bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the psychological and behavioural patterns of students in Sri Lanka during COVID-19: A qualitative study
Authors: Abhayasinghe Kalpani , Weerasinghe Navodya , Dissanayake Lasith , Jayasinghe Krishani , Guruge Duminda , Sumathipala Athula
Published: April 2022

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 pandemic affected many international students, including the Sri Lankan youth and young adults who were studying in the United Kingdom (UK), and repatriated to the motherland during the first wave. The current study aimed to explore and understand the lived experiences, behaviour, and psychological patterns of these students during their lockdown in the UK; quarantine and self-isolation; and repatriation back to Sri Lanka. Methods: This descriptive qualitative study was planned and conducted in a quarantine environment based on the lived experiences of two authors (KA and NW), who were also repatriated students due to COVID-19 pandemic. A convenient sample of sixteen (16) repatriated students (age ranged from 18 – 34) participated in the study. Data was collected using multiple methods including questionnaires, researchers’ objective observations and semi-structured interviews (conducted over the phone or online). The thematic analysis method was used for data analysis. Results: Both positive and negative psychological and behavioural patterns were observed. Three themes emerged were: (1) Fear, worry and anxiety, (2) Irritability and agitation, and (3) Adherence to safety precautions. Many reported negative abrupt changes to their education and lifestyles during this stressful situation. Perceived stigma and emotional imbalance have caused difficulty in coping. Positive changes such as increased efficacy in academic activities, exploring new hobbies and healthy coping skills were also reported. Conclusion: Findings highlight the need for addressing age-specific behavioural, psychological, and educational needs of youth and young adults when developing guidelines to manage similar situations in the future and to increase resilience.
COVID-19 Health Literacy Scale Development
Authors: Alkan ÇEVIKER Sevil , AKKAYA Bulent , Şenol Akar Şebnem
Published: April 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a COVID-19 Health Literacy (HL) scale. Material and Methods: Data were obtained from three samples of medical students (n=628) having different demographic characteristics in different regions of Turkey. A pilot study was conducted to assess language validity. Several psychometric tests were conducted to assess the tools’ reliability and validity. Results: A .963 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was obtained, in addition to a 72.26% variance score. The scale also demonstrated reliability values (internal consistency; α=.94). Two dimensions consisting of 20 items were identified to represent and the COVID-19 HL. Conclusion: The COVID-19 HL scale demonstrated robust psychometric properties. It was also deemed to be reliable and valid in assessing health literacy of COVID-19 among the medical students and will also be useful in increasing COVID-19 awareness among individuals.
Engaging patients in the HIV care continuum through referral-making behaviours and patterns: A descriptive cross-sectional study
Authors: Witte Susan , M. Pinto Rogerio , Filippone Prema , Choi C. Jean , Wall Melanie
Published: April 2022

Introduction: HIV continuum of care consists of five steps needed to effectively treat and prevent the spread of HIV. Linkage to and retention of patients to this Continuum of Care is a global priority. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the quality of this Continuum, as people living with HIV, have had to shelter reducing their access to services. As well, HIV agencies have had to close, reduce hours, and shift personnel. Purpose and Methods: The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to examine the person-centered referral-making behaviors and patterns used by providers to engage patients in the care continuum. Three classes of linkage behaviors among 285 providers in 34 community agencies in New York City were identified using latent class analysis. Results: These linkage behaviors include High (48%); Moderate (34%); and Low (18%). Both High and Moderate consisted of a blend of active and passive strategies and tracking systems. The High included more active strategies such as escorting patients to appointments. Linkage class membership was significantly associated with frequency of linkages to primary care (p=.020). COVID-19 disruptions demonstrate how the Care Continuum has been undermined by insufficient organizational resources. Conclusion: Findings suggest, addresses gaps in linkages should enhance the overall Continuum of Care provided to individuals diagnosed and living with HIV.
The effect of chloroquine phosphate on C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurement in knee osteoarthritic patients.
Authors: S. S. Eman
Published: April 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular disease world wide. It is the result of both mechanical and biological events that destabilize the normalcoupling of degeneration synthesis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone.Rheumatologist often routinely order tests for rheumatoid factor and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) for all patients with joint complaints aswell as C - reactive protein (CRP) as a laboratory marker important in the assessment of inflammation. Anti malarial drugs are used for treatment of manyrheumatic diseases. Chloroquine phosphate (CQP) was used previously as a disease modifying anti rheumatic drug and in this study its effect appearsthrough decreasing the measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in knee osteoarthritic patients (KOA).Abbreviation: HCQ, hydroxy chloroquine; CQ, chloroquine; DMARD, disease modifying anti rheumatic drug; APP, acute phase protein; ACR, AmericanCollege of Rheumatology; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; RF, rheumatoid factor.
New Method of Synthesis of Calix-4-arenes as Analytical Reagent for Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron (III)
Authors: Hussain Alaa F. , Dawood Ashour H. , Kadhier Ahmed Fadhil
Published: April 2022

