bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a diagnostic sensor for measuring blood cell concentrations during haemoconcentration
Authors: Robertson Craig A. , Gourlay Terence
Published: September 2016

Background:

HemoSep® is a commercial ultrafiltration and haemoconcentration device for the concentration of residual bypass blood following surgery. This technology is capable of reducing blood loss in cardiac and other types of “clean site” procedures, including paediatric surgery. Clinical feedback suggested that the device would be enhanced by including a sensor technology capable of discerning the concentration level of the processed blood product. We sought to develop a novel sensor that can, using light absorption, give an accurate estimate of packed cell volume (PCV).

Materials and methods:

A sensor-housing unit was 3D printed and the factors influencing the sensor’s effectiveness – supply voltage, sensitivity and emitter intensity - were optimised. We developed a smart system, using comparator circuitry capable of visually informing the user when adequate PCV levels (⩾35%) are attained by HemoSep® blood processing, which ultimately indicates that the blood is ready for autotransfusion.

Results:

Our data demonstrated that the device was capable of identifying blood concentration at and beyond the 35% PCV level. The device was found to be 100% accurate at identifying concentration levels of 35% from a starting level of 20%.

Discussion:

The sensory capability was integrated into HemoSep’s® current device and is designed to enhance the user’s clinical experience and to optimise the benefits of HemoSep® therapy. The present study focused on laboratory studies using bovine blood. Further studies are now planned in the clinical setting to confirm the efficacy of the device.
Brain metabolic alterations in mice subjected to postnatal traumatic stress and in their offspring
Authors: Gapp Katharina , Corcoba Alberto , van Steenwyk Gretchen , Mansuy Isabelle M , Duarte João MN
Published: September 2016

Adverse environmental and social conditions early in life have a strong impact on health. They are major risk factors for mental diseases in adulthood and, in some cases, their effects can be transmitted across generations. The consequences of detrimental stress conditions on brain metabolism across generations are not well known. Using high-field (14.1 T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated the neurochemical profile of adult male mice exposed to traumatic stress in early postnatal life and of their offspring, and of undisturbed control mice. We found that, relative to controls, early life stress-exposed mice have metabolic alterations consistent with neuronal dysfunction, including reduced concentration of N-acetylaspartate, glutamate and γ-aminobutyrate, in the prefrontal cortex in basal conditions. Their offspring have normal neurochemical profiles in basal conditions. Remarkably, when challenged by an acute cold swim stress, the offspring has attenuated metabolic responses in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. In particular, the expected stress-induced reduction in the concentration of N-acetylaspartate, a putative marker of neuronal health, was prevented in the cortex and hippocampus. These findings suggest that paternal trauma can confer beneficial brain metabolism adaptations to acute stress in the offspring.
Finite element modelling strategies of weld repair in pre-stressed thin components
Authors: Salerno Gervasio , Bennett Chris , Sun Wei , Becker Adib
Published: September 2016

A total of two computational procedures have been developed in the commercial finite element software codes Sysweld and ABAQUS to analyse and predict the residual stress state after the repair of small weld defects in thin structural components. The numerical models allow the effects of the repair to be studied when a pre-existing residual stress field is present in the fabricated part and cannot be relieved by a thermal treatment. In this work, the modelling strategies are presented and tested by simulating a repair of longitudinal welds in thin sheets of Inconel 718. Although the numerical strategies in the two codes are intrinsically different, the results show a significant agreement, predicting a notable effect imposed by the initial residual stress.
Facial epicrania fugax: A prospective series of eight new cases
Authors: Gutiérrez-Viedma Álvaro , González-García Nuria , Yus Miguel , Jorquera Manuela , Porta-Etessam Jesús , García-Moreno Héctor , García-Azorín David , Cuadrado María-Luz
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Epicrania fugax (EF) is a primary headache whose main feature is the dynamic character of the pain. EF pain typically moves across different dermatomes in a linear or zigzag trajectory. Recently, a facial variant of EF has been described, with the pain starting in the lower face and radiating upwards.

Aim

We report eight patients with an EF-type of pain of facial location and either upward or downward radiation.

Methods

For each patient, we recorded relevant demographic and clinical data. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (FIESTA) was obtained in all cases for the assessment of neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve.

Results

There were seven women and one man, and the mean age was 76.1 years (standard deviation, 11.3). Six patients had a paroxysmal pain starting at the lower face and moving upwards, while two patients had downward radiation. The pain always followed a fixed linear trajectory across different dermatomes. All cases had triggers, and pain intensity was consistently severe. Half of the patients had accompanying autonomic features. Neurovascular compression with imprinting over the trigeminal root on the symptomatic side was identified in three patients. All cases responded to antiepileptic drugs, and three had spontaneous remissions.

