bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jewish and Israeli Film Studies
Authors: Zimerman Moshe
Published: December 2012

Despite the problems inherent in defining the scope of creations associated with Israeli cinema, it is relatively easy to define the cinema's boundaries and to delineate the writers of essays, books, and anthologies who deal with it. This is not the case when attempting to define Jewish cinema or deciding what constitutes writing about Jewish cinema. This article discusses this issue extensively, along with some of the side issues that derive from it. Before that, however, this article reviews the history of writing on Israeli cinema, since this sheds much light on the difficulties involved in reviewing writing on Jewish cinema.
Modern Jewish Society and Sociology
Authors: Goldberg Harvey E.
Published: December 2012

The social-scientific study of Judaism is a modern phenomenon just as are the social sciences themselves. Several themes run through various efforts to study Jews and Judaism in social-scientific terms. First is the need to understand the socio-political and ideological backgrounds to making Jews the object of scientific study. Another question is whether the impetus to a study of the Jews comes from a particular interest in their situation and development. Related to both of these issues is the question whether those undertaking the research are Jews or Gentiles. Another significant dividing line is the sociology of modern communities in the diaspora in contrast to the sociology of Israeli society that took shape at the time the state was established. A related topic that is worth tracing is the degree to which historians or other scholars of Jews and Judaism have adopted social-scientific modes of thought into their writings.
Introduction
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana
Published: December 2012

Interest in the applied and academic study of the psychology of appearance has increased rapidly in recent years, and bookshelves have started to fill with a growing number of texts on the subject. However, whereas previous texts tend to take a pathologizing stance with a focus on body dissatisfaction and associated problems, this book offers a more balanced approach, by including research which focuses on psychosocial factors and processes contributing to resilience to appearance concern, by exploring the potential to use people's motivation to enhance appearance as a mechanism to improve health, and by examining the factors that influence positive adjustment to an unusual appearance. It also includes the full spectrum of appearance-related issues rather than focusing solely on ‘body image’ and its concomitant emphasis on issues relating to weight and shape; it includes disfigurement in this spectrum, rather than treating research and practice on visible difference as a sphere of activity entirely separately from the more ‘mainstream’ area of body image. An overview of the five sections of the book is presented.
Setting The Scene: Overview
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana
Published: December 2012

This article provides an overview of Section I of this book. It introduces readers to a range of contexts, perspectives, and influences contributing to the psychology of appearance. It offers insights from a variety of professional backgrounds, including social, clinical, and health psychology, surgery, and sociology. The influence of the private sector is highlighted in relation to messages promulgated by the media, the marketing of new technologies, and in conditions attached to health insurance. Within the public sector, health policies and the prioritization of resources both regionally and nationally limit the current provision of care for those distressed by their appearance. The relative sophistication of the challenges in the UK and the US is brought into sharp relief, however, by a consideration of the issues faced by those working in resource-poor countries.
Cross-Cultural Differences
Authors: Falvey Hannah
Published: December 2012

This article helps the reader gain a broad understanding of culture and cross-cultural psychology as it relates to the field of appearance. It argues that the deeper meanings of practices relating to body decoration, modification, adornment, and grooming can only be fully understood from within the cultural context in which they occur. It considers the neglected topic of variation in appearance values and practices in different societies, and the extent to which particular cultural norms are adopted by subgroups within the population. It discusses the increasing homogeneity in ideals and aspirations across cultures and the increasingly prevalent view that bodies are malleable, rather than the less permeable result of genetic inheritance. The development and proliferation of new technologies for altering appearance and increased access to globalized media are reducing the influence of culture, eroding traditional appearance practices, and narrowing the acceptable range of diversity in appearance.
Challenges in Healthcare Provision in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hansen Esther L. E. , Butler Peter E. M.
Published: December 2012

This article discusses how appearance concerns are managed within healthcare services in the UK. It first examines how individuals with appearance concerns access help in the community. It then considers the way in which appearance concerns are treated by medical professionals. This is followed by a consideration of how psychological services can attempt to help individuals manage their appearance concerns. It also discusses the opportunities available for individuals with appearance concerns when these are managed jointly. It concludes by inviting readers to consider the importance of interventions beyond those offered to patients by reflecting how engagement in the wider societal context might be achieved, as this often maintains the high level of appearance concerns and investment in appearance amongst people seeking appearance altering surgery.
Challenges in Healthcare Provision in Resource-Poor Countries
Authors: Potokar Tom , Price Patricia
Published: December 2012

