bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term effects of ipragliflozin and pioglitazone on metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year observational follow‐up of a randomized, 24 week, active‐controlled trial
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Shimizu Satoshi , Haisa Akifumi , Yanagisawa Shinnosuke , Inoue Kazuyuki , Saito Daigo , Sumita Takashi , Yanagisawa Morifumi , Uchida Yoshihito , Inukai Kouichi , Shimada Akira
Published: May 2024

Aims/Introduction

We conducted a 5 year post‐trial monitoring study of our previous randomized 24 week, open‐label, active‐controlled trial that showed beneficial effects of ipragliflozin on metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), identical to those of pioglitazone.

Materials and Methods

In our previous trial, 66 patients with MASLD and type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive either ipragliflozin (n = 32) or pioglitazone (n = 34). Upon its conclusion, 61 patients were monitored for 5 years for outcome measures of MASLD, glycemic, and metabolic parameters. Differences between the two groups were analyzed at baseline, 24 weeks, and 5 years; changes in outcome measures from baseline were also evaluated.

Results

At 5 years, the mean liver‐to‐spleen attenuation ratio increased by 0.20 (from 0.78 ± 0.24 to 0.98 ± 0.20) in the ipragliflozin group and by 0.26 (from 0.76 ± 0.26 to 1.02 ± 0.20) in the pioglitazone group (P = 0.363). Similarly, ipragliflozin and pioglitazone significantly improved serum aminotransferase, HbA1c, and fasting plasma glucose levels over 5 years. In the ipragliflozin group, significant reductions in body weight and visceral fat area observed at 24 weeks were sustained throughout the 5 years (−4.0%, P = 0.0075 and −7.6%, P = 0.045, respectively). Moreover, ipragliflozin significantly reduced the values of fibrosis markers (serum ferritin and FIB‐4 index), was well tolerated, and had a higher continuation rate for 5 years compared with pioglitazone.

Conclusions

Ipragliflozin and pioglitazone improved MASLD and glycemic parameters over 5 years. In the ipragliflozin group, significant reductions in body weight and visceral fat mass persisted for 5 years.
New Ultherapy method: Utilizing novel surgical and anatomical concepts yields outstanding results
Authors: Fatemi Farahnaz , Najafian Romina , Sadri Mohammad Amin
Published: May 2024

Background

Micro‐focused ultrasound (MFU) is a technique for skin rejuvenation and lifting, targeting the facial SMAS—a fibrous network encompassing the platysma muscle and parotid fascia.

Objective

This study aims to propose a novel and cost‐effective method (suggested by Fatemi) for Ultherapy, comparing its effectiveness with the conventional approach.

Materials and Methods

A prospective double‐blind clinical trial was conducted with 30 female volunteers randomly assigned to two groups: The control group (conventional method) and the experimental group (new method). Ultherapy procedures utilized MFU technology with low energy and a higher frequency.

Results

Statistically significant differences in lifting effects and improvement in skin laxity were observed between the two groups. The new method, with a focus on the parotideal area of the SMAS, demonstrated superior outcomes and higher patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

The parotideal region's accessibility, increased thickness, and safety profile make it an ideal target for Ultherapy. This not only reduces the risk of nerve injury but also yields effective collagen remodeling and skin‐lifting results.
Maladaptive personality traits and older adult relationship satisfaction: A co‐twin control approach to understanding associations
Authors: Yu Helen H. , Freilich Colin D. , Wilson Sylia , McGue Matt , Roisman Glenn I. , Krueger Robert F.
Published: May 2024

Objective

Maladaptive personality traits have been implicated in romantic relationship dissatisfaction, but the etiology of those links and the degree to which they extend to other types of relationships are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between maladaptive personality traits and satisfaction in various relationships using a co‐twin control design to identify potential environmental contributions.

Method

The sample consisted of 1340 older adult twin participants from the Minnesota Twin Registry (Mage = 70.3) that completed the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 Faceted Brief Form and Network of Relationships Inventory (Revised for Older Adults).

Results

Several maladaptive personality traits were phenotypically associated with relationship dissatisfaction, with detachment and negative affect having the largest effects. Further, within twin pair differences in detachment and negative affect were associated with greater relationship dissatisfaction, suggesting that observed associations were mediated partly by the unique environment, not solely the result of genetic and familial confounding. Both phenotypic and co‐twin associations were strongest overall in the romantic partner relationship.

