bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMISTRY VERSUS DATA DISPERSION: IS THERE A BETTER WAY TO ASSESS AND INTERPRET ARCHAEOMETRIC DATA?
Authors: MICHELAKI K. , HANCOCK R. G. V.
Published: April 2011

Given the common use of chemical concentration data to define ceramic groups that aid in the exploration of ancient technology, trade and provenance, it is important to reflect on how we collectively establish and define both chemical groups and outliers. In this paper, we argue that commonly used data analysis procedures, such as principal component analysis and centred log‐ratio principal component analysis favoured in the examination of ceramic chemical data, although rapid and easy, may overlook existing chemical groups and outliers, especially when the ratio of non‐diagnostic to diagnostic elements is high. To evaluate whether geochemistry is more important than data dispersion in data assessment, we re‐examine chemical concentration data from previously published ceramic, clay and daub samples from the lower Ohio River Valley. We begin by briefly discussing steps we took to ensure that the data set reflects geochemical differences, rather than analytical or data transfer errors. Next, we use bivariate plots, as well as PCA and CLR–PCA, to examine different versions of our altered data, using varying numbers of element combinations. We propose that the careful examination of bivariate plots is critical in establishing the elements that should be included in PCA and other multivariate analyses.
Evaluation of Postceliotomy Peritoneal Drain Fluid Volume, Cytology, and Blood‐to‐Peritoneal Fluid Lactate and Glucose Differences in Normal Dogs
Authors: Szabo Stephanie D. , Jermyn Kieri , Neel Jennifer , Mathews Kyle G.
Published: April 2011

Objective: To describe peritoneal drain fluid volume, fluid cytology, and blood‐to‐peritoneal fluid lactate and glucose concentration differences after exploratory celiotomy in normal dogs.

Study Design: Prospective study.

Animals: Healthy Beagle dogs (n=10).

Methods: After exploratory celiotomy, a peritoneal drain was placed, and peritoneal fluid was recorded every 6 hours for 7 days. Fluid was submitted for cytologic examination, and fluid and blood glucose and lactate concentrations were recorded every 12 hours. On day 7, drains were removed and drain tips submitted for aerobic bacterial culture.

Results: Mean peritoneal fluid volume decreased from 2.8 mL/kg/day (day 1) to 0.6 mL/kg/day (day 7). All dogs had degenerate neutrophils in peritoneal fluid throughout the 7 days. Four dogs developed contaminated drains. Blood‐to‐peritoneal glucose concentration differences>20 mg/dL occurred after day 4. By day 7, 5 of 7 dogs with patent drains had blood‐to‐peritoneal lactate concentration differences<−2 mmol/L.

Conclusion: After day 4, blood‐to‐peritoneal glucose concentration differences were consistent with septic effusion based on previously reported values used to diagnose septic peritonitis in dogs. Blood‐to‐peritoneal lactate concentration differences varied but after day 4, >70% of dogs had differences consistent with septic peritonitis each day. Postoperative blood‐to‐peritoneal fluid glucose and lactate difference may not be reliable indicators of septic peritonitis when evaluating abdominal fluid collected with closed suction drains.
RESPONSES OF APHIS FABAE SCOP. TO WATER SHORTAGE IN HOST PLANTS IN THE FIELD
Authors: KENNEDY J. S. , BOOTH C. O.
Published: April 2011

After two weeks of clear summer weather the water strain in naturally‐rooted plants of Euonymus europaeus L. and Beta vulgaris L. was sufficient to reduce substantially the settling, larviposition and survival of A. fabae on mature leaves. These effects were more severe in Euonymus than Beta especially in conditions favouring rapid transpiration. A previous water strain on the other hand improved the host status of mature leaves during the recovery process, which was slower in Euonymus. The more drought‐resistant properties of the woody host Euonymus help to make it resistant to colonisation by A. fabae in the summer, when herbaceous hosts such as Beta are preferred.

Reaktionen von Aphis fabae auf Wassermangel der Wirtspflanzen im Freiland

1. Das Verhalten freilebendet und gekäfigter virginoparer Geflügelter von Aphis fabae Scop. auf Blättern von Evonymus europaeus L. und Beta vulgaris L., die bei trockenem Sommerwetter zusammen in einem Gartenbeet wuchsen, wurde vor und nach künstlicher Bewässerung eines Teiles des Beetes beobachtet.

2. Besiedlung, Larvenproduktion und Überlebenstrate waren auf reifen Blättern unbewässerter Plfanzen beider Arten niedriger. Doch waren diese Wirkungen der Wasserbelastung in der Wirtspflanze bei Evonymus stärker. Auch bei reichlicher Wasserversorgung der Wurzeln wurden die Aphiden auf Evonymus ungünstig beeinflusst, wenn die atmosphärischen Bedingungen rasche Transpiration begünstigten. Wenn sich die Pflanzen am Abend oder während der Tage unmittelbar nach der Bewässerung vom Wassermangel erholten, verbesserte sich zeitweilig die Wirtseignung der reifen Blätter im Vergleich mit dem Laub anderer Alterszustände der gleichen Pflanzen bzw. mit der reifer Blätter an Pflanzen, die vorher keinen Wassermangel erlitten hatten.

3. Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse, über die früher bei Feldkäfigversuchen zum Vergleich der Wirtseignung von Evonymus und Beta für Aphis fabae berichtet wurde, lassen sich in Übereinstimmung mit den vorliegenden Versuchen auf Witterungsänderungen zurückführen.

