bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
Authors: Dupont Pierre
Published: December 2021

This article is dedicated to the fields of mechanical engineering and machine design. It also intends to give a nonexhaustive view of the preventive side of the failure analysis of rolling-element bearings (REBs) and of some of the developments in terms of materials and surface engineering. The article presents the nomenclature, numbering systems, and worldwide market of REBs as well as provides description of REBs as high-tech machine components. It discusses heat treatments, performance, and properties of bearing materials. The processes involved in the examination of failed bearings are also explained. Finally, the article discusses in detail the characteristics and prevention of the various types of failures of REBs: wear, fretting, corrosion, plastic flow, rolling-contact fatigue, and damage. The article includes an Appendix, which lists REB-related abbreviations, association websites, and ISO standards.
Occurrence of adulterants and preservatives in the Milk Sold in Rural areas of Omdurman, Sudan
Authors: A. A. Mohammed Asged, , El Zubeir I. E. M.
Published: December 2021

In the present investigation, the chemical composition of milk was determined and the detection of the presence of some additives and preservatives in raw cow milk obtained from rural area of Omdurman city Sudan was done. The milk samples (n= 120) were obtained from rural areas of North and South Omdurman. Significantly, (P≤0.05) higher values for the chemical constituents of the examined raw milk samples were reported in the samples from South Omdurman compared to those from North Omdurman. In addition, the results showed that the added water was found in 16.7% of the examined milk samples. Also, formaldehyde was used as a preservative in 19.2% of the samples, while boric acid was used as preservative in 25% of the milk samples in South Omdurman. However, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide and starch were not detected. It was concluded that milk distributed in North and South Omdurman contains some adulterants. Hence control and monitoring programs should be directed towards the hygienic quality of milk during production and marketing.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) SEBAGAI MEDIA FILTRASI PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR (TINGKAT KEJERNIHAN AIR, NILAI pH DAN TDS)
Authors: Yulis Putri Ade Rahma , Sari Yelfira , Desti Desti
Published: December 2021

Berdasarkan hasil pendataan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) bahwa pencemaran terbesar adalah pencemaran air, diikuti pencemaran udara dan tanah. Salah satu penyebab pencemaran air tersebut berasal dari limbah rumah tangga dan limbah industri. Atas dasar permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kualitas fisik air dengan memanfaatkan limbah kulit pisang. Untuk proses penelitian yang dilakukan adalah air limbah difiltrasi menggunakan serbuk simplisia kulit pisang kepok dengan variasi jumlah media filtrasi dan waktu filtrasi. Hasil yang diperoleh terjadi peningkatan tingkat kejernihan air limbah dari warna kecoklatan menjadi bening. Untuk nilai pH dan TDS pada variasi jumlah media filtrasi yaitu dari pH awal 4,9 dan TDS 477 mg/L menjadi pH 5,7 dan TDS 316 mg/L (filtrasi 30 g kulit pisang), pH 6,3 dan TDS 310 mg/L (filtrasi 50 g kulit pisang), pH 6,6 dan TDS 333 mg/L (filtrasi 70 g kulit pisang), pH 6,9 dan TDS 348 mg/L (filtrasi 90 g kulit pisang). Kemudian untuk variasi waktu filtrasi didapatkan hasil yaitu pH 5,3 dan TDS 409 mg/L (filtrasi 3 jam), pH 5,5 dan TDS 342 mg/L (filtrasi 5 jam), pH 6,3 dan TDS 314 mg/L (filtrasi 7 jam), pH 6,6 dan TDS 303 mg/L (filtrasi 9 jam ). Berdasarkan data perubahan pH dan TDS serta tingkat kejernihan air tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kulit pisang kepok mempunyai efektivitas cukup tinggi dan berpotensi sebagai biosorben ramah lingkungan dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut dengan proses aktivasi dan uji parameter lainnya untuk mengurangi dampak pencemaran lingkungan.
A pesquisa em Educação e o campo da formação de educadores:
Authors: Gatti Bernardete Angelina
Published: December 2021

No artigo são tratadas questões conceituais sobre aspectos da delimitação de campo de investigação científica e também questões relativas à pesquisa em formação de educadores. Esses temas foram objeto de intensas trocas com Marli André durante nossas vivências acadêmicas e parcerias em pesquisas. São tratados aspectos relativos à validade e consistência da produção científica, discutindo a variedade de possibilidades advindas com o emprego dos métodos qualitativos na pesquisa em educação e sobre a formação de professores, como também as preocupações sociais e educacionais suscitadas pela maior aproximação pesquisador-pesquisado, pesquisador-contexto.
“Marli André – a pesquisa qualitativa em educação e formação de professores”
Authors: Romanowski Joana P , Hobold Marcia de Souza , Passos Laurizete Ferragut
Published: December 2021

Ap´resentação de numero temático
Pulse Width Modulation Analysis of Five-Level Inverter- Fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: Tola Omokhafe J. , Umoh Edwin A. , Yahaya Enesi A.
Published: December 2021

