bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Synthesis of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions and Room‐Temperature Na‐S Batteries
Authors: Lai Wei‐Hong , Wang Heng , Zheng Lirong , Jiang Quan , Yan Zi‐Chao , Wang Lei , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Matsumura Daiju , Sun Qiao , Wang Yun‐Xiao , Gu Qinfen , Wang Jia‐Zhao , Liu Hua‐Kun , Chou Shu‐Lei , Dou Shi‐Xue
Published: July 2020

Herein, we report a comprehensive strategy to synthesize a full range of single‐atom metals on carbon matrix, including V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, W, Ir, Pt, Pb, and Bi. The extensive applications of various SACs are manifested via their ability to electro‐catalyze typical hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and conversion reactions in novel room‐temperature sodium sulfur batteries (RT‐Na‐S). The enhanced performances for these electrochemical reactions arisen from the ability of different single active atoms on local structures to tune their electronic configuration. Significantly, the electrocatalytic behaviors of diverse SACs, assisted by density functional theory calculations, are systematically revealed by in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and in situ transmission electronic microscopy, providing a strategic library for the general synthesis and extensive applications of SACs in energy conversion and storage.
Robust resilient H∞ performance for finite‐time boundedness of neutral‐type neural networks with time‐varying delays
Authors: Shanmugam Saravanan , Syed Ali M , Hong Keum‐Shik , Zhu Quanxin
Published: July 2020

This paper discusses the resilient H∞ performance for finite‐time boundedness of neutral‐type neural networks with time‐varying delays. The presented theoretical analysis allows establishing the finite‐time bounded of the real response of a delayed neural networks. In addition, we propose finite‐time stability conditions with time‐varying delay. By choosing an appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional, and employing an auxiliary function‐based integral inequality and Wirtinger's based integral inequality, the sufficient criteria are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The purpose is to design the system is not only finite‐time bounded with a specified decay rate but also satisfies an H∞ performance requirement. Theoretical results are tested through a numerical example.
Evaluation of interactive effects between paternal alcohol consumption and paternal socioeconomic status and environmental exposures on congenital heart defects
Authors: Nie Zhiqiang , Qu Yanji , Han Fengzhen , Bell Erin M. , Zhuang Jian , Chen Jimei , François Melissa , Lipton Emily , Matale Rosemary , Cui Weilun , Liang Qianhong , Lu Xiangzhang , Huang Huiwen , Lv Junfeng , Ou Yanqiu , Mai Jinzhuang , Wu Yong , Gao Xiangmin , Huang Yating , Lin Shao , Liu Xiaoqing
Published: July 2020

Background

While the maternal risk factors on congenital heart defects (CHDs) have often been assessed, paternal contribution to CHDs, especially the joint effects of paternal risk factors on CHDs remain unknown. This study examined the major impacts of paternal alcohol consumption and its interaction (on multiplicative and additive scales) with paternal socioeconomic status (SES) and environmental exposures on CHDs in China.

Methods

A population‐based case–control study involving 4,726 singleton CHDs cases and 4,726 controls (without any malformation and matched on hospital, gender, and gestational age) was conducted in Guangdong, China, 2004–2014. Information on parental demographics, behavioral patterns, disease/medication, and environmental exposures (3 months before pregnancy) was collected through face‐to‐face interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while controlling for all parental factors.

Results

Paternal alcohol consumption was associated with an increased OR of CHDs (adjusted OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 2.25–3.65). Additionally, paternal smoking, industry occupation, organic solvent contact, virus infection and antibiotic use, living in rural areas, low household income, and migrant status were significantly associated with CHDs (ORs ranged: 1.42–4.44). Significant additive or multiplicative interactions were observed between paternal alcohol consumption and paternal smoking, industrial occupation, and low income on any CHDs (interaction contrast ratio [ICR] = 4.72, 95% CI: 0.96–8.47] and septal defects (ICRs ranged from 2.04 to 2.79, p < .05).

Conclusions

Paternal alcohol consumption and multiple paternal factors were significantly associated with CHDs in China. Paternal smoking and low SES factors modified paternal alcohol consumption–CHDs relationships. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Strategic business risk evaluation for sustainable energy investment and stakeholder engagement: A proposal for energy policy development in the Middle East through Khalifa funding and land subsidies
Authors: Sisodia Gyanendra Singh , Awad Einas , Alkhoja Heba , Sergi Bruno S.
Published: July 2020

This article projects business risk through deferent industrial scenarios in concentrated solar investments in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Nationwide, the government seeks a sustainable solution through energy policy development and engagement of the stakeholders for clean energy generation at wider level in the long run. Support has been extended through various support schemes. In the current study, Monte Carlo simulations and net present value (NPV) risk are used to analyse the return on investment. A 5 MW concave solar panel project is evaluated. We have assessed the impact of local factors on profits through NPV. The study proposes that a higher NPV is expected if the concave solar panel project is financed 50% by Khalifa funding. The study also proposes a robust policy and highlights the opportunity of business profitability if the government subsidises land leasing with respect to each scenario. Additionally, the study also proposes a policy to maintain the interests of investors in the UAE.
Sustainable development and consumption: The role of trust for switching towards green energy
Authors: Mezger Andrea , Cabanelas Pablo , López‐Miguens Mª. Jesús , Cabiddu Francesca , Rüdiger Klaus
Published: July 2020

