bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macro‐historical influences, cohort dynamics, and the (in)stability of the age–crime distribution: The case of the Republic of Korea
Authors: Kang Byunggu , Vogel Matt
Published: July 2024

Crime is often considered a behavior of teenagers and young adults, peaking in adolescence, and declining with age. A growing body of research, however, has demonstrated that the age–crime relationship is neither universal, as the contours of the age–crime distribution vary across countries, nor uniform, as it varies over time. We argue that the dynamics of the age–crime relationship can best be understood through a lens situating birth cohorts within the broader sociohistorical contexts in which they enter their formative years. We apply this framework to the Republic of Korea, a country that has experienced rapid demographic transitions accompanied by decades of economic development and social upheaval after the Korean War. Our findings suggest that the age–crime distribution in Korea has shifted substantially since the mid‐1970s, moving from the quintessential age–crime curve characteristic of Western countries to one in which the modal age at arrest is now concentrated in middle age. We find that much of this change can be attributed to the aging of a specific birth cohort—the 86 generation—whose members were dually disadvantaged by being born during a fertility boom and entering young adulthood during the pro‐democracy student movements in the 1980s.
Assessing the role of habitat, climate, and anthropization gradients on terrestrial mammal diversity in the western Mediterranean basin
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ‐CABELLO Ignasi , FRANCH Marc , VILELLA Marc , FERNANDEZ‐ARRIETA Nerea , ROTA Marc , SANGLAS Ariadna , BAQUÉ‐DÍAZ Eric , GALLARDET Marc , FEDERICO Pau , PERIS Albert , SERRATOSA Eric , REAL Joan , SAYOL Ferran , PUIG‐GIRONÈS Roger
Published: July 2024

Mammal species globally exhibit distribution patterns conditioned by environmental conditions and human impact. The Mediterranean basin provides an ideal system to study these effects due to its diverse climate, and habitat conditions. In this work, we aim to assess the impact of landscape heterogeneity and anthropization degree on terrestrial mammal diversity in this region. Accordingly, we deployed over 300 camera traps across 28 sites for 3 months. Detected mammal species (weighing more than 1kg) were classified as domestic carnivores, domestic ungulates, wild carnivores, wild ungulates, lagomorphs, and large rodents. Alpha and beta diversity were calculated for each group and all wild mammals. Simple linear regressions and multimodal analysis were conducted between mammal diversities and climate, environmental conditions, landscape heterogeneity, and anthropization degree variables. Redundancy analyses were performed to identify variables and species determining the mammalian community composition. Indexes measuring landscape heterogeneity, anthropization degree, and its 30‐year change did not correlate with mammal diversity. However, the difference in elevation within sites and domestic carnivore abundance showed a significant positive correlation with some of the diversity indexes. Nonetheless, rainfall and mean elevation factors generally showed the highest correlation with mammal diversity. Instead, a few influential species, including generalists and open‐habitat specialists, highlighted the importance of conserving open areas, as well as the importance of the Pyrenees region as a key habitat for certain species. Therefore, climatic variables emerged as the key determinants of mammal diversity, highlighting climate change as a potential threat to mammal diversity in this area.
Childhood eczema prevalence in New Zealand using topical corticosteroid dispensing data
Authors: Harvey Georgina , Purvis Diana J. , Thompson John M. D. , Haskell Libby , Kennedy Harriet , Hoare Karen , Dalziel Stuart R.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of eczema among children in New Zealand.

Methods

Population‐based retrospective observational study utilising national pharmaceutical dispensing records for topical corticosteroids and emollients for all New Zealand children aged 0–14 years from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2019. Data are reported using descriptive statistics, with comparisons between ethnicities and socioeconomic quintiles undertaken with rate ratios.

Results

Based on dispensing data, the prevalence of eczema for New Zealand children aged 0–14 years in 2018 was 14.0% (95% CI 14.0%–14.1%), with prevalence decreasing in older age groups (children aged <1 year 26.0% (25.6%–26.4%); children aged 10–14 years 8.8% (8.7%–8.9%)). Prevalence was higher in Pacific children (23.6% (23.3%–24.0%)), but slightly lower in Māori children (13.2% (13.0%–13.3%)).

Conclusion

Eczema is a common condition affecting a considerable proportion of children in New Zealand. This study provides nationwide paediatric prevalence data for New Zealand, and highlights the increased burden of eczema in Pacific children. Inequity in dispensing of topical corticosteroids is postulated to explain the reduced rates found for Māori children compared to previous studies. These results support the need for further research to determine factors contributing to differing eczema prevalence rates in New Zealand.
Effects of livestock grazing on rangeland condition, plant species richness and wild ungulate population in a semi‐arid savannah
Authors: Beyene Dejene , Berhanu Yonas , Angassa Ayana
Published: July 2024

