bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Movement Divided
Authors: Escobar Samuel
Published: July 2017

Those who want to make social issues a bigger part of the world evangelization agenda have “met with the opposition of evangelical forces that seem committed to pull the [missions] movement backwards, towards mission styles of the Cold War era and towards pushing the imperial marketing of theological and missiological packages created within the framework of North American society.”

This article examines the Lausanne movement, including the landmark evangelization conferences of 1974 and 1989 and focuses on questions of social issues and the gospel.

The major purpose is to identify and describe three missiological streams which must establish dialogue with one another if the task of world evangelization is to be accomplished.

The “church growth” missiological school, “managerial missiology” “fails to appreciate those aspects of missionary work that cannot be measured or reduced to figures”.
Freedom, Government and Economics
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey
Published: July 2017

This paper sets out the way in which economists think about the role of government in the affairs of persons, and to indicate how Christian affections might bear on such questions. As economics sees it, the central issue at stake here revolves around the working properties of two alternative mechanisms for reaching social decisions-the decentralized mechanism characteristic of markets on the one hand; and the centralized or “collective” mechanisms characteristic of politics, on the other. This issue is itself an analytic one, on which the Christian qua Christian would seem to have little to contribute. However, it may be that the terms in which economists think about the role of government are defective, or too narrow-or that the criteria of evaluation that economists have in mind are at odds with important themes in Christian Thinking. I have tried to suggest in what ways this might be so, and thereby the areas where dialogue between Christian and economist might most effectively be joined.
Responses to “A Movement Divided” by Samuel Escobar
Authors: Winter Ralph D.
Published: July 2017

Social Transformation was not the only perspective coming out of Lausanne 74; there was also the focus on closure on the task of evangelisation with an emphasis on unreached peoples. The function of those with this latter vocation must not be understood as a different trend as though they dismissed the importance of social transformation. There is simply a difference of function between planting churches and nurturing them. Escobar's (and others' in his third-world missiology category) role is as a scholar rather than a front line evangelist; his cultural perspective is still from a western perspective that moved south, and he did not work closely with McGavran. The grassroots task of bringing the Word to unreached peoples in non-Western cultures in many unmanaged ways is the bedrock base for the ministry of social transformation Escobar espouses.
Comment on John R. Cheyne
Authors: Harakas Stanley
Published: July 2017

“Copts” are Oriental Orthodox of Egypt. The people described in this article are Oriental Orthodox of Ethiopia. They would not want to be described as Copts, just as Armenian Orthodox (also Oriental Orthodox) would not be properly described as Copts. I suggest the use of the term “Ethiopian Orthodox” or an older term “Abyssinian Orthodox.”
The leader as … disciple
Authors: Bennett David
Published: July 2017

This message was shared by David Bennett as the basis for morning worship on 3–6 July 1995 at the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies Summer School on the subject of Institutional Development in Theological Education in the Two-thirds World. Further studies on friend, brother/sister, servant will appear in the next issue of Transformation.
Christian feminism and feminist perspectives on population control
Authors: Harris Harriet A.
Published: July 2017

Women whether at home or at work, are generally more easily hurt by difficult situations and angry words, and are less able to cope with the cut and thrust of life. We were made as complementaly individuals to men and we need their strength, their objectivity and their protection at difficult times.

But equally, ourvery sensitiiity and vulnerability makes us more ready to recwnize our need of God and of His daily power and While a man is often too busy to acknowledge his need of a Saviour, a woman knows her need because it is an integral part of her own make-up1
Salt to the world
Authors: Timms Stephen
Published: July 2017

This article was written before the British general election in which the Labour party had a landslide victory. It is an interesting indication of the philosophy of Christians within the new Labour government.
Toward an Anabaptist Political Philosophy
Authors: Friesen Duane K.
Published: July 2017

Our study “Towards an Evangelical Political Philosophy” (begun in Transformation July 1997) continues with two articles on the Anabaptist and Reformed Tradition. Eds.
Bilingual children with SLI attending language units: getting the bigger picture
Authors: Crutchley Alison
Published: July 2017

Bilingual children with speech and language difficulties are an under-researched group. The present paper intends to map out the field and contextualize findings from four years of research into a group of bilingual children attending primary age language units across England. Differences between the bilingual group and their monolingual peers are summarized, and underlying themes and issues in the research are explored. These include the identification and assessment of bilingual children with specific language impairments (SLI), parental involvement in the educational process, knowledge, attitudes and awareness of teaching staff and availability of provision in schools for bilingual children.
Clinical gait analysis in a rehabilitation context: some controversial issues
Authors: Mulder Theo , Nienhuis Bart , Pauwels John
Published: July 2017

Objective: To determine the focus of clinical gait analysis in order to explain the observed mismatch between the available technology for movement analysis and the aims of clinical rehabilitation medicine.

