bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El juez y el historiador: consideraciones metodológicas
Authors: Taruffo Michele
Published: May 2021

En este artículo el autor se plantea cuál es la naturaleza y la estructura del «juicio de hecho», que –en su opinión– no pueden ser establecidas a partir del estudio de las normas referidas a esa parte de la labor judicial, sino que requieren un estudio filosófico y metodológico. Por ello, parte de la comparación entre la tarea cognoscitiva del juez y la del historiador (recordando sus semejanzas y diferencias) y, asumiendo el paralelismo entre el «juicio de hecho» y la «explicación histórica», revisa las reconstrucciones de filósofos como Hume, Hempel o Carnap. Ello le lleva a proponer un modelo de juicio de hecho en el que las generalizaciones empíricas y máximas de experiencia cumplen una función semejante a las «leyes de cobertura» en el modelo nomológico-deductivo de la explicación científica, pero dándole al razonamiento del juez una naturaleza inductiva. No obstante, considera que este modelo es suficiente para aceptar que las Cortes Supremas pueden realizar una revisión de la corrección del juicio de hecho sin necesidad de un nuevo examen de la fiabilidad de los datos de los que parte.
El posthumanismo no es un humanismo
Authors: Pérez Luño Antonio Enrique
Published: May 2021

Este ensayo se propone mostrar la oposición existente entre el paradigma de la tradición cultural humanista y las principales tesis y postulados que actualmente defiende el posthumanismo. Para ello, se analizan las respectivas respuestas que el humanismo y el posthumanismo ofrecen a las tres grandes preguntas que han compendiado, a lo largo de su historia, el significado de la filosofía: ¿Cómo se conoce la realidad? ¿Qué son y cómo se explican el mundo y la vida? ¿Cuál es la mejor forma de vivir? A esas preguntas han respondido respectivamente, la gnoseología o teoría del conocimiento, la ontología y la deontología o la ética. Se estudian, asimismo, determinados motivos de la ambigüedad del proyecto de deshumanización posthumanista. El trabajo concluye con la exposición de los argumentos que avalan la persistencia de los valores, principios y derechos del humanismo, actualizados en función de las exigencias de nuestro tiempo.
Students' Characteristics Influence Readiness to Use Mobile Technology in Higher Education
Authors: Shaqour Ali , Salha Soheil , Khlaif Zuheir N
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the current study was to explore students' characteristics that influence student's readiness to use mobile technology at An-Najah National University in Palestine. The researchers used a quantitative approach to achieve the purpose of the study. 214 students from different schools were participated in the study. A descriptive and one-way ANOVA to test the hypotheses were used in data analysis stage. The findings of the study revealed that the availability of technology is an important factor to use mobile technology in higher education, as well as the student's capability to use mobile technology for her study. Furthermore, student's attitudes towards mobile technology integration plays crucial role in student's readiness to use it. Higher education institutions could benefit from the findings of the study through designing capacity building programs for students to encourage them to use the mobile services inside and off campus. The limitations of the study were depending only on one tool for data collection from one university which could raise doubt about generalizing the findings to another context.
»Wir musizieren – trotzdem!« – Die Stuttgarter Jüdische Kunstgemeinschaft
Authors: Waller Anja
Published: May 2021

The Stuttgarter Jüdische Kunstgemeinschaft (Stuttgart Jewish Art Society) existed only five years from 1933 to 1938 before the November Pogrom put an end to Jewish cultural work in Stuttgart. In just these five years, however, the Kunstgemeinschaft had become a nationally known and celebrated institution of Jewish cultural work – despite and in reaction to the National Socialists’ repressive policy of exclusion and surveillance. The Kunstgemeinschaft offered working alternatives for Jewish artists who had become unemployed and cultural events for the Jewish population excluded from society. In addition, the idea of »geistiger Widerstand« (intellectual resistance) found its way into the work of the Kunstgemeinschaft. But the real achievement of the Kunstgemeinschaft was its sheer existence in times of adverse and constantly changing political circumstances: it offered the Jews of Stuttgart and Württemberg a place of cultural enrichment and a home in difficult times.
A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater
Authors: Zhou Lvshan , Peng Tongjiang , Sun Hongjuan , Fu Dong , Lai Chuan
Published: May 2021

The acidic wastewater produced by the wet production of activated clay contains valuable components such as iron and aluminum. The precipitation method was successfully introduced to separate iron and aluminum from the activated clay production wastewater step by step, which can not only recover the valuable components, but also avoid environmental pollution. In the separation process, gypsum, iron aluminum phosphate, alumina, and sodium sulfate were prepared, and the phase compositions of separation products were analyzed by XRD and IR. The main influencing factors in the separation of iron and aluminum components were studied by single factor experiment. The results show that at the optimized conditions, phosphorus/iron molar ratio 6.0, the system pH 3.0, the reaction temperature 343 K, and the reaction time 90 min, the iron(iii) ion in the system can form a sodium-containing aluminum iron phosphate double salt, and the filtrate after separating Fe3+ and part of Al3+ can meet the requirements for forming high-purity Al2O3. During the phosphate precipitation process, the hypothesis should be correct that Al3+ reacts with

