bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Task allocation in multi-robot system using resource sharing with dynamic threshold approach
Authors: Fazal Nayyer , Khan Muhammad Tahir , Anwar Shahzad , Iqbal Javaid , Khan Shahbaz
Published: May 2022

Task allocation is a fundamental requirement for multi-robot systems working in dynamic environments. An efficient task allocation algorithm allows the robots to adjust their behavior in response to environmental changes such as fault occurrences, or other robots’ actions to increase overall system performance. To address these challenges, this paper presents a Task Allocation technique based on a threshold level which is an accumulative value aggregated by a centralized unit using the Task-Robot ratio and the number of the available resource in the system. The threshold level serves as a reference for task acceptance and the task acceptance occurs despite resource shortage. The deficient resources for the accepted task are acquired through an auction process using objective minimization. Despite resource shortage, task acceptance occurs. The threshold approach and the objective minimization in the auction process reduce the overall completion time and increase the system’s resource utilization up to 96%, which is demonstrated theoretically and validated through simulations and real experimentation.
Food service uniforms and the symbolism(s) of wearing a mask
Authors: Akou Heather Marie
Published: May 2022

When the COVID-19 pandemic began, ‘essential workers’ in the United States – including nurses, delivery drivers, grocery clerks and waitresses – bore the brunt of extreme scepticism over public health measures such as lockdowns and wearing facemasks. Conflicting messages from the president, the Centers for Disease Control and state and local governments turned mask mandates into political battles. Some businesses chose to require masks for employees and/or customers, but others refused to allow them as part of the uniform. This article focuses on a specific category of employees – food service workers, typically women and people of colour – in order to highlight how employers made decisions about masking early in the pandemic and how individual workers were affected by the turmoil. In the United States, employers have tremendous power to decide how employees are (and are not) allowed to dress. For many businesses, uniforms are part of the company’s brand identity. When employees at Starbucks wear their iconic green aprons with the Starbucks logo, they embody the company in their interactions with customers; changes can be made, but they happen more slowly than changes in mainstream fashion. Testimony at public hearings on mask mandates has revealed deep concerns about religious freedom, government intrusion, scientific knowledge and the cost of medical care (since the United States does not have universal healthcare). When businesses decide whether masks should be required, allowed or forbidden as part of the dress code, it is not just a public health decision but a branding decision with short-term and long-term consequences. Even before the pandemic, face coverings were largely associated with criminals, political activists (such as Occupy and Antifa) and ultra-conservative Muslims.
Virus chic: Facemasks and their usage
Authors: Brett Rachel
Published: May 2022

This article was written in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic during its early stages of summer 2020. During this time the facemask became a controversial object of debate, but also an ideological apparatus and a performative sign. Indeed, the facemask was one of the last restrictions to remain in place after many others were lifted. This phenomenon prompted the following reflection upon the cultural history of the facemask and its place within fashion paradigms. In consideration of diseases throughout history, it is possible to meditate on the categorization of how health has acted upon the body, which in turn is housed in fashion. Starting with the various plagues throughout history and the functionality of the facemask, we can start to interrogate just what a mask is in practical and conceptual terms. Is it a theatrical prop, fashion accessory, a conduit of magic or PPE? All such ideas can be viewed through theories of power. What this article attempts at highlighting is how this power is used to moralize and chastise the working classes.
Spatial distancing and social closeness: The work of creative professionals during the pandemic
Authors: Salamova Zemfira
Published: May 2022

As a complete recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic crisis does not seem possible in the near future, the survival of many creative professions is under threat in Russia and other countries. Strict anti-pandemic measures were introduced in Moscow at the end of March 2020 and lasted for a little more than two months. One of the main requirements was to work from home and go outside as rarely as possible. Most Russian creative professionals such as photographers, makeup artists, actors, musicians, stand-up comedians and television hosts found themselves in very unfamiliar conditions since their work presumes physical contact with other people. However, even artists who usually work alone like jewellers or designers met with came across practical and psychological difficulties as well and had to adapt to the new order. This research focuses on two examples of creative work during the COVID-19 pandemic: Russian jewellery designer Katia Rabey’s project ‘Quarantine Rings’ and the participation of Russian makeup artist Yulia Rada in virtual commercial photo-shoots. I am interested in how the artists perceived the changes introduced as a result of the pandemic and how these changes emphasized the digital side of contemporary creative labour. Despite the differences in the challenges that the two artists met, both of them stressed the importance of social closeness.
The future of outfits after the staying-in trend: Home wear, digitization and cultural shift
Authors: Skivko Maria
Published: May 2022

The article explores key fashion transformations during the lockdowns of 2020 and emphasizes the main problems that have to be solved as a result of these changes. The world of fashion with production processes, markets, marketing and consumer interactions is facing a critical demand for transformations that reflect the global situation on one hand, and local issues on the other hand. The pandemic and related restrictions and new rules at work and home determine new fashion patterns and establish a new system of fashion values and standards. Consumers have enough time to reassess the meaning of fashion itself and various fashion items in their own wardrobes, along with their quantity and quality, as well as brands’ input regarding the discussion around sustainability. Firstly, the article describes the influence of the lockdowns on the fashion system, in particular concerning its values, standards and behavioural practices. Secondly, the article offers three ideas as the results of those reconsiderations. Finally, the article promotes fashion predictions about the potential for further developments in the fashion industry.
Loss and revival of visual identity: Inner work with clothing
Authors: Zalewska Agata
Published: May 2022

Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic meant an adieu to formal wear. ‘Oh no! How to be me?’ – I panicked, facing an identity crisis, as suits that visually defined me were irrelevant. I allowed clothes to lead the way through the crisis and here present a qualitative research, based on self-ethnography of wardrobe and inner, psychological work with clothing as per guidelines of processwork psychology, involving two ways of thinking: logical and experiential. The objects of the research are formal suits (defining pre-pandemic, ‘normal’ visual identity), sweatpants (a threat to the identity) and overalls (the lockdown outfit). Logical work uses interpretation, association, memory, intellectual understanding of individual, cultural and social perception of clothing and body. Experiential work notices body responses, examines posture, movement and sensory experiences, explores visual images, shapes, colours, textures, details and their appeal. The loss is approached as a death of a certain part of self (formal, official, busy), which gives way to a new, emerging way of being, as specific features of clothes provide a hint of continuity and a link to revival. Dissection of judgement (e.g. lazy) gives access to transformative qualities (idle, effortless). Integration of these qualities means making the unknown known and finally my own. The article remarks on changes in dressing practice, e.g. in styling, care, which reflect the transformative lockdown experience and their impact on social interactions.
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study
Authors: Park Ju-Young , Yoo Joonsang , Jeon Jimin , Kim Jinkwon , Kang Sangwook
Published: May 2022

INTRODUCTION:

We investigated cardiovascular risk due to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment using a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study design, a type of case-only design and an approach to overcome between-person confounding in which individuals act as their own control.

METHODS:

We conducted an SCCS study using the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort in Korea (2002–2015). The cohort included 303,404 adult participants without prior cardiovascular events, who were followed up until December 2015. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke or myocardial infarction. The SCCS method estimated the age-adjusted incidence rate ratio between periods with and without exposure to PPI among patients with primary outcomes. As sensitivity analysis, conventional multivariable Cox proportional regression analyses were performed, which treated the exposure to PPI and H2 blocker during follow-up as time-dependent variables.

RESULTS:

In the SCCS design, 10,952 (3.6%) patients with primary outcomes were included. There was no association between PPI exposure and primary outcome (incidence rate ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89–1.09). In the time-dependent Cox regression analyses, both PPI (adjusted hazard ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.24–1.49) and H2 blocker (adjusted hazard ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.38–1.55) were associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome.

DISCUSSION:

Negative findings in the SCCS design suggest that association between increased cardiovascular risk and PPI, frequently reported in prior observational studies, is likely due to residual confounding related to conditions with PPI treatment, rather than a true relationship.
Uma breve história do Brasil
Authors: Galeano David Hector José
Published: May 2022

Reseña del libro "Uma breve história do Brasil", escrito por Mary Del Priore y Renato Venancio.
La seguridad humana en Suramérica: una aproximación a las relaciones colombo-brasileñas
Authors: Vargas-Alzate Luis Fernando , Sosa Santiago , Galeano David Héctor José , González Arana Roberto
Published: May 2022

El presente artículo ofrece un análisis de la concepción y aplicación de la seguridad humana en el contexto suramericano, particularmente en las relaciones colombo-brasileñas. Partiendo del análisis sobre la seguridad internacional, los autores ofrecen un panorama general del cambio de orientación de la misma una vez la Organización de las Naciones Unidas imprimió integralidad al concepto hasta llevarlo a la seguridad humana en las regiones. Como asunto específico de análisis, el artículo desarrolla un análisis histórico cualitativo de la seguridad en la zona de frontera entre Colombia y Brasil. Asimismo, se detiene en la construcción de una reflexión analítica sobre las políticas exteriores de ambos Estados y su aplicación en la región amazónica y la frontera en particular, punto focal del trabajo académico. Finalmente, concluye grandes distancias entre la aplicación del concepto de seguridad entre Suramérica y otras regiones, a la vez que identifica situaciones poco comunes dentro del marco de la institucionalidad para el área limítrofe entre los dos países suramericanos, en especial en la aplicación del concepto de seguridad humana.
Presentación Dossier Brasil
Authors: Trejos Rosero Luis Fernando
Published: May 2022

Presentación del Dossier Brasil
El Transformismo en el PT: consideraciones sobre las transformaciones históricas del Partido de los Trabajadores en Brasil
Authors: Vieira Rafaela
Published: May 2022

En este artículo se pretenden trazar los determinantes y condicionantes que influyeron en las transformaciones del Partido de los Trabajadores (PT) a lo largo de treinta años de historia, esto es, desde su fundación, en 1980, hasta el último año del segundo periodo del Lula da Silva en la presidencia de la república brasilera en 2010. Se plantea que a través de la trayectoria del partido, es posible conocer un poco acerca de la historia reciente de Brasil, desde las luchas por la democratización entre las décadas de los años 1970 hasta los años 1980, por la entrada del neoliberalismo en el país, y hasta la fase actual del llamado desarrollismo. / Neste artigo pretende-se traçar os determinantes e que influíram nas transformações do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) ao longo de trinta anos de história, isto é, desde sua fundação, em 1980, até o último ano do segundo mandato de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva na presidência da república brasileira, em 2010. Acredita-se que através da trajetória do partido é possível conhecer um pouco da história recente do Brasil, desde as lutas pela redemocratização entre o final da década de 1970 e início dos anos 1980, passando pela entrada do neoliberalismo no país, até a atual fase do chamado novo-desenvolvimentismo.
Sobre la diócesis de Santa Marta. Primeras décadas del siglo XX
Authors: Luquetta Cediel David J.
Published: May 2022

