bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Special Issue on Subsistence Marketplaces
Authors: Viswanathan Madhu , Shultz Clifford J. , Sridharan Srinivas
Published: February 2014

As regular readers of the Journal of Macromarketing well know, macromarketing is an academic discipline broadly committed to the study of the interplay of markets, marketing and society (e.g., Hunt 1981). Macromarketing research, therefore, is particularly germane to environments in which people find themselves in subsistence living conditions. Indeed, for decades, macromarketers have studied distressed countries, regions, communities, and systems in which such conditions often are the norm with the intent of understanding them, and more importantly, improving life quality. Subsistence marketplace studies, with a bottom- up orientation, provide unique micro-level insights for macromarketing, sharing the primary concern of developing a sustainable and just marketing system in which prosperity and quality of life are enhanced for all who reside in the marketplace. What follows is an introduction to the articles that comprise this special issue on “Subsistence Marketplaces.”
Cultural geography II
Authors: Kirsch Scott
Published: February 2014

Recent cultural geographic research, located at a variety of settings (laboratory, clinic, battlefield, container port), has emphasized culture’s productive dimensions through studies of the linked construction of nature, culture, and technologies. In this second of three reports, I examine a range of scholarship that asks in different ways what it means to be formative in the production of nature, and I discuss the implications of recent efforts to rethink culture as a form of productivity. Some of this formative cultural work is scientific and intellectual, and geographers have sought to understand the practices of scientists, medical researchers, folklorists, and others engaged in the work of producing new objects of nature, culture, and the human body. Their work suggests that science and other modern forms of expertise perform a peculiar kind of cultural work in the production of nature, carving out and occupying positions of privileged, albeit still contested, ontological actors. I also note recent efforts to reconceptualize broad categories of space, surface, and ‘land’ around similarly generative cultures of knowledge and innovation, reflecting related ontological concerns for engaging with culture, ‘culturing’, and cultivation as productive processes. I argue that questions of technology remain inseparably tied to constructions of nature, and that technology still has much to disclose in terms of its cultural geographies.
An electromagnetic testing machine for determining fracture toughness under different loading rate and superimposed pressure
Authors: Silva Carlos MA , Rosa Pedro AR , Atkins Anthony G , Martins Paulo AF
Published: February 2014

This article presents an innovative testing machine for determining fracture toughness in double-notched cylindrical and prismatic test specimens loaded in shear over a wide range of applied strain rates and superimposed pressures. The equipment makes use of an electromagnetic actuator that is capable of accelerating the shearing punch against the specimens, with excellent repeatability and very precise control of the impact velocity, by means of the high pressure that is generated in a transient magnetic field produced by passing a pulse of electric current through a series of coils. Experiments performed in technically pure lead and aluminium AA1050-O give support to the presentation and allow understanding the influence of the loading rate and pressure on fracture toughness of ductile metals.
Beyond and beneath the hierarchical market economy: Global production and working-class conflict in Argentina’s automobile industry
Authors: Fishwick Adam
Published: February 2014

This paper argues that the hierarchical market economy (HME) category does not provide an adequate starting point for addressing capitalist diversity in Latin America. Building from a critical perspective on the global commodity chain (GCC) and global production network (GPN) approaches, it instead considers the impact of firms’ transnational relations and the often neglected role of working-class struggles. It will argue that capitalist diversity can only be understood at the nexus of these ostensibly global and local phenomena; and by specifying the strategic decisions taken by firms in Argentina’s automobile industry, it will account for the failure of that sector. Finally, it examines the role of working-class struggles in the industry in Córdoba, Argentina, arguing that these were vital in shaping the specific and unstable form of capitalist diversity in Argentina, as well as potential alternatives to it.
Theorising capitalist diversity: The uneven and combined development of labour forms
Authors: Taylor Nick
Published: February 2014

This article seeks to elaborate a framework for the study of diversity in forms of labour using Trotsky’s theory of uneven and combined development (UCD). It argues that labour markets are constituted by systemic processes of capital accumulation and uneven development in the global economy, but that these processes have highly differentiated outcomes in terms of the forms of labour that have historically emerged within and across national boundaries. Exploring some of the neglected elements of different forms of labour, including non-waged labour, the article demonstrates how we might conceptualise the way in which combinations of labour forms exist within any given space of the world economy. Using the examples of both internal and transnational migration, it argues that charting the social and spatial relations of production, and the labouring experiences and forms of worker politics associated with them, is an effective way of understanding the constitution and restructuring of different forms of labour.
The difference between local and national capitalism, and why local capitalisms differ from one another: A Marxist approach
Authors: Gough Jamie
Published: February 2014

