bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bureau of Construction and the Corps of Engineers 1852–1865
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

The 1850s witnessed a tremendous growth in the nation’s cities and governmental institutions. Thriving urban settlements located along 1najor water routes becan1e centers of revenue collection, postal distribution, judicial proceedings, and other federal functions. The scope and scale of these activities required physical accommodations beyond rented or adapted buildings. The expansion of the national building program provided an opportunity for the federal government to provide more than mere shelter. The federal government’s limited experience with public building construction prior to 1850, plus the growth of the architectural profession, contributed to the development of a public architecture replete in symbols of nationalism. The national building program of the 1850s, as administered under a newly centralized governmental bureau, produced buildings that were highly standardized and consistent in their architectural language. This unity of federal government architecture from one city to another appeared to contradict other national forces of the decade that led to disunion and the Civil War.
The Supervising Architect ‘ Office In The Gilded Age 1875—1894
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

The financial panic of 1873 and the subsequent depression lasted for nearly a decade and influenced the course of the federal architecture program. Mullett’s Second Empire building designs seemed incompatible with the economic times. The national mood and taste swung to a more spartan style that bespoke economy and efficiency. Coincidentally, the federal buildings designed during this period, for the most pan, were located in smaller cities, as the large urban centers had already been provided with structures from Mullen’s administration. Economic considerations as well as locational factors called for federal buildings that differed dramatically from those that had preceded them. The federal architecture program, as well as state and local public architecture, fell under the spell of the national architectural trend that favored first the Gothic and then the Romanesque styles. Dissemination of John Ruskin’s writings and information on the architectural works of Viollet-le-Ouc popularized the Gothic style in the United States. Later, the works of Henry Hobson Richardson were to exert a strong influence in shaping public architecture around adaptations of his Romanesque style.
Ethical Conflict in Correctional Health Services
Authors: Kipnis Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Ethics may have the most to learn at societal interfaces. When differing cultural values and social practices brush up against each other in ways that force accommodation, the collision of normative systems can sometimes provide the ethics theorist with fascinating data even as it affords the ethics practitioner an opportunity to participate creatively in a process of principled reconciliation. Such an interface can be found at the boundaries of medicine and corrections. For health care professionals who work in prison settings-nurses and psychologists as well as doctors-and for the corrections personnel who sometimes work alongside them, there can be a sense of working at the margin. It is the purpose of this chapter to characterize the types of normative conflict that arise for correctional health care professionals (CHCPs) and to set out some strategies for engaging them. In the process, I make some observations about how to understand the generic nature of these insufficiently studied ethical issues.
Knowledge
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

I tum now to a further treatment of the types of knowledge that writers possess and to empirical studies of how knowledge affects process and performance. I focus on studies that add flesh to the theoretical skeleton of the opening chapters. First, I examine further the knowledge typology introduced in the previous chapter in light of research showing how each type of knowledge relates to writing performance. Next, I consider the issue of knowledge availability by asking how one educates and prepares a writer. Knowledge availability influences writing even when the writer is unaware of the knowledge, the third topic considered here. Fourth, I tum to studies that document how knowledge restructures the process of writing. Finally I consider the distinction between amplification and automatization.
Personality
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

I use the term personality to refer to the personality dimensions that theoretically mediate thinking and writing skills. I seek to understand how these personality dimensions affect the availability, accessibility, and creative application of knowledge in intellectual tasks. Personality, as I use the term here, serves as both a resource for and a constraint on meaning-making activities. Perkins’s (1987) notion of raw intellectual power is certainly one such personal resource, and I will review it here under the heading of componential intelligence. Three other categories seem essential as well: motivation, cognitive style, and anxiety. These factors either facilitate or inhibit a writer’s ability to retrieve and creatively apply knowledge. They differentiate both how writers go about their work and how well they succeed.
Work Environments, Schedules, and Rituals
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

The study of where, when, and how writers engage in their craft invites the discovery of individual differences. It is difficult to imagine that a particular set of conditions is necessary for all writers for the successful retrieval and application of knowledge relevant to the task of writing. Thornton Wilder’s method (see Simon, 1979) is surely but one of many idiosyncratic approaches to writing.
The Psychology of Symbol Creation
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

