bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and analysis of some food fats and oils for fatty acid content by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Hivon Katharine J. , Hagan Susie N. , Wile Edith B.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid compositions of some food fats and oils were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) before and after application of reagents and conditions of some extraction procedures. The extraction procedures studied had a nonsignificant effect on the fatty acid compositions. Procedures leading to methyl ester formation through a series of room temp reactions were selected over procedures requiring higher temp reactions, on the basis of yield of products, fatty acid compositions of food lipids of simple composition, or both. These procedures were then used to prepare some food fats and oils for analysis by GLC and the fatty acid compositions determined in this manner are presented.
Application of specific response factors in the gas chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids with flame ionization detectors
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C.
Published: July 2007

The relative responses for flame ionization detectors in the analysis of the longer chain fatty acid methyl esters are shown to correlate with the theoretical responses based on weight percent content of 舠active舡 carbon. While particularly affecting estimation of the shorter chain length saturated fatty acids, these erratums have a less marked effect on the estimation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Nutritional studies of polyglycerol esters
Authors: Babayan V. K. , Kaunitz H. , Slanetz C. A.
Published: July 2007

Palatable polyglycerol esters of various mol wt were prepared with fatty acids from cottonseed and peanut oils. The wt gains of weanling male rats fed 1 g/day polyglycerol esters in 5 g of a basic diet were compared with those of matching rats fed 1 g, 0.5 g, and no lard in 5 g basic diet. After three weeks, all rats were given free access to diets containing 8% polyglycerol esters or lard. The polyglycerol esters were utilized as well as lard for wt gain. Intestinal absorption of the fatty acids from the polyglycerol esters was the same as with lard. Autopsies and histological examination of the tissues revealed no abnormalities attributable to the consumption of these materials. Appearance of the animals was normal throughout the experiment. The epididymal fat of the animals was similar regardless of the polyglycerol structure fed. No polyglycerols were detected in the body fat. From these results, it is concluded that the polyglycerol esters of both low and high mol wt were nutritionally similar to naturally occurring fats and that they were nontoxic.
The metabolism ofTrans, trans‐octadecadienoic acid. Incorporation ofTrans, trans‐octadecadienoic acid into the C20 polyunsaturated acids of the rat
Authors: Knipprath W. G. , Mead J. F.
Published: July 2007

Trans,trans‐9,12‐octadecadienoic acid‐1‐C14 was fed to adult rats. After four hr the animals were killed and the fatty acids isolated from their organ lipids. The 20‐carbon fatty acids were isolated and degraded stepwise.

Radioactivity of the degradation products indicated that the fed acid was incorporated into the isolated C20 acids, mainly eicosatetraenoic acid probably with twotrans‐double bonds, while radio‐activity throughout the chain gave evidence for a synthesis of eicosatrienoic and eicosatetraenoic acid from acetate derived from the fed material.

In a separate experiment, unlabeledtrans,trans‐9,12‐octadecadienoic acid was fed to wealing rats for 14 days. Isolation of their fatty acids also gave evidence for the incorporation of the fed acid into eicosatrienoic and eicosatetraenoic acids containingtrans double bonds.
Rapeseed preparation for solvent extraction
Authors: Hopkins D. S.
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses procedures and outlines the flow of rapeseed from field to extraction unit. The important areas of handling, grading, and cleaning are identified with the most satisfactory solutions to the problems described. Rapeseed contains nutritional depressant factors, i.e. glucosinolates and erucic acid. Their presence necessitates careful selection and processing requirements to meet the high quality demand of vegetable oil processors and the feed manufactures. The specific attention required to consistently meet these requirements will also be presented and discussed.
Oxidative interactions of cholesterol with triacylglycerols
Authors: Kim S. K. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

Triacylglycerols (TGs) accelerated the decomposition of cholesterol at 130°C. Addition of stearic and linoleic acids also accelerated cholesterol decomposition and produced characteristic cholesterol oxide profiles, qualitatively different from those produced in the presence of TGs. Milk fat accelerated cholesterol decomposition at 130°C and produced a cholesterol oxide pattern similar to that arising from the addition of pure TG. Not only did TGs affect cholesterol oxidation, but cholesterol influenced the decomposition of TGs. Addition of cholesterol accelerated the destruction of TGs at the beginning of heating while protecting them later. A similar pattern,i.e., acceleration followed by protection, could also be seen when triacylglycerols were heated in the presence of other triacylglycerols. The results of this work demonstrate that the stability of lipid components in complex mixtures is influenced by interactions among these components and/or their decomposition products. Such interactions do not merely shift,i.e., accelerate or delay, the oxidation rate, they may also modify the shape of the oxidation curve itself.
GC‐MS characterization (Chemical lonization and electron impact modes) of the methyl esters and oxazoline derivatives of cyclopropenoid fatty acids
Authors: Spitzer Volker
Published: July 2007

The CI‐(CH4) mass spectra of the methyl esters and the EI mass spectra of the oxazoline derivatives of three cyclopropenoid fatty acids (malvalic, sterculic and α‐ hydroxy‐sterculic acid) from the seed oil ofPachira aquatica were found to be useful for structure elucidation of such compounds. Furthermore, some hitherto unknown minor fatty acids were identified and the nuclear magnetic resonance data of the oil and α‐hydroxysterculic acid methyl ester are presented.
Effects of commercial processing on the fat‐ soluble vitamin content of menhaden fish oil
Authors: Scott K. C. , Latshaw J. D.
Published: July 2007

