bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material Practice as a Form of Critique
Authors: Stubbe Julian
Published: March 2023

The paper characterizes how material practice becomes a form of critique. Based on a comparison of two presumably distant objects, it delineates how engagement with materiality opposes established forms of knowledge production and representation. One object is a robotic hand, which is made of silicon, and the other object is a media art installation that transforms signals of the Earth’s magnetic field into a laser projection. Both objects are not part of a political paradigm; rather, they oppose the state of affairs in a technical domain and evoke thoughts of how technology could be designed differently. The paper delineates three elements of critical material practice: embodiment and imagination instead of linear progress, performance instead of formalized representation, and allegories instead of symbols. These elements stress that material engagement is not only a matter of learning and creating new forms; it also challenges established modes of technoscientific knowledge production and representation.
From Hacking Things to Making Things. Rethinking making by supporting non-expert users in a FabLab
Authors: Dreessen Katrien , Schepers Selina , Leen Danny
Published: March 2023

When discussing maker culture, much attention is dedicated to how making can be beneficial for specific fields (e.g. healthcare, education) or various communities of makers (e.g. educators, crafters). The democratic ideal of personal fabrication and the maker culture movement – represented by the growth of open makerspaces (e.g. FabLabs, makerspaces) and online communities (e.g. ‘Instructables’, ‘Thingiverse’) worldwide – provides everyone with the opportunity to make (almost) anything. However, structurally engaging non-expert users still remains an important challenge for most open makerspaces. Therefore, this article focuses on the potential of open makerspaces for communities and – more specifically – how to involve non-expert users in these open makerspaces. Framed within the fields of Participatory Design and infrastructuring, this article presents two case studies – ‘Hack-a-thing’ and ‘Making Things’ – that are part of a long-term participation process of engaging local non-expert users in FabLab [anonymized]. In these cases, the involved non-expert users entailed teenagers, children and their supervisors (for instance, supervisors involved in participating youth organisations). The case studies show that building relations with existing communities of non-expert users and creating conditions for them to self-organise their activities within open makerspaces are essential starting points for processes of long-term engagement.
Making: On Being and Becoming Expert
Authors: Boeva Yana , Foster Ellen
Published: March 2023

Making is considered to be democratizing technology design and production. Yet, in many cases, in order to be a successful maker or have a rewarding maker experience, participants/makers need to bring in some form of expertise, creating both implicit and explicit barriers for differentiated publics to take part. We explore the literature and existing scholarship regarding expertise and making, using it to briefly contextualize our own research into maker programs in U.S. Libraries and design-focused fab labs. Both cases illustrate how the acquisition of expertise is also affected by community and learning environment dynamics. Through discussion we critically engage how mundane aspects of infrastructure relate to maker notions of expertise, the Maker Movement’s claims of broad participation toward democratization, and the contextual dimensions of expertise.
Community-based business models: Insights from an emerging maker economy
Authors: Wolf Patricia , Troxler Peter
Published: March 2023

Community-based business models are an emerging phenomenon in business reality, particularly in new economic developments such as making. They are a form of commons-based peer production. This paper contributes to advancing research through a multiple case study of eleven community-based maker businesses. The study elaborates on altruism and hedonism as emerging design themes, it addresses aspects of fairness and reciprocity in the interactions with the community, it looks into what values are created, and it reflects on the maker context where businesses strive not purely for profit maximization.
Participatory bottom-up self-evaluation of schools’ smartness: an Italian case study
Authors: Giovannella Carlo
Published: March 2023

This work presents the adaptation of the participatory approach used in the past to evaluate campuses’ smartness to the case of K12 and High schools. The adaptation has been implemented taking into consideration both the universalities represented by the principles that have inspired the approach (i.e. satisfaction of needs described by the Maslow’s pyramid and achievement of the “flow” state) and the localities represented by the evaluation framework put in place by the Italian Ministry of University, Research & Education (MIUR) through the INVALSI (National Institute for the Evaluation of Educational Systems). A pilot study is underway in several High and K12 schools. Preliminary results are reported and discussed.
An investigation of actors’ differences in the perception of learning ecosystems’ smartness: the case of University of Aveiro
Authors: Galego Diego , Giovannella Carlo , Mealha Oscar
Published: March 2023

In this paper we report on a first investigation aimed at identifying possible differences in the perception of the campus’ smartness among the players – bachelor students, master students and professors – that animate learning processes and campus’ life at University of Aveiro. The detected differences, as discussed in the body of the paper, can be ascribed to the different roles of the individuals, to the increasing experience of the campus’ life and, of course, to expectations. These latter can be used as basis to activate a design process to achieve a higher level of campus’ smartness.
Data Profiling in a Mobile Touristic Augmented Reality Application for Smart Environments based on Linked Open Data
Authors: Vert Silviu , Vasiu Radu
Published: March 2023

