bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Rail Populations in Kansas, with Emphasis on Cheyenne Bottoms
Authors:   , Tacha Roger
Published: February 2023

King, Sora, and Virginia Rails were studied at 10 different marshes in Kansas in 1975. Populations of these three species were studied by using tape-recorded calls during the period 27 March through 10 June. Dates of first calling and peak calling periods were determined. Breeding data were collected whenever possible. Results from censusing showed that an auditory index technique is useful for determining relative sizes of King and Virginia Rail populations. Data were inconclusive for Soras because few responses were obtained. Rails were trapped at three of the study areas from 23 June through 11 August, and the resulting data were used to derive a second population index. A total of 728 rails were trapped and banded in 1975. Thirteen nests were found, nine of them of Virginia Rails. The most effective nest-finding technique was a careful search of an area occupied by a male giving his distraction call. A vegetation analysis (% species composition and dominant vegetation) was made in each study area to help determine the preferred habitat of rails.
Understanding How College Students' Literacy Is Affected By Texting SMS Lexicon
Authors:   , Herrman Katherine
Published: February 2023

Spelling and grammar have always been taught in schools as means of proper language mechanics (U.S.D.E., 2006). Recently, the use of correct spelling and proper grammar in writing among college students has seemed to weaken (Junco & Cotton, 2011). Although there may be many factors that could contribute to this decrease in proper language use, the development of new technologies may be playing an important role. Presently, one of the newest technologies, cell phones, is in the hands of many young adults. Most of these young adults are using their cell phones to send and receive instant messages, or text messages. In typing out text messages a new lexicon has developed that uses a pattern of short cuts to communicate complete sentences (SMS, 2010). The extent to which young adults or college students use this new lexicon may be affecting their ability to spell correctly and use proper grammar language within other arenas; most notably, academics. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the effects of high versus low usage of short messaging system (SMS) lexicon in text messaging on college students’ spelling and grammar abilities. Theory suggests that college students who participate in text messaging more often will have poorer spelling and grammar abilities due to the increase in using the SMS lexicon as opposed to proper English formatting (Hauck, 2003). The high number of text messaging that some college students send and receive daily will negatively correlate with their inability to spell correctly and use proper grammar.
A Historical and Mechanical Description of Ptychodus (Chondrichthyes) Dententions with Notes on the Distribution and Systematics of the Genus
Authors:   , David Michelle
Published: February 2023

The Ptychodontidae historically have been classified within the Hybondontoidea, a group of chondrichthyans at an intermediate stage of evolution. As both the most primitive and most advanced forms of Ptychodus possess skeletal and histological features previously described only in the most advanced chondrichtyhyans, the generally accepted systematic position of Ptychodus may be incorrect. Ptychodus was a duronphagous shark, and workers have correlated its distribution with the presence of shelf facies that contain inoceramids. Observations of the Kansas and Texas distributions of ptychodonts, grouped into crow-height classes, reveals a pattern of distribution that suggests the taxon underwent species succession. Complex, three-layered enameloid consisting of a shiny layer of enameloid (SLE) on the outer surface, a middle layer of “parallel-fibred” enameloid (PFE), and an inner layer of “tangled fibred” enameloid (TFE) is considered a synapomoyphy for the neoselachian sharks. Scanning electron microscopy shows PFE and SLE exist in the teeth of Ptychodus decurrens. P. mortoni possesses three distinct layers of enameled-TFE, SLE, and an intermediate layer that remains to be named. The PFE of Ptychodus is similar to the PFE of neoselachian sharks. The presence of complex layers enameloid in Ptychodus supports suggestions of other works who believe the Ptychodontidae are neoselachian sharks. Ptychodus may have utilized three-point bending stresses to fracture the shells of its prey (mollusks). Bending stresses occurred at a large scale (relative to the entire dentition) and a small scale (relative to the ridges of the teeth). The multi-layered histology of the teeth prevents cracks form migrating through the teeth. In addition, the domed shape and arched transverse ridges of the teeth serve to increase the structural strength of the dentition.
The Effects of Social Media on Anxiety, Reward Sensitivity, and Risk-Taking on Emerging Adults
Authors:   , Medrano Victoria
Published: February 2023

