bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From trivarga to puruṣārtha
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: August 2019

This paper explores the history of two central categories of ancient Indian moral philosophy: trivarga and puruṣārtha. After an exhaustive analysis of the textual evidence from the earliest times until the middle of the first millennium CE, the paper concludes that the classificatory term trivarga requires an implicit referent and that its reference is artha in the sense of things that are beneficial. The term puruṣārtha, furthermore, is an elaboration of artha as the referent of trivarga: something that is beneficial to a human being. The term artha in the compound puruṣārtha does not mean aim or goal, even though that meaning may occasionally seep into it in actual usage especially in later texts . Within this compound artha has the same meaning it has in Mīmāṃsā and Kauṭilya: something that is beneficial, as opposed to anartha: something that is detrimental. The expression puruṣārtha is rare with reference to the trivarga in the early literature until at least the middle of the first millennium CE. Its absence in the comprehensive lexicon, the Amarakośa, which records the trivarga and caturvarga (with the inclusion of mokṣa), shows its marginal status in the Sanskrit vocabulary relating to trivarga. For the authors of the ancient Indian texts, the three concepts—dharma,artha,kāma—comprehended by trivarga do not constitute goals or aims of human life, as they are so often depicted in modern scholarship. They represent three major domains of human activities and pursuits that are beneficial to persons who perform them.
Iranisches Personennamenbuch, vol. 2: Mitteliranische Namen, fasc. 1: Iranische Personennamen in manichäischer Überlieferung. By Iris Colditz
Authors: Skjaervø Prods Oktor
Published: August 2019

Iranisches Personennamenbuch, vol. 2: Mitteliranische Namen, fasc. 1: Iranische Personennamen in manichäischer Überlieferung. By Iris Colditz. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophischhistorische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, vol. 889. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2018. Pp. 716.
Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in der westlichen Oberstadt von Ḫattuša I. Edited by Andreas Schachner and Jürgen Seeher
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: August 2019

Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in der westlichen Oberstadt von Ḫattuša I. Edited by Andreas Schachner and Jürgen Seeher. Boğazköy- Ḫattuša, vol. 24. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2016. Pp. x + 225, illus. $140.
Contributions of Selected Non Timber Forest Products to Socio Economic Lives in Oban Hills Forest Reserve, Nigeria
Authors: Ado Anoh, Regina , Abua Ogar, David , Obaji Alobi, Alobi , Michael Ifebueme, Nzube
Published: August 2019

The study appraised the socio-economic contributions of selected Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to the people in Oban Hills Group Forest Reserve, Nigeria. The research was carried out from November, 2014 to January, 2015. Data were collected through the administration of structured questionnaires to randomly selected household heads in ten (10) communities from the east and west corridors of the Oban Hills Forest Reserve. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as tables, means, simple percentages and graphical illustrations. Inferential analysis was conducted using student’s t-test and correlation analysis. Results indicate that 68.90 percent of the respondents were male while 31.10 percent were female with 42.10% being farmers. Also 73.60 percent of the respondents were married and mostly in the age brackets of 31-40 years. Result on correlation revealed that there was significant relationship between occupation and household size (p ≤ 0.05), experience and occupation relate significantly with the income of the respondents at 0.01 and 0.05 level of significant respectively, while marital status relates negatively with household size and experience (p ≤ 0.01). The study revealed that Irvingia gabonensis (Bushmango), Gnetum africana (Afang), Archachatina spp (Snail), and Bushmeat were the major NTFPs harvested from the forest in the study area. On ranking the NTFPs, in relation to income generation and employment, results indicate that Bushmango was the major income generation source, with the highest employment openings in the study area. The people of Oban Hills Group Forest Reserve depend on NTFPs directly and indirectly for income generation and employment, There is need for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs in the study area to enhance their preservation and sustainability in the wild and also proper marketing channels of NTFPs to generate adequate income to improve the living standard of the people in the study area.
Conservation and Restoration of Endangered Plant Species in the Tropical Forests
Authors: Ugbe J. A. , Japheth H. D.
Published: August 2019

Indiscriminate charcoal productions, timber harvesting, demand for farmlands and overgrazing have aggravatedland degradation process in the tropical regions. At each point of this cycle, species are lost and biodiversity is obtainable only in the National Parks, Game reserves, Forest reserves, Wildlife sanctuaries. Forests and its resources are important assets that the tropical regions can sustainably manage for its renewable potentials, environmental benefits and socio-economic importance to mankind. Thus, this paper aim at reviewing past research works to provide profound solutions for conservation and restoration of forests and its products in the mid of financial shortcoming among the developing nations in the tropical regions. Based on this review, endangered plant species such as Prosopis africana, Parkia biglobosa, Khaya senegalensis, Gleditsia assamica, Gymnocladus assamicus, Aquilaria malaccensis and others can be restored; and genetic heredity (with qualitative characteristics) can be sustain for generational use if only we will all ignore the voice that “demands high financial resources for the management of endangered species before it can be conserved and restored”. Even without the provision of financial resources for conservation and restoration of endangered species, with high interest and euphoria among the youths, the young populace can conserved and restored the tropical forests and its biodiversity in the regions. This can be achieved by frequent inclusion of youths in decisions making and the use of non-formal education methods such as drama, playlet, music concerts among others. Therefore, it is recommended that communities around forest reserves in the tropical regions should be economically empowered, so that they can have alternative sources of livelihood that are biodiversity friendly, thus, reducing their dependence on forests and forest products.
Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Murraya koenigii on Learning and Memory in Mice
Authors: Bisong Sunday A. , Ekpenyong Ememobong E.
Published: August 2019

