bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bargaining Power in Action
Authors: Martin Roderick
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the exercise of bargaining power through collective bargaining. Management and unions are attempting to realize conflicting objectives through the bargaining process. There are several different types of bargaining process. The process may involve the explicit exercise of power, through industrial action or the threat of industrial action by unions or through the use of lock-out by management, or power may remain implicit, the bargaining process being concerned solely with the exchange of arguments. The process may be concerned solely with distributive bargaining or with integrative bargaining. The process may be more or less governed by rules (or conventions) about how bargaining should be carried on, for example about the appropriate time which should elapse between an offer being submitted and a reply received. The process may be carried on by bargainers who are regularly involved in bargaining, or may be a one-off process. Bargaining leverage may be exercised directly against the other party, or indirectly through suppliers and customers or the general public. Finally, bargaining may be conducted solely by the bargainers concerned, or may involve a third party, as mediator or arbitrator.
The Formation of Labour Movements
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

The contrast between centralized, industrial unionism in Sweden and decentralized, craft/general unionism in Britain is well-known and indisputable but also over-simple and in important ways misleading, so far as the early labour movements are concerned. The Swedish Landsorganisationen (LO) has certainly been more centralized than the British Trades Union Congress (TUC), but an emphasis on this obscures a more fundamental difference between the two national union organizations.
Institutional Adequacy, Corporatism, and Industrial Conflict in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

In the 1960s Sweden had the institutions that Britain lacked industrial unionism, centralized organizations, and central agreements to regulate both industrial relations and wages. If the notion of a Swedish labour peace is somewhat misleading, there was no serious strike problem until the end of the 1960s. There was certainly much local wage drift and Sweden’s ‘labour’ government, like Britain’s, sought to restrain wage increases, but Sweden was able to escape the struggle between the state and the unions that dogged British industrial relations in the 1960s. There were, also, not the same institutional barriers to rationalization and increasing productivity, and Sweden experienced a steady, if modest, economic growth. In the 1970s, however, joint central regulation began to collapse, as legislative regulation replaced regulation by central agreement and central wage bargaining became ever more complex and prone to conflict.
Capitalism and Neo-liberalism in Britain
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

The previous part of this book explored the institutional and organizational differences between post-war Britain and Sweden, and their significance. This part examines the wider issue of the relationship between socialism and neo-liberal capitalism. Its central concern is with the routes out of corporatism in the two countries. In both societies there was a political polarization as the alternatives of the Right and the Left competed to shape the future. Sweden appeared to be moving down a socialist path in the 1970s, but in Britain the emergence of the ‘New Right’ led towards the Conservative neo-liberalism of the 1980s. This divergence raises the two broad questions with which this part is concerned-how is such a divergence to be explained and how far did the divergence go?
Capitalism and Socialism in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

In the 1930s the Social Democrats reached a modus vivendi with capital. They accepted the need for a continuously rationalizing and profitable capitalist industry if the Swedish economy was to remain competitive, full employment was to be sustained, and the wealth necessary to create a high standard of living and welfare was to be created. At the same time, capital accepted Social Democratic rule and concentrated its efforts on influencing government policy rather than attempting to revitalize the bourgeois parties.
The Strong Arm of the Law
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

Have the British police abandoned their commitment to ‘policing by consent’? The sight of armed and riot police on the streets has led to this question being asked repeatedly over the past decade. However, the secrecy that has surrounded the policy governing armed and public order policing has previously made this a topic of arid speculation rather than informed debate. During his three years’ extensive research into the Metropolitan Police, P. A. J. Waddington was given unprecedented access to the hitherto secret world of armed and riot policing. Here he provides a detailed description of police policy, tactics, and weaponry, examining such issues as the selection and training of armed officers, the lethality of police firearms tactics, the growth of paramilitarism, methods of dispersing rioting crowds, and the causes of riots. Dr Waddington’s study of the difficulties and dilemmas that arise from the need to ensure effective public order policing while retaining public consent throws new light, from a uniquely informed perspective, on the issues that have aroused public anxiety.
‘Deadly Force’
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

Although the police have always used firearms they have been reluctant to acknowledge it too openly. Their fear, that to do so would promote public concern, has proven well founded. Controversial incidents, especially tragic mistaken and accidental shootings, have raised not only issues of selection, training, and supervision, but also anxieties about an aggressive style of policing. It was seen in Chapter 2 that condemnation of ‘trigger-happy’ police has followed even the most apparently justified shootings of armed robbers by police. It was also noted how public anxieties were aroused by the sight of officers openly carrying what appear to be sub-machine-guns at Heathrow airport.
Introduction
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

