bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy and Partnership in Local Economic Development: A Case Study in Local Economic Strategy Making
Authors: Valler David
Published: June 2005

The development of a strategic response to local economic change has been of crucial importance to local authorities in the U.K. throughout the 1980s. This paper investigates the processes of strategy formulation and implementation in the city of Norwich. It raises a range of issues with regard to the potential effects of cooperation between the public and private sectors at the strategic level. The adoption of economic development as a strategic policy area has brought into question a number of relationships both within and between local public authorities, and is of fundamental importance to the character of public/private relations.
Urban Regimes, Sports Stadiums, and the Politics of Economic Development Agendas in Chicago
Authors: Pelissero John P. , Henschen Beth M. , Sidlaw Edward I.
Published: June 2005

Sports issues have increasingly become prominent items on the urban policy agenda. Most demands for sports‐related policies have been woven into the general fabric of economic development in the community. in this article, the authors examine the issues surrounding sports stadium development in Chicago from 1985–90. An urban regime framework, based on the notion of governing coalitions, is used to analyze the incorporation of stadiums into Chicago's policy agenda during these years. The article is instructive of the way in which progressive city administrations have used the regime to mediate corporate demands for the often intangible benefits of sports.
Winners and Losers: Politics, Casino Gambling, and Development in Atlantic City
Authors: Teske Paul , Sur Bela
Published: June 2005

Legalized gambling has been embraced by a number of local economic development organizations as a panacea. This paper offers the example of Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a cautionary tale. We trace the politics of gambling in New Jersey and the city, the massive flow of capital into casinos, and the resulting flows of funds in the local economy. City residents have, at best, gained minimally from gambling; the area, including suburbs, has gained from in‐migration. However, even including such spillovers, gambling did not produce the expected gains. This apparent failure may be due to inadequate planning for the extremely rapid development associated with the massive flow of new private capital which followed legalization; the same risks exist with different major and rapid capital flows into local economies.
Matching Public Measures and Private Sector Objectives: The Experience of Cardiff, Wales
Authors: Gaunt Richard
Published: June 2005

This article considers the extent to which Local Economic Development Measures (LEDMs) match the needs and objectives of private sector organizations and individuals seeking to develop businesses. This study, based on case material in Cardiff, Wales, uses a 5‐point model to describe and analyze general business patterns. The study finds that LEDMs only partly identify the needs and objectives of businesses, and even when potentially useful, poor quality service delivery tended to undermine the effectiveness of these measures.
Interorganizational Challenges in the Design and Management of Business Incubators
Authors: Weinberg Mark L. , Allen David N. , Schermerhorn John R.
Published: June 2005

Business incubators are intended to enhance the growth of new firms by minimizing business failures. The environment for incubators improved as governmental policies shifted their emphasis toward small business generation. However, not enough is understood about how, why, and under what circumstances new firms succeed within the sheltered environment of incubators. This article uses an interorganizational framework to evaluate some preliminary studies of incubator performance and effectiveness.
Designing Economic Development Incentives: The Case of Industrial Development Bonds in Chicago: 1977–1987
Authors: Giloth Robert
Published: June 2005

This article explores how the overall policy system affects the operation of economic development programs by presenting a case study of the City of Chicago's Industrial Development Bond (IDB) program between 1977–1987. By comparing Chicago IDB recipients with a representative group of Chicago manufacturers, this case study reveals that IDBs went to a self‐selected group of manufacturers of larger size, that were already growing, but belonged to declining manufacturing sectors. Overall, despite bold promises, IDB recipients created few new jobs.
Local Economic Development: What is Proposed, What is Done, and What Difference Does it Make?
Authors: Meyer Peter B.
Published: June 2005

This paper assesses the comparative policy insights gained from the articles in the symposium in terms of three dimensions: policies proposed, actions taken, and impacts scored. Local economic development interventions are classified in terms of a five‐way categorization in terms of geographic breadth of action and reliance on complementary private action as a prerequisite to lasting impact. The nine symposium cases are then examined for their evidence on development efforts’ accountability to the public and lessons about efficient use of public funds. The paper concludes that the cases demonstrate that most development efforts have wasted public funds, offering at best the limited success resulting from efforts to beggar neighboring local economics with which competition for development continues.
Choices That Increase Compliance
Authors: Edwards Patrick Ronald
Published: June 2005

