bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey on TCP Incast in data center networks
Authors: Ren Yongmao , Zhao Yu , Liu Pei , Dou Ke , Li Jun
Published: July 2012

In high bandwidth, low latency data center networks, when multiple data senders simultaneously communicate with a single receiver, namely in many‐to‐one communication pattern, the burst data overload the receiver's switch buffers, which leads to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) throughput collapse. This is the so‐called TCP Incast problem. It has become a new hot research topic in recent years. Also, many proposals have been put forward from the aspects of multiple layers including link layer, transport layer, and application layer, etc., to mitigate TCP Incast. In this paper, an in‐depth survey on these proposals is given, and the principles, merits, and drawbacks of the main proposals for solving the TCP Incast issue are analyzed and summarized. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited condition dependence of male acoustic signals in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus
Authors: Franzke Alexandra , Reinhold Klaus
Published: July 2012

In many animal species, male acoustic signals serve to attract a mate and therefore often play a major role for male mating success. Male body condition is likely to be correlated with male acoustic signal traits, which signal male quality and provide choosy females indirect benefits. Environmental factors such as food quantity or quality can influence male body condition and therefore possibly lead to condition‐dependent changes in the attractiveness of acoustic signals. Here, we test whether stressing food plants influences acoustic signal traits of males via condition‐dependent expression of these traits. We examined four male song characteristics, which are vital for mate choice in females of the grasshopper
Chorthippus biguttulus. Only one of the examined acoustic traits, loudness, was significantly altered by changing body condition because of drought‐ and moisture‐related stress of food plants. No condition dependence could be observed for syllable to pause ratio, gap duration within syllables, and onset accentuation. We suggest that food plant stress and therefore food plant quality led to shifts in loudness of male grasshopper songs via body condition changes. The other three examined acoustic traits of males do not reflect male body condition induced by food plant quality.
Well‐Crystallized CO32–‐Type LiAl–LDH from Urea Hydrolysis of an Aqueous Chloride Solution
Authors: Kang Hongliang , Leoni Matteo , He Hongmei , Huang Gailing , Yang Xiaojing
Published: July 2012

An LiAl–layered double hydroxide (LiAl–LDH) was synthesized by autoclaving an aqueous solution of LiCl and AlCl3 with urea at 100–160 °C. Chemical and structural analyses show the resulting powder to be pure and well‐crystallized LiAl2(OH)6(CO3)0.5·yH2O (1 < y < 2). X‐ray powder diffraction reveals an apparent monoclinic C2/m symmetry and the presence of disorder in the arrangement of the layers. A detailed study of the reaction is also proposed, demonstrating that the LiAl–LDH does not form by homogeneous precipitation, but is the result of a one‐pot imbibition of the Al(OH)3 gel precursor by Li2CO3, favored by an increase in the pH.
An acs‐Type Metal–Organic Framework with an Unprecedented Undecanuclear Copper Cluster as Secondary Building Unit
Authors: Hu Sheng , Yu Fang‐Yong , Zhang Peng , Zhou Ai‐Ju
Published: July 2012

An undecanuclear copper(I)‐based coordination polymer with formula [Cu11Br5(amtd)6(MeCN)3] (1) is accessible by mixed‐solvothermal reaction of copper(I) bromide with 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (Hamtd) in acetonitrile and water. X‐ray structural analysis reveals that 1 has an acs topological network based on six‐connected {Cu11Br2S6} building blocks, interconnected by amtd– linkers. The undecanuclear copper cluster adopts the geometry of a bicapped trigonal prism, in which each triangular face of the {Cu5S6} trigonal prism is capped by an additional {Cu3Br} trigonal pyramid. The undecanuclear copper cluster is not common, and the discussion of the crystal structure is provided. IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and powder XRD analysis confirmed the phase‐purity of the as‐synthesized compound. The photoluminescence properties of 1 in the solid state at ambient temperature are also investigated.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furans through Cupric Halide‐Mediated Intramolecular Halocyclization of 1‐(1‐Alkynyl)cyclopropyl Ketones
Authors: Zhu Mei , Fu Wei‐Jun , Xu Chen , Zou Guang‐Long , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Ji Bao‐Ming
Published: July 2012

A convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of 3‐halofurans was developed by using a cascade reaction between 1‐(1‐alkynyl)cyclopropyl ketones and cupric halide. Under mild reaction conditions, both 3‐chloro‐ and 3‐bromofuran derivatives were obtained in high yields. The reaction involves consecutive multiple bond formations, includingC–O and C–Br bonds, with high regioselectivity. Mechanistic aspects are described.
Straightforward Synthesis of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Phases with Immobilized (1R)‐3‐(Perfluoroalkanoyl)camphorate Metal Complexes and Their Application in Enantioselective Complexation Gas Chromatography (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 21/2012)
Authors: Spallek Markus J. , Storch Golo , Trapp Oliver
Published: July 2012

The cover picture shows the leaves and blossom of the camphor tree cinnamomum camphora (photo taken at the botanical garden of the Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg), a natural source of (+)‐(1R)‐camphor, which is the chiral key moiety of immobilized (1R)‐3‐(perfluoroalkanoyl)camphorate metal complexes. The beautiful white blossom forms a structure with tetrahedral elements, which are “mirrored” in the model of the polymeric chiral stationary phase. This chiral stationary phase is accessible in large quantities and can be used in complexation gas chromatography, showing exceptional high separation factors for a large number of stereoisomers. Details are discussed in the article by O. Trapp et al. on p. 3929 ff.

