bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Context and contingency: the coffee crisis for conventional small‐scale coffee farmers in Brazil
Authors: WATSON KELLY , ACHINELLI MOIRA LAURA
Published: May 2008

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and the world's leading producer and exporter of coffee. Smallholders are the predominant producers of Brazilian coffee and have been significantly impacted by post‐ISI (import substitution industrialisation) neoliberal reforms that swept the nation's agricultural sector beginning in the 1980s. These reforms stimulated increased coffee production while simultaneously diminishing state interventions, including agricultural subsidies, farmer credits, research and development programmes, extension services, and rural development initiatives. These changes were closely followed by major restructuring of the global coffee market and the elimination of international coffee export quotas. Our research joins a growing body of recent literature exploring how changes related to market liberalisation and globalisation affect localities and regions where producers supply coffee for conventional markets. Through a case study, we describe the impacts of neoliberal globalisation on the lives, livelihoods, and environment of small‐scale coffee producers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We explore how neoliberal reform, reflected in the specific historical, geographical, and environmental context of Brazilian coffee production, has resulted in the increased marginalisation of small‐scale farmers, the degradation of soils, and overall rural decline.
PERMIAN OSTRACODS FROM THE LERCARA FORMATION (MIDDLE TRIASSIC–CARNIAN?), SICILY, ITALY
Authors: CRASQUIN SYLVIE , CARCIONE LUCIA , MARTINI ROSSANA
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  A rich, diverse Permian ostracod fauna has been recovered from the red and grey, laminated shales and quartz‐rich shales of the Triassic Lercara Formation. Forty‐seven species have been identified, 13 of which are newly described here; they belong to 26 genera of which three are new: Anahuacia lercaraensis sp. nov., Aurigerites siciliaensis sp. nov., Bairdia portellaensis sp. nov., Cristanaria? katyae sp. nov., Fabalicypris gruendeli sp. nov., Lethiersa salomonensis gen. et sp. nov., Lethiersia sinusoventralis gen. et sp. nov., Portella trapezoida gen. et sp. nov., Siciliella elongata gen. et sp. nov., Siciliella infernespinosa gen. et sp. nov., Siciliella prima gen. et sp. nov., Siciliella quadrata gen. et sp. nov., and Siciliella spinorobusta gen. et sp. nov. The assemblages contain or are composed of palaeopsychrospheric forms, which are regarded as index fossils for deep environments. The bathymetry of the different associations in life is evaluated.
SHARKS OF THE ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES FROM THE BRITISH CONIACIAN, SANTONIAN AND CAMPANIAN (UPPER CRETACEOUS)
Authors: UNDERWOOD CHARLIE J. , WARD DAVID J.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Bulk sampling of phosphate‐rich horizons within the British Coniacian to Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) yielded very large samples of shark and ray teeth. All of these samples yielded teeth of diverse members of the Carcharhiniformes, which commonly dominate the fauna. The following species are recorded and described: Pseudoscyliorhinus reussi (Herman, 1977) comb. nov., Crassescyliorhinus germanicus (Herman, 1982) gen. nov., Scyliorhinus elongatus (Davis, 1887), Scyliorhinus brumarivulensis sp. nov., ?Palaeoscyllium sp., Prohaploblepharus riegrafi (Müller, 1989) gen. nov., ?Cretascyliorhinus sp., Scyliorhinidae incertae sedis 1, Scyliorhinidae incertae sedis 2, Pteroscyllium hermani sp. nov., Protoscyliorhinus sp., Leptocharias cretaceus sp. nov., Palaeogaleus havreensisHerman, 1977, Paratriakis subserratus sp. nov., Paratriakis tenuis sp. nov., Paratriakis sp. indet. and ?Loxodon sp. Taxa belonging to the families ?Proscylliidae, Leptochariidae and Carcharhinidae are described from the Cretaceous for the first time. The evolutionary and palaeoecological implications of these newly recognised faunas are discussed.
THE FIRST DAMSELFLIES FROM THE LOWERMOST EOCENE OF DENMARK, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBFAMILY (ODONATA, ZYGOPTERA: DYSAGRIONIDAE)
Authors: RUST JES , PETRULEVIČIUS JULIAN F. , NEL ANDRÉ
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Eodysagrion mikkelseni gen. et sp. nov., type species of the new subfamily Eodysagrioninae, and the dysagrionine Primorilestes madseni sp. nov., the first thaumatoneurid damselflies from the lowermost Eocene of Denmark, are described. They confirm the presence of this American family in the Palaeogene of Western Europe.
Different Pharmacological Properties of Two Enantiomers in a Uniqueβ‐Blocker, Nebivolol
Authors: Ignarro Louis J.
Published: May 2008

