bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical specimens reveal past relationships and current conservation status of populations in a declining species: the regal fritillary butterfly
Authors: KEYGHOBADI NUSHA , KOSCINSKI DARIA , WEINTRAUB JASON D. , FONSECA DINA M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract.  1. The regal fritillary butterfly, Speyeria idalia Drury 1773, was once widespread across eastern North America, but has declined significantly and rapidly over the past half‐century. Although more stable in the western portion of its range, only two populations survive east of the Great Lakes, one in eastern Pennsylvania and the other in Virginia.

2. Previous studies have found that the remnant Pennsylvania population is genetically differentiated from populations in the west, and have suggested the designation of separate eastern and western subspecies. However, the historical pattern of genetic variation from which the current distinctness of the Pennsylvania population has arisen was not known, nor was the relationship with the remnant Virginia population.

3. We amplified and sequenced two mitochondrial loci (COI/II and ND4) from preserved specimens to infer historical patterns of genetic variation in this species, and we used non‐lethally obtained tissue samples to assess the relationship of the two eastern remnant populations.

4. We found very consistent patterns between the two loci. Both had a very shallow haplotype network with few mutations separating most haplotypes. At both loci, we observed distinct groups of haplotypes in the western and far eastern (i.e. New England) portions of the range; a region of transition was centred on Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and the Virginias, where both groups, and intermediate haplotypes, were represented.

5. Importantly, the extant Virginia population shared haplotypes with western populations of S. idalia and not with the extant Pennsylvania population. We discuss the implications of this result for the taxonomy and translocations/introductions of the species.
‘Under a Petticoat’: Excess Femininity and Lesbian Desire on the Restoration and Early Eighteenth‐Century British Stage
Authors: GOODE DAWN M.
Published: June 2012

In the breeches comedy of the Restoration and early eighteenth century, the cross‐dressed woman's gender transgression and sexual play are happily forgiven, but the femme who desires her comes to signify the deviant nature of women as a whole. Through deploying the traditional anti‐woman triptych of excess femininity – mercenary whore, amoral widow and rebellious wife – the breeches comedy identifies the femme's desire as lesbian. In its effort to control such desire, the Restoration and early eighteenth‐century breeches comedy instead invested all women with its frightening potential, engendering even more restrictive recuperation projects for female sexuality as the century progressed.
Inducible myocardial ischaemia diagnosed using computed tomography dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion technique
Authors: Jabbour Andrew , Boshell David , Sesel Kenneth , Silverstone Elizabeth , Muller David , Stirrup James , Rubens Michael , Hayward Christopher S , Wright Susan P
Published: June 2012

Improved multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) temporal and spatial resolution allows for the assessment of coronary artery disease, left ventricular systolic function and resting myocardial perfusion defects with high sensitivity and specificity. Here we present a case using a novel combination technique of cardiac computed tomography scanning with dipyridamole stress for the detection of functionally significant coronary disease, and demonstrate that dipyridamole‐induced myocardial ischaemia is both detectable and quantifiable by cardiac MDCT.
The History of the Name Widmanstätten: A Few Previously Unpublished Facts
Authors: Paneth F. A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract Extensive historical investigations have shown that the discoverer of the etching figures characteristic of many irony meteorites called himself “Widmanstätten”; accordingly, there is no reason to deviate from this spelling, since the man himself employed it. Indeed, it would be an historical falsification to use any other form, even though the family of Widmanstätten does use today the name “Beckh‐Widmanstetter.”
The Monahans, Texas, Meteorite
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

The Monahans, Texas, meteorite seems to form a connecting link between the group of the nickel‐rich ataxites and that of the finest octahedrites. It has developed an unusually heavy crust of oxides in which zaratite has been identified. It is thought also to contain diamonds. A chemical analysis, showing 88.30% Fe and 10.88% Ni, by F. G. Hawley, is included.
The Washougal, Washington, Aërolite
Authors: Pruett J. Hugh
Published: June 2012

Abstract

This paper contains a detailed account of the finding, identification, etc., of the meteorite discovered by Mr. Jerry E. Best on his farm about a mile north of the town of Washougal, Clark County, Washington, on July 3, 1939, the day after the audible Portland, Oregon, meteor appeared. The meteorite, which is about as large as a tennis ball, is covered by a thin, black, glazed crust and is an aërolite of the comparatively rare Howardite variety. This is the first meteorite on record for the State of Washington.
An Unexplained Craterlet Near Chickasha, Oklahoma*
Authors: Monnig Oscar E. , Brown Robert G.
Published: June 2012

An elliptical depression, about 80 × 110 feet, in a wheat field which has been cultivated for about 35 years, just east of Chickasha, Oklahoma, was investigated in a preliminary way by photographing it from an airplane, checking its local history, and digging three test holes in it. No positive evidence of any single mode of origin was adduced, although there seems to be at least some slight possibility that it is meteoritic.
Criteria for Estimating the Population of Meteoritic Showers*
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

One of the unsettled questions in meteoritics relates to the determination of the total number, N, of meteorites falling in such showers as those of Pultusk (Poland), Estherville (Iowa), and Holbrook (Arizona). The value of N has, for obvious reasons, not been determined by counting. Partial and unsystematic counts either have been accepted as giving the true value of N or else have been corrected by arbitrarily assuming that some specified fraction of N escaped enumeration. In the present paper, several simple criteria for estimating the population of a meteoritic shower are derived by use of the theory of probability. The formulas deduced for the determination of N have been tested with satisfactory results on man‐made meteoritic showers. By the use of one of the criteria, it is shown that, for the Holbrook shower, N was almost certainly of the order of 100,000, and hence that the population of the Pultusk shower, which seems to have been a larger one even than Holbrook, probably considerably exceeded this figure. The criteria developed may be employed in many other connections.
Statistical Studies of the Meteoritic Falls of the World: 2. Their Areal Concentration
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. , Slanin Boris
Published: June 2012

