bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can intrinsic motivation be attained through psychological detachment and job crafting: the mediating role of emotional stability
Authors: Nehra Nagendra Singh , Sarna Shilpi , Kumar Jitender , Singh Sonia , Marne Mrunal Mahendra , Pandey Ashutosh
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This paper conceptualizes the broaden-build and self-determination theories that act as the major theoretical framework to investigate the role of psychological detachment and job crafting behaviours in predicting intrinsic motivation through emotional stability. It was hypothesized that emotionally stable employees are better able to detach themselves from work and craft their job according to their preference and abilities, which would inculcate experience and make them intrinsically motivated.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample comprised 396 employees, who are employed in different organizations across India. To test the hypotheses, the authors conducted structural equation modelling on SPSS AMOS 22.

Findings

The results highlight the partial mediating role of emotional stability in the association of psychological detachment with intrinsic motivation as well as the fully mediating role between job crating and intrinsic motivation.

Research limitations/implications

The study is conducted in a non-western collectivist culture and it makes significant contribution to the available literature on intrinsic motivation by proving that psychological detachment and job crafting act as predictor and highlighting the psychological state through emotional stability. The study further adds toward theory building around the construct of emotional stability, as it is still in its infancy.

Practical implications

This study has depicted that emotionally stable employees who are psychologically detached and have proactive job crafting behaviour can achieve higher intrinsic motivation.

Originality/value

On the basis of the recovery process (i.e. the effort-recovery model), the broaden and build theory and self-determination theory (SDT), this paper demonstrates that emotional stability plays the role of mediator that drives psychological detachment and encourages job crafting, which has the ability to intrinsically motivate the employees.
Linking hotel environmental management initiatives and sustainable hotel performance through employees’ eco-friendly behaviour and environmental strategies: a moderated-mediated model
Authors: Rehman Shafique Ur , Elrehail Hamzah , Alshwayat Dana , Ibrahim Blend , Alami Rachid
Published: January 2023

Purpose

The purpose and current research objective is to determine sustainable hotel performance through hotel environmental management initiatives (HEMI) with the mediating influence of employee’s’ eco-friendly behaviour (EEB), and to determine the moderating role of environmental strategies (ES) in the relationship between HEMI and EEB.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 95 five-star hotels were contacted, with data collected from only 30 of them. The study used only 433 questionnaires for the final analysis with SPSS 25.0 and SmartPLS 3.2.8.

Findings

The results revealed that HEMI is positively associated with sustainable hotel performance and with EEB. EEB is positively associated with sustainable hotel performance. ES significantly influence EEB, and significantly strengthen the relationship between HMEI and EEB. EEB significantly mediates the relationship between HEMI and sustainable hotel performance.

Practical implications

The current research highlights a significant issue: how the management of the hotel industry uses HEMI, ES and EEB to improve sustainable performance. The study fills the gap in the literature and enables hotel management to concentrate on studying exogenous variables to increase sustainable performance.

Originality/value

The current research contributes to the body of knowledge by concentrating on factors that influence sustainable hotel performance. It examines HEMI influence on sustainable performance with moderating (ES) and mediating (EEB) effects, from the leans of natural resource-based view (RBV) theory.
Measuring the impact of CSR practices on customer satisfaction during pandemic: a quantitative study in the Philippines
Authors: Olazo Danzen Bondoc
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This study aims to analyze how consumers perceive the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices carried out by a local water district in Angeles City, Philippines. The main objective of the study is to investigate how CSR practices influence customer satisfaction. To achieve this, several pieces of literature were mentioned to prove that CSR has an important role to its stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a descriptive and quantitative approach to test the hypotheses. The participants of the study were the residents of the top three barangays in Angeles City, Philippines, in terms of the most consumed water supply, namely: Cut-cut, Pampang and Anunas. Using the Raosoft sample size calculator, the computed sample size was 382 respondents and distributed using stratified sampling. Methodologically, the study used statistical treatment to test all the variables and validated the instrument.

Findings

The result of the study shows that CSR practices significantly impact customer satisfaction. In the test of the degree of relationship between the dimensions of CSR and customer satisfaction, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the two variables.

Research limitations/implications

The future study may explore the relationship between CSR and the resource-based view theory of the firm. The resource-based perspectives are useful to understand why firms engage in CSR activities and disclosure. From a resource-based perspective, CSR is seen as providing internal or external benefits, or both.

Practical implications

The water district must promote social welfare and behave as good corporate citizens; they must spend the resources allocated to CSR initiatives in ways that yield optimum benefits to society as well as to the stakeholders of the company.

Social implications

The paper points out that the water supply industry is one of the most regulated sectors, as the operation requirements are tighter than any other activity. The authors emphasize that water companies must assume special responsibility because their activities are directly related to the use of natural resources, environmental pollution, and public health.

