bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Statistical Evaluation of the Macrophage Migration Inhibition Assay
Authors: BERGSTRAND H. , KÄLLEN B.
Published: June 2006

The statistical treatment of data obtained with the macrophage migration inhibition assay is discussed in different contexts. The limitations of the migration inhibition index (MI) are stressed and illustrated with data from a study of guinea‐pigs immunized with basic encephalitogenic protein (BEP). Evidence is presented that MI varies with factors influencing growth in control cultures. Methods for comparison of the efficiency of different antigens in inhibiting macrophage migration are discussed and illustrated by a comparison of BEP and its N‐terminal quarter.
Response of Specific Skin Hypersensitivity and Haemagglutination Inhibiting Antibody after Smallpox Vaccination in Human Newborns and Adults
Authors: SAHA K. , CHAWLA S. L. , SAINI L. , GUPTA S.
Published: June 2006

We tried to assess the response of the specific cell‐mediated and humoral immunity after primary smallpox vaccination in normal full term newborns and compared these results with those found in revaccinated adults. Revaccination and intradermal inoculation of heat‐inactivated vaccinia virus were the two methods employed to study the specific delayed hypersensitivity against this virus.

We found that, although these newborn babies were able to produce haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody even more efficiently than the adults, the skin hypersensitivity developed in them after primary vaccination was of much lower extent than in the revaccinated adults. The HI antibody response in the vaccinated newborns was initially 2‐ME sensitive (100%), while in the revaccinated adults the early HI antibodies were mixed varieties, i.e. both 2‐ME sensitive (38.6%) and 2‐ME resistant (61.4%); then there was a gradual shift towards 2‐ME resistant HI antibody in the newborns. In adults the humoral antibody consisted of both 2‐ME resistant and sensitive antibodies already at 1 week. The cord sera contained only 2‐ME resistant HI antibody which had a half life of 14 days in the unvaccinated newborn babies. In the vaccinated group of newborns there was an initial quicker elimination of IgG than in the unvaccinated babies. In addition, seroconversion was negligible in those babies whose cord sera had an initially very high HI antibody titre. Immunological implications of these findings have been discussed.
Y Chromatin as Indicator of Chimaerism Following Bone Marrow Transplantation in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: NIELSEN H. , KOCH CHR. , MÜLLER‐BERAT N. , PHILIP J.
Published: June 2006

Determination of the Y chromatin body should rank among the battery of techniques used to assess the presence of grafted bone marrow cells in cases of male donor and female recipient. The method permits early determination of a take, and probably some measurement of its magnitude. This might provide correlation between level of grafted cells and occurrence of various parameters indicating an immune reconstitution and/or an eventual GVH reaction. The technique may be a highly sensitive marker for chimaerism in cases of histocompatibility between donor and recipient of different sexes.
The Effect of IgG in Vitro on Leukocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: FRØLAND S. S. , GAARDER P. I.
Published: June 2006

Heat‐aggregated pooled human IgG. purified by gel filtration, caused a marked migration inhibition in vitro of buffy coat leukocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast, only a weak effect was observed on leukocytes from healthy donors. Purified native IgG gave only a weak inhibition with patient leukocytes and none with those of normals. The migration was not correlated to serum rheumatoid factor titres or to various other parameters. This may represent a cell‐mediated immune response to IgG antigens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Studies on the Fate of Different 125I‐DNP‐HSA Conjugates in Mouse Peritoneal Cells, Spleen and Liver in Vivo, and in Mouse Peritoneal Cells in Vitro
Authors: RHODES J. M. , AASTED B.
Published: June 2006

The degree of uptake of DNP 125I‐HSA (= DNP *HSA) conjugates by mouse peritoneal exudate (PE) Cells in vivo and their retention in The‐ spleen and liver depended on the density of hapten per carrier molecule. Forty to 400 times more DNP29*HSA and DNP39*HSA were ingested by PE cells as compared to HSA alone. Significantly more DNP29*HSA and DNP39*HSA persisted in the spleen and liver after intraperitoneal injection than *HSA, DNP6*HSA or DNP11*HSA. *HSA, DNP6*HSA, and DNP11*HSA were rapidly catabolized after uptake in macrophages in vitro, but a small amount of these antigens was associated with the cells. About 50% of the *HSA was membrane‐bound. *HSA conjugated with DNP29 or DNP39 was more rapidly catabolized by PE cells than when it was present in low‐density hapten‐carrier conjugates. More of the high‐density conjugates were associated with the PE cells than was the case with the other conjugates, and again about 50% of the radioactivity was msembrane‐bound. Thus, the degree of metabolism and persistence of *HSA in vitro was also related to the density of hapten on the carrier.
The Enrichment of T‐Cell Functions in a Lymphocyte Population by Anti‐immunoglobulin Columns
Authors: HUDSON L , GREENBERG A. H. , ROITT I. M. , BACH J. F.
Published: June 2006