PO

4

3
−

{\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-}

to form an AlPO4 skeleton, Fe3+ isomorphically replaces Al3+ in the [AlO4] tetrahedron, and adsorption occurs simultaneously, with Na+ occupying the terminal acid sites, P(Al)–OH.
Switch-reference and its role in referential choice in Mbyá Guaraní narratives
Authors: Thomas Guillaume , Antono Gregory , Bradford Laurestine , Kiss Angelika , Winkelman Darragh
Published: May 2021

Switch-reference has been analyzed as a reference tracking mechanism, whose main function is to avoid ambiguity of reference. One domain where this function has been argued to manifest itself is referential choice. Kibrik (Kibrik, Andrej. 2011. Reference in discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press) notably proposed that switch-reference marking plays the role of a referential aid, which helps to prevent referential conflict, thereby enabling the production of reduced referential expressions such as pronouns and zeros. The present study probes this theory through an analysis of the role of switch-reference marking in multifactorial models of referential choice in Mbyá Guaraní. We show that while switch-reference increases the likelihood of mention reduction in Mbyá Guaraní, this effect is marginal relative to other predictors of referential choice. We argue that this result is compatible with the analysis of switch-reference as a referential aid, but also supports analyses that emphasize the multiplicity of its functions, beyond the disambiguation of reference.
Where irony goes: routinization and the collapse of viewpoint configurations
Authors: Tobin Vera
Published: May 2021

This paper looks at the phenomenon of “irony attrition,” when speakers start out using an expression or engaging in a genre of semiotic activity ironically, but become more earnest in their usage over time. It argues that irony attrition arises as a consequence of three things: (a) the complex viewpoint arrangement that underlies the ironic interpretive stance, (b) routinization or entrenchment, and (c) limitations on our ability to keep track of source information in memory (“source memory”). Irony attrition is not a hazard of irony as irony, but part of a more general tendency for intermediate-level embedded discourse frames to be forgotten, compressed, or mislaid in memory and in quotation. The ironies and erstwhile ironies in this analysis come from the domains of sarcasm, trolling, camp, shtick, and situational ironies in literature, and parody. They are brought into conversation with the evolution of other kinds of perspective-embedding expressions in language acquisition and language change.
Alberto Blest Gana: 100 Years Later
Authors: Vilches Patricia
Published: May 2021

Blest Gana at 100is a special edition forOpen Cultural Studies. Alberto Blest Gana was a Chilean writer who wore many hats during his long life, dying in 1920 at the age of 90. One of the most prominent authors of nineteenth-century Chile and Latin America, he went to military school and later held political and diplomatic appointments, all of which caused him to travel and live abroad. In fact,nel mezzo del camminof his life, Blest Gana transferred to Europe and eventually settled in Paris, never to return to his country of birth. His fiction and non-fiction conveyed a vast array of experiences and insights from his life in Chile and overseas. To commemorate the 100 years since his death, contributors toBlest Gana at 100approach his oeuvre from innovative and fresh scholarly angles and thus generate new perspectives on the Chilean author’s most celebrated texts, such asMartín RivasandEl ideal de un calavera. They also examine the early days of his literary career; revisit critical scholarship on Blest Gana from the past; bring less explored texts, such asMariluánandLos Trasplantados(the latter written and published in Paris) to the foreground; research the background to his work as a columnist and discover the extent to which it informed his literary career; and examine the urban social practices in Blest Gana’s award-winning novelLa aritmética en el amor. From these analyses, we hope to foster an ongoing conversation of lively and invigorating Blest Gana scholarship.
Compact antenna based on split ring resonator as high Q-factor antenna for liquid permittivity measurements
Authors: Poorgholam-Khanjari Shima , Hatami Ahmad , Zarrabi Ferdows B.
Published: May 2021

Microwave sensing is important to measure the permittivity of the materials or detecting a material. In this current work, a compact antenna for WLAN application with circular polarization is designed. We are supposed to use it as a sensor to determine the permittivity of industrial oil. For calibration of the sensor, the gasoline and petrol are utilized based on Debye theory and also butanol is checked. This antenna is designed based on Microstrip slot antenna with bent feed line and special split-ring resonator (SRR) as a metamaterial (MTM) element for 4 GHz, it is shown that metamaterial can be considered for improving the Q-factor and matching where the return loss is reduced from −16.5 to −33.5 dB and the Q-factor is increased from 2.39 to 32.9. It covers 4–5 GHz with the bidirectional pattern with gain of 4 dBi which makes it useful for putting inside of liquids. The total dimensions of this resonator are 20 × 20 × 1.6 mm and the FR-4 low-cost substrate is used and the experimental results are confirmed the simulations results by HFSS commercial full-wave software. In fact, this method can be used for fast detecting oil condition and longevity by checking the resonances’ shift and permittivity.
Comparing LiDAR and SfM digital surface models for three land cover types
Authors: Liao Jianghua , Zhou Jinxing , Yang Wentao
Published: May 2021

Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and unmanned aerial vehicle structure from motion (UAV-SfM) are two major methods used to produce digital surface models (DSMs) for geomorphological studies. Previous studies have used both types of DSM datasets interchangeably and ignored their differences, whereas others have attempted to locally compare these differences. However, few studies have quantified these differences for different land cover types. Therefore, we simultaneously compared the two DSMs using airborne LiDAR and UAV-SfM for three land cover types (i.e. forest, wasteland, and bare land) in northeast China. Our results showed that the differences between the DSMs were the greatest for forest areas. Further, the average elevation of the UAV-SfM DSM was 0.4 m lower than that of the LiDAR DSM, with a 95th percentile difference of 3.62 m for the forest areas. Additionally, the average elevations of the SfM DSM for wasteland and bare land were 0.16 and 0.43 m lower, respectively, than those of the airborne LiDAR DSM; the 95th percentile differences were 0.67 and 0.64 m, respectively. The differences between the two DSMs were generally minor over areas with sparse vegetation and more significant for areas covered by tall dense trees. The findings of this research can guide the joint use of different types of DSMs in certain applications, such as land management and soil erosion studies. A comparison of the DSM types in complex terrains should be explored in the future.
Marked difference in efficiency of the digestive enzymes pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatic elastase to cleave tightly folded proteins
Authors: Fu Zhirong , Akula Srinivas , Thorpe Michael , Hellman Lars
Published: May 2021

In order for the intestinal mucosa to absorb dietary proteins they have to be digested into single amino acids or very short peptides of a length of not more than four amino acids. In order to study the efficiency of the digestive endopeptidases to digest folded proteins we have analyzed several target proteins under different conditions, native proteins, heat denatured and acid treated. The three pancreatic serine proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatic elastase, were found to be remarkable inefficient in cleaving native folded proteins whereas pepsin, which acts at a very low pH (pH 1.2) was much more efficient, possibly due to the denaturing conditions and thereby better accessibility to internal cleavage sites at the low pH. Heat treatment improved the cleavage considerably by all three pancreatic enzymes, but acid treatment followed by return to neutral pH did not have any major effect. Cleavage at the low pH when the protein is in a denatured state, is apparently very efficient. This indicates that pepsin is the prime enzyme cleaving the properly folded native proteins and that the pancreatic enzymes primarily are involved in generating single amino acids or very short peptides for efficient uptake by the intestinal mucosa.
Glutamine synthetase as a central element in hepatic glutamine and ammonia metabolism: novel aspects
Authors: Frieg Benedikt , Görg Boris , Gohlke Holger , Häussinger Dieter
Published: May 2021

Glutamine synthetase (GS) in the liver is expressed in a small perivenous, highly specialized hepatocyte population and is essential for the maintenance of low, non-toxic ammonia levels in the organism. However, GS activity can be impaired by tyrosine nitration of the enzyme in response to oxidative/nitrosative stress in a pH-sensitive way. The underlying molecular mechanism as investigated by combined molecular simulations and in vitro experiments indicates that tyrosine nitration can lead to a fully reversible and pH-sensitive regulation of protein function. This approach was also used to understand the functional consequences of several recently described point mutations of human GS with clinical relevance and to suggest an approach to restore impaired GS activity.
DCSK performance analysis of a chaos-based communication using a newly designed chaotic system
Authors: Biswas Namrata , Mohamed I Raja
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a new chaotic system has been introduced and the fundamental properties of the system were investigated and presented using a bifurcation diagram, max Lyapunov exponent (LE) and phase portraits. The synchronization of the drive and response system has been done using the threshold control parameter. Later the differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) modulation scheme has been carried out for the system as it is the most efficient modulation scheme. The demodulator detects the data without the use of chaotic signal phase recovery, as it uses the non-coherent detection technique. The results were compared with other modulation schemes using the bit error rate (BER) graph. It reveals that the proposed chaos-based system could be used for secure communication. The system has been implemented using the MATLAB Simulink technique.
Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity from Indonesian anti-degenerative herbs water extract
Authors: Tristantini Dewi , Wahidin Wahidin , Feliana Ferlita , Widigarka Marosta , Santoso Leon Lukhas
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made the number of patients gradually increase. Currently, the vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 is being researched and most of the people have to trust their immune system and being healthy as long as they could in the mean times. High antioxidant food is recommended for the people whom currently are reducing their activity from home with good exercise. Therefore, this research was focused on the Indonesian anti-degenerative herbs water extract for an immunomodulatory activity to maintain healthy productivity of lymphocyte cells and to regulate neutrophil cells production, also with antioxidant activity to maintain optimal function of the immune system.

Methods

The antioxidant activity test was conducted with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the immunomodulator ability test was conducted with DDY-strain female mice (Mus musculus) for 28 days in five different groups.

Results

The IC50 for gallic acid and mixed herbs extract solutions was 1.89 and 146.91 μg/mL, respectively. The immunomodulatory activity was determined from the result of leukocytes differentiation which could be seen from the lymphocytes and neutrophil t-test results that were significant at p<0.1.