Conclusion

These findings support the notion that maladaptive personality traits are implicated in interpersonal dysfunction across multiple domains.
Feeding ecology of the Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides, in Ecuadorian waters
Authors: Ordiano‐Flores Alfredo , Méndez Gudiño Katherine E. , Calle‐Morán Marcos D. , Hernández‐Téllez Ana R. , Cajas‐Flores Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2024

The Patagonian toothfish or Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, is an ecological and commercially important species captured by the Equatorian fleet in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. This study aimed to determine this species' diet composition and feeding habits captured in three geographical zones from Ecuador during 2017 and 2018. The total length and corporal mass were measured during this period, and the sex and sexual maturity states were determined from 328 individuals. A hypoallometric growth was evidenced by the size‐weight relationship in D. eleginoides, with an allometry coefficient b = 2.34, suggesting that it increases in size more than in weight. The stomach content analysis expressed as the Prey Specific Index of Relative Importance (PSIRI) indicated that D. eleginoides mainly feeds on teleost fish (88.2%) and less on cephalopods (9%) and crustaceans (2.8%). Males and females evidenced a similar diet; however, adults consumed more teleost fish than juveniles. The trophic position ⁓ 4 indicates that the Patagonian toothfish is a secondary carnivore predator with a wide geographic and diet variation related to prey availability. This is the first study regarding the trophic ecology of D. eleginoides in Ecuador, as other studies are lacking. Understanding nutrient and energy flows in ecosystems is crucial for effective fishing management with an ecosystemic approach.
A geometric‐identification–free mathematical model for recreating nonsymmetric horizontal railway alignments
Authors: Vázquez‐Méndez Miguel E. , Casal Gerardo , Castro Alberte , Santamarina Duarte
Published: May 2024

The constant passage of trains on the railways tracks causes, in the course of time, deviations that must be corrected periodically by means of a track calibration process. It consists of designing a new layout, called recreated horizontal alignment (RHA), as close as possible to the deformed center track fulfilling also the technical constraints according to the operational requirements of the railway. In recent years, different models have been proposed to address this task. This paper proposes, first, a new geometrical model that works with continuous variables for the definition of horizontal alignments (HAs) to deal with nonsymmetric transition curves at both sides of a circular curve and second, an optimization algorithm to compute the recreated alignment suitable in sinuous railway sections. This new mathematical model frees the optimization process from the need to previously identify the geometric elements (tangents, circular curves, and transition curves) of the HA. The usefulness of this model is tested with two academic examples showing its good behavior and in a real case study, where this algorithm is compared with the solution adopted by the engineers in a section of the railway line Ourense–Monforte in the NW of Spain.
The development of an EU‐wide nutrition and physical activity expert knowledge base to support a personalised mobile application across various EU population groups
Authors: Wilson‐Barnes S. L. , Pagkalos I. , Patra E. , Kokkinopoulou A. , Hassapidou M. , Lalama E. , Csanalosi M. , Kabisch S. , Pfeiffer A. F. H. , DeCorte E. , Cornelissen V. , Bacelar P. , Balula Dias S. , Stefanidis K. , Tsatsou D. , Gymnopoulos L. , Dimitropoulos K. , Rouskas K. , Argiriou N. , Leoni R. , Botana J. M. , Russell D. , Lanham‐New S. A. , Hart K.
Published: May 2024

A healthy lifestyle comprising regular physical activity and an adequate diet is imperative for the prevention of non‐communicable diseases such as hypertension and some cancers. Advances in information computer technology offer the opportunity to provide personalised lifestyle advice directly to the individual through devices such as smartphones or tablets. The overall aim of the PROTEIN project (Wilson‐Barnes et al., 2021) was to develop a smartphone application that could provide tailored and dynamic nutrition and physical activity advice directly to the individual in real time. However, to create this mobile health (m‐health) smartphone application, a knowledge base of reference ranges for macro‐/micronutrient intake, anthropometry, biochemical, physiological and sleep parameters was required to underpin the parameters of the recommender systems. Therefore, the principal aim of this emerging research paper is to describe the process by which experts in nutrition and physiology from the PROTEIN consortium collaborated to develop the nutritional and physical activity requirements, based upon existing recommendations, for 10 separate population groups living within the EU including, but not limited to healthy adults, adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, excess weight, obesity and iron deficiency anaemia. A secondary aim is to describe the development of a library of 24‐h meal plans appropriate for the same groups and also encompassing various dietary preferences and allergies. Overall, the consortium devised an extensive nutrition and physical activity knowledge base that is pertinent to 10 separate EU user groups, is available in 7 different languages and is practically implemented via a library of culturally appropriate, 24‐h meal plans.
ASK1 activation in glial cells in post‐mortem multiple sclerosis tissue
Authors: Seki Erika , Guo Xiaoli , Namekata Kazuhiko , Komori Takashi , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Arai Nobutaka , Harada Takayuki
Published: May 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS), the leading cause of disability in young adults, is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by localized areas of demyelination. Apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase that has been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Interestingly, ASK1 signaling regulates glial cell interactions and drives neuroinflammation in EAE mice. To further investigate its clinical significance, in the present study, we examined the activation of ASK1 in the post‐mortem brain of MS patients. ASK1 activation was found in active lesions of the corpus callosum in both microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. Moreover, ASK1 activation in astrocytes was higher than that in microglia/macrophages, which was in line with our findings in EAE mice. Our results suggest an important role of ASK1 in glial cells, indicating that ASK1 might be a good therapeutic target for MS.
Stakeholder theory in elections: Navigating political money, tribal tendencies, ethics, and the dark side of stakeholders
Authors: Al Amosh Hamzeh
Published: May 2024

This conceptual article explores the relationship between stakeholder theory and electoral processes, focusing on the contemporary challenges and ethical implications of applying this theory, rooted in accountability, to the political realm. Drawing on an extensive literature review to develop the theory within the political field and elections, the analysis uncovers the factors and multifaceted issues that shape stakeholder engagement in electoral contexts, and the pervasive influence of political money on the sway of tribal affiliations and identity politics—which can result in misaligned representation and unfair policy outcomes that may harm the long‐term interests of stakeholders themselves. This underscores the need for regulatory reforms to enhance transparency and accountability in elections, advocating for ethical governance to balance broader public interests against narrow stakeholder interests. Ultimately, the research provides insights into improving global electoral processes and governance, calling for policies supporting equitable, accountable, and sustainable governance practices.

