bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoelectronic Effects in Cyclic Sulfoxides, Sulfones, and Sulfilimines: Application of the Perlin Effect to Conformational Analysis
Authors: Wedel Tobias , Müller Monika , Podlech Joachim , Goesmann Helmut , Feldmann Claus
Published: February 2007

The 1JCH coupling constants in conformationally constrained sulfoxides, bissulfoxides, sulfoxide‐sulfones, and sulfilimines derived from 2‐benzylidene‐1,3‐dithiane and 2‐(2,2‐dimethylpropylidene)‐1,3‐dithiolane were measured by means of HMQC and HSQC NMR experiments and the Perlin effects were calculated. The type and the relative configuration of SX groups (X= O, NTos) in these compounds have a strong influence on the magnitude of coupling constants for axial and equatorial CH bonds, respectively. Axial SO bonds give rise to a stereoelectronic effect on antiperiplanar axial CH bonds. The resultant weakening of the respective CH bonds leads to a smaller coupling constant than for a respective equatorial CH bond. Equatorial SO groups have an influence on β‐CH bonds through a homoanomeric effect. Here, the axial CH bond is weakened and a smaller coupling constant is measured. Sulfilimine groups show similar effects to sulfoxide groups.
Substrate‐Controlled and Site‐Selective [3+2] Cycloadditions of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Derived Ambident Dipoles
Authors: Cheng Ying , Liu Mei‐Fang , Fang De‐Cai , Lei Xue‐Mei
Published: February 2007

2‐Aryl thiocarbamoyl benzimidazolium and imidazolinium inner salts derived from benzimidazole and imidazoline carbenes are unique ambident C‐C‐S and C‐C‐N 1,3‐dipolar systems, which undergo highly efficient and site‐selective cycloaddition reactions with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or dibenzoylacetylene to furnish spiro(imidazole‐2,3′‐thiophene) derivatives in excellent yields. When treated with ethyl propiolate, methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile, spiro(imidazole‐2,3′‐pyrrole) derivatives were formed in good yields. Theoretical studies revealed an asynchronous concerted mechanism for both the C‐C‐S and C‐C‐N 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions. The site selectivity in the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of ambident 1,3‐dipoles was predictably regulated by both the electronic and steric effects of dipolarophiles.
Europium Tetracycline as a Luminescent Probe for Nucleoside Phosphates and Its Application to the Determination of Kinase Activity
Authors: Schäferling Michael , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: February 2007

The determination of enzyme activities and the screening of enzyme regulators is a major task in clinical chemistry and drug development. A broad variety of enzymatic reactions is associated with the consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), including, in particular, phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by kinases, formation of adenosine cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) by adenylate cyclases, and ATP decomposition by ATPase. We have studied the effect of a series of adenosine (ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP) and guanosine (GTP, GDP) phosphoric esters, and of pyrophosphate (PP) on the fluorescence emission of the europium tetracycline (EuTC) complex. We found that these compounds have strongly different quenching effects on the luminescence emission of EuTC. The triphosphates ATP and GTP behave as strong quenchers in reducing the fluorescence intensity of EuTC to 25 % of its initial value by formation of a ternary 1:1:1 complex. All other phosphate esters showed a weak quenching effect only. The applicability of this fluorescent probe to the determination of the activity of phosphorylation enzymes is demonstrated by means of creatine kinase as a model for non‐membrane‐bound kinases. In contrast to other methods, this approach does not require the use of radioactively labeled ATP substrates, additional enzymes, or of rather complex immunoassays.
Highly Efficient Cyclization of o‐Iodobenzoates with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Cobalt Bidentate Phosphine Complexes: A Novel Entry to Chiral Phthalides
Authors: Chang Hong‐Tai , Jeganmohan Masilamani , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: February 2007

Methyl 2‐iodobenzoates 1 a–c undergo cyclization reactions with various aromatic aldehydes 2 a–m (RC6H4CHO: R=H 2 a, 4‐CH3 2 b, 4‐tBu 2 c, 4‐OMe 2 d, 3‐OMe 2 e, 4‐Cl 2 f, 4‐CF3 2 g, 4‐CN 2 h, 4‐Ph 2 i; benzo[d][1,3]dioxole‐5‐carbaldehyde (2 j), 1‐napthaldehyde (2 k), benzofuran‐2‐carbaldehyde (2 l), and isonicotinaldehyde (2 m)) in the presence of [CoI2(dppe)] (dppe=1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and Zn powder in dry THF at 75 °C for 24 h to give the corresponding phthalide derivatives 3 a–m and 3 q–t in good to excellent yields. Under similar reaction conditions, less reactive aliphatic aldehydes, heptanal (2 n), butyraldehyde (2 o), and 2‐phenylacetaldehyde (2 p) also underwent cyclization reactions with 1 a to provide 3 n–p, respectively, in fair to good yields. The catalytic reaction can be further extended to cinnamyl aldehyde (2 q) with 1 a to give the corresponding phthalide derivative 3 u. This synthetic method is compatible with a variety of functional groups on the aryl ring of 2. The high efficiency of the cobalt catalyst containing a dppe (dppe=1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) ligand encouraged us to investigate the asymmetric version of the present catalytic reaction by employing bidentate chiral ligands. Thus, aromatic aldehydes 2 a–c, 2 f, and 2 g undergo cyclization with 2‐iodobenzoate (1 a) smoothly in the presence of [CoI2{(S,S)‐dipamp}] ((S,S)‐dipamp=(1S,2S)‐(+)‐bis[2‐methoxyphenyl]phenylphosphino)ethane) and zinc powder in THF at 75 °C for 24 h, giving the corresponding (S)‐phthalides 4 a–e in 81–89 % yields with 70–98 % ee. A possible mechanism for the present catalytic reaction is proposed.
Falsely Elevated Cardiac Troponin I Levels
Authors: Makaryus Amgad N. , Makaryus Mary N. , Hassid Babak
Published: February 2007

