bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Global Pact for the Environment: The Logical Outcome of 50 Years of International Environmental Law
Authors: Aguila Yann
Published: July 2020

The Global Pact for the Environment is a project for an international treaty that seeks to recognize the environmental rights and duties of citizens, states, and businesses. The text of the initial Pact project was drafted in June 2017 by a network of over 100 environmental law experts from more than 40 countries. In May 2018, the United Nations General Assembly paved the way for its negotiation by adopting the resolution “Towards a Global Pact for the Environment”. These talks resulted in a recommendation for states to adopt a “political declaration” in 2022 for the 50th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference. This article retraces the origins of the Global Pact project and makes the case for its adoption. It argues that a Global Pact is the missing piece to implement the 2030 Agenda and would help to “constitutionalize” fundamental environmental principles. The article further responds to concerns raised about the Global Pact project, such as interactions with existing instruments, the applicability of broad principles at the national level, as well as the risk of regression. It ultimately asserts that all stakeholders would reap benefits from its procedural and substantive provisions, should it be adopted.
Impact of Railway Noise on People Based on Strategic Acoustic Maps
Authors: Wrótny Marcin , Bohatkiewicz Janusz
Published: July 2020

The main objectives of the introduced Directive 2002/49/EC are to harmonize the activities intended to control the harmful effects of noise pollution and to standardize the methodology for their assessment. Strategic acoustic maps drawn up in the EU Member States allow for determining the state of environmental noise pollution and planning preventive measures. This study involved analyses of noise levels in selected European capitals and Polish cities. The number of inhabitants who may be affected by a high degree of sleep disturbance caused by railway noise was also analyzed. An attempt was made to present a correlation between the scale of noise exposure and population density, the length of the existing railway infrastructure, and the type of areas with railways running through them. The most unfavorable type of development in terms of the number of people exposed to noise is compact development located directly along railway lines. Thanks to the acoustic maps, it is possible to locate the most noise-polluted places and establish a hierarchy of protective measures.
Strengthening the Statistical Summaries of Economic Output Areas for Urban Planning Support Systems
Authors: Hwang Chul Sue , Hong Seong-Yun , Hwang TaeKeon , Yang Byungyun
Published: July 2020

Despite efforts to research the transformation of urban structures, difficulties remain in estimating credible statistical information in the existing census output areas. This research proposes two alternatives to construct new economic output areas by considering the socioeconomic homogeneities where economic activities occur. In particular, we developed an algorithm to aggregate new economic zones into the existing census output areas. For this purpose, we utilized matrix systems that consider population sizes, the number of workers and workplaces, and a combination of these factors in the two alternatives. Urban planners need to provide credible statistical summaries at the census output areas. Our findings contribute to this research by suggesting that it is essential to consider the population and the number of workplaces with socioeconomic homogeneity. These findings will also help other researchers who study the transformation of urban structures because they can use more reliable statistical information for their simulation model that predicts an urban structure. Furthermore, it will help improve the national statistics office’s roles for public and urban planners and provide an important source for the national statistical geographic information services.
Bibliometric Study of Scientific Production on the Term Collaborative Learning in Web of Science
Authors: Moreno-Guerrero Antonio-José , Jurado de los Santos Pedro , Pertegal-Felices María Luisa , Soler Costa Rebeca
Published: July 2020

Currently, more and more teachers decide to follow active teaching methods, leaving behind traditional teaching methods. Among the most used pedagogical methods in the educational field is the collaborative learning. The general objective of the present investigation is to know the performance and academic development of the term "collaborative learning" in the documents collected in the Web of Science database. The research method developed was based on a bibliometric study, identifying academic performance and conceptual development, through a co-word analysis. Particularly, we have pursued four main objectives: (a) To determine the degree of performance of documents collected from collaborative learning; (b) to identify the scientific development of so-called collaborative learning; (c) to analyze the most incidental aspects of collaborative learning; and (d) to value the most representative authors who are experts in the use of collaborative learning. The total number of manuscripts studied is 3295. The results show the manuscripts are written mainly in English by researchers who belong from the United States. The main area of knowledge is Education Educational Research. As a conclusion, it can be said that the collaborative learning pedagogical method is at a turning point in the scientific field. Its scientific evolution, focused on its principles in the students themselves, has extended to other branches. At present, studies are oriented towards technological resources, co-regulation, and the academic achievements of students. Furthermore, in the coming years the terms innovation, design, patterns, collaboration, and communication will probably be the new lines of study in this scientific field.
Impact of Industry 4.0 on Sustainability—Bibliometric Literature Review
Authors: Ejsmont Krzysztof , Gladysz Bartlomiej , Kluczek Aldona
Published: July 2020