This paper develops a model that helps to explain the switching behaviour of private consumers towards green electricity suppliers. It is built upon neo‐institutional and neo‐behavioural theories, including a series of antecedents of trust as reputation, perceived environmental impact, the propensity to trust and perceived risk. This model is applied through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to a sample of 787 German electricity consumers. Results demonstrate that trust has a direct influence on switching behaviour towards a green electricity supplier. Furthermore, reputation, perceived environmental impact, propensity to trust and perceived risk influence the switching behaviour of electricity suppliers through trust as mediating variable. It draws a co‐habitation of neo‐institutional and neo‐behavioural theories in the construction of trust and the necessity to work on reducing consumers uncertainties.
Testing considerations for phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase catalytic subunit alpha as an emerging biomarker in advanced breast cancer
Authors: Toppmeyer Deborah L. , Press Michael F.
Published: July 2020

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and approximately 71% of carcinomas are hormone receptor‐positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐not‐amplified (HER2‐negative). Pathogenesis of breast cancer is associated with dysregulation of several signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway. PIK3CA, the gene encoding PI3K catalytic subunit p110α, is mutated in 20%‐40% of breast cancer patients. Several PI3K inhibitors have been developed and one, alpelisib, was recently approved for use in PIK3CA‐mutated, HR+, HER2‐negative advanced breast cancer. There are numerous types of assays and methods used in clinical studies to determine PIK3CA status in cancers. Additionally, there are several factors to consider for PIK3CA testing in clinical practice, including choice of assay, source of sample, and test timing. In this review, we discuss the use of PIK3CA as a biomarker to guide treatment decisions in patients with HR+, HER2‐negative advanced breast cancer, as well as practical considerations and recommendations for testing.
Catastrophic health expenditures of households living with pediatric leukemia in China
Authors: Sui Mingjie , Zeng Xueyun , Tan Wan Jie , Tao Sihai , Liu Rui , Liu Bo , Ma Wenrui , Huang Weidong , Yu Hongjuan
Published: July 2020

Background

Leukemia can create a significant economic burden on the patients and their families. The objective of this study is to assess the medical expenditure and compensation of pediatric leukemia, and to explore the incidence and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) among households with pediatric leukemia patients in China.

Methods

A cross‐sectional interview was conducted among households living with pediatric leukemia using a questionnaire in two tertiary hospitals. CHE was defined as out‐of‐pocket (OOP) payments that were greater than or equal to 40% of a household's capacity to pay (CTP). Chi‐square tests and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the determinants of CHE.

Results

Among 242 households living with pediatric leukemia, the mean OOP payment for pediatric leukemia healthcare was $9860, which accounted for approximately 35.7% of the mean household's CTP. The overall incidence of CHE was 43.4% and showed a downward trend with the lowest income group at 69.0% to the highest income group at 16.1%. The logistic regression model found that medical insurance, frequency of hospital admissions, charity assistance, and income level were significant predictors of CHE.

Conclusion

The results revealed that pediatric leukemia had a significant catastrophic effect on families, especially those with lower economic status. The occurrence of CHE in households living with pediatric leukemia could be reduced by addressing income disparity. In addition, extending coverage and improving compensation from medical insurance could also alleviate CHE. Some other measures that can be implemented are to address the barriers of charity assistance for vulnerable groups.
Clinicopathological characteristics of localized prostate cancer in younger men aged ≤ 50 years treated with radical prostatectomy in the PSA era: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zheng Yu , Lin Sharron X. , Wu Shulin , Dahl Douglas M. , Blute Michael L. , Zhong Wei‐De , Zhou Xing , Wu Chin‐Lee
Published: July 2020

Objectives

With the rapid increase in younger age prostate cancer (PCa) patients, the impact of younger age on decision‐making for PCa treatment needs to be revaluated in the new era.

Materials and Methods

A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to October 2019 to identify the eligible radical prostatectomy (RP) studies focusing on understanding the impact of age on clinicopathological features and oncological prognosis in patients with localized PCa in PSA era. Meta‐analyses were conducted using available hazard ratios (HRs) from both univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Twenty‐six studies including 391 068 patients with RP treatments from the PSA era were included. Of these studies, age of 50 years old (age50) is the most commonly used cut‐off age to separate the younger patient group (including either age < 50 or age ≤ 50) from the older patient group. In these studies, the incidence of younger patients varied between 2.6% and 16.6% with a median of 8.3%. Younger patients consistently showed more favorable clinicopathological features correlated with better BCR prognosis. Meta‐analyses showed a 1.38‐fold improved BCR survival of younger patients in multivariate analysis. Among the high‐risk PCa patients, younger age was independently associated with worse oncological outcomes in multivariate analyses.