This paper develops a notion of ‘local capitalisms’. Starting from a particular, Marxist theorisation of capitalism and of the state, local capitalism is analysed as a nexus of production, reproduction of people, and the state within a locality. The latter construct, and are constructed by, specific relations of class, gender, ethnicity and age, themselves internally related. On this basis one can specify the ‘vertical difference’ of local from national capitalisms. Combined and uneven development leads to both commonalities and differentiation between localities, enabling us to understand the nature and origins of ‘horizontal’ differences between local capitalisms. Both capitalism and the state are understood as riven by contradictions, some centrally involving space, place and scale. Consequent disruptions to local capitalisms, and the bases for local struggle by the oppressed and exploited, are discussed. The paper concludes by reflecting on the differences between my theorisation and mainstream approaches to ‘comparative capitalisms’.
Labour as a transnational actor, and labour’s national diversity as a systematic frame of contemporary competitive transnationality
Authors: Hürtgen Stefanie
Published: February 2014

This paper argues that one strong and still largely uncontested theoretical heritage of mainstream approaches to capitalist diversity, and particularly the varieties of capitalism framework, is the binding of labour’s agency to national institutions and (cultural and ‘mental’) ‘paths’. This has been the main paradigm within political and trade union debates, too, especially in Germany, where the proposal to strengthen ‘typical German institutional advantages’ (namely co-determination) in the face of European and global competition is widespread. After a critical presentation of these approaches, the article proposes, following empirical findings and relying on concepts from the transnational migration literature and the debate in geography on scaling, to analyse local-oriented action by labour as itself being a specific form by which labour’s transnationality is constructed. However, in the cases presented, this specific form of construction turns out to be a competitive one, with ideological frames of cultural and mental divisions in Europe and beyond in systematic use.
Relationship Between Concussion History and Neurocognitive Test Performance in National Football League Draft Picks
Authors: Solomon Gary S. , Kuhn Andrew
Published: February 2014

Background:

There are limited empirical data available regarding the relationship between concussion history and neurocognitive functioning in active National Football League (NFL) players in general and NFL draft picks in particular. Potential NFL draft picks undergo 2 neurocognitive tests at the National Invitational Camp (Scouting Combine) every year: the Wonderlic and, since 2011, the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT). After conclusion of the combine and before the draft, NFL teams invite potential draft picks to their headquarters for individual visits where further assessment may occur.

Purpose:

To examine the relationship between concussion history and neurocognitive performance (ImPACT and Wonderlic) in a sample of elite NFL draft picks.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Over 7 years, 226 potential draft picks were invited to visit a specific NFL team’s headquarters after the combine. The athletes were divided into 3 groups based on self-reported concussion history: no prior concussions, 1 prior concussion, and 2 or more prior concussions. Neurocognitive measures of interest included Wonderlic scores (provided by the NFL team) and ImPACT composite scores (administered either at the combine or during a visit to the team headquarters). The relationship between concussion history and neurocognitive scores was assessed, as were the relationships among the 2 neurocognitive tests.

Results:

Concussion history had no relationship to neurocognitive performance on either the Wonderlic or ImPACT.

Conclusion:

Concussion history did not affect performance on either neurocognitive test, suggesting that for this cohort, a history of concussion may not have adverse effects on neurocognitive functioning as measured by these 2 tests. This study reveals no correlation between concussion history and neurocognitive test scores (ImPACT, Wonderlic) in soon-to-be active NFL athletes.
The cruel poetics of Morrissey
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: February 2014

Drawing on existential phenomenology, particularly Heidegger’s analytic of Dasein, and combining it with a developmental perspective, the paper focuses on those moments of crisis, in which a self faces the question of its own truth, and in the process posits the conditions for disclosing key aspects about the world and society. Late adolescence and early adulthood are the ‘ages of life’ in which such possibility of disclosure occurs most eminently, and this is relayed expressively and reflectively, the paper further argues, in the few examples of popular music that act as genuine outlets for young people’s desires and anxieties. The poetic work of Morrissey is a particularly eloquent case in point. However, a succinct analysis of Morrissey’s poetics reveals that underneath the explicit thread of sexuality, it is violence and cruelty that shape the young soul into becoming a channel for world and social disclosure.
Study on the cantilever grinding process of aero-engine blade
Authors: Fan-Jun Meng , Xun Li , Zhi-Tong Chen , Xiao-Wen Wang
Published: February 2014

