bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open-air, low-temperature deposition of phase pure Cu2O thin films as efficient hole-transporting layers for silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Nguyen Van Son , Sekkat Abderrahime , Bellet Daniel , Chichignoud Guy , Kaminski-Cachopo Anne , Muñoz-Rojas David , Favre Wilfried
Published: July 2021

Cu2O has been integrated as HTL for the first time in SHJs by AP-SALD achieving record power conversion efficiency values.
Electrochemically-induced structural reconstruction in promoting the Zn storage performance of a CaMn3O6 cathode for superior long-life aqueous Zn-ion batteries
Authors: Guo Peisheng , Yang Gongzheng , Wang Chengxin
Published: July 2021

Structural reconstruction of a cathode produces abundant defects and phase interfaces. Thus, a restructured cathode exhibits high capacity and a extra-long cycle life.
Carbon nanotubes@silicone solar evaporators with controllable salt-tolerance for efficient water evaporation in a closed system
Authors: Hu Tao , Chen Kai , Li Lingxiao , Zhang Junping
Published: July 2021

Carbon nanotubes@silicone solar evaporators with a superhydrophobic core and superhydrophilic shell are prepared for efficient water evaporation in the closed system.
Charge transfer doping with an organic layer to achieve a high-performance p-type WSe2 transistor
Authors: Yoon Minho , Lee Jiyoul
Published: July 2021

A WSe2 FET with a top DNTT layer was fabricated and exhibited remarkable performances: decent on–off switching and high hole mobility. The deposition of DNTT on the WSe2 induced the charge transfer from DNTT to WSe2 and, thus, p-doping of the latter.
The effect of shell modification in iron oxide nanoparticles on electrical conductivity in polythiophene-based nanocomposites
Authors: Wirecka Roma , Marzec Mateusz M. , Marciszko-Wiąckowska Marianna , Lis Maria , Gajewska Marta , Trynkiewicz Elżbieta , Lachowicz Dorota , Bernasik Andrzej
Published: July 2021

Differences in conductivity in inorganic/organic hybrids based on core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles and poly-3-hexylotiophene depending on the shell structure of the nanoparticles.
Towards robust Pseudomonas cell factories to harbour novel biosynthetic pathways
Authors: Bitzenhofer Nora Lisa , Kruse Luzie , Thies Stephan , Wynands Benedikt , Lechtenberg Thorsten , Rönitz Jakob , Kozaeva Ekaterina , Wirth Nicolas Thilo , Eberlein Christian , Jaeger Karl-Erich , Nikel Pablo Iván , Heipieper Hermann J. , Wierckx Nick , Loeschcke Anita
Published: July 2021

Biotechnological production in bacteria enables access to numerous valuable chemical compounds. Nowadays, advanced molecular genetic toolsets, enzyme engineering as well as the combinatorial use of biocatalysts, pathways, and circuits even bring new-to-nature compounds within reach. However, the associated substrates and biosynthetic products often cause severe chemical stress to the bacterial hosts. Species of the Pseudomonas clade thus represent especially valuable chassis as they are endowed with multiple stress response mechanisms, which allow them to cope with a variety of harmful chemicals. A built-in cell envelope stress response enables fast adaptations that sustain membrane integrity under adverse conditions. Further, effective export machineries can prevent intracellular accumulation of diverse harmful compounds. Finally, toxic chemicals such as reactive aldehydes can be eliminated by oxidation and stress-induced damage can be recovered. Exploiting and engineering these features will be essential to support an effective production of natural compounds and new chemicals. In this article, we therefore discuss major resistance strategies of Pseudomonads along with approaches pursued for their targeted exploitation and engineering in a biotechnological context. We further highlight strategies for the identification of yet unknown tolerance-associated genes and their utilisation for engineering next-generation chassis and finally discuss effective measures for pathway fine-tuning to establish stable cell factories for the effective production of natural compounds and novel biochemicals.
Multi‐level features extraction network with gating mechanism for crowd counting
Authors: Zeng Xin , Guo Qiang , Duan Haoran , Wu Yunpeng
Published: July 2021

Crowd counting is still a practical and challenging problem owing to scale variations and information loss. Most existing methods based on the straightforward fusion of different features from a deep neural network seem to eliminate this limitation. However, these features are difficult to be fused since they often differ significantly in modality and dimensionality. Unlike previous works, a multi‐level features extraction network with gating mechanism for crowd counting is proposed. Specifically, a multi‐channel gated unit to adaptively extract features in different levels of the network is proposed, which can avoid interference from confusing information. To fully aggregate features via multi‐level fusion, multi‐level features extraction scheme is presented. The multi‐level features extraction network learns to fuse features from multiple levels and reduce false predictions. Extensive experiments and evaluations clearly illustrate that the proposed approach achieves state‐of‐the‐art counting performance against other methods on four mainstream crowd counting benchmarks.
Spectral index of synchrotron emission: insights from the diffuse and magnetised interstellar medium
Authors: Padovani Marco , Bracco Andrea , Jelić Vibor , Galli Daniele , Bellomi Elena
Published: July 2021

Context.The interpretation of Galactic synchrotron observations is complicated by the degeneracy between the strength of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight (LOS),B⊥, and the cosmic-ray electron (CRe) spectrum. Depending on the observing frequency, an energy-independent spectral energy slopesfor the CRe spectrum is usually assumed:s= −2 at frequencies below ≃400 MHz ands= −3 at higher frequencies.