The measurement of cardiac troponins (cTn) is of considerable usefulness in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Abnormal levels of serum cTn are occasionally found in patients who are not suffering a myocardial infarction. This may be observed in several well‐known situations including pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, myocarditis, coronary vasospasm, sepsis, congestive heart failure, supraventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic compromise, re‐nal insufficiency, and prolonged strenuous endurance exercise. Endogenous antibodies such as heterophile antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and other autoantibodies are known to interfere with the immunoassay measurements of many different analytes, including the widely used Abbot AxSYM™ cTnI analyzer. Other sources of circulating antibodies include immunotherapies, vaccinations, or blood transfusions that may interfere with these immunoassays as well. We examine the case of a 48‐year‐old man with a history of hypercholesterolemia and obesity who presented with chest pain and was found to have elevated Tn I levels on two separate occasions. Further work‐up revealed that the Tn I levels were spuriously elevated because the patient's blood revealed a normal cTnI level when mixed with polyethylene glycol to inactivate any antibodies interfering with the cTnI assay.
Long‐term results (up to 18 years) of balloon angioplasty on systemic hypertension in adolescent and adult patients with coarctation of the aorta
Authors: Hassan Walid , Malik Shahid , Akhras Nathem , Amri Mohamed Al , Shoukri Mohamed , Fawzy Mohamed Eid
Published: February 2007

Background

Little is known regarding the long‐term follow‐up results of balloon angioplasty (BA) for patients with aortic coarctation (AC) on systemic hypertension.

Hypothesis

To define the long‐term effect of BA of AC on systemic hypertension in adolescent and adult patients.

Methods

Follow‐up data of 53 patients (36 male), mean age 24 ± 9 years, undergoing BA for discrete AC at median interval of 11.8 years (range, 4‐18 years), including cardiac catheterization, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and echocardiography. Patients were divided into two groups at 1 year after BA on the basis of absence (group A: 40 patients) or presence (group B: 11 patients) of persistent hypertension and need for medication.

Results

Fifty‐one patients had baseline hypertension, BA produced an immediate reduction in peak AC gradient from 66 ± 23 mmHg to 10.8 ± 7 mmHg (p < 0.0001). The immediate systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased from 165 ± 17 mmHg (95% CI: 159 to 171) to 125 ± 10 mmHg (95% CI: 122 to 131) (p < 0.001) in 40 patients (group A) and from 184 ± 19 mmHg (95% CI: 169 to 198) to 142 ± 22 mmHg (95% CI: 124 to 156) (p < 0.001) in 11 patients (group B). At 1‐year follow‐up, SBP decreased further to 115 ± 10 in group A (95% CI 111‐119) and 134 ± 19 in group B (95% CI 122‐142) (p < 0.001). The blood pressure had normalized without medication in group A (165 ± 17 to 115 ± 10 mmHg).

Conclusion

Long‐term results of BA for discrete AC are excellent and should be considered as the first option for treatment of this disease. No paradoxical hypertension occurred post angioplasty, and normalization of blood pressure without medication occurred in 78% of the patients after BA. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcoronary concentration gradient of sCD40L and hsCRP in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Li , Tan Hong‐Wei , Yu Guang‐Sheng , Ma Zhi‐Yong , Zhao Yu Xia , Zhang Yun
Published: February 2007

Background

Recent studies indicated that local inflammation played a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and hsC‐ reactive protein (hsCRP) are important inflammatory mediators. However, whether they can reflect local coronary inflammation is unclear.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that transcoronary concentration gradient of sCD40L could reflect local inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) more reliably.

Methods

Forty subjects were divided into unstable angina pectoris (UAP) group (n = 20), stable angina pectoris (SAP) group (n = 10), and controls (n = 10). Blood samples were collected from the coronary sinus (CS), aortic root (AO), and femoral vein (FV). The coronary circulation was expressed as CS‐AO difference, while system circulation was expressed as FV‐AO difference. sCD40L and hs‐CRP were measured.

Results

Complex lesions were more frequent in the UAP group than in the SAP group (85% vs. 40%, p < 0.05). CS‐AO differences of sCD40L were much greater in the UAP group than in the SAP or control groups, and were greatly higher than FV‐AO difference in UAP group (465.49 ± 247.85 pg/mL vs. −14.94 ± 83.41 pg/mL; 465.49 ± 247.85 pg/mL vs. −7.66 ± 78.54 pg/mL; 465.49 ± 247.85 pg/mL vs. −7.99 ± 141.34 pg/mL, all p < 0.001). CS‐AO differences of sCD40L were higher in patients with complex lesions than with smooth lesions (657.86 ± 384.76 pg/mL vs. 317.62 ± 409.98 pg/mL, p < 0.01). There were no significant differences of CS‐AO in hs‐CRP among the three groups.

