bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of mercury‐resistant and indole‐3‐acetic acid producing bacterial‐consortium for growth promotion of Cicer arietinum L.
Authors: Amin Aatif , Latif Zakia
Published: December 2016

Mercury resistant (HgR) bacteria were screened from industrial effluents and effluents‐polluted rhizosphere soils near to districts Kasur and Sheikhupura, Pakistan. Out of 60 isolates, three bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. AZ‐1, Bacillus cereus AZ‐2, and Enterobacter cloacae AZ‐3 showed Hg‐resistance as 20 μg ml−1 of HgCl2 and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production as 8–38 μg ml−1. Biochemical and molecular characterization of selected bacteria was confirmed by 16S ribotyping. Mercury resistant genes merA, merB, and merE of mer operon in Bacillus spp. were checked by PCR amplification. The merE gene involved in the transportation of elemental mercury (Hg0) via cell membrane was first time cloned into pHLV vector and transformed in C43(DE3) Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant plasmid (pHLMerE) was expressed and purified by nickel (Ni+2) affinity chromatography. Chromatographic techniques viz. thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) confirmed the presence of Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) in supernatant of selected bacteria. The strain E. cloacae AZ‐3 detoxified 88% of mercury (Hg+2) from industrial effluent (p < 0.05) after immobilization in Na‐alginate beads. Finally, Hg‐resistant and IAA producing bacterial consortium of two strains, Bacillus sp. AZ‐1 and E. cloacae AZ‐3, inoculated in mercury amended soil with 20 μg ml−1 HgCl2 resulted 80, 22, 64, 116, 50, 75, 30, and 100% increase as compared to control plants in seed germination, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds and weight of seeds, respectively, of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in pot experiments (p < 0.05).
The Mediating Roles of the Overall Perceived Value of the Ecotourism Site and Attitudes Towards Ecotourism in Sustainability Through the Key Relationship Ecotourism Knowledge‐Ecotourist Satisfaction
Authors: Oviedo‐García M. Ángeles , Castellanos‐Verdugo Mario , Vega‐Vázquez Manuela , Orgaz‐Agüera Francisco
Published: December 2016

Tourist satisfaction is a key factor in tourism sustainability. A multiple mediation model is proposed to analyze the relationship between ecotourism knowledge and ecotourist satisfaction, assisting our understanding of the generative mechanism by which ecotourism knowledge influences ecotourist satisfaction. Ecotourists at the Natural Park Saltos de la Damajagua (Dominican Republic) were administered a questionnaire. The results (PLS‐SEM) show that ecotourism site perceived value and attitudes towards ecotourism fully mediate the influence of ecotourism knowledge on ecotourist satisfaction. Ecotourism knowledge will therefore only have positive effects on ecotourist satisfaction when the ecotourism site is of high perceived value and there are positive attitudes towards ecotourism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visible Laser‐Induced In Situ Cell Detachment from Gold Nanoparticle‐Embedded Collagen Gel
Authors: Kojima Chie , Nakajima Yusuke , Oeda Naoya , Kawano Takeshi , Taki Yusuke
Published: December 2016

Cell sorting is important for cell biology and regenerative medicine. A visible light‐responsive cell scaffold is produced using gold nanoparticles and collagen gel. Various kinds of cells are cultured on the visible light‐responsive cell scaffold, and the target cells are selectively detached by photoirradiation without any cytotoxicity. This is a new image‐guided cell sorting system.

image
Membrane defects and genetic redundancy: Are we at a turning point for DYT1 dystonia?
Authors: Cascalho Ana , Jacquemyn Julie , Goodchild Rose E.
Published: December 2016

Heterozygosity for a 3‐base pair deletion (ΔGAG) in TOR1A/torsinA is one of the most common causes of hereditary dystonia. In this review, we highlight current understanding of how this mutation causes disease from research spanning structural biochemistry, cell science, neurobiology, and several model organisms. We now know that homozygosity for ΔGAG has the same effects as Tor1aKO, implicating a partial loss of function mechanism in the ΔGAG/+ disease state. In addition, torsinA loss specifically affects neurons in mice, even though the gene is broadly expressed, apparently because of differential expression of homologous torsinB. Furthermore, certain neuronal subtypes are more severely affected by torsinA loss. Interestingly, these include striatal cholinergic interneurons that display abnormal responses to dopamine in several Tor1a animal models. There is also progress on understanding torsinA molecular cell biology. The structural basis of how ΔGAG inhibits torsinA ATPase activity is defined, although mutant torsinAΔGAG protein also displays some characteristics suggesting it contributes to dystonia by a gain‐of‐function mechanism. Furthermore, a consistent relationship is emerging between torsin dysfunction and membrane biology, including an evolutionarily conserved regulation of lipid metabolism. Considered together, these findings provide major advances toward understanding the molecular, cellular, and neurobiological pathologies of DYT1/TOR1A dystonia that can hopefully be exploited for new approaches to treat this disease. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
LRRK2 levels and phosphorylation in Parkinson's disease brain and cases with restricted Lewy bodies
Authors: Dzamko Nicolas , Gysbers Amanda M. , Bandopadhyay Rina , Bolliger Marc F. , Uchino Akiko , Zhao Ye , Takao Masaki , Wauters Sandrine , van de Berg Wilma D. J. , Takahashi‐Fujigasaki Junko , Nichols R. Jeremy , Holton Janice L. , Murayama Shigeo , Halliday Glenda M.
Published: December 2016

Background: Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease; however, little is known about the expression of LRRK2 in human brain and if/how LRRK2 protein levels are altered in Parkinson's disease.

