bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viscosity of liquid and semisolid materials: Establishing correlations between instrumental analyses and sensory characteristics
Authors: Conti‐Silva Ana Carolina , Ichiba Anderson Kintaro Takenobu , Silveira Alana Lisbôa da , Albano Kivia Mislaine , Nicoletti Vânia Regina
Published: August 2018

Considering the importance of texture for food products, we aimed to evaluate viscosity of different liquid and semisolid materials through instrumental analyses (rheometer and texture analyzer), as well sensory descriptive analysis, and establishing correlations between all these analyses. Eight materials were used: water, strawberry yogurt, condensed milk, honey, UHT cream, creamy dairy dessert, petit suisse strawberry flavor (a traditional French cheese from Normandy region, and sold as an infant product), and dulce de leche (obtained through cooking of a can of condensed milk, during 15 min under pressure, resulting in a brownish color product and more consistent than condensed milk). All materials were submitted to rheological analysis, analysis on texture analyzer, and descriptive sensory analysis. All techniques of measurement discriminated the texture of samples. The visual viscosity, defined as a sensory attribute evaluated by visual observation, was negatively correlated to apparent viscosity measured through rheological analysis with shear rate at 10 s−1. Oral viscosity and body (both defined as sensory attributes evaluated by oral perception) were positively correlated with areas from graphs obtained in the texture analyzer, and with apparent viscosity measured through rheological analysis at shear rate of 10 s−1, although positive strong correlation was also found between body and apparent viscosity at higher shear rates (50 and 100 s−1). The strong correlations enable application of these instrumental tests as indicators of the sensory texture of liquid and semisolid materials.

Practical applications

Texture has a minor importance to liquid and semisolid materials in comparison to meat and crunchy products. However, the relevance of texture to these kinds of products has growing up recently. Therefore, measuring and understanding viscosity of liquid and semisolid materials, using different ways of evaluation, brings relevant information to the area. Moreover, establishing correlations between instrumental and sensory analyses may indicate which instrumental analysis and which analysis condition would be more adequate to correlate with sensory perception of texture, allowing a convergence for future studies and for discussion of results.
Violent extremism: A comparison of approaches to assessing and managing risk
Authors: Logan Caroline , Lloyd Monica
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The task of assessing and managing risk of violence has evolved considerably in the last 25 years, and the field of violent extremism has the potential to stand on the shoulders of the giants of this time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify good practice in the risk field and to apply that to the specific area of risk in relation to violent extremism – in order that developments here accord to highest standards of practice achieved so far elsewhere.

Method and Results

We begin by addressing the essential requirement to define the task of assessing and managing the risk of violent extremism – What is its purpose and parameters, who are its practitioners, in what contexts is this activity delivered, and how might any such context both facilitate and hinder the objectives of the task? Next, we map the terrain – What guidance is already available to assist practitioners in their work of understanding and managing the risk of violent extremism, and by what standards may we judge the quality of this and future guidance in the contexts in which is it applied? Finally, we explore options for the development of the field in terms of the empirical basis upon which the risks presented by individuals and the organizations to which they may affiliate are assessed, understood, and managed.

Conclusions

Recommendations are proposed in relation to each of these three areas of concern with a view to supporting the rapid and credible advancement of this growing and vital area of endeavour.
Chronic kidney disease progression in kidney transplant recipients: A focus on traditional risk factors
Authors: Carminatti Moisés , Tedesco‐Silva Hélio , Silva Fernandes Natália Maria , Sanders‐Pinheiro Helady
Published: August 2018

Kidney transplant recipients are a subset of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that remain at high risk for progression to dialysis and mortality. Recent advances in immunosuppression have only partially improved long‐term graft and patient survival. Discovery of new immunosuppressive regimens is a slow and resource‐intensive process. Hence, recognition and management of modifiable allogeneic and non‐allogeneic risk factors for progression to CKD among kidney transplant recipients is of major interest for improving long‐term outcomes. Graft survival is mainly determined by the quality of the allograft and by the patient’s alloimmune response, which is influenced by human leukocyte antigen matching and the presence of donor‐specific antibodies. Alloimmune responses manifest as acute and chronic forms of cell‐ and antibody‐mediated rejection, which can be worsened by patient non‐adherence or under‐immunosuppression. However, donor and patient ages, glomerular disease recurrence, time on dialysis, pre‐existing cardiovascular burden, medication side‐effects and traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, proteinuria, anaemia, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and bone mineral disorder, which can ultimately lead to severe endothelial derangement, also contribute to graft loss and mortality. These traditional risk factors, common to pre‐dialysis patients, often are considered of secondary importance when compared to alloimmunity and immunosuppression concerns. In this review article, we focus on the epidemiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic features of non‐allogeneic traditional risk factors for CKD. We also discuss the benefit of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to pursue the same therapeutic targets recommended for pre‐dialysis patients.
Case of primary central nervous system histiocytic sarcoma with prominent proliferation of histiocytic cells between the trabeculae of reactive glial cells
Authors: Takahashi Emiko , Sakakibara Ayako , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Nakamura Shigeo
Published: August 2018