Design: Literature search using two different interactive computerized search systems.

Outcome measures: The selected studies on clinical gait analysis were screened on the type of tasks they employed in the assessment of gait. The tasks were divided into impairment-orientated and disability-orientated.

Results: The results indicated a dominance of simple motor tasks focusing at the level of impairments. In only 15 out of the 96 reviewed articles were tasks used that were aimed at the level of disabilities.

Conclusions: A gap exists between the conceptual frameworks used in clinical rehabilitation medicine and those used in clinical movement analysis.
Turning Points and Transitions: Perceptions of the Life Course
Authors: Hareven Tamara K. , Masaoka Kanji
Published: July 2017

This study uses American (Manchester, New Hampshire) and Japanese (Shizuoka) cohorts in 1910–1950 to explore the similarities and differences between “life-course transitions,” defined as the movements of individuals and families within socially constructed time-tables; and “life-course turning points,” which represent individuals' subjective assessment of continuities and discontinuities over their lives. Considerable differences are found among cohorts in each society, but there are also similarities that cut across both societies. Whereas cultural differences in the timing of life transitions and the subjective construction of the life course are significant, the common experience of cohorts in response to shared historical events may transcend cultural differences.
Demographic Transitions and the Life Course
Authors: Hogan Dennis P. , Mochizuki Takashi
Published: July 2017

Three features of early life course of Americans and Europeans during the twentieth century are of note: (1) the increased age-grading of transitions; (2) the closer spacing of different transitions, and (3) the more extensive overlap between economic and family transitions. Historical changes in the structure of individual life histories have been interpreted alternatively, as a consequence of industrialization and urbanization, or as the result of rising levels of the family and personal incomes available for consumption and investment in human capital skills. In this article we bring additional evidence to bear on this debate by comparing historical changes in the early life transitions of men and women in Japan and the United States. Trends in the transition to adulthood systematically relate to the structure of schools and labor markets in the two nations, drawing attention to the various life course implications of the institutional forms under which industrial societies may organize.
The Timing and Prevalence of Women's Marriage in the French Department of the Loire, 1851–1891
Authors: Lehning James R.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the determinants of the timing and prevalence of female marriage in a sample of 33 rural villages in the French department of the Loire in the second half of the nineteenth century when the area was beginning to experience a demographic transition. Data from 1851 and 1891 are used in the analysis. The conclusions reached are that both timing and prevalence tended to be determined by similar factors Marriage chances were structured by demographic factors, with mortality in 1851 and the sex ratio in 1891 being significant determinants. Socioeconomic factors exerted a relatively weak influence, and especially striking is the absence of any significant effect of rural industry on either the timing or the prevalence of marriage Cultural factors, by contrast, were very significant: isolation, in 1851, and linguistic particularism, political conservatism, and female literacy in 1891 all supported traditional patterns of restricted marriage The unusual direction of the influence of literacy is attributed to the overwhelming role of the Catholic Church in providing education for women in the rural parts of the department.
Marriage in Pre-Industrial Warsaw in the Light of Demographic Studies
Authors: Kuklo Cezary
Published: July 2017

The study describes the marriages contracted in the Holy Cross parish, one of the largest parishes in pre-industrial Warsaw. On the basis of the eighteenth-century parish registers of marriages, baptism and burials, taxation documents and population censuses, an attempt is made to establish the proportion of full celibaterians, the social and territorial origin of the newlyweds, their age, the duration of marriage and widowhood, the time when the marriages were contracted and their frequency in the largest urban agglomeration of pre-industrial Poland. The data are examined on the basis of reconstituted marriages in two subperiods: the late Saxon (1740–1769) and the Enlightenment (1770–1799).
Lewis Henry Morgan and the Prohibition of Cousin Marriage in the United States
Authors: Ottenheimer Martin
Published: July 2017

In contrast to European countries, individual states in the United States have enacted civil laws prohibiting cousin marriage. Currently, over sixty percent of the states have laws making first cousin marriage illegal. This development in the United States can be best understood by reference to a significant cultural development during the nineteenth century in this country. There was an acceptance of an evolutionary perspective in determining proper marriages that included cousin marriage being categorized as an early type of evolutionary institution: something to be avoided or discarded by so-called civilized peoples.
Determinants of Marriage Patterns Among Farmers and Agricultural Laborers in Two Eighteenth-Century Dutch Villages
Authors: Schellekens Jona
Published: July 2017

Eighteenth-century population listings and church records are used to examine the determinants of marriage patterns in an agricultural population. Using macro-level data it is shown that the availability of mates has relatively little effect on marriage patterns. Using micro-level data it is shown that determinants affect marriage patterns differentially across occupational groups. Special attention is given to explaining marital behavior among agricultural laborers. A determinant of their marriage patterns is suggested which has received little attention so far: the attractiveness of marriage relative to service in husbandry.
Infanticide and the Juries in France, 1825-1913
Authors: Donovan James M.
Published: July 2017

