bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short‐lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol
Authors: Hossaini R. , Chipperfield M. P. , Saiz‐Lopez A. , Harrison J. J. , von Glasow R. , Sommariva R. , Atlas E. , Navarro M. , Montzka S. A. , Feng W. , Dhomse S. , Harth C. , Mühle J. , Lunder C. , O'Doherty S. , Young D. , Reimann S. , Vollmer M. K. , Krummel P. B. , Bernath P. F.
Published: May 2015

We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short‐lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS ( ) between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2‐dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for ∼83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS‐derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric increased by ∼52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7 ppt Cl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH2Cl2—the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
Statistics of intense dawn‐dusk currents in the Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Petrukovich A. A. , Nakamura R. , Zelenyi L. M.
Published: May 2015

We consider Cluster observations of events with an intense current density (>5 nA/m2) in the magnetotail current sheet. We use measurements by Cluster mission in the central magnetotail (X <− 16 RE, |Y|<10 RE, and |Bx|<10 nT) in the 2003 season when the spacecraft separation was about ∼300 km. For this season, when Cluster can probe very small scale currents, we collect the statistics of observations of strong current densities jy (in GSM coordinate system) and compare curlometer data with plasma parameters. The most intense currents are observed under disturbed conditions (plasma flow vx>300 km/s). We introduce the parameter vD/vTi (where vD=jy/ene, ne is an electron density, and vTi is a proton thermal velocity) and show that cases with vD/vTi∼1 correspond to the most intense currents observed in the vicinity of the reconnection regions. The comparison of electron and proton velocities demonstrates that electron often carry almost the entire current measured by a curlometer technique. The strong electron temperature anisotropy Te∥/Te⊥>1.2 corresponds to large magnitudes of By component of the magnetic field. We conclude that intense current sheets are often characterized by significant (more than 30%) contribution of electron curvature currents to the cross‐tail current. The comparison of observations and models shows that the electron anisotropy level is likely controlled by competition of two processes: the electron scattering on fluctuations generated by fire‐hose instability and the acceleration in sheared magnetic field configurations. We also suggest that current sheets embedded into the strong plasma flows (vx/vTi>0.1) can be balanced by ion flow anisotropy.
Shallow ocean response to tropical cyclones observed on the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea
Authors: Yang Bing , Hou Yijun , Hu Po , Liu Ze , Liu Yahao
Published: May 2015

Based on observed temperature and velocity in 2005 in northwestern South China Sea, the shallow ocean responses to three tropical cyclones were examined. The oceanic response to Washi was similar to common observations with 2°C cooling of the ocean surface and slight warming of the thermocline resulted from vertical entrainment. Moreover, the wavefield was dominated by first mode near‐inertial oscillations, which were red‐shifted and trapped by negative background vorticity leading to an e‐folding timescale of 12 days. The repeated reflections by the surface and bottom boundaries were thought to yield the successive emergence of higher modes. The oceanic responses to Vicente appeared to be insignificant with cooling of the ocean surface by only 0.5°C and near‐inertial currents no larger than 0.10 m/s as a result of a deepened surface mixed layer. However, the oceanic responses to Typhoon Damrey were drastic with cooling of 4.5°C near the surface and successive barotropic‐like near‐inertial oscillations. During the forced stage, the upper ocean heat content decreased conspicuously by 11.65% and the stratification was thoroughly destroyed by vertical mixing. In the relaxation stage, the water particle had vertical displacement of 20–30 m generated by inertial pumping. The current response to Damrey was weaker than Washi due to the deepened mixed layer and the destroyed stratification. Our results suggested that the shallow water oceanic responses to tropical cyclones varied significantly with the intensity of tropical cyclones, and was affected by local stratification and background vorticity.
Effect of recent sea surface temperature trends on the Arctic stratospheric vortex
Authors: Garfinkel C. I. , Hurwitz M. M. , Oman L. D.
Published: May 2015

Comprehensive chemistry‐climate model experiments and observational data are used to show that up to half of the satellite era early springtime cooling trend in the Arctic lower stratosphere was caused by changing sea surface temperatures (SSTs). An ensemble of experiments forced only by changing SSTs is compared to an ensemble of experiments in which both the observed SSTs and chemically and radiatively active trace species are changing. By comparing the two ensembles, it is shown that warming of Indian Ocean, North Pacific, and North Atlantic SSTs and cooling of the tropical Pacific have strongly contributed to recent polar stratospheric cooling in late winter and early spring. When concentrations of ozone‐depleting substances and greenhouse gases are fixed, polar ozone concentrations show a small but robust decline due to changing SSTs. Ozone loss is larger in the presence of changing concentrations of ozone‐depleting substances and greenhouse gases. The stratospheric changes can be understood by examining the tropospheric height and heat flux anomalies generated by the anomalous SSTs. Finally, recent SST changes have contributed to a decrease in the frequency of late winter stratospheric sudden warmings.
Organic tracers of primary biological aerosol particles at subtropical Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific Rim
Authors: Zhu Chunmao , Kawamura Kimitaka , Kunwar Bhagawati
Published: May 2015

Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) play an important role in affecting atmospheric physical and chemical properties. Aerosol samples were collected at Cape Hedo, Okinawa Island, Japan, from October 2009 to February 2012 and analyzed for five primary saccharides and four sugar alcohols as PBAP tracers. We detected high levels of sucrose in spring when blossoming of plants happens and prolifically emits pollen to the air. Concentrations of glucose, fructose, and trehalose showed levels higher than the other saccharides in spring in 2010. In comparison, primary saccharide levels were mutually comparable in spring, summer, and autumn in 2011, indicating the interannual variability of their local production in subtropical forests, which is driven by local temperature and radiation. High trehalose events were found to be associated with Asian dust outflows, indicating that Asian dust also contributes to PBAPs at Okinawa. Sugar alcohols peaked in summer and correlated with local precipitation and temperature, indicating high microbial activities. Positive matrix factorization analysis confirmed that the PBAPs are mainly derived from local vegetation, pollen, and fungal spores. A higher contribution of PBAP tracers to water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was found in summer (14.9%). The annual mean ambient loadings of fungal spores and PBAPs were estimated as 0.49 µg m−3 and 4.12 µg m−3, respectively, using the tracer method. We report, for the first time, year‐round biomarkers of PBAP and soil dust and their contributions to WSOC in the subtropical outflow region of the Asian continent.
Identifying multiple time scale rainfall controls on Mojave Desert ecohydrology using an integrated data and modeling approach for Larrea tridentata
Authors: Ng Gene‐Hua Crystal , Bedford David R. , Miller David M.
Published: May 2015

The perennial shrub Larrea tridentata is widely successful in North American warm deserts but is also susceptible to climatic perturbations. Understanding its response to rainfall variability requires consideration of multiple time scales. We examine intra‐annual to multiyear relationships using model simulations of soil moisture and vegetation growth over 50 years in the Mojave National Preserve in southeastern California (USA). Ecohydrological model parameters are conditioned on field and remote sensing data using an ensemble Kalman filter. Although no specific periodicities were detected in the rainfall record, simulated leaf‐area‐index exhibits multiyear dynamics that are driven by multiyear (∼3 years) rains, but with up to a 1 year delay in peak response. Within a multiyear period, Larrea tridentata is more sensitive to winter rains than summer. In the most active part of the root zone (above ∼80 cm), >1 year average soil moisture drives vegetation growth, but monthly average soil moisture is controlled by root uptake. Moisture inputs reach the lower part of the root zone (below ∼80 cm) infrequently, but once there they can persist over a year to help sustain plant growth. Parameter estimates highlight efficient plant physiological properties facilitating persistent growth and high soil hydraulic conductivity allowing deep soil moisture stores. We show that soil moisture as an ecological indicator is complicated by bidirectional interactions with vegetation that depend on time scale and depth. Under changing climate, Larrea tridentata will likely be relatively resilient to shorter‐term moisture variability but will exhibit higher sensitivity to shifts in seasonal to multiyear moisture inputs.
Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and seaweed wastes from agar extraction: Evaluation of physicochemical properties
Authors: Madera‐Santana Tomás J. , Freile‐Pelegrín Yolanda , Encinas José C. , Ríos‐Soberanis Carlos R. , Quintana‐Owen Patricia
Published: May 2015

Seaweed waste (SWW) is a residue or by‐product from the filtration step of the agar extraction process, and it has been explored as an inexpensive and effective filler for incorporation by melt blending into a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. PLA‐SWW biocomposites were manufactured with various contents of SWW (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %) using a sheet extrusion process. PLA was functionalized with maleic anhydride (MAH) by reactive extrusion using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator, and it was extruded using 0, 5, and 20 wt %. SWW content. The mechanical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of the processed biocomposites were investigated. Regarding the mechanical behavior, a slight increase in the tensile modulus was observed at low SWW content. The thermal properties indicated that the rigid amorphous phase content was enhanced in the biocomposites. This work suggests that SWW can be used as filler to develop environmental friendly biocomposites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42320.
Generation of nanofibers via electrostatic‐Induction‐assisted solution blow spinning
Authors: Tang Dingyou , Zhuang Xupin , Zhang Chan , Cheng Bowen , Li Xiaojie
Published: May 2015

Increasing attention has been given to nanofiber fabrication techniques. Solution blow spinning (SBS) is an innovative, simple, and effective method for producing nanofibers, and it only uses the drawing force of high‐velocity airflow. However, solution‐blown nanofibers easily form bundles; this results in an uneven distribution of nanofibers and an inhomogeneity of nanofiber mats. In this study, electrostatic‐induction‐assisted solution blow spinning (EISBS) was established by the introduction of an additional electrostatic field with an induction circle electrode into the SBS system. The effects of the electrostatic force on the fiber configuration and structure were examined. The results indicate that the electrostatic field effectively separated the fibers. Response surface methodology, based on the four‐factor, three‐level Box–Behnken design, was used to facilitate a more systematic understanding of the processing parameters of EISBS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42326.
High efficiency antimicrobial cellulose‐based nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Abou‐Yousef Hussein , Kamel Samir
Published: May 2015

Carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels were developed through crosslinking process using maleic, succinic, or citric acids. The swelling capacities of the obtained hydrogels have been controlled through variation of the crosslinking reaction conditions. Further enhancement of the swelling properties was achieved by additional blending step of the carboxymethyl cellulose with polyethylene glycol. Biofunctionalization of the hydrogels was achieved through “in situ” incorporation of the silver nanoparticles during the crosslinked reaction. Chemical structure verifications and morphological characterizations of the hydrogels were performed using FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM analyses. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the loaded silver hydrogels against G+ve, G−ve, and yeastCandida albicanswas demonstrated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42327.
Structure and property development of aromatic copolysulfonamide fibers during wet spinning process
Authors: Yu Jinchao , Tian Feng , Chen Shenghui , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhang Yumei , Wang Huaping
Published: May 2015

The structure and performance changes of aromatic copolysulfonamide (co‐PSA) fibers that occurred during wet spinning process have been studied. While using different length scale characterization, including scan electron microscopy (SEM), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), it was found that the molecular chains of co‐PSA formed an isotropic network during coagulation which further lead to extension and orientation of these chains during the subsequent stretching. As a result, only after heat stretching and heat setting the molecular chains tended to pack into crystal lattice in the fibrils. This gave rise to a much denser structure along the spinning line and the glass transition temperature of co‐PSA fibers increased a little after heat setting. Before heat stretching, the co‐PSA fibers were in amorphous state, and only the amorphous orientation was observed within the fibers. After heat stretching at the temperature higher than Tg, the fraction of amorphous region decreased, and the crystal structure formed in the fibers, which became more perfect during heat setting. The structure development during spinning process contributed toward the improvement of thermo‐mechanical stability, tenacity and modulus of the co‐PSA fibers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42343.
High performance of the linked visible photoinitiator for free radical polymerization based on erythrosine B derivative
Authors: Nan Xuying , Huang Yi , Fan Qinguo , Shao Jianzhong
Published: May 2015

A novel erythrosine B derivative linked with a tertiary amine used as a visible light initiator for free radical polymerization was synthesized and characterized. For comparison, the free hydrophobic erythrosine B derivative was also synthesized and its combination with the tertiary amine was used as the separated two component photoinitiator. The linked initiator exhibited higher photoinitiator efficiency in high viscosity monomer than in low viscosity one, compared with the separated counterpart. Especially, when it was combined with iodonium salt, the further promotion of the photoinitiator efficiency was observed, compared with the separated three component system. It was found that as iodonium salt together with tertiary amine was continuously added to the formula with the linked initiator, the photoinitiator efficiency was dramatically enhanced compared with the same addition to the formula with the separated counterpart, revealing the application potential of the linked initiator. And the continuous addition of either the iodium salt or the tertiary amine to the formula only leaded to the small size increase of the photoinitiator efficiency. These results suggested that there existed an interdependent relationship between iodonium salt and tertiary amine in promoting the photoinitiator efficiency of the dye/amine/iodonium salt system. For these, the corresponding synergistic mechanism was proposed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42361.
Product Control in Alkene Trifluoromethylation: Hydrotrifluoromethylation, Vinylic Trifluoromethylation, and Iodotrifluoromethylation using Togni Reagent
Authors: Egami Hiromichi , Usui Yoshihiko , Kawamura Shintaro , Nagashima Sayoko , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: May 2015

Hydrotrifluoromethylation, vinylic trifluoromethylation, and iodotrifluoromethylation of simple alkenes have been achieved by using Togni reagent in the absence of any transition metal catalyst. These reactions were readily controllable by selection of appropriate salts and solvents. The addition of K2CO3 afforded the hydrotrifluoromethylation product, with DMF acting not only as a solvent, but also as the hydrogen source. In contrast, the use of tetra‐n‐butylammonium iodide (TBAI) in 1,4‐dioxane resulted in vinylic trifluoromethylation, while the use of KI afforded the iodotrifluoromethylation product. The vinylic trifluoromethylation product was obtained by treatment of the iodotrifluoromethylation product with ammonium 2‐iodobenzoate, indicating that it was formed through an elimination reaction of the in‐situ‐generated iodotrifluoromethylation product, and the solubility of the resulting 2‐iodobenzoate salt plays a key role in the product switching. A radical‐clock experiment showed that these reactions proceed via radical intermediates.
Maximal levels of aspiration, minimal boundary goals, and their relationships with academic achievement: The case of secondary‐school students
Authors: Hodis Flaviu A. , Johnston Michael , Meyer Luanna H. , McClure John , Hodis Georgeta M. , Starkey Louise
Published: May 2015

Maximising educational attainment is important for both individuals and societies. However, understanding of why some students achieve better than others is far from complete. Motivation and achievement data from a sample of 782 secondary‐school students in New Zealand reveal that two specific types of outcome goals, namely maximal levels of aspiration and minimal boundary goals, predict subsequent student achievement independently of mastery, performance goals, self‐efficacy, student demographics and context variables including school type and time spent in out‐of‐school activities. In addition, our results underline that the relationships between these two specific outcome goals and achievement are moderated by the type of assessment tasks used to index achievement. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that understanding variability in students’ academic performance can be significantly enhanced by taking into consideration individual differences in the strength of their maximal levels of aspirations and minimal boundary goals.
Strategic Foresight: A New Obligation for Boards of Directors
Authors: Nelson Ruben
Published: May 2015

