bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
French officials and the insecurities of change in sub-Saharan Africa: Dakar, 19 August 1960 revisited
Authors: Keese Alexander
Published: May 2019

How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic incident in the decolonization process, the August 1960 stand-off between Senegalese and Soudanese politicians and officials in Dakar, an event that led to the end of the short-lived Federation of Mali between Soudan (present-day Mali) and Senegal. French military commanders were still in charge of the vast majority of the armed forces in these former colonial territories. These commanders were faced with an unfamiliar process of decision-making. Keese analyses the behaviour of these remaining French representatives on the ground, and comes to a new interpretation of a crucial event in the early history of Franco-African networks.
The changing boundaries of resistance: the UPC and France in Cameroonian history and memory
Authors: Sharp Thomas
Published: May 2019

Thomas Sharp elaborates on the case of the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), which became an underground guerilla movement in Cameroon after 1955. The UPC attempted in this period and well into the 1960s to build up an international anticolonial network, to mobilize against the structures of collusion between the Ahidjo Government and French institutions. Sharp notably offers a fresh interpretation of UPC activities between 1962 and 1966, which as a phase of the movement has not yet attracted scholarly interest. He links these experiences to the new situation of Cameroon under multi-party democracy from the 1990s, in which many opposition groups have attempted to ‘reveal’ this ‘hidden history’, as a method to secure international support for their political projects. This is especially true of secessionist Anglophone groups, whose leaders, like those of the UPC, claim to have been dispossessed of a ‘true’ independence by the continuation of neo-colonial relationships, as brutal and marginalizing practices.
Through the prism of the cinquantenaire: Côte d’Ivoire between refondation and Houphouët’s legacy
Authors: Heitz Kathrin
Published: May 2019

Kathrin Heitz discusses the case of Côte d’Ivoire – a classic case of Franco-African partnership until the mid-1990s – setting the experience of 1960 in the context of the memory expressed in 2010 within a then-divided country. The author seeks the remembrance of the fundamental change that took place during the transfer of power in local narratives. Informants over sixty, from the city of Man in the western part of the country, give accounts of this event that show that the transition was not necessarily interpreted as political event. As Heitz demonstrates, many locals in the present day link the idea of independence with the end of forced labour (a colonial practice abolished in 1946), and refer to the 1969 celebration of independence that was a particularly impressive spectacle. This chapter thereby aims, from the perspective of a secondary administrative town, to give a voice and a perspective on independence to non-intellectuals at the local level in Côte d’Ivoire.
Chad’s political violence at 50: bullets, ballots and bases
Authors: Styan David
Published: May 2019

David Styan interprets the evolution of political violence in Chad between independence in 1960 and its fifty-year anniversary of 2010. Styan first looks at the successive phases of military rule and their effect on violent practices. The author argues that, given the repeated attempts to violently seize state power in N’Djamena, Chad is probably the least cohesive state produced by the decolonization of French Equatorial Africa in 1960. Styan links these observations to Idriss Déby’s efforts to extend his two decades as president through an electoral victory in 2011, in which the author sees a clear relationship between violence, power, and electoral legitimization. In this context, the chapter comes to the role of France’s ongoing political and military links with Chad, contributing to the maintenance and regulation of internal political violence. Styan notably questions the effects of the defence accords between N’Djamena and Paris, and of the presence of the French units of Opération Epervier, thereby linking post-colonial violence to supposedly neocolonial politics.
Working-class writing and publishing in the late-twentieth century
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

This is a unique study of working class writing and community publishing. It evaluates the largely unexamined history of the emergence and development of working class writing and publishing workshops since the 1970s. The nature of working class writing is assessed in relation to the work of young people, older people, adult literacy students as well as writing workshops. Key themes and tensions in working class writing are explored in relation to historical and literary frameworks. This is the first in-depth study of this body of writing. In addition, a number of crucial debates are examined, for example, over class and identity, critical pedagogy and learning, the relationships with audiences, the role of mainstream cultural institutions in comparison with alternatives. The contradictions and tensions in all these areas are surveyed in coming to a historical understanding of this topic.
The good old days?
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

A significant body of written work was produced by older people in the 1970s and 1980s reflecting back on the early twentieth century. Through the individual voice, wider social contexts were explored. Writers focused upon some key themes in order to achieve this, including childhood, work, family, the individual and politics to achieve this. The insistent belief in care and community in times of hardship is understood as a contradictory structure of feeling which spread widely during this time. Contrary to ideal type definitions of community, a close reading of texts reveals actual meanings and practices which have often been ignored in the historical record. Silences and tensions are also explored.
The workshop and working-class writing
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

