bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and Bonding in Stannadiphospholes and their Dianions SnC2P2R2m (R=H, tBu m=0, −2): A Comparative Study with C5H5+ and C5H5− Analogues
Authors: Reddy K. Harikrishna , Usharani Dandamudi , Nixon John F. , Jemmis Eluvathingal D.
Published: July 2011

The potential energy surfaces of both neutral and dianionic SnC2P2R2 (R=H, tBu) ring systems have been explored at the B3PW91/LANL2DZ (Sn) and 6‐311+G* (other atoms) level. In the neutral isomers the global minimum is a nido structure in which a 1,2‐diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (1,2‐DPCB) is capped by the Sn. Interestingly, the structure established by X‐ray diffraction analysis, for R=tBu, is a 1,3‐DPCB ring capped by Sn and it is 2.4 kcal mol−1 higher in energy than the 1,2‐DPCB ring isomer. This is possibly related to the kinetic stability of the 1,3‐DPCB ring, which might originate from the synthetic precursor ZrCp2tBu2C2P2. In the case of the dianionic isomers we observe only a 6π‐electron aromatic structure as the global minimum, similarly to the cases of our previously reported results with other types of heterodiphospholes.1, 4, 19 The existence of large numbers of cluster‐type isomers in neutral and 6π‐planar structures in the dianions SnC2P2R22− (R=H, tBu) is due to 3D aromaticity in neutral clusters and to 2D π aromaticity of the dianionic rings. Relative energies of positional isomers mainly depend on: 1) the valency and coordination number of the Sn centre, 2) individual bond strengths, and 3) the steric effect of tBu groups. A comparison of neutral stannadiphospholes with other structurally related C5H5+ analogues indicates that Sn might be a better isolobal analogue to P+ than to BH or CH+. The variation in global minima in these C5H5+ analogues is due to characteristic features such as 1) the different valencies of C, B, P and Sn, 2) the electron deficiency of B, 3) weaker pπ–pπ bonding by P and Sn atoms, and 4) the tendency of electropositive elements to donate electrons to nido clusters. Unlike the C5H5+ systems, all C5H5− analogues have 6π‐planar aromatic structures as global minima. The differences in the relative ordering of the positional isomers and ligating properties are significant and depend on 1) the nature of the π orbitals involved, and 2) effective overlap of orbitals.
Developing a Hetero‐Alkali‐Metal Chemistry of 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide (TMP): Stoichiometric and Structural Diversity within a Series of Lithium/Sodium, Lithium/Potassium and Sodium/Potassium TMP Compounds
Authors: Armstrong David R. , Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E. , Robertson Stuart D.
Published: July 2011

Studied extensively in solution and in the solid state, Li(TMP) (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide) is an important utility reagent popular as a strongly basic, weakly nucleophilic tool for CH metallation. Recently, there has been a surge in interest in mixed metal derivatives containing the bulky TMP anion. Herein, we start to develop hetero (alkali metal) TMP chemistry by reporting the N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA)‐hemisolvated sodium–lithium cycloheterodimer [(tmeda)Na(μ‐tmp)2Li], and its TMEDA‐free variant [{Na(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)}∞], which provides a rare example of a crystallographically authenticated polymeric alkali metal amide. Experimental observations suggest that the former is a kinetic intermediate en route to the latter thermodynamic product. Furthermore, a third modification, the mixed potassium–lithium‐rich cycloheterotrimer [(tmeda)K(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)], has also been synthesised and crystallographically characterised. On moving to the bulkier tridentate donor N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenediamine (PMDETA), the additional ligation forces the sodium–lithium and potassium–dilithium ring species to open giving the acyclic arc‐shaped complexes [(pmdeta)Na(μ‐tmp)Li(tmp)] and [(pmdeta)K(μ‐tmp)Li(μ‐tmp)Li(tmp)], respectively. Completing the series, the potassium–lithium and potassium–sodium derivatives [(pmdeta)K(μ‐tmp)2M] (M=Li, Na) have also been isolated as closed structures with a distinctly asymmetric central MN2K ring. Collectively, these seven new bimetallic compounds display five distinct structural motifs, four of which have never hitherto been witnessed in TMP chemistry and three of which are unprecedented in the vast structural library of alkali metal amide chemistry.
Centrosome amplification in CHO and DT40 cells by inactivation of cyclin‐dependent kinases
Authors: Steere Nathan , Wagner Michael , Beishir Stephen , Smith Ewan , Breslin Loretta , Morrison Ciaran G. , Hochegger Helfrid , Kuriyama Ryoko
Published: July 2011

