bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governing with Multiple Principals: An Empirically-Based Analysis of Capital Providers' Preferences and Superior Governance Structures
Authors: Grandori Anna , Soda Giuseppe
Published: September 2007

This chapter broadens current agency approaches by exploring the possible consequences of optimizing CG structures with ‘multiple principals’ and multiple governance and organizational mechanisms. It uses an analytical framework and an empirical study conducted in Italy, which gathers empirically the actual preferences of two samples, representative of the providers of financial and human capital, over varying policies on a variety of governance and organizational mechanisms (e.g., low to high pay for performance; low to high teamwork; low to high managerial representation in boards etc.). Preferences are cluster-analyzed and compared with actually implemented policies. Results indicate that actors' preferences converge more than conventionally expected, while they differ sharply from actually implemented policies, thereby indicating opportunities for the Pareto-improvement of CG structures.
Information Intermediaries' Incentives and Corporate Strategy Choices in the US
Authors: Moreton Patrick , Zenger Todd
Published: September 2007

This chapter criticizes and extends current shareholder value approaches to CG by highlighting the subjective features of share prices as ‘perceptions of value’, and testing the hypothesis that ‘financial analysts' capacity to influence stock prices induce managers to pursue strategies that analysts prefer, rather than strategies that maximize long-term discounted cash flows’. In substantive terms, this conformism effect is expected to drive managers' choices away from unfamiliar, unique, strategies that may better sustain competitive advantage, and towards more familiar ones. Empirical results do show a negative relationship between the uniqueness of a firm's strategy and the level of analyst coverage, but also indicate the need for further dynamic qualifications in terms of changes in uniqueness and changes in industry structures in altering the scope of analyst coverage.
How Did We Get Here? Principles and Early History of Mainstream Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the historical and conceptual development of mainstream generative grammar. The principles of argumentation in mainstream syntax are discussed. The history of modern mainstream syntactic theory is reviewed, showing that most of the machinery of mainstream generative grammar — classical transformational grammar, GB Theory, Principles and Parameters Theory, and the Minimalist Program — is a consequence of four fundamental axioms.
The Existence of God
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

This book assesses the worth of arguments for and against the existence of God. Evidence confirms (makes more probable) an explanatory hypothesis in so far as (1) given the hypothesis the evidence is to be expected, that is the hypothesis makes the evidence probable, (2) the evidence is not otherwise to be expected, (3) the hypothesis is simple, and (4) it fits with background knowledge (i.e., knowledge about how things behave in neighbouring fields of enquiry). When we are assessing hypotheses (such as theism, the hypothesis that there is a God) purporting to explain everything, there will be no background knowledge. Theism is a very simple hypothesis. If there is a God, there is some reason to expect that he will create a universe, with laws of nature, leading to the evolution of humans (bodies connected to souls), who often have experiences which seem to them experiences of God. It is most improbable that all this evidence would exist if there was no God. Taken together therefore all this evidence makes it probable that there is a God. The occurrence of evil, whether produced by humans or natural processes, does not significantly diminish that probability.
1 Biblical and Historical Sources
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2007