I defined thinking as the creation and manipulation of personal symbols that provide an internal model of our world. Meaning-making is a significant form of thinking that entails work not only in the private domain of mental experience but also in the public domain of shared discourse. We render experience meaningful by creating consensual symbols that refer to objects and events, beliefs and intentions, memories and fantasies. Acts of meaning, to use Bruner’s (1990) phrase, define the scope of human behavior and culture. We take the experiences encountered in life and imbue them with significance. We achieve this by creating consensual symbol systems that express the personal symbols of thoughts, feelings, recollections, fantasies, and dreams. Through these consensual symbol systems, we communicate with one another about the significance of our experience. Through these systems, we develop both shared and conflicting beliefs and goals that take us beyond the private, isolated world of our own personal symbols.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Teachers of singing often confess that it is easiest to instruct a student of one’s own voice type. There are more sopranos than singers of all other voice categories combined. Inasmuch as most singing teachers are themselves sopranos, it might be presumed there is little need for a special volume devoted to the training of soprano voices. Further, it would seem that principles of good voice production apply to all voices. Sopranos, together with contraltos, mezzo-sopranos, tenors, baritones, bass-baritones, and basses, are subject to laws of physiology and acoustics equally applicable to all singers. Why then a separate volume on training soprano voices?
Registration Events in Female Voices
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Vocal registration is not the locus at which to begin actively building systematic vocal technique: studies in registration skill belong to advanced technical work. Basic breath management, phonetic articulation, and resonance balancing must be established before a singer turns extensive attention to the registers of the singing voice. However, an awareness of the events of registration is essential to the achievement of equalization for all regions of the soprano vocal scale, espcially extreme lower- and upper-range extensions. (See chapter 10 for specific exercises that deal with registration and scale equalization in all registers of soprano voices.)
Making a Beginning
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

When should individual voice instruction begin? as soon as there is an interest in singing. The larynx undergoes changes at puberty. It might seem logical to delay singing instruction until after that event. However, if a child wishes to sing, that child will sing. At any age, no matter how young, she can be helped to better voice production if breath management is efficient, vowels are clearly defined, and laryngeal tensions are eliminated.
Breath Energy in Singing
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Technical problems in singing are traceable to acoustic and physiologic sources. The task of the teacher of singing is to diagnose what is amiss and to prescribe corrective measures in precise language. Without specificity of language, only hit-or-miss information can be delivered to the student.
Nasal Continuants as Assists in Resonance Balancing
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Although the words vowelization and vocalization share a common semantic origin that testifies to the centrality of the vowel in the production of vocal sound, it is the consonant that brings language intelligibility to both speech and song. No matter how accurate vowel tracking is during singing, good diction is impossible without clean, precise consonants.
Nonnasal Consonants as Assists in Adjustment of the Resonator Tract
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

A singer who is unaware of the phonetic formations of non-nasal consonants is denied a rich source of practical assistance. Just as nasal continuants can be useful as pilot consonants for adjusting the resonator tract, so can nonnasal consonants. Formation of nonnasal consonant pairs was discussed in chapter 6. This chapter considers how nonnasal consonants can bear on balancing resonance in the singing voice.
A Monument For Barre Memory in a Massachusetts Town
Authors: Breen T H
Published: November 2023

The physical face of Barre betrays uncertainty rather than indifference about more than two centuries of local history. A maze of highways crisscrosses the Common at the center of the village, creating curious grass fractals bounded by asphalt. One road leads to Worcester, some twenty-two miles to the east. Others connect Barre to small neighboring communities in central Massachusetts, obscure farming towns founded long ago, which now increasingly attract those who have the resources to sustain a rural retreat.
Finding History In Woodside, California
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

In 1992, California had been my home for seventeen years. During those years, I had raised a family, written extensively about American society, and taught thousands of students about American history. As a good citizen, I always voted in local elections. But in all that time, California had never been for me a historical place. Instead, as an easterner (a New Yorker and European born), I thought of the Golden State as a place without time. East was history. California was nature-a marvel of sea and coastline, breathtaking mountains and valleys. Despite its century and a half of Americanization, and before that its Spanish and native cultures, California remained for me caught in a constant present of visual sensation and on the brink of some unanticipated future, but without the deep institutional clutches of a historical past.
Boston Common
Authors: Fircher David Hackett
Published: November 2023

Every year, in late spring or early fall, Sheldon Meyer was in the habit of visiting his Boston authors. It was an event as regular as the passing of the seasons. He came for several days and stayed at the old Copley Square Hotel or the Ritz Carlton. If it was the Ritz, I would meet him there late in the afternoon, a time of day when the town appears at its best. As the sun begins to set beyond the Fenway, the old brick buildings of the Back Bay are suffused by a special golden light that is unique to Boston.
Charleston’S Battery And New Orleans’S Jackson Square
Authors: Freehling Willaim W
Published: November 2023

first came to do what I love partly because of what I could not do. Physical infirmities helped make the life of the mind my passion, and an intellectual weakness helped make the Old South my professional preoccupation. First coming to consciousness in the horrendous Hitler years, I was appalled to learn that an advanced Western democracy had elected the assassin-that something in democracy, at least in German democracy, had snapped. What could be so vulnerable in my favorite system of government’ Answering that question, at least in the German context, was not within my powers.
Memphis, Tennessee The Rise and Fall of Main Street
Authors: Jackson Kenneth T
Published: November 2023