This field study in a semi‐arid savannah at Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary, Ethiopia, examined livestock grazing effects on rangeland condition, plant species composition and richness, and population of the endangered Swayne's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei). Rangeland condition was analysed using a common protocol for the assessment of semi‐arid rangelands. A total count method was used to estimate ungulate numbers. Grazing reduced all measures of range condition and productivity and affected the composition and richness of the herbaceous species. Grazing also induced an increase in the density and number of encroaching woody speciesVachellia seyalandSenegalia senegal. The population of the Swayne's hartebeest significantly affected by livestock grazing (mean number of hartebeests observed under moderately and lightly grazed sites were 10.00 ± 2.49 and 6.75 ± 2.06, respectively). No individual hartebeest was observed roaming in the heavily grazed zone, which implies an effective reduction in the extent of habitat available for the hartebeest. The overall condition of the rangeland was poor. Measures to reduce livestock presence in areas from which the hartebeest has been displaced and controlled seasonal livestock grazing within non‐sensitive parts of the Sanctuary may benefit the hartebeest. Coupled with these, livestock exclusions for up to a year and interseeding may help improve rangeland condition and hartebeest's habitat.
Evolution of pathologic B‐cell subsets and serum environment‐specific sIgEs in patients with atopic dermatitis and controls, from infancy to adulthood
Authors: Czarnowicki Tali , David Eden , Yamamura Kazuhiko , Han Joseph , He Helen , Pavel Ana B. , Glickman Jacob , Erickson Taylor , Estrada Yeriel , Krueger James G. , Rangel Stephanie M. , Paller Amy S. , Guttman‐Yassky Emma
Published: July 2024

Background

While B‐cells have historically been implicated in allergy development, a growing body of evidence supports their role in atopic dermatitis (AD). B‐cell differentiation across ages in AD, and its relation to disease severity scores, has not been well defined.

Objective

To compare the frequency of B‐cell subsets in blood of 0–5, 6–11, 12–17, and ≥18 years old patients with AD versus age‐matched controls.

Methods

Flow cytometry was used to measure B‐cell subset frequencies in the blood of 27 infants, 17 children, 11 adolescents, and 31 adults with moderate‐to‐severe AD and age‐matched controls. IgD/CD27 and CD24/CD38 core gating systems and an 11‐color flow cytometry panel were used to determine frequencies of circulating B‐cell subsets. Serum total and allergen‐specific IgE (sIgEs) levels were measured using ImmunoCAP®.

Results

Adolescents with AD had lower frequencies of major B‐cells subsets (p < .03). CD23 expression increased with age and was higher in AD compared to controls across all age groups (p < .04). In AD patients, multiple positive correlations were observed between IL‐17‐producing T‐cells and B‐cell subsets, most significantly non‐switched memory (NSM) B‐cells (r = .41, p = .0005). AD severity positively correlated with a list of B‐cell subsets (p < .05). IL‐9 levels gradually increased during childhood, reaching a peak in adolescence, paralleling allergen sensitization, particularly in severe AD. Principal component analysis of the aggregated environmental sIgE data showed that while controls across all ages tightly clustered together, adolescents with AD demonstrated distinct clustering patterns relative to controls.

Conclusions

Multiple correlations between B‐cells and T‐cells, as well as disease severity measures, suggest a complex interplay of immune pathways in AD. Unique B‐cell signature during adolescence, with concurrent allergen sensitization and IL‐9 surge, point to a potentially wider window of opportunity to implement interventions that may prevent the progression of the atopic march.
Pyroptosis, gasdermins and allergic diseases
Authors: Panganiban Ronald Allan , Nadeau Kari C. , Lu Quan
Published: July 2024

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that is distinct from necrosis and apoptosis. Pyroptosis is primarily mediated by the gasdermin family of proteins (GSDMA‐E and PVJK), which, when activated by proteolytic cleavage, form pores in the plasma membrane, leading to cell death. While much of the past research on pyroptosis has focused on its role in cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases, recent experimental and observational studies have begun to implicate pyroptosis in allergic diseases. These studies suggest that gasdermin‐mediated pyroptosis contributes to the development of allergic conditions and could offer novel targets for therapy. Here, we review our current understanding of pyroptosis with an emphasis on the role of gasdermins as executioners of pyroptosis and potential mediators to allergic disease. We highlight new discoveries that establish a mechanistic link between the biochemical actions of gasdermins and the onset of allergic diseases. Additionally, we discuss how pyroptosis and gasdermins might contribute to the dysfunction of epithelial barrier, a key factor believed to initiate the progression of various allergic diseases.
Ixazomib in POEMS syndrome: ‘Ixa’ctly what we need?
Authors: Khouri Jack
Published: July 2024

The role of the proteasome inhibitor ixazomib in the treatment of POEMS syndrome continues to evolve. He and colleagues present the results of a study investigating ixazomib in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed POEMS patients. The triplet showed excellent efficacy and tolerability, and constitutes an effective treatment option for patients with POEMS.