Curry (Muraya koenigii) leaf is an essential leafy spice used widely in cuisine for its distinct flavor and for other medicinal purposes: Analgesic, antidysenteric, antioxidant and in regulating fertility. The Morris water maze was used to study the effects of aqueous extracts of M. koenigii (curry) leaf on learning and memory. Aqueous leaf extracts of M. koenigii (80mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to 7 CD1 strain of mice (18-28 g body weight) while the control group received 0.1 ml/10 kg body weight of distilled water (orally) for 10 days before behavior was assessed. All mice were tested in the Morris water maze for 8 days: At 4 trials per day and 60 seconds per trial. Day 1-3 were for acquisition training, day 4-6 reversal training, day 7, the probe trail and day 8 visible platform task. Results indicate that swim latency were not significantly different between the groups during acquisition and reversal training. The retention quadrant duration was significantly higher for the M. koenigi-treated mice compare to the control (P<0.05). The mice treated with M. koenigi showed a negative weight gain, indicating weight loss (p< 0.05). Therefore the aqueous extracts of M. koenigi improved visuospatial memory in the mice and decreased body weight.
Evapotranspiration Based Micro Irrigation Scheduling of Tomato Crop under Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse
Authors: Sagar Atish , Singh P. K.
Published: August 2019

The present study was undertaken to investigate the Evapotranspiration Based Micro Irrigation Scheduling of Tomato Crop under Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse, at experimental field of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2017-18. The average of mean monthly ET0 estimated under polyhouse by FAO-PM (benchmark) model was 39.44 mm, but that of the FAO Penman, Hargreaves, Stanghellini, Priestley-Taylor and FAO Radiation models were 38.37, 18.18, 37.80, 48.17 and 53.87 mm, respectively. Whereas, the average of mean monthly ET0 estimated under open environment by FAO-PM (benchmark) model was 116.34 mm, but that of the FAO Penman, Hargreaves, Stanghellini, Priestley-Taylor and FAO Radiation models were 119.33, 133, 126.41, 113.17 and 117.37 mm, respectively. The FAO Penman and Hargreaves model are found to be most and least appropriate models for estimating daily ET0 under polyhouse. Whereas, FAO Radiation and Stanghellini model observed to be most and the least appropriate models in open environment for estimating daily ET0 under polyhouse for the Pantnagar tarai condition of Uttarakhand. During the six month growing period, the average water requirement for tomato crop under polyhouse and open environments were 0.2149 and 0.2924 liter per day per plant, respectively, showing that the water requirement in the open environment was estimated as 30% higher than that of polyhouse. The experimental results also revealed that the treatment T2 (100% water application of ETc without mulch under polyhouse) recorded significant yield (18.97 kg/m2), water use efficiency (135.26 kg/m3) and maximum fruit weight (106.66 gm).
Biocorrosion Inhibitory Potential of Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus amarus against Acid Producing Bacteria
Authors: Briggs W. F. , Stanley H. O. , Okpokwasili G. C. , Immanuel O. M. , Ugboma C. J.
Published: August 2019

Biocorrosion is a form of corrosion of metallic and concrete materials mediated by microorganisms. Acid producing bacteria are major culprits in the corrosion of materials in the environment. This study focused on the inhibition of biocorrosion by acid producing bacteria using aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (PAAE). Acid producing bacteria were isolated from produced water samples collected from oilfields located in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Multiple fermentation tube technique was adopted for the isolation of the acid producing bacteria using phenol red dextrose broth as culture broth medium. The gravimetric analysis was performed with different concentrations of the plant extract incorporated in universal culture bottles containing broth, sample and carbon steel coupon. The setup was incubated at 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC for 7 days and for 14 days. The least corrosion rate (CR) at 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC for the 7 days test were 1.446mp/y (80mg/ml PAAE); 27.558mp/y (5 mg/mlLeu+20 mg/ml PAAE) and 5.134 mp/y (80 mg/ml PAAE) with corresponding inhibition efficiency (IE) of 81.92, 87.750 and 80.91 respectively. For the 14 days, the CR values at 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC were: 3.192mp/y (5mg/mlLeu+20mg/ml PAAE); 1.458 mp/y (5 mg/mlLeu + 20 mg/ml PAAE) and 117.345mp/y (5 mg/mlLeu + 20 mg/ml PAAE) with corresponding IE of 86.09, 83.87 and 98.89 respectively. The results obtained show that the extract could be considered as a good inhibitor for the biocorrosion of carbon steel mediated by acid producing bacteria.
Optimization for Oxalic Acid Production by Aspergillus niger Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Chioma D. M. , Agwa O. K.
Published: August 2019

Aims: To optimize selected process variables for oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger using Response surface methodology.

Study Design:  Central composite design.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Methodology: Three media for the study was set up- algal biomass medium, sucrose medium and mixture of both algal biomass and sucrose medium. Inoculum of Aspergillus niger was prepared and subsequently inoculated into media for oxalate production by submerged fermentation. The oxalate produced after 14 days was determined by the catalytic effect of oxalic acid on the redox reaction between rhodamine B and dichromate.

