bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current research and emerging tools to improve fresh red meat quality
Authors: Gagaoua M. , Duffy G. , Alvarez C. , Burgess C.M. , Hamill R. , Crofton E. , Botinestean C. , Ferragina A. , Cafferky J. , Mullen A.M. , Troy D.
Published: March 2022

A consumer’s decision to purchase red meat is guided by a combination of many interacting factors including safety, nutrition, sustainability and perception of healthiness along with a variety of sensory characteristics such as colour, marbling, tenderness, juiciness and flavour. Red meat quality is complex and influenced by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, spanning the chain from breed/genetics through to the final end product with key influences coming from on-farm management and post-mortem processing. As a result of various factors, including consumer demands, the importance of both red meat quality and safety has in recent times come to the fore for the meat industry, with steps to meet these requirements having a large bearing on profitability. Therefore, a critical review of steps which can help control these traits is very important. Accordingly, several processing strategies were proposed at the research and industry level aiming to improve fresh red meat quality traits. This review summarises the current methods applied to improve fresh red meat quality and safety, including the advances in management and prediction tools for carcass and technological and sensory quality traits. These methods are also relevant to the safety and microbiological status of carcasses and meat produced, along with the recent developments in sensory analysis, which aim to understand the sensory properties of red meat and consumers responses. The potential of foodomics approaches is discussed under the topics of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, which help our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms behind the variation of sensory and technological quality traits and their use for the discovery of putative biomarkers. We further considered the current and emerging sequencing-based methods used to understand microbial community composition of fresh red meat.
Multiscale Computer Model of the Spinal Dorsal Horn Reveals Changes in Network Processing Associated with Chronic Pain
Authors: Medlock Laura , Sekiguchi Kazutaka , Hong Sungho , Dura-Bernal Salvador , Lytton William W. , Prescott Steven A.
Published: March 2022

Pain-related sensory input is processed in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) before being relayed to the brain. That processing profoundly influences whether stimuli are correctly or incorrectly perceived as painful. Significant advances have been made in identifying the types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that comprise the SDH, and there is some information about how neuron types are connected, but it remains unclear how the overall circuit processes sensory input or how that processing is disrupted under chronic pain conditions. To explore SDH function, we developed a computational model of the circuit that is tightly constrained by experimental data. Our model comprises conductance-based neuron models that reproduce the characteristic firing patterns of spinal neurons. Excitatory and inhibitory neuron populations, defined by their expression of genetic markers, spiking pattern, or morphology, were synaptically connected according to available qualitative data. Using a genetic algorithm, synaptic weights were tuned to reproduce projection neuron firing rates (model output) based on primary afferent firing rates (model input) across a range of mechanical stimulus intensities. Disparate synaptic weight combinations could produce equivalent circuit function, revealing degeneracy that may underlie heterogeneous responses of different circuits to perturbations or pathologic insults. To validate our model, we verified that it responded to the reduction of inhibition (i.e., disinhibition) and ablation of specific neuron types in a manner consistent with experiments. Thus validated, our model offers a valuable resource for interpreting experimental results and testing hypothesesin silicoto plan experiments for examining normal and pathologic SDH circuit function.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe developed a multiscale computer model of the posterior part of spinal cord gray matter (spinal dorsal horn), which is involved in perceiving touch and pain. The model reproduces several experimental observations and makes predictions about how specific types of spinal neurons and synapses influence projection neurons that send information to the brain. Misfiring of these projection neurons can produce anomalous sensations associated with chronic pain. Our computer model will not only assist in planning future experiments, but will also be useful for developing new pharmacotherapy for chronic pain disorders, connecting the effect of drugs acting at the molecular scale with emergent properties of neurons and circuits that shape the pain experience.
Disrupted Choline Clearance and Sustained Acetylcholine ReleaseIn Vivoby a Common Choline Transporter Coding Variant Associated with Poor Attentional Control in Humans
Authors: Donovan Eryn , Avila Cassandra , Klausner Sarah , Parikh Vinay , Fenollar-Ferrer Cristina , Blakely Randy D. , Sarter Martin
Published: March 2022