As the first essay in this collection notes, ‘the secularization thesis is one of sociology’s most enduring research programmes and like many other long-standing theoretical frameworks it has generated a multitude of criticisms’. Before introducing the items in what I hope will be seen as a useful contribution to an evaluation of the secularization thesis, I want to address and answer the challenge that the thesis is not worthy of evaluation because it is part of an ideological project. The secularization thesis has at least some of its roots in secularism. Comte was certainly more influenced by his desire to see the disappearance of the unhealthy superstitions of religion from the modern world than by an ‘objective’ assessment that such changes were taking place. But one might have expected that the rise of ideologically ‘neutered’ (if not entirely neutral) social science would have killed dead the argument that the secularization thesis should be judged by the values of its proponents.
Reflections on a Many Sided Controversy
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

Reflecting on the essays gathered in this volume, I cannot but think that it would be tedious for the reader were I to attempt to pick up the minutiae of debate on every point which I might want to dispute. Even at the risk of reiterating (and, one hopes, more fully justifying) facets of the discussion that have been aired elsewhere, it seems more sensible to take the issues in the broad. There is, indeed, one particular broad topic that, with one or two honourable exceptions, has failed to command the attention of most of the contributors and that is the question of definition. Secularization is readily discussed as if everyone were agreed on what was meant by that term. Religion, too, is taken for granted as a self.-understood phenomenon. At times, one has the impression (particularly in Brown’s chapter) that religion is equated exclusively with Christianity (is Christianity also equated with Protestantism?).
Black and Blue
Authors: Brewer John D
Published: November 2023

The South African Police is one of the world’s most controversial police forces. In this, the first detailed study of the origins and development of policing in South Africa, John Brewer places current allegations of police misconduct in their historical context. Long after similar forces elsewhere in the world had been modernized, the South African Police were continuing to discharge a colonial role, using the methods and style of the nineteenth century. Dr Brewer links this lack of development and modernization to the South African state’s need for colonialism. It is this, he argues, that is also the source of the close relationship between police and state in South Africa. Now that government policies have changed, the SAP must adapt: Dr Brewer ends by addressing the vexed question of police reform and argues that it will be severely constrained by the SAP’s failure to transcend its colonial origins.
The Colonial Agenda: 1910–1913
Authors: Brewer John D
Published: November 2023

The fledgling government of the new Union of South Africa quickly set about planning the Union’s police force. All newly established states consider it a sign of national prestige to have their own security forces, and although union of the four territories in 19rn was not strictly an act of independence, the development of a unified and centralized police service was an important national symbol. When they were formed on I April 1913, the SAP and SAMR were structured and organized so as to build on the strengths of pre-Union police forces and to avoid the weaknesses. They were not entirely successful in resolving these problems, and in many respects the SAP is still struggling with some of them. Thus, to understand policing in late twentieth-century South Africa, it is necessary to begin with the dynamics of policing in the nineteenth.
Gender Segregation and the SCELI Research
Authors: Scott Alison Macewen
Published: November 2023

During the last decade or so, research on women and employment has increasingly focused on gender segregation, that is, the fact that women tend to work in jobs and occupations that are dominated by women and men in ones that are dominated by men (Reskin and Hartmann 1986, Purcell 1988, Dex 1988, Walby 19886Z, Crompton and Sanderson 1990).
Gender, Technology, and Employment Change in Textiles
Authors: Penn Roger , Martin Ann , Scattergood Hilda
Published: November 2023

The textile industry is of particular interest for the debate about gender and employment since historically it was the engine of British industrialization in the period between 1780 and 1914 and has long been a major employer of female labour (Turner 1962, Penn 1985). Indeed, in many ways the textile industry represents the classic example of the relationship between industrialization and female employment (Hartmann 1976, Lown 1983, Lewis 1984, Rose 1986).
Employers, the Sex-Typing of Jobs, and Economic Restructuring
Authors: Lovering John
Published: November 2023

According to some writers, the pervasive segregation of jobs by sex is the ‘central feature’ of the inequality between men and women in the world of paid work (Walby 1990: 37; Collinson et al. 1990: 16). Occupational sex-typing involves a dual process whereby the characteristics of employees are defined in terms of their gender (rather than individual abilities or qualifications) and jobs become known as ‘men’s work’ or ‘women’s work’ (Murgatroyd 1982, Bradley 1989). Sex-typing has been described as a cultural or ideological process influenced by gender roles outside the market which interacts with the market processes shaping the demand for and supply of labour at a given level of pay. Recently, research on gender segregation has focused on the nature of this interaction.
Social Classification
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

