bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Some Novel Derivatives of Thiazolo[2,3‐b]dihydropyrimidinone Possessing 4‐Methylthiophenyl Moiety and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities.
Authors: Ashok Mithun , Holla Bantwal Shivarama , Kumari Nalilu Suchetha
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthesis of Barbiturates.
Authors: Ashnagar Alamdar , Gharib Naseri Nahid , Sheeri Behrang
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of α,α‐, α,α′‐Dihalothiones with 8‐Mercaptoquinolinium Halides as a Route to Tetrahydro‐1,4‐thiazinoquinolinium Halides.
Authors: Shagun L. G. , Dorofeev I. A. , Mikhailova I. A. , Shagun V. A. , Voronkov M. G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New One‐Step Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazino[2,3‐c]quinazolines.
Authors: Karpenko Oleksandr V. , Kovalenko Sergiy I. , Chekotylo Oleksiy O. , Shishkina Svitlana V.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 6,7‐Dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[c,e]azepine
Authors: Stankevicius A. P. , Yanushene L. N.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Synthesis of (‐)‐α‐Aminobenzolactam via Nitration‐Cyclization of L‐Homophenylalanine Ethyl Ester.
Authors: Yu Luoting , Huang Jiling , Chang Ching‐Yao , Yang Teng‐Kuei
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Dibenzo[b,f]thiepin‐10‐ones under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Peng Youyi , Welsh William J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple, Stable, and Versatile Double‐Allylation Reagents for the Stereoselective Preparation of Skeletally Diverse Compounds.
Authors: Peng Feng , Hall Dennis G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic Highly Enantioselective Nitroaldol Reaction of α‐Ketophosphonates and Nitromethane.
Authors: Mandal Tanmay , Samanta Sampak , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates Catalyzed by Bismuth Nitrate Pentahydrate.
Authors: Bhattacharya Asish K. , Kaur Tanpreet
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Synthesis of P‐Stereogenic Benzophospholanes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Brunker Tim J. , Anderson Brian J. , Blank Natalia F. , Glueck David S. , Rheingold Arnold L.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (S)‐(+)‐ and (R)‐(‐)‐Curcudiols Based on 1,2‐Aryl Migration via Phenonium Ion.
Authors: Ehara Takeru , Yokoyama Hirofumi , Ono Machiko , Akita Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Four New Triterpene Glycosides from Nigella damascena.
Authors: Yoshimitsu Hitoshi , Nishida Makiko , Okawa Masafumi , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Peptide‐Embedded Heterocycles by Mild Single and Multiple Aza‐Wittig Ring Closures.
Authors: Riedrich Matthias , Harkal Surendra , Arndt Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of IB‐01211, a Cyclic Peptide Containing 2,4‐Concatenated Thia‐ and Oxazoles, via Hantzsch Macrocyclization.
Authors: Hernandez Delia , Vilar Gemma , Riego Estela , Canedo Librada M. Canedo Librada M. , Cuevas Carmen , Albericio Fernando , Alvarez Mercedes
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Improved Pictet—Spengler Condensation: A Convenient Synthetic Route to Bioactive Manzamine Derivatives.
Authors: Choo Yeun‐Mun , Hamann Mark T.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Prostaglandin E1.
Authors: Jung Jae‐Chul , Park Oee‐Sook
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Khafrefungin Using Highly Stereoselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Shirokawa Shin‐ichi , Shinoyama Mariko , Ooi Isao , Hosokawa Seijiro , Nakazaki Atsuo , Kobayashi Susumu
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In vitro Antimalarial Activity of Hyperforin, a Prenylated Acylphloroglucinol. A Structure—Activity Study.
Authors: Verotta Luisella , Appendino Giovanni , Bombardelli Ezio , Brun Reto
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Imidazolium Dialkylphosphates — A Class of Versatile, Halogen‐Free and Hydrolytically Stable Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Kuhlmann Esther , Himmler Simone , Giebelhaus Heidi , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Characterization of Oxide Catalysts by in situ Moessbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Bibicu I. , Frunza L.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Wettability Engineering and Bioactivation of Hydroxyapatite Nanoceramics
Authors: Rosenman G. , Aronov D.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Carbophilic Activation: Catalysis by Platinum and Gold π Acids
Authors: Fuerstner Alois , Davis Paul W.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Loline Alkaloids: Currencies of Mutualism
Authors: Schardl Christopher L. , Grossman Robert B. , Nagabhyru Padmaja , Faulkner Jerome R. , Mallik Uma P.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Catalytic Reactions Promoted by Organoactinoids
Authors: Barnea E. , Andrea T. , Berthet J.‐C. , Ephritikhine M. , Eisen Moris S.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Urea and Thiourea Inclusion Compounds
Authors: Harris Kenneth D. M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochemistry of Short‐Lived Species Using Multibeam Irradiation
Authors: Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ketenimines
Authors: Perst H.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Carbohydrates Through Radical Chemistry
Authors: Hansen Signe Grann , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Catalysis of Organic Reactions Involving Cyclodextrins
Authors: Rao K. Rama , Nageswar Y. V. D. , Krishnaveni N. Srilakshmi , Surendra K.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Stemona Alkaloids
Authors: Pilli Ronaldo A. , Rosso Giovanni B. , De Oliveira Maria da Conceicao F.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Quinquevalent Phosphorus Acids
Authors: Skowronska A. , Bodalski R.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Deprotonative Metalation Using Ate Compounds: Synergy, Synthesis, and Structure Building
Authors: Mulvey Robert E. , Mongin Florence , Uchiyama Masanobu , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Cavitands
Authors: Sliwa Wanda , Peszke Jerzy
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Enantioselective Alkylation of Indoles
Authors: Bandini Marco , Eichholzer Astrid , Umani‐Ronchi Achille
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alk‐1‐ynylketenes
Authors: Moore H. W.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitrogen‐ and Phosphorus‐Substituted Ketenes
Authors: Palomo C. , Aizpurua J. M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfur‐ and Selenium‐Substituted Ketenes
Authors: Palomo C. , Aizpurua J. M. , Ganboa I. , Gomez‐Bengoa E.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tactical Approaches to Catalytic Antibodies
Authors: Gouverneur Veronique , Reiter Maud
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Azerad Robert
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic and Metal‐Catalyzed Electrosynthesis
Authors: Moinet Claude , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre , Jutand Anny
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Understanding the Activity of Small Molecules in the Genomics Context
Authors: Lee Jun‐Seok , Chang Young‐Tae
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biosynthesis of Aminocyclitol‐Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Related Compounds
Authors: Flatt Patricia M. , Mahmud Taifo
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Triterpenoids
Authors: Connolly Joseph D. , Hill Robert A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hepatitis C Virus — Biology, Host Evasion Strategies, and Promising New Therapies on the Horizon
Authors: Qureshi Sohail A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Neutrophils and the Blood—Brain Barrier Dysfunction After Trauma
Authors: Scholz Martin , Cinatl Jindrich , Schaedel‐Hoepfner Michael , Windolf Joachim
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Introduction to Time‐Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Its Application to Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Phillips David Lee , Kwok Wai Ming , Ma Chensheng
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A procedure for designing robust control of systems with bounded uncertain parameters
Authors: Mizukami Koichi , Wu Hansheng , Suzumura Fumihiro
Published: July 2007