Is your organization in the best possible position to move into the future? Here's some important advice from Ruben Nelson, Executive Director of Foresight Canada.
Dealing with Self‐Interest Among Non‐Executive Directors
Authors: Gibbs David
Published: May 2015

No director should operate from self‐interest whether executive or non‐executive. Here, David Gibbs, Lecturer in Company and Commercial Law at the University of Hertfordshire School of Law in the United Kingdom, uses the issue of non‐executive directors holding multiple positions simultaneously to open our eyes to the legal and other complexities involved.
Separation in flowering time contributes to the maintenance of sympatric cryptic plant lineages
Authors: Michalski Stefan G. , Durka Walter
Published: May 2015

Sympatric cryptic lineages are a challenge for the understanding of species coexistence and lineage diversification as well as for management, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources. In higher plants studies providing insights into the mechanisms creating and maintaining sympatric cryptic lineages are rare. Here, using microsatellites and chloroplast sequence data, morphometric analyses, and phenological observations, we ask whether sympatrically coexisting lineages in the common wetland plant Juncus effusus are ecologically differentiated and reproductively isolated. Our results show two genetically highly differentiated, homoploid lineages within J. effusus that are morphologically cryptic and have similar preference for soil moisture content. However, flowering time differed significantly between the lineages contributing to reproductive isolation and the maintenance of these lineages. Furthermore, the later flowering lineage suffered less from predispersal seed predation by a Coleophora moth species. Still, we detected viable and reproducing hybrids between both lineages and the earlier flowering lineage and J. conglomeratus, a coexisting close relative. Flowering time differentiation between the lineages can be explained by neutral divergence alone and together with a lack of postzygotic isolation mechanisms; the sympatric coexistence of these lineages is most likely the result of an allopatric origin with secondary contact.
Length of hospital stay and 30‐day readmission following heart failure hospitalization: insights from the EVEREST trial
Authors: Khan Hassan , Greene Stephen J. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Kalogeropoulos Andreas P. , Ambrosy Andrew P. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Zannad Faiez , Konstam Marvin A. , Swedberg Karl , Yancy Clyde W. , Gheorghiade Mihai , Butler Javed ,   on behalf of the EVEREST Trial Investigators
Published: May 2015

Aims

Previous reports have provided conflicting data regarding the relationship between length of stay (LOS) and subsequent readmission risk among patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

We performed a post‐hoc analysis of the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial to evaluate the differences in LOS overall and between geographic regions (North America, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe) in association with all‐cause and cause‐specific [HF, cardiovascular (CV) non‐HF, and non‐CV] readmissions within 30 days of discharge after HF hospitalization. The present analysis included 4020 patients enrolled from 20 countries who were alive at discharge. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] LOS was 8 (4–11) days. The 30‐day readmission rates were 15.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 14.6–16.8] for all‐cause; 5.6% (95% CI 4.9–6.3) for HF; 4.4% (95% CI 3.8–5.1) for CV non‐HF; and 5.8% (95% CI 5.1–6.6) for non‐CV readmissions. There was a positive correlation between LOS and all‐cause readmissions (r = 0.09, 95% CI 0.06–0.12). The adjusted odds ratio for the top (≥14 days) vs. the bottom (≤3 days) quintile for LOS was 1.39 (95% CI 0. 92–2.11) for all‐cause readmissions, 0.43 (95% CI 0.24–0.79) for HF, 2.99 (95% CI 1.49–6.02) for CV non‐HF, and 1.72 (95% CI 1.05–2.81) for non‐CV readmissions. With the exception of Western Europe, these findings remained largely consistent across geographic regions.

Conclusion

In this large multinational cohort of hospitalized HF patients, longer LOS was associated with a higher risk for all‐cause, CV non‐HF, and non‐CV readmissions, but a lower risk of HF readmissions within 30 days of discharge. These results may inform strategies to reduce readmissions.
STS‐1 promotes IFN‐α induced autophagy by activating the JAK1‐STAT1 signaling pathway in B cells
Authors: Dong Guanjun , You Ming , Fan Hongye , Ding Liang , Sun Lingyun , Hou Yayi
Published: May 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the overexpression of IFN‐α. IFN‐α induces autophagy via the JAK1‐STAT1 signaling pathway, contributing to the pathogenesis of SLE. Recent studies reported that B cells from patients with SLE and NZB/W F1 mice had enhanced autophagy activity; however, the mechanism still remains unknown. Here, we show that the protein tyrosine phosphatase STS‐1 (suppressor of T‐cell receptor signaling 1) was significantly overexpressed in B cells from patients with SLE and MRL/lpr mice. Notably, STS‐1 promoted IFN‐α‐induced autophagy in B cells by enhancing the JAK1‐STAT1 signaling activation. STS‐1 inhibited the phosphorylation of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase c‐cbl, and subsequently promoted IFN‐α‐induced phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase 2, leading to JAK1‐STAT1 signaling activation. Furthermore, STAT1 and JAK1 inhibitors blocked the IFN‐α‐induced autophagy promoted by STS‐1, indicating that STS‐1 promotes IFN‐α‐induced autophagy via the JAK1‐STAT1 signaling. Our results demonstrate the importance of STS‐1 in regulating IFN‐α‐induced autophagy in B cells, and this could be used as a therapeutic approach to treat SLE.
Minor genomic differences between related B6 and B10 mice affect severity of schistosome infection by governing the mode of dendritic cell activation
Authors: Smith Patrick M. , Sproule Thomas J. , Philip Vivek M. , Roopenian Derry C. , Stadecker Miguel J.
Published: May 2015

