bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Conflict in the Psychopathology of the Kibbutz Child
Authors: KAFFMAN MORDECAI
Published: August 2004

Over the past twenty years, the author has had a unique opportunity to observe the incidence and nature of emotional disorders exhibited by the child population of about one hundred Israeli kibbutz settlements. An analysis of this clinical material shows that those factors related to disturbed relationships within the kibbutz family far outnumber all other pathogenic elements, both in the frequency of their appearance and the severity of their impact. A distinct pattern of family malfunctioning appears to be the most significant pathogenic element — this despite the centralized caretaking, training, and socializing functions of the kibbutz educators, to whom many tasks ordinarily performed by parents in the traditional family situation, have been delegated.
My Stepfather Is a She
Authors: OSMAN SHELOMO
Published: August 2004

Homosexual marriages in which children are reared are increasingly in evidence as one of the proliferating new family forms. Mental health practitioners will be called on to involve themselves professionally with such families and to develop skills appropriate to support the functioning of such unions, as well as to alleviate their distress. This article consists of the treatment of a lesbian couple and their two sons.
Child Compliance and Congruity between Verbal and Nonverbal Maternal Communication — A Methodological Note
Authors: Anandam Kamala , Highberger Ruth
Published: August 2004

This paper is a report of a study of congruity between verbal and nonverbal maternal communication with sons during two 30‐minute sessions. The instructions to the mothers varied for the two sessions by increasing the time the mother was asked to spend on a brain teaser game and by decreasing the number of play materials available for the sons in the second session. The two sessions were videotaped through a one‐way mirror and rated independently for maternal verbal and nonverbal communicaiton and child compliance. Mothers differed for the two sessions in their communication with their sons. The study demonstrated that maternal nonverbal communication, as well as verbal communication, can be reliably measured through use of videotape recording.
Therapist Experience and “Style” as Factors in Co‐therapy
Authors: RICE DAVID G. , FEY WILLIAM F. , KEPECS JOSEPH G.
Published: August 2004

Self‐descriptions of general in‐therapy behavior, attitudes toward co‐therapy, and ratings of co‐therapy effectiveness were collected from 25 experienced (E) and 25 inexperienced (IE) therapists who treated a total of 48 married couples in co‐therapy. Major findings were: (a) six different therapeutic “styles” emerged via factor analysis of thetherapists' self‐descriptions of in‐therapy behavior, (b) E and IE therapists as a group had different personal therapeutic styles and preferences as to the style desired in a co‐therapist, (c) subjectively rated effectiveness of co‐therapy correlated with the degree of comfort felt by the therapist in the relationship and the acceptance by the co‐therapist, and (d) there was evidence of a “point of diminishing returns” in satisfaction for therapists in general, which came with increasing experience in doing co‐therapy.
Process and Change — A Markov Model for Interaction
Authors: RAUSH HAROLD L.
Published: August 2004

The finite Markov chain suggests a relatively atheoretical model of analyzing and evaluating a complex multi‐determined relation as it evolves through time. The model encompasses both stability and change, and it yields implications for personal, interpersonal, and environmental modifications. The approach suggests five forms of change. Three of these derive from the spinning out of inherent forces represented in the structures of systems; the other two forms are more fundamental. Some hypothetical and empirical examples illustrate these process considerations in dyadic and group relationships, and some limitations of the model are noted.
Coping with the Stresses of Travel as an Opportunity for Improving the Quality of Work and Family Life
Authors: CULBERT SAMUEL A. , RENSHAW JEAN R.
Published: August 2004

The relationship between the working lives and family lives of people in our society is little explored. This article describes a case in which heavy business travel created problems both for the industrial organization and the families of the employees involved. To cope with the problem, the family perspective was brought into the organization by means of a husband‐wife workshop. The workshop used structure to fit privacy norms of industry, to help couples explore aspects of their relationships that determined their individual and joint response to organizational and family stress, and to develop collaborative resources for coping with those stresses. The benefits to the families and the organization went beyond coping with the stresses of business travel and extended to other important aspects of both business and family life.
AN EVALUATIVE REVIEW OF FAMILY INTERACTION RESEARCH
Authors: RISKIN JULES , FAUNCE ELAINE E.
Published: August 2004

This article will review in detail the current status of quantifiable family interaction research. It will concentrate on the work done since 1960. An extensive reference list and glossary covering key workers and their concepts are appended.
Decision‐Making and Interaction by Families with and without A Drug‐Abusing Child
Authors: Mead D. Eugene , Campbell Susan S.
Published: August 2004

As part of a larger study, the authors replicated Ferreira and Winter's (2) study of family interaction and decision‐making using families with a drug‐abusing child. Ferreira and Winter compared normal families and families with a child diagnosed as schizophrenic, delinquent, or maladjusted.
Ecologically Oriented Family Intervention
Authors: MANNINO FORTUNE V. , SHORE MILTON F.
Published: August 2004

