bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties of Gels Obtained from Corn Porous Starches with Different Levels of Porosity
Authors: Benavent‐Gil Yaiza , Román Laura , Gómez Manuel , Rosell Cristina M.
Published: September 2018

Porous starches are attracting much attention owing to their adsorption ability of different compounds. However, only their granular structure have been exploited. The objective of the present research is to analyze the structure and properties of the gels obtained from porous starches having diverse degree of porosity (0–15%). Gels are obtained from corn starches with different degree of porosity and their microstructure, gel rheology, hardness, and syneresis during storage is determine. SEM micrographs revealed honeycomb structures with diverse size and number of holes depending on the porosity of the initial porous starches. In addition, when increasing porosity, gels showed lower viscoelasticity, decreasing G′ and G″ and leading to low elastic gels, with also soft texture. Syneresis of starches is accelerate during the storage of the samples during the first week. However, no significant differences are observe during the second week. Therefore, porous starches with diverse porosity offer an attractive alternative to obtain hydrogels with diverse network matrix.
Thermal Stability of Polymer Additives: Comparison of Decomposition Models Including Oxidative Pyrolysis
Authors: Bartsch N. , Girard M. , Wilde A. , Bruhn T. , Kappenstein O. , Vieth B. , Hutzler C. , Luch A.
Published: September 2018

The thermo‐oxidative stability of widely used polymer additives has been investigated. A comparative analytical approach with classic and innovative decomposition models for polymer additives was conducted and the results supported using quantum‐chemical calculations. Unique pyrolysis products of the analytes were compiled utilizing pyrolysis online coupled to gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometric detection (Pyr‐GC–MS). The pyrolysis was either performed under inert conditions or in an oxygen‐containing atmosphere. Squalane was applied as polymer‐mimicking liquid next to low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyamide 6 (PA 6) as matrices for 10 selected additives. The additives included in this study range from antioxidants and plasticizers to processing aids. These were selected to address a range of application in consumer products and to cover different chemical classes. The toxicological relevance of additives and potential breakdown products was considered. Consequently, degradation of sterically hindered antioxidants, diarylamines, and a trimellitic acid derivative was investigated. The findings were used to predict the behavior of consumer products made of polymeric materials entailing additives. The level of Antioxidant 2246 [2‐tert‐butyl‐6‐[(3‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)methyl]‐4‐methylphenol] and one of its predicted decomposition products was determined in baby bottle nipples made of natural rubber [2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol] utilizing the complementary technique of gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). This study provides a comprehensive characterization of important polymer additives and enables the prioritization of degradation products for further risk assessment. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E12–E27, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Plastics Engineers
Toxins targeting transfer RNAs: Translation inhibition by bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems
Authors: Walling Lauren R. , Butler J. Scott
Published: September 2018

Prokaryotic toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of a protein toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are abundant in bacteria and archaea and play an important role in growth regulation. During favorable growth conditions, the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin's activity. However, during conditions of stress or starvation, the antitoxin is inactivated, freeing the toxin to inhibit growth and resulting in dormancy. One mechanism of growth inhibition used by several TA systems results from targeting transfer RNAs (tRNAs), either through preventing aminoacylation, acetylating the primary amino group, or endonucleolytic cleavage. All of these mechanisms inhibit translation and result in growth arrest. Many of these toxins only act on a specific tRNA or a specific subset of tRNAs; however, more work is necessary to understand the specificity determinants of these toxins. For the toxins whose specificity has been characterized, both sequence and structural components of the tRNA appear important for recognition by the toxin. Questions also remain regarding the mechanisms used by dormant bacteria to resume growth after toxin induction. Rescue of stalled ribosomes by transfer‐messenger RNAs, removal of acetylated amino groups from tRNAs, or ligation of cleaved RNA fragments have all been implicated as mechanisms for reversing toxin‐induced dormancy. However, the mechanisms of resuming growth after induction of the majority of tRNA targeting toxins are not yet understood.

This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
Learning at the Edge of History
Authors: Cook Justin W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores essential questions of the role of education in society and how it must change as humanity assumes control and responsibility for many of the Earth’s systems. The chapter begins with an analysis of foundational concepts of education’s purpose and how and when its purpose as a societal construct was clear. Looking forward, humanity’s fate in the twenty-first century is tied together or commonly held. Sustainable well-being, complexity and systems change in education, and how teaching and learning should be reconfigured for an era of uncertainty are all examined as areas for redesign of teaching, learning and education systems themselves. The chapter concludes with the assertion that for a post-Enlightenment, deeply interconnected age marked by uncertainty and transformational technology, education’s purpose is to enable societies to succeed at a new frontier where the taxonomies of today are limiting progress.
Transforming Our Worldview Towards a Sustainable Future
Authors: Laininen Erkka
Published: September 2018

