bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (OLIV.) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN DOUGLAS-FIR AND WESTERN HEMLOCK LOGS
Authors: Shore T.L. , McLean J.A. , Zanuncio J.C.
Published: November 2009

Spring-felled logs of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., were attacked by ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), in the year after felling. By monitoring individual galleries it was determined that brood production was similar to that found in fall- and winter-felled logs. The sex ratio of the brood did not differ significantly from 1:1. Only beetles that had failed to establish successful galleries emerged during the "second" flight period. Significant linear relationships were found between frass weight and each of the following variables: number of egg niches, emerged adult progeny, and gallery length. Mortality in galleries in Douglas-fir and western hemlock logs, respectively, was found to be 9.4 and 12.4% between the egg and larval–pupal stage and 19.5 and 32.1% between the larval–pupal and adult stages.
THE INFLUENCE OF PARASITISM BY APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ON SPRING DISPERSAL AND CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Nealis Vincent , Régnière Jacques
Published: November 2009

Most emerging 2nd-instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), tested in the laboratory were photopositive and there was no difference in response between healthy larvae and larvae parasitized by Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. However, in the field, parasitized individuals were under-represented among larvae dispersing on silk threads between tree crowns. There is evidence that this was due to the relatively late emergence of parasitized larvae. These parasitized larvae therefore encountered fewer crawling larvae at the tips of branches, and consequently their propensity for dispersing was reduced.

The vertical distribution of dispersing, parasitized larvae caught on sticky traps more closely resembled that of established larvae than it did the vertical distribution of the overwintering population. This indicates that there was some differential redistribution of parasitized and nonparasitized individuals. Despite these differences, the estimate of parasitism by A. fumiferanae based on mid-crown branch samples is justified because it is most consistent and most closely reflects the overall frequency of parasitism.
PREDICTING LARVAL ABUNDANCE OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA WLK., IN MANITOBA FROM CATCHES OF MALE MOTHS IN SEX ATTRACTANT TRAPS
Authors: Turnock W.J.
Published: November 2009

Two cone-orifice-type traps baited with (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (1.0 mg) and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (0.05 mg) were placed in each of 5–13 canola (Brassica spp.) fields per year for 7 years at locations distributed throughout the area in Manitoba subject to outbreaks of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The number of male moths per trap varied from 0 to 821 in the 90 fields trapped. Larval density, in the trap fields and in 185 nearby canola fields, varied from 0 to 105 per square metre. There was a direct relationship between the number of moths per trap and the density of late-instar larvae (L4–L6) for the trap fields and for nearby (within 5 km) fields but variability was loo high to allow accurate prediction of larval densities for individual fields. However, the number of moths per trap could be used to predict the proportion of fields in the vicinity of the trap field that would have larval densities above the economic threshold. No fields with above-threshold larval densities occurred with captures of <20 moths per trap. The proportion of fields with larval densities above the economic threshold increased from 0.10 with 20–30 moths per trap, lo 0.19 with 30–60 moths per trap, 0.64 with 70–100 moths per trap, and 0.91 with over 100 moths per trap. Contamination of catches by non-target species of noctuid moths had insignificant effects on the accuracy of these predictions because even if they were misidentified as M. configurata the number of moths per trap changed only marginally. Populations of M. configurara were higher and local outbreaks occurred more frequently in canola-growing areas adjacent to morainic hills along the Manitoba Escarpment, whereas populations were low in areas of the Manitoba Lowlands and of the Western Uplands. A proposed monitoring system for M. configurata in Manitoba is described.
SELECTION OF SPIDER PREY BYTRYPOXYLON POLITUM(SAY) (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
Authors: Rehnberg B.G.
Published: November 2009

More than 94% of all spiders captured byTrypoxylon politum(Say) were from three genera:Neoscona,Araneus, andEustala. The contribution of these spider genera to provisions ofT.politumin the eastern and southeastern United States was estimated as follows:Eustala, 17%;Araneus, 21%; andNeoscona, 59%. Provisions in early summer were dominated byAraneus marmoreusClerck,Eustalasp., andNeoscona hentzii(Keyserling); in mid-summer byN.hentzii; and in late summer byA.marmoreusandNeoscona domiciliorum(Hentz). The proportions of juvenile, subadult, and adult spiders captured depended on the time of year and the developmental stage of the spider.Trypoxylon politumcaptured male and female subadults, and female adults, but took very few male adults.Trypoxylon politumwas found to be stenophagous with respect to prey species and euryphagous with respect to prey size.
OVIPOSITION AND NICHE PARTITIONING IN APHIDOPHAGOUS INSECTS ON MAIZE
Authors: Coderre Daniel , Provencher Louis , Tourneur Jean-Claude
Published: November 2009

Principal components analysis was used to assess niche partitioning between four aphid predators on the basis of oviposition strategies. The study was conducted by sampling abundance and position of the eggs of these predators in corn monocultures in two locations of southern Quebec. The results indicated that the chrysopid Chrysopa occulata Say laid its eggs on corn leaves usually without aphid colonies, and late in the season. All other predators reacted to aphid concentrations. The syrphid Sphaerophoria philanthus (Mg.) oviposited close to the ground, early in the season, and among colonies of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). The two coccinellids laid their eggs during July and August with a maximum during tasseling for Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Timberlake) and after pollination for Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis Say. Of these two species, the latter one selected sites at higher levels on the plant, and was more abundant at the edges of the field. It is suggested that the observed niche partitioning cannot be the result of interspecific competition in variable environments such as maize monocultures.
SIXTH-INSTAR LARVAE OFNOCTUA PRONUBA(L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Neil Kenneth A. , Specht H.B.
Published: November 2009

