bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La gestion des émotions face aux situations stressantes à l’école : les finissants stagiaires en éducation préscolaire et enseignement primaire se sentent-ils prêts?
Authors: Pelletier Marie-Andrée
Published: January 2016

Être en mesure de faire face à toutes les violences (physique, morale, verbale, etc.) pour ne pas perdre le contrôle de certaines situations en contexte scolaire demande une formation psychologique très particulière qui n’était pas nécessaire autrefois (Voirol, 1998). Plusieurs enseignants débutants affirment qu’ils ont de la difficulté en début de carrière à répondre aux exigences de la pratique; d’autres ont des attentes irréalistes quant à l’enseignement et aux élèves (Martineau et Presseau, 2007). Dans ces conditions, il importe de se pencher sur la place qu’occupe la formation psychologique dans les programmes de formation initiale des futurs enseignants. Cet article présente une partie des résultats issus d’une étude sur les besoins de formation psychologique perçus par onze stagiaires finissantes de quatrième année au baccalauréat en éducation préscolaire et enseignement primaire (BEPEP), plus spécifiquement les résultats liés à la gestion des émotions dans la profession. Les résultats montrent que ces stagiaires souhaitent, dans leur formation, apprendre à maîtriser le stress devant les difficultés de la profession enseignante, à connaître la gamme d’émotions pouvant être vécues avec les différentes personnes impliquées dans le milieu scolaire, à décrocher à la maison et à prendre du recul devant ces difficultés, mais également à réaliser des analyses réflexives plus poussées au regard de la gestion des émotions en enseignement.
Dreaming
Authors: Windt Jennifer M.
Published: January 2016

A comprehensive proposal for a conceptual framework for describing conscious experience in dreams, integrating philosophy of mind, sleep and dream research, and interdisciplinary consciousness studies.

Dreams, conceived as conscious experience or phenomenal states during sleep, offer an important contrast condition for theories of consciousness and the self. Yet, although there is a wealth of empirical research on sleep and dreaming, its potential contribution to consciousness research and philosophy of mind is largely overlooked. This might be due, in part, to a lack of conceptual clarity and an underlying disagreement about the nature of the phenomenon of dreaming itself. In Dreaming, Jennifer Windt lays the groundwork for solving this problem. She develops a conceptual framework describing not only what it means to say that dreams are conscious experiences but also how to locate dreams relative to such concepts as perception, hallucination, and imagination, as well as thinking, knowledge, belief, deception, and self-consciousness.

Arguing that a conceptual framework must be not only conceptually sound but also phenomenologically plausible and carefully informed by neuroscientific research, Windt integrates her review of philosophical work on dreaming, both historical and contemporary, with a survey of the most important empirical findings. This allows her to work toward a systematic and comprehensive new theoretical understanding of dreaming informed by a critical reading of contemporary research findings. Windt's account demonstrates that a philosophical analysis of the concept of dreaming can provide an important enrichment and extension to the conceptual repertoire of discussions of consciousness and the self and raises new questions for future research.
Potential impact of co-payment at point of care to influence emergency department utilization
Authors: Baum Zachary , Simmons Michael R. , Guardiola Jose H. , Smith Cynthia , Carrasco Lynn , Ha Joann , Richman Peter
Published: January 2016

Background.Many proponents for healthcare reform suggest increased cost-sharing by patients as a method to reduce overall expenditures. Prior studies on the effects of co-payments for ED visits have generally not been directed toward understanding patient attitudes/behavior at point of care.

Objectives.We conducted a survey at point of care to test our hypothesis that a significant number of patients with urgent chief complaints might have avoided the ED if asked to provide a co-payment.

Methods.Cross-sectional study design. Stable, oriented, consenting patients at an inner-city, academic ED were consecutively enrolled at hours in which trained research associates were available to assist with data collection. Enrolled patients completed a written survey providing demographic/chief complaint information, and then were asked whether 13 interval amounts of co-payment ranging from 0 to >500 would have impacted their decision to visit the ED. Categorical data are presented as frequency of occurrence and analyzed by chi-square; continuous data presented as means ± standard deviation, analyzed byt-tests. ORs and 95% confidence intervals provided. Primary outcome parameter was the % of patients who would have avoided the ED if asked to pay any co-payment for several urgent chief complaints: chest pain, SOB, and abdominal pain.

Results.A total of 581 patients were enrolled; 63.1% female, mean age 42.4 ± 15.1 years, 65% Hispanic, 71.2% income less than 20,000, 28.6% less than high school graduate, 81.3% had primary care physician, 57.6% had 2 or more ED visits/past year. Overall, 30.2% of patients chose 0 as the maximum they would have been willing to pay if it was required to be seen in the ED. 16/58 (28%; 95% CI [18–40%]) of chest pain patients, 9/43 (20.9%; 95% CI [11–35%]) of SOB patients, and 24/127 (26.8%; 95% CI [13–27%]) of abdominal pain patients would have been unwilling to pay a co-pay. Patients with income >20,000 were more willing to pay a co-payment (OR = 2.55; 95% CI [1.59–4.10]). No significant relationship was identified between willingness to pay for: gender, race, education, established primary care provider, and frequency of ED visits.

