bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA Origami “Quick” Refolding inside of a Micron-Sized Compartment
Authors: Watanabe Taiki , Sato Yusuke , Otaka Hayato , Kawamata Ibuki , Murata Satoshi , Nomura Shin-Ichiro M.
Published: December 2019

Investigations into the refolding of DNA origami leads to the creation of reconstructable nanostructures and deepens our understanding of the sustainability of life. Here, we report the refolding of the DNA origami structure inside a micron-sized compartment. In our experiments, conventional DNA origami and truss-type DNA origami were annealed and purified to remove the excess staples in a test tube. The DNA origami was then encapsulated inside of a micron-sized compartment of water-in-oil droplets, composed of neutral surfactants. The re-annealing process was then performed to initiate refolding in the compartment. The resulting 100-nm-sized DNA nanostructures were observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the qualities of their structures were evaluated based on their shape. We found that the refolding of the DNA origami structure was favored inside the droplets compared with refolding in bulk solution. The refolded structures were able to fold even under “quick” one-minute annealing conditions. In addition, the smaller droplets (average diameter: 1.2 µm) appeared to be more advantageous for the refolding of the origamis than larger droplets. These results are expected to contribute to understanding the principles of life phenomena based on multimolecular polymer self-assembly in a micron-sized compartment, and for the production and maintenance of artificially designed molecules.
Exogenous Melatonin and Abscisic Acid Expedite the Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Grape Berry of Vitis vinifera cv. Kyoho
Authors: Yang Mingyi , Wang Lei , Belwal Tarun , Zhang Xiaocheng , Lu Hongyan , Chen Cunkun , Li Li
Published: December 2019

Grape polyphenols contributing to more than half of the global polyphenol market were well studied; however, how melatonin (MLT), a potential plant hormone, and abscisic acid (ABA) affects polyphenols profile is still poorly understood. To explore whether these hormones are involved in polyphenolic biosynthesis, grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Kyoho) was exposed to MLT, ABA, and NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor) treatments, and 16 polyphenols were identified from grape extracts by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Both exogenous MLT and ABA significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of each flavonol and flavanol component, especially catechin, which was almost increased double by 200 µM of MLT treatment. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, including 4-coumaroyl-CoA synthase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, anthocyanin 3′-methyltransferase, flavonol synthase, flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase, and flavonoid 3′,5′-methyltransferase were highly up-regulated as well but were down-regulated by NDGA. The present study provided new insights for improving flavonoids accumulation in agricultural production and its underlying mechanism.
Nanostructured MoO3 for Efficient Energy and Environmental Catalysis
Authors: Zhu Yuhua , Yao Yuan , Luo Zhu , Pan Chuanqi , Yang Ji , Fang Yarong , Deng Hongtao , Liu Changxiang , Tan Qi , Liu Fudong , Guo Yanbing
Published: December 2019

This paper mainly focuses on the application of nanostructured MoO3 materials in both energy and environmental catalysis fields. MoO3 has wide tunability in bandgap, a unique semiconducting structure, and multiple valence states. Due to the natural advantage, it can be used as a high-activity metal oxide catalyst, can serve as an excellent support material, and provide opportunities to replace noble metal catalysts, thus having broad application prospects in catalysis. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the crystal structure and properties of nanostructured MoO3 and highlight the recent significant research advancements in energy and environmental catalysis. Several current challenges and perspective research directions based on nanostructured MoO3 are also discussed.
Deuterium-Depleted Water as Adjuvant Therapeutic Agent for Treatment of Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats
Authors: Halenova Tetiana , Zlatskiy Igor , Syroeshkin Anton , Maximova Tatiana , Pleteneva Tatiana
Published: December 2019

In this study, we present the potential application of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of obesity in rats. We tested the hypothesis that DDW can alleviate diet-induced obesity (DIO) and its associated metabolic impairments. Rats fed a high-fat diet had an increased body weight index (BWI), glucose concentration, and level of certain proinflammatory cytokines; decreased levels of insulin in the serum; decreased tryptophan and serotonin in the brain, and a decreased concentration of some heavy metals in the liver. Drinking DDW at a concentration of 10 ppm deuterium/protium (D/H) ad libitum for 3 weeks restored the BWI, glucose (serum), tryptophan (brain), and serotonin (brain) levels and concentration of Zn in the liver in the DIO animals to those of the controls. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ) and anti-inflammatory TNFα were decreased in DIO rats, while anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-10) levels remained at the control levels, which is indicative of a pathophysiological syndrome. In contrast, in groups of rats treated with DDW, a significant increase in anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) and proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ) was observed. This finding indicates a reduction in systemic inflammation in obese animals treated with DDW. Similarly, the high-fat diet caused an increased level of oxidative stress products, which was accompanied by decreased activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase, whereas the administration of DDW decreased the level of oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities.
Modeling the Antileukemia Activity of Ellipticine-Related Compounds: QSAR and Molecular Docking Study
Authors: Márquez Edgar , Mora José R. , Flores-Morales Virginia , Insuasty Daniel , Calle Luis
Published: December 2019