In recent years, the robust control design problem has drawn considerable attention because it allows one to ensure desirable closed‐loop properties in the presence of model uncertainties. As a result, several design methods have been developed.

This paper discusses mainly the problem of robust control design of systems with bounded uncertain parameters, and presents a new design method, called “incentive design,” for this design problem. This method is based mainly on such a consideration whereby the designed robust control law can ensure a most favorable value of the cost functional regardless of how the uncertain parameters vary within given bounds. Therefore, in this sense, the existence of the uncertainty in controlled systems has at least no bad effect on the optimal value of the cost functional.

This paper gives first the procedure for designing robust control of the systems with bounded uncertain parameters, in general. Then for a class of uncertain linear quadratic systems, a robust control law is designed concretely and a numerical example is presented. It is shown from this derivation and this numerical example that the method proposed in this paper is effective and feasible for some practical control problems with bounded uncertain parameters. The design method developed here may be expected to have some further applications for practical control problems in future.
Phosphaalkenes R1C(O)–P=C(NMe2)2 (R1=Ph, 4‐EtC6H4): Versatile Reagents for 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions to Phosphenium Complexes [Cp(CO)2M = PPh2] (M = Mo, W)
Authors: Weber Lothar , Noveski Gabriel , Uthmann Stefan , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate
Published: July 2007