If solidarity is the state of order characterized by the integration of the ends of actors through a common value system, then disorder is a state in which this moral consensus loses its regulatory power. Just as value consensus may be more usefully taken as a measure rather than a cause of order, so too value dissensus can be regarded as an index of the severity rather than a direct cause of conflict. This is not to say that certain types of values and beliefs are not more productive of disorder than others or that religious divisions of labour do not differ in their propensity to doctrinal disunion. But these are not matters with which Durkheim concerned himself either in his theory of order or in his theory of disorder.
Fetishism
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

Compared with the dominant-ideology thesis, the theory of commodity fetishism identifies a much more specific obstacle to the development of revolutionary consciousness and gives even greater emphasis to the cognitive aspect of the socially stabilizing function of ideology. But, unlike the former, it does not entail any notion of ruling-class manipulation of proletarian consciousness; fetishism is purely a system effect, the product of capitalist production and exchange relations themselves. Although Marx deals with the concept of commodity fetishism only briefly and schematically, and does not relate it to his analysis of the conditions promoting and hindering class formation, it is plainly one major element-and some would say the major element-of his theory of alienation.
The Psychological Consequences of Unemployment: An Assessment of the Jahoda Thesis
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The fact that unemployment leads to psychological distress is now well documented in the literature (Warr 1987). Not only have a wide range of studies revealed a consistent cross-sectional association between employment status and well-tested measures of psychological health such as the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), but longitudinal studies have demonstrated dearly the chronological sequences necessary to confirm causality. People’s psychological health has been shown to grow worse when they move from employment to unemployment and to recover when they return to a job. However, what is less dearly established are the precise mechanisms that lead to psychological stress.
Social Movements and Disordered Bodies: The Reform of Birth, Sex, Drink, and Death in Britain since 1850
Authors: Williams Rory
Published: November 2023

For some time now, conceptions of social reform have centred on the opposed agencies of market and state. No doubt this partly reflects the polarization of contemporary British politics. The New Right pin their banners to the self-motivated individual, and deplore anything else as reliance on the ‘nanny state’; and their opponents search for new kinds of collective provision, while continuing to deplore market solutions as attempts to ‘blame the victim’. Meanwhile, the ‘social market’, as a cure for the evils on both sides, often sounds like the result of the eighteenth-century medical consultation where one doctor having pronounced ‘Yes, a collection of water’, and another ‘Well, I think it is wind’, the third announces ‘I take it to be something between wind and water’ (Porter and Porter 1989: 56).
Government Policies and Higher Education: A Comparison of Britain and the United States, 1630-1860
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon , Trow Martin
Published: November 2023

Over the past three hundred and fifty years, American and British colleges and universities have been created and have operated in the context of policies set forth by their respective central governments, policies which have had decisive effects on the way these institutions have developed. In this essay we will explore some of the policies which shaped the diverging character of the two systems, looking for ways in which those governmental policies have interacted with other non-governmental forces to give the systems and their component institutions the sharply contrasting characteristics that have long distinguished them.
Beyond the ‘Mixed Model’: Social Research and the Case for Reform of 16-18 Education in Britain
Authors: Raffe David
Published: November 2023

Post-compulsory education and training in Britain are in need of reform. This at least is the view of a wide range of participants in current policy debates. There is also substantial agreement on the objectives of this reform. Opportunities for education and training should be increased, and should be equal for individuals of different gender, race, or class. Unnecessary forms of selection, or barriers to access to education, should be removed. Opportunities for educational and occupational mobility should be increased. A common curriculum should be developed, or at least a common core, with increased emphasis on general education. Parity of esteem for different courses and qualifications should be promoted. The divisions created by the bi- or tripartite organization of education and training should be overcome. Levels of participation, and levels of attainment, should be substantially increased.
Active Labour-Market Policy: Its Content, Effectiveness, and Odd Relation to Evaluation Research1
Authors: Wilensky Harold L
Published: November 2023

