bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Edge Selectivity of In Situ Electrochemical Pt Deposition on Edge‐Rich Layered WS2 Nanosheets
Authors: Tang Kai , Wang Xianfu , Li Qun , Yan Chenglin
Published: December 2017

Recent studies show that the Pt electrode can be slowly dissolved into the acidic media and regenerate on the working electrode along with the long‐time hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) test. However, to date, the relationship between the Pt deposition and the intrinsic properties of the working electrode remains elusive. Herein, for the first time, the edge selectivity of in situ electrochemical Pt deposition on layered 2H‐WS2 nanosheets, whose edge surface with rich dangling bonds is chemically active to regulate their properties, especially the interfacial reaction occurring between the electrode surface and the adjacent thin layer of the solution, is theoretically elucidated and experimentally verified by controlling the cathode polarization test using Pt wire as the counter electrode in H2SO4 solution. It is revealed that the layered WS2 nanosheets with rich exposed edges show much stronger interaction with Pt atoms because the terminated S22− or S2− ligands on the edge exhibit much lower binding energy for Pt atoms compared with the apical S2− ligands on the terrace surface. The in situ electrochemical Pt‐deposited WS2 nanosheets with rich exposed edges can act as a highly active hybrid electrocatalyst to accelerate HER kinetics and exhibit commercial Pt‐like HER performance, especially in the alkaline media.
Polymer Encapsulants Incorporating Light‐Guiding Architectures to Increase Optical Energy Conversion in Solar Cells
Authors: Biria Saeid , Chen Fu Hao , Pathreeker Shreyas , Hosein Ian D.
Published: December 2017

The fabrication of a new type of solar cell encapsulation architecture comprising a periodic array of step‐index waveguides is reported. The materials are fabricated through patterning with light in a photoreactive binary blend of crosslinking acrylate and urethane, wherein phase separation induces the spontaneous, directed formation of broadband, cylindrical waveguides. This microstructured material efficiently collects and transmits optical energy over a wide range of entry angles. Silicon solar cells comprising this encapsulation architecture show greater total external quantum efficiencies and enhanced wide‐angle light capture and conversion. This is a rapid, straightforward, and scalable approach to process light‐collecting structures, whereby significant increases in cell performance may be achieved.
Single‐Carbon‐Nanotube Manipulations and Devices Based on Macroscale Anthracene Flakes
Authors: Shen Boyuan , Zhu Zhenxing , Zhang Jinyan , Xie Huanhuan , Bai Yunxiang , Wei Fei
Published: December 2017

Because of the outstanding mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a CNT‐based torsion pendulum is demonstrated to show great potential in nano‐electromechanical systems. It is also expected to achieve various manipulations for further characterization and increase device sensitivity using ultrlong CNTs and macroscale moving parts. However, the reported top‐down method limits the CNT performance and device size by introducing inevitable contamination and destruction, which greatly hinders the development of single‐molecule devices. Here, a bottom‐up method is introduced to fabricate heterostructures of anthracene flakes (AFs) and suspended CNTs, providing a nondamaging CNT mechanical measurement before further applications, especially for the twisting behavior, and providing a controllable and clean transfer method to fabricate CNT‐based electrical devices under ambient conditions. Based on the unique geometry of CNT/AF heterostructures, various complex manipulations of single‐CNT devices are conducted to investigate CNT mechanical properties and prompt novel applications of similar structures in nanotechnology. The AF‐decorated CNTs show high Young's modulus (≈1 TPa) and tensile strength (≈100 GPa), and can be considered as the finest and strongest torsional springs. CNT‐based torsion balance enables to measure fN‐level forces and the torsional spring constant is two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported values.
Scalable Green Synthesis and Full‐Scale Test of the Metal–Organic Framework CAU‐10‐H for Use in Adsorption‐Driven Chillers
Authors: Lenzen Dirk , Bendix Phillip , Reinsch Helge , Fröhlich Dominik , Kummer Harry , Möllers Marc , Hügenell Philipp P. C. , Gläser Roger , Henninger Stefan , Stock Norbert
Published: December 2017

The demand for cooling devices has increased during the last years and this trend will continue. Adsorption‐driven chillers (ADCs) using water as the working fluid and low temperature waste energy for regeneration are an environmentally friendly alternative to currently employed cooling devices and can concurrently help to dramatically decrease energy consumption. Due to the ideal water sorption behavior and proven lifetime stability of [Al(OH)(m‐BDC)] ∙ x H2O (m‐BDC2− = 1,3‐benzenedicarboxylate), also denoted CAU‐10‐H, a green very robust synthesis process under reflux, with high yields up to 95% is developed and scaled up to kg‐scale. Shaping of the adsorbent is demonstrated, which is important for an application. Thus monoliths and coatings of CAU‐10‐H are produced using a water‐based binder. The composites are thoroughly characterized toward their mechanical stability and water sorption behavior. Finally a full‐scale heat exchanger is coated and tested under ADC working conditions. Fast adsorption dynamic leads to a high power output and a good power density. A low regeneration temperature of only 70 °C is demonstrated, allowing the use of low temperature sources like waste heat and solar thermal collectors.
Rational Design of Statically and Dynamically Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Sulfur Loading and Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio
Authors: Chung Sheng‐Heng , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: December 2017

