bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desain dan Layout Tambak Garam Semi Intensif Skala Kecil di Lahan Terbatas
Authors: Bramawanto Rikha
Published: October 2018

Tambak garam rakyat di Indonesia pada umumnya dikelola dalam ukuran kecil, di Jawa Barat dan Pulau Madura hanya berkisar antara 0,3 sampai 1,7 hektar/orang dengan musim produksi hanya berkisar antara 3,5 – 4 bulan. Pola pengelolaan secara konvensional menjadi sebab belum optimalnya produksi garam rakyat, khususnya pada aspek kualitas. Hal tersebut membuat kehidupan petambak selama setahun belum dapat tercukupi, terutama untuk petambak garam sistem sewa atau bagi hasil. Petambak garam skala kecil membutuhkan solusi alternatif untuk meningkatkan produktivitasnya. Beberapa informasi eksisting seperti luas pengelolaan per orang dan produktivitas tambak, biaya produksi dan harga garam dijadikan dasar untuk menentukan target jumlah produksi dan kebutuhan luas lahan rasional sehingga dapat dibuat suatu desain dan layout tambak garam yang ideal dan ekonomis. Target penerimaan total minimal Rp 41.512.336,- dapat dicapai melalui produksi 100 ton garam per tahun. Berdasarkan perhitungan kesetimbangan massa air tua (brine), untuk memproduksi 100 ton garam dibutuhkan 5.000 m3 air laut dan luas lahan sekitar 1 hektar dengan rasio reservoir : condenser1 : condenser2 : meja kristalisasi  adalah 1 : 5 : 1.7 : 1.7. Luas tambak tersebut masih memungkinkan untuk 8 siklus produksi, yaitu 1 siklus awal dan 7 siklus masa pungut garam setiap 10 hari pada kondisi musim kemarau normal. Desain layout ini merupakan hasil perhitungan dan simulasi, namun masih perlu dilakukan penerapan dan pengujian pada skala percobaan maupun skala yang sesungguhnya untuk mengetahui efektifitas desain dan layout tambak garam semi intensif.
Vibration under variable magnitude moving distributed masses of non-uniform Bernoulli-Euler beam resting on Pasternak elastic foundation
Authors: Awodola T. O. , Jimoh S. A. , Awe B. B.
Published: October 2018

The dynamic response to variable magnitude moving distributed masses of simply supported non-uniform Bernoulli-Euler beam resting on Pasternak elastic foundation is investigated in this paper. The problem is governed by fourth-order partial differential equation with variable and singular coefficients. The main objective of this work is to obtain closed form solution to this class of dynamical problem. In order to obtain the solution, a technique based on the method of Galerkin with the series representation of Heaviside function is first used to reduce the equation to second order ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. Thereafter the transformed equations are simplified using (i) The Laplace transformation technique in conjunction with convolution theory to obtain the solution for moving force problem and (ii) finite element analysis in conjunction with Newmark method to solve the analytically unsolvable moving mass problem because of the harmonic nature of the moving load. The finite element method is first used to solve the moving force problem and the solution is compared with the analytical solution of the moving force problem in order to validate the accuracy of the finite element method in solving the analytically unsolvable moving mass problem. The numerical solution using the finite element method is shown to compare favorably with the analytical solution of the moving force problem. The displacement response for moving distributed force and moving distributed mass models for the dynamical problem are calculated for various time t and presented in plotted curves.
AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MODELOS, VAZÕES E ESPAÇAMENTOS DE GOTEJADORES NA IRRIGAÇÃO DO MELOEIRO
Authors: Dias Nildo Da Silva , Medeiros José Francismar de , Teixeira Marconi Batista
Published: October 2018

AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MODELOS, VAZÕES E ESPAÇAMENTOS DE GOTEJADORES NA IRRIGAÇÃO DO MELOEIRO  Nildo Da Silva Dias1; José Francismar De Medeiros1; Marconi Batista Teixeira21Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró, Mossoró, RN2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 RESUMO Com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes modelos, vazões e espaçamentos de gotejadores novos e após um ciclo cultural do meloeiro, no desenvolvimento da cultura do meloeiro, foi realizado um experimento na fazenda São João Ltda, Município de Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. Nas parcelas experimentais foram instaladas diferentes linhas de gotejador, cujos tratamentos foram identificados de acordo com o modelo, vazão e espaçamento, respectivamente: katif 3,75 L h-1, 0,80 m – L1; katif 3,75 L h-1, 0,60 m - L2; katif 2,3 L h-1, 0,60 m – L3; katif 2,3 L h-1, 0,40 m – L4; Hydrodrip II 2,3 L h-1, 0,50 m – L5; Hydrodrip II 2,3 L h-1, 0,30 m – L6; Netafim ST-125 1,65 L h-1 0,50 m - L7; Chapin 15 Mil 1,12 L h-1, 0,30 m – L8; Queen gil 1,42 L h-1,0,30 m - L9. Nas subparcelas caracterizaram-se os tempos de determinação: antes do cultivo – T1 e após o primeiro cultivo – T2. Os resultados demonstraram que os valores médios de vazão aumentaram significativamente com o tempo de uso e que os valores médios dos coeficientes de variação de vazão e uniformidade foram adequados para todas as linhas de gotejadores estudadas. UNITERMOS: Cucumis melo L., coeficiente de uniformidade de vazão, coeficiente de variação  DIAS, N. da S; MEDEIROS, J. F. de; TEIXEIRA, M. B.  EVALUATION OF MODELS, FLOW RATES AND SPACING OF DRIP EMITTERS FOR MELON IRRIGATION  2 ABSTRACT An experiment was developed at São João Ltda farm in Mossoró-RN, Brazil, in order to evaluate models, spacing and flow rates of drip emitters used in melon culture irrigation. The experimental design had completely randomized blocks and drip lines that were settled with three replications and identified according to the model, flow rate and spacing, respectively: Katif 3.75 L h-1, 0.80 m – L1; Katif 3.75 L h-1, 0.60 m - L2; Katif 2.3 L h-1, 0.60 m – L3; Katif 2.3 L h-1, 0.40 m – L4; Hydrodrip II 2.3 L h-1, 0.50 m – L5; Hydrodrip II 2.3 L h-1, 0.30 m – L6; Netafim ST-125 1.65 L h-1 0.50 m - L7; Chapin 15 Mil 1.12 L h-1, 0.30 m – L8; and Queen gil 1.42 L h-1, 0.30 m - L9. Two periods were also evaluated: before melon plantation (T1) and after it (T2_). The results showed that the flow rate averages increased significantly overtime and flow rate variation coefficient and uniformity coefficient averages were appropriate for all drip lines studied. KEYWORDS: Cucumis melo L., uniformity coefficient, flow rate variation coefficient
MÉTODOS ESTIMADORES DOS PARÂMETROS DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE GUMBEL E SUA INFLUÊNCIA EM ESTUDOS HIDROLÓGICOS DE PROJETO
Authors: Mello Carlos Rogério de , Silva Antônio Marciano da
Published: October 2018

MÉTODOS ESTIMADORES DOS PARÂMETROS DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE GUMBEL E SUA INFLUÊNCIA EM ESTUDOS HIDROLÓGICOS DE PROJETO  Carlos Rogério de Mello; Antônio Marciano da SilvaLaboratório de Hidráulica, Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, rog.mello@terra.com.br  1 RESUMO             Este trabalho objetiva estudar os efeitos que o método de estimativa dos parâmetros da distribuição de Gumbel proporcionam na estimativa da equação de chuvas intensas aplicando-se um modelo chuva-vazão, a conseqüente influência no hidrograma de projeto. Trabalhou-se com 7 estações pluviométricas da região Alto Rio Grande, ajustando-se a distribuição Gumbel à série histórica de precipitação máxima diária anual, pelas metodologias da Máxima Verossimilhança e Momentos. Utilizando o método de desagregação de chuvas, estimaram-se as respectivas equações de chuvas intensas. Com o método CN-SCS foram gerados os hidrogramas de projeto para uma bacia hidrográfica hipotética. Por meio do teste de l2, foram feitas comparações entre os modelos ajustados pelas metodologias. Verificou-se que as séries históricas ajustadas por Máxima Verossimilhança produziram os menores valores de l2, concluindo sobre a sua maior precisão. No entanto, os efeitos na geração da equação de chuvas intensas e por conseqüência, no hidrograma de projeto, apresentaram variações que, em alguns casos, foram de magnitude considerável, e em outros, de menor relevância em termos práticos. UNITERMOS: equação de chuvas intensas, máxima verossimilhança, método dos momentos.  MELLO, C.R.de; SILVA, A. M. da. ESTIMATING METHODS OF GUMBEL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DESIGN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES  2 ABSTRACT             This work aimed to evaluate the influence of parameter estimating methods of Gumbel probability distribution for adjustment of p-d-f rainfall equation and, through rainfall-runoff model, generation of design hydrograph. Maximum annual daily rainfall from seven (7) weather stations, belonging to Alto Rio Grande region, were used and Gumbel probability distribution was adjusted to its parameters, which were estimated by the methods of Maximum Likelihood and Moment. Qui-square statistical test was applied to evaluate the accuracy of both methods. Desegregation rainfall technique was applied to estimate the respective p-d-f rainfall equations. CN-SCS method was used, based on estimated p-d-f rainfall equations to generate the design hydrograph for a hypothetical watershed. Through qui-squared test, adjusted methods were compared using different methodologies. Historical series that were adjusted by estimated parameters of Maximum Likelihood were more accurate, based on slower qui-square. However, effects on p-d-f rainfall equations and design hydrograph showed considerable differences in any situations, but in others these variations had smaller relevance in practical situations. KEYWORDS: p-d-f rainfall equation, Maximum Likelihood, Method of Moments.
Sobre a necessidade de conceptualizar o fenómeno das fake news
Authors: Meneses João Paulo
Published: October 2018

