bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iraq's refugees: exit from the state
Authors: Marfleet Philip
Published: December 2007

This article examines mass refugee movements affecting Iraq and neighbouring states as a result of invasion, occupation and the fragmentation of Iraqi society. The sanctions regime of the 1990s produced widespread immiseration. When US officials dismantled much of the Ba'athist state and enforced sweeping policies of economic liberalization millions were faced by a crisis of basic capabilities. This, together with the impact of violence associated with communal conflict, has compelled vast numbers of Iraqis to flee. Using insights from the field of Refugee Studies, Marfleet considers the dynamics of this crisis and what it reveals about the strategies of those who have shaped Iraqi life under occupation.
Vollblutverfahren zur Erfassung der primären Hämostase / Analysis of primary hemostasis in whole blood
Authors: Calatzis Andreas
Published: December 2007

In den 1960er- bis 1980er-Jahren wurde die Thrombozytenfunktionsdiagnostik vor allem nach dem Verfahren von Born im plättchenreichem Plasma durchgeführt. In den letzten zwanzig Jahren werden zunehmend Analyseverfahren eingesetzt, welche direkt im Vollblut ablaufen. Das hat gegenüber der Analyse von plättchenreichem Plasma den Vorteil der einfacheren Testdurchführung, geringeren Probenalteration und kleinerer Probenvolumina. Entsprechende Verfahren sind die Impedanzaggregation nach Cardinal und Flower, das Impact-System (Cone and Plate), das Verifynow (Rapid platelet function test), der sogenannte „Platelet mapping assay” (Thrombelastographie-basierter Thrombozytenfunktionstest), das PFA-100-System (In-vitro-Blutungszeit) sowie das Multiplate-System (Mehrfach-Elektroden-Aggregometrie). Die beiden letztgenannten Tests werden gegenwärtig im deutschsprachigen Raum vorrangig eingesetzt. Methodisch unterscheiden sich die Verfahren hinsichtlich der Aktivierung, der im Test auftretenden Scherkräfte sowie der Detektion der Thrombozytenaktivierung. Das PFA-100-System stellt einen Globaltest der Thrombozytenfunktion dar, der neben der Thrombozyten-aktivierung auch die Funktionalität des von-Willebrand-Faktors sensitiv erfasst. Das Multiplate-System hat hingegen seinen Stellenwert vor allem im Nachweis der Thrombozytenhemmung durch ASS, Clopidogrel und GPIIb/IIIa-Antagonisten. Die Wahl des eingesetzten Verfahrens richtet sich nach den Rahmenbedingungen der Untersuchung (wissenschaftliche Studie, klinische Diagnostik), der zugrundeliegenden Fragestellung (globale Untersuchung der primären Hämostase, Monitoring von Plättchenhemmern oder vWF-Diagnostik) sowie logistischen Erwägungen (Analyse im Labor oder patientennah, Aufwand der Analyse, Kosten).
No/Low SAP and Alternative Engine Oil Development and Testing
Authors: Woydt Mathias
Published: December 2007

The use of alternative base oils, like esters or polyglycols, with more intrinsic properties for the lubrication of automobile engines has a potential for ecological and technical advantages. Being in competition with hydrocarbon-based formulations, detailed knowledge of several thermophysical and viscometric properties as well as tribological properties over a large temperature range are required (mapping). The tested polymer-free polyglycols and ester-based formulations displayed no visible tribological weaknesses regarding wear resistance and EP-behavior as well as offering significant advantages in order to meet metal- and ash-free and bio-no-tox criteria. Especially the formulated polyglycols without friction modifiers also showed an intrinsic retention of low coefficients of friction and a hydrodynamic film forming behavior comparable to hydrocarbon-based factory-fill oils. The wear resistance and EP-behavior of low-additivated polyglycols, but also of esters, can be enhanced by means of triboactive materials. Lubricious oxides or triboactive materials and polar base oils, or a combination thereof, may substitute the EP and AW properties realized by the additives, thus enabling long drains and responding to “eco-tox” or “bio-no-tox” requirements as well as restrictions from the “chemical box.”
Plasma ghrelin concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis
Authors: Alonso Núria , Granada María Luisa , Salinas Isabel , Reverter Jorge Luis , Flores Lilliam , Ojanguren Isabel , Martínez-Cáceres Eva María , Sanmartí Anna
Published: December 2007

Objective

Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (DM1) show increased prevalence of pernicious anaemia, the histological substrate of which is type A chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in the stomach corpus, the main source of ghrelin. We aimed to compare plasma ghrelin concentrations in DM1 patients with type A CAG (DM1-CAG), DM1 patients without type A CAG and healthy controls and in DM1-CAG group, to ascertain a possible relationship between ghrelin and biochemical markers of gastric mucosa atrophy and/or neuroendocrine (NE) cell hyperplasia and histological gastric biopsy findings.

Design and methods

Fifteen DM1-CAG patients were matched for age, sex and body mass index with 15 DM1 patients without type A CAG and 15 controls. Pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin, parietal cell antibodies, chromogranin A (CgA) and ghrelin were determined in all subjects. In DM1-CAG patients, immunohistochemical analysis of gastric biopsies using antibodies to CgA and ghrelin was performed.

Results

Ghrelin concentrations differed among groups; however, paired comparisons between groups were not significant. In DM1-CAG, no correlation was found between ghrelin and gastric body atrophy markers, pepsinogen I and the pepsinogen I/II ratio. Immunohistochemical studies of DMI-CAG patients showed CgA staining in 12 and ghrelin staining in 6, which was confined to the foci of NE cell hyperplasia. Those patients who stained positive for ghrelin had higher ghrelin concentrations when compared with the negative patients.

