bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of National and International Environmental Laws pertaining to Arctic States and Their Work with the Arctic Council
Authors: Dorrian-Bak Hayley-Bo
Published: December 2021

The latest International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report published in August 2021 demonstrated that the Arctic region drastically feels the impacts of climate change. Several laws and policies contribute to the governance of the reduction of emissions which impact the Arctic polar region. This work will analyse the inclusion of language relating to the Arctic region in several key Arctic countries’ climate policies and in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted in requirement of being parties to the Paris Agreement. Arctic policies of these same countries will then be analysed to determine the degree to which they stipulate action relating to the Arctic environment. Finally, the several research projects and initiatives conducted by the Arctic Council’s two working groups, the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and the Arctic Contaminants Action Programme (ACAP), will be overviewed to demonstrate their contributions to the best available science and practice in the region. This paper will look into how, and to what extent, the research of the Arctic Council working groups can be considered a mechanism of soft law in Arctic environmental governance. Consideration will also be given to how this relates to soft law governance stemming from the Law of the Sea (LOSC).
On the plasma quasineutrality under oscillatory confinement based
on a nanosecond vacuum discharge
Authors: Kurilenkov Yurii , Tarakanov Vladimir , Oginov Alexander , Gus’kov Sergei , Samoylov Igor
Published: December 2021

One of the main problems for inertial electrostatic confinement devices with electron injection is the space charge neutralization. This work is devoted to the analysis of the problem of plasma quasineutrality in the scheme of plasma oscillatory confinement based on nanosecond vacuum discharge (NVD). Electrodynamics modeling of the processes of aneutronic fusion of proton–boron showed that the plasma in the NVD, and especially on the discharge axis, really corresponds to a quasineutral regime, which is rather different from the well-known scheme of periodically oscillating plasma spheres (POPS). In this case, small oscillations in the NVD are a mechanism of resonant ion heating, unlike coherent compressions in the original POPS model. The scaling of the fusion power turns out to be close to the fusion scheme with POPS, but differs significantly in the values of the parameter of quasineutrality and the compression ratio.
Photodetector devices based on PIN and barrier structures
of the mid-wave IR range of the spectrum
Authors: Boltar Konstantin , Iakovleva Natalya , Lopukhi Alekcey , Vlasov Pavel
Published: December 2021

Multilayer structures based on the antimonide group materials with absorber layers InSb or AlxIn1-XSb, and XBn-structures with AlxIn1-XSb barrier layer (InSb/AlxIn1-XSb/InSb), designed for the manufacture of advanced photosensitive devices detecting radiation in the medium-wave infrared (IR) range (MWIR), have been developed and investigated. Various topology photosensitive elements (PSE) with absorbing layers InSb or AlxIn1-XSb were fabricated on the basis of MBE-grown p–i–n and barrier structures. It is shown that wideband ternary al-loys AlxIn1-XSb are considered as an alternative to the narrowband binary compound InSb, since, due to wide-band material properties, photodiodes based on AlxIn1-XSb have lower dark currents, and, consequently, noise. The average values of detectivity D* and noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) have been measured for various topology photodetectors, so D* was more than 1011 cmW-1Hz1/2 in p–i–n-structures, and D* exceed of 1012 cmW-1Hz1/2 in barrier structures.
A photoreceiver with an integrated X-band low-noise amplifier
Authors: Yunusov Igor , Kondratenko Alekcey , Arykov Vadim , Stepanenko Mikhail , Troyan Pavel
Published: December 2021

The paper presents development results for a photodetector module with an integrated lownoise amplifier. The photodetector is based on a commercial indium-phosphide photodiode and a custom-designed adapter board and allows to use an optical carrier with wavelengths of 1.31 and 1.55 μm and performs optoelectronic conversion for electrical signals into 0–50 GHz range. The developed gallium arsenide low-noise amplifier is used to compensate photodiode conversion loss in the X-band frequency range. The photodetector module is intended for use as a microwave photonic link receiver, which provides a significant extension of the signal transmission range in comparison with classical types of transmission lines
Distinctive features of the structure of current sheets formed in plasma in three-dimensional magnetic configurations with an X line (a review)
Authors: Frank Anna
Published: December 2021

A review is presented on experimental results related to investigation of distinctive features of the structure and evolution of plasma current sheets formed in three

dimensional (3D) magnetic configurations with an X line, in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field component (guide field) directed along the X line. It is shown that formation of a plasma current sheet results in enhancement of the guide field within the sheet. The excessive guide field is maintained by plasma currents that flow in the transverse plane relative to the main current in the sheet. As a result, the structure of the currents becomes three-dimensional.