It is no news that the desire to work is everywhere exceeding the supply of jobs. Whatever the cyclical fluctuations, rich democracies have since the early 1970s experienced the unhappy combination of accelerated rates of general labour-force participation and rising unemployment insurance and welfare costs for selected groups: displaced workers in their prime, as well as the hard-to-employ young, minorities, handicapped, single mothers, displaced home-makers, and older men. Although national strategies for coping with these problems are diverse, there is increasing recognition that a major trade-off can be made between expensive, passive policies that make no contribution to human resource use and what has come to be known as ‘active labour-market policy’.
Contemporary Relationships between Firms in a Classic Industrial Locality
Authors: Penn Roger
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relations between firms across a wide spectrum of industrial sectors in Rochdale. The analysis is set within three sets of parallel debates in contemporary economic sociology. The first involves the recent renewal of interest amongst economic sociologists and economic geographers in the notion of the industrial district.
Technical Change and Skilled Manual Work in Contemporary Rochdale
Authors: Penn Roger
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines technical change and skilled manual work in the contemporary textile and engineering industries. It represents a contribution to the long-standing debate in sociology and social history about the significance of skilled manual workers in modem societies. Within social historical literature the skilled divide within the manual working class has been characterized by two quite distinct images: one of the ‘labour aristocracy’ and the other of the ‘militant craftsman’. Nevertheless, as has been shown previously (Penn, 1985 and 1990a) social historians generally see technological change as the great destroyer of skilled manual work. Their disagreements tend to focus on the power of such craftworkers to curtail these processes in the short to medium term (Montgomery, 1976; Hinton, 1973; J. Scott, 1974; and Stein, 1978).
Gender and Skills
Authors: Horrell Sara , Rubery Jill , Burchell Brendan
Published: November 2023

Current debates over women’s position in the labour market often centre on the question of how women’s jobs compare in quality, job content, and skill requirements to those of men’s. Are women segregated into jobs which make different types of demands on employees than those that men occupy? Can women’s low pay be explained by their concentration in lower-skilled jobs than the average men’s job, or is the problem one of low valuation of the skills used in women’s jobs? Are there major differences by gender in job content or skills or are these differences more between full- and part-time jobs? These questions cannot be answered without systematic investigation of the actual job content and skill requirements of the jobs occupied by men and women in the economy.
A Time to Chant
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel
Published: November 2023

Fifty years ago Sōka Gakkai was an organization of a few hundred people, all of them in Japan. Today it is one of the world's most rapidly expanding religious movements with members in virtually every country in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia, in most of Asia, and in several parts of Africa. It is also increasingly well publicized, sponsoring and promoting a variety of cultural and educational causes and establishing a high profile for itself in world affairs. All of this has created a movement which is a significant social phenomenon; yet to date Soka Gakkai has received little attention from Western academics. Bryan Wilson and Karel Dobbelaere have undertaken a thorough survey of the UK membership to try to trace the source of the movement's attraction and analyse its potential. In addition to a questionnaire survey they carried out some thirty interviews with members, who were encouraged to tell their story in their own way. These interviews and the questionnaire responses are liberally quoted throughout the book and add illuminating detail to its analysis. The decline in belief in an anthropomorphic deity; the sense that traditional religious institutions have become hollow; the emphasis on the private nature of belief and on personal autonomy are all characteristic features of contemporary western values. The authors suggest that Soka Gakkai has found a ready resonance with these changing currents of thought in contemporary society and conclude that Soka Gakkai's appeal to young people in particular makes it a faith whose time may have come.
The Fingers on our Hands
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

I was to hear the above explanation many times during my stay in Talukpur. In answer to my questions, people would often hold out their hands and use them as a metaphor for inequality. In this chapter I shall explore local ideologies of status and rank. By describing the ways in which status is constructed and contested, I shall suggest that there are various discourses of rank within the village, some of which are oppositional. One describes it as fixed and immutable, a matter of blood and relative purity, whilst the other describes it as based solely in economic position, and underlain by the fundamental equality of Muslim brothers.
Still Life in Swindon: Case-Studies in Union Survival and Employer Policy in a ‘Sunrise’ Labour Market
Authors: Rose Michael
Published: November 2023

The findings discussed in this chapter are based upon a set of case-studies of workplace level industrial relations, employee involvement in trade unionism, and the development of employer policies towards unions, undertaken by the Bath team in a Related Study1 of the SCELI programme. (The scope of related studies is discussed in the section on the SCELI data on trade unionism in Chapter 1, and in the Methodological Appendix at the end of the book; further related studies of trade unionism are presented by Penn and Scattergood in Chapter 7, and by Sewel and Penn in Chapter 8.)
Climactic Ritual
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