The primary challenge with lithium–sulfur battery research is the design of sulfur cathodes that exhibit high electrochemical efficiency and stability while keeping the sulfur content and loading high and the electrolyte/sulfur ratio low. With a systematic investigation, a novel graphene/cotton‐carbon cathode is presented here that enables sulfur loading and content as high as 46 mg cm−2 and 70 wt% with an electrolyte/sulfur ratio of as low as only 5. The graphene/cotton‐carbon cathodes deliver peak capacities of 926 and 765 mA h g−1, respectively, at C/10 and C/5 rates, which translate into high areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities of, respectively, 43 and 35 mA h cm−2, 648 and 536 mA h g−1, and 1067 and 881 mA h cm−3 with a stable cyclability. They also exhibit superior cell‐storage capability with 95% capacity‐retention, a low self‐discharge constant of just 0.0012 per day, and stable poststorage cyclability after storing over a long period of six months. This work demonstrates a viable approach to develop lithium–sulfur batteries with practical energy densities exceeding that of lithium‐ion batteries.
Tailorable Upconversion White Light Emission from Pr3+ Single‐Doped Glass Ceramics via Simultaneous Dual‐Lasers Excitation
Authors: Chen Zhi , Wang Weirong , Kang Shiliang , Cui Wentao , Zhang Hang , Yu Guanliang , Wang Ting , Dong Guoping , Jiang Chun , Zhou Shifeng , Qiu Jianrong
Published: December 2017

White lasers are promising illuminants for emerging visible light communication, which can overcome bottlenecks of lower energy conversion efficiencies and output powers in traditional white light‐emitting (WLE) diodes. However, optical gain materials for white lasers are suffering from great challenges of material growth and growth‐compatible cavity structure where lasing of all three elementary colors can be supported simultaneously. Here, an exquisite physical strategy is demonstrated to realize simultaneous red, green, and blue (RGB) upconversion (UC) photoluminescence for white light modulation for the first time, namely using dual lasers at 850 and 980 nm to stimulate easy‐fabricated glass ceramics (GCs) fiber laser materials (Pr3+ single‐doped germanium oxyfluoride GCs). It is shown that tailorable white light is much more sensitive to lower dopant concentration for GCs than that for glass. Furthermore, compared to glass, UC fluorescence intensities in GCs have approximately two orders of magnitude enhancement. The feasibility of the judicious dual‐lasers excitation tactic is validated for high efficacious RGB fluorescence emission for white light from Pr3+ single‐doped GCs via electronics transition dynamics and theoretical calculations. The white light emission from Pr3+ single‐doped GCs, adjusted by simultaneous dual‐lasers excitation, may open a novel door to develop white light GCs fiber lasers for application in future wireless communication.
Extended Light Harvesting with Dual Cu2O‐Based Photocathodes for High Efficiency Water Splitting
Authors: Niu Wenzhe , Moehl Thomas , Cui Wei , Wick‐Joliat René , Zhu Liping , Tilley S. David
Published: December 2017

Cu2O is one of the most promising light absorbing materials for solar energy conversion. Previous studies with Cu2O for water splitting usually deliver high photocurrent or high photovoltage, but not both. Here, a Cu2O/Ga2O3/TiO2/RuOx photocathode that benefits from a high quality thermally oxidized Cu2O layer and good band alignment of the Ga2O3 buffer layer is reported, yielding a photocurrent of 6 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), an onset potential of 0.9 V versus RHE, and 3.5 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V versus RHE. The quantum efficiency spectrum (incident photon to current efficiency, IPCE) reveals a dramatically improved green/red response and a decreased blue response compared with electrodeposited Cu2O films. Light intensity dependence and photocurrent transient studies enable the identification of the limitations in the performance. Due to the complementary IPCE curves of thermally oxidized and electrodeposited Cu2O photocathodes, a dual photocathode is fabricated to maximize the absorption over the entire range of above band gap radiation. Photocurrents of 7 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus RHE are obtained in the dual photocathodes, with an onset potential of 0.9 V versus RHE and a thermodynamically based energy conversion efficiency of 1.9%.
Significantly Enhancing the Efficiency of a New Light‐Harvesting Polymer with Alkylthio naphthyl Substituents Compared to Their Alkoxyl Analogs
Authors: Huang Gongyue , Zhang Jun , Uranbileg Nergui , Chen Weichao , Jiang Huanxiang , Tan Hua , Zhu Weiguo , Yang Renqiang
Published: December 2017

In this work, a new benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) building block containing alkylthio naphthyl as a side chain is designed and synthesized, and the resulting polymer, namely PBDTNS‐BDD, shows a lower HOMO energy level than that of its alkoxyl naphthyl counterpart PBDTNO‐BDD. An optimized photovoltaic device using PBDTNS‐BDD as a donor exhibits power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 8.70% and 9.28% with the fullerene derivative PC71BM and the fullerene‐free small molecule ITIC as acceptors, respectively. Surprisingly, ternary blend devices based on PBDTNS‐BDD and two acceptors, namely PC71BM and ITIC, shows a PCE of 11.21%, which is much higher than that of PBDTNO‐BDD based ternary devices (7.85%) even under optimized conditions.
All‐Oxide MoOx/SnOx Charge Recombination Interconnects for Inverted Organic Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Becker Tim , Trost Sara , Behrendt Andreas , Shutsko Ivan , Polywka Andreas , Görrn Patrick , Reckers Philip , Das Chittaranjan , Mayer Thomas , Di Carlo Rasi Dario , Hendriks Koen H. , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J. , Riedl Thomas
Published: December 2017