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Determination of S(IV) Oxoanions at Poly[Ru(5‐NO2‐Phen)2Cl] Tetrapyridylporphyrin Glassy Carbon Modified Electrode
Authors: Dreyse Paulina , Quezada Diego , Honores Jessica , Aguirre María Jesús , Mendoza Leonora , Matsuhiro Betty , Villagra Diego , Isaacs Mauricio
Published: July 2012

Glassy carbon electrodes modified with conducting polymers of Ni(II), Zn(II) and metal free tetraruthenated porphyrin were evaluated for reduction and oxidation processes of S(IV) oxoanions in Na2SO3/water‐ethanol at pH 1.0 and 3.5, showing electrocatalytic activity. A Ni(II) film was able to reduce the S(IV) oxoanions selectively in presence of high concentration of gallic acid. The Ni(II) film was also used as an amperometric sensor toward S(IV) oxoanions reduction in white wine samples showing a detection and quantification limit of 1.40 mg L−1 and 4.68 mg L−1, respectively. These results are promising for the electrochemical determination of S(IV) using conducting polymers from these macrocycles.
Complexes of Di‐ and Triazacrown Ethers with Heavy Metal Ions in Water Solution
Authors: Fedorova Olga , Fedorov Yury , Oshchepkov Maxim
Published: July 2012

This research concerns the analysis of the metal ion binding of benzo‐ and pyridine‐azacrown ether compounds of different structures and sizes by potentiometric method. The ligands are able to form 1 : 1 complexes with heavy metal ions (Cu+2, Pb+2, Cd+2, Ag+, Ni+2, Zn+2) in water of middle or high stability. To understand the selectivity in cation binding, different factors were considered.
Flow Potentiometric Injection Analysis of Uric Acid Using Lipid Stabilized Films with Incorporated Uricase on ZnO Nanowires
Authors: Tzamtzis Nikolaos , Psychoyios Vasillios N. , Nikoleli Georgia‐Paraskevi , Nikolelis Dimitrios P. , Psaroudakis Nikolas , Willander Magnus , Qadir Israr Muhammad
Published: July 2012

A novel potentiometric uric acid biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of uricase into stabilized lipid films using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires as measuring electrode. Uricase was incorporated into the lipid film prior polymerization on the surface of well aligned ZnO nanowires resulting in a sensitive, selective, stable and reproducible uric acid biosensor. The potentiometric response was twice as large from previously reported values due to the presence of a cationic lipid in the lipid film. The sensor response had no interferences by normal concentrations of ascorbic acid, glucose, urea, proteins and lipids.
Transport and deposition of fine sediment in open channels with different aspect ratios
Authors: Bai Jing , Fang Hongwei , Stoesser Thorsten
Published: July 2012

This paper investigates by means of several large eddy simulations how the channel aspect ratio affects the transport and settling of suspended sediments. The numerical method is successfully validated using data of a physical experiment of fine sediment net deposition in an open channel flow. The channel aspect ratio, A, is known to be the determining factor for the development, strength and distribution of the turbulence‐driven secondary flow, and it is demonstrated that A influences the primary flow, turbulence quantities and the transport and fate of fine sediments. The secondary flow locally supports or hinders the falling of fine sediment particles in a turbulent flow, which results in a non‐uniform deposition of fine sediments over the cross‐section. While the channel aspect ratio has a large influence on the distribution of suspended sediments within the cross‐section, its effect on the cross‐sectional averaged deposition is negligibly small. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifurcation modelling in a meandering gravel–sand bed river
Authors: Sloff Kees , Mosselman Erik
Published: July 2012

The Rhine bifurcation at Pannerden forms the major distribution point for water supply in the Netherlands, distributing not only water and sediment but also flooding risks and navigability. Its morphological stability has been a concern for centuries. We present experiences from more than two decades of numerical morphological modelling of this bifurcation with a gravel–sand bed and a meandering planform. Successive computations have shown the importance of upstream approach conditions, the necessity to include physical mechanisms for grain sorting and alluvial roughness, and the need to assume a thicker active layer of the river bed than is suggested by laboratory flume experiments using a constant discharge. The active layer must be thicker in the model to account for river bed variations due to higher‐frequency discharge variations that are filtered out in morphological modelling. We discuss limitations in calibration and verification, but argue that, notwithstanding these limitations, 2D and 3D morphological models are valuable tools, not only for pragmatic applications to engineering problems, but also for revealing the limitations of established knowledge and understanding of the relevant physical processes. The application of numerical models to the Pannerden bifurcation appeared to reveal shortcomings in established model formulations that do not pose particular problems in other cases. This application is therefore particularly useful for setting the agenda for further research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technosphere: new drug delivery system for inhaled insulin
Authors: Sarala N , Bengalorkar Girish , Bhuvana K
Published: July 2012

