bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialogue
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the kinds of perspectival dialogue that often emerge out of meta-positions. Meta-positions make us sensitive to the fact that there are more positions and perspectives to consider in any given situation, and perspectival dialogues help us connect positions and their perspectives in a productive manner. The notion of dialogue is useful to conceptualize the ways in which perspectives relate to each other as perspectives rather than absolute truths. Being in dialogue is marked by both addressivity and emergence, characterized by a dynamic balance between immersion and detachment and expressed in the two interrelated movements of integrating and differentiating perspectives. These characteristics, on the one hand, point us to the sociocultural origin of perspectival dialogues and, on the other, reinforce the idea that there is always a surplus to be gained when engaging in perspectival dialogues.
Pedagogies of the Possible
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how the theory of the possible plays out in education in the form of constructing and enacting what the author calls “pedagogies of the possible.” This kind of pedagogy is fundamentally oriented toward the development of new possibilities through the cultivation of open, reflective, and critical forms of engagement with others and their different perspectives. There are both societal and ethical underpinnings supporting this type of engagement, as reflected in acts of resistance and emancipation. It is an education dedicated to making us sensitive to marginal groups and marginal positions within society and their struggle for recognition. Pedagogies of the possible thrive particularly on dialogues with these other positions and perspectives. It is within this space of dialogue and reflexivity that education gains its transformative power and society can be reimagined and recreated.
Advancing Human Rights through Global Health Governance
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Cinà Margherita Marianna , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the international organizations that have accepted human rights obligations as a way of framing their global health policies, programs, and practices. International organizations within the United Nations (UN) system are engaged in implementing human rights—in both the mission they carry out and the way in which they carry out that mission. The UN has called on all programs, funds, and specialized agencies to mainstream human rights across their efforts, and various agencies have taken up this call to advance human rights for public health – beginning with the evolving role of the World Health Organization and expanding to encompass a sweeping set of international organizations that address health determinants. While there remain obstacles to the systematic operationalization of human rights across the global health governance landscape, international organizations are seeking to integrate their efforts to mainstream human rights in global health.
Equity in Health
Authors: McGovern Terry , Ahmed Aziza
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the evolution of international human rights standards for health equity, focusing on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). A rich history of women’s rights advocacy informs the international commitments that define SRHR. Over time, sexual and reproductive health rights have been incorporated into development agendas, clarified by treaty bodies, expanded to include sexual minorities, and implemented (or not) at the national level. With the progressive trajectory of SRHR increasingly uncertain, there are continuing challenges to the realization of SRHR, including the continuing criminalization of those who seek out sexual and reproductive health services, the rise of right-wing populism in direct opposition to feminist advancements, and the pushback against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights. Given rising opposition to sexual rights, safe abortion, and sexuality education, creative stealth advocacy will be required to advance SRHR.
Rehabilitation: Political, Literary, and Social, 1795–1815
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

Rousselin managed to return to public service, but he continued to face recriminations for his participation in revolutionary violence. He became a confidential secretary for General Lazare Hoche, then Paul Barras, and finally Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte when he became minister of war. Forced out by Napoleon’s rise to power, Rousselin devoted himself to writing biographies of Republican generals and to finding new friends Benjamin Constant and Germaine de Staël. He also had a relationship with Josephine Beauharnais, which angered Napoleon, who tried to send him to Egypt as a diplomat. He went into hiding, had a child, and got married to a cousin of Barras, all while serving as a police spy. In 1813 he was adopted by his mother’s second husband and when he died, became comte de Saint-Albin. Surprisingly, he rallied to Bonaparte during the Hundred Days serving as secretary-general under Lazare Carnot at the Interior Ministry.
Introduction
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

