bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asian Betylobraconinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), with description of a new genus and phylogenetic affinities of the tribe Facitorini
Authors: Sáez Alberto , Maeto Kaoru , Zaldivar-Riverón Alejandro , Belokobylskij Sergey
Published: March 2011

The taxonomy of the Asian genera of the subfamily Betylobraconinae, a small and understudied group within the hymenopteran family Braconidae, is revised. A new genus exclusively from the Asian region, Asiabregma gen. nov., containing three species (A. ryukyuensis sp. nov. (type species, Japan and Malaya), A. makiharai sp. nov. (Japan) and A. sulaensis (van Achterberg), comb. nov. (Indonesia)) is described. One new species of Aulosaphobracon, A. striatus sp. nov. from Vietnam, and one of Facitorus, F. amamioshimus sp. nov. from Japan, are also described. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses using COI mtDNA and 28S rRNA sequences, the three genera previously placed in the tribe Facitorini, Facitorus, Conobregma and Jannya, together with Asiabregma gen. nov., are transferred to the rogadine tribe Yeliconini.
Review of Ethelastia Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)
Authors: Konstantinov Fedor
Published: March 2011

A revised diagnosis and description of the genus Ethelastia Reuter is given. Descriptions, illustrations of selected characters, data on distribution and host plants are provided for species of Ethelastia, including E. lonicerae sp.n. (Kazakhstan).
A taxonomic revision of the orb-weaving spider genus Acusilas Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Araneidae)
Authors: Scharff Nikolaj , Birkedal Schmidt Jesper
Published: March 2011

The spider genus Acusilas Simon, 1895 (Araneidae) is revised. It includes Acusilas africanus Simon, 1895; Acusilas callidus sp. n.; Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895; Acusilas dahoneus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995; Acusilas lepidus (Thorell, 1898); Acusilas malaccensis Murphy & Murphy, 1983; Acusilas spiralis sp. n.; Acusilas vei sp. n.; Acusilas vilei sp. n., and one unassigned species of Acusilas from Sulawesi for which only females are available. The status of Acusilas lepidus (Thorell, 1898) is uncertain and the species is here considered incertae sedis. The unknown male of Acusilas africanus Simon, 1895 is described and illustrated for the first time and Acusilas gentingensis (Murphy & Murphy) is a synonym of Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895. A phylogenetic analysis of the matrix of Scharff & Coddington (1997) with the addition of Acusilas coccineus, suggests sistergroup relationship between Acusilas and cyrthophorines (Cyrthophora and Mecynogea). This knowledge is used to select 6 outgroup taxa for a phylogenetic analysis based on 39 morphological characters scored for the 9 known species of Acusilas. The phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of Acusilas, but ingroup relationships are only weakly supported.
Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Sclerodermini (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Epyrinae)
Authors: Lanes Geane , Azevedo Celso
Published: March 2011

Sclerodermini are a small tribe of parasitoid wasps, with 13 genera worldwide. Its phylogeny has already been investigated, but doubts still exist about the taxonomic classification of the tribe and its genera. The phylogenetic relationships of Sclerodermini are inferred from a cladistic analysis based on 72 female characters. The dataset was analyzed under equal weights parsimony and implied weighting. To assess the monophyly of the Sclerodermini, representatives of Cephalonomiini were also included in the taxon sample. The Cephalonomiini were retrieved as monophyletic and nested well within Sclerodermini, indicating the paraphyly of the latter tribe. The genus Discleroderma Kieffer, 1904 is polyphyletic, and we transfer Discleroderma yakushimensis Terayama, 1999 and D. undulatum Krombein, 1996 to Sclerodermus Latreille, 1809. Lepidosternopsis sulcata Azevedo, 1999 and L. brasiliensis (Evans, 1973) do not belong to Lepidosternopsis Ogloblin, 1953; we propose to reinstate the genus Nothepyris Evans, 1973 to accommodate these two species. The genus Glenosema Kieffer, 1905 is polyphyletic and we transfer Glenosema viduatus (Turner, 1928) to Epyris Westwood, 1832. In addition, Discleroderma yemenensis Lanes & Azevedo sp. n., Discleroderma indiensis Lanes & Azevedo sp. n., Glenosema denteata Lanes & Azevedo sp. n., Glenosema elevata Lanes & Azevedo sp. n., Platepyris sepalus Lanes & Azevedo gen. n., sp. n., and Tuberepyris basibrevis Lanes & Azevedo gen. n., sp. n. are described and illustrated.
On the systematics of the weevil genus Araxia Khnzorian with descriptions of new taxa from Transcaucasia, Turkey, and Turkmenistan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)
Authors: Yunakov Nikolai , Korotyaev Boris
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this paper is a comparative morphological study of the little known monotypic weevil genus Araxia Khnzorian, 1957 and its close allies; redescriptions and figures are provided. A new systematic position for Araxia is proposed and discussed, its affinity with Chiloneus Schoenherr, 1842 and a new genus Holcolydoprus gen. n. is demonstrated. A new genus Holcolydoprus gen. n. is described with two new species H. bimaculatus sp. n. (type species) from Turkmenistan and H. griseus sp. n. from Transcaucasia and Eastern Turkey. The genus Aomus Schoenherr, 1834 is transferred from the tribe Laparocerini to Sciaphilini, its affinity with Eusomomorphus K. Daniel, 1905 is demonstrated. A new combination Eusomomorphus ilerii (Fremuth & Lodos, 1987), comb. n. is established for Aomus ilerii. A key to genera centering around Araxia is given.
The mollissima-subgroup of the genus Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Fanniidae), with descriptions of seven new species
Authors: Zhang Dong , Wang Rong-Rong , Wang Ming-Fu
Published: March 2011