Nowadays, sustainability and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) are trending concepts used in the literature on industrial processes. Industry 4.0 has been mainly addressed by the current literature from a technological perspective, overlooking sustainability challenges regarding this recent paradigm. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the state of the art of relations between sustainability and I4.0. The goal will be met by (1) mapping and summarizing existing research efforts, (2) identifying research agendas, (3) examining gaps and opportunities for further research. Web of Science, Scopus, and a set of specific keywords were used to select peer-reviewed papers presenting evidence on the relationship between sustainability and I4.0. To achieve this goal, it was decided to use a dynamic methodology called “systematic literature network analysis”. This methodology combines a systematic literature review approach with the analysis of bibliographic networks. Selected papers were used to build a reference framework formed by I4.0 technologies and sustainability issues. The paper contributes to the Sustainable Industry 4.0 reference framework with application procedures. It aims to show how I4.0 can support ideas of sustainability. The results showed that apart from a huge contribution to both concepts, many papers do not provide an insight into realization of initiatives to introduce Sustainable Industry 4.0.
Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-Food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart
Authors: Barcaccia Gianni , D’Agostino Vincenzo , Zotti Alessandro , Cozzi Bruno
Published: July 2020

The recent outbreak of a new Coronavirus has developed into a global pandemic with about 10.5 million reported cases and over 500,000 deaths worldwide. Our prospective paper reports an updated analysis of the impact that this pandemic had on the Italian agri-food sector during the national lockdown and discusses why and how this unprecedented economic crisis could be a turning point to deal with the overall sustainability of food and agricultural systems in the frame of the forthcoming European Green Deal. Its introductory part includes a wide-ranging examination of the first quarter of pandemic emergency, with a specific focus on the primary production, to be understood as agriculture (i.e., crops and livestock, and their food products), fisheries, and forestry. The effect on the typical food and wine exports, and the local environment tourism segments is also taken into account in this analysis, because of their old and deep roots into the cultural and historical heritage of the country. The subsequent part of the paper is centered on strategic lines and research networks for an efficient socio-economic and territorial restart, and a faster transition to sustainability in the frame of a circular bio-economy. Particular emphasis is given to the urgent need of investments in research and development concerning agriculture, in terms of not only a fruitful penetration of the agro-tech for a next-generation agri-food era, but also a deeper attention to the natural and environmental resources, including forestry. As for the rest of Europe, Italy demands actions to expand knowledge and strengthen research applied to technology transfer for innovation activities aimed at providing solutions for a climate neutral and resilient society, in reference to primary production to ensure food security and nutrition quality. Our expectation is that science and culture return to play a central role in national society, as their main actors are capable of making a pivotal contribution to renew and restart the whole primary sector and agri-food industry, addressing also social and environmental issues, and so accelerating the transition to sustainability.
Effect of Quality Uncertainty, Regulatory Focus, and Promotional Strategies on Perceived Savings for Sustainable Marketing
Authors: Chung Jaekwon
Published: July 2020

Quality uncertainty is one of the major challenges for new products entering a market. Companies launching new products may consider price-related promotions to stimulate consumer purchases. Prior studies have investigated the impacts of quality uncertainty and price-related promotions on consumer behavior. However, studies that consider quality uncertainty and price-related promotions on consumers’ perceived savings based on regulatory focus are rare. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the impacts of price-related promotions (price discount and value-added promotion), quality uncertainty (high vs. low), and regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) on perceived savings. Survey studies were conducted, and results were analyzed. The results indicate that when quality uncertainty level is high, perceived savings for price discount and value-added promotions are higher for promotion-focused consumers compared with prevention-focused consumers. By contrast, when quality uncertainty level is low, perceived savings for price discount and value-added promotions are higher for prevention-focused consumers compared with promotion-focused consumers. The results of this study are expected to assist companies in introducing new products to develop sustainable price-related promotions.
A Modified Model for Predicting the Strength of Drying-Wetting Cycled Sandstone Based on the P-Wave Velocity
Authors: Xu Zhi-Hua , Feng Guang-Liang , Sun Qian-Cheng , Zhang Guo-Dong , He Yu-Ming
Published: July 2020