Conclusions

From the results, it can be concluded that anti-degenerative extract has moderate antioxidant activity and an immunomodulator ability to regulate the productivity of lymphocyte and neutrophil cells.
Stigmasterol isolated from the chloroform fraction of Adenopus breviflorus Benth fruit induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in rat liver
Authors: Oyedeji Tolulope A. , Onireti Daniel O. , Lasisi Olaitan S. , Akobi Chibuzor I. , Olorunsogo Olufunso O.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Decoction of Adenopus breviflorus fruit is used in folkloric medicine for treating dysmenorrhea and gonorrhea. Phytochemicals from A. breviflorus may be potent in inducing mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis via the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore. Therefore, this study investigated the in vitro effects of stigmasterol isolated from the chloroform fraction of A. breviflorus (CFAB) and also the increasing concentration of CFAB on the opening of rat liver mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore.

Methods

Fractionation of CFAB on column chromatography yielded a needle-like crystal which structure was elucidated by standard spectroscopic techniques. The effects of stigmasterol and CFAB on MPT pore opening were assayed spectrophotometrically. Also, the effect of CFAB on mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) activity and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release were determined.

Results

Stigmasterol isolated from CFAB induced MPT pore opening significantly (p<0.05) when compared with the control. Similarly, CFAB significantly (p<0.05) induced MPT pore opening in rat liver mitochondria in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence and absence of the triggering agent – calcium ion. Furthermore, the increasing concentration of CFAB significantly (p<0.05) stimulated mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) activity and Cyt c release in a concentration-dependent manner.

Conclusions

The study showed that stigmasterol isolated from the chloroform fraction of A. breviflorus is a potent inducer of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Also, the study further revealed that CFAB possesses potent bioactive compounds which can induce the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, activation of mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) activity and cytochrome c release.
Ameliorative effect of Kolaviron, an extract ofGarcinia kolaseeds, on induced hypertension
Authors: Olatoye Francis J. , Akindele Abidemi J. , Onwe Samson
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Early diagnosis and management of known cardiovascular disease risk attributes such as hypertension lessens morbidity and mortality as well as increase quality of life of patients. This present study was modelled to investigate the ameliorative effect of Kolaviron, an extract ofGarcinia kolaHeckel seeds, in ethanol- and sucrose-induced hypertension.

Methods

Test animals were divided into six groups of six animals each for each hypertensive model. Animals were treated daily with distilled water (10 ml/kg); 35% ethanol (3 g/kg) or sucrose (5–7%); Kolaviron (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) separately plus ethanol or sucrose and Amlodipine (0.14 mg/kg) separately plus ethanol or sucrose for 8 weeks. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were determined using non-invasive BP system after 8 weeks. Blood was obtained for the assessment of biochemical parameters, lipid profile and antioxidant indices. Vital organs were collected for approximation of tissue antioxidant levels.

Results

Results show that Kolaviron at various doses and Amlodipine significantly reduced (p<0.05–0.001) the elevated systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures produced by ethanol and sucrose administration. Additionally, Kolaviron and Amlodipine significantly overturned (p<0.05–0.001) the reduction in GSH, SOD and CAT, and elevation in MDA levels elicited by ethanol and sucrose. Furthermore, Kolaviron and Amlodipine produced significant reduction (p<0.001) in levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins, as well as significant increase (p<0.01–0.001) in levels of high-density lipoproteins.

Conclusions

Results from this study demonstrate that Kolaviron possibly possesses significant antihypertensive effect which may possibly be attributed to its antioxidant effects and relative improvement of lipid profile.
Effect of Arogya Raksha Panchatantra (five lifestyle principles) on hematological parameters and anthropometric measures among healthy volunteers: a pilot study
Authors: Panneerselvam Naresh Kumar , Suresh Preethi K. , Ravindran Dhilip , Manoharan Ezhil Ratnakumari
Published: May 2021

Objectives

A healthy lifestyle is one, where the individual adapts it aiming at prevention from ailments. Unhealthy lifestyle is a behavioral risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Arogya Raksha Panchatantra (five principles of healthy living), is a Naturopathy and Yoga lifestyle practice proposed by an eminent Indian Naturopath Dr. B. Venkat Rao, observed to modify the behavioral risk factors. The main objective of this study is to observe the changes in Hematological parameters and Anthropometric measures by practicing this Naturopathic lifestyle.

Methods

The study adapted one group Pretest – Posttest quasi experimental design, with a total of nine healthy student volunteers between age group 18–20 years. Hematological parameters such as total blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, PCV, and anthropometric measurements such as weight, body circumferences (waist, hip) and changes in blood pressure were measured at baseline and after practice at 25th day.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference observed in weight, waist and hip circumference, hematological indices except with MCV and MCH, and blood pressure (p<0.05), with no significant changes in waist-hip ratio and blood counts.

Conclusions

The findings of the study indicate that adapting Naturopathy and Yoga lifestyle based on proposed lifestyle practices may be beneficial in reducing the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The study does not attribute the effects observed to any particular lifestyle practiced in this study; rather it is combination of healthy practices as observed in the study and it needs further longitudinal observations whether the beneficial effect of Naturopathy lifestyle practices is sustained for longer period of time.
The potential of immature poken (Citrus reticulata) extract in the weight management, lipid and glucose metabolism
Authors: Lin Yung-Kai , Chung Yu-Ming , Yang Hui-Ting , Lin Yung-Hao , Lin Yung-Hsiang , Hu Wei-Chun , Chiang Chi-Fu
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The prevalence of obesity was increasing globally, with nearly half a billion of the world’s population now considered to be overweight or obese. The immature poken (Citrus reticulata) was a good source of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which may exert an anti-obesity effect. However, the current efficacy in clinical trials was still unclear. Thus, the object of this study was to explore whether immature poken had an anti-obesity effect in the clinical trial.