Commentary on: He et al. An open‐label, prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ixazomib in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in patients with newly‐diagnosed POEMS syndrome. Br J Haematol 2024;205:478‐482.
Being good and feeling good: What happiness means to children
Authors: Yang Fan
Published: July 2024

Happiness is one of the most important parenting goals in today's modern society. To promote a happy childhood, we need to understand what happiness means to children. Contrary to the view that young children may equate happiness with satisfying material desires and experiencing simple pleasures, in this article, I review recent developmental research showing that (1) even young children have a sophisticated understanding about the role of desire satisfaction in happiness, (2) they perceive happiness as contingent on moral goodness, and (3) they experience happiness from performing morally good behaviors. Together, the findings suggest that for children, happiness means more than feeling good about satisfying material desires and experiencing simple pleasures; it also means being good to oneself and others. This research deepens our understanding of children's emotional cognition and experience, elucidates the nature and origins of happiness, and has significant implications for fostering a happy childhood and beyond.
Structure–function analysis of nucleotide housekeeping protein HAM1 from human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Saha Debanjan , Pramanik Atanu , Freville Aline , Siddiqui Asim Azhar , Pal Uttam , Banerjee Chinmoy , Nag Shiladitya , Debsharma Subhashis , Pramanik Saikat , Mazumder Somnath , Maiti Nakul C. , Datta Saumen , van Ooij Christiaan , Bandyopadhyay Uday
Published: July 2024

Non‐canonical nucleotides, generated as oxidative metabolic by‐products, significantly threaten the genome integrity of Plasmodium falciparum and thereby, their survival, owing to their mutagenic effects. PfHAM1, an evolutionarily conserved inosine/xanthosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, maintains nucleotide homeostasis in the malaria parasite by removing non‐canonical nucleotides, although structure–function intricacies are hitherto poorly reported. Here, we report the X‐ray crystal structure of PfHAM1, which revealed a homodimeric structure, additionally validated by size‐exclusion chromatography–multi‐angle light scattering analysis. The two monomeric units in the dimer were aligned in a parallel fashion, and critical residues associated with substrate and metal binding were identified, wherein a notable structural difference was observed in the β‐sheet main frame compared to human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase. PfHAM1 exhibited Mg++‐dependent pyrophosphohydrolase activity and the highest binding affinity to dITP compared to other non‐canonical nucleotides as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. Modifying the pfham1 genomic locus followed by live‐cell imaging of expressed mNeonGreen‐tagged PfHAM1 demonstrated its ubiquitous presence in the cytoplasm across erythrocytic stages with greater expression in trophozoites and schizonts. Interestingly, CRISPR‐Cas9/DiCre recombinase‐guided pfham1‐null P. falciparum survived in culture under standard growth conditions, indicating its assistive role in non‐canonical nucleotide clearance during intra‐erythrocytic stages. This is the first comprehensive structural and functional report of PfHAM1, an atypical nucleotide‐cleansing enzyme in P. falciparum.
Professionals' Perceptions of the Colorectal Cancer Pathway: Results of a Co‐Constructed Qualitative Study
Authors: Delaye Matthieu , Polomeni Alice , Faiderbe Sylvie , Berlioz Nadège , Benssekoum Chaïma , Guillemin Aude , Pudlarz Thomas , de Montgolfier Sandrine
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Qualitative research on the perceptions of healthcare professionals involved in cancer care about their respective roles in the patient care pathway is limited. Therefore, the aim of this qualitative study was to document these perceptions.

Methods

A multidisciplinary team that included patient researchers constructed a semi‐structured interview guide on the perceptions of the colorectal cancer care pathway by professionals. Interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals from two French hospitals that manage patients with colorectal cancer. Then, the interviews were fully transcribed and analysed by the whole multidisciplinary team.

Results

Thirteen healthcare professionals were interviewed (six nurses, four physicians, one psychologist, one social worker and one secretary). They described the colorectal care pathway using a great lexical diversity and listed a significant number of professionals as taking part in this pathway. Among the people mentioned were healthcare professionals working inside and outside the hospital, family members and non‐conventional medicine practitioners. However, they did not spontaneously mention the patient. Their views on the role of the referring physician, the general practitioner and the patient were further explored. The interviews highlighted the coordination difficulties among the various professionals, particularly between general practitioners and hospital teams. These data provided interesting elements for developing a tool to help coordination among professionals.

Conclusions

This preliminary study, with its participatory design, brings interesting elements of reflection on the care pathway for patients with colorectal cancer. It will continue through the creation of a larger participatory project.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patient partners were included in all steps of this study. This transdisciplinary project was coordinated by a group composed of three patient partners, two healthcare professionals and two humanities and social sciences researchers. Their knowledge of the patient's perspective on the care pathway enriched discussions from the study design to results analysis.
Long‐distance movements, large population sizes and density‐dependent dispersal in three threatened butterfly species
Authors: Franzén Markus , Johansson Håkan , Askling John , Kindvall Oskar , Johansson Victor , Forsman Anders , Sunde Johanna
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the ecology of three threatened butterfly species on a 60 km2 site in Gotland, Southeast Sweden, using mark–recapture methods from 2017 to 2020.