The antileukemia cancer activity of organic compounds analogous to ellipticine representes a critical endpoint in the understanding of this dramatic disease. A molecular modeling simulation on a dataset of 23 compounds, all of which comply with Lipinski’s rules and have a structure analogous to ellipticine, was performed using the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) technique, followed by a detailed docking study on three different proteins significantly involved in this disease (PDB IDs: SYK, PI3K and BTK). As a result, a model with only four descriptors (HOMO, softness, AC1RABAMBID, and TS1KFABMID) was found to be robust enough for prediction of the antileukemia activity of the compounds studied in this work, with an R2 of 0.899 and Q2 of 0.730. A favorable interaction between the compounds and their target proteins was found in all cases; in particular, compounds 9 and 22 showed high activity and binding free energy values of around −10 kcal/mol. Theses compounds were evaluated in detail based on their molecular structure, and some modifications are suggested herein to enhance their biological activity. In particular, compounds 22_1, 22_2, 9_1, and 9_2 are indicated as possible new, potent ellipticine derivatives to be synthesized and biologically tested.
Antitumor Effect of a Novel Spiro-Acridine Compound is Associated with Up-Regulation of Th1-Type Responses and Antiangiogenic Action
Authors: Silva Daiana K. Frade , Duarte Sâmia S. , Lisboa Thaís M. H. , Ferreira Rafael C. , Lopes Ana Luíza de O. , Carvalho Deyse C. M. , Rodrigues-Mascarenhas Sandra , da Silva Patricia Mirella , Segundo Miguel A. S. Pinheiro , Moura Ricardo O. de , Medeiros Karina C. P. , Sobral Marianna V.
Published: December 2019

Tumor cells have specific features, including angiogenesis induction, cell cycle dysregulation, and immune destruction evasion. By inducing a T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, tumor cells may favor immune tolerance within the tumor, which allows progression of cancer growth. Drugs with potential antitumor activity are the spiro-acridines, which is a promising new class of acridine compounds. Herein, the novel spiro-acridine (E)-5′-oxo-1′-((3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)amino)-1′,5′-dihydro-10H-spiro[acridine-9,2′-pyrrole]-4′-carbonitrile (AMTAC-17) was synthesized and tested for antitumor effects. Toxicity evaluation was performed in mice after acute treatment (2000 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.). The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model was used to investigate the antitumor activity of AMTAC-17 (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) after seven days of treatment. Effects on the cell cycle, angiogenesis, and inflammatory responses were investigated. LD50 (lethal dose 50%) was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg. AMTAC-17 reduced the Ehrlich tumor’s total viable cancer cells count and peritumoral micro-vessels density, and induced an increase in the sub-G1 peak. Additionally, there was an increase of Th1 cytokine profile levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12). In conclusion, the spiro-acridine compound AMTAC-17 presents low toxicity, and its in vivo antitumor effect involves modulation of the immune system to a cytotoxic Th1 profile and a reduction of tumor angiogenesis.
Barbituric Acid Based Fluorogens: Synthesis, Aggregation-Induced Emission, and Protein Fibril Detection
Authors: Ding Siyang , Yao Bicheng , Schobben Louis , Hong Yuning
Published: December 2019

Fluorescent dyes, especially those emitting in the long wavelength region, are excellent candidates in the area of bioassay and bioimaging. In this work, we report a series of simple organic fluorescent dyes consisting of electron-donating aniline groups and electron-withdrawing barbituric acid groups. These dyes are very easy to construct while emitting strongly in the red region in their solid state. The photophysical properties of these dyes, such as solvatochromism and aggregation-induced emission, are systematically characterized. Afterward, the structure–property relationships of these barbituric acid based fluorogens are discussed. Finally, we demonstrate their potential applications for protein amyloid fibril detection.
Graphene Oxide@3D Hierarchical SnO2 Nanofiber/Nanosheets Nanocomposites for Highly Sensitive and Low-Temperature Formaldehyde Detection
Authors: Wan Kechuang , Yang Jialin , Wang Ding , Wang Xianying
Published: December 2019

In this work, we reported a formaldehyde (HCHO) gas sensor with highly sensitive and selective gas-sensing performance at low operating temperature based on graphene oxide (GO)@SnO2 nanofiber/nanosheets (NF/NSs) nanocomposites. Hierarchical SnO2 NF/NSs coated with GO nanosheets showed enhanced sensing performance for HCHO gas, especially at low operating temperature. A series of characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) were used to characterize their microstructures, morphologies, compositions, surface areas and so on. The sensing performance of GO@SnO2 NF/NSs nanocomposites was optimized by adjusting the loading amount of GO ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%. The results showed the optimum loading amount of 1% GO in GO@SnO2 NF/NSs nanocomposites not only exhibited the highest sensitivity value (Ra/Rg = 280 to 100 ppm HCHO gas) but also lowered the optimum operation temperature from 120 °C to 60 °C. The response value was about 4.5 times higher than that of pure hierarchical SnO2 NF/NSs (Ra/Rg = 64 to 100 ppm). GO@SnO2 NF/NSs nanocomposites showed lower detection limit down to 0.25 ppm HCHO and excellent selectivity against interfering gases (ethanol (C2H5OH), acetone (CH3COCH3), methanol (CH3OH), ammonia (NH3), methylbenzene (C7H8), benzene (C6H6) and water (H2O)). The enhanced sensing performance for HCHO was mainly ascribed to the high specific surface area, suitable electron transfer channels and the synergistic effect of the SnO2 NF/NSs and GO nanosheets network.
Revisiting the Structure and Chemistry of 3(5)-Substituted Pyrazoles
Authors: Secrieru Alina , O’Neill Paul Michael , Cristiano Maria Lurdes Santos
Published: December 2019

