bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of mechanically stable alginate/chondrocyte constructs: effects of guluronic acid content and matrix synthesis
Authors: Wong Marcy , Siegrist Mark , Wang Xuanhui , Hunziker Ernst
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which enhanced the compressive properties of alginate/chondrocyte constructs. Firstly, we studied the effect of biochemical composition (high, mid and low guluronic acid content) and sterilization method on alginate properties. Secondly, we studied the biosynthetic characteristics of chondrocytes in three different alginate compositions and performed mechanical tests to determine whether the synthesis of cartilage matrix components could significantly enhance the compressive properties. 2% alginate solutions containing an initial cell density of 4 × 106 cells/ml were cast into cylinders and cultured for seven weeks. Compression tests, biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed at fixed intervals during the seven‐week culture period. The dynamic modulus, peak strain, and peak stress were maximum for alginate with the highest guluronic acid content. The presence of cells and their respective matrix components enhanced the equilibrium modulus of the constructs for all types of alginate, though this effect was small. Alginate containing the middle amount of guluronic acid resulted in constructs which were both mechanically stable and which promoted synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. In experiments and applications in which the mechanical integrity of the alginate is important, the composition and purity of the alginate and its method of sterilization should be selected with care. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Developmentally regulated serotonin 5‐HT2B receptors
Authors: Nebigil C.G. , Etienne N. , Schaerlinger B. , Hickel P. , Launay J.‐M. , Maroteaux L.
Published: July 2002

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) binds to numerous cognate receptors to initiate its biological effects. In this review, we have focused on the 5‐HT2B receptor to address how signaling and expression of this receptor is specifically implicated in embryonic development and adult health and disease. Transduction of the 5‐HT2B signaling is complex, including phospholipase C and A2 stimulation, cGMP production and a mitogenic signal that integrates the tyrosine kinase‐signaling pathway. Furthermore, 5‐HT, through the 5‐HT2B receptors, has the ability to control serotonergic differentiation of committed neuron‐like cells. In addition, 5‐HT2B receptors are actively involved in the transient action of 5‐HT during embryonic morphogenesis. Our recent data presented the first genetic evidence that 5‐HT via 5‐HT2B receptors regulates cardiac embryonic development and adult functions and suggested that this receptor subtype may be involved in other physiopathological situations. In particular, 5‐HT‐dependent molecular mechanisms may be involved in embryonic development and postnatal maturation of the enteric nervous system. Also, the involvement of the 5‐HT2B receptor in the vascular growth often observed in hypertension is likely. These probably result from reactivation of developmentally regulated receptors in pathological situations. Finally, embryonic functions of 5‐HT2 receptors observed in Drosophila gastrulation suggest evolutionary conserved mechanisms.
CRISPR‐based knock‐in mutagenesis of the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1: optimization of strategies for multi‐allelic proteins in cancer cells
Authors: Li Shen , Garay Joseph P. , Tubbs Colby A. , Franco Hector L.
Published: March 2021

Precise genome engineering of living cells has been revolutionized by the introduction of the highly specific and easily programmable properties of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology. This has greatly accelerated research into human health and has facilitated the discovery of novel therapeutics. CRISPR‐Cas9 is most widely employed for its ability to inactivate or knockout specific genes, but can be also used to introduce subtle site‐specific substitutions of DNA sequences that can lead to changes in the amino acid composition of proteins. Despite the proven success of CRISPR‐based knock‐in strategies of genes in typical diploid cells (i.e., cells containing two sets of chromosomes), precise editing of cancer cells, that typically have unstable genomes and multiple copies of chromosomes, is more challenging and not adequately addressed in the literature. Herein, we detail our methodology for replacing endogenous proteins with intended knock‐in mutants in polyploid cancer cells and discuss our experimental design, screening strategy, and facile allele frequency estimation methodology. As proof of principle, we performed genome editing of specific amino acids within the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1, a critical component of estrogen and androgen receptor signaling, in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. We confirm mutant FOXA1 protein expression and intended amino acid substitutions via western blotting and mass spectrometry. In addition, we show that mutant allele frequency estimation is easily achieved by topoisomerase‐based cloning combined with allele‐specific PCR, which we later confirmed by next‐generation RNA‐sequencing. Typically, there are 4 ‐ 5 copies (alleles) of FOXA1 in breast cancer cells, making the editing of this protein inherently challenging. As a result, most studies that focus on FOXA1 mutants rely on ectopic overexpression of FOXA1 from a plasmid. Therefore, we provide an optimized methodology for replacing endogenous wild‐type FOXA1 with precise knock‐in mutants to enable the systematic analysis of its molecular mechanisms within the appropriate physiological context.
Comparison of CSF neurofilament light chain, neurogranin, and tau to MRI markers
Authors: Mielke Michelle M. , Przybelski Scott A. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Kern Silke , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Knopman David S. , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Vemuri Prashanthi
Published: March 2021

Introduction

We determined whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light (NfL), neurogranin (Ng), and total‐tau (t‐tau) differentially mapped to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of cortical thickness, microstructural integrity (corpus callosum and cingulum fractional anisotropy [FA]), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH).