An ecological approach to family therapy is relevant for all social classes, not only for the poor. Examples of this orientation are presented in this paper.
The Open Door: A Structural Approach to a Family With an Anorectic Child
Authors: APONTE HARRY , HOFFMAN LYNN
Published: August 2004

This commentary on a videotape of an initial interview with a family of an anorectic girl demonstrates a set of therapeutic techniques based on a structural view of family organization and dysfunction. In the commentary, the interventions of the therapists are analyzed move by move throughout the session. The goal of the therapists is to assist the family to reorganize itself so that its dysfunctional structure will not support the symptom in the child. During the interview, they probe the characteristic interaction patterns of the family and engage with the family subsystems, making changes in the husband‐wife relationship, the parent‐child relationships, and the sibling relationships. The connection between the anorectic symptom and the structural organization of the family becomes clearer as the interview unfolds, with the result that the child's eating at the end seems incidental compared to the many changes in family relationships that precede it.
Marital Therapy: Emerging Trends in Research and Practice
Authors: GURMAN ALAN S.
Published: August 2004

The marital therapy literature through August, 1972, was content‐analyzed to examine trends in the research and clinical practice of marital therapists. Analyses of a 415‐item Marital Therapy Bibliography revealed that: (a) The literature experienced the beginning of its major growth spurt after 1960, with about half of the marital therapy publications appearing since 1967; (b) Journals contributing the most to the development of marital therapy form a heterogeneous mixture of professional disciplines, with multidisciplinary journals demonstrating the greatest impact; (c) The nature of much of marital therapy research and practice is rapidly changing, with a growing interest in empirical and methodological issues. Implications of these emerging trends in research and practice are discussed in terms of the future of marital therapy.
Defection, Termination, and Continuation in Family and Individual Therapy
Authors: SHAPIRO RODNEY J. , BUDMAN SIMON H.
Published: August 2004

Patients applying to a child study center over a period of one year were referred for either individual or family evaluation and therapy. The present study focused on comparative rates of defection (failure to appear for first session), premature termination (one to three sessions), and continuation (more than three sessions) of treatment. Structured interviews were conducted on the telephone to explore the reasons for termination or continued treatment. Three main findings emerged: (a) Drop‐out rates for family therapy are significantly different than for individual treatment; (b) Major reasons for terminating or continuing treatment, in either modality, seem related to patients evaluations of their therapists; (c) Fathers of patients play a pivotal role in determining whether families terminate or continue in treatment.
Cultural Specificity in Patterns of Mental Illness and Health: A Slovak‐American Case Study
Authors: STEIN HOWARD F.
Published: August 2004

Mental illness and mental health are conceptualized as dynamic opposites o/a single, underlying psycho‐cultural process. An illustrative case history of a Slovak‐American family with a schizophrenic member is presented.
Decision‐Making in Married and Unrelated Couples
Authors: Winter William D. , Ferreira Antonio J. , Bowers Norman
Published: August 2004

The decision‐making performance of 20 married and 20 synthetic couples, all college students, was compared using the Ferreira‐Winter Questionnaire technique. Married couples showed (a) greater spontaneous agreement with each other prior to conjoint discussion, (b) less politeness, (c) more intrusive interruptions, and (d) a lesser exchange of explicit information between husband and wife. Although married couples arrived at more “democratic” or representative decisions in a faster time, this was due to their greater degree of prior shared values and interests. The effects of the history and context of the relationship between subjects upon their pattern of communication and possible contrasts between normal and abnormal couples are discussed.
Group Fantasies and Family Myths—Some Theoretical and Practical Aspects
Authors: STIERLIN HELM
Published: August 2004

Fantasies, when shared in groups, have special meaning and functions. These meaning and functions vary with the types of groups under study. In this paper, I consider families to be groups in which fantasies are typically shared and utilized. These family groups can. Be compared with other groups. Such comparison, I shall try to show, casts into relief the differing theoretical and therapeutic implications of different types of shared group fantasies.
The Conjoint Family Diagnostic Interview and the Family Index of Tension
Authors: WELLS CARL F. , RABINER EDWIN L.
Published: August 2004

The present paper is written in response to the, as yet, unmet need for a broadly applicable, clinical rubric for assessing the psychiatric patient's situation in his family. It describes a conjoint family diagnostic interview procedure (CFDI) which enables a clinical interviewer, within a single ninety‐minute, problem‐focused, conjoint interview, to describe or rate the verbal and nonverbal behavior of a Ten family unit along dimensions relevant to clinical decision‐making for the psychiatric patient. A rating instrument, the Family Index of Tension (FIT) will also be described. It provides a convenient format for quantifying the information obtained at the CFDI, facilitating comparisons within and across family systems. Though initially developed and protested on 350 families of hospitalized psychiatric patients, the procedure described appears applicable to all clinical situations in which families, regardless of their composition and background, are seen together with an “identified patient” for purposes of evaluation and treatment planning.
The Effects and Effectiveness of Marital Therapy A Review of Outcome Research
Authors: GURMAN ALAN S.
Published: August 2004