The mollissima-subgroup of Pont (1965) belongs to the Fannia serena species-group of Chillcott (1961) in the genus Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (family Fanniidae). A review of the F. mollissima-subgroup, previously known from eleven species, is enlarged to include seven additional species: F. albisquama Wang & Zhang, sp. n., F. biseta Wang & Zhang, sp. n., F. doxonglaensis Wang & Zhang, sp. n., F. mainling Wang & Zhang, sp. n., F. multiseta Wang & Zhang, sp. n., F. nigribasicosta Wang & Zhang, sp. n., and F. tibetana Wang & Zhang, sp. n. A key to the known species of the F. mollissima-subgroup is given. To facilitate comparison of the species, the original diagnosis of the F. mollissima-subgroup has been expanded. The biogeography of the subgroup is discussed, including its origin and evolutionary history, the effect of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the effect of glacial periods during the Quaternary.
Phylogeny of the cactus-feeding phycitines and their relatives (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) based on adult morphology: Evaluation of adult character-systems in phycitine systematics and evidence for a single origin of Cactaceae-feeding larvae
Authors: Simonsen Thomas
Published: March 2011

The cactus-feeding Phycitinae are a New World group of moth genera that has long been the focus of ecological and biological control related studies, but the group's evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships have remained largely unknown. Here phylogenetic relationships of 15 cactus-associated and 12 allegedly related but non cactus-associated genera of Phycitinae are established based on 64 characters from adult morphology. The resulting phylogeny is the first cladistic higher-level phylogenetic analysis for any group of Phycitinae genera. It is well resolved, albeit weakly supported, and supports the monophyly of a previously suggested group comprised by the true cactus-feeders and the genera Baphala, Zophodia and Rhagea. A clade comprising all cactus feeders with the non-cactus feeder genus Rhagea nested within is retrieved, indicating a single origin of cactus feeding within Phycitinae; however, this clade is poorly supported. Larvae that are predacious on scale insects appear to have evolved at least twice. Evaluations of the different character systems in adult skeletal morphology demonstrate that although some systems contribute little to overall partitioned Bremer support, they might provide critical support at individual nodes. This is supporting earlier workers who suggested that as many characters as possible are needed to establish phylogenetic relationships within Phycitinae. The hitherto scarcely explored region of the pregenitalic abdomen promises to be of considerable importance in phycitine phylogenetics.
Review of the Oriental genus Anchocerus with the description of new species and new combinations (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)
Authors: Solodovnikov Alexey
Published: March 2011

Composition, systematics, distribution and bionomics of the poorly known primarily Oriental genus Anchocerus Fauvel, 1905 is reviewed, with an annotated list and identification key provided for all 13 named species of the genus. The poorly known species from Papua New Guinea, A. punctus Last, 1980, A. similis Last, 1980 and A. wilhelmensis Last, 1980 are redescribed. Three new species, A. aparamerus sp.n. from Borneo, A. grandis sp.n. and A. thailandicus sp.n., both from Thailand are described. One species is transferred to Anchocerus from the genus Acylophorus Nordmann, 1837: Anchocerus tenuipes (Lea, 1929) comb. n., and also redescribed. Two species of Anchocerus are moved to Acylophorus: Acylophorus novaguinensis (Last, 1975) comb. n. and Acylophorus okasaensis (Last, 1975) comb. n. Morphological characters distinguishing the genera Anchocerus and Acylophorus are summarized. Type material was examined for all insufficiently known species.
Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of the South American genus Endeius Coiffait & Sáiz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: de Maus Mariana Chani-Posse
Published: March 2011

The genus Endeius Coiffait & Sáiz, 1968 (Staphylininae: Staphylinini), distributed from Chile and Argentina through Juan Fernández Is. and Galapagos Is., is revised using characters of external morphology and male and female genitalia. Endeius comprises seven valid species: E. punctipennis (Solier), E. nitidipennis (Solier), E. subpunctipennis Coiffait & Sáiz, E. loensis Coiffait & Sáiz, E. franzi Sáiz, E. lugubris Sáiz and E. ovaliceps Coiffait. Belonuchus multipunctatus (Coiffait), comb. nov., is excluded from Endeius. An identification key to all species of the genus is provided. Monophyly of Endeius, as considered in the present study, is supported by one synapomorphy from the external morphology. Within the genus, the best supported subgroup consists of E. punctipennis (Solier), E. subpunctipennis Coiffait & Sáiz, E. loensis Coiffait & Sáiz and E. ovaliceps Coiffait.
A new genus of pollen-beetle from South Africa (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), with discussion of the generic classification of the subfamily Meligethinae
Authors: Ashley  , de Biase Alessio , Kirk-Spriggs  , Audisio Paulo , Cline Andrew , Trizzino Marco , Antonini Gloria , Mancini Emiliano
Published: March 2011

