bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of intraoperative radiation use in vascular surgery: Catalyst for quality improvement in patient and personnel safety
Authors: Kiang Sharon C , Ahmed Khwaja A , Cha Victoria J , Farley Donald V , Oyoyo Udochukwu E , Abou-Zamzam Ahmed M , Tomihama Roger T
Published: October 2018

Objectives

There is paucity in the literature reporting radiation usage analysis in vascular surgery. In the era of endovascular surgeries, analyzing the surgeons’ use of radiation in vascular procedures can help establish quality improvement initiatives.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of intraoperative fluoroscopic-guided vascular surgery procedures at a single institution from 2010 to 2017. Mobile C-arms were utilized to gather the six radiation usage metrics and cases were categorized into 6 anatomic surgical fields and 10 surgical procedure types.

Results

Three hundred and eighteen vascular surgery cases were analyzed and notable trends in all radiation usage metrics were identified both across the surgical field location and type of surgical procedure. The highest cumulative dose was identified in embolization cases with a mean of 932.5 mGy. The highest fluoroscopic time was seen in atherectomies with a mean of 2629.6 s. In terms of surgical field, the highest cumulative does and fluoroscopic time was identified in abdomen/pelvis procedures with a mean of 352.1 mGy and 1186.8 s, respectively. Analysis of dose reduction techniques also demonstrated notable trends.

Conclusions

There were notable trends in the analyzed radiation usage variables both across the surgical field location and type of surgical procedure. Specifically, cases that involve the abdomen/pelvis, embolization and atherectomy have the highest radiation use. These types of cases can be targeted for future improved dose reduction techniques or staged procedures. This data can serve as baseline information for future quality improvement initiatives for patient and personnel radiation exposure safety.
Technical and vocational education and training and marginalised youths in post-conflict Sierra Leone: Trainees’ experiences and capacity to aspire
Authors: Matsumoto Mitsuko
Published: October 2018

The article aims to build on current understandings of the experiences and aspirations of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) trainees in conflict-affected countries, focussing on the case study of Sierra Leone. Employing the capabilities approach pioneered by Amartya Sen, it casts light on the different benefits beyond employability which young people acquire through TVET. This includes the development of their ‘capacity to aspire’. At the same time, the article shows the poor conditions and social stigma that continue to surround TVET and the profession of ‘skilled man’ in the country of Sierra Leone. By doing so, the article shows the potential of capabilities approach and the concept of ‘capacity to aspire’ to more systematically look at the wider benefits of TVET to young people. It also reveals the simplistic nature of the international community’s expectations with regards to TVET’s role in post-conflict societies.
Arabic Language Arts Standards: Revolution or Disruption?
Authors: Thomure Hanada T. , Speaker Richard B.
Published: October 2018

Textbooks are major organizers of Arabic language instruction in most Arab countries (Faour, 2012). Textbooks approved by ministries of education have traditionally guided teaching of content knowledge, skills, and values to be taught at each grade level (Faour, 2012; Sabella, 2014; Taha-Thomure, 2008). This research is a foundation study into the use of Arabic Language Arts (ALA) standards in six schools in three countries in the Arabian Gulf region (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates). Fifty-eight teachers used the ALA standards adapted from the Ohio English Language Arts standards (Taha, 2017a) for at least one year. Results of the online survey indicated that 83.5% of teachers found the standards had a positive effect on their teaching, while 94.9% of teachers found that the standards helped them collaborate with each other in planning and finding suitable resources to use. This suggests that well-supported innovations can lead to teachers being aware of and using ALA to improve student learning and instruction. Results also highlight some of the challenges teachers faced to find the necessary Arab language resources that will help them implement a standards-based approach, in addition to the amount of time they needed to put into preparing for the lessons.
Asthma–COPD overlap: identification and optimal treatment
Authors: Cosío Borja G. , Dacal David , Pérez de Llano Luis
Published: October 2018

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both highly prevalent conditions that can coexist in the same individual: the so-called ‘asthma -COPD overlap’ (ACO). Its prevalence and prognosis vary widely depending on how ACO is defined in each publication, the severity of bronchial obstruction of patients included and the treatment they are receiving. Although there is a lack of evidence about the biology of ACO, the overlap of both diseases should express a mixture of a Th1 inflammatory pattern (characteristic of COPD) and a Th2 signature (characteristic of asthma). In this review we support a novel algorithm for ACO diagnosis proposed by the Spanish Respiratory Society (SEPAR), based on a sequential evaluation that considers: (a) the presence of chronic airflow limitation in a smoker or ex-smoker patient ⩾35 years old; (b) a current diagnosis of asthma; and (c) the existence of a very positive bronchodilator test (PBT; ⩾15% and ⩾400 ml) or the presence of eosinophilia in blood (⩾300 eosinophils/μl). This algorithm can identify those patients who may benefit from a treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and maybe from biological drugs in a near future. In addition, it is easily applicable in clinical practice. The major disadvantage is that it groups patients with very different characteristics under the ACO’s umbrella. In view of this heterogeneity, we recommend a strategy of defining specific and measurable therapeutic objectives for every single patient and identifying the traits that can be treated to achieve those objectives.
Autoethnography: The Science of Writing Your Lived Experience
Authors: O’Hara Susan
Published: October 2018