Through the use of court statistics published by the Ministry of Justice and the observations of contemporaries this study examines the changing behavior of French juries toward persons accused of infanticide in the era from 1825 to 1913. From the beginning of this period the juries were lenient toward mothers accused of infanticide, most of whom were poor, unwed rural women whose seducers the jurymen often appear to have felt unjustly escaped from responsibility. Moreover, toward the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, the acquittal rate for infanticide rose sharply, despite the state's increasing determination to fight child abuse and the rise of a repopulationist movement. This trend was related to the growing leniency of the jurymen toward accused female criminals in general, and also possibly to the feminist campaign against the male sexual irresponsibility allowed by the French civil code's ban on paternity suits.
Nordic Family History: Themes and Issues, Old and New
Authors: Rogers John
Published: July 2017

Using a collection of conference papers published in 1978 as a point of departure, the article reviews developments in family history research in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland during the past two-and-a-half decades. Included are those works which either treat the family or household as the object of study or use the family or household to study social, economic, and demographic change. Methodological developments as well as such topics as marriage and the formation of families, illegitimacy, social legislation, family relationships, family planning, and household size and structure are presented with an emphasis on cross-country comparisons.
Farmers at Sea: A Study of Fishermen in North Norway, 1801-1920
Authors: Dyrvik Ståle
Published: July 2017

This investigation encompasses three coastal communities in North Norway. They are all associated to varying degrees with the cod fisheries in the Lofoten Islands, and comparisons among them reveal how this fishing created, various types of household organization. However, difficulties arise because it is not the fisherman, but rather the fisherman-farmer that is typical in the region. Concealed in this combination of livelihoods is a life-cycle pattern: youths participated very actively in fishing, adults less so and the elderly hardly at all. The households of the traditional full-time fishermen were small and simple in structure. The households of fishermen-farmers were larger and more complex. The organization of labor in the fisheries cut across household boundaries. Only during the final decade of the period investigated are full-time fishermen distinguishable to any significant degree in the three local communities. At the same time differences in household structure begin to rapidly level out.
Living by the Sea: Farming and Fishing in Sweden from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Rogers John , Tedebrand Lars-Göran
Published: July 2017

Using the northwestern European household and family pattern as a backdrop, household and family structures were studied in four coastal regions in Sweden during the nineteenth century. Each area represented a variant of a maritime ecotype. Mean household size and a simple family structure were found in three areas, although economic circumstances differed significantly. True fishermen lived in Gullholmen, fishermen-farmers in Hasslö, and farmer-fishermen in Tynderö. In Hållnäs average household size was relatively small, although complex family structures were common. A diversified local economy of which fishing was only one component gave rise to this pattern. The involvement of the state in restricting access to resources and/ or restricting property management was found to be a key factor in explaining why some areas developed similar patterns despite varying economies.
Equivalent Damage and Residual Strength for Impact Damaged Composite Structures
Authors: Nyman Tonny , Bredberg Anders , Schon Joakim
Published: July 2017

Determining structural durability and damage tolerance of aircraft-composite structures is an important task, not only in the design process but also when the aircraft is in operational use. There are many sources and types of damage, e.g., fatigue cracking, environmental degradation, or damage introduced by foreign objects. When occuffing, all types of damage need immediate attention for determination of the effect on aircraft performance or functionality. There is a need in other words for simplified predictive methods for rapid assessment of occurring damage, where impact damage is the most important damage mode. In this paper two residual strength models are presented, the so-called soft inclusion and delamination buckling theory, and compared to experimental results on impact damaged composite structures. Those experiments span a variety of impact events, from 8 J to 55 J and different layups. The investigation has been supported by FE-technique for determination of the stress distribution in the buckled state and for characterisation of the damaged region. It can be concluded that for low-energy impact, through conservative assumptions on stiffness reduction, that the soft inclusion is unconservative for residual strength prediction. In contrast the delamination buckling theory shows good agreement for various impact energy levels, thicknesses and layups. The importance of repeated loading for composite structures with artificial delaminations is also demonstrated. If repeated loaded, the local buckling strain is strongly reduced as compared to a non-repeated loaded structure. It can also be shown that artificial delaminations, though deep-lying, can grow in a stable manner if pre-buckled.
Drop Weight Impact Studies on Rib-Knit RTM Laminates
Authors: Sugun B. S. , Rao R. M. V. G. K.
Published: July 2017