Data profiling is an important step in understanding the nature of the datasets that belong to the Web of Data. In this paper, we plan to analyze the appropriateness of exploiting this type of data in an augmented reality application to be used by tourists in smart environments. We build on top of previous work and we analyze the data used in a case study done on integrating several user-generated and governmental open datasets into a mobile augmented reality application called LOD4AR. The results show that the data found on the Web of Data is appropriate for augmented reality applications, despite its shallowness. Governmental open data, especially data that is following several guidelines specified in this paper, can complement the Web of Data and improve the overall integrated data.
Experimental investigation of nanostructured cadmium chalcogenide for solar cell applications
Authors: Md. Hafaiz Sykri
Published: March 2023

Sol-gel spin coating method is used to prepare nanostructured CdS of chalcogenide mate- rials deposited on glass and quartz substrates with Cd:S 1.2:0.1 mol/L, 1000 rpm spin coat- ing speed and 400 0C and 800 0C annealing temperatures for glass and quartz, respectively. We have reported the effect of hydrothermal treatment on physical properties of crystalline size and morphology of CdS. Structural, morphological and optical properties are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer. It is found that the average grain size is 4 nm and 1 nm deposited on glass and quartz, respectively. The optical properties are investigated experimentally and theoretically to verify the suitability for solar cell applications. Our calculated resulted are in agreement with experimental and theoretical ones.
Band structures and pressure dependence of the band gaps of GaN
Authors: K. Jisa
Published: March 2023

The linear muffin-tin orbital method is used with the atomic-sphere approximation to study the ground-state properties, band structures and pressure dependence of the band gaps of zincblende GaN. The equilibrium lattice constant calculated is smaller than the experimental value by about 2%.   It is found that the fundamental band gap is direct and that the value (3.90 eV) is in good agreement with the experimental value.  The linear pressure coefficient for this band gap is much smaller than those for Ga.As and GaP. The total density of states and local density of. states are discussed. Moreover, the band structure (wurtzite) GaN is also studied. It is found that the band gap of wurtzite GaN is smaller than that of zincblende GaN, which agrees well with the experimental results.
Pressure effect of optical properties of AlN, GaN, and InN Compounds
Authors: B. Naoui
Published: March 2023

We present first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane wave calculations of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the optical properties of wurtzite GaN, InN and AlN compounds. The refractive index and its variation with hydrostatic pressure are well described. The accurate calculation of linear optical function (refraction index and its pressure derivative, and both imaginary and real parts of dielectric function) is performed in the photon energy range up to 30 eV. The predicted optical constant agrees well with the available experimental data.
Energy band estimation of nitride semiconductors
Authors: J. Fahad
Published: March 2023

The effective masses of nitride semiconductors obtained by the local density approximation have been corrected by taking into account the dynamical screening effect, which has been calculated by the so-called GW self-energy calculated within the GW approximation. The obtained correction factors would be very useful for device design technology.
La metodología activa Design Thinking para mejorar y transformar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje
Authors: Barbosa-Quintero Glenda Magali , Estupiñán-Ortiz Baster Ly
Published: March 2023

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el uso de la metodología activa Design Thinking para mejorar y transformar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La investigación fue documental y de nivel descriptivo, el método aplicado fue el analítico-sintético. En cuanto a la muestra de estudio quedó conformada por diez (10) fuentes bibliográficas que se ajustaron a los criterios establecidos.  La técnica del análisis de contenido sirvió de sustento para el procesamiento de la información documental. Dentro de los resultados en cuanto al indicador mejora del aprendizaje, se tiene que el Design Thinking, otorga percepciones positivas tanto los profesores como los estudiantes; conduce al aumento de la creatividad; aumenta las probabilidades de éxito estudiantil, mejora el rendimiento académico; otros. Por su parte, para la dimensión transformar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje mediante el Design Thinking, se encontró que: constituye una base para que los maestros y educadores revitalicen las prácticas educativas; prepara a los estudiantes para prosperar en la era moderna; contribuye a diseñar contenidos para las necesidades específicas de los estudiantes; favorece la preparación de los estudiantes universitarios para la resolución creativa de problemas en los ámbitos laborales, otros. Conclusiones: la metodología activa Design Thinking, puede ser incorporada en todos los niveles que conforman el sistema de educación, desde el inicial hasta el universitario, con notables resultados donde el docente tiene un rol destacado en la facilitación de dicho proceso, por lo cual, se requiere de una actualización del profesorado en esta temática, en el entendido de que la formación, capacitación y desarrollo creativo e innovador del educador, es primordial dado que, ha de ser quien lidere este proceso para que se produzca el cambio y transformación desde el aula, en todos los estamentos educativos.
Teaching through digital devices during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Manzano Pérez Rodrigo Javier , López Pérez Tannia Elizabeth , Manzano Pérez Renato Sebastián , Pérez López Mauricio Vladimir
Published: March 2023

