bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
25 years of the Labour Force Survey in Poland — milestones and development prospects
Authors: Zgierska Agnieszka
Published: April 2020

The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is one of the basic survey conducted by the CSO. It enables current evaluation of the use of labour resources and at the same time it allows for a wider characterisation of population groups due to their status on the labour market. In 2017, a quarter of a century has passed from the time of the first edition of the LFS, which, since the very beginning, has been implemented in accordance with international recommendations and modified regarding the needs of data users. The beginnings of LFS in Poland are closely related to the period of systemic transformation and the demand for research allowing to fill the information gap concerning the possibilities of characterisation of new phenomena on the labour market. Following the accession of Poland to the European Union (EU), data from the survey became the basis for compilation of key indicators used as the essential ones in various strategies, both at the EU and national level. The aim of the article, apart from the jubilee theme, is to recall the milestones and the most important changes in the LFS methodology, which is extremely important for data users. Moreover, work conducted in this field within the EU is described in the final part of the article.
Proces europeizace a politické strany v kandidátských zemích
Authors: Hloušek Vít
Published: April 2020

Článek se zabývá relativně novým konceptem europeizace, který je intenzivně používán ve studiích komparativní politiky a evropské integrace. Autor se snaží objasnit tento koncept obecně pro účely komparativního politologického výzkumu. Zkoumá možnosti aplikace tohoto konceptu na poli výzkumu politických stran a stranických systémů. Dále jsou diskutovány určité důležité metodologické obtíže s tímto konceptem spjaté. Hlavním cílem článku je rozvinutí základního konceptuálního rámce pro výzkum dopadů europeizace politických stran a stranických systémů kandidátských zemí. Autor tvrdí, že konceptualizace založené na modelech rozvinutých v západní Evropě mohou být pro tuto skupinu politických systémů v zásadě použity. Snaží se však poukázat na hlavní potíže a rozdíly týkající se středoevropských a pobaltských kontextů. Europeizace je nakonec chápána jako zajímavý a užitečný koncept, který lze přijmout také pro srovnávání napříč tradičními hranicemi mezi západoevropskými a (východo-)středoevropskými zeměmi.
Jednota, či rozmanitost? Kulturní cíle evropské audiovizuální politiky a jejich aplikace v prostředí české televizní scény
Authors: Štětka Václav
Published: April 2020

Tato stať zkoumá kulturní předpoklady a cíle evropské audiovizuální politiky, reprezentované především Směrnicí č. 89/552/EHS o Televizi bez hranic, a praktické výsledky této politiky v prostředí české televizní krajiny. V první části autor stručně rekapituluje přítomnost a charakter kulturních cílů ve vývoji evropské vysílací legislativy. Následně se zaměřuje na prezentaci a kritické zhodnocení dosavadních výsledků politiky programových kvót, obsažené v článcích 4 a 5 uvedené Směrnice, napříč státy EU. Druhá část statě je věnována empirické případové studii implementace Směrnice o Televizi bez hranic do české mediální legislativy, přičemž si všímá zejména otázky, do jaké míry české televizní stanice naplňují kvóty na evropskou a nezávislou produkci. V závěrečné části je krátce diskutován aktuální proces přípravy nové Směrnice o audiovizuálních mediálních službách, opět s důrazem na její kulturně-politické aspekty a vztah k existujícím koncepcím evropské kultury a identity.
Diagnóza F 64.0: Transsexualita optikou sexuologie
Authors: Dvořáčková Jana
Published: April 2020

Předkládaný text představuje analýzu diskurzů, jejichž prostřednictvím je v sexuologii jakožto vědní disciplíně, a to především v českých sexuologických kruzích, konceptualizována transsexualita. Pomocí rozboru vybraných dokumentů se pokouší mapovat základní mezníky vývoje sexuologického náhledu na etiologii transsexuality a identifikovat genderové předpoklady, o než sexuologie svoje koncepce etiologie transsexuality opírala a opírá. Druhá část textu se zaměřuje na to, jakým způsobem se sexuologické předpoklady o genderu a sexualitě, na nichž je vystavěna současná etiologická koncepce transsexuality, promítají do pravidel standardizovaného diagnostického postupu, do jeho jednotlivých kroků a do kritérií, jež jsou pro potvrzení či vyvrácení diagnózy transsexuality určující. Na sexuologické diskurzy transsexuality je zde nahlíženo z poststrukturalistické perspektivy akcentující formativní aspekty sociálních diskurzů, a to zejména právě diskurzů vědy.
Religiozita v dobe neskorej modernity. Prípad Slovensko
Authors: Podolinská Tatiana
Published: April 2020

Článek se soustředí na výzkum aktuálních podob náboženských a spirituálních identit na Slovensku po roce 1989. Autorka nejprve připomíná nejnovější teoretické přístupy sociologie náboženství. Jádro článku se věnuje rozlišení mezi rurálními a urbánními náboženskými a spirituálními identitami. Autorka konstatuje, že rurální identity zůstávají nadále lokálními, zatímco urbánní identity jsou translokální. Další část studie se zaobírá translokálním a transtemporálním charakterem městských spirituálních identit. Autorka ukazuje, že současné sociologické přístupy znovupromýšlejí kategorie jako "církevnost", "vyznání" a "konverze". S ohledem na různé formy konverze a různé formy institucionální či privátní religiozity/spirituality je načrtnuta typologie, která pracuje s experimentální, vícevrstevná, paralelní, migrativní, kompozitní a konfúzní religiozitou. V závěru je diskutována teorie modernity A. Giddense a poté se pozornost přesouvá reflexi skutečnosti, že lidé žijící v odlišných prostředích (rurálním, urbánním) mohou na totožné procesy reagovat odlišně, čímž se do hry dostávají nejnovější teorie modernity R. Ingleharta, S. N. Eisenstadta a G. Davie.
Metodologický nacionalismus a pohled za jeho hranice: budování národního státu, migrace a společenské vědy
Authors: Wimmer Andreas , Schiller Nina Glick
Published: April 2020