Multijunction solar cells are designed to improve the overlap with the solar spectrum and to minimize losses due to thermalization. Aside from the optimum choice of photoactive materials for the respective sub‐cells, a proper interconnect is essential. This study demonstrates a novel all‐oxide interconnect based on the interface of the high‐work‐function (WF) metal oxide MoOx and low‐WF tin oxide (SnOx). In contrast to typical p‐/n‐type tunnel junctions, both the oxides are n‐type semiconductors with a WF of 5.2 and 4.2 eV, respectively. It is demonstrated that the electronic line‐up at the interface of MoOx and SnOx comprises a large intrinsic interface dipole (≈0.8 eV), which is key to afford ideal alignment of the conduction band of MoOx and SnOx, without the requirement of an additional metal or organic dipole layer. The presented MoOx/SnOx interconnect allows for the ideal (loss‐free) addition of the open circuit voltages of the two sub‐cells.
Severe rhizomelic shortening in a child with a complex duplication/deletion rearrangement of chromosome X
Authors: Deshwar Ashish R. , Dupuis Lucie , Bergmann Carsten , Stavropoulos James , Mendoza‐Londono Roberto
Published: December 2017

Mesomelic and rhizo‐mesomelic dysplasias are a group of disorders characterized by abnormal shortening of the limbs. One of the most common causes of mesomelic shortening is the loss of the transcription factor SHOX. In this clinical report, we present a patient who in addition to mesomelic shortening has severe rhizomelic shortening and developmental delay. Karyotyping revealed a recombinant X chromosome in which the region distal to Xp22.33 (where SHOX is found) was replaced with material from Xq28. Included in the region distal to Xq28 is the gene MECP2 and this patient presents with features of MECP2 duplication syndrome. We find that this patient has skeletal features not typical with the loss of SHOX that are likely explained by the rearrangement of the X chromosome. Further delineation of this rearrangement may allow for the identification of additional genetic mechanisms critical for the development of the limbs.
Effiziente Synthese von arylierten Furanen durch sequentielle Rhodium‐katalysierte Arylierung und Cycloisomerisierung von Cyclopropenen
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Lerchen Andreas , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: December 2017

Eine neue und effiziente Strategie für die Synthese von arylierten Furanen wurde durch die RhIII‐katalysierte Kupplung von N‐Phenoxyacetamiden und Cyclopropenylestern ermöglicht. Mechanistische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die arylierten Furane durch Arylierung von Cyclopropenylestern gefolgt von einer Cycloisomerisierung entstehen.
Effect of fiber volume fraction on the thermal and mechanical behavior of polylactide‐based composites incorporating bamboo fibers
Authors: Wang Fang , Yang Mengqing , Zhou Shujue , Ran Siyan , Zhang Junqian
Published: December 2017

Biodegradable composites reinforced with natural fibers are emerging as advanced materials in structural applications. In this work, green biocomposites are fabricated using hot pressing molding technique, polylactic acid selected as a matrix. The samples are prepared with different fiber volume fractions (30%, 40%, and 50%). Tensile tests are conducted on the specimens to investigate the composite mechanical behavior, and the influences of fiber content on the morphological and thermomechanical properties are evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. There are higher tensile modulus and lower elongation at break for composites with increasing fiber content, respectively. Much variation in the tensile strength is observed when the fiber content is varied, which could be attributed to fiber agglomerations that affect the dispersion of fibers in the matrix, as evidenced by fracture surfaces. Thermal tests demonstrate that the increment of fiber content enhances the glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature of composites. Besides, a comparative analysis of the composites is performed, and the properties of the treated fiber composites are found to be improved compared to those from untreated fibers. Detailed analysis confirms the possibility of the addition of bamboo fibers to a biodegradable matrix for a specific application. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46148.
Effects of celastrol on Tau hyperphosphorylation and expression of HSF‐1 and HSP70 in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells induced by amyloid‐β peptides
Authors: Cao Fanfan , Wang Ying , Peng Bin , Zhang Xue , Zhang Denghai , Xu Limin
Published: December 2017

