bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants and Consequences of Perceived Complexity in Human‐Computer Interaction*
Authors: Te'eni Dov
Published: June 2007

A number of recently published studies on human‐computer interface variables report contradictory results. A lack of underlying theory may be the cause. This study investigates the usefulness of employing an intermediate variable–perceived complexity–in examining the impact of two information system (IS) variables on performance: the mode of presentation, which has been extensively studied; and the number of windows, which has scarcely been studied.

The study demonstrates the usefulness of understanding the role of perceived complexity in human‐computer interaction. The specific results support past findings with regard to graphs vs. tables and reveal new findings on the role of windows. Most interesting is the interaction between the two IS variables. The use of more windows is significantly more beneficial for tabular, rather than graphical, presentation.

The realization that perceived complexity is affected by task complexity and by IS variables has important implications for the design of flexible information systems. These implications are discussed.
Some Cautions on the Measurement of User Information Satisfaction*
Authors: Galletta Dennis F. , Lederer Albert L.
Published: June 2007

User information satisfaction (UIS) is important because of its potential effects on MIS department goals, quality of user work life, and extent of voluntary usage of systems. Reliable measurement of UIS is important for providing evaluative information for both researchers and practitioners. This study used 92 managers and executives as subjects to compare the test/retest reliability of a widely used, 13‐scale UIS instrument together with four summary questions under experimental and control conditions. The summary questions behaved more reliably than the detailed questions for all groups, perhaps because of problems with scale units and origins and with item heterogeneity. This suggests that researchers need more reliable measures of UIS and that practitioners need to exercise caution when collecting and interpreting UIS scores.
Lowering Inventory Systems Costs by Using Regression‐Derived Estimators of Demand Variability*
Authors: Jacobs Raymond A. , Wagner Harvey M.
Published: June 2007

Scientific techniques for inventory management typically are applied to systems containing many items. Such techniques require an estimation of the demand variance (and mean) of each item from historical data. This research demonstrates a significant potential for improvement in system cost performance from using least‐squares regression fits of a variance‐to‐mean functional relation instead of the standard statistical variance estimate. Even when there is a moderate degree of heterogeneity among items and when the form of the variance‐to‐mean relation is misspecified, substantial cost savings may be realized. The cost of statistical uncertainty may be reduced by half. The research also provides evidence that system cost is fairly insensitive to the number of items used to fit the regression. This paper provides the underlying reason why a regression‐derived variance estimator yields lower cost: it is less variable than the usual individual item variance estimator.
Elective Coronary Stenting as an Adjunct to Balloon Angioplasty in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: No Association with Incidence of Acute Complications. Results of the PTCA Registry of the German Community Hospitals
Authors: VOGT ALBRECHT , GRUBE EBERHARD , ENGEL HEINZ‐JÜRGEN , GLUNZ HANS‐GEORG , SABIN GEORG , HANRATH PETER , KERBER SEBASTIAN , NEUHAUS KARL‐LUDWIG ,   Study Group of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausärzte (ALKK)
Published: June 2007

Background: Elective coronary stenting has hem shown to reduce the rate of recurrent stenoses after angioplasty but no firm data are available on its possible association with in‐hospital ischemic complications. Methods: We analyzed the data of the registry of the German community hospitals covering approximately one quarter of all interventions in Germany. We included all angioplasty procedures performed in patients with stable coronary artery disease in 1996. Interventions with elective coronary stenting were compared to those with conventional balloon angioplasty. Interventions with bailout stenting were excluded. Results: Of 19,170 angioplasty procedures, 32.2% included elective coronary stenting. The immediate angiographic success rate (residual stenosis < 50%) was 90.6% of the procedures with stents versus 86.3% of those without stents (P < 0.001). The overall incidence of complications (death, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery, vessel closure, reintervention) was 3.9% and 3.8% (NS). Major events (death, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery) were more common in the stent‐treated group (1.8% vs 1.4%, P = 0.027). In multivariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with complications: residual stenosis ≥ 50%, female gender, angioplasty of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, morphological fype of lesion B2 or C, and multivessel disease. Angioplasty of restenoses after previous angioplasty was associated with significantly less risk than of de novo lesions. Stents were neutral with respect to the overall incidence of complications. Conclusions: Complications after elective coronary angioplasty remain largely unpredictable in individual patients despite the identification of several clinical and procedural risk factors. Elective coronary stenting is not associated with the immediate therapeutic risk of angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease.
Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in non‐phymatous rosacea
Authors: Gomaa Amal H. A. , Yaar Mina , Eyada Moustafa M. K. , Bhawan Jag
Published: June 2007

Background:  Our study evaluated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31 and D2‐40 in involved and uninvolved skin of 18 patients with rosacea.

Methods:  Immunostaining of facial skin specimens with VEGF, CD31 and D2‐40 was compared between the lesional and the non‐lesional skin of patients with erythemotelangiectatic and papulopustular rosacea.