The effect of processing on the fat‐soluble vitamin content of menhaden fish oil was studied. Menhaden oil samples were taken during various steps in commercial processing. Samples included a crude oil, a bleached oil, a refined oil, a refined then bleached oil, and a refined‐bleached‐deodorized‐stabilized oil. The most processed oil had only about one‐fifth as much vitamin A and vitamin D3 as the crude fish oil. Vitamin E levels were decreased by about half as a result of processing. Bleaching the oil with Fuller’s earth caused the major loss of retinols. Treating the fish oil with steam for several hours caused the major loss of vitamin D3.
Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour II— pilot plant and two‐solvent extractions
Authors: Nieh C. D. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale. The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour.

A laboratory study on separation of miscella from meal by aqueous ethanol reduced the hold‐up volume, but it did not remove all the miscella. A test with betacarotene showed that only the miscella outside the flour particles was displaced.

Aqueous ethanol solutions used as a second solvent extracted additional nontriglyceride materials (primarily phospholipids) from the meal. Also, the free fatty acid content of the oil was increased with aqueous ethanol solution wash. The quality of the extracted crude oil was lowered by using a second solvent, but it had the advantage of needing only one centrifugation to separate miscella from meal.
Production of odd chain polyunsaturated fatty acids byMortierella fungi
Authors: Shimizu Sakayu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Akimoto Kengo , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2007

A soil isolate,Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, was found to show high production of odd chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) among various arachidonic acid‐producingMortierella strains tested. The fungus mainly accumulated 5,8,11,M‐cis‐nonadecatetraenoic acid. With 5%n‐hepta‐decane and 1% yeast extract as growth substrates, the amount of C19:4:4 acid accumulated reached 44.4 mg/g dry mycelia (0.68 mg/mL of culture broth). This value accounted for 11.2% of the total fatty acids in the extracted lipids from mycelia, and odd chain fatty acids comprised over 95% of the total mycelial fatty acids. The addition of sesamin, a specific inhibitor of A5 desaturation, caused an increase in C19:3 acid and an accompanying decrease in C19:4 acid. On the other hand, species ofMortierella that could not produce C‐20 PUFAs accumulated C‐17 acids, but no C‐19 PUFAs, when grown with fatty substrates with an odd chain skeleton. The odd chain PUFAs were distributed in both neutral and polar lipids. The biosynthetic route to C19:4 acid was presumed to mimic the n‐6 route to arachidonic acid as follows: C17:0 → C17:1→ C17:2→ C17:3 → C19:3 → C19:4 acids.
An evaluation of the efficacy of antioxidants in soap by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Authors: Gupta Shyam K. , Jaworski Robert J.
Published: July 2007

A simple, rapid method for the evaluation of the efficacy of commercial antioxidants in soap products has been developed. The procedure involves forced oxidation of a sample in an oxygen‐pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) cell. The analysis is complete in 30 min and requires 5‐10 mg of sample. The forced oxidation DSC methodology described in this work may be a useful tool in the development and optimization of an antioxidant system for bar soap products and for fatty materials in general.
Permeability changes of phospholipid vesicles caused by surfactants
Authors: de la Maza A. , Sanchez Leal J. , Parra J. L. , Garcia M. T. , Ribosa I.
Published: July 2007

The partition coefficient at equilibrium of different surfactants between the aqueous phase and the lipid bilayer of small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) liposome has been determined. The release of the fluorescent agent 5‐(6) carboxyfluorescein from the interior of liposomes, induced by a nonionic surfactant octylphenol ethoxylated with 10 units of ethylene oxide (Triton X‐100), by two anionic surfactants — sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium dodecyl ether sulphate — and by an amphoteric surfactant dodecyl betaine was studied at sub‐solubilizing concentrations. The following increasing order of the partition coefficients obtained for each surfactant can be observed: Triton X‐100 > sodium dodecyl ether sulphate > sodium dodecyl sulphate > dodecyl betaine. There was a strong positive association between coefficient of partition and the ability of the different surfactants to modify the permeability of liposomes. The importance of the presence of ethylene oxide units in the molecular structure of the surfactant in relation to alter the partition coefficient in front of SUV liposomes is indicated.
Enzymic hydrolysis of animal fats in organic solvents at temperatures below their melting points
Authors: Virto M. D. , Lascaray Jose Miguel , Solozabal Rodolfo , de Renobales Mertxe
Published: July 2007

Lipase fromCandida rugosa catalyzed the hydrolysis of inedible beef tallow and pork lard (edible and inedible) in the presence of organic solvents at temperatures below the melting point of the fat. Reactions were carried out at 50% substrate with 180 lipase units per gram of fat in a two‐liter reactor. In the presence of isooctane (5‐10%) beef tallow yielded 94% hydrolysis in 24 hr both at 37° and 31°C. Edible pork lard yielded 97% hydrolysis under these conditions and at temperatures as low as 25°C, while inedible lard gave hydrolysis intermediate between the other two fats.
Effect of oleo‐disaturated triacylglycerol content on properties of palm mid fraction, sal stearin and borneo tallow blends
Authors: Alia A. R. , Embonga M. S. , Omare H. , Oh Flingohb C. H.
Published: July 2007