Conclusions

In patients with CHD, the transcoronary concentration gradient of sCD40L is more sensitive than hsCRP, and sCD40L possibly a better marker of local inflammtion and plaque instability. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localization of EB1, IFT polypeptides, and kinesin‐2 in Chlamydomonas flagellar axonemes via immunogold scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Sloboda Roger D. , Howard Louisa
Published: February 2007

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) refers to the bi‐directional movement of particles and associated cargo along the axonemes of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. To provide a new perspective on the morphology of IFT particles, their association with the axoneme, and their composition, we have used immunogold localization coupled to detection via scanning electron microscopy. Here we co‐localize in the Chlamydomonas flagellar axoneme polypeptides labeled with specific antibodies. Chlamydomonas EB1 localizes to the distal tip of the axoneme, as expected from previous immunofluorescent data (Pedersen et al. Curr Biol2003;13(22):1969–1974), thus demonstrating the utility of this approach. Using antibodies to IFT‐related polypeptides, particles can be identified associated with the axoneme that fall into one of two classes: The first class is composed of IFT particles labeled with polyclonal antibodies to kinesin‐2 and monoclonal antibodies to either IFT139 (an IFT complex A polypeptide) or IFT172 (a complex B polypeptide). The second class is comprised of particles that label with antibodies to IFT139 alone; thus, discrete particles are present associated with the axoneme that are composed only of complex A polypeptides. When IFT particles were purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, they appeared as more or less spherical aggregates of varying dimensions labeled with antibodies to IFT139 and to the motor protein kinesin‐2. By contrast, isolated IFT particles that were labeled with IFT172 antibodies were not labeled with kinesin‐2 antibodies. The data are discussed in terms of the total polypeptide composition of an IFT particle and the interaction of the particles with the motors that power IFT. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The deaf mouse mutant whirler suggests a role for whirlin in actin filament dynamics and stereocilia development
Authors: Mogensen Mette M. , Rzadzinska Agnieszka , Steel Karen P.
Published: February 2007

Stereocilia, finger‐like projections forming the hair bundle on the apical surface of sensory hair cells in the cochlea, are responsible for mechanosensation and ultimately the perception of sound. The actin cytoskeleton of the stereocilia contains hundreds of tightly cross‐linked parallel actin filaments in a paracrystalline array and it is vital for their function. Although several genes have been identified and associated with stereocilia development, the molecular mechanisms responsible for stereocilia growth, maintenance and organisation of the hair bundle have not been fully resolved. Here we provide further characterisation of the stereocilia of the whirler mouse mutant. We found that a lack of whirlin protein in whirler mutants results in short stereocilia with larger diameters without a corresponding increase in the number of actin filaments in inner hair cells. However, a decrease in the actin filament packing density was evident in the whirler mutant. The electron‐density at the tip of each stereocilium was markedly patchy and irregular in the whirler mutants compared with a uniform band in controls. The outer hair cell stereocilia of the whirler homozygote also showed an increase in diameter and variable heights within bundles. The number of outer hair cell stereocilia was significantly reduced and the centre‐to‐centre spacing between the stereocilia was greater than in the wildtype. Our findings suggest that whirlin plays an important role in actin filament packing and dynamics during postnatal stereocilium elongation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Honokiol, a natural plant product, inhibits the bone metastatic growth of human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Shigemura Katsumi , Arbiser Jack L. , Sun Shi‐Yong , Zayzafoon Majd , Johnstone Peter A.S. , Fujisawa Masato , Gotoh Akinobu , Weksler Babette , Zhau Haiyen E. , Chung Leland W.K.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND.

Honokiol, a soluble nontoxic natural product derived from Magnolia spp., has been shown to induce apoptosis in malignant cells. The effect of honokiol and the combined therapy with docetaxel on prostate cancer (PCa) growth and bone metastasis was investigated in experimental models.

METHODS.

The in vitro proapoptotic effects of honokiol on human androgen‐dependent and ‐independent PCa, bone marrow, bone marrow‐derived endothelial, and prostate stroma cells were investigated. Honokiol‐induced activation of caspases was evaluated by Western blot and FACS analysis. To confirm the cytotoxicity of honokiol, mice bone was inoculated in vivo with androgen‐independent PCa, C4‐2 cells and the effects of honokiol and/or docetaxel on PCa growth in bone were evaluated. Daily honokiol (100 mg/kg) and/or weekly docetaxel (5 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. PCa growth in mouse bone was evaluated by radiography, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and tissue immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS.

Honokiol induced apoptosis in all cell lines tested. In PCa cells honokiol induced apoptosis via the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 and the cleavage of poly‐adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Honokiol was shown to inhibit the growth and depress serum PSA in mice harboring C4‐2 xenografts in the skeleton and the combination with docetaxel showed additive effects that inhibited further growth without evidence of systemic toxicity. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed honokiol exhibited growth‐inhibitory, apoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects on PCa xenografts.

CONCLUSIONS.

