bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Viscous Oil and Tar Mat Formation from Nanoscale to Macroscale
Authors: Mullins Oliver C. , Pan Shu , Wang Kang , Betancourt Soraya S. , Cañas Jesus A. , Kauerauf Armin
Published: February 2022

Viscous oil and tar mats often occur at and near the oil-water contact (OWC) and can result from multiple charges of incompatible fluids with regard to asphaltene stability. The most easily measured oilfield case is gas charge into oil, where the increase of solution gas near the gas-oil contact (GOC) causes local instability of asphaltenes which can then lead to viscous oil and tar mats at the OWC. However, the detailed mechanisms that occur in geologic time to transport destabilized asphaltenes over large distances from the GOC to the OWC has yet to be fully resolved. Asphaltene destabilization towards the top of the reservoir, transport and accumulation at the base of the reservoir can be treated within a conceptual multistep process: instability driven by diffusion of light ends into the oil at the GOC, Stokes falling and diffusion of asphaltene nanocolloidal particles to the base of the interval, convective transport to the base of the reservoir, and finally, local asphaltene equilibration at the base of the reservoir. This conceptual model lays the foundation and provides the framework for forward modeling the formation of viscous oil and tar mats at the OWC. Here we introduce a simple, one-dimension composite model that accounts for all key physics and chemistry aspects of asphaltene instability, transport outcomes and bulk phase transition. This model can be used to predict different reservoir realizations given specific charge fluids, timing of charge, and reservoir attributes. This model employs the asphaltene thermodynamic equation, the Flory-Huggins-Zuo equation of state, and its reliance on the asphaltene nanostructures in the Yen-Mullins model and is shown to be applicable from nanoscale to macroscale. In a broader context, these reservoir processes fall within the new technical discipline ‘reservoir fluid geodynamics’. The target applications for this modeling include identification of possible key reservoir performance drivers through generation of different possible reservoir realizations and as a job planner for data acquisition and analysis to differentiate among reservoir realizations for optimization of field development planning. This approach is a template for forward modeling a broad array of fluid and rock complexities through a comprehensive deposition, trap filling and geodynamics perspective.
Multiple Recovery and Re-Use of Commercial Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors from Produced Water and Rich Glycol
Authors: Mozaffar Houra , Larsen Tore , Henderson Chris , Deshmukh Salim , Anderson Ross , Hoopanah Mohsen , Tohidi Bahman , Abadie Emilie , Richon Vanessa , Charlesworth Mark
Published: February 2022

Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) offer an alternative to traditional thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) for the prevention of gas hydrates. KHIs have several advantages over THIs, such as lower required volumes, easier logistics and reduced CAPEX. However, KHIs are once through chemicals leading to increased OPEX, are mostly non-biodegradable and therefore cannot be discharged to sea or disposal wells in fear of aquifer pollution. KHIs can also lead to fouling of process equipment, especially at elevated temperatures.

To resolve these issues, a new KHI polymer removal method using a solvent extraction-based technique has been developed. In this approach, an immiscible extraction fluid is mixed into the KHI containing aqueous phase where the KHI polymer partitions into the extraction fluid, which can then be separated from the aqueous phase. In some cases, the KHI separated this way can be re-used. This process has the potential to solve problems with KHI produced water treatment/disposal, including where KHI is used in combination with MEG, reducing the costs and process fouling and protecting the environment.

A new joint industry project (JIP) is underway with the aim of developing the concept into a commercial process for removal and possible re-use of KHIs upstream of PW treatment or MEG Regeneration systems. The first phase of this project is lab scale evaluation of the solvent extraction method for simulated removal and re-use of two commercial KHI formulations for a real gas-condensate field case. Both the removal efficiency and hydrate inhibition performance of 4 cycles of re-injected/re-used KHI has been successfully demonstrated. Removal of KHI from a real MEG system case was also successfully demonstrated. In the second phase of the JIP, lab scale tests were used to screen extraction and separation equipment and identify optimum process conditions. The upcoming third phase of this JIP is dedicated to demonstrating the selected process concept(s) on pilot scale in a flow loop.

In this proceeding we will give highlights of the early laboratory test results from a produced water case where two field qualified KHIs are removed from PW and reused 4 times, still showing adequate hydrate inhibition performance. Successful pilot tests will confirm the operability of this process in the field.
Revamping Polymer Architecture for Optimized Fracturing Fluids in Fresh and Produced Water
Authors: Popeney Chris , Harkness Kellen , Copeland Laura , Lee Jesse , Usoltsev Dmitry
Published: February 2022

The presence of extensive tight oil reserves in regions with scarce or intermittent supply of ground or surface freshwater resources underscores the importance of water reduction, reuse, and recycling strategies to ensure the sustainability of hydraulic fracturing. Currently, the advantages of using synthetic high viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) does not extend to fluids composed of high salinity produced water or wastewater because these products cannot transport proppant effectively under such conditions. The use of a new fully synthetic polymer architecture bearing interchain association is described which provides a significant increase in brine tolerance and fluid rheology, giving rise to effective proppant transport and friction reduction in water salinity exceeding 200,000 TDS.

