bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Studies on Denaturation and Stability of Recombinant Human Interferon-Gamma
Authors: Christova Petya , Todorova Kristina , Timtcheva Ilijana , Nacheva Genoveva , Karshikoff Andrey , Nikolova Peter
Published: February 2015

Unfolding/folding transitions of recombinant human interferon-gamma (hIFNγ) in urea and guanidine chloride (Gn.HCl) solutions were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. At pH 7.4 Gn.HCl was a much more efficient denaturant (midpoint of unfolding C* = 1.1 m and ΔG0 = 13.4 kJ/mol) than urea (C* = 2.8 m and ΔG0 = 11.7 kJ/mol). The close ΔG0 values indicate that the contribution of electrostatic interactions to the stability of hIFNγ is insignificant. Both the pH dependence of the fluorescence intensity and the unfolding experiments in urea at variable pH showed that hIFNγ remains native in the pH range of 4.8-9.5. Using two quenchers, iodide and acrylamide, and applying the Stern-Volmer equation, a cluster of acidic groups situated in close proximity to the single tryptophan residue was identified. Based on the denaturation experiments at different pH values and on our earlier calculations of the electrostatic interactions in hIFNγ, we assume that the protonation of Asp63 causes conformational changes having a substantial impact on the stability of hIFNγ.
Feeding Stimulants Eliciting the Probing Behavior for Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier et Signore (Hemiptera: Ruduviidae) from Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val)
Authors: Tebayashi Shin-ichi , Kawahara Takuya , Kim Chul-Sa , Nishi Akinori , Takahashi Keiichi , Miyanoshita Akihiro , Horiike Michiro
Published: February 2015

Four fatty acid methyl esters identified in the solvent extract of Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val) larvae as kairomones were individually and collectively tested for probing behavior of Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier et Signoret. All identified fatty acid methyl eaters, methyl palmitate, methyl linolate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate, exhibited characterisitic kairomonal probing behavior of P. biannulipe toward the lure. These fatty acid methyl ester were active at 0.2 μg/lure but a synergistic effect was not observed among them. Commercially available C8-C14 even-numbered fatty acid methyl esters that were not detected in the extract of T. confusum larvae also elicited a probing behavior but their activities were weaker than those of four fatty acid methyl ester (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2) identified in the extract. On the other hand, C17 and C19 odd-numbered fatty acid methyl esters did not show any activity at all.
Alkaloid Profile of Bulgarian Species from Genus Senecio L.
Authors: Christov Veselin , Evstatieva Liuba
Published: February 2015

Twenty-seven pyrrolizidine alkaloids were identified by a detailed phytochemical study and GC/MS analysis on twelve Bulgarian species from genus Senecio. Twenty of them are new for the corresponding species. Other six structures reimain tentatively identified.
Sesquiterpenes from Achillea pannonica Scheele
Authors: Werner Ingrid , Glasl Sabine , Presser Armin , Haslinger Ernst , Jurenitsch Johann
Published: February 2015

From dichloromethane extracts of flowerheads of Achillea pannonica Scheele three sesquiterpenes were isolated and identified: 11,13-dehydrodesacetylmatricarin, (6E)-5-tigloxy- 9-hydroxynerolidol and α-longipin-2-en-1-one. The structures were determined by MS, IR and NMR spectroscopic analyses. (6E)-5-Tigloxy-9-hydroxynerolidol is reported here for the first time. Additionally spathulenol, a compound of the essential oil was identified using GC-MS and GC-FTIR.
Chemical Composition of Corallina mediterranea Areschoug and Corallina granifera Ell. et Soland
Authors: Rosa Salvatore De , Kamenarska Zornitsa , Stefanov Kamen , Dimitrova-Konaklieva Stefka , Najdenski Chavdar , Tzvetkova Iva , Ninova Valeria , Popov Simeon
Published: February 2015

The composition of sterols, volatiles and some polar compounds from three Corallina samples (C. granifera and C. mediterranea from the Black Sea and C. mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea) was established. The sterol composition of the Black Sea samples was similar but it differs from that of the Mediterranean sample. The composition of the volatiles was very complex. The main groups of constituent were hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, acids and their esters, terpenes. The composition of the polar components, soluble in n-butanol, was also established. There were some differences in the chemical composition of the two Black Sea species, which may be due to the biodiversity between them, while the differences in the composition of the two C. mediterranea samples could be due to the differences in the environment (salinity, temperature, pollution, etc.).
The Structural Determination of a New Steroidal Metabolite from the Brown Alga Sargassum asperifolium
Authors: N. Ayyad Seif-Eldin , Sowellim Salah Z. A , El-Hosini Mohamed S. , Abo-Atia Amal
Published: February 2015

An investigation of the natural products chemistry of the brown alga Sargassum asperifolium from the red sea yielded a new steroidal metabolite, 24-vinyl cholest -4-ene -24- ol -3 one, saringosterone (3), a known steroidal metabolite, 24-vinyl cholest -5-ene -3b, 24-diol, saringosterol (4), and known diterpene with a hydroazulene skeleton, dictyone (1). The identification of the isolated metabolites was established mainly by spectral methods and chemical transformation of the dictyone (1) to its acetate (2).
A New Highly Oxygenated Flavone from Vernonia saligna
Authors: Huang Yue , Ding Zhi-Hui , Liu Ji-Kai
Published: February 2015

A new highly oxygenated flavone, namely 8, 3′-dihydroxy-5, 6, 7, 4′-tetramethoxyflavone (1), together with other five known flavonoids were isolated from the tropical plant Vernonia saligna. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral (MS, IR, UV, 1D & 2D NMR) measurement and chemical evidence.
Antioxidant Activity of Pine Bark Constituents
Authors: Saleem Ammar , Kivelä Henri
Published: February 2015