A compliance model is developed and tested using a survey of corporate officials and the regulatory arena of equal employment opportunity. Findings support the economic model of compliance in its conclusion that probability of detection and probable level of sanctions influence compliance decisions. Results also indicate that adjustments to the model that account for bounded rationality are valid. The key outcome, however, is that although all types of investigations play some role in enhancing compliance, those that stress sanctions and thus severity rather than certainty of detection may have the greatest positive influence on compliance. Enforcement programs attempting to operate simply as investigators of small‐scale complaints will have less success than those with different types of investigations or a balanced type of single investigation. The results also suggest a more complex cognitive process on the part of regulated individuals than initially theorized.
The Politics of Federal Technology Policy: 1980–1988
Authors: Berman Eva M.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the politics of federal initiatives in technology during the period 1980–1988 that promote economic competitiveness. It finds that the ideological consistency of these new initiatives with the prevailing political climate, and the presence of business constituencies for technology are key to the adoption of new technology initiatives. In the absence of a strong business interest, agency politics and efforts dealing with the budget deficit dominate. Progress by new technology policy initiativesfbunders m is incremental at best. This paper also discusses the trend toward “industry‐led” technology policy.
Implementation of the Routine Use Clause of the Privacy Act
Authors: Cox Gloria
Published: June 2005

Information privacy, the privacy of personally identifiable data held by organizations, gained access to the federal policy agenda in the sixties. The passage of several legislative acts resulted in protection for information privacy in specific environments and circumstances. In 1974, the Privacy Act was passed, providing citizens limited protection for data held by agencies of the federal government. While the Privacy Act is the cornerstone of protection for citizens with regard to government‐held data, the law has been less effective than its designers hoped it would be. One major deject of the law is the routine use clause, which has been subjected to broad interpretation and distortion, to the benefit of executive branch agencies which handle personally identifiable data. This article examines the issue of information privacy, with focus on the misuse of the routine use clause and subsequent implications for citizen privacy.
Competing Gender Paradigms: Gender Difference, Fetal Rights and the Case of Johnson Controls
Authors: Daniels Cynthia R.
Published: June 2005

Political debates over the concept of “fetal rights” pose in sharp relief questions regarding the meaning of biological gender difference for gender equality. Can the state's obligation to “protect” fetal health be used to modify or control women's behavior? If so, what does this mean for women's status as full and equal citizens in a democratic society? This article addresses these questions through an analysis of the political, legal, scientific and moral debates over “fetal protection policies” in hazardous workplaces.
Housing Policy Under the Reagan Presidency: The Demise of an Iron‐triangle
Authors: Johnson William G.
Published: June 2005

This paper analyzes the changing politics of housing policy during the Reagan administration. The analysis applies the concept of “subgovernments” to the housing coalition. The demise of the housing subgovemment is analyzed within a theoretical framework that includes “policy type” as an important explanatory variable. Specifically, this paper argues that as housing policy shifted from “distributive” to “redistributive” due to a curtailment of funding, the housing coalition came under pressure from external farces and ultimately fragmented into competing (rather than cohesive) interests. As a result, the U.S. commitment to housing provision was drastically reduced.
The Enactment of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982: A Multiple Perspectives Explanation
Authors: Clary Bruce B.
Published: June 2005

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) is generally analyzed from the distinct perspective of any given actor involved in the nuclear waste policymaking process. Yet, these perspectives often rest on totally different models of decisionmaking. This article applies a multiple perspective explanation as developed by Allison (1971) and Linstone (1984) to the NWPA and explains policy outcomes by reference to three models of decisionmaking: rational actor, organizational processes and governmental politics. Commonalities and points of disjointure in the three models are highlighted and prospects for future nuclear waste disposal policy development are assessed using an integrated decisionmaking framework.
A Problem of Politics of Technique? Insights from Waste‐Management Strategies in Sweden and France
Authors: Cook Brian J. , Emel Jacque L. , Kasperson Roger E.
Published: June 2005

Sweden and France are in many respects in the vanguard of high‐level radioactive waste disposal efforts, and they offer sharp contrasts regarding basic strategies and underlying philosophies for waste management. We compare their waste disposal programs for insight into the dilemma of siting and developing a permanent waste repository. We find that technical decisions, as well as the more obvious sociopolitical decisions about repository development, are shaped by deep‐seated social and political forces in each nation.
Expert Judgment and High Level Nuclear Waste Management
Authors: Fleming Patricia
Published: June 2005

Prominent figures believe that expert judgment must play a decisive role in implementing the NWPAA. A critical, philosophical examination of this method is provided. Resolution of difficulties inherent to expert judgment reveals the adoption of equally problematic epistemological assumptions. A fresh approach which rejects the dichotomies bred by the controversy over the status of expert judgment is offered.
For a Few Dollars More: Public Trust and the Case for Transporting Nuclear Waste in Dedicated Trains
Authors: Glickman Theodore S. , Golding Dominic
Published: June 2005