Donald Trump começou a usar a expressão fake news em 2017 e pouco tempo depois estava banalizada na opinião pública. A apropriação do conceito levou ao seu desvirtuamento. Ao mesmo tempo aumentou a confusão com false news. Mas com o aumento das tentativas de criminalizar a desinformação online, parece fazer sentido uma caracterização do conceito, de modo a ajudar a fixar o que está realmente em causa. Este trabalho propõe e justifica uma definição de fake news.
Factors that Influence Ratings of Facial Appearance for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Eliason Michele J. , Hardin Mary A. , Olin William H.
Published: October 2018

This study examined the influence of familiarity and gender of raters on judgments of facial appearance for individuals with repaired cleft lip and palate. Forty professionals familiar with cleft lip and palate and forty individuals unfamiliar with the disorder were asked to examine photographs of 24 adolescents and rate them for facial appearance. The familiar Judges assigned more negative ratings of facial appearance than did the unfamiliar judges. In addition, males responded more negatively than did females. There was also a significant gender by familiarity interaction, with familiar males assigning more negative ratings of appearance than any other group.
Evidence for Cleft Palate as a Postfusion Phenomenon
Authors: Kitamura Hironori
Published: October 2018

Some clefts of the lip and palate appear to result from the rupture after fusion has occurred. This possibility is suggested by (1) epithelial remnants found in the palatal shelves, (2) regenerating epithelium found in the palatal clefts of human fetuses older than 13 weeks, (3) immature epithelium visible on the margin of the cleft, (4) nasopalatine ducts cut off by clefts, (5) perforation type cleft found in the hard palate, (6) a Simonart band visible in six cleft mouse fetuses, (7) duplicated upper lateral incisors enclosing a lip-jaw cleft, and (8) rodent cavities in the lip or palate related to cleft formation.
First Year of Life: Prenatal Craniofacial Development
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H.
Published: October 2018

And surely we are all out of the computation of our age, and every man is some months elder than he bethinks him; for we live, move, have a being and are subject to the actions of the elements, and the malice of diseases, in that other World, the truest Microcosm, the Womb of our Mother.

Sir Thomas Browne

Religio Medici, 1642
A Six-Center International Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Clefts of the Lip and Palate: Part 3. Dental Arch Relationships
Authors: Mars Michael , Asher-Mcdade Catherine , Brattström Viveca , Dahl Erik , Mcwilliam John , Mølsted Kirsten , Plint Dennis A. , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Semb Gunvor , Shaw William C. , The Ralph P.S.
Published: October 2018

One hundred and forty-nine dental casts of subjects with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate from six European cleft palate centers were assessed by means of the Goslon Yardstick. The Yardstick proved capable of discriminating between the quality of the dental arch relationships between the six centers. Two centers showed especially poor results. Three centers obtained satisfactory results although differing surgical techniques were used in these centers. One of the centers showing satisfactory dental arch relationships employed a more complex and expensive treatment program than the other two centers, which both used simpler centralized treatment regimens.
Sri Lankan Cleft Lip and Palate Study Model Analysis: Clefts of the Secondary Palate
Authors: Mccance Andrew , Roberts-Harry David , Sherriff Martyn , Mars Michael , Houston William J.B.
Published: October 2018

The study models of a group of adult Sri Lankan patients with clefts of the secondary palate were investigated. Tooth-size and arch-dimension comparisons were made with a comparable control group. Significant differences were found between the cleft and control groups in tooth sizes, chord lengths, and arch widths. The cleft group dimensions were generally smaller than those of the control group. Overjets were larger in the cleft group.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Shape and the Elasticity of Repaired Cleft Lip
Authors: Susami Takafumi , Kamiyama Hiroshi , Uji Masamitsu , Motohashi Nobuyoshi , Kuroda Takayuki
Published: October 2018

Tight lip in repaired cleft lip patients with or without cleft palate (CL[P]) has been discussed as one of the causal factors of maxillary growth retardation and malocclusion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shape and the elasticity of repaired cleft lip quantitatively. Forty-one Japanese CL(P) patients were examined. Fifty-four non cleft patients under orthodontic treatment were used as a control group. An apparatus to stretch the anguli oris bilaterally was devised and the extensibility of the lip was measured to evaluate lip elasticity. Standardized photos of the lips were taken to examine lip shape. CL(P) patients showed poor elasticity of the lip. This trend was more apparent in bilateral CL(P) patients than in unilateral CL(P) patients. The upper lip of CL(P) patients was significantly shorter in vertical height. These results clearly demonstrated the tightness and shortness of the repaired lip in CL(P) patients.
Management of the Hypodynamic Velopharynx
Authors: Peter D. Witt , Jeffrey L. Marsh , Marty-Grames Lynn , Muntz Harlan R. , Gay W. Donald
Published: October 2018

Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) resulting from an adynamic or hypodynamic velopharynx is an unusual pathology that poses vexing management problems for the Cleft Palate team. Correction of VPD has the potential for airway compromise. Endoscopically, this pathology is recognized by a large velopharyngeal (VP) gap size, which demonstrates little or no dynamic activity of the posterior or lateral pharyngeal walls nor of the velum in response to speech tasks or connected speech. Because of a paucity of literature defining the entity, a retrospective review of 175 patients who were treated for VPD at our center was undertaken. Analysis of management failures revealed an unexpected concentration of patients with hypodynamic or paretic VP mechanisms as documented by nasendoscopic assessments. A subpopulation of 41 (23%) patients with this characteristic was studied to define the patients at risk, to determine etiologic factors, and to critique intervention outcome among various surgical and nonsurgical managements. Results showed that the phenomenon of VP hypodynamism occurred more frequently in patients with submucous cleft palate (p = .014) and with VPD in association with malformation syndromes (p = .009) than in patients in other diagnostic categories. Conversely, VPD not associated with clefting occurred with greater frequency in the nonhypodynamic group than in the hypodynamic group (p = .002). Composite (surgical and prosthetic) primary management failure occurred In 42%. Between one and three procedures were necessary to achieve an acceptable speech result. We present a management algorithm and provide data regarding realistic expectations for various treatment outcomes in patients with this complex disorder, which have not, to date, been previously described.
Onlay Silicone and Hydroxyapatite-Tricalciumphosphate Composite (HAP-TCP) Blocks Interfere with Nasal Bone Growth in Rabbits
Authors: Arakaki Minoru , Yamashita Shunichi , Mutaf Mehmet , Naito Shinji , Fujii Tohru
Published: October 2018

We investigated how a new type of synthetic porous hydroxyapatite ceramic (HAP-TCP) acts when it is implanted in growing membranous bone. Seventy-six New Zealand White infant male rabbits (4-week-olds) were used. Rabbits received HAP-TCP block or silicone block implantation in their right nasal bone. The left nasal bone was used for a sham. Serial or cross-sectional examinations by morphometry, radiology, blood biochemistry, and histology were carried out. Both the HAP-TCP and silicone groups exhibited no systemic growth disturbance in terms of morphometry and blood biochemistry. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) revealed, however, a decrease in the bone mineral content (BMC) of the right nasal bone in the silicone group. Histology revealed a superior affinity of HAP-TCP to bone tissue than that of silicone. When a HAP-TCP block was implanted under the periosteum it bonded directly to bone tissue. However, sinking of the implants into the bone tissue were noted both in the HAP-TCP and the silicone groups in longitudinal observation. These results suggest that although HAP-TCP has superior affinity to bone tissue, this by itself is not enough sufficient reason to believe that HAP-TCP can be effectively applied during the growth period.
Experimental Study on Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Fetuses of A/J Mice in Uteri of F1 Hybrid Mothers Using Ovarian Transplantation
Authors: Yoshida Kaoru , Natsume Nagato , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Tsunoda Noritaka , Takahashi Hisahide , Kawai Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2018

The A/J inbred strain of mice spontaneously develops cleft tip and/or palate (CL/P). Ovarian transplantation and several test-matings with C57BL/6 strain mice (0% CL/P) were performed to investigate a relationship between mother and fetus In regard to this order. The fetuses obtained showed that regardless of whether the genetic background of the mother was A/J or F1, CL/P was produced only in cases where the fetuses were genetically pure A/J. CL/P frequency was 7.46% in A/J fetuses developed in A/J mothers; it was 5.88% in F1 mothers with transplanted A/J ovaries. Isolated cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP) were found in A/J mothers. However, the frequency of CP was lower in F1 mothers than in A/J mothers. These results suggest that the occurrence of CLP depends more on the genetic constitution of the fetus than on maternal environmental factors, and the occurrence of CP was influenced by the mother's condition.
Three-Dimensional Comparison between the Palatal Forms in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate with and without Hotz Plate from Cheiloplasty to Palatoplasty
Authors: Mishima Katsuaki , Sugahara Toshio , Mori Yoshihide , Sakuda Masayoshi
Published: October 2018

The palatal forms in 20 infants with a complete unilateral cleft lip, and palate (12 with a Hotz plate and 8 without, selected at random) were studied from birth until 18 months of age. Using techniques developed previously, the degree of curvature In the palate and the magnitude of migration of the maxillary segments were measured three-dimensionally. Furthermore, using a newly developed method to approximate a set of the points on the alveolar ridge to a circle in a plane, the form of the alveolar arch was evaluated. Results from the group with a Hotz plate revealed that the plate possesses four effects not seen in the group without a Hotz plate. The size of the palate was larger, and the sagittal gap between the two segments of the maxilla was smaller. These results suggest that the appliance could stimulate the growth of the segments and could prevent collapse of the maxillary arch from the force of lip closure. Third, the steepness of the segments toward the nasal cavity was smaller, possibly occurring because the appliance prevents tongue intrusion into the cleft. Fourth, the magnitude of migration of the lesser segment toward the cleft edge of the major segment was larger. This result suggests that the appliance could guide the growth of the maxillary segments to narrow the cleft width until 18 months of age.
Studies of the Candidate Genes TGFB2, MSX1,TGFA, and TGFB3 in the Etiology of Cleft Lip and Palate in the Philippines
Authors: Lidral Andrew C. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Buetow Kenneth H. , Basart Ann M. , Schearer Heidi , Shiang Rita , Naval Avelina , Layda Eriberto , Magee Kathy , Magee William
Published: October 2018