Transcripción del documento "Sobre las diócesis para el uso de los prelados futuros que la rijan", conservado en el Archivo Eclesiástico del Magdalena en la ciudad de Santa Marta. Tomo 187 folios 1 - 10.
El concepto de familia en la política nacional de asistencia social brasileña: con foco en la criminalización de la pobreza
Authors: Nicolau de Melo Joana D'Arc
Published: May 2022

Nuestro objetivo es realizar la crítica al concepto de familia que está presente en las directrices de la Política Nacional de Asistencia Social (PNAS), aprobada en el año 2004, y todavía vigente. Considerada como avance en la compleja relación de concesión-conquista, la PNAS, a través de la implantación del Sistema Único de Asistencia Social (SUAS), propone dar organicidad a la Asistencia Social como derecho de la Seguridad Social, destacando la matriz socio familiar en la centralidad de esta política. La centralidad en la familia trae como propuesta la protección integral por parte del Estado, que atienda a los individuos sociales, considerando el espacio socio familiar, para romper con la cultura de la fragmentación en la atención a las demandas sociales vía políticas públicas. Para lo cual, la política pública de asistencia social debe preocuparse por una protección social que garantice la “seguridad de sobrevivencia (de renta y de autonomía); de amparo; y convivio o vivencia familiar” (PNAS 2004). Sin embargo, en un movimiento de negación en la materialización de los derechos Constitucionales, a través de las orientaciones para la implantación del SUAS, la PNAS rescata los principios y valores conservadores en la comprensión de la familia. Así se vuelve instrumento que responsabiliza a los miembros de las familias pobres, para que busquen a través de culpabilizarlos, las “soluciones” a las secuelas de la “cuestión social”, que son redimensionadas como problemas individuales y da familia.
La ruta trazada: lineamientos generales de la política exterior brasileña
Authors: Reig Salinas Cristobal Guillermo
Published: May 2022

El artículo intenta dar una visión panorámica de la política exterior brasileña a través de sus objetivos, principios y conceptos, junto con destacar la importancia de su diplomacia. Se explora también la política regional de Brasil y su relación bilateral con Estados Unidos, abarcando hasta el período de post-guerra fría, durante el gobierno de Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
Libros, bibliotecas y lectores en el Bolívar Grande (Colombia) en el siglo XIX
Authors: Malkún Castillejo Willian
Published: May 2022

En este trabajo se rastrea los usos y las apropiaciones que de los libros hicieron los lectores del siglo XIX en el Bolívar Grande. También se identifica el empleo social y material de los libros y la construcción de las bibliotecas públicas. Las preguntas ¿cómo se leía?, ¿en qué condiciones? y ¿para qué se leía?, permitirán observar cuáles fueron los escenarios de lectura y los ámbitos en que los libros circularon. Para los propósitos del artículo bibliotecas, textos escolares, libros y periódicos, son vistos como objetos culturales que permiten identificar rupturas y cambios en la sociedad en la cual se editaban y utilizaban. En este sentido, creo que revelan los usos que se le dieron, los espacios en que se movieron y desplegaron las prácticas y modalidades de lectura y, en general, el tipo de vínculos que establecieron lectores y no lectores con la cultura impresa.
Receta de Bollo de Maíz en la Cartagena de 1735
Authors: Vidal Ortega Antonino , Yidi David Odette Marie
Published: May 2022

Receta tomada del libro "Relación histórica del Viage á la América Meridional hecho de orden de S.M. para medir algunos grados del Meridiano Terrestre y venir por ellos en conocimiento de la verdadera Figura y Magnitud de la Tierra, con otras observaciones Astronómicas, Phisicas". Escrito por Jorge Juan y Antonio de Ulloa en el año 1748.
The Primary Brain Eosinophilic Angiocentric Fibrosis, A Rare Case Report
Authors: Daneshi Seyed Abdolhadi , Taheri Morteza , Fattahi Arash , Fadavi Pedram
Published: May 2022

Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis (EAF) is a rare progressive fibrosing lesion involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and the upper respiratory tract. There are few reports that it rarely involves the orbit; however, there is no report of intracranial involvement. Here, we report and share our experience with a rare case of primary intracranial EAF. A 33-year-old woman with a history of a suprasellar mass and unsuccessful surgical and medical treatment referred to us. Physical examination demonstrated right-sided blindness and ptosis, left-sided decreased visual acuity, and visual field defect. The brain imaging revealed an extra-axial intradural well-defined large suprasellar mass with parasellar (more on the right side) and retrosellar extension. Via pterional craniotomy and subfrontal approach, a very firm creamy-brownish well-defined fibrotic mass was encountered. The tumour texture was too firm to be totally resected. The microscope exited the surgical field off, and the tumour was incompletely resected using a rongeur. The histopathology finding favoured EAF. Further histopathology evaluation failed to show histologic features of IgG4-related disease. Although the preoperative diagnosis of EAF is impossible, in the setting of an indolent slow-growing lesion demonstrating hypointensity on the T2 image sequence of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), EAF should be considered a differential diagnosis. In the setting of this diagnosis, the systemic and other organ involvement for a diagnosis of IgG4-RD should be evaluated. However, more cases are needed to illustrate the relation between these two entities.
Bez Ludwika i panny służącej. Projekty nowoczesnych kuchni jako zwierciadło przemian roli kobiet w poodwilżowej Polsce
Authors: Szydłowska Agata
Published: May 2022

The development of a post-Stalinist modern kitchen in Poland was informed by the activities of different individual and institutional actors: experts in ‘professional’ home engineering, architects and designers and modernist taste-makers. The image of the model kitchen is surprisingly coherent: a rational laboratory kitchen, where the housewife’s work is orchestrated according to Taylorism-inspired rules that aim at reducing the burden of domestic chores and introducing modern and hygienic equipmentand attitudes. The discourse, inspired by similar discussions in Europe and United States, mainly by the works of Swedish Research Institute, reflects the prewar ideas of kitchen-laboratories and ‘home engineering’. What’s new and different is the temporal (limited to a short post-Thaw period) enthusiasm for open-plan kitchens presented as spaces where a housewife can seamlessly perform two duties at the same time: housework and care work. This phenomenon mirrors changing attitudes towards women’s roles in society which, in the post-Stalinist period, were marked by ongoing conservatism. Drawing on the concept of a ‘mediation junction’ and the historical production-consumption-mediation paradigm in design, the article traces changing attitudes towards women’s roles in society, reflected both in popular and professional discourses on kitchen design.
How to prove optimal convergence rates for adaptive least-squares finite element methods∗
Authors: Bringmann Philipp
Published: May 2022

The convergence analysis with rates for adaptive least-squares finite element methods (ALSFEMs) combines arguments from the a posteriori analysis of conforming and mixed finite element schemes. This paper provides an overview of the key arguments for the verification of the axioms of adaptivity for an ALSFEM for the solution of a linear model problem. The formulation at hand allows for the simultaneous analysis of first-order systems of the Poisson model problem, the Stokes equations, and the linear elasticity equations. Following [Carstensen and Park, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 53 (1), 2015], the adaptive algorithm is driven by an alternative residual-based error estimator with exact solve and includes a separate marking strategy for quasi-optimal data resolution of the right-hand side. This presentation covers conforming discretisations for an arbitrary polynomial degree and mixed homogeneous boundary conditions.
Nothingness and the Left Hand of God: Evil, Anfechtung, and the Hidden God in Luther, Barth, and Jüngel
Authors: Casewell Deborah
Published: May 2022

The hiddenness of God in relation to opus alienum reflects, in Luther, a particular theological anthropology: one based on the limits of humanity and the futility of human action; and one that ascribes a certain role to suffering. One aspect of this account of the hiddenness of God is a figure whose terror remains unmitigated even by the light of salvation. In their discussions of the hiddenness of God, Karl Barth and Eberhard Jüngel reject this particular hiddenness of God. However, their theologies draw on the opus alienum, and in doing so, they examine and analyse the despair and anxiety that characterise it in their own discussions of evil as nothingness. These accounts of nothingness engage with philosophical accounts of nothingness as being that which prompts self-assertion and actualisation as authentic existence. However, this use of the opus alienum opens their theologies up to the figure that they rejected in their prior accounts of hiddenness: the hidden, alien, and terrifying God.
Competing with God?
Authors: Turner P. Roger , Wessling Jordan
Published: May 2022

Christians often presume that immediate and universally extensive divine governance of human behavior is incompatible with human agency and responsibility. Against this presumption, Kathryn Tanner argues for a distinctive metalinguistic paradigm whereby Christians can coherently speak of God’s transcendence in such a way that divine action could never in principle ‘compete’ with human action. Thus, it is said, God can comprehensively will each human action without thereby compromising significant human freedom and corresponding moral responsibility. In this article, it is argued that Tanner’s non-competitivist paradigm fails to circumvent a theological version of the ‘direct argument’ for the incompatibility between human moral responsibility and causal determinism.
Philosophical Optimism and Philosophy of Historical Progress in Slovak Lutheran Ethics in the First Half of the 19th Century
Authors: Gluchman Vasil
Published: May 2022

The author studies the form of philosophical optimism in Slovak Lutheran ethics in the first half of the 19th century in the views of Ján Kollár and Ján Chalupka. Herder’s philosophy of history and his philosophy of historical progress significantly influenced Slovak Lutheran ethics of the given period. In the author’s view, Kollár and Chalupka mainly appreciated human history as progress in all parts of life and refused glorification of the past. However, they did not limit their assessment to a positive evaluation of the present; they used one’s own mistakes and faults to appeal to moral development of man and placed to the forefront the belief in a better future of mankind in the form of humanity.
Determination of safe levels of persistent organic pollutants in toxicology and epidemiology
Authors: Muir Tom , Michalek Joel E , Palmer Raymond F
Published: May 2022