Pyrazoles are known as versatile scaffolds in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, often used as starting materials for the preparation of more complex heterocyclic systems with relevance in the pharmaceutical field. Pyrazoles are also interesting compounds from a structural viewpoint, mainly because they exhibit tautomerism. This phenomenon may influence their reactivity, with possible impact on the synthetic strategies where pyrazoles take part, as well as on the biological activities of targets bearing a pyrazole moiety, since a change in structure translates into changes in properties. Investigations of the structure of pyrazoles that unravel the tautomeric and conformational preferences are therefore of upmost relevance. 3(5)-Aminopyrazoles are largely explored as precursors in the synthesis of condensed heterocyclic systems, namely pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. However, the information available in the literature concerning the structure and chemistry of 3(5)-aminopyrazoles is scarce and disperse. We provide a revision of data on the present subject, based on investigations using theoretical and experimental methods, together with the applications of the compounds in synthesis. It is expected that the combined information will contribute to a deeper understanding of structure/reactivity relationships in this class of heterocycles, with a positive impact in the design of synthetic methods, where they take part.
Electrochemical Preparation of Synergistic Nanoantimicrobials
Authors: Sportelli Maria Chiara , Longano Daniela , Bonerba Elisabetta , Tantillo Giuseppina , Torsi Luisa , Sabbatini Luigia , Cioffi Nicola , Ditaranto Nicoletta
Published: December 2019

The rapid spreading of resistance among common bacterial pathogens towards the misused antibiotics/disinfectant agents has drawn much attention worldwide to bacterial infections. In light of this, the present work aimed at the realization of core–shell nanoparticles possessing remarkable antimicrobial properties thanks to the synergistic action of the metal core and the disinfectant shell. Copper nanoparticles stabilized by benzalkonium chloride were prepared, characterized, and implemented in poly-vinyl-methyl ketone to obtain nanoantimicrobial composite coatings. Bioactivity tests are reported, proving the excellent disinfectant properties of the proposed nanomaterials, as compared to one of the well-known and strongest silver-based nanoantimicrobials. Applications are also briefly described.
Choline Salicylate Analysis: Chemical Stability and Degradation Product Identification
Authors: Wróblewska Katarzyna B. , Plewa Szymon , Dereziński Paweł , Muszalska-Kolos Izabela
Published: December 2019

Choline salicylate (CS) as a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid is commonly used in different drug forms. In medicine, it is applied topically to inflammation of the oral cavity mucosa and in laryngology. However, this substance in the form of an ionic liquid has not been investigated enough. There are no literature studies on stability tests constituting a stage of pre-formulation research. HPLC (Nucleosil C18, 4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm; methanol-water-acetic acid 60:40:1, 230 nm or 270 nm) and UV (276 nm) methods for the determination of CS in 2% (g/mL) aqueous solutions were developed. Under stress conditions, CS susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation in aqueous medium, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide, and the effect of light on the stability of CS solutions were studied with HPLC analysis. The degradation degree of CS and the purity of the solutions were also tested. Choline salicylate has been qualified as practically stable in neutral and acid media, stable in an alkaline medium, very stable in an oxidizing environment, and photolabile in solution. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to identify 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids as degradation products of CS under the tested conditions.
Specificity Assessment of CRISPR Genome Editing of Oncogenic EGFR Point Mutation with Single-Base Differences
Authors: Bae Taegeun , Kim Hanseop , Kim Jeong Hee , Kim Yong Jun , Lee Seung Hwan , Ham Byung-Joo , Hur Junho K.
Published: December 2019

In CRISPR genome editing, CRISPR proteins form ribonucleoprotein complexes with guide RNAs to bind and cleave the target DNAs with complete sequence complementarity. CRISPR genome editing has a high potential for use in precision gene therapy for various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders, which are caused by DNA mutations within the genome. However, several studies have shown that targeting the DNA via sequence complementarity is imperfect and subject to unintended genome editing of other genomic loci with similar sequences. These off-target problems pose critical safety issues in the therapeutic applications of CRISPR technology, with particular concerns in terms of the genome editing of pathogenic point mutations, where non-mutant alleles can become an off-target with only a one-base difference. In this study, we sought to assess a novel CRISPR genome editing technique that has been proposed to achieve a high specificity by positioning the mismatches within the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. To this end, we compared the genome editing specificities of the PAM-based and conventional methods on an oncogenic single-base mutation in the endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). The results indicated that the PAM-based method provided a significantly increased genome editing specificity for pathogenic mutant alleles with single-base precision.
Pentaborate(1-) Salts and a Tetraborate(2-) Salt Derived from C2- or C3-Linked Bis(alkylammonium) Dications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural (XRD) Studies
Authors: Beckett Michael A. , Meena Bashdar I. , Rixon Thomas A. , Coles Simon J. , Horton Peter N.
Published: December 2019