Reaction of [Cp(CO)2M = PPh2] [where M = Mo (2a), W (2b)] with an excess of the phosphaalkenes arylC(O)P=C(NMe2)2 [where aryl = Ph (3), 4‐EtC6H4 (5)] afforded the metallophosphaalkenes [Cp(CO)2Ma–P=C(aryl)–O–PbPh2(Ma–Pb)] [where M = Mo, aryl = Ph (4a); M = W, aryl = Ph (4b); M = Mo, aryl = 4‐EtC6H4 (6a); M = W, aryl = 4‐EtC6H4 (6b)] as orange crystals. Compounds 4a,b and 6a,b were characterized by means of spectroscopy (IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy and MS). Moreover, the molecular structures of 3, 4a, and 6b were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Redox‐Induced μ‐Acetato and μ‐Oxo Core Interconversions in Dinuclear Manganese Tris(2‐methylpyridyl)amine (tpa) Complexes: Isolation and Characterization of [Mn2III(μ‐O)(μ‐O2CCH3)(tpa)2]3+ (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 20/2007)
Authors: Collomb Marie‐Noëlle , Mantel Claire , Romain Sophie , Duboc Carole , Leprêtre Jean‐Claude , Pécaut Jacques , Deronzier Alain
Published: July 2007

The cover picture shows the electro‐induced core interconversions in three dinuclear manganese tris(2‐methylpyridyl)amine (tpa) complexes. The mono‐(μ‐oxo) mono‐(μ‐acetato) [Mn2III,III(O)(O2CCH3)(tpa)2]3+ and the bis‐(μ‐oxo) [Mn2IV,IV(O)2(tpa)2]4+ complexes are selectively and quasi‐quantitatively generated by sequential exhaustive electrochemical two‐electron oxidations of the bis‐(μ‐acetato) [Mn2II,II(O2CCH3)2(tpa)2]2+ complex. At each step one acetato bridge is substituted by an oxo bridge coming from the deprotonation of one residual water molecule in the solvent. The background picture shows some cyclic voltammograms recorded during this study. Details are discussed in the article by M.‐N. Collomb et al. on p. 3179 ff. We thank Dr. Damien Jouvenot for the design of the cover picture.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Lucigenin in Ethanol Solution at a Polycrystalline Gold Electrode
Authors: Cui Hua , Zhang Hao , Shi Ming‐Juan , Wang Wei , Dong Yong‐Ping , Guo Ji‐Zhao
Published: July 2007

The electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of lucigenin in ethanol solution at a polycrystalline gold electrode was studied under conventional cyclic voltammetric conditions. Compared with the ECL of lucigenin in aqueous solution, one cathodic ECL peak (ECL‐1 at −0.98 V versus SCE) with a shoulder (S1 at −0.42 V) and three new anodic ECL peaks (ECL‐2 at −0.53 V, ECL‐3 at 0.20 V, and ECL‐4 at 0.51 V) were observed, respectively, on the curve of ECL intensity versus potential. The effects of initial potential scan direction, the presence of O2 or N2, potential scan ranges, supporting electrolyte and the concentration of lucigenin on these ECL peaks were examined. The electrochemistry of lucigenin in ethanol solution was also studied. The emitter of all ECL peaks was identified as N‐methylacridone (NMA) by analyzing the ECL spectra. The mechanism for these ECL peaks is proposed to be due to the reactions of lucigenin and its redox products such as Luc and DBA with dissolved oxygen or O2 electrogenerated by the dissolved oxygen at different potentials. The formation of new anodic ECL peaks in ethanol solution is due to longer lifetime of superoxide ions and easier electro‐oxidation of DBA in nonaqueous solution, revealing that the solvent plays an important role in the lucigenin ECL reactions.
Automated Data Acquisition Setup for Interfacial Tension and Capacitance Measurements at Hg‐Solution Contacts Under LabVIEW Control
Authors: Bozatzidis Andreas , Anastopoulos Anastos G. , Laopoulos Theodoros
Published: July 2007