Injection has long since been a barrier to insulin use. However, previous attempts to produce an inhaled insulin have met with difficulty. Technosphere insulin is a new system for delivery of inhaled insulin and is currently under review by the FDA. In this Drug profile, the authors discuss the technology and review the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quasi‐Analytical Pricing Model for Arithmetic Asian Options
Authors: Sun Jianqiang , Chen Langnan , Li Shiyin
Published: July 2012

We develop a quasi‐analytical pricing method for discretely sampled arithmetic Asian options. We derive an asymptotic approximation of the arithmetic average with the geometric average of lognormal variables. Numerical experiments show that the asymptotic approximation is accurate and the absolute error converges very quickly as the number of observations increases. The absolute error is of the order of 10−5 to 10−6 for daily average. We then derive quasi‐analytical formulas for arithmetic Asian options under the Black–Scholes framework, in which the probability density of the geometric average is used. Extensive experiments are conducted to compare the proposed method with the various existing semianalytical methods. The overall accuracy of the proposed method is better than any other methods tested. The proposed method performs much better than the second best one for at‐the‐money Asian options under high volatility. The mean pricing error of the proposed method for a daily average Asian option is 37.5% less than the second best one. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 33:1143–1166, 2013
New Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glucosides from the Roots of Gentiana manshurica
Authors: Liu Qing , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Zheng‐Tao
Published: July 2012

One new iridoid glucoside, 4″‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl‐6′‐O‐(4‐O‐β‐D‐glucosylcaffeoyl)linearoside (1), and two new secoiridoid glucosides, 6′‐O‐acetylsweroside (2) and 6′‐O‐acetyl‐3′‐O‐[3‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2‐hydroxybenzoyl]sweroside (3), were isolated from the dried roots of Gentiana manshurica (Gentianaceae), together with 11 known ones, including one iridoid glucoside, five secoiridoid glucosides, and five triterpenes. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses and acidic hydrolysis.
A New Alkaloid from the Seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L.
Authors: Gao Hong‐Ying , Li Guo‐Yu , Wang Jin‐Hui
Published: July 2012

Alopecurin A, an alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton, was isolated from the seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L. The absolute configuration and structure of this compound was identified as (3S,12R)‐3‐hydroxy‐1,7‐diazatricyclo[10.4.0.13,7]heptadecane‐11,16,17‐trione (=(7S,15aR)‐decahydro‐7‐hydroxy‐6H‐7,11‐methano‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a][1,7]diazacyclododecine‐4,15,16(12H)‐trione). The structure and absolute configuration was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly HR‐ESI‐TOF‐MS, IR, 1D‐NMR (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR), 2D‐NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC), and particularly X‐ray crystal‐diffraction and CD spectral analysis.
Highly Concise and Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (5R,7S)‐Kurzilactone
Authors: Mohapatra Debendra K. , Karthik Pulluri , Yadav Jhillu S.
Published: July 2012

A highly concise and stereoselective total synthesis of (5R,7S)‐kurzilactone (1) was performed by a convergent approach by means of a Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution, a HornerWadsworthEmmons reaction for the construction of the α,β‐unsaturated δ‐lactone ring system, and a highly diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction for the introduction of the formal anti‐1,3‐diol unit (Schemes 2 and 3).
Two New Diterpenes from Solidago canadensis
Authors: Zeng Zhi‐Xin , Ma Wen‐Hui , Li Yong‐Le , Han Ting , Zheng Cheng‐Jian , Qin Lu‐Ping
Published: July 2012

Two new clerodane‐type diterpenes, solidagocanins A and B (1 and 2, resp.), as well as two known compounds, mellein (3) and physcion (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Solidago canadensis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 2D‐NMR techniques.
Secoiridoid Sulfonates from the Sulfiting‐Processed Buds of Lonicera japonica
Authors: Li Zong‐Yun , Gao Hui‐Min , Sun Jian , Chen Liang‐Mian , Wang Zhi‐Min , Zhang Qi‐Wei
Published: July 2012

The new secoiridoid sulfonates 1–3 were isolated from the 50% EtOH/H2O extract of the sulfiting‐processed Lonicera japonica Flos (LJF) by semi‐prep. HPLC, and their structures were identified on the basis of mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. HPLC and LC‐DAD‐MS/MS analyses of the different samples of LJF obtained by various process techniques suggested that the sulfur fumigation led to the decrease of secologanic acid (4) and the formation of secologanic acid‐derived sulfonate 1 and its derivatives 2, 2a, and 3 in the crude materials, which revealed that sulfur fumigation, the traditional process technique, could alter the phytochemical profiles of some Chinese herbal medicines.
Two New Diterpenoids and Other Constituents from Isodon japonicus
Authors: Hou Rui‐Jie , Yan Fu‐Lin , Zhang Hai‐Yang , Bai Yi‐Xiao , Ding Ming‐Ming
Published: July 2012