Results:  Significantly increased dermal expression of VEGF in lesional vs. non‐lesional skin (88.9% and 55.6%) was observed. Dermal expression of CD31 and D2‐40 was also increased in lesional vs. non‐lesional skin. There was no statistically significant difference in cutaneous expression of VEGF, CD31 and D2‐40 between patients with papulopustular and erythemotelangiectatic rosacea, and no correlation was found between disease duration and immunoreactivity of VEGF, CD31or D2‐40.

Conclusions:  Our study showed marked immunostaining of lesional skin with VEGF, CD31 and D2‐40 compared with non‐lesional skin. Increased immunoreactivity of D2‐40 in lesional skin is interesting, given that none of the patients had facial edema. There are no published data regarding the role of lymphangiogenesis in patients with non‐phymatous rosacea; thus, our study represents a new understanding of its pathogenesis. Lack of correlation between D2‐40 expression and disease duration suggests that lymphatics are involved early in the pathogenesis of rosacea and do not constitute a late event.
Bilateral aberrant axillary breast tissue mimicking lipomas: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Ghosn Samer H. , Khatri Khalil A. , Bhawan Jag
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  A 31 year old Indian woman presented with bilateral axillary masses that became noticeable with the onset of puberty. The masses exhibited similar consistency to the adjacent normal breast tissue but lacked an associated nipple complex. The clinical impression was lipoma; however, mammography, ultrasonography and skin biopsy revealed ectopic breast tissue. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of aberrant breast tissue. A subset of ectopic mammary tissue, aberrant breast tissue may constitute a diagnostic challenge and is often misdiagnosed as lipoma, hidradenitis, follicular cyst, or lymphadenopathy. In addition, some studies have suggested that aberrant breast tissue may be at higher risk of malignant degeneration. Therefore, it’s important that physicians be familiar with this condition as this may contribute to the early detection of ectopic breast cancer.
Strindberg et la critique française de son époque
Authors: Ahlström Stellan
Published: June 2007

La correspondance d'Auguste Strindberg nous le montre, tout jeune encore, rêvant de triompher sur une scène parisienne. Issu d'une famille francophile, il avait entretenu un commerce précoce et fructueux avec les bons auteurs français. Dans son autobiographie Le Fits de la Servante, il raconte ainsi qu'il rédigeait en français, alors qu'il n'était encore que lycéen, des considérations d'ordre éthique et religieux, qu'il était lecteur assidu d'ouvrages français – de Rousseau en particulier – et qu'il dévora les romans de Victor Hugo.
Some Aspects of the Rewriting of W. B. Yeats's “Red Hanrahan's Song About Ireland.”
Authors: Munch‐Pedersen Ole
Published: June 2007

“Red Hanrahan's Song” exists in three different versions. It originally appeared in an early version of one of the Red Hanrahan stories, and the different versions of the poem correspond to various stages in the textual history of these stories. The poem was, in fact, revised as a result of changes in Yeats's editorial policy regarding Irish place names. It has for long been well known that an English translation of Uilliam Dall Ò hIfearnàin's “Caitilìn Nì Uallachàin” influenced Yeats's poem, but the nature of that influence has not been properly understood. Yeats's use of this source is discussed and reassessed: one stanza in Mangan's translation of one version of Ò hIfearnàin's poem supplied Yeats with all the possible parallels. Yeats later moved away from his source when revising the poem. In the second version, Yeats introduced ‐ and applied correctly ‐ the medieval Irish concept of the colours of the winds. The concept only left traces in the third and final version, but Yeats's preoccupation with it helped him in working out the wind symbolism of the poem. This symbolism only developed gradually, but the seeds of it can be seen already in the first version.
Das Leben als Überbrettl: Liliencrons Epos »Poggfred«
Authors: Szépe Helena
Published: June 2007

Poggfred ist wohl das umstrittenste Werk Liliencrons. Die Urteile reichen von höchstem Lob (Thomas Mann) zu völliger Ablehnung (Ermatinger). Besonders die Frage nach dem Platz des Epos in der deutschen Literaturgeschichte ist bisher ungeklärt geblieben. War Poggfred nur ein »epixher Nachzügler« (Wiegand) oder ein Neubeginn?