Objectives: We measured the protein levels of LRRK2 as well as its phosphorylation on serines 910, 935, and 973 in the postmortem brain tissue of Parkinson's disease patients and aged controls with and without Lewy bodies.

Methods: LRRK2 and its phosphorylation were measured by immunoblot in brain regions differentially affected in Parkinson's disease (n = 30) as well as subjects with Lewy bodies restricted to the periphery and lower brain stem (n = 25) and matched controls without pathology (n = 25).

Results: LRRK2 levels were increased in cases with restricted Lewy bodies, with a 30% increase measured in the substantia nigra. In clinical Parkinson's disease, levels of LRRK2 negatively correlated to disease duration and were comparable with controls. LRRK2 phosphorylation, however, particularly at serine 935, was reduced with clinical Parkinson's disease with a 36% reduction measured in the substantia nigra.

Conclusions: Our data show that LRRK2 phosphorylation is reduced with clinical PD, whereas LRRK2 expression is increased in early potential prodromal stages. These results contribute to a better understanding of the role of LRRK2 in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and may aid efforts aimed at therapeutically targeting the LRRK2 protein. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
An isogeometric discontinuous Galerkin method for Euler equations
Authors: Yu Shengjiao , Feng Renzhong , Liu Tiegang
Published: December 2016

An isogeometric discontinuous Galerkin method for Euler equations is proposed. It integrates the idea of isogeometric analysis with the discontinuous Galerkin framework by constructing each element through the knots insertion and degree elevation techniques in non‐uniform rational B‐splines. This leads to the solution inherently shares the same function space as the non‐uniform rational B‐splines representation, and results in that the curved boundaries as well as the interfaces between neighboring elements are naturally and exactly resolved. Additionally, the computational cost is reduced in contrast to that of structured grid generation. Numerical tests demonstrate that the presented method can be high order of accuracy and flexible in handling curved geometry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political environment and voluntary disclosure in the U.S.: Evidence from the Carbon Disclosure Project
Authors: Hoover Scott , Fafatas Stephan
Published: December 2016

We investigate whether the political leaning of the state where a given firm is headquartered is related to that firm's decision to voluntarily disclose climate change information. We study S&P 500 firms that were surveyed by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) and find that firms headquartered in more Democratic states are more likely to disclose carbon emissions information to the CDP. Furthermore, firms in more Democratic states are more likely to permit public disclosure of their survey responses and tend to receive higher disclosure scores. We consider two political variables, one based on political power and one based on public political preference. Our results are consistent with political power driving the firm's willingness to voluntarily disclose information about climate change. These results suggest that the relation between the political environment and disclosure is more closely linked to concerns over regulatory threats as opposed to acquiescence to social norms.
Capillary Electrophoresis as Tool for Diastereomeric Separation in aTrichilia catiguaFraction
Authors: Sereia Ana Luiza , Longhini Renata , Lopes Gisely Cristiny , de Mello João Carlos Palazzo
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The treeTrichilia catigua, popularly known as “catuaba”, shows several biological activities and has emerged as a potential source of new drugs. Considering that more than 10 species are known under the same popular name, regulatory agencies require more rigorous quality control of this medicinal plant.

Objective

To develop and validate a methodology using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet (UV) detection for analysing polyphenols in the ethyl‐acetate fraction (EAF) ofTrichilia catigua.

Methodology

Different electrophoretic conditions (such as wavelength of UV detection, voltage, buffer concentration and pH, cyclodextrin type and concentration) were investigated. After optimisation, borate buffer 80 mmol/L at pH 8.80 with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin 10 mmol/L was selected as background electrolyte. A voltage reduction was used to improve the separation of a diastereomeric pair of cinchonains.

Results

The method proved to be simple, sensitive, accurate, linear, precise and reproducible. For the first time in natural products analysis, a voltage reduction and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin were used to improve the separation of diastereomeric pairs. Until now, this is the only described methodology able to separate catechin, epicatechin, cinchonains Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb fromTrichilia catiguasamples on the same run in less than 12 min. When compared to the high performance liquid chromatography with photo‐diode array detection (HPLC‐PDA) method previously developed by our research group, the CE method was more efficient, faster, less expensive and less polluting.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that this method could be employed in a quality‐control laboratory for the quantification of polyphenols in EAF ofTrichilia catigua. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separating and Identifying the Four Stereoisomers of Methyl Jasmonate by RP‐HPLC and using Cyclodextrins in a Novel Way
Authors: Matencio Adrián , Bermejo‐Gimeno Mario J. , García‐Carmona Francisco , López‐Nicolás José Manuel
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Several authors have reported on the different bioactivities of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stereoisomers. However, no simple, precise and cheap method for separating and identifying them using reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) has been developed.