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm that exhibits morphologic and immune‐phenotype evidence of histiocytic differentiation. The disease most commonly involves the lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and soft tissue, as well as in the central nervous system (CNS) being relatively rare. Here we report a case of primary CNS HS with unusual histopathological characteristics. A 65‐year‐old woman presented with CNS HS in the left frontal lobe region, showing two distinct histological patterns. Approximately half of the lesion displayed histological characteristics typical of HS, including diffuse invasion of large round‐to‐ovoid pleomorphic cells, with mitotic figures (Ki‐67 index: 30%) and coagulative necrotic foci. The other half exhibited prominent proliferation of histiocytic cells between the trabeculae of reactive glial cells, with rare mitotic figures (Ki‐67 index: < 1%) and no necrotic foci. There were transitions between two morphologies. The HS tumor cells and the histiocytic cells between the trabeculae of reactive glial cells possessed nearly identical histomorphologic and immunophenotypic features, although the HS tumor cells showed a more pronounced degree of cytologic atypia and mitotic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of HS with prominent proliferation of the histiocytic cells between the trabeculae of reactive glial cells. Here we present the detailed histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings. Investigating cases of HS may provide insight into the pathogenesis of this disease.
Nano‐engineering pollination
Authors: Lew Roger R.
Published: August 2018

This article is a Commentary on Burri et al., 220: 187–195.
Comparison of Plantar Pressure Distribution and Functional Outcome after Scarf and Austin Osteotomy
Authors: Puchner Stephan E , Trnka Hans‐Jörg , Willegger Madeleine , Staats Kevin , Holinka Johannes , Windhager Reinhard , Schuh Reinhard
Published: August 2018

Objective

To investigate the changes of plantar pressure distribution in patients who underwent either Austin or Scarf osteotomy and underwent a postoperative rehabilitation program.

Methods

Between September 2006 and December 2007, 50 participants who suffered from mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity were prospectively included in this study. An Austin osteotomy (Austin group) was performed in 25 patients and a Scarf osteotomy (Scarf group) in 25 patients. Indication for the Scarf or Austin technique was made according to the consensus of the Austrian society of foot and ankle surgery. Plantar pressure analysis was performed at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. Furthermore, range of motion and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire were evaluated.

Results

In the big toe and first metatarsal head region in groups, maximum force, peak pressure, and force‐time integral increased significantly from 4 weeks to 6 months postoperatively (P ≤ 0.001). The mean AOFAS score increased from 60.7 preoperatively to 93.1 6 months after Austin surgery and from 56.7 preoperatively to 94.4 6 months after Scarf surgery. The Austin group had a mean range of motion (ROM) of 68.5° that increased to a mean ROM of 75.5° 6 months postoperatively, while the Scarf group had a mean ROM of 67.8° that increased to a mean ROM of 68.2° 6 months postoperatively.

Conclusion

Despite different surgical techniques and the degree of deformity, there were no differences in plantar pressure parameters and functional outcomes between both groups.
Mutation of RGG2, which encodes a type B heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit, increases grain size and yield production in rice
Authors: Miao Jun , Yang Zefeng , Zhang Dongping , Wang Yuzhu , Xu Mengbin , Zhou Lihui , Wang Jun , Wu Shujun , Yao Youli , Du Xi , Gu Fangfei , Gong Zhiyun , Gu Minghong , Liang Guohua , Zhou Yong
Published: August 2018

