bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lesbian feminism
Authors: Gardin Michael Lee
Published: April 2015

Lesbian feminism describes a set of theories, practices, and writings emerging in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States from the specific viewpoint of homosexual women. Lesbian feminism critically examines the role of women and particularly lesbians in heterosexist patriarchal society, challenging male dominance and heteronormativity as well as oppressions like sexism and homophobia. Lesbian feminism emerged at the time of and related to the second‐wave feminist movement and the gay liberation movement. Lesbian feminist organizing included the creation of women‐centered spaces, the fostering of bonds between women, protests and demonstrations, and lesbian separatism. Writings by lesbian feminists critique patriarchy, misogyny, and gender roles and outline theoretical positions that denaturalize heterosexuality.
LGBT/queer sexuality, history of, North America
Authors: Marzullo Michelle A.
Published: April 2015

This entry reviews the LGBT/queer initialism: lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. A chronology of the expansion of this initialism in the United States to include more sexual and gendered identities is presented. The varied uses of the initialism for political and social organizing are discussed, such as: LGBT/queer, LGBTQ, LGBT, GLBT, GLB, LGBTQIA, LGBTQ2, LGBTQII, and LGBTTTI. The use of these identity terms in Mexico and Canada is reviewed along with relevant history contextualizing these categories.
Martin, Dorothy Louise “Del” (1921–2008), and Phyllis Anne Lyon (1924–)
Authors: Gallo Marcia M.
Published: April 2015

Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon were founders of the first U.S. lesbian rights organization in 1955. They also started the first monthly magazine by and for lesbians,The Ladder, which was published continuously from 1956 to 1972. Through their activism on behalf of sexual minorities and civil liberties, they helped create the modern lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender movement.
Giant Electric Energy Density in Epitaxial Lead‐Free Thin Films with Coexistence of Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics
Authors: Peng Biaolin , Zhang Qi , Li Xing , Sun Tieyu , Fan Huiqing , Ke Shanming , Ye Mao , Wang Yu , Lu Wei , Niu Hanben , Scott James F. , Zeng Xierong , Huang Haitao
Published: April 2015

Ferroelectrics/antiferroelectrics with high dielectric breakdown strength have the potential to store a great amount of electrical energy, attractive for many modern applications in electronic devices and systems. Here, it is demonstrated that a giant electric energy density (154 J cm−3, three times the highest value of lead‐based systems and five times the value of the best dielectric/ferroelectric polymer), together with the excellent fatigue‐free property, good thermal stability, and high efficiency, is realized in pulsed laser deposited (Bi1/2Na1/2)0.9118La0.02Ba0.0582(Ti0.97Zr0.03)O3 (BNLBTZ) epitaxial lead‐free relaxor thin films with the coexistence of ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) phases. This is endowed by high epitaxial quality, great relaxor dispersion, and the coexistence of the FE/AFE phases near the morphotropic phase boundary. The giant energy storage effect of the BNLBTZ lead‐free relaxor thin films may make a great impact on the modern energy storage technology.
Age and sex‐specific mortality of wild and captive populations of a monogamous pair‐bonded primate (Aotus azarae)
Authors: Larson Sam M. , Colchero Fernando , Jones Owen R. , Williams Lawrence , Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo
Published: April 2015

In polygynous primates, a greater reproductive variance in males have been linked to their reduced life expectancy relative to females. The mortality patterns of monogamous pair‐bonded primates, however, are less clear. We analyzed the sex differences in mortality within wild (NMales = 70, NFemales = 73) and captive (NMales = 25, NFemales = 29) populations of Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae), a socially and genetically monogamous primate exhibiting biparental care. We used Bayesian Survival Trajectory Analysis (BaSTA) to test age‐dependent models of mortality. The wild and captive populations were best fit by the logistic and Gompertz models, respectively, implying greater heterogeneity in the wild environment likely due to harsher conditions. We found that age patterns of mortality were similar between the sexes in both populations. We calculated life expectancy and disparity, the latter a measure of the steepness of senescence, for both sexes in each population. Males and females had similar life expectancies in both populations; the wild population overall having a shorter life expectancy than the captive one. Furthermore, captive females had a reduced life disparity relative to captive males and to both sexes in the wild. We interpret this pattern in light of the hazards associated with reproduction. In captivity, where reproduction is intensely managed, the risks associated with gestation and birth are tempered so that there is a reduction in the likelihood of captive females dying prematurely, decreasing their overall life disparity. Am. J. Primatol. 78:315–325, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Urea formaldehyde resin with low formaldehyde content modified by phenol formaldehyde intermediates and properties of its bamboo particleboards
Authors: Zhang Yunfei , Zheng Jian , Guo Huilong , Li Yinwen , Lu Mangeng
Published: April 2015

