bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fütüvvetçilikle Ahiliğin Ayrıntıları
Authors: Çağatay Neşet
Published: September 2022

Son kırk elli yıldan beri sözü edilen, yerli ve yabancı yazarlarca, üzerinde kısa ya da uzun yazılar yazılan Anadolu Ahiliği, gerçekten ekonomik, politik ve sosyal yönlerden önemli değer taşıyan bir konudur. Bu örgütte önemli rol oynamış ünlü ahiler hakkında bazı dağınık bilgilere sahip olmakla birlikte, bir kurum olarak işleyişi üzerindeki ayrıntılı bilgileri, XIV. yüzyılda Osmanlı hükümdarı Orhan zamanında (saltanatı : 1326 - 1359) Anadolu'yu dolaşan Tanca'lı gezgin İbn-i Batuta'nın (1304 - 1369) seyahatnamesinde izlediğimiz Anadolu Ahiliği, ilk sıralarda, özellikle XIII. yüzyıl başında İslam aleminde ün salmış bir kuruluşun yani fütüvvetçiliğin Anadolu'daki bir uzantısı sanıldı. Fütüvvetinkinden ayrı özellikleri bulunduğunu kabul edenler de onun, İran'dan ya da Suriye'den örnek alındığını, kopya edildiğini yazmışlardır. Oysa ki, tüzükleri bakımından fütüvvetçilikle bazı benzerlikler göstermesine rağmen ahilik, Türk konukseverliğinin, yiğitliğinin ve başkalarına yardım duygusunun bir ürünüdür.
Acemhöyük Saraylarında bulunmuş olan Mühür Baskıları
Authors: Özgüç Nimet
Published: September 2022

Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara Üniversitesi ve Kültür Bakanlığı adına yürütülmekte olan Acemhöyük Kazılarında ele geçirilen mühür baskılarının büyük çoğunluğu, höyüğün güney-doğusundaki Sarıkaya mevkiinde ve kuzeyindeki Hatipler tepesinde açığa çıkarılmış olan iki büyük yapıya aittir. Bazı ayrıntılar dışında inşa tarzları, planları ve küçük buluntuları bakımından birbirine çok benziyen bu iki anıtsal yapı, Acemhöyük'ün saraylarım temsil etmektedir. Bunlar, Hellenistik çağ evlerinin inşası sırasında uğradıkları tahribatın ve köylülerin toprak ve taş almak amaciyle açtıkları çukurlar dışında, çok sağlam durumda keşfedilmişlerdir. Höyüğün Sarıkaya denilen kısmında, MA-VA / 41-48 plankarelere raslıyan sarayın merkez binasının kazısı tamamlanmıştır. Elimizde kalan zemin katında, tahrip sahası da dahil olmak üzere, elli odanın varlığı anlaşılmıştır. Güney cephesi Melendiz çayına bakan binanın dış duvarları düzenli bir dikdörtgen meydana getirmiştir.
Pectorale aus Urartu
Authors: Kellner Hans-jörg
Published: September 2022

Unter den ersten Funden, die bei Grabungen im Bereich Urartus herausgekommen sind, befanden sich ein goldenes Medaillon und ein silbernes Pectorale, die noch im vergangenen Jahrhundert in das Vorderasiatische Museum Berlin gelangten. Beide spielten seither eine wichtige Rolle bei der Betrachtung des Reiches Urartu und wurden sehr oft und meistens zusammen. abgebildet 1. Sowohl durch die Darstellung als auch durch das edle Metall waren die zwei An11.nger als etwas Besonderes aus den übrigen Funden herausgehoben. Auf beiden Stücken ist eine Adorationsszene mit sitzender Gottheit links und betender Gestalt rechts wiedergegeben; beide sind durch entsprechende Ösen dazu eingerichtet, an einer Kette oder ,hnlichem auf der Brust getragen zu werden. Bis vor kurzem hatte sich der Bestand an urartischen Medaillons nur um wenige Exemplare vermehrt. Bei den Grabungen in Karmir Blur kamen 3 Silberanhmger zutage 2. Von. Bronzemedaillons mit einander Wınlicher Adorationsszene tauchte eines in Privatbesitz auf 3, wWırend das andere bei den Grabungen von Prof. A. Erzen in Çavuştepe herauskam 4. Pectorale dagegen war keines mehr bekanrıt geworden. So erschien es reizvoll und auch möglich, die ganze Gruppe von Brustschmuck zusammenfassend zu betrachten und ihre Funktion als Rang oder Würdeabzeichen zu untersuchen.
Bir Türk Elçisinin Portresi
Authors: Eyice Semavi
Published: September 2022

Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından sağlanan bir ödenekle 4-10 Kasım 1973 tarihinde Napoli'de toplanan bir kongreye katılmış, bu sırada buradaki müze ve saraylar da gezmiştim. Napoli sarayının salonlarını dolaşırken bir duvarda XVIII. yüzyıl Osmanlı kıyafetinde iki Türk'ün yağlıboya tabloları ile karşılaştım. Bunlar altlarındaki yazılardan anlaşıldığına göre 1741 ve 1742 yıllarında Napoli'ye gelmiş olan iki müslüman elçidir. Bunlardan biri İstanbul'dan Osmanlı İmparatorluğundan diğeri ise Trablus'dan gönderilmiştir. Bu küçük araştırmamızda bu Osmanlı elçisi ile resminden ve bu resmi yapan ressamdan bahsetmek istiyoruz. Bahis konusu tablolar, Napoli'de Krallık sarayı (= Palazzo Reale) 'nin XII sayılı salonunda bulunmaktadır. Bunların altlarında ressam Giuseppe Bonito tarafından yapıldıkları bildirilerek, birinin 1742'de Napoli'ye kral Charles de Bourbon'un sarayına gelen Türk elçisini (Ambasciotori Turchi venuti a Napoli nel 1742 alla corte del re Carlo di Borbone), ötekinin ise yine 1742'de Napoli'de kral Charles de Bourbon'un sarayına gelen Trablus elçisini (Ambasciotori tripolini venuti a Napoli nel 1742 alla corte del re Carlo di Borbone) tasvir ettikleri yazılmıştır. Biz bu yazımızda hakkında hiçbir bilgi edinemediğimiz Trablus elçisini bir tarafa bırakarak yalnız Türk elçisi üzerinde duracağız.
The preliminary full-scale experiment on the vessel's compact exhaust boiler’s prototype
Authors: Bevza Denis I. , Shurayev Oleg P.
Published: September 2022

The article is devoted to a preliminary full-scale experiment on a heat recovery stand, which is the initial stage of a full-scale study of the vessel's compact exhaust boiler of a new design. The experiment is carried out in order to test the mounted thermometry system and obtain the first data about the temperature distribution in the channels of an experimental exhaust boiler. The analysis of the results confirms the adequacy of the readings of the thermometry system, allows to talk about its correct operation, but, at the same time, it points to a number of illogical indications that require explanation.
Liver injury in COVID-19
Authors: Bentsa T. M.
Published: September 2022

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) – a disease caused by a new coronavirus 2019. The global epidemic of a new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a major threat to human health. In the clinical picture, along with acute respiratory distress syndrome, liver lesions are also noted. The following mechanisms are currently being considered: direct damaging effects of SARS-CoV-2, immuno-mediated inflammation, severe hypoxia, drug exposure. In addition, COVID-19 can exacerbate and decompensate previously formed chronic liver diseases with the development of acute liver failure. Abnormalities in functional liver tests are associated with progression and severity of the infection. Physicians should carefully assess the initial state of the liver, and after prescribing therapy, intensify monitoring of its functional state, especially in patients with severe COVID-19.
Anxiety disorders as a new challenge to modern society
Authors: Barna O. M. , Alifer O. O.
Published: September 2022

Anxiety disorders are a wide range of mental disorders that can be combined with each other or accompany diseases of other organs and systems. In today’s world affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, military conflicts, the growing incidence of cancer and other diseases, people is increasingly turn to doctors with symptoms of anxiety disorders. Such changes in the psyche are accompanied by severe clinical syndromes, as well as autonomic disorders that force a person to change their lifestyle, interfere with daily activities, professional development. For the treatment of anxiety disorders, it is advisable to use a combination of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic effects. From the point of view of high safety and tolerability profile, the drug from the group of tranquilizers Adaptol ® was effective in the treatment of various types of anxiety disorders, its use is appropriate in patients of all ages and genders, with or without comorbidities, and has other useful properties (nootropic action, etc.).
Potential use of endophytes in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Yerkhova A. V. , Katynska M. G.
Published: September 2022

Endophytes are microorganisms, usually fungi or bacteria less commonly algae and viruses, that live in plant tissues without causing disease symptoms in their host. It is estimated that there are over one million endophytic fungal species, but because of their habitat, they have been discovered relatively recently and therefore poorly studied. (Gupta, Chaturvedi, Kulkarni, & Van Staden, 2019) It is estimated that less than 1 % of all endophytic species are currently known. When observing the mutual relationships of plants with endophytes, most researchers take the view that such associations are commensal (Ayswaria, Vasu, & Krishna, 2020). Nowadays, endophytic microorganisms are considered to be a potential source of compounds - secondary metabolites. Endophyte bioactive compounds can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Endophytes are mainly used in the production of antibiotics, antioxidants, various enzymes, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitics and antifungal drugs, immunosuppressors, and also as anticancer agents. The interest in biotechnology is great, as the application of secondary metabolites of endophytes is possible in the cosmetic industry, agricultural complex, textile production, and food industry besides pharmaceuticals. The relevance of this topic and its further research on the use of already available and the discovery of new bioactive components of endophytic microorganisms can help scientists in resolving the problems of resistance of some pathogenic strains to modern approaches in antibiotic therapy. The potential uses are great, as endophytes can be extracted from numerous plants worldwide. The properties and characteristics of extracted endophytes will vary due to their geographical location and environmental conditions. Besides the wide variety of endophytic microorganisms for production, an important factor is the ability to use the same fungus, bacterium, or algae to synthesize a significant number of different active compounds. These compounds are interesting because they can manifest their action in several directions. In this article we considered several options for classifying endophytic microorganisms, listed the possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry, also considered the most used bioactive compounds from the Streptomyces genus actinobacteria, in addition, we reviewed substances with anti-tumor activity, which are now used to treat cancer of various human organs and are available as drugs for preparing injection solutions, metabolites of endophytes equally found their application. The aim of this work was to describe the modern classification of endophytes and show their potential use in antibiotic drugs as active agents in cancer treatment and their use as sedative drugs.
If I stay
Authors: Rosenstock Roland
Published: September 2022