Methods

In this study, we identified nine major compounds from immature poken extract (IPE), and most compounds significantly decreased the lipid accumulation in adipocytes. In addition, 20 subjects with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 or body fat > 30 were recruited and randomly allocated to placebo and experimental (IPE) groups for 6 week intervention and 2 week follow-up.

Results

In comparison with the baseline results (week 0), the body weight, body fat, and waist circumference at week 6 in the IPE group were significantly decreased by 1.49 kg, 0.33%, 2.1 cm. Moreover, in blood biochemical analysis, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and insulin levels at week 6 in IPE group were also decreased by 3.6, 4.6, 2.1 (mg/dL), and 2.9 (μU/mL), respectively.

Conclusions

The finding showed that immature poken had important roles in fat metabolism by suppressing adipogenesis, and immature poken may provide new weight loss strategies for obese people.
Effect of antibiotic use on the efficacy of nivolumab in the treatment of advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis
Authors: Huo Geng-wei , Zuo Ran , Song Ying , Chen Wei-dong , Chen Wen-ming , Chong Dao-qun , Zhang Hong-mei , Jia Sha-sha , Chen Peng
Published: May 2021

This study evaluates the impact of the use of antibiotics on the effectiveness of nivolumab in the treatment of advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A literature search was conducted in various electronic databases to identify studies, which evaluated the impact of antibiotic use on the survival of patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC who have been treated with nivolumab. Six studies, comprising a total of 787 patients with 37.2% females and of age range 30–90 years, were included in the study. A lack of smoking history was reported in 14.4% of the patients. A meta-analysis was conducted in 678 and 713 patients for PFS and OS, respectively. The pooled HR was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.13–3.37, P = 0.016) for PFS and 2.70 (95% CI: 1.81–4.02, P < 0.001) for OS. Among patients exposed to antibiotics, the median PFS and OS were reduced by 1.6 months (95% CI: 1.5–1.7) and 8.8 months (95% CI: 8.5–9.1), respectively. Our study indicates that, among patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC, the use of antibiotics with nivolumab led to a decrease in the median OS by more than 8 months. Studying the mechanism of the effect of antibiotics on the efficacy of nivolumab in patients with NSCLC should also be prioritized.
Near infrared photoimmunotherapy of cancer; possible clinical applications
Authors: Wakiyama Hiroaki , Kato Takuya , Furusawa Aki , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka
Published: May 2021

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that uses an antibody-photo-absorber conjugate (APC) composed of a targeting monoclonal antibody conjugated with a photoactivatable phthalocyanine-derivative dye, IRDye700DX (IR700). APCs injected into the body can bind to cancer cells where they are activated by local exposure to NIR light typically delivered by a NIR laser. NIR light alters the APC chemical conformation inducing damage to cancer cell membranes, resulting in necrotic cell death within minutes of light exposure. NIR-PIT selectivity kills cancer cells by immunogenic cell death (ICD) with minimal damage to adjacent normal cells thus, leading to rapid recovery by the patient. Moreover, since NIR-PIT induces ICD only on cancer cells, NIR-PIT initiates and activates antitumor host immunity that could be further enhanced when combined with immune checkpoint inhibition. NIR-PIT induces dramatic changes in the tumor vascularity causing the super-enhanced permeability and retention (SUPR) effect that dramatically enhances nanodrug delivery to the tumor bed. Currently, a worldwide Phase 3 study of NIR-PIT for recurrent or inoperable head and neck cancer patients is underway. In September 2020, the first APC and accompanying laser system were conditionally approved for clinical use in Japan. In this review, we introduce NIR-PIT and the SUPR effect and summarize possible applications of NIR-PIT in a variety of cancers.
The crystal structure of 2-amino-5-carboxypyridin-1-ium iodide monohydrate, C6H9IN2O3
Authors: Zeng Yan , Du Chao-Jun
Published: May 2021

C6H9IN2O3, monoclinic,

P

2
1

/
c

$P{2}_{1}/c$

(no. 14), a = 9.3654(2) Å, b = 8.0312(2) Å, c = 12.7668(3) Å, β = 107.825(1)°, V = 914.16(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0156, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0354, T = 150(2) K.
Synthesis and crystal structure of (2E,2′E)-3,3′-(1,3-phenylene)bis(1-(3-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one), C24H16Br2O2
Authors: Usman Rabia , Khan Arshad , Refat Moamen S. , Al-Hazmi Ghaferah H. , He Nongyue
Published: May 2021

C24H16Br2O2, orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 7.407(3) Å, b = 44.336(16) Å, c = 6.046(2) Å, V = 944.8(3) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0602, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1315, T = 293 K.
An efficient nanofiltration system containing mixture of rice husk ash and Fe/CeO2–SiO2 nanocomposite for the removal of azo dye and pesticide
Authors: Khalil Zubaida , Farrukh Muhammad Akhyar
Published: May 2021