The combination of honokiol and low‐dose docetaxel may be used to improve patient outcome in androgen‐independent prostate cancer with bone metastasis. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Influence of age on survival in childhood spitzoid melanomas
Authors: Pol‐Rodriquez Marlyanne , Lee Shing , Silvers David N. , Celebi Julide Tok
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND.

Melanoma occurring during childhood and adolescence is rare. Although a few limited studies suggest that the prognosis of childhood melanomas is similar to those in adults, and is dependent on the initial stage of the tumor, there is controversy with respect to the biologic behavior of childhood melanomas. Spitzoid melanoma is a subtype of melanoma with distinct clinical and histopathologic features. The prognosis of spitzoid melanoma in children, despite metastasis, has been suggested to be better than that observed in adults; however, this assertion remains controversial. Whereas a number of spitzoid melanomas with regional lymph node metastasis with no further progression have been reported, cases leading to widespread metastasis and fatal outcomes are also well documented.

METHODS.

A retrospective review of the literature was conducted between 1949 and 2006. A total of 82 cases of spitzoid melanoma with regional and/or widespread metastasis that occurred in children, 17 years of age and under, were selected for the analysis.

RESULTS.

The 5‐year survival rate in children diagnosed with metastatic spitzoid melanomas between 0 and 10 years of age was 88% compared with 49% in those between 11 and 17 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS.

The findings support the notion that younger age (≤10) may be associated with longer survival in children with metastatic spitzoid melanomas. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Effect of laser cleaning on granite color
Authors: Grossi Carlota M. , Alonso Franeisco Javier , Esbert Rosa M. , Rojo Araceli
Published: February 2007

This article presents the effect of laser radiation on the color of ornamental granites used for external cladding. The laboratory experimentation was undertaken on a widely used coarse‐grain granite commercially known as Rosa Porriño. The irradiation was carried out with a Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm and several energy densities (fluences) on polished surfaces, dry and wet, uncoated, and artificially coated‐simulating a black crust. Laser effects on the granite surface were determined by color measurements with a colorimeter. These measurements made possible to determine probable damage due to laser radiation and the diverse response of different minerals. The analysis of the data also suggests potential causes for the color change and applicability limits of the technique. The a*‐parameter, or red–green component, is the most affected, leading to a change in hab (hue) and was interpreted as a result in variations in the Fe compounds, which strongly condition stone color. No significant changes in L* (luminosity or lightness) or Cab* (chroma) may indicate no relevant alterations in the surface polish. When using laser irradiation to remove black layers on granite surfaces, variations of L* can be indicative of the cleaning effectiveness. This research results may be useful to select laser parameters when managing ornamental granite cleaning operations. However, they also suggest the need of further experimentation in specific techniques of analysis as well as different laser wavelengths. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 152 – 159, 2007
Request for existing experimental datasets on color differences
Authors: Melgosa Manuel
Published: February 2007

The Technical Committee 1‐55 of the International Commission on Illumination on “Uniform color space for industrial color difference evaluation” is requesting the submission of datasets for use in developing a new approximately uniform color space for industrial use. The data should be submitted to the TC Chair, Dr. Manuel Melgosa at the University of Granada. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 159, 2007
Romero's color invariant in a new light
Authors: Ladson Jack
Published: February 2007

Romero et al. [Color Res Appl 2006;31:391–398] have found that modeling sensors as equal‐spread Gaussians in wavelength results in improved illuminant invariance of the Marchant–Onyango daylight expression. I offer some thoughts toward an explanation based on a similar theory for blackbody and related spectra. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 160, 2007
Imaginary Vibrational Modes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Challenging Test for the Hardness Profiles
Authors: Torrent‐Sucarrat Miquel , Geerlings Paul , Luis Josep M.
Published: February 2007

In a very recent article (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9342–9343) Moran et al. found that electron‐correlated methodologies using popular Pople basis sets lead to spurious nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) equilibrium structures. Furthermore, some of the present authors have shown that the hardness profiles along a reaction path can be a useful tool to find spurious stationary points in the potential energy surface. Herein, we test the performance of the hardness profiles to detect shortcomings in energy profiles for the challenging case of nonplanar PAHs. The results obtained show that in 41 of the 42 imaginary vibrational modes studied, the hardness profiles indicate the wrong number and type of the potential energy surface stationary points.
Frequency of BK virus nephropathy in graft dysfunction biopsies
Authors: Çakalagaoglu Fulya , Erbarut Ipek , Tuglular Serhan
Published: February 2007

Background

BK virus nephropathy is the most common type of viral disease to occur following renal transplantation. Although its frequency differs according to transplantation center, the rate is between 1.5% and 20%. Diagnosis can be established histologically by renal allograft biopsy. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of BK virus nephropathy in patients who had had a renal biopsy for graft dysfunction at our center.

Methods

Biopsies received in the last 3 years from patients with graft dysfunction were used in the study. We have found the BK virus in biopsies of 5 of 41 patients (11%). All these patients had been treated with immunosuppressive drugs following transplantation surgery. Biopsies were performed because of disturbance of renal function. Only 1 patient had had a urinary examination. Morphological diagnosis of BK virus nephropathy was followed by serological examination.

Results

The most frequent morphological changes with BK virus infection in our samples were basophilia, nuclear inclusions, and nuclear enlargement on tubular epithelium. Decoy cells were not found in the biopsy from the only patient who had had a urinary examination. Treatment of the patients with BK virus nephropathy with immunosuppressive drugs has been reduced, and antiviral treatment has been started.