The literature on outcome research in marital therapy is reviewed. Issues considered include the nature of outcome criteria, the need to establish a base line against which to measure improvement, and therapeutic effectiveness as a function of treatment type and time‐in‐therapy. The overall improvement rate across a heterogeneous collection of patients, therapists, and treatment modalities was 66 per cent, suggesting, conservatively, at least a moderately positive therapeutic effect in light of the judgment that “spontaneous” rates appear to be much lower in marital than in individual therapy. Evidence of deterioration in marital therapy also was discovered. No support was found for the contention that co‐therapy is more effective than treatment of the couple by a single therapist. The needs of future research in the outcome of marital therapy are discussed and possible fruitful directions for such investigations suggested.
Family Structure and Treatment in the Military
Authors: FRANCES ALLEN , GALE LEONARD
Published: August 2004

This paper elucidates the special stresses and supports experienced by military families and their relation to individual decompensation, which is viewed as an expression of family disequilibrium and is often best treated in the family. Periodic separations, frequent moves, and rigid hierarchy present difficult problems that tax the resourcefulness of the military and its families. Healthy and maladaptive patterns are discussed.
A Developmental, Conceptual Premise for Family Therapy
Authors: SOLOMON MICHAEL A.
Published: August 2004

The article describes an hypothesis about the staging of the development of the family system for use in diagnostic understanding and treatment planning with families.
The Deserving Underclass: a Focus for Social Work Policy in the Year 2001
Authors: CHATTERJEE PRANAB
Published: August 2004

The Supreme Court decision in the case of Jane Lib vs. the State of Connecticut (1999) held that the institution of matrimony is unconstitutional because it violates the Eighth Amendment prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment. This decision, while freeing some people from bondage, has generated a new type of sexual underclass. The social work profession needs to develop policy guidelines to serve this new underclass.
Family Sculpting in Preventive Work with “Well Families”
Authors: PAPP PEGGY , SILVERSTEIN OLGA , CARTER ELIZABETH
Published: August 2004

This paper will describe an experimental community project aimed at “well families”. The program was designed to be preventive by providing service to families before their problems escalated into crisis proportions. It emphasized an educational rather than treatment bias; this orientation forced us to expand concepts, experiment with new techniques, and re‐evaluate our ideas on how families change. Of particular importance to us was the emphasis on behavioral change rather than intellectual insight. In the course of this work, family sculpting came to be an increasingly valuable tool.
In Defense of Child Therapy
Authors: MONTALVO BRAULIO , HALEY JAY
Published: August 2004

Traditional child dyadic psychotherapy can be viewed from a family systems point of view. Seen in this light it shows itself to have powerful family systems effects. These are often therapeutically effective, although unintended. The deliberate identification of the child as “sick” and the choice of an intervention format that avoids direct dealing with the rest of the family may make change possible where it might otherwise not have occurred. Child psychotherapy is shown to have important elements in common with recently developed symptom oriented treatment methods.
Structural Family Therapy: An Outsider's Perspective
Authors: CAMP HOWARD
Published: August 2004

This subjective viewpoint outlines a plan of attack for those who, like the present writer, would like to pirate some of the useful models and orientation developed at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic. Specifically focused publications abound from the talented people at the Philadelphia Clinic, but, to date, no unifying work has appeared in the literature to define just what is meant when they use the rubric “structural family therapy.” The present article defines one person's understanding of the components included under that rubric. As a definition and overview, no effort is made to be comprehensive, and few illustrations show how specific strategies would be implemented. Rather, this is an effort to draw from the literature, discussions, talks, and videotapes originating at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, a central kernel that could be adapted by other agencies desiring to utilize this orientation.
Induction into Mate‐Swapping: A Review
Authors: COLE CHARLES L. , SPANIER GRAHAM B.
Published: August 2004

The question of how and why people become involved in co‐marital sexual mate‐swapping is examined in the larger context of familial behavior. The literature on other areas of sexuality are tapped for possible explanations of the mate‐swapper phenomenon.
Family Dinner Time as a Unique Behavior Habitat
Authors: DREYER CECILY A. , DREYER ALBERT S.
Published: August 2004

Descriptive data on the dinner ritual in a sample of 40 white, middle‐class families are presented. The families show a similarity of pattern in the structure of the situation as, for example, in the division of labor. The data are discussed with respect to the implications for socialization.
Australian Aborigine: Transition in Family Grouping
Authors: HUFFERI VIRGINIA
Published: August 2004