Introduction: In December 2019, an outbreak of a new virus called COVID-19 originated in the city of Wuhan in the country of China, which spread to countries around the world in a very short time, forcing schools, schools, universities and other institutions, both work and educational, to temporarily close their doors. Objective: To describe the importance of technological devices in virtual education caused by COVID-19, through a systematic review of the bibliography. Methodology: 12 publications appropriate to the search keywords and according to the estimated inclusion and exclusion criteria for their choice were selected. Results: The use of technological devices means that the student can obtain a more personalized learning, improving their work style and their way of acquiring knowledge, in such a way that the quality of education has been increased. Conclusions: New technologies and the use of technological devices have favored student learning, providing better interaction in real time and allowing the teacher to give more prominence to the student for the development of their learning.
El E-learning para el desarrollo de competencias asociadas a la comunicación digital para mejorar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje
Authors: Barbosa-Quintero Glenda Magali , Estupiñán-Ortiz Baster Ly , Estupiñán-Castro Baster Jonnier
Published: March 2023

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer su dominio de competencias digitales asociadas a la comunicación  de los docentes. Se enmarcó en el paradigma positivista por lo cual el tipo de investigación fue descriptiva, no experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 156 docentes de varios niveles educativos, la muestra se seleccionó por conveniencia tomando en cuenta su decisión de formar parte de la muestra y haber tenido experiencia con el modelo E-learning, quedando conformada la muestra por 156 docentes. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario para la valoración de competencias digitales asociadas a la comunicación en educación superior. Los resultados determinaron que el 64% manifestaron tener un dominio sobre las herramientas digitales entre muy deficiente y deficiente, el 69,23% consideran tener un dominio deficiente sobe las competencias para comunicación, el 53% de los entrevistados manifestaron no haber recibido ninguna formación sobre el uso de las TIC’S. Conclusión: el adquirir competencias digitales docente, no garantiza que se mejoren los procesos didácticos efectivos, es necesaria la vinculación de las competencias digitales de carácter comunicativo al desarrollo de la clase.
El uso de la nube distribuida para el control de la información académica en la educación superior
Authors: Barbosa-Quintero Glenda Magali , Estupiñán-Ortiz Baster Ly , Estupiñán-Castro Baster Jonnier
Published: March 2023

El propósito de la investigación fue analizar el uso de la nube distribuida para el control de la información académica en la educación superior. La metodología aplicada se enmarcó en una indagación cuantitativa, con diseño de investigación de campo, no experimental de tipo transeccional descriptivo, con apoyo de una investigación documental. Para este estudio se aplicó un cuestionario a ocho autoridades de las universidades seleccionadas para esta indagación. Los resultados principales arrojaron que el 90% cuenta con servicios en la nube en el seno de la institución; el mayor uso que la institución otorga a la tecnología de computación en la nube es la creación de plataformas informáticas (50%); un número significativo (90%) de las instituciones de educación superior conocen sobre las nociones de la tecnología en evolución nube distribuida y en el 90% de los encuestados existe una comprensión la necesidad de implementar el modelo de nube distribuida dentro del cloud computing en la educación superior. Se concluye que el recurso de la nube distribuida, en respuesta al creciente cambio de la realidad social, debe ser aprovechada plenamente, sí se quiere que la educación universitaria ecuatoriana cumpla con el papel que la sociedad le exige en estos momentos de veloces cambios que están teniendo lugar en el mundo globalizado.
Ensayos sobre aplicación de la Teoría del Estado en las algunas culturas del Perú antiguo
Authors: Espinoza Coila Michael , Coya Ponce José Asdrubal , Aquise Calloapaza Luis Fernando , Cahuana Tacuri Christian Kevin , Chanini Cutiri Valeria Enma , Pari Hilasaca Pol Jhonatan , Quispe Velasquez Erick Ivan , Colque Cruz Ivonne Carola , Laura Valero Mery , Mamani Aquise Amilcar Angel , Rojas Palomino Oscar Raul , Laura Lipe Jhoan Jesús , Coa Coila Paola Lissel , Tarapa García Heliann Lizeth , Ponce Moreno Bedzabel Sollange , Machaca Quecara Luzber Semion , Anahua Apaza, Alexander Efraín Anahua Apaza, Alexander Efraín , Arapa Ticona Juan Carlos , Huarahuara Quispe Annayely Yennifer , Merma Cabrera, Rocio Milagros Merma Cabrera, Rocio Milagros , Choquehuanca Luque Milner Jesus , Humpiri Mamani Jhair Benggi , Guerra Tumba, Rayda Guerra Tumba, Rayda , Luque Ochochoque Javier , Mamani Huancoillo, Yudy Marisol Mamani Huancoillo, Yudy Marisol , Parrilla Cahui, Carla Vianca Parrilla Cahui, Carla Vianca , Quispe Rivera, Eddy Carlos Quispe Rivera, Eddy Carlos , Ticona Bustincio Samuel Wesley , Aguilar Charca Nelyda , Quispe Velarde Miguel Angel , Calsina Choque Ruel Willian , Quispe Venegas Karla Lucy , Castro Zapata Kathleen Marianne , Roque Quispe Karen Esthefany , Mamani Chura Renzo Richard , Vilca Challco, Leidy Lizbeht Vilca Challco, Leidy Lizbeht , Pari Valeriano Lidia , Yanarico Vilca Anyeli Evelin , Aceituno Colquehuanca, Erick Brayhan Aceituno Colquehuanca, Erick Brayhan , Pereyra Mamani, Yoselyn Rosario Pereyra Mamani, Yoselyn Rosario , Centeno Fullano Eder José Raúl , Quispe Ticona Sarait Aracely , Centeno Ramos Jhomara , Valencia Figueroa Juan Deyvis , De la Peña Villasante Andrea Doris , Velásquez Ramos Ruth Milagros , Onque Suaña Marisa Jimena , Condori Yampara, Sherly Dignidad Condori Yampara, Sherly Dignidad , Supo Pancca, Victor Manuel Supo Pancca, Victor Manuel , Ticona Velasquez, Max George Brandon Ticona Velasquez, Max George Brandon , Mendoza Mamani, Yenifer Gabriel Mendoza Mamani, Yenifer Gabriel , Colorado Vela Angelica Pamela , Llanos Quispe Danitza Glenny , Fernandez Gutierrez Ines Vianney , Chata Quispe Yulisa
Published: March 2023