Two new ent‐kaurene diterpenoids, 15α,20‐dihydroxy‐6,7‐seco‐entkaur‐16‐ene‐7,1α(6,11α)‐diolide (1), 6β‐butyroxy‐3β‐hydroxy‐6,7‐seco‐6,20‐epoxy‐7,1α‐olide‐entkaur‐16‐en‐15‐one (2), together with 25 known compounds, 3–27, were isolated from the leaves of Isodon japonicus. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including 2D‐NMR techniques.
Methyl Pothoscandensate, a New ent‐18(4→3)‐Abeokaurane from Pothos scandens
Authors: Liu Hong‐Xin , Bi Jun‐Long , Wang Yue‐Hu , Gu Wei , Su Yao , Liu Fang , Yang Shi‐Xian , Hu Guang‐Wan , Luo Ji‐Feng , Yin Ge‐Fen , Long Chun‐Lin
Published: July 2012

Methyl pothoscandensate (1), a new molecular skeleton of ent‐18(4→3)‐abeokaurane, along with eight known compounds was isolated from the whole plant of Pothos scandens. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic techniques and confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The inhibitory activity of selected compounds against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) was measured by the cytopathic effect (CPE) method. Compound 1 showed weak effect on PRRSV with an IC50 value of 40.3±8.3 μM (TI=15.7).
Sinoraculine, the Precursor of the Novel Alkaloid Sinoracutine from Stephania cepharanthaHayata
Authors: He Li , Deng Lu‐Lu , Mu Shu‐Zhen , Sun Qian‐Yun , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Zhang Yuan‐Hu
Published: July 2012

A new alkaloid, sinoraculine, the precursor of the novel alkaloid sinoracutine, was isolated from the leaves and stems of Stephania cepharantha, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses.
MHD natural convection inside an inclined trapezoidal porous enclosure with internal heat generation or absorption subjected to isoflux heating
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Kadhim , Ahmed Sameh E. , Saha Sumon , Hasanpour Arman , Mohammed H.A. , Kolsi Lioua , Adegun I.K.
Published: July 2012

A steady laminar two‐dimensional magneto‐hydrodynamic natural convection flow in an inclined trapezoidal enclosure filled with a fluid‐saturated porous medium is investigated numerically using a finite difference method. The left and right vertical sidewalls of the trapezoidal enclosure are maintained at a cold temperature. The horizontal top wall is considered adiabatic while the bottom wall is subjected to isoflux heating. A volumetric internal heat generation or absorption is embedded inside the trapezoidal enclosure while an external magnetic field is applied on the left sidewall of the enclosure. In the current work, the following parametric ranges of the non‐dimensional groups are used: Hartmann number is varied as $0 \le Ha \le 50$, Darcy number is taken as $Da = 10^{-3}$, 10−4, and 8 × 10−5, Rayleigh number is varied as $10^3 \le Ra \le 10^5$, Prandtl number is considered constant at Pr = 0.7, the dimensionless internal heat generation or absorption parameter is varied as Δ = −0.2, 0, 1, and 2.0, while the trapezoidal enclosure inclination angle is varied as $0^\circ \le \psi \le 90^\circ$. The results indicated a strong flow circulation occurs when the Darcy and the Rayleigh numbers are high. In addition, it is found that the Hartmann number, internal heat generation or absorption parameter and inclination angle have an important role on the flow and thermal characteristics. It is also found that when the enclosure inclination angle and Hartmann number increase the average Nusselt number along the hot bottom wall decreases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21013
Computer aided analysis of breast MRI enhancement kinetics using mean shift c lustering and multifeature iterative region of interest selection
Authors: Stoutjesdijk Mark J. , Zijp Miranda , Boetes Carla , Karssemeijer Nico , Barentsz Jelle O. , Huisman Henkjan
Published: July 2012

Purpose:

To evaluate automatic characterization of a breast MR lesion by its spatially coherent region of interest (ROI).

Materials and Methods:

The method delineated 247 enhancing lesions using Otsu thresholding after manually placing a sphere. Mean Shift Clustering subdivided each volume, based on features including pharmacokinetic parameters. An iteratively trained classifier to predict the most suspicious ROI (IsR) was used, to predict the malignancy likelihood of each lesion. Performance was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, and compared with a previous prototype. IsR was compared with noniterative training. The effect of adding BI‐RADS™ morphology (from a radiologist) to the classifier was investigated.

Results:

The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] of 0.77–0.88), and was 0.75 (95%CI = 0.68–0.81; P = 0.029) without pharmacokinetic features. IsR performed better than conventional selection, based on one feature (AUC 0.75, 95%CI = 0.68–0.81; P = 0.035). With morphology, the AUC was 0.84 (95%CI = 0.78–0.88) versus 0.82 without (P = 0.40).