A modified in vitro lipid peroxidation inhibition assay was used to guide the fractionation and the isolation of antioxidative principles of Finnish pine bark extract. This approach yielded 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid) and taxifolin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside as major antioxidative compounds from the plant material. The structural elucidation of these compounds was undertaken with the help of HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS analyses. Their IC50 values, in comparison to trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), were: trolox (1.78 ± 0.56 μm) < protocatechuic acid (5.77 ± 1.63 μm) < taxifolin-3- O-β-glucopyranoside (16.30 ± 1.98 μm). The method for the determination of antioxidant activity proved reproducible and quick for routine analyses with 96 well plates.
Antioxidant Properties of Galantamine Hydrobromide
Authors: Traykova M. , Traykov T. , Hadjimitova V. , Bojadgieva N.
Published: February 2015

The antioxidant properties of galantamine hydrobromide ((4α,6β)-4a,5,9,10,11,12-hexahydro- 3-methoxy-11-methyl-6H-benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]benzazepin-6-ol hydrobromide) were studied in vitro, using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and spectrophotometry. It was found that this compound was a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). By comparing the antioxidant effects of galantamine ((4α,6β)-4a,5,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl- 6H-benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]benzazepin-6-ol), galantamine hydrobromide, narwedine (4a, 5,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-6H-benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]benzazepin-6-one), and narwedine hydrobromide it was found that the antioxidant activity depended on the enolic OH group in the molecule. The presence of a quaternary nitrogen in the compound increased the strength of the scavenging effect. It is proposed that the antioxidant properties observed in vitro may contribute to the therapeutical effect of galantamine hydrobromide on patients with brain degeneration.
p-Terphenyls from the Basidiomycete Thelephora aurantiotincta
Authors: Liu Ji-Kai
Published: February 2015

A new p-terphenyl, named aurantiotinin A (1), together with ganbajunin C (2) and atromentin (3) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Thelephora aurantiotincta Corner. Their structures were established by spectral (MS, IR, UV, NMR, H-H COSY, HMQC, HMBC measurement) and chemical methods.
Essential Oils from Two Endemic Species of Apiaceae from Iran
Authors: Yassa Narguss , Akhani Hossein , Aqaahmadi Majid , Salimian Mojtaba
Published: February 2015

The composition of essential oils of Leutea glaucopruinosa (Rech.f.) Akhani & Salimian comb, nov., and Zeravschania (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Salimian & Akhani comb. nov. were analysed by GC-MS. 49 compounds are identified in the former and 33 compounds in the latter, comprising a total of 76 compounds in both species. Both species were originally described under Peucedanum, which are transferred in this paper into Leutea and Zeravschania, respectively. The chemical compounds of the essential oils show that there are only seven common compounds between two species. The major compounds of L. glaucopruinosa are mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, in which α-pinene (31.5%), sabinene (9.7%), β-pinene (9.2%), exo-fenchyl acetate (4.5%) are dominant. In Z. pastinacifolia sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and phenylpropanoids dominate with β-bisabolene (37.3%), 3,1-butyl-1.2-dimethoxy benzene (14.9%), 10,11-dimethylbicyclo[6.3.0]undec-(8)-en-9-one (12.9%), 4-t-butyl-1,2-dimethoxy benzene (6.8%), (E)-asarone (5.1%) and elemicine (4.1%) as major compounds.
Cuticular Waxes and Flavonol Aglycones of Mistletoes
Authors: Haas Klaus , Bauer Markus , Wollenweber Eckhard
Published: February 2015

Cuticular waxes of Viscum album subspecies and of V. cruciatum have been examined for their micromorphology and chemical composition. Wax crystalloids occur preferably as irregular platelets and rodlets, while deviant structures are found in small areas. Among the triterpenoids forming the wax layer, oleanolic acid is prevailing with some 80%. The quantitative composition of the long-chain aliphatics, which comprise several classes, is rather variable. Flavonoid aglycones, occurring as very minor components of the cuticular waxes, comprise the flavonols kaempferol and quercetin and a series of their methyl derivatives, in some taxa also the flavanone naringenin. Neither the crystalloid structures nor the chemical composition of the wax allow to discriminate the 2 species, or male and female plants, or plants grown on conifers or on dicotyledoneous hosts.
Physocalycoside, a New Phenylethanoid Glycoside from Phlomis physocalyx Hub.-Mor.
Authors: Ersöz Tayfun , Alipieva Kalina Iv. , Yalçın Funda Nuray , Akbay Pınar , Handjieva Nedjalka , Dönmez Ali A. , Popov Simeon , Çalışa İhsan
Published: February 2015

A new phenylethanoid tetraglycoside, physocalycoside (2), was isolated from the aerial parts of Phlomis physocalyx. Its structure was identified as 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-β-phenyl-ethoxy-O-[α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-4-O-feruloyl-[β-ᴅ- glucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-|β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside, on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. In addition, one known iridoid glucoside, lamiide (1) and five known phenylethanoid glycosides, wiedemannioside C (3), verbascoside (= acteoside) (4). leucosceptoside A (5), martynoside (6), and forsythoside B (7) were also characterized. Compounds 2-7 demonstrated radical scavenging properties towards the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.
Tetrahydroisoquinoline and β-Carboline Alkaloids from Haloxylon articulatum (Cav.) Bunge (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: El-Shazly Assem , Wink Michael
Published: February 2015