Conclusion

BK virus nephropathy should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of transplant rejection and drug toxicity.
Cytologic negativity in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary neoplasms
Authors: Broghamer Walter L. , Richardson Mark E. , Faurest Sharon , Parker James E.
Published: February 2007

This retrospective study consisted of 55patients with histologically confirmed metastatic cancer to the lung. Cytologic specimens were collected within 45 days before death. These included bronchial secretions, pleural effusions, and fine needle aspirations obtained randomly, either singly or in various combinations. The cytodiagnosis of cancer was made in 58% (32/55) of the patients. Originally, 34% (11/32) of these had been false‐negative cases. Morphologic features associated with cytologic negativity in 23 patients included apparent failure to invade the respiratory air compartment in 57% (13/23) of the cases; when applicable, failure to induce a pleural effusion with neoplastic invasion of pleural tissues in 75% (6/8); peripheral distribution of the metastatic nodules to the outer third of the pulmonary parenchyma in 26% (6/23); and tumor size of less than 1.5 cm in 57% (13/23).
Improved antigen detection in ethanol‐fixed cytologic specimens. A modified avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) method
Authors: Gupta Prabodh K. , Myers Joseph D. , Baylin Stephen B. , Mulshine James L. , Cuttitta Frank , Gazdar Adi F.
Published: February 2007

A new amplification technique is described for the detection of small amounts of antigen in ethanol‐fixed cytologic specimens and formalin‐fixed tissues. By adding a third antibody layer to the already sensitive avidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase system. we have demonstrated a considerable increase in both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this immunostaining method. In evaluating this technique, we employed a previously defined small cell lung carcinoma cell surface antigen system and monoclonal antibodies.
Mucinous metaplasia in scar endometriosis diagnosis by aspiration cytology
Authors: Leiman Gladwyn , Naylor Graeme
Published: February 2007

The clinicopathologic features of a case of scar endometriosis are presented. The lesion is unusual in that it occurred in a black woman following tubal surgery for ectopic pregnancy. The case appears to be unique in that the endometriotic focus was characterized by the presence of mucinous metaplasia. Diagnosis of this histopathologic curiosity was made by fine needle aspiration cytology.
Fine needle aspiration of osteitis fibrosa cystica
Authors: Watson Carolyn W. , Unger Pamela , Kaneko Mamoru , Gabrilove Jacques L.
Published: February 2007

The cytology findings of a fine needle aspiration biopsy from osteitis fibrosa cystica (brown tumor) of the rib in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid carcinoma are discussed. Many multinucleated osteoclast‐type giant cells, characteristic of either osteitis fibrosa cystica or benign giant cell tumor of bone, were noted. There were also spindly or fibrillary cells with single, ovoid nuclei, probably of stromal origin.
Appraisal and cytomorphologic analysis of common carcinomas of the breast
Authors: Kline Tilde S. , Kannan Vaidehi , Kline Irwin K.
Published: February 2007

This work is based on 15 years experience with more than 9000 needle aspiration biopsies from the breast performed by a number of clinicians without syringe guns. From 1981 through 1983, 329 carcinomas were detected with a sensitivity of 90%. A positive or suspicious report was issued in 17 of the 32 minimal carcinomas. There were no false‐positive diagnoses. A retrospective comparative study was made on the aspiration biopsy cytology specimens from 65 histologically verified carcinomas: 30 infiltrating ductal, 16 infiltrating lobular, 10 medullary, and 10 colloid carcinomas. Parameters included the pattern, major malignant criteria, and cell measurements by calibrated ocular micrometry. The classic features of each carcinoma and the differential cytomorphology are described.
Herpetic tracheobronchitis detected at bronchoscopy: Cytologic diagnosis by the immunoperoxidase method
Authors: Bedrossian Carlos W. M. , De Arce Eloisa A. L. , Bedrossian Ursula K. , Kelly Linda Van Hook
Published: February 2007

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the respiratory tract requires rapid specific diagnosis to avoid late complications and maximize the efficacy of available drug therapy. We report a method of accomplishing this that was tested in 33 cytologic specimens derived from sputum, washings, or brushings from 25 debilitated elderly males suffering from a variety of underlying neoplastic and nonneoplastic chronic diseases. All specimens had shown either single cells (54%), multinucleated groups (8%), or both (38%); they displayed the ground‐glass appearance (86%), discrete nuclear inclusions (4%), or both (10%), as appreciated by the Papanicolaou stain. The specimens were processed by the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique utilizing anti‐HSV‐1 antibody and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen. In six cases, aminoethylcarbazol (AEC) was used for comparison. Twenty‐nine of the 33 specimens (88%) stained positively for HSV‐1 as did control sections of herpetic encephalitis and esophagitis; there were no false positives with appropriate negative controls. All 12 bronchoscopic specimens revealed virocytes with HSV immunopositivity; in contrast, 17 of 21 (80%) sputum specimens were positive for HSV. The strongest positivity was noted in bronchial brushings and washings whereas the only four negative smears were from sputum specimens. The DAB immunostain was coarser and stronger at the periphery of the cytoplasm, and the hematoxylin counterstain permitted a clear identification of nuclear viral changes. With AEC, the immunostain was more vivid and evenly distributed, but counterstaining was impaired due to the greater solubility of the chromogen. The technique is sensitive, reproducible, and less expensive and time‐consuming than electron microscopy (EM) or viral cultures. Diagn Cytopathol 1985;1:292–9.
Differential diagnosis of the pleomorphic aspiration biopsy sample of nonepithelial lesions
Authors: Golouh Rastko , Us‐Krašovec Marija
Published: February 2007