Aims.Motivated by the high angular and spectral resolution of current facilities such as the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and future telescopes such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), we aim to understand the consequences of taking into account the energy-dependent CRe spectral energy slope on the analysis of the spatial variations of the brightness temperature spectral index,β, and on the estimate of the average value ofB⊥along the LOS.

Methods.We illustrate analytically and numerically the impact that different realisations of the CRe spectrum have on the interpretation of the spatial variation ofβ. We use two snapshots from 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations as input for the magnetic field, with median magnetic field strength of ≃4 and ≃20 μG, to study the variation ofβover a wide range of frequencies (≃0.1−10 GHz).

Results.We find that the common assumption of an energy-independentsis only valid in special cases. We show that for typical magnetic field strengths of the diffuse ISM (≃2−20 μG), at frequencies of 0.1−10 GHz, the electrons that are mainly responsible for the synchrotron emission have energies in the range ≃100 MeV−50 GeV. This is the energy range where the spectral slope,s, of CRe varies to the greatest extent. We also show that the polarisation fraction can be much smaller than the maximum value of ≃70% because the orientation ofB⊥varies across the beam of the telescope and along the LOS. Finally, we present a look-up plot that can be used to estimate the average value ofB⊥along the LOS from a set of values ofβmeasured at different frequencies, for a given CRe spectrum.

Conclusions.In order to interpret the spatial variations ofβobserved from centimetre to metre wavelengths across the Galaxy, the energy-dependent slope of the Galactic CRe spectrum in the energy range ≃100 MeV−50 GeV must be taken into account.
Agroecological approach to quality assessment of organic aromatic products
Authors: Belopukhov S.L. , Grigoryeva M.V. , Dmitrevskaya I.I. , Zhevnerov A.V.
Published: July 2021

The developed complex scientific-methodical approach to the survey of organic agricultural enterprise was presented in order to confirm the quality of aromatic products of the “Organic” class. The analysis of agrochemical soils indicators was performed for the first time, which were cultivated according to organic technology for eleven years. It was proven that long-term use of organic farming contributes to the preservation and improvement of soil fertility. An elemental biomass analysis of the apical part of lavender plants grown by organic method was carried out, from which the essential oil was then obtained. It was confirmed that the essential oil composition depends on the place of its production and on the soil characteristics on which the plants were grown. The elemental analysis of essential oil showed that there is an intensive carry-over of all major macro- and micronutrients from the soil into plants during their growth and development. In the lavender essential oil, there are more than 50 substances that determine its uniqueness. Therefore, to confirm the quality of “Organic” class products, we propose to conduct a comprehensive assessment of all components of the organic production system “soil — plant — products”. Thermal analysis, electron microscopy with detectors for energy dispersion analysis, chromatographic analysis, potentiometry, flame photometry and chemical analytical methods were used for the research. Differences in quality indicators of organic essential oil and oil obtained with the traditional farming method were revealed. The study found that the produced lavender oil is a unique quality product grown in an organic way. At present, quality management of agricultural products is possible subject to specialists' availability in the agro-industrial complex with competence in the field of chemical-toxicological and environmental analysis knowing methods to determine the quality and safety of agricultural products, including organic products.
Peculiarities of a respiratory mycoplasmosis course of birds
Authors: Zhenikhova N.I. , Drozdova L.I. , Sadovnikov N.V. , Kundryukova U.I. , Korch M.A.
Published: July 2021

The authors of the article consider an avian disease -the respiratory mycoplasmosis of birds, its etiology, pathogenesis, description of clinical and pathoanatomical and pathohistological features of the course of the disease. In our country, despite the fact that there is a developed system against respiratory mycoplasmosis of birds, based on protection of farms from the introduction of infection from the outside, compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules, zoohygienic and technological standards, as well as measures aimed at timely detection of the disease, the problem of the spread of this disease is quite acute. Currently, the topic of respiratory mycoplasmosis does not lose its relevance precisely because of the high percentage of infection in poultry farms. For example, as a result of research conducted by the ARRIAH over the past 5 years, it was revealed that 218 out of 250 poultry farms in Russia were diagnosed with respiratory mycoplasmosis.
Enzyme blood profile in lactating cows of different bulls’ genetic lines
Authors: Eremenko V.I. , Gatilova Yu.I. , Blednova A.V. , Steblovskaya S.Yu. , Shvets G.I.
Published: July 2021

