bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Review and Integrative Model of Gratitude and Physical Health
Authors: Lavelock Caroline R. , Griffin Brandon J. , Worthington Everett L. , Benotsch Eric G. , Lin Yin , Greer Chelsea L. , Garthe Rachel C. , Coleman Jennifer A. , Hughes Chelsea M. , Davis Don E. , Hook Joshua N.
Published: February 2018

Gratitude is seen as a central component of Christian theology, and the extant literature suggests that there is an important relation between gratitude and physical health and well-being. In the current review, we summarize 42 studies published since 2009 that inform this relationship. Based on the theoretical framework by Hill, Allemand, and Roberts (2013), we organize our review in three sections that focus on how gratitude influences physical health through (a) mental health, (b) health behaviors, and (c) interpersonal variables. We discuss and integrate the findings from these studies into a theoretical model of gratitude and physical health. In addition to the three mechanisms in the Hill et al. model, we integrate variables from a previously conducted literature review of gratitude and well-being (Wood, Froh, & Geraghty, 2010), and we add personal factors, positive or adverse events, and explicit interventions as antecedents to gratitude in our model. We conclude by discussing future directions for gratitude and health research and its role within Christian psychology.
Ebola as an Existential Threat? Experimentally-Primed Ebola Reminders Intensify National-Security Concerns among Extrinsically Religious Individuals
Authors: Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Hook Joshua N. , Davis Don E. , Aten Jamie , Davis Edward B.
Published: February 2018

One of religion's psychological functions is to buffer against existential anxieties. This function may be especially pronounced among extrinsically religious individuals, who tend to harness religion for its personal and social benefits (e.g., emotional security, strengthened ingroup ties). Hence, in 2 experimental priming studies conducted within weeks of the first confirmed case of Ebola in the U.S., we examined whether extrinsically religious persons were especially likely to experience Ebola reminders as an existential threat that intensified national-security concerns (e.g., supporting strict travel bans, border security, and immigration laws). In Experiment 1 (N = 368), extrinsic religiousness was more strongly associated with national-security concerns in the Ebola prime, relative to a control group. In Experiment 2 (N = 532), we added a mortality salience condition. Replicating Experiment 1, extrinsic religiousness was more strongly associated with national-security concerns in both the Ebola prime and mortality salience conditions, relative to a control group. Taken together, large-scale existential threats may be especially likely to intensify proingroup/anti-outgroup biases among extrinsically religious individuals. Implications for individual and community resilience are discussed.
A Way Forward for Spirituality, Resilience, and International Social Science
Authors: O'Grady Kari A. , Orton James Douglas , White Kenneth , Snyder Nicole
Published: February 2018

This special issue on spirituality in resilience processes across international contexts helps clarify a three-pronged research agenda for the future study of trauma and disasters by psychologists of religion and spirituality. First, the special issue demonstrates the value of expanding from U.S.-based theories, data, models, and practices to incorporate a wider repertoire of international research (e.g., Western Africa, Romania, Haiti, China, and diverse additional contexts). Second, the special issue suggests that the topic of resilience defies the constraints of traditional variance-based research methodologies and requires the adoption of newer process-based research methodologies in order to study longitudinal phenomena, such as cosmology episodes, post-traumatic growth, and forgiveness processes. Third, the special issue emphasizes the need for psychologists of religion and spirituality to collaborate more frequently with allied social scientists (e.g., sociologists of religion and scholars of management, spirituality and religion) in order to comprehend the systemic, multilevel complexities of large-scale trauma.
Theology and Thriving: Teleological Considerations Based on the Doctrines of Christology and Soteriology
Authors: Greenway Tyler S. , Barrett Justin L. , Furrow James L.
Published: February 2018

Notions of human thriving are abundant in psychological literature. Christian theology provides resources for shaping these notions by emphasizing particular aspects of thriving. The present paper argues for the importance of attending to the God-given telos of humanity as presented in Scripture. This paper investigates how the doctrines of Christology and soteriology can inform conceptions of a human telos and human thriving. Such an investigation emphasizes particular markers of thriving by highlighting some indicators over others and by bringing to light some indicators that may otherwise be missed. Specifically, the doctrine of Christology shapes notions of thriving by emphasizing themes of humble submission, service, and suffering. Likewise, the doctrine of soteriology emphasizes the importance of repentance and conversion, which can also be understood as important for thriving.
Efficacy, Efficiency, and Ethics in the Provision of Telepsychology Services: Emerging Applications for International Workers
Authors: Regueiro Veronica , Mcmartin Jason , Schaefer Charles , Woody James M.
Published: February 2018