Heterotrimeric G proteins, which consist of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, function as molecular switches that regulate a wide range of developmental processes in plants. In this study, we characterised the function of rice RGG2, which encodes a type B Gγ subunit, in regulating grain size and yield production. The expression levels of RGG2 were significantly higher than those of other rice Gγ‐encoding genes in all tissues tested, suggesting that RGG2 plays essential roles in rice growth and development. By regulating cell expansion, overexpression of RGG2 in Nipponbare (NIP) led to reduced plant height and decreased grain size. By contrast, two mutants generated by the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) system in the Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) background, zrgg2‐1 and zrgg2‐2, exhibited enhanced growth, including elongated internodes, increased 1000‐grain weight and plant biomass and enhanced grain yield per plant (+11.8% and 16.0%, respectively). These results demonstrate that RGG2 acts as a negative regulator of plant growth and organ size in rice. By measuring the length of the second leaf sheath after gibberellin (GA3) treatment and the GA‐induced α‐amylase activity of seeds, we found that RGG2 is also involved in GA signalling. In summary, we propose that RGG2 may regulate grain and organ size via the GA pathway and that manipulation of RGG2 may provide a novel strategy for rice grain yield enhancement.
Serum metabolic profiling using small molecular water‐soluble metabolites in individuals with schizophrenia: A longitudinal study using a pre–post‐treatment design
Authors: Cao Bing , Jin Min , Brietzke Elisa , McIntyre Roger S. , Wang Dongfang , Rosenblat Joshua D. , Ragguett Renee‐Marie , Zhang Chuanbo , Sun Xiaoyu , Rong Carola , Wang Jingyu
Published: August 2018

Aim

We sought to compare alterations in serum bioenergetic markers within a well‐characterized sample of adults with schizophrenia at baseline and after 8 weeks of pharmacological treatment with the hypothesis that treatment would be associated with significant changes in bioenergetic markers given the role of bioenergetic dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Methods

We recruited adults with schizophrenia (n = 122) who had not received pharmacological treatment for at least 1 month prior to enrollment, including drug‐naïve (i.e., first‐episode) participants and treatment non‐adherent participants. Pre‐ and post‐treatment serum samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Metabolites with the greatest change, when comparing pre‐ and post‐treatment levels, were identified revealing 14 water‐soluble metabolites of interest. The composition of these metabolites was: amino acids (n = 6), carnitines (n = 4), polar lipids (n = 3), and organic acid (n = 1). All amino acids and lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC) were increased, while the four carnitines – oleoylcarnitine, L‐palmitoylcarnitine, linoleyl carnitine, and L‐acetylcarnitine – were decreased post‐treatment. Of these metabolite biomarkers, six – oleoylcarnitine, linoleyl carnitine, L‐acetylcarnitine, LysoPC(15:0), D‐glutamic acid, and L‐arginine – were identified as having most consistently and predictably changed after 8 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion

The current study identified several bioenergetic markers that consistently change with pharmacological treatment. These bioenergetic changes may provide further insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia along with furthering our understanding of the mechanisms subserving both the effects (e.g., antipsychotic effects) and side‐effects (e.g., metabolic syndrome) of antipsychotics.
Fluid Inclusions and CHOSPb Isotopes: Implications for the Genesis of the Zhuanshanzi Gold Deposit on the Northern Margin of the North China Craton
Authors: Sun Zhenjun , Wang Zongqi , Yu Henan , Wang Chengyang , Liu Guanghu , Bai Xaingdong
Published: August 2018

The Zhuanshanzi gold deposit lies in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt and the northern section of the Chifeng‐Chaoyang gold belt. The gold veins are strictly controlled by a NW‐oriented shear fault zone. Quartz veins and altered tectonic rock‐type gold veins are the main vein types. The deposits can be divided into four mineralization stages, and the second and third metallogenic stages are the main metallogenic stages. In this paper, based on the detailed field geological surveys, an analysis of the orebody and ore characteristics, microtemperature measurement of fluid inclusions, the Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions, determination of CHOSPb isotopic geochemical characteristics, and so on were carried out to explore the origin of the ore‐forming fluids, ore‐forming materials, and the genesis of the deposits. The results show that the fluid inclusions can be divided into four types: type I – gas–liquid two‐phase inclusions; type II – gas‐rich inclusions; type III– liquid inclusions; and type IV – CO2‐containing three‐phase inclusions. However, they are dominated by type Ib – gas liquid inclusions and type IV – three‐phase inclusions containing CO2. The gas compositions are mainly H2O and CO2, indicating that the metallogenic system is a CO2H2ONaCl system. The homogenization temperature of the ore‐forming fluid evolved from a middle temperature to a low temperature, and the temperature of the fluid was further reduced due to meteoric water mixing during the late stage, as well as a lack of CO2 components, and eventually evolved into a simple NaClH2O hydrothermal system. CHOSPb isotope research proved that the ore‐forming fluids are mainly magmatic water during the early stage, with abundant meteoric water mixed in during the late stage. Ore‐forming materials originated mostly from hypomagma and were possibly influenced by the surrounding rocks, suggesting that the ore‐forming materials were mainly magmatic hydrothermal deposits, with a small amount of crustal component. The fluid immiscibility and the CO2 and CH4 gases in the fluids played an active and important role in the precipitation and enrichment of Au during different metallogenic stages. The deposit is considered a magmatic hydrothermal deposit of middle–low temperature.
The impact of hosting refugees on the intra‐household allocation of tasks: A gender perspective
Authors: Ruiz Isabel , Vargas‐Silva Carlos
Published: August 2018