Beginning with a text that contains many typical features of Roman pride discourse, the Introduction places the investigation of Roman pride in the broader context of approaches to ancient emotions on the one hand and contemporary studies of pride by psychologists on the other. It identifies its externally conceived and predominantly negative articulation (exclusive in republican texts) as unique and proposes the twofold method of investigation based on scripts, short narratives that present the emotion as a process and allow for the most important elements to be identified on the one hand and a lexical approach that traces differences between terms and their individual development on the other.
Capua
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers how the pride script functions when the quality is attributed to a place. It investigates Roman attitudes to the city of Capua, which remained the proud place par excellence in Roman discourse from its star turn as a defector in the Second Punic War to late antiquity. The chapter begins with the distillation of the stereotypical picture of Capua in a poem of the fourth-century author Ausonius. Reading Capuan pride in Cicero, Livy, Silius Italicus, and Ausonius, the author shows how Roman ideas about pride interact with stereotypes about climate and ethnic character, as well as imperialist ideology, to create a remarkably durable portrait of a proud city that far outlasts its immediate historical motivation.
Vergil’s Aeneid, Pride Unsettled
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter argues that the Aeneid unsettles the stable negative pride script by repeatedly staging confrontations between two different subtypes of pride. A narrative in which pride is ascribed to both victors and victims invites readers to take sides, creating an environment in which it is possible to see one of the two as positive: a situation familiar from both the ancient and the modern reception of the poem. The chapter presents a comprehensive reading of the poem through the prism of pride, discussing many well-known and controversial episodes, such as the death of Priam, the encounter of Dido and Aeneas, and the final duel between Aeneas and Turnus, as well as Anchises’ injunction to Aeneas to “battle the proud” and the depiction of Augustus’ doorposts as “proud.”
The New Philosophy
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Kant’s transcendental revolution temporarily cut through debates between Humian skeptics and rationalists of a Leibniz-Wolffian stripe. It established reason as an immanent tribunal, judging its possibilities and errors. Through an analysis of the structure of intuition and the deduction of the categories intrinsic to judgement, largely scientific, the edifice of the first Critique raised epistemology out of metaphysics and psychologism. Together, the Antimonies and Paralogisms of pure reason indicated the contradictions and misuse of concepts into which rational speculation had hitherto fallen. The paralogisms of the erstwhile rational psychology had argued in favor of the simplicity, substantiality, and the personality of the soul, thereby following a logic of substance and accidents where passions and affects were the latter, attaching to that soul. By showing the errors of the paralogisms, Kant effectively “dispatched” virtually all affects to his “science of man and the world,” the anthropology of human practice. However, the solution to Kant’s Paralogisms of the soul opened a new circle, such that our inner sense and its logical condition, transcendental apperception preceded, but could only be thought thanks to, the categories of understanding. At stake was the intrinsic unity of consciousness within the transcendental project. Although the Critique of Practical Reason retained a crucial intellectual affect, Achtung (attention and respect), Kant’s epistemology required clear distinctions between understanding, reason, and affects. In a sense, ontology and epistemology bifurcate into the domains of a transcendental approach to experience as representation and what lays outside it (including pre-reflective sensibility and affects).
Freud and the Three Anxieties
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Anxiety in Freud takes three basic forms over the course of his intellectual evolution. Initially it belies the interactions of neural energies and sexuality. From its mechanistic origins it gradually comes to denote the explicitly psychological situation of the subject caught in a conflict between its bodily drives and social norms. Finally, Freud traces the origin of angst in a surprisingly Schellingian way, with the trauma of birth. Against his brilliant colleague Otto Rank, he argues that anxiety is “there” before a mature ego has taken shape and is able to recollect its onset. Therefore anxiety in Freud precedes what we consider our subjecthood, our self or ego. As a symptom and defense response, anxiety echoes Nietzsche’s great intelligence of the Nietzschean body, and thereafter goes through a hermeneutic transformation as a sign of the human being caught between nature and culture.
From Paleolithic Wild Boar to Neolithic Pigs
Authors: Price Max D.
Published: December 2020

Wild boar are dangerous animals that Paleolithic peoples hunted infrequently for the first million years of human-suid contact. Projectile weapons, nets, and the domestication of dogs allowed Natufian hunter-gatherers (12,500–9700 BC) to find in wild boar a reliable source of food. By the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (9700–8500 BC), human populations had developed close relationships with local wild boar. Intensive hunting or perhaps game management took place at Hallan Çemi in Anatolia, and the introduction of wild boar to Cyprus by at latest 9400 BC indicates the willingness of humans to capture and transport wild boar. At the same time, the presence of sedentary villages and the waste they produced likely attracted wild boar to human habitats. These early relationships between people and suids—game management and commensalism—evolved over the course of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic into full-fledged animal husbandry that, by around 7500 BC, had selected for domestic pigs.
Islam and the Modern Period
Authors: Price Max D.
Published: December 2020

The development and rapid spread of Islam in the 7th century AD laid the groundwork for the modern Near East. Islam’s early thinkers attempted to position their new religion as superior by threading the needle between Christianity and Judaism. Islam adopted a much more restricted version of the food taboos laid out in the Torah. The taboo on pork was one of the few the Quran, and it ultimately spelled the end of pig husbandry in much of the Near East. Nevertheless, pig husbandry and pork consumption have continued to this day, especially among Christian communities. The taboo also became increasingly tied to ethnoreligious intolerance and acts of hatred in the medieval and modern periods. The weaponization of pork, which can be traced at its earliest to the Classical period, became increasingly prevalent, as did the pejorative association of Christians with swine.
The Complexity of Swine
Authors: Price Max D.
Published: December 2020

