bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selbstfahrende Autos und Trolley-Probleme: Zum Aufrechnen von Menschenleben im Falle unausweichlicher Unfälle
Authors: Hevelke Alexander , Nida-Rümelin Julian
Published: February 2016

Beim Autofahren können Situationen entstehen, in denen Unfälle mit Personenschäden unvermeidbar geworden sind. Falls voll autonome/selbstfahrende Autos jemals für den Straßenverkehr zugelassen werden sollten, werden auch sie solche Situationen nicht völlig vermeiden können. Es muss demnach im Vorfeld entschieden werden, welchen Maximen ihr Verhalten in solchen Situationen folgen soll - eine Entscheidung, die erhebliche Ähnlichkeiten mit klassischen Trolley-Szenarien zu haben scheint. In dieser Arbeit wird ein möglicher Lösungsansatz diskutiert - eine Programmierung, die im Falle eines unabwendbaren Unfalls potentielle Opfer gegeneinander aufwiegt um Zahl und Schwere der zu erwartenden Verletzungen zu minimieren. Zentrale Themen sind dabei die Frage des Entscheidungsträgers, die Gefahr der Instrumentalisierung der Opfer, die Gefahr einer Erhöhung des Risikos für bestimmte Gruppen, das Problem der Schaffung von Fehlanreizen, sowie Fragen der Fairness.
Pitch Patterns in Vocal Expression of 'Happiness' and 'Sadness' in the Reading Aloud of Prose on the Basis of Selected Audiobooks
Authors: Stolarski Łukasz
Published: February 2016

The primary focus of this paper is to examine the way the emotional categories of “happiness” and “sadness” are expressed vocally in the reading aloud of prose. In particular, the two semantic categories were analysed in terms of the pitch level and the pitch variability on a corpus based on 28 works written by Charles Dickens. passages with the intended emotional colouring were selected and the fragments found in the corresponding audiobooks. They were then analysed acoustically in terms of the mean F0 and the standard deviation of F0. The results for individual emotional passages were compared with a particular reader’s mean pitch and standard deviation of pitch. The differences obtained in this way supported the initial assumptions that the pitch level and its standard deviation would raise in “happy” extracts but lower in “sad” ones. Nevertheless, not all of these tendencies could be statistically validated and additional examples taken from a selection of random novels by other nineteenth century writers were added. The statistical analysis of the larger samples confirmed the assumed tendencies but also indicated that the two semantic domains may utilise the acoustic parameters under discussion to varying degrees. While “happiness” tends to be signalled primarily by raising F0, “sadness” is communicated mostly by lowering the variability of F0. Changes in the variability of F0 seem to be of less importance in the former case, and shifts in the F0 level less significant in the latter.
The Interaction of Yer Deletion and Nasal Assimilation in Optimality Theory
Authors: Iwan Karolina
Published: February 2016

The problem of opacity presents a challenge for generative phonology. This paper examines the process of Nasal Assimilation in Polish rendered opaque by the process of Vowel Deletion in Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993), which currently is a dominating model for phonological analysis. The opaque interaction of the two processes exposes the inadequacy of standard Optimality Theory arising from the fact that standard OT is a non-derivational theory. It is argued that only by introducing intermediate levels can Optimality Theory deal with complex cases of opaque interactions.
The Relationship Between English and Polish Rhythm Measures in Polish Learners of English
Authors: Gralińska-Brawata Anna
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates native and non-native speech rhythm in the speech of Polish learners of English at an intermediate/upper-intermediate level. More specifically, it attempts to explore the relationship between rhythm measures scores in L1 Polish and L2 English within individual speakers. Phonological vowel reduction in terms of duration is present in English and crucial for the perception and acoustic measurements of linguistic rhythm. Polish, on the other hand, has no phonological reduction of that kind. The acquisition of L2 vowel reduction is highly determined by the level of language proficiency and influences non-native rhythmic patterns. The study tests six speech rhythm measures: %V, DV, DC, VarcoV, VarcoC and nPVI-V in two tempos: normal and fast. The results show that most of these measures are positively and significantly correlated with each other between L1 Polish and L2 English across the subjects and for two tempos, although to a different degree. Highly significantly correlation has been noted for %V and ΔC in fast tempo. Moderate significant correlations between the two languages are observed for ΔV, ΔC (normal tempo), VarcoV and nPVI in fast tempo.
Modality-Independent Effects of Phonological Neighborhood Structure on Initial L2 Sign Language Learning
Authors: Williams Joshua , Newman Sharlene D.
Published: February 2016

