bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beständigkeit oder Fortschritt? Über Börsengeschäfte und Pizza Hawaii
Authors: Machel Kevin
Published: March 2021

In unserem täglichen Leben werden wir öfter mit der Frage konfrontiert, ob wir Gewohnheiten ändern sollten. Zum Beispiel wenn wir über harmlose Angelegenheiten wie die Wartung eines Autos sprechen und ein Freund eine andere Art der Reinigung vorschlägt oder wenn wir zu einer Party Speisen mitbringen und über verschiedene Zutaten für dasselbe Gericht diskutiert wird. Aber nicht alle Diskussionen haben so geringfügige Konsequenzen. Abgesehen von der Diskussion darüber, ob Ananas auf eine Pizza gehört oder nicht (Abbildung 1), wie bestimmt man objektiv, ob es gut ist, Neues auszuprobieren und neue Methoden und Ideen zu übernehmen? Was den kulinarischen Fortschritt angeht, ist es offensichtlich einfach: Entweder man mag es oder eben nicht und somit ändert man ein Rezept oder eben nicht. Aber wenn man Entscheidungen auf einer höheren Ebene treffen muss, wird es weniger einfach.
Mangrove growth response to experimental warming is greatest near the range limit in northeast Florida
Authors: Chapman Samantha K. , Feller Ilka C. , Canas Gabriela , Hayes Matthew A. , Dix Nicole , Hester Mark , Morris Jim , Langley J. Adam
Published: March 2021

Shrubs are invading into grasslands around the world, but we don’t yet know how these shrubs will fare in a warmer future. In ecotonal coastal wetland ecosystems, woody mangroves are encroaching into herbaceous salt marshes owing to changes in temperature, precipitation, and sediment dynamics. Increasing mangrove biomass in wetlands often increases carbon storage, which is high in these productive ecosystems, but little is known about how mangrove growth will change in response to warming. To address this knowledge gap, we deployed warming experiments at three coastal wetland sites along a latitudinal gradient in northeast Florida where Avicennia germinans, black mangroves, are encroaching into salt marshes. We achieved air temperature warming (+1.6°C during the day) at all three sites and measured stem elongation, canopy height and area changes, and leaf and node number. After 2 yr of warming, we found that mangrove growth rate in height increased due to warming. Warming increased stem elongation by 130% over unwarmed control plots after 1 yr at the northern site. Mangrove growth in canopy area did not respond to warming. Site differences in growth rate were pronounced, and mangrove growth in both height and area were lowest at the northern site, despite greater impacts of warming at that site. We also found that area‐based relative growth rate was five times higher across all treatments than height‐based relative growth rate, indicating that mangroves are growing wider rather than taller in these ecotonal environments. Our findings indicate that the growth effect of experimental warming depends on site characteristics and growth parameter measured. We also propose that differential mangrove growth across the three sites may be driven by biotic factors such as the identity of the salt marsh species into which mangroves are encroaching. Our results suggest that, as seen in other ecosystems, wetland plants may respond most strongly to warming at their poleward range edge.
Advanced textured monocrystalline silicon substrates with high optical scattering yields and low electrical recombination losses for supporting crack‐free nano‐ to poly‐crystalline film growth
Authors: de Vrijer Thierry , Smets Arno H. M.
Published: March 2021

Crystalline silicon tandem devices with perovskites, CIGS, and nanocrystalline silicon, as well as the TOPCon design, are incompatible with the conventional pyramidal surface texture of silicon. This is a result of crack formation in nano to polycrystalline growth on large sharp surface features. In this work, three texturing approaches are investigated, using alkaline and/or acidic wet chemical etches, that can lead to the crack‐free growth of nano to polycrystalline materials on textured surfaces. In this work, we show that without acidic smoothening, the fraction of <111> pyramidal surface coverage has to remain relatively small to prevent crack formation during crystalline growth on these surfaces. Applying an acidic etch as a function of time continuously smoothens surface features. This shifts the reflection to wider scattering angles and results in higher total reflected intensity with respect to the conventional texture, making it an interesting option for a wide variety of tandem pv applications. Finally, we demonstrate crater‐like features on a <100> monocrystalline silicon surface using an etching process including a sacrificial layer. These craters increase light scattering into wider angles, but to a lesser extent than the former approach. In terms of passivation, we demonstrate the positive effect of a post deposition hydrogen treatment. Initial dilution of the silane plasma improves passivation on a <111> surface, but is detrimental to passivation on a <100> surface, likely because the hydrogen dilution results in epitaxial growth at the c‐Si/a‐Si:H hetero‐interface. A minority carrier lifetime of over 3 ms has been achieved for all texturing approaches, after deposition of a 15 nm a‐Si:H layer on both sides of the wafer, for different a‐Si:H deposition and annealing schemes.
Essential to Whom? An Exploration of Pandemic‐Era Care and Reciprocity
Authors: Ding Jessica
Published: March 2021