At the end of August 1988 Baninge told me that demoralization could destroy the splinter group unless a credible programme to prepare for the returning ancestors was set in motion. On a visit to Maranagi (29–30 August) Baninge explained the situation to Tanotka and presented him with a provisional plan for climactic rituals, entailing the fusion of Dadul and Maranagi. Baninge set out his plan roughly as follows, in the form of a detailed programme.
The Aftermath
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

At the end of October 1988 the people of Dadul (having returned to their village) were confronted with a series of problems. Perhaps the primary problem was the inadequacy of the food supply but, in addition, there appeared to be a serious danger of legal prosecutions over the mass marriage, the removal of children from school, and the offensive letters. There was also the threat of violence, humiliation, and ridicule at the hands of disgruntled communities external to the Dadul-Maranagi splinter group.
Religious Persuasion
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

For the Mali Baining, the attractiveness of the Pomio Kivung movement during the early 1970s had to do with the fact that its ideas were intellectually persuasive. On the one hand, they provided comprehensive and logically integrated answers to pressing questions and, on the other, they were rooted in various indigenous cultural assumptions. In these respects, the Pomio Kivung had the edge over competing ideological systems—for example Christianity, which did not address or sufficiently clarify issues of paramount interest, and which was (often inexplicably) intolerant of indigenous religious practices.
An Introduction to Japanese Company History: Stability and Change in the Ranking of Large Manufacturing Enterprises*
Authors: Hiroaki Yamazaki
Published: November 2023

One of the key terms in this series and in the analysis of modern Japanese society is kaishashugi or ‘companyism’. While we can say that Japanese companies used their strength to unify employees, was this strength the premiss for success or rather the combination of their mutually stipulated relations? To unveil the secret of ‘companyism’, it is essential to clarify the mechanisms behind companies’ economic growth. This exercise will deal on the one hand with the compilation of case studies concerning the growth of representative companies and on the other with the companies’ necessity to generalize. One endeavour in this analysis of modern Japanese firms will be to understand and to characterize the miraculous growth of all Japanese companies. Delving further into these related themes, we will not simply provide a case study of the most representative enterprises, but will instead clarify all the main points of these cases in an attempt to create a framework.
The Weakness of the Contemporary Japanese State*
Authors: Osamu Watanabe
Published: November 2023

So begins Karel van Wolferen’s The Enigma of Japanese Power, a best-selling work that has been translated into many languages. Recently, journalists and researchers in the United States and Europe have turned their attention to the problem of Japan’s extraordinary emergence as a global economic power, and the deep impact that its ‘unilateral and destructive economic growth’2 has been having on the world economy.
Introduction
Authors: Junji Banno
Published: November 2023

It is a historical fact that by the 1980s, Japan had become an economic giant second only to the United States. Many people predicted that this economic strength would continue in the 1990s, and that, as a result, Japan would surpass the USA in economic terms. We now know that this prediction was not to be fulfilled. The main purpose of this book and its companion volume, published earlier this year, is to re-examine Japan’s economic strength of the 1980s in the light of the changed trends of the 1990s.
Structures of Finance Capital
Authors: Scott John
Published: November 2023

The arguments of the managerialist theory of the business enterprise were my point of departure in the previous chapter, and I showed that it is a theory which fails to provide an accurate account of the relationship between ownership and control in the AngloAmerican economies. Managerialism fails, in particular, to appreciate the significance of the growth of financial shareholdings that have resulted in what I have called ‘control through a constellation of interests’. In this chapter, I consider a range of issues that surround the Marxist concept of finance capital and its view of contemporary economic relations in the Anglo-American economies. ‘Finance capital’-the organizational fusion of banking capital’ and ‘industrial capital’-was seen by Hilferding (1910) as centring on the formation of alliances and coalitions among enterprises in different economic sectors and the building of extensive networks of intercorporate linkages.
Disorganization, Disarticulation, and Deregulation
Authors: Scott John
Published: November 2023