Mouse lymphocytes have been fractionated using purified anti‐light chain antibodies adsorbed onto plastic beads. B cells were specifically bound on these columns, as evidenced by the absence of anti‐light chain immunofluorescent staining of the effluent cells and a two‐fold enrichment of T cells as judged by cytotoxicity and fluorescent staining using specific anti‐T‐cell sera. The effluent population was still functional and showed a 10–30% enrichment with respect to the killing of allogeneic mastocytoma cells. Although only 71% of spontaneous and 58% of immune rosettes formed by unfractionated lymphocytes with sheep red cells could be inhibited by an AKR anti‐CBA θ serum, virtually all the rosettes formed by the anti‐light chain effluent cells were inhibited. θ‐bearing rosette‐forming cells from immunized animals were retained to a greater extent Dn the anti‐LC as compared with control columns.
Quantitation of Cell Membrane Antigens at the Single Cell Level
Authors: SUNDQVIST K. G.
Published: June 2006

Miczofluorometry was used in an attempt to quantitate the intensity of membrane immunofluorcscence (IF) on single animal cells. Some experimental variables of importance to this method were analysed. Based on the data obtained, measurements per unit cell surface area were considered to be more useful than registrations per whole cell. The intensity of staining and pattern of IF distribution on the cell surface were studied in 15 test systems. All systems studied by the direct IF method showed decreasing intensity curves (intensity of staining versus antibody concentration) without prozone effect, whereas most indirect test systems showed prozone. The experimental variables that determined the intensity per unit cell surface area and staining pattern of the cells were temperature, time of incubaton, antibody concentration, and cell metabolism. The results indicated that the variation of the intensity registrations may provide a measure of the staining pattern. In addition, the variation of the intensity registrations seemed to reflect the heterogeneity of the cell types studied with regard to the amount of membrane antigen per cell.
Immunofluorescence Microphotomerry for the Detection of Platelet Antibodies
Authors: VAN BOXTEL C. J. , ENGELFRIET C. P.
Published: June 2006

The sensitivity of the immunofluorescence microphotometry method for the demonstration of antibodies against platelets was compared with that of the agglutination reaction, the indirect antiglobulin consumption test, and the complement fixation method. For this purpose titres of sera containing hetero‐ or iso‐antibodies were measured by various methods, with of the same donor. For the immunofluorescence method an anti‐rabbit immunoglobulin conjugate, and an antihuman immunoglobulin conjugate, anti‐human IgG conjugate, and an anti complement conjugate were used. Fixation of platelets with acetone appeared to be unsuitable for the immunofluorescence complement method On the whole, the highest titres were obtained with immunofluorescence microphotometry.
Low‐Molecular‐Weight Antibody in Rabbit Urine: Identity with the Fab Immunoglobulin Fragment
Authors: JENSENIUS J. CHR.
Published: June 2006

Urine rabbits immunized against and was analysed for a antibody content. Sixty to ninety percent of the hapten‐binding activity was, on gel chromatography. found to be eluted at the same position as Fab. No binding activity of lower molecular weight could be observed. After purification the active protein was identified with Fab by phystcochemical and immunological analysis. No degradation of intact antibody in urine could be observed. However, on passive immunization with 7S antibody, the main activity in urine was found in the Fab fraction. The results are discussed in light of a previous lack of reports on Fab in urine and earlier descriptions of low‐molecular‐weight urinary antibody.
Inhibition of Antibody‐Dependent Human Lymphocyte‐Mediated Cytotoxicity by Immunoglobulin Classes, IgG Subclasses, and IgG Fragments
Authors: WISLØFF F. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , FRØLAND S. S.
Published: June 2006

The cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against chicken erythrocytes sensitized by rabbit antibodies was inhibited by human immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin fragments. Myeloma proteins isolated in dimeric state or aggregated by heat treatment inhibited better than the corresponding monomeric proteins. Strong inhibition was observed with IgG1 and IgG3, and with IgG2 after aggregation, while IgG4 inhibited very little. No inhibition was found with IgM, IgA. IgD and IgE. The F(ab')2. and Fab fragments of IgG inhibited poorly or not at all. While‐ considerable inhibition was observed with the Fc fragment, the pFc’ fragment, which roughly corresponds to the C‐terminal half of the Fc portion, showed little inhibitory capacity. A fragment isolated from IgG3, containing an extension of the N‐terminal part of Fc (the Fch fragment), was an even better inhibitor than tin Fc fragment. The inhibitory capacity of the Fch and Fc fragments was greatly diminished following partial reduction and alkylation On the basis of the inhibitory pattern of IgG fragments, it is suggested that the region on the immunoglobulin molecule involved in binding to the Fc receptor of the effector lymphocytic cell may be located within the CH2 domain.
Evidence for Readily Induced Tolerance to Heterologous Erythrocytes in Nude Mice
Authors: MITCHELL G. F. , LAFLEUR L. , ANDERSSON K.
Published: June 2006

Nude, putatively athymic mice injected with a single high dose of sheep erythrocytes fail to respond by producing splenic plaque‐forming cells when injected 1 week later with T cells plus sheep erythrocytes. Spleen cells from such mice are defective in their capacity to transfer at least an IgG plaque‐forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes when injected into irradiated recipients together with T cells. The results suggest that T‐cell‐independent antibody production in nude mice is shortly followed by a defect in B‐cell responsiveness. A recent hypothesis, which ascribes a protective function of T cells for B cells of high antigen‐binding capacity, is further developed.
Hapten‐Reactive T and B Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: SMITH E. , HAMMARSTRÖM I. , MÖLLER E.
Published: June 2006