The challenges of combatting the COVID‐19 global pandemic are vast and systemic. It has required the world to adapt how we work, learn, and communicate. In this new reality, Americans have been confronted with what it means to provide and to receive care. The U.S. now looks beyond professional medical caregivers (doctors, nurses, first responders, etc.) to include others who provide additional services of care. The fluid label of “essential worker” recognizes a wider range of equally important frontline service roles (trash collectors, grocery store workers, etc.). After elaborating on the history of the term “essential workers,” I move on to discuss those in the immediate periphery of the medical community (workers in personal or self‐care industries and those in traditional or alternative medical sectors—among others) who have been sidelined as nonessential. This sparks many questions: who determines who is essential and when? Who provides care during these times? Whose jobs have been suspended and not recognized as acts of care? To explore those questions, I compare contemporary American trends to patterns discovered during my fieldwork in Shanghai. Three months in a Chinese Integrative Medicine Department revealed a phenomenon of reciprocal caregiving: patients provide food and support to doctors who practice excellent care. My analysis will reveal how caregiving in the U.S. can also be reciprocated under current circumstances by community members. I reveal how COVID‐19 has re‐defined how communities value care and disrupt understandings of how, by, and for whom care should be practiced.
A State of Emergency, a State of Transition: How the Covid‐19 Pandemic May Help Reconcile Historicism and the Anthropology of Crisis
Authors: Hirst Cora
Published: March 2021

The incongruence between Bourdieu's historical sociology and the ahistorical structuralist theories of Levi‐Strauss’ students has often contributed to a complete disregard for the historical significance of cultural meaning on the one hand and the role of structural dichotomies (i.e. us vs them) and the phenomenon of the myth on the other. The crisis events of the 2020 Global Covid‐19 Pandemic offer a unique opportunity for anthropologists to reconcile historicism with theories of ahistorical (or exceptional) phenomenon. In particular, the linguistic coding of the pandemic as a “crisis” reveals a two‐fold, cultural understanding of the term. Crises entail some repetitive structural element (such that we recognize a given event or state as a crisis) but the structure repeated is, in fact, a sudden, novel change in the field of practice experienced as an “unprecedented time.” Comparingcontemporary circumstances to other events coded as crises in the United States, I argue that the (perceived) catalyst of the ongoing rupture in social and economic order is best understood through Douglas’ lens of pollution: an external threat to the structural dichotomies and myths that define the boundaries of the social body. What emerges from considering repetition and rupture at once is a new understanding of crisis as a reoccurring phenomenon characterized by an incongruence between doxa and habitus—a state of liminality wherein the previously accepted myths, symbols, and dichotomies at the foundation of citizens’ habitus and society's structures are suspended. This incongruence is resolvable by two mechanisms: either crisis‐era praxis is integrated into habitus (providing the practical basis for anewsetofmyths, structures, anddoxa), or the suspended schemata are reintegrated in a way that account for the expansion of what is considered possible according to pre‐crisis doxa. In this way, a symbolic purification of the social body is enacted by the application of new or extant myths to changes within a field during the crisis‐era. Bourdieu's historicism can thus be applied to the anthropology of crisis alongside structuralist theories by treating crisis as a kind of transitional state of social doxa, not via inductive reasoning or extrapolation from historical phenomenon.
PyRad: A software shell for simulating radiolysis with Qball package
Authors: Andreadi Nikolai , Mitrofanov Artem , Eliseev Artem , Matveev Petr , Kalmykov Stepan , Petrov Vladimir
Published: March 2021

The assessment of the radiolytic stability of media is an important task in the fields of nuclear power engineering and radiochemistry. Such studies must be carried out in special laboratory conditions with the use of sources of ionizing radiation, which may increase personal doses of the staff. In addition, difficulties arise in studying the products of irradiated media. While it is impossible to abandon experiments to obtain reliable results in this area, computational methods of quantum chemistry can reduce the number of experiments and help understand the mechanisms of the reactions that occur during radiolysis. Here we would like to present a software shell of the Qb@ll program performing time‐dependent density functional theory simulations of the radiolysis process.
Analysis of the safety of pretransplant corticosteroid therapy in patients with acute liver failure and late‐onset hepatic failure in Japan
Authors: Hisanaga Takuro , Hidaka Isao , Sakaida Isao , Nakayama Nobuaki , Ido Akio , Kato Naoya , Takikawa Yasuhiro , Inoue Kazuaki , Shimizu Masahito , Genda Takuya , Terai Shuji , Tsubouchi Hirohito , Takikawa Hajime , Mochida Satoshi , Intractable Hepato‐Biliary Disease Study Group of Japan
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim

In Japan, corticosteroids have been commonly used as a part of multidisciplinary therapy for patients with acute liver failure and late‐onset hepatic failure. However, there is controversy regarding the development of infections and other complications. In this study, the influence of corticosteroids on patient outcomes after liver transplantation was investigated.

Methods

This study included 167 patients with acute liver failure and late‐onset hepatic failure who underwent liver transplantation between 2010 and 2015. The effects of pretransplant corticosteroid therapy on patient outcomes were evaluated using a database constructed by the subcommittee for fulminant hepatitis in the Intractable Hepato‐Biliary Diseases Study Group of Japan.

Results

The subacute type and the median total bilirubin levels were higher in those receiving corticosteroids than in those not receiving corticosteroids. Although infections tended to be higher in patients receiving corticosteroids, pretransplant corticosteroid administration did not affect the survival rates. The duration from corticosteroid initiation to liver transplantation was longer in patients who developed infections. The survival rates, however, did not differ between patients with and without infections.