The 6th-instar larvae ofNoctua pronuba(L.) are described and illustrated. The larvae, although similar to other noctuinae genera, can be distinguished by the hypopharyngeal complex and mandible morphology. Life history notes based on larvae and adults collected in Nova Scotia are also given.
INTRINSIC RATE OF INCREASE AND TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF THE APHID PARASITE EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Cohen M.B. , Mackauer M.
Published: November 2009

The demographic statistics and the temperature requirements for development of Ephedrus californicus Baker were determined under constant laboratory conditions. At 23 °C, females provided each day with forty 2nd-instar pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), lived for 13.4 days and laid 1193 eggs on average; the highest fecundity of any female was 1762 eggs. For an assumed population sex ratio of 1:1 males to females, the intrinsic rate of increase, r, was 0.371 females·female−1·day−1 when all eggs laid were counted. The lower temperature threshold for development, t, was estimated as 6.83 °C, and the time-to-adult, K, as 228.9 degree-days. The potential use of E. californicus in the biological control of the lupine aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons Essig, in England is considered.
GROUND RELEASES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Smith S.M. , Hubbes M. , Carrow J.R.
Published: November 2009

During 1982 and 1984, ground releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were assessed for control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), on 12- to 20-year-old, white spruce stands in northern Ontario. Maximum parasitism of susceptible egg masses was 16 and 87% following the release of 480 000 and 12 million female T. minutum per hectare, respectively. Releases at intervals of 1 week maintained parasitism of susceptible egg masses at constant levels throughout the oviposition period of spruce budworm. When parasitism of susceptible egg masses was maintained above 78.2% during the ovipositional period, total egg mass parasitism averaged 58.0% and resulted in an 80.3% reduction of overwintering 2nd-instar larvae. The optimal strategy for reducing spruce budworm was two releases of T. minutum at an interval of 1 week in the ovipositional period. This allowed a second generation of parasitoids to emerge from the spruce budworm eggs that were more efficient in maintaining high levels of parasitism than those emerging from the standard rearing host. Natural parasitism of spruce budworm egg masses was less than 4% and there was no carryover of parasitism in the years following inundative release. The rate of T. minutum release necessary to achieve effective mortality of spruce budworm during outbreak populations is discussed briefly.
TRANSFER OF THELYTOKY TO ARRHENOTOKOUS MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR GIRAULT AND SANDERS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Legner E.F.
Published: November 2009

Thelytokous reproduction was developed and fixed in arrhenotokous Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders by mating hybrid females, of interhemispheric strains, with naturally occurring males of M. uniraptor Kogan and Legner. A change in ovipositional behavior was shown by these mated hybrid females which subsequently produced thelytokous Fx offspring for 10 generations. Sperm depletion and extranuclear factors are considered.
LIFE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF DACNUSA DRYAS (NIXON) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A EUROPEAN PARASITE OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Guppy J.C. , Meloche F.
Published: November 2009

Dacnusa dryas (Nixon), a multivoltine parasite of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), has become established in eastern Canada. Adults deposit their eggs singly in the hemocoel of the actively feeding host larvae. A trophamnion forms between the chorion and the embryo and the elliptical egg swells, becoming spherical and transparent. On hatching, the trophamnion adheres to the 1st instar throughout its development. The first moult occurs in the newly formed puparium where development of the parasite is completed. Winter is passed as a mature larva within the soil-borne host. Descriptions of the immature stages are given.
OCCURRENCE OF CYHEXATIN AND DICOFOL RESISTANCE IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Pree D.J. , Wagner H.W.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory bioassays showed the occurrence of 8.5-fold resistance to cyhexatin and ca. 15-fold resistance to dicofol in laboratory-selected populations of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)). Surveys, in 1984, of 45 orchards, using field-collected mites exposed to discriminating concentrations of cyhexatin or dicofol, detected resistance to cyhexatin in ca. 29% of the populations. Resistance to dicofol was identified in 2 of 45 assays.
RÉVISION DES ESPÈCES DU SOUS-GENRECASTANEOMYZOCALLISSUBG. NOV. DU GENREMYZOCALLISTROUVÉES SUR LES CHÂTAIGNIERS (CASTANEA) EN AMÉRIQUE DU NORD (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. , Remaudière G.
Published: November 2009

Les espèces du sous-genreCastaneomyzocallissubg. nov. (genreMyzocallis) vivent en Amérique du Nord surCastanea. Quatre espèces sont classées dans le sous-genre :M. (C.)castaneae(Fitch) (type du sous-genre);M. (C.)tissotinom. nov.;M. (C.)nanae(Tissot); etM. (C.)castaneoides(Baker). Le néotype deM. (C.)castaneaeest établi. Les ailés vivipares, les embryons et les nymphes deM. (C.)castaneae,M. (C.)castaneoides,M. (C.)tissotietM. (C.)nanaesont décrits. On fournit une clé pour l’identification des espèces du nouveau sous-genre. Une attention particulière est apportée aux variations que pourraient être attribuées aux facteurs saisonniers.
BIOLOGY OF THE PREDATORY FLY COENOSIA TIGRINA (FAB.)(DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE): REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND LARVAL FEEDING ON EARTHWORMS IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Morris Dael E. , Cloutier Conrad
Published: November 2009