This article focuses on the challenges inherent in providing healthcare for patients with disfiguring or appearance-related conditions in resource-poor countries across the world. Clinical and research work presented here predominantly related to burns, trauma, and wound healing, so many of the examples come from that area — but the challenges discussed can be extrapolated to cover the provision of care for people with other appearance-related conditions. The article highlights the relative neglect in countries in which rates of injury are high and where need, particularly for physical and psychological rehabilitation, massively outstrips provision. Local priorities are usually to reduce mortality rates rather than to improve the quality of life of survivors of disease and trauma. Distances to healthcare facilities are often considerable, and once patients are physically healed, they return to communities with no facility for follow-up or ongoing psychosocial support.
Biomedical Technologies and Appearance
Authors: Kent Julie
Published: December 2012

This article explores the social aspects of two technologies which alter appearance. The first is breast implants, the second ‘living skin’. It discusses the social shaping of the technology, the ways in which risks associated with them are constructed as technical issues, the socio-political implications of the technologies, and finally the ethical issues. In so doing, the goal is to highlight how embodied experiences of appearance and appearance alteration are constituted at the interface of complex socioeconomic relations.
Researching Appearance: Models, Theories, and Frameworks
Authors: Thompson Andrew R.
Published: December 2012

This article highlights the complexities inherent in researching appearance. It considers several key constructs and theoretical approaches derived from evolutionary, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives which have been proposed to explain how we make judgements concerning appearance both in relation to ourselves and to others. In order to maximize the potential contribution to knowledge, the article advocates a pluralist approach to theorizing. It concludes by offering a broad biopsychosocial framework developed from the research of a large collaboration of UK-based researchers and practitioners.
Who is Affected by Appearance Concerns, in What Way, and Why?: Overview
Authors: Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola
Published: December 2012

This article provides an overview of Section II of this book. A recent online questionnaire study of more than 800 young people from the UK, aged 11–18 years, showed that 34% of boys and 49% of girls had been on a diet to change their body shape and more than 50% of 1200 girls and young women aged 16–21 years report that they would consider undergoing cosmetic surgery to change their appearance. Whilst these figures suggest that dissatisfaction is endemic, a sizeable proportion of respondents nevertheless reported being satisfied with and, in many instances, proud of the way they look. This section examines a wealth of factors that play a part in determining this variation in levels of appearance-related satisfaction and adjustment.
Appearance in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Smolak Linda
Published: December 2012

This article describes the development of appearance preferences during childhood and adolescence; identifies influences on the development of these preferences; considers the effects of these preferences on self-development and social interactions; and discusses techniques that children and adolescents use to achieve an appearance that is consistent with their preferences. While there are numerous components of appearance, the research concerning children and adolescents has focused primarily on facial attractiveness and body shape, particularly weight and shape.
Influence of the Media
Authors: Halliwell Emma , Diedrichs Phillippa C.
Published: December 2012

This article presents an overview of the empirical evidence and the psychosocial theories that address the influence of the media on body image and appearance concerns. It considers how unrealistic ideals are over-represented, whilst people with a visible difference are rarely portrayed, and highlights how and why some people are more vulnerable to the effects of the media than others. The effect of media images is not straightforward and varies according to aspects of the advertising image, as demonstrated by examinations of comparison motives activated by particular advertising slogans or the degree of sexualization of an image, and by individual differences in the consumers of these images. Therefore, it is likely that the influence of media images on an individual's body image will vary across time and situation. However, the majority of the experimental and prospective research confirms that exposure to idealized media images does have a negative impact on many people.
Understanding The ‘Too Fat’ Body and the ‘Too Thin’ Body: A Critical Psychological Perspective
Authors: Tischner Irmgard , Malson Helen
Published: December 2012

This article offers a critical perspective on culturally dominant views of people deemed ‘too fat’ or ‘too thin’, and considers how societal views towards body weight can lead people to feel denigrated and pathologized. It calls for a shift in society's approach towards diets and weight loss in favour of a focus on health rather than body size.
Appearance Concerns, Dietary Restriction, and Disordered Eating
Authors: Lawson Victoria
Published: December 2012

This article considers the following: appearance concerns and perceptions of body size in people without a diagnosed eating disorder; the challenges to both psychological and physical health posed by the environment; the links between weight-related appearance concerns and disordered eating; and how to raise awareness of the potential physical health risks of overweight/obesity without fuelling appearance concerns and/or using stigmatizing appearance-related messages.
Cosmetic Procedures
Authors: Crerand Canice E. , Magee Leanne , Sarwer David B.
Published: December 2012