Objective

(1) To create a simple, precise and cheap method for separating and identifying the four stereoisomers present in commercial racemic mixtures of MeJA and (2) to identify the four stereoisomers using molecular docking techniques and coinjection.

Materials and Methods – RP‐HPLC using a 250 mm C18 column and different proportions of cyclodextrins (CDs) and organic solvents was applied to a commercial sample of racemic MeJA.

Results

The results show that the best conditions for separating the MeJA stereoisomers are: 20% methanol in the mobile phase, a temperature of 45 °C and a 16 mM concentration of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (M‐β‐CD). A simple C18 250 mm column and a flow rate of 1.25 mL/min were used. The reduction in the retention time of MeJA observed when M‐β‐CD is added to the mobile phases was used to determine the complexation constants of the guest/CD complex and compared with the obtained when other CDs were used. The KF for M‐β‐CD (117.49 ± 5.9 1/M) was obtained with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The four stereoisomers were identified by molecular docking techniques and coinjection of a commercially available rosemary essential oil.

Conclusion

The new method identified and classified the four stereoisomers of MeJA in the following ordination: (−)epiMeJA, (−)MeJA; (+)MeJA and (+)epiMeJA. These results could be used to improve the elicitation of cell cultures with only the best isomer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reverse Phase Compatible TLC‐Bioautography for Detection of Tyrosinase Inhibitors
Authors: García Paula , Ramallo I. Ayelen , Furlan Ricardo L.E.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Reverse phase chromatography and bioautographic assays are key tools for natural product bioguided isolation; however, their direct coupling has not been fully achieved.

Objectives

To develop a bioautographic assay to detect tyrosinase inhibitors present in complex matrices sorbed on reverse phase (RP) TLC‐plates that can be used for bioguided isolation of bioactive compounds.

Methods

Enzyme gel entrapment with an amphiphilic copolymer was used for assay development. The gel turns into a brown “skin like” colour due to tyrosinase catalysed oxidation of l‐tyrosine. The inhibitors are visualised as clear spots against a brown coloured background.

Results

The assay was able to localise cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, as its main constituent with known tyrosinase inhibition properties. The assay allowed the detection of 0.03% (w/w) of kojic acid co‐spotted with a methanolic extract of Sphaeralcea bonariensis and chromatographed on RP‐TLC.

Conclusion

The developed assay is able to detect, with high sensitivity, tyrosinase inhibitors present in complex matrices that were chromatographed in RP‐TLC. Results can be easily read by colour change, inhibitors appear as clear spots in a darker background. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Octreotide use and safety in infants with hyperinsulinism
Authors: McMahon Ann W. , Wharton Gerold T. , Thornton Paul , De Leon Diva D.
Published: December 2016

Background

Octreotide is a synthetic peptide analog of naturally occurring somatostatin. Octreotide is used off‐label in children <6 years of age for hyperinsulinism, chylothorax, and gastrointestinal bleeding. There is a lack of controlled data on efficacy or potential adverse events from this off‐label use.

Methods

Three pediatric hospitals participated in this study. Patients were hospitalized January 2007–December 2010 and administered octreotide for congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) at least 1 day. Variables assessed included octreotide dosage, patient demographics, medical interventions, concomitant medicines, serious adverse events (SAEs) including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and mortality.

Results

The 103 patient sample had a median gestational age of 38 weeks. During the study period, two patients died: one from NEC and the other from cardiomyopathy/sepsis. There were 11 other SAEs in the 101 surviving patients.

Conclusion

This study highlights potential risks in administering octreotide off‐label. This study, like several other published studies, has highlighted NEC in a full‐term infant treated with octreotide. It is important to study the efficacy and the safety of octreotide for hyperinsulinism. In the interim, it might be prudent to prescribe octreotide in CHI neonates only in the absence of other risk factors for NEC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of individual and personality factors in controlling risky behaviours related to AIDS: Proposing a causal model
Authors: Rezaei Mansour , Zakiei Ali , Reshadat Soheyla , Ghasemi Seyed Ramin
Published: December 2016

Background

Investigating previous studies show that personality traits have an important role in controlling risky behaviours related to AIDS; therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between AIDS health literacy, personality traits and mental health and controlling risky behaviours related to AIDS through self‐efficacy.

Methods

The statistical population includes all the young people in western provinces of Iran, 2015. Data analysis was carried out for a sample of 756 participants (59% female).

Results

The results show that except for the socializing trait, all the other variables are related to controlling risky behaviours. In addition, variables of health literacy related to AIDS, mental health, activity, impulsive sensation seeking and hostility have a direct relation to controlling risky behaviours. Also, the predicting behaviours can predict 62% of the variance in controlling risky behaviours related to AIDS. The analysis results show that health literacy has an indirect impact on controlling risky behaviours through self‐efficacy. In other words, health literacy related to AIDS leads to controlling risky behaviours when self‐efficacy is high for controlling risky behaviours.