Increasing the initial value of the guide field brings about a decrease of compression into the sheet of both the electric current and plasma. This effect is caused by changing the pres-

sure balance in the sheet when an excessive guide field appears in it. Deformation of plasma current sheets in 3D magnetic configurations, namely, an appearance of asymmetric

and tilted sheets, results from excitation of the Hall currents and their interaction with the guide field. It is shown that the formation of current sheets in 3D magnetic configurations

with an X line is possible in a relatively wide, but limited range of initial conditions
SWIR Photosensory
Authors: Boltar Konstantin , Burlakov Igor , Iakovleva Natalya , Polessky Alekcey , Kuznetsov Peter , Lazarev Pavel , Rudnevsky Vladimir , Sednev Mikhail
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we report on the design, the fabrication, and performance of SWIR photomodules using sensitive two-dimensional arrays based on InGaAs-heterostructures. The de-

sign of suggested InGaAs-heterostructure includes InAlAs wideband barrier layer and high sensitive absorber InGaAs layer which are increasing the uniformity and operability of focal plane array (FPA), so the number of defect elements are less than 0.5 %. The possibilities of spectral range expanding into short-wavelength to 0.5 μm and into long-wavelength to 2.2 μm regions have been considered. The operation principals of active-pulse system for 0.9–1.7 μm spectral range based on InGaAs 320256 FPA with 30 μm pitch have been presented. The investigations showed that the infrared gated-viewing system based on the InGaAs 320256 FPA provided a spatial resolution of 0,6 m.
Current state and prospects of detectors in the terahertz range.
Part 2. Heterodyne detection of terahertz radiation
Authors: Kulchitsky Nikolay , Naumov Arkadii , Startsev Vadim , Dem’yanenko Mikhail
Published: December 2021

The paper discusses the problems associated with the development of technology for terahertz radiation detectors. The main physical phenomena and recent progress in various methods of detecting terahertz radiation (direct detection and heterodyne detection) are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of direct detection sensors and sensors with heterodyne detection are discussed. In part 1, a number of features of direct detection are considered and some types of terahertz direct detection detectors are described. Part 2 will describe heterodyne detection and continue to describe some types of modern photonic terahertz receivers.
Çin Medeniyeti İle İslam Medeniyeti Arasındaki Yakın Temas ve Onun Destekçisi Wang Daiyu
Authors: Ding Jiguang
Published: December 2021

Ming Hanedanlığı'nın sonlarında ve 17. yüzyılın ortalarındaki Qig Hanedanlığı'nın başlarında yaşamış olan Şeyh Wang Daiyu, Çinli Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Elias'tan sonra Çin'deki en meşhur Müslüman alimlerden biridir. Şeyh'in yaşadığı dönem, İslam'ın Çin'de yükselişe geçtiği bir döneme karşılık gelmektedir. Bu dönemde Şeyh Wang Daiyu; bilimsel makaleler ve kitaplar yazmaya başlamış, Kur'ân-ı Kerim ve Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetindeki İslami fikirleri açıklamak için bazı Konfüçyüsçü terimler almış ve Konfüçyüsçü fikirleri İslami fikirlerle uzlaştırmaya çalışmıştır. Aynı zamanda İslam'a davet, İslam kültürünü yayma ve İslami yükseliş hakkında sistematik fikirler ortaya koyma vazifesini üstlenmiştir. Bu makale temel olarak Şeyh'in biyografisine, tarihsel arka planına ve Çin medeniyeti ile İslam medeniyetinin nasıl uzlaştırılacağına dair analitik bir araştırmaya odaklanmaktadır. Nitekim onun döneminde İslam büyük bir gelişme ve canlılık kazanmıştır. Buradan hareketle Şeyh Wang Daiyu'nun İslam kültürü ile Çin kültürünün etkileşimine büyük katkı sağladığını söyleyebiliriz. Bu makale, -dünyanın Çin’i (ve Çin’li Müslüman âlimleri) daha iyi tanıması maksadıyla- “Çin hikayelerini iyi anlatın” milli sloganını gerçekleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca araştırmacı, bin yılı aşkın bir süredir Çin'de İslam'a davet etmek ve İslam medeniyetini yaymak için koşturan, vatana ve millete büyük katkılar sunan Müslüman alimleri dünyaya tanıtmayı hedeflemektedir. Araştırmanın mümkün olduğunca eksiksiz olabilmesi için tarihsel ve analitik yöntem bir arada kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada; Şeyh Wang Daiyu’nun hayatı, eserleri, İslâm’ın onun dönemindeki özellikleri ve Şeyh’in, Çin medeniyeti ile İslam medeniyetini nasıl uzlaştırdığı gibi hususlar ele alınacaktır.
INFLUENCE OF THE RATE OF IRON HEXATIANOFERRATE ON ITS SORPTION ABILITY IN RELATION TO SILVER, INDIUM AND GALLIUM CATIONS
Authors:   A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty,  Kazakhstan, Agatayeva А.А. , Jussipbekov U.Zh. ,   A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty,  Kazakhstan, Chernyakova R.М. ,   A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty,  Kazakhstan, Kaiynbayeva R.А. ,   A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty,  Kazakhstan, Kozhabekova N.N. ,   A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty,  Kazakhstan, Nabiyeva А.М. ,   A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty,  Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