Transport of choline via the neuronal high-affinity choline transporter (CHT;SLC5A7) is essential for cholinergic terminals to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh). In humans, we previously demonstrated an association between a common CHT coding substitution (rs1013940; Ile89Val) and reduced attentional control as well as attenuated frontal cortex activation. Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to generate mice expressing the I89V substitution and assessed,in vivo, CHT-mediated choline transport, and ACh release. Relative to wild-type (WT) mice, CHT-mediated clearance of choline in male and female mice expressing one or two Val89 alleles was reduced by over 80% in cortex and over 50% in striatum. Choline clearance in CHT Val89 mice was further reduced by neuronal inactivation. Deficits in ACh release, 5 and 10 min after repeated depolarization at a low, behaviorally relevant frequency, support an attenuated reloading capacity of cholinergic neurons in mutant mice. The density of CHTs in total synaptosomal lysates and neuronal plasma-membrane-enriched fractions was not impacted by the Val89 variant, indicating a selective impact on CHT function. When challenged with a visual disruptor to reveal attentional control mechanisms, Val89 mice failed to adopt a more conservative response bias. Structural modeling revealed that Val89 may attenuate choline transport by altering conformational changes of CHT that support normal transport rates. Our findings support the view that diminished sustained cholinergic signaling capacity underlies perturbed attentional performance in individuals expressing CHT Val89. The CHT Val89 mouse serves as a valuable model to study heritable risk for cognitive disorders arising from cholinergic dysfunction.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAcetylcholine (ACh) signaling depends on the functional capacity of the neuronal choline transporter (CHT). Previous research demonstrated that humans expressing the common CHT coding variant Val89 exhibit attentional vulnerabilities and attenuated fronto-cortical activation during attention. Here, we find that mice engineered to express the Val89 variant exhibit reduced CHT-mediated choline clearance and a diminished capacity to sustain ACh release. Additionally, Val89 mice lack cognitive flexibility in response to an attentional challenge. These findings provide a mechanistic and cognitive framework for interpreting the attentional phenotype associated with the human Val89 variant and establish a model that permits a more invasive interrogation of CNS effects as well as the development of therapeutic strategies for those, including Val89 carriers, with presynaptic cholinergic perturbations.
Thalamocortical Mechanisms for Nostalgia-Induced Analgesia
Authors: Zhang Ming , Yang Ziyan , Zhong Jiahui , Zhang Yuqi , Lin Xiaomin , Cai Huajian , Kong Yazhuo
Published: March 2022

As a predominately positive emotion, nostalgia serves various adaptive functions, including a recently revealed analgesic effect. The current fMRI study aimed to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the nostalgia-induced analgesic effect on noxious thermal stimuli of different intensities. Human participants' (males and females) behavior results showed that the nostalgia paradigm significantly reduced participants' perception of pain, particularly at low pain intensities. fMRI analysis revealed that analgesia was related to decreased brain activity in pain-related brain regions, including the lingual and parahippocampal gyrus. Notably, anterior thalamic activation during the nostalgia stage predicted posterior parietal thalamus activation during the pain stage, suggesting that the thalamus might play a key role as a central functional linkage in the analgesic effect. Moreover, while thalamus-PAG functional connectivity was found to be related to nostalgic strength, periaqueductal gray-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PAG-dlPFC) functional connectivity was found to be associated with pain perception, suggesting possible analgesic modulatory pathways. These findings demonstrate the analgesic effect of nostalgia and, more importantly, shed light on its neural mechanism.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNostalgia is known to reduce individuals' perception of physical pain. The underlying brain mechanisms, however, are unclear. Our study found that the thalamus plays a key role as a functional linkage between nostalgia and pain, suggesting a possible analgesic modulatory mechanism of nostalgia. These findings have implications for the underlying brain mechanisms of psychological analgesia.
Cocaine-Induced Changes in SpermCdkn1aMethylation Are Associated with Cocaine Resistance in Male Offspring
Authors: Swinford-Jackson Sarah E. , Fant Bruno , Wimmer Mathieu E. , Chan Donovan , Knouse Melissa C. , Sarmiento Mateo , Thomas Arthur S. , Huffman Phillip J. , Mankame Sharvari , Worobey Samantha J. , Pierce R. Christopher
Published: March 2022

Paternal environmental perturbations can influence the physiology and behavior of offspring. For example, our previous work showed reduced cocaine reinforcement in male, but not female, progeny of rat sires that self-administered cocaine. The information transfer from sire to progeny may occur through epigenetic marks in sperm, encompassing alterations in small noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and/or DNA methylation. Here, no reliable changes in miRNAs in the sperm of cocaine- relative to saline-experienced sires were identified. In contrast, 272 differentially methylated regions were observed in sperm between these groups. Two hypomethylated promoter regions in the sperm of cocaine-experienced rats were upstream of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (Cdkn1a).Cdkn1amRNA also was selectively increased in the NAc of cocaine-sired male (but not female) offspring. Cocaine self-administration also enhancedCdkn1aexpression in the accumbens of cocaine-sired rats. These results suggest that changes inCdkn1amay play a role in the reduced cocaine reinforcing efficacy observed in cocaine-sired male rats. Introducing a 90 d delay between sire self-administration and breeding reversed both cocaine resistance and the increase in accumbensCdkn1amRNA in male offspring, indicating that cocaine-induced epigenetic modifications are eliminated with sperm turnover. Collectively, our results indicate that cocaine self-administration produces hypomethylation ofCdkn1ain sperm and a selective increase in the expression of this gene in the NAc of male offspring, which is associated with blunted cocaine reinforcement.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe relatively new field of transgenerational epigenetics explores the effects of environmental perturbations on offspring behavior and physiology. Our prior work in rats indicated that male, but not female, progeny of sires that self-administered cocaine displayed reduced cocaine reinforcement. The information transfer from sire to progeny may occur through heritable epigenetic marks in sperm, including DNA methylation. The present findings revealed two hypomethylated promoter regions upstream of theCdkn1agene in sire sperm. Remarkably,Cdkn1aexpression was selectively decreased in offspring NAc, a brain region that regulates cocaine reinforcement.
Fines, Fees, and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Albin-Lackey Chris
Published: March 2022