Population-based candidate-gene studies can be an effective strategy for identifying genes involved in the etiology of disorders where family-based linkage studies are compromised by lack of access to affected members, low penetrance, and/or genetic heterogeneity. We evaluated association data for four candidate genes using a population from the Philippines that Is genetically separate from previously studied Caucasian populations. Case ascertainment was made possible by collaboration with Operation Smile, a volunteer medical organization, which facilitated Identification of a large number of cases for study. A new allelic variant of transforming growth factor-beta3 was identified to use in these studies. After exclusion of syndromic cases of cleft lip and palate, no evidence for association with previously reported allelic variants of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGFB2), homeobox 7 (MSX1), or transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFA), or with the new TGFB3 variant was detected. Previous association studies using Caucasian populations of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CUP) and cleft palate only (CPO) have strongly suggested a role for TGFA in the susceptibility of clefting in humans. Exclusion of significant association in a non-Caucasian population for TGFA suggests that TGFA plays less of a role than it does in Caucasians. This may be due to multiple or different genetic and/or environmental factors contributing to the etiology of this most common craniofacial anomaly in the Philippine population.
Congenital Midline Sinus of the Upper Lip: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Asahina Izumi , Sakakibara Takeshi , Miyashin Michiko , Tachikawa Noriko , Enomoto Shoji
Published: October 2018

A case report of a congenital midline sinus of the upper lip in a 5-year-old girl is presented. The patient complained of intermittent swelling around the frenulum of the upper lip. The sinus was located on the midline of the philtrum just below the base of the columella. Excision of the sinus tract via an Intraoral approach gave a satisfactory result. Microscopic examination of the resected sinus revealed it to be lined by stratified squamous epithelium with sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Fifteen other cases have been reported in the English literature and are reviewed. There are two postulates that can account for the formation of the upper lip sinus based on two major theories of the development of the face: the fusion theory and the merging theory. However, the etiology of this rare congenital sinus remains obscure.
Some Methods of Assessing Postnatal Craniofaciodental Growth: A Retrospective of Personal Research
Authors: Sarnat Bernard G.
Published: October 2018

Objective

The purposes of this review and summary are to evaluate several selected significant clinical and basic science methods utilized to assess growth of bone(s), and in particular craniofaciodental growth: appositional and resorptive (bone), endochondral (bones), and sutural (bones). This personal retrospective report includes in part anthropometry, impressions and casts, vital markers, histology, radiopaque implant markers with and without serial cephalometric radiographs, and autoradiography. Knowledge obtained from the use of these various methods on rats, ground squirrels, rabbits, pigs, dogs, monkeys, and humans has contributed to a deeper and more fundamental understanding of both the processes and roles that craniofaciodental biology plays in the advancement not only of basic biology but also of craniofacial surgery. Growth and development of the skeletal system has an important role in determining body form. The dynamics of growth of bones is a complicated process. A number of different methods have been described by which growth of bones can be evaluated on both a quantitative and qualitative basis. No single method, however, should be relied on, because although it may have certain definite advantages, it also has its limitations. The use of all available methods at both the basic and the clinical science levels will give a more complete and accurate understanding of the problems associated with the growth of bone(s).

Conclusions

Many of us are concerned with the correction of malformations and deformations that can be a result of faulty growth of bones. Thus, further knowledge obtained in regard to the sites, direction, and amount of growth as well as pattern, rate, and mechanism will lead not only to a more accurate diagnosis of the bony defect but also to a better understanding of both prevention and treatment.
Effects of Fetus Weight, Dam Strain, Dam Weight, and Litter Size on the Craniofacial Morphogenesis of CL/Fr Mouse Fetuses Affected with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Nonaka Kazuaki , Sasaki Yasunori , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Yanagita Ken-ichi , Nakata Minoru
Published: October 2018

Objective:

This study examined the factors related to the morphogenesis of the craniofacial complex of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP based on the findings of a lateral cephalogram.

Design:

Embryo transfer experiments were performed to determine the effect of the fetus weight, dam strain, dam weight, and litter size on the intra-uterine craniofacial morphogenesis of CL/Fr mouse fetuses. On the 18th gestational day, each pregnant dam that had received CL/Fr mouse embryos was laparotomized to remove the transferred fetuses that had developed in the uteri of the cleft lip and palate (CLP)-susceptible CL/Fr strain dam and the CLP-resistant C57BL strain dam. A cephalometric observation of the craniofacial morphology of each fetus was subsequently performed.

Results:

Based on a multiple regression analysis, the standardized partial regression coefficients of the affected fetus weight, the dam weight, and the litter size on the maxillary size of the affected CL/Fr fetus were 0.71 (p < .01), 0.03, and −0.07. According to a least-squares analysis of variance, the dam strain effect in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight on the maxillary size and the cranial size of the affected fetuses was significant (p < .01 for cranial size, p < .05 for maxillary size) and close to a significant level (p = .09) for the mandibular size of the affected fetuses. The adjusted maxillary size and cranial size after statistically eliminating the effects of the affected fetus weight, dam weight, and lifter size on each original craniofacial size of the affected fetuses that had developed in the CL/Er dam strain were also significantly smaller than those of the affected fetuses that had developed in the C57BL dam strain.