Ahalf century and more ago, every American town and city had a main street. Sometimes it was known by another nameChestnut in Philadelphia, State in Chicago, Market in San Francisco, Canal in New Orleans, Broadway in St. Louis, Hennepin in Minneapolis, or Peachtree in Atlanta, for example-but often it was called what it was: Main Street. It was the thoroughfare with the highest land values, the biggest department stores, the heaviest traffic, and the most crowded sidewalks. It was the focus of business, entertainment, and retailing: the hub of the streetcar and bus system: and the visible expression of economic success and community pride. It was even the title of Sinclair Lewis’s merciless 1920 satire of life in a midwestern small town.
“A Little Journey” Elbert Hubbard and the RLycrLft Community at East AurLra, New York
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Elbert Hubbard and the Roycroft Community at East Aurora, New York East Aurora is nestled near the far western edge of New York, well over one hundred miles west of the village of Aurora, New York, which makes for just one of the more amusing place name paradoxes in a state well salted with quite a few. Because I teach American cultural history, primarily from the 1870s to the present, the Arts and Crafts movement that flourished at the turn of the century figures prominently in the episodic narrative that I need to relate, directly following the story of American utopianism and coinciding with the meteoric rise of electrified popular culture.
Montgomery
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

ontgomery is a memorable place, to be sure, but there is a particular place within the place that first captured my imagination. That place is a broad thoroughfare that runs up through the city to the elevation overlooking the Alabama River where the state capitol has stood for more than a century and a halt This approach was named Dexter Avenue in honor of one of the city’s founders. The founding father so honored could hardly have imagined the street becoming the scene of as many historic events as it has. Marching up Dexter Avenue as a participant in one of them, the enormous demonstration in 1965 against the state’s assault upon Martin Luther King’s supporters in Selma, it suddenly dawned upon me that we were actors upon a stage where numerous scenes had been acted out before our time by players in many roles, with different ends in mind and different scripts to follow.
Travel and Song
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Ulysses’ journey, like that of Oedipus, is an itinerary. And it is a discourse, the prefix of which I can now understand. It is not at all the discourse (discours) of an itinerary (parcours) but, radically, the itinerary (parcours) of a discourse (discours), the course, cursus, route, path that passes through the original disjunction, the bridge laid down across the crevices.Michel Serres, HermesWhen, in Nemean 5, Pindar bids his sweet song set sail on every freighter and commercial galley, his allusions to trading vessels compare his victory ode to their valuable cargo, thus locating his own poetry within a larger cultural system of profit and value.1 This choice of imagery both celebrates the athlete’s accomplishments and enhances the poet’s status since his songs acquire increased value as the appropriate measure of personal and civic excellence. In addition to celebrating the potential value of his poetry, however, the mobility of these cargo ships, in stark contrast to the statue fixed on its base, expands the metaphorical association between cargo ships and songs even further to highlight the extensive range of Pindar’s poetic skill. Pindar’s song will sail on every freighter, putting into foreign harbors, recounting the news of victory, spreading the fame of both athlete and poet well beyond Greece and the original site of victory. In this way, the figurative connection between ships and song celebrates the ability of poetry to transcend its immediate occasion, to be transported across vast oceans to unknown international audiences.
Disquietudes
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

One day not long ago, the New York Times ran three articles that flag the major concerns of this book. The first article, “Clinton Wants Anti-Drug Ads for Youth,” described the Clinton administration’s proposal to spend $175 million on a national advertising campaign to dissuade teenagers from experimenting with marijuana and other drugs. The second, “Drug and Sex Programs Called Effective in Fight Against AIDS,” summarized the release of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) report that decries the intrusion of morality and politics into decisions about implementing sex education and needle exchange programs in local communities. The third article, “Weight Loss From Out of a Bottle,” described how weight loss centers are increasingly abandoning a philosophy of sensible eating and increased exercise to prescribe instead a new generation of diet pills to curb overeating. Similar headlines can be found in newspapers across the country on almost any day of the week.
Contemporary Threats To Health
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