The debate about the use of dedicated trains for shipping spent fuel and high level nuclear waste has been going on for the past 15 years. The nuclear industry and its regulatory agencies would like to consider the case closed. The recent passage of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Act of 1990, however, opens the door once more, giving the railroads and other proponents of dedicated trains another chance to present their case. This paper argues that earlier conclusions favoring regular trains over dedicated trains were based on incomplete cost and risk information and neglected other factors which are not technical, but social and institutional in nature. The paper finds that the additional cost of a dedicated system is lower than previously thought and concludes that it is a small price to pay for reduced public opposition and increased levels of trust.
Intergovernmental Complexity in Nuclear Waste Disposal Policy: The Indeterminate Role of Local Government
Authors: Herzik Eric B. , Mushkatel Alvin H.
Published: June 2005

Local governments play a critical, albeit often overlooked, role in nuclear waste disposal policymaking. The centrality of local governments in the policymaking process rests on the simple fact that impacts will be borne disproportionately by local jurisdictions hosting and immediately adjacent to waste disposal sites. This article focuses on the capacity of local jurisdictions in Southern and rural Nevada to absorb and support an undertaking as large and technically complex as the proposed high‐level nuclear waste repository. The article also examines the perceptions of local government officials concerning a number of management and policy issues related to the construction and operation of the proposed waste repository.
Public And State Responses To High‐Level Nuclear Waste Disposal: Learning From Policy Failure
Authors: Kraft Michael E.
Published: June 2005

Nuclear waste policy in the United States has jailed in large part because of public and state opposition to repository siting. However, that outcome was not inevitable. This paver argues that better policy design and greater attention to the crucial tasks of policy legitimation both by the U.S. Congress and by the Department of Energy might have significantly increased the chances for successful implementation. Even though the program now has a highly uncertain future, suggestions are offered for policy learning and change that may increase the probability of success.
Prospects For Monitored Retrievable Storage Of High‐Level Nuclear Waste
Authors: McCabe Amy , Fitzgerald Michael
Published: June 2005

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 authorized the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate monitored retrievable storage (MRS) as an option to manage spent fuel and high‐level radioactive waste. In 1987, the DOE sought Congressional approval for construction of an MRS at a site identified in Tennessee, despite adamant opposition from the State. An amendment in late 1987 nullified DOE's proposal, and established the MRS Commission and the High‐Level Nuclear Waste Negotiator, institutions created as a result of the DOE/Tennessee dispute. This article analyzes DOE's siting attempt in Tennessee, the actions of the Commission and Negotiator, and examines the prospects for implementation of nuclear waste policy.
Public Opposition To The Siting Of The High‐Level Nuclear Waste Repository: The Importance Of Trust
Authors: Pijawka K. David , Mushkatel Alvin H.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines several dimensions of public opposition to the proposed siting of the high‐level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. In order to provide a context for the public's views of the repository in metropolitan Clark County, both governmental studies of the repository siting process are analyzed, as well as elements of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. This analysis suggests that one potentially key component of the public's opposition to the siting, as well as their perceptions of risk of the facility, may be the result of a lack of trust in the Department of Energy. Empirical analysis of survey data collected in Nevada in 1988 confirms the strong relationship between political trust and repository risk perceptions.
Industry Knowledge Sources and the Role of Universities
Authors: Rees John , Debbage Keith G.
Published: June 2005

In recent yems, rapid growth hm occurred in both the number and diversity of university‐industry progrmns in the United States. While little comprehensive assessment of these programs exists to date, this paper argues that a systematic empirical analysis of a cmpany's perception of universities as knowledge sources is critical toa clear understanding of the newallknces between industry and academia. From a survey of216 companies, a pattern emerges where the sources of technical knowledge perceived as important by industry are complex and highly interrelated, and they also vary according to the characteristics of companies, especially size. It is seen that university research rather than universities as institutions per se are critical ingredients to the development of new products and production processes.
Assumptions and Consequences of the War on Drugs: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Sollars David L.
Published: June 2005

Using recent evidence from the state of Florida, the outcomes of the “War on Drugs” are analyzed by critically evaluating the assumptions that underlie the policy. It would appear that many of the assumptions may not be valid, thereby in part explaining the apparent failure of the drug law enforcement strategy to attain the stated objectives. Alternative strategies are briefly considered.
Roberts: Public Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Authors: Roberts Nancy C.
Published: June 2005