Two variations of the polymer architecture are described: a product that operates effectively in fluid below 100,000 TDS such as seawater (SW-HVFR) and a second high brine product that works in all fluids up to and above 200,000 TDS (HB-HVFR). Proppant transport was studied dynamically using a slot flow apparatus, which demonstrated performance with the new system that exceeded guar and greatly exceeded other conventional HVFRs at equivalent polymer loadings. Slot flow results indicated consistent transport performance throughout the salinity range investigated by proper selection of SW-HVFR and HB-HVFR.

Although high shear viscosity of the new polymers was inferior to that of guar, advanced rheological studiesindicated that the superior performance was due to enhanced viscosity and unusually high elasticity of the derived fluids within the relevant shear rate range between 1 and 100 s−1. In addition, anomalous dependence of viscosity on temperature is described, featuring a viscosity maximum above ambient temperature. This unusual rheology behavior was attributed to the associative polymer architecture of the new system.

The new HVFRs exhibit effective friction reduction within their intended salinity ranges as well as good tolerance toward biocides and clay control agents. Furthermore, the operational salinity range of SW-HVFR can be extended up to 200,000 TDS in the presence of certain production enhancement aids due to a synergistic effect on the polymer dissolution rate. Lastly, bottle testing indicated that the polymers are effectively broken by common oxidative breakers, enabling their flowback. These results demonstrate the flexibility of the new HVFR system to make total fluids utilizing any water source, enabling sustainable fracturing in a variety of situations.
Estimating Carbon Storage Capacity of Depleted Shales with Flow Regime Diagnosis and Transient Analysis
Authors: Chu Hongyang , Ma Tianbi , Gao Yubao , Zhu Weiyao
Published: February 2022

Recently, many attempts have been made to estimate carbon storage capacity of depleted shales. In this paper, based on flow regime diagnosis and transient analysis, a quick and reasonable semi-analytical method for estimating CO2 storage capacity of depleted shales is introduced. Our semi-analytical method has the capability to estimate carbon storage capacity of depleted shales by considering effective diffusion, gas adsorption, and stress-sensitivity phenomenon of the permeability. By combining Laplace transforms, Pedrosa's substitution, and Stehfest numerical inversion, a CO2 seepage model for an injection well with constant injection rate is solved. With these solutions, CO2 storage capacity can be easily estimated at an arbitrary injection rate. We verify the semi-analytical method against the numerical method. In addition, the influence of some critical parameters on CO2 storage capacity are studied. Accurate determination of maximal carbon storage capacity in depleted shales is significant. This study presents a new semianalytical approach to efficiently estimate the maximal carbon storage capacity. Our study provides an improved understanding of calculating the maximal carbon storage capacity in depleted shales.
Maximizing Oil Recovery with Variation in Ambient Temperature
Authors: Gajbhiye Rahul , AL-Dogail Ala , Al-Shammari Hulail , Alnaser Mustafa , Alshawaf Amar , Kamerkar Tushar
Published: February 2022

In the oil and gas industries, the gas-oil separation plant (GOSP) is operated at fixed operating conditions without considering the effect of ambient temperature (Ta) variations. Temperature is one of the parameters that can affect the GOSP process and its output. Ignoring the variation in the ambient temperature may lead to a loss in oil recovery and corresponding revenue. The separation process is highly affected by the variation of ambient temperature, where the ambient temperature varies greatly from summer to winter. As the plant is operated at a fixed operating condition that is not optimized results in low recovery of the GOSP output. The optimization process of high-pressure separator (HPS) and low-pressure separator (LPS) is required to compensate for the variation in ambient temperature, which leads to maximizing oil recovery and plant revenue.

Thus, this study aims to develop an intelligent optimization system to improve the oil production of the Gas-Oil-Separation-Plant (GOSP) considering the variation in ambient temperature. Accordingly, the objective of this work is to provide an intelligent system for the determination of the best-operating set-points of the pressure (optimum pressure) for the high-pressure separator (HPS), low-pressure separator (LPS) at which maximum hydrocarbon liquid recovery can be obtained through the GOSP plant at a given ambient temperature.

To achieve the objective of this study, a GOSP model was built by Petro-SIM process simulator software using a typical Saudi Aramco GOSP design. The data from the initial PVT analysis is considered as an input for the process simulator. Then the optimizer tools built in the Petro-SIM are activated to determine the optimum condition of HPS and LPS in an integrated fashion accounting for variation in ambient temperature for maximizing the liquid recovery.

The results showed increases in ambient temperature result in a decrease in the oil recovery of the GOSP plant. The oil recovery appears to increase with an increase in HPS pressure reaching the maximum and then decreasing with a further increase in the HPS pressure. Similarly, the LPS pressure affects the oil recovery when LPS pressure increases oil recovery increases reaching the optimum point and then decreases with a further increase in LPS pressure. An intelligent system can be built based on an optimization process for determining the optimum condition of LPS and HPS for compensating variation in ambient temperature.
Analytical and Numerical Assessment of Hydraulic Properties of 3D Partially-Open Rock Fractures
Authors: He Xupeng , AlSinan Marwa , Kwak Hyung , Hoteit Hussein
Published: February 2022

Modeling fractured reservoirs requires an accurate assessment of the hydraulic properties of discrete fractures. High-resolution Navier-Stokes simulations provide an accurate description of the flow within the fractures, including fracture upscaling. However, its excessive computational requirements make it impractical. The traditionally used cubic law for fracture upscaling is known for its poor accuracy. This work introduces a new analytical model based on cubic law to estimate hydraulic properties of 3D rock fractures with the irregular contact-area distribution.