To observe the effects of celastrol on Tau hyperphosphorylation induced by amyloid‐β peptides (Aβ) in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, the changes of Tau hyperphosphorylation and the expression of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), HSP70, and heat shock factor 1 (HSF‐1) in SH‐SY5Y cells treated with Aβ1–42 and celastrol were measured. Tau hyperphosphorylation and HSP90 expression induced by Aβ1–42 was also measured by Western blotting after HSP70 or HSF‐1 knockdown by siRNA. The interaction between HSP70 and Tau or HSP70 and carboxyl terminus of HSP70 interacting protein (CHIP) was measured by co‐immunoprecipitation. Compared with the control group, the expressions of HSP70 and HSF‐1 were markedly decreased after the induction of Aβ1–42, whereas the expressions of HSP90, Tau phospho S199/202, and Tau phospho S396 were markedly increased. Meanwhile, both celastrol treatment and knockdown of HSP70 or HSF‐1 in SH‐SY5Y cells significantly inhibited the Tau hyperphosphorylation and HSP90 expression induced by Aβ1–42. Moreover, celastrol treatment had no effects on Aβ1–42‐induced decreased expression of HSP70 and HSF‐1, Tau ubiquitination, and the interaction of HSP70/Tau and HSP70/CHIP. These results suggest that celastrol‐inhibited Tau hyperphosphorylation may not be dependent on the cause of HSF‐1/HSP70/CHIP‐mediated ubiquitination of Tau.
Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in patients with aggressive B‐cell lymphomas treated with immunochemotherapy
Authors: Hohaus Stefan , Tisi Maria Chiara , Bellesi Silvia , Maiolo Elena , Alma Eleonora , Tartaglia Germana , Corrente Francesco , Cuccaro Annarosa , D'Alo' Francesco , Basile Umberto , Larocca Luigi Maria , De Stefano Valerio
Published: December 2017

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be a negative prognostic factor in elderly patients with aggressive B‐cell lymphomas. In vitro data suggest that vitamin D supplementation may enhance rituximab‐mediated cytotoxicity. We prospectively assessed 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels at diagnosis in a cohort of 155 patients with aggressive B‐cell lymphomas of whom 128 had diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified. 25(OH)D levels were deficient (<20 ng/mL) in 105 (67%), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL) in 32 (21%), and normal (≥30 ng/mL) in 18 (12%) patients with a seasonal variation. Patient characteristics associated with lower 25(OH)D levels were poor performance status, overweight, B‐symptoms, elevated LDH, lower albumin and hemoglobin levels. As a result of a change in practice pattern, 116 patients received vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation that included a loading phase with daily replacement and subsequent maintenance phase with a weekly dose of 25,000 IU until end of treatment. This resulted in a significant increase in 25(OH)D levels, with normalization in 56% of patients. We analyzed the impact of 25(OH)D levels on event‐free survival in patients treated with Rituximab‐CHOP. 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL at diagnosis and IPI were independently associated with inferior EFS. Moreover, patients with normalized 25(OH)D levels following supplementation showed better EFS than patients with persistently deficient/insufficient 25(OH)D levels. Our study provides the first evidence that achievement of normal 25(OH)D levels after vitamin D3 supplementation is associated with improved outcome in patients with DLBCL and deficient/insufficient 25(OH)D levels when receiving rituximab‐based treatment.
Mitoimmunity—when mitochondria dictates macrophage function
Authors: Corrêa‐da‐Silva Felipe , Pereira Jéssica A. S. , de Aguiar Cristhiane F. , de Moraes‐Vieira Pedro M. M.
Published: December 2017

In the past decade, several reports have appointed the importance of mitochondria in the immune response. Our understanding of mitochondria evolved from a simple supplier of energy into a platform necessary for immunorregulation. Proinflammatory responses are associated with enhanced glycolytic activity and breakdown of the TCA cycle. Mitochondrial reactive species of oxygen (mROS) are key regulators of classically activated macrophages, with substantial impact in the anti‐microbicidal activity and pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion of macrophages. The inflammasome activation in macrophages is dependent on mROS production and mitochondrial regulation and mitochondrial dynamics and functionality direct impact inflammatory responses. Alternative activated macrophage metabolism relies on fatty acid oxidation, and the mechanism responsible for this phenotype is not fully elucidated. Thus, cellular metabolism and mitochondria function is a key immunoregulatory feature of macrophage biology. In this review, we will provide insights into recently reported evidences of mitochondria‐related metabolic nodes, which are important for macrophage physiology.
miR‐200a enhances TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by targeting A20
Authors: Guo Tianshu , Zhang Ye , Qu Xiujuan , Che Xiaofang , Li Ce , Fan Yibo , Wan Xing , Ma Rui , Hou Kezuo , Zhou Huiming , He Xiaowei , Hu Xuejun , Liu Yunpeng , Xu Ling
Published: December 2017

Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) triggers apoptosis by inducing the death‐inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation. Recently, TNFα‐induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20) was reported to prevent TRAIL‐induced caspase 8 cleavage in the DISC by mediating ubiquitination of RIP1 in glioblastoma. However, whether A20 regulates caspase 8 cleavage in the DISC when TRAIL induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells is unknown. In the present study, A20 interacted with RIP1 and DR4 in MGC803 and SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Treatment with TRAIL promoted the A20‐mediated polyubiquitination of RIP1, caspase 8 translocation into the DISC, and the interaction between caspase 8 and ubiquitinated RIP1. Inhibition of A20 expression prevented the polyubiquitination of RIP1 and promoted caspase 8 cleavage. Moreover, our data clarified that A20 is a target of miR‐200a. Overexpression of miR‐200a inhibited A20 expression and polyubiquitination of RIP1 and then promoted cleavage of caspase 8 and TRAIL‐triggered apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicate that miR‐200a enhanced TRAIL‐triggered apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by targeting A20.
Anti‐proliferative effect of rosiglitazone in the human T‐lymphocyte leukaemia cell line Jurkat cells
Authors: Wei Rui , Yu Fei , Yang Jin , Gao Hongwei , Wang Haining , Hong Tianpei
Published: December 2017

