bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why quadratic log-log dependence is ubiquitous and what next
Authors: Aguilar Sean R. , Kreinovich Vladik , Pham Uyen
Published: September 2020

Purpose

In many real-life situations ranging from financial to volcanic data, growth is described either by a power law – which is linear in log-log scale or by a quadratic dependence in the log-log scale. The purpose of this paper is to explain this empirical fact.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use natural scale invariance requirements.

Findings

In this paper, the authors used natural scale invariance requirement to explain the ubiquity of quadratic log-log dependencies. The authors also explain what to do if quadratic log-log models turn out to be insufficiently accurate. In this case, scale-invariance requirements lead to dependencies which in the log-log scale take cubic, 4th order, etc. form.

Originality/value

To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first theoretical explanation of the empirical quadratic log-log dependence.
Injustice perceptions, workplace bullying and intention to leave
Authors: Reknes Iselin , Glambek Mats , Einarsen Ståle Valvatne
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Intention to leave as an outcome of exposure to workplace bullying is well documented in previous studies, yet, research on explanatory conditions for such an association is lacking.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study investigates the relationship between injustice perceptions, exposure to bullying behaviors and turnover intention, employing a moderated mediation analysis based on a reanalysis and extension of data gathered among a sample of Norwegian bus drivers (N = 1, 024).

Findings

As hypothesized, injustice perceptions were indirectly related to intention to leave via workplace bullying, however, only under conditions of higher perceived injustice levels.

Practical implications

The results underscore the importance of preventing workplace bullying and of maintaining ample levels of justice at work, where employees are treated with fairness and respect.

Originality/value

The study adds important knowledge to the bullying literature by focusing on the role of mechanisms and moderators in bullying situations, investigating how the combination of workplace bullying and injustice perceptions is reflected in employees' intention to leave the organization.
Finance-institution-growth trilogy: time-series insights from South Africa
Authors: Olaniyi Clement Olalekan , Adedokun Adebayo
Published: September 2020

Purpose

This study examines the moderating effect of institutional quality on the finance-growth nexus in South Africa from 1986 to 2015.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts unit root tests, cointegration test and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.

Findings

The findings reveal that institutional quality constitutes a drain to the growth benefits of financial development (FD) in South Africa in the short-run while FD and institutional quality converge to enhance growth process of the country in the long-run. Also, the threshold of institutional quality beyond which institution stimulates strong positive impact of finance on growth is estimated to be 6.42 on a 10-point scale.

Practical implications

This study, therefore, suggests that institutional quality matters in the way FD influences economic growth in South Africa. Hence, stakeholders are encouraged to trace and block lapses and loopholes in the institutional framework guiding financial system in South Africa so as to maximize growth benefits of FD.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the extant studies by introducing a country-specific analysis into the empirical examination of how institutional quality influences the impact of FD on economic growth. Also, this study deviates from other studies by determining the threshold of institutional quality beyond which FD stimulates strong positive effect on economic growth in South Africa
Family business and sport entrepreneurship
Authors: Ratten Vanessa
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Many sport enterprises involve family members either as owners, employees or supporters, depending on the circumstances. Despite the embedded way families define and help to build sport enterprises, there is a lack of linkage in the academic literature between family business and sport entrepreneurship. The aim of this article is to understand the linkage in more detail by focusing on the way sport, family and entrepreneurship are embedded in society.

Design/methodology/approach

Due to the exploratory nature of the study, a qualitative approach was undertaken to understand the feelings and perceptions surrounding the process of sport entrepreneurship in family businesses.

Findings

The findings suggest that family businesses view the process of sport entrepreneurship as being context-dependent that relies on the interaction of family members for its success. This means that networking and co-creation are part of this process.

Research limitations/implications

As the role of families in sport enterprises becomes more acknowledged, it is important that research keeps up-to-date with this trend. Thus, the findings of this article will help more family businesses with their sport-related ventures.

Originality/value

This article is the first to explicitly examine the linkage between family entrepreneurship and sport entrepreneurship, thereby paving the way for more research to examine this interesting research area.
Successor selection in family business using theory of planned behaviour and cognitive dimension of social capital theory: evidence from Ghana
Authors: Wu Mengyun , Coleman Martha , Abdul Rahaman Abdul Rashid , Edziah Bless Kofi
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Succession of family enterprises has been an issue of concern to a number of researchers, and extensive studies have been conducted on this. Transfer of family business from one generation to next has resulted in collapse of most family business in both developed and developing economies. This study looked at succession in family enterprise in Ghana using theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) and cognitive dimension of social capital theory to know the intention of founder/incumbent to hand over the family business to an internal successor.

Design/methodology/approach

Our target population for this study is family businesses run in Ghana, Western region. Ghana is not having statistical database on family businesses; therefore, the study relied on the database of registered SMEs which was gotten from Registrar General's Department, Ghana. This is the government department that is in charge of registering business in Ghana. A sample of 596 was used and received a response rate of 60%. The study used structural equation model to find out how the variables correlate to discover the intention of the founder/successor on internal succession.