Conclusion

Based on the results, it is recommended that the role of self‐efficacy in controlling risky behaviours be considered as a strategy for preventing AIDS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluctuation theorem of a mesoscopic engine and spin switching
Authors: Utsumi Yasuhiro , Taniguchi Tomohito
Published: December 2016

Based on the fluctuation theorem of a small engine, we present a description of the stochastic dynamics of a mesoscopic system. We apply it to the problem of the escape of a particle from a metastable state subjected to a fluctuating nonconservative force, which is beyond the description of the fluctuation‐dissipation theorem. As an example, we consider a reversal of a small magnetic moment by fluctuating spin‐torque. The joint probability distribution of input heat and output work is derived from the full‐counting statistics under adiabatic pumping. We predict a threshold voltage above which the spin‐torque shot noise induces probabilistic switching events, and below which such events are blocked.
Highly efficient organic photovoltaic cells fabricated by electrospray deposition using a non‐halogenated solution
Authors: Takahira Kazuya , Toda Asuki , Suzuki Katsumi , Fukuda Takeshi
Published: December 2016

Since a large amount of solvents are needed for roll‐to‐roll printing processes of organic photovoltaic cells, an environmentally friendly process for practical mass production systems is in high demand. In this research, a highly efficient organic photovoltaic cell was successfully demonstrated by the electrospray deposition method using a non‐halogenated solvent, o‐xylene. An addition of acetonitrile and 1,8‐diiodooctane drastically reduced domain size of the organic active layer, resulting in improved device performance. In addition, the photoconversion efficiency was continuously increased with increasing the solvent evaporation time of a droplet deposited on a substrate, and the highest photoconversion efficiency of 5.6% was achieved by optimizing the solvent evaporation time.

Current‐density–voltage characteristics under irradiation with AM 1.5 light and corresponding AFM images of the active layers electrosprayed with and without the addition of 1,8‐diiodooctane in o‐xylene and acetonitrile.
Bulky bis(imidazole) and 2‐sulfoterephthalate Assisted 3‐D Cu(II) and 2‐D Mn(II) Coordination Polymers: Topology, Diversity in Metal Containing Nodes and Spectral Elucidation
Authors: Das Kuheli , Datta Amitabha , Mane Sandeep B. , Mendiratta Shruti , Massera Chiara , Garribba Eugenio , Huang Jui‐Hsien , Hung Chen‐Hsiung , Akitsu Takashiro
Published: December 2016

This work presents the synthesis of a 3‐D Cu(II) framework represented by a 4,6‐c 2‐nodal net of the type fsc employing the bifunctional template group sulfonate‐carboxylate and the dia precursor (dia=9,10‐di(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)anthracene). The high versatility of the N‐donor and carboxylate ligands also yields a 2‐D Mn chain described by a pcu primitive cubic net. The solvent‐dependent EPR studies for both the CPs are also illustrated. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility confirms that both ferromagnetic and antiferromanetic interactions coexist in 1 among the different geometrical arrangement of Cu(II) ions.
Cu(OAc)2/I2‐Mediated Direct Sulfonylation of Benzo[d]imidazoles with Disulfides
Authors: Wei Liang , Deng Jian‐Chao , Zhuo Bao‐Liu , Xu Li , Tang Ri‐Yuan
Published: December 2016

A novel method for direct sulfonylation of disulfides with benzo[d]imidazoles mediated by Cu(OAc)2 and iodine has been established. This protocol allows for the preparation of diverse sulfonamides with broad functionalities in moderate to good yields. The control experiments have shown that the oxygen atoms in sulfonamides come from water.
The Paradoxes of Telehealth: a Review of the Literature 2000–2015
Authors: Standing Craig , Standing Susan , McDermott Marie‐Louise , Gururajan Raj , Kiani Mavi Reza
Published: December 2016

Telehealth literature has grown over the years to be a substantial body of work. However, research still highlights problems in extracting value from telehealth activities. In this paper, we analyse the telehealth literature over the period 2000–2015. The methodology focuses on paradoxes or surprises in the findings. We explain the lack of an operating model for telehealth as a debilitating feature of its history. We also note that many of the barriers cited in the literature have not changed over the period. We call for a focused research agenda on telehealth that provides clear evidence for some of the benefits such as cost savings and patient benefits. If telehealth activities are to progress, fundamental issues need to be addressed both in research and practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Reduction Pretreatment on the Internal Quality of Casting Billets
Authors: Wang Yuwei , Cai Qingwu , Li Gaosheng , Yu Wei
Published: December 2016