Conclusion

In this study, we found younger age correlated with favorable clinicopathological characteristics and better BCR prognosis in low‐ to intermediate‐risk patients. In high‐risk group patients, younger patients often showed significantly worse oncological outcomes. Our study results suggest that age 50 could be used as a practical cut‐off age to separate younger age patients from older age PCa patients.
Antiparasitic Activity of Bromotyrosine Alkaloids and New Analogues Isolated from the Fijian Marine Sponge Aplysinella rhax
Authors: Oluwabusola Emmanuel T. , Tabudravu Jioji N. , Al Maqbali Khalid S. , Annang Frederick , Pérez‐Moreno Guiomar , Reyes Fernando , Jaspars Marcel
Published: July 2020

Ten bromotyrosine alkaloids were isolated and characterised from the marine sponge Aplysinella rhax (de Laubenfels 1954) collected from the Fiji Islands, which included one new bromotyrosine analogue, psammaplin P and two other analogues, psammaplin O and 3‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid, which have not been previously reported from natural sources. HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods were used in the elucidation of the compounds. Bisaprasin, a biphenylic dimer of psammaplin A, showed moderate activity with IC50 at 19±5 and 29±6 μM against Trypanzoma cruzi Tulahuen C4, and the lethal human malaria species Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7, respectively, while psammaplins A and D exhibited low activity against both parasites. This is the first report of the antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activity of the psammaplin‐type compounds. Additionally, the biosynthesis hypotheses of three natural products were proposed.
Triplex‐Forming Peptide Nucleic Acids with Extended Backbones
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Brodyagin Nikita , Rozners Eriks
Published: July 2020

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) forms a triple helix with double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) stabilized by a hydrogen‐bonding zipper formed by PNA's backbone amides (N−H) interacting with RNA phosphate oxygens. This hydrogen‐bonding pattern is enabled by the matching ∼5.7 Å spacing (typical for A‐form dsRNA) between PNA's backbone amides and RNA phosphate oxygens. We hypothesized that extending the PNA's backbone by one −CH2− group might bring the distance between PNA amide groups closer to 7 Å, which is favourable for hydrogen bonding to the B‐form dsDNA phosphate oxygens. Extension of the PNA backbone was expected to selectively stabilize PNA‐DNA triplexes compared to PNA‐RNA. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized triplex‐forming PNAs that had the pseudopeptide backbones extended by an additional −CH2− group in three different positions. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of the binding affinity of these extended PNA analogues for the matched dsDNA and dsRNA showed that, contrary to our structural reasoning, extending the PNA backbone at any position had a strong negative effect on triplex stability. Our results suggest that PNAs might have an inherent preference for A‐form‐like conformations when binding double‐stranded nucleic acids. It appears that the original six‐atom‐long PNA backbone is an almost perfect fit for binding to A‐form nucleic acids.
Collective photothermal effect of Al2O3‐supported spheroidal plasmonic Ru nanoparticle catalysts in the sunlight‐powered Sabatier reaction
Authors: Grote Roos , Habets Roberto , Rohlfs Jelle , Sastre Francesc , Meulendijks Nicole , Xu Man , Verheijen Marcel A. , Elen Ken , Hardy An , Van Bael Marlies K. , den Hartog Tim , Buskens Pascal
Published: July 2020

Plasmon catalysis is an interesting technology concept for powering chemical processes with light. Here, we report the use of various Al2O3‐supported Ru spheroidal nanoparticles as catalyst for the low‐temperature conversion of CO2 and H2 to CH4 (Sabatier reaction), using sunlight as energy source. At high loadings of Ru spheroidal nanoparticles (5.9 % w/w), we observe a sharp increase in the rate of the sunlight powered reaction when compared to the reaction in dark at the same catalyst bed temperature. Based on our results we exclude plasmon coupling as cause, and attribute the rate enhancement to collective photothermal heating of the Al2O3‐supported Ru nanoparticles.
Hierarchical Hollow Bimetal Oxide Microspheres Synthesized through a Recrystallization Mechanism for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Fanggang , Zheng Maojun , You Yuxiu , Jiang Dongkai , Yuan Hao , Zhai Zhihao , Zhang Wenlan , Ma Li , Shen Wenzhong
Published: July 2020

Bimetal oxide with its intricate nanostructure holds great potential for high‐performance electrode materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a facile strategy for the fabrication of hierarchical hollow Co3O4/ZnCo2O4 microspheres is developed, involving a simple solvothermal synthesis and subsequent thermal annealing in air. An aggregation‐dissolution‐in situ recrystallization structure evolution and growth mechanism is proposed. Benefiting from the unique hierarchical hollow structure with rational porosity, synergistic effect of bimetal components, and better electrical conductivity, the as‐synthesized Co3O4/ZnCo2O4 hierarchical hollow microstructure shows outstanding lithium storage properties. As a result, a superior rate capability (842 mA h g−1 at a current density of 4 A g−1) and an excellent cycle life (754 mA h g−1 after 800 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1) are obtained. The presented strategy could be applicable to the synthesis of mixed metal oxide hierarchical hollow structures with rational porosity for high‐performance LIBs.
Fluorine‐18 Radiolabelling and Photophysical Characteristics of Multimodal PET–Fluorescence Molecular Probes
Authors: Klenner Mitchell A. , Pascali Giancarlo , Massi Massimiliano , Fraser Benjamin H.
Published: July 2020