This methods column guides health care professionals engaged in design practice to write about their experiences. But it is more than an autobiographical approach. Autoethnographic writing is a scientific method which contextualizes experiences in cultural, social, political and personal history. Through an evidence based approach, professionals in academic, practice, and research can bring their past experiences to a place in the present, and provide direction for future professionals. The six steps outlined here: selecting an approach; ensuring ethical responsibility; deciding theoretical underpinnings; assembling and gathering data; reflecting and analyzing; and disseminating work with supporting drawings, photography, and other evocative formats. With autoethnography our current generation of leaders can not only better understand their own work, but plan for new directions in their future practices and those of the next generation of scholars and practitioners.
Clinical significance of colorectal polyp detection on colonoscopy insertion
Authors: Sakamoto Taku , Ramaraj Raji , Tomizawa Yutaka , Cho Hourin , Matsuda Takahisa , Saito Yutaka
Published: October 2018

Background

Colorectal lesions are generally evaluated during the withdrawal phase of colonoscopy. Minimising the risk of missed lesions is crucial to determine an appropriate future surveillance colonoscopy interval.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of detecting sigmoid colon lesions during the insertion phase.

Methods

This retrospective study included 172 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy between October 2017 and April 2018. The total number of detected polyps, mean polyps per procedure, mean polyps per positive procedure, and histological and clinical characteristics of detected lesions were recorded. The primary endpoint was the difference in sigmoid colon polyp detection rates during insertion and withdrawal.

Results

A total of 172 colonoscopies were performed for each patient and 322 lesions were detected. Sixty‐two (19%) polyps were detected during insertion, 312 (97%) during withdrawal, and 52 (16%) during both insertion and withdrawal. Although all polyps except for those in the sigmoid colon could be detected during withdrawal, 10 of 87 (11%) polyps in the sigmoid colon could only be detected during insertion.

Conclusions

In this study, attempts to detect polyps, even in the insertion phase, showed the clinical significance to decrease the risk of missed adenomatous polyps in the sigmoid colon.
Duodenal-type and nodal follicular lymphomas differ by their immune microenvironment rather than their mutation profiles
Authors: Hellmuth Johannes C. , Louissaint Abner , Szczepanowski Monika , Haebe Sarah , Pastore Alessandro , Alig Stefan , Staiger Annette M. , Hartmann Sylvia , Kridel Robert , Ducar Matthew D. , Koch Peter , Dreyling Martin , Hansmann Martin-Leo , Ott German , Rosenwald Andreas , Gascoyne Randy D. , Weinstock David M. , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Klapper Wolfram , Weigert Oliver
Published: October 2018

Key Points

The mutational landscape of DTFL is highly related to nodal FL but harbors fewer multiple/biallelic mutations in KMT2D. The immune microenvironment of DTFL is distinct from nodal FL and characterized by a chronic inflammation gene signature.
Defining the minimally clinically important difference of the SF-36 physical function subscale for paediatric CFS/ME: triangulation using three different methods
Authors: Brigden Amberly , Parslow Roxanne M , Gaunt Daisy , Collin Simon M , Jones Andy , Crawley Esther
Published: October 2018

Background

Defining the minimally clinically important difference (MCID) is important for the design and analysis of clinical trials and ensures that findings are clinically meaningful. Studies in adult populations have investigated the MCID of The Short Form 36 physical function sub-scale (SF-36-PFS). However, to our knowledge no studies have defined the MCID of the SF-36-PFS in a paediatric population. We aimed to triangulate findings from distribution, anchor and qualitative methods to identify the MCID of the SF-36-PFS for children and adolescents with CFS/ME.

Methods

Quantitative methods: We analysed routinely-collected data from a specialist paediatric CFS/ME service in South-West England using: 1) the anchor method, based on Clinical Global Impression (CGI) outcomes at 6 months’ follow-up; 2) the distribution method, based on the standard deviation of baseline SF-36-PFS scores.

Qualitative methods: Young people (aged 12–17 years) and parents were asked to complete the SF-36-PFS, marking each question twice: once for where they would currently rate themselves/their child and a second time to show what they felt would be the smallest amount of change for them/their child to feel treatment had made a difference. Semi-structured interviews were designed to explore what factors were deemed important to patients and to what extent an improvement was considered satisfactory. We thematically analysed qualitative interviews from 21 children and their parents.

Results

Quantitative results: Six-month follow-up data were available for 198 children with a mean age of 14 years. Most were female (74%, 146/198) and 95% gave their ethnicity as “White British”.

Half the standard deviation of the baseline SF-36-PFS scores was 11.0. “A little better” on the CGI equated to a mean difference on the SF-36-PFS from baseline to 6-month follow-up of 9.0.