The pollen-beetle Sebastiangethes anthystrixoides, n.gen., n.sp. from northern South Africa is described. The taxonomic position of Sebastiangethes, the related genus Anthystrix Kirejtshuk, 1981, as well as a relatively large assemblage of partially undescribed allied African taxa is discussed in the context of the Oriental genus Cyclogethes Kirejtshuk, 1979. An informal taxonomic assemblage named “Anthystrix-complex of genera” is here introduced. The previously unknown larval host-plants of African members of this “Anthystrix-complex of genera” are identified as dioecious trees belonging to Asteraceae within the tribe Tarchonantheae (genera Tarchonanthus and Brachylaena). Concepts of the generic and subgeneric classification of the subfamily Meligethinae also are discussed.
A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the genus Fulvius Stål (Hemiptera:Miridae: Cylapinae) based on molecular data
Authors: Sadowska-Woda Izabela , Malm Tobias , Chérot Frédéric
Published: March 2011

The systematics and phylogeny of the genus Fulvius Stål remains unclear. We present herein the first analysis of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Fulvius based on DNA sequences. The phylogenetic interrelationships in the genus Fulvius are investigated using partial DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes, the 16S ribosomal large subunit and the cytochrome oxidase I (COI). DNA sequences for Fulvius species representing three different subgroups distinguished previously on the base of morphological characters alone are compared to sequences from the closely related genera Rhinocylapidius and Cylapus. The data are analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian inference. The results confirm that on the basis of molecular data we can distinguish the same congruent groups of Fulvius species as using morphological characters, however with inclusion of the specimens of the genus Rhinocylapidius in the bifenestratus-group. Additional studies are needed to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Fulviini, as well as within the genus Fulvius and its relation to Rhinocylapidius. However, the results of this study suggest that 16S and COI sequences will be very useful as molecular markers for such studies among these species-groups.
A re-assessment of the Poecilimon syriacus group (Orthoptera Tettigonioidea, Phaneropteridae) based on bioacoustics, morphology and molecular data
Authors: Sevgili Hasan , Heller Klaus-Gerhard , Reinhold Klaus
Published: March 2011

In this paper a combination of characters is described by which Poecilimon species (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Phaneropteridae) can be recognised as members of the P. syriacus group. All species occur in or around Anatolia – from the island of Samos in the West and the provinces of Artvin and Bitlis in the East to Jerusalem in the South. The molecular data (Ullrich 2007) suggest the following not completely resolved relationship (ersisi (syriacus, (karakushi, (angulatus, obtusicercus n. sp.)), (xenocercus, karabukensis), ((izmirensis, ege) serratus))), while P. uvarovi and P. adentatus as well as P. kutahiensis (molecular data missing) are also considered to belong to the group according to song and/or morphology. The morphological data previously used to define the group are not sufficient to recognize all of its members. Some species differed distinctly in the structure of male genitalia, but the calling songs of all species studied are characterized by an unusually high syllable repetition rate and low number of impulses per syllable. Thus the evolution of genitalia seems to be faster than that of song patterns.
Nils and Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Authors: Cheng Lanna
Published: March 2011

This paper was written in memory of Nils Møller Andersen who was a dear friend and close colleague for almost 40 years. A historical account of how Nils became interested in Halobates and a summary of his major contributions to our knowledge of this unique marine insect genus are given.
Identification key to European genera of Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae)
Authors: Forshage Mattias , Nordlander Göran
Published: March 2011

A key is presented to the European genera of Eucoilinae, for the first time after these genera have been circumscribed based on type studies and phylogenetic concerns. The key is illustrated with drawings based on SEM pictures. A generic catalogue with full synonymy of the European eucoiline genera is presented. The following new synonymies on the generic level are proposed: Trichoplasta Benoit, 1956 (Armigerina Belizin, 1968 syn.n.), Eucoila Westwood, 1833 (Lenobria Belizin, 1968 syn.n.), Kleidotoma Westwood, 1833 (Nesokleidotoma Beardsley, 1990 syn.n., Octameris Belizin, 1973 syn.n., Polbourdouxia Dessart, 1977 syn.n., Pentakleidota Weld, 1951 syn.n.). One species level synonymy is proposed: Eucoila floralis Dahlbom, 1846 (Lenobria bidentata Belizin, 1968 syn.n.) A tribal classification of the subfamily is utilised, recognizing the following tribes: Diglyphosemini Belizin, 1961 stat.n., Kleidotomini Hellén, 1960 stat.n. (Cothonaspini Belizin, 1961 syn.n.), Ganaspini Belizin, 1961 stat.n. (Dieucoilini Belizin, 1961 syn.n., Glauraspidiini Belizin, 1961 syn.n.), Trichoplastini Kovalev, 1989 and Eucoilini Thomson, 1862.
Morphology of the genitalia of Scandinavian brachypterous female Geometridae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Pellmyr Olle
Published: March 2011

The genitalia of 13 brachypterous female geometrids are described, of which 12 have not previously been fully described: Operophtera brumata (Linné, 1758), (previously described by Wolff 1964), O. fagata Scharfenberg, 1805, Alsophila aescularia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1776), Theria rupicapraria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1776) (by Fibiger & Schmack 1978), Agriopis aurantiaria (Hübner, 1796), A. leucophaearia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1776), A. marginaria (Borkhausen, 1794), Phigalia pilosaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1776) (pedaria Fabricius, 1787), Lycia (Poecilopsis) pomonaria (Hübner, 1790), L. (P.) lapponaria (Boisduval, 1840), Apocheima hispidaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1776) and Nyssia zonaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1776). A special interest has been paid to the peculiar setae in T. rupicapraria, anteroventrally to the papillae anales. Setae of this shape have so far been recorded only from the tortricoid subfamily Cnephasinae.
Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera) from Senegal and the Gambia
Authors: Tjeder
Published: March 2011

