bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical Study on the Properties of Adaptive Cruise Control Systems and Their Impact on Traffic Flow and String Stability
Authors: Makridis Michail , Mattas Konstantinos , Ciuffo Biagio , Re Fabrizio , Kriston Akos , Minarini Fabrizio , Rognelund Greger
Published: March 2020

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems are standard equipment in many commercially available vehicles. They are considered the first step of automation, and their market penetration rate is expected to rise, along with the interest of researchers worldwide to assess their impact in relation to traffic flow and stability. These properties are currently discussed mainly through microsimulation studies and empirical observations, with the first being the most common. Experimental observations can draw safer conclusions about the behavior of such systems, but the literature is limited. In this work, an experimental campaign with five vehicles equipped with ACC was conducted at the proving ground of AstaZero in Sweden to improve understanding on the properties of ACC systems and their functionality under real driving conditions. The main parameters under investigation are the response time of controllers, the available time headway settings, and the stability of the car-platoon. The results show that the response time range for the controllers is between 1.7 and 2.5 s, significantly longer than the values reported in the literature. The range of the time headway settings was found to be quite broad. Finally, a dataset of perturbations on a variety of equilibrium speeds of the car-platoon and of variable magnitudes was created. Results clearly highlight the instability of the car-platoon. Instability is also displayed even for slight perturbations derived by variability in the road gradient. Numerical differentiation on the altitude shows a negative correlation with the speed trajectory of the leading vehicle.
Analysis of Transit Users’ Response Behavior in Case of Unplanned Service Disruptions
Authors: Rahimi Ehsan , Shamshiripour Ali , Shabanpour Ramin , Mohammadian Abolfazl (Kouros) , Auld Joshua
Published: March 2020

Public transit disruption is becoming more common across different transit services, and can have a destructive influence on the resiliency of the transportation system. Even though transit agencies have various strategies to mitigate the probability of failure in the transit system by conducting preventative actions, some disruptions cannot be avoided because of their either unpredictable or uncontrollable nature. Utilizing recently collected data of transit users in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, the current study aims to analyze how transit users respond to an unplanned service disruption and disclose the factors that affect their behavior. In this study, a random parameter multinomial logit model is employed to consider heterogeneity across observations as well as panel effects. The results of the analysis reveal that a wide range of factors including socio-demographic attributes, personal attitudes, trip-related information, and built environment are significant in passengers’ behavior in case of unplanned transit disruptions. Moreover, the effect of service recovery time on passengers is not the same among all types of disrupted services; rail users are more sensitive to the recovery time as compared with bus users. The findings of this study provide insights for transportation authorities to improve the transit service quality in relation to user satisfaction and transportation resilience. These insights help transit agencies to implement effective recovery strategies.
Prospective Assessment of Outcomes After Primary Unipolar, Multisurface, and Bipolar Osteochondral Allograft Transplantations in the Knee: A Comparison of 2 Preservation Methods
Authors: Stannard James P. , Cook James L.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Articular cartilage lesions in the knee remain a challenging clinical problem.

Hypothesis:

A novel graft preservation method combined with surgical technique and patient management improvements would lead to consistently successful outcomes after osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

With institutional review board approval and informed consent, patients were prospectively enrolled into a registry to follow outcomes after OCA transplantation. Patients were included when ≥1-year follow-up data were available, including complications and reoperations, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), compliance with rehabilitation, revisions, and failures.

Results:

For patients meeting inclusion criteria (N = 194), mean ± SD age was 37.9 ± 12.2 years and mean BMI was 28.9 ± 5; 38% received unipolar transplants (44% multisurface) and 62% received bipolar transplants. OCAs were preserved by standard tissue bank methods (standard preservation [SP]; 29%) or the novel method (Missouri Osteochondral Preservation System [MOPS]; 71%). Initial success rates were 79% for all cases combined, 60% for SP, and 84% for MOPS. MOPS cases were significantly ( P = .028) more likely to be associated with successful outcomes when compared with SP cases. PROMs improved significantly ( P < .05) for all cohorts through 3 to 4 years of follow-up. Revisions were performed in 19 cases (10%). MOPS grafts were associated with a significantly ( P = .0014) lower revision rate (5%) than SP grafts (21%). Failures occurred in 26 patients (13%), with all undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Bipolar cases were significantly ( P = .008) more likely to be associated with failure. MOPS grafts were associated with a significantly ( P = .048) lower failure rate (11%) than were SP grafts (19%). Noncompliance with the prescribed rehabilitation protocol was significantly ( P = .00008) more likely to be associated with failure.