Originality/value

This study used a descriptive-explanatory strategy to determine the significant variables using PLS-SEM. This paper addressed how consumers perceive the CSR practices carried out by the local water district in Angeles City, Philippines.
Comparative nectar dynamics in four ornithophilous Melocactus (Cactaceae) species in a seasonally dry tropical forest
Authors: Bezerra‐Silva Alexsandro , Albuquerque‐Lima Sinzinando , Nadia Tarcila L. , Machado Isabel Cristina , Funch Ligia Silveira
Published: January 2023

Nectar is an important floral resource, often representing the only source of water for pollinators in arid environments. We investigated whether successive nectar removal would affect the nectar production dynamics of four Melocactus species growing in the Caatinga domain. Nectar was serially extracted from flowers four times per day at regular 60‐min intervals after anthesis. The cactus species showed a consistent pattern of secretion linked to ornithophily, with no significant responses to successive nectar removal and no reabsorption. Nectar secretion covered the entire period of anthesis, starting at 2:30 p.m. and continuing to 5:30 p.m., with the production of 11–38 μl per flower, with sugar concentrations of 10%–32% (3–16 mg of sugar). Individual flowers produced average amounts of 16.9–3.43 mg of sugar per day, corresponding to energy values of 0.06–0.28 kJ. Sympatric populations produced an average of 150–200 flowers per day. The nectar produced by Melocactus can therefore meet the daily energy needs of hummingbirds, which is of special importance during the dry season, when resources are scarce in the Caatinga.
The effects of behavioral health integration in Medicaid managed care on access to mental health and primary care services—Evidence from early adopters
Authors: McConnell K. John , Edelstein Sara , Hall Jennifer , Levy Anna , Danna Maria , Cohen Deborah J. , Lindner Stephan , Unützer Jürgen , Zhu Jane M.
Published: January 2023

Objective

To evaluate the impacts of a transition to an “integrated managed care” model, wherein Medicaid managed care organizations moved from a “carve‐out” model to a “carve‐in” model integrating the financing of behavioral and physical health care.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Medicaid claims data from Washington State, 2014–2019, supplemented with structured interviews with key stakeholders.

Study Design

This mixed‐methods study used difference‐in‐differences models to compare changes in two counties that transitioned to financial integration in 2016 to 10 comparison counties maintaining carve‐out models, combined with qualitative analyses of 15 key informant interviews. Quantitative outcomes included binary measures of access to outpatient mental health care, primary care, the emergency department (ED), and inpatient care for mental health conditions.

Data Collection

Medicaid claims were collected administratively, and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.

Principal Findings

The transition to financially integrated care was initially disruptive for behavioral health providers and was associated with a temporary decline in access to outpatient mental health services among enrollees with serious mental illness (SMI), but there were no statistically significant or sustained differences after the first year. Enrollees with SMI also experienced a slight increase in access to primary care (1.8%, 95% CI 1.0%–2.6%), but no sustained statistically significant changes in the use of ED or inpatient services for mental health care. The transition to financially integrated care had relatively little impact on primary care providers, with few changes for enrollees with mild, moderate, or no mental illness.

Conclusions

Financial integration of behavioral and physical health in Medicaid managed care did not appear to drive clinical transformation and was disruptive to behavioral health providers. States moving towards “carve‐in” models may need to incorporate support for practice transformation or financial incentives to achieve the benefits of coordinated mental and physical health care.
A fairer and more resilient multilateral trading system will require a reinvigorated WTO
Authors: Koopman Robert B. , Madell Mary Lisa
Published: January 2023

The multilateral trading system, first established formally in 1947 with the goal of bringing about sustainable peace and greater prosperity through increased cross‐border commerce underpinned by globally agreed upon rules, has contributed significantly to economic development and reduced poverty. However, as the global trading system enters the 2020s it cannot rely on past success and must adapt to a rapidly changing world, one that requires both more and different kinds of inclusion in order to address new challenges around inequality and global economic and geopolitical shocks. To address these new challenges the World Trade Organization (WTO) must be updated and reformed by its member governments, who must also recognise that many current global challenges have linkages across trade, tax, environment, and health areas which require increased coordination across global bodies. Further, the challenges of growing domestic inequality in many countries, while a domestic policy concern, will have significant impact on the political will to undertake the necessary updating and reform of the multilateral trading system and the required enhanced coordination with other international bodies and agreements. The recent positive outcomes from the WTO's 12th Ministerial Conference in June of 2022 show that global cooperation on trade issues is possible. Building on this success, the WTO can reshape itself to be fairer and more resilient and better able to address current global and domestic challenges.
Optimally designing drone‐based surveys for wildlife abundance estimation with N‐mixture models
Authors: Brack Ismael V. , Kindel Andreas , de Oliveira Luiz Flamarion B. , Lahoz‐Monfort José J.
Published: January 2023

Hierarchical N‐mixture models have been suggested for abundance estimation from spatiotemporally replicated drone‐based count surveys, since they allow modeling abundance of unmarked individuals while accounting for detection errors. However, it is still necessary to understand how these models perform in the wide variety of contexts and species in which drone surveys are being used. This knowledge is fundamental to plan study designs with optimal allocation of scarce resources in ecology and conservation.