Die These, die in diesem Aufsatz aufgestellt wird, ist, dass Liliencron besonders durch die Einbeziehung kabarettistischer Mittel und der Umkehrung der traditionellen Regeln Åhnliches für das moderne Epos geleistet hat wie Bertolt Brecht für das moderne Drama.
Jean Lorrain: Impresario de l'Art Nouveau
Authors: McLendon Will L.
Published: June 2007

Depuis ses premiers poèmes (1882) préconisant des concepts de la beauté de l'inertie prônés par Huysmans et Gustave Moreau jusqu'à son attaque contre certains fanatiques de Debussy dans Pelléastres, Jean Lorrain consacre ses talents d'homme de lettres et de journaliste à promouvoir l'art nouveau sous toutes ses formes. Les paradoxes inhérents entre la danse (mouvement) et les attitudes hiératiques (temps figé, immobilité) l'intriguent et lui ouvrent le vaste champ des analogies esthétiques. Bien que Moreau reste son mentor, le goût de Lorrain dans les arts plastiques et décoratifs se veut pourtant éclectique, embrassant à la fois les théories d'esprits aussi divers que William Morris, James Ensor, Loïe Fuller, Félicien Rops, Emile Gallé et René Lalique. Si le public français prend connaissance des efforts bizarres de Lachenal à manier la pâte de verre, de la peinture telle que la conçoivent Lévy‐Dhurmer ou Jeanne Jacquemin, des affiches de Jules Chéret, c'est en majeure partie grâce au prosélytisme de Lorrain, leur «valet de gloire.» Il ne néglige pas non plus les arts graphiques, comme le démontrent les illustrations «dernier cri» exécutées par Bottini, Sem, Bataille, Nilsson, et Lorant‐Heilbron pour orner certains œuvres de Lorrain. Les conceptions de la nature, des objets et de l'humanité refletées dans les écrits de cet impresario sont à leur tour fortement influencées par les effets de couleur et de mouvement qu'il admire dans les arts visuels.
über die Familie in Goethes«Werther»und«Wilhelm Meister»
Authors: Sørensen Bengt Algot
Published: June 2007

Die von den Familienhistorikern festgestellte Emotionalisierung der bürgerlich‐patriarchalischen Familie in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts verbindet sich in der Literatur mit einer Verherr‐lichung der Familie als einer mit der Natur eng verbundenen Idylle. Wo sie aber als ein Teil der Gesellschaft erscheint, wird sie in der Literatur des Sturm und Drang eher negativ, da mit den Mängeln dieser Gesellschaft behaftet, dargestellt. Diese Doppelheit findet sich auch im«Werther»wieder. Werthers radikale Emotionalisierung der Familie Lottes und ihre Stilisierung als eine ländliche Idylle am Anfang des Romans weicht am Ende der Einsicht des Protagonisten, dass auch diese Familie in die von ihm verhasste Gesellschaft eingebunden ist. ‐ ähnliches gilt für die«Theatralische Sendung», besonders für die Darstellung der fragwürdigen Familienverhältnisse in Wilhelms Elternhaus. ‐ Die veränderten Ansichten des klassischen Goethe vom Verhältnis zwischen Individuum und Gesellschaft mussten der Familie in den«Lehrjahren»eine ganz andere Funktion verleihen. Die einleitenden Kapitel über Wilhelms Elternhaus wurden daher neu geschrieben. Wilhelms Bildungsgang führte ihn nun schliesslich in einen gesellschaftlichen Tätigkeitsbereich. Als Medium der Integration in die Gesellschaft gewann die Familie am Ende des Romans eine neue Bedeutung. Für Wilhelm wurde sie der Eingang in die Gesellschaft. Der Begriff der Familie wurde dabei sowohl von der feudalen Standesehe als auch von der in sich abgeschlossenen, von der Öffentlichkeit isolierten bürgerlichen Kernfamilie abgehoben. Für den klassischen Goethe verkörperte die Familie wie die organische Natur das Prinzip der Kontinuität und der Evolution. Ihre patriarchalische Struktur bleibt gewahrt und scheint auch das utopische Gesellschaftsmodell Lotharios zu bestimmen, wobei allerdings der programmatische Verzicht auf eigentliche Machtausübung auffallt.
Book Review
Authors: Engelberg Karsten Klejs
Published: June 2007

Martin Aske, Keats and Hellenism: An Essay.
Zu einem Emblem des Julius Wilhelm Zincgref
Authors: Henkei Arthur
Published: June 2007

Im Emblembuch des Julius Zincgref (1619 u.ö.) zeigt das 88. ein curioses Bild: Auge in einer Handfläche. Seine Geschichte wird, gestützt auf die Arbeiten von Tervarent und Deonna, verfolgt. Sie reicht von Tibet bis zu Goethes 5. römischer Elegie. Die Quelle für seine emblematische Verwendung ist ein Bonmot der Kupplerin Cleareta in der Komödie ‘Asinaria’ des Plautus. Alciatus nutzte es als erster zu emblematischer Darstellung und Mahnung zur Nüchternheit. Das variieren La Perrière, Rollenhagen, Roemers Visscher, Hulsius, Saavedra. Zincgref und sein Stecher Merian haben die Tugend des militärischen Führers im Auge, wenn sie das Emblem vor eine Stadtansicht Heidelbergs plazieren. Das Motto ‘Sehendes Vertrauen’ variiert sowohl der französische Quatrain wie der ausführliche Prosakommentar, der als großer Cento gebaut ist. Er wird übersetzt und kommentiert. Schließlich wird vermutet, daß Zincgref mit dem Emblem 88 ein Emblem des Emblems meinte. Opitz hatte dem Freunde wohl das Bild des Quintilian für die Sentenz als ‘Auge’ der Rede vermittelt.
Ottilie and Symbolic Representation in Die Wahlverwandtschaften
Authors: Gelley Alexander
Published: June 2007