This paper is a continuation of the related article in C.S.R.M. for March, 1941. It consists mainly of 3 tables exhibiting the areal concentration of the meteoritic falls of (1) the United States, (2) countries other than the United States, and (3) the continents and the world (1388 falls in all) and a short discussion of the material in each table. Many of the conclusions reached in the present study are in striking contrast to, though they are of course quite in harmony with, those set forth in the earlier paper. Density of population is seen clearly to be a reason for the concentration of known meteoritic falls, while a sixteenth point favoring the recovery of meteorites is recognized and stated.
Contraterrene Meteorites
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

This note is in reply to the unfounded objections of H. H. Nininger (C.S.R.M., P.A., 49, 215–16, April, 1941) to the writer's paper on contraterrene meteorites (ibid., 99–102, February, 1941; C.S.R.M., 2, No. 4, 244–7, 1941).
The Enon, Ohio, Meteorite (Mesosiderite)
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

This paper tells of the recognition and the recovery of a small (763‐g.) mesosiderite, known as the Enon, Ohio, meteorite; it contains also some interesting notes on both the extent and the range in composition of meteorites.
Statistical Studies of the Meteorltic Falls of the World: 5. The Observed Sideritic and Siderolitic Falls1
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

This paper consists essentially of 3 tables: Table 1, 38 sideritic and siderolitic falls, of which the observation appears to be authentic; Table 2, 18 such falls, whose observation is doubtful or improbable; and Table 3, 7 such falls, so recently reported to have been witnessed as to call for further information, either to confirm or to disprove their reputed observation. The falls, especially those of Table 1, are briefly discussed, and the article ends with a recital of the criteria that may be used to determine whether or not a meteorite—iron or stone—was seen to fall.
Concerning Possible Lunar Meteoric Phenomena
Authors: Haas Walter H.
Published: June 2012

This paper contains an account of two possible lunar meteors recently observed by the author and Mr. R. G. Johnson. Data concerning systematic searches for lunar meteors undertaken in the course of the years 1941–43 also are given. The importance of continuing such systematic searches is emphasized.
Finding a New Meteorite
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Following is an account of the incidents relevant to the discovery of several new meteorites, in particular a small stony specimen (an aerolite) weighing about 4 pounds, found recently on a farm in the northern part of Cowley County, Kansas.
On the Classification of Meteorites
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The classification of meteorites as a whole is briefly presented and discussed; in particular, it is pointed out that the intermediate or transitional group, now universally known as the siderolites (symbol, So), consists of 2 main subdivisions, namely the “irony stones,” hereinafter termed sideraerolites (Sa), and the “stony irons” or so‐called lithosiderites (Li).
Meteoritical Position Problems
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Meteoritical position problems are defined and described in the order of increasing difficulty. A more critical approach to the determination of position data and to the identification of meteorites which have obviously been transported from their places of fall is urged.
On the Assignment of Co‐ordinate Numbers to Meteoritlc Falls
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION

The preceding paper by Dr. Lincoln La Paz on “Meteoritical Position Problems raises some interesting questions concerning the assignment of coordinate numbers1 to meteoritic falls. These matters are briefly discussed in the following paragraphs. There is an addendum on the observational determination of the coordinates of a place.
On the Place of Meteorites in the Cosmos
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The place of meteorites in the cosmos is exhibited by means of what is called the Inventory of the Universe (Table 1). A Classification of Fallen Meteorites (Mi) (Table 2) is included in the article for convenience of reference. Several fundamental terms are defined and the subject of the paper is commented on briefly.
The Co‐ordinate Numbers and Classification of the Quartz Mountain and Quinn Canyon, Nevada, Siderites
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The coördinate numbers and classification of the Quartz Mountain and Quinn Canyon, Nye County, Nevada, siderites are given. Quartz Mountain, which closely resembles a typical Canyon Diablo, Arizona, iron, is apparently a very old fall, while Quinn Canyon is doubtless a much later arrival on the planet.
Some Meteoritic Iron Sulfides
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Two varieties of iron sulfide from one of the Gibeon (Bethany), Great Namaqualand, South Africa, irons are described and analyses are given. One variety is dark in color, soft, nonmagnetic, and nickel‐free, while the other is lighter‐colored, hard, polishable, strongly magnetic, and exceedingly rich in nickel. An analysis of a mixture of iron sulfide and daubréelite from another of the same group of meteorites also is given. Sulfides from Canyon Diablo, Arizona, and Xiquipilco (Toluca), Mexico State, Mexico, also are described and analyses for these too are given.
Studies of the Meteoritic Falls of the World: 7. Numbers and Percents of Observed and Unobserved Falls of All Classes
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The substance of this paper is comprized within 2 tables entitled respectively. “1. Numbers and Percents of Observed and Unobserved Falls of All Classes,” 1220 falls in all, recorded in Coulson's “Catalogue of Meteorites” (1940), and “2. Frequencies of Minimum and Maximum Percents of Observed Falls of the Principal Classes.” The data of these tables are briefly reviewed, and several conclusions are stated. It is a noteworthy if not a remarkable fact that at least one representative of every known variety of aerolite has been observed to fall; this suggests, among other things, that aerolitic material may be present on the Earth which has not been recognized as such, simply because no sample of it has been seen to fall.
A Report on Dust Collections Made at Mount Weather and Arlington, Virginia, 1 October to 20 November, 1946
Authors: Landsberg H. E.
Published: June 2012

