bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Entitlements of Merit
Authors: Sonenscher Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter shows how the moral and social dimensions of the subject of army reform grew out of the range of questions that it generated about property and inheritance, as against merit and distinction, in determining both the composition of the French nobility and its relationship to the French royal government. Getting the peacocks to pay raised a number of political dilemmas, however. These, in turn, helped to rule out the old vision of a powerful reforming monarch as the solution to absolute government's financial problems. The political history of the French Revolution thus began with the unavailability of this alternative. Irrespective of the damage done by the argument over military reform to any plausible prospect of relying on Louis XVI to be a patriot king, the model itself pulled strongly against both the realities of modern war finance and the more urgent political need to consolidate the royal debt.
Conclusion: Democracy and Terror
Authors: Sonenscher Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how the very particular setting in which the emergence of the sans-culottes in their now familiar guise occurred goes some way towards explaining why the mixture of descriptive and causal claims built into the old master concepts of class or sovereignty of French Revolutionary historiography have never been able to provide much of an explanation of either its content or course, at least without the more complicated assumptions supplied by an assortment of nineteenth-century philosophies of history. Reconstructing that setting, on the other hand, does go some way towards explaining what led to the fusion between high politics and popular politics that occurred in France in the winter of 1791–2.
Taenarus: The Road to Hell
Authors: Roberts William Clare
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that Karl Marx composed Capital as a modern, secular Inferno. It first considers the similarities between Capital and Dante's Inferno before discussing the history of socialists comparing modern society to a “social Hell.” It then examines how Marx's nemesis, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, developed this trope in two texts with which Marx was well acquainted and how Marx appropriated the same trope for his own critique of political economy. Finally, it analyzes the notion that modernity amounts to “a social Hell,” tracing its origin to the works of Charles Fourier. The chapter contends that Marx is not trying to convince some ideal-typical bourgeois economist to come over to the side of socialism. Rather, he is trying to convince his fellow socialists to cast aside their reliance upon ideas and arguments derived from or typified by Proudhon and other has-been and would-be leaders and theorists of the movement against capitalism.
Styx: The Anarchy of the Market
Authors: Roberts William Clare
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines part one of Capital, where Karl Marx views capitalism as a market society. It considers the moralizing discourse to which socialism was heir, according to which the market is a sphere of akrasia—incontinence, weakness, lack of self-mastery or self-control—and anarchy, drawing attention to two sets of intellectual influences. First, there is the moral criticism of the incontinence and slavishness of those who frequent the market. Second, there are the early socialist writers who rallied around the figure of Robert Owen. The chapter also discusses the continuity between Owenism and republicanism, the mystery of money and the fetishism of gold, and Marx's contributions to the socialist discourse about the market. Finally, it analyzes Marx's critique of the role played by the labor theory of value in Owenism and Proudhon.
Communes
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: September 2018

This book examines the rise of Italian city communes in the twelfth century. Focusing on the cities of Milan, Pisa, and Rome, it explores real social and political differences in the experiences of the early city communes. It also highlights the role played by the elite of these cities and towns in the development of one of the first nonmonarchical forms of government in medieval Europe, not realizing that they were creating something altogether new. The communes of twelfth-century Italy were characterized by institutional creativity and were founded on bottom-up collaboration. These were novelties, and their very contradictions make them interesting as well as difficult to explain. The book analyzes such contradictions. This chapter explains why the emergence of communes has such importance for Italian historiography and discusses the historiographical frame for how to study communes in more detail as it has emerged in the last generation.
Milan
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the emergence of Milan as one of the communes in Italy. Milan had always been the largest city of the Kingdom of Italy. Because of its large size and growing wealth, the city was the focus for a particularly active and complex urban aristocracy between 1050 and 1150. The chapter first describes the overall development of Milan and its government, first archiepiscopal, then communal, in 1050–1150 before focusing on who its consuls were and how their social composition changed. It also considers some of the families which provided consuls in order to see the sort of people Milan had to deal with in the years after 1138. The chapter shows that Milan was initially dominated by aristocrats, but after the 1130s the consuls who took center stage for the rest of the century were members of the third level of the urban elite.
La propiedad de la tierra como un “haz de derechos”. Una contribución desde la campaña bonaerense en un momento transicional (1800-1829)
Authors: Poczynok Cristian Miguel
Published: September 2018

El derecho de propiedad de la tierra es una construcción histórica que es necesario comprender. Aquí, revistamos la noción a inicios del siglo XIX en la campaña de Buenos Airespara concebir la propiedad como un “haz de derechos” que denote la cultura jurisdiccional, la configuración corporativay la concepción casuística del antiguo régimen. Para ello, indagamos qué significaba ser propietario realizando un relevamiento cuantitativo del fondo judicial del Archivo General de la Nación, y una descripción densa de varios juicios para observar la dinámica propietaria y la cultura jurídica en un contexto de transición.
Transformaciones en la agricultura de los mayas peninsulares: Un contraste de los casos de Kampocolché y Xohuayán
Authors: Vázquez González Lilia Betania , Parra Vázquez Manuel Roberto , Gracia Maria Amalia
Published: September 2018

El objetivo es analizar de qué forma las intervenciones nacionales e internacionales interactúan con los modos de vida y en las actividades agropecuarias de los campesinos mayas. Desde un enfoque constructivista y utilizando técnicas de metodología cualitativa contrastamos dos estudios de caso; en una comunidad los campesinos mantienen su organización comunitaria y las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales que les permiten el autoabastecimiento y el manejo común de sus recursos naturales; en otra, las intervenciones generaron cambios observables en el manejo del territorio, el calendario agropecuario y la organización comunitaria, aceptando la modernización y atendiendo las demandas del mercado.
Cambio tecnológico en la producción agraria argentina. Algunas teorías en disputa.
Authors: Garcia Bernado Rolando
Published: September 2018