Goethe's pithy formulation of the idea behind Die Wahlverwandtschaften–“sociale Verhältnisse und die Conflicte derselben symbolisch gefaßt darzustellen” ‐ points in two opposing directions. If one places the emphasis on “sociale Verhältnisse” one could view the work as a novel of manners, of “worldliness,” focussed on a particular segment of late eighteenth‐century aristocratic society. But this model serves a negative function and leads us to examine the other part of Goethe's pronouncement, what is meant by symbolisch. In this work symbolic representation is to be conceived not so much in terms of the iconicity or translucence of objects or figures than as a process of reduplication and seriation that brings into play contrasting yet mutually interacting elements. Ottilie's deployment in the course of the novel represents an implicit but unmistakable condemnation of the social world so meticulously delineated at the start. What she enacts as retreat from the world, renunciation, and death at the level of the plot may be viewed meta‐poetically as the withdrawal of personality from the requirements of social specification and its reinscription as symbol.
Heme oxygenase 1 gene polymorphisms and outcome of renal transplantation
Authors: Turpeinen H. , Kyllönen L. E. , Parkkinen J. , Laine J. , Salmela K. T. , Partanen J.
Published: June 2007

Heme oxygenase isoenzyme HO‐1 has been linked to several cytoprotective functions with a potentially beneficial role in transplantation. In the present study, the effect of genetic variation in HO‐1 on renal allograft outcome was investigated. Six hundred and eighty patients subject to renal transplantation in a single transplant unit and their cadaveric kidney donors were included in this study. Four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and one microsatellite marker in the HO‐1 gene region were analysed. Some statistically nominally significant associations were observed in preliminary analyses between polymorphisms studied and clinical outcomes, but after correction for multiple comparisons none remained significant. Our data suggest that the HO‐1 gene polymorphisms studied have no significant role on outcome of kidney transplantation in the Finnish population.
Identification of two novel HLA‐DRB1*11 alleles (DRB1*110404 and DRB1*1161) in two Italian cord blood units
Authors: Longhi E. , Frison S. , Serafini M. , Karpasitou K. , Poli F.
Published: June 2007

We describe the isolation and characterization of two novel HLA‐DRB1*11 alleles, officially named DRB1*1161 and 110404. These two new variants were both identified in two Caucasoid individuals. The exon 2 sequence of DRB1*1161 is identical to that of DRB1*110101 except at codon 41, where a nucleotide substitution (GAC>AAC) is responsible for an amino‐acidic change from Asp to Asn. The exon 2 sequence of the second novel allele described here, DRB1*110404, differs from that of DRB1*110401 only at codon 34 where the nucleotidic change CAA>CAG gives rise to a silent mutation.
METALS IN GRAINS SOLD UNDER VARIOUS LABELS – ORGANIC, NATURAL, CONVENTIONAL
Authors: CHANG PEI‐TEI , SALOMON MILTON
Published: June 2007

Samples of barley, brown rice, corn meal and lentils purchased under labels as organic and natural were compared for metal content to samples marketed normally (conventinal). With very few exceptions no significant differences were found between the market labels. Differences between replicate samples of similarly labeled grains were very large and inconsistent. There appeared to be more Zn and Pb in “organic” corn meal than in the “natural” but more Cu in the “natural.” Average levels (range) of metals (μgms/gm) are similar to those reported in the literature: (Fe, 13–117) (Zn, 12–42) (Cu, 0.8–9), (Pb, 0.5–7) (Cd, .09–0.4). Lentils accumulate higher levels of metals than the cereal grains.
DILUTION AND SOLIDS ADULTERATION OF APPLE JUICE
Authors: SHARKASI TAWFIK Y. , BENDEL ROBERT B. , SWANSON BARRY G.
Published: June 2007

The adulteration of apple juice with pear juice and corn drived syrups has been practiced in many countries.

The sorbitol/sucrose ratios and the sorbitol/total sugar ratios were determined for the juices of 14 apple varieties and 3 pear varieties. A multivariate normal test was applied to develop an equation for the detection of apple juice adulteration with sugar solutions or pear juice. Adulteration of apple juice with more than 10% sugar solution or pear juice were detectable with this method.
Can Protecting Human Health and the Environment Be Justified on Cost‐Benefit Grounds?
Authors: RUTTENBERG RUTH
Published: June 2007

Cost‐benefit analysis, to be accurate, should eliminate externalities and reach out to measure all costs and all benefits associated with a pending program. Clearly, any policy to protect human health and the environment should have more advantages than disadvantages. How these costs and benefits are counted and what is counted are key. The cost‐benefit debate can not be ignored. The benefits to workers; to the community; to local, state, and federal government; and often to the business community as well nearly always exceed costs. The full impact of an individual's death or disabilities can be staggering. It is important to build models and data bases to make the full costs and benefits clear to decision makers and to present these full costs and benefits in academically sound and analytically rigorous ways.