Fe/CeO2–SiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by using zwitterionic surfactant 3-(N,N-dimethyloctadecylammonio) propane sulfonate (SB3-18) by sol–gel and hydrothermal methods. The nanocomposite was well characterized before its use. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the synthesis of the Fe/CeO2–SiO2 nanocomposite. Crystallite size calculated by using Scherrer equation was 5.33 nm while it was found 5.26 nm by Williamson–Hall equation. Bandgap of Fe/CeO2–SiO2 nanocomposite shows redshift after the doping of Fe. Degradation studies of methylene blue (MB) and chlorpyrifos (CP) were investigated by nanofiltration (NF) column under visible light irradiation. Degradation and adsorption of MB was investigated by three different types of columns under visible light irradiation. It was observed to achieve 100 % removal of MB and 91 % of CP through column in which rice husk ash (RHA) slurry was mixed with the nanocomposite.
Features of low functional load in mono- and bilinguals’ lexical access: evidence from Swedish tonal accent
Authors: Althaus Nadja , Wetterlin Allison , Lahiri Aditi
Published: May 2021

Swedish makes use of tonal accents (Accents 1 and 2) to contrast words, but the functional load is very low, with some regional dialects not even exhibiting the contrast. In particular given the low number of minimal pairs, the question is whether tonal word accent is used in lexical access. Here we present two cross-modal fragment semantic priming studies in order to address this question. Both experiments use first syllable fragments in order to prime semantically related targets. Experiment 1 utilises words whose first syllable occurs with both accent patterns, creating a situation in which there is lexical competition between words that differ solely in terms of accent. Experiment 2 removes this competition by using words that have no such accent competitors. Our results show that native speakers of Swedish use tonal word accent in lexical access: Accent mispronunciations failed to prime semantically related targets, regardless of whether primes had accent competitors or not. Results for a group of early bilingual speakers (who grew up with one Swedish-speaking parent and one other non-tonal language) showed no differences in processing compared to the monolinguals. This indicates that the extraction of accent features during acquisition and their use in lexical access is robust, even in a scenario where multiple input languages lead to tonal word accent being a useful feature for only some of the lexical items that are being acquired. There is no doubt that the accent system is well entrenched into the bilinguals’ phonological system.
Stylistic Variation and the Role of Dialect Contact in theleísmoof Basque-Spanish
Authors: Rodríguez-Ordóñez Itxaso
Published: May 2021

There is considerable debate with respect to the status of Basque-Spanishleísmoas a contact phenomenon. To address this conundrum, the present study adds another variable,dialect contactand examines the synchronic variation of Basque-Spanishleísmoamong educated young speakers, paying special attention to possible stylistic effects. The speech of 41 Basque-Spanish speakers was gathered by means of sociolinguistic interviews and an elicited production task. Participants were stratified by region: 22 speakers were recruited from Gernika where contact with Basque has been intense and compared to 19 speakers from the Greater Bilbao Area where the contact with Basque is less strong. Dialect contact was operationalized through parental input (Basque Country vs. Monolingual Spain). Results indicate thatleísmois quite extended in the Spanish of the Basque Country and mainly driven by animacy. Basque-Spanishleísmois also subject to stylistic effects, whereby animacy and grammatical gender effects were found, suggesting that Basque-Spanish speakers alternate between two systems depending on speech formality. Finally, results indicate that parental origin had an effect in Bilbao, but not in Gernika. I situate these results within a discussion of previous work on dialect contact.
Organosolv lignin properties and their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Huang Yang , Lai Chenhuan , Sun Shaolong , Yong Qiang , Via Brian K. , Tu Maobing
Published: May 2021

Lignin plays a crucial role in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. To evaluate the correlation between lignin properties and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis, five organosolv lignins (OLs) were isolated from woody biomass, and their physico-chemical properties and structural features were characterized. The effects of OL addition on enzymatic hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (pure cellulose) were assessed first, which showed their disparate effects. The addition of three OLs increased the 72 h hydrolysis yield by 7.4% to 10.1%, while the addition of other two OLs reduced the 72 h hydrolysis yield by 3.2% to 20.4%. A strong correlation between the enzyme distribution coefficient on lignins and the 72 h hydrolysis yields indicated that the enzyme-lignin interaction played a significant role in determining the lignin effects. More importantly, a correlation between lignin properties (hydrophobicity, zeta potential, and particle size) and the enzyme distribution coefficient was established. Identifying the key lignin properties will give insights to reduce the lignin inhibition by altering the lignin properties, thereby promoting enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose.
Вплив в’язкості іонів на розподіл параметрів плазми в стаціонарних газових розрядах
Authors: Leleko Ya.F , Grekov D.L.
Published: May 2021