Conclusions

This series reinforces the facial variant of EF and extends the phenotype with cases of downward radiation. It also contributes to enriching the differential diagnosis of facial pain. Neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve may be found in some cases, although a possible pathogenic link needs further research.
Food Insecurity and the Negative Impact on Brazilian Children’s Health—Why Does Food Security Matter for Our Future Prosperity? Brazilian National Survey (PNDS 2006/07)
Authors: Poblacion Ana Paula , Cook John T. , Marín-León Leticia , Segall-Corrêa Ana Maria , Silveira Jonas A. C. , Konstantyner Tulio , Taddei José Augusto A. C.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Food insecurity (FI) refers to limited or uncertain access to food resulting from financial constraints. Numerous studies have shown association between FI and adverse health outcomes among adults and children around the world, but in Brazil, such information is scarce, especially if referring to nationally representative information.

Objective:

To test for an independent association between FI and health outcomes.

Methods:

Most recent Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey using nationally representative complex probability sampling. Participants were 3923 children <5 years of age, each representing a household. Data from the validated Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale were dichotomized as food secure (food security/mild FI) or food insecure (moderate FI/severe FI). Poisson regression was used to test for associations between FI and various health indicators.

Results:

Models adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic variables showed that children hospitalized for pneumonia or diarrhea were 30% more prevalent in FI households (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.3; 1.1-1.6). Underweight children were 40% more prevalent in FI households (aPR: 1.4; 1.1-1.7). Children who didn’t eat meat and fruits and vegetables every day were 20% and 70% more prevalent in FI households (aPR: 1.2; 1.1-1.4 and aPR: 1.7; 1.3-2.3), respectively.

Conclusion:

Children who grow up in food-insecure households have been shown to have worse health conditions than those in food-secure households. Consequently, their human capital accumulation and work–life productivity are likely to be reduced in the future, leading them into adulthood less capable of generating sufficient income, resulting in a cycle of intergenerational poverty and FI.
Factors Affecting the Validity of Coverage Survey Reports of Receipt of Vitamin A Supplements During Child Health Days in Southwestern Burkina Faso
Authors: Ouédraogo Césaire T. , Becquey Elodie , Wilson Shelby E. , Prince Lea , Ouédraogo Amadou , Rouamba Noël , Ouédraogo Jean-Bosco , Vosti Stephen A. , Brown Kenneth H. , Hess Sonja Y.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Assessment of high-dose vitamin A supplementation (VAS) coverage often relies on postevent coverage (PEC) surveys, but the validity of these methods has rarely been evaluated.

Objectives:

To assess reported VAS coverage and factors associated with missed coverage and to investigate the reliability of the results.

Methods:

During a cross-sectional survey, 10 454 caregivers of children <27 months old were asked whether their child had received VAS in the past 6 months. During a 48-week longitudinal study of 6232 children 6 to 30 months old, caregivers were asked every 4 weeks if their child had received VAS in the past 4 weeks.

Results:

The cross-sectional study showed that 94.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93.8%, 94.9%) of eligible children 6 to 26 months of age reportedly received VAS in the previous 6 months, as did 85.8% (CI: 84.5%, 87.2%) of ineligible, 0 to 5 months old children. The longitudinal study showed that 81.6% of children surveyed within 4 weeks following a VAS campaign reportedly received VAS during the campaign and 13.4% of caregivers incorrectly reported receiving VAS when no campaign had actually occurred. False-positive reporting was more likely when oral polio vaccine (OPV) was distributed during the reporting period (20.6% vs 5.4%; P < .001). Showing a photo of OPV during the interview reduced the odds ratio (OR) of false-positive reports (OR = 0.7 [0.6-0.8]).