We conduct a simulation study to address N‐mixture model (binomial and multinomial) performance and optimal survey effort allocation in different scenarios of local abundance and detectability of individuals, focusing on their application for drone‐based surveys. We also investigate the benefits of using a double‐observer protocol (either human or algorithm) in image review to decompose the detection process in availability and perception. Finally, we illustrate our simulation‐based survey design considerations by applying them to abundance estimation of marsh deer in the Pantanal wetland (Brazil).

Accuracy of abundance estimation with N‐mixture models increases with local abundance in sites and especially with the availability of individuals. The optimal design requires more visits at fewer sites when the availability probability is lower, and the optimal design is more flexible as local abundance increases. Two observers checking images can increase the estimator performance even at very high perception probabilities. We quantified how much the use of a double‐observer protocol in image review can reduce fieldwork effort while achieving the same accuracy.

N‐mixture models can deliver accurate abundance estimates from spatiotemporally replicated drone surveys in a wide variety of contexts while accounting for imperfect detection. The improvements achieved by a consciously planned design, rearranging survey efforts among sites and visits, as well as using a second observer in image review, can be crucial to detect trends when monitoring a population or to categorize a species as threatened or not.
Haemoglobin levels and outcomes of subgroups of patients with pre‐operative anaemia based on red cell size: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Benediktsson Sigurdur B. , Karason Sigurbergur , Sigurdsson Martin I.
Published: January 2023

Background

Pre‐operative anaemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes. We hypothesised that pre‐operative anaemia would be evident more than 1 month pre‐operatively, and that peri‐operative changes in haemoglobin and post‐operative outcomes differed between red cell size‐based subsets of anaemia.

Methods

A retrospective single‐centre cohort study, including all patients 18 years and older undergoing their first surgery at Landspitali between January 2006 and December 2018 with available measurement of haemoglobin (Hb) within 30 days preceding surgery. Clinical data were compared between patients with subgroups of anaemia classified by mean corpuscular volume (MCV) into microcytic (MCV < 80 fl), normocytic (MCV 80–100 fl), and macrocytic (MCV > 100 fl) anaemia. The development of haemoglobin measurements from a nationwide database was plotted from 1 year pre‐operatively to 2 years post‐operatively.

Results

Of 40,979 patients, 10,505 (25.6%) had pre‐operative anaemia, of which 1089 (10.4%) had microcytic anaemia, 9243 (88.0%) had normocytic anaemia, and 173 (1.6%) had macrocytic anaemia. Patients within all subgroups of pre‐operative anaemia had a higher degree of comorbidity and frailty burden and a low haemoglobin evident for more than 100 days pre‐operatively and similar changes post‐operatively. Post‐operative prolonged recovery of haemoglobin was slower for macrocytic anaemia than other types of anaemia. All groups of patients with anaemia had a higher incidence of 30‐day mortality, acute kidney injury, and rate of readmission compared with patients without anaemia.

Conclusions

Pre‐operative anaemia is evident long prior to the procedure and its association with worse outcomes is similar regardless of red cell size.
SMART choice (knee) tool: a patient‐focused predictive model to predict improvement in health‐related quality of life after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Zhou Yushy , Dowsey Michelle , Spelman Tim , Choong Peter , Schilling Chris
Published: January 2023

Background

Current predictive tools for TKA focus on clinicians rather than patients as the intended user. The purpose of this study was to develop a patient‐focused model to predict health‐related quality of life outcomes at 1‐year post‐TKA.

Methods

Patients who underwent primary TKA for osteoarthritis from a tertiary institutional registry after January 2006 were analysed. The primary outcome was improvement after TKA defined by the minimal clinically important difference in utility score at 1‐year post‐surgery. Potential predictors included demographic information, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, and patient‐reported outcome measures. Four models were developed, including both conventional statistics and machine learning (artificial intelligence) methods: logistic regression, classification tree, extreme gradient boosted trees, and random forest models. Models were evaluated using discrimination and calibration metrics.

Results

A total of 3755 patients were included in the study. The logistic regression model performed the best with respect to both discrimination (AUC = 0.712) and calibration (intercept = −0.083, slope = 1.123, Brier score = 0.202). Less than 2% (n = 52) of the data were missing and therefore removed for complete case analysis. The final model used age (categorical), sex, baseline utility score, and baseline Veterans‐RAND 12 responses as predictors.