Holyoke, Massachusetts embodies all the challenges and possibilities facing the field of health promotion. The town provides a point of reference, a reality test for the ideas developed in the chapters that follow. In Holyoke, I try to show how seemingly arcane philosophical issues have concrete, tangible repercussions that affect day-to-day activities in this field.
The Limits Of Science
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

My students are invariably struck by the disparity between the results of health promotion research and research in other health science disciplines in terms of explanatory power. Not only do the standard health promotion theories appear incapable of predicting health-related behaviors, but they rarely rise above the commonplaces of human experience: people who have more confidence in their ability are more likely to take action than people who are less confident (selfefficacy); people who think they are going to get a disease are more likely to take action than people who think they are not going to get a disease (perceived susceptibility). Many students assume that the reason the results are not better is that researchers in health promotion are not as capable as other scientists. In fact, interventions are perceived to be so ineffective that health education has become something of the laughingstock of the health sciences. I set off on this intellectual journey wondering why this state of affairs had come to pass.
Civility, Trust, And Community Well-Being
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

In shifting the discussion to the community level, this chapter makes arguments parallel to those in the preceding one about both the sources and the obstacles to achieving a greater measure of social well-being. Problems on the social levelpoverty, inequality, homelessness, discrimination, and the associated pathologies of crime, drug abuse, and violence-are seen to stem in large part from the same underlying disturbances in judgment, the same deterioration in our ability to discern values that matter, which leads to problems in putting individual desires into perspective and determining the kinds of values that will enable us to live together decently, and indeed flourish. On the social level, there is a similar second stream of events contributing to the decline in our ability to define values that matter: the degeneration of social practices, specifically, the sharp decline of participation in social and civic groups.
A New Way Of Practice
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

The distinguished professor of health education, Meredith Minkler, describes two competing traditions vying for the profession”™s allegiance. On the one hand, based on the specification of measurable objectives in the Surgeon General”™s Healthy People 2000 report, Minkler notes the increasing tendency to focus on modifying individual behaviors. Consequently, “health promotion research and evaluation tend to become operationalized chiefly as the ”process of discovering alterable risk factors for [disease] and related strategies for eliminating or at least reducing these factors.”
Initiation
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Young Carmichael’s first dance engagement at Kappa Alpha Phi was more than just a musical turning point; perhaps more important to him at the time, it was his ticket of admission to the sacred precincts of the Book Nook. First opened in 1908, the place actually had been a book (or, some said, news) shop, run in a one-story frame house by Charles W. Jewett and his partner, a man remembered only as Fetzger. An architect named John Nichols had helped them convert the building into a white-brick, gabled storefront at 114 Indiana Avenue, directly across from what is now the Law School. Jewett took office as mayor of lndianapolis in 1917, and two years later he and Fetzger sold the property to an enterprising Greek immigrant named Georgios (or George) Poolitsan and his wife Angelika, who ran it as a sandwich and soda shop, catering at first to town kids. Their Greek Candy Kitchen, on Bloomington’s Main Square, already was a popular haunt for high schoolers.
Coming of Age
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Hoagland Carmichael now admitted what he’d known all along: whatever happened, he was destined to make his living as a songwriter. If no single event had determined it, the deaths of Monk and Bix, following so closely on one another, seemed to place a full stop at the end of any thought of doing anything else.
Paradise Perceived
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Hollywood in the 1930s? For a good general idea, said Edward G. Robinson, consider “the Holy Roman Empire or Germany prior to the unification and Bismarck.” “It consisted of seven duchies (Fox, MGM, Warner Brothers, Columbia, R.K.O., Paramount, United Artists), each reigned over by a feudal lord in battle with each other and yet bound together by their common interest, which was simply to get as much talent as possible and pay as little as possible for it. Or, if it served their purpose, to pay as much as possible for it.”
Quests Failed and Fulfilled
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

The American year 1939 opened on a note of cautious national optimism. War was again darkening Europe, and strong voices at home were urging the Roosevelt administration to stay out. With the nation clearly mending after nearly a decade of depression, there seemed time, and reason, to indulge in some high spirits. In the words of historian Robert Kee, “the New Year seemed to be welcomed with a greater revelry than for some years past. In New York the emphasis of nearly all the many public and private parties in hotels and restaurants was on the theme of the New York World’s Fair, ‘Dawn of a New Day,’ “ scheduled to open in May. Following George Gershwin’s death in mid-1937, his brother Ira and their friend Kay Swift had fused two of his unpublished melodies into a song of that name, quickly adopted as the fair’s official march.
Period of Adjustment
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