The increasing popularity of social media has led to 3.80 billion social media users worldwide (Kemp, 2020). The conception of social media has brought positive and negative effects to light. A tool originally intended to provide connection and build relationships has now also been described by many as a tool for bullying, peer pressure, mental health issues, and unrealistic views of others (Valkenburg & Peter, 2009). Research has shown a significant relationship between levels of social media usage and the likelihood for young adults to have increased reward sensitivity, risky behaviors, and anxiety levels (Vannucci et al., 2017; Vannucci et al., 2019). Although these negative elements can impact people of any age, it has the greatest effects on developing brains. These effects have a neurobiological explanation that can be attributed to the incongruent development of several neural structures and pathways associated with complex cognitive behaviors (Dahl, 2004; Steinberg, 2008). The present study aims to analyze the effects of social media on developing young adult brains, specifically in the context of anxiety, risk taking, and reward sensitivity. Findings from the study will be used to determine if there is a significant relationship between social media and the systems of anxiety, risk, and reward.
A Study of the Selected Characteristics of Academically Suspended and Reinstated Regular Term Students of Fort Hays Kansas State College from September 1, 01/01/1960 to June 1, 01/01/1964
Authors:   , Miller Perry
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of academically suspended and reinstated regular-term students at Fort Hays Kansas State College from September 1, 1960, to July 1, 1964. This research was concerned with the sex of suspended students, home geographical area of students, college classification of students when suspended, grade point averages of students at the time of suspension, composite American College Test score of students, major field of study of reinstated students who graduated, and employment secured by reinstated students upon graduation.
Creative Forms, Wheel Thrown
Authors:   , Vandergriff James
Published: February 2023

To gain a perfect relation of idea, form, material and technique is the ultimate goal. Only if these elements are related successfully does the artist feel that he has made a significant statement. It is impossible for every form to combine all of these elements for there may be circumstances that will limit one or more from functioning properly. Only when a harmony of these elements has been reached does the artist feel that he has imparted a significant part of himself in his work. This artist, over a period of six years, has devoted a large amount of time to the medium of clay and the construction of forms made of clay, glaze, and other materials. And in the last year and a half he has devoted all of his creative efforts to thrown forms. He feels that this technique is the best for self expression. In no other media could this artist find a more spontaneous relationship between himself and the medium. Clay, thrown on the potters wheel, is the nearly perfect means of expressing significant forms. Taking a mass of basically formless matter, and forming it into a creative form is challenging and sometimes rewarding. The technique alone, is not of prime importance, but its relationship of the artist, to his material is significant in forming ideas. There must be a statement in each form, for without it, the form becomes only a shape with a shallow purpose. But to say that each form the artist creates is his complete statement would be untrue. For there are so many facets to the personality of the artist that it would be impossible to combine all of them into one form. This thesis is only a momentary glance at the forms that the artist is creating, for there is the ever present search for new forms of expression and techniques that he is so far unable to create.
Depositional History of the Codell Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) in Kansas
Authors:   , Wallace Kenneth
Published: February 2023

The Codell Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) in Kansas can be subdivided into three distinct lithofacies, which are referred to as the King Hill, Waldo Hill and Antonino facies. The King HiII facies was deposited during progradation of a regressive, northwest trending barrier-island complex. The regressive complex comprises an upward-coarsening sequence that formed in the inferred beach environments of lower, middle and upper shoreface and foreshore. Trace fossils in the Codell may be referred to the Cruziana ichnofacies. The Cruziana ichnofacies is characteristic of the littoral to shallow sublittoral zone. Overlying the King Hill barrier sequence is the lagoonal Waldo Hill facies consisting of dark gray to brown, silty shales. The regressive complex is overlain by basal, transgressive sandstones of the Antonino facies. The petrology of the Codell Sandstone is a subarkosic wacke. Most of the Codell detritus was derived from cherty Paleozoic limestones, sandstones and shales that bordered the Late Cretaceous Sea to the east. Part of the Codell detritus was also derived from wind-blown, volcanic ash, probably from the Cordilleran region of the western United States.
Subject to Subject Interaction as a Source of Bias in the Psychological Experiment
Authors:   , Leonard James
Published: February 2023

Based on the concept of demand characteristics, it was demonstrated that subject to subject interaction can be a source of bias in group research. Two confederates of the experimenter posed as subjects experienced in psychological research, in the presence of a naive inexperienced subject. The performance of naive inexperienced subjects on serial addition problems was significantly related to the communications and actions of the confederates. Using a within subjects design, control subjects showed no significant change in performance from pre to post treatment trials. Naive subjects hearing negative attitudes expressed toward the psychology department by the confederates between trials, showed no significant decrease in performance. Naive subjects hearing negative attitudes expressed toward the psychology department and also hearing and observing the confederate subjects refuse to continue doing addition problems showed a significant decrease in serial addition performance. Naive subjects exposed to confederate subjects who did not express negative attitudes toward the psychology department but just refused to continue doing addition problems also showed a significant decrease in performance. However, subjects in this latter condition showed a significantly smaller decrease than subjects in the combined negative comment plus refusal to continue condition.
Diversification of Watercolor Through the Use of a Variety of Materials
Authors:   , Priddy William
Published: February 2023