An aero-engine blade is the typical thin-walled workpiece with low rigidity. The machining accuracy of the aero-engine blade with sculptured surfaces has been a research focus in the aviation industry. This article presents a new cantilever grinding process for the high precision machining of aero-engine blade. Only one end of a blade is fixed and the other end is free in order to eliminate the deformation of blade caused by over-positioning. Moreover, the vibration of aero-engine blade can be reduced so that the surface quality of blade can be improved in the grinding. The grinding parameters are optimized for the low deflections of blade. The types of tool path are also discussed in this article. Finally, the computer numerical control machining examples are implemented. The measurement results show that the profile errors of suction/pressure surface machined by the proposed process do not exceed 0.02 mm. And the machining accuracy of leading/trailing edge with a radius of about 0.05 mm is acceptable.
Comparison study of the pullout strength of conventional spinal pedicle screws and a novel design in full and backed-out insertions using mechanical tests
Authors: Amaritsakul Yongyut , Chao Ching-Kong , Lin Jinn
Published: February 2014

Recently, new pedicle screw designs have been developed. However, these designs’ performances are still unclear, especially when backed out after insertion. The objective of this study was to investigate the performances of different screw designs when backed out from full insertion. Seven conventional designs of the pedicle screw and one novel design were inserted into polyurethane foam (0.32 g/cm3). All screws were first fully inserted (43 mm) and were backed out 360°. Axial pullout tests were performed and the reaction force was measured. The results showed that the conical screw of type 1 with a small inner diameter provided the highest pullout strength in both full insertion and backed-out insertion (2401.85 and 2169.82 N, respectively). However, this screw’s pullout strength significantly decreased (9.7%) when backed out from full insertion. There was no significant difference between the conical screw of type 1 with a small inner diameter and double duo core screw ( p > 0.01) in backed-out insertion. The cylindrical screw with a small diameter, dual inner core screw and double dual core screw also provided good results in both full insertion (2115.44, 2182.99 and 2226.93 N, respectively) and backed-out conditions (2065.80, 2014.28 and 1941.29 N, respectively). The increased pullout strength of the conical design could be due to the effect of bone compaction. However, the screw exhibited less consistent pullout strength when backed out when compared with the other designs. The conical screw should be inserted to the precise position without turning back, especially in osteoporosis patients. The dual inner core screw and double dual core screw could provide greater stability in both conditions. Care should be taken when using both the cylindrical screw with a small thread depth and the dual outer core screw.
A finite element implementation for biphasic contact of hydrated porous media under finite deformation and sliding
Authors: Guo Hongqiang , Shah Mitul , Spilker Robert L
Published: February 2014

The study of biphasic soft tissue contact is fundamental to understand the biomechanical behavior of human diarthrodial joints. However, to date, only few biphasic finite element contact analyses for three-dimensional physiological geometries under finite deformation have been developed. The objective of this article is to develop a hyperelastic biphasic contact implementation for finite deformation and sliding problem. An augmented Lagrangian method was used to enforce the continuity of contact traction and fluid pressure across the contact interface. The finite element implementation was based on a general purpose software, COMSOL Multiphysics. The accuracy of the implementation is verified using example problems, for which solutions are available by alternative analyses. The implementation was proven to be robust and able to handle finite deformation and sliding.
Une certaine idée du rugby: Sport, media and identity in a ‘glocalised’ game
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: February 2014

From its origins in the later nineteenth century, French rugby has been an important site for the construction of a variety of masculine, class-based, regional and national identities. The game’s rise coincided with that of the popular press, and also with the emergence of specialised sporting publications at both the local and national levels. With a significant head-start on association football, particularly in the south-west of the country, rugby became associated with the defence of regional pride and local interests. This was a process invested in both morally and materially by newspapers and radio. With the advent of television, rugby was variously appropriated by national broadcasters and Gaullist politicians, who exploited its regional credentials at a time of rapid societal change. Since the game’s professionalisation in 1995, and its resulting ‘glocalisation’, media-aware rugby entrepreneurs have sought new sporting and commercial strategies, which have ranged from provincial nostalgia to pragmatic cosmopolitanism.
Sport, culture and the media at the Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres de Dakar (2010): Sport and the democratisation of culture or sport as populism?
Authors: Murphy David
Published: February 2014

In December 2010, Dakar hosted the Troisième Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres (FESMAN), which took for its main theme the notion of an ‘African Renaissance’. FESMAN sought to revive a highly utopian pan-Africanism that had been prevalent in the era of decolonisation from the 1950s to the 1970s, but it departed in significant ways from many of the ideas and values that had marked previous pan-African cultural festivals: FESMAN celebrated popular culture and extended its definition to include sport in various manifestations. The aim of this article is to trace the connections that were drawn by festival organisers and the media between sport and the wider artistic, cultural and identitarian agendas at work in the festival. It will also ask what these tell us about the evolution in the understanding of culture and identity in the 44 years between the 1966 and the 2010 festivals.
Polymer Science Research in India during 1999–2012: A Scientometric Study Based on Science Citation Index-Expanded
Authors: Naqvi Shehbaz Husain
Published: February 2014