Для плоского шару стацiонарної слабоiонiзованої сильнонеiзотермiчної плазми, обмеженого дiелектричними стiнками, на основi рiвнянь гiдродинамiки отримано розподiли параметрiв плазми – потенцiалу, густини iонiв i електронiв та швидкостi потоку iонiв у напрямку стiнок. Припускалось, що температури iонiв i електронiв та густина нейтралiв є постiйними. При цьому замiсть знаходження власних функцiй i власних значень цiєї задачi, розв’язувалась задача Кошi для початкових значень, якi є заданими в центрi плазми. Положення стiнки визначалось з умови рiвностi потокiв iонiв I електронiв. Запропоновано метод розв’язання проблеми сингулярностi, що присутня в системi рiвнянь гiдродинамiки. Проведено оцiнки ефекту в’язкостi iонiв у рiвняннi руху iонiв. Отримано розподiли параметрiв плазми з урахуванням в’язкостi iонiв в областi квазiнейтральностi.
Evaluación del efecto del pretratamiento del rastrojo de piña, para la producción de hidrógeno vía reformado en fase acuosa (APR).
Authors: Brenes Mauricio Ulate , Jaikel Víquez Jimena
Published: May 2021

La finalidad de este proyecto fue evaluar el uso del producto del tratamiento de material lignocelulósico del rastrojo de piña, para la producción de azúcares, como sustrato en la reacción de reformado en fase acuosa (APR); con el fin de producir hidrógeno utilizando un catalizador de níquel soportado en alúmina.

Se realizó la caracterización del rastrojo de piña utilizado (MD2). Se trabajó con un diseño estadística factorial 23, para realizar el estuio de la hidrólisis del rastrojo, con el fin de estudiar el efecto de la concentración de ácido sulfúrico diluido (1 %m/m y 3%m/m), de la temperatura (100 °C y 140 °C) y de la relación sólido-líquido (1:6 g/mL y 1:9 g/mL). 

En el proceso de reformado en fase acuosa (APR), se definió un 5 % de masa de catalizador con respecto a la masa de glucosa en la mezcla de reacción obtenida de la hidrólisis ácida. Se establece una temperatura de reacción de 473.15 K y un tiempo de reacción de 2 horas, variando el porcentaje de níquel en el catalizador. Se utilizan como niveles en el porcentaje de níquel 5%, 20% y 35 % soportado en alúmina comercial. Se encuentra que la tasa de producción de hidrógeno máxima fue de 221 mmol gcat-1 h-1, existiendo diferencia estadística entre el catalizador con 35 % de níquel utilizadas.
FOR BOYS OR GIRLS? GENDER CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS IN TOY PACKAGING
Authors: Souza Rosilene Rodrigues de , Depianti Jéssica Renata Bastos , Bubadué Renata de Moura , Mattos Camille Xavier de , Esperón Julia Maricela Torres , Cabral Ivone Evangelista
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze gender-representative images on toy packaging for children over three years of age. Method: this is a photo ethnographic study developed in play sections of six department stores located in one of the municipalities in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro in August 2018. Image analysis was applied to 17 photographs of toy packages according to criteria repetition, content type and low cost to purchase, associated with content analysis. Results: the images partially reflect their content. The gender colors in the packaging and contents are traditional (pink and lilac) and unrealistic in the toys for girls. Those with images of boys have neutral and realistic colors (gray, olive green, navy blue). Miniaturized or life-size toys items “for girls” include those that encourage playing ‘house’ (dish rack and cups), personal care (makeup and clothing) and maternity (dolls). “For boys”, they strengthen the social image of family protector (hero), home provider (tools, builder, and executive) and “male” professions (cook, fireman, policeman). Conclusion: these images reinforce binary conceptions of gender, stereotyped in society, rooting cultural constructions of the adult world in the development of children over three years old.
Multidimensional study of CDCA family members in gastric carcinoma with prognostic value
Authors: Lu Peixin , Cheng Wen , Fang Kexin , Yu Bin
Published: May 2021

Gastric cancer (GC) represents a widespread malignancy, having a poor prognosis, making it necessary to search for reliable biomarkers. Cell Division Cycle Associated protein (CDCA) family, comprising CDCA1-8, acts as a key in tumor progression. However, CDCAs expression and their impact on prognosis in gastric cancer, especially stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), have not been clarified. Consequently, we carried out a multifaceted study aimed at exploring the CDCAs expression levels and appraising their potential prognostic values in patients with STAD, using bioinformatic tools. Remarkable upregulation of all 8 CDCAs was identified in STAD tissues, as compared with the healthy tissues. Elevated CDCA4/7/8 mRNA expression predicted a short overall survival (OS), while STAD patients, showing increased transcriptional levels of CDCA7, exhibited a short disease-free survival (DFS). The most frequent alteration was low mRNA expression among all mutations. The function enrichment analysis incorporating Gene Ontology (GO) together with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway showed that cell cycle, foxO signaling pathway and Epstein-Barr virus were relevant to the main functions of CDCAs. Finally, through the immune infiltration analysis, a remarkable relationship was found between CDCAs expression and the extent of infiltrating levels in six immunocytes. Therefore, differentially expressed CDCAs were assessed as potential biomarkers of the prognosis of STAD patients, aiming at the improved survival of these patients. Furthermore, this study might offer new ideas for the design and development of immunotherapeutic drugs.
MODERN CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER BODIES IN UKRAINE: WATERCOURSES AND RESERVOIRS
Authors: Khilchevskyi V.K.
Published: May 2021

