitier Anne
Published: July 2019

The widening of the motorway network in France, during the nineties, gives the opportunity to analyze the relationships between accessibility and tourism. The A 39 skirts the foothills of the Jura and improve its accessibility although it does not penetrate into the mountains. From this example, we wished to evaluate the impact of such an infrastructure on the tourism activity in the Jura. The adopted method involves following the development of tourism starting from multiple sources provided by national statistics, traffic surveys carried out before and after the opening of the A 39, and the interviews of the people in charge for tourism in the Jura. The interest of these investigations is also to measure the degree to which the distance from the motorway structures the development of tourism. Since the opening of the A 39 in 1998, visitor numbers have not increased, so the element "transport" doesn't stimulate visits. Even if it does not guarantee development, the motorway opens up possibilities because it is a tool of communication. It can also influence the decision of tourists to pass through the Jura wine-growing area or to encourage visits by locals to the ski resorts of the Jura. Of course, this is only one element among a chain of factors which condition the visitor numbers ; among those, the weather conditions and the support for local development are just as fundamental as accessibility.