The processing of phosphorites into elemental phosphorus is accom-panied by the formation of waste - cotrile "milk", in which indium, gallium, and silver are present. This waste can be considered as a cheap raw material for the production of rare and precious metals. In the scientific literature there are data on the sorption capacity of hexacyano-ferrates of iron, which has a crystal lattice with a channel diameter from 3.0 to 3.5Å. Investigation of the sorption process in the model system "Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·10H2O - Ag+- In3+- Ga3+ - H2O" depending on the norm of iron hexacyanoferrate (sorbent). The initial concentration of silver, indium and gallium ions and their residual content in solutions were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer "PerkinElmer Analyst 400" (USA). The microstructure of the initial iron hexacyanoferrate and iron hexacyano-ferrate, after sorption, was studied on the CarlZeissFESEM and JEOL brand "JXA-8230" (Japan). With a ratio to T:W equal to 1.75-2.5:100, the degree of sorption of Ag+ with iron hexacyanoferrate is 99.5 and 99.8 %. The highest degree of sorption (96.75%) of In3+ ions can be obtained with a sorbent weighing 3 g per 100 g of solution at 60oC. A high degree of sorption of Ga3+ cations is achieved at low (0.5:100 wt. h.) and high (3:100 wt. h.) consumption of iron hexacyanoferrate. It was revealed that iron hexacyanoferrate exhibits sorption properties simultaneously with respect to mono- and trivalent metals, and the basic laws of their sorption were established.
EFL Students’ Perceptions of Using COCA to Develop Their Vocabulary
Authors: KOÇAK Arzu
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a research study investigating students’ perceptions about the use of COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) to expand their English vocabulary. The purpose of the study is to determine perceived benefits of using online corpora for improving EFL students’ vocabulary from the perspective of students. In the study, a group of EFL students in the Preparatory School at a state university in Turkey were introduced what a corpus is and how to use it to develop their vocabulary. The study was carried out for four weeks and the participants attended three hours of instruction each week. After each instruction, students were required to do some corpus-based vocabulary activities. The data for this research were collected via a questionnaire. At the end of the fourth week, the students reflected their perceptions about using the online corpus (COCA) in the questionnaires given. The data gathered from the study were analyzed quantitatively. The results indicated that most of the students think that using COCA as an online corpus is highly beneficial to enriching their English vocabulary. The results will supply EFL teachers with planning information about how corpora and corpus-based vocabulary activities might best be integrated into English language curriculum
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE IN ENHANCING PERFORMANCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL
Authors: SABR MOHAMMED Heresh , GÜMÜŞ Abdulkadir
Published: December 2021

Bu makale, çevre koruma kuruluşlarında performansı artıran insan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesinin öneminin kapsamını ve şeklini belirlemektedir. (İnsan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi) uygulamasının bireysel ve kurumsal performans üzerinde önemli ve doğrudan bir etkisi olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu bulgu, bir çalışanın kuruluşun başarısında önemli ve kilit rol oynayabileceği fikrine dayanmaktadır (Garavan, 2007). (İnsan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi) önemli bir katkı sağlayabilmesi için süreç odaklı yaklaşımdan ve yönetsel yaklaşımdan uzaklaşıp daha stratejik bir yaklaşıma dönüştürmesi ve böylece çalışanların enerji gelişiminde başarılı bir liderlik rolü üstlenmesi gerekmektedir (Gold et al, 2011). Oysa insan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi, örgütlerde sürekli öğrenme ve gelişimden sorumlu olan profesyonellerin, İK gelişimine yönelik iş gereksinimlerini ve faaliyetleri bir dizi önemli örgütsel uygulama olarak düşünmelerini gerektirmektedir. Karşılığında, bu terk ve daha düşük değer operasyonel “eğitim ve geliştirme” faaliyetleri uzak ve karşılığında kurumsal ve bireysel gelişim hizmet stratejik rolleri çeşitli gerçekleştirmek için yetkinliklerini geliştirmek için daha fazla zaman ve fırsat vererek hareket gerektirir. Aslında bu çalışma fikri, araştırmacının on dört yıldır çevre kurumlarındaki uygulamaları ve birçok çevre projesine katılımı ve 2004'ten 2014'e kadar araştırmacının Çevre Koruma kurulu'ndaki kamu sektöründeki deneyiminin yanı sıra Greenpeace Organizasyonundaki çalışmaları ve bu konudaki devamlılığı ile kristalleşmiştir. günümüze kadar. Araştırmacı, bu yıllar boyunca çevre koruma alanında sürdürdüğü sürekli artış ve tecrübe birikimi sırasında olduğu gibi, bu hayati ve hassas konunun akademik bir çalışma olarak incelenmesinin çok gerekli olduğuna inanmaktadır. İnsan kaynakları “gelişme” çok önemli bir kağıt buldu. Çevre koruma kurumlarının hedeflerine ulaşma imkanı, performanslarında sürekli güçlenmeye ihtiyaç duyar ve bu da “insan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi” yoluyla yapılır. "Çevre koruma" faaliyetlerindeki "insan kaynakları” nın “eğitim ve geliştirmeye” devam etmesi ve yeterli finansmana ve ileri teknolojinin katılımına ihtiyaç duymasının yanı sıra insan kaynakları personelini güçlendirmesi ve motive etmesi gerekmektedir.
NILAI MANFAAT DAN TINGKAT PENERAPAN MATERI PELATIHAN LITERASI DAN EDUKASI KEUANGAN (PLEK)
Authors: HARIYANI NINING
Published: December 2021