The kinetics of development of anti‐hapten‐Kactive T and B cells in groups of mice immunized against different dotes of two hapten‐protein conjugates was measured at different times. after a primary immunization with a single batch of conjugated sheep erythrocytes. In addition, the affinity of the receptors on the specific antigen‐reactive cells was determined. Immunogenic doses of NNP‐HGG varied from 40μg to 2mg, whereas 0.4μg even with adjuvant were nonimmunogenic .The affinity of antibodies secreted by single cells was measured by a modification of the local hemolysis in‐gel assay with different concentrations of free hapten incorporated in the .agar. which showed a marked shift in affinity for i.PFC in contrast to d.PFC with time The affinityof receptor bearing antigen‐binding cells of both T and B origin was also Studied by a hapten inhibition assay With the aid of specific antisera against T and B spleen lymphoid cells. pure population of T or B cells could be obtained from spleens of mice immunizedwith different hapten‐protein conjugates .The binding strength of antigen‐binding B cells increased with time after immunization, whereas that of antigen‐binding T cells did not. The results are discussed in the light of recent studies on the structure of the T‐cell receptor
The Cγ3 Homology Region in Human IgG Subclasses and Allotypes
Authors: BENNICH H. , NATVIG J. B. , TURNER M. W.
Published: June 2006

Amino acid composition, end‐group analysis, and antigenic analysis have been performed on isolated pFc' fragments (Cγ3 homology region) from the major allotypic variants of human IgG. A comparison of the amino acid composition of Gm(a+x+) and Gm(a+x−) pFc' fragments showed less serine and more glycine in the Gm(a+x+) proteins. Two IgG2 pFc' fragments were shown to resemble IgG1 Gm(f) pFc' fragments in their amino acid compositions, except that there was more threonine and less alanine in the IgG2 fragments. This was also observed in two IgG3 Gm(g) proteins and may be the basis for the expression of a non b antigen. IgG3 fragments of both Gm(g) and Gm(b) allotypes showed six amino acid differences from the IgG1 subclass. There was more arginine, serine, and isoleucine and less histidine, lysine, and valine in both allotypes. In addition, analysis of a single Gm(b) pFc' fragment showed differences from the Gm(g) proteins; there was more phenylalanine, alanine, and proline and less tyrosine, threonine, and, possibly, aspartic acid.
IgG1 Protein and Corresponding IgG1 Gene with the Genetic Gm Markers f, non a, and x
Authors: NATVIG J. B. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , NIELSEN J. C.
Published: June 2006

An IgGl type of protein with the genetic marker combination Gm(f), non a, and (x) has been described. The evidence from studies on isolated IgGl Fc fragments showed that the IgGl protein was of normal size. No Gm markers other than the three mentioned were found. Thus, there was no evidence for deletions or duplications giving rise to the unusual IgGl protein. In contrast, the origin of the unusual genetic marker combination appears to be a rare IgGl gene Gmf,non a, x, probably due to an intragenic recombination at the IgGl cistron.
Enumeration of Absolute Numbers of T and B Lymphocytes in Human Blood
Authors: BROWN G. , GREAVES M. F.
Published: June 2006

A new immunofluorescence test permits the direct enumeration of T and B lymphocytes in unseparated blood. B cells were identified with antiimmunoglobulin sera and T cells by a rabbit anti‐human brain serum rendered unreactive with B cells by sequential absorption with erythrocytes, liver, and either chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells or a cell line, BRI‐8, with B‐cell surface characteristics. T and B cells were also enumerated with lymphocyte suspension purified by either Ficoll‐lsopaque density sedimentation or by a two‐step gelatin‐polystyrene bead column method. T cells in Ficoll‐purified suspension were also enumerated by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes. Comparison of the T‐B proportions evaluated with the different cell preparation showed that the cell separation procedures can give rise to a deviation in the T:B ratio in favour of B cells. The extent of this induced bias related inversely to lymphocyte yield. Staining of whole blood preparations or high‐yield purified cells enables absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes to be calculated. We consider this measurement considerably more informative than relative proportions of T and B cells.
Immunoglobulins in Feces from Infants Fed Human or Bovine Milk
Authors: HANEBERG B.
Published: June 2006

Concentrations of human immunoglobulins in extracts of feces from infants receiving human milk were higher than in feces from infants fed bovine milk. This was most valid for IgA. The antibody activity, tested with agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes as markers, was also higher in feces from 1‐month‐old infants fed human milk than in feces from infants given bovine milk. No difference in agglutinin activity was found later in infancy, Isoagglutinins in human milk to blood group antigens A and B were recovered in feces from infants receiving this milk, regardless of the infants' own blood group. Gel filtration studies, as well as inhibition of agglutination and antiglobulin test, gave evidence that IgA was largely responsible for the fecal agglutinin activity. Unlike human milk in which also IgM reacted with rabbit erythrocytes, shown by immunization of rabbits, only IgA in the fecal extracts seemed to have such activity. IgA antibodies in human milk will thus retain some of their activity with passage through the infant gut
Antibody‐Dependent Lymphocyte‐Mediated Cytotoxicity in an Allogeneic Human System
Authors: DICKMEISS E. , NIELSEN L. S.
Published: June 2006