Salsolidine and 2-methyl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline were isolated from Haloxylon articulatum (growing in Egypt) besides the known carnegine and N-methylisosalsoline. 2- methyl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline was recorded for the first time in the genus Haloxylon. The alkaloids were identified by spectroscopic methods (MS, 1D and 2D NMR).
Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Satureja thymbra and S. cuneifolia
Authors: Gören Ahmet C. , Bilsel Gökhan , Altun Mehmet , Satıl Fatih
Published: February 2015

The chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from seeds of S. thymbra and S. cuneifolia were analyzed by GC/MS. 7 FAMEs were identified from the seeds of S. thymbra mainly as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (43.9%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.4%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (30.2%), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.1%), while from the seed of S. cuneifolia 10 FAMEs were obtained with the main components, similar to S. thymbra. These were identified as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.1%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate, 34.6%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.3%) and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.8%).
Immunomodulatory Triterpenoids from the Oleogum Resin of Boswellia carterii Birdwood
Authors: Badria Farid A. , Mikhaeil Botros R. , Maatooq Galal T. , Amer Mohamed M. A.
Published: February 2015

The immunomodulatory bioassay-guided fractionation of the oleogum resin of frankincense (Boswellia carterii Bird wood) resulted in the isolation and identification of 9 compounds; palmitic acid and eight triterpenoids belonging to lupane, ursane, oleanane, and tirucallane skeleta were isolated form the resin. These triterpenoids are lupeol, β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, acetyl β-boswellic acid, acetyl 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, acetyl- α-boswellic acid, 3-oxo-tirucallic acid, and 3-hydroxy-tirucallic acid. The structures of the isolated compounds were deduced based on spectroscopic evidences. The lymphocyte transformation assay of the isolated compounds proved that the total extract retained more activity than that of any of the purified compounds.
Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Prenylated Bicyclic Acylphloroglucinol Derivatives from Hypericum amblycalyx
Authors: Winkelmann Karin , San Metin , Kypriotakis Zacharias , Skaltsa Helen , Bosilij Blazenka , Heilmann Jörg
Published: February 2015

Two new bicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivatives, hypercalyxone A (1-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl- 3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl)-chroman-8-yl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one, 1) and B (1-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl)-chroman- 8-yl]-2-methyl-butan-1-one, 2), have been isolated from the petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum amblycalyx, together with two further compounds (1-[5,7- dihydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl)-chroman-8-yl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one, 3 and 1-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl)-chroman-8-yl]-2-methyl-butan-1-one, 4), which have been described only as semi-synthetic products. In addition, the known triterpene lup-20(29)-en-3-one was obtained. Structure elucidation was based on 1D and 2D NMR studies, as well as on data derived from mass spectrometry. The four acylphloroglucinol derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. All compounds showed moderate cytotoxic activity against KB and Jurkat T cancer cells. Especially compounds 3 and 4 exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive strains.
Increased Resistance of Peptides to Serum Proteases by Modification of their Amino Groups
Authors: Galati Rossella , Verdina Alessandra , Falasca Giuliana , Chersi Alberto
Published: February 2015

The ability of synthetic protein fragments to survive the degradative action of aminopeptidases and serum proteolytic enzymes can be remarkably enhanced by slight modifications at their N-terminal alpha-amino group. This can be achieved by addition of beta-alanine or amino acids of the d-configuration, amino acids which are seldom found in a living organism. These modifications do scarcely modify the chemical and physical properties of the peptides, and should be preferrred, especially for in vivo tests, to drastic alterations of peptides as produced by dinitrophenylation or dansylation of the amino groups.
Carotenoid Production by Lactoso-Negative Yeasts Co-Cultivated with Lactic Acid Bacteria in Whey Ultrafiltrate
Authors: Frengova Ginka I. , Emilina Simova D. , Beshkova Dora M.
Published: February 2015

Two strains were selected - the lactoso-negative yeast Rhodotorula rubra GED2 and the homofermentative Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei Ha1 for co-cultivation in cheese whey ultrafiltrate (WU) and active synthesis of carotenoids. Under conditions of intensive aeration (1.0 l/1 min, 220 rpm), a temperature of 30 °C, WU with 55.0 g lactose/l, initial pH = 5.5, the carotenoid content in the cells reached a maximum, when the growth of the cultures had come to an end, i.e. in the stationary phase of the yeast. The maxima for dry cell accumulation (27.0 g/l) and carotenoid formation (12.1 mg/l culture medium) did not coincide on the 5th and 6th day, respectively. A peculiarity of the carotenoid-synthesizing Rh. rubra GED2 strain, co-cultivated with L. casei Ha1, was the production of carotenoids with high β-carotene content (46.6% of total carotenoids) and 10.7% and 36.9% for torulene and torularhodin, respectively.
Distribution of Quinic Acid Derivatives and Other Phenolic Compounds in Brazilian Propolis
Authors: Pereira Alberto dos Santos , Pereira Adriana Farah de Miranda , Trugo Luiz Carlos , Neto Francisco Radler de Aquino
Published: February 2015

The quinic acid derivatives (including 4-feruoyl quinic and 5-ferruoyl quinic acids characterized for first time in propolis samples) and other phenolic compounds were quantified in thirteen Brazilian propolis samples by HPLC analysis. For chemometrical analysis, the distribution of quinic acid derivatives and other phenolic compounds were considered.