This chapter surveys a wide range of historic works on marriage and family. The first two sections place Jesus' teaching against the family, Paul's indifference toward marriage and family, and the New Testament's household codes against the backdrop of the Greco-Roman emphasis on the family as the fundamental social cell. The following sections assess Augustine's affirmation of marriage in light of ambiguous patristic teaching, and medieval attempts to institutionalize marriage as a vocation roughly on a par with singleness. The final sections examine Reformation and Puritan themes, and three attempts by 19th-century theologians — Friedrich Schleiermacher, Horace Bushnell, and F. D. Maurice — to bolster the family in response to the rise of modern liberal social and political thought.
Romantic Indians and their Inventors
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the history of contact between Indians, Britons, and colonists in the 18th and early-19th century. It investigates the changing forms of representation of each group by the others in the context of empire, war, and colonial encounters. It also considers theoretical debates about white representations of indigenous peoples.
White Men and Indian Women
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers white writers', such as Wordsworth and Hemans, representations of Indian women in terms of the themes gender, sexuality, and colonialism.
Peter Jones/Kah-Ke-Wa-Quo-Na-By
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the writing of Indian author and preacher, Peter Jones/Kahkewaquonaby. It discusses themes such as culture crossing, hybridity, Indians' representations of whites, and colonial politics.
Introduction
Authors: Los Bettelou
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an overview of issues of the to-infinitive discussed in the literature. It is usually assumed that the infinitive is a noun in Old English, and that, hence, the to-infinitive is a prepositional phrase; this entails that there has been a category change, which is usually argued to have taken place in Middle English. The author argues that the category change must predate Old English, as the to-infinitive is already completely verbal at that stage, which means that the syntactic innovations in Middle English cannot be due to a category change. Another traditional assumption that is discussed and rejected is the view that the to-infinitive gained ground at the expense of the infinitive without to, the so-called ‘bare infinitive’.
Introduction: Multinational Corporations as Lead Agents of Globalization?
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of two major developments during the end of the 20th century: the growth of industrial districts or regional clusters of smaller firms in many market segments and expanded global reach of large multinational corporations (MNCs). The construction of MNCs in the current globalization debate is then assessed. The three main parts of this book is described.
Lygon Place: A Corporate Headquarters at War with Itself
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at how APV's top management conceived the problem of welding the disparate companies and plants acquired by merger and takeover into a coherent whole; through what organizational structures and governance mechanisms they sought to coordinate and control the diverse activities of the multinational's many local operating units; and how the strategies and behaviour of actors within the corporate headquarters themselves influenced by the rules of the game prevailing in their own immediate environment, notably those of the London financial and managerial labour markets. Pondering these issues requires a shift in focus from the far-flung peripheries of APV's multinational empire to its corporate center, and the outlook of the actors to be found there, will prove if anything more local.
Creating a Multinational Public for the Corporation
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

If the MNC is to become a genuine vehicle for mutually beneficial collaboration and learning by monitoring among its constituent units, as argued in the previous chapter, organizational channels must be constructed to involve employees and their representatives in ongoing practical deliberation about the strategic objectives of the global firm and the performance measures used to assess progress towards them. Accomplishing such a transformation would entail the creation of a new multinational ‘public’ for the corporation, understood pragmatically as ‘an open group of actors which constitutes itself as such in coming together to address a common problem, and reconstitutes itself as its efforts at problem solving redefine the task at hand’. This chapter examines a series of experimental projects and institutions which could give rise to the development of such a multinational public, beginning with European Works Councils (EWCs). It is shown that the ambiguous experience of participation in these Councils, coupled with the contradictory effects of recent trends towards the coordination and decentralization of collective bargaining, have stimulated the appearance in Denmark and other European countries of efforts to create interregional networks of local actors operating at the interface between MNC subsidiaries and their host communities.
Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy
Authors: de Ste. Croix Geoffrey
Published: September 2007

The volume presents in seven chapters papers on early Christian topics by Geoffrey de Ste. Croix. Three of the chapters include papers which have previously been published and are widely accepted as classic studies, while the other four now appear in print for the first time – though they have already proved influential as a result of presentation at seminars and circulation in manuscript. The volume's central themes are: martyrdom, the evidence for which Ste. Croix scrutinizes closely in order to reveal the extent to which Christians, through the process of volunteering, were responsible for bouts of persecution; persecution, which extends from the Christian experience as recipients to their role as far more effective agents of the persecution of non-Christians and doctrinal opponents; orthodoxy, the determination of which through Church Councils, especially at the Council of Chalcedon, emerges as the product of calculated imperial intervention; and finally property and slavery, on which a clear divide emerges between the radical message of the Gospels and the actual practice of the early Church. In addition, the editors of the volume contribute essays on the historiographical impact of Ste. Croix's contributions to the study of early Christianity and on his views of toleration in the ancient world.
Why were the Early Christians Persecuted?
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reprints Ste. Croix's 1963 Past and Present investigation of why Christians were persecuted in the first three centuries, together with a brief response in 1964 to criticisms by A.N. Sherwin-White. Ste. Croix's main objective was to counter Sherwin-White's theory that Christians fell foul of Roman provincial administration because of the obstinacy they displayed in adherence to their beliefs. Ste. Croix insisted that the main charge against Christians under Roman law was simply the name of Christian, which was sufficient to generate persecution unless the accused could clear themselves by a variety of relatively simple procedures. Careful scrutiny of the evidence for persecution, especially during the 2nd century, clarifies the mechanics of Roman administration and the application of imperial law.
A Natural History of Infixation
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: September 2007