Results: The predicted conditions of pH 6.838, temperature 35ºC and substrate algal biomass and sucrose with oxalic acid production of 8.618 g/L were reported in the study. This slightly varies with the experimental conditions of pH 6, temperature 35ºC, algal biomass and sucrose mixture and oxalic yield of 12.12 g/L. The R2 value of 0.968 validates the model and adjusted R2 of 0.9449 shows that the model is significant.

Conclusion: The study shows the feasibility of using the response surface methodology (RSM) in optimizing pH, temperature and substrate for the production of oxalic acid (g/l). It further shows the increased possibility of algal biomass as alternative feedstock for production of organics.
An Epidemic Model of Malware Virus with Quarantine
Authors: Lanz Aprillya , Rogers Daija , Alford T. L.
Published: August 2019

In March of 2018, about 500,000 desktop computers were infected with cryptocurrency mining malware in less than 24 hours. In addition to attacking desktop computers, malware also attacks laptops, tablets, mobile phones. That is, any device connected via the Internet, or a network is at risk of being attacked. In recent years, mobile phones have become extremely popular that places them as a big target of malware infections. In this study, the effectiveness of treatment for infected mobile devices is examined using compartmental modeling. Many studies have considered malware infections which also include treatment effectiveness. However, in this study we examine the treatment effectiveness of mobile devices based on the type of malware infections accrued (hostile or malicious malware). This model considers six classes of mobile devices based on their epidemiological status: susceptible, exposed, infected by hostile malware, infected by malicious malware, quarantined, and recovered. The malware reproduction number, RM, was identied to discover the threshold values for the dynamics of malware infections to become both prevalent or absent among mobile devices. Numerical simulations of the model give insights of various strategies that can be implemented to control malware epidemic in a mobile network.
Capital Structure and Organizational Performance: Evidence from Nigerian Food and Beverage Companies
Authors: Ayo-Oyebiyi G. T.
Published: August 2019

This study seeks to investigate the impact of capital structure on the performance of organizational performance with particular reference to Nigerian Food and Beverage Companies. Secondary data was used for this study. It was adopted from the audited financial statements of the listed food and beverages companies in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE), for the period of the year 2014 – 2018. The method of analysis used was Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient and Linear Regressions. The results reveal that firm leverage, tangibility of assets and liquidity have an inverse relationship with the financial performance of the Nigerian food and beverage industry, while, growth and firm’s size have a positive relationship with the financial performance of Nigerian food and beverages industry.  The study, recommends that Nigerian Food and Beverage should, therefore, strike a balance between their choice of capital structure and the effect on its performance as it affects the shareholder's risks.
ISU SOSIAL DALAM BENTUK INTERNET MEME MENJELANG PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN 2019 (Analisis Konten pada Meme Gambar dalam Instagram @memecomic.id)
Authors: Puteri Nova Rachmawati , Mahadian Adi Bayu
Published: August 2019

Menjelang  pemilihan  presiden  tahun  2019,  masyarakat  Indonesia  menggunakan  isu  sosial  dalam  konteks  perbincangan politik.  Perbincangan  tersebut  terepresentasikan  dalam  akun  Instagram  @memecomic.id,  salah  satu  komunitas  internet memes terbesar di Indonesia. Untuk mempelajari penggunaan internet memes yang memperbincangkan isu sosial menjelang Pemilihan  Presiden  2019,  maka  dilakukan  penelitian  menggunakan  metode  penelitian  kualitatif  analisis  isi  deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilandasi oleh konsep internet memes dikemukakan oleh Shifman (2014:7), yaitu form, content, dan stance. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Internet memes menjadi sarana menyampaikan pendapat dan kritik terhadap praktik politik  para  politikus  di  Indonesia,  dengan  memperbincangkan  masalah  sosial  yang  populer.  Penyampaian  pendapat dipresentasikan dalam bentuk meme gambar, yang berisi sindiran atau satir. Sebagian konten-konten yang dijadikan internet meme gambar dibuat secara serius atau tidak menggunakan humor dan secara tidak serius. Sebagian lainnya dibuat dengan menambahkan unsur humor atau lelucon pada setiap cerita yang terdapat pada meme-meme tersebut.
ANÁLISE DE PLANOS DE GERENCIAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS DE SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE EM HOSPITAIS EM SALVADOR, BAHIA
Authors: Cruz Vilela Debora Maria Oliveira , Agra Filho Severino Soares
Published: August 2019

O Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS), baseado nos princípios da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), visa a minimizar a geração de resíduos, realizar um descarte correto no ambiente, proteger a saúde e prevenir acidentes. Diante da obrigatoriedade de sua elaboração, este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o resultado da pesquisa realizada sobre a análise da aplicação dos PGRSS em hospitais em Salvador, Bahia. Como procedimentos metodológicos, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, observação em campo e entrevistas. Os resultados permitiram constatar a fragilidade e precariedade da qualidade das informações e dos procedimentos de gerenciamento especificados nos Planos. Os principais pontos desfavoráveis encontrados nos PGRSS, como a ausência de quantificação dos RSS gerados, a segregação deficiente e o armazenamento externo, representam deficiências que põem em risco a saúde e o meio ambiente. Assim, conclui-se que os PGRSS não atendem totalmente aos propósitos estabelecidos nas legislações e normas vigentes.
AVALIAÇÃO DA BIODEGRADAÇÃO DO INSETICIDA IMIDACLOPRIDO EM REATOR DE BANCADA
Authors: Santos Roberta Daniela Da Silva , Silva Paula Tereza de Souza e , Gava Carlos Alberto Tuão , Monteiro Veruschka Escarião Dessoles , Melo Márcio Camargo de
Published: August 2019