Conclusions:

The present results indicate that the craniofacial growth of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP increased in proportion to the fetus weight. The dam strain effect, in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight, could thus not be ignored when the etiology of the spontaneous CLP was examined, while the uterine environment, provided by the CL/Fr strain dam, retarded the intra-uterine craniofacial growth of the affected fetuses. It was therefore concluded that the dam strain effect, as well as the effect of the affected fetus weight, both play an important role on the craniofacial morphogenesis of the CL/Fr strain of the affected fetuses that developed in both strain dams.
Examination of the Standard Deviation of Mean Nasalance Scores in Subjects with Cleft Palate: Implications for Clinical Use
Authors: Vallino-Napoli Linda D. , Montgomery Allen A.
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

To evaluate the standard deviation of the nasalance scores in patients having normal and abnormal nasal resonance and to determine its potential value for clinical use. Additionally, the mean nasalance scores were examined across varying degrees of hypernasality.

Design:

Prospective study design.

Setting:

Pediatric tertiary care hospital.

Patients:

One hundred and forty-eight subjects, ranging in age from 4;0 to 37;0 years, having repaired cleft lip and/or palate and normal resonance, inconsistent, mild, or moderate/severe hypernasality.

Procedures:

Oral-nasal acoustic measurements were made using the Nasometer. The standard deviation and mean nasalance scores were calculated for subjects reading three standard passages (Zoo Passage, Rainbow Passage, Nasal Sentences).

Results:

The major finding in this study showed that the standard deviation score cannot distinguish speakers beyond a gross normal and abnormal resonance diagnostic category. The values obtained could not be used to distinguish among the varying degrees of hypernasality. A secondary finding was that a mean nasalance score in the high 20s could be used to differentiate speakers with borderline velopharyngeal function from those who were non-nasal.

Conclusions:

In general, the standard deviation value serves little overall clinical utility; however, it may be of benefit in some specific clinical situations. In support of previous research, the mean nasalance score continues to be the best measure of nasalance. It should serve as a supplement to but not a sub stitute for clinical judgments.
Changes in Craniofacial Development Due to Modifications of the Treatment of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Šmahel Zbyněk , Müllerova Živa , Nejedly Aleš , Horak Ivan
Published: October 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial morphology of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) resulting from differing management protocols practiced in Prague from 1945 to 1976.

Design

The craniofacial morphologies of four groups of patients were compared. Two groups were assessed retrospectively (individuals born from 1945 to 1963), and two groups were followed on a longitudinal basis (individuals born from 1966 to 1976).

Setting

The study was conducted at the Cleft Lip and Palate Center at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Prague, which has a catchment area population of 6 million.

Patients

The subjects were a consecutive series of adult males (n = 84) who had complete UCLP without associated malformations.

Interventions

Patients born from 1945 to 1955 did not receive centralized orthodontic therapy. From 1945 to 1965, the alveolar process in the area of the cleft was not surgically repaired. Primary bone grafting was used for the group born from 1965 to 1972, and primary periosteoplasty was used in the subsequent period. Throughout the period covered by the study, the palate was operated on by pushback and pharyngeal flap surgery. From 1945 to 1965, the lip was repaired initially according to Veau, and later according to Tennison and Randall, and during this time, fixed appliances were used for orthodontic treatment.

Results

The results for the period from 1945 to 1955 are characterized by mandibular overclosure with anterior crossbite. Centralized orthodontic treatment in the later period improved sagittal jaw relations due to the posterior displacement of the mandible and an edge-to-edge bite was attained, but maxillary retrusion was unchanged. Primary bone grafting increased retrusion of the maxilla, which was compensated by further posterior displacement of the mandible. An edge-to-edge bite was also obtained. Primary periosteoplasty reduced maxillary retrusion, and the marked proclination of the upper dentoalveolar component with fixed appliances resulted in a positive overjet. It was no longer necessary to push the mandible back to the extent required in bone grafting.

Conclusion

Effective orthodontic treatment made the greatest contribution to improved facial development. It allowed compensation of maxillary retrusion by changes in the position of the mandible or by proclination of the upper dentoal-veolar component with fixed appliances. The applied surgical methods using primary bone grafting caused deterioration of the anterior growth of the maxilla.
The Influence of Dentures on Nasalance Values in Speech
Authors: Scarsellone Jana M. , Rochet Anne P. , Wolfaardt John F.
Published: October 2018

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maxillary dentures on nasalance values in normal elderly individuals.

Design

A three-factor within-subjects experimental design was employed to analyze the nasalance scores obtained.

Participants

Twenty English-speaking women aged 61 to 81 years, who wore complete maxillary dentures, participated In the study.

Intervention

A Nasometer was used to collect nasalance data. Participants read three standard passages aloud, three times each, in two conditions: with and without their maxillary dentures.

Results

Results revealed that nasalance values were signiflcantly lower with the maxillary dentures removed (p < .01), although the difference In nasalance between the two denture conditions averaged no more than 2%. Nasalance scores obtained both with and without maxillary dentures fell within one standard deviation of the mean for a reference group of comparably aged English-speaking women.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the existing collection of normal reference data for nasalance may be safely used for elderly individuals regardless of their status with respect to natural or prosthetic maxillary dentition.
Assisted Feeding is more Reliable for Infants with Clefts—A Randomized Trial
Authors: Shaw William C. , Bannister R. Patricia , Roberts Christopher T.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of squeezable and rigid feeding bottles for infants with clefts.