This thesis attempts to demonstrate the flexibility of watercolor when combined with other media and materials and to show graphically the results of a more experimental approach to the use of the watercolor media.
Middle School Math Teachers' Perceptions Of Standards, Assessment Literacy, and Professional Learning: A Colorado Case Study
Authors:   , Brom Michael
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the perceptions sixth through eighth grade middle school math teachers in Colorado had of the professional learning they had received related to implementing the Colorado Academic Math Standards (CAMS), and also determine the teachers’ level of understanding in each of the following areas: (a) state standards alignment and curriculum, and (b) assessment literacy. The study was designed to demonstrate how each area complemented the other two areas and their collective impact on instructional practices and student learning. The researcher’s hope was that the findings of this case study may be helpful, at least in part, in assisting district leaders in various Colorado districts to more fully support teachers in the systemic transition to and implementation of the CAMS, and that the findings of the field study provided statistically significant evidence that well-aligned, strategic professional learning opportunities for state standards and assessment literacy supported increased awareness, understanding, and implementation of the CAMS with greater fidelity. The findings will be useful in the transition and implementation planning for Colorado districts and/or districts in other U.S. states that have recently adopted the Common Core State Standards (CCSS).
Classification of the Federal Reserve's Discount Operation : A Direct or Supportive Instrument?
Authors:   , Logan Raymond
Published: February 2023

The thesis will attempt to measure the extent that the discount operation of the Federal Reserve System affect changes in the credit or money supply of the economy. An increase or decrease in the rate can influence the volume of discounts and advances requested through the discount window by member banks. It can also reflect some increase in the market interest rate passed on to consumers and affect the volume of consumer credit demanded from banks. The actual money and credit supply is affected to some degree, although it is not affected to a large enough extent that discount operations alone can influence a contraction or expansion of the quantity of money and credit available. Without a severe contraction or expansion of this supply, the economy will follow a deflationary or inflationary pattern established by market trends. The Federal Funds market is a competitor of the Federal Reserve's discount operation and is influential in the effectiveness of increasing the discount rate. As the discount rate is increased the market demand and volume of transactions in Federal Funds will increase, counteracting the increase in the discount rate. The other instruments of monetary policy-reserve requirements and open market operation must be integrated into the network of control to bring about the stabilization of money again. It is through the use of monetary policy as a whole that pressures are implemented; not by single factors applied individually. But changes in the open market operations, reserve requirements, and discount operations at one time, in varying degrees, can expand or contract the money supply and credit. The discount operation is to be considered a direct tool when used with the other two measures, but when used alone it is only a supportive tool regarding monetary policy. The discount operation, then, is a supportive tool of the Federal Reserve System, and must be utilized as such. Fluctuations in the discount rate and other variations in the discount operation alone will not result in any substantial influx or money or credit in the economy.
A Descriptive Study of Media Programs in Selected Senior High Schools in Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and Colorado
Authors:   , Maxson Leon
Published: February 2023

Problems of increased enrollments at every educational level, mounting shortages of qualified teachers, insufficient and inadequate school plants, and demands for more school tax support constantly confront the American public for solution. At the same time these straight-forward problems of providing each youngster with a classroom and teacher are taxing our ingenuity and pocketbooks, the space race, automation, and recent technological developments are demanding curriculum revisions and a re-examination of the efficiency of our traditional methods of instruction.
Hydrogeological Study Of A Municipal Groundwater Well Field In Central Kansas
Authors:   , Saryerwinnie Tyler
Published: February 2023

The City of Victoria is a small town of approximately 1,200 people situated in Central Kansas. Along with other communities in Kansas, recent drought has made the issue of water quality and availability a pressing concern with local officials. This city relies heavily on the use of ground-water wells located south of the town near the Big Creek channel. It is the purpose of this study to define the hydrogeological conditions effecting the City’s well field, and in turn apply this information to define an area of influence and outline potential hazards for the well field. Utilizing previous studies, along with hydrographs, water table contours, lithologic logs, a geologic cross-section, watershed analyses, and several aquifer pump tests, a more detailed source water assessment area has been identified. This new assessment area shows the extent of land that has the potential to influence the City’s well field, either by runoff or recharge into the aquifer. Within this assessment area, areas of immediate influence have been identified for several individual wells. Finally, land coverage was evaluated for areas within the proposed source water assessment area.
Drunk And Disorderly: The Origins And Consequences Of Alcoholism At Old Fort Hays
Authors:   , Kennedy Ryan
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study is to discover the causes and consequences of alcoholism at old Fort Hays. Unlikely to encounter Indians, soldiers longed for entertainment to fill the void of boredom in their lives. Serving as a regional supply center and railroad subsidy, Fort Hays deployed the majority of its soldiers as laborers, serving nearby Hays City, the railroad, and the fort itself. The tedious, routine-driven lifestyle enforced by Fort Hays commanders, in combination with feelings of frontier isolation, often led to resistance in the form of alcohol usage. Utilizing court-martial records, Post Orders, and soldier journals, this thesis argues that the barren circumstances at Fort Hays created an atmosphere ripe for alcohol abuse. Additionally, this study outlines the history of alcohol usage within American culture, the consequences of alcohol abuse in the frontier military, and the effects of excessive alcoholism on both military and Kansas temperance policies.
Controlled Drinking Using Behavioral Contracts
Authors:   , Szweistis Barbara
Published: February 2023