Na Região do Vale do São Francisco, no estado de Pernambuco, o manejo da uva requer a utilização de inseticidas para combate às pragas, dentre eles, destaca-se o imidacloprido. A utilização de inseticidas acarreta na geração de efluentes contaminados, provenientes das sobras da pulverização e das águas de lavagens dos equipamentos destinados a essa atividade, os quais, se não forem tratados corretamente, podem contaminar os recursos naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biodegradação do inseticida imidacloprido, empregando reator de bancada, combinando aeração e esterco caprino. Para avaliar as melhores condições de biodegradação, utilizou-se um planejamento fatorial 22 verificando a influência da razão efluente / biomassa (95/5 e 80/20) e do tempo de detenção (15 e 23 dias). As variáveis avaliadas foram nitrogênio total, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, carbono orgânico total, contagem de microrganismos e análise do imidacloprido no efluente e no esterco caprino. Verificou-se que os microrganismos presentes no esterco caprino foram promissores na biodegradação do imidacloprido.
RELAÇÕES ENTRE AS TEMPERATURAS SUPERFICIAIS DO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO SUL E AS VARIAÇÔES ANÔMALAS DO EL NINO PERÍODO 1950 A 2016
Authors: Castro Mirele Pereira , Souza Mary Márcia Ferreira , Dos Santos José Wildes Barbosa
Published: August 2019

O trabalho investiga os fenômenos de macro escala El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e as Temperaturas Superficiais do Mar (TSM) para o Atlântico Sul, tendo como objetivo analisar as inter-relações das variabilidades de temperatura dos referidos fenômenos durante o período de 1950 a 2016. Foram analisados os eventos ENOS utilizando índices de anomalia da Temperatura de Superfície do Mar (TSM), referentes ao Niño 3.4 no Oceano Pacífico, bem como as Temperaturas do Atlântico Sul (TSM). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as variações anômalas de temperatura do El Niño-Oscilação Sul, bem como as do Atlântico Sul são independentes e possuem características distintas, configurando-os como eventos independentes.
E SE VAZAR, DERRAMAR E EXPLODIR? O TRANSPORTE RODOVIÁRIO DE PRODUTOS PERIGOSOS NA BAHIA, BRASIL
Authors: Gonçalves Lívia Maria Da Silva , Moraes Luiz Roberto Santos , D'Arede Cláudia De Oliveira
Published: August 2019

A Bahia é um dos principais corredores de transporte rodoviário de produtos perigosos do Brasil e do Mercosul, bem como de seus eventos adversos no trânsito. Este artigo visa a delinear um diagnóstico do transporte rodoviário de produtos perigosos na Bahia, levantando seu panorama geral e as vulnerabilidades e avanços vigentes, utilizando revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e entrevistas com alguns gestores envolvidos na temática. Os resultados indicam que há vulnerabilidades associadas às seguranças viária, química, institucional, política e populacional. A Região Metropolitana de Salvador é a concentradora do fluxo e dos eventos adversos com estes materiais, sendo os combustíveis líquidos, gases e corrosivos os produtos perigosos que se destacam e com danos e prejuízos que extrapolam o limite espaço-temporal. O problema é de ordem estrutural no Estado, o que exige um olhar diferenciado para que o torne uma de suas prioridades, embasado nos pressupostos de um planejamento integrado e participativo, refletindo na gestão e gerenciamento desse risco tecnológico ambiental na Bahia.
ESTIMATIVAS DE INVESTIMENTOS EM PLANOS MUNICIPAIS DE SANEAMENTO BÁSICO: UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA
Authors: Nunes Carolina Rodeiro , Borja Patrícia Campos
Published: August 2019

Estudou-se a metodologia empregada nas estimativas de investimentos dos Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico (PMSB) de municípios brasileiros. Foram avaliados 25 PMSB com base em seis critérios validados e hierarquizados por especialistas, a saber: detalhamento das ações dos projetos propostos, coerência das referências empregadas, consistência metodológica, descrição e coerência dos investimentos ao longo do horizonte de planejamento, delineamento dos investimentos por componente do saneamento básico e detalhamento das fontes de financiamento. Os critérios possibilitaram calcular um Índice de Conformidade (IC) para cada Plano e classificá-los como ruim, regular, bom e excelente. Conforme os resultados, 68% dos planos foram classificados como ruins, 28% como regulares, 4% como bons e nenhum obteve qualificação excelente. Identificou-se que a projeção de investimentos dos PMSB apresenta debilidades importantes que irão impactar a implementação dos planos e o alcance das metas de universalização dos serviços. As debilidades dos municípios quanto a recursos, capacidade técnico-institucional explicam, em parte, essa realidade.
Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling
Authors: Kulkarni‐Gosavi Prajakta , Makhoul Christian , Gleeson Paul A.
Published: August 2019