Computers and the Internet ushered humanity into a new era in the late 1900s—information on a variety of topics became widely available to the general public, and it became suddenly possible for individuals to communicate with one another instantaneously regardless of each person's geographical location. According to some, the evolution of technology has outpaced humanity's ability to learn how to manage technology properly, and this appears particularly true in the field of psychology. Instant messaging, social media sites, and video conferencing have all influenced the ways in which counselors and clients can interact. Questions remain, however, about the use of this technology. This paper addresses some of those questions by considering whether or not telepsychology is effective when it is used to conduct therapy and the circumstances under which a counselor might use a technological medium to provide such services. A review of some ethical considerations related to the use of technology in the service of providing therapeutic services is also included, as well as a discussion regarding the specific applicability of telepsychology services to international workers, specifically missionaries, serving abroad.
Multi-Sectoral Member Care: Engaging Our World as Global Integrators
Authors: O'Donnell Kelly , O'Donnell Michèle Lewis
Published: February 2018

How can we build on the substantial foundations of member care as we pursue new opportunities for impacting our needy world? We address this important question through the framework of Global Integration (GI) and multi-sectoral member care. GI is a framework for linking our integrity, skills, and values in order to address the major issues in our world. We present five strategic areas for connecting and contributing across sectors in member care as “global integrators.” These areas include engaging our world via: the member care field; international issues; the humanitarian, development, and other sectors; global mental health; and faith-based partnerships. We finish by describing seven indicators for involvement as global integrators and a sample GI template for multi-sectoral member care. We encourage colleagues to continue the emphasis on well-being and effectiveness for mission personnel while launching into new areas of challenge and service within the missio Dei.
Assessing Families (Not Just Individuals) for Missionary Service
Authors: Gingrich Fred C.
Published: February 2018

The assessment of missionaries tends to focus on the adult members of the family unit being approved for service. Yet, the family is the one consistent relational network that missionaries are connected to throughout the pre-field, on the field, and post-field phases of mission service. In addition, throughout the history of missions sending bodies have struggled to balance the needs of the missions context, the ministry gifts that the adult members of the family bring to the field, and the dynamics of their marital and family relationships. While the literature on missionary children has grown significantly, adopting a perspective that prioritizes the family unit as the unit being “sent” may result in helpful information regarding missionary attrition and longevity. Therefore, assessing missionary families, not only the individual members of the family, at the various stages of missionary service is warranted. Using concepts and techniques from systems theory, a model and logistical factors for assessing missionary families are presented, along with suggestions for whom to assess, what to assess, and how to conduct family assessment. Resources and possible assessment techniques are also provided.
Calvinism, Gender Ideology, and Relational Spirituality: An Empirical Investigation of Worldview Differences
Authors: Sandage Steven J. , Jankowski Peter J. , Crabtree Sarah A. , Schweer-Collins Maria L.
Published: February 2018

Participants were grouped on the basis of theological beliefs about divine-human and female-male dynamics using cluster analysis. We then explored whether these subgroups might differ on (a) hierarchical social expectations, (b) commitments to social justice and intercultural competence, (c) religious exploration, (d) existential defensiveness, (e) views of psychology – theology integration, and (f) perspectives on women's leadership. The sample consisted of graduate students (N = 227) at an Evangelical seminary in the Midwestern United States. Results yielded a four-cluster solution. Individuals scoring high on both Calvinist theological beliefs and complementarian gender role beliefs scored significantly higher on hierarchical relationship expectations and existential defensiveness, and preferred a Christian psychology view of integration and a male headship perspective of leadership, compared to those scoring low on Calvinism and complementarianism. In contrast, individuals scoring low on both theological dimensions scored higher on Arminianism, gender egalitarianism, social justice commitment, intercultural competence commitment, religious exploration, and they preferred an integration view of psychology and theology and a “no restrictions” perspective on women's roles. Findings highlight implications for theological training and spiritual formation.
Cultural Differences in Family Affection and Coping Abilities for Missionary Kids
Authors: Kim Jane O. , Pak Jenny , Eltiti Stacy
Published: February 2018