The Scientometric study on ‘Polymer Science Research in India’ based on Science Citation Index-Expanded shows that publication in polymer science by Indian scientists has increased steadily during the period 1999–2012. Total of 25,566 records were retrieved from the SCI for 1999–2012. In terms of world share, India stood at seventh position. India contributed only 4.38 per cent of publications to world output during 1999–2012. The authorship study validates that now-a-days multiple authorship prevails in almost all fields especially science subjects. Therefore, Lotka law when applied in our study does not pass the test. The institutions involved in polymer science research in India are mostly government supported academic institutions. The presence of private research laboratories is negligible. The Indian scientists in polymer science are collaborating with international scientists mostly in terms of joint publications. Out of top 40 journals, there are 34 foreign journals and are mostly from USA and UK. The analysis of subject categories shows that the polymer science is a multi-disciplinary field.
Privatization and after: time, complexity and governance in the world of funded pensions
Authors: Whiteside Noel
Published: February 2014

Externalities consequent on pension privatization have returned to haunt governments: externalities revealed in falling asset returns, rising administrative costs and increasingly intermittent contributions that reflect more intermittent employment. This article reviews the regulatory complexities following the promotion of personal private pensions, identifies the governance problems these entail and suggests a few measures to restore public confidence and trust. It draws our attention to the political as well as market-based risks implicit in new systems by showing how governments have adapted commercial pension provision to serve social ends and to safeguard the public finances in more ways than one. The conclusions identify solutions to issues that need urgent attention, notably the opaque nature of annuity markets, the provision of independent monitoring and information capacity and a possible reconstruction of retirement itself.
Flexibility and security: national social models in transitional labour markets
Authors: Muffels Ruud , Crouch Colin , Wilthagen Ton
Published: February 2014

Aggregate and individual data are used to test the association between employment performance and different ways of reconciling flexibility and security in European labour markets. Particular use is made of statistics on individuals’ labour market transitions as revealed by national labour force surveys. The article compares the performance of three basic forms of labour market institutions: the uncoordinated liberal, or neoliberal one; flexisecurity; and the traditional welfare state model of labour security. The findings confirm the importance of coordinated collective bargaining and of values and trust.
Introduction
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: February 2014

This introductory article to the special issue proposes that proponents of the European marketization project need to give serious consideration to the negative externalities that are created by virtually all moves to extend the scope of markets. The theme is applied particularly to the case of the labour market and its special characteristics. Attention is given to tensions between the idea of ‘flexicurity’ and policies designed to deal with the Eurocrisis. The former recognized that, if workers were to accept the potential job losses implied by labour market flexibility, they needed certain reassurances of security, such as generous unemployment pay and further training. The policies imposed on the debtor countries involved in the crisis have removed most such possibilities of security. The theme of coping with the negative consequences of intensifying markets is also used to introduce and integrate the remaining contributions to the special issue.
Austerity, union policy and gender equality bargaining
Authors: Briskin Linda
Published: February 2014

Inattention to the gender implications of austerity measures, and coincident cuts in gender equality structures by state, employers and often unions themselves threaten gender equality measures and equality bargaining. These threats are compounded by the reconfiguring of the language of equality which is now re-focused on class inequalities, on the one hand, and an expanded range of equality-seeking groups, on the other. The language of equality no longer adequately captures trends in gender equality. Intersectionality (compound discrimination) is explored as a reference point for bargaining equality. Austerity measures are also reshaping the household-workplace-community nexus, re-invoking outdated and conservative views of women’s place, reconfiguring the positioning of women’s rights, and, to some extent, engineering women’s return to the household. This article argues that unions need to radicalize discourses around the household-workplace-community nexus, and explores gendered social unionism as an alternative progressive frame for equality bargaining. It concludes that bargaining for equality may support not only a revival of innovative collective bargaining but also union revitalization.
Reviewing critical practice: An analysis of Gramophone’s reviews of Beethoven’s piano sonatas, 1923–2010
Authors: Alessandri Elena , Eiholzer Hubert , Williamon Aaron
Published: February 2014