Methods

Analyses included 536 non‐demented Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants with CSF NfL, Ng, t‐tau, amyloid beta (Aβ)42 and longitudinal MRI scans. Linear mixed models assessed longitudinal associations between CSF markers and MRI changes.

Results

Higher CSF NfL was associated with decreasing microstructural integrity and WMH. Higher t‐tau was associated with decreasing temporal lobe and Alzheimer's disease (AD) meta region of interest (ROI) cortical thickness. There was no association between Ng and any MRI measure. CSF Aβ42 interacted with Ng for declines in temporal lobe and AD meta ROI cortical thickness and cingulum FA.

Discussion

CSF NfL predicts changes in white matter integrity, t‐tau reflects non‐specific changes in cortical thickness, and Ng reflects AD‐specific synaptic and neuronal degeneration.
Synthesis and docking calculations of tetrafluoronaphthalene derivatives and their inhibition profiles against some metabolic enzymes
Authors: Erdoğan Musa , Taslimi Parham , Tuzun Burak
Published: March 2021

Syntheses of tetrahydroepoxy, O‐allylic, O‐prenylic, and O‐propargylic tetrafluoronaphthalene derivatives, starting from 1‐bromo‐2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzene, are reported here for the first time. The O‐substituted tetrafluoronaphthalene derivatives were designed and also synthesized via a one‐pot nucleophilic substitution reaction in excellent yields, whereas the tetrafluorotetrahydroepoxynaphthalene derivate was synthesized via a reduction reaction in excellent yield. The chemical structures of all the synthesized molecules were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry techniques. In this study, a series of novel tetrafluoronaphthalene derivatives (2, 2a, 4–6) was tested toward several enzymes including α‐glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and human carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I/II). The tetrafluoronaphthalene derivatives 2, 2a, and 4–6 showed IC50 and Ki values in the range of 0.83–1.27 and 0.71–1.09 nM against hCA I, 1.26–1.85 and 1.45–5.31 nM against hCA II, 39.02–56.01 and 20.53–56.76 nM against AChE, and 15.27–34.12 and 22.58–30.45 nM against α‐glucosidase, respectively. Molecular docking calculations were made to determine the biological activity values of the tetrafluoronaphthalene derivatives against the enzymes. After the calculations, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the effects on human metabolism. Finally, these compounds had antidiabetic and anticholinesterase potentials.
Radius, rotational period, and inclination of the Be stars in the Be/gamma‐ray binariesMWC148 andMWC656
Authors: Zamanov Radoslav K. , Stoyanov Kiril A. , Mart Josep , Marchev Vladislav D. , Nikolov Yanko M.
Published: March 2021

Using TESS photometry and Rozhen spectra of the Be/γ‐ray binaries MWC 148 and MWC 656, we estimate the projected rotational velocity (vsini), rotational period (Prot), radius (R1), and inclination (i) of the mass donor. For MWC 148, we deriveProt= 1.10 ± 0.03 day,R1= 9.2 ± 0.05Rsun,i = 40° ± 2°, andvsini = 272 ± 5km s−1. For MWC 656, we obtainProt= 1.12 ± 0.03 day,R1= 8.8 ± 0.5Rsun,i = 52° ± 3°, andvsini = 313 ± 3km s−1. For MWC 656, we also find that the rotation of the mass donor is coplanar with the orbital plane.
Drimane Derivatives as the First Examples of Covalent BH3 Mimetics that Target MCL‐1
Authors: Daressy Florian , Malard Florian , Seguy Line , Guérineau Vincent , Apel Cécile , Dumontet Vincent , Robert Aude , Groo Anne‐Claire , Litaudon Marc , Bignon Jérôme , Desrat Sandy , Malzert‐Fréon Aurélie , Wiels Joëlle , Lescop Ewen , Roussi Fanny
Published: March 2021

Drimane sesquiterpenoid dialdehydes are natural compounds with antiproliferative properties. Nevertheless, their mode of action has not yet been discovered. Herein, we demonstrate that various drimanes are potent inhibitors of MCL‐1 and BCL‐xL, two proteins of the BCL‐2 family that are overexpressed in various cancers, including lymphoid malignancies. Subtle changes in their structure significantly modified their activity on the target proteins. The two most active compounds are MCL‐1 selective and bind in the BH3 binding groove of the protein. Complementary studies by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analyses, but also synthesis, showed that they covalently inhibit MCL‐1 though the formation of a pyrrole adduct. In addition, cytotoxic assays revealed that these two compounds show a cytotoxic selectivity for BL2, a MCL‐1/BCL‐xL‐dependent cell line and induce apoptosis.
Bipedal locomotion in Octopus vulgaris: A complementary observation and some preliminary considerations
Authors: Amodio Piero , Josef Noam , Shashar Nadav , Fiorito Graziano
Published: March 2021