Six types of weft rib knit preforms developed on a flat bed hand knitting machine from E-glass rovings of 300 Tex have been used in this study. RTM laminates prepared from these six preforms were drop weight tested using a Dynatup GRC model with 830-I data acquisition software. Glass/epoxy woven fabric composites with varied lay-up sequences were used for comparison and evaluation with these knit laminates under identical test conditions. Laminates from knits with added reinforcements in the course direction have clearly exhibited characteristic failure modes and superior energy absorbing capabilities as compared to the corresponding woven counterparts.
The Nonlinear Frequency and Large Amplitude of Sandwich Composites with Embedded Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Lee Chin-Hai , Sun C. T.
Published: July 2017

The objective of this paper is to explore a new technique to improve dynamic response and vibration characteristics of sandwich beams with composite skins and viscoelastic core by using 55-Nitinol shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The SMA wires are embedded at the interfaces between the composite skins and the viscoelastic core. The Timoshenko beam theory including the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia was used. A coupled dynamic equations of motion with prestress introduced due to activation (or deactivation) of SMA wires were developed. Numerical results include nonlinear niatural frequency of free vibration of mode I as a function of the amplitude of vibration and the dynamic response in time domain as well as in frequency domain were presented. The transform from time domain to frequency domain was achieved by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). It is observed that the nonlinear natural frequency strongly depends on the amplitude of vibration. As the amplitude ratio becomes small (less than 0.1) the nonlinear frequency agrees well with the linear frequency. Very significant differences in dynamic responses were observed for cases when SMA wires were activated and SMA wires were not activated.
Inelastic Energy Curves: A Tool for Evaluating the Impact Response of Composite Plates
Authors: Rydin R. W. , Karbhari V. M.
Published: July 2017

The elegance and paramount value of composites manifests in the ability to tailor a structure for a given task such as maximizing energy absorption in a cost and weight efficient manner. A combination of factors, including recent developments in commercially available fabric architectures and resin transfer molding techniques, have led to a resurgence of interest in several classes of low-cost fiber reinforced composites for resistance to low velocity impact. Inelastic Energy Curves (IEC) are introduced as a tool to facilitate interpretation of data generated by instrumented drop weight impact towers. A general form of IEC is presented which describes distinct regions of failure. Results are presented for four representative E-glass fabric architectures in resin transfer molded composites with impact energies varying over the range to complete puncture. Since IEC's map the progressive degradation of energy transfer capability between the local impact zone and the global structure they may have applicability in interrogating generic failure processes which are prevalent in other layered composite systems. It is generally understood that matrtix properties govern the damage initiation threshold and that fiber properties control penetration resistance; IEC provide a means of identifying and quantifying what happens in between these two extremes.
Shape and Stress Control Analysis of Prestressed Truss Structures
Authors: Kawaguchi Ken-Ichi , Hangai Yasuhiko , Pellegrino Sergio , Furuya Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

Space truss systems are light and effective structural systems and are used for various structural purposes, such as long span roof structures or space reflectors, etc. In some applications, notwithstanding their high redundancy, high accuracy is required in realization of their shape and predetermined distribution of prestress.

In the paper, a simple analytical scheme for shape and stress control of general truss structures is presented. The scheme is based on the linear force method of analysis.
Robust Multiobjective Controllers for Smart Structures
Authors: Rao Vittal S. , Butler Robert , Zhao Wei
Published: July 2017

Flexible smart structures are large mechanical structures with applications in which specific performance characteristics are desired in the presence of parameter variations and disturbances. These structures tend to have severe controller effort restrictions and tightly spaced lightly damped modes. When designing controllers for smart structures, H2 controllers are well suited for control effort restrictions and closed loop performance specifications while H. controllers are better suited for modeling uncertainties. This paper examines the application of H2 /H,,. controller design methodologies to smart structures.

A unique feature of mechanical distributed systems is that state space systems can be determined from finite element models (FEM) in which the states have physical significance. For certain systems, these states can be directly measured by using a distributed PVDF film appropriately shaped and applied to the structure. This full state feedback system allows for the implementation of H2 /Ho:: full state feedback algorithms. The development of a control system implementing this type of algorithm is described for a simple cantilever beam.

In addition, a H2 /HOD algorithm developed by Bernstein and Haddad is investigated for the cantilever beam. This method does not require state measurement, but the controller design algorithm is slightly more complicated. This algorithm requires the solution of one algebraic Riccati equation and two coupled algebraic Riccati equations which are solved iteratively.
Ultrasonic Detection of Delaminations on Composite Materials
Authors: Scarponi Claudio , Briotti Giuseppe
Published: July 2017

An accurate N.D.I. methodology can give a good knowledge of the internal damage status. The main purpose of the present paper is to describe the testing methodology and to discuss the testing procedures that have been performed in order to evaluate the position and the dimensions of the delaminations that occur in different composite materials under various load conditions.

For the delaminations detection inside CFRP laminates and sandwich panels subjected to impact and fatigue loads, an ultrasonic apparatus, in form of reflection, has been utilized. This apparatus, suitable for in situ inspections, has been successfully utilized in our laboratory.