A system capable of making highly accurate and reproducible automatic measurements of both interfacial tension and capacitance at Hg‐solution contacts in student and research laboratories is presented, based on the control of an arrangement comprising a lock‐in amplifier, a potentiostat and a three electrode electrochemical cell by means of LabVIEW software.
Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Thallium in Highly Saline Samples by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) Using Mercury‐Film and Bismuth‐Film Electrodes
Authors: de Carvalho Leandro M. , do Nascimento Paulo C. , Koschinsky Andrea , Bau Michael , Stefanello Raquel F. , Spengler Cristiane , Bohrer Denise , Jost Cristiane
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a comparative study of the simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Tl(I), and Cu(II) in highly saline samples (seawater, hydrothermal fluids, and dialysis concentrates) by ASV using the mercury‐film electrode (MFE) and the bismuth‐film electrode (BiFE) as working electrodes. The features of MFE and BiFE as working electrodes for the single‐run ASV determinations are shown and their performances are compared with that of HMDE under similar conditions. It was observed that the stripping peak of Tl(I) was well separated from Cd(II) and Pb(II) peaks in all the studied saline samples when MFE was used. Because of the severe overlapping of Bi(III) and Cu(II) stripping peaks in the ASV using BiFE, as well as the overlapping of Pb(II) and Tl(I) stripping peaks in the ASV using HMDE, the simultaneous determination of these metals was not possible in highly saline medium using these both working electrodes. The detection limits calculated for the metals using MFE and BiFE (deposition time of 60 s) were between 0.043 and 0.070 μg L−1 for Cd(II), between 0.060 and 0.10 μg L−1 for Pb(II) and between 0.70 and 8.12 μg L−1 for Tl(I) in the saline samples studied. The detection limits calculated for Cu(II) using the MFE were 0.15 and 0.50 μg L−1 in seawater/hydrothermal fluid and dialysis concentrate samples, respectively. The methods were applied to the simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Tl(I), and Cu(II) in samples of seawater, hydrothermal fluids and dialysis concentrates.
Parallel large eddy simulation of turbulent flow around MIRA model using linear equal‐order finite element method
Authors: Choi Hyounggwon , Kang Sungwoo , Yoo Jung Yul
Published: July 2007

A parallel large eddy simulation code that adopts domain decomposition method has been developed for large‐scale computation of turbulent flows around an arbitrarily shaped body. For the temporal integration of the unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equation, fractional 4‐step splitting algorithm is adopted, and for the modelling of small eddies in turbulent flows, the Smagorinsky model is used. For the parallelization of the code, METIS and Message Passing Interface Libraries are used, respectively, to partition the computational domain and to communicate
data between processors. To validate the parallel architecture and to estimate its performance, a three‐dimensional laminar driven cavity flow inside a cubical enclosure has been solved. To validate the turbulence calculation, the turbulent channel flows at Reτ = 180 and 1050 are simulated and compared with previous results. Then, a backward facing step flow is solved and compared with a DNS result for overall code validation. Finally, the turbulent flow around MIRA model at Re = 2.6 × 106 is simulated by using approximately 6.7 million nodes. Scalability curve obtained from this simulation shows that scalable results are obtained. The calculated drag coefficient agrees better with the experimental result than those previously obtained by using two‐equation turbulence models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Divergence‐free discontinuous Galerkin schemes for the Stokes equations and the MAC scheme
Authors: Kanschat Guido
Published: July 2007

We show that recently studied discontinuous Galerkin discretizations in their lowest order version are very similar to the marker and cell (MAC) finite difference scheme. Indeed, applying a slight modification, the exact MAC scheme can be recovered. Therefore, the analysis applied to the DG methods applies to the MAC scheme as well and the DG methods provide a natural generalization of the MAC scheme to higher order and irregular meshes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment and discharge relationships to identify bank degradation as a main sediment source on small agricultural catchments
Authors: Lefrançois J. , Grimaldi C. , Gascuel‐Odoux C. , Gilliet N.
Published: July 2007