Adults of the anthomyiid Coenosia tigrina (Fab.), which are predators of flying insects including pest Diptera such as the onion maggot fly, feed on earthworms in the larval stage. The bionomics of C. tigrina females were studied in the laboratory at 15, 20, and 25°C, under different mating regimes. Adult female longevity slightly exceeded 1 month at 25°C and was close to 2 months at 15°C. Oviposition started 1–3 weeks after emergence, the delay tending to decrease with increased male presence. Females laid eggs at intervals of 1 to several days, in batches averaging 10–30 eggs depending on temperature. Fecundity reached an average of 230 eggs at 25°C with the sustained presence of males. Egg hatch decreased with the mother’s age, except when males were present for most of the female’s lifetime. Females exhibited maximal daily rate of predation at 25°C, but maximal lifetime predation was observed at 20°C. Male predation was less than females’, and female predation decreased with age. The time to eclosion decreased from 11 to 5 days as the temperature of egg incubation increased from 15 to 25°C. Larval weight at eclosion decreased with mother’s age. Postembryonic development and larval growth were studied at 15, 20, and 25°C, larvae being fed on four lumbricids. Development times decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 25°C: from 35 to 15 days for larval development, and 28 to 12 days for pupal development. Males developed at a slower rate than females, but females weighed more at emergence. Larval survival was 30–60% on worm sections, and dropped to 17% on live mature Eisenia foetida (Sav.); but survival reached 90% on live, immature E. foetida 1–2 cm long. The larvae of C. tigrina penetrate the epidermis of earthworms, and feed internally with a preference for circulatory and chlorogogonous tissues.
COLONIZATION OF LODGEPOLE PINE STUMPS BY ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Wu Jian , Wong H.R.
Published: November 2009

Only a few studies have been made on the colonization of coniferous stumps by insects. Studies by Richards (1926), Krogerus (1927), Wallace (1953), and Hayes and Tickell (1984) indicated that beetles were the common insect group in coniferous stumps in Europe.

The purpose of this study was to identify the insect species colonizing lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) stumps in the Hinton area and assisting in their breakdown.
RAPTOHEPTAGENIA CRUENTATA, GEN. NOV. (EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE), NEW ASSOCIATION OF THE LARVA PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT TO BEANEPEORUSWITH THE ADULT OFHEPTAGENIA CRUENTATAWALSH
Authors: Whiting Eric R. , Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: November 2009

Adult males were reared from larvae of the type previously associated withAnepeorus. These adult males key to and fit the description ofHeptagenia cruentataWalsh. Because the larvae are very different from those of otherHeptageniaspecies, a new genus,Raptoheptagenia, is proposed forcruentata. Adult males ofRaptoheptageniadiffer from those ofHeptageniain the anastomosis of two or more crossveins in the stigmatic area of the forewing, and in the subequal lengths of the foretarsus and tibia.
ACANTHOMOLA PUBESCENS, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF HEPTAGENIIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Whiting Eric R. , Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: November 2009

Acanthomola pubescens, a new genus and species of Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera), is described from larvae collected in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Acanthomola superficially resembles Bleptus, Epeorus, and Raptoheptagenia, but differs from these genera, and all other heptageniids, in the structure of the mandibles and maxillae. The molar area of the mandible is greatly reduced and bears only a few stout spines. The crown of the maxillary galea-lacinia is rounded and lacks setae near the apex. The apical segment of the maxillary palpus is long, slender, and bare. Generic and specific descriptions of the larva of A. pubescens, gen. nov., sp. no v., are given, along with biological notes. Acanthomola appears to be a very primitive heptageniid, related to Bleptus, Epeorus, and Ironodes. It is probably most closely related to Spinadis.
ABUNDANCE, WINTER SURVIVAL, AND SPRING EMERGENCE OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN A MANITOBA GROVE
Authors: Turnock W.J. , Lamb R.J. , Bilodeau R.J.
Published: November 2009

Adult flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), P. striolata (F.), and Psylliodes punctulata Melsh., overwintering in the litter of a riverbank forest at Winnipeg, Manitoba, varied in density from about 1.4 million to 2.5 million beetles per hectare from 1979 to 1983. Phyllotreta cruciferae was the most abundant species (78–92%) and P. striolata next (6–22%) in litter samples collected in the late autumn, just before the ground froze. The distribution of beetles was highly aggregated (variance/mean ratio > 1.0) for P. cruciferae and P. striolata in years of high density but this ratio was 1.0 (random distribution) when densities were below 1.0 per square metre. Density was positively related to the amount of litter and increased from the edge to the center on the south side of the grove. On the north side, densities were highest at the edge of the grove. Survival in the litter during the autumn was generally lower and more variable than during the winter or spring periods. Survival in the litter during the 4 years ranged from 0.22 to 0.46 for P. cruciferae and from 0.31 to 0.83 for P. striolata. Temperature, through its effect on the time of emergence of adults in late summer and autumn, may affect their ability to survive the onset of cold weather.
A SIMULATION MODEL OF HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE
Authors: Lysyk T.J. , Axtell R.C.
Published: November 2009