Infection with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni results in hepatointestinal granulomatous inflammation mediated by CD4 T cells directed against parasite eggs. The severity of disease varies greatly in humans and mice; however, the genetic basis of such a heterogenous immune response remains poorly understood.   Here we show that, despite their close genetic relationship, C57BL/10SnJ (B10) mice developed significantly more pronounced immunopathology and higher T helper 17 cell responses than C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Similarly, live egg‐stimulated B10‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) produced significantly more IL‐1β and IL‐23, resulting in higher IL‐17 production by CD4 T cells.  Gene expression analysis disclosed a heightened proinflammatory cytokine profile together with a strikingly lower expression of Ym1 in B10 versus B6 mice, consistent with failure of B10 DCs to attain alternative activation. To genetically dissect the differential response, we developed and analyzed congenic mouse strains that capture major regions of allelic variation, and found that the level of inflammation was controlled by a relatively small number of genes in a locus mapping to chromosome 4 117–143 MB. Our study has thus identified novel genomic regions that regulate the severity of the schistosome infection by way of controlling the mode of DC activation and consequent CD4 T‐cell subset development.
Selective enrichment of STRs for applications in forensic human identification
Authors: Gadipally Sreeja R. , Sarkar Anujit , Nandineni Madhusudan R.
Published: May 2015

Forensic human identification (HID) is currently based on determining repeat length polymorphisms located in short tandem repeat regions in the human genome. Despite the great progress made in the area of multiplex PCR‐based approaches, limitations associated with challenging forensic samples such as DNA degradation, cooccurrence of inhabited microbial DNA and PCR inhibitors significantly affect the success rate of human DNA profiling. We have developed a sequence‐specific pre‐PCR STR enrichment method and evaluated its efficacy using DNA samples doped with various contaminants in view of its application on compromised forensic samples. This strategy has enabled us to generate complete and reproducible DNA profiles from samples doped with fivefold excess of nonhuman DNA and three to fourfold excess of various potent PCR inhibitors than that is claimed to be tolerated by some of the widely used commercial multiplex STR kits, from as little as two nanograms of degraded human DNA. The “hybrid capture”‐based STR enrichment strategy described in this study is easily adaptable and offers a sensitive, efficient, and economical approach for successful human DNA profiling from compromised and recalcitrant forensic samples that are usually encountered in mass disaster incidents and missing persons’ identifications.
Differential dielectric responses of chondrocyte and Jurkat cells in electromanipulation buffers
Authors: Sabuncu Ahmet C. , Asmar Anthony J. , Stacey Michael W. , Beskok Ali
Published: May 2015

Electromanipulation of cells as a label‐free cell manipulation and characterization tool has gained particular interest recently. However, the applicability of electromanipulation, particularly dielectrophoresis (DEP), to biological cells is limited to cells suspended in buffers containing lower amounts of salts relative to the physiological buffers. One might question the use of low conductivity buffers (LCBs) for DEP separation, as cells are stressed in buffers lacking physiological levels of salt. In LCB, cells leak ions and undergo volume regulation. Therefore, cells exhibit time‐dependent DEP response in LCB. In this work, cellular changes in LCB are assessed by dielectric spectroscopy, cell viability assay, and gene expression of chondrocytes and Jurkats. Results indicate leakage of ions from cells, increases in cytoplasmic conductivity, membrane capacitance, and conductance. Separability factor, which defines optimum conditions for DEP cell separation, for the two cell types is calculated using the cellular dielectric data. Optimum DEP separation conditions change as cellular dielectric properties evolve in LCB. Genetic analyses indicate no changes in expression of ionic channel proteins for chondrocytes suspended in LCB. Retaining cellular viability might be important during dielectrophoretic separation, especially when cells are to be biologically tested at a downstream microfluidic component.
Erosion of a high‐altitude, low‐relief area on the Korean Peninsula: implications for its development processes and evolution
Authors: Byun Jongmin , Heimsath Arjun M. , Seong Yeong Bae , Lee Soo Yong
Published: May 2015