This book presents a cross-linguistic study of the phenomenon of infixation, typically associated in English with words like nullim-bloody-possiblenull, and found in all the world's major linguistic families. Infixation is a central puzzle in prosodic morphology: the book explores its prosodic, phonological, and morphological characteristics; considers its diverse functions, and formulates a general theory to explain the rules and constraints by which it is governed. The book examines 154 infixation patterns from over a hundred languages, including examples from Asia, Europe, Africa, New Guinea, and South America. It compares the formal properties of different kinds of infix, explores the range of diachronic pathways that lead to them, and considers the processes by which they are acquired in first language learning. A central argument of the book concerns the idea that the typological tendencies of language may be traced back to its origins and to the mechanisms of language transmission. The book thus combines the history of infixation with an exploration of the role diachronic and functional factors play in synchronic argumentation: it is an exemplary instance of the holistic approach to linguistic explanation.
What is infixation?
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an overview of the nature of infixation from both descriptive and theoretical perspectives. It lays out the basic properties of the two main approaches to infixation: Phonological Readjustment and Phonological Subcategorization. It shows that the Phonological Readjustment approach includes much that is local and parochial, and should be discarded in favour of principles of broad applicability.
Subcategorization in context
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a concrete, crucially holistic, model for understanding the distributional properties of infixes. There are three main components to this model. Section 3.1 offers a formal theory of phonological subcategorization and, by extension, morphological subcategorization that can express the full range of subcategorization relations in language. Section 3.2 shows that such a theory is possible if the present theory of phonological subcategorization is situated within a declarative unification-based framework of grammatical analysis. Section 3.3 argues that the model must also include a theory of how phonological subcategorization interacts with grammar-external constraints imposed on morphological learning and morphological change. Section 3.4 shows that a proper understanding of the synchronic typology of infix distribution requires the theory of affix placement, indeed of grammar as a whole, to be embedded within a temporal axis.
Ancient Greek Accentuation
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

The accentuation of many categories of ancient Greek word appears arbitrary, but this book points to some striking correlations between accentuation and a word’s synchronic morphological transparency, and between accentuation and word frequency that give clues to the prehistory of the accent system. Bringing together comparative evidence for the Indo-European accentuation of the relevant categories with recent insights into the effects that loss of transparency and word frequency have on language change, the book uses the synchronically observable correlations to bridge the gap between the accentuation patterns reconstructable for Indo-European and those directly attested for Greek from the Hellenistic period onwards. As well as yielding a better understanding of the history of Greek accentuation, this study produces some more general discoveries. The notion that recessive accentuation is the most globally regular — in the terms of some ‘default’ — accentuation for ancient Greek, current in work on Greek phonology, turns out to have implications for the history of the language since the synchronic patterns point to a process by which words originating in non-recessive morphological categories often became recessive after their morphological analysis was lost. Both this loss of analysis and the subsequent change in accentuation are inhibited under certain conditions relating to a word’s frequency. The study yields new insights into the role of frequency in language change, and into some aspects of Indo-European accentuation.
Continuity and Change in Greek Accentuation
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

The evidence for ancient Greek accentuation is tantalizingly achronological, and there is no direct evidence until the Hellenistic period. This chapter surveys the indirect evidence pointing to elements of continuity between different periods in the history (or prehistory) of the Greek accent system up to the Hellenistic period, and to elements of change. Evidence for continuity is drawn from comparisons with accentuation in other Indo-European languages, especially Vedic Sanskrit; from comparison between the accent systems attested for different Greek dialects; and from the relative chronology of the law of limitation and quantitative metathesis. Significant prehistoric Greek innovations are the law of limitation; the recessive accentuation of the finite verb; and the accent shifts described by Wheeler’s law, Vendryes’ law, and Bartoli’s law. Wheeler’s law is treated in particular detail.
Indo-European Poetry and Myth
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

The Indo-Europeans — speakers of the prehistoric parent language from which most European and some Asiatic languages are descended — most probably lived on the Eurasian steppes some five or six thousand years ago. This book investigates their traditional mythologies, religions, and poetries, and points to elements of common heritage. In The East Face of Helicon (1997), the author of this present work showed the extent to which Homeric and other early Greek poetry was influenced by Near Eastern traditions, mainly non-Indo-European. This book presents a foil to that work by identifying elements of more ancient, Indo-European heritage in the Greek material. Topics covered include the status of poets and poetry in Indo-European societies; metre, style, and diction; gods and other supernatural beings, from Father Sky and Mother Earth to the Sun-god and his beautiful daughter, the Thunder-god and other elemental deities, and earthly orders such as Nymphs and Elves; the forms of hymns, prayers, and incantations; conceptions about the world, its origin, mankind, death, and fate; the ideology of fame and of immortalization through poetry; the typology of the king and the hero; the hero as warrior; and the conventions of battle narrative.
Military Manpower
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