The story of swine in the Near East reveals a complex evolution of one cultural element. Several processes stand out—the domestication of pigs from wild boar in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and their occasionally haphazard integration into agricultural systems; the evolving ritual roles of pigs, especially during the Bronze Age; the economic roles that pigs played (or did not play) in state-level societies; and, ultimately, the formation and evolution of the pig taboo. The long and complex evolution of the pig taboo in Judaism and Islam has created a tradition that has, in some ways, developed a life of its own, trapping the people of the Near East and around the globe into a peculiar relationship with swine.
Religion's Sudden Decline
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Secularization has accelerated. From 1981 to 2007, most countries became more religious, but from 2007 to 2020, the overwhelming majority became less religious. For centuries, all major religions encouraged norms that limit women to producing as many children as possible and discourage any sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. These norms were needed when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy but require suppressing strong drives and are rapidly eroding. These norms are so strongly linked with religion that abandoning them undermines religiosity. Religion became pervasive because it was conducive to survival, encouraged sharing when there was no social security system, and is conducive to mental health and coping with insecure conditions. People need coherent belief systems, but religion is declining. What comes next? The Nordic countries have consistently been at the cutting edge of cultural change. Protestantism left an enduring imprint, but 20th-century welfare added universal health coverage; high levels of state support for education, welfare spending, child care, and pensions; and an ethos of social solidarity. These countries are also characterized by rapidly declining religiosity. Does this portend corruption and nihilism? Apparently not. These countries lead the world on numerous indicators of a well-functioning society, including economic equality, gender equality, low homicide rates, subjective well-being, environmental protection, and democracy. They have become less religious, but their people have high levels of interpersonal trust, tolerance, honesty, social solidarity, and commitment to democratic norms. The decline of religiosity has far-reaching implications. This book explores what comes next.
Evolutionary Modernization Theory and Secularization
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

The degree to which people experience threats to their survival shapes their basic values. Throughout history, most people lived just above the starvation level, but in the years after World War II, unprecedented prosperity and social welfare safety nets launched an intergenerational shift from survival to self-expression values. When the first postwar birth cohort reached adulthood in the 1960s, student protests erupted, inaugurating pervasive cultural changes. Historically, a coherent set of pro-fertility norms evolved that limits women to producing as many children as possible and that stigmatizes any other form of sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. Because pro-fertility norms require people to repress strong drives, there is a built-in tension between them and their polar opposite, individual-choice norms. Throughout history, societies that lacked pro-fertility norms tended to die out, but in recent decades, a growing number of societies have attained high existential security, long life expectancy, and low infant mortality, opening the way for a shift from pro-fertility norms to individual-choice norms.
What's causing it? The rise of Individual-choice norms
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Many factors are contributing to secularization, including reactions against fundamentalists’ unconditional support for authoritarian politicians, against the Roman Catholic Church’s long history of covering up child abuse, and against terrorism by religious extremists. But one generally overlooked reason for accelerating secularization is the decline of pro-fertility norms. All major religions encourage these norms, which help societies replace their populations when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy. These norms require people to suppress strong drives, but with low infant mortality and high life expectancy they are no longer are needed. After an intergenerational time lag, pro-fertility norms are giving way to individual-choice norms supporting gender equality and tolerance of divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. Pro-fertility norms are so strongly linked with traditional religious worldviews that abandoning them undermines religiosity.
Redesigning Life
Authors: Parrington John
Published: December 2020

We can now edit genomes. The technique, which involves cutting and pasting DNA code into the genome, is faster and cheaper than traditional genetic engineering and can be used on almost any animal or plant. What will this technology mean for the future? It may pave the way to banishing many diseases, and help feed the burgeoning population of the world. Woolly mammoths may again roam the tundra. But are there also risks? Might a nightmarish world of bioterrorism and rogue synthetic organisms await? John Parrington reports on the astonishing revolution underway in genetic engineering and why it matters to us all.
Natural Born Mutants
Authors: Parrington John
Published: December 2020