The US Department of Justice’s investigation into the Ferguson, MO police department blew the lid off of a hidden, nationwide scandal. Too many police departments and courts all over the country were using predatory fines and fees to extract wealth from their communities’ poorest citizens. In many states, these abuses were inextricably bound up with deeply entrenched patterns of racist law enforcement. After Ferguson, it felt like a long overdue reckoning was near at hand.

Seven years after the DoJ published its Ferguson report, have we made any progress? Did the reckoning ever happen? This paper draws upon nationwide research by the National Center for Access to Justice (NCAJ) at Fordham Law School to provide some insight into this question. NCAJ’s Fines and Fees index ranks all 50 states based on whether they have adopted policies that are essential to any rights-respecting approach to monetary sanctions. Overall, the results are grim—not nearly enough has changed and some states are trending in the wrong direction. On the other hand, there has been widespread progress on some issues. There are reasons for optimism, and there are lessons in the data for activists who want to think pragmatically about how to realize change.
A Continuum of Coercive Costs
Authors: Zvonkovich Jordan , Haynes Stacy H. , Ruback R. Barry
Published: March 2022

Across states there is variation in two dimensions of economic sanctions aimed at compelling individuals with justice system involvement to pay for criminal justice expenses. The first dimension – imposition – relates to the number of statutorily authorized costs. The second dimension – payment enforcement – relates to whether or not a private collection agency can collect economic sanctions; privatization means that offenders have higher financial obligations because of the surcharges and penalties that make these businesses financially successful. Together, these two dimensions of imposition and enforcement can be used to characterize states in terms of the degree to which convicted individuals are compelled to make payments toward costs and fees. Our analysis suggests that the South is more coercive than other regions of the country on these two dimensions and that, within the South, this continuum of coercive costs is worse in states with a history of convict leasing.
Monetary Sanctions Assessed for Sexual Offense Convictions
Authors: Giuffre Andrea , Huebner Beth M.
Published: March 2022

Although there is a burgeoning body of research on the costs of a criminal conviction, very little scholarship explores the ways in which monetary sanctions are differentially assessed across offense types. Individuals convicted of sexual offenses are subject to a host of legal controls and conditions of correctional supervision compared to people convicted of other crimes, which come with differential financial sanctions and requisite conditions of compliance. Further, individuals convicted of sexual offenses are mandated to register with their state’s sex offense specific database, which can carry fees. Relatedly, such individuals are often required to attend treatment, take recurring polygraph tests, and are more likely to be placed on electronic monitoring, all of which carry surcharges. At the same time, people with sexual offense convictions may be required to take additional classes at personal cost if they wish to visit with minor children. The goal of this work is to document the unique costs associated with a sexual offense conviction. We make recommendations for reform based on these costs’ potential to impact success in the community and reproduce inequality.
Financial Sanctions in Pennsylvania
Authors: Ward Jeffrey T. , Link Nathan W.
Published: March 2022

While potential adverse consequences of carrying criminal justice debt are well documented, less is known empirically about the degree to which both assessed amounts reflect ability to pay and how repayment success varies for individuals with dissimilar financial means. This study uses fine, cost, and restitution imposition and collection data from the Administrative Office of the Pennsylvania Courts (AOPC) that spans a ten year period to examine whether there are differences in assessment and outstanding debt balances between defendants with private counsel and defendants with public defenders. To address the research aims, this study utilizes straightforward descriptive and bivariate statistics. Results indicate that a typical defendant with a public defender is assessed less in fine, cost, and/or restitution than a typical defendant with private counsel, suggesting that some courts are factoring in a defendant’s ability to pay when imposing assessments. Nonetheless, a typical defendant represented by a public defender is unable to fully repay their assessment within a decade. This is in stark contrast to a typical defendant with private counsel who is able to settle up within three to five years, depending on the type of sanction. The findings suggest that sentencing stage adjustments in financial sanctions necessitated by a defendant’s ability to pay may not be sufficient. Furthermore, the general rise in assessment amounts over time is largely due to increased costs. Given general difficulties in debt settlement, especially among indigent defendants, enhanced reliance on costs may unintentionally affect restitution amounts received by crime victims.
Understanding the Burden of Legal Financial Obligations on Indigent Washingtonians
Authors: Rafael Maria Katarina E. , Mai Chris
Published: March 2022