In recent times, intense research has been focused on the performance enhancement of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) for electric vehicle (EV) applications to reduce their torque and current ripples. Permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely used in electric vehicle systems due to their high efficiency and high torque density. To have a good dynamic and transient response, an appropriate inverter topology is required. In this paper, a five-level inverter fed PMSM for electric vehicle applications, realized via co-simulation in an electromagnetic suite environment with a reduced stator winding current of PMSM via the use of in-phase disposition (PD) pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques as the control strategy is presented. The proposed topology minimizes the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the inverter circuit and the motor fed and also improves the torque ripples and the steady-state flux when compared to conventional PWM techniques. A good dynamic response was achieved with less than 10A stator winding current, zero percent overshoot, and 0.02 second settling time synchronization. Thus, the stator currents are relatively low when compared to the conventional PWM. This topology contribution to the open problem of evolving strategies that can enhance the performance of electric drive systems used in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), mechatronics, and robotic systems.
АНДРІЙ ГЛУЩЕНКО: ЖИТТЄВИЙ І ТВОРЧИЙ ШЛЯХ ПЕДАГОГА (до 100-річчя від дня народження)
Authors: Омельченко Світлана , Саяпіна Світлана , Глущенко Володимир
Published: December 2021

У статті розкрито етапи життєвого й творчого шляху Андрія Георгійовича Глущенка (1921-2003), відомого педагога, спеціаліста з питань трудового й морального виховання.

Висвітлюючи біографію А. Г. Глущенка, автори стисло описують дитячі та юнацькі роки майбутнього педагога, розкривають участь Андрія Глущенка у бойових діях, у вигнанні німецько-фашистських загарбників із сотень сіл і десятків міст України, Молдавії, Румунії.

Проаналізовано роботу А. Г. Глущенка як учителя й керівника шкільного колективу. Приділено певну увагу початку наукової діяльності педагога, захисту підготовленої ним кандидатської дисертації й переходу науковця до закладу вищої освіти.

Наведено факти з історії Донбаського державного педагогічного університету (у минулому – Слов’янський державний педагогічний інститут), пов’язані з процесами зміцнення й послідовного поліпшення кадрового потенціалу цього закладу.

Охарактеризовано наукові пошуки Андрія Глущенка – автора книг «Позакласна робота в початкових класах» та «Трудове виховання молодших школярів у позакласній роботі». Розкрито сутність феномена відношень, що виникають у процесі виконання школярами різних видів діяльності. Виховні відношення, як показав А. Г. Глущенко, формуються під впливом таких чинників організації діяльності: цільових настанов; обсягу й характеру завдання; розподілу на етапи й операції; розстановки учасників колективної справи та розподілу між ними обов’язків; використання прийомів стимулювання; залучення самих учасників до організації праці; позиції вихователя-організатора у процесі діяльності.

Розкрито досягнення А. Г. Глущенка як письменника-мемуариста, автора книг «Живим залишитися було чудо», «Роки дитинства», «Жила на землі Людина».
ПРОБЛЕМА ПЕРІОДИЗАЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ В ІСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ РОЗВІДКАХ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ДОСЛІДНИКІВ
Authors: Тимошенко Марина
Published: December 2021

У сучасних дисертаційних працях особливої актуальності набуває висвітлення розвитку досліджуваного феномену в літературних джерелах різного часу. Цим займається історіографія, яку розуміємо як учення, що досліджує будь-яку історичну науку. Історіографія засвідчує, як виникла й розвивалась історична думка, процес нагромадження історичних знань. З’ясовує соціальну основу й соціальну функцію історичного пізнання, досліджує боротьбу різних напрямів, шкіл, концепцій, аналізує методи вивчення історичних джерел, висвітлює організацію й форми дослідницької роботи в галузі історії.

Доведено, що проблема періодизаціı̈ розвитку вищоı̈ освіти в незалежній Украı̈ні наразі є актуальною, тому її історіографія нараховує значну кількість досліджень. Аналіз й узагальнення історико-педагогічних джерел дали підстави визначити найголовніші етапи й тенденціı̈ розвитку вищоı̈ освіти в Украı̈ні як самостійній державі. У наукових розвідках сучасних дослідників, по-перше, є наукова цінність, що збагатить теоретичні основи історіı̈ становлення та функціонування вищоı̈ педагогічної освіти в незалежній Украı̈ні; по-друге, практичне значення дослідження полягає в тому, що отримані результати можуть бути використані під час викладання освітніх компонентів, у змісті яких цю проблему окреслено.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЗАДАЧ ПРИКЛАДНОГО ЗМІСТУ ПІД ЧАС ВИВЧЕННЯ МАТЕМАТИКИ У СТАРШІЙ ШКОЛІ
Authors: Беседін Борис , Жадан Олександр
Published: December 2021

Стаття присвячена проблемі прикладної спрямованості в процесі вивчення математики у старшій школі. Проблема прикладної та практичної спрямованості в процесі навчання математики не є новою. На всіх етапах її становлення і розвитку вона була пов'язана з безліччю питань, більша частина яких до цих пір не вирішена.

Багато випускників школи за час навчання не навчилися застосовувати математичні відомості, не опанували уміння логічно міркувати в повсякденному житті, тобто не усвідомили прикладний характер математики. Насправді ж, вони просто не зрозуміли, що математика є сплетінням абстрактної математики і прикладної математики.

