bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The affective assemblage of internationalisation in Japanese higher education
Authors: Morley Louise , Roberts Paul , Ota Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

Positive attributes stick to higher education internationalisation, and it is a policy paradigm with performative effects. Internationalisation draws on imagined virtuous flows of knowledge production and exchange, and is presented as an assemblage of detraditionalisation, expansiveness and epistemic and cultural opportunity for individuals, organisations and nation states. Policies target bodies, minds and affect, yet are presented as an unquestionable good in an imagined genderneutral, borderless, meritocratic and benign global knowledge economy. This paper explores the affective economy of internationalisation drawing upon interview data gathered in fifteen private, five national and eight public universities in Japan with thirty-four migrant academics and thirteen international doctoral researchers. We aim to contribute to internationalisation theory by exploring the sticky micropolitics of internationalisation in relation to affective assemblages, and how the gendered, racialised, linguistic and epistemic inequalities constituting academic mobility are frequently disqualified from discourse. Our discussion includes consideration of the Japanese policy context, the concept of affective assemblages, navigating gender regimes, precarity and linguistic imperialism. We conclude that the immaterial or affective labour that is required to unstick, install and maintain an internationalised academic identity and navigate the translations and antagonisms from everyday encounters with difference is substantially under-estimated.
Estimation of pulse pressure variation and cardiac output in patients having major abdominal surgery: a comparison between a mobile application for snapshot pulse wave analysis and invasive pulse wave analysis
Authors: Hoppe Phillip , Gleibs Fabian , Briesenick Luisa , Joosten Alexandre , Saugel Bernd
Published: August 2020

Pulse pressure variation (PPV) and cardiac output (CO) can guide perioperative fluid management. Capstesia (Galenic App, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain) is a mobile application for snapshot pulse wave analysis (PWAsnap) and estimates PPV and CO using pulse wave analysis of a snapshot of the arterial blood pressure waveform displayed on any patient monitor. We evaluated the PPV and CO measurement performance of PWAsnap in adults having major abdominal surgery. In a prospective study, we simultaneously measured PPV and CO using PWAsnap installed on a tablet computer (PPVPWAsnap, COPWAsnap) and using invasive internally calibrated pulse wave analysis (ProAQT; Pulsion Medical Systems, Feldkirchen, Germany; PPVProAQT, COProAQT). We determined the diagnostic accuracy of PPVPWAsnap in comparison to PPVProAQT according to three predefined PPV categories and by computing Cohen’s kappa coefficient. We compared COProAQT and COPWAsnap using Bland-Altman analysis, the percentage error, and four quadrant plot/concordance rate analysis to determine trending ability. We analyzed 190 paired PPV and CO measurements from 38 patients. The overall diagnostic agreement between PPVPWAsnap and PPVProAQT across the three predefined PPV categories was 64.7% with a Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.45. The mean (± standard deviation) of the differences between COPWAsnap and COProAQT was 0.6 ± 1.3 L min− 1 (95% limits of agreement 3.1 to − 1.9 L min− 1) with a percentage error of 48.7% and a concordance rate of 45.1%. In adults having major abdominal surgery, PPVPWAsnap moderately agrees with PPVProAQT. The absolute and trending agreement between COPWAsnap with COProAQT is poor. Technical improvements are needed before PWAsnap can be recommended for hemodynamic monitoring.
Determinants of Women’s Drug Use During Pregnancy: Perspectives from a Qualitative Study
Authors: Mburu Gitau , Ayon Sylvia , Mahinda Samantha , Kaveh Khoshnood
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Drug use during pregnancy can have negative effects on maternal and child health. However, there is a dearth of data regarding drug use among pregnant women in Kenya, where illicit drug use is on the rise. In this paper, we report factors influencing women’s decisions to use drugs during pregnancy.

Methods

In 2015, we conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 45 women who inject drugs and five key stakeholders involved in provision of services to people who use drugs in coastal Kenya. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted to draw out themes related to key determinants of drug use during pregnancy.

Results

Four key themes emerged outlining determinants of drug use during pregnancy: (i) the use of drugs to cope with the stress of unexpected pregnancy, (ii) the continued drug use during pregnancy to manage withdrawal, (iii) the dual effect of pregnancy on drug use either as a facilitator or as a moderator of drug use, and (iv) the role of male intimate partner in influencing women’s drug use during pregnancy.

Conclusion

Our paper reports women’s drug use during pregnancy and the factors influencing this phenomenon. To safeguard the health and well-being of pregnant women and their unborn children, there is a need for education and awareness raising, implementing couple-based harm reduction approaches to leverage on positive male influences, improving availability of drug treatment, and provision of family planning interventions for women who use drugs.
The Guidance Theory of Action: A Critical Review
Authors: Asma Lieke Joske Franci
Published: August 2020

Theories based on Frankfurt’s (Am Philos Q 15(2):157–162, 1978) view of action have recently been developed to account for passive, automatic, and habitual actions. What these theories share is that they aim to distinguish between actions and mere bodily movements without appealing to psychological states as causes. Instead, agents have guidance control over their actions. In this paper I argue that the versions of the theory that have been proposed are problematic. I propose to pay attention to Frankfurt’s other claim instead: that actions and mere bodily movements are inherently different. I argue that Anscombe’s approach to action does take this inherent distinction seriously, and is able to account for passive, automatic, and habitual actions.
Computational Goals, Values and Decision-Making
Authors: Dennis Louise A.
Published: August 2020

