bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metodologías Sugeridas de Evaluación y Selección de Software de Arquitectura Empresarial para la Digitalización del Conocimiento
Authors: Moscoso-Zea Oswaldo , Lujan-Mora Sergio
Published: November 2017

La gestión del conocimiento (GC) es una práctica de administración que permite la creación, uso, distribución y transferencia del conocimiento en organizaciones. Existen marcos de referencia de GC que incluyen componentes de inteligencia de negocios o de arquitectura empresarial (AE) para la implementación de proyectos de GC en organizaciones. Las herramientas de AE son usadas para digitalizar, relacionar y visualizar varias dimensiones de conocimiento como son: estructura organizacional, procesos de negocio, aplicaciones e infraestructura tecnológica. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el rol de la AE como componente clave de la GC y sugerir metodologías que pueden ser usadas para evaluar herramientas de software de AE. Para esto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las metodologías de evaluación de software existente en el mercado y se eligieron aquellas que pueden ser adaptadas para el campo de la AE. Está investigación fue cualitativa y exploratoria a través de un caso de estudio desarrollado en un proveedor de servicios logísticos con presencia internacional. El caso de estudio muestra el proceso realizado para elegir la metodología de evaluación. Además, se describen los pasos para la digitalización del conocimiento organizacional.
Pizarra Virtual Compartida Websockets; una solución para trabajo remoto colaborativo
Authors: Sotomayor Xavier , Ordóñez Camacho Diego
Published: November 2017

La Pizarra Virtual Compartida Websockets, PVCW, es un sistema para trabajo compartido que habilita a sus usuarios a colaborar de manera remota, en línea y en tiempo real. El sistema proporciona una pizarra virtual que actúa como un espacio de trabajo en el cual las interacciones de cualquier participante se sincronizan automática e inmediatamente con los demás. En el lado servidor el sistema se implementa mediante la Java Enterprise Edition utilizando la tecnología WebSockets. En el lado cliente no es necesario efectuar ninguno tipo de instalación dado que cualquier browser de nueva generación que soporte WebSockets mediante Javascript, sea en dispositivos de escritorio o móviles, es capaz de integrarse a una sesión de trabajo. Esta configuración permite a los usuarios, dibujar a mano alzada, utilizar figuras geométricas de base y cuadros de texto; pueden guardar una pizarra, cargarla nuevamente en cualquier momento y editar su contenido; adicionalmente se habilita una herramienta de chat que brinda un espacio complementario para añadir explicaciones contextuales a la sesión, todo en un entorno colaborativo.
Evaluación de la Calidad de Liderazgo en el Gobierno de Tecnologías y Sistemas de Información
Authors: Merchán Vicente , Rodríguez Rocío
Published: November 2017

En la actualidad, el liderazgo y estilo de gobierno se han convertido en uno de los criterios de calidad que desafían al Gobierno de las Tecnologías y Sistemas de Información (GoTSI) basado en valor en el dominio público. En este aspecto, el conocimiento sobre los modelos de excelencia y los estándares GoTSI juegan un papel vital en el éxito de las organizaciones debido a su utilidad como sistemas que ayudan a mejorar la excelencia organizacional. Dos de estos son el Modelo Iberoamericano de Excelencia en la Administración Pública y el estándar GoTSI ISO/IEC 38500. Este trabajo los toma en cuenta para crear un nuevo modelo de evaluación de GoTSI, el mismo que es validado a través de la opinión de líderes de tecnologías y sistemas de información de nivel directivo. En términos generales, el nuevo modelo se compone de 2 sub-criterios, 11 dimensiones y 5 componentes de evaluación. Este permitirá que el GoTSI se evalúe como principio de calidad y, a partir de ahí, realice una mejora y un cambio organizativo de los procesos y decisiones del equipo GoTSI. Del mismo modo, también ayudará a abrir el camino al desarrollo de nuevos criterios de calidad con una visión específica y completa.
Evaluación de diferentes tratamientos físicos en pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) verde y rojo mínimamente procesado
Authors: Rodoni L M , Massolo J F , Vicente A R
Published: November 2017

Este trabajo compara tres estrategias de conservación complementarias a la refrigeración para pimiento mínimamente procesado en ambos estados de madurez. Frutos de pimiento verde y rojo se procesaron en bastones y se sometieron a los siguientes tratamientos: A) inmersión en agua (45 oC, 3 min) (TT), B) radiación UV-C (20 kJ m-2) (UV) o C) almacenamiento en atmósfera modificada (AM). Otro grupo de bastones fue dejado sin tratamiento como control. Los bastones se almacenaron a 5 oC durante 12 d. Se evaluaron el deterioro, la incidencia de podredumbre blanda y la tasa respiratoria de los bastones durante el almacenamiento. Los TT y UV lograron reducir el deterioro de los bastones verdes y rojos, y la tasa respiratoria a los 7 d del almacenamiento fue menor en los frutos tratados. Sin embargo, se encontró una respuesta dependiente del estado de madurez en el caso de las AM. Si bien los tres métodos fueron beneficiosos para mantener la calidad en frutos rojos, los mejores resultados se encontraron con los TT y UV, principalmente debido a que la AM tuvo menor control de la podredumbre blanda hacia el final del almacenamiento.
Aplicación del modelo de programación CUDA en la simulación de la evolución de secuencias genéticas
Authors: Yasmany Chávez Freddy , Gálvez Lio Daniel
Published: November 2017