We first briefly review the applicability of the existing models in the literature. Most of the current models exhibit major limitations related to prediction accuracy and practicality. For instance, most models neglect the effect of contact-area distribution. As a result, they fail to capture properly the heterogeneous and anisotropic flow behaviors caused by irregular contact-area distribution. In addition, some models work well only for idealized cases, such as parallel-smooth fractures with specific shapes of contact areas. Others are only valid for cases with fractional contact area and relative roughness less than certain values. Alternatively, we propose a dynamic indicator using a particle-percolation approach to quantify the effect of the contact-area distribution. We then introduce a more general modified cubic law, which accounts for different factors, including variable aperture, roughness, flow tortuosity, and contact-area distribution.

The proposed model predictions are then compared with the solutions of the 3D high-resolution Navier-Stokes simulations and experimental measurements collected from public resources. We assess the predictability of our model and benchmark it with other existing models from the literature with dozens of fracture cases. We show significant superiority of our model compared with other existing models, especially for cases with pronounced fracture anisotropy where the impact of the fracture contact area is dominant. Moreover, results show that the hydraulic aperture decreases with the increase of frictional contact area almost linearly. The contact-area distribution shows a significant impact on hydraulic properties even with the same size of contact regions.

We introduce a new analytical model to estimate the hydraulic properties of 3D partially-open rock fractures. Based on our benchmark that included dozens of fractures, our model is superior to commonly used models in the literature. The proposed model also retains the simplicity and efficiency of the cubic law, and can be easily implemented in workflows for reservoir characterization and modeling.
Identification of Objects in Oilfield Infrastructure Using Engineering Diagram and Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Hami Asmai , Tailakov Dmitry
Published: February 2022

Extended Abstract

A processing plant consists of huge number of equipment, which working together to achieve their designed function and target output. Each of the equipment (assets) need to be managed properly to ensure maximum uptime of the plant operation and avoid any unnecessary downtime. To properly manage plant assets, each of the equipment must be properly recorded in a Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) for management and tracking. Normally, each equipment is referenced by their unique identifier called Tag, created during engineering design phase. Currently, in the industry the standard way of collecting equipment Tag is very manual, involving the visual screening of each page of as-built P&IDs and other drawings. Each identified Tags are then recorded in a database in a hierarchical manner (parent-child structure) and each of them will be assigned with appropriate classification according to the owner's standard. This current process is time consuming and labour intensive while AI could be implemented to solve this problem in the future.

Thus, this study was initiated with the objective to implement computer vision and deep learning architectures to identify objects that appears on as-built engineering piping and instrumentation diagram (PID). The algorithm then tasked to classify objects detected according to ISO 14224 Equipment Classification, match it to the corrent Tag that appears in the same drawing and finally create parent-child structure between the objects identified. The long-term aim of this project to prove a hypothesis: a good pre-trained model of P&ID object detection can be achieved.
Using and Computing Metal Temperature for Asme Piping Class Optimization
Authors: Bangert Patrick , Smith Peter , Helgesen Sondre , Eckenfels Benjamin
Published: February 2022

The choice of piping classes for industrial use has important ramification on engineering projects ranging from safety considerations to cost-material effiency and environmental footprint. Usually, suitable piping classes are found by consulting fixed tables, such as the ASME code for piping classes, together with other values like required pressure resistance and pipe temperatures, the later often being a decisive factor for choosing one piping class over another. For the pipe and flange temperatures today mostly the fluid temperature is used, while sometimes rough approximations based on fluid temperature percentages are used, or more rarely, slow, and expensive finite element calculations are performed for individual cases. In this paper we demonstrate the significant benefits of choosing correct piping classes using precisely calculated pipe temperatures and propose an AI-based approach for fast and precise calculation of these pipe temperatures based on a training set derived from a limited number of finite element calculations performed by the authors. We also analyze in detail the benefits of this approach and provide concrete examples.
Higher-Order Derivatives of Production Rate and Convolutional Neural Network for Production Forecasts
Authors: Haider Syed Tabish , Patzek Tadeusz W.
Published: February 2022

