bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and development of the wild-growing subshrub Salsola orientalis SG Gmel. in culture under conditions of the Central Asian desert
Authors: Shamsutdinova E Z , Sh Shamsutdinov Z
Published: November 2021

In terms of life form Salsola orientalis S.G. Gmel. is a semi-shrub; its height reaches 40–60 cm; in terms of ecology, it is a haloxerophyte, extremely resistant to salt stress, air, and soil droughts. Salsola orientalis is a highly nutritious forage plant containing up to 20% protein in the budding phase. High resistance to environmental stress and good forage value allow us to consider it as a promising plant – its introduction into culture allowed restoring the forage productivity of degraded pastures in the Central Asian desert. The features of growth and development of Salsola orientalis were studied for ecological and biological characteristics and the possibility of introducing it into culture. It was found that the laboratory germination of seeds of the wild-growing half-shrub Salsola orientalis was quite high – 20–60%; field germination was very low – 0.1–1.7%. The survival rate of seedlings in young plants depends on environmental conditions and plant density. Under conditions of the Central Asian desert the plants basically die in the first year, especially in the germination phase; in the second year we registered insignificant losses; in subsequent years the number of plants stabilized. Salsola orientalis was found to be a fast growing plant, forming a normal half-shrub in the first year of life. The high ecological stability of Salsola orientalis in combination with its deeply penetrating and powerfully developed root system ensures vigorous and rapid growth. Under conditions of the Central Asian desert Salsola orientalis yields 1.3–1.7 t/ha of dry fodder mass, which is 4–5 times higher than the fodder productivity of natural desert pastures.
Hop-like alfalfa as an object of introduction into culture
Authors: Stepanova G V
Published: November 2021

It was found that the most promising strains of nodule bacteria XM1 and 412b are the most promising for inoculation of the Mira variety, the former increased the collection of dry matter by 96%, the latter by 81%, seeds by 115 and 73%. Strain XM1 was isolated from the nodules of the same wild population of alfalfa in the hop-like Moscow region from which the variety Mira was formed by the method of chemical mutagenesis. Strains 412b and XM 1 can be recommended for pre-sowing inoculation of the Mira variety when cultivated for feed and seeds, and the XM6 strain - when cultivated for seeds. The latter increases the seed yield by 84%, and the green mass by only 31%.

Strains XM2, XM5 and XM6 shift the metabolism of the alfalfa-rhizobial system towards an increase in the number of seeds. The proportion of seeds increases to 24-31% of the mass of the entire plant, in other symbiotic systems this figure is 19-22%.

A promising breeding number of hop alfalfa VIC 26 has been created, which is 58% more productive than the Mira variety when grown in the traditional way and by 65% when inoculated with the A2 strain.
Insectoacricides And Insecticides And Neoseiulus Californicus (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae) Safe And Great Application In Protected Ground
Authors: Glinyshkin A P , Yakovleva I N , Meshkov Yu I , Yu Fyodorovich V , Kuzmin N A
Published: November 2021

Toxicity study for predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus pesticides legally permitted for use against pests (aphids, thrips, whiteflies) in the Russian Federation on protected ground is an urgent task. The purpose of determining the possibility of safe use of chemical treatments with drugs (Vertimeca (abamectin), Clipper (bifenthrin), Novaktion (malathion), Admiral (pyriproxyfen), Aktara (thiamethoxam), Confidor (imidacloprid) and Bitoxibacillin (Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis) against the background of the acariphagus.
Review to Reasons and Desertification Control in Iraq
Authors: Ali K K , Abood N M , Hashim K I
Published: November 2021

Desertification is the loss of land for its green cover and the inability of the soil to produce agricultural crops. The causes of desertification are either erosion of the soil surface by water and winds, or the high concentration of salts, as well as the high level of ground water or the lack of sufficient water for agriculture. In addition to human activities, and for these reasons, we often talk about failed agricultural management or inappropriate environmental conditions. Desertification control lies by using modern irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, and that using these methods can provide water for cultivating of new lands and reclaiming desertified lands. Experience shows that modern irrigation methods can save about 50% of water and increase agricultural production by about 60% compared to convention irrigation methods. The study recommends training farmers and encouraging them to follow modern irrigation methods and introducing them to the danger of desertification and its economic, environmental and social impacts. The study also proposes the establishment of two rivers parallel to the Tigris and the Euphrates, one of which stems from Samarra and ends in the south of Kut, and the second stems from the Anbar Governorate and ends in the south of Najaf Governorate. This project will increase the efficiency of irrigation. Finally, controlling desertification leads to preventing environmental pollution, creating too many job opportunities, achieving food security and raising the standard of living for people.
Review on the Development of Drought Tolerant Maize Genotypes in Iraq
Authors: Abdulhamed Z A , Abas S A , Noaman A H , Abood N M
Published: November 2021