The lack of awareness and ability in recording and managing the finances of farming and farmer households causes farmers can’t get a real of their welfare. Farmers are still oriented to production activities and have not led to a profitable business through professional financial management. Training is one of the activities carried out as an effort to provide financial literacy and education for farming and farmer households. This study aims to determine the value of benefits and the level of application of financial literacy and education training materials which consist of 2 core materials, namely farming finance management and household financial management. The research method uses purposive sampling with 29 respondents from the Tuban, Ngawi, Lamongan, Madiun and Jombang regencies of East Java Province as participants in financial literacy and education training in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that the two materials were considered useful about 4.35 and 4.27 and the level of application of the materials was still at 50% or about 3.23 and 3.07 from the specified learning outcome indicators. The value of benefits is positively correlated with the application of the two training materials.It is necessary to improve the training module to make it simpler, easier to understand and aplicable by participants as well as intensive assistance from local extention officer so the material can be applied more optimally in farmer daily activities.

ABSTRAKRendahnya kesadaran dan kemampuan dalam pencatatan dan pengelolaan keuangan usahatani dan rumah tangga petani menyebabkan kesejahteraan kurang dirasakan oleh petani. Petani selama ini masih berorientasi pada kegiatan produksi dan belum mengarah pada bisnis yang menguntungkan melalui pengelolaan keuangan yang profesional. Pelatihan merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk memberikan literasi dan edukasi keuangan baik usahatani maupun rumah tangga petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai manfaat dan tingkat penerapan materi pelatihan literasi dan edukasi keuangan yang terdiri dari 2 materi inti yaitu pengelolaan keuangan usahatani dan pengelolaan keuangan rumah tangga. Metode penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling dengan responden alumni peserta pelatihan literasi dan edukasi keuangan tahun 2019 dan 2020 yang berasal dari Kabupaten Tuban, Ngawi, Lamongan, Madiun dan Jombang Provinsi Jawa Timur sebanyak 29 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua materi dinilai bermanfaat yaitu sebesar 4,35 dan 4,27 serta tingkat penerapan materi sebesar 3,23 dan 3,07 atau masih 50% dari indikator hasil pembelajaran yang ditetapkan. Nilai manfaat berkorelasi secara positif terhadap penerapan kedua materi pelatihan. Perlu perbaikan modul pelatihan agar lebih sederhana, mudah dipahami dan diterapkan oleh peserta serta pendampingan yang intensif dari penyuluh pertanian setempat agar penerapan materi lebih optimal dan bermanfaat dalam kegiatan sehari-hari.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN COOPERATIVE LEARNING MELALUI TIPE TGT (TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR AQIDAH AKHLAK KD MEMAHAMI TASAWUF KELAS XI IPS1 MAN 1 JOMBANG
Authors: INAYAHWATI IDA
Published: December 2021

This study aims to improve student achievement in Aqidah Akhlak subjects, especially KD Understanding Sufism. The assessment of this Sufism material is not only in the realm of knowledge (cognitive) but includes the entire domain of attitude (there is a change in attitude) and skills (application of religious understanding) for each student. That's why researchers formulate strategies that can generate student achievement, where in this learning activity, apart from being able to achieve all the aspects that are expected, students are also able to instill social traits in each of them. The learning strategy offered is cooperative learning (Cooperative Learning Strategy), namely by using the Team Games Tournament (TGT) type. Conducted in class XI IPS1 MAN 1 Jombang. This research was conducted in two cycles, each consisting of two face-to-face meetings. Before carrying out the research action, the researcher conducted a pre-test in the class being studied (before the implementation of cooperative learning strategies, in this pret test the results obtained by students on this material with an average of 79. Furthermore, after the cooperative learning model through the TGT type (Teams Games Tournaments) then in the second cycle obtained an average learning completeness of 84, and in the third cycle the increase in the average score became 95, very significant.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Aqidah Akhlak khususnya KD Memahami Tasawuf. Penilaian pada materi tasawuf ini bukan hanya padah ranah pengetahuan (kognitif) melainkan mencakup seluruh ranah sikap (ada perubahan sikap) dan Ketrampilan (penerapan pemahaman religi) pada setiap siswa. Karena itulah peneliti merumuskan strategi yang dapat membangkitkan prestasi belajar siswa, dimana dalam kegiatan pembelajaran ini selain mampu mencapai seluruh aspek yang diharapkan siswa juga mampu menanamkan sifat social dalam diri mereka masing-masing. Strategi pembelajaran yang ditawarkan adalah pembelajaran kooperatif (Cooperative Learning Strategy), yaitu dengan menggunakan tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT). Dilakukan pada kelas XI IPS1 MAN 1 Jombang. Penelitian dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran cooperative learning melalui tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournaments) ini dilakukan dalam dua kali siklus, masing-masing terdiri dari dua kali pertemuan tatap muka. Sebelum melakukan tindakan penelitian, peneliti melakukan pre test terlebih dahulu pada kelas yang diteliti (sebelum diterapkannya strategi pembelajaran kooperatif, pada pret test ini didapatkan hasil nilai yang didapat siswa pada materi ini dengan rata-rata 79. Selanjutnya setelah model pembelajaran cooperative learning melalui tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournaments) maka pada siklus kedua diperoleh rata-rata ketruntasan belajar 84, dan pada siklus ke tiga peningkatan nilai rata-rata mejadi 95, sangat signifikan.
Triiodothyronine, diluted according homeopathic techniques, modifies the programmed cell death of tadpole tail's explants
Authors: Guedes JosÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â© Roberto Pereira , Carrasco Solange , MostÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â©rio Cláudia Maris Ferreira , Bonamin Leoni Villano , Souza Welluma , Schainberg Cláudia Goldenstein , Parra-Cuentas Edwin Roger , Capelozzi Vera Luiza
Published: December 2021