The processes involved in the development of high‐altitude, low‐relief areas (HLAs) are still poorly understood. Although cosmogenic nuclides have provided insights into the evolution of HLAs interpreted as paleo‐surfaces, most studies focus on estimating how slowly they erode and thereby their relative stability. To understand actual development processes of HLAs, we applied several techniques of cosmogenic nuclides in the Daegwanryeong Plateau, a well‐known HLA in the Korean Peninsula. Our denudation data from strath terraces, riverine sediments, soils, and tors provide the following conclusions: (1) bedrock incision rate in the plateau (~127 m Myr−1) is controlled by the incision rate of the western part of the Korean Peninsula, and is similar to the catchment‐wide denudation rate of the plateau (~93 m Myr−1); (2) the soil production function we observed shows weak depth dependency that may result from highly weathered bedrock coupled with frequent frost action driven by alpine climate; (3) a discrepancy between the soil production and catchment‐wide denudation rates implies morphological disequilibrium in the plateau; (4) the tors once regarded as fossil landforms of the Tertiary do not reflect Tertiary processes; and (5) when compared with those of global paleo‐surfaces (<20 m Myr−1), our rapid denudation rates suggest that the plateau cannot have maintained its probable initial paleo landscape, and thus is not a paleo‐surface. Our data contribute to understanding the surface processes of actively eroding upland landscapes as well as call into question conventional interpretations of supposed paleo‐surfaces around the world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of core‐shell high‐performance liquid chromatography column technology to improve biogenic amine quantification in wine
Authors: Berbegal Carmen , Pardo Isabel , Ferrer Sergi
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND

HPLC column technology has been improved, providing better resolution of closely eluting compounds, better analyte sensitivity, and shorter analysis times. The core‐shell technology columns offer a faster analysis through the use of shorter columns without compromising resolution. The aim of this work was to improve the methods for determination of biogenic amines (BAs) in wine using the new HPLC PFP core‐shell column technology.

RESULTS

Two different elution programs were designed to quantify BAs with the core‐shell PFP column. Program I flow rate was 2 mL min−1. The total elution time was 10 min. In elution program II, the flow rate was 0.8 mL min−1 and the total elution time was 25 min. The two elution programs used with the core‐shell PFP HPLC column showed differences related mainly to the histamine peak. The chromatograms showed that when a temporary isocratic elution was added in the gradient (program II), the histamine peak was eluted later, causing its isolation, and therefore its quantification was easier.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to the previous C18 HPLC column for the BAs determination in wine, the main advantage of the presented technique is the reduction of the run times and solvent volumes, and has a better sensitivity and selectivity as peaks are higher and sharper. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
(Anti)mutagenic and immunomodulatory properties of quercetin glycosides
Authors: Valentová Kateřina , Šíma Petr , Rybková Zuzana , Křížan Jiří , Malachová Kateřina , Křen Vladimír
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND

Quercetin‐3‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin) and quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside (rutin) are common components of a normal human diet and are increasingly used in food supplements. Here their effect on mutagenesis and immunity is shown.

RESULTS

The in vitro (anti)mutagenic potential was compared with that of quercetin using the Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium His− strains TA100, TA98 and TA102. Isoquercitrin only slightly increased the number of revertants, while rutin was totally non‐mutagenic. On the other hand, all compounds displayed dose‐dependent protective activity against H2O2‐ and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide‐induced oxidative damage to the TA102 strain and at 75 µmol L−1 inhibited H2O2/Fe2+‐induced formation of the open circular and linear forms of the DNA plasmid pBSIISK(−). In mice, none of the flavonols (0.86 µmol day−1, 34 days) induced harmful effects. In immunized animals, all compounds enhanced ex vivo B cell proliferation; quercetin stimulated lymphocyte basal proliferation and increased the number of IgM‐producing lymphocytes. Rutin promoted NK cytotoxic activity, supported T cells and enhanced gut epithelium renewal. No effect on IgG‐forming cells was found.

CONCLUSION

Isoquercitrin displayed negligible and rutin no mutagenicity, but both showed significant antimutagenic and DNA‐protective effects against oxidative damage. In vivo, they supported the readiness of the immune system for specific humoral immune response. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Increased and safer detection of nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve after preoperative ultrasonography
Authors: Iacobone Maurizio , Citton Marilisa , Pagura Giulia , Viel Giovanni , Nitti Donato
Published: May 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Right nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (NRLN) is an anatomical variant reported with a variable prevalence (0.3%–6%). It is associated with some arterial abnormalities (absence of the brachiocephalic trunk and presence of a right aberrant subclavian lusorian artery) that may be identified by preoperative ultrasonography (pUS). NRLN represents a major morbidity risk factor during neck surgery. The aim of this study was to verify pUS accuracy in predicting NRLN and to assess the impact of this technique on NRLN detection rate and laryngeal morbidity.

Study Design

Retrospective.

Methods

The study included 1,477 patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery with right‐side inferior laryngeal nerve exploration. pUS was performed in 878 patients (pUS group); no preoperative attempts were performed in the remaining 599 patients (controls). Demographics, disease type, intraoperative inferior laryngeal nerve anatomy, and laryngeal morbidity were compared.

Results

No differences occurred between the two groups concerning demographics and disease type. NRLN was detected in 17 patients (1.9%) of the pUS group and in four patients (0.6%) of controls (P < 0.05). pUS predicted NRLN in all cases, with an overall accuracy > 98%. Overall laryngeal nerves morbidity was 1.8% in the pUS group and 4.2% in the controls (P < 0.05). NRLN palsy never occurred in the pUS group, whereas it occurred three times in the controls (P < 0.005).