The major problem confronting the cytopathologist in interpretation of the pleomorphic aspiration biopsy sample (ABS) of nonepithelial lesions is to provide a reasonable differential diagnosis, since the presence of cellular pleomorphism alone does not always denote malignancy. One must be fully cognizant of a vast number of pathologic processes to make a correct interpretation. Some indication of the extent of the problem and the potential diagnostic pitfalls are outlined in selection of nonneoplastic processes and benign and malignant tumors of mesenchimal origin presenting as pleomorphic ABSs.
Intraoperative cytology of osseous lesions
Authors: Wilkerson James A. , Crowell Weymouth T.
Published: February 2007

Cytologic preparations were made from 53 biopsies of osseous and related lesions submitted for intraoperative diagnosis. Smears made by scraping the surface of the lesion and spreading the material obtained on a glass slide were most commonly used. These preparations were found to be valuable adjuncts to frozen sections because cytologic details were so much more clearly visible. Among specific diagnostic features found to be particularly helpful were the large numbers of nuclei found in most of the multinucleated cells from giant‐cell tumors but in few osteoclasts from other lesions; the met achromatic staining of osteoid in air‐dried, Romanowsky‐stained smears from osteosarcomas; and the ease with which multinucleated cells can be identified in smears from chondrosarcomas. The characteristic appearance of chondroblasts from a chondroblastoma; the distinctive appearances of osteoclasts and multinucleated histiocytes from eosinophilic granulomas; the unique appearance of synovial cells from pigmented synovitis; and the ease with which small cells of a metastatic carcinoma could be distinguished from hematopoietic bone‐marrow cells were other significant findings. These and other features of the lesions encountered are presented in greater detail. Diagn Cytopathol 1985;1:5‐12.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of lymphadenopathy in homosexual males
Authors: Bottles Kent , Cohen Michael B. , Brodie Howard , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Nyberg David A. , Abrams Donald I.
Published: February 2007

We report five patients who illustrate the usefulness of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in homosexual males. This differential includes hyperplasia, disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma, mycobacterial infections, and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:31‐35.
Ovarian and omental ependymomas in peritoneal washings: Cytologic and immunocytochemical features
Authors: Dekmezian Roupen H. , Sneige Nour , Ordonez Nelson G.
Published: February 2007

The cytologic findings in peritoneal washings of two women, one of whom had an ovarian ependyoma and the other a primary omental ependymoma, are reported. The ependyomas were characterized by the presence of numerous, isolated, spindle and stellate cells as well as groups of cells forming true rosettes. The tumor cells displayed slightly pleomorphic, round‐to‐oval eccentric nuclei and abundant fibrillary cytoplasm with tapering cytoplasmic processes. In addition, one of the patients had numerous papillae and cell clusters with associated psammoma bodies indistinguishable from those found in low‐grade serous carcinoma. The demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both cases by immunocytochemical procedures indicates the usefulness of this method in cytologic preparations to confirm the diagnosis of these uncommon neoplasms. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:62‐68.
Scanning electron microscopy in oral cytology
Authors: Chomette G. , Auriol M. , Vaillant J. M.
Published: February 2007

Sixty‐three cell smears from oral mucosa were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Among them, smears from ten healthy controls showed three kinds of cells: flat (superficial) cells with linear anastomosing microridges and microvilli; polygonal (intermediate) cells with well‐defined crests between their faces and numerous microvilli; and round (parabasal) cells entirely covered by microvilli. Twenty‐five smears from patients with untreated squamous‐cell carcinoma showed enlarged polymorphous cells (round, globular, and elongated); microvilli, variable in their dimensions, were irregularly distributed on their surfaces. Eighteen smears from patients with severe epithelial dysplasia showed polymorphous cells with discontinuous but obvious edges separating their faces and with irregular microvilli and ridges. Nine smears were also performed in patients with various other mucosal lesions (lichen planus, leukoplakia, white sponge naevus, pemphigus vulgaris, and herpes). All of these smears were studied comparatively between examination of smears and biopsies by light microscopy. The smears were truly reliable, particularly for distinguishing between dysplastic and tumoral cells. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:110‐117.
Cytologic detection of cervical granuloma inguinale
Authors: Leiman Gladwyn , Markowitz S. , Margolius Karin A.
Published: February 2007

Two cases of granuloma inguinale detected cytologically on routine Papanicolaou‐stained cervical smears are presented; the cytologic and histologic features are described in detail, and the electron microscopic appearances are shown. The suitability of the Papanicolaou stain in the detection of granuloma inguinale is discussed, with emphasis on possible differential diagnoses to be considered. It is concluded that a definitive diagnosis of granuloma inguinale can be made on routine Papanicolaou‐stained smears showing the following spectrum of changes: intact capillaries indicative of epithelial and stromal ulceration; a marked inflammatory cell infiltrate consisting predominantly of neutrophils; epithelioid histiocytes representing granuloma formation; and Donovan bodies located in characteristic single or multiple intracytoplasmic vacuoles within large histiocytes. Recognition of this cytologic picture may enable early diagnosis, even in nonendemic areas, of a potentially disfiguring venereal disease. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:138‐143.
Air drying as a preparatory factor in cytology: Investigation of its influence on dye uptake and dye binding
Authors: Schulte Erik
Published: February 2007