Conclusions

Corticosteroids were administered to patients with poor prognoses. Otherwise, the overall outcome in those administered corticosteroids was not significantly different from that in those administered without corticosteroids. Although infectious complications tended to occur, they were generally controllable and nonfatal. Pretransplant corticosteroid therapy may be permissible, with regarding for infections and performed within the minimum duration.
Carbon‐11 carboxylation of terminal alkynes with [11C]CO2
Authors: Goudou Francesca , Gee Antony D. , Bongarzone Salvatore
Published: March 2021

A copper‐catalysed radiosynthesis of carbon‐11 radiolabelled carboxylic acids was developed by reacting terminal alkynes and cyclotron‐produced carbon‐11 carbon dioxide ([11C]CO2) in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU). A small library of 11C‐labelled propiolic acid derivatives were obtained with a total synthesis time of 15 min from end of bombardment (EOB) with a (non‐isolated) radiochemical yield ranging from 7% to 28%.
Raman spectroscopy in the detection of adulterated essential oils: The case of nonvolatile adulterants
Authors: Vargas Jentzsch Paul , Sandoval Pauker Christian , Zárate Pozo Paola , Sinche Serra Marco , Jácome Camacho Gonzalo , Rueda‐Ayala Victor , Garrido Patricia , Ramos Guerrero Luis , Ciobotă Valerian
Published: March 2021

Essential oils are liquid mixtures of volatile compounds extracted from plants. Their quality is usually controlled via gas chromatography (GC), although with limitations when adulterants are nonvolatile substances. The essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth), and their adulterated versions were measured by GC coupled to flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) and Raman spectroscopy. Canola oil, a nonvolatile substance, was used as the adulterant. The adulterated essential oils contained 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (v/v) of canola oil. Chromatograms of the adulterated essential oils containing 20% (v/v) of canola oil showed decrements in peak areas of the essential oil components, compared with peaks of the pure essential oils. The highest decrements were observed for the adulterated essential oil of patchouli. In general, detection of adulterated essential oils by simple visual inspection of the Raman features was difficult, due to slight differences observed in the spectra. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) allowed achieving a good spectral discrimination between pure and adulterated essential oils. These results suggest that Raman spectroscopy can overcome limitations of GC‐based methods, thus becoming an interesting alternative and complementary technique for quality control of essential oils.
Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Testicular Elasticity and Vascularity in Pediatric Patients With Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Seher Nusret , Nayman Alaaddin , Koplay Mustafa , Çiftci İlhan
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Testicular complications after inguinal hernia (IH) operations can be overlooked because they are difficult to diagnose, but usually have a long‐term effect. This study evaluates the effects of IH on preoperative and postoperative testicular elasticity and vascularity in children with unilateral hernias, examined using the superb microvascular imaging (SMI) and shear wave elastography (SWE) modalities.

Methods

Forty‐four male children with unilateral indirect IHs were included. Quantitative SMI and SWE examinations of the testicles were performed on the herniated and intact sides, both preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. The SMI and SWE values of the testicles were compared between the herniated and intact sides, as well as with the opposite testicle.

Results

Preoperative vascular index (VI) values were lower on the herniated side than on the intact side. Furthermore, preoperative kPa and m/s values were higher on the herniated side than on the intact side. In follow‐up examinations performed at 6 months postoperatively, there was no equalization of kPa or m/s values, although VI values were equalized on both sides.

Conclusions

Testicular vascularization secondary to mechanical compression in testicles on the herniated side increased significantly in the postoperative period, and reached a level similar to that of the contralateral side. Mean SWE values decreased in testicles on the herniated side, but were not equal with those of contralateral testicles. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of testicles using SMI and SWE is important for detecting possible advanced testicular complications in children with IH.
In‐Water Bridge Construction Effects on Manatees with Implications for Marine Megafauna Species
Authors: Hieb Elizabeth E. , Eniang Edem A. , Keith‐Diagne Lucy W. , Carmichael Ruth H.
Published: March 2021

Globally, increasing coastal development requires construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure that affects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Construction of bridges as part of transportation networks introduces a series of risks to aquatic species near construction zones. We reviewed relevant literature and obtained exemplary case studies to synthesize potential effects of bridge construction on the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), a nearshore megafauna species vulnerable to human activities. Stages of bridge construction including dredging, pile driving, and installation and assembly of bridge components each involve potential direct and indirect effects on manatees. Direct effects such as vessel interactions, entanglement or ingestion, and entrainment may result in acute physical injury or mortality. Indirect effects from construction such as habitat obstruction or degradation and increased noise from construction activities can alter behavior and intraspecies communication and reduce access to essential resources. Some effects of construction may be immediately difficult to quantify, but cumulative effects through time can result in major habitat and species loss. To prevent large‐scale negative effects of construction on manatees and other aquatic species, use and evaluation of mitigation strategies should be implemented pre‐, during, and post‐construction. As the global human population increasingly occupies coastal zones, effective planning of coastal development, including bridge and other in‐water construction, will be essential to support conservation and recovery efforts for manatees and other species at risk in these areas. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Electrochemical Therapy of In Vivo Rabbit Cutaneous Tissue
Authors: Hong Ellen M. , Pham Tiffany T. , Seo Soohong , Moy Wesley J. , Borden Pamela , Hansen Kyle , Kim Sehwan , Mo Ji‐Hun , Wong Brian J. F.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To examine the acid‐base and histological changes in in vivo rabbit cutaneous tissue after electrochemical therapy.

