bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sda Blood Group Antigen
Authors: Morton J. A. , Terry A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Material with high Sda blood group activity can be prepared from urine by precipitation with ethanol. Partial separation of substances with Sda and A activity can be effected by gel‐filtration, ultracentrifugation or precipitation with anti‐A serum. Substances with Sda activity are inactivated by acid, alkali and periodate and are partly soluble in phenol.
Co‐occurrence of anti‐Ag and anti‐Australia Antibodies in Transfused Patients
Authors: VIERUCCI A. , BLUMBERG B. S. , MORGANTI G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sera from 158 transfused thalassemic patients have been tested for the presence of anti‐Ag and anti‐Australia antibodies. Twenty per cent of the anti‐Ag sera were found to contain anti‐Au antibodies simultaneously. When these sera are employed in Ag typing of sera from populations and families living in areas with high incidence of Au(1) carriers or from patients with high frequency of Australia antigen, several kinds of errors might occur: (a) erroneously high frequency of apparently Ag reactors; (b) possibility of scoring as illegitimate Au(1) children from Ag(‐) × Ag(‐) matings; (c) apparently new specificities in the Ag system.

All these possible errors have been considered studying the distribution of the Ag(x), (z), and (y) factors in 120 Down's syndrome patients and in Ag(‐) × Ag(‐) matings the offspring of which included a Down's syndrome child.

The use of these antisera in Au(1) screening may lead to the detection of ‘false’ positives.

Methods are suggested to avoid such errors.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Red Cell Agglutination
Authors: VAN OSS C. J. , MOHN J. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Scanning electron micrography of red cells agglutinated by various blood group antibodies has shown that the agglutinates formed are of two completely different morphologic types. Type I, obtained with anti‐A sera (IgM and IgG) as well as with anti‐A1 lectin, consists of interlaced, crenated and spiculated cells, while type II, obtained with anti‐D sera (complete and incomplete) consists of densely but randomly packed smooth, discoid cells. Papain treatment results in indented, spheroid cells with a much corroded surface. Coombs‐type antiglobulin agglutinates consist of spheroid cells, the coating of which tends to form a continuous envelope, interconnecting several cells. The influence of heterogeneic and of viral agglutinins is also illustrated.
Human Erythrocyte Membranes: Effect of Lipid Extraction on Binding of IgG (‘Warm’) Autoantibodies and Rh Isoantibodies1
Authors: LEDDY J. P. , WHITTEMORE N. B. , WEED R. I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Solubilized membrane glycoprotein derived from human erythrocytes by extraction in aqueous butanol lost all detectable capacity to bind γG (‘warm’) autoantibodies, whether the latter exhibited ‘Rh‐related’ or undefined serologic specificities. The same membrane glycoprotein, previously shown to retain A, B and H antigenic activities, also displayed complete loss of binding capacity for anti‐D (Rho), anti‐C (rh′), anti‐E (rh″), anti‐c (hr′) and anti‐e (hr″) isoantibodies.
The SdaBlood Group Antigen in Tissues and Body Fluids
Authors: MORTON J. A. , PICKLES M. M. , TERRY A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In man the Sdaantigen is present in most secretions with the greatest concentration in urine. There is little difference in the amount of Sdasubstance in the urine of newborn infants, pregnant women and normal adults but there is a much greater amount in the saliva of newborn infants than in adults. Approximately half the people whose red cells group as Sd(a‐) secrete Sdasubstance in the urine. Anti‐Sdaantibody is present in 50% of Sd(a‐) non‐secretors of Sdasubstance, though most of these antibodies only react with the strongest Sd(a +) cells. The greatest Sdaactivity has been found in human meconium, guinea pig urine and guinea pig kidney. Activity can be detected in the urine of many animal species. The kidneys of 5 bird species did not contain Sda.
The Blood Group Antigen Diain Japanese and Its Independence of the ABH Secretor System1
Authors: ISEKI S. , MASAKI S. , FURUKAWA K. , LAMBERT R. M. , MOHN J. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a study of Japanese families, the blood group antigen Diahas been shown to be inherited independently of the ABH secretor system.
A Method for the Preservation of Human Blood Group Erythrocyte Antigens in Liquid Nitrogen for a Test Cell Panel1
Authors: MOHN J. F. , BOWMAN H. S. , CUNNINGHAM R. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modification of Krijnen's cryopreservation method, using low intracellular concentrations of 17.5% glycerol and extracellular 4% sorbitol as additives, has been developed for liquid nitrogen freezing of small volumes of erythrocytes for a test cell panel. A technique for their subsequent successful storage in sterile, dextrose‐electrolyte maintenance solution (CP‐2) at 4°C after recovery is presented. By these procedures, the mean recovery of red cells after lytic losses from freezing and thawing injury was 94.1%. The manipulations involved in transferring, mixing and resuspending the red cells removed an additional 11.1–16.2%, resulting in an overall recovery of 80.5% for serologic tests. Less than 3% of the cells exhibited cumulative lysis at seven days maintenance in CP‐2 solution at 4°C, and the blood group antigens examined remained as potent as those in sterile, fresh ACD blood.
The Definition of Two I Antigen Components1
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Nichols Margaret E. , Reid Marion E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The I blood group antigen has two main components named IFetal (IF) and IDeveloped (Id). The IF component is present on all human red cells including those of icord and iadult persons, and also on Rhesus monkey red cells. The ID component develops slowly on the red cells before birth and to a greater extent in the 18 months after birth. Inhibition studies with human milk show that strongly‐inhibitable anti‐I sera are of the anti‐ID variety, but only a minority of such sera are inhibitable. Comparative studies on the red cells of 12 newborn infants suggest that the same sequence of I antigen development occurs in them all, but different infants vary in the amount of I development that they have achieved at the time of birth. I antigen variants affect mainly the ID component, and it is this part of the antigen that may be weakened on the red cells of people with leukemia.
Studies on New HL‐A Antigens of the First Segregant Series1
Authors: Jeannet M. , Vassalli P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Population and family studies are reported showing that W 19 (equivalent designations: Li, LA‐W, Thompson, AO 28) belonging to the first segregant series, is heterogeneous and is probably composed of at least two and possibly four different specificities. One of them, designated as GE 33, is defined by two sera from multiparous women; another AO 28 is defined by serum THA from Amos and serum Thompson from Walford. Two additional specificities provisionally designated as LC 26.1 and LC 26.2 are less clearly defined by multispecific sera included in the last Histocompatibility Workshop. The existence of cross‐reactions between different HL‐A antigens of the same segregant series considerably complicates the accurate definition of new antigens. Other already known HL‐A antigens will probably have to be split into different ‘parts’, further increasing the already considerable polymorphism of the HL‐A system.
Automated Red Cell Antibody Analysis. A Parallel Study
Authors: Perrault R. , Högman C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A parallel study of red cell antibodies was undertaken using two well‐known AutoAnalyzer techniques: the bromelin‐methylcellulose (BMC) method as described by Marsh, and the low‐ionic strength‐Polybrene (LISP) technique of Lalezari. In the present study, minor modifications were made to both methods, without changing the basic principle of antibody detection. The results obtained in this parallel study were compared to standard manual techniques. Screening of 13,135 sera gave 8.7% positive reactions. Of these, 22% were identified manually as being caused by red cell antibodies. Further antibodies could be identified by the machine [described elsewhere].