Binary blends of palm mid fraction (PMF) with Borneo tallow (IP) and PMF with sal stearin (SLs) showed eutectic behavior. To produce a cocoa butter extender with steep melting profiles and containing not less than 70% solid fat at 20°C, the maximum amount of PMF1 (IV=49.2) and PMF2 (IV=39.8) that could be added to IP in PMF:IP binary systems were about 10% and 33%; whereas the amount of PMF2 that could be added to SLsl (IV=33.4), SLs2 (IV=31.7) and SLs3 (IV=30.3) in PMF2:SLs binary systems were about 7%, 10% and 38%, respectively. Blends of any PMF with an iodine value of 37 or lower with IP could fulfill the above specifications at any blend ratio.
Color‐pigment correlation in virgin olive oil
Authors: Isabel Minguez‐Mosquera M. , Rejano‐Navarro Luis , Gandul‐Rojas Beatriz , SanchezGomez Antonio Higinio , Garrido‐Fernandez Juan
Published: July 2007

The chlorophyll and carotenoid content of virgin olive oils from five varieties harvested at varying degrees of ripeness were determined. Colors were evaluated from the chromatic ordinates L*, a*, b* of the absorption spectrum. Oil color changes for different varieties or stages of ripeness are directly related to pigment content and a* and b* values. The statistical study made on both series of parameters proves that there is a good correlation between them. The carotenoid content and b* have one of the best correlation coefficients (r) and is easily measured. This methodology evaluates chlorophyll and carotenoid content, an additional attribute for evaluation of virgin olive oil quality.
Utilization of zearalenone‐ contaminated corn for ethanol production
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Lagoda A. A. , Shotwell O. L. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: July 2007

Two lots of yellow corn, severely damaged byFusarium fungi and contaminated with 8.0 and 33.5 ppm zearalenone, respectively, were used for ethanol fermentations. Substrate corn (5‐kg samples) was processed in a laboratory procedure similar to that used by the fermentation industry. Stillages obtained were 7.0 to 9.0% ethanol. Ethanol was recovered by distillation, residual grain solids by filtration, and solubles by concentration. No zearalenone could be detected in the ethanol fraction. Zearalenone in the original corn was concentrated in the residual solids and solubles, which are generally used for animal feed. Treatment with formaldehyde significantly reduced the level of zearalenone in fermentation solids. Ammonium hydroxide was a much less effective agent for toxin degradation.
HPLC separation of natural oil triglycerides into fractions with the same carbon number and numbers of double bonds
Authors: Petersson B. , Podlaha O. , Töregård B.
Published: July 2007

A high performance liquid Chromatographie method was developed and tested on palm oil, low‐erucic‐acid rapeseed oil and cocoa butter. A 100‐cm long column was used, packed with Nucleosil 5 C18 and using acetonitrile/acetone, 60:40 (v/v) as mobile phase. Using this system, the oils could be separated directly into fractions specified by having the same carbon number and number of double bonds. Earlier, the same fractionation could be obtained only by a 2‐step Chromatographie separation. The fractions have been found to be very pure and to have simple triglyceride composition with only one totally dominating triglyceride type in almost all cases.
A new method for evaluating the washing power of washing agents for cotton fabrics: I. description
Authors: Vogtman W. , Degórski A. , Wójcik E.
Published: July 2007

This work describes a new method of evaluating washing effec‐tiveness based on analysis of light scattering on washed fabric. A relationship was found for determining the maximal degree of cleaning achieved using given washing agents in given physico‐chemical conditions. The errors in the method for evaluating the degree of cleaning are also discussed in this work.
The determination of alcohol and ether sulfates and their respective alkyl carbon distributions in detergent formulations by gas chromatography
Authors: Sones E. L. , Hoyt J. L. , Sooter A. J.
Published: July 2007

Four fractions, isolated by the procedure pre‐sented in a previous paper, are analyzed by gas chromatography to obtain additional information about the formulation. The alkyl homolog distribu‐tion of ethoxylated alcohol nonionic is determined by the gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the re‐sultant alkyl iodides (RI‐FNI) produced by the pre‐viously reported procedure. The relative ratio of alco‐hol sulfate to ethoxylated alcohol sulfate is determined by the GC analysis of the combined acid‐hydrolyzed products of these two active ingredients. The alkyl homolog distributions of the alcohol sul‐fate (AS) and ethoxylated alcohol sulfate are then individually calculated after GC analysis of the resultant alkyl iodides produced from the two in‐gredients by the previous procedure. The source of the original alcohol reactants can often be identified by the characteristic alkyl homologs which are produced by the presented techniques.
Preparation of meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer esters, and their use as lubricants
Authors: Burg Douglas A. , Kleiman Robert
Published: July 2007