Scientific and production experiments were carried out on lactating cows of the Simmental breed. 4 groups of cows derived from different lines of bulls Romulus, Redad, Huxle, and Honig were formed for the experiment. Each group contained 10 heads. The level of dairy productivity of experimental cows was the same and amounted to about 11 thousand kg of milk per lactation. The keeping conditions for the animals were the same. Feeding levels were consistent with their dairy productivity. Blood for the study was taken once a month prior to morning feeding. The following were determined in blood samples: total protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). During lactation, the highest level of total protein, the activity of ALT, AAT, AP, LDH was observed at the peak of lactation, followed by their decrease by the end of lactation regardless of cows’ genetic affiliation. Relatively higher levels of total protein and ALT, AAT and LDH activity have been observed in lactating cows of the bull line Romulus relative to cows of the bull lines Redad, Huxle and Honig. There were no differences within the cows’ genetic lines in the activity of alkaline phosphatase.
Use of Ovostim-CT in the prevention of hepatosis and retention of placenta in cows after calving
Authors: Burkov P.V.
Published: July 2021

High milk productivity of cows after calving is the cause of liver damage in the form of hepatosis and premature retirement of animals. In such cases, a pathological examination simultaneously reveals violations in the form of protein and fatty degenerations with the subsequent destruction of cells, as well as disturbed circulation in the liver. Also, hepatoses can cause such postpartum complications in cows as retention of placenta. For the prevention of hepatosis, the drug “Ovostim-ct” is proposed, which contains cytotoxic sera against the tissues of the liver, ovary, spleen and muscle. In order to prevent liver damage and postpartum retention of placenta, the drug is used 1-1.5 months before calving at a dose of 1 ml per 100 kg of live weight subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The use of the hepatoprotector allowed to reduce the number of cases of hepatosis and retention of placenta in cows after calving. Also, “Ovostim-ct” had a favorable effect on the biochemical parameters of the blood serum of cows: there was an increase in the concentration of total protein by 6.7%, albumin - by 15.6% and glucose - by 45.8% in the blood.
Development of polyvalent toxoid Clostridium perfringens against anaerobic enterotoxaemia in young cattle and small ruminants
Authors: Pulotov F.Kh. , Nazarova O.D. , Akhmadov N.A. , Karimzoda A.I.
Published: July 2021

The authors of the article presents the results of the development of a polyvalent toxoid from C.perfringens strains against anaerobic enterotoxaemia of young cattle and small ruminants and an assessment of its effectiveness. It is presented the data on the selection of the recipe composition of the nutrient medium, the cultivation of industrial strains, the process of drug preparation, the selection of the optimal ratio of components and the method of controlling the effectiveness. Sequential cultivation of industrial strains of C.perfringens was carried out by cultivating them in flasks, bottles and bioreactors in the nutrient medium developed by the authors, consisting of: 12.0 g/l - liver extract; 25.0 g/l - casein-peptone; 3.2g/l –K2HPO4; 1.8 g/l – KH2PO4; 0.5 g/l – MgSO4. The development of the drug included the selection of optimal and balanced ratios of C. perfringens type A toxoids - 15 IU/ml, C.perfringens type B - 20 IU/ml, C.perfringens type C - 30 IU/ml, C. perfringens type D - 30 IU/ml, which ensured 100% protection of the immunized animals. Studies on laboratory and farm animals revealed the harmlessness, areactogenicity of the drug, which stimulated the development of immunity and resistance to the toxic effects of all strains of C.perfringens.
Resource-saving technology for dewatering and decontamination of activated sludge
Authors: Ilyasov O.R. , Kirillov M.V. , Gavrilin I.I. , Bykova O.A. , Asonov A.M.
Published: July 2021

The authors of the article consider the problem of the formation of huge volumes of liquid toxic activated sludge in the biochemical method of the residential area wastewater decontamination. At present, there are no effective technical solutions and technologies in terms of eliminating the negative impact of activated sludge on environmental components. The article examines the technologies that allow to involve activated sludges in reuse and use them as fertilizers in agriculture. A resource-saving biotechnology for activated sludge dewatering and decontamination from ecotoxicants has been developed. The results of the study confirm the effectiveness of the process of heavy metal extraction from activated sludge.
Hygienic health risk distribution due to atmospheric air pollution in low-lying cities
Authors: Kosarev A.V. , Komleva N.E. , Raikova S.V. , Dolich V.N. , Zaikina I.V.
Published: July 2021

The total excess of components which pollute the atmospheric air of the city of Saratov has been increasing from May to October and is most evident for the locations of transport interchanges. The allocation of polluting components of atmospheric air corresponds to the distribution model of structural basin cities. The hazardous level of non-carcinogenic health risk caused by inhalation of substances polluting the atmospheric air of Saratov (HQ>1) is determined by the existence of nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and formaldehyde. Non-carcinogenic risk of hazard has a tendency to increase in the warm season – from May to July), as well as in the winter period (January-February). The carcinogenic health risk associated with the existence of formaldehyde in the air exceeds the upper limit of the permissible risk. The highest values of the carcinogenic risk match the monitoring points situated near motorways. This may be due to photochemical processes involving the results of incomplete fuel combustion in engines, in which formaldehyde is formed. The anticipated increase in respiratory morbidity due to chronic inhaled exposure to NO2 in children aged 6-7 years ranges from 44 to 79 percent, while the grow-up rates are higher in girls.
Innovative method for optimizing the microclimate of the winter hive for bees in the conditions of the cryolithozone
Authors: Evsyukova V.K. , Savvinova M.S. , Sysolyatina V.V. , Nikolaeva F.V. , Fedorov A.Ya.
Published: July 2021