High Dilution is a solution beyond the Avogadro limits that, in the dependence of the applied succussion elicits a suppressive or a stimulant effect on a living cell, with a consequent generation of an oscillatory dose-effect curve. According to Bonamin et al. [1], ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œPerhaps, the most enigmatic feature regarding the properties of high dilutions is the non-linearity of their effects. In several studies employing in vivo and ex vivo models, especially involving iso-endopathy, an oscillatory potency-effect curve has appeared. The first observations were initially considered as artifacts, but the repetition of this pattern in different studies involving completely different experimental models, in times and places equally different, points out to the existence of a property intrinsic to dynamized systems.ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â ...
Pharmacology and similia principle: indirect secondary counter-regulation. Confirmation from in vitro experiments and classical provings
Authors: Signorini Andrea
Published: December 2021

Homeopathy is universally known as an opponent of allopathic Medicine, namely scientific medicine based on ponderal drugs and recognised mechanisms of receptor agonism and antagonism following the dose-response curve. Over time the difficulty to explain with arguments the action of homeopathic ultra-diluted remedies has led many homeopaths to distance themselves from any pharmacological knowledges. Nevertheless this position fortgets not only the modalities in which homeopathy was born and has grown, but a lot of modern changes of view in body-mind communication, cell communication, neuro-immune-endocrinology and bioelectromagnetism, that could give new reasons to treat as clinical homeopathic practice is teaching and to recognize the principle of similars as a modern pharmacological principle. These arguments, receptorial cell communication, bioelectromagnetism and body-mind unity are the bases of Homeopathy and of the Similia Principle and are all included in embryonic but sufficiently clear considerations in the fundamental book of Hahnemann, the Organon (parr. 11, 13, 15-18, 21, 22, 29-32, 63-70). Two kind of evidences confirm the pharmacological bases of SimiliaPriniciple, in vitro experiments and homeopathic pathogenetic trials on healthy volunteers, best known as provings. Even clinical homeopathic phenomena like initial aggravation and return of old symptoms confirm this pharmacological view of the Simila Principle.
Homeopathy as an alternative for asthma treatment
Authors: Garcia Cassia Virginia , Bandeira Gabriela Veiga Vieira Mancio , Mendez Andreas Sebastian Loureiro
Published: December 2021

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a reversible obstruction and hyperactivity of inferior aerial treat [1]. It is responsible for lifestyle modification and, considering its high frequency, it became an important issue in the budget of health services around the world. Aspects like the lack of definitive results and presence of adverse effects, observed for traditional therapy, as well as the search for better quality of life have increased patientsÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢ interest for complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), being homeopathy one of the most cited [2]. In 2001, asthma was between the 10 diagnostics most treated by homeopaths in USA [3]. Aims: In this work, a qualitative research was made focusing the evaluation of the real contribution that homeopathy can represent for asthma patients and the role of pharmacist in this therapy. Methodology: databases such as Medline, Sciencedirect and Bireme were used to find scientific articles, applying the expressions ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œasthmaÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â, ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œhomeopathyÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â and ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œcomplementary and alternative medicineÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â. Results: At least six works demonstrate successful applications of homeopathic treatment in children or adults with asthma. The main benefits cited are the decrease of frequency and gravity of the crises, besides of some cure cases. Conclusions: Data available are still scanty about asthma homeopathic treatment. The few works found showed this kind of therapy is very adequate, mainly because of the emotional component of the disease, but also because it represents to be away from the adverse effects commonly related to the traditional therapy (e. g. corticoids). To ensure a correct therapy is being made, the pharmacist must be present and active in the patientsÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢ identification and documentation, giving them right orientations about the use and storage of homeopathic medicines, besides of stimulating a close and confidence relationship with the homeopath. Also, the manufacturing of remedies must be according to the official guidelines in order to guarantee their quality.
Homeopathy and cancer: a literature review
Authors: Gomes Marina das Neves , Holandino Carla
Published: December 2021

