bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTRUCTURA DE PROPIEDAD DE LAS FIRMAS Y GRUPOS ECONÓMICOS El caso Chileno
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Paredes M. Ricardo , R. Lincoln Flor ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

It analyzes the ownership structure of Chilean firms and the effect that conglomerates or economic groups produce on this structure. The central hypothesis is that the ownership structure of firms owned or controlled by economic groups is not significantly different from the ownership structure of any other firm. The variables analyzed were ownership structure, optimal size of the firm, potential control, regulation, economic group and tradability of the good or productive sector. The most relevant finding is the evidence that the ownership structure of the firms belonging to economic groups is significantly different (more concentrated) from that of the rest of the firms in the sample, which would indicate that the firms belonging to groups do not maximize benefits individually, but as a whole.
"LAS NIÑAS TAMBIÉN JUEGAN CON CARRITOS" La Mujer en la Gerencia: el caso del Perú
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Adaniya Ana Rosa , de Pérez-Costa Rosa P. ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this research is to determine whether there are differences between managers’ perceptions about the characteristics of a successful manager. It is based on Schein’s studies of gender role stereotypes and the characteristics required to be considered a successful manager. The hypotheses, one for men and one for women, are that managers will perceive that successful ones have attitudes, characteristics and temperaments that are more commonly attributed to men in general than to women in general. The slightly modified Schein Descriptive Index questionnaire to a sample of 268 managers working in Lima. Interclass correlation coefficients (r’) were calculated from two random group analysis of variance of the 92 descriptive items. In conclusion, it is found that while the hypothesis in confirmed in male managers, the same is not true in female managers, who perceive thar both men and women have characteristics of successful managers. Another finding is that age and years of experience moderate the perceptions of women, while the level of education moderates those of men.
CONCESION DE CREDITOS
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Cárdenas B. Jorge
Published: September 2021

The objective of this study is to present a generic methodology to contribute to the improvement of the procedures for deciding to grant credit, and at the same time, to guide potential clients and promote a healthy and intelligible dialogue between the parties. In this way, the four famous criteria are evaluated: i) character, which refers to the customer's willingness to pay; ii) capacity, which has to do with the customer's experience in generate funds and the possibility of continuing to generate them; iii) capital, which consists of the degree of leverage; and iv) conditions, which is the collateral or guarantee offered by the subject or company requesting the credit, as well as the date of payment. Finally, the author concludes that choosing the subject of credit is a difficult task, since the financial capacity is not enough to decide the granting of credit, but takes into account the above criteria, which to the layman may seem a subtlety.
COMPAÑIA DE PRODUCTOS FRITOS "BOCAOS" LTDA
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Angulo Olaya Myriam
Published: September 2021

Family business in the food industry managed by five of nine siblings is experiencing declining sales and rising costs. A board of partners must set new directions and policies for the future. The case begins by describing the origin of the problem and then makes a historical account of the development of the company during its 24 years of existence. It exposes the factors and situations that generated its current structure, both internal and its environment. The objective is to awaken in business administration students, particularly in marketing, an analytical and research capacity that will allow them to broaden and deepen their knowledge of topics such as the decision-making process in marketing, new procedures or innovation of existing ones with respect to the management of the elements of the marketing mix, design of strategic plans and marketing programs that guarantee the permanence of an organization. Finally, the case shows the economic, social and political aspects of the environment in which the company operates.
CARIBBEAN VENEER COMPANY
Authors: Bornás Huerta Rafael V.
Published: September 2021

Case study of a small company founded in 1987 by «amateur" entrepreneurs who entrusted their management to operational executives used to «command done» without considering the importance of a plan and without basic technical information. The objective is to apply operational research to a production process of a company seeking to establish a level of input-process-product combination that maximizes the company's income or profit and /or minimizes its operating costs. Simple and easily interpreted mathematical models are used. The case claims the importance of guiding the production manager towards basic analytical information that allows him to identify the current state of the company and its resources in order to make technically feasible and economically profitable decisions. It shows that the application of the operational investigation does not imply the modification of the installed capacity of the company; on the contrary, their solutions correct the greater or lesser use of that capacity, bringing the input-output relationship closer to the maximum usable, which implies greater profits.
DISTRIBUIDORES TEXTILES S.A. (DITEXSA)
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Valdés Palacio Armando
Published: September 2021