Conclusion.Overall, 30.2% of our patients would not have accepted a co-pay in order to be seen, including more than 20% of the patients with chest pain, shortness of breath, and abdominal pain respectively.
Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets
Authors: Parker William G.
Published: January 2016

Aetosauria is an early-diverging clade of pseudosuchians (crocodile-line archosaurs) that had a global distribution and high species diversity as a key component of various Late Triassic terrestrial faunas. It is one of only two Late Triassic clades of large herbivorous archosaurs, and thus served a critical ecological role. Nonetheless, aetosaur phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood, owing to an overreliance on osteoderm characters, which are often poorly constructed and suspected to be highly homoplastic. A new phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria, comprising 27 taxa and 83 characters, includes more than 40 new characters that focus on better sampling the cranial and endoskeletal regions, and represents the most comprenhensive phylogeny of the clade to date. Parsimony analysis recovered three most parsimonious trees; the strict consensus of these trees finds an Aetosauria that is divided into two main clades: Desmatosuchia, which includes the Desmatosuchinae and the Stagonolepidinae, and Aetosaurinae, which includes the Typothoracinae. As defined Desmatosuchinae now containsNeoaetosauroides engaeusand several taxa that were previously referred to the genusStagonolepis, and a new clade, Desmatosuchini, is erected for taxa more closely related toDesmatosuchus. Overall support for some clades is still weak, and Partitioned Bremer Support (PBS) is applied for the first time to a strictly morphological dataset demonstrating that this weak support is in part because of conflict in the phylogenetic signals of cranial versus postcranial characters. PBS helps identify homoplasy among characters from various body regions, presumably the result of convergent evolution within discrete anatomical modules. It is likely that at least some of this character conflict results from different body regions evolving at different rates, which may have been under different selective pressures.
Bust economics: foragers choose high quality habitats in lean times
Authors: Bleicher Sonny S. , Dickman Christopher R.
Published: January 2016

In environments where food resources are spatially variable and temporarily impoverished, consumers that encounter habitat patches with different food density should focus their foraging initially where food density is highest before they move to patches where food density is lower. Increasing missed opportunity costs should drive individuals progressively to patches with lower food density as resources in the initially high food density patches deplete. To test these expectations, we assessed the foraging decisions of two species of dasyurid marsupials (dunnarts:Sminthopsis hirtipesandS. youngsoni) during a deep drought, or bust period, in the Simpson Desert of central Australia. Dunnarts were allowed access to three patches containing different food densities using an interview chamber experiment. Both species exhibited clear preference for the high density over the lower food density patches as measured in total harvested resources. Similarly, when measuring the proportion of resources harvested within the patches, we observed a marginal preference for patches with initially high densities. Models analyzing behavioral choices at the population level found no differences in behavior between the two species, but models analyzing choices at the individual level uncovered some variation. We conclude that dunnarts can distinguish between habitat patches with different densities of food and preferentially exploit the most valuable. As our observations were made during bust conditions, experiments should be repeated during boom times to assess the foraging economics of dunnarts when environmental resources are high.
Chronic unpredicted mild stress-induced depression alter saxagliptin pharmacokinetics and CYP450 activity in GK rats
Authors: Xia Zhengchao , Wei Hongyan , Duan Jingjing , Zhou Ting , Yang Zhen , Xu Feng
Published: January 2016

Background.This study was to explore the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin (Sax) in Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats complicated with depression induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS). The comorbidity of diabetic patients with depression is becoming more and more epidemic. Whether depression mental disorder alters the pharmacokinetics of hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes patients is not clear.

Methods.Five-week-old male GK rats were kept in the cage for 7 weeks in a specific pathogen free (SPF)-grade lab until the emergence of diabetes and were then divided into two groups: control group and depression model group. Rats in the CUMS-induced depression group were exposed to a series of stressors for 8 weeks. Plasma serotonin and dopamine levels and behavior of open-field test were used to confirm the establishment of the depression model. All rats were given 0.5 mg/kg Sax orally after 8 weeks and blood samples were collected at different time points. The Sax concentration was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The CYP450 activity of the liver microsomes was determined by using cocktails of probe drugs in which the activities of CYP enzymes were assessed through the determination of the production of the probe drugs.

Results.Statistically significant differences in Sax pharmacokinetics were observed for area under curve, clearance, peak concentration, peak time and mean residence time between the depression rats and the control rats, while no statistical differences were observed for half-time and distribution volume by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The CYP450 activity had different changes in the depression group.

Conclusions.These results indicated that CUMS-induced depression alters the drug metabolic process of Sax and CYP450 activity of the liver microsomal enzymes in GK rats.
A New Reliable Method for Evaluating Gallbladder Dynamics
Authors: Serra Carla , Pallotti Francesca , Bortolotti Mauro , Caputo Carla , Felicani Cristina , De Giorgio Roberto , Barbara Giovanni , Nardi Elena , Labate Antonio Maria Morselli
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare conventional 2‐dimensional (2D) B‐mode sonography with 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography for assessing gallbladder volume and contractility.