The analysis of the experimental results shows the capability of the system to be adopted for any application where the presence of delaminations is expected.
Screw Design and Newtonian Fluid Flow
Authors: Campbell Gregory A. , Wang Chicheng , Hunt Diana , Leipold Eric
Published: July 2017

A series of screws were evaluated with regard to their ability to convey two Newtonian fluids with nominal viscosity of 1000 Pa* s at room temperature. Screws with helix angles of 7, 17, 30 and 45 degrees were constructed with a diameter of 50 mm. Screws at several of the angles also had three flight depths. The extruder-screw pump was constructed so that both the screw and barrel could be rotated independently. We will present the data for the screw rotation of 11 screws. The results strongly suggest that the pumping, volumetric output per revolution, of the screw and the barrel are the same regardless of the screw flight height which had a maximum value of about 0.8 thus leaving the core at only 0.2 the barrel diameter. Since pressure back flow is a function of the first power of the flight with and the cube of the flight height, the measured outputs had to be corrected for this in order to calculate the actual screw forwarding ability.
Structural Dynamics of Composite Wings
Authors: Santini P. , Gasbarri P.
Published: July 2017

The dynamic behaviour of a composite wing structure is studied.

By computing strain-energy, kinetic energy and work of external loads, and by using Minimum Principles, differential matrix equations of the structure are written, where displacements play the role of degrees of freedom.

By dividing the wing into a certain number of spanwise elements, two different methods can be used: FEM, (where descriptive functions for every element are given), and CEM (continuous elements) where the equations of the structure are solved for each element, and then continuity conditions are imposed. Several numerical examples complete the work; CEM and FEM are compared, and the influence of several parameters, in particular anisotropy, is considered.
Buckling and Postbuckling Behavior of Curved Composite Panels Due to Thermal and Mechanical Loading
Authors: Breivik N. L. , Hyer M. W.
Published: July 2017

The buckling and postbuckling responses of unstiffened cylindrically curved composite panels are studied using the finite element code STAGS and a geometrically nonlinear Rayleigh-Ritz solution. Loading is either through axial end-shortening at a fixed spatially uniform temperature, or it is temperature-induced due to the thermal stresses that arise when the spatially uniform temperature is increased while axial end displacement is restrained to be zero. Comparisons are made between two sets of boundary conditions and three laminates. Buckling and postbuckling responses are found to be strongly dependent on material orthotropy and are substantially affected by the amount of circumferential restraint along the straight edge boundaries.
Prediction of Elastic Moduli of Porous Materials with Equivalent Inclusion Method
Authors: Chao Lu-Ping , Huang Jin H.
Published: July 2017

This study presents a methodology to predict the effective elastic moduli of porous materials with respect to the variation of the void volume fraction and the void aspect ratio. The Mori-Tanaka theory is also applied to determine the overall stress-strain relation of inclusions embedded in a matrix, regardless of whether the matrix is isotropic, cubic, or transversely isotropic material. Our analysis results indicate that the overall elastic moduli of a composite are a function of a matrix's elastic moduli, inclusion elastic moduli, inclusion Eshelby tensor (depending on the aspect ratio of the inclusion), and inclusion volume fraction. In addition, the equivalent inclusion method is employed to model the voids of porous materials as inclusions in which the elastic moduli are nulls. Analysis results with foamed aluminum as demonstration of the effectiveness of the proposed methodology indicate that the longitudinal elastic modulus El 1, shear moduli G12 and G13, and Poisson's ratio vl2 appear to increase with the increment of the void aspect ratio. Meanwhile, the transverse elastic moduli E22 and E33, out-plane shear modulus G23, and Poisson's ratio v 21 as well as V23 decrease with an increasing aspect ratio of the void. The good correlation of the numerical results in longitudinal elastic modulus El I and bulk modulus Kwith experimental data verifies that the methodology proposed herein is highly accurate.
Developing Representational Ability in Mathematics for Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: van Garderen Delinda , Scheuermann Amy , Jackson Christa
Published: July 2017

This study was an examination of the extent to which sixth- and seventh-grade mathematics textbooks incorporated recommended instructional practices for students with learning disabilities to help develop representational ability. Results indicated that the textbooks (a) provided very little explicit instructional information about representations (e.g., how to generate); (b) expected that students use representations to complete math tasks, however, the levels of involvement were varied with a greater number of completed representations being provided rather than student generated representations for solving problems; and (c) provided very little instructional information and support to develop representational ability for teachers of students with disabilities. This was evident in student and teacher materials as well as corresponding supplemental resources designed specifically for students with disabilities.
Newspaper Ad Directors see Political Ads as Less Honest
Authors: Fletcher Alan D. , Ross Billy I. , Schweitzer John C.
Published: July 2017