La cuestión acerca del cambio tecnológico y su impacto en la estructura social agropecuaria pampeana ha sido abordada desde distintas perspectivas teóricas. Se trata de diversos esfuerzos por describir y explicar transformaciones de gran relevancia para la producción agraria local y regional. Estas mismas constituyen un interesante objeto de estudio, que pareciera esconder algunas claves para fortalecer nuestro conocimiento de la sociedad argentina y, a la vez, forman una base muy interesante para abordajes teóricos complejos. Entre otros ejes de debate, están involucradas la cuestión del origen, la profundidad y el carácter del proceso de concentración y centralización del capital aplicado la agricultura; el papel que cumplen distintos actores de la cadena productiva agraria y el peso de cada uno de ellos en la producción; la aparición de nuevos actores o la redistribución de roles jugados por aquellos actores preexistentes –por ejemplo, el de las empresas de insumos y semillas trasnacionales en el nivel macro, pero también figuras claves para la producción, como son los asesores, en el nivel micro-, el papel de la tecnología y la ciencia en general en estos cambios, y los impactos territoriales y sanitarios y de sustentabilidad ambiental del nuevo modelo productivo.

En este artículo procuraremos describir lo que para nosotros son los aspectos centrales del enfoque neoschumpeteriano aplicado a las mencionadas transformaciones, y exponer lo que a nuestro entender son las principales limitaciones teóricas que el enfoque presenta al intentar explicar distintos aspectos del proceso en cuestión. Propondremos un enfoque distinto y una serie de líneas de investigación que consideramos que aún no han sido abordadas.
REVIEW ON THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO PALEO-ENVIRONMENT AND PALEO-CLIMATE RESEARCH
Authors: Nguyễn Văn Vượng
Published: September 2018

This paper aim to review currently four main approaches to paleoenvironment and paleoclimate research including: 1) paleotonlogy, 2) sedimentology, 3) major and trace element geochemistry, 4) stable isotopes. Sedimentary and geochemical proxies are widely used for many different sedimentary environments and ages. Paleontological proxies have limitation due to the poor preservation of fossil. The use of stable isotopes proxy to study paleo-environment and paleoclimate is new trend that can be applied to wide variety of subjects, from organisms to minerals sensitive to environmental change.

              The environmental and paleoclimate information obtained from the above four approaches is not the same in terms of information type and level of detail. Paleontology only provides general information on the geographical conditions such as the continental environment, shallow seas, deep seas and continental shelves without detail on the environmental characteristics. Sedimentary records are likely to provide more detail on environmental and geographical information than paleontology proxies. The geochemical proxies provide information related to redox, humid or arid condition, high or less precipitation. Stable isotope provides the most quantitative approach compared to the others. The information obtained from this approach is based primarily on oxygen and carbon isotopes to reconstruct the history of temperature changes in the ocean and atmospheric environment. The quantitative level of the information obtained is gradually increased from the palaeontological, sedimentary, geochemical to stable isotope proxy. There is no unique optimal approach to paleo-environmental and paleo-climate research, therefore, in order to get a detailed and quantifiable information it is required to apply synchronously all four approaches mentioned above.
ĐÁNH GIÁ NHU CẦU VÀ MỨC SẴN LÒNG CHI TRẢ CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN CHO DỊCH VỤ CUNG CẤP NƯỚC SẠCH TẠI THỊ XÃ ĐÔNG TRIỀU, QUẢNG NINH
Authors: Hoang Hue
Published: September 2018

Tóm tắt: Hiện nay, người dân thị xã Đông Triều đã được tiếp cận với dịch vụ cung cấp nước máy tuy nhiên vẫn còn tồn tại một số hạn chế như: áp lực của sự gia tăng dân số dẫn đến tình trạng thiếu nước sinh hoạt; sự xuống cấp, hư hỏng của hệ thống cơ sở hạ tầng cấp nước làm rò rỉ nước, ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng và lưu lượng nước cấp sinh hoạt…Việc đầu tư cải thiện dịch vụ cung cấp nước sạch đến người dân đang gặp nhiều khó khăn vì ngân sách Nhà nước còn hạn chế. Để sử dụng nguồn nước sạch sinh hoạt có hiệu quả và thực hiện “xã hội hóa” trong việc cải thiện dịch vụ cung cấp nước sạch sinh hoạt, nghiên cứu đã đánh giá nhu cầu sử dụng nước và xác định mức sẵn lòng chi trả của người dân thị xã Đông Triều. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, 81% số hộ dân đang được sử dụng nước máy sẵn sàng chi trả cao hơn cho việc cung cấp dịch vụ nước sạch với mức chi trả trung bình là 8.613 đồng/m3; 71% số hộ chưa được sử dụng nước máy mong muốn được cung cấp dịch vụ nước sạch sinh hoạt và sẵn sàng chi trả với mức giá trung bình là 8.819 đồng/m3. Kết quả nghiên cứu là cơ sở khoa học để cung cấp thông tin cho việc xây dựng các khuyến nghị quản lý nước cấp sinh hoạt hiệu quả và phù hợp với điều kiện thực tế địa phương.
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH LƯỢNG CACBON TRONG RỪNG NGẬP MẶN VEN BIỂN XÃ HẢI LẠNG, HUYỆN TIÊN YÊN, TỈNH QUẢNG NINH
Authors: Nguyen Hanh
Published: September 2018