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in various types of human cancer cells including leukaemia cells, and activation of PPARγ can inhibit cancer cell growth. However, whether PPARγ is expressed in Jurkat cells, a human T‐lymphocyte leukaemia cell line, and whether activation of PPARγ affects cell biological behaviors remains to be clarified. In this study, we investigated the effect of a PPARγ activator rosiglitazone, under clinically relevant pharmacological concentrations, on the growth and apoptosis of Jurkat cells in vitro and explored the possible mechanism. Metformin was also included as a positive control for the anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects. We found that PPARγ mRNA was transcribed in Jurkat cells. Treatment with rosiglitazone (5 µM, 10 µM, and 20 µM) or metformin (1 mM and 10 mM) inhibited cell proliferation, and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 or S phase, respectively, in a dose‐dependent manner. Although metformin significantly upregulated the protein levels of the pro‐apoptotic markers cleaved‐caspase 3 and Bax in Jurkat cells, rosiglitazone did not have such an effect. Moreover, rosiglitazone significantly upregulated the level of PPARγ, and downregulated the expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) in a dose‐dependent manner. Our data indicate that rosiglitazone has an anti‐proliferative effect in Jurkat cells, which may be at least partly mediated via downregulating IR and IGF‐1R expression. Therefore, rosiglitazone may have a potential role not only for management of hyperglycaemia but also for control of tumor progression in patients with T‐lymphocyte leukaemia and diabetes.
A Golden Access to Acenopentalenes
Authors: Wurm Thomas , Rüdiger Elias C. , Schulmeister Jürgen , Koser Silke , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2017

By employing gold catalysis, starting from dialkynylated acenes a series of novel un‐symmetrical aceno‐annulated dibenzopentalenes has been prepared. The achieved yields range from 62–68 %. The fused systems contain naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene units. All new compounds are soluble and stable under standard conditions. The optical properties of the systems are dominated by the dibenzopentalene core for the smaller representatives, while for the anthracene‐pentacene‐based aceno‐benzopentalenes the optical properties of the acene group dominates. Preliminary morphology tests on thin films showed a reverse trend between crystal size and molecule size.
Synthesis of β‐Nicotinamide Riboside Using an Efficient Two‐Step Methodology
Authors: Zhang Ning , Sauve Anthony A.
Published: December 2017

A two‐step chemical method for the synthesis of β‐nicotinamide riboside (NR) is described. NR has achieved wide use as an NAD+ precursor (vitamin B3) and can significantly increase central metabolite NAD+ concentrations in mammalian cells. β‐NR can be prepared with an efficient two‐step procedure. The synthesis is initiated via coupling of commercially available 1,2,3,5‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranose with ethyl nicotinate in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf). 1H NMR showed that the product was formed with complete stereoselectivity to produce only the β‐isomer in high yield (>90% versus starting sugar). The clean stereochemical result suggests that the coupling proceeds via a cationic cis‐1,2‐acyloxonium‐sugar intermediate, which controls addition by nucleophiles to generate predominantly β‐stereochemistry. The subsequent deprotection of esters in methanolic ammonia generates the desired product in 85% overall yield versus sugar. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A preview of perennial grain agriculture: knowledge gain from biotic interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems
Authors: Rasche Frank , Blagodatskaya Evgenia , Emmerling Christoph , Belz Regina , Musyoki Mary K. , Zimmermann Judith , Martin Konrad
Published: December 2017

Compared to their annual analogues, perennial grain cropping systems provide various beneficial attributes for the environment and ecosystem services related to resource use efficiency, soil erosion, and soil conservation. However, there is only limited understanding of the multiple biotic interactions in perennial cropping systems and their potential effects on the crop, involving plant growth‐promoting and pathogenic microorganisms, beneficial and detrimental faunal organisms below‐ and above‐ground, weeds, and overall biodiversity effects. We use information from studies carried out in managed and natural perennial systems of analogous structure such as perennial energy crop production systems and grasslands to highlight and specify biotic interactions and processes, which potentially constitute advantages and constraints in developing perennial grain cropping systems. Concerning the relevance of soil microorganisms and potential perennial crop breeding goals, we focus on a range of plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere involved in biofertilization, phytostimulation, and biological control of soil pathogens. We consider relationships within the faunal community emphasizing arthropod pests and their natural enemies, as well as crop–weed interactions. Based on these outcomes and in comparison with annual systems, we discuss and compile benefits, options, and limitations of management of crop‐associated biotic interactions and biodiversity, which might contribute to reproducible and sustainable effects of perennial grain crop productivity. We conclude that management strategies for perennial grain cropping systems depend much more on ecological processes and interactions operating in natural ecosystems than those in annual cropping systems. Consequently, the use of agrochemicals for pest, weed, and disease control, as well as the use of synthetic fertilizers, counteracts the principle functions of the system and would strongly degrade the potential of biotic benefits. We also found that there is only vague information on the long‐term productivity and cultivation period of perennial grain crops, the specific management operations of replacement, and the potential development and management of weed and pest populations. Overall, an advanced understanding of interactions between the crop and its biotic environment provides the opportunity to manipulate specific functional traits of crop‐associated organisms for improved management and crop productivity, but significant research challenges for implementation of perennial grain crops still remain.
Facilitation by ecosystem engineers enhances nutrient effects in an intertidal system
Authors: Eriksson Britas Klemens , Westra Joëlle , van Gerwen Imke , Weerman Ellen , van der Zee Els , van der Heide Tjisse , van de Koppel Johan , Olff Han , Piersma Theunis , Donadi Serena
Published: December 2017