The in vitro reactivity of human alloimmune sera against human lymphocytes in a complement‐dependent system is compared with the reactivity in a system based on the principle of antibody‐dependent lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADLC). The sensitivity by which ADLC detects antibody reactivity is a 100‐ to a 1000‐fold greater than the sensitivity of the complement‐dependent system. With a given serum, ADLC discloses reactivity against many more different lymphocytes than the complement‐dependent system. This substantially broader reactivity in ADLC is presumably caused by cross‐reactions in the HL‐A system.
On the Frequency of Valine in Position 2 of the VkIII Subgroup
Authors: SLETTEN K. , HANNESTAD K. , HARBOE M.
Published: June 2006

An antiserum was developed with specificity for the VkIII subgroup, as evidenced by a precipitin reaction with reference protein Man. The antiserum reacted specifically with 4 of 26 monoclonal IgM, 3 of 57 monoclonal IgG, and 2 of 44 monoclonal IgA immunoglobulins. N‐terminal amino acid sequence analysis was performed on kappa chains from 8 of these M‐components. All were found to belong to the VKIII subgroup, and J of them had valine in position 2. This high frequency (37%) of valine in position 2 is discussed.
Organization of the Invading Lymphoid Tissue in Human Lymphoid Thyroiditis
Authors: SÖDERSTRÖM N. , BlÖRKLUND A
Published: June 2006

The structural pattern of lymphoid tissue in lymphoid thyroiditis was analyzed by thin‐section histology in ten thyroidectomy specimens representing focal and massive thyroiditis. Special attention was devoted to the identification of high‐endo‐thelium postcapillary venules, which were found in eight cases, they were absent only in two of the ‘focal’ cases. These specific vessels were always found immediately outside secondary nodules (‘cortex’), in a narrow zone obviously analogous to the paracortical zone of lymph nodes Thyroiditic tissue thus presented a three‐zonal stratification similar to that seen in lymph nodes, with the medullary zone represented by the lymphoid invasion zone within still preserved thyroid parenchyma. It appeared still more akin, however, to the subepithelial zone of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue. A striking finding in all cases was the predominance of mature plasma cells among the lymphoid cells invading still preserved thyroid follicles
Appearance of Cytotoxic T Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Mice with Ectromelia Virus‐Induced Meningitis
Authors: HAPEL A , GARDNER J.
Published: June 2006

In mice with meningitis induced by ectromelia virus, the influx of inflammatory cells into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was shown to be triggered by an immunologically specific, T cell‐dependent mechanism. These cells were counted, and their cytotoxicity assayed in vitro. Cell numbers reached a peak 6 days after infection and showed specific cytotoxicity for ectromelia‐infected target cells, an effect that reached a peak at day 6 and was retained for at least a further 4 days. Treatment with anti‐thymocyte serum 2 to 3 days before harvest of CSF cells depressed the numbers found and their cytotoxicity, suggesting that they reached the exudate from the blood.
Specificity of Hapten‐Reactive T and B Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: MÖLLER E.
Published: June 2006

Immunization of mice with hapten‐protein conjugates leads to the appearance of increased numbers of hapten‐specific antigen‐binding cells of both T and B origin. as well as to the formation of anti hapten antibody‐secreting cells. The affinity of cellular receptors of hapten‐reactive T and B cells was studied after immunization with different antigen doses at different time intervals. It was found that the affinity of secreted antibodies of the IgG class as well as of B‐cell receptors for hapten was dose‐ and time‐dependent. The affinity of hapten‐reactive T cells for the hapten itself was low, irrespective of dose and time. Binding strength of T‐and B‐cell receptors was also investigated with the aid of mono‐ and multivalent homologous and heterologous hapten‐carner complexes. The affinity of T cells for the homologous monovalent ligand was considerably higher than for the hapten itself or a heterologous monovalent ligand. indicating carrier contribution to T‐receptor affinity. The contribution of carrier to the affinity of 7S antibodies or B‐cell receptors was relatively small The avidity of hapten‐specific cells for multi valent ligands was high in both T and B cells, but the increment in avidity with such ligands compared to monovalent ligands was less pronounced in T cells
Recognition of Two Distinct Groups of Human IgM and IgA Based on Different Binding to Staphylococci
Authors: HARBOE M , FÖLLING I.
Published: June 2006

Labeled monoclonal IgM was bound to the Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of anti‐IgM antibody This binding was inhibited by 11 of 33 monoclonal IgM proteins; 22 failed to inhibit Agammaglobulinemic serum alto failed to inhibit High concentrations of IgG inhibited the binding of IgM Se to staphylococci, but IgG and IgM probably react with different receptors on tin bacterial surface. Polyclonal IgM from all of 17 individuals tested inhibited the binding of IgM Se to staphylococci, which indicates that the distinction corresponds to an IgM subclass rather than to an allotype. Two of seven monoclonal IgA proteins also inhibited the binding of IgM Se to staphylococci.
Sensitization of Human Lymphocytes Against Autologous or Allogeneic Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines: Characteristics of the Reactive Cells
Authors: SVEDMYR E. , WIGZELL H , JONDAL M
Published: June 2006

Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were sensitized to autologous or allogeneic lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. Purified T lymphocytes were found to be able to respond both by performing DNA synthesis and by functioning as killer cells. Surface marker analysis of blast‐transformed lymphocytes in the in vitro cultures showed a high proportion (around 50%) of blasts lacking any surface marker attributable to b or T blasts; such ‘null’ blasts have previously not been found in conventional mixed leukocyte culture or after phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A activation Since the ‘null’ blasts could be shown to be produced in a high percentage from originally almost pure sheep erythrocyte(SRBC) binding lymphocytes and displayed a similar killing capacity per unit cell number is SRBC‐binding lymphoblasts, we consider the ‘null’ blast to be of T origin.
Specificity of Receptors for IgG on Human Lymphocyte‐Like Cells
Authors: FRØLAND S. S. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , WISLØFF F. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Some human lymphocyte‐like cells (EA‐RFC) have receptors for IgG demonstrable by their ability to form rosettes with human Rh‐positive O erythrocytes sensitized with anti‐CD isoantibodies (Ripley). The specificity of these receptors for the various Ig classes, IgG subclasses, and fragments of the IgG molecule was determined by studying the inhibitory capacity of the corresponding immunoglobulins in the rosette assay. The receptors showed specificity only for IgG among the Ig classes and about equal affinity for IgG1 and IgG3, but only weak binding of IgG2 and IgG4 was obtained. Whereas no inhibition was obtained with Fab and F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG, the Fc fragment showed strong inhibitory capacity, which was even surpassed by the IgG3 Fch fragment, containing an extension from the N‐terminal part of Fc. The inhibitory capacity of the Fc and Fch fragments was considerably reduced by partial reduction and alkylation. The pFc' fragment of IgG, which corresponds to the Cγ3 region, did not inhibit rosette formation. These data indicate that mainly the Cγ2 region is involved in the binding of IgG to EA‐RFC. Inhibition studies did not show any differences in the relative inhibitory capacity of monomerie, dimeric, or highly polymerized (heat‐aggregated) IgG. However, antibodies of rabbit origin complexed with antigen (ferritin) gave stronger inhibition than the corresponding native Ig.
Characterization of the Antibody Production in Rabbits Induced by Streptococcal Group A and C Carbohydrate Antigens
Authors: AASTED B.
Published: June 2006

One hundred and five rabbits were immunized with a streptococcal group A or C vaccine. An anti‐antibody production in relation to the antistreptococcal antibody production was measured by two methods, the latex fixation test and the sensitized sheep erythrocyte test (the Waaler‐Rose test). The anti‐antibody production was correlated to the amount of precipitating and agglutinating antistreptococcal antibodies, antibody restriction, and γ‐globulin allotypes within the a locus. Anti‐antibodies measured by the Waaler‐Rose test showed no correlation with any of the variables mentioned. The anti‐antibody production measured by the latex fixation test showed a correlation with antibody restriction; that is, a positive latex reaction was found in a higher percentage of rabbits with a homogeneous or restricted heterogeneous antibody response to streptococcal carbohydrate antigens than in rabbits with a heterogeneous antibody response. Possible mechanisms underlying the production of anti‐antibodies are discussed.
The Effect of Mitomycin C on Antigenic and Mitogenic Stimulation of Mouse Lymphocytes In Vitro
Authors: PERSSON U. , RUTBERG L.
Published: June 2006

The effect of mitomycin C on DNA synthesis and plaque formation in mouse spleen cells was studied in vitro, with special reference to the synergistic effect observed between some antigens and mitogens on lymphocyte stimulation. Mitomycin C inhibited DNA synthesis in doses that did not cause an extensive cell death It blocked almost completely a primary plaque‐forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes (SRC) and, to a great extent, PPD‐induced antibody synthesis detected against SRC. The synergistic effect earlier observed in vitro between SRC and PPD was not abolished in cultures where replication of DNA was depressed. Simultaneous stimulation with SRC and PPD in cultures treated with mitomycin C allows an estimation of the number of antigen‐sensitive cells to SRC that are stimulated to antibody synthesis without prior cell division.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis In Vitro by Cerebrospinal Fluid Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: SANDBERG‐WOLLHEIM M
Published: June 2006

Incubated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from patients with multiple sclerosis synthesized IgG and IgA in vitro. The synthesized IgG had an oligoclonal distribution and showed the same elcctrophoretic pattern as the IgG of the CSF. The amount synthesized was greater during exacerbations than during remissions. Blood lymphocytes from the same patients synthesized an IgG in vitro that showed a completely different electrophoretic pattern The amount IgG synthesized by the blood lymphocytes was less than the amount synthesized by the CSF cells. The results demonstrate that at least part of the oligoclonal IgG of the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis is synthesized intrathecally and suggest that the CSF cells are antigenically stimulated in vivo.
‘Nonspecific’Blocking of Human Ovarian Carcinoma‐Associated Cellular Cytotoxicity In Vitro
Authors: SAKSELA E. , PENTTINEN K. , PYRHÖNEN S.
Published: June 2006

The blocking ability of heat‐aggregated human polyclonal IgG and complexes formed by preservative‐free tetanus toxoid (TT) and human anti‐tetanus serum was investigated on the cell‐mediated tumor‐specific cytotoxicity reaction of ovarian carcinoma patients against cultured ovarian carcinoma cells. Aggregated IgG effectively blocked the cytotoxic reaction when the purified effector cells were prein‐cubated with various concentrations of this material, whereas no blocking activity was detected when target cells were preincubated and washed before addition of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Optimal concentration was about 1.6 μg/ml, and higher or lower concentrations were less effective. Anti‐TT/TT immunocomplexes behaved similarly and could effectively block at the effector cell but not at the target cell level. The results suggest that the effector cells in human ovarian carcinoma‐associated cellular cytotoxicity are Fc‐receptor‐carrying cells and that their cytotoxic activity can be ‘nonspecifically’ blocked by saturating these sites with aggregated IgG or unrelated immunocomplexes.
Mouse Cell‐Mediated Lympholysis Assay in Serum‐Free and Mouse Serum‐Supplemented Media: Culture Conditions and Genetic Factors
Authors: PECK A. B. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