In recent years, many machine-learning models have been developed to predict future production of oil in gas in "shales". Long-short term memory (LSTM), the most widely used model, relies on the long-term production history for a reasonably accurate production forecast. All analytical and machine learning models, including LSTM, fail miserably in the absence of long production history. Our goal is to present a novel method of production forecasting using only 24 months of production data. The first and secondorder derivatives of the distance traveled give speed and acceleration to describe the trajectory and dynamics of a moving vehicle. Similarly, higher-order derivatives of hydrocarbon/water production rate vs. time uncover hidden patterns and fluctuations in a well that act as differential markers of its future recovery factor (RF). In this paper, we couple production data and their higher-order derivatives with other known parameters for a well, i.e., well length and initial production. The time-series data are passed into a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with two hidden layers of 16 nodes each, and one output layer. The model is trained to predict recovery factor (RF) in the 10th year of production. We analyze the first 24 months of production data for the Barnett (1500), Marcellus (800), Haynesville (800), and Eagle Ford (1000) shale wells. All wells have a minimum pressure interference time of 34 months. The production rate vs. time and its first, second, and third-order derivatives are coupled with the well length and initial production rate, and the data are normalized with their respective maxima. For the Barnett wells, the CNN model predicts recovery factors in their 10th year of production with an average accuracy of 90%. For the Marcellus, Haynesville, and Eagle Ford wells, the prediction accuracy in the 8th year of production is 89%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. Further, we divide the wells into three groups (A, B, C) depending on the range of their recovery factor (A:RF=0-0.3, B:RF=0.3-0.6, and C:RF=0.6-0.9). We show that the clusters of wells grouped by their RFs strongly correlate with the distribution of the higher-order de rivatives of production from these wells. Thus, we posit that the detailed production history and its derivatives are the most important variables that define distributions of maximum recoverable hydrocarbon from a source rock. Our novel method uses only 24 months of production data to predict future recovery factor with an outstanding average accuracy of 90%. We show that the higher-order derivatives of high-resolution production data available from the operators could be an excellent tool for well screening and predicting future production with reasonable accuracy.
Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Sustenance in Carbonate Formations Through Rock Strengthening by DAP Solution
Authors: Samarkin Yevgeniy , Aljawad Murtada , Amao Abduljamiu , Sølling Theis , Al-Ramadan Khalid , Abu-Khamsin Sidqi , Patil Shirish , AlTammar Murtadha , Alruwaili Khalid
Published: February 2022

Hydraulic fracturing operations involve generating conductive pathways in low permeability formations to maximize hydrocarbons production. One of the main challenges is maintaining fracture conductivity under high closure stresses, especially in soft formations. However, long–term fracture conductivity can be sustained through fracture surface hardness improvement. This research targets the strengthening of carbonate rocks via the transformation of calcite into the harder hydroxyapatite mineral.

In this study, limestone, chalk, and dolomite rock specimens were treated with 1M solution of diammonium phosphate (DAP) for 3 days at room temperature conditions. Rock samples’ hardness was measured by indentation (Brinell hardness) technique before/after the treatment to assess the strengthening effect of DAP. The changes in the mineralogy in treated samples were studied by SEM-EDS technique.

The formation of phosphate minerals was achieved in treated samples, and they were clearly seen in the SEM images. The results have shown that both limestone and chalk samples reacted strongly with DAP solution, which was expressed in terms of rich abundance in newly formed minerals inside rock specimens. The reaction between dolomite and DAP solution was observed to be weak which resulted in generation of isolated phosphate minerals. The formed minerals were identified as hydroxyapatite (5 hardness in the Mohs scale) after comparing their morphology with other phosphate minerals reported in the literature. Treatment of the rocks by DAP solution resulted in improvement of their strength. The Brinell hardness of the chalk specimen was increased by 30% after the treatment, whereas in the case of the limestone sample, a 13% increment in hardness was achieved.

The proposed carbonate rock strengthening technique can be applied in hydraulic fracturing It is intended to solve common soft formations problems (e.g., asperities failure, proppant embedment) causing acid/propped fractures’ conductivity reduction.
Unlock the Residual Shale Gas In Fuling Block, China by Infill Wells’ Drilling and Completion: A Study on the Design, Execution, and Results on the Infill Well
Authors: Chen Yalin , Zou Xianjun , Wang Lipeng , Zhu Zhiyong , Huang Yongjie , Wang Zhulin , Liu Tiecheng
Published: February 2022

Fuling shale gas is the first commercialized shale gas block in China, and more than 30 billion m3 of gas has been produced. To achieve the yearly production target 7 billion m3, more and more infill wells have been drilled and completed. This raised a big concern on the balance of hydraulic fracturing job size of infill well and negative fracture interference on the parent wells, especially for the complex and very heterogenous Fuling reservoir due to multiple tectonic evolutions.

A multidisciplinary team across five more domains was formed to turn the infill well completion design based on experience and field observation only to the focus on controlling factors of negative fracture interference, stress field evolution and then hydraulic fracturing design optimization leveraging a high-resolution 3D geological and geomechanical model. The successful unlocking of residual shale gas was realized by infill well drilling and completion relies on the following key work: Build the high-definition 3D model for reservoir properties and geomechanical properties, as well as natural fracture.Calibrate the 3D model by field observation data and production history of parent wells.Predict the pore pressure change and induced stress field change across the PAD.Optimize the infill well completion design with the updated pore pressure and geomechanical properties to release the residual gas without negative fracture interference.Verify the effectiveness of the optimization workflow by field data including microsiemic data, parent wellhead pressure and flow back data