In the brief period of fifty years, under the tutelage of the missionaries, there has been a marked transition of family structure in one group of Australian Aborigines from polygynous to monogamous. Those who are now middle‐aged have lived as man and wife in Western‐style nuclear families. Presently, however, there is a tendency for the youth not to marry but for the young women to incorporate their offspring into the household of their monogamous parents. A matrilocal pattern is developing that has the potential for matriarchal dominance. Some of the forces contributing to these changes are discussed. Several parallels with transitions in American minority family groupings are presented.
Communication and Adjustment in Marriage: Investigating the Relationship
Authors: MURPHY DONALD C. , MENDELSON LLOYD A.
Published: August 2004

The relationship between marital communication and adjustment is assumed to be a strong one, although little research has been done to verify the assumption. This article reports a study in which the relationship was shown to be positive; it also describes some clinical observations of the sample couples in a related research task. It suggests that those scoring low on marital adjustment tended to either communicate more about their relationship than about the content of the task or to ignore each other in favor of working on the task independently.
The Symbiotic Survival Pattern: A Relational Theory of Schizophrenia
Authors: SLIPP SAMUEL
Published: August 2004

A theoretical formulation regarding schizophrenia and family functioning is presented that attempts to integrate individual and systems approaches. Despite these approaches dealing with phenomena at different levels, they interact, modify, and determine each other. A review of the literature in both psychoanalytic and family theory served as background and foundation. The symbiotic survival pattern found in families with a schizophrenic member is a mutually controlling system of interaction in which each individual feels responsible for the self‐esteem and survival of the other. This involves at least three people, two of whom are expected to act out introjected images for the third. A paradigm of intrapsychic introjects, as well as an illustrative method of describing their use in family transactions, is developed.
Insurance and Family Therapy
Authors: SONNE JOHN C.
Published: August 2004

The advent of recent theories of family structure and socially shared psychopathology that have found expression in the practice of family therapy are forcing a re‐examination of concepts of individual diagnoses in which the symptoms of an individual family member are viewed as a possible communication from a disturbed family system. In seeking reimbursement for family therapy through health and accident insurance, a problem is occurring because the traditional method of payment is based on the establishment of individual psychiatric diagnoses, and very few companies will insure a family for family therapy. This paper examines the three‐part system: insurers, family, and helping professions in relation to the significance of the conflict between traditional concepts of individual psychopathology and recent concepts of socially shared family psychopathology.
In Search of One's Past: An Identity Trip
Authors: COLÓN FERNANDO
Published: August 2004

The experience of being “cut off,” either emotionally or physically, from one's family of origin and extended families is an experience that at times confronts us all, be we the children of natural, adoptive, foster or divorced parents. The goal of this paper is to show that a person's identity is profoundly related to, and affected by, his sense of connection to his family of origin. This paper will take as its point of departure the author's story as a foster child and will describe his successful effort to get himself reconnected to his natural family. The story raises questions about the policies of foster‐care agencies and, by implication, questions about adoptive agency policy. Finally, the paper may have something to say not only to family therapists and researchers but to all of us who wish to more fully “know” our parents and our extended families.
Family Drawings as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technique
Authors: Sherr Claire , Hicks Henry
Published: August 2004

This article concerns a family whose son was treated for two years by chemotherapy, the parents participating for part of that time in a parents' group, without any significant changes in behavior. Family therapy was initiated, with the inclusion of family art therapy, which immediately provided highly significant diagnostic data not otherwise observable. It also served as a dramatic catalytic agent for constructive change as evidenced by other family sessions.
JERRY FORD
Authors: MINUCHIN SALVADOR
Published: August 2004

Jerry (Jerome) Ford, Director of the Institute of Family Counseling at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, died Wednesday, September 5th at the age of 41. Mr. Ford spent his entire professional career teaching, guiding and counseling inner city youth and their families, and training others to do the same. He graduated from the University of Maryland and earned a master's degree in guidance and counseling from Temple University. Mr. Ford joined the Clinic in 1969 while serving as a guidance counselor at Bok Technical High School, Philadelphia. He had earlier been a teacher in the public school system. Mr. Ford was a member of the Family Institute of Philadelphia, Family Service of Philadelphia, the Women's Christian Alliance and the Crime Prevention Association. He is survived by his wife, Clarice Bailey Ford, a son and a daughter.
Power as the Achievement of Ends: A Problematic Approach in Family and Small Group Research
Authors: TURK JAMES L.
Published: August 2004

Most conceptions of power refer to the relative ability of persons to achieve individual ends in interpersonal contexts in which their ends conflict. Within groups, such as the family, which are characterized by functionally disuse and ongoing relations, there are serious methodological problems with determining actors' ends. This has led to the use of a variety of substitute procedures that allow one to talk of power without assessing the particular ends of specific persons. This paper critically examines these substitute procedures and suggests their inadequacy for the study of families and similar small groups. It is suggested that an alternative to power must be found in order to proceed with the work for which that concept has been used. The sketch of one alternative is presented and its implications discussed.
Transactional and Contextual Invalidation between the Parents of Disturbed Families: A Comparative Study
Authors: HASSAN SUSANA ALICIA
Published: August 2004