Methods

Gallbladder volume and contractility were evaluated in 32 healthy volunteers after fasting and abstinence from smoking for 8 hours and after a standardized balanced liquid meal. The gallbladder was evaluated with 2D sonography (with the use of the ellipsoid method) and with 3D sonography using a volumetric matrix probe. Both measurements were made by an operator who was skilled in sonography and an unskilled operator. The group of volunteers was subdivided into 2 subgroups including 16 participants, which represented the “2 moments” of acquisition by the techniques, particularly for the unskilled operator.

Results

The postprandial volumes obtained with 3D sonography were significantly lower in comparison to the volumes obtained with 2D sonography (P= .013), and there was a significant difference between the measurements made by the skilled and unskilled operators only for 2D sonography (P< .001), whereas between the 2 moments of acquisition by the 3D technique, there was no significant difference. The reproducibility of the technique for evaluation of gallbladder volumes was higher for 3D sonography than 2D sonography, particularly for the postprandial evaluation.

Conclusions

The new 3D sonographic method using a volumetric matrix probe is a simple, reliable, and more reproducible technique than conventional 2D sonography, even if performed by an unskilled operator, and it allows a reliable stimulation test for a gallbladder dynamic study.
Fetal Aortic Arch Anomalies
Authors: Bravo Coral , Gámez Francisco , Pérez Ricardo , Álvarez Teresa , De León-Luis Juan
Published: January 2016

Aortic arch anomalies are present in 1% to 2% of the general population and are commonly associated with congenital heart disease, chromosomal defects, and tracheaesophageal compression in postnatal life. The sonographically based detection of aortic arch anomalies lies in the 3‐vessel and trachea view. Although highly sensitive, this view alone does not allow identification of the aortic arch branching pattern, which prevents an accurate diagnosis. The systematic addition of a subclavian artery view as part of a standardized procedure may be useful in the differential diagnosis of these conditions. We describe the sonographic assessment of fetal aortic arch anomalies by combining 2 fetal transverse views: the 3‐vessel and trachea view and the subclavian artery view, which are included in the cardiovascular system sonographic evaluation protocol. We also review the sonographic findings and the clinical implications of fetal aortic arch anomalies.
Diagnostic Accuracy of SuperSonic Shear Imaging for Staging of Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Feng Jin-Chun , Li Jun , Wu Xiang-Wei , Peng Xin-Yu
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of SuperSonic shear imaging (SuperSonic Imagine SA, Aix‐en‐Provence, France) for diagnosis of liver fibrosis.

Methods

Literature databases were searched to identify relevant studies from inception to February 28, 2015. Sensitivity, specificity, and other information were extracted from the studies. Pooled data were calculated by a bivariate mixed‐effects binary regression model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Publication bias was tested by funnel plots.

Results

Twelve studies were included in this meta‐analysis and reported on 1635 patients. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.85) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.75–0.99), respectively, for fibrosis stages F≥1, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.81–0.86) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.74–0.87) for F≥2, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85–0.93) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.77–0.89) for F≥3, and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82–0.91) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81–0.90) for F=4. The areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84–0.90) for F≥1, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81–0.88) for F≥2, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.91–0.95) for F≥3, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90–0.95) for F=4. No significant publication bias was found.

Conclusions

SuperSonic shear imaging could be used for staging of liver fibrosis. Especially, it has high diagnostic accuracy for severe fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Lim Siew-Na , Chang Yeu-Jhy , Lin Shinn-Kuang
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The prevalence of carotid disease in stroke patients has been underestimated because most stroke patients who receive carotid sonography have already survived the acute event. Little is known about the extracranial carotid arteries of patients with acute stroke who need intensive care. This study reviewed color‐coded carotid duplex sonographic examinations of the extracranial carotid arteries of patients with acute critical hemispheric ischemic stroke.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 30 consecutive patients who had acute critical hemispheric ischemic stroke and received color‐coded carotid duplex sonography in the intensive care unit. The presence of occlusive carotid artery disease was correlated with clinical features, vascular risk factors, and outcomes.

Results

Overall, 57% of the patients (17 of 30) had an occlusive internal carotid artery, and 44% of patients with atrial fibrillation (7 of 16) also had occlusive carotid disease. Eventually, 73% of the patients (21 of 30) had poor outcomes, and 57% (17 of 30) died. The contributing factors to a poor outcome were older age, an initial conscious disturbance, endotracheal intubation, and occlusive carotid disease, with the most significant factor being older age (P= .022; odds ratio, 27.76). The factors contributing to death were endotracheal intubation, occlusive carotid disease, and reversed ophthalmic flow, with the most significant factor being occlusive carotid disease (P = .014; odds ratio, 11.38). Soft homogeneously echogenic thrombi filling the lumen of the internal carotid artery and moving forward and backward with the carotid pulse were found in 3 patients. A small segment of ruptured plaque that was floating forward and backward with pulsation was found in 1 patient.