We reviewed published manuscripts from toxicology and epidemiology reporting harmful health effects and doses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), published between 2000 and 2021. We found 42 in vitro, 32 in vivo, and 74 epidemiological studies and abstracted the dose associated with harm in a common Molar unit. We hypothesized that the dose associated with harm would vary between animal and human studies. To test this hypothesis, for each of several POPs, we assessed the significance of variation in the dose associated with a harmful effect [categorized as non-thyroid endocrine (NTE), developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), and Thyroid] with study type (in vitro, in vivo, and Epidemiology) using a linear model after adjustment for basis (lipid weight, wet weight). We created a Calculated Safety Factor (CSF) defined as the toxicology dose divided by epidemiology dose needed to exhibit significant harm.

Significant differences were found between study types ranging from <1 to 5.0 orders of magnitude in the dose associated with harm. Our CSFs in lipid weight varied from 12.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3, 47) for NTE effects in Epidemiology relative to in vivo studies to 6,244 (95% CI 2510, 15530) for DNT effects in Epidemiology relative to in vitro in wet weight representing 12.4 to 6.2 thousand-fold more sensitivity in people relative to animals, and mechanistic models, respectively. In lipid weight, all CSF 95% CI lower bounds across effect categories were less than 6.5. CIs for CSFs ranged from less than one to four orders of magnitude for in vivo, and two to five orders of magnitude for in vitro vs. Epidemiology. A global CSF for all Epidemiology vs. all Toxicology was 104.6 (95% CI 72 to 152), significant at p<0.001.
Bisphenol A Exposure Induces Sensory Processing Deficits in Larval Zebrafish during Neurodevelopment
Authors: Scaramella Courtney , Alzagatiti Joseph B. , Creighton Christopher , Mankatala Samandeep , Licea Fernando , Winter Gabriel M. , Emtage Jasmine , Wisnieski Joseph R. , Salazar Luis , Hussain Anjum , Lee Faith M. , Mammootty Asma , Mammootty Niyaza , Aldujaili Andrew , Runnberg Kristine A. , Hernandez Daniela , Zimmerman-Thompson Trevor , Makwana Rikhil , Rouvere Julien , Tahmasebi Zahra , Zavradyan Gohar , Campbell Christopher S. , Komaranchath Meghna , Carmona Javier , Trevitt Jennifer , Glanzman David , Roberts Adam C.
Published: May 2022

Because of theirex uterodevelopment, relatively simple nervous system, translucency, and availability of tools to investigate neural function, larval zebrafish are an exceptional model for understanding neurodevelopmental disorders and the consequences of environmental toxins. Furthermore, early in development, zebrafish larvae easily absorb chemicals from water, a significant advantage over methods required to expose developing organisms to chemical agentsin utero. Bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA analogs are ubiquitous environmental toxins with known molecular consequences. All humans have measurable quantities of BPA in their bodies. Most concerning, the level of BPA exposure is correlated with neurodevelopmental difficulties in people. Given the importance of understanding the health-related effects of this common toxin, we have exploited the experimental advantages of the larval zebrafish model system to investigate the behavioral and anatomic effects of BPA exposure. We discovered that BPA exposure early in development leads to deficits in the processing of sensory information, as indicated by BPA’s effects on prepulse inhibition (PPI) and short-term habituation (STH) of the C-start reflex. We observed no changes in locomotion, thigmotaxis, and repetitive behaviors (circling). Despite changes in sensory processing, we detected no regional or whole-brain volume changes. Our results show that early BPA exposure can induce sensory processing deficits, as revealed by alterations in simple behaviors that are mediated by a well-defined neural circuit.
Columnar Localization and Laminar Origin of Cortical Surface Electrical Potentials
Authors: Baratham Vyassa L. , Dougherty Maximilian E. , Hermiz John , Ledochowitsch Peter , Maharbiz Michel M. , Bouchard Kristofer E.
Published: May 2022

Electrocorticography (ECoG) methodologically bridges basic neuroscience and understanding of human brains in health and disease. However, the localization of ECoG signals across the surface of the brain and the spatial distribution of their generating neuronal sources are poorly understood. To address this gap, we recorded from rat auditory cortex using customized μECoG, and simulated cortical surface electrical potentials with a full-scale, biophysically detailed cortical column model. Experimentally, μECoG-derived auditory representations were tonotopically organized and signals were anisotropically localized to less than or equal to ±200 μm, that is, a single cortical column. Biophysical simulations reproduce experimental findings and indicate that neurons in cortical layers V and VI contribute ∼85% of evoked high-gamma signal recorded at the surface. Cell number and synchrony were the primary biophysical properties determining laminar contributions to evoked μECoG signals, whereas distance was only a minimal factor. Thus, evoked μECoG signals primarily originate from neurons in the infragranular layers of a single cortical column.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTECoG methodologically bridges basic neuroscience and understanding of human brains in health and disease. However, the localization of ECoG signals across the surface of the brain and the spatial distribution of their generating neuronal sources are poorly understood. We investigated the localization and origins of sensory-evoked ECoG responses. We experimentally found that ECoG responses were anisotropically localized to a cortical column. Biophysically detailed simulations revealed that neurons in layers V and VI were the primary sources of evoked ECoG responses. These results indicate that evoked ECoG high-gamma responses are primarily generated by the population spike rate of pyramidal neurons in layers V and VI of single cortical columns and highlight the possibility of understanding how microscopic sources produce mesoscale signals.
Encoding of Environmental Cues in Central Amygdala Neurons during Foraging
Authors: Ponserre Marion , Fermani Federica , Gaitanos Louise , Klein Rüdiger
Published: May 2022