Phenol formaldehyde reaction solution (PFS) was used to synthesize urea–formaldehyde resins (PFSUF resins) with low formaldehyde content. In addition, the prepared PFSUF resins were used as adhesives to bond bamboo particleboards. Mechanical properties, fracture morphology, water absorption ratio, and dimensional stability of bamboo particleboards have been studied by tensile tests, SEM tests, water absorption analysis, and swelling ratio analysis, respectively. The results demonstrate that the main ingredient of PFS is phenol formaldehyde intermediate 2,4,6‐trimethylolphenate and proper amount of PFS can be used to reduce the formaldehyde content of UF resins effectively. The results also show that bamboo particleboards bonded with PFSUF resins exhibit better mechanical properties, water resistance, and dimensional stability than that bonded with pure UF resin. However, the results of TG and mechanical properties analysis exhibit that alternative curing agents to ammonium chloride should be studied to improve the curing properties of the PFSUF resins with low formaldehyde content. Taken together, this work provides a method of preparing environment‐friendly PFSUF resins with low phenol and low formaldehyde content and the prepared resins have potential application in wood industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42280.
Rock shelters as indicators of mobility patterns in the inland Pilbara
Authors: Bird Caroline , Rhoads James W.
Published: April 2015

A land‐use model widely used by consulting archaeologists in the Pilbara depicts rock shelters as ephemeral and atypical sites. We evaluate assemblages from excavated rock shelters in the Chichester Range against predicted characteristics of sites used on a short‐term basis by small highly mobile groups. The results show that rock shelters do not clearly conform to the model. Comparison of selected shelter assemblages with neighbouring surface sites suggests that rock shelters are likely to be among the most complex and diverse sites in the study area.
Soft‐Templating Synthesis of N‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Bayatsarmadi Bita , Zheng Yao , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: April 2015

The development of ordered mesoporous carbon materials with controllable structures and improved physicochemical properties by doping heteroatoms such as nitrogen into the carbon framework has attracted a lot of attention, especially in relation to energy storage and conversion. Herein, a series of nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon spheres (NMCs) was synthesized via a facile dual soft‐templating procedure by tuning the nitrogen content and carbonization temperature. Various physical and (electro)chemical properties of the NMCs have been comprehensively investigated to pave the way for a feasible design of nitrogen‐containing porous carbon materials. The optimized sample showed a favorable electrocatalytic activity as evidenced by a high kinetic current and positive onset potential for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to its large surface area, high pore volume, good conductivity, and high nitrogen content, which make it a highly efficient ORR metal‐free catalyst in alkaline solutions.
How do we optimize third‐generation algal biofuels?
Authors: Xia Ao , Herrmann Christiane , Murphy Jerry D.
Published: April 2015

Algae can be a source of third‐generation gaseous transport biofuel (either biomethane or biohydrogen). An optimal system is suggested which combines dark fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and carbon dioxide biofixation. Biogas upgrading through removal of carbon dioxide is required prior to utilization as a transport biofuel. Traditional upgrading systems are energy intensive and expensive. Carbon dioxide biofixation by microalgae, with a bicarbonate/carbonate cycle, offers energy and cost savings over traditional upgrading systems. The microalgae, which remove carbon dioxide, can be used as substrate for biogas, forming an energy efficient closed loop system. The proposed system has significant advantages in reducing parasitic energy demand in upgrading biogas, enhancing the energy yield three‐fold, and minimizing carbon dioxide emission. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Chemical and Pharmacological Progress on Polyacetylenes Isolated from the Family Apiaceae
Authors: Chen Yuemei , Peng Shiyi , Luo Qiongzhi , Zhang Juan , Guo Qiang , Zhang Yuan , Chai Xingyun
Published: April 2015

This review presents an up‐to‐date survey of natural polyacetylenes isolated from the family Apiaceae, and their biosynthesis and biological activities up to May 2013, with 107 references. A total of 103 polyacetylenes from 72 species of 41 genera of Apiaceae have been isolated so far, among which falcarinol‐type polyacetylenes are most widely distributed.
Peptaibol, Secondary‐Metabolite, and Hydrophobin Pattern of Commercial Biocontrol Agents Formulated with Species of the Trichoderma harzianum Complex
Authors: Degenkolb Thomas , Fog Nielsen Kristian , Dieckmann Ralf , Branco‐Rocha Fabiano , Chaverri Priscila , Samuels Gary J. , Thrane Ulf , von Döhren Hans , Vilcinskas Andreas , Brückner Hans
Published: April 2015

The production of bioactive polypeptides (peptaibiotics) in vivo is a sophisticated adaptation strategy of both mycoparasitic and saprotrophic Trichoderma species for colonizing and defending their natural habitats. This feature is of major practical importance, as the detection of peptaibiotics in plant‐protective Trichoderma species, which are successfully used against economically relevant bacterial and fungal plant pathogens, certainly contributes to a better understanding of these complex antagonistic interactions. We analyzed five commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs), namely Canna®, Trichosan®, Vitalin®, Promot® WP, and TrichoMax®, formulated with recently described species of the Trichoderma harzianum complex, viz. T. afroharzianum, T. simmonsii, and T. guizhouense. By using the well‐established, HPLC/MS‐based peptaibiomics approach, it could unequivocally be demonstrated that all of these formulations contained new and recurrent peptaibols, i.e., peptaibiotics carrying an acetylated N‐terminus, the C‐terminus of which is reduced to a 1,2‐amino alcohol. Their chain lengths, including the amino alcohol, were 11, 14, and 18 residues, respectively. Peptaibols were also to be the dominating secondary metabolites in plate cultures of the four strains obtained from four of the Trichoderma‐ based BCAs, contributing 95% of the UHPLC‐UV/VIS peak areas and 99% of the total ion count MS peak area from solid media. Furthermore, species‐specific hydrophobins, as well as non‐peptaibiotic secondary metabolites, were detected, the latter being known for their antifungal, siderophore, or plant‐growth‐promoting activities. Notably, none of the isolates produced low‐molecular weight mycotoxins.
Suppression of Splenic Lymphocyte Proliferation by Eucommia ulmoides and Genipin
Authors: Yang Gabsik , Kyoung Seo Eun , Lee Je‐Hyun , Young Lee Joo
Published: April 2015