The World Health Organization states that deaths from cancer are increasing reaching an estimated 12 million deaths by 2030 [1]. In Brazil will be about 480,000 new cases by the end of 2011 [2]. For the treatment of cancer conventional therapies are used, such as chemotherapy[3] and radiotherapy [4] which can cause many adverse reactions. Complementary therapies such as homeopathy can be combined to traditional cancer treatment with the aim of minimizing these adverse reactions, relieving the symptoms of the disease itself and its treatment. Other complementary therapies which can aid in cancer treatment are electrotherapy, acupuncture and electroacupuncture, nutritional supplements, probiotics, phytotherapy, among others[5]. The literature shows the homeopathic medicines can be prescribed using the patientÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s physical constitution as one strategy to help cancer patients [6-11]. This work aims to compile the literature review done with in vitro and in vivo models describing the mechanisms of action of homeopathic medicines used to treat different kinds of cancer. The research findings showed that homeopathy can help the patient to come to terms with the disease, after cancer diagnosis which often brings with itself denial, fear and a host of psychological disorders that cause an unbalance in the body. In addition, some works done with in vitro and in vivo models have shown that homeopathic medicines can modulate the immune system, activating macrophages and inducing the release of cytokines. These and other effects may help the body to overcome the cancer. The use of homeopathic therapy as complementary to conventional cancer treatment has promising results and should be further investigated.
The evaluation of the relevance of teaching of homeopathy at the medical school
Authors: Freitas Francisco JosÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â© de , Fernandes Debora Alves dos Santos
Published: December 2021

Background: In 1912 the Hahnemann Medical Faculty to graduate homeopathic physicians was created. This was one of the courses that originated the present Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ UNIRIO. Homeopathy in UNIRIO was consolidated during the 80s and 90s through the relationship with other specialties. In 1999, the interface of Homeopathy and the curriculum guidelines of the Brazilian Ministry of Education justified the inclusion of Homeopathy as a compulsory subject in the medical course at UNIRIO. In 2001 a University program to improve the development of research called ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œHomeopathy - Health and Quality of LifeÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â, was created to integrate the activities of Teaching, Research and Extension.

Aim: To evaluate the relevance of the compulsory teaching of Homeopathy in the medical area at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ UNIRIO, Brazil.

Methods: A prospective longitudinal qualitative and quantitative research was used with semi-structured questionnaires with open and closed questions at the beginning and end of each semester. Undergraduate students from the third year of the UNIRIO Medical Faculty (2008/March till 2009/September) who accepted the ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œConsent FormÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â, were included. Students who didn't respond adequately to the questions were excluded. This research was approved and registered at the Brazilian Research Ethics Center. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 used to data collection and analysis.

Results: Total number of students attending the course during the four semesters: 304. 70% answered the questionnaires. 60% of the students had heard of homeopathy before attending the homeopathy course (67% as patients, 21% as patients and through media, 6% through media and 6% by other means of contact). 86% consider that homeopathy brought new knowledge to the medical and academic training. 72% consider that this knowledge could be applicable to their future career.

Conclusion: Most students aim to learn the guiding principles of homeopathy. Their aim is to know all available treatment, modalities and alternatives to allopathy in medical education. They considered that the learning of Homeopathy is a part of general medical training due to the fact that it has been a recognized medical specialty in Brazil since 1980. The studentÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s opportunity to learn homeopathy during the undergraduate course in medical schools widens the individuality concept, ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œthe doctor-patient relationship and the holistic vision of the patientÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â. These results demonstrate the relevance of teaching homeopathy in the medical curriculum and the need to spread the teaching of homeopathy as a compulsory course for all other medical universities.
Quality certificates for homeopathic matrices
Authors: Cegalla Virginia Teresa , Cesar Amarilys de Toledo
Published: December 2021

Background: To produce homeopathic medicines, pharmacies need raw materials (mother tinctures and diluted-agitated solutions, named ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œmatricesÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â), provided by insumes suppliers. The ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œmatricesÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â are ultra high dilutions and can not be tested against Analysis Reports.

Aims: to propose alternatives to the matrices Analysis Report; to contribute to the quality of homeopathic medicines and treatment.

Method: search of information present in the documentation provided from 2 national and 3 European suppliers in order to develop criteria.

Discussion: the needed concepts for compliance with the orders throughout their production process were presented. The control of information involved in the process allows to trace the production of matrices, providing an indication of the quality with which they were obtained. Each supplier gives different approach to issuing a document, calling it Certificate of Conformity Protocol Preparation, Manufacturing Certificate or Quality Certificate. Summarizing, it is a supplier's declaration, which involves the quality control of raw materials, packaging materials and of the process used, but not a report that enables customers to repeat the analysis. A model was proposed for a Certificate of Quality, with the minimum information needed to indicate to the pharmacies that there is a control of the process. This certificate shall contain statements about the process.

Conclusion: Quality Certificate seems to be the best document to ensure the pharmacy that the matrix obtained presents characteristics compatible with the preparation of a quality homeopathic medicine.
Hahnemann in Sibiu: possible influence of the ideas of Baron d'Holbach
Authors: Waisse Priven Silvia , Jurj Gheorghe
Published: December 2021