Conclusions

Ghrelin concentrations are not decreased in DM1-CAG patients; thus, our data suggest that ghrelin is not a good marker of gastric mucosa atrophy in these patients, given the possible ghrelin synthesis in hyperplastic gastric endocrine/enterochromaffin-like cells.
The dawn of robotic surgery – from the roots up to the da Vinci telemanipulator system
Authors: Dervaderics János
Published: December 2007

A robotsebészet története mindössze 22 évvel ezelőtt kezdődött. A cikk röviden áttekinti a robotika és a robotsebészet történetét, tárgyalja a da Vinci telemanipulátor-rendszert, valamint néhány más kereskedelmi és kísérleti robotsebészeti fejlesztést, és hangsúlyozza a virtuális realitás alapú sebészeti és robotsebészeti szimuláció fontosságát. A robotsebészetnek megvan a maga helye a következő koncepciók keretében: 1. komputerrel támogatott sebészet, 2. komputert integráló sebészet, 3. sebészeti automatizáció, 4. sebészeti rendszerintegráció és 5. mesterséges intelligencia. Végül felhívja a figyelmet néhány hasznos információs forrásra a robotsebészettel kapcsolatban.
Large amplitude oscillations for a class of symmetric polynomial differential systems in R³
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Messias Marcelo
Published: December 2007

In this paper we study a class of symmetric polynomial differential systems in R³, which has a set of parallel invariant straight lines, forming degenerate heteroclinic cycles, which have their two singular endpoints at infinity. The global study near infinity is performed using the Poincaré compactification. We prove that for all n Î N there is epsilonn > 0 such that for 0 < epsilon < epsilonn the system has at least n large amplitude periodic orbits bifurcating from the heteroclinic loop formed by the two invariant straight lines closest to the x-axis, one contained in the half-space y > 0 and the other in y < 0.
Chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: Oliveira Paula A. , Colaço Aura , Chaves Raquel , Guedes-Pinto Henrique , De-La-Cruz P. Luis F. , Lopes Carlos
Published: December 2007

The use of chemical compounds benefits society in a number of ways. Pesticides, for instance, enable foodstuffs to be produced in sufficient quantities to satisfy the needs of millions of people, a condition that has led to an increase in levels of life expectancy. Yet, at times, these benefits are offset by certain disadvantages, notably the toxic side effects of the chemical compounds used. Exposure to these compounds can have varying effects, ranging from instant death to a gradual process of chemical carcinogenesis. There are three stages involved in chemical carcinogenesis. These are defined as initiation, promotion and progression. Each of these stages is characterised by morphological and biochemical modifications and result from genetic and/or epigenetic alterations. These genetic modifications include: mutations in genes that control cell proliferation, cell death and DNA repair - i.e. mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressing genes. The epigenetic factors, also considered as being non-genetic in character, can also contribute to carcinogenesis via epigenetic mechanisms which silence gene expression. The control of responses to carcinogenesis through the application of several chemical, biochemical and biological techniques facilitates the identification of those basic mechanisms involved in neoplasic development. Experimental assays with laboratory animals, epidemiological studies and quick tests enable the identification of carcinogenic compounds, the dissection of many aspects of carcinogenesis, and the establishment of effective strategies to prevent the cancer which results from exposure to chemicals.
Stigma scale of epilepsy: validation process
Authors: Fernandes Paula T. , Salgado Priscila C.B. , Noronha Ana L.A. , Sander Josemir W. , Li Li M.
Published: December 2007

PURPOSE: To validate a Stigma Scale of Epilepsy (SSE). METHODS: The SSE was completed by 40 adult with epilepsy attending an Outpatient Epilepsy Clinic at the University Hospital of UNICAMP, and by 40 people from the community. People were interviewed on an individual basis; a psychologist read the questions to the subjects who wrote the answers in a sheet. The procedure was the same for all the subjects and completion took around ten minutes. RESULTS: The SSE has 24 items. The internal consistency of the SSE showed alpha Cronbach’s coefficient 0.88 for the patients with epilepsy and 0.81 for the community. The overall mean scores of the Stigma Scale of Epilepsy formula were: 46 (SD=18.22) for patients and 49 (SD=13.25) for the community where a score of 0 would suggest no stigma, and 100 maximum stigma. DISCUSSION: The SSE has satisfactory content validity and high internal consistency. It allows the quantification of the perception of stigma by patients and people from community; this can then be used for interventional studies, such as mass media campaign in minimizing the negative facets of stigma.
Fatores ambientes e iniciação floral de cana-de-açúcar, no ano agrícola 1984/85, na região de Piracicaba, SP
Authors: Carlucci Marisa Vazquez , Cruz Neusa Diniz da , Alvarez Rafael
Published: December 2007