Capítulos de libro con investigaciones de Teoría del Estado sobre las culturas del Perú antiguo, realizado por docentes y estudiantes de la Escuela Profesional de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno.
APROXIMACIÓN A LA FUNDAMENTACIÓN DE LAS CULTURAS DEL PERÚ ANTIGUO COMO ESTADOS
Authors: Espinoza Coila Michael
Published: March 2023

El presente capítulo de libro expone los resultados de una breve investigación de diseño de teoría fundamentada que responde al enunciado: ¿Las culturas del Perú antiguo son Estados?, para responder esta interrogante se logró el objetivo de fundamentar la condición de Estado de las culturas del Perú antiguo, en razón a que estos cumplen con los elementos y otros aspectos de la Teoría del Estado. Los resultados contribuyen a la Teoría del Estado peruano como parte del actual proceso emancipador del conocimiento autóctono que valora la materialidad y espiritualidad del poblador del Perú antiguo.
FUNDAMENTOS DE CHIMÚ COMO ESTADO
Authors: Aquise Calloapaza Luis Fernando , Cahuana Tacuri Christian Kevin , Chanini Cutiri Valeria Enma , Pari Hilasaca Pol Jhonatan , Quispe Velasquez Erick Ivan
Published: March 2023

En el presente ensayo se demuestra que Chimú es un Estado, pero ¿qué es un Estado? pues, es una sociedad políticamente organizada dirigida por una clase gobernante y cuyo fin es alcanzar el bienestar común de la población que está asentada en un determinado territorio. En ese sentido, el Estado este compuesto por tres elementos esenciales: Poder, Pueblo y Territorio. Por tanto, el Estado Chimú -descubierta por Max Uhle en 1902-cumple con los tres elementos fundamentales. En cuanto al territorio, comprendiótoda la costa norte del Perú desde Tumbes hasta el Rio Chillón, siendo su capital Chan Chan, desde allí se ejerció el poder a través del “Ciquic” o máximos gobernantes chimú y en los valles circundantes por medio de los “Alaec”, ambos se encargaban de organizar y dirigir al elemento humano -el pueblo-que se dedicaba a diversas actividades económicas como la pesca, la artesanía, la orfebrería, la agricultura, etc., que permitía la subsistencia y el desarrollo de todo el Estado Chimú.
LOS MOCHICAS: UNA CIVILIZACIÓN COMPLEJA
Authors: Colque Cruz Ivonne Carola , Laura Valero Mery , Mamani Aquise Amilcar Angel , Rojas Palomino Oscar Raul
Published: March 2023

La cultura Moche, también conocida como mochica, se desarrolló en el período Intermedio Temprano del Antiguo Perú, aproximadamente en los siglos I y VII. Fue una civilización que existió en la costa norte del Perú y en el valle Moche. Sobresaliendo por sus invenciones hidráulicas, su arquitectura monumental, su exquisito desarrolló artístico, especialmente en los campos de la orfebrería y la cerámica.Durante el apogeo de la cultura mochica realizaron importantísimas obras arquitectónicas, también conocidas como huacas, que han perdurado a lo largo del tiempo, convirtiéndose en parte de un legado cultural y ancestral.Los mochicas habían convertido la desértica costa peruana en su hogar, pero a consecuencia del terrible fenómeno meteorológico conocido como El Niño, que ocurrió a finales del siglo VII, arruinando el modo de vivir de los mochicas, incluso muchos de los habitantes comenzaron a enfermar. Además, debilitó la organización política, pues muchos de los líderes iniciaron guerras internas, lo que generó el fin de los estados de mochica.
WARI, ¿ESTADO?
Authors: Anahua Apaza Alexander Efraín , Arapa Ticona Juan Carlos , Cari Calcina Karina Magdalena , Huarahuara Quispe Annayely Yennifer , Merma Cabrera Rocio Milagros
Published: March 2023