Nearly 30,000 captures were recorded, with average lifespans of 6 days for Euphydryas aurinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Parnassius apollo (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and 2 days for Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

Population size, density and maximum flight distances varied between species, with E. aurinia at 7.2 km, P. apollo at 6.4 km and P. arion at 2.5 km.

Movement data showed the lognormal kernel fit better than gamma, negative exponential and half‐normal kernels for distance travelled per time unit across species and sexes.

Generalised linear models revealed significant positive density‐dependent emigration and negative density‐dependent immigration in all three species.

Despite available suitable habitats, these species face threats from limestone quarry expansions, agricultural intensification, modified forestry practices, natural succession and climate change, highlighting the need for proactive conservation and strategic habitat management.
Systemic administration of propranolol reduces bone resorption and inflammation in apical periodontitis of chronically stressed rats
Authors: Khoury Rayana Duarte , Minhoto Giovanna Bignoto , de Barros Patricia Pimentel , Junqueira Juliana Campos , Gagliardi Carolina Fedel , do Prado Renata Falchete , Valera Marcia Carneiro
Published: July 2024

Aim

To evaluate the effect of systemic administration of propranolol on the severity of apical periodontitis (AP) in chronically stressed rats.

Methodology

Twenty‐four 70‐day‐old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, albinus) were distributed into three groups (n = 8): rats with AP without stressful conditions (AP‐Control), rats with AP and submitted to a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) protocol (AP + S) and rats with AP and submitted to a CUS protocol treated with propranolol (AP + S + PRO). Stress procedures were applied daily until the end of the experiment. After 3 weeks of CUS, AP was induced in all groups by exposing the pulpal tissue of mandibular and maxillary first molars to the oral environment. Propranolol treatment was administered orally once a day for the entire period of the experiment. Rats were sacrificed at 42 days, and the blood was collected for stress biomarkers serum dosage by multiplex assay. Mandibles were removed and submitted to microtomography and histopathological analyses. Periapical tissue surrounding the upper first molar was homogenized and subjected to RT‐PCR analysis to evaluate the mRNA expression of RANKL, TRAP and OPG. Parametric data were assessed using one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test while the nonparametric data were analysed by the Kruskal–Wallis followed by Dunn's test. Significance level was set at 5% (p < .05) for all assessed parameters.

Results

Micro‐CT revealed statistically significant differences in bone resorption which was greater in the AP + S group (p < .05), but no differences were observed between the Control and AP + S + PRO groups (p > .05). The AP + S + PRO group had a lower intensity and extent of inflammatory infiltrate compared to the AP + S group with smaller areas of bone loss (p < 0.05). The gene expression of RANKL and TRAP was significantly higher in the stressed group AP + S compared to the control group (p < .05), and a significantly higher OPG expression was observed in AP + S + PRO compared to the AP + S group (p < .05).

Conclusions

Oral administration of propranolol had a significant effect on the AP severity in stressed rats, suggesting an anti‐inflammatory effect and a protective role on bone resorption of AP in stressed animals. Further research is necessary to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms.
Resistant starch content of Australian foods
Authors: Hareer Laima W. , Tran Christine , O'Neill Hayley M. , Genoni Angela
Published: July 2024

The existing literature on resistant starch analysis in Australian foods has predominantly relied on older testing methods. Thus, our study aimed to address this gap by assessing the resistant starch content of selected Australian foods using the validated Association of Analytical Chemists 2002.02 testing method. Forty commonly consumed and available foods were tested in duplicate. The resistant starch content of foods varied from 0 to 13.72 g/100 g. Foods with the highest resistant starch were Hi‐maize flour pancakes, red kidney beans, Lebanese bread, and Cornflakes cereal, which ranged from 2.30 to 13.72 g/100 g, respectively. The lowest resistant starch foods included beetroot, rice crackers, All Bran cereal, and Nutri‐grain cereal, which ranged from 0 to 0.04 g/100 g, respectively. This is the first known Australian study to evaluate the resistant starch content of foods using the AOAC 2002.02 method. This data can be used to assess resistant starch consumption in the Australian population, inform gut microbiome research, and guide clinical practice recommendations for fibre intake.
Nano‐reduction of chickpea dietary fibre: effect on physicochemical, structural, functional and microbial properties
Authors: Sidiq Munazah , Muzzaffar Sabeera , Masoodi Farooq Ahmad , Rizwan Danish , Gull Amir
Published: July 2024