Stress is any physiological, physical or chemical change that leads to disturbance and imbalance in the plant. Water stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant growth and production. It is also known as the lack of available water in the soil to be absorbed by the plant at a stage of its growth, or the inability of the plant. On the absorption of water even if it is naturally present in the root environment due to the force affecting the holding of water molecules, as it was described as the state in which the amount of water absorbed by the roots is less than the water lost through transpiration from the vegetative system, meaning that it is the state in which the effort The water content of the plant and the fullness of its cells is low to a degree that affects the conduct of vital and physiological processes. During the occurrence of water stress, as the term “drought” is not accurate in the sense used, but it is sometimes expressed as the phenomenon of water shortage as a result of climatic elements of multiple weather conditions, As for the agricultural concept of drought (Agricultural Drought), it is according to the growth and formation of the crop, and it is assumed that it begins when the ready water is drained from the root zone, plant goes through three stages: First stage increases the water loss and the transpiration process until it reaches a point where the amount of water lost by transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorbed by the roots. On the water balance between these two processes in adaptation, and when the water stress intensifies, the plant moves to the third stage, after which the plants lose a large part of the water through transpiration, the stomata are closed and the photosynthesis process stops. Therefore water stress (drought) alone is one of the most influential environmental stresses in reducing maize productivity, Therefore, the role of the plant breeder came through the implementation of breeding programs for hybridization and selection until it obtains a plant adapted to drought through the occurrence of morphological changes that make plants phenotypically adaptable to conditions of lack of water and includes an increase in root size and reduction of leaf area.
Environmental and Climate Deterioration in Nineveh Governorate Tel Abtah District as a Model
Authors: Aatya K S , Khudher A T , Jasim N M , Ali M I
Published: November 2021

The decrease in the amounts of rainfall in the dry and semi-arid areas, which are fragile environments, the recurrence of the drought Phenomenon for successive years and the irresponsible Practices of the Population leads to the deterioration of the soil and its characteristics, the decline of the Vegetation cover and the transformation of lands from Productive agricultural, residential or Pastoral lands to barren and decertified lands, including the lands of Tel Abta district. Which became clear manifestations of desertification in large areas of them. The research aims to study the deterioration of soil, Vegetation covers and sand dunes, which began to creep into residential and agricultural areas and natural Pastures, which led to the migration of the inhabitants of those Villages to Other areas and these lands became decertified environments repelling Various human activities, especially agriculture and grazing. Then the research concluded with conclusions and suggestions.
Habbaniyah Land Cover Change Detection Using Geoinformatics
Authors: Fadhil M M , AL-Juraysi S M
Published: November 2021

The study area was chosen within the district of Habbaniyah city with an area of 12320 hectares. In order to detect the change in the predominant ground covers and classify the soils of the study area. Using remote sensing and geographic information systems. For the Landsat 7 and 8 satellites, path 169 and Row 37, for the ETM+ sensor for the year 2007 and 2011, and for the OLI sensor for the year 2015 and 2020. All parts of the study area were covered by semi-detailed soil surveying with Free Lance method, And nine pedons were determined and determined by GPS. The results showed that the classification of soils in the study area included two order of soils: Entisols and Aridisols. Four main classes of land cover were identified: barren land, vegetation cover, Urban Lands and water. As the area of barren lands in 2007 was 6417.5 hectares, 54.09%, accompanied by a decrease in vegetation cover during 2007, with an area of 4360.6 hectares, 35.39%. It was also noted that there was an increase in the areas of Urban Land represented by Urban sprawl, as it was during 2007 with an area of 1104.8 hectares, or 8.97% While it increased during the year 2020, reaching 1927.4 hectares, at a rate of 15.64%, and this is a serious indicator of the desertification of agricultural lands due to Urban sprawl and the transformation of agricultural lands into residential areas. Water bodies decreased during the year 2011 at a rate of 6.3 hectares/year, while the amount of the decrease during the year 2020 was about 2.3 hectares/year due to water scarcity, the construction of dams and the reduction of water flow towards Iraqi lands. It also notes a slight increase in the areas of vegetation cover during the year 2020, at a rate of 5.6 hectares/year, which is very small compared to the area of the study area. While it reached its peak at a rate of 27.1 hectares/year during the year 2011. We also note an increase in Urban sprawl during the year 2020, as it was an increase of 5.7 hectares/year and on a continuous basis.
Utilization of Date Palm Waste Compost as Substitute For Peat Moss
Authors: Raja A M , Khalaf N H , Alkubaisy S A
Published: November 2021