In criminal courts across the country, judges assess a variety of fines, fees and other legal financial obligations (LFOs) that many defendants struggle to pay. This paper provides a summary of the authors’ longer empirical article that examines the disproportionate burden that fine and fee assessment and collection practices impose on low-income, system-involved individuals, using administrative court data for criminal cases filed in Washington’s courts of limited jurisdiction between 2015 and 2020. The authors find that the majority of defendants do not or only partially pay their LFOs, but that these observations are more pronounced for indigent defendants. The authors also find that, of defendants who fully pay off their fines and fees, individuals with a public defender satisfy their debt after a greater number of days, as compared to individuals with private counsel. This is all in spite of public defender defendants generally being assessed smaller amounts in fines and fees at the outset. Additionally, the authors uncover that when defendants do pay off all of their fines and fees, they tend to do so on the day of assessment, with the likelihood of satisfying full payment generally decreasing as time goes on. These findings suggest that many people struggle with criminal justice debt, but that this problem disproportionately impacts indigent Washingtonians, subjecting them to a greater possibility of harm through the various methods of collections enforcement.
Fine and Fee Reform Efforts in the City of Philadelphia
Authors: Hall William
Published: March 2022

Reform of government systems is not a straight-forward process. Best understanding how to identify the need for change, the options for change, and the individuals needed to implement the change can be determinative of whether your reform efforts will succeed or fail. In this article, the Director of Financial Inclusion for the City of Philadelphia’s Office of Community Empowerment and Opportunity discuss how fine and fee reform in Philadelphia is occurring.
Gut Microbiota: The Mastermind behind the Body’s Hidden Balance
Authors: Wang Fuzhou
Published: March 2022

The best manifestation of the effective functioning of numerous tissues and organs in the human body is the maintenance of biological homeostasis. The gut microbiota’s balance is a potentially irreplaceable intrinsic mechanism for maintaining a healthy body balance. Disease occurs spontaneously when the balance of cause and effect is disrupted. As a result, the question of how to preserve and foster this equilibrium is crucial.
The Implementation of the Double Reduction Policy Problems, Causes, and Suggestions
Authors: Zhang Lihua
Published: March 2022

The Double Reduction policy tries to alleviate the academic pressures that homework and off-campus tutoring services place on students. Since its implementation half a year ago, the policy has relieved students of some of their heavy workloads. However, there are still policy infractions all around the country. The issues that arise during policy implementation are summarized and their causes are examined in this study. Suggestions are made in order to fulfill the policy’s objectives.
Holistic Module Learning: A Revolution in Classroom Teaching
Authors: Zhou Longjun
Published: March 2022

Since Comenius invented the classroom teaching mode centuries ago, classroom learning has experienced a succession of dramatic modifications. China’s educational progress is influenced more by traditional classroom teaching methods. Modern teaching methods place a greater emphasis on the role of students, as well as their experiences and lives. The ultimate goal of holistic module learning is to develop students’ abilities to inquire and learn on their own, which necessitates a significant shift in teaching approaches. Teachers’ primary role is to use available resources, establish optimum learning settings, and provide pupils with a variety of exploratory possibilities.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Aplikasi Wordwall dalam Pembelajaran Daring (Online) Matematika pada Materi Bilangan Cacah Kelas 1 di MIN 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan
Authors: Wafiqni Nafia , Putri Fanny Mestyana
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of the Wordwall application in online mathematics learning on counting number 1 in MIN 2  South Tangerang and the effectiveness of using Wordwall media in the closing activity which was reviewed throgh test results (final test of all materials). The research used is a combination research by combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. With the subject of this research are 56 studens of class 1 MIN 2 South Tangerang. In this study, various instruments were used to collect data such as: (1) interviews to support the result of student response questionnaires (2) interviews to support the results of student response questionnaires (3) questions throgh the Wordwall media and test questions to see the effectiveness of using Wordwall media in online mathematict learning activities. The results of this study were (1) in the student response questionnaire using Wordwall media in the closing activities of online mathematics learning, counting numbers were very effective with an average questionnaire value of 32,3 (2) the results of the tests carried out by the students resulted in a percentage completeness of 88,04 and 75% of the number of students so that it has been declared effective.
Religious Tolerance Measurement: Validity Test in Indonesia
Authors: Alfariz Arif Budiman , Saloom Gazi
Published: March 2022

