bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA, OCIMUM SANCTUM AND PIPER NIGRUM
Authors: Debnath M , Khandelwal M , Lal P , Jain R
Published: January 2025

To evaluate the inhibition and the in vitro interaction of the pathogens with the plant extracts, various solvent extracts of Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum were screened for antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method. A synergistic inhibitory activity by the combination of aqueous extracts of the three plants against Salmonella, Shigella and P. aeruginosa was observed. The chloroform extracts in combination also showed maximum inhibition against E. coli but ethanolic extract in equimolar concentration showed maximum inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. All these plant extracts were tested for heavy metal (HM) content as they are often contaminated during the growth, development and processing. O. sanctum and P. nigrum contained the maximum HM content while T. cordifolia contained less HM. The plants extracts in combination also showed low contamination with heavy metal which is a positive indication for their potential use in combating infections. These results indicate that plant extracts in combinations are less contaminated with heavy metals but they are very potent in fighting emerging pathogens.
PATTERN OF ACUTE POISONING ADMISSIONS IN THE MEDICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Aravind Aiswarya , Rai Mohandas
Published: January 2025

Poisonings comprise an important health issue and leading cause of hospital admission and mortalities in developing countries. This study aims to evaluate the incidence, drug utilization pattern and cost of intensive care associated with poisonings in a tertiary care center. Participants comprised of acute poisoning admissions to the Medical Intensive Care unit of A J Hospital & Research Center, Mangalore during 6 months period. Data regarding pattern of poisoning, basic demographics and drug utilisation were collected by retrospective review of patient records Prevalence of poisoning was 35.49 cases per 1,000 hospitalizations. Majority of poisoning cases were observed in the age group between 25-44 years (85%). Intentional self-poisoning to Organophosphorous compounds and drug over dosage by sedatives were the most common patterns of poisoning observed. Parameters related to drug utilization exhibited slight variations with the agent consumed. Mortality rate was less probably due to timely medical management. Prevailing treatment protocols require updating on proper guidelines for better management of poisoning. There is need for stringent pesticide regulation laws and counselling and training programs to reduce incidence of poisonings.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS ISOLATED FROM THE FRUITS OF XYLOPIA PARVIFLORA (A. RICH.) BENTH
Authors: Tchinda AT , Agbor GA , Tsala DE , Yaya AJG , Nga EN , Talla E , Wauters J-N , Frédérich M
Published: January 2025

The present study evaluates the antioxidant activity of the different flavonoids of the fruits of Xylopia parviflora used in Cameroon as spice in common traditional dishes. The fruits were successively extracted with hexane and methanol. The isolation of flavonoids was guided by the DPPH-TLC technique. The methanol crude extract and isolated compounds were screened for antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities using DPPH radical-scavenging, β-carotene/linoleic acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The total phenolic content of the methanol crude extract was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method. The DPPH-TLC technique led to the isolation of (+)-catechin (1), kaempferol 3-O-arabinofuranoside (2) and quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (3) identified by NMR and mass spectra analysis. In the colorimetric DPPH test, compound 1 had the same activity (EC50 8.1µg/ml) as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) used as standard while compound 3 and the methanol crude extract were less active (EC50 17.2µg/ml). Compound 2 was completely inactive. The total phenolic content of the fruit extracts was 113.03 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of extract. In the carotene bleaching test at the highest concentration of 100µg/mL, the order of inhibition of β-carotene discoloration was BHT > crude extract > quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (3) > catechin (1) > kaempferol 3-O- arabinofuranoside (2). In the reducing power assay, compound 3 was more active at concentrations 40-100µg/mL. The HPLC analysis of the methanol crude extract revealed the presence of compounds 1-3 and unidentified phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract is probably due to the presence of compounds 1 and 3.
KINETICS OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION BY AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MENTHA LONGIFOLIA LEAVES
Authors: Shekhar Chandra , Kumar Suresh
Published: January 2025

Cholinesterase inhibitors are the class of compounds which inhibit cholinesterase enzyme. These are used as drugs for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present study, evaluate anti-cholinesterase property of an aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia leaves, which is an aromatic plant traditionally used for several medicinal properties. Ellman’s method was used to determine the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibitory activity of an aqueous extracts of Mentha longifolia leaves which showed concentration dependent AChE inhibition with maximum inhibition of 62.82 ± 0.005% at 25μg/ml final concentrations with IC50 value of 8.004μg/mL. The kinetic study using Lineweaver-Burk plot of an aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia leaves showed mixed non-competitive mode of inhibition against AChE. The anti AChE enzyme activity exhibited by an aqueous extracts of Mentha longifolia leaves extracts might be used in future for symptomatic treatment of AD.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF AQUEOUS INJECTION OF POORLY SOLUBLE DRUG USING MIXED HYDROTROPIC SOLUBILIZATION CONCEPT AND ITS EVALUATION
Authors: Maheshwari R. K. , Jawade S. , Fouzdar A.
Published: January 2025