We investigated the modulation of innate and adaptive immune cell activation by Eucommia ulmoides Oliver extract (EUE) and its ingredient genipin. As an innate immunity indicator, the phagocytic activity of macrophages was determined by measuring engulfed, fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli. As a surrogate marker for the respective activation of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of primary splenocyte proliferation was assayed in in vitro and ex vivo systems. EUE and genipin suppressed the proliferation of primary splenic lymphocytes induced by Con A or LPS, but not macrophage phagocytosis. Oral administration of EUE and genipin to mice decreased splenic lymphocyte proliferation induced by Con A or LPS. These results revealed that E. ulmoides and genipin suppressed cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, and they suggest that E. ulmoides and genipin are promising candidates for immunosuppressive drugs that target diseases that involve excessive activation of adaptive immunity.
4‐Cyano‐α‐methyl‐l‐phenylalanine as a Spectroscopic Marker for the Investigation of PeptaibioticMembrane Interactions
Authors: De Zotti Marta , Bobone Sara , Bortolotti Annalisa , Longo Edoardo , Biondi Barbara , Peggion Cristina , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio , Dalla Bona Andrea , Kaptein Bernard , Stella Lorenzo
Published: April 2015

Two analogs of the ten‐amino acid residue, membrane‐active lipopeptaibiotic trichogin GA IV, mono‐labeled with 4‐cyano‐α‐methyl‐L‐phenylalanine, a potentially useful fluorescence and IR absorption probe of the local microenvironment, were synthesized by the solid‐phase methodology and conformationally characterized. The single modification was incorporated either at the N‐terminus (position 1) or near the C‐terminus (position 8) of the peptide main chain. In both cases, the replaced amino acid was the equally helicogenicα‐aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residue. We performed a solution conformational analysis by use of FT‐IR absorption, CD, and 2D‐NMR spectroscopies. The results indicate that both labeled analogs essentially maintain the overall helical propensity of the naturally occurring lipopeptaibiotic. Peptidemembrane interactions were assessed by fluorescence and ATR‐IR absorption techniques. Analogies and differences between the two peptides were highlighted. Taken together, our data confirm literature results that some of the spectroscopic parameters of the 4‐cyanobenzyl chromophore are sensitive markers of the local microenvironment.
Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory Activity and Cancer Chemopreventive Effect of Glucosylcucurbic Acid from Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) Kernels
Authors: Zhang Jie , Kurita Masahiro , Ebina Kodai , Ukiya Motohiko , Tokuda Harukuni , Yasukawa Ken , Masters Eliot T. , Shimizu Naoto , Akihisa Momoko , Feng Feng , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: April 2015

Two jasmonate derivatives, glucosylcucurbic acid (1) and methyl glucosylcucurbate (2), were isolated from the MeOH extract of defatted shea (Vitellaria paradoxa; Sapotaceae) kernels. These and their deglucosylated derivatives, cucurbic acid (3) and methyl cucurbate (4), were evaluated for their melanogenesis‐inhibitory and cancer chemopreventive potencies. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 exhibited potent melanogenesis‐inhibitory activities in α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH)‐stimulated B16 melanoma cells. Western‐blot analysis revealed that compounds 1 and 3 reduced the protein levels of MITF (=microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor), tyrosinase, TRP‐1 (=tyrosine‐related protein 1), and TRP‐2 mostly in a concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effects against EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, against TPA‐induced inflammation in mice, and against skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as promoter.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Approaches for the Direct Use of Elemental Sulfur in the Synthesis and Processing of Advanced Materials
Authors: Lim Jeewoo , Pyun Jeffrey , Char Kookheon
Published: April 2015

Review: [recent physical processing methods and synthetic procedures involving the direct use of elemental sulfur; 93 refs.
Selective Nickel‐Catalyzed Conversion of Model and Lignin‐Derived Phenolic Compounds to Cyclohexanone‐Based Polymer Building Blocks
Authors: Schutyser Wouter , Van den Bosch Sander , Dijkmans Jan , Turner Stuart , Meledina Maria , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Debecker Damien P. , Sels Bert F.
Published: April 2015