While the current literature has indicated parental affection as a potential buffer to common stressors missionary kids experience, the majority of the literature is based on European American samples. However, the number of non-Western missionaries is rapidly increasing, and both ethnicity and cultural identification are thought to influence emotional development for missionary kids. In the current study, 77 Caucasian and 41 Asian missionary kids between the ages of 18–25 completed measures assessing perceived parental affection and coping abilities. Fifty-one individuals identified most with Asian culture and 51 individuals identified most with European or North American cultures. Although no significant differences were found between Caucasian and Asian samples, there were significant differences found between those who identified with non-Western and Western cultures on their measures of parental affection and coping. Those who identified with Asian cultures demonstrated greater coping abilities when they scored higher in affective orientation, perceived greater family communication, verbal affection from their mother, and greater affectionate communication from their father. These results were not seen in missionary kids who identified with Western cultures.
Social Networks among Ministry Relationships: Relational Capacity, Burnout, & Ministry Effectiveness
Authors: Pickett Candace Coppinger , Barrett Justin L. , Eriksson Cynthia B. , Kabiri Christina
Published: February 2018

Humans, on average, are believed to have the capacity to sustain approximately 150 personal relationships due to social-cognitive limits and time available for relationship investment (Dunbar, 1993). The consequences of attempting to exceed this relational limit have not been investigated. Yet relational-style ministry workers face pressure to increase their number of personal relationships. It is likely that attempting to exceed this relational limit leads to distress. Therefore, relational ministers exceeding typical social network sizes were predicted to experience higher levels of burnout and lower levels of ministry effectiveness. For this study, two hundred thirty-seven relational ministers completed self-report measures. Multiple hierarchical regressions indicated that while total network size was not a significant predictor of outcome variables, nuanced differences among networks predicted burnout and ministry effectiveness. Above average numbers of intimate, high-investment relationships predicted smaller overall network sizes, and subgroups of more intimate relationships may have optimal size ranges that contribute to personal well-being.
Worldview Orientations in Close Relationships: Development and Initial Validation of the Contract-Covenant Continuum
Authors: Strom William , Faw Harold
Published: February 2018

Christian approaches to close relationships in North America have been understood in covenantal terms between married persons, dating couples, and close friends, and have been contrasted with contractual or ego-based ones. Covenantal approaches value the dyad, interdependence, faith community involvement, and communication strategies to engender long-term commitment whereas contractual approaches value self, independence, negotiation for personal needs, and freedom to exit relationships when costs outweigh benefits. The authors gathered survey data among 713 subjects over three studies in order to develop a 22-item scale to measure covenantal and contractual worldview dimensions in close relationships. Scale items were examined for inter-item reliability, factor structure, evidence for construct validity, and predictive power of relational satisfaction. The resulting Contract-Covenant Continuum showed good reliability and multi-dimensionality. Evidence was also gathered to support concurrent, construct, and criterion validity as well as the scale's capacity to predict relational satisfaction and equity.
Place Attachment in the Bible: The Role of Attachment to Sacred Places in Religious Life
Authors: Counted Victor , Watts Fraser
Published: February 2018

This paper examines the role of place attachment in religious life by analyzing various significant place events in the Bible, using analysis of biblical discourse. The paper looks at various biblical places, and explores the implications of approaching these sacred settings in terms of place attachment theory. In the Old Testament we focus on Mount Sinai, Canaan, and Jerusalem, and in the New Testament on Galilee, Jerusalem, and on view that Christianity, to some extent, transcends place attachment. The nature of the attachments to these places is diverse and varied. The claim is that place attachment theory can make a valuable theoretical contribution to an analysis of the role of place in the Bible, as an addition to the growing literature on the psychological interpretation of the Bible.
An Unfortunate Comparison of Apples to Oranges: Comment on Jensma (2016)
Authors: Rosik Christopher H.
Published: February 2018

In reporting the findings of her outcome study of Along-side's intensive outpatient psychotherapy (IOP) program for Christian missionaries and clergy, Jensma (2016) offered an unfortunate “apples-to-oranges” comparison to my outcome data on Link Care's IOP, which resulted in a largely erroneous discussion section. In this comment, I briefly describe the nature of the problematic comparison and provide some additional analyses of my earlier outcome research to highlight my concerns. I close with the assertion that extant data can only support the conclusion that Alongside and Link Care IOP programs both appear to be beneficial to participants and equivalently so at three month follow up.
Apples or Oranges—Does the Fruit Remain? A Response to Rosik (2017)
Authors: Jensma Jeanne L.
Published: February 2018