The synthesis of a number of pentaborate(1-) salts from cations arising from N-substituted α,α-, α,β-, and α,γ-diaminoalkanes has been attempted in aqueous solution from B(OH)3 and the appropriate diammine in a 10:1 ratio. Despite relatively mild work-up conditions the pentaborate(1-) salts prepared were not always as anticipated and the following compounds were isolated in good yield: [Me2NH(CH2)2NHMe2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (1), [Et2NH(CH2)2NHEt2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (2), [Et2NH2][B5O6(OH)4] (3), [Me2NH2][B5O6(OH)4] (4), [Me2NH(CH2)3NHMe2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (5), [Et2NH(CH2)3NHEt2][B5O6(OH)4]2 (6), [Me3NCH2CH=CH2][B5O6(OH)4] (7), and [Me3N(CH2)3NMe3] [B5O6(OH)4]2.0.5H2O (8). The tetraborate(2-) salt, [Me3N(CH2)2NMe3][B4O5(OH)4].2B(OH)3.2H2O (9) was obtained in moderate yield (41%) from a 3:1 reaction of B(OH)3 with [Me3N(CH2)2NMe3](OH)2. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C NMR and IR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). BET analysis on materials derived thermally from selected samples (1, 2, 6, 7) all had porosities of < 1 m2/g, demonstrating that they were non-porous. Single-crystal XRD structures were obtained for 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 and all contain extensive H-bonded polyborate lattices.
Catalytic Performance of Toluene Combustion over Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Pore-Modified Macro-Meso-Microporous Zeolite Foam
Authors: Zou Sibei , Zhang Mingyuan , Mo Shengpeng , Cheng Hairong , Fu Mingli , Chen Peirong , Chen Limin , Shi Wei , Ye Daiqi
Published: December 2019

Herein, to investigate the pore effect on toluene catalytic oxidation activity, novel supports for Pt nanoparticles—ZSM-5 foam (ZF) fabricated using polyurethane foam (PUF) templates and pore-modified ZSM-5 foam (ZF-D) treated by acid etching, comparing with conventional ZSM-5 and pore-modified ZSM-5 (ZSM-5-D), were successfully synthesized. Pt nanoparticles were loaded on series ZSM-5 supports by the impregnation method. The Pt loaded on ZF-D (Pt/ZF-D) showed the highest activity of toluene catalytic combustion (i.e., T90 = 158 °C), with extraordinary stability and an anti-coking ability. Based on various catalysts characterizations, the unique macropores of ZF facilitated the process of acid etching as compared to conventional ZSM-5. The mesopores volume of ZF-D significantly increased due to acid etching, which enlarged toluene adsorption capacity and led to a better Pt distribution since some Pt nanoparticles were immobilized into some mesopores. Specifically, the microporous distribution was centered in the range of 0.7–0.8 nm close to the molecular diameter of toluene (ca. 0.67 nm), which was key to the increasing toluene diffusion rate due to pore levitation effect of catalysts and accessibility of metal. Furthermore, the reducibility of Pt nanoparticles was improved on Pt/ZF-D, which enhanced the activity of toluene catalytic oxidation.
Encapsulation of a Neutral Molecule into a Cationic Clay Material: Structural Insight and Cytotoxicity of Resveratrol/Layered Double Hydroxide/BSA Nanocomposites
Authors: Minnelli Cristina , Laudadio Emiliano , Galeazzi Roberta , Barucca Gianni , Notarstefano Valentina , Cantarini Mattia , Armeni Tatiana , Mobbili Giovanna
Published: December 2019

Resveratrol (RES) is a stilbenoid polyphenol with interesting antitumor activity compromised by its poor solubility and bioavailability; thus, new approaches are necessary to improve its therapeutic effectiveness. In the present study, bovine serum albumin coated layered double hydroxide (LDH–BSA) was employed to encapsulate RES in order to overcome the above-mentioned usage limits. To evaluate the feasibility of neutral RES complexation with cationic LDH, we carried out molecular dynamics simulation in order to predict its structure and stability. In the supramolecular complex formed with LDH, RES disposes itself in the interlamellar region of LDH where it is stabilized by intermolecular interactions. The physico-chemical characteristics of the resulting nanocomplexes were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and drug release studies were also performed. The combined experimental and computational approach were highly effective in giving insight into the interaction mode of the neutral RES with the charged LDH. Finally, the nanohybrid’s anticancer ability was evaluated in human lung cancer cell line (A549) resulting in higher activity with respect to bare RES. Overall, the results showed that the nanocomposites are suitable for biomedical applications as delivery agents of RES.
Effects of Filament Extrusion, 3D Printing and Hot-Pressing on Electrical and Tensile Properties of Poly(Lactic) Acid Composites Filled with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Authors: Spinelli Giovanni , Kotsilkova Rumiana , Ivanov Evgeni , Petrova-Doycheva Ivanka , Menseidov Dzhihan , Georgiev Vladimir , Di Maio Rosa , Silvestre Clara
Published: December 2019