Sustainable development is said to be the greatest learning challenge that mankind has ever faced. When exploring this statement closely, it seems that the question is about unlearning. Unsustainable ways of living as well as economic models and production systems accelerating environmental problems are so deeply rooted in our culture and daily lives that it feels almost impossible to change them. Nevertheless, this transformation is the only way that enables us to thrive on this planet in the future. Are we prisoners of our current worldview, culture and our mental models with a predetermined destiny? Or is there a power inside us that can give the humankind a chance for a fundamental mind shift? What can educational organisations and systems do to liberate this potential?
Creativity, the Arts, and the Future of Work
Authors: Nathan Linda F.
Published: September 2018

Those who study the future tend to imagine worlds where burdens are eased and pleasure and personal freedom are elevated. While the concept of work has not disappeared from their predictions, changing technological and global realities have caused a re-imagining of that world. This chapter explores how to educate young students for work environments in a very different future. Specifically, I demonstrate how creativity and arts learning strengthen students’ ability to manage and navigate that new world and contribute to a sustainable society. I offer an educational case study of a highly successful urban public high school for the arts and argue that its intensive arts education model prepares passionate students who can engage with an uncertain future, even if they are less advantaged.
The Impact of Prior Laparotomy and Intra‐abdominal Adhesions on Bowel and Mesenteric Injury Following Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Loftus Tyler J. , Morrow Megan L. , Lottenberg Lawrence , Rosenthal Martin D. , Croft Chasen A. , Smith R. Stephen , Moore Frederick A. , Brakenridge Scott C. , Borrego Robert , Efron Philip A. , Mohr Alicia M.
Published: September 2018

Background

Early recognition of bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma remains difficult. We hypothesized that patients with intra‐abdominal adhesions from prior laparotomy would be subjected to visceral sheering deceleration forces and increased risk for bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma.

Methods

We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort analysis of 267 consecutive adult trauma patients who underwent operative exploration following moderate‐critical (abdominal injury score 2–5) blunt abdominal trauma, comparing patients with prior laparotomy (n = 31) to patients with no prior laparotomy (n = 236). Multivariable regression was performed to identify predictors of bowel or mesenteric injury.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups for injury severity scores or findings on abdominal ultrasound, diagnostic peritoneal aspirate/lavage, pelvic radiography, or preoperative CT scan. The prior laparotomy cohort had greater incidence of full thickness bowel injury (26 vs. 9%, p = 0.010) and mesenteric injury (61 vs. 31%, p = 0.001). The proportion of bowel and mesenteric injuries occurring at the ligament of Treitz or ileocecal region was greater in the no prior laparotomy group (52 vs. 25%, p = 0.003). Prior laparotomy was an independent predictor of bowel or mesenteric injury (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.6–16.8) along with prior abdominal inflammation and free fluid without solid organ injury (model AUC: 0.81, 95% CI 0.74–0.88).

Conclusions

Patients with a prior laparotomy are at increased risk for bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma. The distribution of bowel and mesenteric injuries among patients with no prior laparotomy favors embryologic transition points tethering free intraperitoneal structures to the retroperitoneum.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2018

ἄνδρά μοι ἔννεπε…: Are you shocked to find a misprint at the very beginning of Martin West's Teubner Odyssey? Then you've not been reading the poem in the editions of La Roche (1867–8) or Ludwich (1889–91), and you have not been reading the Iliad in West's edition (1998). You will need to consult the latter if you want to gain enlightenment on this and other orthographic niceties: the introduction to West's Odyssey is, inconveniently, not a stand-alone resource. Sampling his text alongside Allen's routinely derided OCT rarely revealed differences more substantive than, for example, ἐνὶ vs ἐπὶ in 1.211. But confidence in my collation may be undermined when I confess that I almost missed μηδὲ vs μέγα δέ in 13.158: West's decision to set aside the entire ancient textual tradition in favour of Aristophanes of Byzantium's conjecture strikes me as reckless. Strongly attested lines have no immunity to West's suspicions (e.g. 1.171–3). Suspect lines are variously queried in the apparatus, or bracketed in the text, or moved from text to apparatus. The last of these options is disruptive to the reading experience, and such a sharply polarized layout can hardly avoid being arbitrary: doubtfulness is a continuum. I, at any rate, was unable to extract a consistent set of criteria underlying West's choices among the three options. But his handling of these difficult decisions is more restrained than I had expected. The apparatus, once its conventions have become familiar, is clear and informative; an unprecedented range of papyri is cited; the testimonia, too, are given in unprecedented abundance. Allen, of course, but also von der Mühll (1946) and Thiel (1991) are put in the shade by West's final scholarly tour de force.
Art and Archaeology
Authors: Spivey Nigel
Published: September 2018