Design

Patients were randomly assigned at birth to feeding with a squeezable bottle (assisted feeding) or to feeding with a rigid bottle and were followed for 1 year. The data were analyzed on the basis of intention to treat.

Setting

The trial was conducted within the existing arrangements for hospital and home care for children with clefts within the National Health Service in the north of England.

Patients

The patients were 101 consecutively born children with cleft lip and/or palate who were otherwise healthy. All patients completed the trial. Two were excluded from the analysis when unrelated developmental problems became apparent.

Main outcome measures

Anthropometric measures—nude weight, crown-heel length (CHL), and occipito-frontal circumference (OFC)—were recorded.

Results

There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in weight at 12 months (p = .038, with an adjusted mean difference of 0.43 kg) and in head circumference (p = .004 with an adjusted mean difference of 0.77 cm), indicating increased growth in the squeezable bottle group. The difference in CHL was not significant at conventional levels (p = .082). Whereas 25 of 52 (48%) rigid bottles required modification by the health visitor, this was needed for only 4 of 49 (8%) squeezable bottles. There was a highly significant difference when numbers of modifications for each method were compared (p < .0001). Despite modifications, six infants feeding with a rigid bottle (11%) were transferred to a squeezable bottle due to problems with feeding, but none were transferred from squeezable to rigid bottles. Thus, the squeezable bottle generally appeared to be a more satisfactory method, requiring less support or intervention after initial instruction.

Conclusions

Both feeding methods achieved similar anthropometric outcomes, with a beneficial effect on head circumference and weight in the assisted feeding group. We recommend that this last observation be treated with caution. The squeezable bottles were easier to use, and we recommend that they be routinely prescribed.
A Left Transverse Facial Cleft with a Median Cleft of the Lower Jaw
Authors: Aygit A. Cemal , Ayhan M. Semih , Orak Fethi
Published: October 2018

Objective:

A 13-day-old girl with a left transverse facial cleft and a median defect of the lower jaw is reported in detail. Left macrostomia was repaired using a W-plasty technique, and preauricular appendages were excised. The median defect of the mandible demonstrated by computed tomography scan on the first examination had disappeared at 1 year of age.

Conclusion:

Congenital clefts of the mandible can fuse at a later stage; thus, it is necessary to wait to treat the mandibular defect until the infant is slightly older.
A Three-Dimensional Quantitative Analysis of Lips in Normal Young Adults
Authors: Ferrario Virgilio F. , Sforza Chiarella , Serrao Graziano
Published: October 2018

Objective

To supply information about (1) sex-related dimensions (linear distances and ratios, vermilion area, volume) of normal adult lips, (2) presence of sexual dimorphism, and (3) correlations between anthropometric characteristics of the lip and nose.

Methods

The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue landmarks on the lips and nose were obtained using an optoelectronic instrument in 90 healthy young adult women and 90 healthy young adult men. From the landmarks, several linear distances (mouth width, total vermilion height, nose height, anatomic nose width, total lip height, upper lip height), the ratio of vermilion height to mouth width, and some areas (vermilion of the upper lip, vermilion of the lower lip, total vermilion) and volumes (upper lip volume, lower lip volume, total lip volume) were calculated. Linear correlation analyses between pairs of variables were also conducted within each sex.

Results

All lip dimensions (distances, areas, and volumes) were significantly larger in men than in women (p < .005), but no sex differences were found in the vermilion height to mouth width ratio. Overall, mouth and nose dimensions were not significantly correlated, with the exceptions of the upper and lower lip volumes in both sexes and of the mouth and nose widths in the female sample, in which a modest part of the variance in one measurement could be explained by the other.

Conclusion

The dimensions of the mouth and the nose did not seem to be strictly related. Data collected in the present investigation could represent a database for the quantitative description of human lip morphology in adult subjects.
Repairing the Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
Authors: De La Torre Jorge I. , Gallagher Pamela M. , Douglas Barry K. , Tenenhaus Mayer
Published: October 2018

Objective

The repair of the cleft lip nose and nasal deformity remains a challenging endeavor for reconstructive surgeons. Psychosocially, this complex, multifaceted deformity significantly stigmatizes the patient. Numerous techniques have been advocated by multiple authors for the treatment and reconstruction of these deformities, usually requiring serial staged reconstructions.

Method

Described is our technique for early primary repair of the cleft lip nasal deformity. The use of multiple suspension sutures to repair the nasal defect facilitates the repair of even very wide cleft lips.

Conclusions

These maneuvers provide an aesthetic and functional repair of the nasal defect in conjunction with the lip repair. Long-term results have minimized the need for surgical revision.
Comparative Study between Children with and without Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate, Part 2: Electromyographic Analysis
Authors: Ravera María José , Miralles Rodolfo , Santander Hugo , Valenzuela Saúl , Villanueva Pia , Zúñiga Claudia
Published: October 2018

Objective

This study was conducted to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity of superior orbicularis oris muscle between children with repaired cleft lip and cleft palate and children without clefts.