The results suggest that the Brazilian propolis with floral origin from Citrus sp. have the highest concentration of the quinic acid derivatives (between 11.0 to 58.4 mg/mg of the dried crude hydroalcoholic extract) and therefore would probably show a more effective hepatoprotective activity.
Trypanosoma evansi Sialidase: Surface Localization, Properties and Hydrolysis of Ghost Red Blood Cells and Brain Cells-Implications in Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Nok Andrew J. , Nzelibe Humphrey C. , Yako Sarah K.
Published: February 2015

A membrane-bound sialidase was isolated from blood stream (BS) Trypanosoma evansi partially purified and characterized. The enzyme is a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) membrane anchored protein. It was solubilized from T.evansi cells recovered from infected camel blood by detergent treatment with Triton CF 54 and partially purified by a series of chromatography steps. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.5 and 37 °C. It had a Kᴍ and Vmax values of 4.8 x 10-6ᴍ and 3.75 x 10-6 mol/min.mg protein with Neu5Acα2, 3lac as substrate respectively. The Kᴍ and Vmax values with fetuin (4-nitrophenyl-oxamic acid) as substrate were 2.9 x 10-2ᴍ and 4.2 \ 10-3 mol/min.mg protein in the same respect. Kinetic analysis with methly umbelliferyl sialate (MU-Neu5Ac) gave Kᴍ and Vmax values of 0.17 mᴍ and 0.84 mmol/min.mg protein respectively. The T. evansi SD could hydrolyse internally linked sialic acid residues of the ganglioside GM2 , but was inactive towards colomic acid, and Neu5Ac2, 6. lac. When ghost red blood cell (RBC) was used as substrate, it desialylated the RBC in the following order of efficiency; mouse, rat, camel, goat, and dog. Similarly, cerebral cells isolated from BalbC mouse was desialylated by the T. evansi SD.

Inhibition studies using 2-deoxy-2, 3 didehydro-N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NeuAc2, 3en) against MU-Neu5Ac revealed a competitive inhibition pattern with Ki of 5.8 μm. The enzyme was also inhibited non-competitively by parahydroxy oxamic acid (pHOA), and competitively by N-ethylmaleimide and N-bromosuccinate with Ki values of 25, 42, and 53 μm, respectively. It was activated by Mg2+ ion and inhibited by Cu2+ and Zn2+.
The First Occurrence in Nature of Two Compounds from Hops
Authors: Qu Yan , Ding Zhi-Hui , Liu Ji-Kai
Published: February 2015

Two compounds, (p-methoxyphenyl) diphenylmethanol (1) and tribenzylamine (2), were isolated from Humulus lupulus. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral evidence (MS, IR, NMR, HMBC, HMQC, 1H-1H COSY experiments). Compounds 1 and 2 were found as natural products at the first time.
Floral Resin of Tovomitopsis saldanhae (Guttiferae) and 7-Epi-nemorosone: Structural Revision
Authors: Bittrich Volker , Amaral Maria do Carmo E. , Machado Samísia M. F. , Marsaioli Anita J.
Published: February 2015

The floral resin of Tovomitopsis saldanhae (Guttiferae) is composed of poliisoprenylated benzophenone and the major constituent is 7-epi-nemorosone which has now been revised.
Chemical Constituents of the Basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola
Authors: Hu Lin , Tan Jian-Wen , Liu Ji-Kai
Published: February 2015

A new natural pyridine derivative (3-aldehyde-2-amino-6-methoxypyridine, 1) together with (R)-glycidyl octadecanoate (2) and five ergostane-type sterols (3-7) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola Kauffm. Their structures were established by spectral methods (MS, IR, 1D and 2D-NMR experiments).
Analysis of Essential Oil of Coridothymus capitatus (L.) and Its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
Authors: Goren Ahmet C. , Bilsel Gokhan , Bilsel Mine , Demir Huseyin , Kocabaş E. Esin
Published: February 2015

The water-distilled essential oil the leaves of Coridothymus capitatus were analyzed by GC/MS and also analyzed by direct thermal desorption GC/MS. Comparison was made between two analyses techniques. The essential oil consisted mainly of monoterpenes 98.9%, while oxygenated hydrocarbons were identified as 55.6% and non-oxygenated hydrocarbons as 43.6%. As major components were found carvacrol (35.6%), p-cymene (21.0%), thymol (18.6%), γ-terpinene (12.3%), α-terpinene (3.2%), β-myrcene (3.0%) and α-thujene (1.3%) by hydrodistillation and by the GC/MS method. The direct thermal desorption GC/MS analysis also showed the same major components, namely carvacrol (51.6%), thymol (21.7%), pcymene (9.7%) γ-terpinene (8.2%), α-terpinene (1.64%). The essential oil of C. capitatus showed strong activity against S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis and C. albicans.
Synthesis of Montroumarin
Authors: Saeed Aamer
Published: February 2015

A simple stereoselective synthesis of montroumarin [(3S)-6,8-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin] isolated from Montrouziera sphaeroidea has been achieved. Condensation of benzoyl chloride with 3,5-dimethoxyhomophthalic acid afforded 6,8-dimethoxy-3-phenylisocoumarin (3) which on sequential saponification and esterification yielded the keto ester 5. Enantioselective reduction of the latter with baker’s yeast directly furnished the (3S)-6,8- dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin (6) in good enantioselectivity which on demethylation provided montroumarin. All of the synthesized compounds were examined in vitro for antifungal activity.
Bioactive Phenolics from Carthamus lanatus L.
Authors: Taskova Rilka , Mitova Maya , Mikhova Bozhanka , Duddeck Helmut
Published: February 2015