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the utilization of compost production using finely grinded date palm wastes and residues (particle size 0.5 cm), to examine its performance a substitute of potting media in comparison with commercial peat moss. Factors influence the rate of composting efficiency such as moisture content; aeration and temperature were treatments (culture substrates) with four replications were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments were commercial peat moss used as control; un-composted date palm residues (DP-0); composted date palm residues for 15 weeks (DP-15) and composted date palm residues for 30 weeks (DP-30). The physicochemical properties of substrates were measured before plant cultivation. During the duration of plant growth irrigation rate, temperature, humidity and pest control for all treatments were similar. Some growth and fruit quality parameters for strawberry plants were measured at the end of growth period. The results revealed that bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and essential mineral nutrients (N, P and K) were increased, while organic matter (OM), organic carbon (Oc) and C/N ratio were decreased gradually by the end of composting time. DP-30 showed the most appropriate physicochemical properties compared with the other treatments, including peat moss. This could be attributed to improve the physicochemical properties of this substrate due to satisfactory enhanced compost maturity which would have been achieved by the end of 30 weeks’ incubation time, since the source, particle size (0.5cm) and composting process were the same for all date palm substrates. Therefore, the average rate of increase in plant growth characteristics and the improvement of fruit quality parameters were differed significantly depending on composting duration and connected to preference of suitable physicochemical properties enhanced in DP-30. The general trend observed in this investigation strongly suggestes the importance of potential benefits of the economically appropriate uses of the composted date palm materials (DP-30) for full substitution for peat moss in horticulture.
Screening Field Grown Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Genotypes For Salinity Tolerance in the North of Tunisia
Authors: Hajlaoui’ H , Akrimi R , Hajlaoui F
Published: November 2021

The focus of this study is to compare salt stress response among pearl millet genotypes, based on agronomical traits. A field experimental complete randomized design (CRD) was conducted during the summer-winter season (July-December) of 2010, at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Nabeul. Nine pearl millet Pennisetum Glaucum L genotypes (IP 22269; IP 13151; MC 94C2; IP 19612; SVDANPOL III; ICMV 1550; IP 7704; HHVBCTAB2; IP 19586) were irrigated with saline water (8.57 dS.m-1 EC). Plant height, biomass accumulation and morphological measures of clusters (weight, length, diameter) were determined. Based on plant height and fresh biomass accumulation, we could classify the genotype IP22269 as more tolerant to salinity, while MC94C2 as sensitive genotype. MC94C2 was once more identified as sensitive genotype, based on less clusters weight. Highest values of clusters weight and diameter were recorded for IP19586 and IP19612. Thus, a noticeable variability in salt tolerance was observed among studied genotypes.
Influence of Organic Fertilization, Liquorice, and Bread Yeast Extracts Spray in Some Growth and Yield Properties of Cucumbers Under Unheated Plastic House Conditions
Authors: Mutlak A F , Muslat M M
Published: November 2021

A field study was carried out in unheated plastic house A field study was carried out in the unheated greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping at the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, at longitude 43.31 and latitude 33.42, to evaluate the effect of adding levels of organic manure (poultry manure) to the soil (weight to weight) and foliar application by spraying liquorice and bread yeast extract on cucumber growth and yield. The study included adding poultry manure to the soil at three levels, 2, 3 and 5%, with spraying two concentrations of liquorice, 2.5 and 5 g liter-1, with or without bread yeast extract 1:10, in addition to control treatment (without addition), and the mineral fertilization treatment according to the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was carried out according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, and the treatments means were compared using Least Significant Difference Test (L.S.D) at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that: organic fertilization of poultry manure 2% + liquorice extract 5 g. L-1 recorded a highest leaf area 1435.9 dcm2, and highest plant height (190.0 cm). While the use of poultry manure 3% + liquorice extract 5 g. Liter -1 gave the highest relative content of chlorophyll in leaves (84.47 Spad), whereas the control treatment gave the highest percentage of dry matter in the plant (12.54%). The treatment of poultry manure 2% + liquorice extract 2.5 g. Liter -1 gave the largest number of fruits (14.5 fruits plant-1), the highest yield per plant (1.228 kg. plant-1, the highest total yield of 1.228 tons Plastic house-1, and the lowest nitrates concentration in fruits (9.541 mg kg-1). whereas the treatment of poultry manure 2% + liquorice extract 2.5 g. 1 liter-+ bread yeast extract 10:1. gave the highest fruit weight of 88.76 g. The treatment of poultry manure 5% + liquorice extract 2.5 g. Liter -1 achieved the highest nitrogen concentration of 1.758%, and the highest potassium concentration of 6.200% in the fruits. While the treatment of poultry manure 5% + liquorice extract 2.5 g. Liter -1 + bread yeast extract 10:1 gave the highest phosphorous percentage of 0.850% in fruits.
The Preparation of Organic Food Solutions and The Possibility of Using Them as An Alternative to Chemical Analyzes Using Hydroponics
Authors: AL-Mehadee A A , Sarheed B R
Published: November 2021