Procedures employed in the collection of atmospheric dust during the interval 1 October to 20 November, 1946, are described. Details are given on the microscope technique used in the examination of the dust collected. From an analysis of the results obtained, arguments are adduced favoring the hypothesis that certain of the dust particles collected were of cosmic origin.
Sampling Theory Applied to Meteoritic Populations
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Meteoriticists have long believed in the existence of areal anomalies in the horizontal distribution of meteorites. On the one hand, the significantly different proportions in which iron and stone meteorites are found in samples of the total meteoritic populations of the eastern and western hemispheres have repeatedly called forth the statement that such an anomaly, having an origin somehow connected with geographical location, exists between the hemispheres. On the other hand, Högbom has conjectured that a similar areal anomaly, having its origin not in geographical location, but rather in the local selective depletion of native‐iron meteorite‐populations by the agency of man is found on comparing the meteoritic populations of the Old (or long‐inhabited) World and the New. This second partition of the globe into subregions is distinct from the separation into eastern and western hemispheres.

The present paper critically subjects the evidence for these suggested anomalies to analysis, by use of the sampling theory developed in the study of discrete, 2‐fold populations. Such an approach is possible only because of the recent publication by Frederick C. Leonard and Boris Slanin17 of invaluable compilations relating to the areal distribution of all recovered meteorites. On the basis of the exhaustive sampling data thus supplied, the following conclusions have been reached: Denote by W a meteoritic population derived from witnessed falls and by U such a population derived from unwitnessed falls; then no significant difference as regards the incidence of stony character exists between (1) the W's of the eastern and western hemispheres; (2) the U's of these hemispheres; (3) the W's of the Old and New Worlds; and (4) the U's of the same subregions. The analysis carried out makes clear also that current belief in areal anomalies stems from the logically indefensible practice of lumping together the U and W populations of each of the distinct geographical areas compared.
The Oxide Crust of the Willamette, Oregon, Meteorite
Authors: Morley Russell A.
Published: June 2012

More than 8,500 gm. (15 1/4 lb.) of the oxidized crust of the Willamette, Clackamas Co., Oregon, siderite (C.N. = 1226,454; cl. = Om) have been recovered from the recently excavated crater in which that meteorite lay. This material, of hardness 6 and average specific gravity about 3.8, is described, and the disposition that has been made of it is recorded.
A Preliminary Report on the Mineralogy of the Norton County, Kansas‐Furnas County, Nebraska, Achondrite (1000,400)
Authors: Beck Carl W. , La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a preliminary report on the friable enstatite achondrite, with nickel‐iron inclusions, more than a ton of which fell in Norton County, Kansas, and Furnas County, Nebraska, on 1948 February 18 (C.N. = 1000,400). Megascopically, the achondrite resembles a rhyolite porphyry, the fine‐grained groundmass of grayish‐white color containing phenocrysts of 2 types, the first, a light‐gray mineral exhibiting cleavage at angles of 88° and 92°, the second, a clear, glassy mineral which does not cleave or part, but rather shatters with a conchoidal fracture. Under closer examination, both the groundmass and the phenocrysts of the stone are found to consist chiefly or solely of a very pure enstatite. In addition to inclusions of nickel‐iron, the achondrite contains abundant small flakes of graphite, and a brown, platy mineral, identified tentatively as diallage. For both the cleavage enstatite and the glassy enstatite, α = 1.652, β = 1.654, γ = 1.660; and, furthermore, the other optical constants are the same, except that the axial angle found for the glassy enstatite (80° to 85°) is more than twice that found for the cleavage enstatite (40°). Primary, secondary, and tertiary fusion crusts, ranging in thickness from at least 17.7 mm. down to less than 0.2 mm., have been found on the achondrite. Those portions of the fusion rind so far examined microscopically in oil immersions were found to be extremely fine‐crystalline, and not glassy, and they had an average index of refraction of 1.656.
The Mineralogy and Origin of Josephinite*
Authors: Morley Russell A.
Published: June 2012

Josephinite is a naturally‐occurring, terrestrial nickel‐iron alloy, found along Josephine Creek, Josephine County, Oregon, and associated with stream gravels as water‐worn pebbles, sometimes ellipsoidal in shape. A group of more than 75 specimens examined gave the following physical and chemical data: average sp. gr., 5.66; hardness, 4.5 to 5.0; streak, lead‐gray; luster, metallic; fracture, hackly; malleable, sectile; strongly magnetic; opaque. The group of specimens examined ran as follows: largest dimension, 3.2 mm. to 31.4 mm. The chemical formula for josephinite is written usually as Fe2Ni5, altho josephinite contains also a little cobalt, phosphorus, and sulfur.
A Preliminary Report on the Distribution of Gallium, Palladium, Gold, and Nickel in 45 Iron Meteorites*
Authors: Brown Harrison , Goldberg Edward
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION

We have completed the analysis of 45 iron meteorites (siderites) for gallium, palladium, gold, and nickel, utilizing the neutron activation method of analysis for the first three elements named.1,2 Nickel was determined by the method employed by Henderson,3 and good checks were obtained with his analyses. The iron meteorites studied cover the complete range of classes, hexahedrites, octahedrites, and ataxites. Our results will be published in detail at a later date. In the meantime, certain features of the distributions are of sufficient interest to warrant a preliminary report.
The Weatherford, Oklahoma, Meteorite (ECN =+988,358)*
Authors: Beck Carl W. , Lapaz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

In this paper are given details concerning the discovery of an unusual irony‐stone meteorite near Weatherford, Custer County, Oklahoma (equatorial coördinate number (ECN) = +988,358). There is some evidence that the specimen recovered is only a fragment of a much larger mass, but neither visual nor instrumental searches have led to additional recoveries. Consequently, the mineralogical and chemical investigations have necessarily been based upon the examination of the single specimen so far discovered, that found by Mr. A. B. Potter in 1926. On the basis of these investigations, which are detailed in the paper proper, the meteorite has been classified as a siderolite of class sideraerolite (S) and subclass mesosiderite (Sms).
A Possibly Meteoritic Dust‐Cloud
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Abstract

This note contains a quoted account of an extraordinary observation made by Captain W. L. Stewart of the British Overseas Airways Corporation, on 1948 February 7, at 11h 45m U.T., while he was flying west‐bound at an elevation of 10,000 feet, over a point whose equatorial coördinate number (ECN) = +0209,550, of what was apparently a downwardly concave, cylindrical dust‐cloud with a length of nearly 60 miles, which may have been meteoritic in origin.
On the Identification and the Recovery of the Goose Lake, California, Siderite (ECN =+1205,420)
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Just to keep the record straight, and in justice to all concerned, the historical facts regarding the identification and the recovery of the Goose Lake, California, siderite, the fourth‐largest known meteorite of the United States, are herein briefly repeated.
The Real and Apparent Stellar Magnitudes of Telescopic Meteors
Authors: Wylie C. C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Six (6) dual observations of meteors, made with the naked eye and with a telescope or binoculars, are discussed. It is found that one (1) was a “point” meteor. Two (2) were “line” meteors seen with the telescope or binoculars before being noticed with the naked eye and at below‐the‐naked‐eye magnitude. Three (3) were “line” meteors, for which the binocular and the naked‐eye observers recorded essentially the same real magnitudes.
Experiments on the Etching of Siderites
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

A number of old and new etching reagents for meteorites have been tested. None was found to be superior to those already in general use, except that the recent report that the addition of a little glue gives improved results is confirmed. Some other colloidal additives also were found to give a better etch, but none was better than glue. A few other experiments also are briefly mentioned. All workable reagents give the same kind of figures.
Constructional Names and Symbols for the Subclasses in the Simplified Classification of Meteorites*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

Constructional names and symbols for all 32 of the subclasses of meteorites recognized in the simplified classification are given. These names and symbols indicate, in each case, the general structure and mineral composition of the comprized meteorites. The paper contains 4 tables: (1) 20 qualifying symbols or qualifiers; (2) symbols for the 16 minerals commonly occurring in meteorites; (3) symbols for 24 other minerals found in meteorites; and (4) the 32 subclasses of meteorites and their symbols. Some 13 subclasses that have been excluded from the simplified classification, and both “composite” and “transitional” meteorites are condensedly discussed. Finally, the classificational sequence of meteorites, which is a sequence primarily of increasing density from left to right, is written out, in terms of the new constructional symbols, for all 32 of the subclasses in the simplified classification, and the sequence is briefly reviewed.
Craters
Authors: MILLMAN PETER M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract Recent observational evidence emphasizes the importance of craters as a prominent surface characteristic of the smaller planetary bodies in the solar system. Craters of similar appearance may have very diverse origins. An initial assumption as to the type of origin should not influence an impartial and detailed physical study of any given crater.
The Anoka, Minnesota, Iron Meteorite*
Authors: HUSS GLENN I. , MOORE CARLETON B. , GRUENHAGEN GARY
Published: June 2012

Abstract The Anoka, Minnesota, meteorite was found on the Joe Fields Farm at location coordinates 45° 12′ N, 93° 26′ W. It is a fine octahedrite distinguished by large fields of dense plessite. The chemical analysis of the meteorite is 84.9 percent iron, 11.75 nickel and 0.51 cobalt.
The Bur‐Gheluai Meteorite (Mineralogy, Structure and Metamorphism)
Authors: LEVI‐DONATI G. R.
Published: June 2012

Abstract The principal data about the fall and the distribution of the fragments of the Bur‐Gheluai, Bur Acaba, Somalia (CN = EO436,024) meteorite are collected. A complete individual, weighing 744.2 g, preserved in the Geological Institute, Agricultural Dept., University of Perugia, Italy, is described in some detail. Crust morphology, mineralogical composition and structure are studied. Optical data are established by microscopical analysis of eight thin sections and two polished surfaces. Compared with electron‐probe analysis, they are found in good agreement. Bur‐Gheluai is an holocrystalline, olivine‐bronzite chondrite, with evident features of recrystal‐lization and metamorphism.
Radioactive Isotopes in Hoba West and Other Iron Meteorites
Authors: McCORKELL R. H. , FIREMAN E. L. , D'AMICO J. , THOMPSON S. O.
Published: June 2012