Conclusion:

Breast lesions can be characterized by their most suspicious, contiguous ROI using multi‐feature clustering and iterative training. Characterization was improved by including pharmacokinetic modeling, while in our experiments, including morphology did not improve characterization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1104–1112. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why we should worry about malingering in the VA system: Comment on Jackson et al. (2011)
Authors: McNally Richard J. , Frueh B. Christopher
Published: July 2012

In a recent survey, Jackson et al. (2011) found that clinicians who evaluate veterans for service‐connected disability pensions rarely use recommended best practices to assess for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). We share their dismay, and we hope that their article will help foster evidence‐based assessments for diagnosing PTSD in veterans. Jackson et al. briefly discussed scholarship on malingering among applicants for service‐connected disability compensation for PTSD, concluding that concerns about malingering are largely unfounded. The data they adduce, however, in support of this conclusion actually provide reasons for concern as we document in this article. We cite recent work by labor economists in support of our argument.
Examining aggression in male vietnam veterans who receive VA services: The role of traumatic events and combat exposure
Authors: Lenhardt Jenna M. , Howard Jamie M. , Taft Casey T. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Keane Terence M.
Published: July 2012

We examined the relationship between trauma exposure and the perpetration of aggression by male Vietnam veterans (N = 1,328) using archival data from a multisite study conducted by the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veteran Affairs (CSP‐334) in the early 1990s. Both traumatic events in civilian life and combat exposure were examined as correlates of aggression. Results indicated that pre‐ and postmilitary traumatic events and combat exposure were all related to perpetration of aggression at the bivariate level; r = .07, r = .20, and r = .13, respectively. When these variables were examined simultaneously, only combat exposure (β = .14, p < .001) and postmilitary traumatic events (β = .20, p < .001) were associated with aggression. No interaction effects were found for civilian traumatic events and combat in relation to aggression. Results highlight the importance of attending to the psychological aftermath of exposure to traumatic events experienced during and following deployment before aggressive patterns develop.
Aerodynamic investigation of the correlation between nasal septal deviation and Chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Li Lifeng , Han Demin , Zhang Luo , Li Yunchuan , Zang Hongrui , Wang Tong , Liu Yingxi
Published: July 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To compare the aerodynamic differences around ostiomeatal complex between the convex side and concave side in patients with concurrent nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis, and to explore the potential correlation between nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis occurrence from the perspective aerodynamics.

Study Design:

Retrospective case series.

Methods:

Fifty‐six patients with concurrent nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis were recruited. Nasal septal deviation was divided into mild, moderate, and severe deviations according to deviation angle. Using computational fluid dynamics, indices such as maximal velocity, maximal turbulence kinetic energy, maximal wall shear stress, and minimal temperature around the ostiomeatal complex were calculated and compared between the convex side and concave side, and among patients with varying severities of deflection.

Results:

The proportion for mild, moderate, and severe deviations was 12.5%, 32.1%, and 55.4%, respectively. Significant differences for maximal velocity, maximal wall shear stress, maximal turbulence kinetic energy, and minimal temperature around the ostiomeatal complex between the convex side and concave side could be detected. No significant difference of aerodynamic characteristics around the osteomeatal complex could be detected with the increasing of deviation angles. The incidence for chronic rhinosinusitis in convex, concave, and bilateral sides was 16.1%, 25%, and 58.9%, respectively.

Conclusions:

From the aerodynamics perspective, both sides of nasal cavity have the potential to predispose the occurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with nasal septal deviation. The increased deviation angle did not aggravate aerodynamic disturbance around the osteomeatal complex. The contributing role of nasal septal deviation in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis should not be emphasized in excess. Laryngoscope, 2012
Roles of IL‐17, Th1, and Tc1 cells in patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis
Authors: Ohta Nobuo , Makihara Seiichiro , Okano Mitsuhiro , Kurakami Kazuya , Ishida Akihiro , Furukawa Takatoshi , Suzuki Yusuke , Watanabe Tomoo , Kakehata Seiji , Aoyagi Masaru
Published: July 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)‐related sclerosing sialadenitis is a recently recognized disease entity characterized by high serum IgG4 concentration and IgG4‐producing plasma cell expansion in affected organs, which show fibrotic or sclerotic changes. However, little is known about the roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or interleukin (IL)‐17 in this disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and IL‐17 in patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis.

Study Design:

A retrospective clinical study at the Yamagata University School of Medicine.

Methods:

The patient group consisted of six males and four females with an average age of 57.9 years (range, 38 to 73years). Subsets of T helper (Th)1, Th2, T cytotoxic type (Tc)1, and Tc2 cells from patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis were examined by using intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. Expression of IL‐17 in the patients' lesions was also investigated immunohistochemically.

Results:

Six patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis with high ratios of IgG4/IgG and prominent infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasmacytes in the involved salivary glands had systemic complications, including pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and/or inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung after the initial swelling of the salivary glands. Populations of Th1 and Tc1 cells were significantly greater in IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis than in the controls (P < .05), but Th2 and Tc2 cell populations were not significantly increased. Expression of IL‐17 was observed in the lesions of affected patients.

