bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topologies of the Classical World in Children's Fiction
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne
Published: November 2019

This book draws upon cognitive poetics and uses an assortment of works written in Britain and the US for preteen and adolescent readers from 1906 to 2018 to argue that authors typically employ a limited and powerful set of spatial metaphors to organize the classical past for young readers. Popular models include palimpsest texts, which see the past as a collection of strata in which each new era forms a layer superimposed upon a foundation laid earlier; map texts, which use the metaphor of the mappable journey to represent a protagonist’s process of maturing while gaining knowledge of the self and/or the world; and fractal texts, in which small parts of the narrative are thematically identical to the whole in a way that implies that history is infinitely repeatable. While a given text may embrace multiple metaphors in presenting the past, we argue for associations between dominant metaphors, genre, and outlook. Map texts highlight problem-solving and arrival at one’s planned destination; they model an assertive, confident outlook. Palimpsest texts position character and reader as occupying one among many equally important temporal layers; they emphasize the landscape’s continuity but the individual’s impermanence, modeling a more modest vision of one’s place in time. Fractal texts work by analogy, denying difference between past and present and inviting readers to conclude that significant change may be impossible. Thus each model uses the classical past to urge and thus perhaps to develop a particular approach to life.
History is a Palimpsest 2
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores a further set of palimpsestic texts, E. Nesbit’s fantasy The Enchanted Castle (1907) and five historical novels: Caroline Dale Snedeker’s Theras and His Town (1924), The Forgotten Daughter (1933), and The White Isle (1940); Elizabeth George Speare’s The Bronze Bow (1961); and Rosemary Sutcliff’s The Eagle of the Ninth (1954). It is argued that these texts emphasize family as a mechanism for representing both disparate experiences between parents and children and continuity over time, in keeping with the topological resources of the palimpsest figure. Palimpsestic texts are fundamentally about a maturing or an aging that the child has not yet experienced, and that maturation is sometimes represented as a kind of inevitable damage or loss to both place and person. Indeed, a dominant facet of this set of palimpsestic texts is an analogy between damage to the landscape that the characters inhabit and damage to the human body. Methodologically, these works are examined with the aid of critics who consider the representation and cultivation of empathy in fiction.
Own Account Workers in Jordan
Authors: Rizk Reham , Salemi Colette
Published: November 2019

In this chapter we compare own account workers to private sector wage workers in Jordan using the Jordan Labor Market Panel Surveys of 2010 and 2016. Our results demonstrate that own account workers are demographically dissimilar from wage workers in the private sector. Own account workers tend to be older male and have more work experience. While they have lower educational attainment than private sector wage workers own account workers exhibit relatively higher wealth outcomes. Capital transfers from fathers who were also own account workers are an important determinant of a worker being an employer or self-employed. In terms of job characteristics the self-employed were more likely than other private sector workers to work outside of a fixed establishment with many engaged in transportation and wholesale and retail trades. Own account workers frequently reported being overqualified for their jobs and the self-employed exhibited the lowest levels of job satisfaction of all job types.
Migration Dynamics during the Refugee Influx in Jordan
Authors: Malaeb Bilal , Wahba Jackline
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides overall evidence of the migration dynamics in Jordan between 2010 and 2016, a period with a large influx of Syrian refugees. It gives a detailed description of immigration with particular focus on the composition, characteristics and labor market activities of immigrants in Jordan. It examines emigration and return migration patterns of Jordanians and the changes in their migration dynamics before and after the Syrian refugee inflow. The chapter provides evidence that temporary international migration of Jordanians decreased, and that almost half of current emigrants had left Jordan with their entire family, suggesting a trend towards permanent migration. It finds that return migration decreased between the two years and also finds a change in immigrants’ geographical distribution in 2016 compared to 2010, with a decreased proportion in Amman. Despite similar distribution across occupations of immigrants and refugees in 2016, a lower share of immigrants in sectors like manufacturing is found, in which refugees were concentrated. Immigrants themselves engaged more in informal work in 2010 relative to 2016 and differed in occupations and economic activities, suggesting that immigrants may have been affected by the refugee influx.
Housing and Living Conditions in Jordan, 2010–2016
Authors: Elsayed Ahmed
Published: November 2019

This chapter uses a new and original dataset, the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS) of 2010 and 2016, to study living and housing conditions in Jordan. In 2016 the JLMPS oversampled regions with a high concentration of refugees enabling us to investigate the housing conditions of refugees living out-of- and in-refugee camps. The chapter documents changes in housing characteristics for Jordanian households during 2010–16 and compares the living and housing conditions in 2016 for out-of- and in-camp refugees to that of locals. It shows that living conditions for local households improved: the share of home ownership and share of households living in private houses increased between 2010 and 2016. The chapter further shows that while the majority of refugees live out-of-refugee camps, those who live in-camps have worse living conditions manifested in smaller living areas, worse access to public facilities, and less ownership of durable assets.
The Normative Structure of Request
Authors: Gläser Micha
Published: November 2019