4. Die mehr auf Trockenresistenz ausgerichteten physiologischen Eigenschaften des holzigen Primärwirtes Evonymus scheinen sein Resistentwerden gegen Befall mit Aphis fabae bei Sommerwitterung zu unterstützen und damit die Abwanderung der Aphiden zu begünstigen.
THE ECOLOGY OF SYMPHYLA PART III. FACTORS CONTROLLING SOIL DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: EDWARDS C. A.
Published: April 2011

Symphylids exhibit complex, seasonal, vertical migrations in soil. The effect of soil moisture content, soil temperature, the presence of plants at the soil surface, feeding cycles, moulting cycles, egg‐laying and diurnal rhythms on these migrations were studied. Symphylids migrated in response to changes in soil moisture content and could not survive when soil air was less than 100% R.H. The zone of optimum temperature was 15 to 217° C and survival was limited to the range 27° to 287° C. Food attracted Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) in spite of unfavourable soil conditions, but the animals left the surface soil to moult and lay eggs and during non‐feeding phases. No diurnal rhythms were found. Most favourable conditions for symphylids included soil temperature in the range 15–217° C, moist soil and growing plants at the surface.

DIE ÖKOLOGIE DER SYMPHYLIDEN. TEIL III. FAKTOREN, WELCHE DIE VERTEILUNG IM BODEN REGELN

Die Symphyliden zeigen komplizierte, jahreszeitliche Vertikalwanderungen im Boden. Es wurde ein Versuch unternommen, die relative Bedeutung der verschiedenen exogenen und endogenen Faktoren abzuschätzen, welche di‐ese Wanderungen beherrschen. Die Hauptfaktoren, die im Laboratorium und durch Freilandbeobachtungen untersucht wurden, waren Feuchtigkeitsgehalt des Bodens, Bodentemperatur, Anwesenheit von Pflanzen auf der Bodenoberfläche, Fraßzyklen, Häutungsfolgen, Eiablage‐ und Tagesrhythmen. Es konnte in entsprechenden Feld‐ und Laborproben nachgewiesen werden, daß die Verteilung der Symphyliden zum Feuchtigkeitsgehalt des Bodens in Beziehung steht. Bodenfeuchtigkeitsgehalte, die einer relativen Feuchtigkeit der Bodenluft von weniger als 100% entsprachen, ergaben eine Abwanderung der Symphyliden in andere Bodenschichten. Das Überleben der Symphyliden über nennenswerte Zeiträume erfolgte nur bei einer relativen Feuchtigkeit vom 100% in der umgebenden Luft. Versuche zur Bestimmung des Temperaturgradienten zeigten, daß der optimale Temperaturbereich für Symphyliden zwischen 15 und 217° C liegt und daß die Lebensfähigkeit von Temperaturen unter 27° und über 287° begrenzt wird. Scutigerella immaculata, eine phytophage Art, konnte eine Zone besiedeln, wo die Bodenbedingungen für die Ernährung ungünstig sind. Sie zeigte außerdem Fraß‐ und Hungerphasen, indem sie während der Hungerphasen in tiefere Bodenschichten wandert, um sich zu häuten. Die Eier wurden gewöhnlich in der Bodenschicht zwischen 5 und 15 cm abgelegt. Tagesrhythmen ließen sich nicht finden. Es wurde gefolgert, daß die günstigsten Bedingungen für eine hohe Anzahl von Symphyliden an der Bodenoberfläche in der Anwesenheit von Pflanzen an der Bodenoberfläche, einer Bodentemperatur im Bereich von 15–217° und feuchtem Boden bestehen.
FORAGING BEHAVIOUR AND FEEDING HABITS IN FIVE SPECIES OF TRINERVITERMES IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: SANDS W. A.
Published: April 2011

Foraging habits of five species of Trinervitermes occurring in W. Africa are described. The five species can be divided into two groups, comprising those which store grass fragments in the mounds and those which do not. Size distributions of stored grass fragments differ specifically. Experiments indicated that selective foraging of grass species may occur. Survival on various foods suggested adaptation to differing conditions in each species. The occurrence of all five species in one area seems to depend on a suitable mosaic of conditions.

RESUME

COMPORTEMENT D'APPROVISIONNEMENT ET MOEURS ALIMENTAIRES CHEZ CINQ ESPÈCES DE TRINERVITERMES EN AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE

Ce travail est l'un d'une série d'études comparatives de biologie et d'écologie de cinq espèces de Trinervitermes en Afrique Occidentale. On y décrit les habitudes d'approvisionnement et les différences spécifiques. Les cinq espèces forment deux groupes, contenant l'un, T. ebenerianus, T. carbonarius et T. suspensus, lesquels entassent dans leur nids des fragments d'herbe; l'autre, T. oeconomus et T. aurilerrae, lesquels n'en entassent pas. Les fragments d'herbe entassés sont de taille différente selon les trois espèces. Les expériences sur les deux espèces T. ebenerianus et T. carbonarius suggèrent que des approvisionnements sélectionnés d'espèces d'herbe peuvent se produire quand c'est possible. L'adaptation aux différentes conditions pour chaque espèce est suggerée par la survie des ouvriers qui se nourrissent différemment. On pense que T. auriterrae se rapproche le plus d'un ancêtre qui ressemble à Nasutitermes. La coexistence des cinq espèces dans un même habitat étendu, paraîtrait dépendre de la présence d'une mosaïque de conditions approprées sur une plus petite échelle.
SWARMING OF MOSQUITOES: Laboratory Experiments Under Controlled Conditions
Authors: NIELSEN HEDVIG TETENS , NIELSEN ERIK TETENS
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been made on the swarming of a number of mosquitoes, especially Culex fatigans, under laboratory conditions and the influence of light intensity, temperature, different color swarm markers; and time factors, both in regard to duration of the change of light and the time lapse between experiments, have been studied.