Abstract The radioactivities Be10, Al26, Cl36, Mn53, Ni59, and Co60 and the rare gas isotopes were measured in a sample taken from the surface of the Hoba meteorite. The spallation‐produced radioactivities indicate that the sample was at a depth of 35 to 40 cm when the body was in space. The Ni59 activity indicates that the terrestrial age of Hoba is less than 80,000 years. Its Cl36‐Ar36 exposure age is 263±40 million years. The Cl36 and rare‐gas isotopes were also measured in the Deelfontein meteorite; its Cl36‐Ar36 exposure age is 400±40 million years. The Cl36 and the Ni59 were also measured in a sample of Sikhote‐Alin. In both Hoba and Sikhote‐Alin the Ni59, which is a neutron‐produced isotope, is higher than would be expected from the Cl36 content. This indicates that solar flares contributed to the neutron‐produced isotopes in these iron meteorites.
SIZE AND SPACIAL DISTRIBUTION IN METEORITIC SHOWERS
Authors: Frost Michael J.
Published: June 2012

Size distribution in the Barwell, Bruderheim, Gibeon, Johnstown, Sikhote‐Alin and Tenham showers is studied. On the assumption that the distribution follows the Gates‐Gaudin‐Schumann law, which describes artificially crushed material, it is estimated that 80% of the fine material of the Gibeon shower was not collected; for the other showers the figure varies between 52 and 61%.

The spacial distribution pattern of the Barwell, Johnstown, Krymka, Kunashak, Leedey, Plainview (1917), and Sikhote‐Alin meteoritic showers is studied. It is established that the patterns show considerable regularity and that the distribution pattern of fragments of any one size is a function of the sorting factor, which is the distance in kilometers between groups of fragments whose mass differs by an order of magnitude.
NEW SPECIMENS FROM THE FAUCETT, MISSOURI, METEORITE LOCALITY
Authors: Read William F.
Published: June 2012

In December, 1966, Brookins and Twiss reported the finding of two specimens of an olivine‐bronzite chondrite near Faucett, Missouri. Since that date, six additional specimens have been found. Another probable specimen was found but later lost. This paper describes the circumstances of all nine finds and presents a map of the discovery sites.
VANADIUM AND COPPER IN CHONDRITES
Authors: Nichiporuk Walter , Bingham Elizabeth
Published: June 2012

Emission spectrographic analyses for vanadium and copper in sixty‐seven chondritic meteorites including members from ordinary, carbonaceous, and enstatite chondrite groups give a total range of 41–84 ppm vanadium and a total range of 77–180 ppm copper. The respective average values are 61 ± 7 ppm and 115 ± 12 ppm. Detailed patterns of vanadium and copper distributions between different chondrite groups are discussed in light of recent mechanisms for chemical fractionations in meteorites
POTASSIUM—ARGON AGE OF THE RACO METEORITE (ARGENTINA)
Authors: González Rafael R. , Cabrera Manuel A.
Published: June 2012

The Raco meteorite fell in Raco, a small village in the Province of Tucumán, Argentina, on November 17, 1957. In the Centro de Pesquisas Geocronologicas of the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil), the authors determined its K‐Ar age: 4.400±28 m.y.
LOST CITY METEORITE: DETERMINATION OF THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT INDUCED BY ATMOSPHERIC FRICTION USING THERMOLUMINESCENCE
Authors: Vaz J. Eduardo
Published: June 2012

The temperature gradient induced in the Lost City meteorite during its nine‐second flight through the atmosphere has been determined from measurements of the variations in the natural TL output of the meteorite with depth below the surface of the specimen. The rate of temperature change decreases about 5 °C per mm in the range of 4 mm to 15 mm below its surface. Although temperatures above 205 °C penetrated only the outer 4 mm of the meteorite, temperatures higher than 120 °C penetrated as far as 20 mm below its surface.
LA TEXTURE DES CHONDRITES OBSERVEE EN PLAQUES MINCES PAR FLUORESCENCE ULTRA‐VIOLETTE
Authors: Michel‐Levy M. Christophe , Ragot J. P.
Published: June 2012

A technique of impregnation by fluorescent resins followed by observations of thin sections in U V light has been applied to the study of porosity, brecciation and shock effects in chondritic meteorites. The following chondrites have been studied: Sena, Ikhraréne, Kernouve, Koutiaran, L'Aigle, Tiberrhamine. Tentative chronological orders of tectonic events undergone by those meteorites are proposed.
MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF THE KYLE, TEXAS, CHONDRITE
Authors: Fodor R. V. , Keil Klaus , Jarosewich E. , Huss G. I.
Published: June 2012

The Kyle, Texas, U.S.A., chondrite was identified in 1965. Electron microprobe analyses and microscopic examination show the following mineralogy: olivine (Fa 26.2 mole %), orthopyroxene (Fs 21.0 mole %), clinopyroxene, plagioclase (An 10.3 mole %), chlorapatite, whitlockite, kamacite, taenite, troilite, chromite, and an iron‐bearing terrestrial weathering product. Eutectic intergrowths of metaltroilite and a brecciated matrix indicate that the Kyle chondrite was shocked. Recrystallization and shock have obliterated chondrule‐matrix boundaries.