Conclusion

The logistic regression model performed better than machine learning algorithms with respect to AUC and calibration plot. The logistic regression model was well calibrated enough to stratify patients into risk deciles based on their likelihood of improvement after surgery. Further research is required to evaluate the performance of predictive tools through pragmatic clinical trials.

Level of Evidence

Level II, decision analysis.
China's strategic distastes for Korea in the Indo‐Pacific strategy: Major concerns and countermeasures
Authors: Choo Jaewoo
Published: January 2023

China sees South Korea's full access will perfect the Indo‐Pacific strategy, dealing a detrimental blow to its national security interests for three reasons, geography, economics, and defense. The Indo‐Pacific strategy is also a strategy based on network building. However, the inherent nature of the network limits the membership to allies, “like‐minded states,” and supporters to the rule‐based order. While Korea still holds reservations about making a full‐fledged commitment to the strategy, China is to do its utmost including coercive measures to prevent it from joining it. In this light, the article will first analyze the reasons why China opposes Korea joining the strategy. China's strategic interest against the Indo‐Pacific strategy will be inferred to substantiate its objection to Korea's participation. The article will also explain the imperatives for Korea to join the strategy. It will conclude with some remarks that can help the United States. induce Korea's commitment and vice versa.
Adolescent chronic pain links parental rejection to young adult biopsychosocial problems
Authors: Wickrama Kandauda A. S. , Wickrama Thulitha , Sutton Tara E. , Lee Tae Kyoung
Published: January 2023

Little is known about the mediating role of adolescent chronic pain in the connection between adolescent parental rejection and psychosocial and physical health (i.e., disease risk) outcomes in young adulthood (YA). To address this gap, the present study tested a model of a successively contingent developmental process that integrates neurophysiological research and the life course developmental perspective. The model included parental rejection and chronic pain in adolescence and depressive symptoms, low education attainment, economic hardship and allostatic load in YA. The study utilized 13 years of prospective data from a nationally representative sample of 11,030 US adolescents. The findings largely supported the hypothesized model. Adolescent chronic pain, as influenced by parental rejection, was associated with depressive symptoms and economic hardship in YA. In addition, parental rejection directly influenced depressive symptoms, education level and economic hardship, all of which, in turn, contributed to greater physical health risk (i.e., allostatic load) in YA. These associations persisted even after controlling for adolescent illness, depressive symptoms, age, sex and race/ethnicity. Multi‐group analysis showed that female participants were more vulnerable to stressful parental rejection and socioeconomic difficulties in YA. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Identification, diversity and host specificity of the wood‐decay fungi in major sawmill depots of north‐eastern Bangladesh
Authors: Ador Md. Ahosan Habib , Ahmed Romel , Khatun Rahela , Rahman Md. Aliur , Haque Mohammed Masum Ul
Published: January 2023

The study was carried out to identify wood‐decay fungi, and quantify the diversity and host preferences of the fungi in major sawmill depots in north‐eastern Bangladesh. A total of 23 fungal species belonging to 15 genera in seven families were recorded and identified. The Polyporaceae was the most dominant family, while Schizophyllum commune was the most abundant species among all species recorded. Other commonly observed fungal species were Daldinia concentrica, Trametes versicolor, Trametes coccinea and Flavodon flavus. The Simpson diversity index (0.93) and Shannon–Wiener index (2.90) showed a wide distribution of the wood‐decay fungi in the study areas. The species diversity index (0.036), species evenness index (0.92) and species richness index (3.40) indicated a diverse distribution of the fungal species. Two‐thirds of the identified fungal species showed significant preferences for their hosts. The host vulnerability was found to be significantly affected by storage facility, duration of storage, depot yard condition, treated or non‐treated wood and shade facility. The findings of this work may help sawmill owners to utilize a scientific approach to management of logs and timber stored in depots, to minimize fungal decay before incurring any economic loss.
Multidecadal trends in ultraviolet radiation, temperature, and dissolved oxygen have altered vertical habitat availability for Daphnia in temperate Lake Giles, USA
Authors: Pilla Rachel M. , Williamson Craig E.
Published: January 2023

Long‐term browning has resulted in increases in dissolved organic carbon and reduced water clarity that have altered the vertical physical structure of many lake ecosystems. The primary responses include reduced ultraviolet (UV) penetration, warming surface waters, and decreased deepwater dissolved oxygen concentrations that interactively alter vertical habitat suitability for zooplankton.

Over 3 decades, Daphnia populations have decreased in abundance and shallowed in their vertical distribution in temperate Lake Giles (Pennsylvania, USA). Using 3 decades of corresponding long‐term vertical profile data of UV radiation, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen, we modelled both the suitable vertical habitat and thermally optimal habitat for Daphnia to understand the potential role of habitat availability for their population dynamics.