The goal of the present study was to characterize how neighborhood structure in sign language influences lexical sign acquisition in order to extend our understanding of how the lexicon influences lexical acquisition in both sign and spoken languages. A referentmatching lexical sign learning paradigm was administered to a group of 29 hearing sign language learners in order to create a sign lexicon. The lexicon was constructed based on exposures to signs that resided in either sparse or dense handshape and location neighborhoods. The results of the current study indicated that during the creation of the lexicon signs that resided in sparse neighborhoods were learned better than signs that resided in dense neighborhoods. This pattern of results is similar to what is seen in child first language acquisition of spoken language. Therefore, despite differences in child first language and adult second language acquisition, these results contribute to a growing body of literature that implicates the phonological features that structure of the lexicon is influential in initial stages of lexical acquisition for both spoken and sign languages. This is the first study that uses an innovated lexicon-construction methodology to explore interactions between phonology and the lexicon in L2 acquisition of sign language.
Canonical equations K
62, K
63, K
64 and K
65 for random non-Hermitian matrices A+B(U+γH)C, the Upturned Stools Law, the Upturned Stool Without Seat Law and Doughnut Law density
Authors: Girko Vyacheslav L.
Published: February 2016

In this paper we apply the REFORM method for the deduction of
the system of canonical equations K
62, K
63, K
64 and K
65 for normalized spectral functions of
the matrices A+B(U+γH)C.
The Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate on Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition in Trained Athletes
Authors: Durkalec-Michalski Krzysztof , Jeszka Jan
Published: February 2016

Durkalec-Michalski, K and Jeszka, J. The effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on aerobic capacity and body composition in trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2617–2626, 2016—The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) affects body composition, aerobic capacity, or intramuscular enzymes activity, as well as in anabolic and/or catabolic hormones and lactate concentrations. A cohort of 58 highly trained males was subjected to 12-week supplementation with HMB (3 × 1 gHMB·d−1) and a placebo (PLA) in randomized, PLA controlled, double-blind crossover trials, with a 10-day washout period. Body composition and aerobic capacity were recorded, whereas the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, testosterone, cortisol, and lactate, as well as the T/C ratio, in blood samples were measured. After HMB supplementation, fat-free mass increased (+0.2 kgHMB vs. −1.0 kgPLA, p = 0.021), with a simultaneous reduction of fat mass (−0.8 kgHMB vs. +0.8 kgPLA, p < 0.001). In turn, after HMB supplementation, in comparison to PLA, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇̇
o

2
max: +0.102 L·min−1
HMB vs. −0.063 L·min−1
PLA, p = 0.013), time to reach ventilatory threshold (VT) (TVT: +1.0 minHMB vs. −0.4 minPLA, p < 0.0001), threshold load at VT (WVT: +20 WHMB vs. −7 WPLA, p = 0.001), and the threshold heart rate at VT (HRVT: +8 b·min−1
HMB vs. −1 b·min−1
PLA, p < 0.0001) increased significantly. Analysis of the tested biochemical markers shows significant differences only in relation to the initial concentration. In HMB group, testosterone levels increased (p = 0.047) and in both groups (HMB: p = 0.008; PLA: p = 0.008) higher cortisol levels were observed. The results indicate that supplying HMB promotes advantageous changes in body composition and stimulates an increase in aerobic capacity, although seeming not to significantly affect the levels of the analyzed blood markers.
Lower Body Stiffness Modulation Strategies in Well Trained Female Athletes
Authors: Millett Emma L. , Moresi Mark P. , Watsford Mark L. , Taylor Paul G. , Greene David A.
Published: February 2016

Millett, EL, Moresi, MP, Watsford, ML, Taylor, PG, and Greene, DA. Lower body stiffness modulation strategies in well trained female athletes.J Strength Cond Res30(10): 2845–2856, 2016—Lower extremity stiffness quantifies the relationship between the amount of leg compression and the external load to which the limb are subjected. This study aimed to assess differences in leg and joint stiffness and the subsequent kinematic and kinetic control mechanisms between athletes from various training backgrounds. Forty-seven female participants (20 nationally identified netballers, 13 high level endurance athletes and 14 age and gender matched controls) completed a maximal unilateral countermovement jump, drop jump and horizontal jump to assess stiffness. Leg stiffness, joint stiffness and associated mechanical parameters were assessed with a 10 camera motion analysis system and force plate. No significant differences were evident for leg stiffness measures between athletic groups for any of the tasks (p= 0.321–0.849). However, differences in joint stiffness and its contribution to leg stiffness, jump performance outcome measures and stiffness control mechanisms were evident between all groups. Practitioners should consider the appropriateness of the task utilised in leg stiffness screening. Inclusion of mechanistic and/or more sports specific tasks may be more appropriate for athletic groups.
Analysis of Agreement Between 4 Lactate Threshold Measurements Methods in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Cerda-Kohler Hugo , Burgos-Jara Carlos , Ramírez-Campillo Rodrigo , Valdés-Cerda Miguel , Báez Eduardo , Zapata-Gómez Daniel , Andrade David C. , Izquierdo Mikel
Published: February 2016