Positron emission tomography (PET)–fluorescence imaging is an emerging field of multimodality imaging seeking to attain synergy between the two techniques. The probes employed in PET–fluorescence imaging incorporate both a fluorophore and radioisotope which enable complementary information to be obtained from both imaging techniques via the administration of a single agent. Fluorine‐18 is the most commonly used radioisotope in PET imaging and consequently many novel attempts to radiofluorinate various fluorophores have transpired over the past decade. In this Minireview, the most relevant fluorine‐18 labelled PET–fluorescence probes have been classified into four groups as per the implemented fluorophore: 1) boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes, 2) cyanine dyes, 3) alternative organic fluorophores and 4) organometallics, such as quantum dots (QDs) and rhenium complexes. The biological, radiochemical and photophysical properties of each probe have been systematically compared to aid future endeavours in PET–fluorescence chemistry.
Alternating Magnetic Field Controlled Targeted Drug Delivery Based on Graphene Oxide‐Grafted Nanosupramolecules
Authors: Zhang Bing , Yu Qilin , Liu Yu
Published: July 2020

Graphene oxide (GO)‐grafted nanosupramolecules have recently emerged as neoteric nano drug carriers in the therapy of refractory diseases. Herein, a multicomponent nanosupramolecular drug carrier based on a targeted peptide and magnetic GO is reported, the drug‐release behavior of which can be regulated by an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This multicomponent nanosupramolecular carrier is composed of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD)/nickel nanoparticle‐modified graphene oxide (GONiCD) and mitochondrial ion‐targeting peptide (MitP)‐grafted hyaluronic acid (HAMitP). Owing to the host–guest interaction between β‐cyclodextrin and the cyclohexyl groups on MitP, GONiCD and HAMitP could form supramolecular assemblies during the doxorubicin (Dox) loading process, which not only remarkably enhances the drug‐loading capacity, but also improves the drug‐release efficiency under AMF stimulus. During co‐incubation with tumor cells, the Dox‐loaded assemblies could strongly target the tumor mitochondria and damage both the mitochondria and the nuclei, owing to Dox release from the assemblies induced by AMF. This study sheds light on the exploration of peptide caps for controlled drug loading/release of supramolecular nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery and anticancer therapy.
The impact of COVID‐19 on the cancer care of adolescents and young adults and their well‐being: Results from an online survey conducted in the early stages of the pandemic
Authors: Košir Urška , Loades Maria , Wild Jennifer , Wiedemann Milan , Krajnc Alen , Roškar Sanja , Bowes Lucy
Published: July 2020

Background

Because of the global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), oncology departments across the world have rapidly adapted their cancer care protocols to balance the risk of delaying cancer treatments and the risk of COVID‐19 exposure. COVID‐19 and associated changes may have an impact on the psychosocial functioning of patients with cancer and survivors. This study was designed to determine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on young people living with and beyond cancer.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 177 individuals, aged 18 to 39 years, were surveyed about the impact of COVID‐19 on their cancer care and psychological well‐being. Participants also reported their information needs with respect to COVID‐19. Responses were summarized with a content analysis approach.

Results

This was the first study to examine the psychological functioning of young patients and survivors during the first weeks of the COVID‐19 pandemic. A third of the respondents reported increased levels of psychological distress, and as many as 60% reported feeling more anxious than they did before COVID‐19. More than half also wanted more information tailored to them as young patients with cancer.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic is rapidly evolving and changing the landscape of cancer care. Young people living with cancer are a unique population and might be more vulnerable during this time in comparison with their healthy peers. There is a need to screen for psychological distress and attend to young people whose cancer care has been delayed. As the lockdown begins to ease, the guidelines about cancer care should be updated according to this population's needs.
Cytomorphology, immunoprofile, and management of renal oncocytic neoplasms
Authors: Zhu Bing , Rohan Stephen M. , Lin Xiaoqi
Published: July 2020

Background

The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology, immunoprofile, and management of renal oncocytoma (RO), hybrid oncocytic tumor (HOT), and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC).

Methods

Forty‐seven cases of RO, 7 cases of HOT, and 25 cases of ChRCC were included in the study. Tissue microarrays were prepared for immunohistochemical evaluation.

Results

Large sheets of cells with transverse vessels, and higher nuclear grade were seen more often in ChRCC than in RO or HOT. Tumor cells of RO were more uniform in size and shape relative to HOT and ChRCC. The cytoplasmic features of RO were more uniformly granular relative to HOT and ChRCC, which exhibited variable cytoplasmic features. CK7 and MUC1 were expressed more frequently and diffusely in ChRCC (54% and 94%, respectively) than RO (4% and 52%, respectively) and HOT (0% and 71%, respectively). AMACR and PAX8 were more frequently expressed diffusely in RO (67% and 42%, respectively) than in HOT (0% and 0%, respectively) or ChRCC (14% and 11%, respectively). Most HOT (57%) and CHRCC (60%) patients underwent nephrectomy. Cryoablation was the treatment of choice for 24% of patients with ChRCC, 2% of patients with RO, and 0% of patients with HOT. The majority of patients with RO (88%) opted for active surveillance—a much higher rate than that for patients with HOT (29%) or ChRCC (12%).