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Akwei, Cynthia. 2018. “Mitigating Election Violence and Intimidation: A Political Stakeholder Engagement Approach.” Politics & Policy 46(3): 472–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12256.

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Unravelling the biostimulant activity of a protein hydrolysate in lettuce plants under optimal and low N availability: a multi‐omics approach
Authors: Monterisi Sonia , Garcia‐Perez Pascual , Buffagni Valentina , Zuluaga Monica Yorlady Alzate , Ciriello Michele , Formisano Luigi , El‐Nakhel Christophe , Cardarelli Mariateresa , Colla Giuseppe , Rouphael Youssef , Cristofano Francesco , Cesco Stefano , Lucini Luigi , Pii Youry
Published: May 2024

The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) biostimulants is considered a promising approach to promote crop growth and resilience against abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, PHs bioactivity depends on both the raw material used for their preparation and the molecular fraction applied. The present research aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms triggered by applying a PH and its fractions on plants subjected to nitrogen limitations. To this objective, an integrated transcriptomic‐metabolomic approach was used to assess lettuce plants grown under different nitrogen levels and treated with either the commercial PH Vegamin® or its molecular fractions PH1(>10 kDa), PH2 (1–10 kDa) and PH3 (<1 kDa). Regardless of nitrogen provision, biostimulant application enhanced lettuce biomass, likely through a hormone‐like activity. This was confirmed by the modulation of genes involved in auxin and cytokinin synthesis, mirrored by an increase in the metabolic levels of these hormones. Consistently, PH and PH3 upregulated genes involved in cell wall growth and plasticity. Furthermore, the accumulation of specific metabolites suggested the activation of a multifaceted antioxidant machinery. Notwithstanding, the modulation of stress‐response transcription factors and genes involved in detoxification processes was observed. The coordinated action of these molecular entities might underpin the increased resilience of lettuce plants against nitrogen‐limiting conditions.

In conclusion, integrating omics techniques allowed the elucidation of mechanistic aspects underlying PH bioactivity in crops. Most importantly, the comparison of PH with its fraction PH3 showed that, except for a few peculiarities, the effects induced were equivalent, suggesting that the highest bioactivity was ascribable to the lightest molecular fraction.
A cross‐cultural replication of “citizens' blame of politicians for public service failure: Experimental evidence about blame reduction through delegation and contracting”
Authors: Walker Richard M. , James Oliver , Moon M. Jae , Wen Wen
Published: May 2024

Theories of blame suggest that the institutional design of public service delivery affects citizens' blame of politicians for service failure, and that delegation or contracting out reducing citizens' blame of politicians. We replicate experimentally James et al.'s blame study to assess whether the findings still apply in the original, Western context, and if the findings can be generalized to East Asia (Hong Kong and South Korea). Our replications (N = 3600) show support for contracting out to the private sector as an effective institutional arrangement for politicians to avoid blame—providing evidence for this hypothesized effect that was not found by the original study in England. Blame shift effects are typically weaker in East Asia as anticipated because of cultural differences. Overall, the findings show that politicians can use cues about delegation to reduce citizens' blame for service failure, but that such strategies vary in their success according to context.
Identification of priority areas for the restoration of high Andean mountain forests under climate change: a case study using potential distribution models
Authors: Cuyckens Griet An Erica , Renison Daniel
Published: May 2024

Paleontological studies in the central Andes have uncovered the vulnerability of Polylepis forests to climate shifts, attributed to limited seed dispersal capabilities and the rugged terrain. Given the ecological significance of these forests‐forming species as biodiversity hotspots and carbon sinks, their restoration is imperative for the preservation of endemic species and ecosystem services. At the extreme south of the genus' range, we find Polylepis australis, a forest‐forming tree species endemic to Argentina and uniquely extending beyond the Andes into the Sierras Grandes of the Córdoba province. This study utilizes potential distribution models to help inform on restoration strategies considering projected future climate scenarios. Employing Maxent 3.4.3 with 453 presence locations, we estimated a present potential distribution spanning 13,923 km2. Our analysis of future climate projections reveals important poleward contractions alongside minor uphill shifts (20 m above sea level), ultimately resulting in a net habitat loss of 4596 km2 (34%). This underscores the critical role of climate simulations in identifying species specific priority sites for restoration efforts and also highlighting Polylepis forests susceptibility to both climate change and anthropogenic impacts.
Bedload transport and deposition of mud‐grade sediments in deep‐lacustrine settings: A case study in the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Cao Yingchang , Lin Miruo , Xi Kelai , Xu Shang , Zou Caineng
Published: May 2024