Considering the popular framing of an artificial intelligence as a rational agent that always seeks to maximise its expected utility, referred to as its goal, one of the features attributed to such rational agents is that they will never select an action which will change their goal. Therefore, if such an agent is to be friendly towards humanity, one argument goes, we must understand how to specify this friendliness in terms of a utility function. Wolfhart Totschnig (Fully Autonomous AI, Science and Engineering Ethics, 2020), argues in contrast that a fully autonomous agent will have the ability to change its utility function and will do so guided by its values. This commentary examines computational accounts of goals, values and decision-making. It rejects the idea that a rational agent will never select an action that changes its goal but also argues that an artificial intelligence is unlikely to be purely rational in terms of always acting to maximise a utility function. It nevertheless also challenges the idea that an agent which does not change its goal cannot be considered fully autonomous. It does agree that values are an important component of decision-making and explores a number of reasons why.
Optimum tubing size prediction model for vertical multiphase flow during flow production period of oil wells
Authors: Nwanwe C. C. , Duru U. I. , Nwanwe O. I. , Chikwe A. O. , Ojiabo K. T. , Umeojiakor C. T.
Published: August 2020

Optimum tubing size (OTS) selection was traditionally done by using nodal analysis to perform sensitivity analysis on the different tubing sizes. This approach was found to be both cumbersome and time-consuming. This study developed a user-friendly and time-efficient OTS prediction computer model that could allow Petroleum Production Engineers to select the best tubing size for any vertical oil well. The tubing size selection was based on the present operating flow rate, economic considerations and future operating flow rate as defined by the OTS selection criteria of this study. The robustness of the model was tested using tubing sizes ranging from 0.824 to 6.0 inch in a vertical well producing from both saturated and undersaturated oil reservoirs. The 2.750-inch tubing was found the OTS for both scenarios. In the validation, the results obtained from the novel OTS prediction model and Guo et al. (Petroleum production engineering: a computer-assisted approach, Gulf Professional Publishing, Cambridge) spreadsheet program using the Poetmann–Carpenter method were in excellent agreement for operating flow rate but not for operating pressure. Furthermore, the novel OTS prediction model was in excellent agreement with the same spreadsheet program based on modified Hagedorn–Brown correlation for both operating flow rate and pressure. The results showed that the model developed in this study is reliable and can be used in the field for vertical oil wells. The new model could as well inform the Production Engineer when the well would need artificial lift for economic production of the well. It was recommended that Newton–Raphson and modified Hagedorn–Brown methods be used in future study.
Novel and potent inhibitors targeting DHODH are broad-spectrum antivirals against RNA viruses including newly-emerged coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Xiong Rui , Zhang Leike , Li Shiliang , Sun Yuan , Ding Minyi , Wang Yong , Zhao Yongliang , Wu Yan , Shang Weijuan , Jiang Xiaming , Shan Jiwei , Shen Zihao , Tong Yi , Xu Liuxin , Chen Yu , Liu Yingle , Zou Gang , Lavillete Dimitri , Zhao Zhenjiang , Wang Rui , Zhu Lili , Xiao Gengfu , Lan Ke , Li Honglin , Xu Ke
Published: August 2020

Emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses occasionally cause epidemics and pandemics worldwide, such as the on-going outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we identified two potent inhibitors of human DHODH, S312 and S416, with favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic profiles, which all showed broad-spectrum antiviral effects against various RNA viruses, including influenza A virus, Zika virus, Ebola virus, and particularly against SARS-CoV-2. Notably, S416 is reported to be the most potent inhibitor so far with an EC50 of 17 nmol/L and an SI value of 10,505.88 in infected cells. Our results are the first to validate that DHODH is an attractive host target through high antiviral efficacy in vivo and low virus replication in DHODH knock-out cells. This work demonstrates that both S312/S416 and old drugs (Leflunomide/Teriflunomide) with dual actions of antiviral and immuno-regulation may have clinical potentials to cure SARS-CoV-2 or other RNA viruses circulating worldwide, no matter such viruses are mutated or not.
Prädiktoren von Sturzereignissen in Pflegewohnheimen: eine Querschnittsstudie in Deutschland
Authors: Strutz Nicole , Kiselev Jörn , Lahmann Nils
Published: August 2020

Hintergrund

Neuere Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass Sturzereignisse in Pflegewohnheimen bisher nicht in ausreichendem Maße verhindert werden können. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Sturzereignissen sowie Mobilitätseinschränkungen, Erkrankungen und Body-Mass-Index (BMI) wurde für jeden Faktor bisher einzeln beschrieben; eine komplexere Analyse fehlt.

Ziel

Ziel dieser Studie ist es, neben der Sturzinzidenz, Sturzprädiktoren in deutschen Pflegewohnheimen zu ermitteln. Die Untersuchung fokussiert auf das Vorliegen möglicher Sturzprädiktoren von Pflegeheimbewohnern/Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen ab 65 Jahren und versucht, evtl. vorhandene, besonders vulnerable Personengruppen zu identifizieren.