The command structure and infrastructure of the fortified garrisons reveals how the defence of rural Attica was a central focus for the Athenian polis in the early Hellenistic period, particularly given the absence of state control over the harbours of Piraeus. The deployment of manpower, evolving in the late Classical and early Hellenistic period, complements these two areas. Epigraphical evidence from the fortress demes and from the city of Athens reveals a great deal about how the polis organized and deployed soldiers, particularly its own citizens. This chapter argues that the polis depended considerably on those citizens in both major military operations and garrison duties in Attica.
7 The Rise of Bank‐Related Corporate Revival Funds
Authors: Yanagawa Noriyuki
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the dramatic growth of corporate revival funds in Japan. These funds are made up of private equity and represent an alternative to main bank intervention in promoting corporate restructuring. Moreover, corporate revival funds have contributed to the reduction of non-performing loans in the banking sector. These funds now play an active role in promoting M&A activities. Many of these emerging funds specialized on corporate revival are, in fact, closely related to Japanese banks. While revival funds were nearly all managed by foreign companies before 2000, new government related funds have also emerged, such as the Industrial Revitalization Corporation fund. This development raises questions as to how bank funds' activities are distinct and may complement traditional forms of bank monitoring over client firms. The chapter argues that a potential merit of bank related funds is to diminish moral hazard problems by separating rehabilitation activities from the banks.
14 Organizational Diversity and Institutional Change: Evidence from Financial and Labor Markets in Japan
Authors: Sako Mari
Published: September 2007

Japan's economic success has been attributed largely to the nature of its national institutions and economic systems, such as relational banking, lifetime employment, and relational contracting in intermediate product markets. These institutions and systems were tightly linked to facilitate governing the Japanese economy, but more diverse patterns of organizing have become evident since the 1990s. For instance, in financial markets, venture capital funds and IPOs (initial public offerings) have appeared alongside relational banking to finance start-ups. In labour markets, non-standard forms of employment have come to be a significant alternative to the lifetime employment norm. It is clear that the Japanese business system is becoming more diverse from within. But when, why, and how has such organizational diversity come about in Japan? And is such diversity a sign of gradual breakdown of the system, or has it become the very characteristic of the Japanese system? If it is the former, what is the process by which we should expect the emergence of a new system? If the latter, how much diversity can be sustained within a system?
The New Old Economy
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

American manufacturing is in crisis: the sector lost three million jobs between 2000 and 2003 as the American trade deficit shot to record highs. Manufacturers have increasingly decentralized productive responsibilities to armies of supplier firms, both domestically and abroad. Many have speculated as to whether or not manufacturing is even feasible in the United States, given the difficulties. This book examines the issues behind this crisis, looking at the emergence of a ‘new old economy’, in which relationships between firms have become much more important. It shows that discussion of this shift, in the media and in the academic literature, hits on the right issues — globalization, de-industrialization, and the outsourcing of production in marketized and in network relationships — but in an overly polarized way that obscures as much as it enlightens. Drawing on the results of interviews conducted with manufacturers in the American Upper Midwest, the book shows that the range of possibilities is more complex and contingent than is usually recognised. Highlighting heretofore unexamined elements of constraint, contradiction, and innovation that characterize contemporary network production models, the book shakes received understandings in economic and organizational sociology, comparative political economy, and economic geography to reveal ways in which the American economic development apparatus can be adjusted to better meet the challenges of a highly decentralized production regime.
3 Defining Environmental Justice in the USA
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the definitions of justice by both academics of, and groups within, the environmental justice movement in the US. After a brief description of the types of groups and organizations that make up the environmental justice movement in the US, the chapter goes into detail describing equity-based, recognition-focused, procedural, and capability-oriented frames of justice from both the movement itself and the literature about it.
Japanese Business Groups: Continuity in the Face of Change
Authors: Ahmadjian Christina L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the recent changes in Japanese keiretsu. Japan’s home-grown banking crisis began in the early 1990s, even before the Asian Crisis, when the stock market and real estate markets declined dramatically after the burst of the asset bubble in the late 1980s. Several banks went bankrupt and some high-profile inter-group bank mergers occurred. The tightening of requirements for consolidated accounting also made it harder for firms to manage their earnings by allocating gains and losses among group firms. Moreover, increased foreign ownership helped loosen inter-firm ties between keiretsu firms. This chapter examines the ownership and director ties of keiretsu firms to find out whether the keiretsu form was disrupted due to this series of events. The conclusion is that, although some peripheral relationships have been disrupted, the relationships among core firms have remained robust despite these changes.
Malaysian Business Groups: The State and Capital Development in the Post-Currency Crisis Period
Authors: Gomez Edmund Terence
Published: September 2007