Metodologický nacionalismus je chápán jako předpoklad, že národ/stát/společnost je přirozenou sociální a politickou formou moderního světa. Nejprve rozlišujeme tři druhy metodologického nacionalismu příznačné pro hlavní proud sociální vědy a poté ukazujeme, jak ovlivnily výzkum migrace. Odkrýváme paralely mezi nacionalistickým myšlením a konceptualizací migrace v poválečných společenských vědách. V historickém tour d’horizon ukazujeme, že tato koncepce hlavního proudu se rozvinula v úzké interakci s procesy budování západních národních států a s rolí, již v nich sehrály imigrační a integrační politiky. Posun směrem k výzkumu „trasnacionálních komunit“, což je poslední fáze tohoto procesu, vyplynul spíše z epistemického opuštění metodologického nacionalismu než ze vzniku nových předmětů pozorování. V závěru článku doporučujeme nové analytické koncepty, které nejsou zabarvené metodologickým nacionalismem a současně překračují fluidismus značné části současné sociální teorie.
Naprieč hranicami, mimo autentického a falošného: transnacionálna antropológia, turizmus a identita
Authors: Mikuš Marek
Published: April 2020

Studie zkoumá možnosti vzájemného obohacení dvou zřídka propojovaných oblastí bádaní - transnacionální antropologie a turistických studií. Soustředí sa na relevanci tohoto spojení pro výzkum identitárních konstrukcí a jejich vztahu k místu, specificky v souvislosti s otázkami "autenticity" domorodých "turistických etnicit" a kulturního kapitálu nízkonákladových nezávislých turistů, který údajně získavají svou transnacionální mobilitou.
Verejné a súkromé v komunikácii: Blog ako príklad pro adolescenty
Authors: Rankov Pavol
Published: April 2020

Tato studie se zaměřuje na rozlišení mezi koncepty veřejného a soukromého v kontextu komunikačních procesů a zkoumá tyto koncepty ze dvou pohledů: viditelnosti (skrytý vs. otevřený) a kolektivity (individuální vs. sociální). Na podkladu Habermasovy myšlenky vzestupu a pádu moderní veřejnosti, kdy oba procesy souvisely se změnami v komunikačním prostředí, se autor zabývá otázkou, zdali současná sociální média se svou schopností umožnit každému občanu v rozvinutém světě šířit své ideje takřka neomezeným způsobem, mohou přispět ke znovuzrození veřejné sféry v Habermasově smyslu. Analýzou blogů jako jedněch z nejpopulárnějších typů soudobých nových médií autor dospívá k tvrzení, že mnoho z nich obsahuje převážně intimní a triviální informace, často odvozené z diskurzu masmédií, a jejich tvůrci vykazují jasné známky exhibicionismu, zatímco jiní dávají přednost ukrytí za virtuální identitou. Blogy jsou tematizovány jako příklady dvojznačného procesu masifikace autorství a současné de-masifikace a fragmentace publika. V závěru autor rozvíjí myšlenku blogosféry jako komunikační struktury rizomového typu bez jakéhokoliv centra, hierarchie či prostředníků.
Čtyři dimenze individualizmu v environmentální perspektivě
Authors: Librová Hana
Published: April 2020

Text se snaží vnést do environmentálního diskurzu plnější pochopení individualizmu. V laických diskusích, ale i v odborných textech, environmentalisté individualizmus ztotožňují s egoizmem, s neochotou korigovat ekologicky riskantní chování, spotřební životní způsob a sobecké lpění na soukromí. V našem textu jsme použili typologii amerického sociologa Stevena Lukese, která je postavena na sémantických dimenzích individualizmu. Díky nim se můžeme zamýšlet nad environmentálními souvislostmi individualizmu z širšího zorného úhlu. Lukes na základě historické a sémantické analýzy navrhuje chápat individualizmus v jedenácti dimenzích: důstojnost člověka, autonomie rozhodování, soukromí, seberozvoj, abstraktní individuum, individualizmus politický, individualizmus ekonomický, individualizmus náboženský, individualizmus etický, individualizmus epistemologický a individualizmus metodologický. Článek pracuje zejména s prvními čtyřmi z těchto kategorií; snaží se dokázat, že šířeji chápaný individualizmus nemusí vždy znamenat ekologicky riskantní postoj sobeckého individua, ale že v mnoha ohledech naopak přináší do postoje k přírodě a do každodenního chování prvky, které jsou ekologicky příznivé.
Freud and Merleau-Ponty on the (Sexual) Experience of the Child
Authors: Eilenberger Hans-Georg ,   DePaul University
Published: April 2020

In this essay, I read Freud and Merleau-Ponty as voices for a more perceptive and nuanced discourse on the child. Their works, I suggest, contain two complementary approaches in this direction. The first approach concerns the structural asymmetry of child and adult. In his early writings, Freud assumes a radical break between the child’s and the adult’s sexualities. Taking seriously this assumption of asymmetry cautions us against the hasty application of adult standards to the child. The second approach concerns what I would call a “thick description” of the child’s lived experience. Merleau-Ponty exemplifies this approach in his lectures on child psychology and the notion of institution, where he develops a concrete, phenomenologically informed account of childhood and puberty.
El pensamiento científico de fray Andrés de San Miguel. Un acercamiento a los tratados de geometría y astronomía escritos por un carmelita descalzo en el siglo XVII
Authors: Tlacxani Segura Gonzalo
Published: April 2020

El presente texto analiza la faceta científica que desarrolló fray Andrés de San Miguel, religioso carmelita que vivió en la Nueva España durante la primera mitad del siglo XVII, a partir de una serie de tratados que dejó sobre geometría y astronomía, los cuales le permitieron cuestionar los planteamientos del militar extremeño Juan Alfonso Molina. Periodo en el que el conocimiento científico y tecnológico novohispano se caracterizó por su marcado sello aristotélico–escolástico, corriente filosófica que mantuvo una estrecha relación con el estudio de las matemáticas y de los astros que se realizaba principalmente desde los conventos urbanos.