This article presents a conceptualframeworkofpublic entrepreneurship. Public entrepreneurship is defined as the generation ofa novel or innuuative idea and the design and implementation of the innovative idea into publicsector practice. The conceptualfiamework is used to distinguish between public entrepreneurs and other actors in the policy process, and to clarify the differences between policy, political, executive, and bureaucratic entrepreneurs. Taking a functionalist perspective, the article difmentintes between individual and coZkctiue entrepreneurship and ginezates pmpaitims to move us cher to a theory of public entrepreneurship.
An Overview of State Policy Problems
Authors: Meyer Fred , Baker Ralph
Published: June 2005

Concepts of federalism are briefly rmiewed with the intent of inquiring whether the states have become entrepreneurial as a result ofthe Reagan devolution. An overview of the contributions to the symposium suggests that support for a theory of cyclicality is not consistently evident in the states. Necessary resatrcesarenotalways present toallow thestates to bethe policyentrepreneurs in the United States.
Devolving Regulatory Authority:The Federal and State Response
Authors: Hedge David M. , Scicchitano Michael J.
Published: June 2005

One of the major legacies of the Reagan administration was its devolution of regulatory authority to the states, particularly in the area of environmental protection. The article descr&es how federal officials at EPA and the OfFce of Surface Mining (Department of the Interior) transferred regulatory responsibility to the states and how state officials initially responded to devolution. In a number of states, regulatory officials clwse to vigorously enforcefederal environmental standards despite the administration's desire for a more relaxed approach to regulation. Haoever, euidence generated by the GAO and others suggest that many of the states lacked the willingness and ability to effectively shoulder their new responsibilities. By the end of the Reagan administration, opposition to devolution had emergedfrom a number of quarters and administration officials were faced with, once again, refashioning the regulatory partnership.
Federal Aid to Local Governments in the West: An Irony of the Reagan Revolution
Authors: Cal  , Clark Janet
Published: June 2005

Despite the fact that the Reagan election was viewed as a power shift toward the West, the decade of the 1980s produced cruel disappointment. The region was generally left out of the economic recmery of the nation because of the bust in the agricultural and mineral industries. These state and local gmernments which sufferfrom high costs and low resources were particularly dependent on the national gmernment at the very time when the Reagan Administration was cutting federal aid and transferring power to the states. Unlike Nixon's New Federalism which helped the state and local governments of the West, Reagan's policies caused their relative position in federal aid flows to deteriorate. Although the Reagan revolution in cutting domestic programs was viewed as the embodiment of western rugged individualism, the region lost in terms of federal aid to small rural local governments.
Environmental Policy, New Federalism and New Privatism: Policy Conflicts in the Coastal Zone
Authors: Medle Jerry F. , Mushkatel Alvin
Published: June 2005

Public policies developed under the New Federalism of the 1970s and the new privatism of the 1980s have produced a variety of policy problems for states. This is particularly true in the area of environmental policy. This paper looks at environmental policymaking in the coastal zone giving particular attention to the conflicts between the desire to protect renewable resources and the need for economic growth in the coastal zone. These conflicts are illustrated by an examination of comprehensive land use planning in Oregon and the federal government's proposal to develop seabed mining on the Gorda Ridge.
Measuring High‐Technology Capacity Across the 50 States
Authors: Kamieniecki Sheldon , Lackie Paula
Published: June 2005

This study conceptualizes and operationalizes state high‐technology capacity and demonstrates its potential usefulness in comparative state studies. The analysis is primarily concerned with identifying and recording the amount of high‐technology resources that are available in each state and that can be employed in public policy. Drawing upon a host of likely indicators of high‐technology availability, the study identifies five dimensions of the concept and ranks the states along these dimensions. The work then analyzes the relationships between the five components of high‐technology capacity and several state energy and environmental policies. Suggestions for future research are included at the end of the study.
State Telecommunications Policy in the 1980s
Authors: Teske Paul E.
Published: June 2005

The role of the states in provision of telecommunications services combines aspects of regulation, economic development policy, tax policy, and government procurement. A variety of policy experiments, contrasts sharply with a dearth of state action in telecommunications prior to 1982. The growing realization that the implications of decisions about telecommunications are no longer narrowly confined to regulation has spurred the active involvement of governors and legislators in many states.
Baby M, Surrogate Parenting and Public Policy
Authors: Binion Gayle
Published: June 2005

This article analyzes the legal and politiml controversies that have arisen in response to the contemporary phenomenon of surrogate parenting. Despite the fact that by the late 1980s 1,000 or more such agreements had been efected, prior to the Baby M litigation no relevant statutes had been passed by state or federal legislafures. The practice continued to exist in a virtual vacuum of public policy with respect to its legality andor the relative rights of the various parties involved. Special attention is paid to the Baby M ruling of the New Jersey Supreme Court as a model for public policy on the subject. The signifimnce of the Court's ruling in shaping subsequent political activity on surrogacy is also noted.
The Development of Hazardous Waste Management as a State Policy Concern
Authors: Herzik Eric B.
Published: June 2005