To successfully forage in an environment filled with rewards and threats, animals need to rely on familiar structures of their environment that signal food availability. The central amygdala (CeA) is known to mediate a panoply of consummatory and defensive behaviors, yet how specific activity patterns within CeA subpopulations guide optimal choices is not completely understood. In a paradigm of appetitive conditioning in which mice freely forage for food across a continuum of cues, we found that two major subpopulations of CeA neurons, Somatostatin-positive (CeASst) and protein kinase Cδ-positive (CeAPKCδ) neurons, can assign motivational properties to environmental cues. Although the proportion of food responsive cells was higher within CeASstthan CeAPKCδneurons, only the activities of CeAPKCδ, but not CeASst, neurons were required for learning of contextual food cues. Our findings point to a model in which CeAPKCδneurons may incorporate stimulus salience together with sensory features of the environment to encode memory of the goal location.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe CeA has a very important role in the formation of memories that associate sensory information with aversive or rewarding representation. Here, we used a conditioned place preference paradigm, where freely moving mice learn to associate external cues with food availability, to investigate the roles of CeA neuron subpopulations. We found that CeASstand CeAPKCδneurons encoded environmental cues during foraging but only the activities of CeAPKCδneurons were required for learning of contextual food cues.
The Searching Peace through War: The Presentation of Pakistan Govt Talks with Therik Taliban Pakistan in National Press
Authors: Shaheen Lubna , Tarique Muhammad
Published: May 2022

After over two decades of violence, loss of thousands of civilians, displacement of tens of thousands of people, and damages to key infrastructure in Pakistan by Tehrik e Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the central government decided to talk with them in 2014. These peace talks were as vital as their failure could lead inevitably to a longer war. This study is about the coverage given by the Pakistani national press on these peace talks and the military operation followed by it. It is evaluated that how far print media played their role either in initiating peace or instigating war. With this intention, Johan Galtung's theory of Peace Journalism was applied. Analyzing the contents of four elite national English and Urdu dailies the study concluded that the mainstream press portrayed the peace talks with a considerable difference throughout peace talks, which had undermined the government approach of bringing peace. War-oriented coverage of the operation tells that whatever would be the situation media would sensationalize it. Within the news stories, mixed expressions were seen towards both peace and war but the overall coverage remained war-oriented.
Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition
Authors: Olson Kristina R. , Durwood Lily , Horton Rachel , Gallagher Natalie M. , Devor Aaron
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Concerns about early childhood social transitions among transgender youth include that these youth may later change their gender identification (ie, retransition), a process that could be distressing. The current study aimed to provide the first estimate of retransitioning and to report the current gender identities of youth an average of 5 years after their initial social transitions.

METHODS

The current study examined the rate of retransition and current gender identities of 317 initially transgender youth (208 transgender girls, 109 transgender boys; M = 8.1 years at start of study) participating in a longitudinal study, the Trans Youth Project. Data were reported by youth and their parents through in-person or online visits or via e-mail or phone correspondence.

RESULTS

We found that an average of 5 years after their initial social transition, 7.3% of youth had retransitioned at least once. At the end of this period, most youth identified as binary transgender youth (94%), including 1.3% who retransitioned to another identity before returning to their binary transgender identity. A total of 2.5% of youth identified as cisgender and 3.5% as nonbinary. Later cisgender identities were more common among youth whose initial social transition occurred before age 6 years; their retransitions often occurred before age 10 years.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that retransitions are infrequent. More commonly, transgender youth who socially transitioned at early ages continued to identify that way. Nonetheless, understanding retransitions is crucial for clinicians and families to help make retransitions as smooth as possible for youth.
A percepção de aprendizagem na pós-graduação brasileira durante a pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Martins Tiago André Portela , Bastos Adriana Teixeira , De Freitas Ana Augusta Ferreira , Passos Ibiapina Iveltyma Roosemalen
Published: May 2022