The present text analyzes the scientific facet developed by Andrés de San Miguel, a carmelite religious who lived in New Spain during the first half of the 17th century, based on a series of treatises on geometry and astronomy, which allowed him to question the approaches of the extremaduran military Juan Alfonso Molina. Period where the scientific and technological knowledge of New Spain was characterized by its marked aristotelian-scholastic seal, philosophical current that maintained a close relationship with the study of mathematics and the stars that was carried out mainly from the urban convents.
Los vínculos entre la sociedad novohispana y el arte. Coleccionismo en la década de 1620
Authors: Prieto Ustio Ester
Published: April 2020

La numerosísima documentación conservada en el Archivo General de Indias, permite ahondar profundamente en los vínculos entre Europa y América desde diversas perspectivas y ámbitos de estudio a lo largo de casi seis centurias. Nuestro interés radica en el análisis de las obras artísticas contenidas en una serie de registros e inventarios de personajes vinculados a la Real Audiencia de México en 1622, pudiendo obtener de este modo, una evidencia más de la existencia del coleccionismo de pinturas y esculturas en el entorno virreinal mexicano. A partir de esta información, podremos comprobar la tipología de las piezas artísticas más solicitadas por la sociedad novohispana, así como la procedencia de las mismas, poniendo de manifiesto de esta manera los sistemas comerciales como la Carrera de Indias, y subrayando la relevancia de los intercambios culturales entre los continentes europeo y americano en las primeras décadas del siglo XVII.

The numerous documentation preserved in the General Archive of the Indies allows delving the links between Europe and America from different perspectives and fields of study over almost six centuries. Our interest lies in the analysis of the artistic works contained in a series of inventories of people linked to the Royal Audience of Mexico in 1622, thus being able to obtain further evidence of the existence of the collecting of paintings and sculptures in the Mexican viceregal environment.  From this information, we will be able to verify the typology of the artistic pieces most requested by the society of New Spain, as well as the origin of them, thus highlighting commercial systems such as the Carrera de Indias, and underlining the relevance of the Cultural exchanges between Europe and America in the first decades of the 17th century.
A Compendium of the Wondrous Deeds of Caterina da Racconigi: Hagiography or Philosophical Treatise?
Authors: Zarri Gabriella
Published: April 2020

Gianfrancesco Pico’s interest in Caterina da Racconigi, a mystic and prophet revered in Piedmont in the first decades of the sixteenth century, was born out of a scientific curiosity prior to becoming devout admiration. The Compendio delle cose mirabili, Gianfrancesco’s last work, written after the completion of his Life of Savonarola, is a continuation of his treatises on prophecy and premonition and on the discernment of spirits and witchcraft; it aims to observe and describe the mystical phenomena attributed to a woman whose conduct is inspired by a specific model of holiness. The Compendio is therefore a composite text, part scientific treatise and part hagiography. This article examines the text in terms of hagiography by relating it to the model of Catherine of Siena and to the lives of the living saints that inspired Caterina da Racconigi’s own behaviour. It also explores the significance of the work within Gianfrancesco’s religious thought.
Serum microRNAs as potential new biomarkers for cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer patients
Authors: Jin Lei , Zhang Nan , Zhang Qian , Ding Guoqian , Yang Zhenghan , Zhang Zhongtao
Published: April 2020

Background

microRNAs (miRNAs) have been studied for their role in the early detection of several diseases. However, there is no current information on the systematic screening of serum-derived cisplatin resistance biomarkers in gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

Cisplatin-resistant GC cell lines were screened for dysregulated miRNAs using small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) and miRNAs were functionally annotated using bioinformatics analyses. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the miRNA-relative transcription levels in GC cells and in 74 GC patients. We analyzed the associations between the clinical characteristics of the patients and their miRNA expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value for serum-derived cisplatin resistance.

Results

Seven miRNAs were identified from 35 differentially expressed miRNAs between the MGC803/DDP and MGC803 cells in a public database. We found four miRNA candidates (miR-9-3p, miR-9-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-433-3p) that were significantly associated with chemotherapy responses in GC cells and patients. miR-9-5p (AUC = 0.856, 95% CI [0.773–0.939], p < 0.0001) and a combined group (miR-9-5p + miR-9-3p + miR-433-3p) (AUC = 0.915, 95% CI [0.856–0.975], P < 0.0001) distinguished chemoresistant GC patients from chemosensitive GC patients.

