bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das ionisierte Calcium im Blut des Haushuhnes: Abhängigkeit vom Legezyklus
Authors: Kölling K. , Hofmeier A. , Merkenschlager M.
Published: May 2010

Ionized Calcium in Blood of Domestic Fowl: Dependence on Ovulatory Cycle

In the present study the plasma concentration of both ionized and total calcium in arterial as well as in venous blood of Leghorn hens and its dependence on the ovulatory cycle were investigated.

During the ovulatory cycle, the concentration of ionized calcium in blood of hens follows the course of a sine curve. Maximum calcium ion concentrations (1.58 mmol/l in venous blood and 1.48 mmol/l in arterial blood, respectively) were observed 3 to 6 hours after oviposition, and minimum concentrations (1.26 and 1.19 mmol/l, respectively) at 18 to 21 hours after oviposition. Changes in total and ionized calcium concentration went parallel. Six to 9 hours after oviposition maximum values (4.24 and 4.15 mmol/l respectively) and 21 to 24 hours after oviposition minimum values (3.25 and 2.99 mmol/l, respectively) were measured. The arterio‐venous difference was −0.22 mmol/l on average.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Verhalten des ionisierten Calciums und das Gesamtcalciums im arteriellen und venösen Blut des Haushuhns (Leghorn) in Abhängigkeit vom Legezyklus untersucht.

Die Konzentration des ionisierten Calciums im Blut der Hennen folgte während des Legezyklus dem Verlauf einer Sinuskurve. Maxima (1,58 mmol/l im venösen bzw. 1,48 mmol/l im arteriellen Blut) wurden 3–6 Stunden nach der Eiablage und Minima (1,26 bzw. 1,19 mmol/l) 18–21 Stunden nach der Eiablage beobachtet. Der Gesamtcalciumspiegel veränderte sich etwa parallel zu der Konzentration des ionisierten Calciums. 6–9 Stunden nach der Eiablage erreichte er die höchsten Werte (4,24 bzw. 4,15 mmol/l) und 21–24 Stunden nach der Eiablage die niedrigsten (3,25 bzw. 2,99 mmol/l). Die arteriovenöse Differenz betrug durchschnittlich −0,22 mmol/l.
Villous Hypoplasia of the Small Intestine in Neonatal Foals
Authors: Oikawa M. , Kaneko M. , Yoshikawa T.
Published: May 2010

To elucidate the pathomorphogenesis of extremely shortened small‐intestinal villi, occurring spontaneously in neonatal foals, the morphology of the small intestine with stunted villi was studied in eight cases. All intestinal wall elements and the villi were poorly developed. Most villi were found to be extremely short throughout the entire length of the small intestine. The villous core consisted of undifferentiated, fibroblast‐like cells held loosely together by ground substance which was rich in glycosaminoglycan. Development of the villous lamina propria was poor with respect to capillaries, lymphatic vessels, connective tissues and smooth muscle cells. When compared with the structure of small‐intestinal villi in age‐matched foals as controls, it appeared that the histological structure of the stunted villous interstitium had remained at the immature state observable during the intrauterine period. Hypoplasia of the intestinal villi was assumed to reduce the functional surface area available for absorption of colostrum, causing malabsorption in newborn foals.
Establishment of a Pneumococcal Septicemia Model in the Miniature Swine*
Authors: Izbicki J.R. , Raedler C. , Ruckdeschel G. , Lütticken R. , Wilker D.K. , Siebeck M. , Dornschneider G. , Sklarek J. , Schweiberer L. , Ziegler‐Heitbrock H.W.L.
Published: May 2010

Human pneumococcal septicemia, the prominent postsplenectomy complication, was as yet difficult to study in the porcine model, since this species appeared to be fairly resistant against pneumococcal infections. We have used two strains of pneumococci (serotype 1 and 6B) both of which had been isolated from patients with systemic infection and both of which were maintained in a virulent state by regular mouse passage. After challenge with 109 type 1 pneumococci, however, only one of the 5 pigs developed fever, none showed profound hematological alterations and each animal exhibited a rapid clearance of bacteria from peripheral blood. By contrast, challenge of 7 animals with type 6B pneumococci resulted in a slower and incomplete bacterial clearance with persistent bacteremia for up to 24 hours. All animals developed fever and a profound leukopenia with less than 5,000 leukocytes/ml and 3 of the 7 animals died after injection of type 6B pneumococci.

The results show that potentially the type 6B pneumococci can be successfully employed for studies of grampositive septicemia in the miniature swine.
GABA Receptor‐Mediated Modification of Reticulo‐Ruminal Myoelectrical Activity in Sheep
Authors: Brikas P.
Published: May 2010

The involvement of central and peripheral GABA receptors in the control of the forestomach periodic motor activity was examined in five conscious ewes at rest, chronically fitted with electrodes implanted in the reticular and ruminal wall and a cannula placed in a cerebral lateral ventricle. Intravenous (IV) administration of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (5–50 μg/kg) did not affect reticulo‐ruminal myoelectrical activity, while its intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection (0.05–0.10 μg/kg) dose‐dependently increased the frequency of reticular and ruminal motor cycles and provoked rumination in 11 trials out of 15. Forestomach responses to ICV muscimol were abolished by a previous ICV treatment of the animals with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (0.5–4 μg/kg), which did not in itself influence reticular or ruminal motility. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, given either IV (300–800 μg/kg) or ICV (1–3 μg/kg), inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner both reticular and ruminal activity, with the effects of its ICV administration appearing earlier and lasting longer. The GABAB receptor blocker baclofen given ICV alone (50–300 μg/kg) was ineffective, but such a treatment before IV or ICV administration of baclofen in part antagonized the inhibition of the forestomach myoelectrical cyclic activity. These pharmacological data suggest a possible excitatory role of strictly central GABAA and an inhibitory one of mainly central GABAB receptors in the regulation of reticulo‐ruminal extrinsic motility in sheep. In this regulation, however, a probable peripheral component of inhibitory GABAB receptors should not be excluded.
The Effect of Additional Feeding on the Fertility of High‐yielding Dairy Cows
Authors: Pehrson B. , Forshell K. Plym , Carlsson J.
Published: May 2010