This paper examines whether the presence of refugees alters the intra‐household allocation of tasks across genders in the hosting population. Using panel data (pre‐ and post‐refugee inflow) from Kagera, a rural region of Tanzania, we find that the refugee shock led to women being less likely to engage in employment outside the household and more likely to engage in household chores relative to men. This is probably the result of the environmental degradation that accompanied the arrival of refugees and the additional competition for natural resources such as wood and water. However, the results differ by (pre‐shock) literacy and math skill. For women who could read and perform simple written mathematical operations the refugee shock resulted in a higher likelihood of engaging in outside employment. In contrast, higher exposure to the refugee shock resulted in illiterate women being more likely to engage in farming and household chores.
Impact of soil conservation adoption on intra‐household allocations in Zambia
Authors: Carney Conor , Carney Monica Harber
Published: August 2018

Anecdotal evidence suggests that training in soil conservation techniques may lead to greater female involvement in agricultural production in sub‐Saharan Africa, but little is known about the causal relationship. We test this relationship empirically, examining the impact of soil conservation training sessions on female agricultural labor contributions within households in Zambia. Moreover, we explore the short‐run effects of increased female agricultural productivity on female empowerment through measurement of changes in gender‐specific resource allocations within the household. The extension of funding of conservation farming (CF) training sessions in 2007 in specific districts in Zambia provides variation in CF take‐up. We use this variation to implement a difference‐in‐differences strategy on a number of datasets. Our results suggest that expansion of funding for CF training sessions increased take‐up of CF, increased female labor hours, and shifted household expenditures toward goods associated more strongly with female preferences than male preferences. These results show the importance of understanding the impact of development programs, specifically promotion of agricultural technologies, on household gender dynamics.
Using the stochastic health state function to forecast healthcare demand and healthcare financing: Evidence from Singapore
Authors: Chia Ngee Choon , Loh Shu Peng
Published: August 2018

Typically, healthcare financing for an ageing population requires projections on healthcare demand and cost. However, projecting healthcare demand based on projected elderly does not consider changes in population health state over time. This paper proposes a new approach to forecast health variables using a stochastic health state function and the well‐established Lee–Carter stochastic mortality model. With the estimated health state at each age over time, we project the hospitalization rate, healthcare demand, and financing cost for Singapore using historical life tables and hospital admission data. Our findings show that while hospital insurance claims increase owing to an aging population, improving health state could save costs from hospital insurance claims. This has policy implications: more attention should be given to preventive healthcare such as health screening to improve the overall health state of the population.
Long‐Term Impact of Minimum Wages on Workers’ Careers: Evidence from Two Decades of Longitudinal Linked Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Cardoso Ana Rute
Published: August 2018

We analyze the impact of high youth minimum wages, relying on two decades of linked employer–employee data and a major law change. Alternative treatment/control groups follow from two strands of the literature, one tracking low‐skilled workers employed before the law change, who are eligible for a large wage increase, and one tracking the employment of full cohorts, whether working or in school when the law changed. High minimum wages led to a short‐term wage gain, which faded over time. They did not jeopardize employment prospects. Changes in the hours worked by part‐time workers point to increased job attachment.
Access to fisheries in the maritime frontier of Palawan Province, Philippines
Authors: Fabinyi Michael , Dressler Wolfram , Pido Michael
Published: August 2018

Globally, capital investments are intensifying extraction and contestation over resources in frontier spaces, yet most discussion has focused on terrestrial frontiers. This paper shifts this focus to bring a scaled political ecology approach to examine the access dynamics of fisheries trade in the maritime frontier of Palawan province, the Philippines. We adapt the linked concepts of access and exclusion to highlight how access dynamics unfold at multiple scales. At the local scale, social relations of class and ethnicity serve as important markers of difference that inform control over access to fisheries resources. At the regional scale, we show how engagement in fisheries trade is also shaped by broader historical and geographical contexts of migration and land use change. Access dynamics unfold at multiple inter‐related scales to heavily influence the differentiated social outcomes of expanded fisheries trade.
A novel HLA‐A null allele, HLA‐A*30:130N, discovered by amplicon‐based next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Balz Vera , Fischer Johannes , Krause Stefan , Enczmann Juergen
Published: August 2018

A novel HLA‐A allele, HLA‐A*30:130N, carrying a two‐nucleotide insertion in exon 4 is described.
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection
Authors: Barfuss Spencer , Knackstedt Elizabeth Doby , Jensen Kyle , Molina Kimberly , Lal Ashwin
Published: August 2018