Developmental times were determined at constant temperatures for egg–larval (prepupal) and egg–larval–adult (preadult) house flies in poultry manure. Developmental time decreased as temperature increased but declined at temperatures above 35°C. The average time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 26.8 days at 16°C to 5.2 days at 35°C, and the average time to adult emergence ranged from 43.1 to 8.8 days. Pupae were formed at 41°C, but no adults emerged above 38°C. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was determined and used in a rate summation model to simulate prepupal and preadult developmental times in poultry manure, with manure bed temperature as input. The model was tested on the basis of developmental times determined in a poultry house during the fly-breeding season. The observed mean time to pupation under field temperatures ranged from 6.7 to 15.6 days, and adult emergence required from 12.5 to 27.1 days. Simulations were closest to the observed times when actual manure bed temperatures were used as input; however, soil temperatures obtained from a nearby weather station also provided satisfactory simulation results after an empirical correction was used.
CIRCULIFER TENELLUS (BAKER), THE BEET LEAFHOPPER (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE): LABORATORY STUDIES ON FECUNDITY AND LONGEVITY
Authors: Meyerdirk D.E. , Moratorio M.S.
Published: November 2009

Circulifer tenellus (Baker) has a mean preoviposition period of 13.1, 8.2, 6.4, and 5.0 days when held at 20, 25, 28, and 32°C, respectively. The fecundity of C. tenellus averaged 105.0, 98.9, 115.7, and 196.9 eggs per female when held under the same temperatures, respectively. The longevity of the adult C. tenellus females when held under constant conditions of 20, 25, 28, and 32°C averaged 58.1, 52.7, 41.9, and 44.8 days, respectively. Fluctuating temperatures of 19–36°C under greenhouse conditions resulted in a mean preoviposition of 10.7 days and a fecundity rate of 163.4 eggs per female with females living an average of 96.3 days with a longevity range of 142 days.
EFFICACY OF VARIOUS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI FORMULATIONS AND DOSAGES IN THE FIELD AGAINST THE HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (GUEN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: West R.J. , Raske A.G , Retnakaran A. , Lim K.P.
Published: November 2009

Aerially applied Thuricide 48LV, Thuricide 64B, Futura XLV, and water-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (B.t.), were tested for effectiveness to control the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., stands. Thuricide 64B, applied twice at a dosage of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) per hectare in 1.78 L/ha, was the most effective, reducing the larval population by 100%.
PREDATION ON ADULTS OF THE CRUCIFER FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE), BY THE NORTHERN FALL FIELD CRICKET, GRYLLUS PENNSYLVANICUS BURMEISTER (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L. , Hinks C.F.
Published: November 2009

Predation on adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), by the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, was recorded in laboratory tests to identify predators of flea beetles that attack canola and mustard crops. In these tests, four field-collected adult crickets all ate live adult P. icruciferae, as did 15 of 16 lateinstar cricket nymphs. The tests were carried out in 60 by 20 mm disposable plastic Petri dishes, with a stoppered hole to facilitate introduction of flea beetles. A filter paper liner in the bottom of the dish gave the insects a firm footing.
DIAPAUSE INDUCTION OF EGGS OF SIMULIUM ARCTICUM MALLOCH (IIS-10.11) (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Shipp J.L.
Published: November 2009

The Simulium arcticum Malloch sibling (IIS-10.11), which breeds in the Athabasca River (Procunier et al. 1984), is a major pest of cattle in central Alberta (Haufe and Croome 1980). Insecticide treatment of the river is the primary control method with the number of applications per season having increased from one to two treatments since 1978. The timing and number of applications per season are determined from information on larval instar and abundance, which is obtained from an extensive larval monitoring program that is conducted annually from late April to mid-September. Prediction of embryonic development and hatching rates of S. arcticum (IIS-10.11) eggs and when eggs enter diapause would provide for more accurate determination of the timing and number of treatments required each season.
THE ASSOCIATION OF FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) WITH GREENHOUSE CROPS AND THE TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Broadbent A.B. , Allen W.R. , Foottit R.G.
Published: November 2009

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), occurs from sea level to subalpine altitudes in western North America (Bryan and Smith 1956). Until recently, it was assumed that this species was found primarily west of the Rocky Mountains and that Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), the eastern flower thrips, was the dominant flower thrips in both eastern Canada and United States. Beshear (1983) reported F. occidentalis on cotton, peas, beans, and peanuts in Georgia. The following year, in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, the tomato spotted wilt virus caused extensive crop losses to greenhousegrown tomatoes and ornamentals. The virus-vector was identified as F. occidentalis (Allen and Broadbent 1986). Previously, F. fusca was the only known vector of tomato spotted wilt virus in Ontario and the eastern provinces (Paliwal 1974, 1976).
FIELD EVALUATION OF CARBOFURAN BAIT AGAINST GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN,
Authors: Ewen Al B. , Mukerji M.K.
Published: November 2009