The vertical extent of suitable habitat increased over time primarily due to strong decreases in UV penetration. In contrast, thermally optimal habitat decreased due to strong increases in vertical thermal gradients that were especially strong in late summer.

The vertical distribution of Daphnia became shallower over this time period and may be a response to lower UV exposure near the surface, but continued warming of surface waters and decreasing deepwater dissolved oxygen concentrations are likely to lead to a vertical habitat squeeze.

The biological implications of long‐term browning require more attention due to the complex and important implications for population dynamics, species interactions, and food web structure in lakes.
Fumonisin reduction using fungicides in forage corn cultivation
Authors: Uegaki Ryuichi , Uchino Hiroshi , Wasada Haruyo , Suga Haruhisa
Published: January 2023

This study investigated the possibility of a reduced‐fumonisin corn cultivation method using two fungicides, azoxystrobin and propiconazole. A field‐based cultivation experiment was conducted, wherein Kimimaru and LG3490 corn were cultivated for 2 years with a fungicide applied. In the first year, the use of fungicides reduced the concentration of fumonisin in corn, but in the following years, no fumonisin‐reducing effect was observed. Differences in precipitation may be the cause, but details were unknown. Although a minor effect was observed, the results suggested that the method was not wholly effective. Next, in an in vitro incubation experiment, the relationship between fumonisin‐producing fungi (Fusarium fujikuroi) and fumonisin production was examined in the presence of two fungicides. Both fungicides reduced F. fujikuroi cell mass in a concentration‐dependent manner. Fumonisin production did not decrease noticeably at low fungicide concentrations but at high concentrations. This indicates that a fungicide concentration above a certain threshold is required to suppress fumonisin production. The fumonisin produced per fungal cell mass remained almost constant between 0.1 and 10 mg/L propiconazole, although it decreased to zero at higher propiconazole concentrations. Thus, the propiconazole‐induced decrease in fumonisin production was likely caused by a reduction in fungal cell mass. In contrast, fungal cell mass decreased as azoxystrobin concentration increased, and the azoxystrobin produced per cell mass reduced. Thus, fumonisin production was synergistically suppressed by decreased cell mass and production. The results of both experiments did not exhibit the desired level of reduction effect likely because a sufficiently high concentration of fungicide could not be maintained for outdoor cultivation. Various other factors, such as weather conditions, may have affected the disinfectant concentration, leading to the reduced fungicide concentration.
Case II diffusion of water in Na2O–3SiO2 glass: Constant tensile stress gradient at the diffusion interface
Authors: Hausmann Bronson D. , Tomozawa Minoru
Published: January 2023

Some polymers and oxide glasses exhibit unusual diffusion of liquid or gas, with the depth of diffusion exhibiting a linear increase with time, instead of normal square root of time dependence. There have been many models, but very few experimental data that can help clarify the cause of the phenomenon's existence in glass. Residual stress in sodium trisilicate glass (Na2O–3SiO2) samples was characterized following Case II water diffusion at 80°C in a saturated water vapor environment. The surface‐swelled layer of the glass was removed by dissolving it in water, and birefringence of the newly revealed surface layer was measured. The presence of a constant negative tensile stress gradient was revealed by indicating that Case II diffusion in sodium trisilicate glass originates from this stress gradient, which overwhelms the more typical Fick's law concentration‐dependent flux.
Application of portable near‐infrared spectroscopy for rapid detection and quantification of adulterants in baobab fruit pulp
Authors: Yegon Denis , Ojijo Nelson K. , Tybussek Thorsten , Owino Willis
Published: January 2023

Baobab fruit pulp powder (BFPP) is susceptible to economically driven adulteration owing to its incredible nutrient density and rapidly expanding demand worldwide. In this study, a portable NIR spectroscopy (wavelength 900–1700 nm) coupled with chemometrics was used for the detection of BFPP adulteration. BFPP samples separately adulterated with rice flour (RF), wheat flour (WF), and maize flour (MF) at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% concentrations were subjected to NIR spectroscopy. Two‐class models proved to be reliable with sensitivity and specificity of above 0.98 and an error of below 0.01. Four‐class models attained sensitivity and specificity of above 0.68 and an error of below 0.276. The correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the prediction set were above 0.88 and below 6.20% respectively for PLSR models. The LODs were also below 13.79%. Therefore, NIR spectroscopy has a promising potential for rapid screening of BFPP adulterations.
Enhanced locomotor behaviour is mediated by activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the silkworm brain
Authors: Li Yi , Wang Xin , Xie Xiaoqian , Liu Qingsong , Dong Haonan , Hou Yong , Xia Qingyou , Zhao Ping
Published: January 2023