Two flavonoid aglycons, eight flavonoid glycosides, chlorogenic acid and syringin were isolated from aerial parts of Carthamus lanatus. Isorhamnetin 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucoside and chlorogenic acid were found for the first time in the genus Carthamus and respectively, quercimeritrin, astragalin, kaempferol 3-O-β-ᴅ-sophoroside and syringin in the species. The ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than the butanol fraction measured by the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrazylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of the main constituent, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside, were evaluated.
Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Galls of Rhus javanica Leaves and Their Effects on Insects
Authors: Kubo Isao , Kinst-Hori Ikuyo , Nihei Ken-Ichi , Soria Frida , Takasaki Midori , Calderón José S. , Céspedes Carlos L.
Published: February 2015

As a defense mechanism of the leaves of Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae) against the aphid Melaphis chinensis (Aphididae) attack, tannic acid is rapidly accumulated and forms galls along the midrib of the leaves resulting in a unique natural medicine Gallae Rhois. Tannic acid was found to inhibit the oxidation of ʟ-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (ʟ-DOPA) catalyzed by tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) with an IC50 of 22 μᴍ. The aphid would detoxify the ingested toxic tannic acid to relatively nontoxic gallic acid, whereas the non-adapted pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella larvae are sensitive to the ingested tannic acid.
Biodegradation of Naphthalene by Free and Alginate Entrapped Pseudomonas sp.
Authors: Seoud Mahmoud Abou , Maachi Rachida
Published: February 2015

Naphthalene degradation by freely suspended and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from contaminated effluents has been investigated in batch cultures and continuously in a packed bed reactor. Naphthalene concentration was varied from 25 mᴍ to 75 mᴍ, the temperature (30 °C) and pH (7.0) were kept constant. The results showed good acclimation of the strain to carbon source and degradation rate was highly affected by initial concentration. Alginate-entrapped cells have given good yields although initial rates were not as high as those encountered with free cells. A first order exponential decay kinetic model was proposed with values of parameters for each initial concentration. A laboratory scale packedbed bioreactor was designed using parameters calculated above and continuous experiments were realized at different flow rates (100 to 200 ml/h), with different feed concentrations and operating during 30 days. The conversion at low feed concentrations and low flow rates was complete whereas at high flow rates and high concentrations it was less efficient because of diffusional limitations and short residence time.
Expression of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone GRP94 Gene in Ischemic Gerbil Brain
Authors: Kim Seung-Whan , Park Soojung , You Kwan-Hee , Kwon O-Yu
Published: February 2015

GRP94 (glucose regulated protein 94) gene expression in the ischemic-hippocampus of gerbils, which was induced by a temporary occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCAs), was tested by Northern blot analysis. The maximum GRP94 gene expression level was detected at the occipital lobe 10 min after the induction of ischemia. In the hippocampus, GRP94 gene expression reached a maximum 15 min after inducing ischemia. Following reperfusion, the maximum expression level was shown at 12 h and continuing thereafter.
A Novel Cyclopeptide from a Bacterium Associated with the Marine Sponge Ircinia muscarum
Authors: Mitova Maya , Tommonaro Giuseppina , De Rosa Salvatore
Published: February 2015

A new cyclotetrapeptide 1, together with three known cyclopeptides were isolated from the exo-cellular extract of Pseudomonas sp. a bacterium associated with the sponge Ircinia muscarum. The structure of 1 was suggested on the basis of spectroscopic analytical data and chemical degradation.
Antimicrobial Compounds of Fungi Vectored by Clusia spp. (Clusiaceae) Pollinating Bees
Authors: Bicalho Beatriz , Gonçalves Regina A. C. , Zibordi Ana Paula M. , Manfio Gilson P. , Marsaioli Anita J.
Published: February 2015

The production of antimicrobial compounds by fungi associated with Clusia spp. pollinating bees (Trigona sp., Trigonini) was investigated in order to approach natural mechanisms of microbial density control within nest environment. By using a bioassay-guided approach based on bioautography and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), known α,β-dehydrocurvularin and curvularin were isolated from Curvularia eragrostidis (CCT 5634) and Curvularia pallescens (CCT 5654), and known cochlioquinone A and isocochlioquinone A were isolated from Drechslera dematioidea (CCT 5631).
Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids in the Flowers and Leaves of Ficaria verna Huds.
Authors: Tomczyk Michał , Gudej Jan
Published: February 2015

The quantitative determination of flavonoid compounds in flowers and leaves of Ficaria verna Huds. (Ranunculaceae) was carried out in different growing seasons of the plant, using Christ-Müller’s method (Polish Pharmacopoeia, 1999) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis after acid hydrolysis. The flavonoid content was much higher in flowers than in leaves.
Verbenacine and Salvinine: Two New Diterpenes from Salvia verbenaca
Authors: Ahmed Bahar , Al-Howiriny Tawfeq A. , Al-Rehaily Adnan J. , Mossa Jaber S.
Published: February 2015

Two new diterpenes namely verbenacine (1) and salvinine (2) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia verbenaca. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral data as 3α-hydroxy-19-carboxykaur-15-ene and 19-hydroxy-12,14-dioxo labda-15,17-diene.
Dorycnioside, a New Phenylbutanone Glucoside from Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. herbaceum
Authors: Kazantzoglou Georgios , Magiatis Prokopios , Panoutsopoulos Georgios , Skaltsounis Alexios-Leandros
Published: February 2015