Although direct engineering of animal and plant genomes only became possible from the 1970s onwards, people have been indirectly changing other species’ genetic make-up for thousands of years. This is because with the agricultural revolution that began 12,000 years ago, human beings began selecting particular variants of a species, and cultivating them as crops or breeding them as farm animals, and in the process altered a species’ genome over time. In fact this process began even earlier, with the domestication of the wolf, which eventually became our most faithful companion, the dog. And now modern genome analysis techniques are making it possible to understand how at the genetic level a dog or cat differs from their wild ancestors, or how wild boars became pigs, or wild grass could over time give rise to wheat, barley, or rice. In medical research, scientists realised that understanding how genes work could be helped by studying naturally occurring mutants. By studying how mutations affected an organism such as a fruit fly,genes involved in particular functions could be identified. A breakthrough was made when it was realised that treatment of fruit flies with X-rays dramatically increased the numbers of mutants. Today, X-rays and chemical treatments can be used to create mutant mice, and studies of such mice has identified genetic links with conditions such as congenital deafness.
The Gene Scissors
Authors: Parrington John
Published: December 2020

We are currently in the middle of a revolution in the biological sciences. The genome project made it possible to read the sequence of individual genomes, but what was lacking until recently was a way to rewrite particular genes in a living cell in an accurate, rapid, and economical fashion. This is now possible thanks to the invention of molecular ‘scissors’, based on natural mechanisms in the cell, that make it possible to cut the genome at a particular point, after which the cell’s own natural repair mechanisms edit the gene as directed. The most revolutionary of the molecular scissors is one called CRISPR/Cas. This is based on a process discovered in bacteria that normally acts to destroy viruses that invade the bacterium. Reprogrammed, CRISPR/Cas now makes it possible to accurately edit the genome of any living cell of practically any species, for a fraction of the time and cost required by other genome editing approaches. Not only can this approach be used to edit the sequence of genomes but also to switch genes on or off at will. CRISPR/Cas is revolutionising medical research and looks set to do the same for clinical medicine and agriculture. But it is also the source of much controversy as recently a scientific team in China used this approach to create genome edited babies, and in general some people fear the speed at which this new technology is developing and its potential for misuse. These are all issues that are explored in subsequent chapters of this book.
Next Year’s Models
Authors: Parrington John
Published: December 2020

Animal ‘models’ of health and disease have been central to biomedical science since at least when William Harvey used dogs to illustrate the fact that blood is pumped by the heart through the arteries and then through the veins back to the heart. In the 1980s, a major step forward came with the discovery of embryonic stem cells and ways to manipulate these genetically and then inject into mouse embryos, resulting in the creation of knockout and knockin mice with deletions, or more subtle changes, in specific genes. Unfortunately, it has been impossible to isolate embryonic stem cells from any other species besides mice, and more recently rats and humans. Yet rodents are far from the best animals for modelling, say the body’s metabolism or heart function and disease, or brain function and mental disorders. Instead, pigs and primates are potentially far better models for these respective areas of research. CRISPR/Cas genome editing has made it possible for the first time to create precisely genome edited versions of pigs, monkeys, and any other species that may provide a better model of specific aspects of human health and disease, than rodents. So genetically modified pigs might be used to study heart disease, but also provide hearts for human transplantation, while GM monkeys might help us better understand the biological basis of mental disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. However, this area of research is raising ethical issues about the creation of monkeys with human versions of particular genes, and how this might affect their behaviour and personality.
‘On the Power of Sound’
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: December 2020

Published as ‘Stanzas on the Power of Sound’ in Yarrow Revisited and Other Poems (1835), this later poem (subsequently called ‘On the Power of Sound’) evolved from lines composed not later than March 1828 and was revised for publication through March 1835. Reflections on the compositional processes of ‘On the Power of Sound’ draw attention to the consequences of underlying divisions in Wordsworth’s theories of poetic subjects and their treatment. His use here of flexibly rhymed variable cadences in an English Pindaric style and their capacity simultaneously to look backward and forward are considered in the light of its effort to ‘invest the material Universe’ with spirituality and ‘to exhibit its most ordinary appearances’ under a ‘moral relation’. Yet the equivocal power of the sound of the poem underlines its fundamental disjunctions between the ‘material […] ordinary’ and the spirituality of that ‘moral relation’. If this disjunction powers the poem’s laboriously lofty voice, providing its appeal to some Victorian readers, it simultaneously reveals a loss of confidence in the immanence of that relation.
Christina Rossetti and the Triumph of Revision
Authors: Hassett Constance W.
Published: December 2020