This case study presents the situation of a clothing company with many years of operation that is affected when the entry into the market of department stores, or large retailers, causes changes in the distribution system of its products. The discussion should focus on four objectives: first, to get the participants in the discussion to analyze the physical distribution situation before the intervention of large retailers, and to explain how their appearance in the market affects the industrial or commercial company and two main distributors of a product line; second, to get the participants to assume the roles of company executives and reach a joint decision on how to relate to the elements of the distribution chain without affecting the cordial relations with their long-standing customers; third, to motivate participants to become aware of the importance for the company of changes in its environment, in this case, in physical distribution, distribution channels and the relationships between producers, the distribution chain and end customers; finally, to evaluate the aspects to be considered in the design of distribution channels and to study the advisability of making changes in channel participation and in the use of multiple or dual channels.
El logro del éxito en los mercados globales: una investigación sobre la fabricación en Estados Unidos y Japón
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Giffi Craiff A. , Roth Aleda V. ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

It summarizes the essential factors that explain competitive success according to both Japanese and North American manufacturers and outlines future manufacturing strategies to be developed in both countries. It is based on the results of a research carried out with approximately 900 North American and Japanese executives. In the development of the study, the manufacturing performance of companies in Japan and the United States is described, a vision of the key characteristics of Japanese manufacturing technology is presented, and strategies to improve the global competitiveness of manufacturing are proposed. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of Japanese "secrets" to achieve success, and what that means for American manufacturing in the next decade; the following are noted: technical-managerial intellectual capital, technology that replaces workforce and improves labor productivity, process orientation, customer and repair service, and factor productivity.
La administración pública en Gran Bretaña
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Plowden William
Published: September 2021

This article focuses on the central national government of Great Britain. It outlines the most important permanent features of the British administration, those which have remained constant over the past hundred years or so. It then describes the major changes in the public service between 1960 and 1970 and during the government of Margaret Thatcher. It also discusses some unresolved issues and identifies key lessons learned on how to reform and maintain an efficient public administration. Furthermore, it is explained that the British civil service has been altered by accession to the European Community, because their laws restrict the formulation or implementation of British public policies. Finally, thirteen essential elements for an effective civil service in a modern democratic state are mentioned.
Construcción de escenarios cognoscitivos basados en tendencias cualitativas
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Scheel Carlos
Published: September 2021

This study offers a model for the construction of cognitive scenarios based on a systemic approach, and on the identification, tracking and projection of qualitative trends. The model is part of the exploratory strategy of a flexible knowledge-bases decision support system, designed by the author himself to handle unstructured environments. The concept of cognitive scenarios is based on qualitative trends and provides an effective and functional frame of reference for decision makers who need to project complex situations over long periods of time and in which many factors affect the behavior of the results. It is concluded that cognitive scenarios generate a series of intuitive behavioral patterns able to support strategies that, in general, are not able to be managed by conventional descriptive or normative models. In addition, cognitive scenarios provide a stronger support to develop strategic policies for decision makers.
Hacia el cierre de los «cementerios de proyectos». Por qué fracasan las redes estratégicas: el caso de los proyectos de desarrollo con fondos internacionales
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Adaniya Ana Rosa
Published: September 2021

It seeks to find the reasons why development projects fail focusing the analysis on the initial stage of strategic networks, considering that these projects conceptually fall within the definition of strategic networks. For this, the so-called grounded theory method of analysis is used, which allows the theory to be "discovered" from very detailed descriptions of what is observed. The unit of analysis are economic development projects financed with international funds, of which a small sample is taken. It is concluded that it is not only the lack of money that prevents the approval and implementation of projects, but also the asymmetries between organizations, as it is suggested that managerial and technological capacities, as well as legitimacy and trust, are not used to balance the subordinate position in which local organizations are found. However, it is argued that a better management of asymmetries will avoid the recurrence of the dominant-submissive behavior observed in the initiation of projects and will allow greater flexibility, which will result in the best design of the projects and increase the possibilities of their successful execution.
Banco Canaima en la encrucijada. La nueva era Estratégica
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Zavatti Elvis
Published: September 2021

This case study develops the decision that must be made by the directors of a Venezuelan bank, Banco Canaima, in an unsophisticated market with a small number of competitors in the face of a reform of the financial system. It discusses what new strategy will be in the short, medium and long term and what direction the company should take: continue to grow or consolidate, as well as the concrete actions that would be taken in each case to implement the chosen strategy and to face the changes in the financial system and the increase of local and foreign competition. The purpose of this case study is to teach students the different obstacles that stand in the way of planning to change an organization’s strategy. Finally, marketing concepts may also be applicable to the activities of the banking sector.
Mextex S.A. Estrategias administrativas: pequeñas empresas
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Anzola Rojas Sérvulo
Published: September 2021