The sensitivity of the automated methods was generally higher than manual techniques, about 12 times for the BMC and 70 times for the LISP method. Anti‐s,‐Fya,‐Jka,‐Jkb, and‐K were less sensitively detected by the BMC than the most appropriate manual method in a test of 14 commercial typing sera. In no case was the LISP less sensitive than manual techniques. However, hemolyzing antibodies can be missed in rare instances. Anti‐D was found at a lower sensitivity level of 20–50 ng/ml with the indirect antiglobulin technique, 5–15 ng/ml with the two‐stage papain technique, 24 ng/ml with the BMC method and 0.2–0.4 ng/ml with the LISP method. Some weak anti‐D's (5%) reacted more strongly in the BMC than LISP. When anti‐D preparations used for Rh prophylaxis were quantitated with both methods, the results agreed well.
Auto‐Immune Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Anti‐U
Authors: Nugent Mary E. , Colledge Katharine I. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of warm antibody auto‐immune hemolytic anemia is described in which the serum antibody, and an eluate from the patient's red cells, both had anti‐U specificity. The antibody did not react with Rhnull red cells, and gave weaker reactions with ‐D‐ red cells than with other U‐positive red cells. Five other anti‐U sera were tested in comparative titrations and some of these also reacted more weakly against ‐D‐ red cells than against red cells having common Rh phenotypes.
Immunogenetic Studies of Rhesus Monkeys1
Authors: Duggleby C. R. , Stone W. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using a colony of nearly 1,000 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at the University of Wisconsin Primate Research Center, we have established the first clear‐cut blood group system in this species. By isoimmunization and absorption, 4 specific blood typing reagents (saline agglutinins) were produced. Each reagent detects a Mendelian dominant trait belonging to a single blood group system, called the G‐system. The G‐system consists of 4 alleles (Gl, G2, G3 and G4), 7 phenotypes and 10 genotypes. The factors G1, G2 and G3 behave as linear sub‐types. Another reagent, G‐4D, reacts only with homozygous genotypes (G4/G4). This blood group system provides extremely useful markers for a variety of anthropologic and genetic studies in primates.
A, B and H Blood Group Specificities in Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Fractions of Human Erythrocyte Membrane. Absence of Blood Group Active Glycoproteins in the Membranes of Non‐Secretors
Authors: Gardas A. , Kościelak J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood group A‐, B‐ and H‐activities were studied in glycolipid and glycoprotein fractions of human erythrocyte stroma derived from secretors and non‐seeretors. A‐ and B‐ but not H‐specificities were detected in stroma glycolipids irrespective of the secretor status of blood donors. On the other hand A‐, B‐ and H‐specificities in glycoprotein fractions of stroma were present only in erythrocytes of secretors. Glycoprotein extracts of stroma of non‐secretors did not contain A‐ and B‐specificity.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Hepatitis Screening Tests1
Authors: Miller W. V. , Watson L. E. , Holland P. V. , Walsh J. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Seven simple, rapid teats were performed on each of 556 units of blood given to 35 patients who had open heart surgery. Seventeen patients completed the 6‐month observation period and 6 developed evidence of hepatitis. Blood from commercial donors was much more likely to transmit hepatitis than blood from volunteer donors. The HIM test and Icto test were of little value as hepatitis screening tests. Mean SGOT and IgG values were higher in commercial donors than in noncommercial donors, and were higher in the hepatitis group than the non‐hepatitis group. All patients who received Australia antigen‐positive units of blood developed hepatitis, but the number was too small to be statistical significance. Furthermore, 4 patients who received only blood negative for Australia antigen developed posttransfusion hepatitis. SGOT and IgG determinations of sera from a new donor population can be used to compare the risk of hepatitis transmission of that population to a second known population; but, with the probable exception of Australia antigen determination, none of our tests, individually or combined, were of use in excluding single donors.
Water Soluble I Blood Group Substance in the Secretions of Rhesus Monkeys1
Authors: Chiewsilp P. , Colledge Katherine I. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Water soluble I blood group substance is present in the milk and saliva of rhesus monkeys, but the antigen is not present on their red cells. The AB and I group antigens thus have a parallel distribution on the cells and in the secretions of these animals. The results support the conclusion of other workers that the ABO and I group antigens are closely interrelated.
E Red Cell System in Pigs: Irregular Genetic Transmission1
Authors: Baker L.N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three pigs exhibiting unexpected E blood group phenotypes prompted family studies and special matings as a means of elucidation. Evidence is presented for 2 new alleles, Eabg (E10) and Eadbg (E11). A rearrangement of the theoretical alignment of the genetic units controlling the E system is proposed to accommodate the observed phenotypes. Recombination frequencies at 2 points within the complex E locus are estimated to be 0.20 and 0.04 %.
The HL‐A Antigen, LND (‐W15)
Authors: Thorsby E. , Weerdt C. M. van der , Joysey V. C.
Published: March 2009