This article reviews psychological studies of cosmetic surgery patients. Because there is growing interest in understanding the psychological characteristics of patients who undergo specific procedures (e.g., rhinoplasty), it considers the psychological studies that have been conducted in specific patient populations, including persons undergoing facial and body procedures. The article concludes with a discussion of the psychiatric disorders which may be most relevant to this population, namely body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders.
Visible Difference Associated With Disease: Skin Conditions
Authors: Bundy Christine
Published: December 2012

Western society attaches a great deal of importance to the complexion, and beauty is typically defined as an even skin tone that is free from blemishes, independent of skin colour. About 54% of the population are affected by skin disease each year, and 15–25% of primary care consultations are due to skin disease. This article focuses on acne, atopic eczema, vitiligo, psoriasis, and skin cancer as exemplars to highlight the psychosocial impact of an altered appearance due to disease, and considers the provision of psychosocial interventions for those affected.
When Treatment Affects Appearance
Authors: Williamson Heidi , Wallace Melissa
Published: December 2012

Many surgical and medical treatments have the potential to alter appearance. However, whereas some seek to improve appearance, for example, cosmetic surgery or hormonal therapy for acne, those that aim to treat cancer and other conditions can result in temporary or permanent undesirable appearance changes. This article focuses on the latter and uses a variety of familiar surgical and medical treatments, recognized as adversely changing appearance, to illustrate the common psychological and social appearance-related challenges experienced by patients. In addition, it investigates why some individuals appear to cope with an altered appearance better than others, touches upon the evidence base for interventions in this area, and provides opinion on the direction of future research.
What Needs to Change and How Can Change Be Achieved?: Overview
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana
Published: December 2012

This article provides an overview of Section III of this book. It moves beyond current understanding about the factors contributing to adjustment and distress in relation to appearance, to consider what needs to change, and how this change might be achieved.
The Role of the Media
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: December 2012

Concerns about physical appearance can occur among any age group but are especially prevalent among adolescent girls and young women when they experience puberty and find their identity in early adulthood. In addition, individuals with visible differences may experience appearance-related insecurities and suffer social stigmatization. This article focuses on both of these appearance-related phenomena in relation to the role that the mass media play in shaping ‘self’ and ‘other’ perceptions and behaviours. It reviews key theories that have been proposed to explain how the media might influence appearance concerns among consumers, followed by a consideration of the quality of the evidence relating to the extent and consequences of this influence. Finally, the article considers how positive change might be achieved in the media's representation of, and role in shaping, appearance and beauty ideals.
Persuading the Public: New Face Values For the 21st Century
Authors: Partridge James
Published: December 2012

This article presents the story of James Partridge who survived extensive, disfiguring burns sustained in a car accident at the age of 18. James's case highlights the immense challenges inherent in changing social and societal attitudes, but he feels optimistic that this change can be achieved. He highlights the role lay-led organizations can play in this process by outlining his charity's recent campaign to promote ‘Face Equality’, and describing a series of posters of people with visible differences which have been displayed in many cities in England and which were designed to raise awareness, educate, and challenge viewers.
Changing Provision in Healthcare Settings in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cadogan Julia
Published: December 2012

This article highlights the need to raise awareness in healthcare professionals about how to optimize psychosocial outcomes in people living with disfigurement. The article describes personal experience of the advantages of multidisciplinary care both for patients in hospital and for those attending outpatient clinics, and in raising the awareness of team members about psychosocial issues. To underline this point, the article includes extracts of an interview with Katie Piper, a former model and presenter. Katie was the subject of a revenge attack in March 2008, when a man, at the behest of her violent ex-boyfriend, threw sulphuric acid into her face. The article highlights Katie's conviction, in the aftermath of treatment for burns caused by an acid attack, of the need for comprehensive rehabilitation including psychological support. It alludes to the challenges of convincing health service managers of the wisdom of including psychological care in core services and discusses the role care providers (including psychologists) can and should have in positioning psychological services and in commissioning care.
Regulation of Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Clarke Alex
Published: December 2012

This article reviews the general principles of cosmetic surgery regulation and considers in detail the regulatory framework in the UK. It highlights problems inherent in the current arrangements and makes comparisons with the situation in France. The current framework of self-regulation by the profession offers little protection to patients in the UK and no protection from cosmetic tourism either to patients travelling abroad for procedures or by incompetent providers travelling briefly to the UK. The cost to the NHS, where patients experience painful or life-threatening complications is a further driver for change. As yet, governments have proved reluctant to legislate for robust regulation of cosmetic procedures, presenting this as the responsibility of the various professional groups. The result is a stand-off in which patients remain vulnerable and the reputation of the profession is damaged.
School-Based Interventions to Promote Positive Body Image and The Acceptance of Diversity in Appearance
Authors: Diedrichs Phillippa C. , Halliwell Emma
Published: December 2012