The dosage of carbofuran as a bait required to reduce third-instar grasshopper populations to non-economic levels (5–10 grasshoppers per square metre in short mixed grass hay pasture) was considerably lower than the recommended rate for spray application. The results from 2 years’ field trials showed that 35.0 g active ingredient per hectare as a bait would reduce grasshopper populations by about 70%, 3 days after application.
MONITORING POPULATION LEVELS OF EIGHT SPECIES OF NOCTUIDS WITH SEX-ATTRACTANT TRAPS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, 1978–1983: SPECIFICITY OF ATTRACTANTS AND EFFECT OF TARGET SPECIES ABUNDANCE
Authors: Byers J.R. , Struble D.L.
Published: November 2009

The abundances of eight species of cutworm and armyworm moths were monitored with sex-attractant traps at 81 locations in a 13 000-km2 area of southern Alberta from 1978 to 1983. The life history and economic status of each species is summarized and the monitoring methodology is described. The attractants for redbacked cutworm (Euxoa ochrogaster), darksided cutworm (Euxoa messoria), pale western cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia), and army cutworm (Euxoa auxiliaris) were highly specific and > 99% of the moths caught were of the target species. Specificity of the attractants for clover cutworm (Discestra trifolii) and Leucania commoides was also high, averaging 98.3 and 96.6%, respectively, over 6 years. The attractants for variegated cutworm (Peridroma soucia) and bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) were less specific but the proportion of target species exceeded 80% in those years when either species was relatively abundant. For those species that were monitored over a wide range of population levels, the apparent specificity of the attractant varied directly with the number of target species moths caught. The use of efficient attractants in combination with high-capacity nonsaturating traps is clearly of advantage in enhancing specificity.
MONITORING POPULATION LEVELS OF EIGHT SPECIES OF NOCTUIDS WITH SEX-ATTRACTANT TRAPS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, 1978–1983: CONSISTENCY OF TRAP CATCHES AND PRECISION OF POPULATION ESTIMATES
Authors: Byers J.R. , Struble D.L. , Schaalje G.B.
Published: November 2009

Sex-attractant traps were used to monitor the relative abundances of eight species of cutworm and army worm moths at 81 locations in a 13 000-km2 (5000-mi2) area of southern Alberta from 1978 to 1983. Clover cutworm (Discestra trifolii (Hufn.)), variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia (Hbn.)), bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata Wlk.), and Leucania commoides Gn. were monitored during spring and early summer, and redbacked cutworm (Euxoa ochrogaster (Gn.)), darksided cutworm (Euxoa messoria (Harr.)), pale western cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia Morr.), and army cutworm (Euxoa auxiliaris (Grt.)) during late summer and fall.

The ranking of moth catches among locations within years was highly consistent, indicating that the spatial pattern of abundance within the survey area remained stable during each flight period. The corollary is that differences in population levels among locations were being consistently detected. Most of the species also exhibited a considerable degree of consistency of pattern of abundance between consecutive years and to some extent over all years.

Estimates of the variability associated with individual traps, between duplicate traps, and among locations were obtained for each species. The within-location variability was always much less than the among-location variability, indicating that a meaningful measure of the relative population level at each location was being obtained. When abundance levels approached economic thresholds the likelihood of moth catches in duplicate traps being within 20% of the mean catch for a location was usually greater than 80%. Year-to-year differences in mean trap catches were frequently significant at the 95% confidence level and the monitoring system could detect relatively small changes in population level between years. Season cumulative trap catches are a composite measure of abundance and the mate-searching activity of males. Weather conditions that restrict male activity are also likely to reduce oviposition by females. Cumulative trap catches may therefore be closely correlated with realized fecundity.
EJECTION AND INGESTION OF THE SPERMATOPHORE BY THE FEMALE LADYBIRD BEETLE, HARMONIA AXYRIDIS PALLAS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Obata Shohko , Hidaka Toshitaka
Published: November 2009

Sperm transfer in the aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, is by a spermatophore (unpublished data). Although the utilization of spermatophores in insects has been considered to be a more primitive method of insemination than direct sperm transfer, males of many orders produce spermatophores (Chapman 1969; Gerber 1970; Leopold 1976). The remains of the spermatophore, after the sperm has migrated to the spermatheca, is ejected by the female in some species and dissolved within the female genital tract in others (Chapman 1969; Leopold 1976). In Coccinellidae, Fisher (1959) reported on spermatophore formation of Chilocorus spp. and indicated that the female ejected the empty spermatophore 18–24 h after copulation. In this paper evidence is presented that H. uxyridis females not only eject the empty spermatophore but also feed on it.
DIFFERENCES IN POST-DIAPAUSE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EGGS OF TWO RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Kemp William P. , Sánchez Norma E.
Published: November 2009

A study was conducted to examine the springtime hatching characteristics of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) eggs on rangeland. Laboratory experiments showed that eggs of M. sanguinipes required fewer accumulated degree days (DD) to complete post-diapause development than those of A. elliotti at a constant temperature of 23.3°C. Springtime field observations revealed that A. elliotti nymphs emerged prior to or concurrent with M. sanguinipes. Additionally, results suggest that A. elliotti nymphs emerge over a shorter interval than M. sanguinipes. Much of the variation in springtime emergence could be attributed to species-specific oviposition sites, pod depth, and pod orientation that resulted in A. elliotti eggs accumulating heat more rapidly than M. sanguinipes eggs. Results help explain some of the variation found in egg hatching of these two grasshopper species on rangeland.
LEAFHOPPER FAUNA OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND CAPE BRETON ISLANDS (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A. , Langor D.W.
Published: November 2009

