bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disruption of evolutionarily correlated tRNA elements impairs accurate decoding
Authors: Nguyen Ha An , Sunita S. , Dunham Christine M.
Published: June 2020

Significance

Accurate gene expression relies on enzymes distinguishing correct from incorrect substrates that are chemically and structurally similar. During protein synthesis, correct base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon is essential for accurate translation. Other tRNA elements outside of the anticodon also contribute to correct selection by the ribosome, but the structural basis for their contribution to selectivity is unknown. Here, we determine structures of the bacterial ribosome containing tRNAs with altered nucleotide pairings in the anticodon loop that are known to prevent the ribosome from distinguishing correct from incorrect tRNAs. Collectively, these structures reveal a previously unappreciated role for a ribosomal decoding site nucleotide in sensing the integrity of the tRNA that contributes to decoding fidelity.
IL-38 inhibits microglial inflammatory mediators and is decreased in amygdala of children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Tsilioni Irene , Pantazopoulos Harry , Conti Pio , Leeman Susan E. , Theoharides Theoharis C.
Published: June 2020

Significance

These findings indicate the important role of IL-38 in the inihibition of neurotensin-stimulated activation of microglia and the resulting release of proinflammatory molecules. Moreover, the reduced expression of IL-38 in the amygdala indicates that it may not be sufficient to prevent inflammation, and that its administration could serve as a novel treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder.
Observation of backscattering induced by magnetism in a topological edge state
Authors: Jäck Berthold , Xie Yonglong , Andrei Bernevig B. , Yazdani Ali
Published: June 2020

Significance

One of the predicted characteristics of helical topological boundary modes is the absence of backscattering when time-reversal symmetry (TRS) is preserved. While previous experiments have provided evidence for this topological protection, inducing backscattering by breaking TRS has yet to be demonstrated. We test this fundamental property by investigating quasiparticle scattering in the one-dimensional topological edge state of bismuth bilayers, coupled to ferromagnetic iron clusters, using a scanning tunneling microscope. Our experimental observations demonstrate that backscattering is induced by magnetism of iron clusters in these topological edge modes.
Language rights and groups of immigrant origin
Authors: Erdocia Iker
Published: June 2020

In this article, I aim to analyse language rights in relation to groups of immigrant origin. Liberal democracies
are reluctant to consider immigrant groups as subjects entitled to the same set of language and cultural rights enjoyed by
national minorities. However, the trend towards increasing levels of immigration is configuring new cultural and language
correlations within territorial boundaries that provoke responses that problematise a fixed conception of language rights. Drawing
on theories of liberal multiculturalism, I examine the case of claims for language recognition in the Spanish autonomous cities of
Ceuta and Melilla and its normative implications. In these territories, factors such as size, concentration, and the historical
ties of Arabic- and Berber-speaking communities challenge conventional approaches to minority groups’ rights based on a national
versus immigrant minority distinction. I argue that these approaches are not satisfactory for language claims in these two cities
and that a contextual approach is better suited to conceptualising the recognition of language rights.
Understanding the multi-dimensional nature of informational language in health care interactions
Authors: Staples Shelley , Venetis Maria K. , Robinson Jeffrey D. , Dultz Rachel
Published: June 2020

Much of the corpus-based research on medical discourse has focused on “involved” language (e.g., 1st person pronouns, discourse markers) and its importance in creating patient rapport (Adolphs, Brown, Carter, Crawford, & Sahota, 2004;Skelton & Hobbes, 1999;Staples, 2016). However, in the broader literature on health care interactions, providers’ information provision is equally important in patient-centered care (Ong, de Haes, Joos, & Lammes, 1995). This paper investigates the ways in which providers and patients use informational language in medical discourse using multidimensional analysis (MDA;Biber, 1988). We first examine three corpora of medical interactions and then focus a new MDA on one type of interaction that requires more informational language use: discussions of disease and treatment options. The analysis revealed multifaceted aspects of information provision that differ depending on the nature of the information, including providers’ procedural information for medical treatment and impersonal information provision for explaining the disease.
Blackcurrant extract does not affect the speed–duration relationship during high‐intensity running
Authors: Pastellidou Eleni , Gillespie Eric , McGrotty Anton , Spence Joshua , McCloskey William , Johnston Lynsey , Wilson John , Kemi Ole J.
Published: June 2020