Conclusions

Our study reveals the potential therapeutic use of two serum-based biomarkers, miR-9-5p and a combined group (miR-9-5p + miR-9-3p + miR-433-3p), as indicators for the successful use of cisplatin in GC patients.
Clinical applicability of the Feline Grimace Scale: real-time versus image scoring and the influence of sedation and surgery
Authors: Evangelista Marina C. , Benito Javier , Monteiro Beatriz P. , Watanabe Ryota , Doodnaught Graeme M. , Pang Daniel S.J. , Steagall Paulo V.
Published: April 2020

Background

The Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) is a facial expression-based scoring system for acute pain assessment in cats with reported validity using image assessment. The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical applicability of the FGS in real-time when compared with image assessment, and to evaluate the influence of sedation and surgery on FGS scores in cats.

Methods

Sixty-five female cats (age: 1.37 ± 0.9 years and body weight: 2.85 ± 0.76 kg) were included in a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Cats were sedated with intramuscular acepromazine and buprenorphine. Following induction with propofol, anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and cats underwent ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Pain was evaluated at baseline, 15 min after sedation, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after extubation using the FGS in real-time (FGS-RT). Cats were video-recorded simultaneously at baseline, 15 min after sedation, and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after extubation for subsequent image assessment (FGS-IMG), which was performed six months later by the same observer. The agreement between FGS-RT and FGS-IMG scores was calculated using the Bland & Altman method for repeated measures. The effects of sedation (baseline versus 15 min) and OVH (baseline versus 24 h) were assessed using linear mixed models. Responsiveness to the administration of rescue analgesia (FGS scores before versus one hour after) was assessed using paired t-tests.

Results

Minimal bias (−0.057) and narrow limits of agreement (−0.351 to 0.237) were observed between the FGS-IMG and FGS-RT. Scores at baseline (FGS-RT: 0.16 ± 0.13 and FGS-IMG: 0.14 ± 0.13) were not different after sedation (FGS-RT: 0.2 ± 0.15, p = 0.39 and FGS-IMG: 0.16 ± 0.15, p = 0.99) nor at 24 h after extubation (FGS-RT: 0.16 ± 0.12, p = 0.99 and FGS-IMG: 0.12 ± 0.12, p = 0.96). Thirteen cats required rescue analgesia; their FGS scores were lower one hour after analgesic administration (FGS-RT: 0.21 ± 0.18 and FGS-IMG: 0.18 ± 0.17) than before (FGS-RT: 0.47 ± 0.24, p = 0.0005 and FGS-IMG: 0.45 ± 0.19, p = 0.015).

Conclusions

Real-time assessment slightly overestimates image scoring; however, with minimal clinical impact. Sedation with acepromazine-buprenorphine and ovariohysterectomy using a balanced anesthetic protocol did not influence the FGS scores. Responsiveness to analgesic administration was observed with both the FGS-RT and FGS-IMG.
Isolation and identification of flavonoid-producing endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Conyza blinii H.Lév that exhibit higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities
Authors: Tang Zizhong , Wang Yinsheng , Yang Jingyu , Xiao Yirong , Cai Yi , Wan Yujun , Chen Hui , Yao Huipeng , Shan Zhi , Li Chenglei , Wang Gang
Published: April 2020

Background

Conyza blinii H. Lév is a medicinal plant that has a variety of pharmacological activities, but its study is at a standstill due to the shortage of resources.

Method

This study utilized the surface sterilization method to isolate endophytic fungi, and they were preliminarily identified by morphology. Flavonoid-producing strains were screened by NaNO2-Al(NO)3 colorimetry and further identified by the ITS sequence. Additionally, we used five antioxidant assays (DPPH, Hydroxyl radical, ABTS, FRAP and T-AOC assays) to systematically evaluate the antioxidant capacity of total flavonoids , and we also determined their antibacterial activity.

Results

In this study, 21 endophytic fungi were isolated from wild Conyza blinii H. Lév for the first time. There were six flavonoid-producing strains, especially CBL11, whose total flavonoid content reached 50.78 ± 2.4 mg/L. CBL12, CBL12-2 and CBL1-1 all exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. The effect of CBL12 was similar to that of ascorbic acid at low concentrations, and its radical scavenging rates for DPPH and ABTS were 94.56 ± 0.29 % and 99.88 ± 0.27%, respectively, while its IC50 values were only 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.2 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Through LC-MS, we found that CBL12 could produce many high-value flavonoids, such as 3-methoxyflavone, nobiletin, formononetin, scopoletin, and daidzein. Additionally, CBL9 had good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Notably, we obtained the high-yield strains CBL12 and CBL9, which not only had high yields (10.64 ± 1.01 mg/L and 10.17 ± 0.11 mg/L, respectively) but also had excellent biological activity. Hence, the results of this study provide new ideas for endophytic fungi that can be exploited as a source of flavonoids and other medicinal components from Conyza blinii H. Lév. Moreover, this study can serve as a reference for the development of rare medicinal materials.
Динамика и энергетика полусуточных приливов в море Лаптевых: результаты высокоразрешающего моделирования поверхностного прилива М, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Каган Б.А. , Тимофеев А.А.
Published: April 2020

Обсуждаются результаты высокоразрешающего моделирования поверхностного полусуточного прилива М в море Лаптевых, полученные с использованием трехмерной конечно-элементной гидростатической модели QUODDY-4. Установлено, что поле изоамплитуд и изофаз приливных колебаний уровня очень напоминает то, которое возникает при интерференции встречных волн Пуанкаре в южной части моря и подобных же волн Кельвина в восточной. Это поле содержит 3 реальные амфидромии левого вращения в первой из них и еще 2 во второй. Перечисленные значения параметров приливных колебаний уровня, а также эллипсов баротропной скорости полусуточного приливного течения в отдельных пунктах открытого моря неплохо согласуются с данными in situ изменений. По результатам моделирования определены средние (за приливный цикл) значения плотности баротропной приливной энергии, адвективного переноса кинетической баротропной приливной энергии, горизонтального волнового потока потенциальной баротропной приливной энергии и скорости диссипации баротропной приливной энергии. Получена оценка времени диссипации баротропной приливной энергии. Ее сравнение с аналогичной оценкой для Мирового океана в целом убеждает, что море Лаптевых является одним из значимых стоков баротропной приливной энергии в Мировом океане.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ПРОТИВОТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ И ОСНОВНЫХ ФОНДОВ ПРОТИВОТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В 2018 ГОДУ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Стерликов Сергей Александрович , Русакова Лариса Ивановна
Published: April 2020