In this study, nano‐reduction of dietary fibre using ball milling and its influence on physicochemical, structural and microbial properties were studied. Dynamic light scattering confirmed the average particle size of 382 nm for nano‐reduced dietary fibre. FTIR represents the peak differences between native and nano‐reduced dietary fibre. XRD displayed the polycrystalline nature of nano‐reduced dietary fibre. The physicochemical properties including WHC, OHC and swelling capacity increased significantly (P < 0.05) upon nano‐reduction of dietary fibre whereas moisture content was found to decrease significantly. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of nano‐reduced dietary fibre against Escheria coli and Bacillus Cerus was enhanced. The improved physicochemical, morphological and microbial properties of nano‐reduced dietary fibre can pave the way in food industries for the formulation of functional foods and also as a packaging material with improved antimicrobial properties.
Aquasoya powder from the upcycled soybean cooking water can be a suitable ingredient for plant‐based yoghurt alternatives
Authors: Jeon Hye‐Ji , Shin Weon‐Sun , Echeverria‐Jaramillo Esteban
Published: July 2024

Aquasoya, or soybean cooking water, is a novel plant‐based material as an egg substitute due to its functional proteins. However, research on its fermentation is still emergent. To assess its prebiotic potential, we developed a plant‐based yoghurt alternative using aquasoya powder (ASP). After analysing the main components of ASP, six variants of aquasoya yoghurt, employing commercial cultures, underwent physicochemical, rheological properties, lactic acid bacteria viability and sensory attributes. The results showed that all samples were maintained under pH 4.6 and acidity over 0.7 for 20 days of storage and displayed prebiotic potential. Additionally, yoghurt with 8% ASP content and Sacco starter culture exhibited a thinner network phase. Panellists noted yoghurt with culture – Culture For Health – had weaker flavour intensity and yoghurt with 8% ASP received the highest overall liking score in the preliminary consumer acceptance test. This study established aquasoya as a promising food ingredient for incorporation into a novel milk substitute.
Comparative analysis of rice bran and sesame protein hydrolysates in inhibiting foodborne pathogens: efficacy against Escherichia coliO157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Noptana Rodjana , Onsaard Ekasit , McClements David Julian , McLandsborough Lynne A.
Published: July 2024

This study explores the antibacterial potential of hydrolysates derived from rice bran protein (RBP) and sesame protein (SP) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. RBP and SP were hydrolysed by protease from Bacillus licheniformis (labelled as RBPH‐B and SPH‐B) and α‐chymotrypsin (denoted as RBPH‐C and SPH‐C), and subsequently fractionated into four molecular weight (MW) categories: F1 (>100 kDa), F2 (10–100 kDa), F3 (1–10 kDa), and F4 (<1 kDa). The antibacterial activities of these hydrolysates and their fractions were systematically evaluated. The results indicated that RBPH‐B and RBPH‐C, along with their fractions, exhibited notable efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Conversely, both SPH‐B, SPH‐C, and their fractions showed pronounced antibacterial activities against both pathogens. Notably, lower MW fractions (SPH‐B, SPH‐B‐F2, and SPH‐B‐F3) demonstrated superior antibacterial properties, effectively reducing bacterial populations to below detection limits (≥6 log CFU mL−1) at a concentration of 100 mg mL−1. Further analysis revealed that SPH‐B‐F3 markedly reduced the reaction time required to inhibit or eliminate E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes, with comparable times of 6 and 4 h, respectively. These findings highlight the potential application of specific SPH‐B fractions as antibacterial agents in the food industry.
Polygenic TB control and the sequence of innate/adaptive immune responses to infection: MHC‐II alleles determine the size of the S100A8/9‐producing neutrophil population
Authors: Logunova Nadezhda , Kapina Marina , Dyatlov Alexander , Kondratieva Tatiana , Rubakova Elvira , Majorov Konstantin , Kondratieva Elena , Linge Irina , Apt Alexander
Published: July 2024

Among several quantitative trait loci involved in tuberculosis (TB) control in mice, one was mapped within the chromosome 17 segment occupied by the H2 complex and another within the chromosome 3 segment comprising the S100A8/9 genes, which encode neutrophil inflammatory factor S100A8/9. Previously, we developed a panel of H2‐congenic mouse strains differing by small segments of the major histocompatibility complex Class II (MHC‐II) region from TB‐susceptible H2j mice transferred onto the genetic background of the TB‐resistant C57BL/6 (H2b) strain. Susceptible B6.I‐9.3 mice differ from B6 progenitors by the alleles of their only classical MHC‐II H2‐Aβ gene. The goals of the present study were to: (i) comprehensively characterise the differences in TB‐related phenotypes between mice of the two strains and (ii) decipher interactions between the H2‐Aβ and S100A8/9 genes. Here, we describe the dynamics of TB‐related phenotypes differentiating B6.I‐9.3 and B6 mice (colony forming units counts, histopathology, lung immune cell infiltration and cytokine profiles). We show that disproportionally diminished CD4+ T‐cell population, an enlarged S100A8/9‐positive neutrophil population and higher S100A8/9 serum levels in B6.I‐9.3 mice collectively form the ‘susceptible’ phenotype before infection. An increase in IL‐17 and a decrease in intrferon‐gamma production by CD4+ T‐cells in these mice provide a mechanistic explanation of this phenotype. Using F2 segregation analysis, we show that the number of S100A8/9‐producing neutrophils in lungs and spleens and the proportion of Th17 CD4+ T‐cells in lungs are significantly lower in the presence of the MHC‐II dominant ‘resistant’ b allele compared to the recessive ‘susceptible’ j/j genotype. This provides direct genetic evidence that MHC‐II‐regulated CD4+ T‐cell landscapes determine neutrophil abundance before infection, an important pathogenic factor in TB immunity.
Unveiling Genotypic Response of Chickpea to Moisture Stress Based on Morpho‐Physiological Parameters in the Eastern Indo‐Gangetic Plains
Authors: Choudhary Arbind K. , Dwivedi Sharad Kumar , Raman Rohan Kumar , Kumar Saurabh , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Santosh , Dubey Rachana , Bhakta Narayan , Shubha Kumari
Published: July 2024