With the new workflow established in this multi-displinary study, the infill well completion design was optimized by a quantitative way. More importantly, there is good consistency between the model prediction and the field observation. Based on the workflow and key lessons from this study, the optimization on the future infill wells’ drilling and completion design could be done without compromising parent wells’ performance.
Improved Viscosity Model for Bitumen-Solvent Binary Mixtures
Authors: Malki Faisal Al , Alade Olalekan , Hamad Jafar Al , Shehri Dahfer Al , Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: February 2022

New viscosity model named "Faisal-Viscosity model" was developed to address the large gap in the current rules and models in giving accurate predictions on the behaviour of bitumen-solvent mixtures. The Faisal's developed viscosity model is successfully able to give a more accurate prediction for bitumen solvent mixtures compared to the Ried model with a maximum relative error of 57% while Ried's equation has a maximum error of 1931%.
Revamping the Water Handling Capacity in a Brown Field through a Surface and Subsurface Integrated Workflow
Authors: Maldonado Veronica , Serrano Dayana , Giol Cristian , Sepulveda Willem , Pineda Alexander , Estevez Diego , Cattani Marcelo , Freire Carola
Published: February 2022

In a 50-year-old brown field, Shushufindi-Aguarico Field water handling capacity is reaching its limits. Shutting off high water cut wells was imminent due to the water handling constrains. The novel approach to a comprehensive workflow from cleaning disposal wells to screen, rank and execute opportunities was the main differentiation to execute the optimization of fluid production in the field.

To optimize the water handling in the Field Development Plan (FDP), the following integrated workflow was developed:

Reservoir injectivity and Surface plugging modelling: Surveillance for 27 disposal wells using Hall Plots, Hearn Plots and network modelling. Candidates Selection: Ranking and selection for cleaning/stimulation jobs was performed according to the incremental water disposal rates. Field Inspection: Prevent surface constraints prior execution and define the equipment layout and resources to the job. Execution: Equipment rig ups, rigless & WO execution without HSE events. Post job monitoring and surveillance: Post-execution monitoring water disposal capacity.

The innovative technology of Coiled Tubing in horizontal surface flow lines and wellbore cleaning increased the capacity for water handling, delivering significant value to the FDP.

This paper presents a workflow to identify, execute and prevent future plugging in the flow lines as well as at the near wellbore. This workflow is currently combined with digital implementation of real- time data for an optimum decision-making process of produced water handling in a brown field.
Development and Field Testing of New High-Performance Downhole Gas Separator for Electric Submersible Pumping Systems
Authors: Brown Donn J. , Sheth Ketan K. , Davis Shannon B. , Williams Dean , Scott John , Barber Troy , Everett Ernest , Gerstemeier Bruce
Published: February 2022

This paper presents new research methods, designs, and field testing of a new type of mechanical gas separator for electric submersible pumping (ESP) systems that increases the operating flow range and separation efficiency performance, while decreasing erosion problems and improving reliability.

A state-of-the-art test system for measuring and understanding the internal workings of two-phase flow conditions and throughput of mechanical separation devices was used. This testing enabled visual understanding of internal fluid flow, recirculation, separation efficiency, and collective and individual performance of various components of the gas separator.

The result is an innovative hydro-helical separator system with optimized components. The intake is designed with smooth intake flow paths to maximize flow capability and minimize erosion. Also in the design is a new fluid-mover stage with significantly higher capabilities of handling two-phase flow and gas lock protection. A stationary helical component replaces the dynamic vortex inducer, allowing for more efficient gas separation and increased throughput of the fluids within the separation chamber. The helical component precisely directs the separated fluids with its increased velocity into the crossover pathways. The crossover is designed for maximum throughput, low resistance flow passages, and erosion protection.

Field testing results show a significant improvement in production and drawdown of the well. The Hydro-Helical™ gas separator is the industry's new generation of downhole gas separators with the highest flow range, higher efficiency, and reduced erosion.
Applying Machine Learning to Optimize Electrical Submersible Pumps Design for Handling Viscous Oil
Authors: Elshaarawey Ahmed , Abdel Hafiz Aida , Abdou Hesham , Khorais Osama
Published: February 2022

Most of the electrical submersible pumps available at the market currently are designed using water as a fluid base during the design phase, however, while they are used to handle viscous fluids they are suffered from significant reduction at the head per stage and overall pump efficiency. Using viscous fluid as base fluid during the design phase will lead to adapting the geometrical parameters to get the best efficiency while handling viscous fluid like heavy oil. This well resulted in a significant reduction in the production cost of heavy oil and will open new potentials and bring more reserves to the economic limit and add more oil production.