Ecosystem engineering research has recently demonstrated the fundamental importance of non‐trophic interactions for food‐web structure. Particularly, by creating benign conditions in stressful environments, ecosystem engineers create hot beds of elevated levels of recruitment, growth, and survival of associated organisms; this should fuel food webs and promote production on the ecosystem scale. However, there is still limited empirical evidence of the influence of non‐trophic interactions on the classical food‐web processes that determine energy transfer, that is, consumer–resource interactions. On the basis of a biomanipulation experiment covering 600 m2 of an intertidal flat, we show that ecosystem engineers influence resource uptake efficiency and the accumulation of algae following nutrient enrichment in a soft‐sediment food web. Nutrient additions increased chlorophyll a concentrations in the sediment by 90%, but only in plots where we also introduced high densities (2000 per m2) of a burrowing bivalve, the common cockle Cerastoderma edule. The artificial cockle beds increased the nutrient uptake efficiency of the biofilm and promoted sediment accumulation, which suggests that the cockles facilitated the sediment‐living algae by increasing sediment stability. This indicates that ecological interactions, rather than the availability of nutrients per se, set the limits for production in this coastal ecosystem. Our results emphasize the need to include facilitation theory and recognize that positive interactions between species are key to understand, manage, and restore ecosystems under human influence.
The Gasdermin‐D pore acts as a conduit for IL‐1β secretion in mice
Authors: Heilig Rosalie , Dick Mathias S. , Sborgi Lorenzo , Meunier Etienne , Hiller Sebastian , Broz Petr
Published: December 2017

The pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β is well known for its role in host defense and the initiation of potent inflammatory responses. It is processed from its inactive pro‐form by the inflammatory caspase‐1 into its mature bioactive form, which is then released from the cell via an unconventional secretion mechanism. Recently, gasdermin‐D has been identified as a new target of caspase‐1. After proteolytical cleavage of gasdermin‐D, the N‐terminal fragment induces pyroptosis, a lytic cell death, by forming large permeability pores in the plasma membrane. Here we show using the murine system that gasdermin‐D is required for IL‐1β secretion by macrophages, dendritic cells and partially in neutrophils, and that secretion is a cell‐lysis‐independent event. Liposome transport assays in vitro further demonstrate that gasdermin‐D pores are large enough to allow the direct release of IL‐1β. Moreover, IL‐18 and other small soluble cytosolic proteins can also be released in a lysis‐independent but gasdermin‐D‐dependent mode, suggesting that the gasdermin‐D pores allow passive the release of cytosolic proteins in a size‐dependent manner.
Chiral Inductive Diastereoconvergent Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reaction of Diastereomixtures of Diarylmethanols with 2‐Naphthol Derivatives Catalyzed by SnBr4
Authors: Suzuki Nobuharu , Nakata Kenya
Published: December 2017

A highly diastereoconvergent Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of 2‐naphthol derivatives with diastereomixtures of diarymethanols bearing a designed chiral auxiliary was achieved by using tin(IV) bromide as a catalyst in nitromethane under mild reaction conditions. The effects of various substituents located on the chiral auxiliary were evaluated, and chiral induction was found to take place via a carbocation through the chelation effect of an oxygen atom in a stereoconvergent manner. The chiral auxiliary was easily deprotected under conventional hydrogenation conditions without affecting the chirality of the starting material. A variety of substrates were transformed successfully, with high yields and selectivities (diastereomeric ratios ≥ 20:1) obtained irrespective of the substitution pattern and the electronic nature of the substrate aromatic rings.
[Pd]‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Coupling and Acid Mediated Intramolecular Cyclodehydration: One‐Pot Synthesis of Indenes
Authors: Niharika Pedireddi , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: December 2017

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of indenes from simple starting materials is presented. This process involves a dual C–C bond formation through an intermolecular Heck coupling reaction followed by acid‐mediated intramolecular cyclodehydration. The strategy is amenable to various substituted aromatics to give indenes. In addition, the regioselective synthesis of benzyl styrenes in a single column purification technique through in‐situ reduction of Heck products (ketones) followed by acid mediated dehydration of crude reaction mixture is presented.
Asymmetric goal contagion: Social power attenuates goal contagion among strangers
Authors: Jia Lile , Koh Alethea Hui Qin , Tan Felix Ming'en
Published: December 2017