The faunas of Newfoundland and Cape Breton include 217 leafhopper species, of which 24 are introduced and 65 are native, common to both islands. Newfoundland has 116 species, of which 86 are new provincial records and 2 are new nearctic records of introduced European species. Cape Breton has 172 species, of which 109 are new records for Nova Scotia. A species previously known as far north as Virginia was found in Cape Breton, 2 New England species were found as far north as Newfoundland, 2 high boreal species were found as far south as Cape Breton, and 42 species previously known from west of Maine were found as far east as Cape Breton. One new subspecies and 14 new species are described: Cosmotettix unica, Oncopsis minor terranovae and Typhlocyba (Edwardsiana) unicorn from Newfoundland, Colladonus balius, Cribrus micmac, and Typhlocyba (Zonocyba) hollandi from Cape Breton, Oncopsis speciosa from both islands, Erythroneura maritima and M. inundatus from the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, Limotettix (Ophiolix) schedia, Latalus (Jassargus) remotus and Macrosteles galeae from eastern bogs, and Empoasca volsella, E. zanclus and Kyboasca papyriferae from Cape Breton westward across Canada. Three new synonyms are created: Amphigonalia Young, 1977 = Neokolla Melichar, 1926, Scaphytopius sarissus Beirne, 1952 = S. cinnamoneus (Osborn, 1915), and Typhlocyba frigida Hamilton, 1983 = T. tersa Edwards, 1914. Three genera are reduced to subgenera: Jassargus Zachvatkin, 1953 in Latalus DeLong & Sleesman, 1929, Lemellus Oman, 1949 in Sorhoanus Ribaut, 1946, and Scleroracus Van Duzee, 1894 in Limotettix Sahlberg, 1871. New World species formerly placed in Agallia Curtis are transferred to Agalliota Oman. Oncopsis prairiana Hamilton, 1983 and its subspecies are made subspecies of O. minor (Fitch 1851). The composition of the faunas of the two islands is compared with those of adjacent areas of the mainland, and evidence is found for an offshore glacial refugium.
THE POTENTIAL OF HETERORHABDITID NEMATODES AS CONTROL AGENTS OF ROOT WEEVILS
Authors: Rutherford T.A. , Trotter D. , Webster J.M.
Published: November 2009

Greenhouse and field trials were done to determine the potential ofHeterorhabditis heliothidis(Khan, Brooks and Hirschmann) Poinar (NC19 strain), an undescribedHeterorhabditissp. (NC447 strain), andSteinernema feltiaeFilipjev (A32−6 strain) to control British Columbia populations of black vine weevil (Otiorhyncus sulcatusFab.) and strawberry root weevil (O.ovatusL.). An outdoor application ofH.heliothidisapplied at rates of 500 and 5000 nematodes per litre of soil gave significantly better control of black vine weevil larvae on potted, lodgepole pine trees (Pinus contortaDougl.) than did a diazinon drench. Under greenhouse conditionsHeterorhabditissp. NC447 was the most effective nematode of the three tested againstO.ovatuson potted, Douglas-fir seedlings (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco) andS.feltiaethe least effective, at all dose rates tested. A field trial usingH.heliothidisagainstO.ovatusin a forest nursery did not provide a significant degree of weevil control. This lack of control is attributed to the average outdoor temperature (11 °C) during the treatment period, which was below the nematode’s optimum temperature range, and the higher-than-average rainfall.
A TRAP/SAMPLING UNIT FOR EAR-FEEDING BLACK FLIES
Authors: Schmidtmann E.T.
Published: November 2009

The construction of a simulated-ear-insect-trap (SEIT) for ear-feeding black flies is described. The SEIT, which consists of a styrofoam container with dry ice and a mock sticky ear mounted on a tripod, was developed to capture Simulium jenningsi Malloch and S. vittatum Zett., both widespread pests of livestock. SEIT units set on horse farms within 5 km north of the Potomac River in south-central Maryland, USA (n = 36 samples of 30 min each), consistently captured S. jenningsi and S. vittatum ( and 7.1 per sample, respectively), whereas units set simultaneously on farms > 5 km north of the river (n = 99 samples of 30 min each) captured progressively fewer individuals of both species.
EXPLOITING ADULT GIRTH TO SEPARATE PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN LEADERS OF PICEA SITCHENSIS (BONG.) CARR.
Authors: Hulme Michael A. , Harris John W.E. , Dawson Allan F.
Published: November 2009

Methods of separating Pissodes strobi (Peck) from its insect associates in leaders of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. would enable the associates to be returned to the field when infested leaders are routinely clipped to remove P. strobi. We recently demonstrated a method based on the relative lack of cold-hardiness of P. strobi (Hulme et al. 1986). Another method suggested many years ago (e.g. Taylor 1929) is to exploit the different ability of adult insects to crawl through a screen. To our knowledge the efficacy of such a separation has never been demonstrated. We report here an investigation into the ability of these adult insects to crawl through screens having openings of various sizes, with the objective of establishing how completely these insect associates could be separated from P. strobi
CAUSES AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF EGG RETENTION IN THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE).
Authors: Barbosa Pedro , Martinat Peter
Published: November 2009

The role of starvation, the occurrence of mating, and delays and the onset of mating on the retention of eggs by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were evaluated. The mating status of female gypsy moths did influence egg retention.