In Rosik's (2017) response to my previous article (Jensma, 2016), he indicates that I made an unfortunate comparison between his earlier study (Rosik, 2011) and the outcome study in my article. I agree that such a comparison would be “apples and oranges”—as he calls it—and inappropriate. However, such a comparison was not intended, although I can see how it might have been inferred. My article presented the findings of an outcome study done at ALONGSIDE, a center that offers an intensive outpatient program primarily for missionaries. My literature review brought Rosik's (2011) outcome study to the fore, and the results of my outcome study appeared to be inconsistent with one of the primary findings suggested by Rosik's study. Responsible scholarship required me to try to explain the apparent difference in findings, but this was not the point of the article, and the article was not intended to be a comparison between the two studies. Rosik's re-analysis of his data indicates that both studies in fact showed similar results at three-month follow-up, and my presentation of further data in this response indicates that the results of a one-year follow-up are similar to the results of the three-month follow-up, thus supporting the findings of the outcome study presented in my previous article.
Toward the Development of a Christian Psychology: Motivation
Authors: Kotesky Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

This is third in a series of articles placing various areas of psychology in a Christian perspective. Biological motivation is seen as emphasizing how humans are similar to animals. Hunger, thirst, and sex are discussed in greatest detail with other biological motives discussed briefly. Cognitive motivation is seen as emphasizing how humans are created in the image of God. Self-actualization, cognitive consistency, and love are discussed in greatest detail with other cognitive motives discussed briefly.
A Response to “Demon Possession and Psychopathology: A Theological Relationship”
Authors: Sall Millard J.
Published: February 2018

The intent of Sall's (1976) original treatise on demon possession and psychopathology was to provide a differentiation of those phenomena. The present article reaffirms the clinical and biblical accuracy of the original distinctions in response to Bach's critique. Clarification of the four earlier distinctions is presented.
Self-Actualization as Related to Frequency, Range, and Pattern of Religious Experience
Authors: Larsen John A.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the relationship of frequency, range, and pattern of religious experience to self-actualization. The Religious Experience Measure (REM), a paper and pencil instrument, was constructed to provide measures of Stark's confirming, responsive, ecstatic, and revelational experiences. Validity and reliability studies yielded favorable results. In a classroom setting, the 401 undergraduates who comprised the sample were administered the Personal Data Sheet (PDS), the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), and the REM. Results showed that high and low self-actualizers alike have religious experiences and that such experiences cannot inherently be viewed as either symptoms of pathology or evidence of positive mental health. However, frequency, range, and pattern are dimensional aspects of religious experience which are differentially related to self-actualization.
Response to the Philosophical Bias of Humanist Manifesto II
Authors: Smith Darrell
Published: February 2018

This paper presents the responses of a Christian psychologist to the philosophical bias of the 1973 Humanist Manifesto II. Six specific attacks on theism and traditional religion are redressed followed by a personal statement regarding the author's reflections on naturalistic humanism. The article concludes with a focus on the basic issue between naturalists and theists and its relevance to the counseling process.
Behavioral Psychology and the Bible: General and Specific Considerations
Authors: Bolin Edward P. , Goldberg Glenn M.
Published: February 2018

Behavioral psychology has been slow in being accepted as a viable source of theological integration because of the questions it raises concerning man's freedom, dignity, self-control, and responsibility. Although these are valid concerns of philosophical behaviorism, they are merely pseudo-issues regarding methodological behaviorism. Reflecting the natural laws of God's universe, methodological behaviorism integrates with Scripture on many points. One of the most obvious integrative points is in the area of eschatology and the social learning theory of positive reinforcement, since goals, anticipation, expectancy, and rewards work as incentives in both Biblical eschatology and behavioral reinforcement.
Rollo May and the Experience of Power
Authors: Hart Larry
Published: February 2018

This article explores the contribution of Rollo May. psychologist, theologian, mythologist. and artist, to our understanding of the experience of power. While the evangelical Christian will rightfully reject May's humanistic presuppositions. May's thoughts on the power to be, the relationship of community and power, the futility of reason and will, pseudoinnocence. and psychotherapy as an approach to people which involves a real understanding of the human experience rather than mere technique, have profound implications for the practice of ministry.
The Psychological Adjustment of the Single Male Adult Compared with Married Males and Single and Married Females Aged 25–34
Authors: Thiesen Norman L. , Cooley Benedict B.
Published: February 2018

The literature on the single male suggests that singleness is psychologically unhealthy and possibly even damaging. The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Dean Alienation Scale were administered to single and married populations of seven evangelical churches in the Los Angeles area. The 233 subjects were all from 25–34 years of age and divided into four groups based on sex and marital status. The single men were found to report significantly less dominance, social presence, self-acceptance, communality, and intellectual efficiency than the married men. The single men did not significantly differ from the single women on any of the scales. It was concluded that while married men are more well-adjusted than single men, there is no difference between the adjustment of single men and women.
Toward a Biblical Framework for Family Therapy
Authors: Salinger Robert J.
Published: February 2018