Further studies of the specificity LND of the 2nd HL‐A series are presented. The antigen can now be fairly well‐recognized by several closely correlated antisera, which is encouraging for histocompatibility testing since the antigen is quite frequent.
Lifespan of Preserved Red Cells1
Authors: Szymanski I.O. , Valeri C.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Forty‐four long‐term red cell survival studies were performed in 39 patients, the majority of whom had either traumatic injuries or carcinoma. With the aid of a computer, the lifespan and the rate of random destruction of preserved red cells were estimated in each recipient.

The 24‐hour survival was a satisfactory measurement of the percent of viable red cells in the transfusion. The mean red cell lifespan (97 days) was not affected by either the method of preservation (liquid or freeze preservation) or the length of storage at +4 or — 80°C. Accelerated linear removal of red cells was seen in severely injured patients; improved red cell survival was associated with improvement in the recipient's health. The correlation between the lifespan of transfused red cells and the recipient's general health suggests that the decreased long‐term survival noted in these recipients was produced by some extracorpuscular ‘toxic’ factor.
Anti‐D Concentration in Mother and Child in Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Ellis M. Ivona J. , Walker W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The relationship between the maternal anti‐D concentration measured in μg/ml at full term, the amount of anti‐D in the baby and the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn was studied in 18 mother‐infant pairs. The amount of anti‐D in the baby varies between 2 and 30% of that in the mother and it is concluded that the rate of active transfer of anti‐D across the placenta is the rate limiting step in the reaction between anti‐D and foetal red cells. It is suggested that there is variation in the rate of placental transfer between individual mothers and that this is a factor in determining the severity of the disease. The results also suggest that measurement of maternal antibody in μg/ml rather than antiglobulin titre will not improve the accuracy of ante‐natal assessment of severity of the disease.
Identification of Further Antigens on Red Cells and Lymphocytes
Authors: Morton J. A. , Pickles M. M. , Sutton L. , Skov F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antigenic sites of Bgb and Bgc specificity are present on lymphocytes as well as on red cells. The Bgb group has been correlated with the W17 (Te57) white cell group, and the Bgc with the W28 (Da15, Ba*) antigen. Both haemagglutinating and cytotoxic antibodies can be absorbed by either red or white cells, though cross‐reactivity was shown by many white cells. A haemagglutinin reacting with HL‐A10 positive donors was found in some multispecific antisera. All these groups show weaker reactions with red cells than with lymphocytes.
Observations on a Haemagglutinin from the Freshwater Mussel Anodonta anatina
Authors: Pemberton R.T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Whole‐body extracts of the bivalve Anodonta anatina gave apparent non‐specific agglutination with enzyme treated human erythrocytes, but a decreasing gradient of agglutination became evident of the order OI, BI, A2BI, A2I, (A3I, AxI, OhI), A1BI, A1I, adult ii, cord ii cells, suggesting an anti‐I specificity.

The agglutinin was inhibited by galactose and its oligosaccharides, particularly lactose and stachyose.