Furosemide is a high ceiling diuretic that exhibits antihypertensive activity and also used in treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, renal disease, including nephrotic syndrome. It is practically insoluble in water. The effect of hydrotropes such as urea, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate and blends on the solubility of furosemide was investigated. The enhancement in the solubility of furosemide was up to 200.46 fold in 40% sodium benzoate solution, 14.81 fold in 40% urea solution, 11.85 fold in 40% sodium citrate solution and 9.35 fold in 40% sodium acetate solution compared to its solubility in distilled water. The solubility of drug was raised up to 357.87 fold in blend BUC (containing sodium benzoate, urea and sodium citrate in the ratio of 13.3:13.3:13.3) which was about 1.35 times more than the solubility in the blend BU (containing sodium benzoate and urea in the ratio of 20:20). This proved a synergistic enhancement in solubility of a poorly water soluble drug due to mixed hydrotropy. Combination of hydrotropic agents giving synergistic solvent action can minimize the amount of hydrotropic agents employed, minimizing the chances of their individual toxicities. Aqueous injection of furosemide, using the mixed hydrotropic solubilization technique, was developed. The developed formulation was studied for physical and chemical stability. The prepared formulation was unaffected in respect of color stability. There was no color change or precipitate was found in the developed formulation. In the freeze thaw study there was no precipitation and no turbidity in the developed parenteral formulation at the end of the testing. Chemical stability showed that there was no appreciable loss of furosemide in the formulation stored for 30 days at different temperatures. So it can be assumed that the formulation will have sufficient chemical stability at room temperature.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NASAL NIOSOMAL IN SITU GELS OF LORATADINE
Authors: V. Vyshnavi , S. Indira , Srinivas Prathima
Published: January 2025

Loratadine is an antihistaminic drug, used in the treatment of allergic inflammation. Poor bioavailability of the drug from conventional dosage forms is especially attributable to mucociliary clearance and transient residence time. These problems can be reduced by the employment of niosomal in situ gelling system. In situ gelling of niosomal drops was developed to maintain the drug localization for extended period of time. The niosomal in situ gel formulation was transformed into gel once it is instilled into the nasal cavity. Niosomes were formulated using various surfactants (span 20, 40, 60 and 80) in different ratios using thin film hydration technique. Niosomes were evaluated for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Niosomes prepared using cholesterol and span 60 in the ratio 1:1 (F3) showed higher entrapment efficiency (94.87%) and in-vitro drug release (59.90%) was optimized. The optimized niosomes were developed into in situ gel (pH induced and thermoreversible). The gels were evaluated for gelling capability, pH, viscosity, drug content and in-vitro drug release. Ex-vivo permeation was performed for optimized in situ gels (G2 and T5). The flux (Jss) and Permeability Coefficient (Kp) was found to be higher for G2. Hence niosomal in situ gelling system may have its potential applications than the conventional nasal formulations and to improve the bioavailability of the drug through its longer residence time and ability to sustain drug release with minimal loss of drug.
ANTIPSYCHOTIC POTENTIALS OF OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAVES
Authors: Kadian Renu , Parle Milind
Published: January 2025

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antipsychotic potential of Ocimum sanctum in experimental animal models. Male Wistar rats (180-220 g) and albino mice (25-30 g) were used for the study. The antipsychotic effect of the Ocimum sanctum was evaluated on haloperidol induced catalepsy, cooks pole climbing apparatus, locomotor activity on actophotometer, ketamine induced stereotype behavior. Different groups of rats were fed orally with a specially prepared diet containing various concentrations (2% w/w, 4% w/w and 8% w/w) of Ocimum sanctum leaves paste (OCLP) for 15 consecutive days. Further, the biochemical estimations were done by estimating brain dopamine levels. The OCLP produced significant dose dependent potentiation of haloperidol (1mg/kg, i.p.) induced catalepsy in rats, significantly increased the time taken by the rat to climb the pole in dose dependent manner, significantly decreased the locomotor activity. The OCLP significantly decreased ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) induced stereotyped behavior in a dose dependent manner. Ocimum sanctum leaves paste (OCLP) significantly decreased the brain dopamine levels. The results suggest that OCLP posse’s antipsychotic activity. Further neurochemical investigation can explore the mechanism of action of the plant drug with respect to anti-dopaminergic functions and help to establish the plant as an antipsychotic agent.
DETERMINATION OF THE RUTIN, QUERCETIN AND KAEMPFEROL CONTENTS IN A GHANAIAN POLYHERBAL FORMULATION (EAF-2011) AND ITS RAW MATERIALS USING A SIMULTANEOUS RP-HPLC METHOD
Authors: Thomford K. P , Mensah M. L.K , Dickson R. A , Sakyiamah M. , Edoh D. A , Annan K.
Published: January 2025