Joseph Raz holds that, whereas a commander in issuing her command intends to impose an obligation on the commandee, a requester in making her request purports to create a pro tanto reason for the requestee through her act of request. Chapter 2 uses a series of examples to develop a set of “formal constraints on the concept of request” and then uses these constraints to argue that Raz’s account of request does justice to neither the relation between requester and requestee nor to that between a requester and her own request. The chapter then marshals elements from Kant’s ethics and Elizabeth Anscombe’s work on testimony in order to articulate an alternative conception of the normative structure of request, one according to which request should be understood in terms of a principle obligating requester and requestee to jointly harmonize their ends.
On the Virtue of Taking Oneself Lightly
Authors: Bell Macalester
Published: November 2019

While the attitude of not taking oneself too seriously is widely praised in everyday life, philosophers have devoted very little attention to it, and Chapter 8 offers a general account of the virtue of taking oneself lightly. A proper understanding of the virtue raises some deep questions about the nature of respect and the value of psychological coherence. While some will object that taking oneself lightly is to fail to respect oneself, and others will object that a person who takes herself lightly is alienated from herself, these objections can be answered. The chapter closes with a discussion of why taking oneself lightly should be considered a virtue even under conditions of serious injustice and oppression.
Deontological Decision Theory and the Grounds of Subjective Permissibility
Authors: Lazar Seth
Published: November 2019

If we had perfect information, then we could say, for any given objectively permissible act, what makes it objectively permissible. But when we have imperfect information, when we must decide under risk and uncertainty, what then makes an act subjectively permissible or impermissible? There are two salient possibilities. The first is the “verdicts” approach. It grounds judgments of subjective permissibility in probabilistically discounted judgments of objective permissibility. The principle “minimize expected objective wrongness” takes this approach. The second is the “reasons” approach. It grounds subjective permissibility in probabilistically discounted objective reasons. “Maximize expected utility” is one example. Chapter 10 considers whether the verdicts approach or the reasons approach to grounding judgments of subjective permissibility is better suited for deontological decision-making with imperfect information. Perhaps surprisingly, the reasons approach comes out on top.
Tragic Sensibilities
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers the parallel development of bourgeois tragedy, genre serieux (the serious genre), and the era’s early sentimental literature. It reads Sarah Fielding’s pathbreaking sentimental novel, The Adventures of David Simple (1744), and Henry Fielding’s Amelia (1751) in light of the siblings’ close connection to the first generation of bourgeois tragedians in order to claim that sentimental fiction refigures tragedy’s aesthetic frames, with both adopting the tableau in order to invest simple, pathetic scenes of ordinary suffering with dignity. The chapter then considers how these formal elements navigate between realism, sentimentality, and ironic detachment by looking briefly at scenes from Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey (1768), Henry Mackenzie’s The Man of Feeling (1771), and Sophia Lee’s adaptation of Diderot’s Le Pere de famille (1758) as A Chapter of Accidents (1782). Finally, it considers this cultural and affective work in light of recent theories of “public intimacy.”
Introduction
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 defines the term ‘aristocracy’. It functioned in a militarized society where property was accompanied by physical power, the decline of public institutions, the rise of seigniorial power, and the prominence of vertical social relations. Aristocracy denotes a way of life and a sense of social superiority. Aristocracy is an historian’s construct, and there is a tension between the terms ‘aristocracy’ and ‘nobility’, the latter being a term of medieval usage. In this work ‘aristocracy’ is deployed to include all levels of the secular elite, while the use of ‘nobility’ is reserved until its crystallization in the late twelfth century. The word ‘aristocracy’ can be modified to describe levels within the elite and qualified according to social level, function or lifestyle, time and place, or origins. One can speak, therefore, of an urban aristocracy as well as a rural one.
Statistical Toolkit
Authors: Witkov Carey , Zengel Keith
Published: November 2019

Chi-squared analysis requires familiarity with basic statistical concepts like the mean, standard deviation and standard error, and uncertainty propagation. Interesting aspects are presented to challenge even those familiar with these standard topics. End-of-chapter problems are included (with solutions in an appendix).
One Parameter Chi-squared Analysis
Authors: Witkov Carey , Zengel Keith
Published: November 2019