Christina Rossetti is well known for subjecting her poems to what Jerome McGann calls ‘severe prunings’, the most conspicuous of her strategies for achieving her characteristically spare lyricism. She isolates the two stanzas of ‘Bitter for Sweet’ from a longer draft; she retrieves the two stanzas of ‘The Bourne’ from a shapeless 12-stanza poem. The extant Rossetti Notebooks, now at the Bodleian and the British Libraries, reveal intensely careful work—an adroit verbal change here, a rhythmic adjustment there—on the poems that eventually appear in Goblin Market (1862) and The Prince’s Progress (1866). For Rossetti, a manuscript ‘fair copy’ seldom remains pristine. The revisions to a poem such as ‘My Dream’ show that the deft revision that produces Rossettian understatement in her poems also produces their fine exuberance.
Hopkins and the Lost Beloved
Authors: Phillips Catherine
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the development of two poems by Gerard Manley Hopkins: the first, ‘A Voice from the World’, was written as a response to Christina Rossetti’s ‘The Convent Threshold’ and Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s ‘The Blessed Damozel’. The extant fragments of Hopkins’s poem suggest his undergraduate poetic ambition to rival the Rossettis in tackling metrical and emotional complexities. The second poem examined is ‘Binsey Poplars’, which belongs to 1879, when Hopkins was a parish priest in Oxford. In it Hopkins struggles to express deep feelings about the destruction of nature, absorbing ideas from poems written by his father, R. W. Dixon, and John Clare. ‘Binsey Poplars’ is also of interest at present because a new holograph, with unique readings, has recently been purchased at auction by the Bodleian. In examining both poems, the chapter explores the concatenation of sources of inspiration and something of Hopkins’s development in handling emotional subjects.
The Continuum, the Infinitely Small, and the Law of Continuity in Leibniz
Authors: Levey Samuel
Published: December 2020

This chapter studies Leibniz’s watershed contributions to the analysis of continuity. Special attention is given to two early texts, Pacidius Philalethi and De Quadratura Arithmetica (both 1676), that document his central views on the composition of the continuum and the foundations of his infinitesimal geometry (and, later, his infinitesimal calculus); and to a handful of later documents, notably Specimen geometriae luciferae (1695) and Cum prodiisset (c. 1701), which reveal Leibniz’s groundbreaking new analysis of the concept of continuity of space, his definition of continuity for functions, and his most considered defense of the use of infinitesimals in his calculus as fictions. Leibniz holds that real quantities in nature are always actually infinitely divided into parts but never into points or infinitesimals. Contrary to popular history, Leibniz’s calculus is not committed to infinitesimals but is developed in strict accord with the axiom of Archimedes and the related principle that quantities that differ by less than any given quantity are equal.
Controlling Traditional Network Monopolies
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on the century-old regulatory challenge that is posed by a key feature of traditional utility sectors such as energy, fixed telephony, and water: their reliance on a physical (not a digital) local distribution network for delivering the relevant service to millions of dwellings and business premises, and the incorporation of bottlenecks within such networks. Key issues explored include the scope of regulation within a network utility, how network prices are regulated, minimizing network costs and regulating outputs more broadly, how to set the rate of return on capital allowed to the network, and the future of network regulation.
Regulating for Future Needs
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

This chapter summarizes the book’s argument for taking a positive approach to regulation and for seeing regulation as part of the core process for furthering both business success and social welfare. If regulation is to develop in a way that meets future needs, as well as current ones, it will be necessary to develop the key attributes of positive regulation. This involves a predisposition to maximize the degree to which objectives (substantive and procedural) can be achieved by harnessing corporate capacities to behave well. Such a minimalist approach to ‘taming the corporation’ implies that enabling and flexible modes of influence should be the first choices of regulators, rather than restrictive control mechanisms. Realism, however, demands that regulators take on board the inclinations and capacities of regulated firms to behave well and that they act firmly with corporations and individuals who are not likely to deliver desired outcomes without strong forms of external stimulation.
The Negotiations on the Future Trade Relations
Authors: Mariani Paola , Sacerdoti Giorgio
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the negotiations on the future relations between the UK and the EU. The UK left the EU on the basis of a Withdrawal Agreement, which includes an obligation to negotiate in good faith the future relationship between the parties. The framework for future cooperation is outlined in a non-binding Political Declaration attached to the Withdrawal Agreement. This foresees the conclusion after the end of the transition period of a free trade agreement. However, the parties’ respective negotiating directives and guidelines, made public in February of 2020, show a remarkable gap in objectives and features of the future agreement, to the point that a failure of the negotiations and a no-deal Brexit is still a possibility. The chapter then considers the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement impacting the future EU–UK relations, namely Article 184 and the Protocol on Northern Ireland that already foresees rules applying between the parties post-transition, with respect to Northern Ireland. It also reflects on the challenges the UK faces in negotiating trade agreements with the EU while also doing so with the rest of the world.
Introduction
Authors: Pelgrom Jeremia , Weststeijn Arthur
Published: December 2020