This chapter on Malaysian business groups demonstrates how much Malaysia was influenced by East Asian corporate models, specifically the chaebol and the keiretsu, in the way the national economy developed. In addition, affirmative action policies favoring indigenous Malays, known as Bumiputeras, contributed to the rise of several major business groups. Businesses run by the ethnic Chinese had to accommodate the state in order to survive and expand, which led to these entrepreneurs building connections with politicians. The Asian Crisis had a profound impact on domestic capitalists, especially well-connected ones. Some leading Bumiputeras capitalists lost control of their corporate assets since they were burdened with enormous debts and depended too much on state leaders. Their corporate activities were often influenced by politicians and affected by political crises. As a consequence, business groups with better political connections thrived. Others, with the wrong connections, lost their businesses.
Predicting Party Sizes
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

For a given electoral system, what average number and size distribution of parties can we expect? This book makes specific predictions that agree with world averages. The basic factors are assembly size and district magnitude (the number of seats allocated in the district). While previous models tell us only the direction in which to change the electoral system, the present ones also tell us by how much they must be changed so as to obtain the desired change in party system and cabinet duration. These are quantitatively predictive logical models. Combined with known particularities of a country, these models can be used for informed institutional design. Allocation of seats among countries in the European Parliament is also put on a logical basis.
5 Deviation from Proportional Representation and Proportionality Profiles
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

Excessive deviation from proportional representation may hurt the democratic legitimacy of the regime. The simplest way to measure the deviation from PR is to add all the differences between seat and vote shares of each party, then divide by two. Proportionality profiles are a way to show which parties are advantaged and which are disadvantaged. Volatility of votes from one election to the next can be measured the same way as the deviation from PR.
6 Openness to Small Parties: The Micro‐Mega Rule and the Seat Product
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

The micro-mega rule says that for representation of small parties, it helps to have large assembly sizes, large district magnitudes, and large quotas or large gaps between divisors in seat allocation formulas. Conversely, large parties would prefer small assemblies, magnitudes and quotas — but only if they are absolutely certain to stay large. Worldwide tendency has been to play it safe and move toward more inclusive representation. The number of parties increases with increasing ‘seat product’ — the number of seats in the assembly times the number of seats in the average district — unless the seats are allocated by plurality in multi-seat districts.
13 The Law of Minority Attrition
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

The more important levels have fewer positions, and the share of minorities goes down. The law of minority attrition is a quantitatively predictive logical model that expresses it more precisely. A party with a small share of seats gets an even smaller share of seats, and the precise figure depends on assembly size and the total number of voters. The law of minority attrition might also help determine which part of the ‘rubber ceiling’ on women's advancement is natural and which part is socially imposed.
15 Thresholds of Representation and the Number of Pertinent Electoral Parties
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

The nationwide threshold of minimal representation is the average vote share needed to win one seat in the assembly. It is close to 38% divided by the square root of the seat product (assembly size times district magnitude). If greater inclusion of political minorities is desired, this threshold can be lowered by increasing district magnitude and/or assembly size. The number of serious or pertinent parties might be close to square root plus fourth root of district magnitude, plus one.
16 Seat Allocation in Federal Second Chambers and the Assemblies of the European Union
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national assemblies, and it could be made the official norm for the EP. Allocation of EP seats and Council of the EU voting weights among member states has for forty years closely approximated the distribution a ‘minority enhancement equation’ predicts, solely on the basis of the number and populations of member states plus the total number of seats/voting weights. This logically founded formula could be made the official norm, so as to save political wrangling. It may also be of use for some other supranational bodies and federal second chambers.
Introduction
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews current 20th-century philosophical and biological traditions that deny human nature as a valid concept of inquiry. These include most traditions of both continental and analytic philosophy; various versions of evolutionary psychology and ‘New Synthesis’ biology; functionalism; and eliminative materialism. Opposing all of these traditions, the chapter also introduces the notion of human mind design as an empirical topic for rational inquiry similar to that of early modern ‘natural philosophy’.
Prior to Function
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