The chi-squared method for parameter estimation and model testing is developed for the one-parameter case of a line with a slope but no intercept. Curve fitting is motivated, and several methods for curve fitting are introduced. The chi-squared method is shown to be the optimal curve fitting method whenever Gaussian distributed measurement uncertainties and a model are present. The central limit theorem, which assures Gaussian distributed measurement uncertainties for a wide range of physical experiments, is introduced. End-of-chapter problems are included (with solutions in an appendix).
Case Study 1: Falling Chains
Authors: Witkov Carey , Zengel Keith
Published: November 2019

The one-parameter chi-squared methodology for parameter estimation and model testing is applied to an introductory physics lab experiment involving a falling chain. Data collection details along with sample data are provided and the results of the chi-squared analysis are interpreted. Problems are included (with solutions in an appendix).
“I Saw One Woman Faint”
Authors: Marsh John
Published: November 2019

The chapter on panic begins—as it must—with Orson Welles’s 1938 War of the Worlds, the panic it inspired, and the scholarly debate about panic that it also began. With War of the Worlds as a touchstone, the chapter turns to other supposed instances of panic in the decade: the stock market crash in 1929, the bank runs of 1933, and Richard Wright’s Native Son, which begins with Bigger Thomas’s panicked murder of Mary Dalton and ends with Wright’s depiction of the hysterical response to that crime on the part of white Chicagoans. Putting these texts together, the chapter argues that for as much as we remember the decade of the 1930s for its populism, it was also a decade in which people felt real fear about what individuals and crowds of people might be capable of when they panicked or otherwise lost control of their emotions.
Music—An Ever-Changing Landscape
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Music is universally a key part of life, with a diversity of styles and usage from love songs to warfare and religion. The variations are immense, and always changing. This introduction has a historical outline, with a rapid overview of early instruments and music. Music developed partly from a gradual relaxation of religious control of what was acceptable. The Renaissance in art and literature contributed, but they require language and knowledge of the symbolisms. Music has none of these restrictions, and our responses are totally personal. There has been a major role of scientific inputs into instruments, concert halls, distribution of music via printing and notation, plus the electronics of recorded music and broadcasting. These factors altered compositional styles. The following chapters will expand on these highly diverse and numerous scientific and technological features and their musical consequences.
Musicianship and the Cult of Personality
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Public access to secular music started the cult of superstars. Composition matched this new demand. Stars were eclipsed by ever greater virtuosity. This created a demand for more powerful instruments and better concert halls. Fame was equally available for the conductors. The pattern continues to the present day, with faster tempi, more power in performances, larger orchestras, and access to a wider range of music from recordings and broadcasts. We like this concept of idols, even if we can rapidly switch them off, to replace them with new ones. Nevertheless, they influence our musical tastes. A key factor in this is attributed to the new sounds generated by the science of recordings and electronics. The science that has allowed superstars to be heard worldwide has also changed the public perception of musicians and raised them from the unfashionable to include some with the status of musical heroes (and heroines).
Development of Fixed Frequency Keyboards
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

The role of science has been to structure a variety of ever more powerful keyboard instruments. The mechanics of their actions are sketched from clavichords to modern pianos. The benefits of more power become a problem when playing music written for quieter and softer sounding pianos, especially in trio or quartet music. This implies a definite market for electronic keyboards that have a variety of sounds from harpsichord or fortepiano to a powerful modern concert grand tone and power. Note that a modern grand can deliver roughly 1000 times more power than a fortepiano.
Analogue or Digital Recording
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Recordings have progressed from wax to shellac, vinyl, tapes, and CDs with recent variants of downloads or streaming. In every case the sound and type of distortion are different. Nevertheless, they all have impact on every type of music and the quality of reproduction with different challenges for each genre. This chapter details many examples. There is no ideal answer because all systems produce music that is distorted from the original performance. It is a matter of personal preference as to which is favoured. Of considerable concern to the music industry—and to audiences interested in listening to classical or jazz—is the trend of the mass market pop music to be heard via streaming. This produces very poor financial returns for the industry, and to most performers. A discussion of future scenarios is timely and is included in this overview.
The Voice
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Voice and singing are fundamental to music. Scales and content reflect our personal culture. Something beautiful and inspiring to one person may be a boring cacophony to another. Viewing musical evolution from the perspective of culture is therefore varied and individual. Input from science is generally less obvious, except for changes generated from acoustics of buildings, broadcasting, and electronic sound equipment. Medical studies reveal how we form sounds and tone quality, and modern electronic signal processing shows the complexity of the harmonic content of singing. The changes between sweetness, harshness, carrying power, and so on, all depend on not just volume, but the fundamental note and its harmonics, plus all the other frequencies generated in our vocalization. One fundamental may have 50 or more other frequencies. This signal processing tool is invaluable for understanding voice production.
Restoration
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