Study Design

In vivo rabbit tissue study.

Methods

The shaved skin on the backs of female Oryctolagus cuniculi were assigned to treatments with or without tumescence with normal saline. Two platinum‐needle electrodes were inserted into each treatment area and connected to a direct current (DC) power supply. Voltage (3–5 V) was varied and applied for 5 minutes. The wound‐healing process was monitored via digital photography and ultrasonography until euthanasia at day 29. Treatment areas were biopsied, and specimens were sectioned through a sagittal midline across both electrode insertion sites. Samples were then evaluated utilizing light microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and Picrosirius red).

Results

Treatment sites developed mild inflammation that dissipated at lower voltages or became scabs at higher voltages. Ultrasonography demonstrated acoustic shadowing with spatial spread that increased with increasing voltage application. The 4‐ and 5‐V sites treated with saline had localized areas of increased tissue density at day 29. Although specimens treated with 3 V did not look significantly different from control tissue, 4‐ and 5‐V samples with and without saline tumescence had finer, less‐organized collagen fibers and increased presence of fibrocytes and inflammatory infiltrates.

Conclusions

Electrochemical therapy caused localized injury to in vivo rabbit cutaneous tissue, prompting regenerative wound repair. With future development, this technology may offer precise, low‐cost rejuvenation to restore the functionality and appearance of dermal scars and keloids.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2196–E2203, 2021
Humanized Anti‐DNABII Fab Fragments Plus Ofloxacin Eradicated Biofilms in Experimental Otitis Media
Authors: Novotny Laura A. , Chiang Tendy , Goodman Steven D. , Elmaraghy Charles A. , Bakaletz Lauren O.
Published: March 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the ability of humanized monoclonal antibody fragments directed against a bacterial DNABII protein plus ofloxacin delivered directly into the chinchilla middle ear via tympanostomy tube (TT) to enhance the ability of ofloxacin to eradicate biofilms formed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI).

Study Design

A blinded pre‐clinical study of comparative efficacy of single versus combinatorial treatment strategies.

Methods

NTHI was allowed to form biofilms in the middle ears of chinchillas prior to TT placement. Ofloxacin, humanized Fab fragments against a bacterial DNABII protein that disrupts biofilms or Fab fragments plus ofloxacin were instilled into the middle ear via TT. For two consecutive days, ofloxacin was delivered twice‐a‐day, Fab fragments were delivered once‐a‐day, or these treatments were combined. Relative biofilm resolution (as determined via two outcome measures) and eradication of viable NTHI were assessed 1‐day later.

Results

Whereas ofloxacin alone did not resolve biofilms or eradicate NTHI from the middle ear, delivery of Fab fragments significantly reduced both biofilms and NTHI burden over this short course of treatment. Notably, co‐delivery of ofloxacin plus humanized Fab fragments eradicated both NTHI and biofilms from the middle ear, an enhanced outcome compared to receipt of either treatment alone.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a powerful combinatorial approach to release bacteria from their protective biofilms and rapidly render them vulnerable to killing by a previously ineffective antibiotic. An approach to combine ofloxacin with humanized Fab fragments that disrupt biofilms has tremendous potential to quickly resolve chronic otorrhea suffered by children with chronic suppurative otitis media or chronic post‐tympanostomy tube otorrhea and thereby improve their quality of life.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2698–E2704, 2021
Specialized managed care program aims to help youth with complex BH needs
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: March 2021

A specialized managed care program for Ohio youth with the most complex behavioral health and multisystem needs is slated to commence January 2022. The new initiative will expand access to help children and adolescents receive in‐home and community‐based services. The children could remain in their homes, rather than in foster care, while receiving needed behavioral health treatment.
Prospective motion detection and re‐acquisition in diffusion MRI using a phase image–based method—Application to brain and tongue imaging
Authors: Liang Xiao , Su Pan , Patil Sunil G. , Elsaid Nahla M. H. , Roys Steven , Stone Maureen , Gullapalli Rao P. , Prince Jerry L. , Zhuo Jiachen
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To develop an image‐based motion‐robust diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition framework that is able to minimize motion artifacts caused by rigid and nonrigid motion, applicable to both brain and tongue dMRI.

Methods

We developed a novel prospective motion‐correction technique in dMRI using a phase image–based real‐time motion‐detection method (PITA‐MDD) with re‐acquisition of motion‐corrupted images. The prospective PITA‐MDD acquisition technique was tested in the brains and tongues of volunteers. The subjects were instructed to move their heads or swallow, to induce motion. Motion‐detection efficacy was validated against visual inspection as the gold standard. The effect of the PITA‐MDD technique on diffusion‐parameter estimates was evaluated by comparing reconstructed fiber tracts using tractography with and without re‐acquisition.