The problem of excessive alcohol consumption commonly referred to as alcoholism is the nation’s number one drug problem (National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1973). A conservative estimate by the American Medical Association (1973) indicated that 7% of the adult population in the United States abuse alcohol. More than 10 million men and women manifest life problems directly related to undisciplined drinking patterns (Richardson, 1972). The magnitude of America’s alcohol abuse problem is indicated in the findings of Second Special Report on Alcohol and Health (NIAAA, 1975).
The Decline of Southwestern Kansas: A History of Groundwater Management in Southwestern Kansas
Authors:   , Stevens Curtis
Published: February 2023

The Ogallala Aquifer is an underground supply of water that stretches from South Dakota into the panhandle of Texas. It serves as the lifeblood of Southwestern Kansas' economy. The Southwestern Kansas Groundwater Management District (SWKGMD) is one of the largest groundwater regulating districts over the Ogallala Aquifer. The Ogallala Aquifer was once thought of as an infinite supply of water in the early 1900s with the drilling of the first irrigation wells. Over the last hundred years however, thanks to the assistance of hydrology and geology, the aquifer proved finite like many other precious commodities in nature. In the early 1970s, the Kansas State Legislature created groundwater management districts with the purpose of resolving the question of local regulation versus state intervention. With the adoption of this new law, each county in a designated district would be responsible for electing an individual to serve on the board once a district was organized. In order to serve on the board the elected person had to utilize one acre-foot of water per year or own forty contiguous acres. Consequently, large-scale irrigators became involved in water regulation. Over the next twenty- five years the district continued to produce educational forums, conservation pamphlets, and quick fix - it policies but little or no action was rendered to restrict excessive and wasteful water-usage by large scale irrigators. Though efficiency improved with the implementation of sprinklers and slow drip systems, the water table still continued to decrease. Moreover, state water regulation policies and economics encouraged farmers to exploit the Ogallala Aquifer further. Simultaneously, the SWKGMD Board of Directors (BOD) began to utilize the district's experts' hydrological studies as merely a clock measuring how much time they had left to exploit the water rather than a warning signal to create policies to help reduce usage or obtain a zero depletion recharge rate like other Groundwater Management Districts (GMD) throughout Kansas. Such exploitative policies have now left Southwestern Kansas in a precarious state. Throughout most of the region only a twenty-five year supply of water remains left to utilize. After twenty-five years irrigation will prove cost-prohibitive to extract water due to the decreasing water table. The implications of water usage yesterday and today will eventually determine the ultimate fate of Southwestern Kansas' future generations. In any case, the past actions of SWKGMD BOD will be linked directly with the understanding of that inevitable fate.
Mortality salience and moral dilemmas: The impact of stress on regret in trolley problem decision-making
Authors:   , Perdomo Nicolas
Published: February 2023

The present study experimentally investigated the effects of stress, in the form of mortality salience, on decision regret in participants presented with the trolley problem. Participants (N = 166) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and randomly assigned to a mortality salience or threatening control topic (dental pain) writing prompt and either the standard trolley problems (i.e., the \switch\ and \footbridge\ dilemmas) or an experimental reversal where the default was five people on the tracks instead of the usual one. The effects of mortality salience on affective regret, the trolley reversal on cognitive regret, and the relationship between mortality salience and utilitarian choices were examined. While findings were not significant, this study did reveal that the experimental trolley reversal has a significant impact on choosing other than the status quo in the trolley problem. Further research examining the extraneous factors which may have contributed to nonsignificant results in this study is needed.
A Study of Special Types of Rings
Authors:   , Kuehn Seth
Published: February 2023