La simulación resulta un poderoso enfoque en el estudio de la evolución molecular de secuencias genéticas y su divergencia a lo largo del tiempo; existen diferentes procedimientos de simulación de la evolución molecular, pero todos ellos poseen alta complejidad computacional, y en la mayoría de los casos las secuencias genéticas poseen gran tamaño, aumentando los tiempos de ejecución de las implementaciones de estos procedimientos. A partir de esta problemática, en este trabajo se describe una propuesta de modelo de paralelización utilizando la tecnología CUDA y los resultados de esta propuesta se comparan con su equivalente secuencial.
Análisis de las propiedades mecánicas del compuesto de matriz poliéster reforzado con fibra de vidrio 375 y cabuya aplicado a la industria automotriz
Authors: Paredes Salinas Juan G. , Pérez Salinas Cristian F. , Castro Miniguano Christian B.
Published: November 2017

Los estudios de los materiales compuestos juegan un papel importante en aplicaciones de ingeniería, materiales, metalurgia y mecánica. Las fibras reforzadas con polímeros son ampliamente utilizadas en la industria automotriz e industria aeronáutica debido a sus beneficios como bajo costo, control de ruido, bajo peso y facilidad de procesamiento. El objetivo de esta investigación fue preparar un compuesto a base de fibra de vidrio 375 (FV) con adiciones de fibra natural de cabuya (FC) en estratificaciones de fibra natural corta de cabuya (FCO1-30%) y fibra larga del mismo (FL-30%). Los resultados muestran un mejor comportamiento mecánico a tracción en un 7,7% respecto al material comúnmente utilizado. Se observó que la fibra larga al 30% en un orden de capas, FV+FC+FV, es un potencial refuerzo del material hibrido alternativo para aplicaciones automotrices. Además, se evidenció una equilibrada organización de refuerzos, FV+FC, y adherencia micro estructural con la matriz de refuerzo polimérico (RP) mediante microscopía de barrido. Los resultados del esfuerzo a la tracción y la deformación axial de la mejor combinación del material compuesto, FL-30%, son validados a través del método de elementos finitos (MEF).
Blindaje por proyección térmica en flancos de dientes de un virador de molino de caña de un ingenio azucarero
Authors: Espín Lagos Segundo M. , Guamanquispe Toasa Jorge P. , Coello-Fiallos Diana C. , Paredes Zumbana Jorge A.
Published: November 2017

Se realizó el blindaje a los flancos de dientes de un virador de molino de caña, por medio de la técnica de proyección térmica por llama, mediante el uso de la aleación micropulverizada Eutalloy 11496. El material del virador es de acero AISI 1045 y la superficie de blindaje fue preparada por el proceso de chorro con material abrasivo de naturaleza volcánica, con el objetivo de conseguir una superficie óptima de anclaje para la aleación. A continuación, mediante software, se realizaron iteraciones del espesor del blindaje con la finalidad de determinar su vida útil y mediante la distribución de Weibull se estimó la función de confiabilidad y la función de probabilidad de falla, considerando una zafra completa de 240 días.
Extracción purificación y caracterización de inhibidores de tripsina provenientes de semillas andinas
Authors: Castillo Patricio , Quinchuela Lorena , Echeverría Paulina , Jácome Gonzalo
Published: November 2017

El presente trabajo determinó las mejores condiciones para inmovilizar covalentemente tripsina en una matriz de sepharosa, con el fin de aplicarla en la purificación de inhibidores de la misma proteasa. Los mayores valores de retención de actividad funcional y de actividad enzimática inmovilizada se obtuvieron en una matriz de Sepharosa 6B-CL a temperatura ambiente, a un pH de 10,5, con una carga enzimática de 25 mg/mL de matriz, en un tiempo mínimo de inmovilización de 12 h, para alcanzar un preparado inmovilizado estable. Posteriormente, se seleccionaron los inhibidores de tripsina más activos a través de la comparación de extractos provenientes de semillas de amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus L.), arveja (Pisum sativum), lupino o “chocho” (Lupinus mutabilis), fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris) y sangorache (Amaranthus hybridus L.) que fueron purificados parcialmente mediante ultrafiltración centrífuga, tratamiento calórico y precipitación con TCA. El permeado y retenido de sangorache fueron los extractos inhibidores más activos y se purificaron selectivamente, por separado, mediante cromatografía de afinidad en la matriz de tripsina-glioxil-sepharosa 6B-CL. Su caracterización cinética determinó la presencia de dos inhibidores; el inhibidor I que correspondió a una inhibición competitiva y el inhibidor II, a una de tipo mixta.
La Primera Crisis Financiera del Siglo XXI
Authors: Salgado Defranc José
Published: November 2017

