bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of the European Corn Borer by a Single Aerial Application of Ambush, Pounce, or EPN, 1985
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

One commercial field, located near Lima, NY, was divided into 4 sections. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply a single application (5 Aug) of each treatment to the corn when it was in the early green tassel stage. Control of the ECB was assessed by removing a whole leaf from the middle height of 10 plants/plot, excising a 4-inch square from the middle of the leaf, and allowing 5 neonatal larvae to feed on the section for 72 h at 70°F. Samples were taken from the field at 3 and 7 days posttreatment.
Control of Thrips on Eggplant, 1985
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 19 Feb ’85, 0.75 m apart on 6.09-m long by 4.57-m wide plots, at the Waimanalo Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Each treatment plot consisted of 3 rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 25 Apr; 9, 21 May; 4 and 18 Jun by hand using a ‘Maruyama Power Sprayer’, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Thrips counts were made on leaves and fruits on 18 Apr, 1 May and 13 Jun. On 16, 28 May and 24 Jun thrips counts were conducted only on leaves, due to the absence of fruits in most plots. Populations of thrips were recorded by examining 6 randomly selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot together with 6 young fruits (ca. 5 cm long). Prior to counting, thrips were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves and all over the sampled fruits. Thrips pressure was high from the second month after transplanting (Apr). Untreated control plots were very badly infested, resulting in the arresting of terminal plant growth, very few flowers and fruits. Plants in these check plots had smaller, deformed and thickened leaves and highly deformed fruits when they were present. Although the melon thrips counts were low on these malformed leaves and fruits, they do not represent the true severity of the infestation. The deformation caused by heavy thrips infestations resulted in these leaves and fruits becoming unsuitable for subsequent thrips feeding.
Early Season Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Black Magic’ and ‘Black Beauty’ eggplant were transplanted on 21 May near Benson, NC ‘Black Magic’ was transplanted in Furadan 15G plots (2 rates), untreated check and Pydrin plots. ‘Black Beauty’ was transplanted in the Furadar. 4F and Vydate 2L plots. Treatments consisted of single rows on 84-inch centers replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Kelthane 4F was applied 12 Jun and 19 Jul to control spider mites. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle operating at 60 psi and 80 gal water per acre. Granular materials were applied with shaker jars in 12-15 inch bands and incorporated 3 inches deep before black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation tubes were laid. Furadan 4F and Vydate 2L were applied in 4 oz transplant water. Treatments were made 15 May (PPI), 21 May (TPW) and 29 Jun and 8 Aug (foliar). Plots were artificially infested with CPB (4-5 adults per plot) on 18 Jun. Insect damage ratings and CPB counts were made 19, 27 Jun, 3, 10, 23, 30 Jul.
Control of the Onion Maggot with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Bishop Guy W. , Johnston Richard L.
Published: March 2022

‘CIMA’ onions were planted at the University of Idaho SW Idaho Research and Extension Center, Parma, ID, in Vickery-Marsing silt loam soil on 5 Apr. Thirteen-ft plots were planted using a ‘Planet Jr.’ push-type planter in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting. A stand count was taken on 25 May to determine percent germination. Bulbs were lifted and topped on 30 Sep, and placed in storage 4 Oct.
Onion Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 24 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, NY on the Sacheli Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gpa through a gravity-fed system. Dithane M-45 (80 WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb Al/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each iieatment except for those already having a fungicide. Stand counts were taken 20 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca. twice/week from the time of stand counts until 19 Jul.
Control of Pepper Weevil on Pepper, 1985
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 12 Mar, 12 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inches high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 15 plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 22, 29 Apr, 6, 13, 21 and 28 May with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 40-80 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). Plots were harvested on 20 May and 4 Jun. In addition to fruit of marketable size on the plants, all fruit that had abscised from the plants and trapped in 1-inch high barriers surrounding each plot were collected. Each abscised fruit from the first harvest date and all harvested fruit were examined for pepper weevil feeding/oviposition scars on the outer surface, pepper weevil internal feeding damage and pepper weevil larvae, pupae and adults. Harvested fruit were also examined for stink bug and armyworm damage. The percentages of damaged and undamaged fruit were calculated and transformed arcsine (%) (.01) prior to analysis. Data are presented in the original scale.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes with Foliar Sprays, 1985
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert C.