In the eastern Indo‐Gangetic plains, chickpea is grown postrice cultivation mostly under rainfed condition with residual soil moisture which adversely affects branching as well as pod and seed development, ultimately resulting in substantial yield losses. The current study analysed the moisture stress response of 12 chickpea genotypes with control for different morpho‐physiological traits in two sets of field experiments carried out during the year 2017–18 and 2018–19. The current study observed varying response of chickpea genotypes under moisture stress condition with average yield reduction from 11.79% to 24.77%. Mean yield of genotypes under stress condition showed a strong positive association with yield index (1.00**) and stress tolerance index (0.915**). The biplot principal component analysis revealed maximum potential of three chickpea genotypes (DBGC 1, Pusa 256 and DBGC 2) for grain yield and biological yield under moisture stress condition. The correlation analysis showed a significant association of yield with physiological parameters such as photosynthetic rate (0.363**), stomatal conductance (0.364**) and transpiration rate (0.292*). The three higher yielding genotypes relatively maintained biological yield, yield plant−1, 100 seed weight and photosynthesis rate and showed reduced rates of stomatal conductance and transpiration under moisture stress condition. The study found variable genotypic response to moisture stress and showed that yield index as well as stress tolerance index was more effective to identify superior genotypes for moisture stress condition. The superior genotypes identified in the present study may be considered for rainfed areas of eastern Indo‐Gangetic plains and can be used in future chickpea breeding programs for drought tolerance.
Transgender people's experiences of hospitalization: A qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Dasso Nicoletta , Ottonello Giulia , Hayter Mark , Catania Gianluca , Risso Giulia , Aleo Giuseppe , Zanini Milko , Sasso Loredana , Bagnasco Annamaria
Published: July 2024

Aim

To identify, synthesize, and interpret the scientific literature on the experience, perspectives, and feelings of transgender people during hospitalization.

Design

A qualitative metasynthesis.

Data Sources

PubMed, CINAHL and PSYCHINFO were consulted in March 2024.

Methods

A literature review was conducted following Sandelowski and Barroso's four‐step metasynthesis methodology. The article selection process was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were selected based on the objectives of the review, pre‐established criteria and quality appraisal. A thematic analysis was conducted after extracting relevant quotations and a metasynthesis table was created to compare quotations and analyse overarching themes.

Results

Twenty‐two studies were included after screening titles and abstracts, full texts, and references. Three themes were identified: ‘Perception of self‐identity’; ‘Misgendering’ and ‘Lack of staff training and awareness’.

Conclusion

Transgender people's healthcare experiences during hospitalization were mainly negative, delayed or uncomfortable. Misgendering and lack of awareness of transgender issues among healthcare workers generated anxiety and frustration. Key aspects of care for transgender people need to be included in all training programs for health professionals.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

There is a need to increase education and awareness among healthcare professionals towards transgender people's needs during hospitalization ensure high quality care.

Impact

This study addressed the negative experience, perspectives and feelings of transgender people during hospitalization.

Misgendering and unawareness of transgender peoples' issues create anxiety and frustration among nurses.

Elements to improve care for transgender people need to be integrated into all nursing curricula and training programs.

Reporting Method

The authors adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).

Patient or Public Contribution

Since this was a metasynthesis, no patient or public contribution was required.
Transition from homelessness to becoming housed: A qualitative study
Authors: Hyun Myung Sun , Nam Kyoung A , Park Eunyoung , Kim Jin Ju
Published: July 2024

Aim

To explore the transitional experiences of becoming housed from homelessness.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Data were collected during 2017 and 2018 using a semi‐structured interview method with 10 former homeless people who became housed at the time of the study. The grounded theory method was used to analyse qualitative data.

Results

‘Desire to keep a place to stretch out and lie down’ was the basic social problem participants suffered during the transition from homeless to becoming housed. In addition, ‘returning to the social world as a person living an ordinary life’ was the basic social process that emerged as a core category. The process was divided into four phases: (1) being discarded from everyday life in the social world, (2) struggling to reconnect with society and (3) returning to the social world as a person living an ordinary life.