With ongoing shale oil and gas exploration and development across the world, the sedimentology of deep‐water fine‐grained sedimentary rocks remains an important focus for research. In deep‐lacustrine settings, in particular, mud‐grade sediments are distributed widely. However, the very fine particle size of mud‐grade sediments limits the clear identification of micro‐sedimentary structure; the mud‐grade sediments are in most facies models believed to be deposited via suspension settling in deep‐lacustrine settings. In this study, thin‐section observations, advanced mineral identification and characterization system analyses, scanning electron microscopy observations and three‐dimensional reconstruction analysis by a focused ion beam‐electron beam dual‐beam system were conducted on deep‐lacustrine mud‐grade sediments of the Chang 73 sub‐member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. Through this multi‐proxy approach, evidence of bedload transport of the mud‐grade sediments in the deep‐lacustrine settings is provided. During the deposition of deep‐lacustrine sediments, a significant amount of volcanic material within the mud‐grade sediments provided large quantities of high‐valence metal cations into the lake waters, which promoted the formation of flocs through electrostatic forces. Subsequently, these flocs are transported as bedload and deposited on the substrate, forming numerous floccule ripples in the deep‐lacustrine settings. When floccule ripples form, the flocs continuously pass over the ripple crests under the action of underflow and accumulate downward along the sloping surface of the floccule ripples, developing multiple foresets. Lateral migration and frontal progradation of foresets results in multiple stacked and laterally‐connected foresets, ultimately controlling the accumulation and preservation sites of these deep‐lacustrine mud‐grade sediments. The discovery of floccule ripples and foresets confirms a dynamic deep‐lacustrine setting, in which the mud‐grade particles can be transported as bedload under the action of underflow and then deposited. A new understanding of the sedimentary process of deep‐lacustrine mud‐grade particles provides a theoretical basis for clarifying the distribution of mineral composition and organic matter content in mud‐grade sediments. It further supports the prediction of favourable shale oil/gas reservoirs, promoting the efficient exploration and development of shale oil and gas resources, globally.
Normative ultrasound values for Achilles tendon thickness in the general population and patients with Achilles tendinopathy: A large international cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sleeswijk Visser Tjerk S. O. , O'Neill Seth , Colaris Joost W. , Eygendaal Denise , de Vos Robert‐Jan
Published: May 2024

The objective of the study was to obtain adjusted ultrasonographic reference values of the Achilles tendon thickness (maximum anterior–posterior distance) in adults without (previous) Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and to compare these reference values with AT patients. Six hundred participants were consecutively included, comprising 500 asymptomatic individuals and 100 patients with clinically diagnosed chronic AT. The maximum tendon thickness was assessed using Ultrasound Tissue Characterization. A multiple quantile regression model was developed, incorporating covariates (personal characteristics) that were found to have a significant impact on the maximum anterior–posterior distance of the Achilles tendon. A 95% reference interval (RI) was derived (50th, 2.5th‐97.5th percentile). In asymptomatic participants median (95% RI) tendon thickness was 4.9 (3.8–6.9) mm for the midportion region and 3.7 (2.8–4.8) mm for the insertional region. Age, height, body mass index, and sex had a significant correlation with maximum tendon thickness. Median tendon thickness for the midportion region was calculated with the normative equation −2.1 + AGE × 0.021 + HEIGHT × 0.032+ BMI × 0.028 + SEX × 0.05. For the insertional region, the normative equation was −0.34 + AGE × 0.010+ HEIGHT × 0.018 + BMI × 0.022 + SEX × −0.05. In the equations, SEX is defined as 0 for males and 1 for females. Mean (95% CI) difference in tendon thickness compared to AT patients was 2.7 mm (2.3–3.2, p < 0.001) for the midportion and 1.4 mm (1.1–1.7, p < 0.001) for the insertional region. Compared to the asymptomatic population 73/100 (73%) AT patients exhibited increased tendon thickening, with values exceeding the 95% RI. This study presents novel reference values for the thickness of midportion and insertional region of the Achilles tendon, which were adjusted for personal characteristics. Our novel web‐based openly accessible calculator for determining normative Achilles tendon thickness (www.achillestendontool.com) will be a useful resource in the diagnostic process.

Trial registration number: This trial is registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NL9010).
Embodying Pedagogy
Authors: Jorgenson Allen G. , Riehle‐Johns Bethan , Urquhart Katrina , Dresser Nancy L.
Published: May 2024

This article reflects on an instructor's experience of incorporating an optional assignment in a theology class wherein students are invited to learn a new athletic skill, journal while doing so, and then theologically reflect on their experience. It begins with the instructor making a case for the need to bring the body back into the classroom. This is followed by the theological reflections of three of the instructor's students. Finally, the instructor reflects on the themes of balance and muscle memory, stretching, and flow developed in the student reflections. These are used to outline how a balanced classroom revives theological wonder, affirms change in a cruciform fashion, and understands failure as part of God's modus operandi and so intrinsic to theology.
MYB24, MYB144, and MYB168 positively regulate suberin biosynthesis at potato tuber wounds during healing
Authors: Han Ye , Yang Ruirui , Zhang Xuejiao , Wang Qihui , Wang Yi , Li Yongcai , Prusky Dov , Bi Yang
Published: May 2024