In this study, the effects of three processing stages: filament extrusion, 3D printing (FDM), and hot-pressing are investigated on electrical conductivity and tensile mechanical properties of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) composites filled with 6 wt.% of multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and combined fillers. The filaments show several decades’ higher electrical conductivity and 50–150% higher values of tensile characteristics, compared to the 3D printed and the hot-pressed samples due to the preferential orientation of nanoparticles during filament extrusion. Similar tensile properties and slightly higher electrical conductivity are found for the hot-pressed compared to the 3D printed samples, due to the reduction of interparticle distances, and consequently, the reduced tunneling resistances in the percolated network by hot pressing. Three structural types are observed in nanocomposite filaments depending on the distribution and interactions of fillers, such as segregated network, homogeneous network, and aggregated structure. The type of structural organization of MWCNTs, GNPs, and combined fillers in the matrix polymer is found determinant for the electrical and tensile properties. The crystallinity of the 3D printed samples is higher compared to the filament and hot-pressed samples, but this structural feature has a slight effect on the electrical and tensile properties. The results help in understanding the influence of processing on the properties of the final products based on PLA composites.
Depth-Sensing Indentation Creep Behavior of Nanostructured Thermal Barrier Coatings from As-Synthesized t’-8YSZ Feedstocks
Authors: Zhou Feifei , Liu Min , Wang Yaming , Wang You , Deng Chunming
Published: December 2019

Nano-indentation is a popular method to characterize the micromechanical properties of nanostructured 8YSZ coatings. However, little research has focused on the creep behavior of nano-indentation and only the elastic modulus and nanohardness have been analyzed. Herein, for the first time, the nano-indentation creep behavior of plasma-sprayed nanostructured 8YSZ coatings using as-prepared nanostructured non-transformable tetragonal (t’) feedstocks was investigated. The indentation creep behavior can be well characterized by the power-law equation and the strain rate sensitivity has been calculated in light of the equation. The strain rate sensitivity was sensitive to the load and the reasons were analyzed in detail. The current results can further guide and design thermal barrier coatings from the point of indentation creep property.
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Plants with Focus on Common Vegetables
Authors: Assefa Samuel Tilahun , Yang Eun-Young , Chae Soo-Young , Song Mihye , Lee Jundae , Cho Myeong-Cheoul , Jang Seonghoe
Published: December 2019

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the world, and is characterized by hyperglycemia (i.e., high levels of glucose in the blood). Alpha-glucosidases are enzymes in the digestive tract that hydrolyze carbohydrates into glucose. One strategy that has been developed to treat type-2 diabetes is inhibition of the activity of alpha-glucosidases using synthetic drugs. However, these inhibitors are usually associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore, the development of inhibitors from natural products offers an alternative option for the control of hyperglycemia. In recent years, various studies have been conducted to identify alpha-glucosidases inhibitors from natural sources such as plants, and many candidates have transpired to be secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. In this review, we focus on the alpha-glucosidases inhibitors found in common vegetable crops and the major classes of phytochemicals responsible for the inhibitory activity, and also as potential/natural drug candidates for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, possible breeding strategies for production of improved vegetable crops with higher content of the inhibitors are also described.
Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of the Polyphenolic-Rich Extract from an Ancient Apple Variety of Central Italy (Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini)
Authors: Nkuimi Wandjou Joice Guileine , Mevi Serena , Sagratini Gianni , Vittori Sauro , Dall’Acqua Stefano , Caprioli Giovanni , Lupidi Giulio , Mombelli Giacomo , Arpini Sabrina , Allegrini Pietro , Les Francisco , López Víctor , Maggi Filippo
Published: December 2019

This study was undertaken to evaluate the nutraceutical potential of the Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini (MR), an ancient apple variety of the Sibillini Mountains, central Italy. The chemical profile of the apple’s polyphenolic-rich extract (MRE) obtained from first- and second-choice samples using the Amberlite® XAD7HP resin was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array and Mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) and 21 phytochemicals were quali–quantitatively determined. For comparative purposes, the polyphenol-rich extract of Annurca (ANE), a southern Italian variety, was analyzed. The antioxidant capacity of MREs was evaluated by Folin–Ciocalteu, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The inhibitory capacity of MREs for the enzymes α-glucosidase, lipase, monoamine oxidase A, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase was also determined. The MREs showed higher polyphenolic and triterpene profiles than the ANE. Their radical scavenging activity was higher than that of ANE and comparable to the reference trolox. The MRE from the second-choice apples displayed higher contents of the 21 phytochemicals investigated. Either MRE from second-choice or first-choice samples showed enzymatic inhibition with IC50 values higher than those of reference inhibitors but worthy of nutraceutical consideration. Taken together, these results show the potential of MRE as a source of bioactive compounds to be used for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications has been confirmed.
Transcriptome Changes Induced by Different Potassium Levels in Banana Roots
Authors: He Yingdui , Li Ruimei , Lin Fei , Xiong Ying , Wang Lixia , Wang Bizun , Guo Jianchun , Hu Chengxiao
Published: December 2019