Hazardous waste management has become a primary concern of state governments. Thk concern is relatively recent, with state governments assuming a leading role in hazardous waste policy development and implementation only in the past decade. This article outlines the scope of the hazardous waste problem to which stdegouernments must respond. The scope of the problem is then linked to changing public perceptions and intergooernmental relntionslzips to explain the expanding state government policy role in hazardous waste management.
State Environmental Regulation and Economic Development: Are They Compatible?
Authors: Davis Charles
Published: June 2005

An underlyingussumption of the partial preemption apprmh is the belief that minimum federal standmds contribute to the prospective decentralization of environmental protection programs by removing or reducing industry incentives to shop aroundfor states with a more lenient regulatory stance. This assumption was examined through a survey of chief executive oficers of pollution‐generating firms. Tlze data suggest that corporate officials see regulatory climate m an important component of overhead ctxits. The author concludes that the desire to retain industries within state boundaries does inhibit the promulgation of strict environmental regulat ions by public officials.
The Political Economy of State Environmental Regulation: The Distribution of Regulatory Burdens
Authors: Feiock Richard C. , Haley M. Margaret
Published: June 2005

This article examines interstate variance in the distribution of costs for hazardous waste regulation in the American states. The analysis identifies the distribution of regulatory costs for technical externalities and answers specific questions about the regulatory strategies of competing states in a federal system.
A Matter of Fairness: The Equity of Urban General Assistance
Authors: Daniels R. Steven
Published: June 2005

General assistance is the “safety net” of the welfare system, γet, most general assistance programs reflect the goals of cost containment more clearly than the goal of equity. Data from a 1982 survey of general assistance programs provide the basis for a causal analysis. The substantial variation across states seems based on willingness to provide services, rather than need. State welfare commitment is the most influential explanation on general assistance coverage, although per capita income, percent metropolitan, political culture, and percent unemployment also have some effect. Perhaps centralization at the federal level will provide equitable coverage; however, the current political environment makes such an outcome unlikely without major changes in public opinion.
The Failure of Success in Natural Resource Policy: Pacific Salmon Harvest Policy in New York State
Authors: Connelly Nancy A. , Knuth Barbara A. , Dawson Chad P.
Published: June 2005

Natural resource management policies like the Pacific salmon harvest policy developed by New York State often did not anticipate the extent of social, economic, and ethical concerns that would be generated, largely because the agency concentrated on biological considerations. The number of concerned stakeholders grew in proportion to both the success and failure of the initial policy. Had all participants been equally willing to recognize both the successes and the failures, development of a revised policy through group negotiations may have been possible, resulting in a cooperative mode of decision making. Instead, institutional mechanisms based on legislated process were ultimately the approach chosen for policy revision.
Imposing Procedural Constraints on State Administrative Agencies: An Empirical Investigation of Competing Explanations
Authors: Clingermayer James C. , West William F.
Published: June 2005

Scholars have offered different explanations for administrative procedures. One general approach stresses the importance of normative theory as a determinant of institutional choice, while two other perspectives emphasize the interests and political influence of pressure groups and legislators. To test these models, this study uses comparative state data to predict the adoption of three types of administrative procedures‐legislative rule review, procedural requirements opening up the rulemaking process to public participation, and economic impact analysis. The findings suggest that factors associated with the adoption of one kind of administrative requirement may not be associated with the use of others. The analysis also suggests that, while ideology, political culture, and party competition intermittently affect the adoption of particular administrative procedures, they do not always have the kinds of effects that are suggested by the traditional state policy making literature.
Regional Council Program Priorities for the 1990s: Two Emerging Program Clusters, Leading to a Policy Question About Human Services
Authors: Gage Robert W.
Published: June 2005

This research demonstrates that regional councils across the nation are developing a clearer program focus for the 1990s. Two clusters of program priorities are emerging for the future: (1) a transportation planning and environmental preservation cluster and (2) an economic and human resources development cluster. Regional growth is useful as a predictor of the future priorities council executive directors expect to place on these clusters. It is positively associated with future priorities for transportation planning and environmental preservation programs, and negatively associated with future priorities for economic and human resources development programs. However, human services programs do not fall in either program cluster. They receive the lowest future priorities of any major subgroup of programs, leading to a policy question about the role of regional councils in human services delivery in the 1990s and beyond.
Introduction: Immigration and U.S. Integration, Policy Reforms, and Economic Change
Authors: Lowell B. Lindsay , Papademetriou Demetrios G.
Published: June 2005