One hundred and ninety three pairs of cows were selected from 38 herds, and the numbers of each pair were assigned at random to experimental and control groups. Each control cow was fed according to its yield with the feedstuffs normally used by the herd. Each experimental cow was fed in the same way and, in addition, received 500 g of a feed additive twice daily from the 40th day of lactation until first insemination or to the 75th day of lactation if no visible oestrus had been observed between days 40 and 75. One kg of the feed additive contained glucogenic substances (glycerol and Ca‐propionate) equivalent to 1.90 moles of glucose, 13.6 MJ metabolizable energy, and 180 g digestible crude protein.

There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to their mean daily milk yield, their plasma glucose concentrations at first insemination, or the interval between calving and first insemination. However, the experimental cows had a significantly shorter interval between calving and last insemination (mean difference 11.0 days).

The pregnancy rate was significantly higher among cows with high than among cows with low plasma glucose concentrations. There was also a tendency towards a reduced pregnancy rate among cows with either high (> 7.0 mmol/litre) or low (< 4.0 mmol/litre) milk urea concentrations.
Comparison of Staple and Gambee Techniques for Enterotomy Closure in the Normal Bovine Jejunum*
Authors: Steiner A. , Waldvogel A. , Wicki P. , Schwalbach B. , Lang M.
Published: May 2010

Two suturing techniques for closure of jejunal enterotomies — the stapling and the Gambee technique — were compared in 7 bulls. Stapling was less time consuming (P < 0.0001) and reduced the overall duration of surgery by 15%. Furthermore, the lumen diameter was significantly less decreased in the stapled intestine at 8 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05). The diameter of the intestine increased significantly between 8 and 13 weeks after the Gambee suture had been applied (P < 0.05) and the difference in diameter between intestines sutured according to Gambee and the stapled intestines disappeared. The intestinal diameter did not change significantly between 13 and 18 weeks in both techniques. The application of Gambee sutures resulted in fewer adhesions (P < 0.01) and less thickening of the intestinal wall (P < 0.0001). The surgery did not seem to affect the performance of the bulls significantly.
Influence of Hypertonic Saline Solution 7.2% on Different Hematological Parameters in Awake and Anaesthetized Ponies
Authors: Gasthuys F. , Messeman C. , Moor A. De
Published: May 2010

The influence of hypertonic NaCl 7.2 % infusion (4 ml/kg of body weight [BWT]) on plasma (PV) and blood (BV) volumes, sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K) plasma concentrations, osmolality (Osm), total protein content (TP), packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell count (RBC) was studied in five standing and anaesthetized ponies (standard halothane anaesthesia). Arterial blood gases were followed in the anaesthetized ponies. Isotonic NaCl 0.9% (4 ml/kg of BWT) was used as a placebo in the standing ponies.

Isotonic solution in the standing ponies induced few changes: only small decreases in K, TP, PCV and RBC were observed. Na, Cl and Osm increased significantly after the NaCl 7.2 % infusions in the standing and anaesthetized ponies. Significant decreases in PCV, RBC and TP after the administration of hypertonic solutions were determined and were in both groups clear indications of an occurring hemodilution although no significant increase in PV and BV could be demonstrated. An increase in diuresis characterized by numerous micturations was observed in the standing ponies and during the recovery period after anaesthesia. Apparently, the occurring fluid shift towards the intravascular compartment was partly compensated by an increase in diuresis. The decreases in PCV, RBC and TP were less severe in the anaesthetized ponies compared to the changes observed in the standing ponies. Stress responses during anaesthesia might explain this finding. K increased abnormally at the end of anaesthesia, probably due to minimal muscle damage induced by the dorsal recumbent position. Arterial blood gases did not change after the administration of NaCl 7.2 % solution during anaesthesia.

No specific clinical side‐effects related to the use of hypertonic solution could be observed in the standing and anaesthetized ponies.

Further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of hypertonic NaCl solution in horses with a disturbed fluid balance (hypovolemia).
The Metabolism and Urinary Excretion of Orotic Acid in Hyperargininaemic Sheep
Authors: Motyl T. , Siwecka Barbara , Kukulska Wanda , Orzechowski A. , Podgurniak Malgorzata
Published: May 2010

The synthesis, blood plasma turnover and urinary excretion of the orotic acid in normo‐ and hyperargininaemic sheep was investigated. The whole‐body orotate formation was evaluated indirectly by the measurement of urinary orotate excretion after blockage of pyrimidine pathway with 6‐azauridine (4 hour i. v. infusion of 0.2 mg · kg−1 · min−1). Simultaneous infusion of L‐arginine (2.5 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) significantly elevated the blood plasma arginine, ornithine and urea level, however, it did not significantly influence urinary orotate excretion. In normoargininaemia blood plasma turnover of exogenous orotic acid amounted to 4.9 min and 67% of this compound was eliminated through the kidneys. The renal clearance of orotic acid amounted to 21.7ml · min−1 · kg−0.75. Hyperargininaemia elevated blood plasma turnover to 8.2 min, and diminished the renal clearance of this metabolite to 13.7ml · min−1 · kg−0.75. These results indicate that hyperargininaemia and hyperornithinaemia do not change the whole body synthesis of orotic acid in sheep but they can affect renal excretion of this metabolite, particularly at the rate of tubular secretion close to saturation.
Immunohistochemistry with Keratin and Smooth Muscle Actin Monoclonal Antibodies in Canine Digestive Tract and Extramural Glands
Authors: Vos J.H. , Ingh T.S.G.A.M. van den , Neijs M. de , Mil F.N. van , Ivanyi D. , Ramaekers F.C.S.
Published: May 2010