EXPERIENCES DE LABORATOIRE SUR CERTAINS ASPECTS DE L'ALIMENTATION DES JEUNES D'EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS PUT. (HEMIPTERA, SCUTELLERIDAE) EN IRAN

Des expériences en cage sont décrites, faites dans la région de Varamine près de Téhéran, Iran, avec pour buts de rechercher si les grains de blé mûrs et durs conviennent pour l'alimentation des adultes nouvellement sortis de Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera; Scutelleridae), comment on peut les comparer avec les grains tendres au stade plus précoce de „maturité laiteuse” et dans queues circonstances les grains durs peuvent être effectivement ingérés et assimilés.

On conclu que les insectes ne peuvent utiliser le blé sec sans eau. Celle‐ci peut être fournie sous la forme d'eau ordinaire, ou peut être également obtenue des plantes fraiches, telles que les mauvaises herbes qui poussent dans les champs de blé, le „camel‐thorn” (épine de chameau) Alhagi camelorum Fisch. étant utilisé dans ces expériences. Les expériences indiquent que de cette manière, le blé sec fournit de meilleures conditions d'alimenattion que le blé tendre. On obtient également quelques indications que le „camel‐thorn” vert est meilleur que l'eau ordinaire comme addition au blé sec, peut‐être parce qu'il fournit des éléments nutritifs aussi bien que de l'eau.

L'aptitude des différentes combinaisons alimentaires utilisées dans les différentes cagés a été comparée par l'estimation de la mortalité des insectes, les changements dans leur poids vif, le contenu en graisse des insectes survivants à la fin de l'expérience, et l'activité alimentaire indiquée par le nombre de traces d'alimentation.

Les conclusions tirées des expériences sont d'une importance économique du fait qu'elles indiquent, dans les régions où la pluie d'été est inexistante ou négligeable, et où la récolte de blé mûrit avant que les adultes nouvellement sortis aient terminé leur très importante alimentation et leur accumulation de réserves alimentaires, qu'Eurygaster integriceps peut seulement le faire si des plantes sauvages vertes, telles que le „camel‐thorn” sont présentes; l'élimination de ces mauvaises herbes, comme politique à long terme peut de ce fait avoir pour effet de réduire le nombre d'Eurygaster. Les expériences suggèrent aussi que des expériences ultérieures sur les éléments nutritifs les meilleurs pour l'élevage de laboratoire d'Eurygaster, en vue de la propagation de parasites oophages, seraient intéressantes.
THE PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF ADULTS OF THE RED LOCUST (NOMADACRIS SEPTEMFASCIATA SERVILLE) IN AN OUTBREAK AREA
Authors: SYMMONS P. M.
Published: April 2011

The coefficient of dispersion, an index of the relative proportion of the population at high and low densities, was calculated for a number of outbreak area populations of the red locust. The comparison of these indices showed that the proportion of the population at high densities was greatest near the middle of the adult locust's life. The data suggested that the proportion of locusts at high densities was greater with higher mean locust densities and after the formation of swarms. On the other hand this value was probably lower in a habitat made up of patches of tall and short grass or of burnt‐off ground and unburnt stands, than in uniform grassland, and was probably also lower after insecticide attack than before.

LES MODES DE DISTRIBUTION DES ADULTES DU CRIQUET NOMADE (NOMADACRIS SEPTEMFASCIATA SERVILLE) DANS UN FOYER D'ORIGINE

Les populations adultes du criquet nomade dans certains foyers d'origine ont été estimées pendant un certain nombre d'années. La technique employée consiste à conduire un véhicule suivant un tracé préétabli de façon à couvrir systématiquement la superficie et de compter le nombre de sauterelles chassées d'une bande de la largeur d'un Land Rover; les nombres sont notés tous les 160 meGtres.

Le coefficient de dispersion (la variance divisée par la moyenne) a été calculé par le comptage des criquets s'envolant dans les sections de 160 m. Celui‐ci est un index de la proportion relative de criquets à des densités hautes et basses. Il est indépendant de la grandeur totale de la population de sorte qu'il est possible de faire des comparaisons tant entre les distributions de la population dans des régions différentes et les distributions existant à des périodes différentes dans la même région.

La comparaison de ces indices démontra qu'en général le coëfficient de dispersion était le plus élevé vers le milieu du stade adulte ***Guin juillet, aôut) c.à.d. qu'à ce moment la plus grande proportion de la population était concentrée sur la plus petite surface.

A cause du nombre d'exemples relativement petit it est difficile de déterminer l'effet indépendant d'autres facteurs sur le coefficient de dispersion. Il est cependant probable qu'à une densité moyenne de criquets plus élevée la proportion de criquets était plus grande à des densités élevées.

En outre la densité des criquets formant des essaims est en effet treGs élevée; la formation d'essaims tendait à accroître le coefficient de dispersion.

Un traitement insecticide paraissait réduire le coëfficient de dispersion. Ceci n'est pas surprenant puisque seuls les essaims en repos on été attaqués.

Enfin it est possible que la proportion de criquets à des densités élevées était plus grande dans un habitat relativement uniforme que dans un habitat consistant en des morceaux de terre avec des herbes longues el courtes ou en des terres incinérées et des plages non incinérées.
WEATHER AND BEHAVIOUR IN CARROT FLY (PSILA ROSAE FAB. DIPT. PSILIDAE) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO OVIPOSITION
Authors: WAKERLEY S. B.
Published: April 2011

The behaviour of carrot flies in the field is influenced by prevailing weather, and a distinct crepuscular peak of activity is exhibited during dry, warm conditions. Trap catches of flies on carrot plots are related to weather data, and these indicate that oviposition activity appears to be initiated by changes in light intensity, but other factors are considered inportant.