Absorption tests with different red cell types, inhibition tests with salivas and simple sugars, and the effect of different cations, suggested the presence of additional agglutinins in the extract.
Serum Antigens of Cattle
Authors: Blakeslee D. , Stone W.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cattle sera can be conveniently assayed for the presence of haptoglobin (Hp) using specific precipitating rabbit antiserum. Hp is usually undetectable in the sera of normal, healthy cattle, but may appear and last for several days in response to mild, often undetectable, physiologic stresses. The cattle Hp molecule has a molecular weight of 106 or more and may exist as a polymeric series. No evidence of polymorphism was obtained.
In vitro Potency Results from a Collaborative Study of Rh0(D) Immune Globulin Reference Preparation
Authors: ESPOSITO V. M. , PAUL E. B. , SELIGMANN E. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A number of investigators using various modifications of automated, radio‐immune, and anti‐γ globulin methods assayed the anti‐Rh0(D) content of a preparation of Rh0(D) immune globulin. A correlation of the results from the various assays could not be established. The results of this collaborative study demonstrated that it is not possible at this time to assign a unit value (antibody concentration) to a preparation of Rh0(D) immune globulin.
The Influence of Leukocyte and Thrombocyte Incompatibility on Non‐Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: THULSTRUP H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigation of sera from 274 patients with febrile transfusion reactions demonstrated leukocyte agglutinating antibodies in 48.9%. lymphocytotoxic antibodies in 54.0%, thrombocyte agglutinating antibodies in 19.3% and thrombocyte complement‐fixing antibodies in 23.0%.

Matching of the sera from 39 of these patients with leukocytes and platelets of the donors whose blood had actually caused the reactions, demonstrated incompatibility to either leukocytes or thrombocytes in all cases.

By examination of sera from 84 patients with urticarial transfusion reactions, leukocyte agglutinating antibodies were found in 25.0%, lymphocytotoxic antibodies in 27.4%, thrombocyte agglutinating antibodies in 16.7% and thrombocyte complement‐fixing antibodies in 9.5%. Based upon statistical calculations it was concluded, however, that white cell and/or platelet antibodies most unlikely are causally related to urticarial transfusion reactions.

Since 93 (53%) of 174 patients with reports of earlier transfusion reactions were found to develop new transfusion reactions following further transfusion of whole blood, it was concluded, that the administration of leukocyte poor blood is well indicated at least in all cases of febrile transfusion reactions in which white cell antibodies can be demonstrated.
Micro Complement Fixation with Platelets
Authors: HEINRICH D. , MUELLER‐ECKHARDT CH.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The influence of pH, antiserum titre, platelet number and incubation time on micro complement fixation with platelets was systematically analyzed. Based on these experiments, a modification of the micro complement fixation technique with platelets is submitted which guarantees optimal sensitivity of the microtest.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: BLAKESLEE DENNIS , STONE W. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The coating of J‐negative erythrocytes in vitro by soluble J substance of cattle serum was inhibited by a factor called ‘blocker’ that was found in serum. In over 200 cattle tested, the blocker behaved as a lipoid substance that could be removed from serum by extraction with polar organic solvents. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the coating of autologous erythrocytes in vivo was a function of both the concentration of blocker and of J substance in serum. Depending upon the interaction of these 2 variables, the various phenotypic classes of the J blood group system are determined.
The Rare Kell Blood Group Phenotype K° in a Japanese Family1
Authors: Hamilton H.B. , Nakahara Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The rare Kell blood group phenotype K° was detected in a Japanese male when his red cells failed to agglutinate in either anti‐K or anti‐k. Further testing showed that his cells, and those of a brother, did not react with anti‐Kpa, Kpb, Ku, Jss or Jsb, but did react with Claasen serum from a rare Dutch phenotype in the Kell system. The sera of the propositus and his brother had no antibodies to any of the Kell antigens. The observed frequency of the K° phenotype in over 14,000 Japanese is 0.000069, similar to that in Caucasoid populations.
Anti‐Lu4: A New Antibody Related to the Lutheran Blood Group System1
Authors: Bove J. R. , Allen F. H. , Chiewsilp P. , Marsh W. L. , Cleghorn T. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody, named anti‐Lu4, has been discovered, that reacts with a high frequency red cell antigen. The antibody does not react with dominant or recessive Lu(a‐b‐) red cells or with the red cells of the propositus and two of her five siblings. Because the propositus and her sibs are all Lu(a‐b+), anti‐Lu4 cannot be the same as anti‐LuaLub. Attempts to identify a low frequency allele to Lu4 were unsuccessful. The results suggest that Lua, Lub and Lu4 have a common precursor.
Studies on Lectins with a Broad Agglutination Spectrum
Authors: Uhlenbruck G. , Dahr W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A detailed report on the specificity of five anti‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine lectins from seeds of Soja hispida, Bauhinia purpurea, Iberis amara, Moluccella laevis and Vicia graminea is given. Dissimilarities with respect to the combining site are elucidated by haemagglutination inhibition tests. Finally, a comparison with other heterophile N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine specific agglutinins is presented.
The Influence of Leukocyte and Thrombocyte Incompatibility on Non‐Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Thulstrup H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a prospective investigation on the transfusion of blood to 209 patients, a distinct difference was found between the frequency of leuko‐agglutinins and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of patients with reported febrile transfusion reactions and patients without. No such difference, however, was demonstrated concerning thrombocyte agglutinins and thrombocyte complement‐fixing antibodies.

A significant difference was found between the incidence of transfusion reactions in patients with leukocyte antibodies in their sera and in patients without.

If sera from patients with reported transfusion reactions were matched against leukocytes and trombocytes of the respective donors, incompatibility was demonstrated in all cases.

Minor incompatibility was found to be a most unlikely cause of transfusion reactions in this material.