Цель: провести ревизию методики расчета показателя подушевого финансирования противотуберкулезных мероприятий (ПТМ) и мониторинг показателей, отражающих финансирование ПТМ и состояние основных фондов противотуберкулезных медицинских организаций. На основании данных формы единовременного статистического наблюдения ВР-1Ф проведен анализ динамических рядов показателей финансирования ПТМ из различных источников, состояния и обновления основных фондов противотуберкулезных организаций. Общий объем финансирования сопоставлялся с данными по другим странам, полученными из глобальной базы данных ВОЗ. Объем финансирования ПТМ в Российской Федерации (РФ) составил 94,5-93,1 миллиарда рублей, или 1450,7 миллионов долларов США, что больше, чем в любой другой стране мира. Это позволило достичь быстрого снижения заболеваемости туберкулезом (ТБ). Включение в показатель финансирования ПТМ антиретровирусных препаратов в отдельных субъектах вносит 3-5% ошибку в расчет показателя подушевого финансирования ПТМ. Используемая в настоящее время методика также не учитывает различия стоимости медицинских услуг в различных регионах России, что создает ошибочную иллюзию благополучного финансирования ряда дальневосточных регионов. В 2018 г. отмечался беспрецедентный рост заработной платы и начислений на оплату труда медицинских работников, особенно врачей. Вместе с тем сокращалось финансирование обновления основных фондов, что привело к росту их износа, особенно оборудования и автотранспорта. Выросла доля финансирования ПТМ из средств субъекта РФ, поскольку именно из них идет выплата заработной платы персоналу. С целью гармонизации российской и международной дефиниции значения показателя «финансирование мероприятий по борьбе с туберкулезом» целесообразно перейти к системе учета финансирования ПТМ без учета антиретровирусных препаратов, которые приводят к завышению показателя финансирования ПТМ в целом по РФ на 1,8%. При расчете показателей подушевого финансирования по субъектам РФ также целесообразно применять коэффициент дифференциации. Недофинансирование обновления основных фондов противотуберкулезных организаций привело к высоким показателям износа оборудования и автотранспорта, что может негативно сказываться на противотуберкулезной работе.
ПРИНЦИПЫ ПОДГОТОВКИ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА К МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКОМУ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ НА МИКОБАКТЕРИИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Севастьянова Элина Викторовна , Ларионова Елена Евгеньевна , Андриевская Ирина Юрьевна , Смирнова Татьяна Геннадьевна
Published: April 2020

We have outlined the guiding principles, which underpin the preparation of diagnostic samples for microbiological detection of mycobacteria. We presented the basic provisions related to quality control during collection, storage or transportation of diagnostic samples, reception and registration by a laboratory.
Qualitative Analysis of Soap Samples Prepared from Shea Butter
Authors: Warra A. A. , Ibrahim H. M. , Komo J. I. , Babatola L. J. , Adejuwon O. M. , Salami T. A.
Published: April 2020

Aims: The study was aim at extraction, saponification and quality determinations of shea nut fat samples obtained from different major sheanut producing areas of Kebbi state.

Study Design: The quality determination done with and without additives such as perfume, colour and silicate in terms of pH, foam stability and height from four major shea nut producing areas in Kebbi state, Nigeria.

Methodology: The dry powdered sample of ground shea kernel was extracted in soxhlet apparatus using n- hexane as the extracting solvent. Cold process saponification was used in preparing the soap. The soap pH was measured using pH metre. Foam ability of the soaps was also determined.

Results: The highest foam height was observed on the shea soap from Tsamiya (60 cm3), Kwanga (50 cm3), Kwere (40 cm3) with colour additive and the lowest on soap from Illo with perfume additive. For the foam stability test, shea soap from Tsamiya at 43 cm3 was the highest followed by Kwanga at 38 cm3 both with colour additive.  Lowest foam stability was recorded on shea soap from Illo with perfume additive. The pH of the shea soap from Illo without additive (9.73) increased with addition of colour, silicate and perfume at 10.70, 10.98 and 11.63 respectively. It showed decrease on addition of perfume, silicate and colour from 11.72 to 10.45, 11.38 and 10.15 respectively from Kwanga.

Conclusion: Variation occurs in the foam stability and pH of the shea soap from the four locations and the addition of colour, perfume and silicate had effect on the foam stability and pH of the shea soaps.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Quality of Ackee Fruit Arils
Authors: Ampofo-Asiama Jerry , Zebede Angela Abla , Abakah Bernard , Quaye Bright
Published: April 2020