Valorization of lignin is essential for the economics of future lignocellulosic biorefineries. Lignin is converted into novel polymer building blocks through four steps: catalytic hydroprocessing of softwood to form 4‐alkylguaiacols, their conversion into 4‐alkylcyclohexanols, followed by dehydrogenation to form cyclohexanones, and Baeyer–Villiger oxidation to give caprolactones. The formation of alkylated cyclohexanols is one of the most difficult steps in the series. A liquid‐phase process in the presence of nickel on CeO2 or ZrO2 catalysts is demonstrated herein to give the highest cyclohexanol yields. The catalytic reaction with 4‐alkylguaiacols follows two parallel pathways with comparable rates: 1) ring hydrogenation with the formation of the corresponding alkylated 2‐methoxycyclohexanol, and 2) demethoxylation to form 4‐alkylphenol. Although subsequent phenol to cyclohexanol conversion is fast, the rate is limited for the removal of the methoxy group from 2‐methoxycyclohexanol. Overall, this last reaction is the rate‐limiting step and requires a sufficient temperature (>250 °C) to overcome the energy barrier. Substrate reactivity (with respect to the type of alkyl chain) and details of the catalyst properties (nickel loading and nickel particle size) on the reaction rates are reported in detail for the Ni/CeO2 catalyst. The best Ni/CeO2 catalyst reaches 4‐alkylcyclohexanol yields over 80 %, is even able to convert real softwood‐derived guaiacol mixtures and can be reused in subsequent experiments. A proof of principle of the projected cascade conversion of lignocellulose feedstock entirely into caprolactone is demonstrated by using Cu/ZrO2 for the dehydrogenation step to produce the resultant cyclohexanones (≈80 %) and tin‐containing beta zeolite to form 4‐alkyl‐ε‐caprolactones in high yields, according to a Baeyer–Villiger‐type oxidation with H2O2.
Plasmon Mechanism of Overdense Plasma Heating
Authors: Rajaei L. , Miraboutalebi S. , Shokri B.
Published: April 2015

This paper attempts to introduce an effective mechanism of plasma heating of an overdense plasma layer. This mechanism is directly related to the phenomena of anomalous transparency of an overdense plasma layer. High temperature is achieved due to the resonant excitation of the coupled surface waves on both sides of the plasma layer. The dissipative energy of the collisional effects appears as an effective heating source in this mechanism. The solutions of the heat equation under the resonant situations are obtained in the steady and unsteady states conditions. The main factors, affecting the considered plasma heating mechanism, are also discussed. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A simple design of planar microstrip antenna on composite material substrate for Ku/K band satellite applications
Authors: Ahsan Md Rezwanul , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Ullah Mohammad Habib
Published: April 2015

A straight forward design of rectangular slotted microstrip planar antenna fed by 50 ohm microstrip line is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The radiating patch of the antenna occupies an area of 17 × 17 mm2 and fabricated on 1.0 mm‐thick ceramic filled bioplastic composite material substrate whose dielectric constant (εr) is 10.0. The dual resonant square‐shaped antenna has been formed by inserting four arc shape slots at the corners with the combination of circle and square and wide square shape slot at the center. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has a lower resonant mode impedance bandwidth for S11 < −10 dB is of 18.4% (11.67–14.05 GHz) and upper resonant mode bandwidth is of 8.2% (18.19–19.75 GHz) centered at 12.94 GHz and 19.04 GHz, respectively. The antenna prototype has achieved maximum gains of 3.1 dBi and 4.13 dBi with average radiation efficiencies of 75.3% and 86.4% for the lower band and the upper band, respectively. The numerical data analyses of both the measured and simulated results show relatively good agreement. Moreover, the consistent and symmetrical radiation patters of the proposed antenna make it suitable candidate for the Ku/K band satellite applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Iodide Selective Carbon Paste Electrode with Modified Carbon Nanotubes by Potentiometric Method and Effect of CuS‐NPs on Its Response
Authors: Ghaedi Mehrorang , Jaberi Seyedeh Yasaman Shajaripour , Hajati Shaaker , Montazerozohori Morteza , Zarr Masoumeh , Asfaram Arash , Kumawat Lokesh Kumar , Gupta Vinod Kumar
Published: April 2015

In this research, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was oxidized and chemically modified through reaction with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propan‐1‐amine (TMSPA) and their subsequent reaction with 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy benzaldehyde. Subsequently, this material was metalized by reaction with copper acetate that lead to formation and impergeation of 2‐methoxy‐6‐((3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propylimino)methyl)phenol MMSPIMPMWCNT‐Cu. This novel material was identified with different techniques such as SEM and FT‐IR analysis. In this work, the reported material are exhibited high accurate and repeatable monitoring of iodide due to its high surface area with various reactive centre. It exhibited selectivity for iodide over the wide linear dynamic range between 1.8×10−6 and 1.15×10−1 M, with a Nernstian slope of −59.12±0.7 mV per decade of activity and detection limit of 1.8×10−6 M. Copper sulfide nanoparticles were prepared and their effect on the electrode response was investigated. The results were improved in the presence of nanoparticles with fast and stable response, good reproducibility, long‐term stability, high selectivity over the presence of common organic and inorganic anions, high detection limit and dynamic range. The proposed sensor has been applied as potentiometric determination of some iodine species over a pH range of 2.5–10.
Pathological uncoupling between amplitude and connectivity of brain fluctuations in epilepsy
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Xu Qiang , Liao Wei , Wang Zhengge , Li Qian , Yang Fang , Zhang Zongjun , Liu Yijun , Lu Guangming
Published: April 2015