Published: March 2022

This study site was located on the Rodonis Farm, Litchfield, New Hampshire, where resistance to several registered insecticides has been reported. ‘Katahdin’ Irish potato seed pieces were planted in rows spaced 3 ft apart on 13 May. Each plot consisted of two 25-ft rows and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Spray applications were begun on 25 Jun when adult CPB were present and laying eggs. Spray applications were repeated on 3 Jul, 12 Jul, 22 Jul, 1 Aug and 12 Aug with a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 32 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5-ft hand-held boom with 4 nozzles which covered 2 rows. Evaluations were made on 7 Jul and 22 Aug by counting the live larvae in each plot (50 ft row) that are visible from above without disturbing the foliage. There was not enough foliage injury at any time to permit a damage rating assessment. Due to the low population of Colorado potato beetles, no attempt was made to determine yields.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1985
Authors: Morrow E. A. , Grafius E. J.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 2 May ’85 at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm. Plots were 3 rows wide (34-inch spacing) by 45 ft, with 5 ft of buffer before the next plot. Two untreated rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks per treatment. Treatments were applied at planting, as a sidedress with fertilizer at hilling (20 May), or as weekly foliar treatments from 20 June to 8 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of nozzles over each of the 3 rows. One nozzle was pointed directly over the top, with the other 2 directed at the sides of the plants. Weekly insect counts (12 June-12Aug), were made from 2 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. On 3 Jul, Cygon was sprayed on all plots to control the potato leafhopper infestation. On 12 Aug, the plots were rated for Colorado potato beetle damage. Yields were taken from the center row of each plot on 11 Sep. Analysis of variances was done on the season total number of adults and large larvae. Analysis was also done on individual dates for large larvae and adults. Multiple comparisons (SNK) were made where significant results were obtained.
Pydrin Ineffective for Control of Green Peach Aphid on Turnip, 1982
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

‘Purple top-white globe’ turnips were seeded into 20-ft, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 8-inch interplant spacing on 29 Apr ’82. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2 Pydrin was applied at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 lb (AI)/acre on 15, 22, 29 Jun, and 6 Jul using a boom sprayer mounted on a tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. Pydrin was applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through D2-25 TEEJET nozzles spaced 11 inches apart on the boom. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were sprinkler irrigated as necessary with 0.32 acre-inches/irrigation. Efficacy was determined by counting the aphids on 10 leaves taken at random from each plot 3 days after the final application. Phytotoxicity was determined at the same time.
Insect Control in Zucchini, 1985
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Seedling zucchini, in 2.25-inch peat cups, were transplanted 13 Aug, at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots consisted of a single row of 10 plants set at 2-ft intervals. Rows were separated by 6.5 ft, and 4-ft alleys separated plots. Sprays were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with two TX-6 nozzles operated at 30 psi. Spray volume was 15 gpa. Application dates were 8 and 16 Sep. Prior to application an 8-inch × 18-inch × 0.75-inch styrofoam tray was placed under each plant. Insecticide effectiveness was evaluated by counting the dead insects in each tray 24 h after each spray.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Alfalfa Weevil Larvae and Adults, 1985
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. L. , Gibb T. J. , Neumann-Dye P.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested pre-bud stage alfalfa (12 inches tall) was treated on Apr 20 ’85. Thirteen insecticides and 2 untreated control plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots measured 6 by 9 m. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa) with a carbon dioxide-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 80 degree hollow cone nozzles.
Second Brood European Corn Borer Chemical Efficacy Trials, Landisville, Pennsylvania, 1985
Authors: Calvin Dennis D.
Published: March 2022

Corn plots (4 rows (30-inch spacing) × (50 ft) were established using a randomized complete block design to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides used for European corn borer control. Twelve chemical treatments and a check were randomly assigned to corn plots within each of 4 blocks. Chemical treatments were timed using an ECB phenological growth model and egg mass sampling to determine the period of egg laying. Treatments were applied on 4 Aug approximately 4 days after peak egg deposition (majority of eggs in blackhead stage). Liquid formulations were applied using a nitrogen-pressurized system mounted on a Hiboy with the boom pressure adjusted to 30 psi (liquid output = 26 gal/acre). Three hollow cone nozzles/row were used, with the side 2 nozzles mounted at a 45° angle on 15-inch drop-extensions and the remaining nozzle directed down over the row. Granular formations were applied using Gandy granular applicators mounted on the Hiboy. Granular treatments were applied in a 7-inch band over the row. Plots were evaluated on 11 Sep for surviving ECB larvae. Twenty consecutive plants/plot (from one of the center rows) were dissected and examined. Plots were harvested on 16 Oct from 100 row-ft using a 3-row harvester. Yield from each plot was adjusted to pounds of grain/plant and a 15.5% moisture content.
Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn, 1984
Authors: Chmiel Stephen M. , Wollam John D.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3572’ field corn was planted in a sandy loam soil on 27 Aug at the Mobay Research Farm, Howe, IN. Plots measured 3 ft (1 row) × 15 ft with 3 replications in a completely randomized block design. Granular treatments were applied to the soil as a 7-inch band at planting using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle applicator and lightly incorporated with a rake. Enclosures measuring 1 ft × 3 ft × 7 inches were randomly placed in each plot and corn populations thinned to 10 plants/enclosure. On 4 Sep, when the corn plants were in the first true leaf stage, enclosures were infested with 11 fourth stage laboratory reared black cutworm (BCW) larvae. Liquid treatments were applied as broadcast rescue sprays using a CO2 pressurized hand boom with 8002E flat fan tips at 20 psi and 18 gpa 4 h after enclosures were infested with BCW. Damaged and cut plants/enclosure were observed daily for 5 days following infestation and the totals for the period were determined on 9 Sep. Plants were considered cut if severed below the first true leaf. Plants were classified as damaged if cut or if other evidence of feeding was apparent. A third parameter (% healthy plants) was evaluated 24 days after infestation on 28 Sep. Plants were considered healthy only if they appeared completely normal and were not stunted or deformed due to early feeding injury.
Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn I, 1985
Authors: Chmiel Stephen M. , Wollam John D.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3572’ field corn was planted in a sandy loam soil on 20 May at the Mobay Research Farm, Howe, IN. Plots measured 1 row × 15 ft with 4 replications in a completely randomized block design. Granular treatments were applied at planting to the soil as a 7-inch band using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle applicator with no incorporation. Liquid treatments were applied as soil broadcast sprays at planting using 8002E flat fan tips at 20 psi and 20 gpa applied with a CO2 pressurized hand boom. Enclosures measuring 1 ft × 3 ft × 7 inches were randomly placed in each plot and corn populations thinned to 10 plants/enclosure. On 29 May, when the corn plants were in the first true leaf stage, enclosures were infested with 15 late third/early fourth stage laboratory reared black cutworm (BCW) larvae. The number of damaged and cut plants/enclosure was observed daily for 5 days following infestation, and the totals for the period were determined on 3 Jun. Plants were considered cut if severed below the first true leaf. Plants were classified as damaged if cut or if other evidence of feeding was apparent. Percent healthy plants was evaluated 20 days after infestation. Plants were considered healthy only if they appeared completely normal and were not stunted or deformed due to early feeding injury.
European Corn Borer First Brood Control, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticidal treatments were examined to determine their efficacy on first brood European corn borer in conventionally planted field corn grown on the Guy Hall Farm near Warsaw, VA. Materials were applied either as foliar sprays or granular applications on 29 May 1985. Sprays were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 22 psi, using AL8002 nozzels, that delivered 11.7 gal. of finished formulation per acre. Granular formulations were applied directly in the whorl using a hand-held granular applicator. Plots were 4 rows, 50 ft long, separated with 1 border row. A complete randomized block design was used with 4 replications. Individual plots were evaluated periodically by examining all plants in 50 ft of row for the presence of ECB damage. Yields were obtained by harvesting 1 of the center rows (50 ft of row).
Chemigated Insecticides for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, Wray, Co, 1985
Authors: Peairs Frank R. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 2 Jul ‘85 through a Valley sprinkler with low pressure Senninger 360-degree drop nozzles using a Pulsafeeder Hydracone R-1 pump. Thompson Hayward T-MULZ808H nonemulsifiable oil was used in the insecticide + oil treatments. All treatments were applied in 0.25 inches of water.
Second Generation European Corn Borer, Handplots, Wray, Co, 1985
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 13 Aug ‘85 to center-pivot irrigated corn. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal/acre at 30 psi through 2 nozzles (8003) mounted on a 2.5-ft boom. Granules were applied through a gravity flow metering and spreading device. Plots were two 50-ft rows separated with a single buffer row and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The field had been chemigated with Lorsban 4E at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre for control of first generation European corn borer. Treatments were evaluated on 12 Sep ‘85 by dissecting 10 plants per plot and counting the number of live 3rd-5th instar larvae and cavities per plant.