The writing produced in workshops explored varied forms of expression including autobiography, short stories, dialect, drama, poetry and novels. Overall there were significant debates about the nature and meaning of working class writing and whether it had any distinctive features. Divisions between forms of writing were actively challenged and new forms of subjectivity and ways of representing experience were developed. However, there were also pressures to write within existing forms. New modes of expression could become tiring after a time when different approaches were required. Overall writing in the Fed was marked by the creative interpretation of experience and vernacular voice. It reveals tensions between bearing witness and creative interpretation and between representing a collective social experience and the individual life story.
Making writers: more writing than welding
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

The learning trajectories of working class writers reveals the importance of informal opportunities to write in workshops within a spirit of solidarity and equality. Many aspects of working class life supported writing. Workshops provided a vital means of stimulating and supporting the aspiring writer, including domestic life, sympathetic individuals as well as participation in labour movement struggles. Writers started to read critically and share their work with a view to making significant improvements. Some writers received structured support from cultural organisations and went on to achieve considerable success. Personal changes could be both gradual and climactic although the obstacles, both internal and external, were ever-present.
Chuck out the teacher: critical pedagogy in the community
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

The internal workings of working class writing and publishing groups reveals important insights about the nature of democracy. The attempt to form collective and co-operative groups that supported everyone led to an active re-making of educational relationships along democratic lines. The insistence upon equality between writers, irrespective of individual ability, was a cardinal principle. However, in a changing funding climate, workshops came under pressure to formalise relationships, professionalise and introduce management structures. This had mixed results as groups attempted to negotiate these tensions. The example of the Fed brings into question some key aspects of critical pedagogy which privileges the role of tutors and education as a whole and, in some cases, assumes that learners have internalised dominant ideas.
Class and identity
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

The history of working class writing workshops provides a fascinating example of how changes in class and the emergence of new identities were handled in cultural terms. It challenges the view that a straightforward dichotomy arose between class and other forms of identity based upon race, gender, sexuality and disability. Workshops defended their devotion to working class writers and organisation and were were wary about the involvement of middle class people. But multiple versions of class were in play and this would be complemented by the development of women’s, black and lesbian and gay writing groups. Intense and, at times, acrimonious debates over the nature of class and identity took place. Some writers re-defined class in terms of a specific identity group. As a whole, the movement held together diverse streams of activity which challenged simplistic ideas that class no longer played a role in cultural life.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

Working-class writing and publishing workshops are an underexplored phenomenon that has featured very little in contemporary debates on culture. They have offered spaces for people on the margins of society to articulate their feelings, beliefs and experiences. The contours of the movement have been determined not only by power, resources and institutions but by a shared commitment to democratic culture, an inheritance that remains a resource for the future. The advent, development, successes and defeats of these workshops represent an important phase in the history of working-class creativity....
Unlimited action
Authors: Johnson Dominic
Published: May 2019

Unlimited action concerns the limits imposed upon art and life, and the means by which artists have exposed, refused, or otherwise reshaped the horizon of aesthetics and of the practice of art, by way of performance art. It examines the ‘performance of extremity’ as practices at the limits of the histories of performance and art, in performance art’s most fertile and prescient decade, the 1970s. Dominic Johnson recounts and analyses game-changing performance events by six artists: Kerry Trengove, Ulay, Genesis P-Orridge, Anne Bean, the Kipper Kids, and Stephen Cripps. Through close encounters with these six artists and their works, and a broader contextual milieu of artists and works, Johnson articulates a counter-history of actions in a new narrative of performance art in the 1970s, to rethink and rediscover the history of contemporary art and performance.
Introduction: Performance – action – extremity
Authors: Johnson Dominic
Published: May 2019

The introduction defines and contextualises the performance of extremity. If extremity assumes a limit, what might be made of the borders, gaps or ruptures between art and its purported outsides? The introduction provides detailed contexts for performance art in the 1970s; the action as an emergent practice for performance art; extremity as a conceptual frame for exploring limits of bodily experience, aesthetics and spectatorship; and broadly contextualises the 1970s in social and political terms. It introduces a number of performances by artists, beginning with a public intervention by Ana Mendieta, to set the scene for the sustained analysis of case studies in each subsequent chapter. The ethical, political, and affective implications of the performance of extremity are discussed in detail.
The dirtying intention
Authors: Johnson Dominic
Published: May 2019