We describe a miniaturized cell‐mediated lympholysis assay for measuring the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes generated in mouse mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), using either serum‐free or mouse serum‐supplemented media. Mixed reactions of strain combinations possessing various genetic differences at H‐2 produced cytotoxic lymphocytes with cytolytic activity against cells of the donor used in the sensitization phase. Results suggest that both serologically defined and lymphocyte‐defined determinants can act as effective target antigens on target cells. In contrast, no cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated against products of non‐H‐2 loci–M‐locus, theta, or other non‐H‐2 antigens–that induce MLC activation.
The P‐Component of Amyloid of Human Islets of Langerhans
Authors: WESTERMARK P , SKINNER M , COHEN A. S.
Published: June 2006

The P‐component of amyloid was found in extracts of pancreases with islet amyloidosis. In double immunodiffusion this P component showed lines of identity with isolated purified human P‐component, normal human serum, and an extract of amyloid‐rich liver tissue from a patient with primary systemic amyloidosis. The finding supports the theory that the P‐component is present in all native human amyloid irrespective of type.
B‐Cell Mitogenic Effects on Human Lymphocytes of Rabbit Anti‐Human β2‐Microglobulin
Authors: RINGDEN O , MÖLLER E.
Published: June 2006

Rabbit Ig against human β2‐microglobulin was found to be mitogenic for human peripheral lymphocytes, tonsil lymphocytes, and appendix and spleen cells. Anti‐β2‐m gave increased DNA synthesis, with peak responses on day 3 or 4 and showed a dose‐response effect when diluted. The effect was seen in both serum‐free and serum‐containing culture medium. Anti‐β2‐m, as well as lipopolysaccharide, induced polyclonal antibody production and intracellular immunoglobulin synthesis in blast cells, which is taken as evidence that these substances arc human B‐cell mitogens. Anti‐β2‐m, but not lipopolysaccharide, could, in these experiments, activate peripheral blood lymphocytes, in addition to lymphoid cells from other sources Thus, anti‐β2‐m can serve as a functional marker for peripheral human B lymphocytes.
Nude Mouse Embryo: Ectodermal Nature of the Primordial Thymic Defect
Authors: CORDIER A C , HEREMANS J F.
Published: June 2006

Sterile female homozygous nude mice were rendered fertile through a graft of thymic epithelium from heterozygous littermates 3 days after birth Homozygous nude embryos were compared with embryos of comparable age (8‐18 days). In nude mice, the embryological anomaly is noticeable from the 11th day of gestation and essentially consists of a failure of the ectoderm from the 3rd branchial cleft to proliferate and differentiate into a cervical vesicle. As a result, the endoderm from the 3rd pouch degenerates into cystic formations instead of differentiating
Specifically Decreased MLC Response of Lymphocytes from CBA Mice Injected with Cells from the H‐2‐Compatible, M‐Antigen‐Incompatible Strain C3H
Authors: LILLIEHÖÖK B. , JACOBSSON H. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of lymphocytes from CBA mice against C3H cells was studied after injection of spleen cells from C3H mice or C3H hybrids. Intravenous infusion of C3H cells resulted in a strongly suppressed specific MLC response, but this was not the case when cells from H‐2‐incompatible hybrids of C3H mice were injected. However, when mixtures of cells from the two parental strains‐C3H cells and H‐2‐incompatible cells‐were injected into CBA mice, there was a strongly suppressed MLC response to C3H cells. Mice that were hybrids between CBA and an H‐2‐disparate strain showed a depressed MLC response against C3H after injection of cells from hybrids between C3H and the same H‐2‐disparate strain. The results may indicate that a suppression of the MLC response to the strongly stimulatory non‐H‐2 antigen on C3H lymphocytes develops only when the immunizing cells can survive in the host for long periods, thus exhausting the pool of specifically responsive cells. The presence of another foreign transplantation antigen, such as H‐2, on the same cells shortens the survival of the cells in the recipient.
Deficient Lymphoid Cell‐Mediated, PHA‐Induced Cytotoxicity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: WISLØFF F. , FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Lymphoid cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with those from healthy blood donors and from nonrheumatoid arthritis patients for the ability to manifest in vitro cytotoxicity against target cells in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or anti‐target cell antibodies. The PHA‐induced cytotoxicity in the rheumatoid patient group was significantly lower than that of the blood donors (P < 0.01) and of the nonrheumatoid patients (P < 0.05). The rheumatoid arthritis patients appeared to fall into two groups, one with normal and one with distinctly subnormal PHA‐induced cytotoxicity. No obvious differences were observed between these two groups with regard to duration or activity of the disease, treatment, autoantibodies, or the proportion in peripheral blood of T lymphocytes (E–RFC) or Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphocytes (EA‐RFC). There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity.
Purification of J Chain After Mild Reduction of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P.
Published: June 2006