Qualitative results: Twenty-one children with CFS/ME participated: 16 females (76.2%) with a mean age of 14.4 years. Twenty mothers and two fathers were also interviewed.

The median minimal improvement in the SF-36-PFS was 10. Participants indicated that small changes in physical function can lead to important improvements in valued social and family function. Patients and parents were positive about improvement even in the presence of persisting symptoms.

Triangulation: The MCID based on the mean score from the three methods was 10.

Conclusions

Converging evidence indicates future studies in paediatric CFS/ME should use an MCID of 10 on the SF-36-PFS.
Collaborative organizational forms: on communities, crowds, and new hybrids
Authors: Kolbjørnsrud Vegard
Published: October 2018

In this article, I examine collaborative organizational forms in terms of their institutional properties and the mechanisms by which they solve the universal problems of organizing. Based on three ideal forms—markets, hierarchies, and communities—I propose a framework for analyzing and mapping organizational forms. The framework expands our understanding of the ideal forms and derives a set of analytically distinct hybrids at the intersection of the ideal types. The framework also specifies the main conditions that drive organizations to change form and move toward another hybrid or ideal form. The theoretical review of collaborative organizational forms is illustrated and informed by three empirical cases of new forms within the domains of drug discovery, software development, as well as professional services. Further, I discuss plural forms and the role of hierarchy in collaborative forms. Finally, I outline implications for research and practice in terms of comparative analysis of organizational forms, the role of crowds, as well as the interplay between new technologies and new organizational forms.
Trial Reporting in Immuno-Oncology (TRIO): An American Society of Clinical Oncology-Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Statement
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia M. , Levit Laura A. , Schilsky Richard L. , Averbuch Steven D. , Chen Daniel , Kirkwood John M. , McShane Lisa M. , Sharon Elad , Mileham Kathryn F. , Postow Michael A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To develop recommendations for clinical trial reporting that address the unique efficacy, toxicity, and combination and sequencing aspects of immuno-oncology (IO) treatments.

Methods

ASCO and the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a working group that consisted of practicing medical oncologists, immunologists, clinical researchers, biostatisticians, and representatives from industry and government to develop Trial Reporting in Immuno-Oncology (TRIO) recommendations. These recommendations are based on expert consensus, given that existing data to support evidence-based recommendations are limited.

Conclusion

The TRIO recommendations are intended to improve the reporting of IO clinical trials and thus provide more complete evidence on the relative benefits and risks of an IO therapeutic approach. Given the rapid expansion of the number of IO clinical trials and ongoing improvements to the evidence base supporting the use of IO treatments in clinical care, these recommendations will likely need regular revision as the IO field develops.
Exploitation of Precision Medicine Trials Data: Examples of Long Responders From the SHIVA01 Trial
Authors: Basse Clémence , Morel Claire , Callens Céline , Pierron Gaëlle , Servois Vincent , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Jobard Aude , Alt Marie , Ricci Francesco , Loirat Delphine , Sablin Marie-Paule , Bretagne Marie , Saint-Ghislain Mathilde , Hescot Ségolène , Gonçalves Anthony , Tredan Olivier , Dubot Coraline , Gavoille Céline , Delord Jean-Pierre , Campone Mario , Isambert Nicolas , Belin Lisa , Bieche Ivan , Kamal Maud , Le Tourneau Christophe
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Precision medicine trials constitute a precious source of molecular data with prospective clinical annotations allowing the exploration of patients’ subpopulations according to specific clinical or biological questions. Using the SHIVA01—the first randomized trial comparing molecularly targeted therapy on the basis of tumor molecular profiling versus conventional chemotherapy in metastatic cancer patients who failed standard of care therapy—annotated database, we report cases of patients treated in the trial with targeted therapy who experienced an objective response or prolonged disease stabilization in light of patients’ molecular alterations.

Patients and Methods

We selected all patients included in SHIVA01 treated with a molecularly targeted agent (MTA) who experienced an objective response or disease stabilization that lasted longer than 6 months according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1.

Results

Among the 170 patients who received MTAs in the SHIVA01 trial, 15 patients (9%) experienced an objective response (n = 3) or disease stabilization that lasted longer than 6 months (n = 12). The most frequent histologic subtypes were breast cancer (27%) and cervical cancer (20%). Six patients, including three patients with breast cancer, were treated with abiraterone on the basis of androgen receptor protein overexpression. Five patients were treated with everolimus on the basis of a PTEN heterozygous deletion with loss of protein expression, PIK3CA mutation, or both alterations. The remaining four patients were treated with tamoxifen, erlotinib, imatinib, and vemurafenib on the basis of progesterone receptor expression, EGFR amplification, KIT mutation, and BRAF mutation, respectively. TP53 mutations were absent in responder patients.