The canine digestive system and its extramural glands (parotid gland, liver, pancreas) were immunohistochemically studied using a panel of twelve monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for human keratin proteins and for α‐smooth muscle actin. Various epithelial tissues and cells were characterized by different keratin staining patterns. So, the epithelial lining of the upper alimentary tract was characterized by staining with the MoAb 6B10, specific for keratin‐type (K) 4, and the absence of staining with the MoAbs directed against K8 and 18 (CAM 5.2 and RGE 53, DE‐K18 respectively), whereas the lower alimentary tract epithelium was not labeled by 6B10, but stained by the latter MoAbs. In the salivary glands the luminal and basal cells of the adenomeres as well as the different ductal structures could be immunohistochemically differentiated. The duct epithelium in liver and pancreas showed next to keratin staining characteristics in common with hepatocytes and exocrine pancreatic cells, additional staining by several keratin MoAbs. The keratin staining patterns in the canine tissues showed, in addition to similarities also distinct discrepancies when compared to the staining patterns in corresponding human tissues. Myoepithelial cells in salivary and oesophageal glands could be differentiated from other basally located epithelial cells by their exclusive immunoreactivity for α‐smooth muscle actin. Canine pancreatic endocrine cells were not labeled by any of the keratin MoAbs. It is concluded that immunohistochemistry with polypeptide specific MoAbs specific for human keratin‐types can be used to differentiate between different types of canine epithelial tissues and epithelial cells in the digestive tract. As a result such reagents may find their application in developmental biology and pathology of this species.
Effect of Operation Theatre Environment on Laparotomy Wound Infection in Bovines
Authors: Saini N.S. , Sharma S.N. , Oberoi M.S. , Roy K.S.
Published: May 2010

Right flank laparotomies were performed on five clinically healthy cross‐bred calves. A significant (P < 0.05) increase of 22.1 and 2.7 times in bacterial count in subcutaneous tissue and incised skin edges, respectively, and a non‐significant increase (1.1 times) in muscles and peritoneum had occurred during 15 minutes exposure to the operation theatre environment. Poly‐morphonuclear cells and Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial infiltration was also demonstrated histopathologically in muscles and peritoneum. Organisms isolated from operation theatre air were Staphylococcus aureus, other Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., and yeast. Usually similar organisms were also found on the laparotomy wound, just before closure of abdomen. Operation theatre environment is concluded to be a significant source of operative wound contamination. Provision of separate operation theatres for different types of surgery in different species is recommended and the necessity for their regular disinfection is stressed.
Teat Reactions in Cows Associated With Machine Milking*
Authors: Isaksson A. , Lind O.
Published: May 2010

In the present investigations, referring to conventional milking machines and conventional milking technique, teat ends were transversally compressed for a short moment by means of a cutimeter before, during and after milking (main series), or before and after milking (additional series). The thickness of the teat ends between the jaw plates of the instrument decreased during the high flowrate phase, increased during the low flowrate and overmilking phases, and started decreasing as soon as milking was finished. The decreased values in the beginning of the milking process reflect the thinning of the teat wall following the vacuum‐induced teat elongation that occurs when the teatcups are attached. The subsequent increased values are due to active, i.e., functionally significant hyperaemia in the teat wall, especially in the specific teat venous system, and locally elevated vascular pressure. Both the thinning and the thickening seem to occur within physiologically tolerable limits. The diagnosis, proposed in the literature, of teat congestion (passive hyperaemia) and/or oedema involving risks of impaired teat and udder health has no support in our investigations.
Instrumentation for Simultaneous Recording of Compound Muscle Action Potentials and Related Force in the Dog
Authors: Wiestner Th. , Hogg H.P. , Heckmann R. , Waxenberger M.K.
Published: May 2010

An examination apparatus for the study of both compound muscle action potentials and related isometric force of the target muscle after supramaximum electrical stimulation of the respective nerve is described. Force transducers were used to record forces from the forelimb paws and the jaws of the dog. The unit is suitable for the clinical examination of neuromuscular transmission disturbances and for testing the effect of relaxant agents.
Neuromuscular Transmission Studies in the Healthy Dog: EMG and Muscle Force Measurement after Repetitive Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Waxenberger M.K. , Heckmann R. , Wiestner Th. , Hogg H.P.
Published: May 2010

In 10 healthy anaesthetized female dogs the ulnar and the mandibular nerve were stimulated supramaximally by repetitive electric impules according to a fixed programme. To evaluate the neuromuscular transmission system the course of the evoked compound muscle action potential and the near‐isometric force of forelimb and masticatory muscles were studied respectively. The presented results are comparable to values obtained from small hand muscles of conscious, healthy human subjects. The simultaneous measurement of both the electrical and the force response may improve the diagnostic accuracy of the examination in presumed neuromuscular transmission failure in the dog, as it does in humans.
Influence of Duration of Simulated Transport on Plasma Stress Markers in the Calf*
Authors: Sartorelli P. , Dominoni S. , Agnes F.
Published: May 2010

The effects of simulated transport of calves for 150 min on plasma cortisol, NEFA, glucose, and calcium were evaluated. Both cortisol and NEFA reached maximal values within 30–60 min, with no further increases during the transportation. Changes in glucose and calcium were not significant.