We report the case of a 3‐year‐old male who developed recurrent Clostridium difficile infection after receiving an orthotopic heart transplant. Despite multiple courses of antibiotics, C. difficile infection was persistent and he underwent a fecal microbiota transplant. The patient responded with resolution of his diarrhea. However, within 2 months he developed severe mixed rejection with high circulating donor‐specific antibodies and significant coronary vasculopathy. Organ dysfunction led to the need for re‐transplantation. The patient's postoperative course has since been complicated by pneumatosis intestinalis and recurrent C. difficile infection.
Haemoglobinopathy: considerations for reproductive health
Authors: Supramaniam Prasanna Raj , Mittal Monica , Hay Deborah , Narvekar Nitish , Lim Lee Nai , Becker Christian M
Published: August 2018

Key content

An overview is given of the different types of haemoglobinopathies and the effect of iron overload on the function of vital organs, including the endocrine system.

Assessment modalities for ovarian and testicular function measurement.

Current management options for patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism secondary to iron overload include chelation therapy from an early age and human menopausal gonadotrophin to induce ovulation and spermatogenesis. Egg, sperm or embryo donation remain alternative options in cases refractory to stimulation protocols.

Cryopreservation is an option to retain future fertility in some patients with a haemoglobinopathy, but is not standard care.

We consider the psychological impact of a haemoglobinopathy and iron overload, and their effects on reproductive health, as well as good medical support by a multidisciplinary team.

Learning objectives

To understand the current evidence of the impact of iron overload secondary to a haemoglobinopathy on reproductive health.

To evaluate best practice and alternative options in the management of patients with iron overload in a reproductive health setting.
Storage after gamma irradiation affects in vivo oxygen delivery capacity of transfused red blood cells in preterm infants
Authors: Saito‐Benz Maria , Murphy William G. , Tzeng Yu‐Chieh , Atkinson Greg , Berry Mary J.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Gamma irradiation of red blood cells (RBCs) is well recognized to exacerbate storage lesion formation, but the effect of storage after irradiation on in vivo oxygen delivery capacity of transfused RBCs is currently not known.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In 24 preterm infants with anemia receiving nonurgent transfusion of irradiated RBCs, we examined cerebral regional tissue oxygenation (crSO2) and time spent with peripheral arterial saturation (SpO2) less than 88%. Physiologic data were obtained immediately before, immediately after, and 5 days after transfusion.

RESULTS

We observed linear negative moderate correlations between time since irradiation and the magnitude of change in crSO2 (r = –0.60; 95% CI, –0.81 to –0.27; p = 0.0018) and time spent with SpO2 of less than 88% (r = –0.42; 95% CI, –0.71 to 0.003; p = 0.04) immediately after transfusion. In infants (n = 9) who received fresher RBCs (irradiated <10 days before transfusion), there was a sustained increase in mean crSO2 up to 5 days after transfusion (3.0%; 95% CI, 0.3% to 5.7%; p = 0.04). Conversely, in infants (n = 15) who received older RBCs (irradiated ≥10 days before transfusion), there were negligible changes in crSO2 after transfusion at any time point.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that storage after gamma irradiation may have a detrimental effect on the oxygen delivery capacity of RBCs given to anemic preterm infants.
The epidemiology of bacterial culture–positive and septic transfusion reactions at a large tertiary academic center: 2009 to 2016
Authors: Erony Sean M. , Marshall Christi E. , Gehrie Eric A. , Boyd Joan S. , Ness Paul M. , Tobian Aaron A.R. , Carroll Karen C. , Blagg Lorraine , Shifflett Lisa , Bloch Evan M.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Bacterial contamination and associated septic transfusion reactions (STRs) remain the leading infectious risk to the blood supply. We sought to characterize the risk and clinical presentation of blood culture–positive transfusion reactions (BCPTRs) and STRs at our institution.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted of all suspected transfusion reactions reported to the transfusion service at a 1000‐bed tertiary academic medical center from January 2009 to September 2016. Routine investigation included review of the clinical presentation, Gram stain, and bacterial culture of residual blood from the transfused product or associated blood bag. BCPTRs were defined by the presence of a positive bacterial culture in the blood product and/or recipient. STRs met definitive Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hemovigilance criteria for transfusion‐transmitted infection, with definite imputability and concordant bacterial culture of the blood product and recipient.