Conclusion:

Prospective data for 194 cases revealed that OCA transplantation for unipolar, multisurface, and bipolar cartilage restoration can be associated with consistently successful outcomes. The 5% revision rate, 11% failure rate, 82%-94% survival probability estimates, and continually improving PROMs through postoperative 3 to 4 years underscore major advances in outcomes as compared with previous reports. These encouraging results were realized with the use of a novel graft preservation method; autogenous bone marrow concentrate pretreatment of donor bone; advancements in graft cutting, implantation, and stabilization techniques; and procedure-specific rehabilitation protocols.
Barriers to Bachelor’s Degree Completion among College Students with a Disability
Authors: Carroll Jamie M. , Pattison Evangeleen , Muller Chandra , Sutton April
Published: March 2020

One of the fastest growing groups on college campuses is students with disabilities, but their rates of bachelor’s degree completion remain low. We build on research about barriers to degree completion among historically underrepresented groups on college campuses to examine the extent to which academic preparation before college and processes during college contribute to gaps in bachelor’s degree completion among four-year college students with a mental or physical disability. Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, we find that students with a mental disability are significantly less likely to complete a bachelor’s degree than students without disabilities and students with a physical disability, net of students’ family and academic background. Decomposition of the estimated indirect effect of mental disability on degree completion reveals first-year academic performance as the largest contributor. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for understanding the barriers faced by college students with a mental disability.
The Behavioral Economics of Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Hayes Adam S.
Published: March 2020

This article builds the argument that Bourdieu’s dispositional theory of practice can help integrate the sociological tradition with three prominent strands of behavioral economics: bounded rationality, prospect theory, and time inconsistency. I make the case that the habitus provides an alternative framework to show how social and mental structure constitute one another, where cognitive tendencies toward irrationality can be either curtailed or amplified based on one’s position in the economic field and a person’s corresponding set of dispositions, ranging from more rational doxic dispositions to irrational allodoxic tendencies. Bridging economic sociology and behavioral economics, this work also bears on issues of persistent financial inequality reproduced through self-defeating patterns of economic behavior inculcated into individuals who occupy dominated positions in the social structure. Bourdieu’s thought, and in particular his conception of field+habitus, can usefully be applied to the empirical findings of behavioral economics to understand deviations from rational action as not only cognitive but also socially structured.
Theorizing Region: Links to Ethnicity, Nation, and Race
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: March 2020

The concept of “region” is widespread in the social sciences but rarely theorized. I argue here that region is a multivalent concept similar to ethnicity, nation, and race. Building on the work of Bourdieu, Brubaker, and Griswold, I show that all four concepts can be understood as both “categories of analysis” and “categories of practice.” Moreover, all four have fundamental similarities regarding (1) ontology and relation to space; (2) historical sequences and relation to time; and (3) protean boundaries that may change with social scientists’ research questions. Among the payoffs to this approach are improved precision and appropriateness of regional boundaries when social scientists use regions as independent or control variables and greater appreciation for how regions, as categories of practice, are made over time.
Comparison of Fixed-Dose Inhaled Epoprostenol and Inhaled Nitric Oxide for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Buckley Mitchell S. , Agarwal Sumit K. , Garcia-Orr Roxanne , Saggar Rajeev , MacLaren Robert
Published: March 2020

Purpose:

Several reports have demonstrated similar effects on oxygenation between inhaled epoprostenol (iEPO) compared to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies directly comparing oxygenation and clinical outcomes between iEPO and iNO exclusively in an adult ARDS patient population utilized a weight-based dosing strategy. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and economic impact between iNO and fixed-dosed iEPO for ARDS in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a major academic medical center between January 1, 2014, and October 31, 2018. Patients ≥18 years of age with moderate-to-severe ARDS were included. The primary end point was to compare the mean change in partial arterial oxygen pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen (Pao 2: Fio 2) at 4 hours from baseline between iEPO and iNO. Other secondary aims were total acquisition drug costs, in-hospital mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation.

Results:

A total of 239 patients were included with 139 (58.2%) and 100 (41.8%) in the iEPO and iNO groups, respectively. The mean change in Pao 2: Fio 2 at 4 hours from baseline in the iEPO and iNO groups were 31.4 ± 54.6 and 32.4 ± 42.7 mm Hg, respectively ( P = .88). The responder rate at 4 hours was similar between iEPO and iNO groups (64.7% and 66.0%, respectively, P = .84). Clinical outcomes including mortality, overall hospital and ICU length of stay, and mechanical ventilation duration were similar between iEPO and iNO groups. Estimated annual cost-savings realized with iEPO was USD1 074 433.