The drying-wetting cycles caused by operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir have considerable effect on the deterioration of reservoir bank rock mass, and the degradation of reservoir rock mass by the drying-wetting cycle is becoming obvious and serious along with the periodic operation. At present, the strength of the rock prediction research mainly focuses on the uniaxial strength, and few studies consider the drying-wetting effect and confining pressure. Therefore, in this paper, typical sandstone from a reservoir bank in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is taken as the research object, while the drying-wetting cycle test, wave velocity test and strength test are carried out for the research on the strength prediction of sandstone under the action of the drying-wetting cycle. The results show that the ultrasonic wave velocity Vp of the sandstone has an exponential function relation with the drying-wetting cycle number n, and the initial stage of drying-wetting cycles has the most significant influence on the wave velocity. Under different confining pressures, the compressive strength of sandstone decreases linearly with the increase of the drying-wetting cycle numbers, and the plastic deformation increases gradually. The damage variable of the sandstone has a power function relation with the increase of drying-wetting cycle numbers. A traditional strength prediction model based on P-wave velocity was established combined with the damage theory and Lemaitre strain equivalence hypothesis; in view of the defects of the traditional strength prediction model, a modified model considering both the drying-wetting cycle number and confining pressures was proposed, where the calculated results of the modified model are closer to the test strength value, and the prediction error is obviously decreased. This indicated that the modified model considering the drying-wetting cycle number and confining pressure is reasonable and feasible.
Smart City Crime Prevention Services: The Incheon Free Economic Zone Case
Authors: Park Mun-su , Lee Hwansoo
Published: July 2020

This study explores ways to improve the security systems of emerging smart cities by conducting a case study of the smart crime prevention service of the Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) in South Korea. Data from the IFEZ were collected between January 2017 and December 2018 across the smart system’s four functional areas (intelligent video surveillance, suspicious vehicle surveillance, emergency alerts, and abnormal sound sources) and 10 types of situations (emergency, violence, civil complaints, intrusion, kidnapping, loitering, throwing, suspicious vehicle, collision explosion, and sudden event). Descriptive statistics were analyzed to show the limitation of the smart crime prevention service. The results revealed three significant insights into the best practices for smart crime prevention services in smart cities: first, smart crime prevention services are required to verify the accuracy and consistency of collected data; second, the government must establish a consistent process to link all crime prevention services and to secure data linkages; and third, the government must urgently foster and secure experts in specialized institutions to carry out these advised functions. Ultimately, these findings suggest that in-depth discussions of data collection and sharing are required to ensure the optimal development of smart city security services.
A Qualitative Inquiry into Collecting Recyclable Cans and Bottles as a Livelihood Activity at Football Tailgates in the United States
Authors: Chikowore Noleen R. , Kerr John M.
Published: July 2020

The deposit refund program for the return of beverage containers in some U.S. states has led to recycling as a means of earning income. Michigan’s 10-cent aluminum can and bottle refund, which is the highest in the U.S., makes recycling for income particularly attractive. This study explores the factors that enable or constrain the livelihood activity of people who collect cans and bottles at football tailgating parties, focusing on the motivation behind choices and the factors that enhance or constrain their activities. Maximum variation (heterogeneity) sampling, a purposeful sampling method, was used to recruit participants from different races, genders, and age groups. Data were collected through direct observation and semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the income from this livelihood activity was an important survival strategy for those who engage in it. Other significant sources of motivation include contributing to environmental stewardship and recognition for doing so. Differences in capital assets such as social networks, physical strength, skills, and access to equipment led to differences in people’s ability to earn income from collecting cans and bottles. Some challenges restricted their activities, including accessing shopping carts and public buses to transport the cans and limitations imposed on the number of cans that canners can redeem at the redemption centers.
The Sustainability of Living in a “Green” Urban District: An Emergy Perspective
Authors: Bergquist Daniel , Garcia-Caro Daniela , Joosse Sofie , Granvik Madeleine , Peniche Felix
Published: July 2020

While urban areas hold great potential for contributing to sustainable development, there is a critical need to better understand and verify what measures improve urban sustainability. To achieve this, this project implements emergy synthesis to evaluate the environmental support to a building—called Smaragden—located in a certified “green” urban district in Uppsala, Sweden. Inputs to the building’s construction and maintenance phases are accounted for, as are flows supporting the residents’ everyday practices (i.e., urban life), on a yearly per capita basis. In this way, the relative importance of lifestyle issues versus the built environment is quantified and compared. Key focus areas are identified where efficiency and sustainability gains are most likely. The emergy synthesis detailed the top contributors to urban resource consumption and revealed that both the lifestyle and built environment in Smaragden are highly unsustainable, ranking poorly in terms of the emergy indices calculated, and, when considered from a global emergy perspective, overshooting resource consumption by more than 70 times. The paper therefore concludes that interdependencies of urban districts on systems at larger scales of society and environment need to be explicitly addressed and actively incorporated in urban policy and planning, and that design interventions are hence grounded in a systems perspective on urban sustainability.
Factors Affecting Consumers’ Alternative Meats Buying Intentions: Plant-Based Meat Alternative and Cultured Meat
Authors: Hwang Jihee , You Jihye , Moon Junghoon , Jeong Jaeseok
Published: July 2020