Để đánh giá khả năng tạo bể chứa cacbon của rừng ngập mặn ven biển phục vụ quản lý nhà nước về giảm phát thải khí nhà kính, cung cấp cơ sở khoa học và thông tin cho các chương trình thực hiện cắt giảm khí nhà kính như REDD, REDD+, chúng tôi đánh giá khả năng tạo bể chứa cacbon của rừng ngập mặn ven biển xã Hải Lạng, huyện Tiên Yên, tỉnh Quảng Ninh với các loài đặc trưng như vẹt dù (Bruguiera gymnorhiza), đâng (Rhizophora stylosa), trang (Kandelia obovata), sú (Aegiceras corniculatum), mắm (Avicennia marina) thông qua 3 bể chứa cacbon của rừng: (1) Bể chứa cacbon trong thực vật ở trên mặt đất; (2) Bể chứa cacbon trong thực vật ở dưới mặt đất; (3) Bể chứa cacbon trong đất, dưới dạng cacbon hữu cơ theo hướng dẫn của IPCC (2006). Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, lượng cacbon tích lũy trong đất rừng cao hơn khoảng 5 lần lượng cacbon tích lũy trong sinh khối thực vật trên mặt đất và dưới mặt đất của rừng. Lượng cacbon tích lũy trong đất rừng trung bình là 124,85 tấn/ha; Lượng cacbon tích lũy trong sinh khối thực vật trên mặt đất của rừng trung bình là 26,31 tấn/ha; Lượng cacbon tích lũy trong sinh khối thực vật dưới mặt đất của rừng trung bình là 24,35 tấn/ha. Tổng lượng cacbon tích lũy thông qua 3 bể chứa cacbon của đạt trung bình là 175,52 tấn/ha (tương ứng với lượng CO2 là 607,48 tấn/ha). Khả năng tích lũy cacbon trong rừng cao là cơ sở khoa học để xây dựng và thực hiện các dự án trồng rừng ngập mặn, kết hợp với bảo tồn, quản lý bền vững và tăng cường trữ lượng cacbon rừng trồng ở các dải ven biển Việt Nam.
Recommendations for Reporting Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Measurements
Authors: Gabelica Valerie , Shvartsburg Alexandre A. , Afonso Carlos , Barran Perdita E. , Benesch Justin L. P. , Bleiholder Christian , Bowers Michael T. , Bilbao Aivett , Bush Matthew F. , Campbell J. Larry , D. G. Campuzano Iain , Causon Tim J. , Clowers Brian H. , Creaser Colin , De Pauw Edwin , Far Johann , Fernandez-Lima Francisco , Fjeldsted John C. , Giles Kevin , Groessl Michael , Hogan, Jr. Christopher J. , Hann Stephan , Kim Hugh I. , Kurulugama Ruwan T. , May Jody C. , McLean John A. , Pagel Kevin , Richardson Keith , Ridgeway Mark. E. , Rosu Frédéric , Sobott Frank , Thalassinos Konstantinos , Valentine Stephen J. , Wyttenbach Thomas
Published: September 2018

Here we present a guide on ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments, which covers both linear and nonlinear methods: what is measured, how the measurements are done, and how to report the results, including the uncertainties on mobility and collision cross section values. The guide aims to clarify some possibly confusing concepts, and the reporting recommendations should help researchers, authors and reviewers to contribute comprehensive reports, so that the ion mobility data can be reused more confidently. Starting from the concept of the definition of the measurand, we emphasize that (i) mobility values (K0) depend intrinsically on ion structure, the nature of the bath gas, temperature, and E/N, (ii) ion mobility does not measure surfaces directly, but collision cross section (CCS) values are derived from mobility values using a physical model, (iii) methods relying on calibration are empirical (and thus may provide method-dependent results) only if the gas nature, temperature or E/N cannot match those of the primary method. Our analysis highlights the urgency of a community effort towards establishing primary standards and reference materials for ion mobility, and provides recommendations to do so.
Benchmarking Computational Alchemy for Carbide, Nitride, and Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Griego Charles D. , Saravanan Karthikeyan , Keith John
Published: September 2018

Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT)-based searches for hypothetical catalysts are too computationally demanding for wide searches through diverse materials space. Our group has been critically evaluating the performance of an alternative computational method called computational alchemy. An advantage with this method is that it effectively brings no computational cost once a single DFT reference calculation is made. Extending from our 2017 publication in J. Phys. Chem. Lett (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01974) that tested computational alchemy for transition metal alloys, we now assess the accuracy of computational alchemy schemes on carbides, nitrides, and oxides.
Lodos residuales de origen doméstico: disminución de coliformes fecales y Salmonella spp.
Authors: López-Moreno Lucero Mariel , Macías-Hernández Bárbara Azucena , Guevara-García Nestor , López-Santillán José Alberto , Rivera-Ortiz Patricio
Published: September 2018