The development of family therapy has brought a major change in the way many people in the helping professions view behavioral problems. This paper presents some of the central concepts of family dynamics and therapy, followed by a consideration of biblical concepts of the family and its functioning. The two models have large areas of congruency, particularly in considering the structure of the family, the proper conduct of interpersonal relationships, individual responsibility, and the importance of the concept of family to individual well-being. Proper application of biblical guidelines will bring about change in family members in psychologically and spiritually healthy ways.
Discipline by Grace
Authors: Narramore Bruce
Published: February 2018

The strengths and weaknesses of various parenting styles is both a current research emphasis and an issue with significant practical ramifications. This article suggests that the distinction between law (or legalism) and grace as a means of relating to God sheds light on the most effective style of parent-child interaction. Five contrasts between law and grace are enumerated and their implications for parenting discussed.
Counseling Demands, Procedures, and Preparation of Parish Ministers: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Virkler Henry A.
Published: February 2018

Ministers continue to be involved in a significant amount of the counseling presently occurring. The purpose of this study is to provide a feedback loop from pastors now in the parish to seminary curriculum committees and others involved in the training of pastors regarding (a) the kind of counseling pastors are expected to do, (b) the counseling procedures they generally use, and (c) the areas in which they feel their seminary counseling training was either adequate or deficient. A random sample of 54 active pastors from a northern and southern community completed a questionnaire which focused on the above questions. The results of the questionnaire are discussed.
Approaching the Integration of the Social Sciences and Biblical Theology
Authors: Berry C. Markham
Published: February 2018

Professionals who work in the social and physical sciences and who have a serious commitment to the Bible have, in a sense, two data bases. To integrate them is a difficult task. We are pressed to bring them both into focus by the holistic thrust of the Bible as well as by the penchant of our minds to synthesize. To do this effectively we need simple but not simplistic models. Our integration must further be comprehensive, not partial, basic, not peripheral. This article describes a method of doing this kind of integrative work.

Initially, four fundamental criteria are presented. In the second section the basic methodology is worked out, and in the third, some primary themes are described and illustrated around which this particular integrative system works.
Integrating Psychology and Theology: Some Reflections on the State of the Art
Authors: Collins Gary R.
Published: February 2018

Evaluations of the six articles on integration which comprise this issue are provided within a framework formulated to assess the current state of the art of integration. The evaluative elements of the overall framework utilized include: Levels of Integration, Theories of Integration, Varieties of Integration, Personal Approaches to Integration, Issues in Integration, and Practical Emphases in Integration. A concluding section on the Future of Integration places in perspective the tasks which remain, with special emphasis on the need to bring widely-varying viewpoints to bear on our efforts to unify our understanding.
Christian Psychotherapy and the Culture of Professionalism
Authors: Farnsworth Kirk E.
Published: February 2018

The idea of uniquely Christian counseling or psychotherapy is presented as being composed of three parts: theoretical and technical content, educational context, and professional context. The focus is on the latter two –- the context of the educational preparation of the practitioner, and the context within which he or she conducts a professional practice. The culture of professionalism is introduced as a major factor in the secularization of “Christian counseling,” and the educational and professional contexts are called into question by the fundamental issue of the opposition of the lordship of Jesus Christ to the lordship of professionalism, or the “powers and principalities.” It is concluded that Christian counselors, Christian graduate counseling programs, and Christian counseling centers must (a) liberate themselves from the sovereignty of the mental health profession, and (b) subordinate themselves to the lordship of Jesus Christ through accountability to the Christian community.
Theology Recapitulates Ontogeny: Reality Testing as an Analogy in Relating to God
Authors: Boghosian Jack
Published: February 2018

The Hebraic idea of “truth,” as an interpersonal concept denoting dependability, reliability, and trustworthiness, is discussed as an essential aspect of both psychological development and biblically genuine fellowship with God. Interpersonal “truth” is given a critical role in the ontogenetic process of reality testing, wherein the stability and consistency of interpersonal behaviors and their meanings during early childhood profoundly influence the subsequent functional integrity of menial processes and social adjustment. Reality testing is discussed as analogous to the process through which one can construe and relate to God.
Christian Counseling with Homosexuals
Authors: Strong Stanley R.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a theological rationale and a therapeutic method for helping homosexuals change orientation through Christian counseling. Homosexuality is no longer seen as a psychological dysfunction by many professionals nor by emerging social standards. While research has not isolated the etiology of sexual preference, it seems clear that the pattern of sexual arousal is not a matter of personal choice. Theologically, homosexuality as other sins is an expression of the corruption of the fall and another example of our need for redemption. Christian counseling to change homosexual behavior begins by helping the client accept God's love for him or her as a homosexual. As the client accepts God's love, the way is opened for change. Trusting in the power of the Holy Spirit, the client is freed from resentments, desensitized to heterosexual aversions, and systematically helped to develop a heterosexual life-style using cognitive, behavioral, and spiritual methods.
An Integration of Science and Theology in A Piagetian Epistemology
Authors: Hall Gordon Charles Nagayama
Published: February 2018