The study offers an overview of a large sample of music performance criticism in the British classical music market through the analysis of reviews of Beethoven’s piano sonata recordings ( N = 845) published in the magazine Gramophone between 1923 and 2010. Reviews were collected from the Gramophone archive, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explore the reviews’ metadata: issue, text length, repertoire, release status, pianists reviewed and critics. There was a large number of recordings ( n = 641) and pianists ( n = 216) considered during this period, with reviews provided by 52 critics. However, reviews were concentrated around only a small number of authors and performers. The most frequently published critics had long careers and a high level of familiarity with the repertoire and its interpretations. Comparisons between performances were found to be a characterizing trait of critical practice, and the most often reviewed pianists corresponded to those most frequently used for comparisons. Besides new recordings, there were many reviews of re-issues ( n = 205), although this pattern decreased in later decades. The findings emphasize the importance of the comparative element for the evaluation of performances and the necessity to account for the peculiar nature of recorded versus live performance to understand the processes behind critical practice. Furthermore, taken together the results suggest that critics have an important role as filters of choice in the music recording market.
Negotiating Parental Accountability in the Face of Uncertainty for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Gray Brunton Carol , McVittie Chris , Ellison Marion , Willock Joyce
Published: February 2014

Despite extensive research into attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parents’ constructions of their children’s behaviors have received limited attention. This is particularly true outside North American contexts, where ADHD is less established historically. Our research demonstrates how United Kingdom parents made sense of ADHD and their own identities postdiagnosis. Using discourse analysis from interviews with 12 parents, we show that they drew from biological and social environmental repertoires when talking about their child’s condition, paralleling repertoires found circulating in the United Kingdom media. However, in the context of parental narratives, both these repertoires were difficult for parents to support and involved problematic subject positions for parental accountability in the child’s behavior. In this article we focus on the strategies parents used to negotiate these troublesome identities and construct accounts of moral and legitimate parenting in a context in which uncertainties surrounding ADHD existed and parenting was scrutinized.
Observational Study of Kidney Function and Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Exenatide BID Versus Insulin Glargine
Authors: Pawaskar Manjiri , Tuttle Katherine R. , Li Qian , Best Jennie H. , Anderson Pamela W.
Published: February 2014

Background: Kidney disease is common among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Treatment of diabetes seeks to minimize negative kidney impact. Objective: To assess the changes in kidney function and incidence of albuminuria in patients with T2DM treated for 1 year with exenatide twice daily (BID) or insulin glargine. Methods: Retrospective analyses were performed using an electronic medical record database. Patients inititating treatment with either exenatide BID or insulin glargine between November 2006, and April 2009 comprised the study cohort. The 2 groups were 1:1 propensity score matched on baseline variables yielding 2683 pairs. Measures of kidney function included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR,) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR). Results: Mean baseline eGFR was identical between the groups (79 ± 23 mL/min/1.73 m2). At 1-year follow-up, there was no significant difference in mean eGFR between the groups (78 mL/min/1.73 m2 for exenatide BID vs 80 mL/min/1.73 m2 for insulin glargine; P = .39). Despite matching of multiple characteristics, mean baseline UACR was lower in the exenatide BID group (mean = 34 ± 71 mg/g) compared with the insulin glargine group (183 ± 509 mg/g; P = .03). At follow-up, exenatide BID patients had a mean increase in UACR of 104 mg/g, insulin glargine patients had a decrease of 47 mg/g, but the difference was not significant ( P = .19). Conclusion: There were no significant differences in change in kidney function or albuminuria at 1 year in patients treated with exenatide BID compared with insulin glargine as administered in routine practice.
Astrocytic Dysfunction and Addiction
Authors: Scofield Michael D. , Kalivas Peter W.
Published: February 2014

Addiction is characterized as a chronic relapsing disorder whereby addicted individuals persistently engage in drug seeking and use despite profound negative consequences. The results of studies using animal models of addiction and relapse indicate that drug seeking is mediated by alterations in cortico-accumbal plasticity induced by chronic drug exposure. Among the maladaptive responses to drug exposure are long-lasting alterations in the expression of proteins localized to accumbal astrocytes, which are responsible for maintaining glutamate homeostasis. These alterations engender an aberrant potentiation of glutamate transmission in the cortico-accumbens circuit that is linked to the reinstatement of drug seeking. Accordingly, pharmacological restoration of glutamate homeostasis functions as an efficient method of reversing drug-induced plasticity and inhibiting drug seeking in both rodents and humans.
Propagation of surface wave in a fluid layer overlying a slightly compressible, finitely deformed elastic medium
Authors: Dhua Sudarshan , Chattopadhyay Amares , Sahu Sanjeev A
Published: February 2014

In this paper the dispersion relation of surface wave for a fluid layer overlying a slightly compressible, finitely deformed half-space is discussed. It has been observed that as the wave number tends to zero the dispersion relation transformed to the speed equation of surface waves. For graphical representation we have considered Neo-Hookean form of strain energy function. Phase speed curves have been plotted and different discussions have been made.
External Evaluation as Contract Work
Authors: Sturges Keith M.
Published: February 2014