The economic and political ramifications of immigration will become increasingly evident in the United States during the coming decade, particularly in view of recent immigration policies that guarantee that the magnitude and diversity of the inflow will continue to grow. This symposium presents research that examines the role of immigrants in industrial restructuring and evaluates the effects of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The importance of English language skills for economic advancement, and of government‐supported training for refugees, are also examined. Together, this body of research directs our attention to the need for a more active public and private sector role in assisting all U.S. workers prepare for the demands of the labor market of the future.
Re‐slicing the Big Apple: New Immigrants and African‐Americans in the New York Economy
Authors: Waldinger Roger , Bailey Thomas
Published: June 2005

The continuing convergence of immigrants on New York City is a puzzle. On the one hand, the decline of the city's manufacturing sector and the growth of advanced services appear to provide little demand for immigrant labor; on the other hand, the deep penetration of immigrants into the city's economy has been paralleled by a deteriorating employment situation among native blacks. This article, seeks to unravel this puzzk in the light of two conflicting perspectives, the restructuring and the replacement labor hypotheses. The paper assesses each perspective using data from the 1970 and 1980 Censuses of Population and merged sampks of the June 1986 and 1988 Current Population Surveys.
Why Immigrants Stay in Fashion: Insights from New York's Garment Industry
Authors: Waldinger Roger , Lapp Michael
Published: June 2005

For many observers the influx of immigrants into New York's garment industry seemed to exemplify the deleterious impact of undocumented immigration: native displacement and a simultaneous deterioration of wages and working conditions. This article argues that this conventional view is incorrect. There is little evidence linking immigrant presence to the availability of undocumented workers. Rather, the immigrant presence is the consequence of the industry's basic labor strategy; immigrants have moved into garments as an older labor force deriving from earlier waves of migration has cyckd out.
Immigrant and Refugee Workers in the Midwestern Meatpacking Industry: Industrial Restructuring and the Transformation of Rural Labor Markets
Authors: Stanley Kathleen
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the process of incorporation of immigrant and refugee workers into the meatpacking industry of the Midwest during a period of rapid restructuring. Immigrant and refugee workers have provided low‐cost labor to meatpacking firms under pressure from both increased competition and a declining market for red meat. The search for new supplies of labor reflects fundamental changes within the industry. The dynamics of labor force recomposition in the meatpacking industry are the result of the interplay of such factors as the nature of industrial restructuring, the locally available labor supply, and programs designed to move immigrants, refugees, and the unemployed into full‐time employment. This process has had differential effects on the industry, workers, the unions, and rural communities.
The Impact of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act on the U.S. Poultry Industry: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Griffith David , Runsten David
Published: June 2005

IRCA's impact on the U.S. poultry industry has been uneven across industry sectors and regions. In California, where undocumented immigrants have been present for some decades, IRCA strengthened unions in the processing sector without constricting labor supplies. In other areas of depressed local economies and high unemployment, IRCA has had little impact. Where low‐wage industrial recruitment has increased competition for unskilled workers, however, plants have been relying on documented and undocumented new immigrants for labor. Although new immigrants stabilize industry work forces in the short run, over time these immigrant inflows reinforce high labor turnover and fuel the tendency for technological changes to accommodate an unskilkd labor force.
IRCA and the Unionization of Mexican and Central American Undocumented Workers in Los Angeles County
Authors: Delgado Hector L.
Published: June 2005

This article explores the likely impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) on the unionization o f undocumented workers. Research conducted prior to IRCA challenges the conventional wisdom that undocumented workers cannot be organized because of their fear of apprehension and deportation by the INS. Preliminary research subsequent to the passage of this legislation in 1986 suggests that essentially the same factors that mitigated the fear of the INS and made the undocumenteds as receptive to unionization as other classes of workers similarly located in the labor market prior to IRCA are operating in the post‐IRCA period. The future “organizability” of undocumented workers rests considerably on unions’determination to organize them and whether they continue to be protected by U.S. labor laws.
Contending Tradeoffs: IRCA, Immigrants, and the Southern California Restaurant Industry
Authors: Morales Richard A.
Published: June 2005

The impact of immigrant labor in the Service sector is best understood by focusing on the organization of production within firms and its effect on employer demand for labor. This analysis of the San Diego restaurant industry identifies a two tier occupational structure, where employers have selectively recruited undocumented immigrants to fill back‐house positions. Conversely, the target hiring of the U.S.‐born for visible front‐house positions completes the cost‐effective symmetry which has allowed this industry to flourish. Although the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) threatens this arrangement, its policy effectiveness remains extremely problematic.
Immigration Reform and the Latino Small Service Sector
Authors: Sullivan Teresa A.
Published: June 2005