Lacking an external shell and a rigid endoskeleton, octopuses exhibit a remarkable flexibility in their movements. Bipedal locomotion is perhaps the most iconic example in this regard. Until recently, this peculiar mode of locomotion had been observed only in two species of tropical octopuses: Amphioctopus marginatus and Abdopus aculeatus. Yet, recent evidence indicates that bipedal walking is also part of the behavioral repertoire of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris. Here we report a further observation of a defense behavior that encompasses both postural and locomotory elements of bipedal locomotion in this cephalopod. By highlighting differences and similarities with the other recently published report, we provide preliminary considerations with regard to bipedal locomotion in the common octopus.
Prefledging Growth and Recruitment of Female Lesser Scaup
Authors: Messmer David J. , Warren Jeffrey M. , Deane Cody E. , Clark Robert G.
Published: March 2021

Annual variation in juvenile recruitment is an important component of duck population dynamics, yet little is known about the factors affecting the probability of surviving and breeding in the first year of life. Two hypothesized mechanisms to explain annual variability are indirect carry‐over effects (COEs) from conditions experienced during the prefledging period and direct effects from climatic conditions during the postfledging period. We used Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber models to estimate apparent survival and detection rates of 643 juvenile female lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) marked just prior to fledging at Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Montana, USA, 2010–2018. We evaluated COEs from hatch date, a hatch date × spring phenology interaction, and conspecific duckling density in addition to a direct climatic effect of winter conditions (indexed by the El Niño Southern Oscillation [ENSO]) and spring habitat conditions on the study area. We used growth data from a subset (n = 190) of known‐aged ducklings to estimate the influence of hatch date and conspecific density on prefledging growth to help identify mechanisms underlying COEs. Prefledging growth and juvenile apparent survival were negatively related to measures of conspecific duckling density. We found evidence that detection probability varied annually for juvenile (but not adult) scaup, possibly representing decisions to delay breeding and not return to or remain at the study site in their first year of life. Like with apparent survival, there was suggestive evidence that detection probability decreased with increasing duckling density in the previous year. Hatching date was weakly negatively related to detection probability, but unrelated to apparent survival, whereas neither vital rate was related to winter ENSO index. Our results are consistent with a process where density‐dependent growth rates in the prefledging period carry over to influence fitness in subsequent life‐cycle stages. If this pattern generalizes to other systems, this density COE may have important implications for our understanding of duck population dynamics and reaffirms the importance of maintaining abundant brood‐rearing habitats in conservation and management of ducks. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Optimal method for preparing sulfonated polyaryletherketones with high ion exchange capacity by acid‐catalyzed crosslinking for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Lee Shih‐Wei , Abdi Zelalem Gudeta , Chen Jyh‐Chien , Chen Kuei‐Hsien
Published: March 2021

Sulfonated polyaryletherketones (SPAEK) bearing four sulfonic acid groups on the phenyl side groups were synthesized. The benzophenone moiety of polymer backbone was further reduced to benzydrol group with sodium borohydride. The membranes were crosslinked by acid‐catalyzed Friedel‐Crafts reaction without sacrifice of sulfonic acid groups and ion exchange capacity (IEC) values. Crosslinked membranes with the same IEC value but different water uptake could be prepared. The optimal crosslinking condition was investigated to achieve lower water uptake, better chemical stability (Fenton's test), and higher proton conductivity. In addition, the hydrophilic ionic channels from originally course and disordered could be modified to be narrow and continuous by this crosslinking method. The crosslinked membranes, CS4PH‐40‐PEKOH (IEC = 2.4 meq./g), reduced water uptake from 200 to 88% and the weight loss was reduced from 11 to 5% during the Fenton test compared to uncrosslinked one (S4PH‐40‐PEK). The membrane showed comparable proton conductivity (0.01–0.19 S/cm) to Nafion 212 at 80°C from low to high relative humidity (RH). Single H2/O2 fuel cell based on the crosslinked SPAEK with catalyst loading of 0.25 mg/cm2 (Pd/C) exhibited a peak power density of 220.3 mW/cm2, which was close to that of Nafion 212 (214.0 mW/cm2) at 80°C under 53% RH. These membranes provide a good option as proton exchange membrane with high ion exchange capacity for fuel cells.
Colour and logarithmic accuracy in final-state parton showers
Authors: Hamilton Keith , Medves Rok , Salam Gavin P. , Scyboz Ludovic , Soyez Gregory
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Standard dipole parton showers are known to yield incorrect subleading-colour contributions to the leading (double) logarithmic terms for a variety of observables. In this work, concentrating on final-state showers, we present two simple, computationally efficient prescriptions to correct this problem, exploiting a Lund-diagram type classification of emission regions. We study the resulting effective multiple-emission matrix elements generated by the shower, and discuss their impact on subleading colour contributions to leading and next-to-leading logarithms (NLL) for a range of observables. In particular we show that the new schemes give the correct full colour NLL terms for global observables and multiplicities. Subleading colour issues remain at NLL (single logarithms) for non-global observables, though one of our two schemes reproduces the correct full-colour matrix-element for any number of energy-ordered commensurate-angle pairs of emissions. While we carry out our tests within the PanScales shower framework, the schemes are sufficiently simple that it should be straightforward to implement them also in other shower frameworks.
F-theory superspace
Authors: Linch William D. , Siegel Warren
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We consider, at the linearized level, the superspace formulation of lower-dimensional F-theory. In particular, we describe the embedding of 3D Type II super-gravity of the superstring, or 4D, N = 1 supergravity of M-theory, into the corresponding F-theory in full detail, giving the linearized action and gauge transformations in terms of the prepotential. This manifestly supersymmetric formulation reveals some features not evident from a component treatment, such as Weyl and local S-supersymmetry invariances. The linearized multiplet appears as a super 3-form (just as that for the manifestly T-dual theory is a super 2-form), reflecting the embedding of M-theory (as the T-dual theory embeds Type II supergravity). We also give the embedding of matter multiplets into this superspace, and derive the F-constraint from the gauge invariance of the gauge invariance.
Correction to: Prognostic impact of gross tumor volume during radical radiochemotherapy of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer—results from the NCT03055715 multicenter cohort study of the Young DEGRO Trial Group
Authors: Ostheimer C. , Mäurer M. , Ebert N. , Schmitt D. , Krug D. , Baumann R. , Henkenberens C. , Giordano F. A. , Sautter L. , López Guerra , Fleischmann D. F. , Niyazi M. , Käsmann L. , Kaul D. , Thieme A. H. , Billiet C. , Dobiasch S. , Arnold C. R. , Oertel M. , Haussmann J. , Gauer T. , Goy Y. , Suess C. , Ziegler S. , Panje C. M. , Baues C. , Trommer M. , Skripcak T. , Medenwald D.
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00066-020-01727-4
Graphs in the COVID-19 news: a mathematics audit of newspapers in Korea
Authors: Kwon Oh Nam , Han Chaereen , Lee Changsuk , Lee Kyungwon , Kim Kyeongjun , Jo Gyeongha , Yoon Gangwon
Published: March 2021