A chemical analysis of the meteorite shows the following results (in weight %): Fe 0.38, Ni 1.22, Co 0.05, FeS 5.98, SiO2 38.41, TiO2 0.11, Al2O3 2.13, Cr2O3 0.55, Fe2O3 8.02, FeO 14.83, MnO 0.31, MgO 23.10, CaO 1.60, Na2O 0.74, K2O 0.08, P2O5 0.19, H2O+ 1.73, H2O− 0.37, C 0.03, Sum 99.83. On the basis of bulk chemistry, composition of olivine and orthopyroxene, and the recrystallized matrix, the Kyle meteorite is classified as an L6 chondrite.
COSMIC‐RAY AND GAS‐RETENTION AGES OF THE CHASSIGNY METEORITE
Authors: Lancet Michael S. , Lancet Kumiko
Published: June 2012

The sole known chassignite, Chassigny, has a mean radiation age of 8.9±0.5 Myr, rather typical for a stony meteorite. Its low26 Al content (47.8±4.4 dpm/kg) and high 3He/21 Ne ratio (5.9) suggest that its preatmospheric size was not much greater than its recovered mass of 4 kg. Its K‐Ar age is relatively short, 1.39±0.17 AE, presumably due to a late outgassing event in its parent body
THE WASHOUGAL METEORITE
Authors: Jérome Dominique Y. , Michel‐Lévy M. Christophe
Published: June 2012

The Washougal, Washington, U.S.A., howardite fell in 1939. We studied its mineralogy optically and determined the ranges of composition of plagioclase and pyroxenes from measurements of densities and indices of refraction. Notable among many unique xenoliths are a round object whose morphology is that of an armored chondrule; a stratified fragment; and a centimeter‐sized dunite xenolith (olivine Fa12.8). The abundances of 27 elements, including all major elements and 15 trace elements (Sc, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Sr, Y, Ba, La, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu and Hf) are reported. To a first approximation, the composition of Washougal corresponds to a mixture of 51 weight percent of eucritic material and 49 percent of a diogenitic component, but excesses of some elements suggest a minor component of chondritic composition
HAVERÖ UREILITE: EVIDENCE FOR RECRYSTALLIZATION AND PARTIAL REDUCTION
Authors: Wlotzka F.
Published: June 2012

Haverö consists of large olivine areas with a pavement structure and single crystals of twinned clinopyroxene. Black veins with sharp boundaries traverse the silicates. They contain graphite, diamond, and kamacite. In olivine a reaction rim is formed around these veins containing Ni‐poor metal and showing a lower FeO content than farther away from the vein. The CaO content of olivine and pyroxene, 0.27% and 1.7%, respectively, are higher than in these minerals in normal chondrites. The mole percent Fe + Ca/Fe + Ca + Mg in unchanged olivine and in pyroxene agree with the range of L‐chondrites. Metal occurs in three types: a, larger grains in the course of the black veins, they contain 2 to 3% Ni; b, micron‐sized grains inside the black veins and its reaction rim; c, medium‐sized grains with ∼0.7% Ni in olivine

The interpretation of these observations is: a material similar to an L‐chondrite was reheated and recrystallized (at this time it may have lost its feldspar, metal and troilite by partial melting), Ca was redistributed and partly retained in olivine and pyroxene due to rapid cooling, a late introduction of carbon into veins caused a partial reduction of FeO in olivine and formation of Ni‐poor metal
THE LANDES METEORITE
Authors: Bunch T. E. , Keil Klaus , Huss Glenn I.
Published: June 2012

The Landes silicate‐bearing octahedrite is a new find from Grant County, West Virginia. Minerals and their compositions are very similar to those in Odessa‐type silicate inclusions. The angular nature of the inclusions, recrystallization textures, and mineral compositions indicate a “xenolithic” origin for the inclusions.
MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF LUNAR ROCK 12039
Authors: Bunch T. E. , Keils Klaus , Prinz Martin
Published: June 2012

Rock 12039 belongs to the olivine‐depleted group of magmatic rocks characterized by normative and modal SiO2, absence or very low abundance of olivine, and high FeO/(FeO + MgO), Ti/Cr, and CaO/MgO ratios. Clinopyroxenes in this rock show a complex, essentially continuous, compositional zonation from augite cores through ferroaugite to ferrohedenbergite with an abrupt discontinuity at the pyroxferroite contact and, thus, are different from pyroxene in most other Apollo 12 rocks. Two grains contain thin subcalcic pigeonite zones. Texture, presence of very fine (< 1 μm) exsolution lamallae, and pyroxene zoning indicate a relatively rapid cooling history and pronounced in situ chemical fractionation. Rock 12039, on the basis of mineralogy and bulk composition, is the most highly differentiated member of the olivine‐depleted basalt group
DETERMINATION OF Ni, Ga, AND Ge IN IRON METEORITES BY X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: Reed S. J. B.
Published: June 2012

Although neutron activation analysis for trace Ga and Ge is more sensitive and possibly more accurate, X‐ray fluorescence analysis is quicker, uses readily available equipment, and is non‐destructive. It is shown that Ga, Ge, and Ni can be determined by X‐ray fluorescence on metallographic polished mounts sufficiently accurately for classification according to Wasson's chemical groups. Results are given for 45 irons, including some not previously classified
RARE EARTH AND OTHER ABUNDANCES IN THE MURCHISON CARBONACEOUS METEORITE
Authors: Showalter D. L. , Wakita H. , Schmitt R. A.
Published: June 2012

The abundances of 27 elements are reported for the Murchison meteorite. Nine of these elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Cr, Co, and Sc) have been determined previously for different Murchison specimens. Abundances for 18 elements (In, Cd, V, Y, and REE) are new data for this meteorite. The chemical composition is similar to the type II carbonaceous chondrites, particularly on the basis of REE, Mn, and In abundances.
LAGUNA GUATAVITA: NOT METEORITIC, PROBABLE SALT COLLAPSE CRATER
Authors: Dietz Robert S. , McHone John F.
Published: June 2012

Laguna Guatavita (Colombia), a crater 700 m across and 125 m deep containing a central lake, appears not to be a meteorite crater as widely supposed. The tectonic style is not that of an impact site and there is no raised rim or ejected debris. We could find no impactite, shock metamorphic effects or shock fractures (shatter cones). Most likely it is a collapsed crater caused by the solution and withdrawal of salt from an underlying anticline
THERMAL FATIGUE: A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS IN METEORITES
Authors: Levi F. A.
Published: June 2012

Periodic thermal excursions, even in a low‐temperature range, may cause internal stresses and give origin to some of the observed plastic and clastic deformations in stony meteorites.