Six species of ascalaphids were collected by the expedition, all in November. A new species, Tmesibasis royi n. sp. (subfam. Haplogleniinae) and a new genus Cirrops n. gen, with the new species C. kumari n. sp. (subfam. Ascalaphinae) are described and figured. The types of Bubo festivus Rambur, 1842, have been examined and a lectotype (from Senegal) has been selected.
Revision of the genus Leptopilina Förster, 1869, with notes on the status of some other genera (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Eucoitidae)
Authors: Nordlander Göran
Published: March 2011

The genus Leptopilina Förster is revised on a world basis. The identity of 31 nominal species, including type species of four other genera, is discussed and 15 lectotypes are designated. Valid species of Leptopilina are L. longipes (Hartig) [type species], L. clavipes (Hartig) n. comb., L. heterotoma (Thomson) n. comb., L. fimbriata (Kieffer) n. comb., L. rufipes (Cameron) n. comb., L. atraticeps (Kieffer) n. comb., L. mahensis (Kieffer) n. comb., L. boulardi (Barbotin et al.) n. comb., and L. cupulifera (Kieffer) n. comb. Leptopilina heterotoma is the valid name for the well-known Drosophila parasitoid currently referred to as Pseudeucoila bochei (Weld). Leptopilina is not synonymous with Ganaspis Förster. Tryhliographa Förster is a senior synonym of Episoclu Förster n. syn. and of Pseudeucoila Ashmead (synonymy confirmed). Leptopilina is described and compared with related genera (Cothonaspis, Rhoptromeris, Odonteucoila). L. victoriae n. sp. is described from the Seychelles. The five Leptopilina occurring in Europe are redescribed on modern material and a key is given to them.
The beetle fauna of Madeira 2. — The genus Mycetoporus Mannh. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: Palm Thure
Published: March 2011

An illustrated key to all Madeiran species, based on both external and aedeagal characters is presented. M. pseudolongicornis n. sp., M. portosanctanus n. sp., M. wollastoni Fauvel and M. johnsoni Wollaston are treated. (In addition also M. monilicornis Wollaston and M. longicornis Mäklin are figured). Data on biology and distribution of the species are given.
New name for Oliveria Saether, 1976 (Diptera: Chironomidae) nec Oliveria Sutherland, 1965 (+ Cnidaria: Anthozoa), with a first record for the European continent
Authors: Saether Ole
Published: March 2011

Oliveridia is proposed as a replacement name for Oliveria Saether (Chironomidae) nec Oliveria Sutherland (Anthozoa). Larvae from Lake Rødlivann, Western Norway represents the first find on the European continent.
Four new genera of Mesoveliidae (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) and the phylogeny and classification of the family
Authors: Andersen N. Møller , Polhemus John
Published: March 2011

Cryptovelia terrestris n. gen., n. sp. (Brazil), Darwinivelia fosteri n. gen., n. sp. (Galapagos Is.), Mniovelia kuscheli n. gen., n. sp. (New Zealand), and Cavaticovelia n. gen. (type-species: Speovelia aaa Gagné & Howarth, 1975; Hawaii) are described. The phylogenetic relationships between the mesoveliid genera are discussed in the light of characters revealed by the new taxa. Habitat preferences of mesoveliids include humid terrestrial and/or marginal aquatic habitats, which probably are the most ancestral, and lava-tubes, coastal caves, intertidal marine habitats, and the plant-covered freshwater surface, which probably are the derived kinds of habitats. A classification of the Mesoveliidae with a check list of genera and species is presented. Two subfamilies are recognized: Madeoveliinae (with two genera) and Mesoveliinae (seven genera). The biogeography of the Mesoveliidae is finally discussed.
The defensive gland of Omaliinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). II. Comparative gross morphology and revision of the classification within the genus Eusphalerum Kraatz
Authors: Klinger Ralf
Published: March 2011

Four distinct gland types were found in a comparative study of the sternal gland organ of 17 species of the genus Eusphalerum Kraatz. The subgenus Onibathum Tottenham as well as three further subgenera–Eusphalerum s. str., Abinothum Tottenham and Pareusphalerum Coiffait–are confirmed.
Northern European species of the genus Caryocolum Gregor & Povolný, 1954, feeding on Cerastium and Stellaria, with the description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Karsholt Ole
Published: March 2011