Piagetian theory is suggested as a possible epistemological model for creating an interaction between the sciences and theology. Piaget's (1974) developmental paradigm is discussed with particular emphasis upon preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations and their relation to reality formation and integration. Integrative and nonintegrative approaches to theology and science are traced throughout history and analogously to Piagetian thought. Kuhn's (1970) theory of scientific paradigm shifts is summarized and theology/science communication is discussed. It is concluded that science and theology are facets of a complementary continuum of epistemological systems.
Toward the Development of A Christian Psychology: Emotion
Authors: Koteskey Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

This article adds to a previous reinterpretation of psychology from a Christian perspective by placing emotion in that perspective. From various definitions, theories, and experiments it is shown that both the animal-like physiological aspects and the God-like cognitive aspects of emotion must be considered. Finally, several positive and negative emotions are discussed as being part of the image of God in humans.
A Personality Comparison of Evangelical Seminarians, Catholic Nuns, and University Graduates in A Colombian Setting
Authors: Goring Paul
Published: February 2018

The recent observation that a large proportion of the evangelical population in Colombia is characterized by notable psychological and social distress (Goring, 1975) is further investigated by means of a comparison of personality profiles between groups of Colombian evangelical and Roman Catholic subjects. T-score elevations on the various scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory are compared between 21 male evangelical seminarians, 34 Catholic nuns, 52 male and 84 female university graduates. The results of an informal comparison show the evangelical seminarians to have the highest mean scores of all the groups on the following scales: F, Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pt, and Sc. Social stress, poverty, Colombian sex role stereotypes, and deficient parenting are suggested as possible factors which contribute to the greater psychopathology observed in the evangelical seminarians. The need for Christian leaders to be trained in pastoral psychology and counseling, and the implied inappropriateness of some of the claims made for evangelical Christianity are also discussed.
Toward a Christian Perspective of Developmental Disability
Authors: Ratcliff Donald
Published: February 2018

Two models of habilitation and several concepts linked with the habilitation of mentally retarded and developmentally disabled persons are compared with biblical views. The spiritual needs of such individuals should be examined by Christians. The church needs to take more of an interest and become more involved in helping the developmentally disabled.
On the Possibility of Integration: Response to Mckeown's Characterization of Behavioral Psychology as Myth
Authors: Bufford Rodger K.
Published: February 2018

In his article “Myth and its Denial in a Secular Age” McKeown (1981) presents what appears on the surface to be a critique of Skinner's behavioral approach. Careful analysis, however, suggests that his arguments could be applied to a variety of other theories and that his attack is really on the integration approach as such. Three aspects of McKeown's comments are examined: his objections to integration, problem areas in his critique of Skinner's behavioral approach, and some positive features of his critique of Skinner.
The Apostle Paul: Problem Formation and Problem Resolution from a Systems Perspective
Authors: Morgan Dennis D. , Levandowski Dale H. , Rogers Martha L.
Published: February 2018

Problem formation and its resolution is hypothesized to be similar in “process,” whether it is conceptualized in terms of sin and redemption or psychopathology and psychotherapy. Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch's (1974) systems theory explanation of problem formation and problem resolution is applied to the dilemmas facing the Apostle Paul prior to and throughout his conversion. His concept of attaining righteousness through conforming to the Law resulted in futile attempts at “more of the same,” resulting in a “game without end.” In order to change, a paradigm shift was required. The problem was reframed for him through his encounter with Christians and with Christ himself on the road to Damascus. He was placed in a “therapeutic double-bind,” making it possible for him to find the solution of righteousness through faith in Christ. Potential problems in the integration of biblical material and systems theory are also briefly examined.
Treatment of Spiritual Doubt among Obsessing Evangelicals
Authors: Beck James R.
Published: February 2018

Obsessional ideation among evangelicals is often highly spiritual in tone and fearful in mood. After a discussion of the diagnosis and incidence of this symptom complex, a case study, a clinical survey, and a survey of Scripture are presented to demonstrate how these symptoms occur in evangelical populations. The article concludes with a survey of theories regarding the origin, development, and treatment of obsessional ideation and a discussion of how treatment of the symptom complex may have integrative implications for the evangelical therapist.
The Decision of Assemblies of God Pastors to Counsel or Refer
Authors: Gilbert Marvin G.
Published: February 2018

Research of pastoral counseling has generally focused on major denominations. Attempts to involve pastors from fundamental and pentecostal denominations have been only minimally successful. The present research surveyed Assemblies of God pastors in one district (West Texas) to obtain demographic, educational, and background data (independent variables) and the present level of involvement in pastoral counseling and referral (dependent variables). The resultant data were analyzed for frequency distribution for all variables, and correlations were computed for all independent variables with each dependent variable. The results were discussed and implications suggested.
A Course in Religious Community and its Effects on Self-Concept
Authors: Galligan-Stierle Michael , Rapp Harvey M.
Published: February 2018

The present study investigated the effects of a course in religious community on the self-concept of college students. The experimental group (n=10) participated in a four week minimester course entitled “Experiences in Christian Community.” In addition to class room instruction, this course contained a seven-day off-campus religious community experience involving encounter group sessions, group discussions, prayer sessions, recreation, and household tasks. Students in the control group (n=9) concurrently attended the course, “Biology and Science Fiction.” Tennessee Self Concept Scale results indicated that the experimental group showed significant increases from the beginning to the end of the course in the following self-concept scores: Moral-Ethical (p<.013). Identity (p<.015), and Total P (p< .012). These results suggest that a course involving experiences in religious community can facilitate a positive change in the self-concept of college students.
The Interface of Psychiatry and Religion: A Program for Career Training in Psychiatry
Authors: Westendorp Floyd
Published: February 2018

The Church has a long history of being involved in psychiatry, however, few training programs have attempted to address the issues regarding the interface of psychiatry and religion. This article describes the development of a new psychiatric residency training program, its curriculum, the problems encountered, and a challenge for the future.
Desacralizing Life and its Mystery: The Jonah Complex Revisited
Authors: Lacocque Pierre-E.
Published: February 2018

This paper reexamines the psychological conditions giving rise to the temptation to run away from social responsibilities and personal growth (the “Jonah complex”). Abraham Maslow is here criticized for his self-actualization theory and his narrow interpretation of the Jonah complex. He sees the latter as a fear of God-like possibilities in ourselves but does not connect it to a rejection of the universal moral imperative to love and respect all that lives. It is argued that what lies at the roots of the Jonah Complex are two basic psychological prods: The first is the fear of death, and the second is the desacralization of life and the trivialization of its meaning.
The Tension between Psychology and Theology: An Anthropological Solution
Authors: Kemp Hendrika Vande
Published: February 2018

Having traced the etymological roots of the tension between psychology and theology (Vande Kemp, 1982), the author discusses the presence of a twentieth-century “psychology without a soul.” Some aspects of the depth-psychological tradition are examined in their documentation of unconscious processes and their assertion of the presence of both soul and spirit. The author argues for a trichotomic anthropology which differentiates, at least for clinical and pastoral purposes, between the spiritual and the psychological.
Language as Change Agent: Metaphor in the Work of Jay Haley and in the Parables of Jesus
Authors: Grauf-Grounds Claudia
Published: February 2018

The use of metaphor provides the focus for this article. First, Haley's work with metaphoric language in therapy is discussed and exemplified. Secondly, the parables of Jesus are explored to highlight this mode of communication. Finally, several patterns found in both Haley's therapy and Jesus’ parables are presented to illustrate possible ways metaphor can inform the Christian therapist's work.
The Gnostic Influence on Psychology: Effects of the Common Heresy
Authors: Schweigerdt Bruce
Published: February 2018

Judeo-Christian theology has been plagued throughout its history by heresy concerning, among many things, the doctrine of God and of human nature. Psychology, possessing a generally fluid doctrine of human nature –- from the dualistic to the holistic, from the analytical to the existential, from the “dark shadow” to the supreme good –- has also been plagued by anthropological heresy. This article tentatively suggests that historical psychology has built its anthropology upon philosophical presuppositions in the tradition of the Gnostic heresy.
Christian Therapists’ Utilization of Bibliotherapeutic Resources
Authors: Atwater J. Michael , Smith Darrell
Published: February 2018

This article reports the results of a survey of a representative sample of the membership of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies International to discover the books and audio-visuals which would be endorsed as most helpful with a variety of “problems” in living. The areas to which the sample was asked to respond were self-concept, parenting, singleness, marriage and family, finances, dating, midlife crises and aging, emotional conflict, sex therapy, homosexuality, divorce, death and dying, assertiveness, guilt, and counseling theory. In addition, respondents were asked to note the Christian book which had most influenced their therapeutic approach and to indicate whom they considered to be the most influential Christian writer in the field of psychotherapy at the present time. Some comments are made about the survey results and an annotated bibliography of the books identified as “useful” by the respondents is included.
The “Marital Conventionalization” Argument; Implications for the Study of Religiosity and Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: February 2018