‘Prior to function’ are structural preconditions that enter into the ordinary use of language, such as its communicative use. This dependence does not allow the explanation of language as a function of its communicative use. Claims of the social-externalist and Wittgenstein notwithstanding, the minimalist and internalist project is consistent with Wittgenstein's aims. The chapter rehearses well-known facts about the acquisition of language that set some boundary conditions for any theory of language.
Beyond the Autonomy of Syntax
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that syntax in the sense of the generative tradition has never been autonomous. The non-Chomskyan assumption that it is or has been, found for example in Jackendoff's views of the architecture of the language faculty, is criticized. The generative project, if one looks at its evolution, reflects a coherent move towards making independently motivated structural conditions on syntax explanatory for structural aspects of linguistic meaning. The status of ‘semantics’ is discussed in this light. Generative grammar in its technical aspects is introduced from the bottom-up, isolating various components to analyse their semantic effects, i.e., their causal role in the emergence of a systemic semantics of the kind that human language exhibits. Non-functional rationalizations of movement are discussed.
Good Design!
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

This chapter asks how far the project of vindicating best design considerations can be carried, as well as the project of naturalizing meaning by reducing it to independently motivated structural conditions on syntax. That syntax may, in a formulation of Uriagereka, ‘carve the path interpretation must blindly follow’, hence that semantics emerges in the strict confines of structures projected by the computational system of language, is argued to be the philosophical essence of the Minimalist Project. No such optimism is at this point warranted for the study of human lexical concepts, which remain a murky and perhaps scientifically inaccessible topic. The need for a reconceptualization of philosophical epistemology (a theory of knowledge) is explored. While it is a surprising that our minds may exhibit conditions of best design and that there is likely ‘knowledge by nature’ in Plato's sense, little if anything follows from our capacity to ground such knowledge in some ‘foundations’, let alone in the external conditions that the philosophical tradition has largely made responsible for the origin of meaning.
Case and Aspect in Slavic
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: September 2007

This book focuses on some of the most puzzling case marking patterns in the Slavic languages and ties this pattern to different types of aspectual phenomena. It demonstrates that the accusative versus lexical case marking contrast on an internal argument with two-place verbs is directly linked to whether the lexical/semantic aspect of a so-called ‘base’ verb is compositional or not. It also shows that the instrumental versus case agreement dichotomy on a predicate in depictive, participle, and copular constructions in the East Slavic languages is linked to a grammatical aspect contrast, namely to whether the eventuality denoted by a predicate is bounded or unbounded in time.
6 Concluding Remarks
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes the main syntactic claims in the book, namely that the accusative case is linked to the status of ν as [quantized] (a feature which signals that the event structure of a ‘base’ verb is compositional), and the instrumental case on a predicate in East Slavic is the morphological manifestation of a [+bounded] aspectual phrase in the syntax.
Toleration and the Specter of Heresy in Milton's England
Authors: Loewenstein David
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the spectre of heresy in Milton's England and the significant impact it had on the bitter struggle over religious toleration. Under examination is the rhetoric of fear, hysteria, and savagery that characterized the assault on toleration by orthodox godly writers, including Presbyterian heresiographers who abhorred religious schism and sectarianism. Radical religious writers as diverse as John Goodwin, William Walwyn, and John Milton responded with ingenuity to the intense fears that toleration was unleashing religious chaos. As this chapter reveals, Walwyn and Milton show the greatest linguistic suppleness and conceptual imagination as they interrogate orthodox visions of the terrifying growth of heresy in the midst of the English Revolution's deepening crisis over religious toleration. Positioning Milton in relation to his radical religious contemporaries, this chapter illuminates the complexity and originality of his responses, expressed in his densely imagistic prose, to the spectre of heresy.
John Milton, Roger Williams, and Limits of Toleration
Authors: Corns Thomas N.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with an account of the apparent contradictions between the high principles asserted in Areopagitica and the more circumscribed practical proposals it contains. It considers a range of critical responses to the difficulties these pose. It contrasts Milton's version of tolerationism with the more expansive and unconstrained model propounded by Roger Williams. It relates Williams's views to his experience of the repressiveness of the New England version of non-separating congregationalism, and suggests that Milton's apparent difficulties reflect his own uncertainties about the immediately current controversies within English Puritanism, which would only be resolved as he became more certain about the intractable hostility of presbyterian orthodoxy to heterodox thinkers like himself.
Intolerance and the Virtues of Sacred Vehemence
Authors: Stevens Paul
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Milton's violent rhetoric or what he routinely calls his ‘sacred vehemence’. It seeks to resolve the discontinuity between his very real commitment to liberty of conscience; the freedom to be ‘searching, trying, examining all things’; and the intolerance and violence of his reaction against those who would deny him that freedom. It argues that only by a return to more carefully considered formalist modes of analysis can we begin to understand the historical specificity of Milton's sacred vehemence. It suggests that his rhetoric of violence is subject to both considerable synchronic and diachronic variation, that while it comprehends a confusing range of different registers and functions, every bit as expressive as pragmatic, personal as political, it evolves over time in terms of sophistication. With experience and in response to various political pressures, not to mention his own ambitions, Milton becomes more selective and reflective in the application of this kind of rhetoric.
Modular production' impact on Japan's electronics industry1
Authors: Sturgeon Timothy J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines modular production/manufacturing (as well as emulation), which pose a direct challenge to a host of the most cherished strategies of Japanese electronics firms, including employment protection. Contradictory pressures to respond to the modularization challenge on the one hand, and maintain cherished strategies on the other, lead to electronics firms shedding and protecting jobs at the same time, moving out of old business lines and adding new ones, opening sourcing networks and investing in new in-house component plants, expanding some facilities and shrinking or closing others. Overall, adoption of aspects of modular production in low-end manufacturing can be seen, this is much less so for advanced products and technologies. The result is the creation of a ‘mixed model’.
Demonstrating Pathogenicity of Enterobacter cloacae on Macadamia and Identifying Associated Volatiles of Gray Kernel of Macadamia in Hawaii
Authors: Nishijima K. A. , Wall M. M. , Siderhurst M. S.
Published: September 2007