The school setting provides a valuable opportunity to engage young people in interventions that aim to address appearance-related concerns and to promote greater acceptance of diversity in appearance. However, school-based interventions present a number of challenges, particularly in relation to the diverse nature of young people's body image concerns and attitudes. To date, the focus of school-based interventions has tended to be the prevention of negative body image and eating disorders, and encouraging students to be accepting of different body shapes and sizes. This article begins with an overview of this research, including an examination of the main theoretical orientations and content utilized in negative body image and eating disorder prevention programmes. It also reviews the intervention (e.g., programme content and length) and participant factors (e.g., age, gender, and risk status) that have been found to influence programme success. The second section of the article explores interventions that have addressed visible difference in the school setting. This includes a discussion of past and current interventions that have attempted to promote positive attitudes towards people with visible difference among school students, and those that have focused on helping young people with visible difference feel comfortable and well-adjusted in the school setting.
Therapeutic Interventions: Evidence of Effectiveness
Authors: Jenkinson Elizabeth
Published: December 2012

This article provides an overview of the evidence to date which evaluates the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions designed to help people cope with the psychological challenges of a visible difference. It focuses on psychological interventions, rather than those designed to ameliorate physical symptoms. It also considers the evidence across conditions, in accordance with the research evidence that suggests that the aetiology, extent, and severity of a disfigurement are not predictive of adjustment. The article begins with an outline of the current provision of therapeutic interventions for adults and children, followed by a review of the existing evidence base to support the application of these approaches. It concludes with a discussion of what needs to change and how change can be achieved when attempting to build the evidence base in the field of appearance research.
Computer-Based Psychosocial Interventions
Authors: Bessell Alyson
Published: December 2012

The use of computer-mediated therapies, including online e-therapy, online support groups, and computer-assisted therapies, has become more and more widespread in recent years. The main reason for the increased interest in such techniques is the desire to offer a wide variety of support methods in order to increase access to psychosocial services and increase patient choice. The provision of psychological support within healthcare services is currently limited, and even when it is available some people cannot access and do not engage with face-to-face services. Therefore it is important to offer alternative models to increase the availability and uptake of psychosocial interventions amongst potential clients and to remove the barriers to support. This article starts by outlining some of the different models of computer-based interventions currently in use. It then discusses key issues to be considered when designing and evaluating such interventions using the example of a recently developed online support tool for adults with visible differences, known as Face IT.
Using Appearance Concerns to Promote Health
Authors: Grogan Sarah , Masterson Daniel
Published: December 2012

This article brings together recent work from across disciplines (including psychology, gender studies, sociology, and sport and exercise science) to investigate the current evidence base, and to investigate whether appearance concerns can, and should, be used to promote health. Recent evidence relating to studies on exercise, use of performance-enhancing drugs, eating/dieting, smoking, and screening in adults are reviewed to evaluate the extent of links between appearance concerns and these health-related behaviours. The article then goes on to consider whether these links can be used in a positive way to promote health and also considers some ethical issues relating to raising appearance concerns as a way of promoting health in adults.
Research Issues: Overview
Authors: Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola
Published: December 2012

This article provides an overview of Section IV of this book. The section focuses on issues pertaining to the design and conduct of the research that has underpinned the development of the psychology of appearance as an applied and academic subject in recent years.
Methodological Issues in the Study of Body Image and Appearance
Authors: Krawczyk Ross , Menzel Jessie , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: December 2012

This article presents an overview of the multiple dimensions of body image and the broad range of measures available to assess affect, cognitions, and behavioural aspects. It highlights the demanding process of scale development and the challenges facing researchers conducting quantitative and experimental research. It calls for the development of consensus measures with good psychometric properties as a means to develop research further.
Research Issues: Summary and Synthesis
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana
Published: December 2012

This article provides a synthesis and summary of Section IV of this book. This section has drawn on personal experiences and expertise to consider current issues in appearance research and have offered a range of suggestions and valuable guidance to new and established researchers in this field. We are moving from a time during which research questions were formulated primarily by clinicians and academics, through current times in which researchers are increasingly involving the public in shaping the focus of research, to a new era in which the public are involved at all stages of the research process. In addition to the compelling moral and ethical imperatives of including the public in research, systematic patient and public involvement (PPI) is now becoming a requirement by governments and the majority of funding bodies.
The Psychology of Appearance: the Future
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Harcourt Diana
Published: December 2012