Results

The prospective PITA‐MDD technique was able to effectively and accurately detect motion‐corrupted data as compared with visual inspection. Tractography results demonstrated that PITA‐MDD motion detection followed by re‐acquisition helps in recovering lost and misshaped fiber tracts in the brain and tongue that would otherwise be corrupted by motion and yield erroneous estimates of the diffusion tensor.

Conclusion

A prospective PITA‐MDD technique was developed for dMRI acquisition, providing improved dMRI image quality and motion‐robust diffusion estimation of the brain and tongue.
Effects of exercise on knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review
Authors: Raposo Filipe , Ramos Marta , Lúcia Cruz Ana
Published: March 2021

Background

Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease and a major cause of functional limitation and pain in adults. The aim of this literature review is to review the existing evidence regarding the impact of exercise in people with knee osteoarthritis concerning physical and functional outcomes. The secondary aim is to provide both healthcare professionals and patients with updated and high‐quality recommendations for the management of this condition.

Methods

A systematic search was performed at Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, limiting the studies to English, French and Portuguese language, from 2010 to May 2020. Eligible studies were randomized control trials or clinical control trials that compared an intervention consisting of an exercise programme in adult participants with knee osteoarthritis against no intervention.

Results

A total of 4499 studies were retrieved and 19 articles met the inclusion criteria. Beneficial effects of exercise were found on pain and strength. Regarding function, functional performance and quality of life, evidence is controversial. Both strengthening and aerobic exercise showed positive effects and both aquatic and land‐based programmes presented improvement of pain, physical function and quality of life. Relatively to stretching, plyometric and proprioception training, no concrete conclusions can be taken.

Conclusion

Exercise programmes appear to be safe and effective in knee osteoarthritis patients, mainly regarding pain and strength improvement. Pilates, aerobic and strengthening exercise programmes performed for 8–12 weeks, 3–5 sessions per week; each session lasting 1 h appear to be effective. Both aquatic and land‐based programmes show comparable and positive effects.
On matchings, T‐joins, and arc routing in road networks
Authors: Boyacı Burak , Dang Thu Huong , Letchford Adam N.
Published: March 2021

Matchings and T‐joins are fundamental and much‐studied concepts in graph theory and combinatorial optimization. One important application of matchings and T‐joins is in the computation of strong lower bounds for arc routing problems (ARPs). An ARP is a special kind of vehicle routing problem, in which the demands are located along edges or arcs, rather than at nodes. We point out that the literature on applying matchings and T‐joins to ARPs does not fully exploit the structure of real‐life road networks. We propose some ways to exploit this structure. Computational results show significant running time improvements, without deteriorating the quality of the lower bounds.
Bridge the Gap Between AMI Planning and Procurement
Authors: Mitchell Joey
Published: March 2021

The first step in moving to advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technology is selecting the right system for your utility. Ensure the project's successful completion with a sound, hands‐on strategy for securing AMI equipment and services.
Fully screen‐printed silicon solar cells with local Al‐p+ and n‐type POLO interdigitated back contacts with a VOC of 716 mV and an efficiency of 23%
Authors: Haase Felix , Min Byungsul , Hollemann Christina , Krügener Jan , Brendel Rolf , Peibst Robby
Published: March 2021

We demonstrate the fabrication of a fully screen‐printed p‐type silicon solar cell with local hole‐collecting Al‐alloyed (Al‐p+) contacts with a record open circuit voltage of 716 mV. The solar cell is fabricated by using almost the same process equipment as PERC cells. One of the dominant recombination losses in PERC cells is the recombination in the passivated and in the contacted emitter regions that so far limit the open circuit voltage to values below 700 mV. We eliminate these loss channels by substituting the P‐diffused emitter by a passivating n‐type poly‐Silicon on Oxide (nPOLO) contact. We place this contact on the rear side because of its otherwise strong parasitic absorption. The Al‐p+ contacts are also located at the rear side to avoid front‐side shading. This results in a POLO‐IBC cell structure. The efficiency of the best cell so far is 23.0% with a designated area of 4 cm2 fabricated on a M2‐sized wafer. Scanning electron microscopy reveals an Al‐p+ thickness of less than 3.3 μm and only a few 100 nm at the contact ends, which is less than the 5 μm typically for optimized Al‐p+ contacts. A comparison of measured and simulated current‐voltage curves over a variation of the contact fraction extracts a high saturation current density of the Al‐p+ contact of J0‐Al ‐p+ = 2,250 fA cm−2 for the current screen‐print conditions and Al‐paste causing an absolute efficiency loss of 0.5%abs. The recombination at the AlOx/SiNy surface and the shunt resistance limits the cell by 0.6%abs each.
Morphology, microstructure, and doping behaviour: A comparison between different deposition methods for poly‐Si/SiOx passivating contacts
Authors: Truong Thien N. , Yan Di , Nguyen Cam‐Phu T. , Kho Teng , Guthrey Harvey , Seidel Jan , Al‐Jassim Mowafak , Cuevas Andres , Macdonald Daniel , Nguyen Hieu T.
Published: March 2021