This study was based on a standard task — the discussion of the question, “How, out of all the millions of people in the world, did the two of you get together?”— administered to the parents in “disturbed” and “non‐disturbed” families. The family disturbance in the 46 families was classified according to its presence or absence, its degree, and its kind. The diagnoses were: schizophrenias (S), delinquency (D), under‐achievement and/or enuresis, or psychosomatic complaints (U), ulcerative colitis (UC), and non‐disturbed (N). Seven scales were used to score the parents' verbal exchanges. Three scales that measure transactional and contextual validation and invalidation significantly differentiated the groups. Mutual validation was maximal in the N couples and minimal in the D and S couples. Invalidation between the D and S couples appeared to arise from their unsuccessful metacommunications.
Stages in the Family Therapy of Adolescents
Authors: McPHERSON CIGRIP R. , BRACKELMANNS WALTER E. , NEWMAN LAWRENCE E.
Published: August 2004

Family therapy is considered from the systems point of view as a process with a series of stages including definitive beginning and end points. The stages are identified as crisis points in family therapy ‐ i.e., moments in the therapy process when the equilibrium of the family is upset and when stress reactions among family members are most likely to be intense. Since times of crisis also provide special opportunities for growth and change, they can be utilized therapeutically provided the therapist is knowledgeable about the kinds of upheavals that a family may experience and the time sequence in which they may occur. Eight such crisis points and their relation to therapeutic intervention are presented. The purpose of this paper is to outline the role of the crisis as therapeutic opportunity in the course of family therapy.
Behavior Modification in Marital Conflict: A Case Report
Authors: HICKOK JAMES E. , KOMECHAK MARILYN GILBERT
Published: August 2004

The ability of marital partners to directly change an unhappy marriage to a happy one may be a function of each individual's conscious awareness of the topography, frequency, and other parameters of his own behavior, as well as his awareness of the consequences these behaviors have on his spouse. This paper reports an attempt to combine the use of relevant behavioral awareness and a token economy to rehabilitate a marriage in crisis. An initial two‐month follow‐up indicated, both from the data and the couples' subjective report, that the relationship was now much more reinforcing and both partners were satisfied with the marriage.
The Structure of the Ravich Interpersonal Game/Test
Authors: LIEBOWITZ BERNARD , BLACK MICHAEL
Published: August 2004

Testing technology and research instruments in the study of family process are still generally entrenched in the assumption of the “pathological individual.” One innovative approach to the study of interpersonal process is the use of simulation games. A brief summary of the potential value of simulation for the study of the family and marriage precedes a factor analytic study of the Ravich Interpersonal Game/ Test (RIG/T), a simulation game designed to study dyadic decision‐making. Seventy‐five married couples seeking marital therapy in private‐practice settings compose the study sample. The goal of the study is to investigate the degree to which the RIG/T is representative of the process aspects of marital decision‐making, i.e., to assess content validity. Three clear factors account for a major portion of the variance: “Husband's Losing and Withdrawing While Wife Impedes,”“Wife's Losing and Withdrawing as Husband Impedes,” and “Open Conflict and Withdrawal from It.” The pattern of factor intercorrelations suggests that the RIG/T is tapping at least two separate aspects of marital decision‐making: the degree to which a person actively impedes the spouse's activity and the extent to which conflict is characteristic of a couple as they negotiate. It is concluded that the RIG/T, as currently constituted, may not be discriminating enough a simulation problem presented to dyads.
A Family Art Evaluation
Authors: RUBIN JUDITH A. , MAGNUSSEN MAX G.
Published: August 2004

A two‐hour family art evaluation session has been designed by an art therapist and a clinical child psychologist. It has been used in a child guidance center for the past four years by the authors and other staff.

All family members are asked to engage in three tasks: (a) individually developing a scribble into a picture; (b) individually creating a family portrait, and (c) jointly deciding upon and executing a mural. Each task is followed by individual and group discussion of products, associations, and feelings aroused. Occasional “free” art products are collected during the session.