Immigration reform is a policy of particular concern within the low‐wage service sector and among self‐employed ethnic entrepreneurs. This study uses U. S. Census microdata to show that Latino entrepreneurs differ in earnings by nativity and industry. Although foreign‐born entrepreneurs usually have lower earnings than native‐born Latino entrepreneurs, the situation reverses itself among restaurateurs and small retailers. The study then uses data from the “Six‐City Study” to examine nativity and industry as variables affecting attitudes toward IRCA. High levels of support toward IRCA are reported, but the expected variations by nativity and industry emerge.
English Language Proficiency and the Earnings of Young Immigrants in U.S. Labor Markets
Authors: Rivera‐Batiz Francisco L.
Published: June 2005

This paper studies the English language proficiency levels of immigrants to the United States as determined from scores on a standardized test explicitly designed to measure reading proficiency. The data are disaggregated by area of origin and year of immigration. The connection between English deficiency levels and wages is then examined. In contrast to previous studies, it is found that English deficiency unambiguously depresses the wages of immigrants below what their other human capital characteristics suggest they should earn in the U.S. labor market. At the same time, the data show that, among the sample of young adults examined, there is a remarkable correlation between learning of English and time lived in the United States. The study indicates that policies encouraging the acquisition of English as a second language may provide a high dividend in the form of economic progress among immigrants.
The Employment Potential of Refugee Entrepreneurship: Soviet Jews and Vietnamese in California
Authors: Gold Steven J.
Published: June 2005

Research concerning immigrant and ethnic business formation has focused almost exclusively upon the enterprises of economically motivated immigrants and long established refugees. Ignored are the businesses opened by recent refugees who, since 1975, account for 20% of the legal entrants to the United States. Because refugees have different social and demographic characteristics than economic immigrants and come to the U.S. for different reasons, they reveal distinct entrepreneurial behaviors. Relying on a sample of 67 Soviet Jewish and Vietnamese enterprises in California, this study explores the prospects for refugee self‐employment. It considers the characteristics of self‐employed refugees, their resources and motives for openingbusinesses, and their use of community‐based sources of capital, labor, customers and information.
Medicaid's Role in Moves Toward Universal Health Care
Authors: de Alteriis Martin
Published: June 2005

This paper considers the problems currently facing the Medical Assistance (Medicaid) program in light of the major problems confronting the American health care system. Actual and proposed Medicaid reforms are reviewed, their merits noted and their shortcomings detailed. It is argued that substantial Medicaid reform can take place only in the context of radical reform of the entire U.S. health care system. Similarly, Medicaid should be incorporated into any plan aimed at providing universal health care coverage.
Determinants of Business Response to Government Tax Incentives for Privately Financed Termination Benefit Programs
Authors: Sheets Robert G. , Ting Yuan
Published: June 2005

This study examines the industry and organizational factors that determine the likelihood of business response to government tax incentives for privately financed termination benefit programs and the substitution problems confronting government programs that use tax incentives to encourage businesses to provide these benefits to their employees. It concludes that government tax incentives will likely have marginal effects on the private provision of termination benefits, especially in large firms in industries with a strong market presence from government. These programs most likely will get high participation from large firms which already provide these benefits to salaried and hourly workers resulting in high substitution effects. They also are likely to extend benefits to hourly employees in firms that already provide similar benefits to salaried workers. However, these tax incentives are likely to have very limited inducement effects on small and medium‐sized firms resulting in low overall target efficiency for these programs.
Issue Networks and Activism
Authors: Michaels Sarah
Published: June 2005

Using an investigation of a technical policy issue, this paper demonstrates the utility of employing an issue networks approach to understanding the dynamics among those concerned about the threat of earthquakes to the province of British Columbia, Canada and the state of Washington, United States. Such an approach focuses on issue emergence in the early stages of agenda building. This research demonstrates how scientific and technical expertise, in the absence of political leadership, is an unrivaled source of presumptive rights leading to key actor status within a specialized policy community. A complementary finding is that career‐related rationales provide the overwhelming motivation for issue network participation.
Business Power in Washington: The Insurance Exception
Authors: Bykerk L. G.
Published: June 2005

This article traces the scholarship on business political power from Bauer, Pool and Dexter, through Lindblom, to Graham Wilson and David Vogel. The prominent understanding now is that business was under attack in the 1960s and 1970s but has since recovered a privileged position. The variables common to this scholarship provide a framework for analyzing insurance industry politics. Drawing primarily upon the unisex case, the article shows that the insurance industry is not in control of the political agenda, does not enjoy the collaboration of federal elected officials, does not gain disproportionate benefits and usually does not make effective use of their lobbying resources. It argues that the industry's internal divisions and low public regard help explain its unprivileged position, and concludes that more attention to industry sectors will help refine what we know about the political power of business.
Constructing a Planning Regime: Assessing the Beginning Phases of New Jersey's Plan for Development and Redevelopment
Authors: Anglin Roland
Published: June 2005