Crystallographic structures, optoelectronic properties, and nanoscale surface morphologies of ex situ phosphorus‐doped polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si)/SiOx passivating contacts, formed by different deposition methods (sputtering, plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition [PECVD], and low‐pressure chemical vapour deposition [LPCVD]), are investigated and compared. Across all these deposition technologies, we noted the same trend: higher diffusion temperatures yield films that are more crystalline but that have rougher surface morphologies due to bigger surface crystal grains. Also, the recrystallization process of the as‐deposited Si films starts from the SiOx interface, rather than from the film surface and bulk. However, there are some distinct differences among these technologies. First, the LPCVD method yields the lowest deposition rate, roughest surfaces, and smallest degree of crystallinity on finished poly‐Si films. In contrast, the PECVD method has the highest deposition rate and smoothest surfaces for both as‐deposited Si and annealed poly‐Si films. Second, as‐deposited sputtered and PECVD Si films contain only an amorphous phase, whereas as‐deposited LPCVD films already has some crystalline phase. Third, the LPCVD phosphorus in‐diffusion into the substrate depends strongly on the initial film thickness, whereas for the other two methods, it is weakly dependent on thickness. Finally, the passivation quality of every poly‐Si film type has different responses to the film thickness and diffusion temperature, suggesting that the ex situ doping optimization should be performed independently.
Sensitivity of QBO teleconnection to model circulation biases
Authors: Karpechko Alexey Yu. , Tyrrell Nicholas L. , Rast Sebastian
Published: March 2021

The Quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial stratospheric winds is known to modulate the extratropical atmospheric circulation so that an easterly QBO phase is associated with a weaker Arctic stratospheric vortex and a negative North Atlantic Oscillation in winter. The link can potentially be used to improve seasonal forecasts and is usually captured by climate models but with a smaller magnitude than that in observations. Here, the sensitivity of the QBO teleconnection to biases in model circulation is explored in an atmosphere‐only model ECHAM6 with an internally generated QBO, by contrasting simulations by an original, biased model, and a model version in which biases are artificially reduced. We find that the strength of the winter mean Arctic stratospheric vortex response is better reproduced by the bias‐corrected model. On the other hand, the response is delayed by 1 month and there is no improvement in the tropospheric response. Stronger response of the polar vortex in the bias‐corrected model is likely associated with larger magnitude of QBO winds and better‐represented stratospheric mean climate and planetary wave fluxes, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. The results of this study have implications for seasonal forecast model development.
Sources and Drivers of Agricultural Growth in Bihar
Authors: Hoda Anwarul , Gulati Ashok , Jose Shyma , Rajkhowa Pallavi
Published: March 2021

Agriculture dominates Bihar’s economy, providing employment to 53.6% of the total workforce, higher than the national average of 46.9% (Labour Bureau 2015–16).
Chirurgische Aufklärung: Klar geregelt durch das Patientenrechtegesetz – deutliche Unsicherheit bei Medizinstudierenden
Authors: Seemann R. J. , Melcher P. , Eder C. , Deckena J. , Kasch R. , Fröhlich S. , März M. ,   AG Lehre DGOU, Ghanem M.
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund

Das chirurgische Aufklärungsgespräch stellt eine komplexe Herausforderung dar und ist als Lernziel im Nationalen Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin verankert. Die wenigen bestehenden Lehrformate sind uneinheitlich und aufwändig; insbesondere juristische Implikationen nehmen im Studium wenig Raum ein, obwohl sie mit Inkrafttreten des Patientenrechtegesetzes vermehrt in den Fokus gerückt sind und u. a. bei Regressverfahren eine wichtige Rolle spielen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel war eine Ermittlung des Wissensstandes von Medizinstudierenden zu den rechtlichen Aspekten des chirurgischen Aufklärungsgespräches auf Basis einer juristischen Analyse des Patientenrechtegesetzes. Dieses wurde auf Implikationen für die Lehre im Medizinstudium überprüft.

Material und Methoden

Nach Analyse von Gesetz und Rechtsprechung wurden Multiple-Choice-Fragen zu den rechtlichen Aspekten des chirurgischen Aufklärungsgespräches erstellt und im Sinne einer Querschnittsanalyse im Progress Test Medizin platziert. Es erfolgte die deskriptive statistische Auswertung der Ergebnisse bei Berliner Medizinstudierenden.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden die Antworten von 2625 (Wintersemester 2018/19) und 2409 (Sommersemester 2019) Berliner Studierenden ausgewertet. Bei den Fragen zur Art aufzuklärender Prozeduren sowie der Bedenkzeit nahm die Anzahl Studierender, die die Frage korrekt beantwortete, über die Zeit zu, erreichte jedoch nicht den Vergleichswert aller Fragen des Progress Test Medizin. Bei den Fragen zu den notwendigen Inhalten wählten, unabhängig vom Ausbildungsstand, zwischen 30 und 60 % die korrekte Antwort, eine Zunahme korrekter Antworten über die Zeit war nicht zu sehen.