Conclusion

NRLN is accurately predicted by pUS. It occurs more frequently than expected because it may be misdiagnosed when no preoperative suspicion is available. Preoperative NRLN detection by pUS prevents inferior laryngeal nerve injuries.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 125:1743–1747, 2015
Management of an expansile orbital mass: Plexiform neurofibroma decompression by orbitozygomatic approach
Authors: Kovatch Kevin J. , Purkey Michael T. , Martinez‐Lage Maria , Gausas Roberta E. , Loevner Laurie A. , Grady M. Sean , O'Malley Bert W. , Rassekh Christopher H.
Published: May 2015

Neurofibromatosis types 1 (NF‐1) and 2 are significant entities to otolaryngologists because they frequently involve head and neck skin, brain, skull base, orbits, and surrounding neural and vascular structures. We present the case of a 52‐year‐old male with progressive, marked unilateral proptosis due to a multilobulated orbital mass, secondary to biopsy‐proven plexiform neurofibroma (PN). Acute worsening of proptosis leading to corneal abrasion, diplopia, and pain required debulking surgery, for which an orbitozygomatic approach was utilized. Genetic testing for NF‐1 revealed no mutation. This rare case of NF‐negative orbital PN and multidisciplinary treatment considerations for expansile orbital tumors are discussed. Laryngoscope, 125:2457–2460, 2015
1064‐nm Nd: YAG laser‐assisted cartilage reshaping for treating ear protrusions
Authors: Leclère Franck Marie , Mordon Serge , Alcolea Justo , Martinez‐Carpio Pedro , Vélez Mariano , Trelles Mario
Published: May 2015

Background

Correction of prominent ears is a common plastic surgical procedure. The laser‐assisted cartilage reshaping (LACR) technique for protruding ears was developed at the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Lille, France, using both the 1064‐ and 1540‐nm wavelengths, with a view to simplifying the surgical procedure. Herein we report our results with the 1064‐nm wavelength.

Methods

Between 2008 and 2010, twenty‐six 1064‐nm LACR procedures in 14 patients were performed. Twelve patients received treatment to both ears, and 2 patients received treatment to one ear. Each procedure consisted of a single treatment session. The treatment consisted of laser irradiation of both sides of the helix with single pulses of 70 J/cm2. The beam diameter was 6 mm. Early and late complications were defined and reviewed for all patients. Satisfaction was assessed by patients using a visual analogue scale from 0 (unsatisfied) to 20 (highly satisfied). The superior and middle cephaloauricular distances were prospectively evaluated at 6 months after treatment.

Results

Complications included eight cases of localized skin burns and one case of dermatitis. The mean right/left superior and middle cephaloauricular distances were 10.5 ± 1.5 mm/10.7 ± 1.0 mm and 16.3 ± 2.2 mm/16.3 ± 2.8 mm, respectively, as compared to 17.5 ± 2.9 mm/18.6 ± 2.5 mm (P < 0.01) and 24.5 ± 2.6 mm/24.7 ± 1.7 mm (P < 0.01) before the operation. Mean patient satisfaction was 16.8/20 ± 3.3.

Conclusion

Despite promising results for cartilage reshaping, the 1064‐nm LACR procedure often leads to skin burns and inflammatory tissue reaction after treatment. Moreover, LACR with the 1064‐nm wavelength is painful and necessitates local anaesthesia.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:2461–2467, 2015
Site of eustachian tube obstruction in chronic ear disease
Authors: Tarabichi Muaaz , Najmi Murtaza
Published: May 2015

Objective

Assess the patency of the proximal and distal segments of the Eustachian tube in patients undergoing surgery for chronic ear disease.

Study Design

Case study with control group.

Methods

All consecutive patients presenting for surgery for chronic ear disease in our practice over 14 months underwent preoperative Valsalva computed tomography (CT), and an attempt was made intraoperatively using angled rigid scopes to evaluate obstruction of the protympanic segment of the Eustachian tube. Endoscopic examination of the same segment in 19 cadaver ears served as a control group.

Results

Preoperative Valsalva CT showed patency of the distal one‐third of the Eustachian tube in 51 of 53 ears. Intraoperative endoscopy allowed visualization of the protympanic opening of the Eustachian tube in 31 of 53 ears; 21 of 31 ears showed obstruction of the protympanic opening of the Eustachian tube.

Conclusion

A clear obstruction was more likely to be present in the protympanic opening of the Eustachian tube in the patient population undergoing surgery for chronic ear disease than in the cadaver control group, and was equally likely to be present in the distal cartilaginous tube in patients as in the control population.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:2572–2575, 2015
Inverting papilloma of the temporal bone: Report of four new cases and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Carlson Matthew L. , Sweeney Alex D. , Modest Mara C. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Haynes David S. , Neff Brian A.
Published: May 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Inverting papillomas (IPs) are benign locally invasive tumors that most commonly present within the sinonasal cavity. Temporal bone involvement is exceedingly rare, with fewer than 30 cases reported within the English literature to date.

Study Design

Case series and systematic review of the literature.