The study was conducted during the winter season of 2020 at the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar to study the preparation of organic food solutions from different sources and the possibility of using them as a substitute for chemical solutions under hydroponics of lettuce plants. Treatment of sheep waste extracted with distilled water + 33% of the fertilizer recommendation (SW1), treatment of sheep manure extracted with distilled water + 66% of the fertilizer recommendation (SW2), treatment of sheep manure extracted with KOH + 33% of the fertilizer recommendation (SK1), Treating sheep manure extracted with KOH + 66% of the fertilizer recommendation (SK2). Treating the extracted cane waste with distilled water + 33% of the fertilizer recommendation (CW1). Treat cane waste extracted with distilled water + 66% of the recommendation (CW2), treat cane waste extracted with KOH + 33% of the fertilizer recommendation (CK1), treat cane waste extracted with KOH + 66% of the recommendation CK2). Use the design Complete randomization in the distribution of transactions, which included 9 tubes, each tube containing 12 plants (experimental unit). Seedlings of lettuce (Fajr) were planted on 29/8/2019 with a distance of 30 cm between one plant and another.
Fenugreek Performance Affected by Foliar Application of Gibberellin and Arginine Acids
Authors: Naser W Y , Mheidi O H
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2020-2021 in a farmer’s field - Zakhikha area - Heet district/Anbar Province, Iraq to find out the effect of four concentrations of GA3, arginine acid and the interaction between them in some growth indicators of fenugreek plant Trigonellafoenum graecum L. Split plots via randomized completely block design were used with three replicates. The main plots included GA3 concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1), while the sub plots included arginine acid concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1). Results showed that the concentration of 300 mg L-1 for both factors gave a significant increase in plant height, number of branches, plant dry weight, number of pods, 1000 seeds weight and seed yield. Interaction effect between two factors had not a significant effect on all traits except the seed yield which gave an increase rate of 66.53% over the control treatment.
Effects of Spraying with Urea and Seaweed Extract (Tecamin Algae) on Growth and Chemical Content of Date Palm Tree Cv. Zahdi
Authors: Murad H J , Al-Dulaimy A F
Published: November 2021

The following study was conducted in a private date palm orchard in the area of AlFurat, district of Heet throughout the season of 2019-2020 on 20-year-old date palm trees, Zahdi cultivar. The purpose was to study the effects of spraying the Urea compound with concentrations of (0, 1 and 2 g L-1) as well as seaweed extract (Tecamin Algae) with (0, 2 and 4 g L-1) of concentration on the growth and chemical content of the trees. 27 date palms were randomly selected. A factorial experiment with RCBD design was carried out such that it includes 9 treatments with 3 replicas for each treatment. Each tree was treated as one experimental unit. The results demonstrated that treatments of Urea spraying, especially with 2 g L-1 concentration, contributed to achieving the best results for response measurements (Leaf Area, Total Chlorophyll, Total Carbohydrates in the Leaflets, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous), which were (2.61 m2, 10.65 mg g-1, 7.46%, 1.69% and 0.40%), respectively. The content of phosphorous in the leaflets was not significantly affected when sprayed with Urea. On the other hand, seaweed extract spraying had a significant effect on all the response measurements. The 4 ml L-1 concentration gave the highest figures for our responses (total chlorophyll 10.38 mg g-1, Carbohydrates 7.52%, Nitrogen 1.65%, Phosphorus 0.37% and Potassium 0.67%). The concentration of (2 ml L-1) gave the largest area of the leaf at 2.63 m2.
The Effect of Amino Acids and The Date of Planting on Yield and Some Yield Components of Three Maize Varieties
Authors: Al-Janabi Y A , Abood N M , Hamdan M I
Published: November 2021