Diskussion

In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei Medizinstudierenden über alle Semester hinweg Unsicherheiten bezüglich der juristischen Aspekte des Aufklärungsgespräches bestehen. Der gesetzliche Rahmen lässt allerdings Raum für neue Lehrformate wie der hier erstmals vorgestellten „Co-Aktion“: der Studierende führt die Aufklärung eines Patienten selbstständig, unter Aufsicht und Verantwortung des behandelnden Arztes, durch.
Short versus conventional stem in cementless total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Steinbrück Arnd , Grimberg Alexander W. , Elliott Johanna , Melsheimer Oliver , Jansson Volkmar
Published: March 2021

Background

Short-stemmed total hip arthroplasty (THA) is well established and gaining popularity in Germany. The perception that short stems may predispose to primary instability in the femur has resulted in a more thorough follow-up of younger patient cohorts than the typical uncemented THA population. To address this issue, an evidence-based approach is presented for a retrospective mid-term survival analysis of a large registry-based cohort in primary cementless THA comparing short stems with a matched group of conventional stems.

Material and methods

Propensity score matching (PSM, see Infobox 1) was used on 131,580 primary cementless THAs fulfilling the inclusion criteria performed between November 2012 and September 2019 and the cumulative probability of revision (CPR) of short and conventional stems for any reason, for reasons excluding prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and due to PJI were compared.

Results

After PSM at 1:1 balanced groups of 17,526 short stems and of 17,526 conventional stems were achieved demonstrating no significant difference for CPR for any reason and for reasons excluding PJI. Matched CPR for any reason was 2.9% (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.4–3.5%) 5 years after primary THA in the short stem and 3.1% (95% CI 2.7–3.4%) in the conventional stem group. The CPR excluding PJI was 2.2% (95% CI 1.7–2.7%) vs. 2.1% (95% CI 1.8–2.4%). In contrast, the incidence of PJI was statistically significant lower for short stems.

Conclusion

For the considered period, there was no statistically significant survival difference in uncemented THA between comparison groups but a lower incidence for PJI in short-stem THA. Further analyses of registry data are required to rule out range of indications and late mechanical failure of short stems.
Skew Killing spinors in four dimensions
Authors: Ginoux Nicolas , Habib Georges , Kath Ines
Published: March 2021

This paper is devoted to the classification of 4-dimensional Riemannian spin manifolds carrying skew Killing spinors. A skew Killing spinor $$\psi $$
ψ
is a spinor that satisfies the equation $$\nabla _X\psi =AX\cdot \psi $$

∇
X

ψ
=
A
X
·
ψ

with a skew-symmetric endomorphism A. We consider the degenerate case, where the rank of A is at most two everywhere and the non-degenerate case, where the rank of A is four everywhere. We prove that in the degenerate case the manifold is locally isometric to the Riemannian product $${\mathbb {R}}\times N$$

R
×
N

with N having a skew Killing spinor and we explain under which conditions on the spinor the special case of a local isometry to $${\mathbb {S}}^2\times {\mathbb {R}}^2$$

S

2

×

R

2

occurs. In the non-degenerate case, the existence of skew Killing spinors is related to doubly warped products whose defining data we will describe.
Heat-Mitigation Effects of Irrigated Rice-Paddy Fields Under Changing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Based on a Coupled Atmosphere and Crop Energy-Balance Model
Authors: Ikawa Hiroki , Kuwagata Tsuneo , Haginoya Shigenori , Ishigooka Yasushi , Ono Keisuke , Maruyama Atsushi , Sakai Hidemitsu , Fukuoka Minehiko , Yoshimoto Mayumi , Ishida Sachinobu , Chen Charles P. , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Watanabe Tsutomu
Published: March 2021

Known as the heat-mitigation effect, irrigated rice-paddy fields distribute a large fraction of their received energy to the latent heat during the growing season. The present hypothesis is that increased atmospheric CO2 concentration decreases the stomatal conductance of rice plants and increases the air temperature by means of an increased sensible heat flux. To test this hypothesis, a coupled regional atmospheric and crop energy-balance model is developed and applied to a 300 × 300 km2 region in Japan. Downscaling meteorological variables from grid-mean values of mixed land use (3 × 3 km2) generates realistic typical diurnal cycles of air temperature in rice paddies and adjacent residential areas. The model simulation shows that, on a typical sunny day in summer, doubling the CO2 concentration increases the daily maximum grid-mean air temperature, particularly where rice paddies are present, by up to 0.7 °C. This CO2 effect on the grid-mean air temperature is approximately half the effect of the reduction in rice-paddy area that is postulated to occur on a time scale similar to that of the atmospheric CO2 change. However, within the internal atmospheric boundary layer of the rice paddies, the CO2 effect on the air temperature (+ 0.44 °C) still exceeds the effects of the land-use change (+ 0.11 °C). These results show a potentially important interplay of plant physiological responses regarding atmospheric CO2 in the heat-mitigation effect of rice-paddy fields under a changing climate.
Trajectory prediction based on long short-term memory network and Kalman filter using hurricanes as an example
Authors: Qin Wanting , Tang Jun , Lu Cong , Lao Songyang
Published: March 2021