Findings

It was discovered that intention of founder/incumbent to hand over to an internal successor is predominantly determined by attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and cognitive dimension of the social capital. Trust does not influence the intention of founder/incumbent but attitude; this rejects the findings of most researchers.

Research limitations/implications

Most family enterprises were not registered, which made it difficult to reach out to all family businesses. This limited the authors approach to only the registered family enterprises.

Practical implications

Family firms are the backbone of any economy, which comprise mostly of SMEs. Therefore, the understanding of succession by incumbents/founders as well as policymakers enhances firms' value and continuity.

Originality/value

The study was conducted in Africa, Ghana in particular, owing to the limited studies in this region.
Cyanophage host‐derived genes reflect contrasting selective pressures with depth in the oxic and anoxic water column of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific
Authors: Fuchsman Clara A. , Carlson Michael C. G. , Garcia Prieto David , Hays Matthew D. , Rocap Gabrielle
Published: September 2020

Cyanophages encode host‐derived genes that may increase their fitness. We examined the relative abundance of 18 host‐derived cyanophages genes in metagenomes and viromes along depth profiles from the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Deficient Zone (ETNP ODZ) where Prochlorococcus dominates a secondary chlorophyll maximum within the ODZ. Cyanophages at the oxic primary chlorophyll maximum encoded genes related to light and phosphate stress (psbA, psbD and pstS in T4‐like and psbA in T7‐like), but the proportion of cyanophage with these genes decreased with depth. The proportion of cyanophage with purine biosynthesis genes increased with depth in T4‐like, but not T7‐like cyanophages. No additional host‐derived genes were found in deep T7‐like cyanophages, suggesting that T4‐like and T7‐like cyanophages have different host‐derived gene acquisition strategies, possibly linked to their different genome packaging mechanisms. In contrast to the ETNP, in the oxic North Atlantic T4‐like cyanophages encoded psbA and pstS throughout the euphotic zone. Differences in pstS between the ETNP and the North Atlantic stations were consistent with differences in phosphate concentrations in those regimes. We suggest that the low proportion of cyanophage with psbA within the ODZ reflects the stably stratified low‐light conditions occupied by their hosts, a Prochlorococcus ecotype endemic to ODZs.
Cross‐generational effects of climate change on the microbiome of a photosynthetic sponge
Authors: Luter Heidi M. , Andersen Maria , Versteegen Elien , Laffy Patrick , Uthicke Sven , Bell James J. , Webster Nicole S.
Published: September 2020

Coral reefs are facing increasing pressure from rising seawater temperatures and ocean acidification. Sponges have been proposed as possible winners in the face of climate change; however, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning their predicted tolerance. Here we assessed whether microbiome‐mediated cross‐generational acclimatization could enable the photosynthetic sponge Carteriospongia foliascens to survive under future climate scenarios. To achieve this, we first established the potential for vertical (cross‐generational) transmission of symbionts. Sixty‐four amplicon sequence variants accounting for >90% of the total C. foliascens microbial community were present across adult, larval and juvenile life stages, showing that a large proportion of the microbiome is vertically acquired and maintained. When C. foliascens were exposed to climate scenarios projected for 2050 and 2100, the host remained visibly unaffected (i.e. no necrosis/bleaching) and the overall microbiome was not significantly different amongst treatments in adult tissue, the respective larvae or recruits transplanted amongst climate treatments. However, indicator species analysis revealed that parental exposure to future climate scenarios altered the presence and abundance of a small suite of microbial taxa in the recruits, thereby revealing the potential for microbiome‐mediated cross‐generational acclimatization through both symbiont shuffling and symbiont switching within a vertically acquired microbiome.
Physicochemical properties of soy protein hydrolysate and its formulation and stability with encapsulated probiotic under in vitro gastrointestinal environment
Authors: Edwards John S. , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Kumar Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy Suresh , Carbonero Franck , Martin Elizabeth M. , Benamara Mourad
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study was to prepare protein isolate from defatted soybean and identify an optimal hydrolysis protocol to create improved hydrolysates and ascertain the optimum encapsulation technique for probiotics. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared using an alkaline extraction procedure for solubility within a neutral, beverage‐specific pH range. The soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) was prepared from aqueous extracted SPI using pepsin. The physicochemical properties of the SPH were investigated by solubility, degree of hydrolysis (DH), surface hydrophobicity, and electrophoresis. Hydrolysates from 2, 2.5, and 3 hr of hydrolysis time achieved the suitable DH between 2.5% to 5.0%. The 2.5 to 3 hr hydrolysates were also significantly more soluble than SPI at all pH levels from 85% to 95% solubility. Surface hydrophobicity of the hydrolysates ranged from 15 to 20 S0 values. Alginate (1%), resistant starch (2%), and probiotic culture (0.1%) were used as an encapsulation agent to protect probiotics. Alginate microcapsules were observed to be 1 mm in size using environmental scanning electron microscopy. The dried SPH and encapsulated probiotics with alginate in a dry powder formulation were tested for its gastrointestinal resistance and probiotic viability under in vitro simulated digestion. Approximately 1‐log decrease was observed for all experimental groups after simulated digestion (final log colony forming units [CFU]/mL range: 6.55 to 6.19) with free probiotics having the lowest log CFU/mL (6.10 ± 0.10) value. No significant difference was observed among experimental groups for probiotic viability (P = 0.445). The findings of this research will provide an understanding of formulation for easily digestible protein and encapsulated probiotics.