Conclusion

The transition from homelessness to becoming housed is a significant experience for individuals that involves holistic changes. Community health nurses should consider their practical needs based on client views.

Impact

What problem did the study address? This study explored the experiences of transitioning from homelessness to becoming housed among post‐homeless individuals.

What were the main findings? While moving from homelessness to becoming housed, homeless people experienced returning to the social world as a person living an ordinary life. They were also shown to go through the process of four stages.

Where and on whom will the research have an impact? This study will contribute to suggesting a direction for self‐reliance‐based interventions among people who are homeless. Additionally, the findings will provide primary data to develop a program for social integration.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
A structural equation model of the impacts of nurses' psychological safety and psychological contract breach
Authors: Ring Marjo , Hult Marja
Published: July 2024

Aim

To investigate the effects of psychological contract breach and psychological safety on health and well‐being outcomes among nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Data were gathered from members of the Finnish social and healthcare workers' trade union (n = 4575) in February 2023. This study focused on data from 3260 nurses. Structural equation modelling was employed to firstly explain burnout and work engagement and subsequently health and well‐being outcomes in relation to perceived psychological contract breach and psychological safety.

Results

Younger male nurses, those with lower‐level university degrees, and nurses employed in public hospitals reported experiencing more psychological contract breaches. Conversely, older nurses and those working in private organizations perceived a higher level of psychological safety. Psychological contract breaches were associated with increased burnout and reduced work engagement, while psychological safety contributed to lower burnout and higher work engagement. Moreover, burnout was linked to health problems and diminished mental well‐being, whereas increased work engagement led to fewer health problems and improved mental well‐being. The final model demonstrated excellent fit.

Conclusion

Breaches in the psychological contract, followed by distrust, and anger significantly burden nurses, detrimentally affecting their well‐being at work. Psychologically safe working environments, consequently, improve nurses' well‐being at work and should be promoted within work teams.

Implications for the Profession

Nursing managers could receive training to understand the consequences of, and practices for supporting, a beneficial psychological work climate.

Impact

The study examined psychological burden and resource factors at work, finding that psychological contract breaches increased burden and led to negative well‐being outcomes. In contrast, psychological safety emerged as a positive resource for health and well‐being. These results offer benefits for nurses, managers and organizations.

Reporting Method

The study was reported following the Strengthening of the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology guidelines.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Paediatric nurses' perspectives on artificial intelligence applications: A cross‐sectional study of concerns, literacy levels and attitudes
Authors: Özçevik Subaşi Damla , Akça Sümengen Aylin , Semerci Remziye , Şimşek Enes , Çakır Gökçe Naz , Temizsoy Ebru
Published: July 2024

Aims

This study aimed to explore the correlation between artificial intelligence (AI) literacy, AI anxiety and AI attitudes among paediatric nurses, as well as identify the influencing factors on paediatric nurses' AI attitudes.

Design

A descriptive, correlational and cross‐sectional research.

Methods

This study was conducted between January and February 2024 with 170 nurses actively working in paediatric clinics in Turkey. The data collection tools included the Nurse Information Form, the General Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS), the Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale (AILS) and the Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale (AIAS). To determine the associations between the variables, the data was analysed using IBM SPSS 28, which included linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results

The study indicated significant positive correlations between paediatric nurses' age and their AIAS scores (r = .226; p < .01) and significant negative correlations between paediatric nurses' age and their AILS (r = −.192; p < .05) and GAAIS scores (r = −.152; p < .05). The GAAIS was significantly predictive (p < .000) and accounted for 50% of the variation in AIAS and AILS scores.

Conclusion

Paediatric nurses' attitudes towards AI significantly predicted AI literacy and AI anxiety. The relationship between the age of the paediatric nurses and the anxiety, AI literacy and attitudes towards AI was demonstrated. Healthcare and educational institutions should create customized training programs and awareness‐raising activities for older nurses, as there are noticeable variations in the attitudes of paediatric nurses towards AI based on their age.

Implications for Profession and/or Patient Care

Providing in‐service AI training can help healthcare organizations improve paediatric nurses' attitudes towards AI, increase their AI literacy and reduce their anxiety. This training has the potential to impact their attitudes positively and reduce their anxiety.

Reporting Method

The study results were critically reported using STROBE criteria.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Association between renin‐angiotensin antagonism and COVID‐19–related mortality in patients with essential hypertension: A single center, retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kamalumpundi Vijayvardhan , Kawasaki Shuntaro , Cheng Linhai , Meyers Erin E. , Shams Elham , Ofori Ologibe , Eddin Assim , Correia Marcelo L. G.
Published: July 2024