RESULTS

A total of 688,514 blood products were transfused during the study period, 3170 transfusion reactions were reported, and 18 (0.57%) were BCPTRs of which seven (0.22%) were STRs. Fifteen of 18 (83.3%) BCPTRs and six of seven (85.7%) were associated with transfusion of apheresis platelets. Major symptoms and signs of BCPTRs included chills (67%), fever (61%), and nausea and vomiting (50%). Four of seven (57.1%) STRs were classified as severe or life‐threatening.

CONCLUSION

BCPTRs are rare yet potentially serious. The signs and symptoms of BCPTRs, and associated STRs, are not specific, posing risk of misclassification. Challenges surrounding reporting and case ascertainment underscore the need for laboratory measures to address residual risk of contamination.
FAITH AND COMPASSION IN AN UNFINISHED UNIVERSE
Authors: Haught John F.
Published: August 2018

The theme of compassion is prominent in the work of Christopher Southgate. This scientist and theologian is deeply affected by Charles Darwin's nineteenth century disclosure of the long, previously unknown, history of life's suffering. Southgate is also aware of the many unsuccessful attempts by Christian theologians to make sense of it all. Here I build on Southgate's work. I note, first, that both the suffering of life and the protest against it by compassionate human beings are integral parts of a single cosmic drama; second, that the drama is still far from finished; and, third, that the suffering of innocent life remains unintelligible and unredeemed apart from faith's anticipation of a fulfillment that awaits the entire cosmic drama.
Evaluation of Candidate Teacher Training Process from the Viewpoint of Mentor Teachers
Authors: Alabaş Ramazan , Yılmaz İhsan
Published: August 2018

Teacher education has been one of the most debated topics in history of Turkish education. At the beginning of the teacher's career, the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MONE) implemented the Candidate Teacher Training Program in 2016, so the teachers accepted to the profession were qualified as “candidate teachers” and they were subjected to the training process. The aim of this research is to examine the opinions of the mentor teachers regarding the Candidate Teacher Training Program implemented by the Turkish MONE for the training of candidate teachers. This research, which is a qualitative case study, was conducted with the participation of 36 teachers who are mentors to candidate teachers within the Candidate Teacher Training Program in the schools, which were affiliated to MONE in Kastamonu province center and its districts. The data of the study were collected by means of a semi-structured interview form. The data obtained in the research were analyzed with descriptive analysis and content analysis approaches. Mentor teachers thought that the Candidate Teacher Training Program is beneficial because the program provided the candidate teachers with the opportunities to identify students, acquire educational-instructional competence, acquire managerial knowledge, and identify the school and the social environment. However mentor teachers stated that they have experienced some problems related to the process such as filling in forms, some problems resulting from the candidate teacher, and time inadequacy.
The Effect of Acute Aerobical Exercise on Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation of Athletes
Authors: Eroğlu Hüseyin , Okyaz Bülent , Türkçapar Ünal
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on arterial blood hemoglobin oxygen saturation in athletes.36 healthy male athletes participated voluntarily with the age (20.9 ± 1.6 yrs), weight (69.8 ± 5.5 kg) and height (169.6 ± 3.7 cm), who studied at school of physical education and practiced 90 minutes of exercise 6 days a week,. This study was conducted with the approval of Ethics Committee of Health Sciences Institute with session date specified in article of Ethics Committee, dated in 13.09.2017.The heights, body weights and VO2 max values of participants were determined by VO2 max shuttle run test once, pre- and post-shuttle run heart rates and oxygen saturations were determined by pulse oximetry. The statistical analysis of data was made in SPSS 21.0 for windows package program. The normality test of data was done by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and it was found that data was not normally distributed. The Wilcoxon test, a nonparametric test, was used to determine for difference between pre-test and post-test. The significance value was taken at level 0.01.As a result of statistical analyses, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between oxygen saturations and heart rates of participants before and after exercise. In conclusion, it can be said that acute aerobic exercise can reduce oxygen saturation.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: August 2018

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 9a Benmarrakchi Fatimaezzahra, Chouaib Doukkali University, MoroccoErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyThomas K. F. Chiu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong                     Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Effects of Transient Heat Transfer on Compressor Stability
Authors: Kiss A. , Spakovszky Z.
Published: August 2018