Quantitative chemical fingerprinting of herbal medicines provides an avenue for addressing the challenge with their quality. In this report, chemical markers that could be labelled as active markers in the polyherbal product and its component raw materials were assayed using a simultaneous RP-HPLC method. These markers were rutin (RU), quercetin (QE) and kaempferol (KA) which are well known for their antimicrobial activities. The quantitative assay of the markers using a validated HPLC method showed the herbal product (EAF-2011) contained 8.6810% (w/w) of rutin, 0.2670% (w/w) of quercetin and 0.0610% (w/w) of kaempferol. At least two (2) of these flavonoids were detected in each of the component raw plant materials: Psidium guajava [(RU-8.5860% (w/w); QE-0.5430% (w/w); KA - 0.1003% (w/w)], Alchornea cordifolia [RU-2.5540% (w/w); QE-0.0536% (w/w)], Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides [RU-5.8060 % (w/w); KA-0.0174% (w/w)], Tridax procumbens [RU-2.4390% (w/w); QE-0.1040% (w/w); KA-0.0510% (w/w)] and Eugenia caryophyllata [QE-0.4080% (w/w); KA-0.0771% (w/w)]. The results obtained indicate that the HPLC method, selected chemical markers and chromatograms produced are ideal for the quality control of the product and its component raw materials.
BIOCHEMICAL, NEUROCHEMICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF 6-FLUORO-3-(PIPERIDIN-4-YL) BENZO[D] ISOXAZOLE DERIVATIVES AND ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS IN MICE
Authors: Purushothama Sharath Chandra Sollepura , Chandrashekaraiah Sharada Angatahally
Published: January 2025

The atypical antipsychotic drugs used in recent times for the treatment of chronic or acute psychotic (CNS) disorders, are found to cause Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). Earlier studies have revealed that an enhanced oxidative stress accompanied with high glutamate transmission lead to extrapyramidal symptoms, thus limiting the use of established antipsychotic drugs. Therefore the current study investigates the effects of 6-fluoro-3-(piperidin-4-yl) benzo[d]isoxazole derivatives designated as S1, S2, S3, S4 as potent antipsychotics and to prove their efficacy in producing menial Extrapyramidal symptoms, by conducting biochemical, neurochemical and behavioural analysis. The behavioural studies on mice showed that chronic administration of standard antipsychotic drugs haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p) and resperidone (1 mg/kg i.p) to animals have remarkably increased the vacuous chewing movements (VCM`s), VCM`s was noticeably inhibited in test compounds S2 and S3 (1 mg/kg i.p). Neurochemical analysis showed an increase in the concentrations of GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the mice treated with synthesized molecules (S1-S4) compared to standard drugs. Alterations in the enzyme/protein levels of GSH, SOD, catalase and lipid peroxidation have further substantiated the role of free radicals as the underlying cause of EPS. Altogether it can be concluded that the study of synthetic molecules may yield a promising antipsychotic drug which can minimise EPS.
LYSOZYME HYDROCHLORIDE INHIBITS CYTOKINES IN EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION: A BRIEF REPORT
Authors: Sakurai Takayuki , Iesato Ken , Sakao Seiichiro , Saito Kengo , Tatsumi Koichiro , Shirasawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Lysozyme hydrochloride, derived from Hen Egg Lysozyme, is one of classical anti-airway inflammatory drugs. It has been widely administered in Japan, but its molecular potential is unknown. To confirm this classical drug as anti-inflammatory agent, pro-inflammatory cytokines in Epithelial Cells infected by RSV with lysozyme hydrochloride were measured. Lysozyme hydrochloride suppressed the production of IL-6, IL-1β, G-CSF although IL-8 and IFN-γ was not changed. Lysozyme hydrochloride inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines in Epithelial cells infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and may affect to airway inflammation.
RUMINATIVE ANNOUNCEMENT ON NANOPARTICLES AND MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM
Authors: . Balasubramanian , Sravanthi T. , Sujitha V.
Published: January 2025

The aim of the present review provides the relationship between therapeutic nanoparticles and mononuclear phagocytic system. Reticuloendothelial system (RES) represents a group of cells having the ability to take up and sequester inert particles and vital dyes. This includes macrophages and macrophage precursors, specialized endothelial cell lining the sinusoids of the liver, spleen and bone marrow, and the reticular cell of the lymphatic tissue (macrophages) and of the bone morrow (fibroblast). Nanoparticles are rapidly sequestered and retained by the organs comprising of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), mainly the liver, spleen and the bone marrow. Thus, targeting of the nanoparticles to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) is much simpler than to any other organ. In the liver, the particles are mainly retained by the scavenging periportal and midzonal Kupffer cells, while the hepatocytes and liver endothelial cells may play a secondary role under special pathophysiological conditions or for special physic- chemical characteristics of particles. The clearance of conventional nanoparticles has been proposed to occur by uptake of the nanoparticles by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). The mononuclear phagocytic system uptake of nanoparticles results in their rapid removal from the blood and accumulation in tissues involved in the RES, such as the liver and spleen. Uptake by the RES usually results in irreversible sequestering of the encapsulated drug in the RES, were it can be degraded. In addition, the uptake of the nanoparticles by the RES may result in acute impairment of the mononuclear phagocytic system and toxicity. Sterically stabilized nanoparticles, such as STEALTH nanoparticles, prolong the duration of exposure of the encapsulated nanoparticles in the systemic circulation. The presence of the PEG coating on the outside of the nanoparticles does not prevent uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, but simply reduces the rate of uptake.
GINGER AND MARSHMALLOW EXTRACTS CAN PROTECT AGAINST PYLORIC LIGATION-INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER IN RATS
Authors: Zaghlool Sameh S. , Shehata Basim A. , Abo-Seif Ali A. , El-Latif Hekma A. Abd
Published: January 2025