It presents the case of a small business that faces a diverse problem at the internal and external levels, for which the manager requests the opinion of experts. It is provided information about production, finances, market, marketing strategies, distribution and sales; in addition to data related to personnel control and public relations. Among the causes of the company's difficulties seem to be the inadequate sales system, the dependence on a single customer, the poor organization of production and the little automated control system. It offers the student the opportunity to apply tools and techniques of a strategic nature, with an emphasis on planning and controlling, in a small or medium-sized company that lacks coordination and integration within each area and the company as a whole. To facilitate the analysis, a scheme is included for the formulation, identification and definition of a business strategy.
Embalaje sin fondo
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Sierralta Ríos Aníbal
Published: September 2021

This case is aimed at international trade operators, production managers and students of Administration and Marketing; its purpose is to help them put into practice their knowledge of packaging, quality control and international marketing of tropical products, allowing them to learn the basic elements of international standardization. This is a real-life case and can be applied to any Latin American country, it highlights the importance of quality control systems and international standardization to reduce costs. In addition, even though it is not its main objective, it shows the demands of developed countries that are show in the form of technical barriers.
A PROPÓSITO DE LA PRIVATIZACION DE PETRO PERU. Negocios Independientes o Integración Vertical
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Roca Santiago
Published: September 2021

It analyzes the various sales modalities raised in view of the privatization of the state oil company, Petroperú, mainly the modality of subdivision into independent businesses proposed by the Special Committee for the Promotion of Private Investment (Cepri) of this company. It finds that, apparently, the oil industry needs to operate vertically integrated; however, this possibility must be determined based on the market, the interlinking between the parties and the objectives to be achieved for the benefit of the country. On the other hand, the plan presented by Cepri combines transfer of ownership, strategic alliances with oil operators, concession and license mechanisms, but it would also establish the obligatory of a series of long-term contracts and regulatory mechanisms that would replace the internal transactions of an integrated system. Other options that could generate positive results are also analyzed, provided the necessary regulations are in place. Finally, it points out that in order to decide the best form of privatization, not only the costs, risks and business potential of each option must be evaluated, but also the political consequences and the benefits that the State would obtain from each one of them.
GRUPOS ESTRATÉGICOS EN EL SECTOR PERIODISTICO Panorama en la Ciudad de Lima
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Antonio Javier , Cornejo Ricardo ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Reinoso Raquel ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Soto Fanny ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Uribe Sara ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

Describes and interprets the behavior of the national journalistic sector from the strategic groups that compete in this industry. For this, the market was segmented based on two variables: type of reader and the way of presenting the information, and a matrix of strategic groups was elaborated, according to three other variables: technology, operating leverage and specialization, to identify generic strategies developed by companies in this sector. A high correlation was found between type of information and type of reader (formal-style newspapers are aimed at traditional readers, while informal ones are aimed at "chicha" readers); having its own press as the highest mobility barrier, since this represents a significant investment for any reader company; vulnerability of all groups to substitute products; high rivalry between newspapers for some of them sharing their target markets; and leverage as the strategy of most newspapers that reach a high level of sales.
EVOLUCION Y PROYECTOS DE LA ECONOMIA PERUANA
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Roca Santiago , Simabuko Luis ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

This article analyzes the Peruvian economy’s evolution during 1994 and its prospects for the next two years. Concerning 1994, according to the main economic indicators, we find that the country grew for the second consecutive year and reduced its inflation level. This result was influenced by two factors: the increase of domestic interest rate in foreign currency’s and the considerable income from privatization. As for the projections for 1995-1996, it was found that inflation (7-8% annual growth) and economic growth (7% annual growth) would be manageable as long as the assumptions about public expenditure, privatization revenues, and capital flows during the period were met. However, these same elements threaten the exchange rate, a central problem for the medium-term economic program’s viability. Also of concern is the dependence on foreign savings and the low level of domestic savings. We conclude by pointing out that in the future it will be necessary to promote economic investment that generates employment and not only financial investment, as well as to significantly reduce the external debt.
MEDIO AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO ¿Un Puente Demasiado Lejos?
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Solano David
Published: September 2021

It tries to provide a global vision of how the environmental issue is being handled by the government and businessmen of Peru, as well as to warn about the consequences that the current trend can bring for the development of the country. It maintains that, although the Environmental Code was promulgated, its scope was moderated shortly afterwards through other legal instruments aimed at promoting investment. In the same way, it is affirmed that the creation of a rector, the National Environment Council, will not be a guarantee for the solution of environmental problems either. On the other hand, the very little importance that Peruvian managers give to the preservation of the environment in comparison with those of other countries stands out. Finally, it is affirmed that in order to care the natural heritage, it is necessary to become aware of the complementarity between development and the environment, and that, in the face of this situation, the State is obliged to promote clean technologies that ensure the exploitation of the country's assets and, at the same time, help to preserve them, so that future generations can take advantage of them.
LA PRAXIS LEGAL Y ETICA DE LA PUBLICIDAD EN EL PERU
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Bardales Gabriela , Reinoso Raquel ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