Two methods are described for the purification of J chain from polymeric IgA after mild reduction without the use of alkylating or dissociating reagents. The released peptide was separated from other protein components by immunoadsorption combined with gel filtration or anionic‐exchange chromatography, or both. J chain was thus obtained in a yield of about 30% of the total release. Most of it consisted of dimers (molecular weight, approximately 25,000 to 30,000) or larger polymers, but re‐reduction and alkylation produced a quite homogeneous fraction that sedimented slightly more slowly than egg‐white lysozyme. The purity was high enough for successful immunization. When J chain coupled to bovine serum albumin was used as an antigen, all of five rabbits showed a good immune response. Although the same principle could be used for the purification of J chain from IgM and colostral IgA, high purity was more difficult to achieve and the yield was much lower. These preparations contained an unidentified slow‐moving component, and the J chain was more prone to become rapidly degraded to smaller fragments.
A Study of Proteolysis as a Possible Mechanism for T‐Cell‐Mediated Target Cell Lysis
Authors: MATTER A.
Published: June 2006

The hypothesis that proteolysis is implicated in T‐cell‐mediated target cell lysis was tested in two ways: first, various inhibitors of protease activity were used either during or before the cytotoxicity test. Ovomucoid, TPCK. and PMSF proved to be not or only marginally inhibitory, whereas the considerable inhibitory action of TLCK was shown to most likely be a toxic effect of the inhibitor. Second, radioactive substrates for cathepsin activity were used, either free in the medium or fixed on the surface of the target cells, to detect a possible breakdown of these substrates by a release of intracellular cathepsins during the cytotoxicity test. Very little dialysable breakdown products were formed, and there was no difference between their amount in either a homologous or a heterologous system It is concluded that proteolysis probably is not the mechanism by which target cells are killed. Alternative mechanisms nte discussed.
Isolation of a ‘Speckled’ Nuclear Antigen Reactive with Autoantibodies in Patients with Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: YASUDA‐YASAKI Y. , YOSHIDA T. O.
Published: June 2006

An antigenic substance reactive with autoantibodies found in patients with cancer and autoimmune diseases was isolated from calf thymus. The purification procedure included extraction of the tissues with acetone powder, batch and column chromatography on DEAE‐resins, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200, and affinity chromatography on antibody‐Sepharose 4B. Indirect immunofluorescence examination of cultured human embryo cells, using the serum of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, showed a speckled nuclear pattern. The antigenic factor was a soluble acidic protein with a pI of 5.0 and a molecular weight of 250.000. The antigenic activities of this purified substance from calf thymus, and of the material on the cultured human embryo cells, were destroyed by proteases, ribonuclease, and alkaline phosphatase. The determinants were also sensitive to periodate oxidation. Thermal stability to 60°C and pH stability between 2.6 and 8.5 were demonstrated. Cross‐reactivity of the antigenic substance with antibodies isolated from individuals with cancer and autoimmune diseases was shown by immunofluorescence, with appropriate blocking and absorption controls.
Incompatibility at Irrelevant H‐2 Specificities Augments In Vivo Stimulation of Alloaggressive Cells
Authors: JØRGENSEN P. N.
Published: June 2006

Lymphoid cells of mice were sensitized in vivo either by H‐2 strain‐specific tumor allografts or by activation in lethally irradiated F1 hybrids and tested for cytotoxicity on 51Cr‐labeled target cells The release of 51Cr varied linearly with the logarithm to the proportion of effector lymphocytes to target cells and with the time of interaction. The release of 51Cr was immunologically specific and restricted to H‐2 incompatibility. Spleen cells immune to public specificities of the target genotype were not cytotoxic. However, lymphoid cells immune to only one private specificity of a third‐party target genotype were highly cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of activated thymus cells on target cells sharing one private specificity with the genotype used for sensitization was significantly enhanced when the effector thymocytes were activated also against H‐2 specificities not shared by the target strain. The results suggest that gene products that facilitate sensitization of effector cells may be determined both by the H‐2K and the H‐2D end of the H‐2 complex. It remains to be shown whether the products of these loci, operating during sensitization in vivo, are body‐wide correlated to the lymphocyte‐defined specificities detectable during the mixed leukocyte culture interaction.
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Serum and Salivary IgA
Authors: AARLI J. A. , TÖNDER O
Published: June 2006

IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were determined in sera from 100 patients under treatment for epilepsy for at least 6 months. Low IgA was found in 25% of adult sera and in an even larger percentage of sera from children. IgM concentrations were also low, whereas there was no significant difference in the IgG concentrations compared with normal sera. IgA values were normal in untreated patients but fell during treatment with phenytoin, in one patient from 1.5 to 0.2 mg/ml within 2 months. Low or undetectable salivary IgA was a common finding, especially in gingival hyperplasia.
Long‐Term Maintenance In Vitro of Human T Cells by Repeated Exposure to the Same Stimulator Cells
Authors: SVEDMYR E.
Published: June 2006