The results of our study are thus confirming the concept that leukocyte incompatibility is causually related to febrile transfusion reactions, whereas evidence concerning the influence of thrombocyte incompatibility still is too small to be conclusive.
Blood Group Antibodies in Salmonidae Roe
Authors: Todd G.M.
Published: March 2009

Extracts from roe of female brown trout, rainbow trout, seatrout and salmon are found to give reactions of saline agglutinating anti‐B with human red cells. Some trout roe also contain saline agglutinating anti‐A and/or anti‐AB.
A Method for Preparing Buffy Coat‐Poor Blood for Transfusion: A Modification
Authors: Goldmann S. F. , Heiss F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Transplant recipients previously sensitized to leukocytes and platelets by pregnancy and transfusion are subject to hyperacute allograft rejection after transplantation. Current methods for preparing buffy coat‐poor blood for transfusion utilize differential centrifugation, filtration of heparinized whole blood, or sedimentation of the red blood cells in the presence of dextran. The average removal of leukocytes with these methods is 70–85%. The procedure described in the present paper increases leukocyte and platelet removal to 96% by passing blood that has been sedimented in the presence of dextran through nylon fibre filters. It is suggested that the technique is an effective method for preparation of buffy coat‐poor blood for prospective allograft recipients.
On the Specificity of Various Heterologous Anti‐H Hemagglutinins1
Authors: Matsumoto I. , Osawa T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Inhibition assays against various anti‐H hemagglutinins were undertaken utilizing oligosaccharides from human milk, various aryl β‐D‐glycosides, blood group substances and their cnzymic hydrolysis products. While anti‐H hemagglutinins can be subdivided into two groups, eel serum‐type and Cytisus‐type hemagglutinins, on the basis of inhibition assays with simple sugars such as L‐fucose and di‐N‐acetylchitobiose, evidence for differences of specificity even among the same group of hemagglutinins is presented and discussed.
The Purification of Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen (HAA/SH/AU) from Human Serum and the Preparation of a Sheep Anti‐HAA Serum
Authors: Duimel W. J. M. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HAA was obtained from a pool of HAA‐containing sera. The purification consisted of the following steps:

Extraction with Freon, adsorption on and elution from Aerosil and gel filtration on a Sepharose 4B column.

After purification, the presence of the HAA was demonstrated in the macro‐Ouchterlony. The purity was tested by immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion.

Sheep were immunized with the purified HAA. In the macro‐Ouchterlony, the presence of anti‐HAA antibodies in the adsorbed sheep serum was demonstrated as a single precipitation line, identical with our human HAA anti‐HAA precipitation line.

The anti‐HAA sheep serum was tested with good results against the HAA panel of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
Study of Serum Antiglobulin of Maternal Origin Present in Hydropic Forms in utero of Haemolytic Disease During Rh Immunization
Authors: Bierme S. , Abbal M. , Blanc M. , de Boissezon J. F. , Ducos J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of antiglobulin which is not inhibitable by the human native γ‐globulins was studied in serum of pregnant women immunized by the Rho factor. This antiglobulin is quite constantly present when the fetus is affected by an hydropic form of haemolytic disease. It is inhibited by the autologous or homologous γ‐globulin, fixed on red blood cells. It is re‐attached to γM globulin class and its specific antigenic support seems to be an antigenic determinant on the anti‐Rho γG globulins revealed during their fixation on the red blood cells or during their artificial aggregation. This antiglobulin can form with anti‐Rho γ‐globulin a complex using the complement and thus giving in vivo, in the fetus, a release of anaphylactoid substances.
Hemoglobin G Chinese in Chinese Subjects in Taiwan
Authors: Blackwell R. Q. , Weng M.‐I. , Liu C.‐S. , Shih T.‐B. , Wang C.‐L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hemoglobin G Chinese, obtained from Chinese subjects in Singapore, Honolulu, and Hong Kong, was shown by Swenson, Hill, Lehmann and Jim [J. biol. Chem. 237: 1517–1520 (1962)] to be an α‐chain variant in which glutamine replaces the glutamyl group normally located at position α‐30. The same variant has now been found in 7 unrelated Chinese subjects on Taiwan. From the present studies, the incidence of Hemoglobin G Chinese in Chinese subjects in Taiwan is estimated to be approximately 5/100,000.
Further Examples of Miltenberger Cell Class V, One of them Inherited with a Depressed M Antigen
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas‐Bühler Dr.M. , Heiken Dr.A. , Vamosi M. , Ikin Dr.E. W. , BULL W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The association of a variant N with a ‘new’ antigenic type of the Miltenberger sub‐system, the first example of which was described recently, has been found in three further non‐related persons. The ‘new’ Miltenberger type, Cell Class V, is defined by the reactions Vw‐ (Mi(a‐) Mur‐ Hil+, for which the ‘shortland’ symbol Mi · V is proposed. The N variant is characterized by fair to normal reactions with rabbit and Vicia graminea, but weak or negative reactions with most human anti‐N reagents. The responsible gene complex, NsMi · V, also gives rise to a variant s antigen, which reacts exaggeratedly with most anti‐s sera by the antiglobulin method, and not at all with one anti‐s in saline.