Este ensayo realiza una descripción cronológica de la crisis financiera que inició en 2008 en Estados Unidos, analizando las causas de este evento que creó un efecto dominó en la economía mundial. A través de una investigación bibliográfica profunda, se analizan diferentes materiales publicados sobre este tema para poder entender cómo la crisis sobrepasó las fronteras de los Estados Unidos y cuál fue el costo del rescate económico que pretendía inyectar dinero en las empresas quebradas para salvar la economía norteamericana. Al final, este ensayo pretende resolver las preguntas de cuál será el futuro del dólar en los siguientes años y cómo se verá afectada la economía mundial bajo los nuevos planteamientos de política económica de Estados Unidos.
Self-Management Strategies for Malignant Lymphedema: A Case Report with 1-Year and 4-Year Follow-Up Data
Authors: Shallwani Shirin M. , Towers Anna
Published: November 2017

Purpose: Malignant lymphedema is an accumulation of interstitial fluid caused by tumour infiltration or compression of lymphatic vessels. Our objective is to describe self-management strategies for malignant lymphedema using a case report. Client Description: A 50-year-old woman with advanced breast cancer was referred to our centre with a 3-month history of unexplained left-arm edema, subsequently diagnosed as malignant lymphedema caused by tumour compression of the axillary lymph nodes. Intervention: She undertook a physiotherapist-guided, modified lymphedema treatment programme, with self-management interventions including self-bandaging and exercise. Limb volumes and leisure exercise levels were measured over a 1-year period. Data were collected from her follow-up visit 4 years post-diagnosis of lymphedema. Measures and Outcome: Within the first month, the patient's excess limb volume reduced from 26.8% to 5.9% and, 1 year later, remained stable at 3%. Over time, her exercise levels increased (1-year follow-up: 33.5 MET-hours per week). At 4 years, her excess limb volume was 9.7%, and exercise levels were at 36 MET-hours per week. Implications: A woman with moderate malignant arm lymphedema caused by advanced breast cancer successfully adhered to a guided self-management programme and benefited from reduced swelling and improved self-reported physical function in the long term. This case provides oncology health professionals with knowledge about self-management options for malignant lymphedema.
Neuropathic Pain after Shoulder Arthroplasty: Prevalence, Impact on Physical and Mental Function, and Demographic Determinants
Authors: Razmjou Helen , Woodhouse Linda J. , Holtby Richard
Published: November 2017

Purpose: The objectives of this survey study were to provide an estimate of the prevalence of neuropathic pain (NP) and to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal group differences postoperatively. Method: A cohort of consecutive patients who had undergone total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), or humeral head replacement (HHR) were surveyed within an average of 3.8 years after surgery. Questionnaires completed at the time of the survey were the Self-Administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS) pain scale, the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder (WOOS) index, the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ–9), and a satisfaction questionnaire. Results: Of the 141 candidates who were invited to participate in the study, 115 patients participated (85 TSA, 21 HHR, and 9 RSA), for an 82% response rate. Five patients (4%) met the criteria for NP, of whom one had a loosening of the prosthesis and required further surgery. Having NP was associated with greater pain (VAS; p=0.001), greater depression (PHQ–9; p=0.001), more disability (WOOS; p=0.030), and less satisfaction with the surgery (p=0.014). There was no relationship between the presence of NP and patients' age, sex, preoperative pain, range of motion results, or WOOS scores (p>0.05). Conclusions: Persistent pain of neuropathic origin is not common after shoulder arthroplasty, but it is a significant contributor to poor mental and physical well-being and thus warrants further research.
Schwann cells and mesenchymal stem cells in laminin- or fibronectin-aligned matrices and regeneration across a critical size defect of 15 mm in the rat sciatic nerve
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Francisco , Hernández Joaquim , Heimann Claudia , Phillips James B. , Udina Esther , Navarro Xavier
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Artificial nerve guides are being developed to substitute for autograft repair after peripheral nerve injuries. However, the use of conduits is limited by the length of the gap that needs to be bridged, with the success of regeneration highly compromised in long gaps. Addition of aligned proregenerative cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components inside the conduit can be a good strategy to achieve artificial grafts that recreate the natural environment offered by a nerve graft. The purpose of this study was to functionalize chitosan devices with different cell types to support regeneration in limiting gaps in the rat peripheral nerve.

METHODS

The authors used chitosan devices combined with proteins of the ECM and cells in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. Combinations of fibronectin and laminin with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or Schwann cells (SCs) were aligned within tethered collagen-based gels, which were placed inside chitosan tubes that were then used to repair a critical-size gap of 15 mm in the rat sciatic nerve. Electrophysiology and algesimetry tests were performed to analyze functional recovery during the 4 months after injury and repair. Histological analysis was performed at the midlevel and distal level of the tubes to assess the number of regenerated myelinated fibers.

RESULTS

Functional analysis demonstrated that SC-aligned scaffolds resulted in 100% regeneration success in a 15-mm nerve defect in this rat model. In contrast, animals that underwent repair with MSC-aligned constructs had only 90% regeneration success, and those implanted with acellular bridges had only 75% regeneration success.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that the combination of chitosan conduits with ECM-enriched cellular gels represents a good alternative to the use of autografts for repairing long nerve gaps.
Cortical bone trajectory screw fixation versus traditional pedicle screw fixation for 2-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion: comparison of surgical outcomes for 2-level degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
Authors: Sakaura Hironobu , Miwa Toshitada , Yamashita Tomoya , Kuroda Yusuke , Ohwada Tetsuo
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

The cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw technique is a new nontraditional pedicle screw (PS) insertion method. However, the biomechanical behavior of multilevel CBT screw/rod fixation remains unclear, and surgical outcomes in patients after 2-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) using CBT screw fixation have not been reported. Thus, the purposes of this study were to examine the clinical and radiological outcomes after 2-level PLIF using CBT screw fixation for 2-level degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DS) and to compare these outcomes with those after 2-level PLIF using traditional PS fixation.