Conclusion

Analysis of patients who experienced objective responses or disease stabilization that lasted longer than 6 months allowed the identification of potential biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance to MTAs.
Clinical Utility of Gene Expression Classifiers in Men With Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hu Jonathan C. , Tosoian Jeffrey J. , Qi Ji , Kaye Deborah , Johnson Anna , Linsell Susan , Montie James E. , Ghani Khurshid R. , Miller David C. , Wojno Kirk , Burks Frank N. , Spratt Daniel E. , Morgan Todd M.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Tissue-based gene expression classifiers (GECs) may assist with management decisions in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. We sought to assess the current use of GEC tests and determine how the test results are associated with primary disease management.

Methods

In this observational study, patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer were tracked through the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative registry. The utilization and results of three GECs (Decipher Prostate Biopsy, Oncotype DX Prostate, and Prolaris) were prospectively collected. Practice patterns, predictors of GEC use, and effect of GEC results on disease management were investigated.

Results

Of 3,966 newly diagnosed patients, 747 (18.8%) underwent GEC testing. The rate of GEC use in individual practices ranged from 0% to 93%, and patients undergoing GEC testing were more likely to have a lower prostate-specific antigen level, lower Gleason score, lower clinical T stage, and fewer positive cores (all P < .05). Among patients with clinical favorable risk of cancer, the rate of active surveillance (AS) differed significantly among patients with a GEC result above the threshold (46.2%), those with a GEC result below the threshold (75.9%), and those who did not undergo GEC (57.9%; P < .001 for comparison of the three groups). This results in an estimate that, for every nine men with favorable risk of cancer who undergo GEC testing, one additional patient may have their disease initially managed with AS. On multivariable analysis, patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer who were classified as GEC low risk were more likely to be managed on AS than those without testing (odds ratio, 1.84; P = .006).

Conclusion

There is large variability in practice-level use and GEC tests ordered in patients with newly diagnosed, localized prostate cancer. In patients with clinical favorable risk of cancer, GEC testing significantly increased the use of AS. Additional follow-up will help determine whether incorporation of GEC testing into initial patient care favorably affects clinical outcomes.
DrosophilaRor is a nervous system-specific coreceptor for Wnt ligands
Authors: Ripp Caroline , Loth Julia , Petrova Iveta , Linnemannstöns Karen , Ulepic Monique , Fradkin Lee , Noordermeer Jasprien , Wodarz Andreas
Published: October 2018

Wnt ligands are secreted glycoproteins that control many developmental processes and are crucial for homeostasis of numerous tissues in the adult organism. Signal transduction of Wnts involves the binding of Wnts to receptor complexes at the surface of target cells. These receptor complexes are commonly formed between a member of the Frizzled family of seven-pass transmembrane proteins and a coreceptor, which usually is a single-pass transmembrane protein. Among these coreceptors are several with structural homology to receptor tyrosine kinases, including Ror, PTK7, Ryk and MUSK. In vertebrates, Ror-2 and PTK7 are important regulators of planar cell polarity (PCP). By contrast, PCP phenotypes were not reported for mutations in off-track (otk) and off-track2 (otk2), encoding the Drosophila orthologs of PTK7. Here we show that Drosophila Ror is expressed in the nervous system and localizes to the plasma membrane of perikarya and neurites. A null allele of Ror is homozygous viable and fertile, does not display PCP phenotypes and interacts genetically with mutations in otk and otk2. We show that Ror binds specifically to Wingless (Wg), Wnt4 and Wnt5 and also to Frizzled2 (Fz2) and Otk. Our findings establish Drosophila Ror as a Wnt coreceptor expressed in the nervous system.
An interview with Ida Chow
Authors: Grewal Seema
Published: October 2018

Ida Chow is the Executive Director of the Society for Development Biology (SDB). As well as managing the society, Ida organises and participates in many of the society's educational and outreach events. We caught up with Ida at the recent SDB Annual Meeting to ask her about her background and to find out more about the various SDB-run activities that she's involved in.
Vultures respond to challenges of near-ground thermal soaring by varying bank angle
Authors: Williams Hannah J. , Duriez Olivier , Holton Mark D. , Dell'Omo Giacomo , Wilson Rory P. , Shepard Emily L. C.
Published: October 2018

Many large birds rely on thermal soaring flight to travel cross-country. As such, they are under selective pressure to minimise the time spent gaining altitude in thermal updrafts. Birds should be able to maximise their climb rates by maintaining a position close to the thermal core through careful selection of bank angle and airspeed, however, there have been few direct measurements of either parameter. Here we apply a novel methodology to quantify the bank angles selected by soaring birds using on-board magnetometers. We couple these data with airspeed measurements to parameterise the soaring envelope of two species of Gyps vulture, from which it is possible to predict “optimal” bank angles. Our results show that these large birds respond to the challenges of gaining altitude in the initial phase of the climb, where thermal updrafts are weak and narrow, by adopting relatively high, and conserved, bank angles (25-35°). The angle of bank decreased with increasing altitude, in a manner that was broadly consistent with a strategy of maximising the rate of climb. However, the lift coefficients estimated in our study were lower than those predicted by theoretical models and wind-tunnel studies. Overall, our results highlight how the relevant currency for soaring performance changes within individual climbs; when thermal radius is limiting, birds vary bank angle and maintain a constant airspeed, but speed increases later in the climb in order to respond to decreasing air density.
Specimens of Convolvulaceae linked to the plates of Dillenius’s Hortus Elthamensis
Authors: Wood John R.I. , Marner Serena K. , Scotland Robert W. , Harris Stephen A.
Published: October 2018