Methods

Four consecutive subjects with temporal bone inverting papilloma (TBIP) were treated, and an additional 28 previously published cases were identified in the literature. Main outcome measures were disease presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management strategy, and outcome.

Results

A total of 32 cases were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 54 years (mean 54.1; range 19–81 years). Nineteen (59%) patients had synchronous or metachronous sinonasal IP, whereas 13 (41%) had isolated temporal bone disease without sinus involvement. Over half of the patients undergoing microsurgical resection experienced at least one recurrence. Compared to patients with a history of sinus IP, subjects with primary TBIP were younger at time of presentation (44 vs. 58 years; P = 0.012); were more commonly female (62% vs. 32%; P = 0.15); and were less likely to have intracranial spread (8% vs. 26%; P = 0.36), cranial neuropathy (8% vs. 26%; P = 0.36), human papillomavirus positivity (11% vs. 57%; P = 0.11), or associated carcinoma (0% vs. 47%; P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Inverting papilloma of the lateral skull base is rare and can pose a significant therapeutic challenge. Primary lesions of the temporal bone appear to follow a less aggressive clinical course when compared to those arising in association with sinonasal disease. Gross total resection is the preferred method of treatment, when feasible, given the high rate of recurrence with subtotal resection and risk of associated malignancy.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:2576–2583, 2015
Footprint of Research in Desertification Management in China
Authors: Miao Lijuan , Moore John C. , Zeng Fanjiang , Lei Jiaqiang , Ding Jianli , He Bin , Cui Xuefeng
Published: May 2015

Desertification is among the most severe global environmental and the socio‐economic problems in the world. This paper is a first attempt to link scientific research to national policymaking on desertification in China. We aim to trace scientific research findings in the national policies and strategies of desertification prevention in China. One example is the large‐scale plantation programme in the dust source region threatening Beijing and Tianjin since 1998. It has been suggested that the recent increased forest cover due to plantations in North China has helped reduce dust storm emissions and contributed to mitigating dust storm weather in Beijing and Tianjin. Reforestation/afforestation policy remains in the Chinese national environmental strategies for the new national forestation programme (2011–2020). Overgrazing during recent decades has been blamed for land degradation and desertification in Northwest China by many scholars. Small field experiments prove that vegetation in desertified/degraded land could recover if isolated from human activities. Since 1998, natural recovery has become one powerful national force to prevent land desertification and recover natural vegetation. One example is selected at Cele County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to showcase how vegetation could thrive at large scale in natural arid and semi‐arid climate if isolated from human intervention. The plantation project has pushed the stakeholders to better understand their negative impact on the environment, especially the overgrazing behaviour. After that, the household income and living level have also been significantly enhanced; however, it is not clear whether the project induced labour migration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oromandibular Dystonia in Wilson's Disease
Authors: Kalita Jayantee , Ranjan Abhay , Misra Usha K.
Published: May 2015

Background

Movement disorder is common in Wilson's disease (WD), but there is no report on oromandibular dystonia (OMD). We report on frequency, severity, and MRI correlation of OMD in Wilson's disease with neurological manifestations (WDNM) and its response to treatment.

Methods

Consecutive WDNM patients were included and their clinical, hematological, serum chemistry, and MRI findings were noted. Neurological severity of WD and OMD were assessed. Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden (BFM) score for dystonia was noted. Patients were treated with penicillamine, zinc, and multiple antidystonic drugs. Clinical improvement at 3 and 6 months was noted.

Results

Overall, 61 of 67 (91%) WDNM patients had OMD, whose median age was 13.5 years. Median severity of OMD was 2.5 (range, 1–4). Thirteen patients were anarthric and 12 unable to eat. Severity of OMD correlated with drooling (r = 0.29; P = 0.02), BFM score (r = 0.63; P < 0.001), pancytopenia (r = −0.26; P = 0.04), and serum ceruloplasmin (r = 0.33; P = 0.01), but not with location and number of MRI lesions. Compared to baseline, severity of OMD improved at 6 months (P < 0.001), but not at 3 months. None became asymptomatic. Improvement in OMD paralleled with improvement in severity grade of WDNM (r = 0.26; P = 0.04) and with BFM score (r = 0.31; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

OMD was a common manifestation of WDNM occurring in 91% patients, and OMD improved partially over the study period.
Dystonic Pseudo Foot Drop
Authors: Aquino Camila C. , Slow Elizabeth , Lang Anthony E.
Published: May 2015

The most common presentation of foot dystonia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or dystonia is inversion of the foot accompanied by flexion of the toes, with or without extension of the hallux. Less commonly, foot dystonia may mimic foot drop, as occurs with weakness of the dorsiflexors muscles, resulting in a pseudo foot drop. This has rarely been reported in the literature and has been poorly recognized, often leading to misdiagnosis and unnecessary investigations and treatment. We report 5 patients with dystonic pseudo foot drop, one of them diagnosed with early‐onset PD, 2 with sporadic PD, and 2 with dystonia. Despite the steppage gait, their physical exam revealed normal strength, and no other explanation for a “foot drop” was found. It is important to recognize this phenomenology, which can be a clue to the diagnosis of early‐onset PD, and may be responsive to levodopa in selected patients.