METHODS

The study included 22 consecutively treated patients who underwent 2-level PLIF with CBT screw fixation for 2-level DS (CBT group, mean follow-up 39 months) and a historical control group of 20 consecutively treated patients who underwent 2-level PLIF using traditional PS fixation for 2-level DS (PS group, mean follow-up 35 months). Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system. Bony union was assessed by dynamic plain radiographs and CT images. Surgery-related complications, including symptomatic adjacent-segment disease (ASD), were examined.

RESULTS

The mean operative duration and intraoperative blood loss were 192 minutes and 495 ml in the CBT group and 218 minutes and 612 ml in the PS group, respectively (p < 0.05 and p > 0.05, respectively). The mean JOA score improved significantly from 12.3 points before surgery to 21.1 points (mean recovery rate 54.4%) at the latest follow-up in the CBT group and from 12.8 points before surgery to 20.4 points (mean recovery rate 51.8%) at the latest follow-up in the PS group (p > 0.05). Solid bony union was achieved at 90.9% of segments in the CBT group and 95.0% of segments in the PS group (p > 0.05). Symptomatic ASD developed in 2 patients in the CBT group (9.1%) and 4 patients in the PS group (20.0%, p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Two-level PLIF with CBT screw fixation for 2-level DS could be less invasive and result in improvement of clinical symptoms equal to those of 2-level PLIF using traditional PS fixation. The incidence of symptomatic ASD and the rate of bony union were lower in the CBT group than in the PS group, although these differences were not significant.
The surgical treatment of metastatic spine tumors within the intramedullary compartment
Authors: Strickland Ben A. , McCutcheon Ian E. , Chakrabarti Indro , Rhines Laurence D. , Weinberg Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Metastasis to the spinal cord is rare, and optimal management of this disease is unclear. The authors investigated this issue by analyzing the results of surgical treatment of spinal intramedullary metastasis (IM) at a major cancer center.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 13 patients who underwent surgery for IM. Patients had renal cell carcinoma (n = 4), breast carcinoma (n = 3), melanoma (n = 2), non–small cell lung cancer (n = 1), sarcoma (n = 1), adenoid cystic carcinoma (n = 1), and cervical cancer (n = 1). Cerebrospinal fluid was collected before surgery in 11 patients, and was negative for malignant cells, as was MRI of the neuraxis. Eleven patients presented with neurological function equivalent to Frankel Grade D.

RESULTS

Radiographic gross-total resection was achieved in 9 patients, and tumor eventually recurred locally in 3 of those 9 (33%). Leptomeningeal disease was diagnosed in 4 patients after surgery. In the immediate postoperative period, neurological function in 6 patients deteriorated to Frankel Grade C. At 2 months, only 2 patients remained at Grade C, 8 were at Grade D, and 1 had improved to Grade E. One patient developed postoperative hematoma resulting in Frankel Grade A. Radiotherapy was delivered in 8 patients postoperatively. The median survival after spine surgery was 6.5 months. Three patients are still living.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgery was performed as a last option to preserve neurological function in patients with IM. In most patients, neurological function returned during the immediate postoperative period and was preserved for the patients’ remaining lifetime. The data suggest that surgery can be effective in preventing further decline in selected patients with progressive neurological deficit.
Long-term outcomes of primarily metastatic juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma in children
Authors: Yecies Derek , Fisher Paul Graham , Cheshier Samuel , Edwards Michael , Grant Gerald
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Primarily metastatic juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) is rare, likely representing 2%–3% of all cases of JPA. Due to the rarity of primarily metastatic JPA, there is currently no standard treatment paradigm and the long-term outcomes are not fully known. The goal of this case series was to add to the current understanding of this disease process.

METHODS

The authors searched a comprehensive database of pediatric patients with brain and spinal cord tumors treated at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital from 1997 to 2016 and identified 5 patients with primarily metastatic JPA. A retrospective chart review was performed and details of the patients’ treatment and clinical course were recorded for further analysis.

RESULTS

For the 5 patients with primarily metastatic JPA, the mean follow-up period was 12.3 years. All patients in our series had biopsies or subtotal resections and upfront treatment. Three patients were treated with chemotherapy alone, one was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and one was treated with radiotherapy alone. Four patients had stable disease after initial treatment, and one patient had multiple episodes of progressive disease but underwent successful salvage therapy and has had stable disease for 19 years. One patient died of an intracerebral hemorrhage 10 years following initial radiation treatment believed to be secondary to radiation vasculopathy.