Visual displays in the news media become critical during escalating events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, as they facilitate the communication of complex information to the public. This article investigates the use of graphs in Korea’s news media during the COVID-19 outbreak. We selected 12 dates that represent turning points in the outbreak of the disease and collected news stories including graphs from seven Korean daily newspapers issued on those dates. First, we analyzed the usage of graphs in COVID-19 news stories. Quantitative analysis of the types and frequency of graphs used in COVID-19 news stories and qualitative analysis of the content of news stories containing graphs were conducted. Second, we identified cases in which readers may be biased by the mathematical misuse of graphs in the news stories covering COVID-19. The implications of these findings for future teaching and learning of graph literacy in school mathematics courses are discussed.
The effect of residual stress on the stability of a circular cylindrical tube
Authors: Dorfmann Luis , Ogden Ray W.
Published: March 2021

Residual stresses in an unloaded configuration of an elastic material have a significant influence on the response of the material from that configuration, but the effect of residual stress on the stability of the material, whether loaded or unloaded, has only been addressed to a limited extent. In this paper we consider the level of residual stress that can be supported in a thick-walled circular cylindrical tube of non-linearly elastic material without loss of stability when subjected to fixed axial stretch and either internal or external pressure. In particular, we consider the tube to have radial and circumferential residual stresses, with a simple form of elastic constitutive law that accommodates the residual stress, and incremental deformations restricted to the cross section of the tube. Results are described for a tube subject to a level of (internal or external) pressure characterized by the internal azimuthal stretch. Subject to restrictions imposed by the strong ellipticity condition, the emergence of bifurcated solutions is detailed for their dependence on the level of residual stress and mode number.
Psychiatrists’ Experience of Vocational Rehabilitation for Patients with Mental Illness
Authors: Wallentin Åsa , Kinberg Emelie , Strand Jennifer , Sand Peter
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to explore psychiatrists’ experience of vocational rehabilitation for patients with mental illness. The study employed a qualitative design to explore psychiatrists’ experience of vocational rehabilitation. Ten psychiatrists, five women and five men, 33–62 years of age (median 40), were interviewed. All of them worked with patients at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. All participants considered vocational rehabilitation to be of great importance for patients’ well-being and health. The results were characterized by two opposite experiences: frustration and agency, these were the two main themes in the analysis. All narratives embraced both experiences, but some reflected more frustration and others more agency. In order for the psychiatrist to master the assignment, there is a need for further training and supervision. The psychiatrist’s role, as well as other professional roles within the team, requires clarification, and the support from rehabilitation coordinators and occupational therapists should be enhanced. There is a need for improved cooperation with external actors.
The role of response domain and scale label in the quantitative interpretation of patient-reported outcome measure response options
Authors: Peasgood Tessa , Chang Jen-Yu , Mir Robina , Mukuria Clara , Powell Philip A.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Uncertainties exist in how respondents interpret response options in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), particularly across different domains and for different scale labels. The current study assessed how respondents quantitatively interpret common response options.

Methods

Members of the general public were recruited to this study via an online panel, stratified by age, gender, and having English as a first language. Participants completed background questions and were randomised to answer questions on one of three domains (i.e. loneliness (negatively phrased), happiness or activities (positively phrased)). Participants were asked to provide quantitative interpretations of response options (e.g. how many times per week is equal to “often”) and to order several common response options (e.g. occasionally, sometimes) on a 0–100 slider scale. Chi-squared tests and regression analyses were used to assess whether response options were interpreted consistently across domains and respondent characteristics.

Results

Data from 1377 participants were analysed. There was general consistency in quantifying the number of times over the last 7 days to which each response option referred. Response options were consistently assigned a lower value in the loneliness than happiness and activities domains. Individual differences, such as age and English as a second language, explained some significant variation in responses, but less than domain.

Conclusion

Members of the public quantify common response options in a similar way, but their quantification is not equivalent across domains or every type of respondent. Recommendations for the use of certain scale labels over others in PROM development are provided.
Confusion and the Role of Intuitions in the Debate on the Conception of the Right to Privacy
Authors: Lundgren Björn
Published: March 2021

Recently, Jakob Thraine Mainz and Rasmus Uhrenfeldt defended a control-based conception of a moral right to privacy (Mainz and Uhrenfeldt, Res Publica, 2020)—focusing on conceptualizing necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for a privacy right violation. This reply comments on a number of mistakes they make, which have long reverberated through the debate on the conceptions of privacy and the right to privacy and therefore deserve to be corrected. Moreover, the reply provides a sketch of a general response for defending the limited access conception of the right to privacy against control-based intuitions.
Unmasking a health care system: the Dutch policy response to the Covid-19 crisis
Authors: Wallenburg Iris , Helderman Jan-Kees , Jeurissen Patrick , Bal Roland
Published: March 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has put policy systems to the test. In this paper, we unmask the institutionalized resilience of the Dutch health care system to pandemic crisis. Building on logics of crisis decision-making and on the notion of ‘tact’, we reveal how the Dutch government initially succeeded in orchestrating collective action through aligning public health purposes and installing socio-economic policies to soften societal impact. However, when the crisis evolved into a more enduring one, a more contested policy arena emerged in which decision-makers had a hard time composing and defending a united decision-making strategy. Measures have become increasingly debated on all policy levels as well as among experts, and conflicts are widely covered in the Dutch media. With the 2021 elections ahead, this means an additional test of the resilience of the Dutch socio-political and health care systems.
Relaxation of Tibetan Lower Crust and Afterslip Driven by the 2001 Mw7.8 Kokoxili, China, Earthquake Constrained by a Decade of Geodetic Measurements
Authors: Zhao Dezheng , Qu Chunyan , Bürgmann Roland , Gong Wenyu , Shan Xinjian
Published: March 2021

We model the time‐dependent postseismic displacements following the 2001 Mw7.8 Kokoxili earthquake, including both GPS (2001–2002 for near‐field and 2001–2010 for far‐field) and descending‐track InSAR line‐of‐sight time series (2003–2010) to study three postseismic deformation processes. The predicted deformation patterns and magnitude from poroelastic rebound are inconsistent with the geodetic observations. Far‐field postseismic deformation (>200 km from rupture) is primarily induced by upper mantle viscoelastic relaxation beneath Tibet and the Qaidam Basin and places a lower bound on transient and steady‐state viscosities on the order of 1019–1020 Pas. Shallow stress‐driven afterslip (<20 km) on the Kunlun Pass fault localizes deformation in the near‐fault area and helps explain the GPS‐measured displacement gradient across the fault. Deep stress‐driven afterslip in the downdip region of the coseismic rupture (>20 km) has an amplitude of ∼1 m during the first 3 years. Our results indicate that the consideration of deep afterslip increases our estimates of transient viscosity of the lower crust beneath Tibet and the Qaidam basin for this earthquake by as much as a factor of three. Our combined model incorporating viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip suggests that the effective transient and steady‐state viscosities in the Tibetan lower crust are 5 × 1018 Pas and 4 × 1019 Pas, respectively (transient viscosity = 2 × 1018 Pas without afterslip considered), while the effective transient and steady‐state viscosities below the Qaidam Basin area are 1 × 1019 Pas and 6 × 1019 Pas (transient viscosity = 4 × 1018 Pas without afterslip considered).
Alternative oxidase encoded by sequence-optimized and chemically-modified RNA transfected into mammalian cells is catalytically active
Authors: Giordano Luca , Aneja Manish K. , Sommer Natascha , Alebrahimdehkordi Nasim , Seraji Alireza , Weissmann Norbert , Rudolph Carsten , Plank Christian , Jacobs Howard T. , Szibor Marten
Published: March 2021

Plants and other organisms, but not insects or vertebrates, express the auxiliary respiratory enzyme alternative oxidase (AOX) that bypasses mitochondrial respiratory complexes III and/or IV when impaired. Persistent expression of AOX from Ciona intestinalis in mammalian models has previously been shown to be effective in alleviating some metabolic stresses produced by respiratory chain inhibition while exacerbating others. This implies that chronic AOX expression may modify or disrupt metabolic signaling processes necessary to orchestrate adaptive remodeling, suggesting that its potential therapeutic use may be confined to acute pathologies, where a single course of treatment would suffice. One possible route for administering AOX transiently is AOX-encoding nucleic acid constructs. Here we demonstrate that AOX-encoding chemically-modified RNA (cmRNA), sequence-optimized for expression in mammalian cells, was able to support AOX expression in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs), human lung carcinoma cells (A549) and primary mouse pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). AOX protein was detectable as early as 3 h after transfection, had a half-life of ~4 days and was catalytically active, thus supporting respiration and protecting against respiratory inhibition. Our data demonstrate that AOX-encoding cmRNA optimized for use in mammalian cells represents a viable route to investigate and possibly treat mitochondrial respiratory disorders.
Charge localization and hopping in a topologically engineered graphene nanoribbon
Authors: Pereira Júnior Marcelo Lopes , de Oliveira Neto Pedro Henrique , da Silva Filho Demétrio Antônio , de Sousa Leonardo Evaristo , e Silva Geraldo Magela , Ribeiro Júnior Luiz Antônio
Published: March 2021

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising quasi-one-dimensional materials with various technological applications. Recently, methods that allowed for the control of GNR’s topology have been developed, resulting in connected nanoribbons composed of two distinct armchair GNR families. Here, we employed an extended version of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model to study the morphological and electronic properties of these novel GNRs. Results demonstrated that charge injection leads to the formation of polarons that localize strictly in the 9-AGNRs segments of the system. Its mobility is highly impaired by the system’s topology. The polaron displaces through hopping between 9-AGNR portions of the system, suggesting this mechanism for charge transport in this material.
A new reductant in gold cluster chemistry gives a superatomic gold gallium cluster
Authors: Fetzer Florian , Schrenk Claudio , Pollard Nia , Adeagbo Adebola , Clayborne Andre Z. , Schnepf Andreas
Published: March 2021

The intermetalloid cluster [Au9GaCl2(PPh3)8]2+is obtained by using GaCp as a reducing agent in gold chemistry for the first time, being a rare exception in the borane-dominated field of reductants used for gold chemistry.
Development of a novel highly anti-proliferative family of gold complexes: Au(i)-phosphonium-phosphines
Authors: Rousselle Benjamin , Bouyer Florence , Bayardon Jérôme , Laly Myriam , Ghiringhelli François , Rousselin Yoann , Bodio Ewen , Malacea-Kabbara Raluca
Published: March 2021

The strong anti-proliferative properties of an original family of gold(i) complexes were assessed (submicromolar range activity).
Conversion of lignin pyrolysis oil to cyclohexyl methyl ethers as a promising biomass-derived solvent
Authors: Haseeb Sohaib , Vanderveen Jesse R. , Elamaldeniya Devni , Harris Jesse , Boniface Kyle J. , Lee Roland , Champagne Pascale , Jessop Philip G.
Published: March 2021

A mixture of cyclohexyl methyl ethers was prepared from Kraft lignin pyrolysis oil for use as a biomass-derived aliphatic solvent.
Aging retardation strategy of PVDF membranes: evaluation of free radical scavenging effect of nano-particles
Authors: Li Siyi , Zhao Xuehui , Zhang Hongwei
Published: March 2021

ESR and spectrophotometry proved that nano-particles can effectively remove free radicals produced by NaClO, and analyzed the mechanism of delaying aging.
Interaction of proteins with phase boundaries in aqueous two-phase systems under electric fields
Authors: Gebhard Florian , Hartmann Johannes , Hardt Steffen
Published: March 2021

Electric-field driven transition of proteins between two aqueous phases at the liquid–liquid–solid contact line.
Electrosynthesis of sulfonamides from DMSO and amines under mild conditions
Authors: Lin Zhiguan , Huang Liangbin , Yuan Gaoqing
Published: March 2021

With DMSO as the solvent and the precursor of a –SO2Me unit at room temperature, a novel electrochemical oxidization and amination of DMSO with amines was developed for the synthesis of sulfonamides.
A direct solvent-free conversion approach to prepare mixed-metal metal–organic frameworks from doped metal oxides
Authors: Yi Beili , Zhao Haojie , Zhang Yue , Si Xiaomeng , Zhang Guanqun , An Yuanyuan , Su Longxing , Tsung Chia-Kuang , Chou Lien-Yang , Xie Jin
Published: March 2021

We propose a novel solvent-free conversion strategy of Pt–ZnO to Pt-ZIF-8. This synthesis strategy may facilitate the discovery of MMOFs that have not been reported previously.
Impact of polymorphism on mechanical properties of molecular crystals: a study of p-amino and p-nitro benzoic acid with nanoindentation
Authors: Gabriele Benjamin P. A. , Williams Craig J. , Lauer Matthias E. , Derby Brian , Cruz-Cabeza Aurora J.
Published: March 2021

We report on nanoindentation data for two pairs of polymorphic compounds of p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) and p-nitrobenzoic acid (pNBA) and compare it with existing data in the literature. We also explore on a new parameter, s-PBC, as a tool to estimate hardness.
Micro-pulling-down growth of long YAG- and LuAG-based garnet fibres: advances and bottlenecks
Authors: Sidletskiy O. , Lebbou K. , Kofanov D.
Published: March 2021

A technological advance in shaped μ-PD crystal growth provided us with high-quality single crystalline fibres of rare-earth garnets with the good longitudinal transparency and light attenuation length of up to 1 m.
Constructing chiral polyoxometalate assembliesviasupramolecular approaches
Authors: Zhu Zexi , Wei Mingfeng , Li Bao , Wu Lixin
Published: March 2021

Chirality generation, induced chirality transfer, and the functionalization of polyoxometalate-based complexes and their self-assembly constructed through supramolecular approach are systematically reviewed.
Titanium complexes bearing oxa- and azacalix[4, 6]arenes: structural studies and use in the ring opening homo-/co-polymerization of cyclic esters
Authors: Xing Tian , Prior Timothy J. , Chen Kai , Redshaw Carl
Published: March 2021

Rare examples of titanium oxa- and aza-calixarenes are reported which are active for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone and rac-lactide.
Synthesis of a Co3V2O8/CNx hybrid nanocomposite as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors
Authors: Mishra Ranjit , Panda Prajnashree , Barman Sudip
Published: March 2021

Cobalt vanadium oxide/carbon nitride composite (Co3V2O8/CNx) was synthesized by solvothermal method. This Co3V2O8/CNx composite was applied for asymmetric supercapacitor application.
Concurrent self-regulated autonomous synthesis and functionalization of pH-responsive giant vesicles by a chemical pH oscillator
Authors: Poros-Tarcali E. , Perez-Mercader J.
Published: March 2021

pH oscillatory chemistry-driven generation of polymer vesicles from homogenous medium and their pH-responsive self-assembly in a one-pot reaction network.
The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey
Authors: Khusanova Y. , Bethermin M. , Le Fèvre O. , Capak P. , Faisst A. L. , Schaerer D. , Silverman J. D. , Cassata P. , Yan L. , Ginolfi M. , Fudamoto Y. , Loiacono F. , Amorin R. , Bardelli S. , Boquien M. , Cimatti A. , Dessauges-Zavadsky M. , Gruppioni C. , Hathi N. P. , Jones G. C. , Koekemoer A. M. , Lagache G. , Maiolino R. , Lemaux B. C. , Oesch P. , Pozzi F. , Riechers D. A. , Romano M. , Talia M. , Toft S. , Vergani D. , Zamorani G. , Zucca E.
Published: March 2021

Star formation rate (SFR) measurements at z > 4 have relied mostly on the rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations. The corrections for dust attenuation based on the IRX-β relation are highly uncertain and are still debated in the literature. Hence, rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) observations are necessary to constrain the dust-obscured component of the SFR. In this paper, we exploit the rest-frame FIR continuum observations collected by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) to directly constrain the obscured SFR in galaxies at 4.4 < z < 5.9. We used stacks of continuum images to measure average infrared luminosities taking both detected and undetected sources into account. Based on these measurements, we measured the position of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies and the specific SFR (sSFR) at z ∼ 4.5 and z ∼ 5.5. We find that the main sequence and sSFR do not significantly evolve between z ∼ 4.5 and z ∼ 5.5, as opposed to lower redshifts. We developed a method to derive the obscured SFR density (SFRD) using the stellar masses or FUV-magnitudes as a proxy of FIR fluxes measured on the stacks and combining them with the galaxy stellar mass functions and FUV luminosity functions from the literature. We obtain consistent results independent of the chosen proxy. We find that the obscured fraction of SFRD is decreasing with increasing redshift, but even at z ∼ 5.5 it constitutes around 61% of the total SFRD.
Time-inconsistent stochastic optimal control problems and backward stochastic volterra integral equations
Authors: Wang Hanxiao , Yong Jiongmin
Published: March 2021

An optimal control problem is considered for a stochastic differential equation with the cost functional determined by a backward stochastic Volterra integral equation (BSVIE, for short). This kind of cost functional can cover the general discounting (including exponential and non-exponential) situations with a recursive feature. It is known that such a problem is time-inconsistent in general. Therefore, instead of finding a global optimal control, we look for a time-consistent locally near optimal equilibrium strategy. With the idea of multi-person differential games, a family of approximate equilibrium strategies is constructed associated with partitions of the time intervals. By sending the mesh size of the time interval partition to zero, an equilibrium Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB, for short) equation is derived, through which the equilibrium value function and an equilibrium strategy are obtained. Under certain conditions, a verification theorem is proved and the well-posedness of the equilibrium HJB is established. As a sort of Feynman–Kac formula for the equilibrium HJB equation, a new class of BSVIEs (containing the diagonal valueZ(r,r) ofZ(⋅ , ⋅)) is naturally introduced and the well-posedness of such kind of equations is briefly presented.
Numerical solution of large scale Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov equations
Authors: Lin Lin , Wu Xiaojie
Published: March 2021

The Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) theory is the starting point for treating superconducting systems. However, the computational cost for solving large scale HFB equations can be much larger than that of the Hartree–Fock equations, particularly when the Hamiltonian matrix is sparse, and the number of electrons N is relatively small compared to the matrix size Nb. We first provide a concise and relatively self-contained review of the HFB theory for general finite sized quantum systems, with special focus on the treatment of spin symmetries from a linear algebra perspective. We then demonstrate that the pole expansion and selected inversion (PEXSI) method can be particularly well suited for solving large scale HFB equations. For a Hubbard-type Hamiltonian, the cost of PEXSI is at most 𝒪(Nb2) for both gapped and gapless systems, which can be significantly faster than the standard cubic scaling diagonalization methods. We show that PEXSI can solve a two-dimensional Hubbard-Hofstadter model with Nb up to 2.88 × 106, and the wall clock time is less than 100 s using 17 280 CPU cores. This enables the simulation of physical systems under experimentally realizable magnetic fields, which cannot be otherwise simulated with smaller systems.
On error estimation for reduced-order modeling of linear non-parametric and parametric systems
Authors: Feng Lihong , Benner Peter
Published: March 2021