Passion. Nowadays everything must be done with passion. No ‘personal statement’ for university admission is complete without some sentiment of passionate motivation; you purchase a sandwich and learn that it has been ‘made lovingly’. So is there anything wrong with studying classical archaeology passionately – with the engagement of emotions, or ‘intensity of feeling’ (OED)? The question arises from the very title of a festal volume devoted to a (some would say, the) historical pioneer of the discipline, J. J. Winckelmann: Die Kunst der Griechen mit der Seele suchend. Since it is conventional to translate die Seele as ‘the soul’, immediately we encounter the problem of mind–body dualism, and the question of where passions are to be located in human biology. But let us accept the sense of the phrase as it is being used here. It is, as Goethe recognized in Winckelmann's work, and celebrated accordingly, an ‘awareness’ (Gewahrwerden) of Greek art that was at once intuitive and reasoned; spontaneous, yet developed by patient study (conducted with ‘true German seriousness’ – so deutsch Ernst). Pious remembrance of Winckelmann has been maintained in his homeland virtually ever since his premature death (a ‘thunderbolt’ of awful news, as Goethe described it) in 1768. This year is the 250th since that loss, and will be widely marked. Meanwhile the recent anniversary of Winckelmann's birth – 1717, as a cobbler's son, in Brandenburg – occasions fresh hagiography, and attendant exhibitions, perhaps most notably a show at the Capitoline Museums, documenting an important part of Winckelmann's intense and eventually glorious activity in Rome.
Relationship between nutritional status and the systemic inflammatory response: micronutrients
Authors: McMillan Donald C. , Maguire Donogh , Talwar Dinesh
Published: September 2018

Micronutrients such as trace elements and vitamins are important as enzyme cofactors in the metabolism of all cells in the body and therefore key to determining nutritional status. The present systematic review examined the evidence of the impact of the systemic inflammatory response on plasma micronutrient status in acute (surgical) and chronic tissue injury. A literature review using targeted subject headings was carried out. Plasma C-reactive protein was used to classify minor (<10 mg/l), moderate (11–80 mg/l) and major (>80 mg/l) inflammation. The literature search produced 2344 publications and plasma vitamin D, zinc and carotenoids were most commonly studied and plasma vitamins K, B2and B6were least studied. In acute injury thirteen studies (all prospective) and in chronic injury twenty-four studies (largely retrospective) were included in the review. There was consistent evidence that most common measured micronutrients in the plasma (zinc, selenium, vitamins A, D, E, K, B2, B6, B12, C, lutein, lycopene, α- and β-carotene) were significantly lowered from minor to moderate to major inflammation. The results of the present systematic review indicate that most plasma micronutrients fall as part of the systemic inflammatory response irrespective of acute or chronic injury. Therefore, in the presence of a systemic inflammation, plasma micronutrient concentrations should be interpreted with caution. There are a number of methods applied to adjust plasma micronutrient concentrations to avoid misdiagnosis of deficiency. Alternatively, intracellular measurements appear to obviate the need for such plasma adjustment to assess micronutrient status.
Patriotism and Religious Value
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

One of the great needs of our time is for a genuine meeting between religion and world affairs. The religious moralist and the political idealist often become so preoccupied with the imperatives of human responsibility, however, that they ignore the conditions of human existence. Ignorance of the limits and possibilities of man and history and ignorance of the more specific political facts of life have sometimes led them to Utopian crusades which have ended in disaster. The long road from Versailles to Pearl Harbor and beyond is cluttered with the whitened bones of crusades that failed—the League of Nations, peace through economic planning, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and peace through the renunciation of war.
The Military in America
Authors: Hilsman Roger
Published: September 2018

The President's Reorganization Plan for the Defense Department, so much in the news these past few months, brings before us a fundamental issue that every democracy must face anew in times of threat and crisis. The issue—the role that the military shall play in our society and in the making of our national policy—is familiar. What makes it compelling is the siege the Soviet Union has laid to the United States and the Western world and the peculiarly fearsome dangers of war fought with missiles and thermonuclear warheads.