Ackee (Blighiasapida) fruit has a nutritional composition comparable to other commonly consumed fruits although its consumption is limited by the presence of anti-nutrients. This study investigated the effect of processing on some anti-nutrients (oxalate and phytate) as well as on ascorbate, carotenoids and phenolic compounds in ackee arils. Changes in physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, brix and color) were also analyzed. Ackee fruit was cut into arils and cooked for 15 min either by boiling in water at 100°C or steamed or fried in oil at 180°C. The unprocessed ackee aril had a pH, titratable acidityand brix of 5.79, 0.52% and 2.70, respectively. Significant changes in these physicochemical properties were only observed in the boiled arils while the highest change in color was observed in the steam fruits. Significant reductions in ascorbate levels of 49.27, 32.86 and 56.29% were observed after boiling, steaming and frying, although these processing methods did not significantly affect carotenoid and phenol levels. The levels of the anti-nutrients reduced significantly with oxalate reducing by 22.37, 26.67 and 37.42% and phytate levels reducing by 62.50, 66.67 and 54.17%, after boiling, steaming and frying, respectively.
Pathological validation and prognostic potential of quantitative MRI in the characterization of pancreas cancer: preliminary experience
Authors: Klaassen Remy , Steins Anne , Gurney‐Champion Oliver J. , Bijlsma Maarten F. , van Tienhoven Geertjan , Engelbrecht Marc R. W. , van Eijck Casper H. J. , Suker Mustafa , Wilmink Johanna W. , Besselink Marc G. , Busch Olivier R. , de Boer Onno J. , van de Vijver Marc J. , Hooijer Gerrit K. J. , Verheij Joanne , Stoker Jaap , Nederveen Aart J. , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M.
Published: April 2020

Patient stratification based on biological variation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) subtypes could help to improve clinical outcome. However, noninvasive assessment of the entire tumor microenvironment remains challenging. In this study, we investigate the biological basis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), and R2*‐derived magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters for the noninvasive characterization of the PDAC tumor microenvironment and evaluate their prognostic potential in PDAC patients. Patients diagnosed with treatment‐naïve resectable PDAC underwent MRI. After resection, a whole‐mount tumor slice was analyzed for collagen fraction, vessel density, and hypoxia and matched to the MRI parameter maps. MRI parameters were correlated to immunohistochemistry‐derived tissue characteristics and evaluated for prognostic potential. Thirty patients were included of whom 21 underwent resection with whole‐mount histology available in 15 patients. DCE Ktrans and ve, ADC, and IVIM D correlated with collagen fraction. DCE kep and IVIM f correlated with vessel density and R2* with tissue hypoxia. Based on MRI, two main PDAC phenotypes could be distinguished; a stroma‐high phenotype demonstrating high vessel density and high collagen fraction and a stroma‐low phenotype demonstrating low vessel density and low collagen fraction. Patients with the stroma‐high phenotype (high kep and high IVIM D, n = 8) showed longer overall survival (not reached vs. 14 months, P = 0.001, HR = 9.1, P = 0.004) and disease‐free survival (not reached vs. 2 months, P < 0.001, HR 9.3, P = 0.003) compared to the other patients (n = 22). Median follow‐up was 41 (95% CI: 36–46) months. MRI was able to accurately characterize tumor collagen fraction, vessel density, and hypoxia in PDAC. Based on imaging parameters, a subgroup of patients with significantly better prognosis could be identified. These first results indicate that stratification‐based MRI‐derived biomarkers could help to tailor treatment and improve clinical outcome and warrant further research.
Biallelic GRM7 variants cause epilepsy, microcephaly, and cerebral atrophy
Authors: Marafi Dana , Mitani Tadahiro , Isikay Sedat , Hertecant Jozef , Almannai Mohammed , Manickam Kandamurugu , Abou Jamra Rami , El‐Hattab Ayman W. , Rajah Jaishen , Fatih Jawid M. , Du Haowei , Karaca Ender , Bayram Yavuz , Punetha Jaya , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Boerwinkle Eric , Akdemir Zeynep C. , Erdin Serkan , Hunter Jill V. , Gibbs Richard A. , Pehlivan Davut , Posey Jennifer E. , Lupski James R.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Defects in ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors are implicated in developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7), encoded by GRM7, is a presynaptic G‐protein‐coupled glutamate receptor critical for synaptic transmission. We previously proposed GRM7 as a candidate disease gene in two families with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). One additional family has been published since. Here, we describe three additional families with GRM7 biallelic variants and deeply characterize the associated clinical neurological and electrophysiological phenotype and molecular data in 11 affected individuals from six unrelated families.

Methods

Exome sequencing and family‐based rare variant analyses on a cohort of 220 consanguineous families with NDDs revealed three families with GRM7 biallelic variants; three additional families were identified through literature search and collaboration with a clinical molecular laboratory.

Results

We compared the observed clinical features and variants of 11 affected individuals from the six unrelated families. Identified novel deleterious variants included two homozygous missense variants (c.2671G>A:p.Glu891Lys and c.1973G>A:p.Arg685Gln) and one homozygous stop‐gain variant (c.1975C>T:p.Arg659Ter). Developmental delay, neonatal‐ or infantile‐onset epilepsy, and microcephaly were universal. Three individuals had hypothalamic–pituitary–axis dysfunction without pituitary structural abnormality. Neuroimaging showed cerebral atrophy and hypomyelination in a majority of cases. Two siblings demonstrated progressive loss of myelination by 2 years in both and an acquired microcephaly pattern in one. Five individuals died in early or late childhood.