To study the mechanism of centrosome duplication in cycling cells, we established a novel system of multiple centrosome formation in two types of cells: CHO cells treated with RO3306, a Cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) inhibitor and DT40 cells, in which Cdks were knocked out by chemical genetics. Cdk1‐inactivated cells initiated DNA replication and centrosome duplication at the onset of S phase. They became arrested at the end of G2, but the centrosome cycle continued to produce supernumerary centrioles/centrosomes without DNA endoreplication in those cells. Centrosomes were amplified in a highly synchronous and reproducible manner: all of them were located next to the nucleus and spread widely apart from each other with several μm in distance. Double knockout of Cdk1 and Cdk2 caused cell cycle arrest at G1/S and centrosomes were no longer duplicated. However, cells continued to grow and increased their volume over 10‐fold during 48 hr of culture. Centrosome components, including γ‐tubulin and Cep135, were synthesized and accumulated during the arrest, allowing rapid centrosome multiplication upon recovery from the cell cycle arrest or expression of exogenous Plk4 in G1/S cells. Thus centrosome amplification results from the discoordination of the centrosome cycle from the progression of other cell cycle events, which is controlled by different levels of Cdk activities. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpected Opioid Activity Profiles of Analogues of the Novel Peptide Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligand CJ‐15,208
Authors: Aldrich Jane V. , Kulkarni Santosh S. , Senadheera Sanjeewa N. , Ross Nicolette C. , Reilley Kate J. , Eans Shainnel O. , Ganno Michelle L. , Murray Thomas F. , McLaughlin Jay P.
Published: July 2011

An alanine scan was performed on the novel κ opioid receptor (KOR) peptide ligand CJ‐15,208 to determine which residues contribute to the potent in vivo agonist activity observed for the parent peptide. These cyclic tetrapeptides were synthesized by a combination of solid‐phase peptide synthesis of the linear precursors, followed by cyclization in solution. Like the parent peptide, each of the analogues exhibited agonist activity and KOR antagonist activity in an antinociceptive assay in vivo. Unlike the parent peptide, the agonist activity of the potent analogues was mediated predominantly, if not exclusively, by μ opioid receptors (MOR). Thus analogues 2 and 4, in which one of the phenylalanine residues was replaced by alanine, exhibited both potent MOR agonist activity and KOR antagonist activity in vivo. These peptides represent novel lead compounds for the development of peptide‐based opioid analgesics.
Successful recruitment of healthy African American men to genomic studies from high‐volume community health fairs
Authors: Patel Yash R. , Carr Katherine A. , Magjuka David , Mohammadi Yousef , Dropcho Edward F. , Reed Angela D. , Moore Marietta L. , Waddell Mary Jane , Shedd‐Steele Rivienne , Sweeney Christopher J. , Hahn Noah M.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Study of genomic data obtained from patient biospecimens is frequent in research of subjects with prostate and other epithelial malignancies. Understanding of the characteristics of healthy men who participate in genomic research is limited.

METHODS:

Patients were identified through the Prostate Cancer Genetic Risk Evaluation of SNPs Study and the Indiana University Cancer Biomarker Study, 2 population‐based biomarker and cohort studies. Between 2006 and 2010, healthy Caucasian (n = 774) and healthy African American (n = 381) men were recruited and enrolled at high‐volume free community health fairs. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire and provided a blood sample for genomic research investigations. Frequency differences between demographic features of healthy African American and Caucasian men were compared and analyzed by 2‐sample t test and multivariate logistic regression after adjusting potential confounding variables with significance at the P < .05 level. Features examined included: age, body mass index (BMI), income, education, marital status, tobacco, alcohol, family history, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, and prior prostate cancer screening history.

RESULTS:

Significant differences between healthy Caucasian and African American men participating in genomic research included: marital status (married, 69% Caucasian vs 46% African American, P< < .001), mean age (years, 58 Caucasian vs 54 African American, P < .001), mean BMI (kg/m2, 30.9 Caucasian vs 32.3 African American, P = .004), annual income (P = .038), education (P = .002), and mean PSA (ng/mL, 1.2 Caucasian vs 2.0 African American, P = .005).

CONCLUSIONS:

Significant demographic differences exist between healthy Caucasian and African American men choosing to participate in genomic research. These differences may be important in designing genomic research study recruitment strategies. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Racial variation in breast cancer treatment among Department of Defense beneficiaries
Authors: Enewold Lindsey , Zhou Jing , McGlynn Katherine A. , Anderson William F. , Shriver Craig D. , Potter John F. , Zahm Shelia H. , Zhu Kangmin
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although the overall age‐adjusted incidence rates for female breast cancer are higher among whites than blacks, mortality rates are higher among blacks. Many attribute this discrepancy to disparities in health care access and to blacks presenting with later stage disease. Within the Department of Defense (DoD) Military Health System, all beneficiaries have equal access to health care. The aim of this study was to determine whether female breast cancer treatment varied between white and black patients in the DoD system.

METHODS:

The study data were drawn from the DoD cancer registry and medical claims databases. Study subjects included 2308 white and 391 black women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1998 and 2000. Multivariate logistic regression analyses that controlled for demographic factors, tumor characteristics, and comorbidities were used to assess racial differences in the receipt of surgery, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy.