Cerda-Kohler, H, Burgos-Jara, C, Ramírez-Campillo, R, Valdés-Cerda, B, Báez, E, Zapata-Gómez, D, Cristóbal Andrade, D, and Izquierdo, M. Analysis of agreement between 4 lactate threshold measurements methods in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2864–2870, 2016—Lactate threshold (LT) represents the inflection point of blood lactate values from rest to high-intensity exercise during an incremental test, is commonly used to determine exercise intensity, and is related to different positional roles of elite soccer players. Different methodologies have been adopted to determine the LT; however, the agreement between these methodologies in professional soccer players is unclear. Seventeen professional soccer players were recruited (age 24.7 ± 3.7 years, body mass 70.1 ± 5.3 kg, height 172.8 ± 7.3 cm) and performed an incremental treadmill test until volitional fatigue. Speed at LT (LTspeed), heart rate at LT (LTHR), and lactate values from capillary blood samples obtained at 3-minute intervals were analyzed using 4 LT measurement methods: visual inspection (VI), maximum distance (Dmax), modified Dmax (DmaxM), and logarithmic (log-log). Only Bland-Altman analysis for LTHR showed agreement between VI and Dmax, between VI and DmaxM, and between Dmax and DmaxM methods. No agreement between methods was observed after intraclass correlation coefficient and 95% one-sided lower-limit analysis. Comparative results showed that LTspeed was lower (p < 0.01) with the log-log method compared with the Dmax method and lower (p < 0.01) with the latter compared with the VI and DmaxM methods. Regarding LTHR, higher (p < 0.01) values were observed using the VI, DmaxM, and Dmax methods compared with the log-log method. Therefore, VI, Dmax, DmaxM, and log-log methods should not be used interchangeably for LT measurement. More studies are needed to determine a gold standard for LT detection in professional soccer players.
Comparison of Sodium Chloride Tablets–Induced, Sodium Chloride Solution–Induced, and Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on Fluid Balance Responses in Healthy Men
Authors: Savoie Félix A. , Asselin Audrey , Goulet Eric D.B.
Published: February 2016

Savoie, FA, Asselin, A, and Goulet, EDB. Comparison of sodium chloride tablets–induced, sodium chloride solution–induced, and glycerol-induced hyperhydration on fluid balance responses in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2880–2891, 2016—Sodium chloride solution–induced hyperhydration (NaCl-SolIH) is a powerful strategy to increase body water before exercise. However, NaCl-SolIH is associated with an unpleasant salty taste, potentially dissuading some athletes from using it and coaches from recommending it. Therefore, we evaluated the hyperhydrating potential of sodium chloride tablets–induced hyperhydration (NaCl-TabIH), which bypasses the palatability issue of NaCl-SolIH without sacrificing sodium chloride content, and compared it to NaCl-SolIH and glycerol-induced hyperhydration (GIH). Sixteen healthy males (age: 21 ± 2 years; fat-free mass (FFM): 65 ± 6 kg) underwent three, 3-hour long passive hyperhydration protocols during which they drank, over the first 60 minutes, 30-ml·kg−1 FFM of an artificially sweetened solution. During NaCl-TabIH, participants swallowed 7.5, 1 g each, sodium chloride tablets with every liter of solution. During NaCl-SolIH, an equal quantity of sodium chloride tablets was dissolved in each liter of solution. With GIH, the glycerol concentration was 46.7 g·L−1. Urine production, fluid retention, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma volume, and perceptual variables were monitored throughout the trials. Total fluid intake was 1948 ± 182 ml. After 3 hour, there were no significant differences among treatments for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma volume changes. Fluid retention was significantly greater with NaCl-SolIH (1150 ± 287 ml) than NaCl-TabIH (905 ± 340 ml) or GIH (800 ± 211 ml), with no difference between NaCl-TabIH and GIH. No differences were found among treatments for perceptual variables. NaCl-TabIH and GIH are equally effective, but inferior than NaCl-SolIH. NaCl-TabIH represents an alternative to hyperhydration induced with glycerol, which is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
Mitochondria are required for pro‐ageing features of the senescent phenotype
Authors: Correia‐Melo Clara , Marques Francisco DM , Anderson Rhys , Hewitt Graeme , Hewitt Rachael , Cole John , Carroll Bernadette M , Miwa Satomi , Birch Jodie , Merz Alina , Rushton Michael D , Charles Michelle , Jurk Diana , Tait Stephen WG , Czapiewski Rafal , Greaves Laura , Nelson Glyn , Bohlooly‐Y Mohammad , Rodriguez‐Cuenca Sergio , Vidal‐Puig Antonio , Mann Derek , Saretzki Gabriele , Quarato Giovanni , Green Douglas R , Adams Peter D , von Zglinicki Thomas , Korolchuk Viktor I , Passos João F
Published: February 2016