Conclusion

Detailed clinical characterization of 11 individuals from six unrelated families demonstrates that rare biallelic GRM7 pathogenic variants can cause DEEs, microcephaly, hypomyelination, and cerebral atrophy.
Therapeutic strategies for ischemia reperfusion injury in emergency medicine
Authors: Naito Hiromichi , Nojima Tsuyoshi , Fujisaki Noritomo , Tsukahara Kohei , Yamamoto Hirotsugu , Yamada Taihei , Aokage Toshiyuki , Yumoto Tetsuya , Osako Takaaki , Nakao Atsunori
Published: April 2020

Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury occurs when blood supply, perfusion, and concomitant reoxygenation is restored to an organ or area following an initial poor blood supply after a critical time period. Ischemia reperfusion injury contributes to mortality and morbidity in many pathological conditions in emergency medicine clinical practice, including trauma, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and post‐cardiac arrest syndrome. The process of IR is multifactorial, and its pathogenesis involves several mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species are considered key molecules in reperfusion injury due to their potent oxidizing and reducing effects that directly damage cellular membranes by lipid peroxidation. In general, IR injury to an individual organ causes various pro‐inflammatory mediators to be released, which could then induce inflammation in remote organs, thereby possibly advancing the dysfunction of multiple organs. In this review, we summarize IR injury in emergency medicine. Potential therapies include pharmacological treatment, ischemic preconditioning, and the use of medical gases or vitamin therapy, which could significantly help experts develop strategies to inhibit IR injury.
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated with Faster and Specific Retinal Layer Atrophy
Authors: Sotirchos Elias S. , Gonzalez Caldito Natalia , Filippatou Angeliki , Fitzgerald Kathryn C. , Murphy Olwen C. , Lambe Jeffrey , Nguyen James , Button Julia , Ogbuokiri Esther , Crainiceanu Ciprian M. , Prince Jerry L. , Calabresi Peter A. , Saidha Shiv ,   International Multiple Sclerosis Visual System (IMSVISUAL) Consortium
Published: April 2020

Objective

Therapeutic development in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) has been hampered by a lack of reliable biomarkers to monitor neurodegeneration. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐derived retinal measures have been proposed as promising biomarkers to fulfill this role. However, it is unclear whether retinal atrophy persists in PMS, exceeds normal aging, or can be distinguished from relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).

Methods

178 RRMS, 186 PMS, and 66 control participants were followed with serial OCT for a median follow‐up of 3.7 years.

Results

The estimated proportion of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thinning in multiple sclerosis (MS) attributable to normal aging increased from 42.7% and 16.7% respectively at age 25 years, to 83.7% and 81.1% at age 65 years. However, independent of age, PMS was associated with faster pRNFL (−0.34 ± 0.09%/yr, p < 0.001) and GCIPL (−0.27 ± 0.07%/yr, p < 0.001) thinning, as compared to RRMS. In both MS and controls, higher baseline age was associated with faster inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning. INL and ONL thinning were independently faster in PMS, as compared to controls (INL:−0.09 ± 0.04%/yr, p = 0.03; ONL:−0.12 ± 0.06%/yr, p = 0.04), and RRMS (INL:−0.10 ± 0.04%/yr, p = 0.01; ONL:−0.13 ± 0.05%/yr, p = 0.01), whereas they were similar in RRMS and controls. Unlike RRMS, disease‐modifying therapies (DMTs) did not impact rates of retinal layer atrophy in PMS.

Interpretation

PMS is associated with faster retinal atrophy independent of age. INL and ONL measures may be novel biomarkers of neurodegeneration in PMS that appear to be unaffected by conventional DMTs. The effects of aging on rates of retinal layer atrophy should be considered in clinical trials incorporating OCT outcomes. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:885–896
Longitudinal Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis with the Brain‐Age Paradigm
Authors: Cole James H. , Raffel Joel , Friede Tim , Eshaghi Arman , Brownlee Wallace J. , Chard Declan , De Stefano Nicola , Enzinger Christian , Pirpamer Lukas , Filippi Massimo , Gasperini Claudio , Rocca Maria Assunta , Rovira Alex , Ruggieri Serena , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Stromillo Maria Laura , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Vrenken Hugo , Barkhof Frederik , Nicholas Richard , Ciccarelli Olga ,   MAGNIMS study group
Published: April 2020

Objective

During the natural course of multiple sclerosis (MS), the brain is exposed to aging as well as disease effects. Brain aging can be modeled statistically; the so‐called “brain‐age” paradigm. Here, we evaluated whether brain‐predicted age difference (brain‐PAD) was sensitive to the presence of MS, clinical progression, and future outcomes.

Methods

In a longitudinal, multicenter sample of 3,565 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, in 1,204 patients with MS and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and 150 healthy controls (mean follow‐up time: patients 3.41 years, healthy controls 1.97 years), we measured “brain‐predicted age” using T1‐weighted MRI. We compared brain‐PAD among patients with MS and patients with CIS and healthy controls, and between disease subtypes. Relationships between brain‐PAD and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were explored.

Results

Patients with MS had markedly higher brain‐PAD than healthy controls (mean brain‐PAD +10.3 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.5–12.1] versus 4.3 years; 95% CI = 2.1 to 6.4; p < 0.001). The highest brain‐PADs were in secondary‐progressive MS (+13.3 years; 95% CI = 11.3–15.3). Brain‐PAD at study entry predicted time‐to‐disability progression (hazard ratio 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01–1.03; p < 0.001); although normalized brain volume was a stronger predictor. Greater annualized brain‐PAD increases were associated with greater annualized EDSS score (r = 0.26; p < 0.001).