The first example of the gene complex MsMi ·xs V is described, which gives rise to variant M and s, whose reactivity is quite analogous to the variant N and s observed in the other cases. The findings are discussed, in particular with regard to their bearing on the interrelationship between so‐called satellites and the main antigens of the MNSs system.
Distribution of Some of the HL‐A System Lymphocyte Antigens in Mexicans
Authors: Gorodezky Clara , Escobar‐Gutiérrez A. , Salazar‐Mallén M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocytes from 372 normal Mexican adults were tested for the presence of seven HL‐A antigens, using specific cytotoxic antisera donated by the N1H. The results show a different pattern between the Mestizo and the Indian population particularly for HL‐A2, HL‐A5 and HL‐A8. Among the three Indian groups there are also differences that are in relation with their racial origin.
Agglutination of Normal, Coated and Enzyme‐Treated Human Spermatozoa with Heterophile Agglutinins
Authors: Uhlenbruck G. , Herrmann W. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood group‐specific heterophile agglutinins from plants and snails permit to distinguish between sperm cells of different blood groups. Whereas lectins from numerous plants are able to agglutinate human spermatozoa irrespective of the donor's blood group, the anti‐A from Helix pomatia reacts only with sperm cells from secretors with blood group A. After treatment with neuraminidase, however, O‐type spermatozoa are also agglutinated by the Helix pomatia agglutinin because N‐acetyl‐dgalactosamine groups become available after removal of neuraminic acid. Non‐treated O‐type spermatozoa were successfully coated with different forms of blood group A substance. The glycoprotein types of the A‐substance were found to coat reversibly, the glycolipid and lipopolysaccharide coated irreversibly.
Four Examples of the S‐s‐U‐Phenotype in an Indian Family
Authors: Moores P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four Natal Indians with the S‐s‐U‐ phenotype represent the first recorded examples outside the Negro race. The propositus had anti‐c and anti‐U in her serum but her CcDee U+ infant was only mildly affected by haemolytic disease of the newborn. There was no consanguinity in the family, and no evidence of Negroid genes.

Dosage studies with anti‐S and anti‐s showed that only single doses of S or s accompanied the u allele.
ABO Incompatibility and its Effects on Body Iron Contents
Authors: Okuno T. , Valaitis J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The correlation between iron content of the liver and ABO incompatiblity was evaluated by histological examinations of stillborn and neonatal infants. ABO‐ incompatible infants had significantly higher iron content than ABO compatible infants. This study offered histological evidence of increased hemolysis in ABO‐incompatible infants even though clinically no such symptoms existed.
A Study of the Characteristics of Certain Rh Antibodies Preferentially Detectable by Enzyme Technique
Authors: Casey F. M. , Dodd B. E. , Lincoln P. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antibodies of various specificities which share the property of reacting by enzyme technique but either weakly or not at all by antiglobulin have been studied. They are found to occur among both IgG and IgM immunoglobulins. They are able to effect a positive antiglobulin reaction after being ‘built up’ by the formation of a globulin‐antiglobulin lattice on the red cells. In general the IgG antibodies require more ‘build‐up’ than the IgM. Various reasons for the failure of these antibodies to be detected by the antiglobulin technique as it is normally performed, are discussed.
Cyclical Variations in Anti‐Rh Titer Detected by Automatic Quantitative Hemagglutination1
Authors: Rubinstein P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Daily determination of the anti‐Rh1 concentration in the serum of 10 volunteers revealed that in 6 of them cyclical variations were present. In all cases, the period was very similar. The decrease of antibody in the downward phase averaged from 3 to 7% per day, being approximately constant for each case. This is felt to represent catabolic removal of antibody IgG. The findings are interpreted in terms of feedback regulation of the antibody response, and it is postulated that a time‐dependent sensor mechanism may be operative, since in all cases the period of the cycle was the same.
The Duffy Blood Group System in Caucasians.
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita H. , Chown B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Duffy blood group phenotypes of 554 random, unrelated, Caucasian families and 1,492 of their children are reported. The gene frequencies calculated from the parental phenotypes are Fyx 0.424, Fyb 0.560, Fyx 0.015 and Fy 0.001. A second example of phenotype Fyx (almost certainly FyxFyx) is included.
Apparent Depression of Antigens of the Kell Blood Group System Associated with Autoimmune Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Seyfried Halina , Górska Barbara , Maj S. , Sylwestrowicz T. , Giles Carolyn M. , Goldsmith K. L. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case is reported of a young male patient who developed autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. During the acute phase, anti‐Kpb was detected in his serum and his antigens of the Kell system were markedly depressed. On remission, the antibody disappeared and the Kell antigens were normally expressed.
The Use of Ulex europaeus and Dolichos biflorus Extracts in Routine ABO Grouping of Blood Donors in Thailand.
Authors: Sringarm Sommai , Chupungart Chutamard , Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Six unrelated examples of Ohm, Ahm and Bhm have been detected in the Thai population by including Ulex anti‐H in ABO grouping. Dolichos anti‐A1 detected Cad(+) samples amongst the O and B donors to give a frequency of 0.26%.
Lambda Cold Agglutinin with Anti‐A1 Specificity in a Patient with Reticulosarcoma
Authors: Rochant H. , Tonthat H. , Etievant Marie Francoise , Intrator Liliane , Sylvestre R. , Dreyfus B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Erythrocyte auto‐antibodies may be associated with lymphomas. We report a case of reticulosarcoma in a patient of A1 blood group phenotype whose direct Coombs test was positive with anti‐IgM and anti‐complement antiglobulins. In serum, a cold antibody of IgM type was detected, which exhibited a monoclonal pattern with Λ‐light chains. Moreover, it was shown to display an unusual auto‐anti‐A1 specificity.
Preparation of Human IgA as By‐Product of Routine Fractionation
Authors: Pejaudier L. , Audran R. , Steinbuch M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. IgA is prepared from fraction III by a variety of techniques, the most suitable being the extraction of the paste with distilled water, precipitation of the bulk of proteins with caprylic acid, and batch adsorption of IgA on DEAE‐cellulose at pH 5.7 (0.015 m acetate buffer), elution being achieved with 0.09 m acetate buffer. The purified protein contains no IgM, but some IgG (2±1%), the yield being 0.4–0.6 g/100 g paste of fraction III.
Use of the HL‐A Antigen System in Disputed Paternity Cases1, 2
Authors: Jeannet M. , Hässig A. , Bernheim J.
Published: March 2009