Material und Methode

Querschnittserhebung mit 2427 Pflegeheimbewohnern/Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen im 3. und 4. Lebensalter aus 17 deutschen Pflegewohnheimen im Untersuchungszeitraum von 2014 bis 2016. Es wurden umfangreiche Daten zur Mobilität, zu Erkrankungen und BMI sowie zur Versorgung mit Mobilitätshilfsmitteln erhoben und statistisch ausgewertet. Zur Ermittlung multivariater Zusammenhänge wurde ein „classification and regression tree“ angewendet.

Ergebnisse

Die Gruppe der Proband*innen stellt sich mit einem Median von 85 Jahren und einem Frauenanteil von 73,8 % dar. Im Erhebungszeitraum von 2014 bis 2016 stürzten 5,5 % der Pflegeheimbewohner*innen. Als mögliche Prädiktoren für Sturzereignisse konnten Einschränkungen in mehreren spezifischen komplexen Bewegungsabläufen sowie ein geringer BMI ≤21,5 kg/m2 ermittelt werden. Die Gruppe der Pflegeheimbewohner*innen mit geringem BMI zeigt Einschränkungen in anderen Bewegungsabläufen als Pflegeheimbewohner*innen der Gruppe, die einen BMI >21,5 kg/m2 aufweisen. Pflegeheimbewohner*innen mit diesen Merkmalen wurden als besonders vulnerable Gruppen identifiziert.

Schlussfolgerung

Da die Einschätzung des Sturzrisikos von Pflegeheimbewohnern/Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen auf Basis bisheriger Risikofaktoren nur teilweise erfolgreich erfolgt, scheint die Anwendung geeigneter Testverfahren zur Bestimmung der Mobilität und des BMI angezeigt, um das Sturzrisiko von Pflegeheimbewohnern/Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen belastbar bestimmen und geeignete Maßnahmen ergreifen zu können.
All modular forms of weight 2 can be expressed by Eisenstein series
Authors: Raum Martin , Xia Jiacheng
Published: August 2020

We show that every elliptic modular form of integral weight greater than 1 can be expressed as linear combinations of products of at most two cusp expansions of Eisenstein series. This removes the obstruction of nonvanishing central $$\mathrm{L}$$
L
-values present in all previous work. For weights greater than 2, we refine our result further, showing that linear combinations of products of exactly two cusp expansions of Eisenstein series suffice.
Framework for role discovery using transfer learning
Authors: Kikuta Shumpei , Toriumi Fujio , Nishiguchi Mao , Liu Shu , Fukuma Tomoki , Nishida Takanori , Usui Shohei
Published: August 2020

Discovering the node roles in a network helps to solve diverse social problems. Role discovery attempts to predict the node roles from a network structure, and this method has been extensively studied in various fields. Role discovery using transfer learning has many advantages, but methods using this approach face two kinds of problems: domain-shift problems and model selection. To address these problems, we propose a general framework that includes network representation learning, domain adversarial learning for suppressing domain-shift problems, and model selection without using target labels. As a result of computational experiments, we show on publicly available datasets that the proposed model outperforms conventional methods, the proposed model selection method performs well without using target labels, and the proposed method can be used in real-world datasets. Furthermore, we found that our framework suppressed domain-shift problems, worked well even with differences between networks, and could handle imbalanced classes.
NPD und AfD als Wiedergänger des Nationalsozialismus und Nationalismus? Eine Bildanalyse von Magazincovern
Authors: Klumpp Lorenz
Published: August 2020

Im Zuge des Erscheinens und der Etablierung der Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) widmen sich zahlreiche Studien ihrem Aufstieg, ihren Kommunikationsstrategien sowie der medialen Berichterstattung über die Partei. Diese Studien beziehen sich überwiegend auf textuelle Botschaften. Da visuelle Medien jedoch allgegenwärtig sind und unser Verständnis bzw. unsere Interpretationen von Politik beeinflussen, gilt es, politische Sachverhalte stärker als bislang mittels bildbezogener Ansätze zu reflektieren. Im theoretischen Teil wird dies unter Bezugnahme auf die Konzepte der politischen Vision und der visuellen Politik begründet. Empirisch wird anschließend mittels ikonographisch-ikonologischer Analysen die Frage beantwortet, wie das NachrichtenmagazinDer Spiegeldie Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) und die AfD in ihren Aufstiegs- bzw. Etablierungsphasen auf seinen Titelbildern visualisiert. Ein Vergleich von Darstellungen jener Parteien, die in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik im rechten Spektrum erfolgreich waren, erlaubt es, Kontinuitäten im visuellen medialen Framing dieser Akteure herauszustellen.

Die explorative Analyse zeigt, dassDer Spiegelauf seinen Titelbildern sowohl in Bezug auf die NPD als auch auf die AfD mehrfach auf Vergleiche zum Nationalsozialismus wie auch zum übersteigerten Nationalismus setzt. Außerdem steht der dynamische Aufstieg beider Parteien im Mittelpunkt. Die visuellen Frames werden vor dem Hintergrund ihrer potentiellen Bedeutungen für den Diskurs kritisch erörtert. Außerdem werden Wege für die Ausweitung der präsentierten Bildanalysen aufgezeigt.
Die Zukunft digitalisierter Demokratie – Perspektiven für die Forschung
Authors: Borucki Isabelle , Michels Dennis , Marschall Stefan
Published: August 2020