Roland Rosenstocks Überlegungen befassen sich mit einem zentralen Medium der Auseinandersetzung mit Nahtoderfahrungen (NTE): dem Film. Anhand einer Analyse des Spielfilms If I Stay zeigt er auf, wie NTE
im öffentlichen gesellschaftlichen Diskurs inzwischen angekommen sind. Vor allem anhand der Bildsprache des Films macht er deutlich, wie selbstverständlich an beim Publikum als vorhanden vorausgesetztes
Wissen bereits angeknüpft und NTE daher insgesamt nicht mehr als gesellschaftliches Nischenthema angesehen werden können.

Roland Rosenstock's reflections deal with a central medium of dealing with near-death experiences (NDEs): film. Based on an analysis of the feature film If I Stay, he shows how NDEs have meanwhile arrived
in public social discourse. Particularly through the film's visual language, he shows how the audience has already taken knowledge for granted and how NDEs can no longer be regarded as a niche topic in society.
Relationship Between Economic Growth, Income Inequality and Poverty by Provinces in Indonesia: Panel Data Regression Approach
Authors: SUPARMAN Suparman
Published: September 2022

Researchers found that the decrease in income inequality affects the reduction of poverty through redistribution policies. This redistribution policy has also accelerated poverty reduction. In addition, the researcher found that the element of growth led to the achievement of poverty reduction in the long term. Researchers show that economic growth has the power to determine poverty reduction. The type of data in this study uses secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), namely Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) at Constant Prices (ADHK) 2010, Number of Poor Populations, and Gini Ratio by Provinces in Indonesia during the period 2015-2020. The analytical method used is panel data regression using three forms, namely: CEM (common effect model), FEM (fixed effect model), and REM (random effect model). Based on the empirical findings using panel data regression, it can be concluded that the variables of economic growth (LOGPDRB) and income inequality (GIN) are consistent with various panel regression models as well as the common effect model (CEM), fixed effect model (FEM) and random effect. model (REM) has a positive effect on the number of poor people. This means that if the two variables increase, there will also be an increase or increase in the number of poor people according to the provinces in Indonesia.
Entrepreneurial Values On Business Performance: Entrepreneurial Commitment As A Mediation
Authors: AMBARWATI Titiek , DJATMIKA Ery Tri , HANDAYANTI Puji
Published: September 2022

The business world today is also starting to develop along with business competition, whether on a small, medium or large scale. One of them is Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The purpose of this study was to analyze entrepreneurial values such as self-efficacy and achievement motivation on business performance, and entrepreneurial commitment as mediating variables. This research was conducted in MSMEs in Malang City and involved 100 respondents, namely business owners. This study is quantitative using explanatory research. The explanatory research aimed to test a theory or hypothesis in order to support or reject the theory or hypothesis from previous research results. The data analysis used path analysis with Partial Least Square (PLS) software (SmartPLS 3.0). The objective of this study was to examine the effects between variables (self-efficacy, achievement motivation, entrepreneurial commitment, and business performance). The results of this study are the influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurship commitment and performance, achievement has a significant effect on business performance, but not significant on entrepreneurial commitment, then entrepreneurship commitment on business performance, and has a mediating role between self-efficacy on business performance. Meanwhile, entrepreneurship commitment does not mediate the effect of motivation on business performance. Further research can be done by adding other variables and seeing whether entrepreneurship commitment can strengthen the influence of motivation on business performance through a moderation test.
Environmental Uncertainty: Typology Of Strategy And Strategic Management Accounting Techniques On Company Performance
Authors: PUYO Marten , T Sutrisno , RAHMAN Aulia Fuad , SARASWATI Erwin
Published: September 2022

Uncertain environmental conditions and typology of corporate strategy are the determining factors in improving company performance. This study aims to prove the analysis results of the typology of strategic management accounting techniques on company performance and test the role of environmental uncertainty in moderating the typology of strategies on company performance. This research is quantitative research with data collection using a survey method. The sample in this study was 237 managers of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Sampling using the type of probability sampling. Data analysis in this study used the PLS-SEM (partial least square modeling) analysis method through the SmartPLS 3.0 program. There are three findings in this study, namely. First, the typology of strategy has a significant effect on company performance. Second, strategic management accounting techniques have a substantial impact on company performance. Third, environmental uncertainty has strengthened the influence of strategy typology on company performance. This study also analyzes the results of the 'Fit' contingency test for the prospector, defender, and analyzer strategy typology variables on company performance through crosstab analysis using the SPSS.25 program. Based on the results of the contingency fittest, it has been proven that when conditions of environmental uncertainty are high in a competitive environment, companies can use a strategy typology with a prospector strategy rather than a company with a defender or analyzer strategy. The fittest prospector strategy typology is more appropriate for companies to improve performance.
SAFETY OF SIMULTANEOUS LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY IN COMBINATION WITH LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR (TAPP). A SERIES OF CLINICAL CASES
Authors: Gallyamov E. A. , Agapov M. A. , Wu Zhenghao , Kakotkin V. V. , Wan Jiaming , Song Penghao , Zhang Xinjian , Wang Yaohui , Zhang Zilong
Published: September 2022

Aim: To evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of a simultaneous surgery: laparoscopic appendectomy in combination with transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair.