El elevado contenido de microorganismos patógenos que presentan los lodos residuales genera una problemática en su disposición. Se evaluó la disminución de coliformes fecales y Salmonella spp., sometido a vermiestabilización y estabilización alcalina, empleando relaciones lodo-hidróxido de cal de 0.5-9.5, 1.0-9.0, 1.5-8.5 y 2.0-8.0 kg, así como 10.0-0.39, 10.0-0.26 y 10.0-0.13 kg lodo-lombriz. En cuanto a coliformes fecales, ambos tratamientos lograron conseguir la clasificación “C” para uso forestal y agrícola sin contacto directo, establecida en la NOM-004-SEMARNAT-2002. Sin embargo, la disminución de Salmonella spp. no consiguió ser suficientemente efectiva para cumplir con dicha clasificación.
Composición florística y diversidad de la regeneración leñosa del matorral en Marín, Nuevo León
Authors: García Jaime F. , Zavala-García Francisco
Published: September 2018

Los matorrales del noreste de México son ecosistemas bajo intensa presión agropecuaria. Para evaluar la composición, la diversidad α y la regeneración leñosa. En un área de matorral con historial de pastoreo, en Marín, N. L., se establecieron ocho parcelas rectangulares de 25×10 m (250 m2), se censaron todos los individuos (d0.10 m ≥ 1 cm). Se calcularon los indicadores ecológicos de abundancia (ARi), dominancia (DRi), frecuencia (FRi), índice de valor de importancia (IVI), índice de Margalef (DMg), índice de Shannon (H ́) y se estimó la riqueza de la vegetación leñosa. Se registraron 25 especies distribuidas en 21 géneros y 15 familias. Las especies con mayores IVI fueron Z. fagara, P. laevigata y A. farnesiana con 13.22, 11.46 y 9.26%, respectivamente. El índice de Margalef (DMg) y la diversidad α registraron valores de DMg = 3.01 y H ́=2.87. La dinámica de abundancia de especies indica que cuando se incrementa el % ARi el número de especies disminuye. El alto número de individuos/ha en las clases diamétricas menores (1-3 cm) muestra que el sistema se encuentra en un estado de regeneración de individuos.
Status Akrosom dan Kualitas Post-Thawed Spermatozoa pada Beberapa Rumpun Sapi dari Dua Balai Inseminasi Buatan
Authors: Nofa Yulida , Karja Ni Wayan Kurniani , Arifiantini Raden Iis
Published: September 2018

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kualitas dan status akrosom spermatozoa semen beku pasca-thawing beberapa rumpun sapi dari dua Balai Inseminasi Buatan (BIB). Semen beku dari sapi limousin, ongole, simental dan brahman yang di-thawing di dalam air hangat (37 oC) selama 30 detik dan kemudian dievaluasi motilitas spermatozoa, viabilitas, dan membran plasma utuh  (MPU). Evaluasi Status akrosom spermatozoa menggunakan pewarnaan Trypan Blue - Giemsa (TBG) dan Coomassie Blue (CB). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motilitas (51 ± 1,87%) dan MPU spermatozoa (72,53 ± 1,68%) dari sapi ongole lebih tinggi daripada rumpun sapi  yang lainnya pada BIB A (P<0,05). Namun, dari BIB B, motilitas dan MPU dari limousin lebih tinggi dari rumpun lainnya (P <0,05) dengan persentase masing-masing 51 ± 1,58% dan 72,60 ± 0,62%. Spermatozoa dengan TAU (95,40 ± 0,79%) dari rumpun sapi ongole menggunakan CBB G250 pada BIB B lebih tinggi dibandingkan 3 rumpun sapi lainnya (P<0,05). Akrosom spermatozoa dapat dievaluasi menggunakan TBG dan CBB G250. Namun, TBG lebih kompleks dan untuk mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan membutuhkan jangka panjang.
Integrated Enterprise Resilience Architecture Framework for Surviving Strategic Disruptions
Authors: Mohamed Hassan Ahmed Hassan , Galal-Edeen Galal Hassan
Published: September 2018

Resilient business enterprises are able to survive strategic disruptions like technology disruptions and come back more successful. They succeed because they develop and effectively implement the resilience strategies of mitigation, adaption, and transformation. This paper proposes an integrated resilience framework that is based on a combination of enterprise architecture and business architecture frameworks. At the core of the proposed framework is a meta-model and a method. The framework guides the development of a unified vision of how a business enterprise can address a specific strategic disruption and transform itself in a successful way. The framework articulates the vision through the lens of business blueprint views that guide the formation of transformation initiatives. Through the mapping capabilities of the framework, the transformation initiatives cross over the boundaries between organization structures and domains. In the last section we demonstrate our proposed method and meta-model with the help of a case study.
THE ROLE OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Authors: Dhull Er. Hardik
Published: September 2018

The finite element method is a numerical method that is used to find solution of mathematical and engineering problems. It basically deals with partial differential equations. It is very complex for civil engineers to study various structures by using analytical method,so they prefer finite element methods over the analytical methods. As it is an approximate solution, therefore several limitationsare associated in the applicationsin civil engineering due to misinterpretationof analyst. Hence, the main aim of the paper is to study the finite element method in details along with the benefits and limitations of using this method in analysis of building components like beams, frames, trusses, slabs etc.
New species of Cyrtosia Perris from Kazakhstan (Diptera: Mythicomyiidae)
Authors: Evenhuis Neal L.
Published: September 2018

Three new species of the genus Cyrtosia Perris from Kazakhstan are described and illustrated: Cyrtosia cossacki sp. n., C. manni sp. n., and C. sympatrica sp. n. A key to the seven species currently known from Kazakhstan is presented.
A new species of Rhaphitelus Walker, 1834, (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with notes on other species in the genus
Authors: Askew R.R. , Mifsud D.
Published: September 2018