Variability of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) versus discharge relationships in streams is often high and illustrates variable particle origins or availability. Particle availability depends on both new sediment supply and deposited sediment stock. The aim of this study is to improve SSC–discharge relationship interpretation, in order to determine the origins of particles and to understand the temporal dynamics of particles for two small streams in agricultural catchments from northwestern France. SSC and discharge were continuously recorded at the outlets and data were examined at different time‐scales: yearly, monthly, with distinction between flood periods and non‐flooding periods, and individual flood events. Floods are classified in relation to SSC–discharge hysteresis, and this typology is completed by the analysis of SSC–discharge ranges during rising and falling flow. We show that particles are mainly coming from channel, banks, either by hydraulic erosion or by cattle trampling. Particle availability presents a seasonal dynamics with a maximum at the beginning of autumn when discharge is low, decreasing progressively during autumn to become a minimum in winter when discharge is the highest, and increasing again in spring. Bank degradation by cattle is the determining factor in the suspended sediment dynamics. Cattle bank‐trampling produces sediment, mostly from spring to autumn, that supplies the deposited sediment stock even outside floods. This hydrologically independent process hides SSC–discharge correlation classically linked to hydraulic erosion and transport. Differences in SSC–discharge relationships and suspended sediment budgets between streams are related to differences in transport capacity and bank degradation by cattle trampling and channelization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating soil‐water movement under a hedgerow surrounding a bottomland reveals the importance of transpiration in water balance
Authors: Thomas Z. , Molénat J. , Caubel V. , Grimaldi C. , Mérot P.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this study was to quantify components of the water balance related to root‐water uptake in the soil below a hedgerow. At this local scale, a two‐dimensional (2D) flow domain in the x–z plane 6 m long and 1·55 m deep was considered. An attempt was made to estimate transpiration using a simulation model. The SWMS‐2D model was modified and used to simulate temporally and spatially heterogeneous boundary conditions. A function with a variable spatial distribution of root‐water uptake was considered, and model calibration was performed by adjusting this root‐water uptake distribution. Observed data from a previous field study were compared against model predictions. During the validation step, satisfactory agreement was obtained, as the difference between observed and modelled pressure head values was less than 50 cm for 80% of the study data. Hedge transpiration capacity is a significant component of soil‐water balance in the summer, when predicted transpiration reaches about 5·6 mm day−1. One of the most important findings is that hedge transpiration is nearly twice that of a forest canopy. In addition, soil‐water content is significantly different whether downslope or upslope depending on the root‐water uptake. The high transpiration rate was mainly due to the presence of a shallow water table below the hedgerow trees. Soil‐water content was not a limiting factor for transpiration in this context, as it could be in one with a much deeper water table. Hedgerow tree transpiration exerts a strong impact not only on water content within the vadose zone but also on the water‐table profile along the transect. Results obtained at the local scale reveal that the global impact of hedges at the catchment scale has been underestimated in the past. Transpiration rate exerts a major influence on water balance at both the seasonal and annual scales for watersheds with a dense network of hedgerows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of low‐density lipoprotein apheresis in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities: Two cases with marked alleviation of clinical symptoms
Authors: Suzuki Toshihide , Sato Yuichi , Niizuma Shinichiro , Kushiro Toshio , Tani Shigemasa , Ishikawa Kazutoshi , Kajiwara Nagao , Kanmatsuse Katsuo , Ikeda Hironori , Takahashi Motoichirou , Kojima Shunichi
Published: July 2007

We have recognized marked effectiveness for intermittent claudication with low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis in two cases of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). The Case 1 was a 73‐year‐old man with intermittent claudication of both lower extremities (Fontaine class II), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed complete obstruction of the left common iliac artery, formation of a collateral to the peripheral portion of the left common iliac artery, and diffuse stenosis of the peripheral portion of the right common iliac artery. Ten sessions of LDL apheresis (LDL‐A) improved the walking distance from 100 m before to 600 m after LDL‐A treatment. The Case 2 was a 61‐year‐old man with intermittent claudication of the left lower extremity (walking distance: 200 m) began at 59 years. DSA revealed diffuse stenosis of the peripheral portion of the left popliteal artery. Ten sessions of LDL‐A improved the walking distance from 200 m before to 800 m after LDL‐A. At one month after the end of LDL‐A treatment, DSA revealed formation of collateral to the peripheral portion of the left popliteal artery. Our findings suggest that LDL‐A combined with drug treatment is safe and useful for the treatment of ASO, especially walking distance improved with short term treatment. J. Clin. Apheresis. 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using disaccharides to enhance in vitro and in vivo transgene expression mediated by a lipid‐based gene delivery system
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Chi , Tang Chien‐Hsiang , Fang Tsuei‐Yun , Su Ling‐Yu
Published: July 2007

Background Lipid‐based vectors have been widely applied to in vivo and in vitro gene delivery. Disaccharides can effectively stabilize lipid membranes. This study examined whether disaccharides could enhance the transgene expression mediated by lipid‐based vectors.