Cell senescence is an important tumour suppressor mechanism and driver of ageing. Both functions are dependent on the development of the senescent phenotype, which involves an overproduction of pro‐inflammatory and pro‐oxidant signals. However, the exact mechanisms regulating these phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we show the critical role of mitochondria in cellular senescence. In multiple models of senescence, absence of mitochondria reduced a spectrum of senescence effectors and phenotypes while preserving ATP production via enhanced glycolysis. Global transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that a vast number of senescent‐associated changes are dependent on mitochondria, particularly the pro‐inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, we show that the ATM, Akt and mTORC1 phosphorylation cascade integrates signals from the DNA damage response (DDR) towards PGC‐1β‐dependent mitochondrial biogenesis, contributing to a ROS‐mediated activation of the DDR and cell cycle arrest. Finally, we demonstrate that the reduction in mitochondrial content in vivo, by either mTORC1 inhibition or PGC‐1β deletion, prevents senescence in the ageing mouse liver. Our results suggest that mitochondria are a candidate target for interventions to reduce the deleterious impact of senescence in ageing tissues.
Special urbanization: The effects of industry on rural settlements in Hungary: A case of study
Authors: Nagy Péter
Published: February 2016

Until the middle of the nineteenth century Ózd was only a small settlement the residents of which were engaged primarily in farming. The center of the area was not Ózd, but rather the neighboring town of Sajóvárkony, which was also home to the registry office. The society and image of the village underwent major changes with the decision to establish an ironworks. As Ózd was slowly affected by urbanization, its population grew substantially. At the turn of the century, it was already seen as a small town. However, Ózd only became legally town in 1949. In this article, I present the evolution of the settlement from a small community with an economy founded essentially on agriculture to a medium-sized city with an economy based on industry.
Transforming regional position of Central-Eastern Europe in the economic space of the European Union with special reference to Hungary
Authors: Salamin Géza
Published: February 2016

In post socialist countries that now form the eastern member states of the European Union there was a general vision of the society from the early nineties to catch up to the developed West. The dream of reaching the level of western European economic development and living standards was the main driver for economic transition and EU integration. In spite of modest convergence, however, the difference between the West and the East has remained dominant until today, ten years after the EU accession, while the core—periphery duality is also an important economic-geographic dimension in the European single market. The changing relative position of these regions in economic terms and the interrelation between the East and West of the EU is in the focus of this paper. It addresses some specifics of regional economic development of this area and particularly of Hungary at both macroregional and regional levels paying attention to the economic crisis which started in 2007. In most of the eastern bloc, economic transition and EU integration were associated with several challenges and followed by imbalanced regional development as a result of the dominant role of the foreign direct investments in regional development, which led to the territorial concentration and increase of regional inequalities among regions within these countries.
Effect of Aminocyclopyrachlor on Seedling Grasses
Authors: Wirt Katie L. , Lym Rodney G.
Published: February 2016

When invasive weeds are removed with herbicides, revegetation of native species is often desirable. The extended soil activity of aminocyclopyrachlor is important for long-term weed control but could reduce recovery of native species as well. The effect of aminocyclopyrachlor applied alone or with chlorsulfuron on cool- and warm-season grass species commonly used for revegetation was evaluated. The cool-season grasses included green needlegrass, intermediate wheatgrass, and western wheatgrass, whereas the warm-season grasses were big bluestem, sideoats grama, and switchgrass. A separate experiment was conducted for each species. Aminocyclopyrachlor was applied at 91 to 329 g ha−1alone or with chlorsulfuron from 42 to 133 g ha−1approximately 30 d after emergence. Warm-season grasses generally were more tolerant of aminocyclopyrachlor than the cool-season grasses evaluated in this study. Switchgrass and big bluestem were the most tolerant of the warm-season species when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied at 168 g ha−1and averaged 199 and 150% forage production, respectively, compared with the control. Green needlegrass was the most tolerant cool-season grass. Western wheatgrass was the least tolerant species evaluated because forage production only averaged 32% of the control the year after treatment and thus would not be suitable for seeding if aminocyclopyrachlor was applied. The effect of chlorsulfuron applied with aminocyclopyrachlor varied by grass species. For example, green needlegrass injury 8 wk after treatment (WAT) averaged 30 and 48% when aminocylopyrachlor was applied alone, respectively, but injury was reduced to less than 16% when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied with chlorsulfuron. However, injury on the less-tolerant intermediate wheatgrass ranged from 48 to 92% by 4 WAT when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied alone and from 60 to 86% when chlorsulfuron was included in the treatment.
Ethical misconduct of HPCSA registered Occupational Therapists in South Africa
Authors: Nortjé Nico , Hoffmann Willem Abraham
Published: February 2016

In South Africa, the health care professions are regulated by statutory bodies which are organs of the state and can enforce laws such as the Health Professions Act. The Health Professions Act provides the parameters within which the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) can sanction members if they are in contravention of its regulations. During the period under analysis i.e. between 2007 and 2013, only three penalties were imposed against two occupational therapy practitioners. Although the number of penalties can be viewed as insignificant the value of the research is in the fact that cognisance needs to be taken by the profession of the relevant ethical issues in these cases. It is recommended that occupational therapists should always inform their clients appropriately and should also form informal mentoring groups. Keywords: ethical transgressions, fraud, ethical standards
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity with reference to working posture of secretaries
Authors: Akodu Ashiyat , Akinfeleye Adegoke , Atanda Latifat , Giwa Suleiman
Published: February 2016