Com o objetivo de determinar as épocas de iniciação e emergência da inflorescência da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), correlacionando-as aos fatores climáticos, coletaram-se amostras dos cultivares NA 56-79, SP 70-1143 e IAC 52-150, em experimentos na região de Piracicaba, SP. De cada cultivar, colheram-se, semanalmente, dez palmitos dos colmos mais vigorosos, de 20 de fevereiro a 3 de julho de 1984. Analisaram-se a diferenciação e o desenvolvimento floral através de cortes histológicos da região apical e de medidas do comprimento da inflorescência. Coletaram-se os dados climáticos, durante o período de indução (25 de fevereiro-20 de março) no posto meteorológico da Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico, em Piracicaba. A ocorrência de temperaturas elevadas (Tmáx> 31° C), a baixa precipitação (47,3mm) e a alta freqüência de dias (76%) com diferença entre temperaturas máximas e mínimas acima de 13°C no período indutivo, afetaram a diferenciação floral. Os cultivares NA 56-79 e SP 70-1143 não floresceram e o 'IAC 52-150' apresentou uma redução de cerca de 50% no florescimento. O primeiro estádio reconhecível da iniciação floral foi detectado em 6 de abril, quando o domo apical media 0,011 cm, só ocorrendo a emergência da panícula na primeira semana de julho.
Tocantins (IAC-23) e Tucuruí (IAC-24): novos cultivares de trigo
Authors: Felício João Carlos , Camargo Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira , Ferreira Filho Antonio Wilson Penteado , Freitas José Guilherme de , Barros Benedito de Camargo , Vitti Policarpo
Published: December 2007

Os cultivares de trigo Tocantins (IAC-23) e Tucuruí (IAC-24), provenientes de cruzamentos artificiais e obtidos por seleção pelo método genealógico, foram avaliados quanto à produtividade de grãos e às reações aos agentes causais das ferrugens-do-colmo e da-folha na região do Vale do Paranapanema, SP, em condição de sequeiro e, no caso do 'Tucuruí', com a utilização de irrigação por aspersão, na região Norte (SP). Esses cultivares foram avaliados também em relação às qualidades industriais de panificação. As produções médias de grãos de ambos não se apresentaram estatisticamente diferentes da produção da testemunha 'Anahuac', em condição de sequeiro. O 'Tucuruí' superou estatisticamente, em produção, o 'Anahuac' em solos com porcentagem de saturação por bases inferior a 60%, com irrigação, apresentando uma produtividade média de 2.842 kg/ha contra 2.421 kg/ha. O 'Tucuruí', de estatura semi-anã, apresentou-se tolerante à presença de 10 mg/litro de Al3+ e o 'Tocantins', de porte alto, exibiu sensibilidade à concentração de 6 mg/litro de Al3+, ambos em solução nutritiva. Os novos cultivares apresentaram moderada suscetibilidade à ferrugem-da-folha e baixos níveis de infecção para a ferrugem-do-colmo, bem próximos aos apresentados pelo 'Anahuac'. Nos ensaios de panificação, a farinha do 'Tucuruí', de maneira geral, propiciou pães de excelente qualidade física, com volume específico bastante superior à farinha de trigo comercial e levemente superior à do 'Tocantins'.
Trajetória, desafios e tendências no ensino superior de administração e administração pública no Brasil: uma breve contribuição
Authors: Oliveira Fátima Bayma de , Sauerbronn Fernanda Filgueiras
Published: December 2007

Este artigo faz uma breve revisão histórica da trajetória, dos desafios e das tendências no ensino superior de administração e administração pública no Brasil. Este trabalho mostra-se bastante oportuno atualmente, em função de diferentes iniciativas que estão sendo empreendidas pelos acadêmicos e instituições comprometidos com o ensino superior no país. O artigo apresenta inicialmente a trajetória do ensino superior de administração, para então abordar os principais desafios que as escolas e seus acadêmicos enfrentam nessa área, consolidar as principais tendências para o ensino superior e, por fim, destacar a necessidade de rascunhar uma agenda de debate que envolva as instituições, seus representantes e acadêmicos.
A saúde do trabalhador na concepção de acadêmicos de enfermagem
Authors: Azambuja Eliana Pinho , Kerber Nalú P. da Costa , Kirchhof Ana Lúcia
Published: December 2007

Neste estudo, de abordagem qualitativa, buscamos compreender a concepção do acadêmico de enfermagem do Curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina sobre saúde do trabalhador. Foram feitas três questões a vinte acadêmicos: O que entende por saúde do trabalhador? De que forma a enfermagem pode contribuir para a saúde do trabalhador? Qual a relação que existe entre trabalho e estilo de vida? Os resultados foram agrupados nos temas: concepções sobre saúde do trabalhador; papel da enfermagem no contexto da saúde do trabalhador; relação entre trabalho e estilo de vida. Destacamos a interrelação entre trabalho e estilo de vida, e trabalho e saúde do trabalhador. As reflexões realizadas reforçam a necessidade dessa temática ser discutida nas universidades, para que os acadêmicos sejam estimulados a pensar sobre sua saúde desde o início da academia. Assim estimulados, acreditamos que possam incorporar ações de proteção voltadas a sua saúde no trabalho.
Aplicação prática do processo de enfermagem a uma adolescente portadora de doença crônica
Authors: Pellison Franca , Nagumo Márcia Mitie , Cunha Elizabeth Sousa da , Melo Luciana de Lione
Published: December 2007

O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi aplicar o processo de enfermagem fundamentado nos Padrões Funcionais de Sáude, NANDA e NIC para uma adolescente portadora de diabetes mellitus secundário a fibrose cística e seu cuidador, visando ao cuidado integral. As intervenções de enfermagem foram fundamentadas nos seguintes diagnósticos de enfermagem: enfrentamento ineficaz e síndrome de estresse por mudança. A utilização desses referenciais possibilitou-nos o desenvolvimento de intervenções de enfermagem efetivas proporcionando um cuidado individualizado, além de promover uma linguagem de enfermagem padronizada.
Grupos de discussão virtual: uma proposta para o ensino em enfermagem
Authors: Dal Pai Daiane , Lautert Liana
Published: December 2007