This chapter shows the relevance of Carlo Sigionio’s reconstruction of Roman colonial practices for the history and theory of settler colonialism. It discusses how Sigonio’s analysis of Roman colonization as a vehicle of social emancipation implicitly criticized Venetian colonial strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean, and sketches its impact on European visions of overseas colonialism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, highlighting English and Dutch examples of settler colonialism between Batavia (Jakarta) and Savannah, Georgia. For Sigonio, the Roman colony could be characterized as a well-ordered agrarian landscape concerned with protecting the property claims and political rights of a clearly defined community of citizen–farmers. With his detailed study of Roman colonial law and practice, Sigonio showed that there was a historical foundation for settler colonialism to work effectively. His reconstruction of the Roman settler colony made it possible to conceive of a colonial utopia as a concrete colonial practice.
The Mommsen of the Renaissance
Authors: Rich John
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses Carlo Sigonio’s view on Roman colonization within the overall structure and aims of his treatises and assesses their achievement in the light of modern scholarship. By analysing in detail the structure of Sigonio’s collected work De antiquo iure populi Romani, the chapter argues that Sigonio’s innovative perspective on Roman colonial strategies was the result of his decision to use the concept of graded ius to organize and analyse his source material. This lucidity of structure, together with a thorough treatment of literary and epigraphic evidence, gave Sigonio’s treatises a quality unmatched by the productions of his peers and ensured that on many topics they were not surpassed until the nineteenth century. The chapter shows how Sigonio arrived at his original approach, providing a detailed overview of his studies, his close contacts with other leading academics, and the important new source material that became available at the time.
Roman Colonization in Twentieth-Century Historiography
Authors: Colognesi Luigi Capogrossi
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the development of the Roman colonial discourse after the pivotal studies of Niebuhr and Mommsen. It shows how a juridical perspective on Roman colonization prospered especially in Italy, where the new sociological wave that had fundamentally changed German scholarship never really took root. The approach of scholars like Ettore di Ruggiero and Plinio Fraccaro, characterized by fluid juridical categories and sensibility for historical change, resulted in very innovative studies and crucial new insights, which however have found little support in the international academic community. The chapter shows how the marginalization of this academic tradition can be explained by the fact that in recent scholarship, Roman colonization is predominantly studied in the context of Roman imperialism or urbanism. It provides several examples of how specialized juridical insights and discussions strongly affect historical reconstructions of Roman imperial strategies and fundamentally alter our understanding of Roman colonial landscapes.
Introduction
Authors: Becker Ulrich
Published: December 2020

The chapter introduces the aim of the book, its structure, and its relevance, including an overview of previously published works in the field. It emphasises a double-sided understanding of the constitution of welfare states by way of background to the book, which aims to provide, from a comparative perspective, a detailed analysis of crisis-driven changes in the nine EU Member States that were particularly affected by the financial crisis. As a basis for the subsequent country reports and comparative analysis, this introduction explains different forms and functions of social protection and different dimensions and levels of human rights protection, as well as detailing the time and place of investigation.
The Financial Crisis as a Turning Point for Constitutional Rights Jurisprudence
Authors: Dewhurst Elaine
Published: December 2020

In 2008, Ireland faced an economic crisis without parallel in its recent history. To address this crisis, a large programme of financial assistance was obtained from the European Union and the IMF, and the Irish government set about the process of reforming the structure and financing of social security benefits and the healthcare system to ameliorate the effects of the crisis. While much can be said about the legislative reforms, their rationale, necessity, and impact, this chapter addresses the legacy of the crisis on the Irish constitutional system and, particularly, on the Irish constitutional protection of social rights (or lack thereof). Following an analysis of the limited case law surrounding the reforms imposed during the economic crisis, it is contended that the economic crisis had the effect of highlighting the lack of explicit constitutional protection of social rights, a deficiency which in turn created an opportunity for the utilisation of other existing and emerging constitutional rights. While the future of social rights in the Irish Constitution is still unclear, it is evident that the economic crisis has left an indelible mark on the Irish constitutional landscape.
A ‘Bail-In’ of Social Rights? The Cypriot Experience of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Kombos Constantinos , Herodotou Athena
Published: December 2020