Motivated by a recently proposed error estimator for the transfer function of the reduced-order model of a given linear dynamical system, we further develop more theoretical results in this work. Moreover, we propose several variants of the error estimator, and compare those variants with the existing ones both theoretically and numerically. It is shown that some of the proposed error estimators perform better than or equally well as the existing ones. All the error estimators considered can be easily extended to estimate the output error of reduced-order modeling for steady linear parametric systems.
Perspective on Organoboron Chemistry
Authors: Kong Lingbing , Cui Chunming
Published: March 2021

Organoboron compounds play prominent roles in structural, synthetic, and materials chemistry because boron atoms can feature electrophilic, ambiphilic, or nucleophilic character. This perspective briefly describes the most recent progress in organoboron chemistry, focusing on new boron molecules and their applications that have attracted great interest from main-group chemists. The research hotspots arising from these pioneering results are also discussed.

1 Introduction

2 Diboron Reagents

3 Boryl Anions

4 Borylenes

5 Nucleophilic or Ambiphilic Boron-Containing N-Heterocycles

6 Conclusions and Outlook
Use of Homeopathy in Integrative Oncology in Strasbourg, France: Multi-center Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study of Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment
Authors: Bagot J-L , Legrand Adeline , Theunissen Ingrid
Published: March 2021

Context The use of homeopathy in oncological supportive care seems to be progressing. The first French prevalence study, performed in 2005 in Strasbourg, showed that only 17% of the subjects were using it. What is the situation 12 years later?

Materials and Methods This is a descriptive study, using a questionnaire identical to that used in 2005, on 633 patients undergoing treatment in three anti-cancer centers in Strasbourg. The results of the “homeopathy” sub-group were extracted and studied.

Results Of the 535 patients included, 164 used homeopathy: that is 30.7%. The main purpose of its use was to reduce the side effects of cancer treatments (75%). Among the users, 82.6% were “somewhat” or “very” satisfied, against “quite” satisfied for 15.5%, and “not at all” satisfied for 1.9%. The homeopathic treatment was prescribed by a doctor in 75.6% of the cases; the general practitioner was kept informed in 87% of the cases and the oncologist in 82%. Fatigue, pain, nausea, anxiety, sadness and diarrhea were improved in 80% of the cases. However, alopecia, weight disorders and loss of libido were the least improved symptoms. The use of homeopathy was significantly associated with the female sex.

Conclusion With a prevalence of 30.7%, homeopathy is the most used complementary medicine in integrative oncology in Strasbourg. Over 12 years, we have witnessed an increase of 83% in its use in the same city. Almost all respondents declare themselves satisfied and tell their doctors more readily than in 2005.
Principles of Neural Repair and Their Application to Stroke Recovery Trials
Authors: Lin David J. , Cramer Steven C.
Published: March 2021

Neural repair is the underlying therapeutic strategy for many treatments currently under investigation to improve recovery after stroke. Repair-based therapies are distinct from acute stroke strategies: instead of salvaging threatened brain tissue, the goal is to improve behavioral outcomes on the basis of experience-dependent brain plasticity. Furthermore, timing, concomitant behavioral experiences, modality specific outcome measures, and careful patient selection are fundamental concepts for stroke recovery trials that can be deduced from principles of neural repair. Here we discuss core principles of neural repair and their implications for stroke recovery trials, highlighting related issues from key studies in humans. Research suggests a future in which neural repair therapies are personalized based on measures of brain structure and function, genetics, and lifestyle factors.
Hydroxyl group substitution extends working temperature for ferroelectric materials
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: March 2021

A hydroxyl group substitution method makes it easier to raise the transition temperature of molecular ferroelectric materials.
Representations of twisted toroidal Lie algebras from twisted modules over vertex algebras
Authors: Bakalov Bojko , Kirk Samantha
Published: March 2021

Given a simple finite-dimensional Lie algebra and an automorphism of finite order, one defines the notion of a twisted toroidal Lie algebra. In this paper, we construct representations of twisted toroidal Lie algebras from twisted modules over affine and lattice vertex algebras.
On the morphology of two-dimensional laminar vortex streets behind triangles
Authors: Kim Ildoo
Published: March 2021

The two-dimensional laminar vortex streets behind a triangle have two morphologically distinct structures depending on the Reynolds number and the aspect ratio of the triangle. These two structures are the conventional structure and the separated rows structure, where the latter is characterized by a thin layer of irrotational fluid between two vortex rows. In this paper, by means of numerical simulation, we find that the separated rows structure occurs when the thickness of boundary layers is less than 25% of their separation distance. We also show from the linear stability analysis that the criterion is related to the coupling of two boundary layers in producing unstable modes.