Nebivolol is a racemic combination of d‐nebivolol (+SRRR nebivolol) and l‐nebivolol (–RSSS nebivolol) that differs chemically from other β‐blockers, with an absolutely symmetrical configuration developing from a central nitrogen atom. D‐nebivolol and l‐nebivolol divaricate pharmacologically and therapeutically, with a noticeably different profile from that of conventional β‐blockers; for instance, the selective blocking of β1‐adrenoceptors is determined almost exclusively by d‐nebivolol. Both enantiomers act synergistically with respect to blood pressure reduction: the effect of nebivolol on heart rate is exclusively exerted by d‐nebivolol, with these hypotensive effects enhanced by the addition of the l‐enantiomer, which in itself does not influence systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, this pronounced and lasting blood pressure reduction is roughly equal to the effect of conventional β‐blockers in high doses. In certain vascular districts, nebivolol stimulates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, thereby increasing the availability of NO in the endothelium, smooth muscle, and platelets and, consequently, producing a sustained vasodilation, with decreases in peripheral resistance and blood pressure. These effects are not shared by other β‐adrenoceptor blockers used as references and mainly rely on the l‐enantiomer. L‐nebivolol also increases NO availability under conditions of oxidative stress by the inhibition of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling, thereby reducing NO inactivation. Furthermore, neither nebivolol nor its enantiomers show any intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and undesirable β‐blocker effects, such as a decrease in cardiac output, which do not occur or are less pronounced with the combination of d‐nebivolol and l‐nebivolol. In conclusion, the independent pharmacologic and clinical effects of d‐nebivolol and l‐nebivolol act synergistically to produce a cardiovascular profile that differs noticeably from that of conventional β‐blockers.
A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the human ITGB3 gene is associated with the platelet‐specific alloantigen Vaa (HPA‐17bw) involved in fetal maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Stafford Prachi , Garner Stephen F. , Rankin Angela , Kekomaki Riitta , Watkins Nicholas A. , Ouwehand Willem H.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: The previously reported platelet (PLT)‐specific antigen, Vaa, was defined by an alloantibody detected in the serum sample of a mother who delivered an infant displaying symptoms of severe fetal maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT). This PLT antigen was localized to the integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIbIIIa) but its genetic basis was not defined.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Genomic ITGA2B (αIIb) and ITGB3 (β3) DNA from a Vaa‐positive individual were sequenced to identify potential polymorphisms underlying the Vaa antigen. Recombinant β3 integrin carrying the putative mutation was then used to assess serologic reactivity with the original maternal Vaa antiserum.

RESULTS: A single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; C622>T) in exon 5 of ITGB3 resulting in the replacement of threonine with methionine at residue 195 of the mature β3 was identified. Calmodulin‐tagged soluble recombinant β3 encoding Met195 was produced in S2 cells and found to react specifically with the Vaa antiserum.

CONCLUSION: With the use of a combination of DNA sequencing and recombinant antigen expression, the molecular basis of the PLT‐specific Vaa antigen (HPA‐17bw), a low‐frequency antigen implicated in FMAIT, has been resolved. These data further demonstrate the value of using recombinant β3 peptides for the detection of rare but clinically relevant antibodies.
Financial Intermediaries, Markets, and Growth
Authors: FECHT FALKO , HUANG KEVIN X. D. , MARTIN ANTOINE
Published: May 2008

We build a model in which financial intermediaries provide insurance to households against idiosyncratic liquidity shocks. Households can invest in financial markets directly if they pay a cost. In equilibrium, the ability of intermediaries to share risk is constrained by the market. From a growth perspective, this can be beneficial because intermediaries invest less in the productive technology when they provide more risk‐sharing. Our model predicts that bank‐oriented economies can grow more slowly than more market‐oriented economies, which is consistent with some recent empirical evidence.
Multiple Equilibria in Markets with Screening
Authors: DIRER ALEXIS
Published: May 2008

This paper adds endogenous screening to Broecker (1990) and shows the possibility of multiple screening equilibria. A high intensity of screening by a bank decreases average quality of firms applying to other banks, which in turn have further incentives to screen. The link between the degree of concentration of the banking industry and the extension of credit is also discussed.
The Great Inflation Was Not Asymmetric: International Evidence
Authors: SCRIMGEOUR DEAN
Published: May 2008

The rise and fall of inflation during the Great Inflation were events of approximately equal duration in developed economies. Relying on data‐driven methods, this paper shows the American experience, in which inflation fell more quickly than it rose, was anomalous. This suggests that theories explaining the asymmetry in the American data may not be so applicable to a broader sample of countries.
Traumatic Tricuspid Papillary Muscle and Chordae Rupture: Emerging Role of Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Reddy Venkataramana K. , Nanda Sudip , Bandarupalli Naveen , Pothineni Koteswara Rao , Nanda Navin C.
Published: May 2008

We describe a patient with blunt traumatic chest injury in whom three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) confirmed the findings of a flail anterior tricuspid valve leaflet and ruptured anterior papillary muscle seen on two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography, and in addition identified multiple chordae tendinae rupture of the posterior leaflet. Open heart surgery confirmed the findings. The emerging role of 3DTTE in defining the true extent of traumatic tricuspid valvular injury is highlighted.
Microfabrication of U‐Shaped Grooves on the Surface of BaO–TiO2–GeO2 Glass by YAG Laser Irradiation and Selective Chemical Etching
Authors: Hirokawa Naomi , Honma Tsuyoshi , Komatsu Takayuki , Benino Yasuhiko
Published: May 2008