Extracted from a larger study of the educational evaluation profession, this qualitative analysis explores how evaluator identity is shaped with constant reference to political economy, knowledge work, and personal history. Interviews with 24 social scientists who conduct or have conducted evaluations as a major part of their careers examined how they came to recognize themselves as adept evaluators. The paper explores four adaptations to program evaluation—higher education faculty who define themselves as academic entrepreneurs whose work is largely funded by evaluation contracts; post-academics who seek intellectual freedom beyond the university; professional evaluators who perceive themselves as intimately connected to contract research organizations; and layover evaluators who are waiting for the next career move. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for the professional development and academic training of future program evaluators.
Modern Quantitative Methods for Evaluation Science
Authors: Zvoch Keith
Published: February 2014

In recent years, quantitative research methodology has become more conceptually integrated and technically sophisticated. Fundamental insights regarding design and analytic frameworks that support causal inference along with the development of estimation algorithms appropriate for multilevel and latent variable models have altered traditional methodological practice and ushered in new appreciation for the underlying relationship among modern data modeling techniques. In this article, I provide a brief outline of five methodological content domains that have increasing relevance for quantitatively oriented evaluators, (1) causal inference/experimental design, (2) multilevel modeling, (3) structural equation/latent variable modeling, (4) longitudinal data analysis, and (5) missing data, and the accompanying textbook resources that facilitate understanding and use. A target audience for each text is also identified.
Usurping Public Leisure Space for Protest
Authors: Arora Payal
Published: February 2014

This article draws parallels between the use of public leisure spaces in the city, such as parks and squares, and the use of certain forms of digital networks. Similarities between these two sorts of social contexts are worth considering, particularly their political dimension. This effort places the current conversation about social media as sites of political mobilization into dialogue with the historical analysis of public parks as spaces that, in a similar fashion, were designed for leisure and consumption but was appropriated as sites of resistance. It brings together the literature on urban parks as centers of democracy and the literature on new media spaces as portals of cyber-protest, extending the spatial history of digital politics.
Outcasts, performers and true believers: Responsibilized subjects of criminal justice
Authors: Moore Dawn , Hirai Hideyuki
Published: February 2014

We draw on a field study of three drug treatment courts to show that responsibilization strategies create a paradox of bulimic exclusion and empowerment for individual subjects. By theorizing three different subjectivities emerging from our research sites (outcasts, performers and true believers), we show how subjects of intervention actively work to negotiate their own experiences of responsibilization.
You may smother my voice, but you will hear my silence: An autoethnography on street sexual harassment, the discourse of shame and women’s resistance in Iran
Authors: Chubin Fae
Published: February 2014

Employing the method of autoethnography, I narrate my lived experiences as an Iranian woman to illustrate how women negotiate their survival from sexual harassment on a daily basis in the streets of Tehran. Grounded in the theoretical and methodological approach of institutional ethnography, this paper illustrates how textually mediated social institutions subjugate women’s everyday experiences of sexual assault, and how women’s silent reactions to these experiences is both the result of such subjugation and also a strategic form of resistance. Social interactions encourage women to remain silent about the harassment through reinforcement of the culture of shame, and this expected silence encourages women to resist harassment and negotiate their survival not through words but with their performative reactions. This article argues that Iranian women’s responses to public sexual harassment should be considered as both an agentic and a subjugated response.
What makes a man: Gender and sexual boundaries on evangelical Christian sexuality websites
Authors: Burke Kelsy
Published: February 2014

This article examines how some evangelical Christian men create alternative meanings associated with gender-deviant sex in order to justify it within an evangelical framework. The author shows how Christian sexuality website users construct gender omniscience—a spouse and God’s all-knowing certainty about one’s “true” gender identity—to reconcile men’s interests in non-normative sex with their status as Christian patriarchs. By constructing gender as relational and spiritual, they simultaneously normalize their behaviors while condemning others who participate in similar acts but fail to meet the requirements of gender omniscience. Challenging common assumptions about evangelical sexuality, this article offers insights into the intersection of heterosexuality, masculinities, and religion.
The International (Lesbian and) Gay Association and the question of pedophilia: Tracking the demise of gay liberation ideals
Authors: Paternotte David
Published: February 2014

In 1993–1994, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) lost its observer status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) because US conservative groups publicised the membership of two pedophile groups. This article examines debates on pedophilia within ILGA before this event, and documents the slow decline of pro-pedophilia stances. It relates them to wider debates on gay liberation, and argues that pro-pedophilia arguments lost most of their appeal when new ways of imagining homosexual emancipation and new political goals emerged. Beyond the issue of intergenerational sex, it shows these debates were also about the kind of movement activists wanted to build together.
Feminist Self-Defense and Resistance Training for College Students
Authors: Gidycz Christine A. , Dardis Christina M.
Published: February 2014