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluation of the entire neuraxis should be performed in all instances of initial JPA diagnosis to properly assess for primarily metastatic disease. Many patients with primarily metastatic JPA will have stable disease after upfront treatment, although the higher rate of stable disease found in this series relative to other reports is likely secondary to the small sample size.
Preparation of 5-Functionalised Pyridine Derivatives using a Br/Mg Exchange Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of an Iron-Chelator Prodrug
Authors: Zhou Dongheng , Tian Yufei , Ma Yongmin
Published: November 2017

A novel preparation of 5-functionalised pyridine derivatives is reported from 5-bromo-4-tosyloxypyridines via a Br/Mg exchange procedure with i-PrMgCl·LiCl, followed by addition of an electrophile. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions and gave good to high yields. The resulting 5-functionalised pyridine derivatives enrich the library of pyridinone-type iron-chelator prodrugs.
Heterogeneous Catalysis on Metal Oxides
Authors: Védrine Jacques
Published: November 2017

This review article contains a reminder of the fundamentals of heterogeneous catalysis and a description of the main domains of heterogeneous catalysis and main families of metal oxide catalysts, which cover acid-base reactions, selective partial oxidation reactions, total oxidation reactions, depollution, biomass conversion, green chemistry and photocatalysis. Metal oxide catalysts are essential components in most refining and petrochemical processes. These catalysts are also critical to improving environmental quality. This paper attempts to review the major current industrial applications of supported and unsupported metal oxide catalysts. Viewpoints for understanding the catalysts’ action are given, while applications and several case studies from academia and industry are given. Emphases are on catalyst description from synthesis to reaction conditions, on main industrial applications in the different domains and on views for the future, mainly regulated by environmental issues. Following a review of the major types of metal oxide catalysts and the processes that use these catalysts, this paper considers current and prospective major applications, where recent advances in the science of metal oxide catalysts have major economic and environmental impacts.
Methodology for Analysing Energy Demand in Biogas Production Plants—A Comparative Study of Two Biogas Plants
Authors: Lindkvist Emma , Johansson Maria , Rosenqvist Jakob
Published: November 2017

Biogas production through anaerobic digestion may play an important role in a circular economy because of the opportunity to produce a renewable fuel from organic waste. However, the production of biogas may require energy in the form of heat and electricity. Therefore, resource-effective biogas production must consider both biological and energy performance. For the individual biogas plant to improve its energy performance, a robust methodology to analyse and evaluate the energy demand on a detailed level is needed. Moreover, to compare the energy performance of different biogas plants, a methodology with a consistent terminology, system boundary and procedure is vital. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for analysing the energy demand in biogas plants on a detailed level. In the methodology, the energy carriers are allocated to: (1) sub-processes (e.g., pretreatment, anaerobic digestion, gas cleaning), (2) unit processes (e.g., heating, mixing, pumping, lighting) and (3) a combination of these. For a thorough energy analysis, a combination of allocations is recommended. The methodology was validated by applying it to two different biogas plants. The results show that the methodology is applicable to biogas plants with different configurations of their production system.
A Cellular Approach to Net-Zero Energy Cities
Authors: Amado Miguel , Poggi Francesca , Ribeiro Amado António , Breu Sílvia
Published: November 2017

Recent growth in the use of photovoltaic technology and a rapid reduction in its cost confirms the potential of solar power on a large scale. In this context, planning for the deployment of smart grids is among the most important challenges to support the increased penetration of solar energy in urban areas and to ensure the resilience of the electricity system. As part this effort, the present paper describes a cellular approach to a Net-Zero energy concept, based on the balance between the potential solar energy supply and the existing consumption patterns at the urban unit scale. To do that, the Geographical Urban Units Delimitation model (GUUD) has been developed and tested on a case study. By applying the GUUD model, which combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS), parametric modelling, and solar dynamic analysis, the whole area of the city was divided into urban cells, categorized as solar producers and energy consumers. The discussion around three theoretical scenarios permits us to explore how smart grids can be approached and promoted from an urban planning perspective. The paper provides insights into how urban planning can be a driver to optimize and manage energy balance across the city if the deployment of smart grids is correctly integrated in its operative process.
Kiwi Clear‐Cut: First Evaluation of Recovered Biomass for Energy Production
Authors: Manzone Marco , Gioelli Fabrizio , Balsari Paolo
Published: November 2017

Among the various types of agricultural waste, significant amounts of energy can be obtained from woodchips derived from comminuted pruning residues. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using kiwi orchard clear-cut biomass for energy production. The field trial was conducted in a commercial kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) orchard located in Northwest Italy. We evaluated the biomass yield, woodchip quality, energy consumption, and economic sustainability of this practice. Processed data determined the available biomass to be 20.6 tonnes dry matter ha−1. Woodchip analysis showed a biomass moisture content of 53% and a relatively low heating value of about 7.5 MJ·kg−1. Furthermore, the average ash content was 2.4%. Production cost was 99.6 €·t−1 dry matter, which was slightly less than the market price of 100 €·t−1 dry matter for woodchips. In summary, kiwi clear-cut recovered biomass may be a valid alternative biomass source.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Al/Steel Butt Joints Produced by Autogenous Laser Keyhole Welding
Authors: Cui Li , Chen Boxu , Qian Wei , He Dingyong , Chen Li
Published: November 2017