Practical Application

The findings of this research provide an understanding of improved formulation for more suitable soy protein hydrolysate and viability of encapsulated probiotics in gastrointestinal environment. Probiotics with the prebiotics in an encapsulated environment provide a technology for the enhancement of probiotics viability and for applications in suitable products for health and wellness.
Flax and hempseed oil functional ingredient stabilized by inulin and chia mucilage as a butter replacer in muffin formulations
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Luna Katherine , Ansorena Diana , Astiasarán Iciar
Published: September 2020

The addition of different amounts of a functional ingredient composed of water, inulin, chia seeds, and hemp or flaxseed oil was examined as butter replacer to improve the nutritional value of muffins. Nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics of the reformulated products were assessed, as well as the stability under storage at room temperature. One control and six modified formulations with three levels of butter replacement (50%, 75%, and 100%) were analyzed. Modified muffins improved their nutritional profile, reducing up to 78% of fat and increasing fiber (up to 62.5%) and omega‐3 fatty acids content (from 0.12 g/100 g of product to 0.62 g and 1.55 g in hemp and flaxseed oil samples, respectively). Sensory analysis revealed that flaxseed oil samples were indistinguishable from the control in all evaluated attributes, even in the highest level of replacement. During storage, texture of modified samples behaved similar to the control and no oxidation problems were observed in any of the formulations. Therefore, the functional ingredient proved to be a feasible alternative for replacing butter in muffins, preserving the quality attributes and making them healthier foods.

Practical Application

Functional ingredients including fiber and low amounts of good‐quality sources of fat have a simple manufacturing process, do not require heating, and perform well once incorporated to the matrix. They are versatile and could be incorporated in other bakery products to substitute butter or even oil, to obtain a reduced calorie product and with an enhanced nutritional profile and good sensory properties.
Radiologic response of chemotherapy alone versus radiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of locally‐advanced or advanced thymic epithelial tumors
Authors: Chu Robert F. , Hussien Amira , Li Q. Kay , Wang Jiangxia , Friedes Cole , Ferro Adam , Hales Russell K. , Battafarano Richard , Ettinger David S. , Voong Khinh Ranh
Published: September 2020

Background

Here, we investigated radiological responses following chemotherapy alone as compared to both radiation/chemotherapy (chemoRT) in patients with thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) who did not receive upfront surgery.

Methods

TETs treated at a tertiary academic cancer center between January 2007 and July 2018 were identified. Patients received chemotherapy or chemoRT as initial therapy and pre‐ and post‐treatment scans were available. Student's t‐test, Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests, and Cox proportional hazards method were used to compare clinical details and survival between groups. The primary outcome was change in tumor size, which was compared between groups using linear mixed‐effects regression models, adjusting for baseline tumor size, age, and histology.

Results

A total of 24 of 114 patients with TETs identified met the inclusion criteria. The majority of patients had 67% thymoma (67%, n = 16) and AJCC8 III–IVA disease (58%, n = 14). Median age was 58.5 years (range: 33–76), median initial tumor volume was 187.1 cc (range: 28.7–653.6) and diameter was 8.5 cm (range: 4.5–14.3). Half of the patients received upfront chemotherapy (n = 12: 83% cisplatin/adriamycin/cyclophosphamide) or chemoRT (n = 12: 58% carboplatin/paclitaxel; median RT dose: 63 Gy [range: 60–70 Gy]). At a median imaging follow‐up of 15 months (range: 0–86): ChemoRT was associated with increased average radiological response compared to chemotherapy alone (volume: −47.0 cc more, P < 0.001; diameter: −0.8 cm more, P = 0.03). In eight patients who received chemotherapy, 33% saw further tumor shrinkage (median volume: −42.3%, P = 0.03; diameter: −3.0%, P = 0.049) with additional radiation/chemoradiation. Median survival increased for patients ultimately receiving surgery versus those who did not (46 month, range: 16–127 vs. 14 month, range: 6–82; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

ChemoRT produced a greater radiologic response compared to chemotherapy alone in patients with TETs not suitable for upfront resection.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

We found that chemoRT was associated with a greater radiologic response compared to patients who received chemotherapy alone.

What this study adds

What this study adds: In patients with TET not amenable to upfront resection, chemoRT may be a feasible strategy for cytoreduction.
Quality of life in patients with resectable rectal cancer during the first 24 months following diagnosis
Authors: Walming S. , Asplund D. , Bock D. , Gonzalez E. , Rosenberg J. , Smedh K. , Angenete E.
Published: September 2020

Aim

An increasing number of patients survive rectal cancer, resulting in more patients living with the side‐effects of the treatment. Exploring quality of life before and after treatment enables follow‐up and additional treatment to be adjusted to the patient's needs. The aim of the study was to describe the quality of life during the 24 months following diagnosis and to identify risk factors for poor quality of life.