The results indicate that in simulated transport, the durationper seis not a crucial factor in transport stress.
Diagnostische Aussagefähigkeit biochemischer und zytologischer Parameter in der Lungenspülflüssigkeit gesunder und pneumoniekranker Kälber
Authors: Reinhold P. , Müller G. , Kreutzer B. , Gerischer A. , Putsche R.
Published: May 2010

The Diagnostic Potential of Biochemical and Cytological Parameters of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Healthy and Pneumonic Calves

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (LF) was obtained from cranial as well as from caudal regions of the bovine lung in healthy and pneumonic calves. LF was investigated biochemically, cytologically, and bacteriologically. In healthy lungs free of pneumonic lesions, no differences due to the different parts of the lung were established. An increase in both protein content and number of cells and a marked influx of neutrophiles were found to be the most important alterations caused by pneumonic lesions. The diagnostic potential of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and the size of alveolar macrophages in LF was validated.

Bronchoalveoläre Lavageflüssigkeit aus kaudalen und kranialen Lungenbezirken gesunder und pneumoniekranker Kälber wurde biochemisch, zytologisch und bakteriologisch untersucht. Bei pathologisch‐anatomisch unveränderten Lungen wurden keine physiologisch bedingten Unterschiede zwischen den Spülproben aus verschiedenen Lungenbezirken gefunden. Die auffälligsten Veränderungen im Zusammenhang mit pneumonischen Erscheinungen waren: Anstieg des Gesamteiweißgehaltes, Erhöhung der Zellkonzentration, Verschiebungen im Differentialzellbild zugunsten der neutrophilen Granulozyten. Die Aussagekraft weiterer Prüfgrößen, wie Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase, Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase, Größe der Alveolarmakrophagen, wurde validiert.
Relationship between Lactation‐Associated Body Weight Loss, Levels of Metabolic and Reproductive Hormones and Weaning‐to‐Oestrous Interval in Primiparous Sows
Authors: Rojkittikhun T. , Einarsson S. , Edqvist L.‐E. , Uvnäs‐Moberg K. , Lundeheim N.
Published: May 2010

Twelve conventionally fed primiparous sows with a similar number of piglets were divided into 3 groups (n = 4) according to their body weight loss after a 5‐week lactation as follows: H‐gr (loss > 25 kg), M‐gr (loss 11–25 kg) and L‐gr (loss ≤ 10 kg). Blood samples were collected at 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 h, from 4 days before weaning until 3 days afterwards, and every 15 min for 6 h on the day before and the day after weaning. The group of sows with higher weight loss during lactation tended to have a higher farrowing weight and higher pre‐weaning plasma prolactin levels. At weaning, the L‐gr sows had higher plasma insulin and lower plasma cortisol concentrations, especially when compared with H‐gr sows. Among the ten sows that showed oestrus within 10 days of weaning, no between‐group differences were found in the length of the interval from weaning to oestrus. No significant differences between groups were observed in levels of oestradiol‐17β and LH. The higher level of insulin in L‐gr sows might relate to the higher number of corpora lutea observed in this group.
Bovine Vectocardiography: A Comparative Study Relative to the Validity of four Tridimensional Lead Systems
Authors: Amory H. , Rollin F. , Genicot B. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

For spatial vectocardiography to become applicable for cardiac investigation in cattle, it was necessary to develop a reliable standardized electrocardiographic lead system in this species. In this study, four tridimensional lead systems, initially developed in horses, were compared when applied in calves. Fifty seven electrocardiograms were collected. The between‐subject variability of the magnitude and angles of the tridimensional P, QRS and T modal vectors obtained by use of each lead system was compared. Reproducibility of vectocardiographic measurements was analyzed by comparing results obtained in 10 calves within a one day interval.

The Holmes semi‐orthogonal lead system, giving the lowest between‐subject variability and the highest between‐day reproducibility, appeared to be the most reliable lead system in order to apply vectocardiography in the bovine species.
Endothelins
Authors: Vollmar Angelika M.
Published: May 2010

The endothelins (ET) represent a novel family of at least three isopeptides (ET‐1, ET‐2, ET‐3), each consisting of 21 amino acids and two disulfide bridges. ET has originally been isolated from the supernatant of porcine aortic endothelial cells and has been found to be the most potent and long lasting vasoconstrictor agent yet discovered. ET is synthesized as a preprohormone and cleaved by unusual proteolytic processing. The different isoforms of ET seem to differ in their biological activity which may be due to interaction with different ET‐receptor subtypes (ETa, ETb, ETc) and their tissue distribution. Besides its vasoactive properties, ET evokes a variety of other effects, such as positive inotropic and chronotropic actions on the heart, the release of other regulatory substances (EDRF, prostanoids, ANP), as well as cellular mitogenesis. Therefore, the endothelins have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of cardiovascular disorders, however their precise role remains to be elucidated. Such research might have potential application on veterinary medicine learning about factors responsible for vascular damage and consecutely being able to treat or prevent various vascular diseases more specifically.
Blood Levels of Prostaglandin Metabolites (PGFM, PGEM) after Parturition in Cows with and without Retained Placenta Considering Spontaneous Calving and Dystocia
Authors: Heuwieser W. , Hoppen H.‐O. , Grunert E.
Published: May 2010