The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and the arrangement of split-split plot with three replications, at the Field Crops Research Station of the Agricultural Research Department - Abu Ghraib during the spring season for the years 2019 and 2020. With the aim of studying the effect of amino acids, planting dates and their effect on some of the yield characteristics and its components for three varieties of maize in the spring season. Planting dates (March 15, March 25 and April 5) occupied the main plots, while amino acids and the control treatment (proline, arginine, and distilled water) occupied the sub-plot, whereas the varieties (Rabi, Baghdad 3 and Fajr 1) occupied the sub-sub-plot, and the most important results were summarized as follows:The two cultivars, Rabi and Fajr-1, achieved a significant increase in most of the yield characteristics and its components for the seasons. The addition of the amino acid proline also led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits (the number of grains in ear, weight of 500 grains, total grain and biological yield, and harvest index), planting dates also have a significant effect on most of the studied traits. The first date (15/3) recorded increase in the number of grains per ear, the weight of 500 grams, and the grain and biological yield. The plants of the Rabi variety when cultivated on March 15 th and sprayed with the amino acid proline achieved the highest average for the grain yield, which reached 7.48 ton. ha-1 for spring 2019.
Effect of Spraying with Potassium, Organic Fertilization and Plants Densities in Growth and Yield of Onion
Authors: Al-Amri B K , Alabdaly M M
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in the city of Amiriya Al-Fallujah/Anbar Governorate, to know the response of the local grown red onions to spraying with potassium and organic fertilization under different plant densities during the season 2020-2021. The seeds were sown on 10/1/2020 and transferred to the field on 12/1/2020. The experiment included two factors, the first is a combination of organic fertilization (20 Mg.ha-1) and spraying with potassium sulfate (0, 5) g.l−1as follows: (T0: recommended fertilizer dose and T1: Cow’s manure and T2: recommended fertilizer amount + spraying with potassium and T3: cow’s manure + half of the number of fertilizers + potassium spray and T4: Double the recommended amount of cow’s manure + half the amount of fertilizer recommended dose + spraying potassium. The second factor is Planting distances(S1: 10 × 10, S2: 10 × 15 and S3: 10 × 20) (cm). The distance between the plants was fixed to 10 cm was and the dimensions changed between plants’ lines. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment within the randomized complete Block Design. The results of the study indicated the clear effect of the study factors on the characteristics of vegetative growth, yield and onions’ content of total soluble solids(TSS), as the treatment T4S3 excelled by giving it the highest content of dry matter and the highest leaf area, the highest percentage of potassium in the leaves and this was positively reflected done by giving the plants of this treatment the highest yield of the plant and reached (5.83 gm, 15.26 dm2, 1.57% and 108.50 gm) in sequence. Hence, reducing the cultivation distances between plants and their interaction with fertilization levels had a positive effect in improving the yield traits, as the T4S1 treatment achieved the highest yield for the experimental unit and the highest marketable yield reached (10.03 kg and 77.06 Mg.ha-1), compared to T1S3-treated plants, which achieved the lowest yield for the experimental unit and the lowest marketable yield amounted to (4.733 kg and 35.73 Mg.ha-1) respectively.
Vitality of Sorghum Seeds Effected by Storage Duration and Seeds Stimulation with Iron Nanoparticles
Authors: Al-Dawoodi R M , Al-Fahad A Ch
Published: November 2021

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the spring of 2021 at a Seed Technology Laboratory, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Anbarto study the effect of sorghum seeds storage duration (1, 3 and 5 years)(Inqathcv.)and seeds stimulating with nano-iron fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1) on the seed vitality and seedlings activity. Complete randomized design (CRD) was used with three replicates. The results showed that the seeds stored for one year and the seeds treated with a nano-iron at a 300 mg L-1as well as the interaction between them achieved the highest results in the percentage of germination at the first count, radicle length, plumule length and fresh and dry weight off seedling. It can be concluded that the increaseof the storage duration negatively affects the vitality and activity of sorghum seedlings, and that the nano-iron element improved the vitality of seeds and seedling activity and can reduce the harmful effect of storage.
Upcycling of cementitious wastes in one-part alkaline cement binders
Authors: Samarakoon M H , Ranjith P G
Published: November 2021

Cementitious wastes generate at an increasing rate and are generally disposed of in landfills, creating harmful environmental impacts. Therefore, enhancing potential pathways to recycle such wastes is critical. In this study, two ways of introducing cementitious wastes in one-part alkaline cement binders (ACBs) are presented: as solid precursors and as activators. A mixture of fly ash and blast furnace slag as the solid precursors and a blend of thermally treated sodium hydroxide and waste glass as the alkali activator were used to cast ACBs by just adding water similar to ordinary Portland cement. Glass powder-based activator showed 70% of efficiency in creating crystalline sodium silicate which dissolves in the binder phase to enhance the production of hydration products. Reasonable compressive strengths of the hardened paste were reported resulting in a dense microstructure with the curing age. Therefore, in this study, the increasing involvement of cementitious wastes in one-part ACBs is confirmed.
Rainwater Harvesting in the Rainforest: A Technical and Socioeconomic Review of Community Approaches in Brazil
Authors: Farrell Amy , Swan Dr Andrew , R. Mendes Dr Ronaldo Lopes
Published: November 2021

This paper reviews potable water issues affecting river dwelling communities and assesses the use of Rainwater Harvesting techniques to help meet potable water requirements. The study specifically explores river communities on the periphery of the city of Belem, where there is no potable mains water supply. This interdisciplinary study reviews the socioeconomic context of the different organisational stakeholders as well as analysing technical data to ascertain the effectiveness of the systems in practice. Surveys indicate nearly half of residents consume water from sources potentially contaminated by raw sewage and mining effluent with detrimental impacts to public health. This paper reviews previous local studies and describes ongoing attempts to derive locally appropriate rainwater collection and treatment processes. This includes attempts to construct and trial organic material-based rainwater filters that comprise of different mixes of sand, gravel and activated carbon derived from by-products of local fruit processing industries, namely acai harvesting.
Closing the material loop in additive manufacturing: A literature review on waste recycling
Authors: Yang Yiran , Zhao Fu
Published: November 2021