Conclusion

Some cytologic features and immunomarkers are useful in differentiating RO, HOT, and ChRCC. Because no immunomarker or morphologic finding is specific by itself, a combination of morphologic features with immunohistochemistry appears to be the most reliable way to distinguish ChRCC, HOT, and RO on biopsy samples. Subclassification of renal oncocytic tumors into specific categories impacts clinical management and downstream treatment selection.
Thyroid cytology smear slides: An untapped resource for ThyroSeq testing
Authors: Nikiforova Marina N. , Lepe Marcos , Tolino Lindsey A. , Miller Megan E. , Ohori N. Paul , Wald Abigail I. , Landau Michael S. , Kaya Cihan , Malapelle Umberto , Bellevicine Claudio , Troncone Giancarlo , Nikiforov Yuri E. , Baloch Zubair
Published: July 2020

Background

Molecular testing of thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is commonly used to guide patient management and is typically performed on freshly collected FNA samples. In this study, the authors evaluated the performance of the ThyroSeq test in cytology smear slides.

Methods

Air‐dried Diff‐Quik (DQ)‐stained and alcohol‐fixed Papanicolaou (Pap)‐stained smears were used to determine required cellularity and sensitivity of mutation detection and to compare ThyroSeq v3 Genomic Classifier (GC) results obtained in cytology smears and fresh FNA samples from the same nodules.

Results

ThyroSeq testing of 31 cytology smears revealed that 25 smears (81%) were adequate for ThyroSeq analysis, including 14 Pap‐stained smears (100%) and 11 DQ‐stained smears (65%), whereas 6 DQ‐stained smears (35%) failed RNA sequencing. The overall accuracy for detecting molecular alterations was 98%, with 100% concordance for mutations and gene expression alterations, 96% concordance for fusions, and 94% concordance for copy number alterations. Cytology smears were adequate for ThyroSeq analysis when at least 200 to 300 cells were present in 1 to 3 slides. ThyroSeq detected all studied mutations down to 5% allele frequency and BRAF mutations down to 1% allele frequency. Testing of smears yielded a positive ThyroSeq GC result in all nodules originally classified as positive.

Conclusions

Thyroid FNA cytology smear slides with adequate cellularity can be successfully used for ThyroSeq GC testing in approximately 80% of cases, with an even higher success rate in Pap‐stained smears. Compared with FNA samples collected into preservative solution, 94% to 100% of different genetic alterations could be accurately detected in smears, validating cytology smears as an alternative for ThyroSeq testing in patients with indeterminate thyroid cytology.
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance cervical cytology in the Chinese population: Age‐stratified reporting rates, high‐risk HPV testing, and immediate histologic correlation results
Authors: Tao Xiang , Zhang Huina , Wang Li , Pan Qiuzhi , Ji Shuting , Zhou Xianrong , Zhao Chengquan
Published: July 2020

Background

The US American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology guidelines for cervical cancer screening have been largely adopted worldwide. Pooled high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing has been routinely used to risk‐stratify women who have atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) cytology. However, it has been reported that there are distinguished differences in the distribution of hrHPV genotypes between the Chinese and American populations.

Methods

The objective of this study was to analyze the age‐stratified reporting rates, hrHPV‐positive rates, and genotyping by different cytology preparation methods and hrHPV testing assays, along with the immediate histopathologic correlation of ASC‐US cytology, in the Chinese population.

Results

The ASC‐US reporting rate of 1,597,136 Papanicolaou (Pap) tests was 4.2%, and the overall hrHPV‐positive rate was 48.7% in the ASC‐US cases. In total, 25,338 women with ASC‐US Pap tests had immediate histologic follow‐up, and the detection rate for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and higher lesions (CIN2+) was 7.1%, including 0.6% carcinomas. Among the women who underwent hrHPV testing, CIN2+ lesions were identified in 657 of 6154 (10.7%) who had hrHPV‐positive results and in only 1.5% those who had hrHPV‐negative results. Further genotyping analysis revealed that HPV types 16 and/or 18 were commonly identified genotypes among the Chinese women who had ASC‐US cytology.

Conclusions

This large‐scale study demonstrated that the hrHPV‐positive rate, the CIN2+ detection rate, and the distribution of hrHPV genotypes in Chinese women with ASC‐US cytology were essentially consistent with those from the American population, further supporting that the current and newly released 2019 American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology guidelines should be applicable to the Chinese population.
Time‐based legality of information flow in the capability‐based access control model for the Internet of Things
Authors: Nakamura Shigenari , Enokido Tomoya , Takizawa Makoto
Published: July 2020