RESULTS:

There was no significant difference in surgery type, particularly when mastectomy was compared with breast‐conserving surgery plus radiation (blacks vs whites: odds ratio [OR], 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8‐1.5). Among those with local stage tumors, blacks were as likely as whites to receive chemotherapy (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.9‐1.7) and hormonal therapy (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6‐1.4). Among those with regional stage tumors, blacks were significantly less likely than whites to receive chemotherapy (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2‐0.7) and hormonal therapy (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3‐0.8).

CONCLUSIONS:

Even within an equal access health care system, stage‐related racial variations in breast cancer treatment are evident. Studies that identify driving factors behind these within‐stage racial disparities are warranted. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The efficacy of taxane chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
Authors: Kriege Mieke , Jager Agnes , Hooning Maartje J. , Huijskens Elisabeth , Blom Jannet , van Deurzen Carolien H. M. , Bontenbal Marijke , Collee J. Margriet , Menke‐Pluijmers Marian B. E. , Martens John W. M. , Seynaeve Caroline
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

We assessed the efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in BRCA1‐ and BRCA2‐associated patients compared with sporadic metastatic breast cancer patients.

METHODS:

Response rates (RRs) to and progression‐free survival (PFS) after taxane chemotherapy of 35 BRCA1‐associated and 13 BRCA2‐associated metastatic breast cancer patients were compared with those outcomes in 95 matched (1:2) sporadic patients. Matching was performed for age at and year of diagnosis of primary breast cancer, year of metastatic disease, and line of therapy (first vs second or third).

RESULTS:

Among BRCA1‐associated patients, the RR was worse (objective response [OR], 23% vs 38%; progressive disease [PD], 60% vs 19%; P < 0.001); and the median PFS shorter (2.2 vs 4.9 months; P = 0.04) compared with sporadic patients. In the subgroup of hormone receptor (HRec)‐negative patients, BRCA1‐associated patients (n = 20) had a worse RR (OR, 20% vs 42%, respectively; PD, 70% vs 26%, respectively; P = 0.03) and a shorter PFS (1.8 vs 3.8 months; P = 0.004) compared with sporadic patients (n = 19). These outcomes in HRec‐positive patients were similar in BRCA1‐associated (n = 11) and sporadic (n = 61) patients (OR, 36% vs 38%; PD, 28% vs 20%; median PFS, both 5.7 months). In BRCA2‐associated patients, who were mainly HRec‐positive, the OR was higher than in sporadic patients (89% vs 38%, respectively; P = 0.02), whereas the median PFS was not significantly different (7.1 vs 5.7 months, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

BRCA1‐associated, HRec‐negative metastatic breast cancer patients were less sensitive to taxane chemotherapy than sporadic HRec‐negative patients. HRec‐positive BRCA1‐ and BRCA2‐associated patients had a sensitivity to taxane chemotherapy similar to that of sporadic patients. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
DEAD box 1 (DDX1) expression predicts for local control and overall survival in early stage, node‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Taunk Neil K. , Goyal Sharad , Wu Hao , Moran Meena S. , Chen Sining , Haffty Bruce G.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

DEAD box 1 (DDX1) is an RNA helicase with a number of roles, including translation initiation, RNA splicing and modification, and possibly DNA double‐strand break repair. Amplification of DDX1 expression has been implicated in tumors including neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, and testicular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of DDX1 expression in patients with breast cancer treated with breast‐conserving therapy.

METHODS:

Paraffin‐embedded specimens from 282 women with node‐negative stage 1 and 2 breast cancer treated with breast‐conserving surgery and radiation therapy were constructed into tissue microarrays and stained for DDX1. The molecular profiles were correlated with clinicopathologic factors and overall, local, and distant metastatic‐free survival.

RESULTS:

DDX1 positivity was identified in 142 (50%) patients. The median age at diagnosis was 53 years. Eighty percent of the patients had T1 disease; 11% were HER2neu‐positive, and 18% had triple‐negative disease. DDX1 negativity was strongly associated with triple‐negative phenotype (P = .01). DDX1 positivity was found to be associated with improved local relapse‐free survival (96% vs 85%, P = .0233), distant metastatic‐free survival (95% vs 85%, P = .0320), and overall survival (92% vs 84%, P = .0474) at 10 years.

CONCLUSIONS:

Node‐negative, early stage breast cancer patients with high levels of DDX1 were found to have a significant improvement in local control, distant metastatic‐free survival, and overall survival compared with patients with low levels of DDX1. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Clinical significance of pretreatment serum C‐reactive protein level in soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Nakamura Tomoki , Matsumine Akihiko , Matsubara Takao , Asanuma Kunihiro , Uchida Astumasa , Sudo Akihiro
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

The aim of this study was to determine whether circulating C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels before treatment predict the overall survival and disease‐free survival in soft tissue sarcoma patients.