Conclusions:

Increases in Th1 and Tc1 cell populations and IL‐17 expression might be involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis. Laryngoscope, 2012
Edible oleogels in food products to help maximize health benefits and improve nutritional profiles
Authors: Stortz Terri A. , Zetzl Alexander K. , Barbut Shai , Cattaruzza Andrea , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: July 2012

Organogelators such as 12‐hydroxystearic acid and ethylcellulose have been shown to structure vegetable oils at levels below 8%. The resultant gels retain the fatty acid profile of the vegetable oil, yet provide solid‐like properties that can successfully replace saturated fats in a variety of food products including cookies, creams, and frankfurters and sausages. Furthermore, organogel technology can be used for the controlled or delayed release of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. With the development of food grade organogelators, this will allow for the use of oleogels in a large variety of food and pharmaceutical applications.
Mitigation of MCPD‐ester and glycidyl‐ester levels during the production of refined palm oil
Authors: Craft Brian D. , Nagy Kornél
Published: July 2012

In recent years, process contaminants called MCPD and glycidyl esters have been found to be present in refined edible oils. On average, they have been found in higher levels in refined palm oils than typical seed‐oil crops. The reasons behind the increased occurrence of these contaminants in palm oils have now been traced all the way back to raw materials such as crude palm oil. This manuscript attempts to summarize some recent breakthroughs in the area of mitigation of MCPD‐ester and glycidyl‐ester levels during refined palm oil production. It is clear that renovation of the palm oil production process is necessary to further improve the quality and safety of this important commodity.
Lipase‐catalysed biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil
Authors: Soumanou Mohamed M. , Djenontin Sebastien T. , Tchobo Fidele P. , Sohounhloue Dominique C. K. , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: July 2012

Biodiesel as fatty acid alkylesters has become attractive because of its environmental benefits. A non‐edible oil as starting material for biodiesel production appears desirable and does not compromise the edible oils used mainly for food and feed. The present article discusses the enzymatic alcoholysis of crude Jatropha curcas oil in solvent free medium for the production of valuable fatty acid alkyl esters for use as biodiesel. Among various microbial lipases commonly tested in the literature, the highest initial rate (>18 μmol h–1 mg–1) with different alcohols was observed with immobilized lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, but the activity depends on the amount of water. The best conversion (93%) to produce ethyl esters was achieved with lipase immobilized on the polypropylene carrier Accurel 1282 after 16 h at low enzyme concentration (3% w/w). Moreover, the transesterification could be conducted for at least 160 h during 10 batch runs without significant loss of activity. This reduces the costs for immobilized lipase and can thus make the enzymatic biodiesel production commercially more viable, especially starting from a non‐edible plant oil.
The Patient‐Centered Medical Home: History, Components, and Review of the Evidence
Authors: Arend Jonathan , Tsang‐Quinn Jenny , Levine Claudia , Thomas David
Published: July 2012

The US healthcare system is plagued by unsustainable costs and yields suboptimal outcomes, indicating that new models of healthcare delivery are needed. The patient‐centered medical home is one model that is increasingly regarded as a promising strategy for improving healthcare quality, decreasing cost, and enhancing the experience of both patients and providers. Conceptually, the patient‐centered medical home may be described as combination of the core attributes of primary care—access, continuity, comprehensiveness, and coordination of care—with new approaches to healthcare delivery, including office practice innovations and reimbursement reform. Implementation efforts are gaining momentum across the country, fueled by both private‐payer initiatives as well as supportive public policy. High‐quality evidence on the effectiveness of the patient‐centered medical home is limited, but the data suggest that, under some circumstances, patient‐centered medical home interventions may lead to improved outcomes and generate moderate cost savings. Although the patient‐centered medical home enjoys broad support by multiple stakeholders, significant challenges to widespread adoption of the model remain.Mt Sinai J Med 79:433–450, 2012© 2012 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Improved photoprotection of wood by chemical modification with silanes: NMR and ESR studies
Authors: Baur Sandra I. , Easteal Allan J.
Published: July 2012

Silylation of wood specimens was performed with the aim of providing weathering protection, in particular photoprotection from the detrimental effect of sunlight. Primer formulations containing various silanes, were prepared and applied to wood specimens. 29Si NMR, 13C‐ and 29Si‐CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy were employed to investigate silane oligomer formation in primers, the extent of reaction occurring between wood and silanes, and the type of polysiloxane network formed inside the wood structure. Furthermore, the weathering performance of silylated wood was tested by exposing specimens to UV radiation, and subsequently measuring the photo‐induced free radicals using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Remarkable differences of individual silanes have been observed regarding polymerization patterns and reactivity with wood. Aminosilanes oligomerized most readily in primer formulations to produce siloxanes whereas γ‐epoxysilane was least reactive. α‐Silanes and di‐functional silanes showed higher reactivity with wood than γ‐silanes and tri‐functional silanes. α‐Amino‐ and α‐methacryloxysilanes provided long chain and highly cross‐linked polysiloxane networks, while γ‐epoxysilane formed a modestly cross‐linked structure. Best photoprotection was achieved with α‐aminosilanes; however, wood specimens turned yellow during silylation. Nevertheless, silylation of wood was considered successful in providing superior photostability using α‐ and γ‐methacryloxysilanes and γ‐epoxysilane. Approximately, 35% less free radicals were generated compared with no treatment, and negligible color change was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of wollastonite and ammonium polyphosphate combinations on flame retardancy of polystyrene
Authors: Quach Yen‐Thi‐Hai , Ferry Laurent , Sonnier Rodolphe , Lopez Cuesta José‐Marie
Published: July 2012