This study aims to select the optimum pump geometrical parameters: Impeller ratio r1/ r2, horizontal blade Impeller angles β1 and β2, horizontal blade Diffuser angles β1‘ and β2‘ and vertical blade Diffuser ɣ1‘ and ɣ2‘ to enhance ESP performance while pumping viscous fluid especially like heavy crude oil. Increasing ESP efficiency will reduce operating cost.
Optimization and Thermal Performance Assessment of Elliptical Pin-Fin Heat Sinks
Authors: Rajab Dr Husam , Pesyridis Professor Apostolos , Kourmpetis Dr Miltiadis , Al-Noman Dr Saeed
Published: February 2022

Heat transfer and fluid flow analyses are employed in this study to optimize the geometry of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks. An entropy minimization technique is employed to optimize the the overall thermal performance of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks (EPFHS). The performance of EPFHS is identified by its thermal resistance and pressure drop. because they substantially affect the the thermal resistance during forced convection cooling of electronics. The design of EPFHS of different configurations are studied and the thermal and hydraulic behaviors are compared. Entropy generation rate is obtained using mass, energy and entropy balance over a control volume. The average heat transfer coefficient of EPFHS is developed using an energy balance equation over the control volume. This heat transfer coefficient is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin configuration. The selected materials are alumium, and copper.
Kadın Futbolcularda 6 Haftalık Kettlebell Antrenmanının Statik ve Dinamik Denge Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: ADIGÜZEL Serdar , ÖZTÜRK Büşra , TAŞ Murat
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6 haftalık kettlebell antrenmanlarının kadın futbolcuların statik ve dinamik denge özelliklerine etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya, Türkiye Kadınlar Futbol 1. Liginde aktif olarak oynayan (yaş: 21,01 ±00 yıl, boy: 164,66 ± 66 cm, vücut ağırlıkları: 57,93 ±33 kg, spor yaşları: 11,86 ±66 yıl) 15 kadın futbolcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcılara, 6 haftalık kettlebell antrenman programını haftada üç gün düzenli olarak uygulanmıştır. Deneklerin dinamik denge ölçümü için Y Balance denge testi uygulanırken, statik denge test ölçümünü ise Flamingo denge testi ile ölçülmüştür. Testler için denge çubuğuna değme ve 0,01 hassasiyetli kronometre ile test ölçümü yapılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizleri için SPSS 22.0 paket programı kullanılarak, istatistiksel analizler için Wilcoxon testi uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarının anlamlılık değeri p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmanın verileri ışığında, 6 haftalık kettlebell antrenman programı ön ve son test sonucunda Y balance denge test ve Flamingo denge testleri sonucuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğu görülmüştür (p<0,05). Araştırma sonucuna göre elde edilen bulgular ile kadın futbolcularda 6 haftalık kettlebell antrenmanın sonucunda statik ve dinamik denge üzerine de etkisinin olduğu sonucu ortaya konmuştur.
Variation of the chemical components of macadamia in Vietnam at different
harvesting maturity
Authors: Loi N.V. , Binh P.T.
Published: February 2022

Currently, macadamia is harvested mainly by collecting ripe fruits. This way of harvesting
is expensive due to the reduced quality of the fruits falling to the ground. Thus, it is
necessary to analyze the chemical components of macadamia at different maturity to
identify the best time for mass harvest. In our study, lipid, protein, and carbohydrate
contents in the kernel of macadamia in the 3 stages of growing (including 175, 195, and
215 days after fruiting) were determined by using analytical methods. These components
increased gradually and reached the maximum values of 78.2±0.1%, 9.3±0.1%, and
7.8±0.2% for lipid, protein, and carbohydrate, respectively, 215 days after fruiting.
Moreover, by using the HPLC method 13 amino acids, 14 amino acids, and 15 amino
acids were identified at 175, 195, and 215 days after fruiting respectively. In all of these 3
stages, there were 7 non-substituting amino acids, including leucine, isoleucine, lysine,
methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and histidine in the kernel of macadamia. The contents
of phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, and glycine tended to increase in the developmental
stages of macadamia. After 175 days, 195, and 215 days of harvest, 9 to 10 types of fatty
acids were identified. Comparing two harvest times 195 and 215 days since fruiting, the
fatty acid content of macadamia did not differ much. Therefore, the most appropriate time
to harvest macadamia is from 195 to 215 days after fruiting.
Application of mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhyza) leaves’ extract on chewing
gum as an inhibitory agent against dental caries causing bacteria
Authors: Hardoko  , Agung P.R. , Halim Y.
Published: February 2022

Mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhyza contains bioactive compounds, such as tannin,
saponin, and flavonoid. These are antimicrobial properties and have the potential to inhibit
dental caries causing bacteria. Chewing gum incorporated with xylitol could inhibit plaque
accumulation and demineralization at the early stages of dental caries and reduce the
number of Streptococcus mutans in the mouth. This research was aimed to determine the
inhibition power of B. gymnorrhyza leaves extract and its application on chewing gum
towards Steptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans. The method used was
experimental, consisting of the first stage with the treatment of different extract
concentrations (5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL) and a second
stage with the treatment of different extract concentration in the chewing gum (2 MIC, 3
MIC, 4 MIC, and 5 MIC). Results showed that B. gymnorrhyza leaves extract can be
categorized as a strong inhibitor against dental caries causing bacteria with MIC value of
1.62 mg/mL towards Steptococcus mutans and 1.35 mg/mL towards Streptococcus
viridans. The application of B. gymnorrhyza leaves extract at 3 MIC in chewing gum
produced the most preferred chewing gum and has strong inhibitory activity against dental
caries causing bacteria with inhibition diameter of 10.26 mm towards Steptococcus
mutans and inhibition diameter of 12.51 mm towards Streptococcus viridans. It is also
very safe to consume with an LC50 value of 10502 mg/mL.
Using of maple syrup as an alternative to sucrose and whey in making healthy
functional sherbet-ice
Authors: Mohammed O.J. , Mahmood Sh.J.
Published: February 2022