Amplitude and functional connectivity are two fundamental parameters for describing the spontaneous brain fluctuations. These two parameters present close coupling in physiological state, and present different alteration patterns in epilepsy revealed by functional MRI (fMRI). We hypothesized that the alteration of coupling between these two imaging parameters may be underpinned by specific pathological factors of epilepsy, and can be employed to improve the capability for epileptic focus detection. Forty‐seven patients (26 left‐ and 21 right‐sided) with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) and 32 healthy controls underwent resting‐state fMRI scans. All patients were detected to have interictal epileptic discharges on simultaneous electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings. Amplitude‐connectivity coupling was calculated by correlating amplitude and functional connectivity density of low‐frequency brain fluctuations. We observed reduced amplitude‐connectivity coupling associated with epileptic discharges in the mesial temporal regions in both groups of patients, and increased coupling associated with epilepsy durations in the posterior regions of the default‐mode network in the right‐sided patients. Moreover, we proposed a new index of amplitude subtracting connectivity, which elevated imaging contrast for differentiating the patients from the controls. The findings indicated that epileptic discharges and chronic damaging effect of epilepsy might both contribute to alterations of amplitude‐connectivity coupling in different pivotal regions in mTLE. Investigation on imaging coupling provides synergistic approach for describing brain functional changing features in epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2756–2766, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship of medial temporal lobe atrophy, APOE genotype, and cognitive reserve in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Soldan Anja , Pettigrew Corinne , Lu Yi , Wang Mei‐Cheng , Selnes Ola , Albert Marilyn , Brown Timothy , Ratnanather J. Tilak , Younes Laurent , Miller Michael I. ,   The BIOCARD Research Team
Published: April 2015

This study evaluated the utility of baseline and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of medial temporal lobe brain regions collected when participants were cognitively normal and largely in middle age (mean age 57 years) to predict the time to onset of clinical symptoms associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, we examined whether the relationship between MRI measures and clinical symptom onset was modified by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and level of cognitive reserve (CR). MRI scans and measures of CR were obtained at baseline from 245 participants who had been followed for up to 18 years (mean follow‐up 11 years). A composite score based on reading, vocabulary, and years of education was used as an index of CR. Cox regression models showed that lower baseline volume of the right hippocampus and smaller baseline thickness of the right entorhinal cortex predicted the time to symptom onset independently of CR and ApoE‐ɛ4 genotype, which also predicted the onset of symptoms. The atrophy rates of bilateral entorhinal cortex and amygdala volumes were also associated with time to symptom onset, independent of CR, ApoE genotype, and baseline volume. Only one measure, the left entorhinal cortex baseline volume, interacted with CR, such that smaller volumes predicted symptom onset only in individuals with lower CR. These results suggest that MRI measures of medial temporal atrophy, ApoE‐ɛ4 genotype, and the protective effects of higher CR all predict the time to onset of symptoms associated with MCI in a largely independent, additive manner during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2826–2841, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gamification
Authors: Kingsley Tara L. , Grabner‐Hagen Melissa M.
Published: April 2015

This article showcases the use of gamification as a means to turn an existing curriculum into a game‐based learning environment. The purpose of this article is to examine how gamification, coupled with effective pedagogy, can support the acquisition of 21st‐century skills. Gamifying content allows students to earn experience points, badges, and awards to “level up” through the curriculum by completing quests. We discuss the theoretical framework, New Literacies theory, which has informed our case study of one teacher's journey using gamification. We align our case study within two educational reforms and initiatives: the Common Core State Standards and Partnership for 21st Century Skills. Survey results and teacher interview data are provided.
Techniques and applications of in vivo diffusion imaging of articular cartilage
Authors: Raya José G.
Published: April 2015

Early in the process of osteoarthritis (OA) the composition (water, proteoglycan [PG], and collagen) and structure of articular cartilage is altered leading to changes in its mechanical properties. A technique that can assess the composition and structure of the cartilage in vivo can provide insight in the mechanical integrity of articular cartilage and become a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of OA. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been proposed as a biomarker for cartilage composition and structure. DTI is sensitive to the PG content through the mean diffusivity and to the collagen architecture through the fractional anisotropy. However, the acquisition of DTI of articular cartilage in vivo is challenging due to the short T2 of articular cartilage (∼40 ms at 3 Tesla) and the high resolution needed (0.5–0.7 mm in plane) to depict the cartilage anatomy. We describe the pulse sequences used for in vivo DTI of articular cartilage and discus general strategies for protocol optimization. We provide a comprehensive review of measurements of DTI of articular cartilage from ex vivo validation experiments to its recent clinical applications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1487–1504. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Support vector machine classification of brain metastasis and radiation necrosis based on texture analysis in MRI
Authors: Larroza Andrés , Moratal David , Paredes‐Sánchez Alexandra , Soria‐Olivas Emilio , Chust María L. , Arribas Leoncio A. , Arana Estanislao
Published: April 2015

Purpose

To develop a classification model using texture features and support vector machine in contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images to differentiate between brain metastasis and radiation necrosis.