22 HL‐A antigens have been determined in 50 cases of disputed paternity. The chances of exclusion for each HL‐A antigen and for the whole system have been calculated. The HL‐A system represents the most potent system now available for paternity testing.
Cytotoxic Action of Pig Anti‐A Erythrocyte Antibodies
Authors: Simon M. , Hruban V.
Published: March 2009

Pig A blood group antigen was demonstrated on pig lymphocytes using the cytotoxic test. The typing of immune anti‐A sera in the haemolytic test (against erythrocytes) and in the cytotoxic test (against lymphocytes obtained from the same animals) showed that reactions of both antibody families were identical. The results were confirmed by absorption studies.
The Cell‐Washing Centrifuge — a New Aid in Blood Group Serology
Authors: Dale I.
Published: March 2009

A cell‐washing centrifuge for the antiglobulin test is tested in practical work. The washing effect is compared with that of manual washing. The different sources of error and deficient performance are described. The amount of red cells which can be washed is investigated. Controls for detecting failure in the washing procedure are suggested.
Blood Viscosity, Erythrocyte Aggregation, and Recovery from an Experimental Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P. , Marti B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Following a standardized hemorrhagic shock, a total of 70 rabbits were infused with washed autologous erythrocytes suspended in different dextran and gelatin preparations with varying rheological properties, the effects of which on metabolic recovery from the shock state were studied. The only significant finding was an inhibited recovery of the arterial pH 3 and 6 h after infusion of 0.64 g/kg dextran 500,000, which accelerated the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to 131 mm/60 min and simultaneously increased whole blood viscosity to a value equalling a hematocrit of 78% in an otherwise normal animal. Two conclusions are drawn: first, the theoretically unfavorable rheological properties of commercially available plasma substitutes based on dextran (increased plasma viscosity) and on gelatin (accelerated ESR) are insignificant compared to their volume replacement effects; second, the rheological perturbations induced in other studies with 1.0 g/kg dextran 1,000,000 are beyond the physiologically and clinically relevant range.
Warm Haemolysins Active against Trypsinized Red Cells
Authors: Heistø H. , Jensen Leila , Knuds F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The stability of the warm haemolysins active against trypsinized red cells was studied during storage at ‐30°C for three months. No loss of activity was observed Possible in vivo fluctuations were studied by examining samples taken daily over a period of one month. It is concluded that the fluctuations sometimes observed when testing for warm haemolysins are not in vivo fluctuations but may be caused by differences in the trypsin treatment.
Development of Large‐Scale Fractionation Methods
Authors: Wickerhauser M. , Sgouris J. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for large‐scale isolation of prothrombin complex from Cohn fraction III by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and DEAE‐cellulose. Residual thrombin and active factor X were irreversibly inactivated in the prothrombin complex preparation by the addition of heparin and cofactor, which in turn was isolated from Cohn fraction IV by means of Al(OH)3 and ammonium sulfate.

By this method a prothrombin complex preparation was obtained which was concentrated 29‐fold over plasma in factor IX activity, with a 59‐fold purification. The other three clotting factors were concentrated 17–51‐fold with 36–106‐fold purification. These concentrates met all the DBS requirements for human factor IX complex.

The presence of activated factor IX and its inactivation during the stabilization step are postulated from the activity diagrams obtained by preparative acrylamide disc electrophoresis of prothrombin complex before and after addition of cofactor and heparin.

Partial separation of antithrombin III and heparin cofactor activities was observed following fractionation of our cofactor by preparative disc electrophoresis.

Isoelectric focusing failed to separate individual clotting factors of the prothrombin complex.
Extraction and Partial Purification of Blood Group Substances A, B and H from Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Liotta I. , Quintiliani M. , Quintiliani Lucia , Buzzonetti Anna , Giuliani Elena
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Materials with blood group activity A, B and H have been obtained from erythrocyte stroma by phenol extraction and subsequent purification by chromatography on Sephadex G‐200 and ultracentrifugation at 180,000 g for 4 h.

The final materials contain carbohydrates, protein and lipids, have a specific activity similar to that of the glycolipids extracted from erythrocyte stroma by other workers, and are found not to be homogeneous on ultracentrifugal analysis. Treatment with 0.5% SDS results in the reduction of the average particle size and in the appearance of new units which sediment homogeneously.