This chapter opens by considering the functional and ideological reasons behind the rebuilding of structures in ancient Rome. It then moves into a discussion of agency in restoration, examining the extent to which it was the patrons, architects, or other individuals who were responsible for decisions regarding the designs of buildings. The final part of the chapter aims to show the prevailing Roman approach to the restoration of public buildings and sets out a key premise which informs the rest of the study. Briefly, this is that restoration was consistently carried out in an innovative manner, which involved designs being made grander, updated in line with contemporary architectural practices, and with no overt attempt made to purposefully preserve the former appearance of a building for historical reasons.
Periodizing Secularization
Authors: Field Clive D.
Published: November 2019

Moving beyond the (now somewhat tired) debates about secularization as paradigm, theory, or master narrative, this book focuses upon the empirical evidence for secularization, viewed in its descriptive sense as the waning social influence of religion, in Britain. Particular emphasis is attached to the two key performance indicators of religious allegiance and churchgoing, each subsuming several sub-indicators, between 1880 and 1945, including the first substantive account of secularization during the fin de siècle. A wide range of primary sources is deployed, many relatively or entirely unknown, and with due regard to their methodological and interpretative challenges. On the back of them, a cross-cutting statistical measure of ‘active church adherence’ is devised, which clearly shows how secularization has been a reality and a gradual, not revolutionary, process. The most likely causes of secularization were an incremental demise of a Sabbatarian culture and of religious socialization (in the church, at home, and in the school). The analysis is also extended backwards, to include a summary of developments during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; and laterally, to incorporate a preliminary evaluation of a six-dimensional model of ‘diffusive religion’, demonstrating that these alternative performance indicators have hitherto failed to prove that secularization has not occurred. The book is designed as a prequel to the author’s previous volumes on the chronology of British secularization – Britain’s Last Religious Revival? (2015) and Secularization in the Long 1960s (2017). Together, they offer a holistic picture of religious transformation in Britain during the key secularizing century of 1880–1980. [250 words]
Conclusion—Periodizing Secularization
Authors: Field Clive D.
Published: November 2019

Since most chapters contain individual summaries, they are not reproduced in the conclusion. Rather, there is a holistic overview of religious allegiance and churchgoing across seven micro-periods between 1880 and 1980, with reference to a hybrid measure of adult ‘active church adherence’ relative to population. This declined continuously and gradually, undermining arguments for ‘revolutionary’ secularization in the 1960s. A second section considers six dimensions of ‘diffusive religion’, a basket of alternative performance indicators cited by some scholars who contend religion has not declined but simply changed, moving away from institutional expressions. Such claims are not judged evidentially strong. The third section updates secularization’s historiography, critiquing previous work on the alleged religious crisis of 1890–1914, the religious impact of the world wars, and the so-called religious revival of the 1950s and crisis of the 1960s. The causation of secularization is discussed, and weakening Sabbatarianism and religious socialization of children are emphasized.
Resurgent Asia
Authors: Nayyar Deepak
Published: November 2019

Resurgent Asia analyses the phenomenal transformation of Asia, which would have been difficult to imagine, let alone predict, fifty years ago, when Gunnar Myrdal published Asian Drama. In doing so, it provides an analytical narrative of this remarkable story of economic development, situated in its wider context of historical, political, and social factors, and an economic analysis of the underlying factors, with a focus on critical issues in the process of, and outcomes in, development. In 1970, Asia was the poorest continent in the world, marginal except for its large population. By 2016, it accounted for three-tenths of world income, two-fifths of world manufacturing, and one-third of world trade, while its income per capita converged towards the world average. However, this transformation was associated with unequal outcomes across countries and between people. The analysis disaggregates Asia into its four constituent sub-regions—East, Southeast, South, and West—and further into fourteen economies—China, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Turkey, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka—which account for more than four-fifths of its population and income. This book enhances our understanding of development processes and outcomes in Asia over the past fifty years, draws out the analytical conclusions that contribute to contemporary debates on development, and highlights some lessons from the Asian experience for countries elsewhere. It is the first to examine the phenomenal changes that are transforming economies in Asia and shifting the balance of economic power in the world, while reflecting on the future prospects in Asia over the next twenty-five years. A rich, engaging, and fascinating read.
The rise of Asia
Authors: Nayyar Deepak
Published: November 2019