In addition to the classical functions of the Golgi in membrane transport and glycosylation, the Golgi apparatus of mammalian cells is now recognised to contribute to the regulation of a range of cellular processes, including mitosis, DNA repair, stress responses, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation. These processes are often mediated, either directly or indirectly, by membrane scaffold molecules, such as golgins and GRASPs which are located on Golgi membranes. In many cases, these scaffold molecules also link the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and influence Golgi morphology. An emerging theme is a strong relationship between the morphology of the Golgi and regulation of a variety of signalling pathways. Here, we review the molecular regulation of the morphology of the Golgi, especially the role of the golgins and other scaffolds in the interaction with the microtubule and actin networks. In addition, we discuss the impact of the modulation of the Golgi ribbon in various diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer, to the pathology of disease.
Maintaining order: COG complex controls Golgi trafficking, processing, and sorting
Authors: Blackburn Jessica B. , D'Souza Zinia , Lupashin Vladimir V.
Published: August 2019

The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR (complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods) family, controls membrane trafficking and ensures Golgi homeostasis by orchestrating retrograde vesicle targeting within the Golgi. In humans, COG defects lead to severe multisystemic diseases known as COG‐congenital disorders of glycosylation (COG‐CDG). The COG complex both physically and functionally interacts with all classes of molecules maintaining intra‐Golgi trafficking, namely SNAREs, SNARE‐interacting proteins, Rabs, coiled‐coil tethers, and vesicular coats. Here, we review our current knowledge of COG‐related trafficking and glycosylation defects in humans and model organisms, and analyze possible scenarios for the molecular mechanism of the COG orchestrated vesicle targeting.
Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Harsh‐Environmental Applications
Authors: Almuslem Amani S. , Shaikh Sohail Faizan , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: August 2019

Monitoring, measuring, and controlling electronic systems in space exploration, automotive industries, downhole oil and gas industries, marine environment, geothermal power plants, etc., require materials and processes that can withstand harsh environments. Such harshness can come from the surrounding temperature, varying pressure, intense radiation, reactive chemicals, humidity, salinity, or a combination of any of these conditions. Here, recent progress in the development of flexible and stretchable electronic devices for harsh‐environment applications is reviewed. Studies are considered on how the selection of a specific material is critical for a particular application and how the selection of the material plays a critical role in sustained performance. Certain examples are presented for selected applications. Works on methods and designs for achieving flexibility and stretchability in devices designed for harsh environments are also investigated. Finally, studies on packaging techniques that enable deployment of conventional electronic devices in harsh‐environment applications are considered, with a few examples described.
Dynamically Reconfigurable Short‐Term Synapse with Millivolt Stimulus Resolution Based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Ling Haifeng , Wang Naixiang , Yang Anneng , Liu Yanghui , Song Jiajun , Yan Feng
Published: August 2019

Electrolyte‐gated organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are attractive for synaptic electronics owing to the ionic–electronic coupling, huge specific capacitance, physiological environmental compatibility, and architectural flexibility. Here, an identical spike‐polarity method is reported to realize the concomitance of excitatory and inhibitory short‐term plasticities in unipolar poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) OECTs. Dynamical reconfiguration between the excitatory and inhibitory responses with multilevel and well‐balanced synaptic strength is realized, without performing operations or introducing additional modulation terminals. Owing to the distinctive volumetric capacitance of OECTs, the PEDOT:PSS synapse affords remarkable characteristics such as an ultrahigh stimulus‐resolution capability of 10 mV and an ultralow power consumption of ≈2 pJ per spike. Moreover, spatiotemporal‐correlated logics is realized. This work demonstrates on‐demand manipulation of ionic dynamics for building synaptic elements with sophisticated functionalities at a single‐device level.
Symmetric Meta‐Absorber‐Induced Superchirality
Authors: Rui Guanghao , Hu Haifeng , Singer Matthew , Jen Yi‐Jun , Zhan Qiwen , Gan Qiaoqiang
Published: August 2019

Chiral light‐matter interaction in plasmonic metamaterials represents a new paradigm in optics. However, most previously reported works require structural chirality based on asymmetric three‐dimensional architectures, imposing a significant cost barrier in scalable manufacturing. Here, the generation of superchiral light‐matter interaction in symmetric metal‐dielectric‐metal (MDM) metamaterial structures is theoretically proposed. Due to the interplay of the spatially separated and enhanced electric (E‐) and magnetic (H‐) fields with complementary profiles, a superchiral localized hotspot can be generated in MDM structures when an appropriate phase condition is satisfied. By introducing chiral molecules into the spacer layer, the circular dichroism (CD) signal of the coupled system can be enhanced significantly. The origin of the enhanced CD is attributed to the inherent and induced CD signals of the coupled system, which are derived from the direct molecular CD response and the asymmetric absorption of circularly polarized light by the metallic nanostructure. It is demonstrated that the metamaterial‐induced CD response contributes dominantly to the overall CD response of the coupled system, and a 1300‐fold enhancement factor can be obtained when on‐resonance chiral molecules are adsorbed in the optical superchiral field in the spacer layer. This finding paves the way toward the development of practical and scalable platforms for new chiroptical applications.
Ta Doping Enhanced Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in 2D Semiconducting MoTe2 Nanosheets
Authors: Yang Li , Wu Hao , Zhang Wenfeng , Lou Xun , Xie Zijian , Yu Xu , Liu Yuan , Chang Haixin
Published: August 2019