Wie funktioniert die digitale Demokratie? Dieser Frage geht der Beitrag mit der These nach einer Anerkennung der Funktionslogiken bei der Betrachtung der Digitaldemokratie nach. Dabei wird die Digitaldemokratie nicht mit bekannten Konzepten aus der vordigitalen Zeit verglichen, sondern ihre neuen Funktionslogiken als solche anerkannt. Ein daran anknüpfender Vorschlag für eine Betrachtung der Digitaldemokratie thematisiert mit der digitalen Spaltung eine umfassende Herausforderung. Zudem werden Zukunftsperspektiven formuliert, die sich mit den Forschungsbereichen der hybriden Partizipation und Künstlicher Intelligenz als möglicher Heilung digitaler Spaltungen befassen. Weitere Felder, die beachtenswert erscheinen, sind mediale Funktionslogiken, die Untersuchung von Affordanzen und Architekturen sowie das Phänomen der „Dark Participation“. Alle Forschungsbereiche haben gemein, dass sie aufzeigen, wo durch die Perspektive des Digitalen die Veränderungen, aber auch Persistenzen liberaler wie illiberaler Systeme gelesen werden können.
On Algorithmic Descriptions and Software Implementations for Multi-objective Optimisation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rostami Shahin , Neri Ferrante , Gyaurski Kiril
Published: August 2020

Multi-objective optimisation is a prominent subfield of optimisation with high relevance in real-world problems, such as engineering design. Over the past 2 decades, a multitude of heuristic algorithms for multi-objective optimisation have been introduced and some of them have become extremely popular. Some of the most promising and versatile algorithms have been implemented in software platforms. This article experimentally investigates the process of interpreting and implementing algorithms by examining multiple popular implementations of three well-known algorithms for multi-objective optimisation. We observed that official and broadly employed software platforms interpreted and thus implemented the same heuristic search algorithm differently. These different interpretations affect the algorithmic structure as well as the software implementation. Numerical results show that these differences cause statistically significant differences in performance.
Fast hybrid numerical-asymptotic boundary element methods for high frequency screen and aperture problems based on least-squares collocation
Authors: Gibbs A. , Hewett D. P. , Huybrechs D. , Parolin E.
Published: August 2020

We present a hybrid numerical-asymptotic (HNA) boundary element method (BEM) for high frequency scattering by two-dimensional screens and apertures, whose computational cost to achieve any prescribed accuracy remains bounded with increasing frequency. Our method is a collocation implementation of the high orderhpHNA approximation space of Hewett et al. (IMA J Numer Anal 35:1698–1728, 2015), where a Galerkin implementation was studied. An advantage of the current collocation scheme is that the one-dimensional highly oscillatory singular integrals appearing in the BEM matrix entries are significantly easier to evaluate than the two-dimensional integrals appearing in the Galerkin case, which leads to much faster computation times. Here we compute the required integrals at frequency-independent cost using the numerical method of steepest descent, which involves complex contour deformation. The change from Galerkin to collocation is nontrivial because naive collocation implementations based on square linear systems suffer from severe numerical instabilities associated with the numerical redundancy of the HNA basis, which produces highly ill-conditioned BEM matrices. In this paper we show how these instabilities can be removed by oversampling, and solving the resulting overdetermined collocation system in a weighted least-squares sense using a truncated singular value decomposition. On the basis of our numerical experiments, the amount of oversampling required to stabilise the method is modest (around 25% typically suffices), and independent of frequency. As an application of our method we present numerical results for high frequency scattering by prefractal approximations to the middle-third Cantor set.
Learning to Appreciate the Gray Areas: A Critical Notice of Anil Gupta’s “Conscious Experience”
Authors: Hochstein Eric
Published: August 2020

Anil Gupta’s Conscious Experience: A Logical Inquiry provides an impressive and novel account of rational justification based on conscious experience which is used as a foundation for a new theory of empiricism. In this critical notice, I argue that Gupta’s project is fascinating, but is often hampered by a lack of sufficient philosophical justification and clarity regarding some essential features of his project, as well as a lack of engagement with relevant scientific domains that would directly bear on it, such as computational neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive psychology. This limits the sort of logical inquiry available to him in problematic ways.
Increased hand hygiene compliance in nursing homes after a multimodal intervention: A cluster randomized controlled trial (HANDSOME)
Authors: Teesing Gwen R. , Erasmus Vicki , Nieboer Daan , Petrignani Mariska , Koopmans Marion P.G , Vos Margreet C. , Verduijn-Leenman Annette , Schols Jos M.G.A , Richardus Jan H. , Voeten Helene A.C.M
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To assess the effect of a multimodal intervention on hand hygiene compliance (HHC) in nursing homes.

Design, setting, and participants:

HHC was evaluated using direct, unobtrusive observation in a cluster randomized controlled trial at publicly funded nursing homes in the Netherlands. In total, 103 nursing home organizations were invited to participate; 18 organizations comprising 33 nursing homes (n = 66 nursing home units) participated in the study. Nursing homes were randomized into a control group (no intervention, n = 30) or an intervention group (multimodal intervention, n = 36). The primary outcome measure was HHC of nurses. HHC was appraised at baseline and at 4, 7, and 12 months after baseline. Observers and nurses were blinded.

Intervention:

Audits regarding hand hygiene (HH) materials and personal hygiene rules, 3 live lessons, an e-learning program, posters, and a photo contest. We used a new method to teach the nurses the WHO-defined 5 moments of HH: Room In, Room Out, Before Clean, and After Dirty.