An experimental test confirms our hypothesis: lattice distortions, cleavage and cracking were artificially induced in specimens of two H‐chondrites (Mills and Bur‐Gheluai) by low‐temperature “thermal fatigue.” The observed effects appear to be increasing with increasing number of cycles.
ROTER KAMM: EVIDENCE FOR AN IMPACT ORIGIN
Authors: Fudali R. F.
Published: June 2012

Roter Kamm, located in the Namib Desert of SW Africa, is an 8,000‐foot‐diameter crater developed essentially in Precambrian granitic rocks. Sand overburden is pervasive both inside ami outside the crater and the only significant rock exposures are high in the crater rim. In most cases these exposed rocks proved entirely normal when examined microscopically but two specimens were found which exhibited features compatible with, and suggestive of, shock pressures in the range of 50 to 100 kilobars. Both specimens are probably foreign to the rim environment and may represent remnants of ejecta from the crater formation. There is a strong negative residual gravity anomaly across the structure which reaches a maximum of −9.3 milligals. The size and shape of the anomaly are fully compatible with a meteorite impact structure of “normal” dimensions. It is more difficult to interpret the gravity data in terms of an explosive volcanic origin and neither is there any evidence of such an origin in the rim rock exposures. An impact origin for the crater is strongly suggested by all the evidence to date. Definitive evidence of shock metamorphism could perhaps be found by a further search for “exotic” rocks in the rim.
COPPER‐NICKEL ALLOY IN THE BLANSKO CHONDRITE
Authors: Olsen Edward
Published: June 2012

Both Fe and Ni were measured in microprobe analyses of a large copper metal rim that formed by exsolution from a large troilite grain contained within an iron‐nickel metal grain in the H‐group chondrite, Blansko. The Fe content of the copper can be accounted for largely by secondary fluorescence by Cu‐Kα of Fe radiation from the adjacent metal, however, fluorescence by Cu‐Kβ of Ni radiation cannot significantly account for the observed Ni content. Therefore, the copper actually alloys up to 2% Ni, with a concentration gradient dropping to 0.7% away from the copper‐metal interface.
A CENSUS OF THE METEORITES OF ROOSEVELT COUNTY, NEW MEXICO
Authors: Huss Glenn I. , Wilson Ivan E.
Published: June 2012

In the five years from June, 1967, to June, 1972, a total of 99 meteorites were found in Roosevelt County, New Mexico and in adjoining Curry County. Of this number, 74 were found by one man. The finds include two achondrites, one pallasite, one carbonaceous chondrite, and 95 chondrites. They appear to represent more than 50 separate meteorite falls. The finding of a large number of meteorites in a small area provides data for an estimate of the probable quantity and average size of the meteorite specimens reaching the earth. The problems involved in allocating a total of 17 available local place names among more than 50 meteorite falls are discussed.
THE METEORITIC SHOWER OF PARAMBU, CEARA STATE, BRAZIL: — MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY
Authors: Levi‐Donati G. R. , Sighinolfi G. P.
Published: June 2012

The fall of a meteorite shower in Parambú, Ceará State, Brazil, is described. Parambú is an L‐group chondrite (Urey and Craig, 1953). The mineralogical composition is olivine Fa28. ortho‐ and clinopyroxenes, plagioclase, maskelynite, whitlockite, nickel‐iron, troilite, chromite, and ilmenite. The structure of Parambú is characteristically polymict and shows an advanced brecciation. Interesting features of metamorphism are notable, with good evidence of shock.
THE TOULON METEORITE: A NEW CHONDRITE FROM ILLINOIS
Authors: Olsen Edward , Huss Glenn I
Published: June 2012

Toulon is an olivine‐bronzite chondrite found near Toulon, Illinois in 1962. It contains abundant, well preserved chondrules, as well as glasses that are not well devitrified. Most of the metal has been weathered out. Olivine and pyroxene are well equilibrated. We have classified it as an H5 chondrite.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND THE TERRESTRIAL AGE OF METEORITES
Authors: Sears D. W. , Mills A. A.
Published: June 2012

The use of thermoluminescence (TL) to determine the terrestrial age of meteorites is investigated. It is found that meteorites can be divided into two groups. One group, in which members lose their low temperature TL rather rapidly (the “low retentivity” group), may be dated up to about 100 years after fall, although with little accuracy. The other (the “high” group) is more retentive, and may still be dated several hundred years after fall. A meteorite of unknown date of fall may be assigned to the high or low group by laboratory determination of the rate of decay of the low temperature TL.