Room temperature ferromagnetic semiconductors remain one of the most puzzling issues to be solved in tens of years. Nowadays, 2D ferromagnetic transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanosheets attract continuous interest due to their exceptional electronic structure and properties. Here, it is identified that semiconducting 2H‐phase MoTe2 few/mono‐layer mixed nanosheets present a room temperature ferromagnetic property with Curie temperature above 400 K, although the MoTe2 bulk counterpart shows diamagnetic properties. The origin of such observed room temperature ferromagnetism is attributed to the combination of their structural defects including Te vacancies, disorders, and amorphous imperfections and edge‐states caused by reduced dimensionality. Moreover, a distinct enhancement of ferromagnetic properties at room temperature is revealed by a non‐magnetic Ta doping strategy. Such structural defects and edge‐states modulated ferromagnetism offers a feasible strategy to search for more robust room temperature ferromagnetic TMDCs nanosheets, which is essential to explore novel electronic and spintronic devices where both carrier charge and spin freedom can be controlled.
Predicting venous thromboembolism in multiple myeloma: development and validation of the IMPEDE VTE score
Authors: Sanfilippo Kristen M. , Luo Suhong , Wang Tzu‐Fei , Fiala Mark , Schoen Martin , Wildes Tanya M. , Mikhael Joseph , Kuderer Nicole M. , Calverley David C. , Keller Jesse , Thomas Theodore , Carson Kenneth R. , Gage Brian F.
Published: August 2019

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) developed guidelines recommending primary thromboprophylaxis, in those identified at high‐risk of VTE by the presence of risk factors. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has adopted these guidelines; however, they lack validation. We sought to develop and validate a risk prediction score for VTE in MM and to evaluate the performance of the current IMWG/NCCN guidelines. Using 4446 patients within the Veterans Administration Central Cancer Registry, we used time‐to‐event analyses to develop a risk score for VTE in patients with newly diagnosed MM starting chemotherapy. We externally validated the score using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database (N = 4256). After identifying independent predictors of VTE, we combined the variables to develop the IMPEDE VTE score (Immunomodulatory agent; Body Mass Index ≥25 kg/m2; Pelvic, hip or femur fracture; Erythropoietin stimulating agent; Dexamethasone/Doxorubicin; Asian Ethnicity/Race; VTE history; Tunneled line/central venous catheter; Existing thromboprophylaxis). The score showed satisfactory discrimination in the derivation cohort, c‐statistic = 0.66. Risk of VTE significantly increased as score increased (hazard ratio 1.20, P = <.0001). Within the external validation cohort, IMPEDE VTE had a c‐statistic of 0.64. For comparison, when evaluating the performance of the IMWG/NCCN guidelines, the c‐statistic was 0.55. In summary, the IMPEDE VTE score outperformed the current IMWG/NCCN guidelines and could be considered as the new standard risk stratification for VTE in MM.
The impact of a crash prevention program in a large law enforcement agency
Authors: Tiesman Hope M. , Gwilliam Melody , Rojek Jeff , Hendricks Scott , Montgomery Brian , Alpert Geoff
Published: August 2019

Background

Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) remain a leading cause of death for US law enforcement officers. One large agency implemented a crash prevention program with standard operating policy changes, increased training, and a marketing campaign. This was a scientific evaluation of that crash prevention program.

Methods

MVC and motor vehicle injury (MVI) data for law enforcement officers were compared using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. Two law enforcement agencies who had not implemented a crash prevention program were controls.

Results

After program implementation, overall, MVC rates significantly decreased 14% from 2.2 MVCs per 100 000 miles driven to 1.9 (P = .008). MVC rates did not decrease in the control agencies. Overall, MVI rates significantly decreased 31% from 3.4 per 100 officers to 2.1 (P = .0002). MVC rates did not decrease in the control agencies. MVC rates for patrol officers significantly decreased 21% from 3.1 per 100 000 miles to 2.4. MVI rates for patrol officers significantly decreased 48% from 3.2 per 100 officers to 1.6 (P < .0001).

Conclusions

Crash and injury rates can be reduced after implementation of a crash prevention program and the largest impacts were seen in patrol officers.
Chiral P,N‐ligands for the highly enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Wang Qiang , Li Shuang , Hou Chuan‐Jin , Chu Ting‐Ting , Hu Xiang‐Ping
Published: August 2019

A new sterically hindered chiral P,N‐ligand was synthesized and successfully applied to copper catalyzed asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aromatic aldehydes. Various aromatic aldehydes can react smoothly to give the corresponding addition products with good to excellent enantioselectivities, which provides a readily accessible method for the preparation of chiral secondary alcohols.
Ferroelectric and electrical properties of LiNaWO4 compound
Authors: Krimi M. , Karoui K. , Zghal S. , Ben Rhaiem A.
Published: August 2019