Dictionary definitions of cost focus not on dollars, but on sacrifice, distress, pain, and suffering. Likewise, definitions of benefits focus on value and welfare.

Cost‐benefit analysis should be changed in two majors ways: (1) how measurements are made and (2) the paradigms used to make measurements.
MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER
Authors: Poon Calvin P. C. , DeLuise Frank J.
Published: June 2007

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.
TIME LAPSE AERIAL PHOTO ANALYSIS OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER FROM 1952 TO 19651
Authors: MacConnell William P. , Stoll G. Peter
Published: June 2007

Aerial photogrammetric techniques were developed and tested for identifying and classifying river‐based recreation sites. A classification system was designed to describe the nature of the land itself, the land use, or the vegetation on the landscape. The Connecticut, a large river running through four states, was examined and classified using the system. Analysis of two sets of aerial photographs taken with a time lapse of ten to thirteen years enabled determination of past use and development trends. A catalogue of maps classifying strips of land adjacent to the river was prepared and reproduced for use by interested planning agencies. Statistics on land area by types for the river as it now is and as it was ten to thirteen years previously have been prepared by towns, counties, and states. The aerial photographs proved invaluable for analyzing the recreational potential of the Connecticut River.
SEDIMENT IN RELATION TO WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Grissinger E. H. , McDowell L. L.
Published: June 2007

The relation between sediment and water quality involves the individual relations between sediment and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water as these characteristics determine the suitability of water for an intended use. Both the physical and chemical properties of fine‐grained sediments must be considered in evaluating these relations, whereas only the physical properties of coarse‐grained sediments are significant. Most of the literature concerning this subject has considered sediment only as a physical entity. In amount, it is the prime pollutant and is one of the major considerations in evaluating the suitability of water for an intended use. Losses in the United States from sediment and associated flood water damages are measured in billions of dollars annually. Sediments also indirectly affect water suitability through their (physical) influences on biological activity. Fine‐grained sediments, that is, clay minerals and amorphous and organic materials, have chemically active surfaces. These sediments may either sorb ions from solution or release ions to solution depending upon the chemical environment. Unfortunately, not enough is known about the ternary system–sediment‐water‐dissolved chemical load–to adequately define its influence on either the biological characteristics of water or the suitability of water for various long‐term uses. This paper attempts to define the problems concerning the role of sediment in this ternary system.
FRAGILE ESTUARINE SYSTEMS–ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Wohlschlag Donald E. , Copeland B. J.
Published: June 2007

Studies of fish species and populations indicate a high degree of fragility for estuarine ecosystems. Slight stresses tend to disrupt energy flow systems and lead to lower levels of biological productivity, shortened food chains and poorer diversity of species. For individual species low‐level stresses tend to suppress metabolism and growth processes. Minor stresses can also substantially reduce populations. Stress processes are quantifiable and amenable to mathematical modeling.
AN OPERATIONAL WATERSHED MODEL: STEP 1‐B: REGULATION OF WATER LEVELS IN THE KISSIMMEE RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Sinha Lalit K.
Published: June 2007

Step‐IB in the first phase of an “Operational Watershed Model” recently initiated by the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District for managing its water resources is to compute water surface elevation, spatially and temporally, in the Kissimmee River Basin system of reservoirs, channels and spillways. An approach is based upon the principles of gradually varied flow. Mathematical relationships to compute lake stage as a function of storage, and to compute discharge through the control structures as a function of gate opening and differential head across the structures are developed. Their feasibility for application is clearly demonstrated by the simulated mean daily water surface elevation for a period of two years on the tail side of one typical gated spillway and on the head side of another gated spillway.
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AND THE TEXAS WATER PLAN1
Authors: Trock Warren L. , Jensen Clarence W.
Published: June 2007

Among the many problems associated with the implementation of the Texas Water Plan are the institutional arrangements necessary for interstate diversions, for management of transfer systems, for allocation and sale of water, and for developing repayment capabilities among water users.
THE MEANDERING OF NATURAL STREAMS IN ALLUVIAL MATERIALS1
Authors: Shindala Adnan. , Priest Melville S.
Published: June 2007