Conclusion:

Fixed-dose iEPO was comparable to iNO in patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS for oxygenation and ventilation parameters as well as clinical outcomes. Significant cost-savings were realized with iEPO use.
#Me(n)Too? Online Social Support Toward Male and Female Survivors of Sexual Victimization
Authors: Lowenstein-Barkai Hila
Published: March 2020

Much has been written about the difficulty of sexual victimization survivors to disclose their experiences to others and about the crucial role social support play in their recovery process. However, the vast majority of the literature has focused on face-to-face interactions, while in recent years, more and more victims are turning to online self-disclosure, whether privately or as part of proactive network protests such as the #MeToo hashtag campaign. The few existing studies that examined online responses to disclosures of sexual victimization have focused on female survivors only and didn’t examine whether men and women elicit different responses based on gender stereotypes. The current study addresses this lacuna through a quantitative content analysis of 2,635 responses to 734 self-disclosures of male and female survivors of sexual victimization published on Facebook and Twitter during the first 3 weeks of the #MeToo and #WhyIDidntReport protests in Israel (October 2017 and October 2018, respectively). The findings indicate that social networks, despite some of their affordances, such as lack of eye contact or physical gestures, are supportive environments for survivors of sexual victimization of both sexes. However, women who self-disclose online are more likely to receive emotional support and network support, whereas men are more likely to receive retributive support—a new support type that was found in the current study. The conclusion is that users’ reactions to sexual victimization disclosures are mainly supportive but are also affected by gender stereotypes. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Interventions to Improve Sexual and Reproductive Health in US Active Duty Military Service Members: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vargas Sara E. , Norris Colby , Landoll Ryan R. , Crone Baylee , Clark Madison F. , Quinlan Jeffrey D. , Guthrie Kate M.
Published: March 2020

Objective:

To identify and describe behavioral interventions to promote sexual and reproductive health among US active duty military service members.

Data Sources:

Systematic searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychINFO (N = 1609 records).

Inclusion Criteria:

English-language articles published between 1991 and 2018 and retrieved using search terms related to military service, interventions, and sexual and reproductive health.

Exclusion Criteria:

Articles excluded if not empirically based, not published in peer-reviewed journals, did not sample active duty US military personnel, and did not examine the effectiveness of specified preventive sexual or reproductive health intervention(s).

Data Extraction:

Teams of paired authors extracted study rationale; aims; design; setting; description of the intervention; measures; sample demographics; clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes; and conclusions.

Data Synthesis:

Given the heterogeneity of studies, narrative synthesis was performed.

Results:

Fifteen articles met inclusion criteria: 10 focused on sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition and/or unintended pregnancy and 5 on sexual assault. Studies that assessed clinical outcomes found that interventions were associated with lower rates of STIs and/or unintended pregnancy. Significant effects were found on knowledge-related outcomes, while mixed effects were found on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors.

Conclusions:

Current evidence on the effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health interventions in the US military is limited in quality and scope. Promoting sexual and reproductive health in this population is critical to maintaining well-being among servicemembers, their families, and the communities surrounding military installations.
Effects of the novel rib layouts on the tip leakage flow pattern and heat transfer performance of turbine blade
Authors: Jiang Shijie , Li Zhigang , Li Jun , Song Liming
Published: March 2020

The steady simulation with flow field and heat transfer performance for different rib layouts is investigated. By referring the GE-E3 turbine blade tip (Case 1) profile as a prototype model, four kinds of rib layouts of full rib structure (Case 2), half rib structure connected with suction side (Case 3), half rib structure connected with pressure side (Case 4), and half rib structure in the rear squealer cavity (Case 5) was designed. The availability of k-ω turbulence model was validated through comparison of heat transfer coefficient distribution with the experimental data. The area-averaged heat transfer coefficients of Case 5 decreases up to 11.3%, 3.1%, 11.3%, and 2.8% in comparison to Cases 1, 2, 3, and 4. The total pressure coefficient of Case 5 reduces by 1.4%, 2.7%, and 4.0% compared to Cases 1, 2, and 3. The results reveal that, among the five novel rib layout cases, Case 5 obtains the optimal comprehensive performance under the performance of considering tip heat transfer and cascade loss. Further investigation on the influence of Cases 1 and 5 at different rotational speeds on the flow field and heat transfer characteristics of the tip clearance is also illustrated and discussed.
An experimental study of nonlinear rate-dependent behaviour of skeletal muscle to obtain passive mechanical properties
Authors: Hashemi Sanaz S , Asgari Masoud , Rasoulian Akbar
Published: March 2020