Este trabalho descreve uma experiência docente que teve como objetivo proporcionar interatividade à técnica do diário de campo, utilizando um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem. A proposta educacional teve como origem o Estágio de Docência, vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), no qual a mestranda, supervisionada pela sua orientadora, propôs a formação de grupos de discussão virtual para realizar o diário de campo em uma disciplina da graduação em enfermagem, visando a oportunizar a discussão conjunta das vivências acadêmicas em campo de prática. Os professores da disciplina na qual a proposta foi desenvolvida também estiveram inseridos nas atividades. A tecnologia virtual dinamizou a técnica de diário de campo, permitindo a troca de experiências entre os acadêmicos, o professor e a mestranda, assim como momentos de reflexão e discussão acerca dos temas confrontados na prática da enfermagem.
Avaliação ultra-sonográfica do sistema urinário, figado e útero do macaco-prego, Cebus apella
Authors: Alves Flávio R. , Costa Francisco B. , Arouche Mirela M.S. , Barros Ana C.E. , Miglino Maria A. , Vulcano Luiz C. , Guerra Porfírio C.
Published: December 2007

O macaco-prego, Cebus apella, é muito difundido no norte e sul da Amazônia Legal Brasileira e no Cerrado. Estes animais encontram-se rotineiramente submetidos à caça predatória, aumentando assim a necessidade de preservação desta espécie silvestre. Realizou-se um estudo ultra-sonográfico de 10 macacos-prego como forma de descrever a anatomia ultra-sonográfica normal de sua cavidade abdominal. A vesícula urinária apresentou parede com espessura média 0,2cm e em posição anatômica cuja topografia permitiu contato com as paredes do corpo do útero e cólon descendente. À varredura abdominal caudal foi visualizada a aorta, veia cava caudal e veia ilíaca direita. O fígado foi visto em varredura sagital e transversal, possibilitando a observação da vesícula biliar e vasos hepáticos. A varredura renal demonstrou com precisão a pelve, seio renal e relação cortico-medular. O comprimento médio de ambos os rins foi de 6,24±0,31cm, não existindo diferença estatística entre o rim direito e esquerdo (Teste t de Student e ANOVA). O volume renal foi 2,37±0,18cm³. Os coeficientes de Correlação de Pearson entre os comprimentos renais direito e esquerdo e entre volumes renais direito e esquerdo foram dispostos como r = 0,74 e 0,51. As espessuras médias para a região cortical e medular foram 0,75±0,11cm e 0,39±0,06cm, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação para a relação cortico-medular entre os rins direito e esquerdo foi de r = 0,19. O exame ultrasonográfico mostrou-se como uma técnica eficiente, nãoinvasiva, rápida e reprodutível, que provê dados importantes aos profissionais da área de clínica e cirurgia de animais silvestres.
Avaliação histomorfométrica e ultra-estrutural da mucosa do cólon menor eqüino submetido a distensão
Authors: Faleiros Rafael R. , Macoris Delphim G. , Alves Geraldo Eleno S. , Saquetti Carlos Henrique Câmara , Alessi Antonio Carlos
Published: December 2007

Estudos recentes demonstraram que a distensão luminal do cólon menor, apesar de ter promovido redução da irrigação da camada seromuscular resultando em inflamação intensa, não acarretou em lesões histopatológicas aparentes na mucosa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, por meio de histomorfometria e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), os efeitos da distensão intraluminal sobre a mucosa do cólon menor. Utilizaram-se 16 eqüinos. No Grupo distendido (GD), nove deles foram submetidos a quatro horas de distensão intraluminal do cólon menor por um balão inflado com pres são de 40mm de Hg. No Grupo instrumentado (GI), o balão foi introduzido no lume, mas sem provocar distensão. Colheram-se amostras intestinais antes e ao fim da obstrução e após 1,5 e 12 horas de reperfusão. À MEV observou-se em GD que a superfície da mucosa adquiriu um aspecto liso, aplainado, após a distensão, retornando ao aspecto rugoso após descompressão. Ao fim do experimento, a superfície da mucosa se apresentava com aspecto um pouco mais irregular, com pontos de fragmentação. À histomorfometria observou-se em GD uma redução da espessura da mucosa em relação ao controle após a distensão, retornando a valores semelhantes aos basais após descompressão. Concluiu-se que a mucosa, apesar de ter seu aspecto alterado e sua espessura reduzida, conseguiu suportar a distensão promovida pelo aumento de pressão intraluminal, retornando às suas características originais sem apresentar lesões significativas.
Toxoplasma gondii in semen of experimentally infected swine
Authors: Moura Anderson B. , Costa Alvimar J. , Jordão Filho Sérgio , Paim Beatriz B. , Pinto Fernanda R. , Di Mauro Daniela C.
Published: December 2007