This article highlights the key issues and priorities for appearance psychology research and practice in the future. It discusses how best to progress understanding through research, to achieve change, and to make good use of economic and political climates.
Coleridge's Marriage and Family
Authors: Vickers Neil
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's marriage and family life. Coleridge first met his wife Sarah Fricker in Bristol in the summer of 1794, and their marriage proved to be an unhappy one. Coleridge married Sarah only because of social constraints, and they separated in 1808 due to their financial difficulties and Coleridge's deteriorating mental state caused by his opium addiction. The article also discusses Coleridge's relationship with his children.
Coleridge's Self-Representations
Authors: Taylor Anya
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's works at self-representations. It explains that Coleridge recorded the inexhaustively re-ebullient forms of his consciousness inspired by the ferment of philosophical discussion about persons initiated by David Hume. Coleridge believed that experiencing the self was intensely dramatic and wondrous, and he sought the cohesive force which binds the multiple aspects of the self together, the power that makes the multiplicity a one, multum in unum.
Coleridge'sLectures 1795: On Politics and Religion
Authors: Kitson Peter J.
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's lectures on politics and religion in 1795. From January to February 1795, Coleridge gave three political lectures, which were published as A Moral and Political Lecture and Conciones ad Populum. In March he delivered ‘Six Lectures on Revealed Religion, its Corruptions, and its Political Views’, which were never published.
Coleridgeinthe Newspapers, Periodicals, and Annuals
Authors: Esterhammer Angela
Published: December 2012

This article explores Samuel Taylor Coleridge's career as a public man of letters. Coleridge published in newspapers, magazines, and annuals throughout his life. His intense involvement in periodicals was in the years 1797 to 1803, when he was writing prose and poetry regularly for the London daily papers, and in the 1820s, when the growth in popularity of literary magazines and annuals coincided with his need for a new audience. The article discusses Coleridge's conception of public writing and its relation with temporality.
Coleridge as Literary Critic: Biographia Literaria and Essays on the Principles of Genial Criticism
Authors: Modiano Raimonda
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's career as a literary critic, focusing on his Biographia Literaria and Essays on the Principles of Genial Criticism. It explains that Biographia Literaria is Coleridge's most controversial, most widely read and most provocative work, which he wrote after his battle with opium addiction. The article suggests that Essays on the Principles of Genial Criticism was based on Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment and on the aesthetic theory of Richard Payne Knight, whom Coleridge considered as a serious rival in aesthetics.
Coleridge'sLectures 1818–1819: On The History of Philosophy
Authors: Hipolito Jeffrey
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's lectures on the history of philosophy during the period from 1818 to 1819. It explains that very few people have read Coleridge's Lectures on the History of Philosophy, which he delivered over four teen weeks from 16 December 1818 to 29 March 1819. The article discusses the reasons for the lack of interest in Coleridge's philosophy and highlights the need to read these lectures because they are the first major attempt by a Briton to make important philosophical claims about the history of philosophy.
Coleridge As Reader: Marginalia
Authors: Jackson H. J.
Published: December 2012

This article describes Samuel Taylor Coleridge as a reader and discusses the topic of marginalia. It suggests that Coleridge is the best-known scribbler in books in the English-speaking world, having held the title unchallenged for 170 years or more. The article argues that Coleridge was a reader all his life and it helped him acquire the full set of languages and the advanced competence in disparate fields.
Coleridge as Talker: Sage of Highgate, Table Talk
Authors: Vallins David
Published: December 2012

This article examines the reputation of Samuel Taylor Coleridge as a talker and sage. It suggests that Coleridge's celebrity as a sage and conversationalist was at its height during his stay with the Gillmans in Highgate, England from 1816 onwards, and especially the period after 1829. The article discusses the distinctive opinions he expressed to his numerous visitors in this period based on Table Talk.
Coleridge on Allegory and Symbol
Authors: Halmi Nicholas
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on allegory and symbol. It discusses criticisms on Coleridge's desynonymizing of allegory and symbols that fall under the three broad categories of empirical, conceptual, and ethical. The article highlights the Coleridgean distinction between the symbol as a non-discursive and synecdochical form of representation and allegory as the discursive representation of abstractions through unrelated images of no inherent significance.
Coleridge's Early Poetry, 1790–1796
Authors: Fairer David
Published: December 2012