Consumers have started to become aware of the negative aspects of conventional meat, including concerns about environmental issues, animal welfare, and consumer health. Alternative meats (i.e., cultured meat and plant-based meat alternatives) have been introduced recently to address these problems, and the rapid growth of the alternative meat market could pose a threat to the conventional meat market. It is necessary to identify the features of alternative meat that affect consumers’ purchasing intentions. Thus, we aimed to: (1) explore the positive and negative feelings toward alternative meat and (2) compare the differences in factors influencing alternative meat buying intentions. This study conducted an online survey with Korean participants in two separate sections (cultured meat: n = 513; plant-based meat alternatives: n = 504), and relationships between the variables and willingness to buy were analyzed using the partial least squares method. The results showed that sustainability and food neophobia are two of the different factors, and food curiosity, unnaturalness, and distrust of biotechnology are the common factors affecting consumers’ purchasing choice. The results of this study provide useful guidelines for effective promotional messages about cultured meat, plant-based meat alternatives, and conventional meat marketers focusing on the positive and negative aspects of significant factors.
Sustainability Assessment and Engineering of Emerging Aircraft Technologies—Challenges, Methods and Tools
Authors: Pinheiro Melo Sofia , Barke Alexander , Cerdas Felipe , Thies Christian , Mennenga Mark , Spengler Thomas S. , Herrmann Christoph
Published: July 2020

Driven by concerns regarding the sustainability of aviation and the continued growth of air traffic, increasing interest is given to emerging aircraft technologies. Although new technologies, such as battery-electric propulsion systems, have the potential to minimise in-flight emissions and noise, environmental burdens are possibly shifted to other stages of the aircraft’s life cycle, and new socio-economic challenges may arise. Therefore, a life-cycle-oriented sustainability assessment is required to identify these hotspots and problem shifts and to derive recommendations for action for aircraft development at an early stage. This paper proposes a framework for the modelling and assessment of future aircraft technologies and provides an overview of the challenges and available methods and tools in this field. A structured search and screening process is used to determine which aspects of the proposed framework are already addressed in the scientific literature and in which areas research is still needed. For this purpose, a total of 66 related articles are identified and systematically analysed. Firstly, an overview of statistics of papers dealing with life-cycle-oriented analysis of conventional and emerging aircraft propulsion systems is given, classifying them according to the technologies considered, the sustainability dimensions and indicators investigated, and the assessment methods applied. Secondly, a detailed analysis of the articles is conducted to derive answers to the defined research questions. It illustrates that the assessment of environmental aspects of alternative fuels is a dominating research theme, while novel approaches that integrate socio-economic aspects and broaden the scope to battery-powered, fuel-cell-based, or hybrid-electric aircraft are emerging. It also provides insights by what extent future aviation technologies can contribute to more sustainable and energy-efficient aviation. The findings underline the need to harmonise existing methods into an integrated modelling and assessment approach that considers the specifics of upcoming technological developments in aviation.
Cultural Sustainability in Ethnobotanical Research with Students Up to K-12
Authors: Gutiérrez-García Lorena , Blanco-Salas José , Sánchez-Martín Jesús , Ruiz-Téllez Trinidad
Published: July 2020

In the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), education plays a fundamental role. However, traditional methodologies do not favor the enrichment and personal development essential to promote global awareness. The use of active methodologies based on experiences improve the quality of learning. This work describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of the acquired knowledge of a didactic proposal for non-formal education as a support for regulated education based on botany content. Firstly, a workshop was held, where young people participated directly in developing field work with a real scientific methodology. Subsequently, a group of students was chosen to be interviewed to obtain a global vision of the learning they obtained. The motivation of the students was quite positive, which allowed us to obtain voluntary participation in the field work and also gave the students a participative attitude throughout the development of the workshops. Four months later, this positive attitude remained during their direct involvement in various activities, and the students still remembered the fundamental content discussed. Relating the didactic proposal to its immediate environment was shown to increase interest in learning and value in its own context. The results of this educational experience have been very positive, as knowledge was acquired, and interest in the preservation of the environment and the profession of a researcher was promoted.
aBravo Is a Novel Aedes aegypti Antiviral Protein That Interacts with, but Acts Independently of, the Exogenous siRNA Pathway Effector Dicer 2
Authors: Varjak Margus , Gestuveo Rommel J. , Burchmore Richard , Schnettler Esther , Kohl Alain
Published: July 2020

Mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, can transmit arboviruses to humans. The exogenous short interfering RNA (exo-siRNA) pathway plays a major antiviral role in controlling virus infection in mosquito cells. The Dicer 2 (Dcr2) nuclease is a key effector protein in this pathway, which cleaves viral double-stranded RNA into virus-derived siRNAs that are further loaded onto an effector called Argonaute 2 (Ago2), which as part of the multiprotein RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) targets and cleaves viral RNA. In order to better understand the effector protein Dcr2, proteomics experiments were conducted to identify interacting cellular partners. We identified several known interacting partners including Ago2, as well as two novel and previously uncharacterized Ae. aegypti proteins. The role of these two proteins was further investigated, and their interactions with Dcr2 verified by co-immunoprecipitation. Interestingly, despite their ability to interact with Ago2 and Piwi4, neither of these proteins was found to affect exo-siRNA silencing in a reporter assay. However, one of these proteins, Q0IFK9, subsequently called aBravo (aedine broadly active antiviral protein), was found to mediate antiviral activity against positive strand RNA arboviruses. Intriguingly the presence of Dcr2 was not necessary for this effect, suggesting that this interacting antiviral effector may act as part of protein complexes with potentially separate antiviral activities.
Controlling Avian Influenza Virus in Bangladesh: Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Parvin Rokshana , Nooruzzaman Mohammed , Kabiraj Congriev Kumar , Begum Jahan Ara , Chowdhury Emdadul Haque , Islam Mohammad Rafiqul , Harder Timm
Published: July 2020

Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a huge challenge for poultry production with negative repercussions for micro- and macro-economy and public health in Bangladesh. High (HP) H5N1 and low pathogenicity (LP) H9N2 AIV are currently endemic in poultry, and both have been reported to infect humans sporadically. Multiple virus introductions of different clades of HPAIV H5N1, reassorted genotypes, and on-going diversification of LPAIV H9N2 create a highly volatile virological environment which potentially implicates increased virulence, adaptation to new host species, and subsequent zoonotic transmission. Allotropy of poultry rearing systems and supply chains further increase the risk of virus spreading, which leads to human exposure and fosters the emergence of new potentially pre-pandemic virus strains. Here, we review the epidemiology, focusing on (i) risk factors for virus spreading, (ii) viral genetic evolution, and (iii) options for AIV control in Bangladesh. It is concluded that improved control strategies would profit from the integration of various intervention tools, including effective vaccination, enhanced biosecurity practice, and improved awareness of producers and traders, although widespread household poultry rearing significantly interferes with any such strategies. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance associated with rapid diagnosis and thorough virus characterization is the basis of such strategies.
Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of Pestivirus Infection
Authors: Huaman Jose L. , Pacioni Carlo , Forsyth David M. , Pople Anthony , Hampton Jordan O. , Carvalho Teresa G. , Helbig Karla J.
Published: July 2020

Since deer were introduced into Australia in the mid-1800s, their wild populations have increased in size and distribution, posing a potential risk to the livestock industry, through their role in pathogen transmission cycles. In comparison to livestock, there are limited data on viral infections in all wildlife, including deer. The aim of this study was to assess blood samples from wild Australian deer for serological evidence of exposure to relevant viral livestock diseases. Blood samples collected across eastern Australia were tested by ELISA to detect antigens and antibodies against Pestivirus and antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1. A subset of samples was also assessed by RT-PCR for Pestivirus, Simbu serogroup, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus. Our findings demonstrated a very low seroprevalence (3%) for ruminant Pestivirus, and none of the other viruses tested were detected. These results suggest that wild deer may currently be an incidental spill-over host (rather than a reservoir host) for Pestivirus. However, deer could be a future source of viral infections for domestic animals in Australia. Further investigations are needed to monitor pathogen activity and quantify possible future infectious disease impacts of wild deer on the Australian livestock industry.
Kikwit Ebola Virus Disease Progression in the Rhesus Monkey Animal Model
Authors: Bennett Richard S. , Logue James , Liu David X. , Reeder Rebecca J. , Janosko Krisztina B. , Perry Donna L. , Cooper Timothy K. , Byrum Russell , Ragland Danny , St. Claire Marisa , Adams Ricky , Burdette Tracey L. , Brady Tyler M. , Hadley Kyra , Waters M. Colin , Shim Rebecca , Dowling William , Qin Jing , Crozier Ian , Jahrling Peter B. , Hensley Lisa E.
Published: July 2020

Ongoing Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo follow the largest recorded outbreak in Western Africa (2013–2016). To combat outbreaks, testing of medical countermeasures (therapeutics or vaccines) requires a well-defined, reproducible, animal model. Here we present Ebola virus disease kinetics in 24 Chinese-origin rhesus monkeys exposed intramuscularly to a highly characterized, commercially available Kikwit Ebola virus Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group (FANG) stock. Until reaching predetermined clinical disease endpoint criteria, six animals underwent anesthesia for repeated clinical sampling and were compared to six that did not. Groups of three animals were euthanized and necropsied on days 3, 4, 5, and 6 post-exposure, respectively. In addition, three uninfected animals served as controls. Here, we present detailed characterization of clinical and laboratory disease kinetics and complete blood counts, serum chemistries, Ebola virus titers, and disease kinetics for future medical countermeasure (MCM) study design and control data. We measured no statistical difference in hematology, chemistry values, or time to clinical endpoint in animals that were anesthetized for clinical sampling during the acute disease compared to those that were not.
Temperature Sensitivity: A Potential Method for the Generation of Vaccines against the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Keep Sarah , Stevenson-Leggett Phoebe , Steyn Angela , Oade Michael S. , Webb Isobel , Stuart Jamie , Vervelde Lonneke , Britton Paul , Maier Helena J. , Bickerton Erica
Published: July 2020