Although there have been numerous publications which might be classified under the general subject of meanders, they have, for the most part, been preoccupied with the origin of meanders, helicoidal flow or the search for a characteristic or standard meander. There seems to be little published information on the analysis of actual velocity patterns, the nature and role of bank caving or anomalies and differences in the geometry of bends. The purpose of this paper is to present a qualitative summary of current knowledge on the meandering of streams in alluvial materials, based upon a review of pertinent literature, data supplied by the Vicksburg and Little Rock Districts, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, and the observation of small‐scale meanders on a tilting sand table. It is intended that this paper provide some coverage of the aspects of meandering that have hitherto been neglected.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OR “CURVE FIT” ‐ TELL IT LIKE IT IS1
Authors: Leeds J. V.
Published: June 2007

A very fashionable term in present day engineering is mathematical model. A term which has grown into somewhat ill‐repute is “curve fit.” The basic purpose of this paper is to discuss the difference between a mathematical model and a “curve fit.” In addition, a discussion of proof testing of both “curve fits” and mathematical models will be presented, followed by a brief discussion of the form and of the uses of “curve fits” and mathematical models.
FLOOD PLAIN MODELING1
Authors: Perkins Frank E.
Published: June 2007

Computer simulation of river basin hydrology has rapidly progressed from an interesting academic exercise to a practical engineering procedure of increasing utility. Mathematical models of the many interrelated processes which occur in a basin have been developed along with efficient numerical procedures for their solution. The present paper is concerned with a particular model which has been used to describe the transformation of a temporally and spatially varying rainfall into a time history of stage and discharge on a flood plain. Although developed principally as a model of the physical processes involved, it is envisioned that the model can serve as one component of an information system for flood plain planning and management.

The model consists of the following elements: (i) a rainfall simulation which generates stochastic inputs to the model according to specified rainfall statistics, (ii) a catchment‐runoff model which converts the rainfall to surface runoff, (iii) a flood stage model which converts the surface runoff to time histories of flood stage and discharge.

The model has been used to investigate the effect of various structural flood control measures in a basin and, in particular, to establish frequency‐stage information for each of these.

Of particular interest in development of the model have been recurring and partially unanswered questions relative to the proper balance among availability of data for use in the model, data requirements of the model and the objectives of the outputs produced by the model.
A METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATTITUDE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS1
Authors: Sawyer R. N. , Harbaugh T. E.
Published: June 2007

To the average layman, the distinction between opinion and attitude is artificial at best, and is neither consistent nor logically defensible. For many purposes one need not distinguish between the two. However, when assessing opinion and attitude the disparity becomes quite evident. Opinion surveys are characteristically concerned with replies to specific questions which need not be related. The responses are kept separately as opposed to being combined into a total score. Attitude scales, on the other hand, typically yield a total score indicating both a direction and intensity of an individual's feelings, thoughts, and predispositions to act toward a given concept. Further, in the construction of an attitude scale, the different statements are designed to measure a single attitude or unidimensional variable. The Likert method of constructing attitude measuring instruments requires a large number of judges to indicate their own attitudes by responding to statements thought to pertain to an attitude in question. Five possible responses are provided for each item. The procedure for construction of a Thurstone type scale utilizes the Law of Categorical Judgment as a basis. Statements are obtained and analyzed for the various categories and in final form, the attitude scale is presented to the respondent who indicates statements with which he agrees or disagrees.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1
Authors: Deininger Rolf A.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the use of systems analysis and operations research techniques for the planning, design, and operation of specific parts of a water supply system. Only two areas of interest are emphasized and results of current research studies are indicated. The first topic deals with the optimal design and development of ground water sources, particularly the operation of well fields. The second topic deals with regional development of future supply sources. The question of which supplies should be developed, at what time, to what degree, and which transmission lines should be built to minimize the costs of regional water supply, are formulated mathematically. KEY WORDS: ground water; optimal design; systems; water supply
SIMULATION ‐ DECISION AID IN PLANNING DESALTING APPLICATIONS1
Authors: Westrope John S.
Published: June 2007

The difficulty and complexity in evaluating water resource problems is becoming more evident to management with each passing year. Decisions are required sooner, in more detail, with some background—and yet cost more to evolve. One potential method to arrive at solutions at least more rapidly and in more detail is via simu‐ lation. A manager may evaluate many alternative solutions to his problem—provided an evaluated simulation system is at his disposal.

One such system under development is a highly flexible computerized model system for evaluating real economic/technical applicability of desalting to a selected area. The Economic Evaluation Model System (EEMS) was initially conceived during 1968 and the first version was completed in 1969.

This system represents the combination of technical, environmental and economic functions into an interrelated system, which allows the user to examine a broad range of water related problems—oriented toward the applicability of desalting as an additional or alternative source of water.