Dillenius’s Hortus Elthamensis was published in 1732. In most versions the plates are uncoloured, but a few surviving coloured versions are known. The plates are of considerable historical and scientific importance as many Linnaean types are founded on these illustrations. The specimens on which the plates were based are still housed in the Oxford University Herbaria (OXF) and examples from Convolvulaceae are discussed to show how the plates were based on and sometimes copied exactly from the original specimens. A second‐step lectotypification is made for Ipomoea glaucifolia. Our study of Convolvulaceae types highlights the value of consulting corresponding specimens in other families when interpreting ambiguous types based on plates in Hortus Elthamensis.
A nomenclatural revision of Littorella (Plantaginaceae: Plantagineae)
Authors: Hassemer Gustavo , Moroni Pablo , O’Leary Nataly
Published: October 2018

Littorella is a small genus of three herbaceous aquatic species distributed in Europe, northeastern North America and southern South America. Here we provide a complete nomenclatural revision for this genus, where lectotypes are designated for the names of its three accepted species, including the Linnaean name Plantago uniflora, which is the basionym of L. uniflora.
Outcomes of Combined Treatment for Breast Cancer with Immediate Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction, Chemotherapy and Conformal Radiotherapy
Authors: Тимошкина Е. , Timoshkina E. , Ткачев Сергей , Tkachev Sergey , Назаренко А. , Nazarenko A. , Трофимова Оксана , Trofimova Oksana , Глебовская В. , Glebovskaya V. , Иванов С. , Ivanov S. , Бори­сова Т. , Borisova T.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the oncological results and late complication rate in breast cancer patients who underwent immediate implant-based breast reconstruction and adjuvant radiotherapy. Material and methods: 32 patients with I–IIIC breast cancer after combined treatment which included immediate implant-based breast reconstruction, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, were reviewed. Results: All 32 patients got skin erythema as an acute adverse effect. 6 (18 %) of them got acute mucositis. Median follow-up was 35 months (range 12–112 months). 2 (6 %) patients had local recurrence after 46 and 31 months since the operation day. Locoregional control rate was 94 %. 9 (28 %) patients presented distant metastases at term 8–71 months since the operation day, and metastases in bones, brain, lungs, liver and non-regional lymph nodes were diagnosed. 2 (6 %) patients died because of disease progression. Late adverse effects of skin and soft tissue in irradiated area were found in 4 (13 %) patients – capsular contracture was diagnosed 1 (n = 1), 2 (n = 2) and 3 (n = 1) stages. In two cases of four, capsular contracture was asymptomatic and found during the second stage of breast reconstruction while changing tissue expander to implant. Capsulotomy was performed, and aesthetic effect was good. In one case capsular contracture was the reason of implant removal, and then second reconstruction using tissue expander was performed. Conclusion: Nowadays immediate implant-based breast reconstruction is an essential part of combined treatment. Breast cancer patients after immediate implant-based breast reconstruction can be treated in adequate manner, and breast reconstruction is not a contraindication for radiotherapy. Low complication rates can still be acquired with the use of state-of-art 3D and 4D radiotherapy techniques and supportive care.
SPECT/CT in the Assessment of the Jaw Autograft Viability
Authors: Рыжков А. , Ryzhkov A. , Яковлева Л. , Yakovleva L. , Крылов А. , Krylov A. , Ширяев С. , Shiryaev S. , Кропотов М. , Kropotov M. , Соболевский В. , Sobolevsky V. , Диков Ю. , Dikov Yu. , Азимова Р. , Azimova1 R. , Ивашков В. , Ivashkov V.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of SPECT/CT for the assessment of graft viability following revascularized bone grafts in patients with mandibular (18) and maxilla (1) reconstruction.

Material and methods: We investigated 19 patients with revascularized grafts from the fibula (16 patients), iliac crest (2 patients) and shoulder blade graft (1). For the follow up of all these patients, 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy and SPECT/CT was performed between 4–5 days postoperatively. The evaluation of the grafts was based on a comparison of tracer uptake between graft and the cranium.

Results: 17 of 19 grafts had an uncomplicated clinical course. Complications in the graft occurred in two patients. In the analysis of planar scintigrams with uncomplicated healing were showed correct assessment in 10 of 17 patients and in 1of 2 patients with signs of necrosis of graft fragments. SPECT/CT was performed in addition to planar imaging.

The increased uptake grafts were showed with SPECT/CT in all patients with uncomplicated clinical course. In the failed 2 grafts, decreased uptake was observed in both patients. In the analysis of SPECT/CT images the correct results were showed in all clinical cases.