Conclusions

Occlusive carotid artery disease is not uncommon among Chinese patients who have had an acute critical hemispheric infarction. Older age is the factor most significantly correlated with a poor outcome, and occlusive carotid disease is the factor most significantly correlated with death.
Sonographic Evaluation of Bone Formation After Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy
Authors: Miura Kei-ichiro , Yoshida Masashi , Yamaguchi Kojiro , Yoshida Reiko , Asahina Izumi
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of sonography for evaluation of mandible bone healing after orthognathic surgery.

Methods

The study included 10 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery. To assess new bone formation after sagittal split ramus osteotomy, the echo intensities of ultrasound (US) reflections of the proximal segment, distal segment, and bone gap were measured with a real‐time US scanner at 1 day, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, and 2 and 4 months postoperatively.

Results

The mean echo intensity of US reflections of the bone gap gradually increased and became equivalent to that of bone surfaces by 4 weeks postoperatively. X‐ray tomograms confirmed bone formation at the bone gap at the same time.

Conclusions

This study indicates that sonography may be useful for evaluating osseous healing after orthognathic surgery.
Kupffer Imaging by Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography With Perfluorobutane Microbubbles Is Associated With Outcomes After Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nuta Junya , Tamai Hideyuki , Mori Yoshiyuki , Shingaki Naoki , Maeshima Shuya , Shimizu Ryo , Maeda Yoshimasa , Moribata Kosaku , Niwa Toru , Deguchi Hisanobu , Inoue Izumi , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kato Jun , Ichinose Masao
Published: January 2016

Objectives

An ultrasound contrast agent consisting of perfluorobutane microbubbles (Sonazoid; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) accumulates in Kupffer cells, which thus enables Kupffer imaging. This study aimed to elucidate the association of defect patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma during the Kupffer phase of Sonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography with outcomes after radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Methods

For this study, 226 patients with initial hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma, who could be evaluated by contrast‐enhanced sonography with Sonazoid before RFA, were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the tumor defect pattern during the Kupffer phase. The irregular‐defect group was defined as patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that had a defect with an irregular margin, and the no‐irregular‐defect group was defined as patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that had either a defect with a smooth margin or no defect. Critical recurrence was defined as more than 3 intrahepatic recurrences, vascular invasion, dissemination, or metastasis.

Results

The irregular‐defect and no‐irregular‐defect groups included 86 and 140 patients, respectively, and had cumulative 5‐year critical recurrence rates of 49% and 17% (P < .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the tumor diameter, lens culinaris agglutinin– reactive α‐fetoprotein level, and defect pattern were independent factors related to critical recurrence. The cumulative 5‐year overall survival rates for the irregular‐defect and no‐irregular‐defect groups were 46% and 61% (P< .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the Child‐Pugh class, tumor diameter, lens culinaris agglutinin–reactive α‐fetoprotein level, and defect pattern were independent factors related to survival.

Conclusions

The defect pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma during the Kupffer phase of Sonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography is associated with critical recurrence and survival after RFA.
Do Anesthetic Techniques Influence the Threshold for Glomerular Capillary Hemorrhage Induced in Rats by Contrast‐Enhanced Diagnostic Ultrasound?
Authors: Miller Douglas L. , Lu Xiaofang , Fabiilli Mario , Dou Chunyan
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Glomerular capillary hemorrhage can be induced by ultrasonic cavitation during contrast‐enhanced diagnostic ultrasound (US) exposure, an important nonthermal US bioeffect. Recent studies of pulmonary US exposure have shown that thresholds for another nonthermal bioeffect of US, pulmonary capillary hemorrhage, is strongly influenced by whether xylazine is included in the specific anesthetic technique. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of xylazine on contrast‐enhanced diagnostic US‐induced glomerular capillary hemorrhage.

Methods

In this study, anesthesia with ketamine only was compared to ketamine plus xylazine for induction of glomerular capillary hemorrhage in rats by 1.6‐MHz intermittent diagnostic US with a microsphere contrast agent (similar to Definity; Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc, North Billerica, MA). Glomerular capillary hemorrhage was measured as a percentage of glomeruli with hemorrhage found in histologic sections for groups of rats scanned at different peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes.

Results

There was a significant difference between the magnitude of the glomerular capillary hemorrhage between the anesthetics at 2.3 MPa, with 45.6% hemorrhage for ketamine only, increasing to 63.2% hemorrhage for ketamine plus xylazine (P < .001). However, the thresholds for the two anesthetic methods were virtually identical at 1.0 MPa, based on linear regression of the exposure response data.

Conclusions

Thresholds for contrast‐enhanced diagnostic US‐induced injury of the microvasculature appear to be minimally affected by anesthetic methods.
Sonographically Identified Echogenic Renal Masses Up to 1 cm in Size Are So Rarely Malignant They Can Be Safely Ignored
Authors: Itani Malak , Pandya Amit , Bude Ronald O.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether small echogenic renal masses up to 1 cm in size incidentally detected by sonography are rarely malignant and thus do not need further workup.