Conclusions:

The PEC surveys should include children outside the target age to assess targeting efficiency, and pictures of both VAS and oral vaccines distributed during the same period should be shown during interviews to enhance reporting accuracy.
Distributed leadership as fashion or fad
Authors: Lumby Jacky
Published: September 2016

Despite frequently expressed reservations concerning its fundamental theoretical weakness, distributed leadership (DL) has grown to become the preferred leadership concept and has acquired taken-for-granted status. This article suggests that the dominance of DL can best be understood as a fashion or fad rather than as a rational choice. It explores the techniques used to privilege DL, where not only logical but also emotional and moral arguments have been brought to bear. It is suggested that ongoing hybridization of distributed leadership theory serves to deflect criticism, rather as a virus continues to evade attack by changing its form. The article also argues that focusing on DL is a displacement activity, drawing people’s attention away from the core purpose of leadership, which is to address the persistent inequality of chances that children experience in school.
The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands and Okinotorishima disputes: Ideational and material influences
Authors: Fox Senan
Published: September 2016

The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands dispute in the East China Sea and the Okinotorishima dispute in the western Pacific are currently among the most prominent maritime disagreements between Japan and China. Both disputes are influenced by neorealist strategic and material interests in relation to sea lines of communication, the demarcation of maritime territory, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and continental shelf claims. Despite material similarities, it is the issue of the rightful ownership of the historically sensitive Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands that has seriously strained bilateral relations. The way that the disagreements manifest themselves arguably reflects the central role that such liberal and constructivist themes as emotion, identity, nationalism, and domestic politics play in the dispute. The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands dispute in particular is one where domestic politics and ideational influences play a disproportionately strong role in escalating tensions and complicating attempts at resolution. This article aims to examine the shared and contrasting ideational and material aspects of these two disputes, and to show how these interests shape Japan’s and China’s respective approaches in both cases. It thus sheds some light on when and why Sino-Japanese ideational and material interests intersect and how they affect bilateral relations.
Effect of ultrasonic vibration on frictional behavior of tool–chip interface: Finite element analysis and experimental study
Authors: Lotfi Mohammad , Amini Saeid
Published: September 2016

Ultrasonic-assisted machining is an advanced method which allows significant improvements in processing of materials. In this study, a finite element model is developed to study the effect of ultrasonic vibration on machinability of AISI 304 stainless steel in which the results are compared with conventional cutting process. A pneumatic quick-stop device and an optical microscope are applied to validate the simulation results by measuring shear angle and sticky region experimentally. As a result, the analysis of heat generation in primary and secondary deformation zones shows that temperature increases in the primary zone when ultrasonic vibration is used, while a significant reduction in temperature is seen in the tool–chip contact zone. This area is considerably effective on the length of sticky region. Moreover, the influence of cutting speed and feed rate on tool–chip engagement time is investigated by the analysis of cutting force profile.
Finite element modelling of sound transmission from outer to inner ear
Authors: Areias Bruno , Santos Carla , Natal Jorge Renato M , Gentil Fernanda , Parente Marco PL
Published: September 2016

The ear is one of the most complex organs in the human body. Sound is a sequence of pressure waves, which propagates through a compressible media such as air. The pinna concentrates the sound waves into the external auditory meatus. In this canal, the sound is conducted to the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane transforms the pressure variations into mechanical displacements, which are then transmitted to the ossicles. The vibration of the stapes footplate creates pressure waves in the fluid inside the cochlea; these pressure waves stimulate the hair cells, generating electrical signals which are sent to the brain through the cochlear nerve, where they are decoded. In this work, a three-dimensional finite element model of the human ear is developed. The model incorporates the tympanic membrane, ossicular bones, part of temporal bone (external auditory meatus and tympanic cavity), middle ear ligaments and tendons, cochlear fluid, skin, ear cartilage, jaw and the air in external auditory meatus and tympanic cavity. Using the finite element method, the magnitude and the phase angle of the umbo and stapes footplate displacement are calculated. Two slightly different models are used: one model takes into consideration the presence of air in the external auditory meatus while the other does not. The middle ear sound transfer function is determined for a stimulus of 60 dB SPL, applied to the outer surface of the air in the external auditory meatus. The obtained results are compared with previously published data in the literature. This study highlights the importance of external auditory meatus in the sound transmission. The pressure gain is calculated for the external auditory meatus.
Catching the flu: Syndromic surveillance, algorithmic governmentality and global health security
Authors: Roberts Stephen L , Elbe Stefan
Published: September 2016

How do algorithms shape the imaginary and practice of security? Does their proliferation point to a shift in the political rationality of security? If so, what is the nature and extent of that shift? This article argues that efforts to strengthen global health security are major drivers in the development and proliferation of new algorithmic security technologies. In response to a seeming epidemic of potentially lethal infectious disease outbreaks – including HIV/AIDS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), pandemic flu, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola and Zika – governments and international organizations are now using several next-generation syndromic surveillance systems to rapidly detect new outbreaks globally. This article analyses the origins, design and function of three such internet-based surveillance systems: (1) the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases, (2) the Global Public Health Intelligence Network and (3) HealthMap. The article shows how each newly introduced system became progressively more reliant upon algorithms to mine an ever-growing volume of indirect data sources for the earliest signs of a possible new outbreak – gradually propelling algorithms into the heart of global outbreak detection. That turn to the algorithm marks a significant shift in the underlying problem, nature and role of knowledge in contemporary security policy.
Prevalence and Correlates of Leprosy in a High-Risk Community Setting in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dabrera Thushani Marie Elizabeth , Tillekeratne L. Gayani , Fernando M. S. Nilanthi , Kasturiaratchi S. T. Kaushlya , Østbye Truls
Published: September 2016