Meadowfoam dimer acids have been prepared in a thermal clay‐catalyzed reaction. Reaction conditions have been optimized, and yields of 44% were obtained with 2% water and 6–8% of an acid‐washed montmorillonite clay, based on the meadowfoam fatty acids. Purity of the distilled dimer acids was 79–89% with most of the remaining 11–22% being residual mono‐ and tribasic acids. Dimethyl, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl), and di‐n‐butyl meadowfoam dimer ester derivatives were also prepared. Color, viscosity, and wear‐preventive characteristics of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer ester derivatives were compared to those of commercial dimer acids and dimer esters. The viscosity of the meadowfoam dimer acids is similar to that of Empol® 1010, which is also derived from a highly monounsaturated fatty acid source. Viscosities of the meadowfoam dimer esters were also comparable to those of commercial dimer esters. Wear prevention characteristics, as determined by the four‐ball test method, of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer esters were similar to those of the commercial products. In one case, the di‐n‐butyl esters, the meadowfoam derivative showed a significantly smaller wear scar than that shown by the di‐n‐butyl derivative of Unidyme® 14.
Chemistry of long‐chain peroxy acids under laundry conditions
Authors: Bolsman T. A. B. M. , Kok R. , Vreugdenhil A. D.
Published: July 2007

Peroxycarboxylic acids are increasingly used as bleaching agents for the laundering process. These peroxy acids can be added as such to the wash liquor or may be generated in situ by reaction of a precursor component with hydrogen peroxide. Bleaching effectiveness appears to be determined by a delicate balance of chemical reactions of peroxy acid with the staining dyes and the rate of peroxy acid decomposition under the prevailing conditions. To improve our understanding of the chemistry involved we have carried out a systematic study using a range of aromatic and aliphatic mono‐ and diperoxycarboxylic acids with various carbon chain lengths and degrees of branching. We investigated peroxy acid decomposition, bleaching of stained fabric and bleaching of a water‐soluble dye, and showed that the alkyl chain length of the peroxy acids, the presence of detergent components and the pH of the medium are important factors. Combination of the kinetic data for decomposition and bleaching reactions allows the selection of structures and conditions for optimum performance.
Crystalline fractionation of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Herrera M. L. , Segura J. A. , Añon M. C.
Published: July 2007

Crystalline fractionation of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil was performed and the chemical composition of the separated fractions at different temperatures was determined. The results show that the triglycerides obtained after a short retention time (less than 16.4 min) were enriched in the low‐temperature fractions (lower than 22°C), the triglycerides of long retention time (more than 21.5 min) were concentrated in the higher‐temperature fractions (higher than 30°C), and the triglycerides of medium retention time (between 16.4 and 21.5 min) were concentrated in the medium‐temperature fractions (22°C to 30°C). The partition ratio of triglycerides with retention times of 8.8, 12.5, 16.5, 21.5 and 29.1 minutes was increased as a function of the fractionation temperature.
A hybrid membrane‐emulsion reactor for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lipids
Authors: Pronk Wouter , van der Burgt Machteld , Boswinkel Gerard , van ’t Riet Klaas
Published: July 2007

A hybrid reactor, consisting of a stirred vessel, a hydrophilic membrane loop and a hydrophobic membrane loop, is presented for the continuous enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil in an emulsion. The permeates of the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic membrane consist of a single water phase and a single lipid phase, respectively. No lipase activity could be detected in the permeates of both membranes, which implies that all enzyme is retained in the system. An important advantage of this system is that it combines the high surface area in an emulsion with the containment of lipase in a membrane reactor. It is further shown that the stability of the system can be improved considerably by the addition of CaCl2 to the water phase. Under comparable conditions the enzyme stability in the hybrid reactor is lower than the stability in a stirred vessel. The composition of the emulsion appears to influence the flux of the membranes. The flux of the hydrophobic membrane increases with an increasing oil fraction of the emulsion while the flux of the hydrophilic membrane has an optimum for two different oil fractions—0 and 0.55 (v/v).
Fatty acid composition of oil from adapted, elite corn breeding materials
Authors: Dunlap Francie G. , White Pamela J. , Pollak Linda M. , Brumm Thomas J.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition of corn oil can be altered to meet consumer demands for “healthful” fats (i.e., lower saturates and higher monounsaturates). To this end, a survey of 418 corn hybrids and 98 corn inbreds grown in Iowa was done to determine the fatty acid composition of readily‐available, adapted, elite corn breeding materials. These materials are those used in commercial hybrid production. Eighty‐seven hybrids grown in France (18 of which also were grown in lowa) were analyzed to determine environmental influence on fatty acid content. The parents of the hybrids and the inbreds were classified in one of four heterotic groups: Lancaster, Stiff Stalk, non‐Lancaster/non‐Stiff Stalk, and Other.t‐Tests and correlation analyses were performed with statistical significance accepted at a level ofP≤0.05. The findings showed a wide range of fatty acid profiles present in adapted, elite corn breeding materials with ranges for each fatty acid as follows: palmitic acid, 6.7–16.5%; palmitoleic acid, 0.0–1.2%; stearic acid, 0.7–6.6%; oleic acid, 16.2–43.8%; linoleic acid, 39.5–69.5%; linolenic acid, 0.0–3.1%; and arachidic acid, 0.0–1.0%. Small amounts of myristic acid, margaric acid, and gadoleic acid also were found. Three lines had total saturates of 9.1% or less. Thirty‐six of thet‐tests involving hybrids showed significant differences among heterotic groups. There were small but significant correlations among protein, starch and oil content and the amounts of several fatty acids. Results from the corn grown in France vs. lowa demonstrated a large environmental effect that overwhelmed the genetic differences among lines. This study shows that for some attributes, a breeding program involving adapted corn breeding materials might produce the desired oil. Other types of oil (such as high‐oleic) would have to be produced in a different manner, for example, by a breeding program with exotic breeding materials.
Method for characterization of triacylglycerols and fat‐soluble vitamins in edible oils and fats by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Manninen Pekka , Laakso Päivi , Kallio Heikki
Published: July 2007