Specimens identified as Caryocolum proxima (Haworth, 1828) from Scandinavia and the U.S.S.R. have proved to be misidentified and without an available name. This species is described as Caryocolum blandelloides n.sp. and is differentiated from C. blandella (Douglas, 1852), C. proxima (Haworth, 1828), C. blandulella (Tutt, 1887), C. alsinella (Zeller, 1868), C. marmorea (Haworth, 1828), C. junctella (Douglas, 1851), C. albifasciella (Toll, 1936) and C. kroesmanniella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854). C. proxima, recorded from Denmark, is new to the Scandinavian fauna. C. semidecandriella (Tutt, 1887) is a synonym of C. alsinella Zell. (n.syn.), and C. falellum Piskunov, 1975 is a synonym of C. albifasciella Toll (n.syn.). Gelechia manniella Zeller, 1839 the identity of which has been obscure, is placed in synonymy with C. marmorea (Hw.), and a lectotype of the former is designated. A lectotype of Phthorimaea subvicinella Hackman, 1946, is designated. The adults of the nine species are figured as are the male and female genitalia of the five first mentioned species; whereas references to figures of the genitalia are given for the rest. Information on host plants, life histories and collection methods is given, and the nomenclature of the involved species is discussed.
On some new and little-known southern Asiatic species of Lithobiidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)
Authors: Eason
Published: March 2011

Five southern Asiatic species of Lithobiidae are described: Hessebius barbipes (Porat) n.comb. from Iran, Lithobius erraticulus Silvestri from Kashmir, Lithobius indicus n.sp. from south India, Lithobius sculpturatus Pocock from Sri Lanka, and Lithobius degerboeli n.sp. from Thailand.
A taxonomic revision of the species of Alloclemensia n.gen. (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae s. str.)
Authors: Nielsen Ebbe Schmidt
Published: March 2011

The genus Alloclemensia n.gen. (type-species: Alloclemensia maculata n.sp.), with four species in the Palaearctic region and one species in the Nearctic region, is described and its species are revised. The genus comprises five species: mesospilella (Herrich-Schäffer) [= trimaculella (Herrich-Schäffer)], devotella (Rebel) [= muchei (Soffner), n.syn.] and three new species: americana from North America and unifasciata and maculata from Japan. The monophyly of the genus is demonstrated and the primary dichotomy within the genus is considered to lie between the two western Palaearctic species plus the North American species and the two eastern Palaearctic species. Keys to the species are provided and all species and their genitalia are described and illustrated. Two new combinations and one new synonymy are established and two lectotypes are designated.
Indian Macropsinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). II. Species described by W. L. Distant and descriptions of new species from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Viraktamath
Published: March 2011

Macropsis orientalis (Distant), M. lovedalensis (Distant) and Pedionis garuda (Distant) are redescribed and illustrated. Ten new species are described and illustrated: Macropsis campbelli n.sp., M. linnavuorii n.sp. (from Tamil Nadu: Kodaikanal), M. ceylonica n.sp. (from Sri Lanka), M. irenae n.sp. (from Nepal: Sarankot), M. sundara n.sp. (from Karnataka: Bangalore), Pedionis curvata n.sp., P. palniensis n.sp. (from Kodaikanal), P. serrata n.sp. (from Munnar), Varicopsella elegans n.sp. (from Uttar Pradesh: Nainital District and West Bengal: Kalimpong) and Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) sharmai n.sp. (from Jammu and Kashmir: Kishtawar). Their relationship with related species is discussed.
The female of Elachista nielswolffi Svensson, 1976 (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)
Authors: Karvonen Jaakko , Kyrki Jorma
Published: March 2011

The previously unknown female genitalia of Elachista nielswolffi Svensson, 1976 are described from one female specimen collected in Finnish Lapland together with 13 males. The species is new to the Finnish fauna. The biotope is described.
A new name and some new synonyms of Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera)
Authors: Rozkošný Rudolf
Published: March 2011

Coremacera fabricii, nom.n. is suggested as a new name for Coremacera cincta (Fabricius) described originally as Musca cincta Fabricius and preoccupied by Musca cincta Müller. The diagnostic characters of Melina alpina Frey are completed and the species is referred to the genus Pherbellia R.-D. The following synonymy is stated on the basis of the type specimen examinations: Phaeomyia pictifrons Becker = Pelidnoptera fuscipennis (Meigen), Sciomyza conjungens Enderlein = Pherbellia alpina (Frey), Ditaenia uliginosa Enderlein = Pherbellia brunnipes (Meigen), Sciomyza atripedella Boheman = Pherbellia griseola (Fallén), Dasypleura latigena Enderlein and Dasypleura palaestinensis Enderlein = Pherbellia pilosa (Hendel). The detailed study of the original descriptions and figures published by Harris (1780) resulted in establishing the oldest name Elgiva solicita (Harris), comb.n. for Elgiva sundewalli Kloet & Hincks, 1945 and into a further three synonyms: Musca crocus Harris = Knutsonia albiseta (Scopoli), Musca tristis Harris = Coremacera marginata (Fabricius) and Musca varicus Harris = Limnia unguicornis (Scopoli). Musca punctata Fabricius (= Pherbellia schoenherri (Fallén)) represents only a primary homonym of Musca punctata Poda.
Amazonian Tanytarsini II. Description of Caladomyia n.gen. and eight new species (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Säwedal Lars
Published: March 2011

Caladomyia n.gen. and the new species C. adalberti, C. castelnaui, C. humboldti, C. kraussi, C. mulleri, C. ortoni, C. poppigi, C. spixi, are described. The genus is divided into two species-groups, the spixi- and the orellanai-groups, containing 8 and 10 species, respectively. The species of the former group is treated in this paper. The orellanai-group will be treated in a separate paper. Morphologically some of the species are very similar. This, together with the minuteness of the species, makes them taxonomically difficult. The pupal exuvium of one species, C. spixi, is known. No females and larvae are known. A key to the males of the genus is presented. Notes on the ecology of the species are given. The known distributional area of the genus is the Amazon area with 18 species known at present. Two species - not discussed here - are known from the Southern part of the Nearctic region. In connection with the study of geographical distribution and phylogenetical relationships of the genus Caladomyia, two paratypes of the African species Tanytarsus bifurcus Freeman, 1958, were studied.
New and little-known Indian Asilidae (Diptera) V The genera Laphria, Maira and Orthogonis, with descriptions of nine new species
Authors: Parui  , Joseph
Published: March 2011