Este ensayo expone las evidencias por el cual la cultura Wari es considerada un Estado, en base a la revisión bibliográfica realizada de distintos autores, se describen los elementos que son necesarios para la consideración de la cultura Wari como Estado. El desarrollo de Wari según Lumbreras fue tal que se puede decir que no solo se habla de una cultura, sino de un Estado. Por lo que se destacan algunos aspectos importantes como su organización política, social y económica. Así mismo su tecnología y religión, cumpliendo con los requisitos de un Estado y su definición.Con base en nuestro análisis de la cuestión social sobre Wari, encontramos empíricamente que contiene una amplia variedad de manifestaciones de lo que podríamos llamar un estado e incluso un imperio estatal en nuestro mundo contemporáneo. Sin embargo, también entendemos que la naturaleza de Wari se formó en un determinado proceso histórico basado en condiciones físicas específicas que llamamos andinas
IMPERIO INCA: ¿UN PODEROSO ESTADO?
Authors: Choquehuanca Luque Milner Jesus , Humpiri Mamani Jhair Benggi , Guerra Tumba Rayda , Luque Ochochoque Javier , Mamani Huancoillo Yudy Marisol , Parrilla Cahui Carla Vianca , Quispe Rivera Eddy Carlos , Ticona Bustincio Samuel Wesley
Published: March 2023

Este trabajo fija una relación entre el sistema de organización y la construcción de un Estado multiétnico bajo determinadas razones detrás de la expansión Inca. Por tanto, este ensayo tiene por objetivo fundamentar que los Incas conformaron un Estado, bajo los diversos requisitos o elementos esenciales portanto este requiere.La cultura Inca es estudiada, investigada y analizada tanto por historiadores, sociólogos, antropólogos, etc. quienes a lo largo de la historia trataron de averiguar e interpretar los diversos vestigios yla razón de su expansión y organización, así como la forma y el tipo de gobierno en el imperio, lo cual asemejan a la forma de gobierno Romano, omnipotente y centralista con un estrecho vínculo cosmológico, teológico, sanguíneo. Un Estado soberano, con unalto poder sobre la población (ayllus) y las demás etnias absorbidas por dos modalidades: por una vía pacífica (respetando su cultura e idioma) y por otra violenta y despiadada (imponiendo su cultura e idioma) imponiendo así sus costumbres -ordenamiento jurídico, creencias, y la religión (politeísta) como acto de imposición, opresión o sometimiento, para un buen control.
CHAVÍN, UN FIDEDIGNO ESTADO DEL PERÚ ANTIGUO
Authors: Aguilar Charca Nelyda , Quispe Velarde Miguel Angel , Calsina Choque Ruel Willian , Quispe Venegas Karla Lucy , Castro Zapata Kathleen Marianne , Roque Quispe Karen Esthefany , Mamani Chura Renzo Richard , Vilca Challco Leidy Lizbeht , Pari Valeriano Lidia , Yanarico Vilca Anyeli Evelin
Published: March 2023

El presente ensayo tiene el objetivode argumentarque la organización y las características de Chavín corresponden propiamente a la de un Estado,tales comogobierno, territorio y nación. En cuanto a su organización sociopolítica, se constituyó bajo un sistema teocrático como una de las primeras formas de institucionalización, por lo cual, estaba encabezada por los sacerdotes, seguido de la nobleza guerrera yel pueblo, estableciendo la legitimación ideológica, basándose en la religión y mitología; por otra parte, Chavín estaba constituida por una fuerza coactiva que contribuía a la buena organización que poseía dentro y fuera de su territorio, por ende, se daentender que fue un gran Estado,así mismo, han demostrado sus habilidades como el uso de la piedra para la construcción de templos de carácter público y privado que beneficiaban al buen desarrollo de su sociedad dentro de su territorio, en relación con la soberanía que esta tenía para con las actividades políticas, sociales, culturales y económicas. Otra característica es que poseía los excedentes de producción, que lo manifestaban a través del reparto de la riqueza; e indagando un poco más en las actividades que realizaban los pobladores de Chavín, se muestra que poseían una agricultura bastante desarrollada. Entonces, en base a toda la información recopilada y el análisis de cada una de las características, se concluye que Chavín cumple con las condiciones y requisitos para ser considerada como un Estado.
Non-Formal Education as A Tool For Social Change in the Nadowli District of Ghana: Options of an Endogenous Model
Authors: Odame Felicia
Published: March 2023

Non-formal education (NFE) became one of the strategic windows for developing human resources for social participation and better livelihood. However, after many years of implementation through varied NFE programmes, the challenges for which they were initiated have largely remained. The main question is: What has been the conceptual and programming disjuncture in the formulation of NFE as a community empowerment tool in Ghana? The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the NFE philosophy and the worldview of Nadowli Dagaaba of Ghana. The study used qualitative design based on both secondary and primary data. The study revealed that, despite the high aspirations of NFE, it has been plagued by numerous challenges regarding its efficacy in bringing about social and cultural change. The values and principles of the NFE and the worldview of the people of Nadowli District have both consistencies and contradictions. The study concludes that the NFE process could be relevant if the training programmes were harmonious with the participants’ everyday life that is, in accordance with their goals, culture and values. An endogenous social change model was, thus, recommended as suitable for NFE programmes in Ghana and, for that matter, Nadowli District.
Reasserting African Critical Authority in the National Development Picture
Authors: Lauer Helen
Published: March 2023