Potassium plays an important role in enhancing plant resistance to biological and abiotic stresses and improving fruit quality. To study the effect of potassium nutrient levels on banana root growth and its regulation mechanism, four potassium concentrations were designed to treat banana roots from no potassium to high potassium. The results indicated that K2 (3 mmol/L K2SO4) treatment was a relatively normal potassium concentration for the growth of banana root, and too high or too low potassium concentration was not conducive to the growth of banana root. By comparing the transcriptome data in each treatment in pairs, 4454 differentially expressed genes were obtained. There were obvious differences in gene function enrichment in root systems treated with different concentrations of potassium. Six significant expression profiles (profile 0, 1, 2, 7, 9 and 13) were identified by STEM analysis. The hub genes were FKF1, HsP70-1, NRT1/PTR5, CRY1, and ZIP11 in the profile 0; CYP51 in profile 1; SOS1 in profile 7; THA, LKR/SDH, MCC, C4H, CHI, F3′H, 2 PR1s, BSP, TLP, ICS, RO, chitinase and peroxidase in profile 9. Our results provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the gene regulation network in banana roots under different potassium stress.
Physiological Responses of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) Cultivars to Rhizophagus Irregularis Inoculation under Low Phosphorus Availability
Authors: Lazarević Boris , Carović-Stanko Klaudija , Šatović Zlatko
Published: December 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) can improve phosphorus (P) nutrition and could serve as an environmentally friendly approach for sustainable crop production under P-limiting conditions. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of AM on different physiological traits and to quantify the responsiveness of different basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars to AM under low P availability. The basil cultivars ‘Genovese’, ‘Sweet Basil’, ‘Dark Opal’, and ‘Erevanskii’ were inoculated (AMI) using Rhizophagus irregularis. Photochemical efficiency and gas exchange were measured on AMI and non-inoculated (AMC) plants and, at harvest, the shoot biomass, shoot P concentration, root morphological traits, frequency of mycorrhizas in the roots (F%), and extent of root colonization (M%) were determined. Significant differences in F% and M% were found among the examined cultivars, with the highest found in ‘Dark Opal‘ and the lowest in ‘Erevanskii‘. AMI reduced the shoot biomass and increased the shoot P concentration as well as other examined root traits in ‘Genovese’ and ‘Erevanskii’, whereas it did not affect those traits in ‘Dark Opal’ and ‘Sweet Basil’, indicating differences in responsiveness to AM. AMI positively affected the gas-exchange parameters in all examined cultivars, probably due to the increased sink capacity of a bigger root system and/or AM structures within the roots.
Integrating Feedback Control and Run-to-Run Control in Multi-Wafer Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Thin Films
Authors: Zhang Yichi , Ding Yangyao , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: December 2019

There is currently a lack of understanding of the deposition profile in a batch atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. Also, no on-line control scheme has been proposed to resolve the prevalent disturbances. Motivated by this, we develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and an integrated online run-to-run and feedback control scheme. Specifically, we analyze a furnace reactor for a SiO2 thin-film ALD with BTBAS and ozone as precursors. Initially, a high-fidelity 2D axisymmetric multiscale CFD model is developed using ANSYS Fluent for the gas-phase characterization and the surface thin-film deposition, based on a kinetic Monte-Carlo (kMC) model database. To deal with the disturbance during reactor operation, a proportional integral (PI) control scheme is adopted, which manipulates the inlet precursor concentration to drive the precursor partial pressure to the set-point, ensuring the complete substrate coverage. Additionally, the CFD model is utilized to investigate a wide range of operating conditions, and a regression model is developed to describe the relationship between the half-cycle time and the feed flow rate. A run-to-run (R2R) control scheme using an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) strategy is developed to regulate the half-cycle time for the furnace ALD process between batches.
Stackelberg Game-Based Power Allocation for V2X Communications
Authors: Zhang Erqing , Yin Sixing , Ma Huisheng
Published: December 2019

Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) is one of the three usage scenarios anticipated for 5G, which plays an important role in advanced applications of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. In this paper, the Stackelberg game-based power allocation problem was investigated in V2X communications underlaying cellular networks. Assuming that the macro-cellular base station (MBS) sets the interference prices to protect itself from the V2X users (VUEs), the Stackelberg game was adopted to analyze the interaction between MBS and VUEs, where the former acts as a leader and the latter act as followers. For MBS, we aimed at maximizing its utility from interference revenue while considering the cost of interference. Meanwhile, the VUEs aimed at maximizing their utilities per unit power consumption. We analyzed the Stackelberg model and obtained the optimal prices for MBS and optimal transmit powers for VUEs. Simulation results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed Stackelberg game-based power allocation scheme in comparison with the traditional power allocation strategy. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme achieved a better trade-off between economic profit and power consumption.
Ethics in Categorizing Ethnicity and Disability in Research with Children
Authors: Thorjussen Ingfrid Mattingsdal , Wilhelmsen Terese
Published: December 2019