Methods

Texture features were extracted from 115 lesions: 32 of them previously diagnosed as radiation necrosis, 23 as radiation‐treated metastasis and 60 untreated metastases; including a total of 179 features derived from six texture analysis methods. A feature selection technique based on support vector machine was used to obtain a subset of features that provide optimal performance.

Results

The highest classification accuracy evaluated over test sets was achieved with a subset of ten features when the untreated metastases were not considered; and with a subset of seven features when the classifier was trained with untreated metastases and tested on treated ones. Receiver operating characteristic curves provided area‐under‐the‐curve (mean ± standard deviation) of 0.94 ± 0.07 in the first case, and 0.93 ± 0.02 in the second.

Conclusion

High classification accuracy (AUC > 0.9) was obtained using texture features and a support vector machine classifier in an approach based on conventional MRI to differentiate between brain metastasis and radiation necrosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1362–1368.
Laryngeal papillomatosis in children: The impact of late recognition over evolution
Authors: Silva Leonardo , Gonçalves C.P. , Fernandes A.M.F. , Damrose E.J. , Costa H.O.
Published: April 2015

To assess the impact of the delay in recognition of the initial symptoms of laryngeal papillomatosis in children over the evolution of the disease. Retrospective study of patients with respiratory papillomatosis referred from general pediatric practices to a tertiary hospital with pediatric laryngology specialization. Gender, age at time of diagnosis, symptom duration, sites affected at the time of diagnosis, treatment, and evolution of the disease over time were evaluated. From January 2003 to December 2013, 21 patients (15 females and 6 males) were identified and followed for at least 3 years. The average age at which symptoms first appeared was 40.2 months, and the average age at the time of initial treatment was 76 months. The most frequent clinical manifestation was hoarseness. The most common site of involvement was the glottis followed by the supraglottis and subglottis, respectively. Three of the 21 patients required tracheostomy. The average time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 52.3 months. There were no fatalities. On average 3.7 procedures were performed per patient. Patients presenting more than 1 year from the symptom onset to the time of first treatment required a greater number of procedures to control disease. Delay in diagnosis can have negative clinical consequences due to disease progression. The later the diagnosis the more surgeries are needed to control the disease. Involvement of the subglottic larynx is a risk factor for emergent tracheostomy. J. Med. Virol. 87:1413–1417, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HIV Tat protein: Is Tat‐C much trickier than Tat‐B?
Authors: Johri Manish Kumar , Sharma Nikhil , Singh Sunit K.
Published: April 2015

Out of various subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), subtype B and C cause most of the infections worldwide. Clade specific differences have been reported in differences in clinical picture of HIV pathogenesis. Transcription of the HIV‐1 genome is regulated by the interaction of HIV Tat protein to the trans‐activation response (TAR) element. The differential binding of clade B and C Tat proteins to TAR and differences in activation of NF‐κB cascade leading to differential transactivation capacity and cytokine expression has been examined in this study. More stable Tat‐TAR complex formation by Tat‐C revealed by EMSA and higher TNF‐α expression shown by Tat‐C compared to Tat‐B leads to higher NF‐κB activation, which may be plausible cause for higher transactivation by Tat‐C as obtained by FACS analysis. This comparative study would be helpful in understanding the basic mechanism of clade specific Tat protein differences and their functional relationships. J. Med. Virol. 87:1334–1343, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of rotator cuff deficiency on structure, mechanical properties, and gene expression profiles of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT): Implications for management of the LHBT during primary shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Kurdziel Michael D. , Moravek James E. , Wiater Brett P. , Davidson Abigail , Seta Joseph , Maerz Tristan , Baker Kevin C. , Wiater J. Michael
Published: April 2015

The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) occupies a unique proximal intra‐articular and distal extra‐articular position within the human shoulder. In the presence of a rotator cuff (RC) tear, the LHBT is recruited into an accelerated role undergoing potential mechanical and biochemical degeneration. Intra‐articular sections of the LHBT were harvested during primary shoulder arthroplasty from patients with an intact or deficient RC. LHBTs were stained (H&E, Alcian Blue) and subjected to histologic analysis using the semiquantitative Bonar scale and measurement of collagen orientation. LHBTs (n = 12 per group) were also subjected to gene‐expression analyses via an RT2‐PCR Profiler Array quantifying 84 genes associated with cell‐cell and cell‐matrix interactions. LHBTs (n = 18 per group) were biomechanically tested with both stress‐relaxation and load‐to‐failure protocols and subsequently modeled with the Quasilinear Viscoelastic (QLV) and Structural‐Based Elastic (SBE) models. While no histologic differences were observed, significant differences in mechanical testing, and viscoelastic modeling parameters were found. PCR arrays identified five genes that were differentially expressed between RC‐intact and RC‐deficient LHBT groups. LHBTs display signs of pathology regardless of RC status in the arthroplasty population, which may be secondary to both glenohumeral joint arthritis and the additional mechanical role of the LHBT in this population. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1158–1164, 2015.
Combined local and systemic antibiotic treatment is effective against experimental Staphylococcus aureus peri‐implant biofilm infection
Authors: van der Horst Anna S. , Medda Suman , Ledbetter Ethan , Liu Alexander , Weinhold Paul , Del Gaizo Daniel J. , Dahners Laurence
Published: April 2015