For a while, at least, Hoagy’s life went on more or less as before. He appeared on several dramatic television shows, among them a reprise of Casablanca on the Lux Video Theatre, with himself in the Dooley Wilson role. He’d filmed “Death in the Snow,” a half-hour episode in NBC’s Joseph Cotten Show: On Trial, and figured in a production on the same network’s short-lived Gulf Playhouse, an innovative series that cast the camera as a first-person narrative voice. On ABC’s Telephone Time series he’d played himself in a fictionalized account of the composition of “I Get Along Without You Very Well,” with Walter Winchell re-creating his role in the search for “J.B.” Asked at show’s end how it felt to portray himself, he replied, “ ‘Hoagy Carmichael’ is a character I’ve specialized in for many years.”
Reactions of Alkenes with the OH Radical
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

The dominance of alkenes in the chemistry of the urban atmosphere is clear from the discussions of chapter I. The chemical reactivity of the alkenes toward OH, 03, N03, and 0(3P) is much greater than that for alkanes. This is illustrated for the reactions of the OH radical in figure II-A-I, where the ratio of the rate coefficient for a given alkene to that for the alkane of equal number of carbon atoms is plotted versus the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The four curves shown represent sequences of molecules with different skeleton carbon-chain structures. The circles show the series for straight-chain molecules, n- alkanes compared to the corresponding 1-alkenes. The closed squares are for the n-alkanes and the straight chain 2-alkenes. The open triangles represent the data from a branched-chain series of 2-methyl-substituted alkanes and 2-methyl-substituted 1-alkenes. The filled inverted triangles are for the series of unsubstituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes. Note that a factor of over 30 in the ratio of rate constants is seen for the C2 compounds. This ratio decreases regularly as the carbon number increases for all the structural series shown, approaching 5-10 at the C7 compounds. The small slope of all of these curves near the 7-carbon number suggests that the greater reactivity of the alkenes, which is observed here, will continue to the hydrocarbons of much higher carbon number.
Rate Coefficients of OH, N03, and03 Reactions with the First-Generation Atmospheric Oxidation Products of Alkenes
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

The scope of this study is centered on the kinetics and mechanisms of the atmospheric oxidations of alkenes that give rise to the first generation of carbonyl products. In this section, however, we make a start to considering the mechanism of the complete breakdown of the alkenes to the ultimate oxidation products, H2O and CO2. Here, we deal with the elementary reactions of the principal atmospheric reactants-OH, NO3, and O3-with the more important carbonyl and other oxygenated products, namely, HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, (CHO)z, CH3COCHO, CH2=C(CH3)CHO, CH3COCH3, CH3COCH=CH2, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH, and (CH3h CHOH. The photochemistry of the carbonyl compounds is considered in chapter VII.
Application of Findings to the Modeling of Alkene Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

Modeling of the chemistry of ozone generation in the urban atmosphere has been an active area since the early 1970s. Early attempts at chemical modeling of atmospheric chemistry included explicit chemical mechanisms of a few surrogate molecules (Niki et al., 1972; Demerjian et al., 1974). Similar, but much more extensive, mechanisms containing thousands of reactions have been developed (Madronich and Calvert, 1989; Jenkin et al., 1997) in which thermochemical-kinetic methods (Benson, 1976) were exploited to estimate unknown rate coefficients. The extensive mechanisms can be helpful in establishing the shortcomings of various possible simplifications or alternative species-lumping procedures used in the formulation of simplified reaction mechanisms.

There are literally hundreds of different alkenes present in the atmosphere and thousands of different oxidation products formed from these, each with its unique rate coefficient for reaction with OH, N03, and 03. Each alkene forms a unique set of alkyl peroxy, hydroxy alkyl peroxy, nitrooxy alkyl peroxy, alkoxy, hydroxy alkoxy, and/or nitrooxy alkoxy radicals and Criegee intermediates, and each of these species reacts by a variety of channels that either carry the oxidation chain or terminate it. The development of explicit reaction mechanisms that include every reactive species present in the urban atmosphere could, in principle, be attempted, but such mechanisms would require the empirical or theoretical estimation of most of the rate constants employed.
Time Series Intervention Analysis: Unreplicated Large-scale Experiments
Authors: Rasmussen Paul W , Heisey Dennis M , Nordheim Erik V , Frost Thomas M
Published: November 2023