The use of categories is a contested subject in social sciences. The use of social categories allows researchers to explore similarities, differences, and inequalities between groups of people. However, by using social categories, researchers run the risk of essentializing differences. The aim of this article is to problematize the procedural and relational ethics of using categories in research with children. Based on two research projects studying inclusion and exclusion in physical education, we examine the ongoing ethical dilemmas of categorizing children in terms of disability and ethnic background. The reflections are grounded in intersectional and relational ethical perspectives with a focus on how power is manifested in practices and structures throughout the research process. The data consist of field notes, transcripts of interviews with children and their parents, and the authors’ reflective accounts. The results are organized into three main themes: (1) How categories frame the research in its initial phases (informed consent and voluntary participation), (2) power relationships in context (navigating meanings of categories in the interviews and the relational ethics of generational ordering in combined interviews with children and their parents), and (3) (re)constructing stories and ensuring anonymity. In the discussion, we reflect on how singling out groups of children framed the research, how categories and power relations were negotiated and navigated in interviews and fieldwork, and how, in the reporting of the results, understandings of the children and their experiences were constructed. We argue that by not reflecting on the ethics of categorizing children in research, researchers are in danger of reproducing rather than challenging social inequality and discrimination.
Germination Energy and Capacity of Maize Seeds Following Low-Temperature Short Storage
Authors: Domin Marek , Kluza Franciszek , Góral Dariusz , Nazarewicz Sybilla , Kozłowicz Katarzyna , Szmigielski Marek , Ślaska-Grzywna Beata
Published: December 2019

The present research attempts to characterize the effect of low temperatures, and the moisture content of maize (Kosmo 230) meant for sowing on its energy and capacity to germinate. Seeds were moistened to varying degrees and stored under various conditions; then, their germination energy and capacity were assessed. Sowing material with 15% moisture content showed slightly declined germination ability when stored at −25–−20 °C for over three days, while the storage of seeds with a 25 and 30% moisture content at −5–0 °C for 1–3 days had the effect of seed conditioning. Seedlings obtained from conditioned seeds showed sustainability characterized by faster growth, and demonstrated nearly twice the size as other plants. Warehousing and storage of maize grains with a 11.12% moisture content at temperatures up to −25 °C did not significantly affect seed germination capacity or energy, irrespective of storage time.
Unburnable and Unleakable Carbon in Western Amazon: Using VIIRS Nightfire Data to Map Gas Flaring and Policy Compliance in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Facchinelli Francesco , Pappalardo Salvatore Eugenio , Codato Daniele , Diantini Alberto , Della Fera Giuseppe , Crescini Edoardo , De Marchi Massimo
Published: December 2019

In the Amazon Rainforest, a unique post-carbon plan to mitigate global warming and to protect the exceptional bio-cultural diversity was experimented in 2007–2013 by the Ecuadorian government. To preserve the rainforest ecosystems within the Yasuní-ITT oil block, the release of 410 million metric tons of CO2 would have been avoided. The neologism “yasunization” emerged as an Amazonian narrative on “unburnable carbon” to be replicated worldwide. Considering the unburnable carbon, petroleum-associated gas flaring represents the unleakable part. Flaring is an irrational practice that consists of burning waste gases, representing not only a leak of energy but also a pollution source. The general aim of the paper is to monitor gas flaring as a tool, revealing, at the same time, the implementation of environmental technologies in the oil sector and the compliance of sustainable policies in the Amazon region and the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Specific objectives are: (i) identifying and estimating gas flaring over seven years (2012–2018); (ii) mapping new flaring sites; iii) estimating potentially affected areas among ecosystems and local communities. We processed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nightfire annual dataset, based on the elaboration of imagery from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and developed a GIS-based novel simple method to identify new flaring sites from daily detections. We found that 23.5% of gas flaring sites and 18.4% of volumes of all oil industries operating in Ecuador are located within the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR). Moreover, we detected 34 additional flaring sites not included in the NOAA dataset—12 in the YBR and one in Tiputini field, a key area for biological and cultural diversity conservation. We also found that at least 10 indigenous communities, 18 populated centers and 10 schools are located in the potentially affected area. Gas flaring can be used as a policy indicator to monitor the implementation of sustainable development practices in complex territories.
Explaining Urban Sustainability to Teachers in Training through a Geographical Analysis of Tourism Gentrification in Europe
Authors: Martínez-Hernández Carlos , Yubero Claudia
Published: December 2019