Blood samples were taken from 71 Holstein Friesian cows at 0, 3, 24 and 48 hours after parturition. Peripheral plasma concentrations of prostaglandin F2α and E2 metabolites (PGFM, PGEM) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The cows were divided into 4 groups, according to type of calving (spontaneous, dystocia) and discharge of placenta. Group 1: spontaneous calving, shedding of placenta within 12 hours (SC, NRP, n = 19); group 2: spontaneous calving, retained placenta (SC, RP, n = 7); group 3: Dystocia, shedding of placenta within 12 hours (Dys, NRP, n = 32); group 4: Dystocia, retained placenta (Dys, RP, n = 13). The PGFM concentrations decreased within 3 hours after parturition only in NRP cows (groups 1 and 3, p < 0.05). Three hours after calving the animals of group 3 had considerably higher PGFM levels than those in group 4 (0.46 ± 0.26 vs 0.26 ± 0.11 ng/ml). Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in PGEM concentrations occurred in cows that shed the placenta within 24 hours after parturition. Cows that retained the placenta showed a significant slower decrease of the PGEM levels. It is concluded that postpartum prostaglandin levels are influenced by stress during parturition (dystocia, transportation) as well as by retained placenta.
A Comparative Study of Arterial and Venous Blood Acetate Concentration in Cows Fed Different Diets Close to Parturition
Authors: Björkman C. , Forslund K. , Holtenius P. , Olsson G. , Wiktorsson H.
Published: May 2010

Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal artery and a jugular vein two weeks before expected calving, one to five days after calving and three weeks after calving of cows which were fed either a high roughage or a low roughage diet from four weeks before to 14 weeks after calving. The mean venous acetate concentration ranged from about half to three‐quarters of the arterial concentration. No differences were observed at any time between concentrations of acetate in either the arterial or venous blood of the cows on the different diets.
Influence of Substance P on Gastrointestinal Myoelectrical Activity in the Conscious Piglet
Authors: Wechsung E. , Houvenaghel A.
Published: May 2010

In conscious piglets with electrodes implanted in the wall of the antrum pylori, the small intestine and the caecum, the influence of intravenous infusion of substance P (SP) (0.1 and 1 μg/kg/min for 2 hours) on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity and arterial pressure was studied. SP was without significant influence on electrical activity of the antrum. However, intestinal myoelectrical activities were significantly stimulated. In the small intestine SP infusion resulted in an increase in frequency of migrating myoelectrical complexes and in irregular spiking activity, resulting in an augmentation of the integrated total activity. In the caecum SP provoked a prolongation of complexes of long spike bursts (LSB) as well as an increase in number of LSB/complex. In the studied doses SP had no significant effect on arterial pressure.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer unterschiedlichen Energieversorgung auf die Wachstumsintensität und Skelettentwicklung bei wachsenden Doggen. 2. Mitteilung: Einfluß auf den insulinähnlichen Wachstumsfaktor I und auf Schilddrüsenhormone
Authors: Blum J.W. , Zentek J. , Meyer H.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on the Influence of Different Energy Supply on Growth Performance and Skeletal Development of Growing Great Danes: Effects on the Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I and on Thyroid Hormones

In an experiment with 13 growing Great Danes (littermates) fed ad libitum (4 dogs) or restrictively (70% of ad libitum energy intake; 9 dogs), concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured in blood samples until the age of 6 months. In the ad libitum fed group, levels of T3 and T4 were partially and of IGF‐I were significantly (p < 0.01) elevated as compared with the control dogs. Postprandial changes of IGF‐I were absent in growing Great Danes as well as in a reference group of 3 adult beagles. Increased concentrations of IGF‐I, T3 and T4 could be causally related to osteochondrosis, which frequently occurs in intensively fed dogs.

In einem Versuch mit 13 wachsenden Doggen aus einem Wurf, die ad libitum (4 Tiere) bzw. restriktiv gefüttert wurden (70% der Energieaufnahme der ad libitum gefütterten 9 Tiere), wurden in verschiedenen Altersabschnitten Blutproben auf die Gehalte an insulinähnlichem Wachstumsfaktor I (IGF‐I), 3,5,3′‐Trijodthyronin (T3) sowie Thyroxin (T4) bis zu einem Alter von 6 Monaten untersucht. Während der gesamten Meßperiode lagen bei freier Verfügbarkeit des Futters die Gehalte an T3 und T4 teils signifikant und diejenigen des IGF‐I stets deutlich (p < 0,01) höher als bei der Kontrollgruppe. Postprandiale Veränderungen des IGF‐I waren weder bei den wachsenden noch bei den zu Vergleichszwecken herangezogenen adulten Beagles festzustellen. Erhöhte Konzentrationen von zirkulierenden IGF‐I, T4 und T3 könnten in kausalem Zusammenhang mit Osteochondrose stehen, die bei intensiv gefütterten Hunden häufig auftritt.
Monofrequency Oscillation Technique in Healthy and Pneumonic Calves Younger than 2 Months–Physiological Values and Methodological Aspects
Authors: Reinhold P. , Steinbach G. , Födisch G.
Published: May 2010

Using the monofrequency oscillation technique, the oscillatory measured resistance of the respiratory system (Ros) was determined in healthy and pneumonic calves younger than 2 months. Using a face mask, measurements were done in unsedated animals directly in the calfhouse.

106 clinically healthy calves were examined to determine the physiological range of Ros. Calves suffering from pneumonia showed significantly higher values of Roswhich were positively correlated with the severity of pneumonic lesions as established by pathological investigations. In healthy calves, the variability of Rosdue to biological aspects was found to be much higher than methodologically caused variability.