A compound of Calix-4-arenes was prepared, as a sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method was proposed for the rapid determination of Iron (III)in analytical sample, the proposed method was based on the formation blue complex with Calix-4-arenes as a chromogenic reagent that has a highly absorption at λmax 592 nm. The reaction was instantaneous at pH=7.0, the absorbance of complex was stable for about 24hr. Linearity was observed from1.18 -8.0 μg.ml-1 with detection limit of 0.75μg.ml-1. Recovery and relative error values of precision and accuracy of method were found to be R.S.D.% = 0.92%,Re% = 99.45% and Erel = 0.55 % . The nature of complex showed that (Metal : Ligand) ratio was 1:1 at pH=7and the stability constant of ( 0.422x1010 L1.mole-1).The influence of chemical iand physical parameter and are evaluated . The proposed method was applied successfully to determine Fe (III) in analytical sample
Kala azar one of the diseases that play role in autoimmune Thyroid diseases
Authors: Muhammed Haidar J. , Mahmood Majid M. , Admon Annie
Published: April 2022

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are disorders of thyroid gland caused by an immune system defect known as autoimmunity. In autoimmunity the immune system errs in its response and targets the body's tissues and cells.To confirm the possible role of Kalaazar disease in complications of autoimmune thyroid diseases (autoimmune thyroglobulin AITG and autoimmune thyroid peroxidase AITPO in this study, 50 patients (male and female) were investigated afflicted with Kalaazar disease, their ages of (< 1-15) years. They were taking from Central Public Health Laboratory .The control group consisted of 25 healthy subjects comparable for age and sex of study groups. The detection of Leishmania donovani parasite test was done by using dipstick rK39, whereas autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITG and AITPO) tests estimated in the same patients by using immunofluorescent method (IFAT). The results indicated that patients were suffering from spleenomagaly, hepatomegaly and decreased in white blood cells and hemoglobin percents. The results of IFAT tests showed that 32 patients were evaluated to have AITD with percent 64 % (AITG and AITPO) of all the subjects enrolled in this study: 40% of the patients have AITG (20 out of 50 patients) and 24% have AITPO (12 out of 50 patients). And the percent of (AITG +AITPO) with accompanying was (11, 22%). The study showed there was a highly significant differences (p<0.01) among patients with AITG, AITPO comparable with other groups.The aim of this study was to detect the effective role of Kalaazar disease in autoimmune thyroid diseases.
Study of Cell Mediated Immune Response Represented By T-Lymphocytes Transformation and Proliferation in Diabetic Patients Type 2
Authors: Elewi Ishraq Hasan
Published: April 2022

This study included the measurement of T- Lymphocytes transformation and proliferation for 60 diabetic patients type 2 in the range of (30-70) years of the both sexes who are entered out patients clinic of AL- Mahmodia hospital. The results compared to a control of 30 healthy individuals in the same age range.The results showed a significant decrease percent of TLymphocytes transformation in diabetic patients in compared to the control group.The selection procedure was confirmed only after performing a fasting blood sugar (FBS) for both groups.
Assay of Paracetamol in tablet form from different Manufacturing sources in Iraqi market
Authors: Al-Sabea N.
Published: April 2022

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) is an analgesic, antipyretic used in treatment of fever and pain in adult and children. It can be assayed using HPLC to estimate the weight of the drug in the specific dosage form.In this study we take samples of the Paracetamol (500mg) drug from five different pharmaceutical companies in the Iraqi market to make comparison study of the drug content in these samples. The study carried out by the formation of calibration curve using standard solutions of different concentrations of the external standard paracetamol USP 30, which results in different readings of the area under the peak. The curve will follow straight line equation. The paracetamol was extracted from its tablets & then injected into HPLC system to determine the area under the peak. From the resulted area we can calculate the concentration and the weight by the straight line equation.The results show that all of five samples are within the maximum percentage of the differences allowed according USP from (90% - 110%).
Study The Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns Of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Infections
Authors: Hassan Salman Afrah Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Out of 726 clinical specimens including wound burn, ear, pus swabs, sputum and urine, 272 isolates of Pseudomonas aeroginosa were detected by bacteriological and biochemical tests, 163 of these isolates were from females and 109 from males.181of the isolates (66.54%) were pure isolates of P. aeruginosa, while 91 isolates (33.45%) of p. aeruginosa were found mixed with pathogenic bacteria, (76.9%) of these isolates were mixed with Klebsiella spp.Antibiotic sensitivity test for p. aeruginosa was done by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method to6 kinds of available antibiotics, it appeared that p.aeruginosa isolates were highly resistant to most of the antibiotics.P. aeruginosa isolates was found to be more resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics:-Amikacin,Gentamycin and ciprofloxacin (84.6%, 95.95%, 79.77%) respectively, and the highly resistance was to cephalexine showing 100% resistance followed by Ceftriaxon (96.32), surprisingly, Pipracillin showed a relatively higher sensitivity (47.79%).
The Effect of Aqueous Extract Cinnamon Zeylanicum Bark on the Structure and Function of the Ovary in Female Rats
Authors: Shakir Al-Najjar Enas Waleed
Published: April 2022