The article discusses the practical significance of the use of infrared scanning method for optimizing the microclimate of winter hives and monitoring bee colonies in extreme conditions of cryolithozone. When monitoring the microclimate by generally accepted zoohygienic methods, the devices record specific indicators of a particular parameter (temperature, humidity, air velocity, pressure, noise, light), while the reason for the deviation from the standard indicators for microclimate optimization is not always possible to find out. When using the infrared scanning method with the Irtis 2000SN thermal imager, it was possible to determine the reasons for the deviation of the parameters of the winter hive microclimate. The targeted elimination of defects in the enclosing structures detected by infrared scanning made it possible to quickly optimize the parameters of the winter hive microclimate. Contactless monitoring of the state of bee colonies during the winter dormancy. This early informative diagnosis without stress allows to identify a problem bee colony and take timely rescue measures. The analysis of the wintering results showed that the proportion of successful wintering in 2019 was 90%, which is 20% more than in 2018 and 30% more than in 2017.
Dossier « Politiques locales de l’énergie : un renouveau sous contraintes » – Les projets coopératifs d’énergie renouvelable à l’épreuve des régimes de politique publique : les cas de MOZES au Royaume-Uni et de Bretagne énergies citoyennes en France
Authors: Wokuri Pierre
Published: July 2021

Dans des régimes de politique publique britanniques et français peu propices aux projets coopératifs d’énergie renouvelable, comment peut-on expliquer l’émergence de ces initiatives depuis une décennie ? À partir de l’analyse de deux projets, l’article met à l’épreuve l’hypothèse de partenariats entre pouvoirs locaux et collectifs citoyens comme outils permettant de contourner les difficultés produites par les régimes nationaux. Dans le cas de Lorient, nous mettons en évidence que la régulation conventionnée entre la municipalité et Bretagne énergies citoyennes (BEC) permet d’atténuer les évolutions de l’instrument de tarif d’achat. Dans le cas de Nottingham, nous mettons en évidence que l’initiative envisagée par Meadows Ozone Energy Services Limited (MOZES) est altérée par le régime avec une coopération avec City Council de Nottingham qui ne permet pas de produire une régulation conventionnée contournant la barrière érigée par le régime national.
Die Sklerotherapie von Varizen – eine Anleitung für die Praxis
Authors: Thode Meike , Zinser Greta , Kahle Birgit
Published: July 2021

Die Sklerosierung von Varizen hat sich als eine etablierte minimalinvasive Behandlungsoption zur Therapie der Varikose bewährt. Um eine suffiziente Sklerosierung zu gewährleisten, sind sowohl eine adäquate Konzentration des Sklerosierungsmittels als auch eine entsprechende Menge sowie die Form des Sklerosans (aufgeschäumt oder flüssig) festzulegen. Vor der Applikation sollte eine Lagekontrolle der Kanüle erfolgen, um eine paravasale Applikation zu vermeiden. Insbesondere die Sklerosierung mittels aufgeschäumtem Polidocanol erfordert zunächst etwas Übung, lässt sich jedoch mit entsprechender Vorbereitung und einigen Tipps und Tricks gut erlernen.
Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) for the treatment of gastric sleeve stenosis: a feasibility and safety study
Authors: Zhang Linda Y. , Canto Marcia I. , Schweitzer Michael A. , Khashab Mouen A. , Kumbhari Vivek
Published: July 2021

Background Traditional endoscopic treatments have limited success in gastric sleeve stenosis (GSS). Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) could conceivably obliterate the twist/angulation that causes GSS through a tunneled stricturotomy. We report early outcomes of G-POEM for GSS treatment.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients with GSS treated with G-POEM at our center. The primary end point was clinical success, defined as symptom improvement with resumption of adequate oral intake, without requiring further intervention.

Results 13 patients (mean age 43 ± 10.9 years; 12 female) underwent G-POEM for predominantly helical (11/13, 85 %) GSS. Three (23 %) had concurrent sleeve leak and 10 (77 %) had prior GSS treatment. Two intraoperative complications occurred, with no deviation to the procedure; no major complications occurred. At median follow-up of 175 (interquartile range [IQR] 119–260) days, clinical success was achieved in 10 patients (77 %). Median Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index score in responders decreased from 2.06 (IQR 1.5–2.8) to 0.39 (IQR 0.2–0.5). Three patients (23 %) required surgical revision.

Conclusions G-POEM was feasible and safe, and may provide an alternative option for those averse to undergoing surgical revision for treatment of GSS.
Effect of Lingual Frenotomy on Tongue and Lip Rest Position: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Martinelli Roberta Lopes Castro , Marchesan Irene Queiroz , Gusmão Reinaldo Jordão , Berretin-Felix Giédre
Published: July 2021

Introduction The tongue plays an important role in the development of craniofacial structures. At rest, the light and constant pressure of the tongue against the hard palate, counterbalanced by the pressure provided by proper lip sealing, serves as a guide for maxillary growth. Ankyloglossia makes tongue coupling against the hard palate difficult, impacting maxillary development, which may lead to breathing disorders.