It is concluded that the monofrequency oscillation technique is useful especially in individual investigations, e. g. control of therapy.

Monofrequente Oszilloresistometrie bei gesunden und an Pneumonie erkrankten Kälbern im Alter bis zu 2 Monaten–physiologische Normwerte und methodische Aspekte

Mit einem auf Basis der festfrequenten Oszilloresistometrie arbeitenden Atemwiderstandsmeßgerät erfolgte die Ermittlung der respiratorischen Impedanz, gemessen als oszillatorische Resistance (Ros), an gesunden und an klinisch spontan an Pneumonie erkrankten Kälbern im Alter bis zu zwei Monaten. Unter Verwendung einer Atemmaske wurden die Messungen an stehenden unsedierten Tieren direkt im Stall durchgeführt.

An 106 klinisch gesunden Kälbern wurde der Normbereich für Rosermittelt. Im Zusammenhang mit klinisch manifesten pneumonischen Erkrankungen wurden signifikant erhöhte Atemwiderstandswerte registriert, die mit dem Schweregrad der entzündlichen Veränderungen am Respirationstrakt positiv korrelierten. Die an klinisch gesunden Tieren ermittelte biologisch bedingte Streuung der Meßwerte war deutlich größer als die methodisch bedingte.

Aufgrund der Ergebnisse wird die monofrequente Oszilloresistometrie insbesondere für individuelle Verlaufsuntersuchungen (z. B. Therapiekontrollen an Einzeltieren) als geeignet angesehen.
Diabetes Mellitus in Cattle Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Mucosal Disease Virus
Authors: Tajima M. , Yazawa T. , Hagiwara K. , Kurosawa T. , Takahashi K.
Published: May 2010

Four Japanese black cattle and four Holstein‐Friesian cows were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Based on intravenous glucose tolerance tests, all these animals were believed to be insulin‐dependent diabetics. Moreover, bovine viral diarrhea‐mucosal disease (BVD‐MD) virus was isolated and mucosal lesions and diarrhea were recognized in all cases. There was no genetic relation among the affected cattle. The breeding places of these cattle were different to each other. Therefore, it is suggested that BVD‐MD virus induced the diabetes mellitus.
Diurnal Changes in Cortisol Level, Neutrophil Number and Lyzozyme Activity in Foals during the First 13 Weeks of Life and in their Lactating Mothers
Authors: Flisińska‐Bojanowska A. , Gill J. , Grzelkowska K.
Published: May 2010

In the blood of 11 foals and their lactating mothers (Standardbred) diurnal changes in the cortisol level, neutrophil number and lyzozyme activity were studied during the first 13 weeks of life. The investigations began when a foal reached 7 days of age and were repeated every two weeks till 13 weeks of age. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein every 4 hours for one day. Experiments were repeated in two following years. In the first year 6 mares and 6 foals born by these mares were examined, and in the second year — 5 of the mares from the first year and the 5 new foals borne by them. All horses were kept and fed under the same conditions.

Diurnal rhythm in neutrophil number and lyzozyme activity was found neither in foals nor in mares. In the cortisol level a diurnal rhythm was found as early as in the first week of life of a foal as well as in the first week of lactation in mares. The mean diurnal values of cortisol level and lyzozyme activity in foal blood were lower by 58% and 22%, respectively, in comparison with mares.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests Using Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves and the Differential Positive Rate. An Example Using the Total Serum Bile Acid Concentration and the Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in the Diagnosis of Canine Hepatobiliary Diseases
Authors: Jensen A.L. , Poulsen J.S.D.
Published: May 2010

The value of a diagnostic test depends in most cases on its ability to discriminate between patients with and without a certain disease. One way of evaluating a diagnostic test is to use the relative operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) and the differential positive rate (DPR). The ROC curve displays the relationship between the true positive ratio and the false positive ratio for a range of cutoff values and it can be used to compare various diagnostic tests under equivalent conditions (equal true positive ratios or false positive ratios) and over the entire range of cutoff values. The DPR is the difference between the true positive ratio and the false positive ratio at various cutoff values and it can be used to obtain the cutoff value associated with the highest sensitivity and specificity.

The purpose of this study was to describe the evaluation and comparison of diagnostic tests using ROC curves and DPR. Eventually, the positive and negative predictive values were used to assess the differences between the sensitivity and specificity obtained when the upper limit of the reference interval, or the optimal cutoff value indicated by the DPR, was used as cutoff value. To illustrate the methods, the 2 h post‐prandial total serum bile acid concentration (PSBA) and the alanine aminotransferase activity (ALAT) in the diagnosis of primary or secondary hepatobiliary diseases in dogs were used. The ROC curves showed, as expected from previous studies, that PSBA was superior to ALAT in diagnosing dogs with hepatobiliary diseases. Using DPR, the optimal cutoff value for PSBA was suggested to be 15.48 μmol/l. Compared to the traditionally used cutoff value of 22.24 μmol/l, no decisive difference in the positive predictive values were observed. However, the cutoff value of 15.48 μmol/l appeared to produce higher negative predictive values compared to a cutoff value of 22.24 μmol/l. Seemingly, ROC curves and DPR are simple methods useful to the evaluation of diagnostic tests and due to the simplicity, there seems to be a great potential for these methods in the evaluation of diagnostic tests in veterinary medicine.
Cardiac Function, Morphology and Chromosomal Aberrations in a Calf with Ectopia Cordis Cervicalis
Authors: Windberger Ursula , Forstenpointner G. , Grabenwöger F. , Kopp E. , Künzel W. , Mayr B. , Pernthaner A. , Simon P. , Losert U.
Published: May 2010