The “marital conventionalization” argument set forth by Edmonds, Withers, and Dibatista (1972) claims that empirical relationships observed between measures of religiosity and marital satisfaction are spurious artifacts of the common contamination of such measures with social desirability/acquiescence response bias, identified by Edmonds (1967) as “marital conventionalization” and measured through the Marital Conventionalization Scale (MCS). More recently, Glenn and Weaver (1978) have adopted the “marital conventionalization” argument to discount the importance of the substantial, positive associations they observed between a religious variable and a measure of marital happiness.

Data from two Kansas samples of husbands and wives were analyzed to evaluate the validity of the “marital conventionalization” argument. Results indicate that religiosity is an important predictor of marital satisfaction, at least in some samples, even among subjects who do not respond in a “conventionalizing” way to an abbreviated version of the MCS. Therefore, the limitations of the “marital conventionalization” argument should be considered prior to discounting empirical relationships found between religiosity and marital satisfaction as mere artifacts of social desirability or acquiescence response biases, as measured by the MCS.
Needs Assessment in Churches: A Christian Community's Need for Professional Counseling Services
Authors: Morgan Dennis D.
Published: February 2018

A citizen survey needs assessment was conducted in five churches served by a Christian-oriented counseling agency. The purpose of the study was to determine the community's need for professional counseling services. Information was obtained on general demographics, help-seeking attitudes, service utilization, and frequency with which specific problems were experienced. Two hundred ninety-seven subjects completed the survey. It was found that nearly one-third had had some type of therapy experience with a professional. Problems relating to forgiveness, prayer, anger, guilt, anxiety, among others, were found to be commonly experienced and reported. Recommendations were offered regarding possible strategies for meeting the needs.
A Theological and Psychological Rationale for Assertiveness Training
Authors: Sanders Randolph K. , Malony H. Newton
Published: February 2018

Christians sometimes avoid assertiveness training because they believe it conflicts with Christian values stressing self-sacrifice. The present article argues that while Christians need to be wise consumers of this or any other form of skills training, assertiveness and Christian values are much more consonant than they are dissonant. The article clarifies the psychological concept of assertiveness, examines related theological-scriptural material, and looks at the possible impact of increased assertiveness in the church.
Pastoral Openness to Interaction with a Private Christian Counseling Service
Authors: Rumberger Daniel J. , Rogers Martha L.
Published: February 2018

Recognizing the important “gatekeeper” role of clergy in relation to the mental health field, the purpose of this research was to identify, among pastors of clients at a private Christian counseling service, characteristics which would predict the degree to which those pastors were open to interaction with mental health resources. The concept of Openness included both interactive behaviors (e.g., referrals) and attitudes suggestive of a willingness to interact. After establishing the reliability of the criterion variable, mailed questionnaires obtained data on 73 pastors of recent clinic clients. Using stepwise multiple regression, three of 10 predictor variables (pastors’ counseling activity, education, and style of ministry) were found significant predictors of Open Behavior, p < .001, accounting for 53% of the total variance. Open Behavior was greater among therapeutically-active, well-educated, and non-isolated pastors. The relationships of other variables (e.g., denomination, congregation size, and whether pastors had referred parishioners to the counseling service) to Openness were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and simple correlation. Implications for local program planning and future research were discussed.
The Church and Community Mental Health; Unrealized Potential
Authors: Bufford Rodger K. , Johnston Trudi Bratten
Published: February 2018

During the past two decades the community mental health approach has enjoyed rapid growth and broad acceptance. Widespread human need, limited professional resources, and the high cost of professional services are major factors which contributed to these developments. Economic considerations, however, have proven to be a major factor limiting implementation of the community mental health approach.

The church has great potential to promote community mental health through primary prevention and can contribute to a lesser degree through tertiary prevention. The church offers meaning and purpose to life, and a setting which can foster commitment to mutual caring and concern. Religious involvement can lead to an increased sense of personal well-being. Finally, the church has available a large pool of dedicated volunteers, thus circumventing the financial limitations which have hampered implementation of community mental health goals. So far, however, the community mental health movement has only given limited attention to the role of the church.

A conceptual model which suggests the role of the church and professionals in fostering positive mental health professionals is presented; examples of current approaches consistent with the model are discussed.