This article examines the early poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge written between 1790 and 1796, focusing on his 1796 Poems on Various Subjects. It suggests that this 1796 work shows a disingenuousness in which naivety is being performed alongside self-assurance, and that it was organised so that maturity and adolescence alternate, and youthful love-verses sit alongside a politically committed public voice. The article discusses the changes in the tone of the poem when memory distracts Coleridge from the immediate scene.
Coleridge's Genres
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: December 2012

This article examines the genres of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry. In 1849, Coleridge's daughter enumerated the modes of the poetic faculty of her father, which included love poems, imaginative poems, and satirical poems. Max Schulz also categorized Coleridge's poetry into various poetic voices in his The Poetic Voices of Coleridge. His list included farrago, prophecy, and conversation. The article highlights the overlap in the genres of Coleridge's poetry.
Coleridge as Translator
Authors: Burwick Frederick
Published: December 2012

This article examines the work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge as a translator. It explains that Coleridge was able to establish himself as a translator early in his career, with his English version of Friedrich Schiller's Wallenstein in 1800. Schiller's work was translated into English as The Piccolomini and The Death of Wallenstein, which both contain several thousand lines. After translating Schiller's work, Coleridge continued in his role, as interpreter and commentator on German literature and philosophy.
Coleridge as a Theologian
Authors: Hedley Douglas
Published: December 2012

This article examines the work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge relevant to theology. It explains that despite being mostly known in literature, Coleridge was primarily a theologian, and that he was serious in his theology. Coleridge investigated the questions of the status of Scripture, doctrines of the Fall, justification and sanctification, and the personality and infinity of God. He believed that theology requires philosophical explication, and his theology was deeply metaphysical.
Coleridge and The English Poetic Tradition
Authors: Miller Christopher R.
Published: December 2012

This article examines the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge in relation to the English poetic tradition. It suggests that Coleridge advanced the tradition envisioned by Thomas Gray by departing from the kind of ode which his predecessor exalted. The article contends that while lyric form alone could not revivify Coleridge's spirits, it indisputably invigorated the English poetic tradition. Some of those influenced by Coleridge's works include John Keats.
Coleridge and European Literature
Authors: Scott Matthew
Published: December 2012

This article examines the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge in relation to European literature. Coleridge was a literary enthusiast throughout his life, gobbling up a diverse diet of reading from various European traditions. He was committed to the task of translation as well as to the critical appraisal of the English literature of his time. The article attempts to explain the ways in which these apparently opposing aspects of his literary enthusiasm grew together and remained fundamental to one another, while also pointing to the most important connections to European literature within Coleridge's oeuvre.
Coleridge and Language Theory
Authors: McKusick James C.
Published: December 2012

This article examines the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge in relation to language theory. It argues that Coleridge's speculation on linguistic universals anticipates Noam Chomsky's theory of generative grammar. The article suggests that Coleridge's engagement with language theory was vitally important to the intellectual culture of its own time, and that it remains a seminal instance of nineteenth-century speculation on the nature and origin of language.
Coleridge and Philosophy
Authors: Bode Christoph
Published: December 2012

This article examines the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge relevant to philosophy. It suggests that although Coleridge did not leave behind an original, coherent philosophical system or a single finished book which could be called a philosophical work, he has somehow acquired the reputation of being the most philosophical of the British Romantic poets. The article discusses doubts concerning Coleridge's qualifications as an original philosophical thinker. Renée Wellek, for example, remarked on the fundamental weakness of his thought– incoherence and indistinctness–and considered the study of Coleridge's philosophy to be futile.
Coleridge and The Arts
Authors: Knox Julian
Published: December 2012

This article examines the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge relevant to arts. It highlights his efforts to attain fluency in the language of the visual arts, but also to bring the visual and the verbal into conversation in the space of the text. The article suggests that Coleridge's deep consideration of the arts influenced other areas of his thought, including his political writings, his arguments on the history of philosophy, and his later spiritual writings.
Coleridge and Science
Authors: Wilson Eric G.
Published: December 2012

This article examines the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge relevant to science. It explains that Coleridge, for most of his adult life, had been an assiduous student of several scientific disciplines, ranging from geology to chemistry to physiology. The article argues that Coleridge never separated his poetical and philosophical efforts from ongoing commitment to the hard facts of nature, and that his stay with physician James Gillman in Highgate, England provided him with the opportunity to learn more about science.
Coleridge's Literary Influence
Authors: Perry Seamus
Published: December 2012