The main purpose of this paper is to compare properties of special types of rings. The general system of rings may be divided into several special and often overlapping types of rings. As a result of this overlapping, many properties of rings, likewise, frequently overlap. In this paper, a logical development of the system of rings is presented through an axiomatic approach. This paper provides for the beginning reader of ring theory, classifications of a large number of rings. Fundamental properties of each classification including various examples of each are given. Finally, all axioms given are used concurrently to define the more general ring called a “field”. Combinations of different types of rings are given. From these combinations, it can be seen how different types of rings may overlap.
Elderly Women's Perceptions of Reminiscence
Authors:   , McDonald Debra
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations that women experienced following reminiscence therapy. Watson's Human Science and Human Care theory provided the framework for this investigation. Watson's theory postulates that each person's causal past has the potential to influence the future. A qualitative research design was used to explore perceptions related to reminiscence with a group of ten women, 65 years of age or older, who lived in an extended care facility. Informants were asked to attend eight reminiscence therapy meetings which occurred twice a week for four consecutive weeks. Data for this investigation consisted of verbatim transcriptions of 19 semi-structured interviews. Individual interviews were conducted following the second and eighth reminiscence therapy meetings. During the interviews, informants were asked questions about the thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations experienced following reminiscence therapy. Informants were also asked questions about the reminiscence process. Latent content analysis techniques were used to analyze data. The data were initially reduced into broad groupings which paralleled the questions and probes on the semistructured interview schedules. From the broad groupings, themes relating to thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations experienced following reminiscence therapy emerged. Themes relating to thoughts included remembering as a cognitive stimulus, ordering of memories, shared memories, decreasing memories, abundance of memories, generalizations of childhood, and a dream like quality to memories. Themes of pleasant and bittersweet feelings emerged from the data. Themes relating to physical changes or sensations were relaxed, no changes noted and worrisome. Additional findings included information related to pleasurable and less pleasurable memories, group versus individual reminiscence, and with whom to reminisce. Other information included, in some cases, extensive reminiscence. Recommendations for future research encompass (a) searching for physiological measures relating to relaxation which can be studied quantitatively, (b) searching for methods of exploring reminiscence as a memory enhancement intervention, (c) replicating the investigation with diverse populations, and (d) considering Watson's theory when investigating individual reminiscence or life review.
Class Differences in Perceived Reactions to Outpatient Service of a Comprehensive Community Mental Health Center
Authors:   , Cohen Carolyn
Published: February 2023

This research was designed to investigate and present findings regarding the perceived reactions to seeking and receiving psychiatric help and to explore the relationship of those reactions to social class status.
A Study In The Adaptability of Text Book Content In Meeting Present Rural School Pupil Achievement In Music
Authors:   , Weigel Otto
Published: February 2023

The problem of this thesis is this: the writer believes that the present level of achievement of rural school pupils is somewhat below what it should be to successfully master materials in the ordinary music textbooks as now written and adapted in this state. He believes that study of this problem will be beneficial in the matter of writing future materials or in rearranging the program in music for rural school pupils.
Geology of the Stockade Mountain 15' Quadrangle, Malheur and Harney Counties, Oregon
Authors:   , Stimac John
Published: February 2023

The Stockade Mountain 15' Quadrangle lies in Harney and Malheur counties of southeastern Oregon. The study area has twelve mappable units that range in age from Early Miocene 10 Recent and are mostly volcanic or lacustrine in origin. The oldest unit is an Early Miocene unnamed igneous complex composed of basaltic and andesitic lows. This unit forms the basement rock in the region and is unconformably overlain by the Early to Middle Miocene Littlefield Rhyolite. The Littlefield Rhyolite is a laterally extensive unit that had more than one point of origin. Faulting along the eastern flank of Stockade Mountain has exposed the most extensive section of the rhyolite. The Middle Miocene Juntura Formation, a lacustrine unit, unconformably overlies the rhyolite. During deposition of the Juntura Formation, the Wildcat Creek Ash-Flow Tuff was erupted. Volcanic activity in the Harney Basin to the west produced the very extensive. Late Miocene Devine Canyon Ash-flow Tuff, which separates the Juntura Formation and the overlying Late Miocene Drewsey Formation, also a lacustrine unit. At approximately the same time that the Devine Canyon Ash-flow Tuff was erupted, an unnamed basalt southwest of Crowley was also erupted from an area to the south of the study area. The unnamed brown volcanic siltstone at Roger's Valley indicates a period of continued erosion of previous units and deposition of the siltstone. The unconformable Late Miocene Drinkwater Basalt is a prominent ledge-fomer in the area. The youngest basalt found within the area is an unnamed one at Buck Mountain. This pile of basalts flowed into the area from the north or northwest. Quaternary colluvium, alluvium, and playa deposits are the youngest units that are present. Structurally, the area is dominated by the Basin and Range tectonics. But the juxtaposition of the Owyhee Plateau has complicated the structures, stratigraphy, and correlation of the units.
Manual
Authors:   , Schlitter Ben
Published: February 2023