Methods: The study was a retrospective analytical one. The medical histories were studied and postoperative monitoring of eleven patients hospitalized with acute appendicitis who underwent simultaneous surgery: laparoscopic appendectomy with simultaneous laparoscopic plastic surgery of clinically significant inguinal hernia was carried out. During the statistical analysis, the following parameters were evaluated: the timing of postoperative recovery, the frequency of early postoperative complications and the frequency of recurrence of inguinal hernia a year after surgery.

Results: The surgery was successfully performed in all 11 patients. There were no cases of infectious complications of the surgical intervention area. Acute urinary retention was registered in one patient in the early postoperative period. In one case, an early adhesive intestinal obstruction was diagnosed, which was resolved with conservative treatment. There were no cases of recurrent inguinal hernia during the year.

Conclusion: laparoscopic appendectomy in combination with transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair can be used in the treatment of acute appendicitis in combination with inguinal hernia in the absence of signs of gangrenous appendicitis with purulent peritonitis. The low statistical power of the study does not allow us to draw conclusions about the safety of this approach for patients of the older age group with a high comorbidity index.
INTRAOPERATIVE MALFUNCTIONS OF STAPLER DEVICES. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND A SERIES OF CLINICAL CASES
Authors: Agapov M. A. , Kakotkin V. V. , Markaryan D. R. , Garmanova T. N.
Published: September 2022

The paper presents several medical device reports from our center identified during application of surgical staplers from different manufacturers. The revealed malfunction did not lead to postoperative complications, however, they affected the duration of the operation and the cost of treatment. Failure of the stapler devices during surgery in the absence of proper attention to the staple line can lead to an increase in the frequency of postoperative complications. It remains unclear the problem of «small» malfunctions of stapler devices, which may go unnoticed during surgery, but affect the outcomes of treatment of patients. In order to identify a possible association between these adverse events and postoperative complications, it is necessary to form a state register of events associated with the use of stapler devices.
Introduction
Authors: Lee A. Robert , Field Douglas
Published: September 2022

Drawing on his friendship with Harold Norse from 1962, the writer and editor Jan Herman recalls meeting him in Paris, where they struck up friendship. Herman would later publish Norse in his little magazine, The San Francisco EARTHQUAKE. Herman concludes that Norse was a brilliant diarist whose poetry has not received the attention it deserves.
Turning the Blue Key
Authors: Weidner Chad
Published: September 2022

Can reassessment of Harold Norse's formative cut-up period place his early work into conversation with Burroughs and Gysin? The Beat cut-up is rightly credited to Burroughs and Gysin, but the neglect of Norse in the context of the Beat cut-up raises questions. Not only does Norse's work merit discussion, his cut-ups add to the larger negative cut-up aesthetic. Links between Harold Norse and William Burroughs are quite uncanny. Yes, both authors were gay American expat writers who experimented with various aesthetic forms, including the cut-up technique. However, present research avoids really examining the fascinating and profound aesthetic and methodological distinctions between the different cut-up approaches. Against this background, this chapter considers the many connections between Harold Norse and other cut-up practitioners including Burroughs and Gysin.
Cut-ups and Cosmographs
Authors: Swindell Tate
Published: September 2022

Between 1959 and 1961, the poet Harold Norse lived at the “Beat Hotel,” along with his better-known contemporaries, Brion Gysin, William Burroughs and Gregory Corso. Although Norse was involved in the development of the cut-up process, he has been airbrushed out of most accounts. Even less well-known is Norse’s contribution to visual art. During his stay at the “Beat Hotel,” Norse developed a painting method that he called Cosmographs, which he created by throwing Pelican inks onto Bristol paper, which were then rinsed off in a bidet. The results created proto psychedelic maps of inner and outer space. The Cosmographs were exhibited at Librairie Anglaise on the rue de Seine, with an introduction by William Burroughs. This chapter will discuss the Cosmographs in order to raise several questions about Norse’s role as a Beat and avant-garde artist, as well as the multi-disciplinary nature of the Beat Generation. How does Norse develop the aleatory technique through visual art? And how might this be seen as a precursor to Burroughs’ “Shotgun art?” How might we connect Norse’s “map-like images of inner and outer-space” with the work of Burroughs?
Running with the Underdog
Authors: Field Douglas , Jones Jay Jeff
Published: September 2022