Animal behaviour regulation is a complex process involving many factors, and the nervous system is an essential factor in this process. In many species, pathogens can alter host behaviour by affecting the host's nervous system. An interesting example is that the silkworm shows enhanced locomotor behaviour after being infected with the nucleopolyhedrosis virus. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of the silkworm brain at different time points after infection and found that various genes related to behaviour regulation changed after infection. In‐depth analysis showed that the tyrosine hydroxylase gene might be a key candidate gene, and the content of dopamine, its downstream metabolite, increased significantly in the brain of silkworms infected with the virus. After the injection of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor into the infected silkworm, the dopamine content in the silkworm brain decreased and the locomotor behaviour caused by the virus was blocked successfully. These results confirm that tyrosine hydroxylase is involved in regulating enhanced locomotor behaviour after virus infection in silkworms. Furthermore, the tyrosine hydroxylase gene was specifically overexpressed in the brain of the silkworm, and the transgenic silkworm was enhanced in locomotor behaviour and foraging behaviour. These results suggest that the tyrosine hydroxylase gene plays a vital role in regulating insect behaviour.
The experience of ‘treatment‐resistant’ depression: A qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Crowe Marie , Manuel Jenni , Carlyle Dave , Thwaites Bridgette , Lacey Cameron
Published: January 2023

While antidepressants may be effective in treating depression for some people, a third of people do not have an improvement in mood after a trial of two different antidepressants for an adequate duration. These people are diagnosed as having ‘treatment‐resistant’ depression which situates the problem as part of their biological or psychological makeup. We conducted a search of studies that examined this problem from the perspective of people whose depression did not improve on antidepressants. Nine studies were included in a qualitative meta‐synthesis that identified four themes across these studies: feeling trapped, disconnection, loss of self, and questioning. The participants experienced considerable distress associated with the constant presence of depression in their lives. While antidepressants may help some people, there is a need for more innovative approaches to the treatment of depression. There is a strong argument for trialling appropriate evidence‐based psychotherapy before a person is categorized as having treatment‐resistant depression. It is perhaps better to describe the issue as inadequate efficacy of antidepressants to situate the problem with the treatment provided rather than with the person.
Effects of hafnium sources and hafnium content on the structures and properties of SiBNC–Hf ceramic precursors
Authors: Shen Jian , Tang Zicheng , Tusiime Rogers , He Bin , Chen Yatian , Hu Jidong , Chen Haikun , Zhang Hui , Liu Yong
Published: January 2023

The synthesis of SiBNC–M (M is metal element) multinary ceramic precursors has mainly been through chemical modification of the SiBNC ceramic precursors with the introduction of the metal element/compound. This misses the simplicity, efficiency, and combined benefits of single reactor synthesis routes. We herein adopt a one‐pot method to synthesize SiBNC–Hf ceramic precursors (PBSHZ) from different Hf sources, and with varying Hf content. The starting materials include hafnium tetrachloride, hafnium dichloride, trichlorosilane, hexamethyldisilazane, and boron trichloride. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis are employed to characterize the structures and properties of the PBSHZ. The results reveal the successful incorporation of Hf into the precursors. Compared to the hafnium tetrachloride source, the precursor synthesized from hafnium dichloride yields more ceramics and shows better solubility, due to fewer Hf–Cl bonds available for reaction. Meanwhile, there is a positive correlation between the rise in the Hf content of PBSHZ and the ceramic yield. However, the solubility and processability of the precursors decline, due to the multiplication of the cross‐linking degree in the molecular structure. Further FT‐IR, NMR, XPS, and thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry (TG–MS) analysis indicate a full polymer‐to‐ceramic transformation at 1000°C pyrolysis temperature. At this point, the SiBNC–Hf ceramics mainly consist of an Si–B–N skeleton, HfN, and free carbon.
Biogeographic origins and drivers of alien plant invasions in the Canary Islands
Authors: Morente‐López Javier , Arjona Yurena , Salas‐Pascual Marcos , Reyes‐Betancort J. Alfredo , del Arco‐Aguilar Marcelino J. , Emerson Brent C. , García‐Gallo Antonio , Jay‐García Louis S. , Naranjo‐Cigala Agustín , Patiño Jairo
Published: January 2023

Aim

Understanding the historical and contemporaneous drivers of invasion success in island systems can decisively contribute to identifying sources and pathways that are more likely to give rise to new invaders. Based on a floristic‐driven approach, we aimed at determining the origins of the invasive alien flora of the Canary Islands and shedding light in the mechanisms shaping their distribution within the archipelago.

Location

Canary Islands.

Taxon

Vascular plants.

Methods

An updated checklist of the invasive alien flora of the Canary Islands was assembled along with complementary information related to the native biogeographical regions, stage of invasiveness and dates of naturalization. Statistical models were employed to describe differences in the number of species over space and time. We also used multivariate techniques to evaluate competing hypotheses related to the mechanisms driving invasive floristic composition within the archipelago.