Weathering coats the grains with limonite and lowers the intensity of the TL. The percentage reduction is constant for various intensities, but the peak height ratio is changed. Therefore, for weathered specimens, a method which examines the decrease in the intensity of a single peak is preferred to one which depends upon peak height ratios: this is made possible by artificially irradiating the meteorites. The following terrestrial ages for finds were obtained: Plainview 225–300 years; Dimmitt 280–330 years; Calliham 350–400 years. Bluff, Etter, Potter, Shields and Wellman (c) proved to be too old to be dated by our methods (≥ 500 years). None of the low group finds available to us proved to be young enough to be dated precisely. Terrestrial ages indicate an extremely low efficiency of recovery (≤ 1%) for meteorites that are not seen to fall.

Artificially irradiating the meteorites also revealed the fact that 9 of our 19 meteorites were saturated with respect to thermoluminescence when they entered the atmosphere, and therefore that a technique based on this phenomenon would not be applicable to such specimens to obtain their cosmic ray exposure age.
PLAGIOCLASE TWIN LAWS IN LUNAR HIGHLAND ROCKS; POSSIBLE PETROGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Dowty Eric , Keil Klaus , Prinz Martin
Published: June 2012

Plagioclases in different types of lunar highland rocks (all highly feldspathic) are twinned according to different laws and in different styles. Carlsbad and Carlsbad‐albite twins, presumed to be growth twins, occur mainly in rocks which show igneous texture, and which have not been severely brecciated. These two twin laws appear to be absent from cataclastic rocks, including cataclastic anorthosite, possibly because the original twins were preferentially broken up in cataclasis (the composition plane being a plane of weakness). Pericline and lamellar albite twins, presumed to be deformation twins (except for some albite growth twins) occur in all types of rocks, and obvious deformation features, such as bending of lamellae, are well shown in many cataclastic rocks. Surprisingly, some Carlsbad and Carlsbad‐albite twins are found in rocks with granoblastic texture, which presumably recrystallized in the solid state. This contrasts with previous observations on terrestrial metamorphic rocks, in which such growth twins are scarce or absent. The difference may be due to a higher rate of temperature change in the shock‐heated lunar rocks. Further study of plagioclase twin laws in lunar rocks may assist in deciphering the complicated history of the highlands.
A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF OLIVINE CRYSTAL SURFACES
Authors: Olsen Edward J. , Grossman Lawrence
Published: June 2012

SEM photographs were taken of euhedral olivine grains from the Murchison C2 chondrite and several terrestrial and lunar occurrences. In general, the crystal faces of the meteorite grains are rough and uneven, with irregular growth patterns. They are very similar to crystal faces on terrestrial olivine grains that formed by sublimation from a vapor phase. They are very different from the relatively smooth and featureless surfaces of magmatic olivine crystals that precipitated from igneous melts. Qualitatively, the surface morphology of the crystal supports the contention that many euhedral crystals of olivine in C2 meteorites condensed from a gas phase.
CONSTRAINTS ON MAGNETIC FIELD WHICH MAGNETIZED THE FARMINGTON METEORITE PARENT BODY
Authors: Rowea M. W.
Published: June 2012

The parent body of the Farmington meteorite experienced sufficient heating, probably from shock accompanying a major collision occurring at 520 × 106 years ago, to erase the record of any magnetization acquired prior to that event. Therefore, the observed magnetization in the Farmington meteorite must have been acquired after the collision. Shock‐produced magnetization is unlikely because of the finite cooling time indicated by the burial depth of ≥ several meters. The possibility of shock or irradiation‐produced magnetizations should be studied experimentally, even though neither appears likely to have produced the magnetic field which produced the magnetization in the parent body of the Farmington meteorite.
GOBABEB, A NEW CHONDRITE: THE COEXISTENCE OF EQUILIBRATED SILICATES AND UNEQUILIBRATED SPINELS
Authors: Fudali R. F. , Noonan A. F.
Published: June 2012

Gobabeb, an ordinary chondrite, was found near Gobabeb, South West Africa in 1969. Chemically and petrographically it belongs in the H4 group. But, in addition to almost homogeneous silicates and chromites, it contains rare, non‐opaque spinels that vary greatly in composition from grain to grain. A similar association in an “almost equilibrated” portion of the Mezö‐Madaras chondrite has been interpreted as evidence against the hypothesized metamorphic homogenization of ordinary chondrites. A comparison of the chromites and variable spinels from Mezö‐Madaras and Gobabeb suggests, instead, that cation exchange is simply slower in the variable spinels than in the chromites. Based on the evidence to date, the survival of these highly variable spinels is not incompatible with a metamorphic episode for both these meteorites.
THE CLOVIS (no. 1), NEW MEXICO, METEORITE AND Ca, Al AND Ti‐RICH INCLUSIONS IN ORDINARY CHONDRITES
Authors: Noonan Albert F.
Published: June 2012

Microprobe analyses of the major silicates in Clovis (no. 1), New Mexico, establish it as an H3 chondrite. Inclusions identified in Clovis are: breccia fragments; angular and vesicular chondrule or rock fragments composed almost entirely of glass and olivine (Fa12–22); chondrules, composed principally of pyroxene (Fs2–33) and olivine (Fa1–28); and Ca, Al and Ti‐rich inclusions. These refractory enriched inclusions, similar in composition to those found in some carbonaceous chondrites, are rare in ordinary chondrites but in this study were observed in Sharps, Virginia (H3), Gobabeb, South Africa (H4), Dimmitt, Texas (H4), Weston, Connecticut (H4–6) and Clovis. Sodium, known to rim similar inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites, also occurs in the interiors of inclusions observed in this study, sometimes in moderate amounts. The Na distribution is regarded as primary and is not attributable, at least in total, to secondary Na extraction from the host matrix.