Method

This is a prospective cohort study of patients with rectal cancer followed up by extensive questionnaires. Patients from 16 surgical departments in Denmark and Sweden from 2012 to 2015 were included. The self‐assessed quality of life was measured with a seven‐point Likert scale.

Results

A total of 1110 patients treated with curative intent were included, and the response rate at the 24‐month follow‐up was 71%. Patients with rectal cancer assessed their quality of life before start of treatment as poorer than that of a reference population. At the 12‐ and 24‐month follow‐up, the quality of life on group level had recovered to the same level as for the reference population. Risk factors for poor quality of life included bother with urinary, bowel and stoma function. A reference population was used for comparison.

Conclusion

The quality of life of patients with resectable rectal cancer recovered to levels comparable to a reference population 12 and 24 months after diagnosis. Our results indicate that the urinary, bowel and stoma function has an impact on quality of life.
The Anthropocene in Natural History Museums: A Productive Lens of Engagement
Authors: Oliveira Gil , Dorfman Eric , Kramar Nicolas , Mendenhall Chase D. , Heller Nicole E.
Published: September 2020

The Anthropocene is a proposed geological epoch, generally defined by the significant impacts of human activities on the Earth system. It provides a conceptual framework that traces historical causes, possible futures, and fundamental questions of human responsibility, values and purpose in a changing world. Here, we examine how natural history museums are engaging with the Anthropocene using two novel exhibits as a case study. First, we argue that the museum context, as a social space for learning through a range of embodied sensory experiences, is a valuable medium within which to experience the Anthropocene and communicate about it with a wide audience. Second, we observe that the Anthropocene has conceptual and practical implications for these museums. Thus, we suggest the Anthropocene is an especially productive lens of engagement for natural history museums, catalyzing both development in the science and representation, and also in public comprehension of global change.
The World Bank's ‘Assault on Poverty’ as a Political Question (1968–81)
Authors: Pereira João Márcio Mendes
Published: September 2020

This article analyses the actions of the World Bank between 1968 and 1981, under the presidency of Robert McNamara, in the context of the Cold War and the directions of US foreign aid policy. It discusses the reasons for, and the means by which the World Bank led, the ‘assault on poverty’, with an emphasis on rural poverty. It problematizes the theory which supported this initiative, analysing its operationalization in the countryside; it discusses the principal format that it assumed, the reasons which propelled it, the political calculation which guided it, the interests at play, and the results that were reached. Finally, the article argues that the ‘assault on poverty’ slogan expresses the disposition and the willingness of the World Bank to intervene in domestic questions, aiming to alter, in a selective and focused manner, the condition of particular social groups in client countries, rather than improving the general conditions of economies. This in turn demanded the strengthening of its advisory, technical assistance and economic research functions. If McNamara's policy of fighting poverty can be considered a failure in economic and social terms (a diagnosis widely accepted in the literature), this article argues that,politically, it was successful by constructing the foundations for the neoliberal‐type focused social policies that were in vogue in the following decades.
Renegotiating dimensions of the self: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis of the lived experience of self‐managing rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Donnelly Susie , Manning Molly , Mannan Hasheem , Wilson Anthony G. , Kroll Thilo
Published: September 2020

Background

As chronic illnesses, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), place an increased burden on health‐care systems, the ability of individuals to self‐manage these diseases is crucial.

Objective

To identify and synthesize the lived experience of self‐management described by adults living with RA.

Design

A systematic search of five electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and ASSIA) was undertaken to identify relevant studies. Data were extracted and quality‐assessed using CASP guidelines. A meta‐synthesis was conducted based on Thomas and Harden's thematic synthesis approach.

Results

The search identified 8423 publications. After removing duplicates, 6527 records remained of which 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality of studies was moderate to high, yet a considerable lack of reflection on researcher bias was evident. Our analysis identified 28 dimensions of self‐management RA across six domains: (a) cognitive‐emotional, (b) behavioural, (c) social, (d) environmental, (e) physical and (f) technological. Cognitive‐emotional experiences dominated the analysis. Renegotiating ‘the self’ (self‐concept, self‐esteem, self‐efficacy) was a key focus of self‐management among individuals with RA.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the focus of ‘the self’ as a central concern in the self‐management of RA. Standardized self‐management programmes may primarily focus on disease management and daily functioning. However, we suggest that personal biographies and circumstances should move to the fore of self‐management support.

Registration

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews 2018: CRD42018100450.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patient and public involvement was not explicit in this review. However, three authors provided a patient perspective on the self‐management of arthritis and autoimmune disease.
Associations between maternal and paternal feeding styles of infants in a racially diverse US birth cohort
Authors: Benjamin‐Neelon Sara E. , Neelon Brian
Published: September 2020

Background

Maternal feeding style has been associated with childhood obesity and has been the target of numerous interventions, but few studies included fathers.

Objectives

We assessed correlations and associations between maternal and paternal feeding style.

Methods

We examined 202 mothers, fathers, and infants in Nurture, a racially diverse US cohort (2013‐2017). Mothers and fathers completed the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire when infants were 6 and 12 months. We examined unadjusted correlations using Spearman's Rho and adjusted associations using linear regressions.