The effect of aqueous extract cinnamon zeylanicum bark on the structure and function of ovary was studied for the females of rats physiologically and histological.Number of (20) white rats were used for this study, divided into two groups that treated as follows:The first group is the control group that have got the regular water and food, while the second group has have been treated with the aqueous extract cinnamon bark of concentration 5 mg/ml for a period of 15 days.The histological study for the aqueous cinnamon bark extract treated group showed that the existence of the Primary follicles, Preantral follicles and in addition to a number of Corpora lutea that indicates the occurring of ovulation comparing with the control group that showed only the Primoridail follicleswhich reflects the effect of the cinnamon on the ovary activity.The hormonal study shows also a significant increment (P<0.01) in the levels of Progesterone, Estridiol, LH, and FSH in the treated groups comparing with the control group.The results of this study indicates the ability of the cinnamon plant to stimulate secretion of the gonadotropin and hence the activity of the ovary.
Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris and Prunus amygdalus extracts against bacterial wound infection
Authors: Al-Araji Mohammed Kadum , Hatem Suhad F. , Aziz Fitua M.
Published: April 2022

Eighty clinical swabs were collected from Patients suffering from wound infection, attending medical city hospital Sixty seven isolates were diagnosed ascausative agents, they were Klebsiella spp. (22.4 %), Escherichia coli (22.4%), Pseudomonas spp. (18%), Staphylolcoccus aureus(15%),Enterobacter spp(10.4%), Proteus spp (7.5%) Streptococcus spp (3%) and Acinetobacter spp.(1.5%); Eleven antibiotics were used for suscpitbility test of drugs. Most of isolates were sensitive to lmipenem in percentage 97% and Amikacin in percentage of 89.5% while most isolate were resistance for many antibiotics like Cefotaxim (89.5%), Tetracyclin (82%), Tobramycin (77.6%), Pipracilin (77.6%) and Gentamycin (77.6%), isolates from gram positive bacteria showed sensitivity (100%) for Vancomycin .Antimicrobial activity of Thymus vulgaris and prunus amygdalus against higher resistance isolates was estimated, using two folds dilution extracts in agardiffusion technique at concentrations of 1:2, 1:4 , 1:8, 1:16, 1:32 .Thymus vulgaris has shown anti bacterial activity against Acinetobacter spp., proteusspp. And Klebsiella spp.in all concentration were used .The lowest effect was on E.coli (12 mm, 8 mm) at concentration 1:2, 1:4. No effect was clear onPseudomonas spp., Staphylococus aureus and Streptococcus spp .Hexane extract of Sweet almond extract showed the best effect on Klebsiella spp.,Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. at all concentrations used, while E.coli andpseudomonas spp showed sensitivity concentrations of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, the activity on Gram positive bacteria :Staphylococus aureus and Straptococus spp. was atconcentrations of 1:2 , 1:4 by measuring inhibition zone which was (8mm,7mm) and (10mm,9mm) respectively.
Unstable Angina Biomarkers and Their Main Risk Factors in Iraqi Patients
Authors: Ibrahim Ammal E. , Hasan Hiba A. , El-Yassin Hedef D.
Published: April 2022

The presented study focuses on the main role of leptin and lipid profile level in Iraqi patients with unstable angina to indicate the main risk factors thatplay a role with their elevation. This is a case control study conducted on (37) unstable angina patients and (20) healthy control who were closely similar by age, gender and BMI.The main statistical analysis used was student t test, linear regression test and correlation test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Sampling method used forthis study was convenience sampling method. The main results of this study showed that leptin and lipid profile specifically LDL, TG, TC and VLDL are the main biomarker for the future incidence of unstable angina in Iraqi patients. Doctors should focus on both leptin level and lipid profile level as biomarkers for future incidence of unstable angina patients.
Determination of Mininmum Inhibitary Concentrationof Ciprofloxcin Amoung β-Lactamaste Producing Isolates
Authors: R.K. Shrooq , A.J. Kifah , M. Ramina , K. Huda , A. Ziad
Published: April 2022

Out of 200 clinical samples (blood ,pus,stool,urine,wound and vaginal swabs) were collected from Baghdad hospitals during June2009-January 2010,96 Gram negative and positive bacterial isolates were identified by bacteriological and biochemical tests. Escherichia coli was the dominant bacteria (27.08%), followed by Salmonella typhi (12.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.4%), Proteus vulgaris (9.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%).Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done against ciprofloxacin disk (5μg) by disk diffusion method and the resistant isolates were 22 (23%);distributed into Escherichia coli (10 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 isolates), Salmonella typhi (3 isolates), Enterobacter and Shigella flexnerii (2 isolates) and Staphylococcus aureus one isolate. Seven ciprofloxacin resistant isolates were positive for β-lactamase production test (7.3%). Results of minimal inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin for positive β-lactamase producing isolates, E. coli 1, Enterobacter 1, Enterobacter 2, K. pneumoniae, S. flexneri, E.coli 2, and S.aureus were (64,32,32,16,16,16,8 μg/ml) respectly
MMP-2 and TIMP-2 markers for immunohistochemical study on the prenatal development of the rat's primary visual cortex
Authors: Ibraheem Mustafa Mohammed
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study is to relate the prenatal changes with the spatiotemporal pattern of expression and/or activity of the studied markers. Thechemical and molecular determinants of the development will be analyzed in a trial to understand some of the factors controlling these prenatal developmental events. Expression of many genes in various areas of the brain is age and development related and may undergo an irreversible change. Therefore, it is very important to study the normal expression of various proteins in order to delineate their physiological functions.Eighteen embryos were used, six embryos for each embryonic age (E16, E18 and E20), three for studying MMP-2 immunohistochemical marker and other three for studying TIMP-2 immunohistochemical marker. During prenatal cortical development, the reaction of MMP-2 marker was located within the extracellular matrix of the all developing zones. While no activity or reaction of TIMP-2 could be depicted through out the extracellular matrix at any embryonic age.The ontogeny of the visual cortex involves many morphogenetic changes and this study will help in determining and confirming the various developmental criteria of the rat primary visual cortex.
Respiratory Distress and the Bacteria Causing Infection in the Neonates
Authors: Zaki Neihaya Heikmat
Published: April 2022