Accurate modelling of biological tissues has been a significant need for analysis of the human body. In this article, a comprehensive in vitro experimental study has been done on the fresh bovine skeletal muscle before the onset of rigour mortis in order to provide an experimental description of passive skeletal muscle properties in three dimensions. Different situations including various deformation modes, different loading rates and loading directions are tested to consider all features of skeletal muscle behaviour. Based on the nonlinear continuum mechanics, a three-dimensional visco-hyperelastic model is introduced which considers all aspects of skeletal muscle’s features such as nonlinear hyperelastic, time-dependent behaviour, anisotropy and quasi-incompressibility. Visco-hyperelastic material constants are obtained for passive behaviour of the muscle based on genetic algorithm optimization method via comparing the theoretical and experimental results. Experiments show that the rate of loading affects the configuration of experimental curves considerably. It could be also concluded that compression–tension asymmetry, as well as anisotropic behaviour, of the muscle is due to fibres orientation. Obtained experimental results help to achieve a better understanding of mechanical properties and nonlinear behaviour of the skeletal muscles.
Sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents preferring home-based HIV self-testing over facility-based voluntary counseling and testing: a cross-sectional study in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Tonen-Wolyec Serge , Mboumba Bouassa Ralph-Sydney , Batina-Agasa Salomon , Tepungipame Alliance Tagoto , Tshilumba Charles Kayembe , Bélec Laurent
Published: March 2020

HIV self-testing (HIVST) offers an alternative to facility-based voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services, particularly for vulnerable populations such as adolescents. This study aimed to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with adolescents preferring home-based HIVST over facility-based VCT in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A representative cross-sectional study using random sampling in clusters at three levels was conducted among adolescents (aged 15–19 years) to assess their hypothetical preference in home-based HIVST over facility-based VCT by a face-to-face, paper-based, semi-structured questionnaire, and logistic regression for statistical analysis. In 353 households, 754 adolescents were assessed for eligibility, of whom 628 were eligible. A total of 597 adolescents completed the study questionnaire. A majority of participants were aged 18–19 and of female gender. More than two-thirds of participants had never been tested for HIV and had no knowledge about HIVST before this survey. Among 597 adolescents who had completed the study questionnaire, a slight majority of participants (323/597; 54.1% [95% CI: 50.0–58.0]) preferred home-based HIVST over facility-based VCT. In a multivariate analysis, male gender (adjusted OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.1), marriage or partnered civil status (adjusted OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–3.1), and previous knowledge about HIVST (adjusted OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 2.6–6.8) were associated with preference for home-based HIVST over facility-based VCT. This study demonstrates that more adolescents preferred home-based HIVST over facility-based VCT in Kisangani. These observations suggest the existence of a specific sociodemographic profile associated with the acceptance of HIVST in adolescents living in sub-Saharan Africa.
Contribution of general practitioners and sexual health centres to sexually transmitted infection consultations in five Dutch regions using laboratory data of Chlamydia trachomatis testing
Authors: Slurink IAL , Groen K , Gotz HM , Meima A , Kroone MM , Hogewoning AA , Ott A , Niessen W , Dukers-Muijers NHTM , Hoebe CJPA , Koedijk FDH , Kampman CJG , van Bergen JEAM
Published: March 2020

Effective sexually transmitted infection (STI) control requires opportunities for appropriate testing, counselling and treatment. In the Netherlands, people may attend general practitioners (GPs) and sexual health centres (SHCs; also known as STI clinics) for STI consultations. We assessed the contribution of GPs and SHCs to STI consultations in five Dutch regions with different urbanization levels, using data of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing. Data (2011–2016) were retrieved from laboratories, aggregated by gender and age group (15–24 and 25–64 years). Results show that test rates and GP contribution varied widely between regions. GP contribution decreased over time in Amsterdam (60–48%), Twente (79–61%), Maastricht (60–50%) and Northeast-Netherlands (82–77%), but not in Rotterdam (65–67%). Decreases resulted from increases in SHC test rates and slight decreases in GP test rates. GPs performed more tests for women and those aged 25–64 years compared to SHCs (relative risks ranging from 1.49 to 4.76 and 1.58 to 7.43, respectively). The average yearly urogenital CT positivity rate was 9.2% at GPs and 10.7% at SHCs. Overall, GPs accounted for most STI consultations, yet SHC contribution increased. Continued focus on good quality STI care at GPs is essential, as increasing demands for care can not be entirely covered by SHCs.
Leave inference alone: Direct inferential social cognition
Authors: Lo Presti Patrizio
Published: March 2020

Direct perception and theory–theory approaches to social cognition are opposed with respect to whether social cognition is inferential. The latter argues that it is inferential, the former that it is not. This article argues that the opposition in terms of inference is mistaken. A sense of inference is specified on which social cognition can be inferential and directly perceptual. Arguing for inferential social cognition does not commit to a defense of indirect social cognition if inferential access to other minds can be direct. Contrary convictions are symptomatic of working with too simplistic a notion of inference. The dispute between direct and inferentialist social cognition is one in which both sides can be right. The argument, then, is that inferentialism should not be called on to witness in favor or disfavor of advocates of either direct or indirect social cognition.
The effect of adenosine triphosphate on sunitinib-induced cardiac injury in rats
Authors: Aldemir MN , Simsek M , Kara AV , Ozcicek F , Mammadov R , Yazıcı GN , Sunar M , Coskun R , Gulaboglu M , Suleyman H
Published: March 2020