WETTER UND DAS VERHALTEN DER MÖHRENFLIEGE (PSILA ROSAE FAB., DIPT. PSILIDAE) UNTER BESONDERER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DER EIABLAGE

Möhrenfliegen verbringen den größten Teil ihres Imaginallebens im Schutze hochwüchsiger Vegetation, nur die Weibchen bewegen sich zum Zwecke der Eiablage über nennenswerte Entfernungen. Auch unter diesen Umständen ist ihr Verhalten in beträchlichem Ausmaße von den Witterungsbedingungen abhängig. Beispielsweise finden sich in einer Hecke die größten Zahlen immer auf der Leeseite, nur bei vollständiger Windstille ist eine gleichmäßigere Verteilung die Regel. In Zeiten schwerer Regenfälle verschwinden die Fliegen; es wird angenommen, daß sie sich dann tief ins Innere der Hecke zurückziehen.

Die meisten Eiablagen erfolgen zwischen 16 und 20 Uhr, doch ist das mehr eine Reaktion auf Außenreize als eine angeborene Rhythmik. Eiablagen können zu jeder Tageszeit stattfinden, solange gewisse Temperatur‐, Feuchtigkeits‐ und Helligkeitsbedingungen herrschen. Beobachtungen bei der Cockle Park‐Versuchsstation zeigen, daß Temperaturen über 12,8°, relative Luftfeuchtigkeit über 60% und eine Lichtintensität von 15000–17400 Meterkerzen die Mindestbedingungen darstellen, unter denen sich trächtige Weibchen zur Eiablage aus ihren Verstecken ins Freie begeben. Windgeschwindigkeiten unter der Stärke einer kräftigen Brise (6 Beaufort) beeinträchtigen die Eiablageaktivität nicht; sie wird jedoch durch Regenperioden verhindert.

In Nordost‐England herrschen bei trockenem, warmem und hellem Wetter geeignete Bedingungen zur Eiablage jeweils eine Zeitlang morgens und abends. Stundenfänge in Fallen zeigen, daß die größte Anzahl der Fliegen die Möhren abends besucht.

Bei trockenem, kühlem und trübem Wetter jedoch, wenn eine beträchtliche Wolkendecke die Lichtintensität auch tagsüber herabsetzt, können die Fliegen zu jeder Tageszeit ihre Verstecke verlassen. An solchen Tagen wurde das Maximum der Eiablagen zwischen 13 und 14 Uhr festgestellt.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS OF LIGHT ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF AN ERIOPHYID BUD MITE, ACERIA SHELDONI*
Authors: STERNLICHT M.
Published: April 2011

The effect of daylight passing through Cellophane filters on the behaviour of the eriophyid mite, Aceria sheldoni Acarina: Eriophyidae, was examined.

The sensitivity of this mite to different wave lengths of light was demonstrated. The most attractive colours of Cellophane filters, beneath which the mites settled for feeding and reproduction, were the red and yellow, in contrast to the blue and green ones.

DIE WIRKUNG VON LICHT VERSCHIEDENER WELLENLÄNGE AUF DAS VERHALTEN EINER KNOSPENMILBE, DER ERIOPHIDE ACERIA SHELDONI

Die Wirkung von Tageslicht nach Durchgang durch Cellophan‐Filter auf das Verhalten der Eriophide Aceria sheldoni (Ewing), Acarina: Eriophidae, wurde untersucht. Dabei ließ sich die Empfindlichkeit dieser Milbe gegenüber Licht verschiedener Wellenlängen nachweisen. Die anziehendsten Cellophan‐Filter‐Farben, unter denen die Milben zu Nahrungsaufnahme und Fortpflanzung schritten, waren Rot und Gelb, im Gegensatz zu blauen und grünen Filtern.
THE USE OF TRAPS IN SAMPLING MOSQUITO POPULATIONS
Authors: SERVICE M. W.
Published: April 2011

Mosquito populations in southern England were sampled by animal baited, carbon dioxide and light traps. Cylindrical traps baited with rabbits caught both zoophilous and ornithophilous species, but very few individuals were caught when they were baited with chickens. Direct bait catches, however, showed that ornithophilous species were not attracted to rabbits outside traps. Many more species were caught in Trinidad traps baited with dry ice than in cylindrical traps. A New Jersey light trap caught unfed females and males of a few species, many common species were not attracted to light.

DIE BENUTZUNG VON FALLEN BEIM FANG VON MÜCKEN‐POPULATIONEN

In Trinidad‐Fallen, die mit Labor‐Mäusen beködert auf der Insel Brownsea in Südengland aufgestellt waren, wurden nur sehr wenigeAedes detritusundMansonia richiardiigefangen. Zylindrische, mit Kaninchen beköderte Metallfallen fingen erwachseneAnopheles plumbeus, Ae. cinereus, Ae. punctor, Ae. detritus, Culiseta annulata, C. torrentium, M. richiardiiund auchC. morsitansundC. pipiens, obwohl sie hauptsächlich Vogelparasiten sind. Außerhalb der Fallen wurden Kaninchen vonM. richiardiiundAedes‐Arten gestochen aber nicht von ornithophilen Arten. In Fallen, die mit Hühnchen beködert waren, wurden nur sehr wenigeC. morsitansundC. pipiensgefangen, und keine versuchten die Hühnchen außerhalb der Fallen zu stechen. Mit Trockeneis beköderte Trinidad‐ und Zylinder‐Fallen fingenAe. punctor, Ae. detritus, Ae. cantans, Ae. annulata, C. morsitans, C. pipiensundM. richiardii, dazu wurden in Trinidad‐FallenA. plumbeus, A. clavigerundAe. geniculalusgefangen. Sie fingen mehr als die zylindrischen Fallen.