Anthocyanin‐rich blackcurrant extract (BC) has been shown to ergogenically aid high‐intensity exercise. Capacity for such exercise is evaluated by the hyperbolic speed–tolerable duration (S–Dtol) relationship. Therefore, in double‐blinded and cross‐over randomised controlled trials, 15 males underwent treadmill running incremental exercise testing and were assessed for S–Dtol, quantified by critical speed (CS) and D’ (distance), and assessments of time to exhaustion performance to empirically test the limits of the S–Dtol relationship, after daily supplementation of 300 mg/d BC (105 mg/d anthocyanin) or placebo. Supplementation with BC did not change CS (placebo 12.1 ± 1.0 km/h vs BC 11.9 ± 1.0 km/h, p > .05) or D’ (placebo 918.6 ± 223.2 m vs BC 965.2 ± 231.2 m, p > .05), although further analysis indicated D’ increased in 60% of subject (p = .08), indicating a trend toward cohorts potentially benefiting from BC supplementation. BC supplementation did not change time to exhaustion at or above CS, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lactate threshold (LT), submaximal running economy (CR), or substrate utilisation during exercise (all p > .05). In conclusion, we could not detect any beneficial effect of BC supplementation during high‐intensity running exercise, including the determining factors S–Dtol relationship, VO2max, LT or CR. Hence, no ergogenic effect was observed.
Predicting children's energy expenditure during physical activity using deep learning and wearable sensor data
Authors: Hamid Abdul , Duncan Michael J. , Eyre Emma L. J. , Jing Yanguo
Published: June 2020

This study examined a series of machine learning models, evaluating their effectiveness in assessing children's energy expenditure, in terms of the metabolic equivalents (MET) of physical activity (PA), from triaxial accelerometery. The study also determined the impact of the sensor placement (waist, ankle or wrist) on the machine learning model's predictive performance. Twenty‐eight healthy Caucasian children aged 8–11years (13 girls, 15 boys) undertook a series of activities reflective of different levels of PA (lying supine, seated and playing with Lego, slow walking, medium walking, and a medium paced run, instep passing a football, overarm throwing and catching and stationary cycling). Energy expenditure and physical activity were assessed during all activities using accelerometers (GENEActiv monitor) worn on four locations (i.e. non‐dominant wrist, dominant wrist, dominant waist, dominant ankle) and breath‐by‐breath calorimetry data. MET values ranged from 1.2 ± 0.2 for seated playing with Lego to 4.1 ± 0.8 for running at 6.5 kmph−1. Machine learning models were used to determine the MET values from the accelerometer data and to determine which placement location performed more effectively in predicting the PA data. The study identified that novel machine learning models can be used to accurately predict METs, with 90% accuracy. The models showed a preference towards the dominant wrist or ankle as the movement in those positions were more consistent during PA. It was evident that machine learning models using these locations can be effectively used to accurately predict METs for PA in children.
Progress of the 4 K-class Vuilleumier type cryocooler and its further applications
Authors: Wang J , Pan C Z , Zhang T , Luo K Q , Xi X T , Chen L B , Zhou Y , Wang J J
Published: June 2020

Vuilleumier cycle was first patented in 1918. It was usually regard as the thermal-driven Stirling refrigeration cycle, which combined the low-frequency working pattern like Giffod-Mcmahon (GM) cryocooler and the compactness of Stirling-type cryocooler. With the continuous development in the past 100 years, the Vuilleumier-type (VM-type) cryocoolers have to been proved to generate cooling power from ambient temperature to liquid nitrogen temperature and even to liquid helium temperature. In recent decades, some efforts were made on traditional displacer-type VM cryocooler, Vuilleumier hybrid pulse tube cryocooler (VM-HPTC) and the VM-type pulse tube cryocooler (VM-type PTC) to obtain the liquid helium temperature. Successfully, not only the 4 K was obtained, but also the limit temperature of oscillating cryocooler by He4 was hit. This paper presents the progress of the 4 K-class VM-type cryocooler and analyzed the possible applications of 4 K class VM-type cryocooler.
Application of sub-cooled superfluid helium for cavity cooling at linac-based free electron lasers, energy recovery and proton linacs
Authors: Putselyk S
Published: June 2020

In order to build a compact linear accelerator, high acceleration gradients of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities have to be achieved. In many large accelerators, e.g. XFEL, CEBAF or SNS, operational limitations are caused either by a limit on available overall cooling power of refrigerators or on cooling capabilities of sc cavities. So, for the further improving of sc cavity cooling, it is possible to increase either a quality factor (Q
0) or to improve a heat transfer at the cavity surfaces. Application of a sub-cooled superfluid helium gives several advantages, e.g. higher heat flux densities, longer time for onset of a film boiling regime and shorter recovery time, reduced Kapitza resistances, etc. In the present paper, application of sub-cooled superfluid (sf) helium for linac-based Free Electron Lasers, Energy Recovery and Proton Linacs is considered. In order to limit the present discussion, its application to CEBAF/SNS-style cryomodules is discussed in detail. For operation at higher RF power levels, further cooling improvements of a fundamental power coupler are needed and design modifications also presented.
Use of technological tool for the consolidation of mathematical pre-knowledge in higher education
Authors: Diaz D. , Rueda K.
Published: June 2020