Rhaphitelus mathildae sp. n. is described from Malta and compared to the three previously known species in the genus. A key to the four known species of Rhaphitelus is provided together with notes on their biology and distribution.
Recent additions to the Chyromyidae of Morocco with description of a new species of Gymnochiromyia Hendel (Diptera: Acalyptrata)
Authors: Ebejer Martin J.
Published: September 2018

The following species of Chyromyidae are new records for Morocco: Chyromya robusta Hendel, Aphaniosoma approximatum Becker, A. quadrinotatum (Becker) and A. rufum Frey. Gymnochiromyia tschirnhausi is described as a new species. The total number of
Chyromyidae species known from Morocco is 24.
Open Science India Report
Authors: Scaria Arul George , Ray Shreyashi
Published: September 2018

This draft report summarises the major findings and recommendations from the open science project conducted at the Centre for Innovation, IntellectualProperty and Competition (CIIPC), National Law University, Delhi. Please send us your comments/ suggestions to Email: arul.scaria@nludelhi.ac.in;Twitter: @openscience_in.
Beraten statt archivieren. Wie öffentlich Beschäftigte ihr Wissen am Arbeitsplatz teilen.
Authors: Fischer Caroline
Published: September 2018

Dieser Artikel untersucht das Teilen von Wissen durch Beschäftigte im öffentlichen Sektor. Wissensteilung ist die zentrale Voraussetzung für das organisationale Wissensmanagement. Es wurde eine Typologie entwickelt, die als Analyseraster vier Verhaltensweisen, Wissen zu teilen, unterscheidet (Berichten, Archivieren, Beraten, Hinweisen). Mithilfe von Daten aus drei Studien (qualitativ und quantitativ) wird beschrieben, wie Mitarbeiter im öffentlichen Sektor ihr Wissen teilen. Dies wurde in der Literatur bisher außer Acht gelassen. Die identifizierten Verhaltensweisen sind mehrheitlich responsiv, statt proaktiv, und richten sich direkt an Wissensnehmer, statt an ein Trägermedium. Sie können daher in der vorgeschlagenen Typologie als beratendes Verhalten eingestuft werden. Das ist weniger ressourcenaufwändig für die Wissensgeber, wirkt sich aber negativ auf die langfristige Speicherung und Auffindbarkeit von Wissen in einer Organisation aus.
Consciousness and pattern duplication under nomological determinism
Authors: Yu Xiaoyang
Published: September 2018

Matter exists. The world exists. The brain exists. Consciousness exists. Nomological determinism is true. Under nomological determinism, there is no free will. Will is not free. It is determined. Will is a content of consciousness. The content of consciousness can be expressed and duplicated by form of patterns. The content of consciousness can be expressed by language. The content of consciousness is an illusion. The illusion exists. Concept, statement, true/false, those are examples of the content of consciousness. The content of consciousness is passive and determined. Duplication of thoughts among individuals is a kind of pattern duplication. It is based on nervous system. Conditioned reflex is a kind of pattern duplication, and the pattern is duplicated from outside world into internal nervous system. Language is a media for pattern duplication. Thinking is done by patterns (came from the outside of an individual) with the help of the individual’s nervous system. Will is executed out by patterns in the nervous system. The brain decide that a statement is true or false, based on individual’s physiological reaction. Patterns is something like computer software. Nervous system is something like computer hardware. Brain is like a computer. It has consciousness while computer does not have it. The content of consciousness can be dumped out. It is in form of patterns. It can act on the world. The content of consciousness is not free. It is determined. It is decided by patterns and the nervous system.
Syntactic representations contain semantic information: Evidence from forced-choice comprehension and syntactic-priming studies of the passive with adults and children
Authors: Bidgood Amy , Rowland Caroline F , Pine Julian , Ambridge Ben
Published: September 2018

A key question in language research is whether linguistic representations contain semantic information. A number of studies of the English passive have found that, for both children and adults, performance varies as a function of the semantic type of the verb. Other studies of this construction have found equal performance across verbs, supporting a semantics-free view of syntax and its acquisition. Here we use new comprehension and priming studies to test if children’s and adults’ comprehension and production of passives varies according to semantic verb type. The comprehension study showed verb-type differences for both children (aged 4-6 years) and adults, suggesting that semantic restrictions on the passive construction exist, and continue into adulthood. In the priming study, both children (aged 4-6 years) and adults produced more passives following passive than active primes, demonstrating that theirknowledge of the passive is “abstract” in the sense that it is not tied to particular lexicalitems. At the same time, we also found evidence for a semantic constraint on the passive in that – across children and adults, and across comprehension and production – theme-experiencer verbs (e.g. annoy) showed the highest degree of passivisability and experiencer-theme verbs (e.g. see) the least, with agent-patient verbs (e.g. hit) intermediate. We end by considering three classes of accounts that could potentially explain these findings; those based on (a) autonomy of syntax, (b) a semantic construction prototype and (c) pure exemplar storage and analogy.
Sexism, Rape Myths and Feminist Identification Explain Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward the #metoo Social Media Campaign in Two Countries
Authors: Kunst Jonas R. , Bailey April , Prendergast Claire , Gundersen Aleksander
Published: September 2018