Results

All feeding styles were significantly correlated. After adjustment, maternal feeding style was associated with paternal feeding style at 6 and 12 months for responsive (ß 0.31; CI 0.18, 0.45; P ≤ 0.0001 and ß 0.67; CI 0.50, 0.84; P ≤ 0.0001), restrictive (ß 0.24; CI 0.09, 0.38; P = 0.001 and ß 0.44; CI 0.29, 0.59; P ≤ 0.0001), pressuring (ß 0.46; CI 0.34, 0.58; P ≤ 0.0001 and ß 0.51; CI 0.38, 065; P ≤ 0.0001), indulgent (ß 0.36; CI 0.20, 0.52; P ≤ 0.0001 and ß 0.57; CI 0.40, 0.73; P ≤ 0.0001), and laissez‐faire (ß 0.39; CI 0.24, 0.55; P ≤ 0.0001 and ß 0.55; CI 0.37, 0.72; P ≤ 0.0001).

Conclusions

Maternal and paternal feeding styles were correlated. Associations held after adjustment, suggesting that mothers and fathers are in relative agreement in their reporting.
Sensorineural hearing loss with macrolide antibiotics exposure: a meta-analysis of the association
Authors: Alsowaida Yazed Saleh , Almulhim Abdulaziz Saleh , Oh Mok , Erstad Brian , Abraham Ivo
Published: September 2020

Objective

Macrolide antibiotics are among the most commonly used antibiotics; the association of macrolide antibiotics exposure with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) has been hypothesized. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from inception to 15 July 2019 to identify studies used macrolide antibiotics for any indication. The results were reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects model to derive the association of macrolide antibiotics exposure with SNHL. The objective of this meta-analysis was to estimate the association of macrolide antibiotics exposure and SNHL from up-to-date evidence.

Key findings

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. There was no statistically significant association between macrolide antibiotics exposure and SNHL; the OR was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.96 to 1.49). No significant association was found with any of the subgroup meta-analyses.

Whilst the frequency of SNHL was higher with macrolide antibiotics exposure compared with controls, overall, no association was found between macrolide antibiotics and SNHL.
Influence of metakaolin on the conversion and compressive strength of quaternary phase paste
Authors: Ding Wenwen , He Yongjia , Lu Linnu , Wang Fazhou , Hu Shuguang
Published: September 2020

Application of calcium aluminate cement in construction faces the challenges of high manufacturing cost and volumetric instability associated with hydrates conversion. This work introduces a newly developed high‐performance Ca20Al26Mg3Si3O68 (Q phase)‐metakaolin (MK) composite binder. The influence of MK on the conversion and strength development of Q phase paste cured at 40°C was investigated. The mechanism of MK on the stability of synthetic hydrate was studied by solution chemistry, XRD, and NMR. The pure Q phase paste experiences a significant strength reduction due to hydrates conversion, whereas the Q phase paste containing 15% MK exhibits a continuous increase in strength. MK promotes the formation of CAH10, contributing to the refinement of pore structure and enhanced mechanical property. The AlV and AlIV dissolved from MK increase the concentration in the pore solution, and then the solubility of CAH10 decreases due to the common‐ion effect, thus inhibiting the subsequent precipitation of C3AH6. In addition, the release of dissolved alumina from MK considerably impedes silica dissolution, and consequently, the formation of C2ASH8 is hindered at a higher content of MK.
Enhancement of mechanical properties and chemical durability of Soda‐lime silicate glasses treated by DC gas discharges
Authors: Chazot Matthieu , Paraillous Maxime , Jouannigot Stephane , Teulé‐Gay Lionel , Salvetat Jean‐Paul , Adamietz Frederic , Alvarado‐Meza Ricardo , Karam Lara , Poulon Angeline , Cardinal Thierry , Fargin Evelyne , Dussauze Marc
Published: September 2020

We report for the first time a study on non‐contact thermal poling of soda lime silicate glasses using DC gas discharge. In this work, the formation of a glow discharge is evidenced during the thermal poling treatment (longer than 30 minutes). The hardness and the chemical durability of glasses poled under different conditions (contact or non‐contact) and atmospheres (nitrogen or air) are measured and compared to that of un‐poled reference glass. The results reveal enhanced mechanical and chemical properties for samples poled under nitrogen as compare to air poled or soda lime silicate glass samples. A structural and chemical analysis of surface of the glass using IR‐reflectance measurement and ToF‐SIMS is also presented. The formation of a “silica‐like” layer on the surface of nitrogen poled glasses is observed, which is likely associated with the enhancement of surface properties. On the other hand, the introduction of protons beneath the surface of glasses poled under air leads to the formation of a hydrated alkaline earth silica layer. Based on the observations a mechanism behind the sustainability of the plasma under DC conditions is proposed.
Enhancing mechanical and biological properties of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics by adding calcium oxide
Authors: Wang Yuyi , Wang Menglu , Chen Fuying , Feng Cong , Chen Xuening , Li Xiangfeng , Xiao Yumei , Zhang Xingdong
Published: September 2020