Leprosy is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacillus. Pockets of high endemicity remain in a number of countries including Sri Lanka, in spite of the fact that elimination has been achieved at the national level. In 2012, in a village in the Puttlam district, dermatologists reported an increase in individuals with leprosy. This village had been established in the 1990s for people displaced from Northern Sri Lanka during a civil war. A comprehensive household survey was conducted by district health officials from June to July 2012, and all household members present during the survey period were examined for leprosy lesions. Patients with suspected leprosy were referred to a dermatology clinic for clinical or pathological confirmation. The prevalence of leprosy was high (511 per 10 000 population). Household contact with another patient with leprosy increased the risk of leprosy (odds ratio = 6.69; P < .001). Continued vigilance is needed to keep leprosy at bay in high-risk communities.
The Impact of Personal Factors on Self-Determination and Early Adulthood Outcome Constructs in Youth With Disabilities
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Shaw Leslie A.
Published: September 2016

Data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2 (NLTS2) were used to examine the impact of three personal factors—race/ethnicity, gender, and family income—on self-determination (i.e., autonomy, psychological empowerment, self-realization) and early adulthood outcome constructs. Findings suggest for those with high-incidence disabilities, family income predicts postsecondary education outcomes. And males with high-incidence disabilities have greater access to services and accommodations as adults, but lower use of financial supports (i.e., use of government support programs). African American youth across disability categories reported lower levels of financial independence. Females with intellectual disability reported greater social relationships but lower levels of financial support and employment. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.
A Review and Technological Consideration of the Bona Fide Group Perspective
Authors: Beck Stephenson John , Bourdeaux Renee , DiTunnariello Nancy , Paskewitz Emily A.
Published: September 2016

Although group research has explored a variety of new theories, methodologies, and technologies over the past three decades, the bona fide group perspective is still a meaningful framework for understanding how groups interact with context. In this review essay, the bona fide group perspective is introduced and publications since the perspective’s inception 25 years ago are reviewed. Additionally, future research paths are explored, displaying how this perspective is useful for investigating the influence of technological advances on group member participation, specifically in terms of presence.
Parents’ Narratives in an Online PHPV Forum: Toward a Typology of Caregiver Illness Narratives
Authors: Knepper Karla N. K. , Arrington Michael I.
Published: September 2016

The authors analyzed messages from an online support group for parents of children with Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous. This eye disorder, while not life-threatening, affects children’s eyesight and can impinge on the lives of parents and caretakers. The literature review examines Frank’s typology of illness narratives, prompting the question of whether Frank’s work is applicable to the narrative accounts of people who do not experience illness firsthand. Analysis of support group discourse not only confirms prior studies of illness narratives but also suggests that current typologies do not fully address the accounts of those who witness and are affected by the illness of another.
The Role of Occupational Identification During Post-Merger Integration
Authors: Kroon David P. , Noorderhaven Niels G.
Published: September 2016

Integration processes after mergers are fraught with difficulties, and constitute a main cause of merger failure. This study focuses on the human aspect of post-merger integration, and in particular, on the role of occupational identification. We theorize and empirically demonstrate by means of a survey design that employees’ identification with their occupation is positively related to their willingness to cooperate in the post-merger integration process, over and above the effect of organization members’ organizational identification. This positive effect of occupational identification is stronger for uniformed personnel but attenuates in the course of the integration process. Qualitative interviews further explore and interpret the results from our statistical analysis. Together, these findings have important practical implications and suggest future research directions.
The Cyber Aggression in Relationships Scale: A New Multidimensional Measure of Technology-Based Intimate Partner Aggression
Authors: Watkins Laura E. , Maldonado Rosalita C. , DiLillo David
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop and provide initial validation for a measure of adult cyber intimate partner aggression (IPA): the Cyber Aggression in Relationships Scale (CARS). Drawing on recent conceptual models of cyber IPA, items from previous research exploring general cyber aggression and cyber IPA were modified and new items were generated for inclusion in the CARS. Two samples of adults 18 years or older were recruited online. We used item factor analysis to test the factor structure, model fit, and invariance of the measure structure across women and men. Results confirmed that three-factor models for both perpetration and victimization demonstrated good model fit, and that, in general, the CARS measures partner cyber aggression similarly for women and men. The CARS also demonstrated validity through significant associations with in-person IPA, trait anger, and jealousy. Findings suggest the CARS is a useful tool for assessing cyber IPA in both research and clinical settings.
Living in C Minor
Authors: Callier Durell M.
Published: September 2016