Methods

This study included 28 children with mixed dentition. They were divided into two groups. The study group included 14 children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, who presented clinically with a short upper lip, abnormal lip seal, and inhibition of sagittal development of the midface as assessed radiographically. The control group included 14 children without clefts ranging in age from 8 to 11 years. All had normal lip seal, nasal breathing, and a clinically normal body posture.

Design

Bipolar surface electrodes were used for EMG recordings of resting level activity and during swallowing of saliva, speech, and chewing and swallowing of an apple.

Results and Conclusions

A significantly higher level of activity at rest and during swallowing of saliva was observed in the cleft lip and cleft palate group. Similar activity during speech and chewing and swallowing of an apple was observed in both groups. The higher level of activity at rest and during swallowing of saliva in children with cleft lip and cleft palate seems to suggest that upon higher functional demands their activity increases less than in children without clefts. From a clinical point of view, if increased EMG activity at rest and during swallowing of saliva reflects increased force on the maxilla, then our findings may corroborate Bardach's findings (1990) that surgical treatment of cleft lip has an iatrogenic effect on facial growth, although the lack of significant correlation between the cephalometric data and EMG findings in the present study.
Craniofacial Growth in Unoperated Craniofacial Malformations
Authors: Figueroa Alvaro A. , Friede Hans
Published: October 2018

Objective and Purpose

To review current information on craniofacial growth of unoperated patients with craniofacial malformations and stimulate the study of abnormal craniofacial growth through conventional and newer methods. This will lead to improved diagnosis and the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial malformations. It is expected that this knowledge will also assist clinicians in planning treatment strategies to better manage these challenging conditions.
Dental Treatment of Predental and Infant Patients with Clefts and Craniofacial Anomalies
Authors: Prahl-Andersen B.
Published: October 2018

Children with cleft lip and/or palate differ in facial morphology and dentition from normal noncleft children. This paper reviews the current understanding of early dento-maxillary development in children with palatal clefts and the role of presurgical orthopedic treatment prior to primary palatal surgery. Finally, shortcomings of previous approaches to studying the outcome of treatment are presented, with a challenge to reevaluate how success is measured in the new millennium.
Lip Movement in Patients with a History of Unilateral Cleft Lip
Authors: Rutjens Christel A. W. , Spauwen Paul H. M. , van Lieshout Pascal H. H. M.
Published: October 2018

Objective:

The influence of a repaired cleft lip on the stability of coordination between upper and lower lip in nonspeech and speech tasks was investigated.

Design:

First, we looked at the effects of a secondary cleft lip repair in three individuals. Second, we compared subjects with a history of repaired unilateral cleft lip and subjects with no history of cleft lip (controls). Lip coordination was measured using continuous estimates of relative phase.

Participants:

Subjects were nine children and adolescents with a primary unilateral cleft lip and palate repair and 4 participants without cleft matched for age across different age categories.

Results:

In general, the averaged relative phase angle (RPA) angle values were smaller than 180 degrees, indicating an upper lip lead for lip closure. Controls showed a tendency toward a more symmetric type of coordination (close to 180 degrees), compared with subjects with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. The controls also showed less variation in coordination between the lips. For the more complex speech tasks, a general increase in variability of the RPA values for all subjects was observed, most likely suggesting a more flexible type of coordination. Regarding the effect of a secondary cleft lip repair, only one of the three patients showed a clearly less symmetric and less stable type of coordination, compared with preoperation results.

Conclusions:

There appear to be differences in lip coordination between speakers without and speakers with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. Furthermore, it seems that the stability of lip coordination tends to increase with age.
Developing a Behavior Rating Scale for Comparing Teachers’ Ratings of Children with and without Craniofacial Anomalies
Authors: Broder Hillary L. , Smith Fraser B. , Strauss Ronald P.
Published: October 2018

Objective:

Published psychometric tools are often insensitive to the experience of children with craniofacial anomalies (CFAs). The purposes of this study were to develop a valid and reliable assessment of behavior among children with and without CFAs and to compare teacher ratings of these two groups of children.

Methods:

Teachers were asked prospectively to assess social competence and peer acceptance among 99 consecutively evaluated school-aged patients with CFAs and 99 “controls” (classmates without CFA matched by race, gender, intellectual status, general socioeconomic status, and grade). Sixth grade was the median grade of the subjects.

Outcome Measure:

Child Behavior Rating Scale (CBRS).

Results:

Using oblique promax rotation, four factors emerged from the CBRS with the CFA patient group and controls. The factors explained 67% of the total variance and 69% of the variance of the two groups, respectively. The four factors were: (1) self-maintenance, (2) social adjustment, (3) independence, and (4) teasing. Cronbach alpha results averaged 0.77 for the CFA group and 0.83 for the controls; test-retest reliability estimates were .93. Results demonstrate the consistency of the factors and high level of interrelationship among the items across subject groups. Expected differences (p < .05) were found among subject groups on the total score and factor 4.

Conclusion:

The CBRS demonstrates psychometric worthiness. The findings indicated that patients with CFA had lower total scores on the CBRS, and they were rated as experiencing more teasing than their matched peers.