Laphria orientalis n.sp., L. assamensis n.sp., L. luteopilosa n.sp., L. indica n.sp., L. nathani n.sp., L. keralaensis n.sp., L. frommeri n.sp., Maira delfinadoi n.sp., and Orthogonis andamanensis n.sp., are described and illustrated. Keys to the Indian species of Laphria Meigen and Maira Schiner are given.
The identity of Alucita parvella Fabricius, 1794 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Sattler Klaus
Published: March 2011

The type-series of Alucita parvella Fabricius, 1794, has been examined. A lectotype is designated and the species is placed in the genus Taygete Chambers, 1873. Epithectis xylochroa Meyrick, 1926, is recognized as a new synonym of T. parvella.
Alluaudomyia fuscitarsis n.sp. and Stilobezzia ensistyla n.sp. from India (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Chatterjee  , Chaudhuri  , Gupta S. K. Das
Published: March 2011

Two new species are described and figured: Alluaudomyia fuscitarsis n.sp. and Stilobezzia ensistyla n.sp. A third species, A fuscipes Wirth & Delfinado is also recorded for the first time from Arunachal Pradesh, India.
A new synonymy in the genus Pachynematus Konow (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Liston Andrew
Published: March 2011

Pachynematus smithae Ross, 1945 = P. angustatus Lindqvist, 1948 syn. n. Distribution of smithae is summarised. First record of female from Britain is given.
Japan's Foreign Aid after the San Francisco Peace Treaty
Authors: Katada Saori N.
Published: March 2011

The year 2001 marks the fifty-year anniversary of the San Francisco Peace Conference that concluded the U.S. occupation of Japan, and defined the future course of Japan's foreign relations with the rest of the world, particularly with Asia. During these fifty years, Japan transformed itself from a war-devastated nation of poverty and instability to the second richest economy of the world after the United States. Japan's foreign relations with Asia remains of critical importance, and Japan's foreign aid, the largest of the world in the past decade, contributed significantly in shaping the relationship.
To Reconstruct the Medieval: Rural Reconstruction in Interwar China and the Rise of an American Style of Modernization, 1921–1961
Authors: Ekbladh David
Published: March 2011

The concept of modernization exerted a powerful influence over international affairs in the twentieth century. It offered not only a way of understanding the profound global transformations of the period but also a means of influencing the course and pace of those changes. While the preoccupation with the causes and consequences of modernity can be traced back at least to the nineteenth century, .modernization. as a school of thought and a set of practices is usually understood to be a decidedly post–World War II phenomenon. Many scholars have interpreted the rise of modernization as a response to the imperatives of the Cold War and the great postwar wave of decolonization, and have therefore located the origins of this concept in the years after 1945.
Crisis and Confrontation: Chinese-American Relations during the Eisenhower Administration
Authors: Zhai Qiang
Published: March 2011

The 1950s was a decade of crisis and confrontation between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States. Considering China as a major threat to U.S. interests in East Asia and the Pacific, the Eisenhower administration adopted a policy of political isolation, economic embargo, and military containment against the PRC. Leaders in Beijing viewed the United States as a primary enemy hostile to China's revolution and its unification with Taiwan. They maintained an intense anti-American campaign throughout the decade. How did this condition of hostility come about? How did policymakers in Washington and Beijing view each other? What objectives did the Eisenhower administration plan to achieve in pursuing a policy of toughness against the Chinese Communists? And how did Mao Zedong and his associates react to American pressure and antagonism? This essay will use recently released American and Chinese documents to answer those questions.
U.S. Strategic Debates over the Defense of Japan: Lessons for the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Shibayama Futoshi
Published: March 2011

What is the current meaning of Japan's military power and what contribution has that power made to America's strategic position in East Asia, even the world, over the past fifty-five years? Could there have been an alternative to Japanese rearmament? Answers to these and other related questions lie in the American debates on the nature of Japan's defense situation in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Regional and global strategic circumstances have obviously changed over the past half-century, just as have weapons systems themselves. Strategic controversies from 1945, however, endure as the fundamental framework for considering Japanese military power and its possible alternatives.
Negotiating the Cold War: The United States and the Two Koreas
Authors: Lee Steven Hugh
Published: March 2011