Between the 1950s and the 1970s, Harold Norse became a key figure in a generation of American expatriate writers whose work was mainly published through a transatlantic network of little magazines. Referred to as the Mimeo, or Mimeograph Revolution, its publications were essential outlets for writing that was risk-taking in style and content. It also supported innovations such as the cut-up process, which Norse contributed to while living at the Beat Hotel in Paris. Norse’s sojourns in Europe–Italy, France, Greece and North Africa–saw his poetry and prose featured in a number of fugitive, now legendary magazines such as Gnaoua, My Own Mag, Ole, Residu and Big Table. Having at first sought success as an acclaimed mainstream poet, Norse’s recognition and literary destiny was found among avant-garde outsiders and in gay liberation.
Afterword
Authors: Grauerholz James
Published: September 2022

This brief memoir recalls JG’s first meeting with Norse in San Francisco, and in the company of William Burroughs, through to an ongoing friendship. It honours Norse’s role in Gay advocacy while also acknowledging his frequent querulousness. Plaudits go to Norse’s intellectual edge, his genuine resources of poetic-creative mind. There is a deserved hurrah to Todd Swindell for organizing Norse’s papers and so helping with recognition of the Norse legacy.
Introduction
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

The introduction lays the groundwork for what the title “modernist reformations” signals, an attempt to rethink basic aspects of what it means to be religious, as seen in the poetry of these three writers. As the title suggests, there is often a problem in vocabulary when we use words like religion, God, belief; and by applying insights of certain religious thinkers (Karen Armstrong, Jean Sulivan, Charles Taylor), I hope to begin the process of clearing away out-moded approaches to “literature and religion” and initiate a more capacious understanding of what it means to be religious and how literature, especially modernist literature, can be read as deeply “religious,” as enacting theology.
“What am I to believe?”
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

The intellectual context for Part I is established by a review of certain figures of the modernist era who were examining the nature and history of religion. Among the sociologists was the work of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, both of whom aspired to an objective review of the origin and nature of religion; in philosophy William James, who sought to reconcile “the varieties of religious experience” with empirical science; and in theology Rudolf Otto, who sought to understand the relation of religious experience and reason. Otto’s work especially provides the framework for the readings of Eliot and Stevens in Part I.
Eliot’s Buddhized Christianity
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

I begin with Eliot here because of the three writers in this study he has the most thorough, even professional, knowledge of Eastern religions, especially Buddhism and Hinduism, mainly as a result of the extensive coursework he did while a PhD student at Harvard. I provide a radically new reading of The Waste Land as an attempt to reform our understanding of God by enacting a dialogue between Christianity and Eastern religions, namely, Buddhism and Hinduism; and that he continues to engage in a pluralist approach to religion even after he publicly converts to Christianity and writes explicitly Christian poems. Such encounters produce a hybrid religious experience I call (after John Cobb) a “Buddhized Christianity.”
Ulysses as Christianized Buddhist Epic
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a radically new reading of Joyce’s Ulysses as a Buddhist epic resulting from a pluralist inter-religious dialogue. The focus is mainly on how Joyce uses Buddhism to “correct” and enrich aspects of Christianity that had been buried under centuries of dogma, rules, and superstition. The penultimate episode, “Ithaca,” which is the episode of homecoming, is told in a manner and a style that I argue is Buddhist: detached and lofty. This Buddhist narration presents Bloom as a figure capable of radical detachment who is also the epitome of Christian virtues of forgiveness and love, allowing Joyce to reform Christianity through an encounter with Buddhism.
Still “Churchgoing”
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

This short introduction to Part III takes its title from a chapter from Pericles Lewis’s enormously influential book on Religion and the Modernist Novel, in which he documents the decline in “churchgoing” and argues that for the artists in the modernist era the Church as an institution was no longer relevant. For Lewis, religion leaves the Church and moves inward, away from the pubic and toward the purely private. My argument is that the Church is being reformed by the modernist writers in the study as a potentially viable and vibrant place for communion.
Joyce: “It is in here that I must kill the priest and the king”
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

I begin Part III with Joyce because he is the most hostile to the established Church of his nation, the Roman Catholic Church. His avatar Stephen Dedalus thinks about Church history, especially its ruthless obliteration of heresy and heretics, not to reject something called Church but to initiate its reform. Unlike Buck Mulligan who wants to erase Church history in a return to Greek paganism, Stephen knows history cannot be escaped. His sense of the Church as a human construction within history allows Joyce to “deconstruct” it and renew it. This renewal occurs in “Ithaca,” where Bloom and Stephen share a meal intended to renew the Eucharist and perform a ritual clearly intended to renew the Mass, both of which are mocked by Mulligan on the novel’s very first page.
Eliot: “And the Church must be forever building, and always decaying, and always being restored”
Authors: Sicari Stephen
Published: September 2022