A combination technique of Nd:YAG laser (wavelength: 1064 nm) irradiations and chemical etchings was applied to fabricate microsize U‐shaped grooves on the surface of CuO‐doped BaO–TiO2–GeO2 glass, and chemical etching behaviors were examined by using a confocal scanning laser microscope. Continuous‐wave Nd:YAG lasers with a power of 0.7–0.8 W were irradiated onto the glass surface and scanned at a speed of 10 μm/s, inducing structural modified lines with refractive index changes. The chemical etching rates for the refractive index changed lines in a nitric acid solution (1N HNO3) were larger than those for the base glass (nonirradiated part). The etching profile was changed gradually from W‐shaped to U‐shaped grooves with increasing etching time. The sharp bending lines with an angle of 150° and the cross‐linked lines were also smoothly etched. The U‐shaped grooves with a surface covered by nonlinear optical Ba2TiGe2O8 crystals were formed by the crystallization of etched samples. This study proposes that the patterning of microchannels with optical functional surfaces is possible on the glass surface using the present technique.
Process Mechanism for Vacuum‐Assisted Microfluidic Lithography with Ceramic Colloidal Suspensions
Authors: Ahn Sung‐Jin , Min Ji‐Hyun , Kim Joosun , Moon Jooho
Published: May 2008

The infiltration kinetics and the drying mechanism of suspensions involved in vacuum‐assisted microfluidic lithography (μFL) have been investigated for the fabrication of complex micropatterned ceramic structures. Infiltration lengths of alumina suspensions with various solid loadings into microchannels were analyzed as a function of channel widths ranging from 10 to 100 μm. The use of well‐dispersed ethanol‐based suspensions with lower viscosities and wider channels allowed for easier and longer infiltration due to lower fluidic resistance in the channels. In contrast to the micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) method, vacuum‐assisted μFL has a distinct drying mechanism in which there is a critical level of solid loading of the suspension with respect to the volume of the microchannel for the fabrication of a defect‐free pattern structure.
Vacancy‐Ordered Structure of Cubic Bismuth Oxide from Simulation and Crystallographic Analysis
Authors: Aidhy Dilpuneet S. , Nino Juan C. , Sinnott Susan B. , Wachsman Eric D. , Phillpot Simon R.
Published: May 2008

A judicious combination of molecular dynamics simulations, electronic‐structure calculations, and crystallographic analysis is used to fully characterize the structure of cubic δ‐Bi2O3. It is found that the intrinsic oxygen vacancies in the structure align in a coordinated manner along the 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 directions to form a defect‐fluorite superstructure containing eight nonprimitive cubic cells, for a total of 80 atoms. This structure is consistent with that determined previously from neutron scattering.
Long‐term effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate application on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle chemical defence and diprionid sawfly performance
Authors: Heijari J. , Nerg A.‐M. , Kainulainen P. , Vuorinen M. , Holopainen J. K.
Published: May 2008

Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)] trees with four different seed origins were exposed to exogenous applications of the elicitor, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), for three consecutive years. We studied the effects of MeJA on needle chemistry (including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and tricyclic resin acids), plant growth, and the performance of two diprionid sawflies, the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.) and the common pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.) (both Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). In general, foliar MeJA application affected the whole range of needle secondary chemistry with significantly higher concentrations of two monoterpenes, β‐pinene and limonene, in particular. Furthermore, for some seed origins the growth rates of N. sertifer and D. pini larvae were lower on needles of MeJA‐treated plants with either high total terpene or high resin acid concentrations. However, inconsistencies in diprionid sawfly performance within each studied Scots pine origin suggest genetic variance in needle secondary chemistry. The differences between selected seed origins and notably variable responses to MeJA application imply that adaptation of the seed to new conditions may have had an impact on secondary chemistry and, thus, on insect performance. Finally, our results suggest that modification of Scots pine defence by a low‐concentration exogenous elicitor affects the production of terpenoids in the newly growing needles, leading to poorer pine sawfly performance in origins with high terpenoid content, while not harming the growth of Scots pine trees.
2. In Overseas Journals
Authors: Scott K. J.
Published: May 2008

NEW ZEALAND DEPENDENCIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMY: W. S. Lowe and W. T. G. Airey, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 3, September 1945.
REVIEWS
Authors: Lee L. P.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MAP PROJECTION. By James Mainwaring

MAP PROJECTIONS. By George P. Kellaway

GLOBES, MAPS, AND SKYWAYS. By Hubert A. Bauer

WORLD MAPS AND GLOBES. By Irving Fisher and O. M. Miller
An Official Review of New Zealand Agriculture
Authors: Bevin R. H.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND
A LAND DESPOILED: NEW ZEALAND ABOUT 1838*
Authors: CUMBERLAND KENNETH B.
Published: May 2008

From 1792 destructive exploitation had been dominant. Not only were the easily available littoral resources decimated, such as seals, whales and timber stands, but the Maori people themselves were exploited and their culture and economy largely destroyed. The landing in 1840 of settlers—seeking primarily new homes—terminated a period of almost unrestrained Raubwirtschaft and marked the beginnings of constructive development at the hands of the immigrant western culture. After the close of the decade new forms were imposed on the landscape at several new and different points of landing and contact. Life and landscape changed with increasing rapidity as the European population grew. Resources and habitat values had again to be reassessed and revaluated in the light of changing human circumstances and as new skills and techniques were brought to these Pacific islands by the still‐alien culture. Europeans (of a different sort from the 1000 or so in New Zealand in 1839) soon painted marginal segments of the New Zealand canvas with another distinctive and colourful geography, significantly transforming the impression of the whole and the character of its parts.
A History of South Island Land Use
Authors: Cumberland Kenneth B.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE INVASION OF NEW ZEALAND BY PEOPLE, PLANTS AND ANIMALS: THE SOUTH ISLAND. By Andrew Hill Clark
New Zealand's Greatest Moa Swamp
Authors: Morton J. E.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

PYRAMID VALLEY. By Roger Duff
Musterer's Tale
Authors: McLeod D.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

HIGH COUNTRY DAYS. By Peter Newton
Teaching Aids
Authors: Shrimpton W. I.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE FILM STRIP AND PROJECTOR MANUAL. By A. W. Reed
Tourists' Vademecum
Authors: Farrell B. H.
Published: May 2008

THE MILFORD COUNTRY. By N. S. Seaward.