A new phenylbutanone glucoside, dorycnioside, was isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. herbaceum Vill. (Rouy) and identified as 4-(4′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (1). In addition, two known phenylbutanone glucosides, five flavonoids, one cyanogenic glucoside, one cyclitol and one hydroquinone glucoside were also isolated and identified. The major constituent of the methanol extract was found to be myricitrin. The structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of its spectroscopic data. It is the first time that derivatives of phenylbutanone are isolated from the Leguminosae family.
Essential Oils of the Leaves of the Raukaua Genus (Araliaceae)
Authors: Weston Roderick J.
Published: February 2015

The Raukaua genus of the family Araliaceae consists of 3 species, R. anomalus, R. edgerleyi and R. simplex, all endemic to New Zealand. The essential oil of R. edgerleyi and R. simplex consisted largely of monoterpenes. Limonene was the most abundant (23%) in R. edgerleyi and myrcene the most abundant (34%) in R. simplex. The oil of R. simplex lacked any significant sesquiterpenoids whereas bicyclogermacrene constituted 12% of the oil of R. edgerleyi. The oil of R. anomalus contained monoterpenes in low abundance and the sesquiterpenoids germacrene-B (15%) and γ-muurolene (16%) dominated the composition of this oil. The oil of R. edgerleyi had a pleasant fresh green aroma but the low yields of all three oils excluded them from potential commercial use.
Essential Oils from the Leaves of Three New Zealand Species of Pseudopanax (Araliaceae)
Authors: Weston Roderick J.
Published: February 2015

Essential oils from three of the eleven endemic New Zealand species of Pseudopanax, P. arboreus, P. discolor and P. lessonii, were found to have a fairly uniform composition which was different from that of the oils of Raukaua species that were formerly classified in the Pseudopanax genus. Oils of the three Pseudopanax species all contained significant proportions of viridiflorol and a closely related unidentified hydroazulene alcohol in common. In addition, the oil of P. arboreus contained bicyclogermacrene, linalool and long chain hydrocarbons. The oil of P. discolor contained nerolidol in abundance (36.3%) together with linalool and epi-α-muurolol. The oil of P. lessonii contained a complex mixture of sesquiterpene alcohols including epi-α-muurolol and a mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. Nerolidol and linalool provided the oil of P. discolor with a pleasant floral aroma, but the yield of oil was very low (0.01%).
Flavonoids from the Genus Taxus
Authors: Krauze-Baranowska Mirosława
Published: February 2015

From the needles of Taxus baccata the following flavonoids were isolated: 3-O-rutinosides quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol, 7-O-glucosides kaempferol and quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin. The composition of flavonols and biflavones in some of the species of the genus Taxus, namely T. celebica, T. cuspidata, T. media and cultivar varieties T. baccata ‘Aurea’, T. baccata ‘Aurea decora’, T. baccata ‘Elegantissima’, T. baccata ‘Fastigiata’, T. baccata ‘Pyramidalis’, T. media ‘Hatfieldii’ were compared by HPLC separation.
Fatty Acids Profile of Spirulina platensis Grown Under Different Temperatures and Nitrogen Concentrations
Authors: Colla Luciane Maria , Bertolin Telma Elita , Costa Jorge Alberto Vieira
Published: February 2015

The influence of culture temperature and the concentration of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) on the gas-chromatographic profile of the fatty acids of the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was evaluated. We found that temperature was the most important factor and that the greatest amount of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was obtained at 30 °C, the fatty acid profile of the Spirulina cultivated showing that (in order of abundance) palmitic, linolenic and linoleic acids were most prevalent.
Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants Produced by Renibacterium salmoninarum 27BN During Growth on n-Hexadecane
Authors: Christova Nelly , Tuleva Borjana , Lalchev Zdravko , Jordanova Albena , Jordanov Bojidar
Published: February 2015

A new strain Renibacterium salmoninarum 27BN was isolated for its capacity to utilize nhexadecane as sole substrate. Growth on n-hexadecane was accompanied with the production of glycolipid surface active substances detected by surface pressure lowering and emulsifying activity. Glycolipid detection by thin layer chromatography and infrared spectra analyses showed for the first time that Renibacterium salmoninarum 27BN secretes the two rhamnolipids RLL and RRLL typical for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum 27BN on n-hexadecane depended on the bioavailability of the substrate and the secreted rhamnolipids appeared to be efficient in increasing hexadecane availability for the cells.
Improvement of Carotenoid-Synthesizing Yeast Rhodotorula rubra by Chemical Mutagenesis
Authors: Frengova Ginka I. , Simova Emilina D. , Beshkova Dora M.
Published: February 2015

A mutant Rhodotorula rubra with enhanced carotenoid-synthesizing activity for synthesizing total carotenoids and β-carotene was obtained by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. When co-cultivated with yogurt starter bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophilus) in whey ultrafiltrate it produced 15.7 mg total carotenoids l-1 culture fluid or 946 μg total carotenoids g-1 dry cells of which 71% was β-carotene. Grown as a monoculture in glucose substrate, the mutant shown 1.4 times lower carotenoid-synthesizing activity, and the relative share of β-carotene in the total carotenoids was lower (63%). The individual pigments torulene and torularhodin were identified, whose mass fractions were (29% and 7%) and (24% and 4%), respectively, for the mutant grown as a monoculture and as a mixed culture with the yogurt bacteria.
Analysis of Insecticidal Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Fractions
Authors: Siddiqui Bina Shaheen , Rasheed Munawwer , Ilyas Firdous , Gulzar Tahsin , Tariq Rajput Mohammad , Naqvi Syed Naim-ul-Hassan
Published: February 2015