Genesis P-Orridge has been a controversial figure in British art since the late 1960s. This chapter explores the national scandal of the Mail Action (1976), a performance at Highbury Corner Magistrates Court that consisted of P-Orridge’s indecency trial, after the artist was charged for sending pornographic mail art through the Royal Mail. P-Orridge’s performances with and as COUM Transmissions suggest the vital intersections between performance art, pornography, counterculture and crime in London in the 1970s. The Mail Action is placed in dialogue with P-Orridge’s subsequent exhibition (with COUM Transmissions) at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London in October 1976 to document the threats posed by explorations of sex, crime, controversy, esoteric ritual, in the context of the performance of extremity.
Impossible things
Authors: Johnson Dominic
Published: May 2019

Since the late 1960s, Anne Bean’s performances, public interventions, drawings, videos and writings have been actively pursued as a ‘continuum’, and she strives to diminish the distinctiveness or iconicity of each in favour of a democracy of forms and effects. Bean’s pursuit of a continuum is discussed as a performance of extremity with regards to specific works of performance as well as her broader assault on critical and theoretical understandings of performance and art, in terms of the potential of performance art to blur the boundaries between art and life. The argument is channelled through the theosophy of G. I. Gurdjieff – a touchstone for Bean in the 1970s – and the dubious critical methods of magic and the occult, ending up at the persistence of her refusal to be fixed or found by history.
Introduction
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the idea of ‘the Existential drinker’, placing it in historical, literary and philosophical contexts. It gives a clear account of Existential philosophy and issues in relation to drinking, such as questions of authenticity, freedom, self, and finitude, while also addressing wider concerns around questions of will and consciousness. A section on ‘happiness, hedonism, and illness’ analyses other possible understandings, including contemporary concerns to do with alcoholism and ethics. A canon of Existential-drinker texts is established, and the characteristic features of these are noted, paying attention to the uses of narrative and lyric selves in the novels. The Introduction also places The Existential Drinker in the context of other books on drinking and literature, noting how this is the first study to treat the material extensively in this way, often contrary to prevailing attitudes around such literature.
Malcolm Lowry, Under the Volcano (1947): singular experiences
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano places the committed drinker, in the form of ex-Consul Geoffrey Firmin, in the Mexican ‘Day of the Dead’ festival, so that the main character encounters ‘hell’ in physical and spiritual dimensions. The novel is technically innovative in its aim to register the subjective experience of the Existential drinker: Geoffrey Firmin’s world is constructed through a highly-individualised, expressionistic symbolism, a mid-century representation of the modern, alienated self, abandoned and suffering despair in a Godless world – the latter made evident by the novel’s attention to the rise of totalitarianism, which forms the backdrop to the events here on a day close to the onset of World War II. There is discussion of the novel’s difficulty and form, and a comparison of some aspects of the novel with Kafka’s The Trial, and how these relate to representation of the Existential drinker.
Brian Moore, The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1955): abandonment
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Brian Moore’s novel The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne is set in a boarding house in early 1950s Belfast, but it is quite a few pages before Judith Hearne’s drinking habit is revealed. The novel then portrays the effect on an individual when belief in God disappears. Alienated through ostensibly social causes such as her ‘odd duck’ physical appearance and family responsibility, the character’s dulling of reality through drink is also her response to the kind of bleak truth that Jack London identifies in John Barleycorn. Hearne’s society, family and upbringing are powerfully infused with Catholicism, and as her experience of apostasy becomes stronger so does her recognition that she is completely free to behave how she wishes, which includes more socially unacceptable drinking. The chapter places the novel’s thematic concerns within the wider context of Existentialism’s focus on how to respond to a world which is now deemed to have been abandoned by a God who, nevertheless, cannot be entirely shaken off. These difficulties are partly filtered through the secular and religious meanings of ‘passion’.
Frederick Exley, A Fan’s Notes (1968): authenticity
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Fred Ex is the committed drinking protagonist of Frederick Exley’s A Fan’s Notes, in thrall to the career of the New York Giants footballer Frank Gifford. He realises he will never have fame of his own, and over time discovers himself to be alienated from all aspects of modern life and the American dream. The chapter analyses how these elements relate to Existential authenticity, including the novel’s play around the idea of ‘fictional memoir’ and autofiction. There are periods of depression for Fred Ex which lead to being committed to a mental asylum, and the chapter covers the philosophical issues around agency in relation to drinking and mental well-being. This chapter also looks at the protagonist as a developing writer since the novel is partly a künstlerroman, and how this in turn is entangled with drinking.
Venedikt Yerofeev, Moscow–Petushki (1970): self and others
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