Methods Different disaccharides were incorporated into the vectors prepared with DOTAP/protamine/DNA (LPD) or with DNA/cationic liposomes containing DOTAP, DOTAP/Chol, DOTAP/DOPE, or DC‐Chol/DOPE. The levels of transgene expression and internalized plasmid of CHO cells were represented by the percentages of GFP‐positive cells and the fluorescence intensity of ethidium‐monoazide covalently labeled plasmid, respectively. The vectors containing either cellobiose or trehalose were also intravenously injected into mouse tail vein to investigate the potentials of in vivo applications.

Results For enhancing the transgene expression, cellobiose was found to be effective for all the vectors whereas maltose decreased the effectiveness of DOTAP/Chol liposomes and LPD. For the internalization of plasmid, most disaccharides were able to increase the cellular delivery of DOTAP, DOTAP/Chol, and DOTAP/DOPE liposomes, but caused decreases in the cellular entry of DC‐Chol/DOPE liposomes. An approximately linear correlation between the internalized plasmid and the transgene expression was observed for all the treatments in this study. When the vectors were administered to mouse by intravenous injection, 10‐fold and 3‐fold increases in the luciferase expression of lung were observed for DOTAP liposomes containing 330 mM cellobiose and trehalose, respectively.

Conclusions This study showed that using trehalose and cellobiose with a lipid‐based delivery system provides a straightforward approach to effectively enhance both in vitro and in vivo transgene expression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoxic response elements control expression of human vascular endothelial growth factor165 genes transferred to ischemia myocardium in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Jiang Bo , Dong Hongyan , Zhang Zhongming , Wang Wei , Zhang Yiqian , Xu Xiahong
Published: July 2007

Background

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transfer with recombinant adeno‐associated viral (rAAV) vector for ischemia heart disease therapy is being increasingly studied. However, uncontrolled long‐term expression of VEGF may cause some side effects. Therefore, an attempt to develop an effective gene control system for safeguarding against such side effects should be made. Pathphysiologically, an ideal control system for VEGF gene expression is letting it respond to hypoxia. We used nine copies of hypoxic response element (HRE) to regulate expression of hVEGF165 in the myocardium, and tried to elucidate the feasibility and safety of the application of the HIF‐1‐HRE system.

Methods

Cardiomyocytes of neonatal Sprague Dawley rats were cultured and incubated with rAAV‐9HRE‐hVEGF165, and pig ischemic heart models were established and rAAV‐9HRE‐hVEGF165 was injected into ischemia myocardium. RT‐PCR, Western blot, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine hVEGF165 expressions of cultured cardiomyocytes and myocardium under hypoxic and reoxygenation conditions.

Results

The results of RT‐PCR and ELISA determinations revealed that, in cultured cardiomyocytes, expressions of hVEGF165mRNA and protein were up‐regulated under hypoxic conditions. After 4 h of reoxygenation, hVEGF165mNRA expression was decreased, and disappeared following 8 to 12 h of reoxygenation (P < 0.01). RT‐PCR and Western blot also showed that, under myocardial ischemia, hVEGF165 expression was increased significantly (P < 0.01). Following myocardial reperfusion, both hVEGF165mRNA and protein expressions were inhibited (P < 0.01). The new vessels in the reperfusion condition were decreased.

Conclusions

This study suggested that 9HRE can effectively control hVEGF165 gene expression in vivo and in vitro. It has feasibility for using the HIF‐1‐HRE system for regulation of angiogenic factor expression in ischemia heart. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image quality and focal lesion detection on T2‐weighted MR imaging of the liver: Comparison of two high‐resolution free‐breathing imaging techniques with two breath‐hold imaging techniques
Authors: Lee Seung Soo , Byun Jae Ho , Hong Hye‐Suk , Park Seong Ho , Won Hyung Jin , Shin Yong Moon , Lee Moon‐Gyu
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To evaluate image quality and accuracy for the detection of focal hepatic lesions depicted on T2‐weighted images obtained with two high‐resolution free‐breathing techniques (navigator‐triggered turbo spin‐echo [TSE] and respiratory‐triggered TSE) and two standard‐resolution breath‐hold techniques (breath‐hold TSE with restore pulse and half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot TSE [HASTE]).