The aim of this work is to elaborate the LiNaWO4 compound, using the solid state method, then to characterize it using an XR study which confirms that it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with P222 as space group and with the lattice parameters a = 12.82 Å, b = 17.49 Å, c = 7.25 Å and α = β = γ = 90°. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows two endothermic peaks at T1 = 388 K and T2 = 500 K. The first peak is detected by the dielectric study, attributed to a phase transition from a ferroelectric phase to a paraelectric one, while the second peak indicates the presence of a phase transition, confirmed later by the result of the electrical study. All modes pertaining to vibrations of WO42− tetrahedral appear in the Raman spectrum. Moreover, its impedance response is modeled by a single cell formed by a parallel combination of R//C//CPE, i.e. the response of our compound is that of the grain. The variation of the σg and σdc, as a function of temperature, confirms the phase transition observed in the calorimetric study at T2. The conduction mechanism in the two phases indicates that the first phase (I) is described by the CBH model and the second phase by the OLPT model.
Crosslinking of β‐cyclodextrin and combining with ammonium polyphosphate for flame‐retardant polypropylene
Authors: Ding Siyin , Liu Peng , Zhang Shimin , Gao Chong , Wang Feng , Ding Yanfen , Yang Mingshu
Published: August 2019

This work presents the synthesis of crosslinked hexamethylene diisocyanate β‐cyclodextrins (HDI‐CDs) by reacting β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) with HDI as a crosslinking agent at different feed ratios. As a novel char‐forming agent, the HDI‐CDs are combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and applied in polypropylene (PP) to form intumescent flame‐retardant composites. The structure of HDI‐CDs is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption test. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicate that HDI‐CDs have better char‐forming performance than β‐CD. FTIR spectra, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectra characterization demonstrate that the reaction between HDI‐CDs and APP contributes to the formation of a more stable char layer than β‐CD and APP. According to the results of TGA, scanning electron microscopy, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy test, when the crosslinking degree of HDI‐CDs is high enough (not less than β‐CD:HDI = 1:3.6), the PP/APP/HDI‐CDs composites can form a compact and dense char layer during combustion. Among all composites, PP/APP/HDI‐CD(4) shows the best flame‐retardant performance, which can pass the UL 94 V‐0 rating with an LOI value of 32.8% when the loading of flame retardants is 28 wt %. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48320.
Prediction of thermal conductivity of pyrolysis layer by thermogravimetry data
Authors: Guo Jin , Huang Haiming
Published: August 2019

Thermal conductivity of the pyrolysis layer in the charring material is of great importance for the optimal design of thermal protection system (TPS) in reentry vehicles. A method based on the thermogravimetry data of the charring material is presented to predict the thermal conductivity of the pyrolysis layer and the distribution of thermal conductivity of the pyrolysis layer is estimated. In addition, in order to validate the accuracy of this method, thermal response of the charring material is calculated with the predicted thermal conductivity and compared with the experimental data. The simulation results agree with the measured data and the numerical results indicate that taking this method to calculate the thermal conductivity of the pyrolysis layer is more compatible with the actual situation. This study is helpful to the optimization of the TPS. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48346.
Influence of gel preparation concentration on statistical mechanics of poly(dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate) gels on the basis of scaling concept: Toward tunable elasticity and thermomechanical parameters
Authors: Tanc Beril , Orakdogen Nermin
Published: August 2019

In order to evaluate the scaling parameters of weakly cationic crosslinked network structures, poly(dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate)‐based hydrogels were synthesized via free‐radical crosslinking in aqueous solution varying systematically concentration of pregel solution. Based on the gel‐preparation concentration, variation in structural properties, effective crosslinking density, average molecular weight of polymer chains, and thermodynamic parameters from combined swelling and elasticity results were discussed using thescalingtheory to predict various exponent identities. The concentration dependence of compressive elastic modulus as‐prepared state was described by a power‐law relationshipwith the exponent ofm= 3.55 indicating the importance of the trapped entanglements. Two structural characteristics, the network chain lengthNand the average molecular weight of polymer chains have inverse dependence on the gel‐preparation concentration in the matrix, while the compressive moduli and effective crosslinking density show completely direct dependence. Experimentally determinedNvalues of PDMAEMA hydrogels first decrease with increasingup to 0.2972 and the dependence ofNon the gel‐preparation concentration gives the relationwith a scaling parametern= −1.80, which coincides with the prediction of scaling theory. Acceptable agreement was found between the estimate of crosslink density fluctuations deduced from mechanical measurements and the results derived from independent swelling observations. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48350.
Safety and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Cancer and Preexisting Autoimmune Disease: A Nationwide, Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Tison Alice , Quéré Gilles , Misery Laurent , Funck‐Brentano Elisa , Danlos François‐Xavier , Routier Emilie , Robert Caroline , Loriot Yohann , Lambotte Olivier , Bonniaud Bertille , Scalbert Camille , Maanaoui Sarah , Lesimple Thierry , Martinez Stéphanie , Marcq Marie , Chouaid Christos , Dubos Catherine , Brunet‐Possenti Florence , Stavris Chloé , Chiche Laurent , Beneton Nathalie , Mansard Sandrine , Guisier Florian , Doubre Hélène , Skowron François , Aubin François , Zehou Ouidad , Roge Christophe , Lambert Mickaël , Pham‐Ledard Anne , Beylot‐Barry Marie , Veillon Rémi , Kramkimel Nora , Giacchero Damien , De Quatrebarbes Julie , Michel Catherine , Auliac Jean‐Bernard , Gonzales Gilles , Decroisette Chantal , Le Garff Gwenaelle , Carpiuc Ioana , Vallerand Hervé , Nowak Emmanuel , Cornec Divi , Kostine Marie ,   Groupe de Cancérologie Cutanée, Groupe Français de Pneumo‐Cancérologie, and Club Rhumatismes et Inflammations
Published: August 2019

Objective

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for cancer therapy frequently induce immune‐related adverse effects (IRAEs). Therefore, most patients with preexisting autoimmune diseases have been excluded from clinical trials of ICIs. This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ICIs in patients with preexisting autoimmune disease and cancer.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2017 to January 2018 via 3 French national networks of experts in oncology and autoimmunity. Adults with preexisting autoimmune disease who were receiving ICIs were assessed for the occurrence of flare of preexisting autoimmune disease, other IRAEs, and cancer response.