Using the idea of regime formation and cooperation in international political economy as a guide, this paper assesses the first stage (Cross‐cceptance) of implementing the New Jersey stateplanning process as an attempt to construct a base of mutually shared norms and interests between state and local governments in the area of land use planning. The conclusion is that the first round of implementation was instrumental in building norms and consensus‐especially in the face of strong resistance to state planning from the policy environment. The main reason for the effectiveness of the Cross‐Acceptance process was that it brought local, county and state officials to a forum where they were able to discuss areas of consensus and discord.
The Policy Sciences: The Challenge of Complexity
Authors: Hendrick Rebecca M. , Nachmias David
Published: June 2005

This essay reviews some of the recent criticisms of positivist science. It interprets this criticism, more generally, as directed towards the complexity of social science phenomena and the difficulty of dealing with complexity epistemologically and methodologically. Rather than ignoring complexity, changing the subject matter or explaining it away, we argue that complexity may be acknowledged and studied systematically withn the context of post‐positivist approaches. The essay than proposes several strategies for conceptualizing and researching complexity (at a “meta‐level” from substantive policy research) that are based in systems theory.
Policy Analysis Priorities in Poorer Countries: Basic Needs and the Barefoot Evaluator
Authors: Hofferbert Richard I , Hofferbert Mark R.
Published: June 2005

The 1970s saw a change in direction of development policy priorities, shifting attention from large‐scale infrastructural projects to “basic needs,” focusing particularly on the conditions of the poorest people in poor countries. Unfortunately, the learning potential from that experience has been minimal due to the lack of an appropriate project evaluation strategy. The evaluation challenge is described, and an alternative is proposed in the form of the “barefoot evaluator.” An example of barefoot evaluation‐domestic water system construction in Nepal‐is presented to illustrate the potential for very low‐cost, easily executed evaluation of basic needs projects.
“Guns” vs. “Butter”: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Huang Chi , Mintz Alex
Published: June 2005

Despite the vast number of studies of the guns‐butter tradeoff, we still do not know whether guns come at the expense of butter. In this article we attempt to clarify some of the major conceptual, measurement and statistical problems associated with this line of research.
Rational Choice and the Policy Sciences
Authors: Doron Gideon
Published: June 2005

This article discusses the possibility of applying deductively based rational choice theories as analytical tools for understanding complex policy problems. It surveys the basic assumptions, axioms and rules of interpretation on which the theory is constructed and some of its important findings. Two of its more interesting results, that of the “paradox of voting” and of the “prisoner's dilemma,” are presented and applied herein.
Policy Formulation: Where Ignorant Armies Clash by Night
Authors: DeLeon Peter
Published: June 2005

This article argues that many of the shortcomings generally ascribed to policy analysis can be attributed to the intractable nature of the problems being addressed. That is, public policy issues are inherently difficult, resistant to resolution and fully loaded with significant costs. Those costs can easily render a potential policy solution helpless or perhaps even counterproductive, despite the best‐conceived and best‐intended plans of its proponents. A policy design perspective can help identify some of the downstream dilemmas and possible help alleviate them. However, like most policy approaches, policy design must be used with careful circumspection, else its pitfalls overwhelm its promises.
What a Political Scientist Can Tell a Policymaker about the Likelihood of Success or Failure
Authors: Sharkansky Ira
Published: June 2005

A political scientist can introduce a focus on politics into policy analysis. However, the pervasity of politics in policymaking defines one of the outer boundaries of policy analysis. Politicians tend to think about specific needs and how they may be furthered by concrete projects more than they tend to think about principles or empirical findings. The position of policy analysis in policymaking and program implementation is to be won in a competitive setting amid individuals with training in other professional specialties and politicians who may have to professional training. Where politics is pervasive, policy analysts must have a tolerance for ambiguity, obfuscation and frustration.
Patterns of Policy Instrument Choice: Policy Styles, Policy Learning and the Privatization Experience
Authors: Howlett Michael , Ramesh M.
Published: June 2005

The spread of privatization in almost every country over the last decade reflects a rapid and fundamental change in patterns of policy instrument usage. Yet the literature on policy instruments has almost nothing to say on this perhaps most significant development in public policy in recent times. This paper's objective is to aid in the development of a theory of policy instrument choice which is capable of dealing with instances of long‐term, cross‐national changes in policy instrument usage. It will be argued that reconceptualization of instrument choices in terms of policy learning can aid in this theoretical project.