Objective To verify the effect of lingual frenotomy on the resting position of the tongue and lips in infants with ankyloglossia.

Methods The sample consisted of 334 infants aged between 1 and 60 days old diagnosed with ankyloglossia. The groups were divided in: a) experimental group (EG), which consisted of infants whose mothers agreed with lingual frenotomy; b) control group (CG), which consisted of infants whose mothers either refused lingual frenotomy or were waiting for surgery. Both the position of the lips and of the tongue at rest were assessed while the infants were sleeping during the quiet sleep phase. For mothers who refused their infants to undergo the surgical procedure, a follow-up of the infants was proposed to verify possible interference of the frenulum with the resting position of the tongue and lips. Infants whose mothers agreed with surgery were referred for lingual frenotomy.

Results Regarding the position of the tongue and lips at rest at the initial and final assessments, the statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences between both groups.

Conclusion Lingual frenotomy enabled infants diagnosed with ankyloglossia to maintain both tongue coupling against the hard palate and closed lips at rest.
Minimally Invasive Pronator Quadratus Sparing Approach versus Extended Flexor Carpi Radialis Approach with Pronator Quadratus Repair for Volar Plating in Distal Radial Fractures
Authors: Goorens Chul ki , Debaenst Niels , Van Royen Kjell , Provyn Steven , Goubau Jean F.
Published: July 2021

Background Several volar plating techniques exist to treat distal radial fractures.

Question We investigated minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with pronator quadratus (PQ) sparing versus conventional flexor carpi radialis approach for volar plating with PQ repair after distal radial fractures during the first postoperative year.

Patients and Methods Prospective data of two consecutive cohorts were compared: 62 patients in MIPO group with an average age of 61.2 years and 66 patients in PQ repair group with an average age of 61.4 years completed the entire follow-up period.

Results Range of motion was not significantly different, except flexion–extension that was significantly higher in the MIPO group. Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand was significantly lower in the MIPO group. Pain visual analogue scale was only significantly lower at 6 weeks. Grip strength measurements and patient satisfaction were not significantly different.

Conclusions MIPO volar plating with PQ sparing is a surgical technique that can be chosen according to surgeon's preference and expertise, resulting in a better flexion–extension mobility and function score according to our study.

Level of evidence This is a Level 3 study.
Benefits of Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis in Function of Instrumentation, BMI, and Gender
Authors: Pereira Eduardo G. , Carvalho Maria M. , Oliveira Tiago , Sacramento Telmo , Cruz Henrique , Viegas Rui , Fontes Ana P. , Marreiros Ana , Sousa João P.
Published: July 2021

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that reduces blood loss in patients that undergo Total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Few studies compare its effect on conventional instrumentation (CI) versus patient-specific instrumentation (PSI). The main objective of this study was to understand analytically how TXA usage in both instrumentations influenced blood loss in TKA differently and see if the differences seen could be explained by the patient's body mass index (BMI) and gender. This nonrandomized retrospective study sample consisted of 688 TKA procedures performed on patients who had symptomatic arthrosis resistant to conservative treatment. Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate blood loss using hemoglobin (Hb) mean values and mean variation (%). The Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) method was applied to understand how the independent variables affected the dependent variable. Comparing patients submitted to the same instrumentation, where some received TXA and others did not, patients that received TXA had lower blood loss. Comparing patients who underwent TKA with different instrumentations and without the use of TXA, it was found that patients who underwent TKA with PSI had lower blood loss than those who underwent TKA with CI. However, when these same instruments were compared again, but associated with the use of TXA, the opposite was true with patients undergoing TKA with PSI showing greater blood loss than patients undergoing TKA with CI. TXA usage in TKA is significantly beneficial in minimizing blood loss and regardless of instrumentation. When using TXA, the lowest blood loss was obtained in patients with higher BMI and submitted to TKA with CI. This is most likely explained by the synergistic antifibrotic effect of TXA with adipokines, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), found in the femoral bone marrow which is perforated using CI. If, however, TXA wasn't used, the lowest blood loss was obtained in patients submitted to TKA with PSI.
Correction to: On the Link Between Managerial Attributes and Firm Access to Formal Credit in Myanmar
Authors: Hansen Henrik , Rand John , Tarp Finn , Trifkovic Neda
Published: July 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00419-8
Study on the Influence of Different Ether Bonds on PAI Materials Properties
Authors: Yang Haiyang , Li Duxin , Yang Jun , Wang Jin , Gan Shunchang , Liu Yufeng , Cao Kaikai
Published: July 2021