The Internet of Things is composed of sensor and actuator devices. Devices have to be securely accessed by subjects. In this article, we take the capability‐based access control (CBAC) model where a subject is issued a capability token to manipulate a device by a device owner. In the CBAC model, information which a subject is not allowed to get may illegally flow to the subject. Hence, the operation interruption (OI) protocol to prevent illegal information flow is proposed in our previous studies. However, although a subject is not allowed to get data at time , the subject can get the data later than the time . Here, the data come to the subject later than expected by the subject to get the data, that is, the information flows late to the subject. In this article, we newly propose a time‐based OI (TBOI) protocol to prevent not only illegal information flow but also late information flow. Here, operations implying illegal or late information flow are interrupted, that is, not performed at devices. In the evaluation, we show not only illegal information flow but also late information flow are prevented in the TBOI protocol differently from the OI protocol.
Progressive Folding and Adaptive Multivalent Recognition of Alkyl Amines and Amino Acids in p‐Sulfonatocalix[4]arene Hosts: Solid‐State and Solution Studies
Authors: Dai Liya , Feng Wei‐Xu , Zheng Shao‐Ping , Jiang Ji‐Jun , Wang Dawei , van der Lee Arie , Dumitrescu Dan , Barboiu Mihail
Published: July 2020

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Dr. Mihail Barboiu from the Institut Europeen des Membranes of Montpellier, France and the Lehn Institute of Functional Materials at Sun‐yat Sen University in Guangzhou, China. The cover picture shows the molecular recognition of folded 1,ω‐amino‐acids guests within p‐sulfonatocalix[4]arene host anions stabilized with alternating hydrated cations and water molecules. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202000232.
Photoswitchable 2‐Phenyldiazenyl‐Purines and their Influence on DNA Hybridization
Authors: Grebenovsky Nikolai , Hermanns Volker , Heckel Alexander
Published: July 2020

Recently, photochromic derivatives of nucleobases have drawn attention for regulating oligonucleotide hybridization with light for photopharmacological applications. The nucleobase moiety provides attractive interaction for hybridization, whereas the photochromic moiety can alter the interaction upon irradiation due to conformational changes. Herein we report the synthesis of 2‐phenyldiazenyl‐substituted 2’‐deoxyadenosine (dAAzo) and 2’‐deoxyguanosine (dGAzo) and investigate their influence in a DNA context by UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopies. For comparison, the literature‐known azobenzene C‐nucleoside DNAzo was used as a reference system. It could be shown that photochromic purines improve overall hybridization affinity compared to azobenzene C‐nucleosides. In particular, 2’‐deoxyadenosine analogue dAAzo increases melting temperatures by 7.5 °C in the favored trans state with 86 % of the switching efficiency of the reference system.
Enhancing chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell immunotherapy against cancer using a nanoemulsion‐based vaccine targeting cross‐presenting dendritic cells
Authors: Chan Jack D , von Scheidt Bianca , Zeng Bijun , Oliver Amanda J , Davey Ashleigh S , Ali Aesha I , Thomas Ranjeny , Trapani Joseph A , Darcy Phillip K , Kershaw Michael H , Dolcetti Riccardo , Slaney Clare Y
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐modified T cells is a form of cancer immunotherapy that has achieved remarkable efficacy in patients with some haematological cancers. However, challenges remain in CAR T‐cell treatment of solid tumours because of tumour‐mediated immunosuppression.

Methods

We have demonstrated that CAR T‐cell stimulation through T‐cell receptors (TCRs) in vivo can generate durable responses against solid tumours in a variety of murine models. Since Clec9A‐targeting tailored nanoemulsion (Clec9A‐TNE) vaccine enhances antitumour immune responses through selective activation of Clec9A+ cross‐presenting dendritic cells (DCs), we hypothesised that Clec9A‐TNE could prime DCs for antigen presentation to CAR T cells through TCRs and thus improve CAR T‐cell responses against solid tumours. To test this hypothesis, we used CAR T cells expressing transgenic TCRs specific for ovalbumin (OVA) peptides SIINFEKL (CAROTI) or OVA323‐339 (CAROTII).

Results

We demonstrated that the Clec9A‐TNEs encapsulating full‐length recombinant OVA protein (OVA‐Clec9A‐TNE) improved CAROT T‐cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro. Combined treatment using the OVA‐Clec9A‐TNE and CAROT cells resulted in durable responses and some rejections of tumours in immunocompetent mice. Tumour regression was accompanied by enhanced CAROT cell proliferation and infiltration into the tumours.

Conclusion

Our study presents Clec9A‐TNE as a prospective avenue to enhance CAR T‐cell efficacy for solid cancers.
Developing an interactive and illustrative laboratory management curriculum for cytopathology trainees
Authors: Lepe Marcos , Preciado Christopher , Song Sharon J. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: July 2020

Laboratory management is a critically important but often overlooked portion of cytopathology training. Indeed, recent surveys of new‐in‐practice pathologists have consistently shown this to be an area of deficiency. Fortunately, there are a multitude of resources available to fill this need.1‐6 These resources, such as government websites and publications by professional organizations, are often freely accessible to everyone; however, the information they provide is scattered across the vast expanse of cyberspace. We offer this educational module to bridge those gaps and string together a web of resources. The curriculum content includes a pretest to assess the trainee's knowledge and a tree of clickable subject headings covering basic laboratory management topics that a graduating cytopathology fellow should be familiar with. Each subject heading is linked to a summary of the subject using tables and visual diagrams with hyperlinks to specific online resources and additional detailed information. A posttest is included to provide instant feedback. Although by no means comprehensive, we hope this will provide a stepping stone for our readers to build a sound laboratory management foundation that may guide their practice.
Evaluation of epiandrosterone as a long‐term marker of testosterone use
Authors: Nair Vinod S. , Doman Christine E. , Morrison Matthew S. , Miller Geoffrey D. , Husk Jacob , van Eenoo Peter , Crouch Andre K. , Eichner Daniel
Published: July 2020