Eine New Jersey‐Lichtfalle fing 12 Mückenarten, am häufigstenAe. detritus. Nüchterne Weibchen herrschten vor, Männchen bildeten nur einen geringen Prozentsatz des Fanges.
HATCHING FROM OOTHECAE OF THE GERMAN COCKROACH (BLATTELLA GERMANICA) UNDER LABORATORY CULTURE CONDITIONS AND AFTER PREMATURE REMOVAL
Authors: BARSON G. , RENN N.
Published: April 2011

Female Blattella germanica from an insecticide susceptible laboratory strain were used to establish the normal time for dropping and hatching of larvae from oothecae, and the number of nymphs emerging at 27° and 45 or 70% r.h. Under the same environmental conditions the effectiveness of bendiocarb wettable powder in preventing the hatch of nymphs from oothecae of 5 different ages was assessed when females were exposed on treated glass plates, and similarly, manually removed oothecae. Most females exposed to bendiocarb dropped their oothecae prematurely. When these or manually removed treated oothecae were 16 days old or younger they were less likely to hatch than those which were 21 days old; and their hatching at 45% was less likely than at 70% r.h. Bendiocarb did not reduce the hatching potential of prematurely dropped or manually removed oothecae.

Éclosion des oothèques de la blatte (Blattella germanica) dans les conditions d'élevage au laboratoire et après retrait prématuré

Les femelles de Blattella gemanica d'une souche de laboratoire sensible aux insecticides ont été utilisées pour préciser le moment normal d'expulsion de l'oothèque et le nombre et le moment d'éclosion des larves à 27° et 45 ou 70% h.r. L'efficacité d'une poudre humectable de bendiocarb pour empěcher l'éclosion des larves d'oothèques de 5 ǎges différents a été estimée (dans les měmes conditions de température et d'humidité) avec exposition, dans les boǐtes de verre traitées, de femelles et d'oothèques enlevées manuellement. La plupart des femelles exposées au bendiocarb expulsent leur oothèque prématurément. Les oothèques enlevées manuellement et traitées ǎgées de 16 jours ou moins éclosent vraisemblablement moins que celles de 21 jours; l'éclosion est apparemment plus faible à 45% qu'à 70% h.r. Le bendiocarb ne réduit pas les possibilitées d'éclosions des oothèques expulsées prématurément ou enlevées manuellement
COMPLETION OF DIAPAUSE IN FIELD POPULATIONS OF THE CABBAGE ROOT FLY (DELIA RADICUM)
Authors: COLLIER ROSEMARY H. , FINCH S.
Published: April 2011

The various diapause and post‐diapause stages entered by cabbage root fly pupae during the overwintering period are shown schematically. Although diapause induction started in mid‐Aug., the early‐pupating insects did not develop further but were maintained in diapause by the warm autumn temperatures. Therefore, diapause development was simultaneous in all Wellesbourne pupae, whether of second or third generation origin. Diapause development started only in mid‐Oct., when mean soil temperatures fell below 10°. In the field, 90% of the overwintering population of cabbage root fly pupae had completed diapause by 5 March 1980, 17 Feb. 1981 and 18 Feb. 1982. This was equivalent to a duration of 19 weeks from mid‐Oct. onwards, during the winters of 1979–80, 1980–81 and 1981–82 respectively. A further break between the completion of diapause and the warm conditions required to start post‐diapause development also helps to condense the emergence of flies in the spring. Hence, an accurate forecast of the time of spring attack by populations of flies similar to those at Wellesbourne should be possible.

Terminaison de la diapause dans des populations de mouche du chou étudiées sur le terrain

Les divers stades de diapause et post‐diapause que connaissent les pupes de la mouche du chou durant l'hiver sont représentés par des schémas. Bien que la diapause ait commencé à la mi‐aoǔt les premiers insectes ayant pris la forme de pupes cessèrent de se développer et restèrent en diapause sous l'effet des températures douces d'automne. Le développement de la diapause se poursuivit donc simultanément pour toutes les pupes de Wellesbourne, qu'elles aient été à l'origine de la deuxième ou de la troisième génération. Le développement de la diapause ne commença qu'à la mi‐octobre, lorsque la température moyenne du sol tomba à moins de 10°. Sur le terrain, 90% de la population de pupes de la mouche du chou ayant passé l'hiver avaient terminé leur diapause les 5 mars, 17 février et 18 février, ceci représentant une durée de 19 semaines a partir du mi‐Octobre, pour les hivers de 1979–80, 1980–81 et 1981–82 respectivement. Un autre intervalle entre l'achèvement de la diapause et le temps doux requis pour commencer le développement post‐diapause contribue également à condenser l'apparition des mouches au printemps. Il devrait donc ětre possible de prévoir avec exactitude à quel moment au printemps les populations de mouches analogues à celles de Wellesbourne attaqueront les choux.
Influence of the Different Oils Used in Dough Formulation on the Lipid Fraction of Taralli
Authors: Caponio Francesco , Giarnetti Mariagrazia , Summo Carmine , Gomes Tommaso
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the quality of taralli as a function of the type of oil used in their dough formulation. To this end, 4 types of oil (extra virgin olive oil, olive oil, olive‐pomace oil, and refined palm oil) were utilized to prepare taralli to investigate on the lipid fraction degradation and evaluate the taralli acceptability by consumers. The data obtained pointed out that taralli manufactured with extra virgin olive oil were significantly more appreciated than those made with refined oils due to their visual appearance and odor. Moreover, with respect to the other kinds of oil, the use of extra virgin olive oil led to significantly lower values (P < 0.05) of specific absorption at 232 and 270 nm (K232 and K270, respectively) and of triacylglycerol oligopolymers. It also proved to present a much lower content in oxidized triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols than olive‐pomace oil and refined palm oil, respectively. Furthermore, trans fatty acid isomers were absent in taralli made with extra virgin olive oil but were constantly present in those produced with refined oils.
Luminescent Lanthanide (Eu3+, Tb3+) Hybrids with 4‐Vinylbenzeneboronic Acid Functionalized Si‐O Bridges and Beta‐Diketones
Authors: Yan Bing , Guo Min , Qiao Xiao‐Fei
Published: April 2011