A male calf with ectopia cordis cervicalis inferior was investigated clinically, hemodynamically, and morphologically from the 3rd day of age until slaughter at the age of 22 months. Arterial hypertension (mean AOP 140 mm Hg), concentric myocardial hypertrophy and good ventricular contractility with normal valve function were found. Normal clinical condition at rest (cardiac output 48 l/min in the 600 kg bullock), but cyanosis and dyspnoe during physical exercise were observed. Variations in the large vessels, such as persistence of the right cranial caval vein and one common pulmonary vein emptying into the left atrium, were found. Abrupt caliber differences of large arterial vessels together with a right angled aortic arch were observed, presumably contributing to increased afterload. The cytogenetic analysis showed the presence of a small marker chromosome leading to a chromosome number of 61 in a fraction of metaphases (mosaicism). Moreover, chromosome breakages were observed in many cells. From the 5 cows which were inseminated, 3 became pregnant. Ectopia cordis was not observed in any offspring. We conclude that in this animal compensated cardiac insufficiency with peripheral hypertension was established.
Der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein sowie das Frischmasse: DNA‐, das Protein: DNA‐ und das RNA: DNA‐Verhältnis in Geweben von männlichen Kälbern, von Bullen, von Muchsen und von Ochsen während der Wachstumsperiode
Authors: Kolb E. , Büchner A. , Dittrich H. , Siebert P. , Vallentin G.
Published: May 2010

The Content of DNA, RNA and Protein as well as the Fresh Weight: DNA‐, the Protein: DNA‐ and the RNA: DNA‐Ratio in Tissues of Male Calves, of Bulls, of Short Scrotum Bulls and of Oxen during the Growth Period

In male calves, in bulls, in short scrotum bulls and in oxen of different age the content of DNA, RNA and protein in various tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, ventricles, lung, liver, cortex of the kidney, spleen, testicles, M. semimembranosus) was analysed. The fresh weight: DNA‐, the protein: DNA‐ and the RNA: DNA‐ratios were calculated. In the age of 78 weeks the short scrotum bulls had a body weight of 577 ± 44, the bulls of 550 ± 21 and the oxen of 462 ± 41 kg. The testicles of the short scrotum bulls were smaller than that of the bulls. The differences in the content of DNA, RNA and protein per g tissue between male calves, bulls, short scrotum bulls and oxen of the same age were in part significant. The total content of DNA, of RNA and of protein for the 78 weeks old as well as the number of nuclei of the lung, the liver, the spleen and the testicles for the 6 and 78 weeks old animals were calculated. The biochemical parameters can be used for the characterization of the inhibition of growth of the different organs of calves and cattle by malnutrition and diseases.

Bei männlichen Kälbern, bei Bullen, bei Muchsen und bei Ochsen unterschiedlichen Alters wurde der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein in verschiedenen Geweben (Großhirn, Kleinhirn, Rückenmark, Herzkammern, Lunge, Leber, Nierenrinde, Milz, Hoden, M. semimembranosus) bestimmt. Der FM: DNA‐, der Protein: DNA‐ und der RNA: DNA‐Quotient in den Geweben wurde berechnet. Im Alter von 78 Wochen wiesen die Muchsen eine KM von 577 ± 44, die Bullen von 550 ± 21 und die Ochsen von 462 ± 41 kg auf. Die Hoden der Muchsen waren kleiner als die der Bullen. Die Unterschiede im Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein je g Gewebe zwischen den männlichen Kälbern, den Bullen, den Muchsen und den Ochsen gleichen Alters waren teilweise signifikant. Der Gesamtgehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein für die 78 Wochen alten sowie die Zahl der Zellkerne der Lunge, der Leber, der Milz und der Hoden bei den 6 und 78 Wochen alten Tieren wurden berechnet. Die biochemischen Kennwerte können zur Charakterisierung des Wachstums der verschiedenen Organe von Kälbern und Rindern bei Mängeln in der Fütterung und bei Erkrankungen verwendet werden.
Simplification of Superovulation Induction in Rabbits by Means of Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin Dissolved in Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Kanayama K. , Endo T. , Sakuma Y.
Published: May 2010

Superovulation induction methods in rabbits were simplified by a single subcutaneous (sc) injection of human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) dissolved in a 25% solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Superovulatory response was considered satisfactory at sc dose of 60 IU hMG‐PVP. Fertilization rates were considered acceptable at doses ranging from 15–90 IU hMG but not at the 120 IU dose. The findings suggest that a single sc injection of 60 IU hMG in 25% PVP will induce a satisfactory superovulatory response in rabbits.
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Left Kidney, the Urinary Bladder, and the Urethra in Cows
Authors: BRAUN U.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the present study was to determine the position, dimensions and structure of the left kidney, the urinary bladder and the urethra in cattle by use of ultrasonography. The left kidney, the urinary bladder and the urethra of 12 healthy, Swiss Braunvieh cows were examined transrectally using a 5.0 MHz linear transducer 10 times within two weeks. The lobulation of the kidney in cattle could be visualized ultrasonographically. The echogenicity of various renal structures differed. The renal cortex was hyperechoic in comparison to the relative hypoechoic renal medullary pyramids. The urinary bladder was always visible but its diameter varied greatly.