Some important ecological questions, especially those operating on large or unique scales, defy replication and randomization (Schindler 1987; Frost et al. 1988; Carpenter et al. 1995). For example, suppose we are interested in the consequences of lake acidification on rotifer populations. Experimental acidification of a single small lake is a major undertaking, so it may be possible to manipulate only one lake. Even with baseline data from before the application of the acid, such a study would have no replication, and thus could not be analyzed with classical statistical methods, such as analysis of variance (chapter 4).
Bayesian Statistics: Estimating Plant Demographic Parameters
Authors: Clark James S , Lavine Michael
Published: November 2023

There are times when external information should be brought to bear on an ecological analysis. Experiments are never conducted in a knowledge-free context. The inference we draw from an observation may depend on everything else we know about the process. Bayesian analysis is a method that brings outside evidence into the analysis of experimental and observational data.
The Value of Symptoms in Prognosis of Cancer Patients
Authors: Chang Victor T
Published: November 2023

The ability to make prognostic assessments has practical implications in planning care and in counseling a patient’s family and friends. One example of its clinical application is the timing of hospice referral, which usually occurs 1-2 months before death even though 6 months of benefits are available. Although many reasons are possible, the difficulty of predicting survival in cancer patients is a contributing factor. Significant variation exists among health professionals in their ability to predict survival. In one study, a panel consisting of a community oncologist, university oncologist, social worker, nurse, and general internist was asked to estimate the survival of 108 potential hospice patients on the basis of case summaries presented in a 10-page packet. Correlations of estimates with actual survival ranged from .02 for the community oncologist to .41 for the nurse. These results suggest that different ways of perceiving and processing clinical information exist, leading to differing estimates.
A Middle Way To God
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

Charting a "middle way" between the extremes represented by Alvin Plantinga and Richard Swinburne, Garth Hallett explores the thesis that if belief in other minds is rational and true (as it surely is), so too is belief in God. He makes a strong case that when this parity claim is appropriately restricted to a single, sound other-minds belief, belief in God and belief in other minds do prove epistemically comparable. This result, and the distinctive path that leads to it, will interest students and scholars in philosophy of religion and theology.
Parameters
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

True beliefs tend to be rational beliefs, and rational beliefs tend to be true beliefs. Yet true beliefs may not be rational (e.g., I may believe truly, on a hunch, that I will win the lottery), and rational beliefs may not be true (e.g., I may believe what experts tell me, yet the experts may be wrong). So two questions, not one, will guide the coming inquiry. If belief in other minds is true, is belief in God likewise true? If belief in other minds is rational, is belief in God likewise rational? Before pursuing these questions, I must first specify more definitely both terms of the comparison (God and other minds) and both of its aspects (truth and rationality), and thereby clarify the close connection between the two questions as I conceive them here.
Immediate Experience
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

Two plausible assumptions recommend the comparison between belief in God and belief in other minds. First, both objects of belief transcend our direct experience. Second, neither object can be inferred logically or scientifically from what we do directly experience. Yet one belief—belief in other minds—appears epistemically sound, so why not the other? Thus Plantinga, having assessed arguments for God and arguments for other minds, concludes that the two beliefs belong in the “same epistemological boat:’ If, however, it were as many have alleged and we sometimes had direct awareness of either object of belief—of God or of other minds—that object might enjoy a notable epistemic advantage over the other.
Classic Asian Philosophy
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

In recent years, Asian philosophies have captured increasing attention in the West, setting off a profusion of new translations of classic Asian philosophical texts like the Analects and the Tao te Ching. Yet these texts are often inaccessible to Western readers because of subtleties of the concepts and other difficulties inherent in reading across cultures. Classic Asian Philosophy is designed to give someone new to Asian philosophy a clear sense of its most foundational and widely available texts, ranging from the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita through Confucius to Zen. It presents philosophies that are at the roots of the cultures of India, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as other countries of south and east Asia. Each chapter brings a classic text to life, conveying the vitality and appeal of the work, while at the same time explaining its philosophical roots and the reasons for the positions it takes. The only book of its kind, Classic Asian Philosophy is an highly accessible guide to philosophy and culture, as well as a guide to further reading.
The Upanishads
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

Most of us at some point in our lives stop to ask who we are. Perhaps we have been playing a part or simply doing what other people expect of us. It does not feel right, and it occurs to us that things would be different if we were our real self. Our real self, we think: what is that? The Upanishads, written in India mainly in the eighth to sixth centuries BCE, keep asking such questions. The answers are radical. If we accepted them, they would change our lives, probably to the point at which our friends wouldn’t recognize us. Besides having this life-changing potential, the Upanishads also are highly serious philosophy. They develop a sophisticated and (on the whole) highly consistent world picture, a metaphysics that in some respects parallels that developed much later by Baruch Spinoza in the West. As in Spinoza’s case, the metaphysics generates an ethics. What the world really is like tells you what the best way is to live. These early texts also built on preexisting trends within Indian culture. Then their influence had a major role for more than two thousand years in shaping that culture. Thus they are metaphysics, ethics, and basic cultural documents.
Confucius
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