Com a emergência da pandemia de COVID-19 as atividades de ensino e de aprendizagem, assim como os ambientes de aprendizagem da pós-graduação, sofreram modificações. A principal delas foi a transferência do ensino presencial para aulas no formato remoto, ação esta que não foi acompanhada por condizente reflexão acerca de como isso reflete no aprendizado por parte dos estudantes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção dos alunos da pós-graduação quanto a aprendizagem em função dos ambientes de aprendizagem vivenciados durante o distanciamento social decorrente da pandemia de COVID-19. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem quantitativa de cunho descritivo, tendo sido realizada através de um levantamento com 734 estudantes de pós-graduação stricto sensu de diversos cursos a nível nacional, durante fevereiro de 2021. O questionário abordou 21 variáveis que se aglutinavam em quatro ambientes de aprendizagem: físico; psicossocial; pedagógico; e tecnológico. Através da análise de agrupamentos, identificou-se cinco grupos distintos: estudantes com alta aprendizagem e bom aproveitamento dos ambientes de aprendizagem; estudantes com nível mediano de aprendizagem; estudantes com bom nível de aprendizagem e dificuldades no ambiente físico; estudantes com baixo nível de aprendizagem; e estudantes com dificuldades de aprendizagem e baixo aproveitamento dos ambientes de aprendizagem. Os resultados mostraram que grande parte dos alunos da pós-graduação no Brasil conseguiram se adaptar bem diante do cenário pandêmico e ter aprendizados satisfatórios.
Continuidad del proceso formativo en Pandemia. Experiencia estudiantil en la Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile
Authors: Lemarie Oyarzun Fernando Rodolfo , Molina Venegas Luz Angélica , Romero González María Beatriz , Haase Thiers Mathias Alfredo , Valenzuela Henríquez Felipe Ignacio
Published: May 2022

Este artículo analiza las opiniones de estudiantes de la Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, sobre las acciones aplicadas para asegurar la continuidad del proceso formativo durante el año académico 2020, en las dimensiones despliegue tecnológico y experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Lo anterior, como respuesta a la pandemia, que obligó a las Instituciones de Educación Superior a tomar decisiones emergentes y así obtener una retroalimentación que apoye la implementación de mejoras y la creación de programas permanentes para mantener una formación académica de calidad. La metodología de investigación aplicada fue mixta. Para el componente cuantitativo, se recolectaron datos, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario en línea a 1.492 estudiantes. Para el componente cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales a 25 informantes claves. Los resultados evidenciaron acciones oportunas y dinámicas que permitieron la pronta disponibilidad de la plataforma Moodle, ULAGOS Virtual, para la continuidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Asimismo, reflejaron el despliegue regional para la entrega de dispositivos móviles y kits de conexión a Internet que posibilitaron la conectividad y continuidad de los estudios en línea. De igual forma dejaron a la vista brechas en el acceso a las tecnologías, desafíos relacionados con el estrés del contexto y desigualdades sociales y económicas.
Desigualdad en las trayectorias educativas de jóvenes migrantes: Disquisiciones preliminares
Authors: Gonzalez Mariana Alejandra
Published: May 2022

La educación constituye un derecho humano, a la vez que se encuentra garantizada, en Argentina, por la Ley Nacional de Educación (26.206, 2006) y la Ley de Migraciones (25.871, 2003), entre otras normativas. En ellas, se expresa la obligatoriedad del nivel medio para todas las personas habitantes del país en condiciones de igualdad, sin discriminación alguna. Sin embargo, se observa que dicho derecho está vulnerado para el caso de las juventudes migrantes. El presente ensayo persigue la finalidad de analizar las desigualdades en las trayectorias escolares de jóvenes migrantes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Para ello realiza un recorrido histórico de la consolidación del nivel medio, la inserción de migrantes allí, a partir de sus vivencias y tratos con pares y docentes, hasta los rendimientos escolares; se contextualizan estas trayectorias en el marco del proyecto migratorio familiar. Por último, se presenta la Sociología de la Experiencia como una herramienta epistemológica que permite abordar esta problemática en su complejidad. El ensayo concluye que la escuela se encuentra en una posición privilegiada para el diseño de estrategias que contrarresten los diversos factores condicionantes de una trayectoria educativa, en pos de arribar a prácticas de igualdad.
Necesidades de capacitación de profesionales unidocentes costarricenses para el desarrollo del pensamiento científico en el estudiantado
Authors: Ibarra-Vargas Esteban Francisco
Published: May 2022

El propósito de este artículo fue presentar algunos de los principales resultados de un estudio realizado con profesionales unidocentes costarricenses, el cual se enfocó en diagnosticar sus necesidades de capacitación para fortalecer la mediación pedagógica en relación con el desarrollo del pensamiento científico de estudiantes de primaria. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo durante el primer trimestre del año 2021. El enfoque metodológico utilizado fue el cualitativo de tipo descriptivo, en él se abordaron saberes relacionados con la mediación pedagógica y el desarrollo del pensamiento científico en la escuela unidocente, así como su importancia para el estudiantado y las comunidades rurales. Participó un grupo de treinta profesionales unidocentes, el cual completó una encuesta cualitativa a modo de diagnóstico. El instrumento fue validado por un equipo de seis personas expertas. El análisis de la información permitió contrastar los resultados con la teoría para identificar las necesidades de capacitación docente relacionadas con el objeto de estudio. Entre los principales resultados sobresale la necesidad de fortalecer los procesos de formación docente en cuanto a la educación rural, la unidocencia y el desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento científico del estudiantado, tomando en consideración las disposiciones curriculares del Ministerio de Educación Pública. Aunado a ello, se resalta la trascendencia de formar a las personas profesionales unidocentes en cuanto a los siguientes aspectos relacionados con la mediación pedagógica: aprendizaje por proyectos, indagación científica e integración curricular, los cuales presentaron resultados variados en cuanto a su conocimiento, aplicación y necesidad de capacitación.
Ações afirmativas na educação superior e mobilidade social: Um estudo de campo
Authors: Silva Luís Felipe Oliveira Alves da , Ferreira André , Teodoro Lacerda Pítias , Silva Yury Vasconcellos da
Published: May 2022