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of the upper extremity and low back among secretaries in a state public service and their associations with working posture. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional survey was carried out among 150 secretaries randomly selected within the Lagos State Civil Service Secretariat, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, by using a 52-item questionnaire which captured information on work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Working posture was assessed by measuring the variation in craniovertebral angle (CVA) and using Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) scores of participants. RESULTS: The prevalence of WMSDs of low back, neck, shoulder and hand of the participants in this study was observed to be 71.3%, 59.3%, 48.0% and 28.0% respectively The results of this study showed a significant difference in CVA and the RULA scores (p = 0.02), between participants with neck pain and those without neck pain, hand pain and those without hand pain (p = 0.003), low back pain and those without low back pain (p = 0.004. CONCLUSION: This study shows a high prevalence of upper extremity and low back musculoskeletal disorders among secretaries in Lagos State Civil Service Secretariat, Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria. Neither CVA nor RULA scores were associated with shoulder pain. Key words: Occupational Health, Cranio vertebral angle, Rapid upper limb assessment, Musculoskeletal discomfort
Professional competencies in vocational rehabilitation: Results of a Delphi study
Authors: Buys Tania
Published: February 2016

INTRODUCTION: Opportunities for South African occupational therapists to deliver appropriate vocational rehabilitation services to workers with disabilities in the open labour market, increased within the context of current South African disability equity legislation. However research into the identification of professional competencies required to practise in this area of work had not been undertaken and this is necessary to ensure that occupational therapy curriculum content presented at South African universities are aligned with practice requirements. Research was therefore undertaken as part of the study for a master's degree, to identify these competencies. METHOD: A Delphi technique was employed using a panel of 35 occupational therapists representing various practice settings and meeting pre-determined expert criteria. Three rounds of questionnaires were sent to the research participants requesting them to identify knowledge, skills and values reflecting professional competencies. RESULTS: Following a process of data analysis, 16 professional competencies were identified as being necessary to deliver vocational rehabilitation services to workers with disabilities in the South African open labour market. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, recommendations are made for inclusion of professional competencies in an under- and postgraduate curriculum level. The results of this research should be further communicated to the Professional Board for Occupational Therapy, Medical Orthotics, Prosthetics and Art Therapy for consideration by the Education Committee. Key words: Vocational rehabilitation, Delphi technique, experts, professional competencies
Clinical ambiguousness of measurement of tumor markers in the differential diagnosis of the uterus appendages tumors and inflam-matory pelvic mass in girls
Authors: Kokhreidze Nadezda Anatolyevna , Leontyeva Svetlana Alekseevna
Published: February 2016

In the diagnosis of ovarian tumors, with the most frequent gystotypes specific to childhood and adolescence, is widely used of tumor markers tests: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and Ca-125. Features of the development of malignancies in children restrict of tumor markers tests in clinical practice. At the same time there are no tumor marker with 100 % specificity for the tumor. The article describes the clinical cases of 13-year-old female patient with appendicular infiltrate and secondary right adnekstumor and 14-year-old girl with hematogenous disseminated tuberculosis and salpingooophorities. The levels of Ca-125 and was an increased in both cases: in the first - to 39.41 IU/ml, in the second - up to 928.1 IU/ml. Thus, it was confirmed that the increase of serum concentration of CA-125 were in direct proportion to the pathological “irritation” of peritoneal serosa. In fact, the Ca-125 had the feature of acute phase proteins, so, its tumor specificity was low. Therefore the use of tumor marker test for Ca-125 is not always makes more easy task of differential diagnosis of the nature of the tumor mass pelvic in girls.
Nutrition of the preterm infant
Authors: Sauer P J
Published: February 2016

Nutrition is of great importance for the preterm infant. It is not only essential for survival, but also makes provision for rapid development of many organs outside the uterus which process normally takes place in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is for future life essential that all factors that might influence the development are as optimal as possible, including nutrition. However, there might also be an upper limit to the intake of some ingredients in the neonatal period. The rate of growth of the preterm infant is five times higher compared to term infants and the breast of the mother delivering preterm might yet be ready to produce the optimal composition of milk. Preterm infants receiving mothers milk only are known to show a lower gain in weight and length than the so called reference fetus. It is therefore at least questionable if preterm human milk can be used to define the nutritional needs of the preterm infant. To define the optimal composition and amounts of nutrients for the preterm infant a factorial approach can be used. The estimated requirements are calculated from the calculated requirements for maintenance and growth. Though some studies have shown that the protein content of milk from mothers who delivered preterm can be higher in the first few weeks after birth compared to milk of term delivering mothers, soon after there is a rapid decline in protein content after which period the content is not different from the term delivered mother. Providing exclusively mothers own milk leads to suboptimal growth and insufficient accretion of minerals. The needs of the preterm infant in energy, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, pro- and prebiotics to provide optimal nutrition in the first days after birth are discussed in the paper. It is concluded that nowadays early, aggressive nutrition directly after premature birth with the immediate introduction of amino acids and rapid introduction of lipids is advised. Enteral feeding should be started very soon after birth, preferably on the first day of life and increased in the days thereafter. The first choise for enteral feeding is mothers own milk, supplemented from the second week with a fortifier. Special preterm formula might serve as a good alternative in case when breast milk is not available.
Immunological changes accompanying the development of experimental neoplastic process
Authors: Dementeva Elena Aleksandrovna , Gurina Olga Petrovna
Published: February 2016