In this paper, diamine monomers with ether bonds in the main chain are selected for molecular structure design, and four polyamide-imide (PAI) materials are prepared by the acyl chloride method. A diamine monomer containing an ether group can reduce the friction coefficient and improve the wear performance of PAI material. The wear mechanism of PAI material can also change due to ether linkages. PAI synthesized using m-phenylenediamine without an ether bond has the highest friction coefficient and abrasion loss, and the wear mechanism is mainly adhesive wear. With the increase of the number of ether bonds in the diamine monomer structure, the friction coefficient of the material decreases from 0.5445 to 0.4216 (22.57 %). The abrasion loss of the PAI material synthesized using 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether is the smallest, which is 84.4 % lower than m-phenylenediamine. The wear mechanism is abrasive wear and slight adhesion wear. With the increase of the number of ether bonds, the heat r esistance of PAI decreases slightly, while the hydrophobic property increases and the water absorption decreases. To summarise, PAI material synthesized using 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether has a low friction coefficient, the best wear resistance, the highest tensile strength and elongation at break, and the best comprehensive properties of the materials reported here.
The dilemmas of ‘saving’ a dying language
Authors: Negro Silvia Dal
Published: July 2021

Walser German is a prototypical example of ‘extreme’ minority language, the survival of which appears at present extremely critical, at least in the Italian context. From a sociolinguistic point of view, Walser German is dispersed in a discontinuous territory and subject to language shift, language attrition and demographic shrinkage. Linguistically, it is part of a dialect continuum that stretches north of the Alps; yet, the dialects spoken in Italy have developed independently from each other and from their Swiss counterparts, with the result that they are now mutually unintelligible, and structurally too distant from Standard Modern German for this variety to be eligible as theirDachsprache. Given this background, the effects of a law protecting and promoting minority languages were foreseeable: Walser German is not a language under any sociolinguistic respect and could neither be protected or promoted by encouraging its use in administrative domains or developing a standard variety. However, what actually happened was not foreseeable either. Legal and funding support fostered documentation activities creating or enhancing local expertise in various domains; in addition, communities started to feel legitimised of a cultural and linguistic ‘otherness’ that could be exploited as a commodity, especially in the domain of tourism.
Organising terminology work in Sweden from the 1940s onwards
Authors: Pilke Nina , Nissilä Niina , Landqvist Hans
Published: July 2021

The present study deals with organised terminology work in Sweden from the 1940s to the late 2010s. Using archive material, we describe how practical terminology work was carried out in Sweden during the period 1941–2018/2019, when the Swedish Centre for Technical Terminology/the Swedish Centre for Terminology (TNC) was the central actor. Thereafter, we discuss models for building a new infrastructure for terminology work after the closure of the TNC in 2018/2019. This discussion is based on interviews and analyses of articles and current reports. The study shows that multifaceted contacts with experts, academia, industry and society have played an essential role for terminology work in Sweden since the 1930s. In the current situation (2019), the activities are being reorganised and responsibility for terminology work is distributed between several actors. A new main actor is the government agency known as the Institute of Language and Folklore (Isof). Finally, we discuss future visions for terminology work in Sweden.
Investigation into the magnetic properties of CoFeNiCr
y
Cu
x
alloys
Authors: Harris James , Leong Zhaoyuan , Gong Peng , Cornide Juan , Pughe Charlotte , Hansen Thomas , Quintana-Nedelcos Aris , Rowan-Robinson Richard , Dahlborg Ulf , Calvo-Dahlborg Monique , Goodall Russell , Rainforth Mark , Morley Nicola
Published: July 2021

The search for cheap, corrosion-resistant, thermally-mechanically stable functional magnetic materials, including soft magnetic and magneto-caloric materials has led to research focused on high entropy alloys (HEAs). Previous research shows that alloying elements with negative enthalpies of mixing can facilitate a second-order phase transition. On the other side of the spectrum, compositional segregation cause by positive enthalpy of mixing alloying additions (such as Cu) may also be used to tune magnetic properties. This paper studies the structural, magnetic and magneto-caloric effect of the FCC alloys CoFeNiCr
y
Cu
x
(x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, y = 0.0, 0.8 and 1.0) to tune these properties with Cu and Cr alloying. Scanning electron microscopy of the compositions show nanoparticles forming within the grains as the Cu concentration increases. Cr addition to CoFeNiCu1.0 has a larger effect on the magnetic and magneto-caloric properties compared to the Cu addition to CoFeNiCr1.0. The addition of Cu (x = 0.5) to CoFeNiCr1.0 improved both the saturation magnetisation and Curie temperature; addition of Cr (y = 1.0) to CoFeNiCu1.0 decreased the Curie temperature by 900 K. All alloys were determined to have a second-order phase transition around their Curie temperature. The refrigerant capacity at 2 T was found to be similar to existing HEAs, although the Curie temperatures were lower than room temperature. Based on this data the CoFeNiCr0.8Cu composition was fabricated to increase the Curie temperature towards 300 K to explore these HEAs as new candidates for room temperature magneto-caloric applications. The fabricated composition showed Curie temperature, saturation magnetisation, and refrigerant capacity increasing with the small reduction in Cr content.
Nonheating ozone suppression in pulsed air discharges: role of pulse duration and repetition rate
Authors: Park Sanghoo , Kim Jinwoo , Lee Hyungyu , Han Duksun , Park Seungil , Kim Seong Bong , Choe Wonho
Published: July 2021