In Venedikt Yerofeev’s Moscow Stations the character Venichka, a version of the author, takes an increasingly surreal train ride towards Petushki, a town at the end of a Moscow line which he believes to be like paradise. Unlike other drinker novels where the committed central drinker’s behaviour is regarded as outside social norms, Venichka is surrounded by like-minded Russian souls who also drink continuously. One of the central conceits of the novel explored in this chapter is thus the role of Venichka as a Russian everyman who is simultaneously alienated from the State, and paradoxically also from the people – drinking is his chosen vocation rather than a means of dulling self-medication. Venichka’s alienation is manifest in his ongoing argument with God, Russia and Fate. The chapter assesses how the novel refuses to privilege rationality, philosophy or empiricism in its determination to fully exist in a country/world which lacks any kind of coherence, and offers a comparison between this novel and Exley’s A Fan’s Notes in their treatment of the individual, drink, and the Nation State.
Introduction
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2019

This introduction chapter identifies the rationale for a comparative study of the counterterrorism responses of non-Western states. It argues that much of the counterterrorism literature is biased towards Western perspectives, particularly that of the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel, and tends to ignore the distinct counterterrorism approaches of non-Western states. This chapter defines what is meant by “non-Western” in this volume and identifies the drivers – historical, social, political, cultural and religious – that determine their counterterrorism response.
Japan: Terrorism and counterterrorism in Japan
Authors: Aoi Chiyuki , Heng Yee-Kuang
Published: May 2019

Japan is unfortunately no stranger to terrorism. Indeed, within the past one hundred fifty years since the Meiji Restoration, the country has experienced political assassinations, kidnappings of innocent citizens, to strikes by apocalyptic millenarian sects. Japanese citizens too have been involved in conducting terrorist attacks, notably in affiliation with Middle Eastern groups. Yet, terrorism and counter-terrorism barely features on academic syllabi within leading Japanese universities. Nor was the term “terrorism” understood as a generic concept until recently in Japan. This chapter seeks to identify historical precedents that shape Japanese perception of terrorism; responses to historical terrorist groups such as the Red Army and Aum Shinri Kyo and the way Japanese authorities identify terrorist threat today, including that emanating from North Korea; the role of the police and the Japan Self Defence Force in resposing to terrorism; and Japan’s response to “global war on terrorism”
Malaysia: Adapting to the dynamic changes of terrorist threats
Authors: Abdullah Kamarulnizam , Aziz Ridzuan Abdul
Published: May 2019

Threats posed by the current religiously inspired terrorist groups leave Malaysia with no choice but to adapt to new strategies and approaches. Not only the threats have become more global in terms of networking and influences, but also the use of Islam to justify their attacks produces great challenges to the country and its security enforcement apparatus. At the macro level, Malaysia’s promotion on moderation and wasatiyah, as part of its counterterrorism campaign has been widely accepted by the international community. At home, the campaign of winning heart and mind continues to become an essential strategy of the government. Malaysia’s success in countering major terror threats since independence has also been credited to the role played by the police’s Special Branch (SB) Unit and the existence of preventive laws. Yet when those preventive laws were repealed, amid changing political climate and democracy in the country, the enforcement authorities particularly the police’s Special Branch are forced to re-strategize their intelligence gatherings and to learn vigorously the legal process. They are forced to be equipped with higher legal knowledge since the new laws required reasonable evidence to be presented during the trial, failure which could have be resulted in a dismissal of the charges. At the same time, the force is also upgrading its tactical skills and surveillance technology given the current terrorists’ adaptive capability with a loosely connected decentralized network.
Brazil: When the shoe doesn’t fit: Brazilian approaches to terrorism and counterterrorism in the post-9/11 era
Authors: Lasmar Jorge M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how international terrorism has impacted Brazil in the post 9/11 era and transformed its counterterrorism policy. It begins by noting that Brazilian politicians have long suggested that terrorism is someone else’s problem and that the political and cultural choices that the government has made had somehow immunized it to the terrorist threat. This perception was durable despite the actual evidence of terrorist group operation inside the country. In the post 9/11 era, external pressure from the United States has forced counterterrorism on the agenda of the Brazilian state, but political deadlock has meant relatively little legislation criminalizing terrorist activity has been passed. The state also still lacks effective counterterrorism policies due a dearth of expertise on the subject, the lack of a consolidated strategy to guide institutional actions as well as the inexistence of a systemic legal framework to structure counter-terrorism policies. As a result, in terms of international cooperation, Brazil may be seen as an ‘involuntary defector’ from the international coalition against terrorist actors.
Colombia: The changing meaning of ‘terrorism’in Colombia: A matter of discourse
Authors: Palma Oscar
Published: May 2019