Chemigated and Aerially-Applied Insecticides for Control of Western Bean Cutworm, Hale (Bonny Dam), Co, 1985
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 26 Jul ‘85 to pretassel corn. Chemigated treatments were applied through a Zimmatic sprinkler with Senninger 360-degree low pressure drop nozzles with a Pulsafeeder Hydracone R-l pump. Aerial treatments were applied with a Peiper A25 (Hutchinson Wing) aircraft calibrated to deliver 2 gal/acre in a 45-ft swath at 30 psi through 23 D 8-45 core nozzles. Treatments were evaluated on 21 Aug ‘85 by counting the number of live larvae in 4 groups of 25 ears per treatment.
Western Corn Rootworm Cultivation Treatments, Akron, Co, 1985
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 13 Jun ‘85 to 10 to 14-inch center-pivot irrigated corn. Plots were 100-ft single rows arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular materials were applied through 7-inch spreaders held 4 inches above the whorl. Liquids were directed at the base of the plants with a CO2 single-nozzle sprayer calibrated o deliver 45 gal per acre at 30 psi. Following application, all plots were cultivated with an Alloway cultivator (Danish tines and 6-inch shovels). Treatments were evaluated on 17 Jul ‘85 by digging 10 consecutive plants from each plot and rating root system damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 = no damage, 6 = 3 nodes of roots lost).
Evaluation of Early-Season Insecticide Applications for Boll Weevil Control in Cotton, 1978
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Treacy M. F. , Segers J. C. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Edroy, TX, to evaluate the effectiveness of selected insecticides for control of boll weevils and fleahoppers. Four treatments and an untreated were compared in 16-row by 100-ft plots of cotton planted 9 Mar on 38 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at the matchhead square stage on 9 and 17 May. Applications were made with a high-clearance spray machine. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by: (1) collecting fleahoppers and beneficial arthropods from a 20-ft section of row in each plot with a D-Vac suction machine, and (2) inspecting 50 squares in each plot for boll weevil damage. Seed cotton for yield analysis was hand-harvested from 13-ft sections of row in each plot.
Orthene as a Systemic Soil Insecticide for Fleahopper Control, 1979
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Segers J. C. , Maher B. R.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi to determine the efficacy of acephate applied at different rates and formulations to control cotton fleahopper. Cotton was planted 6 Apr in 38-inch rows, one month later than normal to insure intense fleahopper pressure during squaring. Plots were 4 rows wide by 40 ft long with each treatment replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. The soil type was Victoria sandy clay loam. Shortly after planting, the 0.125 lb (AI)/acre and 0.25 lb (AI)/acre 10G slow release acephate granules, and 0.25 lb (AI)/acre 5G fast release acephate granules were applied in the bed 3-inches below the soil surface and 4 inches to the side of the seed row. On 30 May (6th true leaf, pinhead square), the foliar application of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S was applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver four gal of solution/acre in a 20-inch wide band. Bollworms and fleahoppers were sampled on 22 and 30 May, 11 and 21 Jun, and 2 Jul. Blooms were counted daily in 6.8 ft of row per plot for 21 days starting on 10 Jun. Beneficial insects were sampled utilizing a D-Vac suction machine on a 20 ft2 area per plot. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a desginated 26-ft section of row in each plot.
Seed Treatment Test with Orthene for Control of Cotton Insect Pests, 1981
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Segers J. C. , Maher B. R.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted on Victoria sandy clay loam at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi, Texas to determine the efficacy of Orthene 75S as a hopperbox seed treatment for control of early season cotton pests. Test plots were planted 24 Mar, with ‘Tamcot SP-21S’, a cotton fleahopper susceptible variety. The soil type was Victoria sandy clay loam. Treatments were replicated 4 times in plots 80 ft long by 12 rows wide (0.07 acre) in a randomized complete block design. The planting rate was approximately 20 lb seed/acre. Cotton seed and Orthene 75S for each treatment were mixed dry by shaking them together in a large plastic bag prior to filling the hopperboxes.