The thermal and fire properties of polystyrene (PS) flame retarded by a system composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and wollastonite (W) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimeter, pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, cone calorimetry and epiradiator. The combustion residues were observed by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and analyzed by X‐ray diffraction. The combination of both additives enables increasing the thermal stability of PS while increasing simultaneously the high temperature residue. The peak of HRR was also significantly reduced while time to ignition varied depending on the composition. It was shown that the degradation pathway of PS was affected by the presence of the additives implying a reduction of the effective heat of combustion. In the condensed phase, APP decomposition promotes char formation and favors the reactivity between phosphorus and silicate. A layer composed of char, W and a mixture of calcium and silicon phosphate is formed at the sample surface during combustion. This layer is cohesive enough to limit the release of combustible gases to the gas phase. Moreover, the thermally stable protective layer reaches high temperature enabling the re‐irradiation of a part of the incident heat flux. The flame retardancy of PS is thus enhanced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Paeoniflorin and Albiflorin by Immunostaining Technique Using Anti‐Paeoniflorin Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Morinaga Osamu , Lu Zhaohua , Lin Lidong , Uto Takuhiro , Sangmalee Suphattra , Putalun Waraporn , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Shoyama Yukihiro
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Paeoniae radix is one of the most important crude drugs used in Kampo medicines (KMs). A part of its pharmaceutical properties is due to the presence of paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF).

Objective

For the specific and easy identification of PF and AF, an immunostaining technique was developed using anti‐PF monoclonal antibody (MAb).

Methodology

PF and AF were treated with a NaIO4 solution and reacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) preparing PF‐ and AF‐BSA conjugates on the polyethersulphone (PES) membrane. Anti‐PF MAb was bound and then antibody labelled with peroxidase directed against anti‐PF MAb. Finally, a substrate was added and then PF and AF were detected.

Results

Anti‐PF MAb recognised not only PF but also AF when 10 µg was present on the PES membrane. As little as 0.5 µg of PF and AF were still detected under immunostaining. Various Paeoniae radix samples and KMs were qualitatively analysed, and total amounts of PF and AF were visually detected by immunostaining technique. This method was applied to investigate the distribution of PF and AF in fresh peony root using immunoblotting by transferred from peony root to the PES membrane.

Conclusion

The technique permitted the visualisation of PF and AF on PES membrane using immunostaining. The immunostaining technique established would be a powerful tool for probing the sources of PF and AF in plant extracts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ILGAR In2S3 buffer layers for Cd‐free Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells with certified efficiencies above 16%
Authors: Sáez‐Araoz Rodrigo , Krammer Johanna , Harndt Susanna , Koehler Tristan , Krueger Martin , Pistor Paul , Jasenek Axel , Hergert Frank , Lux‐Steiner Martha Ch. , Fischer Christian‐Herbert
Published: July 2012

In2S3 buffer layers have been prepared using the spray ion layer gas reaction deposition technique for chalcopyrite‐based thin‐film solar cells. These buffers deposited on commercially available Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 absorbers have resulted in solar cells with certified record efficiencies of 16.1%, clearly higher than the corresponding CdS‐buffered references. The deposition process has been optimized, and the resulting cells have been studied using current–voltage and quantum efficiency analysis and compared with previous record cells, cells with a thermally evaporated In2S3 buffer layer and CdS references. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Project Management for Development in Africa: Why Projects are Failing and What Can be Done about It
Authors: Ika Lavagnon A.
Published: July 2012

This article discusses international development (ID) projects and project management problems within ID in Africa and suggests they may fall into one or more of four main traps: the one-size-fits-all technical trap, the accountability-for-results trap, the lack-of-project-management-capacity trap, and the cultural trap. It then proposes an agenda for action to help ID move away from the prevailing one-size-fits-all project management approach; to refocus project management for ID on managing objectives for long-term development results; to increase aid agencies' supervision efforts notably in failing countries; and to tailor project management to African cultures. Finally, this article suggests an agenda for research, presenting a number of ways in which project management literature could support design and implementation of ID projects in Africa.
Formation of atom‐sized contacts of Mg and Mg alloys at room temperature
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Kurokawa Shu , Sakai Akira
Published: July 2012

We have measured the conductance of atom‐sized contacts of dilute MgZnCa and MgZnCe alloys at room temperature (RT) and found two new peaks at (1.6–1.7)G0 and (2.6–2.9)G0 (where $G_{0} \equiv 2e^{2} /h$ is the quantum unit of conductance) in their conductance histograms. Because the solute level in these alloys is too low to affect the contact conductance, these peaks can be considered as low‐conductance peaks of pure Mg, which have not been observed in the histogram of pure Mg at RT [Smit et al., New J. Phys. 11, 073043 (2009)]. The MgZnCa and MgZnCe alloys differ from pure Mg primarily in their superior ductility. Thus, the observation of new peaks for these alloys suggests that the absence of low‐conductance peaks below 4G0 in the room‐temperature histogram of pure Mg is likely related to the plasticity of Mg.
Embrittlement of a bulk metallic glass containing ductile phase after low‐temperature annealing
Authors: Kong Jian , Ye Zhitao , Li Jianliang , Chen Wen , Ma Xuan
Published: July 2012