This study aims to determine the construct validity of items in the religious tolerance scale constructed by Witenberg (2007). There are three aspects or dimensions of religious tolerance used in this scale: fairness, empathy, and reasonableness. This study examines the religious tolerance scale, particularly in Indonesia, using a psychological perspective. The sample is 360 students of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta. The samples use non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. This study uses Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method and analyzed by software Lisrel 8.7. The results show that the religious tolerance model has a model fit, and this scale is unidimensional. From 30 items, item 12 of the fairness dimension is not valid.
Adaptation and Assessment of Psychometric Properties of the Brief Sensation-seeking Scale in an Indonesian General Sample
Authors: Bagaskara Sunu
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Brief Sensation-seeking Scale (BSSS, Hoyle et al., 2002) in an Indonesian sample. A set of questionnaires consisting of an adaptation of the BSSS, Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)-Indonesia, and a risky driving behavior scale were administered to 360 participants with an average age of 25.23 years. The reliability test using the internal consistency method showed high reliability (α=0.79). CFA analysis shows that the factor structure of the 4-factor BSSS-Indonesia model is more fit to the data than the 1-factor model. Construct validity was also found from the results of the correlation analysis of the BSSS-I score with the personality traits of openness to experience (convergent), agreeableness, and conscientiousness (discriminant). Regarding demographics, it was found that there were differences in the average scores between both sexes and age groups. The BSSS-I score was also found to be a significant predictor of risky driving behavior (concurrent validity). Taken together, the findings of this study show satisfactory evidence of psychometric properties, in line with previous adaptation of BSSS in several other cultures. This indicates that the BSSS-I is a sound instrument to measure trait sensation-seeking in the Indonesian population.
The Phenomenon of Covid-19 and Its Treatment in The Prophetic Sunnah Perspectives | ظاهرة الكوفيد: وقايتها وعلاجها في ظل المنهج النبوي
Authors: Al-Azizah Bintu Syaifa , Mustaghfirin Muhammad Khoirul
Published: March 2022

This article examines the pandemic in the Prophet's tradition perspective, especially His method in managing, treating, and preventing the spread of a pandemic which can be applied today. This study uses library research to identify and locate relevant information on hadiths related to pandemics, epidemics, and quarantine from primary sources. The Hadiths, then, are extracted and authenticated from their collections (getting takhrij process) to reveal the judgment on practising, knowing the meaning of words as well as the explanations.
The Prospect of Indonesian Islamic Banks after Merger | مستقبل البنوك الإسلامية الإندونيسية بعد صدور قانون الاندماج
Authors: Hidayatullah Syarif
Published: March 2022

Bank is an institution that operates without interest, whose activities are to realize material benefits through the collection and distribution of funds in accordance with sharia, where aspects of the implementation of prudential principles and good governance are supervised by the OJK. While the system and mechanism for the fulfillment of sharia compliance, the institution that has an important role is the National Sharia Council (DSN) of the MUI to issue a fatwa on the conformity of sharia for a bank product. Then the POJK emphasized that all Islamic banking products should only be offered to the public after the bank received a fatwa from the DSN MUI and obtained permission from the OJK. In the operational order, each Islamic bank is also required to have a Sharia Supervisory Board (DPS) which functions for sharia supervision and as an advisor in answering questions regarding whether its activities are sharia-compliant or not.Islamic banking in Indonesia continues to develop gradually and progress. In recent years, Islamic Banking has been on the rise, triggered by the great desire of the public to obtain halalness in conflict with banks. This shows that the prospect of Bank Syariah Indonesia will improve, especially with the merger of three Islamic Banks in Indonesia, namely PT. Bank Mandiri Syariah, PT. BNI Syariah and PT. BRIS, Tbk. To become Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk, which is expected by the government so that Indonesia can become a barometer of the Islamic economy in the world and will be ranked seventh in Indonesia based on assets.
The Conditions of the Resurrection in Tafsir and Hadith | أحوال القيامة في التفسير والحديث النبوي (دراسة موضوعية مقارنة)
Authors: Pahrudin Ade , Fakhrurrozi Fadhilah
Published: March 2022

This research aims to know the positions of the resurrection in the Tafsir of Al-Azhar and the interpretation of the Ruh al-Bayan and the hadith of the Prophet. In this research, the two researchers used an analytical approach, which is the analysis of some positions of the resurrection in Tafsir of Al-Azhar and the interpretation of the Ruh al-Bayan and the hadith of the Prophet. As for the method of this research, it is a library method, where the researchers collected information from sources and references related to the topic. One of the results of this research is that Sheikh Ismail Haqi al-Turki, who composed the interpretation of Ruh al-Bayan, is a Sufi exegesis, while the Indonesian Buya Hamka, who composed the interpretation of al-Azhar, is a literary exegesis. The two interpretations agree in most of the Qur’anic verses, and the difference may occur between them due to the different directions of their interpretation. The difference in style between the Prophet’s hadith and the Qur’anic verses in depicting the conditions of the Resurrection and its positions in the two things: First: The hadith focused on human conditions, while Qur’anic verses focus on the conditions of the universe. The second: The hadith used to depict the horrors of the Resurrection in clarifying the situations and consequences of the two sects: the believers and the unbelievers, and most of the Qur’anic verses portrayed the horrors of the Resurrection in exploding the world and the universe.
Urinary Tract Dilation in the Fetus and Neonate
Authors: Vincent Katherine , Murphy Heidi J. , Twombley Katherine E.
Published: March 2022