Describes and analyzes the evolution of advertising regulation in Peru between 1974 and 1994. It also examines the role of the agencies in charge of enforcing the laws related to the practice of this activity and the self-regulatory efforts made. It is concluded that the excess of nationalism reflected in the 1974 norm has been reduced twenty years later to approach the prevailing international standards in this area; also that the current advertising regulation allows the participation of citizens in defense of their rights through the supervisory body and that advertising regulation is, in general terms, less restrictive than that of other countries. It is found that the degree of control exercised over advertising is a function of a series of cultural factors and gives rise to two opposing positions: the first holds that advertising legislation is necessary for consumer protection, the other argues that self-regulation of the advertising media is sufficient and that the laws only restrict freedom of opinion.
CALCADISTA S.A.
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Graeff Clóvis
Published: September 2021

The board of directors of a family-owned company that concentrates 35% of the market for the production and distribution of sports and orthopedic footwear for children and young people, thanks to its quality and technology, must decide on an investment proposal aimed at replacing obsolete files, taking into account the profitability of the investment, not its size. Following its policies and considering that the amount of the investment exceeds 5% of its net worth, the company hires an external consulting firm to make the final decision of the board of directors possible by preparing the analytical approach to the investment. This case aims to convey an overview of the activities involved in the evaluation of a specific investment project. The focus is on the importance of sufficient theoretical foundation to solve other problems, which makes it possible to understand that the performance of a company can be intimately linked to an adequate evaluation of its investment projects. This, in turn, implies the importance of the quantitative aspect of the financial analytical process.
MAXION S. A.
Authors:   Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Fossati Figueiredo Kleber , Barcellos Fernando ,   Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro
Published: September 2021

Maxion S.A. is a company that has been operating in Brazil since 1962, specialized in the production of agricultural machinery and engines, products in which it has a market share of 40% and 25% respectively. It is in the group of well-positioned manufacturers, with its turnover of 40% in the foreign market in 1989. However, the increase in agricultural productivity led to a reduction in the demand for agricultural machinery. Following this unfavorable scenario, the company made the strategic decision to transform its production process into a competitive factor through the implementation of the Just-in-Time (JIT) system. The present case starts with the background of the JIT system, then the procedures adopted by the company are described, from the training on the meaning of the system to the development of suppliers. Finally, the results before and after the first stage of implementation are given along with quantitative indicators and qualitative considerations regarding the evaluation of the experience.
REGALO DE NAVIDAD
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Fischer Konrad
Published: September 2021

The case presents a qualitative situation that has been developed following the methodology of the classics of economics, i.e., philosophical, from which logic, which laid the foundations of the knowledge of economics, derives. The case analyzes a warehouse company’s general situation that operates with apparent effectiveness in the Peruvian market. First, it relates the author’s personal experience who, together with his partner, proposes the generational change in the company between his son and himself, with expectations of an improvement in the management of the company in the face of the imminent and rapid technological innovation. Likewise, the company's problems are exposed because of the death of one of the partners, the constant innovation in the market, and the changes in the chain of command. Faced with this situation, the discussion may focus on the approach to future decisions in the company.
EL SISTEMA DE FRANJA DE PRECIOS PARA LOS PRODUCTOS AGRÍCOLAS EN EL PACTO ANDINO: DEFINICION DE CAMBIO ESTRUCTURAL
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Del Valle Manuel
Published: September 2021