A política de cotas nas universidades públicas brasileiras, implantada no ano de 2012, que facilitou o acesso das classes menos favorecidas à educação superior no país, está prevista para ser revisada no ano de 2022. Visando gerar subsídios para este debate, este artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para a análise da mudança social, para isto foi investigada a influência desta política pública na mobilidade social dos beneficiários. Para isto, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre os egressos dos grupos de cotas e de ampla concorrência. A pesquisa é de natureza aplicada com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada de setembro a outubro de 2020, por meio de questionário encaminhado por e-mail para 541 egressos dos cursos de graduação oferecidos pela Universidade Federal Fluminense no município de Volta Redonda-RJ. A pesquisa obteve 77 respostas válidas (14,2% do total), sendo que 54 ingressaram na universidade por ampla concorrência e 23 por grupos de cotas. Para a análise dos dados, foram utilizadas estatísticas descritiva e inferencial. No âmbito desta amostra, os principais resultados indicam que os egressos dos grupos estudados possuem características próprias: o grupo dos egressos que entraram na universidade por meio do sistema de cotas inicia sua vida no mercado de trabalho antes, possui um percentual maior de pessoas que tem expectativa de mobilidade social e, entre os egressos que têm expectativa de mobilidade social, aqueles que fazem parte do grupo de cotas esperam ascender maior número de níveis sociais que os egressos de ampla concorrência.
A pandemia da Covid-19 e a precarização do trabalho docente no Brasil
Authors: Pessanha Fabiana Nery de Lima , Trindade Regina Aparecida Correia
Published: May 2022

Este ensaio objetiva problematizar, em diálogo com os pressupostos marxistas e as concepções do materialismo histórico dialético, a precarização do trabalho docente no Brasil, nas últimas décadas, com ênfase nas alterações provocadas a partir da pandemia da Covid-19. Como proposição, buscou-se uma reflexão crítica a respeito das influências ideológicas, econômicas e políticas no trabalho docente, sobretudo em redes públicas de Educação Básica. As análises são referenciadas em ofensivas capitalistas e neoliberais que assolam as condições do trabalho do professorado. Os argumentos revelam que alguns procedimentos prescritos aos docentes (re)atualizam a precarização em detrimento dos princípios educativo e ontológico do trabalho dos/as educadores/as. Como conclusões, ressaltamos que a precarização do trabalho docente se deve a projetos liberais e hegemônicos já praticados antes da pandemia e que, cada vez mais, se revelam ofensivos na mercantilização da educação e esvaziamento do sentido político e ontológico do ato de educar.
[Traducción al español] Eficacia de los sistemas defensivos en superioridad e igualdad numérica en balonmano: panorama de una competición europea
Authors: Petroni de Senzi Barreira Caio , Da Silva Musa Vinicius , Pereira Morato Marcio , Pombo Menezes Rafael
Published: May 2022

Las acciones realizadas durante la fase defensiva en balonmano pueden ser determinantes para los resultados de los partidos, y los análisis en esta fase permiten identificar aspectos clave que pueden ayudar en la planificación y entrenamiento de los equipos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de las relaciones numéricas en sistemas defensivos cerrados y abiertos en partidos de balonmano de alto nivel. Se analizaron doce partidos del Campeonato de Europa de clubes de Balonmano, cuyo instrumento de análisis permitió identificar la relación numérica del juego (superioridad defensiva o igualdad) y cuantificar los resultados (GO: gol; NG: sin gol; PP: perdida del balón) y regiones de la cancha en las que terminaron las acciones ofensivas. Se utilizó la chi-cuadrado para el análisis de datos. Los resultados mostraron similitudes para la realización del ataque a través de situaciones de igualdad con el uso de sistemas cerrados (GO = 47.3%; NG = 33.6%; PP = 19.1%) y sistemas abiertos (GO = 46.0%; NG = 34.3%; PP = 19.7%). Para esta situación, se demostró que el uso de sistemas cerrados provoca la pérdida del balón más lejos de la portería (9m- = 56.9%; 9m + = 43.1%), cuando se compara con el uso de sistemas abiertos (9m- = 64.5%; 9m + = 35.5%). En superioridad numérica defensiva, el uso de sistemas abiertos (GO = 28.6%; NG = 53.6%; PP = 17.9%), en comparación con sistemas cerrados (GO = 49.3%; NG = 29.6%; PP = 21.1 %), mostró mayor efectividad en los resultados de las acciones. Además, las secuencias terminaron más lejos del objetivo cuando se utilizaron sistemas abiertos (9m- = 42.9%; 9m+ = 57.1%), en comparación con sistemas cerrados (9m- = 68.3%; 9m+ = 31.7%). Se concluyó que la elección del sistema defensivo debe basarse en el modelo de juego del equipo y en las relaciones recurrentes del juego, especialmente en situaciones de igualdad numérica (más frecuentes). Sin embargo, cuando se tiene una ventaja numérica defensiva, limitar el espacio y el tiempo para que los atacantes tomen decisiones parece ser una estrategia eficaz.