The use of the concept of terrorism in Colombia, especially regarding who is a terrorist, has changed through the years according to the discourse, making it difficult to understand the phenomenon as a single one. Understanding terrorism, and the responses that the Colombian state has created to address it, requires identifying how specific agents have been categorized as terrorists according to the context. This chapter argues that instead of being an objective and continuous reality through the history of Colombia’s conflicts, terrorism has appeared as a result of the construction of discourses that have positioned specific agents as terror organizations. This categorization is not a simple matter of semantics; it has brought relevant policy implications related to the forms in which the state has responded to violent actors.
Egypt: Extremism in moderation: Understanding state responses to terrorism in Egypt
Authors: Raffie Dina Al
Published: May 2019

The Arab Republic of Egypt has a long history of battling jihadism in the region, and as such presents an interesting case study of counter-terrorism (CT) practices in a non-Western setting. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that reduces the Egyptian state's response to the indiscriminate use of repressive measures, the current case study offers a more nuanced analysis of Egyptian state responses to terrorism that spans the country's history since its independence. Despite repressive measures constituting the backbone of Egyptian state responses to terrorism, their use is much more strategic than is often implied in the literature. As this chapter will demonstrate, a comprehensive CT approach including select soft measures does exist in Egypt, albeit with the goal of maintaining regime interests, as opposed to necessarily eliminating the phenomenon. On the contrary, the analysis that follows suggests that regime longevity is highly dependent on the existence of an extremist opposition, and that a strategy of extremism in moderation is perhaps the most prominent, underlying strategic trend that has emerged from Egyptian CT state practices over the past six decades.
Uganda: Counterterrorism in Museveni’s Uganda
Authors: Boyle Emma Leonard
Published: May 2019

Ugandan security concerns throughout the Museveni era have centered round terrorism, both domestic and international. Internationally, there is evidence to suggest, Ugandan intelligence services foiled attempts by Al Qaeda to bomb the US Embassy in Kampala, at the time of the Dar Es-Salaam and Nairobi Embassy bombings. In 2010, Kampala suffered from Al Qaeda-inspired bombings carried out by the Somali group Al Shabaab, in retaliation for sending peacekeepers to Somalia. Domestically, Uganda has also experienced attacks deemed to be terrorism from the Allied Democratic Front and the Lord’s Resistance Army. This chapter demonstrates how the term ‘terrorism’ has been used by the Ugandan government in many different ways and how the expansive use of this term has been critiqued. I argue that the key to understanding the Ugandan government’s response to these disparate threats is through understanding how Museveni has used these crises to become a key US ally in the War on Terror and to position himself as a regional leader in East Africa.
Performing women
Authors: Crowder Susannah
Published: May 2019

Performing women takes on a key problem in the history of drama: the “exceptional” staging of the life of Catherine of Siena by a female actor and a female patron in 1468 Metz. These two creators have remained anonymous, despite the perceived rarity of this familiar episode; this study of their lives and performances brings the elusive figure of the female performer to center stage, however. Beginning with the Catherine of Siena play and broadening outward, Performing women integrates new approaches to drama, gender, and patronage with a performance methodology to trace connections among the activities of the actor, the patron, their female family members, and peers. It shows that the women of fifteenth-century Metz enacted varied kinds of performance that included and extended beyond the theater: decades before the 1468 play, for example, Joan of Arc returned from the grave in the form of a young woman named Claude, who was acknowledged formally in a series of civic ceremonies. This in-depth investigation of the full spectrum of evidence for female performance – drama, liturgy, impersonation, devotional practice, and documentary culture – both creates a unique portrait of the lives of individual women and reveals a framework of ubiquitous female performance. Performing women offers a new paradigm: women forming the core of public culture. Networks of gendered performance offered roles of expansive range and depth to the women of Metz, and positioned them as vital and integral contributors to the fabric of urban life.
Turning statistics into people: from sick talk to the politics of solidarity
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the politics of homelessness by discussing the predominance of “sick talk” in addressing homelessness. In the literature review, I contend that the neoliberalizing of homelessness has shifted the “fault” of homelessness onto the individual, thus pathologizing homelessness and justifying increased criminalization and surveillance. Counter to this view, I present an alternative radical homelessness politics rooted in anarchist political theory and the praxis of Food Not Bombs and the Catholic Workers. This approach seeks to personalize the homeless, while maintaining a systemic critique of capitalism. The chapter ends with a road map for the coming chapters.
What dumpstered soup tells us about violence, charity, and politics
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 provides an introduction to Food Not Bombs and gives a brief history of the group. This shows the group’s strong connection to a large range of movements, and contextualizes San Francisco Food Not Bombs and their role in the rapid expansion of Food Not Bombs, which now has around 1000 chapters worldwide. Finally, an analysis of Food Not Bombs’ political project is provided.
Towards an anarchist “right to the city”
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 puts the lessons from the anarchist urban activism and praxis of Food Not Bombs and Homes Not Jails into dialogue with the work on the Right to the City. While sympathetic to and inspired by these theorists’ work on radical urbanism, the author criticizes productionist predilections and highlights that centralized homelessness removes the focus on formal economic production. The chapter contends that by focusing on the homeless, a more robust and radical conception of urban space as commons can be developed, which allows for rights to opacity and survival in urban space.
Defining contemporary European identity/ies
Authors: Siklodi Nora
Published: May 2019