Eight reproductive boars were divided into three groups and inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii [GI (n=3) 1.5x10(4) oocysts strain P; GII (n=3) 1.0x10(6) tachyzoites strain RH; and GIII (n=2) non-inoculated control]. Clinical, hematological, parasitemia and serological tests and studies of the parasite in the semen through bioassay and PCR, and in reproductive organs (Bioassay and immunohistochemical analyses) were conducted to evaluate the toxoplasmic infection. Blood and semen were collected on day -2, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 and weekly up to 84 days post-inoculation (DPI). No clinical or hematimetric alteration was observed in the boars. Parasitemia was detected in one boar inoculated with oocysts at the 7th DPI and in another boar infected with tachyzoites (GII) at the 3rd and 49th DPI. Serological tests revealed antibodies against T. gondii in animals inoculated with oocysts or tachyzoites at the 7th DPI with dilutions of 1:256 and 1:64, which reached peaks of 1:4096 at day 11 and 9, respectively. The bioassays revealed the presence of the parasite in semen samples of a boar inoculated with oocysts (GI) at 3, 49 and 56 DPI and from two boars infected with tachyzoites (GII), one animal at 5 and two animals at 49 days DPI. Mice inoculated with semen from the control group (GIII) remained serologically negative. PCR analysis showed T. gondii DNA in the semen of Boar 1 and Boar 3 inoculated with tachyzoites and oocysts, respectively. The immuno-histochemical tests showed T. gondii in the reproductive organs of Boar 1 and Boar 2, inoculated with tachyzoites and oocysts, respectively. These findings suggest the possible occurrence of venereal transmission of T. gondii in swine.
Rates of calcium, yield and quality of snap bean
Authors: Favaro Simone Palma , Braga Neto José Antônio , Takahashi Hideaki Wilson , Miglioranza Édison , Ida Elza Iouko
Published: December 2007

Calcium ions (Ca) play an important role in many biochemical processes, delaying senescence and controlling physiological disorders in fruits and vegetables. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the effect of increasing calcium concentrations in snap beans. Snap bean cultivar UEL 1 was sown in sand containing 80 mg L-1 of calcium supplemented with nutrient solution, plus calcium at different contents: 0, 75, 150 and 300 mg L-1. Ca was mainly recovered in the shoots, followed by roots and pods. Calcium concentrations in the pods were 130, 259, 349 and 515 mg 100 g-1dry matter on a dry weight basis, in relation to the enhancement of calcium contents in the nutrient solution, respectively. A negative relationship between nitrogen content in the pods and calcium concentration in the nutrient solution was observed. Pods from plants grown in a solution without Ca presented necrosis in their apical region. Dieback of roots, shoots and young leaves also occurred under low calcium supply. Dry matter of pods, roots and shoots, number of pods per plant, pod weight and pod length increased proportionally to calcium concentration in solution. Increasing rates of calcium improved biomass production in snap bean cultivar UEL 1.
Cinzas volantes álcali-ativadas com solução combinada de NaOH e Ca(OH)2
Authors: Vargas A.S. , Dal Molin D.C.C. , Vilela A.C.F. , Jalali S. , Gomes J.C.
Published: December 2007

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da resistência à compressão, ao longo do tempo, em amostras de argamassas à base de cinzas volantes álcali-ativadas. Como ativador alcalino foi utilizada uma solução combinada de NaOH e Ca(OH)2. A cura das amostras foi realizada de duas formas distintas. Na primeira, as amostras foram mantidas em estufa à 70°C/12 h e à temperatura constante de 22°C em sala climatizada até a idade de ensaio. Apesar de serem obtidas resistências da ordem de 20 MPa nas primeiras 24 h, houve decréscimo da resistência a partir da idade de 7 dias. Verificado esse comportamento, um segundo método de cura foi adotado. Para isso, o traço utilizado para o preparo de novas argamassas foi o mesmo adotado no método anterior. Porém, foram submetidas à temperatura constante de 70°C até a idade de ensaio. Nesse caso, as amostras apresentaram decréscimo mais acentuado da resistência em menor espaço de tempo, quando comparado às amostras curadas no primeiro método. Como estudos complementares foram realizadas análises microestruturais da CV antes e depois da álcali-ativação, utilizando o MEV/EDS. Nas imagens microestruturais foi possível identificar três morfologias distintas nas pastas álcali-ativadas: uma composta de regiões com aspecto denso; outra apresentando partículas de cinzas volantes parcialmente solubilizadas; e outra mostrando a formação de produtos em forma de cristais aciculares. Porém, apenas o uso do MEV/EDS não foi suficiente para que se pudesse entender o mecanismo de reação deletéria provocada entre os ativadores alcalinos e a cinza volante. Portanto, trabalhos futuros deverão contemplar o uso de ferramentas auxiliares às adotadas nesse trabalho com o objetivo de esclarecer tal mecanismo deletério.
Influência do tratamento térmico no comportamento mecânico não-linear elástico da liga Ti-13Nb-13Zr
Authors: Schneider S. , Schneider S.G. , Silva H.M. da
Published: December 2007

A liga Ti-13Nb-13Zr foi produzida por fusão a arco, solubilizada a 1000ºC/1h resfriada em água, forjada a frio, e recozida nas seguintes condições: 1000ºC/1h e 900ºC/30min resfriada em água. As propriedades mecânicas da liga recozida foram avaliadas pelo ensaio de tração em temperatura ambiente. A região elástica foi analisada de acordo com a equação modificada de Ramberg-Osgood, cujo grau de não-linearidade está associado ao parâmetro n. Verificou-se que um tratamento posterior de envelhecimento a 400ºC/3h diminui as diferenças existentes em algumas propriedades mecânicas e melhora a linearidade na região elástica.
Avaliação da zona de transição interfacial pasta-agregado leve em concretos com sílica ativa e látex SBR
Authors: Rossignolo J.A.
Published: December 2007