Reduction pretreatment is a novel process to improve the internal quality of casting slabs, in which limited works are available. This paper therefore examines the application of reduction pretreatment to casting billets to investigate the improvement of microstructures and properties. The casting billets obtained with/without the reduction pretreatment were measured to reveal the effects of this technique. The results indicate that, a certain amount of reduction pretreatment is capable of closing porosity, accelerating diffusion, and crushing dendrites. Moreover, the ductility of the billet is increased with the improvement of the porosity, segregation, and microstructure. It is noteworthy, however, some cracks might be generated due to excessive amounts of reduction.
Quantitating the cell: turning images into numbers with ImageJ
Authors: Arena Ellen T , Rueden Curtis T , Hiner Mark C , Wang Shulei , Yuan Ming , Eliceiri Kevin W
Published: December 2016

Modern biological research particularly in the fields of developmental and cell biology has been transformed by the rapid evolution of the light microscope. The light microscope, long a mainstay of the experimental biologist, is now used for a wide array of biological experimental scenarios and sample types. Much of the great developments in advanced biological imaging have been driven by the digital imaging revolution with powerful processors and algorithms. In particular, this combination of advanced imaging and computational analysis has resulted in the drive of the modern biologist to not only visually inspect dynamic phenomena, but to quantify the involved processes. This need to quantitate images has become a major thrust within the bioimaging community and requires extensible and accessible image processing routines with corresponding intuitive software packages. Novel algorithms both made specifically for light microscopy or adapted from other fields, such as astronomy, are available to biologists, but often in a form that is inaccessible for a number of reasons ranging from data input issues, usability and training concerns, and accessibility and output limitations. The biological community has responded to this need by developing open source software packages that are freely available and provide access to image processing routines. One of the most prominent is the open‐source image package ImageJ. In this review, we give an overview of prominent imaging processing approaches in ImageJ that we think are of particular interest for biological imaging and that illustrate the functionality of ImageJ and other open source image analysis software. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e260. doi: 10.1002/wdev.260

This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Methods and Principles

Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes
Influence of patch shape on mallard nest survival in northern Iowa
Authors: Koford Rolf R. , Dodici Gian , Zenner Guy , Vogel Jennifer A. , Ness Brenna , Klaver Robert W.
Published: December 2016

Reproductive success of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) is influenced by distribution and amount of wetlands and grasslands on the landscape during the breeding season. Most studies of mallard reproductive success have been conducted in areas with high wetland densities and large tracts of grasslands. We investigated nest survival of mallards in intensively cropped northern Iowa, USA, where wetland and grassland habitats were highly fragmented. We radiotracked female mallards nesting during 1998–2000 and located 318 nests in 6 types of land cover. Overall daily survival rate of nests was 0.945 ± 0.003 standard error (SE), corresponding to an estimated nest survival rate of 0.14. Hen success (i.e., the probability that an individual female will hatch a nest in one of her attempts) averaged 0.28 ± 0.03 SE. We used a model selection approach to examine covariates that might affect nest survival. Perimeter‐to‐area ratio (PAR) of the nest patch was the most important predictor of daily nest survival, with nest survival decreasing with increasing PAR. A greater percentage of nests hatched (18%) in habitats with low perimeter‐to‐area ratios (e.g., pastures, hayfields, Conservation Reserve Program fields, and managed grasslands) compared with habitats with high PAR (11%) such as drainage ditches, road‐side ditches, fencerows, and waterways. Managing habitat in this region to increase mallard nest survival will be challenging, given the propensity of mallards to nest in linear habitats. If the climate change projections materialize in the 21st century, the southeastern portion of the Prairie Pothole Region could become a much more important breeding area for midcontinent mallards. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Formation and Characterization of [BrC(NMe2)2)][Br3] and [BrC(NMe2)2)]2[Br8] in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Sonnenberg Karsten , Pröhm Patrick , Steinhauer Simon , Wiesner Anja , Müller Carsten , Riedel Sebastian
Published: December 2016

The polybromide salts [BrC(NMe2)2]2[Br8] and [BrC(NMe2)2][Br3] were synthesized in the ionic liquid [BMP][OTf] (1‐butyl‐1‐methyl‐pyrrolidinium triflate). The compounds were characterized by Raman, NMR, and X‐ray single crystal structure determination as well as quantum‐chemical calculations. The polybromide dianion [Br8]2– structure shows similarities to the very recently reported structure of the first octachloride [Cl8]2–.
Functional Properties of Protein Isolates Produced by Aqueous Extraction of De‐hulled Yellow Mustard
Authors: Tabtabaei Solmaz , Hijar Benjamin , Chen Bih King , Diosady Levente L.
Published: December 2016

Two types of protein isolates were prepared from de‐hulled yellow mustard flour by aqueous extraction, membrane processing and isoelectric precipitation. The precipitated and soluble protein isolates had 96.0 and 83.5% protein content on a moisture and oil free basis, respectively. Their functional properties were evaluated and compared with commercial soybean and other Brassica protein isolates. The soluble protein isolate exhibited high values for all properties. The precipitated protein isolate showed excellent oil absorption and emulsifying properties but poor solubility, water absorption and foaming properties due to its high lipid content (~25%). Storage temperature had limited effect on lipid oxidation, and hence the stability of the precipitated protein isolate at 25–45 °C. Flavor of wieners and bologna prepared with 2% of this isolate as binder was comparable to those prepared with soy protein isolate.
Fractionation of Condensed Distillers Solubles and Compositional Characterization of Its Co‐Products
Authors: Liu Keshun
Published: December 2016