4‐Vinylphenylboronic acid ligand (VPBA) is functionalized with two crosslinking reagents (3‐(triethoxysilyl)‐propylisocyanate [TEPIC] and 3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate [TMPMA]) to achieve the two special molecular bridge VPBA‐TEPIC and VPBA‐TMPMA. Meanwhile, beta‐diketone ligands (2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone [TTA], acetyl acetone [ACAC]) as the second ligands play the role of the main energy donor, which absorb abundant energy in ultraviolet–visible extent and then transfer the energy to the corresponding lanthanide ions (Eu3+, Tb3+) to sensitize their emission of them. Eight binary and ternary Eu3+, Tb3+ hybrids with VPBA‐TEPIC (VPBA‐TMPMA) and TTA (ACAC) have been constructed, whose photoluminescence properties are studied in depth and suggest that the ternary hybrids show the favorable characteristic luminescent properties (longer lifetime and higher quantum efficiency).
Relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding depression in the wild in endangered salmon
Authors: Houde Aimee L. S. , Fraser Dylan J. , O’Reilly Patrick , Hutchings Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2011

Conservation biologists routinely face the dilemma of keeping small, fragmented populations isolated, wherein inbreeding depression may ensue, or mixing such populations, which may exacerbate population declines via outbreeding depression. The joint evaluation of inbreeding and outbreeding risks in the wild cannot be readily conducted in endangered species, so a suggested ‘safe’ strategy is to mix ecologically and genetically similar populations. To evaluate this strategy, we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment involving three neighboring populations of endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) now bred in captivity and maintained in captive and wild environments. Pure, inbred, and outbred (first and second generation) cross types were released and recaptured in the wild to simultaneously test for local adaptation, inbreeding depression, and outbreeding depression. We found little evidence of inbreeding depression after one generation of inbreeding and little evidence of either heterosis or outbreeding depression via genetic incompatibilities after one or two generations of outbreeding. A trend for outbreeding depression via the loss of local adaptation was documented in one of three populations. The effects of inbreeding were not significantly different from the effects of outbreeding. Hence, at the geographic scale evaluated (34–50 km), inbreeding for one generation and outbreeding over two generations may have similar effects on the persistence of small populations. The results further suggested that outbreeding outcomes may be highly variable or unpredictable at small genetic distances. Our work highlights the necessity of evaluating the relative costs of inbreeding and outbreeding in the conservation and management of endangered species on a case‐by‐case basis.
Role of the phosphatase PhoX in the phosphorus metabolism of the marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS‐3
Authors: Sebastian M. , Ammerman J. W.
Published: April 2011

Marine microbes are adapted to surviving in a variable phosphorus (P) environment. This adaptation frequently involves the presence of periplasmic or cell membrane‐associated enzymes that enable them access to alternative sources of P when phosphate is depleted. In a recent study we identified the phosphatase PhoX as an enzyme that may be essential in mediating organic P acquisition in the ocean. Here we have investigated the role of this enzyme in the utilization of different P sources, using as a model the marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS‐3. Although our previous study had demonstrated that PhoX accounts for more than 90% of the alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity in R. pomeroyi, a PhoX mutant strain was able to grow on monophosphate esters at the same rate as the wild type. Nevertheless, further APase kinetic analyses with both strains demonstrated that the Km of the wild‐type strain was an order of magnitude lower than the mutant strain, indicating that PhoX is crucial for the use of these substrates at low concentrations, typically found in seawater. We also showed that PhoX is required for efficient hydrolysation of nucleotides like ADP and ATP.
The Fiscal Stimulus and Challenges Ahead: Views on the Euro Area*
Authors: Cimadomo Jacopo
Published: April 2011

Focusing on the euro area, this article discusses recent fiscal developments and the use of discretionary fiscal policies to stimulate economic activity. It is argued that, when adopting discretionary stimulus measures, policy‐makers should take into account two factors: (i) ex ante fiscal plans and the perception of the state of the economy in “real‐time” may be substantially different from what is observed ex post, based on revised data; (ii) discretionary fiscal policies seem to have become less effective over time to stimulate output in the euro area, also because of a more forceful reaction of monetary policy to fiscal expansions. In the specific context of the 2008–2010 global crisis, while the implementation of fiscal stimulus measures probably averted an even more severe contraction of economic activity, this came at the cost of mounting fiscal imbalances. At the European level, the necessary fiscal adjustment will need to be complemented by a reform of the European Union’s system of fiscal rules.
MODELING THE DEPLETION OF A RENEWABLE RESOURCE BY POPULATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION: EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON ITS CONSERVATION
Authors: SHUKLA J.B. , LATA KUSUM , MISRA A.K.
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the depletion of a renewable resource by population and industrialization with resource‐dependent migration. The effect of technology on resource conservation is also considered. In the modeling process, four variables are considered, namely, density of a renewable resource, population density, density of industrialization, and technological effort. Both the growth rate and carrying capacity of resource biomass, which follows logistic model, are assumed to be simultaneously depleted by densities of population and industrialization but it is conserved by technological effort. It is further assumed that densities of population and industrialization increase due to increase in the density of renewable resource. The growth rate of technological effort is assumed to be proportional to the difference of carrying capacity of resource biomass and its current density. The model is analyzed by using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simulation. The model analysis shows that the biomass density decreases due to increase in densities of population and industrialization. It decreases further as the resource‐dependent industrial migration increases. But the resource may never become extinct due to population and industrialization, if technological effort is applied appropriately for its conservation.
Proteomic Analysis of Integrin Adhesion ComplexesA presentation from the 6th British Society for Proteome Research (BSPR)–European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) Meeting “Multiscale Proteomics: From Cells to Organisms” at the Wellcome Trust Conference Centre, Cambridge, UK, 14 to 16 July 2009. The Presentation also complements the
Science Signaling
Research Article by Humphries
et al.
published 8 September 2009.
Authors: Byron Adam , Humphries Jonathan D. , Bass Mark D. , Knight David , Humphries Martin J.
Published: April 2011