Gastric ulcer is one of the most serious diseases over wide the world. There are many drugs used for the treatment of gastric ulcer, but most of these produce several adverse reactions. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of extracts of Ginger and Marshmallow on pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Animals were divided into 5 Groups; a normal control group, an ulcer control group, a standard treatment group receiving famotidine (20 mg/kg), and two treatment groups receiving Ginger (100 mg/kg) and Marshmallow (100 mg/kg). Treatments were given orally for 14 days. On the 15th day, animals were subjected to pyloric ligation except for the normal control group. Four hours later, rat stomachs were excised and gastric juice and blood samples were collected. Pyloric ligation caused significant elevations in ulcer number, ulcer index, gastric volume, titratble acidity, acid output, mucin content and peptic activity, accompanied by significant decreases in blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) activity and gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) contents. In addition, elevations in gastric mucosal lipid peroxide and histamine contents were observed. Pretreatment with famotidine, ginger or marshmallow significantly corrected all blood and tissue parameters by varying degrees. Famotidine, ginger and marshmallow may protect against pyloric ligation-induced peptic ulcer in rats, being promising for further clinical trials.
RADIOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC) EXTRACT ON CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES AGAINST ELECTRON BEAM RADIATION
Authors: Rao Shama N , Shetty Sukanya , N SuchethaKumari , LN Madhu , Sanjeev Ganesh
Published: January 2025

The radioprotective effects of naturally occurring compounds from herbs have been investigated in vitro and in vivo considering their ethnopharmacological role in prevention and treatment of cancer. Allium sativum supplementation in diet has been shown to be beneficial to cancer patients. The present study was designed to detect the radioprotective effect of garlic extract (GE) on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Garlic bulbs were extracted using ethanol and water separately followed by assays on antioxidant activities to assess the efficiency of radical scavenging capacity of various extracts. Lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations of GE for 2, 4, 6 and 24 hr periods. Cell survival was determined by tryphan blue dye exclusion assay, single strand DNA damage by alkaline comet assay and in vitro cytogenetic damages were evaluated by micronucleus assays. Ethanol boiled GE showed highest radical scavenging capacity and reducing property. Treatment of GE to lymphocytes before and after exposure to 4Gy of electron beam radiation (EBR) the percentage of tail DNA was reduced from 24.06±3.92 to 2.87±0.18. The elevated micronucleus formation in radiation control group (13.15±0.75) was significantly reduced in various concentrations of GE treated groups (10.35±0.44, 7.05±1.17, 6.42±0.47) respectively. Cells treated with GE at 10µg/mL showed maximum viability after exposure to EBR. Present investigations indicate that ethanol boiled GE shows good radiation protection at 10µg/mL concentration. However, increase in concentration above this dose though resulted in higher protection, increased cell toxicity was also noticed.
EVALUATION OF ANTACID ACTIVITY OF MICROEMULSION FORMULATION OF BLEND OF ESSENTIAL OIL
Authors: Mazumder Joydeep , Pathak Devender , Kumria Rachna
Published: January 2025

Essential oils are having wide range of biological activity is used to achieve therapeutic effects. These are volatile substances sensitive to oxygen, light, moisture and heat. In the present study microemulsion formulation was prepared using a blend of essential oil contains cardamom, coriander, fennel, caraway, ajowan and peppermint oil, water and non ionic surfactant tween 20 and cosurfactant as ethanol. Each essential oil was extracted from dried seed by steam distillation and characterized by Headspace Gas chromatography use of a marker compound which was linalool for coriander oil, cineol for cardamom oil, anethol for fennel oil, carvone for caraway oil, thymol for ajowan oil and menthol for peppermint oil. The marker compound was characterized using mass spectroscopy. Microemulsion of oil showed higher stability with droplet size in the range of 110-410nm. The product then screened for in vitro antacid properties which showed significant positive response.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF CHEMOMETRIC ASSISTED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CINITAPRIDE AND PANTOPRAZOLE FROM BULK AND COMBINED DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Karanjia Jasmine
Published: January 2025

This paper describes two sensitive, accurate and precise chemometric spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate (CNT) and Pantoprazole sodium (PANTO) in bulk powder and capsules without prior separation. Multivariate calibration chemometric methods are proposed for simultaneous determination of CNT and PANTO. The chemometric methods applied are Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS). These approaches are successfully applied to quantify both drugs using the information included in the absorption spectra of appropriate solutions. In these multivariate methods, calibration sets of standard samples composed of different mixtures of CNT and PANTO have been designed. The methods were validated according to The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The specificity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory-prepared mixtures. The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination of CNT and PANTO in bulk powder and dosage form combination.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ENCAPSULATED WITH SILYMARIN
Authors: Gavini Venkatesh , Batta Ragini , Kuchi Kaumudi , Murthy M Srinivasa
Published: January 2025