An analysis of 64 samples of (blood, vagina, anaus) from pregnant mothers and their neonates, only 58 samples showed these types of bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, distributed as: 16 blood isolates from mothers and 25 from neonates, while 13 vaginal isolates from mothers and 4 anal isolates from neonates. Bacterial components (phospholipids-PL) purified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and identified as Cardiolipin (CL) with retention time (10.76 min.), Phosphatidylserine (PS) (8.1min.), and Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) (5.9 min.) compared with standard PL. GBS isolates produced more extracellular phospholipids than other types in thisstudy.

The three types of bacteria differed in their levels of virulence when injected intratracheally in to a neonatal rabbit model to determine whether they induced pulmonary hypertension in it. After 8 days the rates of surviving neonatal rabbits were 2/15 (13.33%) to GBS, 5/15 to E.coli (33.33%), and 7/15 (46.66%) to S.aureus. The recognition that bacterial phospholipids may cause respiratory distress in newborns with these kinds of bacteria opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Levels of Some Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Pregnant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Taher Mohammed A. , Al-Juboori Aminah A.
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study is to determine levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and SIL-2R) in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and also to determine incidence of spontaneous abortion during first trimester in pregnant women with PCOS compared with non-PCOS pregnant women. This Study was performed on (93) women, consisted of:1- (63) pregnant women during the first trimester, which included:A- (33)PCOS pregnant women and subdivided into the following groups: (20) successful pregnant PCOS, (7) blighted Ovum PCOS and (6) missed abortion PCOS. B- (30) non-PCOS pregnant women, which included: (27) successful pregnant control and (3) non-PCOS pregnant women were withdrawn from this study because of their abortion in first trimester.2- (30) non-pregnant subjects, which subdivided into the following groups: (18) non-pregnant PCOS and (12) non-pregnant control. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone hormone levels and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-12 and sIL-2R] levels were measured in all subjects. It is found that the incidence of spontaneous abortion {missed(18.2%) and blighted ovum(21.2%)} in first trimester of pregnancy for 33 women which was (39.4%) and it is 3.9 fold higher than incidence of spontaneous abortion {missed(3.3%) and blighted ovum (6.7%)} for 30 non-PCOS pregnant women which was (10%). The LH levels were increasing significantly (P<0.05) in testosterone levels were increasing significantly (P<0.05) in all four PCOS groups when compared with two control groups (pregnant and non-pregnant).The IL-12 levels were elevated in all four PCOS groups when compared with two control groups. The sIL-2R levels were increasing significantly (P<0.05) inspontaneous abortion PCOS group and in non-pregnant PCOS group when compared with pregnant control group. In conclusion rise of some proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and sIL-2R) levels in pregnant women with PCOS during the first trimester may be attributed to an endocrine abnormalitiesand related directly to high levels of testosterone. The rising pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and sIL-2R) levels of non-pregnant PCOS may be attributed tointeractions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.
The Methods of Scientific Research for Arabian Scientists in the Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences
Authors: Sabar Huda Salman , Moslem Suaad H.
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study is to identify the methods and scientific approach used by Arabian scientists in the in the field of the Medical & Pharmaceuticalsciences, as research seeks to achieve a set of goals, including:1 - To find the origin of the pharmacology and the role of Arabian scientists in emerging and making this science.2 - To find the most prominent of Arab scientists in this field of science and their famous writings with the characteristics of these writings.3 - To find the scientific methods used in collecting and analyzing information.4 - To find the relationship of Scientists of Arabs and Muslims with the scientists from other nations and the extent of affecting them by each other.This research is followed the survey methods to collect and analyze information through the collection of books of this field.
In vitro study of Phytic acid effect on p53 protein in cancer line
Authors: Abdullah Rafal Hussamildeen
Published: April 2022