The procedure is discussed and illustrated in terms of the rationale for selection of tasks; the sources of data available on individuals, family characteristics, and family interaction patterns; the relationship of the projective and behavioral data to diagnostic conclusions and treatment recommendations; and the implementation and modifications of the technique within the clinic.
Use of Self: A Brief Report
Authors: KEITH DAVID V.
Published: August 2004

One of the effects of crisis in a family is that the members become fixed in rigid attitudes with strong, narrow limits imposed on the free flow of feelings. A way for the family therapist to free up the members of such a system is to introduce his own affect into the structure. A child may be required to help the therapist gain entry.
The Relationship between Family Developmental Crisis and the Appearance of Symptoms in a Family Member
Authors: HADLEY TREVOR R. , JACOB THEODORE , MILLIONES JAKE , CAPLAN JOELLE , SPITZ DOROTHY
Published: August 2004

To assess the relation between family crisis and the onset of symptoms in family members, 90 families in an outpatient facility were studied to determine the elapsed time between the appearance of symptoms and two types of family crisis: addition of a family member and loss of a family member. For each type of crisis, results clearly indicated a significant and positive relationship between family developmental crises and symptom onset. At the same time, it was acknowledged that the strength of this relationship was only moderate, findings were correlational, and conclusions may not be applicable to other samples.
Aspects of Communication in Families with Young Children
Authors: HUBBELL ROBERT D. , BYRNE MARGARET C. , STACHOWIAK JAMES
Published: August 2004

The subjects for this study were 16, non‐pathological, four‐person families, each with a child three or four years old and a child six or seven. Half the children were male and half female. The interactions studied involved both parents with one child and then with the other. The content of each remark was studied through a system of language‐usage categories. This analysis indicated that older children sent and received a wider variety of messages than younger children did. Also, female children received a higher ratio of positive feedback to negative feedback from parents than males did. Who talks to whom, and who talks the most were also studied. These measures showed the formation of strong same‐sex coalitions between parent and child. A number of the findings support a general systems interpretation of family interaction.
Network Techniques: Case Studies in the Screening‐Linking‐Planning Conference Method
Authors: GARRISON JOHN
Published: August 2004

This article describes a technique for receiving, assessing, planning, linking, and monitoring people in crisis. Called the Screening‐Linking‐Planning (S‐L‐P) Conference Method, the technique takes advantage of certain characteristics of people in the heat of crisis that make them particularly amenable to change and allow a care‐giver to promote marked positive growth in brief periods of time. The method encourages the social network of the person in crisis to cluster around the person in a supportive way, to make positive expectations, and to provide feedback for identity‐repair purposes. The technique has proved effective with persons in acute crisis as well as those who have chosen a career of chronic crisis (i.e., chronic patienthood). A major part of this paper is devoted to case studies describing the application of this technique in a variety of situations.
On the Nature of Marital Relationships: Measurable Differences in Spontaneous Agreement
Authors: FERREIRA ANTONIO J. , WINTER WILLIAM D.
Published: August 2004

The Spontaneous Agreement (SA) scores on a lengthened form of the Ferreira‐Winter Questionnaire of 242 normal and 177 abnormal couples were compared in a cross‐sectional study, taking into account the duration of their marriage. For those couples married a short time, SA did not differ for the two groups. The overall SA was higher for normals, and the longer the normal couples were married, the higher their SA. SA did not increase with duration of marriage for abnormal couples. Both groups had higher SA scores than synthetically matched couples.
Children's Interpretations of Marital Conflict
Authors: WEIS DIANE P.
Published: August 2004

An experimental study was devised to investigate the proposition that among children of latency age a process evolves of developing conceptual structures for interpreting and resolving interpersonal conflicts. The study was designed within a cognitive‐developmental frame of reference drawn heavily from the theory of Jean Piaget. It was hypothesized that there would be developmental differences in the number of factors the children could consider simultaneously and the levels of abstraction they would utilize in conceptualizing and solving problems involving interpersonal conflicts of interest and in explaining their choices of preferred solutions. The three parts of the problem‐solving process analyzed were the children's role‐taking skills, solutions to the problem, and general reasoning. Implications for practice are discussed.
Factors Associated with Engagement in Family Therapy
Authors: SLIPP SAMUEL , ELLIS SARAH , KRESSEL KENNETH
Published: August 2004

Thirty‐eight families who continued in conjoint family therapy were compared on a variety of antecedent variables to 13 families who dropped out. Three potentially important predictors of continuance in family therapy were found: (a) which spouse initiated the search for treatment; (b) the level of authoritarianism in the spouses; and (c) family socioeconomic status. Families that dropped out of treatment tended to be of lower socioeconomic status and contained spouses who had more highly authoritarian attitudes as measured by the California F Scale (1). Families that contained a severly disturbed member had a poor rate of engagement in treatment, but if both spouses in such a family were low in authoritarianism, the engagement rate was 100 per cent. When both spouses initiated the search for treatment, engagement was also nearly perfect. The difficulty in engaging families from the lowest socio‐economic class may be attributed partly to the authoritarian attitudes of the husband.
The Treatment of Children Through Brief Therapy of Their Parents
Authors: PALAZZOLI MARA SELVINI , BOSCOLO LUIGI , CECCHIN GIAN FRANCO , PRATA GIULIANA
Published: August 2004

This is a report on the successful resolution of behavior problems (encopresis and anorexia, respectively) in two small children through the brief therapy of their parents. Treatment was based on general systems theory and the cybernetic model and employed interventions designed specifically to bring about rapid change in family interaction. The course of the treatments, as well as the technical problems arising out of such rapid changes, are discussed.
Family Admission Decisions As a Therapeutic Tool
Authors: BYNG‐HALL JOHN , BRUGGEN PETER
Published: August 2004