The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious economically important respiratory pathogen of domestic fowl. Reverse genetics allows for the molecular study of pathogenic determinants to enable rational vaccine design. The recombinant IBV (rIBV) Beau-R, a molecular clone of the apathogenic Beaudette strain, has previously been investigated as a vaccine platform. To determine tissues in which Beau-R could effectively deliver antigenic genes, an in vivo study in chickens, the natural host, was used to compare the pattern of viral dissemination of Beau-R to the pathogenic strain M41-CK. Replication of Beau-R was found to be restricted to soft tissue within the beak, whereas M41-CK was detected in beak tissue, trachea and eyelid up to seven days post infection. In vitro assays further identified that, unlike M41-CK, Beau-R could not replicate at 41 °C, the core body temperature of a chicken, but is able to replicate a 37 °C, a temperature relatable to the very upper respiratory tract. Using a panel of rIBVs with defined mutations in the structural and accessory genes, viral replication at permissive and non-permissive temperatures was investigated, identifying that the Beau-R replicase gene was a determinant of temperature sensitivity and that sub-genomic mRNA synthesis had been affected. The identification of temperature sensitive allelic lesions within the Beau-R replicase gene opens up the possibility of using this method of attenuation in other IBV strains for future vaccine development as well as a method to investigate the functions of the IBV replicase proteins.
Innate Immune Sensing of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Malik Gaurav , Zhou Yan
Published: July 2020

Influenza virus infection triggers host innate immune response by stimulating various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs leads to the activation of a plethora of signaling pathways, resulting in the production of interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the recruitment of innate immune cells, or the activation of programmed cell death. All these antiviral approaches collectively restrict viral replication inside the host. However, influenza virus also engages in multiple mechanisms to subvert the innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), NOD-, LRR-, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) in sensing and restricting influenza viral infection. Further, we also discuss the mechanisms influenza virus utilizes, especially the role of viral non-structure proteins NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X, to evade the host innate immune responses.
The bZIP Proteins of Oncogenic Viruses
Authors: Stolz Madeleine L. , McCormick Craig
Published: July 2020

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) govern diverse cellular processes and cell fate decisions. The hallmark of the leucine zipper domain is the heptad repeat, with leucine residues at every seventh position in the domain. These leucine residues enable homo- and heterodimerization between ZIP domain α-helices, generating coiled-coil structures that stabilize interactions between adjacent DNA-binding domains and target DNA substrates. Several cancer-causing viruses encode viral bZIP TFs, including human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the herpesviruses Marek’s disease virus (MDV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these viral bZIP TFs and their impact on viral replication, host cell responses and cell fate.
Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi
Authors: Madrigal Jasmine L. , Bhar Sutonuka , Hackett Samantha , Engelken Haley , Joseph Ross , Keyhani Nemat O. , Jones Melissa K.
Published: July 2020

The presence of commensal bacteria enhances both acute and persistent infection of murine noroviruses. For several enteric viral pathogens, mechanisms by which these bacteria enhance infection involve direct interactions between the virus and bacteria. While it has been demonstrated that human noroviruses bind to a variety of commensal bacteria, it is not known if this is also true for murine noroviruses. The goal of this study was to characterize interactions between murine noroviruses and commensal bacteria and determine the impact of bacterial growth conditions, incubation temperature and time, on murine norovirus attachment to microbes that comprise the mammalian microbiome. We show that murine noroviruses bind directly to commensal bacteria and show similar patterns of attachment as human norovirus VLPs examined under the same conditions. Furthermore, while binding levels are not impacted by the growth phase of the bacteria, they do change with time and incubation temperature. We also found that murine norovirus can bind to a commensal fungal species, Candida albicans.
Editorial of Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Toor Salman M. , Sasidharan Nair Varun , Elkord Eyad
Published: July 2020

The global burden of influenza-associated respiratory mortality is higher than previous estimates, with over 0 [...]
Adherence to Vaccination Policy among Public Health Professionals: Results of a National Survey in Italy
Authors: Montagna Maria Teresa , De Giglio Osvalda , Napoli Christian , Fasano Fabrizio , Diella Giusy , Donnoli Rosalba , Caggiano Giuseppina , Tafuri Silvio , Lopalco Pier Luigi , Agodi Antonella ,   GISIO-SItI Working Group
Published: July 2020