Methods

We reviewed approximately 13,600 reports of all abdominal sonographic examinations performed between November 2001 and October 2007 that identified a small echogenic mass in a kidney. Patients with known malignancy of any kind, tuberous sclerosis, lesions larger than 1.0 cm, lesions with heterogeneous echogenicity, and lesions with posterior ring‐down artifacts or posterior acoustic shadowing were excluded. All patients without magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic scans that completely characterized the lesions were excluded unless a follow‐up study (sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, or contrast‐enhanced computed tomography) at least 5 years later was available for comparison to prove that the lesion was benign.

Results

A total of 120 lesions in 111 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Lesion sizes were 0 to 5 mm (n = 16) and 6 to 10 mm (n = 104). Of these, 54 lesions were characterized as definitely benign (47 angiomyolipomas and 7 other benign entities: calcifications in stones or within a cyst or calyx and cysts that were either simple on follow‐up studies or complicated with hemorrhagic or proteinaceous content). For the remaining 66 lesions, follow‐up results after at least 5 years were normal in 24 cases (which meant that the lesion was no longer visible), and the remaining 42 lesions were stable in size. The mean duration of follow‐up for these 66 lesions was 7.4 years.

Conclusions

Small echogenic renal masses up to 1 cm in size that fulfill our study criteria are so likely to be benign that they can be safely ignored.
Medical Student Core Clinical Ultrasound Milestones
Authors: Dinh Vi Am , Lakoff Daniel , Hess Jamie , Bahner David P. , Hoppmann Richard , Blaivas Michael , Pellerito John S. , Abuhamad Alfred , Khandelwal Sorabh
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Many medical schools are implementing point‐of‐care ultrasound in their curricula to help augment teaching of the physical examination, anatomy, and ultimately clinical management. However, point‐of‐care ultrasound milestones for medical students remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to formulate a consensus on core medical student clinical point‐of‐care ultrasound milestones across allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in the United States. Directors who are leading the integration of ultrasound in medical education (USMED) at their respective institutions were surveyed.

Methods

An initial list of 205 potential clinical ultrasound milestones was developed through a literature review. An expert panel consisting of 34 USMED directors across the United States was used to produce consensus on clinical ultrasound milestones through 2 rounds of a modified Delphi technique, an established anonymous process to obtain consensus through multiple rounds of quantitative questionnaires.

Results

There was a 100% response rate from the 34 USMED directors in both rounds 1 and 2 of the modified Delphi protocol. After the first round, 2 milestones were revised to improve clarity, and 9 were added on the basis of comments from the USMED directors, resulting in 214 milestones forwarded to round 2. After the second round, only 90 milestones were found to have a high level of agreement and were included in the final medical student core clinical ultrasound milestones.

Conclusions

This study established 90 core clinical milestones that all graduating medical students should obtain before graduation, based on consensus from 34 USMED directors. These core milestones can serve as a guide for curriculum deans who are initiating ultrasound curricula at their institutions. The exact method of implementation and competency assessment needs further investigation.
Stacked P‐to‐S and S‐to‐P receiver functions determination of crustal thickness, Vp, and Vs: The H‐V stacking method
Authors: Rychert Catherine A. , Harmon Nicholas
Published: January 2016

H‐κ stacking is a routine method for determining crustal thickness (H) and Vp/Vs (κ) using P‐to‐S (Ps) receiver functions. In this paper we show that S‐to‐P (Sp) receiver functions may also be used to determine crustal parameters. Sp provides independent information, complementary to Ps. We develop a method called H‐V (crustal thickness‐velocity) stacking where Ps and Sp receiver functions are stacked, to jointly determine seismic crustal parameters (H, Vp, and Vs) beneath a given seismic station. We demonstrate the utility of the H‐V stacking method using data from seismic station HYB (Hyderabad) on the Dharwar Craton. We estimate a crustal thickness of 34.5 km, Vp = 6.55 km/s, and Vs = 3.85 km/s beneath the station in good agreement with previous results. The strength of the H‐V method is that it requires no assumptions about elastic parameters and/or additional processing or methodology.
Hydrological and land use control of watershed exports of dissolved organic matter in a large arid river basin in northwestern China
Authors: Hu Yue , Lu YueHan , Edmonds Jennifer W. , Liu Chuankun , Wang Sai , Das Oindrila , Liu Jie , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: January 2016

We evaluated variation in dissolved organic matter (DOM) export as a function of hydrology and land use from a large arid river basin in northwestern China. Two soil‐derived, humic‐like (C1 and C2) and three protein‐like fluorescence components (C3, C4, and C5) were identified. During high discharges, river water DOM had higher values of DOC concentration, percent humic fluorescence, and humification index, but lower values of fluorescence index and percent protein fluorescence than found at base flow, suggesting that flow paths shifted to shallower depths flushing out topsoil organic matter. Loading of DOC and soil‐derived humic fluorescence were driven largely by discharge, with values over 10 times higher during high discharges than at base flow. Furthermore, both δ13C‐DOC and C1 at high flows positively correlated with %agricultural lands within 1 km river buffers, demonstrating that near‐river agricultural activities enhanced storm export of soil DOM. At base flow, C4 positively correlated with %agricultural lands, showing stimulation of aquatic bacterial carbon production as a result of elevated nutrient inputs from agricultural lands. Percent contributions of humic fluorescence in groundwater varied with well depths in shallow wells, but this pattern was not observed for deeper groundwater, suggesting that humic DOM could serve as a water source tracer indicating deeper aquifers were isolated from river water and shallow groundwater. Together, our data demonstrate that hydrology and land use controlled the sources and amount of riverine DOM in this large agricultural basin and that regulating storm runoff and near‐river agricultural activities should be incorporated in ecosystem‐based management of water resources.
Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazoles, N‐Fused 1,2,4‐Triazoles and 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles via Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl‐Mediated Carbonylation of Aryl Iodides
Authors: Nakka Mangarao , Tadikonda Ramu , Nakka Srinivas , Vidavalur Siddaiah
Published: January 2016