This study demonstrates the usefulness of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for the characterization of triacylglycerols of edible oils and fats. Triacylglycerols were separated according to the acyl carbon number and the degree of unsaturation on a 25% cyanopropyl/25% phenyl/50% methylpolysiloxane stationary phase. Valuable information concerning the triacylglycerol composition of berry oils was obtained, despite the overlapping of certain triacylglycerol peaks. Simultaneous analysis of fat‐soluble vitamins and triacylglycerols is not practical by capillary SFC with flame‐ionization detection because of the low concentration of naturally‐occurring fat‐soluble vitamins in edible oils. Therefore, higher loading of the sample, which led to overloading of triacylglycerols, was required to get reasonable peaks for fat‐soluble vitamins. The method was applied to the characterization of triacylglycerols and tocopherols in sea buckthorn pulp and seed oil, and cloudberry seed oil without any sample purification prior to SFC. In addition, the stationary phase proved useful for separating the more complex mixtures of triacylglycerols found in milk fat and in fish oil.
Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. V. Dielectric constant
Authors: Gouw T. H. , Vlugter J. C.
Published: July 2007

The dielectric constants of methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, erucate and of saturated fatty acid methyl esters acetate through nonadecanoate have been measured at 20 and 40C in the liquid state. The data of the saturated compounds have been correlated with the Smittenberg relation. We computed molar additive properties and increments for the CH2 group through the Van Elk relation. For the saturated members of the series alternation is observed in the liquid state.
A neutron activation method for soil removal measurements: A comparison of the reflectance method and the neutron activation method
Authors: Netzel D. A. , Stanley C. W. , Rathburn D. W.
Published: July 2007

A nondestructive neutron activation analysis technique has been developed to determine the amt of particulate kaolinite clay soil removed from cotton fibers during a wash cycle.

Neutron bombardment of aluminum, present as a constituent of the kaolinite lattice structure, produces short‐lived aluminum‐28. The amt of particulate soil present on a piece of cotton cloth before and after the wash cycle is determined by े scintillation counting of the aluminum‐28, thus providing an absolute method for the determination of the percentage of soil removed. A comparison of this method with the reflectance method has been made, and equations relating reflectance to clay concn for washed and unwashed soiled cloths have been developed for a given surfactant. It was found that the relationship of the concn of the soil on the test cloths and the measured reflectance depends upon whether the cloth has been washed or unwashed.

The validity of the applicability of the Kubelka‐Munk equation relating reflectance to soil content on cotton fabric has been experimentally confirmed for soiled cloths have high reflectivity.
Pro‐oxidant effect of some carbonyl compounds in vegetable oils
Authors: Anderson R. H. , Huntley T. E.
Published: July 2007

Certain carbonyl compounds comparable in structure to those which might be produced in browning degradations of sugars were found to act as pro‐oxidants in vegetable oils. Action of these compounds as pro‐oxidants was apparent in oils held at 57C in open beakers, but not in oils at 99C in the AOM test.
Chromatographically homogeneous egg lecithin as stabilizer of emulsions for intravenous nutrition
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Brown M. L. , Singleton W. S.
Published: July 2007

Physically stable emulsions of cottonseed and soybean oils at 20% concn were prepared with chromatographically homogeneous egg lecithin at 1% concn as the sole emulsifier, and a 2.5% solution of glycerol as the aqueous phase. The physical stability of the emulsions was a function of the pH of the product, optimum pH 6.6~6.8. Aqueous solutions of dextrose and sorbitol decreased in pH to 4.8 when autoclaved, regardless of prior adjustment of pH to as high as 8.5, and emulsions in which these solutions were used as the aqueous phase exhibited phase separation. There was no significant decrease in pH, and no phase separation, in emulsions which contained glycerol solution as the aqueous phase. It appears that glycerol is superior to dextrose as the isotonic agent in lecithin‐stabilized emulsions for intravenous nutrition.