Перехід на нові освітні стандарти висуває необхідність вводити прикладну спрямованість шкільної освіти. Універсальність математичних методів дозволяє відобразити зв'язок теоретичного матеріалу різних областей знань з практикою. Передбачити всі аспекти застосування математики в майбутній діяльності учнів практично не можливо, а тим більше складно розглянути всі ці питання в школі. Науково-технічна революція у всіх областях людської діяльності висуває нові вимоги до знань, технічної культури, загального і прикладного характеру освіти. Це ставить перед сучасною школою нові завдання для вдосконалення освіти. Отже, прикладна спрямованість шкільного курсу математики здійснюється з метою підвищення якості природничо-математичної освіти учнів, застосування їх математичних знань до вирішення завдань повсякденного життя і в подальшій професійній діяльності.

У статті обґрунтовується необхідність використання прикладних задач з математики в старших класах закладів середньої освіти, та пропонується комплекс задач.

Задачі прикладного змісту дають можливість для реалізації загально-дидактичних принципів в процесі навчання математики. Варто також відзначити, що саме прикладні завдання можуть використовуватися з різною дидактичною метою: можуть мотивувати, зацікавити, сприяти розвитку розумової діяльності, пояснити зв'язок між математикою та іншими шкільними дисциплінами (фізика, біологія, інформатика, хімія, економіка, тощо), та зв’язок між математикою та нематематичними областями.
The Combustion of Emulsified Glycerol-Heavy Oil Fuel Droplet
Authors: S. Soulayman  , K. Youssef
Published: December 2021

In this work the evaporation of the emulsified glycerol- heavy fuel oil (CG-HFO) droplets with different activator is modeled. The influence of activator gas bubbles volume developments on the evaporation of fuel droplets in the high temperature combustion chamber is studied. The crude glycerol as the secondary product of biodiesel production is used as the first component of the emulsion while the second component is heavy fuel oil. The crude glycerol contains methanol, aromatics, minerals, a little bit biodiesel and water. These materials were pressurized and injected in the chamber with three inputs: the first one is for the CG-HFO, the second one is for activator while the third one is for air for forming the emulsion and then passing to the combustion chamber. The applied pressure is determined according to contents which lead to flame stability of the primary formed emulation. A comparison of calculated results, basing on semi-empirical method, with experimental ones demonstrates the modeling acceptable accuracy.
Optoelectrical Properties of NiInZnO (NIZO) Thin Films
Authors: K. Mensah-Darkwa  , A. Dere  , Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi  , Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi  , Ram K. Gupta  , F. Yakuphanoglu
Published: December 2021

This report presents the fabrication and characterization of x % Ni - InZnO (NIZO) Schottky diodes. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the fabricate Al/p-Si / x % Ni - InZnO /Au photodiodes were investigated. An average visible transmittance of about 75% - 85% has been obtained in the visible-light to near-infrared wavelength region. The optical bandgap was 3.17 ± 0.02 eV. Current-Voltage measurements were conducted to analyze the photodiode behavior under dark and light illumination. The reverse bias current increases together with increasing light illumination. The observed I-V results confirm the photoconductive and photovoltaic properties of the fabricated diode. There is an exponential relationship between the current and the voltage in the forward bias, confirming the rectification performance of the photodiode. The electrical properties of the fabricated photodiodes were evaluated using Cheung- Cheung and Norde’s methods. The transient photocurrent, capacitance-voltage-frequency and conductance-voltagefrequency plots indicate that the diode is very sensitive to light illumination. We also observe a strong correlation between capacitance and conductance on frequency, this was explained based on the presence of interface states. The obtained results suggest that the Ni-doped InZnO photodiodes can be useful in photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.
Design and Evaluation of a Concentrated Solar-Powered Thermal-Pasteurization System
Authors: B.D. Plourde  , A. Gikling  , T. Marsh  , M.A. Riemenschneider  , J.L. Fitzgerald  , W.J. Minkowycz  , J. Kiplagat  , J.P. Abraham
Published: December 2021

A device has been designed, constructed, and tested for heating fluids using solar energy. The device heats water to levels to kill pathogens by a parabolic reflecting surface that concentrates solar energy along an axis. Among the components that increase the thermal performance of the system is a thermally actuated valve, which controls the temperature and the thermal exposure duration of the fluid to cause deactivation of targeted pathogens. Also, a novel fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger arranged in counter flow is used.
Experiments were performed with a water solution containing non-pathogenic Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 (E. coli) bacteria. The results showed that the system is capable of pasteurization to levels where no living pathogens were detected in the heated fluid. The experiments were carried out over a wide range of temperatures and exposure durations to test the device and the underlying mathematical model. E. coli log reductions greater than 1 were achieved in all cases and it is shown that arbitrary values of reduction can be achieved with appropriate temperature/time settings.
Inverse Weibull Method Application to wind Speed Modeling in Campo Grande-Ms Brazil
Authors: Razika Ihaddadene  , Nabila Ihaddadene  , Amaury de Souza  , Abdelhadi Beghidja
Published: December 2021