However, in the presence of SDS the greatest part of the specific activity is lost, while extraction with butanol drastically reduces the A1 specific activity and to some extent the B activity has no influence on the A and probably none on the H activity.
Droplet‐Frozen Sensitized Red Cells for Gm Typing1
Authors: Rowe A. W. , Borel Halina , Allen F. H.
Published: March 2009

Summary

Detection of Gm and Inv Types has been enhanced by the use of frozen red cells. After sensitization, red cells are frozen as discrete droplets by spraying onto liquid nitrogen (‐196°C). Only the quantity of cells necessary for a Gm or Inv test needs to be thawed. The remaining frozen sensitized red cell droplets will retain their antigenicity for years.
Development of Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Oh J. H. , Gault M. H. , Helle S. J. , Dossetor J. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A study was made as to the time of development of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in uremic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Forty‐one subjects, who did not have such antibodies at the beginning of the treatment, were followed for periods of 3 to 18 months. Each patient was dialyzed twice a week and at each dialysis was exposed to at least 2 units of whole blood, which were used chiefly to prime the dialysis coil. Monthly serum samples were examined for lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The frequency of antibody development in these patients was found to be 0% at 3 months, 17,5% at 6 months, 38.6% at 1 year and 59.6% at 1½2 years from the commencement of hemodialysis.
Catfish Antibodies to Blood Group Substances: II. Cross‐Reacting Anti‐A and B Antibodies
Authors: Baldo B. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A sample of normal serum and some anti‐B secretor saliva antiserum, both obtained from the Australian freshwater catfish Tandanus tandanus Mitchell, were used in haemagglutination inhibition experiments with human secretor and non‐secretor fluids, blood group substances and some simple sugars. These experiments, together with immunodiffusion studies, clearly showed that the sera examined contained antibodies reacting with both the A and B, but not with the H, blood group antigens.

The results obtained are discussed with particular reference to the findings and speculations of others who have studied such cross‐reacting antisera.
Serological Studies on some Freshwater Fishes: Examination for ABH Erythrocyte‐Specific Serum Agglutinins
Authors: Baldo B. A. , Llewellyn L. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Haemagglutination studies showed that sera of some species of freshwater fishes contained high titres of agglutinins with specificities directed toward the ABH blood group antigens. The significance and potential usefulness of serological studies with these freshwater fishes is discussed with particular reference to: (1) the possibility of using certain fish sera as anti‐A, anti‐B, cross‐reacting anti‐A and B and anti‐H blood group reagents, and (2) the potential of some freshwater fish species as laboratory animals for the production of anti‐carbohydrate antibodies.
Electrophoretic Precipitation and Radial Diffusion Methods for Assay of Anti‐D Immunoglobulin Preparations
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Gardner Brigitte
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The measurement of anti‐D concentration has been carried out by two immunoprecipitation techniques utilizing sonicated D‐antigen‐containing stroma suspended in agarose. One method utilizes single radial immunodiffusion; in the other method, anti‐D is moved into the agarose by electrophoresis. The results obtained form both immunoprecipitation techniques were compared to those obtained by a standard 125I‐antiglobulin method. The coefficient of variation of the difference between the results obtained by immunoprecipitation and those obtained from the 125I‐antiglobulin method were ±14% for the electrophoretic method and ±16% for the radial diffusion method.
A New Anti‐Erythrocyte Antibody in the Duffy System: Anti‐Fy4
Authors: Behzad O. , Lee C. L. , Gavin J. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new Duffy antibody, designated anti‐Fy4, was found to react with all samples of type Fy(a‐b‐), some of type Fy(a‐b+) and Fy(a+b‐), and none of type Fy(a+b+).
Serological Studies on the Pr1/Pr2 Antigens using Dog Erythrocytes.
Authors: Roelcke D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A heterogeneity of the Pr1 antigen is demonstrated using dog erythrocytes: Pr1h/Pr1d. Pr1h is human erythrocyte‐specific while Pr1d is also found on dog erythrocytes. Though also the Pr2 antigen is found on dog red cells, it is independent of Pr1d. Pr2 is demonstrated on dog erythrocytes also after papainization while Pr1d is only found on untreated dog erythrocytes. The parallel of Pr1h antigen deficiency and Pr2 antigen increase on dog red cells in comparison with human red cells to human erythrocyte glycoproteins after periodate oxidation in comparison with untreated human red cell glycoproteins is stressed out and discussed.
Plurality of Determinants of the Australia Antigen
Authors: Babudieri B. , Rottini G. D. , Favento R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. By means of the absorption method and complement fixation test it has been possible to identify six different determinants of the Au antigen and to establish that there is no determinant common to all Au‐positive sera.
Antigens Duffy, Kell, Kidd, Lutheran and Xga on Fetal Red Cells
Authors: Toivanen P. , Hirvonen T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antigens of the blood group systems Duffy, Kell and Kidd were found to be well developed during intrauterine life. Antigens k, Fya, Fyb and Jkb were first found in fetuses of 6–7 weeks gestation, antigens K and Jka at 10–11 weeks, and Kpa at 16 weeks. Antigens Lua, Lub and Xga were considerably more poorly developed in the fetal samples than in the adult ones – both in frequency and in antigenic strength. Lua was found at the earliest in a fetus of 14 weeks gestation, and Lub in two of 10 weeks. The youngest Xg(a+) fetus was of 12 weeks gestation.