Dissimilar Al/steel butt joints of 6.0 mm thick plates have been achieved using fiber laser keyhole welding autogenously. The cross sections, interface microstructures, hardness and tensile properties of Al/steel butt joints obtained under different travel speeds and laser beam offsets were investigated. The phase morphology and thickness of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layers at the interface were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopes (SEM) using the energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The results show that travel speeds and laser beam offsets are of considerable importance for the weld shape, morphology and thickness of IMC layers, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Al/steel butt joints. This proves that the IMC layers consist of Fe2Al5 phases and Fe4Al13 phases by EBSD phase mapping. Increasing laser beam offsets from 0.3 mm to 0.7 mm significantly decreases the quantity of Fe4Al13 phases and the thickness of Fe2Al5 layers at the interface. During tensile processing, the Fe2Al5 layer with the weakest bonding strength is the most brittle region at the interface. However, an intergranular fracture that occurred at Fe2Al5 layers leads to a relatively high UTS of Al/steel butt joints.
Biogeochemical Cycling of Silver in Acidic, Weathering Environments
Authors: Shuster Jeremiah , Reith Frank , Izawa Matthew , Flemming Roberta , Banerjee Neil , Southam Gordon
Published: November 2017

Under acidic, weathering conditions, silver (Ag) is considered to be highly mobile and can be dispersed within near-surface environments. In this study, a range of regolith materials were sampled from three abandoned open pit mines located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain. Samples were analyzed for Ag mineralogy, content, and distribution using micro-analytical techniques and high-resolution electron microscopy. While Ag concentrations were variable within these materials, elevated Ag concentrations occurred in gossans. The detection of Ag within younger regolith materials, i.e., terrace iron formations and mine soils, indicated that Ag cycling was a continuous process. Microbial microfossils were observed within crevices of gossan and their presence highlights the preservation of mineralized cells and the potential for biogeochemical processes contributing to metal mobility in the rock record. An acidophilic, iron-oxidizing microbial consortium was enriched from terrace iron formations. When the microbial consortium was exposed to dissolved Ag, more than 90% of Ag precipitated out of solution as argentojarosite. In terms of biogeochemical Ag cycling, this demonstrates that Ag re-precipitation processes may occur rapidly in comparison to Ag dissolution processes. The kinetics of Ag mobility was estimated for each type of regolith material. Gossans represented 0.6–146.7 years of biogeochemical Ag cycling while terrace iron formation and mine soils represented 1.9–42.7 years and 0.7–1.6 years of Ag biogeochemical cycling, respectively. Biogeochemical processes were interpreted from the chemical and structural characterization of regolith material and demonstrated that Ag can be highly dispersed throughout an acidic, weathering environment.
Coordination Polymers Containing 1,3-Phenylenebis-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methanone) Ligand: Synthesis and ε-Caprolactone Polymerization Behavior
Authors: Bello-Vieda Nestor , Murcia Ricardo , Muñoz-Castro Alvaro , Macías Mario , Hurtado John
Published: November 2017

The reaction of isophthaloyl dichloride with 1H-1,2,4-triazole afforded the new ligand 1,3-phenylenebis(1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)methanone (1). A series of Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes were synthesized using 1 and then characterized by melting point analysis, elemental analysis, theoretical calculations, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Experimental and computational studies predict the formation of coordination polymers (CPs). The cobalt and copper CPs and zinc(II) complex were found to be good initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) under solvent-free conditions. 1H-NMR analysis showed that the obtained polymers of CL were mainly linear and had terminal hydroxymethylene groups. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the obtained polycaprolactones had high crystallinity, and TGA showed that they had decomposition temperatures above 400 °C. These results provide insight and guidance for the design of metal complexes with potential applications in the polymerization of CL.
Chemical Composition of Herbal Macerates and Corresponding Commercial Essential Oils and Their Effect on Bacteria Escherichia coli
Authors: Białoń Marietta , Krzyśko-Łupicka Teresa , Pik Agnieszka , Wieczorek Piotr
Published: November 2017

This study addresses the chemical composition of some commercial essential oils (clove, juniper, oregano, and marjoram oils), as well as appropriate herbal extracts obtained in the process of cold maceration and their biological activity against selected Escherichia coli strains: E. coli ATTC 25922, E. coli ATTC 10536, and E. coli 127 isolated from poultry waste. On the basis of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis, it was found that the commercial essential oils revealed considerable differences in terms of the composition and diversity of terpenes, terpenoids and sesquiterpenes as compared with the extracts obtained from plant material. The commercial clove, oregano, and marjoram oils showed antibacterial properties against all the tested strains of E. coli. However, these strains were not sensitive to essential oils obtained from the plant material in the process of maceration. The tested strains of E. coli show a high sensitivity, mainly against monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, α,β,γ-terpinene, limonene) and some terpenoids (thymol, carvacrol). The commercial juniper oil contained mainly monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, while the extracts contained lower amounts of monoterpenes and high amounts of sesquiterpenes—the anti-microbiotic properties of the juniper herbal extract seem to be caused by the synergistic activity of mono- and sesquiterpenes.
A New Nortriterpenoid, a Sesquiterpene and Hepatoprotective Lignans Isolated from the Fruit of Schisandra chinensis
Authors: Li Fenghua , Zhang Ting , Sun Hua , Gu Haifeng , Wang Hongqing , Su Xianming , Li Changkang , Li Baoming , Chen Ruoyun , Kang Jie
Published: November 2017