In this study, we aimed to show the effect of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) on sunitinib-induced cardiac injury in rats. The rats ( n = 30) were divided equally into three groups as sunitinib group (SG), sunitinib plus ATP group (SAG), and healthy group (HG); 2 mg/kg ATP was injected intraperitoneally (ip) to the SAG group. Same volume normal saline as solvent was administered ip to the other two groups. After 1 h, 25 mg/kg sunitinib was applied orally via catheter to stomach in the SAG and SG groups. This procedure was repeated once daily for 5 weeks. At the end of this period, all animals were sacrificed and their cardiac tissue was removed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), and nuclear factor κB (NF- κB) levels in rats’ cardiac tissues and troponin I (Tp-I) levels in rats’ blood samples were evaluated. Histopathological analysis was also performed in cardiac tissues of the animals. MDA, TNF- α, NF- κB, and Tp-I levels were higher in the SG group compared to the SAG and HG groups ( p < 0.001). tGSH levels of the SG group were lower than the SAG and HG groups ( p < 0.001). The structure and morphology of cardiac muscle fibers and blood vessels were normal in the control group. In the SG group, obvious cardiac muscle tissue damage with dilated myofibers, locally atrophic myofibers, and congested blood vessels were observed. In the SAG group, marked amelioration in these findings was observed. We showed this for the first time that ATP administration exerts a protective effect against cardiac effects of sunitinib.
An improved one-sample log-rank test
Authors: Kerschke Laura , Faldum Andreas , Schmidt Rene
Published: March 2020

The one-sample log-rank test allows to compare the survival of a single sample with a prefixed reference survival curve. It naturally applies in single-arm phase IIa trials with time-to-event endpoint. Several authors have described that the original one-sample log-rank test is conservative when sample size is small and have proposed strategies to correct the conservativeness. Here, we propose an alternative approach to improve the one-sample log-rank test. Our new one-sample log-rank statistic is based on the unique transformation of the underlying counting process martingale such that the moments of the limiting normal distribution have no shared parameters. Simulation results show that the new one-sample log-rank test gives type I error rate and power close to the nominal levels also when sample size is small, while relevantly reducing the required sample size to achieve the desired power as compared to current approaches to design studies to compare the survival outcome of a sample with a reference.
Expanding attributable fraction applications to outcomes wholly attributable to a risk factor
Authors: Churchill Samuel , Angus Colin , Purshouse Robin , Brennan Alan , Sherk Adam
Published: March 2020

The problem central to this document is the estimation of change in disease attributable to an epidemiological exposure variable that stems from a change in the distribution of that variable. We require that both disease and exposure are quantifiable as real numbers, and then ask how to estimate the fraction of disease attributable to exposure, producing the general attributable fraction methodology. After the mathematical framework is in place, we explore the implications of a disease that is wholly attributable to a given risk factor, demonstrate why standard applications of the attributable fractions do not extend, and present general methodological considerations for this case. Finally, we demonstrate the methodology using the example of alcoholic psychoses.
MultiBaC: A strategy to remove batch effects between different omic data types
Authors: Ugidos Manuel , Tarazona Sonia , Prats-Montalbán José M , Ferrer Alberto , Conesa Ana
Published: March 2020

Diversity of omic technologies has expanded in the last years together with the number of omic data integration strategies. However, multiomic data generation is costly, and many research groups cannot afford research projects where many different omic techniques are generated, at least at the same time. As most researchers share their data in public repositories, different omic datasets of the same biological system obtained at different labs can be combined to construct a multiomic study. However, data obtained at different labs or moments in time are typically subjected to batch effects that need to be removed for successful data integration. While there are methods to correct batch effects on the same data types obtained in different studies, they cannot be applied to correct lab or batch effects across omics. This impairs multiomic meta-analysis. Fortunately, in many cases, at least one omics platform—i.e. gene expression— is repeatedly measured across labs, together with the additional omic modalities that are specific to each study. This creates an opportunity for batch analysis. We have developed MultiBaC (multiomic Multiomics Batch-effect Correction correction), a strategy to correct batch effects from multiomic datasets distributed across different labs or data acquisition events. Our strategy is based on the existence of at least one shared data type which allows data prediction across omics. We validate this approach both on simulated data and on a case where the multiomic design is fully shared by two labs, hence batch effect correction within the same omic modality using traditional methods can be compared with the MultiBaC correction across data types. Finally, we apply MultiBaC to a true multiomic data integration problem to show that we are able to improve the detection of meaningful biological effects.
Value of Sample Separation Information in a Sequential Probit Model
Authors: Lahiri Kajal , Gao Chuanming , Wixon Bernard
Published: March 2020