It analyzes the structural change in the context of the price band in the Andean Pact in order to advance proposals for the reform of Decision 37.1 so that it can consider the systematic and sustained changes in the international product market. The focus of the work is statistical, since the system is updated using moving averages and statistical criteria. Thirteen time series used in the price band system are analyzed and univariate models are proposed for each one of them. Furthermore, a rule is proposed to define the structural change, and the univariate models obtained are used to prove said rule using Monte Carlo test for the thirteen products. It is concluded that the price band system can be useful to face short-term fluctuations in international prices, as well as long-term adjustments, but it is not prepared to solve problems generated by structural changes, so it can be modified to consider this issue, but the basic principle of the system should be maintained.
DISONANCIAS ENTRE EL ENTORNO LOCAL DE LOS NEGOCIOS Y LA CULTURA CORPORATIVA EN UN PAIS LATINOAMERICANO
Authors:   Universidad Simón Bolívar, Berlin Margalit
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the relationship between the corporate culture of a multinational company headquartered in the United States, which enjoys great prestige worldwide, and the business environment and practices in Venezuela, where it has an operation. The prevailing culture in the corporation is North American and the top managers come from their country of origin. In Venezuela, on the other hand, most of the companies are family-owned, and personal contacts and influences prevail. The research is oriented to the elaboration of a qualitative diagnosis, through rigorous observation and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that there is resistance on the part of Venezuelan managers to follow the culture of a strict company governed by rules set in a very different economic and political context. The ambiguity between acceptance and low identification with the values of the parent company leads to think of corporate culture as fragmented.
FUERZA DE LA COMPETENCIA EN EL SECTOR PERIODÍSTICO: El Caso de los Diarios Formales de Lima
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Antonio Javier , Cornejo Ricardo ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Reinoso Raquel ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Soto Fanny ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Uribe Sara ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

Applying Porter's methodology of the well-known five competitive forces to analyze the nature of competition, this article seeks to demonstrate that the competitive advantages obtained by the companies are a function of the structure of the industry and the strategies developed by the intervening companies. To this end, we analyze the Peruvian print journalism sector, that of non-specialized newspapers, exponents of a formal style of presentation of information and aimed at traditional readers, a segment made up of: El Comercio, Expreso, La Republica and La Nación. The results show that, of the five competitive forces, the most relevant for the segment studied are the high barriers to entry, mainly due to the high levels of investment and know-how required; the permanent possibility of substitution by television and radio; and the bargaining power of clients, exercised by distribution agents and advertisers. It can be said that there are two aspects on which the newspapers analyzed have developed their competitive advantages: the barriers created and the positioning achieved.
ATRACTIVO DEL FINANCIAMIENTO A LAS PEQUEÑAS MICROEMPRESAS PARA LA BANCA COMERCIAL PRIVADA
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Copa Tula , González de Otoya Gustavo ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Linares César ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

In Latin America, small and micro enterprises (SMEs) are considered a tool for combating poverty due to their high capacity to generate employment, in addition to being a significant source of GDP. This article seeks to demonstrate that SMEs, as a subject of credit, can be an attractive option for private commercial banks in Peru. For this purpose, two factors are examined: the Chilean experience of some years ago, since Peru presents the same conditions that made this possible in the neighboring country, and the analysis of the variables that affect the development of SME financing. It is shown that in 1992 the sector of financing to these companies shows great attractions for the financial sector, since there is an insufficient credit offer, the banking entities authorized to provide financing to SMEs are very few, the banks are increasing their money deposits. But at the same time there are risks, such as the arrival of large foreign banks in the market, the emergence of other credit institutions (edpymes) and a high risk of non-repayment of loans.
LOS ESTADOS FINANCIEROS Y EL VALOR DE LA EMPRESA
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Frank Hans
Published: September 2021

Starting from this case study, the aim is to demonstrate the reasons why financial statements cannot be taken as a good basis for determining the value of a going concern. To do this, the valuation method based on the adjusted book value is explained, in which the accounts from which the adjustment needs for differences arise most should be carefully reviewed when applying valuation criteria: marketable securities and investments, accounts for collect, inventories, fixed assets, intangible values ​​and liabilities. It is also the value of the going concern, for which, in addition to the assets accounted for, intangible values ​​are considered: market, brand, business location, know-how, managerial capacity and operating systems. Finally, the method of the value of the return or based on the profit potential is presented, very widespread in the valuation of companies in progress and which consists of determining the current value of the projected cash flow.
¡QUE BUENA LECHE!
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Gastañaduy Alfonso
Published: September 2021

This case study deals with the strategy designed by a company to introduce a mass consumer product to the market. It describes all the steps followed in reality to apply the decisional marketing tools. To do this, it shows the contrast between the classic sales approach followed by the company that "rests on its laurels" and that of an aggressive, dynamic company with a clear strategic marketing focus. He recommends also discussing the use of market opportunities that are sometimes so obvious that they are not "seen", and the importance of using market information to optimize decisions.
Incidente de negocios DISTRIBUIDOR CONQUISTADO, VENTA REALIZADA
Authors: Solano David
Published: September 2021