METHODS:

A total of 102 primary soft tissue sarcoma patients from 2003 to 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The CRP levels were obtained before treatment for all patients. The patients who presented with metastases at diagnosis were excluded from this study.

RESULTS:

Elevated CRP levels were seen in 18 patients. The tumor histological grade and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage in the patients with elevated CRP levels were significantly higher than those in patients with normal CRP levels. Patients with elevated CRP levels before initial treatment had a poorer overall survival than patients with normal CRP levels (P = .01). The overall survival estimates at 3 and 5 years were 75.3% and 53.8%, respectively, versus 90.3% and 81.3%, respectively. Patients with elevated CRP levels before initial treatment had poorer event‐free survival after initial treatment than patients with normal CRP levels (P < .001). The event‐free survival estimates at 2 and 5 years were 53.2% and 33.2%, respectively, versus 83.2% and 81.3%, respectively. A multivariate analysis also showed the preoperative CRP level to be an independent predictor of events.

CONCLUSIONS:

The pretreatment serum CRP level may be a marker of aggressive tumor characteristics. Pretreatment elevated CRP levels were found to be a poor prognostic factor for overall survival in a univariate analysis, and for disease‐free survival in a multivariate analysis, for soft tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Patterns of chemotherapy‐induced toxicities in younger children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Gupta Abha A. , Anderson James R. , Pappo Alberto S. , Spunt Sheri L. , Dasgupta Roshni , Indelicato Daniel J. , Hawkins Douglas S.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Patients aged >10 years with rhabdomyosarcoma have an inferior outcome compared with patients ages 1 to 9 years, which may be explained by toxicities (adverse events [AEs]) that result in chemotherapy dose reductions.

METHODS:

AEs observed during 1 of 3 randomized chemotherapy regimens (vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide [VAC]; vincristine, dactinomycin, and ifosfamide [VAI]; or vincristine, ifosfamide, and etoposide [VIE]) in the Fourth Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study were recorded. The incidence of toxicities by age and treatment regimen was determined. The odds of developing AEs in a particular age group (ages 5‐9 years, 10‐14 years, and 15‐20 years) were compared with the odds in the control group of patients ages 1 to 4 years.

RESULTS:

In total, 657 patients were eligible for analysis. The estimated 5‐year event‐free survival rates were 78%, 83%, 67%, and 58% for the groups ages 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, and 15 to 20 years, respectively. Patients ages 15 to 20 years experienced less neutropenia (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; P < .0001), thrombocytopenia (OR, 0.41; P < .0001), anemia (OR, 0.34; P < .0001), and infection (OR, 0.41; P < .0001) compared with younger patients, although they received similar amounts of chemotherapy. In contrast, peripheral nervous system toxicity was higher in adolescents aged >10 years (OR, 4.18; P < .0001). Females experienced more neutropenia (OR, 1.28; P = .05) and thrombocytopenia (OR, 1.26; P = .06) compared with males.

CONCLUSIONS:

Adolescents who received treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma experienced significantly less hematologic toxicity and more peripheral nervous system toxicity compared with younger children despite receiving similar amounts of chemotherapy. Although outcomes were inferior in adolescents, it was unclear whether the differences in toxicity observed in the current study had an impact on outcome. The authors concluded that future studies examining the age‐related and sex‐related differences in pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy are necessary. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Spleen deflation and beyond: The pros and cons of Janus kinase 2 inhibitor therapy for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Verstovsek Srdan
Published: July 2011

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and primary myelofibrosis (MF) are malignancies that frequently harbor the recurrent somatic point mutation JAK2V617F. The discovery of this mutation has fueled the development of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors. Available results have indicated that JAK2 inhibitors are particularly effective at reducing spleen size. However, the activity of these agents is multifaceted and also involves a marked improvement of systemic symptoms and, for those agents with dual JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitory activity, a marked reduction in the levels of circulating cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Because JAK2 inhibitors are not specific for JAK2V617F, responses have also been observed in JAK2V617F‐negative MPNs because of the inhibition of wild‐type JAK2, which is also likely responsible for the induction of cytopenias in patients with MF and for the normalization of peripheral blood counts observed in patients with ET or PV. Given the distinct mortality and morbidity associated with ET, PV, and MF, the use of JAK2 inhibitors appears reasonable for patients with MF as well as for those with ET or PV who have become resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea. Ongoing randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trials will further delineate the role of these agents in the management of patients with MPNs. The pros and cons of JAK2 kinase inhibitor therapy are herein discussed. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Decreased sensitivity of 17p‐deleted chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to a small molecule BCL‐2 antagonist ABT‐737
Authors: Kojima Kensuke , Duvvuri Seshagiri , Ruvolo Vivian , Samaniego Felipe , Younes Anas , Andreeff Michael
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Despite the high complete response rates achieved with fludarabine‐based regimens, relapse is inevitable in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Relapsed patients often acquire deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 (del[17p]), which are closely associated with tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutations. Wild‐type p53 up‐regulates and activates B‐cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2)‐associated X protein (BAX), and it down‐regulates and inactivates BCL‐2. The small‐molecule BCL‐2 inhibitor ABT‐737 induces apoptosis in a BAX‐dependent and BCL‐2 homologous antagonist‐killer (BAK)‐dependent manner. The role of p53 in sensitivity of CLL cells to BCL‐2 inhibition has not been extensively investigated.