This article examines the literary influence of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It explains that Coleridge's achievements are so varied and his literary influence so diverse that no generalization can be made. There is no single distinctive Coleridgean idiom or manner for later poets to appropriate or to reject. But among Coleridge's contemporaries, it was William Wordsworth who felt the impact most momentously. The article suggests that Wordsworth would not have become Wordsworth had he evaded Coleridge's sway.
Communication Media
Authors: Barsness Zoe I.
Published: December 2012

This article discusses how individuals negotiate differently through different communication channels (face to face, e-mail, videoconference) and determines the influence of those channels on bargaining outcomes. It specifically concentrates on the role of rapport, trust, emotions, and power in negotiations and describes how communication media may influence them. Influences that communication media have on information sharing and social influence behavior are clearly important for predicting negotiation outcomes. Negotiating via lean communication media is likely to reduce the value produced in a negotiation. Reliance on lean media seems to restrain the negotiation process. Lean media improves negotiators' abilities to review and revise their communications with each other. Understanding the implications of media choice for negotiation is likely to be a fruitful avenue for future research.
Communication Media
Authors: McGinn Kathleen L. , Nöth Markus
Published: December 2012

This article demonstrates how the language used to describe a negotiation can influence the options that are admissible. It also argues that the content of communication frames the bargaining situation and thus can help predict bargaining behavior and final agreements. The possible role for communication in triggering fair outcomes varies with the presence or absence of private information. Communication induces bargaining frames that drive beliefs about how to behave and what to expect of others. Framing can be separated empirically from other mechanisms through which communication influences bargaining outcomes, including reputation effects, reciprocity, social identification across parties, and guilt aversion. The idea that nonbinding communication can affect whether a bargaining game comes to be viewed as a cooperative or competitive interaction, and that appropriately cooperative or competitive behavior will follow may appear to go outside the realm of economics.
Gaming With Fairness
Authors: Zwick Rami , Mak Vincent
Published: December 2012

This article discusses the alternating-offer games, the paradigm that was used to identify other-regarding preferences in bargaining models. It hypothesizes that the success or failure of predicting behavior using game theoretical reasoning can be explained by three principles. It also describes a number of puzzling findings in alternating-offer bargaining that show that, in some situations, subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) predicts well, even when the predictions are far from an equal split, whereas in other situations the predictions are highly inaccurate. Demand for fairness is subject to cost-benefit evaluation and is, in this sense, deliberate and well thought out. The three principles help to explain why SPE predicts behavior well in some experiments whereas in others it fails. Ariel Rubinstein interestingly opined that (bargaining) theory should not even be presumed to be about predicting behavior. Gamesmanship and ideas of fairness are intertwined and inseparable in human bargaining behavior.
The Utility of Relationships in Negotiation
Authors: Brown Ashley D. , Curhan Jared R.
Published: December 2012

This article emphasizes the recent developments identifying the importance of the relationship between the bargaining parties as an objective in and of itself, aside from the outcomes that emerge from the interaction. A focus on decision utility stresses that concern for the relationship and associated norms may affect preferences for various outcomes, which can be financially detrimental in the short-term yet economically advantageous in the long-term. Incorporating experienced utility seems to be especially relevant within a negotiation context, given that negotiators are often filled with a range of emotions and affective reactions. Negotiators might be motivated to preserve and improve their own identity through their relationships with their counterparts. Relationships between negotiators may affect preferences for different objective outcomes in the short term due to concerns over preserving the relationship relative to substantive concerns.
Trust, Distrust, and Bargaining
Authors: Bohnet Iris , Meier Stephan
Published: December 2012

This article compares the framing of trusting actions and the role of extending trust versus the lack of distrust in achieving exchange efficiencies. It uses experiments to investigate empirically the impact of the presumption of trust. It also reports new evidence comparing behavior in the distrust game (DTG) and the trust game (TG). The data indicates that the parties to a negotiation should build trust incrementally as healthy skepticism signals merely a lack of trust and not a betrayal signaled by loss of trust. In the experiments, the default of full trust increased efficiency and inequality, with trustors much worse off than trustees, and much worse off than they would have been if they had withdrawn all trust. Trust building is important for the parties to be able to share information on issues and underlying interests.
Evolution and Breakdown of Trust in Continuous Time
Authors: Rapoport Amnon , Murphy Ryan O.
Published: December 2012