The key immunology problem remains the understanding of the mechanisms for the effective protection of the body against various pathogens with simultaneous suppression of the immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of neoplastic pathological processes includes violations of the mechanisms of normal cell growth and cell proliferation. Antitumor immune response is a complex event, involving many different cell types. But despite the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of tumor-associated antigens, the neoplastic process overcomes the protective forces of the organism, grows and spreads. For cancer cells characterized by independence from antiproliferative signals, autocrine stimulation of growth disturbances in the system, induction of apoptosis and control of genome stability. As a result of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells differ significantly from the normal range and the level of expression of genes involved in the transformation process, the accumulation of mutations in key genes promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis. This creates the opportunity for recognition by cells of the immune system. The study of changes in value and operation of the various elements of the immune system in the development of experimental neoplastic process allows you to identify the mechanisms of interaction in the system «malignant tumor-immune system, to assess patterns of interaction with other organs and tissues, to create a theoretical pathogenetically reasonable premise for the development of anticancer therapy.
Thyroid status as prognostic marker in oncology
Authors: Glushakov Ruslan Ivanovich , Vlaseva Olga Valerievna , Sobolev Ivan Viktorovich , Proshin Sergei Nikolaevich , Tapil’skaya Natalya Igorevna
Published: February 2016

In spite of advances in the treatment of malignant tumors of various localizations, in general, the survival rate for a variety of clinical entities remains unsatisfactory. There is no doubt that the predictive value of clinical stage of disease is very valuable. However in each particular case the correlation between the stage of disease and its outcome is rather probable than absolute. The current laboratory and pathological methods of risk assessment of course and recurrence of tumor in patients suffered from malignancies are not always sufficient, adequate and in most cases are able to ascertain a certain degree of risk without dosage adjustment possibilities. In the middle of the last century hypothyroidism was recognized as a risk factor for the development of certain malignancies, such as breast cancer, that has for several decades thesis conclusive clinical oncology. However at the turn of the century advances in molecular biology have called into question many of the existing dogma of experimental and clinical oncology. The review presents data about nongenomic properties of thyroid hormones (TH). Extracellular domains of integrin αVβ3, which is cell adhesion protein, are entrance for nongenomic way of TH. Binding of TH to αVβ3 results in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (fosfatidil-inositol-3-kinase). The finale effects of TH nongenomic action are cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration of cells and elevated expression of tissue specific inflammatory genes. The clinical studies presented here trace pattern between increase in response to treatment and increase in survival of cancer patients with hypothyroid condition.
Quality of life after Whipple pancreatoduodenectomy and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy: a comparative study
Authors: Kokhanenko Nikolay Yurevich , Pavelets Konstantin Vadimovich , Radionov Yuri Vasilevich , Shiryajev Yurii Nikolaevich , Borisova Natalya Yurevna
Published: February 2016

The authors performed a comparative analysis of the Quality of life (QOL) in 97 patients after pancreatoduodenectomy, 55 of whom underwent pylorus-preserving surgery (PPDE), and 42 underwent classic Whipple procedure (GPDE). QOL was evaluated using questionnaire EORTC-QLQ-C30, version 3.0, and both analyzed groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to the time period after the surgery (less than 6 mo, 6-12 mo, and more than 12 mo). All the patients were operated on for pancreatic or periampullary cancer. During the first period after surgery (less than 6 mo), the integral QOL index is lower than in patients who were examined after the first 6 mo. After PPDE, parameters of physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning were higher than after GPDE; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0,05). Indicators of QOL have changed with time, but intergroup (PPDE vs GPDE) differences were not statistically significant in every analyzed time period after surgery. Financial constrains were registered in patients of both groups and at different times after surgical treatment.
Case Report—Aspergillus Empyema Necessitans Post Double-lung Transplant
Authors: Yu Gannon J ,   Department of Medicine, Rabin Harvey R ,   Department of Medicine,   Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Parkins Michael D ,   Department of Medicine,   Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Published: February 2016

Empyema necessitans (also called empyema necessitatis) is a sequelae of empyema/parapneumonic effusion where infection progresses beyond the pleural space into the soft tissues of the chest wall. Typical pathogens includeMycobacterium tuberculosis,Streptococcus pneumoniae, andStaphylococcus aureus. Fungal empyema necessitans is uncommon, with the majority of cases secondary to Candida species. We report a rare and fatal case of empyema necessitans presenting in a patient with cystic fibrosis more than 10 years following double-lung transplant.
Endobronchial Involvement in Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt ,   Professor, Pulmonary Diseases Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
Published: February 2016