So long as the nations of the world must rely for their security principally on themselves, they will continue to establish armed forces for their protection against outside threats. But every democratic society faces the danger that these forces of arms and of men trained in their use will be used against the society that created them.
The Jewish-Christian Contradiction
Authors: Cohen Arthur A.
Published: September 2018

In the ancient Good Friday liturgy of the Catholic Church, in the midst of incessant pleadings for all conditions of men, the following prayer is made: "Let us pray for the unbelieving Jews: that our Cod and Lord will remove the veil from their hearts, so that they too may acknowledge our Lord Jesus Christ . . . Almighty, eternal God, who does not withhold Thy mercy even from Jewish unbelief, heed the prayers we offer for the blindness of that people, that they may acknowledge the light of Thy truth, which is Christ, and be delivered from »their darkness: through the same Lord, Jesus Christ. Amen."
How Relevant is Morality?
Authors: Weigel Gustave
Published: September 2018

By postulate theology deals with the ultimate in human existence, and therefore a theology of foreign policy is not something irrelevant but rather quite logical. The fact that such a theology has not been developed does not mean that it cannot be developed.
Moral Choices in Foreign Affairs
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: September 2018

Three contemporary problems in American foreign policy illustrate in graphic terms the moral dilemmas that confront any state in the conduct of foreign relations. Every American President since George Washington has proclaimed the Republic's devotion to democracy both here and abroad. One of our greatest Presidents, Woodrow Wilson, led the country in a crusade to “make the world safe for democracy.” The Eisenhower administration in 1952 rededicated itself to the liberation of subject peoples in eastern Europe from tyranny and oppression. By April 29, 1958, however, Vice President Nixon in replying to a question why the United States supported dictatorships in Latin America observed: “If we openly discriminate between one government and another in Latin America, what would we be charged with? We would be charged with interfering in the internal affairs of other countries and with trying to impose our system of government on them.”
Diplomatic Ruptures
Authors: Dufour J. M.
Published: September 2018

The government of Pnompenh has suddenly decided to break diplomatic relations with that of Bangkok. This gesture concludes a long quarrel which had scarcely broken out during the period of the French protectorate of Cambodia.

Siam, now Thailand, used to consider Cambodia a vassal state, and for a long time all the diplomatic latitude that was allowed the Kings of Cambodia by their two powerful neighbors, the Emperor of Annam and the King of Siam, was the privilege of acknowledging themselves, in turn, as proteges of the one in order to fight the other.
How Sacred is Bipartisanship? : It may Represent a Rhetorical Device Rather than a Policy
Authors: Shannon William V.
Published: September 2018

The recent accession of Senator J. William Fulbright to the chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee has provoked fresh consideration of the complexities of bipartisanship. Senator Fulbright in past years has been a frequent critic of the policies pursued by President Eisenhower and Secretary Dulles. Moreover, his advance in status symbolizes the growing influence of the younger Democrats on the committee, such as Senators Mansfield, Kennedy, and Humphrey, who are more critical of prevailing orthodoxies than their senior colleagues. These shifts in personal influence direct our attention to fundamental questions about bipartisanship. How far may a democracy go in stifling debate on basic issues in the name of national unity? How far may responsible men carry criticism and dissent in times of national peril? What is the proper relationship between the two-party competition for power and the framing of foreign policy? That is, when is foreign policy properly a partisan issue?
Theologians and the Bomb
Authors: Schwarzschild Steven S.
Published: September 2018

In sophisticated theological circles of all religious communions unqualified rejection of war is not even argued against anymore. It is just insulted. The word “pacifists” is apparently never used without the adjective “sentimental,” if not worse.

The reason for this attitude is a little difficult to understand. It would seem that there must be more deserving objects of scorn than people who are so revolted by the shedding of human blood that, sometimes perhaps without lengthy casuistic cogitations, they raise their hands heavenward and swear to abstain from all forms of direct or indirect military action.
A World Without War
Authors: Cogley John
Published: September 2018

War ceased to be a logical enterprise when it passed beyond the simple dimensions of aggression and defense. There was indeed a perverse logic in the actions of those who took up arms in order to seize what did not belong to them—the logic of the criminal; and certainly there was a logical basis for the reaction of those attacked when they decided, to meet force with force and refused to give up what was rightfully theirs.
Right and Wrong Calculation
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

“Calculation is the life blood of politics,” writes Ernest W. Lefever, “and the heart of ethics” (The Ethics of Calculation,” Worldview, October, italics added). This statement should be subjected to thorough scrutiny, and searchingly criticized.

Indeed, calculation is the heart of ethics as Mr. Lefever understands it. For this reason, there is for him no particular difficulty about making ethicopolitical judgements; and there is little to disturb or limit the “moral-political calculations” of which he speaks, since the heart of morality was already assumed to be calculative. Research the facts and weigh them properly: this is about all that is needed in politics; and, happily, also about all it is the business of ethics to do.
Programs of Educational Exchange
Authors: Raymond Platig E.
Published: September 2018

Throughout the twentieth century Americans have been on a seemingly endless search for that device or approach to international relations which would remove from such relations the harsh reality of tension and violence. At various times during this period arbitration treaties, international organization, collective security, international law, information programs, economic aid and technical assistance nave been set forth as the keys that would finally unlock the door to perpetual peace. In the era since World War II, the device of exchange of persons has often occupied the center of the stage of hope. Its right to that central position was reaffirmed when President Dwight D. Eisenhower placed the considerable weight of his personal prestige and high office behind the concept of peoples-to-peoples diplomacy.
The Economics of Apartheid
Authors: Boud Sean
Published: September 2018