The only one of the three writers in this study to belong to an established Church, Eliot enacts a its reformation, especially in an often-neglected poem, “Choruses to The Rock.” This poem marks a turn in his career, as it is a series of choruses for public performance. The Rock, the spokesman for the Church, calls for constant renewal as historical circumstances demand, and Eliot continues and culminates his reformation of Church in the last of the Four Quartets, a poem written during the darkest hours of WWII called Little Gidding, which was a chapel founded during the English Civil War. As with his play Murder in the Cathedral (written directly after “Choruses), Church exists both within and outside of history, in the midst of danger and potential violence, occupying the “point of intersection between the timeless with time.”
Albert Samama, a Tunisian Filmmaker in the Ottoman Empire at War (1911–1913)
Authors: Corriou Morgan
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the work of Albert Samama, a Tunisian filmmaker in the Ottoman Empire amidst the Italo-Turkish war. The hanged men of Tripoli had been the only contemporary image from the war that etched itself into the collective memory of many. While four Tripoli filmmakers covered the least favourable image of the Italian aggressor, Samama recorded the hostilities and consequences of the conflict for the Balkans. The chapter discusses the constraints Samama had to face due to politics and marginality in the global film market, especially after the outbreak of the First World War. It mentions the tendency of early cinema to underestimate indigenous films from colonized territories.
Nationalist Records: Jews, Muslims, and Music in Interwar North Africa
Authors: Silver Christopher
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the nationalist records of Jews, Muslims, and music in the Interwar of North Africa. According to Johnathan Glasser's work, Jews and Muslims created, performed and consumed nationalist music together, which proves to be striking since Jewish voices are almost absent from historiographic literature on North African interwar nationalism. Discs recorded by Habiba Messika, Lili Labassi, and Salim Halali showcase the Jewish–Muslim relationship and practice of nationalism. Thus, the discs were all deemed nationalist and were subsequently subjected to French censorship. Moreover, Jews and Muslims collaborated to import and distribute records further into Maghrib through the network of merchants and peddlers.
Neglected Legacies: Omissions of Jewish Heritage and Muslim-Jewish Relations in Algerian Bandes Dessinées , 1967 through the 1980s
Authors: Perego Elizabeth
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the omissions of Jewish heritage and Muslim–Jewish relations in Algerian bandes dessinées. It recognizes Algeria's cartooning industry as the longest-standing and most respected across the African continent and the Middle East. With the support of the Front de Libération Nationale, artists worked to produce comic books that would shape the common sense of ‘Algerianess’ of the general population. Unlike other creative mediums, bandes dessinées could circulate among readers while being less costly for consumers. Thus, cartoons could reach a broader readership even if the audiences were not fully literate. The state and artists alike latched onto humour to craft a strong and unified national identity.
Jerusalem Blues: On the Uses of Affect and Silence in Kamal Hachkar’s Tinghir-Jérusalem: Les échos du Mellah (2012)
Authors: Bahmad Jamal
Published: September 2022