We hypothesized that systemic ceftriaxone and high concentration local antibiotics might eradicate peri‐implant sepsis. Experiment 1: Eighty‐four implants inoculated with biofilm‐forming Staphylococcus aureus were treated in vitro with gentamicin, vancomycin, gentamicin + rifampin, or vancomycin + rifampin for 2, 4, or 8 days. Experiment 2: Forty‐five implants were wired in vivo to rat femurs and inoculated with 1 × 106 CFU S. aureus. After 48 h, rats were treated once daily for 5 days with systemic ceftriaxone, local tobramycin or ceftriaxone, and tobramycin. Experiment 3: Forty implants with established S. aureus biofilms were wired in vivo to rat femurs. After 48 h, rats were treated with systemic ceftriaxone alone or in combination with local gentamicin, gentamicin and rifampin, or vancomycin. Experiment 1: 100% of implants treated in vitro with gentamicin were sterile after 48 h. The other treatments did not become sterile until 4 days. Experiment 2: No implant was culture negative. The combination of systemic ceftriaxone and local tobramycin was significantly better than others (p < 0.008). Experiment 3: Systemic ceftriaxone alone was ineffective. All implants treated with systemic ceftriaxone and local gentamicin were sterile (p < 0.001), the other groups were less effective. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1320–1326, 2015.
An effective way to achieve full color cholesteric liquid crystal displays with single liquid crystal mixture and layer
Authors: Jin Yan , Hong Zhe , Kwon Soon‐Bum
Published: April 2015

Two‐step ultraviolet exposure method to achieve flexible color cholesteric LCD with single liquid crystal mixture and layer was proposed. The first step for polymer wall formation via photo‐polymerization induced phase separation and second step for color rendering with the photo‐sensitive chiral dopant were independently carried out without the interference of ultraviolet reaction using proper band‐pass filer. This display has good color performance and mechanical stability, which can be also driven by simplified driving circuit so that it would be a substantive solution for color flexible displays.
Neutrophil‐lymphocyte and platelet‐lymphocyte ratio in patients after resection for hepato‐pancreatico‐biliary malignancies
Authors: Spolverato G. , Maqsood H. , Kim Y. , Margonis GA. , Luo T. , Ejaz A. , Pawlik TM.
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

We sought to determine whether Neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) or platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were associated with outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for a hepatopancreatico‐biliary (HPB) malignancy.

Method

Between 2000 and 2013, 452 patients who underwent an HPB procedure for a malignant indication were identified. Clinicopathological characteristics, NLR, and PLR, as well as short‐ and long‐term outcomes were analyzed. High NLR and PLR were classified using a cut‐off value of 5 and 190, respectively, based on ROC curve analysis.

Results

Patients with low versus high NLR and PLR had similar baseline characteristics with regard to performance status and tumor stage (all P > 0.05). Elevated PLR (HR = 1.40) tends to be association with shorter recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (P = 0.05), whereas NLR was not a predictor of shorter RFS. Differently, both elevated NLR (HR = 1.94) and PLR (HR = 1.79) were associated with worse overall survival (OS) (both P < 0.05). Patients with NLR ≥5 and those with PLR ≥190 had a significantly shorter OS compared to patients with NLR <5 and PLR <190, respectively (log‐rank test, both P < 0.05). Moreover, patients who had both NLR and PLR elevated had worse OS compared to patients with either one or none inflammatory markers elevated (log‐rank P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Elevated NLR and PLR were predictors of worse long‐term outcome among patients with HPB malignancy undergoing resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:868–874. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta‐Analysis of Risk Factors for Secondary Traumatic Stress in Therapeutic Work With Trauma Victims
Authors: Hensel Jennifer M. , Ruiz Carlos , Finney Caitlin , Dewa Carolyn S.
Published: April 2015

Revisions to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) clarify that secondary exposure can lead to the development of impairing symptoms requiring treatment. Historically known as secondary traumatic stress (STS), this reaction occurs through repeatedly hearing the details of traumatic events experienced by others. Professionals who work therapeutically with trauma victims may be at particular risk for this exposure. This meta‐analysis of 38 published studies examines 17 risk factors for STS among professionals indirectly exposed to trauma through their therapeutic work with trauma victims. Small significant effect sizes were found for trauma caseload volume (r = .16), caseload frequency (r = .12), caseload ratio (r = .19), and having a personal trauma history (r = .19). Small negative effect sizes were found for work support (r = −.17) and social support (r = −.26). Demographic variables appear to be less implicated although more work is needed that examines the role of gender in the context of particular personal traumas. Caseload frequency and personal trauma effect sizes were moderated by year of publication. Future work should examine the measurement of STS and associated impairment, understudied risk factors, and effective interventions.
Structural and functional influences of coagulation factor XIII subunit B heterozygous missense mutants
Authors: Thomas Anne , Biswas Arijit , Ivaskevicius Vytautas , Oldenburg Johannes
Published: April 2015