The transformation of Asia reflected in its demographic transition, social progress, and economic development, has been phenomenal. During 1970–2016, growth in GDP and GDP per capita in Asia was much higher than elsewhere in the world economy. Its share of world GDP rose from less than one-tenth to three-tenths. Its income per capita converged towards the world average. Its share in world industrial production jumped from 4 per cent to 40 per cent. This provides a sharp contrast with the precipitous decline of Asia in the world economy during the colonial era. For Asian countries, political independence, which restored their economic autonomy and enabled them to pursue their national development objectives, made this possible. However, economic and social development was most unequal between the constituent sub-regions of Asia. East Asia was the leader and South Asia was the laggard, with Southeast Asia in the middle, while progress in West Asia did not match its high income levels.
The Challenge of ‘Foreign Fighters’ to the Liberal International Legal Order
Authors: Krähenmann Sandra
Published: November 2019

This chapter proposes an analysis of Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) as an illustration of how states used the institutional structure set up by the liberal international legal order in order to provide a comprehensive framework for addressing the mobilization and recruitment of so-called foreign fighters. In the second part of the chapter, two particularly emblematic policies tailored towards addressing ‘foreign fighter’ mobilization will be analysed. First, against the background of the ‘foreign fighter’ phenomenon, initiatives to prevent violent extremism and radicalization have gained traction with a particular focus on the abuse of modern information and communication technology to incite support for terrorism and spread violent extremism is highlighted. Second, states increasingly resort to revocation of citizenship as a part of their counterterrorism arsenal.
Investment Law and Renewable Energy
Authors: Simões Fernando Dias
Published: November 2019

The last decade witnessed the emergence of an international market for renewable energy. Foreign investment is particularly important in this field. Governments around the world have implemented economic support mechanisms to encourage private investment, leading a substantial number of companies to invest in renewable energy production. However, for different reasons several countries decided to reduce or eliminate those incentives, unleashing a wave of arbitration claims. Foreign investors are challenging such measures, claiming that they reduce the profitability of their investments in a way which is contrary to the obligations borne by host states under international investment agreements. The crux of the question is whether investors can seek compensation under investment treaties when governments encourage investment via economic support schemes but decide to reduce or eliminate them after the investment is sunk. These disputes raise a classic problem in investment law: how to strike a balance between foreign investors’ reliance on the regulations that underpin their long-term investments and the host state’s right to adapt regulations to new circumstances.
Playing Hide and Seek with ‘Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will’ (‘a Past that Will Not Pass’) in the History of International Law
Authors: de la Rasilla Ignacio
Published: November 2019

The chapter proceeds in two parts. The first reviews the enactment of the Spanish Historical Memory Act (HMA) and examines three of its most polemical areas of implementation in the light of the concerns raised by several United Nations human rights bodies charged with overseeing the conflict-ridden politics of historical memory in Spain. The second part of the chapter builds on Spanish experience in examining some of the most common hurdles, including methodological ones, that an incoming democratic generation of international lawyers may face when attempting a balanced exploration of the history of international law after a long period of authoritarian rule in their home country.
Statehood and the State-Like in International Law
Authors: Nicholson Rowan
Published: November 2019

If the term were given its literal meaning, international law would be law between ‘nations’. It is often described instead as being primarily between states. But this conceals the diversity of the nations or state-like entities that have personality in international law or that have had it historically. This book reconceptualizes statehood by positioning it within that wider family of state-like entities. An important conclusion of the book is that states themselves have diverse legal underpinnings. Practice in cases such as Somalia and broader principles indicate that international law provides not one but two alternative methods of qualifying as a state: subject to exceptions connected with territorial integrity and peremptory norms, an entity can be a state either on the ground that it meets criteria of effectiveness or on the ground that it is recognized by all other states. Another conclusion is that states, in the strict legal sense in which the word is used today, have never been the only state-like entities with personality in international law. Others from the past and present include imperial China in the period when it was unreceptive to Western norms; pre-colonial African chiefdoms; ‘states-in-context’, an example of which may be Palestine, which have the attributes of statehood relative to states that recognize them; and entities such as Hong Kong.
Other state-like entities in a world of states
Authors: Nicholson Rowan
Published: November 2019

This chapter looks at the international legal personality of state-like entities that exist today other than states in the strict sense and states-in-context. These include including entities in free association, subentities of states such as Hong Kong, and the Holy See. It concludes that, despite the dominance of states, international law allows other state-like entities to acquire personality in two ways: ‘volitionally’ (usually under a treaty or by recognition) or ‘automatically’ (usually by direct operation of a customary norm). The chapter also serves to corroborate the conclusion, drawn elsewhere in the book, that there are two coexisting methods of acquiring statehood: effectiveness and recognition.
Structure, function, and evolution of respiratory proteins
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke
Published: November 2019