The concept for Manual stems from the idea that graphic design, with its combination of type, images and ideas, creates a layer of instructions and information by which society learns, consumes, and plays.
Geology and Avifauna of the Late Pleistocene and Middle Holocene Blonquist Rockshelter, Summit County, Utah
Authors:   , Beasley Barbara
Published: February 2023

The Blonquist Rockshelter, Summit County Utah (NE ¼, Sec. 23, T2N, R6E), is a west-facing bedrock alcove formed in the Eocene Wasatch Formation. The shelter is located on the northern flank of the Uinta Mountains, approximately 80 km northeast of Salt Lake City, at an elevation of 1,884 m (6,180 ft). The interior of the shelter is stratified and contains both exogenous (eolian, fine-grained particles and large particles deposited by water) and endogenous (eboulis, and organic layers) sediments. The organic layers appear to be concentrations of organic debris by packrats and raptors. These organic-rich layers have radiocarbon dates of 11.14 ka, 9.67 ka, 7.99 ka, 6.06 ka, and 5.91 ka. All sediments are very fossiliferous and contain a wide variety of snails, amphibians, small reptiles, birds, and mammals. Fossil collection was accomplished through common collecting techniques, such as 1) exposed surface picking, 2) on site screening, and 3) bulk matrix sampling. In this investigation only the avifauna was addressed. Twenty-eight species of birds are known and all are extant, except for the exterminated Ectopistes migratorius (Passenger pigeon). Twenty-three species represented in the sediments occur in northeastern Utah today; five are extralimital (Aegloius funereus, Tympanuchus cupido, T. pallidicinctus, Meleagris gallopavo, and Dendragapus canadaensis). The first three of the extralimital species are new records for Utah. The presence of the Boreal Owl (A. funereus) in a layer dated between 9.67 ka and 7.99 ka suggests the eboulis was deposited during a cool/cold climate at a time immediately following the recession of local mountain glaciers.
The Relation of Self-Determination, Perceived Competence, and Orientation of Causality on Academic Achievement in Children
Authors:   , Brown Jo
Published: February 2023

The present study examines the relation of personally held beliefs and personal characteristics on academic achievement in fifth grade students....
Structure and Properties of Near Rings
Authors:   , Reid Jerold
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this paper is to formulate the properties and the structure of near-rings. The definition is the basis of this development. Since near-rings lack only the left distributive law and commutative addition to be rings, many of the properties of near-rings can be proven that are properties of rings. From the definition it can be seen that near- rings are groups under addition. Therefore, criteria can be developed to insure that multiplication is defined such that a near-ring is created. Some near-rings are exhibited, mostly from the theory already presented. Ideals of near-rings are also developed.
Ecological, Density and Species Differences in Small Mammals Between Grazed and Non-Grazed Grasslands
Authors:   , Bogan Michael
Published: February 2023

Quadrat snap trapping of six pairs of non-grazed and grazed grasslands in Ellis and Trego counties in Kansas during the summer of 1965 yielded information regarding the effect of grazing on species composition and densities of small mammal populations. Study areas were chosen so as to minimize differences except those due to grazing. Information on the study areas included general description, plant species present, and amounts of standing vegetation and mulch. Study areas were trapped simultaneously for three days and data were kept on captures and climatological conditions. One hundred forty-six small mammals of nine species were captured in a total of 2,288 trap nights, with twice as many animals trapped on the non-grazed areas. Peromyscus maniculatus showed a preference for areas with at least a moderate amount of standing vegetation and mulch and was most numerous in non-grazed areas. Perognathus hispidus and Onychomys leucogaster exhibited no obvious preference for either type of habitat. Reithrodontomys megalotis, R. montanus, and Microtus ochrogaster were trapped primarily or exclusively on non-grazed areas. Citellus tridecemlineatus was the only mammal trapped which showed a preference for grazed areas.
Growth Seed Yields, and Seedling Production of Native Prairie Plants In Various Habitats of The Mixed Prairie
Authors:   , Brown H.
Published: February 2023