Nora Siklodi discusses the concept of European identity, indicating that there are different levels of identity of which a European consciousness can be just one. She explores the particular approach the European Commission has taken in articulating the notion of European identity. This EU perspective on European identity can be a source of fundamental problems when it confronts other identities and approaches to being European, such as in the Balkans and Russia.
The limitations of the EU’s strategies for Europeanisation of the neighbours
Authors: Flenley Paul
Published: May 2019

Paul Flenley provides an overview of different mechanisms which the EU uses to promote EU-isation in the neighbourhood and discusses the limits of conditionality when membership is not on offer. He considers the lack of symmetry between the interests of the EU and its neighbours, the lack of a resonance with the interests of domestic elites, the impact of a powerful alternative pole in the Eastern neighbourhood (namely Russia) and, finally, the way effective EU-isation is undermined by divisions within the EU itself.
Europeanisation and Russia
Authors: Romanova Tatiana
Published: May 2019

Tatiana Romanova’s chapter powerfully states the salience of Russia in establishing an alternative geopolitical pole to the EU. Russia asserts that its European identity is not dependent on approval from the EU. Romanova shows that Russia has an alternative interpretation of Europeanisation and European values based on its history and culture. Any EU-isation in Russia is instrumental and Russia is keen to limit its effect in the shared neighbourhood.
Belarus: does Europeanisation require a geopolitical choice?
Authors: Kascian Kiryl
Published: May 2019

Belarus is also an ‘in-betweener’ country apparently caught between the choice of EU and Russia. Kiryl Kascian, however, shows that this is not a choice which the Belarusian authorities wish to make - they instead seek a relationship with both the EU and Russia. Belarus provides perhaps the starkest example of the limitations of the EU’s values-based approach to its neighbours. Belarus’ domestic political system and its prioritisation of the relationship with Russia mean that the EU lacks any real impact. Belarus does, however, seek a more pragmatic, interest-based relationship in contrast to the EU’s values-based approach which appears to be going nowhere. The chapter also raises the problems of the perception of European identity promoted through EU-isation. While Belarus considers itself European and at the centre of a wider Europe, EU-isation, as it is currently configured, relegates it to the periphery. This theme of differing perceptions of European identity and the consequences of the narrow application of EU-isation recurs across the chapters and will be re-addressed in the conclusion of this volume.
Relations between Moldova and the European Union
Authors: Całus Kamil , Kosienkowski Marcin
Published: May 2019

Kamil Całus and Marcin Kosienkowski’s study of Moldova reveals similar constraints for EU-isation of another ‘in-betweener’. In this case the chapter reveals the way ‘Europeanisation’ can actually mean ‘modernisation’. However, in practice there has been a lack of reform in such areas as corruption. The presence of Russia in the form of the Eurasian Economic Union appears to play the role of being not only an alternative economic pole but also a way of preserving traditional conservative values in contrast to the uncomfortable challenges of EU-isation.
‘Neighbour languages’: Europeanisation and language borders
Authors: Stoicheva Maria
Published: May 2019

Maria Stoicheva’s chapter on language policy and Europeanisation examines an area which is overlooked in the studies of Europeanisation. She considers the ways in which the status of languages such as Russian changed in the Eastern neighbourhood after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The ‘Return to Europe’ and Europeanisation have implications for language policy. Europeanisation may mean promoting English instead of Russian or moving from use of Cyrillic to the Latin script. The fact that Russian language speakers in Ukraine, for example, do not necessarily identify themselves as ethnic Russian and may have a Ukrainian and/or European identity raises the possibility that language use is being replaced by territorial divisions as the indicator of identity. Thus, her chapter shows that the relationship between geopolitics, policymaking and identity is played out at a much more profound level – that of language.
Introduction
Authors: Flenley Paul , Mannin Michael
Published: May 2019

A core purpose of the introduction will be to lay out the above core themes and overall issues/ questions to be addressed by the chapters. It will also indicate the rationale behind the structure and approach taken. In particular the volume will explore the interrelationship between interests, values and identity in the neighbourhood and the ways in which these affect the EU’s approach to Europeanisation in two ways. Firstly we look at how these interrelate in different regions of the neighbourhood. This will bring out differences and similarities. The introduction and conclusion will highlight these. Secondly we look at how they interrelate in different sectors/issues which cut across the neighbourhood e.g. interests, values and identity and the issue of migration. The introduction and conclusion will again highlight the similarities and differences.
Queer exceptions
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