Cells from one‐way human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) which had reverted to small lymphocytes after 2 weeks' incubation responded with accelerated kinetics and higher thymidine incorporation on restimulation with lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cell line (LCI.) cells having relevant antigens. In contrast to fresh lymphocytes, they did not respond to autologous LCL cells. Cultures could be restimulated every second week with relevant allogeneic lymphocytes and could thus be maintained for periods of up to 4 months. Almost all these cultured cells had T‐cell characteristics, during stimulation as well as in their reverted phase. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) successively disappeared with repeated allogeneic restimulation. whereas the response to the relevant lymphocytes and cells of related donors was maintained. When lymphocytes had been, stimulated with autologous LCL cells, the restimulation response was accelerated, although lower than after the primary stimulation Restimulated cultures could not be maintained by further restimulation. Allogeneic and autologous LCL were equally efficient restimulators. A low level of stimulation was also achieved with allogeneic lymphocytes. The PHA response was usually reduced.
Biological Significance of Fc Receptor‐Bearing Cells Among Activated T Lymphocytes
Authors: RUBIN B , HERTEL‐WULFF B.
Published: June 2006

Lethally irradiated mice injected with syngeneic thymocytes and immunized with protein antigens develop specific helper T cells. If injected with semiallogeneic thymocytes, such mice generate H‐2 antigen‐specific cytotoxic T cells. Most spleen cells from these chimeric mice possess Fc receptors The present results demonstrate that the development of Fc‐rcceptor‐bearing cells in thymocyte injected irradiation chimeras seemingly is due to the physiological conditions in the mice rather than to the specific immunization. As a corollary, both helper T cells and cytotoxic T tells did not have Fc receptors, at least not in their effector state. Thus, Fc receptors on T cells would seem irrelevant to their immune function.
Reduced Capacity to Produce Specific ‘Effector’ Cells after Injection of CBA Mice with C3H Cells
Authors: LILLIEHÖÖK B. , JACOBSSON H. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from mice of strain CBA are strongly MLC‐responsive to lymphocytes from the H‐2 compatible‐ but M‐antigen‐incompatible strain C3H. This strong reactivity disappears after infusion of CBA mice with C3H lymphocytes. This study shows that the host‐versus‐graft reactivity (swelling of local lymph node after antigen injection) is specifically reduced after injection of CBA mice with C3H × CBA spleen cells However, lymphocytes from such mice showed a specifically increased GVH reactivity (inhibition of erythroid cell growth) compared with lymphocytes from unimmunized mice. Lymphocytes from normal CBA mice showed a high proliferative rate in the spleens of irradiated C3H × CBA mice. Such ‘educated’ cells showed strongly increased specific GVH reactivity. Lymphocytes from CBA mice previously injected with C3H×CBA cells showed reduced capacity to proliferate when injected into irradiated C3H × CBA hybrids and a poor capacity to develop new ‘effector’ cells reactive against C3H × CBA bone marrow target cells. The results indicate that the presence of specifically ‘MLC responsive’ lymphocytes in a lymphoid cell population is a prerequisite of its production of ‘effector’ cells able to respond in this GVH assay
Antibody Production by Human Colostral Cells
Authors: AHLSTEDT S. , CARLSSON B , HANSON L. Å , GOLDBLUM R. M
Published: June 2006

The production of antibody by human colostral cells was assayed by the hemolysis‐in‐gel technique. When sheep erythrocytes coated with O antigens from frequently encountered Escherichia coli bacteria were used as detector cells and anti‐IgA serum was added for development, numerous plaque‐forming cells (PFC) were demonstrated in all samples tested. In contrast, plaques were rarely seen in the presence of anti‐IgG developing serum. The direct (IgM) plaques occasionally noted with both antigen‐coated and uncoated sheep erythrocytes were mainly due to the production of heterophil antibodies, since they were not formed when human erythrocytes were used as O‐antigen carriers. A strikingly high number of the colostral lymphocytes formed antibodies to the E. coli antigens, up to 8% This suggests that these cells represent a rather selective population–possibly cells from the gastrointestinal tract exposed to enteric bacteria. The large number of plaques observed, the predominance of the cells forming IgA antibodies, and the marked changes in PFC number in relationship to parturition pose a number of questions relevant to the antibody‐producing colostrum cells and their relationship to the secretory immune system
A Surface Antigen Marker for Human Monocytes
Authors: GREAVES M. F. , FALK J. A. , FALK R. E.
Published: June 2006

Antisera have been raised in rabbits against human peritoneal macrophages. After absorption with tonsil cells the sera reacted, by direct and indirect immunofluorescence, with phagocytic mononuclear cells from a variety of tissues and, in addition, stained a small population of nonphagocytic non‐T, non‐B mononuclear cells present in blood, spleen, and marrow but absent or very rare in tonsil and thymus. The antisera may define a human monocyte‐macrophage cell surface differentiation antigen (HuMA) and can be used to deplete or enrich reactive cell populations.
Common Idiotypic Antigenic Determinants on Monomeric (7S) and Polymeric IgM from the Same Serum
Authors: ESKELAND T. , HARBOE M.
Published: June 2006

Polymeric and monomeric IgM (7S IgM) were obtained from the serum of two patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. The polymeric IgM was used for immunization of rabbits After absorption with unrelated IgM, eight antisera precipitated with the immunizing antigen but did not react with other polymeric IgM proteins The antisera thus disclosed idiotypic antigenic determinants. The precipitate formed between an antiserum and polymeric IgM could be completely inhibited by 7S IgM from the same scrum in double diffusion tests in agarose gels, although only one of the eight antisera precipitated with 7S IgM The reaction of Fabμ and various types of subunits (IgMs) from polymeric IgM with the antisera was also tested The findings arc compatible with the assumption that 7S IgM and polymeric IgM have identical idiotypic antigenic determinants, although the possibility that minor differences exist cannot be excluded.