On October 15, 2017, actress Alyssa Milano popularized the #metoo campaign, which sought to expose the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault in public domains by encouraging victims to share their experiences on social media using the hashtag ‘metoo.’ The online campaign rapidly grew to a global phenomenon, which was generally well supported. However, some criticized the campaign online as a “battle of the sexes,” which pits men against women. The present cross-cultural research investigated whether gender differences in attitudes and feelings toward #metoo are due to underlying differences in ideologies and experiences that only partly overlap with gender. We surveyed respondents in the United States, where the campaign began, and in Norway, a highly gender-egalitarian country. In both countries, men expressed less positivity toward #metoo than women and perceived it as substantially more harmful and less beneficial. These gender differences were largely accounted for by men being higher than women in hostile sexism, higher in rape myth acceptance, and lower in feminist identification. The results, hence, suggest that gender differences in attitudes to social media campaigns such as #metoo might be best characterized as dimensional ideological differences rather than fundamental group differences.
Verb argument structure overgeneralisations for the English intransitive and transitive constructions: Grammaticality judgments, production priming and a meta-analytic synthesis
Authors: Bidgood Amy , Pine Julian , Rowland Caroline F , Sala Giovanni , Freudenthal Daniel T , Ambridge Ben
Published: September 2018

We used a multi-method approach to investigate how children avoid (or retreat from) argument structure overgeneralisation errors (e.g. *You giggled me). Experiment 1investigated how semantic and statistical constraints (preemption and entrenchment) influence children’s and adults’ judgments of the grammatical acceptability of 120 verbs in transitive and intransitive sentences. Experiment 2 used syntactic priming to elicit overgeneralisation errors from children (aged 5-6) to investigate whether the same constraints operate in production. For judgments, the data showed effects of semantics and statistics for all ages. This finding was confirmed by an updated meta-analytic synthesis of data from these and other constructions (which also revealed some by-construction differences). For production, only an effect of statistical preemption was observed, and only for transitivisation errors with intransitive-only verbs (e.g. *The man laughed the girl). We conclude that semantic and statistical effects are real, but are obscured by particular features of the present production task.
Does Ethical Leadership Influence The Organizational Outcomes? Mediating Role of Emotional Labor and Moderating Role of Followers’ Personality Traits
Authors: Nisar Qasim Ali , Habib Komal , Arshad Zalaf
Published: September 2018

Ethical leadership is become fundamental part for the developing businesses. Due to need of caring and ethical leaders the study consider the ethical leadership aspects by considering follower’s personality traits and inadvertent effects of emotional labor on follower’s job performance and follower’s perceived stress. This implies that when leaders have high and low level of ethical leadership they show an increase in followers’ management of emotions. Study also examined that how ethical leadership influences the organizational outcomes by considering the mediating role of emotional labor and moderating role of personality traits. Questionnaire survey was used to collect the data by different banks of Gujranwala city. 200 responses were collected within one month. Result divulged that ethical leadership has negative effect on follower’s perceived stress and positive impact on follower’ job performance. After applying different statistical tools results indicated that in high ethical leadership employees not show their regulated emotions then followers stress level will increase and their performance of the job will decrease. Findings show that in moderate level ethical leadership employees showed their genuine emotions which increases their job performance and decreases their stress. Results revealed that employees management of emotions (surface acting and deep acting ) increases the employees job performance and decreases the followers perceived stress when followers personality traits are moderated. In the last of article research limitations, implications and directions for further research also included
Using Silent Demonstration Acmethod to Improve Students’ Ability on Writing Procedure Text at the Seventh Grade of MTS DDI Pacongang Pinrang
Authors: Sari Fusvita
Published: September 2018

: This research discussed are the use of silent demonstration method to improve the students ability in writing. This research is conducted using a quasi-experimental method  was carried out. The population of the research was the Seventh grade of Mts DDI PacongangPinrang in academy years 2014- 2015 which consisted of two classes VII a and  VII b  were taken as the sample which consist of (30 students). The sample was drawn using cluster random sampling technique. While class VII B  was chosen as the experimental group, while VII a  was chosen as control group. The instrument for collecting data were writing test. The data obtained through the test were analyzed  using t-test.The result of this research was use of silent demonstration significant difference with the use of conventional away / direct instruction   (English book / script) of the students writing ability.This Indicate the mean the  experimental group is higher than control group (75.8 > 68.83).There was also the result of t-test  value is higher than t-table value (8.648 > 1.671) In other word hypothesis ) is that null hypothesis  ( Ho) is rejected and Hypothesis Alternative (H1) is accepted. It is concluded ; the writing ability the seventh grade students of MTs DDI PacongangPinrang be improved through silent demonstration method by  procedure text .
Ambivalenzen eines erweiterten Bildungsbegriffs an Tagesschulen. Befunde aus einer qualitativen Untersuchung mit Lehrkräften und sozialpädagogischen Fachkräften an Tagesschulen in Zürich
Authors: Chiapparini Emanuela , Kappler Christa , Schuler Braunschweig Patricia
Published: September 2018

Mit dem Ausbau von Tagesschulen in der Schweiz gehen programmatische Ansprüche eines erweiterten Bildungsbegriffs zur klassischen Schulpädagogik einher. Inwiefern diese umgesetzt werden, ist bislang nicht eindeutig beantwortet. Deshalb geht der vorliegende Beitrag sowohl von einer dreifachen Bildungsorganisation gemäss der formalen, non-formalen und informellen Bildung (Züchner 2013) als auch von den darin stattfindenden Handlungen von Lehrkräften und sozialpädagogischen Fachkräften (Scherr 2003) aus. Wenn der erweiterte Bildungsbegriff als programmatisches Leitbild so relevant für Fachkräfte in der Tagesschule ist, müsste dieser in den Erzählungen über ihr fachliches Handeln zum Ausdruck kommen. Mittels narrativen Interviews mit Lehrkräften und sozialpädagogischen Fachkräften aus Tagesschulen der Stadt Zürich wurde empirisches Datenmaterial gewonnen und mit der Grounded Theory ausgewertet. Die Befunde weisen auf erklärende Zusammenhänge zwischen Handlungen beider Berufsgruppen hin. Gleichzeitig zeigen sich auch Ambivalenzen eines erweiterten Bildungsbegriffs.
Interactive Audio Pens, Home Literacy Activities and Emergent Literacy
Skills
Authors: Pfost Maximilian , Freund Jana G.
Published: September 2018