The study was aimed to produce refreshing and healthy fat-free, low-calorie drinks by
using acid whey as a basic material resulting from making cheese as an alternative to milk.
Sugar has been replaced partially or completely with maple syrup at 0, 35, 70 and 100%
and the chemical and physical tests of both blends were conducted. The level results
showed a significant decrease in total solids, total sugars, viscosity, overrun, an increase in
specific weight, and ash. The control treatment showed higher melting resistance than the
rest of the treatments made with the replacement of sugar. Although the total acidity was
lower than the comparison sample, the acidity of the maple syrup mixtures was observed
to have significantly increased. The fat percentage was not affected by the addition of
maple syrup and was not significant. Sensory evaluation showed that the 100% maple
syrup sample received the highest sensory rating score.
Vernacular Silences: Testimony and the right to the truth in reparation of conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence
Authors:   , Bassel Hala
Published: February 2022

Conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence (CRSRV) against women and girls is a persistent and pervasive form of warfare. It is applied in diverse forms in different contexts. But its perpetration depends, invariably, on similar practices of silencing – by force, threat, coercion, or any other means – prior to, at the time of, or consequential to the violation itself, in order to prevent the victim or witness from speaking out, seeking, and obtaining justice. This thesis examines the recording of, and responses to, CRSRV in the literature and in law to make the case for application of the right to the truth therein, as both a reparative and preventative measure. The right to the truth, and in particular acts of testimony, hold profound potential to inform and sustain processes of redress, and to displace the silences involved.

 To this effect, the truth represents a number of interrelated objectives, including but not limited to setting down a historical record of past violence, disruption of cultures of impunity through prosecution of perpetrators, and redress for victims. This research locates the subject of CRSRV within a rights-based approach to development, but views the discourses of WID and WAD as insufficient in light of CRSRV, and calls for inclusion of the right to the truth within this framework in order to uphold a victim-centred perspective. The methodology is oriented in a narrative view of history, in protection of a victim-centred perspective, and relies on testimonies of victims, as well as witness accounts, within Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, or other forms of documentation. Practices of CRSRV are contextualised within three case studies, regarding Peru, El Salvador, and Iraq. Reference to different conflict settings furthermore demonstrates with absolute clarity a common practice of silencing underlying all forms of CRSRV. But regardless of the common application of this method of silencing, the silences of victims are not identical. Testimonies of victims reveal their experiences in the vernacular. This thesis, in response, sets out two complementary proposals. First, a reconsideration of the term “conflict-related sexual violence,” proposing its extension to “conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence”. This extension would, first, better reflect the extent of harm experienced by victims as evidenced in their testimonies and, second, encourage more appropriate forms of reparation in light of their right to the truth. But protection of the right to the truth of victims is, in turn, dependent on a second extension, which proposes that the truth, in this vein, should be extended from its original conception of the right to know, to the right to testify, to actively contribute to the construction of the truth surrounding rights violations.
Criteria for the Selection of Suppliers: A Case of Motorcycle Industry of Pakistan
Authors: Hayat Zara , Hayat Sahar , Aslam Sohail , Awan Hayat Muhammad
Published: February 2022

Purpose: Supplier selection is receiving considerable attention these days; firms are investing heavily in finding those suppliers who can give them better quality products in lowest possible cost. This paper reveals the appropriate supplier selection criteria in motorcycle industry of Pakistan and this paper also reveals whether this selection differ in different regions or it is uniform in its nature.

Methodology: For this we have adopted a questionnaire from Supplier Selection Instrument and make it filled from Purchase managers of 24 different companies from different locations. Non probability sampling technique was used. Specifically quota sampling was used to make sure sample is equally represented across region then factor analysis was run to see which items were appropriate in Pakistani settings.

Findings: Result shows that companies prefer those suppliers who are offering better service and quality features to the manufacturing companies. And supplier selection in Lahore and Karachi is similar but supplier selections in other regions of Punjab are different.

Implications: Companies should consider those suppliers, having strategic importance to their firm so they should built consensus between the company and the supplier that every decision will be made through mutual collaboration. Companies should make relationship with their suppliers and try to make transparency in business transactions.
Pengaruh Variasi Waktu Proses Manganisasi Terhadap Kekerasan dan Ketebalan Lapisan pada Baja Perkakas AISI D2
Authors: Adi Ganda Putra  , Pawawoi  , Royen B S
Published: February 2022

Pengerasan permukaan telah digunakan secara luas pada berbagai macam baja, karena dapat memberikan kombinasi sifat keras pada bagian permukaan. Pengerasan permukaan yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara mengubah struktur mikro dan komposisi kimia secara difusi mangan pada baja perkakas AISI D2. Adanya difusi mangan ke dalam permukaan baja perkakas AISI D2 akan mempengaruhi struktur mikro dan komposisi kimia sehingga sangat berpengaruh terhadap sifat-sifat mekariiknya.