Ad directors perceive political ads as less honest than ads for other products, including automobiles, tobacco and alcohol. Only 16 percent believe an endorsement affected ad placement by candidates.
The Influence Model and Newspaper Business
Authors: Meyer Philip
Published: July 2017

The influence model posits that newspaper content quality increases societal influence and news credibility. Both drive circulation and profitability. The link between credibility and circulation is supported with a sample of newspapers in communities supported by the Knight Foundation.
Mosaic of Scholarship, Professional Experience Needed
Authors: Izard Ralph , Morgan Arlene
Published: July 2017

Journalists and academics must work together, but for this to occur, it is important that promotion and tenure evaluation be based on criteria that go beyond emphasis on peer-reviewed scholarly work.
Copy Editor Job Satisfaction Lowest at Small Newspapers
Authors: Keith Susan
Published: July 2017

A national study of copy editors at 100 U.S. dailies with circulation above 25,000 found that 70 percent were at least somewhat satisfied with their jobs. Only 23 percent, however, strongly agreed.
How One Southern Newspaper Supported Status Quo in 1960s
Authors: Hopson Cynthia Bond
Published: July 2017

This analysis of coverage of 1960s registration efforts by African Americans in Tennessee reveals that the local newspaper chose to protect the business leaders and support the status quo.
Most Mississippi Dailies Have No Diversity Initiatives
Authors: Wickham Kathleen Woodruff
Published: July 2017

In a survey designed to identify the commitment to diversity, only 36 percent of the respondents said they made efforts to hire minorities, and 31 percent had programs to increase minority stories.
Constraints Alter Journalists' Ethical Decision-Making
Authors: Mackay Jenn Burleson
Published: July 2017

This study shows how constraints, ranging from technology to community values and newsroom organization, affect ethical decision-making at different news media. The author found that journalists are pressured by a variety of forces that taint decisions.
News Producers Often Prevail against ‘Fair Use’ Claims
Authors: Parrott Scott
Published: July 2017

This article examines federal court decisions since 1985 to determine how courts have treated fair use in claims in copyright infringement lawsuits over new content. Federal courts have more often than not denied the fair use defense and have ruled in favor of news producers.
Community Attachment Affects Use of Online, Interactive Features
Authors: Hunt Daniel S. , Atkin David J. , Kowal Christopher J.
Published: July 2017

More interactive features would help to increase how often and how long young readers spend with a community newspaper website because of their familiarity with social media and how accustomed they are to using these sites. Attachment to their community also influences their use.
Anti-SLAPP Statutes Offer Tool for Media Defendants
Authors: Bunker Matthew D. , Gates Paul H. , Nevin William C.
Published: July 2017

A Strategic Lawsuit against Public Participation is a meritless action designed to prevent citizens from exercising their First Amendment rights, and 27 states have passed anti-SLAPP laws. This article concludes that these statutes may be amendable to use by media defendants.
Corrections of Newspaper Errors Have Little Impact
Authors: Hettinga Kirstie E. , Appelman Alyssa
Published: July 2017

This content analysis of The New York Times corrections found that the majority were for errors in people's names, titles, non-age numbers and dates. Most originated in the Features and Lifestyles and the National News sections and were assessed to have little impact on society.
Research Findings Weaken Perceptions of Media Bias
Authors: Tsfati Yariv , Huino Hannah
Published: July 2017

An experiment about a news report on Israeli policies in Jerusalem demonstrated that exposing participants to information about biased attitudes toward media reduced the third person and hostile media perceptions. It did not, however, eliminate them.
Incorrect Terms Used to Portray Possible Cell Phone Risk
Authors: Yaros Ronald A. , Powers Elia , Oh Soo-Kwang
Published: July 2017

This content analysis of new websites reporting the 2011 World Health Organization's new classification of a possible connection between cell phone use and brain cancer indicated that 20 percent of the stories used incorrect terms to describe the risk.
Attribution Has Little Effect on Perceived Credibility
Authors: Mahone Jessica A.
Published: July 2017

Using an online experiment with 120 participants, this study explores the effect of four levels of source attribution on the perceived credibility and persuasiveness of online conspiracy theory. Findings suggest that attribution has little effect on credibility.
Segments of the Public Most Critical of Newspapers' Credibility: A Psychographic Analysis
Authors: Gaziano Cecilie , McGrath Kristin
Published: July 2017

Psychographic concepts were developed of attitudes toward media responsibility, news involvement and social alienation to learn more about two groups within the public who are the most critical of newspapers. One group, termed “sophisticated skeptics,” may be of special interest to newspapers because of its high interest in news and newspapers but potentially low loyalty to specific newspapers. This group is the most vocal and active of the two, and members are likely to hold a world view very different from that of many newspaper journalists. This difference may contribute to lack of trust in newspapers.
To Toast, Pan or Waffle: How Film Reviews Affect Reader Interest and Credibility Perception
Authors: Wyatt Robert O. , Badger David P.
Published: July 2017