Facilitating the separate production of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) in air discharges without a thermal process is of most merit in diversifying plasma technology; in particular, it is a primary requirement in certain cold, heat-sensitive plasma applications. Here, we propose a new method of nonheating ozone suppression in air discharges. The present work demonstrates that controlling the plasma chemical kinetics by adjusting the duration (width) and/or repetition frequency of the high-voltage DC pulse is effective in suppressing ozone formation in a surface dielectric barrier discharge in static ambient air. The temporal development of each oxygen- and nitrogen-related species in air discharge is complicated and shows different trends in the time range <10 µs; relatively long-lived O3 and NO
x
are strongly governed by the temporal behavior of short-lived reactive species, such as excited N2(A) and N2(v). To quantify time-varying O3 and NO
x
, an in situ UV absorption spectroscopy is applied to our gas-tight plasma reactor, which is operated in air at 21 °C. With a fixed frequency at 10 kHz and decreasing pulse duration from 10 μs to 0.18 μs, ozone is quenched faster in the plasma reactor, resulting in an irreversible chemical mode transition from an O3- to NO-rich environment. From a different set of experiment (with a 200 ns pulse duration and a frequency range of 1–10 kHz), we can conclude that the off-pulse period also plays a crucial role in the temporal evolution of O3 and NO
x
; the larger the applied driving frequency is, the earlier the ozone-free phenomenon appears over the discharge time. Our findings represent a breakthrough in expanding the usage of air discharges and their application in various fields of interest.
Recent trend of cold winters followed by hot summers in South Korea due to the combined effects of the warm western tropical Pacific and North Atlantic in spring
Authors: Myoung Boksoon
Published: July 2021

This study finds a significant negative correlation between the December–February mean surface temperature (Ts_DJF) and the following June–August mean surface temperature (Ts_JJA) in South Korea for the period 1991–2017. This indicates that colder winters tend to precede hotter summers with extreme seasonality, while mild winters generally precede mild summers. This winter-to-summer association can be attributed to persistent atmospheric circulation anomalies on the Eurasian continent during the preceding winter and spring characterized by cyclonic circulations in Europe and East Asia and anti-cyclonic circulation in the Arctic regions. Resembling a negative Arctic Oscillation (AO) pattern combined with a negative Polar/Eurasia (PE) pattern, these atmospheric patterns tend to cause colder winters in South Korea and to increase the springtime sea surface temperatures in the western tropical Pacific (WTP) and in the North Atlantic (tripole pattern, NATRI). High WTP and NATRI values induce summertime anti-cyclonic circulations and then hotter summers in Korea with different pathways, the former via northward Rossby wave propagation in response to strong convection over a warm Philippine Sea and the latter via both extratropical Rossby wave propagation from the North Atlantic to East Asia and tropical connections from the tropical Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and then increased summer precipitation in South Asia. Under the opposite conditions (e.g. positive AO and PE phases in winter and negative WTP and NATRI), mild summers are preceded by mild winters. Since the early 1990s, the aforementioned atmospheric circulation anomalies during winter have shown greater persistence, creating the negative correlation between Ts_DJF and Ts_JJA. These findings provide useful information for the long-lead prediction of summer temperatures and heat waves in South Korea.
Lateral subsurface flow modulates forest mortality risk to future climate and elevated CO2
Authors: Tai Xiaonan , Venturas Martin D , Mackay D Scott , Brooks Paul D , Flanagan Lawrence B
Published: July 2021

Forest mortality has been widely observed across the globe during recent episodes of drought and extreme heat events. But the future of forest mortality remains poorly understood. While the direct effects of future climate and elevated CO2 on forest mortality risk have been studied, the role of lateral subsurface water flow has rarely been considered. Here we demonstrated the fingerprint of lateral flow on the forest mortality risk of a riparian ecosystem using a coupled plant hydraulics-hydrology model prescribed with multiple Earth System Model projections of future hydroclimate. We showed that the anticipated water-saving and drought ameliorating effects of elevated CO2 on mortality risk were largely compromised when lateral hydrological processes were considered. Further, we found lateral flow reduce ecosystem sensitivity to climate variations, by removing soil water excess during wet periods and providing additional water from groundwater storage during dry periods. These findings challenge the prevailing expectation of elevated CO2 to reduce mortality risk and highlight the need to assess the effects of lateral flow exchange more explicitly moving forward with forest mortality projections.
Formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) in drinking water: emerging concerns and current issue
Authors: Shen Yucheng
Published: July 2021

Nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBPs) has always been one of the most concerned disinfection by-products (DBPs) in recent years. The toxicity of regulated DBPs is generally less than that of N-DBPs, which have been widely detected in finished drinking water. Despite the fact that N-DBPs are highly toxic, there are currently no N-DBPS species officially regulated by governments around the world. This paper provides a review of the formation mechanism and precursors of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment. Also, the spcieces and inducing factors of N-DBPs were summarized. The data were mainly collected from 2000-2002 and 2006-2007 US Survey in effluents of US WTPs. Because nitrogen source is a prerequisite for the formation of nitrogen-DBP in drinking water, the occurrence of N-DBPS may increase due to the influence of sewage and algae blooms on water sources. Chloramine disinfection are used in most of developed countries for preferred secondary disinfection to reduce the formation of chlorine-related by-products, but this increases the formation potential of N-DBPs. Furthermore, the safety control of N-DBPs and suggestions for the further exploration of for efficient drinking water are discussed. Coagulation and filtration are not very effective in removing precursors (such as amino acids) of N-DBPs and the precursors need to be removed before disinfection.
A Novel Design of Energy-Saving and Prefabricated House System for Rural Area of Northwest China
Authors: Song Ge , Guo Liang , Wu Mengzhuo
Published: July 2021