Currently, information and communication Technologies (ICT) have permeated the different educational, political, economic and sociocultural contexts, contributing to the inclusion and development of society by optimizing time, efforts and resources. On the other hand, (ICT) are considered powerful facilitators of the teaching-learning process at all training levels because they visibly improve the way of acquiring knowledge, becoming essential tools for educational transformation and innovation. Therefore, the purpose of this present study is to analyze the results of the first implementation of the PREIN - UTS virtual course developed in the web Khan-Academy tool. The sample was formed by new students who entered the first semester of the technological level in the academic period 2018-II of a higher education institution located in Bucaramanga Santander (N=801). The methodological approach was quantitative of exploratory type, with the use of descriptive statistics and SPSS software for data analysis. Among the research results it was evidenced that the PREIN course is an innovative and easily accessible strategy, that contributes to the assurance of mathematical skills of the upcoming students that will enter proximally.
Characterization of the current electric energy needs in subsidized residential users
Authors: Umaña-Ibáñez S F , Silva-Ortega J I , Gomez-Charris Y , Berdugo-Sarmiento K M , Carbonell-Navarro S J
Published: June 2020

In this paper it is considered the characterization and behaviour of the residential energy demand of users located in socioeconomic sectors of the Department of Atlántico, also, the participation of communities to declare the typical energy consumption at the residential level. The results are based on direct measurement sources which allows the development of energy efficiency projects, renewable energies that respond to the needs of the communities and seek to encourage the proliferation of renewable energy projects by adequately sizing the installed capacities of the resources, with the possibility of establishing grid connection as well as systems for energy management in residential users.
Approach to professional practice from simulators and virtual laboratories
Authors: Peña C J , Vargas L , Murcia J C
Published: June 2020

The professional practice and student experimentation have undergone changes in the mode of the instruction processes, which has had an impact not only on the adaptation of business processes but also in the reorientation of academic dynamics around the use of simulators, due to the development of new learning technologies and their high influence in educational environments. Therefore, higher education institutions are responsible for designing complementary learning situations to the future professionals’ training of the disciplinary area through qualified practices. That is why, through this research and the use of mixed methods, the perception of students and teachers of the support that new technologies have been providing just as a teaching resource for the transfer of knowledge, boosting the experimental classroom and its implementation in the professional practice; Simulators and virtual reality have allowed the improvement of science as an active part of academic processes and business development. The results highlight the importance of continuing to work on the implementation and familiarization with these tools.
Adhesive properties of water-soluble and biodegradable hot-melt adhesive based on partially saponified poly(vinyl acetate)
Authors: Kim Yong-Ho , Om Chol-Yi , Hwang Yong-Su , Hong Yong-Bom
Published: June 2020

Partially saponified low molecular weight (LMW) PVAc was synthesized and blended with a tackifier for use as hot-melt adhesive with water-solubility and biodegradibility. The water-solubility of the partially saponified LMW PVAc was determined as a function of the degree of saponification. PVAc prepared in this study had good water-solubility because its molecular weight was very small and it had lots of hydroxy groups in the polymer chain. As the degree of saponification increased, the solubility of PVAc in water increased. The glass transition temperature and viscoelastic properties of partially saponified PVAc were measured and analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). As the temperature increased and the degree of saponification decreased, melt viscosity decreased. The single lap-shear strength and biodegradability of the hot-melt adhesive on based PVAc were systematically evaluated. As the degree of saponification of the polymer increased, the single lap-shear strength of the hot-melt adhesive and the tendency for cohesive failure to occur decreased. The higher the degree of saponification, the faster the rate of biodegradation of the adhesive in natural water.
Reading
Authors: Watt Stephen
Published: June 2020