The major thrust of the development of the system thus far, however, has been with the methodology involved and further refinements and extensions of the system are recognized and planned for in future research and development.
SIMULATION/OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR MULTI‐BASIN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Evenson Donald E. , Moseley Joe C.
Published: June 2007

A set of simulation and optimization tools capable of analyzing the development and operation of a complex, multi‐basin, interconnected water resource are explained. These models provide valuable information regarding the important questions: (1) “When should new projects be build?” (2) “How big should they be?” and (3) “How should the system be operated?” Since these tools were developed by and for practicing engineers, their applicability to real‐world problems is mandatory. To assure this, testing was done on an actual proposed project, the Texas Water System.
PART I: METHODOLOGY AND PROBLEMS IN AN URBANIZED ARID ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Kisiel Chester C. , Duokstein Luaien
Published: June 2007

The methodology of operations research is judged in relation to its utility to water resource management in an urbanized arid environment and to the study of worth of data for such management. Conditions for existence of a managerial problem are reviewed as is the multilevel structure of the decision process, including decisions on social goals for Western water use. Worth of data can only be judged in relation to a particular use to meet a social or managerial objective. The role of data uncertainty on the decision process is reviewed in the light of past water decisions and present and future problems.
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: James L. Douglas
Published: June 2007

The traditional approach to water resources management for urban areas has been based on the examination of needs and the design of separate facilities for water supply, drainage, and waste water collection and treatment. The complexity and interaction among the separate systems required by a metropolitan area has complicated their management and promoted research interest in developing a methodology for better coordination. However, a more thorough evaluation of the problem reveals the real research need to be both more complicated and different in character than the problem in systems analysis suggested by the first superficial glance. Water management relates to the much broader problem of community design; when, where, and in what manner should new urban development take place. Furthermore, the character and needs of areas within the metropolis are constantly changing. The key distinctiveness of urban water management is the imperative for design and operation flexibility. The key research need is to develop new designs, operation procedures, and institutional arrangements to make the flexibility demanded by a dynamic urban community possible.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST1
Authors: Curran Terence P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The water resources manager, concerned with providing for citizen needs for water in all its varied aspects, is obliged to consider the public interest in his decision making. But the public interest, although inferring the superiority of public over purely private interests, is more of a concept of political ethics than an operational objective. Recent attacks on water resources developments place in question just how responsive the water resources manager has been to the public at large during the planning process. The recent broadening of planning objectives beyond economic efficiency to include greater attention to social goals is an encouraging development. Efforts should be expanded toward greater citizen participation and more attention should be given to sampling surveys to determine citizen attitudes on water resources proposals. In the last analysis, the decision‐making process must combine the expertise of the water resources manager and the participation of the people through the political process.
APPLICATION OF AN ACOUSTIC STREAMFLOW‐MEASURING SYSTEM ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES, OREGON1
Authors: Smith Winchell
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The need for accurate, independent records of flow on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon, has been met by the installation of an acoustic streamflow‐measuring system. This device provides an index of the velocity of flow by measuring the difference in traveltimes of acoustic pulses transmitted through the water in each direction along a diagonal path across the river. The flow of water along the path increases the speed of one signal and retards the speed of the other. The difference in time of travel is related linearly to the water velocity along the path. Installation of the system, which is the first application of an acoustic flowmeter in a large natural channel, was completed in April 1969. It has been in continuous operation since that date. The velocity index and water‐surface elevation are used as a two‐variable index in the computation of flow. These variables, correlated against current‐meter measurements made by use of specialized boat equipment, provide a reliable basis for computations of instantaneous and daily mean discharges.
DYNAMIC MODELING OF STREAM QUALITY BY INVARIANT IMBEDDING1
Authors: Lee E. Stanley , Hwang Irving K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The estimator equations obtained using invariant imbedding is used to estimate the parameters in river or stream pollution. By using these equations, the parameters can be estimated directly from differential equations representing the pollution model and from measured noisy data such as BOD and DO. Another advantage of this approach is that a sequential estimation scheme is obtained. By using this sequential scheme, only current data are needed to estimate current or future values of the unknown parameters. Consequently, a large amount of computer time and computer memory can be saved. Furthermore, not only the parameters but also the concentrations of pollutants can be estimated. Thus, it also forms an effective forecasting technique. The classical least squares criterion is used in the estimation. Several examples are solved to illustrate the technique. (KEY WORDS: dynamic modeling; water pollution; invariant imbedding; forecasting; least squares criterion; estimation)
THE MISSING LINK‐WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS1
Authors: Keys James M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The need for trained manpower in the wastewater treatment field has become critical, especially at the Operator level. Each year for the next five years, an estimated 4,500 new operators will need to be trained and an estimated 7,300 present operators will need skill‐improvement training. During 1969–70, the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA) initiated a new type of Operator Training Program in collaboration with the Departments of Labor (DOL) and Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW); 1,200 operators were successfully trained in 20 states. Approximately 900 were trained under the Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (CAMPS). During 1970–71, under the joint auspices of the FWQA, DOL, HEW and Department of Defense (DOD), approximately 2,600 operators will be trained in four different programs‐in addition to a possible 900 trained under CAMPS. Also important is the human element: motivation of the operator; career‐ladders with increased salaries; certification; enhancing the public image of the operator.
WATER RECLAMATION BY PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER1
Authors: Huang Ju‐Chang , Hardie Michael G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Treatment of a high strength acidic industrial chemical waste, which had a COD of about 3000 mg/1 and a pH of 3, was attempted by activated carbon adsorption to evaluate the feasibility of yielding effluents of reusable qualities. The experimental methods which were employed in this investigation included batch and column studies. The former was used to evaluate the rate and equilibrium of carbon adsorption while the latter was used to determine treatment efficiencies and performance characteristics. Parallel operations of fixed‐bed and expanded‐bed adsorbers were contrasted in the column study. Results of this investication indicate that activated carbon was very efficient in removing the COD of the chemical waste. Initial pH adjustments for the wastewater to 7.0 or 11.4 did not increase the COD removal efficiency. Turbidity and nitrogen (total Kjeldahl‐ and ammonia‐N) were removed to some extents by the carbon bed adsorbers while phosphorus (total‐and ortho‐P) was totally unaffected by the carbon treatment.
CULTURAL ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE1
Authors: Smith Courtland L. , Hogg Thomas C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Attitudes toward the development of the American West have undergone important changes over the past century just as the nature of water resources as factors in development have changed. Viewing these changes processually, stages for water resources definition and use can be identified in the total process of western cultural development. The first stage involves the value of water resource development as a stimulus to population and economic growth in the West. The second stage, still in process', adopts a dominant cultural norm which sees water resource development as inevitable if not necessary to keep up with growth. A third stage to this evolutionary process is incipient. Future cultural values and thinking with respect to water resource development will be to look at development as a means for controlling or managing both the location and quantity of population and economic growth. To this end planners will have to become concerned with the questions of human adaptation. Concern will have to be given to the problems of getting a living which enables individuals to meet the subsistence needs of self and family, to establishing community which provides for cooperation among individuals and the management of conflict, to establishing improved communication which promotes interpersonal interaction, and for fostering innovation which provides the new ideas necessary to adapt to new environmental situations.,
EVALUATION OF THE WORTH OF ADDITIONAL DATA1
Authors: Davis Donald R. , Dvoranchik William M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.Inherent in every decision process is a certain amount of uncertainty, which is reduced with information. Perfect knowledge yields no uncertainty for a process, but perfect knowledge for hydrologic and water resource systems would require a highly excessive investment. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to delineate a procedure that places a value on this uncertainty so that it may be compared to a cost of further investment, which would provide a basis for deciding the time at which the value of additional data does not exceed the cost of that data.