The chapter first analyses the events that led to the collapse of the Cypriot banking sector and to the conclusion of the agreement with Troika to provide €10 billion in the unprecedented form of a ‘bail-in’. It also examines the uncertain legal nature of the MoU in the Cypriot legal order, in the sense that the legislator ratified it as an international treaty as per article 169 of the Constitution; yet, it is doubtful whether the MoU could come under that provision. Moreover, the chapter provides a general overview of the national social security and healthcare system and analyses in depth the structural reforms and cuts in the social system which resulted, directly or indirectly, from the financial crisis. The chapter then turns to the parliamentary process for adopting these reforms and examines whether it was affected by the MoU. Finally, the chapter examines the limited number of applications that were adjudicated by the Administrative Court (or the Supreme Court), which challenged the constitutionality of some reforms introduced due to the financial crisis.
The Outcome of the Financial Crisis in Italy
Authors: De Nes Matteo , Pin Andrea
Published: December 2020

Although Italy was not involved in any official programme of financial assistance granted by so-called European ‘rescue funds’, an informal letter sent by the ECB to the Italian Government triggered de facto the adoption of pervasive austerity measures. The national and local governments, legal scholarship, and society at large have swung from adhesion to austerity policies to profound scepticism towards these measures. The reform that epitomises all the others is the constitutionalisation of the so-called ‘golden rule’ of a balanced budget, passed in 2012. This amendment crystallised the neo-liberal economic theory within the text of the Italian Constitution, and its implementation domesticated external constraints deriving from the European Monetary Union. Italy cut social expenditures, increased taxes, and shrunk social rights. Political and social tensions and concerns about the protection of fundamental social rights enshrined in the Italian Constitution ensued shortly after the amendment’s passage. The Italian Constitutional Court has played a pivotal role in addressing such tensions, prompting an intense scientific debate on the role and powers of the judiciary, as well as on the traditional legal theories concerning positive rights.
Coastal Joyce
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

Coastlines shape all of Joyce’s books, which are all immersed in water. Images of liquidity and fluidity are central to Joyce’s practice, while the physical and historical geography of Ireland in his works is connected together by the construction of watery links. This geography extends to the mental coordinates of the characters themselves, many of whom are linked to other places by the sea and its commerce, joins that become visible on Dublin’s quays and foreshores. This chapter situates Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by the coastal curve from Howth head to Kingstown, an arc in which much of Joyce’s writing is set, Dublin an aqua city that had, by the beginning of the twentieth century, dwindled in significance to Britain’s oceanic empire.
Heaney Offshore
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

This chapter reads Seamus Heaney’s engagement with water, liquidity, and shore and coastlines throughout his poetry. Seamus Heaney is so familiar as the laureate of Mossbawn and its extended enclosures that his poetry seems impossible to uproot from its locality. The northern countryside that nourished, and often troubled, his imagination is a dominant metaphor for the poet’s ideas of family, community and, by extension, nationality. Under-observed in all this is another element in Heaney’s writing, which is the use of water as a medium to imagine other kinds of human association. Water is a key image throughout Heaney’s work in the form of rivers, streams, bogs, lakes, and oceans; it is there at the beginning as a drip from the farmyard pump, and there again at the end in the eel fishery at Lough Neagh, as this chapter discusses in close readings of his poems.
Wavy Rhythms
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

The idea of other islands on farther shores resides deep in the traditions of Irish literature and goes back to phases of mythology, exploration, and odyssey. In the modern period this dispersal has happened from economic necessity, which has depended in turn on innovations in the technology of travel. The transit overseas was shaped by Ireland’s traumatic historical experiences, and this complex panorama is background to many works of Irish literature, both historical and contemporary. At the same time, an interest in the sea crossings that were the bridge between Ireland and its emigrants’ destinations is a subject in itself, as are the many port cities into which these temporary mariners filtered on disembarkation. This chapter reads versions of the sea-crossing to New York in fictions of Joseph O’Connor, Joseph O’Neill, and Colum McCann, all of whose works suggest the idea of the Atlantic as a place of continual transit.
Introduction
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

Chapter 1 briefly maps the traditional contours of the debate between economically orientated and progressively orientated scholars of US corporate reorganization law. Specifically, it identifies a group of concepts which have come to embody the disagreement between these scholars. It introduces the argument in the book that these concepts are less salient when certain adaptations of corporate reorganization law are examined, and that policy and analytical missteps arise if they continue to be adopted uncritically. It further introduces the comparative aspect of the book, which examines why different issues have arisen for scholars, practitioners, judges, and the legislature examining English corporate reorganization law. Moreover, it identifies what purpose the comparative approach serves for the work as a whole.
Had There Been a Papist
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J.
Published: December 2020