METHODS:

The authors investigated the association of del(17p) with ABT‐737 sensitivity in CLL cells from 50 patients. Stable p53 and BAX knockdown cells were used for mechanistic studies.

RESULTS:

CLL cells with del(17p) were less sensitive to ABT‐737‐induced BAX activation and apoptosis than CLL cells without del(17p) (39% ± 7.3% vs 63.7% ± 2.9% [specific annexin V induction]; P < .01). A positive correlation between the degrees of apoptosis induced by ABT‐737 and by the p53‐activating binding protein homolog murine double minute (MDM2) antagonist nutlin‐3a (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.75; P < .0001) was observed. CLL cells with del(17p) expressed lower levels of BAX than those without del(17p) (0.67 ± 0.12 vs 1.27 ± 0.10 in relative protein expression levels; P < .01). Knockdown of p53 or BAX in leukemia cells resulted in decreased apoptosis induced by ABT‐737.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current data indicated that p53 dysfunction may lead to decreased apoptosis induction by ABT‐737. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Early onset HER2‐positive breast cancer is associated with germline TP53 mutations
Authors: Melhem‐Bertrandt Amal , Bojadzieva Jasmina , Ready Kaylene J. , Obeid Elias , Liu Diane D. , Gutierrez‐Barrera Angelica M. , Litton Jennifer K. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Strong Louise C. , Arun Banu K.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Germline TP53 mutations predispose to early onset breast cancer in women and are associated with Li‐Fraumeni syndrome. Published data on the pathological characteristics of breast cancer among women with TP53 mutations is limited.

METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of women who underwent genetic testing for suspected germline TP53 mutations and who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 2000 and 2011. The pathological characteristics of the breast tumors from patients testing positive for a mutation (cases) were compared with those testing negative (controls).

RESULTS:

Patients who tested positive for germlineTP53 mutations (n = 30) were compared with controls (n = 79). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification and/or overexpression was found in 67% of the tumors from the cases, compared with 25% for the controls (P = .0001). Among patients with a mutation, 70% had estrogen receptor‐ and/or progesterone receptor‐positive tumors, compared with 68% in the control group (P = .87). After adjusting for age at breast cancer diagnosis, having a HER2‐positive tumor increased the odds of testing positive for a germline TP53 mutation (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.6‐18.2). For each yearly increment in age at breast cancer diagnosis, there was decreased likelihood of having a TP53 mutation of 5% (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval0.91‐0.99).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study suggests an association between germline TP53 mutations and early onset HER2‐positive breast cancer. If confirmed in a larger cohort, these results could guide genetic testing strategies, lead to chemoprevention trials incorporating HER2‐targeted therapies, and elucidate some of the molecular pathways involved in breast cancer. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Selective detection of aggressive prostate cancer
Authors: Schröder Fritz H. , Roobol Monique J.
Published: July 2011

Selectively identifying aggressive prostate cancer will reduce unnecessary testing and overdiagnosis. Multivariate models can be of assistance but require proper validation, and users must be aware of the setting from which the models were derived.
Anodic coloring of titanium and its alloy for jewels production
Authors: Diamanti M. V. , Del Curto B. , Masconale V. , Passaro C. , Pedeferri M. P.
Published: July 2011

Anodized titanium with its interference colors, its appearances and its light, is undoubtedly of great appeal to the field of architecture and to all ramifications of design, to visual communication and to the world of fashion. On its surface, it is possible to create a visionary world of colors, perfectly controlled by the imposition of determined anodizing parameters and surface conditions. This article presents one of the applications of anodized titanium, which most earns general interest nowadays in the designers' world, that is, the production of colored titanium jewels. Since titanium is considered a seminoble metal, its use is mainly directed to small series production: therefore, a good know‐how giving high reliability of the anodic coloring process is required. The chosen procedure will be described, together with a full characterization of the obtained interference colors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012
Effect of chromatic components on facial skin whiteness
Authors: Yoshikawa Hironobu , Kikuchi Kumiko , Yaguchi Hirohisa , Mizokami Yoko , Takata Sadaki
Published: July 2011