STEWART ISLAND. By N. S. Seaward.

THE SOUTHERN ALPS. Part 1. By John Pascoc.

CENTRAL OTAGO. By J. D. S. Roberts.

RIFLE SPORT IN THE SOUTH ISLAND. By R. J. Francis Smith.
Grassland Improvement
Authors: Dick R. G.
Published: May 2008

DEVELOPMENT OF BROWNTOP COUNTRY IN THE SOUTH ISLAND: A. Stuart, N.Z. Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 86, No. 2, February 1953, pp. 155–163.

OVERSOWING AND TOPDRESSING NORTH OTAGO HILL COUNTRY: W. R. Lobb, ibid., pp. 141–145.
In Oversea Journals…: Basic Patterns in Rail Transport
Authors: Fox James W.
Published: May 2008

RAILWAY TRAFFIC AND AGRICULTURE IN NEW ZEALAND: W. H. Wallace
The‘Second String’
Authors: Llnge G.J. R.
Published: May 2008

INDUSTRIAL NEW ZEALAND: Current Affairs Bulletin
The Structure of the Pacific Girdle
Authors: King C. A. M.
Published: May 2008

THE RIM OF THE PACIFIC: C. A. Cotton
Pacific Island Agriculture
Authors: Farrell B. H.
Published: May 2008

CHANGING VILLAGE AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN SAMOA: J. H. Mercer and Peter Scott
Population Communities
Authors: Duncan J. S.
Published: May 2008

THE AGE STRUCTURE OF NEW ZEALAND'S NORTH ISLAND COMMUNITIES: S. H. Franklin
2. In Oversea Journals…: New Zealand‘S Astonishing Progress
Authors: Mulgan Alan
Published: May 2008

NEW ZEALAND AFTER TWENTY YEARS; A GEOGRAPHER'S VIEW: K. B. Cumberland, Geographical Journal
People and Problems in the Pacific
Authors: Watters R. F.
Published: May 2008

THE POPULATION OF FIJI: R. Gerard Ward, Geographical Review
IN OUR CONTEMPORARIES: In New Zealand Journals…: Fifty Years Ago
Authors: Hargreaves R. P.
Published: May 2008

NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE
AN INVESTIGATION OF DROUCHT
Authors: Whitelaw J. S.
Published: May 2008

THE OCCURRENCE OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT AT ASHBURTON, NEW ZEALAND: D. S. Rickard, N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research
THE ASIAN AND PACIFIC REALMS ENCOMPASSED
Authors: Lister R. G.
Published: May 2008

PACIFIC VIEWPOINT
Development of Pastoralism in New Zealand
Authors: Cumberland Kenneth B.
Published: May 2008

DIE ENTWICKLUNG DER VIEHWIRTSCHAFT IN NEUSEELAND: Erika Sellenberg, Erdkunde
IN OUR CONTEMPORARIES: 1. In New Zealand Journals …: Agriculture in the North ISLAND
Authors: Gorrie Rilda
Published: May 2008

STUDIES IN FARM MANAGEMENT: WAIRARAPA INLAND HILL

COUNTRY: F. G. Spite, N.Z. Journal of Agriculture

STUDIES IN FARM MANAGEMENT: AN EGMONT COUNTY FARM: G. R. Moss and A. C. Burgess, ibid.

STUDIES IN FARM MANAGEMENT: HAWKES BAY HILL COUNTRY SHEEP FARM: F. H. Collin, ibid.

STUDIES IN FARM MANAGEMENT: A PIAKO DAIRY FARM: S. D. Clay, ibid.

STUDIES IN FARM MANAGEMENT: DEVELOPMENT OF A WAITOMO PROPERTY: W. L. Osborn, ibid.

STUDIES IN FARM MANAGEMENT: MANAWATU SAND COUNTRY FAT‐LAMB FARM: J. A. Graham, ibid.
Changing Maori Agriculture
Authors: Lewthwaite G. R.
Published: May 2008

THE MAORI AGRICULTURE OF THE AUCKLAND PROVINCE IN THE MID‐NINETEENTH CENTURY: R. P. Hargreaves, Journal of the Polynesian Society

MAORI AGRICULTURE AFTER THE WARS: ibid.
In Oversea Journals …: the Regimes of New Zealand Rivers
Authors: Soons Jane M.
Published: May 2008

LE RÉGIME DES RIVIERES EN NOUVELLE ZÉLANDE: Maurice Pardé, Revue de Géographic Alpine
Little‐Known Resource of Little‐Known Islands
Authors: Cumberland Kenneth B.
Published: May 2008

DIE MUTTONBIRD ISLANDS: Ulrich Schweinfurth, Erdkunde
Dairying Regions Compared
Authors: Dinsdale Evelyn
Published: May 2008

WISCONSIN AND THE WAIKATO: A COMPARISON OF DAIRY FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES AND NEW ZEALAND: Gordon R. Lewthwaite, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 54, No. 1, March 1964, pp. 59–87.
REVIEWS
Authors: Bloomfield G. T.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS. By M. Chisholm