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface and increase the residence time of the dosage form at the absorption site. The drugs which have local action or those which have maximum absorption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) require increased duration of stay in GIT. Thus, mucoadhesive dosage forms are advantageous in increasing the drug plasma concentrations and also therapeutic activity. Silymarin (SLM) is an effective hepatoprotective drug used in therapeutic practice today. However, its absorption is in stomach and needs to be retained in the same for prolonged period. So SLM is suitable candidate to develop into mucoadhesive drug delivery system. The objective of the present study was to formulate mucoadhesive microspheres of Silymarin and carryout evaluation of the formulated microspheres. In the present study, five formulations of microspheres with variable concentrations of mucoadhesive polymer and film forming polymer (HPMC & EC) were prepared by Emulsification solvent evaporation method and evaluated for physico-chemical, preformulation and formulation parameters. Compatibility studies proved that there was no interaction between Silymarin and polymers used. Silymarin microspheres were smooth and spherical in nature, which was confirmed by SEM. The in vitro performance of SLM microspheres showed controlled release depending on the concentration of mucoadhesive polymer. Finally it can be concluded that mucoadhesive microspheres encapsulated with optimum concentration of mucoadhesive polymer and film forming polymer showed better results in all the evaluated parameters making it a potential candidate for controlled release drug delivery system.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PROSOPIS CINERARIA ON THE MOTILITY AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM
Authors: Manigandan C. , Veerakumari L.
Published: January 2025

Paramphistomosis caused by the paramphistome Cotylophoron cotylophorum constitute a major group of disease in domestic ruminants. Chemical control of helminths coupled with improved management has important worm control strategy throughout the world. However, increasing problems of development of resistance in helminths against anthelmintics have led to the proposal of screening of medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity. In the present investigation, the anthelmintic efficacy of bark of Prosopis cineraria was assessed based on its effect on the motility and on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Cotylophoron cotylophorum. The flukes were exposed to five different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) of ethanol extract of bark of Prosopis cineraria (PcEE) for 2, 4 and 8 h. The motility response of the drug-treated parasites was quantitatively measured with the aid of Electronic Micromotility Meter (EMM). The electronic measurement of the motility of the drug-treated parasites clearly indicates the direct impact of the drugs on the motility of the parasite. Maximum level of inhibition of the motility response of the parasites was observed at 5% concentration after 8 h of exposure of PcEE. AChE was assessed. PcEE significantly inhibited the activity of AChE. As, AChE plays an important role in neurotransmission, inhibition of AChE results in muscular paralysis of parasites which loose its “biochemical hold-fast” and gets eliminated from the host. PcEE possesses a remarkable anthelmintic activity against C. cotylophorum. It may serve as an alternative for anthelmintic chemotherapeutic agents and could be used in a safe and eco friendly manner. However, this study warrants further in vivo studies for practical utility.
DHAWA (WOODFORDIA FRUTICOSA (L.) KURZ.): A VERSATILE MEDICINAL PLANT
Authors: Rani Seema , Rahman Khaleequr , Younis Mohd. , Basar Sadiya Noorul
Published: January 2025

Woodfordia fruticosa is an important medicinal plant used in traditional system of medicine since the time immemorial. It belongs to the family Lythraceae. Many organic constituents like tannins, phenols, steroids/terpenoids, carbohydrates, resins and inorganic ones including iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium etc., have been isolated from this species in recent times. Extracts and metabolites of this plant, particularly those from flowers and leaves, possess useful pharmacological activities. Flowers are qabiz (astringent), mubarrid (refrigerant), habisud dam (haemostatic), qatil kirme shikam (anthelminthic), mujaffif (dessicative), mundamil qurooh (enhance wound healing) musakkin atsh, musaffi khoon etc. It is commonly used to cure ishaal (diarrhoea), kasrate tams (menorrhagia), and bawaseer damvia (bleeding piles). Aabzan (sitz bath) with decoction of this drug is useful for khuroojul miqad (prolapse of anus) and sailanur rehem (leucorrhoea). The bark is also pungent, acrid, cooling, toxic, alexatric, antihelmintic, antidysentric, and uterine sedative. The bark is used in thirst, dysentery, leprosy, erysipelas and diseases of the blood. Antitumor, DNA inhibitory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, aniproliferative, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and anti-ulcer activities were found in various parts of this plant. Ethnopharmacological activities, chemical component and related pharmacological effects reveal that the plant Woodfordia fruticosa is an important medicinal plant having versatile beneficial pharmacological effects.
STUDY ON CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ROOT AND CALLUS EXTRACTS OF MYXOPYRUM SMILACIFOLIUM BLUME
Authors: P. Praveen R. , Nair Ashalatha S
Published: January 2025

Myxopyrum smilacifolium is a large woody climbing shrub belonging to the family Oleaceae which is known for many medicinal properties. In the present study, initially a short term cytotoxic study (3 hours) with hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 using Trypan Blue Assay was carried out against methanolic extracts of root and callus and found an appreciable result for both extracts. Then the study was extended to the same cell line employing MTT assay. In this procedure extracts were subjected to 24 hours treatment and cytotoxicity was measured using a colorimetric method based on the ability of metabolic active cells to cleave the yellow tetrazolium salt MTT to an insoluble purple formazan crystal. A concentration dependent activity was observed in both Trypan Blue as well as MTT assay. The results showed that both the extracts possess potent cytotoxic activity. IC50 value from MTT assay was found to be 63.75µg/l and 98.75µg/l for root and callus extracts respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the cytotoxic potential of callus extracts of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume.
CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CITRUS GRANDIS (L.) OSBECK PEEL ON DOXORUBICIN AND CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS
Authors: Baniya Samir , R. Dhananjaya D. , Acharya Ankit , Dangi Bishal , Sapkota Arjun
Published: January 2025