Although the color measurement of facial skin becomes more common in dermatology and cosmetics, little is known about the relationship between subjective color perception and colorimetric values in facial skin. In this study, the possible relationships among perceived whiteness and the metric lightness, chroma and hue angle of Japanese females' facial skin color were investigated. First, the perceived brightness of the facial skin of Japanese females was evaluated visually and compared with metric lightness, chroma and hue angle, and the effect of hue and chroma on the perceived brightness was discussed. Second, a psychophysical experiment on the whiteness of the facial images and synthesized skin color plate images was conducted for examining the effect of hue and chroma on the perceived whiteness more precisely and independently. The results of two experiments showed that in regard to the facial skin color of the Japanese female, metric lightness disagrees with perceived whiteness or brightness in a narrow lightness range. The reddish facial skin color appeared brighter or whiter than that of a yellowish one in high lightness regions, and the low‐chroma facial skin color appeared brighter or whiter than a high‐chroma one. However, in the color plate images, a change in perceived whiteness by hue could not be confirmed, and the change in perceived whiteness by chroma was weaker than that from facial images. These results indicated that a higher‐level process of face recognition affected whiteness perception, and the criterion of facial skin whiteness was determined by facial skin color distribution. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;
Low temperature polycrystalline silicon film formation by metal induced crystallization with nickel salt derived by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: Yang Mingfei , Sun Xiao Wei , Yu Hong Yu , Li Junshuai , Hu Junhui
Published: July 2011

Solution‐based nickel induced crystallization of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) films was performed. The nickel solution was prepared by dissolving (CH3CO2)2Ni in deionized water and applied uniformly on a‐Si films by low‐cost ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Crystallization could be realized for a‐Si films coated with a 0.2 M nickel solution and annealed at 500 °C. The effect of substrate temperature during nickel solution deposition was analyzed. Micro‐Raman and x‐ray diffraction measurement show that a‐Si is fully crystallized at 550 °C for 7 h with a nickel concentration of 0.8 M. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exposure of high index facets in KDP crystals
Authors: Ding Jianxu , Wang Shenglai , Xu Xinguang , Gu Qingtian , Cheng Xiufeng , Liu Guangxia , Liu Wenjie , Sun Yun
Published: July 2011

A series of KDP crystals doped with WO42‐ additive was grown by using rapid growth method. WO42‐ additive inhibited the growth of (100) faces and made (100) faces tapering. With high additive concentration, two adjacent (100) faces twisted towards their intersecting crystal edge and (100) faces became twisting. Moreover, high index facets of (512) were exposed when the additive concentration was 500 ppm. The element analysis suggested that WO42‐ was prone to being incorporated with (100) face. The growth kinetics of (100) face testified that WO42‐ played an inhibited role. The AFM investigation on (100) face indicated WO42‐ could impede step bunching. High concentration of WO42‐ could kink the terrace of the macro‐steps and create another series of macro‐steps. The motion direction of the new creative steps was vertical to that of the original steps. When the motions of the vertical steps were both inhibited by WO42‐, the steps would become tapering and (100) face would twist, which ultimately led to the exposure of (512) facets. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Children's noncompliance during saliva collection predicts measures of salivary cortisol
Authors: Kaitz Marsha , Sabato Reut , Shalev Idan , Ebstein Richard , Mankuta David
Published: July 2011

Salivary cortisol has been useful for evaluating children's physiological responses to stress and for identifying factors that predict their magnitude and duration. However, results have been somewhat equivocal across studies, and this has motivated researchers to identify sources of variance and error. Here, we examined the prevalence of preschoolers' noncompliance during saliva collection and aimed to learn about noncompliant children in terms of their hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal function, behavior in other situations, and symptoms of behavioral problems. Results were based on measures of cortisol, children's behavior during saliva collection and a mother–child teaching interaction, and ratings of problem behavior by teachers and parents. Results show that 12% (21/174) of the sample was noncompliant on at least one of the collection trials. Children, who were noncompliant but did not outright refuse saliva collection, had higher cortisol than did compliant children. Children who were noncompliant during saliva collection were likely to be noncompliant during the teaching episode, and they were perceived as having more internalizing symptoms than compliant children. These results suggest that children's noncompliance during saliva collection can be a source of nonrandom missing data or extreme cortisol values, which should be considered in future studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:113‐123, 2012.
The development of the uncanny valley in infants
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. , Ghazanfar Asif A.
Published: July 2011

When adults view very realistic humanoid robots or computer avatars they often exhibit an aversion to them. This phenomenon, known as the “uncanny valley,” is assumed to be evolutionary in origin, perhaps tapping into modules for disgust or attractiveness that detect violations of our normal expectations regarding social signals. Here, we test an alternative hypothesis that the uncanny valley is developmental in origin and, thus, that specific early experience with real human faces leads to its eventual emergence. To test this idea, we measured visual preferences in response to all possible pairs of a human face, realistic avatar face, and an unrealistic avatar face in groups of 6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐month‐old infants. Consistent with the developmental hypothesis, we found that the uncanny valley effect emerges at 12 months of age suggesting that perceptual experience with real human faces is critical to its emergence. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:124‐132, 2012.
Power smoothing and MPPT for grid‐connected wind power generation with doubly fed induction generator
Authors: Kai Takaaki , Tanaka Yuji , Kaneda Hirotoshi , Kobayashi Daichi , Tanaka Akio
Published: July 2011