Conclusion: SPECT/CT performed within 6 days after the mandibular reconstruction is a useful tool to monitor the viability and early complications of revascularized mandibular and maxilla bone grafts. SPECT/CT is also recommended to interpretation of the bone scans and to precise assessment of graft viability.
Cattle’s Thyroid Dose Estimation with Compartmental Model of Iodine Metabolism and Monte Carlo Transport Technique
Authors: Кураченко Ю. , Kurachenko Yu. , Санжарова Н. , Sanzharova N. , Козьмин Г. , Kozmin G. , Бударков В. , Budarkov V. , Денисова Э. , Denisova E. , Снегирев А. , Snegirev A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: This work aims first to improve the reliability of absorbed dose calculation in critical organs of cattle during internal irradiation immediately after radiation accidents by a) improving the compartmental model of radionuclide metabolism in animal body; b) the use of precision computing technologies for modeling as the domain, and the actual radiation transport. In addition, the aim of the work is to determine the agreed values of the 131I critical dose in the cattle thyroid, leading to serious gland dysfunction and its follow-up destruction.

Material and methods: To achieve aforecited goals, comprehensive studies were carried out to specify the parameters of the compartmental model, based on reliable experimental and theoretical data. Voxel technologies were applied for modeling the subject domain (thyroid gland and its environment). Finally, to solve the 131I radiation transport equation, the Monte Carlo code was applied, which takes into account the contribution of gamma and beta radiation source, and the contribution of the entire chain of secondary radiations in the dose calculation, up to the total energy dissipation.

Results: As the main theoretical result, it is necessary to emphasize the conversion factor from the 131I activity, distributed uniformly in volume of the thyroid gland, to the average dose rate in the gland (Bq × Gy/s). This factor was calculated for both cows and calves in the selected domain configuration and thyroid morphology. The main practical result is a reliable estimation the lower bound of the absorbed dose in the thyroid, which in a short time leads to its destruction under internal 131I irradiation: ~300 Gy.

Conclusion: Usage a compartmental model of the 131I metabolism with biokinetic parameters, received on the basis of reliable experimental data, and precise models of both the subject area and radiation transport for evaluation the dose in the cattle thyroid after the radiation accident allowed to obtain reliable values of the thyroid dose, adducting to its destruction at short notice.
Basics of surgical pathology
Authors: Уша Борис , Usha Boris , Концевая Светлана , Kontsevaya Svetlana , Луцай Владимир , Lucay Vladimir
Published: October 2018

The textbook, in accordance with the program approved by the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, deals with the history of surgery, the basics of operative surgery, the doctrine of wounds, the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of traumatic injuries in animals, issues of injuries with the peculiarities of military injuries, biology and pathology of open and closed injuries in animals, burns and frostbite. The features of the course of surgical infection, its prevention and treatment are given. Questions of diagnostics, surgical and pathogenetic treatment of surgically sick animals are reflected. In the presentation of the material, attention is paid to the results of modern scientific developments and new surgical technologies in productive animal husbandry.
The textbook is intended for University students majoring in "Veterinary and sanitary examination" and the direction of training bachelors "Veterinary and sanitary examination".
The extraterritorial human rights obligations of the EU in its external trade and investment policies
Authors: Berkes Antal
Published: October 2018

The EU is bound by human rights obligations toward individuals outside the territory of its Member States who are affected by its trade and investment policies. Internal rules of the EU, namely the Founding Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and various external norms, that is international law sources, impose human rights obligations on the EU. Those human rights obligations are increasingly interpreted by treaty monitoring bodies as requiring extraterritorial due diligence duties from States parties, in the sense that the creation of substantial and foreseeable effects outside the State’s territory establishes the jurisdiction of the State party. This jurisdiction leads to positive obligations, namely the duty to exert due diligence on trade and investment policies. The EU is expected to assess the risks of human rights violations by its trade and investment partners in and outside its Member States and take all reasonable efforts to avoid foreseeable human rights violations. Although those human rights are likely to continue to be unenforceable before the Court of Justice, the consistent reference to due diligence obligations by treaty monitoring bodies, the European Ombudsman and the European Data Protection Supervisor should encourage EU institutions to comply with their due diligence obligations.
Extraterritoriality of EU law and human rights after Lisbon: The case of trade and public procurement
Authors: Velluti Samantha , Tzevelekos Vassilis P.
Published: October 2018

The paper introduces the theme and topics of this Special Issue on the extraterritoriality of EU law and human rights in the fields of trade and public procurement since the entry into force of the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon. It briefly explores the meaning of extraterritoriality in international (human rights) law and the EU legal order highlighting the complexity of such notion in both legal systems. In so doing, it provides the context and focus of analysis of the collection of papers that make up this Special Issue, which addresses a number of topical questions concerning the extraterritorial conduct of the EU, as well as the extraterritorial effects of EU law in those specific fields, from the perspective of human rights.
FABP3 in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulates the Methylation Status of the Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase67Promoter Region
Authors: Yamamoto Yui , Kida Hiroyuki , Kagawa Yoshiteru , Yasumoto Yuki , Miyazaki Hirofumi , Islam Ariful , Ogata Masaki , Yanagawa Yuchio , Mitsushima Dai , Fukunaga Kohji , Owada Yuji
Published: October 2018