The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (CGO) peel extract in rats. Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck peel extract was evaluated for protection against cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg body wt., i.p.) and doxorubicin (15 mg/kg body wt., i.p.) induced cardiotoxicity in male albino rats. Biomarkers like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and creatinine kinase (CK-MB) along with heart weight index and antioxidant enzymes was considered to determine the cardioprotective property. Histopathological study was also carried out on heart of experimental animals. The CGO peel extract was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and tannin as chemical constituents. Cyclophosphamide (CYP) and doxorubicin (DOX) treated groups exhibited significant increase in LDH, ALT, AST, ALP, TC, TG and CK-MB level and decrease in catalase (CAT), superoxide dimutase (SOD) when compared to control group. Pretreatment with different doses of CGO significantly reduced the serum biomarkers and increased the tissue antioxidant level when compared to DOX and CYP alone treated groups. Moreover, treatment with CGO also improved CYP induced changes in histopathology of heart which may be due to its antioxidant property. The Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck exerted protective effect against CYP and DOX induced cardiotoxicity in rats, which may be due its lipid lowering and antioxidant properties. These findings might be helpful to understand the beneficial effects of CGO extract against myocardial injury although further study is needed to confirm its mechanism.
Octavio Paz, editor de Plural
Authors: Van Delden Maarten
Published: January 2025

En este artículo, se revisa la labor de Octavio Paz como editor de la revista cultural mexicana Plural (1971-1976), basado principalmente en la consulta de la correspondencia de Paz y otros redactores de la revista que se encuentra en los archivos editoriales de Plural, en Princeton. Se verá que Paz fue un editor sumamente generoso; que participó de una forma excepcionalmente activa en la configuración de la revista; que realizaba frecuentes gestiones para apoyar las iniciativas de los colaboradores de la revista; y que se preocupaba por resolver o aminorar los conflictos que inevitablemente surgían dentro de la empresa colectiva que era Plural.
Octavio Paz, Role Editor of Plural
Abstract
This article offers an overview of Octavio Paz’s work as the general editor of the Mexican cultural journal Plural (1971-1976), drawing principally on the study of the correspondence of Paz and other editors of the journal in the Plural editorial files housed in the Princeton University Library. We will see that Paz was an extremely generous journal editor: he participated actively in the magazine’s configuration, worked tirelessly to promote the initiatives of the journal’s collaborators, and made frequent efforts to resolve or lessen the conflicts between different literary, cultural and political viewpoints that emerged within the journal.
Recibido: 19 de junio de 2024Dictaminado: 30 de octubre de 2024Aceptado: 19 de noviembre 2024
El hombre-revista. Una charla con Adolfo Castañón
Authors: Flores Malva
Published: January 2025

Este artículo es una entrevista con el escritor Adolfo Castañón, uno de los más importantes colaboradores y animadores de revistas literarias mexicanas durante el siglo pasado y el que corre. La entrevista se plantea como un itinerario, cuyas estancias son las revistas que Castañón fundó o en las que colaboró. Entre ellas, destacan Plural, Nexos, Vuelta y Letras Libres, pero también little magazines como Cave Canem, El Machete o Palos de la Crítica. Esta larga travesía permite imaginar la historia de las publicaciones como casas depositarias de diversas formas de la migración intelectual.
The Magazine Man: A Talk with Adolfo Castañón
Abstract
This article is an interview with writer Adolfo Castañón, one of the most important contributors and promoters of Mexican literary magazines during the past century and the current one. The interview is structured as an itinerary whose stops are the magazines that Castañón founded or contributed to. Among them, Plural, Nexos, Vuelta, and Letras Libres stand out, but also little magazines like Cave Canem, El Machete, and Palos de la Crítica. This long journey allows us to imagine the history of publications as houses that hold various forms of intellectual migration.
Recibido: 09 de junio de 2024Dictaminado: 27 de agosto de 2024Aceptado:  26 de noviembre de 2024
Lo “mexicano universal” en ediciones y suplementos de Fernando Benítez (1949-1971)
Authors: Ruiz Rodilla Álvaro
Published: January 2025

El medio siglo significó un momento de búsqueda de lo propio y de indagación en torno a lo mexicano. Esa forma de nacionalismo cultural se explora aquí en su faceta editorial y bibliográfica, tanto desde los suplementos medulares de Fernando Benítez –México en la cultura y La cultura en México– como desde las casas editoriales anunciadas o reseñadas en sus páginas, tanto desde la obra del autor como de la de sus colaboradores. Así, se delinean los rasgos de una comunidad imaginada a través de estas lecturas, en pleno auge editorial. Mediante las herramientas multidisciplinarias de la bibliografía social y material y la historia del libro, se observa el proceso por el cual lo “mexicano universal” toma forma en un entramado de vínculos profesionales y comerciales, en el que el Fondo de Cultura Económica es un actor preponderante y crucial.
On the “Mexican Universal” in Editions and Cultural Periodicals Directed by Fernando Benítez (1949-1971)
Abstract
The Mexican half-century was a period of cultural and philosphical quest for a national being. That form of cultural nationalism is explored here in its editorial and bibliographical facet, both from Fernando Benítez’s supplements –México en la cultura and La cultura en México– and from the publishing houses announced or reviewed in its pages, from both the author’s work and that of his collaborators. Thus, the outlines of an imagined community are delineated through these readings in the midst of a publishing boom. Through the multidisciplinary tools of social and material bibliography and book history, we observe the process by which the “mexican universal” takes shape in a network of professional and commercial links, in which the Fondo de Cultura Económica is a preponderant and crucial actor.
Recibido: 21 de junio de 2024Dictaminado: 25 de octubre de 2024Aceptado: 19 de noviembre de 2024
EL SIGNIFICADO DEL SIMCE PARA LOS ESTUDIANTES: ENTRE LA DIFERENCIACIÓN Y LA RESPONSABILIDAD POR LOS RESULTADOS
Authors: Arredondo González Emanuel
Published: January 2025