It seems natural to describe economic activity as focused around national economies. Indeed, much of my discussion so far has referred to forms of ownership and control, of corporate rule and of corporate structure, ‘in’ Britain, the United States, Germany, Japan, and elsewhere. These national economies have, indeed, been foci of economic activity since at least the seventeenth century, but they have never existed as isolated and self-contained entities. In this chapter, attention turns to the relationship between national economies and the wider international processes in which they are embedded.
Introduction: A Comparative Perspective on Part-Time Work
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Part-time work seems to defy classification and explaining it presents a seri¬ ous challenge to social scientists. Contradictions abound. High levels of part-time work are found both in relatively unregulated labour markets, such as Britain and the USA, and in highly regulated labour markets, such as Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The European Union (EU) Labour Force Survey consistently shows that voluntary and involuntary part-time work are both present, to varying degrees, in most countries. Employers in Italy, Greece, and France regard part-time workers as intro¬ ducing an unattractive disruption of normal production processes and workplace discipline, while employers in Britain had created a large per¬manent part-time workforce long before economic recession stimulated deregulation and the casualization of labour contracts in most industrial economies in the 1980s and 1990s. The so-called ‘part-time’ workers of Sweden frequently work hours long enough to be classified as full-timers by the European Commission, while many part-time workers in the Netherlands, Britain, and West Germany work such short hours that the European Commission classifies them as marginal workers (European Commission, 1994: 103-13).
Part-Time Work in Italy
Authors: Addabbo Tindara
Published: November 2023

Italy is distinctive, among the four largest European Union countries, in having a very low level of part-time work. Greece is the only EU country with a lower share of part-time jobs. This chapter explores the character¬ istics of the part-time workforce in Italy and how it compares with the much larger part-time workforces of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Any explanation for this low level of part-time working has to be informed by the generally lower level of women’s employment in Italy as compared with the three other large EU members. Whether low female work rates are seen as cause or consequence of low levels of part-time working, it is clear that the two are inextricably linked. This chapter there¬ fore explores women’s employment patterns before addressing part-time work.
Part-Time Work among British Women
Authors: Burchell Brendan J , Dale Angela , Joshi Heather
Published: November 2023

Part-time working in Britain is unusually high by comparison with North America and most countries of the European Community. Only the Netherlands, Denmark, and the Scandinavian countries have higher levels. In Britain, part-time jobs occupy a distinctive location in the labour mar¬ ket: they are highly sex-segregated, and there are very strong associations between the presence of children and part-time work. This chapter begins by providing a background to women’s part-time work in Britain. It locates part-time working in a historical context; examines the current situation of part-time workers; highlights some of the consequences of part-time work¬ ing; and looks at the likely directions for the future. We then present new evidence on the dynamics of part-time employment experiences.
Communication Roles Order
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha
Published: November 2023

Communication, roles, and the maintenance of order within families evolve through a lengthy and subtle cumulative process which comes into play with the child’s birth and continues to evolve into adulthood. It is an interactive process between indivi dual personalities, yet always also moulded by powerful wider social expectations, as well as by particular family cultures and traditions; a set of relationships built slowly, through mutual experience, yet always with the potential of sharp turning points, and even particular incidents which may retain, in retrospect, a powerful symbolic meaning.
The Continuing Capacity for Change
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha
Published: November 2023

The criteria that have often been used elsewhere to measure a ‘successful life’, as in epidemiological research or cohort surveys, seem inadequate in the face of the complexity of people’s own understanding of how their lives have evolved.
Manorial Accounts
Authors: Harvey P D A
Published: November 2023

The manorial account is a product of demesne farming and it is no coincidence that it appears during the first decade of the thirteenth century, just when this method of estate management was being generally adopted. If the landlord entrusted his manor to a local official who was answerable to him for ail moneys received or spent, ail the corn and livestock, there would clearly hâve to be a regular reckoning to show what resources remained in hand and how much cash was due from the official to the lord or vice versa. It is this regular reckoning that the manorial account records: its aim was to show the State of account between the lord and his official, to show how much was owing to one or the other once every transaction had been allowed for.
Agency And The Excessus Balance In Manorial Accounts
Authors: Noke C
Published: November 2023

A common occurrence at the bottom of the account rolls of thirteenth and fourteenth century manors was an arreragia (or remanenda) balance where the sum of the charge exceeded that of the discharge. It measured the indebtedness of the accounting official to his lord. Common though it was, the exact composition and precise meaning of the balance are none the less not always clear. It may have comprised cash in the hands of the accountant, debts due but not yet received by the accountant (e.g. for rent or commuted labour services), balances brought forward from previous accounts or accountants, or some combination of these (Denholm-Young 1937: 127; Davies I 968). It is not clear, either, whether any special significance can be attached to those forms of account following the Winchester model where the accounting official pays over the balance at or shortly after the audit or before the next account is heard, and is given his acquittance, or to those following the Westminster model where the arreragia are carried forward and entered into the following year ‘s charge (Oschinsky 1971: 215; Noke 1981: 143). Yet more puzzling, however, as Postles (1981: 105) has pointed out, is the excessus balance, where the sum of the discharge exceeds that of the charge, for this raises the c1uestion-as Postles puts it‘How can the outgoings be held to have exceeded the income? Surely it was impossible for the accounting official to have spent more than he received. ‘
The Development Of British Railway Accounting: I 800-19 I I
Authors: Glynn J J
Published: November 2023