This research proposes a novel type of rural house design that combines a prefabricated steel frame and EPS cavity blocks as exterior envelop. It has the advantages of low energy consumption, moderate cost, and low assembly difficulty, so as to meet the sustainable development goals of rural areas of China, where status quo of industrialization and economic development is at relatively low level. The article introduces the prefabricated structural features of the system, a semi-industrial construction process, features of refined room modules design based on the size of furniture and residents need at different level, and an automated combination of room modules to house mode with the aid of computer programs to save design time and better meet residents needs. It satisfies China’s goal of improving the liveability of rural areas and vigorously developing new prefabricated building systems. Finally, the article looks forward to the future research and development direction.
High fidelity, discrete element method simulation of magnetorheological fluids using accurate particle size distributions in LIGGGHTS extended with mutual dipole method
Authors: Leps Thomas , Hartzell Christine
Published: July 2021

We simulate magnetorheological fluids (MRF) using open source LIGGGHTS soft sphere discrete element method code, extended by us to include a mutual dipole magnetic model. Our simulations take advantage of the many pair forces available in the LIGGGHTS framework, including SJKR cohesion, friction, and rolling resistance. In addition, we have included an uncoupled, Couette flow background carrier fluid. The simulated particles in this work are polydisperse, with distributions made to match the distributions used to produce magnetorheological fluids in literature, increasing the fidelity of the simulations. Using the accurate particle size distributions, high heritage contact models, and an uncoupled fluid model, we are able to match experimental MRF yield stress results more closely than with monodisperse simulations.
A review of the techniques for the mold manufacturing of micro/nanostructures for precision glass molding
Authors: Zhou Tianfeng , He Yupeng , Wang Tianxing , Zhu Zhanchen , Xu Ruzhen , Yu Qian , Zhao Bin , Zhao Wenxiang , Liu Peng , Wang Xibin
Published: July 2021

Micro/nanostructured components play an important role in micro-optics and optical engineering, tribology and surface engineering, and biological and biomedical engineering, among other fields. Precision glass molding technology is the most efficient method of manufacturing micro/nanostructured glass components, the premise of which is meld manufacturing with complementary micro/nanostructures. Numerous mold manufacturing methods have been developed to fabricate extremely small and high-quality micro/nanostructures to satisfy the demands of functional micro/nanostructured glass components for various applications. Moreover, the service performance of the mold should also be carefully considered. This paper reviews a variety of technologies for manufacturing micro/nanostructured molds. The authors begin with an introduction of the extreme requirements of mold materials. The following section provides a detailed survey of the existing micro/nanostructured mold manufacturing techniques and their corresponding mold materials, including nonmechanical and mechanical methods. This paper concludes with a detailed discussion of the authors recent research on nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) mold manufacturing and its service performance.
Programmable robotized ‘transfer-and-jet’ printing for large, 3D curved electronics on complex surfaces
Authors: Huang YongAn , Wu Hao , Zhu Chen , Xiong Wennan , Chen Furong , Xiao Lin , Liu Jianpeng , Wang Kaixin , Li Huayang , Ye Dong , Duan Yongqing , Chen Jiankui , Yang Hua , Li Wenlong , Bai Kun , Yin Zhouping , Ding Han
Published: July 2021

Large, 3D curved electronics are a trend of the microelectronic industry due to their unique ability to conformally coexist with complex surfaces while retaining the electronic functions of 2D planar integrated circuit technologies. However, these curved electronics present great challenges to the fabrication processes. Here, we propose a reconfigurable, mask-free, conformal fabrication strategy with a robot-like system, called robotized ‘transfer-and-jet’ printing, to assemble diverse electronic devices on complex surfaces. This novel method is a ground-breaking advance with the unique capability to integrate rigid chips, flexible electronics, and conformal circuits on complex surfaces. Critically, each process, including transfer printing, inkjet printing, and plasma treating, are mask-free, digitalized, and programmable. The robotization techniques, including measurement, surface reconstruction and localization, and path programming, break through the fundamental constraints of 2D planar microfabrication in the context of geometric shape and size. The transfer printing begins with the laser lift-off of rigid chips or flexible electronics from donor substrates, which are then transferred onto a curved surface via a dexterous robotic palm. Then the robotic electrohydrodynamic printing directly writes submicrometer structures on the curved surface. Their permutation and combination allow versatile conformal microfabrication. Finally, robotized hybrid printing is utilized to successfully fabricate a conformal heater and antenna on a spherical surface and a flexible smart sensing skin on a winged model, where the curved circuit, flexible capacitive and piezoelectric sensor arrays, and rigid digital–analog conversion chips are assembled. Robotized hybrid printing is an innovative printing technology, enabling additive, noncontact and digital microfabrication for 3D curved electronics.