Spray Additive Deposition Study 1985
Authors: Burris Gene , Rester Darryl C. , Clower James P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Northeast LA to determine the influence of Triton CS-7 on spray coverage with aerial application. Droplet density per cm2 was used to evaluate coverage. Deposition in the cotton canopy was evaluated by placing fifteen 48-inch high deposit card holders in each of two 20-acre test plots in cotton 50-60 inches tall, planted on 40-inch rows. The holders were placed in the drill, arranged in a straight line on every 3rd row, making a 140-ft perpendicular collection area to the direction of the aircraft. Krome kote cards were attached at ground level, 20 inches mid-canopy, and 48 inches above ground. A 0.33% Agmark P2 dye was added to the treatments for a droplet marker. Deposition analysis for a clear open area, was made at the airport. Cards were placed at ground level, 2 ft on center from 80 ft right and left of the flight line for swath testing. Swath tests were made with and without Triton CS-7. The test airplane was an Ag Cat A (39 ft 1 inch Wingspan, 600HP) equipped with 22 D6-46 and 23 D-46 disc and core nozzles that were turned straight down and operated at 20 psi. Computed finished spray rate was 2.25 gal/acre, airspeed 115 mph. The swath tests and canopy tests were made 8 Aug. Insecticide performance data were collected from the test field during regular season applications made on 12 Jul, 17 Jul, 20 Jul, and 8 Aug.
Chemical Control of Thrips, 1985
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides to control thrips on cotton was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted on 14 May in 40-inch rows. Eleven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows × 50 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. The hopper box treatment was applied to seed just prior to planting. Granular treatments were placed in the furrow at planting. Spray treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer at the rate of 9.7 gal/acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet™ TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were applied on 13 Jun. Data were collected from drop cloth samples taken from 6 row-ft of the middle 2 rows of each plot on 13 and 17 Jun.
Early Season Cotton Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 825’ variety cotton was planted 10 May on a Grenada silt loam at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. One-row plots (40-inch spacing) were 30 ft long. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. All seed was commercially treated with 2 fungicides. Ten pounds of Terraclor Super-X per acre was applied in-furrow. Foliar sprays were applied 4 Jun at 4.6 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a hand-held CO2 pressurized B&G spray system. Pre- and posttreatment thrips and aphid counts were made by pulling 4 seedling plants from each row and placing these in a pt jar. The jars were returned to the laboratory where the plants were beaten over a large funnel. Insects were collected under the funnel in 70% alcohol. Posttreatment counts were made 11 Jun.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 4 single-tree plots of 33-year-old trees in a randomized block desgn. Applications were made with a Swanson DA400PT024 airblast sprayer which traveled at 3.86 k/hr and delivered 2805 1/ha at the delayed dormant and pre-pink stages, and 935 I/ha for the remainder of the season. Dates of application were 8 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)], 13 Apr [pre-pink (PP)1, 6 May [petal fall (PF)], 20 May [first cover (1C)], 3 Jun [second cover (2C)], 17 Jun [third cover (3C)], 3 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 17 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 1 and 2 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 21 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], 3 Sep [eighth cover (8C)]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Benlate, Captan, Dikar, Dithane M-45, Dithane Z-78, Solubor, Streptomycin and Topsin-M. Treatment effectiveness was determined for AA by counting infested leaves on 10 top terminals and aphids/most infested leaf/terminal for each tree. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect on Stethorus punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae on the periphery of test trees observed during a 3-minute period. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting mines observed in 5 min while walking around the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on WALH was determined by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effectiveness on fruit feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 400 apples per treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 24 Sep.
Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton with Chemical Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Lorenz Gus , Gary Debra , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A full season study was conducted at the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 7 Jun. All treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows (38-inch rows) by 50 ft with 2 buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.1 gal/acre total volume at 30 psi through 2 TX-4 nozzles per row. Treatments were applied 26 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug and 19 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 31 Aug, 12 and 20 Sep and 28 Sep and 3 Oct with Guthion 2L (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 27 Jul, 16 and 21 Aug by making 5-ft whole plant counts in each plot. Yield data were taken on 21 Nov by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Insecticide Combinations Trials, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Bell M. , Reed J.