The self-promotional rhetoric generated by Western development aid industries and scientific research cartels sustains a popular pretence that Africans require foreign technical wherewithal and moral initiative to meet their development goals. I argue to the contrary. Focusing first upon medical care delivery as a case in point, I demonstrate how global health spending in billions of dollars perpetuates the chronic morbidity and short life expectancy of people in economically-disadvantaged regions of the world. Secondly, turning to Africa’s so-called ‘resource curse’, the sheer ignorance of foreigners about the social significance of land and the meaning of legitimate political authority in Africa defeats cutting edge proposals of Westernoriented ethicists to solve the gross distributive injustices of globalisation. The dearth of African control and decision making authority in international partnerships implicates proposed natural resource reparation schemes which, if carried out, could exacerbate the economic injustices they were designed to reconcile. I argue that, in general, unregulated economic principles determining success in the global knowledge market are an unreliable indicator for ranking the value of knowledge or for predicting the potential success of strategic plans in the management of national development.
‘In Local Collaboration we Trust’: The Dynamics of Trust Network Relationships in Collaborative Natural Resource Management in Tanzania
Authors: Senga Mathew
Published: March 2023

The existence of relational trust among network actors can facilitate collective action and enhance the successful collaborative practices of natural resource management. This paper uses a stochastic actor-oriented modelling approach to provide two simple models for dynamics of trust relationships in a network of Village Conservation and Development Committee (VCDC) in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. By simultaneously modelling network (social selection) and behaviour (social influence) this paper tests the hypothesis of whether or not actors with similar attribute(s) tend to trust similar influential actors on the decisions about issues related to local collaborative practices of natural resource management. Results show that homophily (the tendency of individual network actors to associate and bond with similar others) effect for actor attribute and behaviour (influence on decisions of natural resource management) average similarity have an important role to play on selection, maintenance or dissolution of trust ties among VCDC actors in the context of collaborative practices of natural resource management. This paper contributes theoretically and methodologically to a discussion on importance of trust in interaction of actors involved in collaborative practices of natural resource management, particularly in developing countries such as Tanzania. The literature within such framework is still underdeveloped
Healthy Ageing through Healthy Living Style
Authors: Trichal Mamta
Published: March 2023

Ageing is not necessarily a burden, and it does not necessarily decrease a person’s ability to contribute to a society. Older people play a valuable role in society and can also enjoy a high quality of life .This depends on treating “ageing” as an opportunity rather than a burden. Research has shown that healthy lifestyles are more influential than genetic factors in helping seniors avoid the deterioration traditionally associated with ageing. The development of healthy ageing provides an overview and evidence to support priority issues such as healthy eating, physical activity, mindful meditation, regular exercise, injury prevention, tobacco cessation, social connectedness and positive thinking. A healthy lifestyle in advanced age is positively related to a reduced mortality risk and delay in the deterioration of one’s health status. In Tanzania, only 2.9 percent of the population is aged 65 and above. However, as the country develops more people will live beyond 65 and, thus, there is a need to promote practices and policies that support ad sustain life for increasing number of older population. This article describes some health policies practised in India and explores the possibilities of promoting them in Tanzania.
“Waliletwa na Kengele ya Kanisa!”: Discourses of Slave Emancipation and Conversion at Ndala Catholic Mission in Western Tanzania, 1896-1913
Authors: Nyanto Salvatory
Published: March 2023

Religious discourse has recently attracted attention of anthropologists in Tanzania looking at Christian-Muslim relations and Islamic revivalism within specific social and political contexts. This paper contributes to the existing knowledge of religious discourse in Tanzania by looking at the discourses of slave emancipation and conversion at Ndala within the historical context, that is, from 1896 to 1913. The paper relies on the missionary reports in the diary of Ndala Catholic Mission, secondary sources, and interviews collected at Ndala with descendants of former slaves. The paper employs Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a framework to examine vocabularies, expressions, the social contexts and effects of the discourses of men and women about slavery, emancipation, and conversion at Ndala. The paper also relies on Ruth Wodak’s discourse historical method to analyse the social processes, in historical context, of slave emancipation and conversion reported in the diary of Ndala, written sources, and the interviews of descendants of former slaves.
Dancing With[out] Simmel
Authors: Bapumia Fatima
Published: March 2023