Results

The study included 112 patients who were followed up for a median of 8 months. The most frequent preexisting autoimmune diseases were psoriasis (n = 31), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 20), and inflammatory bowel disease (n = 14). Twenty‐four patients (22%) were receiving immunosuppressive therapy at ICI initiation. Autoimmune disease flare and/or other IRAE(s) occurred in 79 patients (71%), including flare of preexisting autoimmune disease in 53 patients (47%) and/or other IRAE(s) in 47 patients (42%), with a need for immunosuppressive therapy in 48 patients (43%) and permanent discontinuation of ICI in 24 patients (21%). The median progression‐free survival was shorter in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy at ICI initiation (3.8 months versus 12 months; P = 0.006), confirmed by multivariable analysis. The median progression‐free survival was shorter in patients who experienced a flare of preexisting autoimmune disease or other IRAE, with a trend toward better survival in the subgroup without immunosuppressant use or ICI discontinuation.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that flares or IRAEs occur frequently but are mostly manageable without ICI discontinuation in patients with a preexisting autoimmune disease. Immunosuppressive therapy at baseline is associated with poorer outcomes.
Additive‐Free Gold(III)‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyglycosides Using Phenylpropiolate Glycosides as Donors
Authors: Shaw Mukta , Kumar Amit
Published: August 2019

Stereoselective synthesis of deoxyglycosides has been achieved from benchtop stable and easily synthesizable deoxy‐phenylpropiolate glycosides (D‐PPGs) using gold(III) salt as catalyst under external additive‐free conditions. Under a simple catalytic system, D‐PPGs reacted with a variety of sugar and non‐sugar acceptors to produce majorly α‐stereoselective O/N‐deoxyglycosides in good to excellent yields and regenerate easily separable and reusable phenylpropiolic acid. Deoxy‐PPGs containing armed and disarmed groups survived well under the optimized reaction conditions. In addition, the orthogonal nature of D‐PPGs was showcased, and 1,1′‐linked trehalose‐type sugar was also synthesized.
Facile Access to Optically Active 2,6‐Dialkyl‐1,5‐Diazacyclooctanes
Authors: Chulakova Dilyara R. , Pradipta Ambara R. , Lodochnikova Olga A. , Kuznetsov Danil R. , Bulygina Kseniya S. , Smirnov Ivan S. , Usachev Konstantin S. , Latypova Liliya Z. , Kurbangalieva Almira R. , Tanaka Katsunori
Published: August 2019

The chiral substituted 1,5‐diazacyclooctane (1,5‐DACO) is of considerable importance and has attracted attention from a wide range of fields due to their unique chemical and biological properties. Despite the application potential, further study has not been optimized due to difficulties in their synthetic accessibility. Here, we report that the 1,5‐DACO bearing a chiral auxiliary obtained from the formal [4+4] cycloaddition of N‐alkyl‐α,β‐unsaturated imines can be further derivatized by nucleophilic alkylation to give various chiral substituted 1,5‐DACO derivatives. The removal of the chiral auxiliary was effectively carried out using hydrogenation over Pearlman's catalyst. This methodology allows the production of a broad range of unprecedented optically active 2,6‐dialkyl‐1,5‐DACO, which could not be accessed by other methods.
Stabilization of a stock‐loan valuation PDE process using differential flatness theory
Authors: Rigatos Gerasimos G. , Siano Pierluigi , Loia Vincenzo , Ghosh Taniya
Published: August 2019

The article proposes flatness‐based control for stabilization of a stock‐loan valuation process that is described by a partial differential equation. By applying semi‐discretization and the finite differences method, the state‐space model of the stock loan has been obtained. It has been proven that the individual rows of this state‐space model are nonlinear ODEs which can be viewed as differentially flat subsystems. For the local subsystems, into which the stock‐loan PDE is decomposed, it becomes possible to apply boundary feedback control. The controller design proceeds by showing that the state‐space model of the stock loan PDE stands for a differentially flat system. Next, for each subsystem which is related to a nonlinear ODE, a virtual control input is computed, that can invert the subsystem's dynamics and can eliminate the subsystem's tracking error. From the last row of the state‐space description, the control input (boundary condition) that is actually applied to the stock loan PDE system is found. This control input contains recursively all virtual control inputs which were computed for the individual ODE subsystems associated with the previous rows of the state‐space description. Thus, by tracing the rows of the state‐space model backwards, at each iteration of the control algorithm, one can finally obtain the control input that should be applied to the stock loan PDE system so as to assure that all its state variables will converge to the desirable setpoints.By showing the feasibility of such a control method it is also proven that through selected modification of the PDE boundary conditions the value of the stock loan can be made to converge and stabilize at specific reference values.