The essence of wound healing is the accumulation of suberin at wounds, which is formed by suberin polyphenolic (SPP) and suberin polyaliphatic (SPA). The biosynthesis of SPP and SPA monomers is catalyzed by several enzyme classes related to phenylpropanoid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. However, how suberin biosynthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level during potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber wound healing remains largely unknown. Here, 6 target genes and 15 transcription factors related to suberin biosynthesis in tuber wound healing were identified by RNA‐seq technology and qRT‐PCR. Dual luciferase and yeast one‐hybrid assays showed that StMYB168 activated the target genes StPAL, StOMT, and St4CL in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Meanwhile, StMYB24 and StMYB144 activated the target genes StLTP, StLACS, and StCYP in fatty acid metabolism, and StFHT involved in the assembly of SPP and SPA domains in both native and wound periderms. More importantly, virus‐induced gene silencing in S. tuberosum and transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana assays confirmed that StMYB168 regulates the biosynthesis of free phenolic acids, such as ferulic acid. Furthermore, StMYB24/144 regulated the accumulation of suberin monomers, such as ferulates, α, ω‐diacids, and ω‐hydroxy acids. In conclusion, StMYB24, StMYB144, and StMYB168 have an elaborate division of labor in regulating the synthesis of suberin during tuber wound healing.
Equivalent Enthalpy Model and Log-Mean Enthalpy Difference Method for Heat-Mass Transfer in Cooling Towers
Authors: Cao Yiding
Published: May 2024

In industrial processes involving both heat and mass transfer, the enthalpy or total energy difference, not the temperature difference, is a more comprehensive driving-force potential for the design of heat exchanger systems, such as cooling towers. However, current enthalpy methods based on the Merkel integral require numerical integration with implied linear distributions of water temperature. If the cooling range of the cooling tower is relatively small, the outcome of the integration may carry little error. However, for a large cooling range and a substantially increased temperature, the error involved may be significant. Like log-mean temperature difference, a log-mean enthalpy difference method may require only the inlet and outlet conditions without prior knowledge of the enthalpy distributions of the fluids within the heat exchanger. The known Berman's enthalpy difference method requires correction factors and was derived based on the linearization of the interfacial enthalpy and the enthalpy difference between the interfacial moist air and the bulk moist air without underlying interpretation to demonstrate that the method could be broadly used. In this paper, an equivalent enthalpy model is proposed, and the log-mean enthalpy difference is derived without retaining model assumptions. The derived method is compared with some results of Merkel's method from literature with excellent agreement. Thus, the work in this paper would open up the possibility for broad uses of the log-mean enthalpy difference method for many industrial processes involving both heat and mass transfer.
Integrated Thermal Management System Concept With Combined Jet Plate, High Porosity Aluminum Foam, and Target Plate for Enhanced Heat Transfer
Authors: Aider Youssef , Singh Prashant
Published: May 2024

An experimental investigation was carried out on high porosity metal foams subjected to array jet impingement with an objective to develop enhanced heat transfer configurations. In this study, we propose an integrated thermal management system (TMS) aimed toward leveraging the conjugate heat transfer capabilities of target plate, metal foam, and the jet plate—all made from aluminum and assembled such that a proper contact between them can be established. Steady-state heat transfer experiments were carried out for 10 and 20 pores per inch (PPI) aluminum foams of 0.93 porosity. Both metal foams were 12.7-mm thick. The normalized jet-to-jet spacing was varied from 2 to 12 times the jet diameter, while the jet diameter was fixed. The ratio of the jet plate thickness and jet diameter (nozzle aspect ratio) was 6.35, which ensured proper development of jets inside the nozzles. Experiments were conducted over a wide range of Reynolds number (based on jet diameter) varied from 100 to 5000. The obtained convective heat transfer coefficient for different configuration was evaluated in context with pressure drop. The analysis of experimental results reveal that large open area ratio jets combined with high porosity metal foams provide highly efficient and high-performance cooling for the investigated range of Reynolds numbers.
Optimizing the Inspection of Corrosion Under Insulation in Badak LNG Plant by the Implementation of Risk-Based Method
Authors: Maulana Irwin
Published: May 2024

Corrosion-Under-Insulation (CUI) remains as one of major problem within Badak LNG plant, as equipment failure due to this phenomenon contributes to lots of material damages and losses of process fluids. It has led the company to establish several inspection strategies to mitigate the corrosion which attacks the insulated equipment and piping systems. Within its operational years, Badak LNG had sequentially implemented both condition-based monitoring and time-based action as the way to combat CUI. Recently, the company proposed a well-known risk-based inspection (RBI) as an adaptive yet reactive method to manage the shortcomings of both previous strategies. This is intended to optimize the inspection of vulnerable assets to CUI failure as the method could help ‘better’ in determining which equipment and its specific locations that prone to fail due to CUI. RBI allows integrity engineers to ‘choose’ the inspection effectiveness based on the optimization among several criteria: budget availability for inspection and maintenance, plant operational status, specific time and duration for inspection and also risk tolerance. Hence, RBI could optimize the inspection program for CUI within Badak LNG plant, as it helps prioritizing the selection of vulnerable equipment based on its risk of failure.
Asset Integrity Under Extreme and disruptive events
Authors: Riznic Jovica
Published: May 2024