This chapter expounds on how affect and silence were used in Kamal Hachkar's debut documentary, Tinghir-Jérusalem: Les échos du Mellah. Affect and silence was utilised to explore Tinghir's Jewish community between the past and the present. The film uses silence to speak to the viewer non-verbally, while also allowing the audience to identify with them and their plight. Moreover, silence speaks louder when humans try to represent the uncontrollable forces of history behind displacement and suffering. However, cultural productions like Hachkar's documentary get too much caught in muddy political conflicts. Serious analysis is needed to examine the traumatic memory of the aliyah beyond the political developments in Morocco and Israel–Palestine.
A Newfound Voice from across the Mediterranean: Kamal Hachkar’s
Authors: Kartowski-Aïach Miléna
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the implications of Dans tes yeux, je vois mon pays (In Your Eyes, I See My Country), Kamal Hachkar's 2019 film. It notes how Hachkar aimed to restore Jewish Moroccan culture and recognize the effort to break historical and commemorative silence. Jews from Arab-Muslim locations were required shed their diasporic cultures and languages to be part of the Israelis, a national collectivity that was against Palestinians. Moreover, the film showcased how music allows people to unite and feel at home. Home, on the other hand, was found to transcend beyond a location, physical territory, or territory.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces Samuel Hirszenberg and his seminal and dramatic works relating to the Jewish experience in eastern Europe. Following in the footsteps of Maurycy Gottlieb, his compatriot, the chapter stresses that Hirszenberg was often relegated to being ‘the painter of the ghetto’, who gave expression in his expansive canvases to the disconcerting side of Jewish life. The chapter also looks at the effort of two Polish scholars—Józef Sandel and Janusz Zagrodzki—to reconstruct Hirszenberg's life and art as part of the Polish cultural landscape, redefining the scope of his artistic achievement. The chapter then explores the twists and turns of Hirszenberg's life, as well as his social and political developments. It offers an insight into the ways in which he, like Gottlieb before him, was deeply embedded in two cultural and artistic worlds—his involvement in the changing nature and predicaments of Jewish life was coupled with a deep attraction to nature and its symbolic meanings. Ultimately, the chapter delves into the inner world of Hirszenberg in the 1880s and early 1890s, as his art evolved in these academies and as he first received some public attention following the appearance of his works in several exhibitions in Poland and Germany.
Łódź: The Beginning
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the town in which Samuel Hirszenberg was born: Łódź. It emphasizes that Łódź was undergoing major transformation in the nineteenth century from a poor agricultural settlement to a booming industrial city. The chapter then tracks how Łódź began to attract attention and move into a new era of its development. The old town of Łódź was transformed into a textile district specializing in cotton, a fabric minimally known in the area at the time. It quickly attracted immigrants from neighbouring German-speaking areas and Prussia—especially families of weavers and clothiers. The chapter examines how Łódź benefited considerably from the consequences of the Crimean War (1853–6) for Russia's economic and political policies. It also considers the rise to power of Alexander II, the Jewish integration into Polish society, and the transformation that Jewish society underwent during Alexander's reforms. Łódź, Białystok, and Warsaw thrived in the 1860s and 1870s with large numbers of Jewish factory workers, but also, as the chapter shows, prominent factory owners.
Coming of Age In Munich
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter outlines how the Munich years (1883–8) brought Samuel Hirszenberg into contact with a different culture, a range of teachers and artistic directions, and students from various countries, including many of Polish origin. It traces his paths in these five significant years in Munich—his struggles to make ends meet, his exploration of Jewish themes, his enquiries into Jewish–Christian relations, his desire to be Gottlieb's successor, and his growing recognition as an artist. The chapter argues that this was a period of much growth, citing several comments and passages in Hirszenberg's notebook—some in German and probably written after his arrival in Munich. The chapter then explores Hirszenberg's studies of painting and composition under Professor Alexander Wagner (1838–1919), the academy's renowned history painter. It illustrates luxurious editions of books exploring the daily life and customs of both ancient Rome and contemporary Spain. The chapter presents his sketchbook which contains a page of handwritten texts in German and Polish. It stresses that Hirszenberg's sketches attest to his main preoccupations in Munich and reveal the ways in which he incorporated his increasing concern with the Jewish historical past into his visual oeuvre.
From Łódź to kraków
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter recounts the three years that Samuel Hirszenberg spent in Kraków, a period that began with much excitement, though also sadness over the death of his parents in 1906 and 1907. The chapter emphasizes that it is also a period in which Hirszenberg produced several engaging paintings and a group of portraits depicting the individuals he encountered and inspired. The chapter follows the early years of the twentieth century in which Hirszenberg continued his involvement in Jewish themes alongside landscapes, portraits, and his decorative cycle for the Poznański palace. It highlights the articles on Hirszenberg that introduced him as a ‘Jewish artist’, in keeping with the journal's own mission of promoting a pan-Jewish identity. The chapter elaborates on the certain shift in Hirszenberg's portrait paintings, which may have been the result of his interaction with the younger artists working in his vicinity, notably Leopold Gottlieb and Jerzy Merkel.
Jerusalem: The Final Destination
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter illustrates how Samuel Hirszenberg's focus changed, yet the world and concerns that had engaged him in Europe were nevertheless integrated into it. It argues that his personal odyssey and wanderings reflected the lives of many east European Jews of his day, and his art remained an expression of the complex, often opposing worlds and identities that characterized Jewish life at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The chapter looks at his artistic output during his brief period in Jerusalem. It discusses the overpowering impact of Jerusalem on Hirszenberg, noting that he was preoccupied with Jerusalem's landscape, its holy sites, and the local population. The chapter also highlights the clash between modernity and traditional Jewish life that was at the centre of Hirszenberg's last major painting in Kraków. It then offers an overview of his explorations in Jerusalem, his encounter with the local Jewish and Arab population, and his engagement with the city, its landscape, and its holy sites.
Hirszenberg’s Legacy
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter records the ways in which diverse artists, writers, and curators created connections between the momentous developments in Jewish history of the last century and Samuel Hirszenberg's art. It emphasizes the fact that an artist's creation is appreciated, interpreted, and recognized for a range of reasons, and not only for its artistic merit. Following his death, the chapter recounts how Hirszenberg was exalted by various Jewish authors as the Jewish artist, who had touched the soul of the Jews like no one before him and penetrated the depths of their tragic history, their past and present state; who gave the profoundest expression to their exile in a series of paintings; and who had only begun to turn his talented hand to the new world of the Land of Israel. The chapter also traces the impact of Hirszenberg's work and charts its cultural and artistic reception over more than a century in diverse media. It concludes by illuminating how his works of art, like art in general, have engendered intense interaction over time, allowing a wide range of interpretations, references, and quotations.
Hirszenberg the Man, The Artist
Authors: Cohen Richard I. , Rajner Mirjam
Published: September 2022

This chapter recalls the early life of Samuel Hirszenberg and what art meant to him. It looks at the message he wants to convey in his art, his motivation, vision, and the people he truly cared for and saw as his true companions. In pursuing Hirszenberg's artistic development from his early student days in Kraków until his untimely death in Jerusalem, the chapter flashes back to his student sketchbook which provided us with an untapped source. It then discusses his early negotiations with a range of concerns and possible paths that were to persist in his artistic life in the following decades with varying degrees of intensity: his Polish surroundings, traditional east European Jews, historical themes, the Orient, the nature of relationships between men and women, and portraits. The chapter analyses how Hirszenberg's geographical mobility strongly influenced his artistic output. It investigates how his Łódź patrons, who were enthusiastically acquiring both his ‘Jewish’ and ‘non-Jewish’ pieces alongside the works of Polish masters, influence his work.
Trans-Mediterranean Beyroutes
Authors: Launchbury Claire
Published: September 2022