Published: March 2022

Sixteen insecticide combinations were compared with single insecticide applications in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkeville, MS. Plots were 1 rows (38-inch centers) by 50 ft with 2 untreated rows between plots. Applications were made by spray tractor with 2 Teejet 4X nozzles per row calibrated to obtain 6.5 gal/acre. All plots were oversprayed as follows (rates are lb (AI)/acre): 5 Jun (Orthene, 0.33); 30 Jul, 3 and 9 Aug (Guthion, 0.25); 21 Aug (Guthion, 0.25 + Pay-off, 0.06 + Fundal, 0.125); 23 Aug (Guthion, 0.25); 27 Aug (Guthion, 0.25 + Cymbush, 0.06 + Fundal, 0.125 + Bidrin, 0.2); 30 Aug (Guthion, 0.25 + Cymbush, 0.06 + Fundal 0.25). Cotton was scouted by randomly examining 25 terminals and 25 squares per plot within the center 2 rows on 14 Aug. The center 2 rows were mechanically harvested 17-18 Oct.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Spring Oats, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in spring-planted oats. Insecticides were applied at peak oviposition on May 7 at the Russell Settle Farm near Warsaw, VA. A randomized block design was utilized with 4 replications. Individual plots were 12 × 50 feet with 3-foot alleys. Each spray concentrate was applied to the oat foliage with a CO2 compressed air sprayer at 22 psi with Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002 nozzles that delivered 11.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. The efficacy of individual treatments was determined 1-, 3-, 7-, and 14-days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. The leaf area and percent defoliation of the flag, second, and third leaves was determined on Jun 4 by clipping whole plants and immediately measuring each leaf with a Li-Cor LI-3000 area meter. The 2 center rows of each plot were harvested for yield estimates, which were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Control of Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworms on Peanuts in Alabama, 1985
Authors: Spurgeon D. W. , Mack T. P. , Backman C. B.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on peanuts planted at the Auburn Univ. Wiregrass Agric. Expt. Substn. at Headland, AL. Four replicates of 6 treatments and an untreated were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Plots were separated from each other by a two-row mowed alley, and replicates were separated by a 10-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied on 18 Jul, at peanut growth stage R-4, with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with one TX-12 hollow cone nozzle per row. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi, delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by laying a 36-inch rod on the ground between 2 rows, beating the plants of both rows, and counting the insects on the ground. CEW and FAW larvae were recorded as small (<0.2 inch), medium (0.2 to 0.5 inch), and large (<0.5 inch). Two samples per plot were taken at 1 day pretreatment and 3 samples per plot were taken at 4, 7, 15, and 19 days posttreatment, with all samples being taken from the middle 2 rows of each plot.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Grain Sorghum, 1984
Authors: Cheshire J. M.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide-treated and untreated sorghum seed were planted (32-inch row spacing) on 24 Aug in Spalding Co, GA. The test was arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. The soil type was a Cecil loamy clay. Materials other than seed treatments were applied to appropriate plots 3 days later (5 days prior to seedling emergence). Lorsban 4E was applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a 2-gal hand sprayer equipped with a pressure gauge and a cone nozzle. Thel iquid was applied at 20 gal/acre at 30 psi, and application speed was regulated with a stopwatch. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a hand pushed granular applicator. Partial incorporation of banded materials was attained by lightly spreading soil from the edge of the rows over the treated bands. Data were collected from 2-row × 26-ft plots which were separated on each side by a border row which received the same treatment. The numbers of healthy and lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) damaged plants were counted in each plot 15 and 45 days after planting. Each plant with LCB damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.
Chemical Control of Sorghum Midge On Sorghum, 1985
Authors: Fitt Johnny R. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Sorghum was planted 6 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. A mixture of sorghum hybrids with different maturity ranges was used to increase and maintain midge density. Twelve rows of the mixed hybrids were planted on 2 Apr; 4 rows on each side of the experimental plot area and 4 rows through the middle of the test area. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and treatments replicated 4 times. Treatment plots were 10 rows wide and 80 ft long with a 4-ft alley between blocks. Plots were bordered in front and back by a 40-ft untreated buffer area. The inner 6 rows of each plot were treated with a high-clearance self-propelled sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal of solution per acre through two TX-3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 42 psi and 4 mph Applications were begun on 4 Jul when approximately 20% of the panicles were flowering. Three applications of each insecticide were made at 5 day intervals. The sorghum received 0.1 inch of rain immediately following the first application. Counts of adult midge density levels were made the day before each treatment. Adult midge density was determined by securing a plastic bag around individual panicles, clipping the panicles, and examining them in the laboratory for midges. Midge density prior to treatment was based on midge numbers on 25 panicles per replication. Midge density for the remaining 2 applications was based on adults per 5 panicles per plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm in Sorghum Whorls, 1984
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 3 rows (32-inch centers) by 20 ft, with 2 border rows between plots, were planted near Griffin, Ga on 28 Jun ‘84 and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug in 50 gal of water per acre with a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer using 32 psi. Larvae were sampled before treatment and on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 after treatment by removing and bagging 5 randomly selected plants from each plot. These samples were returned to the laboratory on ice and dissected to count larvae.
Control of Soybean Pests Using Mavrik® at Various Rates in 1984
Authors: Andrews Gordon L.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at White Sands Unit of the South Mississippi Branch Station of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS. Soybean plots consisting of 6 rows 50 feet long were planted 5 Jun. Four of the 6 rows were used as the test plot, the other 2 rows were unsprayed border rows. Plots were eplicated 4 times by a randomized completed block design. Mean number of arthropods were estimated by 25 sweeps of a 15-inch sweep net in each plot. Net samples were transferred to paper bags and killed. These samples were counted under laboratory conditions. Insecticide applications were made on 29 Aug with a Hi-boy delivering 5 gal total volume/acre using CO2 as a propellent. Approximately 2 h after the last treatment was applied a 1.96 inches rain was recorded. The treatments were applied in the same order as listed in the tables (i.e. Ambush® was applied last and iiad the shortest drying interval).
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1985
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to mature ‘Red Delicious’ trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. DPX Y5893, Apollo, Carzol and Kelthane were applied on 26 Apr (pink). ABG-6162 was applied on 13 May and the Omite treatments on 24 Jun. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves per replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. SP populations were evaluated by counting all adults and larva found in a 3-min search of each tree.
Control of Soybean Insects in South Mississippi Using Insect Growth Regulators, 1985
Authors: Andrews Gordon L. , Goddard Jerome
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at Poplarville, MS. The test plots were 6 rows 40 inch wide and 50 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. One sample was taken from each plot. A sample was the insects collected by 25 sweeps of a 15 inch sweep net. The contents of each sample was transferred to paper bags killed and counted under laboratory conditions. Insect numbers presented here represent all sizes of green cloverworm larvae. Insecticide applications were made on 16 Aug at 4.6 gal per acre when beans were at the R3 stage. Four rows of the plot were sprayed using a hand held 2 row spray boom with 1 nozzle/row utilizing CO2 as a spray propellent. Hurricane Elena passed through the Poplarville area on 2 Sep. Winds near 100 mph were recorded and some defoliation and lodging of the beans was noted. The rainfall associated with the hurricane was slightly over 6 inches which is not abnormal for this area. The drop in green cloverworm numbers in the check during the period from 13-21 days postapplication was probably caused by the high winds causing some mortality and lodging plants making sampling more difficult.
Extra Low Dosage of Selected Pyrethroids for Larval Sunflower Beetle Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

Plots were located near Danvers, Swift county, MN. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 2 rows 30 ft long Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gal total material per acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 lb psi pressure. Applications were made 21 Jul 1984. 24-h temp min = 61°F max = 90°F. Counts of live larvae were taken pre-treatment and 24 h and 96 h posttreatment. Posttreatment larval counts are reported.
Foliar Sprays for Larval Sunflower Beetle Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located near Gary, Norman County Minnesota. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows 35 ft long. Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gal total material per acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 psi pressure. Applications were made 7 Jul, 1984. 24-h temp min = 47°F, max = 73°F. Counts of live larvae were taken 24 h posttreatment.
Low Dosages For Control of Larval Sunflower Beetle, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located near Gary, Norman county, MN. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows 30 ft long. Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gal total material per acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 lb psi pressure. Applications were made 8 Jul 24 h temp min = 49°F max = 76°F. Counts of live larvae were collected from center 2 rows 24 h posttreatment.
Seed Weevil and Banded Sunflower Moth Control in Sunflower, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a growers field near Rothsay, Wilkin county, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block and replicated 3 times. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft long. Insecticides were broadcast applied on 10 Aug, using a hand held CO2 sprayer delivering a nozzel pressure of 40 lb psi and 20 gal total material per acre. Five of 10 plants had male florets extended (50% bloom) at time of application. Temperature was 87°F. Plant height was between 4.5 and 5 ft due to relatively severe drouth.
Cutworm Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco, Ontario, Canada, 1984
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Three experiments, including rye cover crop, soil and tobacco seedling treatments, were carried out in a Fox loamy sand field at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, Ontario. Plots measured 76 × 14ft and were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications in each experiment. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of tobacco wiih 38 plants in each row, the outside 2 rows in each plot being guard rows. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on 28 May. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) were established in each plot. Test insects were 4th- and 5th-stage larvae for rye treatment and 6th- and 7th-stage larvae for soil and tobacco seedling treatments. The insecticides were broadcast evenly on the rye cover crop on 18 Apr, soil surface on 16 May, and on tobacco seedlings on 5 Jun, using a power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Tee Jet nozzles applying 25 gal of liquid per acre at 3.5 mph and 32 psi. Ten larvae were placed in each subplot 2 h before treatment. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the larvae of the darksided cutworm from escaping. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 days.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Bacillus Thumngiensis var. Kurstaki Formulations, 1985
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Aqueous, wettable powder, and granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki were tested for control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on ‘Speight G-70’ flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, NC. These materials were: Dipel WP (16.0 billion international units (BIU)/kg), Dipel 4L (8.5 BIU/1), Dipel 10G (= ABG-6149, 1.6 BlU/kg), Bactospeine WP (16.0 BlU/kg), Bactospeine FC (9.3 BIU/1), and Futura G (2.0 BlU/kg) in coarse and fine formulations. Orthene was used as an insecticide check. On 9 May tobacco was transplanted into a field of Vance sandy loam which had been treated with Ridomil (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) and Paarlan (1.68 kg (AI)/ha) for disease and weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22m between rows. Single-row plots of 20 plants each were set up in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications for each of 4 experiments. Plants were infested with two 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae (experiments 1 + 2) or two 4-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae (experiments 3 + 4) from laboratory colonies. Tobacco plants for experiments 2 and 4 were regrown from plants used in experiments 1 and 3 and then cutoff just above the ground.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hynson Teresa P. , McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Foliar insecticides were applied 7 May on the F. F. Chandler Farm in Westmoreland County, Virginia. A randomized block design was utilized with 4 replications. Individual plots were 25 ft × 12ft spaced 3 ft apart. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 sprayer at 22 psi that delivered 11.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzles were used. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments were determined 1-, 3-, 7-, and 14-days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates were obtained from 50 ft of row collected from the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Aphid Control on Late Planted Wheat Using Insecticides Injected Through Irrigation Hand Lines, 1985
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Halbert Susan , Bishop Guy M.
Published: March 2022

‘Twin’ wheat was planted on 26 Apr, at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center at Caldwell, ID, in a furrow irrigated field. Plots were 30-ft half circles centered on sprinkler heads applying ca. 3.4 gal water/min. Injection time was 10 min with a clearing time of ca. 20 min from Rep 1 to Rep 3. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Aphids were allowed to infest and multiply naturally, then sampled by examining 20 tillers taken at random through the plot. Injection date was 10 Jul. Counts were made on 12 and 16 Jul. Yields were taken by cutting and weighing 200 heads/plot at harvest.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Wheat, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Pydrin 2.4EC insecticide was evaluated to determine its efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in soft red winter wheat. Pydrin was applied on 1 May 1985 on ‘Tyler’ wheat planted on 7 Nov 1984 on a 7-inch row spacing on the Bobby Yeatman farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 12 × 20 feet. Spray concentrate was applied with a tractor sprayer at 40 psi that delivered 9.3 gal of finished formulation per acre. The Pydrin and check plots were replicated 6 times in a randomized block experimental design. The efficacy of Pydrin was determined 1, 5, 12, and 20 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates were obtained from 40 ft of row collected from the two center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Aphid and Virus Control in Winter Wheat, Washington, 1984-85 Crop
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were evaluated at 2 locations to determine their effect on grain aphids, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), plant growth, and grain yields in winter wheat. Trial 1 was planted with ‘Wanser’ on 31 Aug ‘85 on the Roza Research Farm. Trial 2 was planted with ‘Daws’ on 4 Sep ‘84 on the Headquarters Farm. Both farms are part of the Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center at Prosser, WA. Trial 2 was furrow-irrigated in the spring; Trial 1 was not. Aside from the differences stated, the trials were arranged, treated, and evaluated the same. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 4 Oct ‘84 (early tillering stage of growth) with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, calibrated to deliver 49 gpa at 40 psi. Plots in each trial were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) 17 ft in length, replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Aphid control was determined on the basis of berlese funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). BYDV was rated visually on 4 Jun 1985 using a 1-6 scale, where 1 = no virus; 6 = severe symptoms. Average height was taken 4 Jun 1985. Plots were harvested 11-26 Jul 1985 with a Hege Combine.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Bedding Plants, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Seven commonly grown bedding plants were selected for evaluation. These plants, grown at a commercial nursery in Carpinteria, CA, were heavily infested with larvae of Liriomyza trifolii. One-half of the infested plants were treated with Trigard 75W at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre and the remaining plants were left unsprayed. Five representative treated plants of each species and 5 representative untreated plants of each species were returned to the laboratory at UCR for evaluation. The plants were tipped over individual cafeteria trays covered with a layer of sand and held at 26.7°C. The surviving leafminer larvae emerged from the leaves, dropped to the sand and pupated. After all the larvae had pupated, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae, which were counted and held for adult emergence.