Goal contagion is an important interpersonal process. As people spontaneously infer and adopt others' goals, goals can be said to “flow” among individuals. We find that possessing power attenuates goal contagion, especially for high perspective takers. In a pilot study (N = 157), we first affirmed the interpersonal nature of goal contagion by establishing that high (vs. low) perspective takers were more likely to engage in goal contagion. We then tested the moderating role of power in two studies. In both neutral (Study 1, N = 179) and low power (Study 2, N = 304) conditions, we replicated the pattern in the pilot study. In the high power conditions, however, neither low nor high perspective takers engaged in goal contagion. Our findings suggest that goals flow asymmetrically from the powerful to the powerless, which may constitute an important means through which power hierarchy and group cohesion are maintained.
Dating Archaeological Strata in the Magna Mater Temple Using Solid‐state Voltammetric Analysis of Leaded Bronze Coins
Authors: Di Turo Francesca , Montoya Noemí , Piquero‐Cilla Joan , De Vito Caterina , Coletti Fulvio , Favero Gabriele , Doménech‐Carbó María Teresa , Doménech‐Carbó Antonio
Published: December 2017

The application of solid state electrochemistry techniques for dating archaeological strata using lead‐containing bronze coins is described. The proposed methodology was applied to samples coming from the Roman archaeological site of Magna Mater Temple (Rome, Italy) occurring in different strata dating back between the second half and the end of the 4th century A.D. and the 20th century. The voltammetric signatures of copper and lead corrosion products in contact with aqueous acetate buffer, as well as the catalytic effects produced on the hydrogen evolution reaction, were used for establishing the age of different strata and dating coins belonging to unknown age. Voltammetric data were consistent with a theoretical approximation based on a potential rate law for the corrosion process.
Intracellular potassium under osmotic stress determines the dielectrophoresis cross‐over frequency of murine myeloma cells in the MHz range
Authors: Chung Colin , Pethig Ronald , Smith Stewart , Waterfall Martin
Published: December 2017

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been widely studied for its potential as a biomarker‐free method of sorting and characterizing cells based upon their dielectric properties. Most studies have employed voltage signals from ∼1 kHz to no higher than ∼30 MHz. Within this range a transition from negative to positive DEP can be observed at the cross‐over frequency fx01. The value of fx01 is determined by the conductivity of the suspending medium, as well as the size and shape of the cell and the dielectric properties (capacitance, conductivity) of its plasma membrane. In this work DEP measurements were performed up to 400 MHz, where the transition from positive to negative DEP can be observed at a higher cross‐over frequency fx02. SP2/O murine myeloma cells were suspended in buffer media of different osmolarities and measurements taken of cell volume, fx01 and fx02. Potassium‐binding benzofuran isophthalate (PBFI), a potassium‐sensitive fluorophore, and flow cytometry was employed to monitor relative changes in intracellular potassium concentration. In agreement with theory, it was found that fx02 is independent of the cell parameters that control fx01 and is predominantly determined by intracellular conductivity. In particular, the value of fx02 is highly correlated to that of the intracellular potassium concentration.
Zero valent iron loaded on SiC nanoparticles as a new adsorbent for removing Pb (lead) and azo dyes from aqueous solution
Authors: Ghasemian Lemraski Ensieh , Tahmasebi Zohreh
Published: December 2017

A reusable silicon carbide nanoparticle supported by nano zero‐valent iron (nZVI) is prepared by a simple precipitation method. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), vibrating‐sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy with X‐ray microanalysis (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray powder diffraction, and N2 adsorption isotherms indicated that the zero‐valent iron was successfully deposited onto the silicon carbide surface. An investigation into the adsorption ability of this material showed that the SiC nano particle coated with nZVI was expected to form a more active nano composite with higher efficiency for the removal of Pb2+ ions from an aqueous solution. Such findings suggest strong practical applications of modified silicon carbide nano particles with other nano particles as new adsorbents, sensors, as well as for drug delivery and catalysis due to their proper pore sizes, high‐specific areas, and high mechanical and chemical stabilities. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1657–1667, 2018
Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte
Authors: Marina Nephtali , Turovsky Egor , Christie Isabel N , Hosford Patrick S , Hadjihambi Anna , Korsak Alla , Ang Richard , Mastitskaya Svetlana , Sheikhbahaei Shahriar , Theparambil Shefeeq M , Gourine Alexander V
Published: December 2017

Astrocytes support neuronal function by providing essential structural and nutritional support, neurotransmitter trafficking and recycling and may also contribute to brain information processing. In this article we review published results and report new data suggesting that astrocytes function as versatile metabolic sensors of central nervous system (CNS) milieu and play an important role in the maintenance of brain metabolic homeostasis. We discuss anatomical and functional features of astrocytes that allow them to detect and respond to changes in the brain parenchymal levels of metabolic substrates (oxygen and glucose), and metabolic waste products (carbon dioxide). We report data suggesting that astrocytes are also sensitive to circulating endocrine signals—hormones like ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and leptin, that have a major impact on the CNS mechanisms controlling food intake and energy balance. We discuss signaling mechanisms that mediate communication between astrocytes and neurons and consider how these mechanisms are recruited by astrocytes activated in response to various metabolic challenges. We review experimental data suggesting that astrocytes modulate the activities of the respiratory and autonomic neuronal networks that ensure adaptive changes in breathing and sympathetic drive in order to support the physiological and behavioral demands of the organism in ever‐changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that altered astroglial function may contribute to the pathogenesis of disparate neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders such as Rett syndrome and systemic arterial hypertension.
Neural predictors of sensorimotor adaptation rate and savings
Authors: Cassady Kaitlin , Ruitenberg Marit , Koppelmans Vincent , Reuter‐Lorenz Patricia , De Dios Yiri , Gadd Nichole , Wood Scott , Riascos Castenada Roy , Kofman Igor , Bloomberg Jacob , Mulavara Ajitkumar , Seidler Rachael
Published: December 2017