For most Western readers the name Confucius conjures up a genre of jokes and anecdotes containing the words “Confucius says.” The real Confucius is unknown, but the Confucius of pop culture is a pseudo-wise man (and part of the joke is that pop culture does not want to believe that anyone is really wise).This pseudo-wise man issues pithy sayings that sound like messages contained in demented fortune cookies. The grain of truth in this image is that what survives of Confucius’s thought consists entirely of pithy sayings, each of which could be squeezed into a fortune cookie. These fortune cookies, though, would produce puzzled looks rather than laughter. In most cases the saying, taken by itself, is pretty unintelligible, at least at first. You need to read a large number before many make much sense.
Mencius
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

Mencius was a Confucian philosopher of the fourth century BCE, living nearly two centuries after Confucius and a near contemporary of Aristotle in Greece. He is one of those philosophers who is best known for a single, tenaciously argued claim. His philosophy, looked at closely, contains fascinating detail-straddling the border between philosophy and psychology-on what is involved in becoming a really good person. The central claim is sometimes rendered as “Human nature is good.” Some modern thinkers have maintained this position in an extreme form: society corrupts people and promotes selfish behavior, but in a simpler, natural state these people would be peaceful and cooperative. Ideas of this sort have been associated with romanticism and the legend of the “noble savage,” and also with anarchism (the political philosophy that rejects the authority of governments). The extreme opposite of this optimism is the view that there is something potentially nasty in human nature, which urgently needs to be kept under control. This pessimism about human nature is dramatized in a well known novel, William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, which chronicles the behavior of a group of schoolboys shipwrecked on a deserted island and thus removed from normal restraints.
Introduction
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

The years since his death in 1975 have witnessed a surge of interest in the music and the person of Dmitriy Shostakovich. A broad legacy of inspired, arresting, often anguished musical scores—symphonic, dramatic, and chamber—has attracted legions of new listeners and piqued curiosity about the man who created it. To an extent unique among his artistic peers, Shostakovich managed to survive successive Stalinist cultural purges to rise again to unparalleled heights of national and international acclaim matched by genuine professional esteem and popularity. To many of his contemporaries his music extended a vital cultural lifeline, a latent “chronicle” in sounds of the harsh emotional realities of their times. To successive Soviet regimes, it supplied proof of the superior virtues of the socialist world-view, chronicling in sounds “the great struggle of the Soviet people to build communism.” Shostakovich spent most of his life in the public eye. He was larger than life, a cultural icon, a legend. His career offered a paradigm for the evils or—depending upon one’s perception—the benefits of totalitarian control over the arts.
Reprieve (1938-1941)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

For a whole year after submitting my Fifth Symphony I did almost nothing.” The success of his Fifth Symphony earned Shostakovich a creative reprieve, a respite from enormous pressure and stress. It restored his name to favor and removed him, for the time being, from the roster of ideologically suspect artists. The 1936 Pravda editorials, however, and the campaign they inflamed, left indelible scars on the composer. Although it is impossible to guess what creative directions he might have pursued and how his music might have developed without external interference, some of the unfortunate consequences are indisputable. A plan in the works for Shostakovich to collaborate with Sollertinsky on a ballet treatment of Don Quixote was scuttled. Shostakovich never again undertook an original score for the ballet. Even more unfortunately, at the age of twenty-nine, Shostakovich’s career as an operatic composer came to an abrupt and untimely halt. He abandoned his ambition to create a Soviet “Ring” cycle. Though there was rarely a time during the rest of his life when there was not at least one operatic project simmering on a back burner, in what was an incalculable loss for the musical stage, he never completed another opera.
Renewal (1961-1966)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

Three months after the premiere of the Twelfth Symphony, the long postponed premiere of Shostakovich’s Fourth Symphony finally took place in Moscow on 30 December 1961. Kirill Kondrashin had been appointed chief conductor of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra the previous year. The idea of resurrecting Shostakovich’s mysterious “missing” symphony originated with the Philharmonic’s artistic administrator; after Kondrashin studied the reduction for piano four-hands and agreed to conduct it, they broached the idea to Shostakovich and solicited his permission.
Jubilees (1966-1969)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