Starting from 2013, the number of unvaccinated people alarmingly increased in Italy; therefore, in 2017 a new Vaccine National Plan was approved. Healthcare workers (HCWs), especially public health professionals (PHPs, i.e., workers in in the sector of hygiene and preventive medicine), have an important role in informing and promoting vaccinations. In this context, the Italian Study Group of Hospital Hygiene of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health (GISIO-SItI) conducted a national survey to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices towards recommended vaccinations among PHPs. The survey was conducted during October 2019 with an anonymous questionnaire distributed to PHPs attending the 52° SItI National Congress. Overall, 57.1% of operators answered correctly to all seven recommended vaccinations, 12.8% reported to be vaccinated for all seven recommended vaccinations, while 30% were naturally immunized. A higher immunization coverage was reported for anti-hepatitis B (88.9%) and measles (86.1%), and 81.3% of the participants reported being offered the influenza vaccination during the 2018/2019 season. The majority of our sample indicated that hepatitis B (95%) and influenza (93.7%) were the recommended vaccines for HCWs, while less was known regarding varicella, pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus boosters every 10 years. PHPs who were vaccinated (or who intended to be vaccinated) were more likely to recommend vaccinations to their patients and provided a reassuring example to those hesitant patients. Finally, this is the first study that identified good algorithms (using the techniques of machine learning as Random Forest and Deep Learning) to predict the knowledge of PHPs regarding recommended vaccinations with possible applications in other national and international contexts.
Rubella Vaccine Introduction in the South African Public Vaccination Schedule: Mathematical Modelling for Decision Making
Authors: Motaze Nkengafac Villyen , Edoka Ijeoma , Wiysonge Charles S. , Metcalf C. Jessica E. , Winter Amy K.
Published: July 2020

Background: age structured mathematical models have been used to evaluate the impact of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) introduction into existing measles vaccination programs in several countries. South Africa has a well-established measles vaccination program and is considering RCV introduction. This study aimed to provide a comparison of different scenarios and their relative costs within the context of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) reduction or elimination. Methods: we used a previously published age-structured deterministic discrete time rubella transmission model. We obtained estimates of vaccine costs from the South African medicines price registry and the World Health Organization. We simulated RCV introduction and extracted estimates of rubella incidence, CRS incidence and effective reproductive number over 30 years. Results: compared to scenarios without mass campaigns, scenarios including mass campaigns resulted in more rapid elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Routine vaccination at 12 months of age coupled with vaccination of nine-year-old children was associated with the lowest RCV cost per CRS case averted for a similar percentage CRS reduction. Conclusion: At 80% RCV coverage, all vaccine introduction scenarios would achieve rubella and CRS elimination in South Africa. Any RCV introduction strategy should consider a combination of routine vaccination in the primary immunization series and additional vaccination of older children.
Analisis Kestabilan Model Predator-Prey dengan Infeksi Penyakit pada Prey dan Pemanenan Proporsional pada Predator
Authors: Maisaroh Siti , Resmawan Resmawan , Rahmi Emli
Published: July 2020

The dynamics of predator-prey model with infectious disease in prey and harvesting in predator is studied. Prey is divided into two compartments i.e the susceptible prey and the infected prey. This model has five equilibrium points namely the all population extinction point, the infected prey and predator extinction point, the infected prey extinction point, and the co-existence point. We show that all population extinction point is a saddle point and therefore this condition will never be attained, while the other equilibrium points are conditionally stable. In the end, to support analytical results, the numerical simulations are given by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method.
NILAI-NILAI RELIGIUS DALAM TEMBANG PAMOJHI RITUAL HODO MASYARAKAT ADAT SUKU PARIOPO
Authors: Ainun Najib
Published: July 2020

Hodo is a ceremonial ritual of Pariopo tribe in order to ask for rain. This ritual is survival ancestor since hundred of past which has endured to this day. In spite of development, this ritual changes and developments in line with the changing era and times. Behaviour and diversity society of Pariopo Tribe also influence changes in Hodo’s Ritual, because the society of Pariopo Tribe are 100% Moslems. Acculturation of cultural and religious values seems very united in the implementation of this ritual later. The unification between cultures and religious values can be seen from the poems of Pamojhi songs that were rebounded as long as Ritual takes place. Pamojhi’s songs depicted religious values of Islam which is very deep breath. It is the core of the religious teaching from the building joins of faith. The meaning of Pamojhi’s songs is one note withIslamic theology. The First is devotion, a belief where there is no God to worship except Allah. And the Second is petition and Connection, its mean of certainty about power of the one supreme which regulates al human life. So, the third is surrender, human of submission form slave to ruler after pass up petition or attempt to get something which be desired. These values are embodied in the magic spell ritual worship in the implementation of Hodo, either explicitly or implicitly, that the ritual could be accepted by society and survive until now.
PENGEMBANGAN DESTINASI WISATA KLENIK TAMAN NASIONAL ALAS PURWO DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI
Authors: Biati Lilit , Abdul Aziz  , Moh. Imam Khaudli
Published: July 2020