Since December 1997, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea (ROK), and the United States have met in a series of talks aimed at promoting peace and stability on the Korean peninsula and in the region. According to a November 1998 U.S. Department of Defense report, the discussions have created a “diplomatic venue for reducing tensions and ultimately replacing the Armistice Agreement with a permanent peace settlement.”1 Amidst the tragic human suffering which has occurred in North Korea, there have been some encouraging developments on the peninsula. The 1994 Agreed Framework between the United States and North Korea placed international controls on North Korea’s atomic energy program and cautiously anticipated the normalization of U.S.-DPRK relations. Since assuming power in early 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae Jung has vigorously pursued a policy of engagement with P’yo¨ngyang, known as the “sunshine policy.” Over the past decade, North Korea has also reoriented its foreign policy. In the early 1990s, the regime’s social and economic crisis led to a rethinking of its autarkic economic system. By early 1994, the state had created new free trade zones and relatively open foreign investment laws.2 By complying with the Agreed Framework, the DPRK has also shown a willingness to work with the international community on sensitive issues affecting its internal sovereignty and ability to project power beyond its borders.
Historical Wrongs and Human Rights in Sino-Foreign Relations: The Legacy of Extraterritoriality
Authors: Scully Eileen P.
Published: March 2011

In the battle for universal human rights, it may be said that sovereignty has become “the last refuge of scoundrels.” Certainly, this is the prevailing verdict of Western liberal activists with regard to the invocations of absolute self-determination and noninterference by authoritarian regimes in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. These Asia- Pacific governments have defended their heavy-handed response to internal dissent with the position that “State sovereignty is the basis for the realization of citizens’ human rights. If the sovereignty of a state is not safeguarded, the human rights of its citizens are out of the question.”
Systemic Lock: The Institutionalization of History in Post- 1965 South Korea–Japan Relations
Authors: Lynn Hyung Gu
Published: March 2011

Legal and diplomatic guidelines for relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) have been in place since the Treaty of Normalization and accompanying Agreements of June 1965. Tokyo and Seoul have also cultivated extensive economic ties. Since 1965, Japan has been a major supplier of technology and capital for Korea, while Korea has consistently been among the top four export markets for Japan. Unlike relations between other neighboring countries in Asia (such as China and Vietnam, Vietnam and Cambodia, China and India, India and Pakistan, or South and North Korea), there have been no wars or military conflicts between South Korea and Japan since 1945.
Chinese Americans and U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Applications of Cross-national Competence to Interdependent Resource-Consumption Challenges
Authors: Koehn Peter H.
Published: March 2011

The arrival of the new millennium offers a wake-up interval during which scholars, public-policy makers, media representatives, cultural leaders, and the attentive public could fruitfully take a fresh look at U.S.-China interactions in light of the global changes that have altered the underlying context of this crucial relationship in fundamental, but widely unappreciated, ways. Four developments are particularly illuminating in understanding the extent to which prevailing twentieth-century perspectives on U.S.-China relations no longer are tenable. First, the well-being of the peoples of both countries increasingly is determined by their collective responses to challenges that involve linked rather than separate destinies. Second, nongovernmental actors, operating along and across the U.S.-China frontier, have become major players in the evolving relationship. Their influence rivals and, at times, overshadows that of state agents. Third, the worldwide skill revolution has dramatically enhanced the ability of individuals, acting singly and through local communities and organized collectivities, to shape the outcome of transnational relations. Finally, an impressive number of Chinese Americans in all walks of life are endowed with cross-national competencies that can reduce friction between the two states and promote the realization of mutually beneficial outcomes.
China's 1905 Anti-American Boycott: A Nationalist Myth?
Authors: Meissner Daniel J.
Published: March 2011

On 10 May 1905, the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce called a boycott against American goods and services. Notices of compliance soon began arriving at Shanghai from guilds in China's major cities and as far away as the Straits Settlement and San Francisco. Aroused by patriotic passion, students and workers soon joined the movement, organizing boycott meetings and demonstrations, circulating anti-American placards, and editorializing in China's emerging liberal press. Chinese brokers canceled orders for American products, shop owners destroyed stocks of American merchandise, laborers left American firms, domestics walked out of American homes, and dockhands refused to unload American goods. For several months, the boycott spread in range and depth of commitment until rigorous suppression by central and local authorities under pressure from the foreign Powers brought the movement to an end.
Competing Images and American Official Reconsiderations of China Policy, 1961&–1968
Authors: Goh Evelyn
Published: March 2011

In February 1972, President Richard Nixon made a historic visit to the People”s Republic of China (PRC), marking a Sino-American rapprochement and the beginning of the route to normalization of relations. This came more than twenty years after mainland China turned Communist and fought American-led United Nations forces in Korea. Thereafter, the United States had sought to ”contain“. Communist China by means of bilateral alliances and military bases in East Asia, and to isolate it by refusing to recognize the Communist regime. The next twenty years were marked by American opposition to UN membership for the PRC, three crises in the Taiwan Strait, much offensive rhetoric, and a proxy war in Vietnam. Thus it appeared in 1972 that Nixon had executed a dramatic reversal of U.S. China policy in ending this hostile estrangement.
Le Duan, the American War, and the Creation of an Independent Vietnamese State
Authors: Asselin Pierre
Published: March 2011

Since the end of the Vietnam War thirty years ago, Western scholars have made countless attempts at explaining that conflict's course and rationalizing its outcome. These attempts have considered a wide variety of elements ranging from the personalities of those involved in the decision- making process in Washington to the technologies used by American forces against their enemies in Indochina. Ironically, few scholars have considered the element that may have been most important in determining the outcome of the war, mainly the North Vietnamese leadership. As a result, little is known about the nature of that leadership. For many Western scholars, Ho Chi Minh inspired the North Vietnamese war effort, Vo Nguyen Giap coordinated it, and Pham Van Dong, as prime minister of the Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam (DRVN), supervised the implementation of Ho and Giap's policies. That others may have been involved and influential in the decision-making process in Hanoi is rarely considered in Western scholarship. We accept the notion that the Ho-Giap-Dong axis led the effort against the United States, and the zeal of the North Vietnamese people carried Hanoi to victory.
Introduction: Framing the Asia Pacific War with an Even Hand
Authors: West Philip
Published: March 2011