Este trabalho aborda o efeito da sílica ativa e do látex de estireno-butadieno (SBR) na zona de transição entre a argila expandida (agregado leve) e a matriz de cimento Portland. Para a avaliação da zona de transição utilizou-se um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) associado a um sistema de análise quantitativa (espectrografia de Raios-X por dispersão de energia - EDS). No concreto de referência a zona de transição apresentou espessura de 30mim. Com a inclusão de sílica ativa ou de látex SBR nos concretos observou-se a redução da espessura da zona de transição para valores entre 20 e 25mim. Entretanto os menores valores da espessura da zona de transição, entre 8 e 15mim, foram obtidos para os concretos com sílica ativa e látex SBR.
Formação de avaliadores na modalidade educação a distância: necessidade transformada em realidade
Authors: Dubeux Luciana Santos , Cazarin Gisele , Figueiró Ana Claudia , Bezerra Luciana Caroline Albuquerque , Barros Marcos , Salvi Ângela , Oliveira Dulcineide , Sampaio Gustavo
Published: December 2007

Será apresentada neste artigo a proposta do Curso Básico de Avaliação em Saúde do Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira - IMIP - voltada ao ensino dos principais conceitos e abordagens nesse campo de atuação, com o uso de fundamentos e da tecnologia de Educação à Distância. Este curso é parte integrante da Política Nacional de Institucionalização da Avaliação em Saúde, com vistas à formação de profissionais situados em posições estratégicas nas três instâncias gestoras do Sistema Único de Saúde, nas diversas regiões brasileiras. Considerando o perfil esperado para o avaliador em saúde foram estabelecidas as competências para este profissional e uma proposta pedagógica centrada no aprendizado crítico, reflexivo, autônomo e com base no dialogo entre a teoria e a vivência prática do aluno. Para a elaboração deste curso foi conformada uma equipe multiprofissional (avaliadores, consultores pedagógicos, técnicos de informática e diagramação), sendo realizadas as seguintes etapas: elaboração do material didático, desenvolvimento da página na rede, capacitação de tutores e seleção dos alunos.
Integrity of ductile iron pipe installed by horizontal drilling
Authors: Ariaratnam S. T. , Bonds R. W. , Crabtree D. W.
Published: December 2007

The introduction of restrained joint ductile iron is rapidly gaining acceptance as an alternative pipe material for municipal engineering applications using horizontal directional drilling. The boltless restrained connection offers flexibility, ease of assembly, and positive restraint against endwise axial separation due to pulling during trenchless installations. This paper discusses the results of a field testing programme to evaluate the performance of restrained joint ductile iron pipe installed by horizontal directional drilling. The main area of concern is the potential corrosive effects on the pipe from the bentonite-based drilling fluid used in the installation. The research involved assessment of the installation durability and effectiveness of two combinations of externally applied, loose wrapped, polyethylene encasement to provide a protective barrier. Observations found that employing 0·02 mm linear low-density polyethylene encasement provided excellent protection to the ductile iron pipe against corrosion from drilling fluid and soils with low resistivities.
Durability of silica fume and ggbs concrete in a tidal zone
Authors: Ganjian E. , Pouya H. S.
Published: December 2007

This paper summarises investigations that were conducted to assess the durability of plain and blended type II Portland cement exposed to marine tidal environments. In this research the performance of cement paste and concrete mixes incorporating 7 and 10% silica fume as a cement replacement was investigated in three exposure conditions with seven days’ initial curing in potable water. The performance of plain and blended cements was evaluated by monitoring changes in compressive strength and capillary absorption. The results show that plain type II Portland cement performed better than blended silica fume cement under cyclic wetting and drying conditions. Silica fume specimens under cyclic wetting and drying conditions in simulated seawater exhibited higher strength loss in comparison with plain type II Portland cement when cured under potable water. In addition, the greater the silica fume amount used in the mixes, the more the capillary water absorption under tidal zone exposure and/or under wetting and drying simulation. Further, the ternary-blended ground granulated blast-furnace slag mix was the worst-performing mix in all exposure conditions. An extended initial curing time is recommended for these types of mixes.
Briefing: Bonded-in technology for structural timber
Authors: Ansell M. P. , Smedley D.
Published: December 2007

Bonded-in technology provides rapid and reliable solutions for the connection, reinforcement and repair of timber structures. This briefing describes how fibre-reinforced plastic pultruded rods are bonded into over-sized holes or slots in timber, using room-temperature cure epoxy adhesives, to achieve coherent timber-to-composite interfaces. The results of pull-out tests are reported which confirm the integrity of the pultruded rod-to-timber interface. Examples of timber connections, reinforced beams and the repair of timber bridges are examined, and a comprehensive list of research references are included which underpin bonded-in technology for structural timber.
Aerobic digestion of municipal solid waste in Durham, UK
Authors: Johnson M.
Published: December 2007

An in-vessel aerobic digestion plant has been in operation at the Thornley waste transfer station in County Durham, UK, since January 2002. Until recently the plant consisted of two aerobic digestion towers with a total capacity in excess of 30 000 t per annum; it processes unsegregated municipal solid waste (MSW) resulting in a diversion rate of over 70% of its input weight from landfill. This type of process is commonly referred to as mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) and is attracting significant interest from local authorities as an alternative to mass burn incineration and landfill disposal. In contrast to some other MBT systems, this system is configured to optimise conditions for maximum degradation of the biodegradable components of MSW commonly referred to as biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). While the current plant has been in operation for 4·5 years, assistance was sought from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under the New Technologies Demonstrator Programme to support additional research and development with the aim of enhancing the process.
Prediction of Slug-to-Annular Flow Pattern Transition (STA) for Reducing the Risk of Gas-Lift Instabilities and Effective Gas/Liquid Transport From Low-Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: Toma P. R. , Vargas E. , Kuru E.
Published: December 2007

Flow-pattern instabilities have frequently been observed in both conventional gas-lifting and unloading operations of water and oil in low-pressure gas and coalbed reservoirs. This paper identifies the slug-to-annular flow-pattern transition (STA) during upward gas/liquid transportation as a potential cause of flow instability in these operations. It is recommended that the slug-flow pattern be used mainly to minimize the pressure drop and gas compression work associated with gas-lifting large volumes of oil and water. Conversely, the annular flow pattern should be used during the unloading operation to produce gas with relatively small amounts of water and condensate. In both procedures, a considerable decrease in tubing pressure from the perforation levels to the wellhead levels results in a major increase in superficial gas velocity. It is believed that this occurrence may well induce the unstable flow that occurs during STA.