NEW VIEWPOINTS IN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY. By J. Rutherford, M. I. Logan, and G. J. Missen
REVIEWS
Authors: ANDERSON A. GRANT
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

NORTHLAND REGION. National Resources Survey, Part III. Wellington: Town and Country Planning Branch, Ministry of Works

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF NORTHLAND. Department of Industries and Commerce
GEOGRAPHIC NOTEBOOK: CHANGE AND GEOGRAPHY
Authors: MacNab J. W.
Published: May 2008

Life is an evolution. We concentrate a period of this evolution in a stable view which we call a form, and, when the change has become considerable enough to overcome the fortunate inertia of our perception, we say that the body has changed its form. But in reality the body is changing form at every moment; or rather there is no form, since form is immobile and reality is movement. What is real is the continual change of form: form is only a snapshot view of transition.
THE WORLD'S LANDSCAPES
Authors: Trlin A. D.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE SOVIET UNION. By W. H. Parker
REVIEWS
Authors: Johnston R. J.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

NEW VIEWPOINTS IN URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY. By M. I. Logan and G. J. Missen.

A PRIMER ON ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY. By R. B. McNee.
Reviews
Authors: Rankin David G.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

AKARANA: THE PORTS OF AUCKLAND. By John Rose. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1971, pp. 239, 20 maps and diagrams.

CENTRAL AREA PROPOSALS. Town Planning Division, Auckland City Council, 1971. PP. 128.
The State and Housing in New Zealand to 1919
Authors: HARGREAVES R.P. , HEARN T.J. , LITTLE S.
Published: May 2008

The history and historical geography of housing in New Zealand are themes which have attracted comparatively little research interest, with the exception of changing architectural styles (Schwarz 1977, Hedley 1980), and a general review by Wilkes and Wood (1984). Elsewhere housing has long been of interest to social historians and to the historians of public policy and administration, particularly in the United Kingdom where much attention has been focussed on the origins and development of State involvement in the housing market. This paper will discuss the origins of State involvement in New Zealand during the period to 1919 when the State first interceded with respect both to financing and to the construction of houses for sale and lease.
Computer‐based Catalogue of New Zealand Vertical Aerial Photographic Surveys
Authors: Stephens P.R.
Published: May 2008

The first New Zealand vertical aerial survey was made almost 60 years ago in 1926 by the New Zealand Permanent Air Force (now the Royal New Zealand Air Force). Up to April 1984 at least 8500 surveys have been completed by a number of aerial survey organisations: these surveys comprise over 490,000 individual aerial photographs.
Radiometric field work and remote sensing using satellite data
Authors: Chalmers A. I.
Published: May 2008

There has been a marked growth in the number of spacecraft and airborne sensors since 1972, the date of the launching of the first satellite developed to monitor Earth's resources (LANDSAT). As a consequence, geographers interested in remote Sensing in New Zealand have had a widening range of data sources available to them. Geographers first expressed interest in monitoring ground cover using I.ANDSAT series data, but interest in remote sensing data has widened to include work on marine environments, structural geology, urban areas and soil survey. As Curran (1984) indicates, the development and use of thermal and microwave sensors is likely to rapidly extend the uses of remote sensing. In New Zealand, the growth in the number of stored data bases plus the increased sophistication of digital computer analysis (both dominated by the national centre, The Remote Sensing Section. DS1R) is encouraging. However, it is a matter of some concern that there does not seem to be a parallel growth in the radiometric field work required to reconcile sensor data with field information. This note examines some of the reasons which have led to this problem, stresses the importance of radiometric ground truth and describes a method of collecting radiometric data which is in operation at the University of Waikato.
GIS Technology Used to Establish a Digital Cadastral Database
Authors: WILSON ALLAN
Published: May 2008

The above outline describes the DCDB being developed by DOSLI, its concepts, structure, applications and derived benefits.

For public sector users GIS provides a means of more efficient provision of services. Benefits will be most apparent to organisations which already use and rely on geographic information, but will quickly spread to other organisations.

To private sector users GIS offer a valuable way of increasing competitiveness. Indeed, the adoption of GIS may become essential to maintain competitiveness in the analysis of customers and markets.

GIS technology has the potential to serve the land management decision making process significantly better than conventional methods. DOSLI believes that its investment in GIS technology and use of the DCDB as the primary geographical reference fabric will realise this potential and result in significant benefits to individual users and long term benefits to the nation as a whole.
Reviews
Authors: SIMMONS D.G.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