This autoethnographic performance interrogates the centrality of music to queering Black masculinity. Theorizing from my lived experience, I highlight how Black girl hand games, countertenor performances in Soul music, and male vocalist performances in Gospel music intervene and provide alternative entryways to understanding Black masculinity. Three pivotal moments from the authors’ life, which span the aforementioned genres of music, are explored to elucidate the subtle and direct messages Black men and boys receive about “proper” gender performance. Through critical engagements with performance theory and Black queer theory, this performance illuminates the multiple and at times contested meanings of Black masculinity as navigated by the author within familial, educational, and religious settings. Moreover, this performance highlights the creative interventions and transgressive alternative masculinities necessary for the survival of Black queer individuals and communities as offered through music.
Mixed methods for telehealth research
Authors: Caffery Liam J , Martin-Khan Melinda , Wade Victoria
Published: September 2016

Mixed methods research is important to health services research because the integrated qualitative and quantitative investigation can give a more comprehensive understanding of complex interventions such as telehealth than can a single-method study. Further, mixed methods research is applicable to translational research and program evaluation. Study designs relevant to telehealth research are described and supported by examples. Quality assessment tools, frameworks to assist in the reporting and review of mixed methods research, and related methodologies are also discussed.
“Better everyone should know our business than we lose our house”: Costs and benefits of medical crowdfunding for support, privacy, and identity
Authors: Gonzales Amy L , Kwon Elizabeth Y , Lynch Teresa , Fritz Nicole
Published: September 2016

In the United States, medical crowdfunding is an increasingly common response to overwhelming healthcare costs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 individuals crowdfunding for health (e.g. cancer, paralysis, brain injury) on behalf of themselves or others, to better understand this new phenomenon as it informs theory on social support, identity, and privacy. First, findings suggest that crowdfunding is often a resource for both instrumental and emotional social support. Second, many crowdfunders weighed the need for support against perceived privacy risks, which is consistent with and extends privacy calculus theory. Finally, highly vulnerable self-disclosures were often reinterpreted to be empowering, which also supports and extends work on identity shift. Using crowdfunding as a context for inquiry, findings point to new theoretical frameworks to describe how users navigate needs for both privacy and support online and the often positive consequences of that negotiation for identity.
Revisiting Veerman’s interpolation method
Authors: Christiansen Peter , Bay Niels
Published: September 2016

This article describes an investigation of Veerman’s interpolation method and its applicability for determining sheet metal formability. The theoretical foundation is established and its mathematical assumptions are clarified. An exact Lagrangian interpolation scheme is also established for comparison. Bulge testing and tensile testing of aluminium sheets containing electro-chemically etched circle grids are performed to experimentally determine the forming limit of the sheet material. The forming limit is determined using (a) Veerman’s interpolation method, (b) exact Lagrangian interpolation and (c) FE-simulations. A comparison of the determined forming limits yields insignificant differences in the limit strain obtained with Veerman’s method or exact Lagrangian interpolation for the two sheet metal forming processes investigated. The agreement with the FE-simulations is reasonable.
Badges? Who needs them? Police press credential policies, professionalism, and the new media environment
Authors: Bock Mary Angela , Suran Melissa , González Laura Marina Boria
Published: September 2016

This article examines shifts in one marker of professionalism for journalists as reflected in the police press pass system. Credentials can be interpreted both as a mark of occupational membership and as token that grants journalists access. Based on a census of 100 American police departments and interviews with representatives from those departments, we find that police credentialing policies are changing, in part because the new media environment has blurred journalism’s professional boundaries. Our analysis draws from Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory, which suggests that institutional practices such as police department credentialing reproduce social hierarchies and power structures. Using this lens, we argue that credentials are losing their value as professional status symbols while becoming increasingly important for geophysical access.
Mapping digital journalism: Comparing 48 news websites from six countries
Authors: Humprecht Edda , Esser Frank
Published: September 2016