Particle sizes and their distribution in lecithin‐stabilized emulsions of cottonseed and soybean oils were determined by means of a Coulter Counter. Approximately 99% of the oil in these emulsions was dispersed as particles whose diameters were no larger than 5 ॖ.
Drugs affecting lipid synthesis
Authors: Holmes W. L.
Published: July 2007

The apparent direct casual relationship of elevated blood lipids to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has resulted in many lines of investigation directed toward the control of lipids, particularly cholesterol, in blood and tissues. Much of this work during the past decade has been concerned with the regulation of endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. No attempt has been made herein to discuss the many cholesterol synthesis inhibitors which have been reported, but rather the salient features of two compounds, triparanol and nicotinic acid, both of which have been extensively used in the clinic, have been reviewed with a major emphasis on their mechanism of action. In addition, preliminary studies with two classes of azasteroids, a group of 3‐(ॆ‐dialkylaminoethoxy)‐substituted steroids, and a substituted alphatic acid, ethyl‐ॅ‐p‐chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, have been discussed. Brief mention is made of the effect of another class of hypocholesterolemic drugs, D‐ and L‐triiodothyronine, on the synthesis of chenodeoxycholate and cholate from cholesterol.
Safety in solvent plant operation and miscella refining
Authors: Cavanagh G. C.
Published: July 2007

Some of the safety hazards in solvent plant and miscella refining operations are enumerated. Recommendations for minimizing or eliminating these hazards are proposed.

Proper plant design, intelligent operation and meticulous attention to preventative maintenance will in most cases anticipate trouble spots and correct them before operating problems occur.
Mutagenic potential of ammonia‐related aflatoxin reaction products in a model system
Authors: Hawortha S. R. , Lawlor T. E. , Zeiger E. , Lee L. S. , Park D. L.
Published: July 2007

In a joint research effort, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program and the U.S. Department of Agriculture determined the mutagenic potential of aflatoxin reaction products following ammoniation of aflatoxin B 1 in a pressure chamber used to decontaminate aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed meal. Uniformly ring‐labeled (14C)‐aflatoxin B1 was added to nonlabeled B1, distributed on an inert carrier and treated with 4% ammonia at 40 psi, 100 C, for 30 min. Aflatoxin‐derived decontamination reaction products were separated, and fractions having a high specific activity were tested for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella/mammalian‐microsome mutagenicity assay (Ames test). When concentrations ranging from 3.3 to 100 μg per plate were tested, all fractions exhibited a similar mutagenic response. The observed mutagenic activity was 2,000‐20,000 times less than that observed with nonammoniated aflatoxin B1.
Microbiological synthesis of wax esters by euglena gracilis
Authors: Koritala S.
Published: July 2007

Euglena gracias (ATCC 12716) grown on yeast‐malt extract medium synthesized wax esters. Saturated even‐numbered acids and alcohols (C12 to C18) were major con‐stituents, with traces of odd‐numbered fatty acids and alcohols. Tetradecanoic acid and tetradecanyl alcohol were the predominant components, and tetradecanyl tetradecanoate was the predominant wax ester.
Chemical characterization and physicochemical behavior of biosurfactants
Authors: Parra J. L , Guinea J. , Manresa M. A. , Robert M. , Mercadé M. E. , Comelles F. , Bosch M. P.
Published: July 2007

Microbes have been isolated from soil and water samples after an enrichment culture process with kerosene and tested for biosurfactant production by measuring the surface and interfacial tensions and emulsification power of culture broths. The isolation and characterization of extracellular surface‐active agents from the culture broth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 44T1 strain have been made. Preliminary structure identification with specific TLC reagents of the CHCl3MeOH (2:1) extracts showed two spots with a glycolipidic structure and Rf values of 0.70 and 0.45, respectively, using the solvent system CHCl3:MeOH:H2O (65:25:4). Separation of surface active agents by Chromatographic absorption column in Florisil or silica gel and further spectroscopic study (IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR) and chemical degradation techniques (acid and alkaline hydrolysis) gave a structure of β[β(2‐0‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyloxy)decanoyl] decanoic acid and β[β (2‐0‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyloxy) decanoyloxy] decanoic acid (glycolipid A and glycolipid B, respectively) for the two glycolipids detected. A new method of mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS), was used to probe molecular structure. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition and sequence information signals, and they are in agreement with the proposed structures. Physicochemical evaluations of the two isolated glycolipids were made. The minimum surface tension obtained was 25 mN/m in water solutions. At pH 7 the CMC value was 11 ppm. In both cases, at pH 3 the CMC was displaced to lower and at pH 9 it was displaced to higher concentration values. Glycolipid B showed a lower value of interfacial tension (0.2 mN/m) than glycolipid A (1.0 mN/m). Glycolipid A showed a lower CMC value at alkaline pH, whereas glycolipid B had a lower CMC at acidic pH than at alkaline pH.
The addition of mercaptans to methyl sterculate and sterculene: An hypothesis concerning the nature of the biological activity exhibited by cyclopropene derivatives
Authors: Kircher H. W.
Published: July 2007

Lipids that contain a cyclopropene ring have been found to be biologically active when incorporated into the diet of laying hens. Methyl sterculate and sterculene (1,2‐di‐n‐octylcyclopropene) are examples of these compounds. When added to dilute solutions of methyl mercaptan and ॆ‐mercaptopropionic acid, the sulfhydryl group added to the double bond of the cyclopropene ring. The cyclopropyl methyl and 2‐carboxyethyl derivatives were isolated and their structure established. This reaction of sulfhydryl groups with the cyclopropene ring may have its counterpart in the animal舗s body, and could be the cause of the physiological effects that are observed when cyclopropene derivatives are fed to laying hens.
A study of detergent biodegradability as shown by various analytical techniques
Authors: Allred R. C. , Setzkorn E. A. , Huddleston R. L.
Published: July 2007

The data discussed in this paper indicate the importance of the application of a number of different analytical procedures to a detergent biodegradation study, since no single technique is an adequate means of measuring the various aspects of detergent biodegradability.