This chapter showcases how Beirut became a series of urban paradoxes. Beirut's operations are free-floating while being hubs for transnational capitals and their respective exchanges. Even though attempts were made to tame the urban space through familiarization or securitization, capital flows have influenced the urban dynamic. The chapter also expounds on urbicide, wherein extreme changes rendered the urban fabric amidst the civil war. However, global capital has had an almost equal impact on the urban fabric of Beirut similar to urbicide. Thus, Beyroutes features essays of urban scholars and artists that cover the duality of Beirut and its Janus-like population.
Bare Life at Sea
Authors: MacDonald Megan C.
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into Istanbul, involving the postcolonial French histories of failed crossings. The failed crossing of men at sea represents new migration patterns. Thus, the International Maritime Organization defines a stowaway as a person on a ship or cargo without consent. The narrative of Bare Life at Sea features containment and public health concerns that triggered the disease rhetoric in Turkish law concerning refugees and migrants. Despite the media attention on the refugee crises in the Mediterranean, there is a lack of attention on the displacement of Black Sea stowaways. The chapter concludes that artists and activists utilise different strategies to memorialize migrants in transits and migrants who never leave the sea.
The Transfer of Tradition from West to East
Authors: Barzen Rainer Josef
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the migration of takanot (halakhic community ordinances) from the French and German lands to the Polish lands. From the late Middle Ages these ordinances were known as the Takanot Shum, the ordinances of the ‘Shum’ communities — Speyer, Worms, and Mainz — in the Rhineland. Their migration from west to east is a particularly fruitful field of investigation because it covers two different areas of Jewish culture. On the one hand, takanot are halakhic texts with a legal character, the creation of which requires one or more scholars. On the other hand, they also have a constitutional and political character since their implementation requires the support of the leadership of the Jewish community. The theory and practice of formulating social rules, as well as their introduction and transmission, are thus a key element of the cultural transfer from the Jews of the west to the Jews in Poland.
Office Holders of the Council of Four Lands, 1595–1764
Authors: Kalik Judith
Published: September 2022

This chapter reconstructs the names of the office holders of the Council of Four Lands. The Council of Four Lands consisted of representatives of the Jewish communities of Crown Poland. It was not a truly autonomous body, as its members more often represented their noble patrons than their constituencies. Since the actual pinkas of the Council of Four Lands has not survived, the names of the office holders can be only partially reconstructed. Four groups of documents are available, two published and two unpublished. The published ones are the surviving Hebrew and Yiddish documents of the council edited by Israel Halperin and the Polish, Latin, German, and Ruthenian documents related to the council edited by Jacob Goldberg and Adam Kaźmierczyk. The unpublished documents are the Jewish poll-tax assignments for the second half of the seventeenth century held in the Crown Treasury Archives and the Jewish poll-tax assessment lists for 1717 to 1764 in the Military Treasury Archives, both groups held in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw.
Jewish Involvement in Local Kehilot , the Sejm, and Municipalities in Interwar Poland
Authors: Polonsky Antony
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes a look at how the actions of local kehilot (also described as ‘community boards’) and Jewish involvement in municipal affairs in the towns where they lived became more fruitful expressions of Jewish self-government during the interwar years. The last decades of the nineteenth century had seen attempts by the parties linked with the ‘new Jewish politics’, above all the Zionists, to gain influence in the reformed structures of Jewish community self-government. Polish independence made possible the creation of a single uniform system of Jewish self-government for the nearly nine hundred kehilot in the country. However, for the Orthodox, it raised the spectre of diaspora nationalism and challenged their view that the system should have primarily a religious character. For Polish, Ukrainian, and Lithuanian nationalists, it was anathema, because it undermined the national character of the states they were attempting to create. Even more fundamental was the problem that, with its imposition of a compulsory nationalisation on very diverse Jewish communities, it was at odds with the concept of individual rights and the liberal state.
A Disenchanted Elijah
Authors: Caplan Marc
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses S. Ansky's Destruction of Galicia (1920). The Destruction of Galicia is a travelogue, documenting Ansky's role in the Russian war effort. This chronicle stands as one of his most complex publications. While focusing on the physical destruction of Jewish communities and the variety of duplicitous, hostile, or ineffectual responses from non-Jews, its first-person account deploys literary strategies and embedded narratives that trespass the borders separating the conventions of journalism, political propaganda, and fiction. On these shifting borders between folklore and literature, Ansky emerges in The Destruction of Galicia not just as the foundational ethnographer of east European Jewry in the pre-war era, but also as the culture's most suggestive allegorist.
What is Genre Theory?
Authors: Dawson Anna
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers The Lord of the Rings through the lens of genre theory. It briefly summarises the genre theories of Andre Bazin, Robert Warshow and Laurence Alloway. It goes on to consider The Lord of the Rings’ relationship to different cinematic genres (e.g. fantasy, the war film, action-adventure, etc.).
Audiences and Institutions
Authors: Dawson Anna
Published: September 2022

This final chapter explores the industrial release strategy for The Lord of the Rings trilogy, both theatrical and home entertainment releases. It considers the context of the release of The Fellowship of the Ring against the simultaneous release of the first Harry Potter film in 2001.