Media organizations throughout the Western world struggle to adjust their practices to rapidly changing conditions. Initially, online journalism was celebrated for potentially revolutionizing political reporting due to its new technological possibilities: According to this, it is able to (1) increase transparency by providing hyperlink sources, (2) increase understanding by providing further background information, and (3) add to deliberation and follow-up communication by providing a platform for interactive exchange. A comparative content analysis of 48 news websites from six countries (France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, and United States) examines the degree to which these three potential strengths are fully exploited. By mapping the different news outlets in relation to the digital functions, we identify three models prevalent in different countries and organization types. The first model contains outlets promoting the usage of links to make their sources transparent to the reader (‘transparency model’), outlets focusing on the provision of background information to enable their audiences to gain a wider understanding of the reported topic (‘background model’), and outlets that mainly avoid the adoption of new technologies (‘print-oriented model’). These findings show that different structural developments and professional orientations lead to the adaption of different technologies in digital journalism.
Modulation of fetal hemoglobin in hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin deletion type-2, compared to Sicilian δβ-thalassemia, by BCL11A and SOX6-targeting microRNAs
Authors: Fornari Thais A , Lanaro Carolina , Albuquerque Dulcinéia M , Ferreira Regiane , Costa Fernando F
Published: September 2016

Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin deletion type-2 (HPFH-2) and Sicilian-δβ-thalassemia are conditions described as large deletions of the human β-like globin cluster, with absent β-globin chains and a compensatory variable increase in γ-globin. HPFH, in general, may be distinguished from DB-Thalassemia by higher fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels, absence of anemia and hypochromic and microcytic erythrocytes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate a range of cellular processes including erythropoiesis and regulation of transcription factors such as the BCL11A and SOX6 genes, which are related to the regulation of γ-globin expression. In this report, a possible association among the overexpression of miRNAs and the expression of the γ-globin gene was analyzed in these two conditions. Forty-nine differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by microarrays in CD34+-derived erythroid cells of two subjects heterozygous for Sicilian-δβ-thalassemia, 2 for HPFH-2 and 3 for controls after 13 days of culture. Some of these miRNAs may participate in γ-globin gene regulation and red blood cell function. The BCL11A gene was found to be potentially targeted by 12 miRNAs that were up-regulated in HPFH-2 or in DB-Thal. A down-regulation of BCL11A gene expression in HPFH-2 was verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These data suggest an important action for miRNA that may partially explain the phenotypic differences between HPFH-2 and Sicilian δβ-thalassemia and the increased expression of γ-globin in these conditions.
Ethical Tensions Related to Systemic Constraints
Authors: Durocher Evelyne , Kinsella Elizabeth Anne , McCorquodale Lisa , Phelan Shanon
Published: September 2016

Ethical tensions arise daily in health care practice and are frequently related to health care system structures or policies. Collective case study methodology was adopted to examine ethical tensions reported by occupational therapists practicing in different settings in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Inductive analysis involving multiple layers of coding was conducted. This article focuses on tensions related to systemic constraints. Participants reported ethical tensions related to balancing client priorities with those of health care services. Four themes related to systemic constraints were identified including imposed practices, ineffective processes, resource limitations, and lack of services. Therapists’ aims could be seen to align with an “ethic of care” and were seen to be in tension in light of systemic constraints. The findings raise issues related to occupational justice, particularly related to occupational alienation in occupational therapy practice, and open conversations related to neoliberalist health care agendas.
Translating Occupational Justice Education Into Action
Authors: Aldrich Rebecca M. , White Norman A. , Conners Brittany L.
Published: September 2016

There is a growing body of scholarly literature about occupational justice, human rights, and power redistribution ready to be integrated into occupational science and occupational therapy education. As students around the world become familiar with the concepts and intents underlying occupational justice, it will be important to investigate their translation of occupational justice understandings into actions outside the classroom. This exploratory single case study describes curricular, university, and regional factors related to one former student’s engagement in social protests following her occupational justice education. Based on her reflections, we emphasize the need to provide classroom opportunities where students can apply and critically reflect on (a) knowledge about occupational justice and (b) unintended consequences and potential professional tensions that may arise in relation to pursuing occupational justice. Future research will benefit from broader comparative studies that analyze personal, contextual, and programmatic differences among instances of occupational justice education and students’ engagement in occupational reconstructions.
Increasing Robot Saliency in Cluttered Visual Displays
Authors: Mou Royce M. , Baker Electa A. , Adams Julie A.
Published: September 2016