In this study, we investigate whether individual variability in the rate of visuomotor adaptation and multiday savings is associated with differences in regional gray matter volume and resting‐state functional connectivity. Thirty‐four participants performed a manual adaptation task during two separate test sessions, on average 9 days apart. Functional connectivity strength between sensorimotor, dorsal cingulate, and temporoparietal regions of the brain was found to predict the rate of learning during the early phase of the adaptation task. In contrast, default mode network connectivity strength was found to predict both the rate of learning during the late adaptation phase and savings. As for structural predictors, greater gray matter volume in temporoparietal and occipital regions predicted faster early learning, whereas greater gray matter volume in superior posterior regions of the cerebellum predicted faster late learning. These findings suggest that the offline neural predictors of early adaptation may facilitate the cognitive aspects of sensorimotor adaptation, supported by the involvement of temporoparietal and cingulate networks. The offline neural predictors of late adaptation and savings, including the default mode network and the cerebellum, likely support the storage and modification of newly acquired sensorimotor representations.
Liver‐specific deficiency of unc‐51 like kinase 1 and 2 protects mice from acetaminophen‐induced liver injury
Authors: Sun Yu , Li Terytty Yang , Song Lintao , Zhang Cixiong , Li Jingyi , Lin Zhi‐Zhong , Lin Sheng‐Cai , Lin Shu‐Yong
Published: December 2017

unc‐51‐like autophagy activating kinase 1 and 2 (Ulk1/2) regulate autophagy initiation under various stress conditions. However, the physiological functions of these Ser/Thr kinases are not well characterized. Here, we show that mice with liver‐specific double knockout (LDKO) of Ulk1 and Ulk2 (Ulk1/2 LDKO) are viable, but exhibit overt hepatomegaly phenotype. Surprisingly, Ulk1/2 LDKO mice display normal autophagic activity in hepatocytes upon overnight fasting, but are strongly resistant to acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced liver injury. Further studies revealed that Ulk1/2 are also dispensable for APAP‐induced autophagy process, but are essential for the maximum activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling both in vivo and in isolated primary hepatocytes during APAP treatment. Mechanistically, APAP‐induced inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 releases Ulk1 from an inactive state. Activated Ulk1 then directly phosphorylates and increases the kinase activity of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 4 and 7 (MKK4/7), the upstream kinases and activator of JNK, and mediates APAP‐induced liver injury. Ulk1‐dependent phosphorylation of MKK7 was further confirmed by a context‐dependent phosphorylation antibody. Moreover, activation of JNK and APAP‐induced cell death was markedly attenuated in Mkk4/7 double knockdown hepatocytes reconstituted with an Ulk1‐unphosphorylatable mutant of MKK7 compared to those in cells rescued with wild‐type MKK7. Conclusion: Together, these findings reveal an important role of Ulk1/2 for APAP‐induced JNK activation and liver injury, and understanding of this regulatory mechanism may offer us new strategies for prevention and treatment of human APAP hepatotoxicity. (Hepatology 2018;67:2397‐2413).
The association of weight change in young adulthood and smoking status with risk of prostate cancer recurrence
Authors: Khan Saira , Hicks Veronica , Colditz Graham A. , Kibel Adam S. , Drake Bettina F.
Published: December 2017

The decades before prostate cancer diagnosis represent an etiologically relevant time period for prostate cancer carcinogenesis. However, the association of weight gain in young adulthood with subsequent biochemical recurrence among men with prostate cancer is not well studied, particularly among smokers. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1,082 men with prostate cancer and treated with either radical prostatectomy or radiation between 2003 and 2010. The association of weight at age 20, weight at age 50 and weight change from age 20 to age 50 with biochemical recurrence was assessed using Cox Proportional Hazards with adjustment for confounders. Stratum‐specific hazard ratio (HR) estimates by smoking status were evaluated. In the overall cohort, weight at age 20 (HR per 30 kg: 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 2.38, p‐trend: 0.039), weight at age 50 (HR per 30 kg: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.47, p‐trend: <0.001) and weight change from age 20 to age 50 (HR per 30 kg: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.74, p‐trend: 0.003) were associated with biochemical recurrence. In stratified analyses, weight change from age 20 to age 50 was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence only in former smokers (HR per 30 kg: 3.87, 95% CI: 1.88, 8.00, p‐trend: <0.001) and ever smokers (HR per 30 kg: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.45, p‐trend: 0.007). No significant association was observed between weight gain in young adulthood and biochemical recurrence in never smokers. Our study adds further evidence that weight gain during early adult years conveys long‐term risk for adverse cancer outcomes.