I think it is one of W. H. Auden's poems that contains the most crushing indictment of that peculiar social phenomenon of our times—the clamorous demand for bigger, better and more exciting news: “Give us this day our daily news,” he wrote. Today, the U-2 incident, the Cupan situation, the election at home, and the crisis in South Africa all elbow one another in and out of the headlines to distract us from die burden of day-to-day living. In the routine of these hypnotizing comings and goings, certain issues become inevitably obscured, important aspects are ignored, and fundamental principles utterly lost.
Three Faces of Diplomacy
Authors: Seabury Paul
Published: September 2018

At no time before has there been such a need to clarify the purposes and meanings of American diplomacy. The survival of our nation, and of the broader civilization of which it is a part, depends in large measure upon the skills and arts of diplomacy— upon constant negotiation and communication both with the totalitarian world and with the rest of the free world. For a long time to come we must reassess the adequacy of the took of our foreign policy, measuring them against the complex tasks which they must perform, and the great goals toward which they should be directed.
The Hopes and Fears of West Germany
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

If one mentions to German friends that we in America have taken the successfully running film. Rosemary, as a true—and disturbing—picture of their “fabulous fifties,” they only smile and answer that the film tells about Frankfurt and that Frankfurt is not Germany. In fact, they point to this old city, Goethe's birthplace, as a “little America,” not only because of the obvious presence of G.I.'s, but primarily because its population has adopted something similar to the American way of life amidst a new architectural setting they describe as “American style.”
Christian Pacifism: An Orthodox View
Authors: Wilhelmsen Frederick D.
Published: September 2018

I take it as axiomatic that any battle between armies, if it is going to be fought at all and thus won or lost, must be fought upon a common field of battle. And if this holds true for battles it holds equally true for debates upon fundamental spiritual absolutes: unless the theoretical grounds are common to both parties argument is futile. Precisely because of this, debate is often futile in our time because agreement upon fundamentals is rarely possible within a world as. badly fissioned spiritually as is our own. It is of ten,'better to retire from the game than merely go through the motions mechanically, scoring debater's points and winning empty victories due to a superiority in dialectical skills.
The Public and Foreign Policy
Authors: Sola Pool Ithiel de
Published: September 2018

In this country we are fond of polling the public to find out what it thinks about practically any given subject. We have thousands of polls about foreign policy, and the public is ever ready to express attitudes on any question, no matter how complex, about which it might be asked. It is even ready, apparently, to express its convictions on problems which do not exist. One poller, for example, conducted a survey on the public attitude toward the “Metallic Metals Act.” He found that a good sixty percent of the public had an opinion about this act and a majority of them were in favor of it—even though the “act” existed only in the poller's imagination.
Overview of Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism after Severe Head Injury
Authors: Muizelaar J. Paul , Schröder Marc L.
Published: September 2018

The relationships between cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolism (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, CMRO2) and cerebral oxygen extraction (arteriovenous difference of oxygen, AVDO2) are discussed, using the formula CMRO2 = CBF × AVDO2. Metabolic autoregulation, pressure autoregulation and viscosity autoregulation can all be explained by the strong tendency of the brain to keep AVDO2 constant. Monitoring of CBF, CMRO2 or AVDO2 very early after injury is impractical, but the available data indicate that cerebral ischemia plays a considerable role at this stage. It can best be avoided by not "treating" arterial hypertension and not using too much hyperventilation, while generous use of mannitol is probably beneficial. Once in the ICU, treatment can most practically be guided by monitoring of jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation. If saturation drops below 50%, the reason for this must be found (high intracranial pressure, blood pressure not high enough, too vigorous hyperventilation, arterial hypoxia, anemia) and must be treated accordingly.
Western Impact on East Sumatra and North Tapanuli: The Roles of the Planter and the Missionary
Authors: Pelzer Karl J.
Published: September 2018

The two administrative units of Sumatra with which this paper is concerned are East Sumatra, stretching along the Strait of Malacca, and North Tapanuli, extending from the mountainous interior around Lake Tobe to the Indian Ocean.
Individual Choice and Affairs of State(Is There a Relation Between Domestic Morality and Foreign Policy? )
Authors: Trivers Howard
Published: September 2018

All choice takes place in a world of fact, what philosophers call “hard stubborn fact.” In foreign affairs the facts are of extraordinary dimension, macroscopic in size, infinitely diverse and complex. Centuries of historic tradition, encrusted popular attitudes, diverse levels of civilization, diverse potentialities and rates of economic and political development are apt to be involved. Facts impose limitations upon policy, just as the fact of the money in one's pocketbook imposes limits upon what one can buy. It was his acute awareness of the factual limitations on policy that led Bismarck to define politics as the “art of the possible.“
The Decline of Diplomacy
Authors: Korbel Josef
Published: September 2018