The effects of heat transfer between the compressor structure and the primary gas path flow on compressor stability are investigated during hot engine re-acceleration transients. A mean line analysis of an advanced, high-pressure ratio compressor is extended to include the effects of heat transfer on both stage matching and blade row flow angle deviation. A lumped capacitance model is used to compute the heat transfer of the compressor blades, hub, and casing to the primary gas path. The inputs to the compressor model with heat transfer are based on a combination of full engine data, compressor test rig measurements, and detailed heat transfer computations. Nonadiabatic transient calculations show a 8.0 point reduction in stall margin from the adiabatic case, with heat transfer predominantly altering the transient stall line. 3.4 points of the total stall margin reduction are attributed to the effect of heat transfer on blade row deviation, with the remainder attributed to stage rematching. Heat transfer increases loading in the front stages and destabilizes the front block. Sensitivity studies show a strong dependence of stall margin to heat transfer magnitude and flow angle deviation at low speed, due to the effects of compressibility. Computations for the same transient using current cycle models with bulk heat transfer effects only capture 1.2 points of the 8.0 point stall margin reduction. Based on this new capability, opportunities exist early in the design process to address potential stability issues due to transient heat transfer.
Foundry Data Analytics to Identify Critical Parameters Affecting Quality of Investment Castings
Authors: Sata Amit , Ravi B.
Published: August 2018

Investment castings are used in industrial sectors including automobile, aerospace, chemical, biomedical, and other critical applications; they are required to be of significant quality (free of defects and possess the desired range of mechanical properties). In practice, this is a big challenge, since there are large number of parameters related to process and alloy composition are involved in process. Also, their values change for every casting, and their effect on quality is not very well understood. It is, however, difficult to identify the most critical parameters and their specific values influencing the quality of investment castings. This is achieved in the present work by employing foundry data analytics based on Bayesian inference to compute the values of posterior probability for each input parameter. Computation of posterior probability for each parameter in turn involves computation of local probability (LP), prior odd, conditional probability (CP), joint probability (JP), prior odd, likelihood ratio (LR) as well as posterior odd. Computed value of posterior probability helps (parameters are considered to be critical if the value of posterior probability is high) in identifying critical parameter and their specific range of values affecting quality of investment castings. This is demonstrated on real-life data collected from an industrial foundry. Controlling the identified parameters within the specific range of values resulted in improved quality. Unlike computer simulation, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and statistical methods explored by earlier researchers, the proposed approach is easy to implement in industry for controlling and optimizing the parameters to achieve castings that are defect free as well as in desired range of mechanical properties. The current work also shows the way forward for building similar systems for other casting and manufacturing processes.
Compliant Hybrid Gas Bearing Using Modular Hermetically Sealed Squeeze Film Dampers
Authors: Ertas Bugra , Delgado Adolfo
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a new gas bearing concept that targets machine applications in the megawatt (MW) power range. The concept involves combining a compliant hybrid gas bearing (CHGB) with two hermetically sealed squeeze film damper (HSFD) modules installed in the bearing support damper cavities. The main aim of the research was to demonstrate gas bearing-support damping levels using HSFD that rival conventional open-flow squeeze film dampers (SFD) in industry. A detailed description of the bearing design and functionality is discussed while anchoring the concept through a brief recap of past gas bearing concepts. Proof-of-concept experimental testing is presented involving parameter identification of the bearing support force coefficients along with a demonstration of speed and load capability using recessed hydrostatic pads. Finally, a landing test was performed on the bearing at high speed and load with porous carbon pads to show capability of sustaining rubs at high speeds. The component testing revealed robust viscous damping in the bearing support, which was shown to be comparable to existing state of the art SFD concepts. The damping and stiffness of the system-portrayed moderate frequency dependency, which was simulated using a 2D Reynolds-based incompressible fluid flow model. Finally, rotating tests demonstrated the ability of the gas bearing concept to sustain journal excursions and loads indicative of critical speed transitions experienced in large turbomachinery.
Challenges and Solutions for Utilization of Bioliquids in Microturbines
Authors: Seljak Tine , Pavalec Klemen , Buffi Marco , Valera-Medina Agustin , Chiaramonti David , Katrašnik Tomaž
Published: August 2018

Increased public concerns and stricter regulatory frameworks promote the role of bioliquids (liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling, produced from biomass). This is a driving force for development and employment of micro-gas turbines (MGTs) due to their ability to combust bioliquids with less favorable properties in a decentralized manner. Gas turbines are characterized by relatively high combustion efficiency at relatively low concentrations of harmful emissions, relatively high effective efficiency and durability when utilizing a common portfolio of gas turbine approved fuels. It is thus desired to preserve these advantages of gas turbines also while burning bioliquids and further relying on their scalability that is crucial to efficient support of decentralized energy production at small scales. To support these objectives, MGT technology needs to allow for utilization of bioliquids with much wider spectrum of physical and chemical properties compared to common commercially available MGTs in a single MGT-based plant. In this view, the present study is providing the first thorough overview of challenges and solutions encountered by researchers across the wide area of bioliquids in MGTs.
Effect of the Asymmetric Baffle Shape on the Thermal Performance Using Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Rostam Mohsen , Amiri Elham Omidbakhsh
Published: August 2018