 

Dalam penelitian tentang proses manganisasi aktivator yang akan digunakan adalah NHICI dan filler SiC. Proses manganisasi dilakukan pada temperatur 900oC dengan variasi waktu 4, 8, 12 jam.

 

Adapun tujuan dari proses manganisasi ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi waktu terhadap sifat mekanik dan ketebalan lapisan terhadap baja AISI D2. Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap pelapisan manganisasi yang terbentuk disimpulkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalah FeMn. Hasil proses manganisasi pada temperatur 900"C pada variasi waktu 4, 8, 12 jam menunjukan bahwa ketebalan lapisan dan kekerasan sangat berpengaruh terhadap lama waktu penahanan saat proses manganisasi berlangsung. Ini terbukti pada hasil manganisasi pada waktu penahanan 12 jam dimana ketebalan lapisan maupun kekerasan yang didapat lebih baik dari pada waktu penahanan yang lebih kecil.
Pengaruh Proses Perlakuan Panas (Heat Treatment) terhadap Perubahan Struktur Mikro dan Sifat Mekanik pada Crank Shaft Toyota Avansa
Authors: Adi Ganda Putra  , Pawawoi  , Anugrah B S
Published: February 2022

Perlakuan panas pada logam pada umumnya akan mempengaruhi sifat mekanik dan struktur mikronya, sehingga mempunyai kekerasan dan keuletan yang tinggi. Adapun metoda perlakuan panas yang dilakukan untuk Crank Shaf yaitu metoda normalizing.

Dari data yang didapat, harga kekerasan meningkat dari 195,18 Hv menjadi 256,2 Hv. Selain harga kekerasan, Crank Shafi yang tidak mengalami proses perlakuan panas mempunyai fasa É‘ (Ferit) yang mengelilingi grafit nodul lebih besar dibandingkan Crank Shafi yang mengalami proses perlakuan panas. Ini yang mengakibatkan Crank Shaft tersebut mempunyai sifat keras yang lebih baik.

Dari hasil pengujian, mengindikasikan bahwa akibat proses perlakuan panas yang dilakukan, terjadi perubahan pada Struktur mikro dan harga kekerasan. Oleh karena itu besi cor Nodular mempunyai kemampuan untuk diproses perlakuan panas seperti baja.
A Elaboração Conceitual de Química em uma Perspectiva Bilíngue: Um Estudo a Partir da Educação de Surdos
Authors: Pereira Lidiane de Lemos Soares , Souza Thalita Costa Curado , Benite Anna Maria Canavarro
Published: February 2022

Apresentamos uma pesquisa participante que teve como objetivo analisar as interações discursivas provenientes de um curso de extensão em química para surdos, na tentativa de elucidar aspectos inerentes à elaboração conceitual dos surdos. O curso de extensão foi realizado por meio de uma sequência didática com oito intervenções pedagógicas (IP) e nesse recorte foram analisados seis episódios de ensino, provenientes da IP1 em que a temática versava sobre o reconhecimento das transformações químicas. Nossos resultados apontaram que o processo de elaboração conceitual dos alunos surdos, em ambiente bilíngue, passa necessariamente pela intermediação do tradutor e intérprete de Língua de Sinais (TILS), o que difere substancialmente dos alunos ouvintes, entretanto, os alunos surdos possuem concepções alternativas semelhantes aos alunos ouvintes no que diz respeito ao conceito de transformação química. Nossos resultados também mostraram que as escolhas léxico-semânticas do TILS no processo de intermediação podem tanto auxiliar, quanto atrapalhar o acesso e desenvolvimento de um pensamento químico por parte dos alunos surdos.
Forensic Analysis of WhatsApp SQLite Databases on the Unrooted Android Phones
Authors: Fayyad-Kazan Hasan , Kassem-Moussa Sondos , Hejase Hussin J. , Hejase Ale J.
Published: February 2022

WhatsApp is the most popular instant messaging mobile application all over the world. Originally designed for simple and fast communication, however, its privacy features, such as end-to-end encryption, eased private and unobserved communication for criminals aiming to commit illegal acts. In this paper, a forensic analysis of the artefacts left by the encrypted WhatsApp SQLite databases on unrooted Android devices is presented. In order to provide a complete interpretation of the artefacts, a set of controlled experiments to generate these artefacts were performed. Once generated, their storage location and database structure on the device were identified. Since the data is stored in an encrypted SQLite database, its decryption is first discussed. Then, the ways of analyzing the artefacts are revealed, aiming to understand how they can be correlated to cover all the possible evidence. In the results obtained, it is shown how to reconstruct the list of contacts, the history of exchanged textual and non-textual messages, as well as the details of their contents. Furthermore, this paper shows how to determine the properties of both the broadcast and the group communications in which the user has been involved, as well as how to reconstruct the logs of the voice and video calls. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-02-06 Full Text: PDF