According to the assessment made in the article, the current data on the number of water bodies on the territory of Ukraine are: 63119 rivers; about 20 thousand lakes; 1054 reservoirs; 50793 ponds. There are rivers in Ukraine: large (> 50 thousand km2) – 8 rivers: Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, Desna, Pripyat, Southern Bug, Seversky Donets, Tisa; medium (2.0-50 thousand km2) – 82 rivers; small (<2.0 thousand km2) – 63,029 rivers (99.87%). There are lakes in Ukraine: very large (> 100 km2) – 1 lake: Yalpug; large (10-100 km2) – 21 lakes; medium (1-10 km2) – about 70; small (0.5-1.0 km2) and very small (<0.5 km2) - all other lakes (99.54%). There are reservoirs in Ukraine: very large (10-50 km3) – 2 reservoirs: Kremenchug and Kakhovskoe – on the river.Dnipro (0.2%); large (1.0-10 km3) – 5 reservoirs; Kievskoe,Kanevskoe, Kamenskoe, Dneprovskoe (on the Dnieper river), Dnestrovsky – on the Dniester (0.5%); medium (0.1-1.0 km3) – 11 reservoirs (1.0%); small (0.01-0.1 km3) – 88 reservoirs (8.4%); small (<0.01 km3) – 948 reservoirs (89.9%). There are ponds in Ukraine: very large (> 500 thousand m3) and large (200-500 thousand m3) – 13%; medium (50-200 thousand m3) – 29%; small (10-50 thousand m3) and very small (<10 thousand m3) - 58%. Of great importance was the approval by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2016 of the hydrographic zoning of the territory of Ukraine with the allocation of 9 regions of river basins: the Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, Southern Bug, Don, Vistula, Crimean rivers Black Sea rivers, Azov rivers. Almost all rivers of Ukraine belong to the basin of the Black and Azov seas. In addition to the area of the river basin Vistula (Western Bug and San rivers) which belongs to the Baltic Sea basin and occupies only 2.5% of the country's territory. It is shown that since hydrographic studies in Ukraine were carried out more than 50 years ago, modern hydrographic surveys of the country’s territory with the creation of a modern water cadastre and the establishment of real morphometric parameters of water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds) are necessary. The main organizations dealing with these issues are the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center of the State Service of Ukraine for Emergency Situations. It is also necessary to regulate a number of concepts that are used a priori, but do not have a definition, clear parameters (for example, a stream, a source, a digging pond, etc.). This is difficult to implement through the Water Code of Ukraine or state standards, but it can be easier to do through the officially approved methods in which these terms are used.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW ON IMPORTANCE OF LOVE IN SOCIETY: PLATO VS ARISTOTLE
Authors: Turenko Vitalii
Published: May 2021

The paper shows specifics and features of understanding of importance of love in society in the legacy of Plato and Aristotle. Explication of the role of love in society in Plato is revealed on the basis of the texts of his two dialogues «Symposium» and «Laws». In the «Symposium», through the speech of Eryximachus, it is emphasized that thanks to love, a complete unity is possible in society as a whole and between people. Love occupies a key place in society and its presence or deficiency leads to certain social phenomena (war, revolution, revival). Love cannot separate people both on a personal and social level. Destructive, destruction brings only hatred. Accordingly, every member of society who wants the society in which he lives to be prosperous and stable, should feel friendly to others, be sensitive and caring to those who need it.
Аlso, in the «Laws» the ancient Greek thinker talks about how important it is to teach children — future citizens of the policy — who and how to love or hate. This is due to the fact that if the wrong way of understanding love among people develops, then this can lead to the destruction of society. After all, if love is inherent in justice, then it is not able to create disorder, to make destructive, to one degree or another to be a carrier of deviant behavior. Love is always where there is truth, where there is justice. And where there is a lie, a deception, the place of love no longer remains. She calmly and without resentment walks away from those people who have felt a sense of love, and does not knock again until the lie stops.
It is proved that Αristotle is ambivalent about the importance of love for society. To some extent, he continues his predecessors Socrates and Plato, and emphasizes that the state is based on love and friendly relations. Love is not limited only to individual relationships and circumstances, it affects the entire social and cultural life of mankind. At the same time, he opposes them, because he notes the negative consequences for society and the state system of various manifestations of love deviations.
Aristotle also emphasizes that social status is not important for close relationships. Intimacy, closeness to each other is higher than those or other social divisions, beliefs and disagreements. Thus, love overcomes social disunity, thereby creating a special community for which the main thing is the good of Оther.
5G Radiation and Potential Risks to the Environment and Human Health
Authors: Haider Abed Hachem Hasan J. Hasan, Ali J. Yosef,
Published: May 2021

The rapid development in wireless communication technology and the urgent need to develop it has led to an increase in the public exposure to more radio spectrum frequencies. The mountain increases in terms of the damage caused by these wireless technologies for the 2G, 3G and 4G generations ending with the new technique, which is 5G. As a result of the urgent need for fast communications and wide packages of data, only a new generation of communications has emerged, which is 5G, which enjoys high speed and broadcasts in short waves and high frequency. There is great concern about the impact of these technologies on human health and safety. This technique works at relatively higher frequencies than the previously used technologies. This research sheds light on some of the expected harms of these technologies and the result of using these techniques, where the damages on the human body in general, the skin and the human eye in particular, are addressed, as well as their impact on the environment and plants in general.