This business incident, which lends itself to an eminently qualitative analysis, seeks to illustrate how the marketing mix of a company should be structured, taking into account not only the product to be launched on the market, but also the client portfolio with which account the company. Another aspect to analyze is the decision-making style and its influence on marketing decisions. It is recommended that the solution culminate with the marketing mix proposal that the company must implement and the planning of the actions that must be carried out for this, both inside and outside the company. The analysis of the situation should be taken into account.
TENDENCIAS Y ASUNTOS ECONÓMICOS ASIATICOS EMERGENTES
Authors:   Hitotsusbashi University Japón, Yamazawa Ippei
Published: September 2021

Despite the continued high growth of the economies of East and Southeast Asian countries, referred to as the "East Asian miracle", the growth of these economies slowed down in 1996 compared to the previous two years. In view of this, it is suggested that high growth in the region will return in the medium or long term if five conditions are met: (i) structural changes in Asian production and trade, which will generate high productivity growth; (ii) economic opening policies, which include not only greater access to technology and foreign capital, but also increased competitiveness and efficiency; (iii) joint liberalization efforts, which will contribute to the rapid industrialization of the countries in the region by providing capital, technology and export markets; (iv) stabilization of the monetary system, so that exchange rates adjust flexibly and a stable flow of funds is maintained; and (v) resolution of environmental pollution and unstable and insufficient energy and food supplies, which create bottlenecks and impede continued high growth.
LAS INTERACCIONES ENTRE LOS PAÍSES DEL AFTA Y DE LA APEC Y SUS INFLUENCIAS EN LA REGIÓN
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Singapur, Daquila Teófilo C.
Published: September 2021

It attempts to trace and identify the divergences of ASEAN and APEC member countries with respect to the three areas of work agreed upon by ABPEC at the 1993 Seattle Summit: trade liberalization, trade facilitation and economic cooperation; differences that are explained, among other reasons, buy the different degrees of economic development achieved, different industrialization policies and different tariff structures. It is concluded that, within ASEAN, member countries differ in the speed of the trade liberalization process and in the allocation of industrial projects in the pursuit of industrial cooperation. Within APEC, countries have different points of view and interact differently in terms of focus, timelines, trade blockade issues, and open regionalism. But in both cases, countries converge on the need to achieve liberalization and openness to trade and investment.
EL "CERCANO OESTE" DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS: Las Economías Dinámicas de Asia del Este
Authors:   University of Southern California, Drobnick Richard
Published: September 2021

It examines the process of opening up Asian markets to US participation, which occurred as a result of technological, ideological and individual changes. These changes contribute to regional economic integration, reason for which US companies doing business in Asia should develop regional strategies and not view Asian countries as completely separate markets. Five factors are pointed out that explain the growth of exports of US companies to East Asia: increasing competitiveness in prices, increasing competitiveness in the quality of goodness, increasing openness of Asian markets, corporate commitments to international business opportunities, and continued high economic growth in Asian markets. It is concluded that US organizations should learn about the cultural and institutional characteristics of Asian markets in order to be able to interact more effectively with Asian partners and competitors.
EL PAPEL DE LA REGIÓN DE LA ASEAN EN LA FUTURA ECONOMÍA GLOBAL
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Singapur, Daquila Teófilo C.
Published: September 2021

Provides a retrospective assessment of ASEAN’s role in the last 30 years, and analysis of current issues and some trends or prospects for its future in relation to the global economy. He points out that this region has positioned itself as the third most important region in exports, imports and investments, while, in the political aspect, due to its strategic location, it provides security and stability to the world and the Asia Pacific region. He analyzes the factors that impact the role of ASEAN: regional trade agreements in the world, its relations with Europe, the APEC forum and the WTO. He also describes his measures to liberalize this commercialization of goods, services and investment, his response to the financial crisis and to political security problems. It is concluded that the global economy is heading towards freedom of trade and investment, while ASEAN will continue to grow dynamically and become an important factor in the economic and political role.
INFRAESTRUCTURA DE TRANSPORTE EN EL ASIA-PACÍFICO: DEMANDA FUTURA, PROBLEMAS Y SOLUCIONES
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Kim Joseok
Published: September 2021

The economy of the Asia-Pacific region has registered one of the highest growth rates and this trend is expected to continue. As a result, passenger and cargo traffic has also increased, causing most of the airports and ports to become congested. This has generated the need for the State to invest in new infrastructure that can meet current demand, but the construction of new ports and airports generates a series of challenges, including financing, ownership, administration and regulation; all this in a globalized context, of economic liberalization and integration. The problems presented by the operation and investment in infrastructure, their causes and the possible ways of solving them are reviewed, at the same time that two policy options are presented: planning mechanisms and market mechanisms. Different options for introducing the market mechanism into infrastructure are examined, such as deregulation, the management contract, the effects of the reform, and the role of the government.
OPORTUNIDADES AGROINDUSTRIALES EN LA CUENCA DEL PACÍFICO
Authors:   Massey University Palmerston North, Nueva Zelanda, Bailey William C. , Norina Lidia V. ,   Massey University Palmerston North, Nueva Zelanda
Published: September 2021