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for brain development and function. Increasing evidence has shown that an imbalance of PUFAs is associated with various human psychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), cellular chaperones of PUFAs, are involved in PUFA intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, and gene transcription. In this study, we show that FABP3 is strongly expressed in the GABAergic inhibitory interneurons of the male mouse anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is a component of the limbic cortex and is important for the coordination of cognitive and emotional behaviors. Interestingly,Fabp3KO male mice show an increase in the expression of the gene encoding the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (Gad67) in the ACC. In the ACC ofFabp3KO mice,Gad67promoter methylation and the binding of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) to theGad67promoter are significantly decreased compared with those in WT mice. The abnormal cognitive and emotional behaviors ofFabp3KO mice are restored by methionine administration. Notably, methionine administration normalizesGad67promoter methylation and its mRNA expression in the ACC ofFabp3KO mice. These findings demonstrate that FABP3 is involved in the control of DNA methylation of theGad67promoter and activation of GABAergic neurons in the ACC, thus suggesting the importance of PUFA homeostasis in the ACC for cognitive and emotional behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ACC is important for emotional and cognitive processing. However, the mechanisms underlying its involvement in the control of behavioral responses are largely unknown. We show the following new observations: (1) FABP3, a PUFA cellular chaperone, is exclusively expressed in GABAergic interneurons in the ACC; (2) an increase inGad67expression is detected in the ACC ofFabp3KO mice; (3) theGad67promoter is hypomethylated and the binding of transcriptional repressor complexes is decreased in the ACC ofFabp3KO mice; and (4) elevatedGad67expression and abnormal behaviors seen inFabp3KO mice are mostly recovered by methionine treatment. These suggest that FABP3 regulates GABA synthesis through transcriptional regulation ofGad67in the ACC.
Synaptotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease Involved a Dysregulation of Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics through Cofilin 1 Phosphorylation
Authors: Rush Travis , Martinez-Hernandez Jose , Dollmeyer Marc , Frandemiche Marie Lise , Borel Eve , Boisseau Sylvie , Jacquier-Sarlin Muriel , Buisson Alain
Published: October 2018

Amyloid-β (Aβ) drives the synaptic impairment and dendritic spine loss characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but how Aβ affects the actin cytoskeleton remains unknown and contentious. The actin-binding protein, cofilin-1 (cof1), is a major regulator of actin dynamics in dendritic spines, and is subject to phospho-regulation by multiple pathways, including the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. While cof1 is implicated as a driver of the synaptotoxicity characteristic of the early phases of AD pathophysiology, questions remain about the molecular mechanisms involved. Cofilin-actin rods are observed in neurons exposed to Aβ oligomers (Aβo) and in tissue from AD patients, and others have described an increased cofilin phosphorylation (p-cof1) in AD patients. Here, we report elevated p-cof1 of the postsynaptic enriched fraction of synaptosomes from cortical samples of male APP/PS1 mice and human AD cases of either sex. In primary cortical neurons, Aβo induced rapid actin stabilization and increased p-cof1 in the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses within 30 min. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of actin-GFP and calcium imaging in live neurons expressing active or inactive cof1 mutants suggest that cof1 phosphorylation is necessary and sufficient for Aβo-induced synaptic impairment via actin stabilization before the reported formation of cofilin-actin rods. Moreover, the clinically available and well-tolerated ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, prevented Aβo-induced actin stabilization, synaptic impairment, and synaptic loss by blocking cofilin phosphorylation. Aβo also blocked the LTP-induced insertion of the AMPAR subunit, GluA1, at the postsynaptic density, in a fasudil-sensitive manner. These data support an important role for ROCKs and cofilin in mediating Aβ-induced synaptic impairment.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report that amyloid-β oligomers rapidly induce aberrant stabilization of F-actin within dendritic spines, which impairs synaptic strength and plasticity. Activation of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway results in phosphorylation of cof1 and is sufficient to mediate Aβo-induced actin stabilization synaptic impairment and synaptic loss. Further, the ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, prevents cofilin phosphorylation, acute synaptic disruption, and synaptotoxicity in primary cortical neurons. Together, the herein presented data provide strong support for further study of the ROCK pathway as a therapeutic target for the cognitive decline and synaptotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
Becoming Openly Faithful
Authors: Guyotte Kelly W. , Kuntz Aaron M.
Published: October 2018

In this article, the authors consider the implications of teaching and enacting inquiry as an indeterminate event, one that interrogates the assumptions of paradigmatic fixity with the hopes of being other than we are. To do so, the authors articulate a sense of openly faithful pedagogical practice, blurring the boundaries of the classroom and inquiry site and promoting the possibilities inherent in “slippage.” The indeterminacy invoked in slippage creates opportunities for students to (re)consider the assumptions they carry, to individually and collectively critique, interrogate, and/or productively embrace such assumptions in a recursive project of ongoing positioning. Slippage is considered within a framework of ethical responsibility, with the authors’ asking: What does it mean to nudge students to slip and how might we do this ethically? Slippage, then, is a productive act, one that creates movement and vibrations with new possibilities for becoming differently.
Working with Paradigmatic Profusion in Teaching Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Roulston Kathryn
Published: October 2018