A convenient and efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazoles, N‐fused 1,2,4‐triazoles and 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles using molybdenum hexacarbonyl where, for the first time, molybdenum hexacarbonyl acts as a convenient and reliable solid source of carbon monoxide. This procedure provides an easy access to a library of 1,2,4‐triazole, N‐fused 1,2,4‐triazole and 1,2,4‐oxadiazole derivatives in fair to good yields without the need of gaseous carbon monoxide and palladium catalysts.

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Cationic Silicon Nanocrystals with Colloidal Stability, pH‐Independent Positive Surface Charge and Size Tunable Photoluminescence in the Near‐Infrared to Red Spectral Range
Authors: Chen Kenneth K. , Liao Kristine , Casillas Gilberto , Li Yiying , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: January 2016

In this report, the synthesis of a novel class of cationic quaternary ammonium‐surface‐functionalized silicon nanocrystals (ncSi) using a novel and highly versatile terminal alkyl halide‐surface‐functionalized ncSi synthon is described. The distinctive features of these cationic ncSi include colloidal stability, pH‐independent positive surface charge, and size‐tunable photoluminescence (PL) in the biologically relevant near‐infrared‐to‐red spectral region. These cationic ncSi are characterized via a combination of high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron, and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and zeta potential measurements.
TPM1 polymorphisms and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts susceptibility in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Qian Yajing , Li Dandan , Ma Lan , Zhang Hongchuang , Gong Miao , Li Sheng , Yuan Hua , Zhang Weibing , Ma Junqing , Jiang Hongbing , Pan Yongchu , Wang Lin
Published: January 2016

Located at 15q22 a susceptibility region for nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOC), TPM1 encodes a group of highly conserved ubiquitous actin‐binding proteins involved in the muscle contraction and cytoskeleton organization. Considering the multiple functions of TPM1 gene, we investigated the potential relationship between TPM1 polymorphisms and risk of NSOC in a Chinese Han population. Four tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of TPM1 (rs11071720, rs3803499, rs12148828, and rs1972041) were selected to conduct a case‐control study with 673 NSOC patients and 705 unrelated healthy controls from a Chinese Han population. The SNPs were genotyped by the IPLEX Sequenom MassARRAY platform. SNP rs1972041GA showed a decreased risk of NSOC in heterozygotes (P = 0.038, OR = 0.77, 95%CI = [0.61, 0.99]). Further stratified analysis revealed an enhanced protective effect of the minor allele G at rs197204 on lip with cleft palate (CLP) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) groups under a codominant or dominant model. No association was observed between the remaining three markers (rs11071720, rs3803499, and rs12148828) and NSOC as well as its subgroups. TPM1 polymorphisms might contribute to the etiology of NSOC, and more emphasis should be placed on TPM1 during craniofacial development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surfactant‐directed morphology of cross‐linked styrene‐ or vinylbenzyl chloride‐based materials
Authors: Karamitrou Melpo , Sarpaki Efi , Bokias Georgios
Published: January 2016

Polystyrene (PSt) or poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVBC) crosslinked with divinylbenzyl (DVB) materials were synthesized through free radical polymerization into templates formed by the surfactant polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether (Brij‐30). The chemical composition of the final products was verified through attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR) and the thermal behavior was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Depending on the organization of Brij‐30 in aqueous solution, three characteristic structures, namely spherical nanoparticles, platelet‐like objects and three‐dimensional networks, were identified through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The spherical nanoparticles and the platelet‐like objects form rather stable dispersions, especially in aqueous surfactant solutions, as exemplified by the evolution of the turbidity of the PSt‐based materials, using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant. All materials retain their integrity even after thermal treatment at high temperature (∼200–250°C). The benzyl chloride group of the PVBC‐based materials offers a significant potential for further elaboration and practical applications, since they can be further functionalized while retaining their integrity. This potential is demonstrated here through hydrolysis to obtain hydroxyl‐functionalized three‐dimensional networks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43297.
Flexible aliphatic poly(isocyanurate–oxazolidone) resins based on poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and 4,4′‐methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate
Authors: Bakry Ahmed , Aversano Renato , D'Ilario Lucio , Di Lisio Valerio , Francolini Iolanda , Piozzi Antonella , Martinelli Andrea
Published: January 2016