Studying Phytic acid cytotoxic effect on cancer cell line showed that it is a concentration dependant effect on cancer cell line in compare with control, alsohave effect on the production of p53 protein using protein detection method using Eliza.The concentration of p3 protein is decreased in Vero with no significant effect (34 pg/ml ± SD 4) compare with control (64pg/ml ±SD 4) p > 0.05.Radomyosarcoma cell line (232 pg/ml± SD 32) shows a significant increase in compare with control (686 pg/ml ± SD 86) p> 0.05. The production of p53 increase in Glioblastoma- Multiforme cell (118 pg/ml ± SD 18) in compare with control (38 pg/ml ± SD 8), while the p53 quantity was not affected in the Ahmed Mohamed Nahi 3 (40 pg/ml± SD 10) compare with control (44 pg/ml ± SD 4) p>0.05.which show a different inhibition mechanisms of action on cancer cell line.
In Situ Hybridization probing by Transforming Growth Factor β1 marker during prenatal period for rat's primary visual cortex
Authors: Ibraheem Mustafa Mohammed
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study is to recount the prenatal developmental changes of the primary visual cortex with the space and time appearance of the activity ofthe studied marker through In Situ Hybridization technique. TGF-β1 has a multitude of functions, including both promoting the formation and inhibiting thebreakdown of connective tissue with inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation. Eighteen embryos were used; three embryos for each of the following gestational days (G15, G16, G17, G18, G19 and G20). The reaction was gradual and followed an inside-out gradient from deep to superficial laminae of the rat's primary visual cortex.Cell migration was altered by TGF-β1 in a concentration-dependent manner: at low concentrations, cell migration was promoted whereas at high concentrations, migration was impeded. Therefore, it is an important regulator of the cell behavior throughout prenatal age.
Assessment of the Common Risk Factors for re-Stenosis of Coronary Arteries inWomen
Authors: B.H. Huda , L.J Abdulla , H.J. Akeel
Published: April 2022

The study aims to identify the common risk factors for arterial re-stenosis in women, and tofind out the correlation between restenosis and some risk factors. Descriptive analytical design ofthe study was conducting on 35 women, starting from January 4th 2010 to the March 4th 2010.The questionnaire was composed of two parts and introductory page that invite the womenwho participate in the study, part one is demographic- characteristics sheet which consist of 7 itemswhich included: age, social status, level of education, income levels, family members, andemployments, Part two included risk factors which consist of 9 Items. The researchers used the appropriate statistical methods in the data analysis which included descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis.Results of the present study revealed that 28.6% of restenosis women at 52-57 and 58-63 years old, majority of them were married, 28.6% of the study sample were illiterate, 97.1% of women were high cholesterol level, 51.4% of them were obese, and the results presented that there were correlation between coronary arterial restenosis and overweight and types of live event of the women.
Determination of Copper and Study Its Poisonous Effects in Drinking Water in Baghdad area
Authors: Jassim Khalid N.
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of copper(mg/L) in drinking water by using chromogenic agent from different area in Baghdad & with different intervals , The results show that the concentration of copper ( mg\L) in tap water which remains motionless in plumbing system for following periods one hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 7 days and 14 days are 1, 2.2, 4, 5.3, 7.5, 10 and 16 mg\L respectively.From these results it clear that a high levels of copper occur if corrosive water comes in contact with copper plumbing and copper-containing fixtures in the water distribution system. If corrosive water remains motionless in the plumbing system for some time.These amounts of copper are believed to have given rise to the symptoms of chemical food poisoning precipitated by the ingestion of alcohol on an empty stomach. Also children under one year of age are more sensitive to copper than adults. Long-term exposure (more than 14 days) to copper in drinking water which is much higher than 1,000 ug/I has been found to cause kidney and liver damage in infants.
Anti Cathepsin Antibody In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Abdul–majeed Nahla ghanim , Mustafa Kamil Leen K. , Al-Rubaye Mahmood Raheem
Published: April 2022

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) were found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Cathepsin G was the major target antigen. However, some ANCA-positive sera did not recognize either of them.The present study was to investigate the unknown target antigens of ANCA (Cathepsin G) in patients with SLE and its relation to the activity of the disease (ds DNA ),C1q ,C3and C4.Seventy four SLE patients referred to immunological department in teaching laboratory\ medical city during period of (1st of march–31st of May) 2011 and 30 apparently healthy individual as a control group were subjected to Antinuclear antibody (ANA), Cathepsin G and C1q were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.While dsDNA was detected by indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) technique and C3, C4 by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID).The age of SLE patients ranged between (4-71) years with mean age of 32.4. The mean C1q and Cathepsin G levels were 30.14 and 9.7 respectively with significant difference if compare it with the healthy control group. A significant result found between mean age of SLE patients and Cathepsin Ab of a P value 0.007.The Cathepsin G antibody was found in 26 (35%) of SLE patients with a significant P value (0.0001).The Cathepsin Ab were detected in 18 (43.9%) of a patients with positive ds DNA with no significant P value 0.078. while C1q Ab were detected in 38 (51.4%) of SLE patientsand only 18 (47.4%) from them with Cathepsin Ab with statistically significant P value 0.024.Cathepsin Ab found in 19 (42.2%) of SLE patients with low level of C3 and only 6 (21.4%) of normal level of C3 with no significant P value0.076.This study showed 54(73.0%) of SLE patients had low level of C4 with no significant P value (0.15) and the Cathepsin Ab detected in 22 (40.7%) of them with no statistically significant P value 0.097.A statistically significant result were found for ANA, C1q,C3,C4 and Cathepsin Ab if we compare the result of SLE patients with control group, while The Cathepsin G antibodywas found statistically significant in SLE patients ,with significant relation to C1q,on other hand no relation found with the activity of the disease (ds DNA ),C3 and C4 levels.
Formulation of Tinidazole as an Oral Suspension Dosage Form
Authors: Sabri Lubna A. , Sulayman Halah T. , Ameen Dina W.
Published: April 2022