The decision admit a disturbed adolescent to a mental hospital is all too often made by a hard‐pressed duty psychiatrist, late in the day, but early in his training. The effects of this decision may well reverberate down the generations. At the Unit for younger adolescents at Hill End Hospital, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England (5), the family, not the psychiatrist, makes the decision. This approach is based on the observation that when families eject their youngsters, parental authority is often disintegrating. Referral for admission provides a golden opportunity, not only for reversing the ejection process, but also for forging, on the anvil of a profoundly important decision, a more viable family authority structure. Therapeutic leverage is made available at the very heart of the family problem.
Freud's “A Case of Successful Treatment by Hypnotism (1892–1893)”: An Uncommon Therapy?
Authors: SANDER FRED M.
Published: August 2004

Freud's first reported successful treatment by hypnosis included suggestions that have much in common with some recent developments in family systems therapy. The case is discussed within the context of the evolution of psychoanalytic and family systems theories with the view that intrapsychic and contextual forces are not mutually exclusive. The author agrees with Haley in his recent book, Uncommon Therapy,regarding the value of viewing psychiatric symptoms as manifestations of a disturbance in family relations, occurring especially at transitional stages of family development. However, the emphasis on behavior change and symptom removal restricts the potentiality of the family approach to that of psychoanalysis in 1895, when it was a naive, simplistic, and mechanistic therapy.
Physical Medicine and Family Dynamics: The Dialectics of Rehabilitation
Authors: Peck Bruce B.
Published: August 2004

The relation between illness and the rehabilitation process, on the one hand, and family dynamics, on the other hand, is examined. A clinical‐casework study conducted in three physical medicine settings generated an appreciation for interpersonal features of the patient's rehabilitation network. Four recurrent interactional‐familial configurations were identified and discussed in terms of core dynamics, the persons involved, and the impact on rehabilitation progress. The phenomenology of disability was observed to be a central element in each of the four interpersonal situations. A dramatic finding was that if the rehabilitation of the disabled family member went sour, it was most frequently a sign that other family members were involved in some uncooperative strategy. Suggestions are made for future research and for more effective ways to involve the family.
Family Focus A Transitional Cottage in an Acute‐Care Hospital
Authors: DAVIES NORMA H. , HANSEN ELAINE
Published: August 2004

The family is traditionally excluded from patient treatment in the hospital. This article describes a unique approach and setting for family inclusion and participation in health care prior to the patient's hospital discharge.
Middle‐Class Incomes, Working‐Class Hearts
Authors: MARCIANO TERESA DONATI
Published: August 2004

Studies of middle‐class marriages dominate sociological findings. Studies of marital patterns at the blue‐collar level are less prominent. A neglected area entirely is that of blue‐collar marital patterns in middle‐class income and residential settings. This study examines a friendship nucleus of five couples, summarizing case studies of each to show how blue‐collar patterns are maintained against the resocializing influence of middle‐class income and residence.
Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectactic tumor of the buccal mucosa
Authors: Ide Fumio , Shimoyama Tetsuo , Horie Norio
Published: August 2004

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectactic tumor (PHAT) of soft parts is a recently defined mesenchymal tumor of uncertain differentiation, with only a limited number of examples reported to date. We present a case of PHAT of the buccal mucosa in an 86‐year‐old woman. To our knowledge, there is no formal description of this tumor in the oral cavity.
Lingual striated muscle hamartoma or herniation?
Authors: Steele J. C. , Triantafyllou A. , Field E. A.
Published: August 2004

Three grouped, small polypoid lesions were removed from the right lateral border of tongue of a healthy male aged 12 years. They were composed of packed, mature striated muscle fibres covered by oral epithelium and thinned lamina propria. Hamartomatous growth of striated muscle, or herniation through underdeveloped lamina propria is postulated to explain the exceedingly rare clinicopathological features.
A study of logger fatalities from 1992–2000
Authors: Scott D F
Published: August 2004

Objectives:To determine if certain loggers are at increased risk of death during logging operations.

Methods:Statistical analysis of 780 logger fatalities for a nine year period (1992–2000).

Results:The major findings are: (1) treefallers suffer nearly 63% of all fatalities, (2) the region where the fatality occurred and the size of the employer were not significant factors that contributed to a high percentage of treefaller fatalities, and (3) the Northeast and Midwest regions showed a higher percentage of fatalities compared with the South and West regions.

Conclusions:Overall, the logger fatality rate for 1992–2000, compared with 1980–88 has decreased slightly; however, treefallers continue to be the group of loggers who suffer the highest fatality rate.
Use of mechanical patient lifts decreased musculoskeletal symptoms and injuries among health care workers
Authors: Li J , Wolf L , Evanoff B
Published: August 2004

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical patient lifts in reducing musculoskeletal symptoms, injuries, lost workday injuries, and workers’ compensation costs in workers at a community hospital.