Interactive audio pens – pens that contain a built-in speaker and that
can be used in combination with books that are made for this purpose – are
new, commercially available technological developments that have found
widespread dissemination. In the current paper, we studied the availability
and use of these interactive audio pens and their associations with home
literacy activities and children’s emergent literacy skills in a sample of
103 German preschool children. We found that the availability of interactive
audio pens at home showed small positive relations to children’s verbal
short-term memory. Home literacy activities were not correlated to the
availability of interactive audio pens. Results are discussed against the
background of current research in multimedia storybook reading.
Zur Produktivität intersektionaler und queertheoretischer Ansätze in der Modeforschung
Authors: Weilandt Maria
Published: September 2018

Mode und Geschlecht sind innerhalb modischer Praktiken auf komplexe Art und Weise miteinander verbunden. In diesem Beitrag schlage ich vor, eine intersektionale und eine queertheoretische Perspektive in die Modeforschung zu integrieren, um der Ambivalenz und Hybridität modischer Praktiken methodisch zu begegnen. Dabei fasse ich zunächst Gender als interdependente Kategorie, die in sich bereits durch andere Kategorien konstruiert ist. Anhand zweier Beispiele, der modischen Stereotypisierungen dapper und DapperQ, skizziere ich beispielhaft, was eine solche Perspektive in der Modeforschung leisten kann. Dabei geht es exemplarisch darum, wie modische Gendernormen visuell und textuell konstruiert sind und wie sie, innerhalb queerer Praktiken, gestört bzw. dekonstruiert werden.
Der „deviante“ Körper: die Verhandlung des weiblichen Körpers in alltäglichen Kleidungspraktiken medialer Selbstinszenierung
Authors: Hahmann Julia
Published: September 2018

Kleidung kann als Material zur Identitätskonstruktion verstanden werden, das anhand der Kenntnis impliziter wie expliziter Regeln situationsadäquat zur Inszenierung des erfolgreichen Subjekts eingesetzt wird. Dem devianten Körper wird der Zugang zu trendbewusster Kleidung limitiert und somit auch die Identitätskonstruktion als „fashionable persona“ erschwert. Anhand einer inhaltsanalytischen Untersuchung von Blog-Postings des Curvy Sewing Collective (CSC) und Selbstpräsentationen der sich als kurvig oder fett bezeichnenden Autorinnen können die Auseinandersetzung mit Kleidung als Material und der Praxis des Ankleidens als an einer sozialen Umwelt ausgerichteten Form der Optimierung des eigenen Körpers nachgezeichnet werden. Im Zusammenhang mit der Gemeinschaft des CSC entwickeln die untersuchten Subjekte Technologien des Selbst, die es erlauben, sich trotz wahrgenommener Devianz sozial akzeptabel zu kleiden und eine erfolgreiche Identitätskonstruktion als attraktive, modebewusste Frau zu unterstützen. Obgleich die dargestellten Attraktivitätsnormen Vorstellungen von normativer Weiblichkeit reproduzieren, ermöglicht das Kollektiv so individuelles Empowerment für die Teilnehmerinnen.
LGBTIQ-Wähler*innen in Berlin und Wien. Politische Präferenzen, Parteienwettbewerb und elektorale Resonanz
Authors: de Nève Dorothée , Ferch Niklas
Published: September 2018

Die vorliegende explorative Studie widmet sich dem Wahlverhalten von LGBTIQ-Personen im Kontext der Abgeordnetenhauswahl in Berlin (2016) und der Gemeinderatswahl in Wien (2015). Untersucht wird erstens die queer-politische Agenda der Parteien und zweitens das Wahlverhalten von LGBTIQ, einer bislang in der Wahlforschung weitestgehend ignorierten Bevölkerungsgruppe. Der Vergleich der untersuchten Wahlprogramme zeigt, dass queer-politische Themen Marker für Differenz und Konkurrenz im Parteienwettbewerb darstellen. Die Ergebnisse der Onlinebefragung zeigen, dass die Methode eines selbstselektiven Samples geeignet ist, um die politischen Präferenzen von LGBTIQ-Personen zu untersuchen. Die Parteipräferenz für grüne Parteien ist sowohl in Berlin als auch in Wien ausgeprägt. Jenseits dessen gibt es indes in Berlin wie auch in Wien LGBTIQ-Personen, die rechtspopulistische Parteien und Positionen unterstützen.
Die animierte Familie. Darstellungen von Familien in Zeichentrickserien
Authors: Studeny Christopher , Zartler Ulrike
Published: September 2018