In this article, I examine how actors stage colour-blind sociability to demonstrate racial integration in the presence of the audiences. I argue that social actors acquire sociability when expected to do so. My assertions are grounded in the ethnographic field work carried out in secondary schools in Dar es Salaam, and a thorough step by step analysis using grounded theory analysis. I have thus found that young people in secondary schools identify themselves on the basis of race groups, namely, African group, “Indian” [South Asian] group, Arab group and ‘half-caste’ [biracial] group]. Also, students exhibit tendencies of exclusion across these groups. However, during the school events such as the parents’ day, the school authorities tactically bring together all race groups for joint performances. It is during such events that one may notice how the youngsters temporarily accommodate their differences through colour-blind sociability.
Critiquing Experts’ Struggles to Amplify the Concept of ‘Nutrition’ among Under-five Children in Southern Coastal Tanzania
Authors: Mugisha Lucius
Published: March 2023

This article analyses experts’ views of the underlying causes of (under)nutrition issues among children in southern coastal Tanzania by paying attention to the sectors of agriculture, wildlife and fisheries. This critique is in the light of Harvey’s (2003) concept of ‘accumulation by dispossession’ and Foucault’s (1976) concept of ‘biopolitics’. While accumulation by dispossession describes transformations that ensure the coexistence of commodity and non-commodity relations in southern coastal Tanzania, biopolitics highlights experts’ techniques with which both, the said relations and experts’ views of nutrition, are legitimized and reproduced. Using critical ethnography, we conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with experts at various levels and reviewed documents to highlight the techniques with which experts represent and legitimize their understanding of nutrition. Findings show that, despite struggles to amplify it, the experts’ view of nutrition remains exclusionist, representing coastal communities as isolated and restrictive to rational nutrition thoughts, actions and practices. In particular, the experts’ understanding of nutrition misses critical aspects, namely features of coastal communities such as production and consumption patterns as well as their views of nutrition for children. Accordingly, this paper recommends that experts should refashion their conceptual tools to enable them to capture the social organization, consequent social conditions of the coastal communities, and their experiences. All these play a critical role in shaping their understanding of ‘nutrition’ among children in southern coastal Tanzania.
Indigenous Institutions and Rangeland Sustainability in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Saruni Kisiaya
Published: March 2023

This study attempts to underscore the role of indigenous institutions on rangeland governance and sustainability among pastoral communities in northern Tanzania. Ostrom’s institutional approach to governance of common-property rangeland resources is used as a conceptual framework to analyse indigenous institutional arrangement in relation to rangeland sustainability. Qualitative methodology is employed to capture narratives from indigenous people. A sample of 54 interviews and life histories as well as four focus group discussions from four research sites were obtained using a purposive sampling technique. There is strong evidence to substantiate that indigenous institutions play key roles as custodians of rangeland governance and are responsible for instituting norms and rules governing access and withdrawal of common-property resources and solving rangeland disputes. Therefore, Indigenous institutions should be recognized as an integral component of local resource governance. Furthermore, indigenous rangeland cooperatives should be formed to help preserve indigenous traditional institutions, which are crucial for sustainable rangeland governance.
Sober House and the Elusive Quest of Recovering from Drug Addiction: Success and Challenges from Pemba and Unguja in Zanzibar
Authors: Sigalla Huruma
Published: March 2023

This article discusses rehabilitation process from drug addiction in Pemba and Unguja Islands in Tanzania using qualitative techniques of data collection. The objective of the study was to examine the process of rehabilitation of drug addiction and how in addicted persons experience rehabilitation process. Data show that recovering people have positive experience and acknowledge sober house’s contribution on rehabilitating drug addicts. Most of the addicted person’s confirm the effectiveness of sober houses but emphasize the importance of an addicted person willingness to change. Data suggest that sober houses provide an ideal social environment for psychological and physiological changes during the whole process of rehabilitation. One of the major challenges our data suggest is a higher number of addicts from sober house who experience relapse, but its extent is not known. The study recommends that addicts and communities should be informed and encouraged to use sober house and more in-depth studies are needed to examine the nature and extent of relapse.
Land Appropriation for Biofuels in Tanzania: Whose Sustainable Development?
Authors: Walwa William
Published: March 2023

Biofuels are premised to promote sustainable development by addressing two related global problems: climate change and poverty alleviation in developing countries. It is argued that biofuels could balance conservation and sustainable development by combating climate change while also creating job opportunities to improve local communities’ livelihoods. Certainly, developing countries, including Tanzania, have in recent years promoted investments in biofuels production. Nonetheless, based on findings gathered through qualitative methods in Kisarawe district, Pwani region, this paper maintains that land acquisition for biofuels is best explained by David Harvey’s (2003) concept of accumulation by dispossession – that, the process of transferring land rights from marginalized local people to biofuel investors involved the use of threats, force and manipulation. This has heightened resource conflicts given that biofuels production has tended to exclude resource interests of local communities. Thus, it suffices concluding here that neo-Liberal capitalism is hiding itself in the discourse of climate change to legitimize control over resources in the Global South.
Adoption of Renewable Energy Innovations in Rural Tanzania: An Innovation Systems Approach
Authors: Dauda Masoud
Published: March 2023