El sistema educativo chileno se ha caracterizado por su orientación de mercado, con un Estado como evaluador y árbitro de proveedores educacionales, siendo el Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) el instrumento objetivo y comparable para evaluar su calidad. En este contexto, el siguiente artículo indagó en el significado que los estudiantes de escuelas municipalizadas, particulares subvencionadas y particulares de la quinta región, generan sobre sí mismos, la escuela y actores con que se relacionan, tanto en su comunidad-escuela como en su vida cotidiana producto de los resultados del SIMCE. Se aplicaron 11 entrevistas en profundidad a estudiantes de diferentes tipos de escuelas. Los hallazgos evidencian que el SIMCE es un instrumento que es empleado en las escuelas y que permite la diferenciación de los estudiantes y la responsabilización por los resultados. El uso del SIMCE como medida de la calidad de la educación reporta consecuencias en los estudiantes que impactan en sus experiencias educativas.
Faktor Risiko Pola Asuh Orang Tua terhadap Gaming Disorder pada Remaja
Authors: Pambudi Tesalonika Arina , Rachmayanti Riris Diana
Published: January 2025

Gaming disorder is often found among children and adolescents. This disorder of self-control over games that cause addiction is defined by WHO as a behavioral disorder. Risk factors for gaming disorder come from internal factors and external factors. One of the significant external risk factors is parents' parenting style towards their children. Objective: To explored and analyze external risk factors for gaming disorders in adolescents related to parental parenting patterns. Methods: The research method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach using purposive and in-depth interview techniques. There were 12 informants, 8 of whom were primary informants and 4 of whom were key informants. The main informant was an adolescent mobile legends game player in Surabaya who was diagnosed with gaming disorder based on the results of a preliminary study using the gaming disorder instrument from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Results: parenting patterns at risk are parenting patterns that pamper children, parenting patterns that lack control over parents, and parenting patterns that are indifferent and harsh.Conclusion: Ineffective parenting has an impact on teenagers' self-control, which has the potential to cause teenagers to fall into gaming addiction or gaming disorder.
Keywords:  adolescents, gaming disorder, parenting style
Unveiling the Antibacterial Activity of Petai Seed Ethanol Extract (Parkia speciosa Hassk) with the Kirby-Bauer Method
Authors: Alioes Yustini , Efendi Altio , Ramadhan Mario Arya
Published: January 2025

The increasing number of antibiotic resistance cases have to seek alternative treatments, including the petai plant (Parkia speciosa Hassk). Petai seeds primarily contain chemical compounds such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which are known for their antibacterial properties. Objective: To determined the antibacterial activity of petai seed ethanol extract (P. speciosa Hassk) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. Methods: This experiment used the Kirby-Bauer Method. Petai seeds were extracted with ethanol using maceration techniques, and the viscous extract was dissolved into concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Screening paper soaked in the extract was placed on agar plates inoculated with the test bacteria, and the plates were incubated for 24 hours. The inhibition zones were measured with a caliper, and the data were analyzed statistically. Results: The study found that the ethanol extract of petai seeds exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and weak antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi. Conclusion: Increasing the concentration of the extract significantly enhanced its antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating that petai seed ethanol extract could be a potential alternative treatment for bacterial infections.
Keywords:  antibacterial, extract ethanol, Kirby-Bauer method, petai seed
Clinical approaches in vogue for combination therapies for acne and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation – A comprehensive review
Authors: Adebusoye Oluwatosin Christiana , Srivastava Gautam
Published: January 2025