Condensed distillers solubles (CDS) was fractionated into a protein‐mineral fraction and a glycerol fraction by a chemical method; protein and glycerol‐mineral fractions by a physical method; and protein, mineral, and glycerol fractions by a physicochemical method. The co‐products from each method, along with CDS, were characterized for concentrations of key constituents (protein, oil, ash, glycerol and other carbohydrates), mineral profile, and amino acid composition. Recovery of mass and main constituents was also investigated. With the chemical method, about two‐third of the mass went to the protein‐mineral fraction, while by the physical method the equal amounts of mass went to the protein and glycerol‐mineral fractions. Protein, minerals, and glycerol were mostly recovered into their respective fractions. CDS and its fractions contained six major minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, and S) and four trace ones (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn). Both chemical and physical treatments caused significant reduction of mineral contents (dry matter basis) in the protein or glycerol fraction. Several amino acids differed significantly in percent relative to total amino acids among fractions but the extent was not substantial for protein‐rich fractions. These changes resulting from CDS fractionation are favorable for value added utilization of the new co‐products.
Motivation towards extracurricular activities and motivation at school: A test of the generalization effect hypothesis
Authors: Denault Anne‐Sophie , Guay Frédéric
Published: December 2016

Participation in extracurricular activities is a promising avenue for enhancing students' school motivation. Using self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), the goal of this study was to test a serial multiple mediator model. In this model, students' perceptions of autonomy support from their extracurricular activity leader predicted their activity‐based intrinsic and identified regulations. In turn, these regulations predicted their school‐based intrinsic and identified regulations during the same school year. Finally, these regulations predicted their school‐based intrinsic and identified regulations one year later. A total of 276 youths (54% girls) from disadvantaged neighborhoods were surveyed over two waves of data collection. The proposed mediation model was supported for both types of regulation. These results highlight the generalization effects of motivation from the extracurricular activity context to the school context.
Refractory gastric variceal bleeding secondary to splenic vein occlusion associated with abdominal lymphadenopathy
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chun , Chen Yen‐Bo , Liao Po‐Hao , Chao Wen‐Chi , Lin Jiunn‐Chang , Hong Yu‐Chung , Wang Shen‐Yung
Published: December 2016

Splenic vein occlusion caused by abdominal lymphadenopathy is rare. We herein present the case of a 80‐year‐old man with refractory isolated gastric variceal bleeding in the absence of pancreatic or liver disease. Left‐sided portal hypertension was confirmed by angiography, and para‐aortic lymphadenopathy compressing the splenic vein was identified by serial abdominal computed tomography. Endoscopic sclerosing therapy failed to treat the recurring gastric variceal hemorrhage. Therefore, splenectomy was suggested and the patient was successfully treated. The patient had been variceal bleeding free for 12 months since the surgery. In patients with isolated gastric varices but without advanced liver disease, a variety of diagnostic techniques should be attempted to elucidate the nature of portal hypertension, and left‐sided portal hypertension should be suspected. For those cases in which endoscopic treatment failed to treat refractory gastric variceal bleeding, splenectomy can be an effective option.
Análisis estructural de la red económica de exportaciones e importaciones de la Alianza del Pacífico y el Mercado Común del Sur
Authors: Lámbarry Vilchis Fernando
Published: December 2016

Diversos tratados de integración han ocurrido en la historia de Latinoamérica. El más reciente de ellos es la Alianza del Pacífico, que representa una oportunidad de unificación regional con el Mercado Común del Sur. Los estudios sobre este tema e intercambios comerciales son recurrentes en integraciones con estructuras centrales y bloques de países en la periferia que fomentan asimetrías regionales. Consecuente con esto, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar estructuralmente la centralidad del intercambio económico comercial de ambos bloques y de una eventual integración. El método de investigación implicó calcular métricas de centralidad fundamentadas en la teoría de redes. A partir de lo anterior, se concluye que los bloques tienen una estructura estratificada y que una eventual integración eficaz debe transitar hacia un regionalismo estratégico.
Valproic acid during pregnancy: Case report of a child with congenital malformations due to fetal valproate syndrome, and a high unbound serum level of valproic acid at birth
Authors: Sparla Shirley , Hogeman Paul , van Gemert Maarten , Swart Eleonora , Malingre Mirte
Published: December 2016

We present a child in utero exposed to valproic acid with congenital malformations due to fetal valproate syndrome and with toxic effects. Directly postnatal, a high-unbound serum level of valproic acid was measured. The total serum level of valproic acid was in the therapeutic range. Measuring unbound serum levels during pregnancy and postnatal period in the child provides more information about real-time exposure than measuring total serum levels.
Take the Long View on Environmental Issues in the Age of Trump
Authors: Rood Richard
Published: December 2016