This section examines the challenges and opportunities that organizations face in managing critical infrastructure, technologies, and facilities during rare but extreme and disruptive events. While these occurrences are infrequent, they can impose significant costs, resulting in billions of dollars in lost revenue, equipment write-offs, legal liabilities, settlements, and far-reaching consequences. They frequently provoke considerable shareholder concern, including reputational damage, erosion of trust, and damage to corporate brand equity and value.
The oral nucleoside prodrug GS-5245 is efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 and other endemic, epidemic, and enzootic coronaviruses
Authors: Martinez David R. , Moreira Fernando R. , Catanzaro Nicholas J. , Diefenbacher Meghan V. , Zweigart Mark R. , Gully Kendra L. , De la Cruz Gabriela , Brown Ariane J. , Adams Lily E. , Yount Boyd , Baric Thomas J. , Mallory Michael L. , Conrad Helen , May Samantha R. , Dong Stephanie , Scobey D. Trevor , Nguyen Cameron , Montgomery Stephanie A. , Perry Jason K. , Babusis Darius , Barrett Kimberly T. , Nguyen Anh-Hoa , Nguyen Anh-Quan , Kalla Rao , Bannister Roy , Feng Joy Y. , Cihlar Tomas , Baric Ralph S. , Mackman Richard L. , Bilello John P. , Schäfer Alexandra , Sheahan Timothy P.
Published: May 2024

Despite the wide availability of several safe and effective vaccines that prevent severe COVID-19, the persistent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) that can evade vaccine-elicited immunity remains a global health concern. In addition, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs that can evade therapeutic monoclonal antibodies underscores the need for additional, variant-resistant treatment strategies. Here, we characterize the antiviral activity of GS-5245, obeldesivir (ODV), an oral prodrug of the parent nucleoside GS-441524, which targets the highly conserved viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We show that GS-5245 is broadly potent in vitro against alphacoronavirus HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV–related bat-CoV RsSHC014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 WA/1, and the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron variant. Moreover, in mouse models of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (WA/1 and Omicron B1.1.529), MERS-CoV, and bat-CoV RsSHC014 pathogenesis, we observed a dose-dependent reduction in viral replication, body weight loss, acute lung injury, and pulmonary function with GS-5245 therapy. Last, we demonstrate that a combination of GS-5245 and main protease (M
pro
) inhibitor nirmatrelvir improved outcomes in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 compared with the single agents. Together, our data support the clinical evaluation of GS-5245 against coronaviruses that cause or have the potential to cause human disease.
Effects of the nematode
Litylenchus crenatae
subsp.
mccannii
and beech leaf disease on leaf fungal and bacterial communities on
Fagus grandifolia
(American beech)
Authors: Burke David J. , Carrino-Kyker Sarah R. , Hoke Adam J. , Galloway Emily , Martin Danielle , Chick Lacy
Published: May 2024

Beech leaf disease (BLD) is a newly emerging disease in North America that affects American beech (
Fagus grandifolia
). It is increasingly recognized that BLD is caused by a subspecies of the anguinid nematode
Litylenchus crenatae
subsp.
mccannii
(hereafter
L. crenatae
)
,
which is likely native to East Asia. How nematode infestation of leaves affects the leaf microbiome and whether changes in the microbiome could contribute to BLD symptoms remain uncertain. In this study, we examined bacterial and fungal communities associated with the leaves of
F. grandifolia
across nine sites in Ohio and Pennsylvania that were either symptomatic or asymptomatic for BLD and used qPCR to measure relative nematode infestation levels. We found significantly higher levels of infestation at sites visibly symptomatic for BLD. Low levels of nematode infestation were also observed at asymptomatic sites, which suggests that nematodes can be present without visible symptoms evident. Bacterial and fungal communities were significantly affected by sampling site and symptomology, but only fungal communities were affected by nematode presence alone. We found many significant indicators of both bacteria and fungi related to symptoms of BLD, with taxa generally occurring in both asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves, suggesting that microbes are not responsible for BLD but could act as opportunistic pathogens. Of particular interest was the fungal genus
Erysiphe,
which is common in the
Fagaceae
and is reported to overwinter in buds—a strategy consistent with
L. crenatae
. The specific role microbes play in opportunistic infection of leaves affected by
L. crenatae
will require additional study.