It is the contention of this article that general rules of diplomatic conduct have been neglected and to a dangerous extent even abandoned; that democracy is ill-equipped to face Soviet diplomacy effectively; and that democracy has failed to exploit new diplomatic opportunities among the nations of Latin America, Africa and Asia. In order to present this thesis more fully—and to defend it—three aspects of modern diplomacy are offered for consideration: one, its general rules; two, the relative strengths and weaknesses of a democracy's diplomatic methods vis-a-vis Soviet diplomatic methods; and three, the Western powers' diplomatic opportunities toward the non-Communist world.
Wars of National Liberation II
Authors: Gessert Robert A.
Published: September 2018

It is sometimes suggested that nuclear weapons technology has made the world safe for “wars of national liberation.” I don't happen to accept this proposition, but I do acknowledge that “wars of national liberation” are a prominent part of both the declaratory and action policies of the Communist world. The free world does not have the option of declining to respond to such wars. This is sufficient reason for attempts to assay the ethical issues they raise.

Wars of liberation have been called “political wars.” I assume two different things are intended by this: on the one hand, that they have a larger political component than other wars in that they do emphasize or circumvent some of the more typical military missions such as seizing and holding territory; on the other hand, as compared with nuclear war, they seem more nearly to be. compatible with Clausewitx's dictum that war is a continuation of policy. There are difficulties with both notions, but I do acknowledge that wars of liberation are intimately related to the political purposes of their sponsors and that they do generally employ means aimed directly at political power and try to postpone or avoid military engagements as the determinants of their outcome.
The Kennedy Legacy for World Politics
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: September 2018

History tends to deal harshly with those who judge men and events before the full weight of evidence is in. The scales are tipped in ways that students of current history cannot always anticipate. Conscious of this, many of our most distinguished Western historians hesitate to write about twentiethcentury history, let alone contemporary events. Great American statesmen share this sense of awe and uncertainty about measuring the fragments of history which they may have had a part in shaping. It was Lincoln who observed that his only choice was to do the best he could and pray that in the end history would judge him kindly. No one can be sure that noble intentions will lead to desirable ends, for the scroll of history unfolds according to its own mysterious inner logic.
On the City of Man
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

St. Augustine wrote the City of God at a time of trouble for the Roman Empire. Pope John XXIII issued his Pacem in Terris “ to all men of good will“ in an age of universal conflict. While Augustine's philosophy of history includes a conception of an ideal Christian commonwealth, the predominant theme in his great book is pessimism regarding the City of Man. The strongest motif in the late Pope's encyclical, on the other hand, is optimism concerning the power of responsible men to shape the future in a favorable way.
National Loyalty and Religious Values
Authors: Zahn Gordon
Published: September 2018

Twenty years after the Normandy invasion which sealed the doom of Hitler's Third Reich, the search for the explanations of how and why such an evil regime could come into being and stay in power until it had an entire continent in its grasp goes on. The histories that were written immediately following its total collapse no longer satisfy a new generation of scholars and writers who are determined to unearth as much of the raw truth as possible and who, in the process; are prepared to call into question the acts and decisions of even the most highly respected individuals and hallowed institutions.
Neither Utopian Nor Realist
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

Of the two prominent schools of political thought loosely labeled Utopian and realist, the first has been subjected to rigorous criticism. There is increasing evidence that- the realist position needs equally close examination. This paper considers one position from which such an examination can be made systematically.

The assumption of leadership of the Western world by the United States has been generally accepted by American statesmen, scholars and publicists as a necessary but painful task. The Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations have understood that, in the circumstances following the second World War, the United States national interest could only be furthered through cooperation with other nations of the free world.
CIA: A Non-Inside Report
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

The U-2 affair which led to the aborted Summit Conference in 1960, the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, and C.I.A, support of the ill-fated Diem regime in Vietnam have all served to focus attention on the problems of management and control of one of the world's largest Intelligence empires. C.I.A. reportedly employs more people than the Department of State (although it denies any foreign policy-making role) and has an annual budget estimated at over $500,000,000. For the last three years it has been ensconced in a new $50 million building in Langley, Virginia, which has emblazoned over its glittering entrance, “The Truth Shall Make You Free.”
The Intellectuals: God's Frozen People
Authors: Barber Arthur
Published: September 2018

Over a century ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson travelled to the Midwest to meet with a group of intellectual and political leaders, to discuss the organization of a rational world. After many days of debate on the subject of nationalism vs. internationalism, and the organization of a world community, it was decided that the future capital of the world should be in Constantinople. At this point, Emerson stalked from the- conference, with the comment: “Impossible. It's too far from Concordl”