Wind potential estimation requires an analysis of wind characteristics (wind speed density and wind direction). In this study, the applicability of two distribution models named Weibull and Inverse Weibull aiming to characterize the wind speed distribution in Campo Grande-Ms (Brazil) is investigated. The wind speed data collected from Campo Grande-Ms National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) at 10 m height for 5 years from January 2013 to December 2017, at an hour interval, are used. The method of maximum likelihood estimation is applied to calculate the parameters of the selected distributions. The best distribution function is chosen based on three goodness-of-fit statistics, namely; mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R²). The obtained results indicate that the Weibull distribution provides a more accurate and efficient estimation than Inverse Weibull distribution. Therefore, Weibull distribution can be used to better estimate wind speed distribution in Campo Grande-Ms (Brazil) than Inverse Weibull distribution.
Graphene : An Out Standing Material
Authors: Razika Zair Tala-Ighil
Published: December 2021

In photovoltaics, research is aiming to investigate new materials able to push the efficiency limit for solar cells towards the highest values without increasing the fabrication cost.
This paper presents a review about graphene material and its potential use in all technological fields. Due to its high conductivity, transparency and amazing properties. It seems that it has an important place in the next generation of solar cells instead of silicon or thin film based solar cells, researchers found diverse applications for graphene in nanoelectronics, aviation, industry, transport, biomedecine and others.
This paper present a review about the state of art about the graphene material in photovoltaic solar cells where very interesting efficiencies were recorded.
Influence of Corrosion of Self-Piercing Riveted High Strength Aluminium Alloy Joints with Button Cracks on the Mechanical Strength
Authors: Dezhi Li  , Li Han  , Andreas Chrysanthou  , Mike Shergold
Published: December 2021

For high strength aluminium alloys, such as AA6008T61 and AA6111 PFHT, when they are joined as the bottom material by self-piercing riveting (SPR), they tend to crack at the joint buttons. These cracks, especially those penetrated to the rivets, may cause galvanic corrosion problem with the steel rivet. In this paper, the mechanical strength of four stack/die combinations with different joint button cracking severity was studied before and after salt-spray corrosion test. The results showed that corrosion on the severely cracked joints was worse than that on the joints with small cracks and the corrosion on the stack with the same top and bottom material was less than that on the stack with different top and bottom materials. For all joints the static lap shear strength after corrosion was improved, but the static T peel strength after corrosion was slightly reduced or did not have obvious change. The results also showed that after corrosion the lap shear fatigue strength of the specimens with severe cracks did not have obvious change, but the lap shear fatigue strength of the specimens with small cracks slightly reduced.
Synthesis, Characterization and Conductivity Properties of Polystyrene/Polyacrylonitrile/Polyindole Ternary Composites
Authors: Soykan  , O.C. Candogan
Published: December 2021

In this investigation, polystyrene/polyacrylonitrile/polyindole (PSt/PAN/PIN) ternary composites with various amounts of PSt, PAN and PIN were synthesized using FeCl3 as an oxidant agent by chemical polymerization technique. The formation of ternary composites was assisted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphological studies demonstrated all composite have a smooth surface. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis indicate that incorporation of PIN in composites advances the thermal stability. X-ray diffraction analysis show that the amorphous nature of PIN and its ternary composites. The conductivities of PIN and the PSt/PAN/PIN composites were investigated with a four-probe technique. The conductivity of PIN was found to be 5.0 × 10–3 S cm–1, also the conductivities of the PSt/PAN/PIN composites were determined to 3.5 × 10–4, 7.4 × 10–4, 1.3 × 10–3, 2.2 × 10–3 and 2.8 × 10–3 S cm–1 respectively, with 9, 27, 45, 63 and 81 wt % of PIN.
Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanical Behaviour of Al2O3, TiO2, and Cu Reinforced Al 7068 Nanocomposites
Authors: V. Sathiyarasu  , D. Jeyasimman  , L. Chandra Sekaran
Published: December 2021

This present research work aims at fabrication of AA7068 metal matrix composite reinforced with a different weight percentage of Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu (0 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 4 wt.%) nanopowders through mechanical alloying of 30 hrs which is produced using powder metallurgy route. The consolidation pressure of 500 MPa was applied for compaction of the composite and sintered at a temperature of 600°C for two hrs in the presence of argon gas flow. An XRD result reveals that there are no intermetallic compounds formed in the milled powder after 30 hr of mechanical alloying. The reinforcement particles were well embedded and uniformly distributed in matrix composites was confirmed by bright-field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) image and selected area diffraction (SAD) ring pattern. From the DSC curve of AA 7068–2.0 wt. % Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu nanocomposite powders after 30 hrs of mechanical alloying., the endothermic peak at 536.85°C corresponds to the melting of aluminium which was followed by a steady-state exothermic reaction at 579.51°C was obtained. The green density and sintered density of prepared nanocomposites were calculated and compared. Brinell hardness test has been conducted and the maximum value of 192 BHN was obtained by adding a weight percentage of 2 wt. % of Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu particles.
Effect of Embrittlement on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Properties of Aged Super Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Mahesh Davanageri  , D. Disha  , K. Raju
Published: December 2021