We illustrate the estimation and identification of multi-step sequential probit models with and without stepwise sample separation information. The likelihood functions are explicitly derived to ease experimentation with such models. We used data on health, activity limitations, demographic traits and work from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and exactly matched them with Social Security administrative records to showcase our theoretical points. Using a Monte Carlo simulation technique, our results suggest that the correlations in errors across equations may arise due to unobserved individual heterogeneity. Using a novel marginal likelihood approach, we also estimated the above sequential probit model without the sample separation information for the purpose of direct comparison. In terms of both in-sample and jackknife-type out-of-sample predictive analysis, the value of modelling the underlying sequential structure of the determination process in generating correct membership probabilities of belonging to a particular group is confirmed.

JEL: C31, C34, C 35, I12, I18
Comparing Australian graduate employees’ “use of connections” and Chinese “sea-turtle” graduate employees’ use of “guanxi”
Authors: Ferguson Jan , Sonnenschein Katrine
Published: March 2020

It is important for graduate employees and their employers that Australian graduates (both domestic and international) develop knowledge, skills, and other qualities that are easily transferrable to their employment in Australia, China, and the Asia-Pacific region. Much contemporary research addresses the appropriateness of graduate attributes such as leadership, teamwork, and communication skills in relation to meeting employers’ needs. This qualitative study contributes to these discussions by comparing how Chinese and domestic graduates apply a lesser regarded attribute, the use of connections, to the work setting. Since Chinese employers follow the principles of guanxi (being able to earn and use influential networks), this might complicate attempts by returned Chinese graduate employees (“sea-turtles”) who are graduates of Australian universities to transfer their use of connections. This study compares Australian graduates’ experiences of using connections and Chinese sea turtles’ experiences of using connections within the protocols of guanxi.
The relationship between resilience and career satisfaction: Trust, political skills and organizational identification as moderators
Authors: Srivastava Shalini , Madan Poornima
Published: March 2020

The aim of this research was to assess the relationship between resilience and career satisfaction. Individuals feel more satisfied with their choice of career when they are higher on resilience, resulting in higher self-esteem and better health. Such individuals have better control over their work, even in disruptive times. The study was conducted with 272 middle level managers (60% male and 40% female) from 10 private banks in Delhi/NCR India. The research illustrated that resilience has a positive and significant association with career satisfaction, accounting for 41% of variance, and established the moderating roles of trust, political skills and organizational identification in the resilience-/career-satisfaction relationship. Employers could benefit if they engage employees in resilience training programmes that endow them with the ability and tactics to deal with challenges and uncertainty about the future.
Opioidergic System and Functional Architecture of Intrinsic Brain Activity: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Rocchi Giulio , Sterlini Bruno , Tardito Samuele , Inglese Matilde , Corradi Anna , Filaci Gilberto , Amore Mario , Magioncalda Paola , Martino Matteo
Published: March 2020

The opioidergic system and intrinsic brain activity, as organized in large-scale networks such as the salience network (SN), sensorimotor network (SMN), and default-mode network (DMN), play core roles in healthy behavior and psychiatric disorders. This work aimed to investigate how opioidergic signaling affects intrinsic brain activity in healthy individuals by reviewing relevant neuroanatomical, molecular, functional, and pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging studies in order to clarify their physiological links and changes in psychiatric disorders. The SN shows dense opioidergic innervations of subcortical structures and high expression levels of opioid receptors in subcortical-cortical areas, with enhanced or reduced activity with low or very high doses of opioids, respectively. The SMN shows high levels of opioid receptors in subcortical areas and functional disconnection caused by opioids. The DMN shows low levels of opioid receptors in cortical areas and inhibited or enhanced activity with low or high doses of opioids, respectively. Finally, we proposed a working model. Opioidergic signaling enhances SN and suppresses SMN (and DMN) activity, resulting in affective excitation with psychomotor inhibition; stronger increases in opioidergic signaling attenuate the SN and SMN while disinhibiting the DMN, dissociating affective and psychomotor functions from the internal states; the opposite occurs with a deficit of opioidergic signaling.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of a 1:3 internal resonance in a beam with piezoelectric patches
Authors: Guillot Vinciane , Givois Arthur , Colin Mathieu , Thomas Olivier , Ture Savadkoohi Alireza , Lamarque Claude-Henri
Published: March 2020