Tinidazole is an effective drug for the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis and anaerobic bacterial infections, it has a long half-life and it is practically insoluble in water thus it is suitable for suspension dosage form.This study was carried out to prepare an acceptable suspension through studying the effect of different types and concentrations of suspending agent such as sodium carboxyethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, sodium alginate and avecil (RC 591).The effect of these suspending agents was studied in 0.1N HCL and at 37°C. The obtained results were utilized to formulate different suspensions. The release rate, sedmintation volume and resuspendability were evaluated for these formulas.The formula which gave best release and optimum sedimentation volume was chosen as the best formula.The result showed that the release rate of the drug was dependent on the type and concentration of suspending agent. The best one was that containing 0.5%, xanthan gum as a suspending agent.The rheology and expiration date were evaluated for this formula. The expiration date of the prepared suspension was about 2.2 years. The suspension of tinidazole was also extemporaneously prepared from Fasigyn® tablets. The prepared extemporaneous suspension should be used within 7 days after preparation.
Rapid Screening of toxigenic and non-toxigenic V. cholera from clinical and environmental samples in Iraq by PCR
Authors: Saleh Alnaddawi Tahreer Hadi , Gatea Alkaabi Sadik Abdulridha , Muslem Waffa Hassan
Published: April 2022

Zonnla occludens toxin (zot) is one of the major virulence factors of Vibrio cholera. The detection of zot producing V. cholerae using conventional culture, biochemical and immunological based assays is time-consuming laborious, and requiring more than three days to perform. In this work aspecific primers for zot gene were used for detection of V. cholerae that isolated from clinical and environmental samples.The results revealed that 12 of 15 clinical isolates were Ol serogroup, 6 isolates belonged to each of serotypes ogawa and lnaba and 3 isolates belonged to the serotype Non/ Ol, and all environmental isolates (5 isolates) were belonged to the serotype Non/ O1. Few colonies of V.cholerae were suspended in nutrient broth and used as few plates in PCR reaction for the detection of zot gene, The 947 bp sequence of a gene that codes for the zonula occludens toxin was amplified by PCR. Direct use of V. cholerae pure culture for PCR replaces the need for DNA extraction or boiling.PCR results showed that all clinical (Ol) isolates of V. cholerae contain gene namely zot, while the Non/ O1 isolates that had been isolated from clinical sources, as well as, that isolated from environment showed no existence for zot gene.The results of Molecular epidemiology study indicated that the source of outbreaks of 2007, 2008 and 2009 is the same all over Iraq, according to the PCR profile.
Synthesis and Preliminary Antibacterial Study of New 2-Mercapto-1, 3- Benzothiazole DerivativesWith Expected Biological Activity
Authors: Ali Samer Abbas
Published: April 2022

Benzothiazoles are bicyclic ring system which have multiple applications. as antitumor , antiviral , antibacterial , anthelmintic and some of them showed glucose level.20 lowering effect.Accordingly, research is conducted to synthesize and evaluate some new derivatives as antibacterial agents by linking 2-aminobenzothiazoles with glycine and glycine derivatives.S-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate has been tested on hospital strains of E.coli and pseudomonas and found to have good activity at different concentrations.
Turmeric: Alternative Therapy Against MDR Staphylococcus aureus, Preservative, Shelf-life the Miced Meat
Authors: Muhsin Yusra M. Baqer
Published: April 2022

Aqeous and alcoholic extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa) were evaluated for its antimicrobial action against the food borne and food spoilage pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, that resistant concentrations (Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)) of C.longa against S.aureus were found using MIC and MBC assay,miced meat was taken as the standard sample to test for the turmeric upon MDR S. aureusduring 6 days storage and compared with sodium nitrate.Turmeric extract exhibited anti-MDR S.aureus activity with all concentration-dependent relationship.the alcohol extracts were the most efficient,then aqueous extracts and both of them with high significant differences compared with sodium nitrate(preservative). The value of MIC and MBC of turmeric was 2.5 ml and was the efficient when used in miced meat storage assay for 6 days with high significant differences compared with sodium nitrate.
The antibacterial activity of Trigonella foenum-graceum extracts against bacteria that causes Otitis media in children.
Authors: Abdullah Zaid Khalaf
Published: April 2022

Two hundred fifty ear swab samples were collected from patient with Otitis media in children between 6-12 years old in the central children hospital in Baghdad for a period between July 2011 to December 2011.The diagnosis of the isolates showed that 150 samples were positive to isolate bacterial culture indicate the presence of Proteus spp. 48(32%) then Staphylococcus spp. 45(30%), Pseudomonas spp. 40(26.6%) then Escherichia coli 17 (11.3%). The susceptibility of the isolates to antimicrobial agents were tested on seven antimicrobial agents by using disc diffusion assay. The antimicrobial agents were ampicilin, Gentamycin, cephalothin, rifampin, tetracyclin,streptomycin, amikaci. All the isolates resist the streptomycin, tetracycline, rifampin,cephalothin and ampicillin.The alcoholic and water extract of Trigonela foenum graceum shows activity against the four bacterial genuses. The (MIC) values for alcohol extract were (25mg/ml for Staphylococcus spp, 12.5mg/ml for E. coli, (25mg/ml) for Proteus spp. and 12.5 mg/ml for pseudomonas spp.The (MIC) values for the water extract were (25mg/ml) for Staphylococcus spp.,(12.5mg/ml )for E.coli and (25mg/ml) for both Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
Oxidative Stress Induced Histological Changes in Thyroid of Hypothyroidism Patients
Authors: Hamid Widad Jumaa
Published: April 2022