The number of cartoon series on television and, accordingly, their importance for the socialization of children have strongly increased in recent decades. However, questions about the family image that is transported in these series over time remain to be answered. Based on the knowledge-sociological hermeneutic analysis of videos, this article explores whether the presentation of family images, family life and parental roles in cartoon series has changed since the 1980ies. Data are systematically drawn from three series from the 1980ies and three present series (since 2000), selected along the criteria of popularity, duration and frequency of broadcasting. Results show that although a pluralization of family forms becomes apparent over time, the presentation of parents is still predominantly based on traditional role patterns, and the nuclear family is presented as an ideal. The analysis also reveals that aspects of handling the blurring boundaries of work and family life are more prominent in the present cartoon series. Zusammenfassung Das Angebot an Zeichentrickserien im Fernsehen und damit deren Bedeutung für die Sozialisation von Kindern hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark zugenommen. Die Frage, welches Familienbild in diesen Serien im Zeitverlauf transportiert wird, wurde bislang aber nur unzureichend beantwortet. Dieser Beitrag untersucht mittels hermeneutischwissenssoziologischer Videoanalyse, ob sich die Darstellung von Familienbild, Familienleben und elterlichen Rollen in Zeichentrickserien seit den 1980er Jahren verändert hat. Grundlage der Analyse sind jeweils drei Serien aus den 1980er Jahren und drei aktuelle Zeichentrickserien (ab 2000), welche nach den Kriterien Beliebtheit, Laufzeit und Anzahl ausgestrahlter Sendungen ausgewählt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zwar im Zeitverlauf eine Pluralisierung von Familienformen ersichtlich wird, die Darstellung der Eltern in beiden Untersuchungszeiträumen aber überwiegend an traditionellen Rollenmustern orientiert ist und das Idealbild der Kernfamilie transportiert wird. Bezüglich der Herstellung des Familienlebens rücken in der zweiten Untersuchungsdekade Aspekte der Entgrenzung von Arbeit und Familie in den Vordergrund.
Jiří Gruša: Eseje a studie o diplomacii a politice: Dílo Jiřího Gruši: svazek V.
Authors: Petlach Martin
Published: September 2018

V esejích, projevech a dalších textech v tomto svazku Jiří Gruša, jako českývelvyslanec, ministr, posléze i ředitel Diplomatické akademie ve Vídni,komentuje Evropu po pádu železné opony a její výzvy. Nabízí jedinečněmnohostranný a zasvěcený pohled na vzájemné vztahy Čechů, Němců aRakušanů a jejich novodobé milníky (Česko-německá deklarace, vstup Českérepubliky do NATO a Evropské unie). Předkládá však i svůj pohled na historiistředoevropského soužití. Již Grušovy texty z počátku devadesátých letpřitom představují překvapivě aktuální konfrontaci se základy soudržnostievropských společenství a jejich vnitřními a vnějšími hrozbami.
Chemical composition analysis and antibacterial-antiinflammatoryactivity tests of tamanu seed oil extracted by supercritcial fluid technology
Authors: Nguyen Hieu Huu , Tran Thuy Thi Minh
Published: September 2018

The natural product of tamanu oil is valuable in medicine and cosmetic. In this study, the tamanu oil was extracted by supercritical CO2 (sCO2) and Soxhlet (using hexane solvent) methods. The fatty acids and coumarins compound of the obtained tamanu oil were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities were also investigated by the diffusion method and performed on the white mice ears (Swiss albino). Content of fatty acid in tamanu oil extracted using sCO2 (72.62 %) was higher than that using Soxhlet method. The compound of coumaron (2H-1-bezopyran-2-one, C9H6O2) was identified belonging the simple coumarin group and its content in the tamanu oil extracted using sCO2 was the highest (169.69 μg/g), 1.79 and 2.04 times as much as that using Soxhlet method and the commercial oil, respectively. Besides, the results of investigation of the antibacterial activity suggested that the tamanu oil extracted using sCO2 was able to against some of strains namely: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 29213, methycilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 277853. In term of the anti-inflammatory activity, the tamanu oil extracted using sCO2 was anti-inflammatory effectively with reducing flammatory: 21.41 – 25.39 % as for the thickness of mice ears and 33.88 – 39.40 % as for the weight of mice ears.
Effect of acetic acid on fermentation performance of the immobilized yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus on Nypa fruticans leaf sheath pieces
Authors: Vu Quyen Thi Le , Le Man Van Viet
Published: September 2018

The yeast cells of Kluyveromyces marxianus immobilized on Nypa fruticans leaf sheath pieces was tested for acetic acid tolerance during ethanol fermentation. Control sample with the free yeast cells were also performed under the same conditions. When the acetic acid content in the medium varied from 0 to 8g/L, the cell growth rate of the immobilized and free yeast decreased by 8.3 to 10.3 time, respectively. In addition, increase in acetic acid content from 0 to 8g/L reduced ethanol formation rate of the immobilized and free yeast by 4.1 to 6.8 times, respectively. The immobilized yeast always demonstrated faster sugar assimilation and higher final ethanol concentration than the free yeast. Under acetic acid stress, the fixed yeast exhibited less change in unsaturated degree of fatty acids in cellular membrane than the free yeast. Application of immobilized yeast was therefore potential for improvement in ethanol fermentation from lignocellulosic material.
Fabrication, characterization, and adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanocomposites for nickel removal
Authors: Nguyen Hieu Huu , Hoang Nam Minh , Phan Diem Thi Hoai
Published: September 2018

In this research, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized via modified Hummers’ method and for the preparation of Fe3O4/GO nanocomposites by impregnation method. Characterization of the nanocomposites was performed by X–ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, specific surface area, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The concentration of Ni (II) ion in solutions was determined using UV-Visible spectrophoto-meter. The adsorption capacity for Ni (II) removal was examined with respect to pH effect, kinetic data and equilibrium isotherms in batch experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4/GO estimated with the Langmuir-isotherm model for Ni (II) was 27.62 mg/g at room temperature.