It has been shown that modulating the saliency of a dense amount of information presented as icons on a map-based interface can reduce cognitive workload and improve user performance. Further, first response teams, particularly those responding to complex events, such as Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive device incidents will incorporate robots into their future teams to assist human team members and collect additional information. The deployment of such robots will require a human team member to supervise and task the various robots associated with the team. As the complexity of an incident increases and the number of responders with different specialties increases, for example Police, Emergency Medical Services, and Hazardous Materials, it will be harder to track the robots associated with a particular team, especially by the human team member responsible for the robots. A new algorithm, the Robot Visualization Algorithm, was developed to improve the saliency of robots for which the human team operator (e.g., Emergency Medical Services) is responsible, while generally minimizing the saliency of the robots from other teams (e.g., Police and Hazardous Materials) that are not relevant to the team operator. The presented Robot Visualization Algorithm makes the other teams’ robots more salient if their activities will impact the operator’s team. The within-subjects evaluation determined that the Robot Visualization Algorithm allowed operators to have a better awareness and lower cognitive workload than a base visualization condition. A number of proposed algorithm refinements are also discussed.
Cognitive Support Technology
Authors: Jacobs Karen , Nardone Amanda , Hendricks Deborah J. , Rumrill Phillip , Elias Eileen , Leopold Anne , Stauffer Callista , Sampson Elaine , Scherer Marcia
Published: September 2016

Increasingly, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem affecting ~1.7 million Americans each year. Over 75% of TBIs are classified as mild and these rates are most likely underestimated. Despite the low severity rating, 5-15% of individuals go on to develop chronic, persistent TBI-related symptoms causing functional limitations. Project Career is an interprofessional demonstration providing continued support and services to 2-year and 4-year college students with a history of TBI. This program is designed to improve the employment success through a combination of assistive technology on iPads and individualized career counseling services as undergraduate students transition from university settings to the workplace. This demonstration presentation will engage participants in understanding the Project Career assessments and iPad Apps. Using a case study approach, participants will appraise appropriate Apps and advance their understanding of how the iPad can be used an an educational tool and cognitive support technology (CST).
Trends in Knowledge and Skill Expectations for New Human Factors Professionals
Authors: Rantanen Esa M.
Published: September 2016

This study was a replicate of two prior studies on the knowledge and skill expectations for new human factors/ergonomics professionals in the current labor market. Five and four years have passed since new HF/E professionals and their employers were last surveyed. In the rapidly changing work domains it is important to track the changing expectations to detect trends and to continually revise academic curricula to better provide future HF/E professionals education that meets them. Both new professionals and their employers were surveyed for this study. The results are compared with the past surveys. In addition, the relevance of the new core competencies of the Board of Certification for Professional Ergonomics were examined against the workplace expectations.
Fork in the Road
Authors: Kelling Nicholas , Amick Ryan Z. , Corso Gregory M. , Harper Christy , Muddimer Andrew , Peres S. Camille
Published: September 2016

The most daunting question of any graduate student may be the decision to pursue an academic or industry career path. Considering the capabilities of a HF/E graduates, both options can provide a very fulfilling career. However, making this decision can have lifelong ramifications resulting in potential anxiety. This discussion panel is aimed at assisting those currently embedded in this decision. Interactive discussions will include what is expected of recent graduates in these careers paths, how one tailors their graduate careers, and how one might determine best career fit.
The Evolution of Design – Models and Modes
Authors: Smith Thomas J.
Published: September 2016

Objective: To address the evolution of design from the perspective of human factors/ergonomics (HF/E), with a focus on the phenomenon of performance-design interaction that supports such evolution. Method: Six different models of design evolution are reviewed, four of which have evident parallels with patterns of natural evolution. Result: All of these models implicitly or explicitly emphasize performance-design interaction as a central HF/E feature of design evolution. Yet the different models also display a distinct lack of consistency insofar as underlying assumptions about exactly how design evolution proceeds. Conclusion: A context specificity interpretation for the latter observation is offered, namely that new designs evoke new patterns of behavior, leading in turn to newer designs, suggesting that design evolution may display more than one trajectory and therefore may conform to more than one model. Application: The critical role of human work in guiding and facilitating the evolution of design is emphasized.
Password Entry Times for Recognition-based Graphical Passwords
Authors: Werner Steffen , Hauck Christopher , Masingale Marshall
Published: September 2016