The present paper discusses the possible influence that the 1777-79 stay in Sibiu, at Baron of BrukenthalÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s palace, might have had on Samuel HahnemannÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s early training. In this context, an analysis of the contents of Baron of BrukenthalÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Library as depicted in a catalog to which Hahnemann contributed was performed. Data suggest that Hahnemann was particularly interested in the ideas of Baron dÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢Holbach. The Appendix describes all the works related to Medicine and Natural Philosophy listed in the catalog. Keywords: Homeopathy; History; Early influences of Hahnemann; Sibiu/Hermannstadt; Holbach. Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â  Hahnemann em Sibiu: a possível influéncia das idÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â©ias do barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o dÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â´Holbach Resumo O presente artigo discute a possível influéncia sobre a formaÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â§ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o inicial de Hahnemann de sua estada no palácio do barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o de Brukenthal, em Sibiu, entre 1777 e 1779. Para tanto, foi analisado o conteÃƒÆ’Ã‚Âºdo do acervo da biblioteca do barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o de Brukenthal, tal como descrito num catálogo que o prÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³prio Hahnemann contribuiu a compor. Os resultados sugerem que Hahnemann esteve particularmente interessado nas idÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â©ias do barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o dÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â´Holbach. No Apéndice sÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o listadas todas as obras relacionadas com medicina e filosofia natural citadas nesse catálogo. Palavras-chave: Homeopatia; HistÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³ria; Primeiras influéncias de Hahnemann; Sibiu / Hermannstadt; Holbach. Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â  Hahnemann en Sibiu: la posible influencia de las ideas del barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³n de Holbach Resumen Este artículo discute la influencia que puede haber tenido en la formaciÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³n temprana de Samuel Hahnemann su estadía en el palacio del barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³n de Brukenthal en Sibiu, entre 1777 y 1779. Para tanto, fue analizado el contenido de la biblioteca del barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³n de Brukenthal, como descripto en un catálogo que el propio Hahnemann ayudÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³ a componer. Los resultados sugieren que Hahnemann estaba particularmente interesado en las ideas del barÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â³n de Holbach. En el ApÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â©ndice, son listadas todas las obras relacionadas com medicina y filosofía natural presentes en dicho catalágo. Palabras-clave: Homeopatía; Historia; primeiras influencias de Hahnemann; Sibiu / Hermannstadt; Holbach. Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â  Correspondence author: Silvia Waisse Priven; silvia.priven@gmail.com How to cite this article: Waisse Priven S, Jurj G. Hahnemann in Sibiu: possible influence of the ideas of Baron dÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢Holbach. Int J High Dilution Res [online]. 2008 [cited YYYY Mmm DD]; 7(23): 93-102. Available from: http://journal.giri-society.org/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/53/344. Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â
Flu pandemics: homeopathic prophylaxis and definition of the epidemic genius
Authors: Marino Renan
Published: December 2021

Recent studies on viral genetics establish swine-H1N1 ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ responsible for the ongoing pandemics ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ as a remainder or continuation of the agent causing the flu epidemics of 1918. This study aimed at analyzing whether this common etiology also result in significant correlations of clinical manifestations. To do so, data were collected to compare the clinical evolution of cases in the 1918 and 2009 epidemics.Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â  This historical revision was the ground for evaluating the response to treatment including homeopathy in the former epidemics. It is discussed the convenience of including homeopathic prophylaxis grounded on the diagnosis of the epidemic genius among public health actions.
History of homeopathy and social history of medicine: the story of a successful marriage
Authors: Waisse Priven Silvia
Published: December 2021

The Institute for the History of Medicine (IGM) was established in 1980 by the Robert Bosch Foundation, in Stuttgart, Germany, on the basis of a collection of documents and other small objects belonging to Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy. However, since its very inception, its directors considered that the history of homeopathy also had a role to play in the larger picture of the history of medicine. On the other hand, the history of homeopathy was not restricted to the account of the development of ideas and careers of practitioners, but it would benefit significantly by approaching it from the perspective of social history, including the study of institutions, patientsÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢ views, lay supporting societies and publications. This paper presents a review of this project as assessed by an analysis of recent publications that, taken as a whole, reflect the historiographical contribution of researchers at IGM.
Social support network and received support at stressful events
Authors: Hlebec Valentina , Mrzel Maja , Kogovšek Tina
Published: December 2021

Many studies in the field of social support (e.g., Hobfoll, 1985; Thoits, 1985; Cutrona and Russell, 1990; Kienan, 1997) show that the effectiveness of a certain type of provided support and mechanisms by which the support works are often highly dependent on a specific situation, where support is needed. For instance, emotional support may be provided in a situation (e.g., an accident), where an affected person needs or expects help of a more practical kind. The provided unsuitable type of support may thus cause additional stress, dissatisfaction, feelings of being misunderstood, controlled or alienated. The context of a specific situation therefore conditions how effective a certain type of support can be. When selecting a measurement instrument presumed to be the best for assessing social support networks and social support functions we have to consider whether to ask a lot of questions about the social support network, the received social support and the perception of social support using complex items, such as name generators, or whether there are simpler ways at our disposal to correctly assess the social support provision, such as role relationship items. We should also decide whether to measure only the perception of social support or the actually received support at particular occasions as well. In this paper we compare and analyze the composition of the social support network assessed by the Antonucci's hierarchical approach, the perceived social support within social support network, and the role relation approach based on received support during 15 major life changes as they have occurred within the last three years. The composition of the social support network (overall and partial across four types of social support) is compared to the overall composition of received support.
Proposition of a hybrid stochastic Lee-Carter mortality model
Authors: Rossa Agnieszka , Socha Lesław
Published: December 2021