Gray kernel is an important disease of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) that affects the quality of kernels, causing gray discoloration and a permeating, foul odor. Gray kernel symptoms were produced in raw, in-shell kernels of three cultivars of macadamia that were inoculated with strains of Enterobacter cloacae. Koch's postulates were fulfilled for three strains, demonstrating that E. cloacae is a causal agent of gray kernel. An inoculation protocol was developed to consistently reproduce gray kernel symptoms. Among the E. cloacae strains studied, macadamia strain LK 0802-3 and ginger strain B193-3 produced the highest incidences of disease (65 and 40%, respectively). The other macadamia strain, KN 04-2, produced gray kernel in 21.7% of inoculated nuts. Control treatments had 1.7% gray kernel symptoms. Some abiotic and biotic factors that affected incidence of gray kernel in inoculated kernels were identified. Volatiles of gray and nongray kernel samples also were analyzed. Ethanol and acetic acid were present in nongray and gray kernel samples, whereas volatiles from gray kernel samples included the additional compounds, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 2,3-butanediol, phenol, and 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol). This is believed to be the first report of the identification of volatile compounds associated with gray kernel.
Distribution, Impact, and Soil Environment ofPhoma sclerotioidesin Northeastern U.S. Alfalfa Fields
Authors: Wunsch M. J. , Schindelbeck R. R. , van Es H. M. , Bergstrom G. C.
Published: September 2007

We report brown root rot (BRR) of alfalfa, caused by the fungal pathogen Phoma sclerotioides, for the first time in the eastern United States. Alfalfa production fields in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire were sampled in spring 2005, and soil characteristics were related to variability in BRR incidence and severity in two New York fields sampled extensively. BRR was detected in 8 of 10 fields sampled in New York, 6 of 7 fields sampled in Vermont, and 5 of 6 fields sampled in New Hampshire. Lesions on both roots and crowns were common in all three states, and most BRR lesions extended into the cortical tissues. Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of P. sclerotioides isolates produced a single amplicon of the expected size. In vivo conidia and pycnidia morphology of northeastern isolates was consistent with published descriptions of P. sclerotioides, and P. sclerotioides was reisolated from symptomatic lesions after pathogenicity testing. In two New York fields sampled extensively, BRR severity varied with soil strength, soil texture, soil saturation, and alfalfa stand density. The spatial pattern of BRR within fields suggests the pathogen was not recently introduced. The results suggest BRR is widespread in alfalfa production fields in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire.
Fungicide Spray Programs for Defender, A New Potato Cultivar with Resistance to Late Blight and Early Blight
Authors: Stevenson W. R. , James R. V. , Inglis Debra Ann , Johnson Dennis A. , Schotzko R. Thomas , Thornton R. E.
Published: September 2007