“Reading” is one of the most provocative terms in literary theory, in part because it connotes both an activity and a product: on the one hand, an effort to comprehend a text or object of knowledge, and on the other, a more formal response. Both senses of the term originate in the premise that literary and other cultural texts—including performances, scripted or not—require a more deliberative parsing than weather reports and recipes, or sentences like “rain is expected today” and “add one cup of flour.” At the same time, reading serves as an explanatory trope across various sites of 21st-century culture; in a tennis match, players “read” the strengths and weaknesses of their opponents and strategize accordingly; a cab driver “reads” a GPS when plotting an efficient route to convey a passenger. But an engagement with literary and cultural texts is a different matter. In its former sense as a set of protocols or procedures, reading resides at the center of disciplinary debates as newly formed schools, theories, or methods rise to challenge dominant notions of understanding literature, film, painting, and other forms. Frequently, these debates focus on tensions between binary oppositions (real or presumed): casual versus professional reading (or fast vs. slow), surface reading versus symptomatic reading, close reading versus distant reading, and others. Like the term “reading,” readers are variously described as “informed,” “ideal,” “implied,” and more. In some theoretical formulations, they are anticipated by texts; in others, readers produce or complete them by filling lacunae or conducting other tasks. Complicating matters further, reading also exists in close proximity to several other terms with which it is often associated: interpretation, criticism, and critique. Issues of “textuality” introduce yet another factor in disagreements about the priorities of critical reading, as notions of a relatively autonomous or closed work or object have been supplanted by a focus on both historical context and a work’s “intertextuality,” or its inevitable relationship to, even quotation of, other texts. In the latter sense of a reading as an intellectual or scholarly product, more variables inform definitions. Every reading of a text, as Paul Ricouer describes, “takes place within a community, a tradition, or a living current of thought.” The term “reading” is complicated not only because of the thing studied but also because of both the historically grounded human subject undertaking the activity and the disciplinary expectations shaping and delimiting the interpretations they produce. And, in the 21st century, technologies and practices have emerged to revise these conversations, including machine learning, computational modeling, and digital textuality.
Sexualities
Authors: Clare Stephanie
Published: June 2020

Two influential approaches to understanding sexuality emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe: sexology and psychoanalysis. These approaches develop a method for thinking about human sexuality apart from religious discourse. Sexology births the concept of the congenital “homosexual,” often understanding this figure as pathological. In turn, psychoanalysis, as it was first developed by Sigmund Freud, considers infantile sexuality as polymorphous and perverse. It analyzes how this perversity develops into adult genders and sexualities, sometimes through the repression of drives that, even in their repressed form, continue to show effects. In both these models, sexuality is figured as a natural force, one that may come to be shaped by social and cultural milieus, but that is ultimately innate. Breaking from this tradition, Michel Foucault’s 1978 The History of Sexuality, Volume 1 offers a different, groundbreaking approach. Rather than arguing that sexuality is repressed, Foucault argues that sexuality, as a discrete nexus of experiences and sensations, emerges in a particular nexus of power and knowledge, one that disciplines bodies to become productive and docile while also seeking to manage populations through the human sciences. In this vision, sexuality does not oppose power, but rather sex and power spiral together, producing or inciting one another. Feminist, queer, and decolonial approaches to sexuality also consider how the organization and even production of sexuality is tied to structures of power and inequality such as patriarchy, heteronormativity, colonization, and anti-black racism. For example, black feminist and queer of color scholarship explore the ways in which racial difference and inequality has been justified through the production of gendered, sexual stereotypes. Indigenous and decolonial approaches build on this argument, looking to how colonization was often figured as a form of erotic penetration of a feminized land, considering how enforcing heterosexuality and binary gender formation have been key to both colonization and settler colonialism, and attending to the ongoing legacies of colonial sexual violence. These approaches often seek to reclaim and reimagine the erotic as a part of a project of resistance and collective survival.
Discourse Analysis
Authors: Macrae Andrea
Published: June 2020

“Discourse” is language in use, and discourse analysis is the study of language in use. Language occurs, reflects, and is interpreted within social and ideological contexts. In turn, language constructs social realities, relationships, and power structures. Discourse analysis explores those functions, operations, and powers of discourse, in texts and other forms of communication events, investigating the ways in which discourse becomes meaningful. It focuses on how implicatures arise in relation to the contexts in which discourse functions. Discourse analysis is particularly interested in the interpersonal dimensions of discourse and in the social relationships and positions constructed through discourse.

Discourse analysis has chiefly been informed by text linguistics and pragmatics, though its applications span many disciplines, from geography to psychology, and from literature to politics. This is partly because discourse is a universal and transdisciplinary phenomenon, and partly because many disciplines are asking similar research questions of the discourses and discursive constructs with which they engage.

While traditional discourse analysis can be loosely divided into text-focused and speech-focused domains, many discourse phenomena occur across modes, and many discourse analytic approaches are likewise relevant across modes. Discourse is also being recognized as inherently (and in some areas increasingly) multimodal, opening up new avenues of study.

Discourse analysis is essentially a critically reflexive field. It is motivated by an interest in social structures and ideologies underscoring discourses and discourse practices and also in social structures and ideologies embedded within discourse analytical stances. This criticality makes it a crucially important tool for the 21st-century era of instant global sharing of discourse, of easily digitally manipulable multimedia discourse, and of “post-truth” Western discourses of political power.
Courts, the Law, and LGBT Politics in India
Authors: Rai Saatvika
Published: June 2020

In India, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) criminalized sodomy (penile nonvaginal sexual acts) in 1860 during British colonial rule. Under this law and the traditional cultural norms, the LGBT community faced harassment and violence from the police, medical establishment, religious and conservative organizations, and families. The Indian queer movement mobilized in the early 1990s, primarily through activism for legal reform. Criminalization of sodomy prevented the LGBT community from freely mobilizing in public spaces, reporting acts of violence and harassment, and coming forth for testing and treatment of HIV/AIDS, and therefore was an impediment to their health and well-being. LGBT rights groups challenged the constitutionality of Section 377 on the basis of violating the right to equity (Article 14), nondiscrimination (Article 15), freedom (Article 19), and life and privacy (Article 21).