Trajectory data can objectively reflect the moving law of moving objects. Therefore, trajectory prediction has high application value. Hurricanes often cause incalculable losses of life and property, trajectory prediction can be an effective means to mitigate damage caused by hurricanes. With the popularization and wide application of artificial intelligence technology, from the perspective of machine learning, this paper trains a trajectory prediction model through historical trajectory data based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. An improved LSTM (ILSTM) trajectory prediction algorithm that improves the prediction of the simple LSTM is proposed, and the Kalman filter is used to filter the prediction results of the improved LSTM algorithm, which is called LSTM-KF. Through simulation experiments of Atlantic hurricane data from 1851 to 2016, compared to other LSTM and ILSTM algorithms, it is found that the LSTM-KF trajectory prediction algorithm has the lowest prediction error and the best prediction effect.
A Condensed Excited (Rydberg) Matter: Perspective and Applications
Authors: Aasen Tor Håvard , Zeiner-Gundersen Dag Herman , Zeiner-Gundersen Sindre , Ohlckers Per , Wang Kaiying
Published: March 2021

A condensed excited matter called Rydberg Matter (RM) have been studied experimentally for 30 years, but have not sparked widespread attention yet, unlike ordinary Rydberg atoms. RM formed by clusters of Rydberg atoms at a solid surface have a longer lifetime compared to Rydberg atoms, and is liquid-like. This review describes how the RM state is generated, and its potential applications. These include using RM for research into catalysis, space phenomena and sensor applications, or for producing environmentally friendly energy. A background on RM is presented, with its structure and special properties, and the working principle of RM generation. The experimental set-ups, materials, and detectors used are discussed, together with methods to improve the amount of RM produced. The materials used for the catalysts are of special interest, as this should have a large influence on the energy of the RM, and therefore also on the applications. Currently most of the catalysts used are potassium doped iron oxide designed for styrene production, which should give the possibility of improvements. And as there is little knowledge on the exact mechanisms for RM formation, suggestions are given as to where research should start.
Support and opposition in an attempted higher education merger
Authors: Persson Mats , Frostenson Magnus
Published: March 2021

The study explores an ultimately unsuccessful merger of three Norwegian public university colleges. It shows how social practices of support for and opposition to the merger were the effects of the intersection(s) betweenwhythe merger was necessary andhowthe proposed merger process was enacted. Support and opposition may change during the merger process, since participants move in and out of positions given how the process unfolds. We relate support and opposition to identity. A merger supports attractive identities if it is consonant with overarching normative ideals of higher education and experienced fairness during the merger process. The findings have implications for how we can better understand and explain why some merger initiatives lead to termination instead of a merger.
Ruolo del volume piastrinico medio nella disfunzione erettile a patogenesi arteriosa
Authors: Crafa Andrea , Condorelli Rosita A. , Cannarella Rossella , La Vignera Sandro , Calogero Aldo E.
Published: March 2021

Sommario

Il volume piastrinico medio (VPM) è un parametro che sta acquisendo sempre maggiore importanza nella stratificazione del rischio vascolare sistemico dal momento che è in grado di predire il grado di attività piastrinica. Piastrine più attive sono infatti più trombogeniche e contribuiscono al processo di aterosclerosi che, a sua volta, è la principale causa della disfunzione vascolare. La disfunzione erettile (DE) è una condizione che impatta notevolmente sulla qualità della vita di un uomo e, tra le varie cause, la DE su base vascolare arteriosa è quella che ha la prevalenza maggiore. Per questo motivo, alcuni studi hanno cercato di valutare la relazione tra i valori di VPM nei pazienti con DE, suggerendo che questo parametro può essere considerato uno strumento per la diagnosi precoce della DE oltre che un possibile nuovo bersaglio terapeutico, facilmente valutabile.
Quartz Vein Geochemistry Records Deformation Processes in Convergent Zones
Authors: Raimbourg Hugues , Rajič Kristijan , Moris‐Muttoni Benjamin , Famin Vincent , Palazzin Giulia , Fisher Donald , Morell Kristin , Erdmann Saskia , Di Carlo Ida , Montmartin Clément
Published: March 2021

In several examples of subduction zones, we compared pairs of quartz veins formed either at the lower temperatures of the seismogenic zone (260°C or below), or at the higher temperatures of its downdip limit (∼330°C). All the veins analyzed here are mode I cracks that formed contemporaneously with the host‐rock main stage of deformation at peak burial conditions. Lower‐temperature veins show examples of quartz crystals with euhedral shapes and growth rims, while higher‐temperature veins contain crack‐seal microstructures. In the lower‐temperature realm, quartz growth rims have alternatingly either: (1) high cathodoluminescence (CL), CL‐blue color and high concentration in trace elements and fluid inclusions, or (2) low luminescence, CL‐brown color and low concentration in trace elements and fluid inclusions. In contrast, the quartz from higher‐temperature samples is homogeneously low luminescent and CL‐brown, except for very restricted domains of the crack‐seal microstructures where patches of CL‐blue quartz are present. The highly luminescent quartz contains high concentrations of aluminum and lithium, up to 3,000 and 400 ppm, respectively. Variations in Al and Li correlate well, so that Li appears as the main charge‐compensating cation for Al. We propose that the incorporation of Al and Li reflects the amplitude of the fluid pressure variations, which control crystal growth rates. Quartz geochemistry might therefore unravel the contrast between the seismogenic zone, where large fluid pressure variations are present, and its downdip limit, where fluid pressure variations are much more limited in amplitude.