This article introduces the dynamic trust game and uses this new paradigm to describe how trust evolves over time. It also outlines the results of two preliminary experiments that focus on the influences of the incentive to defect, group size, and signaling on the evolvement of trust. It also proposes extensions of the basic model. The successful exercise of trust requires both prosocial preferences and the belief that other players share similar prosocial preferences. Social dilemma research shows that rates of cooperation decrease over repeated interactions. The potential opportunity cost of betrayed trust matters, group size matters, and the overall level of trust in the population decreases as the stage game it iterated changes over time. Generalizations of the basic game may be proposed to address other variables that affect the development and breakdown of trust-based cooperative behavior.
Biased Beliefs in Negotiation
Authors: Wu George , Larrick Richard P. , Tennant Raegan
Published: December 2012

This article discusses the settings in which beliefs systematically diverge from reality and identify impacts for bargaining behavior. It is organized around two categories of beliefs: those related to the structure of the negotiation and those germane to people in the negotiation. It also looks at two beliefs about the structure of negotiation: outside options and interests. Biases in these beliefs produce two large and systematic errors, the small pie bias and the fixed pie bias. It then describes the systematic biases that arise in the process of anticipating and learning about a negotiation counterpart. Erroneous beliefs about counterparts might be based on stereotypes, reputations, and general beliefs that negotiators hold about human nature. The small pie bias may possibly exist along with the misperception of personality. It finally offers some ideas and suggestions of where negotiation judgments research might be headed.
Risk in Negotiation
Authors: Larrick Richard P. , Wu George
Published: December 2012

This article describes how individuals perceive and evaluate risk and the implications for biases in risk perception on negotiation. It starts with a review of likelihood, followed by a review of value. Overconfidence, self-serving interpretations of fairness, anger, and power tend to expand negotiator perceptions of likelihood. Negotiation advice strongly emphasizes offsetting the focus on outside options with a focus on high aspirations. The absence of feedback on an uncertain outside offer effectively enlarges the surplus available from the deal—it protects negotiators from worries about what might have been and frees them to agree to certain but inferior offers. Internal beliefs about fairness can be the source of reference points. Overconfidence, self-serving interpretations of fairness, and momentary feelings of anger and power can lead negotiators to take more risks in negotiation than may be merited by the actual probabilities of success or value of outcomes.
A Model of When to Negotiate
Authors: Babcock Linda , Bowles Hannah Riley , Bear Julia
Published: December 2012

This article reports a model explaining previously identified gender differences in negotiation and generating new and testable insights. It specifically addresses how prescriptive gender stereotypes affect evaluators' perceptions of an employee who negotiates for higher compensation and how they influence negotiators' subjective experience of asking for higher pay. Immediate salary gains from the negotiation, the long-run reputation costs of negotiating, and the effect of negotiating on one's self-image may help to explain why it might be rational for women to be more reticent than men about bargaining for higher pay. The reputation costs of negotiating may depend on the norms in the local environment. Decreased status in the workplace constrains men's propensity to negotiate. The two-period model articulates the conditions necessary for increasing the likelihood that women will negotiate and suggests that finding mechanisms such as focal points or “calls to action” can help women to coordinate around negotiating.
Bargaining Games with Joint Production
Authors: Karagözoğlu Emin
Published: December 2012

This article outlines the literature on experimental bargaining and distribution games with joint production. The analysis of aggregate behavior strongly rejects game theoretical predictions and shows that at least some subjects behave in line with equity-based considerations. The influence of fairness judgments on bargaining behavior is stronger when there is randomness in the production process. Power distribution seems to affect fairness judgments. It is noted that knowing the focal point provides a better forecast of outcomes than knowing whether there is hard leverage. Many joint production processes involve complementarities. The length of the relationship (e.g., short-term vs. long-term) may affect the fairness judgments and hence the bargaining. Improving the strategy space in bargaining experiments by allowing free-form negotiation and communication seems to be a promising step forward.
Introduction: American Revolutions
Authors: Gray Edward G. , Kamensky Jane
Published: December 2012

The American Revolution is a significant event in the history of the United States, yet has generated little interest among academic historians. This stems from two seemingly irreconcilable interpretations of the formation of the United States. Some view the Revolution as an intellectual event, while many social historians see it as a fundamentally popular and even populist revolt in which self-interested elites were challenged by ordinary people. This book explores what the American Revolution means at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Readers in the United States consider the histories of the war between Britain and her mainland North American colonies as origins stories. America's Revolution was Britain's American War, an episode in the entangled history of a vast and growing empire. It offers a continental perspective on the Revolution, focusing on contested North American frontiers. The book suggests a major shift in the core narrative of the Revolution, showing how the familiar tale of money and politics—taxation and representation—is joined and made more complex by stories focused on territorial sovereignty and native dispossession.