Although climate and environmental regulations are at risk in the short term, Trump's disruption of traditional party positions could help to break decades of stalled efforts to address climate change.
Controlled detonation: evolution of necroptosis in pathogen defense
Authors: Brault Michelle , Oberst Andrew
Published: December 2016

Necroptosis is a lytic form of programmed cell death that involves the swelling and rupture of dying cells. Although several necroptosis‐inducing stimuli have been defined, in most cells this pathway is kept in check by the action of the pro‐apoptotic protease caspase‐8 and the IAP ubiquitin ligases. How and when necroptosis is triggered under physiological conditions therefore remains a persistent question. Because necroptosis likely arose as a defensive mechanism against viral infection, exploration of this question requires a consideration of host–pathogen interactions, and how the sensing of infection could sensitize cells to necroptosis. Here, we will discuss the role of necroptosis in the response to viral infection, consider why the necroptotic pathway has been favored during evolution, and describe emerging evidence for death‐independent functions of key necroptotic signaling components.
Evidence for a role of viruses in the thermal sensitivity of coral photosymbionts
Authors: Levin Rachel Ashley , Voolstra Christian Robert , Weynberg Karen Dawn , van Oppen Madeleine Josephine Henriette
Published: December 2016

Symbiodinium, the dinoflagellate photosymbiont of corals, is posited to become more susceptible to viral infections when heat-stressed. To investigate this hypothesis, we mined transcriptome data of a thermosensitive and a thermotolerant type C1 Symbiodinium population at ambient (27 °C) and elevated (32°C) temperatures. We uncovered hundreds of transcripts from nucleocytoplasmic large double-stranded DNA viruses (NCLDVs) and the genome of a novel positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (+ssRNAV). In the transcriptome of the thermosensitive population only, +ssRNAV transcripts had remarkable expression levels in the top 0.03% of all transcripts at 27 °C, but at 32 °C, expression levels of +ssRNAV transcripts decreased, while expression levels of anti-viral transcripts increased. In both transcriptomes, expression of NCLDV transcripts increased at 32 °C, but thermal induction of NCLDV transcripts involved in DNA manipulation was restricted to the thermosensitive population. Our findings reveal that viruses infecting Symbiodinium are affected by heat stress and may contribute to Symbiodinium thermal sensitivity.
Rapid mapping of polarization switching through complete information acquisition
Authors: Somnath Suhas , Belianinov Alex , Kalinin Sergei V. , Jesse Stephen
Published: December 2016

Polarization switching in ferroelectric and multiferroic materials underpins a broad range of current and emergent applications, ranging from random access memories to field-effect transistors, and tunnelling devices. Switching in these materials is exquisitely sensitive to local defects and microstructure on the nanometre scale, necessitating spatially resolved high-resolution studies of these phenomena. Classical piezoresponse force microscopy and spectroscopy, although providing necessary spatial resolution, are fundamentally limited in data acquisition rates and energy resolution. This limitation stems from their two-tiered measurement protocol that combines slow (∼1 s) switching and fast (∼10 kHz–1 MHz) detection waveforms. Here we develop an approach for rapid probing of ferroelectric switching using direct strain detection of material response to probe bias. This approach, facilitated by high-sensitivity electronics and adaptive filtering, enables spectroscopic imaging at a rate 3,504 times faster the current state of the art, achieving high-veracity imaging of polarization dynamics in complex microstructures.
The genetic basis and fitness consequences of sperm midpiece size in deer mice
Authors: Fisher Heidi S. , Jacobs-Palmer Emily , Lassance Jean-Marc , Hoekstra Hopi E.
Published: December 2016

An extensive array of reproductive traits varies among species, yet the genetic mechanisms that enable divergence, often over short evolutionary timescales, remain elusive. Here we examine two sister-species of Peromyscus mice with divergent mating systems. We find that the promiscuous species produces sperm with longer midpiece than the monogamous species, and midpiece size correlates positively with competitive ability and swimming performance. Using forward genetics, we identify a gene associated with midpiece length: Prkar1a, which encodes the R1α regulatory subunit of PKA. R1α localizes to midpiece in Peromyscus and is differentially expressed in mature sperm of the two species yet is similarly abundant in the testis. We also show that genetic variation at this locus accurately predicts male reproductive success. Our findings suggest that rapid evolution of reproductive traits can occur through cell type-specific changes to ubiquitously expressed genes and have an important effect on fitness.
Hydroxyl radical-induced formation of highly oxidized organic compounds
Authors: Berndt Torsten , Richters Stefanie , Jokinen Tuija , Hyttinen Noora , Kurtén Theo , Otkjær Rasmus V. , Kjaergaard Henrik G. , Stratmann Frank , Herrmann Hartmut , Sipilä Mikko , Kulmala Markku , Ehn Mikael
Published: December 2016