Additive manufacturing (also referred to as 3D printing) technologies have found applications in a wide range of industries such as aerospace and automobile, due to their superior manufacturing capability and design freedom enabled by the layer-wise fabrication method. Over the past decade, the adoption of additive manufacturing has evolved from rapid prototyping and tooling to rapid manufacturing of end-use products, which, on the other hand, introduced new challenges for reducing the environmental impacts and enhancing resource sustainability of additive manufacturing from a lifecycle perspective. In current literature, some research efforts have been conducted on waste recycling aiming to close to material loop and relieve the environmental consequences caused by both pre- and post-consumer wastes generated from additive manufacturing. This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art on additive manufacturing waste recycling and identifies critical gaps for future research in this field.
Evaluating the Ecological Sustainable Transportation System with An Application of Radial Basis Function Neural Network
Authors: Zhuang Yan , Dong Chunjiao , Qian Jianpei , Wang Shengyou , Xue Song
Published: November 2021

The ecological and sustainable development of urban transportation system is critical to improving the overall quality of life and achieving the goals of climate protection and sustainable development. The study focused on factors from level of social and economic development, the quality of transport service and urban ecological environment to develop a comprehensive assessment indicator system. A novel method for evaluating the ecological sustainable transportation system based on the radial basis function neural network(RBFNN)was proposed. Results of comparative experiments between RBFNN and the conventional BP neural network (BPNN) showed that the accuracy of RBFNN was 8.3% higher than that of BPNN while the training time was 27.2s lesser and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was 0.15 smaller. In the case of Shenzhen, China, the proposed model gave a reasonable evaluation, which implied that RBFNN brought forward a new perspective for further research.
Is it possible to achieve waste free construction sites in Norway?
Authors: Mamo Fufa Selamawit , Venås Christoffer , Kjendseth Wiik Marianne
Published: November 2021

The construction industry is one of the world’s largest consumers of energy (ca. 40%) and natural resources (ca. 40%). Norwegian statistical data shows that waste from construction, rehabilitation and demolition is steadily increasing. Norway alone generated approximately 1.9 million tonnes of waste in 2017, around 1% more construction waste compared to 2016. Of this, only 34% of the waste was recycled, which is 8% less than in 2016, and 34% below the EU’s requirements (70% reuse and recovery of all non-hazardous construction and demolition waste). There are on-going initiatives in Norway to address this and realise ‘waste free’ construction sites, with an ambition to contribute towards global, national and regional environmental impact reduction targets. The aim of this paper is to discuss challenges and opportunities for waste free construction sites in Norway and lessons learnt from Norwegian fossil and emission free construction sites. This paper concludes that Norwegian waste-free construction is ambitious but possible.
Analysing the Sustainability of Cascade Recycling in Plastic Manufacturing
Authors: Tanti Karl , Rochman Arif , Refalo Paul
Published: November 2021

This study ventures to further sustainable manufacturing by showing how a cascade recycling approach can be utilised by a plastic cosmetic packaging company. Three reprocessing cycles were assessed from product quality, environmental, financial and social points of view. It is shown how the cascade approach did not negatively affect the quality of the produced parts and when compared to a no-recycling scenario, the proposed three-cascade recycling approach results in 28.1% less costs and 29.3% less carbon footprint. The labour increases up to a maximum of 7 hours per 50,000 products. When compared to a conventional in-house recycling scenario, the proposed approach would reduce the costs by 11.7% and the carbon footprint by 12.9%.
Life cycle assessment of recyclable, reusable and dematerialised plastic cosmetic packages
Authors: Jordan Gatt Isaac , Refalo Paul
Published: November 2021

Design for Recycling and Design for Reuse are two different approaches which can be employed separately or concurrently. When designed for reuse, products are typically more robust in order to increase their probability to be used more than once. If reuse is not possible, it is essential that dematerialisation and recycling are applied. This study assessed the environmental impacts resulting from reusable, recyclable and dematerialised plastic cosmetic packages. Life cycle assessments of different versions were conducted, to identify what features are responsible for such impacts. Findings showed that removing components which are made from resourceful materials, and which render the package to be reusable, resulted in a 74% reduction in environmental impacts only when the packaging materials are fully recycled. Hence this study concludes that in such cases, reuse should be given prominence, as recycling would only depend on the user and the infrastructure in place.
How Can China Achieve A Sustainable Development of Shale Gas? Implications of River Chief System to water governance for shale gas in China
Authors: Dong Qianyu , Zhou Ling
Published: November 2021