The efficiency of industrial heat equipment can be increased using baffles. The shape of baffles is one of the effective parameters. In this work, the effect of shapes of asymmetric baffles on the thermal performance has been investigated. Four different shapes as rectangular diagonal, trapezoidal, triangular and semi-ellipsoid, as well as, vertical rectangle (as the base model) were used. Also, four non-Newtonian fluids were used as the working fluid. The governing equation, which models the physical phenomenon, was solved with the finite volume method. The results showed that better thermal performance could be observed with semi-ellipsoid baffle for all four non-Newtonian fluids. However, for different models of non-Newtonian fluids, the average of increasing of thermal performance with different percent was achieved. By comparing different models of non-Newtonian fluids, shear-thinning model shows better thermal performance than other models.
Learning-Based Variable Compliance Control for Robotic Assembly
Authors: Ren Tianyu , Dong Yunfei , Wu Dan , Chen Ken
Published: August 2018

The assembly task is of major difficulty for manufacturing automation. Wherein the peg-in-hole problem represents a group of manipulation tasks that feature continuous motion control in both unconstrained and constrained environments, so that it requires extremely careful consideration to perform with robots. In this work, we adapt the ideas underlying the success of human to manipulation tasks, variable compliance and learning, for robotic assembly. Based on sensing the interaction between the peg and the hole, the proposed controller can switch the operation strategy between passive compliance and active regulation in continuous spaces, which outperforms the fixed compliance controllers. Experimental results show that the robot is able to learn a proper stiffness strategy along with the trajectory policy through trial and error. Further, this variable compliance policy proves robust to different initial states and it is able to generalize to more complex situation.
Micro-Assembly Sequence and Path Planning Using Subassemblies
Authors: Venkatesan Vinoth , Seymour Joseph , Cappelleri David J.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a novel assembly sequence planning (ASP) procedure utilizing a subassembly based search algorithm (SABLS) for micro-assembly applications involving geometric and other assembly constraints. The breakout local search (BLS) algorithm is adapted to provide sequencing solutions in assemblies with no coherent solutions by converting the final assembly into subassemblies which can be assembled together. This is implemented using custom-made microparts which fit together only in a predefined fashion. Once the ASP is done, the parts are manipulated from a cluttered space to their final positions in the subassemblies using a path-planning algorithm based on rapidly exploring random tree (RRT*), a random-sampling based execution, and micromanipulation motion primitives. The entire system is demonstrated by assembling LEGO® inspired microparts into various configurations which involve subassemblies, showing the versatility of the system.
Dexterous Workspace Optimization for a New Hybrid Parallel Robot Manipulator
Authors: Kucuk Serdar
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a new hybrid parallel robot (HPR) manipulator is introduced. First three kinematic limbs of six-legged general Stewart platform (6DOF GSP) manipulator are disconnected. Afterward, each passive universal joint of remaining three-legged parallel manipulator (three-UPS) is mounted at the center of each second passive revolute joint of RPR planar parallel manipulator (3DOF PPM) where underlined letters present active joints. Active actuators of PPM mounted between base platform of GSP and ground perform translations along x and y-axes, and rotation about z-axis. Remaining three limbs of GSP mechanism provide translation z-axis, and rotation about x- and y-axes only. Thus HPR can perform motion with full dimensions (translation and rotation about x-, y-, and z-axes). Optimizations are performed by using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Optimization results demonstrated that HPR provides better dexterity and singularity-free workspace characteristics than GSP.
Data Processing of Pulsation Signals of a Turbine Based on EMD and Teager Energy Operator
Authors: Wang Fengli , Chen Hua , Gu Aiguo , Hu Wei
Published: August 2018

Nonstationary and nonlinear signals are often encountered in turbomachinery research and development. Sometimes the frequency of these signals changes with time. One such an example is the pulsating pressure and strain signals measured during engine ramp to find the maximum resonance strain or during engine transient in applications. As the pulsation signals can come from different disturbance sources, detecting the weak useful signals under a noise background can be difficult. For this type of signals, a novel method based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Teager Energy Operator (TEO) is proposed. First, the signals are processed by a self-adaptive Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) to remove noises and enhance the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Then the EMD and Correlation Kurtosis (CK) are employed to select the sensitive Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). In the end, TEO algorithm is applied to the selected sensitive IMF to identify the characteristic frequencies. A case of measured sound signal and strain signal from a turbocharger turbine blade was studied to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method. In this case the FFT failed to identify the blade vibratory signal at all, and the EEMD method was barely able to do so. The proposed method successfully captured the blade vibration from the both sound and strain signals.