Graphical passwords offer a more memorable alternative to traditional, text-based passwords. Among current contenders, cued-recall based click-point or gesture centered authentication systems like Microsoft’s picture gesture authentication (PGA) have been commercially more successful than recognition based systems (e.g., PassFaces). One perceived drawback of graphical authentication systems in general and especially recognition based authentication is the assumption that graphical authentication is slower and thus less user-friendly than traditional password entry via keyboard. This paper addresses these concerns and demonstrates a lower limit for recognition-based password entry times achievable with sufficient practice. While slightly slower than traditional keyboard based passwords, the entry speed of often-used graphical passwords is shown to reach 10 bits/s in an optimized configuration, which is sufficient for everyday use (3-6s per authentication sequence @ 36 bits) and exceeds the reported speed of similarly secure text-based passwords on non-traditional devices using virtual keyboards.
Device Motion via Head Tracking for Mobile Interaction
Authors: Hayes Sean T. , Adams Julie A.
Published: September 2016

Linear changes in position are difficult to measure using only a mobile device’s onboard sensors. Prior research has relied on external sensors or known environmental references in order to develop mobile phone interaction techniques. The Amazon Fire Phone’s® unique head-tracking capabilities were leveraged and evaluated for navigating large application spaces using device motion gestures. Although touch interaction is shown to outperform the device-motion, this research demonstrates the feasibility of using effective device-motion gestures that rely on changes in the device’s position and orientation. Design guidance for future device motion interaction capabilities is provided.
Display of Major Risk Categories for Mobile Apps
Authors: Chen Jing , Ge Huangyi , Proctor Robert W. , Li Ninghui , Yang Weining
Published: September 2016

Smart mobile devices have become indispensable, yet the associated risks are not fully understood or known by users (Felt, Greenwood, & Wagner, 2011), and an effective way of communicating the risk information to the users is needed. In addition to a summary risk/safety index that has been shown to be effective (Chen, Gates, Li, & Proctor, 2015; Gates, Chen, Li, & Proctor, 2014), prior research (Jorgensen, Chen, Gates, Li, Proctor, & Yu, 2015) proposed an intermediate-level risk display that includes selected major risk categories that are identified by individual users ( personal privacy; monetary loss; device stability). The goal of the present study was to evaluate the various formats for displaying these major risk categories, by comparing bar graph and numerical table representations (see Tversky, 1997), as well as the horizontal and vertical display orientations in each format. These displays were tested in two user tasks: Risk rating and app selection. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to rate the potential risk of an app based on the provided risk display. The bar graphs took shorter time and elicited higher risk ratings than the numerical tables. As the risk score increased in each category, the potential risk of the app was rated higher overall, and the self-reported mostly concerned risk category was weighed more than others. In Experiment 2, participants were required to choose one app that they would install out of two alternative apps given the potential risks of the two apps. There was no significant difference in terms of response time or app-selection percentage between the display formats. The apps with lower risk scores were chosen more often, and this effect again was influenced by the self-reported risk concerns. No difference was found between horizontal and vertical displays in either experiment. These results indicate that it is potentially beneficial to include this intermediate-level risk display in the app interface, and individualized design incorporating self-reported risk concerns of the users may be more informative. Moreover, the bar graph display seems to be more efficient and effective than the table display, at least when users need to evaluate an individual app.
Effect of Cursor Orientation on Left- and Right-Hand Mouse Control
Authors: Young Tara M. , Chen Jing , Shentu Zhange
Published: September 2016

Many factors, such as cursor orientation, cursor shape, and direction of movement have previously been found to impact human performance in graphical user interfaces. However, the majority of, if not all, previous research has focused on right-hand mouse control of cursors. The current study examined both left and right hand mouse control of cursor with a 2 (response hand; left vs. right) x 3 (cursor type; left-oriented arrow, right-oriented arrow, and neutral-orientated crosshairs) x 8 (target location) within-subjects design. The purpose was to examine the effects of response hand and cursor orientation on performance of moving cursors into different target locations. Results showed that there was a difference in the three cursor types for right handed individuals, as well as in left- and right-hand mouse control for right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous individuals. Implications for interface design and future research are discussed.
Relation between Trust Attitudes Toward Automation, Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, and Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Chien Shih-Yi , Sycara Katia , Liu Jyi-Shane , Kumru Asiye
Published: September 2016

Automation has been widely used in interactions with smartphones, computers, and other machinery in recent decades. Studies have shown that inappropriate reliance on automation can lead to unexpected and even catastrophic results. Trust is conceived as an intervening variable between user intention and actions involving reliance on automation. It is generally believed that trust is dynamic and an individual’s culture or personality may influence automation use through changes in trust. To better understand how cultural and individual differences may affect a person’s trust and resulting behaviors, the present study examined the effects of cultural characteristics and personality traits on reported trust in automation in U.S., Taiwanese and Turkish populations. The results showed individual differences significantly affected human trust in automation across the three cultures.