PRINCIPLES OF TOURISM. By A. Collier

TOURISM PLANNING. By C. A. Gunn

TOURISM ANALYSIS. By S. L. J. Smith
Geography–Internationalisation and the Condition of Forestry in New Zealand
Authors: ROCHE M. M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Internationalisation is used as a device with which to reexamine geographies of national development and geography in national development in New Zealand. The second half of the paper discusses national and internationalised forestry in New Zealand before considering some of the new possibilities confronting geographers as the New Zealand economy becomes increasingly internationalised.
Genetics and the Environment: Understanding Geographical Variations in the Incidence of Childhood Diabetes
Authors: BROWN LAURIE J.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Interest in the geography of childhood diabetes has flourished worldwide as a result of the recognition that the place where a child lives is one of the most important determinants of risk. Childhood diabetes is thought to result from exposure to environmental factors which trigger a pathogenic response in genetically susceptible children. The paper reviews evidence of marked spatial and temporal variation in the incidence of childhood diabetes around the world, and examines the potential role of environmental and immunogenetic risk factors which may give rise to these patterns.
Economic Development and Environmental Management in Malaysia
Authors: SANI SHAM
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Malaysia, like many countries of the Third World, places high priority on economic development. Through a series of Five Year Plans, the economy has greatly expanded. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an average annual rate of 6 percent during the 1980s and the manufacturing sector now accounts for in excess of 27 percent of GDP. This paper highlights the consequences of these economic changes to the Malaysian environment, summarises measures taken by government to reduce consequential environmental problems and to ensure sustainable development, and comments on prospects for the 1990s.
Sustainable Development: The Economic and Environmental Case for Policy Reform
Authors: SMITH WILLIAM
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Acceptance of the concept of sustainable development as a long term goal has shifted the nature of the debate about the environment and its relation to development. Previously, emphasis was on the adverse effects of economic development on the environment. It is now argued that a degraded and deteriorating environment is a threat to economic development. However, if the promise of sustainability is to be fully explored some fundamental changes must be made. The most important changes concern: first, the way ecological factors are integrated into economic decision making; second, the design of domestic policies; third, the emergence of environmental change as a force in international relations; and, fourth, the need to restructure the international economy and global political arrangements. Canada and New Zealand provide examples of efforts to tackle these issues, to halt environmental destruction and resource depletion, and to meet global development needs.
Reflections on and a Vision for Feminist Geography
Authors: LONGHURST R.
Published: May 2008

Feminist approaches to geography have become increasingly sophisticated. Reflections on and a vision for feminist geography at the University of Waikato offers an avenue for other geographers to begin thinking through development in their own personal teaching and research agendas and initiatives in their own departments.
Channel Dredging, Dredge Spoil Migration and Downdrift
Authors: HEALY TERRY
Published: May 2008

A major dredging programme to deepen the shipping channels at the Port of Tauranga has seen some 5 million m3 of mainly sandy sediment dredged from the shipping channels and dumped on the adjacent inner shelf. An Environmental Impact Assessment has identified major concerns and consent granting authorities have proposed a monitoring programme.
THE WRITING'S ON THE WALL
Authors: LINDSEY DAVID G. , KEARNS ROBIN A.
Published: May 2008

Graffiti can be a marker of territory. Youthful grafffiti writers in Auckland have adopted ‘tagging’, a form of graffiti writing linked to the Americanisation of popular culture in New Zealand. Regularities in the presence of ‘tags’ are documented through field observation in suburban and central city locations and related to the daily activities of the taggers. Self‐proclamation, not the marking out of turf appears to underlie the territorial dimensions of graffiti in Auckland's urban space.
Planned Shopping Centres
Authors: PRESS DAVID L.
Published: May 2008

Planned shopping centres affect the geographical direction of retailing and the nature of retailing in general. As major marketing outlets for national and international chains they are especially attractive to consumers. This paper examines shopping centres in New Zealand and their impact on stand alone retailers and includes a case study of the Queensgate shopping centre in Lower Hutt.
Land Treatment and Disposal of Effluent
Authors: BALKS MEGAN R.
Published: May 2008

Irrigation is becoming an accepted means of effluent treatment and disposal in New Zealand Effluent irrigation can provide effective effluent treatment and nutrient recovery in crops. It avoids discharge directly to waterways and is, therefore, generally, culturally acceptable to Maori.
Purely Xenophobia or Confusion Over Planning Procedures?
Authors: RAPER ANNETTE
Published: May 2008

Getting approval to invest in New Zealand's tourist sector is a risky business. A comparison of the Hopai Bay Resort proposal (of the Marlborough Sounds) and the Millbrook Country Club, Queenstown reveals much ambiguity in New Zealand's planning practise.
“Power Geometries
Authors: LARNER WENDY
Published: May 2008

Feminist contributions to the geographical literature on capitalist restructuring have tended to emphasize the importance of examining women's experiences vis‐a‐vis those of men. This research in progress report on the telecommunications service industry in New Zealand suggests that assuming the relative homogeneity of ‘women’ as an analytical category, then assessing the experience of women against those of men using national data, may no longer be satisfactory in a context in which production, finance and labour markets have been internationalised.
Discursive Constraints on Pregnant Women's Participation in Sport
Authors: LONGHURST ROBYN
Published: May 2008

I discuss the discursive constraints on the participation in sport of 22 Hamilton women who are pregnant for the first time. Most women tended to withdraw from sport especially as they became more visibly pregnant. Their withdrawal can be partly explained using Julia Kristeva's notion of abjection. Pregnant bodies are often considered to be fragile, fearful and ‘inactive’‐they are containers for unborn children and are best confined to places and activities where protection for the unborn child can, supposedly, be maximised.
The Politics of the Pump
Authors: JOHNSTON LYNDA
Published: May 2008

I suggest that the training environment and the female built body are both politicised sites of change. The gym provides a material and discursive environment that reworks bodies in the masculine/feminine binary. The specific materiality of women's muscled (built) bodies provides the ground for contestation of Western heirarchical dualisms, thereby opening up new spaces to reconceptualise the sexed body in geography.
Engaging Reflexivity and Positionality
Authors: PLOWMAN SUE
Published: May 2008