This opening chapter revisits Hawthorne’s foundational The Scarlet Letter to initiate a proto-Catholic mode of inquiry and to leverage a renegade Catholic sense of divinity already at work within the Protestant American reflexive imagination. It begins with the recognition that The Scarlet Letter is mandatory not only because the novel has been used as the primary scene of instruction, top to bottom, in what constitutes true, and truly American, religion—correct conviction, just action, clear conscience—but also because, countermanding that instruction, the novel makes the bodily experience of spirit—a felt consecration of sexuality, including its violence—the litmus test for religious matters, in anticipation of Robert Orsi and the new religious historians. This chapter initiates a three-part experiment in analytical counter-exegesis: it explores the Marian-Catholic force of Hester’s felt sexual consecration, radiant motherhood, and supernatural issue (her daughter Pearl); it re-identifies the origins of Hawthorne’s story of homosocial stalking (Chillingworth) and ratcheted-up guilt (Dimmesdale) in the ancient Mediterranean folk tales of wandering prelates, cuckolded husbands, and murderous vengeance; and it presses beyond the transcendentalist claims of Hawthornian symbolism (that letter “A” on Hester’s smock) to discover and effect his nascent practice of material sacramentality. Tutoring a shift in the reader’s relationship to the novel, the chapter instigates an alternative mode of anti-Puritan dissent than Emersonian proto-feminist individualism, while practicing stylized criticism as a Catholicizing of criticism—establishing not only content (text, archive, value) but form, including modes of evidence, channels of access, and strategies of address, for a Catholic criticism.
Virtual Subjects, Fugitive Selves
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935) has become many things to many people in the years that have passed since his untimely death. For some he is simply the greatest Portuguese poet of the twentieth century. For others he has gradually emerged as a forgotten voice in twentieth-century modernism. And yet Pessoa was also a philosopher, and it is only very recently that the philosophical importance of his work has begun to attract the attention it deserves. Pessoa composed systematic philosophical essays in his pre-heteronymic period, defending rationalism in epistemology and sensationism in the philosophy of mind. His heteronymic work, decisively breaking with the conventional strictures of systematic philosophical writing, is a profound and exquisite exploration in the philosophy of self. Virtual Subjects, Fugitive Selves draws together the strands of this philosophy and rearticulates it in a way that does justice to Pessoa’s breathtaking originality. In applying the new theory to the analysis of some of the trickiest and most puzzling problems about the self to have appeared in the global history of philosophy, in thinkers from the Buddhist, Chinese, Indian and Persian worlds, Virtual Subjects, Fugitive Selves is exemplary of a newly emerging trend in philosophy, that of philosophy as a cosmopolitan endeavour.
The Grammar of Subjectivity
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

There is a commonly agreed way to articulate the logical form of a conscious state: it a state such that there is something it is like for a subject to be in it. This formula has the important virtue that it enables us to separate out two distinct aspects in the phenomenology of an experience: what is experienced, the ‘quality’ of the experience; and how it is experienced, that it is experienced as being for-a-subject. A careful examination of the syntax of the ‘what it’s like …’ construction reveals that the colloquial phrase ‘subject of experience’ is polysemic. On the one hand it might mean the subject in whom the experience is occurring. Let me call this the ‘locative of manifestation’. This host self, an inhabited self, is more commonly identified with the physical human being, or the human being’s brain or neuropsychological state, but Pessoa gives instead a phenomenological interpretation of the notion. The phrase might also mean the subject affected by the experience. The affected subject is the one to whom the experience is addressed, so I will call this the ‘accusative of manifestation’. The accusative of manifestation is, evidently, conceptually distinct from the locative of manifestation. Finally, the phrase might mean the subject who is undergoing the experience, the one who lives through the experience, the ‘dative of manifestation.’
Being at the Centre
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

We can begin to unravel the enigma of heteronymy if we note that a rather similar puzzle arises in the context of dreaming. I may certainly figure within my own dream, and there is therefore a conceptual distinction between the dreaming subject and the subject-within-a-dream. But is it possible for me to have a dream such that, within the dream, I am a subject other than the subject I am? The puzzle is to know what makes it the case that in the dream I am X and not JG: on what grounds should we answer the question ‘Which one is me?’ J. J. Valberg’s proposal is to call attention to what he calls a ‘positional use’ of the first person, distinct from its mundane use as an indexical, and a corresponding positional conception of self. Using ‘I’ positionally, I am the one to whom all this is presented, the one to whom every phenomenal property is directed, or, as Valberg puts it, the one who is ‘at the centre’ of the manifold of presentation which he calls the experiential horizon. The positional conception of self is one which Pessoa quite explicitly puts at the heart of his philosophy. With the positional conception of self to hand, a solution to the enigma of heteronymy is available.