This book is a study of solo performance in the UK and western Europe since the turn of millennium that explores the contentious relationship between identity, individuality and the demands of neoliberalism. With case studies drawn from across theatre, cabaret, comedy and live art – and featuring artists, playwrights and performers as varied as La Ribot, David Hoyle, Neil Bartlett, Bridget Christie and Tanja Ostojić – it provides an essential account of the diverse practices which characterize contemporary solo performance, and their significance to contemporary debates concerning subjectivity, equality and social participation.
Beginning in a study of the arts festivals which characterize the economies in which solo performance is made, each chapter animates a different cultural trope – including the martyr, the killjoy, the misfit and the stranger – to explore the significance of ‘exceptional’ subjects whose uncertain social status challenges assumed notions of communal sociability. These figures invite us to re-examine theatre’s attachment to singular lives and experiences, as well as the evolving role of autobiographical performance and the explicit body in negotiating the relationship between the personal and the political.
Informed by the work of scholars including Sara Ahmed, Zygmunt Bauman and Giorgio Agamben, this interdisciplinary text offers an incisive analysis of the cultural significance of solo performance for students and scholars across the fields of theatre and performance studies, sociology, gender studies and political philosophy.
Locating solo performance
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

Since the late 1990s, the figure of the creative entrepreneur has played an increasingly significant role in the working life of performers and theatre-makers across the UK and Europe. Focusing on the burgeoning economy and ecology of contemporary arts festivals as a key environment for the creation and staging of solo work, this chapter explores the increasing demand for self-employed artists to pursue individualised risk and reward, and to self-exploit. While unjuried events like the Edinburgh Festival Fringe emphasise that they are ‘open to all’, participation requires artists to take on the risk of significant personal debt and embrace often narrowly-drawn industry standards. In this context, ‘free’ fringe festivals – and the work of artist-led groups like Forest Fringe and BUZZCUT – suggest alternative modes of practice in resistance of neoliberal economies.
The killjoy: public unhappiness and theatrical scapegoats
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

Framed by an examination of neoliberalism’s emphasis on individual agency – and claims that feminism is no longer needed or relevant – this chapter animates the figure of the killjoy to explore solo works in which public displays of unhappiness, dysphoria and ingratitude force a re-examination of the relationship between gender, individual responsibility, and the social. If the killjoy is imagined to spoil everyone else’s good time, it is only because they draw attention to the bad faith social contracts – exemplified and exaggerated by the politics of austerity – which oblige some but not all to practice self-sacrifice in the name of a greater social good.
Featured practitioners: Bridget Christie, Ursula Martinez, Adrienne Truscott, La Ribot, Cristian Ceresoli and Silvia Gallerano, Gary Owen.
Introduction
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

This short chapter provides an overview of Queer exceptions: solo performance in neoliberal times, and locates the study in relation to debates concerning solo performance, individuality, neoliberalism and the politics of exceptionality.
Introduction
Authors: Christian Kathleen , de Divitiis Bianca
Published: May 2019

The essays brought together in this volume consider the reuse of antiquities and conceptions of the classical past in local communities across early modern Europe. Arising from a conference held at the Warburg Institute in November 2014, the volume brings together essays by speakers, as well as new additions by invited contributors. It unites work by historians of art and architecture, historians and literary scholars that complicates the notion of a unitary, Greco-Roman past revived in a single European ‘Renaissance’, broadening the scope of research in the light of recent interest in regional histories and local antiquarianisms. Adopting an interdisciplinary and comparative method, these essays investigate how communities and individuals from the fifteenth century, guided by local concerns, were engaged with the invention of the past through the strategic, creative use of texts and images. Contributions consider the revival of the antique not only in the so-called centres of Italy that have long been the focus of study, but also in cities and regions regarded as peripheral, examining diverse political contexts in both Protestant and Catholic Europe – Milan, Ancona, southern Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Britain, the Low Countries and elsewhere. As interdisciplinary studies, the essays explore a range of related cultural phenomena: antiquarianism, civic histories, excavations, artistic and architectural projects, collections of antiquities, or the reuse of classical literary models in vernacular poetry....
The Arch of Trajan in Ancona and civic identity in the Italian Quattrocento from Ciriaco d’Ancona to the death of Matthias Corvinus1
Authors: Benelli Francesco
Published: May 2019