Interpretation

The brain‐age paradigm is sensitive to MS‐related atrophy and clinical progression. A higher brain‐PAD at baseline was associated with more rapid disability progression and the rate of change in brain‐PAD related to worsening disability. Potentially, “brain‐age” could be used as a prognostic biomarker in early‐stage MS, to track disease progression or stratify patients for clinical trial enrollment. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:93–105
Dual Metal Active Sites in an Ir1/FeOxSingle‐Atom Catalyst: A Redox Mechanism for the Water‐Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Liang Jin‐Xia , Lin Jian , Liu Jingyue , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao , Li Jun
Published: April 2020

Herein, we report a theoretical and experimental study of the water‐gas shift (WGS) reaction on Ir1/FeOxsingle‐atom catalysts. Water dissociates to OH* on the Ir1single atom and H* on the first‐neighbour O atom bonded with a Fe site. The adsorbed CO on Ir1reacts with another adjacent O atom to produce CO2, yielding an oxygen vacancy (Ovac). Then, the formation of H2becomes feasible due to migration of H from adsorbed OH* toward Ir1and its subsequent reaction with another H*. The interaction of Ir1and the second‐neighbouring Fe species demonstrates a new WGS pathway featured by electron transfer at the active site from Fe3+−O⋅⋅⋅Ir2+−Ovacto Fe2+−Ovac⋅⋅⋅Ir3+−O with the involvement of Ovac. The redox mechanism for WGS reaction through a dual metal active site (DMAS) is different from the conventional associative mechanism with the formation of formate or carboxyl intermediates. The proposed new reaction mechanism is corroborated by the experimental results with Ir1/FeOxfor sequential production of CO2and H2.
Materialien mit Selektivität für oxidative Molekülspezies für die Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Zhao Caiyan , Chen Jingxiao , Zhong Ruibo , Chen Dean Shuailin , Shi Jinjun , Song Jibin
Published: April 2020

Mit zunehmendem Wissen um die vielfältige Rolle und Bedeutung oxidativer Molekülspezies in der Pathogenese vieler Erkrankungen wurden enorme Anstrengungen gemacht, um Materialien zu entwickeln, die auf solche Verbindungen reagieren, 1) um Sauerstoffmetabolite nachzuweisen und Krankheiten zu diagnostizieren, bei denen oxidativer Stress bedeutsam ist, 2) um oxidativen Stress an den Orten der Erkrankung zu reduzieren und/oder 3) um therapeutische und diagnostische Verbindungen gezielt freizusetzen. In diesem Aufsatz werden wir zunächst die verschiedenen Eigenschaften und biologischen Funktionen jeder oxidativen Molekülart diskutieren. Dann werden wir Selektivität und Sensitivität der chemischen Linkern/Gruppen für die spezifischen oxidativen Molekülarten und die zugrundeliegende Chemie der jeweiligen Wechselwirkungen systematisch beleuchten. Dabei gehen wir auch auf mögliche biomedizinische Anwendungen ein. Wir hoffen, dass dieser umfassende Aufsatz weitere Einsichten für Entwurf und Entwicklung selektiver Materialien für oxidative Molekülspezies für eine effektivere Diagnostik und Therapie bieten wird.
Catalytic Access to Functionalized Allylic gem‐Difluorides via Fluorinative Meyer–Schuster‐Like Rearrangement
Authors: Liao Lihao , An Rui , Li Huimin , Xu Yang , Wu Jin‐Ji , Zhao Xiaodan
Published: April 2020

An unprecedented approach for efficient synthesis of functionalized allylic gem‐difluorides via catalytic fluorinative Meyer–Schuster‐like rearrangement is disclosed. This transformation proceeded with readily accessible propargylic fluorides, and low‐cost B–F reagents and electrophilic reagents by sulfide catalysis. A series of iodinated, brominated, and trifluoromethylthiolated allylic gem‐difluorides that were difficult to access by other methods were facilely produced with a wide range of functional groups. Importantly, the obtained iodinated products could be incorporated into different drugs and natural products, and could be expediently converted into many other valuable gem‐difluoroalkyl molecules as well. Mechanistic studies revealed that this reaction went through a regioselective fluorination of alkynes followed by a formal 1,3‐fluorine migration under the assistance of the B–F reagents to give the desired products.
Oxidative‐Species‐Selective Materials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Zhao Caiyan , Chen Jingxiao , Zhong Ruibo , Chen Dean Shuailin , Shi Jinjun , Song Jibin
Published: April 2020

With the increasing recognition of the diverse roles and significance of oxidative species in the pathogenesis of many diseases, a tremendous amount of work on the development of oxidative‐species‐responsive materials has been conducted for 1) detecting oxygen metabolites or diagnosis of oxidative‐stress‐relevant diseases, 2) reducing oxidative stress in the disease sites, and/or 3) delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review, we first discuss the distinct features and biological functions of each oxidative species. Then the selectivity and sensitivity of chemical linkers/groups to specific oxidative species and the underlying chemistry of their particular interactions are systematically elucidated. Their potential biomedical applications are also highlighted. We expect that this comprehensive review will provide more insights for the design and development of oxidative‐species‐selective materials for more effective diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Triple Self‐Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Imine‐Based CuI, FeII, and ZnII Complexes
Authors: Ayme Jean‐François , Dhers Sébastien , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: April 2020

Three imine‐based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions, have been simultaneously generated from the self‐sorting of a constitutional dynamic library (CDL) containing three amines, three aldehydes, and three metal salts. The hierarchical ordering of the stability of the three metal complexes assembled and the leveraging of the antagonistic and agonistic relationships existing between the constituents within the constitutional dynamic network corresponding to the CDL were pivotal in achieving the sorting. Examination of the process by NMR spectroscopy showed that the self‐sorting of the FeII and ZnII complexes depended on an interplay between the thermodynamic driving forces and a kinetic trap involved in their assembly. These results also exemplify the concept of “simplexity”—the fact that the output of a self‐assembling system may be simplified by increasing its initial compositional complexity—as the two complexes could self‐sort only in the presence of the third pair of organic components, those of the CuI complex.