Compare the possibilities of New Zealand and Peru in export agriculture and agribusiness, in which both countries have great potential. He considers that, to remain competitive internationally, both countries must stop exporting raw materials and replace them with products with higher added value. It analyzes the situation and the expected evolution of four New Zealand export products: meat, milk and derivatives, venison and kiwi, and argues that the central aspect to take advantage of the challenges and opportunities in agribusiness is to never forget the importance of the consumer and the consumption patterns, as the importance given to products sensitive to the environment is growing. As possible strategies, mention is made of taking advantage of the comparative advantages offered by nature, developing products specifically destined for the export market, protecting natural resources while maintaining the international competitiveness of agribusiness.
ENVASADORA CENTAURO S.A.
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Polar Hinojosa Julio
Published: September 2021

The Alfa group, an industrial conglomerate with activities in the agricultural, mining and textile sectors, has been looking for the opportunity to enter a new sector and market: the fishing industry. Currently, one of his clients has proposed, in exchange for paying off a debt, the sale of Envasadora Centauro, which gives him the opportunity to enter this sector. The packer is dedicated to the manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil, used mainly in animal feed, and has a small share in a stable growth global market. In addition, its financial situation has been weakening and it faces state regulations that complicate increased production. To make the decision whether or not to acquire the bottling company, the Alfa group board is evaluating the current situation of the fishing sector, the fishmeal and fish oil market, as well as the company's strengths and weaknesses.
¡PONGAN DE CABEZA A ESE SANTO!
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Bouroncle Caro Antonio , Ampuero Cárdenas Ada ,   Universidad ESAN
Published: September 2021

It is a case study on the creation, growth and transformation of a medical center into a clinic. Its trajectory follows the rhythm of the country's economic situation, it opens new services when demand increases, which it finances with contributions from new partners and then with loans. When you go through an economic situation that can turn into insolvency, not all partners agree on the causes. Likewise, important changes in the market, such as the creation of new health service organizations and the entry of other competitors, generate solution proposals. Among others, the adoption of a total quality system is accepted. Ten months after its implementation, the situation does not improve and opinions on the effects of the program are divided. An advisor points out that the clinic's problem is financial. The case describes problems in the operation of the clinic and includes an annex section containing the financial statements for the last three years and information on bed occupancy.
¿QUÉ HACEMOS CON NUESTRO HOTEL?
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Llosa de Cárdenas Fernando
Published: September 2021

Case study of a luxury hotel built in downtown Cusco in the late 1940s, when tourism in that city gained great momentum due to the global spread of the archaeological heritage located nearby. The business was success, but in the 1970s demand and revenues began to decline. The situation did not improve until 1993, when after years of accumulated debts, the hotel began to recover income, which allowed it to stay without major investments. Shortly after, the owner passed away, leaving a dilapidated hotel for his three sons. Now they must decide what to do with the hotel: sell it, rent it or operate it themselves or in association with another company. Unable to reach an agreement, they hire specialist consultants in the field to make a better decision. The case includes financial information and a summary of the consulting firm's study.
"OTRA VEZ, REINGENIERÍA 1 2 3, OTRA VEZ"
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Téllez Gárate Antonio
Published: September 2021

Case study about an information technology company, dedicated to the assembly, sale and installation of personal computers, and the development of software and multimedia products, which over time had grown and expanded its business lines. The company implemented a reengineering process to achieve improvements in methods and systems, but the expected results were not obtained, so a specialist was hired who decided to implement new changes based on the analysis of the processes. However, the results obtained were not as expected either, since the company remained the same or worse than before: profits fell compared to previous years, costs increased, customer dissatisfaction was widespread, and new companies were entering the market. In conclusion, the reengineering applied was not working. It was then thought necessary to develop a strategy on how to survive and grow in the short, medium and long term, and to initiate a new reengineering process. The description of the processes and the different areas of the company is included.
LOS CAMIONES CHECOS
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Solano Cornejo David , Vargas Espinal Ida Luz ,   Universidad ESAN, Perú
Published: September 2021