Recently, doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and synchronous generators have been applied mostly to wind power generation, and variable speed control and power factor control have been implemented for high efficiency of wind energy capture and for high quality of power system voltage. In variable speed control, the wind speed or generator speed is used for maximum power point tracking. However, the properties of wind generation power fluctuations due to wind speed variation have not yet been investigated for those forms of control.

The authors discuss power smoothing by these forms of control for DFIG interconnected to a 6.6‐kV distribution line. The performance is verified by means of the power PSCAD/EMTDC system simulation software for actual wind speed data and is investigated by using an approximate equation for wind generation power fluctuations as a result of wind speed variation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 10–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20958
Influence of quadrature‐axis reactance of large turbine generator on operation
Authors: Hiramatsu Daisuke , Uemura Yoichi , Uemoto Shinji , Okumoto Junji , Imai Takehiko , Kakiuchi Mikio , Nagakura Ken , Fujita Masafumi , Otaka Toru
Published: July 2011

Two‐pole large generators are extensively used in power utilities. Growing demand for electric power in recent years has led to substantial increases in the capacity of generators. In line with this trend, our company has manufactured two‐pole turbine generators in the 900,000‐kVA to 1,200,000‐kVA classes. As the capacity of generators becomes larger, equivalent circuits are increasingly expected to improve their precision in estimating operation characteristics. The Park model has been widely used as an equivalent circuit model. The Park model with quadrature axis transient reactance \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document} is claimed to be useful for accurately estimating the load rejection characteristics of turbine generators. However, it is difficult to measure \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document}, few studies based on measured data have appeared. As one of the few examples, we have conducted a measured data on a 500,000‐kVA‐class generator. Recently, the authors obtained test data on \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document} of a 900,000‐kVA‐class generator. In this study, based on these data, we studied the effect of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document} using the finite element method and a transient analysis program (EMTP‐ATP). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 17–27, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21099
Coarse‐grained analysis of crystalline defects caused by ion beam irradiation: The PM (pixel mapping) method
Authors: Nakagawa S. T.
Published: July 2011

We have proposed a numerical methodology called the pixel mapping (PM) method which is based on crystallography. The PM method can characterize various types of defects in 24 prototype crystals listed in the Strukturbericht database. It identifies point defects, linear defects, planar defects (including antiphase domains in compound crystals), and also structure change (including amorphization). The long‐range order (LRO) parameter has been defined as a set of LRO components for each prototype. A further advantage of the PM method results from its coarse‐grained viewpoint. This allows us to specify the Miller index of a planar defect with the areal density or crystallographic direction of a linear defect. Using PM we found a tetrahedral antisite cluster, (CSi(SiC)4), in 3C‐SiC due to ion irradiation. The bonding directions from the central to the surrounding atoms were all in the <111> direction. We examined the reason why such a cluster was formed. Whenever this type of cluster was formed, collapse of LRO preceded, where large numbers of complexes of antisites–vacancy pairs emerged. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 54–61, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21151
High‐brightness electron sources for a next‐generation light source based on an energy recovery linac
Authors: Iijima Hokuto , Nagai Ryoji , Nishimori Nobuyuki , Hajima Ryoichi
Published: July 2011

A high‐brightness electron source of ultrasmall emittance and high average current is one of the most important components for next‐generation light sources based on an energy‐recovery linac (ERL). Such a high‐brightness electron source can be realized by a DC photocathode gun driven by laser pulses tailored in the temporal and spatial dimensions. We propose a novel photocathode based on a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Since the ultrafast response of photoelectron emission from QCL is compatible with the tailored laser pulses, it is a candidate electron source for ERLs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 46–53, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21154
Emergence of opinion leaders based on agent model and its impact on stock prices
Authors: Misawa Tadanobu , Suzuki Kyoko , Okano Yoshitaka , Shimokawa Tetsuya
Published: July 2011