Endobronchial involvement is a common feature of sarcoidosis. The mucosa may appear normal or there may be inflammatory changes with erythematous lesions, miliary nodules, and, rarely, mass-like lesions leading to obstruction. In patients with bronchial lesions, the bronchial biopsy may be positive in three-quarters of patients. On the other hand, granulomas may be identified in one-third of patients with a normal mucosa. Current data on endobronchial sarcoidosis is primarily associated with the treatment and prognosis of obstructive mass-like granulomas. Data relevant to clinical features of superficial endobronchial involvement and its implications on prognosis and extrapulmonary organ involvement is lacking. The results of our two previous studies reveal that clinical findings of endobronchial disease may be different. These studies also suggest that there is a great difference between patients with no endobronchial involvement, limited and diffuse endobronchial disease in regard to clinical features, and prognosis. The incidence of extrapulmonary organ involvement is also significantly different between the three groups. In this short review, the clinical findings of endobronchial sarcoidosis have been defined, the effects of superficial endobronchial involvement on prognosis, and extrapulmonary organ involvement.
Sobre as origens dos valores de /e/ átono em posição medial no Português europeu e brasileiro
Authors: Carvalho Maria José
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que a elevação de /e/ átono em posição interior de palavra é um fenómeno muito antigo na língua portuguesa, remontando já ao século XIII. De facto, prova-se que, independentemente dos condicionamentos vocálicos assimilatórios já referidos por Herculano de Carvalho (1962), houve uma tendência primitiva para /e/ se elevar, num grande número de lexemas, tendo tido a proximidade articulatória de certos fonemas consonânticos um papel importante na valoração ou rejeição social dessa elevação e na sua integração na modalidade standard. Para além dessa tendência, também já no início do século XIV, registam-se testemunhos de redução para [ɨ] desse /e/ átono (eventualmente segundo a evolução [e] > [i] > [ɨ]), à semelhança do que acontece no PE contemporâneo. Assim, a cronologia deste fenómeno, que costuma situar-se no século XVIII, de acordo com Carvalho e Teyssier (1980), deverá ser recuada para cerca de quatro séculos.
Para uma análise linguística dos discursos. A heterogeneidade enunciativa como princípio ordenador da investigação
Authors: Marques Maria Aldina
Published: February 2016

O nosso objetivo é apresentar algumas características da Análise do Discurso que se pretende linguística. As questões teóricas são determinantes, porque fazer investigação científica, qualquer que seja a área ou o objeto, é em primeiro lugar colocar-se num determinado quadro teórico-metodológico. Não por simples ritual ou tradição, mas porque é a própria essência da investigação científica. No caso vertente, daremos saliência ao conceito teórico de heterogeneidade, como princípio ordenador da investigação deste ramo das Ciências da Linguagem, a linguística dos discursos.
As vogais médias átonas finais no português brasileiro do século XIX
Authors: Da Rosa Eliane
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho buscou investigar o fenômeno de elevação das vogais médias átonas finais no português brasileiro do século XIX, a partir dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística Histórica (Romaine 2009 [1982]) e dos preceitos do Princípio do Uniformitarismo (Whitney 1867 / Labov 1994 / Labov 2008 [1972] / Joseph / Janda 2003). Para a execução da análise dos dados, foram utilizados dois tipos de dados empíricos: a evidência direta (obras metalinguísticas e didáticas) e a evidência indireta (correspondências da Coleção Varela). Os resultados da análise permitiram constatar que a elevação das vogais átonas finais /e/ e /o/ já atuava no português brasileiro oitocentista.
Dirofilarial worms inside cutaneous nodules: a report with review of literature
Authors: Chisthi Meer M. , Reghukumar Aravind
Published: February 2016

Dirofilaria is a filarial worm which affects humans as a zoonosis. The infection is carried by mosquito bite. In humans, the worm fails to achieve its full cycle and hence microfilaremia is absent. Apart from subcutaneous and subconjunctival locations, there are visceral and other presentations for the worm. Surgical removal and antihelminthic medications are the best options for treatment. We present a case of subcutaneous dirofilaria infection in a 13 year old boy from rural south India who presented with fever and a painless swelling on the leg. Detailed literature review is also enclosed.
Medición científica: la ruta crítica de la investigación en Colombia
Authors: Sánchez Cárdenas Miguel Antonio
Published: February 2016

Estadística en investigación
Elders' Teachings about Resilience and its Implications for Education in Dene and Cree Communities
Authors: Hansen John G , Antsanen Rose
Published: February 2016

This study developed out of a need to discuss Eurocentrism in Indigenous education and to provide what the Elders describe as an appropriate educational experience. The purpose of the study was, within a northern context, to discuss Indigenous education, and how educators and Elders perceived their cultural models, values, and aspirations of Indigenous resilience. This study deals with Indigenous resilience based on knowledge held by Indigenous educators and Elders with respect to the traditional teachings and values within Indigenous cultures in Northern Manitoba. We present the perspectives held by these constituents with respect to the notions of Indigenous resiliency. Two Indigenous researchers of Dene and Cree nations share their perspectives based on interviews with Indigenous Elders about traditional education in Northern Manitoba. Interview results demonstrate that a traditional, culturally appropriate model of education is significant to Indigenous resilience development.
ISLAM NUSANTARA: SEBUAH ALTERNATIF MODEL PEMIKIRAN, PEMAHAMAN, DAN PENGAMALAN ISLAM
Authors: Qomar Mujamil
Published: February 2016