There is a big challenge to achieve a balance between mechanical characteristics and biological properties in biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics. The present study investigated the effects of calcium oxide (CaO) addition on the sintering behaviors and biological performances of BCP ceramics. The characterizations of surface structure, phase composition and crystal structure demonstrated that the addition of CaO could stabilize calcium‐deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) phase and reduce grain size in BCP ceramics, so as to better mimic chemical composition and crystal structure of the natural bony minerals. Mechanical tests indicated that the addition of CaO could increase the compressive strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness of BCP ceramics, because of the enhanced crack deflection associated with a transgranular to intergranular cracking. Due to high content of CDHA phase, small grain size and slightly alkali environment, BCP ceramics with appropriate amount of CaO addition (2%) could promote the spreading and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The strong bone‐like apatite formation ability predicted a good osteoinductive potential of BCP ceramics with CaO addition. In summary, these findings suggest that the addition of CaO offers a promising strategy for design and fabrication of BCP ceramics with superior mechanical and biological properties.
Low rate of life‐threatening events and limitations in predicting invasive and noninvasive markers of symptoms in a cohort of type 1 Brugada syndrome patients: Data and insights from the GenBra registry
Authors: Sacilotto Luciana , Scanavacca Mauricio I. , Olivetti Natália , Lemes Carolina , Pessente Gabrielle D. , Wulkan Fanny , Hachul Denise T. , Krieger Jose E. , Pereira Alexandre C. , Darrieux Francisco C. C.
Published: September 2020

Background

Brugada syndrome (BrS) has diagnostic challenges and controversial risk assessment. We aimed to investigate invasive and noninvasive parameters in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients from a Brazilian cohort of type‐1 BrS.

Methods

Patients with spontaneous and drug‐induced type‐1 BrS were classified into two groups, asymptomatic (n = 116, 84.1%) and symptomatic (n = 22, 15.9%; 13 with arrhythmogenic syncope, 9 with aborted sudden cardiac death). Genetic testing, EPS parameters, and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters were analyzed.

Results

A total of 138 consecutive patients were eligible, 101 men (73.2%), mean 41.4 years, mostly probands (79%). Spontaneous pattern, observed in 77.5% of the patients, was associated with symptoms only if expressed in V1 and V2 standard position (not high precordial leads; p = .014). All symptomatic patients were probands. The presence of right ventricular outflow tract conduction delay (RVOTcd) signs, positive EPS, and SCN5A status was similar between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. During the mean 75‐month follow‐up, eight patients had appropriate therapies. All had spontaneous type‐1 ECG pattern and 2/8 (25%) were asymptomatic, with positive EPS. The overall LAE incidence of 1.1% per year dropped to 0.27% in asymptomatic patients. RVOTcd occurred more frequently in SCN5A carriers (QRS‐f 33.3% vs. 7.7%; p = .005, AVR sign 58.3% vs. 13.6%; p < .001; deep S in lead I 75% vs. 48.5%, p = .025%), as well as longer HV interval (66 vs. 49 ms; p < .001).

Conclusions

Spontaneous type‐1 Brugada pattern in standard leads and proband status were more frequent in symptomatic subjects. RVOTcd, more common in SCN5A carriers, did not predict symptoms in BrS patients. EPS exhibited limited prognostic value for this low‐risk population.
microRNA‐148a‐3p in extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells suppresses SMURF1 to prevent osteonecrosis of femoral head
Authors: Huang Shengxiang , Li Yaochun , Wu Panfeng , Xiao Yongbing , Duan Ningbo , Quan Jing , Du Wei
Published: September 2020

Extracellular vesicle (EV)‐associated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found as the important biomarkers participating in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Consequently, this study sought to examine the underlying mechanism of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)‐derived EVs containing miR‐148a‐3p in ONFH. The ONFH rat models were established. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and Western blot analysis were applied to detect miR‐148a‐3p, Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1), SMAD7 and B‐cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) expression, followed by determination of relationship between miR‐148a‐3p and SMURF1. BMSCs were isolated from normal rats and ONFH rats, and EVs were extracted from BMSCs of normal rats. BMSCs from ONFH rats were treated with mimic, inhibitor, small interfering RNA or EVs from miR‐148a‐3p mimic‐treated BMSCs from normal rats (BMSC‐EV‐miR‐148a‐3p mimic). Cell Counting Kit‐8 and alizarin red staining were utilized to detect cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. ONFH rats were injected with BMSC‐EV‐miR‐148a‐3p mimic to explore the function of BMSC‐EV‐delivered miR‐148a‐3p in vivo. miR‐148a‐3p was down‐regulated in BMSCs and EVs from ONFH rats following decreased BMSCs viability and osteogenic differentiation. SMURF1 was a target gene of miR‐148a‐3p, and resulted in ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD7 to decreased BCL2 expression. The proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs were promoted by BMSC‐EV‐miR‐148a‐3p mimic or SMURF1 silencing. Additionally, BMSC‐EV‐miR‐148a‐3p mimic increased cell proliferation and osteogenic response, diminished SMURF1 expression, and elevated SMAD7 and BCL2 expression in ONFH rats. Collectively, miR‐148a‐3p overexpressed in BMSC‐EVs promoted SMAD7 and BCL2 expression by inhibiting SMURF1, thus alleviating ONFH.
Identification of purity and prognosis‐related gene signature by network analysis and survival analysis in brain lower grade glioma
Authors: Xiong Zujian , Xiong Yi , Liu Hongwei , Li Chang , Li Xuejun
Published: September 2020