The native vegetation of the mixed prairie of west-central Kansas was subjected to the worst drought on record during the period 1933 to 1939 inclusive. Data secured from the United States Weather Bureau reveal the fact that precipitation during this period of drought was far below normal . The rainfall deficit as reported by Albertson and Weaver (1942) was nearly 35 inches for this 7-year period. Other climatic factors such as wind movement, relative humidity, and temperature were equally abnormal. The extreme drought period greatly modified the vegetation of the mixed prairie and the short-grass disclimax. The basal cover in these t-wo types of vegetation before the drought ranged between 65 and 95 per cent. During the 7 years of deficient rainfall, however, this cover was reduced to nearly zero in many places and an average cover of 1 to 20 per cent was common (Weaver and Albertson, 1940). The direct causes of loss in vegetation were deficient soil moisture, overgrazing and dust carried by wind from cultivated fields and deposited upon the prairie vegetation. The reduction of plant cover resulted in large denuded areas that became extremely susceptible to wind erosion. As range depletion became more extensive the need for a sound conservation program in relation to soil erosion, range management and revegetation became evident. The present research is concerned with determining the yield of seed in pounds per acre , and the number of seedlings produced in relation to basal cover, habitat and climatic conditions .
A Study of Drinking Related Locus of Control, Ego Defensiveness and Drinking Relapse
Authors:   , Murray Wynona
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the following postulates: 1) Extreme scores for drinking related locus of control are associated with ego defensiveness, and 2) Relapse is associated with extreme scores for drinking related locus of control. The subjects were 44 persons undergoing inpatient treatment for alcoholism. Independent variables were drinking relapse and drinking related locus of control. The dependent variables were ego defensiveness and drinking related locus of control. Two instruments were used: The Drinking Related Locus of Control Scale and Life Style Index. A status survey design was employed. Four null hypotheses were tested. One of the eight main effects, two of the eight two-way interactions and t-values for two of the eight correlation coefficients tested were statistically significant at the .05 level. Results of this study appeared to support the following generalizations: 1) Subjects who we r e in treatment for alcoholism more than one time had a significantly higher mean use of displacement as an ego defense mechanism than subjects in treatment for the first time. 2) Repeated treatment for alcoholism has an effect upon the use of ego defense mechanisms. There was a substantial difference in the use of regression and compensation as ego defense mechanisms in externally controlled alcoholics between subjects in their first treatment for alcoholism and t hose in treatment for more than one time. 3) Subjects with extreme drinking related locus of control scale utilize the ego defense mechanism of intellectualization less frequently and the defense mechanism of displacement more frequently.
Management Style and Staff Nurse Job Satisfaction in Rural Hospitals
Authors:   , Stout Lynnetta
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this investigation was to identify the perceived and desired management styles of rural hospital staff nurses and the relationship to job satisfaction. A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design was utilized, targeting staff nurses (N=72) in two rural hospitals. One hospital was a for profit acute care facility, and the second was a not-for-profit acute care facility. Rensis Likert's management systems theory and Herzberg's two factor motivation-hygiene theory was used as a conceptual framework. Likert's management theory describes four types of management styles with varying degrees of participation. Herzberg's motivators are associated with job satisfaction. Absence of these motivators can lead to job dissatisfaction. The management style perceived by staff nurses was benevolent-authoritative. The staff nurses desired a participative style of management. The investigation revealed a positive correlation (r =.42, p =.0003) between perceived management style and job satisfaction. The closer the management style was to participative the higher the level of job satisfaction.
A Developmental Reading Program for High School
Authors:   , Johnson Alma
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to design a developmental reading program for high school, which will (1) give basic instruction in reading to all students as a part of the curriculum; (2) provide guidance for the improvement of instruction in adjusting skills and abilities to the demands of the content fields; (3) assist with corrective and remedial reading instruction; (4) stimulate broad and extensive reading of literature so that students can expand their interests and improve their tastes; and, (5) aid students to make the best possible use of the library in supplementing this program. The study was in practice in the term of 1963-64 at the Community High School of Lane County, Dighton, Kansas. Subjects participating in the study were 210 high school students enrolled in high school. Reading instruction was provided in the content fields, instruction in the use of the library, and through special reading instruction which consisted of an advanced reading class and a corrective reading class. Reading and library instruction designed to meet the needs of each student was provided in the classroom and in the reading center extending over the semester. This instruction was provided by working with students in groups, individually, and with the class as a whole. The evaluation of the study was made on the basis of information obtained from standardized tests, questionnaires, and by teachers' observations. Initial and final reading and library tests were administered to determine (1) the approximate initial reading status of each student and (2) growth in reading and library skills occurring during the semester of instruction. The mean gain on the average total reading for the corrective reading class was .17 month. The greatest gain was shown in comprehension and rate. The class as a whole showed no gain in vocabulary. The advanced reading class showed the greatest gain. In conclusion, the writer believes that reading and study skills can be improved in high school by an intensive reading program and that the phenomena of very fast reading speeds deserves attention and study. Vocabulary gains in this study showed best results when the words were introduced in conjunction with meaningful context and when they have emotional overtones for the learner. Another beneficial aspect of the program was the cooperation of the teachers, who observed and helped provide instruction for the semester period. The following recommendations are suggested by this investigation: 1. that teachers continue to seek ways of improving students' vocabulary skills in all the content areas, with emphasis on abstract terms, technical terms, and specialized terms. 2. That teachers continue to enforce the rule of making speed relate to purpose. 3. That more research and experimentation be conducted to investigate: (a) the value of a developmental reading program in high school; and (b) better techniques for conducting reading programs for secondary schools.
A Research Survey in The Current Trends in Grouping For The Learning of Reading in The Elementary School
Authors:   , Carter Lola
Published: February 2023