Defender (A90586-11) is a new late blight-resistant potato cultivar which was released from the Tri-State Potato Variety Development Program in 2004. Conventional and reduced fungicide spray programs were compared on Defender and Russet Burbank (3 years) and Ranger Russet (1 year) in Wisconsin experimental field trials. Useful levels of field resistance to both late blight and early blight were observed in Defender in the absence of fungicide sprays and reduced fungicide input programs. Disease progressed slowest on Defender regardless of fungicide program, relative to Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet. Organic, conventional, and reduced fungicide spray programs also were compared on Defender and Russet Burbank in experimental greenhouse and field tests in Washington. Fungicide spray programs performed similarly on both Defender and Russet Burbank; however, area under the disease progress curve values for no-fungicide treatments were either three times (greenhouse) or six times (field) lower on Defender compared with Russet Burbank. Regardless of the fungicide program, total yield was higher for Defender than Russet Burbank. Mean economic returns associated with Defender also were higher than for Russet Burbank ($6,196 versus $4,388/ha). Fungicide and nonfungicide treatment programs generated similar returns on Defender whereas conventional and reduced fungicide programs generated comparable but higher returns than the nonfungicide program on Russet Burbank.
Padé approximants of random Stieltjes series
Authors: Marklof Jens , Tourigny Yves , Wołowski Lech
Published: September 2007

We consider the random continued fraction

where
s

n

are independent random variables with the same gamma distribution. Every realization of the sequence defines a Stieltjes function that can be expressed as

for some measure
σ
on the positive half-line. We study the convergence of the finite truncations of the continued fraction or, equivalently, of the diagonal Padé approximants of the function
S
. Using the Dyson–Schmidt method for an equivalent one-dimensional disordered system and the results of Marklof
et al.
, we obtain explicit formulae (in terms of modified Bessel functions) for the almost sure rate of convergence of these approximants, and for the almost sure distribution of their poles.
Strain partitioning due to salt: insights from interpretation of a 3D seismic data set in the NW German Basin
Authors: Lohr T. , Krawczyk C. M. , Tanner D. C. , Samiee R. , Endres H. , Oncken O. , Trappe H. , Kukla P. A.
Published: September 2007

We present results from interpretation of a 3D seismic data set, located within the NW German sedimentary basin, as part of the Southern Permian Basin. We focused on the development of faults, the timing of deformation, the amount of displacement during multiphase deformation, strain partitioning, and the interaction between salt movements and faulting. We recognised the central fault zone of the study area to be the Aller‐lineament, an important NW‐trending fault zone within the superimposed Central European Basin System. From structural and sedimentological interpretations we derived the following evolution: (1) E–W extension during Permian rifting, (2) N–S extension within cover sediments, and E–W transtension affecting both basement and cover, contemporaneously during Late Triassic and Jurassic, (3) regional subsidence of the Lower Saxony Basin during Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous, (4) N–S compression within cover sediments, and E–W transpression affecting both basement and cover, contemporaneously during Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary inversion and (5) major subsidence and salt diapir rise during the Cenozoic. We suggest that the heterogeneity in distribution and timing of deformation in the working area was controlled by pre‐existing faults and variations in salt thickness, which led to stress perturbations and therefore local strain partitioning. We observed coupling and decoupling between pre‐ and post‐Zechstein salt units: in decoupled areas deformation occurred only within post‐salt units, whereas in coupled areas deformation occurred in both post‐ and pre‐salt units, and is characterised by strike‐slip faulting.
Respiratory Disease Markers in Porcine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: Hennig‐Pauka I. , Bremerich S. , Nienhoff H. , Schröder C. , Verspohl J. , Strutzberg‐Minder K. , Ganter M. , Waldmann K.‐H. , Blecha F. , Beyerbach M. , Gerlach G.‐F.
Published: September 2007

In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs originating from different herds bacteria, cells and the antibacterial peptide PR‐39 were examined to gain information about the lung health status. In a high health nucleus herd 56% and in low health herds 20–100% of the examined pigs were found positive for potentially pathogenic bacteria. Based on these findings, a novel definition for bacterial respiratory tract disease was established using an 8% cut‐off for the relative number of neutrophils in bronchoscopic and a 40% cut‐off in transtracheal BALF in combination with the occurrence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The antibacterial peptide PR‐39 was highly correlated to this definition of respiratory disease. An assessment of the bacteriological respiratory health status appears to be possibly based on the determination of PR‐39 concentrations in BALF using different cut‐off values according to the lavage method (2.5 nM for bronchoscopic and 5 nM for transtracheal BALF).