Understanding and accurate prediction of flow pattern transitions, such as those that occur in STA, is imperative for the development of suitable production operations and effective gas-lifting and unloading strategies. New and efficient artificial lifting strategies are required to transport the liquid out of the depleted gas or coalbed reservoir level to the surface. This paper presents field data and laboratory measurements supporting the hypothesis that STA significantly contributes to flow instabilities and should therefore be avoided in upward gas/liquid transportation operations. Laboratory high-speed measurements of flow-pressure components under a broad range of gas-injection rates including STA have also been included in the paper to illustrate the onset of large STA-related flow-pressure oscillations. The latter body of data provides important insights into gas deliquification mechanisms and identifies potential solutions for improved gas-lifting and unloading procedures. A comparison of laboratory data with existing STA models was performed first. Selected models were then numerically tested in field situations. Effective field strategies for avoiding STA occurrence in marginal and new (offshore) field applications (i.e., through the use of a slug or annular flow pattern regimen from the bottomhole to wellhead levels) are discussed in this paper.
Selection of Optimal Platform Locations
Authors: Dogru Sevgi
Published: December 2007

A new method for finding the optimal platform and best well locations in offshore oil fields is presented to minimize the total drilling cost while the productive potential is maximized. The general mathematical model is defined as a nonlinear mixed-integer programming problem in three-dimensional (3D) space that is solved in a two-dimensional (2D) plane. Graph-theory approach and an alternate-location/allocation algorithm were used sequentially for the solution of this problem. The model has been tested on several actual offshore fields. Some computational results are given for both limited and unlimited platform capacity cases.
Determination of Infinite-Acting Period for Well-Test Analysis
Authors: Gobran B. D. , Abbaszadeh M. D. , Brown S. L.
Published: December 2007

This paper discusses a simplified method to determine the end of the infinite-acting flow period of either a single-well drawdown or a two-well interference test. The first part of this work investigates the singlewell case for well locations in various closed rectangular drainage areas. The second part studies observation (interference) well locations in closed rectangles with one producing well located at various positions in the rectangles.

The results are presented in two forms. First, contour maps of dimensionless time based on area are drawn that indicate the time when the pressure drop of a well at that position will deviate from infinite-acting behavior by 5%. Second, a hand-calculator program is given to allow determination of this dimensionless time for the single-well drawdown case.
Success of Openhole Completions in the Northeast Butterly Field, Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Phillips F. L. , Whitt S. R.
Published: December 2007

Unconsolidated heavy-oil sandstone reservoirs under active water drive typically involve production problems with produced sand and water channeling. Through case histories, this paper illustrates how openhole completions, in comparison with perforations, have resulted in a significant reduction in sand and water production and an increase in oil production from the Basal Oil Creek sandstone. The performance of recently completed wells with openhole completions will be examined and compared with several older, perforated wells.
Casing Wear Caused by Tooljoint Hardfacing
Authors: Best Bruno
Published: December 2007

Casing wear caused by new tooljoint hardfacings, such as fine-mesh tungsten-carbide hardfacing and a hardfacing covered with a layer of relatively soft material, has been investigated in the laboratory. The tests were performed on a full-scale test facility with field conditions—forces, motions, and fluids—simulated as closely as possible. It was found that the major mechanisms responsible for casing wear by tooljoints are adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and ploughing.

Wear mechanisms can be classified as mild, normal, and severe. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to measures for lessening casing wear. This can be achieved with (1) tooljoints that have a sufficiently large, smooth, round, and uniform surface and (2) an appropriate mud that has a sufficiently high content of soft solid particles, such as barites, to form a layer in the tooljoint/casing contact area so that metal-to-metal contact is avoided and small, hard mud particles are embedded.
Successful Rod Pumping at 14,500 Feet
Authors: Gott Charles I.
Published: December 2007

Well 41X24D of the Reno field in Wyoming's Powder River basin became the world's deepest rod-pumped oil well on Sept. 21, 1982. Before this installation, the maximum depth experience was limited to about 11,500 ft [3505 m]. Its rod pump, installed at 14,500 ft [4420 m], has operated successfully since 1982. This rod-lift system replaced a hydraulic lift installation used since the completion of the well in 1966. Poor hydraulic pump operating economics coupled with frequent pump servicing and associated downtime dictated change. Records maintained by the production foreman revealed that Well 41X24D had logged 14 hydraulic pump failures during the previous 12 months of operation. Cost of these failures approached $25,000. During an annual well review, a recommendation was made to convert the well to rod lift to improve the situation.