Respiratory proteins are complexes of proteins and metal ions. In haemoglobin the metal is iron, in haemocyanin—the most common invertebrate respiratory protein—it is copper. Globins such as haemoglobin and myoglobin and related molecular complexes have probably been around as long as life itself, whereas others such as the most common respiratory protein of molluscs and arthropods, haemocyanin, appear to be younger and are not chemically related to globins. Nevertheless, astounding functional similarities between haemoglobin and haemocyanin are seen. The present chapter takes a look at the molecular mechanisms behind their function, their fundamental integration in the respiratory process, and also traces the evolution of these respiratory proteins.
The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in invertebrates
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke
Published: November 2019

This chapter aims at piecing together the evolution of air breathing in invertebrates, the main conclusion here being that it evolved independently several times. In molluscs alone, air breathing has evolved several times, but almost exclusively among snails. Among crustaceans, several groups of crabs have also independently developed terrestrial representatives and transitional stages, particularly in the control of breathing, are evident. Analysis of insects shows few recognizable evolutionary progressions: air sacs and different stigmatal closure mechanisms have appeared and disappeared numerous times, even within closely related groups. But other tracheate groups such as myriapods show an interesting correlation between the presence of tracheal lungs, which end in an open circulatory system, and tracheae that invade the tissue as in insects, and the presence or reduction of respiratory proteins. In arachnids a similar tendency is seen, and the most interesting developments were the (partial) replacement of a ‘perfectly good’ air-breathing organ (book lungs) by another one (tracheae).
Facilitating Injustice
Authors: Park Yoosun
Published: November 2019

Social workers were involved in all aspects of the removal, incarceration, and resettlement of the Nikkei, a history that has been forgotten by social work. This study is an effort to address this lacuna. Social work equivocated. While it did not fully endorse mass removal and incarceration, neither did it protest, oppose, or explicitly critique government actions. The past should not be judged by today’s standards; the actions and motivations described here occurred in a period rife with fear and propaganda. Undergoing a major shift from its private charity roots into its public sector future, social work bounded with the rest of society into “a patriotic fervor.” While policies of a government at war, intractable bureaucratic structures, tangled political alliances, and complex professional obligations all may have mandated compliance, it is, nevertheless, difficult to deny that social work and social workers were also willing participants in the events, informed about and aware of the implications of that compliance. In social work’s unwillingness to take a resolute stand against removal and incarceration, the well-intentioned profession, doing its conscious best to do good, enforced the existing social order and did its level best to keep the Nikkei from disrupting it.
Genome-wide characterization of copy number variations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with implications in targeted therapy
Authors: Dharanipragada Prashanthi , Parekh Nita
Published: November 2019

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the aggressive form of haematological malignancies with relapse/refractory in ~ 40% of cases. It mostly develops due to accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic variations that contribute to its aggressiveness. Though large-scale structural alterations have been reported in DLBCL, their functional role in pathogenesis and as potential targets for therapy is not yet well understood. In this study we performed detection and analysis of copy number variations (CNVs) in 11 human DLBCL cell lines (4 activated B-cell–like [ABC] and 7 germinal-centre B-cell–like [GCB]), that serve as model systems for DLBCL cancer cell biology. Significant heterogeneity observed in CNV profiles of these cell lines and poor prognosis associated with ABC subtype indicates the importance of individualized screening for diagnostic and prognostic targets. Functional analysis of key cancer genes exhibiting copy alterations across the cell lines revealed activation/disruption of ten potentially targetable immuno-oncogenic pathways. Genome guided in silico therapy that putatively target these pathways is elucidated. Based on our analysis, five CNV-genes associated with worst survival prognosis are proposed as potential prognostic markers of DLBCL.
Statistical shape modelling provides a responsive measure of morphological change in knee osteoarthritis over 12 months
Authors: Gregory Jennifer S , Barr Rebecca J , Yoshida Kanako , Alesci Salvatore , Reid David M , Aspden Richard M
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Responsive biomarkers are needed to assess the progression of OA and their lack has hampered previous clinical trials. Statistical shape modelling (SSM) from radiographic images identifies those at greatest risk of fast-progression or joint replacement, but its sensitivity to change has not previously been measured. This study evaluates the responsiveness of SSM in knee OA in a 12-month observational study.

Methods

A total of 109 people were recruited who had undergone knee radiographs in the previous 12 months, and were grouped based on severity of radiographic OA (Kellgren–Lawrence grading). An SSM was built from three dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at 6-month intervals. Change-over-time and OA were assessed using generalized estimating equations, standardized response means (SRM) and reliable change indices

Results

Mode 1 showed typical features of radiographic OA and had a strong link with Kellgren–Lawrence grading but did not change significantly during the study. Mode 3 showed asymmetrical changes consistent with medial cartilage loss, osteophytes and joint malalignment, and was responsive to change, with a 12-month SRM of 0.63. The greatest change was observed in the moderate radiographic OA group (SRM 0.92) compared with the controls (SRM 0.21), and the reliable change index identified 14% of this group whose progression was clinically significant.