In the present study, the effect of embrittlement on the microstructural features, mechanical and dry sliding wear properties of AISI 2507 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) has been discussed. Prior to heat treatment the SDSS has been solution treated. Further, SDSS has been heat treated at 475°C for 60 min and then quenched in water and oil at room temperature. The heat treatment has led to the embrittlement in SDSS owing to the decomposition of ferrite phase by spinodal decomposition into two phases, Cr-rich (α΄) phase and Fe-rich (α) phase. Embrittlement of super duplex stainless steel resulted in significant improvement in ultimate tensile strength and hardness. However, a decrease in the impact energy has been observed. Oil quenched super duplex steel has better wear resistance compared to water quenched and solution treated steels.
Sí a la vida Análisis bioético sobre la despenalización del aborto en Pereira (Colombia)
Authors: Toro Rivas Jorge Luis
Published: December 2021

El presente texto ofrece una caracterización del fenómeno del aborto, comprendido desde la bioética considerando las consecuencias que implica los tres casos de despenalización en Colombia.
Tendencias del mercadeo en Colombia: sector empresarial, temáticas de investigación y ofertas académicas
Authors: Castro Peña Mónica Yuleni , Vásquez Hernández John Eider , Ospina Ramírez Juan Carlos , Navarrete Velásquez José Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Esta investigación establece un panorama del estado actual de la manera como el mercadeo está siendo percibido y propuesto desde un enfoque teórico, empresarial, investigativo y académico. El artículo presenta una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos Scopus, además de un análisis documental de los programas académicos ofertados en relación con esta disciplina en Colombia. El mercadeo, como ciencia par y complementaria de la administración, se enfoca en la satisfacción de necesidades y deseos a través de la generación, ofrecimiento e intercambio de productos de valor.
Unraveling the Exogenous Forces Behind Analysts' Macroeconomic Forecasts
Authors: De Castro-Valderrama Marcela , Forero-Alvarado Santiago , Moreno-Arias Nicolás , Naranjo-Saldarriaga Sara
Published: December 2021

Modern macroeconomics focuses on the identification of the primitive exogenous forces generating business cycles. This is at odds with macroeconomic forecasts collected through surveys, which are about endogenous variables. To address this divorce, our paper uses a general equilibrium model as a multivariate filter to infer the shocks behind market analysts' forecasts and thus, unravel their implicit macroeconomic stories. By interpreting all analysts' forecasts through the same lenses, it is possible to understand the differences between projected endogenous variables as differences in the types and magnitudes of shocks. It also allows to explain market's uncertainty about the future in terms of analysts' disagreement about these shocks. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by adapting the canonical SOE semi-structural model in Carabenciov et al. (2008a) to Colombia and then using it to filter forecasts of its Central Bank's Monthly Expectations Survey during the COVID-19 crisis.
Examining contraceptive use and perceived side effects among teen girls in rural Missouri
Authors:   , Cook Mackenzie
Published: December 2021

In Missouri, there are 114 counties with 101 rural counties; 41 of these rural counties have teen pregnancy rates that vary from 42.4 to 90.1 per 1,000 (national rate is 43 per 1,000; Kost et al., 2017; TPPP, 2013). Nationally, teen pregnancy rates have been decreasing; however, some of the rural Missouri counties have seen an increase in pregnancy rates (e.g., Dunklin County saw an increase from 55.07 per 1,000 to 62.37 per 1,000, and Pettis County saw an increase from 38.43 per 1,000 to 43.07 per 1,000 from 2015-2016). Most literature on teen pregnancy and pregnancy prevention has focused on urban populations. This is problematic because many rural communities have characteristics that result in disparately high teen pregnancy rates. The theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) and the health belief model (Kirscht, 1974) provide a theoretical framework for the current study. This study aimed to better understand teen girls' contraceptive use in rural Missouri specifically, how attid side effects, subjective norms about contraceptive use, and knowledge about contraceptive side effects relate to girls halting contraceptive use. A convenience sample of 183 girls from the 41 rural Missouri counties participated in an online survey. The majority of the sample identified as White (72.6 percent). Age and education levels varied; 10.9 percent 15 years old, 24 percent 16 years old, 23.5 percent 17 years old, 25.7 percent 18 years old, and 15.8 percent 19 years old; 40.4 percent completed high school or GED, 11.5 percent completed 8th grade, 24 percent completed some high school, 15.8 percent completed some college, 3.8 percent completed trade/technical/vocational training, 1.6 percent completed an associate's degree, and 0.5 percent completed a bachelor's degree. About half the sample identified as religious (54.6 percent). A series of logistic regression were performed in R version 3.4.1. The results showed that girls who perceived birth control pills to have major side effects were more likely to have experienced a side effect from contromeone important to them who supported the use of condoms, IUD, and birth control pills were more likely to experience a side effect and halt use. The girls who had experienced a side effect from contraceptive use and halted use were more likely to believe that they would become pregnant in the next year if not using any form of contraception. The girls who had not been told about side effects associated with contraceptives were more likely to associate major side effects with IUDs and birth control pills. This study greatly contributes to the literature regarding rural teens' contraceptive use and how their attitudes and knowledge about perceived side effects informs the girls' decision to use or halt contraceptive use. More research is needed to fully understand these factors and better improve intervention strategies as well as contraceptive counseling to reduce teen pregnancy rates in rural Missouri.
The influence of role models on trans men's identity development
Authors:   , Strathausen Jennah
Published: December 2021

Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals face significant stigma and discrimination stemming from negative societal attitudes toward their experienced gender incongruence. Much of the LGBTQ literature on TGNC health disparities and gender minority stress focuses on the influence of overt acts of violence and oppression, often leaving more subtle and ubiquitous stressors, like invisibility, unexplored. In addition, there is a limited amount of literature on the experiences of transgender men, particularly those residing in the central U.S. Research suggests that the influence of positive role models can mitigate many of the stressors experienced by TGNC people. This study aimed to explore the influence of role models on trans men's identity development. Using Photovoice Methodology situated in Community-Based Participatory Research, this project collaboratively explored the needs, assets, and concerns of trans men living in Mid-Missouri. Twelve participants (MdnAge = 31.5 years-old) and the researchers separately grouped the participant-generated photographs and personal narratives into eight themes, including Authenticity, Acceptance, Inaccessibility, Isolation, and "Trans Enough?" Results supported the idea that access to positive role models serves as a protective factor for TGNC people. Results additionally highlight that trans men possess significant characteristics of resilience. Several implications for practice, public policy, and future research are provided.
Primary care provider prep prescribing practices : southern United States
Authors:   , Traylor Daryl
Published: December 2021

The Southern United States (U.S.) accounts for more than half of new HIV cases annually and African Americans make up the majority of new HIV diagnoses in this region. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective biomedical HIV prevention strategy that is underutilized. Few studies have examined the PrEP prescribing practices of primary care providers (PCPs), particularly in the Southern U.S. This cross-sectional survey, driven by the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), examined the prescribing practices of Southern U.S. PCPs. Relationships between PCPs personal and practice variables were examined, together with TTM decisional balance variables. Participants (n=223) who had more African American patients in their practice were more likely to be in a higher TTM stage of change (p = .002) and were more likely to have written a PrEP prescription (p = .001). Access to PrEP resources (OR = 1.85, p = .001), streamlined insurance prior authorization processes (OR = 1.52, p = .010), working with staff who have PrEP knowledge (OR = 1.51, p = .033), having PrEP training (OR = 40.26, p < .001) and having patients who are motivated to take PrEP (OR = 2.19, p = .007) were significant facilitators to PrEP prescribing. Significant barriers to PrEP prescribing included a lack of provider PrEP training (OR = 0.43, p = .003), lack of clinical leadership regarding PrEP (OR = 0.65, p = .018), lack of insurance (OR = 2.74, p = .002), and likelihood of low patient adherence to PrEP (OR = 0.53, p = .001). Findings indicate that this sample of PCPs were more likely to be at a higher TTM stage of change and have written a PrEP prescription if they saw more African American patients in their practice. Further, significant facilitators of PrEP prescribing included access to PrEP resources, streamlined insurance prior authorization processes, working with staff who have PrEP knowledge, having PrEP training, and having patients who are motivated to take PrEP. Significant barriers to PrEP prescribing included a lack of PrEP training, a lack of clinical leadership regarding PrEP, patient lack of insurance, and likelihood of low patient adherence. This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding PCP PrEP prescribing practices. Findings from this study may inform future interventions that aim to enhance PrEP prescribing among primary care providers who serve Southern African American individuals at risk for acquisition of HIV disease.
Comparison of simple moving average and arima timeseries forecasting models on independent historic data and extrapolating echo program attendance
Authors:   , Kasukurthy Sara
Published: December 2021

Background: The Extension of Community Healthcare Outcome program (ECHO) is an educational and training telemedicine service that provides voluntary case-based learning opportunities for healthcare professionals. Prediction of participant attendance will be useful to improve the sessions with early requirements to maximize the benefits. Usually, the most sophisticated Auto Regressive models are used for forecasting, when the data contains observation with multiple variables and dependencies, Simple Moving Average (SMA) models are used less in such conditions. In this study we want to examine the accuracy and reliability of Moving Average models compared with Auto Regressive models. The objective of this work is to develop an accurate forecasting model for ECHO program attendance by considering non-stationary, independent organizational data. Methods: The study analyzed 2015-2019 Show Me ECHO attendance data from the Missouri Telehealth Network (MTN). The first step; trained and tested both SMA and ARIMA predictive models without any dependent variables and evaluated both models by measuring error values. The second step; used the best model to forecast ECHO attendance for years 2020 - 2025. Results: The SMA model was better than the ARIMA model for independent data with lower error values MAE - 38.9, MSE - 2552.15, MAPE - 32.9 percent, p- value: 3.36E-28, and higher R - square: 87 percent. Where ARIMA model was with higher error values MAE - 61.8, MSE - 7198.88, MAPE - 37.7 percent, p- value: 6.25E-22, and lower R - square: 80 percent. Conclusion: Simple Moving Average (SMA) is more accurate than Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) in forecasting future ECHO program attendance. Based on prediction; In 2019, the attendance range was 250-550, where in 2025 it got increased to 530-1170; shows that telehealth attendance will be doubled in th
Application of microturbines in improving the energy efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plants in Missouri.
Authors:   , Kudoro Tolulope Adewale
Published: December 2021