Experimental and theoretical results on the nonlinear dynamics of a homogeneous thin beam equipped with piezoelectric patches, presenting internal resonances, are provided. Two configurations are considered: a unimorph configuration composed of a beam with a single piezoelectric patch and a bimorph configuration with two collocated piezoelectric patches symmetrically glued on the two faces of the beam. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are measured and compared with those obtained by theoretical developments. Ratios of frequencies highlight the realization of 1:2 and 1:3 internal resonances, for both configurations, depending on the position of the piezoelectric patches on the length of the beam. Focusing on the 1:3 internal resonance, the governing equations are solved via a numerical harmonic balance method to find the periodic solutions of the system under harmonic forcing. A homodyne detection method is used experimentally to extract the harmonics of the measured vibration signals, on both configurations, and exchanges of energy between the modes in the 1:3 internal resonance are observed. A qualitative agreement is obtained with the model.
From Child Welfare to Jail: Mediating Effects of Juvenile Justice Placement and Other System Involvement
Authors: Goodkind Sara , Shook Jeffrey , Kolivoski Karen , Pohlig Ryan , Little Allison , Kim Kevin
Published: March 2020

This study examines the effects of child welfare, mental health, and drug/alcohol system experiences on jail involvement, as mediated by juvenile justice placement, for Black and White youth/young adults. The sample was comprised of individuals born between 1985 and 1994 with child welfare involvement in an urban Pennsylvania county ( N = 37,079) and an out-of-home placement (OOHP) subsample ( n = 8,317). Four path models were estimated (two full samples, two subsamples; separate models for Black and White youth). For all models, juvenile justice placement was positively related to jail involvement. For the full samples, out-of-home child welfare placement was associated with an increase in juvenile justice placement. Within the Black placement sample, child welfare placement experiences had complex relationships with juvenile justice placement. Providing drug/alcohol services may be a protective factor for Black youth prior to juvenile justice contact. Articulating these relationships helps identify youth most at risk of justice system involvement and better targets services, especially mental health and drug/alcohol services.
Reluctant to Criticize: Media, Academia, and the Press Council Without a Home
Authors: Bates Stephen
Published: March 2020

The earliest recommendation for an American press council appears in A Free and Responsible Press (1947), the report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press. Few people know that Commission chair Robert Maynard Hutchins and two allies between 1959 and 1962 tried to create the press council. They wanted an organization that would evaluate television as well as print, and entertainment as well as news, with Adlai Stevenson as chair, Edward R. Murrow as staff director, Henry R. Luce as a major funder, and an elite university as a base. In substantial part because of resistance from the universities, they failed.
Effects of ballistic impact damage on mechanical behaviour of composite honeycomb sandwich panels
Authors: Aryal B , Morozov EV , Shankar K
Published: March 2020

This paper presents the effects of ballistic impact damage on the mechanical behaviour of composite honeycomb sandwich panels. The panels are composed of facesheets made of carbon fibre reinforced laminates and the Nomex honeycomb core. Ballistic tests were conducted in a shooting range using live projectiles of three different calibres. The specimens were subjected to both normal and oblique impacts to simulate the damage to composite sandwich structures that can be inflicted by the use of small weapons or by fragments of anti-aircraft ammunition. The modes and extent of the damage induced have been analysed using optical microscopy, X-ray inspections and computer tomography methods. Structural performance of the intact and ballistically damaged panels has been investigated experimentally using in-plane compression tests, and numerically, based on the finite element modelling and analysis. The reduction in the load-carrying ability caused by the ballistic damage has been assessed for the panels under consideration and compared with that predicted by numerical simulations.
Effects of elevated temperature on the shear response of end-grain balsa used in composite sandwich panels
Authors: Garrido M , Melro P , Correia JR
Published: March 2020

Balsa wood is increasingly considered as a core material in sandwich panels for applications in several industries. However, there is still very limited information about its mechanical behaviour at elevated temperature. This article presents an experimental and analytical study about the effects of elevated temperature on the shear behaviour of end-grain balsa with nominal density of 109 kg/m3. The Iosipescu/V-notch test method was used to investigate the shear behaviour of balsa specimens extracted along the two material directions that are relevant for core materials subjected to shear: (i) transverse to the wood grain and (ii) parallel to the wood grain. The shear tests were conducted under steady-state conditions for temperatures between room temperature and 240°C. For the various temperatures, the stress vs. strain behaviour in shear was non-linear, with such non-linearity becoming more accentuated at higher temperatures. The shear modulus and strength presented a linear and comparable reduction with increasing temperature, and the residual properties at 240°C dropped to less than 20% of the room temperature properties. In the final part of the article, four alternative analytical models available in the literature were assessed regarding their ability to describe the reduction with temperature of the shear properties of balsa. All models were able to successfully fit the test data.
Trends in tourism under economic uncertainty
Authors: Khan Khalid , Su Chi-Wei , Xiao Yi-Dong , Zhu Haotian , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: March 2020