Islam Nusantara is a model of thought, comprehension, and implementation of Islamic teachings covered by culture and tradition developed in Southeast Asia (the scope of which is limited to Indonesia), that reflects Islamic identity with methodological nuance. The identity has various and controversial responses when it is socialized among Moslem because Islam is one, namely, Islam taught by prophet Muhammad. Otherwise, the majority of Islamic scholars accepted Islam Nusantara. That Islam is one is substantively true, but it expressed widely including Islam Nusantara. Islam is presented (thought, comprehended, and implemented) through cultural approach. The result leads to the thinking model, comprehending, and implementing Islamic teachings which are harmonious, moderate, inclusive, tolerant, peaceful, and multicultural based. The diverse Islamic thought is caused by local culture, especially Javanese culture, or called cultural acculturation. The Indonesian Islam can be a role model. It brings peaceful and harmonious messages, so it could be socialized internationally and replaced misleading opinion that Islam is full of violence.
NILAI-NILAI EDUKASI DALAM SENI REYOG PONOROGO
Authors: Kurnianto Rido
Published: February 2016

This study examined the character education of Konco Reyog at schools viewed from the meaning of Reyog Ponorogo’s art symbol. Then, it has tried to reveal its relevance with Islamic education. The data were obtained from the key persons, i.e. warok figure, Reyog Foundation, Reyog teachers, and the supporting artists, which then were described qualitatively to arrange character education module of Konco Reyog based on Islamic education. The finding shows that Reyog’s symbol is loaded with value and meaning, including the educational values. These values have very strong relevance with several values contained in Islamic education. Further, these values are built systematically through school. Its position is quite strong as it is included in the curriculum of intra-curricular as a local content based on the local wisdom. These Reyog Ponorogo art values are possible to be alternative models for character education in order to build noble values and meanings based on Islamic education.
SISTEM KEKERABATAN MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG SAWAH DI KOTA BEKASI
Authors: Jamaludin Adon Nasrullah
Published: February 2016

The phenomenon of population at Kampung Sawah Jatimurni District of Pondok Melati Bekasi shows that its people are not from ethnic Batak, but most of them are Sundanese and Betawinese. In the kinship structure of society of both ethnics, the term clan is unfamiliar. Rather it is known in the community of North Sumatra namely Batak. This paper focuses on describing how the people in Kampung Sawah uses the clan system and whether the surnames given in Kampung Sawah have similarities to those existing in Batak. Based on the data, the clan in Kampung Sawah is different from the one used in Batak, either in the marriage system, family system and socio-cultural system.
“Even ‘Daily’ is Not Enough”: How Well Do We Measure Domestic Violence and Abuse?—A Think-Aloud Study of a Commonly Used Self-Report Scale
Authors: Evans Maggie , Gregory Alison , Feder Gene , Howarth Emma , Hegarty Kelsey
Published: February 2016

This article explores the challenges of providing a quantitative measure of domestic violence and abuse (DVA), illustrated by the Composite Abuse Scale, a validated multidimensional measure of frequency and severity of abuse, used worldwide for prevalence studies and intervention trials. Cognitive “think-aloud” and qualitative interviewing with a sample of women who had experienced DVA revealed a tendency toward underreporting their experience of abuse, particularly of coercive control, threatening behavior, restrictions to freedom, and sexual abuse. Underreporting was linked to inconsistency and uncertainty in item interpretation and response, fear of answering truthfully, and unwillingness to identify with certain forms of abuse. Suggestions are made for rewording or reconceptualizing items and the inclusion of a distress scale to measure the individual impact of abuse. The importance of including qualitative methods in questionnaire design and in the interpretation of quantitative findings is highlighted.
The Relationships Between Psychological Flexibility, Self-Compassion, and Emotional Well-Being
Authors: Marshall Emma-Jane , Brockman Robert N.
Published: February 2016

Despite theoretical overlap between self-compassion and psychological flexibility, empirical links between these constructs is limited. This study examined the relationships between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and emotional well-being to add to the literature on understanding the importance of self-compassion as a possible contributor to mental health, adding support to continuing development of compassion-based therapies. Relationships among these constructs were explored using survey data from a sample of 144 university psychology students (110 females and 34 males, aged 17–60 years). Self-compassion was significantly correlated with psychological flexibility processes, including mindful acceptance, defusion, and emotional well-being. Regression analyses indicated that self-compassion predicts significant unique variance above and beyond psychological flexibility across various indices of emotional well-being. These findings support the association between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and emotional well-being, with implications for 3rd-wave models of therapy, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and compassion-based approaches. Therapies incorporating compassion processes may potentially lead to improved treatment outcomes.