As a result of chemical investigation on the ethanolic extract of fresh fruit coatings of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem), twenty-seven compounds were identified in non-polar to less polar fractions which showed pesticidal activity determined by WHO method against Anopheles stephensi Liston. These identifications were basically made through GC-EIMS and were further supported by other spectroscopic techniques, including 13C NMR, UV and FTIR as well as retention indices. Thus sixteen n-alkanes, 1-16; three aromatics 2,6-bis-(1,1- dimethylethyl)-4-methyl phenol (17), 2-(phenylmethylene)-octanal (20), 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5- (1Z-propenyl)-benzene (27); three benzopyranoids 3,4-dihydro-4,4,5,8-tetramethylcoumarin (18), 3,4-dihydro-4,4,7,8-tetramethylcoumarin-6-ol (19), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl- cyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (22); one sesquiterpene methyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2E,- 6E,10-dodecatrienoate (21); three esters of fatty acids methyl 14-methyl-pentadecanoate (23), ethyl hexadecanoate (24), ethyl 9Z-octadecenoate (25) and one monoterpene 3,7-dimethyl- 1-octen-7-ol (26) were identified. Except 6, 8, 24 and 25 all these compounds were identified for the first time from the pericarp and fifteen of these, 1-3, 7, 9, 10, 17-23, 26, 27, are hitherto unreported previously from any part of the tree. Although this tree is a rich source of various natural products, it is the first report of identification of mono- and sesquiterpenes 26 and 21 and a potent antioxidant, 17.
Putative L-Triiodothyronine Receptors in the Liver Nuclei of Mature Tropical Toad, Bufo melanostictus
Authors: Sarkar Pradip K. , Dey Shyam S. , Koley Biswanath , Koley Juthika , Ray Arun K.
Published: February 2015

Thyroid hormones exert a major role in growth and differentiation of almost all types of tissues in animals, particularly in amphibian metamorphosis, through its specific nuclear receptor activation followed by gene expression. However, its function in mature tropical amphibians is less studied. The present study revealed the existence of a single class of specific nuclear receptor(s) in the liver nuclei of mature tropical toad, Bufo melanostictus, with a dissociation constant of (3.7 ± 0.9) × 10-10 molar and maximum binding capacity of 0.074 d 0.013 pmol/mg DNA. The percentage of relative binding affinities for the specific nuclear l-T3 binding site in the liver nuclei of toad were l-triiodothyronine (l-T3) > triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) > l-thyroxine (l-T4) = tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) > 3,3′,5′- triiodothyronine (r-T3) > Diiodothyrtonine (l-T2) (100 > 75 > 19.4 = 19.4 > 3.7 > 0.39) and the relative ED50 values (in nanomolar) were 0.33 < 0.44 < 1.7 = 1.7 < 9 < 83.
Inhibition of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication by Prostaglandin A1 in Aedes albopictus Cells
Authors: Burlandy Fernanda M. , Ferreira Davis F. , Rebello Moacyr A.
Published: February 2015

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) exhibit antiviral activity against RNA and DNA viruses in mammalian cell lines, and this effect has been associated with the induction of a heat shock protein (hsp70). We investigated the effect of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. PGA1 was found to inhibit VSV replication dose dependently. Virus yield was reduced to 50% (3 μg PGA1/ml) and to 95% with 8 μg PGA1/ml. Even with the dramatic reduction of virus production observed in cells treated with PGA1, VSV-specific protein synthesis was unaltered. Treatment of cells with PGA1 (5 μg/ml) stimulated the synthesis of a polypeptide identified as a heat-shock protein (hsp) by immunoblot analysis. PGA1 induced hsp70 synthesis in uninfected cells. However, in VSV-infected cells the induction of hsp70 by PGA1 was reduced. This is the first report of antiviral effects of PGs affecting the replication of VSV in a mosquito cell line.
Protein and Lipid Composition of a Vitellin Isolated from Eggs of Sparus aurata
Authors: Tsirogianni Irene , Aivaliotis Michalis , Tsiotis Georgios
Published: February 2015

The protein and lipid composition of a vitellin isolated from eggs of Sparus aurata were characterized by SDS PAGE, N-terminal sequence analysis and lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The lipoprotein complex contains proteins with apparent molecular weights of 69, 59, 23, 21 and 12 kDa and were characterized as vitellinogenin fragments by N-terminal sequencing. Lipid extraction and analysis indicate an association of cholesterol and phospholipids with the protein subunits. The phospholipids contain fatty acids with 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms as determined by GC/MS.
Potential for Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms Isolated from Antarctic Soils
Authors: Vasileva-Tonkova Evgenia , Gesheva Victoria
Published: February 2015

Seventeen pure aerobic microbial isolates were obtained from soil samples of three regions of Antarctica: Casey Station, Dewart Island and Terra Nova Bay. Most of them were gram positive coryneform bacteria. Isolates were tested for their ability to grow on mineral salt agar plates supplemented with one of the following model n-alkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons: hexane, heptane, paraffin, benzene, toluene, naphthalene and kerosene. Cell hydrophobicity, the ability to produce anionic glycolipids and extracellular emulsifying activity were also determined and assessed on the basis of growth of soil isolates on hydrocarbons. This study revealed degraders with broader abilities to grow on both types of hydrocarbons, good production of glycolipids and emulsifying activity. On this basis, a mixed culture of strains is proposed, which may find application for bioremediation at temperate temperature of soil environments polluted with different hydrocarbons.
Lower Limit to the Size of the Primeval Amino Acid Alphabet
Authors: Fernández Ariel
Published: February 2015