Identification and evaluation of long‐term markers is crucial in prolonging the detection window for anabolic steroid abuse in sport. Recently, sulfoconjugated epiandrosterone was identified as a potential long‐term marker for the abuse of certain endogenous anabolic agents, including testosterone, which continues to be widely used as a performance enhancing agent in sport. To evaluate the applicability of epiandrosterone sulfate as a marker for testosterone use, administration studies were conducted with multiple modes of testosterone administration – transdermal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. A modified sample preparation method was used to collect both glucuronidated and sulfoconjugated analytes of interest. Carbon isotope ratio measurements from the administration studies are presented here. Epiandrosterone was less effective than the conventionally used target compounds for detection of the low dose application (transdermal gel). With intramuscular administration, epiandrosterone was more diagnostic than with transdermal administration, but it did not prolong the detection window more than the conventional target compounds. With subcutaneous administration, the doses administered to the subjects were varied and the effect on the epiandrosterone values was dependent on the magnitude of the dose administered. Epiandrosterone does not appear to be a useful marker in the detection of low dose testosterone administration. It is responsive to higher dose administration, but it does not provide an extension of the detection window relative to conventional target compounds.
Development of an environmental DNA metabarcoding assay for aquatic vascular plant communities
Authors: Coghlan Stephanie A. , Shafer Aaron B. A. , Freeland Joanna R.
Published: July 2020

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcodes allow for the simultaneous detection of multiple taxa if the barcode regions meet several key requirements including conserved primer‐binding sites, interspecific variability that exceeds intraspecific variability, and relatively short amplicons. Currently, there are no established metabarcoding assays for aquatic vascular plants, which could limit biodiversity assessments and the early detection of alien species. We used a combination of novel and pre‐existing primers to generate eDNA metabarcodes from three gene regions that are commonly used for plant barcoding: two regions of chloroplast DNA (rbcL and matK) plus a segment of an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). We optimized the assay on a mock community of 25 known species and then applied it to wild samples collected from two waterbodies in southern Ontario, Canada (Black River and Seymour Lake). Our novel rbcL primers, which amplify a fragment of ~220 bp, provided the most comprehensive description of the mock community, identifying all but one of the taxa to species or genus. In addition, after pooling data from five sites within each sampled waterbody, metabarcodes generated by this same primer pair identified more taxa than all other primer pairs; more specifically, 20 and 26 taxa were identified from Black River and Seymour Lake, respectively, to species or genus. Across the two sites, nine of the identified taxa are alien invasive aquatic plants. Five of these invasive species have no previous reports from our sites, and in some cases have no known established Ontario populations; our data therefore suggest an urgent need to increase surveillance for these aliens. Overall, our study showed that eDNA metabarcoding with a novel rbcL primer pair provides a cost‐effective method for simultaneously detecting multiple aquatic vascular plant taxa and is a valuable tool for the early detection of invasive species.
Characteristics and prognostic implications of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jeong Hyeonju , Song Shinjeong , Seo Jiwon , Cho Iksung , Hong Geu‐Ru , Ha Jong‐Won , Shim Chi Young
Published: July 2020

Aims

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is characterized by right ventricular (RV) dilatation and dysfunction and is often seen in combination with tricuspid regurgitation (TR). The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and prognostic implications of TR in patients with AC.

Methods and results

Clinical, echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance data of 52 patients with AC fulfilling 2010 Task Force criteria in a single centre were retrospectively evaluated. TR in AC was classified as no/mild, moderate, or severe on the basis of the current guidelines. Significant TR was defined as at least moderate TR. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, heart transplantation, and tricuspid valve surgery. There were seven patients (13.4%) with moderate TR and 13 patients (25.0%) with severe TR at initial diagnosis. Patients with severe TR showed a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation and a higher mean NT‐pro‐BNP than other groups (68%, P = 0.013; 2423 ± 1578 pg/mL, P < 0.001, respectively). Patients with significant TR revealed a higher incidence of heart failure at initial presentation than did those without significant TR (30.0 vs. 3.1%, P = 0.022). Patients with severe TR showed significantly larger RV and lower RV and left ventricular functional parameters. During a mean follow‐up of 4.2 years, three groups classified by TR severity considerably discriminated clinical outcomes (log rank P = 0.019). Patients with significant TR had a poorer prognosis than those with no or mild TR (42.9 vs. 3.1%, log rank P = 0.005). Cox regression analysis showed significant TR as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 11.41, 95% confidential interval 1.30–99.92, P = 0.028).

Conclusions

Significant TR at initial diagnosis in patients with AC is a poor prognostic factor.
What are the minimum requirements to establish proficiency in lung ultrasound training for quantifying B‐lines?
Authors: Russell Frances M. , Ferre Robinson , Ehrman Robert R. , Noble Vicki , Gargani Luna , Collins Sean P. , Levy Phillip D. , Fabre Katarina L. , Eckert George J. , Pang Peter S.
Published: July 2020

Aims

The goal of this study was to determine the number of scans needed for novice learners to attain proficiency in B‐line quantification compared with expert interpretation.