The powerful hold the glory of war has on the human imagination is good news for book publishers, filmmakers, and creators of video games—not to mention those invested in military enterprises whose vastness lies almost beyond comprehension. They enjoy economic, political, and cultural markets that seem only to expand with the passing of time. For the purposes of this special issue, that steady and expanding market is bad news because our hope is that governments and people in general will learn from the lessons of war and spend less time on the glory of its violence. We aspire to work with an even hand and begin with an awareness just how blinded we can be by human nature to the realities and memories of war of .the other side.. We also believe that including more attention to the human dimensions of war in our teaching and writing—while placed within the familiar military and historical contexts—will soften the powerful hold that war has on the way we see ourselves and others. The selected letters and diaries introduced in this special issue are offered as a starting point and framework to do just that.
Memories of Japan’s Lost War
Authors: Cook Haruko Taya
Published: March 2011

On 28 March 1999, Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi Keiz&o dedicated a major new building in Tokyo named the Sh&owakan. In his brief remarks, Obuchi reminded his audience that the generation that experienced the hardships of wartime and endured the immediate postwar era is now aging. He reiterated in tones of regret .”the experiences of those times are eroding.“ The prime minister of Japan stated that, ”In order to accurately convey the experiences and facts of that era, the need for historical documents and materials is thus made even more acute. ”1 Costing nearly 12.3 billion yen, or more than U.S.100 million, and taking two decades from its inception to this day of dedication, the Sh&owakan is to be the repository and site for the display of such materials.
Foreword: The War in My Diaries and Memories
Authors: Iriye Akira
Published: March 2011

During the war, I was a grade school pupil in Tokyo. Our teachers encouraged us to keep a diary, and I did. Unfortunately, it is now lost, and I did not resume my diary writing until 19 August 1945. I have kept most of my diary entries since then. But I wish I had written down something on 15 August 1945 to record my reaction to the emperor’s radio broadcast, announcing that he had decided to accept the Potsdam Declaration. Between 19 August 1944 and 31 July 1945, I was in Nagano Prefecture, having been evacuated from the city to that mountainous province in order to avoid air raids that were expected to commence at any moment. I wrote home many letters from Nagano, but they too have been lost.
“Friendship First”: China's Sports Diplomacy during the Cold War
Authors: Wang Guanhua
Published: March 2011

The Cold War was an era of ideological conflict and hostility between socialist and capitalist countries. In this period of intense political animosity, the People's Republic of China (PRC) advocated the ideal of .friendship first. in sport. While the so-called .ping-pong diplomacy. of 1971 is well known because it contributed to détente between the PRC and the United States,1 there has been no comprehensive examination of China's Cold War sports policy as a whole. This study addresses this gap.
A Reexamination of the “Shock of Hiroshima”: The Japanese Bomb Projects and the Surrender Decision
Authors: Grunow Tristan
Published: March 2011

On 6 August 1945, at exactly 8:15 a.m., the first atomic bomb in history was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. Along with the Soviet entrance into the war on 8 August, the atomic bomb was one of the “twin shocks” that finally compelled Emperor Hirohito to make the decision to surrender. The real “shock” of Hiroshima, however, was not the introduction of a “new and most cruel bomb,” as Hirohito described the atomic bomb in his 15 August radio broadcast announcing the decision to surrender. Rather, it was the capability of the United States to produce the rumored .super weapon. that Japan’s own top atomic scientists had repeatedly deemed impossible, the latest instance of such denial coming only several weeks earlier on 21 July 1945—five days after the Manhattan Project’s successful Trinity atomic test at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
A Century-old “Puzzle”: The Six Companies' Role in Chinese Labor Importation in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Qin Yucheng
Published: March 2011

University of Hawaii at Hilo In 1864, Win Kang embarked on a steamship for California from an interior town near Canton in China, the first member of the Kang family to emigrate. He was sick, and had no friends on the ship or in California. When the steamship landed in San Francisco, about a thousand Chinese went aboard, including a secretary from the Ning Yeung huiguan or Ning Yeung Company who wanted to see if there were any countrymen from his district of China. Ning Yeung huiguan was just one of the huiguan in San Francisco. The secretary found Win Kang and took him to the company hall on Broadway. In the huiguan house, he was fed and nursed for about two weeks until he regained his health. He then went to the temple on the upper floor of the huiguan building and made thank-offerings to the gods. In the next few years, the secretary helped him to find a job, defended him in court, prosecuted the man who robbed him in a Barbary Coast alley, adjudicated a dispute he had with another Chinese, and helped prove that he was innocent of robbery charges (it turned out that the culprit was his employer's son). He paid the huiguan 5 or 6 for the assistance he received when he was sick.
Resistance in Japanese Prison Camps during World War II
Authors: La Forte Robert S.
Published: March 2011

When instructing men who might become prisoners of war, Article 3 of the United States Armed Forces Code of Conduct, issued in 1955, states in part: “If I am captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to escape.” No such code existed in World War II.