Mating delays did not affect egg retention. Differences in the number of females retaining some eggs were found among females whose larvae had been reared on different host plants. The amount of food consumed had a significant effect on egg retention. Partial starvation had an impact on egg retention and on larval and pupal development, pupal size, and total egg production. The greater the starvation the greater the egg retention. The ecological implications of these results are discussed.
THE NUMBER OF INSTARS IN JACK PINE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA PINUS PINUS FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AND THE EFFECT OF PARASITISM ON HEAD CAPSULE WIDTH AND DEVELOPMENT TIME
Authors: Nealis Vincent
Published: November 2009

The larvae of jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free., were reared individually on diet in the laboratory. Observation of ecdysis and measurement of the corresponding head capsules identified seven distinct instars. Parasitism by the common larval parasitoid Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. resulted in smaller head capsule size and retarded development during the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars of the jack pine bud worm.
PATTERNS IN MAYFLY (EPHEMEROPTERA) WING LENGTH: ADAPTATION TO DISPERSAL?
Authors: Corkum Lynda D.
Published: November 2009

Using regression analysis on data compiled from the literature, I compared relationships (forewing versus body length) of mayfly imagoes, as a measure of dispersal, between suborders (Schistonota and Pannota) and among habitat type (lotic, lentic, and mixed). There were no significant differences in slopes or intercepts of the regression lines between sexes. Forewing length changed less markedly with body size for species within the ancestral Schistonota than the Pannota. Regression lines for lake and river forms intersect at 7.85 mm (wing length) and 7.30 mm (body length). Small (body length < 7.3 mm) lentic mayflies have proportionately longer wings than small riverine forms. Large (body length > 7.3 mm) riverine mayflies have proportionately longer wings than lentic forms. Based on these relationships, small lake-dwelling mayflies and large riverine mayflies are best able to disperse. Mayfly species occurring in mixed (both rivers and lakes) habitats exhibited allometric relationships similar to mayflies restricted to rivers.
PARASITIC WATER MITE LARVAE (HYDRACHNIDA: HYGROBATOIDEA) ASSOCIATED WITH CADDISFLY LARVAE (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE, LIMNEPHILIDAE)
Authors: Fairchild Wayne L. , Lewis David J.
Published: November 2009

In the course of benthic sampling during 1981 and 1982 in Lake St. Louis, Que., 28 water mite larvae (Hygrobatidae: Hygrobates) were found parasitizing caddisfly larvae (Leptoceridae: Nectopsyche, Oecetis, Ceraclea). Two other water mite larvae (Unionicolidae: Unionicola) also were found: one on Nectopsyche from Lake St. Louis, and the other on Limnephilus (Limnephilidae) from the Magundy Stream, N.B. Prevalence of parasitism ranged from 8 to 42%. Mite distribution among available hosts suggests host selection by the mites or the absence of mites from certain microhabitats. Parasitism of fully submerged insect larvae by mite larvae represents a further derivation from ancestral behavior patterns. This paper describes five of the seven documented cases of such parasitism on Trichoptera larvae.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARASITES OF AN ALFALFA-INFESTING APHID, THERIOAPHIS SP., IN MANITOBA
Authors: Wylie H.G. , Bisdee H.E.
Published: November 2009

In 1984 and 1985 a total of 51 mummies of the genus Therioaphis sp. (Hornoptera: Aphididae) were collected on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in several localities in southern Manitoba: Glenlea, Oakbank, Rosenort, St. Adolphe, and Ste. Agathe [status of North American species of Therioaphis is uncertain; some workers regard Therioaphis on alfalfa and those on clover as different species, whereas others regard those found on alfalfa as merely strains of the species from clover (A.G. Robinson, personal comrnunication)]. The mummies were held in gelatin capsules at 20°C and a 16L:8D cycle, and 44 parasite adults that emerged were identified. Two primary parasites pecies. Praon exsolelurn (Nees) and Binodoxys sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were recorded (Table 1). Cocoons from which adults of P. exsoleturn emerged were formed between the mummy and the substratum, whereas cocoons of the two Binodoxys specimens were inside the mummies. The three secondary parasite species (Table 1) emerged only from the hosts with external cocoons and presumably had developed on P. exsoleturn. Each of the seven hosts from which no parasites emerged had an external cocoon which contained a decomposed parasite larva, either P. exsoletum or one of the secondary species.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OFHELLUOMORPHOIDES PRAEUSTUS BICOLORHARRIS WITH COMMENTS ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HELLUONINI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Bousquet Yves
Published: November 2009