A new nortriterpenoid, 19(R)-hydroxyl-wuweizidilactone H (1), and a sesquiterpene, (6R)-β-chamigrenic acid (2), together with one known nortriterpenoid, wuweizidilactone H (3), and three known hepatoprotective lignans, micrantherin A (4), gomisin M2 (5) and schizandrin (6) were isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, HRESIMS, NMR spectra and X-ray analysis. Among them, the absolute configuration of 2 was confirmed for the first time. In vitro assays, compounds 4–6 (10 μM) exhibited hepatoprotective activities (survival rate: 44%, 43% and 44%) against damage induced by N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells.
Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation Suppresses the Effect of Melatonin on the Release of LH from the Ovine Pars Tuberalis Explants—Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Wojtulewicz Karolina , Tomaszewska-Zaremba Dorota , Herman Andrzej
Published: November 2017

The secretion of the hormone melatonin reliably reflects environmental light conditions. Among numerous actions, in seasonal breeders, melatonin may regulate the secretion of the gonadotropins acting via its corresponding receptors occurring in the Pars Tuberalis (PT). However, it was previously found that the secretory activity of the pituitary may be dependent on the immune status of the animal. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the role of melatonin in the modulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from the PT explants collected from saline- and endotoxin-treated ewes in the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Twelve Blackhead ewes were sacrificed 3 h after injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 400 ng/kg) or saline, and the PTs were collected. Each PT was cut into 4 explants, which were then divided into 4 groups: I, incubated with ‘pure’ medium 199; II, treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (100 pg/mL); III, treated with melatonin (10 nmol/mL); and IV, incubated with GnRH and melatonin. Melatonin reduced (p < 0.05) GnRH-induced secretion of LH only in the PT from saline-treated ewes. Explants collected from LPS-treated ewes were characterized by lower (p < 0.05) GnRH-dependent response in LH release. It was also found that inflammation reduced the gene expression of the GnRH receptor and the MT1 melatonin receptors in the PT. Therefore, it was shown that inflammation affects the melatonin action on LH secretion from the PT, which may be one of the mechanisms via which immune/inflammatory challenges disturb reproduction processes in animals.
An Optimized and Sensitive Pharmacokinetic Quantitative Method of Investigating Gastrodin, Parishin, and Parishin B, C and E in Beagle Dog Plasma using LC-MS/MS after Intragastric Administration of Tall Gastrodia Capsules
Authors: Liu Junqiu , Chen Sha , Cheng Jintang , Zhang Jun , Wang Yuesheng , Liu An
Published: November 2017

Gastrodia elata Blume, called Tianma in China, has been widely used to treat headaches, convulsions and epilepsy for thousands of years. In the present study, a series of optimizations were employed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method, which was then used for the simultaneous determination of gastrodin, parishin, parishin B, parishin C and parishin E in beagle dog plasma after intragastric administration of tall Gastrodia capsules (Tianma brand). The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with gradient elution by using a mixture of 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. A tandem mass spectrometric detection was conducted using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) via electrospray ionization (ESI) source in negative ionization mode. Samples were pre-treated by a single-step protein precipitation with methanol, and bergenin was used as internal standard (IS). Under the optimized conditions, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.10 ng/mL for gastrodin, 0.40 ng/mL for parishin B, 0.02 ng/mL for parishin E and 0.20 ng/mL for parishin and parishin C, all of which previously were the highest levels of sensitivity. The methods were optimized for selectivity, calibration curves, accuracy and precision. Extraction recoveries, matrix effects and stability were within acceptable ranges. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the tested substances were also quantitatively determined. Finally, a possible metabolic pathway was induced based on correlations obtained from quantitative and qualitative data analysis in vivo.
Early Response Monitoring Following Radiation Therapy by Using [18F]FDG and [11C]Acetate PET in Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model with Metabolomics Corroboration
Authors: Chung Yi-Hsiu , Tsai Cheng-Kun , Wang Chiun-Chieh , Chen Hsi-Mu , Lu Kuan-Ying , Chiu Han , Lin Yu-Chun , Yen Tzu-Chen , Lin Gigin
Published: November 2017

We aim to characterize the metabolic changes associated with early response to radiation therapy in a prostate cancer mouse model by 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) and [11C]acetate ([11C]ACT) positron emission tomography, with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics corroboration. [18F]FDG and [11C]ACT PET were performed before and following irradiation (RT, 15Gy) for transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate xenografts. The underlying metabolomics alterations of tumor tissues were analyzed by using ex vivo NMR. The [18F]FDG total lesion glucose (TLG) of the tumor significant increased in the RT group at Days 1 and 3 post-irradiation, compared with the non-RT group (p < 0.05). The [11C]ACT maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) in RT (0.83 ± 0.02) and non-RT groups (0.85 ± 0.07) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The ex vivo NMR analysis showed a 1.70-fold increase in glucose and a 1.2-fold increase in acetate in the RT group at Day 3 post-irradiation (p < 0.05). Concordantly, the expressions of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase in the irradiated tumors was overexpressed at Day 3 post-irradiation (p < 0.05). Therefore, TLG of [18F]FDG in vivo PET images can map early treatment response following irradiation and be a promising prognostic indicator in a longitudinal preclinical study. The underlying metabolic alterations was not reflected by the [11C]ACT PET.
Data Retention Characterization of Gate-Injected Gold-Nanoparticle Non-Volatile Memory with Low-Damage CF4-Plasma-Treated Blocking Oxide Layer
Authors: Liu Yu-Hua , Kao Chyuan-Haur , Cheng Tsung-Chin , Wu Chih-I , Wang Jer-Chyi
Published: November 2017