Tumour microenvironment of brain lower grade glioma (LGG) consists of non‐tumour cells including stromal cells and immune cells mainly. These non‐tumour cells dilute the purity of LGG and play pivotal roles in tumour growth and development, thereby affecting patient prognosis. Tumour purity is also associated with molecular subtypes of LGG. In this study, we discovered the most relevant module to purity by weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) and afterwards performed consensus network analysis and survival analysis to filter 61 significant genes related to both purity and prognosis. In turn, we built a simplified model based on the calculation of purity score, and consensus measurement of purity estimation (CPE), with a satisfactory predictive performance by random forest regression. HLA‐E, MSN, GNG‐5, MYL12A, ITGB4, PDPN, AGTRAP, S100A4, PLSCR1, VAMP5 were selected as the most relevant genes correlating to both purity and prognosis. The risk score model based on the 10 genes could moderately predict patients’ overall survival. These 10 genes, respectively, were positively correlated positively to immunosuppressive cells like macrophage M2, but negatively correlated to patient prognosis, which may explain partially the poor prognosis with low‐purity group.
Cutaneous sensitivity modulation by Aquaphilus dolomiae extract‐G3 on in vitro models of neuro‐inflammation
Authors: Lestienne F. , Viodé C. , Ceruti I. , Carrere S. , Bessou‐Touya S. , Duplan H. , Castex‐Rizzi N.
Published: September 2020

Background

Inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis (AD), associated pruritus and sensitive skin, have a complex multifactorial pathogenesis including neurogenic inflammation involving the release in blood and skin of neurotransmitters such as substance P (SP).

Aims and Methods

In vitro models evaluated the effect of the original biological extract of Aquaphilus dolomiae extract‐G3 (ADE‐G3) on cutaneous neurogenic inflammation.

Results

ADE‐G3 significantly inhibited SP‐stimulated release of IL‐1β and TNF‐α from normal human epidermal keratinocytes; significantly and dose‐dependently inhibited SP‐stimulated activation of human mast cells; significantly inhibited veratridine‐stimulated release of SP from human sensory neurons; modulated expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis, innate immunity, corneocyte scaffolding and epidermal differentiation in a histamine‐sensitized reconstructed human epidermis model; and, when applied topically to ex vivo human explants, inhibited IL‐8 and histamine release.

Conclusions

Topically applied ADE‐G3, once formulated, may improve neuro‐inflammation in patients with inflammatory skin disorders.
A moisture content prediction model for deep bed peanut drying using support vector regression
Authors: Qu Chenling , Wang Ziwei , Jin Xiaobo , Wang Xueke , Wang Dianxuan
Published: September 2020

In order to make the moisture content monitoring more convenient and rapid during peanut drying process, the drying characteristics of peanut were investigated and a real‐time SVR moisture content monitoring model was established in this paper. The results showed that hot air temperature, initial moisture content, airflow rate and the layer height were the key factors on peanut drying, and the peanut variety showed little effect on drying. The SVR model exhibited a good performance withR2: 0.91, RMSE: 4.38, and bias: −7.5e‐3. Compared with the results of linear regression models and multilayer perceptron model, SVR model showed a better performance. In addition, the SVR model was validated by the drying data of other three varieties of peanuts. And the relative errors between the predicted values by SVR model and the measured values were within 20%, which suggested that SVR was a promising modeling algorithm for peanut drying.

Practical application

Peanut drying is essential for peanut production due to its high moisture content at harvest (about 30–50% on the wet basis), which makes it susceptible to mildew, or even produces aflatoxins. Peanut has a special physiological structure. In the drying process, the peanut kernels are gradually shrunk, which makes the air layer volume between the shell and the kernel gradually increases, thus hindering mass and heat transfer and leading to its different drying characteristics from other grain and oil crops. Furthermore, it is necessary to monitor the moisture content changes of peanut during deep bed drying to ensure the drying uniformity and prevent energy waste. Therefore, the drying characteristics of peanuts were studied and a moisture content prediction model for deep bed drying was established to assist the actual drying process.
How does muscularity assessed by bedside methods compare to computed tomography muscle area at intensive care unit admission? A pilot prospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lambell K. J. , Earthman C. P. , Tierney A. C. , Goh G. S. , Forsyth A. , King S. J.
Published: September 2020

Background

Low muscularity and malnutrition at intensive care unit (ICU) admission have been associated with negative clinical outcomes. There are limited data available evaluating the validity of bedside techniques to measure muscle mass in critically ill adults. We aimed to compare bedside methods for muscle mass assessment [bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), arm anthropometry and subjective physical assessment] against reference technology [computed tomography (CT)] at ICU admission.