Explaining the formation of secondary organic aerosol is an intriguing question in atmospheric sciences because of its importance for Earth’s radiation budget and the associated effects on health and ecosystems. A breakthrough was recently achieved in the understanding of secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone reactions of biogenic emissions by the rapid formation of highly oxidized multifunctional organic compounds via autoxidation. However, the important daytime hydroxyl radical reactions have been considered to be less important in this process. Here we report measurements on the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with α- and β-pinene applying improved mass spectrometric methods. Our laboratory results prove that the formation of highly oxidized products from hydroxyl radical reactions proceeds with considerably higher yields than previously reported. Field measurements support these findings. Our results allow for a better description of the diurnal behaviour of the highly oxidized product formation and subsequent secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere.
Dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance field sensing with part-per-trillion resolution
Authors: Gross Simon , Barmet Christoph , Dietrich Benjamin E. , Brunner David O. , Schmid Thomas , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: December 2016

High-field magnets of up to tens of teslas in strength advance applications in physics, chemistry and the life sciences. However, progress in generating such high fields has not been matched by corresponding advances in magnetic field measurement. Based mostly on nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic high-field magnetometry is currently limited to resolutions in the nanotesla range. Here we report a concerted approach involving tailored materials, magnetostatics and detection electronics to enhance the resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance sensing by three orders of magnitude. The relative sensitivity thus achieved amounts to 1 part per trillion (10−12). To exemplify this capability we demonstrate the direct detection and relaxometry of nuclear polarization and real-time recording of dynamic susceptibility effects related to human heart function. Enhanced high-field magnetometry will generally permit a fresh look at magnetic phenomena that scale with field strength. It also promises to facilitate the development and operation of high-field magnets.
Holographic free-electron light source
Authors: Li Guanhai , Clarke Brendan P. , So Jin-Kyu , MacDonald Kevin F. , Zheludev Nikolay I.
Published: December 2016

Recent advances in the physics and technology of light generation via free-electron proximity and impact interactions with nanostructures (gratings, photonic crystals, nano-undulators, metamaterials and antenna arrays) have enabled the development of nanoscale-resolution techniques for such applications as mapping plasmons, studying nanoparticle structural transformations and characterizing luminescent materials (including time-resolved measurements). Here, we introduce a universal approach allowing generation of light with prescribed wavelength, direction, divergence and topological charge via point-excitation of holographic plasmonic metasurfaces. It is illustrated using medium-energy free-electron injection to generate highly-directional visible to near-infrared light beams, at selected wavelengths in prescribed azimuthal and polar directions, with brightness two orders of magnitude higher than that from an unstructured surface, and vortex beams with topological charge up to ten. Such emitters, with micron-scale dimensions and the freedom to fully control radiation parameters, offer novel applications in nano-spectroscopy, nano-chemistry and sensing.
A randomised open-label cross-over study of inhaler errors, preference and time to achieve correct inhaler use in patients with COPD or asthma: comparison of ELLIPTA with other inhaler devices
Authors: van der Palen Job , Thomas Mike , Chrystyn Henry , Sharma Raj K , van der Valk Paul DLPM , Goosens Martijn , Wilkinson Tom , Stonham Carol , Chauhan Anoop J , Imber Varsha , Zhu Chang-Qing , Svedsater Henrik , Barnes Neil C
Published: December 2016

Errors in the use of different inhalers were investigated in patients naive to the devices under investigation in a multicentre, single-visit, randomised, open-label, cross-over study. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma were assigned to ELLIPTA vs DISKUS (Accuhaler), metered-dose inhaler (MDI) or Turbuhaler. Patients with COPD were also assigned to ELLIPTA vs Handihaler or Breezhaler. Patients demonstrated inhaler use after reading the patient information leaflet (PIL). A trained investigator assessed critical errors (i.e., those likely to result in the inhalation of significantly reduced, minimal or no medication). If the patient made errors, the investigator demonstrated the correct use of the inhaler, and the patient demonstrated inhaler use again. Fewer COPD patients made critical errors with ELLIPTA after reading the PIL vs: DISKUS, 9/171 (5%) vs 75/171 (44%); MDI, 10/80 (13%) vs 48/80 (60%); Turbuhaler, 8/100 (8%) vs 44/100 (44%); Handihaler, 17/118 (14%) vs 57/118 (48%); Breezhaler, 13/98 (13%) vs 45/98 (46%; all P<0.001). Most patients (57–70%) made no errors using ELLIPTA and did not require investigator instruction. Instruction was required for DISKUS (65%), MDI (85%), Turbuhaler (71%), Handihaler (62%) and Breezhaler (56%). Fewer asthma patients made critical errors with ELLIPTA after reading the PIL vs: DISKUS (3/70 (4%) vs 9/70 (13%), P=0.221); MDI (2/32 (6%) vs 8/32 (25%), P=0.074) and significantly fewer vs Turbuhaler (3/60 (5%) vs 20/60 (33%), P<0.001). More asthma and COPD patients preferred ELLIPTA over the other devices (all P⩽0.002). Significantly, fewer COPD patients using ELLIPTA made critical errors after reading the PIL vs other inhalers. More asthma and COPD patients preferred ELLIPTA over comparator inhalers.