IMPORTANCE

Beech leaf disease (BLD) is an emerging threat to American beech (
Fagus grandifolia
) and has spread quickly throughout the northeastern United States and into southern Canada. This disease leads to disfigurement of leaves and is marked by characteristic dark, interveinal banding, followed by leaf curling and drop in more advanced stages. BLD tends to especially affect understory leaves, which can lead to substantial thinning of the forest understory where
F. grandifolia
is a dominant tree species. Understanding the cause of BLD is necessary to employ management strategies that protect
F. grandifolia
and the forests where it is a foundation tree species. Current research has confirmed that the foliar nematode
Litylenchus crenatae
subsp.
mccannii
is required for BLD, but whether other organisms are involved is currently unknown. Here, we present a study that investigated leaf-associated fungi and bacteria of
F. grandifolia
to understand more about how microorganisms may contribute to BLD.
Proceedings of the Clinical Microbiology Open 2023: discussions about pandemic preparedness
Authors: Powell Eleanor A. , Greninger Alexander L. , Marlowe Elizabeth M. , Naccache Samia N. , Doern Christopher D.
Published: May 2024

The 4th Clinical Microbiology Open (CMO) took place in Carlsbad, California, on 10 and 11 February 2023. This event facilitated discussion between clinical and public health laboratory directors, government agencies, and industry representatives from the companies that make up ASM’s Corporate Council. While many topics were discussed, much of the discussion focused on pandemic preparedness. There were four major questions addressed: (i) When is the perfect the enemy of good in pandemic testing? (ii) What other types of pathogens might cause another pandemic and how would this affect laboratory response? (iii) What research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of the pandemic response? (iv) What have we learned about the utility of self and at-home testing in future pandemics? This review serves as a summary of these discussions.
Chromosomal
qnrB19
-carrying
Escherichia coli
isolated from the stool sample of a community resident in Ecuador
Authors: Hoang Hoa Thi Thanh , Yamamoto Mayumi , Calvopina Manuel , Bastidas-Caldes Carlos , Yamamoto Yoshimasa
Published: May 2024

We identified a chromosomal
qnrB19
gene within a transposon in a colistin-resistant
Escherichia coli
strain isolated from the stool sample of an Ecuadorian resident. This finding suggests a more stable acquisition of quinolone resistance on chromosomes than that on plasmids and the potential for propagation to other DNA structures.
Neoarchean granitoid magmatism and geodynamic process in the northeastern North China craton
Authors: Sun Guozheng , Liu Shuwen , Li Sanzhong , Bao Han , Wang Wei , Guo Rongrong , Fu Jinghao , Gao Lei , Hu Yalu , Wang Xi , Yu Shengyao , Dai Liming
Published: May 2024

The composition of Archean granitoid rocks changed from predominantly tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses in the early Archean (4–3 Ga) to diversified granitoid rock assemblages in the late Archean (3.0–2.5 Ga), marking a crucial transformation in the geodynamic processes of early Earth. However, the reason for this major transition remains enigmatic because the petrogenetic features of different granitoid assemblages and their crust-mantle interactions during different periods are poorly understood. We use variations in the spatial-temporal distribution, lithological association, chemical composition, and petrogenesis of Neoarchean (2.7–2.5 Ga) granitoids and inferred correlative crust-mantle interactions in the Eastern Liaoning Range (ELR) of the northeastern North China craton to explore this geodynamic transition. The early Neoarchean (ca. 2.7 Ga) ELR granitoids were dominated by TTG gneisses, and the late Neoarchean (2.6–2.5 Ga) ELR granitoid typology and compositions became more complex, changing into TTGs and more K2O-rich granitoid rocks. The TTGs can be subdivided into a high-Ca group and a low-Ca group: The 2.71–2.68 Ga high-Ca group TTG magma originated from partial melting of subducted juvenile oceanic crust, and the low-Ca group TTG magma was derived from fractionation crystallization of the high-Ca group TTG magma. The chemical composition of the magmatic sources played a dominant role on the 2.60–2.50 Ga TTG magmatism: the high-Ca and low-Ca group TTG magmas came from low-K mafic rocks and tonalites, respectively. The 2.58–2.49 Ga K2O-rich granitoids can be divided into three petrogenetic series: (1) The high-Ca-Mg group K2O-rich granitoid magma originated from partial melting of high-K mafic rocks, (2) the low-Ca-Mg group K2O-rich granitoid magma was derived from partial melting of sedimentary rocks, and (3) the transition group K2O-rich granitoid magma was sourced from metagreywackes. The 2.71–2.68 Ga TTGs were generated in an island arc belt, and subducted slab melting and subsequent magmatic differentiation were the dominant mechanisms of the TTG magmatism. The 2.60–2.50 Ga diversified granitoids were formed in the oceanic-continental subduction process under the active continental margin; the complicated oceanic slab subduction and arc-arc and arc-continent collisions contributed to the diversity of late Neoarchean granitoid magmatism.
Survival and unique clinical practices of extremely preterm infants born at 22–23 weeks’ gestation in Japan: a national survey
Authors: Isayama Tetsuya , Miyakoshi Kei , Namba Fumihiko , Hida Mariko , Morioka Ichiro , Ishii Keisuke , Miyashita Susumu , Uehara Shuichiro , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Suga Sachie , Nakahata Katsutoshi , Uchiyama Atsushi , Otsuki Katsufumi
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To investigate prognosis and clinical practices of infants born at 22–23 weeks’ gestational age (wkGA) in Japan.