There remains resistance to feminist self-defense and resistance training programming for women, despite (a) documented effectiveness of rape resistance strategies in avoiding rape, (b) consistently high rates of sexual victimization on college campuses, and (c) limited evidence of lasting change in sexual assault perpetration reduction within existing men’s prevention programs. The current article seeks to discuss (1) the rationale for feminist self-defense and resistance training for women, (2) key components of feminist self-defense and resistance training, (3) barriers to its implementation, (4) outcomes of self-defense and resistance training programming, and (5) recommendations for future work. Such suggestions include increasing funding for large-scale self-defense and rape resistance outcome research to examine program effectiveness. Specifically, outcome research that examines the role of contextual factors (e.g., alcohol use) and women’s victimization histories is needed. Finally, self-defense training and resistance training should be combined with bystander intervention and men’s programs with the goal of providing synergistic effects on rape reduction.
Human recombinant lysozyme downregulates advanced glycation endproduct-induced interleukin-6 production and release in an in-vitro model of human proximal tubular epithelial cells
Authors: Gallo Davide , Cocchietto Moreno , Masat Elisa , Agostinis Chiara , Harei Elisa , Veronesi Paolo , Sava Gianni
Published: February 2014

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic renal disease and one of the major causes of cardiovascular mortality. Evidence suggests that its progression is due to the chronic hyperglycemia consequent to the production and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Lysozyme was shown to posses AGE-sequestering properties and the capacity to reduce the severity of the early stage manifestations of the diabetic nephropathy. This study was aimed to contribute to the understanding the molecular mechanisms of lysozyme effectiveness in the diabetic nephropathy, using an in-vitro cellular model, represented by the HK-2 cells, human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Lysozyme significantly reduced the AGE-induced IL-6 mRNA and an ELISA assay showed also a decreased release of the functional protein with a dose-dependent trend. In addition, lysozyme prevented macrophage recruitment, suggesting its capacity to elicit an anti-inflammatory action. We may conclude that the protective action of lysozyme on the nephrotoxic effects of AGE may depend, at least in part, on its ability to prevent the production and release of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 and to reduce macrophage recruitment in the inflammatory sites.
Reliability and availability analysis of the structural observability of bilinear systems: A graph-theoretical approach
Authors: Dakil Manal , Simon Christophe , Boukhobza Taha
Published: February 2014

This article deals with the reliability and the availability of the structural observability of bilinear systems using a graph-theoretical approach. The observability is a necessary property for the control, monitoring, and diagnosis of continuous systems. This property can be verified graphically. By linking the validation states of edges with the operating states of the system components, it is possible to express the satisfaction of the observability as a Boolean expression based on the operating state of the system components. In this work, we consider the failures of all the system components: internal and external (actuators/sensors). Using the Boolean expression, it is easy to obtain the corresponding Markov chain which allows us to compute the reliability/availability or the reliability of the property. The information on the reliability/availability of the observability allows us to predict the satisfaction of this property during the mission time of the system when one or more components fail. The proposed graphical approach considers only the knowledge of the system structure. Thus, the study can start at the early phases of the system life-cycle.
Reliability analysis of underground pipelines with correlations between failure modes and random variables
Authors: Tee Kong Fah , Khan Lutfor Rahman
Published: February 2014

Underground pipeline structures may contain multiple failure modes in which any of the modes can lead to a system failure. These failure modes are a time-variant process, and failure rate increases with the lapse of time. The failure modes may be correlated due to common random variables. In many cases, failure modes are assumed to be independent, and underground pipeline failure is evaluated by neglecting correlations between failure modes. However, neglecting correlations may lead to a gross error in pipeline reliability analysis. Correlations between time-dependent failure modes due to corrosion-induced deflection, buckling, wall thrust and bending stress for a buried flexible steel pipe have been assessed in this study. Reliability index and system failure probability have been analysed using Monte Carlo simulation. Parametric analysis indicates that soil modulus, soil density, pipe stiffness and external loading are the most influencing random variables. The estimated reliability can be utilised to develop maintenance strategies during the pipe service lifetime in order to avoid unexpected failure or collapse.
The addition of sirolimus to tacrolimus/methotrexate GVHD prophylaxis in children with ALL: a phase 3 Children’s Oncology Group/Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Consortium trial
Authors: Pulsipher Michael A. , Langholz Bryan , Wall Donna A. , Schultz Kirk R. , Bunin Nancy , Carroll William L. , Raetz Elizabeth , Gardner Sharon , Gastier-Foster Julie M. , Howrie Denise , Goyal Rakesh K. , Douglas James G. , Borowitz Michael , Barnes Yvonne , Teachey David T. , Taylor Candace , Grupp Stephan A.
Published: February 2014