Urinary tract dilation (UTD), previously known as hydronephrosis, is the most common congenital condition identified on prenatal ultrasonography. UTD can be physiologic and resolve spontaneously or can be caused by various congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, which can lead to renal failure if not treated properly. In 2014, a multidisciplinary consensus group established UTD definitions, a classification system, and a standardized scheme for perinatal evaluation. Various imaging modalities are available to help diagnose the cause of UTD in fetuses and neonates and to help identify those patients who may benefit from fetal or early postnatal intervention. In this article, we will review the diagnosis and quantification of antenatal and postnatal UTD based on the UTD classification system, outline the imaging studies available to both evaluateUTD and determine its cause, briefly review the most common causes of UTD in the fetus and neonate, outline management strategies for UTD including the role for fetal intervention and prophylactic antibiotics, and report on the outcome and prognosis in patients with UTD.
Genetic Etiologies, Diagnosis, and Management of Neonatal Cystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Heidenreich Leah S. , Bendel-Stenzel Ellen M. , Harris Peter C. , Hanna Christian
Published: March 2022

Fetal kidney development is a complex and carefully orchestrated process. The proper formation of kidney tissue involves many transcription factors and signaling pathways. Pathogenic variants in the genes that encodethese factors and proteins can result in neonatal cystic kidney disease. Advancements in genomic sequencing have allowed us to identify many of these variants and better understand the genetic underpinnings for an increasing number of presentations of childhood kidney disorders. This review discusses the genes essential in kidney development, particularly those involved in the structure and function of primary cilia, and implications of gene identification for prognostication and management of cystic kidney disorders.
Ein Besteller der islamischen Vormoderne
Authors: Bockholt Philip
Published: March 2022

Die persische Weltchronik „Ḥabīb as-siyar“ ist eines der am häufigsten kopierten Geschichtswerke der islamischen Geistesgeschichte. Das vom iranischen Historiker Ḫvāndamīr im safavidischen Herat der 1520er-Jahre verfasste Werk wurde für verschiedene Herrscher nach ihrer jeweiligen konfessionellen Präferenz mit einem schiitischen bzw. sunnitischen Schwerpunkt ausgerichtet und zirkulierte in den Jahrhunderten nach seiner Entstehung in Hunderten von Abschriften in der gesamten östlichen islamischen Welt. Philip Bockholt untersucht in seinem Buch „Ein Bestseller der islamischen Vormoderne“ die Wege dieser Abschriften durch die Hände unterschiedlicher Besitzer und Bibliotheken und analysiert anhand von Besitz- und Stiftungsstempeln, Lesevermerken und Illustrationen die Leserschaft des Werkes vom 16. bis ins beginnende 20. Jahrhundert. Hierbei werden Fragen der Rezeptions-, Provenienz- und historischen Leserforschung aufgegriffen und das „Ḥabīb as-siyar“ als persisches Geschichtswerk im Kontext der islamischen Buchkultur verortet. Wie die Analyse der ausgewerteten paratextuellen Elemente der Handschriftentradition zeigt, war das „Ḥabīb as-siyar“ Teil eines weitreichenden Kanons von Texten an Herrscher- bzw. Fürstenhöfen einer persophonen Großregion, die nicht nur den Safavidenhof in Iran und den Mogulhof in Indien, sondern auch Knotenpunkte auf dem Dekkan und in Zentralasien sowie die Hauptstadt des Osmanischen Reiches umfasste. Die Studie bietet daher Einblicke in die transregionale Rezeptionsgeschichte persischsprachiger Geschichtsschreibung und Dynamiken regionaler Lesepraxis.
BILATERAL AGENESIS OF THE HUMAN INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Authors: Usovich A. , L. Davydova L. Davydova , Kotovich A. , Usovich K. , Kalinina A.
Published: March 2022

Anomalies of the internal carotid artery associated with a violation of its embryonic development are classified as follows: agenesis, aplasia and hypoplasia. Agenesis is a rare vascular abnormality. The search and analyze the scientific articles data concerning the ICA embryogenesis and agenesis, absence of the internal carotid artery, to make comparative analysis of the adult skull with and without ICA. 104 human skulls served us as the research material.
Phytochemical component, and antioxidant and vasculo-protective activities of Taiwan cocoa polyphenols by different processing methods
Authors: Chu Heuy-Ling , Fu Hong-Xuan , Chou En-Kuang , Lin Ying-Chun
Published: March 2022

Cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is a recently planted crop in Taiwan, a country located in East Asia. Taiwanese cocoa beans are appreciated globally because of their distinctive flavor and aroma. The effects of the water extracts of unfermented Taiwan cocoa beans (WUFCB) and fermented and roasted Taiwan cocoa beans (WFRCB) on the anti-oxidation, vascular protection, and variation in phytochemical components were investigated. Variations in the catechins components of WUFCB and WFRCB were examined by high performance liquid chromatography. The values of catechin compounds in WUFCB (epicatechin [EC]: 52.32 ± 0.56 mg/g, and catechin (C): 15.14 ± 0.26 mg/g) were approximately two times higher than those found in WFRCB (EC: 26.22 ± 0.48 mg/g, and C: 4.56 ± 0.10 mg/g), indicating that the fermentation and roasting steps caused decline in catechins compounds of WFRCB. In the range of 50–300 µg mL-1, both WUFCB and WFRCB depict noncytotoxicity in endothelial cells; they protect cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity as established by MTT assay. Meanwhile, nitric oxide (NO) levels in endothelial cells were elevated by WUFCB. In addition, WUFCB displayed radical scavenging in the acellular model and inhibited increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) noted in endothelial cell induced by H2O2. Overall, the significant vascular protection of WUFCB is associated with increased NO formation. The decreased ROS generation against oxidative damage was attributed to abundant catechin compounds. This study establishes Taiwan cocoa polyphenol as an effective and complementary tool for preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.
ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DERIVATIVE USAGE AND SYSTEMIC RISK IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors:   University of Zululand, South Africa, Zhou Sheunesu
Published: March 2022

This paper analyzes the relationship between derivative usage and systemic risk in South Africa. We employ expected shortfall as a measure of systemic risk for the banking sector. The more flexible Toda-Yamamoto Granger non-causality test is used to find the direction of causality between the variables, and the ARDL estimation technique is employed to estimate the specified model. We also test for the existence of a long-run relationship amongst the variables using the Bounds test approach. We find that credit derivatives and bank credit extensions increase systemic risk in the long run. Moreover, the systemic risk decreases in bank liquidity and usage of equity derivatives. However, in the short run, we find that increases in bank liquidity tend to increase systemic risk. We interpret this to imply that improvements in liquidity cause banks to undertake riskier transactions. Furthermore, the market can also perceive central bank interventions to increase liquidity as a sign of worsening financial conditions. On the backdrop of these results, we recommend continuous monitoring of derivatives markets to avoid risk excesses that could pose threat to the whole financial system.
Reproductive Intentions of Modern Russian Youth and Assessment of the Possibilities of Their Realization
Authors:   Institute for Demographic Research – Branch of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Archangelsky Vladimir , Vasilieva Ekaterina ,   Volgograd State University, Vasilieva Anna ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: March 2022

The urgency of demographic problems in Russia is being discussed today at the highest level, serious measures have been taken to stabilize the demographic situation by supporting Russian families in a difficult socio-economic situation. Nevertheless, the number of children born per woman remains insufficient not only for growth, but also for maintaining the population. In this situation, it is necessary to study the reproductive behavior and productive attitudes of Russian youth in order to develop effective measures that influence the motivation to marry and give birth to children. This paper examines some aspects of the reproductive behavior of Russian youth under the age of 35, inclusive, based on the data of a quantitative study obtained as part of the first wave of All-Russian monitoring "Demographic well-being of the population of the regions of Russia" (end of 2019 – beginning of 2020, 10 regions of Russia), as well as a qualitative study (beginning of 2021, 17 informants from the Volgograd Region and Stavropol Territory). The sample of the qualitative study did not include informants from socially unadapted families, informants from families whose socio-economic situation is close to the median in the region of residence were selected. The questions for the in-depth interview were formulated in accordance with the following plan: the marital and reproductive attitudes of the parents (the family experience of the informant's parents); the marital and reproductive attitudes of the informant (their own family and reproductive experience); the impact of federal and regional measures to support the Russian family on making a decision about the birth of a child; the needs of the family and problems that hinder the implementation of reproductive plans. The obtained data allowed us to formulate conclusions about the factors that hinder the growth of the birth rate in the Russian regions, and possible ways to optimize the situation.
The Phenomenon of Environmental Activism in the Perspective of Sociological Discourse
Authors:   Saratov State Legal Academy, Loginova Larisa , Scheblanova Veronika ,   Saratov State Legal Academy
Published: March 2022