Results:

HHC increased in both arms. The increase after 12 months was larger for units in the intervention arm (from 12% to 36%) than for control units (from 13% to 21%) (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; confidence interval [CI], 1.35–3.28). The intervention arm exhibited a statistically significant increase in HHC at 4 of the 5 WHO-defined HH moments. At follow-up, HHC in the intervention arm remained statistically significantly higher (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.59–2.34) for indications after an activity (from 37% to 39%) than for indications before an activity (from 14% to 27%).

Conclusions:

The HANDSOME intervention is successful in improving HHC in nursing homes.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers at a London NHS Trust
Authors: Grant Joseph J. , Wilmore Stephanie M.S. , McCann Naina S. , Donnelly Owain , Lai Rebecca W.L. , Kinsella Matthew J. , Rochford Helena L. , Patel Trupti , Kelsey Michael C. , Andrews Julie A.
Published: August 2020

Healthcare workers (HCWs) have a theoretically increased risk of contracting severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) given their occupational exposure. We tested 2,167 HCWs in a London Acute Integrated Care Organisation for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in May and June 2020 to evaluate seroprevalence. We found a seropositivity rate of 31.6% among HCWs.
Dwindling Professional Authority: Legal Elites and the Division of Governmental Labor in Chile, 1932–70
Authors: Villalonga Cristian
Published: August 2020

The prominence of lawyers in the politics of modern state building has been recognized in both historical and theoretical scholarship. In Latin America, however, legal professionals were largely displaced from public governance by the mid-twentieth century. Using Chile as a case study, I argue that, beginning in the 1930s, the rise of the administrative state diminished the authority of elite lawyers who previously enjoyed a quasi-monopoly on statecraft. In addition to the emergence of professional competitors, lawyers lost political influence for two reasons: (1) a growing divergence between political and legal careers for law graduates and (2) internal and external constraints on the bar and the judiciary that limited the ability of legal actors to influence the political process. As a result, during a period when lawyers gained political sway in much of the world, their authority in public affairs dwindled in Chile.
OSL Dating of Earthen Mortars from a Medieval Building in Northwestern Spain: Crypt of Basílica da AscensiÓn (Allariz, Ourense)
Authors: Sanjurjo-Sánchez Jorge , Blanco-Rotea Rebeca , García-Quintela Marco V , Burbidge Christopher Ian
Published: August 2020

There are few papers that focus on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of earthen mortars. These mortars are abundant in historical buildings in northwestern Spain. The Basílica da AscensiónyForno da Santa building is an unfinished church built on a previous structure that was transformed into a crypt (Allariz, Ourense, NW Spain). Previous archaeological studies established a sequence of phases of construction, the first dating back to the Iron Age, with significant changes occurring in the Early and Late Medieval ages. The only datable material in the crypt is earthen mortar. Thus, eight mortar samples (seven joint mortars and one wall infill) were taken, seven of them dated by OSL. The dose rate was assessed, and the expected equivalent doses estimated based on the established archaeological age. Several grain sizes (from fine to coarse) were used in small multigrain aliquots to assess the equivalent doses and ages. No evidence of partial bleaching was observed in most samples and grain sizes. The resulting ages are younger than expected for most samples. This is explained by the fact that joints were repaired with new mortar from the 16th century onwards.
Tindaanaship and tindaanas in traditional Gurensi (Frafra) communities: land use and practices
Authors: Anabila Azaare Christopher
Published: August 2020

Admittedly though the Gurensi and Boosi, and for that matter the Frafras, living in the Bolgatanga and Bongo District Council Area have flourished for nearly over five hundred (500) years, their history and traditions have for these centuries laid almost buried and forgotten. Their history has in fact been relatively neglected by comparison with the period of the Mamprusi, Gonja, and Dagomba histories. The works of early researchers, ethnologists and so forth on the Gurene and Bone speaking peoples such as Allan Wolsey Cardinall (1921), R. S. Rattray (1932), T. E. Hilton (1956, 1959) and Dr Ludwig Rapp (1967) are devoid of the oral traditions and history of these people at the local level. In the case of R. S. Rattray and A. W. Cardinall, their works are not only brief, but they appear in a rather unusual sequence.
Becoming militant: embodying the Guinean revolution and Guinea–China relations
Authors: Dave Nomi
Published: August 2020

This article considers the role of embodied experience in promoting revolutionary ideology in Guinea. The Republic of Guinea has long held close ties with China, and in the 1960s and 1970s the country pursued its own Cultural Revolution. While Chinese songs and aesthetics had little direct artistic influence, the Guinean state embraced Maoist ideals of social and self-transformation and discipline. Such ideals were translated into daily life through the regulation of bodies, including practices of dance, movement and physical gesture that sought to create revolutionary subjects. I show here how embodied practices, including the circulation of dancers and official delegations, cultivated Guinea's relationship with China; and how practices of movement and dance were inwardly experienced within Guinea during its own Cultural Revolution. In so doing, I address some of the contradictions of the Revolution and of Guinea–China relations. While the regime pursued its goals through violence and brutality, former revolutionary subjects today remember the moment for both its pain and its pleasures – for the hardships the body had to endure and for the nationalist pride that many still feel today.
Health literacy and caregiver understanding in the CHD population
Authors: Rodts Megan E. , Unaka Ndidi I. , Statile Christopher J. , Madsen Nicolas L.
Published: August 2020

Background:

CHD is the most common birth defect type, with one-fourth of patients requiring intervention in the first year of life. Caregiver understanding of CHD may vary. Health literacy may be one factor contributing to this variability.