Along with China’s ambitious strategy for shale gas development, water contamination risks with shale gas extraction has aroused great attention. Meanwhile, an innovative water management mechanism called as ‘River Chief System’ has been popularizing around China to improve the river water quality efficiently. Could this mechanism be available in shale gas water risk management?And how could it be adapted to improve the sustainable development of shale gas?Therefore, this paper starts by a discussion on the logic of River Chief System’ success and worries; then, a comprehensive examination of current multi-channel governance system of shale gas in China is presented to explore the dilemmas in its water governance; and a causal loop model is built to clarify interrelations among these dilemmas. The result identifies that River Chief System’s superiorities which can be learned are mainly reflected in clear responsibility, authority and multi-sectoral collaboration system. However, its temporary “campaign-style” character, over-reliant on the commitment and capability of river chief, blurred evaluation mechanism has hindered its expanding in the long run. Accordingly, 5 policy implications based on River Chief System for the sustainable improvement of shale gas is presented.
Transition towards Solar-Powered built environment: spatial distributions and impacting factors of Australian solar installations
Authors: Zhang Yanquan , Chang Ruidong , Zuo Jian , Emma Zhang Wei
Published: November 2021

With the advantages of non-renewable energy conservation and environmental protection, solar energy technology has been widely used worldwide. Data shows that solar systems has been increasingly installed from 2006 to 2016 in Australia. However, impacting factors on Australian solar system installation remain unknown. Therefore, this paper provides a spatial regression analysis to identify the factors that influence households to install the solar panels. Solar installation maps of 2006, 2011, and 2016 are compared to investigate the changes and development of solar distribution. Besides, cluster maps are analyzed to investigate the cluster area distributions. Through analyzing statistical variables such as regression coefficient, p-value, z-value, and Moran’s I value, it can be concluded that educational qualification, population, and household composition have substantial positive relevancies to the installation of solar systems. It also shows that the low solar installation cluster areas mainly distribute at the center of Australia.
The evolution of China’s new energy policy (1995-2021): an analysis based on policy tools
Authors: Sun Yuechi , Liu Haiyan , Su Yaxin
Published: November 2021

Greenhouse gas emissions lead to global warming, which has been widely concerned by the international community. Further strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction is an urgent need to deal with global climate change. As a responsible big country, China has been formulating strong policies and measures to achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. Taking the evolution process of China’s new energy policy as an example, based on the policy tool theory and using the content analysis method, this paper studies the structural evolution of China’s new energy policy from 1995 to 2021. The results show that: (1) With the passage of time, the frequency and intensity of policy combination from the central government to local governments gradually increase; (2)In the use of new energy policy tools, Central government departments and local government departments mainly use mandatory command and control tools, supplemented by economic incentives and social autonomy tools (3) According to the different tasks of energy conservation and emission reduction, the eastern coastal provinces tend to use more applicable and flexible economic incentives, while the central and western provinces tend to use command and control tools. Based on the change trend of China’s new energy policy from 1995 to 2021, this study predicts that in the next 10 years, the mandatory tools will be the first policy tools to be used, and the mixed tools and voluntary tools will be appropriately added to promote China’s goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization.
Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Life Cycle Assessment Methods
Authors: Oduque de Jesus José , Oliveira-Esquerre Karla , Lima Medeiros Diego
Published: November 2021

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques support environmental tools based on the growing availability of data and information, aligning the concepts of data modeling and analysis. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an environmental tool that requires a large volume of data to measure the performance of a product and to simulate the proposed scenarios to improve its performance. This research reviewed studies using AI techniques and their intersection with LCA from data mining. This study identified some AI techniques used in LCA studies. However, there is a lack of LCA literature using AI techniques, despite the benefits of integrated modeling. The results show that different AI algorithms are used to build LCA models. The AI algorithms of the studies act from the identification of the problem to the solution stage, therefore the integration between AI and LCA makes it possible to build predictive models of machine learning to enable assertiveness in decision making.
Towards Artificial Intelligence in Urban Waste Management: an early prospect for Latin America
Authors: Bijos J C B F , Queiroz L M , Zanta V M , Oliveira-Esquerre K P
Published: November 2021

The expectations about the increase of solid waste generation are a global concern in order to mitigate the negative impacts caused by this scenario. Recent experiences show advantages in applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Urban Solid Waste (USW) management. Although, developing countries face many structural and governance barriers that limits the real potential of applying these technologies. This study presents a worldwide outlook about the application of AI in USW management and identifies the reality of Latin America countries in this new context. It is especially important to improve monitoring and to create data management platforms. Also, this study collaborates on the minimization of possible technological boundaries posed to Latin America region and besides, it can be considered a reference study for countries in similar conditions.
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) For Clay Roof Tiles-Case Study: Production Plant of Clay Roof Tiles in Republic of Serbia
Authors: Drpić Aleksandar , Spasojević-Šantić Tea , Radojević Zagorka
Published: November 2021