While the intention of this essay is to concentrate on accounting aspects arising from the development of the railways, it is also necessary to have an appreciation of the economic and political climate of the time. Railways in the nineteenth century had a major influence in reshaping some of the legislative procedures in Parliament, the development of the capital market, and the economy at large. The first government regulations for the control of railways as a whole came in 1840, when the Board of Trade Railway Department was set up. This was the forerunner of the present Ministry of Transport, which was established in 1919. Some twenty--eight years later, in 1868, the Regulation of Railways Act made it obligatory for all railways to render accounts half-yearly according to the forms prescribed in the first schedule of that Act.
Accounting In Its Social Context:Towards A History Of Value Added In The United Kingdom
Authors: Burchell S , Clubb, C , Hopwood A G
Published: November 2023

Accounting is coming to be seen as a social rather than a purely technical phenomenon. The social contexts of the accounting craft are starting to be both recognized and made more problematic. Albeit slowly, the ways in which accounting both emerges from and itself gives rise to the wide contexts in which it operates are starting to be appreciated. Accounting, in turn, also has come to be more actively and explicitly recognized as an instrument for social management and change. Attempts have been made to reform accounting in the name of its social potential. Proposals have been made for accounting to embrace the realm of the social as well as the economic, to objectify, quantify, and thereby give a particular insight into the social functioning of organizations. To this end, attempts have been made to orchestrate social accountings, social reports, social audits, socio-economic statements, social cost-benefit analyses and accountings of the human resource.
Importing And Exporting Accounting: The British Experience
Authors: Parker R H
Published: November 2023

Accounting techniques, institutions, and concepts are all capable of being imported and exported from one country to another. The following discussion considers, by way of three case-studies, the British experience of such imports and exports and in particular the way in which the British have imported double-entry bookkeeping (a technique) and have exported profess10nal accountancy (an institution) and a ‘true and fair view ‘ ( a concept).
Network Governance: Designing New Regimes
Authors: Mansell Robin
Published: November 2023

The design of information and communication networks including both their technical and organizational characteristics is a crucial determinant of whether stocks of codified knowledge can be accessed and used in a variety of electronic forms. It is also an important determinant of whether appropriate incentives are in place for the generation of information and for the socially and economically beneficial use of electronically codified knowledge. We have shown how the capabilities of the information and communication technology and services producers, and business and consumers users, are being transformed through their interaction with innovations in technologies and organizations. The degrees of freedom in the extent to which they, together with policy—makers, are able to manceuvre within the boundaries of technical and structural constraints and to modify their electronic environments vary substantially through time.
Managing Contracts
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 5 and 6 we examined the structure developed to undertake contracting, and the nature of the contract/markets in which this takes place. This chapter will consider the ways in which contracts have been implemented, and discuss specifically how aspects such as risk management and service-quality issues have been addressed.
Cross-Border Governance In Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Buckley Peter.
Published: November 2023

The primary meaning of governance in the literature and in common parlance is that decision-takers (in the firm) must be accountable to someone for their actions. The problem arises from the separation of ownership from control in the modern (multinational) company. The structures which constrain managers ‘ pursuit of self-interest at the expense of the true owners ‘ (shareholders ‘) interests are nowadays termed the ‘governance structure ‘ of the company. The accountability of managers to shareholders can be accomplished by a number of such means and the choices between these means are grist to the mill of those who study corporate governance.
Governance In Germany: The Foundations Of Corporate Structure?
Authors: Clarke Thomas , Bostock Richard
Published: November 2023

The definition of corporate governance is often wrongly confined to the practices of the company boardroom, when the institutions and practices of governance influence fundamentally the structure and operations of companies. It is apparent that approaches to corporate governance affect not only company performance, but also have an important effect upon overall economic performance through their impact inter alia upon: There are generally conceived significant differences between the corporate governance structures of Anglo-American companies, and European companies, with the German model of governance often portrayed as the most distinctive of the European types (Tricker 1994; Monks and Minow 1995; Clarke and Bostock 1994). Among the notable features of the German business sector is the relatively strong concentration of ownership of individual enterprises; the importance of small and medium-sized unincorporated companies, with a close correspondence between owners and managers; and the limited role played by the stock market (OECD 1995a).
Introduction: Practising Theory
Authors: Cowton Christopher , Crisp Roger
Published: November 2023