Design:Pre-post intervention study.

Setting:Three nursing units of a small community hospital.

Patients or subjects:Nursing personnel.

Interventions:Mechanical patient lifts were made available and nursing staff trained in their use between August 2000 and January 2001.

Main outcome measures:Workers completed symptom surveys at baseline and six months after lift training. Pre-intervention and post-intervention rates of injuries and lost workday injuries using Occupational Safety and Health Administration logs of the three study units, from the period July 1999 through March 2003 were analyzed. Injuries potentially related to lifting patients were included in the analyses. Using workers’ compensation data from the same time period, the compensation paid ($ per full time equivalent [FTE]) due to injuries during the pre-intervention and post-intervention period was calculated.

Results:Sixty one staff members were surveyed pre-intervention; 36 (59%) completed follow up surveys. Statistically significant improvements in musculoskeletal comfort (p<0.05) were reported for all body parts, including shoulders, lower back, and knees. Injury rates decreased post-intervention, with a relative risk (RR) of 0.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 0.88); decreased injury rates persisted after adjustment for temporal trends in injury rates on non-intervention units of the study hospital (RR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.26). Adjusted lost day injury rates also decreased (RR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.16). Annual workers’ compensation costs averaged $484 per FTE pre-intervention and $151 per FTE post-intervention.

Conclusion:Reductions were observed in injury rates, lost workday injury rates, workers’ compensation costs, and musculoskeletal symptoms after deployment of mechanical patient lifts. Strengths of this study include the community hospital setting and the inclusion of a variety of different outcomes. Limitations include the pre-post study design and the small sample size.
Work related injuries in small scale commercial fishing
Authors: Marshall S W , Kucera K , Loomis D , McDonald M A , Lipscomb H J
Published: August 2004

Objective:To describe the epidemiology of work related injury in a group of small scale, independent commercial fishers.

Design:Cross sectional survey (baseline instrument of a prospective cohort study).

Setting and subjects:Commercial fishers in eastern North Carolina.

Results:A cohort of 219 commercial fishers was established and 215 subjects completed an injury questionnaire. The main types of fishing conducted by the cohort were finfishing (159/215) and crabbing (154/215). Of the 215 fishers, 83 reported that they had suffered an injury event in the previous 12 months, a retrospective recall incidence proportion of 38.6 per 100 workers (95% confidence interval 32.1 to 45.1). The 83 injury events resulted in 94 injuries; 47% were penetrating wounds and 24% were strains/sprains. Half of injuries were to the hand/wrist/digits and 13% were to the back. Of the penetrating wounds, 87% were to the hand/wrist/digits, 32% became infected, and 80% were caused by contact with finfish, shellfish, or other marine animal. Of the strains/sprains, 48% were to the back and 26% were to the shoulder. Seventy percent of strains/sprains were caused by moving heavy objects, mainly either while hauling in nets, pots, or lines or loading/unloading the boat.

Conclusion:In this group of small scale, independent fishers, the most common reported injuries were penetrating wounds to the hand/wrist/digits from marine animals and strains/sprains to the back while moving heavy objects.
Occupational injuries identified by an emergency department based injury surveillance system in Nicaragua
Authors: Noe R , Rocha J , Clavel-Arcas C , Aleman C , Gonzales M E , Mock C
Published: August 2004

Objectives:To identify and describe the work related injuries in both the formal and informal work sectors captured in an emergency department based injury surveillance system in Managua, Nicaragua.

Setting:Urban emergency department in Managua, Nicaragua serving 200–300 patients per day.

Methods:Secondary analysis from the surveillance system data. All cases indicating an injury while working and seen for treatment at the emergency department between 1 August 2001 and 31 July 2002 were included. There was no exclusion based on place of occurrence (home, work, school), age, or gender.

Results:There were 3801 work related injuries identified which accounted for 18.6% of the total 20 425 injures captured by the surveillance system. Twenty seven work related fatalities were recorded, compared with the 1998 International Labor Organization statistic of 25 occupational fatalities for all of Nicaragua. Injuries occurring outside of a formal work location accounted for more than 60% of the work related injuries. Almost half of these occurred at home, while 19% occurred on the street. The leading mechanisms for work related injuries were falls (30%), blunt objects (28%), and stabs/cuts (23%). Falls were by far the most severe mechanism in the study, causing 37% of the work related deaths and more than half of the fractures.

Conclusions:Occupational injuries are grossly underreported in Nicaragua. This study demonstrated that an emergency department can be a data source for work related injuries in developing countries because it captures both the formal and informal workforce injuries. Fall prevention initiatives could significantly reduce the magnitude and severity of occupational injuries in Managua, Nicaragua.