Do audiences question negative reviews? Are they more interested in praise than in pans? Do they find one kind of review more credible than another? This experiment assessed subjects' interest in positive, mixed or negative reviews and their perceptions of review credibility. A “non-review” containing no evaluative adjectives served as a control. Positive reviews and non-reviews were found significantly more interesting than mixed and negative reviews but not significantly more credible.
Weather Maps and Newspaper Design: Response to USA Today?
Authors: Monmonier Mark , Pipps Val
Published: July 2017

Recent trends in weather sections of major newspapers were examined for possible effects USA Today may have had on weather pages of such newspapers. Newspapers in the 14 cities where USA Today was first published were studied six months before the Gannett paper's debut, one year later and about 30 months later. Analysis of 26 newspapers showed most weather sections had changed during the period studied, and USA Today probably had some effect on those changes. However, USA Today appears not to nave had the impact many in the industry assumed it would. Generally, there was no rush to produce weather packages resembling those in USA Today.
A Forecasting Model for Newspaper Management
Authors: Adams Paul D.
Published: July 2017

In a period of change in the newspaper industry, publishers and editors need as much information as possible before making decisions. Today's managers supplement their knowledge and experience with forecasts, which are systematic ways of predicting future values based on past data. This study focuses on the assumptions of regression analysis as a common method of forecasting and discusses solutions for possible problems.
Newspaper Liability for Libel of a Former Employee
Authors: Stevens George E.
Published: July 2017

Newspapers have experienced an increase in the number of libel suits brought by former employees. Cases have involved explanations to readers about why staff members were discharged, communications to staffers regarding the dismissals of former colleagues and employment references. This article discusses libel law as it applies to these problems and suggests how newspapers may avoid liability.
Commentary: The Press & the ′88 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Winter Bill
Published: July 2017

Once again, in the wake of the 1988 presidential election campaign, the American media are left with that most basic and troublesome of post-election questions: “Gee, I wonder why we didn't cover that one better?”
Commentary: Cornerstone for Growth
Authors: Pease Ted
Published: July 2017

A comprehensive newspaper industry report on minority demographics recommends that American newspapers turn to minority readers, employees and advertisers to improve readership rates and stimulate stagnant circulation growth.
Impact of Allocation Decisions and Market Factors on Foreign News Coverage
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Chang Tsan-Kuo , Lau Tuen-Yu
Published: July 2017

The study finds that the business nature of newspaper organizations influence foreign news coverage and content. The role of market variables is unclear, but it appears that local population characteristics that might affect demand have no influence on this kind of content.
Access to the News and U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of China, 1950–1984
Authors: Chang Tsan-Kuo
Published: July 2017

The dominant source of information about 1/.S. policy on China from 1950–1984 was the executive branch; unnamed sources were second. The study examines the question of access of sources to the news media and possible implications for diversity of opinion in the press.
Management Commitment & the Small Daily
Authors: Connery Thomas
Published: July 2017

What contributes to excellence at smaller daily newspapers? A small-scale survey of practitioners and professionals identifies some of the best small dailies in the country, and examination of four of those papers yields a preliminary yardstick for evaluation of editorial excellence.
Professional Orientations of Sports Journalists: A Study of Associated Press Sports Editors
Authors: Garrison Bruce , Salwen Michael B.
Published: July 2017

Sports journalism may not be the bastard step-child of newspapering much longer. A national survey of sports editors finds they see sports journalists as possessing some of the best professional traits of both “hard” and “soft” news writers, as well as other desirable characteristics that they believe neither soft and hard news writers possess.
Developing ZIP Code Targets for Newspaper Subscription Sales
Authors: Niemeier Bernard A.
Published: July 2017

A simple model for identifying those ZIP code areas in a newspaper market that have the greatest potential for growth in household penetration. In addition to exploring the underlying dynamics of subscriber demography, the model emphasizes providing a tactical approach to the allocation of limited sales resources.
The Case for Constructive Criticism of the Press
Authors: Dennis Everette E. , Romm A.N. , Ottaway James
Published: July 2017

When thoughtful media critics — especially those in journalism schools — collaborate with news executives and practitioners in assessing newsroom issues and problems, the practical benefits for teachers, students, news professionals and the public will be self-evident.
Still ‘Captive Voices’? High School Journalism in New England Needs Help
Authors: Gallinger Nancy
Published: July 2017

In 1974, a federal commission urged greater cooperation between newspapers and high schools in developing scholastic training programs. Little seems to have happened, despite cries of need from high school publications advisers and editors' expressed willingness to pitch in. What's needed, apparently, is just a phone call.
Chilling the Messenger: Impact of Libel on Community Newspapers
Authors: Hansen Elizabeth K. , Moore Roy L.
Published: July 2017