Paico Peru is a subsidiary of an Asian automotive company and is dedicated to the import and sale of cheap cars in Peru. The model that concentrates the highest percentage of sales is the Miso, aimed at socioeconomic levels C and D. Due to the saturation of the main Miso market and new laws that regulate the importation of used cars, an unsatisfied market has been created, So Paico has increased its product portfolio by launching new models aimed at a higher socioeconomic class. The company is currently in a quandary as the board is considering importing a new low-cost truck model that would reinforce the image that Paico sells cheap and low-quality cars, negatively impacting the recent product line.
MRP, EOQ, JIT... Y AHORA ¿POR DONDE EMPIEZO?
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Perú, Córdova Zela Petter
Published: September 2021

Case study in the logistics area of a large mining company. A professional who has worked for several years in the area of the company describes the main deficiencies of the system that underlie the daily problems. After some years away from the company, he returns as a consultant and finds that the company is in the process of privatization and must optimize its administrative and management systems in order to reduce costs and facilitate the transfer process. In this time, the problems that he had identified had been solved in part, and some elements of the environment had changed. A section of annexes is included that contains the description of the logistics system, the proposed replacement model and the way in which the Purchasing department is organized.
Antropología corporativa y competitividad en la región Asia - Pacífico
Authors:   Instituto sobre estudios Asia - Pacifico Universidad de waseda, Kikuchi Yasushi
Published: September 2021

En esta exposición trataré sobre la antropología corporativa. ¿Por qué vinculamos este tema a las actividades de negocios en la región Asia-Pacifico? Porque los antropólogos estudiamos la diversidad cultural. La cultura no es una sola; cada grupo étnico, cada comunidad, cada país, todo grupo humano tiene sus propias y distintas caracteristicas. Y debemos ser capaces de apreciar las diferencias entre unos y otros, pues, de lo contrario, la única forma de resolverlas es peleando, como en Kosovo.
Retos actuales de las empresas japonesas
Authors:   INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE AsIa-PAcíFICO UNIVERSIDAD DE WASEDA, Umezu Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2021

En esta oportunidad me gustaría tratar dos temas. Primero, quisiera presentarles brevemente a la Escuela de Negocios de la Universidad de Waseda, sobre todo al programa de maestría en administración de negocios (M.B.A.). En segundo lugar, me referiré a la situación actual de la economía e industria japonesas y a las alternativas de solución a los problemas que éstas enfrentan.
Regulación del medio ambiente y competitividad
Authors:   INSTITUTO PARA EL DESARROLLO INTERNACIONAL UNIVERSIDAD DE HARVARD, Panayotou Theodore , Vincent Jeffrey R. ,   INSTITUTO PARA EL DESARROLLO INTERNACIONAL UNIVERSIDAD DE HARVARD
Published: September 2021

Existe una creciente preocupación entre gran número de líderes de negocios y autoridades responsables de la elaboración de políticas con relación al hecho que la promulgación de regulaciones locales estrictas sobre el medio ambiente podría afectar la capacidad de las empresas para competir en el extranjero. La confluencia de la globalización de la economía, por un lado, y de los estándares ambientales diferentes, por otro lado, ha motivado esta preocupación. La globalización de la economía mundial ha generado mayor competencia y menores márgenes de ganancia en muchas industrias.
Cross-cultural construct complexity: an initial empirical analysis of Perú
Authors:   UNIVERSIDAD DE NEBRASKA, de Luque Mary sully , Matute Genaro ,   PROFESOR DE ESAN, ÁREA DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN
Published: September 2021

Cross-cultural scholars continually request empirical research thatbroadens the complexity of culture. We examine the effects of culture following the broad conception of cultural constructs as cultural syndromes that are multifaceted. Based on past theoretical and empirical research, this study identifies three cultural syndromes, IndividualismCollectivism, Tolerance for Ambiguity and Status Identity, with the objective of utilizing original and existing conceptually sound measures of these constructs. The dimensionality of these constructs was assessed through the development and analysis of responses from a sample 0f226 Peruvian managers and experienced employees. Results provide support for the multi-dimensionality of these dimensions.
Value and quality creation: natural resources, industrialization and standards of living in peru 1950 to 1997
Authors:   Universidad ESAN, Roca Santiago , Simabuko Luis ,   Universidad ESAN, Lima, Peru
Published: September 2021

Peru”s recent economic policy, like that of most Latin American countries! has followed the paradigm of the socalled “Washington Consensus”. Such paradigm precludes the implementation of “strategic” industrial policies as well as the active and deliberate construction of competitive advantages through measures that foster certain sectors or activities. “Washington-Consensus” thinkers hold that the “magic of the market” and its indiscriminate opening will allow countries to acquire the necessary long-term external competitiveness, promote economic growth and enhance standards of living, regardless of the country”s productive specialization.