The development of information technology has made it possible to obtain large amounts of information easily. Thus it appears likely that the impact on a society of word‐of‐mouth information communication and the like has been growing. In this paper, we propose a model of the emergence of opinion leaders based on word of mouth in an artificial stock market. The process of emergence of opinion leaders and the impact of opinion leaders on stock prices are verified by simulation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 32–40, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21163
Reassuring evacuation guidance with mobile terminal communication and RFID system in absence of power supply
Authors: Ishii Hisashi , Harada Fumiko , Takada Hideyuki , Shimakawa Hiromitsu
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we propose a method which aims to allow people inside a building to evacuate when a disaster occurs. In particular, it is very difficult for them to evacuate safely in blackout conditions with servers down. In the proposed method, passive RFID tags are placed on the walls of the building and each evacuee carries a mobile terminal that is battery‐powered and equipped with an RFID reader‐writer. This device finds evacuation routes based on the information from passive RFID tags touched by the evacuee. The method identifies safety of evacuation routes from the movement of people who have evacuated safely. Mobile terminal communication and RFID tags achieve sharing of information on safe routes among many evacuees. An experiment was conducted, letting people evacuate by two routes in an actual building, and giving about half of them mobile terminals. We easured the increases in the blood pressure and heart rates of the evacuees before and after the evacuation. In both routes, the rates of increase of these two characteristics in the evacuees with terminals were smaller than those in the evacuees without terminals, demonstrating that the proposed method provides assurance to evacuees. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 19–31, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21165
Evaluation of the influence of the time‐varying electromagnetic component in M‐EMS on flow at the free surface
Authors: Satou Shoji , Fujisaki Keisuke
Published: July 2011

In the continuous casting process, the surface quality of the steel is as important as its productivity. The surface quality is mostly decided in the molten metal flow during the initial solidification stage, which progresses at the free surface of the molten steel. To improve the surface quality, this flow must be controlled. M‐EMS generates a time‐varying electromagnetic force, which helps to control the shape of the free surface. In this paper, we evaluate the possibility of controlling the flow at the free surface by MHD calculations. The results show a slight possibility for the flow at the free surface to be controlled. Although the free surface variation in a pulsed EMC process, which controls the shape of the free surface using the time‐varying electromagnetic force component, depends on electromagnetic force, the time‐varying component in the M‐EMS depends on the velocity of the molten metal. Since there is a first‐order lag between the electromagnetic force and this velocity, free surface variation in M‐EMS does not linearly depend on the time‐varying electromagnetic component. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 62–68, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21167
Neutralization by a corona discharge ionizer in nitrogen atmosphere
Authors: Ikeuchi Toru , Takahashi Kazunori , Ohkubo Takahiro , Fujiwara Tamiya
Published: July 2011

Electrostatic neutralization of multilayer‐loading silicon wafers is demonstrated using a corona discharge ionizer in a nitrogen atmosphere, where AC and DC voltages are applied to two needle electrodes for generation of negative‐ and positive‐charged particles, respectively. We observe that the surface potential of the silicon wafer decreases from ±1 kV to ±20 V within 3 seconds. The density profiles of the charged particles generated by the electrodes are experimentally and theoretically investigated in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Our results show the possibility that the negative‐charged particles contributing to the electrostatic neutralization are electrons and negative ions in nitrogen and air atmospheres, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21179
Several modeling methods for representation of AC magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets taking account of skin effect
Authors: Nagano Tetsushi , Matsuo Tetsuji , Shimasaki Masaaki
Published: July 2011

Several homogenized models are compared for accurate representation of the AC magnetic properties of silicon steel sheets. Two of them are the generalized Pry and Bean models, which have a parameter for the frequency dependence of eddy‐current loss. The third model assumes a quadratic distribution of the magnetic flux density along the thickness direction. The other model is an extension of the linear magnetization model. Numerical simulations show that the third model yields inaccurate BH loops whereas the other models accurately represent BH loops. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 9–16, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21180
Structural Characterization and Photoluminescent Properties of (La1–xSmx)2Ti2O7 Solid Solutions Synthesized by a Sol–Gel Route
Authors: Shao Zhenmian , Saitzek Sébastien , Blach Jean‐François , Sayede Adlane , Roussel Pascal , Desfeux Rachel
Published: July 2011

A series of compounds with the general formula (La1–xSmx)2Ti2O7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) has been synthesized by a sol–gel method and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These compounds are structurally isomorphic to perovskite‐type La2Ti2O7 until a substitution rate of x = 0.8. Above this substitution rate (x > 0.8), a biphasic mixture is obtained between the substituted perovskite layered phase and the pyrochlore Sm2Ti2O7 phase. The unusual phosphor (La1–xSmx)2Ti2O7 has been elaborated and its luminescent properties were investigated for low rates of substitution. The emission and excitation spectra were used to study the luminescent properties. The (La1.9Sm0.1)2Ti2O7 powders emit bright red­–orange lightunder UV excitation. The emission properties show thatLa2Ti2O7 is a suitable host where the La3+ ions can be substituted by other trivalent lanthanide ions that induce luminescence properties in the visible region and lead to phosphor materials. The electronic structure calculations of (La1.9Sm0.1)2Ti2O7 shows that this compound is an insulator with a band gap of about 2.77 eV. The valence band mainly consists of oxygen states with hybridized titanium and samarium states; whereas, the conduction band mainly consists of titanium states with hybridized lanthanum and samarium states.