In the paper, a stochastic hybrid mortality model (EHLC) treated as a solution of stochastic differential equations is introduced. The model is defined analogously to the well-known Lee-Carter mortality model (LC). A parameter estimation procedure including a switching rule are proposed. A comparison of the predictive accuracy of the LC and EHLC models based on the mortality data for Poland has shown that the new model yields better results.
Mining spatio-temporal data of traffic accidents and spatial pattern visualization
Authors: Lavrač Nada , Jesenovec Domen , Trdin Nejc , Mramor Kosta Neža
Published: December 2021

Spatial data mining is a research area concerned with the identification of interesting spatial patterns from data stored in spatial databases and geographic information systems (GIS). This paper addresses the analysis of spatial and time stamped data of Slovenian traffic accidents which, together with other GIS data, enabled the construction of spatial attributes and the creation of a time-stamped spatial database. This database was analyzed by means of basic descriptive statistical methods, an approach to short time series clustering, spatial clustering, as well as visualization using GIS and GoogleEarth facilities.
Indices of skewness derived from a set of symmetric quantiles
Authors: Brizzi Maurizio
Published: December 2021

In this paper, which follows a recent field of research started by Tukey (1977), a class of indices of skewness is introduced, based on a symmetric set of quantiles. Two kinds of normaisation are proposed, leading to different indices, called VCS (Ventile Coefficient of Skewness) and VIS (Ventile Index of Slewness), respectively. The sample distribution of both indices is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation. Two extended indices of skewness (ECS and EIS) are proposed, having interesting inferential properties. Finally, an application to national data of 27 E.U. countries is presented, with a brief comment of the results.
effectiveness of car scrapping schemes in the Italian market
Authors: Romano Antonio , Scandurra Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

The aim of this work is to examine the effectiveness of policies in support of the automotive industry that have taken place over the years and the link between car registration and consumer confidence. Firstly, through an intervention analysis, the series of total car registrations in Italy has been corrected for the effect of seasonality and incentives. Secondly, a Structural Vector Auto Regression model has been estimated in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the relationship between car registrations and consumers' confidence. The results show that policies in support of the automotive industry are useful if granted during an increasing economic trend. Otherwise they have no effect on sales of new vehicles.
Dimensionality reduction methods
Authors: D'Ambra Luigi , Amenta Pietro , Gallo Michele
Published: December 2021

In case one or more sets of variables are available, the use of dimensional reduction methods could be necessary. In this contest, after a review on the link between the Shrinkage Regression Methods and Dimensional Reduction Methods, authors provide a different multivariate extension of the Garthwaite's PLS approach (1994) where a simple linear regression coefficients framework could be given for several dimensional reduction methods.
Permutation tests for heterogeneity comparisons in presence of categorical variables with application to university evaluation
Authors: Arboretti Giancristofaro Rosa , Bonnini Stefano
Published: December 2021

In social sciences researchers often meet the problem of determining if the distribution of a categorical variable is more concentrated in population X1 than in population X2. For example the effectiveness of two different PhD programs can be evaluated in terms of the heterogeneity of the set of job opportunities. The job opportunities are nominal categorical variables and populations X1 and X2 include all PhD holders for program 1 and program 2. We may define that a PhD program is "better than another" if it is able to offer a larger variety of job opportunities. Several other examples can be mentioned to highlight the importance of heterogeneity comparison problems in social sciences; moreover this problem occurs also very often in genetics, biology, medical studies and other sciences. The nonparametric solution of this problem has similarities to that of permutation testing for stochastic dominance on ordered categorical variables, i.e. testing under order restrictions. If ordering of probability parameters in H0 is unknown and it has to be estimated by sampling data, only approximate nonparametric solutions are possible within the permutation approach. Main properties of test solutions and some Monte Carlo simulations in order to evaluate the tests' behaviour under H0 and H1, will be presented. A real problem concerned with University evaluation is also discussed.
Wellbeing assessment yardstick
Authors: Pavlova Irina , Gumennikov Ilya , Monastyrny Evgeny , Golubeva Elena
Published: December 2021

Although Russia manifests some dynamics in its national policy on ageing, it still lacks comprehensive tools for the older generation wellbeing assessment both on national and regional levels. This research work is an ongoing project aimed at the development of the composite index (composite indicator) to assess the elderly population wellbeing in Russia for cross-regional comparison to equip Russian policy-makers with an essential tool and relevant reliable data to facilitate the decision-making and policy design at national, regional and local levels. The paper discusses the possibility of selecting relevant data from the pool of the official state statistics indicators to assess the elderly generation's wellbeing in 85 regions of the Russian Federation by four index domains (economic, social, health and regional environment dimensions). Due to a high geographical and territorial heterogeneity, this index can be advised to be adopted as a potential tool to monitor wellbeing across Russian regions with the focus on policy development for macro-regions. This grouping of regions can minimize transaction costs of bargaining on behalf of the 85 regions while developing national policies and strategies. The paper employs the Russian Elderly Wellbeing Index (REWI) to compare calculation results for 2014 and 2016 as well as addresses the issue of elderly population wellbeing analysis on the meso level in the context of federal districts. The authors run cluster analysis for the REWI indicators to compare clusters of Russian regions and federal districts.