This paper describes surface tension, colorimetric, manometric, radioactive, and GLC analytical methods applicable to detergent biodegradation analyses, with an interpretation of the results given by each method.

The biological system used in the studies is also described.
Rigid urethane foams from blown castor oils
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett Vilma H. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: July 2007

Solvent‐blown rigid urethane foams prepared from a low‐cost polyol mixture composed of raw castor oil and triisopropanolamine have been described. Foams with higher compressive strengths can be obtained by substituting oxidized (blown) castor oil for the raw castor oil in formulations of this type.

The properties of rigid foams prepared from several commercial blown castor oils are described. The properties of these foams are correlated with the degree of oxidation of the blown oils used, as indicated by their oxygen content, density, viscosity, and refractive index. Removal of acid from blown oils having high acid values has no significant effect on the compressive strength of foams prepared from these oils.

When blown castor oil is used instead of raw castor oil, less isocyanate is required to produce a urethane foam of specified density and compressive strength.
Gas chromatography ofCis‐Trans fatty acid isomers on nitrile silicone capillary columns
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond , Isbell A. F. , Feldman G. L.
Published: July 2007

Three nitrile silicone polymers have been evaluated as liquid phases for gas chromatographic separation of the geometric isomers of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate on capillary columns. A polymer of ॆ‐cyanoethylmethylsiloxane proved the most effective. This liquid phase separated oleate from elaidate, resolved the four geometric isomers of linoleate into three peaks, and divided the eight geometric isomers of linolenate into six peaks. Two other copolymers of dimethylsiloxane and ॆ‐cyanoethylmethylsiloxane gave poorer resolution ofcis‐trans isomers, but showed different elution patterns for the geometric isomers of linoleate and linolenate.
Cyclic fatty acids from linolenic acid
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L.
Published: July 2007

Linolenic acid of 95% purity was heated with excess alkali in ethylene glycol to produce cyclic fatty acids. Reaction variables, which are associated with the cyclization reaction and which were investigated, included solvent‐to‐fatty‐acid ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature, headspace gas (N2 or C2H4), and head‐space gas pressure.

Yields of cyclic acids were improved by increasing solvent ratio (1.5舑6 wt basis), reaction temperature (225舑295C), and catalyst concentration (10舑100% excess). With nitrogen the optimum catalyst concentration was about 100% excess, but when ethylene was used, no increase was obtained beyond 50% excess catalyst. Yields of polymeric acids produced in the reaction generally decreased as cyclic acid yields increased, except in one instance.

Higher yields of cyclic fatty acids were obtained with ethylene than with nitrogen under all comparable conditions, and increasing the ethylene pressure to as high as 500 psi improved the yield. Ethylene adds to the conjugated double bonds and is believed to give C20 fatty acids having a 1,4‐disubstituted monoene ring in the chain. The maximum yield of monomeric cyclic acids from 95% linolenic acid was 84.6%, the balance being polymeric and unreacted monomeric acids. Monomeric acids from this test contained 95% cyclic acids.
Simmons‐Smith reaction of allylic hydroxylated long chain α, β‐unsaturated esters
Authors: Ahmad M. S. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

The reaction of methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate [1b] with diiodomethane in the presence of zinc‐copper couple yielded methyl 4‐methoxy‐trans‐2,3‐methylenehexadecanoate [2] in a 70% yield, together with methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2,3‐methylenehexadecanoate [3] (∼20%). The presence of an allylic hydroxyl group in the α,β‐unsaturated ester increases the yield of the cyclopropanation product. The formation ofo‐methyl ether reveals the dual role of cyclopropanation and etherification by S.S. reagent of a hydroxylated olefinic compound.
Detection of goat body fat in ghee by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Lambelet P. , Singhal O. P. , Ganguli N. C.
Published: July 2007

The differences in the melting diagrams and crystallization patterns of goat body fat and ghee, as determined by differential thermal analysis, provide a basis for the determination of adulteration in cow or buffalo ghee. The new endothermic peak on the melting diagram in samples having more than 10% goat body fat can be used for qualitative detection and the crystallization diagram can be used for quantitative estimation.
Polymorphism of POS. II. kinetics of melt crystallization
Authors: Koyano T. , Hachiya I. , Arishima T. , Sagi N. , Sato K.
Published: July 2007

Melt crystallization of four polymorphs of POS, α,δ, pseudo‐β′ andβ, was examined with pure samples (>99.9%). Induction time, τ, for newly occurring crystals was measured with a polarizing microscope equipped with a temperature‐controlled growth cell. Rate of crystallization, 1/τ, was obtained for each polymorph, whose identification was done with x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two modes of crystallization, melt cooling and melt mediation, were applied. From these experiments, the following conclusions were obtained: (i) The rate of melt‐mediated crystallization was always higher than of simple melt cooling; (ii) the pseudo‐β′ form was crystallized in a wider range of temperature than the less stable δ form; (iii) the occurrence behavior of the polymorphs differed between simple melt cooling and melt mediation; (iv) the δ form was crystallized only by simple melt cooling in a narrow range of temperature, 25.5°C∼28.3°C. This means that there is a possibility that δ may result from racemic compounds that are crystallized in a specific manner. The experimental results are discussed in comparison to 1,3‐dipalmitoyl2‐oleoylglycerol (POP), 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (SOS) and cocoa butter.
High antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from sage by supercritical co2 extraction
Authors: Djarmati Z. , Jankov R. M. , Schwirtlich E. , Djulinac B. , Djordjevic A.
Published: July 2007