Decriminalization of Section 377 has been a long, three-decade battle in the courts involving multiple judicial rulings. In 2009, the Delhi High Court decriminalized sodomy and declared Section 377 unconstitutional. The ruling was challenged by conservative and religious groups in the Supreme Court for going against social norms, threatening the institution of marriage, and promoting homosexual practices that would increase the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 2013, the Supreme Court heard the case, overturned the High Court ruling, and recriminalized Section 377. The Court declared that Section 377 was constitutional and applied equally to all persons. Thereafter, the Supreme Court passed three other judgments that directly impacted Section 377: It expanded the rape laws under Section 375 of the IPC to include penile nonvaginal acts (2013), provided legal rights to the transgender community as a nonbinary third gender (2014), and established the right to privacy under the Constitution (2017). The Supreme Court reassessed its decision, and on September 6, 2018, decriminalized Section 377 in a historic judgment. Legalizing queer sexuality was a positive step forward., yet considerable legal reform is still needed. The LGBT community still lack civil rights such as marriage, adoption, tax benefits, inheritance, and protection in the workplace. LGBT rights mobilization through the Indian courts has evolved from a focus on HIV/AIDS and health to broader human rights and privileges as equal citizens.
Information Overload: An Introduction
Authors: Bawden David , Robinson Lyn
Published: June 2020

For almost as long as there has been recorded information, there has been a perception that humanity has been overloaded by it. Concerns about “too much to read” have been expressed for many centuries, and made more urgent since the arrival of ubiquitous digital information in the late 20th century. The historical perspective is a necessary corrective to the often, and wrongly, held view that it is associated solely with the modern digital information environment and with social media in particular. However, as society fully experiences Floridi’s Fourth Revolution, and moves into hyper-history (with society dependent on, and defined by, information and communication technologies) and the infosphere (an information environment distinguished by a seamless blend of online and offline information activity), individuals and societies are dependent on and formed by information in an unprecedented way, and information overload needs to be taken more seriously than ever.

Overload has been claimed to be both the major issue of our time and a complete nonissue. It has, as will be noted later, been noted as an important factor in many areas, including politics and governance. It has been cited as an important factor in a wide range of areas, from business to literature.

The information overload phenomenon has been known by many different names, including: information overabundance, infobesity, infoglut, data smog, information pollution, information fatigue, social media fatigue, social media overload, information anxiety, library anxiety, infostress, infoxication, reading overload, communication overload, cognitive overload, information violence, and information assault. There is no single generally accepted definition, but it can best be understood as the situation that arises when there is so much relevant and potentially useful information available that it becomes a hindrance rather than a help. Its essential nature has not changed with evolving technology, although its causes and proposed solutions have changed significantly.

The best ways of avoiding overload, individually and socially, appear to lie in a variety of coping strategies, such as filtering, withdrawing, queuing, and “satisficing.” Better design of information systems, effective personal information management, and the promotion of digital and media literacies also have a part to play. Overload may perhaps best be overcome by seeking a mindful balance in consuming information and in finding understanding.
Europeanization
Authors: Dosenrode Søren
Published: June 2020

Europeanization refers to the mutual influence of the European Union (EU) and its member states, to interactions within and between member states driven by the EU, and to the effect of the EU on EU applicant states. It affects domestic politics, policy, and polity and therefore is relevant for citizens and businesses. Europeanization effects also raise an issue of legitimacy: who bears responsibility, the member states or the European Union?

In the broadest sense, analysis of Europeanization began with the theories of regional integration in the 1950s, which explained what was to become the early 21st-century EU and how it began and developed—the making of a polity. In the narrow and more common use of the concept, studies of the effect of what was then known as the European Community began at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s under the name of “adaptation.” It was not until 1994 that Robert Ladrech used and defined the term “Europeanization” for analyzing the effect of the European Community on its member states. Thus, in its most encompassing sense, a complete typology of Europeanization includes five types, each with its own primary mechanisms at work: (a) meta-Europeanization, the processes whereby the member states that have created the EU have set the overall frame, that is, the EU; (b) downloading, which implies a pressure on EU member states’ policies and governmental structures to adapt to EU standards (but this does not lead to “uniformity,” as the member states have diverse histories and traditions); (c) uploading, whereby the member states contribute to the EU’s further development by making policy suggestions to the EU and its institutions; (d) cross-loading, whereby the EU creates frames for the member states to exchange best practices and experiences, with little or no involvement from the institutions; and (e) export Europeanization, whereby the EU makes potential members comply with the Union. In a narrow sense, Europeanization is about downloading, uploading, and cross-loading.