The article presents an analysis of environmental activism through the prism of significant sociological concepts. In the logic of social action theories, environmental activism is understood as proactive, goal-oriented social actions and interactions of citizens and organizations carried out in the interests of solving environmental problems. The emphasis is on self-organization, mobilization and coordination of joint actions of communities carried out to achieve relevant environmental goals. The concept of social justice reveals the connection of environmental activism with the fight against environmental discrimination in society for the expansion of rights to a favorable environment; considers it as a "public environmental resistance" to actions / inactions of government and/or business that lead to environmental degradation, the movement for environmental justice. From the standpoint of the theory of social conflict eco-activism is considered a product of the socio-ecological split in a society based on inequality, a manifestation of the negative effects of the environmental crisis on civic activity, a consequence of high conflict tension due to deep contradictions between the ecological ideal and reality. Within the framework of risk sociology eco-activism is justified by the society's desire to minimize social risks and destructions determined by environmental factors. The analysis of eco-activism through the prism of sociological concepts creates a general idea of the diversity of scientific approaches to the consideration of rapidly changing forms of public participation in the protection of the ecosystem under the influence of the coming digital age. The conclusion is made about the need for an integrative understanding and the study of social eco-activism as proactive goal-oriented collective actions of pro-environmentally minded agents undertaken in order to optimize the relationship between society and nature through positive and destructive social practices of eco-protective participation in the real environment and the Internet space.
The Evolution of the Semantic Perception of the Phenomena and Processes in the Medical and Social Sphere
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Boboshko Artem
Published: March 2022

This article is devoted to the analysis of the evaluation of the semantic perception of the processes in society, which deal with health, medical services, the quality of life in the period of social transformation at the end of 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. The author finds out the main reasons of changing of society attitude to social and personal health. Based on the analysis of social-philosophic approaches towards understanding the value of health and person's attitude to his own life and are revealed dynamic of meanings in medical and social sphere, the sources of the formation of modern concepts of the social significance of health. Having justifyed the versatility of the modern understanding of health, which isn't limited to the studying of the physical condition of the body, but it is also included mental, physic and social well-being, the author relies on the world organization of Health Care (WON), so the health means as a resource of everyday life, not so the health as am. Beyond the boundaries of the definition, those needs remain that are characteristic of a healthy person. In this regard the discussions haven't been stopping around the concept of health and currently, continuing that many concepts, based on different understanding of the essence of health. Health is priceless as a subjective factor, but it has an economic component from the point of view of social protection. According to the author's opinion, these factors prove the need for a new social model of medical services for the population. In the historic context the perception of meanings, related to the health and medical service, was formed by each specific epoch of development, manifesting itself in the ideas of the philosophers. Modern sociological science allows us to identity public opinion about medical-social sphere and based on its analysis, to correct the policy in this area, relying on the knowledge of social needs.
Modern German Philosophical and Sociological Sciences About the “Risk Society”
Authors:   Secondary School Molochnenskaya, Shachin Svyatoslav
Published: March 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the ideas of a number of Austrian and German social philosophers on the problem of social risk, its correlation with danger taking into account the time component of decisions made under conditions of uncertainty. At the same time, it is important for the author to establish clear criteria for distinguishing between what depends on the actions of the person or community and what does not. On the one hand, we can talk about the risk, both justified and unjustified, and on the other hand, we mention the danger. It is the danger that is the opposite of stability, and the risk implies both, new chances and dangers that occur if actions have side effects that were not foreseen by the initiators of the actions. The differences in risk management on the part of those who make decisions and those whose interests are affected by these decisions are also analyzed. While the former may consider the situation as risky, the latter as dangerous due to the fact, that they do not have the ability to influence social processes. However, if decision-makers spread knowledge about the danger, delegate some of the resources and powers to overcome risks to society, then it will gradually learn flexible risk management, which implies a variety (and not rigidly fixed) ways of behavior. The society will also be able to take into account the mobile nature of the border separating risky behavior from dangerous: in what conditions and for whom the risk is justified, and for whom and when the danger occurs. Competent risk management leads to an increase in the reflexivity of society, which implies the creation of a favorable social environment for the spread of creativity. At the same time, each individual faces the task of constantly finding himself and self-development. It is reflexivity and creativity that allow society to get out of the state of stagnation, which is characterized by the primacy of the security mindset.
The Trial of Socrates Like the Struggle of Sophistry and Dialectics
Authors:   Volgograd State Agrarian University, Pechnikov Gennady , Nazarov Sergey ,   Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Smolyakov Peter ,   Volgograd State Agrarian University
Published: March 2022

The article discusses the ideological conflict between the views of the sophists, based on the fact that everything is relative, there is no objective truth and objective dialectical patterns (and the measure is all people) and taught rhetorical art of dispute and winning the case (eristic) and Socrates sharply opposed the absolute relativism of the sophists and proving the existence of objective truth. The article shows the principled position of Socrates in the Athenian court. It is noted that the relativistic views of ancient Greek sophists are reflected in the modern adversary Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, in which the art of speaking, the ability to be stronger, more convincing than its procedural adversary is also important. The authors of the article criticize relativism of the modern adversary criminal process, which denies objective truth and believes that the criminal process with an objectively true concept of legal proceedings is a higher, more advanced type (model) of the criminal process than the competitive (win-loss) process in which the triumph of the right and justice of the strong.