Results

We provided a list of 149 alien plant species with a certain degree of invasiveness. The greatest number of invasive species originated from the Neotropics followed by the Cape Region, tropical Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. We observed a slow but steady increase in numbers of invasive species until the 1950s, followed by a stronger rise thereafter. In order to explain composition dissimilarity of the invasive flora among islands, a climatic matching hypothesis was fully supported, with geographic isolation and contemporary human‐mediated connectivity hypotheses receiving less and null support respectively.

Main Conclusions

We showed that the Neotropical region is the main source of plant invasions to the Canary Islands, outnumbering those from other regions with a Mediterranean‐type bioclimate. The assembly of the invasive flora within the archipelago appears to be driven primarily by climate, but with geographic distance also playing a role. This study calls for archipelago‐dependent assessments of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to plant invasion success within insular systems.
Automatic dental biofilm detection based on deep learning
Authors: Andrade Katia Montanha , Silva Bernardo Peters Menezes , de Oliveira Luciano Rebouças , Cury Patricia Ramos
Published: January 2023

Aim

To estimate the automated biofilm detection capacity of the U‐Net neural network on tooth images.

Materials and Methods

Two datasets of intra‐oral photographs taken in the frontal and lateral views of permanent and deciduous dentitions were employed. The first dataset consisted of 96 photographs taken before and after applying a disclosing agent and was used to validate the domain's expert biofilm annotation (intra‐class correlation coefficient = .93). The second dataset comprised 480 photos, with or without orthodontic appliances, and without disclosing agents, and was used to train the neural network to segment the biofilm. Dental biofilm labelled by the dentist (without disclosing agents) was considered the ground truth. Segmentation performance was measured using accuracy, F1 score, sensitivity, and specificity.

Results

The U‐Net model achieved an accuracy of 91.8%, F1 score of 60.6%, specificity of 94.4%, and sensitivity of 67.2%. The accuracy was higher in the presence of orthodontic appliances (92.6%).

Conclusions

Visually segmenting dental biofilm employing a U‐Net is feasible and can assist professionals and patients in identifying dental biofilm, thus improving oral hygiene and health.
Critiquing the Unintended Pregnancy Framework
Authors: Auerbach Samantha L. , Coleman‐Minahan Kate , Alspaugh Amy , Aztlan E. Angel , Stern Lisa , Simmonds Katherine
Published: January 2023

The unintended pregnancy framework, a central tenet of sexual and reproductive health care delivery and research, has been depicted as an adverse outcome that should be prevented. There is growing criticism of the inadequacies of this framework, although little modification in public health guidelines, measurement, or clinical practice has been seen. This article critically reviews the literature on unintended pregnancy to encourage reflection on how this framework has negatively influenced practice and to inspire the advancement of more patient‐centered care approaches. We begin by outlining the historical origins of the unintended pregnancy framework and review how this framework mischaracterizes patients’ lived experiences, fails to account for structural inequities, contributes to stigma, and is built upon weakly supported claims of a negative impact on health outcomes. We close with a discussion of the relationship between health care provision and unintended pregnancy care and the implications and recommendations for realigning clinical practice, research, and policy goals.
Perceptions, attitudes, and motivational factors for consumers and nonconsumers of traditional and craft beers
Authors: Steinbach Juliana , Burgardt Vânia de Cássia da Fonseca , Machado‐Lunkes Alessandra
Published: January 2023

Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world, and craft‐style beers have presented interesting marketing prospects in the segment. This study intends to establish a consumer profile and their relationship with craft beer compared with traditional versions, as well as understand nonconsumers in order to design more assertive market strategies. The data were obtained using an online questionnaire with 195 participants. Women were about 56.90% less likely to consume craft beer. Craft beer consumers show a preference for bitter, exotic beers, with a strong and full‐bodied flavor, and seek high quality and authenticity. On the other hand, traditional beer consumers seek well‐known and easy‐drinking beers, considering product availability and price. The high price and the stronger flavor are the main reasons for not consuming craft beer. Nonconsumers of beer report the taste as a barrier to consumption. The conceptual and affective associations to the beers are positive, except for the group of nonconsumers.