Studies on Europeanization have contributed greatly to our understanding of how the EU works and how it influences its member states and vice versa (not to mention its influence on subnational actors as well as on interest organizations and neighboring countries). In the early 21st century, Europeanization studies expanded to policies that were previously not sufficiently considered: for instance, the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Common Security and Defence Policy, and social movements.
Culture and Creativity in Multicultural Teams
Authors: Leung Angela K.-y. , Koh Brandon , Lee Sean T. H.
Published: June 2020

The Complementary Model of Culture and Creativity (CMCC) puts into perspective how a culturally diverse team can become more creative than a monocultural team. The CMCC characterizes three bidimensional psychological processes that explain the effects of culture on creativity: (a) stereotyping versus destabilizing cultural norms, (b) fixating on one cultural mindset versus alternating between cultural frames, and (c) distancing from versus integrating cultures. Extant research suggested that teams with similar goals and values draw performance benefits from their ability to cooperate. However, research has also revealed that working with culturally dissimilar team members could lower tendency toward groupthink and diversify knowledge, skill sets, and social networks, which can facilitate the team’s creativity. Therefore, a question of growing importance to both researchers and practitioners alike is how to harness cultural diversity within creative teams to promote their creative performance while minimizing conflict. We examine this important question with the perspective offered by the CMCC. The processes delineated in the CMCC explain that multicultural teams offer the opportunities to broaden and diversify team members’ cultural experiences by destabilizing cultural stereotypes, switching between cultural frames, and integrating differing cultural perspectives, thereby generating discernible creative gains. It is challenging to effectively manage and maintain workforce diversity, but it is highly rewarding if these challenges are turned into opportunities to build an inclusive and equitable multicultural labor force. The CMCC illuminates the key mechanisms through which multicultural teams can trigger the knowledge creation and diffusion processes to instigate higher creativity among team members coming from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Women in Mauritania
Authors: Wiley Katherine Ann
Published: June 2020

Women in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania have significantly influenced their country’s social, economic, religious, political, and artistic realms. How they have done so has been affected by the country’s nomadic past, severe droughts, history with slavery, and rapid urbanization following independence. Women have participated in trade, influenced politics, made decisions for their families, shaped their marriages, and contributed to religious scholarship. Mauritanian women have also exercised significant power as compared to some of their counterparts elsewhere in the Muslim world, being able to initiate divorce, speak publicly, and act as heads of household. Despite such influence, their gender has also disadvantaged them, making it difficult to access many of the opportunities that are available to men. Likewise, women’s varying social ranks, socioeconomic statuses, ethnicities and regional locations have affected their abilities to maneuver and assert power.
Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: A History
Authors: Bundy Colin
Published: June 2020

Contemporary South Africa exhibits widespread and persistent poverty and an extraordinarily high level of inequality. Historically, poverty and inequality were forged by forms of racial subordination and discrimination shaped successively by slavery, by colonial settlement and conquest, and by a mining-based industrial revolution in the last quarter of the 19th century. The explosive growth of capitalism and urbanization in a colonial context shaped a set of institutions and social relations—the “native reserves,” migrant labor, pass laws, job reservation, urban segregation, and the like—which reached their most stringent form under apartheid legislation, from 1948 on. The political, social, and economic system of apartheid entrenched white wealth and privilege and intensified the poverty of black South Africans, particularly in rural areas. By the 1970s, the apartheid project began to flounder and the National Party government launched a series of concessions intended to stimulate the economy and to win the support of black South Africans. A historic transition during the late apartheid years saw a shift from labor shortages to a labor surplus, generating structural unemployment on a massive scale. This was a problem that the African National Congress (ANC), in power since 1994, has been unable to solve and which has been a major factor in the levels of poverty and inequality during the democratic era. The ANC has made some advances in combating poverty, especially through the rapid expansion of welfare in the form of pensions and social grants. This has reduced ultra-poverty or destitution. In addition, the provision of housing, water, sanitation, and electricity to black townships has seen significant growth in assets and services to the poor. Yet since 1994, inequality has increased. South Africa has become a more unequal society and not a more equal one. Two factors have caused inequality to deepen: increasingly concentrated income and wealth, and a sharp rise of inequality within the African population. The ANC continues to commit itself to “pro-poor” policies; yet its ability to reduce poverty, and especially to achieve greater equality, appears to be substantially compromised by its failure to reverse or reform the structure, characteristics, and growth path of the economy.
Archival and Digital Sources on Unfree Labor in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Salau Mohammed Bashir
Published: June 2020