Conclusion

Shape changes linked the progression of osteophytosis with increasing malalignment within the joint. Modelling of the whole joint enabled quantification of change beyond the point where bone-to-bone contact has been made. The knee SSM is, therefore, a responsive biomarker for radiographic change in knees over 12 months.
Elevated temperature and CO2 cause differential growth stimulation and drought survival responses in eucalypt species from contrasting habitats
Authors: Apgaua Deborah M G , Tng David Y P , Forbes Samantha J , Ishida Yoko F , Vogado Nara O , Cernusak Lucas A , Laurance Susan G W
Published: November 2019

Climate change scenarios predict increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), temperatures and droughts in tropical regions. Individually, the effects of these climate factors on plants are well established, whereas experiments on the interactive effects of a combination of factors are rare. Moreover, how these environmental factors will affect tree species along a wet to dry gradient (e.g., along tropical forest–savanna transitions) remains to be investigated. We hypothesized that under the simulated environmental conditions, plant growth, physiological performance and survivorship would vary in a manner consistent with the species’ positions of origin along this gradient. In a glasshouse experiment, we raised seedlings of three Eucalyptus species, each occurring naturally in a wet forest, savanna and forest–savanna ecotone, respectively. We evaluated the effect of drought, elevated temperature (4 °C above ambient glasshouse temperature of 22 °C) and elevated temperature in combination with elevated [CO2] (400 ppm [CO2] above ambient of 400 ppm), on seedling growth, survivorship and physiological responses (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency). Elevated temperature under ambient [CO2] had little effect on growth, biomass and plant performance of well-watered seedlings, but hastened mortality in drought-affected seedlings, affecting the forest and ecotone more strongly than the savanna species. In contrast, elevated [CO2] in combination with elevated temperatures delayed the appearance of drought stress symptoms and enhanced survivorship in drought-affected seedlings, with the savanna species surviving the longest, followed by the ecotone and forest species. Elevated [CO2] in combination with elevated temperatures also enhanced growth and biomass and photosynthesis in well-watered seedlings of all species, but modified shoot:root biomass partitioning and stomatal conductance differentially across species. Our study highlights the need for a better understand of the interactive effects of elevated [CO2], temperature and drought on plants and the potential to upscale these insights for understanding biome changes.
Is liver glycogen fragility a possible drug target for diabetes?
Authors: Li Cheng , Hu Zhenxia
Published: November 2019

Liver glycogen α particles are molecularly fragile in diabetic mice, and readily form smaller β particles, which degrade more rapidly to glucose. This effect is well associated with the loss of blood‐glucose homeostasis in diabetes. The biological mechanism of such fragility is still unknown; therefore, there are perceived opportunities that could eventually lead to new means to manage type 2 diabetes. The hierarchical structures of glycogen particles are controlled by the underlying biosynthesis/degradation process that involves various enzymes, including, for example, glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen‐branching enzyme (GBE). Recent studies have shown that fragile glycogen α particles in diabetic mice have longer chains and a higher molecular density compared to wild‐type mice, indicating an enhanced enzymatic activity ratio of GS to GBE in diabetes. Furthermore, it has been shown that with an improved blood glucose homeostasis, the glycogen fragility in diabetic mice can be restored by treatment with active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine, yet the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understandings glycogen fragility from the perspectives of glycogen biosynthesis/degradation, glycogen hierarchical structures, and its relation to diabetes. Importantly, we for the first time set GS/GBE activity ratio as the therapeutic target for diabetes.
Tamlana fucoidanivorans sp. nov., isolated from algae collected in China
Authors: Li Jin , Xu Yan , Feng Jiarong , Zhong Mingqi , Xie Qingyi , Peng Tao , Hu Zhong
Published: November 2019

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped marine bacterium, CW2-9T, was isolated from algae collected from Fujian Province in PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that this strain was affiliated with the genus

Tamlana

in the family

Flavobacteriaceae

of the class

Flavobacteriia

and was very similar to the type strain

Tamlana sedimentorum

MCCC 1A10799T (96.3 % sequence similarity). The whole genome of strain CW2-9T comprised 3 997 513 bp with a G+C content of 34.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain CW2-9T and

T. sedimentorum

MCCC 1A10799T was 73.8 %. Growth was observed from 15 to 40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH from pH 5.0 to 10.0 (pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl (0–1 %). The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total) were iso-C15 : 0, iso G-C15 : 1, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and anteiso-C15 : 0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-6. The combined phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data indicate that strain CW2-9T represents a novel species in the genus