THE need to write an introduction to a collection of papers presents its editors with a choice. Should they restrict themselves to a brief indication of what is to come, presented as little more than a list; or should they be more ambitious, seeking to produce a coherent account of the contents and significance of the volume for which they are responsible? The answer for a volume which pretends to any kind of academic merit is obvious-at least until the time comes to get down to some serious writing. Conscious of the risks inherent in the more ambitious type of introduction-promising too much, forcing the chapters illegitimately into a mould, or even just boring the reader-we have nevertheless decided to map out some themes relating to the pursuit of business ethics and to show how the various chapters relate to those themes. But before embarking on that task, we thought it useful to provide some indication of how the book came about.
Research in Real Worlds: The Empirical Contribution to Business Ethics
Authors: Cowton Christopher
Published: November 2023

BUSINESS ethics is now firmly established as an academic field of study, with its own journals, institutions, and debates. While much of the growth in scholarly activity has been recent, with a dramatic increase over the past decade or so, the field has a considerably longer pedigree (De George 1987). For a long and indefinite period prior to 1960, De George suggests, the ethical analysis of business was primarily theological and religious, to which was subsequently added a strong philosophical contribution. More recently, the ‘sustained and cumulative’ normative contribution (Robertson 1993) of the philosophers and theologians has been augmented by the introduction of various social scientific perspectives, most often from social psychology and organization theory (Victor and Stephens 1994), which bring with them an orientation towards empirical research.
The Potential for a Universal Business Ethics
Authors: Woodward S N
Published: November 2023

This chapter takes as its departure point an article by Donaldson in the Harvard Business Review which advocates three core values, based on three principles, for application in the relationship between US corporations and other cultures (Donaldson 1996). Such a relationship requires awareness of context, and is predicated on acknowledgement of common humanity. In the first section of this chapter, I shall examine these notions of context and common humanity. However, such principles tend to be denied within corporations themselves, through the dynamics of personal agenda, of organization, and of hierarchy in contemporary economic and civil societies. The remainder of the chapter will consider the nature of these dynamics, suggesting that the tendency is as old as civilization, but emerges starkly and damagingly in corporations through their control over resources and people, enabled by the technologies of progress, where through cultural evolution ‘we have created a world for which we are not biologically made’ (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1989: 718).
Teaching Ethics to Managers: Contemporary Problems and a Traditional Solution
Authors: Whetstone J Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter has two parts. The first identifies the major problem with business ethics to be an increasing fragmentation between academics and business practitioners. This points to the need for a clearer understanding of the practical role of business ethics teaching in helping people to improve their workplace behaviour.
Growth via Politics: Business Groups Italian-Style
Authors: Amatori Franco
Published: November 2023

A business group is defined as an ensemble of enterprises which, while operatively or juridically independent, are subjected to some manner of unified control or, at the very least, co-ordination. It is a form of industrial organization constantly present in the past century ‘s economic scenario, not only in what are classified as the ‘advanced ‘ countries but also in those which try to catch up with them. There are various elements which out line a typology of a business group, such as the quantity of companies that refer to it, their belonging to related sectors, or their extension into unrelated fields of economic activity, the mechanisms through which control or co-ordination is obtained, etc. Considered from this viewpoint-Le. as tools for control or co-ordination-we may distinguish between associational groups, alliances often cemented by cross-shareholdings that should be characterized by co-ordination and co-operation, and hierarchical groups2 structured as a pyramid on top of which there is a mother company which, thanks to property rights, has the power to allocate resources, even transferring them from one company to another.
From School To Work
Authors: Shavit Yossi , Moller Walter
Published: November 2023

This fascinating comparative study presents the latest research into the value of qualifications for the attainment of first job, and in securing employment. A team of some of the world’s leading scholars in the field examine the ways in which educational qualifications affect the occupational outcomes of men and women in thirteen countries. The book features chapters on each of these countries, together with a lead chapter which integrates them, and analyses them comparatively. The authors present a wealth of rich and detailed information on educational institutions in these various countries, as well as reports on rigorous statistical analyses of the associations between qualifications and occupations. The data reveals marked differences between countries in how education shapes occupational attainment, and indicates that these differences are related, in very systematic ways, to the institutional characteristics of school systems. The book offers a range of insightful policy-oriented observations, for example that vocational education is valuable in countries where training is occupationally specific, but is of little value where the curricula are general in content.