New flexible aliphatic oxazolidone‐isocyanurate networks (AISOX) are obtained by reacting a low molecular weight diisocyanate (4,4′‐methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, H12MDI) and a macro‐diepoxyde (poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, Mn = 526, PEGDGE) in different molar ratio. The curing reaction, carried out from 25 °C to 200 °C, is studied by using DSC and FTIR. The effect of the molar ratio of the two monomers on thermal and mechanical properties of AISOX resins is investigated by DSC, thermogravimetric analysis, stress−strain measurements and optical microscopy. Independently from the feed composition, it is observed that the reaction steps are: (i) partial hydrolysis of isocyanate caused by water traces, (ii) incomplete trimerization of isocyanate to give isocyanurate, and (iii) formation of oxazolidone and complete conversion of isocyanate. At the highest concentration of the soft macrodiepoxyde (PEGDGE), the AISOX resin is in the rubbery state at room temperature and shows an elastomeric behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43404.
Controlled Synthesis of Highly Crystallized Mesoporous Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 by Using Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Jothi Palani Raja , Pramanik Malay , Li Cuiling , Kannan Shanthi , Malgras Victor , Salunkhe Rahul R. , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: January 2016

Mesostructured manganese oxide (Mn3O4) is prepared by a soft‐templating method employing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a structure‐directing agent. By removing the template from the as‐prepared mesostructured Mn3O4 by extraction or calcination, we successfully synthesized highly crystallized mesoporous Mn3O4 or Mn2O3, respectively, with different crystalline structures.
Tranexamic acid in life-threatening military injury and the associated risk of infective complications
Authors: Lewis C J , Li P , Stewart L , Weintrob A C , Carson M L , Murray C K , Tribble D R , Ross J D
Published: January 2016

Background

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce mortality from severe haemorrhage. Although recent data suggest that TXA has anti-inflammatory properties, few analyses have investigated the impact of TXA on infectious complications in injured patients. The aim was to examine the association between TXA administration and infection risk among injured military personnel.

Methods

Patients who received TXA were matched by Injury Severity Score with patients who did not receive TXA. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine risk factors associated with infections within 30 days. A Cox proportional analysis evaluated risk factors in a time-to-first-infection model.

Results

A total of 335 TXA recipients were matched with 626 patients who did not receive TXA. A greater proportion of TXA recipients had an infection compared with the comparator group (P < 0·001). Univariable analysis estimated an unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2·47 (95 per cent c.i. 1·81 to 3·36) for the association between TXA and infection risk; however, TXA administration was not significant in multivariable analysis (OR 1·27, 0·85 to 1·91). Blast injuries, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and receipt of 10 units or more of blood within 24 h after injury were independently associated with infection risk. The Cox proportional model confirmed the association with ICU admission and blood transfusion. Traumatic amputations were also significantly associated with a reduced time to first infection.

Conclusion

In life-threatening military injuries matched for injury severity, TXA recipients did not have a higher risk of having infections nor was the time to develop infections shorter than in non-recipients. Extent of blood loss, blast injuries, extremity amputations and ICU stay were associated with infection.
The variance shared across forms of childhood trauma is strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders
Authors: Kristjansson Sean , McCutcheon Vivia V. , Agrawal Arpana , Lynskey Michael T. , Conroy Elizabeth , Statham Dixie J. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Henders Anjali K. , Todorov Alexandre A. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Degenhardt Louisa , Martin Nicholas G. , Heath Andrew C. , Nelson Elliot C.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Forms of childhood trauma tend to co‐occur and are associated with increased risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders. Commonly used binary measures of trauma exposure have substantial limitations.

Methods

We performed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), separately by sex, using data from the Childhood Trauma (CT) Study's sample of twins and siblings (N = 2594) to derive three first‐order factors (childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and parental partner abuse) and, as hypothesized, one higher order, childhood trauma factor (CTF) representing a measure of their common variance.

Results

CFA produced a good‐fitting model in the CT Study; we replicated the model in the Comorbidity and Trauma (CAT) Study's sample (N = 1981) of opioid‐dependent cases and controls. In both samples, first‐order factors are moderately correlated (indicating they measure largely unique, but related constructs) and their loadings on the CTF suggest it provides a reasonable measure of their common variance. We examined the association of CTF score with risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders in these samples and the OZ‐ALC GWAS sample (N = 1538) in which CT Study factor loadings were applied. We found that CTF scores are strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders in all three samples; estimates of risk are extremely consistent across samples.