Unfree labor in Northern Nigeria is a subject of interest to an increasing number of scholars. The National Archives Kaduna (NAK) and other repositories in Northern Nigeria and elsewhere hold many records that are useful for the study of several forms of unfree labor that occurred within the present-day borders of Northern Nigeria. The history of these records is long, but most of the written records were produced in the period after 1800. The written materials are mainly in Arabic and English. Unlike the written records, the oral sources are mainly in the Hausa language and the collection of such oral information is related to the post-1960s efforts by scholars led primarily by Paul E. Lovejoy. Lovejoy also initiated the digitization of archival materials and oral sources related to unfree labor in Northern Nigeria in the early 2000s. The digitization effort is still ongoing. Scholars who have drawn on the available archival and digital material have focused on the theme of slavery in the precolonial era. Such scholars addressed several topics including plantation agriculture, military slavery, slave control, slave resistance, the ending of slavery, and the wages of slavery. Apart from the works on slavery that mainly focus on the 19th century, there are relatively few other works on the topic that have primarily dealt with the early colonial era or with the period between 1903 and 1936. While the history of slavery has attracted the most critical attention, the history of corvée and convict labor in Northern Nigeria has largely been neglected. Indeed, to date, only two works mainly deal with convict and corvée labor. Considering the little attention given to the themes of convict labor and corvée labor, there is clearly more room for additional historical works on these subjects than on the topic of slavery.
Anthropometrics: The Intersection of Economics and Human Biology
Authors: Komlos John
Published: June 2020

Anthropometrics is a research program that explores the extent to which economic processes affect human biological processes using height and weight as markers. This agenda differs from health economics in the sense that instead of studying diseases or longevity, macro manifestations of well-being, it focuses on cellular-level processes that determine the extent to which the organism thrives in its socio-economic and epidemiological environment. Thus, anthropometric indicators are used as a proxy measure for the biological standard of living as complements to conventional measures based on monetary units.

Using physical stature as a marker, we enabled the profession to learn about the well-being of children and youth for whom market-generated monetary data are not abundant even in contemporary societies. It is now clear that economic transformations such as the onset of the Industrial Revolution and modern economic growth were accompanied by negative externalities that were hitherto unknown. Moreover, there is plenty of evidence to indicate that the Welfare States of Western and Northern Europe take better care of the biological needs of their citizens than the market-oriented health-care system of the United States.

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in the United States affecting 40% of the population. It is fostered by a sedentary and harried lifestyle, by the diminution in self-control, the spread of labor-saving technologies, and the rise of instant gratification characteristic of post-industrial society. The spread of television and a fast-food culture in the 1950s were watershed developments in this regard that accelerated the process. Obesity poses a serious health risk including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some types of cancer and its cost reaches $150 billion per annum in the United States or about $1,400 per capita. We conclude that the economy influences not only mortality and health but reaches bone-deep into the cellular level of the human organism. In other words, the economy is inextricably intertwined with human biological processes.
Communism and the Labor Movement
Authors: Storch Randi
Published: June 2020

Communist activists took a strong interest in American trade unions from the 1920s through the 1950s and played an important role in shaping the nature of the American union movement. Initial communist trade union activism drew upon radical labor traditions that preceded the formation of the American Communist Party (CPUSA). Early communist trade unionists experimented with different types of structures to organize unorganized workers. They also struggled with international communist factionalism. Communist trade unionists were most effective during the Great Depression and World War II. In those years, communist activists helped build the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and bring industrial unionism to previously unorganized workers. Throughout the history of communist involvement in the US labor movement, international communist policy guided general organizing strategies. Shifts in international policy, such as the announcement of a Soviet non-aggression pact with Germany, proved politically difficult to navigate on the local level. Yet, Left-led unions proved to be more democratically run and focused on racial and gender equality than many of those without communist influence. Their leadership supported social justice and militant action. The Cold War years witnessed CIO purges of Left-led unions and federal investigations and arrests of communist trade unionists. Repression from both within and without the labor movement as well as the CPUSA’s own internal policy battles ultimately ended communist trade unionists’ widespread influence on American trade unions.
homicide, Greek
Authors: Harris Edward
Published: June 2020

Homicide was considered the most important crime in Athenian law because the killer attempted to usurp the state’s monopoly of legitimate violence. To express the special nature of homicide, the laws of Athens created special courts and procedures. The person accused of murder was considered polluted and was banned from agora and shrines. There were four basic categories of homicide: intentional homicide tried at the Areopagus, involuntary homicide and planning a homicide tried at the Palladion, and just homicide according to the laws tried at the Delphinium. Similar rules and procedures were found in other Greek communities. In the Laws, Plato proposed certain reforms for Athenian homicide law.
Derveni papyrus
Authors: Piano Valeria
Published: June 2020