Practical Applications

The brewing segment, shows constant evolution, seeking innovation to better meet the variability existing among beer consumers. One of the outstanding niches is the craft segment, with a complex relationship between consumers and beer. The results of this study provide a view of beer consumption habits and consumer craft and traditional, and answers about nonconsumers. The results show how gender interferes with consumer attitudes and offers insights into opportunities to expand the segment. The consumer seeks positive experiences, whether sensory or not, however, the consumption may not be repeated if these experiences are negative, as in the case of nonconsumers. Given the results, industrial enterprises in the beer production chain can create more personalized strategies to reach target audiences that are not being contemplated. Other segments favored are tourist enterprises, especially those that envision gastronomic tourism, as beer is associated with the consumption of other products and social interaction.
From metabarcoding time series to plankton food webs: The hidden role of trophic hierarchy in providing ecological resilience
Authors: Russo Luca , Bellardini Daniele , Zampicinini Gianpaolo , Jordán Ferenc , Congestri Roberta , D’Alelio Domenico
Published: January 2023

The advent of metabarcoding (metaB) in aquatic ecology has provided a huge amount of information on plankton biodiversity worldwide. However, the large datasets obtained with that approach are still partially explored, especially for what concerns the study of trophic interactions and food webs. In this study, we analysed a metaB time series from the Long‐Term Ecological Research station MareChiara (LTER‐MC) in the Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, to describe the link between plankton diversity and food‐web structure. We derived co‐occurrence networks from metaB time series, identified putative trophic interactions among co‐occurrences based on biological information (body size and trophic habit) available for planktonic organisms detected by metaB, and converted co‐occurrence networks into conceptual models of food webs. The latter showed structural properties resembling ecological processes, because network modularity (the presence of semi‐independent sub‐networks) paralleled trophic hierarchy (the dimensional difference between predator and prey). We also analysed the role of planktonic organisms in maintaining network modularity. The largest predators occupied distinct modules, suggesting niche partitioning, whereas the smallest preys worked as fundamental connectors between larger predators (and different modules). Overall, the presence of trophic hierarchy and modularity shown herein supports the view of the high ecological resilience of plankton, pursued via food‐web rewiring, to environmental shifts.
Chesterton, Lewis, and the shadow of Newman: a study in method
Authors: Pickering David
Published: January 2023

In this essay I argue for a line of descent, in terms of methodology as an apologist, from J.H. Newman to G.K. Chesterton, and hence to C.S. Lewis. I analyse aspects of Chesterton's methodology as an apologist which strongly suggest the influence of Newman. I then argue that Newman may have exercised a greater influence on Lewis's methodology as an apologist, through Chesterton, than has previously been realised. This raises questions for future study concerning Newman's possible influence, not only on Lewis, but on the other Inklings and related thinkers such as Dorothy Sayers.
Tropes and qualitative change
Authors: Audi Paul
Published: January 2023

This paper presents the view that tropes can change, and so are not individuated by their determinate qualitative characters. On the view I have in mind, a trope is at any given time fully determinate, but can change qualitatively within the bounds set by a determinable essence. A charge trope, for example, must at any time have some exact intensity, but can survive changes in intensity. My argument, roughly, is this: Objects can change, and tropes are the parts of objects that change (in a special sense of ‘part’), so tropes can change too. After some preliminaries, I present the argument carefully and discuss the operant notions. I then discuss each premise in turn. I respond to the charge that the view isn't realist, and to objections based on identity‐conditions for tropes. I describe both substratum‐ and bundle‐theoretic versions of the view, and finally, show what the view buys us.
Pilot test of the NOURISHING policy index—Assessing governmental nutrition policies in five European countries
Authors: Fismen Anne‐Siri , Mathisen Jonas Rekdal , Vlad Ioana , Oldridge‐Turner Kate , O'Mara Jennifer , Klepp Knut‐Inge , Brinsden Hannah , Rutter Harry , Kokkorou Margarita , Helleve Arnfinn
Published: January 2023

The NOURISHING database is a repository of more than 1000 verified nutrition and diet‐related governmental policy actions currently in effect globally. The database is a unique and rich data source on governmental policy actions with a potential for developing tools that capture the overall policy efforts in a country, identify policy gaps, and enable cross‐national comparisons. Policy actions from a sample of five European countries have been benchmarked against aspirational standards using the NOURISHING benchmarking tool. This paper presents the results of the pilot testing from the benchmarking process for the construction of the NOURISHING policy index. The development of the index was guided by existing tools for developing composite indicators. The findings from the pilot test indicate that the NOURISHING policy index can identify both policy gaps and cross‐national policy differences. These results demonstrate that the policy index merits testing on a larger sample to identify potential refinements.
The comrade on the crossroads of scholarship and struggle: Troubling the exile of Frantz Fanon from social and political psychology
Authors: Abi‐Ghannam Ghina , Perkins Krystal M. , Fine Michelle
Published: January 2023

This article traces the presence and absence of Frantz Fanon in the field of social and political psychology. Our work is guided by an assemblage of methods— a critical analysis of mainstream scholarship, a collective interrogation with a transnational gathering of colleagues and friends, and a deep reading of Fanon's texts on struggle, internalized oppression, violence and a new humanism. Through this, our paper is a call for radical disciplinary reflection on why Fanon has been ruthlessly exiled from social/political psychology, the potential his writings hold for courses, scholarship, and struggle, and how we might more boldly theorize, as he did, from within the fire of struggles for justice and liberation.