A decision theory approach is employed on a hydrologic problem to formalize the steps in making a decision. Examples are given.
OPTIMIZATION OF WATER ALLOCATION DECISIONS AFFECTING ESTUARINE ECOLOGY1
Authors: Swanson Huntington S. , Beightler Charles S. , Phillips Don T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.The problem analyzed in this paper is how to allocate optimally the available surface water in a river system among those who compete for its use, while acknowledging explicitly that for coastal states the ecology of bays and estuaries must be numbered among the competitors. The objective is to maximize the benefit resulting from water use while satisfying a set of constraints on flow. Benefit is assumed to be a function of the amount of water used and the time period in which the water is used. A mathematical model of this problem is shown to fit the format of the minimum cost circulation network flow problem. The Out‐of‐Kilter algorithm of D. R. Fulkerson is proposed as a solution technique. Sensitivity analysis on the input data is described as a means of determining the minimum economic benefit required to justify the allocation of a given volume of water needed to sustain the ecology of an estuary.
TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT‐IRRIGATION WATER EXCHANGE, TUCSON REGION1
Authors: Cluff C. B. , DeCook K. J. , Matlock W. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.Many growing municipalities near irrigated agriculture are advocating a transfer of water now utilized for irrigation to municipal use. Alternatives are presented whereby this water can be transferred to municipal use in exchange for treated sewage effluent. The irrigation water would in effect be cycled through the municipal system prior to use on the farms.

A case study of the Tucson region illustrates the relevant legal, economic and technical aspects. Effluent could be delivered to irrigators in Avra Valley at a cost less than that now paid for water pumped from declining water tables. In return the City of Tucson could import ground water now being used for irrigation through an existing pipeline which presently cannot be used because of a court injunction obtained by the irrigators. It appears that such an exchange agreement could be made without modification of existing statutory law.

Similar exchange arrangements may prove to be feasible in other regions containing irrigated agriculture. Increased efficiency of water use can be achieved avoiding external effects which commonly arise in a direct transfer and are difficult to evaluate. High quality water is allocated to municipal use whereas nutrient‐rich sewage effluent is transferred to irrigation.
EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR OPERATING POLICY ON RECREATION BENEFITS1
Authors: Morgan Joe M. , King Paul H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT