bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lower Cognitive Function in Older Patients with Lower Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass
Authors: van Dam Romee , Van Ancum Jeanine M. , Verlaan Sjors , Scheerman Kira , Meskers Carel G.M. , Maier Andrea B.
Published: June 2018

Background: Low muscle strength and muscle mass are associated with adverse outcomes in older hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to assess the association between cognitive functioning and muscle strength and muscle mass in hospitalized older patients. Methods: This prospective inception cohort included 378 patients aged 70 years or older. At admission patients were assessed for cognitive functioning by use of the Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT). Muscle strength and muscle mass were assessed using handheld dynamometry and segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, within 48 h after admission and on day 7, or earlier on the day of discharge. Results: The data of 371 patients (mean age ± standard deviation 80.1 ± 6.4 years, 49.3% female) were available for analyses. The median (interquartile range) 6-CIT score was 4 (0–8) points. At admission, lower cognitive functioning was associated with lower muscle strength, lower skeletal muscle mass (SMM), lower appendicular lean mass, and lower SMM index. Cognitive functioning was not associated with change in muscle strength and muscle mass during hospitalization. Conclusion: This study further strengthens evidence for an association between lower cognitive functioning and lower muscle strength and muscle mass, but without a further decline during hospitalization.
Race-, Age-, and Gender-Based Characteristics and Toxicities of Targeted Therapies on Phase I Trials
Authors: Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Busari Adeniyi K. , Kim Sungjin , Chen Zhengjia , Akintayo Adebowale , Lewis Colleen , Carthon Bradley C. , Alese Olatunji B. , El-Rayes Bassel F. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Harvey R. Donald
Published: June 2018

Background: The impact of age-, gender-, and race-based differences on safety and efficacy in phase I clinical trials has not been well studied. Methods: We analyzed data from phase I clinical trials evaluating targeted biologic agents in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Race and gender distribution of enrolled patients was compared to the referral population demographics at the city, metro, and state levels. The association between age, gender, and race with type, frequency, and severity of treatment-emergent toxicities and clinical benefit was assessed using univariate and multivariable models. Results: Data from 117 eligible patients – Blacks/Caucasians/Others (27/85/5); male/female (66/51) – were obtained. Blacks were younger than Caucasian patients (median age of 56 vs. 62 years, p = 0.004). Nausea/vomiting was more frequent in female patients (43 vs. 24%, p = 0.03), while hematologic toxicity was more likely in Whites. While median time on treatment was comparable (113 vs. 91; p = 0.840), the median overall survival was significantly shorter for Blacks versus Caucasians (7.4 vs. 11.4 months; p = 0.0227). Black race (HR 2.11; 95% CI 1.24–3.60; p = 0.006) and older age (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00–1.06; p = 0.029) were associated with an increased risk of death. Conclusions: Age-, gender-, and race-based disparities were observed with specific toxicity and survival outcomes on phase I clinical trials of anticancer agents.
Chondroprotective Effects of Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Plasmid DNA Encoding Cytokine Response Modifier A in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model
Authors: Zhou Pang-hu , Qiu Bo , Deng Rong-hui , Li Hua-jie , Xu Xiong-feng , Shang Xi-fu
Published: June 2018

Background/Aims: Interleukin (IL)-1β plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). Cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) can prevent the generation of active IL-1β. This study aimed to explore the chondroprotective effects of hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA encoding CrmA (HA/CS-CrmA) in a rat OA model. Methods: HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles were synthesized through the complex coacervation of cationic polymers. The characteristics, toxicity, and transfection of the nanoparticles were investigated. Furthermore, the potential effects of HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles were evaluated via a rat anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model of OA. Cartilage damage and synovial inflammation were assessed by safranin O/fast green and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Type II collagen in cartilage was measured by immunohistochemistry, and the expression levels of IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, and MMP-13 in synovial tissue were detected by western blot. Results: The HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles, which effectively entrapped plasmid DNA, showed an adequate size (100-300 nm) and a regular spherical shape. The nanoparticles safely transfected synoviocytes and released plasmid DNA in a sustained manner over 3 weeks. Additionally, HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles significantly inhibited cartilage damage, synovial inflammation, and the loss of type II collagen induced by ACLT. The expression levels of IL-1β, MMP-3, and MMP-13 in synovial tissue were dramatically down-regulated by HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles. Conclusions: These results suggested that HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles could attenuate cartilage destruction and protect against early OA by inhibiting synovial inflammation via inhibition of IL-1β generation.
Progression of Hypertrophy and Myocardial Fibrosis in Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Everett Russell J. , Tastet Lionel , Clavel Marie-Annick , Chin Calvin W.L. , Capoulade Romain , Vassiliou Vassilios S. , Kwiecinski Jacek , Gomez Miquel , van Beek Edwin J.R. , White Audrey C. , Prasad Sanjay K. , Larose Eric , Tuck Christopher , Semple Scott , Newby David E. , Pibarot Philippe , Dweck Marc R.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Aortic stenosis is accompanied by progressive left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. We investigated the natural history of these processes in asymptomatic patients and their potential reversal post-aortic valve replacement (AVR).

Methods:

Asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with aortic stenosis underwent repeat echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Changes in peak aortic-jet velocity, left ventricular mass index, diffuse fibrosis (indexed extracellular volume), and replacement fibrosis (late gadolinium enhancement [LGE]) were quantified.

RESULTS:

In 61 asymptomatic patients (43% mild, 34% moderate, and 23% severe aortic stenosis), significant increases in peak aortic-jet velocity, left ventricular mass index, indexed extracellular volume, and LGE mass were observed after 2.1±0.7 years, with the most rapid progression observed in patients with most severe stenosis. Patients with baseline midwall LGE (n=16 [26%]; LGE mass, 2.5 g [0.8–4.8 g]) demonstrated particularly rapid increases in scar burden (78% [50%–158%] increase in LGE mass per year). In 38 symptomatic patients (age, 66±8 years; 76% men) who underwent AVR, there was a 19% (11%–25%) reduction in left ventricular mass index (
P
<0.0001) and an 11% (4%–16%) reduction in indexed extracellular volume (
P
=0.003) 0.9±0.3 years after surgery. By contrast midwall LGE (n=10 [26%]; mass, 3.3 g [2.6–8.0 g]) did not change post-AVR (n=10; 3.5 g [2.1–8.0 g];
P
=0.23), with no evidence of regression even out to 2 years.

Conclusions:

In patients with aortic stenosis, cellular hypertrophy and diffuse fibrosis progress in a rapid and balanced manner but are reversible after AVR. Once established, midwall LGE also accumulates rapidly but is irreversible post valve replacement. Given its adverse long-term prognosis, prompt AVR when midwall LGE is first identified may improve clinical outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT01755936 and NCT01679431.
Suppression of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by SIRT (Sirtuin) 3 Alleviated the Development of Hypertensive Renal Injury
Authors: Lin Jing-rong , Zheng Yan-jun , Zhang Ze-bei , Shen Wei-li , Li Xiao-dong , Wei Tong , Ruan Cheng-chao , Chen Xiao-hui , Zhu Ding-liang , Gao Ping-jin
Published: June 2018

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) has recently emerged as a potentially important contributor in promoting fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. However, little is known about the role and molecular basis of its involvement in hypertensive renal injury. Here, we aim to determine the role of SIRT (sirtuin) 3 on EndoMT in hypertensive renal injury and to explore its underlying mechanisms. We found that SIRT3 expression was significantly reduced in Ang II (angiotensin II)–induced hypertensive model, accompanied with induction of EndoMT and increased reactive oxygen species and renal fibrosis. In SIRT3
−/−
(SIRT3 knockout) mice subjected to Ang II infusion, renal dysfunction was aggravated with an increased EndoMT and reactive oxygen species level, whereas in SIRT3-Tg
EC
(SIRT3 endothelial cell–specific transgenic) mice, the Ang II-induced renal fibrosis and EndoMT and oxidative stress were ameliorated. With primary mouse glomerular endothelial cells, we confirmed that Ang II treatment initiated EndoMT and decreased catalase expression, which were suppressed by SIRT3 overexpression. Using immunoprecipitation, luciferase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we demonstrated that SIRT3-mediated deacetylation and nuclear localization of Foxo3a (forkhead box O3a) resulted in activated Foxo3a-dependent catalase expression. Moreover, Foxo3a knockdown abolished SIRT3-mediated suppression of EndoMT. In conclusion, these results established the SIRT3-Foxo3a-catalase pathway as a critical factor in the maintenance of endothelial homeostasis and point to an important role of EndoMT in the vascular pathology of renal fibrosis, which may provide a new therapeutic target to impede the progression of hypertensive renal injury.
Bradykinin Stimulates Renal Na
+
and K
+
Excretion by Inhibiting the K
+
Channel (Kir4.1) in the Distal Convoluted Tubule
Authors: Zhang Dan-Dan , Gao Zhong-Xiuzi , Vio Carlos P. , Xiao Yu , Wu Peng , Zhang Hao , Guo Xi-Wen , Meng Xin-Xin , Gu Li , Wang Jun-Lin , Duan Xin-Peng , Lin Dao-Hong , Wang Wen-Hui , Gu Ruimin
Published: June 2018

Stimulation of BK2R (bradykinin [BK] B2 receptor) has been shown to increase renal Na
+
excretion. The aim of the present study is to explore the role of BK2R in regulating Kir4.1 and NCC (NaCl cotransporter) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that BK2R was highly expressed in both apical and lateral membrane of Kir4.1-positive tubules, such as DCT. Patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that BK inhibited the basolateral 40-pS K
+
channel (a Kir4.1/5.1 heterotetramer) in the DCT, and this effect was blocked by BK2R antagonist but not by BK1R (BK B1 receptor) antagonist. Whole-cell recordings also demonstrated that BK decreased the basolateral K
+
conductance of the DCT and depolarized the membrane. Renal clearance experiments showed that BK increased urinary Na
+
and K
+
excretion. However, the BK-induced natriuretic effect was completely abolished in KS-Kir4.1 KO (kidney-specific conditional Kir4.1 knockout) mice, suggesting that Kir4.1 activity is required for BK-induced natriuresis. The continuous infusion of BK with osmotic pump for 3 days decreased the basolateral K
+
conductance and the negativity of the DCT membrane. Western blot showed that infusion of BK decreased the expression of total NCC and phosphorylated NCC. Renal clearance experiments demonstrated that thiazide-induced natriuresis was blunted in the mice receiving BK infusion, suggesting that BK inhibited NCC function. Consequently, mice receiving BK infusion for 3 days were hypokalemic. We conclude that stimulation of BK2R inhibits NCC activity, increases urinary K
+
excretion, and causes mice hypokalemia and that Kir4.1 is required for BK2R-mediated stimulation of urinary Na
+
and K
+
excretion.
Apophatic Theology and Twentieth-Century Novels
Authors: Nisly L. Lamar
Published: June 2018

Drawing on apophatic theology, this essay argues that some twentieth-century texts invite an apophatic approach by revealing the limits of language and hinting at some understanding of God, without doing so directly. First, Leif Enger’s Peace Like a River shows a divine encounter but, in the process, underscores the limits of language to describe this experience. Second, in a sort of parallel to negative theology, Walker Percy’s Lancelot points readers toward God by having Lancelot descend into sin and evil, an affirmation of God through negation. Finally, in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22, a novel without explicit Christian interests, characters parody prayer, rail against the world’s unfairness, and deny God, but in these interactions they actually reveal something about belief and God. These texts reveal that an apophatic understanding can enrich our reading of twentieth-century novels.
Brine characterization and Artemia population dynamics in Bohai Bay solar saltworks, China
Authors: Li Rongchao , Cui Xueping , Zhang Lei , Zhang Bo , Wang Xuekui , Sui Liying
Published: June 2018

A field study was conducted in Hangu saltworks, a typical Bohai Bay solar salt production site, where a population of Artemia has established. The samples of the brine and of the Artemia population were collected once a month in the period of May to November 2016. According to the salinity range in which Artemia occurs in nature, seven saltponds were chosen in the range of 60 g/l to 240 g/l, covering grades of 30 g salts/l. The physicochemical characteristics of the brine as well as the population dynamics of the Artemia were analysed. The pH value was 7.35-8.94 and decreased slightly with increasing brine temperature. The ionic composition of the brine changed along with progressive evaporation and successive, fractional crystallization. The content of Na+, Cl− and Mg2+ were 66.71-225.43 mg/l, 43.99-197.71 mg/l, and 2.64-14.88 mg/l, respectively, and increased with salinity going up. The content of Ca2+ ranged from 0.69 mg/l to 1.69 mg/l with the maximum value observed at the salinity of 120 g/l. The content of SO42− ranged from 3.84 mg/l to 20.16 mg/l and two peak values were observed at salinities of 90 g/l and 180 g/l, respectively. The contents of DOC (dissolved organic carbon), TN (total nitrogen), and TP (total phosphorus) were 11.45-97.45 mg/l, 1.61-10.54 mg/l, and 0.07-0.63 mg/l, respectively, and these increased with increasing salinity. The density of the Artemia population, its composition and mode of reproduction were found to be remarkably influenced by brine temperature and salinity. The Artemia populations were mainly concentrated in the salinity range from 90 g/l to 150 g/l, and in the summer time. Both parthenogenetic and bisexual Artemia coexisted in the saltponds, with the local parthenogenetic population dominating in summer and in the lower salinity range. Female Artemia tended to produce cysts in autumn and in the higher salinity range. Our study provides general information on the physiochemical characterization and the Artemia population dynamics in Hangu saltworks, which is of importance for a better understanding of the ecological situation of Bohai Bay saltworks, and provides basic information for a biological management of the saltponds.
The Brighter Side of Medieval Christian-Jewish Polemical Encounters: Transfer of Medical Knowledge in the Midi (Twelfth-Fourteenth Centuries)
Authors: Freudenthal Gad
Published: June 2018

This paper argues that as a result of the competition over patients between Jewish and Christian doctors in the Midi (twelfth–fourteenth centuries) Jewish doctors were more prone than other Jewish intellectuals to acquaint themselves with Christian culture (and also to convert). In this respect, the massive Latin-into-Hebrew cultural transfer in medicine contrasts with the slight Latin-into-Hebrew cultural transfer in philosophy (until the end of the fourteenth century). Jewish doctors were able to keep up with Latin medicine, even at times of rapid change, often through Latin-into-Hebrew translations.

To illustrate and sustain the general claims I look closely at a few figures: the anonymous Jewish doctor who called himself “Doeg the Edomite” and who, in the closing years of the twelfth century, translated into Hebrew 24 books of theoretical and practical medicine, mainly from the Salerno corpus; and Leon Joseph of Carcassonne, whose remarkable Preface to his translation of Gerard de Solo’s Pratica super nono Almansoris (1394) I analyze in detail as an eyewitness report of a participant observer. His trajectory is comparable to that of Moses ben Samuel of Roquemaure (Jean, or Juan, of Avignon).
Forgotten Witnesses: The Illustrations of Ms Escorial, I.I.3 and the Dispute over the Biblias Romanceadas
Authors: Porto Rosa M. Rodríguez
Published: June 2018

This article offers a preliminary survey of the miniatures illustrating the Biblia romanceada held at the Escorial Library under the shelf number I.I.3, whose precise date and provenance have been a matter of dispute among scholars for decades. The scrutiny of the stylistic features of these illustrations together with a reassessment of the scarce archival sources related to this work allows for a definite association of Escorial, MS I.I.3 with Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia (d. 1492). However, the contextualized analysis of this lavishly decorated manuscript—which was part of a trend in aristocratic patronage and the epitome of already established traditions in Bible illustration—may contribute not only to a re-appraisal of this singular work but also to a better understanding of the multifaceted phenomena lying behind the production and reception of the remaining fifteenth-century illustrated Bibles in the vernacular, all of them translated from Hebrew but intended for a Christian audience.
Vox Populi: Carnal Blood, Spiritual Milk, and the Debate Surrounding the Immaculate Conception, ca. 1600
Authors: Pereda Felipe
Published: June 2018

In the early modern period, the dogma of the Immaculate Conception was intensely defended by Spain, its cult even turned into a symbol of the Catholic Monarchy. However, in its earliest stage, the Spanish campaign in support of the Immaculate was immersed in controversy: some of the people promoting it were accused of not having a “pure” Old Christian ancestry. This article reads the origins of the Immaculate debate against the background of social ideas of purity and contamination.
Early Mandaic and Neo-Mandaic: Some Points of Connection
Authors: Abudraham Ohad
Published: June 2018

The present article presents four new linguistic features that link Early-Mandaic and Neo-Mandaic: 1. Diphthongisation and fortition of long vowels ū/ī (ࡈࡁࡅࡊࡕࡀ ṭbukta instead of ࡈࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ ṭabuta “grace”, ࡀࡓࡁࡉࡊࡕࡉࡍࡊࡉࡀ arbiktinkia instead of ࡀࡓࡁࡉࡕࡉࡍࡊࡉࡀ arbitinkia “four of you [f.pl.]”); 2. Apheresis of y in the gentilic noun ‮יהודיא‬‎ (ࡄࡅࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ hudaiia “Jews”); 3. Assimilation of z in the root ʾzl (ࡕࡏࡋࡅࡍ tʿlun “you [m.pl.] will go”); and 4. Internal analogy in the system of cardinal numbers (ࡕࡀࡓࡕࡀ tarta “two”). The presence of these forms in the two extreme phases of the language as opposed to their almost total absence in the canonical collections of Mandaic scriptures prove not only the ancient origin of some Neo-Mandaic peculiarities but also the wide range of varieties of Mandaic that flourished in Mesopotamia in Late Antiquity.
Steinernema taiwanensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Taiwan
Authors: TSENG CHING-TZU , HOU ROGER F. , TANG LI-CHENG
Published: June 2018

A new isolate of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema taiwanensis n. sp., was isolated from soil in Pingtung County, Taiwan. This new species could be characterized and distinguished from other related species by its morphological characters, morphometrics, and phylogenetic analysis. The body length and distance from anterior end to nerve ring of infective juveniles is 1012 (983–1045) µm and 124 (120–127) µm, lateral field formula 2, 6, 7, 8, 2, and the tail length 90 (79–96) µm without dorsal constriction in tail region. The first generation males of S. taiwanensis n. sp. are characterized by spicule shape, smooth blade tip, 23 genital papillae (11 pairs and 1 single papilla), spicule length of 94 (89–99) µm and gubernaculum length of 68 (65–70) µm. Females from the first generation of S. taiwanensis n. sp. have no epiptygmata and a slightly developed post-anal swelling. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and D2D3 regions of rDNA showed that S. taiwanensis n. sp. belongs to the Longicaudum-clade and comprises a monophyletic group with S. guangdongense and S. longicaudum. The new isolate is described as a novel species according to morphological and phylogenetic analyses.
A review of the genus Baiocis Browne, 1962 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae), with new species, new synonymy and a key to males
Authors: BEAVER ROGER A. , LIU LlAN-YU
Published: June 2018

Six new species of Baiocis Browne, 1962 are described: Baiocis crassiventris Beaver & Liu, B. laosi Beaver & Liu, B. orientalis Beaver & Liu, B. spicatus Beaver & Liu, B. spiniventris Beaver & Liu, B. sumatranus Beaver & Liu, all from the Oriental region. Of the twenty species listed by Wood and Bright (1992) in the genus Baiocis, the following species belong in Crossotarsus Chapuis, 1865: imitatrix Schedl, 1973, kuntzeni (Schedl, 1937) (comb. n.); the following in Platypus Herbst, 1793: angusticeps Schedl, 1942, perangustus Schedl, 1942, seminitens Schedl, 1971, variolosus Schedl, 1942; the following in Treptoplatypus Wood, 1993: pasohensis (Schedl, 1939). The following new synonymy is proposed: Baiocis pernanulus (Schedl, 1935) (=Platypus annularis Schedl, 1975 syn. n.; =Baiocis solomonicus Browne, 1986 syn. n.); Platypus perangustus Schedl, 1942 (= Platypus sindorae Browne, 1980 syn. n.); Platypus transformis Schedl, 1936 (=Platypus angusticeps Schedl, 1942 syn. n.). Lectotypes are designated for Baiocis incisus (Sampson, 1927), and B. sublunaris (Schedl, 1937), and both sexes of the former species are redescribed. A key is given to the males of fifteen species of Baiocis. Two further species are known only from the female.
A new syntopic species of small barb from the Western Ghats of India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: KATWATE UNMESH , KUMKAR PRADEEP , RAGHAVAN RAJEEV , DAHANUKAR NEELESH
Published: June 2018

A new species of the cyprinid genus Pethia is described from the Hiranyakeshi, a tributary of the Krishna River system in the Western Ghats mountain ranges of peninsular India. The new species, Pethia sahit, is syntopic—and shoals together—with Pethia longicauda, a species described recently from the same river. Pethia sahit is distinguished from P. longicauda and its congeners by a combination of characters like, incomplete lateral line with 3–6 pored scales; 19–22 scales in lateral series; 4½ scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral-line row and 2½ scales between lateral line row and pelvic-fin origin; intercalated scale row originates above and after the 6th scale of the lateral-line scale row; dorsal fin originating behind the pelvic-fin origin; 4+13 abdominal and 12 caudal vertebrae; dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins without any bands or spots, deep yellow-orange in color or deep red with a pale tint of orange in mature males; a dark-black vertically elongate humeral spot, overlapping the 4th lateral-line scale, extending over the base of one scale above and below the 4th scale; caudal peduncle spot dark, covering 14th–16th scales in lateral-line scale row. Genetic analysis based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicates that P. sahit and P. longicauda are not sister taxa. Further, P. sahit has no genetically proximate congener in the Western Ghats region, and differs from known congeners from south and southeast Asia, for which genetic data are available, with genetic distance ranging from 11.8–16.4%.
Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves in Precipitating Midlatitude Cyclones
Authors: Barnes Hannah C. , Zagrodnik Joseph P. , McMurdie Lynn A. , Rowe Angela K. , Houze Robert A.
Published: June 2018

This study examines Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) waves observed by dual-polarization radar in several precipitating midlatitude cyclones during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign along the windward side of the Olympic Mountains in Washington State and in a strong stationary frontal zone in Iowa during the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign. While KH waves develop regardless of the presence or absence of mountainous terrain, this study indicates that the large-scale flow can be modified when encountering a mountain range in such a way as to promote development of KH waves on the windward side and to alter their physical structure (i.e., orientation and amplitude). OLYMPEX sampled numerous instances of KH waves in precipitating clouds, and this study examines their effects on microphysical processes above, near, and below the melting layer. The dual-polarization radar data indicate that KH waves above the melting layer promote aggregation. KH waves centered in the melting layer produce the most notable signatures in dual-polarization variables, with the patterns suggesting that the KH waves promote both riming and aggregation. Both above and near the melting layer ice particles show no preferred orientation likely because of tumbling in turbulent air motions. KH waves below the melting layer facilitate the generation of large drops via coalescence and/or vapor deposition, increasing mean drop size and rain rate by only slight amounts in the OLYMPEX storms.
On the Seasonal Eddy Variability in the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Yang Yang , San Liang X.
Published: June 2018

Using a recently developed tool, multiscale window transform (MWT), and the MWT-based canonical energy transfer theory, this study investigates the seasonal eddy variability in the Kuroshio Extension. Distinct seasonal cycles of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) are observed in the upstream and downstream regions of the Kuroshio Extension. In the upstream Kuroshio Extension, the EKE peaks in summer and reaches its minimum in winter over an annual cycle. By diagnosing the spatiotemporal structures of the canonical barotropic and baroclinic energy transfers, we found that internal processes due to mixed instabilities (i.e., both barotropic and baroclinic instabilities) are responsible for the seasonal eddy variability in this region. In the downstream Kuroshio Extension, the EKE exhibits a different annual cycle, peaking in spring and gradually decaying from summer to winter. Significant inverse barotropic energy transfer is found in this region throughout the year, leaving baroclinic instability the primary energy source for the regional seasonal eddy variability. Besides the internal redistribution, it is also evident that the external forcing may influence the Kuroshio Extension EKE seasonality—the EKE is found to be more damped by winds during winter than summer.
The Role of Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Mobility and Physical Function in Older Adults
Authors: Vásquez Elizabeth , Germain Cassandra M. , Tang Fei , Lohman Matthew C. , Fortuna Karen L. , Batsis John A.
Published: June 2018

Objective: To compare estimates of the prevalence of mobility and physical function limitations by race and ethnicity using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Method: The sample comprised of 28,854 adults aged ≥60 from the MEPS (2004-2013). Physical function (limitations in basic and instrumental activities of daily living [ADL/IADL]) and mobility limitations were assessed by self-report. Results: Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) represented the majority of the sample followed by non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs), Hispanic and non-Hispanic Other (Other). For mobility limitation, NHBs had the highest prevalence followed by NHWs and Hispanics (33.3%, 28.6%, and 26.2%, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed for the primary outcome of mobility limitation. In the adjusted model, Hispanics had lower odds of mobility limitations (prevalence odds ratio [POR]: 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.67,0.91]) compared with NHWs. For ADL limitations, NHBs had higher odds of having ADLs (POR: 1.87; 95% CI = [1.44, 2.44]) when compared with NHWs. Conclusion: This article evaluated the influence of race and ethnicity, on the prevalence of mobility and functional limitations that are not always consistent with expected racial and ethnic differences.
A Single-Centre Experience on the Management of Adenosarcoma: A Successful Report of an Integrated Medical and Surgical Approach
Authors: Nannini Margherita , Dondi Giulia , Santini Donatella , De Leo Antonio , Dei Tos Angelo Paolo , Zamagni Claudio , Saponara Maristella , Gatto Lidia , Nigro Concetta , Bertaccini Paola , Zompatori Maurizio , De Iaco Pierandrea , Perrone Anna Myriam , Pantaleo Maria Abbondanza
Published: June 2018

Adenosarcomas are the rarest form of uterine sarcomas, and clinical experience with their management is still limited. Here, we reported 7 patients with uterine adenosarcoma referred to our institution, focusing on main pathologic features, their medical history, and long-term follow-up. Among these patients, we provided a detailed description of the medical history of a 49-year-old woman with advanced uterine adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth who presented a brilliant radiologic and pathologic response after 3 cycles of epirubicin and ifosfamide, ultimately achieving an extraordinary long-term outcome through an integrated surgical and medical approach. Our single-centre experience would suggest that aggressive uterine adenosarcomas with sarcomatous overgrowth are sensitive to standard epirubicin and ifosfamide and that an integrated approach, both medical and surgical, could be considered in clinical practice, again emphasizing the relevant role of multidisciplinary management for this extremely rare disease.
Nongovernmental organizations and postprison life: Examining the role of religion
Authors: Kaufman Nicole
Published: June 2018

This article examines the relevance of religion for nongovernmental organizations that work with formerly incarcerated people. Despite the increased visibility of religious nongovernmental organizations working with criminalized people, research on the nongovernmental sector and criminal justice still largely focuses on secular organizations. This article argues for the conceptual importance of religion and its role shaping work in this sector, and draws from the sociology of religion to theorize the importance of discourses and practices in organizational settings. I present a typology identifying nongovernmental organizations’ religious approaches, which I developed using archival, interview, and observational data from 18 nongovernmental organizations in Wisconsin. I differentiate among nongovernmental organizations that I call secular, which stay away from religion, religiously inspired, which operate based on religious principles, and reciprocally religious, which hold expectations of religious practices from program participants. Moving beyond single-case studies enables a comparative analysis of the ideas and practices among actors that serve and seek to shape people leaving prison, whose work varies in terms of predominant denominations, assumptions about morality and sin, and relationships with churches and the medical profession. The results encourage further inquiry into what religious nongovernmental organizations do, why, and how, given the distinctive discursive and material resources and practices that they bring into work with criminalized people.
Urological technology: where will we be in 20 years’ time?
Authors: Bernstein Darryl Ethan , Bernstein Brett Sydney
Published: June 2018

Since prehistoric times, our understanding of urology has rapidly expanded. Whilst primitive urologists began by using urine as a therapeutic substance, modern urologists may find themselves removing a kidney remotely by driving a robotic arm, with seven degrees of movement, while using image overlay-augmented reality. This review provides an insight into the potential status of urological technology in 20 years’ time, assessed through an analysis of developments in imaging, diagnostics, robotics and further technologies. A particular emphasis is given to the promising fields of minimally invasive techniques, nanotechnology and tissue engineering, which likely hold the key to a new era for urology.
Removal of cationic and anionic dyes using purified and surfactant-modified Tunisian clays: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic and adsorption-mechanism studies
Authors: Gamoudi S. , Srasra E.
Published: June 2018

Purified and surfactant-modified Tunisian clays were investigated for their capacity to remove cationic and anionic dyes (crystal violet, CV and methyl orange, MO) from aqueous solution. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiometric acid-base titration. Batch-sorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature on the adsorption of dyes. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich kinetic models were considered to evaluate the kinetic parameters. To understand the interaction of the dye with the adsorbent, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevish isotherms were applied. Thermodynamics studies were conducted to calculate the changes in free energy (Δ°G), enthalpy (Δ°H) and entropy (Δ°S). A difference in the maximum adsorption capacity was observed, suggesting that the retention of dyes was influenced by structure, functional groups of dyes and surface properties of the adsorbents. Moreover, different mechanisms may control the removal of dyes. The purified Tunisian clays are excellent adsorbents for removal of the cationic dye CV and its modified form is suitable for removal of the anionic dye, MO, from aqueous solution.
Mutations in the SRP54 gene cause severe congenital neutropenia as well as Shwachman-Diamond–like syndrome
Authors: Bellanné-Chantelot Christine , Schmaltz-Panneau Barbara , Marty Caroline , Fenneteau Odile , Callebaut Isabelle , Clauin Séverine , Docet Aurélie , Damaj Gandhi-Laurent , Leblanc Thierry , Pellier Isabelle , Stoven Cécile , Souquere Sylvie , Antony-Debré Iléana , Beaupain Blandine , Aladjidi Nathalie , Barlogis Vincent , Bauduer Frédéric , Bensaid Philippe , Boespflug-Tanguy Odile , Berger Claire , Bertrand Yves , Carausu Liana , Fieschi Claire , Galambrun Claire , Schmidt Aline , Journel Hubert , Mazingue Françoise , Nelken Brigitte , Quah Thuan Chong , Oksenhendler Eric , Ouachée Marie , Pasquet Marlène , Saada Véronique , Suarez Felipe , Pierron Gérard , Vainchenker William , Plo Isabelle , Donadieu Jean
Published: June 2018

Key Points

Identification of SRP54 mutations in congenital neutropenia. SRP54 mutations induce ER stress and autophagy associated with apoptosis.
Dynamic intercellular redistribution of HIT antigen modulates heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Dai Jing , Madeeva Daria , Hayes Vincent , Ahn Hyun Sook , Tutwiler Valerie , Arepally Gowthami M. , Cines Douglas B. , Poncz Mortimer , Rauova Lubica
Published: June 2018

Key Points

Development of thrombocytopenia in HIT is modulated by the (re)distribution of PF4 among hematopoietic and endothelial cell surfaces. Redistribution of PF4 from platelets to other hematopoietic cells may limit thrombocytopenia but promote prothrombotic processes in HIT.
Unwell in hospital but not incapable: cross-sectional study on the dissociation of decision-making capacity for treatment and research in in-patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses
Authors: Spencer Benjamin Walter Jack , Gergel Tania , Hotopf Matthew , Owen Gareth S.
Published: June 2018

Background

Consent to research with decision-making capacity for research (DMC-R) is normally a requirement for study participation. Although the symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychoses are known to affect decision-making capacity for treatment (DMC-T), we know little about their effect on DMC-R.

Aims

We aimed to determine if DMC-R differs from DMC-T in proportion and associated symptoms in an in-patient sample of people with schizophrenia and related psychoses.

Method

Cross-sectional study of psychiatric in-patients admitted for assessment and/or treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. We measured DMC-R and DMC-T using ‘expert judgement’ clinical assessment guided by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research, the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment and the legal framework of the Mental Capacity Act (2005), in addition to symptoms of psychosis.

Results

There were 84 participants in the study. Half the participants had DMC-R (51%, 95% CI 40–62%) and a third had DMC-T (31%, 95% CI 21–43%) and this difference was statistically significant (P< 0.01). Thought disorder was most associated with lacking DMC-R (odds ratio 5.72, 95% CI 2.01–16.31,P= 0.001), whereas lack of insight was most associated with lacking DMC-T (odds ratio 26.34, 95% CI 3.60–192.66,P= 0.001). With the exception of improved education status and better DMC-R, there was no effect of sociodemographic variables on either DMC-R or DMC-T.

Conclusions

We have shown that even when severely unwell, people with schizophrenia and related psychoses in in-patient settings commonly retain DMC-R despite lacking DMC-T. Furthermore, different symptoms have different effects on decision-making abilities for different decisions. We should not view in-patient psychiatric settings as a research ‘no-go area’ and, where appropriate, should recruit in these settings.

Declaration of interest

None.
Slaying little dragons: the impact of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program on dracunculiasis disability averted from 1990 to 2016
Authors: Cromwell Elizabeth A. , Roy Sharon , Sankara Dieudonne P. , Weiss Adam , Stanaway Jeffrey , Goldberg Ellen , Pigott David M. , Larson Heidi , Vollset Stein Emil , Krohn Kristopher , Foreman Kyle , Hotez Peter , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Bekele Bayu Begashaw , Edessa Dumessa , Kassembaum Nicholas , Mokdad Ali , Murray Christopher J. L. , Hay Simon I.
Published: June 2018

Background:The objective of this study was to document the worldwide decline of dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease, GWD) burden, expressed as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), from 1990 to 2016, as estimated in the Global Burden of Disease study 2016 (GBD 2016). While the annual number of cases of GWD have been consistently reported by WHO since the 1990s, the burden of disability due to GWD has not previously been quantified in GBD.

Methods:The incidence of GWD was modeled for each endemic country using annual national case reports. A literature search was conducted to characterize the presentation of GWD, translate the clinical symptoms into health sequelae, and then assign an average duration to the infection. Prevalence measures by sequelae were multiplied by disability weights to estimate DALYs.

Results:The total DALYs attributed to GWD across all endemic countries (n=21) in 1990 was 50,725 (95% UI: 35,265–69,197) and decreased to 0.9 (95% UI: 0.5–1.4) in 2016. A cumulative total of 12,900 DALYs were attributable to GWD from 1990 to 2016.

Conclusions:Using 1990 estimates of burden propagated forward, this analysis suggests that between 990,000 to 1.9 million DALYs have been averted as a result of the eradication program over the past 27 years.
The use of eHealth to promote physical activity in people with mental health conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Moran Jonathan , Kelly Grainne , Haberlin Ciarán , Mockler David , Broderick Julie
Published: June 2018

Background: Achieving adequate amounts of physical activity (PA) confers important physical and mental health benefits. Despite this, people with mental health conditions often do not meet recommended levels of PA. eHealth, the delivery of health information through internet and mobile technologies, is an emerging concept in healthcare which presents opportunities to improve PA. The aim of this systematic review is to describe the use of eHealth to increase or monitor PA levels in people with mental health conditions.

Methods: Databases searched included OVID Medline, EMBASE, PsychInfo and Web of Science using a combination of key-words and medical subject headings. Articles were included if they described an eHealth technology designed to improve or monitor PA in people with mental health conditions. Two reviewers screened articles. Articles included in the qualitative synthesis were screened for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for experimental studies and Downs and Black Checklist for non-experimental studies.

Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. A variety of eHealth platforms designed to promote or monitor PA were described in these studies; web-based (n=4), web and mobile application (n=3) and e-mail-based (n=1), one study used both a web-based and mobile application. Three studies reported eHealth interventions significantly increased PA levels, however it is unclear if eHealth interventions are superior at promoting PA compared to conventional interventions. Four studies reported that higher levels of PA, measured using eHealth, were associated with better mental health profiles. 

Conclusion: eHealth interventions may be an innovative low-cost method to increase PA levels which may have knock-on effects on mental health outcomes. Although some of the included studies in this review demonstrated promising results, methodological restrictions and potential biases from using subjective measures of PA limit the interpretability of these results. Future research should evaluate this promising technology using well-designed trials.
Education in Finland: Reflections on the Secrets of Success
Authors: Орехова Е. , Orehova E. , Шайденко Н. , Shaydenko N.
Published: June 2018

The paper presents the fi ndings of the research carried out in the framework of pedagogical regional studies and devoted to the analysis of major directions of the reforms in Finnish school education system. Its current state and the trends of its evolution are seen through the prism of historical, sociopolitical, economic and cultural development of the country. The main pedagogical concepts underlying the latest educational reforms are interpreted on the base of original periodization. The authors reveal the ideological foundations of Finnish school defi ning humanization of education as the key factor for its progress. It is embodied in pupil’s self-esteem, his right to self-determination, the fullest development of abilities and fulfi llment of educational needs; in the recognition of pupil as a supreme value, in giving the highest priority to his inner world, in the actualization of his essential powers and creativeness; in the creating optimal conditions for the demonstration of abilities, needs and possibilities as well as for fi nding harmony between the self and the outside world. Through the analysis of the general trends in the development of school in a rapidly changing economic and sociopolitical situation, the authors substantiate the imperative of the current reforms of Finnish school — the conformity to the requirements of modern society provided that cultural and humanitarian traditions of education are preserved. The reference includes new literary sources in foreign languages which has not been presented in scientifi c works on comparative education.
O protagonismo comunicacional-informacional-digital indígena na sociedade da informação: antecedentes, experiências e desafios
Authors: Aguilar Pinto Alejandra
Published: June 2018

Esta investigación presenta el impacto de las tic (Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación) en los pueblos indígenas, sus experiencias históricas con los medios de comunicación e información, además de una visión global sobre la situación informacional-comunicacional. Las comunidades indígenas están siendo empoderadas por el uso creativo y colaborativo dado a las TIC, principalmente al Internet, consiguiendo una ‘convergencia digital nativa’, esto es, la difusión de diversos tipos de informaciones por el espacio digital online. Después del fin del Segundo Decenio Internacional de las Poblaciones Indígenas (2005-2015) y del Año Internacional de la Comunicación Indígena (2012), se busca responder las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuál es el nivel de apropiación de las tic por los pueblos indígenas en América Latina? ¿Cuál es el tipo de acceso/uso dado a las tic? ¿Cuáles son los principales avances, dificultades y desafíos que enfrentan actualmente las comunidades indígenas en la creación de un espacio electrónico virtual que refleje sus intereses, demandas y aspiraciones? Se concluye que el derecho a la información/comunicación por los pueblos indígenas ha sido una lucha en la cual el espacio electrónico digital, ciberespacio, representado por el Internet, permitió que sus prácticas y saberes fueran visibilizados globalmente.
The 365,000 children living in destitution across the UK
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: June 2018

As thousands of families struggle to afford food, clothes, heating and other essentials, action is demanded over benefit sanctions
The influence of the smartphone: Part 3
Authors: Thornton Stephanie
Published: June 2018

Smartphones are changing the cultural influences on children's development. In part three of her six-part series, Dr Stephanie Thornton considers what we know about the influence of smartphones on social and emotional development
Jejunojejunal intussusception: an unusual case of postoperative intestinal obstruction
Authors: Madhavan S , Augustine A
Published: June 2018

Intussusception is a rare cause for postoperative intestinal obstruction. We report a case of intussusception in the early postoperative period following resection of proximal jejunum and end to end anastomosis. Computed tomography showed jejunal intussusception, which was confirmed on exploration. The anastomotic site was acting as the lead point, which was resected after reduction and reanastomosed in a single layer. The patient had uneventful recovery. Very few similar cases are reported in the literature and all the reported cases are following free jejunal transfer for pharyngo-oesophageal reconstruction.
An innovative way of managing coeliac artery stenosis during pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Balakrishnan S , Kapoor S , Vijayanath P , Singh H , Nandhakumar A , Venkatesulu K , Shanmugam V
Published: June 2018

Coeliac artery stenosis (CAS) is rarely of consequence owing to rich collateral supply from the superior mesenteric artery via the pancreatic head. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in CAS disrupts these collaterals, and places the liver, stomach and spleen at risk of ischaemia.

A 56-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of obstructive jaundice. Computed tomography revealed an operable periampullary tumour with CAS due to compression by the median arcuate ligament with multiple collaterals in the pancreatic head and a prominent gastroduodenal artery (GDA). Following unsuccessful coeliac axis endovascular stenting, a PD was performed. Intraoperative median arcuate ligament release failed to restore good flow in the common hepatic artery (CHA) and splenic artery (SpA)

A decision was made to use the left gastric artery (LGA) for arterial reconstruction, disconnect it from the stomach with its origin intact and anastomose it to the supracoeliac aorta. Doppler ultrasonography with a GDA clamp confirmed good filling of the CHA and SpA via the LGA. The GDA was ligated and the PD completed. The patient had an uneventful recovery except for a biochemical pancreatic leak and was discharged on day 10.

CAS during PD (confirmed by a decrease in CHA flow with a GDA clamp) requires an additional procedure to restore blood flow to the liver, stomach and spleen. Anastomosing the LGA to the supracoeliac aorta is a simple reconstruction technique for achieving this.