Zr56.2Ti13.8Nb5.0Cu6.9Ni5.6Be12.5 bulk metallic glass composite containing in situ dendritic β‐phase is toughened by the slipping/twinning of dendrites and propagation prohibition of shear bands. After annealing, the yield strength and fracture strength of the composite increase together with a loss in plasticity. With the increase of annealing temperature, the twin crystals within the dendrites vanish gradually accompanied with the transition of β‐Zr to α‐Zr. The composite shows typical brittle fracture under the compressive condition after isochronal annealing during 583–613 K.
Spin polarization in wurtzite Zn1−xCrxS from first principles
Authors: Lakdja Abdelaziz , Mesri Dalila , Rozale Habib , Chahed Abbes , Ruterana Pierre
Published: July 2012

We report a first‐principles investigation of the electronic and magnetic properties of wurtzite Zn1−xCrxS alloy. Results on total energy calculations exhibit a ferromagnetic (FM) state at low Cr concentration of 25%, while for high concentration the compound has an antiferromagnetic ordering. We focused on the exchange interactions induced by the partially filled bands of the 3d Cr, which govern the magnetic properties in such material.
FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING FOR INTEGRATED FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT: UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM
Authors: Theiling C. H. , Burant J. T.
Published: July 2012

Natural hydrogeomorphic characteristics and hydrologic alterations are important ecological drivers, and hydrology is also a common ecological, flood control and navigation system indicator. Hydrologic characteristics change dramatically from one end of the Upper Mississippi River System to the other, and hydraulic characteristics also differ spatially across the river channels and floodplain in response to dams, levees and diversions. Low flow surface water spatial change in response to navigation and flood control has been well known for many years, but little information was available on the spatial distribution of frequent floods. The flow frequency data presented here were developed to better estimate contemporary floods after historic flooding in 1993. Flood stage estimates are enhanced in GIS to help quantify and map potential floodplain inundation for more than 1000 river miles on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Potential flood inundation is mapped for the 50% to 0.2% annual exceedance probability flood stage (i.e. 2‐ to 500‐year expected recurrence interval flood) and also for alternative floodplain management scenarios within the existing flood protection infrastructure. Our analysis documents: (i) impoundment effects, (ii) a hydrologic gradient within the navigation pools that creates repeating patterns of riverine, backwater and impounded aquatic habitat conditions, (iii) potential floodplain inundation patterns for over 2 million acres and (iv) several integrated floodplain management scenarios. Extreme flood events are more common in recent decades, and they are expected to continue to occur at greater frequency in response to climate change. Floodplain managers can use the results presented here to help optimize land management and flood damage reduction on the Upper Mississippi River System. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The evolution of growth morphology and corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Ni–P coatings on alumina borate whisker‐reinforced pure aluminum composite
Authors: Tang S. W. , Chi Q. X. , Hu J.
Published: July 2012

The Ni–P alloy coatings were obtained on alumina borate whisker‐reinforced pure aluminum composite by electro‐deposition. The initial electro‐deposition behavior of the Ni–P alloys on the composite and pure aluminum was studied, respectively. It was found that the composition and the morphology of materials had a distinct effect on the initial electro‐deposition behavior of the Ni–P alloys. The Ni–P alloy coatings preferred to nucleate at the composite as compared with the pure aluminum. Moreover, the Ni–P particles were prone to deposit at the whisker/Al interface in the composite. The Ni–P coatings were barely depositing upon the surface of whisker during the plating process. As the deposition time increased, the Ni–P particles that were deposited on the surface of the composite grew gradually. These Ni–P particles linked to each other and eventually covered the whisker surface. Moreover, it can be found that the surfaces of the composite were gradually covered by Ni–P coatings and the anticorrosion performance of the coated composite increased remarkably with the increase in the deposition time. When the deposition time is 60 min, only the Ni–P diffraction peak could be detected. In this case, the coated composite had significantly better corrosion resistant, which is attributed to the surface of composite was perfectly covered by the Ni–P coatings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell response to nanostructured titanium substrates produced by high‐pressure torsion
Authors: Novin Mana , Faghihi Shahab
Published: July 2012

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the ability to differentiate into various mesoderm‐like cells are known to migrate to various organs to repair injured tissues. They can attach to the implant surface, differentiate into bone‐forming cells, and ultimately osseointegrate with the prosthesis. This study investigates bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cellular response to the grain structure of titanium substrates produced by high‐pressure torsion and annealing processes. Cell attachment, proliferation, viability, and morphology are evaluated on the surface of differently processed nanostructured and coarse‐grained samples. The bacterial adhesion and calcium phosphate crystal formation and growth are also assessed on the surface of the substrates. The nanostructured titanium shows significantly higher cell adhesion, proliferation, spreading, and viability compared with the untreated and coarse‐grained titanium substrates. The adhesion of bacteria is lower and surface bioactivity is higher on the surface of the nanostructured titanium substrate. The results demonstrate the superior MSC compatibility, antibacterial efficacy, and surface bioactivity of the nanostructured titanium substrates, which could lead to early implant fixation and improved osseointegration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.