Here I systematically examine the information complexity of all primary sequences of natural proteins deposited in the Swiss-Prot database. The sequence complexity is assessed by determining the frequency of occurrence of each amino acid type on sequence windows of fixed length, calculating the Shannon entropy of the window and then averaging over all windows covering the sequence. The minimum value in information content obtained from the present-day record imposes a lower limit in the number of letters that a primeval amino acid alphabet must have had.
Antimicrobial Activity, Essential Oil Composition and Micromorphology of Trichomes of Satureja laxiflora C. Koch from Iran
Authors: Sonboli Ali , Fakhari Alireza , Kanani Mohammad Reza , Yousefzadi Morteza
Published: February 2015

The antimicrobial activity, essential oil composition and micromorphology of trichomes of Satureja laxiflora C. Koch, a native plant from Iran, were studied. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts at the flowering stage by hydrodistillation, and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three compounds representing 99.1% of the total oil were characterized. The major compounds were thymol (63.9%) and γ-terpinene (11.9%) followed by carvacrol (4.8%), p-cymene (3.9%), geraniol (3.2%) and geranyl acetate (3.1%). Furthermore, the essential oil and its three main components were tested against two bacteria and three fungi. The result of the bioassays has been shown that the oil possesses potent antimicrobial property. Chemical studies confirmed that a major portion of this antimicrobial activity is due to thymol present in the oil. Micromorphological analysis by SEM of both vegetative and reproductive organs revealed the presence of abundant sessile capitate and sparse short-stalked glandular trichomes along with retrorse eglandular hairs, giving useful diagnostic characters for identification of this medicinal plant.
Phytogrowth-Inhibitory Lactones Derivatives of Glaucolide B
Authors: Barbosa Luiz Claúdio de A. , Costa Adilson V. , Piló-Veloso Dorila , Lopes Joao Luiz C. , Hernandez-Terrones Manuel G. , King-Diaz Beatriz , Lotina-Hennsen Blas
Published: February 2015

The sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide B (1), isolated from Vernonia fruticulosa (Asteraceae), was transformed into six lactones (2-7). The structures of the products were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. A series of solutions of compounds 1-7, at 200 μᴍ, were tested on the germination and on the root and shoot growth of the dicotyledons Physalis ixocarpa and Trifolium alexandrinum and of the monocotyledons Lolium multiflorum and Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Lactone 5 exhibited clear selectivity towards dicotyledonous species at 200 μᴍ, with an average inhibition of 90% on the germination of P. ixocarpa. Lactones 1, 3 and 4 had a greater effect on root length of monocotyledonous species, inhibiting around 70% at 200 μᴍ in L. multiflorum. It seems that the diol function is required in lactones 4-6 to increase the activity, the polarity in the molecule might be required to reach its target.
Antibiotics in the Chemical Communication of Fungi
Authors: Kettering Melanie , Sterner Olov , Anke Timm
Published: February 2015

In dual cultures Oudemansiella mucida and Xerula melanotricha (basidiomycetes) react to the presence of living Penicillium notatum or P. turbatum with an increased production of strobilurin A (1) or X (2). P. notatum in turn reacts to the two basidiomycetes or their antibiotic strobilurin A alone with the production of N-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-2-aminobenzoic acid amide (3) or chrysogine (4). P. melinii and P. urticae overgrow O. mucida due to complete resistance to strobilurin A. P. brevicompactum, P. citrinum, P. janczewskii and the other Penicillium strains are all sensitive but apparently do not induce O. mucida to produce the amounts of strobilurin A needed to inhibit their growth.
Genome Relationship among Nine Species of Millettieae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) Based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
Authors: Acharya Laxmikanta , Mukherjee Arup Kumar , Panda Pratap Chandra
Published: February 2015

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker was used to establish intergeneric classification and phylogeny of the tribe Millettieae sensu Geesink (1984) (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) and to assess genetic relationship between 9 constituent species belonging to 5 traditionally recognized genera under the tribe. DNA from pooled leaf samples was isolated and RAPD analysis performed using 25 decamer primers. The genetic similarities were derived from the dendrogram constructed by the pooled RAPD data using a similarity index, which supported clear grouping of species under their respective genera, inter- and intra-generic classification and phylogeny and also merger of Pongamia with Millettia. Elevation of Tephrosia purpurea var. pumila to the rank of a species (T. pumila) based on morphological characteristics is also supported through this study of molecular markers.
Volatile Oil Composition of the Aerial Parts of Ajuga orientalis L. from Iran
Authors: Sajjadi Seyed Ebrahim , Ghannadi Alireza
Published: February 2015

The volatile oil content and composition of the aerial parts of Ajuga orientalis L. (Lamiaceae) grown in northern parts of Iran have been analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty compounds were identified, representing 97.9% of the total oil. The main compounds were germacrene-D (24.2%), β-cubebene (18.3%), β-caryophyllene (16.9%) and α-cubebene (5.3%).
Volatile Constituents of the Flower and Fruit Oils of Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. Grown in Iran
Authors: Nickavara Bahman , Amin Gholamreza , Yosefi Maryam
Published: February 2015

The volatile components of the flower and fruit oils from Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. grown in Iran, obtained through hydrodistillation, were analyzed by GC/MS. Sixteen compounds (representing 90.7% of the oil) and seventeen constituents (representing 89.9% of the oil) were identified in the flower and fruit oils, respectively. While the flower oil contained α-pinene (38.6%), n-nonane (11.8%), (E)-nerolidol (9.0%) and (E)-β-ocimene (7.7%), the fruit oil contained α-pinene (30.2%), n-nonane (12.2%), germacrene-D (12.0%), α-cubebene (7.6%) and β-cubebene (5.1%) as the main compounds.