Acne and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) are prevalent dermatological conditions that significantly impact young individuals, especially those with darker skin tones. Effective management of these conditions requires a comprehensive approach that integrates topical, systemic, and procedural therapies. The evaluation of the data from multiple clinical studies and dermatological reviews revealed the superior efficacy of combination therapies for acne and PIH. The studies incorporated the analysis of the effectiveness of topical agents such as retinoids (tretinoin and adapalene) and hydroquinone, systemic treatments such as antibiotics and hormonal agents, and procedural interventions including laser therapy and chemical peels. Topical therapies showed a significant efficacy in reducing acne lesions and PIH and emphasized on a superior response in patients on combination therapies when compared to monotherapy. Systemic treatments are very effective for severe acne and aid indirectly in mitigating PIH. Procedural therapies enhance treatment efficacy by targeting pigmented cells and stimulating skin regeneration. The integration of multiple treatment modalities addresses the complex pathophysiology of acne and PIH in a better way. Topical retinoids accelerate cell turnover and reduce inflammation, while hydroquinone inhibits melanogenesis. Combining these agents with systemic treatments or procedural interventions maximizes therapeutic benefits. Personalized treatment plans, tailored to individual skin types and conditions, are crucial for optimizing outcomes. Combination therapy thus represents a robust approach to managing acne and PIH, offering enhanced efficacy through synergistic effects. Further research in the light of present work is needed to refine these strategies and develop new formulations that address both cosmetic and biomedical aspects of PIH.
Evaluation of skin irritation and skin sensitization potential of Venusia CeraPlus cream using human repeat insult patch test
Authors: Aich Biswajit , Kumbhar Preeti , Sanghavi Arti , Muchhala Snehal , Katare Sagar , Kotak Bhavesh
Published: January 2025

Objectives:

This study evaluated the safety of Venusia CeraPlus Moisturizing Cream using the human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT).

Materials and Methods:

A single-center, non-randomized, double-blinded, observational study was conducted from February 12 to March 27, 2024. 211 participants (aged 18–65, Fitzpatrick skin types III–V) completed the study. The HRIPT protocol included induction, rest, and challenge phases. Skin reactions were assessed using the Draize scale during induction and the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group scale during the challenge phase.

Results:

The study demonstrated favorable results for Venusia CeraPlus moisturizing cream. During the induction phase, the product showed a mean cumulative irritation score of 0.37, which was well below the non-irritant threshold of 2. In the challenge phase, no participants exhibited strong positive reactions (++) at any time point. No adverse events were reported by any of the participants.

Conclusion:

Venusia CeraPlus moisturizing cream demonstrated non-irritant properties after nine repeat applications and was found to be hypoallergenic in the study population.
Strategi Bauran Pemasaran 7ps dan Social Media Engagement Dalam Live Streaming Commerce: Studi Kasus Tiga Brand Umkm Kategori Fashion Di Tiktok Shop
Authors: Destria Chelma , Bella Eka , Pamungkas Envira
Published: January 2025

Dengan mengedepankan tren Live Streaming Commerce (LSC) dalam media sosial, penelitian ini menganalisis strategi pemasaran tiga merek UMKM fashion di Indonesia, yakni Tenue de Attire, Rurik.id, dan 3SECOND yang memasarkan produknya di TikTok Shop. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis konten kualitatif, penelitian ini mengevaluasi penerapan konsep bauran pemasaran 7P (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Physical Evidence, People, Process) juga teori social media engagement dengan fokus kredibilitas juga interaksi pembawa acara saat siaran langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Rurik.id dan 3SECOND lebih efektif dalam menerapkan strategi 7P dan membangun keterlibatan dengan penonton dibandingkan Tenue de Attire. Faktor-faktor seperti interaksi yang dinamis, variasi produk yang ditawarkan, strategi harga yang kompetitif, juga kredibilitas host berperan penting dalam meningkatkan atensi juga minat beli penonton. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keberhasilan live streaming commerce bergantung pada integrasi yang efektif antara strategi pemasaran juga cara berkomunikasi secara digital, khususnya dalam media sosial yang diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan berharga bagi UMKM di Indonesia dalam mengoptimalkan penjualan melalui platform digital, khususnya TikTok Shop.
Kata Kunci: Live Streaming Commerce, bauran pemasaran 7P, Social Media Engagement, TikTok Shop
REPRESENTASI STEREOTIP PEREMPUAN DALAM FILM 3 SRIKANDI MELALUI ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA ROLAND BARTHES
Authors: Karina Puji Lestari
Published: January 2025

Film 3 Srikandi mengangkat kisah nyata perjuangan tiga atlet panahan perempuan Indonesia di Olimpiade Seoul tahun 2988, film ini menjadi contoh penting dalam representasi stereotip perempuan dalam kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat Indonesia yang dikemas secara natural dalam perfilman nasional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui representasi stereotip perempuan yang terefleksi dalam film 3 Srikandi melalui analisis semiotika Roland Barthes. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan metode pendekatan analisis semiotika. Data penelitian berupa penggalan kalimat, dialog dan gambar scene yang menunjukkan stereotip perempuan yang ada pada film 3 Srikandi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa film 3 Srikandi tidak hanya memperlihatkan kisah perjuagan dari tiga tokoh utama namun, di sisi lain juga memperlihatkan banyak stereotip perempuan yang masih tumbuh subur dalam kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat Indonesia seperti perempuan dituntut untuk lebih memprioritaskan keluarga dibandingkan karienya, perempuan dituntut untuk memilih pekerjaan yang aman dan stabil untuk menjamin masa tuanya, perempuan dituntut untuk memilih pasangan yang mampu menjaga stabilitas hidupnya. Selain itu, Perempuan juga digambarkan sebagai sosok yang emosional namun memiliki dedikasi yang tinggi dan pantang menyerah untuk meraih impiannya, serta perempuan adalah sosok yang mampu memberikan kehangatan dan dukungan emosional bagi sesama perempuan.