Renewable energy innovations have in recent years attracted attention due to their potential as alternative sources of energy in rural areas. The current debate in sub-Saharan Africa not only focuses on the possibilities and limitations of renewable energy innovations to reach the poor, but it also centres on the contribution of these innovations in achieving sustainable development goals. In the current paper, I examine the role of intermediary organisations in the transfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations in rural areas. I employ an exploratory case-study approach to collect data from 15 intermediary organisations in Tanzania. Using an innovation systems approach, I argue that intermediary organisations may often be in a position to coordinate activities and create an enabling environment for transfer and adoption of renewable energy innovations. A more active involvement of intermediary organisations could transcend social and cultural barriers as well as transform attitudes of other actors towards renewable energy innovations. However, the extent to which renewable energy innovations can successfully be adopted in rural areas, and thereby contribute to rural development, would largely depend on whether all actors are also fully involved in the innovation process. While attempts to integrate an innovation systems approach into research and development in sub-Saharan Africa have consistently focused on agricultural innovations, renewable energy innovations remain under-researched.
“Birds of a Feather”: Homophilous Networks of Graduate Fellows across Academic Disciplines and Cultural Backgrounds
Authors: Senga Mathew , Rwezaura Herieth
Published: March 2023

Sharing homophily in cultural background (nationalities) and academic disciplines may be said to grant a base for actors to closely interact, share information, advise, support, trust, and collaborate among themselves. However, this might not necessarily restrict forming ties along these lines with other actors from other nationalities and academic disciplines, as far as they work in the same academic environment. Using social network analysis, this paper examines homophilous networks (associating and bonding with similar others) and formation of ties across nationalities and academic disciplines among graduate fellows in Global Human Development PhD programme. The fndings demonstrate existence of strong ties across nationalities and academic disciplines among actors in homophilous networks. This suggests persistence of other attributes necessary for the formation of ties and networks in addition to homophily in nationalities and academic disciplines. The paper urges for a need to undertake a broader study of this nature to encompass more attributes of the patterns of the relations between actors of the studied group or any other similar group.
Is it Cash or Card? National Health Insurance Scheme of Tanzania: A Decade and Half of Progress
Authors: Quaye Randolph
Published: March 2023

This paper explores the perspectives of Tanzanians since the introduction of the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) a decade and half ago. It examines the key objectives of the program by evaluating the impact of this program in meeting the health needs of Tanzanians. The study addressed specifc challenges posed by the program and experiences users have with the program. Study was undertaken in eastern Tanzania. Several respondents mentioned the easy access to better health provided by the scheme at a lower cost. Though several decried the poor quality of services and the rather limited options for accessing health care, most were of the view that Tanzania is on the right track in expanding health coverage to its citizens. As we better understand the role of social health insurance in Africa, the Tanzanian experience offers a window on how to expand health coverage to millions of Tanzanians.
City Growth and the Plight of Street Vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Need for Policy Coordination
Authors: Nyirenda Chediel , Msoka Colman
Published: March 2023

Dar es Salaam, the commercial capital of Tanzania, is growing very fast. One of the sectors that have changed remarkably in recent years is the transport sector. A mega Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project was recently introduced to help in solving traffc jam problems in the city. But as the City grows, some groups become more vulnerable than others. One of these groups is that of street vendors. In order to give way for the BRT project, hundreds of street vendors were moved by force from the Ubungo commuter bus terminal – which used to be a hub of street vendors – and relocated to a newly constructed market in a place called Mawasiliano or Simu 2000. Within the frst week of the exercise there was chaos, and the feld force police had to be deployed to restore order. Using in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, participant and non-participant observation, and quasi-experimentation, a study was conducted to explore the coordination of the whole exercise and how it affected the welfare of the relocated vendors. The study found two contradicting orders (one from the Municipal Mayor and the second from the District Commissioner) led to chaos and a lot of disturbance to the vendors. It is concluded that uncoordinated policies at the municipal level adversely affect the welfare of the street vendors. Lack of a comprehensive written national policy to manage the activities of informal traders in Tanzania is seen to be a major problem, calling for coordinated policies at the municipal level.
Examining the infuence of Sexuality Education Programmes on Tanzanian Pupils’ Knowledge and Skills on Pregnancy: A case of Primary Schools in Morogoro Region
Authors: Bilinga Margreth
Published: March 2023

Knowing about serious health-related problems is an essential gateway towards prevention, treatment, and care about oneself. This study presents fndings on pupils’ knowledge and skills about pregnancy and pregnancy control measures in the integrated sexuality education contents. The study was conducted through mixed method approach drawing a sample of 204 respondents from two districts in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The data were collected through structured interview and focus group discussion methods. The fndings revealed that, the integrated sexuality education in schools has not been very effective in informing pupils on investigated aspects. Some basic aspects related to pregnancy and pregnancy control measures are still mysteries to most pupils. Comparatively, rural pupils indicated less knowledge than their urban counterparts. The study recommends more efforts by teachers in educating pupils on sexuality education concepts. Moreover, concerted efforts should be involved, and they should involve, among others, health professionals and community-based organisations to provide sexuality information to adolescents so as to address problems related to sexual risks, including pregnancy.