Debates about research methodologies have recently gained currency in human geography. This paper examines my response to qualitative research I recently undertook on female single parents and their residential location choice. I discuss the methodology and examine issue of positionality and reflexivity as their elate to my research.
Textual Territories
Authors: PEACE ROBIN
Published: May 2008

The paper is part of an analysis of the European Union ‘poverty programmes’ using discourse analysis as a research methodology. A focus on the weaning potential of keywords demonstrates some of the instabilities in the concept of ‘social exclusion’ as it appears in European Union policy documents on ‘poverty’.
A State of Flux
Authors: WEARING ALEX
Published: May 2008

Recent environmental legislation and institutional structural change has altered the network of human‐environment relationships in the South Island high country. The current tiering of responsibilities has promoted conflicts about policy goals at different spatial scales and inconsistency between goals and implementation procedures.
Pollution Transport in the Southwest Pacific
Authors: BRIDGMAN HOWARD A.
Published: May 2008

The impacts of long range transport of pollutants from anthropogenic and natural sources play a major role in atmospheric chemistry and may have an impact on global climate change. Although atmospheric transport in the Northern Hemisphere is recognised as an essential feature on aglohalscale, longrange transport in the Southern Hemisphere may have important regional implications.
Maintaining the Rural Landscape
Authors: OLSON SHERRY , HOLLAND PETER
Published: May 2008

Cultural landscapes require maintenance. The example of hedging in South Island, New Zealand, is used to explore the factors which generate perennial crises of maintenance, and ultimately affect the sustainability of a productive rural landscape. This logic of maintenance is applicable to other forms of landscape investment in drains, buildings, sown pastures and soils.
Ponga, Glass and Concrete
Authors: LEES LORETTA , BERG LAWRENCE D.
Published: May 2008

In accepting that Aotearoa is no‐longer a rural nation there are exciting possibilities for the study of urban socio‐cultural geography ‐ the effects of urbanisation on the lives ofNewZealanders. Contemporary social geographical theories have combined with postmodernism, poststructuralism, postcolonialism and feminism toproducea ‘new cultural geography’. We argue that this new cultural geography couldprovide important theoretical avenues for the development of an ‘indigenous’ New Zealand urban socio‐cultural geography.
Climatic Conditions for Wine Grape Growing
Authors: FITZHARRIS B B , ENDUCHER W.
Published: May 2008

Vineyards in New Zealand are pushing further south than anywhere else in the Southern Hemisphere, this despite poor understanding of the latitudinal limits of grape growing. European experience shows a limit of 50oN. Valuable pointers and cautionary tales from Germany encourage a view that the southern limit in New Zealand may be 45oS. This is broadly confirmed by comparative climate data from Germany and New Zealand.
Sustainability: A View From The Paddock
Authors: BLUNDEN GREG , COCKLIN CHRIS , SMITH WILLIAM , MORAN WARREN
Published: May 2008

Some global organisations and many national governments have adopted formal descriptions of sustainability, despite its elusive meaning. In most instances, the responsibility for the implementation of sustainability is placed firmly on the land‐user. In New Zealand, this is within the context of regional and district plans that are a requirement of the national legislation governing resource management, the Resource Management Act (RMA). In this paper, we analyse various ‘official’ interpretations of sustainability prior to examining Northland farmers' definitions of sustainable agriculture, their views on a hypothetical subsidy for environmental projects on their farms and the impact of the RMA. Economic factors and the maintenance of agricultural productivity remain paramount considerations; many environmental projects are undertaken but provision of a subsidy would make little difference because of existing financial and time constraints; and the RMA has thus far affected only one quarter of respondents.
Relocating Policies for Sustainable Agriculture Under the Umbrella of Rural Development in Australia, USA and New Zealand
Authors: Pomeroy Ann
Published: May 2008

The concern of social scientists about the future of rural communities has filtered across to the policy arena at central government level. There analysis has been paralysed by lack of agreement about the issues. Many officials, especially those without social science training, do not understand concepts such as social sustainability, and few officials know how best to operationalise these concepts. A key step is the recognition of the need to consider people first in the development of policy, whether at the industry, community or household level, if the goal of sustainable agriculture is to be achieved.
The Dunedin Mayoral Election
Authors: HORTON STEPHEN
Published: May 2008

In an electoral upset in 1995 Dunedin elected its first woman and first Sikh mayor. This paper argues that the symbolic discourse of the mayoral election confronted the Dunedin electorate with the question of ‘fairness’ or equity in the city. Turner's victory signalled the symbolic rejection by a plurality of voters of the ruling neo‐liberal political economy of Dunedin. In the same election the incumbent council, in a political reproduction of the ruling order, was returned. The paper explores this contradiction. It concludes that Dunedin's struggle for a new ruling political alliance necessary to combat a stagnant city economy has just begun.
Promoting Business Networks
Authors: GOLDFINCH SEAN , PERRY MARTIN
Published: May 2008

Interest in the role cooperative networks can play in small business development is increasing. Evidence from a survey of three network promoting small business associations based in three different cities is examined and a number of different ways the agencies could deliver their services are suggested. Two networking initiatives by the New Zealand Trade Development Board are then considered. It is concluded that individual networking initiatives need to be developed and evaluated as part of a broad policy push to facilitate the development of an environment more conducive to business cooperation.
Constructing (Bi)cultural Geographies: Research on, and with, People of the Hokianga District
Authors: ROBINA KEARNS
Published: May 2008