Today, as the distance from Constantinople to Concord has dwindled, our concept of the future and of ourselves has faded. The influence, self-confidence, and poise of the American intellectual has declined.
Wars of National Liberation: The Methodology of Christian Ethics
Authors: Weber Theodore K.
Published: September 2018

Given the name and nature of the professional society for which those papers on which I offer comment were written, and given the nature of the designated political problem, one would expect these methodological applications to develop at least the following points; (1) a theological determination of Christian responsibility for political involvement in general and for the use of national power in international politics in particular; (2) criteria for testing the justifiability of political and military intervention in “wars of national liberation” and (3) criteria for deciding the moral problems of means peculiar to counter-insurgency warfare. Our analysis of the papers will be ordered in terms of these three points. Inasmuch as the first point is the fundamental one for a Christian political ethic, it will be used to delineate the typology.
The Liberal, The Conservative, and the Pope
Authors: Novak Michael
Published: September 2018

Both Catholics and non-Catholics attempt to enlist the Pope as a partisan of one or another political cause: disarmament, socialization, civil rights, aid for underdeveloped nations, the condemnation of a Hitler. The relationship between morality and politics, however, is ambiguous. Good men may well disagree about which long-range or short-range political programs are best calculated to serve man's moral interests. What, then, is the present position of the Catholic—liberal or conservative—when the Pope makes a moral-political statement about the issues of our time?

In its general lines, the traditional answer to this question is simple enough. There are three elements to distinguish: (1) moral principles; (2) political programs; (3) concrete decisions. The Pope's moral competence extends most clearly to declarations about principles. In proportion as judgments about historical facts, present trends, and the yet uncertain future are involved in political programs, the Pope's competence becomes increasingly ambiguous; his is increasingly but one of many prophetic voices “crying in the wilderness.”
Questions For Vatican II
Authors: Weber Theodore R.
Published: September 2018

Whether there is any excitement in the otherwise unimaginative Article 25 ("On Making Lasting Peace") of Schema XIII depends on the meaning of a reference to nuclear arms. The relevant passage reads:

Although, after all the aids of peaceful discussion have been exhausted, it may not be illicit, when one's rights have been unjustly hampered, to defend those rights against such unjust aggression by violence and force, nevertheless the use of arms, especially nuclear weapons, whose effects are greater than can be imagined and therefore cannot be reasonably regulated by men, exceeds all just proportion and therefore must be judged before God and man as most wicked.
The Council Must Speak
Authors: Lawler Justus George
Published: September 2018

There is no doubt that any statement made by the Council, unless it is an utterly innocuous declaration of inapplicable generalities, is going to have the effect of penalizing the Western nations, since obviously whatever public opinion is engendered by the conciliar decrees will be ignored or suppressed within the Soviet Union. Nevertheless the Council must speak, and this for both moral and "political" reasons.
The Student Movement
Authors: Kahn Tom
Published: September 2018

I have a difficult assignment: to describe, analyze and evaluate the new student movement—and to do so from the vantage point of one who has one foot in the new generation and one foot in the old. The task is complicated by the nature of the movement itself, by its ideological and organizational looseness, by the fact that it is both mood and movement. And it must be said that most of what has been written about the “New Left” in the mass media and even in the better political journals has been dismally ignorant. Some of the writers on the Left have viewed the student movement with a mixture of awe and indulgence, while those on the Right assail it as the reincarnation of communism.
Gas Warfare
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

Surfeited with the unprecedented horrors of World War II, the moral consciousness of the Western world has become jaded. There was a time-in the mid-1930's—when it protested Mussolini's practice of forcing castor oil down the throats of political prisoners and then parading them in public while stalwart Fascists watched the spectacle with sadistic glee. During his Ethiopian campaign, Mussolini's use of irritant gases to give brave but ill-shod and illequipped Ethiopian tribesmen “the hot foot” was also condemned by a moral conscience that had not yet learned to accept the organized cruelty of World War II—the terror bombings of both British and German cities, and the unexampled savagery of the German invasion of Russia, widely heralded by Nazi propaganda as a great anti-Communist “crusade.“
Dialogue: A Moral Imperative
Authors: Riga Peter J.
Published: September 2018

There can be little doubt that the omission on the part of John XXIII to speak of communism in either of the two greatest encyclicals of our time, Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris, has caused grave consternation in various Catholic circles.