Methods:

The study occurred at a large, free-standing children’s hospital. Recruitment occurred at a free-of-charge CHD camp and during outpatient cardiology follow-up visits. The study team revised the CHD Guided Questions Tool from an eighth- to a sixth-grade reading level. Caregivers of children with CHD completed the “Newest Vital Sign” health literacy screen and demographic surveys. Health literacy was categorised as “high” (Newest Vital Sign score 4–6) or “low” (score 0–3). Caregivers were randomised to read either the original or revised Guided Questions Tool and completed a validated survey measuring understandability and actionability of the Guided Questions Tool. Understandability and actionability data analysis used two-sample t-testing, and within demographic group differences in these parameters were assessed via one-way analysis of variance.

Results:

Eighty-two caregivers participated who were largely well educated with a high income. The majority (79.3%) of participants scored “high” for health literacy. No differences in understanding (p = 0.43) or actionability (p = 0.11) of the original and revised Guided Questions Tool were noted. There were no socio-economic-based differences in understandability or actionability (p > 0.05). There was a trend towards improved understanding of the revised tool (p = 0.06).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated that readability of the Guided Questions Tool could be improved. Future work is needed to expand the study population and further understand health literacy’s impact on the CHD community.
Immigrant Declarants and Loyal American Women: How Suffragists Helped Redefine the Rights of Citizens
Authors: Gunter Rachel Michelle
Published: August 2020

As a result of the woman suffrage movement, citizenship and voting rights, though considered separate issues by the courts, became more intertwined in the mind of the average American. This interconnectedness was also a product of the concurrent movement to disfranchise immigrant declarant voters—immigrants who had filed their intention to become citizens but had not completed the naturalization process. This essay shows how suffragists pursued immigrant declarant disfranchisement as part of the woman suffrage movement, arguing that the same competitive political conditions that encouraged politicians to enfranchise primarily white, citizen women led them to disfranchise immigrant declarants. It analyzes suffragists’ arguments at both the state and national levels that voting was a right of citizens who had met their wartime obligations to the nation, and maintains that woman suffrage and the votes of white women who supported the measures disfranchising immigrant declarants and limiting immigrant rights should be included in historians’ understanding of the immigration restrictionist and nativist movements.
Ge and Si Isotope Behavior During Intense Tropical Weathering and Ecosystem Cycling
Authors: Baronas J. Jotautas , West A. Joshua , Burton Kevin W. , Hammond Douglas E. , Opfergelt Sophie , Pogge von Strandmann Philip A. E. , James Rachael H. , Rouxel Olivier J.
Published: August 2020

Chemical weathering of volcanic rocks in warm and humid climates contributes disproportionately to global solute fluxes. Geochemical signatures of solutes and solids formed during this process can help quantify and reconstruct weathering intensity in the past. Here, we measured silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) isotope ratios of the soils, clays, and fluids from a tropical lowland rainforest in Costa Rica. The bulk topsoil is intensely weathered and isotopically light (mean ± 1σ: δ30Si = −2.1 ± 0.3‰, δ74Ge = −0.13 ± 0.12‰) compared to the parent rock (δ30Si = −0.11 ± 0.05‰, δ74Ge = 0.59 ± 0.07‰). Neoforming clays have even lower values (δ30Si = −2.5 ± 0.2‰, δ74Ge = −0.16 ± 0.09‰), demonstrating a whole‐system isotopic shift in extremely weathered systems. The lowland streams represent mixing of dilute local fluids (δ30Si = 0.2 − 0.6‰, δ74Ge = 2.2 − 2.6‰) with solute‐rich interbasin groundwater (δ30Si = 1.0 ± 0.2‰, δ74Ge = 4.0‰). Using a Ge‐Si isotope mass balance model, we calculate that 91 ± 9% of Ge released via weathering of lowland soils is sequestered by neoforming clays, 9 ± 9% by vegetation, and only 0.2 ± 0.2% remains dissolved. Vegetation plays an important role in the Si cycle, directly sequestering 39 ± 14% of released Si and enhancing clay neoformation in surface soils via the addition of amorphous phytolith silica. Globally, volcanic soil δ74Ge closely tracks the depletion of Ge by chemical weathering (τGe), whereas δ30Si and Ge/Si both reflect the loss of Si (τSi). Because of the different chemical mobilities of Ge and Si, a δ74Ge‐δ30Si multiproxy system is sensitive to a wider range of weathering intensities than each isotopic system in isolation.
Acoustic Energy Release During the Laboratory Seismic Cycle: Insights on Laboratory Earthquake Precursors and Prediction
Authors: Bolton David C. , Shreedharan Srisharan , Rivière Jacques , Marone Chris
Published: August 2020