A decade of interest and involvement in health service provision in the Hokianga district provides the opportunity to reflect critically on issues of research practice. The bicultural character of this district has prompted a (reforming of research relations through an acknowledgement of embodiment and positioning as well as through the selective recasting of the research process through inclusion of concepts from te reo Maori.
Responsible Geographies: Co‐oreating Knowledge in Aotearoa
Authors: MCCLEAN ROBERT , BERG LAWRENCE D. , ROCHE MICHAEL M.
Published: May 2008

We examine in this paper the potential for (reforming the relations of social scientific research in Aotearoa. Drawing upon our experience of undertaking historical geographical research with and for Ngati‐Toa Rangatira, we argue for the need to develop responsible geographies in Aotearoa. We suggest that the metaphors of ‘crossing borders’ and ‘building structures’ might offer one route into the development of such a responsible geography.
Masculinity, Place, and Beer Advertising in New Zealand: The Southern Man Campaign
Authors: LAW ROBIN
Published: May 2008

The ‘Southern Man’ advertising campaign for Speight's beer mobilizes imagery of the South Island High Country to present a particular construction of masculine identity. The paper examines the background to the campaign and explores the meaning and impact of the advertisements.
‘Going Nuts’: Re‐presenting Pregnant Women
Authors: LONGHURST ROBYN
Published: May 2008

This paper is based mainly on the stories of 31 women who were living in Hamilton, Aotearoa/New Zealand between 1992 and 1994 and were pregnant for the first time. The majority of these women claimed that they tended to withdraw from public places (for example, night clubs, bars, pubs, restaurants, cafes) and from public activities (for example, sport, leisure, and paid employment) as their pregnancy progressed. 1 argue that this withdrawal can, at least in part, be linked to a discourse that suggests pregnant women are ‘poverly’ emotional, irrational and frequently forget things. Their bodily and mental ‘difference’ is naturalised through discourse and used to disqualify them from stepping ‘objectively’ and ‘dispassionately’ into the public sphere and engaging in ‘public affairs’.
Stereotypical Constructions of the Maori ‘Race’ in the Media1
Authors: Wall Melanie
Published: May 2008

Since the colonisation of Aotearoa / New Zealand by Pakeha, Maori have been stereotypically imagined as the Black Other. One of the principal mechanisms for the continued perpetuation of this racialised discourse is the representation of ‘race’ through stereotypes in the media. ‘New’ cultural geography provides a theoretical foundation to interrogate stereotypical (re)formations of Maori identity. I conclude that the use of the stereotype in the (re)formation of Maori identity further demarcates and constrains Maori within the perennial position of the Black Other. Only through a retheorisation of difference (which moves beyond the construction of the Maori ‘race’ through stereotypes), can the impact of racialisation be effectively resisted.
Environmental Politics in New Zealand/ Aotearoa: Clashes and Commonality Between Māoridom and Environmentalists
Authors: GILLESPIE ALEXANDER
Published: May 2008

It has long been assumed that Māori1, like many other indigenous peoples, have utilised ecologically sustainable practices. However, over recent years a chasm has developed between many conservationists and various Māori groupings as environmental objectives and philosophies have come into conflict. This article seeks to examine this chasm, and then move towards an understanding about what may really be the basis of the claim for sustainable practices in this area.
Another Landscape of Despair? Charting the ‘Service‐Dependent Ghetto’ in Dunedin
Authors: LAW ROBIN , GLEESON BRENDAN
Published: May 2008

Deinstitutionalisation of psychiatric patients since the 1980s has introduced a new population and a new land use to New Zealand's urban areas. This paper reviews the geography of deinstitutionalisation, and investigates whether the North American phenomenon of a service‐dependent ghetto can be identified in Dunedin.
Prospects for the New Zealand Geographer Seeking a Lectureship in Britain
Authors: Newnham Rewi M.
Published: May 2008

During 1993 advertised geography lectureships in British Universities reached unusually high levels, most probably due to major structural changes in tertiary education and the provision of funding attached to research ranking, superimposed on the general trends of increasing student numbers and an ageing academic population. As the research assessment exercise takes place every four years, and the new academic league tables have just been published, it is predicted that a similar surge in advertised lectureships will occur during 1997 and 1978.

Research active New Zealand geographers are well placed to capitalise on this projected recruitment phase, which is likely to peak between April and July and again in November. Some specialist subjects within the discipline are in greater demand than others although their popularity may change over time. Many of the traditional obstacles that have in the past discouraged New Zealanders from targetting an academic position in Britain are now more perceived than real.
An Indicator of Our Pressure on the Land: New Zealand's Ecological Footprint
Authors: BICKNELL KATHRYN B. , BALL RICHARD J. , CULLEN ROSS , BIGSBY HUGH R.
Published: May 2008

Sustainability has become a primary goal for much of the legislation which governs resource management in New Zealand. A major difficulty associated with sustainable development objectives, however, is the absence of reliable indicators to measure progress towards the goal of sustainability. The ‘ecological footprint’ provides an estimate of the amount of ecologically productive land required on a continuous basis to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste assimilation for a given population. By comparing the ecological footprint of a community with the amount of land available, we can more clearly determine whether our current consumption patterns are likely to be sustainable.

This paper explores the use of ecological footprint analysis within a New Zealand context. Modifications to the existing procedure for calculating an ecological footprint are proposed, and estimates based on the modified procedures are presented for New Zealand.