This essay offers new insights into the civic value and the reception of the Arch of Trajan for Renaissance architecture in Ancona, a city almost completely overlooked by Renaissance historiography because of the destruction of most of its buildings. Built in 115 AD the Arch was meant to celebrate the Emperor’s victory in the Dacian wars, whose fleet departed from Ancona. Looking to sources to be found outside of the city it is possible to examine the legacy of the arch – a monument praised by Sebastiano Serlio and Andrea Palladio, among others -‐ in public and religious architecture, as well as its role in creating the identity of the city. Some motifs from the arch appear already in Giorgio da Sebenico’s late Gothic church portals of S. Agostino and S. Francesco alle Scale, as well as in the Loggia dei Mercanti (late 1450’s, early 1460’s), but its first important depiction is by Pinturicchio in the Piccolomini library in Siena. Here the arch is placed adjacent to Pius II’s, celebrating the (failed) departure of the fifth crusade from Ancona’s harbour in 1464 as a neo-Trajanic enterprise.
Roma caput mundi: Rome’s local antiquities as symbol and source
Authors: Christian Kathleen
Published: May 2019

It will consider different antiquarian strategies in Rome adopted during a window of time (from the second half of the fifteenth century into the early sixteenth) when antiquity was open and available, to Romans and non Romans, to the lay nobility, to new men, to Cardinals and literati. A glimpse into the patronage of art, literature, architecture and festival décor by Cardinal Pietro Riario, Cardinal Raffaele Riario, Lorenzo Manlio, and as will be discussed in most detail, the Maffei family from Verona, will emphasize the variety and diversity of approaches to the antique, each re-using the past to establish a new beginning or a moment of the re-foundation of antique glory. Diverse strategies heralded the refoundation of Rome, in a way which vaunted the rise to prominence of a particular patron or family. This is seen by comparing the antiquarian strategies of foreigners and locals, of men of different ranks and with different social roles: those of Cardinals (the Riario), a native Roman (Manlio), and a family of non-native Veronese (the Maffei).
A local sense of the past: spolia, reuse and all’antica building in southern Italy, 1400–16001
Authors: Divitiis Bianca de
Published: May 2019

Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries some of the most conspicuous remains of antiquity in the Italian peninsula were found in the Kingdom of Naples. These included not only Roman ruins, but also pre-Roman ones, such as Greek and, Italic relics, which testified to the diverse and very ancient origins of many of its centres. Magnificent ruins, such as temples or tombs, marked the landscape of cities and countryside and were regarded as traces of a glorious local past. Ancient remains were, furthermore, constantly unearthed across southern Italy either through chance findings or as a result of purposeful excavation and antiquarian research. Examining literary and artistic evidence, this essay considers local antiquity as a central theme of Southern Italian antiquarianism, for example in Capua and Venosa. It will also question the nature and perception of a diverse body of Southern Italian ‘antiquities’, which could include medieval monuments, imported classical works, or forgeries.
The Gaulish past of Milan and the French invasion of Italy1
Authors: Margolis Oren
Published: May 2019

The foundation myths of late medieval cities and states were never simply about origins: they were above all about destiny. In the fifteenth century, the combination of humanist methods and models, newly available source materials, and changing domestic and international political circumstances provided the impetus for the continued development of these myths as well as the creation of new ones. Yet even in Italy, not all eyes looked to Rome. The Carolingian foundation myth of Florence, in which Charlemagne’s supposed rebuilding of the city was used to explain the pro-French orientation of the commune and its Guelph elite, is perhaps the most well-known of these myths, but also an example of an Italian city defining itself in relation to a foreign power. This essay focuses on another element of Quattrocento myth-making culture: the treatment of northern Italy’s Gaulish past in the writings of some of the region’s humanists (e.g. (Antonio Cornazzano and Alberto Cattaneo), and the role of these writings in Franco-Milanese relations before and during the outbreak of the Italian Wars and the French domination of Milan.
Local antiquities in Spain: from Tarragona to Córdoba
Authors: Marías Fernando
Published: May 2019

The study of Local Roman Antiquities developed in Spain from the end of the 15th Century focusing on the ancient remains of Roman cities as Mérida, Segovia, Murviedro and Tarragona. Foreign and Spanish scholars contributed with field research and drawings, and architects tried to dig up the past of their respective towns through excavation and interpretation of the architectural remains, and to put into practice what they thought could have been their own local Roman models as well. Córdoba, the ancient Roman Baetica and Umayyad capital is one of our best examples for studying the way its architecture, orders and ornate could have been analysed and interpreted, and how its architects could use Roman and Umayyad models, by the end of the 16th Century, for their modern local buildings.