Machine learning can predict the timing and magnitude of laboratory earthquakes using statistics of acoustic emissions. The evolution of acoustic energy is critical for lab earthquake prediction; however, the connections between acoustic energy and fault zone processes leading to failure are poorly understood. Here, we document in detail the temporal evolution of acoustic energy during the laboratory seismic cycle. We report on friction experiments for a range of shearing velocities, normal stresses, and granular particle sizes. Acoustic emission data are recorded continuously throughout shear using broadband piezo‐ceramic sensors. The coseismic acoustic energy release scales directly with stress drop and is consistent with concepts of frictional contact mechanics and time‐dependent fault healing. Experiments conducted with larger grains (10.5 μm) show that the temporal evolution of acoustic energy scales directly with fault slip rate. In particular, the acoustic energy is low when the fault is locked and increases to a maximum during coseismic failure. Data from traditional slide‐hold‐slide friction tests confirm that acoustic energy release is closely linked to fault slip rate. Furthermore, variations in the true contact area of fault zone particles play a key role in the generation of acoustic energy. Our data show that acoustic radiation is related primarily to breaking/sliding of frictional contact junctions, which suggests that machine learning‐based laboratory earthquake prediction derives from frictional weakening processes that begin very early in the seismic cycle and well before macroscopic failure.
Synergistic Ground and Orbital Observations of Iron Oxides on Mt. Sharp and Vera Rubin Ridge
Authors: Fraeman A. A. , Johnson J. R. , Arvidson R. E. , Rice M. S. , Wellington D. F. , Morris R. V. , Fox V. K. , Horgan B. H. N. , Jacob S. R. , Salvatore M. R. , Sun V. Z. , Pinet P. , Bell J. F. , Wiens R. C. , Vasavada A. R.
Published: August 2020

Visible/short‐wave infrared spectral data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) show absorptions attributed to hematite at Vera Rubin ridge (VRR), a topographic feature on northwest Mt. Sharp. The goals of this study are to determine why absorptions caused by ferric iron are strongly visible from orbit at VRR and to improve interpretation of CRISM data throughout lower Mt. Sharp. These goals are achieved by analyzing coordinated CRISM and in situ spectral data along the Curiosity Mars rover's traverse. VRR bedrock within areas that have the deepest ferric absorptions in CRISM data also has the deepest ferric absorptions measured in situ. This suggests strong ferric absorptions are visible from orbit at VRR because of the unique spectral properties of VRR bedrock. Dust and mixing with basaltic sand additionally inhibit the ability to measure ferric absorptions in bedrock stratigraphically below VRR from orbit. There are two implications of these findings: (1) Ferric absorptions in CRISM data initially dismissed as noise could be real, and ferric phases are more widespread in lower Mt. Sharp than previously reported. (2) Patches with the deepest ferric absorptions in CRISM data are, like VRR, reflective of deeper absorptions in the bedrock. One model to explain this spectral variability is late‐stage diagenetic fluids that changed the grain size of ferric phases, deepening absorptions. Curiosity's experience highlights the strengths of using CRISM data for spectral absorptions and associated mineral detections and the caveats in using these data for geologic interpretations and strategic path planning tools.
Updated Equipotential Shapes of Jupiter and Saturn Using Juno and Cassini Grand Finale Gravity Science Measurements
Authors: Buccino Dustin R. , Helled Ravit , Parisi Marzia , Hubbard William B. , Folkner William M.
Published: August 2020

A commonly used shape model for the giant plants of Jupiter and Saturn is an oblate ellipsoid, a simplified model of the equipotential shape. The ellipsoidal shape models were originally derived from radio occultation data and gravity data after the Voyager flybys in 1979. Through precise Doppler tracking of NASA's Juno and Cassini spacecraft telecommunications links, zonal coefficients in a spherical harmonic expansion of the gravity field of Jupiter and Saturn have been resolved to degree 10, including the detection of nonzero odd zonal harmonics, which have been interpreted as differential rotation in the atmosphere for both planets. In this work, we construct the equipotential surfaces of Jupiter and Saturn using the recently measured gravity fields determined by Juno through perijove 8 and Cassini through end of mission. For both planets, even zonal harmonics dominate the equipotential shape, differing from the reference ellipsoid up to ~32 km at Jupiter and ~125 km at Saturn in the midlatitude regions. Saturn's internal rotation period estimated with ring seismology produces a shape that is fully consistent with the Pioneer and Voyager radio occultation measurements, and Jupiter's shape is fully consistent with the Pioneer and Voyager radio occultation measurements. With current equipotential theory, the recent analysis of the depth of the deep zonal flow on Jupiter and Saturn cannot fully be explained by the shape from current radio occultation measurements; additional occultation measurements and reanalysis of the Pioneer and Voyager radio occultations and will be useful for further constraining the shape of the planets.
Frequency‐Dependent P Wave Anisotropy Due to Wave‐Induced Fluid Flow and Elastic Scattering in a Fluid‐Saturated Porous Medium With Aligned Fractures
Authors: Guo Junxin , Gurevich Boris
Published: August 2020