The ethanolic extract of sage(Salvia officinalis L.) was separated into five fractions through reextraction with supercritical CO2. Further fractionation of the most active antioxidant fractions by means of liquid chromatography, with silicic acid as absorbent, yielded 2H‐10,4α‐(epoxy methano)‐phenantren‐12‐one‐1,3,4,9,10,10αhexahydro‐5, 6‐dihydroxy‐9α‐ethoxy‐1,1‐dimethyl‐7‐(1methylethy), (rosmanol‐9‐ethyl ether). The same compound was isolated from the alcoholic extract of the hyssop(Hyssopus officinalis L.). Rosmanol‐9‐ethyl ether was shown to be one of the active antioxidant components in sage and hyssop, with activity much greater than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
Solubilization of vitamin C in fish oil and synergistic effect with vitamin E in retarding oxidation
Authors: Han Daeseok , Yi Ock‐Sook , Shin Hyun‐Kyung
Published: July 2007

Antioxidative effects of ascorbic acid and δ‐tocopherol on the oxidation of sardine oil stored at 30°C in the dark has been investigated. It was found from phase diagrams and peroxide values of fish oil/lecithin/water systems that the desirable levels of lecithin and water to solubilize ascorbic acid in the oil were 0.3% (w/w) and 0.1% (w/w), respectively. When ascorbic acid (0.02%) and δ‐tocopherol (0.4%) were used together, the induction period of fish oil could be lengthened 22‐fold, due to their synergism. They could inhibit the production of carbonyl and volatile compounds and oxidative polymerization.
Mechanism of formation of chloropropanols present in protein hydrolysates
Authors: Collier P. D. , Cromie D. D. O. , Davies A. P.
Published: July 2007

Chloropropanols are formed in protein hydrolysates by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with residual lipids associated with the proteinaceous materials used in their production. The products formed from glycerol, triolein, 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine and soya meal have been analyzed by thin‐layer and gas chromatography. The yields and isomer ratios of the chloropropandiols and dichloropropanols formed are interpreted in terms of reaction mechanisms for their formation, which involve preferential nucleophilic substitution by the chloride anion at positions activated by neighboring ester groups. These provide anchimeric assistance and govern regioselectivity through steric and electronic effects.
Triglyceride analysis with glass capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Grob K. , Neukom H. P. , Battaglia R.
Published: July 2007

The analyses of triglycerides on capillary columns is reported. Applications in which this technique can be used include: rapid identification of fats and oils, measurement of butter fat or coconut oil content in margarine or chocolate, monitoring of processes such as fractionation, transesterification or heat treatment. Although separation of all isomers within a group of triglycerides with identical carbon numbers is not usually feasible by gas chromatography (GC) alone, the resolution obtained with capillary columns gives more information than that obtained with packed column GC. The conditions used in this work are described. Persilylated columns coated with nonpolar gum phases could be used for ca. 1 yr with hundreds of injections.
Preparation of an ω3 fatty acid concentrate from cod liver oil
Authors: Haagsma N. , van Gent C. M. , Luten J. B. , de Jong R. W. , van Doorn E.
Published: July 2007

Preparation of an 85% ω3 fatty acid concentrate from cod liver oil is described. The urea inclusion compound method was used. On the average, 265 g of concentrate was obtained from 1,000 g of cod liver oil. For stabilization of the fatty acids, 0.01% octyl gallate was added.
Adsorption study of nonionic surfactants on polyester fibers
Authors: Gum M. L. , Goddard E. D.
Published: July 2007

An adsorption study of a series of nonionic surfactants on polyester fiber was performed to determine the relative importance of sub‐strate affinity in the detergency process. The fiber used in this study was a multifilament polyester yarn. Because of the relatively low surface area/g of the yarn, analytical methods for detecting the depletion of surfactant due to adsorption have to be extremely sensitive. One qualitative technique used was streaming potential measurements. The electrokinetic effect, which the streaming poten‐tial measures, depends on the nature of the electrical double layer at the fiber/solution interface. The modification of the streaming potential indicates that the extent of surfactant adsorption onto the fiber surface is very similar for the nonionic surfactants studied. A very sensitive, quantitative analytical technique, which can only be used for surfactants with an appropriate chromophore, is ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The UV study showed that the adsorption of the nonylphenol ethoxylate onto the polyester is Langmuirian with the adsorption plateau occurring at the critical micelle concentra‐tion. For alcohol ethoxylates without a UV chromophore, con‐venient quantification at the ppm level represents a difficult analyt‐ical problem. In this work, total carbon analysis was developed as a sensitive analytical tool for surfactant determination. Agreement between the UV and total carbon data for the nonylphenol ethox‐ylate was quite good. The relevance of the data to the detergency process is discussed.