Materials and Methods

Our institutional review board approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Two readers independently reviewed 200 T2‐weighted imaging sets obtained with four sequences in 50 patients. Both readers identified all focal lesions in session 1 and only solid lesions in session 2. The readers' confidence was graded using a scale of 1–4 (1 ≤ 50%; 4 ≥ 95%). The diagnostic accuracies of the four MR sequences were evaluated using the free‐response receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method. Region‐of‐interest (ROI) measurements were performed for the mean signal intensity (SI) in the liver, spleen, hepatic lesions, and background noise.

Results

The accuracy of navigator‐triggered TSE and respiratory‐triggered TSE was superior to that of breath‐hold TSE with restore pulse and HASTE for the detection of all focal or solid hepatic lesions. The mean lesion‐to‐liver contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of solid lesions in navigator‐triggered (P < 0.001) and respiratory‐triggered TSE (P < 0.005) was significantly higher than that in HASTE.

Conclusion

High‐resolution, free‐breathing, T2‐weighted MRI techniques can significantly improve the detectability of focal hepatic lesions and provide higher lesion‐to‐liver contrast of solid lesions compared to breath‐hold techniques. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reader and platform reproducibility for quantitative assessment of carotid atherosclerotic plaque using 1.5T Siemens, Philips, and General Electric scanners
Authors: Saam Tobias , Hatsukami Thomas S. , Yarnykh Vasily L. , Hayes Cecil E. , Underhill Hunter , Chu Baocheng , Takaya Norihide , Cai Jianming , Kerwin William S. , Xu Dongxiang , Polissar Nayak L. , Neradilek B. , Hamar Wendy K. , Maki Jeffrey , Shaw Dennis W. , Buck Robert J. , Wyman Brad , Yuan Chun
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To evaluate the platform and reader reproducibility of quantitative carotid plaque measurements.

Materials and Methods

A total of 32 individuals with ≥15% carotid stenosis by duplex ultrasound were each imaged once by a 1.5T General Electric (GE) whole body scanner and twice by either a 1.5T Philips scanner or a 1.5T Siemens scanner. A standardized multisequence protocol and identical phased‐array carotid coils were used. Expert readers, blinded to subject information, scanner type, and time point, measured the lumen, wall, and total vessel areas and determined the modified American Heart Association lesion type (AHA‐LT) on the cross‐sectional images.

Results

AHA‐LT was consistently identified across the same (κ = 0.75) and different scan platforms (κ = 0.75). Furthermore, scan‐rescan coefficients of variation (CV) of wall area measurements on Siemens and Philips scanners ranged from 6.3% to 7.5%. However, wall area measurements differed between Philips and GE (P = 0.003) and between Siemens and GE (P = 0.05). In general, intrareader reproducibility was higher than interreader reproducibility for AHA‐LT identification as well as for quantitative measurements.

Conclusion

All three scanners produced images that allowed AHA‐LT to be consistently identified. Reproducibility of quantitative measurements by Siemens and Philips scanners were comparable to previous studies using 1.5T GE scanners. However, bias was introduced with each scanner and the use of different readers substantially increased variability. We therefore recommend using the same platform and the same reader for scans of individual subjects undergoing serial assessment of carotid atherosclerosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Digital reconstruction and donor site resurfacing: A two‐flap technique
Authors: Kang Qing‐lin , Chai Yi‐Ming , Chen Weijia , Zeng Bing‐Fang
Published: July 2007

Use of a great toe pulp flap is one of the methods to repair partial soft‐tissue defect of the thumb or other digits. However, the conventional application of free skin grafts to close the donor site may bring donor‐site morbidity. The authors present a two‐flap technique that a reverse first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) flap resurfaces the defect of the free great toe pulp flap. Six patients with soft‐tissue defects of the thumbs or fingers were treated with this technique. Both the pulp and reverse flaps survived uneventfully after reconstruction of the thumbs and fingers. The reverse flap to resurface the donor site on the great toe was sensate and durable. Satisfactory appearance and function were gained in all patients. Results revealed that this technique can be accepted as an alternative method when treating soft tissue defect of the thumb or finger. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Pittsburgh, a new city
Authors: Steinberg Alfred
Published: July 2007

Smoke control, rebuilt business district, cleared slums, super‐highways bring visitors from afar.
Transient heat conduction analysis of 3D solids with fiber inclusions using the boundary element method
Authors: Ma F. , Chatterjee J. , Henry D. P. , Banerjee P. K.
Published: July 2007

A boundary element formulation is presented in this work for transient heat conduction analysis of three‐dimensional (3D) fiber‐reinforced materials. The cylindrical‐shaped fibers in a 3D matrix are idealized by a system of curvilinear line elements with a prescribed diameter. The variations in the temperature and flux fields in the circumferential direction are represented in terms of a trigonometric shape function together with a linear or quadratic variation in the longitudinal direction. This approach significantly reduces the modeling effort and the computing cost. The storage requirement for the convolution integrals is eliminated by adopting an accurate integration‐based convolution algorithm for the surface of the hole and the fibers as well as a fast convolution algorithm for the
outer boundary recently developed by the present authors.

Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed method of analysis of fiber‐reinforced materials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric enrichment adaptivity by the extended finite element method
Authors: Waisman Haim , Belytschko Ted
Published: July 2007

An adaptive method within the extended finite element method (XFEM) framework which adapts the enrichment function locally to the physics of a problem, as opposed to polynomial or mesh refinement, is presented. The method minimizes a local residual and determines the parameters of the enrichment function. We consider an energy form and a ‘strong’ form of the residual as error measures to drive the algorithm. Numerical examples for boundary layers and solid mechanics problems illustrate that the procedure converges. Moreover, when only the character of the solution is known, a good approximation is obtained in the area of interest. It is also shown that the method can be used to determine the order of singularities in solutions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the innovative microlens projection lithography applied to the production of microstructures
Authors: Weng Y.‐J. , Yang S.‐Y. , Wu M.‐S. , Weng Y.‐C. , Wang L. A.
Published: July 2007

Microlens projection lithography is a kind of non‐contact projection lithography that uses microlens array components as the projection lenses to produce a large area of microstructural array patterns on photoresisting film. This technology requires partial masking of light on the non‐lens portion of the microlens array, and the conventional approach is through an aligned exposure followed by the plating process that would require accurate positioning equipment, so it is naturally time‐consuming as well as costly in terms of the entire production process. This study applies an innovative technology in the production process that uses a microcircular‐hole array to penetrate a stainless‐steel substrate as the mold, and in collaboration with gas‐assisted thermal pressuring production process that utilizes surface tension of the plastic film to fabricate the hemisphere‐shaped plastic microlens array that is capable of masking light as the projection lens. With such a lens, in collaboration with optic expansion film, Fresnel lens, and millimeter‐grade single‐pattern photomasks, the microlens array projection lithographical optical system is constructed. Using regular millimeter‐grade photomasks, a micrometer‐grade array pattern is successfully fabricated on the photoresist layer through the process of projection exposure and development using such a microlens array projection lithographical optical system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A paradigm shift: biomaterials that heal
Authors: Ratner Buddy D
Published: July 2007

Biomaterials based on synthetic polymers have been explored in medicine since early in the 20th century. The inert nature of polymeric materials and their many fabrication options suggested possibilities in medicine to surgeons having to deal with repair and replacement of diseased or injured organs and tissues. Now the biomaterials/medical device industry is estimated at US$ 150 billion worldwide and saves the lives of millions and improves the quality of life for millions more. In spite of the success of biomaterials and medical devices, there are issues with ‘biocompatible’ biomaterials that have an on impact medical practice and stimulate scientific questions. This perspective discusses the fact that although we have been reasonably successful with implants, there is much room for improvement. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Applying Novel Three‐Dimensional Holographic Vector of Atomic Interaction Field to QSAR Studies of Artemisinin Derivatives
Authors: Ren Yanrong , Chen Guoping , Hu Zongli , Chen Xuqing , Yan Bo
Published: July 2007

Classifying common atoms in organic compounds in terms of families in periodic table of elements and hybridization states, a novel rotation–translation invariant Three‐Dimensional Molecular Structural Characteristic (3D‐MSC) method, Three‐Dimensional Holographic Vector of Atom Interacting Field (3D‐HoVAIF), is proposed by calculating three kinds of interatomic nonbonding interactions namely electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions. In an attempt to apply 3D‐HoVAIF into QSAR studies on antimalarial activities of 32 artemisinin derivatives, the resulting Genetic Algorithm‐Partial Least Square (GA‐PLS) model is confirmed to be stable and predictable by both modeling validation and methodological contrast. For external test set, the 3D‐HoVAIF model has correlation coefficient (qext2) and Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) of 0.751 and 0.372, respectively.