Our deep-well rod-pumping experience in the Rocky Mountains had been favorable. The theory of the equipment used is discussed in depth.
Studies of Critical Gas Saturation During Gas Injection
Authors: Closmann P. J.
Published: December 2007

Results of studies of critical gas saturation in a long, porous medium have been compared with those obtained in a short system. In general, the relationship of rate vs. critical gas saturation for gas flow into an oil-saturated core can be divided into two regions in which capillary forces and viscous forces govern flow, respectively. At low gas injection rates (below about 10−3 cm3/cm2·s [0.39×10−3 in.3/in.2-sec] for oil of 1.4-mPa·s [1.4-cp] viscosity), capillary processes govern distribution of the gas and result in increasing critical gas saturation as the flow rate is increased from very low values. At high injection rates, viscous forces become prominent and result in very low critical gas saturation, probably as a result of viscous fingering. In a long system, the saturation distribution includes high gas saturation values (>8%) near the inlet end and low values (~2%) near the outlet. The latter are the critical gas saturation. For the case of 1.4-mPa·s [1.4-cp] oil in a short core, the increase of fingering with increasing flow rate produces more regions of low gas saturation. This tends to counterbalance the increase in saturation occurring because of capillary forces, with the result that a maximum is eventually observed in average saturation for the short core. In very viscous (63-mPa·s [63-cp]) oil, no maximum is observed.

Studies of saturation profiles during gas injection at high rates indicate that no stabilized zone is formed, but further work, probably with longer cores, could clarify the displacement mechanism.
Case History for Decreasing Cost Per Foot in a Deep, Large-Diameter Hole in Hard-Rock Country
Authors: Eustes Alfred William
Published: December 2007

A 24,000-ft [7315-m] wildcat well located 50 miles [80 km] southwest of Oklahoma City, OK, was drilled with a 17½-in [44.5-cm] hole from 4,100 to 14,500 ft [1250 to 4420 m]. This case history discusses our approach to decreasing cost per foot in this deep, large-diameter hole. Data on field operations and an economic analysis of methods are included.
Laboratory Seismic Methods for Remote Monitoring of Thermal EOR
Authors: Tosaya Carol , Nur Amos , Vo-Thanh Dung , Da Prat Giovanni
Published: December 2007

Laboratory measurements of compressional (P) and shear (S) wave velocities and first-arrival amplitudes at ultrasonic frequencies (0.65 to 1.70 MHz [0.65 × 106 to 1.70 × 106 cycles/sec]) in unconsolidated tar and heavy-oil sands indicate that wave-propagation properties in these materials are sensitive to bitumen content. Studies made at elevated temperatures, overburden pressures, and pore pressures revealed that heat and oil content in Venezuelan, Californian, and Canadian reservoir samples had large effects on the measured P and S velocities and amplitudes. Similar results were obtained on well-consolidated sandstones at lower frequencies (1.60 to 3.60 kHz [1.60 × 103 to 3.60 × 103 cycles/sec]).

The velocity and relative P-wave attenuation results show that in reservoir sands with high brine-to-oil ratios, the presence of steam or gas is easily detected. In sands with low brine-to-oil ratios, with oil occupying at least half of the available pore space, the presence of steam is not easily detected, but velocities and attenuation are highly sensitive to the temperature of heated oil. Indeed, measurable seismic properties may become a powerful tool for mapping temperature distribution, and therefore viscosity distribution, within heated reservoirs.

The results suggest that seismic wave transmission and possibly reflection methods should be highly successful in locating thermal EOR fronts and in monitoring the distribution of heated tar and heavy oils within a reservoir. The application for this technique is evident: because of the potential to track heated oil remotely, field operators may be able to determine optimal placement of future production or injection wells.
The Fluid-Compensated Cement Bond Log
Authors: Nayfeh T. H. , Wheelis W. B. , Leslie H. D.
Published: December 2007

Simulations of cement bond logging (CBL) have shown that wellbore fluid effects can be segregated from sonic-signal response to changing cement strengths. Traditionally, the effects have been considered negligible and the CBL's have been interpreted as if water were in the wellbore. However, large variations in CBL's have become apparent with the increasing number of logs run in completion fluids, such as CaCl2, ZnBr2, and CaBr2.

To study wellbore fluid effects, physical and numerical models were developed that simulated the wellbore geometry. Measurements were conducted in 5-, 7-, and 9⅝-in. casings for a range of wellbore fluid types and for both densities and viscosities. Parallel numerical modeling used similar parameters.

Results show that bond-log amplitudes varied dramatically with the wellbore fluid acoustic impedance—i.e., there was a 70% increase in signal amplitudes for 11.5 lbm/gal (1370-kg/m3) CaCl2 over the signal amplitude in water. This led to the development of a fluid-compensated bond log that corrects the amplitude for acoustic impedance of various wellbore fluids, thereby making the measurements more directly related to the cement quality.
Filtration Method Characterizes Dispersive Properties of Shales
Authors: Wilcox R. D. , Fisk J. V. , Corbett G. E.
Published: December 2007

Laboratory and field results show that the Capillary Suction Time (CST) filtration device can be used to characterize the colloidal nature of shale particles, to determine optimal salinity for inhibition, and to analyze drilling-fluid filtrate effect on cuttings dispersion at the wellsite. The concept of potential energy developed between particles is advanced to improve the understanding of borehole stability.
Evaluation of Empirically Derived PVT Properties for Gulf of Mexico Crude Oils
Authors: Sutton Robert P. , Farshad F.
Published: December 2007

This paper evaluates several empirical PVT correlations for application in the Gulf of Mexico. Ideally, fluid properties are determined experimentally in the laboratory; however, these data are not always available. Correlations are consequently used to determine values for bubblepoint pressure, solution GOR, FVF, and viscosity. These values are necessary to compute oil reserves or for calculations involving flow through pipes or porous media. A review of the correlations is provided, along with the results of calculations made on 31 individual crude oil samples.