Hydropower is a source of renewable energy. It is possible to combine a hydropower installation with an existing wastewater plant while ensuring it still performs its basic purpose. The multipurpose scheme would be integrated into the facility to generate hydropower while also fulfilling its primary role of treating wastewater. The wastewater plant can generate renewable energy and benefit from introducing microturbines. The turbine system is moved by the power in the flowing treated water that is transformed into mechanical energy which rotates the generator and in turn generates electrical power. In this work, the potential for power generation from the energy in the outflow along with the economics of the system in wastewater plants in the state of Missouri was investigated to improve the energy efficiency of the municipal wastewater treatment plants. Data like the daily flow rate, speed of flow, available head, etc about the wastewater plants in Missouri were collected and some interviews held with plant managers of the wastewater treatment plants. The investigation revealed that there are 127 wastewater treatment plants in the state of Missouri with 32 plants discharging less than 1 Mgd, 74 plants discharging between 1 Mgd and 5 Mgd, 13 plants discharging between 5 Mgd and 20 Mgd while just 8 plants had an outflow between 20 Mgd and 120 Mgd range. The flowrate helps in calculating and determining the theoretical and actual amount of power that can be gotten from the micro hydropower system in the wastewater treatment plant. For the actual amount of power gotten, the efficiency factor (efficiency of the turbine, and efficiency of the generator) of the generating system is considered. A brief study on the turbine system was conducted and a crossflow turbine was selected as the most suitable for the wastewater treatment plant as a vast majority of them had low head and high flow capacity. The analysis showed that out of the 127 wastewater treatment plants in the state of Missouri, only 21 treatment plants have the maximum potential to generate power and reduce operating costs. Also, two plants were selected for case studies. The operating cost is reduced because of the decrease in demand for electrical power from the grid. The 21 treatment plants have a daily outflow between 5Mgd to 120Mgd and could produce power through an axial flow turbine that utilizes the kinetic energy in the flow volume.
Assessing fall velocity-maximum dimension relationships and particle size distributions for snowfall
Authors:   , Ritter Samuel Brian
Published: December 2021

Snowfall is an atmospheric phenomenon that can cause significant impacts to many aspects of daily life in Missouri. Further, no two snowfall events are exactly the same, as even small differences in environmental characteristics can result in differing snow crystal types dominating the event, which in turn can result in differing impacts from event to event. Therefore, it is necessary to understand snowfall behavior so that better forecasts and in situ analyses may be made. In this study, snowflake maximum dimension and fall velocity measurements were recorded using the OTT Parsivel Laser Disdrometer. In conjunction with distribution of measured maximum dimensions, RAP Analysis soundings were used to determine snow crystal type. From there, the relationships between fall velocity and maximum dimension and the particle size distributions of snowflakes from many snowfall events were analyzed. Observed relationships between fall velocity and maximum dimension were compared with previously derived relationships, and it was found that, in most cases, no single curve represented the relationship in the observed data well, with discrepancies caused by instrumentation error and lack of a single dominant crystal type. To analyze particle size distributions, several distribution functions were fit to the observed distribution using a least-squares regression method in MATLAB. It was found that, overall, the triple Gaussian distribution function performed the best in modeling particle size distributions in snow, but there were some instances where the gamma function modeled the distribution best. Further study, especially with the inclusion of field observations in addition to instrument observations, is necessary to develop a better understanding of these snowfall events.
Factors affecting neonatal beef calf metabolism and vigor
Authors:   , Wichman Lindsey Grace
Published: December 2021

Two studies were conducted to investigate factors affecting neonatal beef calf metabolism and vigor. In the first study, effects of late gestational nutrient restriction on colostrum yield, neonatal vigor, and blood chemistry and hematology measures were investigated in beef cattle. Colostrum volume and weight from nutrient restricted dams was 40 percent less compared with control dams. Although gestational nutrition did not affect gestation length or calf birth weight, calves born to control dams had faster times to attempt to stand and to stand. Calves born to nutrient restricted dams had greater serum protein metabolites from 6 to 48 h of age. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase concentrations were greater in nutrient restricted calves until 24 h postnatal. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were greater in control calves at 6 and 12 h of age. In conclusion, calves born to nutrient restricted dams experienced more trauma at birth, reduced neonatal vigor, and had less colostrum available but greater serum protein concentrations. The objectives of the second study were to determine the effect of calving season on perinatal nutrient availability and neonatal vigor. Fall-born calves tended to have lighter birth weight and faster time to stand than spring-born calves. Spring-born calves had greater circulating 0 h glucose, 0 and 6 h NEFA, and 0, 6, 12, and 48 h triglycerides. Fall-born calves had greater sodium and magnesium during the first 48 h postnatal. Spring-born calves had greater aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase concentrations until 48 h of age. Albumin, chloride, calcium, and anion gap were greater in fall-born calves. Bicarbonate and direct bilirubin were greater in spring-born calves. In conclusion, spring-born calves are heavier at birth but were slower to stand. Additionally, differences in metabolites over time suggest that spring- and fall-born calves adapt to postnatal life differently where thermoregulation plays an important role.
Nudging meat eaters towards plant-based meat alternatives : an online supermarket experiment
Authors:   , Yu No-Ya
Published: December 2021