The vertical diameter of the left kidney was 6.2 ± 1.0 cm in the region of the renal hilus. In 7 cows the thickness of renal cortex and medulla was between 2.0 and 2.3 cm. The diameter of the renal sinus varied from 1.1 to 2.5 cm. The interassay coefficients of variation of the variables measured varied between 8.5 and 16.5%. It was concluded that the ultrasonographic values determined in this study can be used as references for the diagnosis of morphologic changes in the bovine left kidney.
Der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein sowie der Frischmasse: DNA‐, der Protein: DNA‐ und der RNA: DNA‐Quotient in 19 verschiedenen Geweben von Rinderfeten unterschiedlicher Körpermasse
Authors: KOLB E. , LEO M. , SIEBERT P. , VALLENTIN G.
Published: May 2010

The Content of DNA, RNA, and Protein as well as the Wet Weight: DNA‐, the Protein: DNA‐ and the RNA: DNA‐Ratio in 19 Different Tissues of Cattle‐Fetuses with a Different Body Weight

In 3 groups of fetuses (n = 6 each) of cattle with a body mass of 4.18 ± 2.1 (about 160 days old), of 9.72 ± 0.97 (about 200 days old) and of 17.12 ± 2.61 kg (about 230 days old) the content of DNA, RNA and protein in 19 different tissues was analysed. The wet weight: DNA‐, the protein: DNA‐ and the RNA: DNA‐ratios were calculated. The growth of the different tissues in the mentioned period of the development of the fetuses by hyperplasia and hypertrophy is discussed.

Bei je 6 Rinderfeten mit einer Körpermasse von 4,18 ± 2,01 (etwa 160 Tage alt), von 9,72 ± 0,97 (etwa 200 Tage alt) und von 17,12 ± 2,61 kg (etwa 230 Tage alt) wurde der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein in 19 verschiedenen Geweben analysiert. Die Frischmasse: DNA‐, die Protein: DNA‐ und die RNA: DNA‐Quotienten wurden berechnet. Das Wachstum der verschiedenen Gewebe im genannten Zeitraum der Entwicklung der Feten durch Zellvermehrung und Zellvergrößerung wird diskutiert.
Evaluation of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Determination of Insulin in Dogs
Authors: HØIER R. , JENSEN A.L.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for the determination of insulin in canine plasma samples. The test kit Enzymun‐Test®(Boehringer Mannheim)for determination of human insulin was used in connection with the analyzer system Enzymum‐Test®(Boehringer Mannheim)System ES‐33. The assay protocol suggested by the manufacturer was slightly modified by including an additional standard having a concentration within the canine reference range for insulin. Further, the incubation period for the immunoreaction and the enzymeassay was increased to 150 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively. When using the modified assay the concentration of insulin in canine plasma samples could be accurately and precisely determined with the exception, that the assay appeared to be somewhat imprecise (intraassay coefficient of variation being 22%) when lipaemic plasma samples were analysed.

A slight overestimation of the actual concentrations (28%) was observed, but the measured concentrations of insulin in plasma samples from normal dogs compared favourable to those reported in literature. Eventually, a model for introduction of a species specific reference is discussed.
Feeding of Rapeseed Presscake Meal to Pigs: Effects on Thyroid Morphology and Function and on Thyroid Hormone Blood Levels, on Liver and on Growth Performance*
Authors: SPIEGEL C. , BESTETTI G. , ROSSI G. , BLUM J.W.
Published: May 2010

Effects of feeding soybean meal (SBM) or a mixture of SBM and 5%, 10% and 15% of either 0‐ and 00‐rapeseed presscake meal (RPM) on thyroid, liver and growth performance were studied in castrated boars. Goitrin (G) intake was closely correlated with total glucosinolate intake and blood thiocyanate concentration. In pigs fed 10% and 15% 0‐RPM refused feed was enhanced and daily gain decreased. Liver weight and DNA/total liver increased with increasing G intake. Thyroid weights increased up to a G intake of 4.6 mmol/d and then decreased with higher G intake. DNA content/g dry matter (DM) increased continuously and total thyroidal DNA content up to a G intake of 4.6mmol/l, indicating hyperplasia. Epithelial thickness increased up to a G intake of 13.3 mmol/d, whereas follicular area only up to an intake of 4.6 mmol G/d and then decreased, mirrored by a decrease of DM content. Thyroidal thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) content decreased with increasing G intake. Blood serum levels of T4 decreased with increasing G intake, whereas T3 levels only tended to decrease. Therefore, measured parameters differently reacted to different G intake. In groups fed high amounts of G, hyperplasia was not sufficient to maintain physiological circulating T4 levels, but enhanced thyroidal secretion T3 and/or extrathyreoidal T4 to T3 conversion obviously allowed maintenance of near normal circulating T3 concentrations and barely reduced growth rate despite marked hypothyroidism.
Normal Electro‐ and Vectocardiographic Data in the Growing Friesian Calf Using a Semi‐Orthogonal Lead System
Authors: AMORY H. , GENICOT B. , ROLLIN F. , BEDUIN J.‐M. , LEKEUX P.
Published: May 2010

This study derives normal values for electro‐ and vectocardiographic parameters, as generated by the Holmes semi‐orthogonal lead system, in healthy growing calves.

Sixty‐four electrocardiograms were recorded from healthy Friesian calves aged from one week to one year. Waveform and duration were analysed and compared in the X‐, Y‐ and Z‐leads. The modal P, QRS and T tridimensional vectors were graphically constructed and their magnitude and orientation were calculated.

The duration of waves and intervals were similar to data previously reported in the bovine species. Differences from data reported in other species were attributed to heart rate. The duration of waves and QT and ST intervals significantly lengthened with the decrease in heart rate which occurred during growth. PR interval significantly lengthened with physical maturation, and this change was independent of the decrease in heart rate. The magnitude and the orientation of the spatial modal vectors were approximately similar to the few data previously reported in cattle and in other ungulates and were not affected by somatic growth.