Conclusions

The CTF is a continuous, robust measure that captures the common variance across forms of childhood trauma and provides a means to estimate shared liability while avoiding multicollinearity.
Medical comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Mannix Margaret
Published: January 2016

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the new diagnosis in place of the four pervasive developmental disorders, has a prevalence of 1 in 68 children. Narrowing four diagnoses into one — most children with former diagnoses of PDD‐NOS, for example, will meet criteria for ASD — maintains this illness as a heterogeneous one. Improvements due to the DSM‐5 change, however, are hoped to improve diagnostic sensitivity. Among the many heterogeneities in ASD are etiology and clinical presentation; the focus of this article will be on medical comorbidities. Not all children with ASD have comorbid medical problems. The rates are higher than for children without ASD, and diagnosis and treatment are particularly challenging in this population.
Drug use down or level among teens: Good news from NIDA
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2016

The current Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is full of mainly good news: continued decreases in teen use of cigarettes, alcohol, prescription opioids, and synthetic cannabinoids. The level of marijuana use has not gone down, however, with 6% of 12th graders using it on a daily basis — the same figure for 2015 as for 2014.
Stress happens: How parents can help their children cope
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2016

Whenever there is an adverse childhood experience (ACE) — divorce, death of a loved one, or violence in the community, just to cite a few examples — the child can have long‐lasting damage to the brain, and to physical and mental health. Don't believe it when you hear “kids are resilient,” the American Academy of Pediatrics notes. Thanks to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we know that diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, substance use disorders, and other diseases are much more common in adults who had ACEs during childhood.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Oxyfluorides, Au(OF)n (n = 1—6): Novel Superhalogens with Oxyfluoride Ligands.
Authors: Srivastava Ambrish Kumar , Misra Neeraj
Published: January 2016

Applying gradient corrected DFT (Gaussian 09 program) with the gradient corrected hybrid form of exchange‐correlation potentials B3LYP, Au(OF)n complexes (n = 1—6) and their anions are systematically studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimers and Chains of Hydrogen Bonded [HS2O7]‐ Anions in the Crystal Structures of M[HS2O7] (M: K, [NH4], [NO], Rb, Cs).
Authors: Schindler Lisa Verena , Daub Michael , Struckmann Mona , Weiz Alexander , Hillebrecht Harald , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: January 2016

The structures of the title compounds are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Hydrazine Iron(III) Phosphate, the First Transition Metal Phosphate Containing Hydrazine.
Authors: David Renald
Published: January 2016

[Fe(PO4)(N2H4)]n is prepared under hydrothermal conditions using an aqueous solution of FeCl2 and N2H2 to which KH2PO4 is added (autoclave, 433 K, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoluminescence Properties of BaSiF6:Eu3+,Eu3+/K+ and Eu3+/Tb3+ Co‐Doped Phosphors.
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Yuan Long , Huang Keke , Du Yanyan , Feng Shouhua
Published: January 2016

A series of BaSiF6:xEu3+ (x = 3‐20%), BaSiF6:15%Eu3+/15%K+, and BaSiF6:3%Eu3+/2%Tb3+ down‐conversion phosphors are hydrothermally prepared using hydrated SiO2 and NH4HF2 as metal chelating agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Conducting, n‐Type Bi12O15Cl6 Nanosheets with Superlattice‐Like Structure.
Authors: Myung Yoon , Wu Fei , Banerjee Sriya , Stoica Andreea , Zhong Hongxia , Lee Seung‐Soo , Fortner John , Yang Li , Banerjee Parag
Published: January 2016

Oxygen‐rich Bi12O15Cl6 n‐type semiconductor nanosheets are obtained after annealing p‐type BiOCl nanosheets in vacuum at 500 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Type of KYP2O7 Synthesized by the Boric Acid Flux Method and Its Luminescence Properties.
Authors: Jiang Yu , Liu Wei , Cao Xiyu , Su Ge , Cao Lixin , Gao Rongjie
Published: January 2016

Single crystals of a new phase of KYP2O7, r‐KYP2O7, are prepared by a low‐temperature H3BO3 flux method using a 1:1:8 molar mixture of YF3, H3BO3, and KH2PO4 (autoclave, 573 K, 3 d; cooling to 453 K at a rate of 1 K/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Effect on Formation of Preyssler‐Type 30‐Tungsto‐5‐phosphate: Enhanced Yield of Na‐Encapsulated Derivative and Direct Synthesis of Ca‐ and Bi‐Encapsulated Derivatives.
Authors: Hayashi Akio , Haioka Terufumi , Takahashi Keita , Bassil Bassem S. , Kortz Ulrich , Sano Tsuneji , Sadakane Masahiro
Published: January 2016

The effect of metal cations in reaction mixtures for the preparation of the title anion is investigated leading to large scale (27g) synthesis of (IV) with improved yield, and the encapsulation of Ca2+ and Bi3+.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Reductive Transformation of Nitro Compounds Using Formic Acid: Mild, Efficient, and Versatile.
Authors: Yu Lei , Zhang Qi , Li Shu‐Shuang , Huang Jun , Liu Yong‐Mei , He He‐Yong , Cao Yong
Published: January 2016

The rutil‐supported gold catalyst enables the reduction and transformation of aryl and alkyl nitro compounds to anilines, N‐formylanilines, benzimidazoles, N,N‐dimethylanilines, amines, and N‐formylamines in excellent yields depending on stoichiometry and temperature and in the case of dimethylanilines concomitant high pressure hydrogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: The Cleavage of a C—C Bond in Cyclobutylanilines by Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis: Development of a [4 + 2] Annulation Method.
Authors: Wang Jiang , Zheng Nan
Published: January 2016

The Ir‐catalyzed photoreaction of cyclobutylanilines (I) with alkynes (II) provides access to a variety of arylamine‐substituted cyclohexenes (III).