The larva ofHelluomorphoides praeustus bicolorHarris is described and illustrated from two specimens. This is the first larva ofHelluomorphoidesBall, a New World genus belonging to the tribe Helluonini, described although parts of an undetermined species of the genus were figured by Thompson (1979). Analysis of larval characters of the tribes Helluonini and Anthiini supports the hypothesis that these two groups are closely related. At least three autapomorphic character states are identified for members of Helluonini and Anthiini: the antacoria between the antennomeres II and III is represented by a suture or is absent; the stipes has a medial excrescence which may or may not be fused with the first galeomere; and the urogomphi are stout, fixed dorsally to the ninth tergite, and possess numerous long setae in the first instar. The sister group of the Helluonini–Anthiini lineage could not be identified but a number of the synapomorphies of this complex also occur in the Galeritini and Pseudomorphini.
ANARTA CORDIGERA (THUNBERG) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE: HADENINAE), A SPECIES COMPLEX
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. , Mikkola K. , Kononenko V.S.
Published: November 2009

The status of Anarta cordigera (Thunberg, 1788), formerly treated as a circumboreal holarctic species, is reassessed in the light of characters of the male vesica and female bursa copulatrix. Populations are arranged in four species: A. cordigera in Europe; A. carbonaria Christoph, 1893 in Siberia and the Far East; A. luteola Grote and Robinson, 1865 in North America; and A. macrostigma Lafontaine and Mikkola, new species, in western North America. Adults and genitalia are illustrated for the four species.
EVALUATION OF THE NEMATODE, STEINERNEMA FELTIAE FILIPJEV, FOR THE CONTROL OF THE CRUCIFER FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Morris O.N.
Published: November 2009

Water suspensions of the entomogenous nematode, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (“All” strain), were applied to the soil of caged microplot stands of canola, Brassica napus L. cv. Tower, colonized by overwintering adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), at the rate of about 1 × 106 infective juveniles per 0.8 m2 soil surface. Single treatments, which were applied before and after the colonization, did not affect the flea beetle adults or their progeny as evidenced by the number of new generation adults that subsequently emerged from the soil. Bioassays with wax moth larvae, Galleria melonella (Linn.), showed that the infectivity of nematodes in the soil declined sharply within 6 days of treatment. High concentrations of the herbicide Treflan®, with which the soil was treated, did not affect the infectivity of the nematodes. Under the conditions of the test, S. feltiae appeared to have no potential as a biological control agent for the crucifer flea beetle.
THE EUROPEAN YELLOW UNDERWING, NOCTUA PRONUBA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES (CANADA) AND THE STATE OF MAINE (USA)
Authors: Wright Barry
Published: November 2009

Noctua pronuba L. is now abundant in central Nova Scotia and has become established throughout the province, on Sable Island, Prince Edward Island, and in Newfoundland. Sporadic records indicate that this species has become established in New Brunswick and is spreading into Maine. Light-trap records illustrate the rapid population increase in Nova Scotia and the spread throughout the Atlantic Provinces.
LACINIPOLIA PATALIS GROTE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) INFESTING DOUGLAS-FIR CONES: A NEW HOST RECORD
Authors: Rappaport Nancy G.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of Lacinipolia patalis (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were discovered in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) cones collected from the Louisiana-Pacific Corporation's Little River Seed Orchard near Trinidad Head in Humboldt County, CA (elevation 91 m) during the fall of 1985. Previous surveys have not reported this noctuid from Douglas-fir cones (Keen 1958; Tietz 1972; Furniss and Carolin 1977; Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth 1980; Schowalter et al. 1985). Its usual hosts are blackberry and loganberry (Rubus spp.) and roses (Rosa spp.); it normally feeds on foliage and, to some extent, dead fruit bases and dead leaves (Crumb 1956). The shift from angiosperm leaves and fruit to gymnosperm cones is somewhat surprising. Blackberries, however, grow around the perimeter of the seed orchard and along the rows between trees, and so provide an abundance of the usual host for L. patalis nearby.
HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): ATTRACTION TO BROODWOOD, HOST COLONIZATION BEHAVIOR, AND SEASONAL ACTIVITY IN CENTRAL MINNESOTA
Authors: Swedenborg Paul D. , Jones Richard L. , Ascerno Mark E. , Landwehr Val R.
Published: November 2009

Field tests, using bolts of American elm trees either uninfested or infested with laboratory-reared or feral Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), the native elm bark beetle, were conducted to evaluate colonization behavior of the beetle. The data confirm that (1) colonization of elm by H. rufipes can be accounted for by host attractants alone; (2) overwintered adult H. rufipes are attracted to broodwood (moribund or recently cut elm) in the spring, but summer-emergent adults are attracted to healthy elm; and (3) H. rufipes attacks broodwood primarily during evening beetle flights, and females initiate the gallery. A beetle-produced sex pheromone may be involved in the male–female pairing on broodwood.
STP® AS AN ADHESIVE ON TRAPS USED TO MONITOR FOR ALATE GREEN PEACH APHIDS, MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B.D. , Vernon R.S.
Published: November 2009

A cardboard trap, painted yellow and coated with STP® oil treatment, was more efficient in trapping Myzus persicae (Sulzer) than water traps using Stickem®. STP-coated traps were more selective than Stickem-coated traps for small insects and caught more aphids per unit area than did water traps. Aphids were identified in situ on STP traps more quickly than from water traps or traps coated with Stickem.