Hypothyroidism is a condition resulting from insufficient production or diminished action of either T3 and/or T4 thyroid hormones.The present study is to look for a correlation between oxidative stress and histological changes of thyroid gland in hypothyroidism patients.30 hypothyroidism patients and 30 healthy individuals as control subjects were included in the study.We measured their serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (T3, T4, TSH) respectively. Estimation of MalondyIdehyd (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) in serum and in homogenized thyroid tissue was carried out by standard methods. TSH was elevated in both serum and in homogenized tissue of patients compared to controls, while T4 and T3 were significantly lower in the patients than in controls. Melanodyldehyd (MDA) as Lipid Peroxidation marker were significantly higher in both serum and in homogenized tissue of patients than in the controls, while(GSH) were significantly lower in both serum and in homogenized tissue of patients than in the control subjects.Hypothyroidism patients showed histological changes in thyroid gland tissues include, hyaline thickness of the blood vessel walls, necrotic follicles, a strong inflammatory reaction, and peeling of necrotic cells in the follicles.
Detection of The Antibacterial Activity of Bacteriocin from Local Isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens Against Gram Positive Bacteria
Authors: Kadhim Shurooq Rayyis
Published: April 2022

The antibacterial activity of local isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens (P1and P2) were tested against some pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium isolated from stool urine and wounds by modified agar block method at 370C for 24 hr. The isolates of P. fluorescens were positive as producer of bacteriocin with a wide inhibition range on growth of gram positive pathogenic bacteria. P1 inhibited the bacterial growth of S. aureus isolates with a range of inhibition zone (12-20) mm. while P2 inhibited the bacterial growth with a range of inhibition zone was (13-22) mm .The range of inhibition zones of S.epidermidis by P1 were (10-18) mm. while the range by P2 was (9-20) mm. The isolate P1 inhibited the growth of all the tested isolates of S. faecalis with a range of inhibition zone between (12-19) mm. The range of inhibition zones of S. faecalis by P2 were (10-18) mm. The bacterial growth of S. faecium isolates were inhibited by P1 with a range of (15-19) mm. and (16-19) mm. with P2. Agar block method was suitable and easy for screening of bacteriocin production from this bacterium.
Antibacterial Activity of Two Iraqi Plants from the Family Pinaceae
Authors: Eldalawy Rasha , Alani Widad , Al-Araji Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Pine is regarded as a remedy of wounds in traditional medicine. Terpene acids like abieticand isopimaric acid are the active constituents which poses antibacterial activities.The hexane fraction of both Pinus halepensis and Cedrus libani was assayed against eightdifferent bacteria of G+ve and G-ve using agar diffusion method. The zones of inhibition weredetermined and compared with the wide spectrum antibacterial ciprofloxacin as a positivecontrol
Burning Mouth Syndrome, Relationships with Some Systemic Medications (A clinical study among an Iraqi sample)
Authors: Al-Rubayee Mehdi A. , Damad Sabah M. , Lafta Ameena J.
Published: April 2022

Despite the numbers of studies upon burning symptoms in patients withclinically healthy appearance of the oral mucosa, as well as burning mouth syndrome(BMS) itself, they both remain still challenging subjects.The aim of this study was arranged to evaluate the effects of some systemicmedication in the occurrence of BMS in relation to other etiological factors that mayshare in causing this disease in an Iraqi sample.Out of eighty, fifty patients (28 female and 22 males) were selected as a studygroup, all of them suffered from BMS, clinical and laboratory examinations inaddition to previous diagnosis for the patients on the referral forma were dependingon identifying the etiological causes for the BMS.This study revealed that antihypertensive and antidepressant medications weremore affecting among this studied Iraqi sample with BMS than other etiologicalfactor.
Effect of Supplementation of Withania somnifera L. Roots on Some Blood Physiological Parameters of Japanese Quail Hens Reared Under High Environmental Temperature
Authors: Ahmed Suad Khudair , Ibrahim Dhia Khalil , Hussain Shalal Murad
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to assess the antistress efficacy of Withania somnifera roots ethanolic on some blood physiological traits of Japanese quail hens reared under high environmental temperature (27-37-27ºC).Three hundred Japanese quail hens of six weeks old were randomly distributed into five treatments T0 untreated group (control), T1, T2 quails supplemented orally with 50, 100 mg/kg/day root ethanolic extract(WSRE) respectively,T3, T4 received 1,2 g/kg diet rootpowder(WSRP) respectively.Results revealed significant increase in Hb and PCV % in quails supplemented with T4 at 10 and 15weeks of age, and in T3 and T4 groups at 12 weeks of age in comparison with T0 and WSRE groups. At 10 and 15 weeks old, T2 resulted in significant increasing in Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio in comparison withT0and other treatments. At 15 weeks of age,T1and T2 significantly increased Heterophil% in comparison with T0 and WSRP groups, while, quails in T4 showed significant reduction in Heterophil% and significant increasing in Lymphocyte% compared with T1, also results showed that supplementing quails with T4significantly increased serum iron .Thyroid hormones didn’t affected significantly due to treatments while T3 significantly increased TSH.
Detection of Insertion Sequence ISAba1 Among Clinical Isolates of Carbapenems-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Hamed Saad Laiby
Published: April 2022