Gold-nanoparticle (Au-NP) non-volatile memories (NVMs) with low-damage CF4 plasma treatment on the blocking oxide (BO) layer have been investigated to present the gate injection of the holes. These holes, injected from the Al gate with the positive gate bias, were explained by the bandgap engineering of the gradually-fluorinated BO layer and the effective work function modulation of the Al gate. The Si–F complex in the BO layer was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the depth of fluorine incorporation was verified using a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). In addition, the valence band modification of the fluorinated BO layer was examined by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to support the bandgap engineering. The reactive power of the CF4 plasma treatment on the BO layer was modified to increase the electric field of the BO layer and raise the effective work function of the Al gate, leading to the hole-injection from the gate. The injected holes are trapped at the interface between the gold-nanoparticles (Au-NPs) and the tunneling oxide (TO) layer, resulting in superior data retention properties such as an extremely low charge loss of 5.7% at 104 s and a nearly negligible increase in charge loss at 85 °C of the CF4-plasma-treated Au-NP NVMs, which can be applied in highly reliable consumer electronics.
Flexible Ultrahigh-Temperature Polymer-Based Dielectrics with High Permittivity for Film Capacitor Applications
Authors: Pu Zejun , Zheng Xiaoyi , Tian Yuhan , Hu Linqing , Zhong Jiachun
Published: November 2017

In this report, flexible cross-linked polyarylene ether nitrile/functionalized barium titanate(CPEN/F-BaTiO3) dielectrics films with high permittivitywere prepared and characterized. The effects of both the F-BaTiO3 and matrix curing on the mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties of the CPEN/F-BaTiO3 dielectric films were investigated in detail. Compared to pristine BaTiO3, the surface modified BaTiO3 particles effectively improved their dispersibility and interfacial adhesion in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the introduction of F-BaTiO3 particles enhanced dielectric properties of the composites, with a relatively high permittivity of 15.2 and a quite low loss tangent of 0.022 (1 kHz) when particle contents of 40 wt % were utilized. In addition, the cyano (–CN) groups of functional layer also can serve as potential sites for cross-linking with polyarylene ether nitrile terminated phthalonitrile (PEN-Ph) matrix and make it transform from thermoplastic to thermosetting. Comparing with the pure PEN-ph film, the latter results indicated that the formation of cross-linked network in the polymer-based system resulted in increased tensile strength by ~67%, improved glass transition temperature (Tg) by ~190 °C. More importantly, the CPEN/F-BaTiO3 composite films filled with 30 wt % F-BaTiO3 particles showed greater energy density by nearly 190% when compared to pure CPEN film. These findings enable broader applications of PEN-based composites in high-performance electronics and energy storage devices materials used at high temperature.
Surface Modification of Cardiovascular Stent Material 316L SS with Estradiol-Loaded Poly (trimethylene carbonate) Film for Better Biocompatibility
Authors: Yao Hang , Li Jingan , Li Na , Wang Kebing , Li Xin , Wang Jin
Published: November 2017

A delay in the endothelialization process represents a bottleneck in the application of a drug-eluting stent (DES) during cardiovascular interventional therapy, which may lead to a high risk of late restenosis. In this study, we used a novel active drug, estradiol, which may contribute to surface endothelialization of a DES, and prepared an estradiol-loaded poly (trimethylene carbonate) film (PTMC-E5) on the surface of the DES material, 316L stainless steel (316L SS), in order to evaluate its function in improving surface endothelialization. All the in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the PTMC-E5 film significantly improved surface hemocompatibility and anti-hyperplasia, anti-inflammation and pro-endothelialization properties. This novel drug-delivery system may provide a breakthrough for the surface endothelialization of cardiovascular DES.
Hygral Behavior of Superabsorbent Polymers with Various Particle Sizes and Cross-Linking Densities
Authors: Yun Kyong-Ku , Kim Kwan-Kyu , Choi Wonchang , Yeon Jung
Published: November 2017

This study focuses on investigating the effects of particle size and cross-linking density on the hygral behavior of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), which are increasingly used as an internal curing material for high-performance concrete. Four SAPs with different mean particle diameters and cross-linking densities were tested under controlled wetting and drying conditions to measure free absorption and desorption kinetics. Absorption capacities of SAPs under actual mixing conditions were additionally measured and verified by means of mortar flow and semi-adiabatic hydration heat measurements. In addition, the effects of SAP type and dosage (i.e., 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% by mass of cement) on the mechanical properties of hardened mortar were assessed. The results indicated that: (1) the absorption capacity increased with decreased cross-linking density and increased particle size under both load-free and mixing conditions; and (2) the greater the cross-linking density and the lower the particle size, the shorter the desorption time. It was also confirmed that while the early-age mechanical properties were more related with the gel strength of swollen SAP, the later-age mechanical properties were more affected by the water retention capacity and spatial distribution of SAP in the matrix.