The effect of air‐drying on cytological material is investigated in this article. Smears of rat liver were fixed completely wet and, after air drying, postfixed in ethanol, methanol/formaldehyde/acetic acid (MFA), and formaldehyde. Staining was performed with the thionin‐Feulgen procedure, a standard Roma‐nowsky‐Giemsa stain with azure B‐eosin Y and a Papanicolaou staining variant. The image analysis system IBAS 2000 was applied to evaluate objective criteria of the changes caused by air drying the chromatin texture. Nuclear absorption was measured with a Vickers M 85a Microdensitometer. Air‐drying had striking effects on size and shape of cell nuclei (spreading), on the structure of the nuclear chromatin (chromatin condensation), and on the chromaticity coordinates (hue, saturation, and intensity of nuclear staining). The variations of the chromatin texture and dye‐substrate affinity are attributed to alterations of the tertiary structure of the nuclear proteins. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:160–167.
Tracheal aspirate cytology and bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Rothberg Alan D. , Miot Anne , Leiman Gladwyn
Published: February 2007

Sequential tracheal aspirates from 39 neonates with hyaline membrane disease were examined to correlate cytological findings with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). A total of 224 tracheal aspirates were examined from these infants, 15 of whom developed BPD as diagnosed by conventional clinical and radiological criteria. Hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelial changes were observed in all infants studied. Dysplastic changes occurred in 14 of 15 who developed BPD, and 14 of 24 who had a normal outcome (P < 0.02). The exfoliation of dysplastic metaplastic bronchial cells was thus 95% specific and 71% sensitive for the subsequent development of BPD. Factors associated with the development of BPD were very low birth weight and gestational age, persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus, high peak inspiratory pressure (cm of H2O/kg), prolonged assisted ventilation, and rapidity of development of class III (dysplastic) changes in tracheal aspirates. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:212‐216.
Aspiration biopsy cytology of metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma and extragenital mixed mesodermal tumor
Authors: Nguyen Gia‐Khanh , Berendt Richard C.
Published: February 2007

Aspiration biopsy from metastatic tumors in two cases of endometrial stromal sarcoma and one case of endometrial adenosarcoma revealed malignant endometrial stromal cells with ill‐defined cytoplasm and round or oval hyperchromatic nuclei showing irregular chromatin clumping and conspicuous nucleoli. They were seen mainly in clusters. Aspirate from a metastatic tumor of a mixed mesodermal tumor arising from the omentum showed similar malignant endometrial stroma cells, irregular tight clusters of malignant glandular cells having scanty but well‐defined cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli, and fragments of atypical smooth muscle tissue. The diagnostic malignant endometrial stromal cells in those reported cases did not display any distinctive cellular features permitting their cytologic identification. They were difficult to differentiate from those of other types of sarcoma. In a clinical setting, with a known primary endometrial stromal sarcoma or mixed mesodermal tumor, however, a cytodiagnosis of its metastases may be suggested when malignant endometrial stromal‐cell‐like cells are seen in aspirated material, aviating an open‐tissue biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:256–260.
Signet‐ring lymphoma: Report of a case
Authors: Manivel‐Rodriguez J. Carlos , Monroy Marte N. , Ruiz Patricia Alonso‐De , Larraza Oscar , Orazco‐Estevez Hector , Espinoza Alfonso Valenzuela
Published: February 2007

Signet‐ring lymphoma is a rare entity in which the synthesis or secretion of immunoglobulins is impaired, producing a signet‐ring appearance to the lymphoma cells. A case of this type of lymphoma is described, and the cytologic aspects of the cells obtained from the fixative fluid are described. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:338–340.
The significance of cutaneous metastasis from visceral tumors diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Pak Hyun Y. , Foster Barbara A. , Yokota Susan B.
Published: February 2007

Cutaneous metastases from various visceral organs were studied in 43 patients. The morphologic diagnosis in each case was established by fine‐needle aspiration cytodiagnosis. There were 28 males and 15 females, with median ages of 62 and 61 yr, respectively. The most common primary tumor in men was carcinoma of the lung (35%), followed by malignant melanoma (21%) and carcinoma of the oropharynx (14%). In women, the most frequent primary cancers were carcinoma of the colon (59%) and lung (20%). Metastatic cutaneous lesions were more frequent in the back (23%), upper extremities (21%), and scalp (12%). Median survival from onset of cutaneous metastasis was shortest in primary lung cancer at 3 mo followed by colon at 5 mo and oropharynx at 5.5 mo. Our study confirms that cutaneous metastasis represents a terminal manifestation of the disease due to either hematogenous or lymphatic spread. This study also reiterates the clinical usefulness of needle aspiration biopsy as an alternative diagnostic tool in establishing the presence of cutaneous metastasis. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:24–29.
The value of endometrial cytology by scraping in 1, 798 cases: Screening in asymptomatic women and diagnosis in symptomatic ones
Authors: Porrazzi Luigi Coscia , Quarto Ferdinando , Maiello Francesco M. , De Falco Maria L. , Antonucci Tiziana
Published: February 2007