The new year 1966 got off to a productive start. While reports of his ostensible progress on the opera The Quiet Don continued to appear in the press, Shostakovich quietly finished a new quartet—his Eleventh—in F Minor, op. 122, on 30 January. It was dedicated to the memory of Vasiliy Shirinsky, founding second violinist of the Beethoven Quartet, who had died the previous summer. On 16 February, Shostakovich wrote Glikman that he had begun work on his Fourteenth Symphony; it gave him an excuse to skip the upcoming Composers’ Union Plenum in Moscow to go to the retreat at Repino to work on it. A month later, on 20 March, he told Glikman that he was currently writing his Second Cello Concerto and was in the process of finishing up its first movement. That this was one and the same work was clarified in a letter the composer wrote shortly before the concerto’s premiere: “It seems to me that the Second Concerto could have been called the Fourteenth Symphony with a solo cello part.” By 9 April, Shostakovich had written three movements but claimed that the third was “very bad” and he had decided therefore to rewrite it from scratch. Ten days later, he went to the Crimea for treatment at a sanatorium near Yalta, and it was there that he completed his new cello concerto on 27 April.
Environmental Threats to Child Health: Overview
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

Control of childhood infections through sanitation, immunization, improved nutrition and housing, and antibiotics during the twentieth century greatly increased life expectancy at birth and dramatically changed patterns of childhood illnesses in developed countries. But there is growing evidence that global changes in atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems, and climate, driven by population increase and consumption, pose threats to current and future human health. Children are especially vulnerable because they have no control over their prenatal and postnatal environments, including the quality of the air they breathe, the water they drink, the food they eat, and their place of residence. Exposure to environmental toxicants during prenatal and early childhood periods can disrupt developmental processes, causing structural and functional abnormalities that range from subtle to obvious, immediate to delayed, and transient to permanent. The leading health conditions that result in illness, disability, and death among children now include asthma, unintentional injuries, cancer, low birth weight, neurodevelopmental deficits, and birth defects. Apart from injuries, the proportions of these conditions attributable to environmental hazards are uncertain or unknown.
Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health conditions in human populations as a basis for preventive and other interventions. Unique to environmental epidemiology is its focus on environmental factors to which humans are unwittingly exposed. The scope of environmental epidemiology addressed in this book includes studies of adverse health outcomes in human populations and their relationship to prenatal and childhood exposures to environmental hazards. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the types of environmental epidemiologic studies, their strengths and weaknesses, their role in describing population distributions of exposures and health outcomes, and their use to generate and test hypotheses about environmental threats to child health. The discussion includes important issues underlying the limited ability of epidemiologic studies to identify hazards when population exposures are low and health outcomes are subtle or delayed.
Metals—Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Manganese
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter documents the child health threats posed by lead, the most intensely studied heavy metal. This chapter describes the known and potential health hazards of other metals and metalloids including mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and manganese. Except for mercury, it is the inorganic and organic derivatives of these elements that are potential child health hazards. In common with PCBs and certain other stable organochlorine compounds, cadmium and methylmercury tend to persist in environmental media and to bioaccumulate in certain foods eaten by humans. While lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium have no known essential role in human biology, inorganic manganese is an essential trace element required for the normal function of several important enzymes. Inhaled inorganic manganese, however, can cause neurotoxicity among occupationally exposed adults. Although high-level exposures to mercury (especially methylmercury) cause severe neurotoxicity among children and adults, there has been little epidemiologic research on the potential roles of dental amalgam (a widespread source of elemental mercury exposure), arsenic, cadmium, and manganese in adverse child health outcomes. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about these elements and points to the need for increased epidemiologic research and biomonitoring.
Pesticides
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

Conventional pesticides comprise a diverse group of substances intended to destroy, repel, or control organisms identified as pests. Some are broad spectrum biocides and others are relatively selective, targeting specific organisms such as insects, fungi, or plants. By 1999, the EPA had registered almost 900 active ingredients in pesticides, including 350 approved for use on food crops. The discovery during the 1960s of toxic effects in wildlife linked to bioaccumulation of organochlorines in food chains contributed to public concern and decisions of the U.S. government to form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and to ban the use of DDT on food crops in 1972. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children was a landmark report documenting the vulnerability of children to pesticides and the potential for disrupting growth and development processes (National Academy of Sciences, 1993). This report noted that tests conducted by manufacturers usually involved sexually mature animals and did not assess neurobehavioral, immunologic, and endocrine effects of prenatal and early-life pesticide exposures.