The Klenik Tourism of the Alas Purwo National Park is visited by many groups of people especially shamans who come to the Alas Purwo National Park from various regions and various religious identities. They did not come alone but by bringing their men to Alas Purwo National Park to perform rituals in the caves and Pancur Beach in the Pancur Resort. In the caves they do semedi also bring the necessary equipment such as incense, flowers, and incense. Because the place is indeed in the forest and still sacred, they still come back to Alas Purwo National Park with certain needs including seeking peace, penance, rituals with a specific purpose. obstacles encountered in efforts to develop the occult destinations of the Alas Purwo National Park, Analyze and Explain the factors that support the success in the development of the occult destinations of the Alas Purwo National Park in Banyuwangi Regency. That is why this research was conducted using qualitative research methods and the analysis used an interactive model (Miles and Hubermen), namely by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. From several research findings, it was concluded that there were factors that triggered them to do heresy including: insufficient economic needs, repentance or calming down to pray, meditation with specific goals, economic adequacy, shifting life in the family. The occult process is basically the same as people doing rituals, meditation or the like in different ways and places according to the stability of the individual with all kinds of equipment that they think are important for example by bringing offerings, flower flowers, flower flowers, telon flowers, incense or incense. According to the study of occult marketing theory conducted by visitors of the Alas Purwo National Park, it can add to the income of the Alas Purwo National Park, this can be proven by looking at visitor data through the increasing entrance of Rowobendo, due to the increasing number of people from various regions visiting the Park The Alas Purwo National Park which was invited by previous visitors who had performed the ritual by directly speaking to the people who had never visited Alas Purwo National Park, so that those who had never been to the Alas Purwo National Park had a curiosity by joining with those who have performed rituals in Alas Purwo National Park with various successes which according to them have changed their lifestyle after visiting Alas Purwo National Park.
DISTRIBUSI DANA ZAKAT DAN KESEJAHTERAAN MUSTAHIQ DI BAZNAS BANYUWANGI
Authors: Subaidi  , Subyanto
Published: July 2020

Zakat has a very important role in improving the welfare of the society, especially the mustahiq (zakat recipients). Because zakat can consider their real needs in utilizing zakat funds for increasing welfare and reduce poverty, so that the mustahiq is expected to be a muzakki (zakat provider). But the purpose of zakat to improve mustahiq welfare is difficult to realize if there is no active role from the muzakki and zakat managers. Muzakki must be aware that their goal of zakat is not only to abort their obligations, but also to the wider interests of reducing poverty.

Distribution of zakat by BAZNAS (National Zakat Agency) of Banyuwangi in improving mustahiq carried out productively by helping Mustahiq to improve welfare both individually and in groups through entrepreneurial activities that can support the economic sustainability of musatahiq. The role of BAZNAS (National Zakat Agency) of Banyuwangi in improving mustahiq welfare has been carried out by providing information for the society, especially people who are able to pay zakat (muzakki) about the importance of zakat which has great potential in assisting government programs in reducing poverty.
FITNAH SEBAGAI PENGHALANG AHLI WARIS
Authors: Muhammad Jufri  , Riski Riko
Published: July 2020

Slander is a barrier to being an heir, in the compilation of Islamic law, especially in article 173 it includes slander as a barrier to becoming an heir, basically the barrier of heirs agreed by the ulama 'there are three slaves, murder and different religions so there is no opinion about slander as heir barrier. Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) is only used in Indonesia, in taking the argument that makes the slander a barrier to heirs is appropriate, and in accordance with the Qur'an, hadith, ijma'and especially the qiyas. According to the author's view of defamation as one of the barriers to inheriting in accordance with Islamic law.
Becoming a More Equitable Educator: Mindsets and Practices: In Review
Authors: Reich Justin , Littenberg-Tobias Joshua , Buttimer Christopher J. , Corrigan Aimee , Smith Belicia , Morrissey Meghan
Published: July 2020

In March of 2020, we launched Becoming a More Equitable Educator, a free online course for educators about anti-racist teaching, educator mindsets, and equity teaching practices. This report describes the design of the course, the experience of participants, and early research findings.
Analysis Approach: Item Statistics and Factor Analysis
Authors: Lieu Joanne Minh Triet
Published: July 2020

Using dataset from Dataset of Vietnamese students' learning habits during COVID-19 by Trung et al. (2020), this paper answer two research questions. First, should any items be dropped to improve alpha co-efficient? Second, do the items measure one of the three concepts (Necessity for self-learning during COVID-19, Effectiveness for self-learning activities, and Acquired knowledge during COVID-19 teaching online session) the authors of the study intended? The result shows that nothing would be changed to improve alpha co-efficient, yet some items should be modified or omitted for better factor analysis results.