The coagulation factor XIII(FXIII) is a plasma circulating heterotetrameric protransglutaminase that acts at the end of the coagulation cascade by covalently cross‐linking preformed fibrin clots (to themselves and to fibrinolytic inhibitors) in order to stabilize them against fibrinolysis. It circulates in the plasma as a heterotetramer composed of two homomeric catalytic Factor XIIIA2 (FXIIIA2) and two homomeric protective/carrier Factor XIIIB2 subunit (FXIIIB2). Congenital deficiency of FXIII is of two types: severe homozygous/compound heterozygous FXIII deficiency which results in severe bleeding symptoms and mild heterozygous FXIII deficiency which is associated with mild bleeding (only upon trauma) or an asymptomatic phenotype. Defects in the F13B gene (Factor XIIIB subunit) occur more frequently in mild FXIII deficiency patients than in severe FXIII deficiency. We had recently reported secretion‐related defects for seven previously reported F13B missense mutations. In the present study we further analyze the underlying molecular pathological mechanisms as well as the heterozygous expression phenotype for these mutations using a combination of in vitro heterologous expression (in HEK293T cells) and confocal microscopy. In combination with the in vitro work we have also performed an in silico solvated molecular dynamic simulation study on previously reported FXIIIB subunit sushi domain homology models in order to predict the putative structure‐functional impact of these mutations. We were able to categorize the mutations into the following functional groups that: (1) affect antigenic stability as well as binding to FXIIIA subunit, that is, Cys5Arg, Cys316Phe, and Pro428Ser (2) affect binding to FXIIIA subunit with little or no influence on antigenic stability, that is, Ile81Asn and Val401Gln c) influence neither aspects and are most likely causality linked polymorphisms or functional polymorphisms, that is, Leu116Phe and Val217Ile. The Cys5Arg mutation was the only mutation to show a direct secretion‐based defect since the mutated protein was observed to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Simultaneous detection and separation of hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia using amide proton transfer MRI
Authors: Wang Meiyun , Hong Xiaohua , Chang Che‐Feng , Li Qiang , Ma Bo , Zhang Hong , Xiang Sinan , Heo Hye‐Young , Zhang Yi , Lee Dong‐Hoon , Jiang Shanshan , Leigh Richard , Koehler Raymond C. , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Wang Jian , Zhou Jinyuan
Published: April 2015

Purpose

To explore the capability of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging in the detection of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes using preclinical rat models.

Methods

The rat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model (n = 10) was induced by injecting bacterial collagenase VII‐S into the caudate nucleus, and the permanent ischemic stroke model (n = 10) was induced by using a 4‐0 nylon suture to occlude the origin of the middle cerebral artery. APT‐weighted (APTw) MRI was acquired on a 4.7T animal imager and quantified using the magnetization transfer‐ratio asymmetry at 3.5 ppm from water.

Results

There was a consistently high APTw MRI signal in hyperacute ICH during the initial 12 h after injection of collagenase compared with the contralateral brain tissue. When hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke were compared, hyperacute ICH and cerebral ischemia demonstrated opposite APTw MRI contrasts—namely, hyperintense versus hypointense compared with contralateral brain tissue, respectively. There was a stark contrast in APTw signal intensity between these two lesions.

Conclusion

APT‐MRI could accurately detect hyperacute ICH and distinctly differentiate hyperacute ICH from cerebral ischemia, thus opening up the possibility of introducing to the clinic a single MRI scan for the simultaneous visualization and separation of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes at the hyperacute stage. Magn Reson Med 74:42–50, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spurious interface fragmentation in multiphase SPH
Authors: Szewc K. , Pozorski J. , Minier J.‐P.
Published: April 2015

We investigate the issue of sub‐kernel spurious interface fragmentation occurring in SPH applied for multiphase flows. It has appeared recently that current SPH formulations for multiphase flows involving an interface between immiscible phases can suffer from non‐physical particle mixing through the interface, especially for flows with high density ratios. This is an important issue, in particular for applications where physical phenomena take place at the interface itself, such as phase change or the evolution of two‐phase flow patterns. In this paper, various remedies proposed in the literature are discussed. The current assumption that spurious interface fragmentation occurs only when there is no surface tension at the interface is revisited. We show that this is a general problem of current SPH formulations that appears even when surface tension is present. A new proposition for an interface sharpness correction term is put forward. A series of simulations of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional bubbles rising in a liquid allow a comprehensive study and demonstrate the dependence of the new correction term on the kernel smoothing length. On the other hand, the overall flow behavior, including the interface shape, is not affected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency, stability and the decision to give to nonprofit arts and cultural organizations in the United States
Authors: Grizzle Cleopatra
Published: April 2015

Using data from the Cultural Data Project, this study extends the literature by examining the impact of financial disclosure information on donations to arts and culture‐related nonprofit organizations in the United States. Results for organization financial stability are for the most part counterintuitive: financially unstable arts and culture‐related nonprofits receive more donations. The current analysis supports prior research and finds evidence of a “crowding in” effect for fundraising expenses, suggesting that nonprofits that spend more on fundraising and marketing raise more funds than those that spend less. Additional analysis indicates efficiency matters to donors when it comes to fundraising efforts. As the “cost to raise a dollar” increases donations decrease. Nonprofit managers in arts and culture‐related organizations concerned about increasing donations should consider strategies that will increase the efficiency of their fundraising and marketing efforts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.