This article reflects on how teachers of qualitative research methods might facilitate and promote dialogue across paradigmatic and disciplinary difference. Using the musical concept of polyphony, together with phenomenologist Alfred Schutz's ideas on intersubjectivity and transcendence (1962, 1996), the article discusses possible ways of thinking about breakdowns in understanding in classroom encounters across theoretical and paradigmatic difference. Schutz was intensely interested in examining how intersubjectivity is accomplished by members of society and, with Luckmann (Schutz & Luckmann, 1973, 1989), reflected on the boundaries of understanding that people encounter that involve “little,” “medium,” and “great” transcendencies. Using these ideas, the article examines approaches that teachers of qualitative inquiry might use with students to examine paradigmatic and theoretical difference.
The Prison as Reserve
Authors: Montford Kelly Struthers , Moore Dawn
Published: October 2018

Critical scholarship on the carceral reifies two main pillars of critical thought—phenomenology and governmentality. In this study of shifting carceral logics and experiences concerning Indigenous peoples in Canada, we borrow from these traditions and also challenge their centrality in prison studies. We argue that the prison is the new reserve, and use that argument as a vehicle to illustrate the influence of less recognized forms of thought within critical prison studies—especially post-colonial and Indigenous scholarship. It is through these varied lenses that we show the paradox of Indigenizing punishment that at once disavows the further incarceration of Indigenous peoples and sets out deliberate strategies to Indigenize the carceral.
Godwin’s Law and Jones’ Corollary
Authors: Moore Rebecca
Published: October 2018

Peoples Temple has been seen as the paradigmatic cult exemplifying the horrors of manipulative leaders and brainwashed followers due to the deaths in Jonestown on 18 November 1978. This article argues against the utility of making comparisons to such an extreme event, however. Drawing upon Godwin’s Law and its observation that online debates eventually raise the trope of Hitler and Nazis, the article introduces Jones’ Corollary: Discussions of new religions inevitably begin with a comparison to Jonestown. Making generalizations about new religions by starting with Jonestown is inappropriate because of the unique nature of Peoples Temple and its extraordinary ending in Jonestown. Nevertheless, Jonestown functions for the anticult movement and in online exchanges the same way that references to Nazis and Hitler do—to evoke shock, disgust, and outrage, and, ultimately, to terminate analysis.
Jonestown, Forty Years On
Authors: Moore Rebecca
Published: October 2018

This introduction to a special issue of Nova Religio marking the fortieth anniversary of the deaths in Jonestown, Guyana, provides the background for the articles that follow. A brief history of Peoples Temple and discussion of the events in Jonestown precede an examination of the dominant narratives that have described this new religious movement. An analysis of popular narratives follows, utilizing Erving Goffman’s frame theory and the classification system outlined by Anson Shupe and Jeffrey Hadden. A summary of the articles that appear in this issue notes the contributions that a new generation of scholars makes to reframing the story of Peoples Temple and Jonestown. By shifting attention from the deaths in Jonestown to the lives in Peoples Temple, they are enlarging the frame for understanding how and why new religions succeed or fail.
Spiritual Siblings
Authors: Klippenstein Kristian
Published: October 2018

For years after Peoples Temple ceased to exist, both scholars and the public debated the Temple’s status as a new religious movement. These debates left out an important perspective: Jim Jones’ own evaluation of the Temple’s relation to new religions. This article uses Doug McAdam’s work on social movement formation to organize Jones’ commentary on new religions. Expanding Stephen Kent’s concept of spiritual kinship lineage, this article argues that Jones identified the same political changes as giving rise to, as well as contesting, both Peoples Temple and various new religious movements. By identifying this plethora of reactions to the same political cause, Jones legitimated the Temple’s worldview and subsequent mobilization. Moreover, Jones leveraged this kinship to avail himself of the variety of strategies utilized by these groups while pointing out their doctrinal, organizational, and political flaws, thus asserting the Temple’s superiority in the process.
“Verbal Orders Don’t Go—Write It!”
Authors: Shearer Heather
Published: October 2018

Peoples Temple achieved impressive objectives as an organization, the most impressive of which was establishing and maintaining an agricultural community—the Promised Land—in the remote jungle of Guyana. An activity theory analysis of work oriented to the Promised Land reveals that texts—everyday genres such as forms and lists—were important tools used by the group to achieve this objective. A study of these textual tools helps us to understand how Peoples Temple was able to meet its collective organizational goals and how individual members achieved personal transformations within the organization. Examining the group’s textual practices adds depth to existing studies of Temple history by showcasing the efficacy of organizational labor that members themselves might have taken for granted. In addition, this methodological approach provides a view of Peoples Temple work unencumbered by the social problems paradigm, offering instead an approach that is compatible with a social possibilities paradigm.