The organization of the classroom procedures will depend upon the objectives and aims of the school, the community, the administrators, the teachers, and the students. If one of the objectives is the development of responsible behavior the classroom planning and organization will be different from what it would be if the objectives were the acquisition of knowledge and skills. The newer and broader concept of education makes interaction and democratic living a part of any classroom program. With the ultimate goal of attaining the proper balance between learning necessary fundamentals and democratic behavior, three definite purposes for grouping in the classroom can be stated. The first is to teach democratic living; the second reason is to meet the differing needs with greater precision; and third, but no less important, is to make for a happier learning experience for the children.
Fatty Acid Rations of Thermophilic and Mesophilic Blue-Green Algae Associations
Authors:   , Jones Virgil
Published: February 2023

Relative percentages of fatty acids isolated from 9 thermophilic and 6 mesophilic blue-green algae associations were estimated in an attempt to better understand the effects of selected environmental growth temperatures on fatty acid ratios. Tile predominant fatty acids detected in all samples were identified as the saturated Cl6 and mono-unsaturated C16 and C18 acids. Environmental temperatures were determined to be significantly correlated to the 16:1 (r = -.724), 18:0 (r = .681) and [Sigma] 14:0 + 18:0 (r = -.796) fatty acids of the thermophilic and tile 14:0 (r = -.814) fatty acid of tile mesophilic samples.
Lord of the Flies: A Modern Gulliver's Fourth Voyage
Authors:   , Schumacher Wayne
Published: February 2023

The primary purpose of this thesis is to show Golding's and Swift's disapproval of those philosophies based on reason and science that convince people they can solve all of their problems with technology. Swift lived during the Age of Enlightenment when the insistence on reason as the sole means for salvation was at its height. Golding lives at a time when the optimistic philosophies of Darwin, Marx, and Freud have convinced people their problems are either not their fault because of evolution, or are understandable through psychotherapy and, therefore, can be cured. Both authors contend in their novels that optimism based on reason and science will eventually prevent the individual from considering his own being as the source of evil, a tendency which will lead to moral irresponsibility.
East Meets West: Chinese Mainzi and Guanxi as Cultural Obstacles to U.S. - China Business Relations
Authors:   , Mehaffey-Kultgen Candace
Published: February 2023

Globalization is the name of the game and, for better or worse, the rules of engagement have been established by an international system that encompasses Western-based principles and practices (Marsh & Dreyer, 2003). China's economic reform program is aimed at sustaining \rapid economic growth in order to compete in the global economy\ (Hamrin, 2003. p. 28). China is accomplishing this endeavor primarily through foreign trade with the United States - but can this growth be sustained or will cultural differences pose obstacles that curtail China's continued integration into the global economy? In order to answer this question it was necessary to explore the cultural aspects of mianzi (losing or saving of face) and guanxi (the building of relationships) and their impact on Sino-U.S. business relations. Therefore, the author conducted a survey completed by Chinese university students (in China) on the eve of their transition to the workplace to uncover those cultural values and beliefs that may negatively impact successful Sino-U.S. business relations. The findings support the hypothesis that the cultural aspects of mianzi and guanxi will pose obstacles in U.S.-Sino business relations.
Tea in the Wild
Authors:   , Clark Mary
Published: February 2023

Beauty abounds in Nature; A clear night sky, cloud formations, flowing water, growing plants, and fossils embedded in stone. Any aspect of Nature that captures my attention and invites a closer work is inspirational to me. I attempt to observe as a child might, with the excitement of discovery and a sense of wonder. I am an explorer of what is right before my eyes. There are subtleties and details in Nature that are noticeable only after careful scrutiny. I select aspects of what I observe, and then incorporate them into my art. My curiosity has led me to view large and distant astronomical phenomena through telescopes, and fine organic structures visible only with a scanning electron microscope. I have walked in woods and prairie meadows, hiked in the mountains, and even braved all the dangers an active imagination can create in order to scuba dive among the reefs.