Methods and results

This was a prospective, multicentre observational study of novice learners, physicians and non‐physicians from three academic institutions. Learners received a 2 h lung ultrasound (LUS) training session on B‐line assessment, including lecture, video review to practice counting and hands‐on patient scanning. Learners quantified B‐lines using an eight‐zone scanning protocol in patients with suspected acute heart failure. Ultrasound (US) machine settings were standardized to a depth of 18 cm and clip length of 6 s, and tissue harmonics and multibeam former were deactivated. For quantification, the intercostal space with the greatest number of B‐lines within each zone was used for scoring. Each zone was given a score of 0–20 based on the maximum number of B‐lines counted during one respiratory cycle. The B‐line score was determined by multiplying the percentage of the intercostal space filled with B‐lines by 20. We compared learner B‐line counts with a blinded expert reviewer (five US fellowship‐trained faculty with > 5 years of clinical experience) for each lung zone scanned; proficiency was defined as an intraclass correlation of > 0.7. Learning curves for each learner were constructed using cumulative sum method for statistical analysis. The Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used to compare the number of scans required to reach proficiency between different learner types.

Twenty‐nine learners (21 research associates, 5 residents and 3 non‐US‐trained emergency medicine faculty) scanned 2629 lung zones with acute pulmonary oedema. After a mean of 10.8 (standard deviation 14.0) LUS zones scanned, learners reached the predefined proficiency standard. The number of scanned zones required to reach proficiency was not significantly different between physicians and non‐physicians (P = 0.26), learners with no prior US experience vs. > 25 prior patient scans (P = 0.64) and no prior vs. some prior LUS experience (P = 0.59). The overall intraclass correlation for agreement between learners and experts was 0.74 and 0.80 between experts.

Conclusions

Our results show that after a short, structured training, novice learners are able to achieve proficiency for quantifying B‐lines on LUS after scanning 11 zones. These findings support the use of LUS for B‐line quantification by non‐physicians in clinical and research applications.
The detrimental effect of COVID‐19 nationwide quarantine on accelerometer‐assessed physical activity of heart failure patients
Authors: Vetrovsky Tomas , Frybova Tereza , Gant Iulian , Semerad Miroslav , Cimler Richard , Bunc Vaclav , Siranec Michal , Miklikova Marie , Vesely Jiri , Griva Martin , Precek Jan , Pelouch Radek , Parenica Jiri , Belohlavek Jan
Published: July 2020

Aims

A reduction of habitual physical activity due to prolonged COVID‐19 quarantine can have serious consequences for patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure. This study aimed to explore the effect of COVID‐19 nationwide quarantine on accelerometer‐assessed physical activity of heart failure patients.

Methods and results

We analysed the daily number of steps in 26 heart failure patients during a 6‐week period that included 3 weeks immediately preceding the onset of the quarantine and the first 3 weeks of the quarantine. The daily number of steps was assessed using a wrist‐worn accelerometer worn by the patients as part of an ongoing randomized controlled trial. Multilevel modelling was used to explore the effect of the quarantine on the daily step count adjusted for weather conditions. As compared with the 3 weeks before the onset of the quarantine, the step count was significantly lower during each of the first 3 weeks of the quarantine (P < 0.05). When the daily step count was averaged across the 3 weeks before and during the quarantine, the decrease amounted to 1134 (SE 189) steps per day (P < 0.001), which translated to a 16.2% decrease.

Conclusions

The introduction of the nationwide quarantine due to COVID‐19 had a detrimental effect on the level of habitual physical activity in heart failure patients, leading to an abrupt decrease of daily step count that lasted for at least the 3‐week study period. Staying active and maintaining sufficient levels of physical activity during the COVID‐19 pandemic are essential despite the unfavourable circumstances of quarantine.
Tc17 biology and function: Novel concepts
Authors: Lückel Christina , Picard Felix. S. R. , Huber Magdalena
Published: July 2020

Research over the past years has provided increasing understanding about IL‐17‐producing CD8+ T cells termed Tc17 or IL‐17+CD8+ T cells, their distribution and role in a range of diverse immune processes. These comprise resistance to pathogens and tissue homeostasis, but also contribution to autoimmunity and cancer, as well as involvement in gut inflammation, lung diseases and graft‐versus‐host‐disease. Tc17 cells are regulated by unique differentiation mechanisms distinguishing them from other IL‐17‐producing T cells, including Th17, mucosal‐associated invariant T cells, and γδ17 T cells, thus ensuring their specific function in immune responses. Here, we review recent advances in understanding Tc17 cell differentiation and function, and highlight experimental evidence from human studies on patients suffering from organ‐specific autoimmunity including psoriasis, spondyloarthritis and MS as well as from ulcerative colitis and gastrointestinal tract‐associated cancers. We also discuss mouse models analyzing Tc17 characteristics and indicate mechanisms of cross‐talk between Tc17 cells and immune or nonimmune cells, enabling their effector function in both protective as well as pathologic immune responses.