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen with increasing clinical importance, especially in immunocompromised patients, causing nosocomial infections of the lungs, urinary tract and surgical wounds. Carbapenems are important antibiotics for treating multidrug resistant A. baumannii infections. Insertion sequence ISAba1 has been detected in correlation with many antimicrobial agent resistance genes in A. baumannii. The aim of this study was to investigate existence of insertion sequence (ISAba1) in clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolated from hospitals in Baghdad city.Seventy Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were obtained from clinical samples (42 from sputa and 28 from blood) between September 2012 and March 2013.Antibiogram towards several groups of antimicrobial agents including: β- Lactams; aminoglycosides; fluoroquinolone ; and sulfa; as well as the combination of amoxicillin / β-Lactamase inhibitor using disc diffusion method was carried out. Multi-drug resistant isolates were observed inalmost all the studied isolates .Minimum inhibitory concentration values were demonstrated using agar dilution method for imipenem antibiotic. Forty eight (68.57%) of 70 isolates were resistant to imipenem with values of MIC ranging between (16-256) μg/ml.ISAba1 sequenceamong imipenem resistant isolates using PCR technique were identified in 44 isolates (91.66%). Sequencing of amplified product (549 bp) was performed to ensure the occurrence of the ISAba1 sequence in the studied carbapenem-resistant A.baumannii
Studying the Incidence of Pseudomonas Species as A Causative Agent of Otitis in Iraqi Patients
Authors: Edan Dawood Salim , Yaseen Nahi Yousif
Published: April 2022

Otitis can affect the inner or outer parts of the ear. Some times it is difficult in a rapid response to the treatment. The condition is classified according to occured suddenly for a short time (acute) or repeatedly over a long period of time (chronic).The types of treatments andsustainability were depended in most cases on bacterial infections.23 samples of Iraqi patients infected with otitis collected from Yarmook hospital. The aural exudates screened to determine whether the infection was external or interior ear on MacConkey agar, and the negative Gram bacteria has been selected due to its higher connectivitywith human diseases.The growth colonies diagnosed by assay of biochemical reaction and we genetically confirmed the availability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by PCR. The diversity of bacterial infection showed the dominancy of Pseudomonas spp. (60%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17%) in it compared to other bacteria such as Proteus Vulgaris (13%), Morganella morganii (4%) and Klebsiella spp. (4%).
The Effect of Radiotherapy on Oxidative Stress, Biochemical and Hematological Parameters inWomen with Breast Cancer
Authors: Abulkassim Rouia A. R. , Ismael Dawsar K. , Numan Nawfal A. M. , Al-Shawi Nada N. , Hussain Saad A. R.
Published: April 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of radiation therapy on the oxidative stress, biochemical and hematological parameters in women with breast cancer. 95 women were studied, 20 healthy control women and 75 had breast cancer.Malondialdehyde and glutathione (in erythrocytes and plasma), biochemical parameters (total plasma proteins, plasma albumin, uric acid and plasma calcium) levels, and hematological parameters (hemoglobin, white blood cell counts, platelets counts) all parameters were measured pre- and post radiation therapy for 4 weeks.The result of this study indicates that the incorporation of radiation therapy as a way to destroy malignant cells, in addition to their therapeutic benefits, it may lead to further increase in the oxidative stress burden of cancer, manifested by increase in MDA production and glutathione depletion. Which may affect directly or indirectly some biochemical and hematological parameters as indicated by lowering plasma protein especially albumin, increases in plasma calcium level, and decreases in hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets levels.These changes should be considered during radiation therapy and before administration of anticancer drugs or any other drugs because it may affect both the beneficial as well as the toxicity of these drugs.
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Diabetic Foot Infections Grade 15
Authors: Alanbare Rawan A. , Hussain Suzan S. , Laftah Ali R.
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial activities and disruption of biofilmstructure by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was chosen as anindicator of pathogenic because its natural resistance to antibiotics and its ability to formbiofilm on surfaces makes the cells impervious to therapeutic concentrations.Twenty one isolate were taken from patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcer grads 2infections who attended from AL-Kindy Teaching Hospital in Iraq. Different concentrationsof zinc oxide (NP) had been used (25-20000) μg/ml.The results showed that the high concentrations (500-20000) μg /ml were lethal to bacteria also the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub (MIC) of zinc oxide np was determined in this study. Some of the isolates were inhibit in concentration 100 μg/ml and others inhibit in concentration 75 μg/ml and according to these result the sub–MIC were 75 μg/ml to some isolates and 50 μg/ml to others, these concentration were inhibitor biofilmproduction.Our study indicates that zinc oxide nanoparticles could potentially be an antibacterial reagent to treat diseases caused by bacteria.