A study of 1,798 endometrial cytological samples, obtained with an “endocyte” (a disposable scraping device) and controlled in histology is presented. The method was tested for its usefulness in screening of precancerous lesions and preclinical cancer in 1,248 asymptomatic women and in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology in 550 symptomatic ones. The classification of hyperplasia into benign simplex and complex hyper‐plasia and atypical hyperplasia was followed; atypical hyperplasia, considered real intraepithelial neoplasia, was included in the positive cases. Histological verification was made chiefly on cell block in asymptomatic cytologically negative cases and either on curettage or hysterectomies in the others. The main endometrial cytological patterns are described. On the basis of findings, considering also endocyte's low cost, effectiveness, and ease of use, we think the method could be usefully employed in screening of endometrial cancer for an asymptomatic population. In symptomatic women, the use of histologic procedures is still preferable, and cytology cannot be considered a “first option” method. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:112–120.
Fine‐needle aspiration of breast lesions: Role and accuracy in a review of 7, 495 cases
Authors: Fessia Luciano , Botta Giovanni , Arisio Riccardo , Verga Marinella , Aimone Virgilio
Published: February 2007

In the past 10 years, 7,495 cytological breast fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) were performed (4,756 FNAs of solid nodes and 2,739 of cystic nodes). Of these, 2,099 cases underwent surgery; 650 (31%) had histologically proven carcinoma. Sensitivity was 83.9%, specificity was 99.5%, the predictive value for negative results was 93.2% and for positive results was 98.6%, and the accuracy was 94.6%. Inadequate (13.3%) and doubtful samples (8.1%) were excluded from calculation. False‐negative results (82 cases) mainly resulted from sampling errors. False suspicious results (six cases) lessened with increasing experience in breast pathology and with the application of strict diagnostic criteria, but most likely they will never reach zero. Frozen‐section diagnosis could be bypassed only in selected cases. Guidelines on the role of FNA in management of solid breast lesions are given. FNA deserves further evaluation in diagnosing early stages of breast carcinoma: sensitivity was 7.5% in 57 carcinomas in situ, 67.5% in 55 minimally invasive carcinoma, and 92.7% in 538 nonminimally invasive carcinomas. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:121–125.
Diagnosis of thymoma by fine‐needle aspiration cytology: Light and electron microscopic study of a case
Authors: Millar Jeremy , Allen Rodney , Wakefield John St John , Buchanan Andrew J. , Gupta Raj K.
Published: February 2007

A case of thymoma was diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology based on an intimate admixture of a biphasic cell population consisting of epithelial cells and lymphocytes from an intrathoracic mass. The diagnosis was later confirmed by light and electron microscopic examination of the tissue. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:166–169.
Differential staining techniques in amniotic fluid cytology diagnosis of neural tube defects: A prospective study of 129 pregnancies
Authors: Cohen Margaret L. , Ducatman Barbara S. , Stock Richard J.
Published: February 2007

In order to assess the utility of amniotic fluid cytology in the diagnosis of neural tube defects (NTDs), we performed a prospective study of 129 pregnancies selected for maternal age or history of prior congenital defects or multiple stillbirths. Amniotic fluid obtained between the 16th and 22nd weeks of gestation was cytocentrifuged and stained with hematoxylineosin (H&E), Papanicolaou, and Diff‐Quik. Chromosomal analysis, amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level, and eventual pregnancy outcome were recorded for each case. The AFP levels were normal in 128 cases, including two closed NTDs (meningomyelocele and encephalocele). Three patients had abnormal chromosomal studies: two with 47, XXX and one with trisomy 21. Of these 128 cases, 16 had inadequate cytologic preparations; the remainder, including the five aforementioned patients, showed predominantly squamous cells, amnion cells, and minicells. Other cell types, including genito‐urinary cells, umbilical cord cells, respiratory cells, and macro‐phages, were also present in smaller numbers. One case exhibited a large population of small, darkly staining neural cells and large macrophages. The AFP in this case was markedly elevated, and the fetus was noted to be anencephalic. We found the H&E to be the preferred stain for both cytologic detail and minicell preservation; however papanicolaou was better for bloody specimens. Amniotic fluid cytology may provide a rapid and inexpensive method of confirming the diagnosis of open NTDs. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:271‐7.
Curschmann's spirals in sputum: Histochemical evidence of bronchial gland ductal origin
Authors: Antonakopoulos G. N. , Lambrinaki E. , Kyrkou K. A.
Published: February 2007

Curschmann's spirals from 30 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis were examined histochemically by periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB), PAS‐AB, high‐iron diamine (HID), and HID‐AB stains. Their central core and fibrillar component were found to be rich in neutral mucins and in sulfated and nonsulfated acid mucins, while their outer mantle was rich in neutral and nonsulfated acid mucins only. Curschmann's spirals consist of mucus of high viscosity. Histochemical and morphological evidence suggests that, in addition to their origin in the lumen of smaller bronchi and bronchioles, they are also formed in the ducts of the seromucous bronchial glands. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:291‐4.