Tamlana

, for which the name Tamlana fucoidanivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CW2-9T (=CICC 24749T=KCTC 72389T).
Pseudomonas rhizoryzae sp. nov., isolated from rice
Authors: Wang Xing , He Shan-wen , Guo He-Bao , Thin Kyu Kyu , Gao Ju-sheng , Wang Yao , Zhang Xiao-Xia
Published: November 2019

Two yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated as RY24T and ZYY160, were isolated from rice. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains RY24T and ZYY160 belonged to the genus

Pseudomonas

, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was 100 % The DNA homology between the two strains was 99.7 %. The 16S rRNA and rpoD gene sequences of the two strains showed highest similarity values to

Pseudomonas oryzihabitans

CGMCC 1.3392T and

Pseudomonas psychrotolerans

DSM 15758T (sharing 99.31 and 94.34 %, respectively). The major fatty acids of two strains were identified as summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), C16;0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), and the major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-9, which are typical chemotaxonomic features of members of the genus

Pseudomonas

. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains RY24T and ZYY160 were determined to be 64.25 and 64.21 mol%, respectively. The DNA–DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity values between the two strains and their closely related type strains were below 36 and 90 %, which supported that RY24T and ZYY160 represent a novel species in the genus

Pseudomonas

. Phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic evidence, together with phenotypic characteristics, showed that the two isolates constitute a novel species of the genus

Pseudomonas

. The type strain is RY24T (JCM 33201T=ACCC 61555T), for which the name Pseudomonas rhizoryzae sp. nov. is proposed.
Gudongella oleilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerotorelant bacterium isolated from Shengli oilfield and validation of family Tissierellaceae
Authors: Wu Kejia , Dai Lirong , Tu Bo , Zhang Xue , Zhang Hui , Deng Yu , Lawson Paul A. , Cheng Lei
Published: November 2019

A novel Gram-stain-positive, rod shaped and anaerobic bacterium, designated as W6T, was isolated from Shengli oilfield in China. Strain W6T was observed to grow from 20 to 45 °C with pH 6.5–9.0 (optimally at 40 °C and pH of 7.5) and without addition of NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (29.1%), C14 : 0 (27.0%) and C16 : 0 (12.2%), and the main polar lipids were lipids (L) and aminolipids (AL). The DNA G+C content is 42.9 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain W6T showed highest similarities to

Tissierella creatinini

DSM 9508T (94.9%) and

Soehngenia saccharolytica

DSM 12858T (94.1%). The morphological, physiological, biochemical, phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses demonstrated strain W6T (CCAM 534T=DSM 28124T=CGMCC 1.5291T) represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Gudongella oleilytica gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The family

Tissierellaceae

is proposed as a new family containing the genera

Anaerosalibacter

, Gudongella,

Keratinibaculum

,

Soehngenia

,

Sporanaerobacter

,

Tepidimicrobium

,

Tissierella

, Urmitella and species

Clostridium ultunense

based on the phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses.
Dyadobacter flavalbus sp. nov., isolated from lake sediment
Authors: Qu Jian-Hang , Yue Yi-Fei , Zhou Jia , Qu Ling-Bo , Wang Lin-Feng
Published: November 2019

A novel bacterial strain, designated NS28T, was isolated from interfacial sediment sampled at Taihu Lake, PR China. Cells were rod-shaped, Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile on Reasoner's 2A medium. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NS28T was most closely related to species from the genus

Dyadobacter

, with 98.4 and 96.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to its closest phylogenetic neighbours

Dyadobacter sediminis

CGMCC 1.12895T and

Dyadobacter luticola

CCTCC AB 2017091T, respectively. MK-7 was the only cellular menaquinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω5c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one phospholipid, one aminolipid, one lipid and two unidentified lipids. Genomic analysis of strain NS28T indicated that the total genome size was 6 477 094 bp with a G+C content of 44.8 mol%, 5380 protein-coding genes, 79 contigs and an N50 length of 299﻿584 bp. On the basis of the genomic DNA sequence, the average nucleotide identity values were 90.5 and 74.1 % with

D. sediminis

CGMCC 1.12895T and

D. luticola

CCTCC AB 2017091T, respectively. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization results of strain NS28T with

D. sediminis

CGMCC 1.12895T and

D. luticola

CCTCC AB 2017091T were 40.9 and 18.6 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genome sequence data presented here, it is proposed that strain NS28T represents a novel species of the genus

Dyadobacter

for which the name Dyadobacter flavalbus is proposed . The type strain is NS28T (=NBRC 113854T=MCCC 1K03764T).