Key Points

Adding sirolimus to tacrolimus/methotrexate GVHD prophylaxis decreased grade 2-4 aGVHD but did not improve survival in pediatric ALL. The addition of sirolimus to tacrolimus/methotrexate increased rates of VOD and TMA compared with tacrolimus/methotrexate alone.
Lineage and species-specific long noncoding RNAs during erythro-megakaryocytic development
Authors: Paralkar Vikram R. , Mishra Tejaswini , Luan Jing , Yao Yu , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Anderson Stacie M. , Dunagin Margaret , Pimkin Maxim , Gore Meghneel , Sun Diana , Konuthula Neeraja , Raj Arjun , An Xiuli , Mohandas Narla , Bodine David M. , Hardison Ross C. , Weiss Mitchell J.
Published: February 2014

Key Points

Hundreds of lineage-specific lncRNAs are expressed during mouse and human erythropoiesis. Most mouse erythroid lncRNAs are not expressed in human erythroblasts and vice versa, yet some appear to be functional.
GATA-3 expression identifies a high-risk subset of PTCL, NOS with distinct molecular and clinical features
Authors: Wang Tianjiao , Feldman Andrew L. , Wada David A. , Lu Ye , Polk Avery , Briski Robert , Ristow Kay , Habermann Thomas M. , Thomas Dafydd , Ziesmer Steven C. , Wellik Linda E. , Lanigan Thomas M. , Witzig Thomas E. , Pittelkow Mark R. , Bailey Nathanael G. , Hristov Alexandra C. , Lim Megan S. , Ansell Stephen M. , Wilcox Ryan A.
Published: February 2014

Key Points

Alternatively polarized macrophages are abundant constituents of the tumor microenvironment in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. GATA-3 expression identifies a subset of PTCL, NOS with a distinct cytokine profile and inferior survival.
A degenerate PCR-based strategy as a means of identifying homologues of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes in the gut microbiota
Authors: Fouhy Fiona , Ross R Paul , Fitzgerald Gerald F , Stanton Catherine , Cotter Paul D
Published: February 2014

Background

The potential for the human gut microbiota to serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes has been the subject of recent discussion. However, this has yet to be investigated using a rapid PCR-based approach. In light of this, here we aim to determine if degenerate PCR primers can detect aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes in the gut microbiota of healthy adults, without the need for an initial culture-based screen for resistant isolates. In doing so, we would determine if the gut microbiota of healthy adults, lacking recent antibiotic exposure, is a reservoir for resistance genes.

Results

The strategy employed resulted in the identification of numerous aminoglycoside (acetylation, adenylation and phosphorylation) and β-lactam (including bla
OXA, bla
TEM, bla
SHV and bla
CTX-M) resistance gene homologues. On the basis of homology, it would appear that these genes originated from different bacterial taxa, with members of the Enterobacteriaceae being a particularly rich source. The results demonstrate that, even in the absence of recent antibiotic exposure, the human gut microbiota is a considerable reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated that the gut can be a significant source of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes, even in the absence of recent antibiotic exposure. The results also demonstrate that PCR-based approaches can be successfully applied to detect antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiota, without the need to isolate resistant strains. This approach could also be used to rapidly screen other complex environments for target genes.
Concerted down-regulation of immune-system related genes predicts metastasis in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Fehlker Marion , Huska Matthew R , Jöns Thomas , Andrade-Navarro Miguel A , Kemmner Wolfgang
Published: February 2014

Background

This study aimed at the identification of prognostic gene expression markers in early primary colorectal carcinomas without metastasis at the time point of surgery by analyzing genome-wide gene expression profiles using oligonucleotide microarrays.

Methods

Cryo-conserved tumor specimens from 45 patients with early colorectal cancers were examined, with the majority of them being UICC stage II or earlier and with a follow-up time of 41–115 months. Gene expression profiling was performed using Whole Human Genome 4x44K Oligonucleotide Microarrays. Validation of microarray data was performed on five of the genes in a smaller cohort.

Results

Using a novel algorithm based on the recursive application of support vector machines (SVMs), we selected a signature of 44 probes that discriminated between patients developing later metastasis and patients with a good prognosis. Interestingly, almost half of the genes was related to the patients’ immune response and showed reduced expression in the metastatic cases.

Conclusions

Whereas up to now gene signatures containing genes with various biological functions have been described for prediction of metastasis in CRC, in this study metastasis could be well predicted by a set of gene expression markers consisting exclusively of genes related to the MHC class II complex involved in immune response. Thus, our data emphasize that the proper function of a comprehensive network of immune response genes is of vital importance for the survival of colorectal cancer patients.