Methods

Adults who had CT scanning at the third lumbar area <72 h after ICU admission were prospectively recruited. Bedside methods were performed within 48 h of the CT scan. Pearson’s correlation compared CT muscle area with BIS‐derived fat‐free mass (FFM) (kg) and FFM‐Chamney (kg) (adjusted for overhydration), mid‐upper arm circumference (cm) and mid‐arm muscle circumference (cm). Depleted muscle stores were determined using published thresholds for each method. Cohen’s kappa (κ) was used to evaluate the agreement between bedside and CT assessment of muscularity status (normal or low).

Results

Fifty participants were enrolled. There were strong correlations between CT muscle area and FFM values and mid‐arm muscle circumference (P < 0.001). Using FFM‐Chamney, all six (100%) participants with low CT muscle area were detected (κ = 0.723). FFM‐BIS, arm anthropometry and subjective physical assessment methods detected 28%–38% of participants with low CT muscle area.

Conclusions

BIS‐derived FFM using an adjustment algorithm for overhydration was correlated with CT muscle area and had good agreement with muscularity status assessed by CT image analysis. Arm anthropometry and subjective physical assessment techniques were not able to reliably detect participants with low CT muscle area.
Cholinergic transmission in C. elegans: Functions, diversity, and maturation of ACh‐activated ion channels
Authors: Treinin Millet , Jin Yishi
Published: September 2020

Acetylcholine is an abundant neurotransmitter in all animals. Effects of acetylcholine are excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory depending on the receptor and cell type. Research using the nematode C. elegans has made ground‐breaking contributions to the mechanistic understanding of cholinergic transmission. Powerful genetic screens for behavioral mutants or for responses to pharmacological reagents identified the core cellular machinery for synaptic transmission. Pharmacological reagents that perturb acetylcholine‐mediated processes led to the discovery and also uncovered the composition and regulators of acetylcholine‐activated channels and receptors. From a combination of electrophysiological and molecular cellular studies, we have gained a profound understanding of cholinergic signaling at the levels of synapses, neural circuits, and animal behaviors. This review will begin with a historical overview, then cover in‐depth current knowledge on acetylcholine‐activated ionotropic receptors, mechanisms regulating their functional expression and their functions in regulating locomotion.

image
Incidence and mortality rates of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in Serbia
Authors: Stojanov Aleksandar , Berisavac Ivana , Bozovic Ivo , Arsenijevic Mirjana , Lukic‐Rajic Sonja , Petrovic Milutin , Stojiljkovic‐Tamas Olivera , Jovin Zita , Djordjevic Gordana , Jovanovic Dejana , Stojanovic Miroslav , Martic Vesna , Basta Ivana , Peric Stojan
Published: September 2020

Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute auto‐immune polyradiculoneuropathy. A huge variety of GBS incidence and mortality rates has been noted across the world. The objective of the present multi‐centric study was to assess the incidence and mortality rates of GBS during a 10‐year period in Serbia. We collected data of adult GBS patients who were hospitalized from 2009 to 2018 in all five tertiary healthcare centers in Serbia. The incidence rates per 100 000 inhabitants with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and further corrected for the estimated number of patients hospitalized in secondary centers. Mortality rates were also assessed. GBS was considered severe if patients were not able to walk at least 10 m without assistance. Six hundred and forty GBS patients were registered in tertiary centers in a 10‐year period. The proportion of severe cases was 75% at nadir, and 52% on discharge. GBS incidence rate in Serbia was 1.1 per 100 000 inhabitants, and estimated incidence if patients from secondary centers included 1.2 per 100 000. Peak incidence was observed during the sixth decade of life. During the acute phase, 5.6% of GBS patients died, while overall 9.7% of them died during 6‐month period from disease onset. This study contributes to our knowledge about GBS epidemiology. Results will allow us to improve the diagnosis and treatment of GBS patients in Serbia.
Involvement of patients with chronic kidney disease in research: A case study
Authors: Finderup Jeanette , Crowley Aidan , Søndergaard Henning , Lomborg Kirsten
Published: September 2020

Background

Knowledge about best practices of patient involvement in research among patients with chronic kidney disease is sparse, with little information about barriers to and facilitators of this process. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the process and outcomes of patient involvement in a particular chronic kidney disease research project.

Objectives

To describe how patients with chronic kidney disease were involved in the research; to explain what occurred when patients with chronic kidney disease were involved; to identify facilitators of and barriers to patient involvement in research.

Participants

Two patients with chronic kidney disease who have both been involved in a previous research project.

Measurements

A retrospective embedded case study of patient involvement in research with the shared decision‐making and dialysis choice project inspired by Yin (2012, Case Study Methods), using document analysis and semistructured individual interviews. Data were analysed with specific research questions in mind.

Results

Two patients participated in four research meetings covering all substudies of a research project and all six phases of the research process. Eight facilitators and barriers were identified.

Conclusions

Patients with chronic kidney disease were involved in all the six phases of the research process but were more highly involved in some phases than others. Important facilitators of patient involvement in chronic kidney disease research include working as a team, being a part of the process, and being prepared for the work. Important barriers to patient involvement include patient vulnerability and uremic symptoms, both of which must be taken into account.