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a standardized way of quantifying the impact of a product or system on the environment. This study evaluates the environmental impact of 1 tone of clay roof tiles, produced in production plant in Serbia, defined and grouped by use of Product Category Rules (PCR). The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) life cycle stages of the product which have the major impact on the environment expressed as environmental impact categories; (2) the processes of clay roof tile production which have the most important effects on the environment also expressed as environmental impact categories. The LCA analysis has been conducted with the One Click LCA software, developed by Bionova Ltd, Finland. All processes have been modelled based on the inventory data given in the Ecoinvent database (v3.6). According to the results in this study and observed from the aspect of the product life cycle, the production process has the major impact on the environment, and from the aspect of the resources used, the major impact on the environment has the consumption of energy and the use of raw materials.
Numerical Analysis of inlet vortex in the scaled engine
Authors: Biglarian M , Najafi A , Negharchi S M
Published: November 2021

A jet engine that works near the ground and generates high thrust at low speed can experience the flow separation from the ground surface up to its inlet and, as a result, the formation of a famous vortex. This vortex extended from the ground surface to the fan inlet is known as the inlet vortex. In the present study, a jet engine model scaled down by 1/30 relative to the real jet engine with 3 million hexahedral elements is simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The obtained results agree with empirical relationships, and the inlet vortex can be analyzed in scales much lower than the original prototype. Also, the inlet vortex gets weakened by increasing free stream velocity and completely degraded at higher velocities. By understanding how this phenomenon occurs and can be dealt with, the Foreign Object Damages (FOD) such as compressor surge, fan vibration, and particle ingestion into the engine core can be prevented.
Design and research of dual-wavelength polarization multiplexing multifocal metalens based on superimposed nano-antenna array
Authors: Lv Shuyuan , Jia Jie , Luo Wenfeng , Li Xinhui
Published: November 2021

In this study, based on the single-layer metasurface structure, a dual-wavelength polarization multiplexing metalens is designed at the communication wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm, respectively. Using the dual-phase modulation method, a single-wavelength polarization multiplexing metalens is proposed, which can simultaneously control left-handed circularly polarized light (LCP) and right-handed circularly polarized light (RCP). Furthermore, the cross superposition method is used to combine them to achieve the dual-wavelength polarization multiplexing metalens. The results show that the system can achieve polarization multiplexing at the two wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm, which is consistent with the expected results, and the focusing efficiency reached 61%. With the increase of the numerical aperture, the focusing intensity of the left and right focal points gradually approaches, and the difference between the full width at half maximum of the two focal points also decreases accordingly. It provides a new way for the optical imaging, information detection and the realization of multifunctional ultra-surface devices.
Radiomics outperforms clinical factors in characterizing human papilloma virus (HPV) for patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Bagher-Ebadian Hassan , Siddiqui Farzan , Ghanem Ahmed I , Zhu Simeng , Lu Mei , Movsas Benjamin , Chetty Indrin J
Published: November 2021

Purpose. To utilize radiomic features extracted from CT images to characterize Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) for patients with oropharyngeal cancer squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods. One hundred twenty-eight OPSCC patients with known HPV-status (60-HPV + and 68-HPV-, confirmed by immunohistochemistry-P16-protein testing) were retrospectively studied. Radiomic features (11 feature-categories) were extracted in 3D from contrast-enhanced (CE)-CT images of gross-tumor-volumes using ‘in-house’ software (‘ROdiomiX’) developed and validated following the image-biomarker-standardization-initiative (IBSI) guidelines. Six clinical factors were investigated: Age-at-Diagnosis, Gender, Total-Charlson, Alcohol-Use, Smoking-History, and T-Stage. A Least-Absolute-Shrinkage-and-Selection-Operation (Lasso) technique combined with a Generalized-Linear-Model (Lasso-GLM) were applied to perform regularization in the radiomic and clinical feature spaces to identify the ranking of optimal feature subsets with most representative information for prediction of HPV. Lasso-GLM models/classifiers based on clinical factors only, radiomics only, and combined clinical and radiomics (ensemble/integrated) were constructed using random-permutation-sampling. Tests of significance (One-way ANOVA), average Area-Under-Receiver-Operating-Characteristic (AUC), and Positive and Negative Predictive values (PPV and NPV) were computed to estimate the generalization-error and prediction performance of the classifiers. Results. Five clinical factors, including T-stage, smoking status, and age, and 14 radiomic features, including tumor morphology, and intensity contrast were found to be statistically significant discriminators between HPV positive and negative cohorts. Performances for prediction of HPV for the 3 classifiers were: Radiomics-Lasso-GLM: AUC/PPV/NPV = 0.789/0.755/0.805; Clinical-Lasso-GLM: 0.676/0.747/0.672, and Integrated/Ensemble-Lasso-GLM: 0.895/0.874/0.844. Results imply that the radiomics-based classifier enabled better characterization and performance prediction of HPV relative to clinical factors, and that the combination of both radiomics and clinical factors yields even higher accuracy characterization and predictive performance. Conclusion. Albeit subject to confirmation in a larger cohort, this pilot study presents encouraging results in support of the role of radiomic features towards characterization of HPV in patients with OPSCC.