As one of the most ancient Greek papyri ever found (it dates back to the second half of the 4th century bce), and given the length of its extant part, the Derveni papyrus effectively represents the oldest “book” of Europe. It was found at Derveni, near Thessaloniki, in 1962, close to the rich tomb of a knight belonging to the army of Philip II or Alexander the Great. The volumen had been placed on the funeral pyre along with other offerings, and thanks to the process of semi-carbonisation it underwent, the upper half of the roll was preserved, maintaining a good degree of readability. The papyrus contains a philosophical-religious text, mostly in the form of an allegorical commentary on a theo-cosmogonical poem attributed to Orpheus. The first columns expound a religious and ritual discourse that deals with issues related to sacrifices, souls, daimones, retribution, cosmic justice, and divination. In the commentary (cols. VII–XXVI), the Orphic hexameters are systematically quoted and interpreted in terms of natural philosophy of a Presocratic brand. The mythical narrative of the succession of the gods, as well as of the origin of the cosmos, is thus matched by a cosmological and physical account, which is equally related to the origin and the functioning of the universe, and is sustained by a theologised conception of nature.
Mirativity in Morphology
Authors: Peterson Tyler
Published: June 2020

Broadly defined, mirativity is the linguistic term often used to describe utterances that speakers use to express their surprise at some unexpected state, event, or activity they experience. As an illustration, imagine the following scenario: rain is an infrequent occurrence in the Arizona desert, and the news forecast predicts another typically long stretch of sunny weather. Wanda and her colleague are planning a hike in the mountains that afternoon. Aware of this prediction, and being familiar with the typical desert climate, they step outside into the pouring rain. This elicits the surprise of Wanda: based on the weather forecast and coupled with her background knowledge, the rain is an unexpected event. As such, Wanda has a number of linguistic options for expressing her surprise to her colleague; for example,

Wow, it’s raining!It’s raining!No way, it’s raining?(!)I can’t believe it’s raining(!)I see it’s raining(!)It looks like it’s raining(!)Look at all this rain(!)

These utterances provide a sample of the diverse lexical and grammatical strategies a speaker of English can deploy in order to express surprise at an unexpected event, including expressive particles such as wow and no way, surprised intonational contours (orthographically represented by the exclamation mark ‘!’), rhetorical questions, expressions of disbelief, and evidential verbs such as look and see. When we look across the world’s languages we find that there is considerable intra- and cross-linguistic diversity in how mirative meanings are linguistically expressed. The examples above show how English lacks specific morphology dedicated to mirativity; however, the focus of this article is on the role morphology plays in the expression of mirative meanings.
Lexical Typology in Morphology
Authors: Koptjevskaja-Tamm Maria , Veselinova Ljuba N.
Published: June 2020

The goal of this chapter is to explicate the common ground and shared pursuits of lexical typology and morphology. Bringing those to the fore is beneficial to the scholarship of both disciplines and will allow their methodologies to be combined in more fruitful ways. In fact, such explication also opens up a whole new domain of study. This overview article focuses on a set of important research questions common to both lexical typology and morphology. Specifically, it considers vocabulary structure in human languages, cross-linguistic research on morphological analysis and word formation, and finally inventories of very complex lexical items. After a critical examination of the pertinent literature, some directions for future research are suggested. Some of them include working out methodologies for more systematic exploration of vocabulary structure and further scrutiny of how languages package and distribute semantic material among linguistic units. Finally, more effort is to be devoted to the study of vocabularies where basic concepts are encoded by complex lexical items.
The dilution of interim anti-arbitration injunctions in Devi Resources: pro-enforcement approach gone too far?
Authors: Jain Saarthak , Makkar Kashish
Published: June 2020

Keeping in line with India’s ‘pro-arbitration’ approach, the Calcutta High Court in Devi Resources Ltd v Ambo Exports Ltd recently refused an application seeking to restrain the enforcement of an arbitral award on the ground that the award was passed in violation of an interim anti-arbitration injunction. The Court based its reasoning on the fact that the injunction was ultimately vacated at a later stage (after the award had already been passed), and once such interim injunction has been set aside, it would imply that the injunction had never been passed. On the face of it, this decision seems to be an illustration of Indian courts’ awareness of the importance of minimal intervention in the scheme of promoting international commercial arbitrations. However, on a closer look, one finds that the court’s decision does more harm than good by legitimizing the violation of an anti-arbitration injunction without any consequences. The present article examines the ruling in Devi Resources. It also explores the policy implications of the Court’s decision on the efficacy of anti-arbitration injunctions.