A workflow for the proteomic analysis of integrin-associated complexes reveals ligand-specific adhesion networks.
Efficacy of Antimicrobial Peptoids against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kapoor Rinki , Eimerman Patrick R. , Hardy Jonathan W. , Cirillo Jeffrey D. , Contag Christopher H. , Barron Annelise E.
Published: April 2011

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Resistance of
Mycobacterium
to antibiotics can make treatments less effective in some cases. We tested selected oligopeptoids—previously reported as mimics of natural host defense peptides—for activity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and assessed their cytotoxicity. A tetrameric, alkylated, cationic peptoid (1-C13
4mer
) was most potent against
M. tuberculosis
and least cytotoxic, whereas an unalkylated analogue, peptoid 1
4mer
, was inactive. Peptoid 1-C13
4mer
thus merits further study as a potential antituberculosis drug.
Proinflammatory Caspase-2-Mediated Macrophage Cell Death Induced by a Rough Attenuated Brucella suis Strain
Authors: Chen Fang , Ding Xicheng , Ding Ying , Xiang Zuoshuang , Li Xinna , Ghosh Debashis , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Sriranganathan Nammalwar , Boyle Stephen M. , He Yongqun
Published: April 2011

Brucellaspp. are intracellular bacteria that cause an infectious disease called brucellosis in humans and many domestic and wildlife animals.B. suisprimarily infects pigs and is pathogenic to humans. The macrophage-Brucellainteraction is critical for the establishment of a chronicBrucellainfection. Our studies showed that smooth virulentB. suisstrain 1330 (S1330) prevented programmed cell death of infected macrophages and rough attenuatedB. suisstrain VTRS1 (a vaccine candidate) induced strong macrophage cell death. To further investigate the mechanism of VTRS1-induced macrophage cell death, microarrays were used to analyze temporal transcriptional responses of murine macrophage-like J774.A1 cells infected with S1330 or VTRS1. In total 17,685 probe sets were significantly regulated based on the effects of strain, time and their interactions. A miniTUBA dynamic Bayesian network analysis predicted that VTRS1-induced macrophage cell death was mediated by a proinflammatory gene (the tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] gene), an NF-κB pathway gene (the IκB-α gene), the caspase-2 gene, and several other genes. VTRS1 induced significantly higher levels of transcription of 40 proinflammatory genes than S1330. A Mann-Whitney U test confirmed the proinflammatory response in VTRS1-infected macrophages. Increased production of TNF-α and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were also detected in the supernatants in VTRS1-infected macrophage cell culture. Hyperphosphorylation of IκB-α was observed in macrophages infected with VTRS1 but not S1330. The important roles of TNF-α and IκB-α in VTRS1-induced macrophage cell death were further confirmed by individual inhibition studies. VTRS1-induced macrophage cell death was significantly inhibited by a caspase-2 inhibitor but not a caspase-1 inhibitor. The role of caspase-2 in regulating the programmed cell death of VTRS1-infected macrophages was confirmed in another study using caspase-2-knockout mice. In summary, VTRS1 induces a proinflammatory, caspase-2- and NF-κB-mediated macrophage cell death. This unique cell death differs from apoptosis, which is not proinflammatory. It is also different from classical pyroptosis, which is caspase-1 mediated.
Persistent Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus Is Associated with Deficient Induction of Human β-Defensin 3 after Sterile Wounding of Healthy Skin
In Vivo
Authors: Zanger Philipp , Nurjadi Dennis , Vath Bernadette , Kremsner Peter G.
Published: April 2011

Persistent nasal carriage of
Staphylococcus aureus
is the primary reservoir for this pathogen and a risk factor for infection. The nares of 12 to 30% of healthy individuals are persistently colonized with staphylococci. Elucidating the yet enigmatic determinants of this phenomenon is of major public health interest. We hypothesized that differences in the levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are found in human skin and have pronounced antistaphylococcal activity may contribute to this phenomenon. We compared constitutive and induced mRNA levels of RNase 7 and human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in healthy and experimentally wounded gluteal skin of 60 volunteers after ascertaining their carrier status through repeated nasal cultures. We found that levels of HBD-3 expression in skin of persistent nasal carriers of
S. aureus
were lower: induced levels in carriers were 63% (95% confidence interval, 43 to 94%;
P
= 0.02) and constitutive levels were 76% (95% confidence interval, 52 to 110%;
P
= 0.14) of those found in noncarriers. No such associations were present for RNase 7. In conjunction with existing knowledge, these findings suggest that healthy individuals with deficient HBD-3 expression in keratinocytes are more prone to persistent nasal colonization with
S. aureus
.
Discovery of Salmonella Virulence Factors Translocated via Outer Membrane Vesicles to Murine Macrophages
Authors: Yoon Hyunjin , Ansong Charles , Adkins Joshua N. , Heffron Fred
Published: April 2011

Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen and leading cause of food-borne illness, encodes a plethora of virulence effectors.
Salmonella
virulence factors are translocated into host cells and manipulate host cellular activities, providing a more hospitable environment for bacterial proliferation. In this study, we report a new set of virulence factors that is translocated into the host cytoplasm via bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV). PagK (or PagK1), PagJ, and STM2585A (or PagK2) are small proteins composed of ∼70 amino acids and have high sequence homology to each other (>85% identity).
Salmonella
lacking all three homologues was attenuated for virulence in a mouse infection model, suggesting at least partial functional redundancy among the homologues. While each homologue was translocated into the macrophage cytoplasm, their translocation was independent of all three
Salmonella
gene-encoded type III secretion systems (T3SSs)–
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) T3SS, SPI-2 T3SS, and the flagellar system. Selected methods, including direct microscopy, demonstrated that the PagK-homologous proteins were secreted through OMV, which were enriched with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins. Vesicles produced by intracellular bacteria also contained lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), suggesting the possibility of OMV convergence with host cellular components during intracellular trafficking. This study identified novel
Salmonella
virulence factors secreted via OMV and demonstrated that OMV can function as a vehicle to transfer virulence determinants to the cytoplasm of the infected host cell.
THE CASIMIR FORCE OF QUANTUM SPRING IN THE (D+1)-DIMENSIONAL SPACETIME
Authors: ZHAI XIANG-HUA , LI XIN-ZHOU , FENG CHAO-JUN
Published: April 2011

The Casimir effect for a massless scalar field on the helix boundary condition which is named as quantum spring is studied in our recent paper.27 Here, the Casimir effect of the quantum spring is investigated in (D+1)-dimensional spacetime for the massless and massive scalar fields by using the zeta function techniques. We obtain the exact results of the Casimir energy and Casimir force for any D, which indicate a Z2 symmetry of the two space dimensions. The Casimir energy and Casimir force have different expressions for odd and even dimensional space in the massless case but in both cases the force is attractive. In the case of odd-dimensional space, the Casimir energy density can be expressed by the Bernoulli numbers, while in the even case it can be expressed by the ζ-function. And we also show that the Casimir force has a maximum value which depends on the spacetime dimensions. In particular, for a massive scalar field, we found that the Casimir force varies as the mass of the field changes.
A NOTE ON THE EXISTENCE OF SOLITON SOLUTIONS IN THE CHERN–SIMONS–CP(1) MODEL
Authors: SOURROUILLE LUCAS , CASO ALVARO , LOZANO GUSTAVO S.
Published: April 2011

We study a gauged Chern–Simons–CP(1) system. We show that contrary to previous claims, the model in the absence of a potential term cannot support finite size soliton solution in R2.
TORUS BREAKDOWN TO CHAOS VIA PERIOD-3 DOUBLING ROUTE IN A MODIFIED CANONICAL CHUA'S CIRCUIT
Authors: MANIMEHAN I. , THAMILMARAN K. , PHILOMINATHAN P.
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we report the dynamical behaviors of a four-dimensional autonomous system, that is, the modified canonical Chua's circuit. An interesting transition of three-tori–period-3 doubling–chaos is observed when the circuit parameters are varied in the range of our choice. Furthermore, the detailed numerical studies of the system behavior with supporting PSPICE simulations and hardware experiments are also presented here.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FRAMINGS VIA COHOMOLOGY OF THE KNOT QUANDLE
Authors: KIMURA YASTO
Published: April 2011

For a knot K with a framing F, we show that the knot rack R(K, F) of (K, F) has the structure of a rack extension of the knot quandle Q(K), via the projection canonically obtained by disregarding its framing. From this fact, we can construct a cohomology class [ϕF] of Q(K) corresponding to the framing: a cohomology class in [Formula: see text] for K non-trivial, or one in [Formula: see text] for K trivial, where wF denotes the writhe of (K, F). Moreover, when K is non-trivial, [ϕF] has a natural decomposition to the sum of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where [ψ] is independent to F. This correspondence [Formula: see text] gives a bijection between the set of framings of K and [Formula: see text].
DETECTION OF MAXIMAL COLLECTIONS OF ESSENTIAL ANNULI IN A HANDLEBODY
Authors: LI XU , LEI FENGCHUN
Published: April 2011

It is known that a maximal collection of essential annuli in H2 could contain exactly 1, or 2, or at most 3 annuli, and it is clear how they are embedded in H2. It is also known that for a maximal collection [Formula: see text] of essential annuli in Hn with n ≥ 3, [Formula: see text], and the bounds are sharp. Moreover, for each integer m, 2 ≤ m ≤ 4n - 5, there exists a maximal collection of essential annuli in Hn which contains exactly m annuli. In this paper, we detect how a maximal collection of essential annuli in Hn with n ≥ 3 are embedded in Hn.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SILICON-ON-INSULATOR KINK AND RADIATION EFFECTS
Authors: CUI JIANGWEI , YU XUEFENG , REN DIYUAN
Published: April 2011

Relationship between the kink and radiation effects of SOI MOSFET is investigated. The experiment results show that radiation exposure can play an important role on the behavior of the kink. The mechanisms of both the kink and radiation effects are clearly illustrated and the way the radiation affects the behavior of the kink are described in detail.
POWER COUNTING OF VARIOUS DIRAC COVARIANTS IN HADRONIC BETHE–SALPETER WAVE FUNCTIONS FOR PSEUDOSCALAR MESON DECAYS
Authors: BHATNAGAR SHASHANK , LI SHI-YUAN , MAHECHA JORGE
Published: April 2011

We have employed the framework of Bethe–Salpeter equation under covariant instantaneous ansatz to calculate leptonic decay constants of unequal mass pseudoscalar mesons like π±, K, D, DS and B, and radiative decay constants of neutral pseudoscalar mesons like π0 and ηc into two photons. In the Dirac structure of hadronic Bethe–Salpeter wave function, the covariants are incorporated from their complete set in accordance with a recently proposed power counting rule. The contribution of both leading order and next-to-leading order Dirac covariants to decay constants are studied. The results are found to improve and hence validating the power counting rule which provides a practical means of incorporating Dirac covariants in the Bethe–Salpeter wave function for a hadron.