Editors of Kentucky newspapers with less than 50,000 circulation identify several predictors of a “chilling effect” of libel suits affecting community papers. Smaller paper, papers that have been sued or threatened with libel suits, independently owned papers and those carrying libel insurance — these papers are seen as most likely to be “chilled.”
Editorial Writers' Approaches to Selected Women's Issues
Authors: Goodrick Evelyn Trapp
Published: July 2017

“Women's issues” receive more attention on editorial pages now than in 1980. But women editorial page writers and editors do not respond in a lock-step pattern on women's issues, although gender is a stronger predictor of editorial position than age, newspaper circulation or job title.
Voices in the News
Authors: Hornig Susanna , Walters Lynne , Templin Julie
Published: July 2017

Journalists reporting on natural disasters do not make full use of scientific and technical experts whose information might minimize harm to the public. Instead, this study finds newspaper accounts full of government voices, which drown out other – perhaps more useful and authoritative – voices in the news.
Community Pressures on Agenda-Setting
Authors: Schweitzer John C. , Smith Billy L.
Published: July 2017

Who sets the local agenda - newspapers or the public? Community papers in the midst of a local controversy are subject to many pressures to report from the community's point of view rather than from some professional standard of “objectivity” which may be exercised more freely by distant metro papers in more pluralistic settings.
Nut Grafs
Authors: Hilliard Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Nut graf summary decks, those conversational and concise synopses of the news that are neither text nor headlines, appeal to a broad range of readers and nonreaders. Both established older readers and younger nonsubscribers like the quick-read aspects of nut graf decks as an easy way to make sense of the news,
Informational Graphics in Newspapers
Authors: Ramaprasad Jyotiko
Published: July 2017

Do info graphics improve reader understanding? The results are mixed. In this experiment, the presence of an informational graphic appeared to increase recall of specific information only slightly. In one instance, distorted graphic information may have misled readers.
Surviving to the Top
Authors: Pease Ted , Stempel Guido H.
Published: July 2017

There are painfully few nonwhites among the ranks of top newspaper executives. Those who have survived in the business long enough to become assistant managing editors or higher frankly discuss the barriers they encountered on the way up, and the blows that knocked some minority colleagues off the ladder.
Racial Diversity in the College Newsroom
Authors: Wearden Stanley T. , Hipsman Barbara J. , Greenman John
Published: July 2017

Many entry-level newspaper staffers come from college journalism programs and start their newspapering careers at college papers. A census of all newspapers at ACEJMC-accredited schools finds twice as many minorities in college newspaper newsrooms as in the industry, but few in top positions.
Do Methodological Details Help Readers Evaluate Statistics-Based Stories?
Authors: Lordan Edward J.
Published: July 2017

The findings of this study don't support that conclusion. Even among a sample with more education than the general population, inclusion of methodological information did not assist in understanding statistically-oriented news. And, those who could recall information had trouble understanding what it meant.
What Advertising Managers Look for (and Find) in Their New Hires
Authors: Shipley Linda J.
Published: July 2017

Most new hires by newspaper advertising managers have college degrees, sales experience and have lived in the community.
The Effects of Work Environment on Burnout in the Newsroom
Authors: Cook Betsy B. , Banks Steve R. , Turner Ralph J.
Published: July 2017

Resistance to job burnout requires a sense of involvement in ones work, a high degree of peer cohesion and supervisor support, a strong sense of personal autonomy and a sense of physical comfort. But in this study, copy editors were found to be significantly less satisfied with their work environment and to feel less involved, less encouraged to make their own on-the-job decisions, and less physically comfortable than were reporters.
A Qualitative Study: The New York Times, Patricia Bowman and William Kennedy Smith
Authors: Haws Dick
Published: July 2017

Anonymous sources, though used in the profiles of both Patricia Bowman and William Kennedy Smith, were used much more extensively for Bowman and gave much more negative impressions.
Trends in Online Newspapers: A Look at the US Web
Authors: Peng Foo Yeuh , Tham Naphtali Irene , Xiaoming Hao
Published: July 2017

Through survey and content analysis, this study shows that newspapers have dif fering objectives for their online editions, hut the most important ones includer eachingmor ereaders, generating additional revenues and pr omoting the print pr oduct.
The New York Times and its Editors' Notes
Authors: Haws Dick
Published: July 2017

The most common mistake addr essed in NYT editors' notes was failur e to include appr opriate information or exclude inappr opriate information.
Amplifying the Giant Sucking Sound: Ross Perot and the Media in the NAFTA Negotiations
Authors: Berens Charlyne
Published: July 2017

Ross Perot's colorful opposition and media coverage of it made the North American Free Trade Agreement controversial and created public opposition.