Design

A national institutional-level electronic questionnaire surveys performed in September 2021.

Setting

All perinatal centres across Japan.

Patients

Infants born at 22–23 wkGA in 2018–2020.

Main outcome measures

Proportion of active resuscitation and survival at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge, and various clinical practices.

Results

In total, 255 of 295 NICUs (86%) responded. Among them, 145 took care of infants born at 22–23 wkGA and answered the questions regarding their outcomes and care. In most NICUs (129 of 145 (89%)), infants born at 22+0wkGA can be actively resuscitated. In almost half of the NICUs (79 of 145 (54%)), infants born at ≥22+0wkGA were always actively resuscitated. Among 341 and 757 infants born alive at 22 and 23 wkGA, respectively, 85% (291 of 341) and 98% (745 of 757) received active resuscitation after birth. Among infants actively resuscitated at birth, 63% (183 of 291) and 80% (594 of 745) of infants born at 22 and 23 wkGA survived, respectively. The survey revealed unique clinical management for these infants in Japan, including delivery with caul in caesarean section, cut-cord milking after clamping cord, immediate intubation at birth, hydrocortisone use for chronic lung disease, analgesia/sedation use for infants on mechanical ventilation, routine echocardiography and brain ultrasound, probiotics administration, routine glycerin enema and skin dressing to prevent pressure ulcers.

Conclusions

Many 22–23 wkGA infants were actively resuscitated in Japan and had a high survival rate. Various unique clinical practices were highlighted.
Splenic artery aneurysm: a rare complication of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Anwar Nageen , Reynolds Anna , Naz Noshaba
Published: May 2024

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an important cause of renal dysfunction. It is the most common genetic disorder leading to end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis. ADPKD is a multisystem disease and is linked to several extra renal abnormalities. Splenic artery aneurysms are rare in the general population. ADPKD is associated with cerebral artery aneurysms. However, splenic artery aneurysms are not a well-recognised complication of ADPKD. We report an unusual case of a splenic artery aneurysm found incidentally on abdominal CT imaging of a woman with known ADPKD.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis with transient ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism
Authors: AlRubaish Fatima Abdullah , Gupta Nisha , Shi Meng Zhu , Christopoulos Stavroula
Published: May 2024

A woman in her 70s with metastatic melanoma presenting with refractory hypokalaemia on combined immune checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab–ipilimumab, was diagnosed with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent hypercortisolism 11 weeks following the initiation of her immunotherapy. Investigations also demonstrated central hypothyroidism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. She underwent imaging studies of her abdomen and brain which revealed normal adrenal glands and pituitary, respectively. She was started on levothyroxine replacement and had close pituitary function monitoring. Two weeks later, her cortisol and ACTH levels started to trend down. She finally developed secondary adrenal insufficiency and was started on hydrocortisone replacement 4 weeks thereafter.

This report highlights a case of immunotherapy-related hypophysitis with well-documented transient central hypercortisolism followed, within weeks, by profound secondary adrenal insufficiency. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant in monitoring laboratory progression in these patients. Early recognition of the phase of hypercortisolism and its likely rapid transformation into secondary adrenal insufficiency can facilitate timely hormonal replacement and prevent complications.
Advances in myopia control strategies for children
Authors: Zhang Xiu Juan , Zaabaar Ebenezer , French Amanda Nicole , Tang Fang Yao , Kam Ka Wai , Tham Clement C. , Chen Li Jia , Pang Chi Pui , Yam Jason C.
Published: May 2024

Myopia has long been a global threat to public health. Timely interventions are likely to reduce the risk of vision-threatening complications. There are both established and rapidly evolving therapeutic approaches to slow myopia progression and/or delay its onset. The effective methods for slowing myopia progression include atropine eye-drops, defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses, spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets target (HALT), diffusion optics technology (DOT) spectacle lenses, red light therapy (RLT), multifocal soft contact lenses and orthokeratology. Among these, 0.05% atropine, HALT lenses, RLT and +3.00 peripheral addition soft contact lenses yield over 60% reduction in myopia progression, whereas DIMS, DOT and MiSight contact lenses demonstrate at least 50% myopia control efficacy. 0.05% atropine demonstrates a more optimal balance of efficacy and safety than 0.01%. The efficacy of 0.01% atropine has not been consistent and requires further validation across diverse ethnicities. Combining atropine 0.01% with orthokeratology or DIMS spectacles yields better outcomes than using these interventions as monotherapies. Increased outdoor time is an effective public health strategy for myopia prevention while recent studies suggest that 0.05% low-concentration atropine and RLT therapy have promising potential as clinical myopia prevention interventions for high-risk groups. Myopia control spectacle lenses, being the least invasive, are safe for long-term use. However, when considering other approaches, it is essential to ensure proper instruction and regular follow-ups to maintain safety and monitor any potential complications. Ultimately, significant advances have been made in myopia control strategies, many of which have shown meaningful clinical outcomes. However, regular use and adequate safety monitoring over extended durations are imperative to foster confidence that can only come from extensive clinical experience.