This consternation has gone as far as Vatican II. The Council from the beginning was born on a note of positive confrontation with the modern world in the open spirit of John XXIII. It was taken for granted that from the opening words of John to the Council Fathers, there would be no anathemas and condemnations.
Concepts of Foreign Policy
Authors: Wright Quincy
Published: September 2018

There are a number of reasons to believe that fundamental changes are necessary in United States foreign policy, and some of these reasons have been developed in recent statements by Senator William J. Fulbright (Arkansas) of the Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Richard Russell (Georgia) of the Armed Services Committee, Senator Frank Church (Idaho), Senator Wayne Morse (Oregon) and others. In such a reconsideration, the basic objectives, the means for achieving them, and the limitations of American capability should be considered.
On The Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia
Authors: Small John R. W.
Published: September 2018

It is generally accepted that history is an element of culture and the historian a member of society, thus, in Croce's aphorism, that the only true history is contemporary history. It follows from this that when there occur great changes in the contemporary scene, there must also be great changes in historiography, that the vision not merely of the present but also of the past must change.
Christian Churches and World Affairs
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

We Iive in an age of unexamined concepts which risk becoming the more dangerous as they pass into action under the pressure of vague emotions. This is not to say that generosity is completely lacking, only that its impulses are not followed up by a careful analysis of reality. In fact, such an analysis is easily branded “cold” and “inhuman,” and generosity, the heart's voice, comes to be regarded as a substitute for policy. This situation is not improved but rather worsened by the entry of organized religious forces, the churches, into the area of international politics. The Christian churches, Catholic and Protestant, have of course been present in that area for centuries as very active elements.
Facts and Fallacies
Authors: Herzfeld Norma Krause
Published: September 2018

This triple-authored, triple-published polemic against the war in Vietnam, shared by a Protestant, Jew and Catholic, is an attempt to rally the organized churches and synagogues of America to lead condemnation of what the writers consider an unequivocally immoral role the U.S. plays in this Southeast Asian conflict. As spokesmen for Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam, the arguments generally sum up the sense of “a clergy mobilization” by the group in Washington last January and February. Lots of people come away from Washington with odd impressions. After visiting government officials and legislators at that time, the authors came away with the impression that these policymakers would like to “engage in bold initiatives for a negotiated peace” but they were afraid to do so because they weren't sure public opinion “as a whole” would back them.
The United States and Revolution
Authors: Berrigan Philip
Published: September 2018

What is the major reason for America's dilemma in Vietnam? Actually, the
same reason holds for the near-boiling point of the cold war, for the
resumption of arms sales to Arab countries following the Middle East crisis,
for current American intervention in Thailand, Laos, Guatemala, Peru,
Ecuador. Columbia and others; for mutual defense treaties with 42 nations;
for military and economic aid to nearly 100 other nations. The same reason,
furthermore, why defense appropriations constitute nearly 10% of gross
national product; why Congress appropriates money for the Defense Department
faster than the Pentagon can spend it; why 72% of every tax dollar goes for
war and war preparation; why the Pentagon controls almost the exact
percentage of Federal property in the world (53%) that the United States
itself controls of the world's productive capacity. The reason is of course,
our wealth, and the type of society necessary to produce it.
The Clergy and the Draft
Authors: Riga Peter J.
Published: September 2018

I suppose I should start this piece by clearly stating that I do not believe in the draft in any form. I happen to hold with Benedict XV that it is an abomination among free men. Yet, if we must have a draft, it must be as equitable as humanly possible. There must be no privileged groups in a truly democratic society; it is, therefore, unjust that seminarians and clergy be exempted from the draft.

Before going into the specifics of the argument, I take it as an accepted political as well as theological fact that the absolute pacificist must be exempted from active military duty as long as he is willing to make his contribution to his countrymen in another capacity. This principle was upheld by Vatican II (Pastoral Constitution, par. 79°) and, as such, rejoins a pacifist tradition of the Church almost entirely forgotten for some sixteen hundred years.
Fact and Fiction in Southeast Asia
Authors: Thatcher Harold W.
Published: September 2018

Once again we are practicing brinkmanship in a manner that even the late Secretary of State Dulles would have envied. How we have done so and why the American people in the Atomic Age have permitted their government repeatedly to get itself into perilous situations which could escalate into a general nuclear war cannot really be understood without reference to the background of our thinking since World War II. We must separate fact from fiction, which means that we must re-examine critically and objectively the premises and conclusions from which our actions have sprung.
Religions in Africa
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

Our story-book concept of Africa as the “dark continent” is no longer valid. Nor is that other storybook notion, “man against wild beasts.” The sad fact is that Africa today is, and will probably be even more in the future, the scene of savage conflicts between black men and black men, Arabs and other Arabs, Moslems and Animists, Christianity and Islam. For a while the race issue in South Africa obscured the fact of antagonisms and hostilities elsewhere; since the horrible acts of torture and cannibalism occurred in the Congo, the world can no longer ignore the eruption of multi-layered hatred, motivated by race, religion, and ideology, in practically every corner of Africa.