We implement a non-hypothetical online grocery shopping experiment to study the impact of health and environment related information nudges on consumers' purchases of meat and plant-based meat alternatives. More specifically, we exogenously manipulate an information message to appear next to meat and plantbased meat products while subjects make purchasing decisions. Subjects receive one of four treatments at random: 1) Health treatment, which displays information about the health benefits of eating less meat; 2) Environment treatment, which presents a message related to the environmental impact of reducing meat consumption; 3) Combined treatment, which displays a message that combines the information from the health and environment messages; and 4) Control, where no information is provided. Moreover, we elicit subjects' implicit association between healthiness and environmental impact of meat and plant-based meat using two implicit association tests. We find the environmental message to be an effective instrument for motivating meat eaters to purchase plant-based meat products. We also find that, on average, meat eaters in our sample implicitly perceive meat to be healthier but environmentally unsustainable compared to plant-based meat products. Furthermore, using a latent class analysis (LCA), we identify three distinct latent classes based on subjects' preferences for purchasing meat products and their plant-based meat purchases frequency. Members in Class 1 are driven by the taste and price of meat products, whereas Class 2 expresses high attention for health and environmental impact attributes and Class 3 is open to reduce their meat consumption. The LCA indicates heterogeneity of preferences across meat eaters, suggesting future interventions can target to specific consumer segments, instead of focus on general meat eaters. Overall, our findings provide implications for policy makers and food marketers as to whether meat eaters can be steered toward purchasing plant-based meat under different behavioral nudges.
Resisting intersectional marginality by developing a mestiza consciousness : undergraduate women of color challenging and shaping power
Authors:   , Hernandez Stephanie Hernandez
Published: December 2021

This critical qualitative study explores how power shapes the experiences of undergraduate Women of Color engaged in activism and advocacy on social justice issues at the University of Missouri. The development and design of this study is grounded in a Critical Race Feminist (CRF) epistemology. The research questions were: 1) How does power shape the experiences of undergraduate Women of Color engaged in activism and advocacy at the University of Missouri? 2) How do Women of Color experience exclusion in their activist/advocacy work and/or spaces on campus? 3) What strategies do Women of Color employ to resist marginalization on campus " in and outside of activist work? The research focused on the experiences of five Women of Color undergraduate students at the University of Missouri, four of whom were in their fourth year at the institution and one of whom was a junior. More specifically, there was one Black woman, a Chicana, a mixed-race Mexicana who is also White, and two South Asian Indian women. the use of testimonios, plnticas, and sista circles, participants shared their stories and experiences. The identification of these frames and methods is partly a result of my own position as a Boricua, Woman of Color, who seeks to conduct research in a way that is liberatory and reciprocal for participants. The findings of this research were interpreted using intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1991; Collins, 2019) and Mestiza consciousness (Anzaldna, 1997). I found four over-arching themes: Engaging and Adjusting Behavior, Culture of Exploitation, Distrust Confirmed and Cultivated, and Developing a Mestiza Consciousness. Overall findings demonstrate how participants activism largely came in the form of creating awareness for others, predominantly White people. In addition, findings showed how those with privilege and power regulate participants' emotions; a lack of intersectional praxis and analysis in all areas of campus life, including equity and diversity work; a performative diversity culture that haed in equity and justice; dominant representation reflecting political investments; and how the development of a Mestiza consciousness is used by participants to challenge intersectional marginalization. Finally, this study demonstrates how participants' consciousness and activist work are continuously evolving and how they work to meet their needs and find reciprocity in their activist and advocacy efforts.
Salud paso por paso : a culturally-tailored physical activity intervention with hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors:   , Loya Julio Cesar
Published: December 2021

Limited information is available regarding culturally-tailored physical activity (PA) interventions for Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A community-partnered approach was used to examine a novel culturally-tailored PA intervention using a pre-post, no control group design. The intervention consisted of six weekly 45-minute sessions for participants to engage in PA led by the researcher. A total of 21 individuals participated in the study. The typical participant was a 53-year-old female (90 percent) Hispanic adult living with T2DM with low acculturation. On average, before the intervention, the participants walked 10,285 (sd 14,779) steps per week with 43.4 (sd 68.1) minutes of PA per week. Despite implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic, the intervention was feasible and acceptable, and 19 (90.5 percent) participants attended all intervention sessions. There were significant increases in steps per week (p=0.007; d=1.03) and minutes of PA per week (p=0.000; d=1.62). Findings suggest that Salud Paso por Paso has promise as a strategy to enhance PA behaviors in the priority population. A randomized, controlled trial with a larger study sample is warranted to examine efficacy and impact on the diabetes health outcomes of Hispanic adults with T2DM.