Seismic anisotropy is an important attribute for fracture detection and characterization. If fracture size is comparable to the wavelength or fluid diffusion length, the P wave anisotropy is frequency dependent. By solving the Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity and using the Foldy approximation, we investigate the frequency‐dependent P wave anisotropy in a fluid‐saturated porous rock with a set of aligned penny‐shaped fractures. This approach includes the effects of both wave‐induced fluid flow (WIFF) and elastic scattering on P wave anisotropy. The results show that the velocity and attenuation anisotropy in the WIFF and elastic scattering regimes have quite different features and are affected by various factors. In particular, the background permeability and fluid viscosity primarily affect the frequency‐dependent anisotropy caused by WIFF. The fracture geometry (radius and thickness) and fracture density have significant effects on both WIFF and elastic scattering‐induced frequency‐dependent anisotropy. The fluid bulk modulus also affects the frequency‐dependent anisotropy. With the vanishing fluid bulk modulus, the frequency dependency vanishes in the WIFF regime but is the largest in the elastic scattering regime. Predictions of the model agree with previous models in all known limiting cases. Comparison with experimental data shows that WIFF and elastic scattering are important causes for frequency‐dependent P wave anisotropy, and our model is capable to account for these effects.
Modeling of the Influence of Sea Ice Cycle and Langmuir Circulation on the Upper Ocean Mixed Layer Depth and Freshwater Distribution at the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Schultz C. , Doney S. C. , Zhang W. G. , Regan H. , Holland P. , Meredith M. P. , Stammerjohn S.
Published: August 2020

The Southern Ocean is chronically undersampled due to its remoteness, harsh environment, and sea ice cover. Ocean circulation models yield significant insight into key processes and to some extent obviate the dearth of data; however, they often underestimate surface mixed layer depth (MLD), with consequences for surface water‐column temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentration. In this study, a coupled circulation and sea ice model was implemented for the region adjacent to the West Antarctic Peninsula, a climatically sensitive region which has exhibited decadal trends towards higher ocean temperature, shorter sea ice season, and increasing glacial freshwater input, overlain by strong interannual variability. Hindcast simulations were conducted with different air‐ice drag coefficients and Langmuir circulation parameterizations to determine the impact of these factors on MLD. Including Langmuir circulation deepened the surface mixed layer, with the deepening being more pronounced in the shelf and slope regions. Optimal selection of an air‐ice drag coefficient also increased modeled MLD by similar amounts and had a larger impact in improving the reliability of the simulated MLD interannual variability. This study highlights the importance of sea ice volume and redistribution to correctly reproduce the physics of the underlying ocean, and the potential of appropriately parameterizing Langmuir circulation to help correct for biases towards shallow MLD in the Southern Ocean. The model also reproduces observed freshwater patterns in the West Antarctic Peninsula during late summer and suggests that areas of intense summertime sea ice melt can still show net annual freezing due to high sea ice formation during the winter.
Effects of Typhoons on Surface Seawater pCO2 and Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Yu Peisong , Wang Zhaohui Aleck , Churchill James , Zheng Minhui , Pan Jianming , Bai Yan , Liang Chujin
Published: August 2020

This study assessed the effects of typhoons on sea surface pCO2 and CO2 flux in the northern South China Sea (SCS). During the passage of three major typhoons from May to August 2013, sea surface pCO2, surface seawater temperature (SST), and other meteorological parameters were continuously measured on a moored buoy. Surface water in the region was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere with large variations ranging from hours to months. SST was the primary factor controlling the variation of surface pCO2 through most of the time period. Typhoons are seen to impact surface pCO2 in three steps: first by cooling, thus decreasing surface pCO2, and then by causing vertical mixing that brings up deep, high‐CO2 water, and lastly triggering net uptake of CO2 due to the nutrients brought up in this deep water. The typhoons of this study primarily impacted air‐sea CO2 flux via increasing wind speeds. The mean CO2 flux during a typhoon ranged from 3.6 to 5.4 times the pretyphoon mean flux. The magnitude of the CO2 flux during typhoons was strongly inversely correlated with the typhoon center distance. The effect of typhoons accounted for 22% of the total CO2 flux in the study period, during which typhoons occurred only 9% of the time. It was estimated that typhoons enhanced annual CO2 efflux by 23–56% in the northern SCS during the last decade. As such, tropical cyclones may play a large and increasingly important role in controlling CO2 fluxes in a warmer and stormier ocean of the future.
Influence of the Pacific‐South American Modes on the Global Spectral Wind‐Wave Climate
Authors: Echevarria E. R. , Hemer M. A. , Holbrook N. J. , Marshall A. G.
Published: August 2020

In this study, we analyze the influence of the Pacific‐South American modes (PSA‐1 and PSA‐2) on the global wind‐wave climate using wave data derived from a WAVEWATCH III global wave hindcast. We apply an empirical orthogonal function analysis to daily‐averaged directional wave spectra to extract the two main patterns of interannual wave spectral variability. These are related to changes in the wave spectral density levels (variability in the wave heights) and to rotations of the wave signal (variability in wave direction). The PSA‐1 mode is positively correlated with the wave height variability in the southeast Pacific and negatively correlated in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. The PSA‐2 mode presents a strong negative correlation with wave heights in the central South Pacific. Moreover, the PSA modes are significantly correlated with changes in modeled wave direction in the South Pacific region. Composite maps of wind anomalies during positive stages of PSA‐1 and PSA‐2 provide a compelling explanation for the observed correlation patterns. The methodology applied in this study is also used to assess the influence of other climate modes on the global wind‐wave climate (namely, the Southern Annular Mode, Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and the Pacific North American mode). While our results are consistent with previous studies, we provide more clarity as to how different atmospheric modes influence the variability of specific components of the wave spectrum. Importantly, we assess how these climate modes would modulate the interannual variability of wave direction.