Urban centres in Europe have been recently affected by touristification processes which endanger their sustainable development. In this context, education in urban sustainability is gaining great importance at all stages of education. It has been noticed that this issue is not appropriately presented in primary education studies where “tourism” is one of the topics to be addressed. This paper provides the design of a teaching activity for teachers in training in order to understand the process of tourism gentrification in European cities. The aim of this activity is to enable the transfer of knowledge to primary education concerning contemporary urban processes involving tourism within a framework of respect and sustainability. This activity is based on an urban geographical analysis in public squares located in touristified districts of several European cities. This is achieved by way of a visual, interactive and cartographic analysis and evaluation. This paper presents the results of the didactic experience in Madrid. The results are positive, since students develop geographic abilities, attitudes of respect, critical thinking, and contrasted knowledge about tourism gentrification. We conclude with a call for a conceptual update of contemporary urban processes involving tourism in primary education curricula and advise that teachers in training should be taken to the field to explain complex spatial phenomena.
LEED-CIv4 Commercial Interiors: United States (2014–2019)
Authors: Pushkar Svetlana
Published: December 2019

This paper analyzes Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Interior Design and Construction: Commercial Interior (LEED-CIv4) projects, thereby presenting the first empirical evidence of these projects. The aim of the study was to reveal trends in Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum LEED-CIv4 US projects, certified in 2014–2019. The effect size between possible and achieved points in categories and credits was measured using Cliff’s δ. The following conclusions were drawn: (i) the Integrative Process, Innovation, and Regional Priority categories showed high achievements only in Platinum projects, so it is necessary to reconsider these categories toward increasing their acceptance at all certification levels; (ii) the Location and Transportation and Indoor Environmental Quality categories were quite well-designed because most credits in these categories showed varying levels of achievement (low/medium/high/very high) at all four certification levels; and (iii) the Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, and Material and Resources categories were badly designed because most credits there similarly showed low achievements at all four certification levels, thus needing more attention toward their improvement in the next LEED-CI version.
Evaluation and Dynamic Mechanism of Ecological Space in a Densely Urbanized Region During a Rapidly Growing Period—A Case Study of the Wu-E-Huang-Huang Metropolitan Interlocking Region
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Yang Tixing , Liu Helin , Yuan Man , Luo Ji , Li Chun
Published: December 2019

Ecological space in a densely urbanized region plays a very important role in its development. Therefore, a scientific evaluation of ecological spaces in a densely urbanized region is the main prerequisite for corresponding ecological space planning. Taking the Wu-E-Huang-Huang Metropolitan Interlocking Region as the study area, the paper selects six types of ecological factors, including the location index, land status, terrain conditions (elevation, slope), hydrological conditions (rivers, lakes), landscape value, and road traffic. By using a single factor evaluation and a multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method involving GIS, the paper presents an evaluation of the ecological space conditions of the Wu-E-Huang-Huang Metropolitan Interlocking Region. In line with the result, the ecological environment of the region is divided into four levels: highly sensitive areas, sensitive areas, weakly sensitive areas and insensitive areas. On this basis, the underlying problems and mechanisms are explored further.
Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Vermeșan Horațiu , Tiuc Ancuța-Elena , Purcar Marius
Published: December 2019

Waste from information technology (IT) and telecommunication equipment (WITTE) constitutes a significant fraction of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The presence of rare metals and hazardous materials (e.g., heavy metals or flame retardants) makes the necessary recycling procedures difficult and expensive. Important efforts are being made for Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) recycling because, even if they only amount to 5–10% of the WITTE weight, they constitute up to 80% of the recovered value. This paper summarizes the recycling techniques applicable to WPCBs. In the first part, dismantling and mechanical recycling techniques are presented. Within the frame of electro-mechanical separation technology, the chain process of shredding, washing, and sieving, followed by one or a combination of magnetic, eddy current, corona electrostatic, triboelectrostatic, or gravity separation techniques, is presented. The chemical and electrochemical processes are of utmost importance for the fine separation of metals coming from complex equipment such as WPCBs. Thermal recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and thermal treatment are presented as complementary solutions for achieving both an extra separation stage and thermal energy. As the recycling processes of WPCBs require adequate, efficient, and ecological recycling techniques, the aim of this survey is to identify and highlight the most important ones. Due to the high economic value of the resulting raw materials relative to the WPCBs’ weight and composition, their recycling represents both a necessary environmental protection action, as well as an economic opportunity.
Wine Routes in Vojvodina Province, Northern Serbia: A Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development
Authors: Trišić Igor , Štetić Snežana , Privitera Donatella , Nedelcu Adrian
Published: December 2019

Sustainable tourism development of the northern part of Serbia in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina aims to achieve ecological, sociocultural, and economic benefits. This means that all entities should be included in the planning and implementation of tourism, such as the local community, tourists, and state entities, while tourism activity should be focused on improving ecological principles and sociocultural conception in a destination. One of the models of this development is seen in specific products that can play a significant role in tourism development. Such an authentic product is wine, which has a very important role in the promotion of tourism. The aim of this paper is to explore Vojvodina—the region of Serbia—as a valuable wine tourism destination in the country, especially the experiences of the wine routes. We use descriptive statistics techniques to summarize and present the data and adopt a correlation analysis technique to describe respondents’ preference on the importance of the wine routes. In the empirical survey, the main conclusion is a positive correlation that by developing wine tourism in Vojvodina, we can influence economic development of the region.