We use the gravity model to examine the causal link between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and inbound tourism (ITM) in the United Kingdom. The results for the full sample demonstrate that EPU Granger causes ITM. This finding shows that association is misappropriated due to structural changes. We apply the time-varying rolling window technique to revisit the dynamic association between EPU and ITM. The findings for the subsamples indicate that EPU has a negative effect on ITM. In contrast, ITM has a positive effect on EPU in the subsamples. These results support the gravity model, which states that as EPU increases, the level of ITM decreases. The results have noteworthy implications for policymakers in the form of consistency in policies and short-term shock forecasting that is capable of greater shock-absorbing capacity to lessen the revocation of tourist programs. A stable exchange rate regime in the destination country will make tourism cheaper and more attractive to tourists. Decision-makers should consider time-varying attributes to establish tourism activities for effective and accurate predictions.
Deceptively unhealthy foods targeting parents and children
Authors: Kiefner-Burmeister Allison , Burmeister Jacob M
Published: March 2020

This review introduces the construct of deceptively unhealthy foods and identifies the ways that these unhealthy foods are marketed to parents and children. Deceptively unhealthy foods are foods that are high in sugar or high in fat while low in nutrient content, but which are marketed as being healthy. They are commonly marketed using these tactics (1) specific nutrient labels, (2) deceptive terms, (3) general health reputation, and (4) package design. This paper reviews the small but growing literature on this topic, highlights four tactics used to deceive health-conscious parents, and provides suggestions for how changes in marketing may help reduce the consumption of such foods.
Mental health outcomes among individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development: A systematic review
Authors: Godfrey Lisa M
Published: March 2020

This review summarizes research on the mental health outcomes of genetic males with a disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD). Databases were systematically searched, yielding 19 studies included in this review. Results varied widely, with mental health outcomes ranging from very poor to similar to comparison groups. A small number of studies demonstrated that patients with hypospadias or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome reported better mental health than patients with other 46,XY (DSD) diagnoses. Future studies should include larger samples of patients within a similar developmental stage, display results separately by DSD diagnosis and gender identity, and consider the potential impact of medical/surgical events on their mental health.
Bearing capacity of composite shear wall incorporating a concrete-filled steel tube boundary and column-type reinforced wall
Authors: Nannan Zhao , Yaohong Wang , qing Han , Hao Su
Published: March 2020

Composite shear walls are widely used in high-rise buildings because of their high bearing capacity. To improve the bearing capacity of ordinary shear walls, restraining elements are usually installed at both boundaries or within the wall body. In this article, two different restraining elements, namely, a rectangular steel tube and a column-type reinforcement (the whole wall body was restrained by segmented stirrups and tied by diagonal bars), were applied to the boundary frame and wall body of the shear wall either jointly or separately. A new type of steel-concrete composite shear wall, referred to as a composite shear wall incorporating a concrete-filled steel tube boundary and column-type reinforced wall, was proposed. In addition, three specimens with different restraining elements, namely, a column-type reinforced shear wall, a concrete-filled steel tube boundary shear wall and an ordinary reinforced concrete shear wall, were presented for comparison. The influences of the two different restraining elements on the seismic performance and bearing capacity of the shear walls were analyzed from four perspectives of failure mode, hysteresis behavior, stiffness and residual deformation, and the equivalent lateral pressures of the two restraining elements were calculated. Based on the plane-section assumption, expressions for the crack, yield, peak and ultimate bearing capacities were derived, and the effects of the two restraining elements on the peak and ultimate bearing capacities were considered. The results show that these two restraining elements significantly improved the bearing capacity of the shear wall specimens, and the concrete-filled steel tube restraining element was more effective than the column-type reinforced restraining element. Finally, the calculated values of the bearing capacity of the four different restraining elements of the shear wall specimens proposed in this article were in good agreement with the experimental values.
Hyperpartisan news: Rethinking the media for populist politics
Authors: Rae Maria
Published: March 2020

Online media sites such as Breitbart News in the United States and The Canary in the United Kingdom have come to prominence as powerful new agents. Their reach and influence in the contemporary digital media ecology have been widely highlighted, yet there has been little scholarship to situate these important new players in the field of political communication. This article argues that, first, these ‘interlopers’ known as the ‘alt-right’ and ‘alt-left’ need to be understood as embedded in the context of populist politics. Second, ‘hyperpartisan’ describes these sites better than the framework of alternative media as it mirrors populism’s ideological pillar of ‘us’ versus ‘them’. Finally, a deliberate provocation is argued to name these digital start-ups as news to create a starting point for conceptualising these disruptive new media forces.