There is conflicting evidence in select mouse models and humans that suggest angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 expression is increased due to treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs). Given the wide range of conditions that these medications treat, further evaluation is necessary to determine safety in the context of COVID‐19. We sought to determine the association between use of ACEI/ARBs and COVID‐19 severity in patients with essential hypertension. We included 714 patients with essential hypertension diagnosed with COVID‐19 and admitted to University of Iowa Healthcare from March 1, 2020 to June 29, 2021. Severity of COVID‐19 infection was assessed based on mortality, length of stay in hospital, intensive care unit admission, and use of supplemental oxygen, invasive ventilation, and vasopressors. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were used for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. Prior exposure to ACEI/ARBs before admission was significantly associated with lower mortality (OR: 0.454, p = .015), shorter length of stay in hospital (p < .001), and decreased adjusted odds of intensive care admission (OR: 0.719; p < .042). The present results suggest that patients with essential hypertension hospitalized with COVID‐19 who had a prescription for ACEI/ARBs prior to admission exhibited less severe COVID‐19 and lower in‐hospital mortality.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of meloxicam in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii)
Authors: Trumbull Emily J. , Papich Mark G. , Peters Mattison , Whitmer Emily R. , Rivard Michelle , Field Cara L.
Published: July 2024

Pharmacokinetics studies have investigated meloxicam, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, dosing strategies in a wide variety of non‐domestic animals; however, there is no prior study examining well‐founded dosing for pinnipeds. To develop dosing protocols, pharmacokinetic information is needed, with an examination of differences between pinniped species. Apparently, healthy California sea lions (Zalophus californianus: CSL; n = 13) and Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii: PHS; n = 17) that had completed rehabilitation were enrolled into a population‐based pharmacokinetic study. Each animal was administered a single oral dose of meloxicam at 0.1 mg/kg, and two blood samples were collected from each animal at varying intervals during a 96‐h study period. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed with nonlinear mixed effects modeling (Phoenix® NLME™, Certara, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA). The results indicated that in PHS, peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.33 μg/mL with an elimination half‐life (Ke t½) of 31.53 h. In CSL, Cmax was 0.17 μg/mL with Ke t½ of 32.71 h. All animals enrolled completed the study without outward adverse clinical signs. The elimination half‐life was longer than previously recommended dosing intervals for pinnipeds; however, we cannot speculate in the optimum clinical dose from these results.
Maxillary arch dimensions in bilateral cleft lip and palate in the age 0–5 months
Authors: Peixoto Adriano Porto , Miranda Felicia , de Oliveira Pinto Rayane , Ribeiro Tiago Turri de Castro , Lara Franciele Salazar Somensi , Machado Fabrício Monteiro de Castro , Garib Daniela
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) divides the maxillary arch into three segments, separated from each other, resulting in abnormal growth of the alveolar arch. This study evaluated the maxillary arch dimensions in BCLP and compared them with neonates without craniofacial anomalies.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary cleft centre. Sixty‐six neonates aged 0–5 months were divided into two groups: cleft group—children with BCLP (23 boys and 18 girls) and control group—children without craniofacial deformities (15 boys and 10 girls). The dental models were processed by a 3D scanner. Landmarks were marked to achieve inter‐canine distance, inter‐tuberosity distance and arch length measurements. t‐Tests were used for intergroup comparisons (p < .05).

Results

The maxillary cleft arch was demonstrated to be wider and longer in the posterior region compared to the control group. The inter‐canine distance did not present differences between the cleft and controls. The inter‐canine distance of the control group was the only measurement influenced by the variable sex.

Conclusions

The cleft significantly interfered with the arch posterior width and arch sagittal length, making them larger. There was no statistical difference in the measurements between sex in the cleft group.
Aerial low‐altitude remote sensing and deep learning for in‐field disease incidence scoring of virus yellows in sugar beet
Authors: Okole Nathan , Ispizua Yamati Facundo R. , Hossain Roxana , Varrelmann Mark , Mahlein Anne‐Katrin , Heim Rene H. J.
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the potential of high‐resolution (<0.5 cm/pixel) aerial imagery and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for disease incidence scoring in sugar beet, focusing on two important aphid‐transmitted viruses, beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and beet chlorosis virus (BChV). The development of tolerant sugar beet cultivars is imperative in the context of increased disease management concerns due to the ban on neonicotinoids in the European Union. However, traditional methods of disease phenotyping, which rely on visual assessment by human experts, are both time‐consuming and subjective. Therefore, this study assessed whether aerial multispectral and RGB images could be harnessed to perform automated disease ratings comparable to those performed by trained experts. To this end, two variety trials were conducted in 2021 and 2022. The 2021 dataset was used to train and validate a CNN model on five cultivars, while the 2022 dataset was used to test the model on two cultivars different from those used in 2021. Additionally, this study tests the use of transformed features instead of raw spectral bands to improve the generalization of CNN models. The results showed that the best CNN model was the one trained for BMYV on RGB images using transformed features instead of conventional raw bands. This model achieved a root mean square error score of 11.45% between the model and expert scores. These results indicate that while high‐resolution aerial imagery and CNNs hold great promise, a complete replacement of human expertise is not yet possible. This research contributes to an innovative approach to disease phenotyping, driving advances in sustainable agriculture and crop breeding.